PMID- 7080243 TI - [Prolonged action of suxamethonium in late pregnancy]. PMID- 7080244 TI - [The P Pill and liver disease]. PMID- 7080245 TI - [The indoor climate in day institutions. Environmental measurements in 2 new daycare institutions constructed under the building regulation BR-77]. PMID- 7080246 TI - [National servicemen's contacts with the military services]. PMID- 7080247 TI - [Employment problems among pediatricians]. PMID- 7080248 TI - [Pathophysiology of catecholamines]. PMID- 7080249 TI - [Halothane hepatitis. Possibilities of prevention]. PMID- 7080250 TI - [Ovulation determined by basal temperature curves]. PMID- 7080251 TI - [Prolonged Q-T syndrome. Report of a case with dominant heredity in a deaf-mute]. PMID- 7080252 TI - [Complications following automatic suture technic used in colorectal anastomosis]. PMID- 7080253 TI - [Yersinia enterocilitica infection with severe hematuria]. PMID- 7080254 TI - [P-pills and hypertension]. PMID- 7080255 TI - [The birth rate in 1982. Assessment of the prediction of birth rate in 1981 and a prognosis for 1982 on the basis of registered pregnancies in the county of Fredriksborg]. PMID- 7080256 TI - [The Red Cross Field Hospital in Khao-I-Dang, Thailand 1980. 6-months' activity and principles involved]. PMID- 7080257 TI - [Etiology, Pathophysiology and location of compartmental syndromes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080258 TI - [Diagnosis and Differential diagnosis of compartmental syndromes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080259 TI - [Late sequence and operative treatment of compartmental syndrome of the upper extremities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080260 TI - [Late sequence of compartmental syndromes of the extremities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080261 TI - [Present situation of interpreting computerized electrocardiography]. PMID- 7080262 TI - [Normal and pathological variations of respiration during sleep]. PMID- 7080263 TI - [Cerebellar degeneration due to toluene toxicity]. PMID- 7080264 TI - [Hepatobiliary diseases in pregnancy]. PMID- 7080265 TI - [Dental infections causing cutaneous fistulas]. PMID- 7080266 TI - [Excluded kidney due to unilateral papillary necrosis in a diabetic with preserved kidney function]. PMID- 7080267 TI - [Is the pregnant worker protected in Quebec?]. PMID- 7080268 TI - [Rationalization of laboratory costs: importance of enlightened medical leadership]. PMID- 7080269 TI - [Lupus nephritis. 3: Therapeutic approach]. PMID- 7080270 TI - [Physiopathologic approach to various current nephrology problems. 1. Renal failure]. PMID- 7080271 TI - [Treatment of acute intoxication and of alcohol withdrawal reaction]. PMID- 7080272 TI - [Physical characteristics of sutures used in vascular surgery]. PMID- 7080273 TI - [Necessity of an ethics committee in a research center]. PMID- 7080274 TI - [Usefulness of testing for nitrites in the diagnosis of urinary infections in children]. PMID- 7080275 TI - [Attitudes of a group of medical students towards requesting psychological help]. PMID- 7080276 TI - Symposium on endourology. PMID- 7080277 TI - The universal ureteral stent. PMID- 7080278 TI - Retrieval of ureteral stents. PMID- 7080279 TI - Percutaneous removal of kidney stones. PMID- 7080280 TI - Chemolysis of calculi. PMID- 7080281 TI - Ureterorenoscopy. PMID- 7080282 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy as an adjunct in the management of ureteral calculi. PMID- 7080283 TI - Percutaneous ultrasonic destruction of renal calculi. PMID- 7080284 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy: techniques, indications, and results. PMID- 7080285 TI - Lymphangiography with fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes in cancer staging. PMID- 7080286 TI - Percutaneous antegrade diagnosis and management of candidiasis of the upper urinary tract. PMID- 7080287 TI - Transvenous embolization of the internal spermatic veins for the treatment of varicocele scroti. PMID- 7080288 TI - Computed tomography and ultrasonography for diagnosis and treatment of renal and retroperitoneal abscesses. PMID- 7080289 TI - Overview: uroradiology by intervention -- "Endourology". PMID- 7080290 TI - Peyronie's disease: excision of the plaque and grafting with tunica vaginalis. AB - In patients with refractory Peyronie's disease, satisfactory sexual rehabilitation with correction of chordee and amelioration of local pain and tenderness can be achieved with wide excision of the plaque, followed by grafting with the tunica vaginalis from the testes. However, one must be extremely careful in assessing and selecting patients for surgery, and at least six months of observation must be allowed. The surgical outcome is most gratifying in patients with "mature" or well-demarcated plaques with progressive chordee. Finally, strict adherence to surgical principles to prevent graft contracture or to minimize its effects is urged. PMID- 7080291 TI - Applied anatomy of the kidney and ureter. PMID- 7080292 TI - Percutaneous approach to the ureter. PMID- 7080293 TI - Percutaneous pyeloureteral urodynamics. PMID- 7080294 TI - Nephroscopy: advances and adjuncts. PMID- 7080295 TI - Use of the argyle catheter for nephrostomy drainage. PMID- 7080296 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy with the Stamey catheter: a new introducing technique. PMID- 7080297 TI - Circle tube nephrostomy and nephroureterostomy. PMID- 7080298 TI - Reestablishment of a nephrostomy tract. PMID- 7080299 TI - Gibbons ureteral stents. PMID- 7080300 TI - Double-J and diversion stents. PMID- 7080301 TI - Polyethylene double-pigtail ureteral stents. PMID- 7080302 TI - [Upper urinary tract urodynamics in vesico-ureteral reflux in children]. PMID- 7080303 TI - [Clinicobacteriological characteristics of inflammatory diseases of the male genitalia]. PMID- 7080304 TI - [Use of D-penicillamine and azathioprine with prednisolone in urinary tract tuberculosis]. PMID- 7080305 TI - [Multiple primary tumors of the urogenital organs]. PMID- 7080306 TI - [Rapid method of determining the hyaluronidase activity in human sperm]. PMID- 7080307 TI - [Forms of acute pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7080308 TI - [Renal hemodynamics in chronic pyelonephritis based on x-ray densitometric data]. PMID- 7080309 TI - [Natural resistance and neutrophil damage indices in pyelonephritis in children]. PMID- 7080310 TI - [Hemostatic changes in chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7080311 TI - [Successful revascularization of the kidney in renal artery occlusion]. PMID- 7080312 TI - [Calcified neurinoma of the scrotum]. PMID- 7080313 TI - [Gangrene of the penis]. PMID- 7080314 TI - [Adrenal venography in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 7080315 TI - Bladder-sphincter dysfunction in childhood. AB - While it is obvious that the combination of elevated intravesical pressure, urinary tract infection, and reflux can be devastating to the upper urinary tracts, it has been appreciated only recently that a single mechanism, obstruction due to disorders of vesicourethral function, can produce all three pathologic phenomena in neurologically normal children. Advances in pediatric urodynamics now permit these patients to be recognized and their particular pattern of bladder and sphincter dysfunction to be diagnosed with certainty. Individualized therapy aimed at the underlying functional disturbance is often successful and may make surgical therapy unnecessary. PMID- 7080316 TI - Misconceptions about posterior approach for renoureteral surgery. AB - Misconceptions about the posterior approach for renal and ureteral surgery are dispelled. A review of the pertinent lumbar anatomy and a few fine points of technique are emphasized. The advantages of easy access to the kidney, minimal postoperative pain, and absence of the occurrence of postoperative hernia warrant more frequent use of this procedure. PMID- 7080317 TI - Modification of cryoprecipitate coagulum pyelolithotomy technique. PMID- 7080318 TI - Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. AB - Sixty-eight patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis were studied with respect to clinical presentation, tumor grade, stage and location, subsequent development of other urothelial tumors, and patient survival. Of the 66 patients with adjacent mucosa available for evaluation, 63 (95 per cent) had abnormal findings with severe dysplasia and CIS common in the high-grade, high stage tumors. Twenty-eight patients (41 per cent) had transitional cell carcinoma previously, concomitantly, and/or subsequently, and in 14 patients (21 per cent) subsequent bladder tumors developed. Because of the relatively high tumor recurrence rate in the ureter (16 per cent) in patients who underwent subtotal ureterectomies, nephrectomy and complete ureterectomy including a bladder cuff should be the operation of choice in patients with carcinoma of the renal pelvis. PMID- 7080319 TI - Megacalycosis. AB - Megacalycosis is a primary disease of the renal calyx which is diagnosed usually because of its complications, such as calculi or infections in the urinary tract. In the absence of complications, the disease is discovered accidentally in the course of urologic examination undertaken for a different reason. The present article reports 4 cases of megacalycosis: one with histologic confirmation in addition to radiologic diagnostic criteria and 3 with diagnosis based on radiologic findings alone. Alertness to the possible existence of megacalycosis in patients suffering from infections and calculi in the urinary tract contributes to and facilitates choice of appropriate treatment. PMID- 7080320 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy for assessment of functional recovery of obstructed kidneys. AB - The use of percutaneous nephrostomy to evaluate the recoverability of function of the obstructed kidney is described and examined as a practical clinical method. Long-term drainage was used to assess the functional status of four kidneys and found to be of great value. The use of percutaneous nephrostomy to evaluate function has been mentioned previously but has not become established. In view of inaccuracy of other methods of assessment, we consider percutaneous nephrostomy to be the most accurate predictive test available today and suggest criteria for its use. PMID- 7080321 TI - Results in children managed by cutaneous ureterostomy. AB - A review of 59 children with severe hydronephrosis managed by cutaneous ureterostomy reveals that the procedure is safe, quick, and effective in draining the kidney. Although chronic bacteriuria is common, pyelonephritis is rare. The major drawback of this technique for temporary urinary diversion in children is that the subsequent urinary reconstruction is formidable and more difficult than primary repair. The complications of urinary diversion using this technique are low, however, and it may remain the safest form of diversion available for long term use in children with dilated ureters. PMID- 7080322 TI - Spectrum of bilateral ureteral ectopia. AB - Bilateral single ureteral ectopia is a rare occurrence. We have recently cared for 3 children (1 male, 2 females) with this congenital urinary tract anomaly. Their clinical courses and surgical treatment are presented. The embryology of ureteral ectopia is received with particular emphasis on distal ureteral and trigonal development. The surgical techniques employed to treat the associated hydroureteronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and urinary incontinence are presented. PMID- 7080323 TI - Recent advances and further experience with surgical techniques for one-stage total remodeling of massively dilated ureters. AB - One-stage total ureteral remodeling was done in a selected group of 64 megaureters in 44 children. Two new surgical techniques have been developed and utilized during the past six years. They were designed to preserve the ureteral blood supply and accomplish reconstruction of the whole ureter in one operation. The tapering in situ technique was utilized in 39 ureters and ureteral plication either alone or in conjunction with lower-third ureteral tapering in 25 ureters. These methods proved to be invaluable in the following selected cases: (1) massive ureteral dilatation and tortuosity due to vesicoureteral reflux or obstruction, (2) secondary operations following previous urinary diversion or unsatisfactory ureteral tailoring, (3) multiple obstructions within the same ureter, (4) transureteroureterostomy of dilated ureters, and (5) definitive surgery for dilated ipsilateral ureter of complete duplication. PMID- 7080324 TI - Conservative management of urethral prolapse in female children. PMID- 7080325 TI - Effects of estramustine and megestrol on ultrastructure of rat ventral prostate. AB - The effects of estramustine phosphate on the ultrastructure of the rat ventral prostate closely resemble postcastration events, i.e., a decrease in cell size and secretory activities. The fibromuscular stroma, especially collagen fibers, appear to lose their adherence to adjoining muscle cells and fibroblasts. An infiltration of lymphocytes was noted in dilated regions of the fibromuscular stroma. There was an increase in cellular activity in the ventral prostate of rats treated with megestrol acetate with varying degrees of cellular atrophy and cytoplasmic disorganization. Squamous metaplasia was evident in one experimental group of MA-treated animals. Particles resembling mature C-type viruses were observed in several prostates from control and experimental animals. PMID- 7080326 TI - Lack of oxytocin effect on sperm output in oligospermic males. PMID- 7080327 TI - Microcalcifications in testicular malignancy: diagnostic tool in occult tumor? AB - Malignant testicular tumor microcalcifications are being reported at an increasing rate. However, whether or not the detection of microcalcifications had any clinical significance has not been clarified. In the the present study testicular specimens from 92 patients (43 with malignant and 49 with nonmalignant testicular diseases) were examined postoperatively by mammographic technique. Microcalcifications were identified in 32 of the testicular tumor specimens (74 per cent), more frequently in teratomas (87 per cent) than in seminomas (60 per cent), and in 3 "burned-out" tumors. In contrast, only 8 of the benign testicular specimens showed microcalcifications (16 per cent). The arrangement of microcalcifications as well as the distinct pattern of distribution may further discriminate nonmalignant from malignant entities. Though the rate of detection and allocation of microcalcifications in malignant testicular tumors was a surprising finding, the general use of orchioradiography seems problematic because of the risk of potential damage to the germinal epithelium. In occult carcinoma, however, preoperative or orchioradiography may be justified. PMID- 7080328 TI - Endoscopic removal of staghorn calculi in patient with high urinary diversion. AB - The treatment of recurrent renal calculi in patients after ureteroileal urinary diversion is difficult, especially when urinary stones are formed in the presence of urinary tract infection. In many cases, these patients already have undergone multiple renal operations and more surgery could pose difficult technical problems. We report on a patient with a high urinary diversion in whom bilateral staghorn renal calculi developed, and then were endoscopically removed. The conversion of ureteroileocutaneous diversion to a high pyeloileocutaneous diversion is recommended in selected cases as alternate treatment for patients with recurrent stone formation. PMID- 7080329 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord in adult. PMID- 7080330 TI - Technique for replacing indwelling double-J ureteral stents. PMID- 7080331 TI - Prognostic significance of nucleolar surface area in prostate cancer. AB - In an effort to define ultrastructural histologic features that might serve as predictors of tumor aggressiveness, a retrospective study was conducted on 52 patients with localized and metastatic adenocarcinomas of the prostate. Nucleolar surface area measurements were made by stereologically analyzing pictures obtained by the backscattered electron imaging (BEI) attachment to a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data were compared with the Gleason grading system which is based on light microscopic glandular patterns. In patients with no evidence of disease three years or more after radical prostatectomy, the initial biopsy demonstrated nucleolar surface areas which averaged 1.28 micrometers2 (range 0.60 to 2.27 micrometers2) whereas, patients with metastases or dying of cancer exhibited an average nucleolar surface area of 5.17 micrometers2 (range 2.49 to 10.01 micrometers2). With a single exception in this 52-patient survey, progressive disease was always accompanied by nucleolar surface measurements larger than 2.40 micrometers2. There was close correlation in nucleolar surface measurements between the initial biopsy and the radical prostatectomy specimens; in contrast, Gleason grades varied by more than 30 per cent between the initial and final specimens in 70 per cent of the cases. Only 9 of 16 patients with aggressive disease ever demonstrated Gleason grades above 6. The development of an ultrastructural grading system may provide a means of determining prognosis in prostatic cancer in objectivity and specificity to light microscopic grading systems. PMID- 7080332 TI - Asymptomatic pheochromocytoma of retroperitoneum presenting as large hypovascular mass. PMID- 7080333 TI - Successful dilatation of ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis using Gruntzig catheter. PMID- 7080334 TI - Histopathological effects and cadmium-binding protein synthesis in the marine oligochaete Monopylephorus cuticulatus following cadmium exposure. PMID- 7080335 TI - [Classification of the microcirculatory changes in the bulbar conjunctiva in eye diseases]. PMID- 7080336 TI - [Results of the calibrometry of the conjunctival microvessels in hypertension and arterial hypotension]. PMID- 7080337 TI - [Changes in ocular hemo- and hydrodynamics in acute alcoholic psychosis and alcohol abstinence]. PMID- 7080338 TI - [ENKAD preparation as a pharmacological regulator of reparative processes in the cornea (an experimental radiographic study)]. PMID- 7080339 TI - [Biological action of infrared laser radiation (1.06-micron wave length) on the tissues of the fundus oculi]. PMID- 7080340 TI - [Our experience with intraocular correction of aphakia]. PMID- 7080341 TI - [Mirror microscopy of the posterior corneal epithelium]. PMID- 7080342 TI - [Clinical topography of hemophthalmos]. PMID- 7080343 TI - [Evaluation of the state of the vitreous body in experimental traumatic hemophthalmos]. PMID- 7080344 TI - [Electrophysiological indices in sympathetic ophthalmia]. PMID- 7080345 TI - [Technic of holographoscopy of the eye in experimental animals]. PMID- 7080346 TI - [Intrauterine uveitis and its differential diagnosis]. PMID- 7080347 TI - [Diagnosis of orbital tumors using computer tomography]. PMID- 7080348 TI - [New method of studying the lacrimal apparatus: roentgenocinedacryocystography]. PMID- 7080349 TI - [Rapid diagnostic method in ocular toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 7080350 TI - [Case of uveoneuritis caused by Chlamydia]. PMID- 7080351 TI - [Surgical treatment of cataract in Hallermann-Streiff-Francois syndrome]. PMID- 7080352 TI - [Characteristics of the optic nerve lesion in meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae turcicae]. PMID- 7080353 TI - [Long-term presence of a stone fragment in the fundus oculi]. PMID- 7080354 TI - [Methods of detecting early disturbances in the visual field in open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 7080355 TI - [Dionine test in the study of the microcirculation of the bulbar conjunctiva and limbus in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7080356 TI - [Late results of a cataract extraction operation with implantation of the Fedorov Zakharov model iris clips lenses]. PMID- 7080357 TI - [Contact lenses for "permanent" (long-term) wearing in clinical practice]. PMID- 7080358 TI - [Corneal regeneration study in experimental anterior radial incisions]. PMID- 7080359 TI - [Biochemical indices of the vitreous body in experimental cryoretinopexy]. PMID- 7080360 TI - [Role of autoallergy in ocular herpes]. PMID- 7080361 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical course of ocular toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 7080362 TI - [Acoustic scanning in tumors of the eye and orbit]. PMID- 7080363 TI - [Modified revascularization of the vascular coat of the eye]. PMID- 7080364 TI - [Assessment of the optic disk in ocular hypertension and glaucoma]. PMID- 7080365 TI - [Functional vision disorders]. PMID- 7080366 TI - [Case of a treatment fall in visual functions in Pekhrants-Babinski-Frohlich syndrome]. PMID- 7080367 TI - [Eye lesion in Ota's nevus]. PMID- 7080368 TI - [Amaurosis in endocardial myxoma of the left atrium]. PMID- 7080369 TI - [Pre- and postoperative treatment of cataract patients]. PMID- 7080370 TI - [Humoral factors of nonspecific reactivity of the body in peritonitis]. AB - Humoral factors of inflammation such as histamin, heparin and others are known to play an important role in pathogenesis of peritonitis. Their intimate interrelations in the metabolism are responsible for the degree of the nonspecific defense reaction of the organism with this disease. The recovery of the humoral-tissue regulation of homeostasis goes on slowly against the background of inhibition of the nonspecific reactivity of the organism despite a liquidation of the source of peritonitis. PMID- 7080371 TI - [Primary therapeutic immobilization in severe combined injury]. PMID- 7080372 TI - [Effect of the level of a tibial fracture on the functional recovery of the leg in fixation of the fragments with the Ilizarov apparatus]. AB - In patients with closed diaphyseal fractures of crus bones treated by the Ilizarov apparatus the rate of normalization of the supporting and supporting dynamic function of the lower extremity was substantially higher when the fracture of the tibial bone was localized in the lower third of the diaphysis. The method of calculation of the exercise upon the injured extremity is described with special reference to the level of the fracture and the time of fixation with the help of the compression-distraction apparatus. PMID- 7080373 TI - [Mechanism of lung injury in closed chest injuries]. PMID- 7080374 TI - [Traumatic occlusion of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 7080375 TI - [Gastric hemorrhage in gas gangrene]. PMID- 7080376 TI - [Diagnostic stages and special study methods in surgical diseases of children]. AB - The surgery in children should take into consideration 6 steps of diagnosing: initial, exact, subnarcotic, intraoperative, immediate postoperative and late postoperative steps when the growth of the child's organs and systems enable the final diagnosis to be established. Close attention to physically revealed symptoms of the disease may restrict the application of special methods and shows the skill of the physician. PMID- 7080377 TI - [Effectiveness of the drainage method in treating acute lung abscesses in children]. PMID- 7080378 TI - [Normal pressure indices in the intestinal vessels in children]. PMID- 7080379 TI - [Prolonged peridural morphine analgesia in the postoperative period]. AB - Morphine in doses of 10, 13, 15 and 20 mg was injected into the peripheral space of 129 operated women for postoperative analgesia. In 40 women after cesarean section the average time of analgesia was 34.5 h, in women after gynecological operations it was 23.6 h following the injection of 10 mg of morphine. In women subjected to gynecological operations the injection of 13 mg of morphine gave anesthesia for 28.5 h, 15 mg-for 29.1 h and 20 mg-for 28.8 h at an average. The injection of 15 and 20 mg of morphine increased the risk of intoxication. PMID- 7080380 TI - [Artificial pulmonary ventilation via an air line]. PMID- 7080381 TI - [Wrong placement of the catheter in subclavian vein catheterization]. PMID- 7080382 TI - [Functional obstruction of the cardia and cancer localized in the cardia and esophagus]. AB - The work is based on the experience with the exploration and treatment of 310 patients with the functional obstruction of the cardia which are found to have two pathogenetic forms-cardiospasm and cardiac achalasia. Errors in the diagnosis in the outpatient department were 38%. Causes of the diagnostic errors and the differential-diagnostic tables are given. Against the background of the continuous course of cardiospasm and cardiac achalasia there appeared carcinoma of the cardiac-esophageal localization in 2,5% of cases. All the patients subjected to operations or instrumental cardiodilatation who have gastro esophagal reflux should be taken under special control with periodic endoscopic examinations. PMID- 7080383 TI - [Errors and hazards in the surgical treatment of varicose veins of the legs]. PMID- 7080384 TI - [Surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer]. AB - On the basis of literature data and personal experience with more than 1000 vagotomies in patients with the ulcerous disease the authors make a conclusion that the classical resection of the stomach must be used extremely rarely for the surgical treatment of a duodenal ulcer. In non-complicated duodenal ulcers the method of choice is believed to be the isolated selective proximal vagotomy. For special indications the antrumectomy with vagotomy should be performed. In urgent surgery of duodenal ulcers the operation of dissection (suturing) of the ulcer with pyloroplasty and trunkal vagotomy is thought to be most preferable. PMID- 7080385 TI - [Incidence and characteristics of complicated forms of gastric ulcer]. AB - The frequency and certain specific features of compound forms of the gastric ulcerous disease were studied in 762 operated patients. The most frequent causes of operations for the gastric ulcerous disease were stenosis (28, 3%) chronic ulcers (25%), perforation (21.7%), hemorrhages (14.4%), penetrations (10.6%). Malignization of ulcers was noted in 15% of patients. A complex investigation of the secretory function of the stomach allowed distinguishing two groups of gastric ulcers accompanied by hypo- or hypersecretory syndrome. PMID- 7080386 TI - [Intra-aortic administration of drugs in treating suppurative peritonitis]. PMID- 7080387 TI - [Lysozyme dynamics in the saliva, blood serum and gastric juice in gastric and duodenal ulcer]. AB - The activity of lysozyme in the saliva, blood serum and gastric juice was studied in 51 patients operated upon for peptic ulcers. The activity of lysozyme in the acid gastric juice was found to be lower than that in the neutral and low alkaline medium. Following vagotomy, the contents of lysozyme in the blood serum and gastric juice was higher than following the resection of the stomach. The investigation of factors of non-specific defense of the organism, lysozyme in particular, is thought to be necessary for the estimation of the postoperative period and healing of the ulcer. PMID- 7080388 TI - [Hepatic blood flow in the surgical complications of opisthorchiasis]. AB - The article presents the results obtained during the investigation of hepatic blood flow by the method of rheohepatography in 63 patients. Complicated opisthorchiasis is accompanied by disorders in hepatic hemodynamics. The data of rheohepatography and the parameters of the hepatic clearance allow fulfilling the immediate control of the efficiency of the surgical methods of correction as well as of the conservative treatment. PMID- 7080389 TI - [Use of a Bulgarian antibacterial polycapromide mesh and suture in experimental liver resection]. PMID- 7080390 TI - [Diagnosis of obstruction of the large intestine]. AB - In 96 out of 367 investigated patients with diagnosis of acute obturation large intestine ileus was confirmed. These patients were subjected to urgent operations. In another group of patients (64) with an obscure clinical picture urgent rectoromanoscopy was fulfilled after rentgenography. Five patients were found to have stenozing tumours of the distal part of the sigmoid intestine. Urgent irrigoscopy was performed in all the 64 patients of this group after rectoromanoscopy. A mechanical obstacle was revealed in the large intestine of 34 patients. In 28 patients the suspicion of a mechanical large-intestine ileus was rejected which prevented unnecessary laparotomy. PMID- 7080391 TI - [Elasticity of the lungs under physical loading in congenital heart defect patients before and after surgery]. AB - Under conditions of an increasing physical exercise from 25 to 100 watts the distensibility of lungs (CL) was investigated in 18 non-operated and 33 operated patients with a congenital heart disease. The decrease of CL was more pronounced in the group of non-operated patients. Changes in CL were found to depend on the blood filling of the vascular bed of the lungs. The determination of CL under an increasing physical exercise may be used for the estimation of the functional capacity of the pulmonary ventilatory apparatus. PMID- 7080392 TI - [Nonepidemic parotitis in surgical patients]. PMID- 7080393 TI - [Extraperitoneal approaches in surgery on the abdominal aorta and its branches]. AB - The use of extraperitoneal accesses was analyzed in 163 reconstructive operations on the abdominal aorta and its branches. A wide use of them is shown to be expedient. Seven types of extraperitoneal accesses are described with special reference to their advantages and shortcomings and indications for each of them. The work also discusses one of extraperitoneal accesses for lumbar sympathectomy (used in 312 patients). It is estimated positively. PMID- 7080394 TI - [Effectiveness of lumbar sympathectomy in arteriosclerosis obliterans in the elderly]. PMID- 7080395 TI - [Continuous intra-aortic and selective intra-arterial infusions of antimicrobial preparations in treating peritonitis]. PMID- 7080396 TI - [Correction of the regional blood flow in obliterating vascular lesions of the legs]. AB - Results of different methods of treatment of 712 patients with obliterating injuries of the lower extremity vessels were followed for the period from 1974 to 1980. Complex conservative therapy was used in 225 patients. Good results were observed in 1/3 of the patients. Operations were fulfilled in 487 patients: 273 lumbar sympathectomies (bilateral in 28%) and 214 reconstruction operation on the arteries. The prognosing of effects of sympathectomies gave positive results in 84.3% of patients. Good remote results after reconstructive operations were observed in 72,5% of patients. The authors emphasize a short-term effect of reconstructive operations below the inguinal ligament. PMID- 7080397 TI - [Use of the deep femoral artery in repeated reconstructive operations]. AB - The possible use of a profound femoral artery in the surgical treatment of late complications following reconstructive operations on the aorta and arteries of lower extremities was studied. Revascularization of the extremity through this artery was performed in 55 patients (68 operations). Different methods were used. The profound femoral artery was shown to be functioning in 66-69% of cases after plasty and shunting by the 5 year term. PMID- 7080398 TI - [Myoglobin level of the blood and urine in the postoperative period]. PMID- 7080399 TI - [Atypical course of suppurative peritonitis in rupture of purulent hepatic echinococcosis]. PMID- 7080400 TI - [Abdominal syndrome in acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7080401 TI - [Atypical course of cancer of the major duodenal papilla]. PMID- 7080402 TI - [Successful reconstruction in a rare anomaly of the celiac trunk]. PMID- 7080403 TI - [Growing hematoma of the neck resulting from spontaneous rupture of an aberrant goiter]. PMID- 7080404 TI - [Giant air cyst of the lung simulating spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 7080405 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of chest injuries]. AB - Ultrasonic diagnostic examinations were used in 365 patients with closed injuries (150), wounds (181) and consequences of traumas (34). The ultrasonic method allows to rapidly and exactly determine the presence and limits of the exudate, blood, coagulated hemothorax, residual cavity, thickness of the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura, the state of the pulmonary tissue (inflammation, blood inhibition, atelectasis). The ultrasonic method is simple, harmless and applicable under conditions of any surgical hospital. PMID- 7080406 TI - From the dog's mouth. PMID- 7080407 TI - Management and economic effects of different levels of oestrus detection in the dairy herd. AB - Computer simulation of the dairy herd production cycle has permitted an assessment of the effects of oestrus detection rate on herd performance. Calving to first service interval is inversely related to the level of oestrus detection and in turn both these parameters govern the subsequent calving to conception interval and the herd culling rate for failure to conceive. Where the breeding season is nine to 10 months long, a poor oestrus detection rate is reflected in an increased culling rate for failure to conceive and a high mean calving index. This results in a reduction in annual milk yield and margin over purchased feed per cow. Where the breeding season is restricted to four months or less, a low level of oestrus detection is reflected almost solely in a high rate of culling for failure to conceive. PMID- 7080408 TI - Mastitis in dairy cows associated with an aerotolerant campylobacter. AB - During the course of a study of an outbreak of mastitis in a dairy herd, an aerotolerant campylobacter was isolated from a milk sample. This organism was cultured and the right front quarters of four young Friesian cows were infected by intramammary inoculation. Each infected quarter developed an acute clinical mastitis which resolved spontaneously after 120 hours. The challenge organism was reisolated from one of the quarters. PMID- 7080409 TI - Vaccination against canine parvovirus disease. PMID- 7080410 TI - BVA policy on animal experimentation. AB - During recent years the BVA has formulated an increasingly detailed policy on animal experimentation. Veterinary interest and involvement in the control of animal experiments in Britain is reviewed and BVA policy is discussed against the background of changes in the law which are likely to occur in Britain and in the Council of Europe. PMID- 7080411 TI - Contagious equine metritis: effect of intrauterine inoculation of tiny colony forms in pony mares. PMID- 7080412 TI - Fatal bronchopneumonia in a young orang utan caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei. PMID- 7080413 TI - A clinically patent case of maedi in Great Britain. PMID- 7080414 TI - Comparison of inverting and appositional methods for anastomosis of the small intestine in cats. AB - Three anastomoses (single layer inverting, apposition with catgut sutures and with polyglycolic acid sutures) were made in the small intestines of six cats. Two cats each were euthanased three, 14 and 30 days after surgery. With the inverting technique the mean lumen diameter was only 4.72 mm while with the appositional technique it varied from 8.09 mm (gut) to 8.78 mm (polyglycolic acid). Expressed as percentages of adjacent intestinal diameters, the inverting, catgut apposition and polyglycolic acid apposition techniques resulted in lumen diameters of 42.2 per cent, 87-9 per cent and 77.7 per cent respectively. PMID- 7080415 TI - Induction of parturition in cows using betamethasone. AB - To avoid dystocia and calf mortality two groups of cows were induced to calve six or seven days prematurely. Group I consisted of none Hereford cross Friesian two and-a-half-year-old recipient cows carrying Continental beef breed fetuses. Group 2 consisted of 10 four-year-old Continental beef breed cows carrying pure or crossbred fetuses of the same breeds. On day 280 of gestation a long-acting betamethasone formulation was injected into all 19 animals, followed five or six days later with an injection of short-acting betamethasone (15 animals) or prostaglandin F2alpha (one animal). Three cows calved before their second injection. Fourteen of the 15 animals given the short-acting betamethasone calved 26 to 70 hours later; the remaining animal was given prostaglandin at 72 hours and calved 36 hours later. The cow that received prostaglandin F2alpha instead of short-acting betamethasone calved after 11 hours. None of the calves in group I was born dead but three died within 36 hours. One calf was born dead in group 2. Cervical dilatation and slackening of pelvic ligaments were satisfactory in all animals. Although calf birthweights were between 39 and 60.5 kg, only two instances of dystocia were encountered. Thirteen of the 19 cows voided their fetal membranes within 12 hours of calving. Only two retained them for more than four days. All cows except two in group I showed good udder development and had a plentiful supply of colostrum at calving. PMID- 7080416 TI - Effect of phenylbutazone on electrolyte metabolism in ponies. AB - Phenylbutazone administered in therapeutic doses to ponies decreased urinary sodium and chloride excretion. The volume and osmolality of the urine was unaffected as was potassium excretion. Faecal excretion of chloride decreased and that of potassium increased, while faecal sodium excretion was unaffected. Plasma pH, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide decreased after phenylbutazone administration. Packed cell volume, plasma sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide tension and chloride were unchanged. PMID- 7080417 TI - Alphaxalone/alphadolone anaesthesia in the lamb. AB - Alphaxalone/alphadolone (12 mg/ml) was administered by both the intramuscular and intravenous routes in an investigation of its action in newborn lambs. Useful anaesthesia was produced with an intravenous injection of 6 mg/kg bodyweight and with a divided intramuscular injection of either 9 or 12 mg/kg, one half of the dose being injected into the quadriceps mass of each hind leg. In all cases the recovery period was quiet and of short duration. Transient depressions of heart and respiratory rates were observed during anaesthesia but these were judged to be clinically acceptable. A single intramuscular injection was less effective probably because of slow absorption from the single site. The results suggest that this drug is a suitable injectable anaesthetic agent for the newborn lamb. PMID- 7080418 TI - Grass sickness of horses: changes in the regulatory peptide system of the bowel. PMID- 7080419 TI - Ovarian findings in relation to the onset of oestrus and conception rates in dairy cattle. PMID- 7080420 TI - Aujeszky's disease. PMID- 7080421 TI - Double intussusception followed by reintussusception in a kitten. AB - A three-month-old Burmese kitten with diarrhoea developed a double intussusception, with invagination of jejunoileal intussusception into the colon. During surgical repair, about 20 cm of terminal jejunum and ileum were resected and an anastomosis performed 2 cm proximal to the ileocolic valve. A jejunoileocolic intussusception developed three days later and was reduced manually at laparatomy. The cat has grown normally since than and at one year old shows no signs of intestinal dysfunction. PMID- 7080422 TI - Microsporum canis isolations from show cats. PMID- 7080423 TI - Bacterial overgrowth causing intestinal malabsorption in a dog. AB - The case history of a six-year-old female chow chow with intractable diarrhoea is described. The clinical history and symptoms, together with the methods of diagnosis, indicated that the cause was bacterial overgrowth of the intestine leading to a malabsorption syndrome. The method of treatment and the response is also recorded. PMID- 7080424 TI - Tetanus in a dog: a case report. PMID- 7080425 TI - Thymic lymphosarcoma-cell leukaemia in a crossbred bitch. PMID- 7080426 TI - Treatment of lead poisoning in swans. PMID- 7080427 TI - Benzimidazole-resistant nematodes in Britain. PMID- 7080428 TI - Vaccination against canine parvovirus disease. PMID- 7080429 TI - Progressive pathology of staphylococcal mastitis with a note on control, immunisation and therapy. AB - In the light of experimental work using the mouse model of staphylococcal mastitis and supported by material from staphylococcal mastitis in cows a progressive pathology of the disease in cattle is proposed. The rationale of the standard control measures (dry cow therapy, teat dipping, etc) is defended, the possibility of immunisation is doubted but the prospect of advances in therapy is thought to be good. PMID- 7080430 TI - Alterations in blood, sweat, urine and muscle composition during prolonged exercise in the horse. PMID- 7080431 TI - Mathematical method for investigating causes of infertility in cattle. PMID- 7080432 TI - Use of phenylbutazone in horses and ponies. PMID- 7080433 TI - A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with involvement of the nervous system. PMID- 7080434 TI - Morphological effects in pituitary tumours following radiotherapy. AB - Seven cases with different endocrinological types of pituitary tumours were subject to open surgery 6-25 years after fractionated and 2 months - 9 years after single dose irradiation. Two cases had been treated with both types of irradiation. Tumour tissue was analyzed at the light and electron microscopic levels. Hyalinization around blood vessels occurred independent of type of irradiation but required some time to develop. This was not found in one tumour analyzed 2 months after single dose treatment. Single dose treatment (30-70 Gy) caused extensive fibrosis and few surviving cells in the primary target area. Tumours treated with fractionated dose irradiation (26-45 Gy) showed a large number of tumour cells present 6-8 years after treatment. Many of these cells revealed morphological damage. The morphological findings of the presently available material may indicate that a single dose treatment causes rapid and extensive tumour damage at the site of the primary target but that surviving tumour cells are present outside this area. Fractionated irradiation results in an initial dysfunction with persistence of more or less structurally altered cells for several years. PMID- 7080435 TI - Adenoma of the human pituitary producing growth hormone and thyrotropin. A histologic, immunocytologic and fine-structural study. AB - A pituitary adenoma removed by surgery from a 22-year-old man was studied by histology, immunocytology, transmission electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Clinically, the patient had acromegaly and euthyroidism with elevated blood GH concentrations. Blood TSH and T4 levels were within the normal range. Histologically, the adenoma was chromophobic and exhibited no PAS, lead hematoxylin, aldehyde thionin or Grimelius silver positivity. By the immunoperoxidase technique GH, beta-TSH and alpha-subunit but no PRL, ACTH, alpha endorphin, beta-FSH or beta-LH were demonstrated in the adenoma cells. Electron microscopy revealed adenoma cells which were similar to TSH cells and showed no resemblance to GH cells of nontumorous pituitaries or GH-secreting tumors. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated GH and beta-TSH in the secretory granules. It is concluded that pituitary adenomas composed of TSH-like cells may secret GH, resulting in acromegaly. Production of GH by adenomatous TSH cells cannot be explained on the basis of the one cell- one hormone theory. The question is raised whether bihormonal or multihormonal clones, capable of synthesizing more than one hormone, exist in the human pituitary. These cells are apparently dormant under normal conditions, but in the course of neoplastic transformation may undergo functional dedifferentiation and acquire the ability to produce two or more different hormones. PMID- 7080436 TI - Squamous metaplasia following necrosis of the adenohypophysis and of a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. AB - Two cases of pituitary necrosis was presented, one occurring post partum in an otherwise normal gland, the other in a large chromophobe adenoma. In both cases the necrotic tissue became surrounded by squamous epithelial nests that developed through metaplasia from glandular cells of the adenohypophysis and adenoma cells respectively. The squamous elements were seen 6 days after the clinical events leading to pituitary necrosis in the first case and 20 days after pituitary apoplexy (hemorrhagic necrosis of an adenoma) in the second case. In contradistinction to the commonly found squamous nests which are usually located in the pars tuberalis and presumably develop through a slower process, the changes in the present two cases indicate that squamous metaplasia can develop quite rapidly at the margins of a necrotic process of the pituitary, either deep in the gland as in case 1 or occupying the entire circumference of a necrotic tumor as in case 2. PMID- 7080437 TI - Reovirus transcriptase and capping enzymes are active in intact virions. PMID- 7080438 TI - Bovid herpesvirus type-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)-induced thymidine kinase. PMID- 7080439 TI - Induction of fibrosarcoma by rat sarcoma virus. PMID- 7080440 TI - Block deletions in the neuraminidase genes from some influenza A viruses of the N1 subtype. PMID- 7080441 TI - Suppression of spontaneous lymphoma by previously undiscovered dominant genes in crosses of high- and low-incidence mouse strains. PMID- 7080442 TI - Replication of the influenza virus genome. PMID- 7080443 TI - Effects of transposition and deletion upon coat protein gene expression in bacteriophage f1. PMID- 7080444 TI - The N-terminus of PE2 in Sindbis virus-infected cells. PMID- 7080445 TI - Independent effects of phytohemagglutinin on cell fusion and attachment by newcastle disease virus. PMID- 7080446 TI - A temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus with an altered envelope protein E1 and a defect in the transport of envelope glycoproteins. PMID- 7080447 TI - Sequence of the influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) virus neuraminidase gene as determined from cloned full-length DNA. PMID- 7080448 TI - Complementation and genetic linkage between vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants. PMID- 7080449 TI - Synthesis of mumps virus polypeptides in infected Vero cells. PMID- 7080450 TI - The collection and processing of drug information: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. United States, 1980. PMID- 7080451 TI - The National Inventory of Family Planning Services: 1978 survey results. PMID- 7080452 TI - [Social bases of medical ethics]. PMID- 7080453 TI - [Means of improving the military medical training of personnel]. PMID- 7080454 TI - [Improvement in the level of teaching surgery to graduate course students]. PMID- 7080455 TI - [Student military and patriotic education]. PMID- 7080456 TI - [Surgical treatment of disturbances in lymphatic drainage resulting from injuries to the extremities]. PMID- 7080457 TI - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome]. PMID- 7080458 TI - [How to improve outpatient service to military personnel]. PMID- 7080459 TI - [Social hygiene aspects of military work]. PMID- 7080460 TI - [Changes in the psychophysiological functions of flight personnel under various active rest regimens]. PMID- 7080461 TI - [Indices of human adaptation to humid tropical conditions]. PMID- 7080462 TI - [Fiber pyeloureteroscopy in the diagnosis of urologic diseases]. PMID- 7080463 TI - [Treatment of closed injuries to the knee joint]. PMID- 7080464 TI - [Visual angiotensiometry in emergency and planned abdominal surgery]. PMID- 7080465 TI - [Study of gastric secretion using euphyllin]. PMID- 7080466 TI - [Cases of complete situs inversus viscerum]. PMID- 7080467 TI - [Role of dietetic nutrition in decreasing gastroenterologic morbidity]. PMID- 7080468 TI - [Prevention of hemorrhoids]. PMID- 7080469 TI - [Holder for the nose mask for performing nitrous oxide anesthesia]. PMID- 7080470 TI - [Reaction between 125I-collagen and growing fibronectin polypeptides of chick embryo polyribosomes]. AB - Polyribosomes from chicken embryos and 125I-collagen were shown to form complexes, which might be isolated from free 125I-collagen by means of centrifugation. The fraction of rapidly sedimenting polyribosomes was the most active in formation of complexes with 125I-collagen. The complexes ribosomes-125I collagen appeared after destruction of polyribosomes-125I-collagen complexes by means of RNAase. Treatment of the complexes with puromycine led to liberation of about 40% of 125I-collagen. Antibodies against fibronectin inhibited the complex formation by about 30%. The data obtained suggest that the growing fibronectin polypeptides participate in formation of at least 30% of the complexes. PMID- 7080471 TI - [Characteristics of the uterine progesterone receptor system in the guinea pig]. PMID- 7080472 TI - [Reactions of high-density lipoproteins and their subfractions with the intimas of atherosclerotic human aortas]. AB - A ratio of cholesterol esters to free cholesterol was decreased in the total fraction of high density lipoproteins (LPHD) after incubation of the fraction with human aorta intima impaired by atherosclerosis. The same alterations occurred in the reaction of aorta intima with the fraction LPHD3. During incubation of the intima with LPHD2 less distinct decrease was observed in the ratio of cholesterol esters to free cholesterol. The decrease in the ratio of cholesterol fractions, found both in total LPHD and LPHD3, was caused by transfer of free cholesterol from intima cells to LPHD. Thus, LPHD (namely LPHD3 fraction) were able to accept free cholesterol from aorta intima cells; this mechanism is apparently responsible for protective effect of LPHD in atherogenesis. PMID- 7080473 TI - [Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on homocarnosine metabolism in the brains of rabbits of different ages]. AB - Content of homocarnosine and activity of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase were studied in brain tissue of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days old rabbits under normal state and after treatment with 0.425 mPu of oxygen within 1 hr. The most distinct alterations in the homocarnosine content and the enzymatic activity were observed in rabbit brain at the first month of postnatal life and accompanied development of sight. After hyperbarooxygenation the content of homocarnosine of rabbit brain was decreased in all the age groups studied but, especially (by 60% and 85%, respectively) in brain of 21- and 30 days old animals; the most distinct inhibition (by 71.5%, 81.1% and 92.4%) of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity was observed in brain of 1, 14 and 30 days old rabbits. PMID- 7080474 TI - [Chromatographic method of analyzing Hageman factor (blood coagulation factor XII) in human serum]. PMID- 7080475 TI - [Method of separating creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes Soviet-made acetate film for electrophoresis]. PMID- 7080476 TI - [Potentiation of the anticoagulant effects of a phosphatidylserine-containing anticoagulant and heparin]. AB - Phosphatidylserine containing anticoagulant and heparin mutually increased their anticoagulating activity under conditions of simultaneous treatment in vitro and in vivo. The rate of the potentiation effect depended on a dosage and, apparently, on the ratio of these anticoagulants. The lipid did not react with heparin as shown by spectrophotometric and gel filtration methods as well as by extraction of 131I-phosphatidylserine with chloroform and sedimentation by means of high speed centrifugation. The data obtained suggest that the potentiating effect of the anticoagulants was not due to formation of a complex exhibiting new properties but was caused by effects of these substances at various steps of blood coagulation process. PMID- 7080477 TI - [Effect of typhoid endotoxin and its lipid component on the lipid concentration of myocardial tissue of mice]. AB - Content of triacylglycerides and cholesterol esters was rapidly and distinctly increased while di- and monoacylglycerides appeared in heart muscle after intraperitoneal administration of hyphoid endotoxin into mice. Concentration of free fatty acids exceeded 3-fold the initial level within a day. At the same time, content of free cholesterol was also increased. Lipid fractions (lipids A and B) isolated from the lipopolysaccharides altered distinctly the lipid composition in mice myocardium. An increase in acylglycerol content was noted though it was less distinct as compared with the lipopolysaccharide effect. Lipid A and especially lipid B decreased the content of free fatty acids and of free cholesterol in myocardial tissue. Content of total phospholipids was unaltered in heart muscle after the lipopolysaccharide administration but these lipid fractions increased distinctly their content. PMID- 7080478 TI - [Effect of ethanolamine on corticosterone concentration in experimental myocardial hyperfunction in the white rat]. AB - An initial step of experimental myocardium hyperfunction, caused by coarctation of the subphrenic part of abdominal aorta, was accompanied by a distinct increase in content of corticosterone in rat blood and adrenal glands. Administration of ethanolamine at a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the hormone content under conditions of heart hyperfunction. The data obtained suggest that adrenal gland cortex was activated in response to the myocardium pathology as well as that content of corticosterone in blood and adrenal glands might be regulated by administration of ethanolamine. PMID- 7080479 TI - [Molecular heterogeneity and complex-forming capacity of plasma ribonucleases in leukemia]. AB - Molecular polymorphism and complex-formation ability of ribonucleases, obtained from blood plasma of healthy persons and of patients with acute leukemia as well as from blood plasma of rats with experimental Svec leukemia, were studied using isoelectric focusing, ion exchange chromatography, gel and membrane filtration techniques. Molecular forms of the enzyme were not altered in leukemic patients and animals as compared with normal state but the ability of the enzyme to form complexes with other blood plasma components was markedly decreased in the pathology. Increase in content of polyamines, found in blood of leukemic patients and animals, might be among the reasons responsible for decrease of the enzyme ability to bind with blood plasma proteins. PMID- 7080480 TI - [Changes in liver enzyme activity in alloxan diabetes rats]. AB - Activities of pyruvate kinase, lactate and malate dehydrogenases as well as concentration of oxaloacetate, lactic and pyruvic acids and of glycerol-I phosphate were altered in liver tissues of rats with alloxane diabetes. Alteration in activity of LDH and MDH isoenzymes appears to be responsible for regulation of the content of pyrimidine nucleotides oxidized and reduced forms, which limit the glucose oxidation. PMID- 7080481 TI - [Changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in an experimental peroxidation syndrome in the rabbit]. AB - Activity of the antioxidant enzymes under conditions of experimental syndrome of peroxidation was studied in rabbits maintained at a diet deprived of antioxidants. Peroxidation of lipids was increased in the animals; at the same time, content of the vitamin-antioxidants was decreased in their tissues. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes was distinctly increased within the first steps of the experiment after which it was decreased. The data obtained suggest that deficiency of the vitamin-antioxidants may be transitory compensated by an increase in activity of the antioxidant enzymes; long-term deprivation of bioantioxidants led, however, to inhibition of biosynthesis of the antioxidant enzymes. PMID- 7080482 TI - [Properties of intestinal monoamine oxidase in the rat]. AB - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity (substrate: tyramine) has been studied in rat intestinal wall mitochondrial fractions identified by monitoring succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities. The MAO activity, which was not due to contamination with mitochondria, has been also found in nuclear and microsomal (+hyaloplasm) fractions. Deamination of tyramine, serotonin and dopamine by rat intestinal mitochondrial MOA obeyed the Michaelis--Mentern kinetics. The Vmax values were the highest for deamination of tyramine, the lowest--for norepinephrine. The lowest Km value was recorded in the systems with 2-phenylethylamine. Data on the inhibitory effect of low concentrations of deprenyl suggest that 50% of the total tyramine deaminating activity in rat intestinal mitochondria was due to presence of MAO type B. Low concentrations of chlorgyline inhibited the deamination of tyramine in these systems by 20-30% suggesting a possibility of presence in the rat intestinal mitochondria of a tyramine deaminating activity distinct from MAO type A. Pyrazidol or harmine, which are selective inhibitors of the MAO type A, caused only partial (30-40%) inhibition of MAO activity (substrate: tyramine) in rat intestinal mitochondria. Controlled heating experiments indicated higher thermostability of MAO type B (substrate: 2-phenylethylamine) as compared with MAO type A (substrate: serotonin) in rat intestinal mitochondria. The data obtained suggest that rat intestinal mitochondria, contrary to human intestinal mucosa (cf. ref. 2), contain about 50% of MAO type B, which is comparatively thermostable and does not resemble in this respect the MAO type B in many other biological sources. PMID- 7080483 TI - [Regulation of the concentration of 1-cystathionine in brain tissue follow craniocerebral injuries]. PMID- 7080484 TI - [Mechanism of intestinal vitamin-D-dependent Ca absorption. Correlation between active Ca transport and release of inorganic phosphate on the basal side of intestinal epithelia]. AB - Incubation of isolated sections of rat small intestine in air-saturated medium, deprived of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was accompanied by liberation of endogenous Pi from both sides of the intestinal wall as well as by development of the anion concentration gradient, which was directed from apical to basal side of the wall. After addition into medium of 0.25 mM CaCl2 triggering the Ca2+ absorption in the isolated intestinal section by an active transport mechanism, distinct output of Pi was observed at the basal side of the intestinal epithelium against the concentration gradient of the anion. Under anaerobic conditions block of Ca2+ active transport by means of inhibitors of energy supply (1 . 10(-5) M DNP, 4 . 10(-6) M p-chloromercuribenzoate) inhibited simultaneously the Pi output; the same phenomenon was observed in aged rats and in rats maintained on D-avitaminous diet, thus demonstrating the intimate relation of the processes studied. The data obtained are consistent with the idea on existence of a phosphorylated carrier of Ca2+, dephosphorylation of which on basal-lateral membrane of enterocyte is accompanied by simultaneous liberation of Ca2+ and Pi from the mucosal cells providing the energy-dependent transition of the ions against the concentration gradient. PMID- 7080485 TI - The Eastern Mediterranean Region: highlights of the Regional Director's report for 1979-81. PMID- 7080486 TI - New knowledge is accumulating fast. An interview with Dr. Adetokunbo O. Lucas, Director, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. PMID- 7080487 TI - The future of WHO's health manpower development programme. PMID- 7080488 TI - Intersectoral coordination for health. PMID- 7080489 TI - [Polychemotherapy for advanced epidermoid cell lung cancer (author's transl)]. AB - The long-term results are presented of cytostatic treatment with a combination of adriamycin + methotrexate + vincristine + trofosfamide in 45 patients with advanced inoperable epidermoid cell lung cancer. The overall response rate (complete + partial remission) was 13/45 = 29%; the survival time from the beginning of therapy ranged from 12 to more than 1023 days, with a median of 166 days. Three patients are still alive. The group with non-keratinising epidermoid cell cancer showed a significantly longer survival time than the group with keratinising tumours. Therapy was accompanied by side effects in all patients, whereby the intensity of side effects was inversely correlated with the clinical outcome of therapy. An analysis of the individual response of patients revealed a positive effect of therapy in 19 patients (very good in 13 and good in 6) whereas a negative effect was found in 12 patients (very poor in 10 cases); in 14 cases the effect was questionable. The overall poor results of cytostatic therapy in epidermoid cell lung cancer so far are pointed out and, on the basis of the presented data, its implementation routinely outside oncogenic centres does not appear to be warranted. PMID- 7080490 TI - [Guide-lines to the rehabilitation of patients with neurological disorders, especially stroke (author's transl)]. AB - Rehabilitation requires the interplay of three essential factors, namely medicine, organization and humanity. The concept of entirety and permanency implies that rehabilitation must commence on the very first day of acute therapy and continue, with the aid of relatives, after discharge from hospital. Depression very frequently accompanies a stroke and requires expert handling both with psychopharmaceutical drugs and psychotherapeutical methods (including nursing staff and family) to overcome this hurdle to rehabilitation. Physiotherapy is of paramount importance, with particular emphasis on active movement. Therapeutic management with medicines must continue along the lines commenced in the acute stage. The therapy of stroke requires a considerable involvement of manpower, which must not be denied to this step-child of rehabilitation. Apart from medical considerations, it is salutary to remember that every fifteenth person is likely to be handicapped after a stroke at some time in his life. PMID- 7080491 TI - [Treatment of hypertension with a drug combination, consisting of bemetizide, triamterene, dihydralazine and bupranolol (author's transl)]. AB - The optimal daily dose and dose regimen of a new drug combination (Pertenso), consisting of 10 mg bemetizide, 20 mg triamterene, 20 mg dihydralazine and 20 mg bupranolol were tested in 14 hypertensive outpatients (WHO I to III) in a single blind crossover trial. The mean blood pressure before treatment was 183/107 +/- 5/2 mm Hg (+/-SEM) and was lowered to a mean blood pressure of 147/89 +/- 4/4 mm Hg (+/- SEM; p less than 0,005) during a multiple dose regimen and to 141/84 +/- 3/3 mm Hg (+/- SEM; p less than 0,005) during a single dose regimen. The results indicate that even in hypertension which requires a combination of diuretics, vasodilators and beta-adrenergic blocking agents for treatment, a fixed combination of these substances could be given for effective blood pressure control. The data suggest the possibility of a single dose regimen of the fixed drug combination. PMID- 7080492 TI - [Mediastinitis and bilateral pleural effusion of pancreatic origin (author's transl)]. AB - A case report is presented of a patient admitted to a thoracic specialist unit on account of predominantly pulmonary symptomatology. There was a left-sided haemorrhagic pulmonary effusion, which rapidly returned after tapping. The patient then developed a high fever and shock. Mediastinal widening was noted on X-ray, as well as a right-sided pleural effusion. Repeated tapping of the pleural effusions and drainage of a mediastinal abscess, which was diagnosed on mediastinoscopy as well as the administration of antibiotics led to an improvement in the patient's previously poor general condition. Sonography and subsequent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography were instrumental in eventually diagnosing chronic recurrent pancreatitis with cyst formation and retroperitoneal perforation into the mediastinum and pleural space. Laparotomy with removal of the pancreatic cysts and abdominal drainage led to complete recovery. The pathogenetic processes involved in the formation of internal fistulae, diagnostic problems and therapeutic management are discussed. PMID- 7080493 TI - [Factors influencing the survival time of patients subjected to "radical" surgery for cancer of the papilla of Vater (author's transl)]. AB - 17 patients who were treated by partial pancreato-duodenectomy for cancer of the ampulla of Vater were reviewed to see if intermittent jaundice, the staging of the carcinoma, the grading of the carcinoma and the presence of regional lymph node metastases had any influence on the survival time. There were markedly longer survival times for patients with intermittent jaundice, high grading, low staging and absence of regional lymph node involvement. PMID- 7080494 TI - [Maxillo-facial radiotherapy with moulds (author's transl)]. AB - Intracavitary oral radiotherapy with moulds is indicated for superficial tumours and subclinical disease in combination with percutaneous irradiation. Large tumours do not get a satisfactory dose distribution for adequate treatment. PMID- 7080495 TI - [High-density-lipoprotein and renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. AB - Disturbances in lipid metabolism and accelerated atherosclerosis are well-known phenomena of chronic renal insufficiency. The disturbance in lipid metabolism has been repeatedly described as secondary type IV hyperlipoproteinemia according to the classification of Fredrickson. The classification of Fredrickson, however, does not take into account the role of the alpha-lipoproteins (the HDL lipoproteins and HDL cholesterol). Hence, HDL cholesterol was determined and correlated to other routine parameters of lipid metabolism in 66 patients with different degrees of renal insufficiency. Furthermore, an intravenous fat tolerance test was performed in 14 patients with terminal renal insufficiency. Beside the well-known hypertriglyceridemia with cholesterol values near the upper limits of normal, a significant reduction in HDL cholesterol was found, showing a significant inverse correlation to plasma creatinine values. Patients with advanced or terminal renal insufficiency additionally showed a significant inverse correlation between HDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides. The disappearance rate of intravenously administered fat emulsion (which corresponds to the clearance rate of chylomicrons and VLDL) was diminished in azotaemic patients, showing a significant inverse correlation between HDL cholesterol and disappearance rate in the intravenous FTT. Beside hypertriglyceridemia, the diminished HDL cholesterol values represent an additional risk factor for the genesis of accelerated atherosclerosis. The diminished k value demonstrates a diminished activity of lipoprotein lipase as cause of hypertriglyceridemia, whereby the positive correlation between the k value and HDL cholesterol and the inverse correlation between HDL cholesterol and triglycerides suggest a causal relationship between the decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase and diminished HDL cholesterol levels. PMID- 7080496 TI - [Levels of lipoprotein fractions in ischaemic cerebral disease (author's transl)]. AB - The significance of serum lipid levels in the assessment of risk in ischaemic cerebral diseases is controversial. The differential investigation of lipoproteins, however, showed that the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions are absolutely or relatively decreased with respect to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in cerebral infarcts and in transient ischaemic attacks. Raised LDL/HDL ratios were found in this study, as an expression of a relative lowering in HDL, in ischaemic cerebral disease associated with pathological disorders of the large or small cerebral vessels. Hence, it appears that HDL represents a protection factor, not only in the prevention of cardiovascular, but also cerebrovascular disease and a decrease in HDL may be a risk factor. PMID- 7080497 TI - [Application of capillary gas chromatography to androgen excretion - analysis as diagnostic tool in paediatric endocrinology (author's transl)]. AB - A gas-chromatographic method on glass capillary columns was developed mainly for the separation of androgens in order to diagnose endocrinopathies, especially various forms of intersexual anomalies. For this purpose the gas-chromatographic conditions were chosen in such a way as to gain a long distance (retention time interval) between the alkanes n-C24H50 and n-C28H58, because these two alkanes limit the area in which most of the androgens appear. Column: 50 m X 0.25 mm (ID), WCOT, OV 101. (Formula: see text). The steroids were analysed in 24-hour urine samples. Extraction was performed with ethyl acetate, followed by persililation to methoxim-trimethylsilyl derivatives. The application of the procedure was demonstrated in two clinical cases, whereby Hamilton's theory, according to which certain androgens as well as their metabolites reflect the psychological and physical status of a person, was evaluated. On the basis of the present results it can be stated that gas chromatography on capillary columns, as described in this paper, is a useful diagnostic tool. With this method it is easy to detect disorders in the synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. PMID- 7080498 TI - [Gluten-sensitive enteropathy and intestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (author's transl)]. AB - The case report is presented of a patient with gluten sensitive enteropathy who subsequently developed an intestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. When steatorrhoea or diarrhoea develops in a patient with abdominal lymphoma, these symptoms are often attributed to progression of the lymphoma or to chemotherapy of the lymphoma. Since there is an established relationship between gluten-sensitive enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma, the differential diagnosis of steatorrhoea or diarrhoea developing in the course of malignant intestinal lymphoma must include gluten sensitive enteropathy as well. In the investigation for gluten-sensitive enteropathy HLA typing can be used as a screening test in addition to routine malabsorption tests and small bowel biopsy PMID- 7080499 TI - [Bladder dysfunction in pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - 105 primiparous and 125 multiparous women have been asked for complaints of incontinence during their pregnancies. Multiparae suffered more often from stress incontinence, nullips reported a higher rate of urgency. The reasons and the influence of episiotomy, operative deliveries (forceps and vacuum) and pelvic floor training on incidence and recurrency of urinary incontinence during pregnancy are discussed. PMID- 7080500 TI - [Prolonged remission after ablative hormone therapy as sole treatment in a case of carcinoma of the breast with pulmonary metastases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080501 TI - [The natural history of gall stone disease. An epidemiological study (author's transl)]. AB - This paper presents clinical data elucidating the natural history of gall stone disease, based on observations carried out on a secluded alpine population treated conservatively for generations. Special circumstances corroborating a statistical evaluation are outlined. Pertinent parameters supporting this study are anatomical findings at operation following the introduction of established surgical procedures into the region, with particular attention to age grouping within the collectives of patients. A total of 130 patients, operated on for gall stones for the first time in their lives, were evaluated, 18 patients undergoing incidental cholecystectomy for asymptomatic gall stones were excluded from this series. Of the remaining collective presenting with clinical symptoms of cholelithiasis, 54% were admitted for complications of the disease, i.e. 15% for acute cholecystitis and 39% for choledocholithiasis (including jaundice in 27%). We conclude that the natural history of gall stone disease in this region implicates the incidence of the above-mentioned inherent complications unless cured electively by early cholecystectomy. PMID- 7080502 TI - [Surgical treatment of malignant kidney tumours (author's transl)]. AB - In 51 patients with malignant kidney tumours, who were checked up postoperatively over a time of at least five years, the tumour nephrectomy was carried out lumbodorsally in 19 cases (37.2%) and transperitoneally in 32 cases (62.7%). There was a total survival rate of 49% after five years. When using the lumbodorsal technique of tumour nephrectomy the five year survival rate came to the total of 52.6%, in T2-tumours to 62% and in T3-tumours to 0%. By taking the transperitoneal way the five year survival rate amounted to the total of 53%, in T2-tumours to 70% and in T-3 tumours to 36%. Large tumor size and signs of tumour invasion can definitely be considered as prognostically unfavourable factors. In such cases the transperitoneal technique of tumour nephrectomy yields better chances of survival. When taking into consideration the heavy chances of understaging a tumour diagnostically and the possibility of local tumour invasion even in small tumours, it is of great importance the transperitoneal technique as the method with the best possible results. PMID- 7080503 TI - [Ultrasound in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080504 TI - [Obstructive bronchitis in workers of a chromium manufacturing plant (author's transl)]. AB - 63 workers of a chromium manufacturing plant were investigated: 47 workers suffered from an obstructive bronchitis, 32 from an illness of the upper respiratory tract. In some workers acetylcholine provocation was positive. No correlation was found between blood chromium levels and clinical findings. PMID- 7080505 TI - [Bronchodilation in childhood asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. AB - The bronchodilation in childhood asthma bronchiale was studied by means of the suitable form of administration for that age, the paediatric syrup. We have chosen as active substance the hexoprenaline which has a long standing as a modern beta-2-selective bronchodilator. 2 different doses confirm a good effect and provide some margin, which is highly welcome, especially so in paediatry. The paper corroborates the importance of the measurement of the obstruction even in this age to confirm the diagnosis and the proposed therapy, we have used the optimal body plethysmography for that purpose. The plotting of the obstruction pressure curve, which is a prerequisite for the calculation of the resistance, however, presents some methodical difficulties in infantile patients. The former statement of a possible sole information on the obstruction via the beta-flow curve was confirmed in a regression equation, it allows an about 80% significant determination of the resistance even without the alpha-curve. PMID- 7080506 TI - [And Death will be no more. Discussion on humane terminal care]. PMID- 7080507 TI - [The influence of negative air ions on the regulation of respiration and blood circulation under controlled physical stress, as well as on reaction time (author's transl)]. AB - Ten healthy male test subjects (aged 29--35 years) were put on a bicycle ergometer twice for 10 minutes each time and had to perform work of 1 W/kg body weight while being subjected to normal air and air enriched with negative ions. Using ergospirometry, a number of physiological indices for respiration, circulation, and the aerobic metabolism were recorded. In a further test, the reaction time of 14 test subjects (aged 23-55 years) was tested under the condition of normal breathing air and air enriched with negative ions. The intake of oxygen, which is a gross indicator for the entire aerobic metabolism, is not influenced by negative air ions. Given a constant environment, the presence or absence of ions does not have any effect. Sudden introduction or removal of negative air ions induces changes in control that tend to be of a negative nature: there is an increase in breathing frequency, breathing equivalent, and cardiac frequency at constant oxygen intake (p less than 0.025). In testing reaction time, only the sudden introduction of negative air ions produced a statistically significant effect, i.e. prolongation of reaction time. This effect, too, is of a more negative nature (p less than 0.05). PMID- 7080508 TI - [Nutrition in disorders of lipid metabolism]. PMID- 7080509 TI - [Urologic cardinal symptoms]. PMID- 7080510 TI - [Importance of computerized tomography for surgical treatment of intracranial hematomas (author's transl)]. AB - The improved treatment by using computerized tomography (CT) located between operating theater and intensive care unit is reported in comparison of 3,382 patients with severe head injuries. By preoperative use of CT the frequency of diagnosed hematomas was about the same (29.5% before CT; 27.0% with CT) but the preoperative diagnosed multiple hematomas were much more frequent (14.0% resp. 27.0%). The most important advantage however is the saving of time by CT in this localisation by which the chance of survival has increased from 54% to 69%. Without any doubt everywhere in neurotraumatology the CT should be situated as near as possible to the intensive care unit and to the operating theater and should be available 24 hours a day. PMID- 7080511 TI - [Influence of the disco-scene on the psyche and soma of young people: psychometric, computerized-EEG and physiological studies (author's transl)]. AB - Investigating the personality profile of 90 young disco-visitors, it was found that the group on the whole did not differ from the norm. However, a more detailed analysis according to age and sex demonstrated that young female "disco fans" (under the age of 20 years) exhibited an increased desire for communication and contacts but also a less critical and a more pronounced self-admiring attitude than controls, while this was not observed in males. Subsequently, the effect of a typical disco-night on physiological, neurophysiological and psychometric variables was studied in 13 young disco-visitors. The results suggested an increased activation and arousal as reflected by the increased critical flicker fusion frequency, heart rate and blood pressure. Moreover, psychomotor activity, drive and mood were found to be improved, while attention, concentration, attention variability, reaction time and mnestic function deteriorated as compared with a control night. Digital computer period analysis of the electroencephalogram revealed an increased of theta and beta activity, and a decrease of alpha activity. The profile of the latter CNS changes shows a certain similarity to the pharmaco-EEG profiles of antidepressants. The findings are discussed. PMID- 7080512 TI - [Antihypertensive agents and blood lipids--The Oslo study]. PMID- 7080513 TI - [The surgical problem of thyroid neoplasms]. PMID- 7080514 TI - [Possibilities and limits of radiologic treatment of malignant struma]. PMID- 7080516 TI - [Mammography as primary and secondary information sources]. PMID- 7080515 TI - [The value of zinc-copper determination in malignant thyroid diseases]. PMID- 7080517 TI - [Surgery of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 7080518 TI - [The importance and value of pre-, intra- and postoperative roentgenologic biliary tract diagnosis]. PMID- 7080519 TI - [Biliary tract scintigraphy in upper abdominal surgery]. PMID- 7080520 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of choledochus cysts]. PMID- 7080521 TI - [Spontaneous biliary fistula and its complications - 10 year analysis]. PMID- 7080522 TI - [Status and development of modern biliary tract surgery]. PMID- 7080523 TI - [The comparative evaluation of biliary tract operations before and after use of routine intraoperative cholangiography]. PMID- 7080524 TI - [Cancer of the extrahepatic biliary tract]. PMID- 7080525 TI - [Venous angiomatosis in the liver-portal vein region]. PMID- 7080526 TI - [The status of modern thyroid surgery]. PMID- 7080527 TI - [Conservative and surgical fracture treatment with clinical examples]. PMID- 7080528 TI - [Malignant transformation of papillomatosis cutis carcinoides Cottron]. PMID- 7080529 TI - [Hyperthyroidism as a therapeutic problem from the surgical view]. PMID- 7080530 TI - [Control of the precision in electronic leukocyte counting with the counter Picoscale PS 4]. PMID- 7080531 TI - [Notes on the calculation of the number of sick persons]. PMID- 7080532 TI - [Importance of the new draft of the ordinance TGL 200-0624/01 "Electrotechnical installations in spaces used for medical purposes" for the physician as a public health director]. PMID- 7080533 TI - [Evaluation of blood circulation regulation in changes of posture--experimental findings and studies on models]. PMID- 7080534 TI - [Antibiotics in neonatology]. PMID- 7080535 TI - [Urodynamic findings in various degrees of female stress incontinence]. PMID- 7080536 TI - [The goiter-deafness syndrome]. PMID- 7080538 TI - [Diagnosis of bland, autonomic and masked depressive syndromes in the outpatient clinic]. PMID- 7080537 TI - [Spontaneous cure of sterility with unfavorable prognosis in both marriage partners]. PMID- 7080539 TI - [Medical and social impact of drowning accidents]. PMID- 7080541 TI - [Otorhinolaryngologic findings in acoustic neuroma with special reference to vestibular symptoms]. PMID- 7080540 TI - [The epileptic patient from the viewpoint of the healthy partner]. PMID- 7080542 TI - [Results of lumbar intervertebral disk operations]. PMID- 7080543 TI - [Problems of ambulatory pharmacotherapy. 11. Antibiotic classification series for the physician working in ambulatory care]. PMID- 7080544 TI - [Hormonal contraception and hypertension]. PMID- 7080545 TI - [Combination pharynx malformation--genetic, phoniatric and anesthesiologic aspects]. PMID- 7080546 TI - [Ulcerative stomatitis in gold allergy]. PMID- 7080547 TI - [Theoretical and practical viewpoints for the introduction of combination therapy of alcoholic predelirium and delirium with haloperidol and chlormethiazole]. PMID- 7080548 TI - [Therapy-oriented relationship with hysteriform-structured patients]. PMID- 7080549 TI - [Results of interviews with women in a rural health care area about their non participation in cancer prevention examinations]. PMID- 7080550 TI - [The behavior of specific parameters of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in metabolically healthy and obese subjects]. PMID- 7080551 TI - [The effect of beta-receptor blockers and cardiac glycosides on the heart rate, systolic blood pressure and ST interval in submaximal ergometer exertion]. AB - 14 males at the age of 49 +/- 6.4 years with condition after myocardial infarction were loaded on the bicycle ergometer according to the criteria of the WHO. After injection of a beta-receptor blocker at the submaximal functional level the product of the pressure frequency decreased by 25% and the watt-pulse increased by 17%. The oxygen pulse and the respiratory quotient remained constant. An additional injection of glycosides did not significantly change these parameters. At the same time no falsely positive evidence concerning the behaviour of the ST-distance as criterium of withdrawal was provoked. The results of the submaximal and symptom-limited function were not falsified in the therapy with beta-receptor-blockers and glycosides, when the criteria of withdrawal recommended by the WHO are used unchangedly. PMID- 7080552 TI - [Phlebographic findings in venous ulcus cruris]. AB - In a retrospective analysis 97 phlebograms of the leg of patients with ulcus cruris were evaluated. According to the phlebographic result a subdivision into Ulcus cruris varicosum (n = 66) and Ulcus cruris postthromboticum (n = 31) was made. The different phlebographic findings are discussed. PMID- 7080554 TI - [The significance of air contamination for the taking of blood cultures in open systems]. AB - The importance of the air contamination, when open blood culture systems were used, was emphasized by investigation series in 20 test persons. The proportion of contaminated cultures correlated with the opening time and the size of the opening area of the culture systems applied. The moist cleaning of the room performed before the taking of the blood culture and low numbers of patients in the rooms clearly improved the portion of contamination. PMID- 7080553 TI - [Clofibrate therapy--the status quo]. AB - Clofibrinic acid (Regadrin) is the effective substance of clofibrate. Clofibrate is one of the lipid-decreasing medicaments; which are used for the longest time and which are most effective. It has an influence above all on the metabolism of triglycerides, but also on the metabolism of cholesterol. The reduction of coronary morbidity and mortality by clofibrate was proved in a number of follow up studies. An increased incidence of cholelithiasis may be a side-effect of the clofibrate therapy. Prefered indications for clofibrate are hypertriglyceridaemias in HLP type IIb, III, IV and V an (in combination with other drugs) therapy-refractery hypercholesterolaemias in HLP type IIa and IIb. PMID- 7080555 TI - [Surveillance of exposure in industrial styrene load]. AB - Determinations of the styrene metabolites are reported with the high-performance liquid chromatography. The methodical investigations were used on a group of workers of the polyester processing. The establishment of the cumulation of metabolites and the appearance of pathological values of liver enzymes refer to the overcharge of biological regulations. PMID- 7080556 TI - [Prognosis for patients with myocardial infarct treated with a transitory pacemaker during the 1st year]. AB - The authors investigated the occurrence of mortality during hospitalisation (first 4 weeks) and in the following period (from the 5th week till the end of the first year) on 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction subject to temporary pacemaker therapy due to bradyarrhythmia and/or conduction disorders. Progression of conduction disorder has been commonly observed during hospitalisation, mortality amounted to 43 per cent. Almost each of the conduction disorders has been discontinued by means of prophylactic pacemaker therapy. Despite the successful pacemaker therapy during the acute phase one third of the patients died within one year. It was found by the authors that the mortality in both periods showed close relationship not with the character of the block, but with the localisation and the severity of the infarction. PMID- 7080557 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux and gastric secretion]. AB - In 47 patients with reflux complaints and pH-metrically recognizable gastrooesophageal reflux (glass-calomel-electrode system) we succeeded in proving the fact that a large volume of gastric secretion and a lower intragastric pH value are concomitant with a significant prolongation of the total reflux duration by increase of the reflux frequency. PMID- 7080558 TI - [Megaloblastic maturation disorder of erythropoiesis in plasmacytoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia]. AB - Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the erythropoiesis in the sternal marrow of untreated 52 patients with a plasmacytoma and 46 patients with a chronic lymphatic leukaemia resulted in about half the cases in an indicated or more distinct megaloblastic disturbance of maturation in a part of the erythroblasts. These changes of the erythroblastic cells might be the expression of a neoplastic transformation and of a disturbance of the differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells in these diseases. PMID- 7080559 TI - [Supplemental device for the electrocardiograph 6 NEK 4 for the recording of esophageal electrocardiograms]. AB - For the analysis of the cardiac rhythm an additional device for recording electrocardiograms of the oesophagus which can be connected with the 6-canal electrocardiograph 6 NEK 4 was developed. The device works as an ECG-preamplifier with a high reverse of amplification. Using a special filter it is possible to get well evaluable records excluding each zero line drift, even on most difficult conditions. The possibility of connection with any experimental entry of the 6 NEK 4 renders possible the combination of the electrocardiogram of the oesophagus with any ECG standard deviation program. PMID- 7080560 TI - [Effect of infusions on blood glucose determinations--comparative determinations by the DAB7(D.L.) methods and a newly developed glucometer]. AB - The influence of 22 various infusions on the determination of the blood glucose by means of glucometer and DAB 7 (D.L.)-methods [o-toluidine, hexocyanoferrat (III)] was investigated. Only the principle of the newly developed apparatus glucometer is not disturbed by infusions and represents an alternative solution for surgery, urology, paediatrics and intensive medicine, particularly since the measuring value is present at any time in few seconds. PMID- 7080561 TI - [The cardiovascular risk profile of the long-term diabetic]. AB - The long-term diabetic is in a considerable degree endangered by macroangiopathy. With a high probability their profile is influenced by the factors of cardiovascular endangering overweight (Broca-weight greater than or equal to 110%), hypertension (RR greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg), hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl), hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 260 mg/dl) and hyperuricaemia (greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/dl in male and greater than or equal to 6.0 mg/dl in female). Our analysis of the profile of the cardiovascular risk of 217 long-term diabetics with an average duration of the disease of 19.8 years and an average age of 60.2 years showed in comparison to normal persons an increased frequency of hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia, whereas the weight did not differ from a normal population. Taking into consideration the same age structure the association of the examined 5 signs of risk is less narrow in the long-term diabetic than in the newly detected diabetic. With growing age the values of uric acid of the serum increase; in long-term diabetics their concentration surpasses that one of newly detected diabetic patients. From the point of view of preventive medicine factors of cardiovascular risk must be recognized already in the newly detected diabetes of type I or II as well as in disturbed glucose tolerance and, as far as possible, be influenced in the sense of an improvement of the profile of the risk. PMID- 7080562 TI - [Cerebral embolism caused by transvenous implantation of a pacemaker electrode in a patient with ventricular abnormalities]. PMID- 7080563 TI - [Forme fruste of progressive lipodystrophy or multiple symmetrical surface lipomatosis?]. AB - It is reported on a 44-year-old patient who has a peculiar form of the disturbance of the distribution of fatty tissue. Apart from clear superficial hypertrophies at upper arms, shoulders, thorax and hypogastrium as well as plum sized nodes at the left femor and retroauricularly discrete atrophies are found in the face, at forearms and lower legs. In very inconspicuous paraclinical findings special forms of the progressive lipodystrophy and of the indolent symmetrical lipomatosis are discussed. PMID- 7080564 TI - [Human and mammalian infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and atypical Mycobacteria]. AB - In a short survey the connections between tuberculous diseases of man and those of mammals are described. For the combat against tuberculosis a good knowledge of the interactions involved is necessary. The characteristics of such causative agents as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and atypical mycobacteria are made clear. PMID- 7080566 TI - [Problems of so-called functional ECG changes]. AB - It is reported on a 25-year-old African student with healthy heart in whom on account of an enlarged hepatologic diagnostics considerable changes of the ECG with repeated alteration between the ST-elevations and the T-negativations became manifest in the anterolateral BW-leads. In the otherwise inconspicuous findings functional changes of the ECG (early repolarization syndrome) with pronounced vegetative lability are concerned. The influence on the changes of the ECG by sympathicomimetics (isoproterenol test) may help to alleviate the diagnostics. In connection with diagnostic interventions the recognition and correct explanation of such ECG-findings is of decisive importance. PMID- 7080565 TI - [Modification of special blood-level forming lipid metabolites by long-distance running in men 20-60 years of age]. AB - The lipid metabolism and the lipoprotein metabolism was examined in 44 long distance runners (people's athletics) and a group of 65 untrained persons as well as in 32 runners before and immediately after a 38-km and a 40-km-run, respectively. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was significantly increased in the runners, whereas very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC) was found decreased. The quotient LDLC/HDLC (quotient of arteriosclerosis) is clearly decreased in runners. Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) of runners (people's athletics) and untrained persons were statistically not different. The post-heparin-lipase (pHL) and the rate of lipolysis pHL appeared clearly increased in persons participating in people's athletics. There were parallelities between the lipid values and the disc-electrophoretically established percental proportions of lipoproteins. The proportion of alpha-lipoprotein (Lp) of the runners was increased, the beta-Lp unchanged and the pre-beta-Lp decreased. The increase of the alpha-Lp was concomitant with a shift of the spectre of the alpha-Lp-subfractions. After the running (38 and 40 km) the triglycerides and VLDLC were increased, the pHL activity and the rate of lipolysis pHL were decreased. In the other cholesterol parameters no significant shifts appeared after load. While Apo A does not change under the influence of the running, like HDLC, Apo B clearly increased. The results were discussed, taking into consideration the results of other authors. PMID- 7080567 TI - [Measurement of the pancreatic blood supply before and after duct occlusion]. AB - Blood flow measurements in the pancreas were performed in 12 pigs in situ, after the splenectomy, and then after the occlusion of the pancreatic duct by means of prolamin as well during a relaparotomy after 6 weeks. No change was pointed out immediately after the occlusion in face of the state following the splenectomy. The flow in the splenic artery was reduced significantly (p less than or equal to 0.0001) by 62% after 6 weeks. PMID- 7080568 TI - [Bile reflux--not a risk factor in rat stress ulcer]. PMID- 7080569 TI - [Possibility of renal vascularization by means of a jejunal flap]. AB - An animal experimental model for the additional vascularisation of the kidney is represented by means of an excluded demucosed small intestine segment. The immediate clinical signification is to be seen in lowering the hypertension in case of pyelonephritic renal shrinkage. Histologic investigations do not show any vascular communication between intestine and kidney and not any ingrowing of intestinal vessels in the kidney. If the improvement of reno-intestinal shunts could be particularly stimulated in case of a primary restricted blood offer must remain unsolved. PMID- 7080570 TI - [Chronic erosion of the stomach in the anastomotic region (authors' transl)]. AB - Report about 5 cases with a chronic erosion with granulation tissue formation of the mucosa of the resected stomach in the gastroenterostomotic area. These lesions appeared endoscopically as discoloration, or as small elevation of the mucosa or as a distinct polyp. One case with a more extensive granulation tissue formation clinically exhibits a hemorrhage due to the richness of capillary vessels of this peptic lesion. The histogenesis of this peculiar peptic-erosive lesion can be explained by streaming up mesenchymal elements of the submucosa in the tunica propria of the mucosa of the anastomotic region. PMID- 7080571 TI - [Carcinoid tumors of the gastro-intestinal-tract (author's transl)]. AB - The prognosis of carcinoid tumors of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT) is determined by the site and size of the tumors. Carcinoid of the vermiform appendix and the rectum cause early symptoms making early diagnosis and treatment relatively easy. The 5-year-survival rate is 99% and 83% respectively. Carcinoid tumors involving the stomach and the colon with 5-year-survival rates of 52% and 53% respectively have an unfavourable prognosis. In between is the carcinoid tumor of the small intestine with a survival rate of 60%. Tumors with diameter less than 2 cm can be excised locally. Bigger tumors--as a rule--must be managed according to the principles of tumor surgery. The operative treatment of metastasis improves the prognosis especially of small intestine carcinoids. One should endeavor to remove also metastasis of carcinoid tumors of other localizations. PMID- 7080572 TI - [Liver cirrhosis in autopsy material within 48 years. I. Changes of prevalence, regional differences (author's transl)]. AB - Comparative studies on a total of 41628 autopsies from the Institutes of Pathology of Wuppertal and Tuebingen revealed a 2,97 fold increase of liver cirrhosis in Wuppertal and 2,29 fold rise of prevalence in Tuebingen between 1946 and 1975. In Tuebingen this increasing prevalence preponderates in men, in Wuppertal in women. Thus, between 1964-1975 in Tuebingen the prevalence of liver cirrhosis in men exceeds liver cirrhosis in women 2,1 fold, in Wuppertal 1,1 fold only. After World War II a considerable increase was observed in both Institutes within 25 years, which reached a maximum with 8,2% of all adults in Tuebingen in 1969 and 11,8% in 1972 in Wuppertal, especially owing to an increase of portal cirrhosis. Since then no further rise has been noticed. PMID- 7080573 TI - [Liver cirrhosis in autopsy material within 48 years. II. Causes of death, liver cell carcinoma, weights of liver and spleen (author's transl)]. AB - Post mortems of 2289 patients with liver cirrhosis revealed that 37% died of causes related directly to cirrhosis i.e. liver failure or hemorrhage from oesophageal varices. Patients who died of ruptured oesophageal varices in 82% have splenomegaly and most frequently hepatomegaly. Livercell carcinomas were recognized in 7,5% of cirrhotic livers, increasing to 10% in 1976-1978. This rise particularly is conspicuous in women. Liver carcinoma is 4,5 times more frequent in postnecrotic than in portal cirrhosis. PMID- 7080575 TI - [Indications for treatment of varicose veins (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080574 TI - [Varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, postthrombotic syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - A short review concerning definition, clinical relevance and therapy of varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency and postthrombotic syndrome is given. It is proposed to define chronic venous insufficiency on a morphological base. Stage I is characterized by subfascial congestion, oedema and corona phlebectatica, stage II by induration and stasis dermatitis, stage III by the occurrence of venous ulcers. The postthrombotic syndrome is a special form of chronic venous insufficiency which can be distinguished by the clinical pattern alone. PMID- 7080576 TI - [Superficial and deep thromboses. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and conservative therapy (author's transl)]. AB - After reviewing the predisposing factors for venous leg thrombosis prophylactic attempts for patients carrying a continuous risk of thromboembolism and for patients with transient hazards (e.g. after operations) are discussed. Mobilisation with non-elastic bandages and low-dose-heparin in combination with dihydroergotamine is recommended for short term prophylaxis. The unreliability of clinical diagnostic criterias ("thrombosis signs") is pointed out. So additional apparative diagnostic trials are necessary; their values are critically discussed. With certain limitations X-ray phlebography has been proved to be the method of reference. 131 iodine fibrinogen uptake test is recommended best for the detection of calf vein thrombosis. The Doppler sonography is indicated for the detection of pelvic vein thrombosis. Isotope phlebography of the pelvic veins is evaluated, supporting additional information about pulmonary perfusion defects. Due to various contraindications (age, localisation of thrombi, age of thrombi etc.) only a minority of patients with venous thromboses of the lower limbs can be treated by thrombectomy or fibrinolysis, which are regarded as methods of the first choice. So for the vast majority only conservative treatment is feasibly including mobilisation with compression aids and ankle joint exercises for bedridden patients. Direct or indirect anticoagulations seems not to be necessary for patients with calf vein thrombosis, but is indicated for thrombotic affections of the femoral and pelvic veins. Anticoagulation treatment is always combined with compression therapy and mobilisation, except for some patients who had been immobilized before the clinical attendance. The treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis consists of incision and extrusion of thrombotic masses, antiphlogistic drugs and mobilisation with compression bandages. PMID- 7080577 TI - [Surgical treatment of remaining varicose veins and recurrent varicose veins (author's transl)]. AB - Remaining varicose veins ("Restvarikosis") after phlebexhairesis should be treated with sclerotic- and compression therapy, while often recurrent varicose veins ("Rezidivvarikosis") are an indication for re-operation. Main faults in phlebexhairesis are incomplete ligations of the tributaries of the saphenous vein. Iatrogenic damage of lymphatic vessels in the region of the foramen ovale should be reduced by very careful preparation of this region. PMID- 7080578 TI - [Phlebosclerosation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080579 TI - [Local treatment of ulcus cruris venosum (author's transl)]. AB - In this survey, the principles of local ulcer treatment and the most common therapeutic techniques are discussed. The data concerning the risk of sensitisation by local therapeutics are presented in the tables 1, 2, 3, 4. PMID- 7080581 TI - [The problem of pressure subhoses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080580 TI - [Measuring methods in dermatological angiology (author's transl)]. AB - From the practical point of view following measuring methods offer a valuable help for the assessment of vascular leg problems: 1. Doppler probe. 2. Peripheral venous pressure measurements. 3. Plethysmography. 4. Thermography. Among these methods, a Doppler ultrasonic detector belongs to the basic equipment of every physician dealing with peripheral vascular problems. Severity and localization of arterial occlusions, pelvic vein obstruction and valvular incompetence of superficial and deep leg veins can be verified by this method. The other procedures provide information concerning the severity of a venous insufficiency and the indication and control of therapy. They can also be applied as screening methods for deep vein thrombosis. PMID- 7080582 TI - [The professional secrecy of physicians (author's transl)]. AB - Legal requirement concerning confidential medical communication has been an essential item of medical professional ethics for centuries. Today, it is based not only on criminal and procedural but also on constitutional law. The legal requirement of secrecy applies to all knowledge the physician gains in performing his medical duties. These informations must be secret, if they are known to only a limited number of persons. The requirement of secrecy is still in force after the patient's death. Only those personally concerned can release the physician from his professional discretion. The physician can also be justified to speak in special legal situations. In addition, there is a legal requirement of secrecy towards the supervising authority, towards the hospital agency as well as towards colleagues. PMID- 7080583 TI - [Experience with adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with DTIC and BCG in malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080584 TI - [Clinical aspects of special types of lupus vulgaris (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080585 TI - [Dermatomycoses in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria (author's transl)]. AB - This paper reports upon an examination of 312 Nigerians with regard to dermatomycoses. The Tinea versicolor alba presented the largest part of verified infections (5.5%), 57% of which were localized at the head. 16 to 20 year old patients were especially affected; women showed the infection 2.5 times more often than men did. Two out of 12 children revealed tinea capitis. Tinea manus et pedis proved to be rare. 60.5% of the patients showed nail alterations. Apart from dermatophytes, yeast and hyphomycetes grew in facultative pathogenicity. These are discussed to be, especially with males, causative organism of secondary mycoses and indicators of dirt. PMID- 7080586 TI - [On the treatment of tattoos by argon laser (author's transl)]. AB - Different laser systems have different effects on the human skin. During the treatment of tattoos the CO2 laser abrades thermically the skin in layers of 0,1 0,2 mm. The argon laser, however, is semiselectively absorbed by the dermal pigments which are vaporized and expelled through the rupturing epidermis. Remaining pigments are eliminated by the subsequent inflammatory reaction. The argon laser offers a feasible alternative to common methods with several useful advantages. PMID- 7080587 TI - [Actinic reticuloid (author's transl)]. AB - A 39 year old patient had suffered from a dermatitis at his neck, partly affecting the face as well, 11/2 years ago. A temporary improvement had been followed by signs of actinic reticuloid: lichenoid eruptions on the erythematous skin associated with pruritus. Patch and photo-patch tests were negative. Histology revealed innumerable capillaries and several macrophages carrying melanin, apart from so-called "Sezary-like" cells. PMID- 7080588 TI - [New possibilities of phototherapy (author's transl)]. AB - Absolute and relative indications for phototherapy have to be distinguished. Absolute indications, where no better treatment is available, are psoriasis, mycosis fungoides and - according to newer observations - atopic dermatitis. Relative indications, where phototherapy is an additional therapeutical possibility, are acne, certain types of dermatitis and of urticaria. Acute and chronical side effects are discussed and an outlook on the possibilities of phototherapy is given. PMID- 7080589 TI - [Treatment of alopecia areata totalis and maligna with Solvezink (author's transl)]. AB - Treatment with Solvezink has been performed in 284 patients: 42 with alopecia areata, 106 with alopecia totalis (preserved axillar and pubic air as well as eyelashes and brows) and 136 with alopecia maligna. The duration of the treatment including maintenance therapy was up to 6 years. In patients with alopecia areata a state without relapse of 1 to 4 years was achieved in 42,8% of cases, in alopecia totalis and maligna a maintenance therapy was necessary to ensure a permanent regrowth of the hair. When applied correctly, Solvezink was well tolerated. The dosages and the treatment intervals of the treatment should be adjusted individually. PMID- 7080590 TI - [Light and electron microscopic and cytophotometric investigations in multiple Bowenoid papules (author's transl)]. AB - In to find a satisfactory nosological position of so-called Bowenoid Papules, biopsies of three patients were examined by light- and electron microscopy order as well as by cytophotometry and the findings were compared to the results of two cases of Bowen's disease. The dysplasia of the epidermis, hardly definable from Bowen's disease by light microscopy, revealed numerous ultrastructural alterations which also can be observed in the intraepidermal carcinoma, in addition single alterations indicate a viral genesis (which couldn't be proved until now). Cytophotometric investigations showed an only slight increase of DNA in the nuclei. It is interesting, however, that biopsies of a recurrent Bowenoid Papulosis exhibited a distinct increase of the DNA content. The not aggressive postoperative behaviour of two cases faces a third case with advanced dysplasia (increased DNA-content) and recurrence. The origin and/or the releasing moments for this diverging behaviour are not quite clear yet. PMID- 7080591 TI - [Aromatic retinoid (Ro-10) in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis pustulosa (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080592 TI - [Antitumor effect of retinoids (author's transl)]. AB - Retinoids given in a high dosage are able to reduce or prevent the growth of experimental skin tumors in animals. Our study on the systemic effect of aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on DMBA-induced skin tumors in rabbits supported these findings. The antitumor effect seems to be independent of the type of tumor induction. Previous reports and the possibility of using this retinoid effect in the treatment of skin tumors in man are discussed. PMID- 7080594 TI - [112th Meeting of the Society of Rheinisch-Westfalische Dermatologen, 112th Meeting of the Society of Sudwestdeustsche Dermatologen 26th to 28th March, 1982, Cologne]. PMID- 7080593 TI - [Relation between psoriasis and measles (author's transl)]. AB - A measles rash may abolish psoriatic lesions. Therefore, the titer of measles antibodies in the blood of psoriatics were examined. Psoriatics with measles in the history had a light type of psoriasis and low titers of measles antibodies, psoriatic without measles in the history, however, had severe types of psoriasis, and the titers of measles antibodies were high. Psoriatics were treated with three times the dosage of measles vaccine. The lesions disappeared in 60% of the psoriatics within 4-5 weeks, 40% improved; the local therapy, however was continued. PMID- 7080595 TI - [Compression bandages - mode of action and indications (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080596 TI - [Diagnostic procedure for the varicosis of the lateral branches of the saphenous vein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080597 TI - [Open surgical muscle biopsy - indications and technique (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080598 TI - [Activities of daily living and the speed/power components of test performance]. AB - By using the Nuremberg Gerontopsychological Inventory (NAI) two hypothesis have been tested on N = 329 subjects in the age between 55 and 93: a) Test performance of older people can be reduced to a speed-/power-model, b) speed tests are more apt to predict activities of daily living than power tests are. Both assumptions can be confirmed. A two-factorial speed/power-solution can be shown. To predict changes in the activities of daily living an advance in using speed-dependent tests is turned out. PMID- 7080599 TI - [The validity of "number repetition" in the aged]. AB - The subtest Digit Span (Wechsler, 1945) is revealed as a frequently applied, standardized test procedure in the assessment of memory in the aged. A lot of studies show high degrees of age-dependence of the Digit Span task. Visually presented digits lead to a more distinct age-decline in reproduction. Practise effects can be observed even in old subjects with pathological symptoms. The hypothesis that the Digit Span score represents a basic intellectual function, which constitutes a prior condition for different other intellectual areas, is rejected. Memory span measured by the Digit Span task represents an independent component of cognitive functioning in old age. The Digit backwards task includes encoding procedures, which are not necessary for the Digit forwards task. A major problem in memory span research is that there are only a few longitudinal studies, which are concerned with this topic and enable conclusions for the underlying processes of a declining capacity of the short-term memory. PMID- 7080600 TI - [Problems in assessing emotional reactions in the aged by means of experimental methods]. AB - This paper critically discusses the usually used assessment methods (self-report measures) of emotional behaviour in old persons and presents a "reactive approach" to measure emotions in old and young subjects. "Reactive" means the registration of emotional changes to defined emotion inducing stimuli or situations. Advantages, problems, and limitations of the reactive approach are discussed in relation to some results of an experiment using 12 stimuli of different emotional qualities to assess emotional reactivity in 20 young (25-35 years) and 20 old (65-75 years) subjects. PMID- 7080602 TI - [Geriatric stability and mutability as psychological aspects of psychometrics and psychopathometrics]. PMID- 7080601 TI - [Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale: a transcultural factor-analytic study]. AB - To date only a few scales claimed to be valid and reliable exist that are designed to assess symptoms and signs of mental deterioration in the aging patient. One such scale, the SCAG, was presented by Venn et al. in the early seventies in the USA as an instrument designed to provide a picture of the cognitive, affective, social and somatic functions of the patient and to measure the effects induced by geriatric drugs on this picture. It consists of 18 items that have to be rated on a scale from 1 to 7. Along with the English original, German and French translations of this scale have been widely used in clinical trials in Europe. Their properties would not be assumed to be the same, especially when they are used in countries with different cultural backgrounds. Thus, a comparative study of the construct validity (by means of factor analyses) of the English, German and French versions of the SCAG, using 5 samples from different European countries, has been performed. As reference served a factor analysis of the SCAG based on 1165 pre-treatment values from 21 American trials. In all but one sample essentially the same structure with five factors emerged (in one case two factors were confounded). PMID- 7080603 TI - [Validity and reliability of a symptom checklist (FSCL): use in psychogeriatrics]. AB - The incidence of psychogenic (depressive) disturbances in the elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years) is estimated to be 20--64%. In contrast to this, the systematic, exact and broad evaluation of the psychic condition is astonishingly rare in geriatric patients. --The FSCL is a sensitive, reliable, valid and practicable instrument for the quantitative rating of 40 clinical symptoms by the doctor. It is an attendant addition to the specific geriatric scales. The time required to complete the checklist is 2--5 minutes. --The interrater- and intrarater reliability has been analysed for 34 untrained raters previously unfamiliar with the FSCL, using simultaneously video-recorded interviews. The results showed a high homogeneity (reproducibility) resp. correlation (rtt = .58- .95). The sensibility to changes and differences between drugs or against placebo was demonstrated by e.g. double-blind multicenter trials (geriatrics N = 420, depression N = 450, chronic anxiety N = 643). --Concurrent validity has been demonstrated by the good correlation between the percentage improvements in the symptoms and the 4-point overall clinical ratings (r = .81, N = 240). The construct validity has been confirmed by means of factor analysis. Six orthogonal, clinical relevant factors were obtained (item loading greater than or equal to .40) which accounted for 50% of the total variance: anxiety--excitation, inhibition--depression, inhibited social behaviour, disturbed thought process and content, agitation--aggression, auto-aggressive thoughts. PMID- 7080604 TI - [Measurement of self-concept in older persons with the Frankfurt Self-concept Scales]. AB - The Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales--FSKN--were constructed for juveniles and young adults (Deusinger, 1982). The research under consideration here investigates the problem: can the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales--FSKN--adequately determine the self-concepts of older persons, too? A renewed item analysis and scalogram analysis was determined with a sample of 142 older subjects. It can be concluded from the results of these analyses that the method measures self-concepts of older persons at least on the level of quasi-scales. Various investigations on the re-test-reliability produced satisfactory results. Correlation studies are demonstrated as first investigations to validate the test. The hypothesis that the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales--FSKN--can adequately determine self-concepts of older people too, cannot be falsificated but rather substantiated by the results available so far. The Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales present an instrument to which for example item and scalogram analyses and investigations on reliability and validity have already been made with different methods for various age-groups: this is in contrast to the items usually used in connection with the Q-Sort-Method to determine self-concepts, items for which there are often no item--or reliability--analyses available. The availability of an instrument for the determination of differentiated self-concepts of various age groups opens up important research possibilities. PMID- 7080606 TI - [Assessment of independence and learning increment in own activities of living in aging people]. AB - According to the Seve (1972) personality is a time structure consisting of four dimensions: autonomous and alienated activities with or without learning increment. In the course of a biography this structure changes in a predictable way. 13 lower and 11 upper class members with an average age of 75 1/2 years estimated the time distribution in these four dimensions of activities for their own life phases of childhood, professional education, professional life and after leaving professional life. Their estimates differed from Seve's hypothetical predictions with the exception of those for childhood. There were, however, significant differences between the estimates of lower and upper class members. The former tended more in the direction of Seve's hypotheses. The same activities were also assessed by 6 raters as to degree of alienation and learning potential. Their estimates approximated Seve's hypothetical predictions either partially, for the phase of professional education, or fully for professional life and the time after it but failed them for childhood by overestimating the amount of alienated activities. PMID- 7080605 TI - [Measurement of change in self-concept with the Frankfurt self-concept scales]. AB - It is postulated that a change in the psychic condition of a patient can be deduced from the determination of the change of the real self-concept alone. The change of self-concepts (real concepts) is to be characterized by an instrument, the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales, which seeks to grasp self-concept changes using items and scales that are sensitive to change as well as graduated answers with 6 alternatives. In a first empirical investigation, 6 differentiated self concepts of older people have been repeatedly determined under specific conditions over a period of 6 months using 6 Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales (FSKN). According to the results of the research, changes in self-concepts of older people can be measured with the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales. PMID- 7080607 TI - [Measurements of the knowledge about change]. AB - In recent studies the variable knowledge about a changing world has shown up as a relevant determinant of cognitive development in old age. In this paper the measurement criteria of the inventory are established, and an evaluation of the reliability and validity of the inventory is achieved. At the same time we present evidence that the knowledge about the more constant aspects of the world and the knowledge about the changing aspects of the world develop differently. Epochal influences on the validity of the inventory are discussed. PMID- 7080608 TI - [Effects of hypnotics in old and young probands: the need-for-effect hypothesis]. PMID- 7080609 TI - Lectin binding strain-specific carbohydrates on the cell surfaces of Leishmania strains from the Old World. AB - Four-day-old promastigote culture forms of L. tropica major from USSR (LV-252, LV 253, LRC L-38) and Saudi Arabia (Ko, Ha), L. tropica minor from USSR (LV-239, LRC L-39) Leishmania sp. from Israel (Ro) and Saudi Arabia (Ve-322, Schwe, Ne), L. donovani from Sudan (3S, 1-S, LV-139) and India (LV-125, LRC L-51), L donovani infantum from Israel (LV-140), and L. aethiopica from Ethiopia (LV-1, LV-16, LV 24, LV-26) were tested using the following lectins: C. ensiformis, R. communis 120, A. polypoides, P. vulgaris, E. europaeus, D. biflorus, L. tetragonolobus, U. europaeus, L. alpinum, A. papillata II, A. hypogaea, and S. hispida. All strains reacted with C. ensiformis, R. communis-120, and A. polypoides. No agglutination reactions were observed with P. vulgaris, D. biflorus, E. europaeus, and L. tetragonolobus. Agglutination differences were detected by reactions with A. papillata II, U. europaeus, L. alpinum, A. hypogaea, and S. hispida. L. tropica minor (LRC L-39, LV-249), L. donovani (LV-239, 1-S, 3S, LRC L-51), L. aethiopica (LV-1, LV-15, LV-24, LV-26), and L. tropica major (LB-242, LV-253, LRC LK-38, Ko, Ha) are distinguishable with lectins. From L. tropica major two intraspecific forms can be identified: USSR-type (LV-252, LV-253, LRC L-38) and a Near East type (Ko, Ha). The Leishmania sp. strains (Ve-322, Ne, Ro, Schwe) belong to the Near East-type. The strains L. donovano LV-140 and L. donovani LV-125 react as L. tropica minor, a fact which cannot be elucidated. The L. donovani strains from Sudan cannot be distinguished from the Indian strain L. donovani LRC L-51. PMID- 7080610 TI - Characterization of chemical stimuli for the penetration of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. I. Effective substances, host specificity. AB - The stimulation of penetration of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae into agar was studied. This depends exclusively on chemical triggers whose specificity is analyzed in experiments with 230 chemicals. Only aliphatic hydrocarbon chains which have a polar as well as a nonpolar end group are effective. The effectiveness of saturated substances is limited, at pH 7.0, to chain lengths between 10 and 15 carbon atoms. Unsaturated substances are active at longer chain lengths. Their effectiveness is increased by the number of double bonds in the cis position, and these should not be placed too close to the nonpolar end of the chain. As well as double bonds, halogens, hydroxyl groups, and methyl side chains are equally effective. All penetration stimulating substances kill cercariae in free water, and the appropriate chemicals cause this lethality at very low concentrations. It is shown that the host recognition pattern at the stage of penetration is especially adapted to invasion of the human skin. PMID- 7080611 TI - Characterization of chemical stimuli for the penetration of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. II. Conditions and mode of action. AB - The mode of action of chemical substances which trigger the penetration of S. mansoni cercariae into agar substrata is studied. The effectiveness of these substances is largely independent on their polarity and water solubility. Thus, they do not seem to act by a passive membrane permeation process, but they may interact with specific receptor sites, which are characterized. The receptor sites seem to respond to the following chemical characteristics of the stimulating aliphatic hydrocarbon chain: Carboxylic end group, lipophilic end group, chain length, cis-double bond. The penetration stimulating substances cause, even in cercariae in free water, a transformation of the tegument, manifested as a reduction of the Cercarienhullen-Reaktion and a loss of osmotic protection. PMID- 7080612 TI - Plasma ascorbic acid levels in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. AB - Three groups of sheep, one control (A) and two infected with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae (B&C), were investigated. Each animal of group B was orally dosed with about 270 metacercariae and each sheep in group C received two such doses administered 14 days apart. In both infected groups, plasma ascorbic acid levels progressively decreased after exposure reaching a minimum by week 9, and then slightly increased during the subsequent five weeks. The decrease in ascorbic acid concentrations was mainly related to impaired synthesis as a result of the hepatic damage caused by the flukes. PMID- 7080614 TI - The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 35. The lateral segmental organs and peritracheal gland in immature and adult A. (P.) arboreus. AB - Lateral segmental organs and a peritracheal gland in adult and immature Argas (Persicargas) arboreus are described and compared with similar organs in other arthropods. Four pairs of lateral segmental organs containing neuronal cell bodies and innervated by branches of hemal nerves from pedal nerve roots are present in nymphal instars and in the adult; 3 pairs are present in the larva. In each postembryonic developmental stage, the peritracheal gland consists of cell masses with neurosecretory granular activity and is associated with the tracheal plexus in the region of the central nerve mass and adjacent hypodermis. The glandular cells show cyclic changes in size and activity related to the molting process in immature stages and probably to other events in the adult. PMID- 7080613 TI - Immunisation of mice against Strongyloides ratti. AB - Experimental infections of C57Bl/6 mice with strongyloides ratti produced marked resistance to challenge. Resistance to reinfection was induced by as few as six filariform larvae. The degree of resistance produced by soluble somatic antigens prepared from filariform larvae of S. ratti was comparable to that seen after a primary infection. The addition of Freund's adjuvants to the antigen did not increase resistance significantly. Intraperitoneal implantation of micropore chambers containing filariform larvae failed to induce resistance to reinfection. Considerable resistance to a challenge infection with S. ratti was found after infection with S. stercoralis. PMID- 7080616 TI - [Transmission of Babesia microti by nymphs of Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes hexagonus]. PMID- 7080615 TI - The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 36. structure and postembryonic development of the neurohemal organ in A. (P.) arboreus. AB - The structure and postembryonic development of the paraesophageal neurohemal organ lying posteriad to the central nerve mass of Argas (Persicargas) arboreus are described and compared with other arthropod neurohemal-endocrine organs. During postembryonic development, a few large cells differentiate in the larval esophageal epithelium and gradually multiply to form a compact cell mass. In the first nymphal instar, cell mass evagination forms the dorsal lobe of the neurohemal organ which develops in the second instar and attains its final lobular structure in the third instar. These observations provide evidence for homology to the insect corpora cardiaca and related organs in other arthropods. PMID- 7080617 TI - [The value of positive arthrography in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of retrofemoral Baker's cysts (author's transl)]. AB - Retrofemoral Baker's cysts are occasionally found in athletes; they occur as a result of a rupture in the dorsal part of the bursa semimembranosa gastrocnemia. The rupture itself may occur if there is increased pressure in joints or a considerable increase in the amount of synovial fluid. Ruptures can also occur if the joint wall is inadequately adapted and the synovial fluid fails to flow into the ventral joint spaces, as is possible due to certain movements in some sports. Active movement delays healing of the rupture of the capsule: the para-articular structures become encapsulated or, respectively, adhere to one another. Depending on the duration of the effusion and the amount of fluid, the pseudocyst may become pencil-shaped, spherical, cylindrical or rhomboid. It is, therefore, a traumatic pseudocyst, which occurs as a result of insufficient adaptation, principally in athletes of individuals whose occupation involves typical stresses on the knee joint. PMID- 7080618 TI - [Pain in the knee as a first symptom of retroperitoneal space-occupying processes (author's transl)]. AB - Knee complaints may be the first symptom of retroperitoneal space-occupying processes, as a result of compression of the femoral or obturator nerve. This differential diagnostic possibility is pointed out with reference to four case histories. The importance of CT examination as a part of the diagnostic procedure is emphasised. PMID- 7080620 TI - [Cobalt allergy reaction after knee arthroplasty with a Walldius prosthesis]. PMID- 7080619 TI - [Pseudothrombophlebitis, a rare complication following total replacement of the knee joint (author's transl)]. AB - Pseudothrombophlebitis secondary to rupture of a Baker's cyst had been described repeatedly in the literature of rheumatology. If this condition is mistaken for deep venous thrombosis and treated with anticoagulation, serious complication may result, like hematoma of the lower legs or retroperitoneal and gastrointestinal bleeding. The case demonstrated here shows that this condition is not limited to patients with chronic rheumatoid polyarthritis. Qur patient with an endoprosthesis of the knee suffered from marked reaction to metal (= metallosis) in addition to malacia patellae. The resulting severe synovitis was the cause for pseudothrombophlebitis. Therefore, in cases of suspected venous thrombosis in combination with gonarthritis, and arthrogram of the knee joint or a cystogram should be obtained in order to exclude the possibility of pseudothrombophlebitis. PMID- 7080621 TI - [The patella following implantation of a knee prosthesis, with reference to patella plasty (author's transl)]. AB - The follow-up patella using knee prosthesis depends on the followings: a) advancement of femoropatellar arthrosis, b) shape and kind of surface of the fossa patellaris femoris, c) kind of knee prosthesis. To treat the patella arthrosis patella plasty is a good alternative to a patella prosthesis. This has been noticed by good or very good results 34 Patients out of 43. It has no complications and does not prevent the use of patella prosthesis if necessary. PMID- 7080622 TI - [The Anatomical sliding-axis knee-joint prosthesis (author's transl)]. AB - In order to avoid the disadvantages of a fixed axis the newly-designed knee-joint prosthesis was equipped with a sliding one. This is not a load-bearing component; its main purpose is to guide the movement of the endoprosthesis. The design permits almost physiological movement, thus diminishing the detrimental forces at the anchor points. To further improve anchoring the shafts of the prosthesis were designed with an anatomical cross-section. The design of the anatomical sliding axis prosthesis is described and the results of the first 36 implantations are presented. PMID- 7080623 TI - [Conservative therapeutic procedure of fractures of the os calcis based on late results (author's transl)]. AB - Difficult fractures of the calcaneus are therapeutic problem today. From 1965 to 1977 147 patients were non-operative treated in the department of general surgery - including cases from department of orthopedic surgery. 67 patients with fractures of the os calcis were controlled between 3 and 15 years after accident. The various methods of conservative treatment are discussed. The early functional treatment had the better late results than other conservative methods i.e.: fewer pain and better flexibility of the talo-calcaneo-navicular and talo-calcanean joint, sooner taking up of the former occupation and lower decrease in performance. PMID- 7080624 TI - [Sports show support inlays. A biomechanical comparison of three different types of arch support (author's transl)]. AB - The effect of three different types of support inlays for sports shoes was investigated in the basis of measurements made on 37 athletes who use such shoes in their daily training. The date were obtained from force measurements (repulsion force on the ground) and with the aid of films. The investigation showed that there was no difference in the average values of the three types of support (loose inlay, glued-in inlay and support permanently attached to the shoe). All the supports reduced medial bending at the ankle joint. None of them caused a reduction medial bending at the ankle joint. None of them caused a reduction of repulsion forces when the foot came into contact with the support. In propulsion, all the supports caused an increase in the lateral outturn of the foot. The scatter range in the measurements obtained with the loose inlay was greater; a connection was found between this and the possibility of the foot slipping in the shoe. PMID- 7080625 TI - [Contribution to etiology of congenital hipjoint dysplasia i.e. luxation and the dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris (author's transl)]. AB - In this work own ideas regarding etiology of dysplasia i.e. luxatio coxae cong, and the dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris as a result of personal autopsy findings will be represented. In the same way, these pathological changes in the region of the hip may be reduced to a common denominator. PMID- 7080626 TI - [Animal-experimental foundations of the latent ischaemical phase as the aetiological factor of Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080627 TI - [The measurement of the kyphotic angle by contact free registration of back-shape (author's transl)]. AB - Contour line patterns, as they are produced by Moire Topography are dependent of position, posture and body-shape of the patient. For all medical applications data are needed, which are only dependent of shape and posture and which therefore have to be independent of positioning. Angles between tangents to the body surface are independent of positioning. The measurement of angles in general and the measurement of the inflectional tangent angle in particular is discussed for Moire topograms. The angle against the grating plane of the Moire apparatus can be found by calipering the fringe distance in the topogram and comparison with a tangent curve, photographically registered with each topogram (Fig 4). The difference of the two extreme angles along the profile (Fig. 5 a) equals the kyphotic angle. The inflectional points along the profile, where the angles are to be measured, are recognizable by the minimal vertical fringe distance in the topogram (Fig. 6). Although the kyphotic angle refers to the body surface, its definition equals in geometrical terms to that of the Cobb-angle (Fig. 7). A comparison between these two angles in 61 patients (Fig. 8) yields a correlation coefficient of 0.87. PMID- 7080628 TI - [CT image of a free fat graft (FFG) within hemilaminectomy space (author's transl)]. AB - To prevent scarformation after hemilaminectomy many authors (1, 2, 6, 8) use free autologous fat grafts. CT scanning reveals vitality or death if the transplant. CT enables to control intra vitam whether FFG diminishes postnucleotomy syndrome caused by scar formation. PMID- 7080631 TI - [A new instrument for compression osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. AB - A new instrument system for compression osteosynthesis is described. The new instrument exhibits advantages as compared to conventional methods of compression osteosynthesis especially in the medical field. PMID- 7080629 TI - [Destructive vertebral osteolyses with tetraparesis in Bekhterev's disease (author's transl)]. AB - A case report describing destructive osteolytic changes in the cervical spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and a partial transverse lesion. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to the literature. The possibility of surgical stabilization - which in this case was successful - to achieve relief from pain and improved mobility is pointed out. PMID- 7080630 TI - [Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of lymphedema]. AB - Swellings in the legs, caused by lymphedema, are encountered quite frequently in everyday orthopedic practice. The swellings are hard, pale in color and usually painful. Swellings of this kind occasionally atrain a completely disproportionate size and are the referred to as elephantiasis. Lymphedemas fall into two categories: 1. Congenital lymphedemas. These comprise lymphedemas occuring as a result of aplasias or dysplasias of lymph vessels. 2. Acquired lymphedemas: In such cases the edema may be due to mechanical causes, or it may be the result of a disturbance of lymph drainage, e.g., due to the destruction of lymph vessels by metastases, following extirpation of lymph nodes and radiation therapy; or it may be the result of inflammatory processes, e.g., following erysipelas, in filariasis or after a wound infection. Four stages of lymphedema are also distinguished: Stage I - latent lymphedema Stage II - reversible lymphedema Stage III - irreversible lymphedema Stage IV - Elephantiasis. Apart from clinical diagnosis the most comprehensive and reliable diagnostic procedure is lymphangiography. A simple and well-tried method of diagnosing lymphedema is to inject lymphotropic dye subcutaneously. The technique is outlined. The differential diagnosis of lymphedema is described. With regard to treatment, reference is made to surgical possibilities. However, these do not always augur success and the complication rate is high. Massive lymphedemas, therefore, are usually treated conservatively, by Van der Molen's tube method, with intermittent cuff pressure (pressure-curve therapy) and manual lymph drainage. The various treatment methods are described and some of the disadvantage and risks involved are pointed out. PMID- 7080632 TI - [Alcohol as a risk factor in delinquency]. PMID- 7080633 TI - [The Annabrunn special hospital]. PMID- 7080634 TI - [Drug determination in practice, in the hospital and under supervision]. PMID- 7080635 TI - [Treatment of heroin addicts. The position of the judge and the general practitioner]. PMID- 7080636 TI - [The so-called schizophrenic style of speech]. PMID- 7080637 TI - [ECG--repetition and quiz (9)]. PMID- 7080638 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine. 16. Luxation]. PMID- 7080639 TI - [Non-obstructive urinary tract infections. Antibacterial therapy with co tetroxazin]. PMID- 7080640 TI - [Multimorbidity and polypathy in old age]. PMID- 7080641 TI - [Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and geriatric polypathy]. PMID- 7080642 TI - [Conservative therapy of cardiovascular diseases in old age]. PMID- 7080643 TI - [Disorders of the cerebrovascular circulation]. PMID- 7080644 TI - [Treatment of cerebral functional disorders in the 2d half of life. Clinico pharmacologic principles]. PMID- 7080645 TI - [Anesthesia and geriatric polypathy (I)]. PMID- 7080646 TI - [Anesthesia and geriatric polypathy (II)]. PMID- 7080647 TI - [ECG--survey and quiz (5)]. PMID- 7080648 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine (11). Resuscitation in respiratory and heart arrest]. PMID- 7080649 TI - [Notturno strumentale]. PMID- 7080650 TI - [Dilzem - a new calcium antagonist is introduced]. PMID- 7080651 TI - [Utilization of internship facilities]. PMID- 7080652 TI - [Psychogenic fainting in medical practice]. PMID- 7080653 TI - [Dizziness from an otological viewpoint]. PMID- 7080654 TI - [Special importance of the occipital joint area. Conditions for the clinical course of the high cervical syndrome]. PMID- 7080655 TI - [Dizziness and the high cervical syndrome. Clinical picture, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7080656 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine (15). Hypertensive crises]. PMID- 7080657 TI - [Hypertensive therapy. Improvement of compliance with a daily regimen of a two drug combination]. PMID- 7080658 TI - Soft tissue changes in X-ray diagnosis of the Osgood-Schlatter lesion. PMID- 7080659 TI - Achalasia: incidence and treatment in Virginia. PMID- 7080660 TI - Remission of immune hemolytic anemia after removal of ovarian dermoid cyst: case report. PMID- 7080661 TI - [Development of the hypothesis of systems quantitation of behavior with reference to human occupational activity]. PMID- 7080662 TI - [Neuronal mechanisms of the assessment by animals of the results of behavioral activity]. PMID- 7080663 TI - [Dynamic properties of the systems organization of purposeful behavior]. PMID- 7080664 TI - [Systemogenesis of paired and polyorganismic relationships]. PMID- 7080665 TI - [Activity of the individual cortical neurons in unrestrained animal behavior studied on the basis of the theory of functional systems]. PMID- 7080666 TI - [Quantitative analysis of systems regulation of cardiac activity]. PMID- 7080667 TI - [Systems mechanisms of human subconscious activity]. PMID- 7080668 TI - [Protozoology and medicine]. PMID- 7080669 TI - [Theoretical analysis of protein coevolution in the phage-bacteria system. A deterministic model of the separate microevolutionary stage]. PMID- 7080670 TI - [Hormonal mechanisms of seasonal rhythms in the rat]. PMID- 7080671 TI - [Bioassays of the angiogenic activity of tumor fractions on modified chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. The absence of angiogenic effects]. PMID- 7080672 TI - [The mechanics of whiplash injury of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. AB - Despite many attempts it has so far not been possible to establish a uniform application of the term "whiplash injury" either for diagnostics, therapy, or medical reports. To obtain a clear, functionally based definition, the most frequently used formulations are compared, taking into account anatomic and mechanical aspects in addition. Whiplash injury is separated from hyperextension injury ("snap" trauma of the cervical spine), even though overlaps in the lesion picture are possible. In the definition suggested, invariable linkage to rear-end collision is dispensed with. Instead, it is emphasized that this accident mechanism is frequent, but can also be substituted. In contrast to other definitions, special emphasis is laid on the biphasic course since a substantial traumatization is to be assumed to occur from the secondary movement. This second movement does not by any means proceed with low energy, but its determined by the mass contraction of the muscle group subject to primary abrupt overextension with their synergists. On the basis of the analysis of the mechanical course and the investigation of a actual accidents, the monosegmental cervical spine injury cannot, therefore, be seen as the characteristic type of damage due to a whiplash injury. Instead of this, the frequent occurrence of multiple injuries is pointed out. PMID- 7080673 TI - [Alleged and real signs of contact gunshot wounds of entrance holes of skull bones (author's transl)]. AB - This report on firearm tests with dead bodies deals with external marginal splinterings from entrance holes in bone, the trapping of hairs, and the stability of powder smoke deposits on bones under the influence of special postmortal conditions and preparatory treatment. The investigations were carried out in connection with an expertise in a case of murder in Africa in which the question of the distance of shooting had to be evaluated after 6 months of decomposition, action of ants, and preparation. PMID- 7080674 TI - [Population-genetic examination of the glyoxalase I (GLO) red-cell isoenzyme system in the inhabitants of Szeged and its environment (South-Hungary) (author's transl)]. AB - The authors have examined the gene frequency and phenotype distribution of GLO isoenzyme system in the blood samples from 1,288 randomized, unrelated persons and from 151 mother-child pairs by horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. The observed gene frequencies (GLO1 = 0.3990, GLO2 = 0.6009) and phenotype distributions (GLO 1 = 18.1%; GLO 2-1 = 43.79%; GLO 2 = 38.20%) were in good accordance with that of the Caucasian population. The authors did not find any difference from the genetic model of two codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. The theoretical exclusion rate in paternity cases based on the GLO gene frequencies is 18.23%. PMID- 7080675 TI - [Suspicion of an Interchange of Babies in Portugal Solved (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080676 TI - [The use of remission analysis for direct colorimetric determination of age of blood stains (author's transl)]. AB - A review is given of the conventional methods of determining the age of blood stains by forensic examination of trace evidence. Detailed analysis of the samples in several steps, which destroyed the traces, and the widely differing results do not appear satisfactory with regard to their use in forensic investigations. Considering the change in color with increasing age the three coloric parameters (chroma, hue, and value of the blood stain) can yield exact numerical measurements which allow to draw relatively reliable conclusions as to the age of the blood stain. Of the three colorimetric methods, based on equalization, three regions, and spectral analysis, respectively, only the last may be considered really satisfactory and up to the requirements of forensic medicine. It has the additional advantage of being independent of the visual acuity of the examiner and of the type and quality of the source of illumination. The aging of freshly taken venous blood, which has been deposited on filter paper or linen, can last up to 33 days, either in the dark or in day light, with due regard to temperature and humidity. The spectrophotometric color measurements taken place on the immediate surface of the blood stain in the range of the visual spectrum between 400 and 600 nm. The continuously drawn spectral curves are then subject to remission analysis the first step. The second step consists in a mathematical computer analysis of color valence measurements. PMID- 7080677 TI - [Frequencies of Gm 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 21 and Km 1, 3 in Portugal and Schleswig Holstein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080678 TI - Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase and adenosindesaminase in Galicia (N.W.Spain) by AGIF and PAGIF. PMID- 7080679 TI - [Radiopacity produced by the stomach contents in a case of trichlorethylene poisoning (author's transl)]. AB - A lethal case of trichlorethylene poisoning is reported. A 50-year-old woman had drunk some 100 ml of pure trichlorethylene. The trichloracetic acid found only in traces in her urine indicated that death apparently occurred very rapidly. Furthermore, substances contained in the hair tonic "K5-Tinktur" were found in remnants of the corps in safekeeping. Skin burns around the mouth, and also on the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the mouth, were striking. The special odor during the autopsy indicated poisoning by organic solvents. The fact trichlorethylene taken orally produces an intense X-ray attenuation is mentioned with regard to the diagnosis of poisoning by halogenized hydrocarbons and to therapeutic measures. The lethal result was due to the narcotic effect of trichlorethylene. PMID- 7080680 TI - [Determination of the time of dealth after dismemberment. Muscle electrophoretic criteria for estimating the early postmortal period in cadaver parts (author's transl)]. AB - Proteolytic fission products that allow estimation of the time of death can be demonstrated by electrofocussing of cadaver muscles already within the first 5 days postmortem. The fractionation rate, which progressively increases the later the tissue is examined, is based on the number of fractions resulting from protein decomposition. Some fractions appear relatively late, while others occur with increasing frequency and can be used as criteria to determine the time of death. This examination procedure can be used as a method for estimating the time of death in cadaver parts. PMID- 7080681 TI - A simple and accurate method for measurement of the hemoglobin content in blood by colorimetric iron determination. AB - A simple and accurate determination of iron in blood involving acid digestion in a heating block is described. The digestion requires little attention and permits the handling of large numbers of samples. The diluted digest is used for the colorimetric determination of iron using o-phenanthroline, and the equivalent hemoglobin in blood is calculated. There was a good correlation between the results of the present method and the cyanmethemoglobin method with 21 standard blood samples containing 4.9-26.8 g/dl of hemoglobin. PMID- 7080682 TI - [Introduction of a Standardized "Paternity Index" for the Statistical Evaluation of Blood Group Findings in Paternity Testing (author's transl)]. AB - The introduction of a standardized paternity in index (PI) for the statistical evaluation of blood group findings in cases of disputed paternity is proposed and explained. Using the PI X/Y as a parameter, it is not necessary to give the probability of paternity in percent. The PI includes the full information of the blood group findings. In addition to that, using the suggested standardization based on the probabilities of error according to Schulte Monting and Walter, the test volume is also taken into account. The interpretation of the mathematical result is given by verbal predicates, the limitations of which are dependent on the verbal predicates for the probabilities of error according to Schulte Monting and Walter, published by us previously. Besides the essential fact that the test volume is taken into account, the most important advantage of this procedure is that the mathematical result is involved in the court decision only by the PI (which is free of any valuation) and its verbal predicate and not by sometimes relatively high percentages, which may be misunderstood by laymen. PMID- 7080683 TI - Correlation between postmortem ethanol levels in the blood and the testicle. A computerized study of 633 determinations. AB - This study emphasizes the value of the presence of ethanol in the testicle. It proves particularly useful in cases where blood and urine are no more present in the body. In 633 cases where blood or urine were still available, a highly positive correlation between the blood, alcohol and the amount of alcohol present in the testicle could be demonstrated, thus confirming the research carried out in the Department of Legal Medicine as far back as 1943. An attempt is further made to assess the possible influence of such factors as putrefaction, submersion or post-traumatic anemia on this correlation. PMID- 7080684 TI - [On the evidential value of diatoms in cases of death by drowning (author's transl)]. AB - With the aid of experiments in animals we have again investigated the question as to the quantitative and qualitative immigration of diatoms into the greater circulation and thus into the bone marrow at the time of drowning. We have applied an experimental method which meets this complex topic. Thus, just before the animals (rabbits) were drowned, one of their hind legs was amputated, and the vessels of one of their kidneys were clamped to learn how many diatoms were present before the drowning. After the drowning, a qualitative and quantitative examination of the bone marrow of both hind legs and of both kidneys was carried out. In all cases, an increase in the number of diatoms could be recorded as compared to the initial number of diatoms present prior to the drowning. Based on the results of the experiments and the information gained in the examinations criteria are discussed which, when applied, allow positive diatom findings to indicate valuable diagnostic information about death by drowning. References is made to preservation of the death causing liquid in the stomach. PMID- 7080685 TI - A new enzymatic method for quantitation of spermine in human semen. AB - A new enzymatic method for the quantitation of spermine in human semen, based on the specific reaction of barley seedling polyamine oxidase with spermine, is described. Small amounts of human semen were incubated with the polyamine oxidase; hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidase reaction was measured photometrically by coupling 4-aminoantipyrine with N-ethyl-N-(3-methylphenyl)-N' acetylethylenediamine in the presence of peroxidase. The detection limit of spermine of this method was about 10 nmol per tube. The mean level of spermine in human semen was 2.41 mumol/ml; the levels in vaginal fluid, saliva, serum, and urine were below the detectable limit by this procedure. PMID- 7080686 TI - [The cervical lymph node in violence to the neck (author's transl)]. AB - In choking, throttling, and atypical hanging lymph nodes above and below the region of violence show dilatation and hyperemia of capillaries, unequally distributed. Moreover, irregularly distributed slight bleedings in the tissue of lymph nodes are to be found. Blood is to be seen in the intermediary sinuses and in the marginal sinus in spite of the short time of survival. Obviously, the intensity of violence is of importance. Hypostasis in a deep position of head during unconsciousness and reanimation procedures--both events usually last one or several hours--produce an almost equal dilatation of capillaries and veins of cervical lymph nodes. Slight bleedings are to be found especially near the follicles. The different microscopic pictures may be of significance with regard to differential diagnosis. PMID- 7080687 TI - [Hydrogen cyanide: losses in samples of stored blood (author's transl)]. AB - Blood samples were mixed with known quantities of KCN and, after various storage times, analysed for the cyanide content. In native blood the losses occurring under the same storage conditions showed an extremely wide variation. In heparinized blood, on the other hand, much better results were obtained. Blood samples containing no anticoagulant should be homogenized as thoroughly as possible prior to the analysis, e.g. by means of ultrasound treatment. PMID- 7080688 TI - Osteoarthritis--an arthritis? AB - Histopathological examinations were carried out on synovial tissues obtained in 74 cases of primary osteoarthritis. The changes observed in the synovial membrane were quantified, and their percentile incidence was compared with that in rheumatoid arthritis. Survey revealed that all histopathological features, considered as manifestations of inflammation, were observed in osteoarthritis too; some features occurred with equal frequency, others with lesser frequency, and others with substantially lesser frequency. In view of the unequivocally pathogenetic start of this joint disease with degeneration of the articular cartilage the prefix of chondrosis is indicated for characterization of this disease, and in view of the undeniably inflammatory changes of the synovial membrane followed by involvement of all articular components the suffix of arthritis is indicated. Thus the designation of chondrosarthritis for "osteoarthritis" or "arthrosis" appears more descriptive and appropriate. PMID- 7080689 TI - [Calcium-phosphate metabolism in chronic polyarthritis]. AB - 20 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis were studied to evaluate both, radiological and scintigraphic osseous changes, as well as possible disturbances in calcium phosphate metabolism. Joint and osseous alterations were assessed in all of them. Serum levels of magnesium, calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphate were within the normal range, and also concurrent measurements of serum 25-OH-D3 concentrations and plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, in our patients with normal renal function, the plasma concentration of calcitonin (CT) was significantly elevated compared to normals (p less than 0.01). Our data indicate that in patients studied PTH and 25-OH-D3 does not contribute to the development and progression of osseous changes due to rheumatoid arthritis. Possibly the stimulatory effect of various osteolytic factors may cause as counterbalance elevations in plasma CT levels. PMID- 7080691 TI - [Growth, food utilization and protein content of some organs with varying zinc and nickel supplies. 1. Interactions between nickel and zinc]. AB - In two-factorial experiment with variable Zn- and Ni-content of the diet effects of interactions between iron and zinc on growth, food intake, food efficiency and protein concentration is serum, liver and pancreas of rats were investigated through a wide range of supply of both elements. Besides food efficiency interactions between zinc and nickel influenced all parameters, if certain relations of the both elements were imbalanced. Especially by growth it could be shown that either zinc deficiency could be reduced by excessive Ni supply nor Ni toxicity by elevated Zn content of the diet. PMID- 7080690 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hand and finger changes from a rheumatologic viewpoint]. AB - Polyarthralgias are widely common complaints. In earlier stages it might be difficult to state the right diagnosis. Differential diagnosis is absolutely necessary for starting in time with the right treatment. Out of a great clinical material the following diseases causing mono-, oligo- or polyarthralgia were discussed: enchondral dysostosis (osteochondrodysplasia) Marfan's syndrome (arachnodactylia), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (elastic fibrodysplasia), Kaposi's sarcoma (multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma) and a disease involving the connective tissue localized in different cutaneous regions. All discussed diseases showed no primary involvement of the synovial membranes of the joints and differed by that from inflammatory joint diseases. PMID- 7080692 TI - [Epidemiology of psychogenic diseases. A contribution to the principles research from a field study]. PMID- 7080693 TI - [Psychosomatic principles research: theoretical reflections and experimental assessments]. AB - Based upon Selye's Model of Stress and its expansion towards so-called "internal Stress' the possibility of actual stress diseases is discussed first. In contrast to this, however, those who form the majority of patients in the psychoanalysts' practice. They do not become ill "from simple" psychosocial stressors but rather in connection with conflicts of ambivalence--the so-called situations of temptation and self-denial--which, due to neuroticizing mechanisms in early childhood, they are unable to master, since they remain unaware of at least one of the antagonistic tendencies. Based upon conceptions of a simultaneous correlation of psyche and soma, these respective correlating antagonistic functions must take place while experiencing the ambivalence conflicts, which are termed "strain" in distinct opposition to stress. In the course of specific investigations of the correlation in patients with ulcus duodeni, asthma bronchiale, colitis ulcerosa, and Morbus Crohn, several functional elements of strain could be demonstrated which can easily be incorporated into a pathophysiological context as constituting elements of later morphological changes. A psychosomatic illness of this kind predominantly obeys the autonomy of the body. PMID- 7080694 TI - [The evaluation of neuroses findings and treatment possibilities on 615 ambulatory psychotherapy patients]. AB - For 615 neurotic and psychosomatic patients who visited two outpatient psychotherapeutic institutions for initial diagnostic interviews the diagnosis of neurosis was made according to the "Psychischer and Social-Kommunikativer Befundbogen" (PSKB; psychic and social-communicative findings sheet) and supplemented by evaluations based up on prognostic scales. This study presents an overview on the frequencies of symptom as well as personality characteristics in these patients. With regard to prognosis and indication of therapy, special emphasis is placed upon those characteristics which provide information concerning the interaction between patient and examiner. PMID- 7080695 TI - [Disease picture and illness behavior in 615 ambulatory psychoneurotic and psychosomatic patients]. AB - The patient case histories of 615 psychoneurotic and psychosomatic outpatients- in addition to other data--have been collected in standardized form and processed by EDP in connection with a large research project by the Berliner Arbeitsgemeinscheft fur Psychotherapie-Dokumentation (Berlin Documentation System for Psychotherapy. This study presents the clinical picture of the patients by describing quality, quantity, and duration of symptoms. Furthermore, the patient's behavior during their illness with the diagnostic and therapeutic measures previous to the first examination is described. Several articles in this journal are concerned with other aspects of the numerous findings from this investigation. PMID- 7080696 TI - [Depth psychologically founded psychotherapy--characteristic and intervention style]. AB - We consider the depth psychologically grounded psychotherapeutic principle as being distinct from the principle of the classical psychoanalysis, on the one hand, and from the interactional principle derived from ego-psychology and ego pathology on the other. In our attempt to more closely define the depth psychologically grounded principle we started out from the definition of a psychotherapeutic approach named depth psychotherapy in the so-called psychotherapy guidelines and additionally from an attempt at distinguishing this type of psychotherapy psychoanalysis by Loch. While the definition in the psychotherapy guidelines is at once a localization and a centration and therefore also a specification, Loch in the comparison of depth psychologically grounded psychotherapy and psychoanalysis merely observes differences in quantity, but not in quality. In differentiating the definition of a psychotherapy based upon depth psychology, we oriented ourselves on the intersection metaphor of the origin of neuroses. According to this metaphor, a necrosis manifests itself at a point where, in a manner of speaking, the vertical axis of the life history and the horizontal axis of the actual situation of an individual cross. The crossing signifies that latent pathogeneity with its origin in the life history may, under specific interpersonal conditions which, for their part, are mostly subject to specific socioeconomic and sociocultural conditions or both (pathogenic field), lead to a clinical manifestation. Latent neurotic conflicts are actualized in this way. When an actualized conflict of this kind can be distinguished the following possibilities for focussing on a therapeutic technique offer themselves: 1. The specific triggering (interpersonal) situation (situation of temptation and refusal) for the symptoms in question. 2. The pathogenous social fields, in which the triggering situation arose. 3. The actual interpersonal relationship between patient and therapist. The objective of this psychotherapy in the sense of a modification of the "triangle of insight" (Menninger; Menninger and Holzmann) consists in affording the patient an insight into the triggering (interpersonal) situation, into its inherent pathogenous social field, into the actual interpersonal relationship between patient and therapist, and finally, into the connections existing between these components; in this manner a limited insight into basic internal conflicts can be reaches, and in addition to a diminishing of the symptoms a partial internal reorganization is attempted. The means of reaching this objective present themselves, on the one hand, in the setting, the therapeutic arrangement (neutrality and abstinence of the therapist, handling of the frequency and duration of the individual meetings, and, should the occasion arise, occasional inclusion of significant others), and on the other, in certain types of therapeutic interventions... PMID- 7080697 TI - [Regression in inpatient-analytic psychotherapy. Reflections on indications and treatment strategy from the viewpoint of applied ego psychology]. AB - This paper points out the differences in the dynamic processes of the regression between patients with neurotic ego-structures and those with disturbances of the ego-development during the psychoanalytic inpatient therapy. The main consequence is, that the indication for inpatient therapy is depending on the sufficient ego strength, but not on the stage of the ego-development, and that the tactic of the treatment, its clinical organization and the structure of communication in the hospital should be adapted to the ego-structure. General criteria are that the inpatient treatment of neurotic patients should be limited to three of four months at most to avoid artificial splitting mechanisms, and that the treatment of ego-disturbed patients should be organized as an integrative one and managed by a special kind of team-cooperation in order to further the integrating and differenciating ego functions. PMID- 7080699 TI - [With "Beethoven" and juvenile delinquents in the mountains. Report of an experience]. AB - The present report describes the work of an American therapist from Nevada who specializes in child and juvenile psychology. He takes groups of young delinquents, five to ten at a time, for expeditions lasting several days - mountain climbing, shooting the rapids, parachute skiing, hiking through snowed in alpine valleys, etc. - subjecting his charges to psychologically and physically extreme situations. Offering himself as someone to identify with, he enters into a kind of existential communication with these young people as soon as their resistance has melted away, and approaches them individually in joint efforts (e.g. as felling trees). In my opinion his therapy is quite effective and, among other things, leads to a maturation and completion of the precarious ego structures in these youngsters; it raises their frustration tolerance, thereby diminishing their tendency to aggressive reaction; it improves their ability to grasp reality; it leads to a more positive social behaviour and more positive social needs; and finally, it increases their confidence in the possibility of leading a meaningful life. PMID- 7080698 TI - [Institutional-ambulatory group psychotherapy--results with regard to changes in the area of symptoms and personality structure]. AB - In the case of the combined inpatient-outpatient group psychotherapy, patients first undergo an intensive three-month clinical group psychotherapy, this is then followed by a further outpatient treatment lasting approximately two years, as a member of the same group and with the same therapist. The following article describes the results of such a treatment. First of all, the method of carrying out the treatment is described, then the patients are described and the results of a follow-up study are given. These results are based on psychometric investigations and a psychoanalytical final interview. The therapeutic possibilities of a treatment based on this concept are illustrated with reference to a case study. As a result of the investigation, it was found that the inpatient-outpatient group psychotherapy method can be considered as optimal in the case of a certain group of deeply disturbed neurotic patients, and patients with a borderline structure. PMID- 7080700 TI - [The influence of one's birthday on one's help-seeking behavior]. AB - For 500 patients the date of the initial telephone contact for registration with a psychotherapeutic institution was considered in respect to the patients birthdays. With a supposed prohability of an even distribution between .10 and .20 a trend was observed showing that less than the expected percentage of patients made these contacts in the last two months preceding their birthdays whereas more patients than expected did so within the first two months after their birthdays. PMID- 7080701 TI - [Frequency of myelodysplasia in the GDR (author's transl)]. AB - All living children suffering from myelomeningoceles and being 1 to 12 years old were registered by means of a questionnaire. The death certificates of all those children who came to death from myelomeningoceles between 1973 and 1977 were also evaluated. Ratio of morbidity: 6 to 10000 live born children. In the first year of life the mortality rate amounted to 34%. PMID- 7080702 TI - [Forearm fractures in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - Forearm fractures are the most frequent fractures in childhood. We were treating 759 fractures of this kind. Our results obtained were compared with other authors dealing with this subject. The treatment of choice is conservative. Only in 1.9% surgical measures (osteosynthesis) are required. Refractures are mostly caused as a result of short immobilisation. Compared with those values to be found in literature (7 to 9%) we observed refractures only in 0.3% of our cases. PMID- 7080703 TI - [Late results of osteosynthesis in forearm fractures in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - This is a collective study of 16 surgical clinics of the GDR, undertaken to evaluate the results of osteosynthesis in forearm fractures in childhood. Out of 401 patients who underwent surgery 327 (81.6%) could be followed up. In 86% there were good results and bad ones in only 4.4%. The causes of failure were analysed. PMID- 7080704 TI - [Ultrasound diagnostics in paediatric surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080705 TI - [Results of follow-up studies on femur fractures in childhood with special reference to femur torsion in relation to conservative types of therapy]. PMID- 7080706 TI - [Relaporotomy in ileus following appendectomy in children]. PMID- 7080707 TI - [Serum gastrin and gastric acid level following vagotomy without pyloroplasty and partial gastrectomy (BI) (author's transl)]. AB - The course of gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level before and after operation was studied in 41 patients suffering from a gastroscopically determined ulcer disease. In 15 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer, a highly selective vagotomy without pyloroplasty was performed and in 26 patients suffering from peptic ulcer (duodenal or gastric ulcer) a partial gastrectomy (Billroth I). After a highly selective vagotomy without pyloroplasty a reduction in the secretory response to pentagastrin and a significant rise of the basic and postprandial gastrin concentration could be observed. Both methods are suitable to determine the completeness of vagotomy. The estimation of the course of serum gastrin level after vagotomy only reveals a temporary disorder of the antrum pylorus mechanism. In our opinion a pyloroplasty is not necessary. PMID- 7080708 TI - [Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Case contribution to the differential diagnosis of benign multiple peritoneal neoplasms]. PMID- 7080710 TI - [Benign papillary cystadenoma of the gallbladder with temporary incomplete cholestasis and concomitant pancreatitis. Diagnostic problems]. PMID- 7080709 TI - [Gastric stump carcinoma]. PMID- 7080711 TI - [Pancreas heterotopy of Winslow's lesser pancreas]. PMID- 7080712 TI - [Acute and chronic gallbladder torsion]. PMID- 7080713 TI - [Criteria for the determination of the diagnostic value of feto-placental function tests]. PMID- 7080714 TI - [Action of oestrogens on in vitro metabolism of trophoblast from human early pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Warburg's manometric method was used to check the action of oestrone, oestradiol, and oestriol on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis of placental respiration. Oestrogen concentrations of 10(-4) M were found to reduce oxygen consumption and to increase aerobic glycolysis. Such reduction of oxygen consumption was most strongly pronounced in connection with oestradiol, while the strongest rise in aerobic glycolysis took place in the wake of oestradiol and oestrone. Oestrogen action upon anaerobic glycolysis was variable, with the latter remaining unchanged by oestradiol, reduced in response to oestriol, and slightly increased by oestrone. PMID- 7080715 TI - [Concentration of heavy metals in pregnant women]. AB - Copper, zinc, and lead concentrations were measured in two groups 72 pregnant women. Twenty-one of them, making up the control group, lived and worked in Wroclaw. The other 51 women, the second group, had lived more than five years in Lubin-Polkowice and worked in the local non-ferrous metal plants. They were particularly endangered by their exposure to copper, zinc, and lead concentrations. Pregnancy was normal in all cases. Maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, placenta homogenate, and amniotic fluid were examined by techniques of atom-absorption spectrometry. The metals tested were conspicuously absorbed by placental tissue, but no danger to the pregnant women could be established. PMID- 7080716 TI - [Quantitative determination of mechanical properties of uterus in gravity- accidents during pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Strips of myometrium, obtained from patients during caesarean section, were measured for strainability and strength and statistically analysed. An anatomic interpretation of the findings is discussed. The data obtained will facilitate calculation of forces and their likely behavior in accidents during pregnancy. PMID- 7080717 TI - [Results of conservative and surgical treatment for placenta praevia (author's transl)]. AB - Modified cervix cerclage was applied to 75 women with placenta praevia, between the 16th and 36th weeks of pregnancy. Results obtained from conservative treatment of patients for placenta praevia are compared with those obtained from surgical treatment. Pregnancy was extended 38.4 days on average by cervix cerclage. Complaints were removed by surgery from 50.6 per cent of the patients who were dismissed from hospital. They showed neither bleeding nor any sings of imminent premature birth. Perinatal mortality went down to 6.45 per cent. Average extension of pregnancy by conservative treatment was 12.8 days. Only 7.3 per cent of the patients could be dismissed from hospital. Perinatal mortality went up to the order of 19.1 per cent. These data are interpreted as providing evidence to the advantage of surgical treatment of placenta praevia, as perinatal mortality is reduced. PMID- 7080718 TI - [Asymptomatic uterus rupture in a patient with placenta percreta--case report (author's transl)]. AB - The asymptomatic course of placenta percreta is the most important form of impaired placentation. Early hysterectomy seems to be the optional method on account of high maternal mortality. PMID- 7080719 TI - [Clinical experience obtained from use of diazoxide (Hypertonalum) for treatment of acute intrapartum hypertensive crisis (author's transl)]. AB - Maternal blood pressures as well as maternal and foetal heart rates following intravenous injection of 300 mg diazoxide (Hypertonalum) were recorded from six hypertensive women in labour. Drop in blood pressure was accompanied by rise in both maternal and foetal heart rates. Diazoxide (Hypertonalum) can be recommended for therapeutic application to patients with acute hypertensive crisis. PMID- 7080720 TI - [In vitro autoradiography - method for biological characterisation of ovarian carcinomas, with reference to clinical requirements (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080721 TI - [Tubular adenoid granulosa cell tumours - their histogenesis (author's transl)]. AB - A brief general review of granulosa cell tumours is followed by reference to more specific data obtained from hospitalised patients of the authors over the past 36 years. A tumour form observed in one female patient, but never before reported, is described under the name of "tubular adenoid granulosa cell tumor". - Histogenetic theories and functionally paradoxical tumours are discussed, in that context. The point is made that histopathological results may be confusing under certain circumstances. - An attempt is made to find an explanation for the functional behaviours of the above paradoxical tumours. PMID- 7080722 TI - [First report on behaviour of phenylalanine and tyrosine in serum of patients with gynaecological carcinomas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080723 TI - [Relationship between pathological incidence, social status, and sexual status of patients with cervical carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - Case history, latest findings, and catamnesis were collected and evaluated for 528 patients with early-invasive cervical carcinoma and 170 Stage-I b patients who had undergone radical surgery. No direct relationship was found to exist between genetic and environmental factors, social status, and sexual status. Limited radical treatment of patients with early-invasive cervical carcinoma proved to be just as good in terms of healing results as radical therapy, but it was even better for the patients in terms of physical and psychic effects. Nevertheless, substantive improvement in re-integration of the patients concerned in achievable quality of life was found to be possible by complex efforts for all embracing rehabilitation. PMID- 7080724 TI - [Angiokeratoma vulvae (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080725 TI - [Prognostic value of haematocrit in cases of severe EPH gestosis (author's transl)]. AB - Haematocrit values were determined in 48 of 65 women hospitalised for severe EPH gestosis in 1979. Values in excess of 38 per cent were recorded from two thirds of the probands. An unambiguous correlation also was found to exist between gestosis severity, as reflected in gestosis index, and haematocrit values. False negative findings were obtained merely from mild cases, whereas false positive findings could be eliminated by repetitive measurement and resulting trend projection. -- Correlations were found to exist also between foetal outcome and elevated blood viscosity. These findings were likely to suggest that while classical gestosis symptoms might be aggravated by rise in haemoconcentration, via reduced perfusion resistance and increased peripheral vascular resistance, such higher haemoconcentration might deserve more attention for prognostication. PMID- 7080726 TI - [Incidence and importance of gestosis symptoms (author's transl)]. AB - The assumption is made that prophylactic prepartum attention has helped to reduce the incidence of gestosis symptoms in recent years. However, random evaluation of findings obtained from 835 pregnant women in the First Gynaecological Hospital of the University of Vienna over a period of six months has shown that careful recording of all gestosis symptoms has remained to be imperative during pregnancy and on hospitalisation for delivery. Meconium staining, frequency of surgery, newborn weight, and Apgar score after one of five minutes were taken into consideration for evaluation of results. Gestosis symptoms were recorded from 186 pregnant women (22.3 per cent). Index 1 was recordable from over 50 per cent of these, Indices 1 to 3 from 170, and Indices of 4 and more from 16. A comparison with a control group showed for the above evaluated parameters that, for all practical purposes, there was no difference between pregnant women without gestosis symptoms, on the one hand, and those with Indices up to 3, on the other. Differences were clearly established, when it came to Indices of 4 and above. Therefore, the question is raised, if the term of "gestosis" should not be applied only to pregnant women with Indices of 4 and more. PMID- 7080728 TI - [Prematurity and placental insufficiency in twin pregnancies. Results during the care of multiple pregnancies at a center for premature births]. AB - An analysis was made of 151 twin pregnancies, in 1975, 1978 and 1979, to study the effectiveness of obstetrico-neonatological attention to bigeminal pregnancies in a premature infant centre. -- Significant rise in early detection of bigeminal pregnancy due to much wider use of ultrasonic diagnosis and intensification of hospital treatment have drastically reduced the number of extremely immature twin births by delaying delivery to somewhere between the 34th and 36th weeks of gravidity. With the use of tocolysis nearly unchanged throughout the period of observation, change in average gestational age at birth should be interpreted primarily as the result of more long-time prepartum hospitalisation, with attention being offered for periods of more than three weeks. This conclusion was supported by unsatisfactory results regarding average gestational age and birth weight, following exclusive outpatient attention to women with bigeminal pregnancies. Improvement of foetal prognosis was found to depend primarily on proper therapeutic approach to prematurity. -- The authors' own experience differed from reports of other workers, in that the rate of hypotrophy declined in the wake of intensive prepartum care. Substantial reduction of the gap between average birth weights of first multiple foetuses and those of second multiple foetuses as well as declining differences between average birth weights of heavier twins, on the one hand, and those of less heavy twins, on the other, were recorded from all gestational age groups and attributed to improvement in intra uterine care for all multiple foetuses due to intensified treatment. -- Significant rise in survival rates (after deduction of all foetal loss up to the 28th day of age) of all premature twins is considered an expression of increasingly improving life chances of twins, in general. It was based on growing numbers of highly immature survivors, but even more on significant rise in the number of premature survivors between the 34th and 36th weeks of gestation. PMID- 7080727 TI - [Microscopic detection of lipids in placenta and umbilical cord blood (author's transl)]. AB - Lipid droplets, between 0.5 and 1.0 microns in size, were recorded by means of optical light microscopy from syncytiotrophoblast, villous stroma, and villous vessels in the full-term human placenta. Their distribution patterns varied greatly in different sections of the villous tree. -- Lipid droplets were recorded also from a thick smear in arterial and venous umbilical cord blood, following haemolysis and concentration of haemolysate. They resembled chylomicrons. -- Histochemical assays have shown the droplets to consist of triglycerides and a cover of phospholipids, quite often visible, sometimes even of a mixture of triglycerides and phospholipids. Some of the droplets, which were located in the villous stroma, seemed to consist of phospholipids only. -- The conclusion drawn from morphological findings is that triglycerides in the form of chylomicrons are absorbed through endocytosis from maternal blood, before they traverse the syncytium to penetrate the embryonic vascular system. Phospholipids are thought to be admixed in that phase. Some of the phospholipid droplets are actually formed in the syncytium. PMID- 7080729 TI - [Experience obtained from segmental epidural analgesia in obstetrics (author's transl)]. AB - Lumbar epidural anaesthesia was applied for obstetric analgesia to 103 women, most of them primiparae. Three different concentrations of Bupivacain (Markaine) were used for local anaesthesia, percentages being 0.5, 0.375, and 0.25. Effects and side-effects were evaluated. -- The rate of vacuum extraction was slightly increased under epidural analgesia (24.3 per cent), with ejection periods being enlarged to average values between 82 and 63 minutes. Frequency of caesarean sections as well as both the acid-base status and Apgar scores of the newborns were similar to those recordable from comparison groups. -- Advantages were clearly visible and side-effects of minor importance. Catheterisation for lumbar epidural anaesthesia, consequently, is recommended as an optional approach to obstetric analgesia. PMID- 7080730 TI - [Intracellular neuronal potentials in the isolated perfused spinal cord of the chick embryo]. PMID- 7080731 TI - [Comparative characteristics of evoked seizure reactions in mammals]. PMID- 7080732 TI - [Thyroid development and morphofunctional state in the postnatal ontogeny of rats with cervical sympathetic ganglia removed]. AB - It has been demonstrated that bilateral extirpation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia in newborn rats results in the enlargement of perivascular connective tissue of the thyroid, as well as in degenerative changes in thyrocytes, desquamation of the latter in the follicular cavity and the increase in the number of large "light" cells. Unilateral extirpation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia usually is not accompanied by changes in the follicular structure of the gland. The enlargement of the connective tissue and changes in the blood vessels are more significant at the side of the operation, whereas the decreased in the height of the thyrocytes is similar in both lobes of the thyroid. Retardation in the development of the thyroid ant the decrease in its functional activity result, evidently, not only from direct denervation of the thyroid, but from changes in the level of regulation of the latter by higher autonomic centres of the brain as well. PMID- 7080733 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the sensorimotor area of the hindbrain archistriatum in the chick embryo during motor avoidance of electrodermal stimulation]. AB - Controlled and uncontrolled stimulation of the motor activity of 18-day chick embryo induces ultrastructural changes in sensomotor region of the archistriatum. These changes include the increase in the bulk of membrane structures, the increase of the area of presynaptic regions, the increase in electron density of microtubules and neurofilaments. Formation of a new adaptive behaviour is accompanied by an increase in the number of active synapses, which presumably accounts for adaptive plasticity of the brain in embryogenesis. PMID- 7080734 TI - [Development of sympathetic influences on lymph flow in the postnatal ontogeny of dogs]. AB - Studies have been made on functional development of influences of the splanchnic nerve upon the lymph flow in puppies. It was shown that during the first week of postnatal life of puppies, the thoracic duct functionally is not yet ready to participate in vasomotor reactions of the organism to stimulation of the splanchnic nerve. Active role of the thoracic duct in vasomotor reactions to stimulation of the splanchnic nerve was initially noted after the first week of postnatal life of animals. PMID- 7080736 TI - [Formation of neuronal reactions of the limbic cortex to visceral stimuli in the early ontogeny of the rabbit]. AB - Studies have been made on age peculiarities of the evoked activity in neurones of the limbic cortex in response to visceral stimulation in rabbits from 4 age groups (1-8, 10-20, 23-35, 40-75 days). It was shown that from the earliest postnatal stages neurones of the limbic cortex exhibit high reactivity to sensory stimuli. In new-born rabbits, 86.8 and 70.1% of the neurones of the anterior and posterior limbic cortex respectively react to electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve. On further development of animals the number of reacting neurons increases, reaching 100% in 1.5-2 months old rabbits. Within all age periods, the predominant responses are presented by phasic activational and specific ones, the latter being of "on", "on-off" and complex patterns. Together with the development and changes of neuronal responses, evident dynamics of latent periods was noted, the average value of them decreasing 1.5-3 times for all types of neuronal reactions. The results obtained indicate early maturation of the neuronal mechanisms in the limbic cortex, which are involved into analysis of signals from the internal milieu of the organisms. PMID- 7080735 TI - [Steroid-sensitive neurons of the rabbit and mouse hippocampus]. AB - On the whole brain of rabbits and surviving slices of the hippocamp of mice, studies have been made of the sensitivity and peculiarities of the reaction of hippocampal neurones to hydrocortison administration. In experiments on whole animals, the drug was applied to the hippocampal neurones by means of microionophoretic technique. In experiments with slices, the steroid hormone was injected with a special micropipette directly in to the chamber with the slice. It was shown that there are many nervous cells in the hippocamp which are sensitive to corticosteroids. Possible role of steroid hormones in neurochemical mechanisms of the hippocamp is discussed. PMID- 7080737 TI - [Development in human ontogeny of the ability to reproduce a given rhythm]. AB - Studies have been made on the capacity of persons from various age groups to reproduce the frequency of the given sonic sequence vocally or by hand. It was shown that each age group has its own optimal frequency band. The younger a person, the more narrow the zone of optimal reproduction of rhythm and the upper frequency of the reproduced rhythm. The highest precision of reproduction of the rhythm both vocally and by hand was observed in adult persons. In all age groups investigated, the highest precision of rhythmic reproduction is observed within the frequencies of amplitudal modulation of speech (3-6 Hz). PMID- 7080738 TI - [Interhemispheric brain asymmetry in speech perception by persons of different age groups and the "effect of directional attention"]. AB - Using dichotic tests, studies have been made on the degree of functional asymmetry of the brain with respect to perception of verbal information in 3-50 years old subjects. Significant age variations were found in the volume of the percepted speech information. Interhemispheral differences in speech perception, which reveal themselves in higher perception of the right ear as compared to the left one, are more evident in children under 10 years. Significant influence of the "effect of voluntary and involuntary attention" of the subjects was noted on the degree of asymmetry of dichotic speech perception, this influence alleviating the intrinsic functional asymmetry of the brain. PMID- 7080739 TI - [Trends in vaccine design]. PMID- 7080740 TI - [Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases]. AB - The virulence of 139 Str. pneumoniae strains was studied. The cultures differing in virulence were found to have the same specific prominence. In most serotypes the LD50 for mice was within greater than 3-5 lg/ml and greater than or equal to 6 lg/ml. Highly virulent cultures comprised a comparatively small number of serotypes. More than half of pneumococcal strains isolated in acute pneumonia possessed the moderate level of pathogenicity for white mice. During the acute phase of inflammatory pulmonary diseases Str. pneumoniae strains with high and moderate virulence prevailed, and at the period of clinical remission those with low virulence. PMID- 7080741 TI - [Characteristics of experimental antibiotic-induced dysbacteriosis]. AB - Changes in the microflora of the large and small intestines in mice and guinea pigs after the oral administration of canamycin (a hardly absorbable antibiotic) and ampiox (an easily absorbable antibiotic) in different doses. The administration of these antibiotics in different doses (therapeutic, subtherapeutic and over therapeutic) led to an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms and the contamination of the small intestine by these organisms. These changes were also well pronounced in guinea pigs, normally having no enterobacteria. After the administration of the antibiotics was stopped, opportunistic microorganisms were gradually eliminated from the small intestine. The rate of decontamination depended on the administered dose of the antibiotic: the higher the dose was the longer the process of the decontamination of the small intestine lasted. An increase in the amount of opportunistic microbes in the large intestine and the decontamination of the small intestine occurred simultaneously with the decrease in the amount of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in both the small and large intestines. PMID- 7080742 TI - [Spread of whooping cough among adults today]. AB - Epidemiological surveys with the use of the clinical and bacteriological methods of examination were carried out in 107 foci of pertussis in families (283 adults), 25 foci in children's institutions (103 employees) and 1 focus in a surgical department for infants (29 adults). The infection was shown to be widely spread among adults at present: 23.7% in the surveyed families, 10% in children's institutions and 6.9% in the surgical department for infants. In the familiies, 26.2% of the adults were the first to fall ill with pertussis. no essential differences in the terms of the release of the infective agent, as well as in the course of the disease, in adults and in vaccinated children were found. Antiepidemic measures in respect to adult pertussis patients is proposed. PMID- 7080744 TI - [Acinetobacter colcoaceticus: its properties, identification key and a study of its role in acute intestinal diseases]. AB - The authors present their new scheme for the identification of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, requiring a lesser number of test, and the characterstics of 84 strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal diseases and from the environment. Some strains are atypical. Acinetobacter has been detected in 7.8 +/ 1.0% of patients with acute intestinal diseases. The authors' observations confirm that the detection of Acinetobacter in washings from such patients is more convincing for etiological diagnosis than its detection on feces. PMID- 7080743 TI - [Erythrocyte tanning and the characteristics of protein sensitins]. PMID- 7080745 TI - [Potential use of infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative characterization of the chemical composition of Salmonella typhi preparations]. AB - The possibility of using infrared spectroscopy for the evaluation of the chemical composition of S. typhi preparations is shown. The existence of a clear-cut correlation between the optical density of adsorption bands in the region between 1,665 and 1,100 cm-1 and the content of protein, polysaccharide and nucleic acids in the preparations subjected to analysis has been revealed. The character of changes in the infrared spectra of the preparations at different stages of deep cultivation has been studied. PMID- 7080746 TI - [Evaluation, based on experimental data, of the coefficients of a mathematical model of a meningococcal infection focus]. AB - The method for the determination of the coefficients of the dynamic model of the epidemic process in the focus of meningococcal infection is discussed. The method is based on the statistical evaluation of the coefficients of the system of common differential equations, the confidence interval for these coefficients and for dynamic characteristics. The minimization of the root-mean-square value of the output characteristics of the model serves as the criterion for the determination of the coefficients. PMID- 7080747 TI - [Change in the logically incorrectly named family Enterobacteriaceae to Enterobacteraceae accepted by the Judicial Commission of the International Nomenclature Committee]. PMID- 7080748 TI - [NAG-vibrio serovar 2 causing a generalized infection]. AB - A case of septicemia caused by NAG-vibrio, serovar 2, is described. In contrast to other vibrios, the strain under study was immobile at the moment of isolation and, when introduced enterally into suckling rabbits, showed the capacity of causing generalized infection. PMID- 7080749 TI - [Use of the rosette formation reaction for the purpose of studying erythrocyte properties in liver diseases]. AB - In all patients with acute infectious hepatitis and toxic hepatic lesions a characteristic phenomenon is observed: the appearance of modified red blood cells detected by the rosette-formation test. This phenomenon is absent in cholelithiasis patients and thus can be used as an additional clinico-laboratory test for differentiating hepatogenous and nonhepatogenous jaundices. The appearance of modified red blood cells is the result of the effect produced on their membranes by the serum factor whose activity is suppressed by protease trasilol, a polyvalent inhibiting agent. PMID- 7080750 TI - [Determination of the parameters for the warranted use of mass immunoprophylaxis based on epidemic indications]. PMID- 7080751 TI - [Fibroblast ultrastructural cytopathology in a streptococcal infection]. AB - The study of the dynamics of streptococcal infection in fibroblast cell culture by electron microscopic analysis has revealed the intracellular development of bacteria. The degree of ultrastructural cytopathology of homologous bacteriophages in the model system have been studied. PMID- 7080752 TI - [Characteristics of the cholera vibrios circulating in the 7th pandemic in different territories]. AB - The study of 491 V. cholerae strains isolated from humans in the endemic foci and the areas of the spread infection during the period of 1969-1979 revealed no essential differences in the properties of the vibrios. The majority of the strains proved to be typical in their main biological properties and belonged to biotype E1 Tor, seroval Ogawa. Among E1 Tor strains a comparatively small number of cultures with changed properties were detected. In some states of India classical cholera vibrios and E1 Tor vibrios were found to circulate simultaneously. PMID- 7080753 TI - [Acute and chronic toxicology of different staphylococcal immune preparations]. AB - The data obtained of the acute and chronic toxicity of a number of staphylococcal immune preparations are presented. The paw edema test has been shown to yield more informative results for the evaluation of acute toxicity than the method of intraperitoneal injection and LD50 determination. The paw edema test has revealed that the toxicity of corpuscular vaccine is higher than that of the preparations of water-soluble antigenic staphylococcal complexes. The chronic toxicity test has demonstrated that corpuscular vaccine, antiphagin, adsorbed toxoid and the antigenic complex have low toxicity: their multiple administration in doses exceeding the equivalent doses 30-200 times have been found to exert no influence on the increase of the weight of the animals. PMID- 7080754 TI - [Experimental study of the allergenic action of a staphylococcal antigenic complex obtained by aqueous extraction compared to other staphylococcal preparations]. AB - Anaphylactic and skin reactions in guinea pigs immunized with the antigenic staphylococcal complex obtained from strains showing different virulence of the strains has been shown to considerably affect the allergenic activity of the preparation. Similar results have been obtained by means of the model of paw edema in mice, and it has been shown that the staphylococcal antigenic complex produces a lesser allergenic effect than commercial adsorbed toxoid and formalin treated corpuscular vaccine. In experiments carried out with the use of the model of septic infection in rabbits the preparations of the antigenic staphylococcal complex, obtained from less virulent strains and showing less pronounced allergenic effect in animals have been shown to be most immunogenic. PMID- 7080755 TI - [Therapeutic effectiveness of tetanus antitoxins purified by nonspecific and immunochemical methods]. AB - The treatment of experimental tetanus intoxication in 120 rabbits by the intrathecal injection of antitoxins revealed that the therapeutic effect was directly proportional to the dose of antitoxins, expressed in antitoxic units. The maximum effect (the survival rate 78.6%) was obtained by the injection of antitoxins purified on immunoadsorbents and containing no admixtures. The use of such antitoxins ensured the absence of postinjection complications, while commercial antitetanus serum "Diaferm-3" gave only 16.7% survival rate and produced the equal percentage of postinjection complications. PMID- 7080756 TI - [Electrokinetic properties of Staphylococcus aureus cells]. AB - St. aureus cells belonging to different strains has been shown to have similar asygmoid character of pH-dependent electrophoretic mobility curves with their peaks lying in the area of pH values within 3.0 and 5.0. In this pH area the basic significance in the resulting charge belongs to the phosphoric acid groups of teichoic acid. The electrophoretic mobility of St. aureus cells is determined by the electrostatic charge distributed in the whole volume of their cell walls. PMID- 7080757 TI - [Interpopulation variability of Staphylococcus aureus]. AB - The comparative study of 830 hospital and 181 extrahospital S. aureus strains has revealed the existance of the interpopulation (group, geographic) variability of this species. Hospital strains differ from those inhabiting other places by the composition of phago- and resistovars, greater resistance to antibiotics, antiseptic and disinfecting agents, the inhibiting action of antagonist, as well as by pronounced antagonistic activity. The biological characteristics of such strains allow one to classify them with the hospital ecological variants (ecovars) of S. aureus. These properties of hospital strains give them selective advantages in hospitals over extrahospital strains, and the latter are thus ousted from the skin surface, mucous membranes, wound surfaces. The measures taken to prevent hospital infections must be aimed mainly against the hospital ecovars of these bacteria. PMID- 7080758 TI - [Properties of a toxic substance from Erwinia carotovora var. citrullis]. AB - The toxic substance of Erwinia carotovora, isolated in a pure form, is a protein polysaccharide complex with molecular weight of 90000 daltons. The protein part of the complex contains 17 amino acids with the prevalence of dicarbonic acids and with insignificant quantities of thyrosine and phenylalanine, while the polysaccharide part of the complex contains 6 sugars. The antigenic specificity of the complex is linked with its hydrocarbon part, and the toxicity of the complex is determined by protein. The toxic complex is heat-resistant and most active at the neutral pH value of the culture medium. PMID- 7080759 TI - [Importance of cross reactions in evaluating the serological diagnosis of brucellosis in human beings. 1. The results of the examination of chronic brucellosis patients using the agglutination and Coombs' tests with Brucella and Yersinia (serotype 0-9) antigens]. AB - The study of blood serum samples obtained from 187 patients with chronic brucellosis revealed that in those cases when blood serum contained specific antibrucella antibodies cross reactions with Y. enterocolitica 0-9 antigen occurred in the agglutination test and Coombs' test. The results thus obtained showed that Y. enterocolitica 0-9 antigen could be used for detecting mainly 2 mercaptoethanol-sensitive complete and incomplete antibodies (IgM). This study indicates that serological cross reactions play an important role in the evaluation of the specific methods for diagnosing brucellosis. PMID- 7080760 TI - [Principles of decontaminating the small intestine with bacterial preparations in experimental antibiotic dysbacteriosis]. AB - Introduction of antibiotic-resistant bifidobacterial and lactobacterial strains, separately or together, does not decrease the degree and duration of contamination of the small intestine by enterobacteria after oral administration of antibiotics in large doses. The use of antibiotic-resistant bifidobacterial and lactobacterial strains allows one to decrease contamination of the small intestine by enterobacteria, resulting from the administration of antibiotics in near-therapeutic doses. The therapeutic effectiveness of bacterial preparations with respect to antibiotic dysbacteriosis has been found to depend on the level of resistance to the administered antibiotic. Antibiotic-resistant strains of bifidobacteria decrease the number of opportunistic microorganisms in the intestine in cases of dysbacteriosis caused by irradiation and administration of antibiotics. PMID- 7080761 TI - [Effect of Mycoplasma arthritidis and Rauscher leukosis virus on murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo]. AB - The interaction of M. arthritidis and Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) with mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. When added in vitro, M. arthritidis was shown to exert cytopathic effect on macrophages obtained from normal BALB/c or CBA mice (highly sensitive to RLV) and BAF1 hybrid mice (resistant to RLV) after 4-6 hours of incubation. Macrophages obtained from BALB/c or BAF1 mice infected in vivo with M. arthritidis were functionally defective beginning from day 7. The infection of BALB/c mice with RLV also suppressed the spreading of macrophages, while the infection of RLV-resistant BAF1 mice with the virus did not reduce the spreading and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages on days 1-105. The mixed infection of BALB/c or BAF1 mice with M. arthritidis and RLV markedly reduced the spreading and phagocytic activity of macrophages beginning from day 7. This data is in agreement with earlier findings on the ability of M. arthritidis to stimulate Rauscher leukemia in BAF1 mice. The possible role of M. arthritidis in the mechanism of viral leukemogenesis is discussed. PMID- 7080762 TI - [Magnitude of work loss: an integral index of the reactogenicity of an immune preparation]. PMID- 7080764 TI - [Characteristics of the causative agent and of the immunological status of the body in experimental dormant staphylococcal infection]. AB - Pathogenic staphylococci were found to persist in the focus of dormant infection in guinea pigs till day 100 of the experiment without changing their biological properties and sensitivity to antibiotics. The latent period of dormant staphylococcal infection was characterized by the increasing titers of antibodies to staphylococcal autostrains, by the positive results of the intradermal allergic test and the macrophage migration inhibition test with hemolytic staphylococcal allergen, as well as by the suppression of serum lysozyme activity. No changes in the content of complement and the total bactericidal activity of blood serum were detected. PMID- 7080765 TI - [Characteristics of the activation of type E. Cl. botulinum toxins]. AB - Molecular changes occurring in type E. Cl. botulinum single-chain toxin as the result of treatment with trypsin under different conditions were studied. The intensity of activation of the precursor and the ensuing changes of its molecular structure were found to depend on the pH of the medium. At pH 6.0 complete activation induced by the trypsin treatment of the single-chain toxin coincided with complete break-up of the polypeptide chain, while at pH 5.0 the toxin was completely activated before all its molecules could acquire the double-chain structure. At pH 4.5 no increase in the potency of the toxin was registered even in those cases when break-up of the molecules was as pronounced as by the moment of complete activation of the toxin at pH 5.0. These data suggest that activation is not direct consequence of break-up of the peptide bond responsible for the formation of a double-chain molecule. Trypsin-induced activation seems to be linked with the splitting of some peptide bond in one of the end areas of the molecule. PMID- 7080763 TI - [Standards of attenuated influenza vaccine]. AB - Adsorbed chemical influenza vaccine is a standard preparation. It meets with the WHO requirements with respect to the content of hemagglutinin, ovalbumin, protein nitrogen. For the dosage of the vaccine by the hemagglutinin content in weight units (microgram) in the process of manufacture, the development of the national standard of this antigen is necessary. After the treatment of virus suspension with ether the number of intact virions remains stable, constituting 3-4%. PMID- 7080766 TI - [Comparative study of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in the sera of chronic brucellosis patients]. AB - The data on the IgA, IgM and IgG levels in the sera of 89 patients with chronic brucellosis lasting for 1-10 years and longer are presented. The chronic form of brucellosis is characterized by the normal or low level of immunoglobulins. No correlation between the levels of IgG, IgM and the titer of specific antibodies has been established. PMID- 7080767 TI - [Efficient rabbit immunization schemes for obtaining diagnostic sera against adenoviruses]. AB - Virus-neutralizing and hemagglutinating antibodies in higher titers can be obtained by using the schemes designed for long-term immunization of rabbits, while complement-fixing antibodies in higher titers accumulate in the blood serum after the injection of the antigen into lymph nodes. PMID- 7080768 TI - [Nature of the antibodies in persons inoculated with a leptospirosis vaccine]. AB - The results obtained in the study of the intensity and character of immunity in persons immunized with commercial leptospirosis vaccine are presented. These results indicate that antibody formation occurs only in 12.5% of the vaccinees; antibodies are not formed to all Leptospira strains contained in the vaccine, and in 6 months all antibodies completely disappear. In persons immunized with a single vaccine dose the agglutinating activity of blood sera was linked only with IgM. In persons subjected to multiple immunizations for a number of years IgG could also be detected. Cases of leptospirosis among vaccinees have been registered. PMID- 7080769 TI - [Evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and antigenic activity of inactivated chromatographic influenza vaccine in school children]. AB - To evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated chromatographic influenza vaccine A(H3N2) produced by the Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Leningrad, children aged 7-15 years received the vaccine intradermally in doses of 114-228 IU, and 152 children received placebo. In this study inactivated influenza vaccine introduced parenterally to children aged 11-15 years in a dose of 228 IU proved to be nonreactogenic. The reactogenicity index of the preparation injected in a dose of 114 IU to children aged 7-10 years was 0.6%. Immunization in a single injection was accompanied by significant seroconversions in 87.5%-96.0% of children with the highly pronounced growth of antibody titers (21.1-34.6 times). The complex of clinico-laboratory tests showed the safety of this preparation for both age groups. PMID- 7080770 TI - [Specific activity of an UV-inactivated antirabies vaccine made from brain tissue administered in a shortened schedule]. AB - The results obtained in the study of the specific potency of rabies vaccine prepared from sheep brain tissue and inactivated by UV irradiation indicate that, even in the presence of the lowest immunogenicity index (0.5), 5-6 injections of the vaccine, made not daily, but at interval of 3 and 7 days, induced the production of antibodies in the titers not lower than those resulting from 14-20 daily injections of the same vaccine or Fermi vaccine. The preparation inactivated by UV irradiation should be introduced for therapy according to the shortened immunization schedule with intervals, taking into account the immunogenicity index. PMID- 7080771 TI - [Evolutionary and genetic problems in human and animal behavior]. PMID- 7080772 TI - [Clinico-electromyographic analysis of atypical forms of chronic progressive motor neuron diseases]. PMID- 7080773 TI - [Fluorescence histochemical study of catecholamine concentrations in the skeletal muscles of patients with different forms of progressive neuromuscular disease]. AB - The content of catecholamines was examined in the skeletal muscle of 16 patients with progressing muscular dystrophies (PMD) with the fluorescent histochemical method of Folck-Hillarp modified by V.N. Shvalev and N. I. Zhuchkova. Of the 16 patients 4 were suffering from Becker's PMD; 3, from Erb-Roth's PMD; 1, from Dreifus PMD; 3, from Kugelberg-Welander's spinal amyotrophy; 3, from Charcot Marie's neural amyotrophy; 2, from Roussy-Levy's syndrome; and 2 from Curschmann Steinert-Batten's myotonic dystrophy. The skeletal muscles of patients hospitalized at urological and orthopedic divisions served as control. Considerable accumulations of catecholamines were revealed in the skin, subcutaneous fat, and loose amorphous connective tissue surrounding the muscular fibres in the patients with PMD and myotonic dystrophies. In the patients with denervation amyotrophies a sharp fall of the fluorescence intensity with a reduction of the number of fluorescent fibres, their thinning, and diminution of the size of varicose thickenings were revealed. PMID- 7080774 TI - [Genetic-correlation analysis of schizophrenic syndromes]. AB - Two hundred and seven families of patients with schizophrenia were examined. Diagnosis of the disease in probands and relatives was made according to the syndromal forms of schizophrenia. The simple, catatonic, hebephrenic and paranoid forms of the disease were distinguished. Current genetic-correlation analysis demonstrated marked genetic correlation between the disease forms. This makes the above-mentioned classification of schizophrenia inadequate for special genetic studies aimed at the definition of factors that determine the development of different clinical forms of the disease. PMID- 7080775 TI - [Current problems in the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary diseases of the nervous system]. PMID- 7080776 TI - [Problem of the etiologic and pathogenetic classification of mental retardation]. PMID- 7080777 TI - [Autosomal anomalies in a specially selected group of children with mental retardation without signs of Down's syndrome]. AB - Pathogenetic examinations of 96 mentally retarded children with multiple somatic anomalies and developmental defects (but without Down's disease) were carried out. Changes of the caryotype were discovered in 36 children (37.5%). In 21 children (22.0%) there were true autosomal aberrations 1/4 of which were tri- and monosomies, mainly in the form of mosaicism, and 3/4 were non-balanced structural reconstructions of the autosomes. In about 1/3 of the cases the structural anomalies were inherited by the children from their phenotypically healthy parents who had balanced translocations or inversions. In 15 children (15.6%) chromosomal variations were discovered. No differences between the clinical manifestations of the mental retardation in children with true autosomal aberrations and chromosomal variations were noted. PMID- 7080778 TI - [Correlations between biological and clinical indices in children with intellectual deficiencies]. AB - Some biochemical and electrophysiological parameters were examined in 20 intellectually-defective children with a history of pre- and perinatal damages. Certain correlations between the character of EEG changes, the level of amino acids in the peripheral blood, and the efficacy of treatment with drugs acting upon metabolism were discovered. A marked slow-wave activity was observed on the EEG in the group of patients whose clinical course was the most unfavourable: this activity coincided with an elevated level of methionine (the source of the methyl groups in acetylcholine biosynthesis) in the peripheral blood. The therapeutic effect was the most marked in children with paroxysmal EEGs: this was accompanied in them with an increased content of functional amino acids. The data obtained are important for a more differentiated approach to the therapy of mentally retarded patients. PMID- 7080779 TI - [Acute meningoencephalitis and the problem of viral persistence in complicated rubella]. AB - The results of combined clinico-virological and immunological examinations of 25 children with rubellar meningoencephalitis are presented. The meningoencephalitis was preceded by typical rubella in 24, and by rubellar infection without eruptions in 1 child. In 6 children the rubella virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid in the acute period of the disease (5th to 19th days), and in 2 children it was re-isolated on the acute period of the disease (5th to 19th days), and in 2 children it was re-isolated on the 17th-19th days. A persistence of the immunoglobulins M specific to the rubella virus was revealed both in the acute period of the disease and long time after the disease onset (the observation period was 409 days). The data obtained confirm the etiological role of the rubella virus in the development of rubellar meningoencephalitis, suggesting that the rubella virus may persist in complicated post-natal rubella. PMID- 7080780 TI - [Systems-structure analysis of delusional disorders]. AB - Delusion is a complicate psychic disorder which cannot be interpreted in a unique manner. For studying the delusion phenomenology and genesis use was made of a system-and-level approach. Four basic aspects of it are differentiated, that is, the initial level of the psychotic disorders, the cognitive-reflectory mechanisms of the delusion manifestations, the contents of the delusional ideas, and the subsystem of the psychopathological and psychological influences on the delusion contents. Signs characterizing these delusion aspects are listed, and the probability of their manifestation in this or that disease is indicated. PMID- 7080782 TI - Separation of glutathione S-transferases from rat liver cytosol by chromatofocusing. PMID- 7080781 TI - [Fatal outcomes in schizophrenia (analysis of random hospital material for different forms of the disease)]. AB - Two hundred cases of lethal outcomes in schizophrenic patients (who died at one of the Moscow hospitals within a period of 1971 to 1978) are analyzed. These were patients with various forms of the disease: continuously progressing (91 cases), paroxysmal progressing (83 cases), and recurrent (26 cases). It was found that the age distribution of the deceased was close to that indicated by world statistics for developed countries with a shift to the left, mainly, at the expense of males who die at a younger age than females. By the time of the death the ratios between the disease forms changed: the percentages of the continuously progressing and paroxysmal progressing forms in the hospital patients got closer (45.5 and 41.5%, respectively); this brought the distribution to the disease forms in those patients nearer to that observed in schizophrenic outpatients. The somatic causes of the death were similar to those characteristic for the general population: these were cardiovascular diseases (43.0%), malignant neoplasms (15.5%), respiratory diseases (11.5%). The underlying psychic disease was the cause of the death in 22% of the cases. It manifested in the forms of terminal hypostatic pneumonia (54.4%); cachexy (25%); an additional psychic disease (13.7%), and a febrile attack (6.8%).U PMID- 7080783 TI - A comparison of induction of microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity in the liver of the mouse and rat by dietary 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA). PMID- 7080784 TI - Purification of microsomal glutathione S-transferase. PMID- 7080785 TI - The adsorption of lactoperoxidase to glass. PMID- 7080786 TI - [7th Scientific Meeting of Surgeons of the Serbian Socialistic Republic. Zrenjanin, 1981. Proceedings]. PMID- 7080787 TI - [Experimental model for determination of an "in vivo" area at risk accounting for the quantity and distribution of collateral flow (author's transl)]. AB - To determine the influence of interventions on infarct size numerous studies have attempted a comparison between treatment and control groups. This has been complicated by the great variability in the quantity of necrosis due to the differences in coronary bed size and collateral flow. An experimental model is presented in which it is possible to determine an "area at risk of infarction" at several time points during the evolution of the infarct. This model allows to estimate infarct size that may be expected under the present conditions, prior to interventions, early, in vivo and in the same experiment. It is possible to quantitate topographically changes in collateral flow and to investigate the effect of intervention in the same experiment. We found a correlation of life threatening arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation with the size of the "myocardium at risk of infarction" and with the size of the infarcts measured post mortem. Several beneficial interventions were studied. PMID- 7080788 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of carotid sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - We investigated 76 patients with carotid sinus syndrome followed over a time period of 12-40 months (mean 24 months). In 27 patients long-term ECG were recorded over 24 hours continuously. Carotid Doppler sonography was performed in all patients. 14 patients were studied electrophysiologically. The long-term ECG examinations in patients with carotid sinus syndrome showed a significant tendency to nocturnal bradycardia, and normal heart frequency during the day. In 41% of patients extracranial obstruction of internal carotid arteries could be demonstrated. During carotid sinus massage was a significant increase of the AH time, but there was no significant changes of the HV time. 12 out of 14 patients (86%) developed an AV-block during carotid sinus massage and atrial pacing. In 31 patients pacemakers were implanted. The indication for pacemaker implantation was the clinical symptom of syncope. These patients were observed over a period of 15 40 months (mean 24 months). 15 patients were free of symptoms after the pacemaker implantation, whereas 8 patients complained of dizziness and 4 patients experienced TIA's. 45 patients without pacemaker implantation were observed over a time period of 12-24 months. 30 patients were followed over 12 months. 16 patients were free of symptoms, 14 complained of dizziness. There was no syncopy in this group and no patients died during the observation period. In patients with cardio inhibitory carotid sinus syndrome and syncopy, pacemaker implantation is the therapy of choice. In asymptomatic patients or patients with occasional dizziness pacemaker is not indicated. PMID- 7080789 TI - [A new method for quantification of 2-dimensional echocardiographic images of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. AB - A computer-supported system was designed for processing of 2-dimensional echocardiographic images of the left ventricle. The purpose of the method is to improve quantitative analysis of regional contraction patterns of the ventricle, using a 3-dimensional reconstruction technique. The definition of the spatial position of the transducer and a computer assisted outlining of the ventricle are the main features of the system. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated in a preliminary study. PMID- 7080790 TI - [Off-line data base system for out-patients (author's transl)]. AB - About 7000 out-patients of the Kardiologische Universitatsklinik in Vienna have been documented in an off-line data base system. The documentation includes the diagnosis (cardiac diagnoses in WHO-code), date of special events (operations, interventions and complications) and the clinical follow-up. The data entry is done by interactive defined data definition tables (similar to codasyl). A powerful query language was built and the sorted data can be used for patient listing, statistical analysis or as in-put for a letter system. With this data base system it is possible to support the daily work, i.e. to write automatically letters to patients, who did not come to their appointment. For scientific means the data base system is able to answer in a simple and fast way specific questions, i.e. search for patients with different diagnoses and specific events at certain times. PMID- 7080791 TI - [The ECG in physiologic pacing (author's transl)]. AB - Hemodynamic advantages led to an increasing number of implantations of so called "physiologic pacemakers", which preserve the natural sequence of atria and ventricles. The growing complexity of these systems renders ECG evaluation increasingly difficult. 85 patients had physiologic pacemakers implanted during the last 4 years and were controlled in our pacemaker outpatient clinic. Typical problems in ECG evaluation of the different pacemaking modes are discussed. PMID- 7080792 TI - [Computer assisted long-term ECG analysis: method and clinical importance (author's transl)]. AB - The basic principle of computer assisted analysis of Holter recordings is to store the whole ECG after data reduction and AD conversion in digitized form on random access medium like magnetic disks. In "Multipass Scanning" the linear segmentation techniques leads to highly reproducible ECG-data, which were analysed during multiple passes under continuous operator control. The field of clinical applications of such a highly sophisticated method reaches from supraventricular over ventricular to symptomatic arrhythmias. In combination with ECG-telefon-telemetry computer assisted LT-ECG analysis could be used in more than 75% of the patients successfully. The clinical expectations during routine could be fulfilled in more than 75%. Commonly a detailed numerical or graphical description of clinical relevant arrhythmias were necessary in the demand of the routine. So computer assisted LT-ECG analysis is not only a tool for research, but also valuable in the clinical routine. PMID- 7080793 TI - Extraction of dilute ethanol of formaldehyde-fixed dissecting specimens. PMID- 7080794 TI - Nerve fibers with a selective affinity for quinacrine in the cornea. PMID- 7080795 TI - Re-evaluation of the colic irrigation from the inferior mesenteric artery. AB - 156 abdominal preparations were explored by arteriography, corrosion and dissection. The arteria mesenterica inferior (AMI) ends by bifurcating into the two arteriae rectales superiores. The key to the interpretation of the AMI is the recognition of an arteria colosigmoidea that gives off one or more rami sigmoidei. In the presence of an arteria or ramus colic. sin. access, usually from the superior mesenteric artery, the left colic artery is absent, atrophic or displaced. The sigmoid branches (usually three) arise from the colosigmoid, the left colic or the distal portion of the AMI. Usually, the last sigmoid artery gives branch to the rectosigmoid colon. The rectosigmoid artery arises from the AMI between arteria sigmoidea ima and the terminal bifurcation of the former. It may be replaced by the descending branch of the a. sigmoidea ima. They irrigate an extensive part of the anterior wall of the bowel. PMID- 7080796 TI - Distribution of hair on the phalanges of the hand in Nigerians. AB - Data on the frequency and patterns of hair distribution on the phalanges of the hand are available from different parts of the world. However, the literature reveals that the African continent has so far not been explored adequately in this respect. The present investigation was undertaken to document the findings from Nigeria. A random sample of 585 male and female students and staff of the University of Calabar, Nigeria, between the ages of 18 and 30 years were examined. All the cases considered were Nigerians born to Nigerian parents. It was interesting to observe that in 4% of the males and in 5% of the females hair on the first phalanx was absent which has not been reported so far in any other population. The presence of hair on the middle phalanx also was significantly less (21%) as compared to the findings of other authors in different populations. The distal phalanges never showed hair which is quite in agreement with the reports from other workers. Although there is a wide range of variation in presence or absence of hair on the middle phalanx from one population to another, the frequency order remains 4 greater than 3 greater than 5 greater than 2 in all of them including the present report. Further, it is obvious that the frequency of phalangeal hair is lowest in Africans (21%) and highest in the white race (70%). Other races are in between these values. PMID- 7080797 TI - Histology and fine structure of the hamster retinal pigment epithelium. AB - The retinal pigment epithelium of normal adult golden Syrian hamsters was examined by light and electron microscopy, using conventional and enzyme histochemical techniques. Hamster retinal pigment epithelium was composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells that had marked infolding of the basal cell wall and numerous microvillous processes extending from the apical surface. Melanin content varied within each specimen and there appeared to be incomplete or aberrant development of many melanin granules. Many incompletely melanized granules showed acid phosphate activity. There were the usual cell organelles, and Golgi complexes. Large phagosomes increased in number in the morning hours. Autophagic vacuoles and small lipid droplets were commonly seen. Occasional basal bodies, cilia, and root filaments were found. In two specimens, a curious intranuclear paracrystalline structure was observed. PMID- 7080799 TI - Sutural growth. AB - As the skull develops, the tissue of the coronal and sagittal sutures (serrated sutures) assumes a specific structure which in part is practically identical to that of a gomphosis joint and may therefore be regarded as a 'multigomphosis'. The nature of this structure justifies the assumption that it has to resist mechanical forces exerted on the suture. The results of transplantation experiments with portions of sutures suggest that the sutural structures are determined hereditarily, but that environmental factors are required for these qualities to manifest themselves. PMID- 7080798 TI - Sensory vagal nature and anatomical access paths to esophagus laminar nerve endings in myenteric ganglia. Determination by surgical degeneration methods. AB - The dependence, access paths and functional significance of the intraganglionic laminar nerve endings (IGLEs) in the esophageal wall of the cat are demonstrated. To this end Wallerian degeneration was induced on the vagus nerve by a number of surgical operations performed at the nodose ganglion level. The results show IGLEs to be sensorial receptors dependent on neuronal bodies situated in the nodose ganglion. The nerve fibers on which they depend to reach the esophageal wall gain access via the vagus and the superior laryngeal nerve. PMID- 7080800 TI - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the normal rabbit aortic endothelium after controlled perfusion fixation. AB - Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were employed on the anterior wall of the rabbit thoracic aorta with the particular purpose to study endothelial marginal flaps and the structure of stomata under physiological conditions at 100 mm Hg. Intra-aortic pressure monitoring was performed during the whole period of perfusion (2h), restricting pressure variations to a maximum of +/- 5 mm Hg in order to preserve endothelial architecture. We found the endothelial surface uniformly smooth. Marginal flaps of the endothelial cells were mutually overlapping, often forming multiple layers. Underlying flaps might protrude to the lumen between neighbouring flaps as flat mushrooms. Flaps of adjacent cells might diverge for short distances to decover an underlying endothelial cell. Downstream flaps of the cells might be overlapped at their base by flaps of adjacent cells, the extremity of the flap thus appearing as a disc separated from the cell. The small discs and troughs thus formed are considered equivalent to the so-called stomata. PMID- 7080801 TI - An analysis of satellite cell content in the semimembranosus muscle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) selected for rapid growth. AB - Transverse sections of the semimembranosus muscle of a control (C) line of Japanese quail and of a line (P) selected for high body weight at 4 weeks of age were observed for nuclear content. The two lines were sampled at 4 days posthatching and at 4 weeks of age. The relative number of satellite cells decreased from 4 days to 4 weeks of age. The total number of satellite cells, however, appeared to increase as muscle length increased; this relation was not influenced by line effects. It was concluded that the greater number of nuclei in the longer fibers of P-line quail was principally the consequence of a greater mitotic rate in the satellite cells of this line compared to the C-line quail. PMID- 7080802 TI - Reflexive gap junctions on uterine luminal epithelial cells. AB - Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been used to search for reflexive gap junctions on apical projections of uterine epithelial cells in the rat. These structures were found in 5 of 6 animals in the study and consisted of from 15 to over 70 intramembranous particles which ranged in size from 7 to 9 nm. Some suggestions on the function of these enigmatic junctions are discussed. PMID- 7080803 TI - Association of trigeminal neuralgia with multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological features. AB - The clinical characteristics of facial pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and associated multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied. Among 900 patients with TN 22 (2.4%) had associated MS. Sixteen patients had typical TN, while six had atypical TN. Facial pain commenced at a younger age (P less than 0.005) and a significantly higher proportion had bilateral facial pain (P less than 0.01) in the group with MS compared to TN patients without MS. In three patients TN was the first manifestation of MS, in the remainder facial pain occurred on an average of 12 years after onset of MS. Seventeen patients had associated signs of brain-stem involvement. The facial pain was, however, indistinguishable from the pain in patients without brain-stem deficits. While sclerotic plaques in the central nervous system probably are of etiological significance for development of TN neither clinical nor neuropathological findings suggest that this is due to affection of trigeminal nuclei complex in the brain-stem. PMID- 7080804 TI - Reduction of blood flow in cerebral white matter in alcoholics related to hepatic function. AB - Fifty alcoholics with mean age of 45 years were examined with the intra-arterial 133Xenon method for measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and with EEG. The results were related to liver function tests. Reduced white matter blood flow correlated strongly with abnormal liver function tests. The highest correlation was with S-ASAT. Only weak correlations were found between gray matter flow, EEG and the liver function tests. It is suggested that the relationship between white matter flow reduction and liver function may be caused by the intensity of drinking prior to admission and possibly mediated by some still unknown hepatic mechanism or a direct effect of alcohol. PMID- 7080806 TI - Platelet aggregation in focal cerebral ischemia -a clinical study. AB - In a consecutive series of 35 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) 26 patients (74%) had pathological platelet aggregation 4 weeks after the latest TIA. Pathological platelet aggregation was the most frequent factor leading to a prophylactic treatment of the TIAs. Among 12 patients with reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND) only one had pathological platelet aggregation, and among 54 patients with completed stroke 37% had pathological platelet aggregation 4 weeks after the cerebral infarction. It is possible by the antiaggregating agents acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole to normalize in vitro pathological platelet aggregation. The frequency of side effects was low. During this treatment further TIAs were stopped in 17/19 patients, and remission were seen in 14/14 stroke patients. Compared with the remissions during treatment with anticoagulants there was a tendency of more favourable outcome in the group of stroke patients when treated with antiaggregating agents. PMID- 7080805 TI - Long-time penicillamine-treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with parallel determination of lead in blood, plasma and urine. PMID- 7080807 TI - Ocular lateropulsion in Wallenberg's syndrome: a prospective clinical study. AB - In order to evaluate the occurrence and clinical value of ocular lateropulsion in Wallenberg's syndrome, a prospective study was carried out. Lateropulsion of the horizontal and vertical refixation saccades was a rather regular finding, especially in complete Wallenberg's syndrome. Lateral ocular deviation after elimination of fixation was present in nearly all cases. The tonic lateral vector was always directed to the involved side. It is concluded that ocular lateropulsion is an easily elicited sign with a lateralizing value in lateral bulbar infarction. Further systematic search of ocular lateropulsion in other posterior fossa disorders is needed to determine its topographical significance. PMID- 7080808 TI - A case of adult rhabdomyoma in the tonsillar region. A light and electron microscope study. AB - A case of rhabdomyoma in a 71-year-old woman is reported. The lobulated, soft tumour was situated in the left tonsillar region. It was encapsulated, easily removable and of a uniformly greyish-red colour on the cut surface. Both light and electron microscopy showed the classical features of a benign rhabdomyoma of adult type, with large "spider" cells and typical myofilaments, as well as Z-band fragments. To achieve the correct diagnosis in such cases the most important thing is probably to bear the possibility of this rare, but benign tumour in mind. PMID- 7080809 TI - Renal biopsy findings in orthostatic proteinuria. AB - Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed on 15 patients with orthostatic proteinuria and 6 control subjects without proteinuria in order to investigate possible renal alterations. The light-microscopic findings were either normal or showed slight mesangial proliferation in the orthostatic group but were normal in the control subjects, while the immunofluorescence-microscopic study revealed mesangial, capillary or arteriolar deposits of complement C3 and/or immunoglobulins in 10 out of 12 cases with orthostatic proteinuria; complement C3 was seen in only one control subject. The electron-microscopic findings were similar in the two groups, showing slight subepithelial, intramembranous and mesangial alterations. Focal loss of the epithelial foot processes was seen in only one case with orthostatic proteinuria. It is concluded that there are no histological, electron microscopical or immunohistochemical alterations specific for orthostatic proteinuria. A finding of complement in the glomeruli in about half and of immunoglobulin in some of the patients with orthostatic proteinuria is in favour of an association to present or previous glomerulonephritis. PMID- 7080810 TI - Evaluation of thyroid scintigraphic lesions by whole-organ sections and autoradiography. PMID- 7080811 TI - Atypical lipoma. AB - In a previous clinico-pathologic and prognostic study of a Swedish national series of liposarcoma the designation atypical lipoma was suggested for a group of well-differentiated non-metastasizing liposarcomas characterized by only moderate nuclear atypia. In the present report, 21 new cases of atypical lipoma are described. The tumors were mainly composed of univacuolated fat cells without cellular or nuclear atypia, but also showed univacuolated fat cells with enlarged, moderately polymorphic, dark nuclei. In two of the tumors a few multivacuolated fat cells with scalloped nuclei were found. Small multinucleated cells with overlapping, peripherally arranged nuclei, reminiscent of so-called floret-like cells as in pleomorphic lipoma, could occasionally be seen. Areas of generally delicate linear or patchy fibrosis with atypical nuclei were a common finding. Two atypical lipomas were studied ultrastructurally. The ultrastructural findings suggest that the nuclear polymorphism is of a neoplastic nature rather than of a regressive changed. Nine atypical lipomas were located intramuscularly, two intermuscularly and ten subcutaneously. Five of the subcutaneous tumors and three of the inter-and intramuscular tumors recurred one or more times. Most of them, particularly the subcutaneous ones, had primarily been diagnosed as ordinary lipomas, but re-examination of the histological sections after one or more recurrence revealed overlooked nuclear atypia. Metastasis or dedifferentiation at recurrence was not seen in any case. PMID- 7080812 TI - Ischaemic heart disease. Pato-anatomic findings revealed by comprehensive autopsy technique. AB - Pato-anatomic findings in epicardial coronary vessels, myocardium and supraventricular parts of the conducting system were investigated by a comprehensive autopsy-technique (17) in a consecutive series of 63 patients dying from ischaemic heart disease. Two thirds of left ventricular acute myocardial infarctions (LV-AMI's) were transmural and one third was sub-endocardial. Coronary thrombosis was seen more often in transmural than in sub-endocardial LV AMI (p less than 0,05) whereas severe arteriosclerotic stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) of a least two major arteries was seen more often in sub endocardial than in transmural LV-AMI (p less than 0,05). Minor epicardial arteries showed stenosis greater than or equal to 75% in about one fifth of LV AMI's, but ramus diagonalis from the left anterior descendent artery differed from other minor arteries and was diseased to the same extent as major arteries. Pre-mural stretches of coronary arteries seemed to be sites of predilection for thrombosis and arteriosclerotic stenosis. Myocardial rupture was only seen in hearts with thrombotic transmural LV-AMI's and with no signs of previous LV-AMI. Thrombosis of epicardial coronary veins was present in all cases of valvular heart disease furthermore in large transmural LV-AMI's. Prevalence of infarction fibrosis was higher (p less than 0,05) and post-attack survival time was shorter (p less than 0,02) in sub-endocardial than in transmural LV-AMI's. Morfologic injury to supraventricular parts of the conducting system was seldom demonstrated in cases with conducting disturbances. A clinical diagnosis of definite and probable AMI was at autopsy verified in 95% and 67% respectively. PMID- 7080813 TI - Amyloid deposits in human hip joints. A macroscopic, light and polarization microscopic and electron microscopic study of congophilic substance with green dichroism in hip joints. AB - The occurrence of amyloid in capsular tissue and cartilage from human hip joints were studied by the macroscopic iodine/sulphuric acid test, by light and polarization microscopy, and finally by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the congophilic substance with green dichroism, which in an earlier light and polarization microscopic study was found in a large percentage of hip joints of elderly persons, is amyloid. PMID- 7080814 TI - The effect of D-penicillamine and methylprednisolone on the morphology of experimental granulation tissue in rats. AB - The effects of D-penicillamine and methylprednisolone on the formation of granulation tissue was studied in rats with Visella-sponge induced granulation tissue after 42 days of treatment. D-penicillamine in doses of 20 mg-, 100 mg-, 500 mg/kg/day caused no morphological differences compared with the control groups as regards ingrowth of granulation tissue and its content of collagen fibres, inflammatory cells, vessels and glycosaminoglycans. Treatment with methylprednisolone, 0.2 mg-, 2.0 mg-, and 5.0 mg/kg/day caused a dose dependent reduction in the ingrowth of granulation tissue. Methylprednisolone caused a reduction in the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibres, but no differences in the content of glycosaminoglycans could be demonstrated between the treated and the control groups. Granulation tissue produced during combination treatment with D-penicillamine 100 mg and methylprednisolone 2.0 mg/kg/day did not differ from that observed after methylprednisolone treatment alone. Thus, only high doses of methylprednisolone gave rise to an antiinflammatory action in this morphological study on granulation tissue, whereas D-penicillamine had no effect within the present dose interval. The quantitative alterations are in agreement with parallel biochemical analyses. However, the inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on collagen crosslinking was not associated with light microscopic changes in the ultrastructure of the collagen fibres. PMID- 7080815 TI - The ultrastructure of the macula densa during altered sodium intake. A morphometric study of the macula densa in the rabbit nephron. AB - Cells of the macula densa from sodium-depleted, sodium-loaded and normal rabbit kidneys were investigated morphometrically by light and electron microscopy. The total macula densa volume constituted 0.14 per cent of the cortical volume and was unchanged during altered sodium balance. Ultrastructurally the macula densa cells appeared similar at the three different levels of sodium intake investigated. However, the relative volume of Golgi apparatus in the cells of the macula densa decreased from the normal value of 1.54 per cent of the cytoplasmic volume to 1.25 per cent during sodium-load, indicating that functional changes take place in the cells of the macula densa under these conditions. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was unchanged in the sodium-depleted group. The volume of the cytoplasm, the nuclei and the intercellular space which normally constitute 56 per cent, 28 per cent and 15 per cent of the total volume of the macula densa, respectively, were unchanged during sodium-load and sodium-depletion. The mitochondria which normally constitute 25 per cent of the cytoplasmic volume were similarly unchanged. PMID- 7080816 TI - Heterotransplantation of two human tumours in athymic mice and asplenic-athymic mice. AB - The growth in athymic mice (Balb/c nu/nu mice) and athymic-asplenic mice (BALB/c nu/nu Dh/ + "lasat" mice) of two human tumour lines (one nasopharyngeal carcinoma and one testicular germ cell tumour), established in athymic mice, were compared. No significant difference in take rate was observed: 13 of 16 inocula grew in athymic mice and 11 of 12 inocula in lasat mice. Estimated by the square root of the relative tumour size related to time, the tumour growth was slightly, but insignificantly, less in lasat mice than in athymic mice. When the transplants removed from either athymic or lasat were compared by light microscopical examination, each of the two tumours demonstrated a similar appearance. The atypic mice prospered, while the lasat mice failed to thrive in similar laboratory surroundings. Thus this study does not confirm that heterotransplantation of human solid tumours on lasat mice is preferable to transplantation in athymic mice. PMID- 7080817 TI - Reproducibility of the cellular DNA-distribution patterns in multiple fine needle aspirates from human malignant tumors. AB - The reproducibility of the cellular composition in multiple fine needle aspirates from human malignant tumors was investigated by means of single cell and flow DNA cytophotometry. The results indicate that the DNA-distribution patterns in multiple aspirates from the same tumor are more or less identical. PMID- 7080818 TI - Surface structure of intravasculary megakaryocytes. A scanning electron microscope study. AB - To elucidate the surface structure of intravasculary megakaryocytes, rabbit megakaryocytes were isolated from central venous blood and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The megakaryocytes were approximately 50 micrometers in diameter and had a spherical appearance. The surface was extremely folded with ridges and clefts, but pseudopods (budding) were never seen. Naked megakaryocyte nuclei appeared irregular in shape owing to varying amounts of residual cytoplasm often resembling buds (blebs). Their size were 15-20 micrometers. PMID- 7080819 TI - Experimental post-traumatic lung insufficiency in dogs: ultrastructure of lung lesions. AB - The ultrastructure of developing lung lesions in two groups of dogs exposed to a combination of haemorrhagic hypotension and liver trauma was studied with particular attention to changes at the alveolar level and lung micro-vessels. Lung samples were obtained every four hours and at collapse in one group and 12 hrs after initiation of the trauma in the other. An interstitial oedema was recognized in biopsies obtained 4 hrs after initiation of the trauma, and before marked lesions were observed at the ultrastructural level in endothelial cells. Endothelial damage was, however, evident in biopsies obtained at 8 hrs and at collapse. Aggregates of degranulated and degenerated leucocytes and platelets were occasionally found to obstruct respiratory capillaries together with erythrocytes, some of which seemed to be haemolysing. A considerable amount of protein-rich oedema, cellular debris and fibrinoid material was found in alveolar lumina at collapse. The present experiments indicate that increased vascular permeability in lung micro-vessels is of importance for the development of the characteristic lesions seen in shock lung. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms, initiating the lung lesions, are discussed with special emphasis on the significance of kinin activation and the presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and microthrombi. PMID- 7080820 TI - In situ analysis of the inflammatory cell infiltrates in colon carcinomas and in the normal colon wall. AB - Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and polymorphonucleated cells) forming infiltrates in the stroma of ten colon carcinomas were analysed in situ and compared with the cells of the normal colon wall. The cancer stroma contained a larger proportion of lymphocytes, while the number of IgA-containing plasma cells was markedly reduced compared to the normal colon mucosa from the resection edge. In both tissues the number of macrophages was much higher than the study of H & E stained routine preparations would suggest. The peritumoural cell infiltrates consisted of 47% lymphocytes, 19% plasma cells, 15% macrophages (including monocytes) and 5% granulated mast cells, while 15% of all inflammatory cells were polymorphonucleated (PMN). Necrotic areas of the tumours were dominated by a larger number of PMN and macrophages. Compared to the normal colon wall, the significant differences in cell composition and the accumulation of mononuclear cells (MC) at the cancer borders indicate that populations of cells are selectively attracted to the tumour site, although the factors responsible for the local cell reaction in cancer are still unknown. PMID- 7080821 TI - Tumours in Iceland. 5. Malignant tumours of the cervix uteri. Histological types, clinical stages and the effect of mass screening. AB - The histological material from patients with invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed in Iceland during the period 1955-1974 was reviewed and retyped in accordance with the WHO classification of tumours. Out of 314 malignant epithelial tumours 86.0 per cent were squamous carcinomas (subtypes: 6% microcarcinomas, 30% keratinizing, 45% non keratinizing and 5% small cell carcinomas), 9.0 per cent adenosquamous carcinoma, 3.5% adenocarcinoma and 1.5 per cent undifferentiated carcinoma. A mass screening for uterine cancer in the population, ages 25-59, led to an increased incidence of cervical carcinoma, due to the finding of early tumours (clinical stages IA and IB). The increase was most marked in the first five years of screening (1965-69). The screening did not increase the incidence of the more advanced stages and a longer observation will be needed to determine whether a decline will occur in such tumours. All the major histological types of cervical carcinoma appear to progress at the same rate through the clinical stages, from the early to the far advanced. PMID- 7080822 TI - Ultrastructure of the villi and fetal capillaries of the placentas delivered by non-smoking diabetic women (White group D). AB - The ultrastructure of the placentas from nine non-smoking. White group D diabetic women were studied. The terminal villi showed changes in maturation, increased vascularization mainly due to very small vessels located at the periphery of the villus, and glycogen accumulation within the stroma cells and pericytes, corresponding to the known higher glycogen content of diabetic placentas. Multilaminal basement membrane surrounded the capillaries, but great variation appeared possibly due to variation in capillary age. It is suggested that diabetic metabolism induces a proliferative small vessel disease in combination with accelerated aging. PMID- 7080823 TI - The ultrastructure of bacterial spores in skin of an Egyptian mummy. AB - The ultrastructure of bacterial spores found in the skin of an Egyptian mummy was studied. The mummy was embalmed during year 100 to 300 of our era. The bacterial spores showed a characteristic appearance with a core, cortex, coat and exosporium. Their survival and species could not be established. PMID- 7080824 TI - Short-term oral condidosis in rats, with special reference to the site of infection. AB - Following a short-tem oral inoculation of Candida albicans in rats during tetracycline medication, the carriage of and infection by Candida organisms were investigated. After an initial high incidence, a rapid decline ws registered. Five weeks following the first inoculation 33% of the animals showed a positive swab and 67% demonstrated pseudohyphal penetration of the oral mucosa. The most frequent sites of infection were the margin of the gingivae, the buccal mucosa. the buccal and lingual sulci and the tongue accounting for 98.8% of all foci. The highly selective patterns of colonization is believed to be related to the surface characteristics of the epithelium and the nature of the keratin. PMID- 7080825 TI - Isolation and characterization of some previously unreported taxa from poultry with phenotypical characters related to Actinobacillus-an Pasteurella species. AB - Cultural, morphologic, and biochemical characteristics of previously unreported taxa isolated from poultry and tentatively assigned to genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910 were compared to those of Actinobacillus lignieresii, A equuli, A. seminis, A. suis, avian haemolytic Actinobacillus sp., A.salpingitidis, avian Pasteurella haemolytica-like strains, P haemolytica biovar T, P, ureae. P. multocida, P. pneumotropica, P. gallinarum and P. anatipestifer. Evidence as obtained to indicate that taxon 1--3 was closely related to genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910, but sufficiently different from established species within that genus to constitute new distinct species. Taxon 4 had the cultural and biochemical characters of strains previously described by Clark and Godfrey. Strains designated P haemolytica-like could not be separated from A. salpingitidis on the basis of phenotypical characters. The final taxonomical position of taxon 1-4 in addition to strains designated avian haemolytic Actinobacillus sp. and P. haemolytica-like, however, has to await further taxonomical investigations including determination of mol % G + C in DNA and DNA hybridization, for which reason species names have been omitted. PMID- 7080826 TI - Radiation resistance of Candida parapsilosis. AB - The radiation resistance of 30 strains classified as Candida parapsilosis was examined. The strains originated partly from environments where ionizing radiation was used for research or routine purposes, partly from environments with no known possibility for selection of strains with unusually high radiation resistance. D-6 values between 1.5 and 2.4 Megarads were found when the cells were irradiated in the dried state, a D-6 value being the dose necessary to reduce the initial number of colony-forming units with a factor of 10(6). The majority of D-6 values were between 1.9 adn 2.1 Megarads. D-6 values for the cells irradiated in liquid media were about 2/3 of those in the dried state. No difference in resistance was revealed depending on the origin of the strains examined For radiation sterilization of medical products the demonstrated resistance of Candida parapsilosis might be of importance if routine use of minimum doses below 2.5 Megarads were to be accepted. PMID- 7080827 TI - IgM antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen in acute hepatitis determined by SPRIA--diagnostic value. AB - A solid phase radio-immunoassay (SPRIA) was developed for the detection of anti HBc IgM. The assay proved sensitive and easy to perform and rheumatoid factor did not affect the test results. Anti-HBc IgM titres were followed in consecutive samples from 15 patients after uncomplicated acute hepatitis B. In the acute phase anti-HBc IgM titres ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-7) (mean 10(-6.4)). One year after onset of disease ten of the 15 had titres below 10(-4) and between two and three years after onset most patients had titres 10(-3). Anti-HBc IgM titres were determined in six episodes of acute hepatitis B, all HBsAg negative but anti-HBc positive in the first samples obtained (within 8 days) and developing anti-HBs during convalescence. Acute phase anti-HBc IgM titres in these patients ranged between 10(-5.5) and 10(-7) (mean 10(-6.5)) and were thus identical with HBsAg positive cases. When acute phase sera from 168 episodes of acute hepatitis primarily classified as non-A, non-B, were tested for anti-HBc IgM titres above 10(-5), sera from 13 episodes were positive and in seven of these hepatitis B diagnosis could be confirmed by rising anti-HBs titres in convalescence. Sera from four of the 13 patients contained HBeAg, which was thus demonstrated in the absence of HBsAg. The results show that testing for anti-HBc IgM is important for a true non-A, non-B diagnosis. PMID- 7080828 TI - Classification of Mycobacterium simiae by means of comparative reciprocal intradermal sensitin testing on guinea-pigs and deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. AB - This study is a contribution to the elucidation of the taxonomic relationships among Mycobacterium simiae serovars 1 and 2, other photochromogenic, mycobacterial species and the non-photochromogenic species M. avium and M. intracellulare. DNA-DNA homology percentages and comparative reciprocal intradermal sensitin reactions in guinea-pigs have confirmed that M. habana is a subjective synonym of M. simiae serovar 1 and that M. asiaticum is a separate species. The two strains of M. simiae serovar 2 studied were distinct from each other and both were distinct from M. simiae serovar 1. M. simiae was so different from M. avium and even from M. intracellulare serovars 12, 14, 16 and 19, that there is no basis for including M. simiae in the so-called M. avium intracellulare complex. Neither did M. simiae bear any close relation to the photochromogenic species M. kansasii and M. marinum. A fairly close negative correlation was observed between the DNA-DNA homology percentages and the specificity differences of the sensitins from the same pairs of strains. This is per se a proof of the veracity of the two taxonomic methods used in the study. PMID- 7080829 TI - Feasibility of automated head-space gas chromatography in identification of anaerobic bacteria. AB - Neutral and acidic metabolites of some anaerobic bacteria cultured in a liquid growth medium were analysed by gas chromatography. Studies on the head-space vapours above heated broth cultures, using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column and a unit for automatic head-space injection, enabled volatile alcohols and fatty acids to be readily detected. By contrast, when studying ether extracts of the same cultures, using a packed column, alcohols were only rarely registered, being more or less "hidden" under the solvent peak. Head-space gas chromatography was thus found to provide more diagnostic information on anaerobes, as exemplified by the registration of volatile alcohols produced by Clostridium sporogenes. Being suited for automation, this technique should be considered as an alternative to the study of solvent extracts of broth cultures in gas chromatographic identification of anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 7080830 TI - Increased susceptibility of hypersplenic rats to infection with pneumococci. AB - Hypersplenism was induced in rats by intra-peritoneal injections of methylcellulose. These rats developed an outsize spleen and had significantly depressed values for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and platelet count. The rats given methylcellulose were also found to be more susceptible to a challenge with a standardized intravenous injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and had a significantly higher mortality rate than the control rats. PMID- 7080832 TI - Detection of measles IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detectors of IgM antibodies in serum during acute or recent measles infections is described. False positive reactions due to rheumatoid factors (RF) were not observed in the test of human sera to which were added sera containing RF. Monospecific antisera against the haemagglutinin, nucleoprotein and polymerase of measles virus were used in a blocking IgM ELISA, revealing a sensitive method for the detection of the antibodies that take part in the immune reactions. An ELISA for the detection of measles-specific IgG in order to reveal IgM or IgG antibodies in the human sera is also described. PMID- 7080831 TI - Isolation and chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide from Campylobacter jejuni. AB - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from three strains of Campylobacter jejuni was extracted by aqueous phenol. The sugar components present in all strains were glucose, galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose and glucosamine. One strain contained, in addition, galactosamine. The fatty acids present were mainly 3-hydroxy tetradecanoic acid and n-hexadecanoic acid. The LPS contained 2-keto-3-deoxy octonate and phosphorus. PMID- 7080833 TI - A heat-labile necrotic activity in supernatants from cultures of Legionella pneumophila. AB - Crude, concentrated extra-cellular supernatants from Legionella pneumophila produced a soft-tissue necrosis, demonstrated by intraperitoneal or sub-cutaneous injections into infant mice. The reaction was rapid and gave a hemorrhagic tissue necrosis within minutes. Being heat-labile, this tissue reaction is different from those of a heat-stable cytotoxin and a heat-stable hemolysin previously described. PMID- 7080834 TI - Pyrogens from surgeons' sterile latex gloves. AB - Pyrogens have been detected in water extracts from surgeons' sterile latex gloves, using both the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test and the rabbit test. After the gloves were rinsed with pyrogen-free water, the amount of pyrogens in extracts was markedly reduced. Pyrogens could also be detected in extracts from an angiographic catheter after it had been handled with latex gloves, whereas an unused catheter was free from pyrogens. The incidence of febrile reactions in our catheterization laboratory has been markedly reduced from 11.6% to 0.6% when rinsing the latex gloves prior to the catheterization was included in our routine procedure. So far the absence of pyrogens in surgeons' sterile gloves has not been demanded. Our observations indicate that such a requirement may be justified. PMID- 7080835 TI - Inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis. A sensitive method for detection of mink antibodies to Aleutian disease virus. AB - Inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis was at least 32 more sensitive when compared to the normal counter current electrophoresis for the demonstration of mink antibodies against Aleutian disease virus (ADV). ADV antigen can be produced from mink organs or in cell culture. The reactivity of the two types of antigen in the two kinds of counter current electrophoresis methods is described in this report. When 22 mink sera were titrated in normal counter current electrophoresis against cell culture produced antigen and organ produced antigen, significantly lower antibody titres were found with cell culture produced antigen. The difference was not found when inhibition of precipitation of counter current electrophoresis was used. PMID- 7080836 TI - Chlamydial secretory IgA antibodies in human milk. AB - Colostrum from 10 of 30 randomly chosen women contained IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis as shown by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a single-antigen immunofluorescence test. Specific colostral IgA was present only in seropositive women. In addition, Chlamydial-specific IgA was also detected in milk from 5 of 6 women who were shown to harbour C. trachomatis in the lower genital tract during delivery. There was a close correlation between chlamydial specific IgA and the chlamydial secretory immunoglobulin titres in colostrum and milk samples but not between chlamydial IgA titres and the total secretory IgA content. No agreement was observed between the specific IgA antibodies in milk and corresponding serum samples. It is suggested that chlamydial-specific IgA in milk is induced by genital infections. PMID- 7080837 TI - In vitro studies on the tumour cytotoxicity of normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. AB - Peripheral macrophages (MO) from mice injected with proteose-peptone (P), thioglycollate (T) medium or BCG and from mice undergoing a graft versus host (GVH) reaction were tested for their cytotoxicity towards three murine tumour cell lines. The ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lymphokines to increase cytotoxicity was also studied. TMO were only slightly cytotoxic and this cytotoxicity was not enhanced by LPS and lymphokines. PMO showed the same degree of cytotoxicity as TMO, but this could be enhanced by LPS and lymphokines. Resident macrophages (RMO) sometimes resembled TMO and sometimes PMO. BCGMO were highly cytotoxic and could not be further activated by LPS and lymphokines. GVHMO were moderately cytotoxic but could not be further activated by LPS and lymphokines in contrast to the MO from hybrid controls. PMID- 7080838 TI - Technical aspects of rosette tests for the demonstration of lymphocyte subpopulations. AB - Lymphocytes from heparinized or defibrinated blood were separated on Lymphoprep and washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). Defibrination caused a decreased yield of lymphocytes compared to heparin treatment. The cell loss was probably non-selective, as only minor differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were found. However, lymphocytes from defibrinated blood, washed in PBS gave a lower percentage of rosette-forming cells (RFC) in most tests, and higher number of latex-phagocytizing cells. For the stabilization of sheep erythrocyte (E)-RFC, treatment of E with 2-amino-ethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), with addition of fetal calf serum (FCS), and E-RFC without FCS fixed with glutaraldehyde gave similar results, and higher percentages of RFC than the RFC test performed with FCS. Storage of whole blood or separated lymphocytes for 24 h at 4 degrees C generally resulted in a reduction in the percentages of E-RFC, particularly active E-RFC, but not of EA- or EAC-RFC. The ranges of the results were usually wider after storage. PMID- 7080839 TI - Dissociation between tumour cell cytostatic and immuno-suppressive capacity of human monocytes activated with lymphokines. AB - Activation of monocytes with lymphokines from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes increased the capacity to inhibit DNA-synthesis in a tumour cell line (NHIK 3025) at all stages of monocyte maturation in vitro. However, the capacity of monocytes to suppress DNA-synthesis in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was reduced, indicating a dissociation of the immuno-suppressive and tumour cell cytostatic functions of lymphokine-activated monocytes. Supernatants of lymphokine-activated monocytes inhibited DNA synthesis in the tumour cell line, but not in MLC. Monocytes from donors with a strong tuberculin reaction produced supernatants with a stronger cytostatic activity than monocytes from donors with a weak tuberculin reaction. By in vitro maturation, even the later monocytes acquired ability to produce supernatants that were strongly inhibitory to tumour cells. PMID- 7080840 TI - Additional correlations of chemical structure and immunological specificity among cross-reactions of pneumococci and Klebsiella. PMID- 7080841 TI - [Stereochemical studies. 45. Saturated heterocycles. 23. Synthesis and conformation of potential drugs having the condensed 1,3-oxazine-4-one structure]. PMID- 7080842 TI - [Kinetics of the hydrolysis of doxycycline in solution (II)]. PMID- 7080843 TI - [Photochemical interaction in the naphazoline-iodine charge-transfer complex]. PMID- 7080844 TI - [Stability of a new effective virostatic, 5-iodo-2'-deoxy-uridine. 2. Effect of ionic strength and dielectric constant of the solvent of the process of solvolysis]. PMID- 7080845 TI - [Disintegration of vaginal tablets used in Hungary and critical evaluation of control methods. Proposal for the application of a new control method]. PMID- 7080846 TI - Half-way services in the rehabilitation of chronic mental patients. A residential programme. AB - The importance of adequate community facilities in the rehabilitation of chronic mental patients is stressed. In view of the common reluctance of relatives to accept this type of patient back home again, a residential programme was designed to obviate this problem. The rehabilitation unit described, achieved reintegration into the community of 36.1% of the patients through the use of hotels and sheltered accommodation. In all, 58.4% of the patients were discharged. Finally, mention is made of the advantage of the system, especially its economy, availability, and helpful collaboration of landladies. PMID- 7080848 TI - Genetic models of schizophrenia. AB - Multiple threshold models of inheritance are applied to a large sample of Franz Kallmann's (1938) pedigree data on schizophrenia. Paranoid and nonparanoid subtypes are represented in the models at different thresholds on a continuum of genetic-environmental liability. Single major locus and multifactorial-polygenic inheritance are ruled out as modes of transmission. These findings suggest that the paranoid-non-paranoid dichotomy cannot be used as a genetic threshold determinant in the population studied. PMID- 7080847 TI - Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: morbidity risk and genetic transmission. AB - Data on schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders were gathered on first-degree relatives of schizoaffective probands and matched controls (bipolars, unipolars and schizophrenics). The familial pattern of affective and schizophrenic subtypes of schizoaffective disorder resembled the familial pattern of affective and schizophrenic probands, respectively. The overall risk for the spectrum of schizoaffective and affective disorders was higher among relatives of schizoaffective-manic as compared to relatives of schizoaffective-depressive probands, although the difference fell short of significance. When tested for consistency with multiple threshold hypotheses of genetic transmission, schizoaffective illness did not qualify as either a more extreme form of affective illness nor as a disorder that occupies an intermediate position between bipolar and unipolar disorders or is genetically milder than affective disorder. The implications of diagnostic subtyping for genetic research in the major psychoses were discussed. PMID- 7080849 TI - Depressive equivalents: a clarification using the Rorschach test. AB - The authors present a study on 20 patients of uncertain diagnostic placement admitted to a neurological department. The patients are characterized by an atypical clinical neurological symptomatology and the absence of organic pathology. Through psychiatric examination and the Rorschach tests, which show some characteristics and constant aspects, the authors arrive at the diagnosis of depressive equivalents. It is emphasized that the Rorschach test offers a useful contribution to the often difficult diagnosis of these clinical pictures. PMID- 7080850 TI - Early life experiences and psychiatric disorders: an adoptee study. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is any correlation between negative experiences in early infancy and the later occurrence of psychiatric disorders. The subjects in this study were a cohort of 2,215 adoptees born 1930 1949. Information about the probands' early experiences has been obtained from the files of the Child Welfare Office, which include age at time of placement in the adoptive home and type of care before placement. 136 of the probands had been treated in a psychiatric department or mental hospital. From the case records a uniform classification of diagnoses was made. The analyses have been carried out in two steps; first as repeated univariate analyses and secondly as series of discriminant function analyses. Reactive neurotic depression was significantly correlated with placement at the age of 6-12 months, but with this sole exception there was no support for the hypothesis of a correlation between psychiatric disorders and early experiences. PMID- 7080851 TI - Tolerance and serum levels of haloperidol during parenteral and oral haloperidol treatment in geriatric patients. AB - Eleven geriatric chronic psychotic hospital patients were treated with monthly intramuscular haloperidol decanoate injections for 5 months. The first and second haloperidol decanoate dose was 20 times and thereafter 15 times the "optimal" oral haloperidol dose. The serum haloperidol concentrations were fairly stable during the whole month following parenteral administration. After the second and third injection the concentration was about twice as high as during oral treatment. No clinically significant changes were established in routine haematological or biochemical laboratory tests studied during the trial. No significant changes in serum prolactin levels were observed after parenteral haloperidol compared to the levels during oral treatment. No local or systemic side effects were observed during the trial. The psychiatric status of the patients was fairly constant during the whole study. Haloperidol decanoate was thus shown to be therapeutically effective and it can be administered safely to geriatric patients. PMID- 7080852 TI - Clinical experience with the objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. AB - The objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography previously described has been further developed. A rapid micro-computerized automatic measuring device has been constructed and the method used in screening of neurologic patients. The previously chosen classification boundaries between normal and pathologic isotope distributions were not entirely satisfactory for clinical screening of patients with neurologic symptoms. By use of new classification boundaries, 87 per cent of patients with brain tumours could be separated from patients with neurologic symptoms but without gross brain lesions and from neurologically healthy subjects. PMID- 7080853 TI - Computed tomography, ultrasound and lymphography in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma. AB - Lymphographic findings were compared with the results at histopathology in 42 laparotomized patients with malignant lymphoma. Of 12 patients with lymphographically suggested lesions in normal-sized lymph nodes, only one had pathologic changes at histologic examination. Computed tomography gave a better idea of the extent of the disease than lymphography. Moreover, CT had an equal diagnostic accuracy as lymphography for demonstrating enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes. CT should therefore be able to replace lymphography in examination of malignant lymphoma. Ultrasound had the same diagnostic accuracy as CT regarding the upper and middle abdomen but not in the lower abdomen. Ultrasound is of special value in thin patients and when guided needle biopsy is required. PMID- 7080854 TI - Normal and obstructed main bile duct evaluated by a modified ultrasound technique. AB - A modified ultrasound technique for demonstration of the extrahepatic bile duct was used in 75 patients and 135 normal subjects. The right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, and on occasion a part of a dilated cystic duct could be demonstrated with a rate of success of 100 per cent in patients and 98.5 per cent in normal subjects. Usually, the biliary tract can be demonstrated only in part in the conventional supine position, while the modified technique often improved the demonstration of the entire duct and in some cases of a main bile duct that cannot be evaluated in the conventional supine position. PMID- 7080855 TI - Computed tomography in staging of bladder carcinoma. AB - The value of computed tomography in staging of bladder carcinoma was evaluated by comparison with clinical and histopathologic stage according to the TNM system. The CT results seem to indicate a possibility to distinguish between superficially and deeply invasive tumours. PMID- 7080856 TI - Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis: early diagnosis with computed tomography. AB - Increased medullary CT attenuation values were invariably recorded in affected regions in 7 patients with osteomyelitis. The results indicate that it is possible to detect bone marrow involvement of osteomyelitis by CT before the appearance of bony changes on routine roentgen films. PMID- 7080857 TI - Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography: V. Object morphology; inner structures. AB - A theoretic analysis of the distortion and displacement of the inner structures of three-dimensional objects in panoramic films has been performed. Mathematical calculations were carried out of the distortion of model structures simulating structural details in an object. Although the model structures are affected by the distortion effects inherent in rotational panoramic radiography, the panoramic film still gives a recognizable image of the inner structure of an object. PMID- 7080858 TI - Multidirectional tomography and high resolution CT in lesions of the paranasal sinuses and the pharyngeal cavity. AB - In 18 cases of neoplasm and 18 of inflammatory lesion of the paranasal sinuses and the pharyngeal cavity the results of high resolution CT (HRCT) were compared with multidirectional tomography. In one third of the cases HRCT gave more information than tomography. The value of HRCT lay in the demonstration of thin bony structures and in the differentiation between decalcification and destruction. Soft tissue involvement of the infratemporal fossa and the pharyngeal cavity is demonstrable at an earlier stage by CT or HRCT than with tomography; the same applies to small lesions in the paranasal sinuses and in the nasal cavity. Lesions in the sphenoid and frontal bones need additional evaluation by a lateral tomography. A.p. tomography becomes necessary if frontal HRCT scans are insufficient. PMID- 7080859 TI - Changes in the rheologic properties of blood as induced by sodium/meglumine ioxaglate compared with sodium/meglumine diatrizoate and metrizamide. AB - The influence of the new angiographic contrast medium sodium/meglumine ioxaglate on the rheologic properties of blood in vitro was assessed by measurements of blood viscosity and by observation of red cell shape and aggregation. Compared with iodine-similar concentrations of sodium/meglumine diatrizoate and metrizamide, exposition of blood to the new compound was associated with a lower impairment of blood viscosity, rouleaux formation of red cells and with only minor alterations of red cell shape. These favourable results are due to the low hyperosmolality and to absence of direct influence on the red cell membrane of sodium/meglumine ioxaglate. PMID- 7080860 TI - Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by radionuclide angiocardiography, echocardiography and contrast angiocardiography. AB - The left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) obtained by first pass radionuclide angiocardiography was compared with that determined by contrast angiocardiography in 49 patients. In 35 of the patients a comparison with the EF obtained by M-mode echocardiography was also made. The EF echo was determined in two ways, from the standard cube formula and the regression equation suggested by Teichholz for left ventricular volume calculations. The latter formula gave an average EF closer to the average EF obtained by isotope technique and cineangiography and was therefore used in the comparison study. Measurements of EF by isotope technique and echocardiography correlated well (r = 0.78). The correlation between these two noninvasive methods for EF determination and their cineangiographic counterpart was almost identical (r = 0.72--0.74). PMID- 7080861 TI - 48-lead electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of non-acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7080862 TI - Vectorcardiography in the diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction. AB - Fifty-three consecutive patients, mean age 63 years, undergoing either peripheral vascular reconstructive surgery (n = 40) or lobectomy for bronchial carcinoma (n = 13) were examined pre- and postoperatively with conventional electrocardiogram (ECG), vectorcardiogram (VCG) and estimation of serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total lactic dehydrogenase and the heat-stable fraction of lactic dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of per/postoperative myocardial infarction (MI). Six patients (11%) developed signs of acute MI. In 2 patients whose ECG showed only unspecific changes, the VCG was decisive for the diagnosis. The serum enzyme values alone were of limited value in the diagnosis of per/postoperative MI. PMID- 7080864 TI - In vitro colony studies in 87 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Prognostic value of colony-stimulating activity and colony-forming cells. AB - Colony-forming cells (CFU-C) in peripheral blood and bone marrow and colony stimulating activity (CSA) in mononuclear peripheral white blood cells were studied at diagnosis in 87 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Absence of CFU-C in peripheral blood was more frequent in patients who did not enter remission than in those who did, and survival was significantly shorter in CFU-C-negative than in CFU-C-positive patients. No correlation was found between CFU-C in the bone marrow and frequency of remission or survival time. Absence of CSA was significantly more frequent in patients who did not enter remission than in those who did. Only 4 of 28 patients who lacked CSA entered remission. Survival was significantly longer in CSA-positive than in CSA-negative patients. Thus, CSA synthesis in peripheral mononuclear blood cells appears to be a valuable prognostic factor in ANLL. PMID- 7080863 TI - Energy-rich phosphagens, electrolytes and free amino acids in leg skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. AB - Intramuscular (m. quadriceps) contents of electrolytes, free amino acids and energy-rich phosphagens were determined in 12 patients (51--81 years of age) with moderate chronic obstructive lung disease. At the time of the study the patients were in their habitual condition. After an overnight rest, 8 patients showed hypoxia and five of these also hypercapnia. Compared to apparently healthy controls of similar age and studied under identical conditions, the patients had increased intramuscular concentrations of sodium, chloride and extracellular water, whereas magnesium was slightly reduced. ATP and phosphocreatine, as well as the ATP/ADP and phosphocreatine/total creatine ratios, were reduced. The ATP/ADP ratio correlated significantly to intracellular magnesium. Plasma amino acids were essentially similar in controls and patients but the intramuscular contents of essential amino acids and of the three branched-chain amino acids were slightly enhanced in the patients. PMID- 7080865 TI - Melphalan-related leukemia in multiple myeloma. AB - Five patients with multiple myeloma ending in acute leukemia are described. The preleukemic phase was characterized by anemia, leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia. The incidence of acute leukemia in myeloma was calculated to be 6%. Melphalan therapy for more than two years increased the incidence to 14%. All patients who developed leukemia had received a total melphalan dose of at least 1 100 mg. PMID- 7080866 TI - Urine microscopy as screening method for bacteriuria. AB - Fresh urine samples from 90 ambulatory patients with urological disorders were examined for leucocytes by counting the number of WBC/mm3 and per high power field (HPF) in sediment. Bacteria could be cultured in 20 samples, 18 of which contained greater than 8 WBC/mm3. Two (3%) of the 63 samples with less than or equal to 8 WBC/mm3 contained bacteria. Bacteriuria was found in two (3%) of 65 samples containing 0--1 WBC/HPF. Microscopic examination of the sediment might be used for the screening of patients with a high frequency and urgency of micturition for bacteriuria. A normal number of urinary leucocytes (less than or equal to 8/mm3) indicates that no bacteria will be found in culture. Leucocyturia indicates a high probability of bacteriuria. PMID- 7080867 TI - Left-sided pleural effusion secondary to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - A young woman with diabetes mellitus and subsequent renal insufficiency developed a massive left-sided pleural effusion secondary to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). There was no increase in weight, and she was free from oedema and fever. Thoracocentesis yielded a clear, yellow fluid with isolated leucocytes and mesothels, but no atypical cells. A cannulogram via a Tenckhoff catheter showed a satisfactory catheter function and position. CAPD, even when properly performed with correct catheter position, may result in massive pleural effusion. PMID- 7080868 TI - Adult respiratory distress syndrome and diabetes. AB - Non-cardiac pulmonary edema in a woman with long-lasting diabetes resulted in a distressing pulmonary fibrosis. It is suggested that pulmonary edema of non cardiac origin might be more common in diabetes because of increased capillary permeability in this disease. Early recognition is important, and steroid treatment should be instituted to prevent development of pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 7080869 TI - Diagnostic imaging of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver developing during nitrofurantoin therapy. AB - An asymptomatic palpable liver tumor developed in a six-year-old girl seven months after commencement of prophylactic nitrofurantoin therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections. The tumor was examined by 99mTc colloid radionuclide scan, compound ultrasonography and angiography. Ultrasonography demonstrated a large, solid tumor (5 x 5 x 8 cm) in the right lobe of the liver which had an echogenic central core surrounded by an area giving low-amplitude echoes. Angiography disclosed that the tumor was well demarcated and hypervascular, containing large tortuous arteries. The uptake of radionuclide in the tumor was normal. The tumor was resected and the pathological findings were typical for focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver. The combination of the findings of these three diagnostic imaging methods is probably specific for uncomplicated FNH, a benign and innocuous tumor of the liver. PMID- 7080870 TI - Myocarditis and methyldopa. PMID- 7080871 TI - [Gas in urologic pathology]. PMID- 7080872 TI - [Dopaminergic cystoreceptors. Spontaneous bladder behavior]. PMID- 7080873 TI - [Treatment of priapism by transbalanic caverno-spongiosal shunt]. PMID- 7080874 TI - [Seminography in the study of the sterile male]. PMID- 7080875 TI - [Embolization of renal tumors]. PMID- 7080876 TI - [Hematuria in kidney trauma]. PMID- 7080877 TI - [Giant arteriovenous fistula of the kidney. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 7080878 TI - [Serious hematuria in arteriovenous fistula following a renal biopsy]. PMID- 7080879 TI - [Leydig cell tumor: a personal observation and review of the literature]. PMID- 7080880 TI - [Arteriovenous shunts of the upper limb for hemodialysis treatment of the end stage renal disease patient]. PMID- 7080881 TI - A balanced placebo investigation of the effects of alcohol vs. alcohol expectancy on simulated driving behavior. AB - The present investigation employed a balanced placebo design to examine the effects of alcohol versus the belief that one has consumed alcohol, i.e. alcohol expectancy, on error production while operating a driving simulator. The male subjects employed were social drinkers, having no history of alcohol abuse. The alcoholic beverage consisted of vodka and tonic in the ratio of 1:5, resulting in a mean blood alcohol level of .064%. The placebo beverage consisted of water and tonic, also in the ration 1:5. Principal findings were that alcohol ingestion had a debilitating effect on certain measures of driving behavior (operation of brakes, steering), whereas the belief that one had consumed alcohol had no discernable effects. The results are discussed in relation to other findings using the balanced placebo design. It was concluded that reckless driving under the influence of alcohol, is at least partly a result of the pharmological effects of ethanol. PMID- 7080882 TI - Comparison of two techniques to obtain retrospective reports of drinking behavior from alcohol abusers. AB - Two different interview techniques, used to obtain retrospective reports of daily drinking behavior from alcohol abusers, were empirically evaluated for degree of consistency. Fifteen male alcohol abusers receiving outpatient treatment for alcohol problems participated in two different studies: an alcohol treatment outcome study conducted by the Rand Corporation, and an evaluation of the reliability and validity of a time-line follow-back interview technique. The degree of consistency of self-reports of certain demographic information as well as drinking and related behaviors occurring 30 days pretreatment was evaluated Correlational and scatterplot analyses showed a moderate to high degree of agreement between the two data sources, leading confidence to the information obtained from each of the interview methods. Limits on the generalizability of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7080883 TI - An examination of the relevance of the individual differences (A-trait) formulation of the tension-reduction theory to the etiology of alcohol abuse in young males. AB - An 11-item factor labeled Emotional Tension was recently located within a pool of 24 items which had been found to differentiate both adult male alcoholics and nonsubstance-abusing adult male psychiatric outpatients from putatively normal male adults and college students in a highly significant fashion. The item-unit weighted scores on this factor of the following five male samples were compared: young alcohol offenders, adult outpatient alcoholics young and adult nonsubstance abusing psychiatric outpatients, and an unselected run of college students. While the scores of the young nonsubstance-abusing psychiatric outpatients were found to be indistinguishable from those of both adult patient groups, the scores of the young alcohol offenders were indistinguishable from those of college students. Scores on a similarly located, 11-item factor of Depression yielded identical results. PMID- 7080884 TI - The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. AB - The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Two questionnaires were developed. A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations (e.g., eating large amounts of food) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode (e.g., guilt, fear of being unable to stop eating). An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating: the tendency to set unrealistic standards for a diet (e.g., eliminating "favorite foods") and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet. The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no, moderate or severe binge eating problems. Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet. The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating. PMID- 7080885 TI - Self-administered programs for health behavior change: smoking cessation and weight reduction by mail. AB - Forty smokers and 47 overweight individuals were recruited for a home correspondence program for either smoking cessation or weight loss. Participants were assigned to one of four programs for changing their respective health behaviors: (1) a home correspondence program conducted entirely by mail, (2) the mail program with supplemental financial contigency contracts tied to completion of written homework, (3) the correspondence programs supplemented both by homework contracts and by regular calls to a telephone answering system, and (4) a standard behavioral group program which acted as a comparison condition. Results showed that all three correspondence approaches produced significant changes in health behaviors equal to the changes experienced by participants in the standard group program. The implication of these findings for development of low cost programs for disease prevention are discussed. PMID- 7080886 TI - Pleasures and pounds: an exploratory study. AB - This study investigated the hypothesis that overweight college students and normal weight "restrained" students, particularly those susceptible to stress related overeating and binge episodes, have a restricted range of pleasurable activities available for positive reinforcement of behaviors other than eating. The major finding was that overweight students in a behavioral weight control program reported less enjoyment of pleasant activities than did normal weight classroom control subjects. The relationship of the amount and variety of pleasurable activities to subsequent body weight fluctuations, however, was ambiguous. PMID- 7080887 TI - Smoking cessation with adolescents: a comparison of recruitment strategies. AB - This study compared two methods for recruiting high school students into a voluntary smoking cessation program. A person-to-person approach was compared to an approach that resembled normal school publicity procedure. Active personal recruitment produced 31 volunteers, while the normal procedures produced only one. Subsequent application of the active approach at sites where only static procedures had been used produced an additional 21 volunteers. Results suggest that active person-to-person recruitment may be an important component of a smoking cessation effort with high school students. PMID- 7080888 TI - Naturalistic observation of the snack-selecting behavior of obese and nonobese children. AB - No previous study has examined the snack-selecting behavior of children although information from such a study may be useful in preventing and treating obesity or in determining its etiology. To provide data on this behavior, male (n=190) and female (n=166) children were unobtrusively observed purchasing snacks in either of two movie theaters. The amount of soft drinks and snack foods that were selected was recorded, and the corresponding caloric values were determined. Ratings were also made for obesity and sex. No differences for obesity or sex emerged on the measure of amount of calories selected. The implications of these results for the treatment of obesity are discussed. PMID- 7080889 TI - Inexpensive methods for recruiting subjects to smoking cessation programs. AB - Researchers in the area of smoking cessation have often been plagued with difficulties in securing adequate subject samples. The present investigation assessed the effectiveness of specific publicity techniques (e.g., standard news releases, taped public service announcements, posters, letters to employers) in recruiting subjects. Studies were conducted in a metropolitan area of approximately 250,000 residents and in a university community of approximately 40,000 residents. Results were extremely encouraging, with the greatest impact apparently resulting from new releases, letters to employers, and word of mouth. PMID- 7080890 TI - Physiological predisposition toward becoming a cigarette smoker: experimental evidence for a sex difference. AB - In two experiments, nonsmoking females whose urine was acidified were more willing after smoking one cigarette to volunteer to smoke additional cigarettes than were females whose urine was made alkaline. Males did not exhibit this effect. The results indicate that physiological factors that influence nicotine intake during the early smoking experiences of nonsmokers help determine who becomes a cigarette smoker, at least for females. These results may help us interpret recent increases in smoking among teenage females. PMID- 7080891 TI - Social influences on alcohol consumption by black and white males. AB - Thirty-two black and 32 white male normal drinkers participated in a beer taste test either simultaneously (co-action condition) with a heavy drinking black or white experimental accomplice or while the accomplice completed an art rating task (control observer condition). Subjects in the co-action condition drank significantly more beer (p less than .001) than subjects in the control observer condition, regardless of their race or the race of the accomplice. Subjects' post experimental questionnaire answers indicated they did not perceive themselves to be in competition with the accomplice. The mechanism underlying the robust co action facilitation effect on drinking, now demonstrated in several studies and extended to black males in the present study, remains unexplained. PMID- 7080892 TI - Smoking reduction: a comparison of the effectiveness of rapid smoking and increasing delay training. AB - The relative effectiveness of two treatment procedures in facilitating self control of smoking behavior was compared. One week before treatment, subjects self-monitored number of cigarettes smoked. On the days of treatment, subjects were given pre- and postsession self-control tests; subjects were given a lit cigarette and were asked to withstand the temptation of taking a puff during an imposed delay period. After five days of two-hour sessions in which subjects' smoking was paced wtih either increasing delays or rapid smoking, subjects again were asked to self-monitor their smoking for one week. Increasing delay induced better self-control scores than did rapid smoking. Both groups were not significantly different in number of cigarettes smoked. PMID- 7080893 TI - Aging, alcoholism, anxiety, and sensation seeking: an exploratory investigation. AB - Aging alcoholic (n = 36) and aging nonalcoholic (n = 35) male veterans were compared on biographic/demographic variables and psychological characteristics. Results indicated that aging alcoholics and nonalcoholics were married at approximately the same ages, married roughly the same number of times, and produced similar numbers of offspring, but aging alcoholics were better educated and had fewer persons economically dependent on them. They had higher scores than aging nonalcoholics on objective measures of state anxiety, trait anxiety, overall fears, tissue damage fears, social-interpersonal fears, miscellaneous fears, and failure/loss of self-esteem fears. Aging alcoholics also had higher scores on the sensation-seeking variable of boredom susceptibility and disinhibition, suggesting the existence of a relationship between need for sensory stimulation and maladaptive drinking among aging alcoholics. PMID- 7080894 TI - Typical and atypical antidepressants. Molecular mechanisms. PMID- 7080895 TI - Antidepressants and dopamine autoreceptors: implications for both a novel means of treating depression and understanding bipolar illness. PMID- 7080896 TI - Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of typical and atypical antidepressants on the H2-histamine receptor complex. PMID- 7080897 TI - Biochemical effects of nomifensine on catecholaminergic systems: in vivo studies. PMID- 7080898 TI - An in vivo useful tool to evaluate the activity of serotonin uptake inhibitors: prevention by chlorimipramine of the prolactin releasing action of d fenfluramine. PMID- 7080899 TI - Selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in cats by typical and atypical antidepressants. PMID- 7080900 TI - Serotoninergic innervation and glucocorticoid binding in the hippocampus: relevance to depression. PMID- 7080901 TI - Pituitary endorphin levels increase after sulpiride treatment. PMID- 7080902 TI - Effects of subchronic antidepressant drug treatment on central serotonergic mechanisms in the male rat. AB - These studies have examined the effects of a 2 week oral treatment with zimelidine, desipramine and imipramine in clinically relevant doses on 5-HT-1 and 5-HT-2 receptors, on 5-HT synthesis, on 5-HT dependent behaviours and on prolactin secretion in the male rat. 1. Zimelidine, desipramine and imipramine produced the same type of changes in 5-HT-1 and 5-HT-2 binding sites of the cerebral cortex. 2. A marked and selective reduction of 5-HT synthesis could be observed following long-term zimelidine treatment. 3. Long-term zimelidine and desipramine treatment reduced head twitch behaviour in mice induced by 5-HTP and 5-MeODMT. 4. Long-term treatment with zimelidine produced a reduction of basal prolactin secretion. These results suggest that long-term treatment with zimelidine desipramine and imipramine may reduce 5-HT neurotransmission at least in some 5-HT synapses in the brain which may represent part of the basis for their therapeutic activity. The indication of large numbers of low affinity binding sites (10-40 nM) for 3H-5-HT sites may lead to less steep dose effect curves and to a staprolactin secretion while long-term treatment with zimelidine results in significant reductions of prolactin secretion (11). These results support the view of the existence of a reduction of 5-HT neurotransmission at least within the hypothalamus following long-term treatment with zimelidine. Also other behavioural findings suggest that adaptive changes occur in 5-HT synapses involved in regulating the "serotonin syndrome" after long-term antidepressant treatment. Thus, the 5-HT syndrome is no longer enhanced by 5-HT uptake blocking agents. The ability of fluoxetine to enhance haloperidol-induced increases of dopamine metabolites in the striatum also disappears following chronic fluoxetine treatment (6,34). PMID- 7080903 TI - The use of high resolution carbon-13 NMR in the study of mucus. PMID- 7080904 TI - The neutral carbohydrate chains of gastric and duodenal mucosubstances. PMID- 7080905 TI - The composition of a macromolecular extract of combined human body and fundic mucosa. PMID- 7080906 TI - Differences in mucus glycoproteins of small intestine from subjects with and without cystic fibrosis. PMID- 7080907 TI - Gastric mucosubstances and benign gastric ulceration. PMID- 7080908 TI - Reduction by mercaptoethanol and proteolysis of the non-glycosylated peptide region of pig gastric mucus glycoprotein. PMID- 7080909 TI - Composition and structure of rat Brunner's glands and gastric mucous glycoprotein. PMID- 7080910 TI - Effect of lysolecithin on the constituents of gastric mucus. PMID- 7080912 TI - Ultracentrifugation of salivary mucins. PMID- 7080911 TI - Synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins by isolated rat small intestinal epithelial cells. PMID- 7080913 TI - Studies of the pH gradient across the mucus on rat gastric mucosa in vivo and across mucus on human gastric mucosa in vitro. PMID- 7080914 TI - Ultrastructural alterations in the colonic mucus layer during carcinogenesis : a scanning electron microscopy study. PMID- 7080915 TI - Gallbladder mucin glycoprotein hypersecretion in experimental cholelithiasis: role of mucin gel in nucleation of cholesterol gallstones. PMID- 7080916 TI - Histochemical changes in mucus in duodenal ulceration. PMID- 7080917 TI - Protection against nematodes by intestinal mucus. PMID- 7080918 TI - The intestinal mucus barrier to parasites and bacteria. PMID- 7080919 TI - Control of human cervical mucin glycosylation by endogenous fucosyl and sialyltransferases. PMID- 7080920 TI - Cyclic changes in glycoprotein synthesis and secretion by the human endocervix. PMID- 7080922 TI - Isolation and purification of the mucin component of human cervical mucus. PMID- 7080921 TI - Carbohydrate chains of human pre- and postovulatory cervical mucous glycoprotein. PMID- 7080923 TI - Speed-dependent sedimentation-velocity of human cervical mucins in the analytical ultracentrifuge. PMID- 7080924 TI - Histochemical alterations in the uterine endocervical mucosa in different phases of the normal menstrual cycle and in the altered cycle. PMID- 7080926 TI - A scanning electron microscopic study of human cervical mucus. PMID- 7080925 TI - A preliminary report on the intracervical contraceptive device - its effect on cervical mucus. PMID- 7080927 TI - A freezing artefact associated with the preparation of mucin for examination using the scanning electron microscope. PMID- 7080928 TI - Spermatozoal velocity in human cervical mucus measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. PMID- 7080929 TI - Characteristics of human bronchial mucus glycoproteins prepared in the absence of reducing agents. PMID- 7080930 TI - Isolation and characterisation of neutral oligosaccharides from human bronchial glycoproteins. PMID- 7080931 TI - Macromolecular composition of secretions produced by human bronchial explants. PMID- 7080932 TI - Characterisation of sol and gel phases of infected and mucoid sputum samples from a chronic bronchitic patient. PMID- 7080933 TI - The effects of low molecular weight mucus modifying substances on the appearance of mucin gels in the scanning electron microscope. PMID- 7080934 TI - Chemical composition of pathological human tracheobronchial mucus collected by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 7080935 TI - Spinnability and transport properties of sputum in chronic bronchitis. PMID- 7080936 TI - The role of mucociliary transport in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 7080937 TI - Regional variations of mucus clearance in normal and in bronchitic mammalian airways. PMID- 7080938 TI - The development of an in vivo model for the evaluation of drugs affecting tracheal mucus. PMID- 7080939 TI - Effect of S-carboxymethylcysteine on the biophysical and biochemical properties of mucus in chronic bronchitics. PMID- 7080940 TI - Stimulation of nasal mucus secretion in the rabbit. PMID- 7080941 TI - Trisaccharides from blood group A1 and A2 mucous glycoproteins. PMID- 7080942 TI - Modification of the rheological properties of mucus by drugs. PMID- 7080943 TI - A rheological study of mucus -- antibiotic interactions. PMID- 7080944 TI - Biopolymer induced changes in mucus viscoelasticity. PMID- 7080945 TI - Evaluation of mucolytic activity using a purified mucus glycoprotein gel. PMID- 7080946 TI - Rheological studies on native pig gastric mucus gel. PMID- 7080947 TI - Concentration effect relationships of infused histamine in normal volunteers. AB - Histamine was infused in six normal volunteers at rates of 16, 32, 64 and 96 ng/kg/min increasing at 5-min intervals followed by 128 ng/kg/min for 45 min. Heart rate increased, diastolic blood pressure decreased and skin temperature increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Mean heart rate increased by 15.6 +/- 5.7 beats/min, mean diastolic pressure fell by 8.8 +/- e.2 mmHg and mean skin temperature increased by 1.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C at the highest infusion rate. Mean plasma histamine rose from a basal level of 0.20 +/- 0.03 ng/ml to 1.97 +/- 0.25 ng/ml at the end of the highest infusion rate. The threshold infusion rate for physiological effects was 64-96 ng/kg/min corresponding to 0.77-0.97 ng/ml. Salivary flow was stimulated by 21% after 30 min at the highest dose infusion (P = 0.05). Plasma adrenaline increased 132% but plasma noradrenaline was unchanged. There was a linear decline in heart rate after terminating the histamine infusion with a half time of 82 sec. The half life of infused histamine in the plasma was 102 sec. The clearance of histamine from the plasma was 6.1 %/- 0.2 l/min or 83 ml/kg/min. These concentration effect relationships in normals throw doubt on some of the high endogenous plasma histamine values in the literature. PMID- 7080948 TI - H1- and H2-receptors in the guinea-pig heart: an electrophysiological study. AB - The mechanical and electrophysiological effects of 2-pyridylethylamine (PEA) and 4-methylhistamine (4MeH) in different sections of guinea-pig heart were examined. 4MeH produced a dose-dependent increase in contractility in the right ventricle and the right atrium, and a decrease in functional refractory period (FRP) in all the sections studied; the action potential duration was decreased and the plateau phase was usually heightened in both atria and the ventricle. These effects were consistently antagonized by cimetidine. PEA-induced changes in contractility, FRP and the action potential profile were studied in the presence of cimetidine. Triprolidine antagonized PEA effects on FRP and the action potential profile only in the left atrium. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the functional role of both H1 and H2 receptors in the various guinea-pig heart sections. PMID- 7080950 TI - Histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the guinea-pig brain. PMID- 7080949 TI - Histamine and histamine-N-methyltransferase in the goat brain. AB - Histamine concentrations and histamine-N-methyltransferase (HMT) (EC 2.1.1.8) activities were assayed in the goat brain, since this animal has been used for the purpose of assessing the physiological role of histamine in the central nervous system. The highest histamine concentrations were found in the hypothalamus (616 +/- 88 ng/g), 'thalamus' (244 +/- 41), preoptic area (242 +/- 95) and 'area postrema' (170 +/- 52), and are three to tenfold higher than the average concentration in the whole brain (76 +/- 9). The pineal body and choroid plexus contained very high concentrations of histamine (5800 and 5400 ng/g, respectively) and the pituitary gland had about the same as the hypothalamus (564 +/- 248 ng/g). There was little variation in the HMT activity in various parts of the brain and in the glands. In the cerebrospinal fluid both histamine concentration and HMT activity were very low, some increase occurred post mortem, but not within 20 minutes of death. The results indicate that the distribution of histamine and that of HMT in the goat brain are fairly similar to those in other mammalian brains, supporting the assumption that histamine might have a physiological function in the brain, especially in the hypothalamus. PMID- 7080951 TI - Histamine receptors in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). AB - The motor response of histamine on the lower esophageal sphincter and the receptors involved were investigated on isolated preparations from rats, guinea pigs and humans. Histamine exerted a spasmogenic effect through excitation of H1 receptors. H1-receptor selective agonists in the rat but not in the guinea pig seem to act through release of prostaglandin-like substances. Apparently H2 receptors, whose stimulation causes relaxation of the sphincter, do not occur in the LES of rat and human whereas they are present in the guinea pig. H2-receptor antagonists exerted different and sometimes opposite effects and this suggests that their actions depend on the specific molecules and not on the H2-receptor blockade. The significance and the importance of the above findings are discussed. PMID- 7080952 TI - Analysis of the dose-response relationship of histamine and N tau methylhistamine. AB - The dose-response relationship of histamine (Hi) and N tau-methylhistamine (MeHi) was analysed in isolated ileum and the right auricle of the guinea pig, in isolated mouse stomach and in the blood flow through the submandibular gland of the cat. It was shown that the intrinsic activity of MeHi is slightly less than that of Hi. MeHi is equally active on either type of Hi receptor; the differences found in the isolated mouse stomach and in the blood flow through the salivary gland can be explained by non-equilibrium conditions. The dissociation constant of MeHi (3.5 X 10(-4) M) is nearly the same in the isolated ileum and the right auricle of the guinea pig and in isolated mouse stomach. PMID- 7080953 TI - Assay and identification of histamine in human gastric aspirate by a fluorometric -fluoroenzymatic technique. Its application in patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. AB - Histamine assays can be unreliable in individual subjects or samples even though the particular method is in general working very well. Therefore the specificity and accuracy of histamine determination in the gastric aspirate of individual duodenal ulcer patients was thoroughly examined and shown to be satisfactory. Pitfalls of the fluorometric assay were investigated. A native (non-histamine) fluorescence in gastric aspirate which occurs before the addition of OPT was not removed by the original Shore procedure. In the combined assay (Dowex 50 + butanol extraction) this fluorescence no longer interferes with the assay. For the identification of histamine in a single gastric aspirate of an individual duodenal ulcer patient, the reversed blank (3 M HCl added to the reaction mixture before OPT instead after OPT), excitation and fluorescence spectra, the heating test with spectra recorded and the HMT test were found to be reliable. The formaldehyde test and the heating test without recording the spectra were useless since they gave false negative results. Since the HMT test was regarded as a reference method it was thoroughly investigated both by theoretical considerations (enzyme kinetics) and by a series of measurements in a single patient as well as in a group of nine subjects. Samples from the period of peak acid output in response to pentagastrin showed an average histamine concentration of about 8 ng/ml and a histamine output of 1.5 microgram/30 min. PMID- 7080954 TI - Effect of His-Phe, a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, on gastric acid secretion in chronic gastric fistula rats: delay in acid secretion response to pentagastrin. AB - The dipeptide His-Phe, earlier shown to inhibit mammalian histidine decarboxylase, was analysed concerning its effect in vivo on pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion. Chronic gastric fistula rats were used and the effectors in saline were given as continuous i.v. infusions while acid was collected from the fistula. Addition of pentagastrin to the infusion solution resulted in an immediate increase in the acid output of the control runs. In the His-Phe experiments the dipeptide was introduced one hour before pentagastrin. A significant decrease in the acid output was obtained. This effect was optimal at a dose of about 6 mg/h and during the first few hours of the experiments. In spite of the continuous His-Phe infusion the acid secretion increased with time to the control values. These results are discussed in relation to preliminary observations on effects of alpha-fluoromethyl histidine on gastric acid secretion and the effect of this and His-Phe on gastric histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity. PMID- 7080956 TI - Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds on healing of chronic gastric ulcers in rats. AB - Pre-treatment with NOSAC led to an increase of ulcer index in a dose-dependent manner indicating the aggravation of gastric lesions under the influence of NOSAC. The severity of mucosal lesions was diminished by lengthening the time between the last day of pre-treatment with NOSAC and the day on which ulcers were induced. When NOSAC were administered after the induction of gastric ulcers, the healing of the latter was significantly delayed. PMID- 7080955 TI - Histamine and gastric acid secretion in rabbits: mechanism of inhibition. AB - Supramaximal doses of histamine inhibit gastric acid secretion in rabbits. Mepyramine partially blocks this action of histamine. Catecholamine concentrations in the gastric mucosa are not changed during infusion of histamine. It is concluded that in rabbits the inhibitory effect of histamine on acid secretion is not connected with a change in local catecholamine content. PMID- 7080957 TI - Centrifugal elutriation studies in mast cells from rats, guinea pigs and man. AB - Elutriation is a cell separation method based on countercurrent centrifugation. For mast cell purification it is superior to density gradient methods since no foreign protein or dense material has to be removed from the purified cells. The elutriation profiles of peritoneal rat mast cells differ considerably if the cells come from non-sensitized or actively sensitized donor animals and/or from different strains. This result is another indication of an altered morphological state of mast cells due to active immunization and is dependent on genetic factors. Cell aggregation proved to be the main obstacle to elutriation purification of guinea pig tissue mast cells. Human mast cells from adenoid tissues, however, could be brought to 70-90% purity, even if the elutriation profiles varied from donor to donor. PMID- 7080958 TI - Protein binding and clearance of oxaprozin, a highly bound anti-inflammatory agent. AB - Conventional dialysis cells were used in initial attempts to determine the binding characteristics of oxaprozin (4,5-diphenyl-2-oxazolepropionic acid, Wy 21,743). Equilibration required dialysis times up to 22 hours at 37 degrees C resulting in deterioration of plasma proteins, which in turn leads to highly variable binding values. In contrast, dialysis with Dianorm cells requires less than 4 hours to reach equilibrium. The configuration of the cell optimizes the contact between the solutes and the membrane and allows for a more efficient mixing and exchanging of the solute. The percentage of unbound drug was linearly related to total drug in human plasma samples to which oxaprozin in clinically relevant concentrations (55-405 micrograms/ml) had been added. Likewise, a linear relationship between total drug concentration and the percentage unbound was observed in specimens from a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Clearance of total oxaprozin from plasma correlated with the percentage unbound drug. Thus the higher clearance observed under steady-state conditions (where concentrations are higher than following single dose administration) was caused by a larger unbound fraction available to the elimination sites. PMID- 7080959 TI - Studies on the effect of fenbufen and sulindac on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats. AB - The effect of fenbufen and sulindac, two novel antiinflammatory agents, on the developing and established lesion of type II collagen arthritis was investigated. Using paw diameter and radiology as parameters, these studies suggest that fenbufen is more efficacious than sulindac in this model. PMID- 7080960 TI - Lipophilic copper(II) formulations: some correlations between their composition and anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic activity when applied to the skin of rats. AB - Copper complexes of phenols related to salicylic acid were prepared in DMSO and applied to the shaved dorsal skin of rats. The following activities were assayed: (i) suppression of the carrageenan or hydroxylapatite paw oedemas; (ii) reduction of chronic inflammation in established adjuvant arthritis; (iii) local skin toxicity. Cu(II) was an essential component. Some limited structure-activity correlations were made among alternative cupriphores. DMSO solutions of copper complexes were more potent than their solutions in ethanol. Glycerol was a beneficial additive. Reducing the acidity of some copper salicylate formulations also reduced their potency. Niflumic acid and phenylbutazone were effective non salicylate transcutaneous cupriphores. PMID- 7080961 TI - The influence of paracetamol on the erosive activity of indomethacin in the rat stomach. AB - Indomethacin induced erosions in the glandular part of the rat stomach in a dose dependent manner. Gastric erosions became apparent about 15 min after administration of indomethacin and the damage was maximal at about 4 h. The erosive activity of indomethacin administered subcutaneously was similar to that after oral administration, confirming the data of other authors. The erosive activity of subcutaneously applied aspirin, however, was far less than that of oral administered aspirin and it was not dose dependent. In a dose-dependent manner, paracetamol reduced the incidence of gastric erosions induced with indomethacin; this effect was independent of the route of administration of either drug. Paracetamol was also effective when given 0.5 or 1 h before indomethacin. Orally administered paracetamol also reduced the incidence of gastric erosions induced with aspirin but after subcutaneous administration, paracetamol had no protective effect. The differences between the erosive activities of indomethacin and aspirin are discussed with emphasis on the differentiating influence of paracetamol on the incidence of gastric erosions. Direct contact with the mucosa is apparently more important for the erosive activity of aspirin than for that of indomethacin. Possible mechanisms by which paracetamol exerts its protective activity are proposed. PMID- 7080962 TI - Effect of silybin on hepatic cell membranes after damage by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). AB - Young female NMRI mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of a PAH mixture containing 3 micrometers benzo(a)pyrene in a suspension of 0.5 ml tricapryline. 3 and 4 days later a number of the mice received injections of 100 mg/kg body weight of Silybin in the tail vein. Thin sections of the animals' livers were studied under the electron microscope using the freeze fracture technique. Following intraperitoneal injection of the PAH suspension, and without treatment with Silybin, marked dilatation of the intercellular space and frequent occurrence of intracytoplasmic vacuoles was observed in addition to pronounced alterations in the hepatocytic nuclei and mitochondria. Following the administration of Silybin these alterations were no longer observed, though 50% of the cell membranes exhibited a marked band-like proliferation of the tight junctions. This observation may be interpreted as supporting the postulated membrane-stabilizing effects of Silybin. PMID- 7080963 TI - Simultaneous fluorometric assay of histamine and histidine in biological fluid using an automated analyser. AB - A sensitive fluorometric method for the assay of histamine and histidine was developed. The method allows for the automated simultaneous assay of the release of these substances from tissue and blood cell preparations in immune and non immune reactions. The sensitivity for histamine and histidine were 0.5 ng and 10 ng per ml respectively. The assay procedure for histidine, however, was not as specific as that for histamine. PMID- 7080964 TI - Increased urinary methylimidazoleacetic acid (MelmAA) as an indicator of systemic mastocytosis. AB - The urinary excretion of histamine and its main metabolite, methylimidazoleacetic acid (MelmAA), was determined in 25 adult patients with the clinical diagnosis of urticaria pigmentosa (UP). Extensive clinical and laboratory investigation, including skin histology, bone marrow examination and scintigraphy of skeleton, liver and spleen, implied systemic manifestations in 16 cases. All patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM) excreted abnormal amounts of MelmAA (greater than 4.1 mg/24 h) and most of them 8.0 mg or more per day, while histamine excretion was increased in only nine (greater than 40 microgram/24 h). Thus, the urine content of MelmAA, but not histamine, could differentiate between UP and SM. Severe pruritus was found concomitant with increased urinary MelmAA and indicated systemic mastocytosis. PMID- 7080966 TI - [The early receptor potential in human eyes. III. Recovery of the ERP after bleaching in pigmentary retinal dystrophy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080965 TI - Intestinal monoamine oxidase: does it have a role in histamine catabolism? AB - The importance of intestinal diamine oxidase in histamine catabolism was proved in several series of experiments. However, intestinal monoamine oxidase might also be involved in histamine degradation either by direct deamination or by the deamination of methylated products. The soluble fraction of intestinal monoamine oxidase was purified and tested for the properties and substrate specificity by three different methods which are described in detail. Using 0.15 M phosphate buffer the optimum pH was 7.4--7.6. The Km values for serotonin and tyramine were 0.2 and 0.3 X 10(-3) M. The most favoured substrates of the enzyme were tyramine, tryptamine and serotonin, but it was not possible to classify the enzyme as a type A or B monoamine oxidase only by its substrate specificity. Histamine and ring methylated derivatives were not attacked by intestinal monoamine oxidase. This means that in the intestinal mucosa by the oxidative pathway of histamine is completely catalysed by diamine oxidase. PMID- 7080967 TI - [Results of long-term observations after trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080968 TI - [Studies on thermography in ophthalmology (Report III)--thermal recovery test for ophthalmic use(2) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080969 TI - [Standardization of evaluation of antibiotic ophthalmic solution and ointment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080970 TI - [The fine structure and innervation of intraocular muscles in sauropsids (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080971 TI - [The studies on saccadic reaction time. I. Methodology and normal subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080972 TI - [Analyses of pattern perception using supraliminal contrast transfer functions in patients with optic nerve disorders (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080973 TI - [Structure of vascular walls of human retina and choroid (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080974 TI - [Properties of minor glycoprotein fractions associated with calf lens. Major gamma crystallin fractions obtained from zinc glycinate extract (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080975 TI - [Studies on stereoacuity in normal subjects and anisometropic amblyopes by the stereo-threshold measured with the phase difference haploscope (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080976 TI - [Two cases of so-called Kirisawa-type uveitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080977 TI - [Scanning electron microscopic observation of the corneal epithelium in the rabbit with special reference to the surface ultrastructure of craters (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080978 TI - [Optic nerve and chiasmal lesions due to meningitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7080979 TI - Lipoproteins, triglycerides, cholesterol changes after prostatic carcinoma treatment. PMID- 7080980 TI - Mechanical failure of artificial urinary sphincter 721 post-trauma. Successful replacement with artificial urinary sphincter 792. PMID- 7080981 TI - Accessory duct of the urethra: report of a case. PMID- 7080982 TI - [Secondary left varicocele]. PMID- 7080983 TI - [Quantitative interpretation of iodo-hippurate renal scans: 193 examinations]. PMID- 7080984 TI - [Stauffer's syndrome: report of 2 cases]. PMID- 7080986 TI - [Urinary lithiasis in children: 54 cases]. PMID- 7080985 TI - [Comparative study of cinoxacin (Cinobac), nitrofurantoin (Furadantine MC) and oxolinic acid (Uritrate) in urinary tract infections. Results of a random study of three groups of 30 patients with uncomplicated urinary infections]. PMID- 7080987 TI - [Ureteral obstruction secondary to septic ovarian vein thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 7080988 TI - Ureteric obstruction secondary to "hour-glass" shaped bladder prolapse. PMID- 7080989 TI - [Treatment of uretero-vaginal fistula by percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteral stent]. PMID- 7080990 TI - [Bladder metastases from breast cancer: 2 cases]. PMID- 7080991 TI - [Vesico-vaginal fistulas of obstetrical origin: 417 cases]. PMID- 7080992 TI - The behaviour of immunoglobulins in children and adolescents hyposensitized for pollinosis and pollen asthma. AB - The levels of immunoglobulins E, G, A and M in pre- and post-hyposensitized sera were determined in 28 children and adolescents (aged from 5 to 19 years) with pollinosis and pollen asthma. "Pollinex" was used for hyposensitization. The treatment was begun before the pollen season, successively over 1 to 3 years. The following results were obtained IgE increased in 46.7% of the patients, IgG and IgA were normal in 75% and 85.7% respectively. IgG increased after hyposensitization, but the values remained within normal limits. IgM exceeded normal values in 53.6% of the patients before treatment. Following successive hyposensitization, a statistically significant increase in IgE and a statistically insignificant increase in IgG were observed. IgA values increased only slightly. PMID- 7080993 TI - Peculiarities of serotonin metabolism during allergic reactions. AB - Patients with mixed, infectious-allergic bronchial asthma and allergodermatoses showed suppression of serotonin metabolism. Allergic reactions in experimental animals were accompanied by changes in the activity of 5 hydroxytryptophandecarboxylase, mitochondrial and blood serum monoaminoxydase, and ceruloplasmin. These changes differed during primary and repeated anaphylactic shock. Quantitative changes in tissue serotonin varied with the activity of the enzymes taking part in its metabolism. During the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 7th days of the post-shock period, serotonin metabolism did not return to normal. PMID- 7080994 TI - Immunologic study of carcinoma of the digestive tract. Effects of the tumor stage. I. Cellular immunity in the preoperative period. AB - We studied the behavior of the cellular immune system in two types of carcinoma of frequent clinical occurrence: large bowel and gastric cancers. We contrasted both types of neoplasia with respect to the behavior of cellular immunity in the preoperative period, according to the evolutive stage of the tumor. Two hundred and nine subjects were studied: 86 with gastric adenocarcinoma, 63 with adenocarcinoma of colon-rectum and 60 healthy controls. Total lymphocytes were quantitated, as were B and T cell subpopulations, and T cell function by measuring the response to PHA. Summarizing the results, a clear depression in cellular immunity was observed in stage III of gastric cancer. In large bowel cancer the repression of cellular immunity is of lesser magnitude than in gastric cancer. PMID- 7080995 TI - Immunotherapy with bacterial ribosomal antigens in bronchial asthma. II. Immunological study. AB - A newly developed mode of vaccination with bacterial ribosomal antigens was evaluated in 83 patients with bacterial bronchial asthma. The response of the immune system to two years of immunotherapy was studied by serial determinations, every six months, of the following parameters: E; Ea and EAC rosettes; B-cell surface immunoglobulins; PHA-induced blast transformation, and IgG, IgA, IGM, IgD and IgE immunoglobulins. At basal conditions, patients showed a slight depression in the function of cell-mediated immunity, an increase in Ea rosette formation and decreased values of IgA. After vaccination with ribosomal antigens, an enhanced T-cell response to PHA was observed, followed by normal values of Ea rosettes and increased values of IgA. A statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was evident between Ea rosettes and IgA. Nearly half of the bacterial asthmatic patients in our series presented elevated levels of IgE (greater than 125 U/ml) that remained unchanged even after specific treatment. The immunomodulating action of bacterial ribosomal therapy is discussed. PMID- 7080996 TI - Ataxia telangiectasia in an atopic family. PMID- 7080997 TI - From the clinic: the role of corrective therapy in the Chemical Problem Treatment Unit (CPTU) at the Topeka V.A.M.C. PMID- 7080998 TI - Corrective therapy certification policies and procedures. PMID- 7080999 TI - Standards for accreditation. PMID- 7081000 TI - Oxygen uptake and ventilatory responses to various stride lengths in trained women. PMID- 7081001 TI - Solar-induced skin changes. PMID- 7081002 TI - Lyme disease. PMID- 7081004 TI - Colonic volvulus. PMID- 7081003 TI - Hepatorenal syndrome. PMID- 7081005 TI - Treating constipation. PMID- 7081006 TI - Screening procedures for temporomandibular joint dysfunction. PMID- 7081007 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 7081008 TI - When to suspect child abuse. PMID- 7081010 TI - Reformulated Pneumovax available. PMID- 7081009 TI - Antimicrobials in renal impairment. PMID- 7081011 TI - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. PMID- 7081012 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 7081013 TI - Comparative electrophysiologic effects of digoxin in the nonsedated chronically instrumented puppy. AB - The electrophysiologic effects of acute but not chronic administration of cardiac glycosides have been studied. Nineteen chronically instrumented beagle puppies underwent 2-week courses of parenteral digoxin in three dosage regimens: six received digoxin, 0.04 mg/kg/day; seven received 0.03 mg/kg/day; and 11 received 0.02 mg/kg/day. Mean serum concentrations were 3.2 ng/ml, 1.3 ng/ml, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. Significant electrophysiologic effects on sinus node function were produced only by the highest dose. Atrioventricular node conduction was significantly delayed among animals receiving both high and middle dosages. All three regimens significantly effected atrioventricular specialized conduction system functional refractory periods. Atropine decreased digoxin-induced effects on all measured parameters but totally eliminated the digoxin effect on the corrected sinus node recovery time. PMID- 7081014 TI - Noninvasive detection and localization of coronary stenoses in patients: comparison of resting dipyridamole and exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. AB - Two noninvasive tests to detect and localize coronary stenoses were compared in a fully blinded protocol. Thallium201 myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) following maximal treadmill exercise and pharmacologic coronary vasodilation with intravenous dipyridamole (DP) was performed in 33 patients. Thallium201 imaging defects in six myocardial perfusion regions were correlated with stenoses in their respective vascular distributions. Disease severity was determined with coronary arteriograms using a computer-assisted method. 198 myocardial regions were evaluated; 101 were supplied by at least one major artery with a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis (luminal diameter narrowing). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis were 85% and 64% (p less than 0.005), respectively, for DP and 84% and 68% (p less than 0.005) for exercise-thallium201 imaging. A particular combination of anterior and septal imaging defects was useful in detecting left anterior descending artery stenoses proximal to its first septal branch. DP administration was safe in this group of patients; however, 42% experienced transient chest pain. Although the overall sensitivity and specificity of the two methods were not significantly different, DP-MPI appeared more sensitive than exercise-MPI (70% vs 52%, p less than 0.01) in detecting coronary stenoses in the 40% to 60% range. DP-thallium201 MPI provides a useful alternative test for potential coronary disease patients unable to perform maximal exercise. PMID- 7081016 TI - Assessment of tricuspid regurgitation by directional analysis of right atrial systolic linear reflux echoes with contrast M-mode echocardiography. AB - Twenty-seven individuals were studied for diagnostic assessment of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) using directional analysis of echo contrast lines on M-mode echocardiograms (MME). Group I consisted of 12 patients with physical findings, as well as phonocardiogram and jugular venous pulse tracings, compatible with TR. Group II consisted of five normal volunteers and 10 control patients without any evidence of congestive heart failure or TR. Following peripheral venous injection of contrast material, all 12 patients in group I demonstrated linear reflux contrast echoes in the right atrium (RA) on MME consisting of multiple posteriorly directed echo lines throughout systole behind the tricuspid valve. In addition, linear reflux contrast echoes in the hepatic vein directed away from its entry into the inferior vena cava were noted in 8 of the 12 patients by a cursor-placed MME. The remaining 15 patients in group II showed none of the above findings on contrast echocardiography. These observations indicate that linear systolic reflux contrast echoes in the RA behind the tricuspid valve on MME may be a specific and sensitive sign of TR. PMID- 7081015 TI - Initial and delayed right ventricular thallium-201 rest-imaging following dipyridamole-induced coronary vasodilation: relationship to right coronary artery pathoanatomy. AB - The relationship of coronary anatomy to right ventricular (RV) appearance on serial thallium-201 myocardial imaging (TI) following dipyridamole (DP)-induced coronary vasodilation was examined in 71 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography for the evaluation of chest pain. Transient defects of the RV were found in 18 patients. All 18 had significant (greater than or equal to 50%) stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Nonvisualization of RV activity occurred in 13 patients. Six of these 13 (46%) had proximal RCA disease (p less than 0.05 compared to transient defects). Normal RV appearance was seen in 40 patients, of whom only six (15%) had proximal RCA disease (p less than 0.001 compared to transient defects). RV appearance was not affected by left anterior descending or left circumflex artery disease or by the thallium-201 uptake in the left ventricle. Thus with serial (initial and delayed) TI following DP (1) transient RV defect appears to indicate significant proximal RCA disease; (2) normal RV appearance suggests the absence of proximal RCA disease; and (3) however, nonvisualization of the RV appears to be nondiagnostic. PMID- 7081017 TI - Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of the intact human left ventricle: technique and initial observations in patients. PMID- 7081018 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. PMID- 7081019 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of sinus of Valsalva-right heart fistula due to infective endocarditis. PMID- 7081020 TI - Coronary calcium--a clue to angiographic underestimation of coronary luminal narrowing. PMID- 7081021 TI - Assessment of Fontan graft patency by radionuclide perfusion pulmonary scan in tricuspid atresia with previous Glenn shunt. PMID- 7081022 TI - Electrical-induced sustained myocardial depolarization as a possible cause for transient ST elevation post-DC elective cardioversion. PMID- 7081023 TI - Diastolic prolapse in the flail mitral valve syndrome: a new observation providing differentiation from the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. PMID- 7081024 TI - Feasibility of intravascular laser irradiation for in vivo visualization and therapy of cardiocirculatory diseases. PMID- 7081025 TI - Aortic dissection in Turner's syndrome. PMID- 7081026 TI - Primary VF during EEG in a psychiatric patient. PMID- 7081027 TI - Massive lidocaine overdose. PMID- 7081028 TI - M-mode echogram in differential diagnosis of VT vs SVT with aberration. PMID- 7081029 TI - Will persons on low-sodium diets become iodine deficient? PMID- 7081030 TI - Water hardness, myocardial metal concentrations, and sudden coronary death. PMID- 7081031 TI - Reduced stroke incidence in HDFP enhanced by strong support system. PMID- 7081032 TI - Increased 24-hour urine vanillylmandelic acid in patients without pheochromocytoma. PMID- 7081033 TI - The stampede to stimulation--numerators and denominators revisited relative to electrophysiologic study of ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 7081034 TI - Electrophysiologic drug testing in prophylaxis of sporadic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: technique, application, and efficacy in severely symptomatic preexcitation patients. AB - Electrophysiologic drug testing was performed in nine patients with severely symptomatic sporadic (2 to 13 [mean 4.2] attacks/24 months) paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). All patients had control inductions of sustained (greater than 30 seconds) AF by high right atrial stimulation, and attempted inductions following serial administration of drugs. Drugs tested were intravenous procainamide (1.0 to 1.5 gm) (five patients), intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) (three patients), oral quinidine (1.6 to 2.4 gm/day) six patients), oral disopyramide (1.2 to 1.6 gm/day) (four patients), and oral aprindine (100 to 250 mg/day) (four patients). In all patients, one or more drugs prevented induction of sustained AF: procainamide (one patient), quinidine (five patients), disopyramide (four patients), and aprindine (four patients). All patients were treated with drugs which prevented induction of sustained AF and followed for 8 to 40 (mean 24) months. Seven patients tolerated their drugs: six had no AF and one had several short nonsustained attacks. Two patients did not tolerate their drugs: one had paroxysmal palpitation (on decreased aprindine dosage), and one had AF (while off of aprindine). In conclusion, electrophysiologic drug testing is feasible in patients with sporadic PAF. Inability to induce sustained AF following drug administration suggests successful prophylaxis of spontaneous PAF with the same drug. PMID- 7081035 TI - Antiarrhythmic efficacy and electrophysiologic actions of amiodarone in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: potent suppression of spontaneously occurring tachyarrhythmias versus inconsistent abolition of induced ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7081037 TI - Increased ventricular fibrillation threshold with severe myocardial ischemia. AB - The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) is a measure of myocardial electrical vulnerability to exogenous electrical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that the VFT is inversely related to ischemia. We studied the relation of the VFT to myocardial blood flow (MBF) during ischemia produced by interruption of blood flow to the left anterior descending coronary artery, and severe ischemia produced by retrograde bleeding an ischemic segment of myocardium. The VFT with severe ischemia (8.6 +/- 1.3 mA; MBF 0.024 +/- 0.01 ml/min/gm tissue), although lower than nonischemic control values (14.2 +/- 2.0 mA; 0.76 +/- 0.05; both p less than 0.05), was higher than that obtained with moderate ischemia (4.6 +/- 0.9 mA; 0.15 +/- 0.02 ml/min/gm; both, p less than 0.05). Thus the relationship between the VFT and MBF is nonlinear. Interventions which cause the VFT to rise may do so by worsening rather than improving regional MBF. PMID- 7081036 TI - Aneurysmectomy and endocardial resection for ventricular tachycardia: favorable hemodynamic and antiarrhythmic results in patients with global left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 7081038 TI - Effects of calcium channel blocking agents on reperfusion arrhythmias. AB - The effect of the calcium antagonists nifedipine (NF) and diltiazem (DT) on reperfusion after release of circumflex coronary artery (CX) occlusion was studied in open-chest dogs. Dogs were randomized to receive a bolus of 5 micrograms/kg NF (seven dogs), 1 microgram/kg NF (nine dogs), or vehicle (nine dogs). After bolus, high and low dose NF dogs were infused with 1 microgram/kg/min NF. All dogs then underwent 30 minutes CX occlusion followed by reperfusion. Dogs that did not develop ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the first 10 minutes of reperfusion were considered survivors. NF caused a dose-related increase in CX blood flow and decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP), significant at the higher dose. Reperfusion VF occurred in five of nine low dose NF dogs, five of seven high dose NF dogs, and five of nine controls. Another 21 dogs were randomized to receive a bolus of 0.2 mg/kg DT (11 dogs) or vehicle (10 dogs). Infusion rates (and an additional bolus injection, if necessary) were chosen to produce a 10 to 20 mm Hg drop in MAP. CX occlusion and reperfusion were performed as above. Reperfusion VF occurred in 9 of 11 DT dogs vs 8 of 10 controls. Thus neither nifedipine nor diltiazem enhanced survival during reperfusion of myocardium previously subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia. PMID- 7081039 TI - Effects of intravenous fluorocarbons during and without oxygen enhancement on acute myocardial ischemic injury assessed by measurement of intramyocardial gas tensions. PMID- 7081041 TI - The federal alcoholism effort. PMID- 7081040 TI - Comparative hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse. AB - The hemodynamic effects of dopamine (DPM) and dobutamine (DBM) were compared in 13 patients with acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse. All patients presented with acute pump failure and inadequate systemic perfusion, and most were hypotensive. Nine patients had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); the other four patients had an acute decompensation of a previously stable ischemic cardiomyopathy, and presented with a low-output syndrome in the absence of documented AMI. Patients were studied with a randomized single crossover design using each patient as his own control. Both drugs were given at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min for periods of 10 minutes at each dose while hemodynamics were monitored. No other vasoactive drugs were used during the study. Because of advanced age or severe peripheral vascular disease, no patient was considered suitable for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. There were no significant differences between the two drugs with regard to heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, stroke work index, or mean right atrial pressure. DBM improved stroke index and cardiac index significantly (p less than 0.05) more than DPM at doses of 5 micrograms/kg/min. DPM increased left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) more than DMB at 5 micrograms/kg/min (p less than 0.001) and at 10 micrograms/kg/min (p less than 0.05). Although both DPM and DBM are useful in acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse, there appear to be important differences in their effect on LVFP and in the mechanisms whereby they increase blood pressure. PMID- 7081042 TI - Alcohol abuse around the world. PMID- 7081043 TI - Alcoholism: cardiovascular effects. PMID- 7081044 TI - Alcoholism: liver disease. PMID- 7081045 TI - Alcoholism: withdrawal -- considerations for the pharmacist. PMID- 7081046 TI - The alcohol-impaired pharmacist: the profession needs a policy. PMID- 7081047 TI - Long-term prognosis in patients with bundle branch block complicating acute anteroseptal infarction. AB - In a previous study patients with bundle branch block complications acute anteroseptal infarction found to have a high incidence rate of sudden death and late ventricular fibrillation in the first 6 weeks after infarction. Forty-two such consecutive patients were therefore kept within the monitoring area during those 6 weeks. Eighteen (43 percent) of these 42 patients survived and were then followed up for an average of 13 months to assess long-term prognosis and to evaluate whether the in-hospital monitoring period should be extended over 6 weeks. In most of these 18 patients a bifascicular block developed in the acute stage of infarction and in 3 it progressed to transient high degree atrioventricular (A-V) block. Seven of the 18 survivors had potentially lethal complications during the first 6 weeks. Four of these seven underwent aneurysmectomy between 10 and 20 weeks after infarction, and one of them died of a surgical complication. Major cardiac events occurred in 3 of the 17 survivors. None of these patients died during the follow-up period. In one patient complete A-V block developed after aneurysm resection; this was the only patient treated with permanent pacing. Fifteen of the 17 patients were in functional class I or II. These results indicate that (1) patients with bundle branch block complicating acute anteroseptal infarction who survive the first 6 weeks after infarction have a good prognosis during the 1st year, and (2) extension of the in hospital monitoring period is not necessary. The results further suggest that prophylactic permanent pacing does not affect prognosis in these patients. PMID- 7081048 TI - Clinical implications of increased lung uptake of thallium-201 during exercise scintigraphy 2 weeks after myocardial infarction. AB - To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of increased lung thallium 201 uptake during submaximal exercise myocardial scintigraphy performed 2 weeks after acute myocardial infarction, 61 patients underwent submaximal exercise testing (target heart rate, 120 beats/min), multigated blood pool imaging at rest and coronary angiography before hospital discharge. Thallium lung uptake on the initial anterior projection image was graded qualitatively by comparing the intensity of thallium-201 activity in the lungs with that in the mediastinum. In 39 patients (64 percent), it was normal (equal to mediastinal activity) and in 22 (36 percent), it was increased (greater than mediastinal activity). Compared with patients with normal lung uptake, those with increased uptake had a greater prevalence of prior infarction (13 versus 36 percent, probability [p] less than 0.05), less global cardiac reserve as assessed by the four level New York Heart Association classification (p less than 0.05), more advanced Killip class in the coronary care unit (p less than 0.05), a higher Norris coronary prognostic index (2.6 +/- 1.9 versus 4.6 +/- 2.3 [mean +/- standard deviation], p less than 0.01), failure to achieve the target heart rate because of dyspnea, fatigue or angina (36 versus 86 percent, p less than 0.01), a greater prevalence of exercise induced S-T segment depression (18 versus 45 percent, p less than 0.05), a greater number of anterior thallium-201 myocardial defects (p less than 0.05); a lower radionuclide ejection fraction at rest (50.4 +/- 6.1 versus 39.6 +/- 9.3 percent, p less than 0.01) and a greater number of asynergic left ventricular segments (p less than 0.05). Thus, the occurrence of increased lung thallium-201 uptake during submaximal exercise scintigraphy in the early postinfarction period is frequent and appears to be a marker of severe and functionally more important coronary artery disease associated with left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 7081049 TI - Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. II. Correlation with quantitative anatomic findings for anterior infarcts. AB - The ability of an independently developed QRS point score to estimate the size of infarcts predominantly within the anterior third of the left ventricular was evaluated by quantitative pathologic-electrocardiographic correlation. The study was limited to 21 patients with a single infarct documented by postmortem examination, for whom an appropriately timed standard 12 lead electrocardiogram was available that did not exhibit signs of left or right ventricular hypertrophy, left or right bundle branch block or anterior or posterior fascicular block. At necropsy the heart was cut into five to seven slices. The location and size of the infarct was quantitated by computer-assisted planimetry of the slices. The electrocardiogram of 19 (90 percent) of the patients exhibited either a Q wave or an R wave of no more than 20 ms in lead V2. The infarct in the two patients without this electrocardiographic finding was small, occupying 2 and 3 percent of the left ventricle, respectively. The percent infarction of the left ventricle correlated with the QRS point score (r=0.80). Thus in patients without complicating factors in the electrocardiogram and with a single infarct, the electrocardiogram provides a marker for infarction in the anterior third of the left ventricle and permits estimation of infarct size. PMID- 7081050 TI - Exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in women: correlation with coronary arteriography. PMID- 7081051 TI - Prevalence and magnitude of S-T segment and T wave abnormalities in normal men during continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. AB - Fifty asymptomatic normal male volunteers, mean age 44.6 years (range 35 to 59), were prospectively studied to ascertain the prevalence and magnitude of S-T segment and T wave changes detected during continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Transient S-T segment depression of 1.0 mm or more was recorded in 15 (30 percent) of the subjects, and labile T wave inversion of up to 3 mm occurred in an additional 18 (36 percent). The presence of ST-T changes during monitoring did not correlate with age, daily activity status or heart rate. There was also no correlation with the S-T segment response or work performance during treadmill exercise testing. It is concluded that S-T segment depression and T wave inversions are commonly observed during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring of normal men. Therefore, similar changes observed in patients with coronary artery disease should be interpreted with caution. PMID- 7081052 TI - Multiformity if induced unifocal ventricular premature beats in human subjects: electrocardiographic and angiographic correlations. AB - Single ventricular premature responses induced by strength-interval pacing were elicited at multiple sites in 30 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization to determine if and under what circumstances unequivocally unifocal stimulated ventricular premature beats could manifest multiformity of the QRS configuration. Multiformity was defined as unifocal responses whose mean frontal axes differed by greater than 15 degrees with or without associated morphologic differences in the horizontal leads. Multiformity occurred in 12 (40 percent) of 30 patients. A statistically significant association was found between multiformity and the presence of a quantitatively defined left ventricle wall motion abnormally (p less than 0.01), prior myocardial infarction (p less than 0.01) and a left ventricular election fraction of less than 0.60 (p less than 0.05). Twelve (67 percent) of the 18 patients without multiformity had coronary artery disease, but only 4 of those 12 had a left ventricular wall motion abnormally or prior myocardial infarction, or both. Multiformity was also dependent on the site of stimulation and on the degree of prematurity. The results of this study indicate that the QRS configuration of early premature beats cannot be relied on as a predictor of their site of origin and multiformity is not necessarily synonymous with multifocality. PMID- 7081053 TI - Q-T prolongation and polymorphous ("torsade de pointes") ventricular arrhythmias associated with organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. AB - It is not generally appreciated in the Western world that organophosphorus poisoning may be associated with a serious and often fatal cardiac complication: Q-T interval prolongation with malignant ventricular arrhythmias of the "torsade de pointes" type. This insidious complication may lead to delayed, sudden death after the patients appears to be well on the way to recovery from the other, more dramatic respiratory and neurologic symptoms. In this study 15 patients with organophosphorus poisoning are described. Q-T prolongation was observed in 14 and malignant tachyarrhythmias in 6. In view of the dismal prognosis of these patients, ventricular pacing, previously used with success in other conditions associated with this syndrome, was tried in four patients and successfully shortened the Q-T interval and eliminated the arrhythmias. Isoproterenol did the same in a fifth patient. Awareness of this lethal, but preventable complication of organophosphorus poisoning is called for. Careful electrocardiographic monitoring is necessary until the Q-T interval returns to normal. Electrical pacing appears to be the treatment of choice for the tachyarrhythmias. PMID- 7081054 TI - "Redistribution" of myocardial thallium-201 without reperfusion: implications regarding absolute quantification of perfusion. PMID- 7081055 TI - Comparison of three methods of evaluating coronary obstructive lesions: postmortem arteriography, pathologic examination and measurement of regional myocardium perfusion during maximal vasodilation. PMID- 7081057 TI - Noninvasive measurement of human right intraventricular blood velocity by an ultrasonic technique. AB - A noninvasive ultrasonic technique has been designed to measure the hemodynamic variables associated with human right ventricular diastole. For convenience, diastole is divided into five phases: rapid filling, slow filling, early resting, atrial systole, and late resting phases. The technique measures the velocity with which blood enters the ventricule during each phase, and relates these measurements to ventricular wall motion. The technique has been evaluated by comparing the measurements with data derived from an alternative technique: forward angiocardiography taken during cardiac catheterization. In this procedure, blood containing dye can be followed through the ventricle by X-ray, and velocity measurements can be made from the cinefluoroscopic films. Cinefluoroscopy has also defined potential problems related to turbulence and heart motion. Ultrasonic and cardiac catheterization measurements agreed well. The ultrasonic equipment can be carried by hand from one room to another is inexpensive, and is readily available. This equipment can be used on the same subject repeatedly without discomfort or danger, and can be used during exercise. PMID- 7081056 TI - Percutaneous wire-guided balloon pumping. AB - A percutaneous wire-guided double lumen intraaortic balloon pump was tested in 44 patients, 15 with cardiogenic shock. The balloon volume is 40 ml, the material is Avcothane, and the central lumen will pass a 0.035 inch (0.889 mm) wire guide. Standard Seldinger technique was followed by successful insertion in 40 patients (90 percent) with no recognized vascular trauma. Counterpulsation was excellent and central pressure monitoring through the balloon lumen showed good fidelity. Iliofemoral thrombosis occurred in 5 percent of patients. The overguide technique is simple, successful and atraumatic. PMID- 7081058 TI - Afterload reduction with nifedipine in aortic insufficiency. AB - The acute hemodynamic effects of nifedipine were assessed in 12 patients with severe aortic insufficiency during control conditions and 30 minutes after administration of nifedipine (20 mg sublingually). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased from 19 +/- 8 (mean +/- standard deviation) to 9 +/- 5 mm Hg (probability [p] less than 0.0001), mean aortic pressure from 98 +/- 12 to 80 +/- 9 mm Hg (p less than 0.00001), systemic vascular resistance from 1,135 +/- 280 to 794 +/- 176 dynes . s. cm-5 (p less than 0.0002) and rate-pressure product from 11,732 +/- 1,727 to 10,022 +/- 1,103 mm Hg beats/min (p less than 0.01). Forward cardiac index increased by 24 percent, from 3.8 +/- 1.1 to 4.4 to 0.8 liters/min per m2 (p less than 0.04). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction and total stroke work index did not change significantly. Regurgitant fraction, measured in five patients, changed parallel with systemic vascular resistance. Left ventricular function was maintained while both preload and afterload were decreased. Regurgitant flow was moderated and myocardial oxygen demand decreased. This hemodynamically favorable condition, due to nifedipine, is clinically important and suggests the need for further therapeutic trials. PMID- 7081059 TI - Clinical and hemodynamic results of the Fontan operation for tricuspid atresia. PMID- 7081060 TI - Late results after extracardiac conduit repair for congenital cardiac defects. AB - Analysis of the late results in 352 patients surviving insertion of an extracardiac conduit before mid 1977 has provided a mean follow-up interval of 65 months. Three fourths of the patients remain in improved condition after operation. Serial measurements of transconduit gradient are available in 90. The median change was +7 mm Hg and the mean +21 mm Hg. Reoperation was required in 16 percent of patients (mortality rate 9 percent), most commonly (77 percent) because of progressive conduit stenosis, more commonly for transposition of the great arteries than for other types of anomalies, and more commonly after use of a homograft aortic conduit than a Hancock conduit. The side of the aorta on which the conduit was placed exerted no significant influence. The postrepair transconduit gradient did not affect the need for reoperation. Late survival was 95 percent at 1 year, 85 percent at 5 years, and 73 percent at 10 years and was significantly better (probability [p] less than 0.006) for patients with pulmonary atresia than for the others. The hospital mortality rate was highest, and the late mortality rate lowest, for children less than 5 years of age; the overall survival rate in this age group was lower. The postrepair right ventricular to left ventricular pressure ratio, together with age, was a principal prognostic indicator of late survival, being less good when more than 0.73. THe most frequent causes of late death were progressive congestive heart failure and sudden death. PMID- 7081061 TI - Long-term endocardial atrial pacing in children with postoperative bradycardia tachycardia syndrome and limited ventricular access. AB - Permanent pacing in children, including those with postoperative bradycardia tachycardia syndrome has been compromised by the availability of pulse generators, electrode leads and implantation techniques designed for the adult patient. Recent technologic improvements and simplified implantation techniques have reduced many of these barriers and have made endocardial as well as epicardial ventricular pacing more feasible. However, in some children, ventricular pacing may be impeded by anatomic abnormalities due to congenital anomalies or prior cardiac operations. In these instances, endocardial atrial pacing may provide an alternative therapeutic approach in selected patients. This report describes the use of endocardial atrial demand pacing in four children with postoperatively bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and restricted ventricular access. This approach controls symptomatic bradycardia, helps prevent and convert paroxysmal intraatrial tachycardia and overcomes the problems of limited ventricular access. PMID- 7081062 TI - Fate of coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: serial coronary angiography and long-term follow-up study. AB - Between January 1973 and December 1979, 290 patients with Kawasaki disease were evaluated with coronary angiography after the acute stage of illness. Of these patients, 43 (15 percent) were diagnosed as having coronary aneurysms. Forty-two patients have been followed up for an average of 4 years (range 15 months to 8 years). One 8 month old girl died of myocardial infarction after 4 months of illness. Follow-up coronary angiography was performed in 42 patients 5 to 18 months after the acute illness. Four groups can be distinguished. Group I: In 21 (50 percent) of 42 patients angiography showed that the coronary aneurysms had regressed, so that no observable lesions were seen. During convalescence, electrocardiography, exercise stress testing and thallium scintigraphy were within normal limits. In the other 21 patients abnormal findings persisted on follow-up angiography. Group II: Ten patients showed persistent coronary aneurysms, although reduced in size. Group III: In seven patients the aneurysms had disappeared, but complete obstruction or marked stenosis of coronary arteries was found. Group IV: In four patients, irregularities of the coronary arterial wall without stenosis were seen. Among patients with abnormal angiographic findings myocardial infarction and mitral regurgitation were also seen. Early initiation of aspirin therapy aneurysms show regression on angiography in 1 or 2 years in about half of patients. The remaining patients are at risk for ischemic heart disease. Thus, Kawasaki disease should be considered an important cause of ischemic heart disease in children and a possible risk factor of premature coronary atherosclerosis. PMID- 7081063 TI - Mechanisms of regular, wide QRS tachycardia in infants and children. AB - A regular wide QRS tachycardia was electrocardiographically documented in 32 patients aged 1 month to 18 years. The mechanisms of the tachycardia were evaluated using standard multicatheter electrophysiologic techniques. These mechanisms included (1) orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia with bundle branch aberration (seven patients), (2) antidromic reciprocating tachycardia using single (three patients), or multiple (three patients) atrioventricular connections (Kent bundles), (3) atrial flutter with ventricular preexcitation over accessory connections (eight patients), (4) reciprocating tachycardia using a nodoventricular connection (Mahaim fiber) (five patients), and (5) ventricular tachycardia (six patients). Regular side QRS tachycardias are not rare in pediatric patients. Their mechanisms can be quite complex, and electrocardiographic analysis with respect to QRS configuration, heart rate, or the presence or absence of ventriculoatrial dissociation is not sufficient for diagnostic purposes. Our results show that considerable understanding of the mechanism of regular, wide QRS tachycardias can be obtained by multicatheter electrophysiologic study. Understanding the mechanism is essential in order to make rational use of available therapeutic options. PMID- 7081064 TI - Real time two dimensional echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis. AB - Real time two dimensional echocardiography was performed in five patients with constrictive pericarditis. The echocardiogram showed several typical features: (1) The heart was normal in size or decreased; the ventricles were small and the atria enlarged. (2) The pericardium was seen as a single or double dense rigid shell surrounding both ventricles and the apex; its immobility was striking. (3) The inferior vena cava and hepatic veins were greatly dilated in keeping with the severe clinical venous congestion. (4) Both interventricular and interatrial septa bulged into the left side of the heart on inspiration. (5) The atrioventricular valves were hypermobile. (6) A prominent ventricular diastolic filling half was seen. The two dimensional echocardiogram excluded other causes of severe cardiac failure such as congestive cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease, while the dense immobile pericardial echo or echoes and the "normal" texture of the myocardial echoes made the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy unlikely. PMID- 7081065 TI - Positive contrast echocardiography in patients with patent foramen ovale and normal right heart hemodynamics. AB - Peripheral M mode contrast echocardiograms were performed at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver in 11 patients with patent foramen ovale and normal right heart pressures documented by catheterization studies. Positive contrast studies (at least five clearly identifiable contrast echoes appearing in the left heart) were obtained in three patients (27 percent at rest) in six (54 percent) during the Valsalva maneuver and in seven patients (64 percent) either at rest or during the Valsalva maneuver. It is concluded that contrast echocardiography offers an opportunity to diagnose a patent foramen ovale noninvasively in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism or with questionable evidence of atrial septal defect. A positive study result does not specifically indicate heart disease since it occurs in healthy persons with patent foramen ovale, normal intracardiac pressures and no other abnormality. PMID- 7081066 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of left coronary arteriovenous fistula communicating with the right ventricle. PMID- 7081068 TI - Clinical assessment and follow-up of functional capacity in patients with chronic congestive cardiomyopathy. AB - The presumption that the results of left ventricular systolic function tests performed at rest are related to the symptoms of chronic congestive heart failure or to exercise capacity is unproved. Thirty-three patients with chronic congestive cardiomyopathy underwent serial exercise tests, determinations of ejection fraction and systolic time intervals, echocardiograms, assessment of symptom score, chest roentgenogram, and physical examination over a mean ( +/- standard deviation) of 24.8 +/- 14.1 months. Maximal exercise performance achieved correlation with symptoms (r = 0.66) but not with indexes of left ventricular function. Edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, rales and radiologic evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension were more common in patients with severe limitation of exercise capacity. in 17 patients whose functional capacity changed during the follow-up period, congruent changes in left ventricular function measured at rest were not consistently observed. Thus the findings on history, physical examination and radiologic examination correlate with exercise capacity, but indexes of left ventricular performance at rest do not and therefore are of limited use in assessing treatment. The clinical course of patients with chronic congestive cardiomyopathy can be followed up safely, effectively and economically by simple clinical observations. Serial laboratory testing of left ventricular function can be reserved for specific indications, research and patients with valvular heart disease. PMID- 7081067 TI - Reentry confined to the atrioventricular node: electrophysiologic and anatomic findings. AB - A patient with recurrent disabling, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia refractory to drug treatment underwent electrophysiologic studies. The paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was found to be due to atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry. The patient died shortly after surgical His bundle section and detailed anatomic studies were performed. These showed fatty infiltration of the approaches to the sinoatrial node, atrial preferential pathways, and A-V node and common bundle. The A-V node was mechanically damaged and the common His bundle was completely severed. These abnormalities were clearly delineated and there was no evidence of an atrio-His bundle bypass tract to an accessory A-V node. Specifically, the central fibrous body and pars membranacea were defined and no atrial muscular fibers pierced these structures to joint the A-V bundle. It is concluded that paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia due to A-V nodal reentry can be confined to the A-V node. PMID- 7081070 TI - Normal left ventricular systolic function in adults with atrial septal defect and left heart failure. AB - Systolic left ventricular contractile function has not been extensively evaluated in patients with atrial septal defect who have symptoms of left-sided congestive heart failure. This study examined left ventricular systolic function hemodynamically and angiographically in 6 such adult patients (Group A), 12 adult patients with atrial septal defect without heart failure (Group B) and 20 normal subjects. The mean ( +/- standard error of the mean) left ventricular end diastolic pressure was higher in patients in Group A (17 +/- 0.8 mm Hg) than in patients in group B (6.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001). Both right atrial pressure ( 11 +/- 1.3 versus 4.9 +/- 0.5 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (30 +/- 1.8 versus 15 +/- 1 mm Hg) were also higher in Group A than in Group B. Left ventricular cardiac index and stroke work index did not differ in the two groups. Variables of left ventricular systolic function were similar in both groups of patients and in normal subjects: Ejection fraction was 0.71 +/- 0.05 in Group A, 0.74 +/- 0.02 in Group B and 0.74 +/- 0.01 in normal subjects. Velocity of circumferential shortening was 1.38 +/- 0.14 circumferences/s in Group A, 1.38 +/- 0.07 circumferences/s in Group B and 1.27 +/-0.04 circumferences/s in normal subjects. There was no difference in left ventricular contractile function as indicated by the ratio of end-systolic wall stress to end-systolic volume index among the three groups: normal subjects, average 5.6 +/- 0.19 versus 6.1 +/- 0.5 in Group B and 6.0 +/- 0.6 dynes X 10(3)/cm(2)/(ml/m(2) in Group A. This study of patients with atrial septal defect and left heart failure indicates that abnormal left ventricular systolic contractile function is probably not the cause of the symptoms and elevated left heart filling pressures observed in this group. An abnormality in left ventricular diastolic filling, perhaps related to the volume loaded right ventricle, may explain these changes. PMID- 7081069 TI - The spectrum of unstable angina: prognostic role of serum creatine kinase determination. AB - A prospective study of 199 patients with unstable angina pectoris was undertaken to assess whether frequent serial sampling of serum creatine kinase (CK) was useful in predicting prognosis. Nineteen percent of the patients had transient CK elevations suggestive of a small myocardial infarct that was outside the detective ability of conventional electrocardiographic and enzymatic determinations. These patients had a 1 year mortality rate of 16 percent, which was significantly higher than that in the remaining patients (Fisher's exact test p = 0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction (14 percent) in the patients who had transient CK elevation was significantly greater than that (2 percent) in those who did not have CK elevation (Fisher's exact test p = 0/01). These data suggest that frequent serum CK sampling in the first 48 hours after admission for unstable angina has prognostic value and that persons with CK elevation may warrant a more aggressive approach to investigation and management. PMID- 7081071 TI - Mechanism of a musical systolic murmur caused by a degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valve. AB - The cause of a musical (cooing) murmur produced by a degenerated bioprosthetic valve in the mitral position was investigated. Spectral analysis of the murmur recorded at the chest wall at the site of the maximum palpable impulse showed virtually all sound in a narrow frequency band around the dominant frequency of 158 hertz. The same valve, surgically removed and mounted in the mitral position in a pulse duplicating system, produced an audible musical murmur detected by a phonocatheter in the atrial chamber. Nearly all of the sound-pressure occurred in a narrow band of frequency around 145 hertz. High speed motion pictures (500 frames/s) showed systolic flutter of a flail leaflet. The frequency of this leaflet flutter was 142 hertz. Hot film anemometry showed minimal turbulence, all located near the margin of the regurgitant leaflet. The intensity of the murmur was unrelated to the intensity of turbulence. A second degenerated bioprosthetic valve that produced in vivo a typical blowing holosystolic mitral regurgitant murmur produced in vitro a murmur with a broad range of frequencies (20 to 500 hertz). With this valve, the intensity of the murmur was related to the intensity of the turbulence. Motion pictures showed no leaflet flutter. Flutter of an insufficient valve leaflet causing uniform and periodic high frequency fluctuating pressures therefore appeared to be the cause of the musical quality of the systolic murmur in a degenerated bioprosthetic valve. PMID- 7081072 TI - Discriminant function analysis using thallium-20 1 scintiscans and exercise stress test variables to predict the presence and extent of cornary artery disease. PMID- 7081073 TI - Diagnostic accuracy of cardiologists compared with probability calculations using Bayes' rule. AB - Probability analysis has provided insights into the use of diagnostic tests in coronary artery disease, and recent developments may permit clinical application of individual patients. To validate independently two available methods of probability calculation, their diagnostic accuracy was compared with that of cardiologists. Ninety-one cardiologists participated in the study; each evaluated the clinical summaries of eight randomly selected patients. For each patient, the cardiologist assessed the probability of coronary artery disease after reviewing the clinical history, physical examination and laboratory data, including complete results from a treadmill exercise test. The probability of coronary artery disease was also obtained for each patient, using the identical information, from two methods employing Bayes' rule: (1) from a published table of data based on the patient's age, sex, symptoms and degree of S-T segment change during exercise; and (2) from a computer program using the age, sex, risk factors, resting electrocardiogram and multiple exercise measurements. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed on a scale from 0 to 100 with the coronary angiogram as the diagnostic standard. The average diagnostic accuracy on this scale was: 80.2 for the cardiologists' estimates, 78.0 for the estimates based on tables (difference from cardiologists' estimates p less than 0.05) and 83.1 for the estimates based on computer calculations (p less than 0.01). Thus probability analysis incorporating sufficient detail can achieve a diagnostic accuracy comparable with that of cardiologists. Studies of the efficacy of probability analysis in patient care are warranted. PMID- 7081074 TI - Prevalence of late potentials in patients with and without ventricular tachycardia: correlation with angiographic findings. AB - Late potentials occurring at the end of or after the QRS complex were searched for from the body surface using high gain amplification and signal averaging techniques with filter settings between 100 and 300 hertz. The number of repetitions of the averaging process ranged between 150 and 300. Two hundred thirty-six patients were studied. In 27 control subjects, no late potentials were recorded. Among 146 patients without ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, late potentials were present in 49 (34 percent). The mean duration of late potentials was 31 +/- 15.3 ms (median 25). Of 63 patients with documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, 45 (71 percent) had late potentials (mean duration 51 +/- 31.5 ms; median 50) (probability [p] greater than 0.001). There was a close correlation between the detection of late potentials and left ventricular function. Late potentials occurred more frequently in patients with than in those without ventricular akinesia or aneurysm and in patients with than in those without ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. In conclusion, late potentials are a frequent finding in patients with regional contraction abnormalities, both in patients with and in those without documented ventricular tachycardia. The greater prevalence and longer duration of these signals in patients with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation might be responsible for the greater susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia. Long-term follow-up studies will be necessary to assess the possible prognostic significance of late potentials in patients without previously documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. PMID- 7081075 TI - Estimation of right ventricular volume with two dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7081076 TI - Long-term intravenous infusion of antiarrhythmic drugs using a totally implanted drug delivery system. AB - In vitro and in vivo testing was performed to establish the feasibility of a totally implantable pump system to deliver antiarrhythmic agents. In vitro flow characteristics suggested predictable day to day delivery with acceptably small variations in flow with changes in reservoir volume or temperature. During 3 months of in vitro testing, procainamide and bretylium were found suitable for long-term delivery. Delivery of lidocaine was limited by high viscosity and corrosion of steel elements within the pump. The pump was implanted in a subcutaneous pocket in four dogs. Procainamide (0.5 g/ml), delivered at 4 ml/day (70 mg/kg body weight per day), provided a mean steady state drug concentration of 5.3 micrograms/ml. Bretylium (50 mg/ml), delivered at 8 ml/day (13 mg/kg per day), provided a steady state concentration of 0.8 micrograms/ml (range 0.4 to 1.4). Long-term intravenous administration of therapeutic doses of bretylium and procainamide with this delivery system has been demonstrated in dogs and appears to be feasible in human subjects. PMID- 7081077 TI - Straddling mitral and tricuspid valves: morphologic differences and developmental backgrounds. AB - The anatomy of 25 hearts with a straddling mitral or tricuspid valve, or both, is described. Malalignment of atrial and ventricular septa is an essential feature of a straddling tricuspid valve, creating an inlet septal defect. Across this defect, the tricuspid valve straddles into the opposite (left ventricular) chamber, where it is separated from the mitral valve by a posterior muscular ridge, the posteromedial muscle. A straddling mitral valve requires an infundibular septal defect, predominantly of the malalignment type, in which the anterior part of the ventricular septum deviates to the left of the infundibular septum. The mitral valve straddles into the opposite (right ventricular) chamber, anterior to the trabecula septomarginalis. From normal developmental stages, it is concluded that valve formation takes place only after completion of ventricular septation. Any malformation of the valves is therefore considered to be superimposed on a primary malformation of the septum. The ventricular septum itself develops from three different components. Malseptation in the inlet portion of the embryonic heart lead to the characteristic septal malformation seen in straddling tricuspid valve. Malseptation in the outlet portion may lead to the septal malformation that characterizes straddling mitral valve. PMID- 7081078 TI - Congenital mitral valve anomalies in transposition of the great arteries. AB - In 165 hearts in transposition of the great arteries, including 16 with a ventricular septal defect and overriding pulmonary trunk and 5 with a so-called posterior transposition, the left ventricle was studied with emphasis on the morphology of the mitral valve. Distinct mitral valve anomalies were found in 36 cases (22 percent), and four categories of anomalies could be identified. Group A included 16 specimens with a cleft anterior mitral valve leaflet. The cleft was complete or partial. Partial clefts continued as a fibrous cord within the leaflet. In eight cases the cleft was situated posterior or lateral to the pulmonary ostium; in these cases the left ventricular outflow tract was not narrowed. Severe outflow tract stenosis was present in another eight cases in which the cleft was located anterior to the pulmonary ostium, usually in combination with a ventricular septal defect, and in four of these specimens there was straddling of the mitral valve. Group B included eight hearts with an abnormal size or position of the mitral valve, or both, the valve being hypoplastic or rotated clockwise, or both. Group C comprised seven hearts showing redundant left ventricular structures involving the mitral valve, among which were anomalous tissue strands, subpulmonary rings and redundant valve tissue. Group D included five specimens with deficient papillary muscles. It is concluded that an abnormal mitral valve is not unusual in hearts with transposition of the great arteries. The findings are notably important for those patients for whom anatomic surgical correction of the transposition is considered. In comparison with the venous baffle procedure, this operation makes greater demands on the structure of the mitral valve because the pressure in the left ventricle remains at systemic level. Thorough investigation of mitral valve anatomy and function is necessary before anatomic correction is considered. PMID- 7081079 TI - Aortic regurgitation in tetrad of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. AB - Data on 18 patients, aged 12 to 42 years, with documented aortic regurgitation and tetrad of Fallot or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect were reviewed. In two patients, aortic regurgitation was caused by surgical repair but in the others it was present before operation. There was increased volume overload from a long-standing surgical shunt (8 to 30 years' duration) or congenital systemic collateral vessels in 14. Six patients with a history of infective endocarditis had aortic cusp perforations. Failure to detect the presence of aortic regurgitation before radical repair in six patients contributed to operative problems and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Aortic valve surgery was performed in 13 patients. Aortic regurgitation is an acquired complication that should be specifically excluded by routine retrograde ascending aortography in all adolescents or adults with tetrad of Fallot or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. Earlier radical repair in the first decade of life may prevent the complication. PMID- 7081081 TI - Segmental study of the terminal coronary vessels in coarctation of the aorta: a natural model for study of the effect of coronary hypertension on human coronary circulation. AB - An electron microscopic study of the coronary terminal circulation (starting with the small coronary arteries) was carried out on small pieces of myocardium operatively resected from the left ventricle on 11 patients with coarctation of the aorta. The patients were 4 to 20 years of age. Structural modifications were found in the small coronary arteries and arterioles. Two patterns of morphologic alterations were noted in these small resistance vessels. In the first pattern, seen in most of the children, the components of the arterial wall were still distinguishable, and well represented portions of smooth muscle layers were visualized together with muscle cells showing signs of degeneration and more or less widespread collagenous islets. The second pattern, seen in young adults, was characterized by a total collagenous transformation of the arterial wall. In contrast, the smaller microvessels (precapillary sphincter, metarterioles and capillaries) appeared free of pathologic change. It is postulated that the precapillary sphincters play a special protecting and regulating role in the coronary microcirculation in such cases with elevated coronary pressure. It is suggested that surgery should be performed at an early age to prevent further development of structural changes in the microvessels. The microcirculatory damage may contribute to the increased surgical mortality in patients with coarctation of the aorta operated on at a later age. These findings should trigger further research on the small coronary vessels in systemic hypertension. PMID- 7081080 TI - Echocardiographic measures in 6 to 7 year old children after an 8 month exercise program. AB - The influence of an exercise intervention program on cardiac dimensions was studied in 79 normal children (aged 6 to 7 years) in an experimental (n = 38) and control (n = 41) group. The experimental group participated in an aerobic exercise session that met four days/week for 8 months. Anthropometric measurements and M mode echocardiograms were obtained before and after the intervention program. Comparison of the data between groups revealed no significant (probability [p] greater than 0.05) differences in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, shortening fraction or resting heart rate. Left ventricular posterior wall thickness exhibited a significant increase (p less than 0.0256) from 3.9 to 4.7 mm in the experimental group compared with an increase from 4.3 to 4.6 mm in the control group after correcting for preintervention differences with an analysis of covariance. Likewise, left ventricular mass increased significantly (p less than 0.0004) from 21.2 to 27.4 g in the experimental group compared with 23.4 to 25.8 g in the control group. These findings indicate that when compared with control subjects, young children involved in an aerobic exercise program showed progressive increases in left ventricular posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass and no change in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, shortening fraction or resting heart rate. PMID- 7081082 TI - Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with normal and long Q-T intervals. AB - Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia may occur in the setting of either a normal or a prolonged Q-T interval. Torsade de pointes is a form of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia in which the polarity of the QRS complex exhibits phasic alterations in both axis and rate. Traditionally, torsade de pointes has been described in association with a variety of congenital and acquired (including drug and metabolic) causes of Q-T prolongation. The distinction between torsade de pointes and those polymorphous ventricular tachycardias occurring in patients with a normal Q-T interval has important therapeutic implications. The former requires strict avoidance of all drugs that may potentially further delay repolarization, including class I antiarrhythmic agents; immediately, the initiation of cardiac pacing is often necessary for control of arrhythmia, and on a long-term basis, sympathetic nervous blockade is often efficacious. In contrast, the polymorphous ventricular tachycardias with a normal Q-T interval usually respond to conventional therapy, including administration of class I antiarrhythmic agents. Thus, the management of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia should be based on the presence of absence of associated repolarization rather than on the morphologic features of the tachycardia. Unfortunately, recent advances in basic and clinical electrophysiology have not yet elucidated the pathophysiologic basis for these arrhythmias, although this is an area of active investigative interest. PMID- 7081083 TI - Permanent atrial standstill: the clinical spectrum. PMID- 7081084 TI - Diabetes and the heart. PMID- 7081085 TI - Effect of vitamin E deficiency on rabbit intramuscular collagen. AB - The effect of a vitamin E-deficient diet on muscular collagen was studied in young rabbits. Intramuscular collagen content was found to increase in vitamin E deficient rabbits, both in absolute and relative values, while no changes in urinary hydroxyproline excretion were observed. The overall solubility of intramuscular collagen was higher and the collagen soluble in guanidine hydrochloride was richer in alpha-chains. Such findings would suggest that avitaminosis E induces the production of new intramuscular collagen. PMID- 7081086 TI - Folacin and iron status and hematological findings in black and Spanish-American adolescents from urban low-income households. AB - The folacin and iron status of 193 adolescents from urban low-income households was evaluated. Red blood cell folacin concentrations were less than 140 ng/ml in 42% of the subjects and 140 to 159 ng/ml in 13%. Of the serum folacin values, 45% were less than 6 ng/ml, and 15% were below 3 ng/ml. Serum folacin levels decreased with increasing age (p less than 0.01) and sexual maturity (p less than 0.05). Transferrin saturation was low (less than 16%) in 12% of the females and 2% of the males. Transferrin saturation levels for females declined as age increased in contrast to an increase over age in males (p less than 0.01). Eleven percent of the females and 3% of the males were classified as anemic (less than 12 g/dl). Mean cell Hb concentration was low (less than 32%) in 24% of the females and 7% of the males. Of all subjects, 17% had low mean cell volumes (less than 81 mum 3). These findings demonstrate folacin and iron status is less than adequate in a significant proportion of this adolescent population group. PMID- 7081087 TI - Use of enriched stable isotopes to determine zinc and iron absorption in elderly men. AB - The absorption of zinc and iron was determined in seven elderly men using the enriched stable isotopes 70Zn and 58Fe. Analyses of isotopic ratios were done using thermal ionization magnetic sector mass spectrometry on chloride solutions of zinc and of iron after separation of zinc from fecal samples by ion exchange and of iron by solvent extraction. Mean apparent zinc absorption in the seven subjects was 17.3 +/- 3.1% (mean +/- SEM) and mean iron absorption was 7.9 +/- 2.5% (mean +/- SEM) when fed a semipurified diet containing 15 mg of zinc and 10 mg of iron daily. Quantities absorbed were equivalent to an average of 2.6 mg of zinc and 0.8 mg of iron per day. These average zinc and iron values are close to previous estimates of endogenous losses of zinc and iron. PMID- 7081089 TI - Ascorbic acid in smokers. PMID- 7081088 TI - Poor design undercuts cholesterol study results. PMID- 7081090 TI - Lack of effect of subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency upon antipyrine metabolism in man. AB - The influence of experimentally induced subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency upon antipyrine metabolism was assessed in five healthy male volunteers maintained in a hospital metabolic ward and fed a controlled diet deficient in ascorbic acid. Antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters were determined four times during the study: at the end of an initial control period, after 28 and 63 days of depletion, and at the end of a second control period. No differences in antipyrine metabolism were observed despite the fact that the subjects had plasma ascorbate levels indicative of vitamin C deficiency (i.e., plasma levels less than 0.3 mg/dl) for 5 days (28 day-depletion) or 40 days (63 day-depletion). This experiment demonstrates that pronounced ascorbic acid deficiency of relatively short duration does not alter antipyrine metabolism in man. PMID- 7081091 TI - Dietary "meats" and serum lipids. AB - The mean values for serum total cholesterol for 47 males, aged 32 to 62 yr who, over a 10 1/2 month study ate, within a self-selected diet, beef as the only meat for 3 months, poultry and fish for 3 months, and pork for 3 months showed no statistically significant difference, whereas 17 of 29 females of the same age who participated in the same study had borderline statistically significant differences in mean values (p less than 0.055). When data from all subjects were considered together, no statistically significant changes in mean serum total cholesterol or serum triglycerides were noted, but there were significant changes in mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values, both upward and downward. The important results of this study are documentary to the lack of influence of "meat" and its fat on effecting a significant change in serum total cholesterol within a self-selected diet. PMID- 7081092 TI - Metabolic alterations induced by voluntary exercise and discontinuation of exercise in hamsters. AB - A study was conducted to determine the possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the rapid increase in body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise-retirement. Thirty-two adult female hamsters were allotted to four groups of eight each. One group served as sedentary controls. Other groups had access to voluntary disc-running during a 35-day period of the 76-day experimental period and were retired from running for 0, 8, and 41 days, respectively, before the termination of the experiment. Disc-running reduced body fat and body weight. Discontinuation of running led to a fast gain of body fat and body weight. Disc-running decreased serum triacylglycerol levels but had no effect on serum cholesterol levels. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was significantly elevated at 8 days after retirement but was not changed during exercise or at 41 days after retirement. Exercise or discontinuation of exercise had no effect on serum T-3 or T-4 levels. The rate of fatty acid synthesis and the activities of malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase in the liver were increased during running and during the early phase of retirement. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased at 8 days after discontinuation of running. Disc-running enhanced food intake which was not reduced to the sedentary level until about 10 days after retirement, suggesting a delay in adaptation to reduced energy expenditure. Results of the present study suggest that both the delay in food intake adaptation and the enhanced lipogenic activity play a role in the rapid gain of body weight and body fat during the early phase of exercise-retirement. PMID- 7081093 TI - Pica and mineral status in the mentally retarded. AB - A study population consisting of 66 mentally retarded individuals, 60 with and six without pica, was evaluated for iron status, and for plasma and hair zinc, copper, and magnesium levels within a month of known dietary intake. The parameters were all within the normal range for individuals without pica. In contrast, subjects practicing pica had low plasma zinc and elevated plasma copper values as compared to those without pica. Plasma magnesium was in the low normal range for all individuals in the study population. Among the indicators of iron status measured, Hb, hematocrit, plasma iron, total iron-binding capacity, iron saturation, and plasma ferritin, several values were low (p less than 0.001). Depression in plasma zinc level was related to the type and severity of the pica. In plasma, zinc was positively correlated with iron and negatively correlated with copper. No relationships were found between dietary intakes and plasma levels of these minerals. The data suggest that malabsorption of zinc and iron were associated with some types of pica although the individuals received adequate dietary intake of minerals. Zinc, copper, and magnesium concentrations in hair were within normal ranges. Hair was a less sensitive indicator than plasma of trace element status. PMID- 7081094 TI - Immunocompetency in anorexia nervosa. AB - Twenty-two consecutively admitted patients diagnosed for anorexia nervosa were evaluated for cellular immune functioning by means of an anergy panel to test delayed hypersensitivity. The panel included candida, streptokinase streptodornase, and mumps antigen administered by a standard protocol. A standard nutritional profile including current weight, usual weight, total protein, albumin, total iron-binding capacity, white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count, triceps skinfold, and arm muscle circumference was concurrently compiled on these subjects. Six of 22 patients studied were anergic. Visceral protein measures were generally within normal limits even in the most depleted patients. Malnutrition as measured by severity of weight loss and triceps skinfolds was significantly related to anergy, whereas visceral protein indicators (serum albumin, total iron binding capacity, transferrin) were not correlated with anergy. Anergy appeared to be related more strongly to anthropometric indices of malnutrition than to visceral protein values. Cellular immunity was generally preserved until weight loss was far advanced. PMID- 7081095 TI - Binding of zinc to casein. AB - An investigation of the binding of zinc to cow's milk proteins has shown that zinc binds avidly in a pH-dependent manner to casein, but has little affinity for the total whey protein fraction. At slightly alkaline pH 1 mg casein binds 8.4 micrograms zinc. No zinc binds to casein at pH 2 and to dephosphorylated casein at pH 7.4. Bound zinc is released only by casein precipitation at pH 4.6 but not by casein precipitation using Ca2+-ions or rennin. It could also be shown that zinc binds to phosphopeptides derived from tryptic or chymotryptic casein digestion and that metal complexing agents, such as citrate or picolinic acid compete for zinc binding with these phosphopeptides and casein. Binding of zinc to casein and its tryptic or chymotryptic phosphopeptides may explain in part the comparatively low zinc availability from cow's milk and some milk-based infant formulas. PMID- 7081096 TI - Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and zinc. AB - The recent report by Hooper PL, et al. (JAMA 1980;244:1960-1) that pharmacological doses (160 mg) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in men and that zinc might be an atherogenic agent prompted this report of the effect of zinc supplementation on HDL-cholesterol in women. Four levels of zinc supplements (0, 15, 50, or 100 mg/day) were given to 32 women for 8 wk. Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol and zinc were measured at biweekly intervals. Plasma zinc increased in the supplemented groups, peaked at wk 4, then decreased toward initial values. The decline in plasma zinc regardless of continuing zinc administration may reflect a homeostatic response. No significant differences were seen in HDL-cholesterol over the 8 wk except in the 100 mg group at wk 4 when a transient decrease, -8.4% (57 to 48 mg/dl, p less than 0.04) was observed. Thus we conclude that in women the reduction in HDL-cholesterol in response to the pharmacological doses of zinc used in this study was transient and not dose-related. PMID- 7081097 TI - Assessment of nutritional status. Selected papers: Conference on the assessment of nutritional status sponsored by: National Institutes of Health--Nutrition Coordinating Committee, Centers for Disease Control, and Food and Drug Administration. PMID- 7081098 TI - New approaches to body composition. PMID- 7081099 TI - Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years. PMID- 7081100 TI - Estimation of body composition: a new approach based on electromagnetic principles. PMID- 7081101 TI - In vivo quantification of body nitrogen for nutritional assessment. PMID- 7081102 TI - The interactions of nutrition and behavior. PMID- 7081103 TI - Studies regarding the impact of micronutrient status on behavior in man: iron deficiency as a model. PMID- 7081104 TI - Effects of low energy diets on work performance. PMID- 7081106 TI - Methodologic studies during pregnancy: the reliability of the 24-hour dietary recall. PMID- 7081105 TI - Methodologic considerations of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PMID- 7081107 TI - Methodological aspects of nutritional surveys of young and middle-aged adults. PMID- 7081109 TI - Comments on the assessment of nutritional status in epidemiological studies and surveys of populations. PMID- 7081108 TI - Evaluation of nutrition interventions: methodologic considerations. PMID- 7081110 TI - Measurement of food consumption--past, present, future. PMID- 7081111 TI - The USDA National Nutrient Data Bank. PMID- 7081112 TI - The classic approach--the USDA nationwide food consumption survey. PMID- 7081113 TI - Alternative approaches to classic food consumption measurement methods: telephone interviewing and market data bases. PMID- 7081114 TI - Prediction of nutritional status from food consumption and consumer attitude data. PMID- 7081115 TI - Food, eating habits, and health: a further examination of the relationship between food eating patterns and nutritional health. PMID- 7081116 TI - Effects of dietary tin on zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium metabolism of adult males. AB - The effects of dietary tin on zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium metabolism were determined in eight adult males. Subjects were fed mixed diets containing 0.11 mg tin daily (control diet) and 49.67 tin daily (test diet) in this 40-day study. The level of tin in the control diet was typical of the levels of tin found in diets that contain only fresh and frozen foods; the level of tin in the test diet was typical of the amount of tin in diets that contain 2 cups of certain canned foods. When subjects were fed the test diet they lost significantly more zinc (p less than 0.01) in their feces and significantly less zinc (p less than 0.05) in their urine. Subjects retained significantly less zinc (p less than 0.01) when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. The fecal and urinary losses of copper, iron, manganese, and magnesium were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. PMID- 7081117 TI - Sucrose polyester and covert caloric dilution. AB - Total daily caloric intake was measured in 10 obese subjects when sucrose polyester (SPE), a nonabsorbable synthetic fat, covertly replaced conventional fats in a single crossover study consisting of three periods: a period of 7 to 14 days to determine baseline caloric intake and two 20-day study periods. An average of 60 g SPE/day replaced conventional fat in one of the two study periods. During both study periods, 60% of the base line caloric intake was "required intake" at mealtime; an additional 60% of base line caloric intake was allowed as "free choice" foods at a specified snacktime. It was thus possible during both study periods to consume more than 100% of the base line caloric intake. In the SPE study period, 40 g SPE replaced 40 g conventional fat for every 1200 kcal of required intake, resulting in a 30% reduction in mealtime caloric intake. Mean total caloric intake (meal and snack) fell 23% during the SPE period (p less than 0.05), despite an average daily weight loss of 0.18 kg. Snack caloric intake did not increase significantly to compensate for caloric dilution of the meals during the SPE period. These results indicate that the obese may not detect or may not compensate for covert dilution of fat calories with SPE. In addition, during the SPE period, there was a 10% reduction in total plasma cholesterol, a 14% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a 10% reduction in triglyceride concentration. Thus, fat replacement with SPE may benefit weight reduction regimens in obese subjects by facilitating decreased caloric intake and by improving the circulating lipoprotein profile as well. PMID- 7081118 TI - Cholesterol excretion studies in familial hypercholesterolemic children and their normolipidemic siblings. AB - Twenty children ages 3 to 17 yr, eight with normal lipids and 12 with familial hypercholesterolemia were studied on a metabolic unit for 14 days to evaluate fecal bile acid and fecal neutral sterol excretion. The diet contained a moderately low cholesterol content, 180 to 200 mg/day. Stools were collected in three separate, 3-day pools. Fecal bile acids and fecal neutral sterols were measured using two stool markers and thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography techniques. Fecal neutral sterol and fecal bile acid excretion were the same for normal and familial hypercholesterolemic children on a mg/kg basis. Fecal neutral sterols in familial hypercholesterolemic children decreased with age, p less than 0.001; fecal bile acid excretion also appeared to decrease with age, but less significantly, p less than 0.07. Although the familial hypercholesterolemic children have significantly increased plasma and potentially elevated tissue or total body cholesterol, the excretion of fecal bile acids and fecal neutral sterols did not differ between familial hypercholesterolemic and normal children. PMID- 7081119 TI - Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fractions after alteration in dietary cholesterol, polyunsaturated, saturated, and total fat in free-living normal and hypercholesterolemic children. AB - To assess the effects of dietary cholesterol and the amount and type of fat on plasma lipid and lipoproteins, nutrient intakes were altered sequentially over 15 months in 11 normal children and 12 children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. After a 3-month base-line assessment period, on an ad libitum diet, the following diets were given sequentially for three months each: dietary cholesterol greater than 450 mg/day, total fat less than 35% of total calories, and polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio (P/S) greater than 1.5 (diet 1); dietary cholesterol less than 160 mg/day, total fat less than 35% total calories and P/S greater than 1.5 (diet 2); dietary cholesterol less than 160 mg/day, total fat 40% total calories P/S = 1 (diet 3), and dietary cholesterol greater than 450 mg/day total fat greater than 40% total calories, P/S less than 0.04 (diet 4). In normal and familial hypercholesterolemic children the high dietary P/S ratio lowered total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the presence of high dietary cholesterol; sharp reductions in dietary cholesterol lowered the total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol slightly in familial hypercholesterolemia subjects when P/S was high. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not affected by large changes in dietary cholesterol or amount or type of fat. Sustained dietary alteration which significantly lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with commercially available products is achievable and practical in free-living children. PMID- 7081120 TI - Metabolism of pyridoxine and protein binding of the metabolites in human erythrocytes. AB - The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of pyridoxine in human erythrocytes were determined by incubating isolated erythrocytes in isotonic sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, with [3H]pyridoxine. After 60 min at 37 degrees C, the erythrocytes had taken up approximately 80% of the radioactivity. At least 99% of the radioactivity in the erythrocytes was in the supernatant fraction of the cells and nearly 80% of that radioactivity was in pyridoxal-phosphate and was protein bound. The B6-protein complex was stabilized by reduction with borohydride. To identify the protein to which the radioactive B6 was bound, the hemolysate supernatant was fractionated by chromatography on DEAE Sephadex and carboxy methyl-cellulose. The protein fractions containing radioactivity were analyzed further by chromatography on Sephadex G-150. Most of the radioactive B6 was found to Hb. Thus human erythrocytes rapidly took up pyridoxine and converted it to pyridoxal-phosphate. Much of the newly synthesized pyridoxal phosphate was bound to Hb. PMID- 7081121 TI - Effect of high dose ascorbic acid on vitamin B6 metabolism. AB - The influence of ascorbic acid intake on vitamin B6 metabolism in humans was determined in three separate studies. Five subjects in study I and two subjects in study II received 0.5 ( 2 days) and 1 g (7 days) doses of L-ascorbic acid (AA), respectively, before supplementation with 2 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride (PN-HCl). From daily diet records the percentage of the intake of vitamin B6 excreted as urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) was calculated. Because of the variability in vitamin B6 intake, study III was conducted with four male and four female subjects, who received identical meals on days 2, 3, 9, and 10 and 1 g of AA on days 4 to 10. Two milligrams of PN.HCl were given the day before and the last day of AA administration. In contrast to studies I and II, where excretion of 4PA appeared to increase on the day of PN.HCl supplementation plus AA compared to pre-AA, urinary 4PA excretion in the eight subjects of study III was not significantly different when the same PN.HCl supplemented pre-AA and post-AA days were compared. Also, the fasting plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate level was not significantly altered when AA was administered. It is concluded that short-term AA supplementation did not alter vitamin B6 metabolism. PMID- 7081122 TI - Effect of oral contraceptive agents on ascorbic acid metabolism in the rhesus monkey. AB - Ascorbic acid (AA) metabolism was studied in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys with normal menstrual cycles before and during oral contraceptive administration. The animals were fed a commercial monkey stock diet (15% protein) containing no AA and given a 100 mg AA tablet daily throughout the study. After an initial adaptation period and a control period (total 8 months), combined-type oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) (50 micrograms mestranol and 1 mg norethindrone for 21 days each month) were administered to each monkey for 4 months. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin were significantly elevated during OCA treatment. There were no significant changes in plasma or leukocyte AA values during OCA use; however, urinary AA excretion decreased significantly. During the last month of the control period and the 3rd month of OCA treatment, 50 muCi of 1-14C-L ascorbic acid were injected intravenously into each monkey. Urinary excretion of radioactivity, measured for 1 month, indicated a significantly faster AA turnover rate during the period of OCA use. These results suggest that women using OCAs may have an increased dietary requirement for AA. PMID- 7081123 TI - The effects of antibiotics in the weanling pig diet on growth and the excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary antibiotic supplementation on the fecal urinary excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites by the weanling pig, and to determine if a relationship exists between an exposure to these metabolites and growth performance. Wealing pigs were fed a basal diet, supplemented with either 110 ppm chlortetracycline, 110 ppm sulfamethazine and 55 ppm penicillin, 40 ppm lincomycin sulfate, or no antibiotics, for 30 days. Pigs on the chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine-penicillin diet on the average tended to grow at a faster rate, attained a higher percentage weight gain, and weighed slightly more than pigs on either the lincomycin sulfate or no antibiotic diets. Under all treatments, p-cresol was the predominant metabolite of the volatile phenolic and aromatic metabolites detected in feces and urine, with the urine accounting for 88% of its total daily excretion. Pigs on the chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine-penicillin diet excreted less urinary p cresol than pigs on either the lincomycin sulfate or no antibiotic diets. Total p cresol excretion expressed on the metabolic body size, resulted in significant treatment differences. Regression analysis of percentage body weight gain on urinary p-cresol excretion gave a negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.73). The results suggest that intestinal p-cresol production may be responsible for depressing the growth of the weanling pig. PMID- 7081125 TI - Use of common salt fortified with iron in the control and prevention of anemia--a collaborative study. Report of the Working Group on Fortification of Salt with Iron. AB - The efficacy of salt fortified with iron (FePO4 and NaHSO4) to control anemia was investigated by large scale field trials in three rural areas and one urban area located in different parts of India, each covering a total population of 4000 to 6000. Hb levels were determined before the introduction of the fortified salt and at six monthly intervals thereafter. Iron-fortified salt was acceptable to the population and its consumption for a period of 12 to 18 months was without any untoward effects. At the end of 12 to 18 months of consumption of iron-fortified salt, a significant improvement in the Hb-levels and a significant reduction in the incidence of anemia was observed in all the test areas. In one of the rural areas tested, there was a high incidence of hookworm infestation and iron fortified salt showed a significant impact on Hb levels even in this area. Deworming concomitant with distribution of iron-fortified salt was shown to have only a marginal additional benefit. PMID- 7081124 TI - The effects of infantile malnutrition on behavioral development: a follow-up study. AB - Thirty-one children and young adults who had been severely malnourished in infancy due to intestinal disease, were compared with sibling controls for psychometric intelligence, academic performance as judged by teacher ratings, and developmental history as judged by parental questionnaires. Older members of the sample were also examined on the Lincoln-Oseretzky Motor Development Scale and by a brief psychiatric interview. There were no significant differences between patients and controls on any outcome measure. Furthermore, previously malnourished individuals were performing at or above age equivalent norms on all psychological tests. The findings suggest that the adverse behavioral effects of severe infantile malnutrition observed in children below the age of 5 yr are, to a large extent, compensated during development when the children are raised in supportive home and school environments. PMID- 7081126 TI - The relationship between high fibrinolytic activity and daily capsicum ingestion in Thais. AB - Capsicum, a hot appetizer and seasoning, has been found to induce increased fibrinolytic activity and simultaneously cause hypocoagulability of blood when ingested or when retained in the mouth for a short time. The effect on fibrinolysis and blood coagulation of capsicum can be reproduced in the same subjects within a short time after the first stimulation. More investigations on this effect may lead to the discovery of some ideal drugs for both treatment and prevention of thromboembolism. Fibrinolytic activity measured by euglobulin lysis time in 88 Thai subjects (mean +/- SD = 167 +/- 66.84 min) was significantly higher than in 55 American whites (mean +/- SD = 254 +/- 126.70 min) residing in Thailand for a period of time (p less than 0.001). The Thai people consume capsicum with their meals. Their fibrinolytic activity, therefore, is activated several times during the day and this activation could be an important factor in causing high fibrinolytic activity. This customary habit of food ingestion is very likely a factor contributing to the racial difference in fibrinolysis. Furthermore, the Thais also have lower plasma fibrinogen and higher antithrombin III compared to Americans. These could certainly be additional factors, in addition to fibrinolytic activity, that play a role in the rarity of thromboembolism among Thais. PMID- 7081127 TI - Effects of drinking water and total sodium intake on blood pressure. AB - A cohort of 295 persons from a rural area of Michigan were studied to determine if a relationship exists between high levels of sodium in drinking water and blood pressure. Sodium in drinking water, dietary sodium intake, blood pressure, sodium excretion, height, and weight were measured. No significant relationships between daily mean sodium dietary intake, drinking water sodium, or sodium index (amount of drinking water sodium related to diet sodium intake), and mean blood pressure levels were found. A statistically significant relationship was found between 24-h urine sodium excretion and mean blood pressure for adults age greater than or equal to 18 yr (r = 0.239) and children age less than 18 yr (r = 0.359) and dietary intake and mean diastolic blood pressure in children only (r = 0.471). Furthermore, levels of sodium in drinking water were not related to blood pressure levels or presence of hypertension. PMID- 7081128 TI - Nutrition, lactation, and birth interval components in rural Guatemala. AB - The effects of maternal nutritional status and food supplementation ingested by the infant on the duration of postpartum amenorrhea and on the duration of the menstruating interval was examined. A significant negative association was found between the nutritional status of the mother during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and infant supplementation, on the one hand, and the length of postpartum amenorrhea on the other hand. These associations remained significant after controlling for each other and for other potentially confounding factors for which data wee collected. These results support the hypothesis that maternal nutritional status, by determining the amount of breast milk available, hence the frequency, duration, and intensity of suckling, is indirectly, negatively associated to the length of postpartum amenorrhea. Furthermore, no association between maternal nutritional status and the length of the menstruating interval was found. PMID- 7081130 TI - Peroxidase levels in food: relevance to colorectal cancer screening. PMID- 7081129 TI - The Pima infant feeding study: the role of sociodemographic factors in the trend in breast- and bottle-feeding. AB - In 1978, a retrospective study of the influence of sociodemographic factors on the trend in breast- and bottle-feeding was conducted among a sample of Pima Indian women 15 to 44 yr old residing on the Gila River Reservation. Based on interviews with 257 Pima Indian women about their infant feeding experiences, the proportion of women who breast-fed dropped significantly between 1949 and 1977. The decline in breast-feeding was evident among women aged 35 to 44 in 1978 across three socioeconomic strata, while women aged 30 to 34 experienced an increase in breast-feeding across two socioeconomic strata. Between 1949 and 1963, women of 50 to 100 and 100% Pima Indian descent breast-fed significantly less than those with other tribal affiliations; however, the influence of tribal descent was reduced thereafter. Bottle-feeding was more prevalent in the high birth orders over time. Among women with first births before 1963, those with small families bottle-fed more than those with large families across birth order. Conversely, among women with first births during or after 1963, those with large families bottle-fed more than those with small families across birth order. PMID- 7081131 TI - Eating patterns. PMID- 7081132 TI - Quantitation of the effects of trans isomers of linoleic acid on the metabolism of linoleic acid. PMID- 7081133 TI - Sweets, snacks, and dental caries: South African interracial patterns. PMID- 7081134 TI - Comment on "error in photodensitometric bone density". PMID- 7081135 TI - Multiple myeloma: a therapeutic enigma. AB - Multiple myeloma is one of the few malignancies with a distinct tumor marker, the myeloma protein. This marker, as well as other disease manifestations, can be used to follow the progress of the tumor. Myeloma was also one of the first cancers to respond to chemotherapy and well known are the reports in the early 1960s of good results with melphalan and with cyclophosphamide. Since that time many other agents have been introduced and combination chemotherapy with several drugs were tried extensively. The enigma: Despite the tumor marker and despite the many available drugs there has been very little progress made in improving the outcome of multiple myeloma in the last two decades. PMID- 7081136 TI - Dibromodulcitol and adriamycin +/- tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer. AB - The therapeutic effectiveness of combining tamoxifen with a combination chemotherapy regimen was tested in 135 patients with advanced breast cancer previously treated with chemotherapy. Patients were randomly allocated to received dibromodulcitol + Adriamycin (DA, 55 patients) or DA + tamoxifen (DAT, 67 patients). An additional 13 patients less than 50 years of age were assigned to DAT (DATN). Pretreatment characteristics were similar across both regimens. DAT and DATN yielded similar results in the less than 50-year-old cohort. DAT tended to be superior to DA with respect to response rate (55% versus 36%, p = 0.004), time to treatment failure (medians: 170 days versus 110 days, log rank p = 0.001), responders' time to treatment failure (360 days versus 220 days, p = 0.035), and survival (340 days versus 270 days, p = 0.18). Toxicity was similar in both regimens. Thus, addition of tamoxifen to a second-line DA regimen appears to increase the therapeutic effectiveness. It is suggested that the addition of this antiestrogen to other chemotherapy regimens would also be beneficial. PMID- 7081137 TI - Phase II trial of VP-16-213 in non-small-cell lung cancer. AB - Fifty-one patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with VP-16-213 (4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin) during a phase II trial. Of the 49 patients who had adequate trials, 2 patients achieved a partial response (PR), for an overall 4% major response rate. The median Karnofsky performance status (PS) was 80%; 85.7% of patients had adenocarcinoma and 14.2% had epidermoid carcinoma. Prior treatment with chemotherapy may have adversely affected response rate; the two responses occurred among the 25 previously untreated patients, while no responses were seen in patients who had previously received chemotherapy. Myelosuppression was the most frequent side effect and two drug-related deaths due to septicemia occurred. Other toxic effects noted included anorexia, nausea and hypotension during drug infusion. We conclude that VP-16-213 has minimal activity as a single agent in NSCLC. PMID- 7081138 TI - Current status of chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. AB - Renal cell carcinoma is an uncommon but lethal disease. Since many patients initially present with metastatic disease and/or fail primary local therapy, therapeutic alternatives are needed. In our review of single agents none emerge as uniformly effective, although a number of chemotherapeutic agents are somewhat active, as is the hormonal agent, medroxyprogesterone. Combination chemotherapy, with and without hormonal agents and immunotherapeutics, appears to be somewhat more active, with several reports of CRs. Immunotherapeutic agents alone show promise in the limited studies reported to date. Several studies are now in progress, attempting to study new agents and combinations in this disease. Physicians are urged to participate in these studies. PMID- 7081139 TI - Adjuvant immunotherapy (BCG) in stage D prostate cancer. AB - Thirty-three patients with advanced prostate cancer were prospectively randomized to receive either Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) adjuvant immunotherapy plus conventional therapy or conventional therapy alone. Conventional therapy consisted of estrogens or observation. There was a statistically significantly (p less than 0.05) longer survival in the 16 BCG-treated patients (42 weeks) than in the 17 control patients (29 weeks). PMID- 7081140 TI - Phase II study of 3-deazauridine in advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma. AB - A phase II study of 3-deazauridine (DAUR) showed poor activity in previously treated patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma. There were no responses among 15 patients treated on a dose schedule of 1200 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated at 3-week intervals. Toxicity included mild nausea and vomiting, occasional mucositis, diarrhea, and dizziness. A minimal degree of myelosuppression was observed. PMID- 7081141 TI - Misonidazole enhancement of the action of BCNU and melphalan against human melanoma xenografts. AB - We investigated the effects of combinations of BCNU and misonidazole, and melphalan and misonidazole on growth delay in two human malignant melanoma xenograft lines grown in immune-deprived mice. Misonidazole on its own had no effect on the growth of these tumors, but combinations of BCNU-misonidazole and melphalan-misonidazole produced greater tumor growth delays than those produced by the cytotoxic drugs alone. This was accompanied by increased weight loss. Misonidazole in combination with melphalan also increases hemopoietic stem cell toxicity, but in the case of BCNU there was no enhancement of bone marrow toxicity at the dose chosen for tumor experiments. PMID- 7081142 TI - Second neoplasms following radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer. AB - While radiotherapy and antineoplastic chemotherapy often control malignancies they may, paradoxically, cause new cancers to develop as long-term complications. Although almost any type of neoplasm can occur, radiation-induced malignancies are most likely to affect the myelopoietic tissues and the thyroid gland. The former tissues are also most frequently involved by chemotherapy. The combination of intensive radiotherapy and intensive chemotherapy is particularly leukemogenic. Acute myeloid leukemia has occurred with increased frequency following treatment of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, polycythemia vera, carcinoma of the thyroid gland, and carcinoma of the breast. Radiation-induced malignancies usually occur in the field of irradiation. For example, radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix may be followed by the development of carcinomas of the endometrium, vagina, urinary bladder, colon , rectum, and anus, as well as mesotheliomas of the peritoneum and osteosarcomas of the pelvis. Tumors developing in an irradiated field include a substantial number of soft tissue sarcomas or osteosarcomas. There is a 20-fold increase of second cancers following treatment of childhood malignancies, mostly sarcomas of bone and soft tissues, but including leukemia, and carcinomas of the thyroid gland, skin, and breast. The latent period between radiotherapy and the appearance of a second cancer ranges from 2 years to several decades, often being 10-15 years. With chemotherapy the mean latent period is shorter, approximately 4 years. The mechanism of oncogenesis by radiotherapy or chemotherapy is poorly understood and probably involves a complex interplay of somatic mutation, co oncogenic effects, depression of host immunity, stimulation of cellular proliferation, and genetic susceptibility. The danger of developing second malignancies following radiotherapy or chemotherapy emphasizes the need for lifelong follow-up of patients given these forms of treatment; particularly in those with a long life expectancy as are those treated for childhood neoplasms. PMID- 7081143 TI - PCNU: a new nitrosourea in clinical oncology. AB - PCNU is a new nitrosourea compound which has recently entered clinical trials. Preclinically it has been found to be effective against a variety of tumor models. Biochemically, PCNU was found to have optimal lipophilic, alkylating, and carbamoylating properties as compared to other nitrosourea agents. PCNU is able to diffuse into the CSF as demonstrated by pharmacokinetic studies. Clinical phase I studies indicate that the main toxicity is myelosuppression; nausea and vomiting were less frequently observed with PCNU than with other nitrosourea compounds. Human antitumor activity has been reported in a number of tumors, but most consistently in brain tumors. Phase II studies are now underway to confirm the antitumor activity of PCNU. PMID- 7081145 TI - A statistical note: selection of an endpoint. PMID- 7081144 TI - Phase II trail of PCNU in refractory advanced breast cancer. AB - An evaluation of PCNU was carried out in 28 patients with extensively treated refractory breast cancer. The starting dose was 60 mg/m2 in 13 patients and 90 mg/m2 in 15 patients given intravenously every 6 weeks. The major side effect was myelosuppression, manifested mainly as thrombocytopenia. Nonhematologic side effects were minimal, consisting mainly of transient nausea. One mixed response was seen. Four patients had stable disease. PCNU demonstrated limited activity in advanced breast cancer and was not effective in the treatment of central nervous system metastases. PMID- 7081146 TI - Alternative approaches to evaluating the impact of local control on survival. AB - An important aspect of evaluating treatments aimed at local tumor control is to assess the effect of local control on survival. A common approach to this problem is to compare all patients who have failed locally with those who have not using a logrank test. However, this method of analysis does not take into account the effect of time on a patient's local disease status. Since patients in the local failure group must survive long enough to fail, this group may be biased in favor of longer survival times. The Mantel-Byar extension of the logrank test avoids this source of bias by utilizing the data on time to local failure in defining the local control and local failure groups. In this paper, the application of this technique is illustrated using data from recurrent breast cancer patients and contrasted with the results obtained using the standard logrank test. PMID- 7081147 TI - Third report of the ASCP/CAP/APC joint task force on pathology manpower. AB - This report concerns the results of pathology manpower surveys encompassing responses from four groups of pathologists: (1) solo and group practitioners; (2) training program directors; (3) house staff; (4) diplomates seeking positions. The rate of response by all four groups is judged highly satisfactory. The results show an approximate balance between supply and demand with respect to manpower in pathology. Comparison with the results of two similar surveys conducted by the Joint Task Force shows the following trends: (1) a continued marked reduction of foreign medical graduate (FMG) trainees; (2) continued increase in the proportion of women entering pathology; (3) an increase in the size of the average practice and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of pathologists in solo practice; (4) a decreased tendency of practicing pathologists to relocate; (5) an increase in pathologists lost to the profession because of death, disability and retirement; (6) a slight decrease (approximately 50) in the number of funded full-time positions and a slight increase in the number of part-time vacancies. PMID- 7081148 TI - The cost of quality control procedures in the clinical laboratory. AB - The impact of quality control procedures on the workload and the cost of the clinical laboratory during the last decade is explored. Quality control procedures are shown to represent a relatively constant share of test procedures for acute care admissions. The effect of automation on quality control testing in the laboratory has been to reduce the workload units per quality control test and thus to reduce the relative share of total laboratory costs incurred by quality control. The need to assess changes in the cost of quality control testing against any change in quality of laboratory output is emphasized. PMID- 7081149 TI - Carcinoma of the endometrium. II. Papillary adenocarcinoma: a clinical pathological study, 46 cases. AB - Forty-six patients with papillary carcinoma of the endometrium were studied. Forty-five were followed for at least five years or until death, and 41 were followed for 10 years. The remaining patient was alive at four years. The survival rate was 51.1% at five years and 46.3% at 10 years. At five years one third had died of their disease. The median age at time of diagnosis was 63 years, and the age at diagnosis was an important determinant of survival. None of the seven black women survived for five years. Tumor grade was an important predictor of the course of disease and nuclear grading was a significantly more accurate indicator than was the histologic grading of the World Health Organization. Papillary carcinoma should be distinguished from the papillary type of clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. While it has a somewhat better prognosis than mixed adenosquamous carcinoma or clear cell carcinoma, it appears to be more aggressive with a lower survival rate and higher rate of death from disease than the usual type of endometrial adenocarcinoma or adenoacanthoma. PMID- 7081150 TI - Spurious elevation of the electronically determined mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit caused by hyperglycemia. AB - Following normalization of blood glucose levels, a marked change in the MCV and in the calculated hematocrit was observed in five patients with transient severe hyperglycemia. The addition of varied concentrations of glucose to blood samples from healthy volunteers and from patients with microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic anemia produced a similar and proportionate increase in the MCV. Increases in urea concentration to clinically relevant levels had no effect. The phenomenon appears to result from the osmotic swelling and subsequent shrinking of hyperglycemia erythrocytes when they are mixed with the diluent used for measurement of hematologic parameters. The magnitude of this spurious macrocytosis is less pronounced with the Coulter S than with the Coulter S-Plus. This difference can be explained by the differences in incubation prior to measurement of these instruments. A method for eliminating this spurious finding in blood samples with high levels of glucose is recommended. PMID- 7081151 TI - Immunochemical CK-MB assay for myocardial infarction. AB - The diagnostic efficiency of an immunochemical assay for CK-MB (I-MB) was compared with that of an electrophoretic procedure for this isoenzyme (E-MB) in 215 consecutive patients in whom acute myocardial infarction (MI) was clinically suspected. All patients were investigated with a standard protocol consisting of serial assays of total creatine kinase (CK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activities, CK-MB and LD1 isoenzymes, and electrocardiograms. Technetium pyrophosphate cardiac scans were obtained for eleven patients; autopsy was performed in six cases. The diagnosis of acute MI was established in 45 patients. The coefficients of variation for the intra-assay and interassay precision of I MB assay ranged from 2.05%-7.2%. Concordance between the I-MB and E-MB results at the decision values for acute MI was observed in 203 of 215 patients (94.4%). At the cut-off point of 10 U/L, the I-MB assay was 95.5% sensitive and 95.3% specific for acute MI; the corresponding rates for the E-MB test were 93.3% and 94.7% respectively. The test efficiency rate for I-MB assay was 95.3% and that of E-MB procedure 94.4%. A complete time-based isoenzyme protocol for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction has several variables; the need for interpretation of individual profiles and for the preparation of a formal report is discussed. PMID- 7081152 TI - Cholesterol granulomas of the breast. A lesion which clinically mimics carcinoma. AB - Cholesterol granuloma formation is an unusual development in the advanced stage of mammary duct ectasia. Its recognition is important because it can be clinically, mammographically, and grossly confused with carcinoma. Five such cases thought clinically to be carcinoma are presented. The histologic findings in cholesterol granuloma are distinctive and consist of multiple cholesterol crystals arranged either singly or in tightly-packed arrays. Foreign body giant cells surrounding the cholesterol deposits are invariably present. PMID- 7081153 TI - Aspiration biopsy cytology and melanoma. AB - Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnosis of metastatic and primary melanoma. The ABC of 28 cases was studied and the findings tabulated. Melanin can be verified by Fontana-Masson stain. Additional salient features include cell isolation, anisocytosis, multinucleation, eosinophilic nucleoli, and intranuclear inclusions. Use of all of these cytomorphologic findings will result in accurate diagnosis of melanoma by ABC. PMID- 7081154 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. AB - Association of monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance with primary hyperparathyroidism has been reported by several investigators. We reviewed the records of our cases of surgically proven parathyroid adenoma with serum protein electrophoresis within 6 months preceding parathyroidectomy. Among 911 patients who had hyperparathyroidism and were more than 50 years old, immunoelectrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in nine (1.0%). This incidence is similar to those in two studies of a normal population (1.25% and 1.6%). In our nine patients, the monoclonal proteins ranged from 1.0 to 1.9 g/dl. The monoclonal protein was unchanged during follow-up (median 62 months) in eight and increased in one (who probably has evolving multiple myeloma). Nine of the 911 patients with hyperparathyroidism had a malignancy, and this also is similar to previously reported experience. PMID- 7081156 TI - Fragile-X syndrome. A jigsaw puzzle with picture emerging. PMID- 7081155 TI - Benign hemangioendothelioma of the testis: case report with electron microscopic documentation and review of the literature. AB - Tumors of non-specialized gonadal mesenchyme have been reported only rarely. An intratesticular benign hemangioendothelioma from a 26-year-old man presented a diagnostic challenge due to the infrequency of well-defined vascular lumens. Electron microscopy was helpful in defining the vascular nature of the tumor. In spite of the cellularity of the neoplasm, there has been no recurrence or metastasis over a two and one-half year follow-up period. The histological features are compared with those of previously reported cases. PMID- 7081157 TI - Fragile X-linked mental retardation. A survey of 65 patients with mental retardation of unknown origin. AB - Fragile X-linked mental retardation is a recently described entity that includes a chromosomal fragile site at Xq28 and macro-orchidism. We studied 50 institutionalized males and 15 noninstitutionalized males and found six (9.2%) with this disorder. Their clinical findings include enlarged testicular volumes, low IQs (30 to 40), perseverative speech patterns, and characteristic facial features, including prominent supraorbital ridges, prognathism, and large ears. We recommend cytogenetic studies for both males and females with mental retardation of unknown origin in order to establish early diagnoses and to extend proper genetic counseling to the affected families. PMID- 7081158 TI - Surgery for scoliosis in congenital factor VII deficiency. AB - A patient with severe congenital factor VII deficiency had an anterior and posterior spine fusion for severe scoliosis. For both operations, hemostatic management was 50 units of prothrombin complex concentrate (Konyne) per kilogram of body weight before surgery and every eight hours after surgery for the first 24 hours. Subsequently, 10 mL/kg of fresh frozen plasma was given daily for five days. No bleeding problems were encountered. A treatment protocol is outlined for replacement therapy management during surgery for patients with severe factor VII deficiency. Managing hemostatic control during surgery in patients with severe factor VII deficiency is relatively easy. PMID- 7081159 TI - Paraldehyde toxicity during treatment of status epilepticus. AB - A 2-month-old girl survived a lethal serum level of paraldehyde after being given the drug intravenously (IV) for status epilepticus. On the basis of known pharmacokinetic data in man, a slow IV infusion, over a period of five minutes, of 200 mg/kg of paraldehyde followed by a drip of 20 mg/kg/hr should result in safe, rapid control of status epilepticus when first-line anticonvulsant drugs have failed. The paraldehyde should be diluted to a 10% solution with 5% dextrose water. PMID- 7081160 TI - Fetal exposure to maternal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal course and outcome. AB - A case of prolonged fetal exposure to hyperbilirubinemia occurred in a mother with end-stage liver disease during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. At birth, the infant had elevated levels of both conjugated and unconjugated serum bilirubin that required multiple-exchange transfusions during the first three days of life. The infant exhibited abnormal neurologic findings at birth that resolved during the neonatal period. The results of subsequent developmental and neurologic evaluation were normal at 14 months of follow-up. Prolonged fetal exposure to elevated serum bilirubin levels may not necessarily result in developmental or neurologic handicap. PMID- 7081161 TI - Myocardial vs serum digoxin concentrations in infants and adults. AB - To establish whether there is a difference between infants and adults in the relationship of serum levels of digoxin to dosage or the ratio of myocardial to serum digoxin levels, the concentrations of digoxin in right atrial appendage (RAA) and serum were measured in 12 infants and 17 adults undergoing open heart surgery. Although the daily digoxin dose per weight for the infant was significantly greater than that for adults, there was no difference in the serum digoxin levels for the two groups. We found, however, a considerable difference in myocardial digoxin levels. The RAA digoxin levels were 211.8 +/- 72.1 ng/g of wet weight in infants and 35.1 +/- 7.7 ng/g of wet weight in adults. Similarly, the RAA-serum digoxin ratio was much higher in infants (149 +/- 30) than in adults (28 +/- 5). These data indicate discrepancies between infants and adults in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, especially with respect to myocardial uptake. PMID- 7081162 TI - Erythema nodosum and kerion of the scalp. AB - Three children had pustular patches develop over the occipital areas of the scalp. Colonies of Trichophyton mentagrophytes grew on cultures with Sabouraud's dextrose agar with antibiotics. After a week of topical treatment with 1:10,000 potassium permanganate solution and oral treatment with griseofulvin, typical nodules of erythema nodosum appeared over the shins, ranging in diameter from 1 to 4 cm. Nodules on the legs resolved spontaneously within 12 days in the three children. Erythema nodosum occurring in patients with kerion may be interpreted as individual allergic hypersensitivity reactions as a result of the immune host response to allergenic products from the primary site of infection. This possibly may cause immune complexes that precipitate erythema nodosum. PMID- 7081164 TI - Gallbladder candidiasis in a leukemic child. PMID- 7081163 TI - Osmolality of carbohydrate solutions and gastric emptying in the newborn. AB - Gastric emptying in normal newborns was studied with use of a double marker technique. The volume of 200 to 400 mOsm carbohydrate solutions emptied from the stomach in 30 minutes was determined. To evaluate isocaloric solutions of different osmolalities, the osmolality of a 400-mOsm glucose solution was decreased to 300 and 200 mOsm/L by replacing a portion of the glucose with glucose oligosaccharides (GOSs). Because GOSs could be rapidly hydrolyzed in the duodenum, the effect of osmolality alone was studied by adding xylose to a 200 mOsm glucose solution to increase the osmolality to 300 and 400 mOsm/L. The volumes of the various solutions emptied in 30 minutes were not significantly different. These findings suggest that decreasing formula osmolality from 400 to 200 mOsm offers no intrinsic advantage with regard to gastric emptying. PMID- 7081165 TI - Hypothyroidism and apparent 'ambiguous genitalia'. PMID- 7081166 TI - Lyme disease first observed to be aseptic meningitis. PMID- 7081167 TI - Citrobacter diversus urinary tract infection. PMID- 7081168 TI - Normal gallbladder appearing as abdominal mass in neonates. PMID- 7081169 TI - Carbamazepine overdose. PMID- 7081170 TI - Ambiguous genitalia in a term female infant due to exposure to danazol in utero. PMID- 7081171 TI - Cloacogenic carcinoma: a study of six cases and review of literature. AB - A clinicopathological study of six cases of cloacogenic carcinoma and review of the literature was undertaken. These tumors arise from transitional epithelium of the pectinate line. The tumors are often deceptive in the beginning and may often resemble small abscesses, fissures, or fistulas. Often they appear outside the mucosa and skin. Histologically, they are well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Local excision is adequate for small noninfiltrating tumors. Pelvic radiation, combined with surgery for lesions greater than 2 cm with local extension and/or pelvic nodes, controls the pelvic disease. Well and moderately differentiated tumors have a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma. Overall survival rate is approximately 50%. Cure rate depends on the size of the lesion, differentiation of tumor, depth of invasion, duration of the symptoms, nodal involvement, lymphatic or vascular invasion, and contiguous organ invasion. Cloacogenic carcinoma is a better term than other names used in the literature for this tumor. PMID- 7081172 TI - Amyloidosis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease with a mass lesion simulating a malignancy. AB - Our patient, who was known to have multiple myeloma, presented with weight loss, rectal bleeding, and a barium enema study suggestive of a colitis with a mass lesion. Colonoscopy with biopsy revealed the mass to be large mucosal folds infiltrated with amyloidosis. Amyloidosis has been reported to mimick malignancy, mainly by tumorous deposits in the stomach and less commonly in the small and large bowels. Gastrointestinal surgery in patients with amyloidosis potentially may have undesirable consequences due to failure of anastomotic suture lines and subsequent sepsis (6, 11, 17, 18). The knowledge that amyloidosis may be associated with multiple myeloma and an appreciation of the wide range of gastrointestinal roentgenographic findings in patients with amyloidosis should prompt the clinician to obtain endoscopic and biopsy evaluation of these patients. PMID- 7081173 TI - Does spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occur in malignant ascites? AB - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a well-described entity estimated to occur in 8% of patients with cirrhotic ascites. Characteristic clinical findings may often be absent and the only manifestation may be decompensation of liver function. Ascites at Memorial Hospital is most commonly related to malignancy. We reviewed the records of 101 patients with ascitic fluid cytology positive for malignancy during the calendar year 1979. The most common malignant cytological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma, seen in 76 patients. Of the 101 patients with positive ascitic fluid cytology, 65 fluid specimens had microbiological studies performed which included aerobic, anerobic, fungal, and acid fast bacterial cultures. Only three patients had positive ascitic fluid cultures. We believe that these three patients had other reasons for peritonitis and do not represent true spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Ascites alone, without liver disease, seem to predispose to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Perhaps, the presence of liver disease with less than normally effective hepatic reticuloendothelial function and portasystemic shunting is needed for the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. PMID- 7081174 TI - Presence of duodenopancreatic feedback in minipigs and possible interference from the bile. AB - In two minipigs chronic pancreatic and duodenal fistulas, which allowed the diversion and the intestinal replacement of pancreatic secretion, were prepared. In a third minipig a chronic biliary fistula was also prepared so the bile secretion could be fed back into the intestine through a duodenal catheter. In these animals a chronic gastric fistula was made so gastric secretion could also be collected. Diversion-replacement of pure pancreatic juice and of bile were carried out in the fasting state. This study confirms the presence of a feedback regulatory mechanism in exocrine pancreatic secretion in the pig. Moreover, it suggests that bile can interfere with this phenomenon. PMID- 7081175 TI - Reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: report of a case with postmortem findings. PMID- 7081176 TI - Hemobilia with jaundice: treatment by endoscopic papillotomy. PMID- 7081177 TI - Chronic pancreatitis with cyst formation after prednisone and thiazide treatment. AB - Acute pancreatitis has been associated with multiple drugs. Some animal and autopsy studies have shown chronic focal changes. Most clinical reports have shown acute pancreatitis at autopsy or an acute clinical course. Herein we present a patient with chronic pancreatitis with cyst formation that was detected several months after steroid administration had been stopped. The histological findings in the resected pancreas showed ectatic ducts, acute and chronic inflammation, and laminated protein concretions in dilated pancreatic ducts. The findings in this patient suggest that drug therapy might be etiological in causing selected cases of chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 7081178 TI - Cimetidine-induced acute interstitial nephritis. AB - Cimetidine is responsible for changes in serum creatinine. Previously reported, this has been thought to be related to an alteration in the manner in which the kidney handles creatinine. Herein a case of acute interstitial nephritis attributable to the ingestion of routine doses of cimeditine is detailed. Review of the changes in serum creatinine and renal function in patients taking cimetidine reveals that as many as 60% of the patients taking cimetidine may have changes in serum creatinine. In none of those series, however, have changes in urinary protein excretion or urinary sediment been followed. Recently several reports have been published in which patients have developed acute interstitial nephritis while taking cimetidine. However, in no previously reported case has the diagnosis been proved by rechallenging the patient with that drug. In our study the patient had moderate to severe renal insufficiency with acute interstitial nephritis while on cimetidine. Rechallenging the patient with cimetidine resulted in prompt return of clinical signs and symptoms as well as changes in serum creatinine and urinary sediment characteristics diagnostic of interstitial nephritis. PMID- 7081179 TI - Selective management of benign esophageal strictures. AB - Thirty-eight consecutive patients were treated for benign stricture of the esophagus secondary to reflux esophagitis. All patients were evaluated endoscopically. Mild strictures allowed passage of the adult fiberoptic endoscope with some resistance. Moderate strictures would only allow passage of the pediatric scope and severe strictures failed to allow passage of the pediatric endoscope. Two treatment groups were designed. Group I (20 patients) underwent dilatation and antireflex surgery. Group II (18 patients) consisted of high risk patients who underwent dilatation plus medical management. Sixteen patients were followed in each group for a mean of 2 yr. Good to excellent results occurred in 80% of group I. The only treatment failures occurred in patients with complex pathology. Two patients had Barrett's esophagus and one a concomitant motor disorder. Results in group II showed only one frank treatment failure but three unsatisfactory results. Symptomatic improvement is obtainable in 80% of patients with peptic stricture by dilatation and medical management. Columnar epithelium did not seem to regress after antireflux surgery in three patients. PMID- 7081180 TI - American College of Gastroenterology. Task Force on Public Relations and National Affairs. January 29-30, 1981. Overview and considerations. PMID- 7081181 TI - The role of a national specialty society in the 1980's--orientation to the Washington scene. PMID- 7081182 TI - The role of medicine and health in government. PMID- 7081183 TI - Effectiveness of the role of a national specialty society. PMID- 7081184 TI - National health issues and the American College of Gastroenterology. PMID- 7081185 TI - Nonoperative removal of cystic duct stones after cholecystostomy. PMID- 7081186 TI - Meckel's diverticulum complicated by megaloblastic anemia. PMID- 7081187 TI - Bile gastritis occurring after cholecystectomy. AB - Bile gastritis has been reported as being related mainly to gastric surgery until recently. This report deals with the relationship of cholecystectomy to the development of bile gastritis. A total of 2563 upper gastrointestinal cases occurring over a 9-yr period were reviewed. One hundred seven cases of bile gastritis were present. Of the latter, 51% occurred after cholecystectomy only, 24% after gastric surgery only, 11% occurred after both a cholecystectomy and gastric surgery, and 14% did not occur after either type of surgery. Clinical endoscopic and histological data are presented concerning all four groups. Unlike other reports, most of the lesions described here were generalized and not distal. A high percentage of psychiatric problems were present in these patients. Of the nonsurgical group 36% had gallstones. The results of medical treatment were poor. There appears to be a relationship between the development of bile gastritis and previous cholecystectomy. There may be some relationship between gallbladder disease and be some relationship between gallbladder disease and bile gastritis as well. PMID- 7081188 TI - Tissue bile acids in patients with colon cancer and colonic polyps. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether in man unusual types of concentrations or bile acids were present in colonic polyps, colon carcinomas, or the adjacent, apparently normal tissue. Methods for the determination of soluble and tissue-bound bile acids were validated. Of 14 polyps analyzed, eight contained detectable levels of bile acid, predominantly chenodeoxycholic acid; no lithocholic acid was observed in either the tissue-bound or soluble bile acid fractions. Bile acids were found in four of nine samples of colon carcinoma; in one tumor, tissue-bound lithocholic acid was present. Bile acids were similarly found in seven of 10 samples of normal bowel taken adjacent to the carcinoma. In the soluble bile acid fraction, cholic acid was more abundant than chenodeoxycholic acid. There was no correlation between tissue histology and bile acid composition or concentration. Under the conditions used, this study did not disclose a relationship between tissue bile acids and colorectal histology. PMID- 7081189 TI - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with refractory sprue. PMID- 7081190 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel. Clinical features, similarity to regional enteritis, and analysis of 338 documented cases. AB - A case of ileal adenocarcinoma is presented and the clinical features of adenocarcinoma of the small bowel are discussed. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of this tumor from Crohn's disease. Analysis of Connecticut Tumor Registry data on 338 cases of small intestinal adenocarcinoma occurring between 1935 and 1978 reveals a predilection for the elderly but no sex predominance (male/female = 0.965). Two hundred fifty-four patients were followed for at least 5 yr, and the overall (1935-1978) 5-yr survival rate was 17.3%. No improvement in survival has taken place in Connecticut over the past 40 yr. PMID- 7081192 TI - Neurofibroma and elastosis of the gallbladder. Report of an unusual case. PMID- 7081191 TI - Effect of cimetidine on the regeneration of the gastric mucosa around a peptic ulcer. AB - Histological changes in gastric ulcers during the healing process with cimetidine treatment were compared with those seen with conventional treatment. Healing time of the ulcers was clearly shortened, and the regeneration of the marginal mucosa of gastric ulcers was strongly stimulated by cimetidine. Heightening of the marginal mucosa resulted from active regeneration of the mucosal cells and made the endoscopic features mimic those of gastric cancer. These results suggest that it is necessary to differentiate clearly peptic ulcer from gastric cancer before beginning treatment of a gastric ulcer with cimetidine. PMID- 7081193 TI - Salmonella hepatic abscess: an unusual complication of the Salmonella carrier state? PMID- 7081195 TI - Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer--1982. PMID- 7081194 TI - Crohn's disease of the stomach and duodenum. PMID- 7081196 TI - Familial aggregation of blood pressure in a highly inbred community, Abu Ghosh, Israel. AB - Abu Ghosh is a highly inbred community of more than 2000 Israeli Arabs in which all members are descendants of two brothers and in which individual blood pressures, rates of hypertension, and corresponding morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are inordinately high. Accordingly, patterns of familial aggregation of blood pressure were investigated to determine if the population structure of this community might affect familial aggregation. In a study of children aged 2-14 years, significant familial aggregation of blood pressure was found in 797 children in 220 families. Intraclass correlation coefficients for systolic, Korotkoff IV and Korotkoff V diastolic blood pressures were 0.20, 0.21, and 0.26, respectively (all p less than 0.001). When correlated for Quetelet's index, the correlation coefficients were 0.21, 0.19, and 0.23, respectively (all p less than 0.001). Father-child correlation coefficients were 0.15, 0.18 and 0.12 with p-values of p = 0.003, p less than 0.001 and p = 0.024, respectively. Mother-child correlations were not significant. Adjustment for Quetelet's index increased the father-child correlations (p less than 0.001), but the mother-child correlations remained not significant. Although father-son correlations tended to be stronger than father-daughter correlations, and mother-daughter correlations tended to be stronger than mother-son correlations, these were trends and not statistically significant. Although the Abu Ghosh community is an extended family of common, known ancestry, the sib-sib aggregations were not different from those found in random families, but the father-child aggregations were unique and warrant further study. PMID- 7081197 TI - Plasma lipids and diabetes mellitus in an adult community. AB - Most previous studies of hyperlipidemia in diabetics are based on patients in specialty clinics or reflect an era when diabetics consumed a high-fat, low carbohydrate diet. In this paper, data from a defined adult population aged 20-79 years in an upper middle class community in Southern California, 1972-1974, were used to ascertain the relationship of hyperlipidemia to diabetes in a current community-based population. All (n = 358) diabetics as defined by history and/or fasting hyperglycemia (fasting plasma glucose, greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl) were compared with all (n = 4387) nondiabetics defined as euglycemic (fasting plasma glucose, less than 110 mg/dl) with no personal or family history of diabetes. In both men and women 50 years of age and older, the mean cholesterol level and the prevelance of categorical hypercholesterolemia were not significantly different in diabetics vs. nondiabetics, whereas the mean triglyceride level and the prevalence of categorical hypertriglyceridemia were significantly higher in diabetics vs. nondiabetics. Case-control comparisons of 356 diabetics matched for age and obesity with 356 nondiabetics confirmed the significantly higher triglyceride levels in diabetes. Conversely, hypertriglyceridemia was associated with diabetes in 29 per cent of nonobese men and 25 per cent of obese men, and in 10 per cent of non-obese women and 21 per cent of obese women. The biologic mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in diabetics is discussed. PMID- 7081198 TI - Changing patterns of lung cancer in the United States. AB - Although mortality from lung cancer increased throughout the United States during 1950-1975, the rate of change varied according to sex, race, and geographic sector. A pronounced shift in the geographic pattern of lung cancer was seen in white males. The elevation in rates in urban counties of the north in the 1950s faded over time and was not observed in the 1970s. The highest rates during 1970 1975 were in the south, both in rural and urban areas, particularly at younger ages. The sharpest rise in US mortality rates was reported among nonwhite males. Cohort analysis revealed that for males born before 1885 age-specific rates among whites exceeded those among nonwhites by nearly 50%, but for those born after 1915 a 50% excess was seen among nonwhites. Among nonwhite males the highest mortality in the 1970s occurred in urban areas of the south. Among females the rate of increase in lung cancer mortality was higher in the 1970s, but racial and geographic differences tended to be minor. Cigarette smoking accounts for a substantial part of the shifting patterns of lung cancer, but it is likely that other factors are involved, including industrial exposure (e.g., exposure to asbestos in shipyards during World War II) and possibly nutritional deficiencies and other determinants yet to be identified. PMID- 7081199 TI - Race, iris pigmentation, and intraocular pressure. AB - The association of intraocular pressure with age, sex, race, iris pigmentation, systemic blood pressure, and family income was evaluated using data from the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-1972. In general, mean intraocular pressure was highest for blacks with brown irides and progressively lower for whites with brown irides, whites with neither brown nor blue irides, and whites with blue irides. Multilinear regression analysis showed positive associations of intraocular pressure with systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.0001), age (p less than 0.0001) and amount of iris pigmentation (p less than 0.0001). The association with iris pigmentation held for both a combined race/iris color variable and for iris color among white persons. When race rather than iris pigmentation was used in the regression equation, it was a weaker (p less than 0.03) but still significant risk factor for higher levels of intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure was negatively associated with family income (p less than 0.004). Despite the significant associations, the proportion of variance in intraocular pressure that was explained by these variables was small (R2 = 0.06). PMID- 7081200 TI - Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. AB - A community sample made in the fall of 1972 in Durham County, North Carolina, and that consisted of 331 persons 65 years of age and older was assessed for adequacy of social support along three parameters: roles and available attachments, perceived social support, and frequency of social interaction. This approach to the assessment of social support complements previous approaches to the measurement of social support which have not compared with the various components of the construct. Mortality status, the outcome variable, was determined 30 months after the initial assessment. The crude relative risks of mortality were 1.96 for impaired roles and available attachments, 3.86 for impaired perceived social support, and 2.72 for impaired frequency of social interaction. Ten potential confounding variables-age, sex, race, economic status, physical health status, self-care capacity, depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning, stressful life events, and cigarette smoking-were controlled using binary linear regression analysis. The estimates of relative mortality risk were 2.04, 3.40, and 1.88, respectively, for impaired roles and available attachments, impaired perceived social support, and impaired frequency of social interaction when the control variables were included in a regression model. Therefore, these three parameters of social support significantly predicted 30-month mortality in both crude and controlled analyses in a community sample of older adults. PMID- 7081201 TI - Survey of reproductive events of wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins. AB - To determine whether paternal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or other polychlorinated dioxins might be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, an interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among wives of Dow Michigan Division employees in the Midland, Michigan, area who had been potentially exposed to dioxins. A control group consisted of wives of employees who had no dioxins exposure and whose hire dates were comparable to those of the men in the exposed group. A total of 737 conceptions, which resulted in 637 live births and 10 stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, were identified as having paternal exposure; 2031 conceptions, resulting in 1785 live births and 246 stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, were identified as having no paternal exposure to any isomer of dioxin. Odds ratios were calculated for dependent variables consisting of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, infant deaths and several categories of congenital malformations. Trend analysis was performed for duration-of-paternal-exposure of 12 months or less, or more than 12 months. Overall, no statistically significant associations were found between any exposure and pregnancy outcome, either before or after stratification by pertinent sets of up to nine covariables. PMID- 7081202 TI - Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Italy. AB - In a case-control study conducted between May 1979 and February 1980, in Milan, Italy, to evaluate risk factors for ovarian cancer, various reproductive and menstrual characteristics, marital status, education, history of various diseases, and lifetime drug use were examined among 161 women with histologically proven epithelial cancer and 561 controls. Early menarche, late menopause, low parity, late age at first pregnancy and total ovulatory years were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The elevated risk associated with late age at first pregnancy was not accounted for by low parity. Many of the risk factors identified in this study are also accounted for by low parity. Many of the risk factors identified in this study are also related to the risk of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and to breast cancer. Further exploration of these factors may lead to an improved understanding of the etiology of all three cancers. PMID- 7081203 TI - Leukemia and farm practices in Iowa. AB - Death certificate analyses of 1675 white, male Iowans over age 30 years who died of leukemia in 1964-1978 were completed. Each case was matched to two controls on age (within two years) at death, county of usual residence and year of death. Consideration of usual occupation, as recorded on the death certificate, resulted in an odds ratio for leukemia mortality among farmers of 1.24 (p less than 0.05). The highest odds ratios for farmers were observed in those born after 1890, those dying after 1970, and those dying at age 65 years or younger. Odds ratios for farmers were also elevated in counties with high soybean and corn production per acre for those born between 1890 and 1900. For those born after 1900, odds ratios for farmers were increased in counties with the greatest numbers of egg-laying chickens and largest number of acres treated with herbicides. The types of leukemia causing elevated mortalities in Iowa farmers were chronic lymphatic and unspecified lymphatic. Mortality from unspecified lymphatic leukemia was associated with corn per acre, number of milk cows and number of egg-laying chickens. PMID- 7081204 TI - Estimating household and community transmission parameters for influenza. AB - A maximum likelihood procedure is given for estimating household and community transmission parameters from observed influenza infection data. The estimator for the household transmission probability is an improvement over the classical secondary attack rate calculations because it factors out community-acquired infections from true secondary infections. The mathematical model used does not require the specification of infection onset times and, therefore, can be used with serologic data which detect asymptomatic infections. Infection data were derived by serology and virus isolation from the Tecumseh Respiratory Illness Study and the Seattle Flu Study for the years 1975-1979. Included were seasons of influenza B and influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2. The transmission characteristics of influenza B and influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) outbreaks during this period are compared. Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B are found to be in descending order both in terms of ease of spread in the household and intensity of the epidemic in the community. Children are found to be the main introducers of influenza into households. the degree of estimation error from the misclassification of infected and susceptible individuals is illustrated with a stochastic simulation model. This model simulates the expected number of detected infections at different levels of sensitivity and specificity for the serologic tests used. Other sources of estimation error, such as deviation from the model assumption of uniform community exposure and the possible presence of superspreaders, are also discussed. PMID- 7081205 TI - Additional power computations for designing comparative Poisson trials. AB - Published power computations for designing comparative Poisson trials are extended to the case of unequal populations sizes. The goal is to determine the required duration of a study for testing the one-sided alternative that the incidence rate of a rare disease in one population exceeds that in another population, based on an exact test conditional on the total number of events observed. Tables are provided for two designs: observing until a predetermined number of events have been observed, or observing for a predetermined length of time. The results may also be used to determine sample sizes for comparative binomial trials with very small binomial parameters when the numbers of patients in the two groups are not necessarily equal. PMID- 7081206 TI - Sample sizes for individually matched case-control studies: a group sequential approach. AB - This paper proposes the use of group sequential methods to calculate sample sizes for individually matched case-control study designs. A table is presented in which the average sample size required for a group sequential (i.e., multistage) matched pair design is compared to that of the conventional matched pair fixed sample size plan for the usual constant relative risk situation. The table shows that group sequential designs are in general more efficient than fixed sample size plans. Computer simulations showed that group sequential methods yield the appropriate type I and type II error rates not only for matching on a one-to-one basis, but also more generally with multiple matched controls per case. Further simulation studies indicated that there may be only a small loss of power when the matching variable(s) is associated with the probability of exposure but not with the disease. This is shown for both the multistage and fixed sample tests. PMID- 7081207 TI - On the possible inverse relationship between cancer and serum cholesterol. PMID- 7081208 TI - "Risk factors for benign breast disease". PMID- 7081210 TI - Elimination of 'lead time' bias in assessing the effect of early breast cancer diagnosis. PMID- 7081209 TI - "Overadjustment in case-control studies". PMID- 7081211 TI - Fluoresceinated lectins as probe for cell surface changes associated with lymphocyte transformation. AB - Lectins are plant-derived proteins with specific affinities for simple or complex sugars and are potentially useful tools for investigation of the carbohydrate structure of the cell surface. A panel of fluoresceinated lectins was used to study the cell surface changes associated with lymphocyte transformation. The major determinants detected on peripheral blood lymphocytes were alpha D-mannose, beta-D-galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. Phytohemagglutinin transformation was associated with increased binding of lectins specific for N-acetyl-galactosamine, MOLT-4, a T-lymphoblast cell line in continuous culture, was associated with increased binding of lectins specific for N-acetyl-galactosamine and L-fucose. Application of fluoresceinated lectins may be a useful tool in the classification of lymphoid cells. PMID- 7081212 TI - Apparently normal extracellular acidic alpha-mannosidase in fibroblast cultures from patients with mannosidosis. AB - Fibroblasts from patients with mannosidosis, cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum from which acidic alpha-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, E.C.3.2.1.24) has been removed, secreted a normal amount of apparently unaffected acidic alpha-mannosidase into fetal calf serum-free medium. Both the intracellular and extracellular acidic alpha-mannosidase activities were completely precipitated by antiserum to placenta alpha-mannosidase B. In contrast to the heat-lability of the intracellular acidic alpha-mannosidase and its low affinity for artificial mannoside substrate, the extracellular enzyme exhibited both normal thermostability and normal kinetics. Mixing experiments with the intercellular enzymes suggested that the decreased activity in the patients' fibroblasts is not the effect of an inhibitor or absence of an activator. However, incubation of the mannosidosis extracellular enzyme with either normal or patient cell lysate resulted in a partial loss of activity, whereas an additive value was observed with the normal extracellular enzyme. In contrast to normal culture medium, the medium from mannosidosis cell culture was unable to enhance the rate of reduction of intracellular radioactivity in mucolipidosis type II fibroblasts precultured in the presence of radiolabeled mannose. These findings suggest that the defect in mannosidosis is expressed only after the enzyme has been delivered to lysosomes and presumably undergone some form of processing there. PMID- 7081213 TI - Complete autosomal chromomere maps of human early and mid/late pachytene spermatocytes. AB - Specific identification of each bivalent of human spermatocytes at early and mid/late pachytene was obtained from chromomere maps developed by analyzing complete, well-spread cells from five subjects aged 31-49. The total number of chromomeres on the early autosomal bivalents was 499 and 386 at the mid/late stage. Regional analysis revealed more chromomeres at early pachytene than at mid/late, with 12 exceptions having equal numbers. Correspondence of chromomeres with mitotic prometaphase G-bands was found in all bivalents. Four chromomeres were found in region 1 of the 9q at early pachytene and two at mid/late. Differences between the map for chromosome no. 10 observed in this study and others were noted. PMID- 7081214 TI - The influence of half-chromatid mutations on the ratio of new mutations in lethal X-linked recessive disorders. PMID- 7081215 TI - Asynapsis or diffuse diplotene in human male meiosis. PMID- 7081216 TI - High resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of human erythrocyte membrane proteins. AB - Three different two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoretic techniques have been modified to provide high resolution of human erythrocyte membrane proteins. The resulting gels were referenced to the established one-dimensional (1-D) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoretic profile, and the effects of endogenous proteolysis and cytosolic contamination were studied. It is concluded that in vitro proteolysis and cytosolic contamination do not contribute significantly to the patterns observed on the 2-D gels, under the conditions used for erythrocyte ghost preparation. The procedures require only small quantities of blood; as many as twenty 2-D gel profiles can be obtained from 5 ml of blood. The combination of nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension, SDS electrophoresis in the second dimension, and very sensitive silver staining techniques resolves more than 250 individual protein spots. This appears to be the most useful single procedure for the analysis of red cell membrane proteins. Membrane protein profiles from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and acanthocytosis with degeneration of the basal ganglia were compared with normal controls. The patterns for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome were not different from normal patterns. The pattern for the patient with acanthocytosis and degeneration of the basal ganglia consistently showed a high level for one protein in the 100,000 mol. wt. range. PMID- 7081217 TI - Immunochemical studies on cultured fibroblasts from patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. AB - Fibroblast extracts from 20 individuals with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency were analyzed for the presence of immunoreactive synthase antigen as cross-reacting material (CRM). CRM was quantitated by competitive and direct immunotitration using rabbit antiserum against homogeneous human liver synthase. The lower limit of sensitivity for detection of CRM was 1.5% of the amount of synthase antigen in control extracts. Each of 14 mutant extracts with detectable synthase activity had detectable CRM ranging from 5% to 100% of the amount found in control extracts. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the percent residual activity and the percent CRM. Of six mutant extracts without measurable catalytic activity, three had no detectable CRM, while three had 13%, 17%, and 26% CRM, respectively. These results extend our information about the biochemical heterogeneity previously found in synthase deficiency, and emphasize that such deficiency is caused by a wide array of mutations affecting the structural locus for cystathionine beta synthase. PMID- 7081218 TI - Family studies of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase thermal stability. AB - There are large individual variations in the thermal stability of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). These variations are a characteristic of the DBH molecule itself. Individual subjects may be classified as those with thermolabile and those with thermostable plasma DBH. Of 362 randomly selected unrelated children, 8.01%, and of 238 randomly selected unrelated adult subjects, 5.46% had thermolabile plasma DBH. There was not a significant correlation of DBH thermolability with either sex or age on the basis of data from 230 adults and children in 53 randomly selected families. Subjects with thermolabile DBH had basal enzyme activity only about 55% of that in subjects with stable enzyme. There was not a direct relationship between DBH thermolability and the allele DBHL, the presence of which results in very low basal enzyme activity. There was a significant familial aggregation of the trait of DBH thermolability, but there was not a significant correlation of this trait among spouses. Although preliminary pedigree evaluation raised the possibility of monogenic inheritance of the trait of DBH thermolability by an autosomal recessive mechanism, three separate families in which both parents had thermolabile enzyme included offspring with thermostable DBH. All five of these offspring had very low basal plasma DBH and were presumed to be homozygous for the allele DBHL. These observations raised the possibility that the trait of plasma DBH thermolability may be inherited, and that there may be an interaction between the locus or loci responsible for thermal stability and the locus DBH. PMID- 7081219 TI - Evidence for a major dominance component in the variation of serum pepsinogen I levels. AB - We report here a variance component analysis of the distribution of serum pepsinogen I levels in normal individuals, using a maximum-likelihood method on entire pedigrees. The results indicate a broad heritability of 91%, with some 74% being attributed to a dominance component. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the pepsinogen I level in normals is principally determined by the action of major genes, as also seems to be the case for duodenal ulcer patients and families. PMID- 7081220 TI - Detection of heterozygotes in maple-syrup-urine disease: measurements of branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase and its components in cell cultures. AB - To detect heterozygotes for maple-syrup-urine disease (MSUD), activities of branched-chain-alpha-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase and its components in skin fibroblasts of two obligatory heterozygotes and amnion cells of a fetus at risk were measured. Intact heterozygous cells were found to decarboxylate [1-14C] alpha-ketoisovalerate at rates equal to or only slightly lower than normal subjects. The inability to differentiate heterozygotes from normals with the intact cell assay confirms earlier studies with intact leukocytes using [1 14C]leucine as substrate. By contrast, measurements of BCKA dehydrogenase activity with disrupted cell suspensions showed MSUD heterozygotes with 30%--60% of normal activity. Moreover, biphasic kinetics in heterozygous cells were observed with increasing substrate concentrations. The altered biphasic kinetics probably reflect expression of the normal allele in the early hyperbolic portion of the curve of the mutant allele in the later secondary rise at high substrate concentrations. Assays of component activities showed concordant E1 decarboxylase deficiency in both heterozygous- and homozygous-affected cells, whereas the E3, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase-component, activity was normal. The above results taken together appear to provide an approach to detection of the heterozygote in MSUD. PMID- 7081221 TI - ACP1GUA-1--a low-activity variant of human erythrocyte acid phosphatase: association with increased glutathione reductase activity. AB - ACP1GUA-1, a variant of human erythrocyte acid phosphatase, exists as a polymorphism (allele frequency of .132) in the Guaymi Indians of Central America. This variant has an electrophoretic mobility similar to the common B- and C-type variants, but individuals of the ACP1GUA-1 phenotype have a level of enzyme activity only 27% of the activity expected for the ACP1C variant. The GUA-1 variant is more thermostable than is the B variant, and the order of responsiveness to the modulation of activity by purine analogs and folate is always (B)-(A)-(GUA-1). Thus, the GUA-1 variant is a low-activity variant with C like regulatory properties. Erythrocytes from individuals of the ACP1GUA-1 phenotype have increased basal levels of glutathione reductase, and a larger fraction of the glutathione reductase protein is present as the holoenzyme, indicating increased levels of flavin adenine dinucleotide in the erythrocytes of these individuals. This is consistent with the suggestion that ACP1 has a physiological function as a flavin mononucleotide phosphatase. PMID- 7081222 TI - Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. VIII. Preliminary population cytogenetic data on the folic-acid-sensitive fragile sites. AB - The incidence of the autosomal folic-acid-sensitive fragile sites in 524 institutionalized retardates (.0095) was found to be significantly higher than in 1,019 unselected neonates (.00098), suggesting that heterozygosity for these fragile sites may not be as harmless as previously thought. When one of the parents of an index case was found to carry the fragile site, that parent was always the mother. The fragile site at Xq27 was not found among the neonates studied, but was present in 1.6% of the institutionalized retarded males examined; if this fragile site occurs in normal males, then it does so rarely. Further cytogenetic studies of fragile sites are required on both normal and abnormal populations. PMID- 7081223 TI - Direct chromosomal analysis of human spermatozoa: preliminary results from 18 normal men. AB - Chromosomal analysis of 240 spermatozoa from 18 normal men was performed using in vitro fertilization of zona-free golden hamster eggs. The frequency of chromosome abnormalities in this population was 9.2% (22/240). Of the abnormal complements, 18 were aneuploid (13 hyperploid and five hypoploid) and four had a chromosome break. The sex ratio of Y-bearing to X-bearing sperm was .68. The frequency and type of sperm chromosome abnormalities is compared with those seen in spontaneous abortions. PMID- 7081224 TI - Trials of structural exploratory data analysis. AB - An attempt to apply structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) encounters problems of specificity and power, which limit its utility to supplement likelihood analysis. PMID- 7081225 TI - Lack of impact of undergraduate genetic courses on the teaching of medical genetics. AB - The impact of undergraduate genetic courses on the academic performance of first year medical students in the medical genetics course at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine was evaluated over a period of 9 years. Comparisons were made between medical students who had taken a formal undergraduate course in genetics and those who had not. Little if any differences were found in the academic performance in the medical genetics course between these two groups of students. Perhaps the design of undergraduate courses in genetics should be re evaluated to give more depth to the medical student's preparation for appreciating the significance of genetics in normal and abnormal human variation. PMID- 7081226 TI - Chromosome translocations in couples with multiple spontaneous abortions. AB - The reported incidence of balanced chromosomal translocations in couples with multiple spontaneous abortions (SABs) ranges from 0% of 31%. Because our experience has suggested that SABs are useful for ascertaining balanced translocations, we report the results of chromosome analyses performed on blood specimens from 440 individuals including 200 couples who were ascertained on the basis of two or more SABs. Balanced translocations were found in 3.6% of these 200 couples. For 122 of these couples, more detailed reproductive histories were available. For 48 couples with two SABs, four (8.4%) had balanced translocations; for 37 couples with three SABs, one (2.7%) had a balanced translocation; for 20 couples with four SABs, two (10%) had balanced translocations; and for 17 couples with five or more SABs, one (5.9%) had a balanced translocation. These 122 couples could also be classified on the basis of having abnormal or healthy children. For 40 couples with two or more SABs, one or more healthy children, and no abnormal offspring, two (5.0%) had balanced translocations; for 20 couples with two or more SABs and one or more abnormal children (and in some cases one or more healthy children), one (5.0%) had a balanced translocation; for 62 couples with two or more SABs and no other pregnancies, four (6.5%) had balanced translocations. PMID- 7081227 TI - Unexpected encounters in cytogenetics: repeated abortions and parental sex chromosome mosaicism may indicate risk of nondisjunction. PMID- 7081228 TI - Pharmacist's role in cancer-team assessment. PMID- 7081229 TI - Feedback of user satisfaction with computerized literature searches. PMID- 7081230 TI - Particulate matter possible in type B vertical-flow hoods. PMID- 7081231 TI - Drug-use review and risk management: another view. PMID- 7081232 TI - Intravenous fat emulsions. PMID- 7081233 TI - Pharmaceutical education revisited. PMID- 7081234 TI - Pharmaceutical education in perspective. AB - Several contemporary issues in pharmaceutical education in the United States are explored. Topics discussed include evolutionary growth and reform in pharmaceutical education, distinction among pharmacists related to practice site, the effects of a pluralistic health-care system on pharmaceutical education, the need for a contemporary philosophy of pharmaceutical education, the place for "training" in pharmaceutical education, and relationships between AACP and ASHP. In the 1980s, pharmaceutical education has three goals to accomplish. First, the relationship between academicians and practitioners must be improved. Second, an active program of recruitment for undergraduate and graduate students needs to be established. Finally, an agreement must be reached on a one- or two-tier structure for education. The author advocates the one-tier (single-entry-degree) system of pharmaceutical education, and he argues that pharmacy will become seriously divided if it does not commit itself to this course. PMID- 7081235 TI - Job satisfaction among hospital pharmacy personnel. AB - Job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists and of support personnel in two Arizona cities were compared. A survey composed of job-satisfaction measures that have been used in previous research was sent to all hospital pharmacy personnel (270 pharmacists and 208 support personnel) in Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona. Sixteen facet-free questions measured overall job satisfaction. Thirteen facet-specific indicators were measured. Differences were significant if p less than 0.05. Data from a national survey of hospital pharmacists and the general population were included for comparative purposes. Usable questionnaires were returned by 74.8% (202) and 62.5% (131) of the pharmacists and support personnel, respectively. Support personnel reported lower mean scores than pharmacists on all 13 facet specific measures; 10 of these were significantly different. Pharmacists had a mean score of 3.0 (representing satisfied) on only two of the 13 facets, however. Age, sex, academic degree, position held, and tenure on present job had no effect on satisfaction for support personnel. For the pharmacists, consistent and significant differences were found in facet-specific measures relative to age, tenure, and position held. Clinical and research pharmacists reported the highest mean scores. Pharmacists in the 23-28 age group reported the lowest mean scores on all 13 facets. The most and least satisfied pharmacists were at their present job six years and 13-24 months, respectively. Pharmacists appeared to be more satisfied than support personnel on all facet-free measures, and about as satisfied as the general population in 1977. The authors concluded that since the successful role expansion of pharmacists will require a concurrent expansion for support personnel, efforts should be implemented to improve job satisfaction among support personnel. PMID- 7081236 TI - Quality assurance program for a clinical pharmacokinetic service. AB - The development and implementation of a quality assurance program for a clinical pharmacokinetic service is described. The goal of the pharmacokinetic use review program is to assure the quality and consistency of pharmacokinetic monitoring by all pharmacists within the institution. Criteria were formulated as specific indications for pharmacokinetic monitoring of four drugs. The review process consists of: (1) an initial screen of a randomly selected sample of patient charts to determine if patients meeting predetermined criteria were actually pharmacokinetically monitored; (2) a peer review committee review to specify the appropriateness of monitoring; and (3) a reporting process to the pharmacists responsible for the service regarding their performance. The quality assurance program allows documentation and improvement of the quality of a clinical pharmacokinetic service and assures a consistent level of service. PMID- 7081237 TI - Improving revenue collection for ambulatory pharmaceutical services. AB - A method of improving revenue collection for ambulatory pharmaceutical services was studied. Data were collected and compared from two phases. In Phase 1, all charges for outpatient pharmaceutical services were billed by the business office. During Phase 2, a pharmacy-based cash-and-carry policy was initiated; patients were encouraged to pay for their prescriptions by cash, check, or credit card, and third-party agencies were billed directly for prescriptions when patients had such coverage. Samples of 1000 prescriptions were randomly selected in each phase to determine the amount of charges collected. Criteria for inclusion of prescriptions were the same in each phase. For the 831 prescriptions meeting the study criteria in Phase 1, 46% of the total $895,812 in charges was collected. For the 767 prescriptions meeting the same criteria in Phase 2, 85% of the total $892,185 charges was collected. It required an additional 1.5 minutes for the pharmacy to process a prescription in Phase 2. Patients receiving emergency medical services and those covered by Medicare had the poorest collection rates. The highest rates occurred for patients covered by Medicaid and those receiving maintenance medication. The cash-and-carry policy notably improved revenue collection and the efficiency of the collection process for outpatient pharmaceutical services. PMID- 7081238 TI - Design of a revised controlled substances distribution system. AB - A controlled substances distribution system that uses daily audit and disposition forms for three different groups of drug products is described. In the previously used system, only Schedule II drugs were controlled, using shingled proof-of-use forms for each product. All other controlled substances were dispensed like regular prescriptions. Accountability, record retrieval, and security weaknesses led to the development of a new system. The new system has a separate audit and disposition form for Schedule II injections, Schedule II orals and miscellaneous drugs, and Schedule III and IV oral and injectable drug products. Each form lists the most frequently prescribed products in the category. Nurses record daily shift counts on the bottom of the form. Twenty-one shingles are attached to the form that are similar to the shingles on the proof-of-use forms of the old system; these serve as patient charge slips. Each nursing station uses at least one of each form every day. Pharmacy reviews these forms daily for discrepancies and to determine the restocking needs of the nursing stations. A quality assurance program to assess the performance of the new system is described. Use of the daily audit and disposition forms for controlled substances combines accountability, security, and efficiency for nursing personnel with an effective charging mechanism. PMID- 7081239 TI - Crystallization of three phenytoin preparations in intravenous solutions. AB - The stability of three phenytoin sodium intravenous preparations in two intravenous solutions was compared. Solutions of phenytoin sodium 1.0, 1.5, 4.0. and 10.0 mg/ml were prepared by adding Dilantin, Phenhydan (commercially available in Europe) and Phenytoin Concentrate (available in Europe for research) to 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. (The two European products contain solubilizers and stabilizers different from those in U.S. formulations.) Four sets of samples were prepared in 10-ml glass blood collection tubes; two sets each were sealed and unsealed. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were made immediately and at various times up to 24 hours. The pH was measured periodically. The three phenytoin sodium preparations also were added to 100-ml polyvinyl chloride bags of 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride injection in concentrations of 1, 1.5, 4, and 10 mg/ml. Phenytoin concentration was determined spectrophotometrically initially and at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Percent phenytoin crystallization, based on initial concentration, was calculated, and differences among the three phenytoin products were tested using an analysis of variance split-plot factorial design (p less than 0.05). Dilutions of Phenhydan and Phenytoin Concentrate in both solutions were stable (less than 10% crystallization) for at least 24 hours. Percent phenytoin crystallization was significantly greater for Dilantin compared with Phenhydan or Phenytoin Concentrate at each time in 5% dextrose injection and after four hours in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Phenytoin crystallization was not solely dependent on pH of the solution, concentration, or carbon dioxide absorption. Phenhydan and Phenytoin Concentrate admixtures provided a more suitable environment for phenytoin stability than Dilantin admixtures did. PMID- 7081241 TI - Effect of removing clinical pharmacy input. PMID- 7081240 TI - Establishing priorities and distributing the request for proposal. AB - The process of establishing priorities for a prospective hospital pharmacy computer system and distributing the Request for Proposal (RFP) to computer vendors is described. Priorities are established through the creation of three documents: (1) a priority list, (2) a categorized RFP, and (3) a categorized RFP extension. The priority list outlines important elements in the selection of a vendor; quality of software, reliability of software and hardware, vendor stability, costs, site requirements, expansion capability, vendor support, and system performance. The categorized RFP ranks each specific RFP item as mandatory, highly important, important, or "luxury." The categorized RFP extension ranks the nonimplementation items and is used to grade vendors on items not addressed by the RFP. Each potential vendor should be called and asked the same set of questions in order to quickly eliminate those with unacceptable products. The RFP is then distributed to vendors that qualify. This process helps determine if the system being considered has all the required functions, has reliable software and hardware, and whether the vendor is stable and capable of providing assistance during implementation and throughout the life of the product. PMID- 7081242 TI - Reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services in university hospitals. PMID- 7081243 TI - Consistency in job descriptions, the interview process, and employee evaluations. PMID- 7081244 TI - Disclosure of product information by manufacturers. PMID- 7081245 TI - Stability of methadone pain cocktails. PMID- 7081246 TI - Job satisfaction and the future of pharmacy. AB - Reasons for the low levels of job satisfaction reported by hospital pharmacy personnel, the potential impact of this dissatisfaction on the profession, and possible solutions to the problem are discussed. Low levels of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists may be largely because of the manner in which pharmacy is practiced. While leaders in pharmacy have developed innovative programs and colleges of pharmacy have produced highly skilled practitioners, the practice of hospital pharmacy has not kept pace. Young practitioners may be disenchanted with pharmacy practice in the "real world" compared with their expectations, and they may not find their jobs mentally challenging. This may result in boredom, low motivation and commitment, and obsolescence of skills and abilities. To reverse the trend of insufficient mental challenge, the role of the hospital staff pharmacist sould be expanded to include some of the challenging functions presently performed by clinical pharmacists. This could be done by decentralizing pharmaceutical services so that pharmacists have more interaction with patients and other health practitioners. To alleviate dissatisfaction with advancement, a position hierarchy in the pharmacy could be established where pharmacists and support personnel would be promoted to a higher grade on the basis of merit, tenure, and demonstrated competence. Soliciting employee input at staff meetings may have a positive impact on satisfaction with hospital policies and practices. Finally, it is necessary for directors of pharmacy to develop the expertise to deal effectively with problems of human-resources management. PMID- 7081247 TI - The importance of drug standards. PMID- 7081248 TI - Assay of netilmicin in serum with the gentamicin radioimmunoassay kit. PMID- 7081249 TI - Theophylline doses in The Harriet Lane Handbook. PMID- 7081250 TI - Trends and initiatives in hospital ambulatory care. AB - Changes in the financing and delivery of hospital ambulatory care are discussed. Ambulatory care encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical services provided to patients who are not confined overnight to an institutional bed as inpatients. There are a large and growing number of ways hospitals and physicians cooperate to provide ambulatory-care services. Technological advancements, which have spurred changes in other sectors of medicine, have also changed patterns of medical practice in ambulatory care. Some of the reasons why hospitals develop and expand ambulatory-care programs relate to the changing demand for health services, the shifting preferences of third-party payers and regulators, competitive influences, diversification of risk, and use of such programs as feeders for inpatient services and as teaching and research settings. Although outpatient revenues are a small portion of total hospital revenues, they are growing more rapidly than inpatient revenues. Changes in the health industry that offer opportunities to hospitals are described, such as the increasing physician supply and the formation of group practices, the climate of cost consciousness and price competition, and the trend toward new corporate structures for hospitals. These changes portend changes for hospital pharmacists and give them the opportunity to increase their clinical roles in providing ambulatory care. PMID- 7081251 TI - Assessing whether a clinical pharmacy program is meeting its goals. AB - An assessment of whether the clinical pharmacy program at Memorial Hospital Medical Center (MHMC), Long Beach CA, was meeting its goals is presented. MHMC is a 858-bed, nonprofit teaching hospital that initiated a clinical pharmacy program in 1967. The program's three foremost goals were to: (1) establish cohesive and standardized clinical services, (2) promote the acceptance of the roles and functions of clinical pharmacists by physicians and nurses, and (3) assure the provision of good quality care. The evaluation data were collected over a six week period using questionnaire surveys of approximately 28 pharmacists, 146 physicians, and 389 nurses; pharmacist service reports from 5991 drug monitorings; 228 medical record audits for six drugs; 68 guideline compliance records for three drugs; interviews with 131 users of the drug information services; abd logs of 3946 pharmacist encounters with other health-care providers. Generally, the clinical pharmacy program was found to be meeting its goals. Most of the monitorings (81.6%) were initiated by pharmacists, and 20% resulted in changes in drug therapy. The pharmacists adhered to the pharmacy department's monitoring and dosing guidelines. There was unanimous satisfaction among users of the drug information service with the response received from pharmacists, and 99% satisfaction with the promptness of response and accuracy of the information. Sixty-eight percent of the pharmacists reported discussing general issues with physicians, and 72% answered patient-specific questions from physicians. The physicians (96%) and nurses (97%) thought that there was an improvement in the quality of patient care as a result of pharmacist involvement. Pharmacists at MHMC are providing useful clinical services. PMID- 7081252 TI - Evaluating performance in writing drug information consultations. AB - A form for evaluating written drug information consultations was used to measure the performance of pharmacy students in a drug information service clerkship; the reliability of the evaluation process was also assessed. Drug consultations were written by 74 clerks during a four- or five-week rotation. A total of 147 consultations were written: Nine clerks wrote one consultation, 57 clerks wrote two, and eight clerks wrote three. The consultations were evaluated on 11 criteria by 18 different preceptors using an evaluation form. Performance on each criterion was rated on a four-level scale. Clerk improvement over time, reliability of the instrument, and inter-rater reliability for preceptors were analyzed statistically. The overall mean score for all consultations was 84 7%. Some improvement was observed between the first and second consultations completed by clerks, but the difference was not significant. Reliability of the evaluation process was good (coefficient of alpha = 0.666). There as no significant difference among preceptors. The authors concluded that the written drug information consultation evaluation form was a valid and reliable method for measuring individual and program competence. PMID- 7081254 TI - Physician and pharmacist attitudes toward medication use. AB - Pharmacist and physician attitudes toward the use of medication in various situations were compared. In May 1979, a questionnaire was sent to 300 pharmacists and 300 physicians randomly selected from practitioners licensed in Arizona. The questionnaire listed 25 statements regarding the use of medications in controversial situations; respondents were asked to rate their degree of agreement to each situation using a five-point scale. The data were factor analyzed, and a two-tailed Student's t test was used to test for significant differences between the mean physician and pharmacist response to each item (p less than or equal to 0.05). Demographic data were also collected. The response rate was 69%, representing 217 pharmacists and 198 physicians. Pharmacists had significantly more favorable attitudes toward medication use in seven situations, and physicians in six. When the data were factor analyzed, neither the pharmacist nor the physician responses showed intercorrelations that justified data reduction. The respondent's attitudes were polarized, since more than 25% of the pharmacists agreed and disagreed in 15 situations. The pattern held in 13 situations for the physician sample. Both the pharmacists and physicians reported a wide range of unpatterned attitudes regarding medication use. Further work is needed to improve the instrument used to measure attitudes in this study. PMID- 7081253 TI - Evaluating the performance of technician trainees. AB - The development and use of a behavioral performance evaluation form for pharmacy technicians in a hospital-based training program is described. The behavior anchors for the evaluation form were derived from a task analysis of the technician position and a modified critical-incident technique. The appraisal factors were classified under six basic work areas: (1) procurement, (2) intravenous admixtures and sterile solutions, (3) automatic replenishment, (4) manufacturing and prepacking, (5) outpatient dispensing, and (6) inpatient dispensing or unit dose. Five rating categories ranging from exceptional to unsatisfactory were given point values. After an evaluation is completed, the supervising pharmacist reviews it with the trainees and sets objectives for the next appraisal period. The form can be used at regular intervals to assess the trainees' progress, and it can be used in the annual review of a technician's performance. The performance evaluation of technician trainees can determine the proficiency gained from a training program and identify areas where further instruction is needed. PMID- 7081255 TI - Comparison of stated and measured patient heights and weights. AB - Stated and measured patient heights and weights were compared, and the clinical importance of any differences was determined. A total of 112 health-clinic patients were interviewed for height and weight determinations. They were divided into four groups: men 21-35 years old; men 65 years and older; women 21-35 years old; and women 65 years and older. The stated and the actual heights and weights were analyzed for significant differences. Calculations of body surface area (BSA) and basal energy expenditure (BEE) were used to determine the clinical impact of any discrepancies. Patients in all groups tended to overestimate their height, but only the estimates of men differed significantly from the measured values. Differences between stated and measured heights for older women showed statistical differences from younger men and women but not from older men. All groups except young men overestimated their weight. Older men showed the greatest tendency towards overestimation of weight. In elderly men, the calculations of BSA and BEE were significantly different (p less than 0.002) when stated versus measured values were used. These differences were not considered clinically important. Overall, patients in all groups were well aware of their heights and weights. PMID- 7081256 TI - Integrated calculator programs for pharmacokinetic calculations. AB - A package of integrated programs for calculating pharmacokinetic variables and drug-dosing regimens using a hand-held programmable calculator is described. Twelve pharmacokinetic programs, which were based on previously published pharmacokinetic equations, were developed for use in a HP-41C hand-held calculator (Hewlett-Packard). The programs perform, pharmacokinetic calculations for many drugs, including digoxin, theophylline, phenytoin, nd the aminoglycosides. Also programs for ideal body weight, body surface area, and creatinine clearance calculations are included. Eleven of the 12 programs can be stored in the calculator at any time. Values generated in one program are stored in memory registers and can be recalled directly for use in other programs. The calculator has a continuous memory; therefore, all stored data, programs, and functions are maintained when the calculator is turned off. The integrated calculator programs provide a quick and reliable means of applying pharmacokinetic principles to everyday hospital pharmacy practice. PMID- 7081257 TI - Analog-computer method for rapid estimates of theophylline clearance using presteady-state plasma concentrations. AB - An analog-computer method is described that provides estimates of steady-state plasma theophylline concentration nd total body clearance well before steady state is achieved. An analog computer was programmed to simulate single compartment disposition of plasma theophylline for a constant rate infusion and an initial bolus. The two simulations were algebraically summed and the curve displayed on an oscilloscope. A series of 20 simulations was performed to define the rate of theophylline administration as applied to the analog-computer rate constant. The method was then tested using patient data previously reported in the literature. Presteady-state plasma concentration-time data points (n = 72) for the 20 simulations were compared; r2 for the analog-computer fit with calculated values as 0.99995. Using data for four patients, the estimates of total body clearance compared favorably with values generated by nonlinear least squares regression analysis. An r2 of 0.86 was obtained for the analog-computer fit to 16 presteady-state patient data points. Use of the analog-computer method may enable clinicians to adjust aminophylline doses early in therapy to achieve optimal plasma theophylline concentrations. PMID- 7081258 TI - Effect of vitamin B complex and ascorbic acid on the antimicrobial activity of cefazolin sodium. PMID- 7081259 TI - Compatibility of nalbuphine hydrochloride with other preoperative medications. PMID- 7081261 TI - Stability of digoxin in common large-volume injections. PMID- 7081260 TI - Compatibility of haloperidol lactate and heparin sodium. PMID- 7081262 TI - Measuring the electrolyte concentration of intravenous admixtures. PMID- 7081263 TI - Drug interference with clinical tests performed by a 20-channel computerized autoanalyzer. PMID- 7081264 TI - Medication problems handled by a consumer-oriented drug information center. PMID- 7081266 TI - Continuing education support as a fringe benefit. PMID- 7081265 TI - Pharmacist participation in a multidisciplinary, community health-education project. PMID- 7081267 TI - Hospital expansion of ambulatory-care services: implications for pharmacy. AB - Implications for hospital and community pharmacists of the hospital industry's increased involvement in ambulatory care are discussed. There will certainly be competition between hospital and community pharmacists for the right to provide pharmaceutical services to ambulatory patients. Various developments are encouraging hospitals to expand their ambulatory services, and these will increase the competition and add urgency to minimizing confrontation between the two groups. The need for a forum within pharmacy to discuss difficult issues such as this is emphasized. PMID- 7081268 TI - Assessment of pharmaceutical services in the small hospital. PMID- 7081269 TI - Relationship of USP-NF to NDA and ANDA "Standards". PMID- 7081270 TI - Observations of a traveling pharmacist. Part 1. PMID- 7081271 TI - Nephrotoxicity from angiographic contrast material. A prospective study. AB - Three hundred and seventy-eight hospitalized patients undergoing nonrenal angiography were evaluated for subsequent changes in renal function. Acute renal failure was defined as a rise in the serum creatinine level of 1.0 mg/dl or more. Several factors that appeared to play no significant role in causing acute renal failure included: the volume of contrast material injected, the anatomic site of injection and the presence of a prior history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. The single risk factor identified was the presence of preexistent azotemia (blood urea nitrogen of 30 mg/dl and serum creatinine of 1.5 mg/dl). Whereas nonazotemic patients had a 2 percent incidence of definite acute renal failure, patients with chronic azotemia (mean blood urea nitrogen/creatinine = 47/2.3 mg/dl) had a 33 percent incidence. Three patients required short-term dialysis, and two required potassium-exchange resin therapy. No patient required permanent dialysis, and no patient died of acute renal failure. The persistence of a positive nephrogram 24 hours after angiography was a sensitive detector of a rise in the serum creatinine level although more expensive than the creatinine determination. While urine sediment analysis confirmed the diagnosis in many cases, it was relatively insensitive. Monitoring of urine volume proved to be of little value. We recommend a screening serum creatinine determination 24 to 48 hours after infusion of angiographic contrast material in azotemic patients. PMID- 7081272 TI - Presence of prostaglandin E in lung tumors from normocalcemic patients. AB - Prostaglandin E levels were determined in the tumor and normal lung tissue in 14 normocalcemic patients with lung cancer. All of the tested extracts from tumor and normal lung tissue revealed the presence of prostaglandin E; the levels were significantly higher in tumor tissue as compared with normal lung tissue. All of the tested tissue culture media from the tumors and all but one of those tested from normal lung revealed the presence of prostaglandin E; the levels were significantly higher in tumor tissue as compared with normal lung. There was no correlation between the level of prostaglandin E production and subsequent development of hypercalcemia or bone metastases or the duration of survival. The studies suggest that production of prostaglandin E by the tumors is a common phenomenon even in normocalcemic patients, and therefore its presence in the tumor tissue from a hypercalcemic patient may not necessarily implicate prostaglandin E in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in that patient. PMID- 7081273 TI - Gonadal morphology in patients receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. Evidence for reproductive potential and against a testicular tumor sanctuary. AB - To evaluate the possible reproductive potential in patients who receive chemotherapy for leukemia, we reviewed the gonadal histologic findings at autopsy in 183 treated leukemic patients and in 183 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The 103 male leukemic patients had significantly reduced spermatogenic activity and tubular fertility index and increased interstitial fibrosis as compared with control subjects (p less than 0.001). The 80 females had marked reduction of secondary follicles (p less than 0.001). These lesions showed no predilection for grouping by sexual maturity or by leukemia diagnosis. There was no correlation with the type of chemotherapy or time since last dose of any antileukemic agent. Despite these extensive pathologic changes, there was histologic evidence of residual reproductive potential--a tubular fertility index greater than zero in 65 percent of males and intact primary follicles in 81 percent of premenopausal females. Testicular leukemia was present in 25 percent of males; all of the patients with testicular leukemia had additional foci of leukemia in other organs. The study shows histologic evidence of possible reproductive potential in treated leukemic patients of both sexes and does not support the concept of the testis as a tumor sanctuary in leukemia. PMID- 7081274 TI - Human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Wisconsin. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features. AB - Yersinia enterocolitica has been sought in stool and blood culture specimens by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (SLH) since 1973. Clinical information on symptoms, duration of illness, and use of antibiotics for 41 persons with Y. enterocolitica infections from January 1, 1979, to September 30, 1980, was obtained by telephone interviews. Diarrhea and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms of the ill persons; extraintestinal symptoms were infrequently reported. Ten infected persons (24 percent) had no illness. Review of a 10 percent sample of all stool specimens cultured at the SLH from June 20, 1977, to June 20, 1979, revealed that Salmonella was the most commonly isolated enteric pathogen (15.4 percent) followed by Shigella (2.0 percent) and Y. enterocolitica (0.7 percent). Several different biotypes and serotypes of Y. enterocolitica were associated with illness. Y. enterocolitica isolates were uniformly susceptible to a wide variety of antibiotics, and most isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Epidemiologic studies showed that persons with Y. enterocolitica infections were more likely to live in rural counties than were all persons sending stool samples or those having Salmonella infections; underlying illness was identified as a risk factor for infection. PMID- 7081275 TI - Plasma lipid alterations in leukemia and lymphoma. AB - Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied at presentations in 25 patients with acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All patients demonstrated an abnormally in at least one plasma lipid fraction, and most exhibited a predictable pattern of lipid alterations that consisted of extremely low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (median [Xm] = 23), elevated triglyceride (Xm = 165) and elevated very-low-density lipoprotein (Xm = 26). Patients restudied during remission demonstrated a return to normal values. The degree of lipid abnormality was directly related to the underlying tumor burden and particularly to the presence of bone marrow involvement. However, even patients with minimal tumor bulk demonstrated plasma lipid abnormalities. The results suggest that an abnormality in systemic lipid metabolism, possibly in triglyceride clearance, is present in these patients and that its incidence in this population is high. PMID- 7081276 TI - Adrenocortical adenomas: nonfunctioning? PMID- 7081277 TI - Chloramphenicol: ineffective for treatment of Listeria meningitis. PMID- 7081278 TI - Cardiovascular collapse in a 78 year old man. PMID- 7081279 TI - Diagnosis of a persistent pulmonary embolus by indium- 111 platelet scintigraphy with angiographic and tissue confirmation. PMID- 7081280 TI - Postural tachycardia syndrome. Reversal of sympathetic hyperresponsiveness and clinical improvement during sodium loading. AB - A patient with disabling postural tachycardia without postural hypotension had symptoms that included palpitations, weakness, abdominal and leg pain, light headedness, headache and diaphoresis that occurred only in the upright position. She was shown to have an enhanced sympathetic neural response to standing (exaggerated plasma nor epinephrine response), and her cardiovascular responsiveness to released catecholamines was clearly intact. However, she was unable to maintain normal sodium balance and had a measurably reduced plasma volume while consuming normal amounts (120 mmol daily) of dietary sodium. Sodium loading (240 mmol ingested daily plus administration of fluorohydrocortisone, 0.1 mg daily) largely corrected the hemodynamic abnormalities, prevented postural symptoms and caused the compensatory sympathetic response to revert to normal. PMID- 7081281 TI - Stress and the medical technologist: I. A general overview. AB - Up to 682 medical technologists were surveyed twice at a six month interval regarding a number of factors dealing with job-related stress, nonjob-related stress, personality factors and general health conditions and behaviors. This report summarizes the first data collection period. Overall work stress was found to be associated with a number of specific job and organizational stress sources. Additionally, those high in work stress differed from those low in work stress on a number of personality and health characteristics. Some additional differences were found in comparisons of supervisory and non-supervisory employees, and among those working different shifts. PMID- 7081282 TI - Stress and the medical technologist: II. Sources and coping mechanisms. AB - Up to 682 medical technologists were surveyed twice at a six month interval regarding a number of factors dealing with job-related stress, nonjob-related stress, personality factors and general health conditions and behaviors. This report summarizes the second data collection period. Overall, pressure for immediate results was found to be the most frequent source of stress, lack of communications the most intense stressor, confronting the stressor the most preferred method of dealing with stress, and complaining to someone the most frequently used coping method. Some differences in preferences and behavior were found between low- and high-stress groups. High-stress respondents were found to have increased likelihood of health problems in a six month period following reporting of their stress levels. PMID- 7081284 TI - Economic security: an AJMT special report. PMID- 7081283 TI - Dealing with the effects of work-related stress. AB - Among the diseases or symptoms most frequently associated with stress are peptic ulcers, coronary heart disease (CHD), high blood pressure, backaches, and breathing disabilities. Many who have not experienced these severe symptoms have had milder ones, such as tension, cold hands, colds, headaches, tight muscles, and irritability, or feelings of disorganization, apathy, boredom, dissatisfaction, and even moderate levels of hostility. Although unpleasant, many people accept these as the cost of doing business or simply living. This need not be the case. If the mild symptoms are managed, more severe ones like CHD and ulcers may be avoided altogether. However severe or mild the symptoms, the important question is: "How can the symptoms be managed and even eliminated?" The answer is to become aware of stress and to engage in stress management strategies. These strategies are addressed here in some detail. PMID- 7081285 TI - An allied health perspective on competition. PMID- 7081286 TI - A comparative study of job satisfaction in medical technology. AB - This paper reports the results of a job satisfaction study of four allied health groups: medical dietitians; medical technologists; occupational therapists; and, physical therapists. Comparisons of mean job satisfaction scores between professions are presented, as are comparisons to national norms. Particular emphasis is placed on the results from medical technology respondents, and a summary of anecdotal comments from medical technologists is also presented. Implications for laboratory managers and educators are discussed. PMID- 7081287 TI - Mini course. Hemostasis. Unit three: the fibrinolytic system. PMID- 7081288 TI - Role of echocardiography in detecting the anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of constrictive pericarditis. AB - Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is associated with thickening of the pericardium (P), rapid filling of the ventricles, and a steep rise of early diastolic pressure in the right and left ventricles. We investigated the frequency with which echocardiography detects the characteristic anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of CP. M-mode echocardiography was performed in 10 patients with CP. All patients had evidence of pericardial thickening. Eight patients had motion of the P parallel to the epicardium with an echo-free space between the two structures. Two patients had a small pericardial and left pleural effusion sandwiching the P which measured 8 mm, and 14 mm respectively. Premature pulmonic valve opening indicating a high right ventricular early diastolic pressure which exceeded the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure was present in all 5 patients in whom the pulmonic valve was recordable. A notch on the septum in early diastole was seen in 6 patients. Sharp posterior motion of the left ventricular posterior wall in early diastole followed by a flat segment was noted in 7 patients. Motion of the posterior wall of the aortic root (PWAo) in diastole has been shown to indicate left atrial volume changes or reflect left ventricular filling. An index of early diastolic left ventricular filling derived from the motion of the posterior wall of the aortic root, indicated abnormally rapid early diastolic filling in all 8 patients in whom this was measured. We conclude: 1) The anatomic and physiologic abnormalities in CP are commonly reflected on the echocardiogram, and 2) echocardiography should be useful in evaluation of patients suspected of having CP. PMID- 7081289 TI - Hepatitis following cimetidine administration. AB - There have been only two reports of cimetidine-induced hepatitis. Such a low incidence suggests a hypersensitivity type of reaction. The case of an adult who developed both hepatic dysfunction and an impaired macrophage migration after exposure to cimetidine is discussed. PMID- 7081290 TI - Gonococcal endocarditis in a patient with mitral valve prolapse: study of host immunology and organism characteristics. AB - The first case of gonococcal endocarditis on a prolapsing mitral valve is reported. The organism was found to be highly sensitive to penicillin G, Arg- Hyp Ura-, and sensitive to the bactericidal action of normal serum. This combination of characteristics in a strain of Neisseria gonorrheae causing systemic disease is distinctly unusual. With high dose penicillin therapy the immunologic parameters returned to normal and the patient made an uneventful recovery. High levels of circulating immune complexes were detected in the patient's serum. PMID- 7081291 TI - CK-MB isoenzyme in patients with polymyositis. AB - Total serum creatine kinase and isoenzyme levels were studied in five patients with polymyositis. In all five patients, CK-MB isoenzyme was demonstrated by the column chromatography and electrophoretic method, although there was no evidence of myocardial infarction. The persistent elevation of CK-MB in patients with polymyositis is in contrast to the usual transient increase in myocardial infarction. Serial CK-MB isoenzyme quantitation can be used to distinguish myocardial infarction from polymyositis. CK-MB is a more sensitive indicator than AST and LDH as a monitoring device, but offers no advantage over total CK activity. PMID- 7081292 TI - Brief clinical report and review: the Marden-Walker syndrome. AB - We have studied a sibship with one confirmed and three probable cases of the Marden-Walker syndrome (MWS). Our patient had the major manifestations of blepharophimosis and squint; narrowly arched palate with micrognathia; small mouth and mouth-breathing; facial deformities and distortions; congenital muscle weakness with resulting scoliosis; mild pectus excavatum; camptodactylies and hip and finger joints subluxation. In addition, he had small, apparently low-set and slightly malformed auricles with a unilateral preauricular tag. However, he had no apparent renal or cardiovascular involvement. Results of CPK, EMG, and of histochemical, light microscopic, and ultrastructural studies of muscle biopsy do not suggest a primary myopathy but rather CNS related weakness/hypotonia with small muscle mass and hypoactive DTRs. This pathogenetic hypothesis is confirmed by the presence of severe mental retardation and minor brain changes suggesting cortical atrophy. In five previously reported cases there has been microcephaly. Phenotype analysis does not convince that the MWS is a true malformation syndrome, but rather hints at the possibility of a congenital metabolic dysplasia. Genetic analysis demonstrated autosomal-recessive inheritance in this and two other instances; primarily sporadic occurrence leaves open the possibility of genetic heterogeneity. PMID- 7081293 TI - The genetics of malignant hyperthermia: evidence for heterogeneity. AB - Study of phenotype and familial distribution of malignant hyperthermia (MH) suggests heterogeneity with MH possibly being a symptom of several disorders. Review of all reported family studies supports the concept of heterogeneity with autosomal dominant inheritance in about one-half of the families. There is no strong evidence for other mendelian patterns of inheritance, but sporadic and possibly multifactorially determined cases are common. MH is also seen in other musculoskeletal disorders. We report 12 Wisconsin families with MH and outline a preliminary approach to the counseling of MH patients and their families. PMID- 7081294 TI - Neural tube defects in France: segregation analysis. AB - Segregation analysis was performed on a subset of a large body of French data comprising 298 nuclear families. Two models were used in this analysis: the transmission probability model [Elston and Stewart, 1971; Elston, 1981] and the mixed model [Morton and MacLean, 1974]. Both models are consistent with familial aggregation of neural tube defects, in this sample, being due to either the segregation of a recessive major gene or a sibling environmental effect, or both factors. In each case, other environmental factors are also involved. These results were compared to the findings of other studies and discussed in respect to the diversity of the epidemiological features displayed by different populations. Some observations of vertical transmission in a British study and the proportion of affected first cousins, in both France and Great Britain, lead us to reject a possible absence of transmission. We propose a monogenic component with a large influence of environmental factors, some of which may be common to sibs, to explain the occurrence of neural tube defects in this sample. PMID- 7081295 TI - Brief clinical report: the dup(17p) syndrome. AB - In a 42-month-old girl a duplicated 17p chromosome anomaly was identified by trypsin-Giemsa banding techniques. The clinical findings are compared with those of previous case reports. Common phenotypics changes include failure to thrive; hypoplastic, apparently low-set ears; micrognathia; flexion abnormalities of fingers; and foot abnormalities. PMID- 7081296 TI - DNA replication sequence in a dicentric (functionally monocentric) X chromosome formed by the joining of two X chromosomes at region p22. AB - In this study we used densitometry to evaluate DNA replication kinetics in a rearranged chromosome formed by the joining of two X chromosomes at region p22. No 45X mosaicism is present in peripheral blood or fibroblast cultures. The patient has primary amenorrhea, short stature, and gonadal dysgenesis. The sequence of replication in the majority of cells is p11, q11, q13, q22-24, q12, p22, q26, q28, q27, q25, and p21, q21. Thus p11 is the earliest region to replicate, and q21 is the last. In 66% of 127 cells analyzed, the replication pattern is asymmetric, and bands q12, q26, and q28 are most likely to be out of phase on the two sides of the breakpoint. We find that band p22 has a delay of replication compared to an abnormal X derived from two X chromosomes joined at the q23 region previously reported by us. Structural rearrangement may therefore delay replication in the region of the break. PMID- 7081297 TI - The neurofaciodigitorenal (NFDR) syndrome. AB - We describe in two brothers a previously apparently unreported multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome of high, prominent forehead, vertical groove on tip of nose, "cowlick," ear anomalies, acrorenal field defect (incipient unilateral triphalangism, broad halluces, with unilateral renal agenesis in one of the boys), megalencephaly associated with congenital hypotonia, severe mental retardation and highly abnormal EEG without seizures, intrauterine growth retardation and primordial shortness of stature in one brother. This is a Group III ("provisionally private") MCA/MR syndrome and presumed to be due to a Mendelian (either X-linked or autosomal recessive) mutation. We do not think these patients have the FG syndrome. The condition has been named the neurofaciodigitorenal (NFDR) syndrome. PMID- 7081298 TI - Langer-Giedion syndrome with interstitial 8q-deletion. AB - We describe a 12-year-old girl with Langer-Giedion syndrome (tricho-rhino phalangeal syndrome type II) who also had vertebral malformations. Chromosome analysis identified an interstitial del(8q): 46,XX,del(8)(pter leads to q22::q234 leads to qter) as a cause of this syndrome. PMID- 7081300 TI - How psychotherapeutic should genetic counseling be? PMID- 7081299 TI - Collagen synthesis by Duchenne myogenic clones: pathogenic implications for the disease. AB - Myogenic cell clones were grown in triplicates from a 3-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and three normal control boys matched for age. The well-differentiated Duchenne myogenic clone had lower creatine kinase activity and lower MM isozyme than the control clones. Analysis of (3H)-proline incorporation demonstrated a 2.2-fold increase in (3H)-hydroxyproline released into the medium of Duchenne myogenic cell clones, whereas intracellular (3H) hydroxyproline levels showed normal values. These results strongly suggest that the increased amount of collagen present in Duchenne dystrophic muscle is related to the primary defect of the disease and is not due to a secondary replacement fibrosis. PMID- 7081302 TI - Coffin-Lowry syndrome in an Afro-American family. PMID- 7081301 TI - A review and case report of aprosencephaly and the XK aprosencephaly syndrome. PMID- 7081303 TI - Ka hua o'o ka pu'ao (the fruit of the womb). Presidential address. PMID- 7081304 TI - Isolation of mycoplasmas and bacteria from the blood of postpartum women. AB - Mycoplasmas and/or bacteria were recovered from the blood cultures of 26 (20.8%) of 125 febrile postpartum women. Genital mycoplasmas were recovered from 16 (12.8%) of the 125 febrile women and from none of 60 afebrile postpartum women (p less than 0.005). The presence of mycoplasmaemia was associated with a young age, primigravidity, and nulliparity. The isolation of organisms from the blood was also associated with fever during labor, internal monitor use, and a cesarean delivery. PMID- 7081305 TI - Antepartum testing in postterm pregnancy. PMID- 7081307 TI - Microorganisms in amniotic fluid. PMID- 7081306 TI - Natural family planning methods. PMID- 7081308 TI - Primary malignant melanoma arising in an ovarian dermoid cyst. PMID- 7081309 TI - Copper intrauterine contraceptive device event rates following insertion 4 to 8 weeks post partum. AB - There is a consensus in the literature that intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) should not be inserted within 8 weeks post partum because of reported greater rates of pregnancy, expulsion, and perforation. This greater incidence of event rates was observed in certain clinics that used large plastic IUDs, mainly the loops. In an effort to determine whether the interval from delivery to insertion of a copper-bearing IUD caused altered event rates, an analysis of studies of parous women who were using five different copper-bearing IUDs was undertaken. During the time of these studies, 411 women had an IUD inserted between 4 and 8 weeks post partum, whereas 1,197 women had the IUD inserted more than 8 weeks after a term delivery. At the end of 1 and 2 years of use, there were 4,164 and 6,816 woman months of experience, respectively, in the women with postpartum insertion, and 11,647 and 19,733 woman months of experience with insertion more than 8 weeks post partum. There were no uterine perforations in this experience, and there were no significant differences in the termination rates of any event between the two groups. This retrospective analysis indicates that copper IUDs can be inserted at the time of the routine postpartum examination without concern that the rate of accidental pregnancy, expulsion, or removal for bleeding and/or pain will be increased in comparison with a later insertion. PMID- 7081310 TI - Prolonged postoperative apnea complicating gynecologic surgery; atypical cholinesterase and myasthenia gravis. AB - Over a 10-year period 12,643 gynecologic surgical procedures were performed with the patients under general anesthesia. Succinylcholine was the muscle relaxant used in the majority of cases. Four of these patients developed prolonged postoperative apnea; the longest period of apnea was 6 hours. In one patient atypical cholinesterase was documented, and two of the patients were subsequently diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis. In the fourth case an etiology for the apnea was not demonstrated. A compilation of drugs in common clinical usage which interfere with neuromuscular transmission is included. PMID- 7081311 TI - Transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage for the management of repetitive abortion and premature delivery. AB - The indications for a transabdominal approach for cervicoisthmic cerclage (TCIC) included traumatic laceration, congenital or surgical shortening of the cervix, previously failed transvaginal cerclage, and advanced cervical effacement with intact membranes. The frequency of all cerclage procedures was 1 in 260 deliveries; one TCIC was performed for each six vaginal procedures in the period from 1966 to 1980. A 0.5-cm Mersilene band was applied at the level of the anatomical internal os in an avascular space between branches of the uterine artery. Prior to this operation, the 16 patients had had 55 pregnancies (excluding first-trimester abortions) and had experienced 42 fetal losses (24% salvage rate). After TCIC, 22 pregnancies in 16 patients resulted in 19 term births, two premature births with favorable outcomes, and one fetal loss (95% salvage rate; chi 2 = 46.5, P less than 0.001). All infants were delivered by cesarean section. Postoperative morbidity and the incidence of premature labor or rupture of the membranes were low. Transabdominal cerclage is effective in selected patients with poor obstetric histories that show anatomically defective cervices, or when marked effacement has precluded high vaginal placement of the cerclage. PMID- 7081312 TI - Primary ovarian pregnancy: a report of twenty-five cases. PMID- 7081313 TI - Leiomyomas: steroid receptor content. Variation within normal menstrual cycles. AB - In an attempt to clarify further the relationship between ovarian function and uterine leiomyomas, we investigated the cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptor content in these uterine tumors. The study population consisted of 17 women of reproductive age at various stages of ovulatory menstrual cycles. Serum samples were analyzed for estrogen and progesterone content; tissue samples from endometrium, myometrium, and leiomyomas were analyzed for cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptor content. The levels of cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptor in leiomyomas demonstrated the same quantitative and qualitative cyclic changes throughout the menstrual cycle apparently in response to variations in circulating estrogen and progesterone as found in endometrium and myometrium. PMID- 7081314 TI - Patent urachus complicating pregnancy: a review and report of a case. AB - A congenital abnormality of the urachus is extremely rare in pregnancy. We reviewed the English literature since 1877 and found only 12 case reports of urachal complications during pregnancy. Eight patients developed complications from a urachal cyst or sinus, and four patients had a patent urachus with urinary fistula. We report an additional case of a patent urachus which uniquely presented for the first time during pregnancy with urinary drainage from the umbilicus. Urodynamic changes in pregnancy which may have produced this complication are discussed. Abdominal wall ultrasonography is extremely helpful in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected urachal tract complications during pregnancy. PMID- 7081315 TI - Malignant pelvic lymphoma. PMID- 7081316 TI - Recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy: infant outcome and frequency of asymptomatic recurrences. AB - Eighty pregnant patients with a history of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection were followed up with frequent genital examinations and cultures for HSV during their pregnancies. Recurrences of genital HSV during pregnancy were documented in 67 patients. Ninety-six percent of these had external genital lesions noted at some time during their pregnancy. One hundred eighty-six (93%) of the 199 recurrences of the disease were associated with external genital lesions. Of 13 episodes of asymptomatic viral shedding documented in this patient population, six were from the vulva alone, five were from the cervix alone, and two were from both the vulva and the cervix. Of 11 episodes of cervical HSV shedding, seven were asymptomatic and four were associated with external symptomatic lesions. Despite frequent recurrences of genital HSV infection during pregnancy, all study patients were delivered at term, and although they had a high rate of delivery by cesarean section (32.5%), the outcome of their infants was good. PMID- 7081317 TI - A study of the relationship of motile sperm numbers in cervical mucus 48 hours after artificial insemination with subsequent fertility. AB - The records of 159 women who underwent 561 cycles of donor insemination (AID) in the UCD artificial insemination program were analyzed in a study of the relationship of the numbers of motile sperm seen in the cervical mucus 48 hours after AID with subsequent fertility. The numbers of motile sperm were expressed on an integral rank scale (0 to 8). A relationship between the results and subsequent fertility was demonstrated. The distribution of the data on sperm numbers for fertile and infertile cycles were qualitatively and quantitatively different. The latter were consistently skewed toward low values, while the former were not. Overall, mean values were higher for conception cycles. Selective grouping of women to eliminate factors that could potentially have an adverse influence on fertility, such as pelvic abnormality, oligoovulation, or prior pelvic operation, increased the overall conception rate. However, they did not influence the relationship between low and high motile sperm numbers and subsequent conception. PMID- 7081318 TI - Benefits of the sperm (hamster ova) penetration assay in the evaluation of the infertile couple. AB - The males of 310 infertile couples and 30 control couples (current pregnancy) were evaluated with the sperm (hamster ova) penetration assay (SPA) and seminal fluid analysis (SFA). The SPA was found to have a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97% compared to 41% and 90%, respectively, for the SFA. The highest degree of concordance of the two tests existed when both tests were abnormal and no female factor was identified. The poorest concordance occurred when the SFA was normal and no female infertility factor was identified. In almost all cases of unexplained infertility where no female infertility factor was present, the problem could be assigned to the man, as evidenced by an abnormal SPA. The SFA seemed to have some predictive value with respect to the outcome following treatment of the man. PMID- 7081319 TI - Determinants of maternal temperature during labor. AB - Intrapartum maternal temperatures and neonatal temperature immediately after birth were measured in 50 cases. Maternal temperatures were determined in part by the amount of hyperventilation, perspiration, and physical activity, with those who were calm and less active having the higher temperatures. Thus, with hyperventilating parturients, it was difficult to define "normal" maternal temperatures. The neonatal rectal temperature immediately after birth seemed best correlated with the maternal vaginal temperature. Two examples are presented which suggest that cases of fetal distress associated with tachycardia and decreased placental exchange may be examples of isolated fetal hyperthermia. PMID- 7081320 TI - The need for adequate and consistent diagnostic classifications for diabetes mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy. PMID- 7081321 TI - Mortality risk associated with tubal sterilization in United States hospitals. AB - Despite the millions of women who have undergone tubal sterilization in United States hospitals, little has been published about the risk of death from these procedures. To estimate a case-fatality rate of tubal sterilization, we combined data from the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities and the National Center for Health Statistics with a review of the clinical circumstances for each woman whose death was identified as being potentially sterilization attributable. Considering all deaths temporally associated with tubal sterilization, we estimate that the case-fatality rate is nearly 8/100,000 procedures. When only deaths determined to be attributable to the sterilization operation per se are considered, the case-fatality rate is approximately 4/100,000 procedures, making death attributable to tubal sterilization a rear event. PMID- 7081322 TI - Unconjugated steroids in leiomyomas and tumor-bearing myometrium. AB - The concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and estrone in leiomyomas and tumor-bearing myometrium were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in hysterectomy specimens from 12 women aged between 30 and 47 years. The concentration of 17 beta-estradiol was significantly higher in leiomyomas than in myometrium. There was no difference in the concentration of progesterone in leiomyomas and myometrium. The concentration of estrone was higher in the myometrium than in the leiomyomas, although the difference was not statistically significant. The concentrations of progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and to some extent estrone show variation with the phase of the menstrual cycle. The significance of the difference in concentration of 16 beta-estradiol in leiomyomas and myometrium, the relationship of this difference to the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and factors possibly related to the growth of leiomyomas are discussed. PMID- 7081323 TI - Oral contraceptives and prolactinomas: a case-control study. AB - The increase in the number of newly diagnosed cases of prolactinomas seems to coincide with the use of oral contraceptives during the past two decades. The following retrospective case-control study was undertaken in an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis of relationship between oral contraceptive use and prolactinomas. Each of 70 patients operated upon for removal of a prolactinoma was closely matched for age, gravidity, and year of final diagnosis with one patient in each of three control groups. The control groups selected were constituted, respectively, of patients with secondary amenorrhea and normal prolactin levels, patients with normal ovulatory cycles consulting for infertility, and subjects without medical or gynecologic problems. No statistically significative differences were found in the exposure rates to oral contraceptives among four groups. This study thus failed to reveal a significant association between prolactinomas and oral contraceptives but, given the sample size, a relative risk lower than 3.32 cannot be demonstrated or disproved. PMID- 7081324 TI - Examination of the cervix with the naked eye using acetic acid test. AB - Examination of the cervix was carried out on 2,400 patients, by use of acetic acid test with the naked eye and the colposcope. The physiologic transformation zone was clearly identified both with the naked eye and the colposcope in 1,568 of 1,594 (99%) cases. Colposcopic examination was unsatisfactory in 108 of the 264 (41%) patients in whom the cervix was completely covered by normal squamous epithelium. An atypical transformation zone (ATZ) was identified with the naked eye as white epithelium in 98.4% and as "suspicious" in 1.6% of 312 colposcopically controlled cases. An unsatisfactory colposcopic examination occurred in 39 of the 312 (12.5%) patients with an ATZ. Final histologic diagnosis for 312 ATZs was benign lesion in 169 of 312 (54.2%), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1 and 2 in 81 of 312 (26%), grade 3 CIN in 56 of 312 (17.9%), and preclinical invasive carcinoma in 6 of 312 (1.9%). The detection of intraepithelial or preclinical invasive cervical neoplasias should not depend on the possession of a colposcope. On the other hand, the use of a colposcope is essential for the selection of CIN that can be treated with ultraconservative therapy or with colposcopically directed conization. PMID- 7081325 TI - Phencyclidine: its transfer across the placenta as well as into breast milk. AB - Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dangerous and unpredictable drug which is widely abused among young people. Acute placental transfer of this drug was studied in pregnant rabbits and mice where it was shown to cross the placenta readily. Rabbit fetal levels of radioactivity reached their peak 2 hours after parenteral administration of PCP to the doe. In the mouse, where actual PCP levels were determined, there was a tenfold higher concentration of PCP in fetal tissue than in maternal blood. In lactating mice, the drug was found to cross rapidly into breast milk where it reached concentrations which were 10 times that of plasma. As PCP may be teratogenic and has been shown to be harmful to the infant during the postnatal period, those treating pregnant women should be aware to these possible routes of exposure for the developing infant and should counsel their patients accordingly. PMID- 7081326 TI - Helicopter transportation of patients with obstetric emergencies in an urban area. AB - Regionalization of perinatal care has contributed to a decline in perinatal morbidity and mortality in neonates delivered at tertiary centers when compared to neonates delivered and transported to the intensive care nurseries. Transportation of the mother to the perinatal center in an emergency situation must be evaluated critically for neonatal outcome, response time, and cost. In a large metropolitan area in Southern California, a helicopter transport service has been used successfully to move emergency patients from referring hospitals to a perinatal center. This experience was examined with respect to response time, cost, obstetric problems, and newborn outcome in our first 100 patients. The results are indicative that when patient and neonates would benefit from delivery at a perinatal center, helicopter transport, even in an urban area, is highly successful and cost effective. PMID- 7081327 TI - Inorganic phosphorus and zinc concentrations in amniotic fluid: correlation with intra-amniotic infection and bacterial inhibitory activity. AB - Concentrations of zinc and inorganic phosphorus were determined in amniotic fluid from 41 patients with intra-amniotic infection and from 40 uninfected, control patients. Also determined was amniotic fluid inhibitory activity to an Escherichia coli test organism. Compared to amniotic fluid from control patients, that from patients with intra-amniotic infection had significantly higher mean concentrations of phosphorus. In specimens free of meconium, the mean concentrations of phosphorus were still significantly higher. Assays for inhibitory activity were performed with 62 samples of fluid (25 noninhibitory, 37 inhibitory). Although noninhibitory fluid had higher mean concentrations of phosphorus and zinc, these differences did not hold after meconium-stained samples were excluded. No correlation was found between phosphorus-to-zinc ratio and either intra-amniotic infection or inhibitory activity. However, there are important differences in population and techniques between this and related studies. PMID- 7081328 TI - Serum nickel concentration in women during pregnancy, during parturition, and post partum. AB - Concentrations of nickel (Ni) were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in serum collected from 67 women divided into five groups: (1) healthy control subjects; (2) third-trimester pregnancy (32 to 36 weeks); (3) parturition; (4) post partum 1 (5 minutes); (5) post partum II (60 minutes). In the pregnant group, the serum level of Ni was lower by 60% than that in either the control or parturient group. A significant twenty-fold elevation in the concentration of nickel was observed immediately after delivery of the infant but before delivery of the placenta. Sixty minutes after parturition, the serum concentration of Ni was again similar to the control value. The possible physiologic significance of transient hypernickelemia in the advanced stage of human labor may be related to the support of placental separation and/or to the prevention of atonic bleeding. PMID- 7081329 TI - Effects of phenylephrine and sodium salicylate on maternal and fetal cardiovascular indices and blood oxygenation in sheep. AB - Phenylephrine and sodium salicylate, separately and in combination, in doses equivalent to the phenylephrine in one "cold" tablet and the sodium salicylate in three aspirins, were infused into conscious, chronically cannulated ewes in the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal and fetal indices were recorded before (control), during, and after infusion. Phenylephrine depressed uterine blood flow and maternal heart rate (both, 40% below control) and increased maternal mean arterial blood pressure 50%; in the fetus, it depressed arterial blood Po2 (30%) and blood pH, but increased Paco2 and had little effect on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Salicylate alone had no significant effect on maternal and fetal indices, and sodium salicylate plus phenylephrine produced changes similar to those with phenylephrine alone. We conclude that phenylephrine in the maternal circulation could have detrimental effects on the fetus, particularly when fetal Pao2 is depressed as by cord compression during delivery. PMID- 7081330 TI - The change in fetal activity periods in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies. AB - Fetal active and quiet periods of behavioral activity were determined at 28 and 32 weeks' and 36 to 40 weeks' gestational age in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies and in normal pregnancies resulting in infants with weights appropriate for gestational age. Fetal active and quiet periods were based on observations of fetal movements and long-term fetal heart rate variability. The number of fetal active-quiet periods, the average duration of fetal quiet periods, and the average duration of fetal active periods were the three parameters evaluated. In the normal pregnancy groups, with increasing fetal gestational age from 28 to 32 weeks to 36 to 40 weeks there was an increase in the length of the active and quiet periods with fewer active-quiet cycles per hour. The fetuses of the diabetic women had findings similar to those of the normal group at 28 to 32 weeks; these findings were essentially unchanged at 36 to 40 weeks. These findings suggest delayed development of the active-quiet cycles in these diabetic pregnancies. PMID- 7081331 TI - Prevention of iatrogenic neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: elective repeat cesarean section and spontaneous labor. AB - Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is an important complication of elective repeat cesarean section. In a review of 68,880 consecutive deliveries, 1,897 women underwent elective cesarean section at a gestation estimated to be greater than or equal to 38 weeks. Seventy-one (4.3%) of the infants of the 1,649 women who were not in labor at the time of delivery developed neonatal RDS. None of the infants of the 248 women who were in spontaneous labor at the time of delivery developed RDS (P less than 0.005). There were no cases of uterine rupture in either group. Of the 71 infants who developed RDS, 29 (41%) were judged to be at term on the basis of both examination and birth weight. Misapplication of fetal ultrasound data contributed to the premature delivery of more than one third of the infants with RDS. Awaiting the onset of spontaneous labor to determine the timing of repeat cesarean section in women at term is an effective way to preventing iatrogenic neonatal RDS. PMID- 7081332 TI - Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. VII. The impact of mode of delivery on fetal outcome. AB - The condition of 1,991 fetuses just prior to delivery was assessed in a semiquantitative manner by means of a fetal heart rate (FHR) score. A comparison between types of delivery was made for groups with identical FHR scores to test the hypothesis that the differences in lower Apgar score rates were consequences of the type of delivery rather than differences in prenatal condition. For each of several FHR scoring categories, the differences in rates of low Apgar scores between spontaneous vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections were consistently different in favor of the vaginally delivered group. No such difference was observed when spontaneous vaginal deliveries were compared with low-forceps deliveries. Breech deliveries, when compared to spontaneous vaginal deliveries, resulted in a higher rate of low 1-minute Apgar scores. Five-minute Apgar scores were significantly different only if the breech delivery was preceded by abnormal FHR patterns. PMID- 7081333 TI - Biophysics of the developing heart. III. A comparison of the left ventricular dynamics of the fetal and neonatal lamb heart. AB - Changes in heart rate, left ventricular dimensions, and inotropic state of chronically instrumented lambs from in utero to neonatal life are described and analyzed. Six lambs were instrumented from 5 to 23 days prior to parturition and studied prior to and after birth. Heart rate, aortic systolic and diastolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic and peak systolic pressure, and left ventricular minor axis end-diastolic (EDD) and end-systolic dimension (ESD) were monitored. The maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (Pmax), percentage fractional shortening [(EDD - ESD divided by EDD) x 100%; %FS], and the Pmax -interval ratio (this ratio of Pmax of the postextrasystolic potentiated systole to Pmax of the previous regular systole is independent of volume) described contractility. Subsequent to birth: heart rate, aortic systolic and diastolic pressure and left ventricular dimensions increased; during spontaneous rhythm and at equal fetal and neonatal heart rates and ventricular dimensions, %FS and P max increased significantly; and P max -interval ratio changed significantly. An increase in myocardial inotropic state occurs with birth. This enhancement is in addition to the effects of the increase in heart rate and end diastolic volume that occur with the adaptation to birth. PMID- 7081334 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: failure of amniotic fluid and maternal serum N tau-methylhistidine analyses to detect affected fetuses. AB - N tau-Methylhistidine (MH) and creatinine levels were determined in amniotic fluid and maternal serum from 81 women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis for reasons other than the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease. Samples were also examined in three pregnancies with male fetuses who were subsequently found to have Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation, amniotic fluid and maternal serum MH levels averaged 3.22 and 1.94 mumoles/L, respectively. No significant differences were found between the control and affected fetuses for MH and creatinine levels or for MH/creatinine ratios from amniotic fluid or maternal serum. Determination of amniotic fluid MH level thus has no apparent value in the prenatal diagnosis of DMD. PMID- 7081335 TI - Identifying the pregnancy at risk for intrauterine growth retardation: possible usefulness of the intravenous glucose tolerance test. AB - Antenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) remains problematic. Previous animal and human studies have documented a relationship between increased substrate delivery to the fetus, e.g., in diabetes mellitus, and the birth of large-for-gestational age infants. The purpose of the study of 55 pregnancies, in which intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were performed during the third trimester, was to examine the hypothesis that evidence of decreased availability of substrates for fetal growth precedes the birth of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants; hence, the IVGTT might be useful for the detection of pregnancies complicated by IUGR. Increased glucose utilization rates (kt) and 10-minute plasma glucose concentrations and decreased plasma glucose concentrations at fasting and 60 minutes were found to be significantly associated with decreased infant birth weight, adjusted for gestational age. The Kt and 10- and 60-minute glucose values together could account for 40% of the variance in age-adjusted birth weight (r = 0.63, p less than 0.01). The IVGTTs in the pregnancies resulting in the birth of SGA infants were characterized by kt greater than 2 and plasma glucose levels at fasting of less than 64 mg/dl, at 10 minutes of greater than 193 mg/dl, and at 60 minutes of less than 82 mg/dl. When the kt was greater than 2, six (30%) of 20 infants were SGA; when the kt was less than or equal to 2, none (0%) of the 35 infants was SGA. These results suggest that, regardless of the underlying reason for the association, parameters of maternal glucose metabolism may be useful in detecting the pregnancy at risk for IUGR. PMID- 7081336 TI - Fetal heart rate accelerations in low-risk and diabetic pregnancies during active behavioral periods. PMID- 7081338 TI - Antenatal sonographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta. PMID- 7081337 TI - Oral contraceptives and postoperative venous thrombosis. PMID- 7081339 TI - Neonatal respiratory distress in the presence of amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol. PMID- 7081341 TI - Ideas and ideals: presidential address. PMID- 7081340 TI - Fetus papyraceus: an unreported congenital anomaly of the surviving infant. PMID- 7081342 TI - The association between fetal heart rate patterns and fetal movements in pregnancies between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation. AB - The relationships between fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and fetal movements (FM) were evaluated in 20 normal fetuses between 20 and 20 weeks' gestation. In 10 fetuses at 20 to 22 weeks' gestational age, 602 of the 620 observed FHR changes (97.1%) were decelerations. In this same group, most of the FHR changes (62.4%) were associated with FM. Similarly, 387 of 569 (68%) recorded FM between 20 and 22 weeks' gestation were associated with FHR changes. In a second group of fetuses between 28 and 30 weeks' gestation, in contrast to the less mature group, 227 of 670 FHR changes (33.9%) were decelerations. Among the remainder of the FHR changes, 240 (35.8%) were accelerations and 203 (30.3%) were accelerations with decelerations. As in the less mature group of fetuses, most of the FHR changes in these older fetuses were associated with FM (81.8%) and 548 of 611 (89.7%) recorded FM were associated with FHR changes. In summary, in normal pregnancy, FHR decelerations are common between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation. With advancing gestation, FHR decelerations are less commonly seen, and the frequency of acceleration and acceleration/deceleration patterns increases. The association between FHR and FM becomes stronger with advancing gestational age between 20 and 30 weeks. These findings suggest that the criteria for evaluating the health of the fetus before 30 weeks may be different from the criteria used later in pregnancy. Consequently, in the evaluation of low-birth weight fetuses between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, new criteria for normal and abnormal nonstress monitoring tests must be developed. PMID- 7081343 TI - Hypermodal cells in amniotic fluid cultures: frequency, interpretation, and clinical significance. AB - Specimens of amniotic fluid were studied to assess the frequency of hypermodal cells and their significance. Multiple cultures were initiated on each specimen, and thorough cytogenetic analysis was performed routinely. Of 1,000 specimens, 59 (5.9%) contained a total of 64 hypermodal cells. However, true fetal mosaicism was not detected. An additional structurally abnormal chromosome accounted for 32 of the 64 hypermodal cells, and, in each case, cytogenetic analysis offered an explanation that obviated clinical concern. In 17 of the 32 cases, hypermodality was only apparent, the result of a single chromosome broken into two parts to produce a spuriously elevated count; in the other 15 cases, the extra chromosome was an unidentified fragment. In the 32 other hypermodal cells, an additional morphologically normal chromosome was present; however, in each case, failure to detect similar aberrations in other cultures initiated from the same specimen minimized the possibility that such cells reflected true fetal mosaicism. Indeed, clinical outcome was normal in all cases. Thus, for clinical purposes, routine banding techniques and analysis of multiple cultures seem to be adequate to exclude fetal mosaicism; laborious in situ methodology seems to be unnecessary. Future cytogenetic efforts should emphasize processing of more specimens of amniotic fluid, rather than more detailed analysis of individual specimens. PMID- 7081344 TI - Cos, Cnidos, and CAOG. PMID- 7081345 TI - Using ultrasound and amniotic fluid determinations to diagnose intrauterine growth retardation before birth: a clinical model. AB - Intrauterine growth retardation, a major source of fetal/infant morbidity and mortality, remains difficult to detect reliably before birth. In a previous study from our laboratory, determination of the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in amniotic fluid was found to be potentially useful for separating the growth retarded fetus from the appropriately grown fetus of similar size. In the current study, this finding was confirmed and a clinical model for applying this method of detecting the small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetus was developed. Among 249 pregnancies in which ultrasound examination and amniocenteses were performed at or beyond 34 weeks' gestation and within a week of delivery, a fetal biparietal diameter of less than or equal to 87 mm and the presence of PG in amniotic fluid were found to be capable of detecting 80% of all SGA fetuses. Moreover, one half of the predictions of the birth of an SGA infant would have been correct. A positive screen with the use of this model was associated with a fifteen fold increase in risk for the birth of an SGA infant. These findings suggest a series of diagnostic steps to improve the antenatal detection of the growth-retarded fetus. (1) The clinician should assess risks and have a high index of suspicion. (2) When the at-risk pregnancy is thought to be at least 34 weeks, ultrasound examination may be helpful in confirming that the fetus is small. (3) Carefully amniocentesis, with the determination of PG, may then be useful in diagnosing intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 7081347 TI - The efficacy of x-ray pelvimetry. PMID- 7081346 TI - Fetal monitoring in a community hospital: analysis of health maintenance organization, fee-for-service, and clinic populations. AB - This paper was a review of 2,210 deliveries in a community hospital in which electronic fetal monitoring was used. Patients were evaluated from three different types of group practices-health maintenance organization, fee-for service, and clinic populations. Electronic fetal monitoring was used in 48%, 41%, and 70% of these groups, respectively. The respective cesarean section rates were 13%, 20%, and 10%. Monitored and nonmonitored, high- and low-risk groups were identified. A higher cesarean section rate for cephalopelvic disproportion was found in the monitored groups. However, this difference was most marked in the fee-for-service group. Perinatal morbidity and mortality results did not differ significantly among the three groups despite differences in electronic fetal monitoring use and cesarean section rates. The use of electronic fetal monitoring did not correlate with the cesarean section rate. Reasonable perinatal morbidity and mortality are compatible with relatively high electronic fetal monitoring rates (70%) and low cesarean section rates (10%). Within certain groups, use of electronic fetal monitoring may increase the cesarean section rate because of an increased diagnosis of cephalopelvic disproportion. PMID- 7081348 TI - Diagnostic significance and sequelae of cone biopsy. AB - All cone biopsies from our institution over a 10-year period were reviewed. Two hundred seventy-one patients underwent 274 procedures. Preoperative colposcopic evaluation markedly reduced the proportion of patients with residual cervical epithelial neoplasia (CIN). No patient in our series required conization for diagnosis of frankly invasive carcinoma. Following colposcopy and conization, 8% of patients had disease extending to the surgical margins; eight of 11 such patients (72%) with adequate follow-up had no further CIN. Colposcopy and cytology underestimate the final pathologic diagnosis in many patients with incomplete visibility of the transformation zone, so conization is mandatory in this circumstance. Conization in pregnancy was associated with increased hemorrhage; colposcopy has reduced the need for this operation in gravid patients. PMID- 7081349 TI - Maternal mortality in a major referral hospital, 1926 to 1980. AB - This review describes the changes in the causes of maternal deaths in a major referral hospital over a span of 55 years. There has been a significant decline in direct maternal deaths from infection, hemorrhage, and toxemia. Continued vigilance is needed since 58% of direct obstetric deaths in our hospital during the last 30 years were considered to have been preventable. Heart disease and nonobstetric infection as indirect causes of maternal deaths have decreased also. Greater effort is necessary to identify those patients with conditions that predispose to indirect deaths and to provide appropriate contraception, sterilization, early pregnancy termination, or optimal multidisciplinary care in a referral hospital. PMID- 7081350 TI - Carcinoma of the vulva: analysis of treatment failures. AB - Continuous follow-up of 224 patients treated for primary invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a 20-year period (1955 to 1975) at the Mayo Clinic resulted in the detection of recurrent (or persistent) neoplasia in 59 (26%). Rates of treatment failure increased with advancing stage of disease-from 14% for Stage I to 71% for Stage IV. The rate of local vulvar recurrence was 18%, which was about three times greater than the recurrence rates for the groin, pelvis, and distant sites. However, the 1- and 5-year survival rates of 73% and 50%, respectively, after vulvar recurrence were in sharp contrast to the corresponding rates of 34% and 10% for regional or distant recurrence. When 35 patients with central vulvar extension of disease were evaluated, groups at excessive risk for treatment failure (lesions 4 cm or larger inguinal node involvement, or both) were identified and modifications in conventional therapy applicable to these groups were considered. PMID- 7081351 TI - The effect of type of delivery upon neonatal outcome in premature twins. AB - A retrospective study from January 1, 1976, through July 31, 1981, was performed to evaluate the relationship between type of delivery and perinatal morbidity and mortality in twins of birth weight less than 2,000 gm. Vaginally delivered second twins who weighed 601 to 999 gm had increased risk of neonatal mortality when compared to their siblings. Among twins who weighed 1,000 to 1,499 gm, vaginally delivered second twins had significantly lower Apgar score and increased risks of neonatal morbidity in comparison to their siblings, whereas second twins who were delivered by cesarean section had no difference in Apgar score or neonatal morbidity from those of their siblings. In twins who weighed 1,500 to 1,999 gm, a significant increase in neonatal complications in vaginally delivered second twins was not found, although the majority of neonatal complications did occur in vaginally delivered second twins. Cesarean section is proposed as the optimal route of delivery for all twins expected to have a birth weight less than 1,500 gm. PMID- 7081352 TI - Early vitrectomy in the management of the severely traumatized eye. AB - In a series of 112 consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy because of severe penetrating ocular trauma, good visual recovery (6/12 [20/40] or better) was achieved in 15 of 23 patients (65%) who underwent surgery within 72 hours of the injury (Group 1), in seven of 14 patients (50%) who underwent surgery three to ten days after injury (Group 2), in eight of 22 patients (36%) who underwent surgery ten to 14 days after injury (Group 3), in two of five patients (40%) who underwent surgery 14 to 30 days after injury (Group 4A), and in 17 of 48 patients (35%) who underwent surgery more than 40 days after injury (Group 4B). Functional vision (6/12 [20/40] to counting fingers) was achieved in three of 23 patients (13%) in Group I, five of 14 patients (36%) in Group 2, six of 22 patients (27%) in Group 3, two of five patients (40%) in Group 4A, and in 22 of 48 patients (46%) in Group 4B. These data indicated that definitive early surgical intervention, including vitrectomy, should be considered as part of the primary repair or performed within 72 hours of the injury. Early surgery provides a statistical better prognosis for good visual recovery than a delay of three to 14 days or longer. PMID- 7081353 TI - Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitrectomy. AB - A survey of 26 eye pathology laboratories for a five-year period ending in 1980 disclosed that sympathetic ophthalmia occurred in two of every 1,000 eyes examined. Of the 53 eyes with sympathetic ophthalmia, 29 (55%) had posttraumatic and 24 (45%) had postsurgical sympathetic ophthalmia. Ten of the 53 eyes (19%) had undergone one or more operations that included vitrectomy. Sympathetic ophthalmia developed after surgery in eight of the ten eyes and after accidental trauma in the other two. A survey of 34 retinal surgeons who had done 14,915 vitrectomies (10,000 of which were estimated to have been done in eyes with no other penetrating wound) disclosed that sympathetic ophthalmia occurred in nine patients (an incidence of 0.06%). In one of these, the only operative procedure and penetrating wound was a vitrectomy (an incidence of 0.01%). The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia after a vitrectomy alone in an eye without a previous penetrating wound is approximately the same as that for other surgical procedures involving penetration of the uveal tract. The risk increases if vitrectomy is accompanied by accidental penetrating wounds or other surgical procedures. PMID- 7081354 TI - A comparison of different cellular inocula in an experimental model of massive periretinal proliferation. AB - We modified a preexisting experimental model of massive periretinal proliferation by injecting cells of differing origins into the rabbit vitreous cavity. These cells included autologous and homologous fibroblasts, homologous chondrocytes, homologous retinal pigment epithelial cells, heterologous bovine endothelial cells, and heterologous murine embryonal cells. All cell injections caused vitreous and retinal membrane formation that resulted in a process similar to massive periretinal proliferation. Clinically the character of the membranes formed and the time course in the development of traction retinal detachments was similar for all the different cell types. The initial cell dosage injected was the critical factor in determining the severity of the traction retinal detachments leading to massive periretinal proliferation. PMID- 7081355 TI - The role of cellular proliferation in an experimental model of massive periretinal proliferation. AB - Transplantation of from 10,000 to 750,000 autologous and homologous dermal fibroblasts into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes resulted in identical clinical findings leading to massive periretinal proliferation. A dose-response relationship between the number of cells injected and the extent of retinal traction that developed was established. The second phase of the experiment evaluated the effects of formalin and cobalt irradiation on the fibroblasts' ability to cause traction retinal detachment. Cell proliferation or the attainment of a critical mass of living cells was necessary for the development of traction retinal detachment. PMID- 7081356 TI - Central retinal artery occlusion without retrobulbar hemorrhage after retrobulbar anesthesia. AB - Four patients had central retinal artery occlusions after retrobulbar anesthesia with lidocaine HCl was administered before photocoagulation. One of these four had two separate episodes of closure. Only one had permanent visual loss, and none had evidence of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Each patient had a severe hematologic or vascular disorder. We think that direct trauma to the central retinal artery behind the globe, the pharmacologic or compressive effects of the injected solution, or both caused the occlusions in these patients. PMID- 7081357 TI - The hypoxic retinopathy syndrome. AB - We examined electrophysiologically six children who had had cardiac or respiratory arrests with resultant neurologic and visual damage. Their electroretinograms were initially subnormal, but with time and return of visual acuity the electroretinograms became normal. The subnormal electroretinograms may have reflected transient hypoxic retinal damage. PMID- 7081359 TI - Long-term visual results in bilateral congenital cataracts. AB - In 24 infants who underwent surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts, 29 eyes (60%) achieved visual acuities of 6/18 (20/60) or better and 13 (27%) had visual acuities of 6/60 (20/200) or worse. The best results occurred in patients who underwent surgery before they were 8 weeks old. Only one patient of the seven operated on after the age of 8 weeks achieved a visual acuity of better than 6/60 (20/200). These favorable visual outcomes were the result of early surgery, short intervals between operations on fellow eyes (48 hours or less), total bilateral occlusion between operations, careful postoperative monitoring with retinoscopy and visual-evoked potentials, and early correction of aphakia. PMID- 7081358 TI - Bullous keratopathy after anterior-posterior radial keratotomy for myopia for myopic astigmatism. AB - Of 281 eyes that had had Sato's anterior-posterior radial keratotomy for myopia or myopic astigmatism, 80 (50 patients) underwent follow-up examinations ten to 20 years later. Sixty of the 80 eyes had bullous keratopathy. The onset of this disease occurred when the patient was about 40 years old, regardless of the patient's age at the time of surgery. Seven corneal buttons were obtained from patients with bullous keratopathy who required penetrating keratoplasty. Light and electron microscopy disclosed subepithelial bullae, degenerate or absent Bowman's zone, and thickened Descemet's membrane. Flattened fibroblastic endothelial cells were observed in three of the seven cases. This type of radial keratotomy surgery seems to produce severe corneal decompensation many years later, possibly as a result of damage from the corneal incisions in combination with endothelial losses from aging. PMID- 7081360 TI - Effect of myopia on prognosis in treated primary open-angle glaucoma. AB - Visual field testing of 166 phakic eyes with optic nerve damage from open-angle glaucoma before and after one year of treatment showed that the visual fields of myopic eyes improved more often than those of nonmyopic eyes (12% vs 6%) and worsened less often (6% vs 18%). These results suggested that myopia, which adversely affects the prognosis in ocular hypertension, may facilitate the damaging effects of high intraocular pressure rather than have an independent damaging effect of its own. PMID- 7081361 TI - Dynamics of aqueous humor in the syndrome of exfoliation with glaucoma. AB - We compared the aqueous humor dynamics of the affected and unaffected eyes of ten subjects with unilateral exfoliation and glaucoma and normal fellow eyes. The affected eyes had a greater mean intraocular pressure (31.9 +/- 11 mm Hg) than the unaffected control eyes (17.7 +/- 4.7 mm Hg) and a higher apparent resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor (15.2 +/- 7.3 min mm Hg/microliter vs 6.5 +/- 2.1 min mm Hg/microliter). The affected eyes accumulated systemically administered fluorescein at an abnormal rate. The rate of aqueous flow through the anterior chamber was lower in the affected eyes than in the control eyes (2.02 +/- 0.63 min-1 X 10(2) vs 2.38 +/- 0.71 min-1 X 10(2), as was the anterior chamber volume (126 +/- 23 microliter vs 136 +/- 25 microliter). The cornea-to-anterior chamber transfer coefficient for fluorescein was within the normal range in the affected eyes (mean, 2.51 +/- 1.2 min-1 X 10(3). PMID- 7081362 TI - Complications at mucous membrane donor sites. AB - Full-thickness mucous membrane is an acceptable autogenous graft to replace the deficient conjunctiva resulting from intrinsic disease, surgical resection for carcinoma, or reconstruction of contracted sockets. The mouth provides an excellent source of mucous membrane graft material with few donor site complications. However, we encountered four cases of donor site complications after full-thickness mucous membrane grafting. All cases involved submucosal scarring with contracture. Because the inner aspect of the mouth is a multicontoured surface, the submucosal scarring resulted in web formation and limitation of movement of the mandible or lip. In two cases, we resected submucosal fibrotic scar tissue and designed a standard or multiple Z-plasty to release mucosal tension. This allowed a return to normal oral function. PMID- 7081363 TI - Modification of the Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection operation for blepharoptosis. AB - We used a modified Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection operation to correct cases of minimal blepharoptosis with good levator function. After we everted the eyelid, we placed a marking suture through the conjunctiva and Muller's muscle 4 mm above the superior tarsal border. The suture was used to tent up Muller's muscle and the conjunctiva from the underlying levator aponeurosis, facilitating placement of a resection clamp. These improvements ensure excision of the proper amount of tissue and reduce intraoperative trauma. Eighteen (95%) of 19 eyelids treated with this modification were cosmetically acceptable. PMID- 7081364 TI - Preventing fireworks blindness. PMID- 7081365 TI - Ocular pathology and the American Board of Ophthalmology. PMID- 7081366 TI - Acute visual loss after gastroplasty. PMID- 7081367 TI - Epibulbar siderosis induced by iron tablets. PMID- 7081368 TI - Penicillamine and posttraumatic vitreous proliferation. PMID- 7081369 TI - Choyce VIII intraocular lens. PMID- 7081370 TI - Chloramphenicol and aplastic anemia. PMID- 7081371 TI - Mental health issues in Japan. PMID- 7081372 TI - The development of prehension in normal infants. AB - This study investigated the longitudinal development of prehension in 10 normal infants, 4 through 12 months of age. The infants' spontaneous prehensile responses to 2.54-centimeter (1-inch) red cubes, 1.27-centimeter (1/2-inch) red cubes, raisins, and plastic keys on chains were filmed with a Kodak Super 8 movie camera, transferred to videotape in slow motion, and analyzed. The 2.54 centimeter (1-inch) red cube data were compared to data gathered by Henry Halverson, noted authority in the area of prehension. Infants in both studies followed the same trend in their acquisition of prehensile skills, but the infants in the current study used most grasps at slightly earlier ages. The size and shapes of the objects presented influenced, but did not dictate, the grasps used. All grasps used by infants fall into three developmental phases: 1. using whole hands in an unspecialized manner; 2. using parts of hands as some specialization begins to develop; and 3. using the pads of distal phalanges or the tips of fingers in a specialized manner. The infants responded to the 3 presentations of like objects with the same grasp only 34 percent of the time, yet they were 65 percent consistent in using the same phase of prehensile development for the 3 presentations. Implications of these findings for developmentally disabled infants are discussed. PMID- 7081373 TI - Terminology quandary in education. PMID- 7081374 TI - Adapted knife for partial hand-amputation patients. PMID- 7081375 TI - A model for activity intervention in disaster-stricken communities. AB - Environmental disasters cause deaths, injuries, and destruction of familiar surroundings. Social networks and routines that structure daily life are often left in disarray. To surmount subsequent crises, survivors must master painful feelings, solve problems, and accomplish important tasks, even while they are confused, bereaved, and displaced. Otherwise, coping failure leads to a vicious spiral of loss of self-esteem, distrust of the environment, and abandonment of social roles. Both crisis intervention and disaster literature advocate concrete and practical treatment measures. Activity intervention can prevent and reverse the destructive downward spiral by facilitating victims' most effective coping responses. This paper reviews the pertinent literature and sets forth a theoretical model of occupational therapy in post-disaster settings. PMID- 7081376 TI - Preventive activities and services for the well elderly. PMID- 7081377 TI - Self-concept and functional independence in the hospitalized elderly. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of various kinds of hospitalization to self-concept and functional independence of 30 hospitalized and 10 nonhospitalized subjects older than 65. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was used to measure self-concept, and the Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was used to measure functional independence. Self-concept scores differed among the hospitalized groups. Dependent older persons were found to have lower self-concept scores. Encouraging independence in the performance of self-care skills could diminish this problem of poor self-concept. PMID- 7081378 TI - Administrative patterns in curriculum-clinic interactions. AB - A questionnaire was sent to directors of occupational therapy curricula and faculty members, to directors of occupational therapy clinics and clinicians, to deans of medical schools, and to hospital administrators in order to determine the professional and administrative relationships between occupational therapy academic programs and clinical programs. Results of the survey, analyzed by groups, indicated that informal relationships were prevalent, whereas other relationships were poorly delineated. Strengths and weaknesses of formal and informal relationships are presented. Finally, a model for interaction is proposed. PMID- 7081379 TI - Dynamic interphalangeal extension splint design. PMID- 7081380 TI - Blocking splints to assist finger exercise. PMID- 7081381 TI - The genesis of paired cisternae during the mitotic cycle. AB - Paired cisternae, which are conspicuous in mitotically active cells, are two or more flattened, membrane-bound saccules stacked in parallel arrays. The origin, development, and fate of paired cisternae during the cell cycle were studied in a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the eyelid. Early in the mitotic cycle, multiple membrane-bound, ovoid vesicles separated by interconnecting septa formed at the nuclear-cytoplasmic interface coincident with the disappearance of the nuclear envelope. These vesicles became progressively flattened and elongated to form paired cisternae, and by late prophase, had migrated to the cell periphery. During early anaphase, intimate association of paired cisternae with condensing chromosomes was observed. During late anaphase and telophase, distension of the cisternae resulted in vesicles similar to those observed in prophase cells. An apparent coalescence of these distended vesicles around the aggregated chromatin of daughter cells resulted in newly formed nuclear envelopes. Paired cisternae appear to be specialized nuclear membrane-derived structures that are fundamental in the generation of nuclear membranes of daughter cells. An infrequently observed variant of paired cisternae, subsurface confronting cisternae, is briefly described. PMID- 7081382 TI - Experimental silicosis. I. Acute effects of intratracheally instilled quartz on collagen metabolism and morphologic characteristics of rat lungs. AB - Rats were intratracheally instilled with 50 mg of silica as quartz (0.5-mu particles) at day 0. One and 2 weeks later, lungs were evaluated histologically and by a variety of biochemical measurements. Protein, proline, and hydroxyproline content (as an index of total lung collagen) were quantitated, as were the lung collagen synthesis rate and the total lung protein biosynthesis rate (evaluated with lung minces in vitro). The ratio of newly synthesized Type I/Type III collagen was determined, as was the same ratio for total lung collagen. These experiments were performed in parallel on chronic respiratory disease-free rats and in a strain of conventional animals. The authors conclude that 1) changes in lung structure and composition can be appreciated as early as 1 week, the earliest time point studied, after intratracheal instillation of 50 mg of quartz; 2) observed morphologic changes during the first 2 weeks are consistent with biochemical changes; 3) there are essentially no differences in the response of chronic respiratory disease-free Sprague-Dawley and conventional Wistar rats to intratracheally instilled silica. Both strains of rats developed silica-containing granulomas, which ultimately developed into silicotic nodules, as well as areas of alveolar lipoproteinosis associated with interstitial pneumonitis. PMID- 7081383 TI - Chondrodysplasia in the Norwegian Elkhound. AB - Dwarfism in the Norwegian Elkhound occurred as a result of a generalized disturbance in endochondral ossification. Radiographic changes included flaring and increased width of the distal metaphyses of the radius and ulna, delayed ossification of the cuboid bones of the carpus, and reduction in length of the vertebral bodies. The zone of chondrocyte proliferation was decreased in width and contained areas of abnormal cell column formation alternated with wide areas of matrix. Chondrocytes in all zones contained one or more inclusions bounded by a smooth discontinuous membrane. The material within the inclusions appeared homogeneous and stained blue-green with Movat's pentachrome and deep blue with alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff at pH 1.0 and 2.6. The distribution of ruthenium red granules in the matrix frequently revealed poor differentiation into territorial and interterritorial zones. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were negative for glucose, and the glycosaminoglycan excretion pattern was normal. PMID- 7081384 TI - Animal model of human disease: atrial thrombosis in aged Syrian hamsters. PMID- 7081385 TI - The appearance and significance of phospholipase A2 in lymph draining tuberculin reactions. AB - Popliteal and prefemoral lymphatics of sheep were cannulated, and lymph was collected before and during the course of responses to PPD and concanavalin A. Hyperemia-inducing activity (HIA) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were released into lymph in response to antigenic stimulation, whereas lymph plasma draining unstimulated lymph nodes had consistently little or no detectable HIA and PLA2 activity. HIA appeared in the lymph efferent to the stimulated node at a time when blood flow to the responding node was enhanced. While the appearance of HIA did not directly correlate with changes in lymphocyte output, lymph protein concentration, or lymph flow rates, there was, however, a statistically significant correlation between HIA and PLA2 levels in lymph plasma, suggesting that extracellular PLA2 may contribute to the vasoactivity in lymph and thereby modulate blood flow to areas of antigenic stimulation. Vasoactive lymph, injected into rabbits, induced hyperemia via an indomethacin-sensitive pathway, since the induction of hyperemia was abrogated by pretreatment of injection sites with indomethacin. The extracellular release of PLA2 in response to inflammatory stimuli may represent an amplification mechanism for the generation of high levels of prostaglandins found in lymph draining stimulated nodes. PMID- 7081386 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes of human atherosclerotic plaques. AB - We have been searching for additional markers to explore differences between the smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques and their putative cells of origin in an aortic media and intima. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme analysis was performed on samples of human fibrous plaques selected by gross and microscopic criteria, and significant shifts in M4/M2H2 LDH isozyme ratios were found, relative to the underlying media and adjacent intima specimens. These changes are in the same direction seen in neoplastic tissues in vitro and in vivo and are probably not secondary to positional factors, inflammatory changes, or degenerative changes. The significance of these findings in relation to the monoclonal hypothesis of atherosclerosis is discussed. PMID- 7081387 TI - Intracerebral arteriolar permeability to lanthanum. AB - Lanthanum, an electron-dense tracer, has been used extensively in the study of the structure of cell junctions. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the interendothelial junctions of normal intracerebral arterioles allow passage of lanthanum and to document the alterations occurring in these structures in acute hypertension. Perfusion of lanthanum for 12-40 minutes in control animals resulted in passage of tracer into arteriolar walls and into the extracellular compartment of the surrounding brain. The two principal mechanisms associated with tracer extravasation into the brain were diffuse passage through endothelial cytoplasm and through interendothelial spaces bypassing tight junctions. The latter finding has not been previously reported in normal cerebral arterioles and suggests that the tight junctions of these vessels are different from those of capillaries and consist of a meshwork of closely arranged maculae occludentes rather than complete circumferential occluding bands as was previously believed. Hypertensive animals showed accelerated passage of lanthanum, it being demonstrable not only in arteriolar walls but in capillary and venular walls and the surrounding neuropil after only 5 minutes of circulation. Passage of tracer through vessel walls occurred by the same routes as in control. In addition, increased numbers of pinocytotic vesicles were observed in the endothelium, confirming our previous studies that increased vesicular transport occurs in cerebral arteriolar endothelium in acute hypertension. PMID- 7081388 TI - Cell cycle models for the aberrant coupling of growth arrest and differentiation in hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia. AB - The control of cell proliferation can be regulated by the coupling of growth arrest and differentiation. Since this process has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, it is thought to be of considerable physiologic significance. The mechanisms that serve to couple growth arrest and differentiation were, however, poorly defined prior to our recent studies. We established that the coupling of growth arrest and differentiation of proadipocytes occurs at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, GD, and that it consists of at least five phases. These include: 1) growth arrest at GD; 2) nonterminal differentiation; 3) terminal differentiation; 4) loss of the differentiated phenotype, and 5) reinitiation of cell proliferation. On the basis of these observations we developed a cell cycle model to explain the biologic mechanisms of the coupling process. This model is now used to predict where defects in the coupling of growth arrest and differentiation may occur in hyperplastic, metaplastic, and neoplastic cells. PMID- 7081389 TI - Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man. AB - Postmortem examination of 21 virologically documented cases of Lassa fever, including 6 complete autopsies, was performed as part of a field study of community-acquired Lassa fever in Sierra Leone. The most consistently observed lesions were hepatocellular, adrenal, and splenic necrosis and adrenal cytoplasmic inclusions. Neither these lesions, nor other milder and less constantly observed lesions such as myocarditis, renal tubular injury, and interstitial pneumonia, appeared severe enough to explain the cause of death in Lassa fever. The central nervous system (CNS) contained no specific lesions. Viral titrations demonstrated high viral content in liver, lung, spleen, kidney, heart, placenta, and mammary gland. Clinical laboratory data included elevation of hepatic enzymes, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Because of the paucity of pathologic lesions in spite of widely disseminated viral infection, further investigation of humoral inflammatory mechanisms is indicated. PMID- 7081391 TI - Chemically induced urolithiasis in weanling rats. PMID- 7081390 TI - Aortic morphology in salt-dependent genetic hypertension. AB - Excessive salt intake is an important determinant of human essential hypertension. Hypertension resulting from genetically determined salt sensitivity can be studied by the used of the salt-sensitive (S) and -resistant (R) rat strains developed by Dahl. A longitudinal morphometric and ultrastructural study of S and R Dahl rats fed different amounts of salt (0.6%, 4.0%, and 8.0% NaCl) for 2-14 weeks was undertaken. Only S rats responded to high-salt (4.0% and 8.0%) diets with an increase in blood pressure, and the rate of hypertension development was proportional to the daily amount of salt consumed. Likewise, S but not R rats fed high-salt diets showed thickening of the aortic media which paralleled the rise of blood pressure. Intimal lesions were characterized by the accumulation of an amorphous, electron-dense substance in the subendothelial space (SES), adherence or penetration of lymphoid cells, and subendothelial fibrin deposition. The extent and severity of SES expansion correlated more closely with the duration of salt feeding than with the level of blood pressure. Fibrin deposition was noted only in severely hypertensive animals and was not related to the salt concentration in the diet. Morphologic abnormalities in endothelial cells were noted in hypertensive animals by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as by en face preparation, but endothelial denudation and junctional disruptions were notably absent. In contrast to the large numbers of lymphoid cells, neither platelets nor fibrin were seen adherent on the endothelium. These results, in conjunction with previous studies in other hypertensive models, indicate that the nature and extent of vascular lesions depend not only on the severity of hypertension but also on its rate of development, duration, and pathophysiologic characteristics. PMID- 7081392 TI - New maps of development: new visions of maturity. AB - Two modes of moral reasoning are distinguished in boys' and girls' discussions of moral dilemmas: one oriented to justice and rights, one to care and response. These different modes are associated with different forms of self-definition and reflect different images of relationships. The contrasting images of hierarchy and web derive from childhood experiences of inequality and interdependence which give rise to the ideals of justice and of care. The representation of these two lines of development and their interplay yields a new mapping of human growth. PMID- 7081393 TI - Infant bonding: mystique and reality. PMID- 7081394 TI - The psychological parenting and permanency principles in child welfare: a reappraisal and critique. AB - The psychological parenting and permanency of care principles address important problems in child welfare. The focus of the theories, however, draws attention away from the underlying cause of family stress, and may serve to validate child welfare departments' failures to respond to that stress in the context of the family. It is suggested that aspects of the theories are overly mechanistic, and that there exists a substantial subset of child welfare clients for whom they are not relevant. PMID- 7081395 TI - Single-father caretakers: demographic characteristics and adjustment processes. PMID- 7081397 TI - Psychosocial factors related to substance abuse among delinquent females: implications for prevention and treatment. PMID- 7081396 TI - Sociopsychological determinants of women's breast-feeding behavior: A replication and extension. PMID- 7081398 TI - Some environmental and familial correlates and antecedents of hyperactivity. PMID- 7081399 TI - Postpartum psychoses in female and male bipolar manic-depressive patients. PMID- 7081400 TI - Psychiatric consultation to the child with acute physical trauma. PMID- 7081401 TI - The clinical phenomenology of childhood depression. PMID- 7081402 TI - Positive reframing with children: conceptual and clinical considerations. PMID- 7081403 TI - Attorneys as caregivers during divorce. PMID- 7081404 TI - An evaluation of adolescent inpatient services. PMID- 7081405 TI - Psychological recovery in low-income single parents. PMID- 7081406 TI - The suitcase story: a therapeutic technique for children in out-of-home placement. PMID- 7081407 TI - Treatment of ego deficits in anorexia nervosa. PMID- 7081408 TI - Primary prevention in mental health: a Head Start demonstration model. PMID- 7081410 TI - Results of endolymphatic sac surgery in advanced Meniere's disease. AB - A rational surgical approach to Meniere's disease eludes us because of the uncertainty of the pathophysiology and the variability in the natural history of the disease. The results of different surgical techniques are difficult to compare because of differences in patient selection, methods of analysis, and length of follow-up reported. This study reviews long-term results in twenty-four ELS procedures in which the test group and parameters of evaluation are carefully described. The overall rate of vertigo control is 75 percent and incidence of significant hearing improvement is 25 percent. This low rate of hearing improvement is related to the selection of patients with advanced disease and other factors. In this series, surgery limited to simple decompression of the ELS proved generally more effective than shunt procedures. It is noteworthy that the Arenberg valve implant provided impressive results in a small number of revisions. Postoperative fibrosis appears to affect results adversely, therefore, measures to prevent scar tissue proliferation seem indicated. PMID- 7081409 TI - Posterior wall atrophy. A late silent complication of the combined approach tympanoplasty operation. PMID- 7081411 TI - Dizziness after head trauma: clinical and morphologic findings. AB - Twelve patients with balance problems resulting from head injury were treated by a translabyrinthine or middle fossa vestibular neurectomy. The clinical, otoneurologic, and surgical data combined with morphologic findings on the removed operative eighth nerve specimens were evaluated with the aim of deciding the site of primary lesion in each case. In six patients a peripheral lesion was interpreted. Four of them had features of delayed endolymphatic hydrops syndrome, the fifth patient might have suffered a fracture of the stapedial footplate with associated perilymphatic fistula. The sixth patient had a deforming fracture of the internal auditory canal that had produced severe hearing loss and constant unsteadiness because of the compression of the eight nerve, which had atrophied as a result. Half of the patients were diagnosed as having a central lesion. Only one of them benefited from the neurectomy. This patient had a large arterial loop within the internal auditory canal and the symptoms may have arisen because of friction of the vessel of the proximal portion of the vestibular nerve. The other five patients probably had a lesion at the level of eighth nerve brain-stem junction or central to it. PMID- 7081412 TI - Relationships among speech threshold, loudness discomfort, comfortable loudness, and PB max in the elderly hearing impaired. AB - The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the effect of the severity of hearing loss on the most comfortable loudness level (MCL) and the loudness discomfort level (LDL), and (2) to assess the efficacy of obtaining maximum intelligibility (PB max) at MCL and/or LDL. One hundred twenty-nine ears were tested from seventy-four elderly subjects having mild to moderate sensorineural hearing losses. The results showed that mean MCLs and LDLs remained fairly constant as spondaic thresholds increased from 5 to 55 dB HTL. The data also exhibited considerable intersubject variability and indicated that MCLs and LDLs could not be closely predicted from threshold. Thus, for most clinical purposes MCL and LDL must be measured directly. This study also indicated that measuring speech intelligibility at MCL approximated PB max (+/- 12 percent) only about two third of the time. Thus, decisions concerning auditory functioning may frequently be inaccurate if intelligibility is measured only at MCL. Neither can LDL be the single intensity at which speech intelligibility is measured, at least with elderly patients, since one in ten scores did not closely approximate PB max. Consequently, we concur with previous investigators who recommend generating an entire intelligibility function. The present findings also suggest that hearing aid users may not receive optimal benefit if their hearing aid is adjusted to MCL, and that improved intelligibility may be achieved a higher volume control settings. The hearing aid evaluation process should investigate this possibility. PMID- 7081413 TI - The fine points of valve implant surgery for hydrops: an update. PMID- 7081414 TI - Sudden hearing loss. AB - This article describes a patient with documented sudden, severe, unilateral, sensorineural hearing loss occurring four days after audiometric evaluation for nonspecific complaints. He was hospitalized immediately; treatment included I.V. histamine and oral steroid therapy. He noted improvement within two days, and serial audiometry has documented recovery to the initial audiometric levels. We believe that this documentation of recovery to pre-illness levels is unique. PMID- 7081415 TI - Workshop III--information processing in the normal and abnormal human postural control systems. PMID- 7081416 TI - Doctors' discussion: autoimmune-related neurosensory hearing loss. PMID- 7081417 TI - The otorhinolaryngology residency program of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. PMID- 7081418 TI - Delayed onset of a facial paralysis following skull trauma. PMID- 7081419 TI - Subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity due to gastrointestinal disorders. Report of a case of obturator hernia. PMID- 7081421 TI - Early Crohn's distal ileitis, acute appendicitis and carcinoma of the proximal transverse colon in a 39-year-old woman: a case report. PMID- 7081420 TI - Rapid evolution of colon cancer from a colonic polyp. Report of two cases. PMID- 7081422 TI - Contractile properties of hindlimb muscles in rat during surgical overload. AB - Structural and dynamic properties of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of the rat under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia have been determined 4, 28, and 400 days after extirpation of the tibialis anterior and compared with the properties of muscles from the contralateral limb of the same animal. At 4 days the mass of the EDL increased by about 17%, but the maximum tetanic tension and tension per unit cross-sectional area decreased. The soleus showed a slight decrease in mass of about 6%. At 28 days the mass of the EDL had increased to 126% of the control value. Maximum isometric twitch and tetanic tensions increased, whereas tetanic tension per unit cross-sectional area returned to normal values; the number of sarcomeres in series increased, which led to an increase in the whole muscle speed of shortening. It is concluded that the synergistic EDL undergoes compensatory hypertrophy by the addition of contractile material in series and in parallel but without any change in the intrinsic properties of the muscle. The fibers of the antagonistic soleus shorten slightly but are otherwise unchanged. PMID- 7081423 TI - Optical measurements of oxygen delivery and consumption in gerbil cerebral cortex. AB - Oxygen metabolism of the cerebral cortex of anesthetized gerbils was monitored by surface fluorescence and reflectance spectrophotometry both in vivo and in specimens freeze-trapped by the surface-freezing technique. Fiber optic light guides were used for optical coupling for determining mitochondrial flavoprotein and pyridine nucleotide fluorescence and for recording dual-wavelength reflectance spectra that indicated the levels of ferrocytochromes aa3 and c + c1 in the cortex and the oxygen saturation of cortical hemoglobin. During anoxic episodes increases in ferrocytochromes aa3 and c + c1 and in reduced pyridine nucleotides and flavoproteins were observed only when the cortical hemoglobin was more than 85% disoxygenated. Indeed the steady-state levels of oxidation reduction of mitochondrial respiratory-chain components remained constant over a wide range of oxygen delivery, increased reduction being observed only when the fraction of inspired oxygen fell below 6%; these properties of mitochondria in vivo resemble those found in vitro. However, in normoxic animals the absorbance at 605 nm that may arise from ferri- or ferrocytochrome aa3 is larger than would be expected of purified mitochondria and may represent a pool of mitochondria that remains reduced at all levels of tissue oxygenation or a pigment not involved in oxygen metabolism. PMID- 7081425 TI - Maximal force potential of tetanized mammalian smooth muscle. AB - By applying abrupt load clamps of varying magnitude at a given moment during the course of an isotonic tetanus in smooth muscle of canine trachea (TSM) and saphenous vein (CSV), it is possible to obtain a measure of the maximal load bearing capacity of the force-producing sites in these muscles. This capacity has been termed maximal force potential (MFP). By applying such load clamps at differing times throughout the course of the tetanus and beyond, we have been able to obtain MFP curves for TSM and CSV. MFP curves for these smooth muscles differ from those for striated muscle. First, although MFP in striated cardiac muscle is only about 20% greater than tetanic force, it is up to nearly 200% greater in smooth muscle. Second and more importantly, although in striated muscle MFP curves return to zero along with the tetanic force curves, in smooth muscle MFP is maintained for long after the isometric tetanus has returned to zero. PMID- 7081424 TI - Ca2+ dependence of calcium uptake by rat myometrium plasma membrane-enriched fraction. AB - ATP-dependent Ca uptake by rat myometrium plasma membrane fraction occurs only in the presence of magnesium. Studies of the membrane protein-concentration dependence of the ATP-dependent Ca uptake showed that at 33 micrograms protein/ml the uptake increased linearly with time up to 2 min and deviated from linearity at longer times. Studies of the Ca2+ concentration dependence of initial Ca uptake velocity (reaction time 2 min) of the uptake reaction showed that 1) ATP dependent Ca uptake increased with increasing Ca2+ concentration from 0.1 to 1 microM, and a further increase in Ca2+ concentration above 1 microM did not enhance the uptake further and 2) the Ca-uptake dependence on Ca2+ concentration was nonhyperbolic with a Hill coefficient of 1.3-1.7 and half saturation occurring at 0.4-0.5 microM Ca2+. These data suggest that the ATP-dependent Ca movement by rat myometrium plasma membranes may play a very important role in smooth muscle relaxation. Physiological implications of the nonhyperbolic kinetics are also discussed. PMID- 7081427 TI - Macrophage phagocytosis: analysis of particle binding and internalization. AB - An improved radioassay for analysis of phagocytosis has been used to quantitate and characterize the binding and internalization of zymosan by monolayers of rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages. This method distinguishes zymosan particles reversibly bound to the cell surface from those internalized. The zymosan was radiolabeled with technetium 99m(99mTc), a gamma-emitter with a 6-h half-life. Use of 99mTc as the radiolabel also permitted simultaneous determinations of pinocytosis and cellular protein content using [14C]sucrose and [3H]amino acids, respectively. All endocytic data were normalized per adherent cell based on this latter measurement. A significant fraction of the cell associated particles was bound to the cell surface but not internalized. Failure to correct for this compartment would have resulted in overestimation of phagocytic rate and total cellular capacity. Both binding and ingestion of functionally unopsonized zymosan were found to be saturable, temperature sensitive, dependent on glycolytic energy, dependent on a trypsin-sensitive membrane component, described by a maximal rate, and limited by a finite capacity. The time courses of both processes were found to be similar. These results led us to conclude that, in our system, both binding and internalization were active processes and that the limited capacity to ingest zymosan was not explained by a concomitant reduction in binding of the particle to the cell membrane. Furthermore, it was found that phagocytosis did not change the rate of fluid-phase pinocytosis, consistent with the concept that the cell membrane is a functional mosaic as has been previously found by others for phagocytic and transport sites in this cell type. PMID- 7081426 TI - Influence of glucose on Ehrlich cell volume, ion transport, and membrane potential. AB - Incubating Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with 10 mM glucose at room temperature resulted in the following changes. The cells shrank, reaching a minimum volume after 1 h. The decrease in cell volume was 50-90% inhibited by 1 mM furosemide. The mmol K+ and Cl-/mg dry wt decreased, and mmol Na+/mg dry wt increased over the 1 h incubation. The net loss of KCl was inhibited by 1 mM furosemide. Immediately after the addition of glucose, the influx of 86Rb sensitive to ouabain decreased, whereas the influx sensitive to furosemide increased. The total influx of 86Rb with glucose was similar to that of controls. The effluxes of 86Rb and 36Cl increased immediately after the addition of glucose. These effluxes did not increase, however, in the presence of 1 mM furosemide. Initially the ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux was not changed with glucose, but the ouabain insensitive Na+ efflux decreased. Furosemide (1 mM) did not influence Na+ efflux. With time the ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux increased as cellular Na+ levels rose so that at 1 h the ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux from glucose-treated cells was 2.5-3 times that of control cells. The potential difference across the membrane gradually became more negative by approximately 25 mV, reaching a maximum after 1 h. The hyperpolarization was reversed by 1 mM ouabain. The changes in ionic fluxes on the addition of glucose are compared with changes in ionic fluxes seen during volume regulation. PMID- 7081428 TI - Structure of tight junctions during Cl secretion in the perfused rectal gland of the dogfish shark. AB - In epithelia that secrete sodium chloride, high-conductance tight junctions between cells have been proposed as the primary pathway for transepithelial sodium flux. We examined the properties of tight junctions in the perfused rectal gland of the dogfish shark during basal secretion and following adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate stimulation of sodium chloride secretion. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy revealed extensive interdigitation of adjacent cells with an associated amplification in the length of tight junctions per area of luminal surface, averaging 102 +/- 4.7 m/cm2 in outer regions of 80 +/- 6.7 in inner regions of the gland. Marked heterogeneity of junctional structure was present with junctional elements varying from single strands to three duplex elements and junctional depth varying from 15 to 60 nm. In glands perfused with lanthanum chloride, ionic lanthanum filled the intercellular space up to but not through the tight junctions. Characteristics of tight junctions were not different during basal and maximally stimulated sodium chloride secretion. These studies define tight junctions in the rectal gland as an anatomical barrier capable of restricting the passage of relatively small molecules such as urea while providing a greatly amplified junctional area for the passive diffusion of sodium and water. PMID- 7081429 TI - Production of ornithine by intact human erythrocytes. AB - Although the conversion of arginine to ornithine in humans is largely an hepatic process, erythrocytes also have this enzymatic capacity. We have shown that intact human erythrocytes readily produce ornithine from arginine and release product ornithine to the incubation medium. The rate of ornithine formation from arginine was 0.22 mumol.h-1.ml cells-1, and 85% of the ornithine is recovered extracellularly. Moreover, we have shown that ornithine and urea are the unique and stoichiometric products of arginine metabolism in the intact erythrocyte. The rate of ornithine production by intact red blood cells was a saturable function of arginine concentration in the medium; the derived Km for arginine for this conversion was 0.16 mM, a value striking for its close approximation to physiological arginine concentration in human plasma. We propose that the production and delivery of ornithine by intact red blood cells may supply peripheral tissues such as bone and muscle with an important precursor for proline and polyamines. PMID- 7081430 TI - Parathyroid, renal, and skeletal responses to induced hypocalcemia in the dog. AB - This study was designed to determine 1) whether the plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) response to acutely attained, constant (8 h) hypocalcemia is biphasic, and 2) if so, how kidney and bone respond to these changing plasma IPTH levels. We initiated constant hypocalcemia (decrement of Ca, 1.7 mg/dl) in six conscious dogs using the "calcium clamp" technique. Plasma IPTH concentrations increased maximally (fivefold) within 15 min and then decreased gradually over 1 h to a constant, but still elevated level (3.2-fold increase). Urinary excretion of phosphate and hydroxyproline increased more slowly, reaching plateaus at 1.75 h (76% increase) and 5.5 h (70% increase), respectively. The EGTA infusion rate required to maintain constant hypocalcemia was virtually constant (85 +/- 9 mumol.kg-1.h-1) after 20 min and corresponded to skeletal release of about 80 mg Ca.kg-1.day-1. The contribution of the kidney in conserving filtered calcium was relatively minor (2.0 +/- 0.5 mumol.kg-1.h-1). These data demonstrate that the parathyroid response to acute, constant hypocalcemia is biphasic and is temporally divergent from the uniphasic phosphaturic and hydroxyprolinuric responses. The ensuing increased skeletal release of calcium is very high and is maximal within minutes. PMID- 7081431 TI - Mineralocorticoid activity of 19-nor-DOC and 19-OH-DOC in adrenalectomized rat. AB - Excess mineralocorticoid activity is thought to be responsible for the increased sodium reabsorption found after adrenal enucleation, but no known mineralocorticoid has been demonstrated in quantities sufficient to account for this antinatriuresis. 19-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (19-OH-DOC) has been synthesized by the incubated enucleate adrenal capsule and 19 nordeoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC), a possible metabolite, has been found in the urine of rats with regenerating adrenal glands. To evaluate the in vivo mineralocorticoid potency of these steroids, we studied glucocorticoid-replete adrenalectomized rats and measured the sodium and potassium excretion after administration of these steroids. Our results indicate that 19-nor-DOC has equipotent antinatriuretic activity compared to aldosterone but was less kaluretic. 19-OH-DOC had no significant antinatriuretic or kaluretic activity. We conclude that 19-nor-DOC is a potent mineralocorticoid and may be responsible for the enhanced sodium reabsorption found after adrenal enucleation. PMID- 7081432 TI - Morphine suppresses plasma catecholamine responses to laparotomy but not to 2 deoxyglucose. AB - The increase of plasma catecholamines that occurs during surgery can be reduced by administration of morphine. To test the hypothesis that morphine specifically blocks nociceptive stimulation during surgery, we compared the effects of morphine administration on the plasma catecholamine response to a laparotomy in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with the effect of morphine on the plasma catecholamine response to the neuroglucopenic agent, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG, 300 mg/kg iv). In control dogs, plasma epinephrine (Epi) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) both increased progressively with time following a midline laparotomy (delta Epi by 50 min, +133 +/- 42 pg/ml, P less than 0.01 and delta NE by 50 min, +108 +/- 38 pg/ml, P less than 0.01, mean +/- SE, n = 12). 2-Deoxy-D-glucose produced a similar increase of both plasma NE and Epi. In dogs that received the anesthesia alone, plasma catecholamines did not increase from base line during the experiment. The analgesic morphine (15 mg iv), given 15 min after the completion of laparotomy, not only prevented the progressive rise of plasma catecholamines after laparotomy, but also caused a small but significant decline (P less than 0.05). Naloxone (0.4 mg iv) totally reversed the suppressive effects of morphine, restoring both catecholamines to the levels of their time-related control. In marked contrast, neither morphine nor naloxone affected the plasma NE and Epi increases following the administration of 2DG. These data suggest that morphine suppression of plasma catecholamines during surgery is not due to a generalized attenuation of sympathetic outflow, but rather to a specific interaction with an opiate receptor that either mediates analgesia or lies within the neural pathway stimulated by laparotomy but not by 2DG. PMID- 7081433 TI - Transcapillary exchange of molecular weight markers in the postglomerular circulation: application of a barrier-limited model. AB - The permselectivity of the postglomerular capillary wall was studied by performing pulse-injection multiple indicator-dilution experiments on dog kidneys in vivo, using simultaneous injection of T1824-labeled albumin (plasma reference), creatinine (extracellular reference), and one or two radioactively labeled indicators: raffinose (595 dalton), vitamin B12 (1,357 dalton), or inulin (approximately 5,000 dalton). The urine transit patterns superimposed for all these except albumin, suggesting equal permeability for these molecular weight markers at the level of the glomerular filtration barrier. But the renal vein mean transit times progressively decreased. Therefore, their apparent interstitial volumes of distribution decrease with increasing molecular weight. This could be due to several factors acting singly or in combination: reduced capillary permeability in the postglomerular microcirculation; restricted diffusion in the postglomerular interstitium; or excluded volume effects. Evidence suggested that the effect was due to a combination of permeability and exclusion volume effects. To assess the validity of this assumption, the barrier limited model was compared with the experimental data. The results were analyzed (both hydropenic and mannitol-diuretic dogs) and best fits calculated using two independent parameters, permeability and excluded volume. For permeability (X10( 4) cm/s, mean +/- SD) the range of values was always greater than or equal to 15 for creatinine and raffinose, and greater than or equal to 12 for B12. The permeability for inulin was 6.9 +/- 1.4. When interstitial volume excluded was expressed as percentage of the volume available to creatine, the excluded volume was negligible for raffinose and B12 but 12 +/- 5% for inulin. During mannitol diuresis the permeability for creatinine and raffinose remained high, but the values tended to decrease for B12. The permeability of inulin decreased to 2.9 +/ 0.09. Mannitol diuresis increased the excluded volume of inulin but did not alter the creatinine, raffinose, or B12 value. PMID- 7081435 TI - Renal tubular transport of folic acid and methotrexate in the monkey. AB - The renal excretion of folic acid and methotrexate (MTX) was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized cynomolgus, rhesus, and AFrican green monkeys by standard clearance and stop-flow techniques. The renal clearance of folic acid was below inulin clearance at all plasma concentrations studied; the (U/P)folic/(U/P)In ratio increased from 0.26 at a concentration of 0.03 mM to a plateau value of 0.9 at concentrations above 0.2 mM, indicating net reabsorption by a saturable system. In stop-flow experiments, base-line (U/P)folic/(U/P)In ratios during free-flow periods were below 1.0, but increased by twofold in stop flow samples derived from the proximal tubule, indicating net secretion during stopped flow. The stop-flow pattern of MTX excretion was similar, except the base line flow pattern of MTX excretion was similar, except the base-line (U/P)MTX/(U/P)In ratio exceeded 1.0, indicating net secretion during both free flow and stopped-flow periods. Secretion of both compounds was inhibited by p aminohippuric acid and other organic acids but not by L-glutamic acid. It is concluded that folic acid is transported bidirectionally, while evidence was obtained only for secretion of MTX. PMID- 7081434 TI - Effect of adrenal enucleation on inner medullary collecting duct function in the rat. AB - After adrenal enucleation rats have an impaired ability to excrete a salt load. From micropuncture studies comparing data obtained from the late distal collection site and the urine, it has been suggested that this antinatriuretic effect occurs along the collecting duct. These studies are indirect, however, and cannot evaluate the contribution of deep nephrons. We have performed studies directly measuring inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) function in saline loaded rats 6 days after adrenal enucleation (AE). The fraction of filtered fluid, sodium, chloride, and potassium was analyzed as a function of IMCD length. In six AE rats 35% of the fluid, 35% of the sodium, and 31% of the chloride delivered to the IMCD was reabsorbed. In six saline-loaded control rats, however, no statistically significant net reabsorption of fluid sodium, or chloride was detected. Net potassium secretion along the IMCD was found in both AE and control rats. No difference between groups was noted, and net addition accounted for 17% of the potassium excreted. We conclude that after AE, the excretion of fluid, sodium, and chloride is impaired during saline expansion because of enhanced reabsorption along the IMCD. AE does not affect potassium handling along the IMCD or potassium excretion. PMID- 7081436 TI - Nonoxidative glucose metabolism a prerequisite for formation of dilute urine. AB - To examine links between norepinephrine- (NE) stimulated sodium transport and gluconeogenesis, we perfused isolated rat kidneys with 6% albumin, containing various combinations of glucose, alanine, pyruvate. and lactate and inhibitors of gluconeogenesis (0.1 mM mercaptopicolinate, MP) or glucose metabolism (0.2-0.5 mM 2-deoxyglucose, DG). Inulin clearance, fractional potassium reabsorption, total sodium reabsorption, and free water clearance were higher in kidneys perfused with 5 mM glucose plus 2 mM alanine than in kidneys perfused with either 10 mM lactate or 5 mM pyruvate. NE, added after 40 min of perfusion, decreased fractional sodium and potassium excretion in all experiments. In lactate- and/or pyruvate-perfused kidneys NE decreased fractional water excretion with little increase in free water clearance; free water formation was lowest in kidneys perfused with DG or MP. Glucose (5 mM) reversed the inhibitory effect of MP on free water clearance. In glucose-perfused kidneys NE did not decrease fractional water excretion, whereas free water clearance increased threefold. NE stimulated glucose production from pyruvate 2.4-fold and from lactate 1.6-fold. MP inhibited gluconeogenesis both in the basal state and after NE. We conclude that the formation of dilute urine requires nonoxidative glucose metabolism to maintain low water permeability in the diluting segment and a high peritubular glucose concentration that is ensured by gluconeogenesis in adjacent proximal tubules. PMID- 7081437 TI - Relationship among gluconeogenesis, QO2, and Na+ transport in the perfused rat kidney. AB - The relationship among sodium transport (TNa), oxygen consumption (QO2), and gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated perfused rat kidneys in which glucose formation was enhanced by providing pyruvate as a substrate and by prior treatment with methylprednisolone. TNa was increased abruptly by increasing perfusion pressure as to increase GFR or by lowering the albumin concentration of a hyperoncotic perfusate as to allow glomerular filtration to occur. Increases in TNa of 40% were accompanied by little or no increase in QO2, whereas gluconeogenesis decreased 55-80%. Conversely, a decrease in perfusion pressure that lowered TNa produced an increase in glucose formation without a change in QO2. When gluconeogenesis was blocked with 0.15 mM 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, QO2 increased together with TNa as perfusion pressure was raised. The results suggest that the energy needed for ion transport by the kidney may under some circumstances be borrowed from nontransport functions and, therefore, that basal oxygen consumption may vary with the rate of reabsorptive transport. PMID- 7081439 TI - Acidification of luminal fluid by the rabbit cortical collecting tubule perfused in vitro. AB - The ability of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule to acidify the luminal fluid was determined with double-barreled antimony pH electrodes. In Na+/K+ Ringer the tubules maintained a transepithelial voltage (VToc) of -45.4 +/- 5.5 mV (bath grounded) and a minimum luminal fluid pH of 5.93 +/- 0.11. Chronic mineralocorticoid pretreatment of the rabbits caused the VToc to become more negative (-78.7 +/- 8.2 mV) and decreased the minimum luminal fluid pH to 5.43 +/ 0.16. In most tubules (control and mineralocorticoid-pretreated) the measured pH was more acidic than could be accounted for by either the lumen-negative VToc or CO2 equilibration of the perfusion fluid. When tubules were perfused and bathed in 0 Na+/0 K+ Ringer they developed a lumen-positive VToc, which was stimulated by mineralocorticoid, was sensitive to the PCO2 of the bathing solutions, but was not dependent on Cl- in either the luminal or bath solutions. Luminal acidification in the absence of Na+ and K+ (pH = 6.05 +/- 0.12) occurred against a lumen-positive VToc of +11.5 +/- 1.9 mV. Addition of 10(-4) M ouabain to the bath of tubules studied in Na+/K+ Ringer caused the VToc to reverse polarity and the luminal fluid pH to increase. In contrast, ouabain had no effect on either the lumen-positive VToc or the minimum luminal fluid pH when added to the bath of tubules in 0 Na+/0 K+ Ringer. Bath addition of 10(-4) M acetazolamide and/or 5 X 10(-4) M 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) caused alkalinization of the luminal fluid in tubules studied in either Na+/K+ or 0 Na+/0 K+ Ringer. In 0 Na+/0 K+ Ringer, acetazolamide and SITS reduced the lumen positive VToc to near zero. The data support the existence of a distinct acidification mechanism in the rabbit cortical collecting tubule, which is both active and electrogenic. PMID- 7081438 TI - Na and K transport across the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule of the rabbit: evidence for diffusion across the outer medullary portion. AB - The rabbit collecting tubule displays functional axial heterogeneity with respect to Na ion transport. The present experiments compared cortical collecting tubule (CCT) and outer medullary collecting tubule (OMCT) Na and K transport. Na efflux across the CCT was inhibited by ouabain, whereas Na efflux across the OMCT was smaller and unaffected by ouabain. Assessment of the equivalent conductivities of Na and K across the CCT by imposition of a Na-K bi-ionic gradient demonstrated a higher K/Na conductivity across the CCT than would be predicted from their respective limiting equivalent conductivities in water. In contrast, the ratio of their conductivities across OMCT were not different than would be predicted by their ratio in water. The "selective" nature of the Na and K pathways across CCT was confirmed by measuring the tracer efflux rate coefficients. In the amiloride treated CCT the K/Na rate coefficient ratio was 9.8 +/- 1.5; this ratio across the OMCT was 1.51 +/- 0.10. The latter value is not different from the ratio of the mobilities of these ions in water. The diffusional nature of Na and K transfer across OMCT was confirmed by the demonstration of the concentration independent Na efflux rate coefficient and the demonstration of appropriate net Na and K transepithelial flows in response to imposition of oppositely directed chemical gradients. Although the permeability of the OMCT is low, the chemical gradients found in vivo might be sufficient to effect some K absorption and Na secretion without completely dissipating the steep gradients generated by the CCT. These transport characteristics might be important in the regulation of Na excretion and K recycling into the renal medulla. PMID- 7081440 TI - Effects of pH on potassium transport by renal distal tubule. AB - To determine the relative importance of plasma and luminal pH changes as factors regulating potassium secretion by rat distal tubule, superficial tubules were continuously microperfused in vivo. The effects of changes in plasma pH were examined by producing acute systemic metabolic acidosis or alkalosis and holding luminal flow rate, solute composition, and pH constant by microperfusion. Alternatively, the effect of luminal solution pH was evaluated by microperfusing tubules with solutions buffered to either pH 6.5 or 8.0 at constant systemic acid base balance. Net transport of Na and K and the pH of the luminal fluid were measured. Results showed that metabolic acidosis inhibited and metabolic alkalosis stimulated potassium secretion. Increased luminal fluid pH, in contrast, did not stimulate potassium transport. In experiments in which metabolic acidosis produced a diuresis, urinary potassium excretion was enhanced compared with hydropenic controls. Free-flow micropuncture studies revealed that the rate of fluid delivery to the distal tubule was 45% greater during acidosis compared with control and that potassium secretion increased in both the distal and collecting tubule. Since the rate of fluid delivery is a potent stimulus of potassium secretion in the distal tubule, it is concluded that the stimulus of increased delivery of fluid, observed in free-flow conditions, masked the inhibitory effect of acidosis on potassium transport. Potassium transport by the distal tubule, during acid-base disorders, is regulated by plasma pH and the rate of delivery of fluid but is not stimulated by alkalinization of the luminal fluid. PMID- 7081441 TI - [14C]erythritol clearance and canalicular bile acid-independent flow in the baboon. AB - The use of [14C]erythritol for the quantitative assessment of hepatic bile formation has been studied in baboons using sodium taurocholate to generate canalicular bile flow. It has been found that increments in [14C]erythritol clearance are equal to taurocholate-induced increments in bile flow, but there was no change in [14C]erythritol clearance when bile flow was increased by secretin. No evidence was found to support the view that bile acids affect bile acid-independent bile flow. PMID- 7081442 TI - Effect of acute respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on intestinal ion transport in vivo. AB - The effects of acute respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on intestinal electrolyte transport were studied in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. During in situ intestinal perfusion, anesthetized animals were ventilated with 0, 3, or 8% CO2, creating states of alkalosis (pH 7.64 +/- 0.01), normocapnia (pH 7.45 +/- 0.01), or acidosis (pH 7.26 +/- 0.01), respectively. The plasma bicarbonate concentration decreased 2.0 mM during alkalosis and increased 2.1 mM during acidosis. The jejunum did not respond to the acid-base disturbances. In both the ileum and colon, alkalosis decreased the net absorption of water (-16%), sodium (-23%), and chloride (-42%) and the net secretion of bicarbonate (-33%), whereas acidosis had the opposite effect, i.e., the net absorption of water (41%), sodium (39%), and chloride (32%) increased as did net bicarbonate secretion (33%) (ileal values given). Changes in sodium chloride movement could be correlated with changes in systemic pH and CO2 tension (PCO2), and bicarbonate secretion paralleled changes in the plasma bicarbonate concentration. The acid-base disorders had no effect on ileal and colonic net potassium secretion and transmural potential difference. These studies suggest that systemic pH and/or PCO2 regulate sodium chloride absorption, and the plasma bicarbonate concentration regulates bicarbonate secretion. PMID- 7081443 TI - Responsiveness of longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the portal vein. AB - This study was performed to compare mechanical activity produced by acetylcholine and histamine in longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the portal vein. Peak tension was measured in longitudinal and circular muscle strips from portal veins of rabbits as they were superfused with acetylcholine and histamine (10(-6) to 10(-4) M). Responses to acetylcholine were three to four times greater in longitudinal muscle than in circular muscle; for example, acetylcholine (10(-5) M) produced contractions of 1.6 +/- 0.2 X 10(3) (mean +/- SE) dynes in longitudinal muscle and 0.4 +/- 0.09 X 10(3) dynes in circular muscle. In the same strips, histamine produced similar responses in the two layers: histamine (10(-5) M) produced contractions of 0.4 +/- 0.1 X 10(3) dynes in longitudinal and 0.4 +/- 0.1 X 10(3) dynes in circular muscle. Histological studies of portal vein muscle strips showed that the longitudinal muscle layer is three to four times thicker than the circular muscle layer. Thus, in response to acetylcholine, tension developed in each muscle layer is proportional to the thickness of that layer. In response to histamine, however, longitudinal muscle develops less tension than is predicted by the thickness of the muscle layer. We conclude that longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the rabbit portal vein differ in their responsiveness to histamine. PMID- 7081444 TI - Biliary excretion of [3H]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the vitamin D-depleted rat. AB - The biliary excretion of [3H]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([3H]25(OH)D3) was studied in vitamin D-depleted female rats over a 3-h period after intravenous or intraduodenal administration of intact [3H]25(OH)D3 and after the intraduodenal readministration of the [3H]25(OH)D3-derived biliary material. In each group four doses of 25(OH)D3 were administered (0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 nmol/100 g). Over the dose range studied, the biliary excretion of [3H]25(OH)D3 could not be saturated, indicating that the biliary excretion of 25(OH)D3 is a reliable detoxification mechanism in circumstances of 25(OH)D3 intoxication. Analysis of plasma, liver, and bile suggests that the canalicular membrane seems to be rate limiting in the biliary excretion of 25(OH)D3. The intraduodenal administration of biliary excretion compounds derived from [3H]25(OH)D3 showed that they are efficiently reexcreted in newly secreted bile, confirming the existence of an enterohepatic circulation for 25(OH)D3. In this group of animals, however, the plasma analysis indicates that these compounds reach the systemic circulation in insignificant quantities, suggesting that the enterohepatic circulation probably plays a limited role in the body 25(OH)D3 economy. PMID- 7081445 TI - Ion-selective electrode studies of cell Na components in vascular smooth muscle of WKY and SHR. AB - Vascular smooth muscle cells of the rat tail artery were enriched with Na by overnight incubation at 10 degrees C in K-free physiological salt solution (K free PSS). The cells were then returned to normal PSS in a series of steps so as to define the effect of varying temperature between 3 and 37 degrees C, the effect of ouabain, the effect of readmitting K+ in the continuing presence of ouabain, and, finally, the effect of removing ouabain in the continuing presence of K+. The effects were measured with flow-through Na+ and K+ glass-cannula electrodes as changes in a superfusate moving slowly past the artery. Where possible, confirmatory evidence was obtained by conventional incubations followed by chemical analysis of the tissues. About 10 mmol Na+/kg dry wt is transferred out of the cells when temperature is raised from 3 to 37 degrees C. Exposure of the tissue to ouabain while the tissue is still in the K-free state produces a further loss of about 8 mmol Na+/kg dry wt and 4 mmol k+/kg dry wt. Readmittance of K+ in the continuing presence of ouabain induces a further loss of about 25 mmol Na+/kg dry wt in exchange for an uptake of about 13 mmol K+ measured electrometrically or about 20 mmol K measured chemically. Finally, the removal of ouabain is followed by an extrusion of about 155 mmol Na+/kg dry wt in exchange for an uptake of 133 mmol K%. The ouabain-insensitive exchange of Na+ and K+ is enhanced in spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared with normotensive rats. PMID- 7081446 TI - Calcium-dependent contractile activation of cerebral artery produced by quick stretch. AB - Quick stretch of helical strips of rabbit basilar artery at a rate of 4-50 cm/s to 140% of the initial muscle length evoked phasic contraction. The contraction was potentiated by cardiac glycosides, tetraethylammonium, and high K+, all of which augment transmembrane influx of Ca2+, and the enhanced response was suppressed by Ca2+-antagonists such as verapamil and nifedipine. The stretch induced contraction in Ca2+-free medium was progressively reduced depending on the number of stretches during the observation period of 90 min. The response to quick stretch in Ca2+-free solution was enhanced by norepinephrine or histamine but was not affected by high K+ (40-100 mM), verapamil, or nifedipine. These results suggest that contraction of rabbit basilar artery produced by quick stretch depends not only on transmembrane supply of Ca2+ but also on release of Ca2% bound to the membrane or in internal depots. It also seems possible that, in addition to depolarization of the membrane, mechanical deformation itself triggers the release of Ca2+. PMID- 7081447 TI - Effect of pulsatile pressure and metabolic rate on intestinal autoregulation. AB - In the intestine, raising venous pressure elicits a precapillary vasoconstriction that has been ascribed to a myogenic mechanism. Such myogenic responses occur more frequently and have a greater magnitude if arterial pressure is pulsatile. This laboratory reported that the ability of the gut to autoregulate blood flow in response to perfusion pressure manipulations is enhanced if metabolic rate is stimulated by transportable intraluminal solutes. Since both myogenic and metabolic mechanisms may participate in local control, we attempted to delineate the relative contributions the two mechanisms make to autoregulation. In one set of experiments, pulse pressures of 20 and 40 mmHg evoked a slight but statistically significant vasoconstriction. In a second series of experiments, pressure-flow curves were determined in isolated canine small bowel. The ability of the gut to autoregulate was compared at pulse pressures of 0, 20, and 40 mmHg and at basal and elevated metabolic rates. Altering pulse pressure had no systematic effect on the ability of the intestine to autoregulate blood flow. In contrast, increasing metabolic rate consistently enhanced autoregulation at each of the pulse pressures studied. Therefore, these results indicate that although a myogenic mechanism may best account for the response to elevated venous pressure, autoregulation as expressed in pressure-flow curves is more strongly influenced by the prevailing metabolic rate than by stretch stimuli such as arterial pressure pulsations. PMID- 7081449 TI - Na+-induced intestinal interstitial hyperosmolality and vascular responses during absorptive hyperemia. AB - The coupled active transport of Na+ with sugars and amino acids could cause intestinal villus interstitial hyperosmolarity, which contributes to absorptive hyperemia. However, for the villus hyperosmolarity to cause a major vascular response, a mild-to-moderate hyperosmolarity must occur in the vicinity of the major resistance vessels of the submucosa. Interstitial Na+ activity was measured throughout the small intestinal wall of rats with monensin ion-selective electrodes during glucose absorption. In the upper half of villi, the resting [Na+] was 201 +/- 5 (SE) mM and increased to 267 +/- 6 mM during luminal exposure to 25-300 mg/100 ml glucose. The submucosal resting [Na+] was 144 +/- 1 mM and increased to 177 +/- 3 mM during luminal glucose exposure. The time courses of Na+ appearance and submucosal arterial dilation were almost identical. Calculations of tissue osmolarity indicate an increase in villus osmolarity of 150-200 mosM and 79-90 mosM in the submucosa during glucose absorption. The data are interpreted to indicate that villus hyperosmolarity during glucose absorption increased submucosal osmolarity and a naturally occurring osmotic dilatory component of absorptive hyperemia could exist. PMID- 7081448 TI - Favorable effects of therapy on cardiac performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - To determine whether chronic antihypertensive therapy reduces cardiac mass and improves performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with marked left ventricular hypertrophy and evidence of cardiac dysfunction, 12-mo-old male and female SHR and age- and sex-matched normotensive rats (NORM) were treated for 6 mo with either tap water or tap water containing hydralazine or guanethidine. Cardiac performance was assessed by the peak stroke volume and cardiac indices attained during volume loading and by the maximum left ventricular pressure developed during an aortic occlusion. Passive diastolic pressure-volume curves were obtained in the potassium-arrested heart. Treatment prevented the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in SHR and the marked deterioration in peak pumping ability observed in untreated male SHR and the modest impairment observed in female SHR. The peak developed pressure of both the male and female treated SHR was reduced toward that of NORM and was associated with a reduction in the left ventricular mass-to-volume ratio toward that of NORM. Thus chronic therapy with either hydralazine or guanethidine reduced cardiac mass and prevented the deterioration in cardiac pumping performance observed in SHR with sustained hypertension and marked cardiac hypertrophy. PMID- 7081450 TI - Cardiovascular responses to unilateral and bilateral stimulation of rabbit aortic nerves. AB - Reflex heart and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses during unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulation of the central end of the cut aortic nerves were studied in 14 anesthetized closed-thorax rabbits. During control of carotid intrasinus pressure (ISP), with ISP = MAP, heart rate was 248 +/- 12 beats/min and fell -79 +/- 14, -61 +/- 16, and -117 +/- 16 beats/min during left (LAN), right (RAN), and bilateral (BAN) nerve stimulation. MAP was 79 +/- 5 mmHg and fell -57 +/- 4 (LAN), -46 +/- 6 (RAN), and -65 +/- 4 mmHg (BAN). Responses were also determined following blockade of cardiac vagal efferents (atropine) and then vagotomy (n = 4) or vagotomy alone (n = 10). Results indicated that cardiac parasympathetic effects of LAN and RAN stimulation were additive, whereas the respective summation of cardiac and arterial vascular sympathetic effects were mutually inhibitory. BAN stimulation at low (25 mmHg) and high (greater than or equal to 125 mmHg) ISP levels resulted in different magnitudes of MAP and heart rate responses before and after vagotomy and beta-receptor blockade. These results indicated that summation was mutually inhibitory for cardiac and vasomotor sympathetics when maximal stimulation of opposite influence was applied to aortic and carotid afferents. However, arterial baroreceptor afferents may summate differently at more normal blood pressure conditions. PMID- 7081451 TI - Effect of adenosine on calcium uptake by intact and cultured vascular smooth muscle. AB - The effect of adenosine (ADO), a potent vasodilator, on the cellular calcium uptake by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) was studied. In addition, similar experiments were conducted with other vasoactive agents to ensure the validity of results obtained with the cultured VSM cell model. Primary VSM monolayers from rat aorta were incubated for 30 min in 45Ca-enriched physiological salt solution (PSS) (37 degrees C) and washed with 20 mM Ca-EGTA (4 degrees C) to remove extracellular 45Ca. Calcium uptake with 4.6 mM K+ was 65.3 +/- 2.4 pmol Ca/10(5) cells. Verapamil (10(-6) M) or 4 degrees C incubation decreased this value 27 and 65%, respectively, whereas ADO (10(-7) M) and isoproterenol (10(-6) M) elevated calcium uptake 21 and 9%, respectively. Elevation of extracellular K+ (25 mM) increased calcium uptake to 87.8 +/- 5.0 pmol Ca/10(5) cells. ADO (10(-7) M), isoproterenol (10(-6) M), and 4 degrees C incubation significantly attenuated this K+-induced increase 25, 19, and 64%, respectively. The calcium uptake of nondepolarized cells was not changed by norepinephrine (10(-6) M) in the presence of either alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade. Experiments were performed in a similar manner with porcine carotid artery strips in the presence of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade. Calcium uptake increased from 2.3 +/- 0.2 X 10(-7) to 3.0 +/- 0.1 X 10(-7) mol Ca/g wet wt after elevation of the medium K+ to 25 mM. This increase was inhibited by 10(-6) M ADO. ADO (10(-6) M) was found to have no effect on the 45Ca efflux from cultured VSM. It is concluded that ADO relaxes VSM by reducing the inward movement of calcium during stimulation. The significant ADO-induced elevation of cellular calcium under conditions when cultured cells were not partially depolarized suggests the existence of an enhanced calcium sequestration within these cells. PMID- 7081452 TI - alpha-Adrenergic control of oxygen delivery to myocardium during exercise in conscious dogs. AB - alpha-Adrenergic control of the oxygen delivery to the myocardium during exercise was investigated in eight conscious dogs instrumented for chronic measurements of coronary blood flow, left ventricular (LV) pressure, aortic blood pressure, and heart rate and sampling of arterial and coronary sinus blood. After alpha adrenergic receptor blockade a standard exercise load elicited a significantly greater increase in heart rate, rate of change of LV pressure (LV dP/dt), LV dP/dt/P, and coronary blood flow than was elicited in the unblocked state. In contrast to the response pattern during control exercise, there was no significant change in coronary sinus oxygen tension (PO2), myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference, and myocardial oxygen delivery-to-oxygen consumption ratio. It is concluded that the normal relationship between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand is modified during exercise after alpha-adrenergic blockade, whereby oxygen delivery is better matched to oxygen consumption. These results indicate that the increase in coronary blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium during normal exercise is limited by alpha adrenergic vasoconstriction. PMID- 7081453 TI - Reflex cardiovascular changes with veratridine in the conscious dog. AB - The present study was undertaken to examine the reflex responses of activation of cardiac sensory receptors in the conscious dog. Intracoronary (left circumflex coronary artery) injection of veratridine (0.10 micrograms/kg) reduced mean arterial pressure (-40 mmHg, P less than 0.05), heart rate (-34 beats/min, P less than 0.05), and maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dtmax) ( 419 mmHg/s, P less than 0.05). Bilateral cervical vagal cold block (BVB) eliminated the depressor and bradycardic responses of veratridine. BVB not only eliminated the negative inotropic response to veratridine but reversed it to a positive inotropic response (LV dP/dtmax increased 313 +/- 76 mmHg/s). Ganglionic blockade abolished all effects of veratridine. The bradycardia and negative inotropic effects caused by veratridine were attenuated by either atropine or metoprolol and completely eliminated by the combination of the two antagonists. Veratridine also produced a decrease in renal artery blood flow but had no effect on renal vascular resistance. In contrast, iliac blood flow was increased with veratridine, and this, combined with the depressor effect, resulted in a decrease in iliac vascular resistance (-37%), P less than 0.05). BVB abolished the changes in renal and iliac blood flow or resistance caused by veratridine. The results indicate that activation of cardiac receptors in the conscious dog elicits inhibitory reflexes to the heart and peripheral circulation that are mediated by vagal afferents. After vagotomy, veratridine elicited a reflex positive inotropic response, which may have resulted from activation of cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers. PMID- 7081454 TI - Prolonged myocardial nucleotide depletion after brief ischemia in the open-chest dog. AB - Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are essential energy sources for basic metabolic reactions and play important roles in protein, glycogen, and nucleic acid synthesis, cyclic nucleotide metabolism, and energy transfer reactions. Brief coronary occlusions (12 min) were produced in seven open-chest dogs, and repetitive myocardial samples were taken in order to determine the response of the nucleotide pool to ischemia and reperfusion. During ischemia adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) decreased to 57% of control, and similar decreases occurred in the guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP), uridine 5' triphosphate (UTP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) pools. The decrease in nucleotides was accompanied by an increase in nucleosides and bases. After 60 min of reperfusion the content of all nucleotides had increased but was still significantly less than nonischemic values. The content of nucleosides and bases decreased immediately upon reperfusion. In contrast, creatine phosphate (CP) fell to 10% of control during ischemia but rebounded to above control values immediately upon reperfusion. Thus depletion of all nucleotide pools occurs during ischemia, and with reperfusion nucleotide content is restored only slowly. Delayed repletion is not caused by a defect in mitochondrial synthesis of ATP because CP content is restored rapidly. The slow repletion of nucleotides may be secondary to loss of nucleotide precursors during reperfusion and may result in widespread alterations in myocardial metabolism. PMID- 7081455 TI - Excitation-contraction coupling in neonatal and adult myocardium of cat. AB - Neonatal cardiac cells were smaller in diameter, having a lower concentration of myofilaments than cardiac cells of the adult cat. The sarcoplasmic reticulum content in 1-day-old neonates was less than in the adult, and there were no transverse tubules in the neonatal myocardium. Postextrasystolic potentiation and post-voltage clamp potentiation were significantly greater in the adult than in the neonate. Rate inotropisms consisted of a fast component (1st 6-8 beats) and a slow component (50-100 beats). The beat constants for the decay of postextrasystolic potentiation and of the fast component of a negative frequency staircase were the same in both neonate and adult. The restitution of contractility was much faster in the neonate than in the adult. Shortening of the action potential plateau suppressed twitch tension in the first beat with little further effect on subsequent shortened beats in the neonate. The structural and functional differences between the neonate and adult lead to the conclusion that two sources of activator calcium contribute to the development of tension in mammalian ventricle. PMID- 7081456 TI - Flow dependence of norepinephrine extraction by isolated perfused rat lungs. AB - Disposition of perfused norepinephrine (NE) was studied in isolated rat lungs at several perfusate flows, including that occurring in vivo. Lungs were ventilated with 95% O2-5% CO2 and perfused at 37 degrees C with recirculating medium initially containing 90 nM [14C]NE. In agreement with previous studies the fraction of NE removed in a single pass through the pulmonary vasculature was 0.30 +/- 0.03 by lungs perfused at low flow (10 ml/min; 7.2 ml.min-1.g lung-1). This extraction ratio decreased with increasing flow, so that in lungs perfused at 45 ml/min (31.8 ml.min-1.g lung-1) the extraction ratio was 0.09 +/- 0.01. The concentration of NE metabolites in the perfusate reservoir increased with time of perfusion. The rate of appearance of deaminated and O-methylated metabolites in the recirculating perfusion medium was not markedly influenced by flow. NE that accumulated in lung was metabolized before reentry into the perfusion medium. These results indicate that extraction of NE by rat lung is markedly dependent on flow and suggest that removal of NE by lung is not highly efficient at normal organ perfusion rates. PMID- 7081457 TI - Regional myocardial radiotracer kinetics in dogs using miniature radiation detectors. AB - An implantable device for continuous measurement of regional myocardial radioisotope activity was designed and validated. The probe consists of a 2-mm3 cadmium telluride crystal surrounded by lead foil housed in a 4.5-mm outer diameter steel cylinder. Activity in serial dilutions of thallium-201 measured by this miniature gamma detector correlated well with activity measured in the well counter (r = 0.99). In vivo probe measurements of regional myocardial thallium 201 activity in a canine model were compared with activity in punch biopsies, again with excellent correlation (r = 0.90). The crystal was mounted on a modified arterial clamp, which was inserted into the left ventricle through, the apex and situated on the endocardial surface of the anterior or posterior wall. It was thus possible to measure regional isotope activity without excessive background from the blood pool and opposite heart wall. The probe was found best suited for monitoring activities of isotopes with energies between 60 and 250 keV. With a pair of these devices, dynamic studies of the myocardial kinetics of radioisotopes such as thallium-201 in normal and ischemic myocardium are now possible. PMID- 7081458 TI - Estimation of local myocardial stress. AB - Two formulas are presented for estimating local average circumferential stress in the left ventricle from the cavity pressure and various quantities, available from the angiogram, which characterize the size and shape of the cavity and ventricular wall. The advantages of these formulas are as follows: 1) they are based on thick-wall shell theory; 2) they are intended for application at positions in the ventricular wall other than the base; and 3) they are based on a more general representation of ventricular geometry than a sphere, cylinder, or ellipsoid. Except for one location, both formulas predict average circumferential stresses that agree to within 25% with the corresponding stresses in a finite element model of an aneurysmal ventricle. In addition, at the equator of a thick wall ellipsoid, the formulas are identical in form to a previously derived formula that has been shown to predict stresses that are in fair to good agreement with measured stresses in the open-chest dog heart. PMID- 7081459 TI - The bloodless rat: a new model for macromolecular transport studies across lung endothelium. AB - To examine the effect of circulating proteins on the passage of intravenously injected native ferritin across pulmonary capillary endothelium, rats were exchange transfused with FC-43 fluorocarbon emulsion (FCE) under ether anesthesia. Protein concentration was reduced to less than 1.1 mg/ml by exchange transfusion, followed by FCE containing 15, 30, or 60 mg/ml of lyophilized rat serum protein (LRSP). Two minutes after ferritin injection lungs were prepared for ultrastructural morphometry. The diameter and numerical density of vesicles remained unchanged under all experimental conditions; however, at 0.6 mg/ml of circulating protein there was a 5- and 10-fold increase, respectively in percent vesicle (%VL) and basement membrane labeling (BML) by ferritin. This was reversible; at 60 mg/ml of circulating protein %VL and BML was indistinguishable from controls. Following a reduction of circulating protein to less than 1.1 mg/ml, the addition of 15 mg/ml LRSP reduced %VL but had no effect on BML. This suggests that in addition to shuttling vesicles there may be a second mechanism for the transport of ferritin, possibly involving transendothelial chains of vesicles. PMID- 7081460 TI - Membrane properties of smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arteries of the rat. AB - Electrical properties of the membrane of smooth muscle cells in the rat main pulmonary artery (MPA) and a small pulmonary artery (SPA) were compared. MPA and SPA differed in several important respects, suggesting characteristic quantitative and qualitative differences in membrane properties. 1) Resting membrane potentials were similar in both (MPA 52.2 +/- 1.3 mV; SPA 51.5 +/- 1.7 mV). The cells displayed no spontaneous electrical activity. The muscle layers in both MPA and SPA showed cablelike properties; a graded local response to outward current pulses was observed, but no action potentials were evoked. 2) Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, 1-5 mM) depolarized, increased membrane resistance, and suppressed rectification in MPA. TEA strongly depolarized SPA and contraction ensued. 3) The maximum membrane depolarization produced by a 10-fold increase in extracellular [K+] was 48 mV in MPA and 47 mV in SPA. In K+-free solution gradual depolarization was observed in SPA, but the membrane potential in MPA was not modified. Restoration of K+-containing solution produced equivalent hyperpolarization in both tissues, indicating a similar degree of stimulation of electrogenic Na+-K+ pumping. 4) A Na+-deficient solution did not affect the membrane potential in MPA but depolarized SPA. PMID- 7081461 TI - Denervation of arterial chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in fetal lambs in utero. AB - Arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors were denervated in eight fetal lambs in utero. Carotid sinus and carotid body denervation was accomplished by stripping the carotid artery rostral and caudal to the origin of the occipital and lingual arteries. Aortic bodies were denervated by section of the superior laryngeal nerve and aortic nerve in the neck. The anatomy relevant to the technique is presented. The effectiveness of the denervation was tested by injection of 20 micrograms phenylephrine. The slowing of the fetal heart rate normally present in the intact lambs was abolished in the denervated fetuses. Denervation of the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors abolished the reflex bradycardia following injection of 200 micrograms cyanide or following acute hypoxemia produced by uterine blood flow reduction for 20 s. These results indicate that the baroreflex and chemoreflex can be elicited in utero and eliminated by the method we described. The preparation we present allows the study of the role of the arterial chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in normal fetal cardiovascular regulation and in fetal responses to stress. PMID- 7081462 TI - A planimetric technique for measuring deformation of the carotid sinus region. AB - This paper describes a planimetric technique for measuring the volume of the carotid sinus region from still photographs taken during pressure and volume forcings. The method consists of first digitizing the curves defining the boundary of the carotid sinus and then calculating its volume by assuming that the carotid sinus region is made up of a finite number of circular "pancake" slices. Plots of the calculated volume (Vc) vs. applied pressure forcings (P) were compared with plots of injected volume (Vi) vs. recorded pressure to assess the sensitivity of the method used to calculate volume changes from still photographs. The plots of Vc vs. P were remarkably similar to the plots of Vi vs. recorded pressure, and a plot of Vc vs. Vi was linear, suggesting that this method provides a good estimate of volume changes. Application of this method can yield useful data on mechanisms of the baroreceptor process. PMID- 7081463 TI - Toward a concept of the functional unit of mammalian skeletal muscle. AB - The current concepts for the functional unit of mammalian skeletal muscle are reviewed and shown to lack components that are required for determining the unit. To secure a definition for the functional unit, requisite criteria were selected, and the manner by which these criteria were used to define the functional unit are discussed. For deriving a definition of the unit the following values were obtained: the unit is associated with the total length of the muscle fiber, which may achieve a maximum length of 60 cm; it exhibits an average diameter of 40 micrometers/fiber; it is associated with a capillary net whose length (arteriole to venule) is about 750-1,000 micrometers max; the net exhibits a capillary-to fiber ratio for long capillaries of approximately 1-1.5:1, with a transverse capillaries occurring approximately every 150 micrometers; and it has a fiber-to motor end plate ratio of 1:1. The correlation between anatomic data and functional data indicate that a functional unit of muscle is delimited by about 1 mm2 of the cross-sectional area of a muscle bundle, since this is the maximum area under autonomic control of its particular arteriolar blood supply, the metabolic throttle that determines the power being expended by the muscle bundle. PMID- 7081464 TI - Comment on "Parameter and structural identifiability concepts and ambiguities: a critical review and analysis". AB - Identifiability of a model for the glucose tolerance test, considered by Cobelli and DiStefano [Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 8): R7 R24, 1980], is shown to depend on the shape of the external perturbation. For systems with two or more inputs applied simultaneously, it is essential in Laplace transform identifiability analysis to examine the Laplace transform(s) of the observation(s) rather than the individual transfer functions, which are not measurable separately. PMID- 7081465 TI - Physiological mechanisms for thirst in the nonhuman primate. AB - The relationship between body fluid deficits and drinking has been investigated in a nonhuman primate. Intravenous sodium chloride infusions (0.93-3.25 M) given to rhesus monkeys caused drinking correlated with increases in plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations. Sucrose infusions (0.3 M in 0.15 M NaCl) also caused drinking while equiosmolal urea infusions did not. It was found that the drinking threshold corresponded to a 2.3% increase in plasma osmolality. Water deprivation for 24 h caused significant cellular dehydration, as indicated by a 5.8% elevation in plasma osmolality that exceeded the threshold for thirst, and a significant hypovolemia as indicated by elevated plasma protein and hematocrit values. Intravenous water preloads decreased plasma osmolality and produced a dose-related decrease in subsequent drinking. Infusions that restored plasma osmolality to predeprivation values, reduced intake by 85%. Intravenous isotonic saline preloads which abolished the hypovolemia did not have a consistent effect and reduced mean water intakes by only 3.2%. Thus in the rhesus monkey, cellular dehydration is an effective stimulus for thirst, and it is the primary determinant of drinking after water deprivation, used as an example of a natural thirst stimulus. In contrast to findings in nonprimates, the extracellular deficit contributes very little to drinking after water deprivation. PMID- 7081466 TI - Role of the small bowel in regulating food intake in rats. AB - This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of the lower intestine to nutrients decreases subsequent food intake. Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent jejunoileal bypass surgery with 8 cm of proximal jejunum anastomosed to 5 cm of terminal ileum in an end-to-side fashion. Eight control rats had sham bypass surgery with similar intestinal incisions that were reanastomosed in normal continuity. Another group of eight rats underwent ileal transposition (IT). A 10-cm segment of terminal ileum was transected, leaving the mesentery and blood supply intact, and transposed to the jejunum 8 cm from the ligament of Treitz. Thus total intestinal length was intact. Eight control rats had similar intestinal transections reanastomosed in normal continuity. A similar pattern of decreased food intake in the first 1-2 wk occurred in both bypass and IT rats. The values were significantly different from the respective sham surgery control groups. Body weights decreased, but the fall was greater in bypass rats. These data suggest that partially digested food in the lower intestine decreases food intake. PMID- 7081467 TI - Cardiovascular adjustments to laboratory diving in beavers and nutria. AB - Beavers (Castor canadensis) and nutria (Myocastor coypus) were anesthetized with halothane and catheters placed in the left ventricle, aorta and pulmonary artery, right ventricle or right atrium. The animals were strapped to a board and following recovery from anesthesia the following measurements were taken: regional distribution of blood flow, cardiac output, O2 consumption, arterial and venous blood gases, and pH. The animal was then immersed in 15-20 degrees C water for up to 2.75 min (nutria) or 4 min (beaver) and the measurements repeated. Heart rate and cardiac output decreased by 80 and 75%, respectively. Arterial and venous oxygen partial pressure and content fell as did pH whereas CO2 pressures rose during diving. Oxygen consumption at rest was 124 and 102% of that predicted on the basis of body mass for the beaver and nutria, respectively. Rate of decline of O2 stores during diving decreased by 93% in beavers and 89% in nutria compared to the predive value. Regional blood flow decreased to all organs except the adrenals, heart, and lungs. Blood flow to the brain increased during diving. PMID- 7081468 TI - Reduction of cerebrovascular reactivity during hypercapnia. AB - The effects on cerebral blood flow of alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cerebral vessels were examined in 13 unanesthetized goats before and during hypercapnia produced by inhalation of 10% CO2 in air. This procedure increased the PCO2 from 34 to 52 and was accompanied by a fall in pH from 7.39 to 7.26. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and injections of norepinephrine and tyramine into the internal maxillary artery produced reductions in cerebral blood flow that were abolished or reduced in hypercapnia. The increase in cerebral blood flow in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol was also reduced. Hypercapnia caused a similar depression of the constrictor and dilatory effects of the nonadrenergic drugs vasopressin and diazoxide. The results show a decreased response of cerebral vessels to adrenergic and nonadrenergic stimuli in hypercapnia. The findings do not suggest any difference between the refractoriness of cerebral vessels in hypercapnia and that described in other vascular beds. PMID- 7081470 TI - Pulmonary vein-atrial junction stretch receptors and the inhibition of drinking. AB - A chronically implanted inflatable balloon was used to produce distension of a left pulmonary vein at its junction with the left atrium in trained conscious dogs. Balloon inflation caused a fall in the amounts of water drunk in response to injection of isoproterenol, infusion of hypertonic NaCl, or overnight water deprivation. There was also a significant increase in heart rate, but arterial, central venous, and left atrial pressures were unaltered. Blockade of the left vagosympathetic nerve prevented the inhibitory action of distension of a pulmonary vein on water intake in response to injection of isoproterenol. In experiments where the balloon was left inflated for 24 h, distension also caused a fall in the spontaneous daily water intake, whereas food intake was unaffected. Despite the fall in water intake, urine flow increased so that the dog went into negative fluid balance. In conclusion, distension of a pulmonary vein at its junction with the left atrium causes reduction in both spontaneous and induced water intake, and this inhibition is not secondary to circulatory changes or fluid retention by the kidney. The action of the receptors concerned may complement the actions of the same or similar receptors on renal function whose effects have been observed previously in acute experiments in anesthetized animals and here for the first time in conscious animals. PMID- 7081469 TI - Effect of chronic altitude hypoxia on hematologic and glycolytic parameters. AB - The physiological effect of chronic exposure to altitude hypoxia on the glycolytic intermediates, adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, and the hematologic parameters, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration, has been examined in an indigenous population, the Aymara, of the Departamento de Arica, Chile. This population normally resides at three altitudes: the coast (0-500 m), the sierra (2,500-3,500 m), and the altiplano (above 4,200 m). After isolation of altitude from other environmental factors (age, sex, body build, ethnicity, smoking, and residential permanence), an increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and a decrease in adenosine triphosphate was observed. Both hemoglobin and hematocrit increased as expected, but mean cell hemoglobin concentration declined. It is proposed that a decline in the activity of a single enzyme, pyruvate kinase, can account for these observed changes and suggests a pivotal role for pyruvate kinase in the physiological adaptation to altitude hypoxia. PMID- 7081471 TI - Glucose and lactate kinetics and interrelations in an antarctic bird (emperor penguin). AB - The isotope single-injection method was used to investigate the glucose and lactate kinetics and the interrelationships between the glucose and lactate pools in fasting emperor penguins. In these remarkably fast-resistant birds, mean lactate concentration, replacement rate, pool, space, and transit time were 1.5 mmol.1-1,53 mumol.min-1.kg-1, 900 mumol.kg-1, 60% of body mass, and 17 min, respectively. Mean glucose concentration, replacement rate, pool, space, and transit time were 20 mmol.1-1, 23 mumol.min-1.kg-1, 4,300 mumol.kg-1, 24% of body mass, and 196 min, respectively. Maximum conversions of lactate into glucose and of glucose into lactate were 29 +/- 2.9% and 75.5 +/- 4.2%, respectively, which indicates that lactate is an effective gluconeogenic precursor and a major fate of glucose metabolism in fasting penguins. The lactate replacement rate and incorporation into glucose were related to the plasma lactate concentration, which suggests that the rate of formation of glucose from lactate is dependent on the availability of lactate. The glucose replacement rate and reduction into lactate were related with the plasma glucose concentration, suggesting that the rate of lactate formation from glucose is dependent on the plasma glucose concentration. These data suggest that in the fasting emperor penguin glucose and lactate availability is capable of regulating the rate at which these substrates are utilized and interconverted. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for such regulatory capacities in birds. PMID- 7081472 TI - Uridine regulation by the isolated rat liver: perfusion with an artificial oxygen carrier. AB - The isolated rat liver was used to investigate the role of the liver in the regulation of circulating uridine concentrations. A synthetic blood substitute (Fluosol-43) was utilized as an alternative oxygen-carrying perfusion medium to a simplified blood preparation and produced no apparent hepatotoxicity within the perfusion period. The isolated rat liver excreted uridine into a circulating perfusion medium achieving concentrations similar to those found in rat plasma (1.4 +/- 0.6 microM). The mean output of uridine over 2 h was 107 nmol.h-1.g liver-1, but if the perfusate was recirculated the net output of uridine was reduced to 12.7 nmol.h-1.g-1. The rate of depletion of nonphysiological concentrations of circulating uridine was found to be concentration dependent up to 25 microM. At a steady state of circulating uridine, a radioactive uridine spike was cleared with a half-life of 7.4 min and an elimination constant of 0.094 min-1; 30% of the radioactivity appeared in the perfusate as metabolites of uridine within 40 min. Thus the perfused rat liver acts to maintain circulating uridine concentrations similar to those measured in plasma. PMID- 7081474 TI - Renal function, heart rate, and blood pressure during exercise and avoidance in dogs. AB - The effects of two behavioral tasks, treadmill exercise and shock avoidance, on renal and cardiovascular function were examined in dogs during intravenous infusion of isotonic saline. Urine was collected with a bladder catheter. Control experiments established steady base lines of urine flow (V), sodium excretion (UNaV), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), free water clearance (CH2O), heart rate (HR), and arterial pressure (Pa). Exercise led to increased V, UNaV, GFR, HR, and Pa with no change in CH2O. Avoidance caused decreases in V and UNaV, increases in HR and Pa but no change in either GFR or CH2O. The hematocrit increased significantly during both tasks. Exercise and avoidance led to opposite urinary changes even when HR accelerations were identical. The natriuretic effect of exercise was the consequence of an increased filtered load, while the antinatriuretic effect of shock avoidance was apparently due to an increased rate of tubular reabsorption of filtrate. The results show that exercise and shock avoidance, while eliciting similar cardiovascular changes, lead to opposite adjustments in urine and sodium output. PMID- 7081475 TI - Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying. AB - In a search for the physiological mechanisms that could mediate and characterize a satiety function for the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), we examined in Macaca mulatta the effect of intraperitoneal injections (0.1-0.8 microgram/kg) and intravenous infusions (60-240 ng.kg-1.h-1) of the C-terminal octapeptide of CCK on gastric emptying of saline test meals. Within these dose ranges, gastric emptying was inhibited by this hormone to a degree comparable with that produced by intraintestinal nutrient. The onset of the inhibition is rapid and its effect brief. At the doses of CCK that produce gastric inhibition, CCK would not affect feeding in a fasted monkey unless the stomach was filled with saline. This result suggests that a satiety influence of circulating CCK is an indirect one. The satiety effect depends upon inhibition of gastric emptying, which then leads to gastric distention with further food injection. CCK thus can be considered a link in a chain of physiological elements producing the short-term satiety that leads to the appropriate interruption of a meal or bout of feeding behavior. PMID- 7081473 TI - Hypothalamic and striatal dopamine receptor activation inhibits heat production in the rat. AB - Direct injection of dopaminergic agonist apomorphine into the lateral cerebral ventricle, the preoptic anterior hypothalamus, the caudate-putamen complex, or the globus pallidus caused hypothermia, decreased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction at ambient temperature (Ta) 8 and 22 degrees C, and hyperthermia and cutaneous vasoconstriction in the rat at Ta 30 degrees C. On the other hand, local injection of dopaminergic antagonists such as haloperidol and pimozide into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus and the striatal nuclei caused hyperthermia, increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction at Ta 8, 22, and 30 degrees C. However, there was no change in respiratory evaporative heat loss in response to administration of either dopaminergic agonist or antagonists in the rat at all Ta studied. The data indicate that hypothalamic and striatal dopaminergic receptor activation inhibits metabolic heat production in rats. In addition, intrahypothalamic injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine caused hypothermia, decreased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilatation in the rat at Ta 8 and 22 degrees C, whereas at Ta 30 degrees C caused an insignificant change in the thermoregulatory responses. Furthermore, the thermal responses induced by intrahypothalamic injection of apomorphine were not altered by depletion of hypothalamic 5 hydroxytryptamine. These observations do not support the contention that there is a dopamineserotonin link in the hypothalamic pathways that mediate heat loss mechanisms in the rat. PMID- 7081476 TI - Neuroendocrine control of Na+ balance in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator. AB - The hemolymph ionic composition and unidirectional Na+ fluxes were analyzed in fiddler crabs (Uca) acclimated to 500 mosmol seawater. Eyestalkless crabs had lower hemolymph osmotic, Na+, and Cl- concentrations. The Na+ efflux was increased from 13.6 +/- 0.6 in control crabs to 19.6 +/- 1.3 mueq.g-1.h-1 in eyestalkless crabs; this increase was shown to be due to a higher Na+ permeability in eyestalkless crabs. Hemolymph Na+ in eyestalkless crabs was increased by an injection of eyestalk extract. The Na+ influx was increased from 11.1 in intact to 15.8 mueq.g-1.h-1 in eyestalkless animals. A kinetic study showed that 1) the influx was higher at all external Na+ concentrations in eyestalkless and intact-Na+-depleted crabs than in intact controls, and 2) the influx mechanism exhibited allosterism. The elevated Na+ influx in eyestalkless crabs was decreased by an injected eyestalk extract. An injected brain extract caused in increase in the Na+ influx in intact animals. It is concluded that the Na+ uptake mechanism is activated by decreasing the hemolymph Na+ concentration and that a brain hormone mediates the effect. PMID- 7081477 TI - Effect of ethanol ingestion on plasma vasopressin and water balance in humans. AB - The effects of 75 ml ethanol ingested over 60 min on plasma osmolality (Posmol) and plasma vasopressin (PAVP) in four normal subjects were studied. In the 1st h of the investigation PAVP fell, then rose, even though plasma ethanol levels were still rising. The rise in PAVP was preceded by a rise in Posmol corrected for the influence of ethanol. The fall in PAVP was followed by an increase in free water clearance and a decrease in urine osmolality, while the later rise in PAVP was followed by a decrease in free water clearance (CH2O) and a rise in urine osmolality. The relationship between PAVP and Posmol was then studied during intravenous (iv) hypertonic saline infusion in five subjects. The results were compared with those from a second infusion in the same subjects after ingestion of ethanol (0.5 ml/kg). Ethanol reduced vasopressin release in response to iv hypertonic saline infusion, and this correlated with a reduced decrease in CH2O. We conclude that ethanol inhibits PAVP release by decreasing the response of the osmosodium receptors to changes in plasma tonicity. PMID- 7081478 TI - Hormonal changes and enforced diving in the harbor seal Phoca vitulina. II. Plasma catecholamines. AB - Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured in five harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, during a control period, during a 6-min dive, and during a 30-min postdiving recovery period. Measurements were performed with and without prior glucose administration. Control epinephrine concentrations [189 +/- 118 (SD) pg/ml] and norepinephrine concentrations (340 +/- 191 pg/ml) were similar to resting values in humans. During diving there are dramatic increases in both epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations, which returned to control values by 30 min of the postdiving recovery period. A similar pattern was found after glucose infusion. The increased catecholamines were not the primary mechanism responsible for arterial constriction during the dive. Persistent diving bradycardia suggests obliteration of the chronotropic effects of catecholamines during the dive. An unchanged stroke volume suggests obliteration of the inotropic effects of catecholamines during the dive. Catecholamines do not appear to be involved in postdiving hyperglycemia and hyperglucogenemia. Neither the regulatory role of increased catecholamines nor the physiological function of increased catecholamines was apparent from the studies. However, dramatic increases in plasma catecholamines during diving appear to be an important component of the hormonal response to prolonged diving in aquatic mammals. PMID- 7081479 TI - Computer simulation of energy metabolism in acidotic cardiac ischemia. AB - Construction and fit to experimental data of a computer model of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and related metabolism in the perfused rat heart involving 63 enzyme submodels is described. The experimental preparation simulated is a rat heart perfused with Krebs bicarbonate solution containing glucose and insulin whose pH was lowered to 6.6 by equilibration with 35% CO2-65% O2. The glycolytic rate falls sharply and ischemia results, becoming apparent after 3.5 min. The model initially ascribes the fall in glycolysis largely to inhibition of hexokinase by accumulated glucose 6-phosphate and inactivation of phosphofructokinase by the low pH and subsequently to cytoplasmic glucose depletion owing to limitation of glucose uptake by the external acidosis. At the same time there is insufficiently deep hypoxia to trigger substantial mobilization of endogenous fuels (e.g., glycogenolysis or fatty acid mobilization, so that these hearts become ischemic primarily owing to a shortage of metabolic fuel. PMID- 7081480 TI - Perfused rat hindlimb wound model: lambda-carrageenan induced. AB - We established an isolated perfused rat hindlimb wound model using intramuscular injections of lambda-carrageenan. Wound and control hindlimbs of 24-h fasting anesthetized (phenobarbital sodium, 5 mg/100 g body wt) rats were perfused for 60 min (10 ml/min) with media containing 10 mM glucose and physiological levels of amino acids. Analysis of perfusate showed a significant increase in glucose clearance and lactate production from the wounded hindlimb but no significant difference in tissue adenine nucleotide levels. Alterations in net amino acid release were measured over a 60-min period; all amino acids were released in greater concentration from wounded hindlimbs. Comparison of amino acid release, normalized for phenylalanine concentration, suggested the following alterations in amino acid metabolism by the wounded tissue: depressed threonine, glycine serine and alanine release, and increased release of the branched chain amino acids (BCAA), leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The increased release and intracellular concentration of BCAA was supported by decreased BCAA transaminase activity in the wounded muscle tissue. This result may explain the decreased alanine release from the wounded hindlimbs. PMID- 7081481 TI - Regulation of brain temperature in pigeons: effects of corneal convection. AB - The effect of direct ventilation of the eyes on cooling in the brain was investigated in domestic pigeons (Columba livia, mean mass 0.27 kg) with thermocouples chronically implanted in the hypothalamus and anterior eye chamber. During conductive heating in still air body-brain temperature difference (delta T) was 2.6 degrees C. During exclusive ventilation of ocular surfaces, with air flowing at about flight speed, delta T increased to 3.5 degrees C and returned to preventilation values on cessation of ventilation. When the eyes were sealed then ventilated, delta T was not different from that in still air. Administration of phenylephrine caused iridial vasoconstriction and a significant decrease in intraocular temperature, but no changes in brain temperature. This suggests that compensation may occur via other evaporating cranial surfaces. Our findings suggest that the eyes contribute to the control of brain temperature by dissipating heat. Blood cooled while flowing through the ocular vasculature apparently contributes to the venous flow through the ophthalmic rete, serving as a heat sink for arterial blood flowing to the brain. PMID- 7081482 TI - Blood chemistry homeostasis during prolonged fasting in the northern elephant seal. AB - Serum electrolytes, 3 enzymes, and 11 metabolites were monitored for 32-68 days in weaned, naturally fasting elephant seal pups. Serum glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels declined as the fast progressed, whereas total protein, albumin, and globulin levels remained nearly constant. By contrast, triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, and bilirubin were quite variable and no definite trends were apparent. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared to increase during fasting, while serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase remained fairly uniform. Comparisons of averaged blood chemistry values from singly and multiply sampled fasting pups to that of four nursing pups showed significant differences in the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, bilirubin, and albumin, but sampling uncertainty limited physiological interpretation. Electrolyte levels in all animals were maintained within narrow limits under all conditions with little interindividual variation. These results further document the remarkable homeostasis achieved during prolonged fasting in elephant seals and support the hypothesis that fat is the primary energy substrate during the protracted natural fasts characteristic of this species. PMID- 7081483 TI - Preparation of ATP-MgCl2 and precautions for its use in the study and treatment of shock and ischemia. PMID- 7081484 TI - Evaluating psychotherapy. AB - The authors analyze the possible need for a standing national group to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the psychotherapies. The current need is for a body whose function is more scientifically evaluative and less regulatory than the Food and Drug Administration because available psychotherapies are less specific in their beneficial effects and less dangerous than are drugs and because the practice of psychotherapy cannot be restricted entirely to the health professions. Even so, the authors believe the main criteria for discerning the boundaries between research and established practice are in principle at least as clear for psychotherapy as for other health interventions. PMID- 7081485 TI - Modern Christian healing of mental illness. AB - Healing of mental illness through religious practices was a key element of early Christianity. In the early twentieth century such healing was associated with blue-collar and rural Fundamentalists, but religious healing practices have gained widespread acceptance by many middle-class, conservative Christian groups. "Evil demons" are now equated with envy, pride, avarice, hatred, and obsessions with alcohol and gambling. Many psychotherapeutic techniques of modern Christian healers appear to be rediscoveries of psychoanalytic insights expressed in religious metaphors. Most responsible healers encourage clients to seek medical and psychiatric help, especially for serious mental disorders. Psychiatrists need not share patients' religious beliefs, but for treatment to be effective these beliefs must be understood and respected. PMID- 7081486 TI - Coping with pain: a developmental approach to treatment of burned children. AB - The treatment of children aged 1-18 who experienced physical pain from an acute burn and the emotional pain of disfigurement offers a prototype for treatment of pain and understanding its impact on the child's emotional life. The author presents an initial report on differential response to and treatment of burn pain in infancy, the preschool years, latency, preadolescence, and adolescence. He describes the basic therapeutic interventions for such children, including psychological preparation, consistent "holding" relationships, selective reinforcement of denial, tolerance of regression, medications, and hypnosis or relaxation techniques. PMID- 7081487 TI - Schizophrenia and cerebral asymmetry detected by computed tomography. AB - The authors nonblindly assessed occipital cerebral asymmetry on computed tomography (CT) scans of 79 schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients and 100 neurological or medical patients. More of the schizophrenic patients had reversals of the normal asymmetry than did controls. The schizophrenics with CT evidence of brain atrophy has a higher frequency of normal asymmetrics than did controls, and the schizophrenics without atrophy had more reversed asymmetries. The schizophrenics with reversed asymmetry, compared with those with normal asymmetry, had lower verbal than performance IQ. Comparison of occipital asymmetry and lateral ventricular asymmetry indicated that reversed asymmetry in the schizophrenic patients was probably not due to localized atrophy. PMID- 7081488 TI - Childhood schizophrenia: present but not accounted for. AB - The subjects of this study were 19 children and 11 adolescents who had been psychotic since childhood and who satisfied DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia except for the stipulation that a "deterioration from a previous level of functioning" must have occurred. Seven subjects had had documented signs of psychosis before the age of 30 months. The presence of thought disorder precluded giving these 7 subjects the diagnosis of early infantile autism. The authors argue that only symptoms and signs, not age at onset, can define a disorder. They also emphasize that in children and adolescents, developmental issues influence the clinical presentation. PMID- 7081490 TI - A critique of the process-oriented approach to ward staff meetings. AB - Interdisciplinary staff meetings with a group-process orientation are a common feature of inpatient psychiatric wards. In these meetings an attempt is made to elicit and resolve intrastaff conflicts. Often the hierarchy of administrative structure is suspended and a setting reminiscent of a therapy or T-group is created. Insufficient attention has been paid to the potential hazards of and varying indications for this process-oriented approach to staff meetings. The authors reassess the usefulness of these meetings in improving staff relations and clinical performance and suggest guidelines for tailoring their use to fit the ward's therapeutic objectives. PMID- 7081489 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on plasma prolactin and cortisol levels in psychiatric patients. AB - In addition to its ability to decrease plasma cortisol levels, dexamethasone can also significantly decrease plasma prolactin levels. In 52 psychiatric patients, including 26 patients with primary major depression or schizoaffective depression, primarily affective type, there was a significant association between nonsuppression of plasma cortisol and prolactin after administration of dexamethasone. These results suggest that the abnormal cortisol response to dexamethasone in some psychiatric patients may be due to a pituitary gland abnormality rather than to a limbic system abnormality. The sensitivity and specificity of the dexamethasone suppression test for endogenous depression were less than previously reported. PMID- 7081491 TI - Impairment in Holocaust survivors after 33 years: data from an unbiased community sample. AB - The authors compared the psychiatric status of 135 survivors of the Holocaust with that of control subjects. This study stands apart from most previous reports in that the two groups were generated by a random sample survey of all heads of households in a community (Montreal). Survivors were more likely to have mild psychiatric symptoms regardless of the age at which they experienced the Holocaust. The difference between survivors and controls in levels of mild psychiatric symptoms was greatly amplified in those respondents who perceived a recent increase in anti-Semitism in Montreal. PMID- 7081492 TI - The psychiatrist-witness and legal guilt. AB - Psychiatrist-witnesses testifying in criminal cases are usually asked if the defendant's mental state at the time of the offense met the legal standards for mitigation or exculpation. These standards use a commonsense frame of reference resting on assumptions of free will and self-control, which may differ from the framework clinical psychiatrists usually employ in their work. An understanding of the process of "transduction" between different systems may help resolve problems created by these different frames of reference. PMID- 7081493 TI - Proving the efficacy of psychotherapy to government: a bureaucratic solution? PMID- 7081494 TI - A study of young men with alcoholic close relatives. AB - In this first stage of a prospective investigation, the author found that 14% of 304 male university students and employees responding to a questionnaire had alcoholic first-degree relatives. While these 44 men had demographic and alcohol intake characteristics similar to those of the other subjects, they had significantly more alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems. These findings are consistent with reports of an enhanced risk for future alcoholism in young men with alcoholic relatives. This study demonstrates the feasibility of surveying populations of young men to identify individuals at hypothesized risk for alcoholism and reinforces the need for prospective studies of alcoholism in different groups. PMID- 7081495 TI - A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys. AB - The authors studied official arrests from childhood through adolescence in two groups of boys; one group (N = 110) was diagnosed in childhood as suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD), and the second group (N = 88) consisted of normal control adolescents. Rates of single and multiple serious offenses and of institutionalization for delinquency were significantly higher in the ADD subjects. These findings suggest a strong relationship between childhood ADD and later arrests for delinquent behavior. PMID- 7081496 TI - Screening for depression in geriatric medical patients. AB - Depression, a common and treatable psychiatric disorder in later life, is often overlooked in geriatric medical patients. The authors evaluated the validity of two self-rating depression scales, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Popoff Index of Depression, for 55 elderly patients. They compared these ratings with the diagnosis assigned by a psychiatrist who was blind to scale results and who interviewed these patients using DSM-III criteria. The two scales correctly classified 80% and 69% of the subjects, respectively. The authors identify six items from the two scales that may serve as a simple screening instrument for the detection of depression in geriatric medical patients. PMID- 7081497 TI - Mental retardation and "nontoxic" lead levels. AB - The authors studied the blood lead concentrations of children with IQs of 55-84, divided according to the presence (N = 48) or absence (N = 35) of a probable etiology for their retardation, and of 40 control children. The mean lead level of the retarded children with unknown etiologies was 25.03 micrograms/dl, which was significantly higher than those of the other two groups; 54% of the group with unknown etiologies had levels above 25 micrograms/dl, compared with 15% of the retarded children with probable etiologies and 17% of the control children. In the group of retarded children with unknown etiologies there was a significant negative correlation between lead levels and IQ. PMID- 7081498 TI - Identifying the depressive border of the borderline personality disorder. AB - The relationship between depression and borderline disorder is unclear. Using standardized observer- and subject-rated scales for depression, the authors compared patients satisfying DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder and dysthymic disorder. The two groups did not differ on depression as defined by the scales; however, there was a substantial intergroup difference on certain characteristics of the depression spectrum thought empirically to be associated more often with the borderline patient. The depth and quality of the depression of the borderline patient may largely overlap with that of the dysthymic patient, but it also possesses features that make it qualitatively distinct. PMID- 7081499 TI - Conflict among psychiatric residents in response to pregnancy. AB - An angry conflict erupted between male and female psychiatric residents when 3 of 12 residents at a major training center become pregnant in the second year of training. The author explores the fantasies and feelings that fueled this conflict from the points of view of intrapsychic and group dynamics. Problems within the institution are seen as providing the context for the residents' conflicts aroused by the event of pregnancy. PMID- 7081501 TI - Anorexia nervosa in a patient with an infiltrating tumor of the hypothalamus. PMID- 7081500 TI - Tricyclic-antidepressant-induced delirium and plasma drug concentration. AB - Fourteen patients receiving routine doses of amitriptyline developed plasma drug concentrations above 300 ng/ml. Of the 7 patients with plasma levels above 450 ng/ml, 6 developed a drug-induced delirium as opposed to none of the 7 with levels below 450 ng/ml. Thus, this adverse effect could be avoided by monitoring levels and reducing dosage when appropriate. PMID- 7081503 TI - Outcome of deinstitutionalized patients. PMID- 7081502 TI - Failure to find evidence of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. AB - The first-degree relatives (N = 199) of DSM-III schizophrenic probands (N = 39) were diagnosed from chart data by a rater who was blind to proband diagnosis. No cases of even "possible" schizophrenia were found. This augments the growing evidence that the genetic component in schizophrenia may be less than was formerly suspected. PMID- 7081505 TI - Differentiating depression severity by color selection: a failure to replicate. PMID- 7081504 TI - Communication with pediatric cancer patients. PMID- 7081507 TI - Cerebellar atrophy and schizophrenia. PMID- 7081506 TI - Pseudodementia and schizophrenia. PMID- 7081508 TI - Assaultive behavior: voluntary versus involuntary admission. PMID- 7081509 TI - The 1980 resident population census-implications for the future. PMID- 7081510 TI - Paradoxical strategies in a blocked sex therapy. AB - The Masters and Johnson method in treating sexual dysfunctions may be, contrary to the common belief, not as simple and successful as one used to expect. In cases where sex therapy is stagnating or sabotaged, some paradoxical strategies could be useful to unblock the treatment process. PMID- 7081511 TI - Identification in psychotherapy. AB - Identification is a cornerstone of normal maturation, and the wish to identify is a strong force through life. Appropriate identification with the therapist may be a crucial aspect of the psychotherapy of patients who have mis-identified or were unable to make constructive identifications at crucial points in their emotional development. PMID- 7081512 TI - Treating Israeli Soldiers in a civilian psychiatric setting. AB - The structure, functioning, and treatment concept of a psychodynamically oriented psychiatric unit for young soldiers within Israeli civilian hospital are discussed stressing: (1) the integration of the patient's military self; (2) the resolution of psychological conflicts necessary to avoid traumatic developmental arrest of the patient's personality and to foster personality growth; (3) the involvement of the patient's family in the therapeutic process. Problems in the patient-therapist relationship specifically pertaining to Israeli conditions are outlined. PMID- 7081513 TI - Observations on double suicide: review of the literature and two case reports. AB - This article reviews the literature on double suicide and presents two cases: a suicide pact between two young women, and a pact between an older married couple. The cases are unique in that all four participants were in psychotherapy prior to their successful suicides, thus making antecedent histories available for review. Using these two detailed cases and two other cases reported in the literature, some general observations on the psychodynamics of suicide pacts are discussed. PMID- 7081514 TI - Single-session psychotherapy. AB - Scattered reports of favorable outcomes from a single psychotherapy sessions have appeared over a long time period. This literature is collected. Case vignettes are presented illustrating three situations in which one session may suffice. Patient characteristics and therapist attitudes are briefly discussed. PMID- 7081515 TI - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of patients with affective disorders. AB - In current clinical practice, affective disorder is a frequently designated diagnosis with clear treatment implications. Despite recent advances in establishing diagnostic criteria, there remains a considerable lack of clarity in the definition of affectively laden emotional disturbances. Four case histories illustrate some areas of confusion. PMID- 7081516 TI - Psychotherapy with elderly patients. AB - The purpose of this article is to present a review of the psychotherapy of the elderly, emphasizing traditional methods as well as some newer techniques. It will first review the literature on the process of psychotherapy in the elderly, then the rationale for such therapy will be discussed, and finally important technical points about such therapy will be listed, including information about the cognitive psychotherapies in the treatment of demented elderly. PMID- 7081517 TI - Astrologers and psychics as therapists. AB - It was suggested that astrologers and psychics may play a role similar to that played by psychotherapists, and that they serve clients who do not wish to characterize themselves as having psychological problems. These ideas were documented by extracts from the writings of astrologers and by transcripts of visits to astrologers and psychics by a client. PMID- 7081518 TI - The self: a nodal issue in culture and psyche - an Eastern perspective. AB - The self is central in life. It is a principle by which one, consciously or not, organizes one's personality and relates to the world. The "Eastern" self is conducive to an interdependent-holistic-centripetal psychosocial orientation, the "Western" self to an independent-individualistic-centrifugal orientation. They represent a polarity of thoughts on the nature and place of man. Cultural correlates and psychological implications of the Eastern tradition are discussed. PMID- 7081519 TI - Time-limit psychotherapy of the hospitalized borderline patient. AB - This article shows that borderline patients can be effectively treated by a time limited hospitalization and psychotherapy which sets clear limits within a neutral corrective atmosphere. Clarification to the patients that they have the capacity of choice of behavior is essential. Two case histories are included. PMID- 7081520 TI - Psychological and legal aspects of artificial insemination (A.I.D.): an overview. AB - The psychological and psychodynamic determinants and end-products of A.I.D., both of a positive and negative nature, are reviewed. Studies do not support the contention that a decision to participate in artificial insemination, in itself, is indicative of an emotional disturbance. There is no justification for the automatic requirement of psychological or psychiatric examinations of couples requesting this procedure. Some legal issues are reviewed. PMID- 7081521 TI - Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: a comparative study of the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign. PMID- 7081522 TI - Primary surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament lesions. AB - Seventy patients who underwent primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament are reviewed in follow-up. The surgical technique consisted of multiple loop varying depth sutures in both cruciate stumps in 61 patients. Nine patients had additional fascial augmentation done primarily. follow-up was from 12 to 90 months, the average being 29 months. All patients were scored on a 50-point normal knee score sheet. Average score at follow-up was 42.7. No patient was bothered by giving way, which is defined as an unpredictable instability. No patient has required subsequent meniscal surgery. Ninety-three percent of the patients were active in sports. Anterior drawer sign at 90 degrees showed increased excursion compared to the unaffected leg in all patients. However, Lachman's test showed a firm end point to excursion in all knees tested, and, in addition, 52% were rated as normal compared to the unaffected knee. We conclude that primary repairs of mid-substance tears are technically possible and recommended in an athlete. PMID- 7081523 TI - Combined pelvic stress fracture and avulsion of the adductor longus in a middle distance runner: a case report. PMID- 7081524 TI - Stress fractures of the femoral neck in joggers: case reports and review of the literature. PMID- 7081525 TI - Large calcified pelvic mass in a boxer. PMID- 7081527 TI - Kinesiology: Part IV: application of concepts, principles, and laws. AB - A series of articles to develop a better awareness of the broad involvement of kinesiology in our lives, and in sports in particular, has been constructed. These articles are concerned with the basic hallmarks of the study of kinesiology, or human body motion. In Part IV, there will be a delineation of rules and guidelines, as opposed to laws, concepts, and principles in kinesiology, with special emphasis on sports. To understand this distinction, we will look at some current literature on muscles and movements which relates to kinesiology. PMID- 7081526 TI - Stress fractures of the great toe sesamoids. AB - Stress fractures of the great toe sesamoids have not been previously confirmed as a clinical entity. In this report, we present four such cases, and document the diagnosis by histological sections. All of the patients had experienced the insidious onset of activity-related forefoot pain, and had radiographs that demonstrated a sesamoid fracture. None of the fractures healed with 6 weeks of immobilization and prolonged (4-6 months) inactivity. In all cases, the fractured sesamoid was excised, and the hematoxylin and eosin sections of the fracture segments documented the prefracture stress and incomplete repair characteristic of a stress fracture. PMID- 7081528 TI - The use of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the posterior cruciate deficient knee. Indications--technique--results. AB - This review retrospectively analyzes a group of patients with chronic posterior cruciate insufficiency who were treated surgically with transfer of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Our indications, technique, and the results of this surgery are presented. Twenty-one patients (21 knees) over the last 31/2 years, from January 1977 to June 1980, were treated by this procedure. Eighteen patients were followed up for more than 8 months after surgery and are included in the review. Subjectively, pain, swelling, reduction activity, and functional instability were assessed and graded from 0+ to 3+. Postoperative examination showed improvement of these parameters in most patients. Objectively, assessment of effusion, patellofemoral joint symptoms, stability, and recurvatum were tabulated and compared to preoperative information. Of greatest significance was improvement of the patient's overall functional classification in most cases. The posterior sag or drawer sign and patellofemoral complaints were not altered by the operation. Gait analysis and isokinetic testing were performed as part of the followup on 50% of the patients. We advocate this as a safe, effective reconstructive procedure for the posterior cruciate deficient knee with significant advantages over alternative techniques. PMID- 7081530 TI - Interscalene brachial plexus block anesthesia for the modified Bristow procedure. PMID- 7081529 TI - The frequency of muscle tightness and injuries in soccer players. AB - One hundred-eighty players in a male, senior soccer division were examined for past injuries, persisting symptoms from past injuries, and muscular tightness in the lower extremities. Soccer players were in general less flexible than a group of nonplayers of the same age (n = 86). No correlation was found between past injuries and existing muscle tightness. Sprains of the lower extremity, especially of knees and ankles, predominated among the injuries. Persistent instability symptoms were common sequels to knee and ankle injuries. It is proposed that intensive care of acute injuries will improve the late results. PMID- 7081531 TI - Monitoring dynamic anterior compartment pressures during exercise. A new technique using the STIC catheter. AB - This report presents the early results of a new technique, using a solid-state transducer intracompartmental (STIC) catheter, developed to measure dynamic pressure changes in the anterior compartment of the leg in patients with exercise induced anterior compartment syndrome. Nine male volunteers (15 limbs) with a history of exercise-induced anterior compartment pain were studied and compared to eleven asymptomatic male controls matched for age, weight and height. After catheter insertion, anterior compartment pressures were recorded with the subjects walking and running on a treadmill and performing several static maneuvers before and after the exercise period. The most statistically significant value between the two groups was the difference in mean pressure during running (P less than 0.001). Presently, all mean running pressures greater than 85 mm Hg are considered abnormal. This new technique offers the investigator the opportunity to measure dynamic intracompartmental pressures in symptomatic patients and provides an objective measurement for selection of patients for fasciotomy. PMID- 7081532 TI - Microvasculature of the human meniscus. AB - The microvascular anatomy of the medial and lateral menisci of the human knee was investigated in 20 cadaver specimens by histology and tissue clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. It was found that the menisci are supplied by branches of the lateral, medial, and middle genicular arteries. A perimeniscal capillary plexus originating in the capsular and synovial tissues of the joint supplies the peripheral 10-25% of the menisci. A peripheral, vascular, synovial fringe extends a short distance over both the femoral and tibial surfaces of the menisci but does not contribute any vessels to the meniscal stroma. The posterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus adjacent to the popliteal tendon is devoid of penetrating peripheral vessels as well as a synovial fringe. The anterior and posterior horn attachments of the menisci are covered with vascular synovial tissue and appear to have a good blood supply. PMID- 7081533 TI - Pulmonary lymphomas simulating lymphomatoid granulomatosis. AB - Twenty cases of malignant lymphoma presenting in the lung and 10 cases with secondary pulmonary involvement were studied. All cases shared the feature of prominent vascular infiltration by lymphoid cells, and in the 20 cases presenting with pulmonary involvement, this feature led to confusion with lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Both the primary and secondary lymphomas showed similar histologic features including vascular infiltration, extensive necrosis, and foci of a histologically polymorphous and benign infiltrate. The diagnosis of lymphoma was based on the identification of monomorphous foci of atypical lymphoid cells except in the cases of Hodgkin's disease. The malignant cells were occasionally focal and microscopic and surrounded by an extensive histologically benign infiltrate. Examination of several blocks was often required in such cases before a diagnosis of lymphoma could be made. The clinical and radiologic findings at presentation were nonspecific. Radiologic findings included unilateral or bilateral nodules and infiltrates. The prognosis of the 20 patients who presented with pulmonary lymphoma was poor; half were dead in less than 2 years. PMID- 7081535 TI - Melanin-containing peripheral carcinoid of the lung. AB - A case report of a patient with peripheral bronchial carcinoid is presented. The tumor cells contained characteristic neurosecretory granules, filopodia and microvilli. Some cells contained both neurosecretory granules and the granular variant of melanosome. We suggest that the demonstration of melanosomes does not necessarily confirm the diagnosis of melanoma and that melanin be added to the long list of substances contained in carcinoid tumors. PMID- 7081534 TI - Hemangiopericytoma of bone. AB - Hemangiopericytoma primary in bone is a rare tumor. A review of 15 cases (five from the Mayo Clinic files and 10 from the consultation files) revealed that all tumors were unifocal and that the most common location was the pelvis (three lesions in the sacrum and two in the ischium). The series involved seven male and eight female patients whose ages ranged from 14 to 74 years. Histologically, all of the tumors were composed of cells with round to oval nuclei arranged around vascular spaces. On the basis of cellularity, nuclear atypia, and mitotic activity, four tumors were benign, two intermediate, and nine malignant. Surgery was the primary treatment for the 15 patients. Of the 14 patients with adequate follow-up, eight died of disease, three were alive with recurrent disease, and three were alive and disease-free. PMID- 7081537 TI - Paraganglioma of thyroid. PMID- 7081538 TI - From whence the next generation? PMID- 7081536 TI - Tophaceous mitral value: Report of a case. AB - A tophus was identified in a surgically resected, prolapsed mitral value in a patient with tophaceous gout. It had the characteristic histologic pattern and contained birefringent, dichroic crystals consistent with uric acid. This represented an incidental finding. PMID- 7081539 TI - Susceptibility of clinically sensitive and resistant Leishmania to pentavalent antimony in vitro. AB - Standard courses of pentavalent antimonials frequently fail to cure cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis, and characteristically fail to cure diffuse cutaneous disease. We have determined the in vitro sensitivity of clinical isolates of Leishmania to pentavalent antimony to determine if inherent drug resistance of the parasite is responsible for treatment failures in human beings. Intracellular amastigotes resulting from promastigote-initiated infection of human macrophages were exposed to pentavalent antimony for 6 days at 34.5-35 degrees C. Amastigotes from clinically sensitive simple cutaneous lesions exhibited a range of in vitro sensitivity. Four strains were greater than or equal to 90% eliminated and two strains were 70-75% eliminated in vitro by concentrations of antimony (15-20 micrograms Sb/ml), comparable to peak achievable serum levels in humans. Amastigotes from initially clinically resistant simple cutaneous lesions showed a wider range of sensitivities. Five strains were greater than or equal to 90% eliminated, but one strain was only 40% eliminated and another strain was completely insensitive in vitro. The clinically resistant diffuse cutaneous strain was 61% eliminated. The techniques described herein permit determination of the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Leishmania from all major human forms of leishmaniasis. The data from this series indicate that in a minority of initially resistant cases parasite resistance to the drug may be contributing to clinical resistance, and use of non-antimonial drugs might be recommended for future therapy. PMID- 7081540 TI - Strongyloides ratti and S. stercoralis: the effects of thiabendazole, mebendazole, and cambendazole in infected mice. AB - The effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics in murine strongyloidiasis were examined. Thiabendazole 50 mg/kg daily produced a 91% reduction in the numbers of Strongyloides ratti larvae in the feces. A similar suppression was seen when thiabendazole was given during the intestinal phase, but no effect was noted when the drug was administered during the phase of larval migration. Thiabendazole had no effect on larvae in the skin or lungs, did not inhibit maturation of worms, and did not expel adult worms from the gut, but did reduce fecundity of adult worms in the intestines by 84%. Mebendazole and cambendazole 50 mg/kg daily totally suppressed excretion of S. ratti in the feces. A similar suppression was seen when the two drugs were given during the phase of larval migration or during the intestinal phase. They had no effect on larvae in the skin, and the reduction in larval numbers in the lungs was not statistically significant. When given during the migratory phase and early intestinal phase, they reduced the numbers of fourth stage larvae recovered from the gut by 95%. Mebendazole and cambendazole totally eliminated intestinal adult worms. Dose response studies indicated that in terms of orally administered dose, cambendazole was 100-1,000 times more active than mebendazole. Thiabendazole and mebendazole had no significant effect on S. stercoralis larvae in the muscles. In contrast, cambendazole 50 mg/kg daily for 4 days eradicated S. stercoralis larvae from the muscles. It is concluded that cambendazole may have significant advantages over both thiabendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis. PMID- 7081542 TI - Swamp rice development, schistosomiasis, and onchocerciasis in Southeast Sierra Leone. AB - Seventy-four villages in eastern Sierra Leone, West Africa, many having a recently developed rice swamp, were surveyed for the presence of schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis, and their vectors. Prevalence rates for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were low, although the infections were widespread. There is some evidence that S. mansoni is extending its range in Sierra Leone although this is problematical because of the apparent absence of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the recognized snail vector, from areas where the disease now occurs. The characteristics of rice swamp environment now being created in Sierra Leone are described and results of snail collections, which were with few exceptions small, are presented. Reasons for the apparent unsuitability of the developed rice swamp as a snail habitat are discussed. Onchocerciasis was found in all villages and the prevalence rate, almost 50%, was high. The rice swamp is not a suitable breeding site for Simulium damnosum s.l., but the study area is crossed by several major rivers and all villages in the area are within flying distance of potential breeding sites. There was no positive evidence that expansion of swamp rice farming will increase the incidence of water based/related diseases but a control program for onchocerciasis, which is a major rural health problem, would seem to be a national priority. PMID- 7081541 TI - Dirofilaria immitis. VI. Antimicrofilarial immunity in experimental filariasis. AB - Antimicrofilarial immunity was studied in Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs in order to better understand amicrofilaremic filariasis in man. Sera from dogs with amicrofilaremic infections contained IgG antibodies specific for microfilarial surface antigens detectable by immunofluorescence and in vitro leukocyte adherence. In vivo immune mechanisms were studied by injecting 51Cr-labeled microfilariae (MF) into infected and uninfected dogs. Injected MF were concentrated in lung, liver, spleen, and kidneys of normal and microfilaremic dogs, but circulated throughout the 5-hour study period. In contrast, injected MF were rapidly cleared (15-30 min) from the blood of amicrofilaremic-infected dogs. Tissue radioactivity and histopathology indicated that injected MF were trapped and destroyed in the lungs of these dogs. Antibody-dependent clearance and destruction of MF is a potent anti-helminth effector mechanism in canine dirofilariasis. Similar events are likely to occur in amicrofilameric filariasis in humans. PMID- 7081543 TI - Comparative study of Schistosoma mansoni strains isolated from patients with toxemic or intestinal forms of schistosomiasis. AB - Six Schistosoma mansoni strains from Belo Horizonte (three from patients with the toxemic form of schistosomiasis and three from patients with the chronic intestinal form) have been experimentally compared. The following characteristics of infection were analyzed in the laboratory in mice: length of prepatent period, infectivity, total and differential white blood cell count, recovery of eggs in tissues, distribution of eggs in the viscera, and response to specific treatment. While significant differences existed among these six strains, those from patients with the toxemic form did not present a characteristic behavior that could clearly differentiate them from strains from non-toxemic patients. These results strongly suggest that the development of the toxemic form in man is not due to specific characteristics of the S. mansoni strain. PMID- 7081545 TI - Schistosoma japonicum in rabbits: differences in the host-parasite relationship over a seven-year period. AB - Rabbits were infected with Schistosoma japonicum of Japanese origin between 1973 and 1979. The distribution of lesions and eggs in the small intestine and colon changed significantly twice during that period, and the number of eggs per worm pair passed in the feces changed at least once. The shift in egg distribution and that in egg passage occurred at different times and appeared not to be causally related. The number of eggs per worm pair retained in the tissues of chronically infected rabbits was consistently greater in rabbits with colonic bilharziomas. We postulate that differences in the schistosome population were responsible for the alterations in worm behavior. These differences may have been caused by the introduction of new isolates from the field, or by selection during laboratory passage. PMID- 7081544 TI - Regional and splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses of mice exposed to normal or irradiated Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. AB - Developing larvae of Schistosoma mansoni migrate through various tissues en route to the liver and mesenteric veins of their definitive host. Regional (lymph node) and systemic (spleen) blastogenic responses to cercarial, adult and egg antigens were measured in CBA/J mice at various times after exposure to normal or irradiated S. mansoni cercariae. Among the separate lymph node groups studied were those draining the tail, thoracic region, intestines, head and neck, and the pelvis. Blastogenic responses were assayed by a micromethod requiring 10(5) cells in 20 microliter volumes per culture. Up to 5 weeks post-cercarial exposure the pattern of responses in lymphoid tissues of infected mice coincided with the migratory route of the parasites. Following oviposition, cellular reactivity was pronounced in all lymph node groups. The reactivity of mice exposed to irradiated cercariae followed a pattern suggestive of a sustained antigenic stimulus only in the nodes draining the tail and lungs. Splenic (systemic) reactivity was roughly comparable between the two exposure groups. These data show the independence and vast differences in the host regional responses following normal or irradiated cercarial exposure. PMID- 7081546 TI - Cerebral hemorrhagic lesions produced by Paragonimus mexicanus. Report of three cases in Costa Rica. AB - Three cases of cerebral lesions due to Paragonimus mexicanus in Costa Rica are reported, two of which were fatal. At autopsy a hemorrhagic, well circumscribed lesion was found in the hemispheres which microscopically consisted of a recent hemorrhage surrounded by a halo of eosinophils, with giant cell granulomas and Charcot-Leyden crystals. Eggs of P. mexicanus outside the brain were demonstrated in both fatal cases--in an eosinophilic pericarditis in one and in the other in multiple lesions of the liver and lungs. The third patient had a hemorrhagic cerebral lesion which was surgically evacuated; the patient recovered. Eggs were demonstrated in serial sections of the material resected. PMID- 7081547 TI - Contribution of bats to the maintenance of Histoplasma capsulatum in a cave microfocus. AB - Bracken Cave, a large natural cavern located 25 miles northeast of San Antonio, Texas, serves as nursery roost for millions of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). Ten days after spending several hours in the cave in early May 1979, three graduate students presented with signs and symptoms compatible with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. A study was initiated to determine the presence and location of Histoplasma capsulatum in the cave and its inhabitants. The fungus was cultured directly from guano at five of nine sites sampled. Sentinel mice left for several hours at one of three positive sites developed histoplasmosis within 30 days after exposure. Autopsy was done on a total of 28 bats and their lungs, liver and spleen were cultured for viable H. capsulatum. In addition, sera from 58 bats were tested for antibodies to H. capsulatum, using a double diffusion test employing commercial reagents. All bat cultures and sera were negative. We conclude that the students were infected by massive exposure to viable H. capsulatum in aerosols created by disturbing guano deposits near the mouth of the cave. Tadarida brasiliensis contributes to a suitable environment for fungal proliferation, but does not appear to play an active role in the maintenance or dissemination of the fungus in Bracken Cave. PMID- 7081549 TI - Permethrin as a clothing treatment for personal protection against chigger mites (Acarina: Trombiculidae). AB - A study was done to evaluate the personal protection afforded by uniforms treated with permethrin (0.125 mg/cm2) against natural infestations of chigger mites, Trombicula spp. The study utilized human test subjects taking part in a military field training exercise. At the end of the 3-day period, there was 74.2% increase in protection provided by the treated uniforms compared to an untreated uniform and the use of repellent. The increased protection amounted to ca 60 fewer mite attachments per treated subject. The treated uniforms were also found to be nonirritating and nonodorous. PMID- 7081548 TI - La Crosse virus infection and disease in western North Carolina. AB - Active surveillance for La Crosse infection from 1977 to 1979 revealed 12 laboratory documented cases in children from the Cherokee reservation and nearby areas of western North Carolina. The annual rate of hospitalization with La Crosse virus was isolated from two of 34 pools of male and one of 34 pools of female Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes reared from larvae collected around the residences of reservation children who had been hospitalized with encephalitis. The occurrence of the recent cases, the history of cases in 1964 and 1965, and the demonstration of antibodies to La Crosse virus in sera from second grade children collected in 1968 (2%), in 1978 (4.5%), and in high school students in 1979 (11.3%), indicate that La Crosse has persisted in the Cherokee area for at least 15 years. La Crosse infection is infrequently reported from the southeast, but this may reflect inactive surveillance. More frequent testing would reveal whether La Crosse is a significant health problem in other areas of the southeast. PMID- 7081551 TI - The serological response to primary malaria infection in urban Ghanaian infants. PMID- 7081550 TI - Blood eosinophil and basophil responses in guinea pigs parasitized by Amblyomma americanum ticks. AB - Guinea pigs sensitized to tick feeding by a previous infestation express immune resistance when challenged. This state is associated with large accumulations of eosinophils, and especially of basophils, at cutaneous sites of tick feeding. The present study shows that primary and secondary tick feeding stimulate blood eosinophilia and basophilia that reflect the infiltration of these cells in the skin. Primary feeding of Amblyomma americanum larvae resulted in a mean tick yield of 81%, mean tick weight of 0.91 mg and a feeding period of 3-5 days. Blood eosinophils and basophils began to rise on day 2 and reached peak 3-fold increases on day 4, the time of maximum tick drop-off. Secondary feedings 26 days later resulted in a mean tick yield of 45% (52% tick rejection), mean tick weight of 0.71 mg (22% weight decrease) and a mean feeding period of 4-6 days with maximum detachment on day 5. Prior to secondary tick feeding, both eosinophil and basophil levels were greater than in tick-free animals. Eosinophil levels peaked at day 4 to a level three times greater than in primary tick hosts. Basophil levels in secondary hosts exhibited minor elevations until day 6 when they were increased significantly, reaching a peak level of 33% higher than that observed in primary feedings. This study demonstrates that blood eosinophils and basophils respond quickly and significantly to primary tick feeding and undergo secondary responses of greater magnitude in response to subsequent tick challenge. However, challenge feeding resulted in a large blood eosinophilia with a modest blood basophilia. This may reflect the balance between bone marrow production and cutaneous accumulation of these cells at sites of tick rejection. Recruitment of eosinophils and basophils from the blood to the tissue site of tick feeding may contribute to the tick resistance mechanism. PMID- 7081553 TI - Evolving role of the surgeon in cancer treatment. PMID- 7081552 TI - Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in the rhesus monkey. PMID- 7081554 TI - Let's reclassify pancreatitis. PMID- 7081556 TI - Impacted common bile duct stones. AB - The impacted common bile duct stone can be managed either surgically or radiologically using methods such as percutaneous basket extraction or endoscopic papillotomy. At operation, if an impacted common bile duct stone cannot be removed by the usual methods, duodenotomy and sphincteroplasty are indicated. If the patient's condition is good, sphincteroplasty should not be avoided in the belief that other means of stone removal are superior. However, if the patient's condition is not ideal, sphincteroplasty should be deferred in favor of delayed removal by percutaneous or endoscopic techniques. In patients without percutaneous access to the biliary tree, endoscopic papillotomy can be effective in removing impacted stones, or at least in relieving the obstruction and allowing improvement in the patient's condition before surgical intervention is attempted. PMID- 7081555 TI - Endoscopic sphincterotomy: a procedure of choice in the management of retained common bile duct stones and papillary stenosis. AB - Endoscopic sphincterotomy was attempted in 58 patients and was successful in 48 (81 percent). The findings in these 48 patients were as follows: 43 had choledocholithiasis, 3 had papillary stenosis, and 2 had a lower common bile duct polyp. The morbidity rate was 8.3 percent. No emergency laparotomy was required and there was no mortality. Duodenoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe method for relieving some common conditions of extrahepatic cholestasis. In expert hands the complication and mortality rates appear lower than with conventional surgical techniques. PMID- 7081557 TI - Outcome and sepsis after splenectomy in adults. AB - Of 277 splenectomies performed over 10 years, 24.2 percent were incidental. Operative mortality in this group was 14.9 percent, which is higher than that encountered after splenectomy for any other indication. A majority of the deaths were from septic causes, and infectious complications accounted for most of the morbidity as well. This finding is in marked contrast to the paucity of infectious morbidity and mortality in patients with all other splenectomies. Of the 251 patients who survived these operations, follow-up was available on 175. Twenty-six had received Pneumovax, and 4 of these patients died, none from infectious causes. There were 20 septic deaths among the 149 unvaccinated patients, including 3 cases of fulminant pneumococcal sepsis. PMID- 7081558 TI - Revascularization of the leg using polytetrafluoroethylene: cumulative patency in patients with claudication and limb salvage. AB - Of 196 polytetrafluoroethylene bypass grafts in the leg, 113 were placed in the femoropopliteal and 83 in the femorotibial or femoroperoneal position. Claudication was the indication for 31 percent of the grafts, and 67 percent were done for limb salvage. Cumulative patency rates calculated by the life-table method for the femoropopliteal grafts were 66 percent at 1 year, 53 percent at 2 years, and 49 percent at 3 years. Corresponding patency rates for the femorotibial or peroneal grafts were 48, 44, and 36 percent, respectively. An analysis of factors influencing graft patency indicated that the best results were obtained with femoropopliteal grafts done for claudication in the presence of good distal runoff and grafts placed in limbs without previously failed grafts. Graft occlusion was most likely in distal bypasses for limb salvage and limbs with previously failed grafts. It is concluded that alternatives to PTFE bypass should be considered in those patients at greatest risk for graft occlusion. In patients who lack a satisfactory saphenous vein but who must have a bypass graft, polytetrafluoroethylene is an acceptable arterial substitute; however, thrombectomy or revision will be required to maintain patency in a high proportion of cases. PMID- 7081559 TI - Arm ischemia secondary to giant cell arteritis. AB - Six cases of arterial insufficiency of the arm secondary to giant cell arteritis are described, all in elderly white women. The clinical presentation of the occlusive disease ranged from an asymptomatic incidental physical finding to an alarming picture of severe ischemia. All patients were treated with steroids and had subsequent stabilization or improvement of extremity symptoms. Vascular reconstruction was also performed in two patients, one of whom developed rest pain after graft occlusion. Another patient had a cerebral infarction while taking prednisone, despite control of large vessel vasculitis. This study indicates that giant cell arteritis should be considered in cases of occlusive disease of the arms, especially in elderly women. Giant cell arteritis is a seriously morbid and potentially fatal disease which justifies a thorough evaluation when sufficient evidence is present to suggest the diagnosis. The response to steroids is usually adequate to eliminate the need for early surgical intervention. PMID- 7081560 TI - Outpatient repair of inguinal hernia. AB - Fifty men with hernias were operated on as outpatients: 42 went home the evening after surgery. The best results were obtained in patients with unilateral indirect hernias; those with direct hernias did not do quite as well. No patient required readmission to the hospital for complications. The cost was significantly less than that for adults operated on as inpatients. The outpatient approach is now being used for elective repair of inguinal hernias in all adult male patients. PMID- 7081561 TI - Effect of a biologic glue on the leakage rate of experimental rectal anastomoses. AB - Because bowel and omental adhesions offer some protection when an anastomosis leaks, the effect of a fibrin glue on the leak rate was determined in a prospective animal study. EEA stapled anastomoses of the rectum were evaluated in dogs with respect to mortality, postmortem leak rate, adhesions, and the accuracy of barium enema done just before the animals were killed 7 days postoperatively. There was a reduction in fatal, free, and confined leaks which did not reach statistical significance. Adhesions were reduced. There were no false-positive barium enemas but a 7 percent incidence of false-negative results. The clinical management of a suspected anastomotic leak is discussed. PMID- 7081563 TI - Surgical management of renal hyperparathyroidism in the dialysis patient. AB - Over 12 years, 49 patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure under treatment with hemodialysis were treated with total parathyroidectomy. A portion of one gland was implanted in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The operative indications were elevation of parathormone, serum calcium, and phosphorus, levels, pruritus, bone pain, pathologic fractures, and myalgia. Special postoperative complications discussed are hyperkalemia, hemorrhage, and respiratory obstruction. There were no operative deaths. No postoperative tetany was seen. Total parathyroidectomy should be performed in chronic renal failure patients with persistent elevation of serum calcium and parathormone levels, and who have pain, fractures, or soft tissue calcification. All postoperative parathyroidectomy patients should be observed for possible hyperkalemia. PMID- 7081562 TI - Pyroclastic flow injury. Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980. AB - Three patients who were on the periphery of the pyroclastic flow of the Mount St. Helens eruption on May 18, 1980 were treated for severe thermal and inhalation injuries. Although exposed in identical manner, two patients arrived with heavily colonized burn wounds and developed adult respiratory distress syndrome leading directly to their death, whereas the third patient, with a noncolonized burn wound and little evidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome, survived. Evidence of inhaled ash complicating various stages of adult respiratory distress syndrome was confirmed by energy dispersive roentgenographic analysis. In the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands, potential for further injuries of this type in even larger numbers exists. Should these occur, those who treat the victims should be aware of the potential for severe inhalation problems in addition to the obvious burns. PMID- 7081564 TI - Selective management of omphalocele. PMID- 7081565 TI - Diverticulitis of the colon. Clinical review of acute presentations and management. AB - A series of 46 patients treated surgically for acute sequelae of diverticular disease of the colon was reviewed. Perforation of sigmoid diverticulitis and colon obstruction were the most common indications for surgical treatment. Resection of the involved colon was carried out in 44 of 46 patients. Primary resection was performed in 27 patients and primary anastomosis was achieved in 19 of these. Staged resections were employed in 17 patients. The mortality rate was 4.4 percent and the complication rate 28.3 percent. Some suggestions are made in an effort to decrease morbidity in the future. PMID- 7081566 TI - Role of ultrasonography, gallium scanning, and computed tomography in the diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess. AB - Ultrasonography is reasonable in cost and allows confirmatory needle aspiration. It is especially valuable when the clinical impression suggests a particular area where the abscess is probably located. Gallium scanning is useful to detect the abscess when examination suggests a septic process without clinical localization. Several false-positive findings were seen in postsplenectomy patients. Computed tomography should be reserved for patients in whom localization is by other means difficult. By correlating the results of these techniques with clinical findings, only one unnecessary operation resulted from false-positive studies, and no surgery was delayed due to improper reliance on negative findings. PMID- 7081568 TI - Preoperative radiation and chemotherapy for anal and rectal cancer. AB - It became apparent on review of the recent literature that the combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy may offer increased response in patients wih locally advanced carcinomas of the anus and rectum. The protocol for this group is 1 week of chemotherapy with 3 weeks or radiation, followed by 3 to 6 weeks later by surgical intervention. In this limited group of 10 patients, considerable benefit was noted. All of the lesions decreased dramatically in size, with 8 of the 10 patients showing more than a 50 percent decrease. Only 1 of the 10 patients showed evidence of nodal involvement at the time of surgery. Three of the patients showed no evidence of tumor and three others showed microscopic tumor only. While the number of patients is small and follow-up is still short, the study seems to have shown the same improved results which have been reported by others using similar protocols. If our long-term follow-up remains equally satisfactory, then the concept of low dose drug therapy combined with radiation could have broader implications, and perhaps be extended to other neoplastic diseases with the same excellent tolerance. This form of therapy can be provided in the setting of a community cancer center, where radiation therapy and medical oncology services are available as an adjunct to surgery. PMID- 7081567 TI - Regional hyperthermia for cancer. AB - The clinical use of regional hyperthermia combined with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both in 107 patients with advanced cancer is reported. Surgery was subsequently carried out in eight patients. The radiofrequency equipment used is capable of heating tumors at any depth with few adverse side effects. Complete responses to therapy occurred in 16 percent of patients, and partial responses in 52 percent. Striking pain relief was observed in both responders and nonresponders. PMID- 7081569 TI - Pancreatic pseudocyst. PMID- 7081570 TI - Role of intraoperative pancreatography in patients with injury to the pancreas. AB - Over a 10 year period, 54 patients presented with pancreatic trauma. During the first 5 years of the study, when pancreatography was not utilized for the assessment of pancreatic duct injury, 55 percent of the patients had major pancreatic complications. During the subsequent 5 years, suspected proximal duct injury was evaluated by intraoperative pancreatography. This resulted in a decrease of postoperative morbidity to 15 percent. In addition, there were not postoperative deaths during this period. The reduction in adverse sequelae after pancreatic trauma leads us to support the following principles of treatment: early recognition of pancreatic injury with immediate surgical intervention, complete exploration of the pancreas with the liberal use of intraoperative pancreatography to determine the presence of major duct injury, and the use of techniques which ensure control of duct disruption. PMID- 7081571 TI - Surgical management of ileosigmoid fistulas in Crohn's disease. AB - Seventeen patients with ileosigmoid fistula complicating Crohn's disease are reported on. Eighty-two percent of the fistulas were diagnosed radiologically. Thirteen of the patients (76 percent) were treated by resection of the diseased ileum and cecum with primary anastomosis, division of the fistula, and simple closure of the colon. There were no anastomotic leaks, and long-term follow-up demonstrated excellent results. Segmental sigmoid resection in addition to resection of the diseased ileum and cecum should only be performed when there is radiologic or histologic evidence of Crohn's disease of the colon. Proximal diversion is generally not required, and most procedures can be performed in one stage. PMID- 7081576 TI - The biotransformation of drugs. PMID- 7081573 TI - Core-cutting needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer. PMID- 7081575 TI - Bacteria and septic complications in patients with perforated duodenal ulcers. AB - To evaluate the clinical significance of bacterial contamination in perforated duodenal ulcers, we prospectively studied septic complications in 184 consecutive patients. All patients received parenteral antibiotics (over 90 percent preoperatively) for at least 7 days. Thirteen infections developed in eight patients (4.3 percent). Peritoneal cultures, performed in 143 unselected patients, were positive in 33.6 percent of cases. Bacterial growth occurred more often and in heavier amounts in patients who underwent exploration late (after 48 hours) and those who had gross peritoneal soilage. Candida and gram-negative organisms predominated, but there was no correlation with pathogens that produced abscesses or wound infections. Old age and late exploration significantly increased the risk of infection. Neither peritoneal soiling nor a positive culture was likely to be clinically important when explorations was performed within 2 days of perforation. We treated perforated ulcers as clean-contaminated cases, and recommend that three doses of prophylactic antibiotics be begun preoperatively in all patients. PMID- 7081574 TI - Abdominal lymphoma: lack of complete surgical staging. AB - At present there is no consensus on the optimal management of patients with abdominal lymphomas. One major obstacle in treatment planning is the lack of adequate surgical staging. A retrospective review of 33 consecutive patients presenting with abdominal lymphoma revealed that the initial surgical procedures were deficient in most cases. Frequent omissions were failure to biopsy the regional lymph nodes and liver, lack of splenectomy, and lack of adequate description of the spleen. Until prospective studies of various treatment regimens can be carried out in adequately surgically staged patients with abdominal lymphomas, no clear treatment recommendations can be made. Surgical staging should include description, biopsy, and (if possible) resection of the primary tumour; description and biopsy of involved and regional lymph nodes; biopsy of the liver; description of and (if possible) resection of the spleen; and bone marrow. PMID- 7081578 TI - The hepatotoxicity of paracetamol--clinical aspects. PMID- 7081577 TI - Present views on isoniazid and isoniazid-rifampicin hepatitis. PMID- 7081572 TI - Autotransplantation of fresh diseased parathyroid tissue in primary and radiation induced hyperparathyroidism. AB - Thirty-five patients with primary or radiation-induced hyperparathyroidism underwent autotransplantation with fresh diseased parathyroid tissue. Due to previous neck surgery (34 percent), concomitant thyroid surgery (66 percent), and a high proportion of multiglandular parathyroid disease (43 percent), all patients ran a high risk of becoming hypoparathyroid, At follow-up , a mean of 28 months after operation, 32 patients had normal parathyroid function, 2 had hyper- and 1 had hypoparathyroid function. The amount of tissue used for transplantation was individually chosen by relating the serum calcium level to the total parathyroid mass. In patients with water-clear cell hyperplasia and thus low endocrine activity on a weight basis, large grafts were needed, whereas less than 120 mg was used in most other cases. In two of our three failures we did not follow these tactics. Our results show that autografting fresh diseased parathyroid tissue can minimize the occurrence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism in patients at high risk of this complication. In no case has recurrent or progressive hypercalcemia developed. PMID- 7081579 TI - Oral contraceptives and hepatic tumors. PMID- 7081580 TI - Pathogenesis and rebound phenomenon in ethinyl estradiol cholestasis in rats. PMID- 7081581 TI - Clinical usefulness of tests of hepatic drug metabolism. PMID- 7081582 TI - [Histological manifestations of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 7081583 TI - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and clinical course]. PMID- 7081584 TI - [Biological, hematological and immunological features of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 7081586 TI - [Prognostic factors in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 7081585 TI - Experience of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy in the Netherlands. PMID- 7081587 TI - [Treatment of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Apropos of 25 cases]. PMID- 7081588 TI - Some aspects of ultrastructural changes induced by drugs in the human liver. PMID- 7081589 TI - Lithium and the heart. PMID- 7081590 TI - Cerebral vasospasm. PMID- 7081591 TI - The evidence for peripheral arterial vasospasm: its clinical importance. PMID- 7081592 TI - Clinico-pathological conference. Carcinoid syndrome. PMID- 7081593 TI - Lithium in psychiatry. PMID- 7081594 TI - [Neurologic complications in the use of lithium therapy]. PMID- 7081597 TI - Lithium diabetes and obesity. PMID- 7081596 TI - [Lithium and body water movement]. PMID- 7081595 TI - [Lithium and the kidney]. PMID- 7081598 TI - [Controversial and unclear aspects of terminology, morphology, diagnosis, and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 7081599 TI - [Several controversial aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 7081601 TI - [Polycystic ovary syndrome and precancerous conditions of the endometrium]. PMID- 7081600 TI - [Oncological aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 7081602 TI - [Androgen function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 7081603 TI - [Diagnostic efficacy of x-ray examination in gynecological patients with internal cranial hyperostosis]. PMID- 7081604 TI - [Clinical manifestations of primary hypeprolactinemia in women]. PMID- 7081605 TI - [Clinical spectrum of typical variant of gonadal dysgenesis]. PMID- 7081606 TI - [Cytogenetic studies in Meyer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome]. PMID- 7081611 TI - [Computer prognosis of postoperative complications after gynecological surgery]. PMID- 7081607 TI - [Etiology of vaginal and uterine abnormalities]. PMID- 7081609 TI - [Major hemodynamic parameters in patients with uterine myoma and obesity]. PMID- 7081610 TI - [Intrauterine insemination as a method to surmount the immunological barrier of the cervical mucus]. PMID- 7081608 TI - [Steroid receptors and development of uterine myoma]. PMID- 7081612 TI - [Changes in the reactivity of the uterine musculature to oxytocin in endogenous inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis]. PMID- 7081614 TI - [Activities of a commission on the termination pregnancy for medical reasons]. PMID- 7081613 TI - [Control of the effect of treatment in late threatened abortions using the DU-1 Dynamo-uterograph]. PMID- 7081615 TI - [Improved method for x-ray pelvimetry]. PMID- 7081616 TI - [Monitoring changes in fetal heart rate deceleration in premature labor during tocolysis with the beta-adrenomimetics Partusisten and Pre-par]. PMID- 7081617 TI - [Porphyrin biosynthesis in parturients with the EPH syndrome and their newborn infants]. PMID- 7081619 TI - [Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and perinatal infant mortality]. PMID- 7081618 TI - [Triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids in the early puerperium]. PMID- 7081620 TI - [Clinicomorphological studies of combined uterine myoma and endometrial cancer]. PMID- 7081621 TI - [Contact hysteroscopy and hysterography in uterine hemorrhages]. PMID- 7081622 TI - [Functional status of the bladder and its sphincters in women with cystalgia]. PMID- 7081623 TI - [Changes in the flow (filterability) of the blood in normal pregnancy and in the puerperal period]. PMID- 7081624 TI - [Schoysman's method of phlebospermatocele in agenesis of the ductus deferens]. PMID- 7081625 TI - [Polycystic ovary syndrome with unilateral fibroma]. PMID- 7081626 TI - [Rare combination of septic abortion and splenic rupture]. PMID- 7081627 TI - The histological structure of Kveim tests parallels the evolution of pulmonary sarcoidosis. AB - The histopathology of the granulomas induced by Kveim antigen varies in patients with sarcoidosis. Eighty skin sites of Kveim tests were biopsied 4 and 5 weeks after the antigen was injected into the skin of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. The histological features in the skin of Kveim tests differed according to the stage of evolution of sarcoidosis and seem to parallel the pathological changes in the lung. PMID- 7081628 TI - A glossary of selected classical and neo-classical expressions apt or adaptable in medical writing. PMID- 7081629 TI - Concurrence of condylomata acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: confirmation of the hypothesis that they are related conditions. AB - Lesions of condyloma acuminatum and of bowenoid papulosis, confirmed histologically, were present concurrently on the penis of a 44-year-old man. All of the lesions regressed spontaneously. This phenomenon suggests that these two conditions, condyloma acuminatum and bowenoid papulosis, are related to one another and that bowenoid papulosis is simply condyloma acuminatum with histologic features of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. PMID- 7081631 TI - [Sympathomimetics in the study of asthmatic disease]. PMID- 7081630 TI - "Benign" and "malignant" neoplasms associated with verrucae vulgares. PMID- 7081633 TI - [Discoid lupus erythematosus and pregnancy (report of a case)]. PMID- 7081632 TI - [HLA and solar dermatitis]. PMID- 7081635 TI - [The bumetanide test and its audiometric use in endolymphatic hydrops]. PMID- 7081636 TI - [Minor esthetic failures in otoplasty for lop ears]. PMID- 7081634 TI - [Prevention of asthma]. PMID- 7081638 TI - The Bain breathing system. PMID- 7081639 TI - Disposable nasopharyngeal airways--a potential hazard. PMID- 7081640 TI - Glass fragments in thiopentone sodium solution. PMID- 7081637 TI - [Olfactory esthesioneurocytoma. Apropos of a recurring case]. PMID- 7081643 TI - A safe method of insertion of Carden's tube. PMID- 7081642 TI - An antidisconnexion device. PMID- 7081641 TI - Syringe pump hazards. PMID- 7081644 TI - Maternal fetal and placental gastrin concentrations. AB - The radioimmunoassay technique was used to measure maternal, placental and fetal serum gastrin levels. A progressive increase in gastrin levels occurred with the advance of pregnancy reaching mean peak levels of 62 (SEM 12) pg/ml during labour. Umbilical artery (74 pg/ml: SEM 7) or vein (73 pg/ml: SEM 7) gastrin concentration was higher than maternal gastrin levels. Placental gastrin concentration was 840 pg/g (SEM 96) and amniotic fluid contained 22 pg/ml (SEM 2). This study implies that one of the reasons for increased maternal gastric residue seen during pregnancy is due to an increased serum gastrin concentration. Also the advanced stage of development of gastrointestinal system of the newborn is in accord with high fetal gastrin concentration. PMID- 7081647 TI - Anaesthesia and cognitive functioning. Mental function in postoperative day patients at the time of their release. AB - Day care patients at Law Hospital, who had received either a general or a local anaesthetic in conjunction with minor surgery, were assessed by five tests of mental function before surgery and before discharge from hospital some hours after surgery. These patients did not perform differently from control patients, who were subjected to the same two testing sessions, without intervening surgery or anaesthesia. It was concluded that the day cases were quite capable of normal cognitive functioning at the time of their discharge and that the procedures followed by the hospital for the discharge of day cases are generally adequate. PMID- 7081645 TI - Cimetidine as an oral antacid before elective Caesarean section. AB - The H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine was used as a pre-operative antacid in 64 women scheduled for elective Caesarean section. All were given cimetidine 400 mg 90-215 minutes before induction, with 20 of them having an extra 400 mg dose the previous night. The intragastric pH at induction of anaesthesia was reliably above 2.5 if the treatment was given 90-150 minutes beforehand. The volume of gastric contents was reduced when compared with a control series of women receiving either no pre-operative antacid or 30 ml magnesium trisilicate mixture BPC. No adverse effects on mothers or infants were detected. PMID- 7081646 TI - The fibrinolytic effects of anaesthesia. AB - The fibrinolytic effects of six different anaesthetic agents were studied in 36 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Fibrinolytic activity was measured by dilute whole blood and euglobulin clot lysis times. Concentrations of plasminogen, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products were also determined. Significant enhancement of fibrinolytic activity, measured as a decrease in clot lysis time, was seen during anaesthesia and surgery with all agents studied. Halothane produced the least effect and the greatest increase in fibrinolytic activity was seen during trichloroethylene anaesthesia. Lumbar extradural anaesthesia also consistently produced enhancement of fibrinolysis. The reasons for these results and their clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 7081649 TI - Delayed respiratory arrest after bupivacaine. PMID- 7081648 TI - Hypotension during epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. A comparison of intravenous loading with crystalloid and colloid solutions. AB - The incidence of hypotension occurring in women undergoing elective Caesarean section with epidural anaesthesia was investigated in 20 patients receiving an intravenous preload of 1 litre of Hartmann's solution and in 20 patients receiving 0.5 litre of polygelatin (Haemaccel) and 0.5 litre of Hartmann's solution. Hypotension occurred in 45% of the Hartmann's group but in only 5% of the polygelatin and Hartmann's group. An argument for the use of a 2-litre intravenous preload of crystalloid solution is offered to provide prophylaxis against hypotension occurring during Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 7081650 TI - Anaesthesia and amyloidosis. PMID- 7081651 TI - Retropharyngeal abscess following tracheal intubation. PMID- 7081652 TI - Blood loss during transurethral resection of the prostate. AB - Blood loss during operation was measured in 106 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate, using a colorimetric technique. The total blood loss was related to the length of operation and the weight of prostate resected. There was no relationship between blood pressure and the blood loss during operation. However there was a significant reduction in blood loss if the patient received a regional rather than a general anaesthetic. Blood loss was lower in those patients undergoing prostatectomy for carcinomatous disease. PMID- 7081653 TI - The need to disseminate knowledge of resuscitation into the community. PMID- 7081654 TI - Symptoms following radial artery puncture. PMID- 7081656 TI - The prevention of hypertension at intubation. PMID- 7081655 TI - Morbidity amongst anaesthetists. PMID- 7081657 TI - Liver function after Althesin infusion. PMID- 7081659 TI - An indication for hypnosis. PMID- 7081660 TI - Combined subarachnoid and epidural techniques. PMID- 7081658 TI - The postoperative drying effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate. PMID- 7081662 TI - Spinal analgesia using bupivacaine 0.5%. PMID- 7081663 TI - A massive haemangioma of the upper airway. PMID- 7081664 TI - Malignant hyperpyrexia? PMID- 7081661 TI - Extradural analgesia for Caesarean section. PMID- 7081665 TI - Oral burns and potential airway obstruction following the use of black copper cement. PMID- 7081666 TI - Apparent blood pressure values in lateral recumbency. PMID- 7081667 TI - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the pharmacologically denervated lung. Role of cardiac output and sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 7081669 TI - A simple suction device. AB - A simple suction device is described, suitable for portable resuscitation kits. It can be made cheaply, from parts already available in most hospitals and is reliable and effective. PMID- 7081670 TI - Drug recognition by nurses and anaesthetists. AB - A survey of nurses and anaesthetists in a 500-bed teaching hospital set out to discover how they located a drug container in order to read its label and verify its contents. Members of each group assessed the value of seven factors thought to help in this location and answered questions on personal errors in drug administration. The nurses found the expected position of the drug container in the trolley or cupboard to be the most important factor, followed by the size of the container. The anaesthetists placed the colour of the container as most important, followed by the manufacturer's distinctive container as their second best guide to drug location. This preference for colour and a distinctive container can be used to reduce the chance of confusing drugs locally. A scheme for colour-coding ampoules in broad groups to reduce gross mistakes in the future is presented. PMID- 7081668 TI - Transoesophageal cardiac pacing. AB - An elderly patient, whilst undergoing anaesthesia for a total hip replacement, developed a marked bradydysrhythmia suggestive of sick sinus syndrome. The heart rate was unaffected by atropine 1.2 mg administered intravenously. Cardiac pacing was achieved by means of a non-invasive transoesophageal pacemaking catheter. The simplicity of this technique although temporary, is ideal for emergencies. PMID- 7081671 TI - Prolonged nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 7081672 TI - Severe cardiovascular collapse following phenoperidine. PMID- 7081675 TI - Brachial plexus block after anaesthesia in the sitting position. PMID- 7081673 TI - Pain after the injection of methohexitone. PMID- 7081674 TI - Rupture of the oesophagus following cricoid pressure? PMID- 7081676 TI - Brachial plexus block in upper limb ischaemia. PMID- 7081677 TI - The effect of the direction of the needle bevel in lumbar epidural analgesia. PMID- 7081678 TI - Epidural morphine for the prevention of headache following dural puncture. PMID- 7081679 TI - The pressure gauges on the Boyle International anaesthetic machine. PMID- 7081680 TI - Fibre-optic bronchoscopy during mechanical ventilation. PMID- 7081681 TI - A simple connector for cricothyroid cannulation. PMID- 7081682 TI - Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during anaesthesia. PMID- 7081685 TI - Plasma noradrenaline levels during labour. Influence of electric lumbar epidural blockade. AB - Plasma noradrenaline was assayed during augmented labour in nine patients receiving electric lumbar epidural blockade and in 11 patients using other forms of pain relief. Similar noradrenaline levels were seen in each group before induction of labour (epidural subjects 1.28; SEM 0.45 nmol/litre and non-epidural subjects 1.53; SEM 0.44 nmol/litre). At the onset of the second stage of labour the non-epidural patients showed a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline to 2.91; SEM 0.56 nmol/litre (p less than 0.01). The rise to 1.88; SEM 0.55 nmol/litre in the epidural group was not significant. Electric lumbar epidural block may influence plasma noradrenaline during labour. PMID- 7081683 TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thiopentone, A comparison between young and elderly patients. AB - The induction doses of thiopentone in eight elderly male patients (60--80 years) were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than in eight young male patients (ranges 3.09--5.06 mg/kg body weight in the elderly and 4.88--8.11 mg/kg in the young). The sleep concentrations in venous as well as in arterial blood did not differ between the two groups. In the elderly the arterial concentrations were significantly higher than the venous (p less than 0.05). A three compartment open model was used to describe the disappearance of the drug from the venous blood. Significant increases were found in V3 (means 145.9 and 51.2 litres) and in T 1/2 beta (means 781 and 427 minutes) in the elderly. The redistribution rate constant, k1.2, was decreased in the elderly (p less than 0.05). By impedance cardiography 5 minutes after sleep mean percentages of the pre-induction value of cardiac output were 94.6% in the young and 87.0% in the elderly (p less than 0.05). In the young a correlation was found between cardiac output and induction dose (4 = 0.85, p less than 0.01). PMID- 7081684 TI - Plasma levels of methylprednisolone following administration during cardiac surgery. AB - Methylprednisolone was given to patients undergoing open-heart surgery in a dose of 30 mg/kg administered following induction of anaesthesia and repeated with the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. The effects of this treatment on 2,3-DPG. P50 and cardiac index were compared with a control group who did not receive steroids. In addition plasma levels of methylprednisolone were assayed throughout the operations and up to 24 hours postoperatively. There was no significant difference between the two groups despite apparently adequate plasma levels of methylprednisolone, and it is concluded that steroids do not affect the P50 or 2,3-DPG in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7081687 TI - Abuse of trichloroethylene by oral self-administration. AB - A case is described of a man who took deliberately a dose of trichloroethylene by mouth which caused coma and seizures. The patient made a full recovery. PMID- 7081688 TI - Extradural anaesthesia in parturients with severe cardiovascular disease. Two case reports. AB - The use of extradural block (EDB) in healthy parturients for normal delivery and operative procedures is now a widespread and established practice. However, clinical reports of its use in those parturients with severe cardiovascular disease are rare. Here we present two case reports of patients with severe cardiovascular disease delivered under EDB and discuss the merits of this method of anaesthetic management. PMID- 7081689 TI - A laboratory investigation of a multigas monitor for anaesthesia (EMMA). AB - A new volatile anaesthetic gas analyser (EMMA) was tested in the laboratory. It was shown to have an accurate, linear response, with minimal zero drift and to be almost unaffected by carrier gases. It is a versatile and sensitive machine with a fast response time indicating that it might be used for breath-by-breath monitoring. The EMMA is a useful new anaesthetic gas analyser than should find widespread clinical usage. PMID- 7081690 TI - Subclavian venous catheterisation in small children using the Seldinger technique. AB - Subclavian venous catheterisation, using a Seldinger technique, was attempted in 25 children weighing less than 10 kg (mean 6.4 kg). Catheterisation was successful in 24 cases. Initial catheter position was satisfactory in 19 of the 24 cases (79%) and with repositioning it was possible to obtain satisfactory flow and pressure-wave recordings in all 24 patients. The technique is simple and provides reliable access to the central circulation in small infants. There was no serious morbidity attributable to the technique. PMID- 7081692 TI - The anaesthetist in the eyes of the public. PMID- 7081693 TI - Midazolam as an intravenous induction agent. PMID- 7081691 TI - The anaesthetist and industrial action by ancillary workers. Reflections on the 1979 strike. AB - The author retired from active practice as a consultant anaesthetist in the British National Health Service during 1980 at the age of 60. He kept a detailed diary for the last full year as consultant. One of the Editors suggested that the diary could form the basis of a series of essays on various aspects of the life and practice of a consultant anaesthetist during the second half of the twentieth century, with his considered views culled from the experiences of a professional lifetime. The first essay deals with the effects of the industrial action by hospital ancillary workers in 1979 and considers the special role of the hospital anaesthetist during such disputes. PMID- 7081696 TI - Antipollution expiratory valves. A potential hazard. PMID- 7081695 TI - Passive monitors for the determination of personal nitrous oxide exposure levels. PMID- 7081686 TI - A test to show correct placement of epidural catheter. AB - Positive pressure created in the epidural space has been used to confirm correct placement of a lumbar epidural catheter in 125 patients. PMID- 7081694 TI - Congenital complete heart block. PMID- 7081697 TI - Postoperative analgesia in orthopaedic surgery. PMID- 7081699 TI - Quidquid agas, prudenter agas, et respice finem: Whatever you do, do cautiously, and look to the end. PMID- 7081701 TI - Anaesthesia for cystectomy. A comparison of two anaesthetic techniques. AB - Sixty-two patients who underwent radical cystectomy for deeply infiltrating cancer of the bladder were reviewed. Twenty-four received an epidural anaesthetic and 38 a conventional muscle relaxant and fentanyl anaesthetic. The epidural technique was found to offer advantages because of its hypotensive effects reducing blood loss intra-operatively and its use to provide analgesia after surgery. A high incidence of complications accompanied the surgery and frail patients (below 50 kg) and those with symptomatic respiratory disease had a high mortality. Greater attention to pre-operative care of such patients is indicated. PMID- 7081705 TI - Translumbar amputation. A case report. PMID- 7081707 TI - The anesthetist in the operating theatre. PMID- 7081703 TI - Laboratory data on ICU admission. Its relationship to mortality. AB - One hundred and seventeen patients admitted to an intensive care unit were studied, to determine whether there is any relationship between laboratory data taken on admission to the unit and the final outcome (survival or non-survival) of the stay within the intensive care unit. Discriminant analysis of the data shows that patients could be allocated to one of two groups (survival or non survival) using the two parameters of age and serum phosphate, and that this allocation proves correct in 70% of cases, irrespective of the admitting disease and treatment. The validity of this discriminant function was tested in a further 53 cases and the allocation of patients to survival or non-survival groups was found to be correct in 70% of cases, supporting the first estimate of the discriminant function. PMID- 7081704 TI - Mediastinal tumour causing airway obstruction in anaesthetised children. PMID- 7081708 TI - An unusual cause of respiratory obstruction after thyroidectomy. PMID- 7081700 TI - Effects of nitrous oxide on liver haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the greyhound. AB - The effects of increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide 30, 50 and 70% on the hepatic circulation and hepatic oxygen consumption were investigated in seven normocapnic greyhounds. Hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows were measured continuously using electromagnetic flow probes, and mean arterial pressure and cardiac output monitored. The administration of nitrous oxide caused linear decreases in hepatic arterial, portal venous and total liver blood flows. Increases in mean arterial pressure, hepatic arterial resistance and mesenteric vascular resistance were noted. There were no significant changes in hepatic oxygen consumption. It is suggested that the decrease in liver blood flow may result from alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. PMID- 7081709 TI - The acute onset of facial oedema after extubation. PMID- 7081710 TI - Pressures on tracheal tube cuffs. PMID- 7081698 TI - Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. PMID- 7081712 TI - Delayed onset spinal after epidural analgesia. PMID- 7081702 TI - Maternal mortality. A review of maternal deaths over twenty years at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin. AB - A retrospective study of the causes of maternal mortality over the past 20 years in the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, was undertaken. Anaesthesia contributed to 4.4% of all maternal deaths and to 5.7% of 'true' maternal deaths. In the last 10 years studied it did not contribute to maternal mortality. It was concluded that anesthesia was not a major cause of maternal mortality in this hospital. PMID- 7081706 TI - Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults. PMID- 7081711 TI - Pain relief after thoracotomy. PMID- 7081713 TI - Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural bupivacaine. PMID- 7081714 TI - Guided blind oral intubation. PMID- 7081716 TI - The choledochoscope--two hazards. PMID- 7081717 TI - [Hypertensive and tachycardial circulatory reactions during neuroleptanalgesia--a specific side effect of the method?]. PMID- 7081720 TI - [Adrenergic cardiovascular responses during neuroleptanalgesia (author's transl)]. AB - During major abdominal surgery with neuroleptanalgesia unexplainable increases of arterial blood pressure were observed several times without being objectified until now. Therefore the actual plasma catecholamines in connection with haemodynamic parameters like arterial blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral pulse amplitude were compared with synchronously measured concentrations of fentanyl in 31 patients undergoing standardized neuroleptanalgesia. From the data obtained it could be shown that the parameters of circulation do not always correlate with the concentration of the analgesic. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system was found in spite of sufficient analgesic medication. It was observed, with a sometimes particularly critical increase of pressure and decrease of pulse amplitude, mainly during the surgical stimulation in the upper abdomen. The causes of these increases and the possibilities of prevention also by other drugs are discussed. PMID- 7081721 TI - Haemostatic changes during open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation and deep hypothermia in children. AB - The haemostatic status of twenty children with cyanotic and acyanotic cardiopathies was studied before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) under deep hypothermia and haemodilution. Eleven patients had various haemostatic troubles before surgery. Haemodilution with a crystalloid solution to an haematocrit of 21,8 vol. +/- 1,3% resulted in a severe lowering of all coagulation factors. Forced diuresis after CPB induced partial normalization. The observed alterations included moderate thrombocytopenia, prolongation of the prothrombin time, transient decrease of factors V and plasminogen, elevation of fibrin degradation products (FDP), significant lowering of factor VII-X, marked elevation of factor VIII and mild increase of fibrinogen. No correlation was found between coagulation abnormalities and postoperative bleeding, duration of CPB or type of cardiopathies. It is concluded that CPB with haemodilution proves as safe as more conventional approaches in respect to coagulant activities. PMID- 7081722 TI - [Treatment with immunoglobulins in poor risk patients. A contribution to early re laparotomy (author's transl)]. AB - In a first period of two years the total number of patients with re-laparotomy was 1.7 per cent (41/2412). The death rate in these cases was 48.8 per cent. In a second period of nine months we found a re-laparotomy rate of 0.69 per cent (7/1022). The death rate of these seven cases with re-laparotomy amounted to 14.3 per cent. All together in the second period the number of re-laparotomies decreased evidently and the postoperative course was less complicated. The experience with the patients who died in the first period was a reason to classify the cases in a group with particular risk. For this reason the endangered patients were operated in the second period by the same surgeon. The medication and intensive care were the same, but we instilled ten g of a immune globulin into the abdominal cavity of these endangered patients. The reasons and the indication of this therapy will be discussed. PMID- 7081718 TI - Etomidate-analgesic combinations for the induction of anaesthesia in cardiac patients. Part I: Studies in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - In a total of 150 patients undergoing coronary revascularization procedures etomidate was given for the induction of anaesthesia using 12 different dosages and combinations with piritramide, morphine, fentanyl and nitrous oxide. The aim of this study was to establish a method which would result in the smallest possible changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate during the whole of the induction period, including the stressful phase of endotracheal intubation. In 68 patients cardiac output and pulmonary artery pressure were also measured. RESULTS: 1. In general, more favourable results were obtained when anaesthetic drugs were administered extremely slowly (e.g. by infusion) and according to a standardized dosetime regime. Conversely, the commonly used method - slow incremental injections according to the estimated requirements of the individual patient - led to much greater variations of arterial pressure, especially when fentanyl was combined with etomidate. 2. Combinations of etomidate and morphine led to unsatisfactory results. Dependent on the dose given, hypertension or hypotension were commonly seen. When piritramide was substituted for morphine much more stable haemodynamic conditions were obtained. 3. Surveying our investigations to find the most suitable dose relationship between the hypnotic, etomidate, and the opioid analgesic, piritramide, only small and negligible differences were found: comparing two procedures for the induction of anaesthesia using either high dose piritramide (3 mg . kg-1 given over 10 min), supplemented by low dose etomidate (0.1 mg . kg-1 given over the first 2 min) or an etomidate infusion (50 gamma . kg-1 . min-1) supplemented by a low dose piritramide (0.3 mg . kg-1 given over 1 min) excellent results were found in both groups. 4. In contrast, studies aimed at achieving equally favourable results using the combination of etomidate-fentanyl suggested that the safe dose-range of fentanyl is very narrow: etomidate-infusion (50 gamma . kg-1 . min-1) together with fentanyl 3 gamma . kg-1 led to unacceptable rises in blood pressure and heart rate after intubation, and the larger dose of 6 gamma . kg-1 fentanyl frequently led to hypotension. PMID- 7081723 TI - [Hemiplegia after failed puncture of internal jugular vein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081724 TI - [Chlorprothixene-induced central anticholinergic syndrome]. PMID- 7081725 TI - Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during high-dose fentanyl anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The effects of high-dose fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia (100 micrograms/kg) on myocardial blood flow (argon washin), myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial lactate balance, and cardiovascular dynamics were studied in nine patients undergoing three-vessel coronary artery bypass operations. All patients had been on maintenance doses of a beta-receptor blocker (pindolol). Except for pindolol all medication had been discontinued 48 hours prior to the study. Measurements were performed in the awake state, after 10 micrograms/kg fentanyl, after 100 micrograms/kg fentanyl, and during sternotomy. Moderate doses of fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg) produced minimal changes in myocardial blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and cardiovascular dynamics; myocardial oxygen balance as well maintained. Large doses of fentanyl (100 micrograms/kg) produced a 16 per cent decrease in mean aortic pressure, cardiac index did not change significantly, while stroke volume index decreased by 23 per cent. Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by 14 per cent and myocardial blood flow by 10 per cent. Myocardial lactate production was observed in five patients, indicating myocardial ischemia. During sternotomy arterial pressure and heart rate increased 8 per cent and 29 per cent, respectively, resulting in an increase in myocardial work, as reflected by a 38 per cent increase in myocardial oxygen consumption and by a 54 per cent increase in myocardial blood flow. Myocardial lactate production was observed in seven of nine patients. Our data demonstrate that in patients on maintenance doses of beta-receptor blockers, large doses of fentanyl as the sole "anesthetic" produce incomplete anesthesia and fail to protect the myocardium from ischemia due to noxious stimuli during coronary artery surgery. PMID- 7081728 TI - Local changes in cerebral glucose utilization during ketamine anesthesia. AB - Ketamine produces both excitatory and depressant actions in the brain, but there have been conflicting results regarding which structures are affected and the magnitude of the alteration in cerebral metabolism produced. The authors applied the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method quantitatively to a study of ketamine anesthesia (10 or 30 mg/kg intravenously) in the rat. Ketamine caused both increases and decreases in local cerebral glucose utilization. The areas with altered glucose utilization could be grouped into functional systems. Some structures of the limbic system showed large increases in glucose utilization; indeed the 70 per cent increases in cingulate gyrus and hippocampus were the largest of all regions examined. The extrapyramidal motor system and corpus callosum showed significant but less dramatic (20-40 per cent) increases. On the other hand, decreased metabolism occurred in the somatosensory and auditory systems, with the greatest reduction (40 per cent) in the inferior colliculus. Within some structures, such as the caudate nucleus and visual cortex, a striking redistribution of metabolism which is characterized by a change in the autoradiographic pattern of activity was noted. Reduced glucose utilization in the somatosensory and auditory systems suggests that a selective sensory deprivation occurs during ketamine anesthesia while the increased metabolism in the limbic system is consistent with neurophysiologic studies which have demonstrated seizure activity in this region. Compared with other anesthetics, which tend to produce a generalized decrease in metabolism, the cerebral metabolic effects of ketamine are unique and emphasize that it produces a state of "anesthesia" which is quite different from that of other commonly used drugs. PMID- 7081727 TI - Rostral spread of epidural morphine. AB - Ten healthy males between 18 and 33 years received 10 mg morphine sulfate intravenously, or by lumbar epidural injection at two sessions 2-4 weeks apart, in random sequence. The following observations were made at intervals for 22 h. (1) Segmental hypalgesia to ice and pin scratch. (2) Cold pressor response test in hand and foot as an index of analgesia. (3) Time of onset and duration of side effects. (4) Serum concentrations of morphine. Few non-respiratory changes were seen after intravenous morphine. Cold pressor response was unchanged in hand and foot, no segmental hypalgesia or itching occurred, and only one subject complained of nausea. Marked changes occurred after epidural morphine. Cutaneous hypalgesia to ice and pin scratch appeared in the thoracolumbar region all subjects. In six subjects hypalgesia rose to the midthoracic region during the second or third hour and to the trigeminal distribution between the sixth and ninth hour in five subjects. Cold pressor response fell rapidly in the foot during the first 1.5 h after epidural morphine, and a little later cold pressor response also fell in the hand in all subjects, and remained depressed for the duration of the experimental period. Pruritus occurred at three hours in nine of the 10 subjects, nausea at about four hours in six of the subjects, and vomiting at about six hours in five of the subjects. Hypalgesia and side effects were not related to serum concentrations of morphine. These results suggest that lumbar epidural morphine travels cephalad in the cerebrospinal fluid to reach the brain stem and fourth ventricle by the sixth hour. PMID- 7081719 TI - [Infusion-etomidate-anaesthesia. II. The influence of different serum levels (author's transl)]. AB - The influence if etomidate-infusion-anaesthesia on different serum levels of GOT, GPT, Na+, K+, urea, creatinine and glucose in the postoperative period was examined. There was only a decrease in K+. Although the decrease was significant (p less than 0.05), the results remained normal. The infusion-etomidate anaesthesia supplemented by fentanyl seems to be an alternative to other types of anaesthesia. PMID- 7081715 TI - Internal jugular catheterisation. PMID- 7081729 TI - Cardiovascular and regional blood flow changes during halothane anesthesia in the aged rat. AB - The authors investigated the cardiovascular and regional hemodynamic changes that occur in the aged rat under unanesthetized control conditions and during the induction of halothane anesthesia. Regional blood flow changes were measured in young (4-month-old) and aged (27-29-month-old) F-344 rats using radioactive microspheres under unanesthetized conditions and during three levels of halothane anesthesia. Blood halothane levels were measured at each anesthetic level. The inspired concentrations of halothane were adjusted in young vs. aged rats so that each group was tested at the same depth of anesthesia. Results indicate that aged rats had significantly lower blood pressures than young rats in an unanesthetized state and at all levels of halothane anesthesia. Tissue blood flow was similar between young and aged rats in skeletal muscle and skin, while blood flow to renal and small intestinal tissues was consistently higher in young rats. Heart blood flow was initially 100 per cent higher in young rats but decreased to similar levels as aged at the highest levels of halothane anesthesia used. Cerebral blood flow was similar initially in young vs. aged, but increased in young rats with deeper levels of halothane anesthesia while decreasing in aged rats. These results indicate significant regional hemodynamic differences in young compared to aged rats under unanesthetized conditions as well as in response to halothane anesthesia. PMID- 7081730 TI - Critical incidents associated with intraoperative exchanges of anesthesia personnel. AB - It is a common practice for anesthesia to substitute for one another, especially for short breaks during long surgical procedures. The assets and liabilities of this practice of relief have not been examined previously. In the course of gathering 1,089 reports of preventable errors and failures associated with anesthesia management, we identified 96 which involved a relief anesthetist. This subset was examined in search of common characteristics and patterns of cause and discovery of errors. In 28 incidents, the relief anesthetist discovered an error or the cause of an error. In 10 incidents, the process of relief was identified as having contributed to the commission of an error. Although 70 of the 1,089 incidents were associated with substantive negative outcomes, e.g., death, cardiac arrest, or extended ICU stay, none of those incidents was caused by a relieving anesthetist. There is a strong implication that relief is beneficial more often than not even aside from the presumed beneficial effect on the vigilance of the primary anesthetist (the latter effect was outside the scope of this study). From the descriptions of the causes and discoveries of errors in these relief-related incidents, guidance can be drawn for the safe and effective conduct of the intraoperative exchange of anesthesia personnel. PMID- 7081732 TI - Upper airway edema--an anaphylactoid reaction to succinylcholine? PMID- 7081733 TI - Epidural narcotic infusion reservoir: implantation technique and efficacy. PMID- 7081731 TI - Ketamine-aminophylline-induced decrease in seizure threshold. PMID- 7081726 TI - Cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of SNP-induced hypotension in young and aged hypertensive rats. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were measured in young (4 months) and aged (24-26 month) spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls under control anesthetized conditions (70 per cent N2O, 30 per cent O2) and during hypotension induced with intravenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusions. CBF was measured with radioactive microspheres and cerebral arterial-venous blood O2 measurements were determined from arterial and sagittal sinus blood samples. Arterial blood PCO2 was maintained at approximately 35 mmHg and body temperature at 37 degrees C. Under control conditions blood pressure was increased in SHR but there was no significant difference in CBF or CMRO2 between SHR and WKY or young and aged rats. CBF and CMRO2 were maintained in WKY when mean blood pressure was decreased to 65 mmHG with SNP infusion. CBF was significantly decreased in young and aged hypertensive rats during SNP induced hypotension. CMRO2 was also decreased in both young and aged hypertensive animals. These results support previous reports that SNP-induced hypotension will maintain CBF and CMRO2 in normotensive subjects, but suggest that the direct cerebrovasodilating effects of SNP are moderate and will not reverse the cerebrovascular changes induced by chronic hypertension. PMID- 7081734 TI - Relationship of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference in diaphragmatic hernia of the newborn. PMID- 7081735 TI - The fiberoptic gastroscope for difficult endotracheal intubation. PMID- 7081738 TI - A unique method for the anesthetic management of laryngeal foreign bodies. PMID- 7081737 TI - Right atrial catheter placement: use of a wire guide as the intravascular ECG lead. PMID- 7081736 TI - A prolonged chloroprocaine epidural block in a postpartum patient with abnormal pseudocholinesterase. PMID- 7081739 TI - Urinary metabolites of chloroprocaine. PMID- 7081740 TI - Pharmacogenetics and halothane hepatitis. PMID- 7081741 TI - A new look at old anesthesia circuits. PMID- 7081742 TI - Epidural morphine and ventilatory depression. PMID- 7081743 TI - Life-threatening similarity in drug packaging. PMID- 7081744 TI - The neonatal neurologic and adaptive capacity score (NACS) PMID- 7081745 TI - [Cytogenetic activity of fluorothane and methoxyflurane in a human lymphocyte culture]. PMID- 7081746 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, electrolyte composition and acid-base equilibrium in acquired heart defect patients during operations under artificial circulation]. PMID- 7081747 TI - [Assessment of the water balance and central hemodynamic status in the combined treatment of acute peritonitis]. PMID- 7081749 TI - [Decline in erythrocyte deformability as 1 of the factors determining the severity of patients' status]. PMID- 7081748 TI - [Evaluation of variants in the approach to vessels in the hemosorption operation in relation to the treatment regimen and procedure]. PMID- 7081750 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone on lymph circulation and its biochemical composition in the postresuscitation period]. PMID- 7081751 TI - [Diagnosis of hypoxia according to the level of purine bases in the blood]. PMID- 7081753 TI - [Nature and functional significance of delayed postresuscitation hypoperfusion of the brain]. PMID- 7081752 TI - [Prevention of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in emergency states in premature infants]. PMID- 7081754 TI - [Assisted circulation in cardiac activity depression in toxicology patients]. PMID- 7081755 TI - [Sombrevin anesthesia in minor surgery]. PMID- 7081757 TI - [Total spinal paralysis]. PMID- 7081758 TI - [Device for clamping an infusion system cannula to a subclavian catheter]. PMID- 7081756 TI - [Intraosseous anesthesia in hand surgery]. PMID- 7081759 TI - [Patient management in the immediate postoperative period following the resection of 4 segments of the single ling after one pneumonectomy]. PMID- 7081760 TI - [Importance of studying external respiration for determining the indications for delivery under hyperbaric oxygenation]. PMID- 7081762 TI - [The larva precipitation test with Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis larvae]. AB - Investigations were made by means of a larvae precipitation test (LPT) on different laboratory animals (pigs and white mice, and pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs and white mice respectively) experimentally infected with Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis respectively for the serological evidence of specific A. suum and T. canis antibodies. Living A. suum larvae isolated from the lungs of experimentally infected white mice forming oral, excretion porus and cuticula precipitates proved to be a suitable antigen for the intravital evidence of prepatent A. suum infections in pigs and mice. By using living T. canis larvae from lungs, liver and brain of infected mice as antigen prepatent T. canis infections in pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs and mice were serologically proved because of precipitates on oral and excretion porus. It was found for the first time that frozen preserved larvae of A. suum and T. canis are suitable for the evidence of specific antibodies and--because of the faster and more exact determination of the results as well as the possible preserving of the antigen- superior to the test on living larvae. PMID- 7081763 TI - [Two European Spirometra forms (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae) with different Sparganum growth factors]. AB - European Spirometra forms corresponding to S. erinaceieuropaei in morphology, host specificity and periodical destrobilation were tested for a Sparganum Growth Factor (SGF "mansonoides") acting upon hypophysectomized male rats. A Polish form as well as Thai and Burmese forms did not show a SGF "mansonoides". The Polish form partially caused increased growth in normal laboratory mice (similar to a form from Thailand) and in Cricetulus griseus (SGF "non-mansonoides", restricted by host resistance). Procyon lotor can act both as paratenic and as definitive host for the Polish form. The Polish, Thai and Burmese forms are attributed to S. erinaceieuropaei. A Bulgarian form showed a typical SGF "mansonoides". 4 hyposectomized 100 g rats, each of which were implanted 5 spargana subcutaneously, showed weight gains up to 400 g within 7 to 8 weeks. Therefore, this Bulgarian form is treated provisionally as Spirometra sp. PMID- 7081761 TI - [Computer-assisted automation of the handling of the anesthesiology chart]. PMID- 7081764 TI - On a new species of Capillaria (Nematoda) from a bat in Kashmir. AB - Capillaria kashmirensis n. sp. from the stomach of a bat in Kashmir, India, is described. The species is characterized by the presence of a funnel-like bursa in males which is deeply incised ventrally. The bursa is supported by a pair of long papillae. Lateral alae, a single spicule and an unarmed spicule sheath are present. The ratio between anterior and posterior regions of the body is 1:1.2 to 1.57 and the spicule body length ratio is 1:9 to 15. Cloaca is terminal. In females the tail is blunt, the anus sub-terminal, the ulva post-oesophageal, situated on a vulvar appendage. PMID- 7081765 TI - [The suitability of cold preserved Musca domestica puparia for the mass rearing of the ichneumon fly Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)]. AB - The preceding production of essential numbers of hosts--puparia of Musca domestica L.--requires more labour and space and higher costs than the virtual rearing of the hymenopterous parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor GIRAULT & SANDERS itself. Therefore, the possibility of preserving the host by freezing would be a substantial improvement in the mass rearing of the parasitoid. It was demonstrated that frozen puparia were not less attractive for females of M. raptor than fresh ones. Puparia less than 24 hours old are not suitable for cold storing. Host pupae stored under freezing temperatures or heat (treated for 5 min at 65 degrees C) showed a higher hatching rate of the parasitoid than fresh ones. Freezing temperatures of about -7 degrees C are not sufficient for longer storage. At a temperature of -21 degrees C the host suitability of the frozen puparia did not decrease for a storage period of 53 weeks. The average size of M. raptor remained unchanged after rearing 8-9 generations upon coldstored hosts. PMID- 7081766 TI - [Taxonomy of the Anoplura]. PMID- 7081768 TI - Varroosis--the correct term for varroatosis. PMID- 7081767 TI - [Tests with several new repellents against pharaoh ants]. PMID- 7081769 TI - [Vascular injuries. Our experience in 60 cases]. PMID- 7081770 TI - [Iatrogenic arterial injuries. Analysis of 50 cases]. PMID- 7081771 TI - [Compression syndrome of the celiac trunk. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 7081774 TI - Influence of alcohol on the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise in normal subjects. PMID- 7081772 TI - [Technical methods for performing lymphatico-venous anastomosis by cannula needle]. PMID- 7081775 TI - Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery in Brazil: additional data on the geographical distribution of the disease. AB - Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery is an uncommon condition. Previous reports show a grouping of cases of this disease in Europe and Australasia. With the purpose of widening the knowledge of the geographical distribution of the disease, 3 cases from Brazil are described, and reference is made to 1 previously reported. It is suggested that not recognizing or not reporting the disease could be the cause for this grouping and that the number of diagnosed cases may increase in different parts of the world due to the greater awareness of the disease. PMID- 7081773 TI - Indication for translumbar aortogram. AB - Percutaneous transfemoral or to a lesser degree the transaxillary catheterization for peripheral angiography is the procedure of choice by most radiologists. Under certain circumstances, however, these vessels may not be suitable or accessible for such studies. We have performed 330 translumbar aortograms and have found translumbar aortograms to be a safe and simple procedure that may be used as an alternative to the other methods for evaluating aortofemoral occlusive disease, particularly when the femoral artery becomes inaccessible. PMID- 7081776 TI - Left ventricular filling pressures after rapid blood transfusion in cases of chronic severe anemia. AB - Left ventricular filling pressure as reflected by pulmonary artery wedge pressure was measured in 15 adult cases of chronic severe anemia before and after rapid and large blood transfusion, using Swan-Ganz monitoring catheters. Pre transfusion PAWP was normal in 80% of the cases but increased significantly after blood transfusion (P less than 0.001), reaching more than 18.0 mm Hg in 3 cases. No correlation was found between right atrial pressure and PAWP. In is concluded that administration of 2 units of blood at a rapid speed (8.92 +/ 1.73 ml/minute) in cases of CSA is not always quite safe so far as pulmonary hemodynamics are concerned and should therefore be avoided. PMID- 7081777 TI - Surgical treatment of ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysms: early and late results of a nine-year experience of 65 patients. PMID- 7081778 TI - A comparison of skin and bronchial reactivity in asthmatic patients using single, group related and unrelated antigen mixtures. AB - To test the hypothesis that mixtures of antigens may provide an efficient technique for bronchial challenge, the authors measured the airway response to challenge with individual antigens and groups of related and unrelated antigens. The data suggest that the hypothesis is correct for grass antigens. Grass antigens were associated with all positive challenges observed in the group challenges. Positive bronchial challenges were not found in the mixtures that did not contain grass antigen. PMID- 7081779 TI - Peak flowmeter and spirometer mouthpieces as expansion chambers for metered dose aerosols. AB - Expansion chambers increase effective bronchial delivery of metered dose aerosol asthma medications. A subjective comparison suggests that peak flowmeter and spirometer mouthpiece tubes function effectively as expansion chambers, though less so than a prototype commercial device. Use of mouthpieces as expansion chambers is recommended until improved devices become available. PMID- 7081780 TI - Studies of phagocytic cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Phagocytic and metabolic activities of neutrophils. AB - The polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) of 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were analyzed for endocytic ability and metabolic capacity and were compared to those from a healthy control group over short intervals. The results of these studies indicate that the phagocytic activity (PA) and the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction were significantly decreased in RA patients after 30 minutes of incubation. The rheumatoid patients showed a higher percentage of band cells and hypersegmented nuclei of their peripheral blood PMN's (PB-PMN's). No correlation was found between neutrophil functions and other parameters of the rheumatoid disease activity. PMID- 7081782 TI - Recurrent mucoid impaction in an asthmatic infant with cow's milk protein allergy. PMID- 7081781 TI - Studies of phagocytic functions in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Effects of serum factors on phagocytic and metabolic activities of neutrophils. AB - A previous article has shown a diminished phagocytic and intracellular metabolic activity of the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). No correlation was found between PMN's functions with either clinical or laboratory expression of disease activity. In the present study the effects of rheumatoid sera on PMN's functions were investigated and the results revealed significant inhibition of phagocytic activity (PA) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction capacity of cells from RA as well as from a normal (N) control group. The number of PMN's showing aggregated latex particles on their surfaces was significantly higher in RA patient groups in the presence of rheumatoid sera. PMN's from N and RA groups were lysed in the presence of rheumatoid sera, with more significant destruction of RA-PMN's. No correlation was found between the PMN's function and the amount of circulating immune complexes (CIC's) or rheumatoid factor (RF). Significantly lower concentration of complement (C4) levels and higher IgA mean values were observed in the patient group compared to the standard values. The mechanism(s) underlying the impaired PA and NBT reduction may be due to defective intrinsic cell function as well as the extra cellular effects of blocking or lytic factors present in rheumatoid sera. PMID- 7081783 TI - Serum IgE antibodies to psyllium in individuals allergic to psyllium and English plantain. AB - Psyllium is used in the production of bulk laxatives. By means of the RAST assay the authors demonstrated that psyllium can induce the formation of IgE antibodies. They also demonstrated that IgE antibodies in individuals allergic to English plantain may cross react to psyllium. PMID- 7081784 TI - Anaphylactic reaction to zomepirac. PMID- 7081785 TI - [The influence of diet on the urinary excretion of total, free and conjugated non dialysable hydroxyproline in the normal adult (author's transl)]. AB - Having established reference values for the different forms of urinary excretion of hydroxyproline on the basis of the results obtained in 12 normal subjects aged from 20 to 43 years, the authors studied the influence of three diets on the excretion of total, free and conjugated hydroxyproline. Urinary levels of total and peptide dialysable hydroxyprolines were found to be highly sensitive to the dietary collagen content, whilst free hydroxyproline increased only when the dietary collagen intake was very high. Peptide non-dialysable hydroxyproline, corresponding to peptides of molecular weight 6000-8000 was not influenced by diet. The ratio dialysable hydroxyproline/non-dialysable hydroxyproline varied from reference values if the diet was loaded with collagen. Only the ratio free hydroxyproline/non-dialysable hydroxyproline seemed to be independent of diet in the subjects studied. PMID- 7081786 TI - [Thin layer immunoassay (TIA). A rapid and simple method for the serodiagnosis of echinococcosis (author's transl)]. AB - The specificity, reproducibility and value of the diagnosis of echinococcosis in the thin layer immunoassay test were determined by the study of 147 human sera. With the reagents used this reaction was specific for serum dilutions of 1/8 or more. Its reproducibility, confirmed on 4 occasions in a series of 60 sera was satisfactory and its diagnostic value in 40 cases of proven hepatic echinococcosis led to 32 positive results (80% of cases). Comparison with indirect haemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence, electrosyneresis (32 sera) and the ELISA test showed the excellent degree of complementary behaviour of the different reactions. By contrast, the study of sera obtained from two patients at different times after surgical treatment did not show serological peaks similar to those usually seen by indirect immunofluorescence. By virtue of its ease, rapidity and low cost, thin layer immunoassay could no doubt represent in echinococcosis if not a very precise diagnostic test, at least a means of detection suitable for wide use. PMID- 7081787 TI - [The value of the measurement of intra-erythrocytic lithium in the bio-clinical surveillance of lithium therapy (author's transl)]. AB - THe correlation between red cell lithium concentration and signs of neurotoxicity have been reported in the literature by a great majority of authors. A deficiency in the lithium-sodium counter-transport mechanism may be responsible. Measurement of blood lithium levels only is not always sufficient to identify in the laboratory patients showing signs of intolerance. The three cases reported here indicate the limitations of the measurement of plasma lithium levels and the perfect correlation between neurological signs and erythrocyte levels. In vitro studies of transmembrane ion exchanges should make it possible to undertake an investigation before starting treatment in order to identify the risks of cellular toxicity. PMID- 7081788 TI - Systolic and mean arterial pressures during manual and mechanical CPR in humans. AB - The standard manual method of performing chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was compared with a pneumatic compression device for the ability to generate systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the same person. Fifteen patients, all in the late stages of the resuscitative effort, were studied. In 14, manual chest compression resulted in SAPs which were either higher than (13 cases) or equivalent to (1 case) those generated by the mechanical technique. In 13 of the 15 cases, mechanical compression resulted in MAPs which were either higher than (11 cases) or equivalent to (2 cases) MAPs generated by the manual method. Mechanical chest compression is superior to manual chest compression in generating higher MAPs. Direct measurement of arterial pressure and the use of mechanical chest compression results in a more informed and a less frenetic environment during CPR. PMID- 7081789 TI - Resuscitation and transfer of trauma patients: a prospective study. AB - Improved outcome for trauma patients is closely linked to adequate early resuscitation and timely transfer of selected patients to trauma treatment centers. To document adequacy of early care of patients transferred to a regional trauma center, we analyzed 100 consecutive patients transferred after early care in a licensed emergency department by a medical doctor. Patients were evaluated in four injury categories: 1) neurologic, 2) chest, 3) abdominal, and 4) orthopedic. Standards promulgated by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma and the American College of Emergency Physicians were applied in each injury category, and percentage of noncompliance with these accepted standards was calculated. Dangerous levels of noncompliance with accepted standards of trauma care were documented. On the average, major departures from accepted standards of early care were found in more than 70% of cases, particularly in the potentially lethal areas of airway acquisition and volume replacement. Implications of these data and an evaluation of corrective measures are discussed. PMID- 7081790 TI - Mixed venous and arterial pH: a comparison during hemorrhagic shock and hypothermia. AB - Under normal conditions a linear relationship exists between venous and arterial pH values. However, with severe metabolic and hemodynamic stress this correlation has not been established. To evaluate this relationship, nine dogs were subjected to 60 minutes of hemorrhagic shock at a mean arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg and were then resuscitated. Seven dogs were rendered hypothermic by surface cooling. Serial arterial and mixed venous samples for blood gas analysis were obtained from the femoral artery, superior vena cava (SVC), right atrium (RA), and pulmonary artery (PA). There were no statistical differences between mixed venous pH values obtained from SVC, RA, and PA during any study time. The differences between arterial and mixed venous pH (AVpH) had a significant linear relationship (r greater than 0.90, P less than 0.01). The AVpH during hypothermia was +.03 to +.04 pH units. The greatest AVpH occurred during shock, and ranged from +.08 to +.20 pH units. During recovery AVpH was intermediate at +.04 to +.13. It appears that during hemorrhagic shock and moderate hypothermia, a significant relationship persists between mixed venous and arterial pH. The mixed venous sample can be obtained from the superior vena cava, right atrium, or pulmonary artery. PMID- 7081791 TI - Increasing the diagnostic yield of portable skull films. AB - A three-year retrospective analysis was conducted at a 280-bed suburban community hospital with 27,000 annual emergency department visits. All patients with a discharge diagnosis of skull fracture were studied. There were 72 patients with skull fractures. Thirty-two (44.4%) of these patients had basilar skull fractures, located predominantly in the occipital bone. Of these, 19 (59.3%) had normal antero-posterior and lateral views, with the skull fracture detected only on the Towne view. Five of these patients had depressed skull fractures and three had intracranial lesions requiring surgical intervention. We conclude that, when the decision is made to obtain portable skull films, a Towne view must be included, as well as the antero-posterior and lateral views, to increase the diagnostic yield of portable skull films in patients with skull fractures. PMID- 7081792 TI - Damage to tissue defenses by a topical anesthetic agent. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a topical application of a solution containing 0.5% tetracaine, 1:2,000 epinephrine, and 11.9% cocaine on the wound's ability to resist infection. In this experimental study, this solution potentiated the development of wound infection. This effect can be explained by its vasoconstrictive action limiting access of the cellular defenses to the bacteria on the wound surface. PMID- 7081793 TI - Phenylpropanolamine: a potentially hazardous drug. PMID- 7081794 TI - Atrial myxoma presenting as stroke. AB - Atrial myxoma is rare. We report the case of a 54-year-old woman who presented with findings of a typical acute cerebrovascular accident, which was found to be caused by emboli from an unsuspected atrial myxoma. Unrelated aortic regurgitation also was present. Diagnosis was made by echocardiography. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor; however, the patient remained with a left hemiparesis. The pitfalls of misdiagnosis are discussed and the need for early use of echocardiography in the work-up of stroke victims is suggested. PMID- 7081795 TI - Traumatic sinus node dysfunction. AB - A 50-year-old man exhibited sinus node dysfunction following non-penetrating chest trauma. Transiently elevated cardiac isoenzymes, together with normal past electrocardiograms, support the contention that the blunt chest trauma was responsible for the sinus node dysfunction. This case suggests that this condition may occur more frequently than expected and remain unrecognized. Temporary and subsequent permanent pacing may be necessary. Also emphasized is the potential for liability issues. PMID- 7081796 TI - Fatal myocardial infarct following CPR training: the question of risk. PMID- 7081797 TI - Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in association with the Chinese restaurant syndrome. PMID- 7081798 TI - Restoring cardiac effectiveness with methylprednisolone. PMID- 7081799 TI - Subcutaneous epinephrine for acute asthma. PMID- 7081801 TI - Research productivity and impact of male and female psychologists. PMID- 7081800 TI - Behavioral health's challenge to academic, scientific, and professional psychology. PMID- 7081802 TI - Ionizing radiation and health. PMID- 7081803 TI - Is "adaptation" to ozone protective? PMID- 7081805 TI - Asbestosis in long-term employees of an Ontario asbestos-cement factory. AB - We studied the development of compensable (certified) asbestosis among the 201 workers at an asbestos-cement factory who were first exposed to asbestos dust prior to 1980 and who had been employed at least 15 yr. By July 1980, 39% of the production workers and 20% of the maintenance workers had developed a compensable chest disability; the "latent interval" generally exceeded 20 yr. Workers with asbestosis were found to have markedly elevated mortality rates with deaths caused by malignancies and respiratory disease being primarily responsible. We combined the limited air sampling data available with individual work histories to calculate 18-yr cumulative fiber exposures. The cumulative probability of certification was related to the cumulative exposures and the exposure-response relationship was found to be sigmoidal in form. PMID- 7081804 TI - Persistence of adaptation to ozone in volunteers exposed repeatedly for six weeks. AB - Eleven generally healthy volunteer subjects were exposed daily to ozone at 0.47 ppm in an attempt to develop adaptation, then reexposed weekly to investigate the persistence of adaptation. Responses were assessed in terms of forced expiratory function and symptoms. Most subjects, when exposed 2 h daily for 4 days with intermittent exercise, developed adaptation as seen in previous studies. The adaptation was partly lost with a 4-day interval between successive exposures, and was more or less completely lost with a 7-day interval between exposures. One subject, who may have had a persistent low-grade respiratory infection, never adapted. Two others showed relatively little response in the initial daily exposures, but showed more severe responses at some point during the later weekly exposures. If these results are relevant to ambient oxidant pollution effects, adaptation may be of relatively little importance in a public-health sense, given that it may fail to develop or may be lost quickly in the absence of very frequent exposures. PMID- 7081807 TI - Cigarette smoking and secondary polycythemia in hypoxic cor pulmonale. AB - We have related the red cell mass (RCM) in 47 hypoxic patients with COPD (mean PO2, 52.5 +/- 5.2 SD mmHg; mean PCO2, 51.7 +/- 6.7 mmHg; mean/FEV1, 0.6 +/- 0.2 L; mean FVC, 1.7 +/- 0.6 L) to their smoking habits and outpatient carboxyhemoglobin concentrations. The mean RCM was 42.5 +/- 8.0 ml/kg in the 31 patients who still smoked, significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than in the 16 who were currently nonsmokers (RCM, 29.7 +/- 4.4 ml/kg). Measurements of arterial PO2, pH, P50, and COHb showed that the saturation of available hemoglobin (SO2A) was less well correlated (r = -0.36, p less than 0.05) with RCM in the smokers, than was SO2T (r = -0.58, p less than 0.001), SO2T including a corrective term for COHb. The RCM correlated well with the mean outpatient COHb measured repeatedly over 6 to 36 months in 40 of the patients but poorly with thier average arterial oxygen saturation (r = 0.15, p less than 0.1). In 15 patients given long-term oxygen therapy (15 hours/24-hour period) for 12 months RCM decreased significantly only in those who stopped smoking, as shown by a decrease in COHb. We conclude that cigarette smoking may determine the severity of secondary polycythemia in patients with hypoxic COPD, and prevent its correction by long-term oxygen therapy. PMID- 7081806 TI - Measurements of respiratory ammonia and the chemical neutralization of inhaled sulfuric acid aerosol in anesthetized dogs. AB - The extent of neutralization of inhaled H2SO4 aerosol by endogenous NH3 has been measured in the surgically isolated upper airways of anesthetized dogs. Neutralization was observed to be inversely proportional to particle size. The H2SO4 particles with initial dry diameters of 0.5 micrometer and 1.0 micrometer underwent 0.28 (+/- 0.08) and 0.06 (+/- 0.06)% neutralization per ppb of laryngeal NH3, respectively, during passage through the mouth and out of the larynx at a flow of 0.1 L/s. At either particle size, neutralization is related to the route of entry, being greater for entry via the mouth than the nose. Limited measurements for entry via the mouth show more neutralization of 0.7 micrometer particles at 0.1 L/s than at 0.2 L/s. These results are consistent with a reaction that is limited by the rate of NH4 diffusion to the particle's surface. PMID- 7081808 TI - Association of excess mortality from chronic nonspecific lung disease with epidemics of influenza. Comparison of experience in the United States and in England and Wales, 1968 to 1976. AB - Mortality from chronic nonspecific lung disease reported in the United States and in England and Wales during the period 1968 to 1976 was studied to determine if excessive deaths from this condition were associated with epidemics of influenza. In both countries, peaks of excess mortality of this type did indeed occur during such epidemics; however, these excesses were considerably more marked in the British data where the estimated number of such deaths over the 8-yr period was 15,800 compared with 6,000 for the United States. There was a decreasing secular trend in age-specific death rates for chronic nonspecific lung disease among British males of all ages, whereas only middle-aged males showed such a trend in the United States; older American males were subject to a substantially increasing trend. The respective trends in such mortality observed among males in the 2 countries were also seen among females but were smaller in magnitude. PMID- 7081809 TI - Mechanisms of complement-mediated clearance of bacteria from the murine lung. AB - Complement factors enhance host defense against bacterial challenges by attracting phagocytic cells to the site of the inoculum and by opsonizing bacteria for phagocytic ingestion. The relative contribution of these 2 mechanisms to in vivo clearance of bacteria from the lung has not been described. Hypocomplementemic and normal animals were challenged with various bacteria. Clearance of bacteria was studied by quantitative lung culture. Phagocytic response was determined by bronchoalveolar lavage. Staphylococci were cleared by macrophages without regard to the complement status of the host. Hypocomplementemic animals cleared pneumococci less efficiently than did control animals. This defect correlated with decreased neutrophil recruitment. Pseudomonas was not cleared in hypocomplementemic animals, but there was no difference in the number or type of phagocytes. This implies that an opsonic rather thn a chemotactic defect was responsible. These data suggest that the mechanism of complement-mediated defense against bacterial challenge varies with the type of pathogen present. PMID- 7081810 TI - Diagnostic accuracy of multiple biopsies from flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A comparison of central versus peripheral carcinoma. AB - We studied 46 patients, 26 with central visible tumors and 20 with peripheral nodules (in these, biplane fluoroscopic guidance was used), to determine the optimal number of forceps biopsies necessary to establish a diagnosis of carcinoma with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Overall yield was 96% (25 of 26) for central tumors and 75% (15 of 20) for peripheral nodules, using the combination of forceps biopsies and brushings. The combination of cytologic examinations plus one forceps biopsy produced a 92% diagnostic accuracy for central visible tumors. However, for central tumors the maximal diagnostic yield was not achieved until the fourth forceps biopsy, and for peripheral lesions accuracy continued to increase through the sixth forceps biopsy, and for peripheral lesions accuracy continued to increase through the sixth forceps biopsy in this study. Theoretically, as many as 10 biopsies may be necessary to maximize diagnostic yield for peripheral carcinomas. PMID- 7081811 TI - Clinical decision making with transbronchial lung biopsies. The value of nonspecific histologic examination. AB - To investigate the importance of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in clinical decision making, we reviewed 242 consecutive TBB procedures with respect to clinical presentation, roentgenographic pattern of disease, bronchoscopy result, and patient outcome. The specific yield of TBB was greatest in patients with multilobar disease and suspected sarcoidosis, metastatic neoplasm, or opportunistic infection. The value of a nonspecific TBB was estimated from its influence in changing clinically-derived suspicions of disease. Using pretest probabilities based on prebronchoscopic suspicions and likelihood ratios derived from our TBB results, Bayes's theorem was applied to estimate posttest probabilities. Nonspecific TBB reduced the probability of granulomatous pneumonitis. However, only small differences in posttest probabilities were associated with this bronchoscopy result in other patients with multilobar infiltrates, and no differences were observed in those with localized disease. PMID- 7081812 TI - Small airway dimension and size distribution in human lungs with an increased closing capacity. AB - Pulmonary function tests were obtained in 7 emphysema-free and 27 emphysematous lungs with minimal small airway disease. The lungs were divided into 2 groups on the basis of whether they had a small or large, i.e., increased closing capacity. The lungs were subsequently fixed and the small airways (less than or equal to 2.00 mm) from 6 to 10 blocks of tissue were counted and inside diameters were measured. There was a significant increase in the number of airways measuring 0.40 mm or less (p less than 0.03) and a decrease of airways measuring 0.81 to 1.0 mm (p less than 0.03) in the lungs that had larger closing capacities. When the data of both groups were combined there was a negative correlation between the mean bronchiole inside diameter as a function of the percentage of predicted closing capacity (r = -0.381, p less than 0.03) and a positive correlation between small airway inside diameter and the forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.595, p less than 0.001) and the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (r = 0.527, p less than 0.01). We conclude that in lungs that are normal or involved with minimal lung disease, function can be related to the caliber of the small airways. PMID- 7081813 TI - Granulocyte chemiluminescence in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The granulocyte chemiluminescence (CL) response is the result of activating its cellular "respiratory burst" and oxidative metabolism. The resulting light emission is an indication of intact metabolic events important in bactericidal activity. Patients with cystic fibrosis have recurrent pulmonary infections. To determine whether granulocytes from patients with CF have defective oxidative metabolism, CL was assayed in 8 patients and compared with that in normal control subjects. In CF, the peak CL response to opsonized zymosan is normal. If, however, the time required for peak light emission is compared with the NIH Clinical Score, a significant correlation is found. Granulocytes from patients with airway disease and more severe CF have a more rapid onset of the CL response. Although the clinical significance of this observation is not established, granulocytes from patients with CF appeared "primed" in their responses to a phagocytic stimulus. PMID- 7081814 TI - Some physical signs in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. AB - Forty subjects with chronic airflow obstruction were examined independently by 2 observers, and their assessment of several physical signs was recorded. Spirometry and lung volumes were measured. Most of the signs studied correlated closely with the degree of airflow obstruction as assessed by the forced expiratory volume in one second. Certain signs also correlated closely with the degree of hyperinflation, the duration of symptoms, or the age of the subject. The agreement between observes in this study was good. Although all the signs are related in one way or another to the severity of airflow obstruction, some are due to large variations in intrathoracic pressure, some to hyperinflation and some, possibly, to changes in the shape of the chest and the action of the respiratory muscles. Hence, we suggest that these signs should not be regarded as inferior to tests of pulmonary function; physical examination and spirometry should be complementary. PMID- 7081815 TI - Rapidly decreasing forced expiratory volume in one second or vital capacity and development of chronic airflow obstruction. AB - In a prospective study of 2,406 members of the Belgian Air Force, followed for 3 to 15 yr, 325 demonstrated a yearly decline in FEV1 and/or in vital capacity (VC) that was significantly faster than that expected in healthy nonsmokers. Such rapid declines were met more frequently in heavy smokers and in subjects with a reduced FEV1 or VC. There was no clear-cut association between rapid declines and a history of respiratory diseases. It may be predicted, if the rates of declines do not vary with aging, that about 0.5% of nonsmokers and 4% of heavy smokers in the investigated population will reach disabling airway obstruction (FEV1 of 1.2 L or less) at 65 yr of age. At least 6 to 8 yr of follow-up are required to appreciate with precision the rates of declines in FEV1 or in VC. PMID- 7081817 TI - Host defense against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. AB - An experimental model for the study of paracoccidioidomycosis was established in BALB/c mice. Both normal and athymic nu/nu animals were challenged intraperitoneally and intratracheally with yeastlike cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. After challenge, all immunologically intact (+/+) mice survived, whereas nu/nu mice gradually succumbed. The latter had focal peritoneal, liver, spleen, and lung lesions consisting of P. brasiliensis with inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and histiocytic reactions, but no granuloma formation. Thymus transplantation heightened resistance of nu/nu mice to P. brasiliensis. These studies indicate that the nu/nu mouse develops progressive lethal paracoccidioidomycosis after intraperitoneal and intratracheal challenge, and that thymus-dependent immune mechanisms mediate host defense. PMID- 7081816 TI - Nosocomial tuberculosis. AB - Hospital employees are at risk of contracting tuberculosis from patients. The undiagnosed case with sputum-smear positive for acid-fast bacilli is the usual source case. However, even the smear-negative patient may pose a risk. This was documented by a high rate of skin test conversion in hospital staff exposed to a smear-negative, culture-positive patient in a respiratory intensive care unit. The patient required bronchoscopy, intubation, and assisted ventilation. Of susceptible hospital staff members who were exposed to the index case, 14 of 45 (31%) converted their PPD skin test. Ten of 13 (77%) susceptible hospital staff members present at the time of bronchoscopy converted, compared with 4 of 32 (12.5%) who were not present at bronchoscopy (Fischer's exact test p = 0.0006). Rough calculations suggest that during the bronchoscopy and intubation the index case generated at least 249 infectious units per hour. At the ventilation levels in this area, this resulted in 1 infectious unit of tuberculosis in each 68.9 cubic feet of air. Improved ventilation, high efficiency filters, and ultraviolet irradiation are effective recommended ways to clean the air of infectious particles. PMID- 7081818 TI - Accumulation of radionuclide-labeled platelets and fibrinogen in paraquat-damaged rat lungs. AB - After intraperitoneal injection of paraquat, rats showed evidence of neurologic and respiratory damage and had a mortality rate of 41% in 3 days. The lungs quadrupled in weight between the third and the fifth day. Pulmonary edema and extravascular fibrin and platelets were identified by light and transmission electron microscopy. As early as 4 h after injection of the paraquat, 51Cr from labeled platelets began accumulating in the lungs. The peak was reached by 48 h; 125I from labeled fibrinogen also concentrated in the lungs of treated rats. Total complement was unchanged. The paraquat-treated rat is a suitable model for study of the behavior of fibrin and platelets in permeability pulmonary edema. Disturbances of copper metabolism deserve further investigation. PMID- 7081819 TI - The effect of pilocarpine on vesicular uptake and transport of horseradish peroxidase by the guinea pig tracheal epithelium. AB - The quantitative relationship between goblet cell number and airway transepithelial permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (molecular weight, approximately 40,000 daltons) was examined in the guinea pig. In animals administered 12 daily successive doses of 2.5 mg pilocarpine intraperitoneally, an increase in goblet cell population in the trachea correlated with higher plasma HRP concentrations of all 4 sampling times after intratracheal instillation of 1 mg HRP. Guinea pigs administered a single dose of pilocarpine and studied 1 h later showed a significantly higher plasma HRP concentration at 10 and at 15 min (p less than 0.025) as compared with saline control animals. The morphologic correlates of this enhanced early permeability to HRP after a single dose of pilocarpine appeared to be increased vesicular uptake and accelerated transit across the goblet cells. Our data suggest that pinocytotic vesicular uptake and transport of exogenous proteins in the secretory epithelial cells of the airways may be an important pathway for movement of large polar solutes across the epithelial barrier. PMID- 7081820 TI - Exercise testing in evaluation of patients for lung resection. AB - We studied, in a prospective fashion, whether exercise testing selected candidates for lung resection and predicted postoperative morbidity and mortality better than "standard" lung function tests. We confirmed that a low preoperative FEV1 and VC had prognostic significance for the development of postoperative complications. Poor exercise performance did not. Likewise, analysis of exercise performance did not discriminate in patients rejected for surgery from those in whom resection was successfully completed. PMID- 7081822 TI - Amphotericin B in liposomes: a novel therapy for histoplasmosis. AB - Incorporation of amphotericin B into liposomes significantly altered its toxicity, tissue distribution, and efficacy. Compared with intravenously administered amphotericin B-desoxycholate, liposome-amphotericin B showed a reduced acute toxicity and a maximal tolerable dose 9 times greater than amphotericin B-desoxycholate. Liposome-amphotericin B also produced higher tissue and lower serum concentrations than amphotericin B-desoxycholate, and was significantly more effective in prolonging survival of mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. PMID- 7081821 TI - Opsonin-independent phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages: augmentation by human plasma fibronectin. AB - A trypsin-sensitive membrane recognition unit that mediates phagocytosis of particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway is present on human alveolar macrophages. Fragmented human plasma fibronectin selected by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antifibronectin antibody augments this capacity. These data suggest a nonimmune mechanism for the clearance of some microorganisms from the opsonin-deficient microenvironment of the lung in which the alveolar macrophage is the principal resident phagocyte. PMID- 7081823 TI - Elevation of serum chemotactic factor inactivator activity during acute inflammatory reactions in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - Inflammatory mediators such as the vasoactive and chemotactic factors derived from the activation of the complement system are extremely potent biological peptides that are under rigid control of specific serum-derived regulators, e.g., the anaphylatoxin inactivator (AI) and the chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI). We have previously demonstrated that serum chemotactic factor inactivator concentrations are altered during chronic inflammatory states; here we demonstrate that a rapid elevation of serum CFI activity occurs during acute inflammatory reactions in patients suffering from hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Specifically, serum CFI concentrations were evaluated in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (pigeon breeder's disease) and control subjects (asymptomatic) after aerosol challenge with 2 ml of sterile pigeon serum. At 4 h postchallenge, serum CFI concentrations in the patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis increased rapidly to 3 times the prechallenge serum concentrations. Asymptomatic (control) subjects showed no increase in serum CFI concentrations after exposure to pigeon serum. In independent studies, we have also demonstrated that serum CFI concentrations are elevated in (1) rabbits with glycogen-induced peritonitis, (2) rabbits after intravenous infusion of C5-derived chemotactic factors, and (3) patients undergoing hemodialysis. These combined data clearly demonstrate that serum CFI activity is rapidly elevated during acute inflammatory reactions within both patient and animal populations, and suggest that serum CFI may represent a "hyperacute" phase reactant that is elevated during inflammation. Possibly, this elevation of CFI may be induced in response to inflammatory mediators produced during inflammation. Thus, the acute elevation of serum CFI concentrations that occurs during acute inflammation may represent the control system that would be responsive to the regulatory needs of the body during inflammatory reactions. PMID- 7081824 TI - Traumatic perineal laceration. AB - Four cases of pelvic trauma associated with a deep perineal tear are reported. The mechanism of injury, preoperative and operative care of this type of injury are discussed. The theory that the tear is similar to an explosion is presented. Categories of anorectal injury are listed. As expected, genitourinary and rectal injuries as well as hemorrhage are the primary concerns with this type of trauma. Management consists of careful evaluation for genitourinary tract injury followed by careful inspection of the perineal tear in the operating room. Rectal examination is crucial and proctosigmoidoscopy is advised for all injuries. Sepsis is the most important complication of the perineal tear. Prevention begins with mandatory colostomy for all patients. The loop colostomy serves as the necessary totally diverting colostomy. Equally important is evacuation and washout of distal fecal content of colon during operation. Hemorrhage may assume greater importance than with closed injuries due to the loss of tamponade. Hypogastric ligation at the time of exploration and colostomy may be beneficial. Drainage of the pararectal space is necessary when the rectum is directly involved in the tear. PMID- 7081825 TI - Applications of choledochoduodenostomy in biliary tract obstruction. AB - Forty-three patients each underwent choledochoduodenostomy for distal biliary obstruction. The results were satisfactory for those patients with benign obstructions. Choledochoduodenostomy was complicated by recurrent biliary obstruction in five of 19 patients with obstructing neoplasms, and is generally a poor choice in those circumstances. Choledochoduodenostomy is a useful procedure for patients with benign distal biliary tract obstructions, particularly when dealing with elderly, poor-risk patients. PMID- 7081826 TI - Value of intraoperative colonoscopy in vascular ectasia of the colon. PMID- 7081827 TI - Sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a review of 40 cases. AB - In a ten-year update of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center experience, cases of malignant lymphomas (20) and soft tissue sarcomas (20) of the gastrointestinal tract were reviewed. The stomach was the most common site (63%). The three most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, weight loss, and hemorrhage. The average duration of symptoms prior to seeking medical consultation was 14 months. The five-year survival was 50% for soft tissue sarcomas and 60% for malignant lymphomas. It is suggested that delay is establishing a diagnosis be a consideration in recommending adjuvant therapy. PMID- 7081828 TI - Solid thyroid nodules. AB - The management of solitary thyroid nodules remains controversial, A series of 120 patients having operation for a solitary thyroid nodule is retrospectively reviewed. Neoplasia rate was found to be 29.1 per cent and the malignancy rate, 11.7 percent. These are compared with other studies emphasizing the use of thyroid imaging with radioactive substances or ultrasonography and invasive techniques such as fine needle aspiration where the yields of neoplasia and malignancy are, respectively 18-65 per cent and 8-29 per cent. Current techniques allow identification of solitary nonfunctioning and solid nodules, and operation for these should increase the yield of cancer while reserving thyroid suppression and possibly fine needle aspiration for the management of other lesions. PMID- 7081831 TI - Combined therapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - The charts of 102 patients with stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, seen at the East Orange Veterans Administration Hospital between 1975 and 1979, were reviewed. Ninety-one of these patients were submitted to a protocol of high-dose preoperative radiotherapy, followed by surgery. Five-year actuarial survival in patients completing the protocol was 31.6 per cent. All patients who completed radiotherapy and were eligible for surgery, but refusing operation, died of their disease within three years. Historical controls for stage IV head and neck cancer have five-year survival rates of 0-16 per cent, depending on site. A recent review of the literature shows stage IV lesions treated with surgery alone have a five-year survival rate of 6 per cent. PMID- 7081830 TI - Villous adenoma involving the ampulla of Vater: treatment by submucosal resection and double sphincteroplasty. AB - An asymptomatic patient presented with a rare case of duodenal villous adenoma with malignant transformation involving the ampulla of Vater. The tumor involved a portion of the distal common bile duct and pancreatic duct. Pancreatic and biliary outflow were reconstructed using a double sphincteroplasty technique after wide submucosal resection of the tumor. PMID- 7081829 TI - Parathyroid autotransplantation in a community hospital. PMID- 7081832 TI - Complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. AB - Four cases are presented which are believed to represent thrombocytopenia associated with intravascular thrombosis and vascular occlusion in patients receiving heparin. Patients with gangrene all had pre-existing arterial disease and arterial insufficiency. Such venous and arterial thromboses are paradoxic and unpredictable and are completely against the goal of therapy. These complications may have been prevented if the developing thrombocytopenia was discovered earlier and heparin discontinued. Three of these patients died as a result of their complications, and one had an amputation. The unpredictable pattern of such paradoxic reactions requires close monitoring of the platelet count as well as activated PTT and prothrombin time. PMID- 7081833 TI - General surgical manifestations of cardiac prosthetic dysfunction. AB - A growing number of patients have prolonged survival after cardiac valve replacement. Longer life-spans increase the eventual risk of development of general surgical problems in these patients. Additionally, prosthetic dysfunction such as thrombosis, endocarditis, or dehiscence may lead to abdominal symptoms, systemic illness, or thromboembolic phenomena. a team approach, including the general surgeon, cardiologist, and thoracic surgeon, should be sought in the care of such patients. PMID- 7081834 TI - Inferior vena cava clipping as an adjunct to aortic surgery. PMID- 7081835 TI - Operative pancreatic biopsy: ten-year review of accuracy and complications. PMID- 7081836 TI - Prognostic indices in the treatment of acute diverticulitis: a retrospective study. AB - A review of patients with acute diverticulitis admitted to the University of Maryland Hospital over the past ten years revealed a high frequency of surgical intervention. In addition to the usual indications for surgery (obstruction, perforation, and fistula), we found persistent mass combined with other clinical indices, such as fever, leukocytosis, tachycardia, or recurrence required surgical intervention. Medical therapy (i.e., intravenous hydration, antibiotics, diet, nasogastric suction, etc.) varied with the clinical presentation. Only 43 per cent of the medically treated patients received antibiotics. If the bowel can be adequately prepared, a one-stage operation may be possible. Otherwise more stages may be necessary. A prognostic index has been devised for acute diverticulitis for the evaluation of medical vs. surgical therapy. The higher the index, the more extensive the procedure that will be used. Our study supports the general usefulness of a Hartman (two-stage) procedure for those patients requiring surgery. PMID- 7081838 TI - Informed consent. An imperative impossibility. PMID- 7081837 TI - Ambulatory breast biopsies: the patient's choice. AB - Modern medical practice demands increased patient participation in decision making and an effort to provide economical, safe care. It is recommended that performing breast biopsies as an ambulatory procedure under local anesthesia fulfills these criteria. We present a series of 50 ambulatory breast biopsies, eight of whom had cancer. Of the 50 patients, 94 per cent said they would have it done this way again. Those without cancer went home reassured and those with cancer appreciated time to consider definitive therapy. At our hospital, there is a savings of $750.00 per patient when compared to an inpatient biopsy. It is therefore recommended that patients be given a choice of ambulatory or inpatient biopsy. Ambulatory biopsy avoids general anesthesia, reduces medical costs, and provides opportunity for discussion and planning should further surgery be necessary. PMID- 7081839 TI - Percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian catheterization. AB - A series of 510 percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian venipunctures performed by the authors is presented. Complications included five cases of simple pneumothorax (0.98%) and one instance of subcutaneous emphysema without pneumothorax (0.20%). No mortality was associated with the procedure. PMID- 7081840 TI - Bullets. A source of infection? PMID- 7081841 TI - Recurrence and rupture of an axillary artery aneurysm. AB - Aneurysm of the axillary is an uncommon type of peripheral artery aneurysm. most of these aneurysms are symptomatic and present with signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Rupture of an axillary artery aneurysm is uncommon. We present a patient who ruptured a recurrent true axillary artery aneurysm four years after surgical treatment by exclusion and bypass of the aneurysm. We believe that the preferred treatment of an axillary artery aneurysm is resection and insertion of an end-to-end interposition graft. PMID- 7081842 TI - Abdominal stab wounds: a ten-year review of 204 patients. PMID- 7081843 TI - Extra-anatomic bypass: review of 60 cases using PTFE grafts. PMID- 7081845 TI - Sepsis following biliary tract surgery. PMID- 7081844 TI - Comparison of the major variceal decompressive operations: one surgeon's experience. AB - One surgeons's experience with five of the major variceal decompressive procedures is reported. Of the 69 cirrhotic patients studied, 24 were actively bleeding at operation. Overall 90 day operative mortality was 29 per cent. The highest mortality rates followed H-graft mesocaval shunt (50%), principally because of high rebleeding rates. Index of operative difficulty was greatest for distal splenorenal shunt, and postoperative ascites was a frequent problem (42%), but encephalopathy rates were least (8.3%). Portacaval shunts were most effective in prevention of variceal rehemorrhage, and the side-to-side methods best prevented postoperative ascites, but encephalopathy rates were high. It is concluded that while none of these operations is ideal, by selecting the appropriate procedure to suit the individual patient's pre- and intraoperative circumstance, the best results may be obtained. PMID- 7081846 TI - Prevention of wound infection: the comparative effectiveness of topical and systemic cefazolin and povidone-iodine. AB - From studies in mice, the irrigation of a contaminated surgical wound saline alone proved of little benefit. The addition of cefazolin to the irrigating solution favorably influenced the rate of infection. The most effective way to administer antibiotics topically was by the application of the antibiotic powder to the wound. Topical cefazolin administered in this way was equally as effective as systemic administration in preventing wound sepsis. Irrigation of a contamined wound with a solution of povidone-iodine was no more effective than the use of cefazolin powder but may be associated with significant toxicity. PMID- 7081847 TI - Diagnostic value of penile blood pressure. PMID- 7081848 TI - Intestinal bypass enteritis causing pneumoperitoneum, pneumopericardium, and cervical emphysema. PMID- 7081849 TI - [Growth in 48 children with ventricular septal defect successfully repaired (author's transl)]. AB - Growth status was studied in 48 children with simple and severe ventricular septal defect successfully repaired. The average follow-up post surgery was 3.5 years (range, two-seven years). Children with birth weight less of 2,500 g. and extracardiac anomalies or chromosomal syndromes were excluded. Measurements before surgical treatment revealed height and weight status to be subnormal and related to physiological severity. However lowest weight score was found in youngest patients and height score are uniformly affected in both group ages. Surgical repair resulted in significant weight gain in all groups. Final height in the youngest age groups is near normal levels. However in the group of children repaired after age of two years the changes in height were not statistically significant. No change in the subnormal growth pattern was noted in five children (10.4%). Surgery of large and severe ventricular septal defect in very early infancy offers the best prospect for growth. PMID- 7081851 TI - [C-reactive protein. Value in diagnosis of infectious complications of hydrocephalus children with shunt (author's transl)]. AB - The C-reactive protein, leukocytes count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, were determined in 32 hydrocephalus children treated with shunt, on the 1st day, 5th day and 10th day postintervention. C-reactive protein was positive on the 5th day postintervention in the 66.6% of the patients with infection and the 100% of these patients on the 10th day. In three patients C-reactive protein was the first sign of infection. In 33.3% of the patients with infectious complications, C-reactive protein positive was earlier than leukocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rate abnormalities. From these findings, authors suggest C-reactive protein as valuable test in the postoperative control of the hydrocephalus children and should alert to the possibility of a infectious complication. PMID- 7081850 TI - [Neonatal osteoarthritis. Report on 24 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Twenty four neonates affected of osteoarticular infection, treated on the Neonatal Unit throughout a four and a half year period are analyzed. In the majority of instances they represent a complication in the course of neonatal sepsis. In more than half of them there was a previous umbilical vessel catheterization. "Staphilococcus aureus" was the most frequent etiologic agent. Involvement of the hip was the location more often seen and of worse prognosis. Treatment besides of supportative measures, and specific antibiotic therapy, included posterior arthrotomy in the 13 cases of hip arthritis, and diagnostic puncture and/or arthrotomy in the rest of locations. There was no mortality, and only 20% of the patients exhibits long-term residual defects of variable degree. PMID- 7081852 TI - [Problems of child emergency surgical services]. PMID- 7081853 TI - [Hepatotoxic effects of drugs in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - Drugs and toxic induced hepatopathies in children are commented, analyzing their types and mechanisms of toxicity, metabolism of drugs in the liver, classification and main clinical syndromes founded. A practical management of diagnosis, therapeutic and prophylactic measures are briefly described. PMID- 7081855 TI - [Vesicoureteral reflux in the first year of the life (author's transl)]. AB - A group of 50 children in the first year of life with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) has been followed-up for a period of two-eleven years. VUR has been classified in four grades according to Hertz's criteria. Clinical evolution and renal scarring have been related to the degree of VUR. The absence of urinary tract infection (UTI) influences disappearance of the VUR grade 3 but does not influence the disappearance of VUR grade 2. There is a statistically significant correlation between renal scarring, the degree of VUR and renal growth. UTI influences renal growth in scarred kidneys with VUR grade 3. No scars have been seen in previously normal kidneys in the first radiological examination. PMID- 7081854 TI - [Holt-Oram syndrome with chromosomopathy (author's transl)]. AB - A patient whose cardiac and skeletal malformations are compatible with Holt-Oram syndrome is presented. The interest lays in the fact that cytogenetic shows and excess of chromosomic material in the long arm of the sixth chromosome. Authors consider this to be a "de novo" finding as the study practiced on the parents has been normal. This chromosomic anomaly has not been, to their knowledge, reported in the literature. All known cases have a normal karyotype. PMID- 7081856 TI - [Recurrent meningitis caused by a spheno-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele]. PMID- 7081857 TI - [Determination of the mean dose of oral theophylline in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. AB - The oral dosage of theophylline was adjusted in order to maintain a serum level between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml. in a group of 53 children whose ages were less tha nine years. A plan of regular increments with a maximal dosage reduced to 18.5 mg./kg./day was followed, with advantageous results. The necessary medium dosage was 18.4 +/- 2.7 mg./kg./day. This dosage didn't have statistically significant difference with that obtained previously by us (18.4 +/- 4.0) in a group of 46 children of comparable age but, by contrast, it had a statistically significant difference when compared with the dosage (24.1 +/- 5.5) obtained by another medical teams working with american children of similar age. After a fruitless search of known causes that could explain these differences, we think in the possibility of genetical and/or unknown environmental influences. PMID- 7081858 TI - [Physiologic jaundice in preterm newborns (author's transl)]. AB - Jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours of life, usually called early jaundice, is regarded as pathologic. On the opposite, one of the defining criteria of physiologic jaundice is its' occurrence after the first day of postnatal life. Authors, starting from repeated clinical observations of early jaundice of unknown etiology in preterm newborns, bring about a retrospective study of 1,527 clinical records in order to identify the cases of early jaundice of unknown origin. After known early jaundice-producing causes were excluded, 11 "unknown origin" cases were left. On comparing them with 11 other cases of similar characteristics (gestational age, weight at birth, year and season) who had presented physiologic jaundice, it turned out that the evolution of jaundice was comparable in both groups, except for age of appearance. Early jaundice group bilirubinemia was X = 7.4 (SD +/- 1.59 mg./dl. at 14 (+/- 6.6) hours of age, and physiologic jaundice group bilirubinemia was X = 9.8 (SD +/- 2.25) mg./dl. at 53 (+/- 21.3) hours at age. Since according to selection criteria both groups were made up by healthy preterm newborns, without any perinatal pathology, a study of the drugs administered to the mothers within 24 hours prior to birth was performed: not any reason for early appearance of jaundice was found. Authors' hypothesis support that the chronological criteria used to define physiologic jaundice in full-term newborns cannot always be applied to preterm newborns. PMID- 7081859 TI - [Response of micropenis to topical testosterone and gonadotrophines. A comparative study (author's transl)]. AB - Hypoplasia of penis which is frequently associated with hipospadias is important when a surgical treatment of this malformation is to undertaken. The decision to increase the dimensions of the penis before surgery by means of hormone treatments is based on good surgical results obtained in very young patients with hypoplasia. The authors have conducted a study involving 76 boys with hipospadias over a period of four years. One group of 37 boys was treated with corionic gonadotrophines by injection during a period of eight weeks. The second group of 39 boys was treated with testosterone cream (2%) topically during one month. Measurements were taken before and after the treatments using four parameters, and the boys were separated according to age. The results showed a more favorable response to testosterone cream in comparison to the injections of corionic gonadotrophines. PMID- 7081860 TI - [Steidele complex (author's transl)]. AB - Two new cases of type B congenital interruption of the aortic arch are described. Both had other congenital cardiovascular malformations as well as absence of the thymus and parathyroids. They were newborn male and female, their parents were young and healthy, admitted in our institution because of feeding difficulty, respiratory distress and cyanosis with signs of heart failure. Both were diagnosed at necropsy. According to the site of the interruption of the aortic arch, three types (A, B and C) of absence of the aortic arch are recognized. In our patients as in the majority of reported cases, the interruption of the aortic arch was associated with patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect, and other cardiovascular anomalies. The association of Di George syndrome with cardiovascular anomalies is commented. PMID- 7081861 TI - [Rhabdomyoma of the heart: three case report (author's transl)]. AB - Authors described three infants under three months of age with cardiac rhabdomyoma observed during a period of eight years. There was no clinical or pathological evidence of tuberous sclerosis. During this period of time they found two cases of tuberous sclerosis, without associated rhabdomyoma, among 2,457 necropsies. On the other hand none of 11 children with tuberous sclerosis under observation in this centre had any clinical evidence of rhabdomyoma. Presenting symptoms of the three cases were cyanosis, heart failure, heart murmurs and alterations of heart rhythm. Diagnosis was suspected on the bases of eco and angiocardiographic studies and was finally confirmed by necropsy. Surgical exeresis of the tumor was attempted in one of the cases, but was not possible because it was too large. PMID- 7081862 TI - [Intervertebral disk infection in children (author's transl)]. AB - Discitis, or infection of an intervertebral disk, is a diagnostic challenge in the preschool age, unless there is good reason for suspicion. Two children, two and four years old, are discussed here. They had abdominal pain for several days, difficulty in movement and anomalous sitting postures. In both, L4-L5 was affected, and laboratory, including bacteriology, studies were negative, except for leucocytosis and slight-to-moderately elevated sedimentation rates. The diagnoses were confirmed by lumbar spine X-rays, though not until the third week after onset of symptoms. Discussed are the values of bone gammagraphy in early diagnosis, favourable clinical evolution in spite of an abnormal radiological picture, and treatment. PMID- 7081863 TI - [Adrenal abscesses in the newborn infant]. PMID- 7081865 TI - Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers. PMID- 7081864 TI - [Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy associated with other malformations]. PMID- 7081866 TI - [The complementary reasonable explorations to consider about young hypertensive patient. (With regard to 389 selection bed-rests in view of national service) (author's transl)]. AB - About a retrospective study turning on 600 bed-rests during 3 years, the writers study 433 confirmed high blood pressures including 389 without therapeutic among which 67 p. 100 labil or limit H.B.P. and 33 p. 100 permanent H.B.P. By light of current ideas and withdrawn informations from complementary explorations done, they try to define a reasonable attitude concerning twenty years old young hypertensive male patients in view of selection. This attitude can be extended to the general field of young H.B.P. people. They establish that a good number of systemically researched elements are without great interest; functional signs, which are more the neurotonia witness than the H.B.P. consequence, heart or renal repercussion, negligible in this age, the too shematic distinction between permanent, labil or limit H.B.P. On the other hand, some parameters deserve to be searched : family antecedents (greater than 60 p. 100), obesity (approximately 20 p. 100), ocular repercussion (approximately 15 p. 100), perturbation of lipidemia, above all hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia and urinary sediment abnomalies. As for I.V.U., in spite of an exact study of vascular times, and second reading by the same observer, it never allowed to display any renovascular H.B.P. Other pathologic uronephrologic established images are all almost associated to urinary sediment anomalies or to proteinuria. More, a few frequent incidents among young people and the price of the exam bring to purpose. I.V.U. only when H.B.P. context is hard or going with urinary signs. Other more specific exams (V.M.A., catecholamines) will be asked according to the context. PMID- 7081867 TI - [Type II familial hyperlipoproteinaemia : value of plasma exchange treatment (author's transl)]. AB - A 13-year-old boy with homozygous type II familial hyperlipoproteinaemia with marked cutaneous and tendinous xanthomatosis has been followed-up for a 3-year period. Signs of unstable angina developed at the age of 14 years, followed by the onset of a posterodiaphragmatic infarction at 16 years-ion. The usual poor spontaneous prognosis, and the lack of efficacy of medical treatment on blood cholesterol levels, led to suggest the use of plasmapheresis. Treatment was interrupted after three months in spite of its efficacy (blood cholesterol levels reduced by 36.2 p. 100 by the 3rd month); in fact, marked alterations in ventricular function, as shown by non-invasive exploratory tests, risked to provoke an ischaemic accident from hypovolaemia during plasma exchanges. This method is nevertheless the only one currently available that can appreciably lower cholesterolaemia levels in this affection. The treatment, which is not devoid of risks, should be undertaken during the early stages, before ventricular function deteriorates due to progression of atheroma. PMID- 7081868 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference at the Pitie-Salpetriere. Polyarthritis, renal insufficiency and arterial hypertension in a 47-year-old woman]. PMID- 7081869 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis and the HLA system]. PMID- 7081870 TI - [Sclerodermic cardiomyopathy : prospective study employing phonocardiography and echocardiography. Value of diastolic parameters of ventricular function (author's transl)]. AB - A prospective study in 30 patients with systemic sclerosis included phonocardiographic (PCG) recordings in all cases and an echocardiogram (ECHO) in 18 patients. A specific diagnosis of myocardial fibrosis was established in 2 cases, based on anatomical criteria, and was suspected in 5 patients from combined clinical, electrical, and radiological findings. Ventricular diameters, the slope of mitral valve closure, and systolic parameters of ventricular function (haemodynamic quotient, left ventricle ejection fraction, and mean rate of circumferential shortening) were rarely abnormal, and did not correlate with possible myocardial fibrosis. Diastolic pick-up (PCG) was abnormal in 30 p. cent of the cases but this is not specific to myocardial fibrosis. Total myocardial relaxation interval, as measured by PCG, was significantly increased to 146 +/- 23 ms (mean +/- one standard deviation) in relation to a control group (p less than 0.001). A relaxation interval (measured by PCG and/or ECHO) superior to 150 ms is suggestive of myocardial fibrosis. The rate of thinning of the left ventricular posterior wall was diminished in the 14 cases in which it was measured. These results are in favour of a myocardial relaxation disorder during scleroderma. PMID- 7081872 TI - [Bacterial endocarditis : lack of diagnostic value of immunological investigations (author's transl)]. AB - To evaluate the diagnostic help afforded by immune determinations in feverish valvular patients, we prospectively determined: total hemolytic complement, cryoglobulin, rheumatoid factor, circulating immune complexes and direct skin immunofluorescence. Twenty patients entered the study, twelve with bacterial endocarditis, six without any bacteremia and two septicemic patients without endocarditis. We detected at least one immune abnormality in 10/12 endocarditis patients: - in 7/11 (64 p. cent) circulating immune complexes; - in 3/12 rheumatoid factor; - in 3/12 positive fluorescence in dermal vessels (IgM-C3); - and in one patient an IgG lupus-like band in the membrane basal zone. We also found circulating immune complexes in 3/4 patients without bacteremia and in 1/2 septicemic patients. We conclude that, in our small prospective study, immune abnormalities are frequent in bacterial endocarditis patients but their diagnostic values is rather limited : their absence do not rule out endocarditis and they can be present in many other febrile disorders. PMID- 7081871 TI - [Pituitary and hypothalamic metastases : 5 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Five cases of metastatic cancer in the pituitary gland are reported, four of which were revealed by chiasmatic syndrome and one by diabetes insipidus. Transphenoidal surgical treatment was possible in three cases. This site of metastasis is considered exceptional because of its customary inactivity. It is probable that the metastasis most often remain unrecognized and so, it requires careful study of the slightest sign because of treatment possibilities. PMID- 7081873 TI - Bone resorption in human cholesteatomas. PMID- 7081874 TI - Basic principles of chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic head and neck cancer. AB - For patients who fail to achieve control of head and neck cancer with local therapy, chemotherapy offers limited benefit at present. Better understanding of the phenomena which surround tumor cell killing by active agents should allow for the rational design of more effective programs. For example, as tumors grow larger, many cells cease to engage in DNA synthesis and are refractory to drugs like methotrexate. In such a case, alkylating agents might be more effective. Tritiated thymidine uptake and nuclear DNA fluorescence studies can be exploited to analyze the kinetic and metabolic behavior of tumor cells, and are described. For animal models these studies have allowed the design of "kinetic" regimens of enhanced efficacy. Methotrexate, hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and cis-platinum have appreciable antitumor activity in head and neck carcinoma. Combining active agents in a rational sequence could be facilitated by kinetic analysis of a patient's tumor, giving rise to specific regimens with more cytoreduction, less toxicity and resistance, and ultimately, better survival. PMID- 7081875 TI - Bacteriology of the maxillary sinus of rhesus monkeys. PMID- 7081876 TI - Head and neck carcinoma in patients under 40 years of age. AB - From 1965-1978 over 2,700 patients were admitted to the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary or the Massachusetts General Hospital with carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx or nasopharynx; only 36 of these patients were less than 40 years of age. Twelve patients had oropharyngeal carcinoma, 13 patients had laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and 11 patients had nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Analysis of these patients indicates an increased incidence of head and neck cancer in younger females. In patients less than age 31 there was no significant social history which contributed to early onset of disease. The younger patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma survived longer than patients of all ages with comparable neoplasms. The survival of patients with oropharyngeal, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma is comparable to survival in patients of all ages with similar lesions. PMID- 7081877 TI - Sudden deafness due to infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. AB - A case is described of sudden unilateral deafness associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The hearing function of the patient returned to normal on the third day of treatment with tetracycline. M pneumoniae is a common causative agent of protean respiratory disease and the true incidence of hearing loss in these cases may be higher than reflected by the occasional reports. Therefore, appropriate laboratory studies should be included in the evaluation of sensorineural loss associated with diverse infections of the respiratory tract. Prompt diagnosis facilitates the administration of specific treatment. However, the actual contribution of tetracyclines to restoration of hearing cannot be assessed. PMID- 7081878 TI - Biofeedback rehabilitation in seventh nerve paralysis. PMID- 7081879 TI - Standardization of acoustic reflex latency: a study in humans and nonhuman primates. PMID- 7081880 TI - Comparison of normal eustachian tube function in the rhesus monkey and man. AB - Employing inflation-deflation and forced-response tests, the eustachian tube (ET) function was evaluated in six adult human subjects with traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane and otherwise negative otologic histories; and 15 juvenile or adult rhesus monkeys with freshly created myringotomy perforations of the tympanic membrane and otherwise documented normal middle ears. The study findings demonstrated that the rhesus monkey ET functions as a scaled down model of the ET of man, exhibiting a shorter tubal dilation duration and a lesser capacity to pass air. When ET function in the two species was compared using a dimensionless measure expressing the tubal dilation efficiency, the operational biomechanics of both systems were found to be almost identical. These observed functional homologies between man and the rhesus monkey ET systems suggest that the rhesus monkey is a suitable animal model in which to study the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, stemming from ET dysfunction. PMID- 7081881 TI - Semicircular canal structure during postnatal development in cat and guinea pig. AB - The gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the cat continues to increase for some time after birth. The reason for this increase is not presently known and one possibility if that it occurs because the cat semicircular canals increase in size. The present study examined this possibility by measuring the radii of curvature (R) of individual semicircular canals and the angular relationships of the semicircular canal planes within a labyrinth in cats and guinea pigs during postnatal growth. It was found that the labyrinths do move apart substantially during postnatal development in both species, but neither the planar relations nor the radii of curvature change significantly during postnatal development. The stability of semicircular canal structure during postnatal skull growth indicates that postnatal developmental changes in canal-related function, such as increased gain in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, in these species are probably due to receptor cell or neural maturational factors. PMID- 7081882 TI - Latency of auditory nerve response in neonates one to eight hours old. AB - Recording the response of the auditory nerve (W1) in neonates can contribute to the diagnostic distinction between audiological-otological versus neurological pathology. If W1 latency were subject to relatively rapid shortening in the hours directly after birth, inconsistencies in the literature might be clarified. The purpose of this research was to study W1 in neonates one to eight hours old in order to determine if significant latency changes occur during this period. Auditory nerve-brainstem responses were recorded in 40 full-term neonates and in 12 normal adults. W1 latency in 1- to 3-hour-old neonates was 1.81 +/- 0.28 ms and 1.77 +/- 0.18 ms in 7- to 8-hour-old neonates. This difference was not significant. In adults, W1 latency was significantly shorter (1.36 +/- 0.06 ms). These findings indicate that auditory nerve latency is about 0.43 ms longer at birth than in the adult and that the latency does not shorten significantly during the first hours after birth. PMID- 7081883 TI - Functional patency of the cochlear aqueduct. AB - The perilymphatic (PP) and cerebrospinal fluid (PCSF) pressures were investigated in relation to pressure variations in the ear canal, middle ear and intracranial compartment before and after occlusion of the cochlear aqueduct (CA). Experiments using intracranial infusion showed that the CA was responsible for a perfect hydrodynamic balance between the CSF and the perilymph. There are indications of additional pressure release factors but their capacities were not sufficient to prevent the appearance of a longstanding and substantial pressure gradient following occlusion of the CA. A gradual PP build-up, from zero to its original level after the CA was opened and occluded, indicated perilymph production within the labyrinth. Investigation of pressure transfer from the ear canal and middle ear to the perilymph showed that the CA was the major pressure release route from the cochlea. Occlusion of the CA reduced the compliance of the inner ear and severely reduced the pressure release capacity. In such a situation the inner ear is almost incapable of equilibrating ambient pressure changes. PMID- 7081884 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx. PMID- 7081885 TI - [Retarded schizogony of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii in rodents treated with ethionine or subjected to a methionine deficiency: histological and ultrastructural studies]. AB - Histological and ultrastructural aspects of acute and chronic pre-erythrocytic schizonts of P. yoelii yoelii were studied with: a) acute schizonts in normal rodents; b) chronic schizonts induced in rodents receiving ethionine injections or on a low methionine diet; Experimentally induced chronic schizonts frequently have the same histological aspect as those observed in wild Thamnomys from Africa. The ultrastructural evolution of the vacuole system described by Seureau et al. in acute schizonts is discussed; new evidence is presented to support the hypothesis according to which the contents of the vacuoles are enzymatic in nature. Ultrastructural studies of chronic schizonts show alterations in the sites of synthesis (zones of rough endoplasmic reticulum small and not numerous, absent in the most delayed schizonts; vesicle system poorly developed and also disturbances of nuclear development (slow division, apparently inhibited in the most retarded forms.) A peripheral accumulation of vacuoles in many chronic schizonts without discharge of their contents to the parasitophorous space, might indicate an alteration of their membranes, leaving them unable to fuse with the schizont plasmalemma. PMID- 7081886 TI - [Three cases of abnormality in sandflies from Corfu (Greece) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081887 TI - [Rediscovery of 2 Strigeata (Trematoda) from Australia]. PMID- 7081888 TI - [Larval development of Paricterotaenia porosa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae) in dipterans of the genus Chironomus, experimental hosts. On comparative larval forms of dilepidid flatworms (author's transl)]. AB - The authors describe the larval evolution of Paricterotaenia porosa (Rud., 1810) Fuhrmann (1932) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae) in three species belonging to the genus Chironomus (Diptera, Nematocera) used as experimental hosts. The protoscolex of the infestant larva is retracted into a cystic vesicule, the cysticercoid is surrounded by a fragmented cercomer and a capsule. P. porosa in contrary to P. paradoxa (Rud., 1802) do not present asexual reproduction in its intermediate host. P. porosa and Anomotaenia constricta (Molin, 1858) Cohn (1900) show a similar evolution, though the cercomer appears sooner in the former. These cysticercoids are regarded as Monocercus Villot (1883) the characteristics of which are given. The Monocercus is specific to the Dilepididae. The other larval types described in this family i.e. Cercoscolex and Plerocercus (Jackera, 1970) Plerocercoid (Freeman, 1973) ans Strobilo cysticercoid (Freeman, 1973) are compared to the larva of other families: Proteocephalidae, Mesocestoididae and Amabiliidae respectively. PMID- 7081889 TI - Durikainema macropi gen. et sp. nov. (Muspiceoidea: Robertdollfusidae). A remarkable nematode from Macropodidae (Marsupialia). AB - Durikainema macropi gen. et sp. nov. (Muspiceoidea: Robertdollfusidae) is described from the mesenteric and hepatic portal veins of Macropus giganteus Shaw 1790, M. agilis (Gould 1842) and M. rufogriseus (Desmarest 1817) (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Queensland, Australia. It is also known from histological sections of hepatic portal veins of M. robustus Gould 1841, M. fuliginosus (Desmarest 1817) and Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould 1842. The new genus resembles the Enoplina in cephalic and caudal characters and the Dorylaimina in other characters. Durikainema resembles Robertdollfusa Chabaud and Campana 1950 in its small form, absence of mouth oesophagus and anus, atrophied digestive tube, reduction of female genital apparatus to a uterine pouch, viviparity and cephalic cuticular inflation in larvae. It differs from this genus in its complex and well developed cephalic structures and its well developed body musculature in both sexes. Durikainema is tentatively placed in the Robertdollfusidae, Muspiceoidea. Larvae develop beyond firststage in the uterus of the female. They have been found in the non-peripheral blood of male and female M. giganteus, the lactating mammary gland of female M. agilis but not the non-lactating glands of the same female and in the deep capillaries of thigh skin of male M. agilis. Transmission of the parasite may be direct by a percutaneous or milk route, or indirect by a haemophagous arthropod. PMID- 7081890 TI - Anatrichosoma haycocki sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the paracloacal glands of Antechinus spp. With notes on Skrjabinocapillaria skarbilovitsch. AB - Anatrichosoma haycocki sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) is described from the paracloacal glands of Antechinus swainsonii (Waterhouse, 1840) and A. stuartii Macleay, 1841 (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) from Nadgee State Forest, New South Wales, Australia. Immature male and female worms occur free in the intestine. A. haycocki is distinguished from other species of Anatrichosoma by the following suite of morphological characters: small size, absence of longitudinal cuticular striations in both sexes, subterminal constriction of male tail bearing 14 minute papillae and inflation of posterior portion of mature female giving Trichuris like appearance. It is also characterised by its occurrence in paracloacal glands in a genus of small carnivorous dasyurid marsupial restricted to Australia and New Guinea. Skrjabinocapillaria rodentium Wertheim and Chabaud, 1979 is recognised as a synonym of Anatrichosoma gerbillis (Bernard, 1964). The genus Skrjabinocapillaria Skarbilovitsch, 1946 is placed as a synonym of Capillaria Zeder, 1800, resulting in the new combination for the type species: C. eubarsata (Skarbilovitsch, 1946) comb. nov. It is suggested that deep penetration of the female uterus by the male at insemination is a behavioural feature common to members of the Trichinelloidea and that the morphology of the male reproductive tract reflects the mechanisms of penetration employed by members of each genus. PMID- 7081891 TI - [Some aspects of nutritional mechanisms in the isopod Ceratothoa oestroides Risso, 1826 parasite of fishes (author's transl)]. AB - Some nutritional mechanisms of the isopod Cymothoidae Ceratothoa oestroides, haematophagic parasite of the teleostean sparid fish Boops boops have been studied in female sexual phase individuals. The study of qualitative (hepatopancreas repletion, different colouration) and quantitative variations (weight variations-) of digestive tract and its appendages has permitted to observe that blood absorption is close related to sexual developmental stages and intermolt cycle. The general pattern seems as follows: food intake is made prior or just before vitellogenesis and after releasing of "pulli". The use of ingested nutriments and reserves allow vitellogenesis and intramarsupium larval development. We have also tried to investigate if it does exist a mechanism starting blood absorption and attempted to elucidate its nature. A such mechanism seems indeed to exist, it might have been partially dependent upon a stimulus such as osmotic pressure or ionic composition of host blood. Moreover, chemoreceptors activity is envisaged those could likely occur as bucal appendages, bucal cavity or even the oesophagian region of parasites. PMID- 7081892 TI - Amblyomma ticks found on cattle in the northwest of Argentina. Preliminary report. AB - The phytogeographical and seasonal distributions of three species of Amblyomma ticks found on cattle are presented. The material studied was collected during a four-year survey in the Northwest of Argentina. Amblyomma neumanni shows predilection for the Chaqueno Serrano district although it was also found in ecotones (phytogeographical transition zones) of the adjacent Western Chaqueno district and the province of Las Yungas. Amblyomma cajennense was found in the Western Chaqueno and Chaqueno Serrano districts as well as in the province of Las Yungas. Amblyomma parvum was found in all the Western Chaqueno district and in the northern driest part of the Chaqueno Serrano district. Amblyomma neumanni seems to be inactive in summer while A. parvum adults predominate in summer and disappear in winter. The scarcity of the preimaginal stages of A. parvum on cattle suggests that these stages prefer non-bovine hosts. PMID- 7081893 TI - [In vitro infection of adult Thamnomys hepatocytes by sporozoites of Plasmodium yoelii: development of schizonts and release of infective merozoites]. PMID- 7081894 TI - [Computed cranial tomography in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081896 TI - [Posteroanterior chest films in corrected transposition of the great arteries (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081895 TI - [Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma in children: a case-report. Review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081897 TI - [Visual prognosis in pediatric patients with herpes simplex lesions of the eye (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081898 TI - [Renal growth and urinary tract infection after surgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux without ureteral dilatation in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081899 TI - [Diaphragmatic eventration and phrenic paralysis in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081901 TI - [The infantile nephrotic syndrome. A report of six Tunisian cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081900 TI - [Homocystinuria with unusual neurologic features including chorea: a case-report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081903 TI - [Considerations on poisonous snakes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081904 TI - [The battered child: a topic for novelists? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081902 TI - [Bacterial pneumonia and empyema in infants and children. Sixty cases seen in Togo (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081905 TI - Cleft lip--a timetable. PMID- 7081906 TI - Application of the latissimus dorsi muscle to the heart. AB - A technique was investigated for possible application in the treatment of myocardial ischemia and for repair of ventricular aneurysms. Six dogs underwent operations to transpose the latissimus dorsi muscle onto the surface of a tangentially excised area of myocardium. Three dogs were reexplored at 4 months, and 1 was reexplored at 11/2 years. A firm union of latissimus dorsi to myocardium was demonstrated macroscopically, and there was microangiographic evidence of neovascularization. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap provides considerable bulk, leaves a minimal donor site defect, has the potential for neovascularization, may provide mechanical cardiac assistance, and is simple to transfer. Further investigation is indicated. PMID- 7081907 TI - Chest wall reconstruction--management of the difficult chest wound. AB - Full-thickness chest wall defects after ablative surgery for metastatic cancer, trauma, infection, or irradiation injury have posed major and often impossible dilemmas for reconstruction. At times, resection has had to be abandoned because reconstruction was deemed infeasible. However, recent knowledge of the multicentric blood supply and anatomy of the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscle make it possible to use these muscles and myocutaneous units (even following division of their major blood supply) for reconstruction of the chest wall. The reconstruction of difficult anterolateral chest wall defects is discussed and the options available to the surgeon before and after interruption of the major blood supply to these flaps are presented. PMID- 7081908 TI - Muscle flaps and the vascular detour principle: the soleus. AB - We present a concept in muscle and myocutaneous flap transfer whereby distally based flaps can, under very special circumstances, be transferred with an augmented arc of rotation and more reliable circulation. The concept is the inclusion of adjacent longitudinal vessels in the elevation, within which vessels the flow is reversed. To our knowledge this concept has not been previously described. The soleus muscle and eight other muscles have been found to be potentially useful in this regard. We report here our experience with 3 clinical cases of the distally-based soleus flap with a reversed pedicle, exemplifying the vascular detour principle. Our limited experience indicates no impairment of blood supply to the limb in short-term follow-up. Until further studies confirm the safety of major vessel sacrifice in a limb, we recommend only judicious use of this flap in highly selected situations. PMID- 7081909 TI - Foreheadplasty--a selective approach. PMID- 7081910 TI - The influence of angiography on experimental free flap survival. PMID- 7081911 TI - Suture material and static electricity. PMID- 7081912 TI - An inexpensive inkstand for the operating room. PMID- 7081913 TI - Local flaps. PMID- 7081914 TI - Venous thromboembolism: challenge and fulfillment? AB - Developments in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of thromboembolism are reviewed in the light of the author's own experience and that of others. Particular attention is paid to the role of antithrombotic drugs in prophylaxis and to the place of pulmonary embolectomy in the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. PMID- 7081915 TI - The clinical application of oestrogen receptor analysis in early cancer of the breast. AB - The analysis of receptors for oestrogen in early cancer of the breast may be used to predict prognosis. The presence or absence of oestrogen receptors is independent of menstrual status, the stage of the patient's disease, and the histological grade of the tumour. Therefore combination with other prognostic factors gives a more accurate assessment of an individual patient's outlook. In the study described prognostic subgroups were determined from tumour axillary lymph node histology and oestrogen receptor status. The clinical application of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7081916 TI - A critical assessment of fluoroscopy in peroperative cholangiography. AB - In a prospective study of 248 patients undergoing peroperative cholangiography fluoroscopy improved the quality of radiographs by ensuring the use of a volume of contrast medium appropriate to each patient's duct capacity and the correct positioning of the ducts away from obscuring objects. Failure of contrast medium to enter the duodenum is usually considered to be an indication for choledochotomy. Although this occurred in 35 patients, the use of fluoroscopy and the injection of an anticholinergic drug without further contrast medium showed the choledochoduodenal junction to be normal, making choledochotomy unnecessary, in 28. The low negative duct exploration rate (3 of 56 patients) and the virtual elimination of false positive peroperative postexploratory cholangiograms (1 of 50 patients) provide further evidence of the value of fluoroscopy. PMID- 7081917 TI - A randomised prospective trial of two drainage methods after cholecystectomy. AB - A prospective trial is described in which simple tube drainage was compared with suction drainage after cholecystectomy. Postoperative chest infection and infected or painful drain wounds were both significantly more common with simple tube drains. Postoperative discomfort was more frequent with tube drains in situ and wound infection more common in the suction group, but neither of these differences was statistically significant. The mean volume of fluid drained and duration of hospital stay did not differ between methods. It is concluded that both methods are satisfactory, but suction drainage is recommended. PMID- 7081918 TI - Foreign bodies in the respiratory tract of children. PMID- 7081920 TI - Adhesive wound irrigation device. PMID- 7081919 TI - Exclusion pyloroplasty. PMID- 7081921 TI - The management of recurrent varicose veins. PMID- 7081922 TI - Early closure of transverse loop colostomies. PMID- 7081923 TI - [The use of radionuclide scanning in the diagnosis of pulmonary carcinous metastases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081924 TI - [Loco-regional recurrences and second lung cancers after bronchial cancer resections (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081925 TI - [Surgical treatment of lung cancer in elderly patients. 322 cases aged over 65 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081926 TI - [Tracheal resection and anastomosis for postintubation and post-tracheotomic stenosis, technical considerations and results of twenty seven cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081927 TI - [Surgery of tracheo-bronchial foreign bodies in infants and children. Report on six cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081928 TI - [Non-traumatic non-malignant broncho-esophageal fistulae in the adult - two successful operations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081930 TI - [Radio-anatomical study of the pulmonary artery and its branches. Clinical application (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081929 TI - [Alleged pseudo-hodgkinian perithymic granulomatous tumors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081931 TI - [Thoracotomy in the treatment of massive goiters of the posterior mediastinum. Three cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081932 TI - [Calcified tricuspid endocarditis complicated by a paradoxical aortic embolism in a child (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081933 TI - [A straddling tricuspid valve. Repair without replacement of the valve(author's transl)]. PMID- 7081934 TI - [Ventricular septal defects accompanied by aortic insufficiency - Clinical and surgical considerations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081936 TI - [Infantile phrenic dehiscence. Study of 36 cases between 1951 and 1980 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081935 TI - [Different methods of coronary revascularization in the treatment of aortic aneurysms. Twenty-two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081937 TI - [Surgical management of palsy and symptomatic phrenic dehiscence in infants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081938 TI - [Diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081940 TI - [Eventration of the diaphragm in the adult - twenty cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081939 TI - [Diaphragmatic eventration in adults treated by plication. Post-operative long term results (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081941 TI - [The use of EMG in eventration of the diaphragm in adults (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081942 TI - [Perfusion and ventilation lung scanning in the preoperative evaluation of bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7081943 TI - The morphology of the hypothenar radial arch: a study of hypothenar patterns in the Faroe Islands population. AB - Hypothenar patterns of 283 male and 320 female Faroe Islanders were classified according to the topological system of Penrose and Loesch (1970). Radial arches, individually specified according to their associated A-line configurations, were present at high frequencies (over 5.6%) in individuals of both sexes. Radial arches were about five times more frequent on right hands than on left. The occurrence of two main A-line types reported by Grace (1975), with a predominance of type 2 in Europeans, was confirmed. The contralateral patterns most frequently associated with radial arches were central loops and open fields. A developmental model is proposed, based on observation of the present study and the embryological studies of Cummins (1929). The contralateral patterns are taken as indicators of a developmental sequence of pattern formation from central or carpal loop to open field in which the radial arch can be considered an integral part. It is proposed that the configuration of ridges reflects the morphology and state of regression of the proximal hypothenar pad at the time of ridge differentiation and that the radial arch is formed at a transient phase during the loop to open field sequence. A suggestion, which needs confirmation from further population studies, that there may be a statistical association between the occurrence of the radial arch phenotype and absence of triradius c, also with unusual frequencies of digital patterns, has been raised by the present results. PMID- 7081944 TI - Associations between pelvic anatomy, height and year of birth of men and women in Belfast. AB - Standardized radiological pelvimetry was used to examine 242 male and 314 female adults attending the out-patient departments of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Seven indices of pelvic size and shape were measured from X-rays on each individual together with social and biological factors including age, height and year of birth. The aims were to quantify any differences in pelvic anatomy between the sexes and to measure correlations between these pelvic indices and selected biosocial factors. Pelvic indices for men and women of similar stature were significantly different, with the exception of the brim index, and these anatomical changes were correlated with year of birth. The similarity of the findings in both sexes suggests common environmental factors such as nutrition are the most likely causes, rather than factors specifically associated with pregnancy and childbirth. PMID- 7081945 TI - Cigarette smoking and the age at menopause. AB - In a sample of 15,464 apparently healthy Australian women, the mean age at natural menopause of women who smoke ten or more cigarettes a day was 1.3 years lower than that of other women. These distributions were well described by logistic distributions with the same variances. A parallel non-parametric Kaplan Meier analysis confirmed that heavy smokers reached menopause earlier than other women, and also showed that the women accurately recalled their age at menopause. Logistic regression analyses were used to show that obesity, alcohol intake and regular use of aspirin and other analgesics, sedatives, tranquillizers or anti depressants did not affect the distribution of the age at natural menopause. The age-specific probability of natural compared with surgically induced menopause was shown to be independent of smoking history and obesity. Logistic regression analysis is a powerful statistical technique for analysing data such as age specific proportions of still menstrual women. It is easy to apply and interpret, and its aptness for any particular data set is readily assessed. PMID- 7081946 TI - National study of health and growth: social and family factors and obesity in primary schoolchildren. AB - The association of social and family factors with triceps skinfold and weight for height and age was assessed using multiple regression analyses for 5-11 year-old children in England and Scotland. Parents' body build was the factor most consistently associated with the two proxy measures of obesity. Number of siblings in the family was inversely related to triceps skinfold thickness. Parents' body-build and number of siblings were more strongly related to our measures of obesity in the older age groups and in girls, whereas child's birth weight was more associated with weight for height and triceps skinfold in the younger age groups. Father's social class and mother's education made almost no contribution to the variation of triceps skinfold and weight for height in children. The relative risk of obesity associated with any individual independent variables was less than or around two. We conclude that there is little scope for identifying the majority of children at risk of obesity in a characteristic social environment. However, the increase in the association between our measures of obesity in parents and older children provides a possible tool for the early detection of children who may become obese. PMID- 7081947 TI - National study of health and growth: social and family factors and overweight in English and Scottish parents. AB - Lower social class, several children, and overweight partner and increasing age were factors significantly associated with overweight in parents aged 20-55 years in England and Scotland. These associations were greater for women than men in both countries. These results support the contention that social circumstances contribute to overweight in adults. However, both the magnitude of the explained variation and the relative risk of each factor for overweight were low. We conclude that the selection of families for preventive health measures using the above risk factors would exclude a large proportion of the population who will become obese. PMID- 7081948 TI - The distribution of skull asymmetry in man. PMID- 7081949 TI - Degree of resemblance of the pattern of growth among sibs in families of West Bengal (India). AB - The Preece-Baines Model 1 curve has been fitted to longitudinal data on growth in height of 105 boys and girls in 70 Bengal families: 60 of these were sibs distributed in 25 families. For a number of growth characteristics, such as age at peak height velocity, the proportion of the total population variance that was due to variation between, as opposed to within, families was estimated by Smith's (1980) method. The proportions for age at take-off of the adolescent spurt, of age at PHV, and of PHV itself were 22%, 26% and 33% (where adult height gives a value of about 40%). The sample is small and these estimates have high standard errors and need confirmation. PMID- 7081951 TI - The skeleton, an important site of lipogenesis in the chick. AB - Studies in vitro and in vivo with chicks using 14C-1-acetate have shown that the bone could be an important site of lipogenesis. The in vitro relative activities of various bones in incorporating 14C into fatty acids varied from one tenth to one third of hepatic activity. The bone marrow activity attained about two thirds that of the liver. In vitro and in vivo activities of bones were highly correlated (r = 0.902). The activity of compact parietal bones was the lowest. Estimates of lipogenesis in vivo in various tissues (% of total incorporation) were as follows: liver, 45; skeleton, 23; skin and small intestine, 6. Incorporation by muscles, adipose tissue and kidneys were negligible. PMID- 7081950 TI - Estimation of calendar age from eruption times of permanent teeth in Kenyan Africans and Asians. AB - Eruption data for permanent teeth, obtained from a previous cross-sectional study of 2847 African and Asian school children aged 4-14 years in Nairobi, Kenya, were used to calculate the median age and the 10th-90th percentile range of age, for a given number of teeth present. For a limited period (5-13 years) up to the time of eruption of second molars, the total number of permanent teeth erupted can be used to estimate the age of a child, with an error which increases with the number of teeth present. The range of this error is about 18-30% of the median age for African males, 21-29% for African females, 15-33% for Asian males and 18 33% for Asian females, with a 1 in 5 chance that the error may exceed these limits. PMID- 7081952 TI - Alteration in fatty acid composition of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, myelin and synaptosomes in intrauterine malnutrition in rat. AB - Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was obtained by ligation of one uterine artery on day 17 of pregnancy. Neurons isolated from IUGR rats presented a decrease of monounsaturated fatty acids and an increase of omega-3 serie fatty acids, concomitant to a decrease of omega-6 serie fatty acids. Oligodendrocyte content in monounsaturated fatty acids was also reduced; important modifications occurred in their polyunsaturated fatty acid distribution. Myelin was close to normal in adults, slightly altered in young. Synaptosomes presented slight disturbances in polyunsaturated fatty acid distribution. Thus, the fatty acid composition was an index of maturation stage and nutritional status of developing brain membranes. PMID- 7081953 TI - Further considerations on alcohol intake and coronary risk factors in a Rome working population group: HDL-cholesterol. AB - A study on the relationships between habitual alcohol consumption and the main coronary risk factors was carried out in 520 consecutive high-risk men examined during an annual rescreening of a working population group within the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. Alcohol intake was determined by means of a semiquantitative questionnaire. The mean daily wine intake was about 0.5 liter, the consumption of other alcoholic beverages being negligible. No statistically significant correlations were found between average daily wine consumption and the main coronary risk factors, while a strongly positive correlation (p less than 0.001) was observed with plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Also differences in HDL-cholesterol between occasional drinkers and moderate drinkers were statistically significant. No differences were observed in total cholesterol and triglycerides. The findings suggest that habitual moderate amounts of alcohol may increase HDL-cholesterol between occasional drinkers and moderate drinkers were statistically significant. No differences were observed in total cholesterol and triglycerides. The findings suggest that habitual moderate amounts of alcohol may increase HDL-cholesterol levels. PMID- 7081954 TI - Removal and addition of bile in the intestine, and pancreatic colipase activity in the pig: effect of a high-lipid diet. AB - The aim of the reported study was to investigate the effects of the removal and addition of bile in the intestine on the tissue pancreatic colipase of pigs fed a high-lipid diet (25% peanut oil). Experiments were carried out on fistulated pigs. In one group of animals, bile was removed for 8 days; in a second group an excess of bile was added in the intestine for 8 days. Results were compared to those obtained in pigs in which the collected bile was entirely returned. When bile was removed, the tissue enzyme activities of pancreatic lipase and colipase significantly decreased; the latter increased when bile was added in the intestine of pigs whose enterohepatic cycle was fully maintained. PMID- 7081955 TI - [Changes in absorption of manganese during gravidity and lactation]. AB - Model studies were conducted using isolated everted sacs of small intestines of rats to test the absorption of manganese during pregnancy and lactation. The intestinal transfer of manganese to the serosal solution and the uptake of manganese into the intestinal wall were measured. The results agree well and yield a comparable pattern of absorption. The Mn absorption rises only slightly in the first and second third of gestation (6th and 12th days of gestation). In the third part of pregnancy (18th day), however, three times more manganese is absorbed compared to the nonpregnant, nonlactating control animals (p less than 0.001). The Mn transfer and uptake decrease distinctly at the day of birth (20th day of gestation and 1st day of lactation) but only for this short period. The absorption increases again significantly (p less than 0.05) on the 3rd, 5th and 8th days of lactation, respectively, while it decreases at the end of lactation (21st day of lactation) to the level of the controls. Reasons for this pattern are discussed. PMID- 7081956 TI - Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. AB - A pilot study to test the usefulness of food consumption data in estimating sodium intake and the sources of sodium in the diet was carried out on 154 women and men aged 24-64 years (mean age 45 years). The subjects kept food records for 4 consecutive days and collected three 24-hour urine samples starting on the 2nd day. The calculation of sodium intake was based on both the average sodium content of nonprepared and manufactured foods and on the average salt content of different prepared foods and dishes. The 24-hour sodium excretion was, on the average, 93% of the calculated intake indicating that this method can give valid results for groups of people at least. Naturally occurring sodium constituted about 13% of the total sodium intake and sodium from table salt used in food preparation about 43%. The most important food items were bread, constituting 20% of the sodium intake, and sausages and other meat products providing 12%. The discretionary (consumer-controlled) use of salt was about 40%, being lowest among men and younger people in general. The results of this study indicate that food consumption data collected in nutrition surveys could be used for estimating sodium intake and sources of sodium in the diet of population groups whenever accurate data on the salt content of local foods are available. PMID- 7081957 TI - Myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. PMID- 7081958 TI - The digoxin-quinidine interaction. PMID- 7081959 TI - Postmenopausal estrogen use. PMID- 7081960 TI - The role of anaerobic bacteria in abscess formation. PMID- 7081961 TI - Thirst and its disorders. PMID- 7081962 TI - Renal vein thrombosis. PMID- 7081964 TI - The development of reliable diagnostic criteria in psychiatry. PMID- 7081963 TI - Gastric exclusion surgery in the management of morbid obesity. PMID- 7081965 TI - Red cell transfusion problems in immunohematologic disease. PMID- 7081966 TI - The thalassemia syndromes: models for the molecular analysis of human disease. PMID- 7081967 TI - Prevention of radiation injury: predictability and preventability of complications of radiation therapy. PMID- 7081970 TI - Interaction of metronidazole with resistant and susceptible Bacteroides fragilis. AB - The kinetics of the lethal action of metronidazole and the formation of acetamide have been studied in a strain of Bacteroides fragilis which is relatively resistant to metronidazole. As with a susceptible strain of B. fragilis, the data are consistent with a model in which a labile intermediate in metronidazole metabolism interacts either with water to form acetamide or with a bacterium to cause its death. Although the relatively resistant strain grows more slowly than the susceptible one and is killed less rapidly by metronidazole, the resistant strain displays the same relationship between the lethal action of metronidazole and metronidazole metabolism to acetamide. The relatively resistant strain, like the susceptible one, has an enhanced lethal response to metronidazole in the presence of a strain of Escherichia coli. The results suggest that the proposed labile reactive intermediate of metronidazole forms more slowly in the resistant strains. PMID- 7081969 TI - Novel antibiotic resistance transfer in Bacteroides. AB - Resistance to tetracycline and lincosamide antibiotics was transferred en bloc from a strain of Bacteroides fragilis (V503) to a plasmidless strain of Bacteroides uniformis (V528) during in vitro filter matings. Resistance transfer was detected at frequencies of 10(-5) to 10(-6) drug-resistant progeny per input donor cell and was dependent on cell-to-cell contact of donors and recipients. Transfer was insensitive to DNase and was not mediated by chloroform- or filter sterilized donor broth cultures. A determinant for resistance to cefoxitin in V503 was not transferred in this system. V503 contained a 3.7 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid (pVA503). Drug-resistant progeny of V503 x V528 matings usually contained pVA503, but up to 20% of the total progeny of such crosses were plasmid free. Filter blot DNA hybridization studies (Southern method) confirmed that pVA503 was not integrated into the host chromosome of the plasmidless progeny. Drug resistant progeny from V503 x V528 matings (with or without pVA503) conjugally transferred clindamycin resistance an tetracycline resistance to a suitable recipient strain. None of the drug resistance determinants of V503 were affected by treatment with standard plasmid curing regimens, and methods designed to detect very large plasmid molecules failed to suggest the involvement of extrachromosomal DNA in this resistance transfer system. The well-characterized Bacteroides R plasmid, pBF4 (conferring clindamycin resistance), was found to share hybridizing sequences with bulk cellular V503 DNA when examined by filter blot hybridization. Similarly sized sequences were found in drug-resistant progeny recovered from matings. Neither of the two pBF4 derivatives carrying deletions that abolished clindamycin resistance hybridized with V503 DNA. PMID- 7081971 TI - Pharmacokinetics of single-dose erythromycin in normal and alcoholic liver disease subjects. AB - Six normal males and eight male subjects with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and ascites were given a single 500-mg dose of erythromycin base. Twelve serum samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 24 h after dosing and assayed microbiologically for erythromycin concentration. Absorption was characterized by a zero-order model for both groups. ALD subjects demonstrated a shorter lag time (2.0 versus 3.0 h), an earlier peak (4.6 versus 6.3 h, P less than 0.05), and higher peak concentrations (2.04 versus 1.50 micrograms/ml) than normal subjects. Previously unreported biphasic elimination kinetics after oral dosing were observed in five and four ALD subjects. In the ALD group, the mean half lives for the first (alpha) and terminal (beta) phases were 1.6 and 4.5 h, respectively, and in normal subjects, were 1.3 and 6.6 h. The difference in alpha between groups was significant, P less than 0.05. The clinical significance of this finding for ALD patients receiving prolonged courses of erythromycin is discussed. PMID- 7081972 TI - Cefaclor pharmacokinetic parameters: serum concentrations determined by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic technique. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters of cefaclor were studied in eight patients after an oral dose of 250 mg. Serum samples were obtained before and on 19 occasions after oral administration. Cefaclor serum concentrations were determined by a new high performance liquid chromatographic technique. PMID- 7081968 TI - Embolism in mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7081973 TI - High-level aminoglycoside resistance in group A, B, G, D (Streptococcus bovis), and viridans streptococci. AB - Of 20 clinical isolates of group A, B, G, D (Streptococcus bovis), and viridans streptococci, 5 transferred their antibiotic resistance markers into streptococcal recipients at a low frequency (10(-4) to 10(-8)) in the apparent absence of extrachromosomal elements. All strains carried genetic markers for high-level resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, lividomycin A, and ribostamycin, as well as resistance to macrolides and related drugs, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. PMID- 7081974 TI - Effect of clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline on growth and extracellular lipase production by propionibacteria in vitro. AB - Two propionibacteria identified as Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum were grown anaerobically in the presence of growth subinhibitory concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 minimal inhibitory concentrations) of clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline. Viable counts and assays of extracellular lipase were performed on samples taken at 24-h intervals over a 96 h period. The results showed that lincomycin and clindamycin could inhibit the production of the enzyme by both strains with little effect on their growth rates. Tetracycline caused inhibition of lipase production by P. granulosum only. Although production of the enzyme by P. acnes was delayed in the presence of tetracycline, the final titer was the same as the control. Erythromycin had little effect on growth and enzyme production of either strain. It is possible, therefore, that certain antibiotics used in acne therapy may act not only as bactericidal agents but also as inhibitors of enzyme production under non-growth limiting conditions. PMID- 7081976 TI - High-level potentiation of lysostaphin anti-staphylococcal activity by lysozyme. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether lysostaphin would enhance its anti-staphylococcal efficacy in combination with lysozyme. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of lysostaphin and lysozyme were separately determined for 41 strains belonging to 10 different species of human staphylococci. Lysozyme was virtually inactive and showed MICs of 15 mg/ml. On the contrary, all strains were susceptible to lysostaphin and showed MICs ranging from 2.5 to 60 micrograms/ml for the different Staphylococcus species. When the MIC of lysostaphin was determined in media containing submultiples of the MIC of lysozyme, the values obtained were much lower. The reduction of the lysostaphin MIC ranged from 16- to 200-fold in the different species tested. In Staphylococcus aureus, in particular, the combination of lysostaphin with 1.5 mg of lysozyme per ml reduced the MIC of lysostaphin by 25-fold. The activities of two combinations of the two enzymes were evaluated: one combination was expected to be active on S. aureus only, and the other combination was expected to inhibit all Staphylococcus strains. The first combination (0.5 micrograms of lysostaphin plus 0.5 mg of lysozyme per ml) was inhibitory to all of the 84 S. aureus strains tested, whereas 137 of 151 strains of other Staphylococcus species were unaffected. On the contrary, all of the 235 Staphylococcus strains tested were inhibited by the second combination (4 micrograms of lysostaphin plus 5 mg of lysozyme per ml). The possible mechanisms of lysostaphin potentiation by lysozyme are considered, and the potential use of a lysostaphin-lysozyme combination for topical therapy of staphylococcal infections resistant to other antibiotics is discussed. PMID- 7081975 TI - Uptake, distribution, and anabolism of acyclovir in herpes simplex virus-infected mice. AB - The uptake, distribution, and anabolism of the nucleoside analog 9-(2 hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine (acyclovir) were compared in herpes simplex virus infected and uninfected mice. Analyses of tissue distribution and the concentration of acyclovir after either a single dose or multiple doses failed to reveal significant differences between drug levels in infected and uninfected animals. Extracts of tissues from [8-14C] acyclovir-treated animals were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography to detect the presence of any phosphorylated forms of the drug. The sensitivity of this method did not allow a reproducible demonstration of acyclovir anabolism in herpes simplex virus infected tissues owing to the low numbers of infected cells per organ. PMID- 7081978 TI - Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in normal and morbidly obese subjects. AB - In an uncontrolled study, vancomycin pharmacokinetics were determined in four normal (total body weight [TBW], 65.9 to 89.1 kg) and six morbidly obese (TBW, 111.4 to 226.4 kg) subjects. The morbidly obese subjects were investigated 3 to 4 h after gastric bypass surgery. Mean terminal half-lives, volumes of distribution, and total body clearances for the normal controls and the morbidly obese (TBW, 111.4 to 226.4 kg) subjects. The morbidly obese subjects were investigated 3 to 4 h after gastric bypass surgery. Mean terminal half-lives, volumes of distribution, and total body clearances for the normal controls and the morbidly obese subjects were 4.8 h, 0.39 liter/kg, and 1.085 ml/min per kg versus 3.2 h, 0.26 liter/kg TBW, and 1.112 ml/min per kg TBW. The mean terminal half-life and volume of distribution values were significantly different between the two groups. Strong correlations were found between TBW and both volume of distribution (correlation coefficient, 0.943) and total body clearance (correlation coefficient, 0.981). There results implied that TBW should be used to calculate vancomycin doses for morbidly obese patients. This was supported by the finding that there was no significant difference in the daily dose (in milligrams per kilogram per day) required to produce an average steady-state concentration of 15 micrograms/ml in the two groups (23.4 +/- 1.5 mg/kg per day for normal weight subjects and 24.0 +/- 3.4 mg/kg per day TBW for the postsurgery morbidly obese subjects). Therefore, the morbidly obese required higher total doses (in milligrams per day) than did normal weight subjects to achieve the same mean steady-state concentrations. In addition, normal weight and morbidly obese subjects had similar volumes of the central compartment (7.7 and 6.4 liters, respectively). To avoid high transient peak concentrations which would occur when obese patients are given larger total doses (in milligrams per day), maintenance doses may be given at more frequent intervals. The shorter mean terminal half lives observed in morbidly obese patients allows more frequent dosing without excessive accumulation. PMID- 7081979 TI - Minimal nephrotoxicity with cephalosporin-aminoglycoside combinations in patients with neoplastic disease. AB - Patients with cancer and suspected sepsis were treated in a prospective, randomized trial with one of four cephalosporin-aminoglycoside combinations: cephalothin and tobramycin; cephalothin and gentamicin; cefamandole and tobramycin; or cefamandole and gentamicin. Carbenicillin was added if the absolute granulocyte count was less than 1,000/mm3. Of 199 patients receiving 20 to more doses of an aminoglycoside and having serial determination of serum creatinines, nephrotoxicity developed in seven (3.5%) given any of the four combinations. There were no significant differences between patients receiving either cephalosporin or either aminoglycoside. Nephrotoxicity developed less frequently among children (2 or 125; 1.6%) than adults (5 of 74; 6.8%). PMID- 7081977 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Moraxella bovis determined by agar disk diffusion and broth microdilution. AB - The antimicrobial susceptibility of 84 isolates of Moraxella bovis was evaluated by the standard agar disk diffusion and broth microdilution procedures. All isolates were resistant to cloxacillin by disk diffusion, with 97% of isolates having a minimal inhibitory concentration of greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml. Of the hemolytic isolates, 68% were resistant to streptomycin. A high frequency of susceptibility was recorded for all other antimicrobial agents tested. Quantitative data supported the use of sulfonamides, but not tylosin, for parenteral infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis therapy. PMID- 7081980 TI - pH-dependent penicillin tolerance may protect intraleukocytic Staphylococcus aureus from killing by cloxacillin. AB - Exposure of Staphylococcus aureus to cloxacillin at neutral pH rendered the bacteria more susceptible to subsequent lysis by lysostaphin. This sensitization effect also occurred at lower pH levels which were nonpermissive for the bactericidal action of cloxacillin, but the effect disappeared at pH 5.0. These findings elucidate previous observations on the protection of intraleukocytic S. aureus from killing by cloxacillin and indicate that low pH in the phagolysosomes may be involved. PMID- 7081982 TI - Gentamicin does not chelate calcium. AB - The influence of increasing gentamicin concentrations on ionized calcium concentration was determined in pH-controlled, phosphate-buffered saline and normal human serum with an ion-specific calcium electrode. No evidence of calcium chelation was found. PMID- 7081981 TI - Clindamycin therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. AB - The efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis in rabbits was compared with that of nafcillin. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly three times daily for 5 days, clindamycin at doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg and nafcillin at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (0.125 microgram/ml) of clindamycin for the test strain of Staphylococcus aureus were very similar to the corresponding concentrations (0.25 microgram/ml) of nafcillin. The effectiveness of clindamycin against the experimental endocarditis was dose dependent. The therapeutic accomplishments of the two highest clindamycin doses were equivalent to those attained with 200 mg of nafcillin per kg. The rates of sterilization of vegetations were equal when the serum bactericidal titers of these drugs were greater than or equal to 1:8. In special situations the administration of clindamycin in high doses could prove useful in the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis. PMID- 7081983 TI - Phytate hydrolysis by germfree and conventional rats. AB - Phytic acid is naturally occurring compound that reduces intestinal absorption of many metals. Early work suggests that some dietary phytate may be hydrolyzed in the large intestines by bacteria, but more recently nutritionists have suggested that a mucosal enzyme is responsible. This paper reports a study intended to resolve this controversy. The hydrolysis of dietary phytic acid was measured in germfree and conventional rats fed either of two diets that differed in their calcium content. Negligible phytate hydrolysis occurred in the germfree rats, whereas 22 and 56% of the phytic acid was hydrolyzed by conventional rats fed high- and low-calcium diets, respectively. We concluded that bacteria were responsible for the hydrolysis of phytate in these diets and that any activity of endogenous enzyme was negligible. PMID- 7081984 TI - Use of Congo red-polysaccharide interactions in enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from the bovine rumen. AB - The interaction of the direct dye Congo red with intact beta-D-glucans provides the basis for a rapid and sensitive assay system for bacterial strains possessing beta-(1 leads to 4),(1 leads to 3)-D-glucanohydrolase, beta-(1 leads to 4)-D glucanohydrolase, and beta-(1 leads to 3)-D-glucanohydrolase activities. A close correspondence was observed between cellulolytic activity and beta-(1 leads to 4) D-glucanohydrolase and beta-(1 leads to 4),(1 leads to 3)-D-glucanohydrolase activities in isolates from the bovine rumen. Many of these isolates also possessed beta-(1 leads to 3)-D-glucanohydrolase activity, and this characteristic may have taxonomic significance. PMID- 7081985 TI - Membrane filter technique for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - A membrane filter procedure was developed for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from aquatic environments. Primary differentiation was based on the fermentation of sorbitol, the absence of lysine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase-dihydrolase activities, and the production of urease. Sodium deoxycholate was incorporated as an inhibitor of background organisms. The presumptive identification of Y. enterocolitica was accomplished in 50 h, and the rate of identity confirmation of typical colonies was 88%. The mean recovery rate of 15 strains from phosphate buffer suspensions was 91%, and quantitative recovery was demonstrated for low populations of the organism in both laboratory prepared and naturally occurring mixed cultures. The technique was used to isolate 33 strains of Y. enterocolitica from 15 of 27 river water samples and from prechlorinated sewage effluent. Nine (27%) of the isolates were rhamnose positive, and only five (15%) were serotypable. Two isolates were identified as serotype O:4 (or O:4,32), two were O:17, and the fifth was O:40. PMID- 7081986 TI - Microbial transformations of warfarin: stereoselective reduction by Nocardia corallina and Arthrobacter species. AB - The microbiological metabolism of warfarin was examined as a model of metabolism in higher organisms, including humans, and to determine the chirality of microbial reductases for application in organic synthesis. Nineteen cultures were examined based on their reported abilities to reduce ketonic substrates, and several were shown to catalyze the desired reaction. Nocardia corallina (ATCC 19070) exhibited complete substrate and product stereoselectivity as it reduced S warfarin to the corresponding S-alcohol. Arthrobacter species (ATCC 19140) exhibited marked substrate and complete product stereoselectivity since S warfarin, and to a lesser extent R-warfarin, were reduced to the corresponding S alcohols. These reductions parallel those reported to occur in mammalian species. PMID- 7081987 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection and quantitation of the entomocidal parasporal crystalline protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and israelensis. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect and quantitate the parasporal crystal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and israelensis. The assay method described is extremely sensitive, accurate, and highly specific. With this technique, crystalline insecticidal proteins from several subspecies of B. thuringiensis were compared. The dipteran crystal toxin produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was shown to share few epitopes with the lepidopteran toxin from B. thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki, tolworthi, berliner, and alesti. PMID- 7081988 TI - Scanning electron microscope study of Pseudomonas fragi on intact and sarcoplasm depleted bovine longissimus dorsi muscle. AB - Intact bovine longissimus dorsi muscle strips used 24 h postmortem were washed to remove sarcoplasmic fluid or left intact and were either left uninoculated or inoculated with Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973. The effects of decreased sarcoplasm concentration on growth of P. fragi and consequent microstructural changes of beef muscle during aerobic storage at 4 degrees C for 12 days were evaluated. P. fragi grew slower on washed muscle than on intact muscle. Scanning electron micrographs revealed surface degradation of both intact inoculated and washed inoculated muscle only in areas of localized colonization. Extracellular fibrils appeared to mediate adhesion of P fragi to the muscle surface as well as cell-to cell attachment within microcolonies. P. fragi was also observed growing between muscle fibers. PMID- 7081989 TI - Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in waters of the lower Chippewa River Basin, Wisconsin. AB - Water samples collected over a 14-month period from the lower Chippewa River drainage basin in Wisconsin were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica with either MacConkey-Tween 80 agar or Y-M agar (T. N. Saari and G. P. Jansen, Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 5:185-196) as the selective medium. A new method of isolation was developed. Of 303 water samples, 8.25% were positive. A seasonal variation was noticed, with winter isolations being most frequent. PMID- 7081990 TI - Production of vomitoxin on corn by Fusarium graminearum NRRL 5883 and Fusarium roseum NRRL 6101. AB - Two vomitoxin-producing isolates of Fusarium spp. were grown on cracked corn for 1 to 8 weeks at 15, 20, 25, 28, and 32 degrees C. Maximum production of vomitoxin by Fusarium graminearum Schw. NRRL 5883 occurred at 30 degrees C and 40 days, and that by Fusarium roseum Schw. NRRL 6101 occurred at 26 degrees C and 41 days. These optimum production points were determined from response surface contour graphs in relation to temperature and time. Only small amounts of vomitoxin were produced at 15 and 20 degrees C by each strain. A 133-microgram quantity of vomitoxin, with an indicated purity of 95%, was isolated per gram of corn fermented with F. graminearum NRRL 5883. PMID- 7081991 TI - Electrofocusing-induced alteration in the net charge of human macrophage stimulating protein. PMID- 7081992 TI - Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by benzoic acid, p-tert. butylbenzoic acid, and a structurally related hypolipidemic agent SC-33459. PMID- 7081993 TI - Effect of anti-acetylcholine receptor Fab fragments from goats on functional membrane-bound receptor. PMID- 7081994 TI - Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: evidence for cofractionation of carboxylase and epoxidase activities, and for carboxylation of a high-molecular-weight microsomal protein. PMID- 7081995 TI - The high turnover rate of phosphatidylinositol in chicken heart ventricular cells during the earlier stages of development. PMID- 7081996 TI - Lack of inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA in a cell-free system prepared from human reticulocytes. PMID- 7081997 TI - Purification of rat liver monoamine oxidase by octyl glucoside extraction and reconstitution. PMID- 7081998 TI - Calorimetric studies of flavin-binding proteins: FMN and FAD binding to hen egg riboflavin-binding proteins. PMID- 7081999 TI - Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of N alpha-(N fluoresceinthiocarbamoyl)-(Asp1, Ile5)-angiotensin II. PMID- 7082000 TI - Liver microsomal polypeptides from Fischer-344 rats affected by age, sex, and xenobiotic induction. PMID- 7082001 TI - Studies on the degradation of human very low density lipoproteins by human milk lipoprotein lipase. PMID- 7082002 TI - On the lack of formation of L-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate by liver. PMID- 7082003 TI - The lipid integrity of membranes of guinea pig alveolar macrophages studied by nanosecond fluorescence decay of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene: the effect of stimulation by concanavalin A and formyl peptides. PMID- 7082004 TI - The lipid integrity of membranes of guinea pig alveolar macrophages studied by nanosecond fluorescence decay of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene: the influence of temperature and benzyl alcohol. PMID- 7082005 TI - Effects of sodium tungstate on the nuclear uptake of glucocorticoid-receptor complex from rat liver. PMID- 7082006 TI - Membrane alterations in cellular aging: susceptibility of phospholipids in density (age)-separated human erythrocytes to phospholipase A2. PMID- 7082007 TI - Purification of tetanus toxin and its peptide components by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 7082008 TI - Characterization of tetanus toxins and toxin components by amino terminal analyses. PMID- 7082009 TI - The complete amino acid sequence of bovine liver catalase and the partial sequence of bovine erythrocyte catalase. PMID- 7082010 TI - The partial amino acid sequence of human erythrocyte catalase. PMID- 7082012 TI - Vitamin E toxicity. PMID- 7082011 TI - Mechanism of action of t-butyl hydroperoxide in the inhibition of vitamin K dependent carboxylation. PMID- 7082013 TI - Skin metastasis from malignant neoplasms. PMID- 7082014 TI - Melanoacanthoma of the lip. PMID- 7082015 TI - Photosensitivity caused by chloroquine. PMID- 7082016 TI - Scleredema and persistent erythema. PMID- 7082017 TI - Plasmapheresis for psoriasis. PMID- 7082018 TI - Lasers in dermatology. PMID- 7082019 TI - Dermabrasion for lichen amyloidosus. Report of a long-term study. AB - Seven patients with lichen amyloidosus were treated with dermabrasion during the last seven years. All patients have had follow-up examinations for at least five years (one patient for seven years). The main symptom, itching, disappeared in all cases, and the clinical results were satisfactory, except for mild hyperpigmentary and depigmentary changes in the treated areas. PMID- 7082020 TI - Applications of glucocorticosteroids. The effects of twice-daily vs once-every other-day applications on mouse epidermal cell DNA synthesis. AB - To determine a schedule for continuous suppression of epidermal cell DNA synthesis, 0.05% fluocinonide ointment was applied either twice daily or once on alternate days to hairless mouse skin for 174 hours. Suppression occurred similarly for both regimens for 78 hours followed by an increase in DNA synthesis despite continued application of fluocinonide. The systemic effect was less marked with the alternate-day schedule. The effect of a single application of the fluocinonide ointment was also studied over 174 hours. Substantial inhibition of DNA synthesis occurred but for a shorter period followed by an increase and then return to normal values. Experiments were performed where second applications were made at various time intervals after the first. These did not appear to affect events until 192 hours had elapsed, when a second application caused profound inhibition of DNA synthesis once more. PMID- 7082022 TI - Hypodermitis sclerodermiformis. Successful treatment with ultrasound. AB - We report herein the successful use of ultrasound therapy in the treatment of hypodermitis sclerodermiformis (HS). It is a skin disease characterized by well circumscribed, chronic, painful and tender, single or multiple, board-like, indurated, sharply bordered lesions, occurring on the legs of patients with venous insufficiency. Hypodermitis sclerodermiformis is a little-known clinical entity, often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as phlebitis, cellulitis, or stasis dermatitis. It merits clinical recognition because of the gratifying and unique response it has to treatment with ultrasound therapy. PMID- 7082021 TI - Treatment of keratoacanthoma with topical application of fluorouracil. AB - Keratoacanthomas (KAs) in 14 patients were treated with 20% fluorouracil ointment, two or three times daily, for two to four weeks. All lesions responded promptly and cleared in an average period of 3.4 weeks (range, one to seven weeks). Allergic contact dermatitis to fluorouracil occurred in two patients. This treatment response suggests that topical application of fluorouracil ointment is an effective alternative to conventional methods of treating KA. PMID- 7082023 TI - The influence of infrared radiation on short-term ultraviolet-radiation-induced injuries. AB - Because heat has been reported to influence adversely short- and long-term ultraviolet (UV)-radiation-induced skin damage in animals, we investigated the short-term effects of infrared radiation on sunburn and on phototoxic reactions to topical methoxsalen and anthracene in human volunteers. Prior heating of the skin caused suppression of the phototoxic response to methoxsalen as evidenced by an increase in the threshold erythema dose. Heat administered either before or after exposure to UV radiation had no detectable influence on sunburn erythema or on phototoxic reactions provoked by anthracene. PMID- 7082024 TI - The role of tar in Goeckerman therapy. AB - Seventeen patients with psoriasis were treated with 5% crude coal tar in an absorbent ointment base (Aquaphor) to one half of the body and with the absorbent ointment base alone to the other half. They received twice-daily erythemogenic doses of ultraviolet irradiation (UVR). Both modalities, crude coal tar and absorbent ointment base alone, combined with UVR were equally effective in improving psoriatic plaques. On the basis of this and previous studies, we question the therapeutic role of tar in the Goeckerman regimen. PMID- 7082025 TI - Familial vulvar dystrophy of lichen sclerosus type. AB - Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS&A) of the vulva and perianal skin is an atrophic condition that con occur alone or in association with additional lesions situated elsewhere on the skin surface. The cases of three sisters with LS&A of the vulva are reported herein; in one a squamous cell carcinoma developed in a hyperplastic area of mixed dystrophy (LS&A with foci of hyperplasia). Familial occurrences of LS&A are rare. Malignant neoplasms arising in areas of LS&A have been reported previously. Squamous cell carcinoma arises in hyperplastic areas of mixed dystrophy where there is evidence of both LS&A and epithelial hyperplasia. PMID- 7082026 TI - Facial granuloma responsive to dapsone therapy. PMID- 7082027 TI - Actinic reticuloid via persistent light reaction from photoallergic contact dermatitis. AB - Photoallergic contact dermatitis developed in a patient who had used deodorant soaps containing tribromsalan. He persistently reacted to light, since the dermatitis persisted long after cessation of contact with the causative chemical. During this period, he experienced generalized, eczematous dermatitis on several occasions. On testing, the patient showed extremely severe photosensitivity extending through the ultraviolet to the visible spectrum. At that time, a skin biopsy specimen showed the microscopic findings of eczematous dermatitis. A diagnosis of actinic reticuloid was first made histologically nine years after the initial examinations, when the patient was 56 years old. This long-term follow-up study may support the view that photoallergic contact dermatitis, persistent light reaction, and actinic reticuloid could constitute various phases of a single disease. PMID- 7082029 TI - Primary cutaneous Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. PMID- 7082028 TI - Solar urticaria. Determinations of action and inhibition spectra. AB - A 42-year-old woman acquired solar urticaria approximately ten minutes after exposure to sunlight. Urticaria developed from visible light emitted from a projector lamp after a similar time lag. Monochromatic rays between 400 and 500 nm induced immediate urticaria by irradiation, with four times the minimal urticarial dose. Urticaria that was induced by monochromatic rays of the projector lamp was completely inhibited by immediate reirradiation of test sites with light waves longer that 530 nm. Radiant heat exposure from an electric hair dryer at 50 degrees C had no suppressive effects on the development of urticarial lesions. PMID- 7082030 TI - Sarcoidosis manifesting as eyelid swelling. PMID- 7082031 TI - Multiple desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas. PMID- 7082032 TI - Keratoacanthoma arising in a linear epidermal nevus. PMID- 7082034 TI - Curettage for removal of the comedones and cysts of the Favre-Racouchot syndrome. PMID- 7082033 TI - Cutaneous autoinoculation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PMID- 7082035 TI - Cutaneous calcinosis of scleroderma. Successful treatment with intralesional adrenal steroids. PMID- 7082036 TI - Management of neuropathic urinary incontinence in children by intermittent catheterisation. AB - Forty-nine children with urinary incontinence owing to neuropathic bladder were treated by intermittent catheterisation. Manometric studies to determine urethral closing pressures and intravesical pressure/volume relationships were performed before or during treatment in all children. Cystography and intravenous urography were carried out at the beginning of treatment and intravenous urography was repeated after treatment for at least 12 months. Routine long-term antibacterial therapy was not used. With a 3-hourly catheterisation regimen a total of 46 (93%) children achieved day-time control but 27 (55%) did so only with the help of propantheline or imipramine or both of these. Night-time control was also substantially improved in 43 (87%) children. The manometric studies enabled a reliable prediction to be made on whether drugs would be required to achieve success. One child with an undilated urinary tract before treatment developed unilateral dilatation owing to mechanical problems during treatment. Upper urinary tract dilatation which was present before treatment in 20 children (33 kidneys) disappeared or improved in all. Early renal failure in 2 children also responded favourably. The technique had to be abandoned in 2 children. PMID- 7082037 TI - Reye's syndrome in children under three years old. AB - The National Childhood Encephalopathy Study identified 37 cases of Reye's syndrome in children aged between 2 and 36 months in a 3-year period, giving an estimated incidence in Great Britain of 0.7/100 000 children a year. The diagnostic features were neither consistently positive in these cases, nor negative in 11 others later considered not to have Reye's syndrome. The prognosis was poor; the fatality rate was 46%, and 60% of the survivors were handicapped. A surveillance scheme to investigate pathological, clinical, and epidemiological factors in this rare condition is required. This has now been set up in the UK. PMID- 7082038 TI - Rectal absorption of diazepam in epileptic children. AB - The absorption of diazepam after rectal administration was studied in children with epilepsy. When given as a solution, diazepam was rapidly absorbed and produced serum diazepam concentrations above 200 ng/ml within 10 minutes in most children. However, a commercial suppository formulation was absorbed slowly and cannot be recommended for urgent treatment of fits. There is a need in the UK for a rapidly absorbed preparation of diazepam which is approved for rectal use. PMID- 7082039 TI - Protein and fat absorption in prolonged diarrhoea in infancy. AB - 15N-yeast protein absorption, nitrogen and fat retention, stool reducing substances, and lactate concentrations were measured in 22 infants who had had severe diarrhoea for 7 days. Stool losses of nitrogen and fat were large, and an appreciable proportion appeared to be endogenous. The supply of nitrogen and energy might have been a limiting factor in tissue repair if stool weight exceeded 30 g/kg body weight a day. These results differ from those in older children with kwashiorkor complicated by diarrhoea of similar severity. PMID- 7082040 TI - Clinically important immunological processes in acute and fulminant hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis B virus. AB - Clinically useful criteria were found by studying immunological functions on admission in 15 African children with acute hepatitis (AH) (11 of whom were HBsAg positive) and in 11 children with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (8 of whom were HBsAg positive), and by comparing these results with normal controls. Nine of the FHF patients died. All the AH patients survived despite the development of transient liver failure in seven. There was significant diminution of components of the classical and alternative pathways of complement and total haemolytic complement in FHF compared with AH, and in both groups in comparison with controls. Cellular immunity tested by phytohaemagglutinin and HBsAg transformation of lymphocytes and leucocyte migration inhibition with HBsAg, were more impaired in FHF than AH. These indices were reduced in both groups of patients compared with controls. The most important index correlating with severity of clinical disease was C3. It was lowest in FHF, but within this group was highest in 2 patients who survived, and in AH the C3 on admission was significantly lower in patients who subsequently showed signs of transient liver failure than in those who did not. The prothrombin index was less sensitive in differentiating serious from mild illness. It is suggested that C3 levels can be helpful in monitoring patients with acute liver disease. PMID- 7082041 TI - Liver volume estimation using ultrasound scanning. PMID- 7082042 TI - Gonadal function after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease in childhood. AB - The effect of quadruple chemotherapy (mustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisolone) on gonadal function was investigated in 15 males and 2 females treated for Hodgkin's disease during childhood. The 2 females have regular menstrual cycles with evidence of ovulation in one. Twelve of the males have shown normal progression of pubertal development since completing their treatment. Nine out of 10 late pubertal or adult subjects had small testes but only one developed gynaecomastia. All 4 prepubertal subjects had normal basal and peak gonadotrophin responses to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone. Nine of the 12 subjects studied during puberty or adulthood had either an increased basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level or an exaggerated FSH response to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone. Each of the 6 males who provided semen for analysis was azoospermic after an interval of between 2.4 and 8 (mean 5.3) years after completion of treatment. We conclude that severe testicular damage is common after treatment with mustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisolone in childhood. The germinal epithelium is particularly vulnerable and the resultant azoospermia is likely to be irreversible. The Leydig cells are less susceptible to cytotoxic-induced damage. Pubertal development is normal and there is no indication for androgen replacement therapy. PMID- 7082043 TI - Interpretation of arm circumference as an indicator of nutritional status. AB - Data from a longitudinal study of 1342 Zambian children aged between 0 and 60 months are used to derive reference standards for mid-upper arm circumference. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the arm circumference measurement as an indicator of nutritional status, associations between arm circumference and other anthropometric and clinical indicators of nutritional status are presented. Although none of the anthropometric indices accurately reflects the clinical judgement of nutritional status, arm circumference is shown to be similar in accuracy to weight for age and to weight for length as an indicator of clinical malnutrition; it provides a viable alternative to these more cumbersome measurements for use in field surveys. PMID- 7082044 TI - Simple estimate of creatinine clearance from plasma creatinine in neonates. AB - Thirteen newborn infants, 8 preterm and 5 term, with either mild or serious neonatal asphyxia were studied. From the first 24 hours of life to day 13, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by creatinine clearance was compared with the values obtained using Schwartz's formula: GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) = 0.55 x length (cm)/plasma creatinine (mg/100 ml). Both in term and preterm infants, values of formula-calculated creatinine clearance were slightly higher than values obtained by the classical method; nevertheless the data show significant correlations, respectively r = 0.867 and r = 0.795 (P less than 0.001). This formula provides an adequate estimation of neonatal creatinine clearance (a marker for GFR) directly from plasma creatinine provided that body length is taken into consideration. The necessity for urine collection and the associated problems are thus obviated. The simplicity of Schwartz's formula permits easy monitoring of renal function, especially in neonatal asphyxia in which the risk of developing renal failure is great. PMID- 7082045 TI - Oral solutions for gastroenteritis--optimal glucose concentration. AB - About half of all infants and toddlers with infectious diarrhoea of probable virus aetiology and treated with an oral rehydration solution containing 4.6% glucose had faecal glucose greater than or equal to 0.3%. In most of them the faecal concentration of glucose was higher than 0.50%. From the physiological point of view, it seems wise to decrease the glucose concentration substantially from that so often recommended for the treatment of diarrhoea in developed countries. PMID- 7082046 TI - Hepatic cellular injury during varicella. AB - Serological evidence for hepatic cellular injury may occur during uncomplicated varicella. The magnitude of abnormalities may be helpful as a guide in the management of children with progressive varicella or varicella-associated Reye's syndrome, but liver function tests may be in the normal range. Viraemia was not detected during the acute stage of varicella-associated Reye's syndrome. PMID- 7082047 TI - Career prospects in paediatric gastroenterology. PMID- 7082048 TI - Water supplementation in jaundiced babies. PMID- 7082049 TI - Device for continuous urine collection in the newborn. PMID- 7082050 TI - Henoch-Schonlein purpura after yersiniosis. PMID- 7082051 TI - Copper from cooking utensils as a cause of Indian childhood cirrhosis? PMID- 7082052 TI - [Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the epidural space. A report of two new cases with literature review (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082053 TI - [Unexpected neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland with congenital malformations in infancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082054 TI - [Cytological complications of IUDs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082055 TI - [Fine needle aspiration biopsy in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082057 TI - [Inverted papilloma of the ureter. A histochemical and ultrastructural study with discussion of the histogenetic aspects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082056 TI - [Paraquat intoxication, an ultra-structural study of lung lesions. In connection with a case study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082058 TI - [Appendicitis and measles. An anatomopathological study of three cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082059 TI - Posterior surgical approaches to the rectum. AB - This report summarizes experience with 19 posterior approaches to the rectum including nine trans-sacral (Kraske) and ten trans-sphincteric (Mason) procedures. This study included 12 men and 7 women, ranging in age from 18 to 89 years. Surgical indications included villous tumors in nine patients, various benign problems in four patients, primary carcinomas in three patients, and recurrent cancer in three patients. Eight complications developed in the 19 patients including: four fecal fistulae, two wound dehiscences, one rectal stricture, and one sacrococcygeal hernia. Spontaneous closure of the fecal fistulae occurred in two patients, and two patients required proximal colostomies. Fecal continence was achieved in 18 of the 19 patients. No patient died as a complication of the procedure. No recurrent tumors have developed. The conclusion is that a posterior approach to the rectum is a safe and effective procedure for various benign and for selected malignant conditions. It is particularly suitable for villous tumors that are too high for transanal resection and too low for transabdominal resection. It is an effective procedure for small, exophytic, mobile carcinomas of the lower 10 cm of the rectum in selected patients. PMID- 7082060 TI - Treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux using the Angelchik prosthesis. AB - During the past 20 months, 28 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux were treated with the Angelchik anti-reflux prosthesis. The patients ranged in age from 12 to 75 years, with symptoms present from one to 24 years. Vigorous medical management had failed with all patients prior to surgery. Before operation, 28 of 28 patients had upper GI x-rays, 27 of 28 fiberoptic esophagogastroscopy, 26 of 27 esophageal biopsy, eight of 28 Bernstein testing, and 24 of 28 lower esophageal sphincter pressure and motility. Eight patients had strictures requiring preoperative or postoperative dilatation. In four of 28 patients, a Nissen procedure had been previously done. In addition, two patients had metaplastic epithelium, and a single patient a previous Heller myotomy. Twenty-five of the 28 patients are completely asymptomatic eight to 20 months after Angelchik insertion. Fifteen patients had surgery more than one year previously. There are no recurrent hiatal hernias. Endoscopy and biopsy reveal resolution or marked improvement in the esophagitis. Seven patients complained of transient dysphagia lasting up to three months. One patient has persistent "gas bloat" syndrome. There were no technical or perioperative complications. Trouble with the prosthesis occurred in two patients; in one, the prosthesis disrupted and fell into the pelvis, and in the other the prosthesis migrated into the mediastinum. LES pressures preoperatively were 6.17 +/- 0.9 and 16.95 +/- 1.76 mmHg for the 19 patients studied after operation. The limited sample of patients who were studied with preoperative and postoperative acid-reflux tests have all shown improvement in their score. The Angelchik prosthesis in this series has been safe, simple, and reproducible, and can eliminate the symptoms and signs of gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 7082061 TI - Patient-controlled analgesia: a new concept of postoperative pain relief. AB - This report concerns evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in the form of two preliminary investigations. In the first study, the patient-controlled analgesia device, which consists of a pump linked to a timer so that patients can activate intravenous administration of morphine sulfate to themselves during the postoperative period, was used in seven morbidly obese patients. The amount of morphine used during the first 36 hours was found to vary between 32 and 185 mg, with a significant difference in drug usage when related to weight as well as to body surface area. In the second study, morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass operations were prospectively randomized into 12 patients who used the PCA device in the postoperative period and 12 patients who were given standard intramuscular dosages of morphine sulfate. An analgesia and sedation scale was then used to compare the two groups. The patients in the PCA group were able to maintain a state of adequate analgesia without sleep with a significantly greater frequency than were those in the intramuscular injection group. On the basis of answers to a questionnaire given to the patient after 60 hours of morphine analgesia, it was apparent that the PCA group was much more satisfied with that form of postoperative analgesia. It would appear that PCA is an efficacious and safe method of providing for postoperative pain relief. PMID- 7082062 TI - Urgent operation for acquired ventricular septal defect. AB - Recent experience suggests that ventricular septal defect (VSD) secondary to myocardial infarction constitutes an indication for urgent operation. Acquired VSD at St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville, was reviewed to substantiate the obsolescence of protracted medical therapy designed to allow a late, technically less demanding, repair. Twenty-two acute VSDs (less than four weeks following onset of murmur) have been treated since 1970. Five patients died during medical therapy. Two patients survived for more than four weeks without operation. One never manifested significant cardiac decompensation. The other was operated on at 33 days, after progressive deterioration. No technical advantage from the delay was apparent, although survival was achieved. Ten of 15 patients (67%) operated on during the first four weeks survived. Fourteen had reached a level of marked instability prior to operation. Of the five deaths, four were technical and were the product of an initial lack of recognition of the necessity for patch replacement of the interventricular septum. The prosthetic patch is now considered essential to minimize suture-line stress in necrotic muscle. Potentially, only one of 15 patients operated on early using current methods would have expired. This experience supports an aggressive surgical approach to any unstable patient with postinfarction VSD. Early repair requires specific techniques. Results of early operation using these techniques are dramatically superior to past efforts designed to delay definitive repair. PMID- 7082063 TI - Concomitant carotid and coronary artery reconstruction. AB - Data are presented on 68 patients who underwent concomitant carotid endarterectomy (CE) and coronary artery bypass surgery (CAB) at Emory University Hospital from January 1974 to February 1981. This group is then compared with a randomly selected, matched population without known carotid disease who underwent CAB alone. Asymptomatic bruit was the reason for investigation in 40 patients (59%); another 23 patients (34%) experienced transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIAs); and five patients (7%) had TIA and prior stroke. Carotid stenoses (>75% luminal narrowing) were demonstrated as follows: isolated left, 24 patients; isolated right, 27 patients; and bilateral lesions, 16 patients. One patient had innominate artery stenosis. Associated total occlusion of one or both vertebral arteries was demonstrated in six patients. Ninety-seven per cent of patients had disabling angina pectoris prior to operation; the angina was unstable in 57%, 15% had congestive heart failure, and 54% had had at least one prior myocardial infarction (MI). Single-vessel coronary disease was present in 12.5% of patients, double in 37.5%, triple in 41.1%, and left main stenosis in 9%; 43% of patients had abnormal ventricular contractility. CE was performed on 67 patients (36 left and 31 right); aortocarotid bypass was performed on one. The CE procedures were performed immediately prior to the sternotomy for CAB under the same anesthesia. CAB consisted of single bypass in eight patients (11.8%); double in 16 patients (23.5%); triple in 22 patients (32.4%); and quadruple or more in 22 patients (32.4%) (mean = 2.9 grafts per patient). There was no hospital mortality. Perioperative MI occurred in 2.0% and stroke with residual deficit in 1.3%. Cumulative survival is 98.5% at two years. Sixty-three patients (92%) reported improvement or elimination of anginal symptoms after operation. Rehospitalization for stroke was necessary in 3.7% patients. Postoperative activity levels are; self-care only, 3.9%; normal daily activity only, 17.6%; moderate exercise capability, 45%; and vigorous exercise capability, 33%. Comparison was made with a group of 84 randomly selected patients who underwent CAB alone during the same time interval. Data revealed no significant difference between the groups regarding sex, angina subset, ventricular function, coronary anatomy, vessels grafted, perioperative stroke or MI, mortality, or postoperative activity capability. Older age (59.8 vs. 55.6, p < 0.01) and less complete coronary revascularization possible (66 vs. 84%, p < 0.05) in the CECAB group were the only significant differences. Carotid stenosis co-existing in patients requiring CAB should be concomitantly corrected with the same risk and results expected from CAB alone. PMID- 7082064 TI - Immediate and long-term outlook for valve replacement in acute bacterial endocarditis. AB - The clinical course of 22 patients with acute endocarditis treated surgically less than six weeks after the onset of antibiotic therapy was reviewed. The aortic valve was infected in 13 patients, the mitral in six, the tricuspid in two, and one patient had both aortic and mitral valve involvement. The indications for surgical intervention before the completion of adequate antibacterial therapy included uncontrollable congestive heart failure, persistent sepsis, systemic embolization, and multiple septic pulmonary embolizations. The annulus was involved by the infectious process in five of the 13 patients with aortic valve endocarditis, in one of the two patients with tricuspid valve infection, and in none of the patients with mitral valve endocarditis. There were two surgical deaths, for a mortality of 9.1%. During the follow-up period, four patients died three months, seven months, four years, and seven years after surgery. The remaining patients have been followed up for a period of five months to 10 years. One patient has a hemodynamically insignificant paravalvular leak, and another developed paravalvular regurgitation and a false aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva two weeks after the initial operation. She subsequently underwent successful valve replacement and repair of the aneurysm. This study confirms that valvular replacement should be done for acute endocarditis as soon as indicated, and that the incidence of reinfection and/or the development of valvular or paravalvular problems is small even in the patients with incomplete antimicrobial therapy, whether or not the annulus is involved by the infectious process. PMID- 7082065 TI - Pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism. AB - During the period from 1961 to 1981, 40 pulmonary embolectomies were performed in 39 patients who were in extremis at the time of initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. In a 460-bed hospital with more than 17,000 acute admissions and 4,000 operations per year, this small number represents the few patients who are potentially salvageable by urgent embolectomy. Preoperative angiography was performed in 57% of the cases, and in another ten patients suspected of having pulmonary emboli, angiography prevented unnecessary thoracotomy. Despite their moribund condition, 43% of the embolectomy patients lived. Excluding two patients with tumor occlusion of the pulmonary arteries and three patients with chronic cor pulmonale from old pulmonary emboli, the survival rate was 50%. Ten patients died because of hypoxemia and hypotension prior to initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, and seven died of myocardial depression of multiple etiologies. Portable cardiopulmonary bypass affords the possibility of survival in moribund patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism. Preoperative angiography is recommended to guide appropriate surgical management. PMID- 7082066 TI - Recent experience with esophageal atresia. AB - A nine-year experience with esophageal atresia of all types is described with current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and long-term results. During this time, 53 neonates with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula had a 93% survival, with four deaths in risk group C. Temporary postoperative morbidity related to the anastomosis occurred in ten patients. All patients had some disturbance in esophageal motility. While all have been studied for gastroesophageal reflux, only five had significant reflux, and four required fundoplication. Five patients with isolated esophageal atresia survived staged repair, and an additional five patients with H-type fistulae survived primary repair, including one with a long tracheoesophageal cleft. Despite the fact that 45% of the 63 patients had significant associated anomalies, initial survival was 93.5% and late survival 91%. Long-term functional results were generally satisfactory. PMID- 7082067 TI - The omentum: its use as a free vascularized graft for reconstruction of the head and neck. AB - The experience at Emory University Affiliated Hospitals with transplantation of the greater omentum as a free revascularized graft in 18 patients is presented. In each instance, there was realization of the therapeutic objective, either 1) the amelioration of congenital or acquired somatic deformity (14 patients) or 2) the control of infection (4 patients). Because the omentum is a syncytium of blood vessels and a variable amount of fat within redundant leaves of peritoneal membrane laden with macrophages, it is a tissue that serves admirably its extended role as an extracelomic free transplant. The greater omentum has been used for this purpose in five patients with hemifacial atrophy (Romberg's disease); three patients with hemifacial microsomia (first and second branchial arch syndrome); two patients with extensive losses of the maxilla, palate, and face due to a shotgun blast; two patients with atrophy and facial growth arrest due to x-irradiation; and two patients with deformity of the jaw and neck following tumor resection. In three additional patients, the omentum was used to obliterate the dead space after debridement of an infected open frontal sinus following failure of conventional therapy. In one instance, a revascularized free graft of omentum was used to salvage a patient with an exposed irradiated carotid artery graft and skin flap failure following radical neck dissection. In these 18 patients, there were no intra-abdominal complications consequent to harvest of the omentum. In one patient afflicted with hemifacial atrophy, there was spotty necrosis of the overlying attenuated facial skin flap and limited fat necrosis. In the follow-up period of four months to seven years, there has been no instance of late resorption. The method is reliable and has considerable promise in reconstructive surgery. PMID- 7082068 TI - Propranolol and thyroidectomy in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. AB - For decades, the preparation of a hyperthyroid patient for surgery took several weeks or months utilizing thyroid blocking agents and iodine. In 1973, a preliminary report of 20 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with propranolol and thyroidectomy was presented. It was found that a thyrotoxic patient could be prepared for surgery, in an emergency, by intravenous propranolol in less than an hour, or electively by oral propranolol within 24 hours. Since then, 140 additional patients have been similarly treated. It continues to be true at this institution that propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, effectively neutralizes the symptoms of autonomic hyperactivity, including sweating, tremor, fever, dilation of blood vessels, and increased pulse rate without significantly affecting thyroid function. An average dose of 160 mg/day was used, with a range of 40 to 320 mg/day. In none of these patients was iodine used; in fact, its use with propranolol is considered unnecessary. A subtotal, near total, or total thyroidectomy was done in all patients, resulting in a 55% incidence of hypothyroidism. There was no postoperative thyroid storm, nerve injury, or permanent hypoparathyroidism. It is believed that the administration of propranolol alone provides a rapid, safe, and effective preparation of the thyrotoxic patient for thyroidal or extrathyroidal surgical procedures during the perioperative period. PMID- 7082069 TI - Small-part ultrasonography in primary hyperparathyroidism: initial experience. AB - Small-part, real-time ultrasonography using a high-resolution real-time ultrasound scanner was evaluated in 100 consecutive patients undergoing cervical exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism. The radiologic accuracy was 76%. This accuracy was related directly to the weight of the resected gland(s). The surgical success rate with ultrasonography was 96%, whereas the rate without ultrasonography was 97%. Operating time was not appreciably decreased. The exact role of this new modality in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism is as yet unclear. PMID- 7082070 TI - The emerging role of epidural anesthesia in arteriography and in vascular operations. AB - Continuous epidural anesthesia offers special advantages for patients with vascular disease. In 193 patients who had this technique employed for aortofemoral arteriography, profound pain relief was provided and the accompanying vasodilation produced superior demonstration of collateral and small distal vessels. Eleven of these patients had epidural anesthesia for major vascular reconstruction operations. This caused minimal depression of pulmonary and myocardial performance during the procedure. Postoperative epidural analgesics improved the pulmonary performance by allowing normal pain-free breathing. No epidural complications were seen. Special precautions are described for the safe use of these techniques. PMID- 7082071 TI - A three-year experience with phleborheography: a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. AB - The need for a reliable noninvasive method to detect deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is apparent from its prevalence, the fallibility of its clinical diagnosis, and the several drawbacks of phlebography. Experience with phleborheography (a plethysmographic technique for detecting DVT) over three years is presented. Phleborheography (PRG) is found to have an overall accuracy of 93% compared to phlebography. It is recommended that treatment decisions can be based on unequivocal PRG results, and PRG should be used to screen high risk patients. The medical, economic, and social benefits of PRG are described. PMID- 7082072 TI - Presymptomatic schistosomal colonic polyposis. PMID- 7082073 TI - Natural infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Cercopithecus monkeys in Kenya. PMID- 7082074 TI - The activity of drug/silicone rubber mixtures against Schistosoma mansoni in laboratory mice. PMID- 7082075 TI - The effects of sustained-release praziquantel on the survival of Hymenolepis nana in laboratory mice. PMID- 7082076 TI - Predation of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata by freshwater shrimps in St. Lucia, West Indies. PMID- 7082077 TI - Effect of pentamidine isethionate on the ultrastructure and morphology of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis in vitro. PMID- 7082078 TI - Surface reaction of Leishmania. I. Lectin-mediated agglutination. PMID- 7082079 TI - A study of cataract in murine congenital toxoplasmosis. PMID- 7082080 TI - Urinary piperazine excretion in healthy caucasians. PMID- 7082081 TI - Haematological profile in patients with Giardia lamblia infection. PMID- 7082082 TI - A portable system for the in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. PMID- 7082083 TI - Mediastinal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma: influence of postoperative irradiation, cell type, and location. AB - A 17-year experience with 136 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and mediastinal metastases is reported. Six died postoperatively. Postoperative mediastinal irradiation was given to 110 patients surviving curative resection who had evidence of tumor spreading to the mediastinal lymph nodes. The remaining 20 patients did not receive radiation therapy. Of the 136 patients, 29 (21.3%) lived 5 years free from disease and 9 survived 10 or more years. Of the 110 patients who survived operation and underwent irradiation, 29 (26.4%) survived 5 years. None of the 20 patients not receiving radiation therapy lived 5 years. Of the patients who underwent irradiation, 18 of the 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma survived 5 years, while only 7 of 55 with adenocarcinoma survived 5 years. We do not believe that the discovery of mediastinal lymph node involvement in bronchogenic carcinoma is a contraindication to pulmonary resection. As in our previous reports, histological cell type has proved to be an important indicator of absolute survival. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma had an absolute-5 year survival of 33.9%, while the patients with adenocarcinoma had an absolute survival of 12.3%. The level of lymph node metastasis has an influence on prognosis as well. Patients with subcarinal lymph node metastases had a lower survival than patients with superior mediastinal involvement. PMID- 7082084 TI - Closed mitral valvotomy: actuarial analysis of results in 654 patients over 12 years and analysis of preoperative predictors of long-term survival. AB - The records of 654 patients with mitral stenosis who underwent closed mitral valvotomy over a 12-year period were submitted to actuarial analysis. This revealed a low (2.97%) operative mortality. At 12 years, the overall cumulative proportion surviving was 78%; 47% of patients survived without reoperation. The usual clinical indicators of suitability for closed valvotomy were successful in predicting improved survival. The surgeon's assessment of the suitability of the valve correlated well with outcome. Valvotomy during pregnancy was associated with a good long-term outlook. The presence of pulmonary hypertension and atrial fibrillation did not alter survival significantly. Sex ane age were not associated with adverse prognosis. We conclude that closed mitral valvotomy still has a place in the management of mobile mitral stenosis, particularly in areas where there is a high incidence of rheumatic heart disease and a large number of young patients have mobile mitral stenosis. PMID- 7082085 TI - The use of diaphragmatic pedicle grafts for reconstructive procedures in the esophagus and tracheobronchial tree. PMID- 7082086 TI - Miniature antimony pH electrodes for measuring gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 7082087 TI - Early postoperative development of aortic regurgitation related to pannus ingrowth causing incomplete disc seating of a Bjork-Shiley prosthesis. PMID- 7082088 TI - Thymic cyst extending into the pericardium: a case report and review of thymic cysts. PMID- 7082090 TI - Surgical relief of thrombotic superior vena cava obstruction caused by endocardial pacing catheter. PMID- 7082089 TI - Functioning paraganglioma in the posterior mediastinum. AB - An unusual case of a functioning paraganglioma originating from the posterior mediastinum is reported. The main indications in the 21-year-old patient were hypertension and an abnormal roentgenogram of the chest. Blood and urine catecholamine assay confirmed the diagnosis of norepinephrine-secreting tumor, which was covered by the parietal pleura and attached to the sympathetic trunk. In the literature we could find reports of 25 patients with paraganglioma arising from the sympathetic trunk in the posterior mediastinum, 8 of whom had some symptoms and only 3 of whom were assayed for catecholamines. We diagnosed the present tumor as functioning aorticosympathetic paraganglioma according to the new classification and terminology suggested by Glenner and Grimley [1]. PMID- 7082091 TI - Pericardial graft for intraoperative balloon pump insertion. AB - A technique that permits rapid insertion of an intraaortic balloon pump to support patients who cannot be successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass is described. A pericardial patch is obtained while the sternum is still open, and is sutured to a common femoral arteriotomy. A 6-0 Prolene mattress stitch is inserted at the heel and continued along the sides. The ends are tied at the toe, and the same suture is used to construct a tube of pericardium over the balloon catheter. A single heavy silk suture is placed around the pericardial graft to prevent bleeding. The technique helps prevent thrombus and avoids infectious complications. It reduces the incidence of vascular complications and makes use of the Fogarty catheter after balloon removal unnecessary. We have used the method in 9 patients since November, 1979, without problems. PMID- 7082092 TI - Single aortic cross-clamping for distal and proximal anastomoses in coronary surgery: an alternative to conventional techniques. AB - Using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and a single cross-clamping period under multidose infusions of hypothermic cardioplegia, both distal and proximal anastomoses were performed in 87 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery operation. This method allows for precise surgical technique, avoids the need for multiple clampings of the ascending aorta, and appears to avoid the threat of aortic tear. When the clamp is released, the heart has been totally revascularized. This is in contrast to more conventional methods, where an exclusion clamp is applied to the ascending aorta and where the combination of coronary stenosis, low perfusion pressure during bypass, and narrowing of the ascending aorta by the exclusion clamp may be more hazardous than a single cross clamp period for construction of all anastomoses. This is particularly applicable to patients with severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery. PMID- 7082094 TI - Subclavian puncture for dual-chamber pacing. PMID- 7082093 TI - A method of open valvotomy in infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. PMID- 7082095 TI - [Predictive value of 99m-Tc-Sn(II) methylene diphosphonate in the study of acute myocardial infarction]. AB - Myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sn (II)-Methylenediphosphonate (MDP) was performed in 90 patients with proven acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and in 37 subjects with acute chest pain of a different etiology, during the first five days after the onset of their illness. The procedure was 82.2% sensitive, 86.5% specific, and 83.5 accurate for the diagnosis of AMI. Based on the usual clinical, electrocardiographic and biochemical criteria, the likelihood of AMI in this population was of 70.9% before the scintigraphic test. Application of Bayes' Theorem showed an increase in the likelihood of AMI, from 70.9% to 93.7%, when myocardial scintigraphy was positive, an incremental ruling-in-gain of 22.8%. A normal scintigraphy, on the other hand, reduced the likelihood of AMI, from 70.9% to 33.4%, an incremental ruling-out gain of 37.5%. It is concluded that myocardial scintigraphy with MDP is an important clinical procedure for the study of patients with acute chest pain: a positive test tends to confirm AMI, while a normal image, although it reduces the likelihood of this disease, is not particularly helpful in ruling it out. PMID- 7082096 TI - [Typical and atypical variants of murmurs from persistent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 7082097 TI - [Intraventricular conduction disorders in experimental right septo-parietal infarction]. AB - In 16 mongrel dog hearts the electrocardiographic (ECG) and vectocardiographic (VCG) alterations provoked by chemical necrosis within the anterior free right ventricular wall and anterior portion of the interventricular septum were studied. The necrosis was associated to isolated right bundle branch block (RBBB), or the latter associated to left anterior subdivisional block (LASB). The abnormal Q waves from the epicardial right ventricular wall were transmitted to the right thoracic leads in 25% of the cases with isolated RBBB instead of 43% in its absence. However the addition of a LASB or LASB+ left posterior subdivisional block (LPSB) increased its presence to 83.3%. Nevertheless, rSRS' with slurred first S wave were observed on the right thoracic surface as well as on the right epicardium and ventricular chamber. Those morphologies have a very significant value for right ventricular necrosis in the presence of RBBB, increasing the percentage of positive diagnoses. Anteroseptal necrosis was recognized more frequently (93.7%) in the epicardial unipolars than in thoracic leads (75%), but positive diagnosis increases to 93.3 in the latter when one or two left subdivisional blocks were provoked. Vectocardiographic loops showed an earlier backward displacement of centrifugal limbs in the horizontal and sagittal planes not very different of that observed in septal necrosis for humans. These signs were more frequently seen with RBBB than without it, and even more oftenly, when a left distal block was associated. Nevertheless, ECG right thoracic leads alterations are more convincing and must be done and analysed in order to confirm the diagnosis. PMID- 7082098 TI - [Bifascicular block: long-term follow-up. Report of 40 cases]. AB - A total of 14,500 E.C.G. tracings were reviewed to determine the incidence of bifascicular block and those patients were followed up to assess prognosis. Forty patients with bifascicular block (complete right bundle branch block associated with left anterior hemiblock), diagnosed with standard E.C.G., according to Medrano's criteria from January 1978 to September 1980 were studied in our Service. The incidence of this intraventricular conduction defect was 0.0033 (3.3 per thousand). Males predominated over females at a rate of 2.4 to 1. This block was more frequent from the sixth to the ninth decades of life. Thirty five percent of the patients had no evidence of cardiovascular pathology; 32.5 percent had high blood pressure, 2.5 percent had coronary heart disease, 2.5 percent rheumatic heart disease, 5 percent chronic pulmonale, and 37.5 percent had diabetes mellitus as an associated finding. During the follow up which covered 20.2 months/patient, only one patient developed junctional rhythm and periods of asystolia and syncope; this case was treated with a permanent pacemaker with good results. Two patients died, one from digitalis intoxication and the other at home, the cause was not determined. It is necessary to study this conduction defect with longer follow up periods and according to the underlying heart disease, in order to assess properly the prognosis and behavior of this conduction defect. PMID- 7082100 TI - [Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Study of pulmonary circulation]. AB - Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disease of unknown etiology which consists of alveolar deposit of calcium microspheres. We report the procedures for the diagnosis of this disease, as well as the hemodynamic features of the pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and cor pulmonale were documented. The active and passive factors involved in PAH are analyzed. We conclude that alveolar hypoxia and estructural vascular changes play a major role in the genesis of PAH. PMID- 7082099 TI - [Clinico-echocardiographic analysis in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction]. AB - Fourty patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied by M-mode echocardiography. A significant correlation was established between the electrocardiographic localization of the infarction and the decreased motion of the left ventricular walls. Even when a significant correlation was present between decreased ventricular function and heart failure in anterior myocardial infarction, this was not found in the inferior and posterior wall myocardial infarction. In practice these findings should be accepted cautiously. Our findings show the high frequency of pericardial effusion in acute myocardial infarction. In spite of its limitations, the echocardiogram may be useful in the clinical assessment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, specially when it is anterior, or when complications are suspected. PMID- 7082101 TI - [Persistent right ductus arteriosus and right type I aortic arch. Report of a case]. PMID- 7082102 TI - [Superoinferior ventricles]. AB - We describe two patients with under-and-over ventricles. Both were diagnosed angiographically. One has atrial, situs solitus with discordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections and a ventricular septal defect. The second has atrial situs inversus with concordant atrioventricular connections and double outlet right ventricle. We review the literature and analyze the probable embryogenesis of the malformation. PMID- 7082103 TI - [Late arrhythmias in the operated interatrial communication. Analysis of sinus node function and the conduction pathways by His bundle electrocardiography]. AB - Four hundred patients with atrial septal defect treated surgically were reviewed. Thirty five (8.7%) developed arrhytmias post-surgery which persisted for over a year. Sinus bradycardia was found in 10 patients, nodal rhythm in 21, and atrial fibrilation and flutter in 4 patients. Thirty five per cent of the patients with late arrhythmias developed related symptomatology. In 14 patients the function of the sinus node was studied with electrical stimulation of the atrium and with His registry. The interatrial conduction time, AV node and His Purkinje were analized employing various stimulation frequencies. All the cases studied had normal intra atrial conduction; the response of the atrio-ventricular node to increasing frequencies was normal, an the intraventricular conduction remained constant. In 8 patients (52%), alterations of the sinus node were found; these consisted of prolonged post-stimulation pauses, Wenckebach's type sinoatrial block and suppression of sinus automatism employing vagal procedures or through electrical stimulation. A patient with severe bradycardia detected by dynamic electrocardiography had to be treated with a permanent pacemaker. We confirm that these arrhytmias are not produced by lesions of the internodal tracts, and that an alteration of the sinus node is frequent without a concomitant lesion of the intraventricular pathway. The lesion to the nutrient artery could be due to trauma and/or surgically induced. The response to anticholinergic drugs was good. Prolonged observation of these patients could increase the morbility of these arrythmias and raise doubts of the surgical indications in cases with moderate hemodynamic repercussion. PMID- 7082104 TI - [Diagnostic sequence for congenital cardiopathies]. AB - Nomenclature for congenital heart malformations has always been confusing. Efforts of classifying these malformations according to the relations and morphology of the cardiac segments have been attempted but have risen confusion because there many terms for the same malformations. In this paper we describe a well defined sequencial diagnosis that links the cardiac segments, and besides, permits the identification of the associated defects. The connections between the cardiac segments are considered has the most important step in the classification of heart malformations while, relations are left as a secondary stage in this study. In some congenital hearts malformations concordant or discordant atrioventricular connections do not apply as the univentricular hearts or ambiguus atrial situs, but we also stablish the parameters for their classification. In our opinion, this nomenclature describe in a complete and objective way the congenital heart malformation. PMID- 7082105 TI - Postoperative diastolic murmur. PMID- 7082106 TI - An overview of hydrogen ion regulation. PMID- 7082107 TI - Acute reversible cardiomyopathy complicating toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7082108 TI - Hemophilic osteoarthropathy. PMID- 7082110 TI - Drug use, the package insert, and the practice of medicine. PMID- 7082111 TI - Exercise thallium 201 scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography. Which test, for whom, and why? PMID- 7082109 TI - Unexpected hypercalcemia in maintenance hemodialysis: control by small dosages of prednisolone. PMID- 7082112 TI - Early discharge following acute myocardial infarction. Long-term follow-up of randomized patients. AB - Long-term follow-up was obtained on 138 patients who participated in a prospective, randomized study comparing two weeks with three weeks of hospitalization following uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Follow-up information was available on 123 (89%) of all randomized patients. The mean follow-up period was 35 months for those patients who died and 99 months for those who survived. No differences were found between the two groups with respect to survival, cardiac-related deaths, frequency or severity of angina pectoris, subsequent myocardial infarction, incidence of congestive heart failure, number of ventricular aneurysms, or subsequent medical therapy. A significantly greater number of survivors in both groups stopped smoking and had a normal initial heart size than those who died. This long-term follow-up study further supports the conclusions of earlier short-term studies that two weeks of hospitalization is safe in patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7082113 TI - Physical and psychosocial function in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical use of a self-administered health status instrument. AB - The treatment of chronic disease is often directed at preservation of function, but most functional measures are crude, and rarely include indicators of psychosocial status. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a newer "health status" measure designed to comprehensively assess such outcomes. The functional and psychosocial impacts of rheumatoid arthritis and their relation to disease duration were measured by having 79 patients self-administer the SIP. Disease impacts were pervasive, including effects on leisure, social, and sexual activities, as well as physical function. While physical and psychosocial disease impacts were positively correlated, the association diminished with longer duration of disease. The self-administered SIP appears to be practical and useful in clinical settings. Specific results may help to target patient education, increase physician awareness of the distress patients experience, suggest that the need for social rehabilitative services, and help monitor responses to therapy. PMID- 7082114 TI - The association of hairy cell leukemia with unusual immunologic disorders. AB - Hairy cell leukemia is a rare disease, probably of B-lymphocyte origin, that has been reported to rarely occur with polyarteritis nodosa. The records of 31 patients with hairy cell leukemia were reviewed for an association with other disorders of the immune system; such an association was found more often than previously suspected. Four cases are discussed--one with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive polyarteritis nodosa and another with an IgA (kappa) monoclonal gammopathy and amyloidosis of the kidney, liver, and small bowel. The other two patients had cutaneous vasculitis, one of which was a rare form of leukocytoclastic angiitis--erythema elevatum diutinum. Because the number of patients in this study is small, it is impossible to say whether the association of hairy cell leukemia with any of these immunologic disorders adversely affects survival. PMID- 7082115 TI - Familial Bartter's syndrome. AB - Two sisters were found to have Bartter's syndrome. Both had hypokalemia, hyperreninemia, normal BPs, and decreased pressor responses to angiotensin II. During a water diuresis, patient 1 had an abnormally low distal tubular fractional reabsorption of chloride initially, but this normalized after hypokalemia was corrected for one year. Patient 2 had no demonstrable defect in chloride transport. Hypokalemia in Bartter's syndrome may be caused by some hereditary mechanisms other than defective reabsorption of chloride in the distal tubules. PMID- 7082116 TI - A clinical approach to hepatitis B. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections continue to be a major public health problem. Although the use of sensitive screening tests for hepatitis B surface antigen has reduced the incidence of posttransfusional hepatitis B, sexual transmission and other forms of nonparenteral and parenteral transmission of HBV still occur frequently. Until an effective HBV vaccine is commercially available, physicians will have to rely on accurate serologic diagnosis, education of patients and hospital employees, and the appropriate use of immunoglobulin preparations to alter the spread of this viral infection. PMID- 7082117 TI - Right ventricular myocardial infarction. AB - Perhaps the most important point concerning right ventricular myocardial infarction is to be alert for its occurrence. Approximately one fifth of all infarctions and one third of all inferior infarctions have some right ventricular involvement. All right ventricular infarcts are probably associated with inferior left ventricular infarctions. The correct diagnosis alters the treatment of a patient with a low cardiac-output state that complicates the acute infarction. The prognosis after a right ventricular myocardial infarction would seem to be related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction associated with the original infarction. PMID- 7082118 TI - Diagnosis of sleep breathing disorders in a general hospital. Experience and recommendations. AB - In the 24 months after a sleep breathing laboratory opened in a general hospital, 48 patients thought to have a primary sleep breathing disorder were referred for study. Evaluation of breathing during sleep was most useful in those having excessive daytime sleepiness or unexplained polycythemia. The sleep apnea syndrome was documented in 19 of 24 patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. Of 15 patients with unexplained polycythemia, ten were found to have severe hypoxemia during sleep. This experience suggests that facilities for evaluation of sleep breathing disorders should be available in larger medical centers. PMID- 7082119 TI - The mechanism of exercise-induced R-wave amplitude changes in coronary heart disease. Still controversial. PMID- 7082120 TI - Clues for the early diagnosis of Ludwig's angina. PMID- 7082121 TI - Pathophysiology of valvar heart disease. The dynamic nature of mitral valve regurgitation. PMID- 7082122 TI - [Determination of the volume of blood puddles]. PMID- 7082123 TI - [An accident during attempted suicide]. PMID- 7082124 TI - [Acetylprocaine in heroin preparations. Determination and quantification with high pressure liquid chromatography]. PMID- 7082125 TI - Determination of A and B group antigens in human finger and toe nails. PMID- 7082127 TI - [The effect of textile technical parameters of a blood-stained fabric on its absorption of blood]. PMID- 7082126 TI - [Urine levels of fenethylline and amphetamine after administration of Captagon]. AB - The limit for detecting fenethylline and its metabolite amphetamine in GLC with N FID is in the range of nanograms. The elimination of these substances in urine was measured after giving different quantities of Captagon to six volunteers. The concentrations of fenethylline and amphetamine in urine allow to estimate with some limitations time and amount of consuming Captagon for forensic purposes. PMID- 7082128 TI - [Pretherapeutical testing of antineoplastic drugs in vitro (author's transl)]. AB - Prediction tests were performed in vitro an organ cultures of different solid human tumors. The effectivity of the antineoplastic drugs was determined by means of the remained 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. DNA control values of different tumors (without drug) varying in a very high degree are analyzed and correspond to drug response rate in vitro. The correlation between results of sensitivity tests in vitro and therapeutic effectivity in vivo is discussed. PMID- 7082129 TI - Biological characterization of cells derived from a human breast carcinoma. I. Some characteristics of cells cultivated in vitro prior to and after transplantation into nude mice. AB - Single cells from a patient (B. E., 65 years) have been isolated by collagenase treatment and cultivated in vitro. The human tumour of the mammary gland showed predominantly simple undifferentiated and also tubular structures. The 5th in vitro passage of these cells was characterized by DNA-distribution pattern, cell doubling time, chromosome number, ultrastructure, hormone and drug sensitivity. Cells of the 5th in vitro passage were i.p. transplanted into nude mice. The characteristics of in vitro cultivated cells (5th in vitro passage) were compared with both ascitic cells (1703/A) and cells of solid tumour material (1703/S) grown in nude mice for several passages (0, 10, 21). DNA-distribution patterns, chromosome numbers and cell doubling times are in good correlation. The number of polyploid cells is increased in ascitic cells. These malignant cells are best able to proliferate in vitro after transplantation into nude mice. Ultrastructure examination of the 21st passage has shown similarity between cultured cells, ascitic cells and cells of solid tumour material grown in nude mice. Virus particles could be observed in cells of solid only. Estrogen binding could be observed in the original tumour material only. All other cell or tissue preparations contained no receptors. Drug sensitivity was changed in the case of Vinblastin, Daunoblastin and Sarkolysin treatment of cells of solid tumour material more than in ascitic cells grown in nude mice. The environment dependence of cells and biological differences between in vivo-in vitro tumours and human neoplasms has to be taken into account when using cells as in vivo or in vitro model systems in experimental and clinical cancer research. PMID- 7082130 TI - Chemotherapy for tumours using clostridial oncolysis, antibiotics and cyclophosphamide: model trial on the UVT 15264 tumour. AB - Lysis of the UVT 15264 tumour in mice of the 17/Berlin-Buch strain as induced by intravenous injection of Clostridium butyricum H8 spores is followed by the tumour diameter and survival time. In animals thus treated, tumour regression is incomplete and the mean survival time drops below that of tumour-bearing animals not treated with spores. With concurrent antibiotic treatment survival time is prolonged to exceed that of untreated animals, without affecting ocolysis provoked tumour regression. When spore is combined with cyclophosphamide, tumour regression is considerably improved, but the survival resembles that of untreated tumour-bearing animals; with both cyclophosphamide and antibiotic treatment survival resembles that of spore-treated animals. PMID- 7082132 TI - Immunological reactivity to soluble tumour extracts (STE) in gastrointestinal tumours and related risk groups. AB - One of the mose important demands on tumour diagnosis is the detection of early and recurring cancer. Recently, immunological tests have revealed possibilities of meeting these expectations. By means of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) as tube test we investigated the immunoreactivity of leukocytes of leukocytes to STE in patients with colonic and gastric carcinoma, and the risk groups of Biermer's disease and colonic polyps. As control groups we used 30 blood donors and 37 patients with non malignant colonic diseases. The detection of autoantibodies with the indirect immunofluorescence technique and immune complexes supplemented the immunological investigations. The LAI and STE used are suitable for the diagnosis of gastric and colonic cancer with a rate of accuracy of more than 90 per cent. In the risk groups of colonic polyps the LAI offers a good possibility of detecting early carcinomas, and of monitoring the successful removal of polyps. Problems of autoimmunity in Biermer's disease and colitis ulcerosa do not allow a definite decision regarding a malignant stage in LAI positive patients. PMID- 7082131 TI - [Phenols, other components of oil share tars and asbestos as factors of modifying the action of benzo(a)-pyrene (author's transl)]. AB - Skin painting experiments in mice revealed the promoting action of various shale oil chromatographic fractions on a threshold dose of benzo(a)pyrene. The fractions containing phenols and neutral oxygen compounds showed a moderate activity. Simultaneous intratracheal administration of benzo(a)pyrene, shale oil phenols and asbestos dust caused the highest lung tumour incidence in rats. Asbestos dust potentiated the carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene to the same extent as shale oil phenols, whereas the latter did not have any such influence on the asbestos dust. PMID- 7082133 TI - Local BCG-immunotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Immunological follow-up studies. AB - In a controlled clinical study 10 patients with bladder cancer were treated with an additional local BCG-therapy. For this investigations only patients with tumour stage T1-2 NO MO were elected. The local BCG-therapy was done as intralesional BCG-injections, the interval between each management was 4 weeks over a period of 4 months to 1 year. Under this treatment in all 10 patients tumor regression in different forms was seen. In 5 patients the tumor was not more found, neither in clinical nor in histological examinations. Side effects of the therapy were: influenza-like syndrome (6 patients), mild temperature (6 patients), increase of liver transaminases (5 patients), and granulomas in lung and liver (2 patients). In the immunological follow-up studies we have seen an increase of the lymphocyte activity against tumor-associated antigen from bladder cancer tissue in the electrophoretic mobility test in 6 patients. The results in skin testing, using 5 recall-antigens and DNFB, showed an increase of reactivity in only 4 patients. The total number of lymphocytes increased over a longer period. We didn't find typical humoral changes. The results of our 10 patients show that an intralesional BCG-therapy could be successful in 5 patients. The effect of BCG for immunostimulation was seen in vitro in 6 patients and in vivo in 4 patients. PMID- 7082134 TI - [Theses for the diagnosis of lung cancer]. PMID- 7082135 TI - [Protein binding determined by continuous ultrafiltration, IV: Protein binding of anticoagulant 1,2-benzoxathiines (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082136 TI - Vibrotactile stimulation for intersystemic reorganization in the treatment of apraxia of speech. AB - Intersystemic reorganization in the treatment of apraxia of speech involves pairing fragments of a speech motor program with internal cues generated by some other, more intact system. Gestural reorganization, pairing speech with limb gestures, somehow provides an organizational framework for the proper sequencing of motor speech movements. This paper briefly develops some hypotheses suggesting that afference resulting from limb movements rather than a central movement program is involved in gestural reorganization, and that vibrotactile stimulation may have advantages over visual or auditory modalities. The effectiveness of vibrotactile as compared to auditory stress cues was assessed in a multiple schedule design for 1 patient who had had a cerebrovascular accident. Results indicated that, in an imitative paradigm, vibrotactile plus auditory stress and rhythm cues were more effective than auditory cues alone improving an apraxic patient's imitative production of single words. PMID- 7082137 TI - Computerized tomography and rehabilitation outcome after severe head trauma. AB - Thirty patients with severe head trauma underwent an extensive in-hospital multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Computerized tomographic(CT) scans were arranged into 4 distinct groups. Group 1 comprised those individuals with normal CT scans, group 2 those with small ventricles, group 3 had focal intracranial hemorrhage or mass effect, and group 4 enlarged ventricles (disproportionate to patient's age and size of cortical sulci). The outcome after a rehabilitation program was assessed by functional and psychologic criteria. Groups 1 and 2 had the best outcome, although many in these categories were left with permanent physical and psychologic disabilities. Those with focal intracranial hemorrhage did not do as well. The group with enlarged ventricles had the poorest outcome of all. Other factors relating to outcome included age, length of coma, presence of motor disabilities, seizures, and skull fractures. PMID- 7082138 TI - Functional abilities and distress levels in brain injured patients at long-term follow-up. AB - An investigative long-term follow-up study of brain injured individuals who had been inpatients in an interdisciplinary rehabilitation program was conducted by means of a mailed questionnaire. Level of distress, gauged by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), was compared to the level of functional abilities as determined by a shortened self-report version of the Patient Evaluation Conference System (PECS). Functional skills compared included self-care, mobility, living arrangements, communication, recreation/leisure, and education/employment. Significant negative relationships of distress levels to independence in self care, mobility, living arrangements, and communication were found. PMID- 7082139 TI - Volume fluctuations in the residual limbs of lower limb amputees. AB - This study evaluated residual limb volume fluctuations of new and mature amputees in order to better plan for definitive limb prostheses. A measurement system based on a water displacement technique was used to measure cross-sectional area profiles of lower extremity amputation residual limbs. Reliable data were obtained for 32 of the 49 subjects participating in this study. Residual limb shrinkage cannot be characterized by any single pattern and therefore the date for fitting of a final prosthesis cannot be predicted precisely from regular volume measurements. Every amputee studied demonstrated an increase in body weight. Changes in residual limb volume early postoperatively were dictated by interaction of shrinkage and opposite effect of weight gain . Mature amputation limbs were observed to fluctuate in volume, and these fluctuations tended to correspond to body weight changes. For 3 general patterns of volume change observed early postoperatively, the best estimate of time to fit a final prosthesis appears to be about 150 days postamputation. PMID- 7082140 TI - Bowel training for children with neurogenic dysfunction: a follow-up. AB - Fifty children with neurogenic bowel dysfunction and stool incontinence received in patient bowel regulation training and were interviewed an average of 1.2 years later. Twenty-eight were males. Mean age was 13.5 years (range 5.6 to 18.9 years). Of the 50 children, 27 (54%) had myelomeningocele; 21 (2%), spinal cord lesion; and 27/2 (4%), repaired imperforate ani. Frequency of stool incontinence decreased from 1.8 episodes for the week prior to discharge to 0.9 episodes for the same period preceding follow-up interview (p less than 0.025). Significant changes occurred in the recommended bowel program in order to accommodate individual home environment and family life styles. Contributory factors accounting for these changes are discussed in light of specific guidelines for the rehabilitation team. PMID- 7082141 TI - Lower extremity goniometric measurements: a study to determine their reliability. AB - Two series of healthy men were measured for range of passive motion of hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and flexed. Hip abduction was measured with a specially constructed double protractor goniometer, and the other movements were gauged with a flexometer. In series A measurements were based upon a commonly used clinical method. The intratester interassay coefficient of variation in series A was 7.5 +/- 2.9%, which corresponded well with other reports. In series B posture and measuring procedures were rigidly standardized by better fixation and by identification and marking of anatomical landmarks. The interassay coefficient of variation in series B was reduced to 1.9 +/- 0.7%. Range of motion measurement was repeated accurately by the same tester with methods requiring careful measurement technique but no elaborate equipment. PMID- 7082143 TI - Glossectomy: a case report. AB - A 27-year-old man, a law student, underwent partial glossectomy, right hemimandibulectomy and radical neck dissection due to recurrent carcinoma of the oral cavity. These surgical procedures resulted in severe swallowing and speech difficulties for which he was treated by tube feeding and speech therapy, respectively. Emphasis in therapy was placed on compensatory articulator techniques for the improvement of speech intelligibility. Those adaptive tongue stump, labial, and palato-pharyngeal compensations which were employed are discussed. After. 9 months of speech therapy, he was judged to have achieved fair to good speech intelligibility, and was able to continue law school. At the time of this writing, he was practicing law. PMID- 7082142 TI - Iontophoresis: mechanism of action studied by potentiometry and x-ray fluorescence. AB - Physiotherapists often apply electrotherapeutic treatments to the knees with sponges impregnated with potassium iodide (KI). To study the fate of iodine applied in this way, the amount of iodide (I-) that penetrates the skin was determined using an iodide-selective electrode. The I- uptake was shown to take place only when galvanic current was applied. Iontophoresis did not result in superficial migration of the applied ions on the skin from one pole to the other, but led to penetration into the skin. The hyperemia, which occurs at the zone of application during iontophoresis, did not affect the uptake of subsequent treatments. Only very slight differences in uptake were observed for each patient with sequential application, whereas the interindividual differences were more pronounced. Combined evidence from all experiments suggested that about 10% of the applied KI had penetrated the skin. X-ray fluorescence scans of the volunteers' thyroid gland, before and after a series of 10 iontophoretic treatments, to establish whether I- was taken up by the thyroid, showed that the average iodine content of the gland was increased by more than 30%. PMID- 7082144 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome with secondary bilateral posterior interosseous nerve syndrome. AB - A case of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), with secondary entrapment of the posterior interosseous nerve bilaterally, is presented. It is felt that this was caused by the edema associated with the primary GBS, which led to compression with an anatomically narrowed supinator space, previously aggravated by repetitive pronation-supination. Diagnosis of such cases demands careful serial physical examinations, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity studies. Appropriate splinting and careful exercise to balance muscle return are essential in physiatric management. PMID- 7082145 TI - Pneumothorax: a complication of nerve conduction studies using needle stimulation. AB - Two patients developed left pneumothorax after nerve conduction studies were done as part of their evaluation for left thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Chest x-rays indicated a 20% and 10% left pneumothorax, respectively. Stimulation was accomplished at Erb point with a 1 1/2-inch needle electrode after unsuccessful attempts at percutaneous stimulation. Because of this complication, this procedure has been discontinued and only percutaneous stimulation at Erb's point is being used. The diagnosis of TOS is determined by other criteria. PMID- 7082146 TI - Warning mat to signal air seat cushion failure. AB - A warning mat that signals partial or total deflation of a pneumatic wheelchair cushion has been developed. The purpose of this device is to prevent pressure sores that occur when an inflatable seat cushion loses air gradually and causes ischial tuberosities of a spinal cord injured patient to "bottom out," ie, to come to rest on the hard wheelchair seat. Resulting ischemic necrosis in this anesthetized area is prevented when localized high seating pressure triggers a pressure sensitive warning mat under the wheelchair cushion to produce a high pitched audio signal warning the patient to reinflate the cushion or leave the chair. Efficacy of this device has been demonstrated in clinical trials, but prevention of decubiti will need to be substantiated by a long-term controlled study. PMID- 7082147 TI - Evaluating a funding agency's performance: a rehabilitation researcher's perspective. PMID- 7082148 TI - The spinal injury learning series: an experimental test. AB - A new rehabilitation technique, developed for the care of patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI), the Spinal Injury Learning Series (SILS) combines learning and communications methods to identify the behavioral needs of SCI patients and to provide systematic training for improving cognitive and psychomotor proficiencies. Emphasizing SCI information and procedures (catheter, bowel, skin-inspection, pressure-relief), 297 representative patients were tested at 6 regional SCI centers over a 29-month period. Statistical comparisons of experimental (SILS) and control (traditional) groups indicated higher average cognitive and psychomotor scores for SILS than for regular patients even a year after injury. Evaluations of functional independence, although varying with procedures, revealed faster acquisition and better retention with SILS. Psychomotor independence varied inversely with level of injury, and mean differences between the experimentals and controls decreased somewhat with time, but overall SILS was significantly more effective than current treatments. PMID- 7082149 TI - Child adjustment as related to severity of paternal disability. AB - Many rehabilitation professionals have speculated that the more severe a parent's physical disability, the more disruptive are the effects on family life and child development. The present study tested this prediction by comparing children of fathers with paraplegia and quadriplegia on measures of personality adjustment, sex role identification, body image, health patterns, athletic interests, interpersonal relationships, parent-child relations, values, and attitudes. Few relationships between severity of paternal disability and child adjustment were found on more than 150 variables of child personality, behavior, and attitudes. When 6 variables showed differences between children of fathers with quadriplegia and paraplegia, there was no evidence of disturbed development in either group. PMID- 7082150 TI - Electromyographic feedback: effects on voluntary muscle contractions in normal subjects. AB - To evaluate the efficacy and function of EMG feedback (FB) in muscle reeducation, voluntary muscle contractions with and without EMG FB were compared under controlled experimental conditions in normal human subjects (n=10). Each subject was instructed to produce 12 sustained, 30-second contractions of the left abductor hallucis muscle, 6 contractions in each of 2 sessions. For all subjects, EMG FB was provided in half of the trials, alternating with nonfeedback (NFB) trials. A ranking task was included to measure ability to discriminate contractions in the target muscle. EMG activity was significantly greater during muscle contractions attempted with EMG FB; this was due to increased motor unit recruitment early in the course of the trials, a positive response in normal subjects similar to that in paretic subjects in our previous study. Performance on the ranking task also indicated that subjects had little perceptual awareness of their muscle contractions. Our findings suggest that the positive response to EMG FB was due to the precise information it provided concerning small, poorly discriminated muscle contractions. PMID- 7082151 TI - Flexibility training: ballistic, static or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation? AB - The effects of stretching techniques on the flexibility of the shoulder, trunk, and hamstring muscles were compared in college men. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: control (n=10), ballistic (n=11), static (n=10), or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) (n=12). Baseline measurements (Leighton flexometer) were obtained on 2 separate days prior to and following a 3 day per week, 6-week flexibility training program. A 4x3 (subject group x muscle group) unweighted mean factorial analysis of variance for the difference scores (post minue pre) revealed significant (p less than 0.05) main effects for the 4 subjects groups and the 3 muscle groups. Post hoc analysis showed that only the PNF group had flexibility increases (10.6 degrees) greater than the control (3.4 degrees), and that the hamstrings (9.4 degrees increase) improved more than the trunk (5.2 degree increase). Furthermore, reliability was generally higher for the post-training scores, and the variability between days was lower for the post training scores of the shoulder and hamstrings (p less than 0.05). The significant (p less than 0.05) between-day changes in flexibility pre-training confirm the importance of establishing baseline data prior to any training study. The findings indicate that PNF may be the preferred technique for improving flexibility, and that flexibility training results in an increased consistency of flexibility scores. PMID- 7082152 TI - Needle muscle biopsy: techniques to increase sample sizes, and complications. AB - Muscle biopsy samples of the vastus lateralis (444) using Bergstrom needles were obtained under local anesthesia from 43 normal athletes and 17 patients with suspected muscle disease. Five biopsy techniques were used and sample weights were compared. Biopsy during isometric muscle contraction was the most effective technique, yielding a mean sample weight 3.2 times that obtained by simple needle insertion, the least effective method (p less than 0.001). Use of a 5mm rather than 4mm diameter needle raised the mean (+/- 1 SD) sample weight to 35mg (+/- 7.3) from 13.7mg (+/- 5.2) (p less than 0.001), and total yields of 150-200mg were easily obtained by resampling. No difficulties were encountered in the biochemical, histochemical, or immunofluroescent evaluations of these samples. Several subjects were assessed for complications at various times following biopsy. Mild to moderate symptoms, signs, and investigative findings were noted in some subjects within the first few days. Only one person reported subsequent persistent symptoms at the biopsy site-a mild "awareness" during athletic exertion. The higher-yield techniques were generally safe, well tolerated, and provided samples of sufficient size and quality for multiple simultaneous studies. Needle biopsy appears to warrant increased use in physiatric research and clinical practice. PMID- 7082153 TI - Hand function related to age and sex. AB - After adapting Jebssen's Test of Hand Function to Australian conditions, this study investigated his claim of no significant difference in hand performance among participants younger than 60 years, and determined whether age might be a factor when associated with sex. The method was to test 383 subjects of both sexes in 6 age groups. A 2-factor analysis with age and sex as factors yielded significant differences (p less than 0.01) for "grip strength" "manipulating small objects," and "moving large heavy objects," and indications of significance (p less than 0.05) for "card turning" and "moving large light objects." The sex factor showed males to be significantly better "grip strength," in "moving large heavy objects," and "large light objects," except in the 66-99 age interval where females were significantly better on teh last 2 variables. Females performed better on "writing" and were generally better in "manipulating small objects." These results suggest that the one set of norms given by Jebsen for 60 years and less for each sex, should be replaced by 5 or more, even though the differences were quite small when standard deviations were considered. PMID- 7082154 TI - Sexuality and the life-style of home dialysis patients. AB - This study was designed to assess the impact of chronic illness on the sexuality and life-style of a group of veterans with end stage renal disease. Thirty-two married home dialysis patients and 14 of their wives were interviewed by a sex therapist. An Index of Sexual Function (ISF) was developed to quantify 5 aspects of male genital function. The Index was correlated with the following: other major areas of sexuality including masculine self-concept, sex drive, sexual activity, sexual relationship, and sexual satisfaction; quality of life factors such as work, marital adjustment, and sociability; several demographic factors; and 15 medical variables. There were significant correlations between genital function and sexual satisfaction, the patient's attitude toward the importance of sex, sex drive, and positive feelings about the self. Better sexual function occurred in the patients with the least neuropathy; there was no correlation with other medical factors. Of the patients studies, 9 (28%) had full sexual function, 7 (22%) had moderate dysfunction, and 16 (50%) had severe dysfunction. Despite the genital dysfunction, marital and social adjustment of our patients compared favorably with studies of couples in the general population. After this study a sex counseling program was developed. PMID- 7082155 TI - Depression and failure to resume social activities after stroke. AB - In 91 stroke patients, the incidence of depression was 26% (24 patients) 6 months after stroke. Depression was significantly correlated with failure to resume premorbid social activities; depressed patients lost a mean of 67% previous activities while nondepressed patients lost a mean of 43% (p less than 0.01). Depression status was not significantly related to age, sex, marital or cognitive status, or side of brain involvement. Independence in ADL and ambulation or change in residence after stroke also were not significantly related to depression status. Since depression is common after stroke, is associated with failure to return to previous activities, and cannot be predicted by commonly used patient characteristics, the health care team must carefully identify, monitor, and manage depression in the patient recovering from stroke. PMID- 7082157 TI - Metabolic & endocrine changes. PMID- 7082156 TI - China's medical and rehabilitation systems: the Yin and Yang syndrome. PMID- 7082158 TI - Geriatric patients. PMID- 7082159 TI - [Examinations by psychological tests in basic stages and pure residual syndromes of schizophrenic diseases (author's transl)]. AB - Three groups of schizophrenic diseases which cannot be differentiated with regard to psychopathological cross-section syndromes were investigated by psychological tests: one group (22 cases) of reversible postpsychotic basic stages and two groups of pure residual syndromes with an average duration of disease of 9.3 years (20 cases) and 17.5 years (21 cases). All three groups revealed findings deviating significantly from the norm. The pathological values were most marked in the performance scale of HAWIE (Hamburg-WAIS), which in all groups showed a significant lowering of performance compared with verbal scale (which corresponds approximately to the premorbid intelligence level), in "KVT" and in measures of sensory-motor reaction time by "Wiener Reaktionsgerat", less in "Benton test" and in examination with "Schreibdruckwaage". Reversible postpsychotic asthenic basic stages could not be significantly differentiated in psychological tests from pure residual syndromes which were comparable with regard to sex and age at the onset of the disease and--in the pure residues group of 1980--with regard to age and school success. The decrease of performance in the reaction test, in the concentration test of Abels, and in the averbal part of HAWIE correlated with symptoms and factors which were found with the help of "Frankfurter Beschwerdefragebogen" in the same patients. This positive correlation was more distinct in the reversible postpsychotic basic stages than in pure residues. The findings support the global hypothesis that the deficiencies of schizophrenic stages with a component of reversible or irreversible pure potential reduction are based on disturbances of perception and interpretation of information. Also that there are no fundamental differences between cerebro-organic or psychosyndromes of schizophrenic diseases determined by the dynamic and cognitive disorders of pure deficiency. PMID- 7082160 TI - Ion concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuromuscular diseases. AB - The Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and Pi concentrations in serum and lumbar CSF of 17 controls and 62 patients with neuromuscular diseases were determined and the values statistically evaluated. Although alterations in ion concentrations specific to different groups were not observed in either of these biological fluids, the significant increase in serum Pi concentration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy seems to be remarkable. It is suggested that the possible alterations in the ion content of the serum and CSF may contribute additional data to the diagnosis of various neuromuscular diseases. PMID- 7082161 TI - [A statistical comparison of the different factor analyses of the AMP-system (author's transl)]. AB - The intercorrelations of five different factor-analytically derived syndrome solutions of the AMP-system were computed. The syndromes were based on the psychopathological symptoms of 2,269 patients on admission to the psychiatric clinic of the Free University of Berlin. The syndromes which were similar in content in the solutions of different clinics could be shown to intercorrelate quite highly. Only the different syndromes of stupor and obsession-compulsion did not show the same high degree of similarity. Between the syndromes of the solution of one clinic as well as between the solutions of different clinics high intercorrelations were computed comparing non-corresponding syndromes; this could be demonstrated for the syndromes of mania with hostility and of apathy with stupor and depression. For building syndromes in the AMDP-system in the near future the aim for independence of the syndromatic scales seems to be important. PMID- 7082162 TI - [Differential diagnosis of infratentorial atrophies by computed tomography (author's transl)]. AB - Computed tomographical findings are documented for 140 patients with different cerebellar atrophic or heredodegenerative processes. There are idiopathic cerebellar atrophies, so called alcoholic and paraneoplastic cerebellar atrophies, cerebellar atrophies associated with nutritional deficiency diseases or intake of diphenylhydantoin. Further, there are patients suffering from Friedreich's ataxia. Nonne-Marie's spastic ataxia, olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and various other diseases. With the aid of CT individual patterns of atrophy can be recognized. The method therefore, helps to distinguish the above mentioned diseases from each other and also distinguishes them from inflammatory, cerebrovascular or neoplastic processes. PMID- 7082163 TI - Internal iliac artery revascularization during aortofemoral bypass. PMID- 7082164 TI - Estrogen receptors in primary breast cancer. AB - Estrogen receptor (ER) activity was assayed in 132 patients undergoing mastectomy for primary breast cancer and in 75 patients whose initial treatment for metastatic cancer was endocrine manipulation. Estrogen receptor status correlated with response to endocrine therapy. Among patients whose ER activity was assayed in the primary tumor, ER-positive patients had an improved disease-free survival (independent of stage or nodal or menopausal status) after mastectomy when compared with ER-negative patients (P less than .05). The ER-positive and ER negative patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had similar disease-free survivals. These data confirm that patients with ER-positive primary tumors have a better prognosis than patients with ER-negative primary tumors. Although adjuvant chemotherapy improves the prognosis in patients with histologically positive lymph nodes in both ER-positive and ER-negative patients, the disease free survivals in ER-negative patients may improve to a greater extent than in ER positive patients. PMID- 7082166 TI - Radical mastectomy: thick vs thin skin flaps. AB - Radical mastectomy with wide skin excision, ultrathin skin flaps, and autogenous skin grafts was a selected treatment of 45 women with curable breast cancer. A similar group of 45 women were treated by radical mastectomy with less wide skin excision, primary wound closure, and without ultrathin skin flaps. The two patient series were comparable in clinical disease staging, age, axillary node metastases, and frequency of adjunctive chest-wall irradiation. Retrospective chart reviews of the two patient series and statistical analyses indicated that five-and ten-year survival and local recurrences were comparable, but wound complications, hospital stays, and subsequent lymphedema were significantly greater in the series with thinner skin flaps. We recommend that routine use of ultrathin flaps be abandoned for treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 7082165 TI - Changing treatment of pediatric splenic trauma. AB - A review of splenic injuries at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center from July 1978 to June 1980 revealed this form of injury in 29 patients. Treatment without surgery was successful in 21 patients. Seven patients required operation. One patient died shortly after admission of severe associated injuries. All patients admitted with blunt abdominal trauma were initially treated conservatively. If the clinical state improved, after transfusions if necessary, or remained stable and there were no objective signs of further blood loss, conservative therapy was continued. Liver-spleen scans were obtained on an urgent basis to confirm the diagnosis of splenic injury in patients who did not undergo surgery. No complications of treatment without surgery were recognized. The satisfactory outcome in these patients suggests that there is a place for treatment without surgery in some children with splenic injury. PMID- 7082167 TI - Ultrasonic imaging during vascular surgery. AB - Real-time B-mode ultrasound scanning was used during arterial reconstruction surgery to supplement the information of preoperative arteriography and to detect vascular defects immediately after restoration of blood flow. At 55 operations, 100 sites were examined. At three operations, ultrasound provided new information that, in two patients, directly affected the choice of operation. Intraoperative postreconstruction scanning detected vascular defects in over 20% of the patients. Intimal flaps were the commonest defects observed. In most instances in which defects were seen, the vessels were not reentered because the defects were considered to be too small or located in a nonstrategic site or both. One relatively large intimal flap in a common carotid artery prompted reentry. Ultrasound during vascular operations proved to be a highly sensitive diagnostic tool to supplement preoperative arteriography and to detect vascular defects resulting from reconstructive surgery. PMID- 7082168 TI - Cancer induction after pyloroplasty in rats: treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. AB - Nineteen male Wistar rats received N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in drinking water (83 mg/L) to initiate glandular adenocarcinoma of the stomach; eight control rats received tap water. After 12 weeks a pyloroplasty was performed on nine rats receiving MNNG and three control rats. Ten MNNG-treated rats and five control rats had no operation. All were observed for 38 weeks before being killed. No difference in the incidence of antral adenocarcinomas was found between the MNNG-treated groups; however, those without operation showed in situ changes in the duodenum and those treated with pyloroplasty showed five invasive adenocarcinomas. In this model pyloroplasty alone did not increase the risk of gastric cancer but increased the risk of duodenal tumors. Pyloroplasty apparently accelerated the gastric evacuation rate, resulting in greater insult to the duodenal mucosa. Such a condition may require a higher proliferative rate in the duodenum and may increase subsequent formation of malignant tumors. PMID- 7082169 TI - Use of crystalline hemoglobin as replacement of RBC mass. AB - Replacement of a circulatory RBC mass was performed isovolemically in experimental dogs using either 7% crystalline hemoglobin solution with a low P50 (the oxygen tension necessary to produce 50% saturation of hemoglobin at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C) or with an albumin solution. Progressive RBC depletion caused increased cardiac output in both groups. Oxygen delivery was better preserved after using the crystalline hemoglobin solution, and, under conditions of extreme anemia, oxygen transport using this solution enabled dogs to survive the otherwise lethal insult. Although administration of crystalline hemoglobin preserved oxygen transport, oxygen off-loading was at a lower tension because of the lower P50. Decreased mixed venous oxygen tension, which presumably reflects lower tissue oxygen tension, was associated with systemic vasoconstriction. The administration of oxygen-carrying solutions with low P50 values results in a relatively vasoconstricted state. This vascular response is mediated by changes in tissue oxygen tension, rather than by impaired tissue oxygen consumption. PMID- 7082171 TI - Perforation of the gallbladder due to blunt abdominal trauma. AB - Gallbladder perforation due to blunt trauma is an uncommon finding. We report our experience with six patients. The factors predisposing to perforation include a distended gallbladder because of either fasting or alcohol ingestion in normal patients, and obstruction of the cystic in patients with cholelithiasis. The diagnosis of gallbladder perforation after blunt injury may be suspected in patients with signs of an acute abdomen and hypotension that is not explained by blood loss. Peritoneal lavage that contains bile suggests the tentative diagnosis of trauma to the biliary tract or gallbladder, as well as to the liver or upper bowel. A cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment when gallbladder perforation occurs in the traumatized patient. PMID- 7082170 TI - Short-gut syndrome: a new surgical technique and ultrastructural study of the liver and pancreas. AB - Massive (85%) resection of the small bowel was performed in 24 dogs to study a new surgical technique. In 12 dogs, two valves were created in the remaining small bowel at the same time, one proximal and the other distal to the anastomosis; the other 12 dogs constituted the control group. Biochemical tests, clinical evolution, and the weight curves show satisfactory results, with high survival, high lipid absorption, and low impairment of the overall condition. The valves can be created at the same time as the resection without any increase in the surgical risk. This new technique shows some possible advantages, and should be used in combination with total parenteral nutrition during the early stages and with basic diets thereafter. Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and pancreas have been studied in both groups. PMID- 7082172 TI - Persistent sciatic artery: clinical, surgical, and angiographic aspects. AB - The sciatic artery is a persistent fetal vessel that usually constitutes the end arterial supply to the lower extremity and replaces the femoral artery, which is usually present but hypoplastic. It is prone to vascular disease, such as aneurysm and arteriosclerosis. The artery can be demonstrated angiographically by transfemoral catheterization or translumbar aortogram with peripheral studies. Bilateral aortoperipheral studies are necessary because the anomaly is often bilateral. Surgical therapy was carried out on ten of 18 patients. The recommended technique is a femoropopliteal vein bypass. When an aneurysm is present, either ligation of the aneurysm or aneurysmorrhaphy accompanied by femoral popliteal bypass is the recommended procedure. PMID- 7082174 TI - Stability of intravenous fat emulsions. PMID- 7082173 TI - Hepatic portal venous gas in diverticulitis: survival in a steroid-treated patient. AB - Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) in the adult is usually associated with bowel necrosis. Together these have an 80% mortality. However, HPVG may occur as a result of a variety of other pathologic conditions. We studied what we believe is the second known case resulting from sigmoid diverticulitis. This patient's survival was unexpected, because bowel perforation and pathologically demonstrated septic phlebitis occurred during the patient's long-term corticosteroid therapy. PMID- 7082175 TI - [Mineral requirements of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.)]. AB - Diets of varying mineral contents were fed to rainbow trout weighing about 7 g each initially. During 100 days of the trial good growth rates and food conversion ratios could be observed, when diets contained only 2.0 g CA, 3.4 g P, 0.3 g Mg, 1.6 g K and 2.2 g Na. Remarkable amounts of Ca, Mg and K must have been observed from the water, as retentions of these elements exceeded the amounts fed. With increasing supply of P retentions of P, Ca and Mg increased. Utilization of P from Na2HPO4 was superior to that from ash of fish meal. PMID- 7082176 TI - [Utilization of urea infused into the abomasum in growing lambs]. AB - Eight lambs were fed 100 g sucrose per day plus pelleted NaOH-straw ad lib. Additionally 50 g casein were infused daily into the abomasum. As a supplement two lambs respectively received 22 g urea per day with their diet (A), half with their diet and half with the infusion (B) or all infused (C). Irrespective of the site of supply the urea supplement caused an increase in intake of straw and a remarkable improvement of-N-retention. PMID- 7082177 TI - [Differentiation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in the embryonal and postnatal periods of rat ontogenesis]. AB - The liver of the rat embryos (10-12 days of development) of 1- and 2-week-old rats and of immature and mature rats has been studied by means of a complex of histological, cyto- and enzymohistochemical, electron microscopic and morphometric methods. In the process of the hepatic histogenesis, a divergent differentiation of cells of the hepato- and cholangioblastic differons takes place. The cells of the hepatoblastic differon by thier morpho- and cytofunctional peculiarities, sharply differ from the elements of the cholangioblastic series. The divergent differentiation already begins at the stage of the hepatic anlage, is stable and irreversible, since between the cells of various differons there are no intermediate forms at all stages of histogenesis. The presence of the two stably determinated differons in the epithelial cells explains the difference of histoblastic potencies in the glandular parenchyma and in the epithelium of the intrahepatic ducts. Histogenetic regularities of differentiation should be taken into account when analysing various reactive an pathological changes in the mammalian liver, since they are the incontrovertible arguments against a possible transformation of the hepatic beams into the bile ducts and vice versa. PMID- 7082178 TI - [Effect of thyroxine and methylthiouracil on the development of intramural ganglia in the chick embryo digestive tube]. AB - The development of the vegetative muscular-gastric plexus ganglia has been studied in 17-day-old chick embryos at administration of thyroxin and the inhibitor of its production - methylthiouracil. The substances in question are injected into the air chamber of the egg on the 3d days of incubation. In histological preparations, stained after Nissl, with hematoxylin - eosin and silver impregnated, the total number of cells of the neuroblastic line and that of differentiated neurons are calculated in 50 ganglia. Under thyroxin effect the number of the differentiated neurons in the ganglia increases, while the total number of the neuroblastic cells (comparing to the control) remains constant. Under methylthiouracil effect the number of the differentiated neurons decreases and so does the total number of the neuroblastic cells. Thyroxin and methylthiouracil differently affect the differentiation rate of the neurons at various stages of this process. The effect of the drugs applied is poorly manifested in the duodenum, where (in the control) the total portion of the differentiated cells is higher than in other segments of the digestive tube, and the number of the ganglia without such cells is lower, while the portion of the ganglia with numerous differentiated neurons is more significant. PMID- 7082179 TI - [Formation of the ultrastructure and adrenergic innervation of magistral vessel walls in chicken ontogenesis]. AB - Histochemical and electron microscopic investigation on dynamics of ultrastructure and adrenergic innervation formation in the wall of the femoral artery and vein, in the mesenteric artery and vein and in the aorta has been performed in 10-20-day-old chick embryos and in chickens during first days of life. In the course of embryogenesis, myoblasts of the media tunica have been demonstrated to transform into highly differentiated and strictly specialized smooth muscle cells. Simultaneously, neural fibres from the periphery of the vascular wall gradually penetrate up to the border of the external tunica and tunica media and varicosities with axoplasmic vesicles appear along their course. Owing to these two processes, by the time of hatching, the vascular wall has possessed a certain morphological substrate for the neural-muscular relations. PMID- 7082180 TI - [Study, on isolated nuclei, of the dynamics of chromosome changes in female germ cells in early human embryos]. AB - Sixteen human female embryos at the age of 33-35 days and 7, 9, 10, 11 weeks of development have been studied. Isolated nuclei of the sex and somatic cells have been obtained from embryonic gonads. Total air-dried preparations have been stained with fluorochrome "Hoechst 33258" and studied under the luminescent microscope. In the nuclei of gonocytes, at the moment when incorporation into the gonad takes place, sex chromatin, as well as structural heterochromatin, is absent. Beginning from the oogonia stage up to the preleptotene, a progressive condensation of chromatin is observed; heterocyclic X chromosome appears. When the preleptotene is completed, heterochromatized x chromosome disappears. PMID- 7082181 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the epithelium of the indifferent gonad in human embryogenesis]. AB - Gonads from 10 human embryos (28 days -- 6 weeks of development) have been studied (stage of the indifferent gonad). The material is fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, treated in 2% osmium tetraoxide solution and after dehydratation in alcohols embedded in araldit. Ultrathin sections are contrasted in uranyl acetate saturated alcohol solution and then in lead citrate. The sections are studied by means of the electron microscope Tesla-613. At early stages of embryogenesis (28-32 days) the cells of the germ epithelium are polar; their main organells are localized in apical parts. The granular endoplasmic reticulum is especially well developed, its membranes have the form of either a spiral or concentric circuses, mitochondria accumulate as large clusters. The cells discharge, into the celoma, their secret containing certain structures which are morphologically identical to the elements of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. By the 33d day of embryogenesis primary sex cords appear, their cells lose polarity. In these cells Golgi complex is especially well developed. Complex plexuses of cellular processes and powerful contacts of a lock type are formed. Divergent differentiation of the gonadal epithelium into superficial and sex cord epithelium is started. With an increasing size of the gonad, the latter predominates. It begins to perform the secretory function, while the superficial epithelium becomes less active. PMID- 7082182 TI - [Comparative study of the epithelium and mesenchyme of the rat small intestine during embryogenesis. I. Mitotic activity and nuclear volume]. AB - The light optic investigation had been performed in rat embryos at the age of 10 20 days to study a successive formation of the small intestine wall and correlations between changes occurring in the nuclear volume and mitotic activity in its epithelium and mesenchyme. According to the ectodermal and mesodermal structures and to the changes in the nuclear volume and to the number of mitoses, it is possible to distinguish three periods. Certain correlations have been revealed between the nuclear volume and mitotic activity, which are of various significance during prespecific and specific differentiation PMID- 7082183 TI - [Development of retroperitoneal connective tissue and its neural apparatus in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis]. AB - Dynamic parallelism of development in neural and fat tissue-fascial formations of the kidneys and pancreas have been studied in the human prenatal ontogenesis. At various stages of embryogenesis, there are certain correlative connections between formation and differentiation of the renal connective tissue structures, that of the pancreas and the development of their intramural apparatus. The greatest concentration of the neural elements is noted in fat tissue at the level of the posterior surface of the pancreatic head, as well as in the facial-fat tissue formations of the inferior pole and the hilus renalis. PMID- 7082184 TI - [Antenatal and early postnatal development of the organs of immunogenesis]. AB - In order to reveal temporal interrelations between the lymphoid organs (the thymus, spleen, lymphatic nodes) in embryogenesis and early postnatal period, the investigation has been performed on Wistar rats. The stromal and lymphoid cells have been studied by means of general histological, histochemical methods and electron microscopically. In the antenatal period, and development of the lymphoid organs goes through several stages which continues in the early postnatal period. Three stages have been distinguished in embryogenesis: I - firm germ; II - loosening of its stroma; III - migration of lymphoid cells. Formation of the stroma of the lymphoid organs precedes their functional differentiation. Migration of the lymphoid cells into the stroma takes place only after its loosening and does not occur simultaneously in different organs. The thymus is the first to develop; the greatest proliferative activity of its all cells is observed in the second half of the intrauterine development. The mitotic index has two peaks - on the 16th and 21st days of embryogenesis. B-zones have not been revealed in the lymph nodes and spleen of the newborn rats. They form during the postnatal period. PMID- 7082185 TI - [Changes in rat lymphoid tissue during ether and halothane anesthesia]. AB - A comparative quantitative investigation on the level of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OCS) in the peripheral blood and on morphological changes in the lymphoid tissue has been performed on intact and adrenalectomized rats after 3 hours' ether and halothane anesthesia. Three hours after the ether anesthesia, the level of 11-OCS increases more than twice, halothane is not a stress-producing anesthesia. After the ether anesthesia and essential devastation of the lymphoid tissue occurs, resulted from degeneration and a decreasing proliferative activity of the cells. In the adrenalectomized animals, both after halothane and either anesthesia, there are no essential morphological changes. Thus, certain significant differences between hormonal and morphological changes after either the halothane anesthesia have been revealed, as well as the role of the adrenal cortex in this activity. PMID- 7082186 TI - [Development of hematopoietic tissue in Japanese quail embryogenesis]. AB - Temporal hemopoietic organs in the quail embryo are the yolk sac, heart, mesonephros, metanephros, liver, pancreas, small intestine and its mesentrey. In some organs either only erythroid cells (the heart, small intestine and its mesentery), or only granulocytes (the pancreas) are formed. In other temporal organs cell differentiation of both erythrocytic and granulocytic series takes place; as a rule, the erythrocytic series predominate. Maximum of erythro- and granulocytopoiesis in all the temporal hemopoietic organs occur on the 9th--11th incubation days. By the end of the second week of incubation the hemopoietic activity either essentially decreases or stops. The definitive hemopoietic organs are the bone marrow, spleen and organs of the lymphoid system--the thymus and the bursa Fabricii. Differentiation of erythrocytes is especially active in the spleen; granulocytes are predominantly formed in the bone marrow. In the thymus and bursa Fabricii the phase of temporal granulocytohemopoietic activity precedes lymphocytopoiesis. A complete change of erythrocytic population takes 5--6 days of incubation. The definite erythrocytes, even before they appear in blood islets of the yolk sac, are identified in the cardiac hemopoietic focus and in the kidneys of the embryo extremities on the 3d--4th day of incubation. A comparative investigation on development of the hemopoietic tissue in embryogenesis of the quail, hen and starling has been performed. PMID- 7082187 TI - [Clinico-anatomic characteristics of sepsis caused by polymicrobial flora]. AB - Pathological examinations of 23 fatalities due to sepsis caused by polymicrobial flora revealed in 7 cases polymicrobial flora in metastatic foci of dissimilar composition in different foci, in 4 cases monomicrobial flora but varying in different foci, in 12 cases monomicrobial flora similar in all examined septic foci despite the presence in the blood of two or more agents. Localization of metastatic septic foci to a certain extent dependent on the nature of the sepsis causative agents comprising the association. Polymicrobial forms of sepsis were found in fatal cases due to leukemia in 50.0%, to burn sepsis in 10.8%, and to other diseases in 2.8% of the cases, indicating the dependence of their development on the degree of reduction of immunological responsiveness of the patients. The effect of antibacterial therapy given to the patients on the etiology of sepsis is discussed. PMID- 7082188 TI - [Bacterial shock]. AB - Bacterial shock (BS) is a complication of infectious and suppurative surgical diseases caused mainly by gram-negative bacterial flora. The leading role in the pathogenesis of BS belongs to intoxication of the host by bacterial endotoxins resorbed from the primary focus, by products of protein disintegration, as well as hyperproduction of biologically active substances in the patient. The clinico anatomical variants of BS are adequate to the quantity and quality of toxins resorbed from the primary focus. An accurate pathoanatomical diagnosis of BS is mandatory for its profound investigation. This diagnosis is possible on the basis of a careful clinico-anatomical analysis with due consideration of the morphological criteria of hemocoagulation and peripheral hemodynamics disorders (the liquid state of cadaver blood, disseminated intravascular coagulation, blood sequestration in some bassins, and intraorgan shunt of the bloodstream). PMID- 7082190 TI - [Mycotic sepsis]. AB - Mycotic sepsis may be caused by obligately and facultatively pathogenic fungi. Obligately pathogenic fungi with dimorphism causing septic forms of cryptococcosis, blastomycoses, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidosis produce suppurative-necrotic lesions in the internal organs and the central nervous system. They run a course of primary diseases but occur rarely in our latitudes. More frequently, the septic forms of mycoses are due to conditionally pathogenic fungi (Candida, Aspergilli) and are manifested as a secondarily induced disease under conditions of various forms of immune deficiency of the host. Therefore, the main attention is paid to the discussion of protective reactions, particularly phagocytosis, since the latter has killer mechanisms against fungi. The presented data on the fungicidal system and detailed analysis of the functional properties of macrophages and leukocytes are important for the elucidation of the possibility of accumulation and transfer of medicinal biological substances directed at the elimination of the fungi. PMID- 7082189 TI - [Clinico-morphologic analysis of septic (infectious) endocarditis]. AB - Pathomorphosis of the disease has been studied on the basis of clinical and autopsy observations in the last three decades. The importance of staphylococcus, enterococcus, and gram-negative bacteria has been shown to increase among the causative agents of septic endocarditis; frequently the infectious agents have been observed to alternate in the course of the disease. Many manifestations of endocarditis were established to be associated with the circulating immune complexes containing bacterial antigens. In the last decade, primary septic endocarditis comprised about half of the observations. The proportion of isolated endocarditis and destructive changes of aortal valves increased. Myocarditis has become more frequent and in more than half of the cases it is associated with glomerulonephritis. In contrast, peripheral manifestations of endocarditis have considerably lost their diagnostic value. Among thromboembolic complications, venous thromboembolus of the pulmonary artery, and pulmonary infarction became more prevalent. PMID- 7082191 TI - [Effect of viral respiratory infections on the development and course of bacterial sepsis]. AB - Sepsis was diagnosed in 9.5%-14.1% of fatalities in children. It was more frequently umbilical and caused by staphylococci, although of late mixed bacterial microflora was not infrequently detected. In 39 observations studied in detail sepsis was combined with acute respiratory infections (ARI) among which most important were viral respiratory infections (AVRI) as well as mycoplasmosis. The most important was the fact that AVRI not only were conducive to the generation of sepsis but caused its exacerbation. In the latter cases the development of fresh septic metastases was observed. This was associated with local (vascular damage) and general (disorders in the immunological status) changes in the patients arising as a result of AVRI. PMID- 7082192 TI - [Clinico-morphologic forms of sepsis (analysis of autopsy material over the past 20 years)]. AB - An analysis of 385 fatal cases of sepsis in therapeutic institutions for the past 20 years was carried out. The septico-pyemic variant was found to be predominant. Bacteriological studies revealed that the predominant causative agent was pathogenic staphylococcus (54.9%), less frequently streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Changes in the spectrum of the causative agents in the last two decades appear to reflect changes in the ecological conditions, immunologic responsiveness of the population, directed natural and therapeutic pathomorphosis. The analysis of the frequency and nature of divergencies in the clinical and pathoanatomic diagnoses indicate certain differences in sepsis diagnosis nowadays. PMID- 7082193 TI - [Immunomorphologic aspects of sepsis in children under 1-year-old]. AB - Lymphoid system was studied morphologically in 61 infants aged under 1 year dying of sepsis, nonseptic inflammatory diseases and non-inflammatory processes. It was established that in sepsis generalization of the immune response and decompensation of the lymphoid system occurred in the development of which previous disorders of immune responsiveness (thymus pathology, immaturity of the lymphoid system of premature babies, respiratory viral infections) are of great importance. Unlike sepsis, local inflammatory processes are characterized predominantly by limited immune reaction and decompensation of lymphoid system has a local character. In babies of the first month of age reactions of the T lymphocyte system predominate, in older babies those of the B-lymphocyte system. PMID- 7082194 TI - [Problems in the diagnosis of sepsis in children]. PMID- 7082195 TI - [Effect of progestins on the ultrastructure of endometrial cells in pretumorous changes and cancer (an organ-culture study)]. AB - Morphological and ultrastructural changes of cells in atypical hyperplasia and focal adenomatosis of the endometrium considered to be precancer processes as well as of endometrial adenocarcinoma before and after treatment (in organ culture) with progesterone and norethysterone were studied. In atypical hyperplasia and focal adenomatosis (after 3-day incubation with hormone), early signs of secretory transformation of the glandular epithelium were observed including subnuclear vacuoles containing glycogen, reduction of microvilli, giant mitochondria, crimping of the cellular membrane, complication of the endoplasmic reticulum. In cancer tissue cultures the hormonal effect is manifested at the ultrastructural level only: signs of morphological differentiation of tumor cells were observed. In these pathological conditions, endometrial organ cultures may be used for the determination of hormone sensitivity of the tumor. PMID- 7082196 TI - [Local and general changes in inflammatory lung diseases]. AB - Composite histo-cytoenzymochemical characteristics of local (pulmonary tissue) and general (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNL, blood lymphocytes) changes in inflammatory lung diseases were obtained. Local and general changes were found to be interrelated and to reflect morphological and clinical features of inflammatory lung diseases. Differential diagnosis between acute and protracted bronchopneumonia, chronic pneumonia, bronchoectases is possible on the basis of the condition of PMNL and blood lymphocytes. PMID- 7082197 TI - [Philosophy and medicine]. AB - Current medicine is a complicated system of knowledge, its construction requiring certain philosophical grounds based on the principles of dialectic materialistic ideology. These principles must rest upon clear understanding of the object and subject of medicine and levels of its investigations. The following problems of medicine require further study: reactive and adaptive essence of disease; correlation of norm and health, pathology and disease, their unity, interrelationships, and qualitative differences, Thus, these problems receive different interpretations causing conflicts. It is necessary to strictly adhere to concepts of dialectic materialism, to strengthen the unity of dialectic materialistic philosophy and natural sciences as recommended by V. I. Lenin. PMID- 7082198 TI - [Pathomorphology of experimental ornithosis pneumonia]. AB - Model experiments in white mice reproduced chronic ornithosis pneumonia morphological features of which included early outgrowth of connective tissue cells of the type of carnification, considerable accumulation of tropoglycogen, and disturbed process of collagen fibers formation at a minimal number of leukocytes. Such foci occur in the lungs very early, before the onset of the clinical signs of the disease which appears to be a typical feature of ornithosis pneumonia and may explain causes and mechanisms of frequent occurrence of chronic forms of this disease. In cases of significant multiplication of the ornithosis agent there is mass migration of leukocytes into the focus of lesion followed by the development of acute inflammation. Being an obligatory intracellular parasite, the ornithosis agent affects both large and small alveolar cells. Multiplying by binary division, it stays free in the cytoplasm without forming a common vacuole. Ultrastructurally typical various forms of the ornithosis agent reflecting the stages of its complicated life cycle have been detected. PMID- 7082199 TI - [Acute appendicitis in newborn infants]. AB - Twenty-two observations of acute destructive appendicitis in newborns of 4 to 28 days of age are presented. A marked necrotic component of the inflammation with perforation and partial self-amputation is noted. It is assumed that a combination of general and local factors is important in the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis in newborns, with the leading role of systemic factors developing in newborns under conditions of hypoxia or infection: disturbance of the circulation in organs increased permeability of the histohematic barrier, loss of resistance and protective role of the intestinal flora with increasing activity of conditionally-pathogenic gram-negative (endogenous and exogenous) microbial flora. PMID- 7082200 TI - [Fibrillar protein content of the vascular wall of children]. AB - The content of fibrillar proteins was studied in 50 aortas of children dying at the age of 4 to 16 years of various diseases and accidents. In the intact intima of aortas the content of elastin and collagen increased with age. In lipid spots of the vascular wall of children the content of elastin was lower than in the intima, and the amount of collagen was higher than in the normal intima. In 15% of the aortas of children over 10 years of age lipid spots were found the content of collagen in which was above its average levels and biochemically reflected the development of collagen structures in lipid spots with destruction of lipid containing cells and release of lipids into the extracellular space. In rhythmical structures the content of fibrillar proteins increased as compared with normal intima irrespective of the age. The rhythmical structures with lipoidosis were intermediate with regard to the content of fibrillar proteins between "pure" rhythmical structures and lipid spots. PMID- 7082201 TI - [Ultimobranchial cysts in goitrous thyroids of sheep at high altitude]. AB - Histomorphology of ultimobranchial cysts of thyroid glands of sheep is presented. The average incidence of cysts in sheep was 17.3%. The cysts have some characteristic features indicating their ultimobranchial origin: the presence of inhomogeneous "foamy" colloid staining positively for glycosaminoglycans, heteromorphism of the cells lining the internal surface of the cysts, and the presence of ciliary cells among them. The detection of ultimobranchial cysts in sheep with strumous thyroid glands not only extends the concept of the species appurtenance of these formations but also indicates the possibility of frequent occurrence of ultimobranchial cysts in hyperplastic processes of strumous and neoplastic nature which is of great diagnostic and prognostic significance. PMID- 7082202 TI - [Primary biliary liver cirrhosis with a granulomatous reaction]. AB - An observation of primary biliary hepatocirrhosis with granulomatous reaction in a woman of 50 is presented. The disease for 3 years was accompanied by hepatic cholestasis. Diagnostic laparotomy done to exclude the mechanical nature of cholestasis revealed cholecystolithiasis, and cholecystectomy was performed. The material of marginal intraoperational liver biopsy revealed chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis, proliferation of biliary tubules and periductullar fibrosis, granulomas containing giant multinuclear cells of Pirogov Langhans type, and morphological signs of chronic active hepatitis. PMID- 7082203 TI - [Histiocytosis X]. AB - Letterer-Siwe disease in a girl of 1 1/2 months is described. The disease ran a course with predominant involvement of the organs of immunogenesis and hyperbilirubinemia. At the end of the disease most prominent signs consisted in suppurative-necrotic lesions of the skin and pneumonia. PMID- 7082204 TI - Aphakic cystoid macular edema: occurrence in infants and children after transpupillary lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy. AB - Twenty-seven children and infants underwent surgery for bilateral infantile cataracts. In each infant, the lens in one eye was removed by discission and aspiration, and the other lens was removed by lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy. Ten of 27 eyes undergoing lensectomy and vitrectomy developed aphakic cystoid macular edema; in only one eye that underwent discission and aspiration did macular edema develop. Six of the eyes of the first group developed persistent cystoid macular edema, of which four seem to be visually important. Further long term studies of the prevalence and functional importance of cystoid macular edema after lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy in children are needed. We do not presently advocate this technique except in the treatment of complicated infantile cataracts. PMID- 7082205 TI - Ocular signs of cerebellar disease. AB - Ocular signs of cerebellar disease have been increasingly appreciated with the advent of means for quantitative recording of eye movements. The graphs in this article illustrate ocular flutter, dysmetria, abnormal (nonsmooth) pursuit, instability of fixation, faulty vestibular suppression, impaired optokinetic response, end-position nystagmus, and rebound nystagmus. The signs may be categorized as follows: (1) proprioceptive abnormalities manifest by flutter, dysmetria, and instability of gaze and (2) defects of vision-dependent functions manifest by abnormalities of pursuit, vestibular suppression, optokinetic response, and nystagmus. PMID- 7082206 TI - Combined use of neostigmine and ocular motility measurements in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. AB - Forty-four patients with diplopia caused by myasthenia gravis, ocular myopathies, and ocular motor nerve palsies underwent complete orthoptic evaluations before and after intramuscular injection of neostigmine (Prostigmin) methylsulfate. A test score combining the results of binocular and uniocular measurements was developed that allowed correct correct classification of 70% (31) of patients studied. PMID- 7082207 TI - Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis. AB - Twenty-seven healthy adult patients had visual loss in one or both eyes because of exudation from juxtafoveolar retinal capillary telangiectasis of uncertain cause. These patients were subdivided as follows: group 1, men with uniocular involvement, intraretinal lipid exudation, and telangiectasis largely confined to the temporal half of the juxtafoveolar area; group 2, mostly men with symmetric areas of telangiectasis affecting the temporal half of the juxtafoveolar areas and minimal intraretinal exudation; group 3, both sexes with symmetric involvement of all of the parafoveolar capillary bed an minimal exudation; and group 4, one case of telangiectasis with occlusive perifoveolar capillary changes and familial optic disc pallor. The visual acuity prognosis in groups 1 through 3 is relatively good. Photocoagulation may be of some value in the treatment of patients in group 1. PMID- 7082208 TI - Reiter's keratitis. AB - A distinctive keratitis occurs commonly in Reiter's syndrome. In three patients with Reiter's keratitis, two demonstrated the typical features of prodromal conjunctivitis, subepithelial and anterior stromal infiltrates, ragged epithelial erosions, and spontaneous resolution. A third case of rare, severe keratitis in addition had an associated finding of disciform keratitis. To our knowledge, this last finding has not previously been reported. Chlamydia has been implicated as an etiologic agent in Reiter's syndrome. Giemsa's stain of corneal epithelial cells in one of our patients disclosed intracytoplasmic inclusions that resembled those seen in Chlamydia-caused conjunctivitis. The patient also exhibited a rising serum titer to Chlamydia antigen. PMID- 7082209 TI - Surgical correction of blepharoptosis and lower-eyelid retraction in dry-eyed patients. AB - A Fasanella-Servat upper-eyelid tarsal excision was coupled with reimplantation of the excised specimen into the lower lid between its antitarsal margin and the retractor muscles of the lower lid. The reimplantation of tissues preserved secretory elements in four dry-eyed patients whose upper-lid blepharoptosis and lower-lid retraction were both surgically corrected by this procedure. PMID- 7082210 TI - Quantitative studies of retinal nerve fiber layer defects. AB - We compared the clinical appearance of the retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) and its histology in primate eyes. In 12 eyes with NFL lesions induced by orbital optic nerve trauma, clinical detection of NFL atrophy was possible after loss of 50% of the neural tissue in a given area. Some retinal areas with no visible NFL striations had remaining nerve fibers. The detectability of NFL atrophy was directly affected both by the pattern of nerve fiber loss as well as by the zone of the retina in which the loss occurred. While each nerve bundle gives rise to a single light striation nasal and temporal to the nerve head, this one-to-one correspondence is not true above and below the disc, where bundles are thicker and incompletely divided by glial septa. PMID- 7082211 TI - Effect of pilocarpine on aqueous humor formation in human beings. AB - The effect of pilocarpine on aqueous humor flow in the human eye was studied using fluorophotometry. Methods of measuring fluorescent intensity and of calculating aqueous humor flow were used that reduced the problem of uneven mixing of fluorescein, which is observed in the presence of miosis. The rate of aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber of the placebo-treated eyes was 2.2 +/- 0.35 microL/min and of the pilocarpine, treated eyes was 2.5 +/- 0.47 microL/min. This increase in flow (14%) was statistically significant but too small to be clinically important. Pilocarpine was observed to reduce the anterior chamber volume of these subjects from 204 +/- 26 to 188 +/- 32 microL. PMID- 7082212 TI - Safety of hydroxychloroquine. PMID- 7082213 TI - Malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 7082214 TI - Duane's retraction syndrome. PMID- 7082215 TI - Descemet's membrane ruptures. PMID- 7082216 TI - Loss of vestibular neurons in clinical otosclerosis. PMID- 7082217 TI - [Statokinesimetry on a tilting platform (author's transl)]. AB - Using a statokinesimeter which records displacements of the center of gravity, the reactions of the postural balance were registered. A test battery with the Romberg-test, the Tandem-Romberg, and two performances on a tilting table is presented. The different gradings of the test battery can be used for quantification of the severity of vestibular disturbances. The findings in 117 healthy persons were compared to those in 46 patients with vestibular disorders. It is suggested that clinical application of this method may be useful. The influence of age, height, and weight is demonstrated. PMID- 7082218 TI - Rhinomanometric measurements in the course of INT. PMID- 7082219 TI - Simultaneous recordings of human auditory potentials: transtympanic electrocochleography (ECoG) and brainstem-evoked responses (BER). AB - The simultaneous recording of the electrocochleography (ECoG) and the brainstem evoked responses (BER) enables the I-V interval to be known easily and thus increases the reliability and prognostic value of electrophysiologic measurements of the auditory system. The correlation between the first negative peak of the action potential (N1 in ECoG) and the wave I (BER) is evident. Simultaneous recording of the ECoG and the BER objectifies other correlations, especially N2 and wave II. Wave I, like Wave II, would result from the summation of the cochlear nerve responses and those of the cochlear nuclei. Wave I would be the early cochlear responses and wave II the late cochlear responses corresponding to the high and low responses, as described in ECoG. PMID- 7082220 TI - The localization of the motor neurons innervating the cricothyroid muscle in the adult dog by the fluorescent retrograde axonal labeling technique. AB - Injection of 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl (DAPI) into the cricothyroid muscle of the adult dog resulted in blue fluorescence of cells found exclusively in the rostral part of the ipsilateral nucleus ambiguus. These labeled neurons on the average extended 1.8 mm from the level just caudal the facial nucleus to the caudal extension. In the rostral tip of the nucleus, labeled cells were located in a scattered ventral group of larger neurons of the nucleus. PMID- 7082221 TI - [Microflame-photometric estimation of sodium and potassium for testing the purity of inner ear fluids (author's transl)]. AB - A simple micromodification of simultaneous flame-photometric estimation of sodium and potassium concentration in sample volumes of 0.1 microliter is described for testing the purity of inner ear fluids, especially of perilymph. The precision of the method is about 10% (calibration standards, Table 2) and depends mainly on the precision of measuring the small sample volumes. The method has been used for examining cerebrospinal fluid, perilymph, and endolymph samples of guinea pigs. The increased perilymphatic potassium (Fig. 1a) and endolymphatic sodium values suggest a more or less substantial contamination of the tested samples and underline the necessity of checking the purity of inner ear fluid samples which are used in biochemical analysis. PMID- 7082222 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic parotitis (author's transl)]. AB - Of 58 patients whose parotid glands were extirpated because of a chronic parotitis, 90% could be cured. The rate of success of this operation is reduced to 70-80% if its is based on those 31 patients alone who showed the typical symptoms of a chronic-recurrent parotitis. The incidence of persisting facial pareses is about twice as high as after removal of non-inflamed parotid glands. This figure is based on seven patients suffering, with one exception, from only slight disorders of innervation in the region of the angle of the mouth. In our opinion total parotidectomy is the method of choice for the treatment of chronic parotitis, if all attempts at conservative treatment have failed. We attribute our failures to remaining glandular parenchyma that was both inflamed and still secretory-active. To further improve the rate of success of parotidectomy, its combination with procedures suitable for occlusion of the duct system is proposed. In this way one should succeed in completely eliminating any secretory active gland tissue. PMID- 7082223 TI - [Meniere's disease and isosorbide as an oral hyperosmotic agent (author's transl)]. AB - According to a nationwide survey in 1977 and average of 54.7% of Meniere's disease patients were unable to function normally in their daily lives. These patients mostly complained of repeated attacks of vertigo (male 40.3%, female 29.2%) (Watanabe et al. 1980). For the purpose of improving the repeated attacks of vertigo, Isosorbide as an oral hyperosmotic diuretic was first administered orally to 21 patients with Meniere's disease from November 1979 to January 1981 for reducing the endolymphatic hydrops that can be presumed to be of pathogenetic importance. The electrocochleographic examinations were carried out on these patients at the same time. Usually, the SP/AP wave form in the electrocochleographic examinations appears to be more abnormal in patients with a fluctuating hearing loss or a flat hearing loss. The average of negative SP/AP in 24 patients with Meniere's disease was 0.54. The indication of Isosorbide administration was determined by this particular SP/AP wave abnormality, and clinical of Isosorbide for the patients with Meniere's disease were evaluated. In 18 patients who experienced relief, attack of vertigo did not occur in 12 (63%) and vertigo was relieved in six (31%). In two patients with long administration, hearing improvement could already be observed during the period of treatment. The electrocochleographic examinations showed a decrease in the SP/AP wave form. In two patients with short administration, hearing loss was temporarily observed in middle and low frequencies; the hearing loss later improved more than before treatment in these patients. In only one patient, aggravation of hearing was observed after administration, but whether it was a side effect or not, remains to be understood. The period of observation of these results was a mean value of 4 months and 12 days. The Isosorbide therapy in patients with Meniere's disease in expected to replace saccus surgery. PMID- 7082224 TI - The genetics and early prediction of hip dysplasia. PMID- 7082225 TI - Infectivity for cattle of Anaplasma marginale extracted from Boophilus microplus ticks exposed to certain temperatures. PMID- 7082226 TI - Heat tolerance of cattle - climate laboratory or field assessment? PMID- 7082227 TI - Progressive ataxia in Charolais cattle. PMID- 7082228 TI - Carriage of Campylobacter jejuni in healthy and diarrhoeic dogs and cats. PMID- 7082229 TI - The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pathogenesis of fleece-rot and the effect of immunisation. PMID- 7082230 TI - Fascioloides magna in cattle. PMID- 7082231 TI - Fleece humidity as an indicator of susceptibility to body strike in Merino sheep. PMID- 7082232 TI - Concurrent parotiditis (mumps) in a child and a dog. PMID- 7082233 TI - Reversal of drug-induced priapism in a gelding by medication. PMID- 7082234 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of two microtitre complement fixation tests for the diagnosis of Brucella ovis infection in rams. AB - An investigation was made into microtitre complement fixation test (CFT) procedures suitable for the serological diagnosis of naturally occurring Brucella ovis infection in rams. A procedure similar to the Australian standard procedure for bovine brucellosis was unsatisfactory when applied to sheep. Modification of the procedure by use of an initial serum and anticomplementary control dilution of 1:8 and increasing complement fixation time to 60 minutes at 37 degrees C, greatly improved the efficiency of the test. A sensitivity of 100% was recorded for 59 serums from known infected rams and a specificity of 99.9% for 1593 serums from rams known or believed to be free of infection. Some aspects of applying CF tests to sheep serums are discussed. PMID- 7082235 TI - The use of amitraz in the control of an outbreak of sarcoptic mange in a colony of koalas. PMID- 7082236 TI - Breeding for resistance to Boophilus microplus in Australian Illawarra Shorthorn and Brahman x Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle. AB - Breeding for resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was undertaken in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (AIS) cattle from 1961 to 1978 and in a herd of Braham x AIS cattle from 1970 to 1979. Breeder cows and their progeny were assessed for tick resistance during October to January. Resistance levels were determined as the average percentage mortality of female ticks from two artificial infestations with cohorts of c 20,000 larvae. Resistance increased from 89.2% to 99% in the AIS breeding herd, as a result of the yearly introductions of more resistant individuals and culling of less resistant ones. Concurrently resistance in the AIS progeny increased from 93.7% to 97.7%, thus demonstrating that the selection and breeding of the cows and bulls resulted in genetic improvement in the resistance of the progeny. Milk production tests on heifers from the selected AIS herd during 1975 to 79 indicated that selection for tick resistance did not select against milk production. Resistance of the Brahman x AIS increased from 98.4% to 99.3% in the breeding herd and from 97.6% to 99.6% in the progeny. Female calves of both breeds were more resistant than males. PMID- 7082237 TI - The Australian brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus as an experimental parasite of cattle and vector of Anaplasma marginale. AB - Experiments were done to explore the possible relationship between cattle, Australian dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and Anaplasma marginale. Calves' ears were exposed to larval, nymphal and adult ticks on 8, 9 and 7 occasions, respectively. The immature instars fed readily, but the adults attached very poorly to calves. Transtadial transmission of A. marginale was achieved on 6 occasions from 9 attempts: ticks infected as larvae or nymphs were able to transmit at the subsequent stage or stages. Transovarial transmission was not achieved. Six calves supported more than one infestation of ticks. Attached ticks caused the calves no apparent discomfort and calves developed no noticeable skin reactions. An abattoir survey of 200 hides detected no R. sanguineus. PMID- 7082238 TI - A radiographic technique for pelvimetry of unanaesthestised ewes and a comparison of three methods of estimating the area of the pelvic inlet. PMID- 7082239 TI - Cryptosporidial infection of piglets. AB - Cryptosporidia were detected in the brush border of villous epithelium in the small intestine of 4 piglets 2 to 9 weeks old. Although the 4 piglets had been suffering from diarrhoea no specific role could be attributed to the cryptosporidia. Other than damage to the brush border there were no significant histological abnormalities in the small intestine associated with the presence of cryptosporidia. PMID- 7082240 TI - Importance of acute death syndrome in mortalities in broiler chicken flocks. AB - A survey of the weekly causes of mortality was carried out in a flock of 64,000 broiler chickens in Western Australia. Some 6.86% of the flock died or was culled in the period from day-old to slaughter and were examined post mortem. The most important cause of death, acute death syndrome (ADS) (36%), occurred during all weeks of production and 74% of affected birds were male. A comparison of liver biotin content made between 120 ADS-affected birds and 60 clinically normal flockmates established that the bottom status of ADS-affected birds was adequate. PMID- 7082241 TI - Capsular serotypes of Rhodococcus equi. AB - One hundred strains of Rhodococcus equi from various animal species and sources in Australia were examined for capsular serotype. Eighty-four of the strains fell into the existing 7 serotypes, and just under half of the strains belonged to serotype 1. Isolates from the intestines and faeces of horses, cattle, pigs and other species, and from soil, were found to belong to the same serotypes as those recovered from the lungs of foals with R. equi pneumonia. There was no clear relationships between capsular serotype and source of origin of the isolates. PMID- 7082242 TI - Effect of stress on steroid hormone levels in racehorses. AB - Cortisol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from race horses. None of 6 stressed male horses had low cortisol levels but testosterone levels (0.81 +/- 0.15 nmol/l) were significantly lower than in healthy horses (1.86 +/- 0.31 nmol/l). The conclusion was made that adrenocortical insufficiency is not a common association of stress in race horses. The reduction in testosterone levels is probably a nonspecific response similar to that seen in other species. PMID- 7082243 TI - Pseudochylous effusion in a cat with cardiomyopathy. AB - A case of pseudochylous thoracic effusion associated with feline cardiomyopathy is described. At necropsy there was no evidence of structural damage to the thoracic duct or other major lymphatic vessels. The literature covering this syndrome was reviewed and it was concluded that the thoracic effusion may have been associated with congestive heart failure and interference with drainage of the thoracic duct into the anterior vena cava. PMID- 7082244 TI - Echinococcosis in cyprus: observations on the distribution by site of infection in sheep, cattle and goats. PMID- 7082245 TI - Pyogranulomatous panniculitis in cats due to Mycobacterium smegmatis. PMID- 7082246 TI - Identification of meat according to species by isoelectric focusing. PMID- 7082247 TI - Improving the crashworthiness of general aviation aircraft by crash injury investigations. AB - An aircraft accident investigation program correlates injuries to occupants with the severity of impacts and structural changes in the crash. Findings brought to the attention of aircraft manufacturers have led to specific aircraft being made more crash-worthy. The finding of a failure in a shoulder harness attachment led to the strengthening of the attachment brace. The way a shoulder harness was joined to a lapbelt was modified following a noted failure. The finding of fractures of lapbelt and shoulder harness cable tiedowns led to the use of stronger cables and modification of the installation. Other findings resulted in a shoulder strap guide being placed on an inertia reel and a side-mounted seat being modified. Described also are three seat-related features which, although meeting FAA standards, during the dynamics of a crash may lack desirable energy attenuation. These findings illustrate the value of aircraft crash injury correlations. PMID- 7082248 TI - Analysis of dental materials as an aid to identification in aircraft accidents. AB - The failure to achieve positive identification of aircrew following an aircraft accident need not prevent a full autopsy and toxicological examination to ascertain possible medical factors involved in the accident. Energy-dispersive electron microprobe analysis provides morphological, qualitative, and accurate quantitative analysis of the composition of dental amalgam. Wet chemical analysis can be used to determine the elemental composition of crowns, bridges and partial dentures. Unfilled resin can be analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Detailed analysis of filled composite restorative resins has not yet been achieved in the "as-set" condition to permit discrimination between manufacturers' products. Future work will involve filler studies and pyrolysis of the composite resins by thermogravimetric analysis to determine percentage weight loss when the sample examined is subjected to a controlled heating regime. With these available techniques, corroborative evidence achieved from the scientific study of materials can augment standard forensic dental results to obtain a positive identification. PMID- 7082249 TI - G stress on A-10 pilots during JAWS II exercises. AB - Gz loads in A-10 aircraft were recorded on nine sorties during JAWS II exercises, and the pilots completed questionnaires on the effects of G stress in the A-10. Analysis of the recordings provided, among other statistics, the following means: maneuvering time, 28 min; peak +Gz load, +6.2; peak -Gz load, -0.1; G-time integral above 4 G, 85 G.s; G onsets greater than or equal to 6 G/s, 13. The questionnaires and follow-up interviews generated little evidence of G intolerance; the pilots did report significant task saturation, however. To compare the physiologic effects of G stress in the A-10 with those of G stress in the F-4, eight volunteer subjects were exposed to simulated A-10 and F-4 missions on the USAFSAM centrifuge. Although the two G-stress profiles were equally difficult and fatiguing, the subjects experienced less visual loss and had lower maximum heart rates during the A-10 profile. PMID- 7082250 TI - Ventilation and acid-base equilibrium for upper body and lower body exercise. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare pulmonary ventilation and blood acid base responses for upper and lower body exercise at a variety of metabolic intensities. Nine male subjects completed a progressive intensity, discontinuous test for arm crank (AC) and cycle (CY) ergometry. During submaximal exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), VE/VO2, alveolar ventilation (VA) and blood lactate (LA) values were found to increase, whereas arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) and arterial pH values were found to decrease with increasing power output for both modes of ergometry. Generally, for a given submaximal power output level, VO2, VE, VE/VO2, VA. and LA values were higher, but, PCO2 and pH values were lower for AC compared to CY exercise. During maximal exercise, VO2, VE, VA, LA, and PCO2 values were lower for AC than CY exercise. When VE, VA, LA, PCO2 and pH were expressed in relation to percent of peak VO2 (ergometer specific), nearly identical response patterns were found for both modes of exercise. These results indicate that pulmonary ventilation and blood acid-base responses are dependent upon relative exercise intensity rather than the muscle groups employed. PMID- 7082251 TI - Effect of flight on the Eustachian tube function and the tympanic membrane system -a follow-up study. AB - The Eustachian tube function in 32 aviation trainees was comprehensively tested in simulated flights in a pressure chamber on three occasions during their training. Their mean flight experience between tests comprised 150 h in jet training planes and 260 h in jet fighters. Their capacity to clear the ears in descent did not improve convincingly between tests, but the pressure opening level in ascent was significantly lowered. The elasticity of the eardrum system was significantly increased. The results suggest that the first test, before the flight training, is reliable for selection purposes. Reasons for difficulties in finding good agreement between test results and results of actual flight training are discussed. PMID- 7082252 TI - The strength-endurance relationship in skeletal muscle: its application to helmet design. AB - The isometric strength and endurance of the neck muscles in man was measured in four male subjects during dorsal, ventral, and lateral flexion of the head in a helmet dynamometer. The purpose of these experiments was to quantify the maximum strength of the neck muscles in these directions and to examine the relationship between isometric strength and endurance for various submaximal isometric tensions. Isometric contractions were sustained to fatigue by these subjects at tensions of 25, 40, 55, 70, and 90% of the maximum isometric strength in each of the directions of movement. Generally, the endurance of the muscles involved in ventral flexion was less than that found in dorsal and lateral flexion of the head. However, the strength of the muscles involved was progressively greater for lateral, dorsal, and ventral flexion, respectively. The implication of these findings in helmet design and helmet loading are discussed. PMID- 7082253 TI - Effects of space flight factors at the cellular level: results of the Cytos experiment. AB - Paramecium tetraurelia was cultivated aboard the Soviet orbital station Salyut 6. Each culture included one cell, bacterized culture medium, and two small glass tubes filled with a fixative. Cultures were kept at a low temperature before Soyouz-Salyut docking. Cultures were maintained at 25 degrees +/- 0.1 degree C in orbit and were fixed every 12 h. The space flight resulted in an increase in cell growth rate and in cell volume. Measurements of cell dry weight and total protein content favour a higher cell water content. Respective roles of cosmic rays and microgravity are discussed. Cytos results are compared to those of previous space experiments. PMID- 7082254 TI - A practical ultrasonic plethysmograph. AB - An ultrasonic plethysmograph, which gives improved performance over the standard Whitney Strain Gauge, is described. This instrument monitors dimension changes in human limbs by measuring the transit times of acoustic pulses across two chords of the limb. In the case of a small uniform expansion, the percentage change in limb volume is shown to be proportional to twice the percentage change in either of the measured chords. Measurement of two chords allows correction for possible non-uniform expansion. In addition, measurement of two chords allows an estimate of the absolute cross-sectional area of the limb. The developed instrument incorporates a microprocessor, which performs necessary calculation and control functions. Use of the microprocessor allows the instrument to be self calibrating. In addition, the device can be easily reprogrammed to incorporate improvements in operating features or computational schemes. PMID- 7082255 TI - Limitations of the exercise stress test in the detection of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men. AB - During a 1-year period, the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine reviewed routine exercise tests by 771 completely asymptomatic male flying personnel aged 35-54 years, who underwent the stress test as the sole screening procedure to detect latent coronary artery disease. All of the aviators had a normal baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram, which would not have required a stress test in accordance with current policies of the USAF Central Electrocardiographic Library. Of these 771 exercise tests, 153 were maximal treadmill tests without a previous Double Master's Step test, and 618 were Double Master's tests. Borderline abnormal or abnormal Double Master's tests were followed by treadmill testing. Airmen with abnormal treadmill tests were offered coronary angiography for clarification of the aeromedical significance of the test result. The predictive value of a routine abnormal treadmill test in a population of aircrew members with a borderline abnormal or abnormal Double Master's test ranged from 17-55%. Thus, mass screening for coronary artery disease with exercise stress tests in apparently asymptomatic individuals is hampered by a low yield of true positive test in an unacceptably high proportion of false positive results. PMID- 7082256 TI - Relationship of personality factors and some social habits to cardiovascular risk in submariners. AB - Correlational and contingency analytical techniques were used to investigate the relationship between subtest scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in 1000 submariners. Groups of personality traits, both enhancing and protecting against risk of heart disease, were identified in these subjects. Personality trait patterns tending to be least associated with cardiovascular risk are tentatively identified by the three MMPI scales: psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and social introversion. On the other hand, the scales most strongly related to CHD risk in the submariner sample were denial of symptoms as measured by the K-scale, hypochondriasis, and hysteria. While the inherent inaccuracy in the prediction of CHD risk in young healty individuals limits generalization from these findings, the potential utility of the MMPI to assist in risk detection is indicated. Comparisons of cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and alcohol consumption with personality characteristics identified by the MMPI yielded trait clusters associated with each addictive habit. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption tended to correlate with traits positively associated with CHD risk. The correlations between those addictive habits and MMPI subtest scores were most significant for the F-scale, which measures inordinate tendencies to exaggerated emotional symptoms, and for the psychopathic deviate and hypomania scales. Significant negative correlations were found between the amount of coffee consumed and those personality traits negatively associated wit CHD risk. These negative relationships were most significant for the MMPI scales schizophrenia and psychasthenia. Though the relationships were not necessarily construed to be causal, the contrasting modes through which these drug-associated habits appeared to relate to cardiovascular risk lend some support to the assumption that individuals with various specific sets of personality characteristics tend to incorporate these additive behaviors into their behavior repertoire in very different ways. PMID- 7082257 TI - Post-acceleration chaotic atrial rhythm. AB - Chaotic atrial rhythm has traditionally been a dysrhythmia of the seriously ill elderly patient and commonly associated with pulmonary disease. It has been reported less frequently in young individuals with and without pulmonary disease. An apparently healthy asymptomatic centrifuge subject had reproducible episodes of chaotic atrial rhythm only in the recovery period after exhaustive +Gz simulated aerial combat maneuvering. The underlying mechanism responsible for initiation of chaotic atrial rhythm is unknown, but may be related to distension of atrial tissue. In lung disease with attendant pulmonary hypertension or post +Gz stress with the sudden increase in venous return, the necessary distension of the right atrium can be induced. The prognosis of individuals with chaotic atrial rhythm depends on the severity of the underlying illness and is probably benign in apparently healthy asymptomatic individuals with normal cardiovascular evaluation. PMID- 7082258 TI - On the significance of heterophoria for stereoscopic vision. AB - This study was undertaken to explain the possible correlation between heterophoria and stereopsis because, in the literature, there are different opinions. The subjects were 806 recruits. They were trained as rangefinder men, of whom a perfect stereopsis is required. The permitted maximal limits of heterophoria were 1 prism diopter (PrD) vertically, of esophoria 5 PrD, and of exophoria 6 PrD. Soldiers wit abnormal stereopsis, myopia, hyperopia more than 1.75, or astigmatism over 0.50 diopters, were omitted. The heterophoria was tested with Herschel's prism to 5 m distance. The stereoscopic vision was investigated using Pulfrich's device and the so-called three-needle test. No statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated between heterophoria and the degree of stereopsis. Surprisingly, it could be noticed that persons with esopheria finshed Pulfrich's test more quickly than those with exophoria. This difference was statistically highly significant. In the three-needle test, the results had the same trend. This might have some importance to rangefinder men and to pilots if it can be confirmed in the military practice. PMID- 7082259 TI - Airline pilot disability: economic impact of an airline preventive medicine program. AB - The current economic crisis facing most major United States airlines has forced a close examination of airline-sponsored activities. The effectiveness of one airline's pilot preventive medicine program was estimated by comparing disability experience of its pilots against the experience of a larger population of airline pilots. The preventive medicine program at the studied airline was shown to reduce disability experience by one-third, while saving the airline better than $6 million annually. This program yielded the airline better than a 6-1 return on investment during the years studied. PMID- 7082260 TI - Successive discrimination performance improves with increasing numbers of stimulus preexposures in septal rats. PMID- 7082261 TI - Stress-induced analgesia: A performance deficit or a change in pain responsiveness? PMID- 7082262 TI - Discriminative properties of aversive brain stimulation. PMID- 7082263 TI - Hypothalamic obesity in male rats: comparison of parasagittal, coronal, and combined knife cuts. PMID- 7082264 TI - Consummatory response conditioning to an auditory stimulus in neonatal rats. PMID- 7082265 TI - Terminal erythroid differentiation of yolk sac erythroid cells. A 35,000 dalton non-histone protein is selectively maintained in condensed chromatin. PMID- 7082266 TI - Relationships between DNA content and cell morphometric parameters in reptiles. AB - The relationships between the genome size and various cellular morphometric parameters have been, studied in 38 reptilian species. The nuclear volume, the cell volume and the cell surface area show a direct, linear and statistically significant correlation with the nuclear DNA content; the cell surface/cell volume ratio tends to decrease as DNA increases. The results are similar to those previously observed in Amphibia, which suggests, that at least in poikilothermic vertebrates, the correlations between DNA amounts and cell sizes are controlled by substantially similar mechanisms. A comparison of the average variations of the various morphometric parameters among each other and with the average variation of the genome size suggests that these parameters are not regulated all in the same way. PMID- 7082267 TI - Osteoplastic activity of mature osteocytes evaluated by H-proline incorporation. PMID- 7082268 TI - [Autoradiographic studies of an experimental arthrosis model]. PMID- 7082270 TI - [Bilateral calcaneus fractures]. PMID- 7082269 TI - [Chondrocalcinosis (pseudogout)]. PMID- 7082271 TI - [Hoof modifications in fatted calves kept under single and grouping conditions]. PMID- 7082272 TI - [Diagnosis of osteochondrosis dissecans in the horse]. PMID- 7082273 TI - [Demonstration of "atypical"mycobacteria in fecal samples of game animals]. PMID- 7082274 TI - [Effect of light on pyrvinium pamoate: therapeutic aspects]. PMID- 7082275 TI - [Activity rhythm of piglets and its modification by light and feeding. 2. Experimental studies of the effect of light and feeding]. PMID- 7082276 TI - [Sensitivity of yeasts to various preparations used in veterinary medicine for disinfection and treatment of genital mucous membranes]. PMID- 7082277 TI - [Ascorbic acid status of horses. 4. Behavior of serum levels following intravenous administration]. PMID- 7082278 TI - Essential charged amino acids in the binding of fibronectin to gelatin. AB - The binding of fibronectin to gelatin-agarose was strictly dependent on pH, having a pH optimum of 7-9. The binding was strongly inhibited by increasing ionic strength. A chemical modification of lysyl and arginyl groups of fibronectin abolished the binding activity. The anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium deoxycholate in concentrations of 10-100mM had the same effect. The binding was not affected by the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100, Tween 20 or Lubrol WX. The results demonstrate an important role of ionic interactions in the binding of fibronectin to gelatin. Absence of inhibition by non-ionic detergents suggests that hydrophobic interactions contribute relatively little to the binding of fibronectin to gelatin. PMID- 7082279 TI - A general method for fractionation of plasma proteins. Dye-ligand affinity chromatography on immobilized Cibacron blue F3-GA. AB - The chromatographic behaviour of 27 different plasma proteins on fractionation of human plasma on immobilized Cibacron Blue F3-GA was studied. The column was eluted by using a three-step procedure. First, a low-molarity buffer (30 mM H3PO4/Na3PO4, pH 7.0, I0.053) was used, then a linear salt gradient (0-1 M-NaCl in the buffer above) was applied, followed by a wash with two bed volumes of 1.0 M-NaCl. Finally, bound proteins were 'stripped' with 0.5 M-NaSCN. Up to 1 ml of whole plasma could be loaded per 5 ml bed volume. No denaturation of proteinase inhibitors or complement fractions was observed. The recovery of individual proteins ranged between 52 and greater than 95%. Enrichment of four individual plasma components (alpha 1-antitrypsin, caeruloplasmin, antithrombin III and haemopexin) was between 10-fold and 75-fold. These results indicate that chromatography on immobilized Cibacron Blue F3-GA can be a useful initial step in the purification of plasma proteins. PMID- 7082280 TI - Photolytic studies on the carbon monoxide complex of sulphaemoglobin. AB - The CO complex of sulphaemoglobin was found to be photolytically dissociable at pH 6.0 and pH 8.5. The recombination kinetics of the CO complex after flash photolysis show two phases, which differ in rate by approximately 20-fold. At both pH 6.0 and pH 8.5 the two phases show an identical linear dependence on CO concentration, with associated second-order rate constants of 6.0 x 10(3) M-1 . s 1 and 1.2 x 10(5) M-1 . s-1 respectively. The percentage contribution of each of the two phases to the total absorbance change is independent of the CO concentration employed, but is a function of the protein concentration used. The percentage of the faster phase increases with protein dilution. These results taken together with computer simulation suggest the existence of appreciable amounts of monomeric species in solution at both pH 6.0 and pH 8.5 at low concentration of liganded protein. Estimates of the dissociation constants for the dimer in equilibrium monomer equilibrium yield values of 8 microM and 3.5 microM at pH 6.0 and pH 8.5 respectively. Stopped-flow delayed-flash-photolysis studies show that the liganded dimer decays to the liganded monomer with a half life of approx. 0.5 s. Constant-illumination experiments allow an estimation of the half-life for the combination of deoxy monomers to deoxy dimers of 22 s. A model explaining the range of CO recombination kinetics seen for sulphaemoglobin does not require the existence of a photolytically produced high-activity form, even at high pH, in contrast with the case for normal haemoglobin. PMID- 7082281 TI - Purification and properties of the assimilatory nitrite reductase from barley Hordeum vulgare leaves. AB - The assimilatory nitrite reductase (ferredoxin: nitrite oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.7.1) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves has been purified over 1500-fold with a recovery of 30% and a specific activity of 84 mumol of nitrite reduced/min per mg of protein. The purification procedure includes (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatographies and, finally, ferredoxin Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography. The enzyme appears homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consists of a single polypeptide chain with an Mr of 61 000. The absorption spectrum of the pure enzyme was typical of a haem-containing protein. The enzyme showed low thermostability and was specific for ferredoxin (Km 0.4 microM), although reduced Methyl Viologen (Km 120 microM) was also effective. The same Km value for nitrite (250 microM) was obtained with both electron carriers. Cyanide acted as a powerful pure competitive inhibitor of enzyme with respect to nitrite (Ki 40 microM). Thiol-blocking agents also caused considerable inhibition, but only the ferredoxin-driven activity was significantly inhibited by sulphite and hydroxylamine. PMID- 7082282 TI - Concerning the structure of photobilirubin II. AB - Evidence is presented which supports the postulate that the photobilirubins IIA and IIB are diastereoisomers in which the C-3 vinyl group has cyclized intramolecularly. The evidence comes principally from proton n.m.r. spectroscopy at 400 MHz and from chemical considerations. The cyclic structures require the E configuration at the C-4 double bond in the precursor; this is the first structural evidence for the Z leads to E isomerization in bilirubin and supports the view that the precursor (photobilirubin IA or IB) is (4E, 15Z)-bilirubin. Brief irradiation of photobilirubin II gives bilirubin, a new compound (photobilirubin III) and unchanged starting material. The various photoisomers are discussed in terms of their inter-relationships and biological fates. PMID- 7082283 TI - A variant of human transferrin with abnormal properties. AB - Screening of human serum samples by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M-urea revealed an individual who is heterozygous for a variant transferrin. The variant transferrin is able to bind two atoms of iron, but the iron in the C-terminal binding site is bound abnormally, as judged by its spectral properties, and is dissociated from the protein on electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M-urea. The iron-free C-terminal domain of the variant protein is less stable than normal to thermal and urea denaturation. Structural changes in the variant protein have not yet been characterized. PMID- 7082285 TI - Ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of the non-ionic dissociating agent chloral hydrate. Application to a membrane protein, bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. AB - In previous work we have shown that aq. 100% (w/v) chloral hydrate (2,2,2 trichloroethane-1,1-diol) is a potent non-ionic protein dissociating agent. We have employed it in systems of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and have demonstrated the presence of 15 components in a preparation of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase [Griffin & Landon (1981) Biochem. J. 197, 333-344]. Here we describe the use of solutions containing aq. 100% (w/v) chloral hydrate in the ion-exchange column chromatographic separation on CM-cellulose of the alpha- and beta-chains of human haemoglobin, which we have employed as a model protein of known structure. We also describe the use of similar procedures in order to fractionate the polypeptide components of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. An effective separation has been obtained and we suggest that chloral hydrate containing solutions could have general application in the ion-exchange chromatographic analysis of membrane proteins, a procedure that has had restricted use owing to the inadequacy of non-ionic dissociating agents available previously. PMID- 7082284 TI - Structural studies of the carbohydrate moieties of lectins from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers and thorn-apple (Datura stramonium) seeds. AB - 1. Methylation analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum) lectin and thorn-apple (Datura stramonium) lectin confirmed previous conclusions that both glycoproteins contained high proportions of l-arabinofuranosides and lesser amounts of d galactopyranosides. The arabinofuranosides are present in both lectins as short unbranched chains containing 1-->2- and 1-->3-linkages, which are known to be linked to hydroxyproline. Galactopyranosides are present as monosaccharides, which are known to be attached to serine, in potato lectin and as both the monosaccharide and the 1-->3-linked disaccharide in Datura lectin. 2. Alkaline digestion of potato lectin and subsequent separation of the components by gel filtration led to the isolation of four fractions corresponding to the mono-, di , tri- and tetra-arabinosides of hydroxyproline. The latter two fractions accounted for over 70% of the total hydroxyproline. 3. Methylation analysis was used to show that the triarabinoside contained only 1-->2-linkages between sugars, but that the tetra-arabinoside contained both 1-->2- and 1-->3-linkages. Direct-insertion mass spectrometry of these compounds using electron impact and chemical ionization, in a comparison with other known structural patterns, was used to determine the sequences of the sugars, which were Araf1-->2Araf1-->2Araf1 ->Hyp and Araf1-->3Araf1-->2Araf1-->2Araf 1-->Hyp. 4. On the basis of optical rotation it had previously been suggested [Allen, Desai, Neuberger & Creeth (1978) Biochem. J.171, 665-674] that all the arabinose of potato lectin was present as the beta-l-furanoside. However, measurement of the optical rotations of the hydroxyprolyl arabinosides showed that whereas the diarabinoside had a molar rotation ([m]) value close to that predicted, the triarabinoside was more dextrorotatory and the tetra-arabinoside was less dextrorotatory than expected. Possible explanations for these findings are that, although the di- and tri arabinosides contain exclusively beta-arabinofuranosides, in the tri-arabinoside, interactions between pentose units lead to an enhanced positive rotation. The tetra-arabinoside, however, is proposed to contain a single alpha arabinofuranoside residue, which is responsible for the lower than expected positive rotation. The observed rotation of the tetra-arabinoside was found to be close to the theoretical value predicted on that basis. Furthermore, the action of a specific alpha-arabinofuranosidase on the tetrasaccharide was to remove a single arabinose residue, presumably the terminal non-reducing sugar, and to produce a product that was indistinguishable on electrophoresis from the triarabinoside. Changes in rotation were compatible with this assumption. 5. It is concluded that the structures of the hydroxyprolyl tri- and tetra-arabinosides of potato lectin are: betaAraf1-->2betaAraf1-->2betaAraf1-->Hyp and alphaAraf1- >3betaAraf1-->2betaAraf 1-->2betaAraf1-->Hyp. These are identical with compounds that have been isolated from the insoluble hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins of plant cell walls. PMID- 7082286 TI - Identification of a specific olfactory receptor for 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. AB - 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, a potent bell-pepper odorant, binds to cow olfactory mucosa homogenate. The receptor is saturable in the micromolar range and is competitively inhibited by other bell-pepper odourants, but not by other pyrazines of different odours. Other tissues do not bind 2-isobutyl-3 methoxypyrazine at a significant extent. We suggest that this receptor is involved in odour discrimination. PMID- 7082287 TI - Proteoglycans of bovine periodontal ligament and skin. Occurrence of different hybrid-sulphated galactosaminoglycans in distinct proteoglycans. AB - A proteoglycan purified from 4 M-guanidinium chloride extracts of bovine periodontal ligament closely resembled that of bovine skin, except for a rather lower protein content and a higher molecular weight (120 000 compared with about 90 000) by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The latter difference was explained by the molecular weights (29 000 and 16 000) of the respective dermatan sulphate components, each of which was rich in L-iduronate (about 75% of the total hexuronate). Significant amounts of other glycosaminoglycans did not occur in these proteoglycans, which were homogenous on gel chromatography and agarose/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Polydispersity was observed in sedimentation equilibrium experiments, but proteolysis or self association of the proteodermatan sulphates may have affected these results. Ligament proteoglycans that were almost completely extracted with 0.1 M-NaCl contained less protein of a completely different amino acid composition than the proteodermatan sulphates. They were heterogeneous in size but generally smaller than cartilage proteoglycans and L-iduronate was a component, comprising about 7% of the total hexuronate of the sulphated galactosaminoglycan chains. The latter consisted of two fractions differing in molecular weight, but a dermatan sulphate with a high L-iduronate content was not present. These proteoglycans had some resemblance to D-glucuronate-rich proteoglycans of other non-cartilaginous tissues. Such compounds, however, are difficult to categorize at present. PMID- 7082288 TI - Phosphorylation in vivo of four basic proteins of rat brain myelin. AB - When rat brain myelin was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamideslab gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography of the stained gel, it was found that a host of proteins of rat brain myelin were labelled 2, 4 and 24h after the intracerebral injection of H(3) (32)PO(4). Among those labelled were proteins migrating to the positions of myelin-associated glycoprotein, Wolfgram proteins, proteolipid protein, DM-20 and basic proteins. The four basic proteins with mol.wts. 21000, 18000 (large basic protein), 17000 and 14000 (small basic protein) were shown to be phosphorylated after electrophoresis in both acid-urea- and sodium dodecyl sulphate-containing gel systems followed by fluorography. The four basic proteins imparted bluish-green colour, after staining with Amido Black, which is characteristic of myelin basic proteins. The four basic proteins were purified to homogeneity. Fluorography of the purified basic proteins after re-electrophoresis revealed the presence of phosphorylated high-molecular-weight ;polymers' associated with each basic protein. The amino acid compositions of the phosphorylated large basic protein and small basic proteins are compatible with the amino acid sequences. Proteins with mol.wts. 21000 and 17000 gave the expected amino acid composition of myelin basic proteins. Radiolabelled phosphoserine and phosphothreonine were identified after partial acid hydrolysis of the four purified basic proteins. The [(32)P]phosphate-protein bond in the basic protein was stable at an acidic pH but was readily hydrolysed at alkaline pH, as would be expected of phosphoester bonds involving both serine and threonine residues. Double-immunodiffusion analysis demonstrated that the four phosphorylated proteins showed complete homology when diffused against antiserum to a mixture of small and large basic proteins. Since the four basic proteins of rat brain myelin were phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro it is postulated that the same protein kinase is responsible for their phosphorylation in both conditions. PMID- 7082289 TI - Hereditary spherocytosis of man. Altered binding of cytoskeletal components to the erythrocyte membrane. AB - Human erythrocytes possess a lattice work of extrinsic proteins on the inner face of the membrane (;cytoskeleton') that maintains the shape and deformability of the cell. The major proteins of the cytoskeleton are spectrin and actin, which are attached to the membrane by protein bands 2.1 (;ankyrin') and 4.1. The interactions of spectrin/actin with erythrocyte membranes from normal subjects and from patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) have been studied by using an air-driven ultracentrifuge, which can rapidly separate membranes from soluble proteins (150000g for 30s). The total amount of spectrin/actin in HS and normal ghosts is similar. However, the rate of dissociation of spectrin and actin from HS erythrocyte membranes at low ionic strength is significantly lower than that observed for normal membranes. Spectrin and actin isolated from either HS or normal membranes re-associated in a similar manner to spectrin/actin-depleted vesicles prepared from normal cells. Scatchard analysis showed an average binding capacity of 278mug/mg of membrane protein. However, spectrin/actin-depleted vesicles prepared from HS cells bound significantly less spectrin/actin prepared from either the normal or abnormal cells (average binding capacity 158mug/mg of membrane protein). The defect was defined further by studying the cytoskeleton obtained by Triton X-100 extraction of membranes. Under conditions of low ionic strength cytoskeletons prepared from HS membranes dissociated more slowly than those prepared from normal membranes, and only 80% of the protein from HS cytoskeletons could be solubilized after 180min compared with 100% for normal cytoskeletons. The difference between HS and normal membranes, which persists in isolated cytoskeletons, suggests that alterations in either the primary structure or the degree of phosphorylation of protein bands 2.1 or 4.1 may be central to the molecular basis of hereditary spherocytosis. PMID- 7082290 TI - Isolation and characterization of plasma-membrane glycoproteins from pig epidermis. AB - 1. Non-desmosomal plasma membranes enriched in plasma-membrane marker enzymes and in metabolically labelled glycoproteins were isolated on a large scale from up to 500g of pig ear skin slices. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and periodic acid/Schiff staining revealed the presence of four major glycosylated components in the apparent molecular-weight range 150000 80000. 2. A large proportion of the marker enzymes, the d-[(3)H]glucosamine labelled glycoproteins and the periodic acid/Schiff-stained glycoproteins were solubilized by 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate. However, several non-glycosylated proteins, in particular those with mol.wts. 81000, 41000 and 38000 (possibly cytoskeletal components), were relatively resistant to solubilization. 3. The deoxycholate-solubilized membranes were fractionated by lectin affinity chromatography using both concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and lentil lectin-Sepharose 4B. From 75 to 85% of the applied glycoprotein was recovered from the columns. From 30 to 40% of the recovered glycoprotein was specifically bound by the lectins and was eluted with 2% (w/v) alpha-methyl d-mannoside. The enrichment of labelled glycoproteins in the material bound by the lectins (2.5-fold) was similar with both lectins, although the yield was somewhat greater when lentil lectin was used. The glycoprotein-enriched fraction was also enriched in all the plasma-membrane marker enzymes, indicating their probable glycoprotein nature. 4. The glycoprotein-enriched fraction contained the four major periodic acid/Schiff stained bands that were detected in the original plasma membrane. They had apparent mol.wts. 147000, 130500, 108000 and 91400. The higher-molecular-weight components contained relatively more d-[(3)H]glucosamine, indicating differences in the sugar composition or in the metabolic turnover of the individual glycoproteins in culture. The material bound by the lectins also contained a number of lower-molecular-weight Coomassie Brilliant Blue-stained components. These were weakly stained by periodic acid/Schiff reagent and were lightly labelled with d-[(3)H]glucosamine, indicating that they contained less carbohydrate than the four major glycoprotein bands. 5. Chloroform/methanol extracted plasma membranes and isolated glycoproteins had a similar carbohydrate composition, containing sialic acid, hexosamine, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose. Glucose was not enriched in the isolated glycoproteins, suggesting that it may be a contaminant. Xylose, however, was enriched in the isolated glycoproteins. It remains to be established whether this sugar, which is not usually found in plasma-membrane glycoproteins, is a genuine constituent of plasma-membrane glycoproteins in the epidermis. PMID- 7082292 TI - Alkyl selenosulphates (seleno Bunte salts). A new class of thiol-blocking reagents. AB - Potassium benzyl selenosulphate and potassium p-nitrobenzyl selenosulphate were shown to be powerful inhibitors of the thiol-dependent enzymes glutathione reductase and papain, but to have no effect on the serine-dependent proteinase trypsin. By contrast, potassium benzyl thiosulphate and potassium p-nitrobenzyl thiosulphate, at much higher concentrations, have virtually no effect on any of the enzymes. The selenosulphates show characteristics of both reversible non competitive and irreversible inhibition. On the basis of model reactions in which the selenosulphates react instantly with cysteine, it is suggested that they form labile selenosulphide derivatives with the enzymes, but that these derivatives may be broken down either by the normal functioning of the enzyme (in the case of glutathione reductase) or by the approaching substrate (in the case of papain). Continued inhibition of the enzymes requires a stoicheiometric excess of inhibitor over enzyme. PMID- 7082291 TI - Brain clathrin and clathrin-associated proteins. AB - The assembly of clathrin into baskets or cages in vitro may depend on formation of complex between clathrin and a polypeptide doublet migrating in the 30000 mol.wt. region. Clathrin with several associated proteins was isolated from coated-vesicle fractions of bovine cerebral cortex. Most associated proteins were separated by Sepharose 4B column chromatograhy. The eluted clathrin retained only the 30000-mol.wt. doublet and assembled into baskets at pH 6.5. Limited proteolysis of coated vesicles or clathrin assembled as baskets removed these clathrin-associated proteins (CAPs) without detectably altering clathrin. Enzyme treated clathrin assembled into open-lattice structures but no longer formed baskets in vitro. Latex particles with bound enzyme cleaved the CAPs from coated vesicles and clathrin baskets, suggesting that the CAPs protrude from the exterior of the clathrin lattice. PMID- 7082293 TI - The identification of the weak oestrogen equol [7-hydroxy-3-(4' hydroxyphenyl)chroman] in human urine. AB - The identification (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and n.m.r.) for the first time of the weak oestrogen equol [7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)chroman] in human urine is described. Preliminary results of its quantitative excretion in urine are reported and the potential significance of the occurrence of this compound is discussed. PMID- 7082294 TI - Cell-density-dependent changes in cell-surface glycopeptides and in adhesion of cultured intestinal epithelial cells. AB - We studied mannose-containing glycopeptides and glycoproteins of subconfluent and confluent intestinal epithelial cells in culture. Cells were labelled with d-[2 (3)H]mannose for 24h and treated with Pronase or trypsin to release cell-surface components. The cell-surface and cell-residue fractions were then exhaustively digested with Pronase and the resulting glycopeptides were fractionated on Bio Gel P-6, before and after treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H to distinguish between high-mannose and complex oligosaccharides. The cell-surface glycopeptides were enriched in complex oligosaccharides as compared with residue glycopeptides, which contained predominantly high-mannose oligosaccharides. Cell surface glycopeptides of confluent cells contained a much higher proportion of complex oligosaccharides than did glycopeptides from subconfluent cells. The ability of the cells to bind [(3)H]concanavalin A decreased linearly with increasing cell density up to 5 days in culture and then remained constant. When growth of the cells was completely inhibited by either retinoic acid or cortisol, no significant difference was observed in the ratio of complex to high-mannose oligosaccharides in the cell-surface glycopeptides of subconfluent cells. Only minor differences were found in total mannose-labelled glycoproteins between subconfluent and confluent cells by two-dimensional gel analysis. The adhesion of the cells to the substratum was measured at different stages of growth and cell density. Subconfluent cells displayed a relatively weak adhesion, which markedly increased with increased cell density up to 6 days in culture. It is suggested that alterations in the structure of the carbohydrates of the cell-surface glycoproteins are dependent on cell density rather than on cell growth. These changes in the glycopeptides are correlated with the changes in adhesion of the cells to the substratum. PMID- 7082295 TI - Action of rat liver cathepsin L on collagen and other substrates. AB - 1. It has been found that cathepsin L is very susceptible to loss of activity through autolysis. When this is prevented by purification and storage of the enzyme as its mercury derivative, preparations are obtained with higher specific activity than previously. 2. Active-site titration shows, however, that even the new purification method does not give preparations in which the enzyme is 100% active. 3. Benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylarginine 7-(4-methyl)coumarylamide has been discovered to be a very sensitive substrate for cathepsin L. Like all other known substrates for cathepsin L, however, it is also cleaved by cathepsin B. 4. Cathepsin L degrades insoluble collagen at pH 3.5 over 5-fold faster than at pH 6.0. The specific activity at pH 3.5 is 5-10-fold higher than that of cathepsin B (rat or human) or bovine spleen cathepsin N ('collagenolytic cathepsin'). 5. Qualitatively, the action of cathepsin L on collagen is similar to that of cathepsins B and N, i.e. selective cleavage of terminal peptides leads to conversion of beta- and higher components mainly to alpha-chains. PMID- 7082296 TI - Characterization of ornithine decarboxylase of tobacco cells and tomato ovaries. AB - Some characteristics of L-ornithine decarboxylase of tomato ovaries and tobacco cells are described. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0. It requires pyridoxal phosphate and thiol reagent (dithiothreitol) for activity. It is specific for L ornithine and has an apparent Km of 1.4 X 10-4 M. It has an apparent molecular weight of 107000. Putrescine inhibited the activity in vitro. Spermidine and spermine also inhibit the enzyme, but less effectively. It is concluded that the enzyme is similar to that of mammalian origin and likewise fulfils a function related to cell proliferation. PMID- 7082297 TI - Characterization of the tissue-specific proteoglycans synthesized by chondrocytes from nanomelic chick embryos. AB - Cartilage from the avian mutant nanomelia has been reported to synthesize cartilage-specific proteoglycans, PGS(SC)-I, at 1-2% of normal values [McKeown & Goetinck (1979) Dev. Biol. 71, 203-215]. Proteoglycans were endogenously labelled with [35S]sulphate and extracted from cartilage in 4 M-guanidine hydrochloride and chromatographed on controlled-pore glass 1400. PGS(SC)-I was obtained from the void volume of these columns. Dissociative sucrose-density-gradient analysis revealed a greater than normal polydispersity in the nanomelic PGS(SC)-I. Fractions from both the controlled-pore glass 1400 void volume and sucrose gradients were tested for their ability to bind specific antibody against cartilage proteoglycan monomer. In all instances, binding of normal fractions was greater than 90%, whereas binding to nanomelic fractions ranged from 20 to 65%. Chromatography of PGS(SC)-I on controlled-pore glass 2500 resulted in 70% of the normal and 25% of the mutant proteoglycans eluting as aggregates. Chondroitin sulphate chains from mutant PGS(SC)-I appeared slightly larger than normal when chromatographed on controlled-pore glass 500. In addition, PGS(SC)-I from nanomelic cartilage is more susceptible to proteolysis in vitro than the PGS(SC) I from normal cartilage. This evidence suggests that the small amount of cartilage-specific proteoglycan synthesized by nanomelic cartilage is not normal. PMID- 7082298 TI - The exclusion of human serum albumin by human dermal collagenous fibres and within human dermis. AB - Preparations of dermal collagenous fibres and slices of human dermis have been equilibrated with 125I-labelled monomeric human serum albumin. The space inaccessible to the albumin in the fibres and in the dermis was determined by subtraction of the accessible space, calculated from the radioactivity of the specimen, from its total fluid. For a fibre preparation examined in detail, the fluid exclusion was independent of the concentration of either albumin or collagen. Binding of albumin to the fibres was not demonstrable. Three fibre preparations excluded albumin from 3.75 +/- 0.96, 3.55 +/- 0.67, and 2.05 +/- 0.39 g of fluid/g of collagen (+/-S.D.). Slices from three specimens of dermis excluded albumin from 1.45 +/- 0.08 g of fluid/g of insoluble solids or 1.57 +/- 0.11 g of fluid/g of collagen (+/-S.D.). Thus the exclusion of albumin by dermis was much less than expected from its content of collagenous fibres. On the basis of these data and the published composition of dermis, the concentration of albumin in the accessible interstitial space was estimated to be close to that in the plasma. PMID- 7082299 TI - Specificity of ovine submaxillary-gland sialyltransferases. Application of high pressure liquid chromatography in the identification of sialo-oligosaccharide products. AB - High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to identify the sialo oligosaccharide products obtained after sialylation of [14C]Gal-GalNAc-protein in vitro by an ovine submaxillary-gland microsomal fraction. Among other products, two isomeric trisaccharides could be identified. NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAcol and Gal beta 1 leads to 3-(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAcol respectively, indicating that ovine submaxillary gland contains two sialyltransferases acting on mucin-type acceptors, a beta-galactoside alpha 2 leads to 3 sialyltransferase and a N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha 2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase. This conclusion was fully supported by methylation analysis of the two trisaccharide products. PMID- 7082300 TI - A neuropeptide of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria with an amino acid composition homologous with vertebrae pancreatic polypeptide. AB - A neuropeptide purified from the brain of the blowfly (Calliphora vomitoria) that cross-reacts in a bovine pancreatic polypeptide radioimmunoassay has been subjected to amino acid analysis. The amino acid composition of the peptide shows homology with vertebrate pancreatic polypeptide species. Amounts of the neuropeptide calculated from amino acid analysis record with those measured by the pancreatic polypeptide radioimmunoassay. These results suggest that the primary structure of the Calliphora neuropeptide is very similar to that of mammalian pancreatic polypeptides. PMID- 7082302 TI - Extensive destruction of newly synthesized casein in mammary explants in organ culture. AB - 1. Explants of mammary glands of mid-pregnant rabbits that had been cultured for 18h in the presence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol were incubated at 37 degrees C for 2h in Medium 199 containing l-[4,5-(3)H]leucine. After a wash procedure at 4 degrees C, explants were re-incubated at 37 degrees C in fresh medium and the radioactivity of casein polypeptides isolated by isoelectric focusing (at pH 4.6) was followed with time. Casein radioactivity rose during the first hour of re-incubation, but fell markedly during the subsequent hour. 2. Loss of radioactivity represented casein degradation, since less than 10% of newly synthesized casein was found in the incubation medium. 3. Such a loss of radioactivity was not due solely to hydrolysis of signal peptides, since similar results were obtained when l-[5-(3)H]proline, which is not part of casein signal peptides, was the radiolabelled precursor. 4. A dual-isotope experiment using l [U-(14)C]proline and N-[(3)H]acetyl-d-mannosamine gave similar profiles of radioactivity loss from isoelectrically focused casein, indicating that degradation of mature casein was occurring. 5. Analysis of total pellet and particle-free-supernatant fractions prepared by centrifugation of explant homogenates at 115000g(av.) for 1h did not show loss of radioactivity on re incubation. Total pellet-protein radioactivity remained constant, whereas total soluble-protein radioactivity increased during the 2h re-incubation period. 6. Radioactivity in a specific particle-free-supernatant polypeptide, the subunit of fatty acid synthetase, mimicked that of the total soluble protein. 7. Addition of cycloheximide (20mug/ml) during the re-incubation period completely blocked the incorporation of radioactivity from l-[5-(3)H]proline into casein and the subsequent fall, indicating that observations were being made on newly synthesized casein. 8. Addition of chloroquine (50mum) did not prevent the increase in radioactivity from l-[5-(3)H]proline into casein during the first hour of re-incubation, but did prevent the loss of radioactivity in the second hour. 9. The intracellular degradation of a newly synthesized milk protein is discussed in relation to the known intracellular degradation of other secretory polypeptides. PMID- 7082301 TI - The pathway of adenine nucleotide catabolism and its control in isolated rat hepatocytes subjected to anoxia. AB - 1. The breakdown of the adenine nucleotide pool provoked by the replacement of the O(2)/CO(2) gas phase by N(2)/CO(2) was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes with the purpose of defining the pathway of the catabolism of AMP in anoxic conditions. 2. Approx. 40% of the adenine nucleotide pool was lost after 40-60 min of anoxia. In hepatocytes from fed rats there was a slow disappearance of ATP. This is explained by the presence of glycogen stores, allowing the generation of ATP by anaerobic glycolysis. In hepatocytes from 24h-starved rats, ATP almost completely disappeared within 5 min, and was partly replaced by an accumulation of AMP. This indicates that another mechanism protects the adenine nucleotide pool in the starved state. In both conditions, the loss of adenine nucleotides was mainly accounted for by an accumulation of uric acid, owing to the oxygen-dependence of urate oxidase. 3. Incubation of the hepatocytes before the suppression of O(2) with coformycin at concentrations known to inhibit selectively adenosine deaminase did not result in an accumulation of adenosine and did not influence the formation of uric acid. This indicates that the degradation of AMP does not proceed by way of 5'-nucleotidase under these conditions. In the presence of coformycin at concentrations which are inhibitory to AMP deaminase, however, the formation of uric acid was nearly suppressed, demonstrating that the initial degradation of AMP was catalysed by the latter enzyme. 4. The accumulation of AMP in the starved state can be explained by the pronounced decrease in ATP, the major stimulator of AMP deaminase, and the enhanced increase in P(i), one of its physiological inhibitors. The modifications of these effectors can also explain the increased inhibition of the cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase, shown by the accumulation of IMP in the absence of coformycin, in hepatocytes from starved rats. 5. Reoxygenation of the hepatocytes after 20 min of anoxia induced a prompt regeneration of ATP, which reached concentrations equal to the pre-existing concentration of AMP. 6. No explanation was found for the accumulation of IMP observed after preincubation of the hepatocytes with 0.1mum-coformycin, since the activities of the IMP-metabolizing enzymes were not influenced by this inosine analogue. PMID- 7082304 TI - Regulation of tRNA methyltransferase activities by spermidine and putrescine. Inhibition of polyamine synthesis and tRNA methylation by alpha-methylornithine or 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol in Dictyostelium. AB - Inhibitors of polyamine synthesis (alpha-methylornithine and 1,3-diaminopropan-2 ol) were used to study the relationship between polyamine synthesis and specific methylations of tRNA in Dictyostelium discoideum during vegetative growth. Polyamine concentrations were found to be 10 mM for putrescine, 1.6 mM for spermidine and 7 mM for 1,3-diaminopropane throughout the growth stage. On treatment of growing amoebae with alpha-methylornithine or with 1,3-diaminopropan 2-ol (each at 5 mM), the syntheses of putrescine, spermidine and 1,3 diaminopropane were arrested within 4h. After polyamine synthesis had ceased, the incorporation of methyl groups into tRNA was considerably decreased under conditions that had no effect on the incorporation of uridine into tRNA, or on net syntheses of protein and of DNA. The following nucleosides in tRNA were concerned: 1 methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, 7-methylguanosine, 2 methylguanosine, N2N2-dimethylguanosine and 5-methyluridine (ribosylthymine). The corresponding tRNA methyltransferases, determined in Mg2+-free enzyme extracts, proved to be inactive unless polyamines were added. Putrescine and/or spermidine at concentrations of 10 mM or 1-2 mM respectively stimulate the transmethylation reaction in vitro to a maximal rate and to an optimal extent at exactly the same concentrations as found in vegetative cells. In contrast, 1,3-diaminopropane, which is formed from spermidine, does not affect the methylation of tRNA in vitro at physiological concentrations. Putrescine and/or spermidine stabilize the tRNA methyltransferases in crude extracts in the presence but not in the absence of the substrate tRNA. The results support the view that S-adenosylmethionine dependent transmethylation reactions can be regulated by alterations of polyamine concentrations in vivo. PMID- 7082303 TI - Transacylation as a chain-termination mechanism in fatty acid synthesis by mammalian fatty acid synthetase. Synthesis of medium-chain-length (C8-C12) acyl CoA esters by goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase. AB - 1. Ruminant mammary-gland fatty acid synthetases can, in contrast with non ruminant mammary enzymes, synthesize medium-chain fatty acids. 2. Medium-chain fatty acids are only synthesized in the presence of a fatty acid-removing system such as albumin, beta-lactoglobulin or methylated cyclodextrin. 3. The short- and medium-chain fatty acids synthesized were released as acyl-CoA esters from the fatty acid synthetase. PMID- 7082305 TI - Studies on the nature of the high-affinity trialkyltin binding site of rat liver mitochondria. AB - 1. The proteolipid fraction isolated from rat liver mitochondria pretreated with [3H]triphenyltin chloride is enriched in triphenyltin compared with the original mitochondria. 2. Part of this [3H]triphenyltin is eluted with a protein of Mr 5000-6000 on Sephadex LH20 chromatography. 2. Mossbauer spectra of the proteolipid fraction treated with 119Sn-enriched triethyltin chloride show a doublet which corresponds closely with that assigned previously [Farrow & Dawson (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 86. 85-95] to the absorption of triethyltin bound to the high-affinity binding site of the mitochondrial ATPase. PMID- 7082306 TI - Defective catabolism of low-density lipoprotein by fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease. AB - Skin fibroblast cultures from patients with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) are characterized by multiple lysosomal enzyme deficiencies The present studies deal with the consequences of these deficiencies with respect to the metabolism of plasma low-density lipoproteins. Degradation of the protein moiety was defective in I-cells compared with control cells, but the binding and internalization of low density lipoprotein were much less affected. Measurements of low-density lipoprotein degradation in homogenates demonstrated directly for the first time a deficiency of acid proteinase activity in I-cell fibroblasts. Comparison of results in 6-h incubations with those in 24-h incubations showed accumulation of intracellular low-density lipoprotein in I-cell fibroblasts and an accelerating rate of degradation, possibly attributable to intracellular accumulation of low density lipoprotein substrate. The significance of these findings with respect to low-density lipoprotein metabolism in vivo is discussed. PMID- 7082307 TI - Oxaloacetate- and acetoacetate-induced calcium efflux from mitochondria occurs by reversal of the uptake pathway. AB - 1. Addition of oxaloacetate or acetoacetate to isolated rat liver mitochondria results in an efflux of Ca2+. Concomitant with this efflux is an immediate oxidation of endogenous nicotinamide nucleotides, a fall in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the rate of respiration. The primary effect in this sequence may be either (a) physiologically important stimulation of a Ca2+-efflux carrier, followed by Ca2+ re-uptake, a fall in membrane potential and increased respiration, or (b) physiologically unimportant damage to mitochondrial integrity, followed by a fall in membrane potential, increased respiration and Ca2+ efflux. 2. Ruthenium Red and EGTA will restore the increased respiratory rate to one approximating to the control rate of respiration. However, addition of lanthanide, at a concentration which inhibits the uptake but not the normal efflux of Ca2+, inhibits the rate of Ca2+ efflux induced by oxaloacetate or acetoacetate. Therefore the observed efflux is occurring by a reversal of the uptake pathway (uniporter) and thus follows the fall in membrane potential. 3. From these results we conclude that the decrease in membrane potential and increase in the rate of respiration seen during oxaloacetate- or acetoacetate induced Ca2+ efflux cannot be accounted for by rapid Ca2+ cycling, but are due to damage to mitochondrial integrity. PMID- 7082308 TI - The binding of rat uterine cytosol oestrogen receptors to oligodeoxythymidylate- cellulose. Its relationship to a stable form of receptor complex with separate ligand- and oligonucleotide-binding sites. AB - The interaction of rat uterine cytosol oestrogen-receptor complexes with the synthetic acceptor oligo(dT)--cellulose was studied. Differences in the stability of receptor complexes and their ability to bind to oligo(dT)--cellulose on storage at 4 degrees C or when exposed to increased temperatures indicated heterogeneity of steroid- and oligonucleotide-binding sites. Dilution, dialysis and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation increased the interaction of receptor complexes with oligo(dT)--cellulose (a step termed activation). This increase may be the result of the removal of low-molecular-weight cytosol components which inhibit receptor activation, dimerization to the 5 S form, which binds to oligo(dT)--cellulose, or interaction of 5 S receptor with the oligonucleotide. Cytosol oestradiol- receptor complexes exhibited biphasic dissociation kinetics. All these manipulations resulted in an increase in the proportion of the slow-dissociating component equivalent to the increase in receptor binding to oligo(dT)--cellulose. In contrast, addition of 10mM-sodium molybdate to cytosol decreased both oligo(dT)--cellulose binding and the proportion of receptor with slow dissociation kinetics. The inclusion of proteinase inhibitors did not affect interactions of receptor with oligo(dT)--cellulose nor the dissociation kinetics. These results suggest that oligo(dT)--cellulose binding may serve to quantify the proportion of cytosol receptor in an active form capable of nuclear interaction and to help to ascertain whether a receptor system is fully functional. This binding procedure could prove useful in the evaluation of oestrogen responsivity under normal and pathological conditions. PMID- 7082309 TI - The role of cytosolic proteins in the intracellular transport of haem in rat liver. A dual-label approach. AB - After consecutive injections of delta-amino[3H]- and -[14C]-laevulinic acid, the incorporation of the two labels into haem associated with different subfractions of the liver was determined. Marked differences in the 14C/3H ratios were observed between haem associated loosely and tightly with microsomes and mitochondria and haem associated with three subfractions of the cytosol obtained by gel filtration. The effect of changing the amounts of delta-aminolaevulinic acid injected and of changing the interval between injections and killing of the animal on the ratios of labels in the haem of each subfraction was studied. The results are discussed in terms of the flow of haem from the mitochondria to other parts of the cell via putative cytosolic carrier proteins. PMID- 7082310 TI - Binding of dihydrotestosterone to a nuclear-envelope fraction from the male rat liver. AB - Intact nuclear 'ghosts' containing small amounts of DNA were obtained from rat liver. Incubation of radiolabelled dihydrotestosterone with isolated nuclear envelope fraction from male rat liver resulted in specific binding of the dihydrotestosterone to the membranes. Optimal binding occurred at 20 degrees C after 20h incubation. Storage for 2 weeks at -80 degrees C resulted in little loss of specific binding. Scatchard analysis revealed a class of binding sites with a KD of 23.2 nM. Pronase and heat treatment destroyed the binding site. Androgens and glucocorticoids competed for labelled dihydrotestosterone binding to the ghosts, whereas oestrogens did not compete. Castration 24h before preparation of ghosts did not alter the binding site, and a similar class of binding sites was identified on female rat liver nuclear envelopes. PMID- 7082312 TI - The effects of chronic metabolic acidosis on liver and muscle glutamine metabolism in the dog in vivo. AB - 1. Chronic HCl acidosis was induced in dogs. 2. Hepatic extraction of glutamine fell compared with normal animals. 3. Muscle glutamine production was unchanged in acidosis. 4. The results are discussed in relation to inter-organ glutamine metabolism in acidosis in vivo. PMID- 7082311 TI - Localization of hydrogenase in Thiocapsa roseopersicina photosynthetic membrane. AB - The photosynthetic cell membrane is impermeable to the oxidized redox dyes Methyl Viologen and Benzyl Viologen, whereas the reduced forms easily penetrate into the cells. By exploiting this permeability difference, the orientation of the membrane-bound hydrogenase has been determined. PMID- 7082313 TI - Lymphocytes induce resorption of cartilage by producing catabolin. AB - Mononuclear cells from pig blood, when cultured in the presence of lectins (concanavalin A or phytohaemagglutinin), release a factor that induces resorption of proteoglycan in explants of live bovine nasal cartilage. The factor had mol.wt. 20000 and pI 4.6-5.0, and was indistinguishable from the cartilage catabolic protein catabolin isolated from culture medium of explants of pig synovial tissue. Since much of the catabolin from the mononuclear cells arose from the non-adherent population (98% lymphocytes) it was concluded that lymphocytes (and possibly monocytes) make catabolin. PMID- 7082314 TI - On the action of ribosome-inactivating proteins: are plant ribosomes species specific? PMID- 7082315 TI - Transfer of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate as oxidizing potential from hepatocytes to erythrocytes. AB - The interconversions of proline and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate form an intercellular cycle that is the basis of a metabolic interaction between hepatocytes and erythrocytes. The cycle transfers oxidizing potential from hepatocytes to erythrocytes, which stimulates pentose phosphate pathway in erythrocytes. This interaction depends on the differential metabolism of proline and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in erythrocytes and hepatocytes and consists of the following: in hepatocytes proline oxidase converts proline into 1-pyrroline-5 carboxylate, which is released into the medium and taken up by erythrocytes; erythrocyte 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase converts 1-pyrroline-5 carboxylate into proline and concomitantly generates NADP+; the generated oxidizing potential drives glucose metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway in erythrocytes; finally, erythrocytes release proline into the medium, enabling it to re-enter hepatocytes and repeat the cycle. The increased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway in erythrocytes may enhance the production of 5 phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, a necessary moiety for the processing of purines. PMID- 7082316 TI - Studies on the efflux of metalloporphyrin from isolated rat liver mitochondria. Effect of respiratory substrates and metabolic inhibitors. AB - Intramitochondrially synthesized Co-deuteroporphyrin is released to the incubation medium at a rate inversely correlated to the energy state of the mitochondria; i.e. the rate of efflux increases when substrate is depleted, respiration inhibited or the mitochondria are uncoupled. The efflux of Co deuteroporphyrin from mitochondria remains low as long as the residual membrane potential is above one-third that of maximally energized mitochondria. Globin enhances the efflux of Co-deuteroporphyrin not only from mitochondria depleted of substrates [Husby & Romslo (1980) Biochem. J. 188, 459-465], but also from maximally energized mitochondria. The results provide further evidence for a co operative mechanism between the mitochondria and their surroundings for the mobilization of metalloporphyrin from mitochondria. PMID- 7082317 TI - Decreased protein and puromycinyl-peptide degradation in livers of senescent mice. AB - Liver protein-degradation rates were determined in young and old C57B1 mice by the method of Swick & Ip [(1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6836-6841]. The results indicated a marked age-related increase in the half-lives of short-lived proteins in the nuclear, mitochondrial, lysosomal and 100000 g-supernatant cellular fractions and in total trichloroacetic acid-precipitable proteins. The efficiency of the degradation system in removing aberrant proteins from livers of young and old mice was tested. The time required for 50% disappearance of puromycinyl peptides changed from about 20 min in 6-month-old mice to approx. 150 min in 24 month-old animals. These findings suggest that in old animals the proteolytic activity involved in degradation of aberrant proteins, and presumably of "native proteins, is markedly defective. PMID- 7082318 TI - Pyruvate carboxylation as an anaplerotic mechanism in the isolated perfused rat heart. AB - 1. The role of pyruvate carboxylation in the net synthesis of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates during acetate metabolism was studied in isolated rat hearts perfused with [1-14C]pyruvate. 2. The incorporation of the 14C label from [1 14C]pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates points to a carbon input from pyruvate via enzymes in addition to pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. 3. On addition of acetate, the specific radioactivity of citrate showed an initial maximum at 2 min, with a subsequent decline in labelling. The C-6 of citrate (which is removed in the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction) and the remainder of the molecule showed differential labelling kinetics, the specific radioactivity of C-6 declining more rapidly. Since this carbon is lost in the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction, the results are consistent with a rapid inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase after the addition of acetate, which was confirmed by measuring the 14CO2 production from [1-14C]pyruvate. 4. The results can be interpreted to show that carboxylation of pyruvate to the C4 compounds of the tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs under conditions necessitating anaplerosis in rat myocardium, although the results do not identify the enzyme involved. 5. The specific radioactivity of tissue lactate was too low to allow it to be used as an indicator of the specific radioactivity of the intracellular pyruvate pool. The specific radioactivity of alanine was three times that of lactate. When the hearts were perfused with [1-14C]lactate, the specific radioactivity of alanine was 70% of that of pyruvate. The results suggest that a subcompartmentation of lactate and pyruvate occurs in the cytosol. PMID- 7082320 TI - In vitro synthesis of macromolecules in human colostral cells. PMID- 7082319 TI - Alteration of inner-membrane components and damage to electron-transfer activities of bovine heart submitochondrial particles induced by NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation. AB - We investigated the changes of the inner-membrane components and the electron transfer activities of bovine heart submitochondrial particles induced by the lipid peroxidation supported by NADPH in the presence of ADP-Fe3+. Most of the polyunsaturated fatty acids were lost as a result of the peroxidation, and phospholipids were changed to polar species. Ubiquinone was also modified to polar substances as the peroxidation proceeded. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed the disappearance of 27000-Mr and 30000-Mr proteins and the appearance of highly polymerized substances. Flavins and cytochromes were not diminished, but the respiratory activity was lost. The reactions of NADH oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase were most sensitive to the peroxidation, followed by those of succinate oxidase and succinate-cytochrome c reductase. Succinate dehydrogenase and duroquinol cytochrome c reductase were inactivated by more extensive peroxidation, but cytochrome c oxidase was only partially inactivated. NADH-ferricyanide reductase was not inactivated. The pattern of the inactivation indicated that the lipid peroxidation affected the electron transport intensively between NADH dehydrogenase and ubiquinone, and moderately at the succinate dehydrogenase step and between ubiquinone and cytochrome c. PMID- 7082321 TI - A mechanism of toxicity of isovaleric acid in rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 7082322 TI - Relationship of total lipids, proteins, and albumin in human cerebrospinal fluid with age. PMID- 7082323 TI - Urinary-proteinase inhibitor in premature infants and its comparison with amniotic-fluid acid-stable proteinase inhibitor. PMID- 7082324 TI - Effect of disuse on the skeletal muscle catalase of rats. PMID- 7082325 TI - Characterization of beta-hexosaminidase from liver and sera of diabetic patients and controls. PMID- 7082326 TI - Urinary excretion patterns of sialoglycoconjugates in patients with mucolipidosis. PMID- 7082327 TI - Homocysteine thiolactone and experimental homocysteinemia. PMID- 7082328 TI - Effect of training on muscle protein turnover in male and female rats. PMID- 7082329 TI - Urinary excretion of carnitine and its derivatives in newborns. PMID- 7082330 TI - Selective early loss of polypeptides in liver microsomes of CCl4-treated rats. Relationship to cytochrome P-450 content. AB - Treatment of rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) resulted in early reproducible losses of either one or two specific polypeptides (depending on the inducing agent with which the animals had been treated) in the molecular weight range of the multiple forms of cytochrome P-450. The loss was correlated with a decrease in total cytochrome P-450 content in the microsome. The results of this study and those in the accompanying report indicate that CCl4 was metabolized by a specific form of cytochrome P-450 (52,000 daltons), which was rapidly destroyed in the process. The early loss of this peptide occurred simultaneously with the previously demonstrated production of highly reactive trichloromethyl radicals (CCl3). This polypeptide, which was shown to disappear from liver microsomes following treatment of rats with CCl4 was demonstrated in the accompanying report to be the form of cytochrome P-450 specifically required for production of the highly reactive trichloromethyl radical in a reconstituted monooxygenase system. PMID- 7082331 TI - Specificity of a phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 for metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to the trichloromethyl radical. AB - Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the first polypeptide to disappear in liver microsomes of phenobarbital-induced rats treated with CC14 was the 52,000 dalton p-450 cytochrome. Data are also presented which show that this form of cytochrome P-450 was capable of generating the trichloromethyl radical from CCl4 in a reconstituted system containing the purified cytochrome, NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH, CCl4, and the spin-trapping agent, phenyl-t butyl nitrone. Other cytochrome P-450 fractions not containing the 52,000 dalton form did not produce this radical. The formation of this highly reactive radical may have resulted in localized damage to the cytochrome, causing the cytochrome either to be released from the microsomal membrane or to form large aggregates which did not migrate in the gel electrophoretic procedures employed. PMID- 7082332 TI - Inactivation of prostaglandins in the perfused rat lung. AB - Inactivation in the isolated perfused rat lung of prostaglandins (PG) D2, E1, F2 alpha, I2 and the metabolites 6-keto PGF1 alpha (=6KF1 alpha) and 13, 14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2 alpha (= KH2F2 alpha) was studied using 5 min perfusion of 7-10 ng/ml PG in Krebs' solution containing 0.02 microCi/ml tritiated PG and 4.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). The parameters measured were (a) extent of inactivation (F2 alpha greater than E1 greater than D2 greater than 6KF1 alpha greater than I2; KH2F2 alpha unchanged), (b) the accumulation of PG within the lung measured as tissue to medium ratio (F2 alpha = D2 greater than E1 greater than 6KF1 alpha greater than I1 - KH2F2 alpha) and (c) rate of equilibration of PG within the lung measured as "wash-in t 1/2" (D2 greater than F2 alpha greater than E1 greater than I2 = 6KF1 alpha = KH2F2 alpha). Removal of sodium ions produced a small decrease in PGD2 and PGE1 breakdown but not of PGF2 alpha whereas breakdown of all PGs was markedly inhibited at 5 degrees. Removal of BSA enhanced PGE1 and PGI2 breakdown but not that of PGF2 alpha. Addition of 10% BSA inhibited PGE1 breakdown but not that of PGF2 alpha. Binding of PGs to 4.5% BSA was PGE1 = KH2F2 alpha greater than D2 greater than F2 alpha, and increased at 10% BSA or after removal of sodium ions. These data support the view that PGs must be taken up into pulmonary cells by a transmembrane carrier process as a prerequisite for enzymatic breakdown. The metabolites are then released back into the pulmonary circulation. PMID- 7082333 TI - Metabolism of benzo [a] pyrene by guinea pig adrenal and hepatic microsomes. AB - Studies were carried out to compare the metabolism of benzo [a] pyrene (BP) by adrenal and hepatic microsomes obtained from adult male guinea pigs. Adrenal microsomes produced fluorescent metabolites (primarily phenols) approximately three to four times more rapidly than hepatic microsomes, but the differences in the rates were considerably smaller when total BP metabolism was assessed using an isotopic assay. The apparent discrepancy between the two assays is attributable to differences in the profiles of BP metabolites produced by adrenal and liver. Separation of metabolites by high pressure liquid chromatography revealed that adrenal microsomes converted BP to primarily a phenolic metabolite with a retention time identical to that of 3-hydroxy-BP. Liver microsomes, by contrast, produced approximately equal amounts of compounds co-chromatographing with 3-hydroxy-BP and BP-4,5-dihydrodiol. Small amounts of other metabolites were also produced by adrenal and hepatic microsomes. Liver microsomes catalyzed the conversion of BP to metabolites that became covalently bound to exogenous DNA. The amount of binding was dependent upon the duration of incubation and concentration of microsomal protein. Adrenal microsomes, by contrast, did not promote BP binding to DNA. Inhibition of microsomal epoxide hydratase activity with trichloropropene oxide (TCPO) blocked the formation of dihydrodiol metabolites of BP by adrenal and liver microsomes. In the presence of TCPO, liver microsomes produced large amounts of a BP metabolite co-chromatographing with BP 4,5-oxide. TCPO also increased the rate of production of DNA-binding metabolites by liver microsomes but had no effect on the formation of DNA-binding metabolites by adrenal microsomes. The results demonstrate major differences in the pathways of BP metabolism by guinea pig adrenal and hepatic microsomes. Although adrenal microsomes metabolize BP more rapidly than hepatic microsomes, far greater amounts of reactive metabolites are produced by the liver. Thus, adrenal metabolism of BP may be of little toxicological significance. PMID- 7082334 TI - Altered imprinting of rat liver monoamine oxidase by o, p'-DDT and methoxychlor. AB - Neonatal administration of o,p'-DDT [1, 1, 1-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl-2 (chlorophenyl)ethane] or methoxychlor resulted in elevated levels of sex differentiated hepatic monoamine oxidase activities in adult rats, but not in prepubertal animals. Exposure to these hormonally active xenobiotics may have changed the brain hormone environment during the critical period of development, resulting in endocrine alterations that were reflected by latent but permanent increases in hepatic monoamine oxidase activities, i.e. "altered imprinting". Hepatic glutathione S-transferases and cytochrome P-450 content also underwent sex differentiation, but neonatal treatment with o,p'-DDT or methoxychlor did not alter levels in adult rats. However, glutathione S-transferase activities and cytochrome P-450 content were higher in prepubertal animals treated neonatally with o,p'-DDT. In contrast to monoamine oxidase, effects on glutathione S transferase activities and cytochrome P-450 content were attributed to induction by these xenobiotics. PMID- 7082335 TI - Reverse trans-synaptic regulation of catecholamine synthesis in adrenergic neurones. AB - It was established that the blocking agent of beta-adrenoceptors, propanolol (1 X 10(-6)M), activates [3H] catecholamine synthesis from [3H] tyrosine in isolated rat organs (vas deferens and atrium) by 40-80%. The blocking agent of alpha adrenoceptors, phentolamine (1 X 10(-6)M) activates [3H] catecholamine synthesis by 30-60% only in the organ possessing postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors (vas deferens). The activator of beta-adrenoceptors, isopropylnoradrenaline (1 X 10( 6)M), was shown to produce a decrease in [3H] catecholamine synthesis by 30-40% in both organs investigated. The substance activating alpha-adrenoceptors, phenylephrine (1 X 10(-5)M), inhibits [3H] catecholamine synthesis in the organ with postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors by 40-50%. Activation and inhibition of [3H] catecholamine synthesis induced by adrenotropic drugs is due to the release of chemical factors from he effector cell and their influence on the adrenergic neurone. The formation of chemical factors changing the intensity of catecholamine synthesis is related to the activation of protein synthesis in the effector cell. The processes which proceed in the adrenergic neurone are not connected with protein synthesis de novo. Existence of the common mechanism for trans-synaptic regulation of noradrenergic synthesis and uptake via the adrenoceptors of the effector cell is discussed. PMID- 7082336 TI - Organ distribution and cellular uptake of methyl mercury in the rat as influenced by the intra- and extracellular glutathione concentration. AB - Intravenous administration of CH3HgCl (4 mumol/Kg) premixed with glutathione or cysteine (8 mumole/kg) to female rats caused a rapid uptake of mercury in the kidney and a depressed content in the liver and blood as compared to CH3HgCl given alone. GSH depletion in the tissues, produced by injection of diethylmaleate, DEM (3.9 mmole/kg) did not influence the kidney uptake of mercury from administered (CH3Hg+-GSH, whereas the uptake of injected CH3HgCl was depressed. Both GSH and cysteine (8 mumole/kg) promoted the biliary excretion of methyl mercury. In suspensions of rat erythrocytes and isolated hepatocytes, additions of GSH reduced the cellular uptake of CH3Hg+ from the medium, whereas this was increased in the hepatocytes by adding cysteine or methionine. Cysteine addition slightly reduced the uptake of CH3Hg+ in the erythrocytes. GSH-depletion as obtained by DEM pretreatment of the cells, reduced the Ch3Hg+ uptake into hepatocytes by 40%, in contrast to only a negligible effect on the erythrocytes. Our results support previous reports that a physiological CH3Hg+-GSH-complexation takes place intracellularly, at least in liver cells. Our results are furthermore consistent with the assumption that biliary excreted CH3Hg+-GSH, which can be reabsorbed, only to a limited extent is taken up by the liver, whereas this GSH complexation and reabsorption is of importance for the Ch3Hg+-uptake in the kidneys. PMID- 7082337 TI - Differential effects of chronic ethanol feeding on cytochrome P-448- and P-450 mediated drug metabolism in the rat. AB - The effects of chronic ethanol feeding on cytochrome P-448- and P-450-mediated drug metabolism have been studied both in vivo and in vitro in the rat, using caffeine, phenacetin, antipyrine and aminopyrine as test substrates. N Demethylation of aminopyrine (P-450 mediated) was increased both in vivo and in vitro in rats after chronic ethanol feeding (P less than 0.05) whereas in vivo N demethylation of caffeine and O-dealkylation of phenacetin (P-448 mediated) were unchanged in the same animals. N-Demethylation of antipyrine was increased by both phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment and by chronic ethanol feeding (P less than 0.05), possibly due to cytochrome P-450 induction. Furthermore, the Michaelis affinity constants, Km, for hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase and antipyrine N-demethylase were lower in chronic ethanol-fed animals (P less than 0.05), suggesting a qualitative change in the enzymes resulting in greater substrate affinity. These findings suggest a differential effect of chronic ethanol feeding on the induction of cytochrome P 450- and cytochrome P-448 mediated drug metabolism, with a greater effect on the former microsomal system. PMID- 7082338 TI - Synthesis of deuterium- and tritium-labelled 4-hydroxyandrostene-3,17-dione, an aromatase inhibitor, and its metabolism in vitro and in vivo in the rat. AB - The metabolism of the aromatase inhibitor-4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) was studied in vitro and in vivo in the rat. To accomplish this, deuterium- and tritium-labeled 4-OHA were prepared from 4-hydroxyandrosta-4, 6-dione-3,17-dione. The latter was synthesized from 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Using deuterated 4-OHA in in vitro incubations of rat ovarian microsomes, 4-hydroxytesterone (4-OHT) was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy as the major metabolite. 4-OHT constituted approximately 20% of the total radioactivity from [6,7-3H]-4-OHA in the ovarian microsomal incubations. Conversion of [6,7-3H]-4-OHA to 4 hydroxyesterone was approximately 0.1%. The major metabolite of [6, 7-3H]-4-OHA in vivo identified in the free, neutral fraction of rat blood was 3 beta hydroxyandrostane-4,17-dione. The metabolite accounted for approximately 5% of the total radio-activity in the blood, Whereas 4-OHT accounted for only 0.1%, 4 OHT inhibited in vitro ovarian aromatization by 59%, but 3 beta-hydroxyandrostane 4-17-dione had little effect. It was concluded that the in vivo effects of 4-OHA previously reported are largely due to its own activity although additional effects of its metabolic products cannot be excluded. PMID- 7082339 TI - Interaction of estrogen receptors with drugs that affect prolactin secretion. AB - The competition of bromocriptine and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LIM) with estradiol binding to various tissues was evaluated by the dextran coated charcoal method. Bromocriptine and LIM competitively inhibited the binding of [3H] estradiol to its cytosolic receptors in rat uterine, pituitary and hypothalamic tissue and in DMBA induced mammary tumors. Ki was 2 X 10(-5) M for bromocriptine and 2 X 10(-4) M for LIM. Metoclopramide, dopamine and L-dopa had no significant effect on [3H] estradiol binding. The interaction of bromocriptine and LIM was specific for estrogen receptors. There was no interaction with progesterone receptors from rat uterus and pituitary and with testosterone receptors from rat epididymis and testis. When tested for estrogenity in the immature rat uterus, bromocriptine and LIM induced specific estrogen inducible proteins such as cytosolic estrogen and progesterone receptors. However, they do not affect the uterine/body weight ratio and peroxidase activity. A clear interaction of inhibitors (bromocriptine and LIM) of prolactine secretion, with cytosolic estrogen receptors from various tissues was shown. Some in vivo estrogenic effect was also demonstrated in the immature rat uterine system. PMID- 7082341 TI - Analysis of apparent co-operativity in the catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis of rat adipose tissue. AB - (1) The methods available for assessment of the regulatory features of dose response relationships that do not conform to the Hill equation are considered, and the sensitisation index Si introduced (2) The value of determining Si is assessed using lipolytic dose-response relationships yielded by beta-adrenergic agonists both alone and in the presence of their specific antagonists [D. M. F. Cooper and J. I Davies, Biochem. Pharmac. 31, 721 (1982)]. (3) It is shown that where the Hill equation is fitted to relationships between L-noradrenaline concentration and lipolysis, the high value obtained for the Hill coefficient (1.69) is artefactual (4) By fitting a rational quadratic model and evaluating Si, a solution is obtained (Si(max), 1.02) which is free of this artefact. (5) The relationship between the results obtained by analysis of dose-response curves and direct binding of catecholamine analogues to membrane receptors is discussed. PMID- 7082340 TI - Catecholamines and the kinetics of lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. Statistical analysis and handling of day-to-day variability in dose-response curves: a general procedure for assessing and manipulating dose-response data. AB - (1) As a first step in studying the kinetics of the lipolytic system of rat adipocytes, the day-to-day variation between dose-response curves has been analysed. (2) Methods are described for the evaluation of large quantities of data relating noradrenaline to lipolysis. (3) A 'clustering' technique is presented which can be used both to estimate and minimise differences between curves along the response axis. Criteria are outlined to determine whether clustering is appropriate. (4) Our findings indicate that the basic form of the relationship between lipolysis and noradrenaline concentration is relatively stable and consequently that the data can be utilized to study the relationship in greater detail. (5) The techniques described should be applicable to all hormone-mediated responses and may therefore provide the first step towards a meaningful analysis of the relationship between hormone concentrations and response in many systems. PMID- 7082343 TI - Nonpolar lipid methylation-identification of nonpolar methylated products synthesized by rat basophilic leukemia cells, retina and parotid. AB - Incorporation of radioactivity from [3H- or 14C-methyl] methionine into nonpolar lipids had been investigated in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, retina, and rat parotid gland. These nonpolar methylated lipids were extracted into heptane and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The major methylated nonpolar lipid product in the RBL cells themselves was ubiquinone-9, which accounted for about 90% of the nonpolar lipid and 20-30% of the total radioactive lipid formed. There was a modest increase in the methylation of nonpolar lipids upon stimulation of the RBL cells with IgE and anti-IgE, but the significance of this change is uncertain. In contrast to whole cells, RBL membrane fractions (incubated with [3H-methyl]-S-adenosylmethionine) incorporated radioactivity primarily into fatty acid methyl esters and not ubiquinone. A third product, 2 (methylthio)-benzothiazole, was formed by RBL cells, retina and minced parotid upon incubation in enriched media. This product was formed enzymatically, apparently by the known enzyme S-thiolmethyltransferase, using the thiol substrate which contaminates these media. Evidence suggest that the enzyme may reside, at least in part, on the surface of the cells. PMID- 7082342 TI - Sulfoxidation of thioether-containing pesticides by the flavin-adenine dinucleotide- dependent monooxygenase of pig liver microsomes. AB - In the presence of NADPH and under aerobic conditions, thioether-containing organo-phosphorus and carbamate pesticides were oxidized by the FAD-dependent monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8) purified from pig liver microsomes. The stoichiometric relationship between NADPH and substrate during the course of the reaction was 1:1, and the product, in the case of disulfoton and phorate, was the sulfoxide. The product was optically active and further oxidation to the sulfone was not apparent. Furthermore, the sulfoxides of disulfoton, phorate and croneton were not substrates for this enzyme. n-Octylamine, a known cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, increased the rate of sulfoxidation reactions catalyzed by the FAD dependent monooxygenase. Structure-activity relationships were investigated using thirty-nine possible substrates. Structural changes around the thioether sulfur that affect nucleophilicity or that cause steric hindrance tended to decrease the sulfoxidation rats. With phosphorodithioates, changes around the phosphorus atom also affected oxidation of the thioether sulfur. Although neither the thiono nor the thiol sulfur atoms were attacked, substitution of either sulfur by oxygen decreased sulfoxidation. Thioether-containing O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioates were not oxidized as readily as their O, O-diethyl analogs. Tetram and its analogs, which contain a teritiary amine group, were also substrates for this enzyme, presumably forming the N-oxide. PMID- 7082344 TI - Heme biosynthesis in the heart. AB - The rates of biosynthesis of heme a and heme b in hearts of fed and fasted rats were measured using an isolated heart perfusion system. delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity was decreased in hearts of fasted rats to about 30% of values in hearts obtained from fed rats. [14C] Glycine incorporation into hemes a and b of cardiac tissue obtained from fasted rats was also decreased to about 30% of values obtained in hearts from fed rats. Cobalt addition to the perfusion fluid led to a decrease in cardiac delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity just as cobalt administration to rats does in vivo. These studies strongly suggest that delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity regulates the rate of synthesis of hemes a and b in the heart. PMID- 7082345 TI - In vitro metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 1-beta-2' fluoroarabino-5-iodocytosine in normal and herpes simplex type 1 virus-infected cells. AB - Phosphorylation of 1-beta-D-2'-F-arabino-5-iodocytosine (FIAC), a newly synthesized pyrimidine nucleoside with potent antiherpesvirus activity, was compared with that of its parent compound, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara C). While ara-C was phosphorylated extensively by homogenates of normal, rapidly proliferating mouse tissues, FIAC was a poor substrate for the nucleoside kinase occurring in such normal tissues. With cell homogenates of noninfected Vero cells, thymidine (TdR) was phosphorylated about fifty and twenty times more efficiently than FIAC and ara-C, while infection of Vero cells with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) resulted in a 23-fold increase of TdR- and a 1270 fold increase of FIAC phosphorylation. In contrast, phosphorylation of ara-C was increased only by a factor of 2.6. While the reaction products obtained with homogenates of normal mouse tissues were 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates of ara-C and FIAC, the reaction products with noninfected and infected Vero cell homogenates were predominantly monophosphates. In contrast, TdR was efficiently phosphorylated to its 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates by such homogenates. In intact HSV-1-infected Vero cells. FIAC was rapidly taken up and phosphorylated to FIACMP and to an as yet unidentified metabolite. In contrast, TdR was taken up and phosphorylated to 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates and ara-C was taken up moderately but metabolized poorly to its 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates. Thus, in normal tissues, FIAC was a poorer substrate than ara-C for nucleoside kinases, but in intact HSV- 1-infected Vero cells FIAC was efficiently phosphorylated and thus behaved like a TdR analog, except that it was phosphorylated only to the 5' monophosphate and a hitherto unidentified metabolite. The greatly increased phosphorylation of FIAC by HSV-1-infected Vero cells probably accounts, at least in part, for its great selectivity of action. PMID- 7082346 TI - Identification of the chloramphenicol-hydrolyzing enzyme of guinea pig liver as one of the nonspecific carboxylesterases. AB - Guinea pig liver has the highest chloramphenicol-hydrolyzing capacity among the livers of various mammals. The enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the amide bond in chloramphenicol is one of the isoenzymes of the microsomal nonspecific carboxylesterases. This isoenzyme is related to the well-known acetanilide hydrolyzing carboxylesterases/amidases of pig and rat liver. The guinea pig liver enzyme is purified 24-fold starting with microsomes. The purified enzyme is essentially free from other proteins except other carboxylesterase isoenzymes with similar properties. The chloramphenicol-hydrolyzing esterase has an apparent molecular weight of about 180,000, a subunit weight of 60,000 and a pH optimum at 8.5. It also hydrolyzes methyl butyrate and acetanilide and it is completely inhibited by diethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate. Two assay procedures for the enzymatic chloramphenicol hydrolysis are described: a thin-layer chromatographic assay using radioactive chloramphenicol and a colorimetric assay utilizing the reaction of the liberated amine with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. PMID- 7082347 TI - Pharmacokinetic evidence for the occurrence of extrahepatic conjugative metabolism of p-nitrophenol in rats. AB - p-Nitrophenol (PNP), as a model compound for the study of conjugative metabolism, was administered intravenously to rats. PNP and its conjugated metabolites, i.e. PNP-glucuronide (PNP-Glu) and PNP-sulfate (PNP-Sul), were determined in body fluids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using ion-pair systems. Linear pharmacokinetics was applicable in the dose range of 1.6 to 8 mg/kg. The metabolic clearance which was obtained from the area under the PNP blood concentration curve (AUCiv) and from the excretion ratio of the total conjugates as PNP-Glu and PNP-Sul was so close to the hepatic blood flow that the PNP conjugation reactions seemed to be limited by the hepatic blood flow, that is the hepatic extraction ratio (EH) was expected to be 1. However, AUCpv, following portal vein administration of PNP (4 mg/kg), was not zero but was significantly different from AUCiv after the same dosing (P less than 0.05). Consequently, comparison between the AUC values from both dosing routes and the excretion ratio of PNP-Glu and PNP-Sul gave and EH of 0.43. Such a difference in EH obtained by the two methods suggested a contribution by extrahepatic conjugative metabolism. It was shown that the intrinsic hepatic clearance obtained, assuming exclusively hepatic conjugative metabolism, was certainly overestimated. Furthermore, the results of the conjugation reaction in tissue homogenates suggested a contribution by extrahepatic glucuronidation. PMID- 7082348 TI - Effects of several antimalarials and phenothiazine compounds on the formation of coat structure from clathrin. AB - We have evaluated the effects of two phenothiazine and several antimalarial drugs on the rates of polymerization of 8S clathrin molecules to 300S coat structures. Most of the drugs investigated have been shown in other studies to inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis through the coated pit regions of plasma membranes. The two types of drugs were found to accelerate the polymerization rate without having much effect on the size distribution of the polymer species. The activities of the drugs appear to depend on the dibasic moiety and a large, hydrophobic aromatic ring in their structures. PMID- 7082349 TI - Studies on the in vitro interaction of mitomycin C, nitrofurantoin and paraquat with pulmonary microsomes. Stimulation of reactive oxygen-dependent lipid peroxidation. AB - In vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the capacity of the redox cycling compounds mitomycin C (MC), nitrofurantoin (NF) and paraquat (PQ) to stimulate pulmonary microsomal lipid peroxidation. It was observed that the interaction of MC, NF or PQ with rat or mouse lung microsomes in the presence of an NADPH generating system and an O2 atmosphere resulted in significant lipid peroxidation. All three compounds demonstrated similar concentration dependency, similar time courses and the ability to generate lipid peroxidation-associated chemiluminescence. The stimulation of lipid peroxidation by MC, NF or PQ was inhibited significantly by superoxide dismutase, glutathione, ascorbic acid, catalase and EDTA, agents which either scavenge reactive oxygen and/or prevent the generation of secondary reactive oxygen metabolites. In addition, the ability of MC or NF, but not PQ, to stimulate lipid peroxidation was reduced significantly following preincubation with microsomes and NADPH under N2 (15-20 min) prior to incubation under O2. During this period under N2. MC and NF underwent reductive metabolism of their quinone and nitro moieties respectively. Thus, it appears that under aerobic conditions the pulmonary microsomal-mediated redox cycling of MC, NF and PQ is accompanied by the stimulation of reactive oxygen-dependent lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7082350 TI - Mechanisms of accumulation of tyramine, metaraminol, and isoproterenol in isolated chromaffin granules and ghosts. AB - The effects of the transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH) and the transmembrane potential gradient (delta psi) on the uptake of several sympathomimetic amines were investigated, using bovine adrenal chromaffin granules isolated in isotonic sucrose. As previously described [R. Johnson and A. Scarpa, J. Biol. Chem. 254 3750 (1979)], freshly isolated chromaffin granules maintain an intragranular pH of 5.5 as measured by [14C] methylamine distribution and, in the presence of ATP, generate a delta psi of 80 mV, positive inside, as measured by [14C] methylamine distribution. When tyramine, metaraminol, and isoproterenol (1-50 mM) were added to well-buffered suspensions of granules at pH 7.0, a dose-related alkalinization of the granule interior was observed. Study of the time-resolved influx of the same amines labeled radiochemically (5-21 microM) revealed that all the amines were accumulated against an apparent concentration gradient. However, while accumulation of [14C] serotonin and [3H] isoproterenol was totally inhibited by reserpine, [14C] tryramine accumulation was inhibited by only 60% and [14C[ metaraminol uptake was unaffected. The ATP-dependent generation of a delta psi produced a stimulation of amine uptake in the order: serotonin greater than isoproterenol greater than tyramine; metaraminol accumulation was not enhanced by ATP addition. The relationship between the electrochemical proton gradient (delta micro H+) and the electrochemical gradient for each of the sympathomimetic amines (delta micro A) was investigated utilizing chromaffin ghosts devoid of endogenous matrix gradients or components. All amines were accumulated in the presence of delta pH alone. In the presence of delta psi alone, [14C] serotonin, (14C] tyramine, and [3H] isoproterenol were accumulated, but no [3H] metaraminol uptake was demonstrable. The results indicate that serotonin and isoproterenol accumulated in isolated chromaffin granules and ghosts via a reserpine-sensitive mechanism, driven by the magnitude of the electrochemical proton gradient. Conversely, metaraminol permeated the membrane of the chromaffin granule through the apolar lipid phase and distributed according to the delta pH alone. Tyramine uptake proceeded by both mechanisms. The implications of the mechanism of accumulation of these potent physiologic and pharmacologic agents for their in vivo action are discussed. PMID- 7082351 TI - Characteristics and specificity of phenelzine and benserazide as inhibitors of benzylamine oxidase and monoamine oxidase. AB - The selectivity of benserazide and phenelzine toward inhibition of benzylamine oxidase (BzAO) and monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) was studied in homogenates of rat skull and lung. In addition, the kinetic interaction and reversibility of BzAO inhibition were assessed. Both drugs inhibited BzAO but only phenelzine inhibited MAO, whether tested in vitro or in vivo. Neither compound acted as an irreversible inhibitor of BzAO. Benserazide was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor. Phenelzine acted as a substrate for BzAO followed by product-induced noncompetitive inhibition which was labile at 37 degrees but not at 4 degrees. A reversible component in phenelzine-induced inhibition of MAO-A and -B is also suggested from in vivo studies. PMID- 7082352 TI - Multiple human serum binding of two thienopyridinic derivatives, ticlopidine and PCR 2362, and their distribution between HSA, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and lipoproteins. AB - The binding of two drugs, ticlopidine and PCR 2362, chemically related to thienopyridin, potent antiaggregant agents, was studied in vitro to serum and to the corresponding isolated proteins, HSA, alpha 1-AGP, VLDL, LDL and HDL, using equilibrium dialysis at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees. The binding of these drugs to HSA and lipoproteins was non-saturable. The binding capacity of the lipoproteins was much greater than that of HSA and appeared to be dependent on lipid content. The binding capacities of the apoproteins were less than 10% of that observed for the native lipoproteins suggesting that drug-lipoprotein binding involves drug solubilization in the lipid phase of lipoproteins rather than a classical binding to definite sites. However drug binding to alpha 1-AGP was saturable with n = 3 for both and K = 89,000 and 33,000 for ticlopidine and PCR 2362, respectively. At physiological concentration, alpha 1-AGP binding capacity represented 15% of total serum binding capacity which could double in pathological states, in which the level of this protein is increased. PMID- 7082353 TI - Stimulation of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity by o,p'-DDD. AB - To investigate the mechanism by which o'p'-DDD (2,2-bis [2-chlorphenyl-4 chlorophenyl]-1,1-dichloroethane; Mitotane) produces hypercholesterolemia in man, we studied the effect of the drug on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in reverse light-cycled rats. o,p'-DDD markedly stimulated reductase activity in vivo and in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was not associated with demonstrable adrenocortical toxicity or changes in plasma corticosterone concentrations. Thus o,p'-DDD may elevate circulating cholesterol levels in man by increasing endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In addition, the o,p'-DDD may elevate circulating cholesterol levels in man by increasing endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In addition, the o,p'-DDD-treated rat may serve as a useful model for testing other agents for the ability to suppress endogenous cholesterol synthesis and lower circulating cholesterol levels. PMID- 7082354 TI - Competitive interaction of gallamine with multiple muscarinic receptors. AB - Gallamine, a cholinergic antagonist at the (nicotinic) neuromuscular junction possesses antimuscarinic potency in several systems. We report here that gallamine inhibited the binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) in a competitive manner in the brainstem and forebrain of the rat. The occupancy curves derived from these studies suggest that gallamine has widely varying affinities for different subpopulations of muscarinic receptors, a finding which sets gallamine apart from classical muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and QNB. The greatest difference in affinities for gallamine occurred in the brainstem, where the data could be satisfactorily fitted to a two-site model, with 77% of the receptors having high affinity (Kd = 25 nM) and 23% low affinity (93 microM). Further, these affinities displayed rank order correlation with those of carbachol (an agonist), although gallamine has not, so far, displayed agonist (or partial agonist) activity. The finding that antagonists as well as agonists can display multiple affinities for muscarinic receptors suggests that there are fundamental differences among subpopulations of these receptors. PMID- 7082355 TI - Effect of chirality in erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) on adenosine deaminase inhibition. PMID- 7082356 TI - Isolation and separation of heme a and heme b from cardiac tissue by thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 7082358 TI - Action of oxotremorine on the sub-cellular distribution of glycine in the rat spinal cord. AB - Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 250 micrograms/kg of oxotremorine (OT) caused a 50% decrease in the glycine content of the synaptosomal-mitochondrial fraction of spinal cord homogenates prepared from rats killed 15 min after treatment. The glycine content of the supernatant fraction was correspondingly raised. In synaptosomes isolated from the spinal cord of OT-treated rats, the decrease in glycine content was 30%. Prior administration of atropine, but not of methylatropine, abolished this effect of OT on synaptosomal glycine content. Eserine exerted a potentiating effect on the action of OT in lowering the glycine content of spinal synaptosomes. Prior administration of L-DOPA, apomorphine, haloperidol, muscarine or mecamylamine had no significant effect on the action of OT on synaptosomal glycine content. OT alone or in combination with eserine, and acetylcholine (ACh) in combination with eserine, did not alter the rate of release of glycine from spinal synaptosomes of untreated rats incubated under appropriate conditions. OT was also without effect on the rate of release of glycine from normal spinal synaptosomes subjected to electrical stimulation, as well as on the eventual glycine content of the synaptosomes. On the basis of the present findings it has been suggested that (i) glycine may be released from Renshaw cells at their synapses with motoneurones in response to the muscarinic action of OT; (ii) dopaminergic modulation may not be involved in the OT-induced glycine release from Renshaw cells; and (iii) excessive release of glycine onto motoneurones may be the causative factor of the akinesia observed in OT-induced experimental Parkinsonism. PMID- 7082357 TI - Dietary modification of metabolism and toxicity of chemical substances--with special reference to carbohydrate. AB - Rats were fed various test diets only on the day before sacrifice or every day for 3 weeks prior to sacrifice in order to assess the effects of protein (casein), fat (a mixture of olive and corn oils) and carbohydrate (sucrose) on the liver mixed-function oxidase activity. The activity was determined by measuring metabolic rates of 8 volatile hydrocarbons, i.e., benzene, toluene, styrene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1 dichloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Contrary to the general belief, it was found that carbohydrate, not protein or fat, regulates the metabolism of these hydrocarbons: a diet which was deficient in carbohydrate remarkably enhanced the metabolism irrespective of protein and fat contents in the diet. This conclusion was confirmed by employing two types of diet, one in which the carbohydrate was replaced by an isocaloric amount of protein or fat (thus keeping total calories of each diet constant) and the other in which the carbohydrate content was varied with protein and fat contents fixed (total calories of each diet differed from others according to the carbohydrate content). In accordance with this, dietary carbohydrate intake also exerted a remarkable influence on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride which needs to be metabolically activated to become cytotoxic: the smaller the intake, the more severe the liver injury. PMID- 7082360 TI - Selective modifications in the de novo biosynthesis of retinal phospholipids and glycerides by propranolol or phentolamine. AB - The effects of propranolol or phentolamine on the metabolism of phospholipids, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol were studied in the bovine retina in vitro. Lipid labeling was followed during short-term incubation of intact bovine retinas with [U-14C]glycerol and [1-14C]palmitic acid. Each of these precursors was recovered in the appropriate lipid moiety. Most of the [14C]glycerol appeared progressively in triacylglycerol (TG) through the sequence from phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol (DG). Labeled palmitate appeared in much lower quantities than labeled glycerol in all glycerolipids except phosphatidylcholine (PC). Propranolol and phentolamine greatly enhanced the [14C]glycerol specific activities of PA, phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS), whereas labeling in other glycerolipids was much lower than in controls. The labeling in TG with both precursors was found to be less than 50% of the control values; however, a late increase in DG labeling was observed. The effects of these drugs on broken cell preparations were also described, although lipid synthesis from labeled glycerol in these preparations was only 9% that of intact retinas. It appeared that an amphiphilic cationic structure was necessary to produce these drug effects; propranolol glycol, the hydrophobic moiety of propranolol, did not elicit the same effects. It is suggested that, among other changes, the drugs inhibited phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and redirected the flux predominantly toward PI. Support for the proposed multiple lipid effects elicited by these drugs was provided by the dual changes found in the labeling of DG. PMID- 7082359 TI - Separation of impurities in diazinon preparations and their effect on porphyrin biosynthesis in tissue culture. AB - The impurities present in commercial diazinon preparations have been examined by high performance liquid chromatography with particular reference to the ability of these compounds to cause porphyrin accumulation in cultures of chicken embryo liver cells. Diazinon and its impurities are readily separated on 10 micron Partisil using cyclohexane-dioxan mixtures. The main impurities are tetraethylpyrophosphate, sulphotetraethylpyrophosphate, 2-isopropyl-6 methylpyrimid-4-one, 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-thione, and 2-isopropyl-4 ethylthio-6-methylpyrimidine. A previously unreported impurity, 2-isopropyl-6 methyl-4-S-pyrimidinyl diethylthiophosphate (isodiazinon), was also detected. Both diazinon and isodiazinon cause accumulation of coproporphyrin in cultures of chicken embryo liver cells. Isodiazinon has a greater effect on porphyrin biosynthesis in the cultures than has diazinon. It is suggested that the point of interference with porphyrin biosynthesis is towards the end of the pathway. PMID- 7082361 TI - Fate of [3H]amezinium in sympathetically innervated rabbit tissues. AB - Perfused rabbit hearts accumulated intra-aortically infused [3H]amezinium. At concentrations of 1 or 10 nM, the accumulation proceeded at a constant rate for at least 60 min. After 60 min, tissue medium ratios were between 6 (1 microM) and approx. 100 (1 or 10 nM [3H]amezinium). Cocaine or pretreatment with 6 hydroxydopamine abolished, and pretreatment with reserpine reduced the accumulation of [3H]amezinium (1 nM). Kinetic analysis yielded a Km value of 0.9 microM and a Vmax of 1.2 nmole g-1 min-1. When hearts had been labelled with 1 or 10 nM [3H]amezinium, the fractional rate of the subsequent efflux was very low (0.001 min-1). It was greatly increased when the animals had been pretreated with reserpine. Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves released [3H]amezinium from pre-labelled rabbit pulmonary artery strips. The electrically evoked overflow was abolished by tetrodotoxin or omission of Ca2+; it was enhanced by cocaine, desipramine and yohimbine and decreased by clonidine. The results show that amezinium, at least at low concentrations, is selectively taken up released by action potentials. Amezinium is a structurally novel substrate of both the noradrenaline transport mechanism of the axolemma and the transport mechanism of the noradrenaline-storing synaptic vesicles. PMID- 7082362 TI - Erythromycin binding to human serum. AB - Erythromycin binding to human serum was measured under conditions of binding equilibrium. The binding is sensitive to pH changes, decreasing at acid pH. Over a great range of serum dilution, the bound fraction is semilogarithmically related to serum concentration. Binding is shown to be completely reversible. With increasing erythromycin concentration a specific part of binding is saturable and specifically displaceable by erythromycin is specifically bound to a single class of noninteracting binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant Kd = 5.9 microM (38 degrees C). The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters at 25 degrees are: Kd = 8.4 microM, delta H degrees = +4.4 X 10(3) cal per mole, delta G degrees = 6.9 X 10(3) cal per mole, delta S degrees = +38 e.u. PMID- 7082363 TI - Role of thymidine kinase in the inhibitory activity of 5-substituted-2' deoxyuridines on the growth of human and murine tumor cell lines. AB - Twenty-four 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines have been evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the growth of three human lymphoblast cell lines (Namalva, RAji and TK- (thymidine kinase deficient) Raji) and these inhibitory effects were compared to those for two murine leukemia cell lines (L1210/0 and L1210/BdUrd). The latter was selected from the parental L1210/0 cell line by its ability to grow at high concentrations of 5-bromo-dUrd and could also be considered as TK-. There was a close correlation between the inhibitory effects of the deoxyuridine analogs on Namalva, Raji and L1210 cells: the correlation coefficient (r) for log ID50 (median inhibitory dose) for L1210 cell growth, on the one hand, and log ID50 for Namalva or Raji cell growth, on the other hand, was 0.902 and 0.929, respectively. There was also a strong correlation (r = 0.936) between the log ID50 values for the two human lymphoblast cell lines. However, there was no significant correlation (r less than 0.40) either between the log ID50 for the TK Raji cells and the parental TK+ Raji cells, or between the log ID50 for the TK- L1210/BdUrd cells and the parental TK+ L1210/0 cells. We may conclude therefore, that (i) the murine leukemia L1210 cell system is predictive for the growth inhibitory effects of 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines on human lymphoblast cell lines, and (ii) the antitumor cell activity of the 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines is, to a large extent, dependent on the thymidine kinase activity of the tumor cells. PMID- 7082364 TI - Incorporation of metabolites of 2'-fluoro-5-iodo-1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine into deoxyribonucleic acid of neoplastic and normal mammalian tissues. AB - The radioactivity of 14C-labeled 2'-fluoro-5-iodo-1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine ([2-14C]-FIAC), a new and potent antiherpetic agent, was shown previously to be incorporated into the DNA fractions of mammalian and neoplastic tissues. The present work was undertaken to learn the nature of the incorporated moieties. Enzyme degradation of highly purified DNA from the small intestine of mice treated with [2-14C]FIAC and analysis of the resulting nucleosides failed to reveal the presence of unchanged FIAC. Rather, three metabolites were found, namely, the 2'-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleosides of cytosine (FAC), thymine (FMAU) and 5-iodouracil (FIAU). Labeled metabolites of FIAC were also found in the DNA isolated from P815 leukemic cells in mice given [2-14C]FIAC. It is of interest to note that FMAU, FIAU and FAC are, like FIAC, potent antiherpetic agents. PMID- 7082365 TI - Relationship between ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide concentrations and biological parameters in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The relationship between ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide concentrations, growth rate and cell visibility has been studied. Nucleotide pools were manipulated using mycophenolic acid, pyrazofurin, phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) or thymidine. Growth rate, cell viability, nigrosin exclusion, progression through the cell cycle, and the rates of nucleic acid synthesis were measured. The observed qualitative relationships between nucleotide concentrations and growth rate can be rationalized in terms of the effects of changes in substrate availability on nucleic acid synthesis. However, there is no discernible relationship between changes in nucleotide concentrations and the loss of cell viability. More detailed studies will be required to elucidate each step in the complex process leading from the initial changes in nucleotide concentrations to cell death. PMID- 7082366 TI - Evidence for the existence of neurotoxic esterase in neural and lymphatic tissue of the adult hen. AB - Hen brain and spinal cord contain a number of esterases that hydrolyze phenyl valerate (PV). Most of this activity is sensitive to inhibition by micromolar concentrations of paraoxon. Included among the paraoxon-resistant esterases is neurotoxic esterase (NTE), which is inhibited in vivo and in vitro by certain organophosphorus compounds, such as mipafox, which cause delayed neurotoxicity. Since published information on the NTE content of non-neural tissues was heretofore lacking, a comprehensive study was undertaken of the occurrence of this enzyme in tissues of the adult hen (Gallus gallus domesticus), the species of choice in the study of organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Complete differential titration curves of PV esterase activity were obtained by preincubation of each tissue homogenate with a wide range of concentrations of paraoxon, a non-neurotoxic compound, plus or minus mipafox, a neurotoxic compound, followed by PV esterase assay. Brain NTE activity was determined to be 2426 +/- 104 nmoles.min-1.(g wet weight)-1 (mean +/- S.E.M.). Titration of other tissues resulted in the following NTE activities, expressed as percentages of brain NTE activity: spinal cord (21%), peripheral nerve (1.7%), gastrocnemius muscle (0%), pectoralis muscle (0%), heart (4%), liver (0%), kidney (0%), spleen (70%), spleen lymphocytes (26%), and blood lymphocytes (24%). Using an abbreviated procedure, erythrocytes and plasma showed no NTE activity. These results indicate that NTE has limited distribution among the tissues of the adult hen and is present in lymphatic as well as neural tissue. PMID- 7082367 TI - Inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by streptonigrin. AB - Streptonigrin, an antibiotic with antineoplastic activity, inhibited rat liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase with an I50 of 0.3 microM when excess FeCl2 was present. No inhibition occurred in the absence of added metal ion. Inhibition was partial and noncompetitive versus ITP and oxalacetic acid. The enzyme was more susceptible to inhibition by streptonigrin in the absence of substrates. Fe2+ supported inhibition by streptonigrin to a greater extent than did Fe3+, while Mn2+ activated the enzyme in the presence of streptonigrin. For maximum inhibition, at least a 3-fold molar excess of iron over streptonigrin was required. The methyl ester of streptonigrin was also an inhibitor (I50 = 4 microM) while the fragment containing the C and D rings was not, indicating that inhibition did not depend solely on the presence of the picolinic acid moiety. When oxalacetate synthesis was measured, streptonigrin plus iron had no more effect on enzymatic activity than iron alone, and Mn2+ was capable of stimulating the streptonigrin-Fe2+ inhibited enzyme. PMID- 7082368 TI - Mouse liver microsomal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. NADPH generation and utilization in monooxygenation reactions. AB - Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) activity in washed hepatic microsomes from male ICR mice, when assayed with NADP+ and deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, was partially latent. Brief sonication or detergents activated H6PD causing an approximately 4- and 8.5-fold increase in NADPH generation respectively. The sonicated microsomes exhibited H6PD-linked N-demethylase activity toward aminopyrine. This activity was best sustained in the presence of deoxyglucose-6 phosphate, while galactose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, and glucose were less effective. Reaction media containing sonicated microsomes, NADP+ and deoxyglucose-6-phosphate also catalyzed N-demethylation of p-chloro-N methylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and nicotine, O-demethylation of p nitroanisole, p-hydroxylation of aniline, ring hydroxylation of biphenyl at the 2 and 4-positions, dearylation of parathion, and the N-oxidation of N,N dimethylaniline. In general, the hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-linked monooxygenation rates were 60% or more of those observed in the presence of exogenous NADPH. PMID- 7082369 TI - Hydroxylation of hexobarbital and benzo[a]pyrene by hepatic microsomes isolated from the fetal stumptailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). A developmental study. PMID- 7082370 TI - Prednisolone-mediated alterations in ribosomal RNA turnover in rat liver. PMID- 7082371 TI - Long term maintenance and induction of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver cell culture. PMID- 7082372 TI - Enhancement of nitrosourea cytotoxicity in vitro using hydrocortisone. PMID- 7082373 TI - Non-enzymatic reduction of alloxan by reduced nicotinamide nucleotide. AB - Much evidence has been reported that the diabetogenic action of alloxan is caused by the formation of cytotoxic free radicals during the autoxidation of dialuric acid, a reduction product of alloan, to alloxan. The mechanism by which alloxan is reduced in vivo to dialuric acid, however, is unknown. The non-enzymatic reaction of alloxan with NAD(P)H was studied as a possible candidate for the reduction of alloxan. The reaction was carried out at 37 degrees in 50 mM phosphate buffer (mostly at pH 7.0) and was followed by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm. NADH and NADPH were found to be stoichiometrically oxidized by alloxan to NAD and NADP respectively. When the alloxan concentration (1.0 mM) was kept constant and the concentration of NAD(P)H (0.05 to 0.2 mM) was varied, the rate of decrease in the relative concentration of NAD(P)H was almost constant, suggesting that the autoxidation of dialuric acid by O2 was rapid enough to neglect its presence in the medium. The reaction between alloxan and NAD(P)H was accelerated by decreasing the pH. Both the rate of decrease in NAD(P)H concentration and the rate of O2 consumption resulting from autoxidation of the dialuric acid formed by reduction of alloxan were not affected by the presence of 20 mM D-glucose. Ethylene formation by the reaction of methional with . OH, one of the autoxidation products of dialuric acid, was clearly reduced by the presence of alpha- or beta-D-glucose (20 mM), but there was no significant difference between the effects of the two anomers. These results with D-glucose ruled out the possibility that the protection of beta-cells by D-glucose against the diabetogenicity of alloxan can be explained either by its inhibitory action on dialuric acid formation or by its scavenging effect on . OH. PMID- 7082374 TI - In vivo inactivation by acivicin of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II in rat hepatoma. AB - The antitumor drug acivicin, L-(alphaS,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5 isoxazoleacetic acid, in vivo irreversibly inactivated carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II(glutamine-dependent)(EC 6.3.5.5), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, in transplantable rat hepatoma and host liver. With two injections of 0.5 mg acivicin per 100 g body weight to one group and two injections of 5 mg to another group, enzyme activity decreased to 20 and 1% in hepatoma and to 99 and 31% in liver respectively. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2) activity was not affected. Acivicin in vitro selectively inactivated glutamine-dependent activity of the synthetase II from the hepatoma and liver, with an inactivation constant (Kinact) of 90 microM and a minimum inactivation half-time (T) of 0.7 min. The inactivation velocity with 10 microM acivicin was 5.0-fold stimulated by 2 mM MgATP and 18.4 fold by 2 mM MgATP plus 16.7 mM bicarbonate. MgATP at 0.5 mM caused half-maximum stimulation of the inactivation velocity. Under in vitro conditions, L-glutamine (1 mM) protected the enzyme from inactivation by 10 microM acivicin. The synthetase activity was protected in vitro by 6 mM concentrations for glycine (84%), L-glutamate (59%) and L-aspartate (51%) and by 0.5 mM UTP (35%) from inactivation by 20 microM acivicin. The results are compatible with the suggestion that acivicin is an active site-directed affinity analog of L glutamine. PMID- 7082375 TI - Reciprocal relationship between erythrocyte ATP and deoxy-ATP levels in inherited ADA deficiency. AB - A reciprocal relationship between erythrocyte ATP and deoxy-ATP levels has been noted in an immunodeficient child with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency during therapy with red cell transfusions. The sum of red cell ATP plus deoxy-ATP equalled the normal complement of ATP prior to any form of therapy. dATP, dADP and dAMP levels were found in the same ratio (10:1:0.1) as the adenine nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP. Red cell ATP levels were low, not high or normal as found by others in ADA deficiency, but no deoxyadenosine nucleotides could be found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Erythrocyte ATP depletion has recently been identified as a serious consequence of anti-leukaemic therapy with ADA inhibitors; it may thus be an important but hitherto unrecognised contributing factor in the clinical expression of inherited ADA deficiency. PMID- 7082376 TI - The formation of beta-glucuronidase resistant glucuronides by the intramolecular rearrangement of glucuronic acid conjugates at mild alkaline pH. AB - It is well known to carbohydrate chemists that substituted sugars may undergo facile rearrangement involving the migration of the aglycone from --OH to adjacent --OH. Despite the importance of glycoside conjugates, notably involving glucuronic acid, in the metabolism of xenobiotics, drug metabolism workers have neglected this phenomenon. The potential rearrangement of glucuronides from the biosynthetic C-1 isomers to other positional and stereo-isomers is important, since only 1-O-substituted beta-D-glucosiduronates are substrates for beta glucuronidase, which is commonly used to identify such conjugates. The intramolecular rearrangement of clofibryl glucuronide has been studied over the pH range 5.2-8.6, by enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase, and by HPLC. The amount of clofibric acid released from the conjugate by beta-glucuronidase falls with increasing pH of preincubation above pH 7.4, and this is accompanied by the appearance of three new peaks, each containing both clofibric and glucuronic acids, in the HPLC traces of the incubation mixtures. Similar experiments with three other glucuronides, those of p-nitrophenol, phenolphthalein and 7 hydroxycoumarin, did not show any conversion to beta-glucuronidase resistant forms. The phenomenon of intramolecular rearrangement of ester glucuronides must be considered whenever beta-glucuronidase is used in the analysis of conjugates of carboxylic acids. PMID- 7082377 TI - Time-dependent inhibition of monoamine oxidase by beta-phenethylamine. AB - Several reports have suggested that monoamine oxidase activity towards beta phenethylamine is inhibited by high concentrations of that substrate. This inhibition is not found if initial velocities are measured, but there is a slower time-dependent inhibition at higher beta-phenethylamine concentrations. Such time dependent inhibition is not found with tyramine as substrate or upon incubation of the enzyme with the reversible inhibitor amphetamine. The inhibition is not due to the accumulation of phenacetaldehyde, phenylethanol or phenacetic acid, or to a reaction of any of these three products either with each other or with beta phenethylamine. Although the inhibition is time-dependent, the inactivated enzyme slowly regains activity upon removal of the beta-phenethylamine. A model is proposed to explain the observed inhibition. PMID- 7082378 TI - In vitro binding of dantrolene to sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle. AB - Dantrolene upon binding to microsomes containing sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit thigh muscle exhibits a fluorescence with emission at 490 nm, which shows a blue shift of 35 nm compared with its fluorescence in ethylacetate. Using fluorescence techniques, dantrolene binding to microsomes isolated from rabbit thigh muscle was investigated. From Scatchard plots of binding studies, the association constant (Kass) and the number of binding sites of dantrolene to sarcoplasmic reticulum were calculated, which was found to be 9.6 X 10(4) M-1 and 1.71 mumole/g of membrane proteins, respectively. In the presence of verapamil (1.25 X 10(-4) M), another calcium antagonist, the binding of dantrolene to microsomes was enhanced. However, at a high concentration of verapamil (3.75 X 10(-4) M), the Scatchard plot of dantrolene binding was found to be biphasic. PMID- 7082380 TI - Formation of cobalt protoporphyrin by chicken hepatocytes in culture. Relationship to decrease of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase caused by cobalt. AB - Cobalt protoporphyrin generated from 5-amino[4-14C]laevulinate by homogenates or primary cultures of chick embryo liver exposed to CoCl2 was found to be radioactivity unextractable by acid/acetone, when extra protein was added. The activity of ferrochelatase was required for formation of cobalt protoporphyrin since inhibition of ferrochelatase with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (in the presence of cycloheximide) inhibited formation of cobalt protoporphyrin and resulted in accumulation of protoporphyrin. Cobalt protoporphyrin was detected spectrophotometrically in hepatocyte cultures exposed to the combination of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide and CoCl2: (1) as the pyridine haemochrome of the protein pellet remaining after acid-acetone extraction of the cells, or (2) as the material extracted from the protein pellet with acetic acid-pyridine chloroform. The amount of cobalt protoporphyrin increased with increasing CoCl2 concentration as cellular haem declined. The decrease in haem was about equal to the amount of cobalt protoporphyrin that accumulated. 2-Allyl-2 isopropylacetamide and polychlorinated biphenyls were both powerful inducers of 5 aminolaevulinate synthase. The former led to protoporphyrin accumulation, whereas with the latter, uroporphyrin accumulated, probably due to a concomitant decrease in activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. The decrease in activity of 5 aminolaevulinate synthase produced by administration of CoCl2 was greater after treatment with 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide than after treatment with allylisopropylacetamide and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. We conclude: (a) that cobalt protoporphyrin is readily formed in cultured hepatocytes, and (b) that its formation accounts for the action of cobalt on 5-aminolaevulinate synthase. PMID- 7082381 TI - The interaction of acoustical and electromagnetic fields with biological systems. PMID- 7082379 TI - Comparison of the release of [3H]dopamine from isolated corpus striatum by amphetamine, fenfluramine and unlabelled dopamine. AB - Amphetamine-induced release of previously accumulated [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) was compared to the release of [3H]DA produced by unlabelled DA and fenfluramine. Like unlabelled DA, amphetamine was more potent than fenfluramine in releasing [3H]DA in all tissue preparations (untreated, pargyline-treated, and pargyline- and reserpine-treated corpus striatal slices). In tissue treated with both reserpine and pargyline, benztropine greatly reduced the efflux of [3H]DA produced by amphetamine and unlabelled DA but had only a slight effect on fenfluramine-induced release of [3H]DA. In the same tissue preparation, Q10 values for the release of [3H]DA produced by 3 X 10(-7) M amphetamine (1.8) and 3 X 10(-6) M unlabelled DA (1.7) were similar to that for the spontaneous release of [3H]DA (1.7). However, when the concentrations of amphetamine and unlabelled DA were increased to 10(-4) M, the Q10 values for the release of [3H]DA were diminished at the lower temperatures. These results suggest that amphetamine may release [3H]DA by two mechanisms: (1) by accelerated exchange diffusion due to its use of the DA uptake carrier to enter into neurons (this would predominate at low concentrations of amphetamine), and (2) by passive entrance into neurons and displacement of [3H]DA from binding sites (this would predominate at high concentrations of amphetamine). PMID- 7082382 TI - Photic cuing of escape by rats from an intense microwave field. AB - A total of 16 female hooded rats was first observed for baseline behaviors and then they received 25 2-min trials of training, five trials per day, under one of four stimulus conditions (all ns = 4): exposure to a highly intense 918-MHz field (dose rate, 60 mW/g); exposure to photic stimulation (approximately 350 1x); exposure to the field in synchrony with photic stimulation; or exposure to faradic shock (approximately 800 micro A rms). During conditioning trials, which were separated by 2-min intertrial intervals, entry by a rat into a safe area of a multimode cavity resulted in immediate and complete cessation of stimulation; exit, in resumption. Acquisition of the escape response was rapid and highly efficient for shocked animals and was less rapid and efficient but was reliably demonstrated by irradiated animals that were also signaled by light. In the absence of microwave irradiation, cessation of light did not reliably motivate escape behavior. Although there was weak evidence of escape learning by rats subjected only to microwave irradiation, their performance failed to differ reliably from those of rats in the light-only condition. These data confirm and extend those of Carroll et al, which indicate that potentially lethal, deeply penetrating, nonpulsed microwaves in a multipath field lack the sensory quality to motivate efficient aversive behavior by the rat. PMID- 7082383 TI - A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450-MHz microwaves vs far infrared radiation. AB - Three male and female adults individually placed the ventral surface of the right and upright forearm against a 15-cm-diameter aperture in a wall of microwave absorbent material. Ten-second exposures occurred to E-vector-vertically polarized, 2450-MHz-CW microwave (MW) fields. Comparable exposure to infrared (IR) waves was repeated with four of the six observers. Thresholds of detection of just-noticeable warming by MW and IR radiation were determined by the double staircase psychophysical method. Although the exposed surface areas of male observers' arm were larger than those of female observers, thresholds of warming by either source of energy overlapped; the pooled means of irradiance at threshold are 26.7 mW/cm2 (MW) and 1.7 mW/cm2 (IR). Dosimetric measures on saline models indicated virtually perfect absorption of the incident IR, but nearly two thirds of the MW energy was scattered. Accordingly, the 15-fold difference in means of MW and IR thresholds resolves to a 5-fold difference in threshold quantities of absorbed energy. In the light of the high correlation between thresholds of IR and MW irradiation (r = .97), it is concluded that the same set of superficial thermoreceptors was being stimulated, only less efficiently so, by the more deeply penetrating, more diffusely absorbed MW energy. PMID- 7082384 TI - Active electric properties of cardiac muscle. AB - A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials. PMID- 7082385 TI - Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG. AB - Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains. The values of interactions parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region. The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1-5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching. PMID- 7082386 TI - The molecular basis of ultrasonic absorption by proteins. AB - This article reviews significant advances in understanding the basis for the magnitude of ultrasonic absorption in proteins and related biological materials. Carstensen and Schwan's accurate and extensive measurements on blood and hemoglobin solutions provided the initial experimental data; these were augmented by data from measurements on aqueous solutions of gelatin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, various polypeptides, and amino acids. The initial frequency range of 1 10 MHz was expanded to 0.035-1000 MHz; temperature and pH dependences of absorption were studied. Theoretical approaches included consideration of the relative motion of blood cells in plasma, perturbation of water structure around macromolecules, solvation of charged entities, proton-transfer reactions, and helix-coil transitions. Proton-transfer reactions between amino and carboxylic groups and water proved to be largely responsible for the observed peaks in pH dependence of absorption coefficient; the peaks occurred in the basic and acidic regions corresponding to the pKs for titration of these groups. Such reactions could not account for the magnitude of absorption at physiological pH because only histidine titrated in this range. Extensive analysis, using relaxation theory, and measurements have shown that the proton transfer reaction between the imidazole group of histidine and hydrogen phosphate ion (in solution) provides sufficient volume change for significant ultrasonic absorption at physiological pH. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was found with the peptide bacitracin in phosphate buffer solutions. By generalizing these results to the case of a protein, Slutsky wt al estimated maximum values of frequency-dependent absorption coefficients for "typical tissue" and found them to be correct to order of magnitude, even exceeding observed values in soft tissues in some instances, instead of being far too small as was always the case in the past. Thus, in principle, adjustment of parameters, such as pK values, could bring theory and experiment into agreement for the first time. PMID- 7082387 TI - Wideband acoustic energy studies of pulmonary airways. AB - The impulse response of the pulmonary system has been measured by exciting the system with wideband acoustic noise introduced through the mouth. The transmitted sound is detected using microphones placed on the patient's back at appropriate locations. A specially designed analog correlator is used to obtain the impulse response of the pulmonary system through cross-correlation techniques. Uniquely characteristic responses have been obtained from smoking and nonsmoking patient groups. PMID- 7082388 TI - The dielectric method of investigating bound water in biological material: an appraisal of the technique. AB - Three independent dielectric methods for the measurement of water of hydration (bound water) in a biological material are described and discussed comparatively. For well-defined aqueous solutions of biological molecules, hydration can be obtained from direct observations made on the delta dispersion or from measurement of the dielectric values of the beta dispersion. For whole tissue, however, neither of these two methods is applicable, and to deduce the hydration, it is necessary to use the third technique in which the volume of the hydrated biological particle is obtained by measuring the effect of it on the known dielectric properties of pure water. The hydration can then be calculated by deducting the volume of the anhydrous particle from the experimentally determined volume of the hydrated particle. Owing to possible systemmatic errors the uncertainty in the absolute hydration value associated with this technique is rather larger than that obtained with the other two dielectric methods. For studying the differences between hydration in similar tissues, however, this objection disappears. PMID- 7082389 TI - Dielectric probe of the electric-field-sensitive peptide alamethicin. AB - Dielectric constant and loss of alamethicin in solvents of various degrees of lipophilicity (namely mixtures of n-octanol and dioxane) have been measured at frequencies from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. By means of a conventional Cole-Cole approach, dielectric properties were evaluated to obtain information about the structural and dipolar properties of the peptide in view of its function as a voltage dependent pore former in membranes. The results for a pure octanol solvent (together with an apparent molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugation) indicate the existence of primarily monomeric particles of quite elongated shape and of comparatively high dipole moment. Adding dioxane was found to yield considerable aggregation and a decrease of polarity. PMID- 7082390 TI - Microwave dielectric studies on proteins, tissues, and heterogeneous suspensions. AB - We summarize the results of several of our recent studies on the dielectric properties of protein solutions, tissues, and nonionic microemulsions at microwave frequencies extending to 18 GHz. The data in all cases are analyzed using the Maxwell mixture theory to determine the dielectric properties of the suspending water and the amount and dielectric properties of the water hydration associated with the suspended phase. The dielectric data from the protein solutions and tissues are broadly consistent with the results of previous studies at UHF frequencies; they indicate hydration values in the range of 0.4-0.6 g water/g protein. There is evidence of a dielectric relaxation process occurring at low-GHz frequencies that can be attributed in part to dielectric relaxation of the "bound" water in the system. The remaining solvent water appears to have dielectric properties close to, if not precisely the same as, those of pure water. The average relaxation frequency of the suspending water in the microemulsions is reduced from that of pure water, evidently reflecting an average of that of the water of hydration (approximately 5-6 GHz) and that of pure water. This reduced average relaxation frequency implies an increased average viscosity of the water and (by Walden's rule) accounts for the unexpectedly low ionic conductivity of the preparations. PMID- 7082391 TI - What are non-thermal electric biological effects? PMID- 7082392 TI - Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field. AB - The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 X 3.66 X 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 degrees C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W', calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/f')2 . (sigma'/sigma) . W' where f' is the model exposure frequency, sigma' is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and sigma is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models. PMID- 7082393 TI - An approach to inverse scattering problems. AB - There are several reasons for investigating the inverse scattering problem in medical image processing. A typical case, that of ultrasonic fields, is considered. Assuming that a plane wave illuminates a weakly inhomogeneous two dimensional object, the fundamental equation is derived for the scattered waves in integral as well as in differential forms. It is shown that the scattered waves observed on a circle surrounding the object is sufficient to specify the structure of the object. This information is summarized in a single term, which is a function of the wavenumber as well as the angles of incidence and observations. A successive approximation is applied to reconstruct the image of the object from this function. Since no analytic solution is available, several methods of approximations are proposed, and examples of computations are shown for the case of a cylindrical object. PMID- 7082394 TI - Electromagnetic absorption in an inhomogeneous model of man for realistic exposure conditions. AB - The advances made in quantifying electromagnetic absorption and its distribution for various exposure profiles are described. The conditions that have been studied extensively are: free-space irradiation and its variations, such as the presence of ground and reflecting surfaces and other humans in close proximity. Using an inhomogeneous block model of man, work has recently been extended to leakage-type near-fields such as those from RF heat sealers and other electronic equipment. Projections are made for the extension of this work to evaluate coupled near-fields, design of multielement near-field applicators to obtain physician-prescribed uniform or nonuniform rates of regional heating, and for the inverse scattering problem necessary for electromagnetic biomedical imaging. Accurate information about the dielectric properties of various tissues becomes increasingly important for proper inhomogeneous modeling of man. PMID- 7082395 TI - Spectroscopic properties of in vivo biological systems: boson radiative equilibrium with steady-state nonequilibrium molecular systems. AB - An analysis of the boson (phonon and photon) distribution in the presence of a steady-state, nonequilibrium molecular subsystem is presented, providing thermodynamic criteria for the boson chemical-potential term, the generalized vibrational emissivity function, and the Bose type of condensation predicted by Frohlich. PMID- 7082396 TI - Physiologic regulation in electromagnetic fields. AB - Electromagnetic fields have been demonstrated to elicit thermoregulatory responses, neuroendocrine, neurochemical modulations, and behavioral reactions. These physiologic regulatory processes are exquisitely tuned, interrelated functions that constitute sensitive indicators of organismic responses to radiofrequency energy absorption (the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum includes as one part microwaves). Assessment of the integration and correlation of these functions relative to the thermal inputs and homeokinetic reactions of the individual subjected to radiofrequency energy should permit differentiation between potential hazards that might compromise the individual's ability to maintain normal physiologic function and effects that are compensated by physiologic redundancy. PMID- 7082397 TI - An analysis of the American Rheumatism Association criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. AB - When a community-derived population of 840 rheumatoid arthritis patients was used to test the American Rheumatism Association's 11 diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, these criteria divided patients into 3 reasonably distinct classifications (probable, definite, and classic). The severity of disease increased in direct proportion to the number of positive criteria. Three criteria involve invasive procedures that are rarely performed; they are unnecessary for effective use of the other 8 criteria. Although 256 possible combinations of these 8 criteria exist, the criteria function principally to classify patients into only 7 major clinical syndromes, each of which corresponds to a major clinical presentation. By identifying the logical interrelationships between criteria in this report, we have confirmed their applicability and provided insight into the manner by which criteria classify patients. PMID- 7082398 TI - The role of cell surface proteins in platelet stimulation by monosodium urate crystals. AB - To test whether urate crystal-membrane protein interactions mediate platelet stimulation, platelet membrane proteins were radiolabeled by lactoperoxidase, extracted with 1% Triton X-100, and incubated with urate crystals. The crystal associated and supernate fractions were isolated and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by 2-dimensional isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE. Four of the lactoperoxidase radiolabeled polypeptides that associated with urate crystals had reduced molecular weights and pIs of Mr = 105,000, pI 4.9; Mr = 123,000, pI = 4.9; Mr = 123,000, pI = 5.3; and Mr = 132,000, pI = 4.8-6.3, respectively. These proteins were characterized with regard to their labeling intensities, apparent isoelectric points, apparent molecular weights (reduced and nonreduced), lectin binding properties, carbohydrate- and protein-staining characteristic, and presence or absence in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. They have been identified as derived from glycoproteins Ib, IIb, and III (Phillips-Agin nomenclature) and an unidentified membrane protein. To test whether removal of these proteins would result in a diminution of platelet response to urate, intact platelets were digested with chymotrypsin, resulting in cleavage of more than 80% of these proteins and a 5-fold reduction in secretory responsiveness to urate crystals. Response to a second platelet stimulus, collagen, was unaffected, indicating an intact secretory mechanism. In addition, when platelets were preincubated with F(ab')2 fragments of an antibody directed against these proteins, platelet secretory response to urate was inhibited by 50%, whereas the responses to collagen and thrombin were unaffected. Thus, membrane proteins appear to mediate platelet stimulation by urate crystals. PMID- 7082399 TI - Immunosuppression by fractionated total lymphoid irradiation in collagen arthritis. AB - Treatments with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and cyclophosphamide were evaluated for rats injected with type II collagen. Preadministration of TLI and repeated injections of cyclophosphamide suppressed the severity of arthritis and lowered antibody titers to collagen significantly. TLI initiated at the onset of collagen arthritis decreased humoral and cellular responses to collagen but did not affect the severity of arthritis. These data demonstrate that both TLi and cyclophosphamide are immunosuppressive in an experimentally inducible autoimmune disease. PMID- 7082400 TI - Aspirin survival in human blood modulated by the concentration of erythrocytes. AB - In vitro aspirin hydrolysis rates were measured in fresh human whole blood and in its separate components. The half-life of aspirin in whole blood was relatively rapid (mean 22.2 +/- 3.9 minutes) and exhibited a significant negative correlation with hematocrit (r = -0.96). Hydrolysis of aspirin in buffer that contained only washed red blood cells (40%) was significantly more rapid (mean half-life 17.5 +/- 2.0 minutes) than that in whole blood. When aspirin was incubated in solutions of washed red blood cells that contained human serum albumin in various concentrations, the aspirin half-life was found to vary directly with the concentration of albumin used; at normal levels of albumin, the hydrolysis rate of aspirin approximated that measured in whole blood. The presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate in low concentrations (0.02-0.05 mM) markedly inhibited the rate of aspirin hydrolysis in washed red blood cells and whole blood. We conclude that enzymes(s) linked to the erythrocyte, probably membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, control the survival of aspirin in blood. PMID- 7082401 TI - Natural killer augmentation in systemic lupus erythematosus via a soluble mediator derived from human lymphocytes. AB - Seventeen patients with diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus were studied for natural killer activity and the ability of a human soluble immune-response factor to modify this activity. Defective natural killer activity was found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus regardless of the stage of disease, medication, or organ system involvement (24.6% versus 47.8% cytotoxicity). After treatment with the immune-response factor, the natural killer activity increased in all patients, with a mean of 47.3% compared with 24.6% before treatment. This product has other immunologic activities and was shown to be free of interferon. The mechanism of action is not yet known, but such an immune-response factor has potential use in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7082402 TI - Gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Study of serum and synovial fluid immune complex levels. AB - Immune complexes from serum and synovial fluid were detected by the C1q binding assay in 12 patients with disseminated gonococcal infection. Since immune complexes were regularly higher in synovial fluids than in paired sera and were not detected by the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassay, we suggest that IgM may be present in these complexes and that this represents a primary immune response. In contrast, only 2 of 10 patients with local gonococcal infection were slightly positive both with the C1q assay and the monoclonal rheumatoid factor assay. In patients with disseminated gonococcal infection, immune complexes closely paralleled the disease activity and negatively correlated with complement levels. Synovial fluid immune complexes seem to occur in the early and aseptic phase of polyarthritis and to aid the entrance of circulating gonococcal organisms. From the results of our study, it seems that immunologic processes initiate and/or sustain inflammation in disseminated gonococcal infections that appear, at least in part, as a form of reactive arthritis. PMID- 7082403 TI - Chronic liver disease and Still's disease. PMID- 7082404 TI - Central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus versus central nervous system infection: low cerebral spinal fluid glucose and pleocytosis in a patient with a prolonged course. PMID- 7082405 TI - Thyroid acropachy complicated by lymphatic obstruction. PMID- 7082406 TI - A possible role of prolactin in adjuvant arthritis. PMID- 7082407 TI - Temporomandibular joint erosions in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7082408 TI - Nailfold capillary microscopy as a diagnostic tool and in followup examination. PMID- 7082409 TI - Clinical bleeding due to diclofenac (Voltaren) PMID- 7082410 TI - Delayed fracture union associated with dexamethasone nasal spray. PMID- 7082411 TI - Questions and answers about OSHA's Hearing Conservation Amendment and industrial audiology. PMID- 7082412 TI - Temporal association between arterial cholesterol deposition, thymidine incorporation into DNA, and atherosclerosis in Japanese quail fed an atherogenic diet. AB - Male Japanese quail (strain SEA) rapidly develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries when fed an atherogenic diet containing 1.0% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid. The present study was conducted to determine the parameters of the atherosclerotic response. Groups of 20 quail fed the atherogenic diet were killed at 0 days, 1 day, 3 days, or weekly from 1 to 12 weeks. Quail fed the atherogenic diet for 1 day showed a significant increase in serum cholesterol; a plateau was reached by 2 weeks. A significant increase in arterial cholesterol was seen after 2 weeks on the atherogenic diet, and arterial cholesterol showed a linear increase with time from 2 to 12 weeks. Increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of arterial cells was first seen at 2 weeks; thymidine incorporation increased to a maximum value at 9 weeks, then declined to 50-60% of the 9-week value at weeks 11 and 12. Grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were first seen at 3 weeks, and 90% of birds showed gross atherosclerotic lesions by 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis induced in Japanese quail by feeding cholesterol and cholic acid is characterized initially by lipid deposition in the arterial wall, followed by increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine and the appearance of gross lesions. PMID- 7082414 TI - Lack of endothelial concanavalin A reactivity in the cerebral arteries of rabbits and monkeys. PMID- 7082413 TI - Hypoalpha-hyperbeta-lipoproteinemia in a patient with coronary artery disease and occlusive peripheral arterial disease. AB - This study describes a variant of hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia in a 57-year-old male patient. The total plasma cholesterol level was 258 mg/dl with 64% in esterified form. The concentration of triglycerides was 205 mg/dl. The lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern revealed the absence of alpha-lipoproteins, whereas the other lipoproteins showed an intermediate electrophoretic mobility. The concentration of HDL cholesterol (heparin: MgCl2 precipitation) was extremely low (3 mg/dl). The activity of lecithin; cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and the postheparinlipolytic activity were within the normal range. Determination of apolipoproteins revealed a marked deficiency of both apoprotein A-I (17 mg/dl) and apolipoprotein A-II (11 mg/dl). The concentration of apolipoprotein-B was elevated (186 mg/dl). Unlike the clinical manifestations of Tangier disease, our patient did not show skin lesion, abnormal tonsils, hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral neurologic abnormalities or corneal deposits. Also in contrast to Tangier disease our patient had coronary artery disease with myocardial infarction accompanied with severe occlusive peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 7082415 TI - Myocardial-ischemic rats (MIR). Coronary vascular alteration induced by a lipid rich diet. PMID- 7082416 TI - Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese male patients with coronary artery disease and in their relatives. AB - Plasma cholesterol (CH), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured in 92 consecutive Japanese male subjects undergoing diagnostic coronary cineangiography. Sixty-nine of them were classified as having coronary artery disease (CAD), the remaining 23 subjects were classified as having normal coronary arteries (NCA). The CAD group had significantly lower HDL-C and higher TG levels than the NCA group. However, there was no significant difference in plasma CH between the two groups. First-degree relatives of the CAD patients were also investigated. The male blood relatives of the CAD patients also had significantly lower HDL-C and higher TG levels than the non-blood male relatives and healthy control males. The female blood relatives, however, showed no significant differences from the non-blood female relatives and the healthy control females in plasma CH, TG and HDL-C levels. These results suggest that low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia are the prevalent coronary risk factors, rather than hypercholesterolemia, in a population with a low fat intake such as the Japanese, and that these lipid abnormalities are related to sex and genetic factors. PMID- 7082418 TI - Influence of native and randomized peanut oil on lipid metabolism and aortic sudanophilia in the vervet monkey. AB - Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerethrus) were fed cholesterol-free, semipurified diets containing 40% sucrose, 25% casein, 15% cellulose and 14% peanut oil (PNO), randomized peanut oil (RPNO) or corn oil (CO). After 4 months, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, serum lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity and plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were similar in all groups. Livers of monkeys fed CO converted 156% more acetate and 24% more mevalonate to cholesterol than those of monkeys fed RPNO. Cholesterogenesis in RPNO-fed monkeys was enhanced compared to PNO (68% from acetate; 62% from mevalonate). Incidence of atherosclerosis was 33% in monkeys fed RPNO, 80% in those fed CO and 90% in those fed PNO. Extent of sudanophilia was lowest in aortas of monkeys fed RPNO. Incidence of arteriosclerosis was 40% in monkeys fed CO, 56% in those fed RPNO and 70% in those fed PNO. Extent of aortic surface showing arteriosclerosis was highest in monkeys fed RPNO. PMID- 7082419 TI - Changes of systolic time intervals in asymptomatic patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - Previous studies have focused on the usefulness of systolic time intervals to assess changes of myocardial function. In a recent report, hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) was shown to induce early signs of vascular disease in asymptomatic subjects. By means systolic time intervals (STI) we studied left ventricular functions in normal subjects and asymptomatic patients with HLP, who showed normal response to exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The results showed mean values of STI for the population in the normal range, according to standards accepted in North American reports. Different values of STI were found when we compared the data of controls with the STI of HLP patients with higher values of PEPI and PEP/LVET and lower values of LVETI in HLP patients. These results suggest that hyperlipoproteinemia affects STI in asymptomatic patients, probably as a sign of early impairment of left myocardial function. PMID- 7082417 TI - Collagen polymorphism in the normal and diseased blood vessel wall. Investigation of collagens types I, III and V. AB - Estimation of collagens types I and III in pepsin digests and by analysis of specific cyanogen-bromide derived peptides by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has indicated that both the undiseased human aortic media and the atherosclerotic plaque of the diseased intima contain more type I collagen than type III. There was only a relatively small shift in composition in favour of type I collagen in the diseased compared to the undiseased tissue. Diffusely thickened intima was similar in composition to the atherosclerotic plaque. These results suggest that both atherogenesis and diffuse intimal thickening may involve primarily smooth muscle cell hyperplasia with increased overall collagen production but little alteration in cell phenotype as regards the relative proportions of the individual collagens produced. They do not support the contention that atherosclerosis involves a 'transformation' of smooth muscle cells to fibroblast in type, whereby a major switch in synthesis occurs from largely type III collagen to mainly type I in disease. Type V collagen(s) containing both alpha A- and alpha B-chains has been detected throughout the vessel wall in diffusely thickened intima, media and adventitia, as well as in the plaque where, in the latter case, a marked enrichment relative to interstitial collagens was noted. This is presumed to reflect the relatively cellular nature of the atherosclerotic lesion. The alpha C-chain of type V collagen was detected in porcine but not human aorta. PMID- 7082420 TI - Long-term effect of hyperlipidemic serum on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and on the rate of growth of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. AB - Rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were successfully subcultured in 10% hyperlipidemic rabbit serum (HLS) for at least 9 passages. SMCs grown in HLS grew into higher cell densities than SMCs cultured in normolipidemic rabbit serum (NLS) for at least 4-5 passages in NLS and HLS, respectively. However, cells cultured in NLS and HLS for up to 7 passages had similar growth characteristics when they were trypsinised and seeded to grow in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into GAGs was taken to represent their rate of synthesis. As compared with cultures incubated in 10% NLS, incubation of rabbit aortic SMCs in the presence of 10% HLS increased the synthesis of sulphated GAGs secreted into the pericellular space by 35% during the first 24 h of contact with HLS. After preincubation for one week in the presence of HLS the synthesis of sulphated GAGs secreted into the incubation medium and into the pericellular space was stimulated by 95% and 34%, respectively. The stimulation of the synthesis of sulphated GAGs by HLS continued for up to 4 weeks at least if the contact of the cells with HLS was maintained. When the cells were subcultured in the presence of NLS and HLS and seeded to grow in FCS after the 1st, 3rd and 7th trypsinisations, the synthesis of sulphated GAGs in cultures of cells from both sources was similar. PMID- 7082421 TI - Physical fitness and plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations in male business executives. AB - Endurance fitness has been measured objectively (physical work capacity at pulse rate of 170/min W170) in a group of middle-aged executives, and related to a number of other physical characteristics and aspects of coronary risk status: FEV1, blood pressure, adiposity smoking habit, alcohol consumption, plasma levels of total and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The primary question was whether HDL-C levels could be shown to be related to endurance fitness levels over the range encountered in a fairly homogeneous population and hence whether there could be value in terms of lipid coronary risk status in encouraging a moderate increase in physical activity. HDL-C levels were significantly related to W170. Fitness also separated the subjects in terms of adiposity, but not in terms of the other variables studied. Even though the trend was toward an index of physical activity being able to separate the subjects in terms of HDL-C, this was not as clear-cut as the division in terms of endurance fitness. Alcohol and smoking were associated with higher triglyceride levels, but not with HDL-C. The variables mid abdominal skinfold thickness, triglyceride, non-HDL-C and endurance fitness accounted for 53% of the variation in HDL-C levels in this population. Alterations in the levels of these probably related variables might be expected to have appreciable effects on levels of HDL-C. PMID- 7082422 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and cardiovascular disease. Results from a population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden. AB - In a prospective study of a population sample of women, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was studied in relation to the incidence of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke and intermittent claudication. ESR could not be proved to be predictive of these manifestations of cardiovascular disease. Similar results were obtained when the population was studied cross-sectionally. The ESR was higher in women with hyperlipidaemia (serum triglyceride greater than or equal to 2.0 mmol/l or serum cholesterol greater than or equal to 9 mmol/l), in women with arterial hypertension (treated or untreated, with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg or both) and in overweight women (women within the upper 10 centiles of weight index) compared to women of the same age in the population sample who did not fulfill the criteria according to the above definitions. ESR was similar in hyperuricaemic women (upper 5 centiles of serum uric acid) and in those who were not hyperuricaemic. No association was found between smoking habits and ESR. Weak correlations were found between ESR and serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol and serum uric acid, respectively. Although some correlations were found, ESR cannot replace other examinations in the search for risk factors for cardiovascular disease. PMID- 7082423 TI - [Epidemiologic analysis of mortality rates of cerebrovascular diseases during a 30-year period in Shanghai]. PMID- 7082424 TI - A drug sensitivity test strategy for atypical mycobacteria. AB - The value of anti-tuberculosis drugs for the treatment of infections caused by atypical mycobacteria is limited by the high prevalence of drug resistance. From the mycobacteriological point of view, however, nonspecific antibiotics and sulphonamides can also be used for their therapy. Atypical mycobacteria are high heterogeneous in their drug sensitivity patterns and in this respect each strain virtually represents a distinct biological unit. To select suitable drugs for combined treatment advantage should be taken of an analytical quantitative proportional sensitivity test that will allow determination of primary resistant population frequency per million viable mycobacterial units. In each case treatment should be with a combination of drugs in which the frequency of primary resistant populations is 10(-5) or lower. PMID- 7082425 TI - [Effect of parathormone on glucose reabsorption in the kidneys in relation to the tubular transport of phosphates]. PMID- 7082426 TI - [Ultrastructural organization of neurons of the gigantocellular nucleus of the medulla oblongata reticular formation in the cat and acetylcholinesterase distribution within them]. PMID- 7082427 TI - [Duodenoplasty and selective proximal vagotomy]. PMID- 7082428 TI - [Pectolytic enzymes formed by Penicillium and Fusarium micromycetes]. AB - The ability of the two cultures Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. to synthesize extracellular pectolytic enzymes was investigated. The cultivation conditions providing a high level of the biosynthesis of these enzymes were identified. The methods of isolating the enzymes by means of organic solvents were developed. The pectinase from Penicillium sp. showed a higher thermostability whereas that from Fusarium sp. displayed a greater acid resistance. Using glutaraldehyde and titanium salts, active immobilized forms of pectinases on silica carriers were prepared. PMID- 7082429 TI - [Long-term ambulatory treatment of patients with circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7082431 TI - [Debatable aspects of the problem of methorisis]. PMID- 7082430 TI - [Retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia in combination with other neoplasms of the fundus oculi]. PMID- 7082433 TI - [Characteristics of the microcirculatory status in the bulbar conjunctiva in a refractory form of heart failure]. AB - The conjunctival biomicroscopy has been used to study the microcirculation in the bulbar conjunctiva of 88 patients with cardiac insufficiency, 67 of them had its refractory form. The changes found in the microcirculation bed in the refractory and nonrefractory forms of cardiac insufficiency differed as to the extent and a significantly greater expression in the refractory form of cardiac insufficiency. PMID- 7082432 TI - [Effect of decreased motor activity and water regimen on the growth of animals and their skeletal musculature]. PMID- 7082434 TI - [Severe coronary arteriosclerosis in a young woman with essential hyperlipoproteinemia]. PMID- 7082435 TI - [Evaluation of the potential use of the method of a free autograft of a small intestine segment in reconstructive surgery]. PMID- 7082436 TI - [Comparative analysis of the efficacy of step-by-step- rehabilitation of patients with different localization of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 7082437 TI - [Etiological and pathogenetic problems of central chorioretinal discoid dystrophies]. PMID- 7082438 TI - [Use of a countercurrent immunoelectrophoretic method for isolating antistaphylococcal antibodies and staphylococcal antigen in the blood serum of children with staphylococcal infections]. AB - In cases of staphylococcal infection in children (osteomyelitis, purulent destructive pneumonia, phlegmons, abscesses) the use of counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) allowed one to detect antistaphylococcal antibodies (anti-poly-A beta) in 12.5-69.1% of cases and staphylococcal antigen in the blood serum in 6.1-25.0% of cases, the antigen titer reaching 1 : 1-1 :8. In staphylococcal sepsis with faintly pronounced local pyo-inflammatory processes, as well as in diseases of nonstaphylococcal etiology and in healthy children, no clear reactions indicating the presence of antistaphylococcal antibodies and staphylococcal antigen were registered. CIE may be used as a specific serological diagnostic test in the severe forms of staphylococcal infection in children. PMID- 7082439 TI - [Severe complication of subclavian vein catheterization]. PMID- 7082440 TI - [Endocrine gland morphology in infants with sepsis]. PMID- 7082442 TI - Alcoholism: treatment and recovery. PMID- 7082441 TI - Pharmacological properties of dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives isolated from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis. I. Interaction with rat liver cytochrome P-450 and inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism and mutagenicity. AB - Seven compounds isolated from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis, a traditional Chinese tonic, which is also able to increase liver lesions by hepatoxic chemicals, are named Schizandrin (Sin) A, B and C, Schizandrol (Sol) A and B and Schizandrer (Ser) A and B. They are dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives. Dimethyl 4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB) is an intermediate for synthesizing Sin C. The interactions of these compounds with rat liver microsomes in vitro have been investigated. Sol A and Sol B gave type I difference spectrum, the other six compounds gave 'reverse type I' difference spectrum. When Schizandrins or DDB were incubated with NADPH-reduced microsomes, Sin B, Sin C, Sol B, Ser A and Ser B generated dual Soret peaks of 455--460 nm and 425--430 nm, the other three compounds caused a difference spectrum without 455 nm peak. All these compounds more or less inhibit liver microsomal hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) demethylation of aminopyrine. Sin B, Sol B and DDB decreased mutagenicity of BP in Ames test. PMID- 7082443 TI - Genetic variants of group A apolipoproteins. Rapid methods for screening and characterization without ultracentrifugation. PMID- 7082444 TI - [Atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice with reduced pulmonary blood flow (results of surgical treatment)]. PMID- 7082446 TI - Anterior spinal cord decompression and spine stabilization for metastatic disease. A case report. PMID- 7082445 TI - [Disorders of the conductivity and rhythm after radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 7082447 TI - The unhappy wanderers: children with attention deficits. PMID- 7082448 TI - Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in six-year-old children. Epidemiological aspects. AB - A total population study of 4797 six-year-old children attending the public preschools in the city of Goteborg (Gothenburg) has been carried out. A questionnaire with 34 questions about MBD-related problems was distributed to all pre-school teachers. Three thousand four hundred and forty-eight questionnaires were completed. Factor analysis of the questionnaire and empirical results from a pilot study provided the basis for selecting for further study children with pre school signs and symptoms suggestive of MBD. Neurological, psychiatric and psychological assessment of 82 children with, and 59 children without, pre-school symptoms of MBD revealed that in the index groups 41% of the children, and in the control group 3% of the children, had MBD. Extrapolation procedures gave a total population frequency of 1.2% with severe MBD and a further 5.9% with mild moderate MBD. A very large questionnaire refusal rate (28%) is discussed. The relevance of the calculated frequency figures, especially as regards the mild moderate MBD category, cannot be properly evaluated until long-term follow-up has been completed. PMID- 7082449 TI - [Sleeping sickness in children and its long term after-effects. Apropos 110 personal observations at Fontem Hospital (Cameroon)]. AB - This study has been conducted in Fontem hospital (Cameroon). In the first part, the author describes the clinical symptoms leading to the diagnosis : change in the general condition, headache, fever and sleeping disorder are starting symptoms, which are rarely observed in the youngest children. One child out of three has encephalic troubles such as altered motor development or psycho neurotic disorders. Motor troubles affect only children in the cerebral polarisation phase. The second part of this paper considers the sequellae observed in 120 children: half of them are affected but 12 p. 100 are seriously handicapped. Slow psychomotor development and psychoneurotic troubles exist in 11,5 p. 100 of the children, even for those a diagnosis was made at an early stage. Adversely a late diagnosis is responsible of severe motor sequellae in 6,5 p. 100 of all the young patients. PMID- 7082450 TI - [Role of calcium ions in action potential generation by pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial region of the heart in the turtle]. PMID- 7082451 TI - [Cervical pregnancy--diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7082452 TI - Sagamicin and the related aminoglycosides: fermentation and biosynthesis. I. Biosynthetic studies with the blocked mutants of Micromonospora sagamiensis. AB - The mutants blocked in the gentamicin C1 production were derived from a sagamicin producing strain of Micromonospora sagamiensis. The intermediates produced by these mutants were isolated and properly identified. Comparing the biotransformation activities in the resting cells of the mutants with those of a DOS idiotroph, KY 11525, the blocked steps in sagamicin and gentamicin biosynthesis were proposed in each mutant. Mutant KY 11564 was found to produce gentamicin C2a (C-6'-epimer of gentamicin C2) together with gentamicin C1a and sagamicin. KY 11525 transformed gentamicin C2a into C2 and C1, whereas KY 11564 lacked the activity. KY 11565 produced gentamicin X2 and antibiotic G-418, and lacked 6'-amino substitution activities. KY 11566 appeared to be partially blocked in 6'-N-methylation activities, and the major products were gentamicin C2a and C1a. From these results, sagamicin biosynthesis in M. sagamiensis is discussed. PMID- 7082453 TI - Stability of cefamandole nafate injection with parenteral solutions and additives. PMID- 7082454 TI - Cardiac sarcoidosis with twelve-year survival. PMID- 7082455 TI - 24-Hour pattern of plasma prolactin in the male rhesus monkey and its relation to the sleep/wake cycle. PMID- 7082456 TI - A comparison of depression among employed single-parent and married women. AB - This study of employed single-parent (n = 52) and married women (n = 87) investigated employment characteristics (time spent at work, income), psychological resources (self-esteem, sex-role attitudes), and management of domestic activities (evaluation and satisfaction with performance) in relation to depression. For the most part, correlates of depression were quite different for the two groups of women. Nontraditional sex-role attitudes, more time at work, higher income, low work-family strain, and high self-esteem were associated with less depression among single parents. Positive work orientation, high self esteem, less time spent at work, and satisfaction with domestic tasks were linked with lower depression among married women. PMID- 7082457 TI - The relationship between learning disability, intelligence, and paired-associate learning. AB - Learning disabled (N = 45) and non-learning disabled (N = 39) third and fourth grade boys and girls were compared in four paired-associate situations. The situations respectively measured learning, memory, exemplar learning, and transfer. Intelligence was measured with the WISC-R. The data were nonnormal in distribution, and the results were thus analyzed parametrically for intelligence and group. What appears to be an interaction occurred. Intelligence facilitated performance for normals on the memory task but had a deleterious effect for the learning disabled Ss. The learning disabled high intelligence group, however, performed significantly better than the other groups on the exemplar and transfer tasks. These findings are discussed in terms of conceptualizations of learning disability and the nature of intervention strategies. In addition, concern is raised for the validity for research with these children where the IQ factor is ignored or covaried and not directly investigated. PMID- 7082458 TI - [Rubber banding of internal haemorrhoids--indications, limits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082459 TI - [Thoracic aortic dissections, surgical repair - experience of 33 operated cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082460 TI - Posttraumatic recurrent subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. AB - Isolated posttraumatic subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon at the wrist has received scant attention in the literature. Five patients with this condition were seen during a 21-month period. All had chronic subluxation resulting from forearm hypersupination injury sustained during an athletic activity. Surgical treatment was indicated for three patients, and each obtained a satisfactory result. The salient pathologic feature appears to be a disruption of the ulnar-restraining septum of the sixth dorsal compartment of the wrist. Surgical treatment by reconstruction of this structure appears to be reliable and beneficial. PMID- 7082461 TI - Ethylenediamine as a specific releasing agent of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat striatal slices. AB - Following incubation with [14C]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or [3H]dopamine, slices of rat striatum were superfused with media containing 36 mM K+ or ethylenediamine (EDA), 1 or 5 mM. Both K+ and EDA induced a release being largely Ca2+-dependent, while the EDA-induced release was not. Whereas K+ also evoked a Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]dopamine, EDA evoked no release of dopamine. EDA may therefore have potential as a specific GABA releasing agent. PMID- 7082462 TI - Atypical neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. PMID- 7082463 TI - Similarities between mouse and rat-liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Evidence from catalytic, immunologic, and recombinant DNA studies. PMID- 7082464 TI - Acquisition and extinction of continuously and partially reinforced running in rats with lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. AB - Local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was used to selectively destroy the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle (DB) in rats. Two lesion procedures were used, differing in the extent of depletion of forebrain noradrenaline they produced (greater than 90% or 77%). In Experiments 1-3 the rats were run in a straight alley for food reward on continuous (CR) or partial (PR) reinforcement schedules. The smaller lesion reduced and the larger lesion eliminated the partial reinforcement acquisition effect (i.e. the faster start and run speeds produced by PR during training) and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE, i.e. the greater resistance to extinction produced by PR training); these changes were due to altered performance only in the PR condition. Abolition of the PREE by the larger DB lesion occurred with 50 acquisition trials, but with 100 trials the lesion had no effect. In Experiment 4 rats were run in a double runway with food reward on CR in the second goal box, and on CR, PR or without reinforcement in the first. The larger lesion again eliminated the PREE in the first runway, but did not block the frustration effect in the second runway (i.e. the faster speeds observed in the PR condition after non-reward than after reward in the first goal box). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that DB lesions alter behavioural responses to signals of non-reward, but not to non-reward itself. They cannot be predicted from two other hypotheses: that the DB mediates responses to reward or that it subserves selective attention. Since septal and hippocampal, but not amygdalar, lesions have been reported to produced similar behavioural changes, it is proposed that the critical DB projection for the effects observed in these experiments is to the septo-hippocampal system. PMID- 7082465 TI - Lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle and rewarded running: the role of pretraining. AB - Local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was used to selectively destroy the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle (DB), producing 75% loss of hippocampal noradrenaline. Lesioned and control rats were trained to run in a straight alley for food reward with or without pretraining (handling and habituation to the apparatus). Lesioned rats ran more slowly than controls only if they had not been pretrained. This result may explain previous discrepancies in the literature; it is discussed in relation to existing hypotheses of DB function. PMID- 7082467 TI - Vocalization after electrostimulation of the brain of pigeons in relation to heart- and breathing-rates. AB - Vocalizations elicited by electrical stimulation in the midbrain of pigeons were studied in connection with heart- and breathing-rates. Most of the sites where sound production could be elicited were found in the nucleus intercollicularis (ICo), lying rostromedial to the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (Mld). All vocalizations were accompanied by an increase of heart- and breathing rates. Electrical stimulation elicits predominantly changes in breathing-rate which can be accompanied by passive vocalization. PMID- 7082466 TI - Septal lesions enhance hyperactivity induced either by amphetamine or lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi. AB - Spontaneous locomotor activity was measured in 4 groups of rats subjected to either septal, accumbens, combined septal-accumbens or sham operations. Accumbens but not septal lesions increased activity above control levels and the combined septal-accumbens lesion markedly increased activity levels above that produced by the accumbens lesion. Thus, septal lesions appeared to exaggerate the activity changes produced by the accumbens lesions. Furthermore, both septal and combined septal-accumbens lesions enhanced the hyperactivity induced by 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine-HCl but attenuated the hyperactivity induced by 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg scopolamine-HCl. Rats with accumbens lesions did not differ from controls in their response to amphetamine or scopolamine. Thus, septal lesions modified both lesion and drug-induced changes in locomotor activity. PMID- 7082468 TI - Long-term deficits in passive avoidance responding following experimental febrile convulsions during infancy. AB - Human infantile febrile convulsions are occasionally associated with later deficits in cognitive and motor performance. In the present report, experimental febrile convulsions during various stages of infancy in the rat were investigated. Infant rats that were subjected to a single hyperthermia-induced convulsion at 10, 15, or 20, but not 5, days of age required more trials than controls to acquire a step-down passive avoidance response when tested as adults (50-60 days of age). Although rats that were subjected to a series of convulsions during infancy also evinced deficits in passive avoidance responding at adulthood, the magnitude of the effect was not appreciably greater than that following a single convulsion. The present results indicate that a single experimental febrile convulsion during infancy can have long-term effects on subsequent behavior. PMID- 7082469 TI - [Excitatory and inhibitory vagal actions on the motility of normal rabbit stomach]. AB - Electrical vagal nerve stimulation (10-20 V, 0.2-5 msec, 1-86 Hz) was carried out at cervical level in nembutal-urethane anestetized rabbits. The aim of the research was to selectively activate (0.2 msec) "low" excitatory, and (5 msec) "high" inhibitory efferent vagal nerve fibers supplying the stomach. In the intact stomach an increasing motor effect was evoked between 1 and 16 Hz. An inhibitory motor effect became, instead, evident at higher frequencies of stimulation (16-86 Hz) In atropinized animals excitatory motor effects were blocked. The inhibitory effects were instead still present and they were not affected by guanethidine. These results suggest a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic mechanism for the vagal inhibitory control of gastric motility in rabbit. PMID- 7082470 TI - [Echotomographic determination of gallbladder diameters]. AB - The investigation methods of gallbladder physiology in normal man are usually limited because often they are invasives and hazardous (radiations). The gallbladder size was accurately evaluated by US with study "in vitro". The variations in gallbladder-size measurements in the same observer and among many observers by US, demonstrate that Real-Time ul-ultrasonography is a simple, accurate, non-invasive and potentially valuable mean in the study of gallbladder motility. PMID- 7082471 TI - [Plasma ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients: preliminary results]. AB - Ascorbic acid plasma concentration was investigated in 10 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and in 10 normal subjects. Ascorbatemia was measured by a specific enzymatic method. The mean ascorbatemia of hemodialysed patients was 0.285 +/- 0.120 mg%; in normal subjects was 0.604 +/- 0.119 mg%: the difference was statistically very significative, P less than 0.01. Moreover, the vitamin C alimentary intake was investigated in all subjects: in the controls it was constantly over 100 mg/die, but in hemodialysed patients it was nearly 40 mg/die because of their vegetable and fruit dietary restriction. It was found a positive correlation between potassium and ascorbic acid alimentary intakes. The decreased alimentary intake and the loss during dialysis can explain the low ascorbatemia of hemodialysed patients. PMID- 7082472 TI - Metabolism and serum levels of tryptophan in senile cataract patients. AB - In order to clarify the role of tryptophan in the patogenesis of senile cataract, we have studied the serum total and free levels of tryptophan in cataract patients as compared with age and sex-matched controls, and the urinary excretion of 10 metabolites after oral load of the amino acid. This excretion increases in the cataract group both as total per cent and as kynurenine. No difference has been found in the free and total serum tryptophan between normal subjects and cataract patients. A possible role of the kynurenines in the pathogenesis of senile cataract is suggested. PMID- 7082473 TI - Tryptophan lens levels in senile cataract. PMID- 7082474 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of mice treated with heroin]. AB - In a study of the ultrastructure of a hepatocytes in mice treated with heroin a statistically significant increase in the volume density and surface density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was observed. Morphometric measurements using the method described by Weibel (2,3) were employed to calculate volume density of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and surface density of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes and of the mitochondrial envelope and cristae. Statistical analysis using the t test of Student was carried out for all parameters. Both surface density and volume density of SER in mice treated with heroin increased significantly when compared to mice of the control group. An increase in volume density of SER is generally believed to be correlated to an increase in drug metabolizing enzymes localized in or on smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes. We have demonstrated a statistically significant increase in SER in mice treated with heroin which is not accompanied by an increase in drug metabolizing enzymes (7). We feel that further investigation of these anomalous cases is necessary in order to clarify the role of the SER membranes and their function in the metabolism of drugs. PMID- 7082475 TI - [HDL cholesterol and induced platelet aggregation in elderly subjects, risk index for thrombo-embolic disease]. PMID- 7082476 TI - Description of a method for the measurement of electric skin impedance. AB - A device for analysis of electric skin impedance has been build, which determines quantitatively the constituents of electrical skin model as proposed by Philipson. It measures impedance modulus and phase angle with different frequencies, then it calculates impedance skin locus on complex plane. In this pattern the choice of frequencies is not critical. It can work with two, three, or four electrodes. Precision achieved and great simplicity of use, allows it ideal for clinical applications, despite the theoretical complexity of measurements. PMID- 7082477 TI - [Experimental polycythemia induced by lactate in Tritons]. AB - Specimens of Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laurenti) raised for 4 weeks in a 7 g/l solution of sodium lactate present a mean increase of about 32% in the red blood cell count in comparison to control newts raised in identically oxygenated water. Since lactate alone determines an increase in the number of erythrocytes as does hypoxia and hypoxia always induces an increase in plasma lactate levels, it can be deduced that erythropoietin (ESF) production is stimulated by an increase in plasma lactate and not directly by a lack of oxygen. The hypothesis that ESF in newts is produced by the "lactate sensitive cells" of the renal corpuscles, which hypertrophy after experimental anaemia or treatment with lactic acid salts, is indirectly confirmed. PMID- 7082478 TI - Relationships between nervous component histomorphogenesis of chick embryo spinal ganglia and development of their vascular supply in chorioallantoic grafts. AB - The blood vessel formation as well as the neuroblast differentiation were studied in chick embryo spinal ganglia grafted onto chorioallantoic membrane, and comparatively in those developing in situ under normal conditions. The preliminary results seem to indicate that also in the grafted spinal ganglia, as already suggested, in previous researches, for the orthotopically developing ganglia, the vascular networks apparently do not exert influences on the nervous substratum morphohistogenesis. PMID- 7082479 TI - [Humoral and cellular immune response to cryosurgery of benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity]. AB - The authors have evaluated general immunocompetence after cryosurgical treatment of 11 patients affected by benign oral lesions and of 17 patients affected by oral squamous carcinoma. Serum immunoglobulin levels, C3-C4, peripheral lymphocytes, E-rosette forming cells, lymphocyte response to PHA were analyzed before a single cryotreatment and 7 and 14 days after. In the patients affected by benign lesions the observed variations seem to suggest that in these cases cryosurgery has a merely mechanical action of extirpation of the lesion and the consequent extinction of the phenomena reactive to the same lesion. In cancer patients, cryosurgery modifies numerous immunological parameters mostly concerning the cell-mediate components. PMID- 7082481 TI - [Changes in salivary immunoglobulin levels after cryosurgery of benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity]. AB - The authors have evaluated variations in salivary IgA, IgG, IgM levels after cryosurgical treatment of benign and malignant oral lesions. Salivary immunoglobulin levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion before a single cryotreatment 7 and 14 days after. Seven days after cryosurgery of the lesions, there was a statistically significant increase in salivary IgG and IgM levels (p less than 0,02). These results suggest that, at the time of maximal oral cavity inflammation, 7 days after cryotreatment, there was a transudation of these immunoglobulins from serum into saliva. Salivary IgA levels decrease in a significant way (p less than 0,02) on the 14th day; this behaviour seems to be strictly connected with tumor regression after cryosurgery. PMID- 7082480 TI - [Secondary immunological response to cryosurgery in various stages of oral cavity neoplasms]. AB - The authors have evaluated general immunocompetence after cryosurgical treatment of 33 patients affected by oral squamous carcinoma. Patients have been divided into two groups: 17 of them were classifiable in 1st and 2nd stage and 16 of them in 3rd and 4th stages. Serum immunoglobulin levels, C3 - C4, peripheral lymphocytes, E-rosette forming cells, lymphocyte response to PHA were analyzed before a single cryotreatment 7 and 14 days after. The results indicate that immunological parameters vary in a significant way and can be constantly observed in 1st and 2nd stages, while the 3rd and 4th stages undergo no variations. Cryosurgery in the 1st and 2nd stages is able to modify, in particular, the parameters concerning cell - mediate immunity, although the phenomenon seems transitory, showing itself most on the seventh day. PMID- 7082482 TI - [In vitro hepatic cytochrome P-450 destruction induced by 1,2-dichloroethylene]. AB - An estimation of the rate of 1,2-DCE metabolism by the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 system was obtained by monitoring the oxidation of NADPH at 340 nm. During such a metabolism, cytochrome P-450 from PB-pretreated male mice is destroyed in vitro in presence of NADPH, after 30 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C by 1,2-DCE. The NADPH-request suggests that oxidative metabolism of this olefin by cytochrome P-450 is necessary for the observed destruction. The loss of cyt.P-450 could be attributed to heme destruction, as the destructive interaction is always accompanied by a correlated loss of microsomal heme. PMID- 7082483 TI - [Effects of Bitis gabonica venom on heart dynamics and circulatory resistance in the rabbit]. AB - The effect on the cardiovascular system of intravenous injections of Bitis gabonica venom was studied on 10 urethan anesthetized rabbits, by giving the venom in three successive doses of .125 (I Dose), .250 (II Dose) and .500 (III Dose) mg/kg. In partial agreement with already reported data, the results of our experiments showed a powerful but transient fall of total peripheral resistance, which seemed to be relatively independent of doses. A cardiotoxic action leading to severe reduction of cardiac output was also found, but only at the II Dose; this effect was apparently irreversible, and was not enhanced by the III Dose. Moreover, a prompt bradicardic effect after each administration was found, which may not be attributed to direct effects of the venom on the cardiac pacemaker cells. PMID- 7082484 TI - [Evaluation of pituitary functional periodicity by harmonic analysis. I) Circadian somatotropin secretion in acromegaly]. AB - STH circadian secretion has been investigated in 11 acromegalic patients. The physiological STH nocturnal surge is not present in acromegaly, but when data are evaluated by Fourier's cosines analysis, a rhythmicity is however found also in acromegaly. The characteristics of harmonics, namely periodicity, amplitudes and phases, are largely different in respect to pattern of normal subjects, where the rhythmicity is represented by an harmonics with 24-hour periodicity. PMID- 7082485 TI - [Evaluation of pituitary functional periodicity by harmonic analysis. II) Circadian prolactin secretion in acromegaly]. AB - PRL levels over 24 hours have been studied in 9 acromegalic patients (4 men and 4 women). Hormone levels were found significantly higher than age and sex matched normal subjects in 4 cases (2 males and 2 females). PRL and STH levels were significantly correlated in men, but not in women. A 24-hour periodicity of PRL secretion was found in 4 cases, however in 2 of them the phase was anticipated in respect to the control group. In 4 of the remaining subjects the hormone secretion is made up by a succession of episodes with higher frequency than in the control group. Only in one case no significant periodicity of secretion was observed. PMID- 7082486 TI - [Separation of erythrocytes from full-term infants into different age populations]. AB - Separation of erythrocytes into fractions of different age was carried out by the method of discontinuous gradient. Five fraction of various specific density were prepared and in each fraction age dependent enzyme activities PK and G-6-PD were assayed. The erythrocytes from cord blood and from newborn 4-5 days old were studied. The results demonstrate the correlation between density and erythrocyte age in both cord blood and blood from newborns. However, 4-5 days old demonstrate a shift of various populations toward fractions of higher density. PMID- 7082487 TI - [Serum calcitonin in full-term infants]. AB - Determination of calcium (Ca) calcitonin (CT) secretion in mother during labour and their newborns during the first hours of life was carried out. Mean serum levels of Ca decreased after the birth. Mean serum level of Ct was higher in the cord blood comparing with mothers blood. These levels increased after the 6th hour and reached the peak at the 12nd hour. After the 24th hour the CT levels decreased significantly although at the 48th hour they remained higher than those in the cord blood. PMID- 7082488 TI - [Effect of morphine on dopamine and 5-HT content of the caudate nucleus in the guinea pig]. AB - The effect of Morphine (3 x 10(-6) - 3 x 10(-5)) on tissue Dopamine and 5 hydroxytryptamine content was studied in superfused slices of guniea-pig caudate nucleus kept at rest or stimulated for 30 min at 5 Hz. The caudatal slices submitted to electrical stimulation for 30 min showed a significant reduction in their 5-hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine content. Morphine did not modify the amines content of the slices kept at rest but counteracted the depletion caused by electrical stimulation. The opioid was dose-dependent and antagonized by Naloxone 1 x 10(-5) M. PMID- 7082489 TI - [An autopsy case of medullomyoblastoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082490 TI - [Changes of local cerebral glucose utilization in rat cobalt epilepsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082491 TI - [On the supranuclear controls of the hypoglossal nucleus: a morphological study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082492 TI - [Thin-section CT scan of the pituitary gland (author's transl)]. AB - Topographic anatomy of the pituitary fossa was studied by 2 mm thin-section CT scan (Somatom II). Nineteen with normal pituitary (control group) and 20 with suspected pituitary abnormality were selected. Plain and contrast CT were performed in all cases. Contrast CT was carried out immediately after the rapid infusion of 220 ml of 30% iodinated contrast medium. In all of control group but two, pituitary gland was detected as homogenous density and its density was as same as density of normal brain tissues, and was enhanced in degree of about 25 CT number. In 2 cases, small low density was visualized in the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland was differentiated from cavernous sinus was usually higher than the pituitary gland. In abnormal group, the microadenoma of the pituitary gland was diagnosed in 5 cases and 3 out of 5 cases was proved by surgery. All 3 microadenomas proved slightly dense by plain CT and enhanced higher than normal pituitary gland by contrast CT. Polytomograms showed no abnormality of the sella turcica in one of these 3 cases. Although 3 microadenomas were detected by the abnormal enhancement, we are not sure whether all of microadenoma can be detected by CT alone. Arachnoid herniation into the pituitary fossa was diagnosed in 7 of control group and 2 of abnormal group. Four out of these 9 cases were verified by using Metrizamide CT. By plain thin-section CT, the diagnosis of arachnoid herniation seems to be possible without Metrizamide CT. PMID- 7082493 TI - [Study of the brain capillaries and their surrounding tissues at various stages of development in mice (author's transl)]. AB - The development of the brain capillaries and their surrounding tissues from fetuses to adult mice were studied ultrastructurally. 1. The intracerebral blood vessels on day 10 of gestation showed sinusoid characteristics. 2. The interendothelial junctional complex on day 15 of gestation showed the zonula occludens like in the case of adult. 3. The anlage of pericyte was observed already on day 15 of gestation. 4. The endothelium decreased prominently in its complexity and thickness till the 8th day of age. 5. Sprouting of the intracerebral capillaries were observed on the 8th day of age. 6. The BM-material was observed continuously near the corresponding plasma membranes of the endothelium on the first day of age. The perivascular clefts surrounding the blood vessels were partly open and had direct contact with the extracellular space till 8 days of age. 7. The large extracellular space which was observed from the fetuses to the first day of age became remarkably narrower after 4 days and it was observed that there were interrelations between the development of neuropils and narrowing of the extracellular space. This study shows that several capillaries with different permeabilities coexist over a long period of time in the cereberum. The latter seems to play an important role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 7082494 TI - [Influence of differential hypothermia treatment on the cerebral metabolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082495 TI - [Three cases of arachnoid cysts associated with chronic subdural hematoma (author's transl)]. AB - The association of arachnoid cyst of the middle cranial fossa and subdural hematoma has been emphasized previously but is not common knowledge. We present three cases of arachnoid cyst of the middle cranial fossa and associated chronic subdural hematoma. The importance of computed tomography for the diagnosis of arachnoid cyst associated with the hematoma is emphasized. Pathogenesis of arachnoid cyst and the hematoma remain uncertain. However histological findings suggested that subdural CSF collection might be important to develop hemorrhagic outer membrane of the chronic subdural hematoma. PMID- 7082496 TI - [Experimental study of ischemic rat brain--correlation of pathological findings with rCBF (author's transl(]. PMID- 7082497 TI - [Changes in intracranial pressure during the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm and the prognosis in regard to life (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082498 TI - QT and action potential duration. PMID- 7082500 TI - Acute prolongation of myocardial refractoriness by sotalol. AB - Sotalol, a beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was given intravenously to 15 patients with accessory atrioventricular pathways during intracardiac electrophysiological studies. Eleven patients had the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and four patients had concealed left sided accessory pathways. Four patients were restudied while receiving oral sotalol. In contrast to the actions typical of beta blocking agents, intravenous sotalol prolonged the effective refractory periods of the ventricles and accessory pathways and reduced the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation in the patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Similar results were obtained with oral administration. These findings support the observation that sotalol, unlike other beta blocking agents. causes acute prolongation of the myocardial action potential and suggest that this action might be of therapeutic use. PMID- 7082499 TI - Electrophysiological effects of sotalol--just another beta blocker? AB - The electrophysiological effects of intravenous sotalol hydrochloride (0.4 mg/kg) were assessed in 24 patients, including 13 with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, undergoing routine electrophysiological study. Fifteen to 30 minutes after sotalol administration there was a significant increase in sinus cycle length and in sinus node recovery time. There was a small increase in the AH interval, but the HV interval was unchanged. The QT and JT intervals, measured during sinus rhythm, were both increased. The atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular nodal effective refractory periods were all prolonged, as was the atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period. In 13 patients with ventricular pre-excitation there was an increase of the accessory pathway anterograde and retrograde effective refractory periods. In 12 of these 13 sotalol was given during atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia, resulting in termination in five. Tachycardia cycle length increased in all patients, with the major effect being in the atrioventricular direction. Though some of the effects seen in these patients are consistent with the beta adrenergic antagonist properties of sotalol, the effect on atrial, ventricular, and accessory pathway effective refractory periods and on ventricular repolarisation is not typical of that observed with other beta blockers but may be the result of lengthening of the action potential duration. These findings suggest that sotalol may be a more versatile antiarrhythmic agent than other beta receptor antagonists. PMID- 7082501 TI - Effects of histamine type 2 receptor stimulation on myocardial function in normal subjects. AB - Myocardial histamine(H)2 receptor stimulation has been studied in six normal men. Since histamine is a potent vasodilator, the haemodynamic effects of histamine infusion were compared with those of nitroprusside at equihypotensive doses, to identify changes in myocardial contractility attributable to vasodilatation. After H1 receptor blockade with mepyramine, subjects received, in single blind crossover fashion, either histamine alone and with the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine, or nitroprusside alone and with cimetidine. Echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions, plasma catecholamines, blood pressure, and heart rate were measured. The rise in catecholamines suggested similar baroreflex activation by both histamine and nitroprusside. Echo ejection phase indices did not alter significantly after nitroprusside, but histamine caused an increase in percentage fractional shortening from 38.2 +/- 4.1 to 53.5 +/- 3-6% and in mean fibre shortening velocity from 1.31 +/- 0.19 to 1.99 +/- 0.22 cm/s. These changes were both greatly reduced by cimetidine and suggest that H2 receptor stimulation in man causes a direct positive inotropic response. PMID- 7082503 TI - Self-predicting stress tests. Predischarge modified stress testing after acute myocardial infarction. AB - The outcome of 50 consecutive modified predischarge exercise tests after acute myocardial infarction was predicted by three independent observers on the basis of ST segment displacement in the resting pretest 12 lead electrocardiograms. The mean predictive accuracy for the three observers was 82% for a positive test defined as additional ST segment depression or elevation greater than or equal to 0.1 mV, and rose to 94% for a positive test defined as additional ST segment depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV alone. For the majority of patients, the test result was already apparent in the resting 12 lead electrocardiogram. PMID- 7082502 TI - Predictive use of routine 24-hour electrocardiography in suspected Adams-Stokes syndrome. Comparison with cardiac rhythm during symptoms. AB - Using strictly defined criteria of significant arrhythmias, long term electrocardiographic recording has been evaluated for confirmation of arrhythmias as the cause of cerebral symptoms in 81 patients with suspected Adams-Stokes syndrome. Extension of long term electrocardiographic recording for more than 24 hours gives marginal additional information at a high cost. Among 43 patients monitored until symptoms appeared, non cardiogenic causes were confirmed in 20 of 22 patients because the recording showed normal rhythm during symptoms. Fifteen of 21 patients with a significant arrhythmia during an asymptomatic 24 hour recording later had the same arrhythmia during symptoms. Of 38 patients who failed to develop symptoms, 21 had a significant arrhythmia detectable within 24 hours and 23 when 48 hours of recording were analysed. PMID- 7082504 TI - Two dimensional echocardiographic assessment of communications between ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk or individual pulmonary arteries. AB - The value of two dimensional echocardiography in identifying communications between the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk or individual pulmonary arteries was assessed in 24 children, all of whom had either angiocardiographic and surgical or angiocardiographic confirmation alone. Fourteen cases had truncus arteriosus, four aortopulmonary window, four anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, and two anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta. It was possible to identify reliably each individual abnormality with a combination of suprasternal, precordial, and subcostal cuts. Problems only arose in differentiating truncus arteriosus from pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect when the main pulmonary artery and infundibular region of the right ventricle were extremely hypoplastic. PMID- 7082505 TI - M-mode echocardiography in the developing human fetus. AB - The M-mode echocardiogram can be obtained in the developing human fetus from around the 16th week of gestation until term. Errors in interpretation of the M mode echocardiogram can be avoided by concurrent two dimensional fetal cardiac examination. The pattern of motion of the mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves and ventricular wall motion can be studied. Motion of the foramen ovale flap, which is characteristic in fetal life, can also be observed. Using the M-mode tracing, measurement data for six variables were made and growth charts constructed. The variables recorded were septal and left ventricular wall thickness, right and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole, aortic root dimension, and left atrial internal dimension. The measurements were made in normal pregnancies where the fetal heart was structurally normal. Confidence limits for each measurement were derived for gestational ages between 16 and 39 weeks. PMID- 7082506 TI - Cardiac dimensions and myocardial function of infants with congenital hypothyroidism. An echocardiographic study. AB - This study was undertaken to evaluate the cardiac dimensions and various indices of myocardial function, determined by echocardiography, in a group of 12 infants with congenital hypothyroidism. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions, posterior wall thickness, enddiastolic and systolic volumes were all significantly lower in the hypothyroid infants compared with 25 normal infants of the same age. No pericardial effusion was found. Hypothyroid infant had a lower heart rate with a reduced cardiac output. The mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening and the shortening fraction of the left ventricle were normal. The pre-ejection period of the left ventricle (PEP), however, was abnormally prolonged as well as the ratio PEP over left ventricular ejection time (PEP/ET). This ratio correlated inversely with the end-diastolic volume, suggesting that the increased PEP/ET could be partly the result of decreased preload. PMID- 7082507 TI - Non-invasive diagnosis and assessment of tricuspid regurgitation and stenosis using one and two dimensional echo-pulsed Doppler. AB - Twenty normal subjects and 82 patients with valvular heart disease, whose lesions were independently assessed either by cardiac catheterisation and/or at operation, were studied using the pulsed Doppler technique combined with either one or two dimensional echocardiography. Of these, 41 patients had tricuspid lesions, including 40 with regurgitation and nine with stenosis. The tricuspid analogue flow velocity trace and the Doppler frequency spectrum (time interval histogram) were recorded. Characteristic differences were found between the records from subjects with and without tricuspid lesions. In subjects with tricuspid regurgitation there was a systolic negative wave on the analogue velocity display and broadening of the time interval histogram. In subjects with tricuspid stenosis there was an abnormal pattern, and significantly increased duration of the diastolic wave on the analogue velocity trace, again with broadening of the time interval histogram. Sensitivity and specificity ranged between 85 and 95%. The calculated ratio between the measured amplitudes of the systolic and diastolic waves correlated well with independently performed grading of the regurgitation on a three point scale in 85% of cases. Grading of the severity of tricuspid stenosis on a three point scale based on studies of the diastolic Doppler velocity anomalies was the same in 85% of cases as the grading based on established invasive techniques. The addition of two dimensional echocardiography to the pulsed Doppler technique increased the sensitivity for mild lesions. PMID- 7082508 TI - Atrial fibrillation--a marker for abnormal left ventricular function in coronary heart disease. AB - Retrospective study of 1176 patients with known coronary heart disease by cardiac catheterisation disclosed 10 patients (0.8%) with atrial fibrillation. Comparison with 25 randomly selected patients with coronary heart disease with sinus rhythm showed that atrial fibrillation correlated significantly with impaired haemodynamic function, mitral regurgitation, and abnormalities of left ventricular contraction. Atrial fibrillation is, therefore, a useful marker of extensive myocardial dysfunction. PMID- 7082509 TI - Long-term control of reciprocating paroxysmal tachycardia by ventricular pacing in a case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - A patient is described with a complex electrocardiographic pattern, including preexcitation, grade 1 atrioventricular block, reciprocal rhythm of atrial origin, and frequent attacks of reciprocating tachycardia at a rate of about 135 beats per minute. Long-term control of these attacks was obtained by synchronous ventricular pacing at 80 beats a minute, which was below the rate during the attacks of tachycardia and above the spontaneous heart rate between the attacks. PMID- 7082510 TI - Incessant junctional reciprocating tachycardia caused by dual atrioventricular nodal pathways and atrio-nodal bypass tract. AB - A case is described with clinical and electrocardiographic findings of incessant junctional reciprocating tachycardia. Electrophysiological study showed that longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node into two pathways was responsible for the maintenance of the arrhythmia. The two intranodal pathways had different refractory periods but reciprocally related and overlapping conduction times (anterograde fast, retrograde slow, and vice versa). Induction and termination of the arrhythmia was related to the presence of a partial atrio nodal bypass tract. PMID- 7082511 TI - Effects of lignocaine on bidirectional tachycardia and on digitalis-induced atrial tachycardia with block. AB - Most recent studies discussing tachycardias with alternating QRS polarity have referred to those known as torsade de pointes. This report, in contrast, deals with bidirectional tachycardia and the effects of lignocaine on 10 patients with this arrhythmia. Three of the patients also had digitalis-induced atrial tachycardia with block. In one patient, a single bolus of lignocaine was followed (five minutes later) by ventricular fibrillation, but the other nine patients received two boluses of 75 mg followed by a drip infusion of 3 mg/min. The drug terminated the episodes of atrial tachycardia with block and bidirectional tachycardia in all patients thus treated. Whereas the abolition of the bidirectional tachycardia was permanent in the seven patients with digitalis intoxication, it recurred after stopping the drip infusion in the two patients without digitalis toxicity. It is concluded that lignocaine can be useful in the treatment of digitalis-induced bidirectional tachycardia and atrial tachycardia with block. From this study no conclusions can be drawn, however, as to whether lignocaine is superior to other class I or class IV agents. PMID- 7082512 TI - Scintigraphic study of relation between left ventricular peak systolic pressure and end-systolic volume in patients with coronary artery disease and normal subjects. PMID- 7082513 TI - Systolic closure of aortic valve in patients with prosthetic mitral valves. AB - Systolic closure of the aortic valve was found in 10 of 36 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement. Eight patients had early systolic closure, and two had mid-systolic closure. The left ventricular outflow tract dimension on M-mode and two dimensional echocardiograms, left ventricular posterior wall and septal thickness, left ventricular dimensions in systole and diastole, aortic valve opening, and mitral to aortic valve distance were not significantly different between patients with and without systolic closure of the aortic valve. Two of the 10 patients with systolic aortic valve closure were catheterised and in neither was there a gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta. The two patients with mid-systolic closure, however, were the patients who had the narrowest left ventricular outflow tract which could cause significant distortion of blood flow. Systolic closure of the aortic valve in patients with mitral valve replacement is probably not caused by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, though abnormalities in laminar flow from the left ventricular outflow tract may be involved. PMID- 7082514 TI - Morphometric investigations in mitral stenosis using two dimensional echocardiography. AB - A method is proposed for comparing the orifice size and the morphology of stenotic mitral valves, removed intact at the time of replacement, with the preoperative two dimensional echocardiographic cross-sections. The excised mitral valve apparatus is suspended on a specially constructed mounting. To avoid shrinkage the orifice is stabilised with an airfilled balloon. A radiography is taken directing the x-ray beam perpendicular to the valve orifice. In 40 of 51 patients this method provided the means of relating the echocardiographic cross sections to the morphology of the valve. Planimetry of the valve area compared favourably with the postoperatively determined orifice size. Agreement was found in 34 of 40 patients in orifice shape between preoperative echocardiograms and x rays of th excised valve. The relation between intraoperative estimation of size of the valve, using dilators with known diameters, and the postoperative results was less favourable. Areas of calcification were identified on echocardiography as dense conglomerate echoes. In 30 patients (75%) the localisation of calcium deposits and in 67% the degree of calcification was in agreement with the x-rays of the valve taken after operation. In addition to determination of the area, two dimensional echocardiography allows detailed studies of the stenotic valves, and is of particular importance for planning operative treatment. PMID- 7082515 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular performance during supine exercise by transoesophageal M-mode echocardiography in normal subjects. AB - In order to evaluate left ventricular function during dynamic exercise transoesophageal M-mode recordings of the left ventricle were carried out with a newly developed transducer gastroscope system. Twelve healthy subjects performed a graded supine bicycle exercise test. Stable and good quality images of the left ventricle at rest and during exercise at different steps up to a maximum workload of 100 watts were obtained in all patients. Isotonic maximum exercise resulted in a significant increase in fractional shortening of the left ventricle, peak shortening rate, and peak lengthening rate of the left ventricular minor axis. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased significantly. With increasing workload the pressure rate product increased significantly. It is concluded that transoesophageal M-mode echocardiography is a useful method of evaluating left ventricular performance during dynamic exercise. PMID- 7082516 TI - Transoesophageal cross-sectional echocardiography with a phased array transducer system. Technique and initial clinical results. AB - Cardiac imaging by transthoracic two dimensional echocardiography is impaired in patients with chronic lung disease, those with obesity, and those with abnormal chest wall configuration. In order to overcome these limitations, a miniature phased array ultrasound transducer fitted to the tip of a commercially available gastroscope was developed. Transducer position and orientation can be adjusted completely by external control of vertical displacement inside the oesophagus, rotation, and angulation. Introduction and operation of the transducer gastroscope system are usually well tolerated by the patients, since no mechanical vibrations are generated and there is no need for an oil bag to secure oesophageal wall contact. Cardiac images of high quality are obtained even from structures and regions that are poorly or not at all imaged from external transducer positions. PMID- 7082517 TI - Anomalous connection of left atrial appendage with persistent left superior vena cava. AB - An unusual connection of the left atrial appendage with a persistent left superior vena cava was demonstrated at angiography in a child with a ventricular septal defect, aortic valve stenosis, and aortic isthmus stenosis; this was later confirmed at necropsy. No previous reports of this anomaly have been found. PMID- 7082520 TI - Monitoring respiration in the postoperative period. PMID- 7082518 TI - Slowing of paroxysmal tachycardia with loss of functional bundle-branch block. AB - Electrophysiological studies in a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia disclosed anterograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathways, and a concealed left-sided anomalous atrioventricular pathway which was used as the retrograde limb of two circus movement tachycardias. Tachycardia No.1, reflecting anterograde fast pathway conduction, was characterised by functional left bundle branch block and a stable cycle length of 330 ms. Paroxysmal loss of bundle branch block resulted in tachycardia No.2, which reflected anterograde slow pathway conduction, and was characterised by narrow QRS and a stable cycle length of 355 ms. Tachycardia No.2 had a longer cycle length than tachycardia No.1 because the increment in AH interval (slow pathway instead of fast pathway condition) more than compensated for the decrement in ventriculoatrial interval (narrow QRS instead of bundle-branch block). PMID- 7082519 TI - Reliability and clinical relevance of detection of vegetations by echocardiography in bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 7082521 TI - The oscillotonometer in theory and practice. AB - The accuracy of the Scala Alternans Altera oscillotonometer was investigated by comparison with direct intra-arterial pressures. It was found that the traditional criteria for detecting systolic and diastolic pressures were in error. A slow deflation rate was essential for the accurate measurement of systolic pressure, the maximum amplitude of needle oscillation correlated closely with mean pressure, and the determination of diastolic pressure was so inaccurate as to be clinically useless. The response of the oscillotonometer was also found to be dependent upon the individual combination of oscillotonometer and patient. PMID- 7082522 TI - Serum methionine and hepatic enzyme activity in anaesthetists exposed to nitrous oxide. AB - Normal serum concentrations of methionine, leucine, isoleucine and valine have been found in 10 anaesthetists using nitrous oxide under their regular working conditions without scavenging of patients' exhaled gas. Mean inhaled concentrations of nitrous oxide ranged from 150 to 400 p.p.m. The results indicate either that there was no significant inhibition of methionine synthase (attributable to oxidation of vitamin B12 by nitrous oxide) or that methionine concentrations were maintained by dietary intake or by the alternative betaine pathway of methylation of homocysteine. In either case, anaesthetists working under these conditions should not be at risk from reduced methionine concentrations. We also report normal serum activities of aspartate transaminase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. PMID- 7082523 TI - Use of midazolam as an induction agent: comparison with thiopentone. AB - A prospective, randomized, single-blind investigation was undertaken into the value of midazolam as an agent for the induction of anaesthesia. Sixty patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery of short duration were allocated randomly to receive either midazolam 0.2 mg kg-1 or thiopentone 3 mg kg-1. The induction time (measured as the time until loss of eyelash reflex) in the thiopentone group was significantly shorter than in the midazolam group. No differences were observed between the two drugs as regards time to onset of apnoea, or changes in heart rate and arterial pressure. PMID- 7082525 TI - Changes in fetal TCPO2 values occurring during labour in association with lumbar extradural analgesia. AB - Forty-six of 64 high risk labours were managed with continuous lumbar extradural analgesia. Fetal heart rate (FHR) and continuous transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) measurements were made in the 64 patients. Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns and low tcPO2 values associated with the onset of the extradural block were noted in 9% of these cases. A decrease in maternal arterial pressure and uterine hypertonus appeared to be responsible, singly or in combination, for the changes. These effects and the changes in FHR were not seen in the 18 mothers not receiving extradural analgesia. The supine position was associated with slightly smaller fetal tcPO2 values than the preferred lateral positions, with a significant worsening of the fetal tcPO2 values after induction of the extradural block although, overall, extradural analgesia neither improved nor impaired the fetal tcPO2. PMID- 7082524 TI - Comparison of the cerebral function monitor and plasma concentrations of thiopentone and alphaxalone during total i.v. anaesthesia with repeated bolus doses of thiopentone and althesin. AB - Repeated bolus doses of thiopentone or Althesin were administered to 10 patients every 240 s while cerebral electrical activity was recorded with the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM). Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at 60 and 225 s after each bolus dose for the measurement of plasma concentrations of the drugs. Significant correlations in the range r = 0.56-0.96 (P = 0.02-0.00001) between plasma thiopentone or alphaxalone concentrations and the upper and lower edges of the CFM trace were found. For the patients with relatively poor correlations, better correlations were obtained when 60- and 225-s sample were analysed separately. PMID- 7082526 TI - Electroencephalographic and behavioural effects of enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in the cat. AB - The effects of enflurane and halothane on the electroencephalogram (e.e.g.) were studied in 10 cats. Animals underwent at least 2 MAC-hours of anaesthesia with either agent, and the e.e.g. was monitored continuously. Arterial blood-gas tensions were maintained within normal limits. In addition, e.e.g. and behaviour were monitored during the period following anaesthesia, at fixed intervals, for 4 weeks. Despite the production of the central stimulatory effects of enflurane during anaesthesia, no animal demonstrated any central nervous system sequelae on any occasion following the anaesthetic. PMID- 7082528 TI - A sandwich electrode for multi-gas analysis: a prototype. AB - A prototype composite electrode consisting of a metallized membrane "outer" cathode, and a conventional "inner" silver disc cathode, both sharing the same electrolyte, is described. Preliminary results indicate that the metallized membrane will act as an oxygen filter, allowing anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide, to pass through to the second (inner) cathode, where they may be reduced. Linear relationships exist for oxygen concentration and metallized membrane current; and for nitrous oxide concentration and the second cathodic current. Extension of this technique to measure both halothane and nitrous oxide on the second cathode, simultaneously with oxygen on the metallized membrane, is discussed. PMID- 7082529 TI - Randomised controlled trials: sampling. PMID- 7082527 TI - Cardiorespiratory responses to an i.v. infusion of dobutamine in the intact anaesthetized dog. AB - The cardiorespiratory responses to an i.v. infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride were assessed in eight anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs. As the rate of infusion of dobutamine was increased from 2 to 30 microgram kg-1 min-1, there was a progressive decrease in arterial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure and arterial pH. There was a significant decrease in arterial oxygen tension at the greater doses of dobutamine (15 and 30 microgram kg-1 min-1) from initial control values. Carbon dioxide output, arterial carbon dioxide tension, venous admixture and oxygen consumption increased during the infusion of dobutamine. However, oxygen supply increased further so that the oxygen consumption; supply ratio decreased. It is concluded that dobutamine may decrease arterial oxygen tension, but that the increased cardiac output and decreased arterial pH produced by dobutamine may increase oxygen supply to the tissues in spite of this. PMID- 7082531 TI - Saliva carbamazepine levels in children before and during multiple dosing. AB - 1 Saliva carbamazepine (CBZ) pharmacokinetics were determined in six children aged 7-11 years at the start and after 5 weeks of CBZ therapy. 2 A single oral dose of CBZ, 14.7 +/- 2.3 mg kg -1, was administered and mixed saliva was collected at intervals during the next 36 h. CBZ therapy was then continued using the same total daily dose divided into two equal doses. After 5 weeks of therapy saliva samples were collected once more as on day 1. 3 The mean (+/- s.d.) saliva CBZ clearance increased over the study period from 142 +/- 28 to 402 +/- 79 ml h 1 kg -1 (P less than 0.001) and the mean half-life decreased from 23.6 +/- 5.3 to 8.0 +/- 2.3 h (P less than 0.005). The mean apparent volume of distribution after the first dose, 4.72 +/- 0.84 1 kg -1, was similar to that after 5 weeks treatment, 4.66 +/- 1.68 1 kg -1. 4 The mean saliva steady-state CBZ concentrations after 5 weeks therapy were less than 40% of those predicted from the single dose kinetic parameters. PMID- 7082530 TI - Assay and characterisation of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity of microsomal fractions of human liver. AB - 1 A method for the assay of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity in vitro by microsomal fractions of human liver is described. The assay utilises gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with d9-4-hydroxydebrisoquine as internal standard. 2 The limit of detection of 4-hydroxydebrisoquine was 2 ng ml -1 and the coefficient of variation was 4.4%. 3 Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity was linear with protein to concentrations above 2.1 mg ml -1 and with incubation times of at least 15 min. 4 Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase is a microsomal enzyme with a requirement for NADPH. Activity was inhibited by carbon monoxide. It is concluded that the activity is catalysed by cytochrome P-450. 5 In three samples of human liver the mean value for Vmax of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity was 69.9 +/- 14.3 pmol mg -1 min -1 and for Km it was 130 +/- 24 microM. 6 The only variable from smoking status, alcohol ingestion, sex of the patients, source of liver sample and presence of liver disease that had a significant effect on 4 hydroxylation of debrisoquine was the presence of liver disease. This was associated with a decrease in enzyme activity. PMID- 7082532 TI - Maternal kinetics and transplacental passage of pethidine during labour. AB - 1 Pethidine is commonly used in single doses as an analgesic in obstetrics. Plasma concentration-time profiles of pethidine after intramuscular administration of 1.5 mg/kg body weight to 16 pregnant women during labour were investigated. There was only a two-fold variation in peak plasma concentration (300-650 ng/ml). The mean (+/- s.d.) value of the apparent plasma half-life of pethidine was 3.4 (+/- 1.0) h which is not different from that in healthy controls. norpethidine plasma levels were not measurable (less than 10 ng/ml). 2 The placental transfer transfer of pethidine was studied at delivery in samples from the umbilical cord vessels and from a maternal peripheral vein. In another 14 patients serial determinations of pethidine concentration were made in foetal scalp blood and maternal venous blood simultaneously during the different stages of labour. The foeto-maternal drug ratio varied between 0.35 and 1.5 with a positive correlation between ratio and dose delivery time interval. The concentration of pethidine in umbilical cord plasma or blood varied between 60 and 400 ng/ml with dose-delivery time intervals of 30 min to 10.5 h. The foetal concentration of pethidine reached a peak-plateau value between 1-5 h after dose. PMID- 7082533 TI - Clindamycin passage into human milk. AB - 1 The clindamycin bioactivity was measured during the dosage interval in the plasma of women with puerperal infections and in their breast milk. 2 There was a marked interindividual variation in the peak levels. The clindamycin bioactivity in the milk ranged from 1/10 to several times the corresponding bioactivity in the plasma that was collected at the same time. 3 The concentration of clindamycin in the milk (bioactivity) at the end of the dosage interval correlated with the area under the plasma concentration v time curve. 4 Clindamycin is thus transferred into human breast milk. Although the actual amounts secreted are small, the wellknown side effects and the lack of knowledge about the disposition and effects of clindamycin in newborn infants are strong arguments against nursing during treatment with this drug. PMID- 7082534 TI - Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. AB - 1 A 10 h study of plasma drug concentrations of the opiate buprenorphine after use was designed because a previous 3 h study had shown that peak plasma drug concentrations in some patients had not occurred by 3 h after the sublingual dose. 2 Fifteen postoperative patients were studied: at 3 h after a 0.3 mg intravenous dose five patients received a sublingual preparation of 0.4 mg of buprenorphine, five 0.8 mg of buprenorphine and five placebo. Plasma drug concentrations of buprenorphine were measured by specific radioimmuno-assay. 3 Plasma drug concentrations after sublingual buprenorphine were significantly higher than those in the placebo group by 1 h. They remained significantly higher over the succeeding nine hours. The mean time to peak plasma drug concentration was about 200 min in both the 0.4 mg and 0.8 mg groups (range 90-360 min). The plasma drug concentrations in the 0.8 mg group were approximately twice those in the 0.4 mg group; the ratio of the relative systemic availabilities was similarly 1.8:1. The absolute systemic availability was estimated at about 55% for both groups. Uptake of buprenorphine from the sublingual site was essentially complete by 5 h after the dose was given. 4 The implications for the timing of sublingual doses in clinical use are discussed. PMID- 7082535 TI - The effects of domperidone on gastric emptying of liquid in man. AB - 1 The effects of domperidone (20 mg) i.v. and saline i.v. on gastric emptying of 500 ml of fluid have been compared in a blind study in six normal male volunteers. 2 Gastric emptying was measured by real-time ultrasound. 3 Domperidone significantly reduced the volume in the stomach 5 min after the drink (domperidone 306 +/- 17 ml, saline 404 +/- 31 ml, P less than 0.02). 4 Domperidone had no significant effect on the half-life of gastric emptying measured between 5 and 60 min (T1/2 domperidone 21.2 +/- 1.17 min, T1/2 saline 21.3 +/- 1.58 min). 5 A similar pattern of gastric emptying to that produced by domperidone could be produced by giving a drink of a smaller volume. PMID- 7082536 TI - An in vitro model for studying the effects of pharmacological agents on human ciliary beat frequency: effects of lignocaine. AB - 1 The effects of lignocaine hydrochloride on ciliary beat frequency (CBF), measured photometrically in vitro, using human epithelium obtained by nasal brushing was studied in 20 healthy subjects. Above lignocaine concentrations of 2.5 x 10(-3) g/ml cilio-inhibition occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Concentrations greater than 2 x 10(-2) g/ml caused ciliostasis. 2 Lignocaine aerosol was sprayed in vivo on the mucosa of one nasal cavity in five healthy subjects and five patients premedicated for bronchoscopy. CBF, measured in vitro in nasal brushings, was not different for treated and untreated sides. 3 Variation of intrinsic CBF with time after nasal brushings were taken was studied in ten normal subjects. No significant change in CBF was found until after 24 h. 4 We conclude that lignocaine hydrochloride, at concentrations three orders of magnitude above drug levels encountered in clinical practice, inhibits human CBF in a dose-dependent manner. Aerosolised lignocaine hydrochloride in doses which produce local nasal mucosal anaesthesia, does not inhibit CBF subsequently measured in vitro. Lignocaine is a suitable local anaesthetic for use at fibreoptic bronchoscopy when samples are being obtained for study of ciliary function. 5 The measurement of CBF in nasal mucosal brushings provides an in vitro model suitable for studying the effects of pharmacological agents on human ciliary activity. PMID- 7082538 TI - Effect of long-term cimetidine treatment on left ventricular function in haemodialysis patients with active hyperparathyroidism. AB - 1 The effect of long-term oral cimetidine on left ventricular function was evaluated in chronic haemodialysis patients with active hyperparathyroidism. 2 Radionuclide ventriculography (seven patients) and echocardiography (five patients) revealed a significant increase in ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening six months after treatment. 3 The improved cardiac performance was associated with improvement of bone histology. C-terminal parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, and mean arterial pressure changed little after treatment. 4 The improved cardiac performance is thought to be related to the suppression of uraemic hyperparathyroidism by cimetidine. 5 The present study suggests that uraemic hyperparathyroidism may play an important role in "uraemic cardiomyopathy". PMID- 7082537 TI - Dose-related pharmacokinetics after oral administration of a new formulation of erythromycin base. AB - 1 Erythromycin concentrations in serum and urine were determined in 24 healthy male, fasting subjects after oral administration of 250, 500, or 1000 mg of erythromycin base (250 mg capsules containing enteric-coated pellets). The subjects also received a film-coated erythromycin stearate tablet (equivalent to 500 mg base). 2 The mean +/- s.d. maximal serum erythromycin concentrations were 1.9 +/- 0.8, 3.8 +/- 1.4, 6.5 +/- 2.9 and 2.9 +/- 1.7 mg/l for 250, 500, or 1000 mg base and 500 mg stearate, respectively. The serum peaks usually occurred after 2 h irrespective of dosage form given. 3 The mean +/- s.d. areas under the serum concentration v time curves (AUC0-infinity) were 4.5 +/- 1.7, 11.2 +/- 4.3, 27.2 +/- 10.6 and 7.5 +/- 3.4 mg l -1 . h after 250, 500, or 1000 mg base, and 500 mg stearate, respectively. 4 The urinary recoveries were 5.0, 6.7, 8.6% of the base doses given and 4.4% of the stearate dose given. 5 Dose-dependent excretion of erythromycin occurred. The increase in AUC was larger than multiples of the lowest base dose. PMID- 7082539 TI - Rapid reduction of blood pressure with acute oral labetalol. AB - 1 The effect of acute oral administration of labetalol on intra-arterial pressures in a group of ten hypertensive patients has been evaluated. 2 A single dose of 200 mg labetalol produced a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures within 1 h of administration. 3 Within 24 h of initial administration, 200 mg three times daily produced a significant reduction in ambulant arterial levels of systolic pressure for 21 h and diastolic pressure for 14 h in the day. 4 Acute therapy lowered resting levels but there was no significant reduction in systolic pressure during either isometric or dynamic exercise. 5 Acute therapy was not associated with any significant postural hypotension. PMID- 7082541 TI - Terbutaline excretion into breast milk. PMID- 7082540 TI - The effect of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist pindolol on exercise performance. AB - 1 Fifty-two patients who had been treated for essential hypertension for at least 5 years with once-a-day pindolol alone or in combination with a diuretic participated in a strenuous exercise programme. The 24 h antihypertensive efficacy of once-a-day pindolol was shown in blood pressure readings made before the intake of the day's dose. 2 During the first stage of the study before interruption of therapy, pindolol maintained effective blood pressure control and prevented an excessive rise in blood pressure and heart rate following strenuous exercise. 3 Following a 6 week period of interruption of pindolol therapy, higher blood pressure and heart rate levels were reached following exercise. 4 After reintroduction of a single dose of pindolol, improvement in blood pressure control and lower heart rate levels were again seen following exercise. 5 Compared with the period without drug systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowered to about the same extent at rest and during exercise after maintenance pindolol and after a single dose of pindolol following a 6 week interruption period, but pre-exercise levels rose considerably during the period when therapy was discontinued. PMID- 7082542 TI - Terbutaline in breast milk. PMID- 7082543 TI - Saliva concentrations of lignocaine in healthy volunteers. PMID- 7082546 TI - Prolongation of antipyrine half-life after correction of severe anaemia due to hookworm infestation. PMID- 7082545 TI - Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine after a single oral dose. PMID- 7082544 TI - 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion in relation to polymorphic N-oxidation of sparteine. PMID- 7082547 TI - The hypotensive response to hydralazine, in triple therapy, is not related to acetylator phenotype. PMID- 7082548 TI - The second peak in the serum levels curve after oral administration of a slow release quinidine dosage form: effect of food. PMID- 7082549 TI - Pizotifen in the treatment of severe recurrent headache single and divided dose therapy compared. PMID- 7082550 TI - Gas gangrene following cholecystectomy. PMID- 7082551 TI - Auto-immune disease - an unusual combination of foursome. PMID- 7082552 TI - Antiseptic, aseptic and atraumatic surgery. PMID- 7082554 TI - Proliferative state and radiosensitivity of human myeloma stem cells. AB - Human myeloma stem cells were detected by their capacity to form colonies in culture. Cells separated from aspirated marrow were cultured for 10 days in semi solid methylcellulose with medium conditioned by T lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-TCM). The colonies formed consisted mostly of lymphoplasmacytoid cells or plasma cells, and the immunoglobulins in the patients' myeloma cells were demonstrated also in the cytoplasm of the colony cells. The number of colonies were proportional to the number of cells plated and to the concentration of PHA-TCM. When the proportion of proliferating colony forming units of multiple myeloma (CFU-MM) was studied using the (3H)-dT-suicide technique, the high-specific-activity (3H)-dT killed 21-45% of the CFU-MM in 7 myeloma patients. According to a single dose of Co-y-irradiation, the mean doses for impairment of regeneration (Do) were 1.00 and 1.63 Gy in 2 cases, the extrapolation numbers being 1.6 and 2.0. PMID- 7082553 TI - Burkitt-type lymphoma in France among non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas in Caucasian children. AB - In a retrospective analysis of 87 cases of Caucasian childhood non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma (NHML) from Lyon, France, all the case were diffuse lymphomas, but 47 were diagnosed as monomorphic small non-cleaved NHML, pathologically indistinguishable from Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). BL could then be the most frequent childhood lymphoma in France. This homogeneous series allows better definition of the characteristics of BL within NHML. Age distribution is similar to that of endemic BL, with a sex ratio of 3.7/1. Abdominal masses are initially present in 68% of the cases, whereas jaw is involved in only 4%. The disease is characterized by its overwhelming evolution in the absence of therapy. However, complete remission (CR) is usually obtained after the first chemtherapy regimen. Most relapses occur at 3-8 months. Death could be related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) involvement, local recurrence or secondary marrow involvement. Ninety per cent of the patients alive with no evidence of disease (NED) 8 months after CR can be considered as definitely cured. Our study on Caucasian children with NHML indicates that, from histological and clinical criteria, nearly half the cases are very similar to African BL. Even though EBV rarely associated with our cases, BL could be a worldwide lymphoma. PMID- 7082555 TI - Binding of 14C-misonidazole to hypoxic cells in V79 spheroids. AB - The metabolism-induced binding of 14C-labelled misonidazole (MISO) to hypoxic V79 cells in multicell spheroids has been quantitated using autoradiography. Hypoxia was shown to be the major determinant of the rate of binding. Maximally hypoxic cells bound MISO several times more rapidly than necrotic material in the centre of the spheroids, and up to 50 times more rapidly than well oxygenated cells. The rate of binding to chronically hypoxic cells at the edge of the necrotic centre was 20 times less than to similar cells in other spheroids made maximally hypoxic with N2. This difference is consistent with the greater radio-sensitivity of the chronically hypoxic cells, which is a consequence of their intermediate level of oxygenation. The results indicated that the ability to bind MISO might have considerable potential as a marker for hypoxic cells in tumours. However, some binding patterns cannot be explained by the simplest model of O2 diffusion. It may be necessary to invoke more complex models of O2 diffusion or metabolic gradients within the spheroid which affect the rate of binding. PMID- 7082556 TI - Effect of clinical levels of misonidazole on the response of tumour and normal tissues in the mouse to alkylating agents. AB - Experiments were carried out to determine whether the enhancement of alkylating agent cytotoxicity seen after large single doses of misonidazole (MISO) in mouse tumours can also be achieved by prolonged exposure to low MISO levels similar to those which can be tolerated clinically. The level in mouse blood plasma could be maintained at about 100 micrograms/ml for 7 h by injecting small doses of MISO every 1/2 h. The effect of this treatment in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) or melphalan (L-PAM) was studied in the RIF-1 tumour, using regrowth delay and cell-survival cloning assays. In each case, prolonged exposure to low levels of MISO gave enhancement ratios very close to those obtained with a large single dose. ERs of 1.6-2.0 were obtained with CY and 1.8-2.2 with L-PAM over the range of alkylating-agent doses used. In experiments with CY the response of 2 normal tissue systems, marrow and WBC count, was also studied. No significant enhancement of CY damage occurred in either case. In the L-PAM experiments the LD50/30 and WBC counts were determined as normal-tissue end points. Multiple MISO had no effect. Our results show that levels of MISO which can be achieved safely in man yield good enhancement of the tumour cytotoxicity of 2 widely used chemotherapeutic agents without increasing the damage to normal tissues. PMID- 7082557 TI - Prognostic value of preoperative serum CEA level compared to clinical staging: II. Stomach cancer. AB - In a clinical investigation of postoperative survival after primary surgery for stomach cancer, 390 patients were registered since 1974. The potential prognostic parameters examined within the first days of hospitalization for primary resection included age of the patients, operability, tumour extension (TNM classification) and tumour stages I-IV (UICC). Statistical treatment of the data revealed that each of the clinical parameters covers critical ranges associated with highly significant differences in patient survival. The preoperative serum CEA concentration exhibited prognostic significance in addition to the criteria of operability and tumour extension. In selected subgroups of patients with distinct resectability and tumour extension, ranges of preoperative CEA concentration could be specified which were associated with statistically significant differences in the patient survival. The results indicate that the preoperative serum CEA level can be an independent prognostic parameter in stomach cancer. PMID- 7082558 TI - Increased survival of cancer-bearing mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis alone or with chemotherapy. AB - In mice with a transplantable mammary carcinoma, treatment with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors flurbiprofen or indomethacin produced various beneficial effects. Survival time after excision of the transplanted tumour was increase, particularly when the drugs were given with the chemotherapeutic agents methrotrexate and melphalan, and there were more disease-free survivors. The combined treatment with flurbiprofen also gave less tumour recurrence at the excision site. Flurbiprofen did not seem to alter the bioavailability of the chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 7082560 TI - Toxicity of liposomal N-acyl daunorubicins to L929 cells in culture. PMID- 7082559 TI - Enhancement of sister-chromatid exchanges by tumour promoters. AB - The effect of the tumour promoters TPA, phenobarbitone and saccharin on the production of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied. TPA produced a small but significant increase of SCE in Chinese hamster cell lines V-79 and CHO, and in a hybrid clone formed by fusion of CHO with rat liver epithelial cells. The enhancement of SCE by TPA was not affected by the type of culture medium, heat inactivated bovine serum, or the batch of TPA. In the presence of exogenous L cysteine the enhancement of SCE was reduced. TPA also increase the uptake of 2 deoxyglucose by the cells, to an extent similar to that of the SCE enhancement. This enhancement of SCE by TPA may be explained partly through the formation of free radicals, and partly through alterations in the cell-surface membrane and/or a transient delay in the cell-cycle progression. The other tumour promoters, phenobarbitone and saccharin, also enhanced both SCE and the uptake of 2 deoxyglucose in V-79 cells. PMID- 7082561 TI - Human tumour xenografts in athymic rats and their age dependence. PMID- 7082562 TI - Retention of "metastatic" colonisation potential by cells of spontaneous primary tumours after cryopreservation. PMID- 7082563 TI - Aphasic articulatory defect and aphasic phonological defect. PMID- 7082564 TI - Terms, time and teeth. (The Elsie Fogerty Lecture, 1981). PMID- 7082567 TI - An objective analysis of voice disorders: part two. PMID- 7082565 TI - An instrumental investigation of articulation disorders in children. PMID- 7082566 TI - An objective analysis of voice disorder: part one. PMID- 7082568 TI - Methotrexate maintenance following Ingram therapy in 'difficult' psoriasis. AB - A retrospective analysis is presented summarizing 9 years' experience using a combined regime of Ingram therapy followed by methotrexate maintenance in the management of especially difficult psoriatic patients. The lesion-free period was extended from about 1 month (controls) to 1 year, and the period before re admission was extended from 5 months to more than 3 years. PMID- 7082569 TI - A comparative study of psoriatic and non-psoriatic buccal mucosa. AB - Buccal mucosa biopsies from patients (seven with and seven without psoriasis) were studied using autoradiography and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The flash labelling indices were similar in psoriatic and non-psoriatic patients and the SDS-gel patterns showed variable amounts of 70,000 mol. wt (70K) protein which did not correlate with the presence or absence of psoriasis or with individual labelling indices. An increased labelling occurred at the edges of autoradiographs from psoriatic patients due either to increased penetration of label or to trauma. The possibility of this being a Koebner effect is discussed. PMID- 7082570 TI - Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: its reproducibility, validation and variability. AB - The reproducibility of the pulsed ultrasound technique for the determination of skin thickness was investigated, using two independent observers. No systematic difference was found and a high correlation was obtained. Studies were also undertaken to validate the pulsed ultrasound technique as a measure of true skin thickness. Skin thickness determined in vitro was found to be greater than when in vivo determinations were made by either the pulsed ultrasound or a xeroradiographic technique, probably due to the release of in vivo tension within the dermis after excision. Skin thickness was found to increase linearly with age up to the age of 20 years and to decrease linearly with age subsequently. Differences in skin thickness between the sexes and in different sites of the body were demonstrated. PMID- 7082571 TI - A comparative study of refatting kinetics on the scalp and forehead. AB - A modified photometric technique has shown considerable differences between the refatting kinetics of the scalp and forehead. The refatting on the forehead occurs rapidly, probably due to the large follicular reservoir. The follicular reservoir of the scalp, which bears a large terminal hair, is much smaller and so the refatting time is longer. Thus, sebum excretion and sebum production rates probably correlate better on the scalp than on the forehead, and we suggest that the scalp may be a better site than the forehead for investigating sebaceous gland physiology. PMID- 7082572 TI - Immediate effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on epidermal lysosomal hydrolases. AB - The immediate effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on epidermal lysosomal enzymes in vivo was studied by irradiating the roof of suction blisters. The activities of ten lysosomal hydrolases were determined in the blister fluid and in the epidermal homogenates. The enzyme values were decreased in the irradiated epidermis compared with the non-irradiated epidermis of control suction blisters, but the values found in the fluid of irradiated blisters were not decreased compared with control fluid. PMID- 7082573 TI - Pharmacological modulation of neutrophil phagocytic function in a patient with recurrent sepsis, pyoderma gangrenosum and impaired phagocytosis. AB - A 50-year-old man with recurrent life-threatening sepsis and a cutaneous condition resembling pyoderma gangrenosum, was found to have a defect of neutrophil phagocytic function. Phagocytosis could be enhanced by corticosteroids, both in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, and in vivo, when it was accompanied by rapid clinical improvement. Studies with steroid hormones and immuno-stimulatory drugs are described. PMID- 7082575 TI - Lichen planus and primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - The association of lichen planus and primary biliary cirrhosis in five patients is reported. The coexistence of the two diseases is probably more than coincidental and may be due to the fact that both conditions are based on an alteration of mechanisms. There is great similarity between primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic graft-versus-host disease and a common pathogenesis for the two entities has been postulated. Since lichen planus is one of the most common manifestations of graft-versus-host disease, its association with primary biliary cirrhosis is of significance, although not unexpected. PMID- 7082574 TI - Treatment of malignant acanthosis nigricans with cyproheptadine. PMID- 7082576 TI - Ichthyosis, brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility and short stature (IBIDS syndrome). PMID- 7082577 TI - Livedo reticularis and neurological lesions. PMID- 7082578 TI - Annular vasculitis of the head and neck in a patient with sarcoidosis. AB - A patient with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy due to sarcoidosis presented with erythema nodosum on the shins and upper arms and an unusual annular eruption resembling erythema annulare centrifugum on the head and neck. Biopsy of the latter showed a leucocytoclastic angiitis. PMID- 7082579 TI - Lymphomatoid papulosis and pityriasis lichenoides: are they related? PMID- 7082580 TI - Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp successfully treated with oral zinc sulphate. PMID- 7082581 TI - Differentiation of human bone marrow-derived fibroblastoid colony forming cells (CFU-F) and their roles in haemopoiesis in vitro. AB - Human bone marrow-derived fibroblastoid colonies have been quantitatively developed in a liquid culture. A linear relationship between cell number plated and colony number formed supports their clonal origin and hydroxyurea killing indicates that the fibroblastoid colony forming cell (CFU-F) is not in cell cycle in normal bone marrow. Adipose cells were induced in the fibroblastoid colonies by the addition of hydrocortisone (optimal concentration: 10(-6) M). Furthermore, adherent layers with adipocytes provided a more favourable condition for maintaining haemopoiesis in Dexter-system cultures. These results indicate that CFU-F belongs to stromal precursor cells intimately involved in the formation of the haemopoietic microenvironment. Colony incidence of CFU-F was almost normal in most patients with aplastic anaemia, haemopoietic dysplasia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. However, in acute myelogenous leukaemia, it varied with the stage of the disease. It is concluded that the colony assay is useful for investigating stroma/haemopoietic cell interactions. PMID- 7082582 TI - Urinary folate loss following inactivation of vitamin B12 by nitrous oxide in rats. AB - Rats were injected with [2-14C]H4PteGlu daily for 3 d and thereafter one group left in air and a second group in an atmosphere of nitrous oxide/oxygen (1/1). Nitrous oxide inactivates cobalamin. The N2O-treated rats excreted large amounts of L. casei-active folate into the urine. The urinary folate co-chromatographed with authentic 3H-labelled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Both groups of animals excreted 14C-labelled breakdown products in the urine but there was no evidence of increased folate catabolism in the N2O-treated rats. It was concluded that the folate deficiency that develops in the N2O-treated rat is due to massive urinary loss of folate. This appears to be secondary to impaired cellular uptake of folate which leads to a raised plasma folate level. PMID- 7082583 TI - Evaluation of iron-chelating agents in an in vivo system: potential usefulness of EHPG, a powerful iron-chelating drug. AB - Fifteen compounds with a high affinity to ferric iron have been screened for in vivo iron-chelating efficiency in a rat model. One of the most potent of these drugs was ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(o-hydroxyphenylglycine) (EHPG). EHPG-induced iron excretion was up to 8 times higher than iron excretion induced by identical doses of desferrioxamine (DF). Studies employing selective radio-iron probes of reticuloendothelial and parenchymal iron stores showed that although EHPG is able to interact with both storage iron compartments, its effect on parenchymal iron is much more pronounced. Unlike DF which has two alternative routes of excretion, EHPG-induced iron excretion is restricted mainly to the gut. Although EHPG seems to be superior to DF in both its chelating efficiency and preferential interaction with hepatic parenchymal iron stores, information on its in vivo toxicity is at present insufficient and it cannot yet be recommended for clinical use. PMID- 7082584 TI - Erythrocytic calmodulin correlates with red cell age. AB - Red blood cells from normal persons and from patients with reticulocytosis were tested for their calmodulin content. Elevated calmodulin correlated with high reticulocyte counts, rather than with any specific disorder. The correlation between reticulocyte content and elevated calmodulin was further tested by fractionating the erythrocytes from 12 patients into reticulocyte-rich and reticulocyte-poor fractions. In the samples from each patient, erythrocytic calmodulin increased with increasing reticulocyte count. PMID- 7082585 TI - Busulphan aplasia in rabbits: a model for human aplastic anaemia. AB - Bone marrow histology plays a crucial role in the clinical diagnosis of aplastic anaemia. The nature of the disease means that few studies are available on the histological changes which occur in the early stages of the development of aplasia. We describe here an animal model which may have some relevance in this respect. Rabbits were chronically exposed to busulphan (BU) to induce aplasia. Sequential histological monitoring of the bone marrow was performed to obtain information about the events preceding full-blown aplasia. There was an early decrease and ultimate disappearance of granulo- and megakaryopoiesis with relative sparing of erythropoiesis which showed severe displasia. Increasing lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate resembling that seen in human aplasia could be observed in the majority of the animals, together with a decrease of the peripheral lymphocyte number. Lymph nodes and spleen did not show lymphocyte depletion and serum gamma-globulin remained stable. Fibrosis was observed in 50% which is in contrast with human aplasia at diagnosis. In half of the animals there was a rise in MCV, which was not correlated with reticulocytosis or degree of dyserythropoiesis. BU-induced aplasia in rabbits, which resembles long standing grade II human aplasia in many respects, might be a suitable model for the study of aplastic anaemia due to stem cell defects. PMID- 7082586 TI - Mechanism of extramedullary haematopoiesis in rabbits with saponin-induced myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. AB - The saponin-induced myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia model in the rabbit was used to study mechanisms of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Haematopoietic progenitor cells, erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) and burst forming units (BFU-E) were assayed serially in the peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow after saponin administration, employing the in vitro methylcellulose culture technique. Animals that had undergone splenectomy prior to saponin administration were also studied. The results demonstrated increases of progenitor cells in the blood and spleen and a simultaneous depletion of such cells in marrow after saponin treatment. The results in splenectomized animals were similar to those observed in non-splenectomized animals after saponin administration. The findings indicate that following saponin administration there is a release of CFU-E and BFU-E from bone marrow into periphery and probably deposition in the spleen, and suggest that myeloid metaplasia in myelofibrosis may result from colonization of extramedullary sites originating from the bone marrow. PMID- 7082587 TI - A new familial variant of antithrombin III: 'antithrombin III Paris'. AB - A 59-year-old woman presented a recurrent history of thromboembolism. A qualitative defect of antithrombin III (AT III) was suggested by the discrepancy between a normal amount of AT III antigen and a decreased heparin cofactor activity. Six members of the same family showed a similar defect although clinically asymptomatic. The qualitative abnormality of AT III was confirmed by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. In the absence of heparin, a single peak was obtained with both control and patients' plasmas. In the presence of heparin, two peaks of AT III were observed in the patients' plasmas: the mobility of one peak was similar to that of the control, whereas the other showed a decreased mobility, suggesting a lack of binding to heparin. The two populations of AT III were separated by affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose. 50% of the patients' AT III bound to the agarose beads. The remainder, recovered in the supernatant, migrated in two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis as a single peak with the same mobility in the presence or absence of heparin, and was devoid of heparin cofactor activity. This familial AT III variant characterized a reduced affinity for heparin is tentatively named 'Antithrombin III Paris'. PMID- 7082588 TI - Specific desensitization of rabbit platelets by platelet-activating factor (PAF acether) and derivatives. AB - PAF-acether is a 1-O-alkyl-2 acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine which triggers platelet aggregation independently from ADP release and thromboxane A2 formation. PAF-acether-aggregated rabbit platelets did not respond to a second challenge with the same agonist, but still aggregated to arachidonic acid. This desensitization to PAF-acether was a dose-dependent phenomenon. Specific cross desensitization to PAF-acether was achieved using PAF-acether from four cellular origins, synthetic PAF-acether and its 2-propionyl analogue. Conversely, 2-lyso PAF-acether and PAF-acether enantiomer were unable to induce specific desensitization. These results suggest that PAF-acether, whatever its origin, exhibits identical active molecular site, and that the presence and the stereospecific position of the 2-acetyl group are critical for the interaction of PAF-acether with platelets. PMID- 7082589 TI - Normal karyotype in seven patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. PMID- 7082590 TI - What is the optimum treatment of cervical premalignancy? PMID- 7082591 TI - Role of antenatal radiography in the management of breech deliveries. AB - a retrospective study was made of 228 mature singleton breech deliveries occurring over a 2 year period to determine the role of antenatal radiography, in particular, of pelvimetry. Many (65%) had abdominal radiography. Where antenatal pelvimetry was performed (38%) the infants were in significantly better condition during the neonatal period; this was most marked with parous women. There was no significant difference in the neonatal condition of 25 infants born vaginally of women with favourable pelvimetry compared with 31 infants born by elective caesarean sections. PMID- 7082592 TI - Intrauterine-pressure studies in African nulliparae: normal labour progress. AB - Uterine activity was measured in 29 nulliparous African women, who were in the active phase of spontaneous labour, and who were delivered vaginally without supplementary oxytocin. A fluid-filled intrauterine catheter, an external strain gauge and a pressure-curve integrator were used to quantitate uterine activity. The rate of dilatation of the cervix from entry to the study to full dilatation of the cervix was greater than 1 cm/h; this constituted normal labour progress. In nulliparous African women the minimum level of uterine activity likely to be associated with a cervical dilatation rate of 1 cm/h was 1200 kPas/15 min and the median uterine activity level in the active phase of normal labour was 1824 kPas/15 min. PMID- 7082593 TI - Intrauterine-pressure studies in African nulliparae: delay, delivery and disproportion. AB - Uterine activity was measured in 43 African nulliparae who were in the active phase of spontaneous labour and in whom delay in cervical dilatation had occurred. Details of labour were recorded on a partogramme, on which an alert and an action line had been drawn, and which were 2 h apart. Delay was defined as a cervical dilatation rate of less than 1 cm/h. Uterine activity was measured with a fluid-filled intrauterine catheter, an external strain gauge and a pressure curve integrator. The uterine activity levels which were observed in association with delay are considerably less than those associated with normal labour progress. The uterine activity levels that were associated with pitocin augmentation after the action line and which resulted in vaginal delivery have been analysed. They were similar to the levels observed in normal labour. The uterine activity levels which were associated with 'failure to progress in labour' beyond the action line have also been analysed. It is argued that a minimum uterine activity level of 1800 kPas/15 min is required to fully test the cephalopelvic relation. PMID- 7082595 TI - Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by colposcopically directed cryosurgery and subsequent pregnancy experience. AB - Of 420 patients attending a colposcopy clinic 204 were treated with outpatient cryosurgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It was possible to assess a definite outcome of therapy in 159 patients, and the lesion was successfully eradicated in 87% of them. Treatment failure appeared to be more common in patients of high parity, when the lesion extended into the cervical canal, and in those patients with large lesions. Failure appeared to be unrelated to patient age and to the histological grade of the lesion. In subsequent pregnancies utero cervical function was preserved. PMID- 7082594 TI - Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism. AB - In 58 patients with phlebographically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis during oral contraception the extension and localization of the thrombotic process was analysed in relation to the coagulation and fibrinolytic system 6 months after thrombosis. Left-sided thrombi dominated and the thrombi were more extensive and proximal on the left side. This left-sided dominance was more apparent with higher oestrogen content in the pills. The right-sided thrombi more often were the source of pulmonary embolism. In 31% of the patients a defective fibrinolytic system was found; this defect was seen more often in patients with right-sided thrombi. Only very few defects were found in the coagulation system. No patients had an antithrombin III deficiency. PMID- 7082596 TI - Urinary incontinence and genital prolapse in the female: clinical, urodynamic and radiological examinations. AB - Clinical examination, cystometry, combined pressure-flow studies and colpocysto urethrography were used to investigate 369 consecutive patients referred with symptoms of genital prolapse or urinary incontinence. The incidence of urinary incontinence in women seeking hospital investigation and therapy was 240/100 000 women per year. Three hundred and three complained of urinary incontinence, 21% of these had urge incontinence, 36% both urge and stress incontinence and 43% stress incontinence. There was no correlation between previous obstetric history and present symptoms, the severity and objective signs of incontinence or the urodynamic findings. Correlation was found between urge incontinence and the cystometric finding of overactive detrusor function. Stress incontinence as a symptom was well correlated with low-pressure micturition. Pelvic examination did not differentiate between patients with different types of urinary incontinence. Cystometry was essential for the investigation of vesical dysfunction. Urodynamic studies and colpocysto-urethrography were useful in the diagnosis of outlet disorders and suspension defects. PMID- 7082597 TI - Concurrent carcinoma of penis and carcinoma-in situ of the cervix in a married couple. Case report. PMID- 7082598 TI - Indices of perinatal care. An epidemiologist's view. PMID- 7082599 TI - Predictive value of, and observer variability in, several ways of reporting antepartum cardiotocographs. PMID- 7082600 TI - Fetal habituation in high-risk pregnancies. AB - Habituation is a basic form of learning and probably requires an intact central nervous system. Habituation in the behavioural response to vibration in 40 normal human fetuses was compared with that in a group of high-risk pregnancies with an increased risk of fetal neurological damage. Highly significant differences in habituation patterns between the high-risk groups and normal control subjects were found. This test may offer a method of assessing the integrity of the fetal central nervous system. PMID- 7082601 TI - Measurement of fundal height as a screening test for fetal growth retardation. AB - Fundal heights were measured on 761 women in the course of their routine antenatal care. This information was assessed, alone and in combination with other variables such as previous obstetric history and smoking, for its utility in predicting growth retardation. The results were disappointing. By most criteria used for classification, approximately half of the growth retarded babies were classified as such while half were missed. False positive rates were unacceptably high. It is concluded that fundal height measurement is of little use as a screening test for growth retardation. PMID- 7082603 TI - Clinical and urodynamic effects of anterior colporrhaphy and vaginal hysterectomy for prolapse with and without incontinence. AB - The clinical and urodynamic effects of anterior colporrhaphy and vaginal hysterectomy were studied in 73 patients, of whom 29 had incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence. Pre-and post-operative urodynamic assessment was made and follow-up continued for 2 years. Symptoms of urge incontinence, stress incontinence and prolapse were significantly reduced following surgery. Urodynamic data showed no significant change. The incidence of detrusor instability and voiding difficulties was not increased. PMID- 7082602 TI - Dopamine influence on human uterine activity at term pregnancy. AB - The influence of dopamine on uterine activity was studied by external tocography in women at the end of a normal pregnancy. In those who were not in labour dopamine infusion (2 micrograms min-1 kg-1 body weight) induced regular uterine contractions and with higher doses the response increased. For women in spontaneous labour, dopamine at a dose of 4 micrograms min-1 kg-1 caused a significant increase in the frequency of contraction, but in women receiving an oxytocin infusion, no further stimulation was seen. Dopamine did not have any noticeable effect on fetal heart rate, maternal pulse rate or blood pressure and no other general effects were observed. PMID- 7082604 TI - Evidence for an association between Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. AB - Attempts were made to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), from those with microinvasive or invasive cervical cancer, and from a control group of similar women with other gynaecological problems. C. trachomatis was found in a significantly greater proportion of women with CIN (8%) or cervical cancer (18%) than in the control group (1%), whereas M. hominis and U. urealyticum were approximately as common in each group. Histological examination of the cervix in cone biopsies or hysterectomy specimens from 26 women with CIN and from 39 women of similar age with no evidence of CIN showed lymphoid follicles, previously reported to be associated with chlamydial infection, in nine of the specimens with CIN, but in none of the specimens without CIN. PMID- 7082605 TI - Aetiology and treatment of acute bacterial infection of the external eye. AB - The microbial flora of 738 patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, and discharging sockets has been investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae were the main pathogens isolated. Str. viridans was associated with conjunctivitis in patients aged under 1 year. moraxella sp. was isolated on only one occasion. Overall, 40% of specimens were associated with Staph. epidermidis or mixed skin flora, which also occurred with cultures of the normal eye. Clostridium welchii was isolated on 3 occasions but was not associated with bullae or gas gangrene. The least overall resistance, of 6%, was to chloramphenicol, but no one antibiotic was effective against all pathogens. Gentamicin remains the antibiotic of choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. PMID- 7082606 TI - The photomyoclonic reflex: an artefact in the clinical electroretinogram. AB - An artefact may appear in the clinical electroretinogram (ERG) that can interfere with the recording and interpretation of the ERG b wave. This artefact, the photomyoclonic reflex (PMR), was studied by covering the eye containing the recording electrode and stimulating the fellow eye. Records obtained by this technique before and after administration of a modified Van Lint lid block demonstrated that most of the PMR is due to a reflex contraction of the orbicularis muscle. The remaining part of the PMR was ascertained by eye movement recordings to be a 1.5 degrees to 3.5 degrees downward and medial eye movement. In most persons the PMR occurs with a latency that is fast enough (59 ms +2- 7 ms) to interfere with interpretation of the b wave under most conditions. The PMR can be minimised in some cases by habituation or conditioned suppression. However, these methods generally do not extinguish the PMR but reduce it enough so that it would not readily be rejected as artefact. In such cases the PMR may produce a wave form that mimics a normal amplitude ERG but with delayed implicit time. PMID- 7082607 TI - The inverse electro-oculogram. AB - An electro-oculogram ratio of less than one was found to be caused by limited ocular excursions under photopic conditions in a patient with a rod-cone dystrophy. Because this inverse electro-oculogram ratio was not caused by a decrease in standing potential under photopic conditions, it should be considered an artefact. PMID- 7082608 TI - Visual evoked response in transient monocular visual loss. AB - The pattern-reversal visual evoked response (VER) was recorded in 2 patients during transient monocular visual reduction. In both cases the VER was initially abolished. With recovery of vision there was gradual return of amplitude over a 3 to 8-minute period, while latencies remained unchanged from preattack values. These findings are discussed with regard to current understanding of the origins of the VER and relevant aspects of retinal electrophysiology. PMID- 7082609 TI - Orbital tuberculosis in childhood. AB - An 11-year-old Indian girl living in England developed proptosis due to tuberculosis of the orbit. The proptosis regressed and she recovered fully after chemotherapy. While malignancy, developmental anomalies, and nontuberculous infections are commoner causes, a tuberculin test should be included among the investigations of children with proptosis. PMID- 7082610 TI - Stimulus and response AC/A ratios in intermittent exotropia of the divergence excess type. AB - Objective infrared recording devices were used to measure simultaneously and continuously both accommodation and accommodative vergence to near stimuli in 4 subjects with intermittent exotropia of the divergence-excess type (2 simulated and 2 true). In addition standard clinically determined stimulus accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratios were measured. Results showed the mean group response AC/C ratio to be 5.9/1 (range 4.5-8.0/1) with no differences between true and simulated divergence-excess. Similar AC/A ratios were found after 45 minutes of monocular occlusion. Our results clearly demonstrate relatively normal response AC/A ratios in these subjects. Thus, contrary to what is believed by many clinicians, the reduced ocular deviation at near compared with distance vision cannot be attributed primarily to an abnormally high AC/A ratio. We believe than fusional convergence after-effects and/or proximal convergence effects contribute to inflate the clinically determined stimulus AC/A ratios. PMID- 7082612 TI - Trace nutrients. 4. Iodine in British food. AB - 1. The amounts of iodine in nationally representative samples of prepared and cooked groups of foods and in a wide variety of individual foods and food products were determined colorimetrically. The amounts of erythrosine, a red food colour containing 577 mg I/g were also determined in selected foods and diets by high-performance liquid chromatography. 2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 323 micrograms I/d but only 255 micrograms if two fruit samples containing large amounts of glace cherries were discounted. Of the total, 92 micrograms was derived from liquid milk. Meat and meat products provided 36 micrograms and cereal products 31 micrograms, but fresh fruits and sugars, vegetables and beverages provided little I. Fish and fish products, though rich in I, contributed only 5% to the total intake. 3. Milk was the most variable as well as the most important individual source of I. Summer milk samples contained 70 micrograms/kg and winter milk 370 micrograms/kg on average. Milk products, including butter and cheese, and eggs were also rich in I. 4. Some processed foods contained erythrosine, particularly glace cherries and some pink or red confectionery items, biscuits, cherry cake, canned strawberries and luncheon meat. However, none of these are major foods in the average household diet and erythrosine would therefore contribute little more than 10 micrograms I/d to most diets. 5. The average daily intake of I was lower than in similar similar studies in the USA, but was twice the provisional UK recommended intake. This study provides no evidence that I intakes in the UK could be too low or too high for health.U PMID- 7082611 TI - Dietary management of obesity: evaluation of the time-energy displacement diet in terms of its efficacy and nutritional adequacy for long-term weight control. AB - 1. An unsupplemented 4200 kJ (1000 kcal) diet emphasizing large quantities of relatively unrefined complex carbohydrates was evaluated among sixty obese adults for its effectiveness and nutritional adequacy in a long-term weight-control programme. Patients were followed individually as outpatients by a physician and dietician-an average of thirteen visits over 26 weeks. Assessment of health indices included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid levels and assays for seven vitamins, beta-carotene and iron. 2. Weight loss averaged 8.2 kg or 24% of excess weight during the 6 months of active treatment. Over an average of 17 months of post-treatment follow-up, 44% of patients continued to lose weight and 92% remained below pretreatment levels. 3. Average skinfold thickness fell 7 mm (P less than 0.001) whereas muscle mass was maintained (arm muscle circumference + 10 mm, not significant; creatinine-height index + 3% of standard (Bistrian et al. 1975; not significant). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell 7 and 5 mmHg respectively (P less than 0.01). Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides fell 200 and 660 mg/1 respectively (P less than 0.01), while high density-lipoprotein-cholesterol remained statistically unchanged. Mean serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, folate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, Fe and transferrin saturation, and activity coefficients for thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine were within normal limits after periods of treatment ranging from 5 to 84 weeks. 4. An earlier age of onset of obesity tended to be associated with greater weight loss during treatment and lesser weight rebound during follow-up. 5. The results indicate that the experimental diet, without supplementation, was nutritionally adequate as well as effective for long-term weight control. PMID- 7082613 TI - Hepatic function in rats with dietary-induced fatty liver, as measured by the uptake of indocyanine green. AB - 1. The hepatic uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) has been measured in rats receiving a 50 g protein/kg diet for 6, 12 or 20 d or a choline-deficient diet for 2 or 6 d. 2. There was no effect on ICG uptake on the choline-deficient diet, although all the rats developed an intense fatty infiltration of the liver by 6 d. 3. The rats on the 50 g protein/kg diet showed impaired uptake of ICG at 6, 12 and 20 d, which appeared to be related to the extent of fatty infiltration. 4. It is concluded that ICG uptake is predominantly a function of the periportal zone of the liver lobule, and therefore likely to be sensitive to insults that exert their predominant effect in this zone. PMID- 7082614 TI - Diet and health of people with an ileostomy. 2. Ileostomy function and nutritional state. PMID- 7082615 TI - Early life undernutrition in rats. 1. Quantitative histology of skeletal muscles from underfed young and refed adult animals. AB - 1. Male rats were undernourished either during the gestational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types. 2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls. 3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found. 4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective tissue. 5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits. PMID- 7082616 TI - Early life undernutrition in rats. 2. Some contractile properties of skeletal muscles from adult animals. AB - 1. The contractile properties of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles from animals at 12 months of age whose mothers had been undernourished during pregnancy and lactation (PU rats) have been compared with those of muscles from ge-matched controls. 2. Body-weight and muscle wet weight of PU rats was significantly reduced. Muscle:body-weight values were, however, no different from controls. 3. No significant alterations in whole muscle speeds of contraction or relaxation could be detected when compared with those of age-matched controls. 4. Twitch and tetanic forces of both SOL and EDL were greater per unit weight of muscle in PU rats. Apart from SOL twitch these differences were significant. The tetanus:twitch values were, however, not different. PMID- 7082617 TI - Early life undernutrition in rats. 3. Motor performance in adulthood. AB - 1. A detailed investigation was made of the motor performance of rats which had impaired cerebellar and muscular growth resulting from early-life undernutrition. 2. Developing rats were growth-retarded by underfeeding their mothers during pregnancy and lactation. They were fed ad lib. from 25 d of age. 3. Adult male previously-undernourished (PU) and well-fed control rats were given tests of motor behaviour commencing at 5 months of age. They were required to run backwards to maintain their position on a revolving drum. Aspects of the test situation were varied systematically: visual environment, interval between trials, test duration and drum speed. 4. PU rats had a 29% body-weight deficit compared with controls at 5 months. 5. There was nio evidence of impaired motor performance by the PU rats under any for the test conditions. PMID- 7082618 TI - Lymphocyte proliferation kinetics in malnourished children measured by differential chromatid staining. AB - 1. Utilizing the bromodeoxyuridine differential-chromatid labelling technique the in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes from children with kwashiorkor was followed in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated cultures and compared with controls. 2. Analyses of first, second and third or subsequent division cells as a function of culture time between 40 and 96 h showed that cell-cycle duration was prolonged in kwashiorkor cultures. The extent of this increase was approximately 4.5 h for the first-division cells and 1.5 h for third-division cells. 3. The peak for second division cells was depressed in kwashiorkor cultures. 4. A decreased number of third or subsequent-division cells was observed in kwashiorkor cultures at all time points studied. 5. These findings suggest that the loss in lymphocyte activity to PHA in malnourished children in general could be due to an increase in cell-cycle duration of responding lymphocytes. PMID- 7082619 TI - The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. AB - 1. A study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Forty-one unsupplemented individuals and sixteen supplemented (2 g/d for 5 d) individuals were studied. 2. Granulocytes, mononuclear leucocytes, platelets and erythrocytes were separated by differential sedimentation and centrifugation. Ascorbic acid contents were measured by the dinitrophenylhydrazine method. 3. Ascorbic acid content per cell was higher in mononuclear leucocytes and granulocytes than in platelets and erythrocytes. Intracellular ascorbic acid concentrations, calculated from published values for cell volumes, when compared with the plasma concentration showed a marked ability to concentrate ascorbic acid in mononuclear leucocytes (80 times), platelets (40 times) and granulocytes (25 times). 4. Erythrocytes showed little ability to concentrate ascorbic acid over the normal range of plasma concentration but because of their relative numbers they and the plasma fraction accounted for most of the blood-borne ascorbic acid (greater than 70%). 5. The ascorbic acid content of granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes showed a significant positive correlation with the plasma concentration and supplementation with ascorbic acid significantly increased the content of these cell types. Mononuclear leucocytes in contrast did not show any such relationship. 6. The ability of the mononuclear leucocytes to maintain the highest levels of ascorbic acid in the cell types studied, despite variation in plasma availability, warrants further study, particularly in view of the importance of these cells in immunocompetence. PMID- 7082620 TI - Changes in lens proteins in undernourished and well-nourished patients with cataract. AB - 1. Patients with cataract were classified into undernourished (twenty-eight subjects) and well-nourished (twenty-seven subjects) groups based on the anthropometric index, weight (kg)/height (m)2. Those with a value for the index of less than 18 were considered as undernourished. 2. Lenses were classified into four groups on the basis of nuclear colour as proposed by Pirie (1968). Lenses of pale uniform colour or yellow colour were included in group 1, those with brownish-yellow nucleus in group 2, those with a yellowish-brown nucleus in group 3 and those with brown nucleus in group 4. 3. Irrespective of group, the wet weight, dry weight, percentage moisture and total protein content of cataractous lenses from undernourished patients were similar, as were the corresponding values for well-nourished patients. On the other hand, the percentage of soluble proteins in lenses tended to decrease with deepening of nuclear colour in both groups of patients. Further, soluble protein concentrations in lenses from undernourished patients were significantly lower as compared to those from well nourished patients. 4. The results suggest that nutritional factors could influence the composition of cataractous lenses. PMID- 7082621 TI - Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation. AB - 1. Although disrupted parturition and high foetal losses have previously been reported in pregnant rats maintained on zinc-deficient diets this is the first report to differentiate between the effects of reduced Zn intake and the effects of reduced food intake on the outcome of pregnancy in the rat. 2. Rats maintained on a 0.5 mg Zn/kg diet for the last 7 d of gestation or on a 5 mg Zn/kg diet throughout gestation did not consume significantly less food than rats given 10 or 20 mg Zn/kg diets except during the last 2d of gestation. Pair-feeding of Zn adequate rats (20 mg/kg) to those given low-Zn diets for the last 2 d of gestation did not affect the outcome of pregnancy in these rats. 3. In the rats maintained throughout gestation on 5 mg Zn/kg or on 0.5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation, parturition onset and duration were not significantly altered. Foetal survival was very significantly reduced but only from day 22 onwards; before the onset of parturition, foetal survival was not significantly affected by Zn deficiency during gestation. 4. Subcutaneous injection of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil into rats throughout gestation enhanced foetal and neonatal survival in rats given 5 mg Zn/kg but reduced foetal survival in rats given 0.5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation. 5. The results suggest three points: (1) subtotal Zn deficiency during gestation in the rat jeopardises foetal survival at parturition without affecting the onset or duration of parturition, (2) foetal death in rats maintained on Zn-deficient diets occurs only in relation to parturition itself, (3) provided that Zn intake near term is at least 5 mg/kg, supplemental essential fatty acids (evening primrose oil) will reduce foetal mortality during parturition and in the neonatal period. PMID- 7082622 TI - Effect of experimental folate deficiency on lipid metabolism in liver and brain. AB - 1. Rats were given a purified folate-deficient diet containing 5 g succinylsulphathiazole/kg for 4-5 months in two experiments. Control rats were supplemented with folic acid in the drinking-water. 2. Weight gain was much below normal in the folate-deprived rats after the first month. Very low folate levels were recorded in blood, liver and peripheral nerve (12-33% of control). In the central nervous system, including the cerebrospinal fluid, the folate depletion was less conspicuous (50-80% of control). Only marginal signs of anaemia were found and no signs of neurological dysfunction were detected, using nerve conduction velocity measurement and co-ordination tests. 3. Light and electron microscopy of the folate deficient liver revealed fatty infiltration, and enlargement of liver parenchymal cells, nuclei and nucleoli. There was often a considerable amount of bile ductular cells in the lobuli but no cirrhosis. The morphological changes resembled those observed in choline deficiency. 4. Phospholipid N-methylation in liver was depressed in folate-deficiency. This was probably due to a decreased availability of S-adenosylmethionine caused by the low concentrations of methylated folate in liver. Intraperitoneal administration of methionine did not normalize phospholipid methylation. 5. In folate deficiency the proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride in liver was increased at the expense of choline phosphoglyceride, which is consistent with a decreased phospholipid methylation. Also an increase in liver triacylglycerol was noted, in accordance with the morphological observations. Brain lipid composition was unchanged. 6. After the injection of labelled ethanolamine, isotope accumulated in liver phosphoethanolamine in folate deficiency, probably due to an impairment of the CTP:ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.14) reaction. The mechanism of this impairment is discussed. 7. Although the low concentrations of folate was the main nutritional change in the deprived animals, changes with respect to vitamin B12 and maybe also choline cannot be excluded. We conclude that some of the changes in folate deficiency, i.e. fatty liver and decreased biosynthesis of liver phospholipids may be due to a precipitated deficiency of lipotropic agents, whereas other differences may be specific for deficiency of folate per se, such as changes in liver phospholipid fatty acids and some of the morphological aberrations. PMID- 7082623 TI - Effects of cold exposure on feed protein degradation, microbial protein synthesis and transfer of plasma urea to the rumen of sheep. AB - 1. Three diets of barley-canola-seed (Brassica campestris), lucerne (Medicago sativa) or chopped brome-grass (Bromus inermis) were given at intervals of 3 h to closely-shorn Suffolk wethers held at a temperature of 1-5 degree (cold) or 22-24 degree (warm). Apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and nitrogen was reduced by 0.08-0.05 and 0.04 units respectively for lucerne and brome-grass diets given to cold-exposed sheep, but no treatment effects on digestibility were observed for the barley-CSM diet. Measurements achieved using infusion of the digesta markers 58Co-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline (103Ru-P) showed that cold exposure depressed apparent OM digestion in the stomach and intestines by 33 and 42 g/d for the lucerne diet, and 13 and 35 g/d for the brome-grass diet respectively. 2. The turnover time (h) of the 103Ru-P marker in the rumen of warm sheep was 38.9 for barley-CSM, 18.4 for lucerne, and 15.6 for brome-grass. In cold-exposed sheep, 103Ru-P turnover time (h) tended to be reduced to 32.3, 12.3 and 15.3 for the three diets, respectively. OM fermentation in the stomach was highly related to 103RU-P turnover time for lucerne and brome-grass diets. 3. Cold exposure increased the escape of dietary N from the abomasum by 0.04 and 0.09 of dietary N intake for sheep given lucerne and brome-grass diets respectively. Dietary N degradation was closely related to 103Ru-P turnover time for lucerne, and to the proportion of large particles in rumen digesta for the brome-grass diet. Estimates of feed N degradation made by use of information on the rate of fermentation of the diet in nylon bags and 103Ru-P turnover time were consistently lower than those observed in vivo for barley-CSM and lucerne diets. Intestinal digestibility of non-ammonia N was not significantly changed by cold exposure. 4. Transfer of urea from plasma to the rumen was 1.4-2.5 g N/d for the barley-CSM and lucerne diets, but the value for brome-grass was 4.5-4.9 g N/d. Cold exposure did not affect urea transfer. The production of ammonia from feed and endogenous protein was approximately 0.66 and 0.47 g N/g N intake of barley CSM and lucerne diets, with no effect of cold exposure. Cold exposure reduced the value from 0.57 to 0.38 for brome-grass. 5. The results are compared with those obtained previously with pelleted hay, and the importance of large particle breakdown in the prediction of OM and N fermentation using nylon bags is discussed. PMID- 7082625 TI - Properties of a novel series of inhibitors of rumen methanogenesis; in vitro and in vivo experiments including growth trials on 2,4-bis (trichloromethyl)-benzo [1, 3]dioxin-6-carboxylic acid. AB - 1. A procedure for measuring methane production by rumen contents incubated anaerobically in vitro is described. Assessments of methane production in vivo, in both sheep and cattle, were made by withdrawal of rumen contents and measuring their capacity to produce methane in vitro. 2. Many members of a series of 6 substituted 2,4-bis (trichloromethyl)-benzo[1,3]dioxins were potent inhibitors of methanogenesis by rumen contents in vitro. The most potent compound inhibited methane production by 70% or more at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml (approximately 2.5 mumol/l). 3. Two compounds, namely the 6-carboxylic acid (ICI 13409) and the 6-carboxamide (ICI 43586), caused a large inhibition of methanogenesis sustained for many hours, following a single intrarumen injection in sheep or cattle. Inhibition was maintained for long periods by single daily dosing directly into the rumen or by dietary administration. 4. In a 28-week growth trial in beef cattle inclusion of ICI 13409 in the concentrate element of the diet, at a level of 6 mg/kg body-weight, improved live-weight gain by 8.0% (P less than 0.05) with respect to untreated animals whilst reducing food intake by 5.0% (P less than 0.05). Smaller and not statistically-significant effects were seen with this compound at 3 mg/kg body-weight and with the antibiotic monensin (Romensin; Elanco PLC). All treatments significantly improved the retention of dietary energy into the carcass, offal and intestinal tracts of the trial animals and significantly reduced the quantity of methane eructed into expired gases. PMID- 7082624 TI - Utilization of low-quality roughages; effects of supplementing with casein treated or untreated with formaldehyde on digesta flows, intake and growth rate of cattle eating wheat straw. PMID- 7082626 TI - Lipid metabolism in riboflavin-deficient rats. 1. Effect of dietary lipids on riboflavin status and fatty acid profiles. AB - 1. The increase in activation coefficient (stimulated: basal activity) of erythrocyte NAD(P)H2: glutathione oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and reduction in hepatic flavin concentration which occurred in riboflavin-deficient weanling rats were not markedly or consistently affected by differences in the concentration of lipid in the diet nor by differences in the total proportion of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids in the dietary lipid. 2. Their gain in body-weight was, however, reduced when the dietary lipid concentration was increased from 30 to 200 g/kg and liver: body-weight and hepatic triglyceride content were correspondingly increased, suggesting a functionally-deleterious effect of high fat intake in the deficient animals. This was especially severe when the diets contained cottonseed oil, which appeared to be toxic for the deficient animals. 3. Comparisons between fatty acid profiles of hepatic phospholipids of deficient, pair-fed and ad lib,-fed control animals indicated that the increase in proportion of 18:2 omega 6 and the decrease in proportion of 20:4 omega 6 observed in deficient animals were due specifically to riboflavin deficiency, whereas certain other changes were probably caused by inanition. The changes in 18:2 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6 were observed at both low and high levels of lipid intake and at both low and high levels of dietary lipid polyunsaturation. Similar changes in fatty acid profiles were observed in renal, erythrocyte membrane, and plasma phospholipids, but were not seen in cardiac phospholipids, 4. A consistent increase in proportion of 18:2 omega 6 was also observed in the hepatic triglycerides, together with a decrease in proportion of 16:0. 5. It is concluded that acute riboflavin deficiency affects lipid metabolism in a characteristic manner, probably by interfering with beta-oxidation of fatty acids, but that diets of high lipid content do not significantly increase the extent of flavin depletion. PMID- 7082627 TI - Lipid metabolism in riboflavin-deficient rats. 2. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the microsomal desaturation pathway. AB - 1. Oxygen consumption was measured by means of an O2 electrode in mitochondrial suspensions from riboflavin-deficient and pair-fed control rats, using six different substrates. Whereas consumption of O2 by glutamate was only slightly depressed in mitochondria from deficient animals, the consumption of O2 by hexanoate and by palmitoyl-L-carnitine was depressed to approximately half the control value: a highly significant difference. A comparable magnitude of depression was observed for stearoyl-, oleoyl-, and linoleoyl-L-carnitine. There were no major or consistent differences between groups of animals receiving two different types, and two different levels, of fat in their diet. 2. The activity of acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3) in hepatic mitochondrial fragments, measured by cytochrome c reduction with palmitoyl-coenzyme A as substrate, and expressed as maximum velocity (Vmax) with respect to phenazine methosulphate, was also reduced to approximately half the control value in deficient animals. 3. In hepatic microsomes, cytochrome b5 reductase (EC 1.6.2.2) activity was unaffected by riboflavin deficiency, although NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) and microsomal flavin content were diminished to approximately half the control values. Acyl CoA (delta 9) desaturase activity (EC 1.14.99.5) was virtually identical in deficient, pair-fed, and ad lib.-fed control groups. 4. It is concluded that the depression of mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids which is observed in riboflavin-deficient animals is not a secondary result of inanition, and may account for the observed changes in fatty acid profiles of triglycerides and phospholipids. Failure of the microsomal fatty acid desaturation system is less likely to be a major consequence of riboflavin deficiency. PMID- 7082628 TI - Response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to increased levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets. AB - 1. The physiological response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared on different levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets having the same levels of energy and nitrogen for 16-24 weeks was determined. 2. Weight gain was significantly reduced in trout reared on the highest level of available carbohydrate, 210 g cerelose (alpha-glucose) kg, and there was a significant linear regression (R2 0.88 of dietary carbohydrate on weight gain. 3. Liver: body weight values and liver glycogen levels increased in relation to increased dietary carbohydrate. 4. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity increased and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity decreased per kg body-weight of fish with increasing dietary carbohydrate. However, no significant effect was noted on the activity of these liver enzymes above a dietary cerelose level of 140 g/kg. 5. Liver fructose diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) activity increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate has been interpreted as meaning a recycling of triosephosphate to glucose-6-phosphate. 6. Dietary carbohydrate level had no significant effect on the liver pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) activity, the rate of glucose utilization or the percentage conversion of [14C]alanine to glucose in the plasma of trout. 7. The results indicate that rainbow trout have a limited ability to adapt to increased dietary carbohydrate and a level in excess of 140 g/kg of the diet is not efficiently utilized. PMID- 7082629 TI - Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). PMID- 7082630 TI - Effects of gastrointestinal cannulation and jugular vein catheterization on the metabolism of sheep. AB - 1. Certain digestive and metabolic criteria were examined in mature wethers before and following (1) a simple exploratory laporotomy (two sheep), (2) establishment of a rumen cannula plus simple ('T'-shaped) cannulas in the duodenum and ileum (six sheep), (3) establishment of a rumen cannula plus two cannulas in the caecum (four sheep), (4) establishment of a rumen cannula plus re entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum (four sheep) and (5) insertion of catheters into both external jugular veins (four sheep). 2. Metabolizability of a standard ration and nitrogen balance and rumen retention time of the sheep were not significantly changed by any of the surgical procedures carried out. 3. The amount of heat produced per unit metabolic weight of the sheep prepared with re entrant cannulas increased significantly (21 +/- 5.6%; P less than 0.001). 4. The use of the different preparations in digestive and metabolic studies is discussed. PMID- 7082631 TI - Redistribution of vitamin A in tissues of rats with imposed chronic confinement stress. AB - 1. The effect of confinement stress on the metabolism of vitamin A was studied in rats by following changes in tissue distribution of the vitamin for 29 d. In order to minimize predicted errors which might result from fluctuation of vitamin A intake, the effect of the stress was investigated in rats fed on a vitamin A free diet. 2. Daily stress for 6 h induced an enlargement of the adrenals with a concomitant involution of the thymus and spleen, values returning to normal within 11-15 d. 3. The stress caused an immediate decrease in the content of vitamin A in serum. 4. Feeding rats a vitamin A-free diet resulted in significant increase in the vitamin A content of the kidney. Imposing stress on these rats inhibited markedly the increase in kidney vitamin A content. 5. The stress produced no appreciable change in levels of the vitamin in the liver and testes. 6. There was a preferential accumulation of the vitamin in the adrenals of the stress-imposed rats even though they were fed on a vitamin A-free diet. 7. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that chronic immobilization stress produced marked tissue-dependent changes in their vitamin A content. PMID- 7082632 TI - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of synthetic calcium-binding peptides. PMID- 7082633 TI - Modulation of heat-shock polypeptide synthesis in HeLa cells during hyperthermia and recovery. PMID- 7082634 TI - Lipid hydrolyses catalyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Regulation by substrate and product phase distribution and packing density. AB - The role of oleic acid in the regulation of the hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate in lipid films at the air--buffer interface was investigated by using initial rate techniques. A small quantity of enzyme is rapidly adsorbed to substrate containing films; however, a much greater, although slower, adsorption occurs if oleic acid is present. The rate constant for the slow adsorption is independent of the phase distribution of cholesteryl oleate but is markedly dependent upon both the concentration of oleic acid head groups and the acyl chain packing density in the film. Adsorption is controlled by two ionizable groups, one of which may be the carboxyl group of oleic acid. In contrast to adsorption, catalysis by the surface excess of enzyme is pH independent between 5.5 and 7.5 and is relatively specific for substrate in the monolayer phase. The second-order rate constants for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate in the monolayer phase and the interfacial layer of the double-layer phase are 27 and 2 cm2 s-1 fmol-1. These results indicate that adsorption and catalysis occur at functionally. if not physically, distinct sites on the protein. The adsorption of enzyme to a hydrolysis product, oleic acid, constitutes a form of product activation which presumably helps keep it at the interface during intraluminal fat digestion. The catalytic properties of the adsorbed enzyme suggest that substrate specificities determined for cholesterol esterase in complex reaction systems may largely reflect the availability of substrate in the appropriate physical state at the lipid-water interface. PMID- 7082635 TI - Molecular organization in the liquid--crystalline phases of lecithin--sodium cholate-water systems studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - The molecular organization in the hexagonal and lamellar phases of the ternary systems lecithin--sodium cholate--water has been investigated by using a variety of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The main findings and conclusions are the following: (i) When calculated on a mole fraction basis, the phase equilibria are insensitive to changes in the alkyl chains of the lecithin. (ii) When incorporated into a lecithin bilayer, cholate exerts a strong perturbation on the lecithin alkyl chain order, giving a large decrease of the order parameters. (iii) This decrease of the order occurs since the average cross-sectional area per alkyl chain increases probably as a result of cholate placing itself flat on the bilayer surface. (iv) The diffusion of lecithin molecules is approximately equally rapid in the lamellar and hexagonal phases. (v) The hexagonal phase is formed by rodlike aggregates with the polar groups at the surface of the rods and with a continuous hydrocarbon core. The rods are not formed by stacking disklike mixed micelles. (vi) With the interpretations of the molecular packing and the phase structures, the observed phase equilibria are in good agreement with current theories of the factors that govern phase behavior in amphiphile--water systems. PMID- 7082636 TI - Interdependence of neurophysin self-association and neuropeptide hormone binding as expressed by quantitative affinity chromatography. AB - The reciprocal modulation of neurophysin self-association and noncovalent peptide -protein interaction between neurophysin and the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin has been assessed by quantitative affinity chromatography. Competitive elutions of radiolabeled bovine neurophysin II (NPII) from the affinity matrices Met-Tyr-Phe-omega-(amino-hexyl)- [and (aminobutyl)-] agarose were performed with increasing concentrations of either of the soluble ligands oxytocin or lysine-vasopressin. Also, the dependence of NPII retardation by the same adsorbents on the concentration of applied protein was investigated in the absence of soluble ligand. The affinity constant of NPII for the immobilized peptide increased markedly with increasing amounts of applied protein and with the addition of small amounts of soluble ligand, the latter being more pronounced at higher protein concentrations. The affinity constant of the protein for the soluble ligand showed a smaller increase. The variation of l/(V - V0) (where V = the NPII elution volume and V0 = the elution volume of noninteracting control protein) with soluble ligand concentration was linear except near [ligand] = 0. The quantitative affinity chromatographic results on the tripeptidyl affinity columns are consistent with the view that NPII exists in a monomer in equilibrium dimer equilibrium, with the dimer exhibiting a stronger interaction with both neuropeptide and tripeptide analogues. The data also indicate that the self associated protein dimer itself exhibits cooperativity, that is, stronger binding of the immobilized ligand at one site when a second site is occupied with a molecule of the soluble ligand than when no soluble ligand is bound. The deduction from the above of ligand-induced dimerization is evident also in the increased retardation of NPII on neurophysin--Sepharose when the eluting buffer contains soluble peptide hormone. PMID- 7082637 TI - A thioamide substrate of carboxypeptidase A. AB - Carbobenzoxythioglycyl-L-phenylalanine [CbzNHCH2C(==S)Phe, Z-Glys-Phe] was synthesized as thioamide analogue of Z-Gly-Phe, a known substrate of carboxypeptidase A (CPA). By use of a ninhydrin-based assay and Z-Gly-Gly-Phe as the substrate, Z-Glys-Phe was shown to be a weak competitive inhibitor of CPA (Ki = 1.4 mM). The L isomer (but not the D) of Z-Glys-Phe proved to be a substrate for CPA (Km = 1.1 mM and kcat = 5.3 s-1 at pH 7.5), binding with comparable affinity to, but hydrolyzing at 10% the rate of, the oxo analogue Z-Gly-Phe. The CPA-catalyzed hydrolysis of Z-Glys-Phe was shown to involve only C-N bond cleavage, to give carbobenzoxythioglycine and phenylalanine. PMID- 7082638 TI - Membrane glycoprotein receptor and hole-forming properties of a cytolytic protein toxin. AB - Aerolysin, a cytolytic bacterial exotoxin, was radioiodinated by using the Iodogen reagent. Binding of the labeled toxin to rat erythrocytes was inhibited by the native protein and by anti-aerolysin antibody. Toxin, once bound, was not removed by the addition of a large excess of free aerolysin. Binding of the radioactive toxin to erythrocytes of different species paralleled the hemolytic specificity of the unlabeled toxin. Pretreatment of the rat erythrocytes with trypsin, which removed a major membrane glycoprotein, resulted in a dramatic decrease in binding, whereas chymotrypsin treatment had no effect. Binding was inhibited by a glycoprotein fraction isolated from these cells but not by a total rat erythrocyte glycolipid preparation. Aerolysin caused the formation of holes in erythrocytes which were sized by measuring the release of labeled molecular weight markers. Glucagon (molecular weight 3550) and smaller molecules entrapped in human or rat erythrocytes were released by treatment with aerolysin, whereas methoxyinulin (molecular weight 5500) and larger molecules were not. Aerolysin also caused the release of glucose from large unilamellar lipid vesicles. The results indicate that a specific glycoprotein receptor facilitates the interaction of aerolysin with erythrocyte membranes. Binding is followed by the formation of discrete holes or pores, and this results in cell rupture by a colloid-osmotic process. PMID- 7082639 TI - Preparation of a fluorescent derivative of cytochrome b5 and its interaction with phospholipids. AB - A fluorescence derivative of bovine cytochrome b5 was prepared by using 5 (dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) in deoxycholate. Reaction conditions were established to specifically label the hydrophobic membrane-binding domain of the protein at a ratio of 0.9 +/- 0.1 dansyl group per cytochrome b5. Fluorescence measurements on the dansyl-labeled protein reflected the state of aggregation of the protein and its binding to lipids. The cytochrome b5 derivative was a sensitive probe for the detection of phospholipid phase transitions in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles. The rotational relaxation time of the labeled protein was strongly influenced by the phospholipid composition and the cholesterol content of the lipid bilayer, but it was largely insensitive to the integrity of the hydrophilic domain of the protein. When the membrane-binding domain of cytochrome b5 was bound to phospholipid vesicles, a preferential association with either the gel or the liquid-crystalline phase was not observed. The results suggest that the two domains of cytochrome b5 undergo predominantly independent motion and that the motion of the dansyl-labeled membrane-binding domain directly reflects the properties of the bulk lipids in the bilayer. PMID- 7082640 TI - Differences in stability against thermal unfolding between trypsin- and detergent solubilized cytochromes b5 and structural changes in the heme vicinity upon the transition: resonance Raman and absorption study. PMID- 7082641 TI - Use of resonance energy transfer to study the kinetics of amphiphile transfer between vesicles. PMID- 7082642 TI - Kinetic studies on the O-methylation of dopamine by human brain membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase. AB - Km values for dopamine and S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) of human brain membrane bound catechol O-methyltransferase are 3.3 microM and 3.1 microM, respectively. S Adenosylhomocysteine is a very potent competitive inhibitor with respect to AdoMet with a Ki value of 1 microM. Product inhibition patterns strongly support a steady-state compulsory-order ternary complex mechanism in which AdoMet binds to the enzyme before dopamine. Inhibition of membrane-bound COMT by tropolone is competitive with respect to dopamine (Ki = 5 microM) and uncompetitive with respect to AdoMet and is consistent with this type of mechanism. The mechanism proposed is different from that suggested for soluble catechol O methyltransferases. PMID- 7082643 TI - Acyl and phosphoryl migration in lysophospholipids: importance in phospholipid synthesis and phospholipase specificity. PMID- 7082644 TI - Role of monomeric activators in cobra venom phospholipase A2 action. AB - Phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja), which acts poorly on phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in mixed micelles, is activated toward PE by the monomeric phospholipid dibutyrylphosphatidylcholine (dibutyryl-PC) which is an, even poorer substrate. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to show that only PE is hydrolyzed in mixtures of PE and dibutyryl-PC of various concentrations. The activation shows saturation behavior, and the fully activated enzyme hydrolyzes PE at a rate similar to its optimal substrate PC containing long chain fatty acid groups. Because dibutyryl-PC is not incorporated into the micelles, these results are consistent with a mechanism of direct activation of the enzymes by dibutyryl-PC rather than a change in the properties of the interface being responsible for the activation of phospholipase A2. Furthermore, if either PC pr PE as substrate is dispersed in mixed micelles, increasing amounts of the detergent Triton X-100 decrease the hydrolysis rate. The same detergent effect occurs if PE hydrolysis is activated by sphingomyelin (SPH). However, if the enzyme is activated by the monomeric dibutyryl-PC, this detergent effect can be overcome at high enough dibutyryl-PC concentrations. The hydrolysis of the monomeric dibutyryl-PC can also be stimulated by SPH in mixed micelles. This reaction shows no effect of detergent. Several models are considered to explain these observations, and it is suggested that the enzyme has two types of functional sites: an activator site and a catalytic site. PMID- 7082645 TI - Thermal behavior of fractionated and unfractionated bovine brain cerebrosides. AB - Bovine brain cerebrosides have been fractionated into 2-hydroxy fatty acid containing cerebrosides (HFA-CER) and nonhydroxy fatty acid containing cerebrosides (NFA-CER). The thermal behavior of NFA-CER, HFA-CER, and unfractionated cerebroside model membranes has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. When NFA-CER is cooled at rates greater than or equal to 2.5 degrees C/min, subsequent heating runs exhibit metastable behavior: a low enthalpy exotherm is observed at approximately 50 degrees C (delta H = -(1-3) cal/g), followed by a high enthalpy endotherm at 72 degrees C (delta H = 16-17 cal/g). Systematic variation of cooling/heating protocols indicates that NFA-CER possesses two low-temperature states, one metastable and the other stable. Cooling from the liquid-crystalline state results in formation of the metastable low-temperature polymorph I, which must transform into the stable low-temperature polymorph II before the liquid-crystalline state can be reached again. By analogy with recent X-ray studies of synthetic N-palmitoylgalactosylsphingosine [Ruocco, M. J., Atkinson, D., Small, D. M., Skarjune, R. P., Oldfield, E., & Shipley, G. G. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 5957], it is proposed that metastable polymorph I is dehydrated relative to stable polymorph II. HFA-CER displays no metastability and exhibits a reversible thermal transition at approximately 68 degrees C (delta H = 7.3 cal/g). The thermal behavior of unfractionated cerebrosides is similar to that of HFA-CER, exhibiting a single reversible transition at approximately 67 degrees C (delta H = 6.9 cal/g). These results suggest that a function of hydroxy fatty acids in brain cerebrosides may be to prevent metastable dehydration in the cerebroside-rich myelin membrane. PMID- 7082646 TI - Conformational effects of organic solvents on histone complexes. AB - Changes in the conformations of H3-H4, H2A-H2B, and the core histone complex brought about by the addition of organic solvents have been examined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. All three complexes assume increased alpha helicity with increasing amounts of the organic solvent. An amount of secondary structure equal to that obtained in phosphate-buffered 2 M NaCl solution can be induced in low salt solutions of the complexes by the addition of 40-50% ethylene glycol, 50% glycerol, or approximately 2% hexafluoro-2-propanol. H3-H4 was found to be somewhat more flexible than H2A-H2B in its response to changes in solvent polarity. Upon being heated, H3-H4 and the core histone complex both undergo irreversible alpha leads to beta transitions in 50% ethylene glycol under low salt conditions, while H2A-H2B undergoes an essentially reversible alpha leads to beta random-coil transition under the same conditions. These results are discussed in terms of the dynamics of the nucleosome particle. PMID- 7082647 TI - Molybdate interaction with the estrogen receptor: effects on estradiol binding and receptor activation. PMID- 7082648 TI - Immunochemical determination of conformational equilibria for fragments of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen. PMID- 7082649 TI - Steady-state fluorescence polarization of dansylcadaverine-fibrinogen: evidence for flexibility. AB - The conformation of fibrinogen in solution has been investigated by steady-state fluorescence polarization measurements. Factor XIIIa has been employed to enzymatically incorporate 1-6 mol of dansylcadaverine/mol of fibrinogen into a specific glutamine residue near the carboxy terminus of the gamma chain and up to two sites on the alpha chain. The fluorescence emission maximum of the labeled protein is shifted to 495 nm (from 538 nm for the fluorophore in solution) and the intensity substantially enhanced, indicating the covalently linked dansyl groups residue in a hydrophobic environment in the interior of the protein. This covalent modification does not interfere with the formation of fibrin, following thrombin activation. Steady-state fluorescence polarization measurements were carried out as a function of temperature and in high viscosity solvents. The fluorescent lifetime of dansylcadaverine-fibrinogen was determined by a phase shift technique. Analysis of the data by the Perrin-Weber treatment yields a rotational relaxation time of 160 ns, considerably faster than any realistic hydrodynamic model of fibrinogen would predict. The results are discussed in terms of segmental flexibility. PMID- 7082650 TI - Spectroscopic investigations of bovine lens crystallins. 1. Circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence. PMID- 7082651 TI - Spectroscopic investigations of bovine lens crystallins. 2. Fluorescent probes for polar-apolar nature and sulfhydryl group accessibility. PMID- 7082652 TI - Reversal of T4 RNA ligase. AB - Unexpected products detected in oligoribonucleotide synthesis reactions catalyzed by T4 RNA ligase are shown to be a result of a partial reversal of the enzyme reaction. A transfer assay for the reversal of the third step in the RNA ligase reaction mechanism and an exchange assay for the reversal of both the second and third steps are described. Reversal is confirmed by the formation of the expected covalent intermediates, adenylylated donor and adenylyl ligase, from a reaction containing 5'-AMP, unadenylylated ligase, and the tetranucleotide (Ap)3Cp. In the reverse reaction, RNA ligase shows a strong preference for hydrolysis of the 3' terminal phosphodiester bonds of oligoribonucleotides which terminate in a 3' phosphate. Several strategies are discussed to minimize the effects of reversal in the enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides. PMID- 7082653 TI - Electron uptake and delivery sites on plastocyanin in its reactions with the photosynthetic electron transport system. AB - French bean plastocyanin is stoichiometrically and specifically labeled upon reduction by Cr(II)aq ions, yielding a substitution-inert (Cr(III) adduct at the protein surface. The effect of the modification on the activity of plastocyanin in electron transfer between photosystems II and I has been investigated. The photoreduction and photooxidation by chloroplasts or by photosystem I reaction centers, respectively, chloroplasts or by photosystem I reaction centers, respectively, of native and Cr(III)-labeled plastocyanin have been compared. It was found that whereas the photoreduction rates of native and Cr-labeled plastocyanin were indistinguishable, the rates of photooxidation of the modified protein were markedly attenuated relative to those of the native one. This difference in reactivity clearly reflects the perturbation of the electron transfer pathway to P700. These findings, in conjunction with the structure of plastocyanin and the locus of CR(III) binding on its surface, lead to the following interpretation: (a) There are most probably two physiologically significant, electron transfer sites on plastocyanin. (b) The site involved in the electron transfer to P700 is most likely in the region of tyrosine-83 and the negatively charged patch proximal to it. By elimination we assume that the second site is centered at the hydrophobic region of histidine-87. PMID- 7082654 TI - Metabolism of 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid in vivo: isolation of a major intestinal metabolite. AB - The major metabolite in the small intestinal mucosa of vitamin A deficient rats dosed intrajugularly with 5,6-epoxy[3H]-retinoic acid has been identified as 5,6 epoxyretinoyl beta-glucuronide. The assignment was based on the metabolite's chemical, spectral, and chromatographic properties. Incubation of the metabolite with beta-glucuronidase released 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid. Incubation of 5,6 epoxyretinoic acid with rat liver microsomes in the presence of uridine-5' diphospho-1 alpha-D-glucuronic acid produced the metabolite. 5,6 Epoxy[3H]retinoyl beta-glucuronide weas observed in the liver, small intestinal mucosa, and intestinal contents but not in kidney of vitamin a deficient rats. Its concentration was greatly diminished in liver and small intestinal mucosa, and it was not observed in kidney of vitamin A deficient rats dosed orally with retinoic acid for several days before administration of 5,6-epoxy[3H]retinoic acid. Generally, oral retinoic acid treatment accelerated 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid metabolism and enhanced accumulation of highly polar metabolites. Moreover, 5,6 epoxyretinoic acid metabolism was more rapid than that of retinoic acid and did not result in production of retinoic acid. PMID- 7082655 TI - Physical and biochemical characterization of a purified arginyl-tRNA synthetase lysyl-tRNA-synthetase complex from rat liver. AB - Arginyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases copurify throughout a six-step chromatographic procedure resulting in a purification of 605- and 559-fold, respectively. The purified enzymes were estimated to be 98% pure with a stoichiometry of 1:1 from acrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. On the basis of a native molecular weight of 285000 calculated from s20,w, Rs, and V and subunit molecular weights of 73000 and 65000 obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the synthetases appear to exist as a tetramer. The tetrameric structure was also supported by cross-linking studies. These results are consistent with an alpha 2 beta 2 structure, but an alpha beta structure has not been ruled out. PMID- 7082656 TI - Nature of phototransformation of phytochrome As probed by intrinsic tryptophan residues. AB - The phototransformation of the photomorphogenic photoreceptor phytochrome was probed by the intrinsic luminescence of the tryptophan (Trp) residues. The red light absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) showed a decreased tryptophan phosphorescence intensity, compared to that of the far-red light absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr), and a delayed fluorescence from the chromophore upon excitation of the tryptophan residues with 290-nm light. The tryptophan phosphorescence in both Pr and Pfr showed decreased lifetimes (0.29 and 1.84 s, respectively) compared to that of the free tryptophan (6.00 s). In addition, the decay kinetics of the delayed fluorescence in Pr showed a short-lifetime component (0.24 s), which is similar to the tryptophan phosphorescence lifetime value. This is due to an efficient triplet-singlet (3Trp-1Pr) energy transfer in the Pr from. The increases in the tryptophan phosphorescence quantum yield and lifetime in the Pfr form have been interpreted on the basis of chromophore reorientation on the protein surface as a result of the Pr lead to Pfr phototransformation. The Stern-Volmer plot of the quenching data further confirms preferential exposure of the tryptophan residues in the Pfr form (46% "exposed' tryptophan residues in the Pr form as compared to 72% in the Pfr form). These results provide strong support for the hydrophobic model of Pfr [Hahn, T. R., & Song, P. S. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2602-2609). PMID- 7082657 TI - Infrared and Raman spectra of S-methyl thioacetate: toward an understanding of the biochemical reactivity of esters of coenzyme A. AB - The infrared and Raman spectra of S-methyl thioacetate and CD3C(O)SCH3 have been determined. These spectra and those in the literature ofr S-ethyl thioacetate have been assigned. These data together with literature assignments for thioformic acid, thioacetic acid, and S-methyl thioformate were used in normal coordinate calculations. The stretching force constant for the carbonyl group of thioesters and thio acids is found to be very similar to that for the carboxyl group of ketones. In addition, the value of the stretching force constant for the C(O)-S bond in thioesters and thio acids indicates that this entity has no double bond character. The carbonly group of acetyl coenzyme A is essentially the same as that of a ketone. PMID- 7082658 TI - Cell surface proteins in the early embryogenesis of Pleurodeles waltlii. AB - Surface proteins in the first embryonic stages (8-32 cells, morula, blastula, early and late gastrula) of Pleurodeles waltlii were selectively labelled by 125I using lactoperoxidase and glucose/glucose oxidase. Iodination was effected either on non-dissociated embryos or after their dissociation with EDTA. On the outer surface of non-dissociated embryos the two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only three groups of 125I-labelled proteins which did not change during all studied stages. Quite different results were obtained with the cells of dissociated embryos. In addition to the iodinated proteins of the embryonic outer surface seven major iodinated proteins were identified. These proteins originate from the regions of cell-cell contacts in intact embryo. Their two-dimensional pattern in dissociated cells changes between stages 8-32 cells and morula. The next important difference was observed during gastrulation, which corresponds in Pleurodeles waltlii to the first morphogenetic movements. Therefore the outside and inside cell surfaces of embryo are different already at stage 8-32 cells (and probably earlier), before the first step of morphogenesis. The changes of cell surface proteins at early embryonal development take place inside the embryo, in the regions of cell-cell interactions. PMID- 7082661 TI - Na+-dependent transport of glycine in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Evidence for a single specific transport system. AB - The uptake of glycine in rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles was shown to consist of glycine transport into an intravesicular space. An Na+ electrochemical gradient (extravesicular greater than intravesicular) stimulated the initial rate of glycine uptake and effected a transient accumulation of intravesicular glycine above the steady-state value. This stimulation could not be induced by the imposition of a K+, Li+ or choline+ gradient and was enhanced as extravesicular Na+ was increased from 10 mM to 100 mM. Dissipation of the Na+ gradient by the ionophore gramicidin D resulted in diminished Na+-stimulated glycine uptake. Na+ stimulated uptake of glycine was electrogenic. Substrate-velocity analysis of Na+ dependent glycine uptake over the range of amino acid concentrations from 25 microM to 10 mM demonstrated a single saturable transport system with apparent Km = 996 microM and Vmax = 348 pmol glycine/mg protein per min. Inhibition observed when the Na+-dependent uptake of 25 microM glycine was inhibited by 5 mM extravesicular test amino acid segregated dibasic amino acids, which did not inhibit glycine uptake, from all other amino acid groups. The amino acids D alanine, D-glutamic acid, and D-proline inhibited similarly to their L counterparts. Accelerative exchange of extravesicular [3H]glycine was demonstrated when brush border vesicles were preloaded with glycine, but not when they were preloaded with L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, or with L-proline. It is concluded that a single transport system exists at the level of the rabbit renal brush border membrane that functions to reabsorb glycine independently from other groups of amino acids. PMID- 7082659 TI - Localization of proteins in the inner and outer membranes of Caulobacter crescentus. AB - Cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Caulobacter crescentus were separated by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation into two peaks with buoyant densities 1.22 and 1.14 g/cm3. These peaks were identified as outer and cytoplasmic membranes by the enrichment of malate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase in the lower density peak and the presence of flagellin, a cell surface protein, in the heavier peak. The identity of the heavier peak as outer membrane was confirmed by labeling of cells with diazotized [35S]sulfanilic acid, a reagent that does not penetrate intact cells. Under these conditions only outer membrane proteins were substituted by the sulfanilic acid. The distribution of proteins between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes were examined by the analysis of [35S]methionine labeled membranes by SDS-polyacrylamide and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results showed that the inner and outer membranes contain approximately equal numbers of proteins, and that the distribution of these proteins between the two layers is highly asymmetric. Although many of the proteins could be assigned to one or the other membrane fraction, a number of the outer membrane proteins in the 32 000-100 000 molecular weight range frequently contaminate the inner membrane fractions. The implications of these results for membrane isolation and separation in C. crescentus are discussed. PMID- 7082660 TI - Changes in membrane fluidity associated with lymphocyte stimulation by succinyl concanavalin A. AB - Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy studies of human peripheral blood lymphocytes labeled with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene were carried out at temperatures between 4 and 38 degrees C. For unstimulated freshly-isolated lymphocytes the calculated order parameters were found to be 0.62 at 4 degrees C and 0.44 at 37 degrees C. Mitogen-induced alterations in the order parameter were evident within minutes after addition of succinyl-concanavalin A to the cells, increasing to a value of 0.56 after 2 h at 37 degrees C. Both stimulated and unstimulated cells show a decrease in fluorescence anisotropy over the next 2-3 days of culture and after the third day the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay profiles of the two populations of cells were indistinguishable. Our results indicate that there are both short- and long-term changes in the membranes of the cell upon stimulation by mitogen. PMID- 7082662 TI - The transport of chloroquine across human erythrocyte membranes is mediated by a simple symmetric carrier. AB - The kinetic properties of the mediated transport of chloroquine in human erythrocytes are investigated. The high rates of translocation across the cell membrane and high adsorbance properties to glass surfaces have led to the development of new techniques for measuring initial rates of transport. Three different methodological procedures are used to accomplish a complete kinetic characterization of the system. All measurements were done at 25 degrees C. Under zero-trans conditions the system displays complete symmetry, the Michaelis constants being 39.2 +/- 2.4 microM for influx and 36.6 +/- 5.6 microM for efflux. The respective maximal velocities are 206.4 +/- 36.0 microM . min-1 and 190.0 +/- 7.8 microM . min-1. Under equilibrium-exchange conditions the Michaelis constant is 108.6 +/- 15.6 microM and the maximal velocity is 630.3 +/- 50.4 microM . min-1. This 3-fold increase in both K and V over the zero-trans values indicates that the rate-limiting step in the transport of chloroquine is the movement of the unloaded carrier. The kinetic data are consistent with the prediction of a simple carrier model. PMID- 7082663 TI - Identification and characterization of the pore-forming protein in the outer membrane of rat liver mitochondria. AB - The proteins of the outer membrane from rat liver mitochondria have been subfractionated by means of density gradient centrifugation. The different polypeptides of the membrane were incorporated into asolectin vesicles and black lipid membranes. It was observed that a polypeptide of Mr 32 000 renders asolectin vesicles permeable to ADP and forms pores in bilayer membrane. These pores showed the same properties as the channels which are formed in the lipid membrane after addition of Triton X-100 solubilized complete outer membrane. The properties of the pore are as follows: (1) The formation of pores depends on the type of phospholipid used for the preparation of the black membranes. (2) The pore is inserted asymmetrically into the membrane. (3) The pore is voltage gated but does not switch off completely at higher voltages. The pore seems to show different conductance states decreasing conductance being observed at increasing voltage. The implications of these findings for the regulation of transport processes across the outer membrane are discussed. PMID- 7082664 TI - Formation of inverted lipid micelles in aqueous dispersions of mixed sn-3 galactosyldiacylglycerols induced by heat and ethylene glycol. AB - The formation of 'lipidic' particles corresponding to inverted lipid micelles in freeze-fracture replicas of aqueous dispersions of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols can be greatly enhanced either by increasing the temperature from which the samples are thermally quenched or by the addition of cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol. In the case of the heated samples, the lipids tend to form quasi-crystalline structures consisting of sheets of 8-9 nm diameter particles organised on an orthorhombic lattice. The orientation of alternate sheets varies giving rise to a characteristic herring-bone pattern. Ethylene glycol-treated samples, in contrast, form more regular structures consisting of 13-16 nm diameter particles. Lowering the temperature from which the samples are quenched and/or decreasing the concentration of ethylene glycol reduces the frequency of formation of such structures. A number of intermediate states associated with the reincorporation of the lipid molecules of the inverted micelles into the lamella phase are also identified. The factors influencing particle formation are briefly discussed. It is concluded that the destabilisation of lipid-water interactions play a major role in this process. PMID- 7082665 TI - Effect of extracellular Ca2+, K+ and OH- on erythrocyte membrane potential as monitored by the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine. AB - Changes in fluorescence intensity of thiodicarbocyanine, DiS-C3(5), were correlated with direct microelectrode potential measurements in red blood cells from Amphiuma means and applied qualitatively to evaluate the effects of extracellular Ca2+, K+ and pH on the membrane potential of human red cells. Increasing extracellular [Ca2+] from 1.8 to 15 mM causes a K+-dependent hyperpolarization and decrease in fluorescence intensity in Amphiuma red cells. Both the hyperpolarization and fluorescence change disappear when the temperature is raised from 17 to 37 degrees C. No change in fluorescence intensity is observed in human red cells with comparable increase in extracellular Ca2+ in the temperature range 5-37 degrees C. Increasing the extracellular pH, however, causes human red cells to respond to an increase in extracellular Ca2+ with a significant but temporary loss in fluorescence intensity. This effect is blocked by EGTA, quinine or by increasing extracellular [K+], indicating that at elevated extracellular pH, human erythrocytes respond to an increase in extracellular Ca2+ with an opening of K+ channels and associated hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. PMID- 7082666 TI - Calorimetric studies on various gangliosides and ganglioside-lipid interactions. AB - Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermotropic behaviour of various gangliosides differing in size and in the net negative charge. It was found that the number and the position of the negative charges in the headgroup region influence strongly the phase transition profiles. Interaction of GM1 ganglioside with egg phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol was also investigated. GM1 is completely miscible with egg phosphatidylcholine, giving only one transition peak at all ratios of the two components, implying that when gangliosides are in a more fluid lipid environment in biological membranes they will be randomly distributed. Interaction with cholesterol decreases the enthalpy of melting of the ganglioside. The decrease in enthalpy reaches a plateau at about 30 mol% cholesterol, suggesting a lower affinity of cholesterol for gangliosides than for sphingomyelin. PMID- 7082667 TI - Haptoglobin biosynthesis in rats. Immunological identification of polysomes synthesizing haptoglobin and quantitation of haptoglobin in the cytoplasm of liver cells. AB - A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed and utilized to study the stimulation of haptoglobin biosynthesis during an acute inflammatory challenge. A 10-fold increase in intracellular haptoglobin was measured at the peak of the inflammatory response. The increase in serum haptoglobin levels was concomitant with the intracellular levels, demonstrating the secretory output is also elevated during the inflammatory period. A monospecific antihaptoglobin was produced and used to detect the specific polysomes involved in haptoglobin synthesis. The amount of radioactively labeled antibody bound to the nascent haptoglobin chain was increased approx. 3-fold during the inflammatory response, indicating that new haptoglobin was being synthesized and suggesting an increase in functional haptoglobin mRNA resulting from the inflammatory signal. PMID- 7082668 TI - Thyroxine-stimulated synthesis of microvillus membrane glycoproteins during culture of chick embryonic duodenum. AB - The effect of thyroxine on biosynthesis of microvillus membrane glycoproteins has been investigated in organ culture of 18-day-old chick embryonic duodenum. Explants incorporate [3H]leucine and [3H]glucosamine continuously, and overall incorporation is enhanced by 10 nM thyroxine during 48 h of labeling; this increase in radioactivity is associated with vesicles released from the microvilli. Light microscope autoradiography, pulse labeling of brush border fragments, and pulse chase experiments reveal that [3H]glucosamine is incorporated into brush border at an increasing rate during culture, and that newly synthesized glycoproteins are discharged into the medium along with brush border enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and maltase). These results suggest that thyroxine stimulates biosynthesis of microvillus membrane glycoproteins, in addition to stimulating vesiculation of the membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 3H-labeled vesicles and brush border fragments show that [3H]leucine and [3H]glucosamine are incorporated into proteins of high molecular weight. Two protein bands are identified as alkaline phosphatase and maltase. Thyroxine stimulates glycosylation of these enzymes, but does not change protein patterns. Radioactivity assay of alkaline phosphatase- and maltase-active gel slices suggests that thyroxine stimulation of these enzyme activities during culture is not correlated with de novo synthesis of these proteins. PMID- 7082670 TI - Structure of adenovirus chromatin. AB - The structure of adenovirus type 2 chromatin isolated from wild-type and ts1 virions was investigated by micrococcal nuclease digestion and electron microscopy. Partial digestion of wild-type and ts1 chromatin with micrococcal nuclease generated a multimeric DNA smear devoid of the 200 basepair nucleosome repeating pattern characteristic of cellular chromatin. However, 11 S monomer cores of 150 basepairs were detectable. The chromatin of ts1 (39 degrees C) was more resistant to digestion by micrococcal nuclease. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the monomer core showed that wild-type core contained protein VII while ts1 (39 degrees C) core contained PVI and PVII. Protein V appears to be located on the variable-length intermonomer region. Crosslinking studies suggest that proteins PVII and VII exist in dimeric form within the monomer core. Electron microscopy revealed a 5.5-fold-condensed two-micron-long beaded structure with about 200 monomer particles spaced irregularly. Based on these observations, a model for adenovirus prochromatin and chromatin is proposed that differs in important aspects from the model proposed previously (Corden, J., Engelking, H.M. and Pearson, G.D. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 401-404). PMID- 7082669 TI - A bacteriophage-induced 5-methyldeoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate kinase. AB - Bacteriophage XP-12-infected Xanthomonas oryzae have been found to be a source of a kinase preparation which converts m5dCMP to m5dCDP and then to m5dCTP using ATP as the phosphate donor. Optimal formation of the triphosphate required the presence of creatine phosphate and creatine kinase. In the presence of dGTP, dTTP and dATP, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA polymerase catalyzed the incorporation of m5dCTP into DNA just as efficiently as that of dCTP. Neither dTMP nor dCMP served as substrate for the m5dCMP monophosphate kinase. Analogous preparations from uninfected X. oryzae were unable to phosphorylate m5dCMP. PMID- 7082671 TI - The effect of cessation of growth on protein synthesis in a mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells with a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase. AB - A temperature-sensitive mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells with an altered leucyl-tRNA synthetase fails to grow and to incorporate amino acids into protein properly at or near the non-permissive temperature. This mutant was used to determine whether cessation of growth at the elevated temperature affected elongation factor EF-1, since the activity of EF-1 is markedly lower in non growing cells in stationary phase than in rapidly-growing cells in exponential phase. Cell-free extracts prepared from cells maintained at 39 degrees C for 24 h showed a marked decrease in the ability to translate natural mRNAs, compared to cells incubated at 34 degrees C. However, the ability to translate poly(U), which requires elongation factor EF-1 (and EF-2), was not affected. Analyses of activities involved in the initiation of protein synthesis and in the activation of amino acids revealed that, with the exception of leucyl-tRNA synthetase, the rest of the components required for translation also appeared to be relatively stable even after 24 h at the elevated temperature. The effects of elevated temperature on cell-free extracts were also investigated. The results were similar to those obtained with intact cells; that is, except for leucyl-tRNA synthetase which was rapidly inactivated in vitro at 39 degrees C, other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translational components involved in chain initiation and elongation were relatively stable. Thus, no change in EF-1 activity was detected as a result of arrested cell growth, an inherent lability of the elongation factor, or metabolic degradation as a consequence of a rapid turnover rate in the absence of protein synthesis. PMID- 7082672 TI - Effects of ethionine treatment of protein-synthesizing apparatus of rat liver 80 S ribosomes and 40 S ribosomal subunits. AB - The inhibitory effects of ethionine treatment of female rats for 4 h on the protein-synthesizing machineries of 80 S ribosomes and 40 S ribosomal subunits of the liver were investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) The translation of globin mRNA by 80 S ribosomes or 40 S ribosomal subunits, in combination with mouse 60 S subunits, was markedly inhibited by ethionine treatment in a complete cell-free system containing partially purified initiation factors of rabbit reticulocytes and the rat liver pH 5 fraction. (2) The polysome formation of 80 S ribosomes in the complete system described above was inhibited by ethionine treatment. Similar inhibitions by ethionine treatment were observed in the case of incubation of 40 S subunits with reticulocyte lysate, although the polysome formation was rather low even in the case of control 40 S subunits. (3) The pattern of CsCl isopycnic centrifugation of rat liver native 40 S subunits uniformly labeled with [14C]- or [3H]orotic acid showed that the content of non ribosomal proteins of native 40 S subunits was decreased by ethionine treatment. The analysis of proteins of native 40 subunits by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis revealed that eIF-3 subunits and two unidentified protein fractions of molecular weight of 2.3.10(4) and 2.1.10(4) were decreased in ethionine-treated rate liver. (4) 40 S subunits from ethionine-treated or control rat livers were labeled with N-[3H]ethylmaleimide or N-[14C]ethylmaleimide, and the 3H to 14C ratios of individual 40 S proteins on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were measured. The results suggested that the conformation of rat liver 40 S subunits was changed by ethionine treatment. (5) These results may indicate that ethionine treatment decreases the activity of rat liver 40 S subunits for the interaction with initiation factors, especially eIF 3, as the results of conformational changes of 40 S subunits. PMID- 7082673 TI - Identification of the protein cross-linked to 3'-terminus of 5 S RNA in rat liver ribosomal 60 S subunits. AB - To cross-link the 3'-terminus of 5 S RNA to its neighbouring proteins, ribosomal 60 S subunits of rat liver were oxidized with sodium periodate and reduced with sodium borohydride. 5 S RNP was then isolated by EDTA treatment followed by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein with a slower mobility than the L5 protein, which was thought to be cross-linked 5 S RNP, was labeled with 125I, treated with RNAase, and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by radioautography. A radioactive spot located anodically from L5 protein was observed, suggesting that it is the L5 protein-oligonucleotide complex. When analyzed by SDS slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by radioautography, the peptide pattern of the alpha-chymotrypsin digest of this 125I-labeled protein-oligonucleotide complex was similar to that of the digest of 125I-labeled L5 protein. The results indicate that L5 protein binds to the 3' terminal region of 5 S RNA in rat liver 60 S subunits. PMID- 7082674 TI - Thymidylate synthetase during synchronous nuclear division cycle and differentiation of Physarum polycephalum. AB - Thymidylate synthetase and thymidine kinase activities in wild type strain M3b and in thymidine kinase-deficient mutant TU63 of Physarum polycephalum are studied. Whenever nuclear division occurs in macroplasmodia of wild type, thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthetase activities sharply increase, although the increase of thymidylate synthetase activity is less pronounced than thymidine kinase activity. This is also true for other investigated nuclear divisions during the life cycle of P. polycephalum. It is shown for the first time that thymidylate synthetase is a periodically fluctuating enzyme during the naturally synchronous nuclear division cycle of P. polycephalum with a peak of specific activity in the S phase. In macroplasmodia, as well as after germination of microsclerotia of M3b, thymidine kinase is the dominant enzyme, whereas at the time of the precleavage mitosis in sporulating macroplasmodia thymidylate synthetase is the predominant enzyme. This study describes and compares both dTMP synthesizing enzymes during proliferation and differentiation of the same organism. PMID- 7082675 TI - Mode of action of heparin lyase on heparin. AB - Heparinase (heparin lyase, EC 4.2.2.7) prepared from Flavobacterium heparinum was used to digest heparin. The products of digestion were examined with a viscosometric assay at various stages of the reaction to measure their average molecular weight. By comparison with computer simulations of various models, heparinase was shown to act in a random endolytic mode. The relative abundance of intermediates in heparin degradation catalyzed by heparinase immobilized on Sepharose 4B was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) at various time points. The results obtained using HPLC were consistent with a random endolytic mechanism. The heparin digestion products were separated and identified using gel permeation chromatography. The final distributions of heparin degradation products for free and immobilized heparinase were identical. Contaminating sulfatases and glycuronidases which could have subsequently acted on heparin degradation products were not found in significant amounts in the heparinase preparation studied. PMID- 7082676 TI - Purification and characterization of tropomyosin from bovine thyroid. PMID- 7082677 TI - Purification and chemical characterization of a glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (proglucagon fragment) from porcine pancreas. PMID- 7082679 TI - On the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction catalyzed by the soluble hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 in the free and immobilized state. PMID- 7082678 TI - Activation and inactivation of purified acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus by lanthanum (III). PMID- 7082680 TI - Isolation and purification of a new 105 kDa protein kinase from rat liver nuclei. AB - A protein kinase was purified from rat liver nuclei by affinity chromatography on poly(L-lysine)-agarose and protein kinase inhibitor-Sepharose 4B columns. The relative molecular weight of this protein kinase is 105000 (determined by 10% SDS polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation). Its pH optimum is between 8.0 and 9.0. It is active over a wide range of mg2+ concentrations, and its activity is stimulated by several small acidic proteins (calmodulin, lactalbumin, parvalbumin, protein kinase inhibitor and troponin C). The enzyme phosphorylates a variety of substrates including casein, histones, protamine and the synthetic basic polypeptides, poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-lysine). PMID- 7082681 TI - Interaction between the alpha 1 chain of rat tail collagen and sodium dodecyl sulfate with reference to its behaviour in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - The interaction between the alpha 1 chain of rat tail collagen and sodium (SDS) was studied to provide knowledge necessary to understand the behavior of the complex between them in a molecular sieving technique such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Measured properties include binding isotherm, CD spectrum, viscosity and behavior in free boundary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis and high-pressure silica gel chromatography. The complex differed in most respects from the complexes between SDS and polypeptides derived from water-soluble globular proteins, reflecting its peculiar amino acid composition. THe hydrodynamically effective volume of the SDS-alpha 1 chain complex was the most significantly different among the properties studied. The complex of the alpha 1 chain consisted of 1052 amino acid residues and was found to have the same effective volume as that of a standard polypeptide consisting of about 800 residues. The abnormal behaviour of the SDS-alpha 1 chain complex was interpreted on the basis of these results. PMID- 7082682 TI - Laser Raman studies of protein conformation in the silkmoth chorion. PMID- 7082684 TI - Detergent extraction of cholera toxin and gangliosides from cultured cells and isolated membranes. AB - Choleragen, when bound to various cultured cells, resisted extraction by Triton X 100 under conditions which retained the cytoskeletal framework of the cells. The resistance (greater than 75% of the bound toxin) was observed in Friend erythroleukemic, mouse neuroblastoma N18 and NB41A and rat glioma C6 cells even though the different cells varied over 1000-fold in the number of toxin receptors. The extent of extraction did not depend on whether the cells were in monolayer culture of in suspension or whether choleragen was found at 0 or 37 degrees C. A similar resistance to extraction was also observed in membranes isolated from toxin-treated cells. Using more drastic conditions and other non ionic detergents, 90% of the bound choleragen was solubilized from cells and membranes. When rat glioma C6 cells, which bind only small amounts of choleragen, were incubated with the ganglioside GM1, toxin binding was increased and the bound toxin was also resistant to extraction. When these cells were incubated with [3H]GM1, up to 70% of the cell-associated GM1 was extracted under the mild conditions. When the Gm1-labeled cells were incubated with choleragen or its B (binding) component, there was a significant reduction in the solubilization of GM1. Similar results were obtained with isolated membranes. When choleragen receptor complexes were isolated from N18 cells labeled with [3H] galactose by immunoadsorption, only labeled GM1 was specifically recovered. These results suggest that it is the choleragen-ganglioside complex that is resistant to detergent extraction. PMID- 7082683 TI - A 31P-NMR study of some metabolic and functional effects of the inotropic agents epinephrine and ouabain, and the ionophore R02-2985 (X537A) in the isolated, perfused rat heart. AB - 1. Some metabolic effects of increased mechanical activity by the Langendorff perfused rat heart have been characterized using 31P-NMR. Mechanical activity was increased by infusion of ouabain (0.9-7.0.10(-5) M), the ionophore R02-2985 (1.10(-5) M) or epinephrine (5.10(-8) M). 2. Similar metabolic changes accompanied infusion of each of the positive inotropic agents into hearts perfused with buffer containing 11 mM glucose as the substrate. In each case phosphocreatine concentrations decreased. During the period of epinephrine infusion the phosphocreatine began to recover its original concentration, although there were no significant changes in mechanical activity. 3. Comparisons of the metabolic changes accompanying the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of epinephrine were made between hearts perfused with either glucose (11 mM), acetate (5 mM) or lactate (5 mM). A time-dependent decrease in phosphocreatine concentrations also accompanied infusion of epinephrine into hearts perfused with lactate as the sole exogenous substrate, but no statistically significant metabolite changes were observed after identical epinephrine infusions with acetate as the substrate. 4. Calculations of the concentration of free ADP assuming equilibrium in the creatine phosphokinase reaction allows estimation of the cytosolic phosphate potential ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]), which appears to be dependent on the number of factors, including the nature of the exogenous substrate and the level of mechanical activity. 5. Thus, we conclude that there is no general correlation between the phosphate potential and the mitochondrial respiratory rate in the perfused rat heart. PMID- 7082685 TI - The uptake of R-type cobalamin-binding protein by isolated rat liver cells. AB - The uptake of R-type cobalamin-binding protein from human granulocytes and plasma by isolated parenchymal rat liver cells has been studied. When [57Co] cyanocobalamin-saturated granulocyte-binding protein or transcobalamin III was incubated with the liver cells in a concentration of 500 pM, more than 80% of the vitamin was taken up in 1 h. Vitamin B-12 bound to plasma transcobalamin I, however, was not taken up unless the protein was desialylated by neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. The uptake of iodinated pure granulocyte-binding protein, saturated with cobalamin, reached 100% and was accompanied by increasing intracellular proteolytic degradation of the binding protein. EGTA and asialo orosomucoid completely inhibited this process of uptake and degradation, whereas partial inhibition was caused by chloroquine and colchicine. These observations provide evidence that these (asialo)-R-type cobalamin-binding proteins are taken up by the cell through the plasma membrane receptor for asialoglycoproteins by means of endocytosis followed by proteolysis of the binding protein in the lysosomes. PMID- 7082686 TI - [Isolation and partial characterization of the amino acid sequence of sea whale prolactin]. AB - The protein hormone prolactin was isolated from sea whale hypophysis and its amino acid sequence was partially characterized. The hormone was hydrolyzed by BrCN and trypsin, the products of hydrolysis were separated and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, G-100 and G-25, by ion-exchange chromatography on CM cellulose and on Dowex 50 x 8 and by partition paper chromatography. The structure of the obtained peptides was determined by the Edman method and by carboxypeptidase A hydrolysis. The partial amino acid sequence of sea whale prolactin making up to 75% of the hormone molecule was established. PMID- 7082687 TI - [Hydrolysis of methyl esters of N alpha-arylsulfonyl-arginine and N-arylsulfonyl valyl-arginine by alpha- and beta/gamma-thrombins]. AB - The kinetic parameters of hydrolysis of methyl esters of N alpha-arylsulfonyl arginine and N-arylsulfonyl-valyl-arginine by alpha- and beta/gamma-thrombins were calculated. It was found that the polarity and volume of arylsulfonyl substitute are essential for hydrolysis of N alpha-arylsulfonyl-arginine esters and only slightly affect the hydrolysis of N-arylsulfonyl-valyl-arginine esters. Incorporation of the valine residue into the substrate molecule sharply increases the catalytic constant, thus suggesting an important role of secondary sites of the enzyme binding to the substrate. A comparison of alpha- and beta/gamma thrombins did not reveal any substantial differences in their ability to hydrolyze synthetic esters; consequently the structure of the region around the enzyme active center which is involved in interactions with the substrates under study, is not responsible for alpha-thrombin specificity for fibrinogen. PMID- 7082688 TI - [Kinetics of NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase from the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida methylica]. AB - A kinetic analysis of the mechanism of action of NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2) from the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida methylica has been carried out. The dependence of the initial reaction rate on substrate concentrations and the inhibition by the reaction products and substrate analogs were investigated. The data obtained suggest that the kinetics of the formate dehydrogenase action are consistent with the formation of a ternary enzyme- substrate complex. NAD is the first substrate and NADH is the last product of the reaction, respectively. PMID- 7082689 TI - [Identification of the reactive sites of kidney bean proteinase inhibitor]. AB - The protein proteinase inhibitor from kidney bean (isoinhibitor, pI 4.3) is a double-headed inhibitor with independent reactive sites for trypsin and chymotrypsin. The reactive site of the inhibitor for trypsin is Lys (22)- Ser (23) in the sequense ...-Lys-Ser-Ile-Pro-Ala-Glx-Cys-Arg-..., the reactive site for chymotrypsin is Leu (64)-Ser (65) in the sequence ...-Thr-Leu-Ser-Ile-Pro-Ala Glx-Cys-Arg-... . PMID- 7082690 TI - [Inhibition of cytochrome b2 by acrylamide]. AB - Acrylamide (0.4--0.9 M) irreversibly inhibits reduced (Ered) cytochrome b2 (L (+) -lactate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase) from the yeast Hansenula anomala (ki = 1,67 min-1 at 35 degrees in 0.73 M solution of acrylamide). Changes in fluorescence of FMN, which reflect the changes in protein structure occur symbatically to the inactivation. The rate of inactivation depends on concentration of acrylamide in a degree of 6.4. The inactivation of the oxidized enzyme occurs faster than that of th reduced one at concentrations less than 0.5 M. The inactivation of Ered by acrylonitrile and acrylic acid occurs 10 times slower and does not correlate with the rate of mercaptoethanol binding to the monomers. The inhibition of Ered is caused by specific effects of carylamide and modification of the enzyme active center. PMID- 7082691 TI - [Specific binding of [3H] 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol by cytosol from male and female rat hypophysis]. AB - Evidence for specific binding of [3H]5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta-diol) in the cytosol of male and female rats was confirmed by determining the apparent dissociation constant and the number of binding sites calculated by the Scatchard method. Centrifugation of hypophysial cytosols in sucrose density gradient revealed the binding at 4.5 S and 8--8.5 S and specific binding of 3 beta-diol around 4.5 S. The presence of protein-bound radioactivity was shown by gel-filtration of Sephadex G-200. The specific binding of the protein was demonstrated in the region of bovine serum albumin elution. Data on the effect of some androgenes and estrogenes on the specific binding of 3 beta-diol by the cytosol of male and female rat hypophysis are presented. PMID- 7082693 TI - [Artifactual multiple forms of beta-cyanoalanine synthase from white lupine]. AB - The three active forms of beta-cyanoalanine synthase (EC 4.4.1.9) from white lupine seedlings were obtained in a homogeneous state and some physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the enzyme, i.e. isoelectric points, molecular weight, amino acid composition, Km, substrate and cosubstrate specificity, etc., were studied. The three enzyme forms obtained were shown to differ insignificantly in their properties. However, their Km values for the substrates are a little higher than those for the enzyme isolated in the presence of the esterolytic protease inhibitor, namely diisopropyl fluorophosphate. A conclusion is drawn that the three active forms of beta-cyanoalanine synthase are produced under the action of proteases in the course of purification and are, accordingly, artefacts. PMID- 7082692 TI - [Effect of excess cooling on rat liver mitochondria: release of K+ and malate dehydrogenase at lipid phase transition temperatures]. AB - The effects of cooling within the temperature range of 0-25 degrees on the state of mitochondrial membranes was studied. The increase in membrane permeability for K+ and malate dehydrogenase which is localized in mitochondrial matrix, served as an index of membrane structural damage within the given temperature interval. In order to prevent crystallization of the aqueous phase upon cooling ethylene glycol was added to the medium to reach a final concentration of 40%. The decrease of temperature resulted both in the release of K+ and in the increase of the activity of free malate dehydrogenase. A drastic increase in the mitochondrial membrane permeability to K+ and malate dehydrogenase was observed within the temperature range of -6 -- -14 degrees, showing a maximum at -10 degrees. At -14 degrees the rate of K+ and malate dehydrogenase release was lower; however, further cooling (down to -20 degrees) induced another increase of permeability. The disruption of mitochondrial at negative temperatures after addition of 1.25 M NaCl to the incubation mixture caused a temperature-dependent release of the proteins into the supernatant. After ultracentrifugation of the membrane fragments at 140 000 g for 60 min the soluble proteins were detected in the samples coled down to -10 degrees. It was concluded that the changes in the state of mitochondrial membranes are due to the phase transitions of the inner membrane lipids. PMID- 7082694 TI - [Binding of glucocorticoid hormones and cholesterol to rat brain and liver mitochondria]. AB - The binding of four [3H]glucocorticoids and [3H]cholesterol to rat brain and liver mitochondria in vitro was studied. The binding was the most intensive in the case of steroids having a higher hydrophobicity of the molecule. The binding of [3H]glucocorticoids was decreased by simultaneous addition of [14C]cholesterol, whereas cholesterol binding to mitochondria was stimulated by glucocorticoids. Rotenone as a hydrophobic compound also acted competitively on the binding of glucocorticoids and cholesterol. The binding or all the steroids under study was very fast, reaching the plateau within 5 minutes. After destruction of the outer membrane by hypotonic treatment of a freezing -- thawing procedure the liver mitochondria bound more cholesterol but fewer glucocorticoids than the intact ones. The hydrophobic type of glucocorticoid binding to endogenous cholesterol or phospholipids in the outer mitochondrial membrane and a resulting lack of any specific receptors for glucocorticoids in the mitochondria were postulated. The effects of glucocorticoids on oxidative metabolism in mitochondria are presumably of membraneous nature. Mitochondria can also be considered as a target for glucocorticoid action. PMID- 7082695 TI - [Response of adenine nucleotide metabolism in the aged rat liver to fasting and succinate injections]. AB - The total adenine nucleotide content in the livers from 24-month-old rats was shown to be by 30% lower than that of 3--4-month-old rat livers. A 24-hr fasting resulted in a decrease of the hepatic ATP levels, ATP/ADP ratios, phosphorylation potentials, adenylate energy charges and action mass ratios of adenylate kinase, crude at the same extents in adult and aged rats as well as in the equal increase of ADP, AMp and Pi levels. Injections of 0.9% NaCl or ammonium succinate to the aged rats (daily for 6 days prior to the experiment) did not affect the hepatic energy metabolism. The effects of potassium succinate was essentially the same as that of the fasting. Any treatment of the aged rats did not increase the total content of adenine nucleotides in the livers. Possible mechanisms of disturbances in adenine nucleotide metabolism upon ageing are discussed. PMID- 7082696 TI - [Effect of small dispersed iron powder on the physico-chemical properties of mouse liver lipids]. AB - The changes in the number of natural antioxidants, antioxidative activity, lipid peroxidation products, composition and oxidizing capacity of mouse liver lipids induced by subcutaneous injection of small dispersed iron powder (2 mg/kg) were investigated. During the first 6 hours following the injection the number of natural antioxidants, the antioxidative activity and lipid-oxidizing capacity are decreased, while the number of lipid hydroperoxides is increased, i.e. Fe exerts prooxidant effects on the lipids. All the changes in the physico-chemical parameters of the lipids under study are phasic and time-consuming. A direct correlation between the changes in the oxidizing capacity of the lipids and the content of natural oxidants in the lipids induced by injections of small dispersed iron poweder was established. PMID- 7082697 TI - [Effect of adenalectomy on the initial stage of thrombin clearance in animals with depressed functioning of the anticoagulation system due to long-term maintenance on an atherogenic diet]. PMID- 7082698 TI - EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. AB - Psychiatric diagnoses have traditionally been made on the basis of clinical criteria, including current phenomenology and historical information. This traditional procedure presents several problems, including standardization of data gathering and interpretation. Biological criteria have been shown to be useful aids to diagnosis, but the same problems of standardization must be overcome. We present here the derivation of discriminant functions (DFs) using sleep EEG data to separate depressed from normal subjects. More important, we have cross-validated these DFs in a separate group of patients, using them to separate endogenous (ED) from nonendogenous depressed (ND) patients. ADF using the sleep variables REM latency and REM density can make this discrimination with sensitivity = 0.61 and specificity = 0.93. We also present our preliminary findings in support of the earlier conclusion that the sleep of unipolar ED patients is more disturbed than that of bipolar ED patients. PMID- 7082699 TI - Pituitary-adrenal disinhibition as the independent variable in the assessment of behavioral symptoms. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has proven to be of clinical utility in the diagnosticc assessment of patients with primary endogenous depressive illness. Studies comparing individuals who show suppression of plasma cortisol after dexamethasone with those showing nonsuppression have thus far been unable to elicit clinical variables that might differentiate the two groups. Some investigators have suggested as an alternative strategy the usage of the biological variable of interest as the independent rather than the dependent variable. In this study we compared the objective and subjective characteristics of 118 psychiatric inpatients who underwent the DST and were divided on the basis of their response into suppressor and nonsuppressor categories. In the first analysis the diagnostic classification of the patient was not considered. In a secondary analysis the clinical characteristics of only those patients with primary endogenous depression are examined. The data show that independent of diagnosis nonsuppressors are noted to have a greater incidence of subjective complaints. These differences between groups are no longer evident on discharge illustrating a significantly better prognosis for the nonsuppression group. PMID- 7082700 TI - Sleep EEG and dexamethasone suppression test findings in outpatients with unipolar major depressive disorders. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and sleep EEG were compared in three different descriptive diagnostic schemes in 70 adult patients with nonpsychotic, unipolar major depressive disorder according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Endogenous (E)/nonendogenous (NE), primary/secondary, and Winokur's family history subtypes were evaluated. The E/NE subclassification was best supported by both biological measures. The DST provided a highly specific (95%), relatively accurate measure (confidence interval of 87%), although its sensitivity was rather low (41%) in this largely outpatient sample. A REM latency of 62 min or less provided a more sensitive (66%) but less specific (79%) indicator of E depression. Stage 4 time and age may add to the information provided by REM latency alone in identifying E patients. PMID- 7082701 TI - Disruption of selective attention in the rat following chronic d-amphetamine administration: relationship to schizophrenic attention disorder. AB - In the blocking paradigm, prior training to one conditioned stimulus (CSA) blocks the ability to attend to a second conditioned stimulus (CSB) when the two form a compound (CSAB) in subsequent training. Blocking is an associative process by which animals learn to ignore CSB because it contains no new information regarding the reinforcing event. Experiment 1 showed that d-amphetamine disrupted rats' ability to ignore the irrelevant CSB: The animals responded equally to both elements of the CSAB compound following five dialy administrations of 4 mg/kg d amphetamine. In Experiment 2 the disruption of blocking by d-amphetamine was eliminated by concomitant administration of 0.02 mg/kg haloperidol. These results are consistent with previous research showing that d-amphetamine disrupts rats' ability to ignore repeated presentations of a single nonreinforced stimulus in the latent inhibition paradigm. The inability of amphetamine-treated animals to ignore one element of a dual-element compound bears some resemblance to selective attention deficits seen among schizophrenic patients. PMID- 7082703 TI - Soft signs of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia: an investigation of lateral performance. PMID- 7082702 TI - Unilateral Versus bilateral electroconvulsive shock in albino rats: comparison of behavioral symptomatology and neocortical reactivity changes. AB - Electrophysiological studies have shown asymmetric brain reactivity in schizophrenia, supporting the hypothesis of left hemisphere hyperarousal in this disease. It may be assumed, therefore, that neuroleptic treatment restores hemispheric balance in schizophrenic patients by selectively suppressing the hyperactive left hemisphere. This hypothesis was tested in the present study, which compared bilaterally recorded visual evoked potentials (VEP) in 9 nonmedicated patients and 29 schizophrenics treated with various neuroleptic drugs, as well as in 34 normal controls. In medicated patients later VEP components showed enhancement over the right hemisphere as a function of the overall dose (chlorpromazine equivalent) of neuroleptics. Reversed asymmetry was seen in drug-free patients. In view of this result, some amendments of the concept of left hemisphere hyperactivity in schizophrenia are proposed. PMID- 7082704 TI - Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase response to epinephrine injection in anxious patients and normals. PMID- 7082705 TI - Schizophrenia, psychoneurology, and tautology. PMID- 7082706 TI - DMPEA in schizophrenia. PMID- 7082707 TI - Stable isotopes of lithium: in vivo differential distribution between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Stable and radioactive isotopes of an element have been utilized to study a variety of complex phenomena including metabolic pathways and enzyme reactions. It is generally assumed that isotopes of an element are not treated in a differential manner. Nevertheless we have demonstrated that the two stable isotopes of lithium (Li), one of mass 6 and the other with a mass of 7, are differentially taken up by red blood cells with 6-8% higher quantities of 6 lithium (6Li) being accumulated. We report here on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of Li isotopes. Nineteen adult cats were given a single dose of either 6LiCl by gastric intubation (1 meq/kg) and 2 weeks later the treatment was crossed. Plasma concentrations of the two Li isotopes were determined. In another series of studies 19 adult cats were given either 6LiCl or 7LiCl by intubation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected simultaneously and isotropic Li concentrations of the spinal fluid and plasma were determined. The average plasma concentration of 6Li was higher than 7-lithium (7Li) between 2 and 9 hr postadministration. The elimination curve for both isotopes had an initial fast and later slow component. For the slow component 6Li had an average half life of 12.9 and 7Li 15.9 hr. Comparison of the CSF/plasma ratio for 6Li and for 7Li indicated that the ratios were higher for 6Li than 7Li 2-6 hr after administration. These data suggest that factors in addition to concentration gradients influence the transport of Li isotopes across the blood-brain barrier. These studies demonstrate the acute pharmacokinetics of the two Li isotopes are not the same in compartmental distribution and rate of disappearance from plasma. It is conceivable 6Li may have a greater toxic or therapeutic effect than 7Li in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. PMID- 7082708 TI - Behavioral alterations during prolonged low level continuous amphetamine administration in a monkey family group (Cercopithecus aethiops). AB - The continuous presence of endogenous psychotomimetic compounds has frequently been hypothesized in human psychopathology. In related drug-based animal models it would be necessary to demonstrate accumulating behavioral abnormalities despite a low constant drug-level. Using subcutaneously implanted slow-release capsules containing a d-amphetamine base, we studied behavioral effects during 11 weeks of low level but continuous release of this psychotomimetic drug in a socially housed family group of monkeys (drugged father and mother with undrugged infant). Following implantation, locomotion was only slightly affected throughout the drug period. Among visual behaviors, staring gradually increased and, after 5 7 weeks, peaked at a level ten-fold higher than pre-implant levels. Except for infant/female contact, social behaviors were decreased throughout the drug period. Sleep during nights declined by about one-third for the first 8 weeks. In vitro measurements of this capsule type confirmed amphetamine release at 1st-week levels for ca. 8 weeks. Low level prolonged amphetamine intoxication apparently can lead to increasing behavioral abnormalities despite relatively stable drug release levels. PMID- 7082709 TI - Lateral asymmetry in bodily response to hypnotic suggestions. AB - Individual hypnotic inductions were administered to 80 right handers and 6 nonright handers. Lateral asymmetry in bodily responsiveness to suggestions was assessed. Overall, right handers were more responsive on the left than right side of the body. There was also a significant interaction between sex and eye (sighting) dominance on asymmetry in body response. Nonright handers were more responsive on the right side of the body. The findings support the view that among right handers hypnosis is associated with relatively greater right hemispheric activation. The implications of the findings are discussed in regard to asymmetry in bodily manifestation of psychogenic disorders. PMID- 7082710 TI - Initial psychopathological alterations in Fahr's syndrome: a preliminary report. PMID- 7082711 TI - Serial dexamethasone suppression tests among rapidly cycling bipolar patients. PMID- 7082712 TI - REM latency and temperature in affective disorder before and after treatment. PMID- 7082713 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia with beta-phenylethylamine and benzylamine as substrates. PMID- 7082714 TI - Prolactin response in tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 7082715 TI - Rubidium uptake into red blood cells compared with that of lithium. PMID- 7082716 TI - Zinc, the brain and behavior. AB - The total content of zinc in the adult human body averages almost 2 g. This is approximately half the total iron content and 10 to 15 times the total body copper. In the brain, zinc is with iron, the most concentrated metal. The highest levels of zinc are found in the hippocampus in synaptic vesicles, boutons, and mossy fibers. Zinc is also found in large concentrations in the choroid layer of the retina which is an extension of the brain. Zinc plays an important role in axonal and synaptic transmission and is necessary for nucleic acid metabolism and brain tubulin growth and phosphorylation. Lack of zinc has been implicated in impaired DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during brain development. For these reasons, deficiency of zinc during pregnancy and lactation has been shown to be related to many congenital abnormalities of the nervous system in offspring. Furthermore, in children insufficient levels of zinc have been associated with lowered learning ability, apathy, lethargy, and mental retardation. Hyperactive children may be deficient in zinc and vitamin B-6 and have an excess of lead and copper. Alcoholism, schizophrenia, Wilson's disease, and Pick's disease are brain disorders dynamically related to zinc levels. Zinc has been employed with success to treat Wilson's disease, achrodermatitis enteropathica, and specific types of schizophrenia. PMID- 7082717 TI - Silastic implants of progesterone produce high circulating levels of both progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in ovariectomized, adrenalectomized rats. AB - Previous studies indicated that circulating 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (20 alpha-OH-P) in cyclic female rats derived from enzymatic conversion of progesterone in corpus luteum tissue (Hashimoto and Wiest, 1969). A possibility of extraovarian conversion of progesterone to 20 alpha-OH-P also was revealed by our recent finding that placement of Silastic implants of progesterone produced not only high plasma progesterone but also 20 alpha-OH-P in ovariectomized (OVX), previously pseudo-pregnant, rats (Gilman et al., 1981). This study was performed to measure the amounts of serum 20 alpha-OH-P and progesterone in intact or adrenalectomized (ADX), cyclic female rats and in OVX, ADX or OVX-ADX animals with or without progesterone implants. Twenty-four-hour patterns of serum progestins revealed that OVX rats exhibited low progesterone secretion (3-6 ng/ml) and undetectable levels of 20 alpha-OH-P in the absence of ovaries. In intact, cyclic females, circulating concentrations of 20 alpha-OH-P were 4- to 6 fold greater than those or progesterone. ADX resulted in a partial reduction of progesterone but not 20 alpha-OH-P in the circulation. Placement of 4 cm Silastic implants of progesterone produced high serum concentrations of both progesterone (29 +/- 4 ng/ml, mean +/- SEM) and 20 alpha-OH-P (27 +/- 1 ng/ml) in OVX and OVX ADX rats. These findings demonstrate that placement of progesterone implants into female rats produces high circulating concentrations of both progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P, and indicate that an extraovarian and extra-adrenal system(s) for progestin conversion is functioning under persistently high circulating progesterone conditions. By this system, large amounts of circulating progesterone are transformed into a less potent progestational compound, 20 alpha OH-P. PMID- 7082718 TI - A comparative study of the effects of the pineal gland on prolactin synthesis, storage and release in male and female blind-anosmic rats. AB - The effect of the pineal gland on Prl synthesis, storage and release were compared in male and female rats 8 weeks after prepubertal blinding and olfactory bulbectomy. Anterior pituitary weight was reduced in blind-anosmic female and male rats. This was correlated with a decreased pituitary DNA content in male blind-anosmic rats. Pinealectomy partially reversed these effects. Prl release, as assessed by monitoring serum Prl levels, was significantly reduced in both male and female blind-anosmic rats. Pinealectomy reversed the effect in females but not males. Prl storage was estimated by measuring the levels of Prl in the anterior pituitary in vivo. Pituitary Prl content was significantly decreased in both male and female blind-anosmic rats. Pinealectomy prevented this reduction in Prl storage. Finally, Prl synthesis was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [3H] leucine into Prl during 5 hours of pituitary incubation in vitro. Prl synthesis was decreased by 45% in blind-anosmic female rats and 34% in blind anosmic male rats. Once again these effects were due to the pineal because pinealectomy fully ameliorated the influences of blinding and olfactory bulbectomy on Prl synthesis. From these data we conclude that the pineal inhibits Prl synthesis, storage and release in both female and male blind-anosmic rats. PMID- 7082719 TI - Metabolism of round spermatids from rats: lactate as the preferred substrate. AB - Round spermatids were prepared from rat testes and incubated with various substrates (glucose, fructose, pyruvate, lactate and acetate) to measure utilization of substrates and production of ATP in the presence of saturating levels of each substrate. By both criteria lactate is the preferred substrate by a factor of 3 or 4. Production of more than half of the ATP with lactate is substrate is prevented by addition of an inhibitor of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid) Pyruvate and lactate are interconverted and pyruvate inhibits production of ATP from lactate. Synthesis of ATP with lactate and with pyruvate is inhibited by rotenone, rutamycin or 2,4 dinitrophenol. Utilization of glucose is limited by aldolase activity. These findings suggest that exogenous lactate is oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase followed by pyruvate dehydrogenase and Krebs; cycle enzymes under conditions which do not allow pyruvate to inhibit lactate dehydrogenase. ATP is synthesized through electron transport. Post-mitochondrial supernate from spermatids showed that high concentration of pyruvate (greater than 1 mM) inhibit lactate dehydrogenase with pyruvate as substrate and that with lactate as substrate, pyruvate behaves as a competitive inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase. Evidently lactate is the preferred substrate for round spermatids and energy production is most efficient when this substance is present in high concentrations and pyruvate is present in low concentrations. Reasons are given for suggesting that Sertoli cells may provide the relatively large amounts of lactate required by round spermatids. PMID- 7082720 TI - The study of ovulation in the isolated perfused rabbit ovary. 1. Methodology and pattern of steroidogenesis. AB - A previously described technique for perfusion of the isolated rabbit ovary in a recirculating system (Ahren et al., 1975) was modified for studies of preovulatory follicular development and ovulation. Follicular ruptures were induced either by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to the animal 5 6 h prior to perfusion or by adding luteinizing hormone (LH) directly to the medium during perfusion. Ovulation occurred 9-14 h after hCG injection in vivo and 7-13 h after the addition of LH in vitro. Ovulations did not occur unless the ovaries were stimulated by gonadotropin in vivo or in vitro. The patterns of release of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone into the medium are consistent with the measurements reported by others on these steroids in ovarian venous blood in vivo. This experimental model is likely to be useful in further exploration of the physiology, biochemistry and anatomy of ovulation. PMID- 7082722 TI - Studies on mechanisms of surface modifications in ram spermatozoa during the final stages of differentiation. PMID- 7082721 TI - The study of ovulation in the isolated perfused rabbit ovary. II. Photographic and cinematographic observation. AB - Using the model of in vitro perfusion of the isolated rabbit ovary, in which follicular ruptures can be observed, in this paper we report on the photographic and cinematographic recording of the gross anatomy of ovulation. The observed sequence of events and their timing were very similar to that which has been reported for ovulation observed in vivo. In addition, the use of infrared film made it possible to visualize intrafollicular events prior to rupture. PMID- 7082723 TI - Appearance of peculiar epithelial cells in the epididymal duct of the mouse ligated epididymis. AB - The mouse epididymis was ligated at the junction of the head and body at 20 to 30 days or 90 days of age, and examined by light and electron microscopy 30 days after ligation. In the normal mouse, the lumen of the duct in the corpus epididymidis was distended with abundant spermatozoa and PAS-positive material. In the epididymis ligated at 20 to 30 days, the duct of the corpus was decreased in diameter and contained no spermatozoa and little PAS-positive material in the lumen. Peculiar pale, vacuolated cells appeared scattered or clustered in the epithelium in this region. The cells often formed intercellular cysts. The vacuoles and intercellular cysts had long microvilli on their inner surface. In the epididymis ligated at 90 days, few or no pale cells were seen in the epithelium of the duct. These findings imply that the differentiation of the epithelial cells is dependent on the luminal contents of the epididymal duct. PMID- 7082724 TI - The uterine progestational response to cats: changes in morphology and progesterone receptors during chronic administration of progesterone to estradiol primed and nonprimed animals. PMID- 7082726 TI - Lectin binding of mouse blastocysts: appearance of Dolichos biflorus binding sites on the trophoblast during delayed implantation and their subsequent disappearance during implantation. AB - Mouse blastocysts were recovered from the uterus during experimental delay of implantation and following reactivation by estradiol and progesterone. The blastocysts were exposed to 7 different ferritin-conjugated lectins and then processed for electron microscopy. Binding of the lectins to the surface of the trophoblast was assessed by visualization of the ferritin particles using transmission electron microscopy. All lectins that have been previously shown to bind to trophoblast of predelay blastocysts also bound to blastocysts during delay and after reactivation from delay. The lectin from Dolichos biflorus (DBA), which does not bind to predelay blastocysts (Chavez and Enders, 1981) began to bind to blastocysts as early as 24 h after ovariectomy and bound consistently throughout the duration of delay (5 days). Between 18-22 h after the administration of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone for reactivation (given on the 5th day of delay, i.e., Day 10 postcoitus [p.c.]) DBA binding sites disappeared from the surface of the trophoblast as the blastocysts became adherent to the uterine epithelium. Binding of DBA to delayed blastocysts was inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine (NACGal) and also by treatment with N acetylgalactosaminidase prior to exposure to the lectin. This indicates that NAcGal becomes available for DBA binding during delayed implantation and is subsequently cleaved off the glycocalyx or masked by the acquisition of other molecules that prevent binding of DBA following reactivation and during subsequent implantation of the mouse blastocysts. Since DBA binding was observed before the blastocysts became completely dormant and also after they became metabolically reactivated, DBA binding is probably not directly related to the state of implantation delay. However, the abolition of DBA binding occurred coincident with the blastocyst's adherence to the uterine epithelium and may be associated with the acquisition of adhesiveness. PMID- 7082725 TI - Demonstration of production and isolation of three sulfated glycoproteins from the rabbit oviduct. AB - [35S] sulfate-labeled oviductal fluid and [35S] sulfate-labeled extracts of cultured oviductal epithelium were obtained from rabbit. Fractionations by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography indicated both of these sources contained 3 high molecular weight (greater than 200,00 daltons) sulfated mucoproteins, SDS electrophoresis indicated subunits of 71,000 daltons and 32,000 daltons, where only the 71,000 dalton component was sulfated. Ouchterlony analysis indicated complete homology between these oviductal components separated by DEAE chromatography and partial cross-reactivity with a component(s) present in blood plasma. This suggests that cross-reactivity with serum may have masked previous results where investigators were seeking oviduct-specific components, a problem which is overcome in these experiments by use of the oviductal epithelium incubations. PMID- 7082728 TI - Differences in the movement of morphologically normal and abnormal human seminal spermatozoa. AB - Movement characteristics of human spermatozoa in fresh semen from 7 fertile men were studied using high-speed cinemicrography. Parameters that measured sperm swimming speed, flagellar beat frequency, flagellar beat shape, and the straightness of the swimming trajectory were obtained from frame-by-frame analysis of the cine films. In addition, each spermatozoon sampled for movement was also classified as being morphologically normal or abnormal, the latter being subdivided into the categories amorphous head, amorphous midpiece, elongated tapering head, piriform tapering head, megalocephalic and microcephalic. The morphological classification procedure involved direct reference of the sperm image on the screen of the cine film analysis console to metric morphological standards. Statistical analysis of the data investigated whether spermatozoa of different morphological types, as well as from different men, exhibited similar or dissimilar movement characteristics. It was found that morphologically normal spermatozoa swam faster and straighter, and exhibited higher beat frequencies than did morphologically abnormal sperm. These distinctions were most pronounced for spermatozoa with elongated or piriform tapering heads or amorphous midpieces. PMID- 7082727 TI - Regulation of epididymal glutathione S-transferases: effects of orchidectomy and androgen replacement. AB - Glutathione S-transferases, a family of enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to a variety of substrates, are present in rat epididymis. In order to study the hormonal regulation of these enzymes in this tissue, adult rats were orchidectomized and implanted with empty or androgen-filled polydimethylsiloxane capsules. Orchidectomy alone significantly decreased caput-corpus epididymal glutathione S-transferase activity toward 2 substrates, 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene and trans-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, but had no effect on transferase activity toward the third substrate, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. In contrast to these results, orchidectomy did not alter glutathione S-transferase activity towards these substrates in the cauda epididymidis. Androgen replacement with testosterone prevented the orchidectomy-induced decrease in caput-corpus glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and trans-4 phenylbut-3-en-2-one and had no effect on transferase activity toward 1,2 dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. The effects of 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of testosterone were also studied. Both dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol maintained caput-corpus glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, although a lower dose of dihydrotestosterone was sufficient; these 1 androgens were unable to maintain activity toward trans-4 phenylbut-3-en-2-one and caused a suprastimulation of activity toward 1,2 dichloro-4-nitrobenzene above control values. The third 5 alpha-reduced androgen studied, 5 alpha-androstan-3 beta, 17 beta-diol had no effect on the transferase activity toward any of the 3 substrates. These results demonstrate that the epididymal glutathione S-transferases are under separate control and are differentially regulated by testosterone and its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites. PMID- 7082729 TI - Testosterone metabolism by proximal and distal regions of the vas deferens from immature and mature rats. AB - The vas deferens, an androgen-dependent organ, may have physical importance in sperm maturation, yet very little is known about its steroid capabilities. To explore the steroid metabolic activities and their possible changes during sexual maturation, a comparative study of [14C]testosterone metabolism by the proximal (VDP) and distal (VDD) segments of the vas deferens from immature and mature rats was carried out in vitro. Approximately 50 mg of the VDP and VDD portions of the vas deferens, devoid of spermatozoa, were incubated in duplicates for 3 h at 37 degrees C with [14C]testosterone (53.5 microCi/mmol) and the essential cofactors. After the addition of appropriate 3H-labeled recovery tracers to the incubates, the steroids were extracted, separated by paper and thin-layer chromatography and crystallized to constant 3H/14C ratio in 3 consecutive crystals. The results showed that all tissues metabolized [14C]testosterone into 4 major steroids: dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha-17 beta diol (5 alpha-3 alpha-diol), delta 4-androstenedione and androsterone. The metabolites accounted for approximately 16% and approximately 6% of the conversion products in the immature and mature vas deferens respectively. There was no significant difference in [14C]testosterone metabolism when VDP and VDD were compared within either age group of animals. However, the immature vas deferens was significantly more active compared to mature vas deferens in the synthesis of these metabolites, indicating that the activities of 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase diminish during sexual maturation. The possible physiological significance of these changes during maturation of the vas deferens is discussed. PMID- 7082730 TI - Role of the H-2 complex in preimplantation mouse embryo development. AB - The H-2 complex was found to influence early mouse embryo development. Slow development was shown to be associated with the H-2k haplotype. By the use of congenic strains, it was clearly demonstrated that gene(s) in the H-2 complex affect the time of the first cleavage division and the rate of subsequent preimplantation development PMID- 7082731 TI - Biology of the scrotum. I. Temperature and androgen as determinants of the sperm storage capacity of the rat cauda epididymidis. AB - The lower temperature of the scrotum is a major determinant of the sperm storage capacity of the rat cauda epididymidis. Abdominal temperature significantly reduced sperm numbers in the rat cauda at 2 days and further to 20-25% of the controls by 16 days, despite continuous replacement of spermatozoa from a normal scrotal testis. Ipsilateral castration, when spermatozoa are not replaced, made even more obvious the immediate suppressive effect of body temperature on the storage capacity of the cauda. Furthermore, chronic exposure of the pre- and postpubertal epididymis to body temperature throughout the final growth period severely limited development of the storage potential of the cauda to about one fifth of that reached in the scrotum. Histological sections indicate this reduction is due to a diminution in the diameter and possibly also length of the duct. Though temperature appears relatively the more influential, the retention of spermatozoa in a viable state of the cauda is compromised also by androgen withdrawal. Together, however, the low temperature of the scrotal location and testicular androgen act in a synergistic manner to optimize the storage capacity of the cauda epididymidis, as well as the viability of the spermatozoa there. Ligation experiments indicate that the rapid disappearance of spermatozoa following androgen withdrawal or imposition of body temperature results from their accelerated passage into the vas deferens and beyond. PMID- 7082732 TI - Biology of the scrotum. II. Suppression by abdominal temperature of transepithelial ion and water transport in the cauda epididymidis. AB - Spermatozoa of scrotal mammals will mature in, but cannot be stored at abdominal temperatures in the epididymis reflected to the abdomen. Whether the failure of sperm storage at abdominal temperatures reflects a temperature sensitivity of the caudal epithelium, or of the spermatozoa, is unknown. Microperfusion of the lumen of the cauda epididymis revealed that abdominal temperature soon brings a significant change in the transepithelial transport of water, Na+, K+ and Cl-, and in the Na+ and K+ levels in the luminal fluids in the cauda. Thus, the cauda epididymis, as well as the testis, behaves as a temperature-dependent organ. PMID- 7082733 TI - Biology of the scrotum. III. Effects of abdominal temperature upon the epithelial cells of the rat cauda epididymidis. PMID- 7082734 TI - Effect of porcine relaxin on cervical dilatation, pelvic area and parturition in beef heifers. AB - Purified porcine relaxin (3,000 U/mg) was administered either into the cervical os or by intra-muscular injection to crossbred beef heifers beginning 4 days before expected parturition, in an attempt to elucidate the physiological roles of relaxin in cervical dilatation, the pelvic area, and parturition. Relaxin (3,000 U in a gel vehicle), when administered into the cervical os during late pregnancy, induced significant dilatation of the cervix 8 and 16 h later, as compared to vehicle-treated controls. This induced cervical dilatation did not cause premature parturition in relaxin-treated heifers and was similar to controls. Exogenous relaxin during late gestation elicited an increased growth rate of the pelvic area, as determined by sequential measurements of height and width of the pelvic canal. These results indicate that, before parturition, pelvic width increased more rapidly than pelvic height and that exogenous relaxin elicited a greater response in both parameters. Highly significant nocturnal elevations in concentrations of progesterone in peripheral blood serum occurred in vehicle-treated control heifers during late pregnancy. These nocturnal elevations in serum levels of progesterone were significantly reduced after 8 and 16 h of relaxin treatment in experimental animals as compared to control heifers. The mechanisms by which porcine relaxin reduces ovarian progesterone secretion in beef heifers remain undefined. PMID- 7082735 TI - Tensile creep of dental amalgam. AB - Rather than the usual compressive dental creep, various types of one week old dental amalgams were continuously monitored in tensile creep. Testing was done at 37, 45 and 50 degrees C, in a specially designed apparatus capable of 0 to 60 degrees C while maintaining a constant true tensile stress of 17 MPa. For the first time, the classical four stages of creep were observed at elevated temperatures in the low Cu amalgams, including creep rupture. The high Cu systems displayed only transient creep up to 50 degrees C and no rupture. Approximately one half the stress was needed in tension to provide the equivalent creep in compression. PMID- 7082736 TI - Lysozyme degradation of partially deacetylated chitin, its films and hydrogels. AB - Chitin is a linear, beta (1 leads to 4) linked polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that is insoluble in water and most ordinary solvents. Partial deacetylation of chitin increases the hydrophilicity and renders it soluble in dilute acidic solutions. Like chitin, partially deacetylated chitin is a substrate for lysozyme digestion. Kinetic studies of the degradation reaction show that the hydrolysis of partially deacetylated chitin by lysozyme follows typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km value of 45 micrograms/ml and a Vmax value of 0.083 x 10(-3) g/l/min. Dilute acidic solutions of partially deacetylated chitin can be cast to form tough, flexible, water insoluble films or crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form hydrogels. Both of these materials are degraded by lysozyme. PMID- 7082737 TI - Preparation and some properties of sintered beta-whitlockite. PMID- 7082738 TI - The processing of hydroxyapatite-based rolled sections. PMID- 7082739 TI - On the evaluation of medical plastics in contact with blood. PMID- 7082741 TI - The repair of osteochondral defects in osteoarthritic rabbit knees by the use of carbon fibre. AB - Implants of carbon fibres and carbon fibre patches were tested for their biocompatibility in osteochondral defects in rabbits with instability induced knee osteoarthrosis. The resulting repairs were compared to control holes in which no implant was inserted. There was no apparent biodegradation when fibre bundles were implanted for periods from 2 to 18 weeks, and the carbon fibre patches appeared to induce the gross appearance of a restored joint surface, mechanically strong to loading for periods from 2 to 26 weeks. Also carbon fibre in the form of a patch promoted the healing of the osteochondral defects in osteoarthritic femora with well organised fibrous tissue over repaired subchondral bone. The use of these carbon-fibre patches is suggested as an implant material for the restoration of articular surfaces in osteoarthritis. PMID- 7082740 TI - Synthesis of a heparinized poly(organophosphazene). AB - The synthesis of a new potential anti-thrombogenic polymer is described. Limited halogenation of an aryloxy-substituted polyphosphazene, followed by quaternization with triethylamine yielded a polymer capable of forming polyelectrolyte complexes with sodium heparin. The results of preliminary clotting tests with bovine blood are presented. PMID- 7082742 TI - Measurement of strain rate behaviour in complete mandibular dentures. AB - A major cause of fracture in complete lower dentures is due to the denture falling onto a hard floor. Impact failure has never been investigated in complete dentures and in a material which is strain rate dependent, a knowledge of the maximum strain and strain rate at failure is essential if laboratory tests are to evaluate materials in a realistic manner. The work described includes brittle lacquer studies to establish the strain pattern which occurs when a denture is dropped from a height of 1 metre. This was used to orientate strain gauges and experimental dentures were then hit by a specially constructed ram driven at known velocities by a spring, whilst the strain was recorded on a storage oscilloscope. Photographs of the stored wave form were then used to establish the results at ram velocities equal to that of a denture falling 1 metre. Maximum strains were achieved of 11 x 10(3) microstrain and strain rates of 1.04 x 10(3) microstrain/ms. Laboratory impact machines for testing denture materials should therefore be designed to achieve these figures. PMID- 7082745 TI - [Hospital-based medical engineering service as an instrument for reducing hospital costs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082743 TI - Stress relaxation and creep behaviour of normal and carbon fibre reinforced acrylic bone cement. AB - Room temperature compression creep and stress relaxation behaviour of normal as well as carbon fibre reinforced bone cement was studied and their properties compared. It was observed that increased deformation due to creep in 24 h was about 70% of the initial strain (due to applied constant stress fo 10.5 MN/m2) for normal PMMA and this could be reduced to 45% of the initial strain by carbon fibre reinforcement. Surgical grade PMMA, when subjected to 1% constant strain, showed an average stress-relaxation by 24% in eight hours. Percentage of stress relaxation was somewhat more for carbon fibre reinforced bone cement even though the level of stress was much higher compared to normal PMMA. PMID- 7082744 TI - p-Amino salicylic acid - oxidized cellulose system: a model for long term drug delivery. AB - The mobilization of p-amino salicylic acid (PASA) on periodic oxidized cellulose (O.C) as a biocompatible carrier was investigated. The immobilization of the PASA is based on Schiff's base formation between the amino group of PASA and the aldehyde group of O.C. The in vivo and in vitro release of p-amino salicylic acid was studied. Such a system may be useful for the sustained delivery of the drugs in the body, since O.C. itself is a biosoluble carrier. PMID- 7082746 TI - ["Technisches Krankenhausservice-Zentrum Berlin (TKB)": Experiences and first results concerning the step-by-step development of an multi-hospital organization (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082748 TI - [Instrument for the simultaneous measurement of version, convergence and pupil diameter (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082747 TI - [A report on a visit to hospitals with service centers in North America (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082749 TI - [A new respiratory signal device (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082750 TI - Analysis of electromagnetic wave induced thermal stresses in the corneal region of the eye. PMID- 7082751 TI - [Finite element computer simulation of pulsatile flow in an arterial bifurcation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082752 TI - [Calibration device for bicycle ergometers (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082753 TI - [The assessment of whole-body vibrations (oscillations) with respect to their effect on seated or standing subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7082754 TI - Statistical methods in ophthalmology: an adjustment for the intraclass correlation between eyes. AB - For the cases of normally- and binomially-distributed outcome variables, methods are presented for analyzing ophthalmologic data to which a person may have contributed two eyes worth of information, the values from the two eyes being highly correlated. A frequently-used method of analysis, where each eye is treated as an independent random variable, is shown to be invalid in the presence of intraclass correlation: it yields true p-values two to six times as large as nominal p-values when realistic assumptions are made about the degree of correlation between eyes. These results may be applicable to other medical specialties, such as otolaryngology, where highly-correlated replicate observations are obtained from individuals. PMID- 7082755 TI - Household and community transmission parameters from final distributions of infections in households. AB - A model is devised for the distribution of the total number of cases in households from a homogeneous community. In the model, community-acquired infection serves as a source of initial infection within households as well as of possible further cases. In addition, infected household members can infect others in the household. Maximum likelihood procedures for the model parameters are given. The model is fitted to symptom data on influenza and the common cold. Influenza seems to spread more easily in the community than within the household, while the opposite may be the case for the common cold. The model, which does not require specification of the time of onset of infection for individuals, can be fitted to serological data; this would provide a more accurate measure of household infection than the symptom data used. PMID- 7082756 TI - One-sample multiple testing procedure for phase II clinical trials. AB - Commonly, the central objective of Phase II clinical trials is the assessment of the antitumor 'therapeutic efficacy' of a specific treatment regimen. It is of interest to formulate test procedures which can be employed in these trials to decide whether or not this therapeutic efficacy warrants further investigation. For ethical reasons, these procedures should allow for early termination if initial results are extreme. In this paper, a one-sample multiple testing procedure is proposed which employs the standard single-stage test procedure at the last test, and which both allows for early termination and essentially preserves the size, power and simplicity of the single-stage procedure. PMID- 7082757 TI - Interim analyses for randomized clinical trials: the group sequential approach. AB - For many clinical trials interim analyses are undertaken periodically, one purpose being to determine whether to stop the trial early because of a substantial treatment difference. There exist group sequential designs for such trials, on simple approach being to decide in advance on a maximum number of analyses and then to apply repeated significance tests to the accumulating data. To allow for repeated testing one uses a more stringent (nominal) significance level as a stopping rule. Power calculations based on results for normal group sequential designs obtained by numerical integration, enable one to determine the number of patients to be evaluated between analyses. There appears to be little advantage in analysing trial data on more than five occasions unless one anticipates the possibility of an extremely large treatment difference. As an alternative to having a constant nominal significance level throughout a trial, one could have more stringent significance levels at early stages and less stringent levels at the last one or two analyses. For a trial of adequate overall size and power there appears to be no statistical advantage to be gained from this approach. PMID- 7082758 TI - Nomograms for calculating the number of patients needed for a clinical trial with survival as an endpoint. AB - This paper presents nomograms for calculating the sample size for a clinical trial with survival as an endpoint. The nomograms are valid when survival is exponential and patients enter the study uniformly. PMID- 7082760 TI - A simplified test for the independence of the joint action of two drugs. PMID- 7082759 TI - Comparison of two longitudinal growth models for preschool children. AB - Two models for growth in length and weight early childhood are compared for goodness of fit and other qualities. One model is linear in its parameters, while the second is nonlinear. Both models are fitted to the data for length and weight of each child in a large sample which has fairly complete and reliable records of measurements. The results are used to study issues such as model reliability, efficiency and precision, overall and age-specific goodness of fit, and adequacy of assumptions. PMID- 7082761 TI - Withdrawals from drug trials. PMID- 7082762 TI - Nonparametric joint estimators for disease resistance and survival functions in survival/sacrifice experiments. AB - The nonparametric estimators proposed in this paper simultaneously estimate the disease resistance function, S(t), for the distribution of time to occurrence of disease, and the survival function, P(t), for the distribution of time to death caused by the disease. The estimators are applicable to animal survival data when the disease of interest is irreversible and the cause of death of each animal can be determined. Diseases need not be classified as universally lethal or universally nonlethal, and time to occurrence of the disease of interest need not be observable directly. It is shown that the proposed estimators are maximum likelihood estimators under the condition that S(t)/P(t) is monotonically decreasing. Application of the derived estimators is illustrated with experimental survival/sacrifice data, and results of a simulation study of the estimators' performance are reported. PMID- 7082764 TI - NMR relaxation in DNA. I. The contribution of torsional deformation modes of the elastic filament. PMID- 7082763 TI - Semiflexibility of collagens in solution. PMID- 7082765 TI - Simulations of the solvent structure for macromolecules. III. Determination of the Na+ counter ion structure. PMID- 7082766 TI - Influence of hemin on the conformation of cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides of apomyoglobin. PMID- 7082767 TI - Calculated compression, bending, shearing, torsion, and base-tilting force constants of B- and A-form poly(dG).poly(dC). PMID- 7082768 TI - Influence of surfactants on the conformation of beta-lactoglobulin B using circular dichroism. PMID- 7082769 TI - Fluoroquinacrine binding to nucleic acids: investigation of the 19F-NMR, optical, and fluorescence properties in the presence of DNA, poly(A), and tRNA. PMID- 7082770 TI - Flow birefringence of T7 phage DNA: dependence on salt concentration. PMID- 7082771 TI - Variations in collagen fibril structure in tendons. PMID- 7082772 TI - Cooperative binding of n-mers with steric hindrance to finite and infinite one dimensional lattices. PMID- 7082773 TI - Why does the electrophoretic mobility of DNA in gels vary with the length of the molecule? PMID- 7082774 TI - HPLC determination of benzthiazide in biologic material. AB - An assay was developed for benzthiazide in plasma, urine and feces, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A reverse-phase column was employed, with quantitation af 280 nm, using polythiazide as an internal standard. In three of four human subjects who received a 50 mg benzthiazide tablet the plasma concentrations were below the 10 ng ml-1 sensitivity limit of the assay, and the urinary recovery averaged less than one per cent of the dose. One subject received a 50 mg dose as both a tablet and a solution; the urinary recoveries for these two doses were 1.7 and 10.4 per cent, respectively. Fecal samples, obtained from two subjects who received 50 mg tablets, were estimated to contain approximately 80 per cent of the administered dose. PMID- 7082775 TI - Quantitation of iprindole in plasma by GLC. AB - A specific, sensitive, rapid, and reproducible method for iprindole in human plasma was developed using gas chromatography with trimipramine as internal standard. The sensitivity of the method is of 5 ng ml-1 and a linearity was obtained for concentrations ranging from 12.5 ng ml-1 to 100 ng ml-1 with a regression coefficient of 0.9872. The plasma levels of iprindole were determined in five healthy volunteers following the administration of a single oral dose of 60 mg and in four patients admitted for endogenous depression after a 3-week administration of 90 mg d-1. Following a single oral dose to healthy volunteers, the maximum concentrations occurred between 2 and 4 h after administration of the drug and the mean half-life value was 52.5 h. In patients the steady-state concentrations of iprindole ranged between 18 and 77 ng ml-1. PMID- 7082776 TI - Evidence for route dependent biotransformation of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride. AB - Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride was administered to healthy volunteers as a 10 mg oral tablet, 10 mg and 20 mg intramuscular injections, and a 10 mg intravenous injection. Urinary excretion and plasma level data for cyclobenzaprine together provide evidence for route dependent biotransformation. Urinary excretion of total cyclobenzaprine (unchanged plus the glucuronide conjugate) was greater for the oral treatment than for the parenteral treatments (i.m. and i.v.). Area under the plasma concentration-time curve for unchanged cyclobenzaprine, however, was less for the oral treatment than for the parenteral treatments. Based on area calculations, the bioavailability of the 10 mg oral tablet, 10 mg i.m. and 20 mg i.m. injection was 0.33, 0.76, and 0.56, respectively, when compared to the 10 mg i.v. injection of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride. The four treatments were well tolerated and no clinically adverse effects were observed. PMID- 7082777 TI - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-carprofen in man. AB - Three healthy male subjects received single 100 mg oral doses of carprofen containing 20 microCi of 14C-carprofen. Venous blood samples were drawn during the first 48 h after the dose and urine and faeces were collected for 120 h. Concentrations of carprofen and its metabolites in body fluids were determined by TLC and mass spectral analysis. After a lag time of 0.3 +/- 0.1 h (mean +/- S.D.), carprofen was absorbed rapidly and peak concentrations in the plasma were reached in 2.7 +/- 1.3 h. The 14C plasma concentrations declined in a biphasic fashion. The mean half-lives of the initial (alpha) and terminal (beta) phases were 1.1 h and 20.6 +/- 6.1 h, respectively. Biotransformation to a glucuronide metabolite appeared to be the major mechanism of carprofen clearance. In 48 h 74.0 per cent of administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and 14.1 per cent was recovered in faeces. A glucuronide of carprofen comprised 85.0 per cent of the radiolabelled compounds in urine. The remaining radioactivity was comprised of parent drug (12.0 per cent) and un unidentified acid-labile conjugate of the parent drug (3.0 per cent). This pattern of metabolism and excretion is different from that in the dog and rat and may explain species differences in drug activity and toxicity. PMID- 7082778 TI - Antipyrine clearance, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in patients with amoebic liver abscess. AB - Three indices of drug metabolism, antipyrine clearance in vivo, and aminopyrine N demethylase and bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in liver biopsies, were studied in fifteen patients with amoebic liver abscess (with and without jaundice). The mean (+/- S.E.) antipyrine half-life in patients with jaundice was 21.64 (+/- 1.52) h and in patients without jaundice was 19.36 (+/- 0.93) h. It was significantly prolonged in both groups of patients as compared to controls (11.63 +/- 0.86 h). It showed a good correlation with serum albumin (p less than 0.01), prothrombin time index (p less than 0.01), and aminopyrine N-demethylase (p less than 0.05). Aminopyrine N-demethylase was found to be decreased in patients without jaundice but no significant change could be observed in patients with jaundice. Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase showed no significant change in either of the groups. PMID- 7082779 TI - Biopharmaceutical characteristics of a new propranolol/hydrochlorothiazide tablet combination. AB - Experiments have been carried out in dogs and man to determine the effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol and to evaluate the bioavailability of two dosage forms containing both propranolol and HCT (40/25 and 80/25 mg, respectively). In adult male beagles, 50 mg of HCT had no apparent effect on AUC, Cmax, Tmax, and T1/2 of propranolol administered concurrently. In man, INDERIDE (40/25 mg) and INDERIDE (80/25 mg) were shown to be similar in bioavailability to the reference formulations, i.e. the same amount of drugs administered as the separate tablets of INDERAL plus HYDRODIURIL. PMID- 7082780 TI - Bioavailability of phenylbutazone from a new enteric-coated formulation with superior dissolution characteristics. AB - The bioavailability of an improved formulation of enteric-coated phenylbutazone with faster dissolution, more consistent in vitro rate of drug release and improved stability was compared in 8 normal subjects at doses of 100 and 200 mg with commercially available Butacote. Phenylbutazone was more rapidly absorbed from the new formulation and higher plasma concentrations were achieved at shorter intervals after dosing. Drug elimination rate was unaffected by reformulation and despite faster absorption the total amounts of drug reaching the circulation from the new and commercial products were similar. It was concluded that replacing Butacote by the new formulation would provide the same therapeutic benefit. PMID- 7082781 TI - Relative bioavailability of acetazolamide tablets. AB - Plasma acetazolamide concentrations were determined enzymatically after administration of three tablet dosage forms and a reference solution to 12 human subjects in a crossover study. Two of the tablet products represented different lots from the same manufacturer. There were no significant differences in area under the plasma level-time curves among the four treatments. However, significant differences were found among tablets in terms of peak plasma concentration and time to reach peak concentration. These apparent differences in rate of absorption were correlated with in vitro dissolution data obtained in pH 1.5 dissolution medium. PMID- 7082782 TI - Comparison of gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity in patients receiving individualized-pharmacokinetic dosing regimens. AB - The incidence of nephrotoxicity has been studied in 175 patients who received either gentamicin or tobramycin. All patients received individualized dosing regimens of the drugs based on pharmacokinetic parameters measured after the initial dose. Subsequent doses were calculated from the pharmacokinetic data to produce peak aminoglycoside levels of between 6 and 8 micrograms ml-1 and trough levels that were below 2 micrograms ml-1. Renal toxicity was defined as a 30 per cent or greater increase in the serum creatinine level above the baseline value. Five of the 125 patients (4 per cent) who received gentamicin, and 1 of the 39 patients (2.6 per cent) who received tobramycin developed signs of nephrotoxicity. This difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 7082783 TI - Natural self-organization of polynucleotides and polypeptides in protobiogenesis: appearance of a protohypercycle. AB - Basic thermal polyamino acids or proteinoids have been reported to be catalytic for both self-instructing polymerization of amino acids and internucleotide synthesis. We show theoretically that a complex suspension of thermal proteinoids, free amino acids, nucleotides and ATP as an energy source can exhibit an evolutionary character. The suspension can produce a prototype of Eigen's hypercycle, or protohypercycle, for which translation proceeds from amino acid to nucleotide. The protohypercycle is suggested to be an evolutionary precursor of the hypercycle, in which translation is from nucleotide to amino acid. The possibility that the Fox-Nakashima microsphere containing both lysine rich and acidic proteinoids may work as a model of a protohypercycle is considered. PMID- 7082784 TI - Flux regulation in glycogen-induced oscillatory glycolysis in cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. AB - To localise the controlling point of the glycolytic system, the temporal changes in concentrations of glycolytic intermediates have been analysed after addition of glycogen to a substrate-depleted yeast extract. Three sequential metabolic states are clearly observable: a transition state at which there is continuous accumulation of the intermediates before the glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) step; a stationary state with all glycolytic intermediates having concentrations oscillating at nearly stationary mean values; and a depletion state at which the intermediates before the GAPDH step are being depleted due to the exhaustion of glycogen. In all these states, the mean ethanol production rate and the concentration of ATP and the intermediates beyond the GAPDH-step are maintained fairly constant, while the glycogen consumption rate and intermediate concentrations of the upper part of the glycolytic system changes considerably: the glycogen consumption rate varies 4-fold and fructose bis-phosphate concentration more than 10-fold. Doubling of the initial glycogen concentration and the addition of a great excess of fructose-bis-phosphate do not affect the ethanol production rate and the mean glycerate-3-phosphate (3-PGA) and pyruvate levels. By contrast, ethanol production was accelerated by an increase of the net ATP consumption rate resulting from either the addition of apyrase or by substitution of trehalose for glycogen. Neither the mean absolute ATP level nor the adenylate energy charge were measurably affected, however, all this data can be interpreted in terms of a very strong stoichiometric regulation and stabilization of the lower part of the glycolytic system. PMID- 7082786 TI - On the formation of unique dissipative structures. AB - We consider a simple model for the formation of dissipative structures. In general there exists a multitude of stable final states. We show, however, that when the diffusion constant increases during the development of the system, a stationary state is reached which does not depend on the choice of initial conditions. We also show that a uniquely defined final state builds up when the system is initially strongly excited on one side. PMID- 7082785 TI - Reiteration frequency of procollagen genes in the guinea pig genome. Collagen genes are not amplified during granuloma fibroblasts differentiation. AB - Procollagen mRNA was purified from collagen synthesizing polysomes obtained from an experimental guinea pig granuloma, and iodinated in vitro. The procollagen 125I-labelled mRNA was hibridized with granuloma and liver guinea pig DNA in vast DNA excess conditions. A Cot 1/2 800-900 mol . s . 1-1 for both tissues was obtained from the hybridization curves. With these results, we could suggest the existence of 11-13 procollagen genes per haploid genome. By the analysis of the hybridization data it was possible to infer that there is no genomic amplification in tissues highly specialized in the synthesis of collagen such as granuloma. PMID- 7082787 TI - Natural selection and the evolution of neutralism. AB - The efficiency of evolutionary search increases as the density of acceptable proteins in a protein space increases. Populations caught in regions whose density is too low to support evolution can be pulled into high density regions by hitchhiking selection. As they move into such regions, the action of natural selection becomes more effective, yet these populations will satisfy conditions which lead to predictions made by neutral, so-called non-Darwinian models. PMID- 7082788 TI - [Chemiluminescence of apo-B-lipoproteins in experimental hypercholesterolemia of rabbits]. AB - The rabbits fed cholesterol show significant changes in lipid metabolism and develop hypercholesterolemia that indicate that development of experimental atherosclerosis in the animals. At the same time there is an increase in the chemiluminescence intensity of apo-B-containing lipoproteins in the presence of divalent iron, reflecting the enhancement of lipid peroxidation in apo-B containing lipoproteins of rabbit blood serum. The increased chemiluminescence of apo-B-containing lipoproteins within the early stages of experimental atherosclerosis can be used for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis on an experimental and clinical basis. PMID- 7082789 TI - [Dynamics of the morphological changes in a burn wound during treatment in a controlled abacterial environment]. AB - Histological and histochemical research methods were used to examine the healing of burn wounds treated under bandage and in monitored abacterial environment (open type treatment). Biopsies of burn wounds were investigated in 40 patients. It was shown that upon the treatment in abacterial environment the wound heal 10 12 days more rapidly as compared to those treated under bandage. Upon open type treatment there was an early appearance of fine granulations with marked macrophagal and fibroblast reactions, whereas under bandage there formed edematic granulations with high content of lymphoid and plasma cells. PMID- 7082790 TI - [Ultracytochemical changes in the brain and liver in exposure to low-intensity nonionizing microwave radiation]. AB - The morphological (including electron microscopy, histochemistry, morphometry) and biochemical methods were used in experiments on 478 white rats to determine the content of glycogen, tigroid substance, RNA, DNA and activity of the enzymes (SDH, MDH, LDH, G-6-PDH, phosphorylase) in intact animals after and during exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation (NMR), 30 and 60 days after the rehabilitation period, as well as after physiological exposures (hypoxia and NMR of higher intensity). It was disclosed that repeated exposure to little doses of NMR alters the structural and functional bases of the mechanisms that regulate cell metabolism, produces conformational changes in the chemical substances and thus exerts a damaging action on the delicate cell structures; redistributes the action on the pathways of energy formation at the expense of compensatory protein synthesis and the increase enzymatic systems; increases the resistance to hypoxia and action of NMR of higher intensities. PMID- 7082791 TI - [Autoradiographic and electron microscopic studies of the effect of Soviet dressing materials on experimental wound healing]. AB - Autoradiography and scanning electron microscopy were-used to assess new Soviet dressing materials in experiments on rats. It was shown that the two-layer nonwoven atraumatic material, caproic gauze, a modified surface active agent and kombutek-11 exert favourable effects on the regenerative processes in the wounds and promote more rapid wound healing as compared with a conventional cotton-gauze bandage. It is advisable to devise dressing materials possessing wound-healing action similar to kombutek-11. PMID- 7082792 TI - [Long-term cultivation of organotypic aggregates obtained from dissociated embryonic mouse lungs]. PMID- 7082793 TI - [Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in cell proliferation of the corneal epithelium of rats after submandibular gland injury]. AB - A study was made of the effect of cholinergic nerves on proliferation of epithelial cells of the cornea. Two series of experiments on 89 anesthetized Wistar rats were made to define that the blockade of the cholinergic neurons with botulinum toxin and that of tissue M-cholinoreceptors with atropine increased the mitotic index. Upon formation of humoral growth stimulators during submaxillary gland injury (SGI), the stimulating effect of atropine was further potentiated. At the same time stimulation of M-cholinoreceptors with pilocarpine lowered the magnitude of the mitotic index of the cornea cells. During SGI injury administration of pilocarpine noticeably decreased the proliferation rate. Thus the stimulation of cholinergic innervation inhibited the rate of tissue proliferation. It is suggested that during operations on the internal organs and vegetative dystonia the proliferation pattern of the cornea cell might vary which should be taken into consideration in experimental and clinical studies. PMID- 7082794 TI - [Lipoprotein metabolic characteristics in the liver and intestinal wall of rabbits after a single exposure to sunflower oil and cholesterol]. AB - Lipoprotein metabolism in the rabbit liver and intestinal wall was studied by an alimentary action on the cholesterol blood content. The data obtained indicated that the diet including cholesterol intensifies the release of chylomicrons into the lymph of the intestinal lymphatic trunk. Single addition of sunflower-seed oil to the diet leads to the increased deposition of high, low and very low density lipoproteins in the intestinal wall. Upon adding cholesterol to the rabbit diet the retention of low and very low density lipids in the intestine is followed by the increased release of high density lipoproteins into the blood of the portal vein. Single addition of sunflower-seed oil stimulates the synthesis of high density lipoproteins by the rabbit liver. PMID- 7082796 TI - [Glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase from human muscles in arteriosclerosis]. AB - Glyceroaldehyde phosphatedehydrogenase was isolated from human skeletal muscles on autopsy in health and atherosclerosis and crystallized. The enzyme is electrophoretically homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel. Specific activity of glyceroaldehyde phosphatedehydrogenase constitutes 4.8 +/- 0.2 and 2.7 +/- 0.2 mumol NADN/mg. min. in health and atherosclerosis, respectively. Some features of the enzymes in atherosclerosis were revealed both during its isolation and study into physicochemical characteristics (thermolability, optimum pH, etc). PMID- 7082795 TI - [Seasonal characteristics of the action of morphine and naloxone on the dopamine response of Helix neurons]. AB - Morphine (1 X 10(-5) M) depresses the dopamine responses of Helix neurons in the summer-autumn period. The depolarizing responses are depressed more powerfully than the hyperpolarizing ones. Naloxone (1 X 10(-5) M) has no effect on the dopamine responses but antagonizes the effect of morphine. In the winter-spring period, the morphine effects are less potent (P less than 0.02), while naloxone depresses the dopamine responses. The results show the plasticity of the opiate neurotransmitter system and relationship of the latter with the functional status of the body (hibernation, activity). PMID- 7082797 TI - [Dynamics of the change in the prostaglandin content of brain tissue in upper cervical sympathectomy and circulatory hypoxia]. AB - A study was made of the effect of cervical sympathectomy (SE) on the time course in the content of prostaglandins (PG) (E + A) and F2 alpha under normoxia and circulatory hypoxia. The sympathectomized rats manifested a biphasic change in the content of PG (E + A). The content of PG (E + A) rose by days 1 and 7. It returned to normal by day 14 and increased again by day 40 after SE. The content of PG F2 alpha drastically increased 7 days after SE and then returned to normal. Brain ischemia induced by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries led to an increase in the content of PG (E + A) and in that of PGF2 alpha, in particular. Preliminary SE resulted in the absence of differences in the content of PG (E + A) caused by brain ischemia. It is assumed that PGF2 is largely implicated in the regulation of the tone of the bran vessels and in the regulation of metabolism during ischemia with disordered sympathetic control. PMID- 7082798 TI - [Lipid peroxidation in the tissues of rats of different ages normally and during fasting]. AB - Experiments on male rats aged 4-6 and 24-26 months have shown that the concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) increases with aging. Forty-eight-hour fasting lowers the MDA content in all the samples examined (blood serum, liver, adipose tissue) of old rats. No changes have been found in young rats. It is suggested that retardation of lipid peroxidation caused by fasting might be associated with antioxidative system activation. PMID- 7082799 TI - [Experimental study of the function and enzyme organization of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in peroral nitrosodimethylamine exposure]. AB - The authors review the results of biochemical and cytological study of the function and enzymic structure of lung alveolar macrophages in the early stages of the development of the chemical carcinogen nitrosodimethylamine administered per os. The evidence obtained has shown that in the course of biological action of nitrosodimethylamine one can observe functional abnormalities of lung alveolar macrophages, accompanied by destabilization of the cell membrane and membranes of the subcellular organelles. This apparently reflects the manifestation of unfavourable action of the chemical carcinogen. PMID- 7082800 TI - [Effect of protein on the induction and renewal of a cytochrome P-450 complex in the rat liver]. AB - It was disclosed that the effect on the content of cytochrome P450 and renewal of the protein portion of the cytochrome P450 complex in rat liver microsomes is determined by the protein amount in the diet. Protein deficiency in the diet leads to the reduced rate of protein fraction renewal in the cytochrome P450 complex. The degree of cytochrome P450 induction with phenobarbital was found to be dependent on the diet. In the animals fed low-protein diet (4.5%), the degree of cytochrome P450 induction was decreased which was likely to be a consequence of the increased semi-renewal period. PMID- 7082801 TI - [Action of a high-molecular toxin from burned skin on the hepatocyte lysosomal apparatus]. AB - Experiments on rats were made to study the action of toxic glycoprotein isolated from burn skin on the lysosomal apparatus of hepatocytes and morphological structure of the liver. It was shown that 2-2.5 h after intraperitoneal injection to normal rats of toxic preparations of varying purity, the animals developed morphological alterations similar to those seen in the liver of the burn animals. At the same time there was an appreciable increase in the percentage of unsedimentable activity of catepsine D of the total one, thereby indicating the toxin-induced injury to the lysosomal apparatus of hepatocytes. PMID- 7082802 TI - [Effect of stimulation of the central gray substance of the midbrain on hemodynamic nociceptive reactions]. AB - Experiments on unrestrained rats were made to study the influence of central gray matter of the midbrain, whose activation evokes analgesia, on hemodynamic manifestations of pain reactions under tooth pulp irritation. Electrical stimulation of the brain "analgetic areas" that does not change the animals' behavior or vegetative indices at rest decreased or abolished nociceptive arterial pressure reactions and tachycardia. Possible mechanisms of central gray matter of the midbrain influence on the pain-evoked vegetative reactions are discussed. PMID- 7082803 TI - [Glycolysis components and carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activity of the blood under long-term action of rifampicin and isoniazid]. AB - Long-term administration of therapeutic doses of rifampicin and isoniazid or their combination induces an activation of NAD-dependent enzymes in the plasma and red cells of experimental rats. The ATP/ADP ratio decrease in all the experimental groups, while the degree of pyridine nucleotide reduction rises due to a combined action of the drugs. This effect is similar to the state of hypoxia. PMID- 7082804 TI - [Adrenal cortical function in elaborating a passive avoidance conditioned reflex in rats adapted to experimental conditions]. AB - Fluorometry was used to determine the content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11 HCS) in the blood plasma of 2-month-old male rats in the course of passive avoidance learning by means of single electrocutaneous irritation (ECI) of the limbs. Pre-exposure of the animals for 7 days to experimental environment (over 3 min daily) led to a distinct reduction of the basal content of 11-HCS which returned to the initial level after adaptation discontinuance. One day after ECI the content of 11-HCS in rats which learned passive avoidance, was appreciably lower as compared to that in the animals which failed to learn the behavioral task. Five days after ECI the differences in the content of the corticosteroids in the animals of the two groups were little pronounced. It appears that while using passive avoidance as a long-term memory model, account should be taken of both the behavioral and emotional responses. PMID- 7082806 TI - [Effect of adrenochrome on the neuronal membrane of the mollusk Helix pomatia]. AB - The influence of adrenochrome on the electrical characteristics of Helix pomatia neurons was examined. Application of adrenochrome transformed neuronal regular rhythmic activity into bursting one. Anomalous rectification was seen. The voltage clamp technique showed that the action of adrenochrome lowered both inward and outward currents. PMID- 7082805 TI - [GABA-ergic cortical component in the action of piracetam and cetyl GABA]. AB - The effect of piracetam on the electrophysiological and biochemical characteristics of the GABA system was studied and compared to that of cethyl ether of GABA (CEGABA). It was shown that piracetam (250-500 mg/kg) enhances the test response depression in the primary response recovery cycle and produces synchronization of the ECoG of the sensomotor cortex similarly to the previously described GABA-positive substances. The synchronizing effects of piracetam are retained upon isolation of the cortex and can be removed by bicucullin (rather than by strychnine) applied to the cortex. Piracetam decreases the GABA content in the brain cortex and inhibits the activity of glutamate decarboxylase. Analogous effect is exerted by CEGABA. A conclusion is drawn that GABA-ergic processes get potentiated under the effect of both the drugs. The selectivity of piracetam effects as to the cortical GABA-ergic inhibitory systems is likely to be the reason for the absence in the drug of anticonvulsant effect inherent in GABA mimetics with more generalized effects (CEGABA, muscimol). PMID- 7082807 TI - [Antitumor and toxic properties of retinoid C15]. AB - A study was made of antitumor and toxic properties of retinoid C15 which has some characteristic structural features of retinoic acid natural metabolites; such as ethyl-2E, 4E-3-methyl-5-/2,6-dimethyl-6-ethoxycarbonyl-/3-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-yl/ 2,4-pentadienoate. The substance inhibited the growth of transplantable tumors of the uterine cervix. Lewis carcinoma and rumen cancer. This ability was dependent on the tumor growth rate. The substance proved less toxic then retinoic acid or methyl retionate. Injection of retinoid C15 was accompanied by the widening of the paracortical zone of the mesenterial lymph node and by the increased number of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. PMID- 7082808 TI - [Changes in the nature of the hepatocyte proliferation in the liver and adenomatous nodes of mice in CC14-induced carcinogenesis]. AB - A study was made of cell proliferation and DNA content in the liver of SWR mice after 1, 7, 41 and 52 administrations of CCl4 made at 3-4 daily intervals. After 41 and 52 administrations of CCl4 the liver of all the animals demonstrated multiple small nodules and single large nodes. Cell proliferation in liver and large nodes was analyzed by cytophotometry and radioautography with the use of double isotopic label. The proliferation pattern in the liver was shown to change during cancerogenesis. Unlike normal, a great number of cells were not polyploidized but were reproduced. As regards the cell content, the three adenomatous nodes examined differed from the surrounding parenchyma and from each other. On the whole, the degree of polyploidy in the nodes was much lower despite the fact that the population contained all the cell types, uni- and binuclear cells, up to those with the DNA content of 32c. All these cells and those from the surrounding liver were involved in proliferation. The cellular sources of nodular formations are discussed. PMID- 7082809 TI - [Microcirculation and oxygen tension in the cerebral cortex of rats with hemorrhagic shock]. AB - Microcirculatory disturbances in pia mater are followed by change in oxygen tension in the brain cortex. Immediately after bleeding initial decrease of oxygen tension by 60-70% of the basal level was observed. This decrease was induced by initial vasoconstriction and brain cortex hypoxia. After compensation of blood circulation supervened and the cortical blood flow was set to a lower level (30-40 minutes after the decrease), there occurred a phase of oxygen level stabilization. The oxygen tension remained unchanged for a long time and decreased very slowly. More rapid fall of oxygen tension was noticed only at the end of the fourth hour when circulation decompensation set in. PMID- 7082811 TI - [Irradiation sensitivity of cells heterozygote for ataxia telangiectasia]. AB - The frequency of chromosome aberrations after in vitro exposure to different radiation doses in lymphocyte cultures of heterozygotes according to ataxia teleangiectasia (AT) was compared to that in control donors. A increased frequency of dicentrics and rings of heterozygotic cells according to AT was observed upon exposure to relatively low radiation doses (40 and 80 rad). Meanwhile the increased dose (160 rad) brought about no differences. No differences were found in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations. PMID- 7082810 TI - [Role of homology in the JC subregion of the H2 complex in the reciprocal suppression of normal killer and tumor cells]. AB - Attempts have been made to find out 1/whether there is an interaction between normal killers (NK) and tumor cells transplanted in vivo and how both effectors' cytotoxicity against the third participant - NK-sensitive target cells, is affected by the hypothetical interaction; and 2/the implication of H2-complex in the interaction of both the effectors. Use was made of an experimental three component model in vitro. It included the effector cells of two types. As NK use was made of splenocytes from C57BL/6; CBA; B10; SM; B10.D2; B10.A(3R); B10.A(5R); BALB/C; A/Sn; B10.D2(R107); B.10.D2(R101) mice. Tumor effectors were EL-4 MX-11 (H2b), L-1210 (H2b) and SA-1(H2b) cells transplanted on syngeneic mice. EL-4 cells adapted in culture in vitro were used as standard target cells. Two types of the effector interaction are described. The homology of NK and tumor effector cells in the D-end of H2-complex in the I-C subregion was found to lead to a marked mutual suppression of both the participants with reference to the third component - EL-4 target cells adapted in vitro. The absence of homology in the DC end of H2-complex provided an opposite effect - summation of cytotoxicity of NK and tumor effector cells against EL-4 target cells. The authors discuss whether the cause of mutual suppression is repaired cytotoxicity (or membrane toxicity) of NK and tumor cells. PMID- 7082812 TI - [Adrenal mineralocorticoid function in sodium deficit with adequate or excess water consumption]. AB - Upon addition of 3H-progesterone to the incubation medium the in vitro aldosterone production by the capsular part of the adrenals increased in rats exposed to two-week restriction of sodium intake, while that of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone declined. The specific activity of corticosteroids appreciably rose which could suggest a decrease in the intensity of pregnenolone production in the early stage of the biosynthesis. The peripheral plasma aldosterone level increased considerably. During sodium restriction and excess water intake the biosynthesis of aldosterone remained unchanged whereas its blood concentration did not rise. The excess water intake with sodium restriction is supposed to reinforce the metabolic clearance of aldosterone. PMID- 7082813 TI - [Plasticity of the neocortical synapses in the postresuscitation period]. PMID- 7082814 TI - [Effect of traumatic shock on the cytogenetic processes in the epithelial cells of the cornea and tongue and in the bone marrow cells of white rats]. AB - Traumatic shock in male albino rats as induced by prolonged (4-hour) compression of soft tissues of the hind limbs. It was found that 3, 6 and 24 hours after the termination of compression the mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium decreased 9.8-, 4.7- and 3-fold, respectively. The level of pathological mitoses in experimental animals rose 2.4 - 3-fold. Experiments in colchicine demonstrated that inhibition of mitotic activity is not related to the changed rate of mitosis. In the tongue epithelium, the depression of cell division was revealed 3 and 6 hours after compression was terminated. The mitotic index fell 2.7- and 3.7 fold, respectively. Radioautography showed a significant decrease in DNA synthetizing capacity of epithelial cells of the tongue 3 and 6 hours after the compression was terminated. Karyotypic analysis of bone marrow cells showed that chromosome aberrations increased 3.3-fold. PMID- 7082815 TI - [Regulation of the functional activity of the stem cell precursors of granulo- and monopoiesis by polypeptide factors of the thymus and bone marrow]. AB - Effect of polypeptide thymic and bone marrow factors on functional activity of stem cells was studied with the use of two-layer agar system containing human bone marrow hemopoietic cells. Unlike bone marrow factor, thymic factor appreciably increased the cluster- and colony-forming abilities of cells - precursors of granulomonopoiesis. The results indicate that thymic and bone marrow factors regulate different stages of stem cell differentiation. PMID- 7082816 TI - [Effect of repeated sublethal overheating on the cytogenetic processes in the corneal epithelium and bone marrow cells of white rats]. AB - A study was made of the effect of five-fold 1 1/2-hour sublethal hyperthermia on cytogenetic processes in the corneal epithelium and bone marrow cells in rats. Hyperthermia exerted a powerful stressful effect on the animals. Immediately after hyperthermia was terminated the mitotic activity (MA) was inhibited almost 10-fold. After 2 hours the MA returned to normal and tended to increase, and after 6 hours it increased almost 5-fold. The level of pathological mitoses (PM) increased 10-fold after overheating and exceeded 2-4-fold the control values at varying times of the observation period. After 2 and 6 hours five-fold sublethal hyperthermia was accompanied by the decrease in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells and in the label intensity. At the same time hyperthermia in adrenalectomized animals brought about the reduction of the colchicine mitotic index after 2 hours. The content of aneuploidy cells in adrenalectomized animals exposed to five-fold hyperthermia increased 6-fold, whereas in the animals with the adrenals it remained unchanged. PMID- 7082817 TI - The proper use of previously frozen red blood cells for transfusion. PMID- 7082818 TI - Geometric, osmotic, and membrane mechanical properties of density-separated human red cells. AB - Although there is evidence that the deformability of the entire red blood cell (RBC) decreases during aging, reports on changes in relevant specific properties associated with the aging process are limited and not in total agreement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some of the factors that might contribute to this decreased deformability. Geometric, osmotic, and membrane mechanical properties of unfractionated, top ("young") and bottom ("old") RBC from 5 healthy adult donors were measured using micropipette techniques. Surface area, volume, and diameter of RBC were measured at osmolalities of 297, 254, 202, and 153 mosm/kg. Two membrane mechanical properties, surface shear modulus of elasticity (mu) and time constant (tc) of viscoelastic recovery, were studied only in isotonic media. At each of the osmolalities, volume and surface area of the bottom cells were about 25% lower than those of the top cells. Bottom cells showed smaller increases in volume with decreasing osmolality than top cells; the surface area remained constant with changing osmolality for all three groups. The surface area-to-volume ratio and the minimum cylindrical diameter of the bottom cells were essentially identical to the top cells. However, both the surface area index (actual are of RBC divided by area of a sphere of same volume) and the swelling index (maximal volume divided by actual volume) of the bottom cells were significantly lower than top RBC. The shear modules of elasticity (mu) was about 0.006 dyne/cm in all 3 RBC populations, indicating that the forces necessary to deform a portion of the membrane did not change with RBC aging. The viscoelastic time constant (tc) was 0.148 +/- 0.020 (SD) sec for the bottom RBC and 0.099 +/- 0.017 sec for the top cells. This difference indicates that shape recovery following membrane deformation is delayed in old RBC. The membrane surface viscosity (eta), calculated as the product of tc times mu was 0.95 +/- 0.22 x 10( 3) dyne-sec/cm for the bottom cells and 0.54 +/- 0.15 x 10(-3) for the top RBC. These data indicate that the relative deficit in membrane surface area and the increased membrane viscosity of old RBC may be important determinants for their decreased deformability and their eventual removal from the circulation. PMID- 7082819 TI - Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency detection by urinary methylmalonic acid quantitation. AB - A study was made to assess the value of cobalamin deficiency detection through quantitation of urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA). Urinary MMA was measured in 1118 patients suffering from megaloblastic anemia, other anemias, elevated red cell mean corpuscular volume, or unexplained neurologic disorders. Patients without proven cobalamin deficiency had urinary MMA levels less than 20 micrograms/ml. All patients (n = 27) confirmed to have cobalamin deficiency showed MMA levels greater than 20 micrograms/ml. Data are presented showing the Schilling test results, the comparison of serum cobalamin to urinary MMA levels, and other basic hematologic data. MMA levels are a good indication of cobalamin distribution and function since they are directly related to a cobalamin dependent metabolic pathway. With rapid, reliable quantitation by mass spectrometry, urinary MMA can now be a useful clinical test. PMID- 7082820 TI - The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes after prolonged liquid storage and after reinfusion. AB - Although it is recognized that red cells lose membrane during storage, estimation of the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes has not previously proven to be a useful measurement of the storage lesion. Erythrocytes from blood stored in CPD-A2 were found to have a markedly increased osmotic fragility. A major portion of this increase was found to be due to accumulation of lactate, which is only slowly transported from within erythrocytes and which therefore exerts a strong osmotic effect in the usual osmotic fragility test. After an hour's incubation in a large volume of iso-osmotic buffer, the osmotic fragility curve of stored erythrocytes was much more nearly normal. Such cells were found to have a volume 5%--8% greater than that of normal cells, indicating that even after removal of lactate more osmotically active material was present in the stored erythrocytes than in fresh cells. Most of this differences can be accounted for by substitution of chloride ion for 2,3-DPG, since chloride exerts approximately 3.7 times the osmotic effect of 2,3-DPG per unit charge. In addition to the shift in osmotic fragility produced by the increased intracellular osmotically active material, a "fragile tail" of red cells was also present. Stored erythrocytes were labeled with 51Cr and reinfused into the volunteer donors. The osmotic fragility of the reinfused cells was estimated using a technique of sequential osmotic hemolysis that permitted accurate estimation of osmotic fragility of transfused cells using very small amounts of 51Cr. The osmotic fragility of the reinfused cells became less than those of fresh cells after 24 hr and was exactly the same as those of fresh cells after 4 days. The fragile tail disappeared at a rate that approximated the rate of loss of nonviable erythrocytes from the circulation as measured by 51Cr. These findings are consistent with the preferential destruction of a subpopulation of red cells with a diminished surface area. PMID- 7082821 TI - Evolution of Sezary syndrome in the course of hairy cell leukemia. AB - A patient with a history of "leukemia" for 19 yr and documented hairy cell (HC) leukemia for 10 yr developed mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. The manifestations of both diseases were diagnostic on clinical and pathologic grounds. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and surface marker techniques proved the HC to have phenotypic characteristics of the T-helper subset of lymphocytes to which the Sezary cells (SC) also belonged. Both types of cells contained tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. HC did not infiltrate the skin. SC did not contain ribosome lamellar complexes. Because of otherwise overlapping morphology and the apparent replacement of HC by SC, it is likely that the Sezary cells constituted a genetic variant of the original neoplastic clone represented by the hairy cells. Since the biologic and therapeutic implications of such clonal evolution may be important, subtle phenotypic changes should be looked for repeatedly in patients with these diseases. PMID- 7082822 TI - Staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - One-hundred and eighty-eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were analyzed for prognosis based on Rai's staging system. It was found that stages I and II were not homogeneous as to prognosis. Stage II patients presenting with isolated splenomegaly had a long survival and were pooled with stage 0 patients (low risk group, 30% of cases, relative death rate 0.24, median survival greater than 10 yr). Stages I and II patients with a lymphocyte count higher than 40 x 10(9)/liter had a short survival and were pooled with stages III and IV patients (high risk group, 39% of cases, relative death rate 1.91, median survival 3.3 yr). Stages I and II patients with a lymphocyte count lower than 40 x 10(9)/liter made up an intermediate or standard risk group (31% of cases, relative death rate 1.00, median survival 6.2 yr). This modified staging system applied successfully to both old and young patients (more and less than 60 yr old, respectively). PMID- 7082823 TI - A new acute leukemia-associated blast cell antigen detected by a monoclonal antibody. AB - A monoclonal mouse antibody has been raised to the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) cell line Reh. It is a cytotoxic antibody of the IgG2, subclass that reacts with leukemia cells from the following patients: 69% non-B non-T ALL, 50% T-ALL, 18% acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and 66% chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) blast crisis lymphoid cells. Other types of leukemia and all normal blood cells tested were negative, including T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and spleen cells. The detected antigen appears to be a type of blast cell antigen because it is also present on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blast cells, myeloblast from normal bone marrow cells (by CFU-C), and all lymphoblastoid cell lines tested. Only one active antibody species could be detected by preparative isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels and by protein-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. PMID- 7082824 TI - Characterization of human erythroid burst-promoting activity derived from bone marrow conditioned media. AB - Bone marrow conditioned media (BMCM) increases burst number and the incorporation of 59Fe into heme by bursts when peripheral blood or bone marrow cells are cultured at limiting serum concentrations. Burst-promoting activity (BPA) has now been purified approximately 300-fold from this source by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and absorption chromatography on hydroxyapatite agarose gel. Marrow BPA increased burst number and hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. A larger increase in Hb synthesis than in burst number was consistently observed, which was probably a consequence of the increase in the number of cells per burst that occurs in the presence of BPA. The role of BPA in culture could be distinguished from erythropoietin (Ep), since no bursts grew in the absence of Ep, whether or not BPA was present, and since it had no effect on the growth of erythroid colonies scored at day 5 of culture. Our purified fraction did not support the growth of CFU-C in culture. Activity was stable at temperatures of 70 degrees C or lower for 10 min; exposure to 80 degrees C resulted in approximately 50% loss of activity. BPA was completely inactivated by treatment at 100 degrees C for 10 min. Thus, human bone marrow cells produce a heat-sensitive factor that specifically promotes the growth of early erythroid progenitors in culture. PMID- 7082825 TI - Increased heat sensitivity of red blood cells in hereditary elliptocytosis with acquired cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. AB - Structural membrane proteins were studied from erythrocytes (RBC) of a patient with a nonhemolytic form of hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) who developed a microcytic anemia with fragmented RBC while cobalamin (B12) deficient. Evidence is presented for qualitative changes in the patient's RBC membranes not related to a loss of structural proteins. Sensitivity of RBC to heat treatment was studied as well as quantitative changes in proteins by densitometry of 1% SDS- 10% PAGE gels. Fractions of RBC of various sizes from the patient while B12 deficient all possessed a marked degree of heat sensitivity when compared to RBC from the patient after B12 repletion, normal family members, HE controls, B12 deficient controls, anemic controls, and normal controls. Because loss of spectrin (bands 1 + 2) from heat-sensitive RBC membranes in hereditary pyropoikilocytosis has been reported, the amount of spectrin relative to band 3 was measured. No decrease in the ratio of bands (1 + 2)/3 was found. In addition, no chromatographically abnormal membrane proteins were found by SDS-PAGE of the patient's RBC while B12 deficient. Our findings indicate that B12 deficiency results in an abnormal membrane with enhanced instability in some forms of HE. Since protein loss was not found, we conclude that an alteration in membrane protein interaction may be involved. PMID- 7082826 TI - The relationship between the hemorrhagic and antithrombotic properties of low molecular weight heparin in rabbits. AB - We have compared the hemorrhagic and antithrombotic effects of a low molecular weight (LMW) heparin fraction and standard heparin in rabbits. Similar LMW heparin fractions have antithrombotic effects when tested in animals, but their hemorrhagic effects relative to standard heparin have not been established. Standard porcine mucosal heparin (mol wt 15,000 daltons) was depolymerized by nitrous acid to a low molecular weight fraction (mol wt 4600 daltons). Using equal USP units, the standard and Dep LMW heparin were compared in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In vitro, when diluted in rabbit plasma, the Dep LMW heparin at equivalent anti-Xa activity showed less prolongation of thrombin clotting times or activated partial thromboplastin times. Ex vivo, platelets from rabbits treated with the Dep LMW heparin showed less inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation. The relative hemorrhagic properties of the two heparins were compared in vivo in rabbits using a sensitive blood loss assay, and the antithrombotic properties were compared in a thrombin-induced venous stasis model. By using an optimal threshold heparin dose in each test system, it was possible to demonstrate that equal USP units of Dep LMW heparin caused less blood loss but showed greater antithrombotic activity than standard heparin. PMID- 7082828 TI - Endotoxin-induced suppression of erythropoiesis: the role of erythropoietin and a heme synthesis stimulating factor. AB - The regulation of erythropoiesis is primarily controlled by erythropoietin (Ep). Recently, however, other factors that both stimulate and inhibit erythropoiesis have been reported. Using an in vitro liquid culture of bone marrow cells, a factor in normal mouse serum was demonstrated that markedly stimulated heme synthesis by marrow erythroid cells. In this study, the role of this heme synthesis stimulating factor (HSF) and Ep in the erythropoietic suppression caused by endotoxin administration to mice was examined. Although HSF levels did not alter appreciably after endotoxin injection, marrow erythroid cells from these animals became unresponsive to the factor. This could be reversed if Ep was added to the culture in vitro or if the hormone was injected into the mice 18 hr prior to harvesting the marrow. This marrow erythroid cell response is identical to that seen in animals in whom Ep levels are markedly reduced, such as that found in exhypoxic polycythemia, and suggest a decrease in the hormone following endotoxin administration. Additional studies demonstrated that when Ep was injected into mice 6 hr after endotoxin administration, an increase in femoral erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E), proerythroblast number, and 59 Fe incorporation into femoral marrow cells could be demonstrated. These findings, together with the marrow erythroid cell response to the hormone, suggest that the mechanism for suppression of erythropoiesis after endotoxin injection is a reduction in the level of circulating Ep. PMID- 7082827 TI - A bleeding disorder due to deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin. AB - A deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin has been identified in a female patient with severe and frequent bleeding episodes. Routine coagulation and platelet assays of the patient's plasma were within normal limits. However, abnormally rapid whole blood or dilute plasma clot lysis times and an abnormal FXIII test in which clots were lysed in the presence of urea or saline suggested an abnormal fibrinolytic system. Analysis of alpha 2-antiplasmin levels by radioimmunoassay revealed less than 1.0 microgram/ml alpha 2-antiplasmin. Functional assays indicated an alpha 2 antiplasmin level less than or equal to 10% of normal. Addition of purified alpha 2-antiplasmin to the patient's plasma restored its ability to inhibit plasmin in in vitro assays, and mixtures of patient plasma with normal plasma did not interfere with the antiplasmin activity of the normal plasma. Whereas normal platelets contain 68 ng alpha 2-antiplasmin/10(9) platelets, platelets from the patient contained 30% of the normal level of antigen. Analysis of alpha 2 antiplasmin functional and antigenic levels in the plasma of both parents and four siblings of the propositus provided evidence consistent with an autosomal mechanism of inheritance of alpha 2-antiplasmin deficiency. One sibling appeared to be homozygous and three siblings and the parents were heterozygous for the deficiency. Two heterozygotes had positive bleeding histories. The association of a bleeding disorder with a deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin emphasizes that lack of regulation of the fibrinolytic system can result in a hemostatic dysfunction. PMID- 7082829 TI - Ultrastructural identification of the mouse basophil. PMID- 7082831 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobins (GHb): an index of red cell survival. AB - Levels of glycosylated hemoglobins (GHb) are significantly (p less than 0.0005) lower in patients with hemolytic anemia (n = 20; mean = 3.9% +/- 0.1% SD GHb of total Hb) compared to patients with nonhemolytic anemia (n = 20; mean = 7.0% +/- 0.7% GHb) and normal controls (n = 30; mean = 6.7% +/- 0.7% GHb). A curvilinear correlation between GHb and red cell survival is demonstrable (n = 20;r2 = 0.88; p less than 0.001). Determination of GHb may be useful as a screening test for hemolytic anemia and for the evaluation of the degree of hemolysis, provided that diabetes mellitus can be excluded. PMID- 7082830 TI - Activation of plasma complement by perfluorocarbon artificial blood: probable mechanism of adverse pulmonary reactions in treated patients and rationale for corticosteroids prophylaxis. AB - Perfluorocarbons have shown promise as clinical blood substitutes. Although early experience in Japan with one such product--Fluosol-DA--has been uncomplicated, we observed an adverse pulmonary reaction in the first American patient to receive it and know of similar reactions in two other Americans so treated. Postulating that activation of plasma complement (C) by the perfluorocarbon emulsion might have caused the reaction, we tested the product to determine if it is an activator of complement. Incubation of Fluosol with plasma led to C3 conversion, decrement in CH50, and generation of C5a-related PMN aggregating activity; EDTA prevented such activation, while EGTA did not, suggesting that it proceeded via the alternative C pathway. Infusion of Fluosol into rabbits produced hypoxemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and pulmonary leukostasis, mimicking abnormalities previously demonstrated in rabbits receiving infusions of zymosan-activated plasma C. These deleterious responses to Fluosol were diminished by premedicating rabbits with corticosteroids (which had seemed to benefit when used empirically in our patient). In vitro and in vivo, Fluosol's effects were reproduced by Pluronic F-68, the nonionic detergent used to maintain the emulsion stability of Fluosol-DA. We conclude that adverse reactions to Fluosol are probably mediated by C activation and that steroid premedication may prevent them in susceptible patients. PMID- 7082832 TI - Pharmacokinetics of continuous intravenous and subcutaneous infusions of cytosine arabinoside. AB - The pharmacokinetics of continuous subcutaneous cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) infusions were compared with continuous intravenous infusions. Steady-state serum ara-C levels and myelosuppression were similar with both routes of administration. CSF/serum ara-C ratios ranged from 0.14 to 0.91 (mean, 0.58). Continuous subcutaneous ara-C infusions were a convenient and reliable alternative to intravenous infusions. PMID- 7082834 TI - The quantitation of platelet-associated IgG on cohorts of platelets separated from healthy individuals by buoyant density centrifugation. AB - Evidence suggests that as platelets age in the circulation they become progressively smaller and less dense through the loss of protein. The smallest, least dense platelets have a significantly shortened survival, but the mechanism of clearance of these platelets is not known. To evaluate whether the binding of IgG could play a role in the clearance of senescent platelets, we measured platelet size, total protein, and platelet-associated IgG on subpopulations of platelets isolated from 6 healthy individuals using a discontinuous iso-osmotic arabinogalactan (stractan) gradient. There was a close correlation between density, size, and total protein content (r greater than 0.9) for all platelet fractions. There was also a relationship between the amount of platelet associated IgG (PAIgG), total protein, and platelet size (r greater than 0.9) for the first 3 progressively less dense platelet factions. However, the fourth platelet fraction containing the smallest, least dense, and on current evidence, oldest platelets had very elevated amounts of IgG. This amount was approximately 10 times higher than the mean platelet IgG for the same individual and was similar to the amount of PAIgG found on platelets from patients with immune thrombocytopenia. A progressive increase in the ratio of PAIgG measured after platelet solubilization to PAIgG measured on intact platelets was also noted for the first three populations, indirectly suggesting that platelets clear IgG from their surface during aging. Increased binding of IgG to senescent platelets may mediate their destruction. PMID- 7082833 TI - In vitro proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the absence of an adherent monolayer. AB - Experiments on long-term murine bone marrow cultures indicate that the production and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell is dependent on the establishment of an adherent monolayer and a secondary repopulation of the culture with fresh marrow. In contrast, we have found that bone marrow cultures derived from the Syrian hamster do not require a repopulation step and produce stem cells that proliferate and differentiate for more than 12 wk in the absence of an adherent layer. Stem cells were grown in Fisher's medium (pH 7.0-7.2) containing 20% horse serum in a fully humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37 degrees C. Cultures were fed twice weekly by removal of half of the medium and supernatant cells and replacement with an equal volume of fresh medium. No hormones or exogenous growth factors were required for the maintenance of myeloid cells, monocytes, and megakaryocytes in either the adherent or suspension cells cultures. PMID- 7082835 TI - Decreased number of circulating BFU-Es in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. AB - In order to quantitate early erythroid progenitor cells in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), we have cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 7 PNH patients in a 0.8% methylcellulose medium containing erythropoietin, 2 U/ml. In our experimental conditions, the number of erythroid colonies obtained per 5 X 10(5) mononuclear cells plated was 20.1 +/- 1.9 (SEM) in normal subjects and 2.8 +/- 0.56 (SEM) in PNH patients. In plates from PNH subjects, 38 of 117 showed no growth of erythroid colonies, whereas plates from normal subjects always had colonies. Our findings suggest that PNH patients, despite their hemolytic condition, have a depleted erythroid precursor compartment, and this may play a major role in the pathogenesis of their anemia. PMID- 7082836 TI - Use of asplenic rabbits to demonstrate that platelet age and density are related. AB - An experimental model using asplenic rabbits injected with radioactive amino acids has been developed to examine the density distribution of newly released platelets. Platelets from asplenic rabbits had a larger mean volume and greater protein content than those from asplenic animals. Radiolabel, indicative of new platelets, is preferentially incorporated into the most dense platelets during the early postinjection period. Platelets of intermediate density also demonstrated augmented early label incorporation compared to the lightest cells, In contrast, during the late postinjection phase, there is preferential labeling of the least dense platelets. The specific radioactivity of heavy and light platelets rises to approximately equal levels, and falls abruptly, but the peak activities occur at distinctly separate times consistent with the concept of platelet density modification during platelet aging. Although platelet biologic properties are broadly distributed, these studies support the concept that on the average young platelets have an increased density and become less dense as they circulate. PMID- 7082837 TI - Varying involvement of peripheral granulocytes in the clonal abnormality - 7 in bone marrow cells in preleukemia secondary to treatment of other malignant tumors: cytogenetic results compared with results of flow cytometric DNA analysis and neutrophil chemotaxis. PMID- 7082838 TI - Improved storage of platelets for transfusion in a new container. PMID- 7082839 TI - The demarcation membrane system of the megakaryocyte: a misnomer? AB - The concept that the demarcation membrane system delineates platelets within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes has been examined. In short-term culture of mouse bone marrow, mature megakaryocytes extended long, attenuated processes that were found by electron microscopy to have a limited amount of invaginated membrane. When such megakaryocytes were exposed to microtubule depolymerizing agents, the attenuated processes retracted, became thicker, and an extensive demarcation membrane reappeared. It is suggested from the results that the demarcation membrane system functions to provide a membrane reserve that undergoes evagination during the formation of attenuated processes and thereby envelops putative platelets, rather than to demarcate platelets in the maturing megakaryocyte. The term "invaginated membrane system" is considered more appropriate than "demarcation membrane system." PMID- 7082840 TI - Decline in bone marrow proliferative capacity as a function of age. PMID- 7082841 TI - Subcellular localization of H2O2 production in human neutrophils stimulated with particles and an effect of cytochalasin-B on the cells. AB - The ultrastructural localization of H2O2 production in suspended polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) stimulated with particles was studied using CeCl3 technique. PMN stimulated with opsonized zymosan or polystylene latex with or without IgG were incubated in 0.1 M Tris-maleate buffer with 1 mM CeCl3 and 10 mM aminotriazole. Cells were then fixed and embedded in a resin for electron microscopy. The reaction product of cerium perhydroxide was observed on the phagosomal membranes and on the areas of the plasma membrane engulfing the particles. Catalase or ferricytochrome-c decreased the deposits. p-Benzoquinone (O2- scavenger) inhibited the formation of the deposits, but KCN or NaN3 enhanced it. Pretreatment with p-diazobenzenesulfonic acid inhibited the reaction. In some PMN pretreated with cytochalasin-B, cellular aggregation was observed. The H2O2 production in these cells were observed on the membrane adherent to the particles and on the contact surface of the membrane of adjoining PMN. The plasma membrane was damaged and the electron-dense product was diffused into the cytoplasm. These results clearly show that H2O2 production is initiated at the area of the plasma membrane adherent to the particles and that H2O2 is released before the completion of phagocytosis. PMID- 7082843 TI - Passive acquisition of new HLA phenotypes by human platelets incubated in plasma. PMID- 7082842 TI - A shortened variant of red cell membrane protein 4.1. AB - In a healthy 32-yr-old woman with normal red cell morphology, a shortened variant of cytoskeletal membrane protein 4.1 is described at the heterozygous state. One haploid set of protein 4.1 migrates below protein 4.2 and displays a reduction in mass of approximately 8500 with regard to the normal haploid set. The shortening corresponds to a deletion of about 75 amino acids and concerns both subcomponents a and b of protein 4.1. It seems to involve some phosphorylation site(s). It was transmitted to the proposita's son (who inherited elliptocytosis with band 4.1 deficiency from his father). To our knowledge, the present abnormality is the first unequivocal variant of erythrocyte membrane protein 4.1 recognized up to now. PMID- 7082845 TI - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with basophilic differentiation. AB - Four cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with primitive basophilic differentiation are presented. In all four cases, study revealed Philadelphia chromosome negativity, and in none were there clinical findings of chronic granulocytic leukemia. In each case, the leukemic blasts contained granules that failed to stain for peroxidase content but stained positively with toluidine blue. The former result could have led to the misclassification of the cases as lymphoid leukemias. Three of the four patients had physical findings that may have been due to circulating histamine excess. The histochemical and clinical features of these cases suggest that certain examples of leukemia with basophilic differentiation represent a distinctive variant of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 7082844 TI - Thrombocytopenia in heroin users. PMID- 7082846 TI - Isolation of functionally different human monocytes by counterflow centrifugation elutriation. AB - Human peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). This technique was modified in such a way that various monocyte fractions (viability greater than 99%) could be elutriated by increasing the density of the CCE-medium in steps of 0.0027 g/ml. All monocytes showed the same size distributions as determined by electronic sizing, which indicated that they differed in their density only. Both cytoplasmic esterase and peroxidase activity increased with the density of the cells. Furthermore, the monocytes with the highest density were 2.3-4 times more active in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay than those with the lowest density. In contrast, the monocyte with the highest density were less capable to induce the proliferation of lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) than those with the lowest density. This observation could not be attributed to differences in the expression of HLA-DR determinants, since a monoclonal antibody directed against HLA-DR antigens reacted equally well with the monocytes in different fractions. These results provide evidence for the existence of functionally different subsets of monocytes or different states of differentiation or maturation. PMID- 7082847 TI - Radioimmunoassay of factor V in human plasma and platelets. AB - Homogeneous, single-chain human factor V was used to develop a double antibody competition radioimmunoassay to measure factor V concentrations in plasma and platelets. Standard curves were constructed that allow for the detection of as little as 20 ng factor V/ml of plasma. Normal factor V concentrations range from 4 to 14 micrograms/ml of plasma with an average value of 7.0 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml (n = 64). No correlation was observed between antigen levels and age or sex. The radioimmunoassay data are consistent with factor V clotting assays, providing freshly drawn plasma is used in the bioassay. Radioimmunoassay of washed platelets indicate that 0.63-1.93 microgram of factor V is present per 2.5 X 10(8) platelets (4612-14128 molecules of the factor V platelet). When normalized to individual hematocrits and platelet count, the data indicated that platelets contribute approximately 18%-25% of the factor V found in whole blood. In addition, two individuals with functionally deficient factor V were examined and found to be deficient in both antigen and activity. PMID- 7082848 TI - Antithrombin III deficiency: decreased synthesis of a biochemically normal molecule. AB - A 29-yr-old white female has suffered from recurrent venous thromboses over the last 12 yr. Plasma antithrombin III (AT-III) levels were 48% of normal by immunoelectrophoresis and 56% by chromogenic assay. Three of four siblings and the father had similar AT-III levels without associated venous thromboses. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography demonstrated normal behavior of the patient's AT III. Her purified AT-III could not be distinguished from AT-III purified from a normal control either by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and the heparin cofactor activity and the progressive antithrombin activity of both AT-III samples were identical. Turnover studies were made in the patient using her own purified AT-III labeled with 131I, (*I). The results did not differ significantly from studies made with autologous *I-AT III in two normal control women. Her fractional breakdown rate of 0.54 total plasma AT-III per day compared with 0.45 and 0.52 in the controls. These studies indicate that the patient synthesizes a normal AT-III molecule at half normal rates. PMID- 7082849 TI - A new case of phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency: PGK Creteil associated with rhabdomyolysis and lacking hemolytic anemia. AB - A new case of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) deficiency is described. The propositus displayed episodes of rhabdomyolysis crises and acute renal failure but did not exhibit any sign of hemolysis. A severe deficiency in phosphoglycerate kinase was revealed in muscle and was also found in erythrocytes, white cells and platelets. A partial defect in the same enzyme was present in the mother's and the two daughters' erythrocytes, indicating a X linked recessive genetic transmission of the enzyme defect. In the propositus, erythrocyte ATP concentration was normal, although 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and triose phosphate levels were moderately increased. Lactate production from glucose, in vitro, was close to normal in intact red cells. The partial PGK was characterized by an increased Km for ADP and more especially for ATP, reduced thermostability, and diminished electrophoretic mobility. Lack of this enzyme, which is a key step in the glycolytic process (generation of one molecule of ATP), is thought to be responsible for rhabdomyolysis, a fact that has not been reported previously. PMID- 7082850 TI - Increased calcium permeability of cold-stored erythrocytes. AB - The calcium, sodium, and magnesium permeability of erythrocytes from blood stored at 4 degrees C in various anticoagulant media has been studied and compared to that of fresh erythrocytes. Passive influx of CA2+ was measured at 37 degrees C in cells pretreated to abolish Ca2+ pumping and was up to fivefold greater for cold-stored erythrocytes than for fresh cells. The Ca2+ leakiness developed gradually after day 2 and reached a maximum by day 7 of cold storage in ACD, CPD, CPD-adenine, or heparin anticoagulants. The total calcium content of cold-stored erythrocytes in ACD was not significantly different from that of fresh erythrocytes. However, when cold-stored erythrocytes were reincubated at 37 degrees C in media containing 1.5 mM ionized calcium and substrates to regenerate ATP, a net gain of Ca2+ occurred that was greater for stored than for fresh erythrocytes. Cold storage of blood for up to 6 wk in any anticoagulant did not alter either sodium or magnesium permeability. Red cell ATP was also measured and fell steadily during cold storage in ACD or CPD, but more increase in Ca2+ permeability preceded any significant change in red cell ATP, it is likely that a selective calcium leak develops independently of the fall in ATP concentration that occurs on cold storage. PMID- 7082851 TI - Inhibition by methoxyverapamil of the responses of smooth muscle from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. AB - Inhibition by methoxyverapamil (D 600) of the responses to norepinephrine (NE) and KCl of vascular (carotid and iliac arteries and aortae) strips and vasa deferentia from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (WKY) were compared. The responses of aortic and carotid arterial strips from SHR to NE and KCl were inhibited to a lesser extent by low concentrations of D 600 (less than 10(-6) M). The isolated preparations of the iliac arteries and the vasa deferentia showed no differences in their susceptibility to inhibition by D 600. The responses to NE and KCl in calcium-free solutions of vascular strips from WKY were generally resistant to inhibition by D 600 (10(-6) M) in contrast to those from SHR which were markedly inhibited by D 600. Our results demonstrate that while the inhibitory action of D 600 on calcium movement may succeed in distinguishing vascular responses of SHR from those of WKY, the inhibitory pattern varies with different tissues and with experimental variations of calcium levels. PMID- 7082852 TI - Agonist action of yohimbine on the perfused rabbit central ear artery. AB - The agonist action of yohimbine, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, was studied on the perfused ear artery of the rabbit. Yohimbine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline produced concentration-dependent vasoconstriction of the central ear artery and gave EC50 values of 3.5 X 10(-7), 7.5 X 10(-9) and 3.0 X 10(-10) M, respectively. Phentolamine significantly reduced the effects of yohimbine, 5 HT and noradrenaline, and gave pA2 values of 8.40 (slope = 1.0), 8.60 (slope = 0.94) and 8.20 (slope = 1.04), respectively. Methysergide, a serotonergic antagonist, significantly reduced yohimbine- and 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction but failed to influence the effect of noradrenaline. Reserpine treatment induced hypersensitivity of the ear artery to yohimbine and noradrenaline but not to 5 HT. It is suggested that the agonist action of yohimbine on the ear artery may be mediated via activation of alpha-noradrenoceptors. PMID- 7082853 TI - Length-tension properties of the anterior tibial artery in normotensive and perinephritic hypertensive dogs. AB - The length-active tension relation has been previously reported to be decreased or unchanged in hypertensive vessels whereas resting distensibility was unchanged or increased. We found the maximum active stress and the internal ring circumference, in millimeters, at which it occurs (Lmax) to be lower in arterial rings from perinephritic hypertensive dogs than in rings from normotensive dogs. The internal circumferences (length) at which resting force and active force became zero (L0 and Lmin, respectively) were unchanged. Lmax, L0 and Lmin were used to normalize length-tension diagrams. Active stress was significantly lower in hypertensive vessels at most of the lengths tested with the diagram normalized to Lmax. When the length-tension diagram was normalized to Lmin there was no difference in the active stress at any of the lengths tested. The length-resting stress curves were identical when rhe diagram was normalized to Lmax but the curve for hypertensive vessels was higher when the diagram was normalized to L0. An important characteristic of these length-tension curves is that normalized lengths correspond to the same absolute length in each group of vessels when the reference length has the same absolute value (L0 and Lmin in this study). This separates differences due to absolute length from differences associated with hypertension. We conclude that perinephritic hypertension in the dog is accompanied by a decrease in resting distensibility of the arterial wall. The results indicate that the choice of reference length may affect the values of stress and tension that are obtained for comparison of length-tension relationships in hypertensive and normotensive blood vessels. PMID- 7082854 TI - Bone marrow and peripheral blood globin chain biosynthesis in iron deficiency. AB - Globin chain synthesis was studied in 13 iron-deficient patients. The mean whole cell globin alpha/beta ratio in the peripheral blood of 11 patients was 1.05 +/- 0.06 which is similar to the value 0.99 +/- 0.08 obtained for 10 controls. The ratios obtained for stroma-free globin were not significantly different from those of whole cell preparations. In contrast, the alpha/beta ratio of bone marrow was 0.73 +/- 0.14 in 10 iron deficient patients, which is significantly lower than that of controls. Two other patients had decreased alpha/beta ratios in the peripheral blood, probably because of the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene. These results demonstrate a reduced rate of synthesis of alpha chains relative to that of beta chains in the bone marrow of iron-deficient patients that is not demonstrable in the peripheral blood. PMID- 7082855 TI - Serum inhibitors in aplastic anaemia. AB - To study the frequency and clinical importance of serum factors inhibiting CFU-c in patients with aplastic anaemia, sera from 21 patients were analysed. The sera of eight patients showed inhibition of at least one normal bone marrow, but strong and consistent inhibition of two or more normal bone-marrow samples was found in only two cases. In both of these two patients the inhibition disappeared after successful therapy. Fair, but not complete, correlation was found between serum inhibitors and HLA-antibodies, suggesting that at least part of these inhibitors are antibodies directed against HLA-antigens present on myeloid progenitor cells. Serum inhibitors appear to be infrequent in the population of patients with aplastic anaemia seen in our hospital and appear to have no major implications for therapy or outcome of the disease. PMID- 7082856 TI - In vitro differentiation of rat peritoneal macrophages into mast cells: an enzymecytochemical study. AB - Under special culture conditions, rat peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes have previously been shown to transform into typical mast cells, based on their histamine contents, the increase of their membrane IgE-receptors, and the development of metachromatic, electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. In the present investigation, the enzyme-cytochemical characteristics of these cells were examined prior to and during culture. The peritoneal macrophages were found to have strong paranuclear activity of nonspecific esterases and acid hydrolases, while they were negative for peroxidase and chloroacetate esterase. During culture, two main changes in enzyme activity were observed within all the cells: (1) Paranuclear activity was lost in favour of granular enzyme activity throughout the cytoplasm, and (2) chloroacetate esterase appeared in cultured cells and developed a strong granular activity. These findings are consistent with the macrophage nature of the seeded cells and their development into mast cells during culture. They give support to the theory that mast cells originate from the monocyte-macrophage lineage. PMID- 7082857 TI - An improved in vitro test of phagocyte function. PMID- 7082858 TI - Hypercoagulability after immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in man. AB - The effect of an immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum on the blood coagulation system was investigated in a randomized trial of 18 patients with metastatic breast cancer. All patients received cytostatic therapy. Additionally, C. parvum was given intravenously on day 15 of the cytostatic cycle (group I) or on day 1 (group II) or not at all (group III). Fibrinopeptide A increased within 2 h after intravenous administration of C. parvum in groups I and II and normalized after 24 h (p less than 0.05). Platelet counts decreased continuously in all treatment groups (p less than 0.05). Prothrombin time, fibrinolytic concentration, factor VIII:C and factor VIIIR:Ag were not affected. The fibrinolytic activity showed a slight but not statistically significant increase after intravenous administration of C. parvum. The data suggest that plasma hypercoagulability is induced or enhanced in man even after small intravenous doses of C. parvum. PMID- 7082860 TI - Increased rate of sister chromatid exchanges in beta-thalassaemia. PMID- 7082859 TI - Prognostic factors in COPP-treated patients with Hodgkin's disease. AB - In a recently published review of the literature [40] we came to the conclusion that the Ann-Arbor staging classification is of limited prognostic value for chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease (Table 2). Four risk factors accounted for impaired complete remission rates: stage IVB, lymphocyte depletion or not classifiable histologic type, previous chemotherapy, and older age. Fifty-eight evaluable patients were treated with COPP; 23 reached a complete remission (40%). Disease-free survival was 31%, overall survival 49% after five years [33]. Besides the known risk factors, impaired bone marrow function (leucocyte counts less than 4 X 10(9)/l, platelet counts less than 100 X 10(9)/l) at the start of therapy was associated with poor treatment results: none of six patients achieved a complete remission [41]. Eleven of 16 patients with no and 11 of 23 patients with one risk factor achieved a complete remission, as did only one patient with more than one risk factor. Survival rates after 30 months were: 87% with no, 66% with one, 36% with two, and 13% with more than two risk factors. We can conclude from our results that the prognosis of patients undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease depends on the number of risk factors. PMID- 7082861 TI - Mechanism of hemolysis of G-6-PD deficient red cells: changes in membrane lipids and polypeptides. PMID- 7082862 TI - Further studies on factor VII Padua defect: the report of the fourth homozygous patient from the same valley. AB - A new patient with factor VII Padua abnormality is presented. The proposita is an 11-year-old girl who showed a mild bleeding tendency and a laboratory pattern characterized by a prolonged prothrombin time corrected by normal serum, normal partial thromboplastin time and normal Thrombotest. Factor VII assay was 10% using rabbit brain thromboplastin and 100% of normal using ox brain thromboplastin. Factor VII cross-reaction material was normal. The parents were not consanguineous but both came from the same area and were found to be heterozygous for the abnormality. The discovery of the present patient, the fourth in three years, indicates that the defect might be more frequent than originally thought. PMID- 7082864 TI - Separate detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by DEAE-paper chromatography. AB - Red blood cell lysates were applied to DEAE cellulose paper for detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was separated from 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) by DEAE-cellulose paper chromatography and their activities were detected on the chromatogram by applying the reaction mixture. The fluorescence of NADPH formed by G-6-PD was not interfered with by 6-PGD activity. This is a sensitive procedure which detects slight loss of G-6-PD in red blood cells and could be applied to the detection of G-6-PD deficiency. PMID- 7082863 TI - Renal plasma clearance: a valuable marker in myelomatosis. AB - Forty-two consecutive patients with untreated myelomatosis (MM) formed the basis of settling the validity of measuring the renal plasma clearance (RPC), either indirectly using the serum creatinine or directly using the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when studying anaemia, calcium metabolism, proteins in serum and urine, and prognosis. Patients without light chain excretion in the urine had a higher GFR (P less than 0.01) than patients with light chain excretion. The haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was strongly correlated (P less than 0.001) to both, serum creatinine and GFR. Patients with normal serum concentrations of the physiological immunoglobulins had higher Hb (P less than 0.01) than patients with reduced serum immunoglobulins. Patients with serum calcium greater than 3.00 mmol/1 had additional reduced GFR compared with the other myeloma patients. The serum parathyroid hormone was decreased (P less than 0.01) and inversely correlated to the GFR. Patients with increased serum creatinine, reduced GFR or with osteolytic bone lesions had a decreased survival rate. The study shows that the major factor in prediction of Hb and prognosis in patients with MM is the RPC expressed either as the serum creatinine or the GFR. In addition, the significant correlations between the GFR and the other variables in MM assessed the RPC to be a useful and valuable marker in studies of anaemia, protein and calcium metabolism and prognosis in MM. PMID- 7082866 TI - Benthos investigations: sediment boxes or natural bottom? PMID- 7082865 TI - In vivo cell kinetic effects of vincristine on the spontaneous AKR leukemia: recruitment of non-proliferating cells. AB - In order to investigate the influence of a cell-cycle specific agent on the cytokinetic behavior of a leukemic cell population in vivo, labeling studies with tritiated thymidine (3HTDR) followed by administration of vincristine (VCR) were performed on thymic cells of advanced AKR leukemic mice and evaluated utilizing a combined autoradiographic-Feulgen-microspectrophotometric technique. Twelve hours after a single drug injection the stathmokinetic effect of VCR was observed as reflected by an accumulation of cells in the S/G2-M phase of the mitotic cycle. Within 28 h this effect was no longer evident, but the significant increase in % unlabeled S/G2-M cells strongly suggested an influx of previously non proliferating cells into the proliferating compartment (recruitment). PMID- 7082867 TI - Kraft pulp mill effluent components cause liver dysfunction in trout. PMID- 7082868 TI - Chronic effects of ammonia-stripped oil shale retort water on fishes, birds, and mammals. PMID- 7082869 TI - Metabolism of complex mixtures of oil spill surfactant compounds by a representative teleost (Salmo gairdneri), crustacean (Cancer irroratus), and mollusc (Chlamys islandicus). PMID- 7082870 TI - Disposition of (9-14C) phenanthrene in a subtropical marine teleost (Haemulon sciurus). PMID- 7082871 TI - Effects of organochlorine compounds on lipid catabolism of foetal rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. PMID- 7082872 TI - DDT poisoning in a Cooper's hawk collected in 1980. PMID- 7082874 TI - Conjugation of pentachlorophenol to palmitic acid by liver microsomes. PMID- 7082873 TI - Purgeable organic compounds in mother's milk. PMID- 7082875 TI - Gas-chromatographic analysis of residues of pirimiphos-methyl in water, fish, and snails. PMID- 7082876 TI - A survey of azinphos methyl and azinphos methyl oxon in water and blueberry samples from Hancock and Washington counties of Maine. PMID- 7082877 TI - Persistence of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid in soil. PMID- 7082878 TI - Effects of fluometuron on embryonic development and hatching of Fasciola hepatica's Miracidia. PMID- 7082879 TI - A soil sampling method for use in pesticide leaching studies. PMID- 7082880 TI - Reproductive responses to rotenone during decidualized pseudogestation and gestation in rats. PMID- 7082881 TI - Porphyrinogenic action of tetrachloroazobenzene. PMID- 7082882 TI - Decrease of butylated hydroxyanisole added in the diet for a carcinogenicity test in rats and mice. PMID- 7082883 TI - Comparative reliability of nasal pharyngoscopy and videofluorography in the assessment of velopharyngeal incompetence. AB - A panel of three has reviewed a series of 100 videotape records of nasopharyngoscopy, basal fluorography and lateral fluorography made of patients being investigated for velopharyngeal incompetence. The quality of each record was assessed and estimates of movement made as a basis for comparison of the three methods. Nasopharyngoscopy and lateral fluorography provide a high proportion of material with good definition of the velopharyngeal isthmus (80%). Basal fluorography is less reliable (60%). Lateral fluorography was found to be unreliable as a measure of velopharyngeal incompetence, while estimates of movement from the other two were compatible. Basal fluorography is the procedure of choice in young children. Nasendoscopy provides good quality information more often than basal fluorography in patients over the age of eight and is markedly superior in the presence of a pharyngeal flap. PMID- 7082884 TI - The results of 100 operations for velopharyngeal incompetence--selected on the findings of endoscopic and radiological examination. AB - Of one hundred patients with velopharyngeal incompetence subjected to a pharyngoplasty selected on the results of endoscopic and radiological examination 97% were cured of unacceptable nasal escape and 93% of unacceptable nasal resonance on the criteria described. It was considered that this provided a vindication of the system of treatment. Critical examination of the morbidity revealed an unacceptably high proportion of hyponasality. This appeared to be due to ignoring the criteria for selection for pharyngoplasty and opting for the more radical operation resulting in over-treatment in some cases. With the numbers available in the smaller treatment groups it was not possible to state that there was no significant difference in the results between the different pharyngoplasties in the groups for which they were selected. It is expected that there will be a larger proportion of patients receiving less radical treatment without detriment to the success rate, but with a lower morbidity. Assuming that it is accepted that as much accurate information as possible prior to operation is needed for the correct selection of operation, simultaneous endoscopic and radiological examination provide a time- and cost-efficient system the benefit of which becomes overwhelming for revision of the failed pharyngoplasty. PMID- 7082885 TI - The primary repair of digital flexor tendons. AB - This paper presents the results of 80 out of 98 severed flexor tendons repaired between 1976 and January 1981 using the Kleinert technique with immediate dynamic splintage. In this series 13 repairs were in the thumb and 85 in the fingers (19 in Zone 1; 66 in Zone 2). Only 10% of the injuries were industrial. A total of 80 tendon repairs were available for assessment using the methods of White and Kleinert; 60% of these were graded excellent to good, with 55% excellent to good for Zone 2 repairs. An "injury score" has been devised to indicate severity of injury and this correlated well with poor results in Zone 2 injuries. Better results were obtained in the young and in well motivated patients. Delayed repairs did badly, especially in Zone 2. PMID- 7082886 TI - Shoulder defect cover with functional restoration using the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: a case report. PMID- 7082887 TI - Reconstruction of the axilla with a pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap. AB - The pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap is useful for axillary reconstruction following resection of tumour and skin in the axilla. It is a useful alternative to the latissimus dorsi flap, particularly when the vascular pedicle of the latissimus dorsi muscle is infiltrated by tumour or has been sacrificed by previous surgery. PMID- 7082888 TI - Microarterial anastomoses in the rat: the influence of different suture materials on the patency, strength and the electron microscopic appearance of the vessels. AB - Xomed microsutures have recently become available in this country. Three different suture types (10/0 taper needle, 10/0 MET needle, and 11/0 taper needle) were tested for their effect on the patency and strength of the anastomosis 0, 1, and 3 weeks post-operatively. Scanning electron micrographs of an anastomosis with each of the two 10/0 sutures and of both 10/0 needles were also studied. Another standard 10/0 suture (Ethicon) was photographed for comparison. Patency was not affected by suture type. The 10/0 MET needle produced the strongest anastomosis at the time intervals studied. Breaking-load values were highest in all needles 1 week post-operatively. Electron micrographs of the two 10/0 needles show that the MET point is very much sharper than the taper needles. Electron micrographs of the anastomosis indicated that the MET needle also causes less damage around the suture. PMID- 7082889 TI - The correlation of histology to needle type in microvascular anastomoses: a quantitative analysis. AB - This study was undertaken to quantitate the effects of needle trauma to the arterial wall during microvascular anastomoses. End-to-end anastomoses performed on rat femoral arteries were used as a model. Two weeks post-anastomoses, the specimens were processed and measured with a planimeter. The results were analysed statistically to evaluate the effects of different types of needles on the arterial wall. We found significant thickening of the arterial wall (P less than 0.01) but no difference in the amount of thickening between any of the needles evaluated. We found that certain needles were easier to use than others and have applied this observation to clinical work. PMID- 7082890 TI - Accumulation of isotope labelled platelets in small arteries after end-to-end and end-in-end anastomoses in the rabbit. AB - Microvascular anastomoses were performed under standardized conditions on the central artery of the ear in 8 rabbits. In all, 6 end-to-end and 5 end-in-end anastomoses were carried out. In 3 rabbits, one type of anastomosis was performed on each ear thus permitting simultaneous comparison of both types. Other than the local application of lidocaine, no anticoagulants or vasodilating agents were used. 32P labelled platelets were injected intravenously 2 hours before microvascular anastomoses were performed. All end-to-end anastomoses showed a rapid increase in radioactivity immediately after removal of the vessel clamps. The activity reached a peak some 300-600% above the initial value after approximately 30 minutes and then decreased. The patent vessels in the end-in-end group showed no increase in platelet activity and the difference between the two groups was significant during the first two hours. The results are interpreted as showing that platelet accumulation in patent vessels is more pronounced in end-to end than in end-in-end anastomoses. PMID- 7082891 TI - The "tadpole flap": an advancement island flap for the closure of anterior palatal fistulae. AB - Anterior palatal fistulae immediately behind the incisor teeth may be difficult to repair. A modification of Millard's island palatal flap is described which can be advanced to close these defects--a "tadpole flap". This method of closure has been successfully used in 11 patients. The technique is described. PMID- 7082892 TI - Elongation of the nostril and columella using an island flap. AB - Secondary repair of the cleft lip nose often involves elongating the aperture of the nostril and elongating the columella. A technique is described in which this result can be achieved using an island flap to supplement a septal cartilage strut and local adjustment of the tissues. PMID- 7082893 TI - Tumoral calcinosis: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Tumoral calcinosis is an uncommon and seemingly unrecognised disease of obscure aetiology. A case in a young Caucasian boy aged 14 is reported. The characteristic clinical features, radiological and pathological findings are described. The condition must be differentiated from other varieties of pathological calcification such as chronic vitamin D intoxication, the milk alkali syndrome, chronic nephritis, primary hyperparathyroidism, calcinosis universalis, calcinosis circumscripta and dystrophic calcification. PMID- 7082894 TI - Non-surgical correction of a congenital lop ear deformity by splinting with Reston foam. AB - A case is presented in which an unusual congenital lop ear deformity was treated successfully by splinting with Reston foam. The deformity has not recurred after an interval of 18 months. It is suggested that this method may be useful in the correction of similar deformities in very young infants in whom the ear cartilage is very soft. PMID- 7082895 TI - The superficial temporal artery island flap in ear reconstruction. AB - In total ear reconstructions necrosis of the overlying skin may develop shortly after insertion of the implant "framework" whether this be cartilage, bone or synthetic material. In certain cases an island flap based on the superficial temporal artery can provide immediate cover and save the reconstructed ear from impending disaster. PMID- 7082896 TI - The surgical treatment of microtia: a long-term review of 17 patients. AB - Fourteen children were reviewed approximately 3 1/2 years after surgical reconstruction of the pinna had been completed. Seven had unilateral microtia and seven bilateral microtia, including four caused by thalidomide. Using objective criteria the cosmetic results were disappointing. Treatment entailed protracted hospitalisation, numerous operations and produced adverse emotional and educational sequelae. Nearly all the children covered their ears by growing their hair long. Attempts by the ENT department to improve hearing in the children with bilateral microtia had been disappointing. Three other children who were not treated although they had been referred for surgery were also reviewed. The problems of reconstructive surgery for microtia and the indications for treatment are discussed. It is suggested that reconstruction may be inadvisable for children who have bilateral anotia or associated deformities and who have an unstable family background. PMID- 7082897 TI - Reconstruction of a defect of the ala nasi following trigeminal anaesthesia with an innervated forehead flap. AB - A 47-year-old man with a 15 year history of unilateral, idiopathic trigeminal anaesthesia presented with trophic ulceration of the right ala nasi and had a successful nasal reconstruction performed using an innervated left forehead flap. Three years later the cosmetic results is satisfactory and the flap retains normal sensation. PMID- 7082898 TI - The correction of microstomia following South American blastomycosis: a case report. PMID- 7082899 TI - Percutaneous oestrogen- induced gynaecomastia: a case report. AB - There are many well recognised causes of breast enlargement in man. We wish to present an unusual example of this condition precipitated by prolonged contact with an oestrogen-containing anti-baldness lotion. PMID- 7082900 TI - Effects of some organic calcium antagonists and other procedures affecting Ca2+ Translocation on KCl-induced contractions in the rat vas deferens. AB - 1 Both phasic and tonic responses to KCl 160 mM were reduced by Ca2+ deprivation. After 90 min, the phasic response was abolished but 13 +/- 1.5% of the tonic response remained. This resistant component was still present if the Ca2+-free solution contained EGTA 0.1 mM. The tonic response was more resistant to deprivation in the prostatic half, while the phasic was more resistant in the epididymal half. KCl-induced contractions were completely restored 5 min after readmission of Ca2+. 2 Both the phasic and the tonic responses were reduced on lowering, and increased on raising [Ca2+]0. In 0.1 mM Ca2+, the phasic response was abolished, but 23 +/- 4% of the tonic response remained (mainly attributable to the prostatic half). These resistant contractions indicate that some of the extracellular Ca2+, especially in the prostatic half, is bound with high affinity, probably to the plasma membrane. 3 Incubation with LaCl3 (0.3-10 mM) for 15 min inhibited the phasic response more than the tonic. After incubation for 1 h, 3 mM LaCl3 abolished both phases. It is concluded that La3+ blocks Ca2+ channels most readily when they are opened during the spike. Hydralazine (0.76 5.1 mM) resembled LaCl3 in that it reduced the phasic response with little effect on the tonic. 4 MnCl2 (0.3-10mM) reduced the phasic but increased the tonic response at all concentrations. The augmenting effect may be due to release of intracellular Ca2+ or to inhibition of Ca2+ efflux. 5 The tonic response was inhibited more than the phasic response by nifedipine (0.002-0.01 microM), methoxyverapamil (0.06-2 microM), verapamil (0.2-1 microM), flunarizine (0.2-100 microM) and diazoxide (22-650 microM). With higher concentrations, only flunarizine, remained selective for the tonic response. It is concluded that flunarizine blocks Ca2+ channels most readily when opened during sustained spike free depolarization. 6 Methoxyverapamil 48 microM and verapamil 100 microM virtually abolished both phases of the contraction to KCl 160 mM, but no more than 80% inhibition could be produced with nifedipine. It is concluded that voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels exist in two sub-types, one of which is blocked by nifedipine, and both are blocked by verapamil, methoxyverapamil and flunarizine. Nitroprusside 17 microM had no effect on the phasic response but inhibited the nifedipine-resistant component of the tonic response. 7 Increasing [ca2+]0 reversed the effects of verapamil, methoxyverapamil, nifedipine and MnCl2, but not the effects of LaCl3. 8 Dantrolene sodium (1.25-25 microM) had no effect on KCl-induced contractions. PMID- 7082901 TI - Protective effects of the glucocorticoid, budesonide, on lung anaphylaxis in actively sensitized guinea-pigs: inhibition of IgE-but not of IgG-mediated anaphylaxis. AB - 1 The effect of glucocorticoid pretreatment on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction was studied in guinea-pigs actively sensitized to two different ovalbumin regiments (one producing IgE- and IgG-like antibodies and the other exclusively IgG-like antibodies). 2 Budesonide (50 mg/kg) and hydrocortisone (50 mg/kg) given as one intraperitoneal injection 15-20 h before and anaphylactic tests or as two consecutive intraperitoneal injections 5 and 6 days before, led to a decreased bronchial capacity. In this respect glucocorticoid pretreatment was effective only in guinea-pigs sensitized to produce both IgE-like and IgG-like antibodies. 3 Budesonide pretreatment also reduced the capacity of anaphylactically-challenged chopped lung tissue to release histamine in guinea-pigs sensitized to produce both IgE- and IgG-like antibodies. 4 Budesonide pretreatment did not change the levels of circulating IgG1a and IgE-like homocytotropic antibodies as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; nor did it affect histamine or methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo or the capacity of histamine or methacholine to contract the guinea-pig isolated trachea preparation of the isoprenaline-induced relaxation of this preparation. 5 The selective inhibitory effects of budesonide and hydrocortisone on IgE-mediated but not IgG-mediated anaphylaxis and the relevance to human atopic disease are discussed. PMID- 7082902 TI - The effects of noradrenergic denervation on muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle. AB - 1 Changes in the response to acetylcholine of expansor secundariorum muscles from chicks have been analyzed by pharmacological techniques and by [3-3H) quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3-3H]-QNB) binding to quantify the muscarinic receptor population. 2 The expansor secundariorum muscle responded to acetylcholine up to the age of 30 days; the response declined thereafter. This developmental decrease in response to acetylcholine was prevented by surgical denervation. 3 In chicks aged less than 25 days, denervation did not affect the sensitivity of the expansor muscle to acetylcholine. In order chicks (above 40 days) denervation gradually restored the sensitivity of the expansor muscle to acetylcholine. Responses of the expansor muscle were always abolished by atropine (1 microM) indicating they were mediated by muscarinic receptors. 4 Binding studies with [3 3H]-QNB showed that changes in response of expansor muscle to acetylcholine were primarily due to changes in the muscarinic receptor population. 5 It is suggested that the noradrenergic innervation of the expansor muscle influences the number of muscarinic receptors expressed in the tissue. PMID- 7082903 TI - The influence of drugs on the overflow of noradrenaline and the identification of receptors in guinea-pig atria. AB - 1 Salbutamol (1.0 microM) and isoprenaline (1.2 nM) significantly increased the fractional release of tritiated noradrenaline from driven left atria but phentolamine (10 microM) failed to do so. Butoxamine (4.0 microM) blocked the increase in overflow produced by isoprenaline. Isoprenaline (1.2 nM), phentolamine (10.0 microM) and salbutamol (1.0 microM) failed to increase the overflow of tritiated noradrenaline from spontaneously beating atria. 2 Spontaneously beating atria were therefore used to identify the receptors mediating chronotropism and inotropism. 3 There was no clear relationship between inotropism and chronotropism. 4 The inotropic effects of both dobutamine (0.04 4.0 microM) and isoprenaline (0.11-9.0 nM) were inhibited by practolol (4.0 microM) and by butoxamine (4.0 microM). The chronotropic effects were inhibited only by practolol (4.0 microM). 5 Both inotropic and chronotropic effects of noradrenaline (3.0-200 nM) were antagonized by practolol (4.0 microM), but not by butoxamine (4.0 microM). Thus both functions appeared to be mediated by beta 1 adrenoceptors when noradrenaline was the agonist. 6 Inotropic responses to salbutamol (0.45-7.5 microM) were inhibited by both practolol (4.0 microM) and by butoxamine (4.0 microM), but chronotropic responses were antagonized only by butoxamine (4.0 microM), Thus salbutamol acts on both beta 1-and beta 2 adrenoceptors to produce an inotropic response but only on beta 2-adrenoceptors to produce its chronotropic response. 7 It is concluded that both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors can mediate chronotropism and inotropism in guinea-pig isolated atria. Determination of the postsynaptic effects of drugs should be carried out on spontaneously beating rather than driven atria to obviate modification of the responses by noradrenaline release from sympathetic neurons. PMID- 7082904 TI - Desensitization by noradrenaline of responses to stimulation of pre- and postsynaptic adrenoceptors. AB - 1 The effect of exposing isolated preparations of rat aortic strip, rat atria and mouse vas deferens to perfusions of Krebs solution containing various concentrations of noradrenaline on their sensitivity to the drug has been determined.2 The responses evoked by stimulation of postsynaptic adrenoceptors in all the tissues and presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the mouse vas deferens were diminished by the perfusion of noradrenaline through the organ bath for 30 min.3 The concentration of noradrenaline required to produce desensitization was higher in the mouse vas deferens than in the other tissues and more was required to desensitize the chronotropic responses than the inotropic responses in rat isolated atria.4 The inclusion of cocaine (10(-5) M) in the bathing solution to block uptake(1) increased the sensitivity of most tissues to noradrenaline. With the possible exception of the response to stimulation of presynaptic receptors in the mouse vas deferens, desensitization was somewhat increased in its presence.5 When uptake(2) was blocked by oestradiol (10(-5) M), it was not possible to desensitize the contractor responses of the aortic strip and vas deferens to exogenous noradrenaline, nor the inotropic response of the atria to the drug. However, oestradiol failed to block the desensitization of chronotropic responses and responses to stimulation of presynaptic receptors in the vas deferens.6 Blockade of monoamine oxidase (MAO) with iproniazid (7.2 x 10(-4) M) or with pargyline (5 x 10(-4) M) did not affect the desensitization process in the aortic strip.7 Blockade of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) with U-0521 (5.3 x 10(-5) M) greatly increased desensitization in the aortic strip and desensitization of inotropic responses in the atria. It had no effect on desensitization of chronotropic responses. Its effect on responses in the mouse vas deferens was not determined.8 The perfusion of methoxamine at concentrations about 1000 times higher than those of noradrenaline also produced desensitization in the aortic strip.9 The desensitization of presynaptic receptors in the mouse vas deferens was shown to be specific and that of the responses to postsynaptic receptor stimulation to be non-specific.10 It is concluded that responses to adrenoceptor stimulation may be desensitized by accumulation of noradrenaline inside the cells bearing the receptors and that the desensitization is caused by noradrenaline itself not by a metabolite. Desensitization may also be caused without accumulation of noradrenaline in uptake(2) and for some receptors these may not be alternative mechanisms. PMID- 7082905 TI - Mechanisms of elevation of rat brain tryptophan concentration by various doses of salicylate. AB - 1 The roles of inhibition of liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity and of displacement of tryptophan from its binding sites on serum proteins have been investigated in relation to the increase in rat brain tryptophan concentration after administration of various doses of sodium salicylate. 2 The elevation of brain tryptophan concentration by sodium salicylate (0.5 mg/kg) was caused by inhibition of liver pyrrolase activity, whereas that by doses of the drug of 50 mg/kg and above was achieved mainly by tryptophan displacement. Both tryptophan displacement of pyrrolase inhibition caused the increase in brain tryptophan concentration by sodium salicylate at 10 mg/kg. 3 The smallest dose of salicylate capable of displacing serum-protein-bound tryptophan was 2.5 mg/kg. PMID- 7082906 TI - Further analysis of inhibitory effects of propranolol and local anaesthetics on the calcium current in Helix neurones. AB - 1 The effects of propranolol and local anaesthetics on Ca2+ current (Ica), individually separated from other ionic currents, in Helix neurones were studied under voltage clamp, using a suction pipette technique. 2 Increases in external Ca2+ concentrations overcame the inhibitory action of propranolol on Ica. Double reciprocal plots for peak Ica versus external Ca2+ concentrations in the presence or absence of propranolol did not intersect at the ordinate. 3 Internal application of propranolol (10-4M) inhibited Ica to about 40-60% of the control in a time-dependent manner. 4 Lignocaine and procaine at concentrations of 10-3 10-2 M inhibited Ica without shifting the threshold in the I-V relationships. Internal application of lignocaine (10-3-10-2M) also inhibited Ica: the ratio of depression of the Ica was almost equivalent to that of the agent applied externally. 5 The results provide evidence that propranolol inhibits Ica in the noncompetitive manner with Ca2+ at the cell membrane, and suggest that the agents may occupy the receptor site in the Ca2+-channel somewhere between the outer surface and inner phase of the membrane. PMID- 7082907 TI - Myotoxic activity of the crude venom and the principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, of the Australian taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus. AB - 1 The crude venom of the Australian taipan. Oxyuranus scutellatus and its principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, were injected into the anterolateral aspect of one hind limb of the rat. 2 The effects of the venom and toxin on the morphology and physiology on the underlying soleus muscles were examined. 3 Both the crude venom and the toxin caused necrosis and degeneration of the muscle. Damage to the peripheral muscle fibres could be seen at the light microscopic level as early as 3 h after injection of the toxic compounds. 4 The necrotic response was accompanied by an infiltration of phagocytic cells and an extensive oedema. The wet weight of the damaged muscles was almost doubled by 6 h. 5 In individual muscle fibres, necrosis was associated with the disruption of the plasma membrane and the disorganization of the myofibrils. The basal lamina of the muscle fibres was left intact. 6 Denervated mammalian muscles and innervated avian muscles were also destroyed by tiapoxin, but immature avian muscle growing in tissue culture was resistant. 7 Of the 3 subunits of taipoxin, only the basic alpha-taipoxin was itself myotoxic. However, its potency was enhanced by the presence of the acid gamma subunit. The role of the neutral beta-subunit is unclear. 8 The period of necrosis and degeneration lasted for approximately 48 h, after which the muscle fibres began to regenerate. Regeneration took place within the surviving basal lamina, with the formation of myotubes by three days, and small, immature muscle fibres by five days. Regeneration was virtually complete by 21 days. PMID- 7082908 TI - The mechanism of the positive inotropic action of ketamine on isolated atria of the rat. AB - 1 The effect of ketamine (10-7 M-5 X10-4 M) on electrical and mechanical properties of isolated atria of the rat was investigated. 2. On spontaneously beating right atria, ketamine produced a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect which was accompanied by a progressive reduction in atrial rate. 3 In electrically driven left atria, ketamine produced a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect which was accompanied by a parallel increase in df/dtmax and by a prolongation in the time to peak tension and in the time for total concentration. The positive inotropic effect occurred concomitantly with an increase in the height and duration of the plateau phase of the action potential of atrial fibres. 4 The positive inotropic effect of ketamine varied with the concentration of Ca and Na in the bathing media and the rate of stimulation. 5 Ketamine decreased post-extrasystolic potentiation and the amplitude-interval relationship. 6 The positive inotropic effect of ketamine was inhibited by verapamil (10-6 M) and by caffeine (4 X10-3 M). 7 Ketamine, 5 X10-5M and 10-4M, increased 45Ca uptake in electrically driven left atria. At 10-4M and 5 X10-4M, ketamine also increased 45Ca efflux. 8 These results suggest that ketamine produces its positive inotropic effect by two possible mechanisms. One of these is presumed to be an effect on the cell membrane with leads to an increased Ca influx into atrial fibres; the other is probably related to the inhibition of Ca sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 7082910 TI - Reflections on the terms stochastic and non-stochastic as currently used in radiological protection. AB - The meanings, past and present, of the word stochastic are discussed and related to the way in which "stochastic" and "non-stochastic" may be used to describe the categories of biological damage from ionizing radiation. "Haplocytic" and "polycytic" are suggested as alternatives: these terms allow a classification according to the numbers of cells involved initially and, therefore, according to the basic mechanisms. For more speculative concepts relating to carcinogenesis the word "syncytic" is suggested, together with some potentially useful terms derived from it. PMID- 7082909 TI - Effects of melatonin on sleep and neurochemistry in the rat. AB - 1 The effects of intraperitoneally administered melatonin on sleep and brain neurochemistry in the rat were studied by use of EEG recording and standard fluorescence techniques. 2 Melatonin, 10 mg/kg, reduced time to sleep onset and time spent awake but increased both slow wave and paradoxical sleep. Qualitatively similar but smaller effects were produced by a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. 3 Neither dose of melatonin altered normal EEG patterns or disrupted normal sleep behaviour. 4 Melatonin, 20 mg/Kg, did not significantly alter concentrations of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, noradrenaline or dopamine in any part of the brain. 5 it is concluded that the sleep promoting activity of melatonin cannot be related to gross changes in brain indoleamine and catecholamine levels. PMID- 7082911 TI - Ultrasonographic evaluation of hepatic metastases in testicular tumour. AB - The hundred and fifty-seven ultrasonographic examinations were carried out in 200 patients with testicular tumour. In 16 cases (8.0%) liver metastases were demonstrated. There were three main patterns: well- or ill-defined echopoor lesions, well-defined echogenic lesions, and "target" lesions. Echopoor liver lesions were found in metastatic seminoma, whilst metastatic teratoma may give any of these three patterns. The value of ultrasound for evaluating the therapeutic response of hepatic metastases from testicular tumour is discussed. PMID- 7082912 TI - Assessment of left ventricular function by synchronous echocardiography and apex cardiography. AB - The relationship between left ventricular dimension measured using M-mode echocardiography and simultaneous apex cardiography has been studied in 69 normal subjects (2 groups) and 159 patients with heart disease (6 groups). A loop was formed by plotting the apex cardiogram, which is related to ventricular wall stress, against ventricular dimension. Abnormalities in ventricular function due to shape or volume changes in the isovolumic phases of the cardiac cycle produced characteristic alterations in the loop pattern. These changes were measured and the results for different groups compared. Normal subjects were divided into two age groups (13-38, 40-78) and no significant differences were found between them. In the heart-disease, patients, 25% had an abnormal decrease in dimension during isovolumic contraction and 25% had an abnormal increase during isovolumic relaxation. When the downstroke of the apex cardiogram was differentially analysed, it was possible to show that 60% of heart-disease patients lay outside the normal range. By using these techniques it is possible (a) to show abnormal ventricular response to pressure changes during the isovolumic periods, (b) to quantify the abnormality and, (c) to detect early abnormal muscle behaviour before it becomes visible on conventional ultrasound recordings. PMID- 7082914 TI - Ultrasonically induced nuclear aberrations in an in vitro multicellular tumour system. AB - Chinese hamster V-79 cells, attached to an acoustically transparent membrane and EMT6/Ro mouse mammary sarcoma cells as small multicellular spheroids or in suspension, were exposed to therapeutic intensities of 1 MHz ultrasound (0-10 W/cm2) and examined for the production of atypical nuclear or chromosomal aberrations. In the monolayer configuration no abnormalities occurred. In multicell spheroids or suspension cells 3 classes of abnormalities were found: (1) pyknotic/irregular nuclei; (2) lysed nuclei with extruding nucleoplasm; and (3) agglomerations which have an irregular shape and "fused" morphology similar to that which has been reported for plant tissues (Cataldo et al, 1973). PMID- 7082913 TI - The effect of field size on the reaction of pig skin to single doses of X rays. AB - The importance of the size of the treatment area for the response of the skin to radiation has been studied in the pig. The responses of skin areas of 16 cm3 (4 x 4 cm) and 64 cm2 (16 x 4 cm) were compared after single doses of X rays. In the initial 3-9-week period after irradiation the severity of the erythema reaction, which is associated with epidermal call death, was not influenced by the area of skin irradiated. For the later dermal response (10-16 weeks) a similar result was obtained. The dose required to produce dermal necrosis in 50% of the fields treated (ED50) was approximately 2070 cGy for both field sizes. Additional studies have shown that the ED50 for dermal necrosis was not influenced by the age of animals at the time of irradiation. This was despite considerable differences in the vascular density and blood flow in pig skin with increasing age. The apparent contradiction between the results of this experimental study in the pig, which shows no effect of field size, and currently accepted clinical practice is discussed. PMID- 7082915 TI - Self-retaining loop (SRL) catheters for replacement of dislodged biliary T-tubes. PMID- 7082916 TI - Oesophageal perforation with fracture dislocation of cervical spine due to hyperextension injury. PMID- 7082917 TI - Diagnosis of intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver by fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograhy. PMID- 7082918 TI - Memoranda from the British Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements. 1. Use of air kerma for photon dosimetry in air. PMID- 7082919 TI - Memoranda from the British Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements. 2.SI units for radiation protection-an interim measure. PMID- 7082920 TI - Assessment of the painful hip prosthesis with 111In-labelled leucocyte scans. PMID- 7082921 TI - Iridium wire implants for treatment of cancer of the breast. PMID- 7082922 TI - The effect of photon absorption by breast tissue in liver imaging with technetium 99m. PMID- 7082923 TI - The errors of linear measurements using ultrasonic B-scanners. PMID- 7082924 TI - The surgical management of bilharzial strictures of the ureter. AB - Twenty-one ureteric strictures due to bilharzia have been treated surgically in 13 patients. Two required nephrectomy; 19 had direct ureteric reimplantation into the dome of the bladder after excision of the strictured segment of ureter. A simple technique of reimplantation into the dome of the bladder is described and early results have justified its further use. PMID- 7082926 TI - A subjective and urodynamic assessment of unilateral bladder neck incision for bladder neck obstruction. AB - Thirty-eight patients with bladder neck obstruction were treated by unilateral bladder neck incision. Good subjective and urodynamic results were obtained in 33 patients. Retrograde ejaculation occurred in 16% of the patients on recommencing sexual activity. The value of combined videocystography and pressure flow studies is discussed. The technique is not recommended for patients presenting with acute retention. PMID- 7082925 TI - Double-breasted technique for the repair of urethral fistulas after hypospadias surgery. AB - Urethral fistula formation after urethroplasty for hypospadias is a frequent occurrence. Repeated failures can occur even after multiple attempts at repair. A surgical procedure is described using the double-breasted principle to treat these resistant cases. Twenty-four patients were operated on using this technique and have been followed up from 6 to 27 months. There were 3 failures in the earlier cases but these patients were cured by a repeat of the procedure. PMID- 7082928 TI - Long-term Suprapubic cystostomy drainage in spinal cord injury patients. AB - Thirty-one spinal cord injury(SCI) patients maintained on suprapubic cystostomy (SPC) for at least 5 years were evaluated by intravenous urography (IVU) and cystourethrography (CUG). Only patients who had had a normal IVU and no reflux before SPC were included in the study. The results showed that SPC maintained for more than 5 years causes as much renal damage as the intraurethral catheter retained for more than 20 years. In SCI patients, therefore, SPC should be used only temporarily after urethral, ureteric or bladder surgery. PMID- 7082927 TI - Bladder drill for the treatment of enuresis in adults. PMID- 7082929 TI - Factors influencing salvage cystectomy results. AB - Analysis of 86 patients who underwent salvage cystectomy following a radical course of radiotherapy for bladder cancer and 37 patients who underwent primary cystectomy has shown a greater survival for women than men. The following factors were associated with a significant deterioration in survival: 1. Age at time of cystectomy: post-operative mortality and tumour recurrence are greater over the age of 70. 2. Non-function of one kidney on IVU. 3. Grade 3 tumour on cystectomy specimen. 4. pT3 or pT4 tumour on cystectomy specimen. PMID- 7082930 TI - The effects of radiotherapy on the integrity of the ureteroileal segment following cystectomy. AB - Thirty-nine patients treated by cystectomy and ileal loop diversion for carcinoma of bladder were divided into 3 groups: A. cystectomy alone, B. cystectomy combined with pre-operative irradiation, C. Salvage cystectomy following radical radiotherapy. The post-operative complications and subsequent function of the ureteroileal segment of the urinary diversion were compared in the 3 groups. Those having primary cystectomy had the fewest complications and best long-term function, whilst those having surgery within 12 months of radical radiotherapy had the highest incidence of ureteroileal obstruction. The possible aetiology is discussed. PMID- 7082931 TI - The significance of ploidy and proliferation in the clinical and biological evaluation of bladder tumours: a study of 100 untreated cases. AB - Cell material from 100 cases of newly diagnosed bladder tumours was studied with rapid flow cytofluorometric DNA analysis. The degree of ploidy and the percentage of cells in the S-phase characterising the proliferation pattern of the tumours were determined from DNA histograms. The results were related to the tumour categories and to the histopathological grading of the tumours. Approximately 40% of T1 tumours showed aneuploid DNA patterns, while in the other categories aneuploidy was found in almost all cases. With few exceptions, tumours of Grade 1 were found to be diploid and tumours of Grade 3 aneuploid. In tumours of Grade 2, two-thirds were found to be diploid and one-third aneuploid. In the group of aneuploid tumours the tetraploid cases exhibited the least malignant characteristics as judged by histological grades and tumour categories. The aneuploid non-tetraploid tumours increased in malignancy the more they deviated from tetraploidy. This might be explained by our observations of a positive correlation between the degree of ploidy and the degree of proliferation. The proliferation increased from 10% in tetraploid tumours to 20% in triploid and pentaploid tumours. PMID- 7082932 TI - Ta and T1 bladder cancer: location, recurrence and progression. AB - An analysis of 58 patients who presented with their first superficial bladder tumour(s) stage Ta or T1 and who were followed prospectively is presented. Tumour characteristics which correlated well with the likelihood of new tumour occurrence were invasion of lamina propria, multiplicity, size equal to or greater than 3 cm and abnormal selected mucosal biopsies. Positive urinary cytology and higher grade tumours correlated, though less strongly. Development of higher grade or stage in subsequent tumours (i.e. progression) was associated with initial tumour multiplicity. While initial tumours were rarely found on the dome (5.2%), new tumour occurrences involved the dome in 29% of patients. PMID- 7082933 TI - Computed tomography in staging of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. AB - Seventy-seven patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder were investigated by computed tomography (CT) and the results compared with those of pathological staging. The overall accuracy rate was 81% for the estimation of local tumour extension. Perivesical tumour extension was overestimated by CT owing to previous bladder surgery or radiotherapy in about half of the cases. Nevertheless, CT gives unrivalled diagnostic information in advanced tumour invasion. The diagnostic accuracy rate of CT in the detection of lymph node metastases was 89%, compared with 73% for lymphography. PMID- 7082934 TI - The effect of prophylactic subcutaneous heparin on blood loss during and after transurethral prostatectomy. PMID- 7082935 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma of the penis. AB - One hundred and twenty-two cases of penile carcinoma at the Medical University of South Carolina from 1945 to 1979 have been analysed. The age and race distribution of these patients, initial clinical staging and surgical treatment have been recorded. In addition, clinical inguinal involvement, results of inguinal lymphadenectomy and survival data based on retrospective staging are listed. The role of adjunctive lymphadenectomy is discussed and the importance of pelvic lymphadenectomy in addition to inguinal node dissection is emphasised. A treatment plan is outlined for the management of penile carcinoma in order to increase survival without increasing patient morbidity. PMID- 7082936 TI - Urinary calculi in children. A 5 to 15-year follow-up with particular reference to recurrent and residual stones. AB - Between 1965 and 1974 188 children were operated on for urinary calculi; 150 cases of non-metabolic stones have been followed up for 5 to 15 years to assess the results of surgery and to evaluate recurrent and residual calculi. Of 132 cases completely cleared of stones at initial surgery 11 had a recurrence; 8 of the recurrences developed amongst 33 patients who remained persistently infected post-operatively. Reoperation was necessary in 8 cases to stop renal deterioration. Amongst 18 patients with residual calculi only 7 required reoperation; small residual fragments were effectively controlled with long-term antibiotic therapy and close supervision. PMID- 7082937 TI - Malakoplakia of the urinary tract. AB - five cases of malakoplakia of the urinary tract are described. It is much more common in middle-aged females (peak incidence in the fifth decade compared with the seventh decade for males) but remains an uncommon condition, although clinically there is a strong association with recurrent urinary tract infection. It causes obstructive stenotic lesions of the ureters or pelviureteric junction, which pose the serious threat. Many cases are associated with non-malakoplakic diseases of other systems which often determine the prognosis. The most commonly used method of treatment was long-term antibiotic therapy; this seemed effective, although controlled trials have not been performed. PMID- 7082939 TI - Idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum. PMID- 7082938 TI - Results of prostatectomy in patients following a cerebrovascular accident. AB - Prostatectomy was performed on 39 patients with a history of one or more cerebrovascular accidents. Only 50% had a satisfactory result from the operation and 11.7% died within 3 months of surgery. While the age of the patient, the degree of neurological deficit at the time of operation and the indication for operation had some influence on the outcome, the site of the CVA and the period of time that had elapsed since the CVA seemed to have the greatest influence. PMID- 7082940 TI - Renal carcinoma masquerading as renal tuberculosis. PMID- 7082941 TI - Uretero-appendiceal fistula, a complication of radical hysterectomy. PMID- 7082942 TI - Bilateral renal carcinoma: in Situ excision of tumour and delayed contralateral nephrectomy. PMID- 7082943 TI - Y-type urethral triplication. PMID- 7082944 TI - A case of uretero-arterial fistula. PMID- 7082945 TI - Orthotopic ureterocele presenting as swelling at the external urinary meatus. PMID- 7082946 TI - Calcific dystrophy of scrotal skin. PMID- 7082948 TI - Hydrostatic pressure within renal cysts. AB - Hydrostatic pressure was measured within 10 single renal cysts during surgical exploration. The pressure ranged from 12.5 to 31.0 cm of water (average 22 cm). It seems that the persistently elevated hydrostatic pressure within renal cysts could be associated with their expansion. PMID- 7082947 TI - Pyonephrosis: a critical review of 131 cases. AB - One hundred and thirty-one patients operated on for pyonephrosis within a 4-year period are reviewed. Male to female ratio was 1:2 and urolithiasis was the most common aetiological factor (70.2%). Primary nephrectomy proved to be a very satisfactory mode of treatment. Preliminary nephrostomy no longer appears necessary other than in exceptional circumstances. In a selected group of patients with pyonephrosis following acute obstruction of the kidney by a stone, successful management was achieved by prompt relief of the obstruction. PMID- 7082949 TI - The results of lower polar renal vessel transposition (the Chapman procedure) in the management of hydronephrosis. AB - Over a 15-year period, 19 patients with hydronephrosis due to pelviureteric obstruction associated with lower polar vessels were treated by ureterolysis and transposition of the vessels. Only those patients who, at operation, showed rapid pelvic emptying was not observed, a pyeloplasty was performed in addition. Complete relief of symptoms occurred in 90% of the patients. Post-operative reduction in the degree of hydronephrosis was demonstrated by intravenous urography in 74% and renal pelvic drainage was judged excellent by diuresis renography in 80%. Diuresis renography allowed the demonstration of free and rapid pelvic drainage in the majority of those patients with persisting hydronephrosis shown by intravenous urography. PMID- 7082950 TI - Congenital ureteric valves--a cause of urinary obstruction. AB - Congenital ureteric valves causing upper urinary tract obstruction was discovered after operation in 4 adults who had presented with different urological problems. The fifth patient, an infant, presented with failure to thrive and was suspected of having a congenital ureteric valve prior to operation. The infant had gross hydronephrosis and was treated by excision of the segment containing the valve and end-to-end anastomosis of the ureter and pyeloplasty because of a narrow pelviureteric junction. Three adults had severe kidney damage and underwent nephrectomy. The fourth adult, who had a horseshoe kidney with 4 small stones in the lowermost calix, underwent pyelolithotomy; in addition, the segment bearing the valve was excised and a ureteropyelostomy was carried out. PMID- 7082951 TI - Resection and sutured colo-anal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma. AB - Resection with preservation of the anal sphincters is new widely accepted as providing satisfactory treatment for carcinoma of the upper rectum. However, restorative resection is less widely performed for tumours of the lower rectum because anastomosis can be technically difficult when performed low in the pelvis. Between 1973 and 1980, 76 patients with rectal carcinoma underwent rectal resection and restoration of bowel continuity by means of a sutured anastomosis between colon and anal canal. The pathological characteristics of these tumours were similar to those of all cases of carcinoma of the rectum treated at St. Mark's Hospital between 1948 and 1972. Two patients developed pelvic sepsis following colonic necrosis and anastomotic breakdown. Eight developed pelvic sepsis without major anastomotic breakdown. No patient died as a result of pelvic sepsis. Sixty-nine of the 70 patients who were able to be assessed were either completely normal functionally or had only minor deficiencies of bowel function. Six patients have been observed to develop recurrent pelvic tumour, localized to the pelvis in 4 patients and concurrent with the development of widespread metastases in 2. Twenty-one of 32 patients are alive 3 years and 12 of 19 patients are alive 5 years after a curative operation for rectal carcinoma. These results are comparable with those seen following total excision of the rectum and pelvic floor for similarly sited tumours. PMID- 7082952 TI - Results of extended surgery for cancer of the rectum and sigmoid. AB - The clinical records of 61 patients who underwent extended surgery, including resection of parietes or other viscera, from 1965 to 1977 for cancer of the rectum and sigmoid were reviewed. Abdominoperineal resection was performed in 41 patients, anterior resection in 18 and Hartmann's resection in 2. The postoperative mortality rate was 8.2 per cent, the non-lethal morbidity rate 30.3 per cent, but 4 patients presented multiple complications. The 5-year survival rate was evaluated separately for patients with and without microscopic evidence of neoplastic involvement of the simultaneously excised structures; in the first group it was 32 per cent, in the second 75 per cent. Local or distant recurrence occurred in 66 per cent of patients with microscopic infiltration and in 24 per cent of patients without microscopic infiltration. These results compare favourably with those reported after ordinary resections of Dukes' C cancers of the rectum and sigmoid, and seem to justify the use of extended surgery when cancer of the rectum and sigmoid has invaded contiguous structures. PMID- 7082953 TI - Segmental splenectomy in schistosomiasis. AB - Segmental splenectomy was performed in 5 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni and symptomatic splenomegaly. The aim was to preserve a functional remnant comprising 20-30 per cent of the bulk of a greatly enlarged spleen. The operative technique involved devascularization of anatomic segments and suture of an omental patch to the residual spleen. This procedure was simple, well tolerated and effective in relieving abdominal discomfort and cytopenias. The residual spleens showed normal uptake of 99Tc-sulphur colloid. If long term observation confirms the value of segmental splenectomy in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, it may become appropriate therapy for those patients with symptomatic splenomegaly who do not require portal decompression. PMID- 7082954 TI - Spontaneous dehiscence of an incisional hernia. PMID- 7082955 TI - Splenectomy and vasoligation for patients with haematemesis secondary to bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. AB - One hundred and thirteen patients with haematemesis secondary to bilharzial hepatic fibrosis had splenectomy and vasoligation. There were 6 deaths in the immediate and 28 in the late postoperative period. The commonest cause of death was recurrent haematemesis followed by hepatic failure. Transient jaundice, ascites and infection were common in the postoperative period. The operation improved the cellular elements of the blood but the 20 per cent incidence of recurrent bleeding is unacceptable. PMID- 7082956 TI - The management of post-traumatic intrahepatic cutaneous biliary fistulas. PMID- 7082957 TI - Cimetidine and perforated peptic ulcer. AB - Cimetidine is thought to have accelerated the reduction in elective peptic ulcer surgery but its effect on the incidence of perforated peptic ulcer has not been reported. A 15-year (1966-1980) review of peptic ulcer surgery in a district general hospital is presented. Since cimetidine became available (November 1976), the mean annual number of elective operations has fallen from 91.4 to 50.5 (45 per cent reduction). The number of perforations has fallen from 40.6 to 36.5 (10 per cent reduction). One hundred and five patients treated for perforation (97 duodenal, 8 gastric) from 1978 to 1980 were reviewed in detail. Of the 64 patients with a chronic ulcer, 8 were taking cimetidine when their ulcers perforated and a further 8 had been on the drug previously. Cimetidine has substantially reduced elective peptic ulcer surgery. There appears to have been no equivalent reduction in the incidence of perforation. PMID- 7082958 TI - Do women do worse after proximal gastric vagotomy? AB - The view that woman fare worse than men following gastric surgery led us to examine the results of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) performed in 25 women with chronic duodenal ulcer. Follow-up was from 6 months to 8 years, with an average of 45 months. These were compared with men undergoing PGV for the same condition over the same period. The age, duration of symptoms and complication and recurrence rates were similar. Modified Visick grading rated the result as good as in more than 90 per cent of both men and women. Flatulence and postprandial fullness were the most common complaints but were usually mild. The results of PGV in women are just as good as those in men. PMID- 7082959 TI - Gastric emptying and postprandial duodenogastric reflux in dogs with Heineke Mikulicz pyloroplasty. AB - A two-marker technique avoiding transpyloric intubation was used to measure the volume of gastric secretion, the rate of gastric emptying and the degree of postprandial duodenogastric reflux in 8 dogs, 5 without and 3 with Heineke Mikulicz pyloroplasties. The stomach emptied after a liquid fatty meal at an overall rate of 4.9 ml/min +/- 0.2 s.e.m. in animals with a normal pylorus and 5.7 +/- 0.2 ml/min in those with pyloroplasties (P less than 0.05). Though mean fractional emptying rates were similar, the fractional emptying rate was greater in animals with pyloroplasties than in those without in the first 10 and in the last 20 minutes. The rate of duodenogastric reflux was likewise greater in animals with pyloroplasties than in those without (1.8 +/- 0.2 ml/min and 0.7 +/- 0.2 ml/min respectively, P less than 0.05). The rates of gastric secretion did not differ materially (2.2 +/- 0.3 ml/min and 2.1 +/- 0.2 ml/min), but a greater proportion of the gastric contents was emptied more than once in animals with pyloroplasties than in those without (7.7 +/- 1.5 per cent and 2.3 +/- 1.0 per cent, P less than 0.05). PMID- 7082960 TI - Streptococcal peritonitis associated with the cathartic colon. PMID- 7082961 TI - Malignant phaeochromocytoma: report of a case and a critical review. AB - A right adrenal phaeochromocytoma is described in a 64-year-old man. Metastases to bone and subsequent death following cord compression occurred within 2 years of diagnosis. Twenty-seven cases in the English literature have been reviewed since 1968. In three of these, the pathological proof was unsatisfactory for the diagnosis of malignancy, and one further case was inadequately documented. The variation in incidence of malignancy found in large retrospective series may relate to inconsistency in pathological criteria, as well as to selective reporting of cases. PMID- 7082962 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms of the normal and post-cholecystectomy biliary tree. AB - The diameter of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts was measured on 50 normal retrograde cholangiograms and on the cholangiograms of 109 post cholecystectomy patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: 70 of the post-cholecystectomy patients had a normal cholangiogram and 39 had retained stone or biliary stricture, of whom 17 were jaundiced. Biliary diameter at all points measured was greater in the post cholecystectomy patients with no biliary lesion than in normals, and further increased in the presence of pathology (e.g. retained stone). The extent of overlap in biliary diameter between all these three groups is so great that measurement of bile duct calibre cannot separate patients with retained stone from post-cholecystectomy patients without retained stone, or from patients with an entirely normal biliary tree, even in the presence of obstructive jaundice. Methods of evaluating the biliary tract which rely on the measurement of bile duct diameter (e.g. ultrasound) are therefore of limited value in the investigation of post-cholecystectomy patients. PMID- 7082963 TI - Delayed hypersensitivity testing for the prediction of postoperative complications. AB - One hundred and sixty-six patients undergoing elective major laparotomy were skin tested preoperatively with four common recall antigens in an attempt to correlate preoperative cell-mediated immune status with postoperative septic complications. Nineteen patients were anergic, 22 relatively anergic and the remaining 125 reacted to two or more of the antigens and were regarded as normally reactive. No significant differences in morbidity or mortality were found between patients who had depressed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and those who reacted normally. We conclude that identification of those patients with depressed cell mediated immunity preoperatively does not help in predicting postoperative problems. PMID- 7082964 TI - Splenogonadal fusion. PMID- 7082965 TI - The long term effects of proctectomy on bladder function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - The effect on bladder function of protectomy for colitis or Crohn's disease was studied by means of a questionnaire and by pressure/flow cystometry. Thirty-seven patients who had undergone protectomy for inflammatory bowel disease were compared with 34 control patients who had undergone bowel resection without protectomy. Symptoms of urinary dysfunction were found to be significantly more common in patients after protectomy than in controls (P less than 0.05). Straining at micturition (P less than 0.05) and a sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder (P less than 0.02), in particular, were significantly more common after protectomy. Evidence of denervation of the bladder, as shown by the finding of capacious bladders with poor detrusor function, was found in 6 patients after protectomy but in none of the controls (P less than 0.05). The residual volume of urine in the bladder after micturition was significantly greater in patients after protectomy than in controls (P less than 0.02). Thus, the bladder is at risk of denervation in the course of protectomy for inflammatory bowel disease even when dissection is kept close to the rectum. PMID- 7082966 TI - The consequences and effectiveness of intubation in the palliation of dysphagia due to benign and malignant strictures affecting the oesophagus. AB - In a study of 66 patients intubated to relieve dysphagia, 52 (79 per cent) survived the procedure and were discharged home. Of these, 23 (44 per cent) developed further dysphagia due to tube dysfunction, and 19 patients (37 per cent) were readmitted for further procedures to restore swallowing. With early intervention, the periods of dysphagia were short and the palliation so achieved was effective. Overall, intubation proved to be an effective method of relieving dysphagia in patients unsuitable for curative treatment. PMID- 7082967 TI - The definition of critical ischaemia of a limb. PMID- 7082968 TI - The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. AB - One hundred and twenty-four limbs in patients suffering from intermittent claudication were studied over 10 months. Changes in ankle pressure and treadmill exercise tolerance over the period were compared between two groups, one of patients who continued to smoke (group 1) and the other of those who gave up (group 2). Resting ankle systolic pressure fell in smokers' limbs by a mean of 10.2 mmHg (t = 3.56, P less than 0.001), and rose in those patients who stopped smoking by a mean 8.7 mmHg (P = n.s.). Ankle pressures after exercise and maximum treadmill walking distance did not change in smokers but significantly improved in past smokers. Stopping cigarette smoking increased the chance of improvement in ankle pressure and exercise tolerance in intermittent claudication. PMID- 7082969 TI - The effect of local cooling on digital systolic pressure in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. AB - The effect of local controlled cooling on the digital systolic blood pressure in the hand was studied in 25 healthy volunteers and 25 patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Arterial systolic pressure was indirectly measured using a digital cuff over the proximal phalanx and a photoplethysmographic probe over the digital pulp to detect pulsation. Pressures were measured after occlusion of the circulation (cuff at 180 mmHg) for 5 minutes with water circulating initially at 30 degrees C and then at 10 degrees C. An air filled cuff was used simultaneously on a control finger. The digital systolic pressure at 10 degrees C in the patients was significantly lower (P less than 0.001 Mann-Whitney U test) than in the normal volunteers whilst calculation of the percentage change in pressure induced by cooling the digit to 10 degrees C allowed complete separation between both groups. The range in the controls was +2 per cent to -26 per cent and in the patients, -33 per cent to -100 per cent. The test gives reproducible results (coefficient of variation 5-11 per cent) and offers an objective method of identifying patients with excessive vasospasm due to a cold stimulus. It may prove useful in studying natural history and the effect of drug therapy. PMID- 7082970 TI - Transaxillary sympathectomy--is a one-stage bilateral procedure safe? PMID- 7082971 TI - What is the place of lumbar sympathectomy? PMID- 7082972 TI - Prosthetic grafts for the treatment of lower limb ischaemia: present status. PMID- 7082973 TI - Transient ischaemic attacks: the static and dynamic morphology of the carotid artery bifurcation. AB - Studies evaluating the static and dynamic characteristics of the common carotid bifurcation are described. Slow motion angiographic frames, real time B-mode images and time position M-mode tracings have demonstrated appreciable vessel wall motion with an increase in distensibility at the carotid bulb compared to the proximal common carotid artery. Histopathological studies suggest that changes in the carotid artery elastin and collagen structure may contribute to the increased distensibility at the carotid bulb. The presence or absence of a cervical bruit did not correlate with the ultrasonic demonstration of plaque or blood flow turbulence. Mechanical factors relating to the development of symptoms of cerebral ischaemia are discussed. PMID- 7082974 TI - The early diagnosis of massive acute intestinal ischaemia. AB - Intestinal ischaemia with ensuing gangrene has been a serious clinical problem. Delay in diagnosis has inevitably led to either massive gut resection or death. It has been shown that the bowel contains high concentrations of both organic and inorganic phosphate. With gut ischaemia, phosphate is released from the bowel and elevated concentrations may be measured in peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid and urine. Associated leucocytosis and acidosis constitute a diagnostic laboratory triad. The alteration in gut phosphate metabolism has been studied extensively in dogs and humans. Under hypoxic conditions, a time period exists before irretrievable gut necrosis ensues. During this vital interval serum phosphate is elevated. In 20 clinical cases an accurate diagnosis of bowel ischaemia was made utilizing phosphate measurements. Three cases had an early diagnosis which led to embolectomy with no loss of gut. Elevated serum phosphate is an accurate diagnostic finding in early cases of massive gut ischaemia. It is hoped that this simple test may help lower the staggering mortality and morbidity associated with massive intestinal ischaemia. PMID- 7082975 TI - Surgical treatment of post-phlebitic syndrome. AB - The post-phlebitic syndrome which succeeds deep vein thrombophlebitis may be treated by various surgical interventions. Removal of incompetent perforating veins and excision of any concomitant skin ulcer with grafting is a usual course of therapy. However, if the skin ulceration and symptoms are actually due to deep venous incompetence then a more direct approach should be attempted. Numerous procedures have been advocated, such as valvoplasty, homologous vein transplant, synthetic valve procedures and autogenous vein valve transplant. It has been demonstrated that autogenous vein valve transplant yields a satisfactory haemodynamically stable result with high valve competency rates. The authors have operated on 10 patients utilizing an autogenous vein valve with good results. Pre and postoperative data including ascending and descending venography indicate that valvular competence is restored and ulcers heal. PMID- 7082976 TI - Increased penile perfusion and reversal of vasculogenic impotence following femoro-femoral bypass. AB - This study assessed the effect of femoro-femoral bypass on penile perfusion and impotence. Twelve patients with femoro-femoral grafts had Doppler pressure measurements and penile/brachial indices (PBI) recorded at both dorsal penile arteries, first with the graft open and then with the inflow portion of the graft temporarily occluded by manual external compression. Doppler pressure measurements and PBI did not change significantly in the dorsal penile artery on the donor (inflow) side of the graft when the graft was temporarily occluded. Patients who were potent both pre- and postoperatively (n = 5) had no significant change in pressure or PBI on the recipient (outflow) side of the graft with graft occlusion. In those patients who experienced reversal of impotence following bypass (n = 4) the mean dorsal penile artery pressure on the recipient side decreased from 101 mmHg with the graft open to 30 mmHg with the graft occluded (P less than 0.05). Review of arteriograms revealed that patients most likely to experience increases in penile perfusion have either (a) recipient side common iliac artery occlusion and a patent internal iliac system which is perfused in a retrograde fashion or (b) recipient side proximal internal iliac occlusion with well-developed collateral circulation between the profunda femoris and the distal internal iliac arterial systems. Femoro-femoral bypass can increase penile perfusion and alleviate vasculogenic impotence in selected patients. PMID- 7082977 TI - Syphilis d'emblee due to blood transfusion. Case report. AB - A 58-year-old Chinese woman presented with syphilis d'emblee. Seven weeks after a blood transfusion lesions appeared on the palms of her hands and the soles of her feet. These gradually increased in number and other lesions developed on the scalp and palatal mucosa. One of the blood donors was found to have had positive serological test results for syphilis but no clinical symptoms or signs. This case illustrates the danger inherent in the use of whole fresh blood for transfusion purposes. PMID- 7082978 TI - Morbidity associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - To identify the long-term sequelae and morbidity associated with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) patients with acute PID and matched controls were interviewed at five-monthly intervals for about 21 months after entry into the study. In some instances morbidity among the patients was increased, particularly at five months after admission to hospital. Significantly more patients than controls had visited hospital as outpatients, been admitted to hospital and undergone abdominal operations, and had to alter their normal daily routine and take time off work. The cumulative rates for all of these, except for time off work, were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. Differences between the two groups both at early and later interviews and cumulatively were evident in the incidence of abdominal pain (other than menstrual pain), change in menstruation (longer and more painful), and pain during sexual intercourse, which persisted in one-fifth of patients after the initial acute episode. PMID- 7082979 TI - Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in women with talampicillin in a single oral 1.5 g dose. AB - Four hundred and sixty women with uncomplicated gonorrhea were treated with a single oral dose of 1.5 g talampicillin. The success rate among those who attended for at least one follow-up examination after treatment was 99.14%. The antibiotic was well tolerated and no side effects were reported. Talampicillin given under supervision has proved to be the most effective and safest treatment in this area. A smaller dosage of talampicillin than ampicillin is required, the drug is better tolerated by the patient, and the time of nursing staff is saved. PMID- 7082980 TI - Some factors affecting the incubation period and duration of symptoms of urethritis in men. AB - In a retrospective study of clinic records containing accurate information on the dates of infection and onset of symptoms, the mean (+/- SEM) incubation period of gonorrhea in men was 6.2 +/- 3.8 days and the mean duration of symptoms (3.1 +/- 2.3 days. For non-specific urethritis the mean (+/- SEM) figures were 7.7 +/- 4.1 and 4.0 +/- 3.4 days respectively; both were significantly longer than for gonorrhoea. Patients with a first episode of urethritis had longer than average incubation periods and duration of symptoms. Past experience of urethritis shortened the duration of symptoms; this was more significant in gonorrhoeae than in non-specific urethritis. "Anxious" men who had attended previously of their own accord when no abnormality had been found had the shortest times. The most notable factor in determining the interval between infection and attendance, however, was whether or not the sexual contact was known. Infections by known contacts were associated with prolonged duration of symptoms which negated the benefit of past experience and, to some extent, of anxiety. Thus, patients should be made more generally aware that known contacts may be a source of infection, especially after a break in a relationship, and that they should return to the clinic as soon as symptoms develop. Furthermore, doctors should examine carefully even the most persistently "neurotic" patients, because they may eventually become infected. PMID- 7082981 TI - Ultrahistopathology of balanitis circinata. AB - Penile lesions from six patients with balanitis circinata were examined with the light and electron microscopes. The epithelium showed slight parakeratosis, acanthosis, and elongation of rete ridges. Neutrophil pustules occupied the upper epidermis. Prickle cells formed a spongiform net around the pustules. The most prominent features detected by the electron microscope were the small-to-medium sized pustules in the upper epidermis. The thin flattened keratinocytes formed a sponge-like trabecular network. Neutrophils were not found inside the keratinocytes. Chlamydia were not present in the lesions, which indicates that balanitis circinata is due to some reactive mechanism. The fine structure of balanitis circinata resembles that of pustular psoriasis. PMID- 7082982 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome occurring simultaneously. Case report. AB - Features of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease occurred simultaneously in the same patient. This is a rare finding and appears to be the first published report of such a case. PMID- 7082983 TI - Vaginal bleeding in granuloma inguinale. Case reports. AB - Since bleeding from the female genitourinary tract is not a common symptom in granuloma inguinale two patients presenting with profuse and intermittent vaginal bleeding were initially admitted as gynaecological or obstetric emergencies. In both cases, the cause was ultimately found to be granuloma inguinale. PMID- 7082984 TI - Traumatic ulceration of the cervix. Case report. AB - A 19-year-old women with persistent biological false-positive reactions to serological tests for syphilis developed multiple elliptical ulcers of the cervix from the use of a vaginal vibrator. This adds one more aetiological agent to the differential diagnosis of cervical ulceration. PMID- 7082985 TI - Acetabular osseous bulla in osteoarthritic cattle. PMID- 7082986 TI - Plasma clearance of bromosulphthalein in surgically-prepared sheep. PMID- 7082987 TI - A combined polyethyleneglycol immunoglobulin precipitation with the serum protein determination as a routine clinical test for estimation of the immune and nutritional status in neonatal calves. PMID- 7082988 TI - Some ejaculate characteristics and observations on the libido of a South Devon bull in northern Nigeria. PMID- 7082989 TI - Effect of ambient temperature and humidity on plasma cortisol in sheep. PMID- 7082990 TI - The rubrospinal and central tegmental tracts in man. AB - Ten cases are presented which illustrate aspects of the anatomy of the rubrospinal and central tegmental tracts in man. It is concluded that the number of large fibres arising from the magnocellular part of the red nucleus and constituting the classical rubrospinal tract is small and that only a few fibres project into the spinal cord; these cannot usually be traced caudal to the upper cervical segments. There is a very large number of rubro-olivary fibres arising from the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, which run in the central tegmental tract. This tract also contains descending fibres that do not originate in the red nucleus and fibres that do not terminate in the olive. The literature on the rubrospinal tract and the rubro-olivary component of the central tegmental tract in primates in reviewed. Comparative anatomical studies are also briefly reviewed; they accord with the findings reported here for man. PMID- 7082991 TI - Pure word deafness. Analysis of a case with bilateral lesions and a defect at the prephonemic level. AB - We have demonstrated that the deficit in speech perception in our patient with pure word deafness is secondary to a prephonemic temporal auditory acuity disorder. We delineated the nature of the auditory processing deficit in our patient with bilateral lesions and then demonstrated the presence of a predicted deficit in phonemic discrimination. This pattern is comparable to previous cases with bilateral lesions and distinct from other cases with unilateral lesions. Review of previous reports suggests that there are two distinct types of pure word deafness: type 1, in which the deficit is prephonemic and related to a temporal auditory acuity disorder, and type 2, a form that is independent of a temporal auditory acuity disorder, and has a deficit in linguistic discrimination that does not adhere to a prephonemic pattern (Denes and Semenza, 1975; Saffran et al., 1976). The former has been associated with bilateral temporal lobe lesions (Naeser, 1974; Chocholle et al., 1975), the latter with left unilateral lesions (Denes and Semenza, 1975; Saffran et al., 1976). The first form is an apperceptive disorder, whereas the second represents a higher disorder in phonemic discrimination and may be considered a fragment of Wernicke's aphasia. PMID- 7082992 TI - A post-mortem study of the cholinergic and GABA systems in senile dementia. AB - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration were measured in 19 cerebral cortical areas and 22 subcortical areas of brains from 26 control and 25 histologically proven cases of Alzheimer's disease. Reduced ChAt activity was observed in all the cortical areas examined in the Alzheimer cases dying before the median age of 79 years. In the Alzheimer cases aged greater than 79 years at death, 7 out of the 9 frontal cortical areas had a normal ChAT activity when compared with controls. Significant reductions in GABA concentrations in the Alzheimer cases were confined to the temporal cortex. Significant reductions in ChAT activity in subcortical areas were confined to 8 of the 22 regions examined. Notably these included the septal nuclei and substantia innominata, the proposed origins of the cholinergic projections to the hippocampus and neocortex, respectively. There were no reductions in GABA concentrations outside the cerebral cortex. Four multi-infarct cases and 6 cases with normal histology were found to have a small reduction in ChAT activity confined to only a few areas. The data are consistent with a predominant loss in Alzheimer's disease of the diffuse cholinergic projection from the brainstem and basal forebrain. PMID- 7082993 TI - Human arm trajectory formation. AB - In order to investigate the strategies used to plan and control multijoint arm trajectories, two-degrees-of-freedom arm movements performed by normal adult humans were recorded. Only the shoulder and elbow joints were active. When a subject was told simply to move his hand from one visual target to another, the path of the hand was roughly straight, and the hand speed profile of their straight trajectories was bell-shaped. When the subject was required to produce curved hand trajectories, the path usually had a segmented appearance, as if the subject was trying to approximate a curve with low curvature elements. Hand speed profiles associated with curved trajectories contained speed valleys or inflections which were temporally associated with the local maxima in the trajectory curvature. The mean duration of curved movements was longer than the mean for straight movements. These results are discussed in terms of trajectory control theories which have originated in the fields of mechanical manipulator control and biological motor control. Three explanations for the results are offered. PMID- 7082994 TI - Organization of visuospatial functions in human cortex. Evidence from electrical stimulation. PMID- 7082996 TI - Convergence of associational and commissural pathways on CA1 pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus. AB - The interaction of the commissural and associational systems to the CA1 region of the hippocampus was studied by recording extracellular field potentials and single unit activity in anesthetized rats. Associational fibers were activated by stimulating the stratum oriens of the CA1 region contralateral to recording: this stimulation activated the Schaffer collaterals by antidromically firing the pyramidal cells of the CA3 region on the side of recording. Commissural fibers were stimulated where they emerge from CA3 region. Both pathways excited both the basal and apical dendrites of the CA1 pyramidal cells. Commissural activation in stratum oriens was more efficient than associational path stimulation, while the opposite was seen in stratum radiatum. Responses elicited by associational path activation had their peak negativity 100--150 micrometers deeper in stratum radiatum than commissurally evoked responses. Both pathways were able to discharge pyramidal neurons. Both homonymous and heteronymous double pulse stimulation showed response facilitation. Simultaneous activation of both pathways induced a greater amplitude population spike than predicted by algebraic summation of the independent responses. Over 80% of the responsive CA1 cells could be fired by either pathway. These results show a considerable convergence of the commissural and associational pathways on CA1 pyramidal cells, although their predominant locus of excitation might be different. PMID- 7082997 TI - The dependence of discharge rate of spindle afferent units on the size of the load during isotonic position holding in man. AB - The impulse discharge in single afferent units from muscle spindles was recorded in waking human subjects, using tungsten needle electrodes which were percutaneously inserted in the radial nerve. Eighteen spindle afferents from the finger extensor muscles were studied, 11 primaries and 7 secondaries. The subjects performed standardized trapezoidal finger movements in a visual tracking task which included periods of position holding. A load of constant torque opposed finger extension. Its size was varied with successive tests and covered up to 29% of the maximum voluntary contraction force (MVF). The mean discharge of the afferent unit during holding was measured and related to the size of the load. The mean discharge rate of both primary and secondary units increased with the size of the load. There was considerable scatter of the data points, but generally a linear relationship was an acceptable describing function. For the pooled data of the total sample of primaries the slope was 0.47 impulses/s/%MVF, whereas the corresponding figure for the secondaries was 0.66 impulses/s/%MVF after an appropriate correction for a sampling bias. The rates of discharge of the present sample of units were generally low in relation to those reported for afferents from, for instance, ankle muscles in the cat. The rise of spindle discharge with increasing size of the load indicated that a broad parallelism of skeleto- and fusimotor activity was present during accurate position holding. However, there were indications that a rigid linkage between total skeletomotor activity and the fusimotor drive to individual spindles was not present. PMID- 7082998 TI - Response characteristics of primary periodontal mechanoreceptive neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus to trapezoidal mechanical stimulation of a single tooth in the rat. AB - The response characteristics of primary periodontal mechanoreceptive neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (MeNV) were studied by changing the rate and magnitude of trapezoidal pressure applied to the upper incisor in very lightly anesthetized rats. Using a metal microelectrode in the MeNV either for recording or for stimulation, the projection site of primary afferents in the anterior superior alveolar nerve innervating the upper incisor was determined. Its stereotaxic coordinates were 1.0--2.0 mm posterior to the interaural plane and 1.2--1.3 mm lateral to the mid-sagittal plane, corresponding to the caudal part of the MeNV. From this site of 19 animals, single unitary activity from 41 primary periodontal mechanoreceptive neurons was recorded, which were identified by: (1) the constant, brief latency of 1.0--4.0 ms (2.0 +/- 0.6 ms, mean +/- S.D.) from the onset of single tooth tapping; (2) the wave forms of their unitary spike responses; and (3) the ability to follow faithfully trains of repetitive stimuli applied to the anterior superior alveolar nerve at rates of more than 100 Hz for 2 s. The responses of the identified primary mechanoreceptive neurons in the MeNV were tested for repetitive tapping and trapezoidal pressure to the ipsilateral upper incisor. The highest frequency of one-to-one following was observed in repetitive tapping at 100 Hz. All of the 27 tested neurons exhibited such very rapid adaptation as to show only on-off responses to trapezoidal pressures, and did not respond at all unless the pressures were applied more rapidly than 0.6 Newtons/s (N/s). In most of these neurons, the number of evoked spikes was greater in on-responses than in off-responses, and the number and frequency of spikes were increased with an increase in the rate of pressure application. But in several neurons only one spike was triggered even when the pressures were applied at the rate of more than 83.1 N/s. PMID- 7082995 TI - Congenital hypomyelination polyneuropathy. Pathological findings compared with polyneuropathies starting later in life. AB - Biopsies from patients with congenital hypomyelination polyneuropathy (Group I) and with late infantile (Group II) and juvenile (Group III) forms of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) type III were compared, using morphometric methods and ultrastructural analysis. In congenital polyneuropathies (Group I), myelin sheaths were practically absent and onion bulbs, essentially made of multiple laminae of double layered basement membrane, surrounded every axon in the size range of normal myelinated axons. The number of these axons was markedly reduced. Serial sectioning of an isolated fibre showed that the territory of successive clusters of Schwann cell nuclei was considerably reduced when compared with the biopsies in Groups II and III and with normal controls. Fibres without myelin surrounded by multiple layers of basement membrane represented between 25 and 50 per cent of the entire population of fibres in the size range of myelinated fibres in Group II and were practically absent in Group III. The number of "myelinated' fibres (that is, fibres with myelin, and amyelinate or demyelinated fibres) was normal in Groups II and III. Although there is no indication that congenital hypomyelination onion bulb polyneuropathy is a separate entity, it can be considered as a subtype of Dejerine-Sottas disease (HMSN type III). In this disease there is a gradient of severity both in clinical expression and in the disorder of Schwann cells. In the severe congenital form, all Schwann cells are affected and are incapable of forming myelin. The diminution of the number of nerve fibres in the "myelinated' fibre size range, whether or not related to a prenatal involvement of Schwann cells, is another expression of the gravity of this form. The proportion of amyelinate fibres, i.e. with Schwann cells incapable of forming myelin, becomes less in the more benign late infantile and juvenile forms of the disease in which a process of demyelination and remyelination takes place. The literature on the congenital neuropathies, a heterogeneous assembly of diseases, is reviewed. PMID- 7082999 TI - Increased levels of Met-enkephalin-like material in the CSF of anaesthetized cats after tooth pulp stimulation. AB - Tooth pulp stimulation in halothane-anaesthetized cats induced a long lasting (greater than or equal to 3 h) increase in the levels of Met-enkephalin-like material (MELM) in the cisternal CSF. Chromatographic analyses (gel filtration, HPLC) revealed that most of the immunoreactivity was attributable to high molecular weight (mol. wt. greater than or equal to 4000) compounds; in non stimulated cats, Met-enkephalin (largely in the form of the sulfoxide derivative) only accounted for about 10% of total MELM. In contrast, following tooth pulp stimulation, a large increase in Met-enkephalin (plus Met-Ox5-enkephalin) levels was noted so that the pentapeptide thus represented more than 50% of total MELM. No evidence was obtained for the presence of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 in the cisternal CSF of halothane-anaesthetized cats. These data strongly suggest that the activity of enkephalinergic neurons was increased following nociceptive stimulation. This indirectly supports the possible physiological role of enkephalinergic systems in modulating nociceptive inputs. PMID- 7083000 TI - Enhancement of footshock-induced analgesia by spinal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions. AB - The analgesia induced by 30-s footshock (1 mA) is enhanced and attenuated by decreasing and increasing the extraneuronal availability of serotonin (5-HT), respectively. In the present work we have shown the effect to be mediated by spinal 5-HT systems as the response was increased by depletion of spinal but not brain 5-HT following injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the spinal cord or raphe magnus. Injection of 5,7-DHT into the medial raphe which depleted brain but not spinal 5-HT was without effect. PMID- 7083001 TI - Failure of spinal cord serotonin depletion to alter analgesia elicited from the periaqueductal gray. AB - The effects of spinal cord serotonin depletion or combined serotonin/norepinephrine depletion on analgesia elicited by electrical stimulation of, or morphine microinjection into, the periaqueductal gray, were tested. Spinal cord serotonin was depleted by intrathecal injection of 5,7 dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), preceded by systemic desipramine, while 5,7-DHT alone was used to deplete both norepinephrine and serotonin. Selective serotonin depletion had no effect on analgesia induced by either method at 24 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks after treatment. Depletion of both monoamines had no effect on stimulation produced analgesia 24 h and one week after treatment, but produced a slight attenuation 2 and 3 weeks after treatment. In contrast, depletion of both monoamines drastically attenuated morphine analgesia 24 h after treatment. The results are discussed in relation to multiple pain inhibitory pathways. PMID- 7083002 TI - Adrenomedullary ornithine decarboxylase activity: its use in biochemical mapping of the origins of the splanchnic nerve in the rat. AB - The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the adrenal medulla of the rat can be induced transsynaptically by the repeated administration of apomorphine. Unilateral section of one to four ventral spinal cord roots from T4 to T12 partially prevents this effects. Interruption of the intercostal nerves (T7- T13), with preservation of the autonomic innervation of the adrenal medulla, does not produce any alteration in the response of the medullary ODC to APO in the operated side as compared to the intact side. Dorsal root section at T7--T10 leads to a small reduction, while section at T2--T4 has no effect at all. Thus, selective surgical interruption of spinal cord roots indicates that the bulk of splanchnic fibers mediating the transsynaptic induction of adrenomedullary ornithine decarboxylase course in the ventral roots between T7 and T10. Dorsal rhizotomy demonstrates a modulatory role in this induction of afferent information to sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons involved in innervation of the chromaffin cells. PMID- 7083004 TI - Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens. AB - The possibility that morphine exerts in reinforcing effects via an action in the nucleus accumbens was investigated in the rat using the self-administration model and the method of intracerebral injection. Male, adult rats implanted with a chronic cannula aimed at this nucleus were tested for self-administration in a rectangular chamber equipped with two levers, one at each end. Each subject was given several sessions in blocks of two sessions for a given substance, the first session with the active lever at one end of the chamber, the next with the active lever at the other end. During a session, responses on the inactive lever were without consequences. Depression of the active lever was coupled with the presentation of a tone to facilitate discrimination between the two levers. All subjects received a sequence of 5 sessions, the first for habituation, the next two to test for effects of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and the next two to test for effects of morphine. A few subjects in which the cannula had not been dislodged or plugged were further tested for effects of morphine and then for effects of morphine mixed with naloxone. Each response on the active lever resulted in an injection of 0.02 microliter. During the morphine sessions, this volume contained 0.2 microgram of the opiate; during the sessions of morphine and naloxone, this volume contained 0.2 microgram morphine mixed with 0.2 microgram naloxone. The results show that self-administration was induced and maintained when morphine was injected inside the nucleus accumbens, not in an area outside this region but at the same brain level. The rate or responding on the active lever for morphine was higher than for artificial cerebrospinal fluid and it showed a pattern of gradual increase over time. In contrast, the rate of responding on the inactive lever during the morphine sessions showed a decline. This pattern was not evident in these animals during control sessions and in the animals in which the injections were outside the n. accumbens. These results are interpreted to indicate that the n. accumbens may be part of a system of structures mediating the reinforcing effects of opiates. PMID- 7083003 TI - Amphetamine alters evoked responses of nigral neurons in kittens and adult cats. AB - The effects of i.p. amphetamine administration (5 mg/kg) on the evoked unitary responses of substantia nigra (SN) neurons to electrical stimulation of their afferents were tested in 4 kittens (3-27 days of age) and 4 adult cats. In adults, amphetamine had two major effects: (1) it blocked temporarily (15-30 min) all neuronal responses caudate (Cd) and cortical (Cx) stimulation; neuronal responsiveness recovered by 75 min post-drug; and (2) after 15 min postdrug, Cd and Cx stimulation evoked initial excitatory responses that were almost never found predrug. The latencies of Cd-evoked excitations indicated the existence of a mono- or oligosynaptic excitatory strionigral pathway while latencies of Cx evoked excitations suggested that corticonigral excitatory influences were mediated multisynaptically. In kittens, amphetamine also produced an initial blockade of Cd- and Cx-evoked responses. However, the sign of initial responses to Cd stimulation was not altered since excitations were found both before and after drug treatment. These results indicated that amphetamine reveals excitatory evoked responses of SN neurons to striatal and striatally-mediated inputs that are masked during the course of normal postnatal development. Drug-related alterations of afferent inputs to SN neurons may underlie amphetamine-induced shifts in spontaneous neuronal activity which have been reported frequently. PMID- 7083005 TI - Changes in the hippocampal slices energy metabolism following stimulation and long-term potentiation of Schaffer collaterals-pyramidal cell synapses tested with the 2-deoxyglucose technique. AB - Changes in the neuron metabolism in the hippocampal slices following stimulation and potentiation (induction of increase of the evoked extracellular potential) of Schaffer collaterals-pyramidal cell synapses were tested with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) technique. 2DG uptake was used as an index of glucose utilization. Stimulation evoked calcium- and frequency-dependent increase in [3H]2DG uptake. Potentiation of the synaptic response increased [3H]2DG accumulation but only when potentiated synapses were pressed to be active. It is suggested that stimulation-dependent increase in [3H]2DG uptake is mainly related to neurotransmission. Potentiation-dependent increase of [3H]2DG uptake is probably due to phosphorylation (inhibition) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PHD). Inactivation of PDH may partially change the nerve endings metabolism from the aerobic pathway into anaerobic. To get the same amount of energy after potentiation as before, the nerve endings have to increase the rate of metabolism. PMID- 7083006 TI - Somatic responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurones in polyarthritic rats. AB - Rats rendered polyarthritic by injection of Mycobacterium butyricum into the tail were used as a model for the study of 'chronic pain'. In such rats unitary responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurons to somatic stimulations were dramatically modified by comparison to those described in normal rats investigated in the same anaesthetic conditions. (1) Only the neurons with receptive fields located on inflamed areas (168/194 in 33 rats) have been considered in this study. 27/168 activated only by brushing displayed the classical properties of lemniscal responses; only 20/168 were activated exclusively by intense cutaneous stimuli and 13/168 already activated by light cutaneous stimuli had enhanced discharges when the stimulus intensity was increased. By contrast numerous units (108/168) were excited by mild stimulations applied to the joints or to adjacent cutaneous areas (82 were driven by joint movement and/or mild lateral pressure on the articulation, 26 by brushing the overlapping skin); these responses presented atypical characteristics and displayed unusual patterns with very long afterdischarges of duration several times that of the stimulus. (2) In 20 additional arthritic rats, responses to transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) and/or to noxious heat, were obtained for 34 neurones responding to joint stimuli. (a) 16 of 18 neurones tested with transcutaneous electrical stimulation had latencies of 25-100 ms, and thresholds of 1-4 mA (width of shock 2 ms). (b) Neurones activated by joint stimuli frequently responded to noxious heat (radiant or waterbath). Initially, their response thresholds tested in 16 neurones were higher by about 4 degrees C than those of 'noxious' VB neurones in normal rats; however, following sensitization to heat, thresholds were decreased by 4 degrees C. For 8 neurones there was a linear relation between stimulus intensity and responses. (3) Several different factors which could explain the important modification of neuronal responses in VB complex of arthritic rats by comparison with normal are proposed in the discussion. PMID- 7083007 TI - Collateral sprouting of somatosensory corticofugal axons into the cerebellar deafferented red nucleus. AB - Light microscopic-autoradiographic findings indicate that, following chronic lesions of cerebellorubral projections in the adult cat, somatosensory corticofugal axons in the cerebral crus give rise to collateral sprouts which reinnervate the deafferented red nucleus. These data strongly suggest that these new axons reinnervate the deafferented soma and proximal dendrites of the rubral neurons. This reactive synaptogenesis may complete with terminal sprouting from motor corticorubral synapses already present on the distal dendrites of the rubral neurons. PMID- 7083008 TI - The changes in Purkinje cell simple spike activity following spontaneous climbing fiber inputs. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to systematically examine the characteristics of the excitability change occurring after the inactivation period evoked by the climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells. Ninety-eight Purkinje cells were isolated extracellularly in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. Simple spikes and complex spikes were discriminated separately. Post-stimulus time histograms were constructed from 100 consecutive trials triggered by the occurrence of spontaneous complex spikes. Seventeen Purkinje cells exhibited a reduction of simple spike discharge rate following the inactivation period. However, 14 cells showed no change in simple spike activity, and in 67 cells the discharge rate increased. These changes in excitability following a spontaneous complex spike were independent of the tonic simple spike activity of the Purkinje cell. Single traces of spike train data from Purkinje cells showed that the change in discharge rate was variable, some complex spikes being followed by an increase and others by a decrease in activity. The basis for these observations and the differences between these data and those from studies in which the climbing fiber input was evoked by electrical olivary stimulation are discussed. PMID- 7083010 TI - S-100 protein synthesis in cultured glioma cell is G1-phase of cell cycle dependent. AB - The kinetics of S-100 protein synthesis was studied in synchronized cultured glioma (C6) cells. The peak of the synthesis was detected at G1-phase of the cell cycle and apparently was not population density-dependent, since sparsely cultured G1-phase cells synthesized the same proportion of the protein per cell as that of confluent cultures, whereas the total cellular protein synthesis was found steadily increasing throughout the intermitotic phases. PMID- 7083009 TI - Climbing fibre modification of cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to parallel fibre inputs. AB - Electrical stimulation has been used to activate, separately and independently, the climbing fibre inputs to Purkinje cells of the cat cerebellum. The effects of climbing fibre impulses on Purkinje cell discharges evoked by parallel fibre stimulation has been examined. It was found that impulses in the climbing fibre could block or reduce, in a graded manner, the Purkinje cell response to parallel fibre inputs. It has previously been shown that climbing a fibre inputs do not suppress the antidromic spike response of the Purkinje cell to cerebellar white matter stimulation. This suggests that the climbing fibre impulses modify the Purkinje cell response to parallel fibre inputs by reducing the excitatory action of parallel fibre impulses on the Purkinje cell. PMID- 7083011 TI - Identification of high molecular weight neurophysins in extracts of human neurohypophyseal tissue. AB - Acid extracts of human neurohypophyseal tissue were found to contain neurophysin immunoreactive proteins in the 17,000-20,000 dalton molecular weight range by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 17,000-20,000 dalton neurophysins persisted under reducing conditions. Limited chymotrypsin proteolysis of the 17,000-20,000 dalton neurophysins generated both increased 10,000 dalton neurophysin and also 4000-8000 dalton vasopressin immunoreactivity. These 'big' neurophysins appear to represent precursor forms of the neurophysins and the neurohypophyseal hormones, which are present within the neurosecretory granules of the human posterior pituitary. PMID- 7083012 TI - Zona incerta and lateral hypothalamic afferents to the midbrain reticular core of cat--HRP and electrophysiological study. AB - The zona incerta (ZI) and lateral hypothalamic afferents to the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) of cat were investigated with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique and by using antidromic identification in experiments on chronically implanted, behaving preparations. Following HRP injections restricted to the MRF territory (nucleus cuneiformis and central tegmental field), the largest number of retrogradely labeled cells appeared in the medial third of the ipsilateral ZI. Labeling extended medially to the adjacent lateral hypothalamus. The number of positive elements gradually diminished towards the lateral extremity of the ZI and continuing reticularis thalamic nucleus. Ventral lateral geniculate neurons were consistently labeled. No positive elements were found in ventrobasal, pulvinar-lateralis posterior and ventralis lateralis thalamic nuclei. The MRF-evoked antidromic invasion of ZI cells occurred with a sharp mode between 0.5 and 0.75 ms (median latency of the whole sample: 0.6 ms). The conduction velocity of the ZI leads to MRF axons is twice as high as the values found in the reciprocal MRF leads to ZI projection. In addition to the antidromically elicited discharges, MRF stimulated resulted in short-latency synaptic excitation, sometimes following the antidromic invasion of the same neuron. The difference between the discharge rates of ZI neurons during EEG desynchronized and EEG-synchronized behavioral states was not significant. A statistically significant increase in firing rates was found in ZI neurons during waking periods with movements compared to quiet, motionless epochs of waking. The possible involvement of caudally projecting ZI cells in the preparation of postural and/or phasic motor functions is discussed. PMID- 7083013 TI - Spinothalamic cells in the rat lumbar cord with collaterals to the medullary reticular formation. PMID- 7083014 TI - Demonstration of synaptic input from prefrontal cortex to the habenula i the rat. AB - Using lesion-degeneration techniques at the EM level, it is confirmed that a pathway from prefrontal cortex projects to the lateral habenula, and further that it makes synaptic contacts predominantly with dendrites of neurons in the medial sector of the lateral nucleus. The available neuroanatomical evidence points to a role for habenula as a regulator of the activity of the meso-cortical dopamine pathway by the interaction of this cortico-habenular pathway with a wide variety of limbic inputs in the medial sector of lateral habenula. PMID- 7083015 TI - Trigeminal orosensory deafferentiation disrupts feeding and drinking mechanism in the rat. PMID- 7083016 TI - Ultrastructure of a histaminergic synapses in Aplysia. AB - The ultrastructure of histaminergic synaptic terminals was studied by the means of intrasomatic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the identified histaminergic neuron C2 of Aplysia. The axonal tree of C2 was found to consist, in part, of varicosities that display putative release sites similar in morphology to those described in other neurons in Aplysia. The varicosities contain at least two populations of vesicles: a conspicuous class of of large vesicles with an electron-dense core that almost fills the entire vesicle and a heterogeneous class of large and small electron-lucent vesicles. The small lucent vesicles preferentially cluster near active zones. PMID- 7083017 TI - Neural basis of wind-receptive fields of cockroach giant interneurons. AB - The pattern of connectivity between the nine most prominent columns of sensory hairs of one cercus and ipsilateral giant interneurons (GIs) 1 and 2 of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied using intracellular methods. GI 1, a somewhat directionally selective interneuron receives excitatory synaptic input from all hair columns of the ipsilateral cercus. GI 2, an omni-directional cell, also receives synaptic input from all ipsilateral hair columns. However, for 2 of the 9 columns of hairs the response in GI 2 is greater than in GI 1. This difference in response magnitude represents a real difference in the functional strength of connection and not the number of synapsing afferents since the response in both GI 1 and 2 declines stepwise as the number of hairs tested was reduced one-by-one. Thus, the difference in the shapes of the wind-receptive fields of GI 1 and 2 can be explained by differences in the functional strength of connection of certain identified afferents. PMID- 7083018 TI - Localization of proprioceptive reflexes in the splenius muscle of the cat. AB - Activity of the cat splenius muscle was modulated by sinusoidal rotation of the head around the C1-C2 joint in decerebrate cats with labyrinth intact or with all semicircular canals plugged, or, in one intact and alert cat, by rotation of the body with the head fixed in space. EMG modulation, recorded from the areas of splenius innervated by the C1-C4 nerves, was due to the cervicocollic reflex. Modulation was not uniform, but decreased with progressively more caudal recording locations; with stimuli of small amplitude it was often possible to obtain modulation of the rostral part of the muscle only. The results demonstrate localization of proprioceptive reflexes, including the stretch reflex, within the splenius muscle. PMID- 7083019 TI - Evidence suggesting that DMI-induced resistance to extinction is not mediated by the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. AB - Rats were trained to press a lever for food rewards, then given a 5 week break, followed by a single extinction session. Animals which received 14 daily desmethylimipramine (DMI) injections, ending 4 days before the extinction session, showed resistance to extinction; no effect was seen in animals which received DMI during acquisition. The opposite pattern of results would be predicted if the effect were mediated by changes in the efficacy of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. PMID- 7083020 TI - Distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the rat lower brain stem nuclei. AB - The cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration in individual brain stem nuclei of rat was determined using the Palkovits punch method19 and the CCK RIA3, CCK has a unique distribution in the brain stem, unlike other neuropeptides and biogenic amines8,19. In general, the CCK levels in the brain stem are 5-20% of rat cerebral cortex. The colliculi, midbrain central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the interpeduncular nucleus had the highest CCK content (2.7-1 ng CCK mg protein). PMID- 7083021 TI - Apomorphine increases the activity of rat globus pallidus neurons. AB - Systemic administration of apomorphine, 0.08-1.0 mg/kg, caused a haloperidol reversible increase in the unit activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the rat globus pallidus. Low doses of apomorphine (50, 20 micrograms/kg), which are thought to produce a net decrease in the stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors, did not cause effects opposite to those observed with larger doses in 96% of the cells monitored. Blockade of dopamine receptors by administration of haloperidol did cause a moderate reduction in neuronal activity but only after administration of fairly high doses. PMID- 7083022 TI - Morphological evidence for the involvement of calcium in neurohypophysial hormone release. AB - An elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the secretory nerve endings of the rat neurohypophysis was detected histochemically by means of light microscopy concomitant with the vasopressin secretion evoked by hypertonic saline. The electron microscopic and X-ray microanalytical results furnish morphological evidence for the function-dependent Ca2+ storage capacity of the mitochondria, and suggest their role in the regulation of the free Ca2+ level in the neurosecretory axon terminal. PMID- 7083023 TI - Kindling antagonism: interactions of dorsal and ventral entorhinal cortex with the septum during concurrent kindling. PMID- 7083024 TI - Neural regulation of adrenal chromaffin cell function in the mouse--stress effect on the distribution of [3H]dopamine in denervated adrenal medulla. AB - Effects of adrenal denervation and stress on the distribution of radioactivity in the adrenal medulla after [3H]dopamine injection was studied by light microscopic autoradiography. Denervation of the adrenal gland abolished the stress (restraint plus water immersion) induced degranulation of adrenal chromaffin cells and decreased uptake of [3H]dopamine. Denervated chromaffin cell of stress mice incorporated as high radioactivity as those of no stress mice. Adrenal denervation increased the uptake in adrenaline-storing (A) cells but not in noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells. The characteristic distribution of radioactivity (high radioactivity along the cortico-medullary junction) was reinforced by adrenal denervation. Under stress conditions, increase in pituitary adrenocortical system did not enhance the uptake of [3H]dopamine in chromaffin cell while increase in nerve activity suppressed the uptake. Spontaneous activity of the splanchnic nerve to adrenal chromaffin cells suppresses the uptake of [3H]dopamine. The neural influence is stronger on A cells than on NA cells. Chromaffin cells in the subcortical zone are more intensely controlled by the neural influence than those in the central zone. PMID- 7083025 TI - Stimulatory role for medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area neurones in growth hormone and prolactin secretion. A kainic acid study. AB - The role of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AHA) neurones in the regulation of basal patterns of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion was investigated in unanesthetized male rats prepared with chronic indwelling venous cannulae. PO/AHA injections of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) substantially reduced both GH and Prl secretion. Histological examination of tissue sections indicated that KA treatment had produced extensive neuronal loss and gliosis in the medial (m) but not the periventricular (p) PO/AHA. These findings suggest that m-PO/AHA neurones are facilitatory to the basal secretion of both GH and Prl. It is proposed that GH-facilitatory m-PO/AHA neurones provide an inhibitory input to the GH release-inhibiting factor neurones which are known to reside in the p-PO/AHA. Prl-facilitatory m-PO/AHA neurones may secrete, or stimulate the secretion of a Prl releasing factor. PMID- 7083026 TI - Effects of kainic acid applied to the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata on vasomotor tone, the baroreceptor reflex and hypothalamic autonomic responses. AB - Application of an excitotoxic amino acid, kainic acid, to the ventral medullary surface just caudal to the trapezoid bodies (at Feldberg and Guertzenstein's glycine-sensitive area) led to the following observations. (1) Blood pressure began to rise within 25 s and by 10 min rose to high levels (200-240 mm Hg). Blood pressure subsequently fell to levels at or approaching those of a spinal animal. (2) Sympathetic vasomotor activity became insensitive to baroreceptor inhibition shortly after the peak in blood pressure, and the cardioinhibitory action of the reflex was enhanced during this time. (3) The autonomic effects of hypothalamic stimulation were differentially affected--pupillary dilatation and retraction of the nictitating membranes were unaffected, while the increases in blood pressure and renal nerve activity were blocked. (4) Recovery from these effects was observed on two occasions, when the animals were infused with a pressor agent and allowed to survive beyond 6 h after the kainic acid application. These results support the view that vasomotor tone is dependent upon the activity of relatively superficial cells in the ventral medulla. We further suggest that baroreceptor inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor activity acts via these cells and that descending hypothalamic autonomic pathways are organized at this level in terms of separate end organs. PMID- 7083028 TI - [Significance of the limbus for the nutrition of the cornea]. PMID- 7083029 TI - [Immediate antimicrobial hypersensitivity in so-called catarrhal peripheral ulcer of the cornea]. PMID- 7083030 TI - [Non-pigmented tumors and pseudotumors of the limbus corneae]. PMID- 7083027 TI - Hypoglossal motor nerve activity elicited by taste and thermal stimuli applied to the tongue in rats. AB - Single unit activity of hypoglossal motor nerve fibers which innervate the tongue muscles was recorded in lightly anesthetized non-decerebrate and acute decerebrate rats. The pattern of responses to taste and thermal stimuli applied to the tongue surface was classified into 4 types. The type 1 response is characterized by short-lasting rhythmic burst discharges, the type 2 consists of both the rhythmic burst and tonic discharges, the type 3 is long-lasting tonic discharges and the type 4 shows short-lasting burst or short-lasting tonic discharges. In non-decerebrate rats, most of the fibers (93%) showed no or a few spontaneous firings. Sucrose and NaCl were the most effective stimulants, and 70 80% of the fibers showed the type 1 response to these stimuli, sucrose and NaCl, and HCl and quinine produced a similar response profile, respectively. In decerebrate rats, however, about 21% of fibers showed a highly regular spontaneous firing (about 30 Hz). Rhythmic burst responses (types 1 and 2) were not induced, and thermal (especially cold) stimulation elicited much better responses than the taste stimuli. HCl and quinine, but not sucrose and NaCl, produced a similar response profile. These characteristic properties of the response in acute decerebrate rats may in part be attributed to inactivation of a 'rhythmic center' in the brain stem. PMID- 7083031 TI - [Pigment tumors of the limbus corneae]. PMID- 7083032 TI - [Multiple true neuroma of the limbus corneae]. PMID- 7083033 TI - [Significance of the limbus for the cornea in burns]. PMID- 7083034 TI - [Vernal conjunctivitis. Pathogenesis, localization, differential diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7083035 TI - [Clinical aspects of the limbus corneae]. PMID- 7083036 TI - [Soft contact lenses as an etiological factor of corneal vascularization originating in the limbus]. PMID- 7083037 TI - [Acute keratoconus in the vicinity of the limbus corneae]. PMID- 7083038 TI - [Vernal keratoconjunctivitis]. PMID- 7083039 TI - The purification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 activity from the 106,000 X g pellet (microsomal fraction) of bovine brain acting on phosphatidylinositol. PMID- 7083040 TI - S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from rat liver. AB - The kinetic constants for the reversible adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from rat liver have been determined. The Km values of the enzyme for S adenosylhomocysteine, adenosine, and l-homocysteine were 12.3 micro M, 0.94 micro M, and 164 micro M, respectively. Under the specified conditions the Vmax for the synthetic reaction was 6.2 mumol/min per milligram, while the Vmax for the hydrolytic reaction was 0.72 mumol/min per milligram. l-Homocysteine acted as a mixed-type inhibitor of the hydrolytic reaction. Adenosine, a competitive inhibitor of both the synthetic and hydrolytic reactions (Ki = 1.2 +/- 0.2 micro M), was found to be a product of the reaction. In the absence of l-homocysteine about 0.8 nmol of adenosine was hydrolyzed to adenine and ribose per minute per milligram enzyme. PMID- 7083041 TI - Structure of the acidic capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y 1401)1. PMID- 7083042 TI - On the mechanism of spontaneous transfer of lipids from isolated microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. AB - Spontaneous (protein independent) transfer of endogenously biosynthesized radioactive lipids (phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides) from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to unlabelled mitochondrial membranes was studied as a function of addition of ATP, duration of incubation, and protein concentration of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes. It was found that transfer of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides was not absolutely dependent on addition of ATP, although its presence enhanced the transfer of phosphatidylcholine. The highest amount of transferred biosynthesized phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides was observed after a relatively short incubation and amounted to around one-third of all biosynthesized microsomal lipids, but decreased with increasing incubation time. With increasing concentrations of proteins of mitochondria, a significant decrease of transfer of radioactive lipids from microsomal membranes was established. The same tendency, although to a lesser degree, was established with increasing concentrations of mitochondrial proteins. These results, together with previously published experiments from this laboratory, were taken as the evidence for the transfer of membrane-bound biosynthesized phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and diglycerides from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes, by a mechanism which involves a close contact between the membrane-donor and the membrane-acceptor. Mechanisms for lipid transfer in biological membranes and in model membranes (liposomes) were compared and discussed. PMID- 7083043 TI - The biologic activity of selenoestrogens. AB - For differential imaging of mammary tumors with estrogen receptors and without estrogen receptors we required gamma-emitting estrogen analogues. In this paper we report on the binding properties of 7 alpha-, 16 alpha-, and 17 alpha methylselenoestrogens and 17 alpha-phenylselenoestrogens relative to the binding properties of estradiol. The selenium-containing estrogens retained the ability to displace [3H]estradiol from the estrogen receptor of rabbit uterine cytosol, although in most instances the displacement was small (3-7% compared to estradiol). The most active compounds were 16 alpha-phenylselenoestrone, 16 alpha methylselenoestradiol, and 17 alpha-methylselenomethyl-estradiol which had relative binding of 23, 27, and 31%, respectively, compared with that of estradiol. 16 alpha-Methylselenoestradiol was able to translocate the estrogen cytosol receptor to the nucleus, in vitro, but was not able to increase the uterine weight when administered to mice in vivo. PMID- 7083044 TI - Microcalorimetric study of the interaction of human and bovine serum albumins with tryptophan and tryptophan analogs. AB - The thermodynamic parameters for the protein-ligand binding have been obtained by microcalorimetry on three albumin samples (fatty acid free human serum albumin (I), fraction V human serum albumin (II), and fraction V bovine serum albumin (III)) bound with l-tryptophan (A) and three-ring tryptophan analogs (B and B*). The percentage, mu, of binding molecules (equivalent to the number of sites) is found to be 1.0 for I and 0.65 for II (in good agreement with dialysis results on the same systems) and 1.0 for III. The large negative delta H(bind) (-27.2 to 33.2 kJ . mol-1) constitutes the main contribution to delta G(bind) (-23.0 to 31.2 kJ . mol-1). The better binding of I-III towards B and B* compared with A is due to delta S(bind) being less negative. This is interpreted as a lesser loss of entropy for the three-ring ligands than for the normal tryptophan when they are bound. Data obtained on the proteins (heat of dilution; Huggins' constant, k') correlate well with mu or Qmax. This indicates that these physicochemical data could be used to characterize and compare rapidly some albumins of different sources. The unexpected finding that the parameters of I and III are nearer to each other than they are from II is discussed. PMID- 7083045 TI - Age- and ploidy-related changes in rat liver nuclear proteins as assessed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. AB - Hepatocyte nuclei from young (3--5 week), mature (8--12 week), and aged (over 32 weeks) rats were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry. Nuclei were bulk separated into diploid (2C), tetraploid (4C), and octoploid (8C) enriched fractions on sucrose gradients. Total, 0.35 M NaCl soluble, and residual proteins were prepared from all nuclear stages and examined by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Within limits of sensitivity of these techniques, the following general features emerged. (a) A majority of proteins visualized were common to and present in similar relative quantities in nuclei from all age and ploidy groups. (b) A relatively higher proportion of nonhistone proteins (NHP) were saline-soluble in 2C nuclei from young rats than at any subsequent stage of development. (c) Several age-related and to a lesser extent ploidy-related fluctuations in pattern among the NHP were evident. These reflected primarily differences in solubility rather than major quantitative changes among individual proteins. (d) Exceptions to the foregoing included a group of high molecular weight components (greater than 100 000), a major and a minor component between 45 000 and 50 000, and a heterogeneous group of proteins in 2C nuclei from very young animals. There were no obvious differences among the histones, although these proteins were not examined in detail. The complex pattern of changes observed are discussed in terms of known aspects of hepatocyte differentiation and are related to possible changes in nucleoplasmic, nuclear matrix and Hn-RNP associated proteins. PMID- 7083046 TI - Effect of heat shock on gene expression in human epidermoid carcinoma cells (strain KB) and in primary cultures of mammalian and avian cells. AB - The brief incubation of human epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells, and of primary cultures of quail myoblasts and hamster fibroblasts, at an elevated temperature causes the pattern of gene expression to shift from the production of a broad spectrum of different proteins to the enhanced synthesis of a small number of heat-shock proteins. Comparison of the heat-shock polypeptides synthesized by each of these vertebrate cells demonstrates the similarity of some, as well as the uniqueness of other, heat-inducible gene products synthesized by cells from different vertebrates. A major polypeptide, commonly synthesized in response to heat by each of these vertebrate cells, has an apparent molecular weight of 64 000 and an isoelectric point of 5.8. Triton X-100 completely extracts this polypeptide from quail myoblasts and hamster fibroblasts, and partially extracts it from KB cells. This particular response to heat shock, by cells from different vertebrates, suggests that it may involve the expression of a gene(s) with an analogous and potentially crucial cellular function. This specific heat-shock polypeptide, as well as others, is not detectably synthesized in quail cells prior to heat shock or 6--8 h after recovery from heat shock which suggests that in this cell type it may be a product of a normally quiescent gene(s) and that its expression is subject to thermal regulation. PMID- 7083047 TI - The effect of the chromosome banding techniques on the histone and nonhistone proteins of isolated chromatin. AB - The effect of a variety of chromosome banding techniques on the histone and nonhistone proteins of isolated, fixed, air-dried chromatin has been studied. Chromatin preparations were exposed to G-banding (SSC, urea, NaCl-urea, or trypsin), R-banding (Earle's BSS), and C-banding (NaOH or Ba(OH)2) treatments, and the proteins extracted from, and those remaining in the posttreatment chromatin, were examined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that: (i) each banding treatment produces specific quantitative and qualitative changes in the proteins of chromatin; (ii) the diverse treatments producing the same type of chromosome banding have both common and unique effects on the chromosomal proteins; and (iii) the treatments producing different types of chromosome banding have substantially different effects on the chromosomal proteins. It is not known whether these protein alterations are side effects occurring coincidentally with chromosome banding, or whether they are directly involved in mechanisms of banding. Results (ii) and (iii) suggest the latter possibility is more likely. If the protein alterations occur in specific chromosome regions, they may well influence the appearance of bands on mitotic chromosomes. PMID- 7083049 TI - Synthesis and turnover of proteins and mRNA in germinating wheat embryos. AB - The most prominent methionine-labeled protein made when cell-free systems are programmed with bulk mRNA from dry wheat embryos has been identified with what may be the most abundant protein in dry wheat embryos. The protein has been brought to purity and has a distinctive amino acid composition, Gly and Glx accounting for almost 40% of the total amino acids. Designated E because of its conspicuous association with early inhibition of dry wheat embryos, the protein and its mRNA are abundant during the "early" phase (0--1 h) of postimbibition development, and easily detected during "lag" phase (1--5 h), but they are almost totally degraded soon after entry into the "growth" phase of development, by about 10 h postimbibition. The most prominent methionine-labeled protein peculiar to the cell-free translational capacity of bulk mRNA from "growth" phase embryos is not detected as a product of in vivo synthesis. Its electrophoretic properties and its time course of emergence, after 5 h postimbibition development, suggest that this major product of cell-free synthesis may be an in vitro counterpart to a prominent methionine-labeled protein made only in vivo, by "growth" phase embryos. Designated G because of its conspicuous association with "growth" phase development, the cell-free product does not comigrate with any prominent dye stained band in electrophoretic distributions of wheat proteins. The suspected cellular counterpart to G, also, does not comigrate with a prominent dye-stained wheat protein during electrophoresis, and although found in particulate as well as soluble fractions of wheat embryo homogenates it is not concentrated in either nuclei or mitochondria, as isolated. PMID- 7083048 TI - Differences in protein content of sister nuclei: evidence from binucleate and mononucleate cells. AB - DNA and protein contents of pairs of sister nuclei were determined using a combined Feulgen-dinitrofluorobenzene technique. Sister nuclei were studied in binucleate cells, induced by treatment with 0.1% caffeine, and in sister mononucleate cells of untreated roots. Excised pea roots, grown in culture, were treated with 5-aminouracil to induce mitotic synchrony and with caffeine at the time of peak mitotic index, to provide the maximum number of binucleate cells. The induced binucleate cells form a marked population which was followed through a cell cycle; sister nuclei showed a correlation of volume and protein content, r = 0.79. Protein contents of sister nuclei were rarely identical and at 1 + 2 and 1 + 6 h the difference in protein contents of sister nuclei was significant (p = 0.05). Mean nuclear protein content decreased from 1 + 2 to 1 + 6 h; then, as nuclei entered S phase, their protein content increased. From 1 + 2 to 1 + 14 h the increase in protein content, in absolute amount, was identical in both sister nuclei. This suggests that there was a biphasic pattern of protein uptake; it is differential, in sister nuclei, in the first part of G1 but is identical throughout the rest of interphase. Analysis of sister nuclei from sister mononucleate cells showed a similar pattern of change; this is further evidence, from untreated cells, of a biophasic pattern of protein uptake. Caffeine-treated nuclei had lower protein contents than untreated nuclei, yet they completed a cell cycle and entered mitosis; this suggests that nonessential proteins were no longer present. It is proposed that mitosis is asymmetrical for molecules that regulate rates of macromolecular synthesis, cell growth, and progress through a cell cycle and that once the initial asymmetry has been established, it is maintained throughout interphase, even in binucleate cells in which the two nuclei share a common cytoplasm. PMID- 7083050 TI - A reply to the incipient public panic about video display terminals. PMID- 7083051 TI - Dissociated vertical deviation: associated findings and results of surgical treatment. AB - The records of 80 consecutive patients with dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) were reviewed. The most frequent initial problem was esotropia, which was noted before 12 months of age in 67 patients. Latent nystagmus was present in 13 patients, and poor stereopsis was documented in 11 of the 29 patients tested. Resection of the inferior rectus muscle, the most frequent surgical procedure in this series, seldom resulted in total resolution of the DVD, but it often yielded cosmetic improvement. PMID- 7083052 TI - Treatment of canalicular obstructions. AB - Canalicular obstructions are difficult to manage. Dacryocystography helps to localize the site of obstruction. The surgical procedures used for different conditions are described in this paper. The aim of surgery is to re-establish a patent and functional mucosa-lined channel; only when this cannot be done should the canalicular system be bypassed. PMID- 7083053 TI - Distribution of penicillin in the cornea, tears and aqueous humour at various times following a single intravenous injection. AB - Bioassays performed by the disc diffusion technique on samples of blood, tears, aqueous humour and cornea from 30 rabbits killed 4 to 24 hours following a single intravenous injection of benzylpenicillin (40 mg/kg) showed that the penicillin content of these fluids and tissues progressively decreased with time. However, even after 24 hours the agent could be detected in the samples. The peripheral and central cornea contained similar amounts of penicillin up to 16 hours; thereafter, the peripheral cornea contained more of the agent. PMID- 7083054 TI - The broken Lester Jones tube. AB - A patient presented with tearing and a broken Lester Jones tube 1 1/2 years after the tube's insertion. She had only moderate discomfort but a significant conjunctival follicular reaction. This case illustrates the importance of selecting a tube of the proper length and contour, and of avoiding repeated manipulation and syringing of the tube. PMID- 7083055 TI - Informed consent and ophthalmology in Canada. PMID- 7083056 TI - Subclinical vitamin C deficiency. PMID- 7083057 TI - Corneal epithelial cells can engulf particulate matter. PMID- 7083058 TI - Ocular deposits of immunoglobulin in diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 7083059 TI - Unilaterality of the sympathetic innervation of each pad of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue. AB - The effects of sham, unilateral, and bilateral surgical denervation of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) on blood flow to the two IBAT pads of cold-acclimated (CA) rats during exposure of the animals to 22 or -6 degrees C and on the noradrenaline (NA) content and total dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) (EC 1.14.17.1) activity of the pads in both warm-acclimated (WA)rats and CA rats were examined. Increase in IBAT blood flow upon cold exposure was taken as an index of sympathetically medicated calorigenesis in the tissue, and decreases in tissue levels of NA and DBH served as indices of the extent of destruction of the sympathetic innervation. At 24 h postsurgery, denervated pads of CA rats, rats, whether from unilaterally or bilaterally denervated IBAT, had less than 3% of the NA, 40-44% of the DBH, and 0% of the 10-fold, cold-induced increase in blood flow measured in intact pads of CA rats with sham-operated or unilaterally denervated IBAT. IBAT bilaterally denervated for 24 h was as responsive in terms of its maximum increase in blood flow during infusion of CA rats with NA as intact IBAT. DBH in denervated pads of both WA rats and CA rats fell to 5% or less of control levels at 2 days postdenervation and remained at these low levels, as did NA, for at least 8 weeks. These results strongly support the longstanding but recently challenged hypothesis that each pad of rat IBAT is independently innervated by sympathetic fibers. PMID- 7083061 TI - Contractile characteristics of creatine-depleted rat diaphragm. AB - Rats were fed on a diet containing the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionate (Gp) in order to deplete muscles of creatine. Diaphragm muscle from these rats contains about 80% less creatine and creatine phosphate (CrP) than normal; ATP levels are reduced about 45%. When stimulated with single shocks or brief tetani, the contractile response of diaphragm strips is very similar to normal with some slowing of relaxation. During a burst of intense activity (0.2-s tetanic stimulation every 0.5 s) the maximum tension, rate of tension development, and rate of relaxation all decrease rapidly to reach a minimum about 3 s from the onset of activity. In contrast, normal muscles show a small decrease in tension and relaxation rate but an increase in the rate of tension development under these conditions. No large decrease in ATP levels could be detected when the contractile parameters reached a minimum. Three possible mechanisms considered for the decline in contractile parameters are the following: (1) local regions of ATP depletion around the myofibrils; (2) a fall in the free energy of ATP hydrolysis (uG/d xi) due to inadequate buffering by CrP; and (3) decreased rate of proton utilization in the region of the myofibrils, where ATP turnover is most rapid. All three mechanisms may contribute to the observed effects, although the second seems the most likely to play a dominant role in modifying the contractile response. PMID- 7083060 TI - The effects of metabolic inhibitors on the contraction of creatine-depleted muscle. AB - Rats were fed on a diet containing 1% beta-guanidinopropionate (Gp) to deplete their muscles of creatine. The apparent energy reserves (creatine phosphate (CrP) + ATP) of rested state diaphragm muscle strips were found to be 79% depleted by this treatment. To determine if the effective energy reserves for contraction were depleted to a similar extent, the response to direct electrical stimulation (0.2-s tetani) was measured in the presence of inhibitors of respiration (NaCN) and glycolysis (iodoacetate). Only 4 +/- 1 contractions could be elicited from strips from Gp-fed animals. Normal strips gave 15 +/- 2 contractions under the same conditions. For both sets of diaphragms the energetic cost of contraction in terms of approximately P was approximately 1 mumol/g wet weight. The mean level of Pi generated following stimulation to exhaustion was 10.1 mumol/g more in normal than in depleted strips. It is concluded that no significant additional energy stores such as phosphorylated Gp are readily available for contraction in muscles depleted of creatine by Gp treatment. PMID- 7083062 TI - Urea handling by the distal tubule and collecting duct of the rat during urea- saline, isotonic saline, or urea diuresis. AB - The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of urea and isotonic saline loads separately and together on urea handling in the medullary collecting duct and surface distal tubules of the rat kidney. Microcatheterization of the medullary collecting duct during isotonic saline diuresis (saline at 5% of body weight per hour, plasma urea 4.3 mM/L), showed an increase in the remaining fraction of filtered urea from 56.2% at the beginning (corticomedullary junction) to 68.5% at the end (papillary tip) of the medullary collecting duct (n = 17 paired samples in six rats, p less than 0.05). There was no change in the fraction of filtered urea along the medullary collecting duct during urea diuresis (plasma urea 87 mM/L, n = 15 paired samples in six rats) or during urea- saline diuresis (plasma urea 103 mM/L, n =32 paired samples in nine rats). Micropuncture of surface distal tubules in the same animals showed an increase in the fraction of filtered urea between end-distal samples and the beginning of the medullary collecting duct from 28.9 to 56.2% during isotonic saline diuresis (p less than 0.001), and from 53.6 to 75.3% during urea--saline diuresis (p less than 0.01), but no change during urea diuresis (63.6 to 60.0%, p = NS). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) Urea entry into the medullary collecting duct during steady-state diuresis occurs at low intratubular urea contractions (isotonic saline diuresis) but not at high concentrations (urea--saline diuresis and urea diuresis). (2) Urea entry between the surface distal tubule and the beginning of the medullary collecting duct occurs during saline diuresis (isotonic saline diuresis and urea--saline diuresis) but not urea diuresis. The latter finding suggests that isotonic saline loads affect urea transport differently in juxtamedullary nephrons compared to superficial nephrons. PMID- 7083063 TI - Influence of diets on the effect of probenecid and of cold exposure under restraint on noradrenaline and serotonin in the hypothalamus. PMID- 7083064 TI - Bromocriptine suppression of dispersed pituitary lactotrophs from estrogen pretreated rats: a quantitative electron microscopic study. AB - Dispersed rat lactotrophs were treated with bromocriptine (10(-10) M) for either 30 min or 3 h to investigate its effect on cell morphology using light and electron microscopy and ultrastructural morphometry. After 30 min, lactotrophs treated with bromocriptine exhibited an increase in storage granule size (p less than 0.05). Crinophagy was also evident and a significant increase in lysosome volume density was observed (p less than 0.001). However, no significant change in prolactin content in the media was detected until 3 h of incubation in bromocriptine (p less than 0.05). At this time a nonsignificant decrease in Golgi region volume density was also observed. PMID- 7083065 TI - Uptake of cytidine by isolated, perfused mouse liver. AB - Mouse livers were perfused at 22 degrees C with an oxygenated salts medium containing [5-3H]cytidine and [carboxyl-14C]inulin. The cellular uptake of cytidine was determined from the 3H content of liver samples less that present in the extracellular (inulin) space of the samples. Time courses of cytidine uptake were biphasic with initial phases which were approximately linear for 15 s and had time zero values that approximated the extracellular space. Rates of cytidine uptake derived from the initial phase of uptake evidently represented rates of membrane transport because (i) initial rates were saturable, and (ii) cytidine uptake was blocked by the nucleoside transport inhibitor, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). Treatment of mice with the 5'-monophosphate of NBMPR (greater than 0.2 mg/kg, injected i.p.) 30-40 min prior to the perfusion also blocked cytidine entry into livers. An apparent half-saturation constant of about 10(-3) M and a maximum rate of about 1 mumol . g-1 . min-1 were estimated for the NBMPR sensitive transport of cytidine into mouse liver cells. PMID- 7083066 TI - Effect of a specific and a nonspecific vasodilator on regional blood flows in experimental heart failure. AB - Urotensin I, a vasoactive peptide isolated from fish urophyses, has previously been demonstrated to cause specific mesenteric dilation in the dog. This mechanism of action should limit its maximal cardiovascular actions: no additional cardiovascular effects should ensure once maximal mesenteric vasodilation is achieved. Provided that the mesenteric vasodilatation does not result in decreased flow to other organs, the agent may, therefore, offer a theoretical advantage as an afterload reducing agent. In pentobarbital anesthetized dogs which were in heart failure as a result of chronic aortico -- left atrial shunt, the effects of urotensin I on cardiovascular hemodynamics were compared with the effects of a nonspecific vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside. At equidepressor doses (approximately 15% decrease in mean arterial pressure; sodium nitroprusside, 2 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 i.v.; urotensin I, 10 mU . kg-1 . min 1 i.v.), both agents produced comparable falls in total peripheral resistance, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Forward cardiac output was increased by both substances, although the increases were not statistically significant. Shunt flow, estimated by echocardiography, was reduced by both. In spite of the marked similarity in hemodynamic effects in this model, the two agents affected regional blood flows differently. Sodium nitroprusside did not significantly alter regional flows measured by radioactive microspheres, although calculated splanchnic, skin, and myocardial vascular resistances were reduced. In contrast, urotensin I, as in the normal dog, greatly increased mesenteric blood flow; this redistribution of cardiac output did not, however, result in underperfusion of other vital organs. These data suggest that urotensin I may be a useful agent in the reduction of afterload in heart failure, particularly since the unique mechanism of action appears to minimize the potential for adverse effects due to excessive dosage. PMID- 7083067 TI - The effect of amitriptyline, mianserin, and viloxazine at pre- and post junctional muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. AB - The antimuscarinic activity of amitriptyline, mianserin, and viloxazine was compared with atropine in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. The pA2 values obtained using carbachol (CCh) as agonist were as follows: atropine, 9.55; amitriptyline, 7.50; mianserin, 6.40; and viloxazine, 4.91. Responses to transmural electrical stimulation (1-50 Hz) were more resistant than those produced by CCh to inhibition by atropine and the antidepressants. This did not appear to be due to a selective inhibition of prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors, as a pA2 of 8.73 was obtained with atropine for the depression of oxotremorine-induced inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) output. Amitriptyline (10 micrometers) caused a 2.4-fold increase in ACh output and was 200-fold weaker than atropine at doubling ACh output in the longitudinal muscle stimulated at 0.3 Hz. Mianserin (10 micrometers) and viloxazine (1-10 micrometers) did not significantly affect ACh output. It is suggested that the antidepressants exhibits a greater affinity for the postjunctional muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. PMID- 7083068 TI - Antidiuretic effect of acute morphine administration in the conscious rat. AB - Morphine was administered intravenously to normal and to Brattleboro (genetically deficient in antidiuretic hormone) rats. The injection caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and urine flow in all animals, including those homozygous for diabetes insipidus. It is suggested that the antidiuretic effect of morphine may occur independently of ADH release. PMID- 7083069 TI - Lack of effect of barbiturate and ketamine anesthesia on renal blood flow in chronically instrumented rats prepared for micropuncture. AB - Fifteen-micrometer microspheres were used to study renal blood flow in rats which had been cannulated 3 or more days previously. Renal blood flow was assessed while the animals were conscious, after induction of anesthesia with inactin, pentobarbital, or ketamine, and after preparation for renal micropuncture. Blood pressure fell with anesthesia when barbiturates were used and was restored by tracheostomy. In conscious rats, right and left renal blood flows averaged 4.70 +/- 0.24 and 4.64 +/- 0.23 mL/min per gram kidney weight, respectively. These values were essentially unchanged following anesthesia with all agents used and they were also unaffected by surgery. We conclude that, in chronically prepared rats, renal blood flow is not affected by anesthesia or by micropuncture surgery. PMID- 7083070 TI - Parathyroidectomy significantly decreases hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive and deoxycorticosterone plus saline treated rats. AB - In male Sprague--Dawley rats, hypertensive development was diminished for 10 weeks when parathyroidectomy (PTX) was performed 1 week before deoxycorticosterone plus saline (DOCA + NaCl) treatment. In young spontaneously hypertensive male rats (SHR, Okamoto strain) parathyroidectomy performed after weaning lessened hypertensive levels and lowered heart rate for 24 weeks. When mineralocorticoid or genetic hypertension was established, parathyroidectomy did not significantly change blood pressure levels. High dietary calcium in PTX--SHR rats reestablished normal serum calcium but not systolic blood pressure to the level of sham SHR. From our present and previously reported results, it appears that the parathyroid gland is necessary for the total development of hypertension in both models. PMID- 7083071 TI - Bacteriocin production by Streptococcus milleri. AB - Bacteriocinlike activity was sought among 58 streptococcal strains using a deferred antagonism technique and 50 indicator strains. Antagonist production was generally increased by glucose supplementation of brain heart infusion agar and reduced by addition of calcium carbonate. Activity due to complete bacteriophage was excluded, as was toxic buildup of lactate, acetate, or ethanol. Hydrogen peroxide activity was responsible for all, or part, of antagonist activity in Streptococcus mutans tested and in nine strains of S. milleri. Virtually all isolates of S. milleri tested were sensitive to the bacteriocinlike activity of S. mutans NCTC 10832. PMID- 7083072 TI - Surgery for morbid obesity--where are we going? PMID- 7083073 TI - Alkaline reflux gastritis. PMID- 7083074 TI - Carcinoma of the sigmoid: a complication of ureterosigmoidostomy. AB - The case of a 58-year-old man who had carcinomatous change in the sigmoid colon many years after ureterosigmoidostomy prompted the authors to review the French and English literature on the subject. They found 47 cases in addition to their own, and noted a dramatic increase in the last 10 years, even though ureterosigmoidostomy is now seldom used. The latency of this complication makes it pertinent today. In the hope of determining the etiology of the complication, the authors studied the relation between the initial lesion for which the diversion was carried out and the nature of the colonic tumour that ensued, and have attempted to draw some conclusions. None of the current theories of pathogenesis seem satisfactory. By underlying the early clinical manifestations, the authors attempt to promote earlier diagnosis and better chances of survival for patients with carcinoma of the colon after ureterosigmoidostomy. PMID- 7083075 TI - Control of postoperative renal hemorrhage by embolization with a Gianturco coil. AB - A 35-year-old woman underwent a left pyelonephrolithotomy for removal of a staghorn calculus. Blood loss was minimal for 5 days. Then there was profuse bleeding from the left kidney that did not respond to conservative management. Angiographic examination demonstrated extravasation of contrast medium from a minor intrarenal artery in the lower pole of the kidney directly into the pelvicalyceal system. An attempt was made to embolize the bleeding vessel with Gelfoam particles but this failed because the Gelfoam passed directly into the collecting system. A Gianturco coil, however, occluded the vessel and immediately the hemorrhage ceased; the patient had no further complications. The authors emphasize that the introduction of a steel coil to control bleeding is advocated only when the use of temporary occlusive agents is unsuccessful. PMID- 7083077 TI - Unilateral renal artery embolism managed conservatively. AB - Renal artery embolism presents a diagnostic challenge because the condition is rare and it often mimics other more common abdominal problems. A conservative approach is favoured by most urologists but management is still controversial. The authors present a case of unilateral renal artery embolism that illustrates the difficulties and delay in making a diagnosis. It also highlights the efficacy of anticoagulants in restoring adequate function in a kidney that had been totally nonfunctioning and partially ischemic for longer than 18 hours. PMID- 7083076 TI - Renal angiomyolipoma not associated with tuberous sclerosis. AB - Six cases of renal angiomyolipoma not associated with the tuberous sclerosis complex illustrate the common presenting clinical picture of this relatively rare hamartoma. The authors discuss the traditional and newer diagnostic studies used, particularly ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography and their applications in the diagnosis of angiomyolipoma. Special emphasis is placed on differentiation of renal angiomyolipoma from renal cell carcinoma. Although the newer imaging techniques are valuable diagnostic aids, treatment of these renal mass lesions should not be based entirely on results of such studies. PMID- 7083078 TI - Intestinal bypass and gastric partitioning for morbid obesity: a comparison. PMID- 7083079 TI - The conduct of cholecystectomy: incision, drainage, bacteriology and postoperative complications. AB - The benefits of some ancillary techniques of cholecystectomy are exaggerated by retrospective study of selected patients. Therefore, the authors performed a prospective, randomized study of 100 consecutive patients who underwent simple elective cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. No patient was excluded because of incomplete hemostasis or fear of bile leakage. The frequency of pulmonary complications and wound infections was independent of the type of incision--vertical or subcostal. Peritoneal drainage was found to be unnecessary. Short-term drainage may increase the frequency of postoperative fever, but did not increase pulmonary complications or wound infections. In these patients, intra-abdominal sepsis is rare; wound infections were uncommon and the gallbladder bile was usually sterile and not the cause of postoperative infection. PMID- 7083080 TI - Resection and primary anastomosis for diverticulitis with perforation and peritonitis. AB - Primary resection is the treatment of choice for diverticulitis of the colon with perforation and generalized peritonitis. Although there has been controversy concerning the management of the bowel ends after resection, for the last 20 years immediate anastomosis has been gaining increasing support. Between 1970 and 1981, at the Hopital du Sacre-Coeur in Montreal, 15 patients having diverticulitis with perforation and diffuse spreading peritonitis who fulfilled specific criteria were treated by primary resection of the perforated segment of bowel and immediate anastomosis. The criteria for operation were : (a) the bowel must not be distended; (b) the bowel should be empty of feces; (c) edema of bowel wall at the resection site must be minimal; (d) the distal segment of colon should be above the peritoneal reflection; (e) there should be no fecal contamination; (f) the patient's general condition should be reasonably good. If these criteria were met, the procedure was safe and gave satisfactory results. In the authors' series, postoperative hospital stay was reduced considerably (it averaged 11 days). There was one anastomotic pulmonary edema. PMID- 7083081 TI - Iatrogenic bile-duct strictures. AB - Management of iatrogenic stricture of the bile ducts is difficult and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. At the Toronto General Hospital, 61 patients with strictures following operative trauma underwent a total of 75 repairs. The overall success rate was 80%. End-to-end duct repair is preferred when feasible; 8 of the 61 patients were treated this way, with success in 7. In the majority of patients, however, extensive duct scarring and shortening preclude its use, necessitating Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, done in 53 cases. If the anastomosis is adequate, with good mucosal approximation, a stent is not essential and of 12 such operations, 10 were successful. Even when the mucosa-to-mucosa apposition is less than optimal, the use of a straight-tube stent or changeable U-tube stent may produce a satisfactory end result. Of 41 such operations, 31 were successful. Since iatrogenic bile-duct strictures lead to high morbidity and frequent recurrence despite seemingly adequate repair, continued emphasis should be placed on prevention of injury, especially during routine cholecystectomy. Experience, careful dissection, knowledge of anatomic variations and good judgement concerning the performance of a cholecystostomy in difficult situations, should all reduce this complication to a minimum. PMID- 7083082 TI - Cholestatic jaundice caused by sulindac. PMID- 7083084 TI - Surgery for morbid obesity. PMID- 7083083 TI - Alkaline reflux gastritis: Roux-en-Y diversion is effective. AB - Even though controversy persists over the physiopathology of alkaline reflux gastritis, Roux-en-Y diversion is a well-accepted surgical treatment and was used in 23 patients over a 6-year period at the Hopital St-Luc in Montreal. Of the 23 patients, 21 had complete relief of symptoms. Objective criteria for the selection of patients who would benefit from operation are still to be defined. The authors discuss the physiopathology through an extensive review of the literature. PMID- 7083085 TI - Clinical trials on trial: III. Should statistics give the final verdict? PMID- 7083086 TI - Ophthalmologists and optometrists. PMID- 7083087 TI - Hepatitis markers in Indochinese refugees. PMID- 7083088 TI - Nosocomial transmission of listeriosis? PMID- 7083089 TI - Preventing motion sickness. PMID- 7083090 TI - False claims for magnetotherapy. PMID- 7083091 TI - Friends and families of psychiatric patients. PMID- 7083092 TI - Serum theophylline levels after influenza vaccination. PMID- 7083093 TI - Schizophrenics and tranquilizers. PMID- 7083094 TI - Treatment of methanol poisoning with ethanol and hemodialysis. AB - Twelve cases of methanol poisoning are reviewed. The clinical presentation and biochemical features are described and the results of treatment with alkali, ethanol and dialysis reported. The outcome of methanol poisoning appears to be related more to the interval between the time of ingestion and the start of therapy and to the degree of acidosis than to the initial serum methanol level. Therefore, early and aggressive treatment with bicarbonate and ethanol and subsequent institution of hemodialysis are strongly recommended whenever methanol can be detected in the blood, especially when metabolic acidosis of the anion-gap type is present, when mental or visual disturbances are present, or when more than 30 ml of absolute methanol has been consumed. PMID- 7083095 TI - Benefits and risks of circumcision: another view. Fetus and Newborn Committee Canadian Paediatric Society. PMID- 7083096 TI - Proportional analysis of respiratory cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed during fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 17 patients with biopsy-proven interstitial lung disease and in 12 control subjects who had focal lesions in the lung. The volume of fluid recovered was unrelated to disease activity or diagnosis. In the control subjects alveolar macrophages represented over 95% of the lavaged cells. The proportion of lymphocytes in the lavaged cells enabled a natural division of the diffuse interstitial lung diseases into two categories: active sarcoidosis, indicated by a large proportion of lymphocytes but a normal proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asbestosis, indicated by a normal proportion of lymphocytes but a variable proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe and well tolerated method for evaluating the role of alveolitis in diffuse interstitial lung disease through the sampling of respiratory alveolar cells. PMID- 7083097 TI - Raynaud's phenomenon in forestry workers in Quebec. AB - A survey of 1540 forestry workers in Quebec found a prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon of 30.5% among chain-saw users and 8.7% among nonusers. Prevalence was related directly to duration of use of the chain-saw. The mean interval (+/- the standard deviation) between the time the chain-saw was first used and the onset of Raynaud's phenomenon was 7.8 +/- 5.6 years. After 20 years of chain-saw use over 50% of the population had Raynaud's phenomenon. Relative risks among those using a chain-saw for more than 10 years were 3.60 for nonsmokers and 6.55 for smokers. Other factors associated with the phenomenon included a family history of nonoccupational Raynaud's phenomenon, previous injuries to the arms, climate and type of residence during the wood-cutting season. Decreased work capacity, interference with leisure activities and changes in professional orientation often resulted from this disease. These problems should be taken into account when disability compensation is being considered. PMID- 7083099 TI - CMA President calls for task force on health care rationing. PMID- 7083098 TI - Career choices, work patterns and perceptions of undergraduate education of McMaster medical graduates: comparison between men and women. AB - A survey of the first six classes to graduate from McMaster University's medical school was carried out 5 years after graduation for the classes of 1972 to 1974 and 2 years after graduation for the classes of 1975 to 1977. Although the men and women entered similar fields of medicine the women were more likely to have taken time away from work and to be working fewer hours, and more women than men were influenced by their spouses in their career choices. More women than men expressed some dissatisfaction with the 3-year undergraduate program, and more women identified the "anxiety level created" as a weakness of the program. The women compared their preparation for the first year of postgraduate training with that of other trainees somewhat less favourably than did the men. PMID- 7083100 TI - Physicians must come to the aid of the party. PMID- 7083101 TI - Canada's new constitution: will it affect medical practice? PMID- 7083103 TI - Mondor's disease. PMID- 7083102 TI - Endocarditis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. PMID- 7083107 TI - Expanding the nurse's role to improve preventive service in an outpatient clinic. AB - To help resolve the conflicting demands of primary and secondary care in hospital medical clinics, a program was developed whereby, with the physicians' agreement, nurses would select and vaccinate clinic patients eligible for influenza vaccination. In a controlled trial the nurses offered vaccination to half of the eligible patients attending morning sessions and vaccinated 35% of them. In contrast, physicians in the afternoon sessions, who were unaware of the program, vaccinated only 2% of similar patients. These results show that, although these physicians agree with guidelines for influenza vaccination, they are not currently providing the service. The use of nursing personnel to provide this and other types of primary medical care for clinic patients is a reasonable alternative. PMID- 7083104 TI - Circumcision. PMID- 7083105 TI - Treatment of hot tar burns. AB - Hot tar burns, although rare, usually occur in workers in the paving and roofing industries. When tar is heated to high temperatures it can cause deep burns, and its removal often causes further damage. However, the use of one of the polysorbates (surface-active agents) makes removal easy and painless. PMID- 7083106 TI - Ten-year trends in Canada for selected operations. AB - Of 16 operations common in Canada the national rates over a 10-year period for the 9 discretionary procedures varied much more than those for the nondiscretionary operations. The rates of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, varicose vein stripping and appendectomy decreased substantially, whereas those of extraction of lens, cesarean section and colectomy increased. The rates of hysterectomy and cholecystectomy first increased and then decreased. With the exception of Newfoundland the provinces generally followed these trends. Neither the Canadian nor the provincial rates were significantly associated with the availability of hospital beds or surgeons. Factors other than resources probably accounted for much of the variation among the provinces. PMID- 7083108 TI - Changes in serum anion gap and sodium level in monoclonal gammopathies. AB - In a group of patients with monoclonal gammopathies a decrease in the serum anion gap was seen with increasing serum concentrations of monoclonal IgG and IgM but not monoclonal IgA. This was probably related to the fact that IgG and IgM are cationic but IgA is a anionic at a physiologic pH. The serum sodium level decreased by 0.7 mmol/l for every increase of 1 g/dl in the serum level of the monoclonal immunoglobulin, likely because of the volume displacement effect of the monoclonal protein. PMID- 7083110 TI - Clues to unrecognized upper airway obstruction. PMID- 7083109 TI - Congenital listeriosis causing early neonatal death. PMID- 7083111 TI - Pets and the elderly: a therapeutic friendship. PMID- 7083112 TI - Enhanced uptake of actinomycin D in the dog kidney by simultaneous injection of degradable starch microspheres into the renal artery. AB - Tritiated Actinomycin D and degradable starch microspheres were simultaneously injected into a renal artery in dogs. The spheres functioned to mechanically retard the washout of the drug from the kidney microcirculation. Degradation of the spheres by endogenous amylase resulted in the reestablishment of normal kidney blood flow within an hour after injection. Twenty-three per cent of the total amount of drug injected was retained in the kidney one hour after injection of the drug-sphere combination. When the same amount of the drug alone was selectively injected into a renal artery or given intravenously, 9% and 1.3% of the injected dose, respectively, was found in the kidney tissue one hour after injection. This procedure may be of benefit in the treatment of solid tumors, where the therapeutic ratio may be increased because of higher drug retention in the tumor tissue with a decreased availability of the drug for other sensitive tissues. PMID- 7083113 TI - Effect of peptichemio in nonlocalized neuroblastoma. AB - PTC, a mixture of oligopeptides of m-L-sarcholysin, acting primarily as an alkylating agent, was utilized as initial therapy following diagnosis in 80 children with nonlocalized neuroblastoma. Of the 67 evaluable patients (21 Stage III, 41 Stage IV and five Stage IV-S), 51 had measurable lesions allowing to evaluate PTC activity; objective tumor responses to the drug were recorded in 45 of these 51 cases (88.2%); 5/5 Stage III, 37/41 Stage IV, 3/5 Stage IV-S. Complete responses were obtained in seven patients (13.7%), partial responses in 32 (62.7%), objective improvement in six (11.8%). Four patients (7.8%) had either no tumor change, or tumor progression. There have been two early drug-related deaths (3.9%). Stage III and IV patients responding to PTC were then treated by irradiation + VCR, followed by cycles of a combination of ADriamycin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide. Stage IV-S patients received no further therapy. Thirteen of 21 Stage III (61.9%), five of 41 Stage IV (12.2%) and four of five Stage IV-S (80%) are presently alive from 19-48 months (median, 27 months). PTC is an effective agent in advanced neuroblastoma. However, the results of this report do not indicate that its addition to a "standard" treatment, at least in the schedule adopted in this protocol, has improved the final outcome of children with nonlocalized disease. PMID- 7083114 TI - Ultrastructure of lipoma. AB - Eleven benign lipogenic tumors comprising ten ordinary lipomas and one fibroblastic lipoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. The former, which contained only a few inconspicuous septa, were composed of univacuolar mature adipocytes. No young forms of adipocytic differentiation were seen reflecting the slow growth of the ordinary lipomas. Small spindle cells accompanying capillaries located in the triangular confluence of the adipocytes are thought to be potential precursors of adipocytes. By contrast, the fibroblastic lipoma contained many younger forms which closely resembled those seen during maturation of normal adipose tissue. These younger forms are located in and about prominent trabeculae which therefore are considered to constitute active growth centers. PMID- 7083115 TI - Dark epithelial cells in preneoplastic lesions of the human respiratory tract. AB - Dark epithelial cells, previously identified in preneoplastic lesions of rat tracheae induced with chemical carcinogens, were observed in similar lesions in human airways and investigated using plastic-embedded material from the lungs of 21 autopsy cases. The lesion types and the percentage of dark cells in their basal layers were as follows: squamous metaplasia without atypia = 13 +/- 3%, squamous metaplasia with slight atypia = 13 +/- 3%, squamous metaplasia with moderate atypia = 26 +/- 5%, squamous metaplasia with severe atypia = 27 +/- 4%, and carcinoma in situ = 34 +/- 11%. Notwithstanding a technical complication caused by differences in fixation and embedding procedures, it was possible to detect an increase in the number of dark cells in human preneoplastic lesions that was directly proportional to the degree of atypia. This increase points to the importance of these cells in neoplastic development and indicates that, regardless of their nature, the number of dark cells can be used as an indicator of the degree of atypia. PMID- 7083116 TI - Papillary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis: a case report. AB - A papillary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis in a 67-year-old man is presented. The tumor was localized in the rete testis, showing no involvement of the adjacent testicular parenchyma or the epididymis. The tumor cells manifested a transition to the normal epithelial cells of the rete testis. The electron microscopic features of this tumor are compared with those of the normal epithelial cells of the rete testis. PMID- 7083117 TI - Urinary CEA for prediction of survival time and recurrence in bladder cancer. AB - The prognostic information from carcinoembryonic antigen was evaluated in bacteria-free urines of patients with bladder carcinoma. Patients with elevated (greater than or equal to 30 ng/ml) U-CEA had a poorer relative and symptom-free survival than patients with initial U-CEA below 30 ng/ml. Patients in whom U-CEA decreased from before to after radiation treatment had a better survival rate than patients with increasing U-CEA. These findings were most significant in cases with large (T3 + T4) tumors or with tumors of a lower differentiation (G3). U-CEA appeared to be an independent variable for prognostic evaluation of survival, since these differences were also true within the subgroups of known variables such as classes or grades. All but one of the patients, in whom short term local control was obtained, had a posttreatment U-CEA below 50 ng/ml. In oncology units, where the more malignant bladder tumors are treated, U-CEA determinations may indicate which patients require intensified monitoring or treatment. PMID- 7083118 TI - Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the bladder: a case report and review of literature. PMID- 7083119 TI - Frequency of early death in children with acute leukemia presenting with hyperleukocytosis. AB - The relationship of hyperleukocytosis, early death, and intracerebral hemmorahage was determined in 547 pediatric patients with acute leukemia. Hyperleukocytosis occurred in 7.3% of patients with acute leukemia. The early mortality rate was significantly increased in hyperleukocytic patients when compared to the nonhyperleukocytic group. Hyperleukocytic patients with ANLL had a significantly greater risk of early death than nonhyperleukocytic patients with ANLL. The difference in the incidence of early death between hyperleukocytic and nonhyperleukocytic patients with ALL/AUL was not statistically significant. In the hyperleukocytic patients intracerebral hemorrhage was the universal cause of early death but this entity did not occur in any of the nonhyperleukocytic patients. There was no correlation of intracerebral hemorrhage to thrombocytopenia or coagulation abnormalities. Autopsies confirmed intracerebral hemorrhage and leukostasis with leukemic infiltration of the brain tissue. PMID- 7083120 TI - Long-term disease-free survival in immature teratoma of the ovary. PMID- 7083121 TI - Simultaneous presentation of carcinoma involving the ovary and the uterine corpus. AB - Twenty-nine patients had simultaneous malignant epithelial neoplasms of the uterine corpus and ovary. Three groups were defined on the basis of tumor histology: Group A: those with endometrioid carcinoma in both the uterus and ovary; Group B: those with special variants of corpus carcinoma (papillary, clear cell, mucinous) and identical neoplasms in the ovary; and Group C: those whose uterine and ovarian carcinomas were of dissimilar histologic types. Sixteen women had endometrioid carcinoma in both sites. The median age at diagnosis, 41 years, was younger than is usual for corpus or ovarian cancer. For all 16 patients, the grade of the ovarian endometrioid carcinoma was similar to that of the endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Seven patients had bilateral ovarian neoplasms. Only one patient had myometrial invasion by the corpus carcinoma. No patient with simultaneous ovarian and uterine endometrioid carcinoma, regardless of grade, has died of cancer although one vaginal relapse was treated successfully. This excellent survival of patients with simultaneous endometrioid carcinomas is better than would be expected for either Stage III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium or Stage II ovarian carcinoma. These simultaneously occurring endometrioid neoplasms of ovary and endometrium are considered to be separate primary tumors. The morphologic reasons for this view and therapeutic implications are discussed. In contrast to the patients with endometrioid carcinoma, the eleven patients with other histologic types of carcinoma in the ovary and corpus were older (median age, 61 years) and more often postmenopausal (90%). These neoplasms were more aggressive, with frequent deep myometrial involvement (63%), tubal involvement (27%), and extension to other pelvic tissues (36%) at the time of initial diagnosis. Six of these 11 patients succumbed to their cancer despite surgical therapy and radiation. The distribution of tumor in some of these patients with nonendometrioid types of carcinoma is suggestive of a single primary with metastases. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7083122 TI - Cancer among blacks in Newark, New Jersey, 1970-1976: a national and international comparison. AB - Newark black men had age-adjusted cancer rates comparable to those of Washington, D. C., but lower than the other three American city blacks. Rates for Newark black women were generally similar to other American black women. American blacks, like those of Newark, had cancer rates higher than the African blacks in three out of four countries studied. Only blacks of Rhodesia had cancer experience like that of American blacks. Except for cancer of the cervix, the African blacks had generally lower rates compared to the American blacks for the ten sites investigated. However, high rates did occur for certain sites, e.g., esophagus and bladder cancers in Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Newark blacks also had higher rates for certain sites (prostate, lung, breast and cervix) compared to Washington, D. C., and certain other U. S. cities. Thus, the total risk of malignancies to develop among Newark blacks was no greater than that expected, based upon the four U. S. cities' experience. PMID- 7083123 TI - Rates of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in patients with specific malignancy. AB - Prospective surveillance of hospitalized patients with leukemia or solid tumors was performed in order to define the rate of nosocomial bloodstream infection according to specific diagnosis. During the 38-month study, there were 842 nosocomial blood stream infections in 704 patients, 22% of whom had leukemia or solid tumors. In the patients with malignancy, the diagnoses associated with the highest rate of bloodstream infections were chronic myeloid leukemia (18.4/100 patients), acute lymphocyte leukemia (17.7/100), promyelocytic and undifferentiated leukemia (16.1/100) and acute monocytic/myelomonocyte (13.8/100). In 76% of patients with chronic lymphocytic, chronic myeloid, or undifferentiated leukemia, the peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte count at the time of bacteremia was less than 100 cells/mm-3. In contrast to patients with leukemia, those with solid tumors, as a group, were at no greater risk of bloodstream infection than those without malignancy. In preparation for prophylactic trials of antibiotics or immunotherapy this study has more clearly defined the risk of bloodstream infection in cancer patients. PMID- 7083124 TI - Portable infusion pumps in ambulatory cancer chemotherapy. AB - Fifty-seven adult patients receiving chemotherapy were treated with a total of 133 infusions using portable user-worn infusion pumps, the Autosyringe AS*2F Cormed ML6-4, and two earlier versions of the latter, the Sigmamotor ML6-2 and ML6-3. Ninety-eight infusions were given on an ambulatory basis. Fourteen infusions were given through peripheral venous catheters, 115 through central venous catheters, and four intra-arterially. Of 127 evaluable infusions, 65 were completed within 5% and 87 within 10% of the planned rate; results are similar for both inpatient and outpatient infusions. The Cormed ML6-4 pump was equal to the Autosyringe AS*2F in reliability but superior to the latter in patient preference. There were no instances of dangerously rapid administration of the drug. The only serious catheter complications were a pneumothorax after insertion of a subclavian catheter in one patient and cellulitis in a leukopenic patient with a Broviac catheter. All but three patients preferred outpatient therapy to hospitalization. Outpatient therapy costs about $300 per day less than in hospital treatment. PMID- 7083125 TI - Efficacy and cost of cardiac monitoring in patients receiving doxorubicin. AB - We compared the incidence of heart failure (CHF), CHF mortality and CHF severity in cancer patients (pts) treated with doxorubicin (DXR) in the presence and absence of cardiologic monitoring (CM). CM consisted of endomyocardial biopsy and right heart catheterization as definitive tests with and without echocardiograms and phonocardiographically derived systolic time intervals as screening tests. CHF incidence was very low (0.03) in non-CM pts without risk factors (RF). RF pts had a CHF incidence of 0.17 without and 0.06 with CM (P = 0.107). Five of 58 RF pts in the non-CM group and 0 of 49 RF pts in the CM group died of problems related to CHF. CHF symptomatology by NYHA criteria was less in CM RF pts than non-CM RF pts (P = 0.034). The prevention of CHF mortality and morbidity in CM pts was not due to administering less DXR, as CM pts actually received an average of 43 mg/m2 more DXR than non-CM pts. We conclude that pts without RF need no CM during treatment with DXR, and that CM can reduce CHF severity and CHF mortality in RF pts. PMID- 7083127 TI - An original hypercalcemic infantile renal tum or without bone metastasis: heterotransplantation to nude mice: report of two cases. AB - Two cases of hypercalcemic infantile renal tumor without macroscopic bone metastases are reported. Optical and ultrastructural characteristics as well as biological and clinical data are sufficiently different from those of other infantile renal tumors to justify the individualization of an original tumor entity. The hypercalcemia is not clearly understood but may be related, in one case, with a high N terminal PTH serum level. Ultrastructural elements (secretory granules) and polypeptide hormone products (glucagon) are discussed in relation with APUD cells characteristics. PMID- 7083126 TI - Neutrophil-mediated tumor cell destruction in cancer ascites. AB - Intraperitoneal injections of OK-432, originated from Group A streptococcus pyogens of human origin, were administered to 77 patients with ascites caused by cancer of the digestive tract. Complete disappearance of effusion was observed in 43 cases, its reduction in five out of 77. They received cytologic examination of ascites daily before and after OK-432 injection. One of these patients, a 77-year old man with carcinomatous peritonitis due to gastric cancer, showed an interesting phenomenon after OK-432 injection. All adenocarcinoma cells in his ascites disappeared at least with 36 hours after OK-432 injection with increasing number of intraperitoneal neutrophils. In addition, neutrophils collected from his ascites or peripheral blood showed cytostatic effect on his ascites-derived tumor cells in vitro. His neutrophil-depleted intraperitoneal cells, however, had no significant effect on DNA synthesis of his tumor cells in vitro. OK-432 itself had no significant effect on DNA synthesis of his tumor cells in vitro. This report describes a patient in whom OK-432-induced neutrophils may play an important role in his tumor cell destruction in ascites. PMID- 7083128 TI - Comparison of adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and multiple-drug chemotherapy (CMF-VP) in operable breast cancer patients with more than four positive axillary lymph nodes. AB - With the advent of the adjuvant chemotherapy in 1974 for early operable breast cancer at Massachusetts General Hospital, 41 patients with greater than or equal to 4 lymph nodes positive in their axillary dissection received a two-year course of the modified Cooper regimen (S + CH) between March 1974 and June 1976. The actuarial disease-free survival was found to be comparable to CMF as reported by Bonnadonna. No consistent randomization with a control group was possible. Since postoperative radiotherapy has been proven to decrease the incidence of local recurrence but does not affect survival; it was believed that this group should serve as an adequate control. Sixty patients with greater than or equal to 4 positive axillary lymph nodes in their axillary dissection who were given postoperative radiotherapy to the chest wall and draining lymphatics (S + RT) in 1973 and 1974 at the same institution were retrospectively analyzed and compared to the above group. Relatively little significant difference in survival and disease-free survival curves was found. At 48 months, there was 72% and 58% survival for the S + RT and S + CH groups, respectively. When subgrouped according to age, those patients less than 49-years-old had a 48-month disease free survival of 65% and 49% for S + RT and S + CH groups, respectively (P = 0.25). No significant difference was noted in the post menopausal group. In both groups, patients with greater than 50% positive axillary lymph nodes exhibited a poor prognosis. PMID- 7083129 TI - The management of parotid lymph node metastases by irradiation. PMID- 7083130 TI - Thallium-201-chloride thyroid scintigraphy to evaluate benign and/or malignant nodules: usefulness of the delayed scan. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate benign and/or malignant thyroid tumors with 201TI thyroid scan. We studied 76 cases of histologically verified thyroid tumors, all seen as cold nodules on the 123I thyroid scan. 201TI thyroid scan was performed 5-15 minutes (early scan) and 3-5 hours (delayed scan) after intravenous administration of 1.5-2.0 mCi of 201TI. In 35 (94.6%) of 36 malignant tumors (anaplastic carcinoma, six; papillary carcinoma 23; follicular carcinoma, five; epidermoid carcinoma, one; malignant lymphoma, 1) 201TI accumulated in the cold nodule of the 123I thyroid scan on both early and delayed scans. On the other hand, the delayed 201TI scan was negative in 35 out of 39 (89.7%) benign tumors. Employing early and delayed 201TI scans, we were able to differentiate most malignant thyroid tumors from those which were benign. False-negative and positive cases are discussed. PMID- 7083132 TI - The prognostic value of CEA determinations in the plasma of patients with squamous cell cancer of the cervix. PMID- 7083131 TI - Cell kinetics in acute leukemia: a critical reevaluation based on new data. AB - The current study was undertaken to compare biopsy and aspiration sampling techniques for reliable cell kinetic analysis in acute leukemia and to reevaluate the clinical significance of cell kinetic data in this disease. Ad 1: One hundred forty-three paired simultaneously taken marrow aspirates and Jamshidi biopsies from 61 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were compared by means of flow cytometry (FCM) for cellular DNA and RNA measurements, autoradiography for 3H-TdR labeling index and liquid scintillation counting for 3H-TdR uptake. Aspirates were found unreliable for pretreatment evaluation and for monitoring of drug induced cell kinetic perturbations due to contamination with peripheral blood. Aspiration should, therefore, be replaced by marrow biopsy which provides reliable sampling of bone marrow for cell kinetic studies. Ad 2: FCM S-phase index determined from biopsy material was not found predictive for therapeutic response in 43 patients with ANLL treated with two different induction regimens. In one of the two protocols, changes in FCM S-phase index after 48 hours continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside correlated significantly with clinical response and nonresponse, respectively. PMID- 7083133 TI - Combined histologic grading of prostatic carcinoma. AB - A new histologic grading system for prostatic adenocarcinomas is presented, and its clinical significance tested. Histologic growth patterns and nuclear anaplasia found therein are evaluated independently of each other. The diagnostic categories are in accordance with the histologic classification recently published by the WHO. The tumor is denominated according to the least differentiated fraction. Three grades of malignancy, which correspond to significantly different survival probabilities, are distinguished. The prognosis of grade I patients is not reduced in comparison to that of healthy males of the same age. Grade I patients did not reveal metastases. The rate of tumor-specific deaths increases with the malignancy grade of the tumor. Interobserver reproducibility of this grading is found to be 91%. With 5% undergradings, the representativity is found to be satisfactory. Prostatic carcinomas tend to change their malignancy grades in time. The question of whether grade I prostatic carcinoma patients with early clinical stages benefit from therapy is discussed. PMID- 7083134 TI - Intracranial lipoma with hematopoietic elements (myelolipoma): report of a case with successful surgical resection. PMID- 7083135 TI - Ovarian mucinous tumors with foci of anaplastic carcinoma. AB - Four ovarian mucinous cystic tumors that contained solid nodules of anaplastic carcinoma in their walls are described. All the tumors had metastasized at the time of or shortly after operation and two have already proven fatal. The anaplastic nodules may be confused on gross and microscopic examination with sarcomas and sarcoma-like nodules, both of which may also be encountered in the wall of mucinous cystic tumors. Although the distinction of foci of anaplastic carcinoma from foci of sarcoma may not have prognostic significance, both of them should be separated from sarcoma-like nodules because of the favorable prognosis associated with the latter. In favor of a diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma are poor circumscription of the nodules, vascular invasion and absence of a prominent inflammatory reaction with multinucleated giant cells of the epulis type. PMID- 7083136 TI - Hydrocele following treatment for Hodgkin's disease. AB - Thirteen Hodgkin's disease patients developed hydrocele after treatment with radiotherapy (12 patients) or chemotherapy (one patient). An additional patient developed testicular swelling following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Eleven of 13 patients were staged with laparotomy (nine initially, two at restaging) which included pelvic and aortic node biopsies prior to the development of hydrocele. Five of the patients developed radiation-related pericarditis. These data suggest that staging and treatment of Hodgkin's disease may disrupt pelvic lymphatic flow and lead to hydrocele formation. The high incidence of treatment-related pericarditis may suggest unusual sensitivity to radiation in this group of patients. PMID- 7083137 TI - Low-grade adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. AB - The pathologic features and the behavior of 50 cases of adenocarcinoma (excluding adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma) of the sinonasal tract are presented. The cases were divided on histologic grounds into 23 low-grade and 27 high-grade neoplasms. The low grade lesions had a well developed glandular pattern throughout, very uniform nuclei, and minimal mitotic activity. The high grade tumors had a less uniform glandular pattern, commonly with solid or sheet like areas, manifested nuclear pleomorphism, and generally had a higher mitotic rate. The low-grade group had a prognosis markedly better than the high-grade group. Since the literature tends to consider all sinonasal adenocarcinomas as relentlessly progressive neoplasms with poor prognosis, it is important to recognize this category of low grade neoplasm in order that treatment and prognostication can be better related to their behavior. PMID- 7083138 TI - Thermography in breast diagnosis. AB - The role of two types of thermography in the diagnosis of breast disease was studied in 502 women seen over a two-year period. Thirteen cancers were diagnosed in eleven women. The most significant finding was the large number of equivocal or abnormal thermograms in women with normal breasts of benign disease, while in patients with proven cancer, the thermogram was abnormal in less than half. Clinical diagnosis of breast cancer was not enhanced by either or both types of thermogram. Despite specific criteria, thermographic interpretation was inconsistent except in the thermograms reported as "normal." On the basis of the findings, the authors could not recommend that an abnormal thermogram be used as an indication for mammography, since this would result in an inordinate number of these studies, particularly in young women. The findings suggest that thermography is not a sufficiently precise modality for use in routine breast diagnosis. PMID- 7083139 TI - Nonanatomic prognostic factors in carcinoma of the lung: a multivariate analysis. AB - Existing records of 651 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma registered at the Kingston Clinic of the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation during the period between 1965-1974 were examined in order to determine the relationship to survival of the following four "nonanatomic" prognostic factors: symptomatic history, performance status, weight loss, and age. Even when stage, histologic factors, and treatment were taken into account, it was found that weight loss and performance status significantly affected survival. Age, however, was related to survival only when the treatment given to the patient was not considered. Symptomatic history was important in so far as it related to weight loss and performance status. These results are compared to those obtained in other series and the implications discussed. PMID- 7083140 TI - Recovery from aspermia induced by low-dose radiation in seminoma patients. AB - Gonadal dosimetry and spermatogenic activity was monitored in patients given radiation therapy (RT) after unilateral orchiectomy for seminoma. The RT given was, with minor variations, 3200 rad in 16 fractions in four weeks to the para aortic and ipsilateral pelvic inguinal lymphatics in order to include the orchiectomy scar. The incidental amount of radiation to the remaining testicle averaged 78.4 +/- 7.4 rad and ranged from 32-178 rad as determined by thermoluminescent dosimetry. Induction of aspermia was documented in ten out of 14 patients who received over 65 rad to the gonad. At lower doses, aspermia may not have occurred or was of short duration. Recovery of sperm in the semen occurred in 12 patients within 30-80 weeks after start of treatment. The data suggest that the time of recovery may be dose dependent within the range of 19 148 rad. During the period of recovery, patients with oligospermic semen may be fertile and should be so advised. PMID- 7083141 TI - Clinical experience with vena caval filters in high-risk cancer patients. AB - Our experience with the placement of intracaval filter devices in patients with malignancies, is reviewed. Seventy patients had either a Mobin Uddin or Greenfield Umbrella Filter placed since 1971. The indications for caval interruption in our series included contraindications to anticoagulant therapy, bleeding with anticoagulant therapy, and recurrent pulmonary embolism with anticoagulant therapy. Of the 70 patients, 47 had a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, 15 had the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus, and eight had the diagnosis of both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. The types of malignancies that were present in our patients included breast carcinoma, gynecologic tumors, colon tumors, pancreatic carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies. We report no operative mortality and a low operative morbidity of 7% utilizing this method of caval interruption. The late morbidity of stasis sequelae following caval interruption was present in 14% of the patients. Based on a favorable experience with this method of vena cava interruption in high-risk patients with advanced malignancies, the authors suggest a more liberal indication for caval interruption in this group of patients. PMID- 7083142 TI - Hodgkin's disease in Western India: review of 1082 cases. AB - Hodgkin's disease (HD) had a low overall incidence rate in Bombay when compared to western countries. However, the incidence rate in childhood was quite high. Review of 1082 cases of Hodgkin's disease recorded at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. India during a period of 35 years showed that mixed cellularity, with 54% of the total, was the most frequent histologic subtype and this, together with lymphocyte depleted type formed 68% of all HD. The nodular sclerosis type formed only 9%. A bimodal character of the age pattern with a young age peak in the second decade of life, a male preponderance, a high incidence in childhood, and the predominance of low survival types, are the major features of the disease in India. The current data, which are the largest series reported from Bombay and other parts of India, indicate that the type-I pattern as described by Correa and O'Connor may be the characteristic feature of the Hodgkin's disease in India. PMID- 7083143 TI - Natural history of hereditary cancer of the breast and colon. AB - The natural history of 106 patients from eighteen families manifesting hereditary breast cancer syndromes, and 117 affected patients from twenty families manifesting nonpolyposis hereditary colon cancer were evaluated. Findings were compared with the American College of Surgeons (ACS) long-term audits for breast and colon cancer respectively. The cardinal features of hereditary cancer were observed within the study group, including: (1) a significant younger age of onset (49 years, breast; 46 years, colon); (2) an excess of proximal lesions in the hereditary colon series (49%); and (3) an excess of bilaterality in the hereditary breast cancer patients. The clinical stage at presentation was similar for the hereditary and ACS audit patients. Five-year survival was significantly improved (P less than .05) for both hereditary cancer populations as compared to the ACS audits (67% hereditary breast cancer and 52% nonpolyposis hereditary colon cancer). Improved survival in hereditary colon and breast cancer patients may have a bearing on the design of future clinical protocols. PMID- 7083144 TI - Occupation and the high risk of lung cancer in Northeast Florida. AB - A case-control study involving interviews with 321 male patients with lung cancer and 434 controls, or their next of kin, was undertaken to identify reasons for the high lung cancer mortality along the northeast coast of Florida. In Duval county (Jacksonville), the age-adjusted rate for lung cancer, 1970-1975, among white males was the highest of all urban counties in the United States. Increased risks on the order of 40-50% were associated with employment in the shipbuilding, construction, and lumber/wood industries, particularly among workers with reported exposures to asbestos or wood dust. Excess risks were also linked to fishing and forestry occupations, although the numbers of cases involved were small. Occupational factors did not appear to fully account for the area-wide excess of lung cancer, but no evidence was found to implicate smoking habits, migration patterns, or diagnostic and reporting practices as factors responsible for the exceptional mortality rates. PMID- 7083145 TI - Ovarian cancer and talc: a case-control study. AB - Opportunities for genital exposure to talc were assessed in 215 white females with epithelial ovarian cancers and in 215 control women from the general population matched by age, race, and residence. Ninety-two (42.8%) cases regularly used talc either as a dusting powder on the perineum or on sanitary napkins compared with 61 (28.4%) controls. Adjusted for parity and menopausal status, this difference yielded a relative risk of 1.92 (P less than 0.003) for ovarian cancer associated with these practices. Women who had regularly engaged in both practices had an adjusted relative risk of 3.28 (P less than 0.001) compared to women with neither exposure. This provides some support for an association between talc and ovarian cancer hypothesized because of the similarity of ovarian cancer to mesotheliomas and the chemical relation of talc to asbestos, a known cause of mesotheliomas. The authors also investigated opportunities for potential talc exposure from rubber products such as condoms or diaphragms or from pelvic surgery. No significant differences were noted between cases and controls in these exposures, although the intensity of talc exposure from these sources was likely affected by variables not assessed in this study. PMID- 7083146 TI - Eradication by active specific immunotherapy of established tumor transplants and microscopic lymph node metastases. AB - Guinea pigs, each with an established syngeneic dermal line 10 tumor and microscopic lymph node metastases, were immunized by injection of a mixture of irradiated line 10 tumor cells and an oil-in-water emulsion containing heat killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Squalane or squalene-in-water emulsions, prepared by ultrasonication and containing mg doses of mycobacterial cells, were effective adjuvants. Immunization eradicated established dermal tumors (about 10 mm in diameter) and prevented growth of microscopic lymph node metastases. Untreated animals, animals treated by intradermal administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cells attached to oil droplets alone or with irradiated tumor cells alone, all died with progressive tumor growth. PMID- 7083147 TI - Chemotaxis of aortic endothelial cells in response to fibronectin. AB - We have determined the chemotactic response of bovine aortic endothelial cells to fibronectin and to endothelial cell mitogens (endothelial cell growth supplement, tumor extract), using blind-well chemotaxis chambers. Fibronectin induced a chemotactic response in bovine aortic endothelial cells; at 100 micrograms/ml, chemotaxis increased by 440% above that observed in negative controls (p less than 0.001). The chemotactic response plateaued with time, paralleling the disappearance of the fibronectin concentration gradient in the chambers. As further evidence that chemotaxis was measured, we observed that cell migration did not occur when cells were incubated with fibronectin in the absence of a concentration gradient. Endothelial cell mitogens increased bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation in our experiments but did not stimulate chemotaxis above background levels. In contrast, fibronectin inhibited cell proliferation by 23%. We present a hypothetical model of the role of fibronectin in evoking endothelial cell chemotaxis during tumor neovascularization. PMID- 7083148 TI - Differential responses to x-irradiation of subpopulations of two heterogeneous human carcinomas in vitro. AB - The responses of two heterogeneous human cancer cell lines and their derivative clones to graded single doses of X-rays were examined in vitro. One system consisted of the human colon carcinoma line DLD-1 and two subpopulations (clones A and D). The second system consisted of the human lung carcinoma line (LX1) and four subpopulations (LX1-1, LX1-2, LX1-3, and LX1-9). These subpopulations have previously been shown to be markedly heterogeneous in terms of such characteristics as karyotype, morphology, drug sensitivity, tumorigenicity, and expression of membrane glycoproteins (such as carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor colonic mucoprotein antigen). Exponentially growing cultures were irradiated with graded single doses of 100-kVp X-rays. Survival was assessed using colony formation as the end point, and responses from multiple experiments were fitted to the single-hit, multitarget equation of cell survival. Values for the mean lethal dose (D0, grays), quasithreshold dose (Dq, grays), and extrapolation number (n) were obtained. For the human colon adenocarcinoma system, these values for the three tumor lines were: DLD-1, 0.95, 2.34, and 11.7; clone A, 1.06, 2.23 and 8.20; and clone D, 1.08, 1.89, and 5.80. For the human lung carcinoma system, these values for the five sublines were: LX1, 1.14, 0.19, and 1.20; LX1-1, 0.96, 2.06, and 8.54; LX1-2, 0.98, 0.88, and 2.48; LX1-3, 0.68, 2.05, and 20.3; and LX1 9, 1.12, 0.00, and 1.00. These two human tumor systems therefore exhibit variability in their intrinsic sensitivity to X-irradiation. The data indicate that failure of some human carcinomas to respond to physical treatment modalities can be due to preexisting resistant subpopulations. PMID- 7083149 TI - Relationship between rejection of several syngeneic tumors and retrovirus production by 5-bromodeoxyuridine-grown melanoma cells: lack of protection in natural killer-deficient beige mice. AB - Bromodeoxyuridine-grown B16 melanoma cells (C3471) immunize mice against not only the parent melanoma but also two other C57BL/6 tumors: a mammary adenocarcinoma and a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. We have shown that the endogenous retrovirus induced in C3471 cells by bromodeoxyuridine can persistently infect feral mouse (SC1) cells and that they then become as efficient as C3471 cells in preventing tumors. Uninfected SC1 cells cannot protect. Neither C3471 nor virus infected SC1 can prevent B6MS5 or B6MS7, two other non-virus-producing sarcomas, from forming tumors. Meth 4, mammary adenocarcinoma, and L-cells produce retrovirus and prevent melanoma formation in half the mice challenged. Significantly, C57BL/6 mice homozygous for the beige mutation are unable to reject melanoma challenge after C3471 immunization, although their normal littermates do so efficiently. We conclude that production of retrovirus is in some way responsible for the cross-reactive immunizing capacity of C3471 cells and that cells in which the beige mouse is deficient play a role in the rejection process. Beige mice have been shown to be deficient in natural killer cells and abnormal in macrophage kinetics. In addition, C3471-induced protection against B559 melanoma appears to involve host cells sensitive to anti-thymocyte and anti lymphocyte sera. We hypothesize that the retrovirus-producing cells may cause induction of interferon, which augments the cytocidal activity of natural killer cells and macrophages, killing sensitive tumor cells. PMID- 7083150 TI - Positive correlation between calmodulin content and hepatoma growth rates. AB - Calmodulin contents of normal rat liver, host liver [bearing hepatoma 5123t.c.(h)], regenerating liver, and Morris hepatomas 7800, 5123t.c.(h), and 7794A were determined by phosphodiesterase assay and by radioimmunoassay. The calmodulin levels determined by both assays were significantly increased in three hepatomas when compared to the corresponding values of normal liver. The order of increase in calmodulin content was as follows: normal liver = host liver less than 7794A (slow growth rate) less than 5123t.c.(h) (intermediate growth rate) less than 7800 (fast growth rate). In regenerating liver (24 hr after partial hepatectomy), the calmodulin content was not different from that of normal liver. In good agreement with the literature, the calmodulin values measured by the phosphodiesterase assay were always lower than those determined by radioimmunoassay. Calcium and magnesium contents were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in acid digests of these tissues. Both cation contents were significantly increased in the three hepatomas studied when compared to the corresponding values of normal liver; the extent of increase for calcium content (120 to 240%) was much greater than that for magnesium (30 to 40%). The order of increase for both cations was as follows: normal liver = host liver less than 5123t.c.(h) less than 7794A less than 7800. Therefore, there does not appear to be any correlation between the cation contents and hepatoma growth rates. In regenerating liver, magnesium content was about 14% higher than that of normal liver. In summary, the results indicate that only the increase of calmodulin appears to correlate positively with the growth rate of these tumors. This correlation suggests that calmodulin may be involved in tumor cell growth regulation. PMID- 7083151 TI - Metabolism and therapeutic efficacy of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine against murine leukemia P388. AB - The biochemical basis for the differential therapeutic activity of equally toxic doses of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) administered on two schedules to tumor-bearing mice has been studied. A single dose (234 mg/kg) of F ara-A in solution decreased the number of P388 leukemia cells by greater than 10(3), whereas a multiple-dose regimen (41 mg/kg every day for 5 days) of equal toxicity to the host was ineffective at reducing the tumor burden. No antitumor activity was seen when an equal dose of the relatively insoluble F-ara-A was injected as a suspension. The 5'-triphosphate of F-ara-A accumulated in P388 cells in levels proportional to the dose of the nucleoside and disappeared from these cells at an exponential rate with a half-life of 2.9 hr, which was independent of the cellular concentration of the nucleotide. The extent and duration of the inhibition of DNA synthesis of P388 cells was dependent on the dose of F-ara-A, but the rates of recovery were similar and in proportion to the cellular concentration of the analog triphosphate. The extent of the inhibition of DNA synthesis in host bone marrow and intestinal mucosa was also related to the dose of F-ara-A, but the recovery of these tissues proceeded to similar, incomplete levels (less than 60% of initial) 24 hr after F-ara-A injection of either 41 or 234 mg/kg. These results suggest that the equal toxicity of the two regimens of F-ara-A may be attributed to the similar extent of inhibition of host tissue DNA synthesis evoked by each. In contrast, the greater extent and longer duration of inhibition of P388 cell DNA synthesis caused by the single dose of F ara-A was responsible for its superior therapeutic activity. Measurements of F ara-A triphosphate concentrations and the DNA-synthetic capacity of tumor and host tissues are determinants of the action of F-ara-A and may be used to predict optimal therapeutic dose schedules. PMID- 7083152 TI - Measurements by filter elution of DNA single- and double-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes: effects of nitrosamines and gamma-irradiation. AB - This work presents a filter elution method for measuring DNA single- and double strand breaks in primary rat hepatocytes without radioactive labeling of DNA. We have studied the effects of a series of nitrosamines and of gamma-irradiation on DNA single- and double-strand break induction. The repair of DNA single-strand breaks in the hepatocytes was measured after treatment with 60Co, 1-methyl-1 nitrosourea, and N-nitrosodimethylamine. The hepatocytes were isolated by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetra acetic acid-collagenase perfusion and had a mean viability of 91 +/- 4% (S.D.). The isolated cells were treated for varying lengths of time with nitrosamines in suspension culture in L 15 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. After treatment, the cells were chilled, loaded onto 2 micrometers polycarbonate filters, and lysed in a 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteinase K solution, pH 9.6. The DNA was eluted from the filter at either native or denaturing pH with fractions collected every 3 hr. The quantity of DNA in each fraction was determined by measuring the fluorescent product formed between it and diaminobenzoic acid after ethanol-sodium acetate precipitation and trapping of the DNA on 0.2-micrometer polycarbonate filters. The results show that the carcinogens, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine, and 1 nitrosopiperidine all made dose- and time-related increases in the number of single-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine produced small numbers of single-strand breaks. No double-strand breaks were formed by any of the nitrosamines. Single-strand breaks induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine were repaired very slowly relative to repair of either gamma-ray of 1-methyl-1 nitrosourea-induced single-strand breaks. This system has many advantages for studying carcinogen metabolism and DNA damage in hepatocytes, one of the major target cells for many carcinogens.- PMID- 7083153 TI - Activity of 2-fluoro-5-methylarabinofuranosyluracil against mouse leukemias sensitive to and resistant to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. AB - A new pyrimidine nucleoside, 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil, previously has been shown to be active against the herpes group of viruses in vitro and in vivo. It is also active against mouse and human leukemic cells in culture and against mouse leukemias L1210, P388, and P815 in vivo. In contrast to other 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) derivatives, 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-1 beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil, when given either i.p. or p.o., is highly active against lines of leukemias P815 and L1210 made resistant to ara-C. Against P815/ara-C and L1210/araC, it is more effective than is 5-azacytidine, a drug which has shown definite effectiveness in patients with acute leukemia whose disease has become resistant to ara-C. For these reasons, 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-1 beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil would seem to merit clinical trial in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia whose disease has become resistant to ara-C. PMID- 7083154 TI - Analysis and excision of ring-opened phosphoramide mustard-deoxyguanine adducts in DNA. AB - The reaction products formed by reacting deoxyguanosine with phosphoramide mustard at pH 7.4 have been analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and Schiff's reaction. The adducts consisted of five fractions of phosphoramide mustard-imidazole ring-opened deoxyguanosine complexes and one fraction of each of intact phosphoramide mustard-deoxyguanosine and phosphoramide mustard dideoxyguanosine complexes. Thus, contrary to views held previously, the imidazole ring of alkylated guanine can undergo fission at physiological pH. Schiff's reaction suggests that some fractions of phosphoramide mustard-ring opened deoxyguanosine adducts contain formyl groups, while others do not. When DNA containing phosphoramide mustard-ring-opened guanine adducts was treated with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, there was enzymatic removal of formylated ring-opened guanine adducts. The quantification of the full amount of ring-opened guanine released by formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase was precluded by the limitations of our assay system, which requires that any two ring-opened guanines cross-linked by phosphoramide mustard be both excised in order to be detected. PMID- 7083155 TI - Changes in susceptibility to cytotoxic antibody among tumor cells surviving exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. AB - We determined that myeloma cells which survived drug treatment had an altered sensitivity to cytotoxic antibody. The effects of several chemotherapeutic agents differing in drug action were compared. The antiserum was directed against viral determinants on the surface of S107 myeloma cells. This antiserum was then used to inhibit the colony formation of drug-treated myeloma cells. Tumor cells were treated with melphalan (200 ng/ml), methotrexate (40 ng/ml), actinomycin D (5 ng/ml), or 0.5 mM thymidine for 24 hr and then washed and resuspended in fresh medium. On various days after drug treatment, aliquots of these cells were exposed to complement and dilutions of antiserum and then cloned in soft agar in order to quantify the degree of antibody-mediated inhibition. Melphalan, methotrexate, and thymidine caused a severalfold increased resistance of the tumor cells to the antiserum during the first 1 or 2 days after drug treatment. During the following days, however, myeloma cells showed markedly increased susceptibility to the antiserum. The biphasic effect of methotrexate or thymidine treatment was similar to that previously observed after melphalan treatment and differed from the effect of actinomycin D. Actinomycin D caused only an increased susceptibility of the tumor cells to the antibody for a period of 4 to 5 days immediately following drug treatment. Our studies indicate that several chemotherapeutic drugs at concentrations comparable to those used in humans have long-lasting antagonistic as well as synergistic effects on the sensitivity of tumor cells to antibody and complement, depending on the particular drug used and on the time interval between drug exposure and subsequent treatment with antibody. These results suggest a model for evaluating the use of antibody in the elimination of malignant cells which, despite exposure to chemotherapy, remain clonogenic and proliferative. PMID- 7083157 TI - Effect of dihydroxyanthraquinone (NSC 279836) and thoracic irradiation on long term survival of rats. AB - Dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ; NSC 279836) is a recently synthesized compound that is structurally similar to Adriamycin and produces greater antitumor effects in murine model systems. We compared DHAQ to Adriamycin in rats, with and without irradiation of the chest at various intervals after drug treatment. A single injection of Adriamycin (1 mg/kg i.p.) had little effect on animal survival, even if combined with radiation (12 Gy 25 MV X-rays), greater than 90% being alive at 1 year. A single injection of DHAQ (3 mg/kg i.p.) was equally uneffective up to 200 days after treatment (survival, greater than 90%). However, between 200 and 370 days after treatment, all animals died, producing a median survival time of 280 days. Further, when DHAQ was combined with radiation, there was an increase in animal deaths between Days 300 and 200. For animals irradiated on Days 0, 43, and 93 after DHAQ treatment, only 50, 75, and 80%, respectively, survived to Day 200. All animals that survived past Day 200 subsequently died by 1 year, displaying the same kinetics of lethality as those animals that had received DHAQ only. A repeat experiment using DHAQ at 1 mg/kg produced similar results. Based on these findings, we conclude that DHAQ produces a long-term (greater than 200 days) toxicity in rats that is not detectable by short-duration toxicity screening. In addition, radiation enhances short-term (less than 200 days) lethality, with the degree of enhancement decreasing as the interval between drug and radiation is increased. PMID- 7083156 TI - Influence of delayed administration of retinyl acetate on mammary carcinogenesis. AB - Administration of a dietary retinoid supplement beginning 1 week after carcinogen administration is highly effective in the inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis. A study was designed at two carcinogen dose levels to determine to what extent retinoid feeding can be delayed and retain its chemoprotective effect. In the high-dose experiment, groups of 30 virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats received a single i.v. dose of 50 mg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) per kg body weight and were fed a dietary supplement of 328 mg retinyl acetate per kg diet beginning at 1, 4, or 8 weeks after MNU administration. In the low-dose experiment, groups of 50 rats received 25 mg MNU per kg, and the retinoid was begun at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks post-MNU. Controls at both dose levels received a placebo diet beginning 1 week after carcinogen treatment. At the high MNU dose, retinyl acetate was most effective in inhibition of carcinogenesis when treatment was begun 1 week after MNU administration. Delaying retinyl acetate feeding until 4 weeks post-MNU resulted in slightly reduced chemoprotective efficacy, while an 8-week delay caused a complement loss of anticancer activity. At the low MNU dose, delaying retinyl acetate administration for up to 12 weeks after MNU administration caused no loss of chemopreventive efficacy. A 16-week delay resulted in decreased anticancer activity, while retinoid treatment begun 20 weeks post-MNU had no effect on cancer induction. Retinoid administration can be delayed beyond 1 week and retain its activity against rat mammary carcinogenesis; the length of delay allowable without loss of activity is a function of tumor latency. PMID- 7083158 TI - Molecular pharmacology of the anthracycline drug 9,10-anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride (Cl 216,942). AB - 9,10-Anthracenedicarboxyaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride (Cl 216,942) is a new anthracene bishydrazone derivative which has shown antitumor activity in Phase I trials against both hematological cancers and solid tumors. The effects of Cl 216,942 on L1210 mouse leukemia cells were studied with the nucleoid sedimentation and alkaline elution assays. Evidence for Cl 216,942 intercalation into cellular DNA was obtained in exponentially growing cells by comparing the L1210 nucleoid sedimentation behavior in neutral sucrose gradients of ethidium bromide with nucleoids from Cl 216,942-treated cells. A 1 hr treatment of exponentially growing L1210 cells with Cl 216,942 induced both protein-associated DNA single-strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks as detected by the alkaline elution assay. The DNA strand break and DNA-protein cross-link frequencies were found to be within a factor of 2 of each other over a range of Cl 216,942 concentrations. The dose response for the induction of DNA damage showed a linear decrease up to 10 micrograms/ml, but this was followed by a decrease in damage at dose levels greater than 10 micrograms/ml. The biphasic dose response could not be explained by changes in the cellular uptake of Cl 216,942. The kinetics of Cl 216,942 induction of DNA damage after a 1-hr treatment showed that at the dose which gave maximum damage the degree of damage (10 micrograms/ml) decreased with further incubation, but at a higher dose (20 micrograms/ml) DNA damage increased with postincubation at 37 degrees. The cytotoxicity produced by Cl 216,942 at a given frequency of protein-associated strand breaks was low. Cl 216,942 thus appeared to belong to a low-toxicity group of DNA intercalators. PMID- 7083159 TI - Cytochrome P-450- and flavin-containing monooxygenase-catalyzed formation of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and its covalent binding to nuclear DNA. AB - The metabolic N-oxidation of the carcinogen 2-aminofluorene was examined in vitro using fortified hepatic microsomes from a variety of species. Rat, dog, human, and pig liver microsomes catalyzed the formation of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (N OH-AF) from AF at rates of 1.6, 1.0, 1.2, and 3.5 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The involvement of both cytochrome P-450 and the flavin-containing monooxygenase was demonstrated with hepatic microsomes and with purified enzymes by using specific enzyme inhibitors. 2-[(2,4-Dichloro-6 phenyl)phenoxy]ethylamine, a potent cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, decreased microsomal N-OH-AF formation by 96, 83, 70, and 46% in the rat, dog, human, and pig, respectively; and further addition of methimazole, a high-affinity flavin containing monooxygenase substrate, abolished the residual N-hydroxylating activity. Using the purified porcine flavin-containing monooxygenase, metabolic formation of N-OH-AF occurred at a rate of 4.9 nmol/min/nmol flavin adenine nucleotide and was insensitive to 2-[(2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl)phenoxy]ethylamine inhibitor. In addition, purified rat liver cytochrome P-450 (isolated from 5,6 naphthoflavone-induced animals) N-hydroxylated AF (1.1 nmol/min/nmol P-450) and was completely inhibited by 2-[(2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl)-phenoxy]ethylamine, but the reaction was insensitive for methimazole. To determine whether or not the metabolic formation of N-OH-AF could lead directly to covalently bound adduct(s) with DNA under these incubation conditions (30 min, pH 7.5), the binding of synthetic and metabolically formed [3H]-N-OH-AF to added calf thymus DNA and to DNA in isolated rat liver nuclei was investigated. In all cases, the amount of DNA-bound carcinogen accounted for 0.08 to 0.15% of the N-OH-AF present in the incubation mixtures. These data, when compared to the levels of AF bound to hepatic nuclear DNA reported in vivo, suggest that the nonenzymatic reaction of N OH-AF with nuclear DNA may be sufficient to account for a substantial portion of the observed in vivo binding of this carcinogen. PMID- 7083160 TI - Covalent binding of benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine to DNA at the C-8 atom of deoxyguanosine in vivo and in vitro. AB - Benzidine, a human urinary bladder carcinogen, induces hepatic tumors in mice and rats. In this study, [3H]benzidine was administered in drinking water to mice for 1 week, and the covalent binding of the carcinogen to hepatic DNA was then determined. A single carcinogen:DNA adduct was detected which decreased in concentration by approximately 50% at 1 day after treatment and then remained at a nearly constant level for at least 7 days. Injection of radiolabeled benzidine or N-acetyl-benzidine into rats also resulted in a single carcinogen:DNA adduct that was chromatographically identical to that obtained in mouse liver. While administration of benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine resulted in high levels of the adduct in rat hepatic DNA, injection of N,N'-[ring-14C]diacetylbenzidine did not give detectable binding (less than 0.3 residue/mg DNA). The same carcinogen:DNA adduct found in rat and mouse liver was prepared synthetically by: (a) hydrolysis of calf thymus DNA reacted with N-hydroxy-N'-acetylbenzidine at pH 5; and (b) reaction of N-acetoxy-N,N'-diacetylbenzidine with deoxyguanosine and subsequent selective deacetylation of the product with methanolic ammonia. The in vitro and in vivo products were found to have identical high-pressure liquid chromatography retention times and to exhibit similar pH-dependent solvent partitioning characteristics. Mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data on the synthetic products established the structure of the hepatic adduct as N (deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N'-acetylbenzidine. The structural isomer, N-(deoxyguanosin 8-yl)-N-acetylbenzidine, was synthesized by treatment of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) N,N'-diacetylbenzidine (the intermediate in b) with carboxylesterase and was shown to be chromatographically distinct from the in vivo adduct. Similarly, the nonacetylated derivative, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) benzidine, was synthesized by carboxylesterase treatment of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N'-acetylbenzidine and was shown not to occur in rat and mouse liver DNA. These data indicate that the metabolic activation of benzidine to an ultimate carcinogen in rats and mice does not involve N-hydroxybenzidine or sulfotransferase-catalyzed activation of N hydroxy-N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. The remaining pathways for metabolic conversion of benzidine to an ultimate carcinogenic species are discussed in relation to liver and urinary bladder carcinogenesis. PMID- 7083161 TI - Effects of praziquantel, a new antischistosomal drug, on the mutation and transformation of mammalian cells. AB - Praziquantel (PQ), a tetrahydroquinoline derivative, is a new and clinically effective antischistosomal drug, which has been shown to lack or to possess very weak mutagenic activity. However, in bacteria, this compound can act as a weak comutagen that increases the mutagenicity of several chemical mutagens and carcinogens. We have found that PQ can act as a very weak comutagen in animal cells. At 10 to 50 micrograms/ml, PQ increased the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethyl)amino propylamino]acridine dihydrochloride about 2-fold in Chinese hamster V-79 cells. In C3H/10T 1/2 mouse embryo cells, PQ exhibited only negligible comutagenic activity. PQ did not oncogenically transform C3H/10T 1/2 cells but had a pronounced effect on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of these cells. When PQ was coadministered with or added after 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, the number of type III foci produced was about 5-fold lower than in cultures treated with 3-methylcholanthrene alone. Therefore, PQ can inhibit type III focus formation in C3H/10T 1/2 cells. PMID- 7083162 TI - Establishment and characterization of two human pancreatic cancer cell lines tumorigenic in athymic mice. AB - Two human pancreatic cancer lines, RWP-1 and RWP-2, have been established from 2 patients with primary pancreatic cancer metastatic to the liver. The patients' tumors, the xenografted tumors, and tumors obtained by inoculation of nude mice with cultured RWP-1 and RWP-2 cells are all moderately-well-differentiated ductal cell adenocarcinomas. Ultrastructural analysis supports the tissue histopathology findings. Xenografts of RWP-1 tumors double every 10 days, whereas the doubling time of RWP-2 xenografts is 22 days. Both tumors contain mucin. RWP-1 and RWP-2 cells have a doubling time in culture of 45 hr and form colonies in soft agar. RWP-1 cultures appear to be morphologically heterogeneous; two distinct epithelial cell types can be identified. RWP-1 and RWP-2 have modal chromosome numbers of 64 and 62, respectively. Appreciable levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase were found in both cell lines and xenografts. RWP-1 and RWP-2 cells produce appreciable amounts of carcinoembryonic antigen, 1090 and 414 ng/10(6) cells, respectively. PMID- 7083163 TI - Video time-lapse microscopy of phagocytosis and intracellular fate of crystalline nickel sulfide particles in cultured mammalian cells. AB - The endocytosis and intracellular distribution of carcinogenic crystalline nickel sulfide (NiS) particles in Chinese hamster ovary cells were studied using time lapse video recording with phase-contrast and bright-field optics. Crystalline NiS particles were phagocytosedd by Chinese hamster ovary cells in regions of membrane ruffling. While these particles may remain bound to the cell surface for variable time intervals (min to hr), their internalization generally required only 7 to 10 min. Endocytosed crystalline NiS particles exhibited saltatory motion, and lysosomes were observed to interact repeatedly with the particles in a manner similar to that observed during the digestion of macropinosomes. Particles were never observed to be exocytosed from the cell, and with time, most of the internalized particles aggregated in the region around the nucleus. After 24 to 48 hr, particle saltation decreased to a point where the particle position became relatively fixed in the perinuclear region, and in some instances, this was associated with a conspicuous vacuole formation around the particles. It is concluded that the uptake and distribution of crystalline NiS particles occur by normal endocytic and saltatory processes as occur during the formation and breakdown of macropinosomes. The observed lysosomal interaction with phagocytoses cytoplasmic NiS may accelerate particulate nickel dissolution allowing entry of ionic nickel into the nucleus. PMID- 7083164 TI - An in vitro assay for growth regulation of embryonal carcinoma by the blastocyst. AB - An in vitro assay has been developed in order to examine the mechanism whereby the mouse blastocyst regulates embryonal carcinoma (EC). The assay measures the suppression of EC cell colony formation caused by exposure to the cavity of the blastocyst (i.e., blastocele), and the results are comparable to the previous results with blastocyst-mediated suppression of tumor formation for this same cell line. The assay has been used to determine the time necessary for the blastocyst to regulate the EC cell. In these experiments, immunosurgery is done to disrupt the interaction between the EC cell and the blastocyst, and the EC cell is then recovered and identified by its ability to form a colony. As compared to control cells, 84% of the EC cells are recovered after 2 hr of exposure to the blastocyst, 57% are recovered after 14 hr of exposure, and 27% are recovered after 24 hr of exposure. This long time course is similar to the prolonged doubling time of labeled EC cells within the blastocyst suggesting that the response of the EC cell may be related to the cell cycle within the blastocyst. Data presented show that synchronization of the EC cell cycle (using a mitotic selection procedure) produces synchronization of the response to the blastocyst. The response appears to be closely linked to the G1 phase of the EC cell cycle. PMID- 7083165 TI - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins from the R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma. AB - The Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma (R3327) is a reliable model that shares many similarities with the human tumor. Two sublines of the tumor, G and H, represent opposite extremes in histology and growth rate. Purified membrane fractions from G and H solid tumors were isolated by sucrose gradient. Tumor and normal prostate membrane proteins were labeled with 125I, incubated with G and H antisera, and precipitated by adsorption of antibody-antigen complexes to staphylococcal Protein A. Proteins were resolubilized and electrophoresed on two dimensional gels, and the gels were autoradiographed. A total of eight labeled proteins were precipitated from the G and H tumors in the presence of G antisera. Of these, seven were homologous. One high-molecular-weight protein (Protein b) present on the G tumor was absent from the H tumor. The H tumor contained another high-molecular-weight protein (i) that was not found on the G tumor or on normal prostate. Normal prostate revealed a pattern similar to the G tumor except that Protein b appeared to be quantitatively reduced. Precipitation in the presence of H antisera showed similar patterns except that Protein b was not detected in the G tumor and was greatly reduced in the normal prostate. Therefore, despite variable growth characteristics, there were few changes in membrane proteins between the solid tumors and between the tumors and normal prostate. Iodination of surface proteins of cultured cells from normal prostate and the G and H sublines also showed a high degree of homology. No consistent differences between cultured cell lines were noted. PMID- 7083166 TI - Selective phagocytosis of crystalline metal sulfide particles and DNA strand breaks as a mechanism for the induction of cellular transformation. AB - Crystalline NiS, CuS, CoS2, and CdS particles were actively phagocytosed by cells and potently induced morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, the respective amorphous metal sulfide particles (amorphous NiS, CuS, CoS, and CdS) were not as actively phagocytosed by cultured cells and, in comparison to the crystalline form of these compounds, induced considerably less morphological transformation at both cytotoxic and noncytotoxic exposure levels. Chemical reduction of positively charged amorphous NiS with LiAlH4 resulted in active phagocytosis of these particles which was also associated with enhancement of cellular transformation. Crystalline but not amorphous NiS caused considerable strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells following 2 to 3 hr exposure at 10 micrograms/ml as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient techniques with subsequent determination of DNA molecular weight. Phagocytized inert particles such as latex beads did not induce transformation or DNA damage, suggesting that genotoxic dissolution products such as Ni2+ rather than the phagocytized particles are responsible for the observed DNA damage and cellular transformation. NiCl2 was about one-third to one-half as potent in inducing cellular transformation compared to crystalline NiS on a weight basis. These results correlate the selective phagocytosis of crystalline metal sulfides to their more potent activity in the induction of cellular transformation. PMID- 7083168 TI - Requirements for induction of DNA strand breaks by lithocholic acid. PMID- 7083167 TI - Comparison of the metastatic properties of B16 melanoma clones isolated from cultured cell lines, subcutaneous tumors, and individual lung metastases. AB - Tumors produced by s.c. injection of uncloned B16 melanoma cell lines contain clonal tumor cell subpopulations with widely differing metastatic properties, including clones that are nonmetastatic. Similar metastatic heterogeneity exists in clones isolated from the same cell lines cultured in vitro. In B16 melanoma sublines (B16-BL6, B16-BV8, and B16-BP8) selected for enhanced invasive and metastatic behavior, the proportion of clones with high metastatic capacity is increased relative to the parent cell line. The cellular composition of metastases produced by s.c. or i.v. injection of the uncloned parent cell line has also been examined. Some metastases are populated by clones with indistinguishable metastatic properties (intralesional clonal homogeneity) while others yield clones with different metastatic properties (intralesional clonal heterogeneity). The range of clonal diversity in heterogeneous metastases is, however, substantially less than in the parent line. The number of metastases yielding clones with heterogeneous metastatic phenotypes is higher for "spontaneous" metastases arising from s.c. tumors than in "experimental" metastases produced by i.v. injection of single-cell suspensions. Studies using B16 cells bearing specific biochemical markers indicate that clonally homogeneous metastases are of monoclonal origin and that metastases populated by clones with heterogeneous metastatic phenotypes are of polyclonal origin. PMID- 7083170 TI - Responses of amphibian embryos and blastomeres to a tumor-promoting phorbol ester. AB - Phorbol ester tumor promoters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alter the morphology and differentiated states of numerous cell types in vitro. It is likely that these molecules are teratogenic for vertebrate embryos in which cytodifferentiation, cell-tissue interactions, and cellular motility are prominent. By examining embryonic effects, I thought that insights into mechanisms might be gained that would not be apparent in adult tissues. The purpose of this study was to characterize the responses of frog (Bombina orientalis) embryos and embryonic cells to TPA. Effects of 10 to 100 ng TPA per ml on whole embryos included epithelial dissociation, inhibition of muscle segment histogenesis and adhesive organ differentiation, and acceleration of cell sheet movements during gastrulation. Possibly correlated with accelerated gastrulation, TPA also induced circumferential rotations of lobopodial blebs in blastula cells cultured on plastic. This capability is normally not seen until later developmental stages and is most prominent in areas undergoing morphogenetic movements. For blastula cells cultured on agar, TPA (1.0 to 10 ng/ml) inhibited cytokinesis but not karyokinesis, leading to the formation of abnormal multipolar spindles. A similar uncoupling of cytokinesis and karyokinesis in adult tissues could lead to mitotic aneuploidy, possibly an important step in tumor promotion. The amphibian embryo should be a useful organism for further studies on phorbol ester tumor promoters. PMID- 7083169 TI - Simulated stratospheric ozone depletion and increased ultraviolet radiation: effects on photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. AB - Solar ultraviolet radiation at the surface of the earth is a recognized cause of skin cancer. Postulated anthropogenic reductions in the thickness of the ozone layer would lead to an increased amount of ultraviolet radiation and hence would be expected to increase the risk of skin carcinogenesis. This study uses hairless (Skh:HR) mice as an animal model to study this increased risk. The mice were exposed 5 days/week to graded doses of ultraviolet radiation from a xenon arc lamp attenuated by five different thicknesses of Schott glass filters (WG320) to simulate various ozone layer thicknesses. A Robertson-Berger sunburning ultraviolet meter was used as one of the forms of dosimetry. The results of the various exposure treatments are expressed as the percentage of animal with tumors (incidence) versus time after commencing irradiation and as cumulative tumor yield (average number of tumors per survivor) versus time. With any given filter, the time to 50% incidence is inversely related to daily dose in Robertson-Berger meter units. The time to 50% incidence for comparable Robertson-Berger meter doses through different filter thicknesses increases with increasing thickness. These results indicate that the effective dose for skin cancer induction may be estimated from the Robertson-Berger meter dose but that the Robertson-Berger meter response spectrum underestimates the photocarcinogenic effectiveness of the shorter wavelengths. The cumulative tumor yield data are also consistent with these conclusions. Alternate weighting of the source spectra with the acute response action spectrum for mouse skin edema gave a better correlation between unit dose and time to a tumor response, independent of the source spectral distribution. This suggests that the mouse skin edema action spectrum, indistinguishable from a human skin erythema action spectrum for lambda greater than 295 nm, is similar in shape to the mouse skin photocarcinogenesis action spectrum for lambda greater than 295 nm. PMID- 7083171 TI - In vivo sister chromatid exchange and cellular replication kinetics of normal and lymphoma AKR bone marrow cells. AB - The recent development of an AKR(Rb6.15)1Ald lymphoma model in our laboratory presents a unique means of comparing sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies and cellular replication kinetics of normal and lymphoma cells in the same host environment. Lymphoma cells, distinguished from normal cells by the presence of two metacentric chromosomes, had an average cell cycle time of 8 hr compared to 11 hr for normal cells. Normal bone marrow cells from nonleukemic AKR/J, nonleukemic AKR(Rb6.15) Ald, and tumor passage recipients had similar baseline and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-induced SCE frequencies following exposure to 4.4 mg 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea per kg and 19 hr 5-bromo 2-deoxyuridine. While baseline SCE frequencies were only slightly higher, 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-introsourea-induced lymphoma cell SCE frequencies were 3 times higher than normal induced SCE frequencies [34.06 +/- 6.6 (S.E.) versus 11.0 +/- 0.6 SCEs/cell]. PMID- 7083172 TI - Cellular replication kinetics and persistence of sister chromatid exchange inducing lesions in normal and lymphoma AKR cells following exposure to 1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. AB - The present studies were designed to evaluate the role of cell cycle time and time of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) administration on the persistence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE)-inducing lesions in normal and lymphoma second- and third-division AKR bone marrow cells. Normal second-division cells harvested from mice given injections of BCNU at the start of an 18-, 24-, or 28-hr 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) infusion exhibited similar linear dose dependent increases in SCE frequencies (p greater than 0.05). The faster-cycling lymphoma cells, harvested after 18-hr BrdUrd infusion, had significantly higher baseline (p less than 0.05) and BCNU-induced increases (p less than 0.001) in SCE frequencies than did normal cells. Dose-dependent increases in SCE frequencies were demonstrated in third-division normal and lymphoma cells from mice infused with BrdUrd for 24 or 28 hr. Whereas lymphoma cells from mice treated with 3.3 mg BCNU per kg exhibited 31.2 +/- 3.9 (S.E.) SCEs in second-division cells and 4.7 +/- 0.4 reciprocal and 22.9 +/- 2.0 nonreciprocal SCEs in third-division cells, a 5 times higher dose of BCNU was required to induce similar levels of 30.0 +/- 0.8 SCEs in second-division cells and 4.4 +/- 0.6 reciprocal and 22.6 +/- 1.2 nonreciprocal SCEs in third-division normal cells. BCNU dose-dependent increases in SCE frequencies were also observed following injection of BCNU 8 hr after the start of BrdUrd infusion. The unexpectedly higher levels of SCEs for both normal and lymphoma cells by this treatment protocol may be due to SCEs occurring at the same site in successive divisions in BrdUrd. Regardless of the protocol used, lower nonreciprocal SCE frequencies were observed in third-division cells relative to SCE frequencies in second-division cells; a possible consequence of the cytotoxicity of BCNU. Injection of BCNU produced significant changes in the proportions of normal and lymphoma cells completing one, two, and three or more divisions in BrdUrd. Lymphoma cells were consistently more sensitive to the specific type(s) of BCNU-induced damage leading to SCEs and cell death than were normal cells. These studies indicated that differences in SCE response were not due to cell cycle time, time of drug administration, or potential for repair. It is therefore suggested that increased sensitivity of lymphoma versus normal cells may be due to increased cellular uptake of BCNU. PMID- 7083173 TI - Mechanism of interaction of CC-1065 (NSC 298223) with DNA. AB - CC-1065 (NSC 298223), a potent new antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces zelensis, interacts strongly with double-stranded DNA and appears to exert its cytotoxic effects through disruption of DNA synthesis. We undertook this study to elucidate the sites and mechanisms of CC-1065 interaction with DNA. The binding of CC-1065 to synthetic and native DNA was examined by differential circular dichroism or by Sephadex chromatography with photometric detection. The binding of CC-1065 with calf thymus DNA was rapid, being complete within 2 hr, and saturated at 1 drug per 7 to 11 base pairs. The interaction of CC-1065 with synthetic DNA polymers indicated a specificity for adenine- and thymine-rich sites. Agarose gel electrophoresis of CC-1065-treated supercoiled DNA showed that CC-1065 did not intercalate. Site exclusion studies using substitutions in the DNA grooves showed CC-1065 to bind primarily in the minor groove. CC-1065 did not cause DNA breaks; it inhibited susceptibility of DNA to nuclease S1 digestion. It raised the thermal melting temperature of DNA, and it inhibited the ethidium induced unwinding of DNA. Thus, in contrast to many antitumor agents, CC-1065 stabilized the DNA helix. DNA helix overstabilization may be relevant to the mechanism of action of CC-1065. PMID- 7083175 TI - Role of dephosphorylation in accumulation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5' triphosphate in human lymphoblastic cell lines with reference to their drug sensitivity. AB - After a 3-day exposure to 0.1 microM 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) in culture, growth was inhibited to 5.6% in MOLT-4F, 25% in Raji, and 91% in Daudi cells compared with control. Growth inhibition was more profound when exposure time was extended up to 7 days. Inhibition of DNA synthesis varied with sensitivity to ara-C. Plateau levels of intracellular 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (ara-CTP) were 35.5, 13.4, and 3.6 nmol/10(9) cells exposed to 0.1 microM ara-C in MOLT-4F, Raji, and Daudi cells, respectively, corresponding to the sensitivity to ara-C. The nucleotide levels at the plateau, however, did not correspond to the initial levels of the ara-CTP or to the calculated rate of ara-CTP synthesis, which decreased from Raji to MOLT-4F to Daudi cells. ara-C deamination had negligible effect on the differential accumulation of ara-CTP. ara-CTP degradation due to dephosphorylation was marked in Raji and Daudi cells but slight in MOLT-4F cells. The half-life of intracellular ara-CTP was 204, 26.4, 31.1 min in MOLT-4F, Raji, and Daudi cells, respectively. The ara-CTP level was considered to be maintained bimodally by synthesis and degradation of the nucleotide. This conclusion was supported by the fact that, in Raji and Daudi cells exposed to 0.1 microM ara-C in the presence of 1 mM hydroxyurea, the plateau levels of ara-CTP increased 3-fold through inhibition of the nucleotide degradation. Thus, not only ara-C phosphorylation but also subsequent ara-CTP dephosphorylation was important in the accumulation and maintenance of ara-CTP and in the sensitivity to ara-C. PMID- 7083174 TI - Mechanism of esophageal tumor induction in rats by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and its ring-methylated analog N-nitrosomethyl(4-methylbenzyl)amine. AB - The metabolism of the esophageal carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (MBN) and its ring-methylated analog N-nitrosomethyl(4-methylbenzyl)amine (4-MeMBN) was investigated in male Wistar rats. When given in the drinking water, both compounds have been shown to induce a high incidence of esophageal carcinomas but, after systemic administration of equimolar doses, 4-MeMBN is considerably less toxic and carcinogenic than is MBN. Following a single i.v. injection, 4 MeMBN disappeared from serum faster than did MBN. After 5 hr, neither compound was detectable in serum. Within 12 hr after a single i.v. injection (0.017 mmol/kg) of [methyl-14C]-MBN, 49% of the radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2, and less than 5% was in the urine, compared with only 13% as 14CO2 and 65% in the urine after an equimolar dose of 4-Me[methyl-14C]MBN. The urinary metabolite of 4 MeMBN was identified as its benzoic acid derivative. Methylation of DNA purines 4 hr after a single i.v. injection (0.017 mmol/kg) of [methyl-14C]MBN was highest in the esophagus (344 mumol 7-methylguanine per mol guanine), followed by liver, lung, and forestomach. Considerably less DNA methylation was produced by an equimolar dose of 4-MeMBN, with highest values in liver, followed by esophagus (22 mumol 7-methylguanine per mol guanine) and lung. However, s.c. injections of equitoxic doses of MBN (18 mg/kg) and 4-MeMBN (394 mg/kg) produced similar amounts of 7-methylguanine in esophageal nucleic acids. These data indicate that the lower toxicity and carcinogenicity of 4-MeMBN after systemic administration are due to the rapid formation (mainly in the liver) and excretion via the urine of its benzoic acid derivative. The strong carcinogenic effect of orally administered 4-MeMBN can be explained by direct uptake from the drinking water into the esophageal mucosa. Following a single i.v. injection (0.017 mmol/kg) of [methylene-14C]MBN and 4-Me[methylene-14C]MBN, no benzylated bases were detectable in rat tissues. This indicates that the bioactivation of these compounds is initiated predominantly by hydroxylation at the methylene bridge leading to a methylating rather than a benzylating intermediate as the ultimate carcinogen. PMID- 7083177 TI - Localization and binding of N'-nitrosonornicotine metabolites in the nasal region and in some other tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Microautoradiography of the nasal region of the Sprague-Dawley rat after N' [14C]nitrosonornicotine administration showed the highest labeling in the subepithelial gland (Bowman's glands) beneath the olfactory epithelium. A lower but distinct radioactivity was also present in the olfactory and respiratory epithelia, covering various parts of the nasal cavity. An exception was the vomeronasal organ, in which neither the olfactory nor the respiratory epithelium was labeled. Determination of the radioactivity bound to DNA, RNA, and proteins isolated from the nasal mucosa and the liver and N'-[14C]nitrosonornicotine administration showed a higher binding of radioactivity to protein and RNA in the nasal mucosa than in the liver, whereas the binding to DNA was somewhat higher in the liver than in the nasal mucosa. Estimations of tissue-bound and non-tissue bound radioactivity in various tissues of rats given N'-[14C]nitrosonornicotine showed high levels of non-bound radioactivity in the preputial, submaxillary, and Zymbal's glands, whereas a considerable level of tissue-bound radioactivity was present in the nasal mucosa and the liver and also in the esophagus, trachea, and lung. Microautoradiography of the latter tissues showed that this labeling was localized to the epithelia of the esophagus, trachea, and bronchial tree, respectively. PMID- 7083176 TI - Induction of antitumor immunity by tumor cells treated with abrin. AB - Abrin is known as a cytotoxic lectin. Immunization with Meth-A tumor cells which were treated in vitro with abrin induced a strong antitumor immunity in syngeneic BALB/c mice. The immunizing effect was stronger than that produced by an irradiated Meth-A tumor cell vaccine. Studies on the mechanisms of the immunizing effect with the abrin-treated tumor cells demonstrated that abrin acts as an immunoadjuvant. Furthermore, the regression of a growing Meth-A tumor was observed after abrin was injected into the tumor, while the induction of a strong antitumor immunity also occurred. It appears, therefore, that the antitumor effects of abrin are attributable to two kinds of activity: cytotoxicity and adjuvant activity. PMID- 7083178 TI - Use of 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol in studies on cell kinetics-directed chemotherapy schedules in human tumors in vivo. AB - Recently, it has been shown that 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) can cause reversible alterations in cell cycle kinetics. Following treatment of CHO cells in vitro and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo, significant increases in the fraction of cells in S phase were observed to occur, and this was followed by an increase in the fractions of cells in G2 and mitosis. Treatments with S or G2-M phase-specific drugs at the peak enrichment times after DAG was given resulted in greater cell kills than when given by any other schedule. We have extended these kinetics-directed drug schedule studies to human tumors in vivo. The first phase was to determine whether DAG could be used to perturb cell kinetics in vivo as effectively in patients as it was in vitro. In 14 of 17 tumors studied, increases in the S-phase fractions were observed (ranging from 30 to 240% increases). The hr at which the S-phase peaks were observed (post-DAG treatment) was variable among the patients and among the tumors studied. However, this points out the value of obtaining actual cell kinetics data from serially biopsied tumors growing on the body surface and illustrates the importance that these data may have in helping to select an optimal time at which to give an S phase-specific drug. If such tumor cell kinetics-directed scheduling is ultimately shown to be effective, it will represent a means of individualizing therapy for a large fraction of tumor patients whose tumors are growing on or near the surface of the body. The tumors utilized in these studies were squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, skin, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinomas of the breast and rectum; and malignant melanoma. The second phase of this study will be to determine the tumor responses in patients treated with such kinetics-directed schedules. PMID- 7083179 TI - Familial melanoma associated with dominant ultraviolet radiation sensitivity. AB - Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation was studied in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 32 members of two families with histories of multiple primary melanomas in several generations. As assayed by colony formation in agar or by trypan blue exclusion following irradiation, cellular sensitivity showed a bimodal distribution. All persons with melanoma or multiple moles were in the sensitive group, while some family members exhibited responses similar to those of controls. Cells from four cases of sporadic melanoma showed normal levels of sensitivity. The data are consistent with a dominantly inherited ultraviolet light sensitivity associated with these examples of familial melanoma. Spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced sister chromatid exchange frequencies were similar to those in control cell lines. No defect in excision repair was detected in any of the above cell lines, but the sensitive group showed postirradiation inhibition of DNA replication intermediate between controls and an excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cell line. PMID- 7083180 TI - Tumor-associated antigens in the urine of patients with bladder cancer. AB - Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that antisera to proteins found in the urine of bladder cancer patients can distinguish between urine samples from these patients and those from normal individuals when tested by a complement fixation assay. Antisera which were reactive with individual tumor-associated antigens were used to detect the antigens in the urine of bladder cancer patients and control individuals. One antigen was found in 66% of the bladder cancer patients (n = 38) and 25% of control individuals (n = 20). This antigen is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 200,000 and beta-electrophoretic mobility and is distinct from carcinoembryonic antigen. A second molecule detected by an antiserum to urine fractions proved to be completely identical to serum C-reactive protein. C-Reactive protein was found in the urine of 72% of the bladder cancer patients (n = 39) and 32% of the control population (n = 32). Although a third protein detected with these antisera proved to be a normal urinary component, two of these tumor-related proteins appear to have potential as diagnostic markers for bladder cancer. PMID- 7083182 TI - Conference on aromatase: new perspectives for breast cancer. Key Biscayne, Florida/Dec 6-9, 1981. PMID- 7083181 TI - A phase I and clinical pharmacology study of intravenously administered carminomycin in cancer patients in the United States. AB - Carminomycin (CMN) was administered i.v. to 44 patients with a variety of nonhematological cancers every 4 weeks at doses of 15, 20, 22.5, and 25 mg/sq m. Granulocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. The median granulocyte count for previously untreated patients receiving 22.5 mg/sq m was 0.962 cells/microliters, and for previously treated patients receiving 20 mg/sq m it was 0.420 cell/microliters. Moderate to severe phlebitis was associated with drug administration in 50% of cases. Nausea, vomiting, and alopecia were mild. Three of nine patients who received a total CMN dose of greater than or equal to 100 mg/sq m (mean, 132 mg/sq m) developed unexplained decreases in radionuclide cardiac ejection fraction, with one patient developing decreased QRS amplitude and congestive heart failure at a total dose of 160 mg/sq m. CMN is rapidly metabolized to carminomycinol. The elimination half-lives of CMN and carminomycinol are 6 to 10 and 50 hr, respectively. CMN was found to be a more potent inhibitor of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units than was carminomycinol. Objective partial responses were seen in two of seven previously untreated patients with non-small cell lung cancer and one of three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck previously untreated with chemotherapy. PMID- 7083184 TI - Review of studies on estrogen biosynthesis in the human. AB - While the gonads and placenta are usually thought of as the principal sites of estrogen synthesis, many other tissues are now known to contain the aromatase enzyme. Despite a wealth of information, the functional significance, if any, of this wide-spread distribution is not yet clear. Nonetheless, elevated estrogen production resulting from either an apparent increase in enzyme activity or increased substrate availability in blood can have important effects on target tissues such as the breast, uterus, and bone. Our early studies suggesting that aromatase inhibitors can effectively reduce the impact of peripheral estrogen synthesis have been amply confirmed by the elegant studies of Santen and others. Many previous studies have suggested that aromatase activity may be present in breast tumors. The profound implications for growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors led us to reevaluate this question. Using a sensitive modification of our original radiometric aromatase assay, we have found detectable activity in only about 40% of human breast tumors (n = 100). Only rarely (1/100) does the aromatase activity exceed 1.0 pm/hr/g tissue or 0.001% of that found in the human placenta. These quantitative results contradict several published reports which suggest that most breast tumors contain biologically significant levels of aromatase activity. PMID- 7083183 TI - Introduction to the conference, Aromatase: New Perspectives for Breast Cancer. PMID- 7083185 TI - Aromatase in the central nervous system. AB - Central (central nervous system and pituitary) aromatization appears to be a fundamental process for endocrine control and development. Metabolism of androgens to estrogens and the subsequent metabolism of estrogens have been proven in many species, including humans, and linked to estrogen action. Thus, aromatization appears to initiate or to be involved in activities of importance to endocrine function at the central level and their effects peripherally. In the context of breast cancer, central aromatization relates to the control of gonadotrophins and other pituitary-brain hormones which may effect metabolism at the level of the breast. For example, follicle-stimulating hormone can increase aromatization and may be a factor in the control of such metabolism in breast tissue. PMID- 7083186 TI - Biochemical mechanism of aromatization. AB - The aromatization of androgens to estrogens by placental aromatase involves three hydroxylations which take place in sequence. The first two occur at the C-19 methyl group while the site of the final and rate-determining hydroxylation has been identified as being at 2 beta. The product of this reaction collapses to estrogen by a rapid nonenzymatic mechanism. The absence of a direct relationship between the enzyme(s) responsible for estrogen formation and the end product results in an absence of product feedback inhibition, a consequence with potential physiological implications. The proposed mechanism of estrogen formation is supported by chemical, biochemical, and immunological evidence. PMID- 7083187 TI - Obesity, androgens, estrogens, and cancer risk. PMID- 7083188 TI - Cyclic ovarian function and breast cancer. AB - We postulated previously that systematic differences in menstrual cycle length and/or variability might be used as indicators of underlying hormonal abnormalities that could help explain the endocrine biology of some breast cancer risk factors. In the present study, we prospectively and retrospectively analyzed menstrual cycle patterns in breast cancer cases and controls in two populations. No significant differences were found. This and previous studies emphasize that contemporary women have a long reproductive experience characterized by uninterrupted, regular menses, which is a condition of maximum ovulation potential and which contributes to estrogen stimulation over time. PMID- 7083189 TI - Relationship of obesity to blood estrogens. AB - It has become conventional wisdom that estrogenic stimulation of breast tissue has something to do with the causation of breast cancer and that the reason obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer is that obese women are hyperestrogenized. However, it has been very difficult to demonstrate that excessive exogenous estrogen increases the incidence of breast cancer, that endogenous estrogen excess is present in breast cancer, or that obese women are hyperestrogenized. We have examined the last question by measuring 24-hr mean plasma estrone and estradiol levels in the midfollicular phase in 18 healthy, regularly cycling, very obese (53 to 218% above ideal weight) women and 16 regularly cycling, age matched, nonobese control women. Unlike obese men, the obese women showed no significant elevation of either estrone or estradiol. Their average estrone level was 72 compared with 64 pg/ml in controls; their average estradiol level was 65 compared with 57 pg/ml in controls. In the combined group (obese plus nonobese), there was a significant correlation of percentage of deviation from ideal weight with plasma estrone (y = 63 + 0.12x; p less than 0.05) but not with estradiol. This correlation supports the current hypothesis that there is increased androstenedione leads to estrone conversion (i.e., increased aromatase activity) in obesity. The reason plasma estrone levels are not significantly elevated in obese women is that the small amount derived from androstenedione is swamped by the much larger amount derived from ovarian secretion, which is apparently unaffected by obesity. Unless there is increased local formation of estrogens in the breast tissue of obese women, the absence of elevated plasma estrogens in them means that their breasts are not "seeing" increased estrogen levels. Thus, endogenous hyperestrogenization is unlikely to be a causative factor of breast cancer in obese women.U PMID- 7083190 TI - In vitro assays of aromatase and their role in studies of estrogen formation in target tissues. AB - In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of steroid aromatization in organs besides the steroidogenic ones. Estrogens formed from C-19 precursors in peripheral tissues can clearly contribute to the levels of estrogens in the circulation, while aromatization in target cells may be an important determinant of the concentration of estrogens to which a particular population of target cells is exposed. Assays sufficiently sensitive and simple enough to permit quantification and characterization of aromatase activity in peripheral and target tissues are now available. One of these, based on the quantification of 3H2O formed from [1-beta-3H]androstenedione has, in our hands, a sensitivity of 15 fmol, is highly reproducible, and is relatively simple. It has been validated for stoichiometry between amounts of 3H2O and [6,7 3H]estradiol formed from [1-3H]androstenedione and [6,7-3H]androstenedione, respectively. Using this assay, we have been able to quantify aromatase activity in discrete brain nuclear regions dissected from Vibratome sections of fetal rat brains and thereby to identify in discrete areas sex differences and temporal changes during development that are obscured when larger tissue specimens are used. However, aromatase activity in brain nuclei as well as other target organs, including breast tissue, is likely to be concentrated in specialized cell populations. This heterogeneity limits the interpretation that can be placed on data obtained from standard "test tube" assays on homogenized tissue. We have used quantitative cytochemical assays for enzymes and cytochrome P-450 to identify regional specialization in the membrana granulosa of preovulatory follicles and localize cells that may be involved in steroidogenesis, including aromatization. Our findings underscore the need for new quantitative cytochemical and immunocytochemical assays to localize and to measure the amount and activity of aromatase in situ within identified populations of target cells. PMID- 7083191 TI - Methods and results of aromatization studies in vivo. PMID- 7083192 TI - Overview of recent development of aromatase inhibitors. AB - Since the first publication in 1973 concerning aromatase inhibitors, several effective compounds have been reported by a number of investigators. Our studies with 4-hydroxyandrostene-3,17-dione, 4-acetoxyandrostene-3,17-dione, and 1,-4,6 androstatrienedione indicate that these compounds cause rapid competitive inhibition of the enzyme. Aminoglutethimide binds competitively to cytochrome P 450 and inhibits a number of steroid hydroxylations but is more active as an aromatase inhibitor. 16 alpha-Bromoandrogens and 7 alpha-(4' amino)phenylthioandrostenedione are also reported to be aromatase inhibitors. As yet, only some of these compounds have been evaluated in vivo, but all appear to be similarly effective in inhibiting aromatization in breast tumors in vitro. Recent interest has focused on enzyme inactivators or "suicide" inhibitors. Such compounds act as substrates for the enzyme but are converted by the normal catalytic mechanism of the enzyme to reactive intermediates. These then bind covalently to the active site of the enzyme causing loss of activity. Active site directed inhibitors are usually quite specific and have long-lasting effects in vivo. A number of new compounds, as well as some of the above compounds, appear to be inactivators of aromatase and are potentially interesting as agents for hormone-dependent breast cancer therapy. PMID- 7083193 TI - Basic studies on aminoglutethimide. AB - Aminoglutethimide (AG), a bicyclic substance with two optically active isomers, inhibits the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (SCC) and aromatase systems by blocking the terminal cytochrome P-450s. AG interacts with these cytochromes to induce typical type II, low-spin spectra; the amount of spectral change correlates directly with the amount of enzymatic inhibition. AG acts by preventing reduction of the cytochrome, an obligate step preceding oxygenation of substrate. The apparent Ki of D(+)-AG is about 2.5 times less than the Ki of L(-) AG in inhibiting SCC and about 40 times less in inhibiting aromatase. The spectral Ks ratios of the D- and L-enantiomers for P-450scc and PU-450 aromatase are 2.5 and 5, respectively, in the presence of substrate. The slope of the substrate concentration versus inhibition curves is less than 0.1 and extends over 2 logarithmic units of substrate concentration. By in vivo rabbit and rat assays for SCC, D-AG is 5 and 25 times more potent than L-AG. In women, AG rapidly lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy, eliciting a reflex release of luteinizing hormone in the luteal phase. In postmenopausal, adrenalectomized, ovariectomized women, AG prevents the aromatization of administered androstenedione. In inhibition studies in women, plasma steroid concentrations were inversely proportional to AG levels, which were about 20 to 30 microM. This level of AG, which approximates the apparent Kis of the SCC and aromatase systems, causes a decrease in hormone levels of about 50%. PMID- 7083194 TI - Design of mechanism-based inactivators of human placental aromatase. AB - This article reviews the design and study, in our own laboratory and in other laboratories, of new 10 beta-substituted analogs of estr-4-ene-3,17-dione. These compounds, along with a number of known analogs, have been evaluated as reversible or irreversible inhibitors of human placental microsomal aromatase. The only irreversible inhibitors in the group surveyed here are the 10 beta difluoromethyl, 10 beta-propargyl, and 10 beta-allenyl derivatives of estr-4-ene 3,17-dione. Possible mechanisms for the inactivation processes are discussed. The effects of incorporating the 19-methyl group of adrost-4-ene-3,17-dione into a ring of three, four, five or six carbons are also described. PMID- 7083195 TI - A new hypothesis based on suicide substrate inhibitor studies for the mechanism of action of aromatase. AB - Recently, it was discovered that 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene 3,6,17-trione, and 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione, compounds previously reported to be competitive inhibitors of aromatase, cause a time-dependent loss of aromatase activity in human placental microsomes. We report here that 1,4 androstadiene 3,17-dione (Ki 0.32 microM; kinact 0.91 X 10(-3)/sec) and testolactone (Ki 35 microM; kinact 0.36 X 10(-3)/sec) also cause a similar loss of aromatase activity. The mechanism which explains the unexpected loss of activity caused by these five inhibitors is neither established nor apparent from current theories of the enzyme mechanism of action of aromatase. We propose an inactivation mechanism based on a new hypothesis for estrogen biosynthesis in which the third enzyme oxidation carried out by aromatase results in the formation of an enzyme-bound intermediate. This intermediate is released as an aromatized product via a facile elimination reaction which simultaneously regenerates the unaltered active enzyme. Various structural modifications made in these five inhibitors are hypothesized to redirect this elimination reaction so that the steroid intermediate remains covalently attached to the enzyme instead of being released as an aromatized product. PMID- 7083196 TI - Substituted C19 steroid analogs as inhibitors of aromatase. AB - Various C19-steroidal derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in biochemical assays for their ability to inhibit the biosynthesis of estrogens. Steroids with substitutions on the A or B ring were prepared by Michael addition of various thiol reagents to appropriate dienone intermediates. An in vitro assay using human placental microsomes was used to evaluate aromatase-inhibitory properties. Synthesized compounds that exhibited high inhibitory activity were further evaluated under initial velocity conditions to determine apparent Ki values. Several 7 alpha-substituted androstenediones were effective competitive inhibitors and have apparent Ki values ranging from 18 to 69 nM, with the apparent Km for androstenedione being 63 nM. The most effective competitive inhibitor tested is 7 alpha-(4'-amino)phenylthioandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione with an apparent Ki of 18 nM. Derivatives of this 7 alpha-thioether compound that contain alkylating moieties have been prepared as potential irreversible enzyme inhibitors and demonstrate varying abilities to inactivate the aromatase enzyme. The results of these studies demonstrate that large chemical functionalities such as an aromatic ring with polar substituents can be accommodated in or near the active site of aromatase and, in some cases, can enhance the affinity of the enzyme for the inhibitors. PMID- 7083197 TI - Estrogen synthesis in human breast tumor and its inhibition by testololactone and bromoandrostenedione. AB - A total of 53 tumors have been examined for estrogen synthesis from androstenedione and assayed for estradiol receptors. It was found that of the 40 tumors that metabolized androstenedione to estrogens, 17 tumors were estradiol receptor negative and 23 tumors were estradiol receptor positive. Of the 13 tumors that did not synthesize estrogens, 7 tumors were receptor negative and 6 tumors were receptor positive. No correlation was found between the ability of the tumor to synthesize estrogens and the presence or absence of estradiol receptors. The inhibition of aromatase enzyme in human breast tumors by delta 1 testololactone, testololactone, and 6 alpha- and 6 beta-bromoandrostenedione was investigated. Estrone and estradiol synthesis from androstenedione was reduced in five tumor incubations by the presence of 0.2 mM delta 1-testololactone and testololactone, 6 alpha- and 6 beta-bromoandrostenedione (2.0 microM) were also shown to block estrogen synthesis in 5 tumors. Furthermore, Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that all four compounds were competitive inhibitors of androstenedione aromatization. An apparent Km of the aromatase enzyme for androstenedione of 0.08 microM and a Vmax of 23 pmol of estrone synthesized per g tumor per hr were determined for one human breast tumor specimen. The use of an aromatase inhibitor such as delta 1-testololactone in the treatment of breast cancer should be reconsidered. Data from one patient with advanced cancer of the breast, responding to previous oophorectomy and adrenalectomy and treated with large doses of delta 1-testololactone, are presented to illustrate the significance of successful treatment by scientific approaches. PMID- 7083198 TI - Biochemistry of aromatase: significance to female reproductive physiology. AB - The formation of estrogens in mammals via aromatase involves the relatively unique capacity to form an aromatic ring de novo in contrast to most other aromatic substances (essential amino acids) which are obtained only in the diet. The reaction is the only example of a cytochrome P450 system which resides in both the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the cell. It occurs widely throughout the body in diverse tissues and functions via both de novo synthesis and transformation of prehormones (androstenedione and testosterone). It is found widely in animal species in both the brain and gonads even in phylogenetically primitive species. Placental aromatase appears to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and an extended gestational period in utero. Follicular aromatase which is dependent upon follicle-stimulating hormone stimulation appears to be essential for oogenesis, ovulation, and normal luteal functions while central nervous system aromatase serves to determine sexual behavior and the neurohormonal link to the hypothalamus and pituitary for ovarian cyclicity. While estrogens are the key to pituitary, breast, and endometrial growth and development, this hormone is one of the few examples of an endogenous steroid that has been implicated as a carcinogen or a stimulant for carcinogenesis. PMID- 7083199 TI - Steroid hormone profiles in women treated with aminoglutethimide for metastatic carcinoma of the breast. AB - Recent evidence suggests that aminoglutethimide (AG), a known inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis, is a potent blocker of aromatase and thus of estrogen production. These properties of AG have been exploited clinically to reduce the biosynthesis of adrenal estrogen precursors and extraglandular estrogen production in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast carcinoma. In this study, we have explored the effects of AG on a variety of steroids, including delta 5-C19 and -C21 compounds and delta 4-C19 and -C21 steroids as well as plasma and urinary estrogens in a series of postmenopausal women with breast cancer treated for 2 to 26 weeks. Plasma concentrations of delta 5-C21 and -C19 compounds were reduced 3- to 5-fold during AG therapy and remained suppressed over the duration of the study. By contrast, the delta 4-steroids such as progesterone, androstenedione, and 17 alpha- hydroxyprogesterone rose 2- to 10 fold during the initial 2 weeks of AG treatment and then fell back to starting levels or were suppressed. Plasma levels of the potent androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were relatively preserved during AG therapy. The possible contribution of the postmenopausal ovary to the above hormone levels during AG therapy was examined by comparing steroid values from surgically castrated and spontaneously menopausal women. No statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed. In response to AG therapy, plasma levels of estrone and estrone sulfate were decreased 61 to 72%, and urinary estrone similarly fell 85% over the 12-week period. Estradiol concentrations in urine and plasma were similarly reduced 40 to 66% from basal values over this same period. PMID- 7083200 TI - In vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies of aminoglutethimide as an aromatase inhibitor. AB - Use of steroid biosynthesis inhibitors to suppress estrogen production is a logical strategy in the treatment of women with hormone-dependent breast cancer. The clinical availability of aminoglutethimide as an inhibitor of cytochrome P 450-mediated steroid hydroxylations prompted study of the precise pharmacological and biochemical effects of this drug. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that aminoglutethimide alters its own metabolic clearance rate as well as that of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. The metabolic clearance rates of other steroids such as hydrocortisone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and androstenedione, and estrone are not altered by aminoglutethimide. These findings led to development of a practical regimen of escalating aminoglutethimide dosage in combination with hydrocortisone for treatment of patients with breast carcinoma. Further studies focused upon the biochemical mechanism of estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide. In vivo, isotopic kinetic data demonstrated that aminoglutethimide inhibits peripheral aromatase by 95 to 98% in postmenopausal women. In vitro experiments indicated that aminoglutethimide can effectively block aromatase directly in human breast tumors as well. With respect to relative potency, aminoglutethimide is a 10-fold more potent aromatase inhibitor than is testololactone but is less potent than are 4 hydroxyandrostenedione and several brominated androstenedione derivatives. Taken together, these studies suggest that aminoglutethimide blocks estrogen production at three sites in women with breast carcinoma: the adrenal cortex, extraglandular peripheral tissues containing aromatase, and breast carcinoma tissue itself. PMID- 7083201 TI - Significance of aromatase activity in human breast cancer. AB - The significance of in vitro aromatization of [7 alpha-3H]testosterone to estradiol by human breast cancer has been investigated by correlation with (a) estrogen receptor activity and (b) clinical response to endocrine therapy. Evidence for estradiol synthesis was obtained in 66 and estrogen receptor activity in 81 of 110 tumors. Whereas most estrogen receptor-positive tumors synthesized estradiol, the majority of the receptor-negative tumors did not. This tendency for aromatization to be associated with estrogen receptor-positive tumors was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). Mean level of receptor was also significantly higher in tumors with aromatization than in tumors without estradiol synthesis (p less than 0.001). Forty patients with advanced breast cancer have been treated by endocrine therapy. There was a significant trend for tumors with aromatization to be associated with response to treatment (p less than 0.05), but the correlation was not absolute and may simply reflect the association between aromatase activity and estrogen receptors. Within the small subgroup of patients treated with aminoglutethimide or adrenalectomy, tumors with high aromatase activity responded whereas those without aromatization did not. Tumor estrogen biosynthesis may therefore be of clinical significance in selecting patients for treatments which remove sources of precursor for aromatization of inhibit aromatase activity itself. PMID- 7083202 TI - Aromatase in human breast carcinoma. AB - Breast carcinoma tissue is capable of forming estrogens from circulating androgen precursors. In this study, aromatase was examined in homogenates of breast adipose and breast carcinoma tissue, in normal and abnormal parenchymal breast tissue, and in breast carcinoma cells in culture. Homogenates of carcinoma tissue showed a wide range of activity in the conversion of adrostenedione to estrone. The mean conversion in carcinoma tissue was greater than that seen in parenchymal tissue from patients with gynecomastia and mammary dysplasia. Homogenates of breast adipose tissue from patients with benign and malignant disorders showed comparable aromatase activity. Three cell lines isolated from a primary breast carcinoma differed in their aromatase activity demonstrating a heterogeneity of aromatase activity in cells from a single tumor. Studies of aromatase activity in breast carcinoma cells in culture over a period of 8 hr demonstrated progressive estrone formation. Testosterone formation from androstenedione was noted in all studies using both homogenates and cell cultures. Testosterone formation from androstenedione was approximately 10-fold greater than was the formation of estrone from androstenedione in all studies. The metabolism of androstenedione to other androgens examined in homogenates of normal and carcinomatous breast tissue revealed that the major products were androsterone, 5 beta-androsterone, dihydrotestosterone, and epiandrosterone. Both estrogen and androgen formation within the cell may be important in determining the cellular response. PMID- 7083204 TI - A reassessment of the role of breast tumor aromatization. AB - While the role of estrogens in the maintenance of human breast carcinoma has been firmly established for many years, the sources of this estrogen remain unresolved. Input-output analysis of steroid uptake by breast carcinomas showed no specific uptake of estrogens from blood. Based on the detection of the necessary enzyme systems. Adams and Wong proposed that breast tumors could function as "paraendocrine organs" capable of producing sufficient estradiol (E2) to stimulate their own growth (Adams, J. B., and Wong, M. S. F. Lancet, 2: 1163, 1968). Using the reported values for the concentration of C19 steroid precursors and the rho TTC19-E2 values one can estimate that the contribution of in situ aromatization to the tumor estrogen pool is quite small. PMID- 7083205 TI - Adequacy of estrogen suppression with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone as treatment of human breast cancer: correlation of hormonal data with clinical responses. AB - Human breast neoplasms can be divided into hormone-dependent and hormone independent subtypes. Estrogen is the major hormonal stimulus for growth of the dependent tumors. Failure to respond to estrogen suppression therapy could reflect either an incomplete lowering of estrogens or the hormonal independence of the tumor. To address this issue, we compared the levels of several estrogens and other hormones in women experiencing objective responses (the responders) and disease progression (the progression group) during therapy with the aromatase steroidogenesis inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, and replacement hydrocortisone. Pretreatment hormonal profiles of the estrogens, and androgens, ketosteroids, thyroxine, polypeptide hormones, and carcinoembryonic antigen did not differ significantly among response groups. During treatment, the levels of all estrogens were suppressed to a similar degree in the progression group and in the responders. Urinary estrone, for example, fell to 16.7 +/- 3.2% of basal in the responders versus 16.3 +/- 3.8% of basal in the progression group. These data suggested that lack of estrogen suppression did not explain the response to treatment in the patients receiving aminoglutethimide-hydrocortisone. This finding differs from our results in a similarly analyzed control group of patients treated with surgical adrenalectomy. Levels of the weak androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstenedione, were found to be higher in the progression group compared to the responders. This observation could not be explained by differences in duration of treatment between groups. Analysis at 1 to 12 weeks, 13 to 24 weeks, and 25 to 36 weeks after initiating treatment indicated higher androgen levels at each time point in the progression group. In addition, the results were not attributable to differing serum levels of aminoglutethimide among responder groups. While the finding of higher androgen levels in the responder group remains unexplained, this study indicates that incomplete estrogen suppression is not responsible for lack of tumor response in patients with progressive disease during amino-glutethimide-hydrocortisone therapy. PMID- 7083203 TI - Comparative studies of aromatase inhibitors in cultured human breast cancer cells. AB - The presence of aromatase activity, estrogen receptors, and estrogenic responsiveness in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells has allowed this cell line to be used as a unique in vitro system for investigating the biological activities of potentially therapeutic aromatase inhibitors. We now report the results of studies which have examined the cytotoxicity, antiaromatase, and intrinsic estrogenic activities of aminoglutethimide, 1,2-dehydrotestolactone (testolactone), dihydrotestosterone, 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, and 10 propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione within MCF-7 monolayer cultures. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion, and aromatase activity was assessed by quantifying the amounts of [3H]estradiol formed from [3H]testosterone. Estrogenic activity was assessed by examining the ability of each inhibitor to increase cytoplasmic progesterone receptor and deplete cytoplasmic estrogen receptor concentrations in these cells during a 5-day incubation period. Cytoplasmic progesterone and estrogen receptors were measured by the single-saturating-dose technique using [17 alpha-methyl-3H]-17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene 3,20-dione and [3H]estradiol as the labeled ligands for each assay, respectively. The results showed that all of these compounds were noncytotoxic aromatase inhibitors in MCF-7 cells but that these agents demonstrated marked differences in inhibitory potency (10-propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione greater than 4-hydroxy-4 androstene-3,17-dione much greater than dihydrotestosterone much greater than testolactone = aminoglutethimide). The incubation of cells with 4-hydroxy-4 androstene-3,17-dione resulted in cytoplasmic progesterone and estrogen receptor responses that were similar in magnitude to those observed in other cultures incubated with equimolar concentrations of estradiol. None of the other four agents demonstrated estrogenic activity in this system. However, we have previously observed that dihydrotestosterone has substantial antiestrogenic action in this system. Taken together, these results indicate that some aromatase inhibitors may influence the hormonal regulation of human breast cancer cells by more than one mechanism. PMID- 7083206 TI - Aminoglutethimide in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. AB - Aminoglutethimide in combination with dexamethasone has been used in 44 patients with metastatic breast cancer who had prior response to hormonal manipulation and/or positive estrogen receptors. Objective tumor response (complete response plus partial response) has been achieved in 19 of 44 patients. Responses were seen in soft tissue, bone, and pleura. Eleven of 44 patients had stable disease, and 14 patients had progressive disease. The median duration of response was 8 months. Side effects were moderate, including lethargy, rash, fever, and Cushingoid facies. This treatment is well tolerated and is an effective hormone manipulation in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. PMID- 7083207 TI - Aminoglutethimide in the treatment of advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. AB - A group of 213 unselected postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were treated with aminoglutethimide, 250 mg 4 times a day, and hydrocortisone, 20 mg 2 times a day. Follow-up is 10 months to 4 years from the start of treatment. In 190 assessable patients, there were 6 complete responses (CR), 47 partial responses (PR), 25 stable disease (SD), and 3 mixed responses. Overall objective response rate was 28% and with SD was 41%. Median duration of objective response was 14 months. Objective response by site was: soft tissue, 31%; nodes, 27%; bone 23: liver, 22%; and lung, 16%. A further 32% of patients with bone deposits had SD, and 19 of 60 patients with progressive disease had pain relief. Years after menopause, age and tumor-free interval did not affect response rates. Thirty eight % of patients responding to previous endocrine therapy responded to aminoglutethimide compared with 19% of patients who had progressed on previous endocrine therapy. A group of 213 patients were assessable for toxicity. Main side effects were drowsiness (33%), rash (23%), and nausea (15%). Eleven patients stopped treatment because of toxicity. Median survival from start of treatment was 28 months for PR-CR and for SD and 10 months for progressive disease (p less than 0.001). Median survival from first metastasis was 43 months for PR-CR, 40 months for SD (not significantly different), and 22 months for progressive disease (p less than 0.001). Aminoglutethimide is an effective endocrine therapy in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly for bone deposits. Disease stabilization is associated with symptomatic and survival benefit similar to CR PR. PMID- 7083208 TI - In vivo effects of delta 1-testololactone on peripheral aromatization. AB - To evaluate the in vivo effect of delta 1-testololactone on peripheral aromatization, studies were performed on seven postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant increases of circulating androstenedione (p less than 0.05) and estradiol (p less than 0.001) during administration of different doses of testololactone. Androstenedione levels were increased with all doses of testololactone tested (50, 100, 250, and 500 mg every 6 hr for 14 days each), while estradiol rose with only the 250- and 500-mg dosages. With administration, there was a significant decrease of estrone (p less than 0.001) with the mean level falling from 26 +/- 3 (S.E.) to 11 +/- 2 pg/ml. The addition of adrenal suppression (dexamethasone, 1 mg nightly at 11 p.m.) significantly lowered androstenedione (p less than 0.05) but had no effect on estrone or estradiol levels. Long-term therapy (up to 6 months) with the 250-mg dosage showed continual suppression of estrone with no escape being observed. Studies to determine the reason for the increase of estradiol with testololactone suggested cross-reactivity of the antibody with in vivo metabolites of the drug. However, these possible metabolites did not bind to uterine cytosol estrogen receptors. The decrease in estrone with testololactone administration presumably explains its antitumor properties. PMID- 7083210 TI - Closing remarks to the conference, Aromatase: New Perspectives for Breast Cancer. PMID- 7083209 TI - Aminoglutethimide after tamoxifen therapy in advanced breast cancer: M. D. Anderson Hospital experience. AB - Forty-six patients with progressive metastatic disease following initial response to tamoxifen therapy were treated with aminoglutethimide. Three patients (6%) achieved complete remission, 15 patients (33%) had partial response, and eight patients (17%) had stable disease. Twenty patients (44%) had progressive disease. The most common side effects were transient skin rash, lethargy, or dizziness. In four patients (7%), treatment was discontinued because of undesirable side effects within the first 2 weeks of the study. These data show that aminoglutethimide is an effective agent following tamoxifen therapy. PMID- 7083211 TI - A data-based approach to assessing clinical interventions in the setting of chronic disease. AB - Accurately assessing the effect of a clinical intervention is a complex task based on observing patients and their outcomes. Two strategies, the randomized trial and the observational data bank, represent different approaches toward detecting an outcome gradient across treatments. The observational data base is rooted on prospective data collected on an unselected group of patients with continuous surveillance of outcome events. As such, this approach captures a broad spectrum of patients within which prognostically important factors can be identified. In addition, the ongoing nature of the observational approach provides a means for capturing the dynamics of the disease process as well as the dynamics of the surrounding technology. These factors are particularly useful in the study of chronic illness where time frames of years to decades are encountered. In assessing treatment effects, both the randomized trial and the observational data base are subject to inferential errors due to multiple comparisons. In this paper, we describe some of the complexity associated with the study of chronic illness and demonstrate the multiple comparison problem. We have found multivariate models helpful in attenuating multiple comparison problems, but it still seems that independent confirmatory studies are required to establish confidence in a questionable intervention. PMID- 7083212 TI - Randomized clinical trials and research strategy. PMID- 7083213 TI - Strategy and alternate randomized designs in cancer clinical trials. PMID- 7083214 TI - Historical controls, data banks, and randomized trials in clinical research: a review. PMID- 7083215 TI - 5-FU and allopurinol: toxicity modulation and phase II results in colon cancer. AB - Concurrent administration of allopurinol allows escalation of 5-FU doses in man when 5-FU is given by continuous infusion for 5 days. Forty-nine patients received 81 courses of treatment with 5-FU and allopurinol in phase I and II trials. The dose-limiting toxicity was mucositis; marrow toxicity was mild. Neurotoxicity, possibly related to 5-FU, occurred in eight patients. No responses were seen in 14 evaluable patients with colon cancer, 11 of whom had had prior 5 FU. One patient with Hodgkin's disease had a partial response; one patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma had transient disease regression. Although allopurinol does modify the toxicity of 5-FU, permitting dose escalation, it does not increase the therapeutic index in colon cancer. Infusional 5-FU deserves further study in lymphoma. PMID- 7083216 TI - Safety assessment of a new anticancer compound, mitoxantrone, in beagle dogs: comparison with doxorubicin. I. Clinical observations. AB - Twenty-four adult beagle dogs were divided into four groups of three males and three females and received iv infusions of doxorubicin (36.05 mg/m2), mitoxantrone (2.58 or 5.15 mg/m2), or the vehicle (0.9% normal saline). All animals were given a single dose once every 3 weeks. The duration of the study was 30 weeks. Animals were observed for toxicologic and cardiotoxic signs. The methods used to evaluate the cardiotoxic potential of both mitoxantrone and doxorubicin were sequential endomyocardial biopsies, ECGs, blood pressure, and serum levels of the cardiospecific isoenzyme CPK-MB (MB band of CPK). Animals given mitoxantrone had signs of gastrointestinal toxicity and fluctuating decreases in wbc counts. Animals given doxorubicin had signs of gastrointestinal toxicity and cardiotoxicity, as well as alopecia, fluctuating decreases in wbc counts, and diffuse erythema. All three male animals given doxorubicin died during the study from apparent congestive heart failure. All dogs treated with doxorubicin had positive CPK isoenzyme elevation, ECG changes, or progressive cardiomyopathy prior to administration of the last dose. None of these signs was observed in dogs treated with mitoxantrone. One male dog given mitoxantrone died during the course of the study. PMID- 7083217 TI - Safety assessment of new anticancer compound, mitoxantrone, in beagle dogs: comparison with doxorubicin. II. Histologic and ultrastructural pathology. AB - Beagle dogs received either doxorubicin hydrochloride (1.75 mg/kg) or mitoxantrone (0.125 or 0.25 mg/kg) iv once every 3 weeks. These doses were equivalent to 36.05 mg/m2 of doxorubicin and 2.58 or 5.15 mg/m2 of mitoxantrone. Sequential endomyocardial biopsies were performed approximately 2 weeks after the fourth (or fifth), seventh, and ninth doses in order to monitor histopathologic and ultrastructural changes during the study. Myocardial lesions that progressed with time and dose were observed in heart samples from dogs that received doxorubicin, but not in dogs that received mitoxantrone. The myocardial lesions induced by doxorubicin were observed with cumulative doses as low as 144 mg/m2. Myocardial changes, which did not progress with time and cumulative dose, were observed in dogs that received either dose of mitoxantrone. The earliest observable evidence of doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity was seen morphologically in biopsy material before clinical signs of cardiotoxicity. No evidence of cardiotoxicity, either morphologic or clinical, was seen in dogs treated with the maximum tolerated dose of mitoxantrone during the course of treatment. The dog appears to be a suitable model for studying the chronic cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines and for monitoring effects of compounds such as mitoxantrone, which show a spectrum of activity and mechanism of action similar to that of anthracycline compounds. PMID- 7083219 TI - Effect of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate. AB - The serum methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were estimated in two groups of patients after 6-hour iv infusion of 1 g/m2 of MTX and leucovorin rescue. One group (seven patients) received 25 g of activated charcoal orally at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours, while the other group served as a control (eight patients). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a significant reduction in the area under concentration curve from 18 hours until the serum MTX levels reached 10(-8) M. The MTX concentrations were significantly lower in the group that received charcoal than in the control group, at 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours from the end of infusion. First and second half-life values for the control and the charcoal-treated groups did not differ significantly. The data suggest that charcoal aids in the elimination of MTX from the body by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of the drug. Activated charcoal did not cause any undesirable effects. PMID- 7083218 TI - Increased relative effectiveness of doxorubicin against slowly proliferating sarcoma 180 cells after prolonged drug exposure. AB - Doxorubicin (ADR) lethality was studied in Sarcoma 180 cells grown in vitro during log phase and early plateau phase. For both log phase and plateau phase cells, ADR lethality increased progressively with continuous drug exposure, and was dependent on drug concentration at every point in time. For any given level of toxicity to log phase cells, greater killing of plateau phase cells was achieved with prolonged drug exposure. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by ADR was delayed in onset, and increased gradually, both at low and high drug concentrations. The data suggest that the dependence of ADR lethality on proliferation rate and the higher therapeutic ratio in plateau phase cells with prolonged drug exposure are not directly related to the ADR effects on DNA synthesis. PMID- 7083220 TI - Disposition and metabolic profile of a new antitumor agent: CL 216,942 (bisantrene) in laboratory animals. AB - A 14C-labeled antitumor drug, CL 216,942 (bisantrene), was administered iv at doses of 1-20 mg/kg to the monkey, dog, and rat. The serum concentration versus time profiles indicated at least a biphasic disappearance of the drug with long elimination half-lives of about 2-8 days in all three species. Total recoveries in the excreta collected through Day 7 were low (less than 50% of the administered dose), especially in the monkey and dog, with most of the drug found in the feces. Volumes of distribution in the central compartment as well as tissue distribution studies in all three species indicated a rapid uptake and significant concentration of the drug with long elimination half-lives in a deep compartment. The same organs and tissues (heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and most of the highly perfused glands) contained the highest drug concentrations in all three species. Metabolism studies indicated no evidence of significant biologic transformation of the drug in these species. In vitro studies by equilibrium dialysis indicated significant binding of the drug to DNA by intercalation. PMID- 7083221 TI - Response of transplantable tumors of mice to anthracenedione derivatives alone and in combination with clinically useful agents. AB - Other investigators have demonstrated that dihydroxyanthracenedione (DiOHA) and anthracenedione acetate (AA) are active against a broad spectrum of transplantable mouse tumors. DiOHA and AA are in clinical trial in the US; AA is in clinical trial in Europe. Because of the broad spectrum of activity of these DNA binders against murine tumors and due to their promising clinical utility, we have evaluated these agents in combination with a variety of clinically useful antitumor drugs. Studies were carried out against three colon adenocarcinomas (38, 06/A, and 11/A), three mammary adenocarcinomas (13/C, 16/C, and 14), and two lymphocytic leukemias (P388 and L1210). The therapeutic synergism of one of these combinations, DiOHA and cisplatin, has been previously reported. Four additional combinations which were found to have confirmed therapeutic synergism are reported here: DiOHA and palmO-ara-C, DiOHA or AA and 5-FU, DiOHA or AA and vincristine, and DiOHA and decarbazine. The combination toxicity indices (CTI; a measure of the degree of overlap in dose-limiting toxic effects) were obtained for all the following combinations: DiOHA and palmO-ara-C = 1.25-1.6; DiOHA or AA and 5-FU = 1.2-1.3; DiOHA or AA and vincristine = 1.6; and DiOHA and dacarbazine = 1.3-1.5. A CTI of 1.0 indicates complete overlap in dose-limiting toxic effects, eg, only 50% of the maximum tolerated dose of each agent can be used in combination. On the other hand, a CTI of 2.0 indicates no overlap in toxicity, and 100% of the maximum tolerated dose of each agent can be used in combination. PMID- 7083222 TI - Combinations of 5-FU, hypoxanthine and allopurinol in chemotherapy for human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts. AB - A series of four human colon adenocarcinomas, growing as xenografts in immune deprived mice, have been used to evaluate the efficacy of 5-FU in combination with two purines, hypoxanthine (Hx) and allopurinol (HPP), which have reduced the toxicity of 5-FU in host mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated at 7-day intervals with 5-FU administered simultaneously with the protecting agents (Hx and HPP). Two tumor lines (HxVRC5 and HxGC3), insensitive to 5-FU alone, failed to show any response to this combination. In 5-FU-sensitive HxELC2 tumors, the combination of 5-FU with Hx and HPP did not increase the therapeutic index, and in HxHC1 xenografts, antagonism to 5-FU cytotoxicity was observed. Tumor response in relation to the pathways of 5-FU metabolism is discussed. PMID- 7083223 TI - Phase I trial of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) administered by 5-day courses. AB - 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an L-glutamine antagonist, was administered to 25 evaluable patients with refractory advanced solid tumors in a phase I trial. A total of 58 evaluable courses of five daily iv injections every 3-4 weeks were given, at doses ranging from 7.5 to 90 mg/m2/day. The major dose-limiting toxicity was a syndrome of nausea, vomiting, malaise, and anorexia, which became severe at doses greater than 52.5 mg/m2/day. Diarrhea and stomatitis were less frequent. Hematologic toxicity included mild leukopenia with nadir on Day 6-8 and mild thrombocytopenia with nadir on Day 7-12. Transient decreases in serum calcium to 8.5--8.9 mg/dl were seen in seven of 12 patients receiving greater than or equal to 67.5 mg/m2/day. Dose reduction was required for all patients who received a course of DON at greater than 67.5 mg/m2/day, and a maximum tolerated total dose of 250 mg/m2 (50 mg/m2/day x 5) is suggested for this schedule. Mixed responses were seen in one patient with bladder carcinoma and in one with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7083224 TI - Phase II trial of dianhydrogalactitol in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. PMID- 7083225 TI - Phase II Study of AMSA, prednisone, and chlorambucil (APC) in the treatment of refractory breast cancer: a Northern California Oncology Group Study. PMID- 7083226 TI - Phase II evaluation of AMSA in patients with stage III--IV malignant melanoma. PMID- 7083227 TI - Phase II study of high-dose megestrol acetate in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. PMID- 7083228 TI - Inadvertent overdose with lomustine (CCNU) followed by hematologic recovery. PMID- 7083229 TI - Mitomycin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome: case presentation and review of literature. PMID- 7083230 TI - Vindesine overdose. PMID- 7083231 TI - Oral complications of cancer chemotherapy: present status and future studies. PMID- 7083232 TI - Chemotherapy sensitivity assessment of leukemic colony-forming cells with in vitro simultaneous exposure to multiple drugs: clinical correlations in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - For 13 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia receiving four-drug combination chemotherapy (14 chemotherapy trials), leukemic bone marrow cells were obtained before treatment and were exposed in vitro to all four-drug-mixture solutions simultaneously followed by the survival assessment of leukemic colony forming cells (L-CFU). Survival of normal marrow colony-forming cells (CFU-C) was also assessed concurrently, and the sensitivity index (SI) of leukemic cells was determined as the ratio of the survival of CFU-C to that of L-CFU. Correlations of in vitro results to clinical results were excellent: four of five trials resulting in complete remission had high SI and eight of nine trials without complete remission had low SI (P = 0.02). The potential advantages of this method of exposing cells to drug mixture are discussed in terms of detecting drug synergism and improving the efficiency of in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity studies. PMID- 7083233 TI - Randomized comparison of 5-FU alone or combined with mitomycin and cytarabine (MFC) in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. AB - In a prospective randomized study, 53 patients with advanced gastric cancer previously untreated by chemotherapy were randomly assigned to treatment with 5 FU alone or combined with mitomycin and cytarabine (MFC). The response rate with MFC was higher (28%) than with 5-FU alone (21%). The difference, however, was not statistically significant. Median response duration was practically identical with 5-FU (16 weeks) and MFC (17 weeks). There was no difference in median survival between the two groups (39 and 43 weeks, respectively). PMID- 7083234 TI - Phase I study of a 5-day schedule of mitoxantrone (dihydroxyanthracenedione). AB - Mitoxantrone (1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10 anthracenedione dihydrochloride) in animal studies appears to have a mechanism of action and broad antitumor spectrum similar to the anthracyclines and in preliminary animal studies is without cardiotoxicity. To determine the maximally tolerated dose, mitoxantrone was given to 25 patients with various advanced solid tumors. Sixteen patients had received prior doxorubicin and/or lomustine (CCNU). Myelosuppression was the major toxic effect. All 13 patients who received mitoxantrone doses greater than or equal to 2.73 mg/m2 x 5 days experienced moderate (2000--3000 cells/mm3) or severe (less than 2000 cells/mm3) leukopenia. Thrombocytopenia was also encountered in three of these 13 patients (severe in one, less than 50,000 cells/mm3). At dose levels less than 2.73 mg/m2 x 5 days, myelosuppression was seen in four of 12 patients (three with mild leukopenia and one with mild thrombocytopenia). The blood cell count nadir occurred at 10 days and full recovery occurred by Day 21. Minor clinically insignificant ECG changes occurred in five patients. Minor and transient antitumor effects were seen in five patients. The maximum tolerated dose of mitoxantrone over a 5-day course is 2.73 mg/m2, with leukopenia being the limiting toxic effect. PMID- 7083235 TI - Clinical and clinical pharmacologic studies of aziridinylbenzoquinone. AB - Thirty patients were entered in a phase I trial of aziridinylbenzoquinone (AZQ). These patients were treated with a single iv dose of AZQ daily for 5 days at doses ranging from 0.5 mg/m2 to 10.0 mg/m2. The dose-limiting and only significant toxic effects were leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, which appeared with relative consistency at iv dosages of 4.0--4.5 mg/m2/day x 5 in patients with extensive prior treatment and 7.0 mg/m2/day x 5 in patients with little prior treatment. One patient with colon cancer achieved a partial response of 4+ months. No other evidence of antitumor activity was observed. Pharmacologic studies revealed that the drug disappeared from the plasma in a biphasic manner (alpha-half-life = 1.5 minutes, beta-half-life = 18 minutes). With our method of analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, no metabolites were found in the serum. PMID- 7083236 TI - Clinical and clinical pharmacologic studies of mitoxantrone. AB - The drug mitoxantrone was given to 31 patients in a phase I clinical trial. The schedule of administration was once weekly for 3 weeks followed by 3 weeks of observation before further treatment. Dose range was from 1.5 to 6 mg/m2. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxic effect and thrombocytopenia was mild. Partial alopecia occurred in four of 12 patients evaluable for hair loss. Pharmacokinetic studies employing a fluorometric assay based on DNA binding measured by displacement of ethidium bromide revealed a first-phase half-life of about 15 minutes, with a prolonged subsequent phase. A dose of 6 mg/m2/week x 3 was well-tolerated in patients not heavily pretreated with myelosuppression therapy. Only minor clinical activity was seen with mitoxantrone. PMID- 7083238 TI - Studies on the O-demethylation of misonidazole by rat liver microsomes. AB - The role of rat liver microsomes in the O-demethylation of misonidazole to desmethylmisonidazole was studied. The rate of the microsomal-dependent formation of desmethylmisonidazole was linear up to a protein concentration of 2 mg/ml and over a 10-minute interval. The metabolism was optimal in a system comprised of microsomes, O2, and NADPH. Metabolism in incubation mixtures continuously flushed with N2 was inhibited by 78%. The O-demethylase activity was competitively inhibited by the addition of SKF 525-A, with a Ki of approximately 1 x 10(-5) M. The Km and Vmax values of normal microsomes were 1.87 +/- 0.30 mM and 413 +/- 14 pmols/minute/mg of microsomal protein, respectively. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital for 7 days prior to preparation of the microsomes resulted in no significant change in the Km, but the Vmax was considerably increased to 1033 +/- 203 pmols/minute/mg of microsomal protein. The results demonstrate that the O demethylation of misonidazole is mediated by cytochrome P-450. PMID- 7083237 TI - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of acivicin in Ommaya reservoir bearing rhesus monkeys. AB - Acivicin was administered iv to rhesus monkeys bearing Ommaya reservoirs, and serial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected and analyzed to determine the time course of drug concentrations in these body fluids. After iv doses of 4 or 20 mg/kg (50 or 250 mg/m2), acivicin plasma concentrations demonstrated a rapid initial decline (distribution phase), and then declined exponentially with a terminal (elimination phase) half-life of 3--4 hrs. CSF concentrations increased over a period of 2--2.5 hrs, reaching peak values of 2.0 -2.7 micrograms/ml at 20 mg/kg and 0.3--0.5 microgram/ml at 4 mg/kg; thereafter, CSF levels declined in parallel with plasma, with a CSF/plasma concentration ratio of 0.10--0.17. A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model gave a close fit of predicted and observed plasma and CSF concentration data. Significant and predictable CSF penetration by iv administered acivicin in monkeys is consistent with observation of CNS side effects in patients in the phase I clinical trial and suggests that acivicin should be evaluated in the treatment of CNS malignancies and metastases. PMID- 7083239 TI - Ganglioneuropathy in rabbits and a rhesus monkey due to high cumulative doses of doxorubicin. AB - The effects of long-term administration of doxorubicin in adult rabbits and in a rhesus monkey were studied. Eleven rabbits were given cumulative doses of 2--24 mg/kg over a period of 5--28 weeks. The monkey received a total of 20 mg/kg during a 10-month period. One rabbit exhibited hind leg paresis, but all of the other animals in the study remained clinically free of neurologic signs. Rabbits given less than 12 mg/kg of doxorubicin had only mild degenerative changes in dorsal roots and a few necrotic neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, but these lesions were much more severe in all rabbits when a cumulative dose greater than 16 mg/kg was given. The monkey also had severe ganglioneuropathy, suggesting that primates may also be susceptible to this toxic effect of doxorubicin. Although neurotoxicity has not been observed with the dose schedules of doxorubicin used in clinical practice, the tendency of this drug to damage both postmitotic neural and cardiac cells may provide added understanding of the clinically important doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. PMID- 7083241 TI - Prevention of doxorubicin-induced skin ulcers in the rat and pig with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). AB - Ten potential agents were tested in the Sprague-Dawley rat, using the method of Rudolph et al, which produces skin ulcers with 0.4 mg of doxorubicin intradermally. One antidote, dimethyl sulfoxide (100%, 0.6 ml for 7 days), prevented ulcer formation not only at the local site but also at the doxorubicin control injection site. Similar ulcers were produced in the Yorkshire pig with 2.0 mg of intradermal doxorubicin injection. These ulcers were prevented at both local and distant control sites with dimethyl sulfoxide given for 7 days. PMID- 7083240 TI - Altered hepatic disposition of doxorubicin in the perfused rat liver at hyperthermic temperatures. AB - The perfused rat liver was used to study the effects of heat on hepatic functions and on the metabolism and biliary excretion of doxorubicin (Ad). Livers were perfused for 1 hour at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C in the presence of biosynthetic substrates with or without Ad. Gluconeogenesis was decreased at both temperatures in the presence of Ad. Bile flow and excretion of Ad ceased at 42 degrees C. Perfusate levels of Ad were not significantly different in the 1-hour perfusions. Livers were then perfused at 37 degrees C and 41 degrees C for 3 hours in the presence of 10 mM glucose and amino acids. The beta half-life of Ad measured as total fluorescence and as parent drug was prolonged at 41 degrees C. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve was unchanged for parent drug but increased from 2010 micrograms/ml . min at 37 degrees C to 4477 micrograms/ml . min at 41 degrees C for total drug equivalents. Biliary excretion of total Ad equivalents was 7.39% +/- 1.35% of the total dose at 37 degrees C and 2.56% +/- 2.08% of the total dose at 41 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Biliary excretion of Ad was 2.07% +/- 0.37% of the total dose at 37 degrees C and 1.31% +/- 0.84% of the total dose at 41 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Hepatic tissue levels of total Ad equivalents were 288.7 +/- 21.2 micrograms/g at 37 degrees C and 322.7 +/- 10.6 micrograms/g at 41 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Tissue levels of Ad were 57.5 +/- 14 micrograms/g at 37 degrees C and 23.0 +/- 10.7 micrograms/g at 41 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Bile flow at the two temperatures decreased after 2 hours of perfusion. The greatest decrease in bile flow occurred during the third hour of perfusion at 41 degrees C. The data indicate that at elevated temperatures there was a significant alteration in the pharmacokinetics of Ad in the perfused rat liver system. Since the liver plays a primary role in the metabolism and elimination of Ad, the observed changes might also occur during wholebody hyperthermia. PMID- 7083242 TI - Treatment of refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with a combination of pyrazofurin and cytarabine. AB - Six patients with refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated with pyrazofurin (15 mg/m2) followed by cytarabine (100 mg/m2) every 12 hours for 6- 21 days. All patients cleared their peripheral blood of blast cells but no complete remissions were achieved. Excessive toxicity to skin and mucous membranes was observed. In the doses used, this combination is too toxic for further use. Alternate treatment schedules should be explored. PMID- 7083243 TI - Vindesine (VDS) monochemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a report of 45 cases. AB - Fifty-three patients with non-small cell lung cancer were treated with vindesine. Of the 45 evaluable patients, 11 (24%) had a partial response. Responses were all evident within 6 weeks. Median duration of response was 8 weeks from documentation. Median survival was not improved significantly among responders (P less than 0.10, two-tailed test of significance). The most frequent toxic effect was leukopenia. The most troublesome toxic effect was peripheral neuropathy, with patients greater than 60 years old experiencing this more frequently. PMID- 7083244 TI - Phase II study of mitolactol and semustine combination chemotherapy for advanced malignant melanoma. AB - Twenty-six patients with disseminated malignant melanoma received an oral regimen of mitolactol and semustine (methyl-CCNU). Sixteen patients had received prior systemic therapy, and 16 had visceral involvement. There were no objective regressions among ten patients receiving the drugs as initial systemic therapy. However, one of 16 patients having prior systemic treatment did have an objective response. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxic effects were well-tolerated. PMID- 7083245 TI - Phase II study of methyl-GAG in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. AB - Twenty-four patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus have been treated, in a phase II trial, with methyl-GAG using a weekly schedule. Eighteen patients had received prior chemotherapy with cisplatin-containing combinations. Of 23 evaluable patients, four (17%) had partial remissions, each lasting 2 months. All patients had received prior chemotherapy. Toxic effects were manageable and included mild nausea and vomiting, mucositis, and fatigue. Using this schedule, methyl-GAG had modest activity in esophageal cancer, with acceptable toxicity. Its role in combination chemotherapy remains to be defined. PMID- 7083246 TI - Changes in intestinal permeability to lactulose induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. AB - Intestinal function during cytotoxic therapy was studied in nine patients with nonintestinal lymphoma. An early, marked, and rapidly reversible increase in passive permeability, as disclosed by the lactulose test, was observed without concomitant changes in active absorption or in intestinal histology. The possibility of a toxic effect by cytotoxic drugs on intestinal intracellular junctions is discussed. PMID- 7083247 TI - Phase II study of tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. PMID- 7083248 TI - Phase II trial of tamoxifen in malignant melanoma. PMID- 7083249 TI - Combination antiemetics. PMID- 7083250 TI - [Synthesis of the pentasaccharide chain of the Forsman antigen]. AB - The pentasaccharide chain of the Forssman antigen, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) (1 leads to 3)-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose (46) was synthesized by a block synthesis in which an alpha-D-glycoside linkage between two D-galactose residues was formed. The trisaccharide O-(6-O-acetyl-2-azido-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(6-O-acetyl-4-O-bebenzyl-2-deoxy-2 phthalimido-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-6-O-acetyl-2,4-di-O-benzyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (40) (this was obtained through acetolysis of O (6-O-acetyl-2-azido-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(6-O-acetyl-4-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-1,6-anhydro-2,4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranose to the acetyl derivative, followed by reaction with titanium tetrabromide under anhydrous conditions) was condensed with benzyl-4-O-)6-O-benzoyl-2,3-di-O-benzyl-beta-D galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside were in the presence of silver carbonate and perchlorate. The resulting pentasaccharide was deprotected to give 46. PMID- 7083251 TI - Block-synthesis of higher oligosaccharides: synthesis of hexa- and nona saccharide fragments of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of Salmonella newington. PMID- 7083252 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of O-N-acetyl-beta-muramoyl-L-alanyl-D isoglutamine)-(1 leads to 6)-2-acylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucoses. AB - Benzoylation of benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D glucopyranoside, benzyl 2-deoxy-2-(DL-3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino)-4,6-O isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and benzyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-2 octadecanoylamino-beta-D-glucopyranoside, with subsequent hydrolysis of the 4,6-O isopropylidene group, gave the corresponding 3-O-benzoyl derivatives (4, 5, and 7). Hydrogenation of benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-[D-1 (methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, followed by chlorination, gave a product that was treated with mercuric actate to yield 2-acetamido-1,4,6-tri-O acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-[D-1-(methoxy-carbonyl)ethyl]-beta-D -glucopyranose (11). Treatment of 11 with ferric chloride afforded the oxazoline derivative, which was condensed with 4, 5, and 7 to give the (1 goes to 6)-beta-linked disaccharide derivative 13, 15, and 17. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester group in the compounds derived from 13, 15, and 17 by 4-O-acetylation gave the corresponding free acids, which were coupled with L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine benzyl ester, to yield the dipeptide derivatives 19-21 in excellent yields. Hydrolysis of 19-21, followed by hydrogenation, gave the respective O-(N-acetyl-beta-muramoyl-L-alanyl-D isoglutamine)-(1 goes to 6)-2-acylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucoses in good yields. The immuno-adjuvant activity of these compounds was examined in guinea-pigs. PMID- 7083254 TI - Structural studies of 4-O-acetyl-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 goes to 3)-lactose, the main oligosaccharide in echidna milk. AB - The main oligosaccharide (50%) in the milk of the Australian echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) has been identified unequivocally as 4-O-acetyl-alpha-N acetylneuraminyl-(2 goes to 3)-lactose. The 4-O-acetyl substituent of the sialic acid residue was characterized by g.l.c.-m.s. of the isolated (after mild, acid hydrolysis) and trimethyl-silylated/esterified sialic acid, and by m.s. (after derivatisation) and 500-MHz, 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy of the intact oligosaccharide. Information about the glycosidic bonds was obtained by methylation analysis and 500-MHz, 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. This animals species is the third one known to produce 4-O-acetylated sialic acid. PMID- 7083255 TI - Structural studies of the Vibrio cholerae O-antigen. AB - The dominant part of the O-antigen of Vibrio cholerae is a homopolysaccharide composed of (1 leads to 2)-linked 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl (perosaminyl) residues, in amino groups of which are acylated by 3-deoxy-L glycero-tetronic acid. Most of the amino sugar is decomposed during acid hydrolysis. Treatment of the polymer with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, which cleaves the glycosidic linkages but does not cause N-deacylation, followed by acid hydrolysis under mild conditions, produced the monomer in good yield. Treatment of the N-deacylated polysaccharide with nitrous acid caused deamination with concomitant rearrangements, typical of 4-amino-4-deoxyhexopyranosyl residues in which the amino group occupies an equatorial position. PMID- 7083253 TI - Synthesis of 3-methylpseudouridine and 2'-deoxy-3-methyl-pseudouridine. AB - The first chemical synthesis of 3-methyl-psi-uridine (5) and its 2'-deoxy analogue (9) has been achieved. psi-Uridine was trimethylsilylated and the crude product was treated with acetyl chloride, to give the 1-acetyl derivative (3). Crude 3 was methylated with dimethoxymethyldimethylamine and then saponified, to give crystalline 5 in 82% overall yield. Treatment of 5 with 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3 tetraisopropyldisiloxane afforded the 3'5'-protected product, which was converted into the 2'O-[(imidazol-1-yl) thiocarbonyl] derivative 7. Reduction of 7 with tributyltin hydride followed by deblocking of the product gave crystalline 2' deoxy-3-methyl-psi-uridine (9) in 35% yield form 5. PMID- 7083256 TI - Product-identification and substrate-specificity studies of the GDP-L-fucose:2 acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside (FUC goes to Asn-linked GlcNAc) 6-alpha-L fucosyltransferase in a Golgi-rich fraction from porcine liver. AB - Golgi-rich membranes from porcine liver have been shown to contain an enzyme that transfers L-fucose in alpha-(1 goes to 6) linkage from GDP-L-fucose to the asparagine linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residue of a glycopeptide derived from human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Product identification was performed by high resolution, 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy at 360 MHz and by permethylation analysis. The enzyme has been named GDP-L-fucose: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D glucoside (Fuc goes to Asn-linked GlcNAc) 6-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase, because the substrate requires a terminal beta-(1 goes to 2)-linked GlcNAc residue on the alpha-Man (1 goes to 3) arm of the core. Glycopeptides with this residue were shown to be acceptors whether they contain 3 or 5 Man residues. Substrate specificity studies have shown that diantennary glycopeptides with two terminal beta-(1 goes to 2)-linked GlcNAc residues and glycopeptides with more than two terminal GlcNAc residues are also excellent acceptors for the fucosyltransferase. An examination of four pairs of glycopeptides differing only by the absence or presence of a bisecting GlcNAc residue in beta-(1 goes to 4) linkage to the beta linked Man residue of the core showed that the bisecting GlcNAc prevented 6-alpha L-fucosyltransferase action. These findings probably explain why the oligosaccharides with a high content of mannose and the hybrid oligosaccharides with a bisecting GlCNAc residue that have been isolated to date do not contain a core L-fucosyl residue. PMID- 7083257 TI - Further characterization of the antithrombin-binding sequence in heparin. AB - An octasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin, isolated after partial deaminative cleavage of heparin and previously found to have the following predominant structure (see formula in text) has been studied further. High voltage, paper electrophoresis of the 3H-labelled disaccharides obtained by deamination with HNO2 (pH 1.5) followed by reduction with Na[3H]BH4 showed approximately 25% of mono-O-sulfated components, in addition to L-iduronic acid(2 O-SO3)-2,5-anhydro-D-[3H]mannitol (6-O-SO3). The monosulfated disaccharides were identified by high pressure, ion-exchange chromatography as L-iduronic acid(2-O SO3)-2,5-anhydro-D-[3H]mannitol, L-Iduronic acid-2,5-anhydro-D-[3H]mannitol(6-O SO3). and D-glucuronic acid-2,5-anhydro-D-[3H]-mannitol L, iduronic acid 2,5 anhydro-D-[3H]mannitol(6-O-SO3), and D-glucuronic acid-2,5-anhydro-D-[3H] mannitol. These components originated from the reducing, terminal disaccharide residue (units 7 and 8), as indicated by selective labelling with Na[3H]-BH4. The structural variability within this region suggests that it is not part of the antithrombin-binding sequence. Neither enzymic removal of the non-sulfated L iduronic acid unit 1 nor N-deacetylation (by hydrazinolysis) at unit 2 had any significant effect on the affinity of the octasaccharide for antithrombin. However, removal of the disaccharide corresponding to units 1 and 2, by selective deamination of the N-deacetylated octasaccharide, yielded a low-affinity hexasaccharide. In addition, a high-affinity deamination product was formed, presumably an octasaccharide containing a 6-sulfated 2-deoxy-2-C-formyl-D pentofuranosyl unit due to ring contraction in unit 2. These results suggest that the 6-sulfate group in unit 2 may be involved in antithrombin binding. It is concluded that the antithrombin binding site in heparin is represented by the pentasaccharide sequence extending from unit 2 to unit 6 of the octasaccharide studied. PMID- 7083258 TI - Computed tomography - guided removal of an osteoid osteoma: a case report. AB - An osteoid osteoma nidus was removed under computed tomography (CT) scan guidance. This procedure may have advantages over en bloc resection for treatment of osteoid osteoma since it ensures the removal of the nidus without producing a large bony defect such as results from en bloc resection. PMID- 7083259 TI - Transvascular retrieval of an accidentally ejected tip occluder and wire. AB - Accidental ejection of a tip occluder and wire and subsequent damage of the angiographic catheter tip is described as well as retrieval of the wire. A complication of the final removal was intimal tear and thrombus formation close to the puncture site. Successful thrombectomy and vascular repair was performed. No other complication was encountered. PMID- 7083260 TI - Embolization of bleeding transverse pancreatic artery aneurysms. AB - In patients with pancreatitis and blood loss, bleeding from visceral artery aneurysms should be suspected, especially in cases complicated by pseudocyst or abscess formation. We report of a patient with a transverse pancreatic artery aneurysm which was successfully embolized. In addition, decompression of the gastric varices associated with isolated splenic vein occlusion was performed successfully by Gelfoam embolization of 80% of the spleen. PMID- 7083261 TI - Benign superior vena cava syndrome caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker. AB - A case of superior vena cava syndrome in an 84-year-old man caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker is described. Computed tomograms showed lack of visualization of superior vena cava (SVC) due to thrombosis. Superior vena cavagram showed SVC obstruction with collateral circulation. PMID- 7083263 TI - Angiographic diagnosis of aorto-right atrial fistula from acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. AB - An uncommon complication of acute dissecting hematoma of the aorta is rupture into a right heart chamber. We report a case in which the dissection hematoma ruptured into the right atrium in addition to causing aortic valve incompetence. These features were diagnosed angiographically. Thereafter, successful surgical repair was performed. PMID- 7083262 TI - Peripheral venous aneurysms with recurrent pulmonary embolism: report of a case and review of the literature. AB - This clinical report deals with a femoral venous aneurysm as a source of recurrent pulmonary embolism. The literature concerning venous aneurysms is reviewed with emphasis on those cases which were complicated by venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. This case demonstrates that lower leg venous aneurysms can occur in either sex and in different age groups. Venography was shown to be important in diagnosing these lesions. Surgical resection may be necessary to prevent potential thrombosis and life-threatening pulmonary embolism. PMID- 7083264 TI - Computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage of right upper abdominal abscesses. AB - Definitive computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage of right upper abdominal abscesses was performed in eight patients (11 procedures). A lateral perpendicular approach was used in all cases. An Argyl trocar catheter was used in nine procedures and a pigtail catheter in two. The drainage was successful in seven patients. In one patient no drainable abscess was found. Percutaneous abdominal abscess drainage should be considered a satisfactory alternative to surgical drainage in poor-risk patients as well as in patients who have had repeated operations in whom any further surgery may be unduly difficult. PMID- 7083265 TI - Depressed reflex vasomotor control of the burn wound. AB - Total leg blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in five normals and 14 burned patients before and after 30 min of external heating. Leg surface temperatures were held constant, but rectal temperatures increased on the average of 0.4 to 0.5 degrees C in all subjects following this heat load. Leg blood flow increased by 56.0% in the controls, 63.2% in five patients with essentially no leg burn (mean burn size = 1.5% leg surface), and 9.6% in nine patients with major leg injuries (mean burn size 55% leg surface). Failure of reflex vasodilatation in the burned leg was evident up to 107 days postinjury even when the wound was well-healed. All subjects sweated freely from the unburned skin. In two patients, where arm and leg blood flows were measured simultaneously, flow to the uninjured arm increased while that to the injured leg remained unchanged. This lack of reflex vasodilatation in the burned limbs suggests either that wound vessels are denervated or that they are so dilated in the basal state that further dilatation is limited. The bulk of this and other data would support the denervation concept. This physical or chemical denervation could occur at the time of injury, be localised to the area of the wound, and result in loss of both neurogenic vasoconstrictor tone and active reflex vasodilatation. PMID- 7083266 TI - Quantitative analysis of plasma enzyme levels based upon simultaneous determination of different enzymes. AB - It is demonstrated that plasma elimination constants for rapidly eliminated circulating tissue enzymes can be obtained from plasma time-activity curves if a slowly eliminated reference enzyme is simultaneously sampled. Enzyme and reference enzyme must be released together into the plasma. From the elimination constants thus obtained enzyme release into the plasma can be calculated as a function of time. The method can be applied during continuous release of enzyme into the plasma. The validity of the method is tested in the dog by intravascular infusion of a preparation of cytoplasmic enzymes, obtained by incubating dog liver under anoxic conditions. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was used as reference enzyme. Infused quantities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and ALT can be estimated with coefficients of variation (CV) of respectively 10, 19 and 7.6%. Application of the method to plasma time-activity curves of enzymes in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) as reference enzyme, results in the following values for the fractional catabolic rate constants (FCR) of AST, GPI, creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzyme CK(MB): FCRAST = 0.093 +/- 0.006 h-1; FCRGPI = 0.27 +/ 0.03 h-1 (mean +/- SE, n = 14); FCRCK = 0.20 +/) 0.02 h-1 (n = 30); FCRCK(MB) = 0.34 +/- 0.08 h-1 (n = 16). These values are considerably higher than mentioned by most authors, and this indicates that enzyme release after AMI has been underestimated. After AMI, enzymes are released in quantities proportional to the enzyme content of human heart tissue. Average release of CK conforms to this rule but large variations for individual patients are observed. Accurate estimates of the quantities of enzymes released into the plasma can be made for slowly eliminated enzymes by the use of fixed mean values for elimination constants. The results presented to this study indicate that tissue enzymes released from infarcted myocardium in patients after AMI are recovered quantitatively in the plasma. Local inactivation of enzymes or inactivation during the transport from heart to plasma is not significant in such patients. PMID- 7083267 TI - Protection of ischaemic myocardium with coenzyme Q10. AB - Protection of the ischaemic myocardium with Coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) following constriction of left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 38 open chest mongrel dogs. Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow was independently reduced by tightening a constrictor around the vessel. Aortic pressure and left ventricular pressure were measured, and the Tension Time Index (TTI) was calculated. Myocardial segment shortening in the ischaemic area was measured with an ultrasonic dimension gauge. After obtaining haemodynamic data, the ischaemic myocardium was biopsied and the tissue sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analysis. Animals premedicated with COQ10 (20 mg . kg-1 iv) had a significantly higher ATP content in ischaemic myocardium (3.25 +/- 0.35 mumol . g-1 wet weight) compared with that in ischaemic myocardium of control animals (2.96 +/- 0.19) (P less than 0.05), when coronary blood flow was reduced by 50 to 74%. There were failure of ATP preservation by COQ10 with a further reduction in coronary blood flow. Changes in the pattern of myocardial segment shortening in the ischemic area induced by a 50 to 74% coronary blood flow reduction were less in COQ10 treated animals than in control animals. Since there were no haemodynamic differences between control and COQ10 treated animals, these effects were considered not to be due to a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption secondary to haemodynamic changes. PMID- 7083269 TI - Regional dysfunction of the interventircular septum during acute coronary artery occlusion. AB - To compare the effects of local myocardial ischaemia on the dynamics of different portions of the interventricular septum (IVS), pairs of miniature ultrasonic crystals were implanted across the anterior and posterior portion of the IVS and the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) to measure wall thickness changes in open chest dogs. Following left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, the end-diastolic wall thickness decreased in all areas indicating significant chamber dilation. Systolic thickening was reduced from 19.2% to 0.8% in the anterior LVFW and from 16.0% to 4.1% in the anterior IVS, while a significant increase in thickening occurred in the posterior LVFW (from 17.1% to 21.0%) and in the posterior IVS (from 13.6% to 16.5%). Left circumflex artery (LCx) occlusion produced a greater distension of the ischaemic free wall and the magnitude of responses tended to be less in the IVS than in the free wall (percentage thickening being reduced from 15.3% to 7.2% in the posterior IVS, and from 17.4% to -4.4% in the posterior LVFW). Enhancement of the systolic thickening of the normal perfused area was more marked with LCx occlusion than with LAD occlusion. Percentage thickening increased from 19.0% to 26.9% in the anterior LVFW and from 17.2% to 28.6% in the anterior IVS. These findings indicate that the ischaemic responses of the IVS, as induced by ischaemia differed in the anterior and posterior portion of the septum. Thus, when attempting to assess clinical echocardiographic findings of an ischaemic septum, one should take into account these regional differences with regard to which area of the septum the ultrasonic beam had passed. PMID- 7083268 TI - Anoxia-induced changes in composition and permeability of sarcolemmal membranes in rat heart cell cultures. AB - The effects of energy-deprivation on composition and permeability of the sarcolemmal membrane of cardiac cells was studied using monolayer cultures of neonatal rat heart cells incubated in the absence of oxygen and metabolic substrates for 0 to 10 h at 37 degrees C. In the course of anoxia the cells were analysed for cholesterol content, a sarcolemmal sterol, and L-leucyl naphthylamidase (LNA) activity, a sarcolemmal protein. In addition, sarcolemmal permeability was studied by measuring the efflux of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) activity from the incubated cells. To test whether cholesterol and LNA are indeed markers of sarcolemmal membrane of the heart cells used, sarcolemmal preparations were obtained using an isolation method with cation-coated beads. The results of this study indicate that during anoxia and substrate depletion, changes in sarcolemmal cholesterol content precede sarcolemmal LNA liberation and cytoplasmic HBDH release. It is concluded that energy-deprivation in cardiac cells destroys sarcolemmal structure and function, secondary to the loss of cholesterol. PMID- 7083270 TI - Serological relationships among sporogenous and asporogenous yeasts. PMID- 7083271 TI - Changes in glycosidase activities and surface lectin receptors of guinea-pig alveolar macrophages activated by Corynebacterium parvum. PMID- 7083272 TI - Amino acids and peptides in synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. PMID- 7083273 TI - Effect of colchicine on rat liver plasma membrane biochemical composition. PMID- 7083274 TI - Relationship of cholesterogenesis to plasma membrane cholesterol modulation during the first cell cycle after partial hepatectomy in the rat. PMID- 7083275 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in lymphoproliferative diseases. PMID- 7083276 TI - DNA synthesis in differentiating neuroblastoma cells following induction by glioma cells. PMID- 7083277 TI - Polygonal cell shape regulation, cell division and specialization in human epithelium. PMID- 7083278 TI - Mitogenic effect of putrescine on quiescent granulosa cells. PMID- 7083279 TI - Phytohemagglutinin-inhibition of the leucocyte migration in patients with breast carcinoma: correlation between clinical stage and immunocompetence. PMID- 7083281 TI - [Saccharomyces uvarum hexokinase behaviour during alcoholic fermentation author's transl)]. PMID- 7083280 TI - Metachromasia and anisotropy of polytene chromosomes subjected to a C-banding isopropanol treatment. PMID- 7083283 TI - Reaction of actin with specific and non-specific IgG at various salt concentrations. PMID- 7083282 TI - Myelin sheath of the sciatic nerve of rat under SEM; as revealed by an experimental procedure. PMID- 7083284 TI - [Renal osteopathy. Calcium metabolism and absorption in chronic renal failure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083285 TI - [Lithium and its effects on the endocrine system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083286 TI - [Re-operation after surgery for functional impairement of the oesophagocardial junction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083287 TI - [Haemagglutination and haemolytic-inhibition reaction with streptolysin O (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083288 TI - [The significance and methodology of the estimation of serum levels of antiepileptics in rational treatment of epilepsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083289 TI - [Haemodynamic aspects of partial occlusion of inferior vena cava for the prevention of relapsing pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083290 TI - [Scintiscan diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using 99mTc-labelled gluconate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083291 TI - [The effect of furosemide in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083292 TI - [Our experience of diagnosing giardiasis with the techniques of coprology and duodenal juice tests (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083293 TI - [Are there any variations in the rate of detection of HBsAg in blood donors in the course of years? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083294 TI - [Utilization of new findings about cholera toxin for prevention and therapy]. PMID- 7083296 TI - Proliferation kinetics of endothelial and tumour cells in three mouse mammary carcinomas. AB - An autoradiographic study of three corded mouse tumours is reported. The proliferation characteristics of both tumour cells and endothelial cells were studied. The doubling time of these three tumours differed by a factor of 2.6 but there was only a small difference in the intermitotic time. All three tumours showed a very high cell loss factor (approximately 0.80) and the differences in growth rate resulted mainly from differences in the growth fraction. The endothelial cell proliferation rates differed markedly in the three tumours, with labelling indices ranging from 18% in the faster tumours to 4.5% in the slowest. The potential doubling times for endothelium, calculated from these values, were much slower than the tumour cell cycle time or the tumour potential doubling time, but were two to four times faster than the volume doubling time of the tumour. It appears likely that the endothelial proliferation rate influences the growth fraction, but similar high cell loss factors can occur in tumours with a four-fold difference in endothelial cell production rates. Inadequate branching of blood vessels seems likely to be at least as important as inadequate production of endothelial cells. It is not possible to determine whether slow tumour cell production evokes a slower endothelial growth or vice versa. PMID- 7083295 TI - A comparison of mathematical methods for the analysis of DNA histograms obtained by flow cytometry. AB - Twelve methods for analysing FCM-histograms were compared using the same set of data. Some of the histograms that were analysed were simulated by computer and some were taken from experiments. Simulated data were generated assuming synchronously growing cell populations and (i) measurement coefficients of variation (CV) from 2 to 16%; (ii) constant measurement CV or VC's increasing from G1 to G2 phase, and (iii) varying fractions of cells in each phase. Simulated data were also generated assuming synchronous cell populations in which a block in early S phase was applied and released. DNA histograms were measured for L-929 cells at various times after mitotic selection. Labelling indices were also measured for these cells at the same time. The fractions of cells in the G1, S, and (G2 + M) phases were calculated by each analytical method and compared with the actual fractions used for simulation, or in case of experimental data, with autoradiographic results. Generally, all methods yielded reasonably accurate fractions of cells in each phase with relative errors in the range of 10-20%. However, most methods tended to overestimate G1 fractions and underestimate S fractions. In addition, variations in the shape of the S phase distribution often caused considerable errors. Phase fractions were also calculated for histograms of kinetically perturbed populations, simulated as well as experimental. The errors were only slightly larger than for histograms from asynchronously growing cell populations. PMID- 7083297 TI - Stem cell (CFUs) proliferation inhibitor in blood of mice injected with hydroxyurea. AB - Analysis of the mouse haemopoietic stem cell (CFUs) kinetics after hydroxyurea administration has provided an in vivo assay suitable for detection of factors which inhibit recruitment of non-proliferating G0-CFUs into cell cycle, or transit of CFU's through the G1 phase. Using this assay, it has been demonstrated that plasma obtained from mice which had received hydroxyurea approximately 12-14 hr previously, possesses a factor which inhibited the triggering of CFUs into the cell cycle. The appearance of this CFUs proliferation inhibitor occurred at a time when 60-70% of the CFUs were synchronized in the S phase of the cell cycle, as a consequence of hydroxyurea action. Some basic properties of the inhibitor were investigated. PMID- 7083298 TI - Enhanced triggering of stem cell proliferation after two doses of hydroxyurea. PMID- 7083299 TI - Kinetics and cellularity of erythroblasts in the growing rat. AB - Parameters of recognizable erythroid cell proliferation were measured in four groups of normal rats weighing 50, 100, 150 and 300 g in order to provide a comprehensive set of data suitable for a re-investigation of erythropoietic models. Total erythroblast cellularity was measured by the 59Fe technique, DNA synthesis time by quantitative 14C-autoradiography, and the erythrocyte production rate was derived from the increase with time of the erythrocyte labelling index after repeated injections of 3H-leucine. Furthermore, the relative erythroblast density was determined in the various morphological compartments. From the total erythroid cell mass in DNA synthesis and the absolute erythrocyte production rate, figures were derived for the mean DNA synthesis time of erythroid cells and compared with the directly measured ones. The discrepancies in all weight groups between direct and indirect determination of DNA synthesis time were considerable. In a previous study re-evaluation of comparable data in literature had revealed comparable inconsistencies. Since a critical discussion of possible errors in the experimental techniques does not indicate data acquisition to be the principal source of disagreement it is concluded that the type of model applied to describe how cells pass the boundaries of morphological cell compartments is of high significance. Models based on a sequential flux of cells through the individual compartments are inadequate for evaluation of the presented set of data. PMID- 7083300 TI - Evidence for discrete cell kinetic subpopulations in mouse epidermis based on mathematical analysis. AB - Continuous (repeated) labelling studies in mouse epidermis indicate that nearly all cells are labelled after about 100 hr. Percentage labelled mitoses studies ([3H]TdR at 15.00 and 03.00 hours) have a first peak that does not reach 100% and has a half-width of about 10 hr. Small second and third peaks can be detected at about 90 and 180 hr. respectively. The changes with time in the number of labelled cells show a difference dependent on the time of day of [3H]TdR administration. Both curves show an early doubling in labelled cells which then decline, forming a peak of labelled cells. A second peak occurs at about 120 hr. This is followed by a progressive decline with no further peak until values of about 1% labelling are obtained at 340 hr. These experiments have been investigated mathematically. A computer programme has been devized that permits all three types of experiments to be analyzed simultaneously. More importantly, it can analyse situations with a heterogeneity in cell cycle parameters in all proliferative subpopulations. Various models for epidermal cell replacement have been considered. The data as a whole can best be explained if the basal layer contains at least two distinct subpopulations of cells and an exponentially decaying post-mitotic population with a half-life of about 30 hr. The proliferative sub-populations must be characterized by near integer differences in the length of cycle, the precursor (stem) compartment having the longer cycle. An inverse relationship is required for the length of S, i.e. the shortest time for the stem cells. A full range of cell kinetic parameters can be calculated and are tabulated for the most appropriate model system which is one involving three transit proliferating subpopulations. PMID- 7083301 TI - Circadian variations in influx and efflux of the S phase in a partially synchronized cell system. Double-labelling with [3H]thymidine in the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch. AB - By means of a double-labelling experiment, circadian variations in the kinetic parameters of the S phase of the hamster cheek pouch epithelium were studied. The evaluation of the experiment included a recently developed correction for deviations from the strict pulse interpretation of the labelling technique. Pronounced circadian variations were found in S phase influx and efflux; the diurnal mean of both was estimated as 0.5%/hr, when based on measurements of all nucleated epithelial cells. Variations in S phase influx seem mainly responsible for the diurnal variation in cell proliferation, although diurnal variation in DNA synthesis rate, and thus in mean transit time, was also found. The increases in LI and influx were closely correlated and related to the beginning of the dark period. A circadian variation in cell number was also observed. PMID- 7083302 TI - Intrinsic neurons and neural connections of the pineal organ of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, as revealed by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - In Passer domesticus, intrapineal nerve cells were labeled by uptake of microiontophoretically administered horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Unipolar nerve cells with a dichotomously branching stem process are the main source of the dominant pinelaofugal component of the pineal tract, whereas multipolar and bipolar neurons appear to represent interneurons. HRP-Labeled nerve fibers are observed in the distal division (end-piece) of the pineal organ; they can be regarded either as processes of intrapineal neurons or projections of pinealopetal axons originating from central neurons. Furthermore, scattered labeled nerve fibers occur in different portions of the pineal stalk. Nerve fibers containing HRP were also demonstrated in the medial and lateral divisions of the habenular complex and in the periventricular layer of the hypothalamus; these axons apparently represent anterogradely labeled pinealofugal elements. On the other hand, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the medial habenular complex and in the periventricular hypothalamic gray near the paraventricular nucleus, indicating that the pineal organ receives a pinealopetal innervation arising from the central nervous system. Ultrastructurally, the neuropil of the pineal organ of P. domesticus displays single basal processes of pinealocytes containing synaptic ribbons in association with clear synaptic vesicles. Occasionally, conventional synapses were observed the presynaptic terminals of which exhibit granular inclusions. The pineal tract consisting of four to six spatially separated fiber bundles comprises mainly unmyelinated elements accompanied by only few myelinated axons. The functional role of the neural apparatus revealed in the present study is discussed in context with the humoral (hormonal) control of circadian functions; the latter type of activity has been shown to exist in the pineal organ of P. domesticus (Zimmerman 1976). PMID- 7083303 TI - Ultrastructural duality of extrafusal fibers in a slow (tonic) skeletal muscle. AB - Ultrastructural and stereological assessment of the mature avian anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle showed that it contains two kinds of extrafusal fibers. This fine structural dichotomy of fiber types in the ALD correlated well with their previously reported histochemical duality. Distinct differences occur in sarcomere banding, myofibrillar area, sarcotubular and mitochondrial density, and in morphology of motor-nerve terminals. Both myofiber types in this muscle were interpreted as representing varieties of "slow" or tonic muscle fibers. Both fibers contain myofibrils that, despite differences in cross-sectional area, were large, irregular, and ribbon-shaped, typical of the "Felderstruktur" appearance of true "slow" fibers. Whereas the majority of fibers (type-1) are devoid of well defined M-bands, the minor fiber population (type-2) exhibit prominent M-bands in the center of each sarcomere. In addition, type-1 tonic fibers contain a significantly lower mitochondrial and sarcotubular volume than the tonic fibers of type-2. While both fiber types exhibit motor-nerve terminals that are small, smooth and punctate in appearance, those on the type-2 fibers often had a number of shallow postjunctional folds. Whether or not these two classes of extrafusal fiber in this muscle represent two separate and distinct types of motor units remains to be determined functionally. PMID- 7083304 TI - Cytodifferentiation of the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. IX. differentiation of the spermathecal accessory gland in vitro. AB - Spermathecal accessory glands from pupae of Tenebrio molitor were cultured in vitro in Landureau S-20 medium with or without ecdysterone at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml medium. Morphological changes were examined by electron microscopy. Tissue taken from pupae that have not been exposed to a peak of ecdysterone in vivo is only able to differentiate in medium with hormone, and then only partially, while tissue taken from pupae that have experienced an endogenous peak of ecdysterone is able to develop maximally irrespective of the presence or absence of hormones. The specific ultrastructural changes that occur in vitro correspond to those occurring in the gland in situ during the normal course of differentiation, and are: the formation of the pseudocilium, cell retraction and formation of an end apparatus, and cuticulogenesis in the ductule and main lumen of the gland. Pseudocilium formation does not appear to be ecdysterone-dependent, while cuticulogenesis requires ecdysterone for initiation of the process. Deposition of cuticle is an expression of an earlier commitment of the cells to this process, and is initiated by elevated levels of ecdysterone. Ecdysterone is not required for completion of cuticulogenesis. PMID- 7083305 TI - Capillarisation, oxygen diffusion distances and mitochondrial content of carp muscles following acclimation to summer and winter temperatures. AB - Many species of fish show a partial or complete thermal compensation of metabolic rate on acclimation from summer to winter temperatures. In the present study Crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) were acclimated for two months to either 2 degrees C or 28 degrees C and the effects of temperature acclimation on mitochondrial content and capillary supply to myotomal muscles determined. Mitochondria occupy 31.4% and 14.7% of slow fibre volume in 2 degrees C- and 28 degrees C-acclimated fish, respectively. Fast muscles of cold- but not warm acclimated fish show a marked heterogeneity in mitochondrial volume. For example, only 5% of fast fibres in 28 degrees C-acclimated fish contain 5% mitochondria compared to 34% in 2 degrees C-acclimated fish. The mean mitochondrial volume in fast fibres is 6.1% and 1.6% for cold- and warm-acclimated fish, respectively. Increases in the mitochondrial compartment with cold acclimation were accompanied by an increase in the capillary supply to both fast (1.4 to 2.9 capillaries/fibre) and slow (2.2 to 4.8 capillaries/fibre) muscles. The percentage of slow fibre surface vascularised is 13.6 in 28 degrees C-acclimated fish and 32.1 in 2 degrees C-acclimated fish. Corresponding values for fast muscle are 2.3 and 6.6% for warm- and cold-acclimated fish, respectively. Maximum hypothetical diffusion distances are reduced by approximately 23-30% in the muscles of 2 degrees C-compared to 28 degrees C-acclimated fish. However, the capillary surface supplying 1 micron 3 of mitochondria is similar at both temperatures. Factors regulating thermal compensation of aerobic metabolism and the plasticity of fish muscle to environmental change are briefly discussed. PMID- 7083306 TI - Noradrenergic axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord: an electron-microscopic study using glyoxylic acid-potassium permanganate fixation. AB - The noradrenergic terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord of the rat were investigated by means of the histofluorescence technique and electron-microscopic cytochemistry using the glyoxylic acid-KMnO4 fixation technique. In accordance with the topographical distribution of fluorescent catecholaminergic fibers, noradrenergic terminals containing small granular vesicles were frequently observed electron microscopically in the outer layer of the substantial gelatinosa. These terminals were most frequently found to appose (without showing typical synaptic features, small-caliber dendrites, spine apparatus, and rarely, large caliber dendrites. Only in a few cases, the noradrenergic terminals exhibited typical synaptic contacts with dendritic elements of small size. In addition, noradrenergic terminals apposed non-noradrenergic terminals containing small agranular vesicles. In rats bearing surgical lesions of the dorsal roots, no noradrenergic terminal were found in contact with the degenerated axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic afferents to the substantia gelatinosa may exert their influence on sensory transmission via dorsal horn cells. PMID- 7083307 TI - Morphological changes induced by sodium bromide in murine neuroblastoma cells in vitro. AB - Sodium bromide was applied in vitro to mouse neuroblastoma cells of different ages for short and long periods (2 h to 10 days). The changes observed light-and electron microscopically were similar to those described earlier after GABA treatment. Coated vesicles proliferated and originated by pinching off from the Golgi complex and from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous coated vesicles were continuous with the plasma membrane, especially near zones in which electron dense material aggregated at the inner aspect of the plasmalemma. Small invaginations, similar in ultrastructure to coated vesicles, were also formed. It is unclear whether the coated vesicles or the dense plasmalemma invaginations contribute to the "undercoating" by fusing with the adjacent electron-dense plasma membrane. There was a distinct increase in the number and area of specialized contacts (intermediate junctions and zonulae adhaerentes) between cells and their processes. A floccular or filamentous electron-dense substance varying in amount and appearance was occasionally seen between the contacting membranes. Varicosities of terminal swellings of cell processes contained vesicles of variable size, shape and density, and also profiles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Under the influence of sodium bromide, similar to the effect of GABA, mitochondria appeared within the varicosities, and primitive contacts (intermediate junctions) were formed between the terminal swellings and potential postsynaptic elements, which were absent in controls. Additionally, dense-core vesicles proliferated and aggregated at the cell periphery. They were often arranged linearly below the plasma membranes of perikarya and processes, and surrounded by a highly electron-dense substance. The similarity of the present findings to those obtained after GABA treatment and their relation to synaptogenesis are discussed. PMID- 7083309 TI - Apical region of the crayfish retinula. AB - The base of the crystalline tract, the distal part of the eighth retinular cell and its rhabdomer constitute a structural unit in the apical region of the retinula of Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus, shielded from the blood by a special covering cell. PMID- 7083308 TI - The freeze-fractured median eminence. I. Development of intercellular junctions in the ependyma of the 3rd ventricle of the rat. AB - Ependymal junctions in both the ventro-lateral wall and infundibular floor of the 3rd ventricle were examined in adult, young, neonatal, and fetal rats in freeze fracture preparations. During late fetal and early postnatal life, tight junctions developed in both ventro-lateral and floor ependyma with, first, the appearance of an area of waffle-like or honeycomb texture in the membrane where tight junctions will appear; second, the decoration of P-face crests of this honeycomb with individual particles; and lastly, fusion of these particles into smooth strands. In adults, tight junctions were rare in the lateral ependyma, but persisted on the floor as a loose network. Many small ependymal gap junctions were already present at the earliest fetal stage (17 days) examined. They occupied significantly larger proportions of the membranes on the ventro-lateral wall than on the floor throughout the time course due to an increase in their size but not in their numbers. The smallest gap junctions were regarded as the newest in a process of renewal throughout life. The development of both junctional types parallels what is known on the onset of neuroendocrine functions in the median eminence. In the rat, this is apparently just before, at, or just after birth. PMID- 7083310 TI - Autonomic innervation of the ocular choroid membrane in the chicken: a fluorescence-histochemical and electron-microscopic study. AB - The distribution pattern of adrenergic fibres innervating the ocular choroid membrane of the chicken was studied by means of fluorescence and electron microscopy. In addition, the origin of these fibres was investigated after superior cervical ganglionectomy. Adrenergic axons reach the choroid, partly forming the perivascular plexuses and partly running in the choroid nerves and the choroidal branches of the ciliary nerves. The axon terminals distribute to the smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall and to the extensive system of smooth muscle cells of the intervascular stroma. After unilateral ganglionectomy, fluorescent fibres almost completely disappeared, and degenerative changes could be observed in the terminal varicosities on both smooth muscle cell populations. These findings suggest that the adrenergic axons either originate from neurones within the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, or pass through this ganglion. The persistence of normal terminals in short- and long-term ganglionectomised animals shows that the vasal and intervascular muscle cells of the choroid membrane are provided with both an adrenergic and a cholinergic innervation. PMID- 7083311 TI - The parapineal and pineal organs of the elver (glass eel), Anguilla anguilla L. AB - The parapineal organ of the glass eel (elver) consists of approximately 400 cells and is situated to the left of the connection of the pineal stalk to their ventricle. A conspicuous nerve tract containing approximately 350 fibers arises from the parapineal organ and runs in spatial relationship to the habenular commissure toward the left habenular nucleus. The dominating cell type of the parapineal organ of the elver is a neuron (sensory neuron) of small diameter provided with atypical cilia (9 x 2 + 0, or rarely 8 x 2 + 0 types). Well developed photoreceptor outer segments are lacking, and no interstitial cells of ependymal type have been observed with certainty in the parapineal organ. The axonal processes from the nerve cells form the tract leaving the parapineal organ. The pineal organ proper of the elver consists of photoreceptor cells with well-developed outer segments, interstitial cells of ependymal type, and ganglion cells. Axons from the latter form the pineal tract, which leaves the pineal organ and runs in close contact with the subcommissural organ toward the posterior commissure. The proximal part of the pineal stalk contains only a few photoreceptor cells the outer segments of which are less developed than those of the pineal body and the distal part of the pineal stalk. PMID- 7083312 TI - Fine structure, origin, and distribution density of the autonomic nerve endings in the tarsal muscle in the eyelid of the mouse. AB - The fine structure, origin, and distribution density of the autonomic nerve endings in the tarsal muscle of the mouse were studied by histochemistry and electron microscopy. With histochemical methods, the fine nerve plexus in the normal muscle shows both catecholamine-positive varicose fibers and acetylcholinesterase-active varicose fibers. The former are distributed more densely than the latter. After superior cervical ganglionectomy, the catecholamine-positive fibers disappear, while after pterygopalatine ganglionectomy, the acetylcholinesterase-active fibers vanish. In electron micrographs, the varicosities appear as expansions containing many synaptic vesicles. The axonal expansions partly lack a Schwann sheath and directly face the pinocytotic vesicle-rich zones of the smooth muscle cells. A relatively wide space, 0.1 to 1.0 microns in width, lies between nerve expansion and muscle cell. The expansions can be classified into two types: Type I having small granular synaptic vesicles, and Type II having agranular vesicles instead of small granular synaptic vesicles. Type I undergoes degeneration after superior cervical ganglionectomy, while Type II degenerates after pterygopalatine ganglionectomy. This indicates that Type I corresponds to the synaptic ending of the adrenergic fiber originating from the superior cervical ganglion, and Type II to the synaptic ending of the cholinergic nerve fiber derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion. Type I is more frequent (88/10(4) microns 2 area of muscle) than Type II (17/10(4) microns 2). PMID- 7083313 TI - Snake bites at Triangle Hospital January 1975 to June 1981. PMID- 7083314 TI - Primary health care and the medical school. PMID- 7083315 TI - Pyogenic meningitis among Lagos children: causative organisms, age, sex and seasonal incidence. PMID- 7083316 TI - Population limitation: the "secret" for its success. PMID- 7083317 TI - Unified national health information system. PMID- 7083318 TI - Structured play for pre-school mentally-handicapped children: a replication. PMID- 7083319 TI - Aeromonas food poisoning in Nigeria: a case report. PMID- 7083321 TI - Hypertension. PMID- 7083320 TI - Prevalence of antibodies against parasitic infections in Tanzanian blood donors at Dar es Salaam. PMID- 7083322 TI - Somatotype and idiopathic mitral valve prolapse. AB - Records from 18 subjects with angiographic idiopathic mitral valve prolapse, 28 subjects with merely exaggerated posterior mitral leaflet systolic bulging, and 100 subjects with normal hemodynamic and angiographic findings were compared with regard to age, sex, height, weight, ponderal index (height/3 square root weight), auscultatory and echocardiographic abnormalities. Chest x-ray films available for subjects with mitral valve prolapse were reviewed. The ponderal index of subjects with mitral valve prolapse (13.1 +/- 0.8) differed from that of subjects with merely exaggerated posterior mitral leaflet systolic bulging (12.6 +/- 0.7) (P less than 0.02) and from that of subjects without angiographic abnormality (12.3 +/- 0.8) (P less than 0.001). The three groups differed in ponderal index when equated statistically for age, height, weight, and sex (P less than 0.001). Among mitral valve prolapse patients, an asthenic habitus occurred independent of the presence of thoracic skeletal abnormalities. PMID- 7083323 TI - The relationship between left ventricular functional response to isometric exercise and asynergic contraction and diastolic stiffness. AB - Either augmentation or impairment of left ventricular function has previously been reported in different patients, in response to isometric exercise. To identify the mechanisms associated with these disparate responses, the effects of submaximal sustained handgrip upon left ventricular systolic and diastolic properties were studied in 29 patients during diagnostic catheterization. In 16 patients (group I), ejection fraction, mean Vcf, and the mean systolic ejection rate remained constant, while the ratio of peak systolic pressure to end systolic volume increased significantly from 2.81 +/- 0.6 to 3.17 +/- 0.6 ml/mm Hg. In 13 patients (group II) ejection fraction declined from 0.6 +/- 0.03 to 0.51 +/- 0.03, Vcf from 0.96 +/- 0.09 to 0.85 +/- 0.09 circ/sec, mean normalized systolic ejection rate from 1.79 +/- 0.1 to 1.50 +/- 0.09 sec-1, and the peak systolic pressure to end systolic volume ratio from 2.23 +/- 0.3 to 1.99 +/- 0.3 (p less than 0.05 for each). Systemic arterial mean pressure increased similarly by 19% and 21% in groups I and II, respectively (p less than 0.05 for each). Systemic vascular resistance increased significantly by 23% in group I and by 5% in group II (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular end diastolic volume declined from 85.4 +/- 7 to 77.3 +/- 11 ml/m2 in group I, while end diastolic and end systolic volumes increased by 13% and 35%, respectively in group II (p less than 0.05 for each). In both groups, baseline exponential pressure-volume relations were similar, though higher intercepts on the pressure-volume relations upon the Y axis suggested greater "diastolic tone," and steeper volume-normalized pressure volume elasticity relations indicated "stiffer" left ventricular chambers in group II patients. While the incidence of coronary artery disease was similar, both the severity and extent of left ventricular asynergy were greater in group II patients. We conclude that dilatation and deterioration of left ventricular ejection function in response to isometric exercise are causally related to, and comprise a useful predictor of, severe underlying left ventricular asynergy and impaired chamber distensibility. PMID- 7083324 TI - Premature closure of prosthetic mitral valves as a consequence of gravity. AB - To determine the influence of gravity on premature closure of prosthetic mitral valves, we studied 17 patients in whom this phenomenon had been observed during routine examination. All patients were in atrial fibrillation and none had aortic incompetence. Patients were studied in multiple positions by means of simultaneous echocardiography, phonocardiography, and cinefluoroscopy. In all patients premature closure was observed when the atrial side of the prosthesis was below the ventricular side, resulting in a downward motion of the occluder inside the valve cage. When patients were studied in positions in which the atrial side of the valve was higher that the ventricular side, premature closure never occurred, even during extremely prolonged diastolic periods. Since minor positional changes, which were found to determine whether premature closure occurred or not, are unlikely to produce significant alterations in pressure and flow across the mitral orifice during diastole, we conclude that position dependent premature closure of prosthetic mitral valves in patients with atrial fibrillation is best explained by the effect of gravity on the prosthetic occluder. Examination of such patients in multiple positions should be helpful in distinguishing premature valve closure caused by aortic regurgitation from gravity-related presystolic closure. Inability to produce premature closure in patients in whom it had previously been demonstrated in the presence of similar R R intervals may even prove useful in diagnosing new orifice obstruction. PMID- 7083325 TI - Right ventricular aneurysm: clinical and laboratory features. PMID- 7083326 TI - Sequential study of left ventricular function in aortic valvular stenosis. AB - To assess the progression of aortic valvular gradients (AVG) and their relation to left ventricular function, 21 patients with aortic valvular stenosis were studied sequentially by cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography. All AVG were obtained from the left ventricle to ascending aortic pullback tracings. The ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were obtained from left ventriculograms. A new onset of syncopal episode was helpful to predict the progression of AVG in five patients, but in others the progression of aortic stenosis was generally not predictable. The left ventricular contractility of these patients was usually normal, but seven patients exhibited the progressive impairment that was not proportional to the change of AVG and was clinically unrecognized. Also, the left ventricular function may deteriorate in the absence of progression of the aortic valvular gradient. Thus, serial hemodynamic studies could be indicated in patients with mild to moderate aortic stenosis even in the absence of new symptoms and signs. PMID- 7083327 TI - Left atrial size and left ventricular function in coronary artery disease: an echocardiographic-angiographic correlative study. AB - M-mode echocardiography was used to determine left atrial size in 100 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Patients were divided in two groups on the basis of left atrial diameter (greater than or equal to 40 mm in 40 patients and less than 40 mm in 60). Patients with larger left atria had a higher frequency of electrocardiographic evidence of left atrial abnormality (p less than 0.01) and myocardial infarction (p less than 0.001). Pulmonary capillary wedge and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were higher (p less than 0.005) in patients with larger left atria. An abnormal end diastolic volume (greater than 100 ml/M2) was observed in 13 patients with enlarged left atria compared to none with normal left atrial size (p less than 0.001). Triple vessel disease was more frequent (63% vs 32%) and single vessel disease less frequent (10% vs 37%) in patients with larger left atria (p less than 0.005). Abnormal left ventricular contractile patterns were noted in 45% of patients with normal left atrial diameters compared to 80% in those with an enlarged left atrium (p less than 0.001). An abnormally low ejection fraction (less than 0.5) was observed in 25% and 80%, respectively, in patients with normal and enlarged left atria (p less than 0.001). Of 58 patients with normal ejection fractions, only 17% had left atrial diameters greater than or equal to 40 mm compared to 71% of 42 patients with abnormally low ejection fractions (p less than 0.001). Of 18 patients with left atrial diameters greater than 42 mm, only two had normal ejection fractions. The mean ejection fraction for patients with left atrial diameters less than 40 mm was 0.63 +/- 0.13 compared to 0.41 +/- 0.18 for those with diameters greater than or equal to 40 mm (p less than 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for an enlarged left atrium in identifying an abnormal ejection fraction were, respectively, 71, 83, and 75%. These findings indicate that M-mode echocardiographic left atrial enlargement is a useful marker of advanced hemodynamic and angiographic abnormality in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 7083328 TI - Diagnosis of aortico-pulmonary window by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7083329 TI - Origin of both coronary arteries from the same sinus of Valsalva: report of two cases. AB - Origin of both coronary arteries from the same sinus of Valsalva was found in two patients. In one patient the right coronary artery opened from the left sinus of Valsalva, coursed between the pulmonary artery and aorta, disclosed a 95% obstruction in its proximal third with good runoff. The portion of the artery between the aorta and pulmonary artery showed cyclic narrowing during systole. In the second patient the left coronary opened from the right sinus of Valsalva, the left main trunk crossed anteriorily the pulmonary artery conus, and both the circumflex and the left anterior descending branches showed significant narrowing. In both patients the arteries shared a common sinus with two separate orifices, both had bicuspid aortic valve, and in both, nonaberrant coronary vessels also had stigmata of atherosclerosis. PMID- 7083330 TI - Pediatric arterial catheterization using a 3.2 French catheter. AB - Retrograde arterial catheterization was performed in 105 infants and small children (median age 6 mo) using a 3.2 French pigtail catheter made of ultrathin walled white Teflon. Three catheter lengths were used, (40, 50, and 65 cm). Pressure recordings and ease of sampling were judged excellent in all. All 118 angiograms (60 ventricular) were performed without complication except for two episodes of external catheter rupture. Angiographic quality was rated excellent in 41%, good in 39%, fair in 18%, and poor in only 2%. Among the 81 patients in whom only this catheter was used percutaneously, pedal pulses were lost in 5%. Postcatheterization testing identified ranges of volume and flow-rate characteristics which included 8 ml at 15 ml/sec (40 cm length), at 11 ml/sec (50 cm length), and at 9 ml/sec (65 cm catheter). We conclude that this small catheter is relatively safe and satisfactory for retrograde catheterization of infants and small children. PMID- 7083331 TI - Human E-rosette-positive cells which bind monomeric IgG mediate natural cytotoxicity. PMID- 7083332 TI - An approach for the separation of mononuclear inflammatory cells from central nervous system tissue. PMID- 7083333 TI - Activation of rat and human eosinophils by soluble factor(s) released by Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomula. PMID- 7083334 TI - Production of anti-self-h-2 antibodies by C3D2F1 mice hyperimmune to L cell/L1210 hybrids and L1210 leukemia cells. PMID- 7083335 TI - Effects of endotoxin on immunity in aging mice. PMID- 7083336 TI - Suppression of autoimmune thyroiditis by phytohemagglutinin. PMID- 7083340 TI - [Tasks of the pharmaceutical service after the 16th congress of the Czechoslovak communist party]. PMID- 7083337 TI - Characterization of the recognition of target cells sensitive to or resistant to cytolysis by activated macrophages. II. Competitive inhibition of macrophage dependent tumor cell killing by mitogen-induced, nonmalignant lymphoblasts. PMID- 7083339 TI - Lymphocyte receptors for polyclonal T mitogens. I. Concanavalin A binding to lymphocytes inhibits mitogenesis induced by galactose oxidase. PMID- 7083338 TI - Quantitative assessment of the adherence of normal human blood mononuclear cells to vascular endothelial cell monolayers. PMID- 7083342 TI - [Tropesin metabolites in man]. PMID- 7083341 TI - [Pesticide residues in oranges (Citrus aurantium L. ssp. aurantium). II. Organophosphate insecticide residues]. PMID- 7083344 TI - [Importance of examining the sediment of amniotic fluid for diagnosis of threatened foetus during risk gravidity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083343 TI - [A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of ethambutol administered as Tibutol tablets (Bracco, Milano) or Syntomen dragees (Chemie, Berlin)]. PMID- 7083345 TI - [National use of the gravidogram as one method of lowering perinatal mortality]. PMID- 7083346 TI - [Alcohol and fetal development]. PMID- 7083348 TI - [The kidney and pregnancy. Selected reports presented at the national scientific conference of the slovak Gynecologic and Obstetrical Society, Kosice, 12-13 March 1981]. PMID- 7083347 TI - [History of the development of the work psychology of gynecologists]. PMID- 7083349 TI - [Plastic orbital implants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083350 TI - [Unusual neuroophthalmic signs in a patient with craniopharyngioma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083351 TI - [Neutron activating analysis used for detection of trace elements present in human cataracts (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083352 TI - [Medicinal therapy of primary malignant intraocular tumors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083353 TI - [Organized staff suggestions for improvements and its help for ophthalmology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083354 TI - [The ophthalmologist in an out-patient polyclinic]. PMID- 7083355 TI - [A new method of evaluating the human electroretinogram]. PMID- 7083356 TI - [Visual evoked responses after stimulation by regular and irregular reversal stimuli (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083357 TI - [Differences in corneal reparation after partial and total alkali burns (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083358 TI - [Timolol effects in the rabbit eye (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083359 TI - [Recurrences of operated basaliomas of eye lids (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083361 TI - [Psychopathy as a medical and social problem (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083360 TI - [Ocular changes in competition divers]. PMID- 7083362 TI - [On the attitudes of medical students to medical psychology and to psychotherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083363 TI - [Therapeutic effects of trazodone in endogenous depressions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083364 TI - [The scientific aspect of pharmacopsychiatry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083365 TI - [On the factors influencing the possibilities of prevention of suicides (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083366 TI - [The position of Czech psychiatry in the world outlook sphere (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083367 TI - [Rape in marriage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083368 TI - [Use of the classification of pathological findings in the epithelium of large bronchi in various stages of chronic respiratory diseases]. PMID- 7083369 TI - [Temperature gradients and their importance in the early differentiation between endogenous and exogenous hyperthermia in newborn infants]. PMID- 7083370 TI - [Congenital hypothyroidism in Slovakia. Detection and long-term care of affected children]. PMID- 7083371 TI - [Incidence of cervical spine damage in children with chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 7083372 TI - [Can severe hearing damage after epidemic parotitis be prevented?]. PMID- 7083373 TI - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae - clinical manifestations]. PMID- 7083374 TI - [Differential diagnosis of the hypotonic syndrome in infants and children]. PMID- 7083375 TI - [Puncture of the subdural space through the anterior fontanelle in infants]. PMID- 7083376 TI - [Allergy therapy in early childhood]. PMID- 7083377 TI - [Trends in the physical development of Czech school children]. PMID- 7083378 TI - [Screening of leukocyturia using the Cytur Test (Boehringer) test papers]. PMID- 7083379 TI - [Treatment of enterobiosis and ascariasis]. PMID- 7083380 TI - [Radiosensitizers and their use in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083381 TI - [CBE conception and therapeutic dose in spinocellular carcinoma depending on its size (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083382 TI - [Changes in the spermiogram in patients irradiated for testicular tumours (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083383 TI - [New collimators for the scintiscanner Szintikart of type MB-8100 made in Hungary (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083384 TI - [The author's design of equipment for telerentgenography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083385 TI - [Evaluation of temporal course in volume changes of the left ventricle from left ventriculography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083386 TI - [Location and evaluation of irradiating characteristics of adenomas and hyperplasias of parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyrosis by infrared thermovision technique (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083387 TI - [Examination of the spinal canal by Amipaque with concentration on small pathologic changes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083388 TI - [Changes on the skeleton in surviving patients with myelomeningocele (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083389 TI - [Indirect X-ray signs of metastatic affection of the lumbar lymph nodes in testicular tumours (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083390 TI - Tetraalkylammonium ions: protection of murine L1210 leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and inhibition of the choline transport system. AB - In the series of tetraalkylammonium ions from tetramethylammonium to tetra-n heptylammonium, tetra-n-pentylammonium ion was a potent protector of both murine L1210 leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity. It was also a non-competitive inhibitor of choline uptake. Phosphonium analogs of the tetraalkylammonium ions were equal to their corresponding tetraalkylammonium ions in their protection against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and in their inhibition of choline uptake. Treatment of tumor bearing L1210 leukemia mice with the combination of tetra-n-pentylammonium ion and mechlorethamine resulted in no major improvement in survival of the tumor bearing mice compared to mechlorethamine treatment alone. PMID- 7083391 TI - A non-invasive method for the study of hepatic drug metabolism in rodents: antineoplastic drug effects on antipyrine metabolism in mice. AB - A rapid, sensitive and simple high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the direct analysis of antipyrine in saliva. The detection limit was found to be 1.0 ng/ml of sample, lower than any previously reported method. Accuracy and precision were maintained with as little as 0.5 microliter of saliva. Thus the rate of elimination of antipyrine has been monitored non invasively in rats and for the first time in mice. The antipyrine half-life was found to be 28.9 +/- 4.0 (S.E.M.) min and 111 +/- 20 min in mice and rats, respectively. In mice single i.p. doses of 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) (30 mg/kg) produced increases in antipyrine half-life, up to 28 days post treatment. The maximum effect of BCNU was observed on day 7 with an antipyrine half-life of 74.4 +/- 15.7 min. Phenobarbital induction lowered the antipyrine half-life in controls to 12.6 +/- 1.2 min. An enhanced inductive effect was observed in BCNU-treated mice: BCNU-treated, phenobarbital-induced mice displayed a half-life for antipyrine of 7.4 +/- 0.6 min on day 21 post BCNU dose. These effects could not be attributed to changes in absorption of antipyrine in BCNU treated mice. PMID- 7083392 TI - Chemical and enzymatic oxidation of alkylated benzo[a]pyrenes. AB - The chemical and enzymatic oxidations of 6-, 7- and 10-methylbenzo[a]-pyrenes, 6,10- and 7,10-dimethylbenzo[a]pyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) itself have been investigated to study the effects of alkyl substitution on the pathways of oxidation. The chemical oxidizing systems employed were Fenton's reagent (FeSO4/H2O2); trifluoroacetic acid-hydrogen peroxide (TFA/H2O2); thallium tristrifluoracetate in trifluoroacetic acid (TTFA/TFA) and H2SO4. The enzymatic systems were horseradish peroxidase (HRP/H2O2) and rat liver microsomes. The oxidations were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to detect radical intermediates and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the products. All the compounds studied produced radicals, identified as cationic species, in both H2SO4 and TTFA/TFA. In addition the 7-methyl-, 10-methyl- and 7,10-dimethyl-BP's produced 6-oxy radicals in some or all of the remaining oxidizing systems. Both chemically and enzymatically these same three compounds were observed to produce quinones as stable products. Microsomal oxidations gave the broadest range of products exhibiting HPLC peaks in the diol, quinone and phenol regions of the chromatograms, however, there were considerable differences between products from the individual derivatives and those from the parent molecule. 6-Methyl and 6,10 dimethyl-BP's showed no evidence of oxy radical intermediates or quinones under any set of conditions, the 6-substituent effectively blocking this oxidation pathway. The observations are consistent with the expected effects of alkyl substituents at particular positions and indicate that studies such as this one are potentially useful in better understanding oxidation and possible activation pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PMID- 7083393 TI - Metabolic activation of carbon tetrachloride: induction of cytochrome P-450 with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene and its effect on covalent binding. AB - Anaerobic incubation of [14C]carbon tetrachloride with normal rat liver microsomes and microsomes from rats treated with the inducers phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) reveals distinct differences in metabolic activation. While the increase in CO-binding pigment is comparable for both inducers, metabolism of CC14 is enhanced only by PB-induction; MC-induced microsomes are equivalent to microsomes from untreated animals. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-electrophoresis of microsomal proteins confirms the expected increase at 52 000 daltons (cytochrome P-450 PB) on PB-induction, at 56 000 daltons (cytochrome P-450MC) on MC-induction; after anaerobic incubation with [14C]CC14 the electrophoretic pattern is largely unchange. The highly reactive radical intermediates of CC14-metabolism should attack the closest possible partner. Most of protein-bound radioactivity is located in the mass range between 47 000 and 54 000 daltons, indicating that cytochrome P-450PB is the isoenzyme mainly responsible for CC14-activation; cytochrome P-450MC plays virtually no role in metabolic activation. The direct participation of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase appears unlikely, since the specific binding to proteins in the corresponding mass range is not elevated. A significant percentage of label is attached to proteins at 120 000 daltons and above, presumably oligomers of cytochrome P-450 apoprotein. PMID- 7083394 TI - Formation of 6-dimethylcarbamyloxy-dGuo, 6-dimethylamino-dGuo and 4-dimethylamino dThd following in vitro reaction of dimethylcarbamyl chloride with calf thymus DNA and 6-diethylcarbamyloxy-dGuo following in vitro reaction of diethylcarbamyl chloride with calf thymus DNA. AB - The rodent carcinogens dimethylcarbamyl chloride (DMCC) and diethylcarbamyl chloride (DECC) react with dGuo (pH 7.0-7.5, 37 degrees C, 4 h) to form the O6 acyl derivatives 6-dimethylcarbamyloxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (6-DMC-dGuo) and 6 diethylcarbamyloxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (6-DEC-dGuo), respectively. Reaction of DMCC with dThd under identical conditions yielded 4-dimethylamino-thymidine (4-DMA dThd). Compounds 6-DMC-dGuo and 6-DEC-dGuo undergo a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with dimethylamine (DMA) to form 6-dimethylamino-2' deoxyguanosine (6-DMA-dGuo) via displacement of the C-6 dialkylcarbamyloxy moiety. The substitution reaction did not take place when diethylamine or NH3 were substituted for DMA. The structures of the new compounds 6-DMC-dGuo, 6-DEC dGuo, 4-DMA-dThd and 6-DMA-dGuo were deduced from chemical analyses and syntheses, UV and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and electron impact, isobutane chemical ionization and source insertion isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra. It was postulated that 4-DMA-dThd was formed following reaction of the transient intermediate 4-DMC-dThd with DMA formed by hydrolysis of DMCC. Calf thymus DNA was reacted in vitro with DMCC (pH 7.0-7.5, 37 degrees C, 4 h) and the modified DNA hydrolyzed enzymatically to 2'-deoxynucleosides. Compounds 6-DMC dGuo, 4-DMA-dThd and 6-DMA-dGuo were identified in the hydrolysate by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In an identical manner 6-DEC-dGuo was identified following in vitro reaction of DECC with calf thymus DNA. Compounds 6 DEC-dGuo and 6-DMC-dGuo possess novel structures with respect to the types of adducts known to be formed between carcinogens and bases in DNA. The implications of these findings with respect to chemical mutagenesis and carcinogenesis is discussed. The structural relationship between N4-dimethyl-5-methylcytosine (4 dimethylamino-Thy) formed in DNA following in vitro reaction with DMCC and 5 methylcytosine, the only modified base found in vertebrate DNA is noted. PMID- 7083395 TI - The effects of cadmium and copper on the renal uptake and metallothionein binding of gold in the rat and hamster. AB - Rats and hamsters, (pre)-treated with copper and cadmium, were used to investigate whether species-differences in renal metallothionein synthesis in response to gold were determined by changes in the kidney concentrations of other metals. The effects of both dietary copper limitation and excess on the renal metabolism of gold also were studied in the rat. In this species, all of the pre treatments affected the renal concentrations of total and metallothionein-bound copper, but none of them altered either the kidney uptake or thionein-binding of gold. Incorporation of zinc into the metallothionein, which accompanied the binding of gold in this fraction of the kidney, however, was influenced slightly by the pretreatments, In hamsters, pretreatment with cadmium, which increased the concentrations of total and thionein-bound zinc in the kidneys, also did not affect the renal uptake of gold, although it increased significantly the binding of gold to the metallothionein fraction of the renal cytosol. This increased binding of gold also was accompanied by further increases in the zinc and copper contents of the metallothionein; the contents of total and thionein-bound cadmium, however, remained essentially unchanged. Concentrations of copper and zinc in the hamster kidney were not affected significantly by subcutaneous administration of copper alone (five daily doses, each of 3.2 mg Cu/kg body wt.), but were increased when gold was given during the copper-treatment. The concentrations of gold, copper and zinc in the renal metallothionein fraction also were increased under these conditions. From these results it seems that kidney metallothionein synthesis in response to gold may be related to the changes in either the concentration or distribution of zinc, rather than copper. PMID- 7083396 TI - Evidence for cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism in the bronchiolar damage by naphthalene. AB - Intraperitoneal administration of the volatile hydrocarbon, naphthalene, resulted in severe bronchiolar epithelial cell necrosis in mice, while hepatic or renal necrosis was not observed. Pulmonary damage and mortality by naphthalene were increased by prior treatment with diethyl maleate and decreased by prior treatment with piperonyl butoxide (1600 mg/kg). SKF 525A pretreatment had no effect on naphthalene-induced pulmonary damage. Administration of [14C]naphthalene resulted in the covalent binding of radiolabel to tissue macromolecules. Highest levels of binding occurred in lung, liver and kidney. Levels of covalent binding reached a maximum 2--4 h after treatment and corresponded to rapid glutathione depletion in lung and liver. Covalent binding was dose-dependent and showed a threshold between 200 and 400 mg/kg which coincided with almost total depletion of tissue glutathione levels. Covalent binding of reactive metabolites was increased 3--4-fold by prior treatment with diethyl maleate, and was decreased 3--4-fold by pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide. These studies support the view that naphthalene-induced pulmonary damage is mediated by the cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of naphthalene and that glutathione plays an important role in the detoxification of the lung damaging metabolite(s). PMID- 7083397 TI - Kinetic studies on inhibition of aminopropyltransferases by aurintricarboxylic acid in vitro. AB - Activities of aminopropyltransferases (spermidine synthase and spermine synthase) were inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). Spermidine synthase was slightly more sensitive to the inhibitor than spermine synthase. These inhibitions were not prevented by 0.15 M NaCl. Inhibition by ATA of spermidine synthase was 'uncompetitive' with respect to putrescine and that of spermine synthase was 'non competitive' with respect to spermidine. When the amount of spermidine synthase or spermine synthase was varied, inhibition ratio hardly changed on either case implying no appreciable interaction between ATA and these enzymes. PMID- 7083398 TI - Effects of dietary paraffin, squalane and sucrose polyester on residue disposition and elimination of hexachlorobenzene in rats. AB - Previous studies have shown addition of light liquid paraffin to enhance the elimination of organochlorine xenobiotics. In the present study the effect of paraffin on the elimination of [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was compared with the effect of possible alternative compounds, squalane and sucrose polyester (SPE). Four groups of 7 rats were fed a diet containing 1.5 ppm [14C]HCB for 4 days followed by 10 days on HCB-free diet. Thereafter one group (control) remained on this diet whereas the other 3 groups received a diet supplemented with 8% (w/w) paraffin, squalane or SPE, respectively. Radioactivity in urine and faeces was measured daily and at the end of the experiment in samples of abdominal fat, muscle, liver, kidney and blood. Dietary treatment with either paraffin, squalane or SPE markedly enhanced faecal excretion of [14C]HCB, whereas urinary excretion was not affected. Both the time course as well as the extent of faecal [14C]HCB elimination were similar in the treated groups. After 3 weeks of treatment the amount of [14C]HCB excreted with faeces was about three times higher in treated animals than in controls. The half-life (t1/2) of [14C]HCB elimination from the body was markedly decreased in treated animals (mean 34--38 days) compared to controls (110 days). [14C]HCB concentrations in some major tissues were significantly reduced to the same extent by all three dietary regimens. Thus squalane and SPE are as effective as paraffin in removing HCB from contaminated animals. PMID- 7083399 TI - Effects of phenobarbital and sodium salicylate on cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxygenase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat brain. AB - The effects of acute and therapeutic doses of phenobarbital and sodium salicylate on cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) and glutathione S transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) activities have been studied in rat brain and compared with those of rat liver. P-450 enzymic activity was assayed by N-demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was used as substrate for glutathione S-transferase activity. The acute effects of a single daily dose of phenobarbital (75 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and sodium salicylate (500 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 3 days increased cytochrome P-450 as well as glutathione S-transferase in rat liver. But the same doses of both drugs decreased glutathione S-transferase levels in rat brain and increased cytochrome P-450 dependent N-demethylation of p chloro-N-methylaniline. The therapeutic doses of sodium salicylate (50 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and phenobarbital (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) daily for 21 days increased cytochrome P-450 in rat liver as well as in brain. The increase in brain glutathione S-transferase by prolonged treatment of phenobarbital was significant compared to the control values. PMID- 7083400 TI - Studies on phosphonic acid antibiotics. IV. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of analogs of 3-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxyamino)-propylphosphonic acid (FR-900098). PMID- 7083401 TI - Studies on antitumor agents. IV. Syntheses and antitumor activities of compounds related to 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil metabolites. PMID- 7083402 TI - Spasmolytic agents. I. Aminoalcohol esters having a phenethylamine-like moiety. PMID- 7083403 TI - Studies on the metabolism of atenolol. Characterization and determination of a new urinary metabolite in the rat. PMID- 7083404 TI - Effect of organophosphate pesticides on the activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholinesterase in rat serum. PMID- 7083405 TI - Studies on Scutellariae radix. V. Effects on ethanol-induced hyperlipemia and lipolysis in isolated fat cells. PMID- 7083406 TI - Effects of phenylbutazone analogues on the plasma concentration and renal excretion of salicylate and its metabolites in rabbits. PMID- 7083407 TI - Platelet adhesion to artificial red blood cells having different membrane compositions. PMID- 7083408 TI - Mixing of pharmaceutical powders and granules. I. Effect of grain size on the manufacturing process. PMID- 7083409 TI - Effects of drug binding on the esterase-like activity of human serum albumin. V. Reactive site towards substituted aspirins. PMID- 7083410 TI - Effect of manufacturing procedures on the dissolution and human bioavailability of diphenylhydantoin. PMID- 7083411 TI - Studies on peptides. CVI: Synthesis of a physalaemin-like peptide, [Lys5, Thr6] physalaemin, isolated from the skin of a frog, Uperoleia rugosa. PMID- 7083412 TI - Studies on peptides. CVII. Synthesis of urotensin II. PMID- 7083413 TI - Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and coptisine in crude drugs and oriental pharmaceutical preparations by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7083414 TI - Improved fluorometric determination of acetaminophen and its conjugates with 1 nitroso-2-naphthol in whole blood and urine. PMID- 7083415 TI - Synthesis of new secoprostaglandins as inducers of platelet aggregation. PMID- 7083416 TI - Uracil derivatives. III. Synthesis and growth-inhibitory activity against L-1210 cells of 5,6-disubstituted uracils. PMID- 7083417 TI - Chemical transformation of tylosin, a 16-membered macrolide, and its structure activity relationship. PMID- 7083418 TI - Studies on fluorescence polarization of 1-acyl-2-cis- or trans-parinaroyl sn-3 glycerophosphorylcholines in model systems and microsomal membranes. AB - Fluorescent lecithin probes containing cis- or trans-parinaric acid (PnA) at the 2-position cis-parinaroylphosphatidylcholine (cis-PnPC) and trans-parinaroyl phosphatidylcholine (trans-PnPC)) showed similar behavior to that of the free cis or trans-parinaric acids (cis-PnA or trans-PnA) in bilayer vesicles of synthetic saturated lecithins. Transition temperatures detected by cis-PnPC were about 1 degree C than those observed with trans-PnPC. In mixed lecithin vesicles, the trans-PnPC probe monitored a higher temperature melting component than did the cis-probe. Both probes were readily incorporated into microsomal membranes and into sonicated vesicles prepared from the microsomal phospholipids. With either cis- or trans-PnPC no change in polarization ratio was observed for microsomal membranes between 40 degrees C and 0 degrees C but this ratio increased with decreasing temperature between 0 degrees C and -5 degrees C. However, vesicles of extracted phospholipids showed a continuous increase in polarization ratio with decreasing temperature between 20 degrees C and -15 degrees C with trans-PnPC and between 5 degrees C and -15 degrees C with cis-PnPC. These results suggest that the two lecithin probes monitor different environments in the membranes and phospholipid vesicles prepared from them. PMID- 7083420 TI - [Traumatic colorectal lesions]. PMID- 7083419 TI - A modified equilibrium dialysis method for studying fatty acid binding to proteins. AB - A modified equilibrium dialysis method is described which is suitable for investigating the binding of fatty acids in the form of aqueous micellar dispersions to proteins. The method uses a permeant chromophore which complexes reversibly with free fatty acid within the dialysis bag. The concentration outside the dialysis bag is determined spectrophotometrically. Binding of oleic acid to bovine serum albumin is given as an example. A simplified analysis of fatty acid binding is given and used to indicate the potential of the method. PMID- 7083421 TI - [Calculosis of the residual cystic stump; clinical case]. PMID- 7083422 TI - [Follow-up, after more than 10 years, of patients subjected to direct surgery of the arteries]. PMID- 7083423 TI - [Post-traumatic diabetes insipidus: description of a case]. PMID- 7083424 TI - [Surgical treatment of inguinal hernias, using the McVay technic]. AB - The Authors operated on a series of 173 patients with direct, indirect or relapsing hernia and crural hernia by Mc Vay's surgical procedure, of which they outlined the salient aspects. The study led to some statistical considerations with regard to the rate and time of appearance of the various types of subject hernia in the two sexes and also evidenced two cases of post-operative complication very probably due to the technique used. The follow-up evidenced only one case of relapse. Despite the small number of cases and the restricted nature of the follow-up, which varied from two years to six months, the Authors consider that Mc Vay's plastic surgery constitutes a highly reliable technique for treatment of both primitive and relapsing hernias. Particular practical interest attaches to the observation that 90% of patients were operated under epidural anaesthesia, which, given parity of results from the surgical standpoint, involves a considerably lower anaesthesiological risk than other types of anaesthesia. PMID- 7083425 TI - [A rare case of retroperitoneal leiomyoma degenerating to leiomyosarcoma (report of a clinical case)]. PMID- 7083426 TI - [Total hip-joint prosthesis. Critical long-term review of the new McKee Arden CAD stem prosthesis as compared with the usual McKee Arden prosthesis]. AB - The article makes a comparison between the results of total arthroprosthesis operation of the hip with traditional Mckee Arden prosthesis (50 cases operated in the two-year period 1976-77) and those with the new McKee Arden model with C.A.D. stem (52 cases operated in the two-year period 1977-78). All operations were performed at the "G. Pini" Orthopaedic Institute by the same team and with the same surgical technique. The results are based mainly on three parameters (according to McKee): pain, amplitude of movement, and need to use supports. THe Authors conclude by stressing the efficiency of the new model of prosthesis and noting a decrease in intra and post-operative complications. PMID- 7083427 TI - [Hip-joint prosthesis: aseptic mobilization. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. PMID- 7083428 TI - [A case of bilateral bifid foot associated with ectrodactyly of the upper limbs]. PMID- 7083429 TI - [The surgical consequences of topographical variations of the implantation of the papilla in the duodenum]. AB - The Authors underline the importance of anatomical variations concerning the location of the duodenal papilla. In roughly 75% of cases this structure pierces the duodenal mucosa at D2 and at the level of the lower flexure, in 20% at D3 and in about 6% at D1. Intraoperative cholangiography is most useful to spot the papilla, its position is fundamental from an anatomo-surgical point of view both when this structure is placed at a high level (when performing a gastro-duodenal resection), and when located at D3 level, if sphincterotomy is required. In this latter case the usual incision at 12 hours should be carried out at 9 hours instead in order to avoid surgical damage to the canal of Wirsung running vertically and along the common bile duct. PMID- 7083430 TI - [Our experience in the preservation of the rectum in the surgical treatment of ulcerative rectocolitis]. AB - The Authors report a personal series of 42 cases of Ulcerative colitis seen over a 12 year period. (1969-1980). These patients underwent total colectomy with preservation of the rectum. Intestinal canalization was restored by means of an ileo-rectal anastomosis performed either with colectomy or at a later stage. Results are satisfactory as an improvement of general conditions occurred. Normalization of the intestinal function was observed in 85% of cases. Rectal lesions, periodically kept under control with endoscopy and hystologic examination, improved noticeably. In a few cases a total recovery was attained with an adequate, postsurgical, topic therapy. No cancer onset in the rectal stump had been recorded thus far among these patients. In the light of the Author's experience, total colectomy with rectal preservation represents a sensible solution for the surgical treatment of Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 7083431 TI - [Mastalgia: clinical study of a group of women of premenopausal age and its treatment. Preliminary results]. PMID- 7083432 TI - [Our experience with the use of contact thermography in breast pathology (preliminary note)]. PMID- 7083433 TI - [Duodeno-gastric biliary reflux as an endoscopic finding of biliary tract pathology]. PMID- 7083434 TI - [Multiple primary neoplasms]. PMID- 7083435 TI - [A new surgical instrument for subaponeurotic interruption of communicating veins]. PMID- 7083436 TI - [Echographic study of the gallbladder]. PMID- 7083437 TI - [Splenic lymphoma. Clinical case]. PMID- 7083438 TI - [The portal system (vena portae). Embryology and morphology (author's transl)]. AB - The embryology and anatomy of the portal system are reviewed in the light of data reported in the published literature. A detailed description of the mode of formation of the portal vein and its branches up to the 52nd day of intrauterine life is given, this being the period when embryonic features are comparable to those in adults. Dimensions and physiological variations during growth are discussed, though it is regrettable that few studies have been concerned with this aspect. Portal system afferent vessels are then described and several statistics cited, this providing an explanation for the different modes of origin of the main portal vessel, and the limits of the regions not receiving collaterals. These anatomical zones, isolated in this manner, represent elective zones for surgical approach and for anastomotic procedures. PMID- 7083440 TI - [Surgical treatment of portal hypertension in children (author's transl)]. AB - Various operative techniques are employed for the surgical treatment of portal hypertension in children. Operations to reduce oxygen supply are briefly described, followed by a more detailed study of procedures for azygoportal disconnection which include endoscopic sclerosis, direct varices ligature, transection of the oesophagus and stomach, or gastro-oesophageal resection. Operations to obtain a portal vein blood shunt by portosystemic anastomosis are described more fully, these including radicular shunts involving capillary anastomoses between the portal and systemic systems, radicular shunts and more particularly splenorenal and mesentericocaval anastomoses, and those employing an interposed graft. Truncal shunts have also been employed in the different types of portocaval anastomoses, and those employing an interposed graft. Truncal shunts have also been employed in the different types of portocaval anastomosis. So-called mixed operations concern either oesophageal devascularisation procedures or radicular anastomosis, the prototype for the latter being Warren's operation. PMID- 7083439 TI - [Physiopathology of portal hypertension (author's transl)]. AB - The physiopathology of portal hypertension is discussed. The pathogenesis of this affection may be of a congenital, or acquired infectious or iatrogenic nature, and the percentage frequency of each of these causes is presented. The different morphological forms of portal hypertension in children are outlined, emphasis being placed on the fact that the blood obstruction is usually pre-hepatic in location. A study of the modifications in blood circulation due to the obstruction demonstrates the importance of the collateral network, both interior and exterior to the liver. Complications of portal vein thrombi include splenomegaly, ascites, and alterations in hepatic parenchymatous tissue, producing alteration in liver oxygen perfusion. The effect on the systemic circulation and brain function are discussed. PMID- 7083441 TI - [Multicenter study on portal hypertension]. AB - A common questionnaire was employed to assess results in 152 cases of portal hypertension in children treated in 18 different Centres. Data concerning etiology and diagnosis were similar to those reported in the published literature: in contrast, the diversity of surgical procedures employed is surprising and clearly demonstrates that unanimity is still lacking between pediatric surgeons concerning the difficult treatment of portal hypertension. In the majority of cases, initial treatment involved either a direct intervention or a splenorenal shunt. Postoperative mortality after 135 operations was 9 p. cent (10 cases) during the immediate, and 10 p. cent (13 cases) during the late postoperative period PMID- 7083442 TI - [Surgical treatment of portal hypertension in children. Retrospective study of 157 cases (author's transl)]. AB - From 1959 until 1981, 157 children were treated for portal hypertension by esophageal varices ligation in 13 cases and by portosystemic shunt in 144 cases. The age of the patients at operation was correlated with the cause of portal hypertension : mean age was six and a half years for cases with extra-hepatic blockage, and ten years for cases with cirrhosis. In 73% of cases, the shunt was undertaken following a bleeding episode from esophageal varices; at the present time, the decision to undertake a prophylactic type of shunt would be much more questionable. Central splenorenal shunt and mesocaval shunt were the operations most frequently performed by the different surgical teams in charge of these children (respectively 69 and 47 cases). Among the postoperative complications, three cases of venous stasis in lower limbs occurred after a mesocaval shunt; one child died two and a half years after a central splenorenal shunt from pneumococcal sepsis. During the last two years, there is a tendency in our group to perform a Warren shunt for intrahepatic portal hypertension, and a mesocaval shunt with jugular vein interposition in the case of extrahepatic portal hypertension. Recurrence of bleeding from esophageal varices after simple ligation has been observed in 64% of the cases; after portosystemic shunts, the anastomosis was a success in 89.3% of the cases. Whereas a significant fall in portal pressure after completion of the anastomosis is of good prognostic value, the fact that in some cases intraoperative measurement of pressure before and after shunting may show no difference does not imply a secondary thrombosis of the anastomosis, since this complication was seen in only 13% of the cases in these conditions. PMID- 7083443 TI - [Sclerosis of oesophageal varices in children with portal hypertension (author's transl)]. AB - Results of treatment of oesophageal varices in children with portal hypertension, employing sub-mucous sclerosing injections, are reported. Indications for this type of therapy are of three types : acute haemorrhage, preparation for a shunt operation, and single treatment when hepatic function is such that a portocaval shunt will probably not be successful. The technique employed involves both injection of the varices, and injections into the oesophageal submucosa in order to sclerose the wall vessels. The choice between a rigid and flexible apparatus is discussed. The advantages and inconveniences of this method are illustrated by the results obtained in 16 patients. Complications are exceptional, and the technique appears to be extremely beneficial in many cases. PMID- 7083444 TI - [The Budd-Chiari syndrome]. PMID- 7083445 TI - [Experience with mesocaval shunt with jugular vein interposition for treatment of portal hypertension in children (author's transl)]. AB - From 1979 until 1981, 10 children aged 2 and a half to 15 years, were treated by mesocaval shunt with jugular vein interposition. In 6 cases, there were liver alterations in relation to Budd-Chiari's syndrome or cirrhosis, but the splenomesenterico-portal axis was uninvolved by thrombosis; in the other 4 cases, without any liver damage except fibrosis in one case, there was extensive thrombosis of the portal system. Thus the jugular graft may be simply set between the superior mesenteric vein and the vena cava, or may have to be anastomosed in an atypical position, between a pancreatic, jejunal, ileal vein and the renal vein or the vena cava. The right jugular vein is the longest and will be more suitable; it should be removed from a point situated above the opening of the facial tributary, so that the length of the graft would be approximately 7 cm. The anastomosis itself is rather a simple procedure if one takes care to mobilize the last segments of the duodenum and the pancreas. Mean fall in portal pressure of 10 mm Hg and a mean gradient of 3 mm Hg after completion of the anastomosis were demonstrated in most cases. Flow measures through the graft done in 8 cases gave a mean result of 800 ml per mn. Postoperative controls by means of ultrasonogram and angiography in all patients except the two most recent ones showed a patent anastomosis. But the longest follow-up is only 2 and a half years, and long term results are yet to be determined, especially in regards to the risk of late encephalopathy in cases with cirrhosis. PMID- 7083446 TI - [The choice of an operation for correction of portal hypertension in children (author's transl)]. AB - The choice of a surgical procedure for correction of portal hypertension in children should be guided by the site of the blockage on portal circulation, its anatomic and hemodynamic conditions, and also by the experience of the surgical team. At the present time, in our series, distal splenorenal shunt, or meso caval shunt with jugular vein interposition are preferred to the more usual ones, such as the central splenorenal shunt with splenectomy or mesocaval shunt with iliac vein. Thus an extrahepatic block would be treated by an interposition shunt, or a distal splenorenal shunt if the splenic vein is of a proper diameter; an intrahepatic block would be treated by a Warren shunt, even though some of the latest publications on the subject underline the fact that the disconnection part of the operation does not last with time; in the case of a suprahepatic block, a mesocaval shunt with interposition could be constructed provided the pressure in the lower vena cava is not too elevated; the same operation could be planed for difficult situations such as failures of a previous shunt or extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and tributaries. As for direct action on esophageal varices, every one agrees about the poor quality of results in the case of simple ligation; however the experience with more extensive operations such as Sugiura's procedure, and also that of endoscopic sclerosis or embolization in children are yet short and limited. PMID- 7083447 TI - [Treatment of portal hypertension in children. Apropos of 100 cases]. PMID- 7083448 TI - [Portal hypertension in children. Follow-up after portal systemic shunts (author's transl)]. AB - The retrospective study of 115 children in whom a successful portosystemic shunt was carried out for portal hypertension, provides the following conclusions: 1) Patency of the shunt must be checked by esophageal endoscopy, six months postoperatively. A patent shunt can be expected when the size of the spleen and/or thrombocytopenia improve in the early post-operative period. Early ultrasound examination is also very useful in that respect. 2) None of the children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction or congenital hepatic fibrosis presented with clinical signs of portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). 3) Eight of 30 children with cirrhosis presented with one or more clinical episodes of PSE. Some were transient allowing for a normal diet to be resumed later on. 4) It is thus advisable to give children with cirrhosis a low protein diet in the months after surgery. Protein content of the diet can usually be increased progressively over a period of one to two years. 5) Whenever splenectomy is necessary, it is mandatory to prevent pneumococcal infections with the pneumococcal vaccine and daily treatment with oral penicillin. PMID- 7083449 TI - [Portal hypertension in children. Long-term results of porto-caval interventions for extra-hepatic blockage]. PMID- 7083450 TI - Etoposide (VP16-213) and teniposide (VM26) comparative in vitro activities in human tumors. AB - In order to determine if any inherent sensitivity differences may exist between VP16-213 and VM26 individual human tumors were grown in vitro and drug sensitivities were determined using the soft agar clonogenic assay method. Only nine of the 34 tumors tested so far showed a differing sensitivity to VP16-213 and VM26 as measured by a 25% or greater colony number reduction. However in none of these tumors did this added reduction result in a 70% decrease over control plate colony numbers. As yet we have been unable to demonstrate any clinically meaningful inherent in vitro sensitivity difference between VP16-213 and VM26 in any tumor type tested. PMID- 7083451 TI - A radioimmunoassay for VP16-213 in plasma. AB - A radioimmunoassay for the semi-synthetic podophyllotoxin VP16-213 has been developed which is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of the drug. A high titre antiserum was produced in a sheep in response to a VP16-213-BSA conjugate prepared using sodium periodate. Podophyllotoxin does not cross-react with the antiserum and VM26 cross-reacts to only a small extent (less than 0.6%). In the absence of a high specific activity tritium label, a radioiodinated histamine ligand was produced which was only partially displaced from antibody by native drug. VP16-213 can be measured in plasma without prior drug extraction with a theoretical limit of detection of 5-10 micrograms/l. VP16-213 cis (picro) hydroxy acid is recognised by the antiserum to a greater extent than the drug itself. Thus, in order to eliminate any interference from the trans hydroxy acid metabolite chloroform extraction of plasma samples was carried out. PMID- 7083453 TI - Pharmacokinetics of VP16-213 in Lewis lung carcinoma bearing mice. AB - The pharmacokinetics of VP16 have been investigated in Lewis lung bearing mice after i.v. doses of 13 and 40 mg/kg. At both doses the plasma elimination of half life was around 30 min. The lowest VP16-213 levels were in brain and primary tumor. Drug concentrations were much higher in metastases than in primary tumor. The highest concentrations were in small intestine, liver and kidney. Drug levels in the liver were disproportionally higher after 40 mg/kg, and AUC value being approximately 12 times greater than after 13 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of VP16-213 as unchanged drug accounted for 20-30% of the administrated dose in the 60 h after treatment. The concentration cytotoxicity curve was very steep and apparently similar for cells derived from primary tumor or metastases grown in vitro. PMID- 7083452 TI - Interaction of VP16-213 with the DNA repair antagonist chloroquine. PMID- 7083455 TI - Pharmacokinetics of Teniposide (VM26) and etoposide (VP16-213) in children with cancer. AB - The clinical pharmacokinetics of VM26 and VP16-213 were assessed in 15 children (median age 10 years) with acute leukemia, using a new high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by both model-dependent and compartment model-independent methods. These studies demonstrated substantial differences in the central volumes of distribution (VDc), steady-state volumes of distribution (VDss) and systemic clearances (Cls) of VM26 and VP16-213; with the VDc, VDss, and Cls all being smaller for VM26, Systemic clearances determined by model-independent methods were 5.2 +/- 1.0 ml/min/m2 (mean +/- SD) for VM26 and 17.8 +/- 11.2 ml/min/m2 for VP16-213. The major metabolites. detected in serum and urine were the hydroxy acids. Low levels of the picro-lactone isomers were detected in some patients while the aglycones were not detected in the serum or urine of any patients. PMID- 7083454 TI - Pharmacokinetics of VP16-213 given by different administration methods. AB - Plasma pharmacokinetics of VP16-213 were investigated after a 30-60 min infusion in 14 adult patients and six children. In adult the elimination half-life (T1/2 beta), plasma clearance (Clp) and volume of distribution (Vd) were respectively 7.05 +/- 0.67 h, 26.8 +1- 2.4 ml/min/m2, and 15.7 +1- 1.8 l/m2; in children 3.37 +/- 0.5 h, 39.34 +1- 6.6 ml/min m2, and 9.97 +/- 3.7 l/m2. After repeated daily doses no accumulation of VP16-213 was found in plasma. The unchanged drug found in the 24 h urine after administration amounted to 20-30% of the dose. In eight choriocarcinoma patients plasma levels of VP16-213 were measured after oral capsules and drinkable ampoules. The bioavailability compared to the i.v. route was variable, mean values being 57% for capsules and 91% for ampoules. In one further patient, with abnormal d-Xylose absorption results, VP16-213 was not detectable in plasma after the oral ampoule dose. Steady state levels investigated in three patients after 72 h continuous VP16-213 infusion (100 mg/m2/24h) were around 2-5 micrograms/ml. Levels of VP16-213 were undetectable in CSF after i.v. or oral administration. PMID- 7083456 TI - Combination chemotherapy of the epipodophyllotoxin derivatives, teniposide and etoposide. A pharmacodynamic rationale? AB - Previous studies in vitro on the influence of extracellular protein binding of Teniposide (VM26) and Etoposide (VP16-213) on subsequent cellular uptake by experimental murine tumor cells [Cancer Res 38:2549 (1978); Drug Metab Rev 8:119 (1978)] suggested that a timed-sequential combination of VM26 and VP16-213 may increase the bioavailability of VP16-213. This was studied clinically in six cancer patients with ascites (five ovarian, one rectal) whereby VM26 (20 mg/m2) was given i.p. 2 h prior to VP16-213 (100 mg/m2; i.p.) In some patients, this regimen was administered i.v. The i.v. regimen was found to be more toxic (myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting) than i.p. regimen at same doses of drugs. Several patients remained stable to disease during 1-2 courses of therapy (3 weeks per course), one patient had partial remission, and has been stable in her disease for more than 4 months. In two patients, plasma and ascites fluid was analyzed for VP16-213 and VM26 by a new reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method. Both VM26 and VP16-213 could be eluted isocratically (28% v/v acetonitrile in water) from a c18 column with retention times of 6.6 and 13.3 min, respectively. Subsequent pharmacokinetic analysis of one patient suggests that protein binding displacement of VP16-213 in plasma and perhaps ascites fluid increased the pharmacokinetic volume of distribution (28 l) and reduced the elimination half-life (12 h). The data suggests that VP16-213 is distributed more widely in the body and is represented by a single compartment pharmacokinetic model. Analysis of VM26 in ascites and plasma suggests that the so-called "deep pharmacokinetic compartment" represents ascites equivalent space and that the plasma concentration represents VM26 as free and protein-bound drug in kinetic distinguishable compartments. Determinants of drug action are potentially composed of a multiplicity of physiological, biochemical, and other factors. The potential for manipulating the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs to achieve greater therapeutic potential needs further study. PMID- 7083457 TI - A phase I trial of continuous infusion VP16-213 (etoposide). AB - Since there appears to be a schedule dose relationship for VP16-213, the current dose seeking study of 5 day continuous infusion was initiated. Patients not candidates for other treatments were started at 75 mg/m2/day X 5. Eight patients had prior chemotherapy, eight had radiotherapy plus chemotherapy and one patient had prior interferon. The median age was 53 (range 23-65) and the median performance status was 60 (range 50-90). Seventeen patients received 20 courses; two at 75 mg/m2/day, seven at 100 mg/m2/day, ten at 125 mg/m2/day, and six at 150 mg/m2/day. The major toxicity was hematologic and median WBC count nadirs (ranges) were respectively: 3.5 (2.3-4.7) X 10(3)/microliters, 1.6 (0.2-3.4) X 10(3)/microliters, 2.4 (0.1-3.6) X 10(3)/microliters, 0.4 ( less than 0.1-0.7) 10(3)/microliters. Platelet count nadirs were respectively: 150, 78 (20-189), 138 (26-326), 16 (9-88) X 10(3)/microliters. The median days to WBC nadir and recovery and did not vary with dose and were 15 (9-21) and 24 (19-38) respectively. Median days to platelet count nadir were 12 (10-29) the recovery 24 (20-38) and did not vary with dose. Non-hematologic toxicities included mild nausea and vomiting, mild mucositis on six courses, diarrhea with two courses and fever during granulocytopenia during seven courses. Three patients manifested evidence of myocardial diseases two with infarction and one with congestive failure during treatment. Two patients showed objective evidence of tumor regression, one patient with seminoma and one patient with renal cell carcinoma. The latter response was short. The current studies demonstrate that high dose continuous infusion VP16-213 is tolerable with acceptable toxicity using doses up to 125 mg/m2/day (625 mg/m2 over 5 days). PMID- 7083458 TI - VM26 therapy in children with drug-refractory lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 7083459 TI - Etoposide as a single agent in relapsed advanced lymphomas. A phase II study. AB - Twenty-three patients with relapsed lymphomas resistant to standard chemotherapy, 13 with Hodgkin's disease and 10 with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, were treated with etoposide 120 mg/m2 i.v. daily for 5 days or orally for 7-10 days, repeated 3 weekly. This is a higher dose than has been used previously to treat these tumours. Objective responses were seen in eight of 13 (61%) patients with Hodgkin's disease (three CR, five PR) and in three of 10 (30%) patients with non Hodgkin's lymphomas (three PR). The response rates for Hodgkin's disease are higher than those previously reported and are probably due to the greater dose of drug than has been previously employed. The dose-limiting toxicity was haematological, with gastro-intestinal toxicity occurring in the minority of patients only. It is concluded that etoposide has significant activity particularly in Hodgkin's disease. Its use in drug combinations should now be assessed. PMID- 7083460 TI - Phase II trial of VP16-213 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AB - Fifty-one patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated, during a phase II trial, with 4'demethylepipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-ethylidene glucoside (VP16-213). Forty-nine were evaluable for response, and of these two (4%) had partial responses lasting 5 and 6 months. Prior treatment with chemotherapy may have adversely affected response rate; none of the 24 previously treated patients had a major response. Myelosuppression was the dose limiting toxicity. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting, partial alopecia, and chills plus hypotension during drug infusion were the other toxic effects. We conclude that VP16-213 has only minimal activity as a single agent in NSCLC. PMID- 7083461 TI - VP16-213 and cyclophosphamide in non oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Thirty-two patients with by non oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma were admitted to a protocol including Cyclophosphamide (CTX) 1,000 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, VP16-213 200 mg/m2 p.o. day 1-3, every 3 weeks. Partial remissions were seen in 2 of 27 evaluable patients; 16 of 27 showed no change. Mean survival was 36.4 weeks, median survival was 38 weeks. PMID- 7083462 TI - The role of VP16-213 (etoposide; NSC-141540) in gestational choriocarcinoma. AB - Since 1976 we have used VP16-213 (Etoposide; NSC-141540) in several groups of patients with gestational choriocarcinoma. Initially we used VP16-213 in a dose of 100 mg/m2 by short i.v. infusion for 5 consecutive days in patients with drug resistant gestational choriocarcinoma. Patients were monitored with twice weekly samples for serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) concentration and a partial response (PR) has been defined as a fall in the HCG concentration to less than one tenth and an improvement (IMP) as a fall in the HCG concentration to less than one half of the pre-treatment value. In gestational choriocarcinoma patients resistant to other drugs there were 7 (19%) PR, 14 (38%), IMP, and 16 (43%) of non-responders. Since 1979 we have used VP16-213 as the initial agent in patients in the medium risk category [1] and up to the 1st July 1981 we have treated 38 patients with VP16-213 in this group, There have been 13 (34%) PR and 17 (45%) IMP. There are currently 30 (79%) patients in complete remission. Six are still on treatment; only two required a change of treatment because of drug resistance and so far there has been only one relapse off treatment. We have also integrated VP16-213 in combination with methotrexate and actinomycin-D followed by vincristine and cyclophosphamide in the high risk category [1] and have so far treated 24 patients. There are 16 (67%) CR, four patients are still on treatment; only one patient failed to respond at all to therapy and there has been one relapse off treatment. There were three deaths in this high risk group. We think that VP16-213 should be regarded as one of the first line agents in treating patients with gestational choriocarcinoma who fall into the medium and high-risk categories. PMID- 7083464 TI - The International Symposium on the Podophyllotoxins in Cancer Therapy, Southhampton, England, July 8-9, 1981. PMID- 7083463 TI - Phase II study of VP16-213 (etoposide) in refractory metastatic breast carcinoma. PMID- 7083465 TI - Modification of the pendant ring of podophyllotoxin. PMID- 7083467 TI - Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes following in vivo treatment with dinitrotoluene. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) by the potent hepatocarcinogen technical grade dinitrotoluene (tgDNT; 76% 2, 4-DNT, 19% 2, 6-DNT) using the in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay, Male Fischer-344 rats were treated by gavage and hepatocytes were isolated by liver perfusion and cultured with [3H] thymidine. UDS was measured by quantitative autoradiography as net grains/nucleus (NG); greater than or equal to 5 NG was considered positive. Controls consistently had -3 to -6 NG. A dose related increase in UDS was observed 12 h after treatment, with 200 mg/kg tgDNT producing 26 NG. AZ 50-fold increase in the number of cells in S-phase was observed at 48 h after treatment. This increase in S-phase cells could be suppressed in the presence of 10-20 mM hydroxyurea (HU), while the same levels of HU did not affect the level of UDS at 12 h after treatment, 2,4-DNT produced only a weak response, in contrast to 2,6-DNT which was a potent inducer of UDS. Treatment of female rats with tgDNT yielded only modest increases in UDS and DNA replication relative to males. These results are consistent with the carcinogenicity studies and indicate that tgDNT is a potent genotoxic agent, with 2,6-DNT contributing the major portion of the effect. PMID- 7083468 TI - Spectroscopic characterizations and comparisons of the structures of the covalent adducts derived from the reactions of 7, 8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a] pyrene-9,10-oxide, and the 9, 10-epoxides of 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a] pyrene and 9.10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo [e] pyrene with DNA. AB - The conformation of covalent adducts derived from the reactions of racemic 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a] pyrene (BaPDE), 9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a] pyrene (BaPE), and 9,10 epoxy-9,10,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo [e] pyrene (BePE) with calf thymus DNA in aqueous buffer solution (25 degrees C, pH 7.0) were investigated and compared by means of absorption, fluorescence and electric linear dichroism techniques. Two types of conformations are recognized. Site I is characterized by a red shift (approximately 10 nm) in the absorption maximum of the pyrene nucleus, a significantly reduced fluorescence yield, and a negative electric linear dichroism signal (delta A); this site is presumed to involve a near-parallel (within 25 degrees) orientation of the planar pyrene residue with the planes of the DNA bases, and a relatively strong interaction between the phi electrons of the nucleic acid bases and the pyrene residue. In site II, there is only a small red-shift in the absorption maximum (approximately 2 nm), a non-zero fluorescence yield, and a positive delta A throughout the absorption region of the pyrene residue; in this conformation the pyrene residue is presumed to lie on the outside of the DNA molecule, possibly in one of the grooves. The BaPDE-DNA complex displays predominantly a site II-type conformation while the BaPE- and BePE-DNA complexes display both site I and site II adducts, with site I conformations predominating. The lack of hydroxyl groups in BaPE and BePE lead to a loss in stereospecificity in covalent adduct formation. The 7 and 8 hydroxyl groups in covalent adduct formation. The 7 and 8 hydroxyl groups in BaPDE appear to reduce the probability of formation of site I-type of covalent adducts, and appear to be, at least in part, responsible for the enantiomeric stereospecificity in the covalent reaction between BaPDE and DNA. PMID- 7083466 TI - Rat mammary gland carcinogenesis after local injection of N-hydroxy-N-acyl-2 aminofluorenes: relationship to metabolic activation. AB - A single local injection of 2.5 mumol of N-hydroxy-N-formyl-2-aminofluorene (N hydroxy-FAF), N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF), or N-hydroxy-N pro-pionyl-2-aminofluorene )N-hydroxy-PAF) to each of the six left mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley derived CD rats gave a mammary tumor incidence, after 12 months, of 53% for the N-acetyl (42% adenocarcinoma, 11% fibroadenoma), 41% for the N-formyl (8% adenocarcinoma, 11% sarcoma, 22% fibroadenoma), and 33% for the N-propionyl (11% adenocarcinoma, 22% fibroadenoma) derivatives of N-hydroxy-N-2 aminofluorene, Latent periods for malignant tumor appearance (adenocarcinoma or sarcoma) was 210 days, 148 days, and 177 days, respectively, with no malignant tumors occurring in the vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, latent periods for benign tumor appearance (fibroadenoma) was 263 days for control animals, 289 days for the N-hydroxy-AAF, 324 days for the N-hydroxy-FAF, and 317 days for the N hydroxy-PAF animals. When N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (AAF) was applied as above there was only an 8% mammary tumor incidence (4% adenocarcinoma, 4% fibroadenoma) with a latent period of 207 days for malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) and 221 days for benign tumor (fibroadenoma) appearance. Arylhydroxamic acid N, O acyltransferase activity has been demonstrated in the mammary glands of male, and lactating and non-lactating female Sprague-Dawley derived CD rats by means of nucleic acid binding assay. Mammary gland cytosol catalyzed tRNA adduct formation to a greater extent with N-hydroxy-FAF. AAF was not activated by this enzyme. Ammonium sulfate fractionation demonstrated the presence of two enzymes, one specific for N-hydroxy-FAF (70-80% fraction), the other specific for N-hydroxy AAF and N-hydroxy-PAF (40-70% fraction). Moreover, gel filtration chromatography of mammary gland cytosol demonstrated the presence of two enzymes of differing acyl specificity. Mammary gland microsomes catalyzed the formation of tRNA adducts, but only with the N-hydroxy-FAF derivative. Assays that tested the mutagenic potential of the arylhydroxamic acids in Salmonella typhimurium TA-1538 with either mammary gland cytosol or microsomes demonstrated the order of mutagenicity to be N-hydroxy-FAF greater than N-hydroxy-AAF greater than N hydroxy-PAF. A similar order of mutagenicity was demonstrated without an external metabolic activation system. These data demonstrate that the presence of two distinct enzymes in the rat mammary gland that activate arylhydroxamic acids. PMID- 7083469 TI - Isolation of methylcholanthrene-"initiated" C3H/10T1/2 cells by inhibiting neoplastic progression with retinyl acetate. AB - A clone of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated 10T1/2 cells has been isolated which possesses basic characteristics expected of "initiated" cells. In the presence of retinyl acetate, this clone exhibits contact inhibited growth control and is morphologically indistinguishable from the parental 10T1/2 cell line. Removal of retinyl acetate in vitro results in neoplastic transformation after a latent period of 3 weeks. The classical 10T1/2 transformation system was reconstructed by coculturing normal and "initiated" 10T1/2 cells formed either Type II or Type III foci after a latent period of 3-4 weeks, and an additional 22% formed Type I foci. Treatment of "initiated" 10T/2 cells with the tumor promoter 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate accelerated the formation of transformed foci in the coculture system by reducing the length of the latent period to less than 3 weeks. Injection of 10(6) "initiated" cells/mouse s.c. into nude mice resulted in the appearance of progressively growing fibrosarcomas after a latent period of 5 7 weeks. Dietary supplementation with 4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide prevented tumor formation; after drug withdrawal, tumors developed in all surviving mice after 6 weeks. We believe this cell line possesses all characteristics expected of "initiated" cells. With this new cell line, designated INIT/10T1/2, we can now study the early biochemical changes in growth control mechanisms resulting in neoplastic transformation and the mechanism(s) of chemoprevention of cancer by vitamin A. PMID- 7083470 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase activity in chemically induced mouse skin papillomas. AB - The activity levels of L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (ODC) (E.C. 4.1.1.17) and S adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase (SAM-D) (E.C.4.1.1.50) were determined in individual papillomas induced in mouse skin by a two-stage technique, and in normal mouse epidermis. Cycloheximide treatment abolished both enzyme activities. In normal epidermis the ODC activity was barely detectable, whereas the tumors exhibited high levels of ODC. Levels of SAM-D activity above those of normal epidermis were detected in some papillomas, but in contrast to ODC the SAM-D activity levels were not consistently increased in skin tumors. By pooling a great number of papillomas, the variations in ODC and SAM-D activities between different papillomas could be minimized so that reliable measurements of the biological half-lives of ODC and SAM-D in the tumors were obtained using cycloheximide treatment. The half-life of SAM-D in squamous papillomas was 45 min, almost identical to the 41 min half-life of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA)-induced level of this enzyme in normal mouse epidermis. In contrast, the ODC activity of the mouse skin papillomas declined at a rate similar to that in TPA-treated epidermis for only the first 15-20 min after cycloheximide injection. Thereafter, at time points when protein synthesis was approximately 90% inhibited, the ODC activity reverted to high levels. These results show that the high level of ODC activity in squamous papillomas is stabilized. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that the control mechanism of the ODC activity level in these tumors is severely deranged. This change in polyamine turnover pattern may be related to altered differentiation of the epidermal cells, which constitute the main bulk of cells in these tumors. PMID- 7083471 TI - Hepatic levels of S-adenosylethionine and S-adenosylmethionine in rats and hamsters during subchronic feeding of DL-ethionine. AB - The levels of S-adenosylethionine (AdoEt) and of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) in the livers of weanling male rats and male and female hamsters fed ethionine for 1 6 weeks were determined. Ethionine was fed at levels of 0, 0.1, and 0.3% in the diet, and the animals were sacrificed after 0, 1, 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. In both species the hepatic contents of AdoEt were dependent upon the level of ethionine in the diet. For the 6-week experimental period the hepatic levels of AdoEt average 81 microgram/g liver in male hamsters fed 0.1% ethionine in the diet and 160 microgram/g in those fed 0.3% ethionine; the corresponding AdoEt levels in female hamsters were 104 and 191 microgram/g liver, respectively. No marked shifts in hepatic AdoEt levels were seen in either male or female hamsters although a gradual rise in hepatic AdoEt from 145 to 233 microgram/g was noted in the female hamsters receiving 0.3% ethionine in the diet for 1-6 weeks. AdoEt levels in the livers of rats fed 0.3% ethionine were quite variable with values of 123, 305 and 127 microgram/g liver noted at weeks 1, 3 and 6 respectively. In rats fed the 0.1% ethionine diet the liver AdoEt levels dropped from 103 to 61 microgram/g from weeks 1 to 6, In animals fed the ethionine-free diet, the hepatic contents of AdoMet were relatively constant throughout the 6-week experimental period, with average values of 25, 17, and 29 microgram/g liver respectively in the male rats, male hamsters and female hamsters. Chronic ethionine administration always suppressed hepatic AdoMet levels. This suppression was generally greater in animals fed the 0.1% ethionine than in those fed the 0.3% ethionine diet. Thus, the average hepatic AdoMet level in rats, male hamsters and female hamsters receiving the 0.1% ethionine diet for 3-6 weeks were 32, 18, and 45% respectively, of the corresponding AdoMet levels in control animals: however, the corresponding AdoMet levels in animals receiving the 0.3% ethionine diet were 66, 42, and 62% of the respective control values. Feeding 0.1% ethionine to male hamsters led to exceedingly low levels of liver AdoMet (1.4-2.9 microgram/g). No direct correlations could be made between the effects of ethionine feeding on the hepatic AdoEt and AdoMet levels in rats and hamsters and the previously reported differences in carcinogenicity by ethionine in these species. PMID- 7083472 TI - Effect of retinoic acid pretreatment on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced cell population kinetics and polyamine biosynthesis in hairless mouse epidermis. AB - A single topical application of 17 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the skin of hairless mice induces characteristic transient alterations in the epidermal cells turnover and maturation (0.96 h), associated in time with characteristic changes in the activities of L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (E.C. 4.1.1.17) (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase (E.C.4.1.1.50) (SAM-D) and in the accumulation of polyamines. The effects on these responses of local pretreatment of the skin with retinoic acid 1 h prior to TPA were investigated at selected time points. Retinoic acid inhibited the TPA-induced ODC activity and the ensuing accumulation of putrescine, but did not alter the TPA-induced SAM-D activity or the molar ratio of spermidine/spermine. This pretreatment also decreased in number of dividing basal cells in the first TPA-induced synchronized wave of proliferating cells. However, during the subsequent period of proliferation, the number of dividing cells in the retinoic acid pretreated group was comparatively increased. Hence, at four levels of retinoic acid (0.17, 1.70, 17.0 and 170 nmol), which all inhibited the TPA-induced ODC effectively, there was no change in the total number of basal cells that divided during 16-48 h after TPA-application. Theory is put forward the retinoic acid might exert its antitumorigenic effect during tumor promotion with TPA by interfering with the rate and/or quality of epidermal cell maturation, rather than by inhibiting cell proliferation. PMID- 7083473 TI - Phagocytosis of particulate nickel compounds by rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. AB - Phagocytic indices of 17 nickel compounds were measured in vitro in monolayer cultures of rat peritoneal macrophages. The macrophages were exposed for 1 h at 37 degrees C to particles (1.5 micrometer median diameter) of the nickel compounds, at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml of medium (2 microgram/cm2 of monolayer). Phagocytic induces (i.e., the percentages of macrophages with one or more engulfed particles) ranged from 69% (NiO) to 3% (amorphous NiS). In order to decreasing phagocytic indices, the 17 nickel compounds were ranked as follows: NiO greater than Ni4FeS4 greater than NiTiO3 greater than NiSe greater than alpha Ni3S2 greater than Ni greater than Ni5As2 greater than NiS2 greater than NiFe alloy greater than NiSb greater than Ni11As8 greater Ni3-Se2 greater than beta NiS greater than NiTe greater than NiAs greater than NiAsS greater than amorphous NiS. Rank-correlation (P less than 0.03) was observed between the phagocytic indices of the nickel compounds and their dissolution half-times in rat serum. Nickel subsulfide, alpha Ni3S2, was a notable exception to the general concordance between phagocytic indices and dissolution half-times: alpha Ni3S2 was avidly phagocytized by macrophages, yet it had one or the shortest dissolution half-times. Preliminary results of carcinogenesis tests of 14 of the nickel compounds do not indicate significant rank-correlation between the phagocytic indices of the nickel compounds and the sarcoma incidences at 1 yr after i.m. administration of the compounds to rats. PMID- 7083474 TI - The influence of mineral dusts on metabolic co-operation between mammalian cells in tissue culture. PMID- 7083475 TI - Nonenzymatic methylation of DNA by S-adenosylmethionine in vitro. AB - S-Adenosylmethionine was found to methylate DNA non-enzymatically to produce the same putative promutagenic and procarcinogenic lesions formed by carcinogenic chemical methylating agents. The formation of 7-methylguanine was confirmed by u.v. spectrophotometry, the formation of O6-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine was suggested by the cochromatography of radioactivity with standard bases. It is possible that this reaction may explain the presence of constitutive cellular enzymes specifically for the repair of methylated DNA, and may indicate the mechanism whereby methylated guanine is formed in the liver DNA of rats with chemically induced liver damage. PMID- 7083476 TI - How "flat' are normal ability profiles in 4-year-olds? AB - Group and individual ability profiles of 89 English 4-year-olds on the McCarthy scales of children's abilities (MSCA) are presented. The results suggest that at this age, there is a high expectation of obtaining at least one significant difference between a child's mean ability score and the individual ability of index scores. The direction of these significant differences in ability suggested that, in this age group, abilities measured by the MSCA verbal and perceptual performance indexes tend to be more advanced than abilities measured by the quantitative and memory indexes. Motor development is relatively retarded compared to these other abilities. (The results are at variance with the often accepted concept of a "flat' ability profile in normal children). The use of the MSCA on English children could result in over referral of normal children, especially boys, who appear delayed on the motor index, and under referral of children who were regarded as normal on the verbal and perceptual indexes. PMID- 7083477 TI - Action of angiotensin II on renal blood flow and function during hemorrhagic shock. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate during hemorrhagic hypotension and shock the effect of angiotensin II on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and sodium and potassium excretions, and to determine its role in the development of irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Anesthetized dogs were subjected to a hemorrhagic shock protocol. Angiotensin II was infused at 100 ng/kg/min i.v. from 50 mm Hg initial hemorrhage until the experiment was terminated. The survival time from 50 mm Hg initial hemorrhage to reinfusion was increased significantly from 2.7 +/- 0.5 h to 4.7 +/- 0.8 h by exogenous angiotensin II. However, once shock had developed, the survival time from reinfusion to 50 mm Hg normovolemic hemorrhagic shock was not affected by exogenous angiotensin II (4.4 +/- 1.4 to 3.6 +/- 0.7 h.) During hemorrhagic shock, exogenous angiotensin II significantly increased sodium excretion and total renal blood flow. Glomerular filtration rate, potassium excretion, and arterial sodium and potassium concentrations were not affected. These data indicate that angiotensin II prolonged the development of irreversible hemorrhagic shock and selectively increased sodium excretion and total renal blood flow. PMID- 7083478 TI - Contribution of depressed reuptake to the depletion of norepinephrine from rat heart and spleen during endotoxin shock. AB - Norepinephrine content (microgram/g) was depressed in hearts and spleens of fasted male Holtzman rats treated intravenously with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (14-17 mg/kg). To investigate the mechanism of norepinephrine depletion during endotoxicosis, in vivo norepinephrine reuptake was evaluated in control and severely shocked rats using the incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into hearts and spleens. Incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into spleens of endotoxic rats was reduced 88%, i.e., from a control of 2309 +/- 224 dpm/gm to 270 +/- 69 dpm/gm after endotoxin. In contrast, cardiac tissue incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine was not significantly impaired, i.e., control of 11838 +/- 845 dpm/gm versus severe shock of 17783 +/- 2904 dpm/gm. In vitro analysis of total norepinephrine retained in cardiac and splenic tissue slices incubated with 3H norepinephrine yielded results consistent with in vivo experiments: Splenic norepinephrine reuptake was significantly decreased on the order of 50% in preparations from endotoxic rats, while myocardial norepinephrine reuptake was the same in both groups. The results indicate that depression of norepinephrine reuptake is a mechanism of norepinephrine depletion in spleens but not hearts of endotoxic rats. PMID- 7083479 TI - Fifth Annual Conference on Shock, Smugglers' Notch, Vermont Wednesday, June 9- Friday, June 11, 1982. Abstracts. PMID- 7083480 TI - Properties of carnitine incorporation in working swine hearts. Effects of coronary flow, ischemia, and excess fatty acids. PMID- 7083481 TI - Phasic coronary blood flow velocity in intramural and epicardial coronary arteries. AB - Knowledge concerning phasic coronary blood flow is based primarily on measurements obtained from epicardial coronary arteries, which, in part, function as capacitors. If present, epicardial capacitance effects could obscure the dynamic nature of phasic intramyocardial perfusion. To analyze this effect of epicardial capacitance, we simultaneously measured coronary blood flow velocity in an epicardial artery (left anterior descending) and an intramural artery (septal) in open-chest, anesthetized dogs. During control conditions, the percentage of total coronary blood flow velocity occurring during diastole per cardiac cycle was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the septal artery (92%) than in the left anterior descending artery (75%). Furthermore, blood flow velocity during mid-systole in the septal artery was retrograde (-7.2%), whereas blood flow velocity at this time was antegrade in the left anterior descending artery (+3.5%). Blood flow velocity measurements from small epicardial arteries just before they penetrated into the myocardium revealed a phasic pattern similar to that of the septal artery. This suggests that the phasic blood velocity pattern in penetrating coronary arteries, in general, is different than that in large epicardial arteries. During vasodilation following nitroglycerin, dipyridamole, or a 20-second occlusion of the left main coronary artery, the retrograde component of mid-systolic blood velocity persisted in the septal artery, despite large increases (300-400%) in the mid-systolic antegrade component of blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending artery. These qualitative and quantitative differences in phasic blood flow velocity between intramural and large epicardial arteries are best reconciled by postulating the existence of a significant coronary capacitor. PMID- 7083482 TI - Force-velocity characteristics and active tension in relation to content and orientation of smooth muscle cells in aortas from normotensive and spontaneous hypertensive rats. AB - Segments of abdominal aorta from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (20-25 weeks) were compared with respect to force production and dynamic mechanical properties. The preparations were mounted in vitro for determination of optimal length (lo) for active force, and then maximally stimulated (high-K+ solution, 10 mm Ca2+, 10(-5) m noradrenaline), and fixed for electron microscopy. Muscle cellular volume per mm vessel wall was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in SHR (0.14 +/- 0.009 mm3, n = 7) compared to WKY (0.11 +/- 0.004 mm3, n = 7). Unchanged cell length and unaltered cross-sectional area (17 micrometers2) of nucleus containing cell profiles in SHR suggest an increased number of cells in the media. No difference was found in maximum force per unit cell area between SHR (271 +/- 31, n = 7) and WKY (305 +/- 49 mN/mm2, n = 7). Cell orientation was almost circular in both groups, showing that force was measured in parallel to the cell long axis. Aortic segments were mounted in an apparatus for quick-release experiments. They were maximally stimulated and force steps were imposed at peak of contractions. The series elastic component, characterized by the initial elastic recoils at 0.75 lo, has similar stiffness values in SHR and WKY. Velocities were measured 100 msec after release. The results were fitted to Hill's equation and maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) computed. No difference in Vmax was found at 0.75 lo (WKY: 0.048 +/- 0.005; SHR: 0.042 +/- 0.006 lo/s, n = 6 for both). At 0.85 lo, the data were corrected for passive tension (40% to total). Vmax at 0.85 lo was 0.071 +/- 0.009 lo/s (n = 5) for WKY, and 0.069 +/- 0.007 lo/s (n = 5) for SHR. Similar Vmax and force per cell cross-sectional area suggest similar characteristics of actomyosin interaction in SHR and WKY aorta. PMID- 7083483 TI - Role of intravascular coagulation and granulocytes in lung vascular injury after bone marrow embolism. PMID- 7083485 TI - Effect of outflow pressure upon lymph flow from dog lungs. AB - The pulmonary lymph flow rate (QL) should be a function of the lymph vessels' resistance and the pressure gradient along the vessels. We attempted to study how these factors affect lymph flow. We assumed that the lymph system could be represented by a single pressure generated within the lung (PL) and a single resistance (RL). Thus, QL should be a function of the lymph vessel outflow pressure (Po): QL = (PL - Po)/RL. We cannulated tracheobronchial lymph vessels in eight anesthetized dogs and varied Po by raising the outflow end of the cannula. QL decreased linearly when we increased Po. We estimated RL as - delta Po/ delta QL and PL as the extrapolated Po at which QL = 0. At baseline PL = 7.7 +/- 2.7 (SD) cm H2O and RL = 0.36 +/- 0.25 cm H2O. min/microliters. After we increased capillary pressure to produce edema, PL and RL averaged 22.8 +/- 8.8 and 0.14 +/- 0.12, respectively. After we reduced the capillary pressure to baseline in the edematous lungs, PL and RL averaged 11.6 +/- 2.8 and 0.08 +/- 0.09, respectively. All changes in PL and RL were significant (P less than 0.05). These results show that (1) lymph flow rate depends upon lymph vessel outflow pressure, and (2) the QL vs. Po relationship is changed by edema. PL may be equal to the pressure causing lymph to flow and RL may equal the lymph vessel resistance. PMID- 7083484 TI - Energy cost of membrane depolarization in hog carotid artery. AB - Past studies have shown that during stable stepwise activations of vascular smooth muscle with varying concentrations of high-K+, both cytoplasmic free-Ca++ and membrane depolarization vary. On the other hand, during stepwise activations with varying concentrations of external Ca++ in the presence of constant external Ca++ in the presence of constant external depolarizing high-K+, cytoplasmic free Ca++ varies, while membrane depolarization remains relatively constant. In this study, the rates at which suprabasal energy metabolism (oxygen consumption and lactic acid production) increased with increasing isometric tension maintenance were measured under both circumstances. Suprabasal energy metabolism with increasing membrane depolarization (increasing external K+) exceeded that with constant depolarizing-[K+] and varying Ca++ by less than 2.5% at all levels of activation, which was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.70). We conclude therefore that the steady state metabolic energy cost of membrane depolarization per se during contractile activity in vascular smooth muscle from a tonic conducting vessel (hog carotid artery) is negligible. Although the possibility cannot be excluded, we find no metabolic evidence that increased cytoplasmic free-Ca++ itself activates an ATPase associated with Ca++ sequestration and/or extrusion beyond that present in the relaxed state. Activation of hog carotid artery with an isosmotic K+-for-Na+-substituted medium fails to stimulate aerobic glycolysis at all levels of K+ substitution. Experiments were performed at the muscle length optimal for isometric tension generation and at 37 degrees C. PMID- 7083486 TI - Cholinergic mechanism in the large cat cerebral artery. AB - The isolated cat cerebral arteries (basilar, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, and internal carotid) were studied in vitro. ACh at low concentration (3 x 10(-8) to 3 x 10(-6) M) induced relaxation, and at high concentration (10(-5) to 3 x 10( 3) M) induced constriction of the arteries with endothelial cells. In contrast, concentration of any magnitude (10(-6) to 3 x 10(-3) M) induced constriction exclusively in arteries without endothelium. Atropine (3 x 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M) blocked and physostigmine (3 x 10(-6) M) potentiated both ACh-induced relaxation and constriction. These results suggest that the relaxation induced by exogenous ACh is solely dependent on the endothelial cells and that the primary effect of the direct action of ACh on the smooth muscle cells is constriction. Transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) induced a frequency-dependent relaxation in the arteries with or without endothelium. Neither atropine nor physostigmine affected the TNS-induced dilator response in either preparation. This, together with the wide separation between the nerve and endothelium in the vessel wall, suggests that ACh is not involved in TNS-induced vasodilation. Furthermore, the TNS-induced relaxation at any frequency is not smaller but greater in the arteries without endothelial cells than in those with endothelial cells. Blockade of the TNS-induced vasodilation by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or cold storage denervation did not prevent the arteries from relaxing in response to ACh or methacholine (MCh). It is suggested that the TNS-induced vasodilation is independent of the endothelial cells and that the vasodilation is due to the direct action of a yet to-be identified dilator transmitter on the smooth muscle cells. Results of the present study support our previous finding that, in the cat cerebral artery. ACh is more likely to be a constrictor transmitter than a dilator transmitter. PMID- 7083487 TI - Accelerated repletion of ATP and GTP pools in postischemic canine myocardium using a precursor of purine de novo synthesis. AB - During ischemia, the myocardial content of the purine nucleotides ATP and GTP falls and remains depressed for hours to days. Prolonged depletion of ATP in the postischemic state is accompanied by functional and ultrastructural abnormalities. This report describes the successful use of the purine precursor 5 aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside to selectively enhance the rate of repletion of the ATP and GTP pools in postischemic myocardium. PMID- 7083488 TI - Incorporation of radiolabeled lysophosphatidyl choline into canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle. Electrophysiological, biochemical, and autoradiographic correlations. PMID- 7083489 TI - The force-velocity relation and stepwise shortening in cardiac muscle. AB - A series of experiments was carried out to determine the effects of load variation on the character of stepwise shortening. We imposed afterloaded isotonic contractions on rat ventricular trabeculae, and measured the effect of load on pause duration, i.e., on the duration of the periods during which there was no sarcomere shortening. Sarcomere lengths were measured by optical diffraction. Increases of load brought about increases of pause duration; the relation was linear. The relation did not appear to depend on time during contraction, but did depend on sarcomere length: for a given load, pauses were longer at shorter sarcomere lengths. In a supplementary protocol in which we measured the dynamics of the central segment of the muscle during muscle isometric contraction, we found that the velocity of sarcomere shortening during the shortening step was approximately independent of load. These results provide a framework for interpretation of muscle force-velocity relations: diminished velocity at high load may be the result of increased pause durations. PMID- 7083490 TI - Autoregulation of blood flow within individual arterioles in the rat cremaster muscle. AB - Autoregulatory responses to alterations in arterial or venous perfusion pressure were determined for individual arterioles within the rat cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscle of pentobarbital anesthetized rats (50 mg/kg, ip) was surgically exposed and maintained in a controlled tissue bath for visualization by in vitro television microscopy. Cremaster bath PO2 was controlled at either a high (approximately 70 mm Hg) or low (approximately 19 mm Hg) level. Inside diameter and red blood cell velocity were measured for individual first (1A), second (2A), or third (3A) branching order arterioles, and instantaneous blood flows within each arteriole were calculated. To measure the autoregulatory responses, we decreased arterial perfusion pressure to the microvascular bed by gradually occluding the sacral aorta. Significant autoregulation was observed in all orders of vessels, but, in general, autoregulation was more pronounced at all vessel levels when bath PO2 was low, and the autoregulatory gain was greater for the smaller vessels compared to the larger vessels. Elevation of venous pressure within the vascular bed by gradual occlusion of the inferior vena cava led to a significant vasoconstriction of the smaller vessels, suggesting that a significant myogenic component was present. The vasoconstriction response to elevated venous pressure was more pronounced when bath PO2 was high. Our data are not consistent with a purely myogenic or purely metabolic mechanism, but suggest that both mechanisms are simultaneously contributing to the local vascular regulation. PMID- 7083491 TI - Responses of thoracic spinothalamic neurons to intracardiac injection of bradykinin in the monkey. AB - Bradykinin stimulates afferent fibers arising in the heart and may be involved in the mediation of anginal pain and the pain associated with myocardial infarction. The sensation of pain requires that noxious information reach the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the spinothalamic tract is involved in transmitting noxious information from the heart to the brain. Bradykinin was injected (0.3-3.5 micrograms/kg) into the heart via a catheter in the left atrium while we recorded from single spinothalamic cells in the C8 to T5 spinal segments. Thirty-one of 41 cells responded to bradykinin. The responses of 12 cells were characterized by both an increase in discharge rate and entrainment of cell activity with the cardiac cycle. Eighteen cells responded with only an increased rate, and one cell exhibited only entrainment of cell activity with the cardiac cycle. The mean onset of increased cell activity occurred 15 seconds following drug injection, and the average duration of the response was 54 seconds. Thirty cells increased their mean discharge rate from 11 +/- 2.5 to 29 +/- 4.4 spikes/second. Thus, some spinothalamic cells probably received input from both mechanosensitive and chemosensitive afferents. Tachyphylaxis to repeated doses of bradykinin was observed in 41% of cells. Cells responding to bradykinin had a spontaneous discharge rate that was significantly greater than that of nonresponding cells. Cells did not require input from C-fiber afferents to respond to bradykinin. No statistically significant relationships were found among anatomical locations (laminae and segments) and responses to bradykinin, although cells in lamina I seemed to be less responsive than more ventrally located cells. We conclude that the spinothalamic tract may be involved in the sensation of cardiac pain. PMID- 7083493 TI - Exercise testing as part of the reasonable workup before recommending medical or surgical therapy for coronary heart disease. PMID- 7083492 TI - Carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control and epinephrine. Influence on capacitive and resistive properties of the total pulmonary vascular bed of the dog. AB - To quantify the importance of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex and the interaction with epinephrine infusion on total pulmonary vascular capacity and resistance, I have simultaneously measured total pulmonary vascular compliance, changes in pulmonary blood volumes, and changes in resistances in seven sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. A preparation was used that bypasses the right and left hearts allowing for the simultaneous measurement of the pulmonary as well as the systemic vascular bed parameters. At intrasinus pressures of 50, 125, and 200 mm Hg, without epinephrine infusion, the pulmonary vascular resistance was 0.134, 0.121, and 0.109 mm Hg/(ml per min per kg) and the systemic vascular resistance was 1.21, 0.87, and 0.63 mm Hg/(ml per min per kg). Epinephrine infusion of 1 microgram/min per kg at each intrasinus pressure caused the resistances of both vascular beds to increase. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased to 0.157 mm Hg/(ml per min per kg) and showed no further changes with changes in ISP. However, systemic vascular resistance did decrease from 1.49 to 1.41 and 1.25 at intrasinus pressures of 50, 125, and 200 mm Hg. During control runs, pulmonary vascular capacity changed 1.06 ml/kg and systemic capacity changed 7.63 ml/kg for SP changes between 50 and 200 mm Hg. Both responses were greatly attenuated after epinephrine infusion and amounted to only 0.17 ml/kg for the pulmonary and vascular bed and 2.26 ml/kg for the systemic vascular bed. The differences in capacity changes between control and epinephrine runs for the two vascular beds were nearly equal to the change in capacities brought about by epinephrine when it was infused at a fixed intrasinus pressure of 125 mm Hg. The pulmonary vascular compliance during the control runs increased from 0.303 to 0.329 ml/mm Hg per kg when ISP was increased from 50 to 200 mm Hg. After epinephrine infusion, the pulmonary compliance was 0.273 ml/mm Hg per kg and showed no changes with intrasinus pressure. Similar results were obtained for the systemic vascular compliance which was 2.07 ml/mm Hg per kg at an ISP of 50 mm Hg and increased to 2.39 ml/mm Hg per kg to an ISP of 200 mm Hg during control runs. After epinephrine infusion, the systemic compliance was 1.89 ml/mm Hg per kg and again showed no changes with ISP. These data indicate that the baroreceptor reflex can exert control of pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and capacitance and epinephrine can greatly attenuate the reflex control of both vascular beds. PMID- 7083494 TI - Results of myocardial revascularization: a 12-year experience. AB - All 740 patients who underwent isolated myocardial revascularization procedures from 1967 to 1970 at our institution were compared with the first 1000 patients who underwent similar elective operations each from 1971 to 1979. Data from these 9 years were processed through a computerized cardiovascular information registry. In the 1971-1979 period, the patients were older (median age 57 years, compared with 50 years in the 1967-1970 period), more had multivessel disease (90% vs 44%) and more had ventricular asynergy (54% vs 41%). The number of grafts per patient increased from 1.5 to 2.7, and yet morbidity declined in every category except neurologic deficit. The operative mortality rate was 1.1% from 1967 to 1979 and 1.0% from 1971 to 1979. Graft patency was determined in 475 patients from 1967 to 1970, in 533 patients from 1971, in 519 from 1972, in 540 from 1973 and in 408 from 1974. Patency rates after a mean catheterization interval of 21 months were 77%, 77%, 84%, 87% and 87%, respectively. Five- and 10 year follow-ups were completed for the 1967-1970 series and a 5-year follow-up was completed for 1971, 1972, 1973 and 1974 cohorts. The 5- and 10-year actuarial survival rates for the 1967-1970 series were 89.4% and 77.3%, respectively. The 5 year survival rates for the 1971-1974 series were 91.9%, 93.4%, 92.1% and 91.7%. Abnormal ventricular function and incomplete revascularization adversely influenced the mortality rate (p less than 0.05) in all years. The percentage of asymptomatic patients at 5 years was 66%, 65%, 69%, 67% and 74% for the five patient cohorts. Lower risk and a higher 5-year survival rate are attributable to greater technical experience, changing technology and improved management rather than to selection of lower-risk cases. These 5- and 10-year survival rates compare favorably with the reported results of medical therapy. PMID- 7083496 TI - T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecture. The Jones criteria and the challenges of clinimetrics. PMID- 7083495 TI - Institutional variations influencing results: arterial versus venous grafts. PMID- 7083497 TI - Effects of exercise training on ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. AB - We evaluated the effects of 6 months of exercise training (bicycle ergometry, walking and jogging) on exercise performance and ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients were selected on the basis of myocardial infarction at least 6 weeks but not more than 6 months before the study and age younger than 65 years. The patients were evaluated by maximal treadmill exercise testing and radionuclide angiography at rest and exercise before and after training. Before exercise training, maximal treadmill exercise time ranged from 1.5 to 11 minutes, ejection fraction at rest from 18% and 67% and end-diastolic volume from 108 to 208 ml. The mean EF was 48 +/- 5% (+/- SD) at rest and did not change at maximal exercise (48.5 +/- 5%). All 11 patients who completed the exercise training program achieved a significant training effect, as defined by a reduction in heart rate at 50% maximal pretraining effort or an increase in maximal treadmill time. The mean ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume and wall motion abnormalities at rest and at comparable pretraining exercise work loads and heart rates were not significantly different after training. Despite a wide range of rest and exercise ventricular function, patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarcts significantly increased their exercise performance. Because rest and exercise ventricular function were comparable before and after training, improvement in exercise performance probably resulted from training effects on the peripheral vasculature. PMID- 7083498 TI - Contractile reserve and left ventricular function in regional myocardial ischemia in the dog. AB - Contractile activity remaining in a region made ischemic by acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was assessed in dogs relative to its role in maintaining left ventricular (LV) function. Compensatory increases in contractility of normal myocardium were eliminated by treating all dogs with reserpine (3 mg/kg) to deplete their catecholamine stores. LV function was determined by measuring stroke volume while increasing the LV filling pressure with a shunt from the aorta to left atrium. Heart rate and mean aortic pressure were kept constant. LV function was studied after occlusion of the LAD alone and after the selective infusion of potassium chloride (1 mEq/ml) into the LAD to raise the regional extracellular potassium concentration to 30 mEq/ml. The reduction in LV function induced by LAD ligation was less than the reduction caused by abolishing contraction in the entire zone supplied by the LAD with infusion of potassium. The totally cardioplegic zone induced by potassium amounted to 20.3-39.8% of the LV mass. At an LV end-diastolic pressure of 12 mm Hg, stroke volume (SV) was reduced in proportion to the size of the cardioplegic zone: -SV (% volume) = -1.55% (% of LV mass) + 120.1 (r = -0.69, p less than 0.005). Thus, a dyskinetic zone of 35% of the left ventricle reduced stroke volume by 34% when adrenergic compensation was blocked. We conclude that residual transmural contractility exists in the ischemic region of myocardium subserved by an obstructed LAD and contributes significantly to LV function. PMID- 7083499 TI - Normal exercise capacity in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: compensatory mechanisms. AB - About one-third of patients who have severe left ventricular dysfunction can achieve normal levels of exercise. To elucidate the mechanisms that permit this to occur, we studied six patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (average left ventricular ejection fraction 17 +/- 2.5% [mean +/- SEM]) who achieved nearly normal levels of exercise tolerance (greater than 11 minutes of treadmill exercise, Sheffield protocol). All patients had normal pulmonary function at rest and during exercise. Hemodynamics were measured at rest and during supine and upright exercise. The major mechanisms of the preserved exercise capacity in these patients were chronotropic competence, ability to tolerate elevated wedge pressures (33 +/- 3 mm Hg) without dyspnea, ventricular dilation, and increased levels of plasma norepinephrine at rest and during exercise. Also, whereas peripheral vascular resistance was unchanged during supine exercise, it decreased by 50% during similar levels of upright exercise. As a consequence, increases in cardiac output from rest to exercise were greater during upright than supine exercise (100% vs 50%, respectively) (p less than 0.05), and pulmonary wedge pressures were lower during upright than supine exercise (21 +/- 5 mm Hg vs 33 +/- 3 mm Hg). Thus, multiple mechanisms permit some patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction to achieve normal levels of exercise. These studies emphasize that left ventricular function must be assessed by direct means rather than inferring function of the left ventricle from the results of an exercise tolerance test. PMID- 7083500 TI - Arterial oxygenation and arterial oxygen transport in chronic myocardial failure at rest, during exercise and after hydralazine treatment. AB - Arterial oxygen transport (cardiac output x arterial oxygen content) may be decreased in heart failure. We studied the determinants of arterial oxygen transport in 15 patients with chronic, severe myocardial failure at rest and during cycle ergometry. During control therapy at rest, arterial oxygen tension was normal (81 +/- 8 mm Hg, mean +/- SD) and increased slightly during exercise (90 +/- 14 mm Hg). During hydralazine therapy at rest, arterial oxygen tension was slightly higher (87 +/- 9 mm Hg) and also increased during exercise (92 +/- 15 mm Hg). Hydralazine did not increase arterial oxygen tension (0.10 greater than p greater than 0.05), but exercise did (p less than 0.02). Arterial oxygen saturation and content were normal and did not change under any condition or treatment. During control therapy at rest, arterial oxygen transport was low (313 +/- 74 ml/min . m2) and remained abnormally low during exercise (434 +/- 124 ml/min . m2). During hydralazine therapy, arterial oxygen transport was higher at rest (457 +/- 100 ml/min . m2) and during exercise (577 +/- 131 ml/min . m2). Hydralazine increased arterial oxygen transport (p less than 0.01) because it increased stroke volume at rest and during exercise, but it did not change arterial oxygenation. Arterial oxygenation is normal in chronic heart failure patients at rest and during exercise. Hydralazine increases cardiac output and arterial oxygen transport without changing arterial oxygenation. PMID- 7083501 TI - Left ventricular volume and function during relief of cardiac tamponade in man. AB - To determine the causes of cardiac failure during cardiac tamponade in man, we studied left ventricular volume and function in eight patients during pericardiocentesis using gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. In the seven patients with clinical and hemodynamic evidence of cardiac tamponade, end diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased progressively as the initial 500 ml of fluid were removed; the most marked increase occurred during the removal of the first 200 ml of pericardial fluid. After removal of 500 ml of pericardial fluid, end-diastolic volume increased from 52 +/- 8 ml to 111 +/- 13 ml (p less than 0.05) and end-systolic volume from 17 +/- 5 ml to 34 +/- 7 ml (p less than 0.05). Additional aspiration of fluid resulted in no further changes in left ventricular volume. The ejection fraction averaged 70% before removal of fluid and was unchanged by pericardiocentesis. In the one patient who did not have hemodynamic evidence of tamponade, there were only minor changes in left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. These data suggest that pump function of the left ventricle is well preserved in cardiac tamponade, and that the diminution in stroke volume and consequent cardiovascular collapse seen in tamponade are due to marked underfilling of the ventricle. PMID- 7083502 TI - Detection of left ventricular thrombus by two-dimensional echocardiography: sensitivity, specificity, and causes of uncertainty. AB - To define the sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left ventricular thrombus, the echocardiograms of 78 patients who had independent proof of the presence or absence of a left ventricular thrombus were interpreted without knowledge of any clinical data. The presence of thrombus was established by autopsy in four patients, by aneurysmectomy in three, and by indium-111 platelet imaging in 15; the absence of thrombus was proved by autopsy in 55 patients and by aneurysmectomy in one patient. The characteristics of true-positive and false-positive echocardiograms, interobserver variability, and clinical features associated with proved thrombus were also defined. The echocardiogram was positive for thrombus in 22 patients, equivocal in seven and negative in 49. For detection of thrombus, a positive or equivocal echocardiogram had a sensitivity of 95% (21 of 22), a specificity of 86% (48 of 56), and a predictive value of 72% (21 of 29); the predictive value of a negative study was 98% (48 of 49). Considering positive and equivocal studies separately, the predictive value of a positive study was 86% (19 of 22), while that of an equivocal study was only 29% (two of seven). Compared with patients who had no thrombus, patients with proved thrombus had a higher prevalence of electrocardiographic transmural anterior infarction (86% vs 13%), left ventricular aneurysm (73% vs 5%), and clinical systemic emboli (36% vs 7%) (all p less than 0.05). These clinical features help to identify a subset of patients most likely to have left ventricular thrombi who may benefit from echocardiography. Two-dimensional echocardiography is highly sensitive in detecting left ventricular thrombus, but false-positive studies are relatively common. Several echocardiographic criteria derived from analysis of the true and false positives in this study may help minimize diagnostic errors. PMID- 7083503 TI - Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrast-enhanced two dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7083504 TI - Serial evaluation of myocardial thickening and thinning in acute experimental infarction: identification and quantification using two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Regional left ventricular function was studied serially by quantitative two dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in 20 dogs after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Normal values for regional myocardial thickening were established in 20 healthy dogs and used as a standard to recognize abnormally contracting segments (ACS). In normal hearts, the mean percent thickening tended to increase from base (25.8%) to apex (34.0%), but showed considerable diversity from segment to segment (range 20.0-40.0%); nevertheless, at least some degree of thickening was seen in every segment. After coronary occlusion, myocardial segments either thinned or failed to thicken. At the papillary muscle level, there was an improvement in function between 2 and 48 hours, with thinning at 2 hours and thickening at 48 hours. Tissue infarct size (IS) determined at 48 hours was related to IS derived from a weighted summation of ACS at 2, 24 and 48 hours. At 2 hours, ACS considerably overpredicted and correlated poorly with tissue IS (25.3% vs 13.4%; r = 0.60); by 48 hours, IS predicted by ACS had decreased to 15.3% (p less than 0.05) and had an improved, but only fair correlation with tissue IS (r = 0.73, SEE = 4.9%). We conclude that there is considerable heterogeneity to myocardial thickening by 2-D-echo, but failure to thicken is not seen in the normal dog heart. In many dogs, the extent of myocardial dysfunction 2 hours after coronary ligation exceeds that seen later. Tissue IS is difficult to predict accurately from ACS. Since the amount of muscle dysfunction is not necessarily equivalent to the amount of tissue necrosis in acute myocardial infarction, ACS may be more appropriate used to tract the course of infarction rather than to predict IS. PMID- 7083505 TI - Influence of the extent of the zone at risk on the effectiveness of drugs in reducing infarct size. PMID- 7083506 TI - Low-energy synchronous cardioversion of ventricular tachycardia using a catheter electrode in a canine model of subacute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7083507 TI - Changes in ventriculoatrial intervals with bundle branch block aberration during reciprocating tachycardia in patients with accessory atrioventricular pathways. AB - During reciprocating tachycardia in patients with accessory atrioventricular pathways, the observation of changes in ventriculoatrial (VA) intervals with bundle branch block (BBB) aberration has been used to localize the site of the pathway and prove the participation of the pathway in the tachycardia. In this report we present the changes observed during BBB in 93 patients with single atrioventricular pathways in whom the site of their pathways was subsequently proved at the time of their surgical interruption. In patients with left or right free wall pathways, the minimum VA interval (VA min) increased by 61 +/- 19 msec with ipsilateral BBB, whereas no change occurred with contralateral BBB. The smallest increase in the VA interval was 35 msec. In 14 patients, shortening of the AH intervals resulted in changes in overall cycle length that were less than 35 msec. Patients with septal pathways all had changes in VA min of 25 msec or less with either right or left bundle branch block (RBBB or LBBB), which suggests that a clear differentiation between septal and free wall pathways can be made on the basis of changes in VA min. In patients with anteroseptal pathways, VA min intervals frequently prolonged with RBBB (16 +/- 9 msec) but not with LBBB. In patients with posteroseptal pathways, VA min frequently prolonged with LBBB (13 +/- 8 msec) but not with RBBB. Therefore, the observed changes in VA min with BBB may serve as an important indicator of the site of an accessory pathway and may provide guidance in the choice of surgical therapy. PMID- 7083508 TI - Pharmacokinetic significance of serum reverse T3 levels during amiodarone treatment: a potential method for monitoring chronic drug therapy. AB - We studied the antiarrhythmic effects of amiodarone, 600-1400 mg/day, in 18 patients with refractory arrhythmias, and related to drug efficacy and side effects to serum levels of T4, reverse T3 (rT3) and the QTc interval. In the 11 patients with ventricular arrhythmias, premature complexes were reduced by 90 98%, and complex ectopy and runs of ventricular tachycardia were abolished; in the seven patients with paroxysmal atrial flutter, there were no recurrences on stable drug therapy. The QTc lengthened by 11.6% (p less than 0.01), T4 increased by 31.6-63.3% (p less than 0.001) and rT3 increased by 82.9-176.8% (p less than 0.001) as a function of dose and duration of amiodarone therapy. A close correlation was found between rT3 (normal up to 50 ng/dl) and drug efficacy and some of the drug side effects; arrhythmia suppression occurred at levels of 55 100 ng/dl, and some of the known side effects at levels of 100-110 ng/dl. When amiodarone was stopped in nine patients, the changes in QTc, T4 and rT3 regressed toward normal and arrhythmia recurred in eight 2-20 weeks (mean 7.4 weeks) and when rT3 levels fell below 55 ng/dl; arrhythmia resuppression was achieved 3-28 days (mean 11 days) after resumption of amiodarone therapy. The indirect therapeutic half-life of amiodarone in seven patients, computed from the semilogarithmic plots of plasma rT3 after cessation of amiodarone therapy, ranged from 25 to 55 days (mean 35 days). The data suggest that rT3 levels may be useful in monitoring the efficacy and certain side effects of amiodarone. PMID- 7083509 TI - Ambulatory arrhythmias in resuscitated victims of cardiac arrest. AB - One hundred forty-four patients with coronary heart disease previously resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation underwent 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring 5 months (median) after cardiac arrest. Patients were then followed for an average of 31.7 months. Fifty-one patients died, 32 from subsequent unexpected cardiac arrest. One hundred twenty-nine patients (90%) had uniform ventricular ectopy. Two-thirds had complex ventricular ectopy (Bigeminy/trigeminy, repetitive forms or frequent multiforms). Complex ectopy, present in 20% or more of the 30-minute recording intervals, occurred in 18 of the patients (56%) who developed subsequent cardiac arrest, compared with 26 of 92 (28%) who survived (P less than 0.005, specificity 72%, relative risk 2.3). Other forms of ventricular ectopy, e.g., uniform, multiform and repetitive beats, were more sensitive but less specific predictors of death or recurrent ventricular fibrillation. Complex ventricular ectopy was associated with certain clinical histories: it occurred in 95% of patients with a history of congestive heart failure and in 79% with remote myocardial infarction, compared with 59% and 56% without these histories (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01). As expected, mortality was also greater in patients who had these clinical characteristics. Complex ectopy was related to mortality regardless of the clinical history. PMID- 7083510 TI - Sudden death recorded during Holter monitoring. AB - Six instances of sudden death were recorded by Holter monitoring, which showed ventricular fibrillation in five and a bradyarrhythmia in one. Complex ventricular ectopic activity preceded cardiac arrest in five patients, including the one with the bradyarrhythmic arrest. Two patients with chronic bifascicular block arrested as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Fifteen cases reports from the literature are reviewed. The composite profile includes advanced myocardial disease (present in all cases), complex ventricular ectopic activity, R-on-T initiation of the terminal rhythm except in patients with prolonged QT interval, and variations in cycle length preceeding the onset of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The role of supraventricular mechanisms in sudden death is uncertain. PMID- 7083511 TI - Physiologic mechanisms in aortic insufficiency. I. The effect of changing heart rate on flow dynamics. II. Determinants of Austin Flint murmur. AB - We studied the dynamic changes in mitral flow patterns and in mitral valve motion before and after producing acute, reversible aortic insufficiency (AI) in nine open-chest dogs. Phasic mitral flow, the mitral valve echocardiogram, and intracardiac phonocardiogram and other hemodynamic variables were measured. During moderate AI (mean regurgitant fraction 52 +/- 5%) (+/- SD), the antegrade filling volume decreased from 31 +/- 7 to 24 +/- 6 ml (p less than 0.01), but the peak protodiastolic mitral flow rate increased from 139 +/- 37 to 157 +/- 42 ml/sec (p less than 0.01), reflecting the shift of a larger fraction of total mitral filling volume to early diastole. In six dogs, atrial pacing was used to examine the hemodynamic effects of tachycardia. Increasing the heart rate from 90 to 120 beats/min increased cardiac output from 2.64 +/- 0.56 to 3.3 +/- 0.831/min (p less than 0.05) and decreased left atrial pressure from 24 +/- 8 to 17 +/- 7 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Increasing heart rate to 150 beats/min compromised mitral filling, reduced cardiac output and increased left atrial pressure. Moderate tachycardia improves cardiac performance in AI by reducing regurgitant volume, without significantly reducing transmitral filling volume. The mitral valve echocardiogram showed only a small decrease in cusp opening amplitude during AI. A low-pitched left ventricular inflow tract murmur was recorded in protodiastole and corresponded in time to the rapidly increasing mitral flow. We conclude that the major determinant of the turbulence responsible for the creation of the austin flint murmur is the antegrade mitral flow stream and its mixing with the retrograde aortic flow. PMID- 7083512 TI - Increased exercise tolerance and reduced electrocardiographic ischemia with diltiazem in patients with stable angina pectoris. AB - Diltiazem is a calcium slow-channel blocking drug that may be effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy 3 hours after a single oral dose of 120 mg, 12 men with chronic stable angina pectoris performed a maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer after ingesting either placebo or diltiazem administered in a double-blind fashion. During submaximal exercise at a fixed work load, diltiazem decreased the average heart rate response from 119 +/- 17 to 107 +/- 14 beats/min (p less than 0.01), systolic blood pressure from 182 +/- 15 to 175 +/- 15 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and the rate-pressure product from 21.8 +/- 4.2 to 18.8 +/- 3.2 x 10(-3) units (p less than 0.01). The average submaximal work load at which significant ST-segment depression (0.1 mV) first appeared was increased from 355 +/- 142 to 525 +/- 143 seconds (p less than 0.01) after diltiazem. At peak exercise after diltiazem, the average depth of ST-segment depression in any one lead and the extent of myocardial ischemia observed in all 12 ECG leads were decreased (p less than 0.01), even though the average work load was increased by 29% (p less than 0.01). Peak heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product were similar with placebo and diltiazem. The plasma diltiazem concentration was 13.9 +/- 29 ng/ml 3 hours after ingestion and was significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the increased time to the onset of important ST-segment depression (r = 0.65) and to the decrease in the extent of myocardial ischemia observed in all 12 ECG leads (r = -0.61) compared with placebo. Thus, diltiazem is effective in treating chronic stable angina pectoris. It decreases myocardial oxygen requirements during upright exercise and appears to increase myocardial oxygen delivery. PMID- 7083513 TI - The relationship of the first heart sound to mitral valve closure in dogs. PMID- 7083514 TI - Synchronicity of contraction in patients with CAD. PMID- 7083515 TI - Philosophy of the New York Heart Association regarding assessment of cardiovascular function. PMID- 7083516 TI - Torsade de pointes. PMID- 7083517 TI - RV response to MI. PMID- 7083518 TI - QRS scoring system for estimating infarct size. PMID- 7083519 TI - Irreversible coronary occlusion and ergonovine. PMID- 7083520 TI - Borderline hypertension and obesity: two prehypertensive states with elevated cardiac output. AB - Systemic, renal and splanchnic hemodynamics, intravascular volume, circulating catecholamine levels and plasma renin activity were compared in 39 patients with borderline hypertension and 28 normotensive subjects, who were less than 5% (n = 42, lean patients) or more than 40% overweight (n = 25, obese patients). Lean borderline hypertensive patients had greater cardiac output (p less than 0.05), heart rate (p less than 0.01) and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05); cardiopulmonary redistribution of intravascular volume (p less than 0.05); and higher circulating norepinephrine levels (p less than 0.05). Obese normotensive subjects also showed an increased cardiac output (p less than 0.005), stroke volume (p less than 0.01), left ventricular stroke work (p less than 0.05), and renal blood flow (p less than 0.05) (but not respective indexes), but intravascular volume was expanded (p less than 0.05) without redistribution and circulating catecholamine levels were normal. Obese borderline hypertensive patients had hemodynamic characteristics similar to those of obese normotensive subjects except for an increased peripheral resistance (p less than 0.05). The data indicate that although both populations have an increased cardiac output, the lean borderline hypertensive patients have signs of enhanced adrenergic activity as evidenced by higher circulating catecholamine levels and heart rate with blood volume translocation to the cardiopulmonary circulation. In contrast, the obese subjects (whether normotensive or borderline hypertensive), who also have increased cardiac output, seem to have normal adrenergic activity and an expanded intravascular volume without cardiopulmonary redistribution. PMID- 7083521 TI - Aneurysms of the coronary arteries in Kawasaki disease. An angiographic study of 30 cases. AB - Thirty patients with coronary aneurysms associated with Kawasaki disease underwent coronary arteriography. Of 53 aneurysms, five were saccular, 24 sacculofusiform, 19 fusiform and five tubular. When tubular aneurysms were included in the fusiform type, the incidence of each configuration in the right coronary artery was almost the same as that in the left coronary artery. The left anterior descending coronary artery had the most aneurysms, followed by the right coronary, left main and circumflex arteries. Right coronary aneurysms always involved the bifurcation or the region from which a branch vessel arose; 13 of 31 left coronary aneurysms did not involve the bifurcation. PMID- 7083522 TI - Effects of alcohol use and other aspects of lifestyle on blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension in a working population. AB - The relationship between alcohol consumption and blood pressure was studied in 491 males, ages 20-45 years, who volunteered to complete a health questionnaire and submit to standardized measurements of blood pressure, heart rate and body size. Average weekly alcohol consumption correlated with systolic pressure (r = 0.18) but not diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure increased progressively with increasing alcohol consumption, with no obvious threshold effect. In moderate and heavy drinkers (53% of the population studied), the prevalence of systolic hypertension (greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg) was four times that of teetotalers. The effect of alcohol on systolic blood pressure was independent of the effects of age, obesity, cigarette smoking and physical activity. Ex-heavy drinkers had blood pressures similar to those of teetotalers, suggesting that the effect of alcohol is reversible. Cigarette smokers had lower diastolic pressures than nonsmokers, an effect independent of obesity. The linear correlation between alcohol consumption and systolic blood pressure and the lower blood pressures in exdrinkers suggest a cause-and-effect relationship. The results indicate that alcohol ranks close to obesity as a potentially preventable cause of hypertension in the community. PMID- 7083523 TI - Intrafamilial associations of lipids and lipoproteins in kindreds with hypertriglyceridemic probands: the Princeton School family Study. PMID- 7083524 TI - Does dietary health education reach only the privileged? The Stanford Three Community Study. AB - The relationship of selected social factors to diet, weight and plasma cholesterol was studied in one control and two treatment towns before and after a 3-year, bilingual, mass-media health education program. Spanish-speaking persons reported higher dietary cholesterol and saturated fat than English-speaking participants at baseline, and this remained true after adjusting for the confounding influence of socioeconomic status (SES). Obesity was also more prevalent in Spanish-language and low-SES groups, but plasma cholesterol was not related to these sociodemographic factors. Over the 3 years of the education program, all groups reported 20-40% decreases in dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. These decreases were as large in low-SES groups as in high-SES groups; Spanish-speaking participants reported significantly greater decreases in dietary saturated fat (p = 0.02). Weight change was not related to either SES or language group, but change in plasma cholesterol was marginally more favorable in Spanish-speaking subjects (p = 0.06). PMID- 7083525 TI - Feasibility of altering type A behavior pattern after myocardial infarction. Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project Study: methods, baseline results and preliminary findings. AB - We studied 1035 consecutive postinfarction patients to determine the feasibility of altering type A behavior and the effect such alteration might have on subsequent rates of infarction and cardiovascular death. Approximately 300 subjects were enrolled in small groups and primarily received cardiologic counseling on the usually accepted coronary risk factors. Six hundred subjects received, in addition to cardiologic counseling, advice and instructions designed to diminish the intensity of their type A behavior. The remaining subjects, serving as controls, received no counseling, but were examined and interviewed annually, as were those who dropped out of counseling groups. More than 98% of the 1035 subjects exhibited moderate-to-severe type A behavior during a videotaped structured interview. After the first year of this 5-year study, the rates of infarction and cardiovascular death were lower (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) among subjects who received both cardiologic and behavioral counseling than among the control subjects. The rate of nonfatal infarction was lower (p less than 0.05) among subjects who received behavioral counseling than among those who received only cardiologic counseling or those who dropped out of either counseling group. The circumstances that most often preceded recurrent infarction or cardiovascular death were emotional crisis, excess physical activity, ingestion of a single fatty meal or a combination of these phenomena. PMID- 7083526 TI - Comparison of amount of extent of coronary narrowing by atherosclerotic plaque and of myocardial scarring at necropsy in anterior and posterior healed transmural myocardial infarction. AB - The amount of cross-sectional area narrowing by atherosclerotic plaque in each 5 mm-long segment from the entire lengths of the right, left main, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries and the size, predominant location and extent of myocardial scarring were determined in 59 necropsy patients with a healed transmural myocardial infarct (MI). The mean number of the four major epicardial coronary arteries narrowed severely (76-100% in cross sectional area) was 3.0 in the 37 patients with posterior MI and 2.6 in the 22 patients with anterior MI (p less than .025). The mean percent of severely narrowed 5-mm segments from all four major coronary arteries was similar in the anterior and posterior MI groups, 38% vs 46%. The patients with anterior MI, however, had a higher percentage of severely narrowed 5-mm segments of the left anterior descending than of the left circumflex but not the right coronary artery, 46% vs 25% (p less than 0.001) and 40% (NS). The patients with posterior MI had a higher percentage of severely narrowed segments of the right and left circumflex coronary arteries than of the left anterior descending artery, 55% and 51% vs 32% (p less than 0.05). The anterior MI group had, on the average, larger left ventricular scars than the posterior MI group (20% vs 9%, p greater than 0.002) and more frequent scarring of the ventricular septum, 16 patients (73%) vs six patients (16%) (p less than 0.001). PMID- 7083527 TI - Duplex Doppler scanning and spectral bruit analysis for diagnosing carotid stenosis. AB - Spectral phonoangiography provides accurate quantitative noninvasive assessment of carotid stenosis, but only when a carotid bruit is present. Duplex Doppler ultrasound scanning permits imaging of the carotid bifurcation and qualitative assessment of the extent of carotid stenosis. Using these two methods and commercial equipment, we compared the noninvasive results with results of carotid angiograms performed within 2 weeks of the noninvasive studies. Of 299 vessels (common, internal and external carotid) assessed by both methods in 50 unselected patients, the noninvasive combination gave results correct to within 1 mm of the angiographic value in 95% of the vessels studied. These two noninvasive methods in combination allow diagnosis and follow-up of carotid stenosis with accuracy comparable to that of angiography in patients with and without carotid bruits. PMID- 7083528 TI - Comparison of continuous-wave Doppler imaging, oculopneumoplethysmography, and the cerebrovascular Doppler examination. AB - Previous reports of continuous-wave Doppler imaging have combined that technique with periorbital Doppler studies. In the present report, 75 patients with findings suggestive of cerebrovascular insufficiency were evaluated using continuous-wave Doppler imaging, oculopneumoplethysmography (OPG-G) and the cerebrovascular Doppler examination (CDE). Each test was interpreted independently. Doppler imaging had an overall accuracy of 85%, with a 68% accuracy in identifying 50-70% stenoses and a 69% accuracy in identifying high grade stenoses (greater than 70%) and occlusion. OPG-G had an overall accuracy of 85%, with a 55% sensitivity for 50-70% stenoses and an 89% sensitivity for high grade stenoses and occlusion. The CDE had an overall accuracy of 84% and a 50% sensitivity for stenoses of 50-70% and an 88% sensitivity for high-grade stenoses and occlusion. As an independent technique, continuous-wave Doppler imaging achieves an overall accuracy comparable to that of OPG-G or the CDE. Its sensitivity to high-grade stenosis and occlusion, however, is less than that of the other techniques. Since CDE and OPG-G had a 94% sensitivity to carotid occlusion and a combined sensitivity to high-grade stenoses and occlusion of 88% and 89%, respectively, their combined use with Doppler imaging offers sensitivity to and differentiation of stenoses from occlusion. PMID- 7083530 TI - Composite graft replacement for the treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta associated with aortic valvular disease. AB - Composite graft replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve was performed in 78 patients over an 8 1/2-year period. Degenerative lesions of the aortic root in Marfan's syndrome (annuloaortic ectasia) was the indication for operation in 56 cases; the other 22 patients had other causes of aortic root dilatation and aortic valve disease. Overall hospital mortality was 8%. Follow-up ranged from 1 9 years (average 5 years). Reoperation was required in six of the 72 hospital survivors. Overall 5-year actuarial survival was 77%, and 85% of the survivors have shown significant clinical and radiologic improvement. Composite graft replacement reduces the risk of aneurysm formation of the sinuses of Valsalva and eliminates paraprosthetic leakage; postoperative hemorrhage is also reduced. It appears to be the method of choice for patients with degenerative lesions in the ascending aorta and valve, particularly annuloaortic ectasia. PMID- 7083529 TI - Mechanisms of spinal cord injury after cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. AB - Cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta for surgical correction of coarctation carries a risk of injury to the spinal cord, which is usually attributed to insufficient blood supply along the spinal arteries. To detect inadvertent interruption of spinal cord perfusion, lumbar pressure was monitored during operation on the aorta in eight patients. One patient incurred ischemic damage of the spinal cord, resulting in paraparesis. In this patient, spinal fluid pressure increased to such high levels that it may have caused tamponade of the cord. The pressure increase resulted from expansion of cerebral vessels caused by an acute rise of arterial pressure after clamping, probably aggravated by the administration of a vasodilating drug. During operations in which the circulation of the spinal cord is compromised long enough to cause ischemic damage, the femoral artery and spinal fluid pressures should be monitored. If the pressure difference between femoral artery and lumbar cavity drops to a dangerously low level, a shunting procedure should be performed. PMID- 7083531 TI - Diagnosis of arterial prosthetic graft infection by indium-111 oxine white blood cell scans. AB - Early and accurate diagnosis of infected prosthetic arterial grafts is difficult, despite the application of diverse diagnostic modalities. Delay in making the diagnosis is largely responsible for the high amputation and mortality rates associated with this complication. In nine patients with suspected graft infections, indium-111 white blood cell scanning was useful and accurate. Graft infection was proved in five cases and ruled out in three. One false-positive scan was due to a sigmoid diverticular abscess overlying the graft. Indium-111 white blood cell scans may improve the accuracy of diagnosing infected prosthetic grafts, which may result in better limb and patient salvage rates. PMID- 7083532 TI - Acute endocarditis in drug addicts: surgical treatment for gram-negative sepsis. AB - We studied 37 consecutive patients, all drug addicts, who underwent 48 valve operations from 1976 through 1981. GN bacteria were the major organisms in 25 patients (64%), compared with a previous reported incidence of 10%. Operative indications were uncontrolled sepsis in 49%, embolism in 27% and heart failure in 24% of the patients. Primary operations included nine tricuspid valvectomies and 14 aortic, 10 mitral and four aortic/mitral valve replacements. Early (30-day) mortality was 2.7% (one of 37 patients); five of nine patients who had 11 reoperations survived. Long-term follow-up revealed a late mortality of 39% (11 of 28) in patients with left-sided disease; eight of the 11 patients who died had GN infection with perivalvular abscess. Thus, the subgroup with GN sepsis and left-sided disease had a combined early and late mortality of 50%, with all deaths occurring within 8 months postoperatively. We conclude that valve replacement in the presence of active sepsis can be safely performed, but GN sepsis in addicts increases the risk of early reinfection and late mortality. PMID- 7083533 TI - Myocardial catecholamine metabolism in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. AB - In 17 patients suffering from severe chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) (New York Heart Association functional class III), right atrial biopsies were taken during aortic valve replacement. In these samples, we determined the myocardial content of norepinephrine (NE), normetanephrine (NM), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA). Two to 4 days before valve replacement, plasma catecholamines were measured at rest and during isometric exercise. Fifteen patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) served as controls. In patients with chronic AR who had no clinical signs of cardiac failure, the myocardial content of NE (p less than 0.025), NM (p less than 0.05) and E (p less than 0.05) was significantly reduced compared with that in patients with ASD. The right atrial content of DA was not different in the two groups. All patients had normal levels of plasma catecholamines at rest. During isometric exercise, however, the increase in plasma NE was significantly higher in patients with AR than in the control group (p less than 0.005). We conclude that patients with chronic AR who have an exaggerated increase in sympathetic activity during isometric exercise probably have a decrease in myocardial NE tissue content as well. Therefore, clinical demonstration of a hyperadrenergic response during isometric exercise indicates alteration in myocardial metabolism in patients with severe chronic AR. PMID- 7083534 TI - Early clinical evaluation after aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical valve in patients with a small aortic root. AB - Forty-three patients, nine men and 34 women, mean age 60 years (range 23-81 years), who had small aortic roots underwent aortic valve replacement with a St. Jude Medical valve. Preoperatively, five patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, 19 were in class II, 15 were in class III and four were in class IV. In 30 of 36 patients with aortic stenosis, the mean gradient was 102 mm Hg (range 52-175 mm Hg; in six patients with aortic stenosis, the gradient was not measured. Seven patients underwent surgery for aortic regurgitation. Ten patients received a 19-mm valve, 29 a 21-mm valve and nine a 23-mm valve. Two patients (4.6%) died in the hospital, one immediately postoperatively and the other from low cardiac output 9 days postoperatively. There are 670 patient-months of follow-up (mean 17 months). Thirty-six patients are NYHA class I and two patients are in class II. There have been no thromboembolic episodes in 605 months of follow-up for patients maintained on warfarin. There was one partial valve thrombosis among eight patients being managed without warfarin. No mechanical valve failures have occurred. The St. Jude Medical valve provides a satisfactory early result when used to replace the aortic valve of patients who have a small aortic root. PMID- 7083535 TI - Failure of porcine aortic and bovine pericardial prosthetic valves: an experimental investigation in young sheep. AB - Seventeen porcine aortic and 10 bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves were implanted in the tricuspid position in 27 young sheep. Clinical, hemodynamic and morphologic evaluations were performed after a mean of 4.7 +/- 0.3 months (range 3-7 months) after implantation. Eight sheep developed ascites (five with porcine aortic and three with bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves); all 27 sheep had microscopic evidence of hepatic congestion. Three porcine and three bovine valves became infected. Hemodynamic studies (n = 15) performed immediately after implantation and at the time of terminal elective studies showed that tricuspid valve end-diastolic gradients increased from 0.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg to 4.5 +/- 0.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). All 27 valves had calcific deposits. By quantitative analyses, unimplanted cuspal tissue (n = 9) had 0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/g of calcium/g tissue dry weight; explanted porcine aortic valves (n = 16) had 182 +/- 74 and bovine pericardial valves (n = 6) 421 +/- 115 mg/g of calcium/g of tissue dry weight (NS for porcine aortic vs bovine pericardial valves). Morphologic findings were similar in both porcine aortic and bovine pericardial valves, and consisted of calcific deposits, collagen degeneration, microthrombi and fibrous sheaths. These findings are almost identical to those associated with bioprosthetic valvular failure in humans. In our experimental study, we found no significant differences in the development of calcification in porcine aortic and bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves. PMID- 7083536 TI - The in-hospital risk of rereplacement of dysfunctional mitral and aortic valves. AB - From January 1, 1972, to January 1, 1981, 1282 consecutive valve replacements were performed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Fifty-eight of these (4.5%) were rereplacements: 14 for prosthetic valve subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), 29 for primary valve dysfunction (PVD) and 15 for perivalvular leak (PVL). Aortic rereplacement was done in 27 patients (eight for SBE, 10 for PVD and nine for PVL) and mitral rereplacement in 31 patients (six for SBE, 19 for PVD and six for PVL). Twenty-six patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III and 32 were in class IV. Ten class IV patients underwent emergency valve replacement (three for SBE, two for PVD and five for PVL). The overall in hospital mortality rate for valve rereplacement was 14% (eight of 58 patients). For mitral valve rereplacement it was 13% (four of 31), compared with 6.4% (19 of 295) for initial mitral valve replacement. For aortic valve rereplacement, the mortality rate was 15% (four of 27), compared with 5.2% (23 of 440) for initial aortic valve replacement. The cause of death was low cardiac output in six patients, hemorrhage in one patient and sepsis in one patient. All of the patients who died were in functional class IV (p = 0.018). The in-hospital risk for rereplacement of a dysfunctional aortic or mitral valve is no different from that for primary valve replacement unless the patient deteriorates to class IV and requires an emergent operation. PMID- 7083537 TI - Systemic thromboembolism in mitral and aortic Starr-Edwards prostheses: a 10-19 year follow-up. AB - Our study comprised 302 consecutive patients seen between 1962 and 1971 who underwent mitral (MVR) (132 patients) or aortic valve replacement (AVR) (170 patients) with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis because of advanced mitral or aortic incompetence. The follow-up interval was 10-19 years. For more recent valve models (1200/1260 aortic or 6120/6310 mitral), the probability of a surviving patient remaining free of systemic thromboembolism after 10 years was 70% for MVR and 74% for AVR. The probability of freedom from thromboembolism was less than this for the earlier valve models; the probability for the entire group at 10 years was 66% and at 15 years was 58%, with no significant difference between AVR and MVR. About one-fourth of the patients with an embolism (20% MVR, 27% AVR) had more than one embolic event. Of all emboli, most (86% MVR, 84% AVR) were cerebral, about half (48% MVR, 57% AVR) left a neurologic deficit, and about one tenth (11% MVR, 10% AVR) led to death. Of the predictive factors reviewed, the incidence of emboli was significantly higher only in patients with MVR considered to have inadequate anticoagulation (p less than 0.01) and in patients receiving model 6000 mitral prosthesis (p less than 0.02). This long-term follow-up study of patients with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis reveals that systemic embolism is a persistent and significant problem. PMID- 7083538 TI - Mitral valve replacement after closed mitral commissurotomy. AB - Closed mitral commissurotomy (CMC) was performed at the National Heart Institute in 303 patients (73% women, 27% men; mean age 40 years) with acquired isolated mitral stenosis between 1954 and 1980. The average mean mitral valve gradient decreased from 14.2 +/- 0.4 to 5.3 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), and mitral valve area index increased from 0.7 +/- 0.03 to 1.4 +/- 0.9 cm2/m2 (p less than 0.001). The perioperative mortality was 2%. Ninety-two percent of patients improved one or more functional classes after CMC. Actuarial survival was 95%, 82% and 70% at 5, 10 and 15 years after CMC, respectively. Fifty-four patients (18%) required mitral valve replacement (MVR) a mean of 9.6 years after commissurotomy (range 1-26 years). Before CMC, factors associated with later MVR included preoperative functional class, calcification of the mitral valve, and the absence of an opening snap. After CMC, poor functional improvement, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the necessity for a repeat CMC were associated with late MVR. Catheterization after CMC showed that patients who later required MVR had a smaller decrease in left atrial pressure (p less than 0.001), more mitral regurgitation (p less than 0.001), and were more likely to have pulmonary hypertension (p less than 0.05). The indications for MVR were residual stenosis with or without mild mitral regurgitation in 33 patients (61%), restenosis in 15 (28%), and moderate-to-severe regurgitation in six (11%). Perioperative mortality for valve replacement was 13%. Among survivors, 88% improved at least one functional class after valve replacement. Actuarial survival was estimated to be 95% at 5 years and 74% at 10 years after MVR. This study confirms that CMC provides excellent long-term hemodynamic and clinical improvement in appropriately selected patients. When symptomatic deterioration occurs late after CMC, MVR restores clinical and hemodynamic improvement in many patients. CMC continues to be performed at the National Heart Institute in selected patients with acquired mitral stenosis. PMID- 7083539 TI - Intracuspal hematomas in bioprosthetic valves: pathologic findings and clinical implications. AB - The presence of intracuspal hematomas (ICHs) was investigated in 156 valvular bioprostheses, including 57 (all porcine aortic valvular bioprostheses) that had been implanted in patients and 99 (64 porcine aortic valvular bioprostheses, 29 bovine pericardial bioprostheses and six human dura mater bioprostheses) that had been implanted in sheep. ICHs were found in three mitral bioprostheses in patients and in 14 porcine aortic valvular bioprostheses (nine mitral and five tricuspid) in sheep. Hematomas were not found in the dura mater or pericardial bioprostheses. In each patient and in six of the 14 sheep, the hematomas involved more than one cusp and consisted of erythrocyte accumulations in the spongiosa. They extended from the basal region toward the free edge of the cusp and formed a plane of dissection that involved the spaces left in the spongiosa by removal of proteoglycan material during commercial processing. ICHs may become sites of formation of calcific deposits. ICHs result from entry of blood into the space between the sewing ring and the most basilar region of the bioprosthetic tissue. This space extends throughout the circumference of the bioprosthesis and is continuous with the spongiosa, the layer in which the hematoma develops. The blood penetrates this space through the suture line between bioprosthetic tissue and sewing ring on the inflow surface of porcine valvular bioprostheses mounted on atrioventricular-type stents. ICHs were not found in porcine valvular bioprostheses mounted on aortic-type stents, in which the sutures are more protected and more closely spaced, on in bioprostheses constructed of tissues (parietal pericardium and dura mater), which lack a spongiosa. PMID- 7083540 TI - The durability of porcine xenograft valves and conduits in children. AB - One hundred four patients younger than 20 years of age underwent intracardiac xenograft valve replacement (n = 41) or extracardiac conduit implantation (n = 63). Long-term follow-up averaged 4.5 and 4.3 years, respectively, and cumulative follow-up totaled 344 patient-years (pt-yr). Thirty patients were followed more than 5 years. Functional results and survival were satisfactory, but valve failure and conduit failure prompted 23 reoperations at linearized rates of 10.1 +/- 2.6% and 4.1 +/- 1.5%/pt-yr, respectively. The rate of valve failure due to leaflet fibrocalcification (primary tissue failure [PTF] was 8.1 +/- 2.4%/pt-yr. Among patients who underwent valve replacement, 52 +/- 13% were free of reoperation at 5 years (59 +/- 13% for PTF only), as were 80 +/- 9% of patients who received an extracardiac conduit. There were no deaths associated with the 22 late reoperations or with the 21 reoperations for PTF. Valve failure was due to PTF in 80% of cases; conversely, isolated valvular PTF was the cause of conduit failure in only one of eight patients. The most common cause of conduit failure was exuberant pseudointimal proliferation in the proximal conduit, which was seen in six of eight patients (75%) with or without other sites of obstruction and responsible for nine of the 15 obstructions (60%). These results underscore the palliative nature of these procedures, militate against indiscriminant use of conduits, prompt consideration of alternative nonconduit techniques where possible, and reemphasize the clinical need for superior valve substitutes and biomaterials for use in the pediatric age group. PMID- 7083541 TI - Determination of coronary reserve in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis. AB - Coronary reserve in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis may be limited by coronary artery ostial obstruction or left ventricular hypertrophy. To assess the relative effect of these two factors on coronary reserve, seven patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis were studied intraoperatively before and after repair. Six patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery for conditions that did not involve the left ventricle or the left anterior ascending coronary artery served as controls (control group 1). Four patients were studied before and after cardiopulmonary bypass to determine if cardiopulmonary bypass altered coronary reserve in normal vessels perfusing normal ventricle (control group 2). Using a pulsed Doppler probe to determine coronary velocity, coronary reactive hyperemia was induced in the left anterior descending coronary artery (patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis and group 1 controls) or right ventricular branches of the right coronary artery (group 2 controls) during maximal coronary dilation produced by a 20-second coronary occlusion. All patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis underwent patch aortoplasty to relieve left coronary artery ostial obstruction and outflow tract obstruction; three patients also underwent aortic valvotomy and one patient also underwent valve replacement. Coronary reactive hyperemia was calculated as the ratio of peak to resting velocity. This ratio was 5.0 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- SEM) preoperatively and 3.6 +/- 0.3 postoperatively in control group 2. Thus, coronary reserve was only modestly reduced after cardiopulmonary bypass. Before repair, the ratio of peak to resting velocity was markedly reduced in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis compared with control group 1 (1.8 +/- 0.3 vs 4.9 +/- 0.5, p less than 0.05) and did not change after repair (1.7 +/- 0.2), even though the aortic gradient was reduced (80 +/- 14 vs 38 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) and real or potential coronary ostial obstruction was eliminated by the operation. Because coronary reserve did not improve after surgery in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis, we conclude that left ventricular hypertrophy is probably the primary determinant of decreased coronary reserve in these patients. PMID- 7083542 TI - Corrected transposition and repair of associated intracardiac defects. AB - From August 1974 through April 1981, 23 patients, ages 5 months to 40 years (median 11 years) with corrected transposition of the great arteries (C-TGA), underwent repair of associated intracardiac defects: 20 for ventricular septal defect (VSD), 19 for pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, and five for anatomic tricuspid valve regurgitation. Segmental anatomy was [S,L,L] in 18 or [I,D,D] in 5. Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction was resected in 10 and bypassed with a left ventricle-to-main pulmonary artery conduit in nine patients. Hospital mortality was 9% (two of 23). One patient died from arrhythmia and one from sepsis and arrhythmia. The late mortality rate was 14% (three patients). Two patients died from severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (5 months and 2 years postoperatively) and one from arrhythmia (2 months postoperatively). Fourteen have undergone cardiac catheterization 3 days to 4 years (mean 12 months) postoperatively. Three had a small residual VDS (Qp/Qs less than 1.5). Five had residual pulmonary outflow tract obstruction (peak systolic ejection gradient 30-130 mm Hg) after resection or pulmonary valvotomy. One patient had reresection and four had placement of a secondary left ventricular-pulmonary artery conduit. Anatomic tricuspid valve regurgitation became severe in three patients after VSD closure, two of whom required valve replacement; the other died of coexisting pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Five with [S,L,L] segmental anatomy had complete atrioventricular block preoperatively and six developed complete atrioventricular block at surgery. Eleven of 18 patients with [S,L,L] anatomy had atrioventricular spontaneous or iatrogenic complete block; none of the five patients with [I,D,D] anatomy had atrioventricular block. Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction in [S,L,L] segmental anatomy required conduit interposition in 12 of 14 of our patients to significantly decompress the ventricle. Postoperative development or exacerbation of anatomic tricuspid valve regurgitation occurs in TGA [S,L,L] and may be causally related to surgical complete atrioventricular block. PMID- 7083543 TI - Reoperation after correction of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Forty-one patients underwent reoperation after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot from 1962 through 1979. The indications for surgical repair were recurrent or residual lesions alone or in combination with other lesions. The reoperation consisted of closure of a residual ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 28 patients, relief of residual right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) gradient in 11, tricuspid value replacement, repair or annuloplasty in six, aneurysmorrhaphy or excision of an RVOT aneurysm in five, insertion of a right ventricular pulmonary artery valved conduit in five, insertion of an RVOT valve in three, closure of a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect in three, repair of a residual surgical shunt in three, mitral valve replacement in one patient, and aortic valve repair in one. Thirty-eight patients (93%) survived the operation. The surgical mortality decreased from 25% during 1962 through 1970 to 0% during 1971 through 1979 (p = 0.02). There was one late death. Five patients (12%) required a second-reoperation for recurrent VSD. Even a small residual shunt, especially when associated with other defects such as pulmonary insufficiency or tricuspid insufficiency, may cause clinical deterioration that can be improved by reoperation. This study tends to support the policy of recommending reoperation when either RVOT obstruction (gradient greater than or equal to 50 mm Hg) or isolated VSD (Qp/Qs greater than 1.5) is present. Reoperation is associated with a low mortality and good long-term results. PMID- 7083544 TI - Repair of congenital cardiac lesions during the first week of life. AB - Repair of congenital cardiac defects in the neonatal period has been associated with a high operative mortality thought to be due to the adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. This has prompted the use of closed palliation in such patients. Between 1957 and 1981, 195 of 988 patients (20%) operated in the first year of life were critically ill neonates ages 1-7 days. Fifty-six underwent repair using cardiopulmonary bypass. These included l29 operations at the arterial level, five for aortic stenosis, 19 for pulmonary stenosis and five for transposition of the great arteries using the switch procedure; 25 at the atrial level, eight for transposition of the great arteries, 16 for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and one for combined total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and anomalous systemic venous connection; and two at the ventricular level, one for tetralogy of Fallot and one for double-outlet right ventricle. The hospital survival rate in this group was 91%. Palliations using cardiopulmonary bypass were performed in an additional 27 patients, including right ventricular outflow tract patches in 20. The survival rate in this group was 73%. The survival rate was 100% for closed repairs and 76% for palliations. These results demonstrate that cardiopulmonary bypass per se is not a determinant of survival in the neonate; an effective repair combined with proper diagnostic techniques and postoperative management are probably the critical factors. PMID- 7083545 TI - Clinical evaluation of the Percor percutaneous intraaortic balloon: cooperative study of 722 cases. AB - Clinical experience with the Percor percutaneous intraaortic balloon (IAB) was reviewed in 722 cases performed by 59 clinicians (35 surgeons and 24 cardiologists). Compared with standard IABs, Percor was judged to provide easier insertion by 88% of clinicians, easier femoral-iliac passage by 29%, easier aortic passage by 36%, and easier final positioning by 19%; the Percor IAB was rated more difficult in these respects by 2-5% of users; the rest of the responders found no significant difference in these measures. Technical problems included an inability to negotiate sclerotic vessels in 12.6%, delayed hemostasis in 1.9%, and the need for surgical repair of the arteriotomy site in 2%. Medical complications included peripheral ischemia in 5.3%, emboli in 3.6%, arterial dissection in 1.9%, dislodged arterial plaque in 1.1%, perforation of the arterial tree in 1.0%, local femoral thrombosis in 1.0%, and poor intraoperative hemostasis in 0.3%. Local wound infection, ischemic amputation or neuropathic sequelae were not reported. Mechanical counterpulsation with Pecor was equivalent to that of standard IABs, but by subjective judgments, 80% rated Percor more desirable and 47% safer; 3% rated it less desirable and 10% less safe. With Percor, earlier clinical use of IAB pumping was seen by 73%, and new or additional indications were recommended by 19%. PMID- 7083546 TI - Reduced oxygen consumption with effective left ventricular venting during postischemic reperfusion. AB - The effect of left ventricular (LV) venting on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) during reperfusion after hypothermic cardioplegic arrest was tested using 29 dogs placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During the first 20 minutes of reperfusion after 45 minutes of 20 degrees C arrest, group 1 (n = 10) had total venting with the LV systolic pressure (LVSP) maintained at 0 mm Hg. Group 2 (n = 10) had partial venting with the LVSP at 41.6 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (one-half perfusion pressure), while in group 3 (n = 9), the LVSP was kept just below CPB perfusion pressure (76.6 +/- 3.1 mm Hg) by occlusion of the LV vent. Next, there were 10 minutes of partial bypass (CPB flow reduced by 50%) followed by cessation of CPB. MVO2 expressed as ml O2/100 g LV/min (wet weight) during the first 20 minutes of reperfusion was 2.66 +/- 0.33 for group 1, 2.40 +/- 0.36 for group 2 and 4.62 +/- 0.53 for group 3 (p less than 0.05 vs groups 1 and 2). There were no significant differences in MVO2 in any of the groups during partial CPB compared with the period without CPB. These results demonstrate that effective LV venting reduces MVO2 during reperfusion after hypothermic ischemic arrest. However, there was no reduction in MVO2 during partial CPB compared with the initial period without CPB. Thus, volume loading of the left ventricle during reperfusion by failing to vent leads to increased myocardial oxygen demand, which may be detrimental in hearts that have sustained significant ischemia or when revascularization is incomplete. PMID- 7083547 TI - Fluosol cardioplegia--a method of optimizing aerobic metabolism during arrest. AB - Fluosol-DA cardioplegia was compared with crystalloid cardioplegia as a method of myocardial preservation during ischemic arrest. Two groups of 12 pigs each were studied using the in situ pig heart model. Each group was subjected to 2-hour hypothermic (temperature 10-15 degrees C), hyperkalemic (35 mEq/l potassium) cardioplegic arrest. One group received the standard crystalloid cardioplegic solution (PO2 142-164 mm Hg) and the other received an oxygenated Fluosol cardioplegic solution (PO2 420-510 mm Hg). Myocardial contractility (max Vce) compliance, coronary blood flow (six pigs), and adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate (six pigs) were measured before and after cardioplegic arrest; high-energy phosphate (adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate) levels were also measured during the 2-hour arrest interval. All pigs had 1 hour of normothermic reperfusion, with measurements performed every 15 minutes. The results documented significantly better high-energy phosphate levels in the Fluosol than in the crystalloid group during arrest. During reperfusion, high energy phosphate levels were equal in both groups. Contractility and compliance were depressed equally during reperfusion in both groups and coronary blood flow showed no significant difference from control in either group. We conclude that Fluosol can support aerobic metabolism during ischemic cardioplegic arrest and preserve high-energy phosphates, but it has no metabolic or hemodynamic advantage during reperfusion. PMID- 7083548 TI - Determinants of coronary surgery in a consecutive patient series from geographically dispersed medical centers. The coronary artery surgery study. AB - The Coronary Artery Surgery Study registry enrolled 24,959 patients from 1974 through 1979. Of these patients, 12,556 had anginal chest pain symptoms and significant angiographic coronary disease (greater than or equal to 70% lesion in a major vessel or greater than or equal to 50% in the left main coronary artery) and were considered coronary bypass surgery candidates. Stepwise linear discriminant-function analysis of clinical and angiographic determinants of therapeutic assignment revealed that myocardial jeopardy (a composite score of the relationship of proximal lesions to retained wall motion in anterior and inferior segments) was the most important determinant. Site-to-site variability, another important predictor of therapeutic assignment, was assessed after adjusting for differing patient populations and was found to be significant (p less than 0.001). Other significant predictors were angina severity, the number of operable vessels, change in activity level, unstable angina and the presence of a left main lesion. Temporal changes (between 1974 and 1979) in the use of beta-blocking drugs and in therapeutic assignment of patients with left main lesions and one-vessel disease suggested altered decision-making in response to the reporting of major coronary surgery trials. We conclude that the dominant factors in therapeutic assignment for patients with completed arteriographic evaluations reflect considerations of jeopardized myocardium and continuing diversity of opinion about the importance of therapeutic and prophylactic indications for coronary surgery. PMID- 7083549 TI - Effect of the pH of cardioplegic solution on postarrest myocardial preservation. AB - The assumption that an alkaline cardioplegic solution is advantageous to the arrested heart is not supported by experimental evidence. Three groups of dogs were subjected to 2 hours of hypothermic arrest using a potassium cardioplegic solution of varying pH: group 1 (n = 8), pH 7.1; group 2 (n = 6), pH 7.4; and group 3 (n = 8), pH 7.7. Left ventricular (LV) function curves were obtained before arrest and after reperfusion, and the percent recovery of LV function was calculated. Coronary blood flow (CBF), oxygen and lactate use, and adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate were measured before and after arrest. Recovery of LV function was 83 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) in group 1 and 75 +/- 6% in group 2. LV function in group 3 was significantly depressed at 51 +/- 5% (p less than 0.01). Immediately after arrest, CBF and oxygen consumption were lowest in group 1 and highest in group 3 (p less than 0.01). CBF increased 23 +/- 9% in group 1, 110 +/- 29% in group 2 and 277 +/- 33% in group 3. Oxygen consumption was 2.2 +/- 0.4 vol/100 g/min in group 1, 3.63 +/- 0.5 vol/100 g/min in group 2 and 4.63 +/- 0.7 vol/100 g/min in group 3. All groups showed postarrest depression of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate, but return of creatine phosphate to control was slowest in group 1 (p less than 0.01). These results indicate no advantage to an alkaline cardioplegic solution and suggest that an acidic cardioplegic solution, by inhibiting metabolism, may increase protection of the arrested heart. PMID- 7083550 TI - Comparison of myocardial preservation with hypothermic potassium and nifedipine arrest. AB - Preservation of regional myocardial function, high-energy phosphate stores and ultrastructure were assessed in 28 canine hearts subjected to 2 hours of global ischemia at either 12 degrees C or 21 degrees C. The preservation achieved with a potassium arrest solution was simultaneously compared in the same heart with either a nifedipine arrest solution or a potassium plus nifedipine arrest solution. There were no statistically significant differences in regional function recovery between the three arrest solutions at either temperature. At 12 degrees C, slightly better functional preservation was noted for each solution. End-systolic chord length was significantly less elongated after preservation at the lower temperature (p = 0.03). The concentration of ATP and myocardial water content were not significantly better preserved with any solution at either temperature. Myocardial ultrastructure was well preserved regardless of the solution or temperature used. The degree of hypothermia appears to be more important to functional preservation than differences between the three solutions tested. We conclude that with respect to preservation of myocardial function, high-energy phosphate stores, water content and ultrastructure, nifedipine arrest offers no advantages over potassium arrest. PMID- 7083551 TI - Independent protection provided by red blood cells during cardioplegia. AB - Isolated, blood-perfused dog hearts were subjected to 2 hours of arrest at 27 degrees C and perfused at 15-minute intervals with either a potassium crystalloid cardioplegic solution (KCC) or an identical solution to which washed red blood cells were added (KrbcC). After reperfusion, hearts protected with KCC were easily defibrillated and systolic pressure returned to 62% of prearrest values 90 minutes after reperfusion. In hearts protected with KrbcC, systolic pressures recovered to 103% of prearrest values 15 minutes after reperfusion. Metabolic variables recovered more quickly in hearts perfused with KrbcC. Adenosine triphosphate did not decline with arrest in either group. Creatine phosphate values decreased with KCC and increased with KrbcC. The pH of the myocardial effluent fell to 6.48 during arrest with KCC and to 7.19 with KrbcC (p less than 0.001). Carbon dioxide tension increased with KCC, but decreased with KrbcC (p less than 0.001). Thus, marked improvement in recovery after 2 hours of arrest is seen with KrbcC. Protection beyond that provided by KCC appears solely due to the washed red cells, and may be the result of the buffering action of the red cell improved oxygen delivery. PMID- 7083552 TI - Influence of ischemic heart disease on early and late mortality after surgery for peripheral occlusive vascular disease. AB - The association of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease was studied to determine the influence of coronary artery disease on early and late mortality rates after surgical reconstruction for peripheral occlusive vascular disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Between January 1976 and December 1978, 161 consecutive patients underwent surgery for peripheral occlusive vascular disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The patients were 35-86 years old (mean 63.3 years). Thirty patients (18.6%) had abdominal aortic aneurysmectomies, 59 (36.7%) had aortoiliac reconstruction with or without femoropopliteal bypass and 72 (44.7%) had procedures for femoropopliteal disease. The 30-day hospital mortality rate was 6.7% for abdominal aortic aneurysm (n = 2), 3.4% for aortoiliac reconstruction (n = 2) and 1.4% for femoropopliteal procedures (n = 1). Myocardial infarction was the cause of 40% (n = 2) of the early postoperative deaths. The early mortality rate of patients with a history of angina or myocardial infarction was 5.4% (two of 37), while the early mortality rate among patients without such a history was 2.4% (three of 124). The mortality rate from myocardial infarction during the late observation period was 65% (15 of 23). The freedom from myocardial infarction was 90% at 30 months and 75% at 60 months. The overall survival rate was 87% at 30 months and 71% at 60 months. The late mortality rate was assessed with respect to various risk factors: coronary artery disease (n = 31), previous vascular surgery (n = 19) and diabetes mellitus (n = 7). Among the 63 patients who had one or more of the risk factors, the late cardiac mortality rate was 20.6% (n = 13). The late cardiac mortality rate for for the 78 patients with no risk factors was 3.8% (n = 3). An additional 10 patients with previous coronary artery bypass (n = 9) or angiography (n = 1) experienced no early or late mortality. The freedom from late cardiac death at 60 months was 71% for the high-risk group (63% patients) and 96% for the low-risk group. The study shows that coronary artery disease is a major determinant of both early and late mortality after arterial reconstruction. The status of the myocardium should be assessed before peripheral vascular surgery, as selective myocardial revascularization may improve survival in these patients. PMID- 7083553 TI - Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry of selenium in whole blood. AB - In this method of analysis for selenium in whole blood by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 1 mL of sample is first digested with perchloric and nitric acids. After reduction and neutralization, the sample is reacted with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, and the product is extracted into toluene. Twenty microliters of the extract is injected into the graphite furnace of a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer, along with 20 microliters of a 1.0 g/L cupric nitrate solution. Blood-based standards are used to establish the standard curve. The amount of selenium required to give an absorbance of 0.0044 is 5.3 micrograms/L. Precision is good, recovery excellent. The extract is stable for 24 h. PMID- 7083554 TI - Direct determination of lipoprotein cholesterol distribution with micro-scale affinity chromatography columns. AB - A quick and practical procedure based upon the principles of affinity chromatography has been developed and specifically adopted for the separation of serum lipoproteins into their respective alpha- and beta-lipoprotein fractions. The cholesterol, phospholipids, apoproteins, and triglycerides of these two lipoprotein fractions--the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and lower density lipoproteins--can be directly measured independently after this separation. The sums of each fraction agree with total serum components when independently assayed. The affinity column is packed with heparin bound in high capacity to agarose. The beta-lipoproteins (low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins) and HDL-containing apolipoprotein E are absorbed to the column support; the alpha lipoproteins (non-apolipoprotein E) pass through. The beta-lipoproteins are subsequently desorbed from the column support with saline. The direct assay of both the "protective" alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and of the presumably atherogenic lower-density beta-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL + VLDL cholesterol) permits calculation of a beta-: alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, which may better indicate a patient's risk of stroke or coronary heart disease than does the value for HDL cholesterol alone. PMID- 7083555 TI - Simple, reliable chromatographic measurement of oxalate in urine. AB - In this assay for oxalate in urine, oxalate is adsorbed from the urine onto graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). After desorption and removal of the solvent, oxalic acid is gas-chromatographically measured after being derivatized with BF3/methanol. Chromatography is on Carbopack B/polyethylene glycol (Mr 20000), 93.7/6.3 by weight. The lower limit of detection of urinary oxalate is about 3 mg/L (CV less than or equal to 3.6%). A series of oxalate determinations in 24-h urine samples of 15 subjects gave a mean of 47.1 (SD 15.4) mg/24 h, with an analytical recovery of 97.4% (SD 3.0%, range 93.6-102.4%). Total analysis time for one sample is about 2 h. PMID- 7083556 TI - Enzymic assay of creatinine in serum and urine with creatinine iminohydrolase and glutamate dehydrogenase. AB - We describe an assay for creatinine in which it is converted by creatinine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.21) into ammonia and N-methylhydantoin. The ammonia is subsequently assayed by use of alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3). Use of NADPH as coenzyme eliminates all interferences from endogenous reactions. Endogenous ammonia in the sample is eliminated during a preincubation. The reaction reaches the endpoint in 15 min at working temperatures of 20-37 degrees C. No sample blank or reagent blank is needed. The standard curve is linear at least to 884 mumol (100 mg) of creatinine per liter. Average analytical recovery of creatinine in serum and urine is 99%. Within-run and between-run CVs are less than or equal to 2% and less than or equal to 6% for creatinine values of 335 mumol/L (38 mg/L) and 80 mumol/L (0 mg/L), respectively. Results by the described method (y) compare well with those by Jaffe's kinetic test (y = 1.01x -- 12.8), Berthelot/AutoAnalyzer method after treatment with immobilized creatinine iminohydrolase (y = 0.987x -- 13.2), Jaffe's test run on the SMA 12/60 (y = 1.011x -- 5.8), the Wahlefeld method (y = 1.014x -- 0.88), and Jaffe's test after deproteinization and absorption on fuller's earth (y = 0.985x - 3.08). The method may be suitable for discrete, including centrifugal, automation. PMID- 7083557 TI - Liquid-chromatographic measurement of elastin. PMID- 7083558 TI - Liquid-chromatographic measurement of nitrazepam in plasma. AB - In this simple and rapid "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic method for determining nitrazepam in plasma, serum, or whole blood, the sample at pH 7.4 is extracted into diethyl ether with an internal standard (prazepam), chromatographed, and detected at 280 nm with a fixed-wavelength ultraviolet detector. A specimen, together with standards and a quality control, can be analyzed in duplicate within 90 min. The limit of sensitivity is 5 micrograms/L (nitrazepam and 7-acetamidonitrazepam) and 50 micrograms/L (7-aminonitrazepam), and no interferents have been found. This method has the advantages of a small sample requirement and complete resolution of nitrazepam and the above-mentioned major metabolites. We have used this method for analysis of therapeutic and overdose concentrations of nitrazepam, and to investigate the stability of the drug in blood. PMID- 7083560 TI - Refrigerating the Beckman "airfuge" for improved steroid receptor assays. PMID- 7083559 TI - Verapamil and calcium-stimulated enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle. AB - An early and significant biochemical abnormality in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is an increase in intracellular calcium. We have found that the "calcium-blocker" drug verapamil inhibits calcium-stimulated efflux of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in vitro from normal human skeletal muscle at therapeutic concentrations. Such a calcium blocker might therefore be useful in the treatment of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. PMID- 7083561 TI - Gas-chromatographic analysis for benzene in blood. PMID- 7083562 TI - Two-cycle liquid-chromatographic quantitation of cortisol in urine. AB - When the free cortisol in urine was analyzed by liquid chromatography after pretreatment with the usual organic extraction, interfering substances having chromatographic behavior similar to that of cortisol and the internal standard precluded accurate measurement. To remove these materials, we processed the organic extract by liquid chromatography with a normal-phase column for clean-up; the specific cortisol fraction and the internal standard collected in the effluent were then subjected to liquid chromatography with a reversed-phase column. The "two-cycle" chromatograms thus obtained were sufficiently specific for the quantitation of urinary cortisol. The method clearly detects cortisol in urine at a minimum concentration of about 5 micrograms/L when 1 mL of urine is extracted. The mean urinary free cortisol in apparently healthy individuals was 40.9 (SD 17.7) micrograms/day (n = 32) by this method. PMID- 7083563 TI - Urinary urea: are currently available methods adequate for revival of an almost abandoned test? AB - Measurement of urinary urea excretion has been suggested as a means of estimating nitrogen balance in hospitalized patients who are malnourished. Because proficiency-testing surveys show gross variations in mean urea as determined by various automated methods and extremely poor precision occasionally, we compared urinary urea measurements and ammonia interference in three widely used methods. The coupled urease/glutamate dehydrogenase method (used in the DuPont aca) showed positive interference from ammonia, as expected; with the diacetylmonoxime (Technicon (12/60) and the urease conductivity (Beckman ASTRA) methods we saw no such interference. Generally, interference by ammonia is less than 10%, but (rarely) it may exceed 25%. However, if urine specimens are properly diluted and potential sources of interference recognized, all three methods appear capable of providing clinically useful data. PMID- 7083564 TI - Kinetic determination of fibrinogen with a centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 7083565 TI - Improved liquid-chromatographic assay of quinidine and its metabolites in biological fluids. AB - We describe a simple, rapid, and specific assay for quinidine and its known metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile. Plasma proteins are precipitated by adding acetonitrile, which also contains the internal standard. The supernatant fluid is evaporated and the reconstituted residue is separated on a reversed phase column, with fluorescence detection. The standard curve is linear and results are reproducible over the clinical concentration ranges: quinidine 0.4 to 8.0 mg/L and the three metabolites (quinidine 10,11-diol, 3-hydroxyquinidine, and quinidine-N-oxide) 0.05 to 1.5 mg/L. As little as 10 micrograms of the N-oxide metabolite per liter and 1 microgram of the other analytes per liter can be quantitated in 0.5 mL of plasma, urine, or bile. With the use of an automated chromatographic system, many samples can be analyzed in a continuous run. PMID- 7083566 TI - Radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine (PCP) in serum. AB - This accurate, sensitive radioimmunoassay for determining phencyclidine concentrations in serum specimens involves the use of anti-phencyclidine sera, 0.1 mL of serum specimen, an iodinated tracer, and a solid-phase separation. Phencyclidine metabolites do not show significant cross reactivity, but several phencyclidine analogs do cross react. Within-run coefficients of variation for human and dog serum ranged from 2.5 to 13% for concentrations from 2.0 to 500 micrograms/L. Day-to-day coefficients of variation for human and dog serum ranged from 4.3 to 16.7% for concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 90.0 micrograms/L. The sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay is less than 0.5 micrograms/L. Thirty serum specimens from two dogs given 1 mg of phencyclidine per kilogram body weight were analyzed by radioimmunoassay and a gas-chromatographic method. Nonparametric statistical comparison and linear regression showed that results from the two procedures correlate well (r2 = 0.952). Concentration-time data from the two dogs are presented to illustrate the utility of the radioimmunoassay for examining phencyclidine disposition. PMID- 7083567 TI - Single-stage automated assay for heparin. AB - We have developed a single-stage assay for heparin, using reagents modified from the two-stage Dade Protopath heparin synthetic substrate assay. The single-stage assay involves simultaneous mixing of a plasma sample, an antithrombin III source, alpha-thrombin, and the alpha-thrombin fluorogenic substrate. The synthetic substrate, antithrombin III, and heparin-antithrombin III complex compete for the alpha-thrombin active site. The alpha-thrombin is inactivated by the heparin-antithrombin complex while substrate is being hydrolyzed, so that total product formation decreases with heparin concentration. Day-to-day CV was 9.3% at a heparin concentration of 246 USP units/L. Comparison of results of the single-stage heparin assay with those of a two-stage esterolytic assay yielded the linear regression equation: esterolytic = 0.834 (single-stage)--7 USP units/L (r = 0.94, n = 47). Bilirubin interfered with the single-stage assay, resulting in an apparent increase in sample heparin concentration. The single-stage heparin assay can be automated for centrifugal analyzers capable of double-reagent addition and fluorometric detection, substantially decreasing reagent requirements and therefore costs. PMID- 7083568 TI - The apparent suppression of Na/K data obtained with ion-selective electrodes is due to junction potential and activity coefficient effects, not bicarbonate binding. PMID- 7083569 TI - Automated nephelometry of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 7083570 TI - Determination of vanadium in tissues and serum. PMID- 7083571 TI - Correct for hydroxyproline in elastin when measuring collagen in tissues with a high elastin content. PMID- 7083572 TI - An equilibrium free thyroxin immunoassay. PMID- 7083573 TI - Determination of urinary sodium and potassium by ion-selective electrodes and flame photometry compared. PMID- 7083574 TI - Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase activity in hypothyroidism: possible relationship to low serum zinc and magnesium. PMID- 7083575 TI - The test-assessment chart. PMID- 7083576 TI - Anomalous acid phosphatase activity in an 80-year-old woman. PMID- 7083577 TI - Precautions necessary when assaying aluminum in serum of chronic hemodialyzed patients. PMID- 7083578 TI - Unexplained fluctuation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements in serum of some persons. PMID- 7083580 TI - Problems with nonspecific binding in radioimmunoassay for fibrinogen fragment D. PMID- 7083579 TI - Heparin interference in creatine kinase assays. PMID- 7083581 TI - Effects of hydrogen peroxide on chemical determinations in urine. PMID- 7083583 TI - Prediction of the change in extracellular sodium concentration in hyperglycemia complicated by severe losses of water and solute. PMID- 7083582 TI - Urinalysis: minimizing microscopy. PMID- 7083584 TI - Reliability of urinalysis for glucose. PMID- 7083585 TI - Rapid single-step membrane protein assay. PMID- 7083586 TI - Free drug concentrations are constant in serial fractions of plasma ultrafiltrate. PMID- 7083587 TI - Use of syringes containing dry (lyophilized) heparin in sampling blood for pH measurement and blood-gas analysis. PMID- 7083588 TI - Clinical significance of serum acid phosphatase as measured by ELISA after treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. PMID- 7083589 TI - Cyanide is not needed in the cresolphthalein complexone determination of serum calcium. PMID- 7083590 TI - Ferrozine assay of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity adapted to the COBAS BIO centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 7083591 TI - Chlorhexidine gluconate as a urine preservative in analysis for oxalic acid. PMID- 7083592 TI - Plasma and urinary melatonin in male infants during the first 12 months of life. AB - Plasma and urinary melatonin, testosterone and luteinizing hormones were radioimmunologically assayed in 26 male babies during the first year of life. The results show that plasma melatonin levels are low during the phase of postnatal elevation of testosterone and luteinizing hormones. They subsequently increase when testicular activity decreases. Urinary elimination of melatonin does not vary during this period, suggesting the existence of variations in the synthesis or utilization of melatonin. PMID- 7083594 TI - The CII/CIII ratio of transferable apolipoprotein in primary and secondary hypertriglyceridemia. AB - Since the apolipoproteins C transfer to triglyceride-rich particles when they enter the lymph-blood compartment, and since the apo CII/CIII ratio may influence the removal of triglyceride-rich particles from that compartment, the apo CII/CIII ratio of proteins that transfer from plasma to an artificial fat emulsion was studied in hypertriglyceridemic and control patients. It appeared (1) that the apo CII/CIII ratio was lower in 10 patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia (0.06 +/- 0.20) than in 13 normals (1.55 +/- 0.73, p less than 0.001) and (2) that it was lower in 16 patients who previously had secondary hypertriglyceridemia, but who were normotriglyceridemic when tested (0.58 +/- 0.24), than in 15 patients with comparable disease but without secondary hypertriglyceridemia (0.91 +/- 0.47, p less than 0.02). These findings suggest that a low CII/CIII ratio of transferable apolipoprotein contributes to the potential development of secondary hypertriglyceridemia. PMID- 7083593 TI - Enzymatic determination of acetate in serum or plasma using a centrifugal fast analyser. AB - A simple enzymatic spectrophotometric micromethod is described for direct kinetic assay of acetate in serum or plasma using the Eni-Gemsaec centrifugal fast analyser. The method is based on the transformation of acetate and ATP into acetylphosphate and ADP by acetate kinase (EC 2.7.2.1). ADP is further measured by two coupling reactions involving pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) with measurement of NADH consumption at 340 nm. The method involves a reagent blank for compensation of reagent deterioration, a preincubation of 3 min without acetate kinase to eliminate any interference due to endogenous pyruvate, and a two-point kinetic protocol with measurements of absorbance at 95s and 395 s. The analytical performances of the proposed method were investigated using an evaluation scheme proposed by the French Society of Clinical Biology. PMID- 7083595 TI - Characterization of an atypical creatine kinase from human heart tissue, with properties similar to those of mitochondrial creatine kinase. AB - The 600 X g particulate fraction, obtained from the homogenates of human heart muscle, contained large quantities of an atypical creatine kinase (CK-Z). Creatine kinase Z migrated cathodically relative to CK-MM on agarose gel electrophoresis, and was not inhibited by antibodies directed against human CK-MM and CK-BB. Creatine kinase Z had an apparent Km for Mg-ADP and creatine phosphate of 0.04 mmol/l and 1.3 mmol/l, respectively. This enzyme existed in two molecular forms; one form of molecular weight 33 000-38 000 in the presence of a buffer containing Tris-HCl (0.05 mol/l), EDTA (0.001 mol/l), and 2-mercaptoethanol (0.010 mol/l), pH 8.0; and another form having a molecular weight of 62 000-68 000 in the presence of a buffer containing sodium phosphate (0.020 mol/l) and EDTA (0.001 mol/l), pH 8.0. Creatine kinase Z had biochemical properties which were different from those of the other soluble creatine kinase isoenzymes (MM, MB and BB), but similar to those reported for mitochondrial creatine kinases isolated from other animal tissues. PMID- 7083596 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of urinary 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate after its ion-pair extraction. AB - In order to develop a gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection for the analysis of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate, a new procedure for its isolation has been introduced. The conjugated metabolite has been extracted by an ion-pair technique using tetrabutyl ammonium as counter ion and dichloromethane as organic solvent. Hydrolysis and derivatization of 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate have been finally performed by treatment with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Each step of the procedure, applied to the analysis of urine samples both from normal subjects and from patients with neuroblastoma, has been discussed. PMID- 7083597 TI - Investigation of urinary steroid profiles as a diagnostic method in Cushing's syndrome. AB - Patients with Cushing's syndrome may be discriminated from normal subjects on the basis of their respective neutral urinary steroid profile. In the former group, evidence is presented that lowered levels of T3 secondary to hypercortisolism, decrease the liver enzymes associated with 5 alpha-reductase and 11 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity. As a result the metabolism of cortisol and androstenedione in Cushing's syndrome yields a unique pattern dominated by 5 beta and 11 beta-hydroxy steroid metabolites. PMID- 7083598 TI - Cardiovascular responses in hyperthyroidism before and during beta-adrenoceptor blockade: evidence against adrenergic hypersensitivity. AB - The relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular responses has been studied indirectly in ten hyperthyroid patients and age matched euthyroid controls. Nyctohemeral variations in heart rate, and heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise were measured before and during beta blockade with slow-release propranolol. Both groups showed a parallel variation in heart rate over 24 h, with an increase in heart rate inthe hyperthyroid group that was the same during the day (27.9 +/- 0.95 beats/min) and during the night (26.7 +/- 0.75 beats/min). Similarly, the increase in resting heart rate (32.7 +/ 4.4 beats/min) in the hyperthyroid group was close to the increase in peak exercise-induced heart rate (25.0 +/- 4.7 beats/min). Adequate beta-blockade was achieved in all subjects as evidenced by a percentage reduction in peak exercise heart rate of 25-45%. Propranolol caused a greater reduction in daytime than night-time heart rate in both groups and blunted the response to exercise. Following beta-blockade, the mean percentage reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise, and heart rate responses over 24 h were similar in hyperthyroid and euthyroid groups. The closest correlation between thyroid hormone levels and heart rate was that of serum total tri-iodothyronine (T3) and nocturnal heart rate during beta-blockade (r=0.92; P less than 0.0001). It is concluded that excess circulating thyroid hormones exert a direct effect on the cardiovascular system additive to the sympathetic nervous system and that there is no evidence of adrenergic hypersensitivity in hyperthyroidism. PMID- 7083599 TI - Control of secretion of parathyroid hormone in secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 7083600 TI - Antigenicity of human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations in men. AB - The antigenicity of HCG was tested in twenty-three young healthy men receiving two different HCG preparations (A and B). Each subject received 5000 i.u. HCG intramuscularly daily for three consecutive days, followed by another course, 3 weeks later, of 5000 i.u. HCG injections daily for 3 days. Two of the fifteen subjects treated with preparation A developed HCG antibodies in response to the HCG injections. The results show that although HCG is of human origin and also occurs normally in men, it may induce antibody formation even after brief treatment. PMID- 7083601 TI - The behavioural effects of testosterone undecanoate in adult men with Klinefelter's syndrome: a controlled study. AB - The behavioural effects of exogenous testosterone in men with marginally low circulating androgen levels were investigated. Four adult men with Klinefelter's syndrome, low normal testosterone levels and normal sexual activity and interest were given testosterone undecanoate (TU 160 mg daily by mouth; Organon International) and placebo using a double blind cross-over design. A modest increase in sexual interest was observed during TU administration compared to placebo, though there were no effects on self-reported mood or energy, or on erectile responsiveness in the laboratory. Increase in circulating hormone levels during TU administration was more marked for DHT than for testosterone. The possible implications of this are discussed. PMID- 7083602 TI - [A case with normocalcemic pseudohypoparathyroidism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083603 TI - [A case of mild renal failure, who showed persistent hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic acidosis without aldosterone deficiency--genesis of acidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083604 TI - [A case of idiopathic SIADH with diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083605 TI - [Basic and clinical investigation of serum cortisol by solid phase radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083606 TI - [Fundamental and clinical studies of sesum cortisol by cortisol (125I) RIA kit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083607 TI - [Fundamental study and clinical application of cortisol kit "DAINABOT" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083608 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of radioimmunoassay for serum triiodothyronine by CK-R3A RIA kit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083609 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of radioimmunoassay for serum TSH by CK-RTS RIA kit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7083611 TI - Partial trisomy 7p in two families resulting from different balanced translocations. PMID- 7083610 TI - Brachydactyly with major involvement of proximal phalanges. PMID- 7083612 TI - Recurrence of the VATER association within a sibship. PMID- 7083614 TI - Serum cholinesterase in the mothers of neural tube defect progeny. AB - Human Serum Cholinesterase activity and polymorphism at its two gene loci, CHE1 and CHE2, were compared in maternal serum from neural tube defect pregnancies, normal pregnancies and a non-pregnant control group. Variants at the CHE1 locus were identified by dibucaine, fluoride and R02 0683 inhibition. The CHE2 phenotype was demonstrated by DISC polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Total HSChE activity in the pregnant groups was slightly less than in the control group but there was no difference in activity between the affected and the normal pregnancies. Three variants were identified. All were found in the non-affected pregnant group. One variant at CHE1 was identified, an I phenotype, and two C5+ phenotypes, the CHE2 variant. No obvious relationships were found between HSChE activity or a particular genetic variant and NTD progeny. PMID- 7083613 TI - Terminal deletion(4)(q33) in a male infant. PMID- 7083615 TI - Treatment of phenylketonuria during pregnancy. AB - A woman with apparently classic phenylketonuria (PKU) was treated from the sixth week of her pregnancy with a diet restricted to phenylalanine and supplemented with tyrosine. Serum phenylalanine levels were monitored weekly and documented good patient compliance. A female infant was born who was examined at age 8.5 months. Physical examination was notable for a heart murmur suggestive of patent ductus arteriosus. Developmental quotient was normal. It is important to continue to monitor the outcome of pregnancies in women with PKU whose diet is restricted in phenylalanine in an effort to better define risks and to optimize treatment. PMID- 7083616 TI - Holt-Oram syndrome: penetrance of the gene and lack of maternal effect. PMID- 7083617 TI - Lupus erythematosus gyratus repens. Report of a case associated with a lung carcinoma. PMID- 7083618 TI - Adverse reactions to paste bandages. PMID- 7083619 TI - Actinic reticuloid with Sezary cells. PMID- 7083621 TI - Serum IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE in lichen planus: no evidence for a humoral immunodeficiency. PMID- 7083620 TI - A case of focal dermal hypoplasia. PMID- 7083622 TI - Generalized argyria with low ceruloplasmin and copper levels in the serum. A case report with clinical and microscopical findings and a trial of penicillamine treatment. PMID- 7083623 TI - Special symposium on Dermatological Therapy: V. Diseases of the appendages. Alopecia and hirsutism. PMID- 7083624 TI - Special Symposium on Dermatological Therapy: V. Diseases of the appendages. Treatment of hyperhidrosis. PMID- 7083625 TI - Management of disorders of the nails. PMID- 7083626 TI - Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE): a distinct subset of LE. PMID- 7083627 TI - A child with xeroderma pigmentosum and G6PD deficiency. PMID- 7083628 TI - Razoxane regimen for the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 7083629 TI - A drug eruption due to acebutolol with combined lichenoid and lupus erythematosus features. PMID- 7083630 TI - Circulating immune complexes and severe sepsis: duration of infection as the main determinant. AB - The relation between the duration of bacterial infection and circulating immune complexes (CIC) level was evaluated using the C1q binding assay in a group of patients with well defined clinical sepsis. Fifty-four patients with endocarditis and 35 with post-open heart surgery mediastinitis were prospectively studied over a period of 2 years. CIC were detected in 42% of patients studied. Interindividual variations were observed but it was found that the level of CIC increased statistically with time (P less than 0.001). CIC were statistically linked with cryoglobulinemia (P less than 0.001), rheumatoid factor (P less than 0.001) and a decreased CH50 (P less than 0.05). CIC were more frequent in patients with endocarditis (53%) than in patients with mediastinitis (24%). However, when the duration of the infection was taken into account the difference was no longer significant. No relation could be evidenced between the incidence of CIC and clinical symptoms including prognosis and renal signs. In our experience, determination of CIC does not have a critical clinical value. PMID- 7083631 TI - Complement activation in chronic liver disease. AB - Patients with HBsAg positive chronic active liver disease (CALD) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) exhibit increased C3d concentrations and changes in the serum concentrations of the complement components consistent with activation of the classical and alternative pathways. In these patients the concentrations of the regulatory proteins, C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta IH globulin, are normal. Patients with HBsAg negative CALD and alcohol induced liver disease (ALD) exhibit no evidence of an increased level of complement system activation. In these patients diminished serum concentrations of complement components appear to be related to diminished hepatic synthetic function. C4 synthesis may be specifically reduced in autoimmune chronic active liver disease. PMID- 7083632 TI - The functional and physicochemical characterization of three eosinophilotactic activities released into the circulation by cold challenge of patients with cold urticaria. AB - The eosinophilic activity appearing in the venous effluent of the cold-induced angioedematous extremity of patients with cold urticaria has been resolved into three fractions by gel filtration and Dowex-1 chromatography. The low molecular weight activity, 300-700 mw, is highly acidic while the activity of 1000-3000 mw is composed of highly acidic and less acidic moieties. Each of the three activities has a different retention time on high pressure liquid chromatography, indicating that they represent distinct fractions which differ in size, charge, and hydrophobicity. Each fraction requires a gradient to attract eosinophils in a dose-response fashion and each deactivates eosinophils at subchemotactic concentrations. The more acidic 1000-3000 mw fractions also attract human monocytes in a chemotactic gradient at concentrations identical to those which attract human eosinophils. These three classes of eosinophil chemotactic activities and the activity for monocytes appear and disappear from the venous effluent with essentially the same time course as a distinct neutrophil chemotactic factor and histamine with cold induction of angioedema in patients with cold urticaria. The elaboration of these diverse chemoattractants in experimentally induced physical allergy provides potential pathways for mast cell mediated infiltrative reactions. PMID- 7083633 TI - Antigen provocation to the skin, nose and lung, in children with asthma; immediate and dual hypersensitivity reactions. AB - Most (18/21) children with perennial asthma gave dual (immediate and late) responses to bronchial provocation with two of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and either timothy grass pollen or cat fur. Most (19/21) also showed dual responses to skin prick tests, only half (11/21) gave dual responses in the nose, mainly with timothy grass pollen, and these were associated with allergic rhinitis. Only two children gave dual responses in lung, skin and nose to both antigens, and only two gave immediate reactions without late reactions in all positive tests; most showed different patterns of response according to the organ tested or the antigen used for provocation. Our results suggest that local factors may be important in determining the pattern of allergic response in a 'target' organ, and that dual responses are strongly associated with the patient's symptoms. PMID- 7083634 TI - Cryoglobulinemia in acute type-A hepatitis. AB - Serum cryoglobulins were detected in 18 of 19 patients with type-A, and six of eight with type-B hepatitis. The predominant immunoglobulin in the cryoprecipitates was polyclonal IgM. Patients with type-A hepatitis had a significantly higher mean serum level of cryoglobulins when compared to those with type-B (106.9 vs. 20.5 micrograms/ml). IgM anti-hepatitis-A virus activity was detected in all cryoprecipitates obtained from hepatitis-A patients. Cryoglobulinemia in these patients was transient, associated with disease activity and accompanied by a marked increase in serum level of IgM. These findings are compatible with a recent hypothesis, which predicts the appearance of cryoglobulins under circumstances of enhanced stimulation of B cells in the presence of defective clearance of desialylated glycoproteins by their specific liver receptors. PMID- 7083635 TI - Humoral and cellular immune response to thyroglobulin in different inbred rat strains. PMID- 7083636 TI - Autoimmune thyroiditis: conversion of low-responder mice to high-responders by cyclophosphamide. AB - Inbred strains of mice are low- or high-responders with respect to the magnitude of thyroid infiltrates that appear after immunization with mouse thyroglobulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. This aspect of the immune response to thyroglobulin is strongly controlled by the major histocompatibility complex. Low responder strains treated with cyclophosphamide, before the antigenic challenge, were converted to high-responders. This suggests that in low-responder mice, a specific suppressor activity influences the development of the thyroid lesions characteristic for the autoimmune thyroiditis. PMID- 7083637 TI - Suppression of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in man by maternal and neonatal serum. AB - the natural cytotoxicity of cells prepared from the blood of human neonates and women at the time of parturition was investigated, using a 4 hr 51Cr release assay and two established cell lines as targets. Although cord cells proved to be cytotoxic, the overall level was distinctly lower than that of normal adult cells. Whereas adult cells from males gave higher levels of cytotoxicity compared with cells from females, this was not the case for cord cells. Cells from women in labour showed even lower cytotoxic values. Neonatal and maternal serum or plasma caused a profound inhibition of the cytotoxicity shown by adult cells when present during the assay or following preincubation of effector cells with serum. Cord cells were not suppressed by either autologous or allogeneic cord sera. The nature of these suppressive factors and their origin and ontogeny remain to be elucidated. It would appear that in the neonate, and possibly also in the fetus, natural cytotoxicity is largely suppressed by serum factors, both in mother and offspring. This could represent yet another example of immunological modulation in pregnancy. PMID- 7083638 TI - Rapid single-step method for purification of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Previous studies have shown that blood samples from healthy subjects and patients with a variety of different diseases separate into distinct mononuclear leucocyte (MNL) and polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) bands when centrifuged on a Ficoll Hypaque medium of density 1.114 g/ml. Results from the present study showed that blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) failed to separate into discrete cellular fractions under the same conditions. In particular, the PMNL were not recoverable because the erythrocytes only partially sedimented. However, following modification of the separation medium involving (a) reduction in the final Ficoll concentration from 8% to 7%, and (b) an alteration in the ratio of meglumine Hypaque:sodium Hypaque from 5.7:2.8 to 2.0:7.5, a clear band of PMNL of high purity could be obtained with blood samples from patients with RA. The modification of this previously described, simple, brief, one-step, density gradient centrifugation method achieved separation of peripheral blood PMNL required for studies of leucocyte function in patients with RA. PMID- 7083639 TI - Endotoxin induced 'tumour-necrosis serum' kills a subpopulation of normal lymphocytes in vitro. PMID- 7083640 TI - Analysis of immunoglobulin G in multiple sclerosis brain: quantitative and isoelectric focusing studies. AB - Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in soluble and particulate fractions of discrete tissue samples from multiple sclerosis (MS) brain was analysed. Supernatant IgG/albumin rations and particulate-bound IgG levels were highest in samples dissected from MS plaques and adjacent white matter. Acid extracts of particulate fractions from the equivalent of 1 g of MS plaque tissue contained up to 15 micrograms IgG, an order of magnitude less than the amount in extracts from a subacute sclerosing panencephatitis (SSPE) brain, but 20 times more than those from control brain. By contrast, supernatant fractions from SSPE brain and some MS plaques contained comparable amounts (100-200 micrograms/g tissue) of IgG, which were 10 times greater than those from control brain. Samples were subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF), and IgG was visualized by immunoperoxidase staining. The IEF patterns of IgG from control samples were diffuse but samples from demyelinated MS tissue displayed distinct oligoclonal bands of IgG. A number of common IgG bands were apparent in extracts of supernatant and particulate fractions from the same plaque. The IEF spectra of plaque samples from three MS brains were different. Furthermore, quantitative variations in certain IgG bands were observed in different plaques from the same brain. PMID- 7083641 TI - Human eosinophils and parasitic diseases. II. Characterization of two cell fractions isolated at different densities. AB - A new procedure, based on centrifugation through multiple discontinuous gradients of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silica particles has been developed for the separation of almost pure eosinophils from blood samples of healthy donors. When this technique is employed for the purification of eosinophils from the peripheral blood of patients with parasitic diseases, two cell fractions almost pure in eosinophil granulocytes are harvested at different densities. Preliminary results, concerning the characterization of these cell fractions, indicate that in the terms of detectable membrane receptors and K cell activity, two distinct eosinophil subpopulations can be recognized. PMID- 7083642 TI - The action of Clofazimine on the level of lysosomal enzymes of cultured macrophages. AB - Mouse peritoneal and calf alveolar macrophage cultures were exposed to various concentrations of Clofazimine, 3 (p-chloroanilino)-10-p-Chlorophenyl 2, 10 dihydro-2-isopropylimino, for 120 hr and an increase of four lysosomal enzymes were found with 0 . 3 micrograms/ml of the drug. In mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures, higher concentrations were toxic. Cycloheximide inhibited the lysosomal enzyme activity increase found. No change in enzymatic activity was observed when a lysosomal enriched granular fraction was incubated with various drug concentrations. Our results strongly suggest that Clofazimine at concentrations close to therapeutic serum levels induces de novo synthesis of lysosomal enzymes in macrophage cultures. PMID- 7083644 TI - Radionuclide ventriculography: a noninvasive method for the detection and quantification of left-to-right shunts in atrial septal defect. AB - The present investigation was undertaken to assess a new scintigraphic method for the diagnosis of left-to-right shunts due to atrial septal defect based on the differing stroke volumes of left and right ventricles and to compare it with oxymetric data. Radionuclide ventriculography was carried out after injection of 20 mCi 99mtechnetium-labeled red blood cells. Time-activity curves were obtained from the left and right ventricular regions, and the ratio (A) of end-diastolic end-systolic count rate differences for the left and right ventricles was calculated. The left-to-right shunt (in percent of the pulmonary flow rate) is then given as 100 X (1 - A/1.43; 1.43 being the previously determined mean value of A in 66 normal patients. In 16 patients with an atrial septal defect and/or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection a correlation of r = 0.81 was found between those shunts determined by the scintigraphic method and those calculated by oxymetric data. The specificity of the method and the sensitivity in detecting left-to-right shunts exceeding 30% are high. The method is practical and already widely used for determination of ejection fraction end-diastolic volume and other factors. The combination of this technique with other methods for shunt diagnosis such as gamma-fit analysis may prove of special value. PMID- 7083643 TI - Phagocytosis and intracellular degradation of 125I-labelled immune complexes by Clofazimine treated macrophage cultures. AB - Mouse peritoneal and calf alveolar macrophage cultures were exposed to various Clofazimine concentrations for 5 days. Cultures exposed to drug concentrations near the blood therapeutic level phagocytize and digest more immune complexes than control cultures. Our results allow us to suggest that the beneficial action of Clofazimine in lepromatous leprosy could be at least partially mediated by the removal and degradation of circulating immune complexes by macrophages. PMID- 7083645 TI - Simultaneous contrast imaging of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography and standard ventriculography. AB - Simultaneous contrast two-dimensional echocardiograms and contrast ventriculograms were analyzed for 19 cardiac cycles in 6 patients. Ventriculographic volume was underestimated by 10 +/- 4.5% (p less than .001) by the contrast echocardiograms, despite good correlation (r = 0.88). Discrepancies could not be assigned to changes in volume between studies nor to a lack of precise endocardial definition. Simultaneous imaging demonstrated that the ultrasonic transducer was located 33 degrees cephalad to the cardiac apex. Although angiographic volume was severely underestimated, ejection fraction (r = 0.93) and stroke volume (r = 0.90) could be calculated from two-dimensional echocardiograms using regression equations. PMID- 7083646 TI - Heparin effect on blood viscosity. AB - The effect of heparin on blood viscosity was investigated in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and preinfarction angina (PA), whose blood viscosity was elevated. Viscosity was measured with Cannon, Fenske, and Routine viscometers. Kinematic viscosity, bath and whole blood, plasma, and serum viscosity were determined as well as dependent parameters (fibrinogen, serum proteins, number of platelets, and hematocrit). All of them were found to increase, and it was significantly proved that intravenous heparin immediately decreased plasma viscosity, but has a lesser effect on serum and whole blood viscosity. A dose of 1 cc = 50 mg = 5000 IU intravenous heparin, will maintain this decrease for a month. In our four-week-study, 1 cc i.v. heparin was administered at 6-hour intervals for the first 2 weeks, and 2 cc heparin subcutaneous injections were administered at 12-hour intervals for the next 2 weeks. We found that heparin also decreased fibrinogen, hematocrit, serum alpha 2 globulin, and number of platelets. Hyperviscosity, hypercoagulability, and the increase of platelet adhesiveness arae some of the most important physiopathological alterations of AMI and PA. The decrease of blood viscosity due to heparin is one of the most important and beneficial effects of it in this pathology. PMID- 7083647 TI - Acute verapamil poisoning: successful treatment with epinephrine. AB - Acute intoxication with verapamil (2400 mg) induced A-V dissociation and circulatory failure in a 38-year-old woman with no previous cardiac disease. Resumption of A-V conduction was observed after administration of orciprenalin, calcium gluconate, and dopamine, with no effect on blood pressure. Epinephrine infusion finally restored satisfactory blood pressure level and allowed a favorable outcome. PMID- 7083648 TI - Nifedipine therapy for recurrent ischemic pain following myocardial infarction. AB - The efficacy of nifedipine in relieving recurrent ischemic episodes following acute myocardial infarction was studied in 11 patients a mean of 9.2 days post infarction (range 2-42 days). Prior to infarction, all of the patients had a history of exertional angina only, yet following the infarction, episodes of recurrent ischemia occurred at rest in spite of maximal medical management with beta-blockers and/or nitrate preparations, which lowered the heart rate to a mean of 65 beats/min, and the blood pressure to a mean of 109/70 mmHg. Ischemic episodes were associated with ST-segment elevation in 7 patients and ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion in 4 patients. Coronary angiography was performed in 8 patients, and demonstrated multivessel coronary disease in 7. The episodes of rest ischemia were prevented in all but one patient by the addition of nifedipine (mean daily dose 60 mg, range 40-120 mg) without causing a change in heart rate or blood pressure. Two patients continued to have myocardial ischemia with minimal exertion, although rest pains were abolished, and they underwent coronary bypass surgery for relief of exertional pain. Only one patient continued to have episodes of ischemia at rest, although the frequency of ischemic episodes was decreased, and bypass surgery was necessary for pain relief. The other 8 patients have been managed medically for a mean of 5.4 months (range 1-12 months) and have remained pain free on combined regimens of nifedipine, beta blockers, and/or nitrate preparations. We conclude that nifedipine may be efficacious for the relief of recurrent myocardial ischemia at rest following acute infarction. In some patients nifedipine may eliminate the need for coronary artery bypass surgery and in others it may provide clinical stability prior to operation. PMID- 7083649 TI - Coronary spasm associated with urticaria: report of a case mimicking anaphylaxis. AB - Recent investigations suggest that the vasoactive substances, histamine, prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 are mediators of coronary artery spasm. These substances may be released during a episode of urticaria. We report here a case of coronary artery spasm associated with an episode of acute urticaria. The coronary spasm may have been mediated by the vasoactive substances released from basophils and secondary platelet aggregation, known to occur with urticaria. PMID- 7083650 TI - Assessment of diagnostic value of dipyridamole testing in angina pectoris. AB - In order to assess the diagnostic value of dipyridamole (D) testing, we studied the responses of 34 patients with chest pain and 10 normal subjects. Blood pressure and 12-lead ECG were recorded during and after intravenous infusion of 0.6 mg/kg dipyridamole for 10 minutes. Coronary arteriography and maximal or symptom-limited exercise tests were performed in the 34 patients with chest pain. During infusion 13 patients presented ischemic ST changes and 5 with anginal pain only. The latter group had normal coronary arteries. Among the 13 patients with ischemic ST changes, 7 had at least two critical coronary stenoses and the remaining 6 had no coronary lesions. Dipyridamole tests showed poor sensitivity (44%) and specificity (39%) with respect to coronary arteriography. The relatively high number of positive responses in subjects with normal coronary arteries indicates that the coronary steal phenomenon is not the sole cause of "ischemic" response to the drug. Indirect indexes of myocardial oxygen consumption were higher in patients with a positive response to drug infusion than in those with a negative response; however the value of rate-pressure product at infusion end never reached that observed at ischemic threshold during exercise testing in the same patient. This suggests that neither can oxygen consumption increase be considered as entirely responsible for ischemic response to dipyridamole. In conclusion dipyridamole test cannot be proposed for predicting critical coronary stenoses. PMID- 7083651 TI - Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy in Nigerian women. PMID- 7083653 TI - Mid-diastolic aortic valve opening in bacterial endocarditis of aortic valve. AB - Echocardiographic features of acute aortic regurgitation resulting from bacterial endocarditis have been well documented (Nathan et al., 1980; Weaver et al., 1977; Wray, 1975a), and include thick shaggy echoes from aortic valve in diastole, fine diastolic flutter of aortic valves suggestive of rupture of cusps, and premature closure of mitral valves. Echocardiography being a sensitive noninvasive technique for detecting aortic valve vegetations is heavily relied on for earlier diagnosis and prompt therapy of these patients. Prognosis of echocardiographically positive endocarditis is known to be worse than for echo negative patients. The following case is being presented because of an unusual echocardiographic manifestation with mid-diastolic aortic valve opening secondary to flail aortic valve from staphylococcal endocarditis of the aortic valve. PMID- 7083652 TI - Influence of myocardial substrate utilization on the oxygen consumption of the heart. AB - The effect of changing myocardial metabolism from predominantly lipid to predominantly carbohydrate utilization on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) was studied in 10 closed-chest dogs. Oxygen saving potency of different metabolic interventions was quantified over a wide hemodynamic range by comparing the directly determined MVO2 with the hemodynamic parameter total left ventricular energy demand (Et), which correlates closely under control conditions with MVO2 (r = 0.98). Stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism by addition of glucose and beta-pyridyl carbinol or by activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with dichloroacetate (DCA) shifted the cardiac respiratory quotient during beta stimulation from 0.73 to 1.00 and 0.89, respectively, the nonesterified fatty acid/albumin ratio decreased from 4.0 to 0.5, or remained unchanged with DCA, and MVO2 was reduced by 25 and 16%, respectively. Therapeutic approaches aimed at decreasing MVO2 by changing substrate utilization are discussed. PMID- 7083654 TI - Facial swelling: a complication of transvenous pacing. AB - A case of progressive venous thrombosis involving the superior vena cava is reported following implantation of a permanent transvenous pacemaker. Acute symptoms in the arm appeared after 18 months, but the symptoms of superior vena caval obstruction developed gradually, three years after pacemaker insertion. The diagnosis was confirmed by cavography and symptoms resolved with heparin therapy. Long-term anticoagulation is indicated when thrombosis is responsible for this uncommon but important complication of transvenous pacing. PMID- 7083655 TI - Interrelationship between metacarpal bone mass and bone mineral content in nondialyzed and dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. AB - Metacarpal bone mass (D2-d2)/D2 measured on radiographs, and bone mineral content (BMC) measured by photon absorptiometry, were studied in the forearms of 30 nondialyzed and 25 hemodialyzed patients with chronic failure and in a group of normal subjects. Metacarpal bone mass was reduced in nondialyzed women with chronic renal failure and the amount of bone mineral reduced both in males and females with chronic renal failure, whereas these measurements were normal in dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Bone mineral content in the forearm and metacarpal bone mass decreased with age, both in women with chronic renal failure and in normal women, the decrease being more pronounced in women with chronic renal failure than in normal women. No age-related decrease was seen in males. Bone mineral content corrected for the size of bone (BMC') decreased with age both in males and in females. Highly significant correlations were found between metacarpal bone mass and BMC' in nondialyzed and dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure, whereas no significant correlation could be demonstrated in normal subjects. The study indicates that changes in metacarpal bone mass and in BMC to some degree occur simultaneously in patients with chronic renal failure; an accelerated loss of bone mass and of bone mineral with age may be seen in women with chronic renal failure compared to normal women. PMID- 7083656 TI - The role of computed tomography in the management of osteochondral grafts. PMID- 7083657 TI - Solitary bony metastasis to the foot with long survival following amputation. AB - A 73-year-old man developed a solitary metastasis to the cuboid bone of the foot one year after a left upper lobectomy for bronchogenic adenosquamous carcinoma. Irradiation controlled the pain for 1 1/2 years. Metastatic work-up failed to show other foci; hence, a Syme's amputation was performed. The patient remains well with no evidence of disease 3 1/2 years after biopsy diagnosis. Metastasis to the peripheral bones of the feet are extremely rare. Only 23 biopsy-proven cases are recorded in the English literature, seven of which were of bronchogenic origin. Most of the cases were part of disseminated metastatic disease, with the longest reported survival being 26 months. The present case had an apparently solitary metastasis, with a relatively long survival of 44 months following diagnosis. PMID- 7083658 TI - Management of the deformed rheumatoid forefoot. A comparison of conservative and surgical methods. AB - In a retrospective survey of 65 patients who had rheumatoid arthritis, the late results of excision arthroplasty of the forefoot were investigated and compared with nonoperative management. Subjective assessment of foot shape and severity of pain as well as objective changes in gait and deformity were considered. Surgery relieved pain initially, but the recurrence rate of metatarsalgia was high. In those who wore surgical shoes, lack of cosmesis was the most important factor in determining poor compliance. The operation was recommended at random, and there was little difference in the outcomes of nonoperative and surgical treatments. A long-term randomized prospective trial is required to establish the criteria for selection of a management regime. PMID- 7083659 TI - Incidence of shoulder dislocation in Sweden. AB - Shoulder joint dislocations collected from a randomized population were investigated in Sweden, wherein nearly 50% of people with primary dislocations never visit hospitals nor are treated by a physician. Thus information obtained from surgically treated patients is of limited value because cases requiring operative repair represent only a small and selected percentage of the population. The incidence of shoulder dislocation in people from 18 to 70 years of age was at least 1.7% and was three times more common in males. Spontaneous healing of recurrent dislocations in a period of many years was not uncommon. Shoulder joint dislocation was more common among children than was generally appreciated, with the prognosis usually good. Recurrences of primary dislocations in people 15 to 25 years of age were not as frequent as was expected. PMID- 7083660 TI - Swanson implant arthroplasty of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Severe involvement of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis poses great functional restrictions in eating, maintaining personal hygiene, and in performing general daily activities. Twenty-six Swanson radiocarpal implant arthroplasties were performed in 23 patients. Patients' average age was 57 years, with a preoperative diagnosis in all patients of rheumatoid arthritis. Follow-up averaged 33 months (range, 5-47 months). The principal indication for surgery was pain in 23 wrists and wrist deformity in three wrists. Particular attention was paid to postoperative functional status and to any changes in performance of routine activities of daily living pertinent to the wrist. Employing a pain rating scale of 1-4, preoperative scores averaged 3.71 on the operated side and postoperative scores, 1.75. Postoperative activities of daily living that benefited from the improved extension capability of the wrist showed significant improvement. No significant improvement resulted in those activities necessitating strength or fine motor control. Prosthesis fracture in one patient, and recurrence of ulnar deviation in two patients, were the major complications. Capsular reconstruction and tendon transfer to balance the wrist were integral components of the procedure. PMID- 7083662 TI - Simple method of tightening the split cast. PMID- 7083661 TI - Herpes simplex infection involving the hand. AB - Finger lesions caused by the herpes simplex virus often resemble pyogenic infection and must be differentiated from the latter to avoid unnecessary surgical drainage. The lesions, with their accompanying symptoms and signs, resolve spontaneously within one to three weeks, and only supportive treatment is necessary. Recurrence is not unusual, occurring as late as several years after the original attack. Most patients with herpetic whitlow are medical or dental personnel, whose occupation requires contact with the oral-respiratory system of patients. Therefore, direct digital contact with individuals infected by oral herpes simplex or with asymptomatic carriers is the most plausible mechanism of transmission of the virus. Avoidance of the disease in such highly infectious persons is possible by the use of gloves. PMID- 7083663 TI - Cortical and trabecular bone status in elderly women with femoral neck fracture. PMID- 7083664 TI - Analysis of version in the acetabular cup. AB - To determine the amount of anteversion or retroversion of the acetabular component of the implanted total hip prosthesis, two anteroposterior radiographs of the hip are obtained, with the contralateral hip flexed to compensate for the possible existing flexion contracture. The X-ray beam is centered on the implanted total hip in one radiograph, and moved away from it toward the contralateral hip in the second radiograph. If the cup is anteverted, the opening will seem wider in the second radiograph. To calculate the angle, the location of the center of the X-ray beam on the X-ray plate must be know. The center of the X ray beam can be marked on the radiograph by putting a metalic cross on the patient, over the centering cross of the X-ray light source. If the distance of the signature of the X-ray's center beam is less than 8 mm for the center of the cup on the X-ray film, the cup version can be calculated from the arcsin of the shortest to the largest diameter of the cup. If the central ray's signature is farther away, correction is necessary for this calculation. Also, the variable parameters, e.g., cup size, and magnification rate, should be considered in the calculations. The anteroposterior radiographs of the implanted total hip, obtained with the central beam being marked on the X-ray plate, not only are useful for evaluation of the implant but also can be used to calculate the version angle with an accuracy of +/-2 degrees. The necessary calculation is tabulated for cups with an outside diameter of 44-56 mm. PMID- 7083665 TI - Intertrochanteric flexion osteotomy as an only alternative to total hip arthroplasty in advanced osteoarthritis. A ten-year follow-up. AB - This report is based on the study of 63 intertrochanteric flexion osteotomies of the hip with a ten-year follow-up. Every patient had severe osteoarthritis of the hip where abduction or adduction osteotomies could not possibly have recentered the femoral head in the acetabulum. The only alternative would have been a total hip arthroplasty. The reappearance of a congruent joint space on the anteroposterior roentgenogram of the proximal femoral epiphysis in flexion was the criterion for intertrochanteric flexion osteotomy. At ten-year follow-up, 65% had a good result, 10% fair, and 25% poor. This per cent of poor results is comparable to some statistics of late complications following total hip arthroplasties. After osteotomy, infection seldom occurs. Moreover, intertrochanteric osteotomy does not complicate the results of total hip arthroplasty. PMID- 7083666 TI - Fatigue fracture of the pubic ramus following total hip arthroplasty with unusual delayed healing. AB - A 73-year-old woman with fatigue fracture of the right pubic rami following total hip arthroplasty had a long delay to union. Discrepancy in leg lengths due to nonunion of an intertrochanteric osteotomy of the contralateral hip may have contributed to the fatigue fracture of the pubic rami. The postarthroplasty fatigue fractures in patients reported in the literature were of the compression type and healed within a few weeks. In the patient reported here, the fracture was of the distraction type and was characterized by failure of callus formation with slow healing requiring two years to union. PMID- 7083667 TI - Arthroscopic treatment of postoperative knee fibroarthrosis. AB - Twenty-four patients with severely limited knee motion following open knee surgery were treated by percutaneous release of adhesions under arthroscopic control. The mean interval between the last open surgical procedure and our treatment was 2.75 years (range, 3 months-27 years). The mean follow-up interval was eight months (range, 1 month-4 1/2 years). The mean passive flexion was increased from 70 degrees preoperation to 115 degrees at final evaluation after all arthroscopic procedures, a 45 degrees mean increase in flexion. Morbidity was low, complications were infrequent and mild, and the duration of hospitalization was brief. PMID- 7083668 TI - Angulation osteotomy. A trigonometric analysis. AB - An analysis of an angular deformity of a long bone and a corrective osteotomy is presented to demonstrate that the effective length of a long bone is significantly shortened by an angular deformity, and that this amount of shortening can be easily calculated. A comparison of proximal versus distal sites for corrective osteotomy is made to demonstrate that a proximal site is generally advantageous. A method of precisely calculating the length of the base of the appropriate corrective wedge is defined. It is shown that a closing wedge osteotomy can result in a significant increase in the effective length of an angulated bone. PMID- 7083669 TI - Familial arthrogryposis with distal involvement of the limbs. AB - Five cases of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in two families characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, intrafamilial variability and primary involvement of the distal part of the limbs were analyzed to suggest that this condition is comparable to previously reported cases classified as distal arthrogryposis or digitotalar dysmorphism. These patients may represent a specific clinical entity. Heritable disorders should be distinguished from other forms of arthrogryposis for purposes of genetic counseling as well as therapeutic management. PMID- 7083670 TI - Entrapment neuropathy of the inferior branch of the suprascapular nerve by ganglia. AB - In a 37-year-old man, bilateral infraspinatus muscle weakness was associated with compression of the suprascapular nerve. The compression occurred at the spinoscapular angle by bilateral development of ganglia. The lesion was confirmed by electromyography. Surgical approaches to the area are described along with a review of the literature on different diagnosis. Complete recovery of neurologic function was documented. PMID- 7083671 TI - Extensive posterior exposure of the elbow. A triceps-sparing approach. AB - Difficulty with triceps avulsion or loss of continuity after total elbow arthroplasty has prompted the development of a modified posterior approach to the elbow joint. The characteristic feature of this approach is that the triceps mechanism is reflected from medial to lateral in continuity with the forearm fascia and the olecranon and ulnar periosteum. A variant of the technique reflects the extensor mechanism from lateral to medial. The ulnar collateral ligament may be released from the humerus to provide more exposure, but the ligament must then be securely reattached. This approach, which provides extensive exposure to the elbow joint, has been employed in 49 consecutive total elbow arthroplasties and results show no loss of triceps function and no significant weakness. The approach has proved useful for treatment of intra articular fractures of the distal end of the humerus and with synovectomy in the rheumatoid arthritic patient. PMID- 7083672 TI - Treatment of pathologic fractures or impending fractures of the humerus with Rush rods and methylmethacrylate. Experience with 55 cases in 54 patients, 1968-1977. AB - A retrospective study of 54 patients with established or impending pathologic humeral fractures was done to evaluate the technique of intramedullary fixation with a Rush rod, during the period from 1968 to 1977. Breast carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and hypernephroma were the most common metastatic tumors. Primary tumors included Ewing's sarcoma and a low-grade chondrosarcoma, in which case the patient refused any other form of treatment. An anterolateral incision was used to expose the fracture site and a deltoid-splitting incision to introduce the Rush rod. Thirty-eight of the 55 procedures utilized methylmethacrylate to help stabilize the fracture. All patients had relief of their preoperative pain after the procedure. Seven patients subsequently experienced pain: four had proximal migration of the Rush rod with impingement, three of which required removal of the Rush rod; three other patients had discomfort two years postoperatively. All patients except one had good functional motion. Six patients had complications: three with proximal migration of the Rush rod, two with transient subluxation of the humeral head, and one with limited glenohumeral motion secondary to a technical error. This procedure provides significant pain relief and maintains function. PMID- 7083673 TI - Hemihypertrophy and hemihypotrophy. AB - Analysis of 30 patients with skeletal asymmetry indicates that hemihypertrophy and hemihypotrophy are separate and distinct clinical syndromes. Hemihypotrophy is often associated with scoliosis, mental retardation, and chromosomal mosaicism and occasionally associated with the Silver syndrome. It is not associated with childhood neoplasia. Limb-length inequality is usually mild. Hemihypertrophy is more common than hemihypotrophy and is sometimes associated with primitive neoplasms of the liver, adrenals and kidneys, as well as with benign organ growth aberrations. It is not normally associated with fixed scoliosis nor with mental retardation. Limb-length discrepancy usually requires surgical management. Family counseling and periodic assessment for neoplasia are indicated during childhood. PMID- 7083674 TI - The natural history of unicameral bone cyst after steroid injection. AB - Ninety-five consecutive cases of unicameral bone cyst treated at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli by intracystic injections of methylprednisolone acetate were retrospectively reviewed. Eighty per cent of the patients had a satisfactory result. Of the 20% failures, 13.5% had a recurrence of the cyst. Recurrence after methylprednisolone acetate treatment is a previously unrecognized entity, with recurrence risk factors associated with multiloculation, cyst size and age of the patient. PMID- 7083675 TI - The management of orthopedic patients with arterial insufficiency. AB - The identification and management of the orthopedic patient who has chronic arterial insufficiency is presented in four cases in which failure to appreciate marginal arterial supply led to major and costly complications. Every orthopedic surgeon treating elderly patients should be aware of these possibilities. After a through history and physical examination, patients with signs or symptoms of significant arterial compromise should be evaluated by means of Doppler segmental limb pressures. This evaluation should be performed prior to the institution of the indicated orthopedic treatment whenever possible. If the segmental ankle pressure is less than 50 mm Hg, or the ankle brachial pressure index is less than 0.3, the patient should undergo complete vascular evaluation and consideration for revascularization in order to preserve marginal arterial flow and tissue perfusion during and after the orthopedic procedure. Constrictive straps, bandages, or dressings should be scrupulously avoided, as well as decreasing tissue perfusion by unnecessarily elevating the already vascular compromised extremity. The development of pain or ulceration after lower extremity surgery mandates immediate consideration of arterial ischemia and the institution of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures to improve circulation to the extremity. PMID- 7083676 TI - Femoral fractures in head-injuries adults. AB - The records of 65 head injured adults with 68 concomitant femoral fractures were reviewed. All patients were victims of high energy accidents. Forty-three fractures were treated by nonoperative methods. Treatment of 30 fractures with traction alone or with hip spica casts resulted in greater than 10 degrees of anterior angulation in 12 fractures (40%), greater than 5 degrees of valgus angulation in 13 fractures (43%), and shortening of greater than 2 cm in 13 fractures (43%). of eight fractures treated with a cast brace, two had shortening of 2.5 cm. Cast braces offered better fracture alignment, less shortening and more knee motion than traction and hip spica casts. The average time to union was four months. These fractures generally healed in the same fashion and at a similar rate as those of the general population. Ipsilateral hemiplegia prolonged union by one month but was not associated with excessive callus. Twenty-five fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Deep wound infection occurred in four femoral (16%) and osteomyelitis in two (8%). Reoperation was required in six femora (24%) as a consequence of the initial surgery. Excessive calculus was noted in 13 fractures (52%). Open reduction and internal fixation of femoral fractures in this population almost invariably required less nursing care, earlier mobilization, fewer angular deformities, less shortening and greater knee motion when compared to traction and hip spica casts. PMID- 7083677 TI - Chondrosarcoma in children and adolescents. AB - Chondrosarcoma is rare in children. Only 12 patients with a diagnosis of chondrosarcoma were treated at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston during the period from 1957 to 1980. Pediatric chondrosarcoma has a relatively rapid onset, manifested by pain, a palpable mass and neurological symptoms with the lesion localized in the spinal column. The pelvis was the most frequent location. Ten patients had primary and two patients had secondary chondrosarcoma. Of the latter two, one developed chondrosarcoma in a preexisting osteochondroma and the other had irradiation for neuroblastoma. The poorest outcomes were in patients who had involvement of the pelvic girdle and spinal column. Grade 2 and 3 lesions had the worst prognoses with metastases occurring within 12 months. Eight patients died at the time of study, and the longest survival time was 80 months. If surgically feasible, the treatment is radical excision. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy should be reserved for recurrences or distant metastasis. PMID- 7083678 TI - Histologic and histochemical investigation of Gaucher cells. AB - Electron microscopic investigations suggest that morphologically, Gaucher cells and histiocytes are very similar. The fact that there are tubular elements in the lysosomes strongly suggests the possibility of lysosomes as the precursors of Gaucher bodies. By means of the lectin staining methods, the localization of glucocerebroside is clearly demonstrable in Gaucher cells. Lectin staining is the significant diagnostic feature of both Gaucher's and Krabbe's diseases. PMID- 7083679 TI - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: a bone lesion pathologically resembling Kimura's disease of skin. A report of two cases. AB - Primary osseous lesions morphologically identical to the soft tissue entity known as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia were diagnosed by means of light and electron microscopy in two men, ages 20 and 27 years, respectively. The characteristics of the lesions were reactive rather than neoplastic. The soft tissue counterpart of this lesion has shown no indication of aggressive behavior nor of a potential to metastasize. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether a similar benign behavior can be established for angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia arising primarily in bone. PMID- 7083680 TI - Stress changes in bone secondary to the use of a femoral canal plug with cemented hip replacement. PMID- 7083681 TI - Prosthetic hip range of motion and impingement. The effects of head and neck geometry. AB - Two major design parameters to total hip arthroplasty which can be selected to optimize for anatomical variation are head diameter and neck length. By using a cadaveric pelvis mounted in a three-dimensional protractor, it was shown that increased head-neck diameter ratio results in increased range of motion, with decreased prosthetic impingement, and that increased neck-length results in increased range of motion, with increased prosthetic impingement. Head diameter has no range of motion effect in arcs characterized exclusively by bony impingement, and neck length has no range of motion effect in arcs characterized exclusively by prosthetic impingement. The surgeon is currently confronted with a variety of prostheses with different head-neck diameter ratios and neck lengths. When choosing the optimal prosthesis for a particular patient, the surgeon is often restricted by various anatomical constraints. While a large head diameter cannot always be chosen, an adequate range of motion without prosthetic impingement can still be achieved by ensuring that head-neck diameter ratio is optimum. A sufficient neck length to ensure adequate range of motion is desirable, but the neck should not be so long that neck-socket impingement is of concern. Optimum clinical range of motion, with minimal prosthetic impingement, may be achieved with a large head size and a medium neck length. PMID- 7083682 TI - Osteolysis after rigid fixation. The possible role of periosteal neural mechanoreceptors in bone remodeling. AB - Rigid intramedullary fixation in the rat tibiofibular bone of a tibial fracture caused the development of nonunion in the associated fibular fracture, with marked osteolytic resorption of the fibular fragments. In contrast, with flexible fixation, the associated fibular fracture healed normally. The tibial fractures healed uneventfully in both cases. Histologic examinations showed that there exists a plexus of encapsulated nerve endings (Pacinian corpuscles) in the periosteum of the fibula, at the distal tibiofibular junction. The rat fibula forms a bony contact with the lower midshaft of the anteriorly curved tibia, acting as a supporting shaft. The periosteal neural mechanoreceptors probably sense the fibular loading when the tibia is bent during weight-bearing. Fibular resorption in rigid fixation could be attributed to the rigid intramedullary nail preventing tibial bending and loading of the receptor area. In other words the neural elements could detect the stress protection due to rigid fixation and coordinate the adverse remodeling process. PMID- 7083683 TI - Biologic fixation and bone modeling with an unconstrained canine total knee prosthesis. AB - To study the effects of dynamic loading on biologic fixation, an unconstrained type of prosthesis was designed for total replacement of the knee joint of dogs. The femoral component was fabricated from cast cobalt-based surgical alloy. The tibial component was fabricated from surgical grade, ultra-high molecular weight, high density polyethylene. Both components were designed for initial stabilization at surgery by mechanical interlock with bone. In addition, the bone interfacing surface of the metal component was made porous and the stem of the polymer component was grooved to permit the subsequent ingrowth of tissue. Knee arthroplasty was performed on a total of six beagles. The prostheses were monitored for periods of 20 months and demonstrated an overall excellent stability and functionality. Each tibial component became stabilized by the formation of a thin, surrounding shell of osseous tissue. Interposed between this bone and the implant was usually a thin layer of fibrous tissue, suggesting micromovement during loading. Each femoral component became solidly fixed by bone growth into the porous surface. The altered stress state in the region of the implant eventually resulted in reactive bone modeling, with both bone formation and resorption occurring along the length of the implant. PMID- 7083684 TI - The treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with pulsing electromagnetic fields. A survey of 52 cases. PMID- 7083685 TI - Pathology and natural history of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. AB - Of the six types of congenital pseudarthrosis, Type II is the most common and lends to poorest prognosis. The basic pathology is an aggressive osteolytic fibromatosis. Failures in these patients are due to recurrence of the osteolytic fibromatosis, which can remove living bone or a dead bone graft. Type III cases have a better prognosis. The gross pathology is a bone cyst, and the microscopic findings resemble fibrous dysplasia. After surgical treatment, generally, the older the child the better the prognosis. Recurrences are rare after skeletal maturity. PMID- 7083686 TI - Amputation for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Indications and techniques. AB - The indications for amputation with pseudarthrosis of the tibia are: failure of bony union after three surgical attempts; significant leg-length discrepancy; interference with growth distal to the pseudarthrosis; and a significant period under medical care, such that the patient suffers unduly. The primary problems related to amputating at the level of the pseudarthrosis are poor stump configuration, bony overgrowth, and poor skin coverage. A distal amputation at the ankle is recommended, using the technique for a cartilage-preserving Symes amputation. Methods for realigning the tibia at the time of amputation include the use of an intermedullary rod or a compression plate. The ultimate goal of treatment is always a functional limb. PMID- 7083687 TI - Computed tomography in spondylolisthesis. AB - Fourth generation computed tomography (CT) diagnostic studies were used to investigate or localize, neurologic changes and to clarify the anatomy of slippage in a consecutive series of 31 patients who had spondylolisthesis. Eighteen patients had operative procedures, i.e, either spinal fusions, decompressions, or both, after the CT examinations, and the average follow-up was 25 months. Ten postoperative CT studies were performed to document the correction of the original pathology. Fifteen patients had objective neurologic deficits referable to the spondylolisthesis, of whom CT demonstrated the specific sites of neural encroachment in 13. Preoperative myelography was of limited use; complete block of contrast material occurred, and the etiology of nerve root compression was not visualized. In isthmic spondylolisthesis, CT showed a fibrocartilaginous mass at the pars interarticularis, compressing the adjacent nerve root, as described by Gill et al. In degenerative spondylolisthesis, severe lateral recess stenosis occurred. CT provided diagnostic evidence of a tethered cord in dysplastic spondylolisthesis, if displaced bony fragments in the canal in traumatic spondylolisthesis, and spinal infiltration of neoplasms in the pathologic type. CT is important preoperatively in cases of severe spondylolisthesis and can be used to determine which warrant decompression in addition to fusion. These results also support the concept that neurologic findings associated with spondylolisthesis can be due to a multitude of anatomic abnormalities and should not be simply attributed to a herniated nucleus pulposis at the slip. PMID- 7083688 TI - Spondylolysis following trauma. A case report and review of the literature. AB - A 31-year-old woman who had an apparently normal lumbosacral spine, developed a unilateral spondylolysis of L4 following injury, and then one year later, roentgenographically showed a bilateral spondylolysis. The cause of spondylolysis was not established, but several theories have been proposed, the most attractive of which is that this condition represents a stress fracture through an area of bone predisposed to fracture. The classifications of spondylolysis and the etiologic theories demonstrate that this case cannot be convincingly classified according to the usual criteria. However, trauma was documented and may have been a significant etiologic factor of spondylolysis. PMID- 7083689 TI - Epidemiology of postmenopausal spinal and long bone fractures. A unifying approach to postmenopausal osteoporosis. AB - The incidence of spontaneous postmenopausal fractures and their relationship to menopausal age and bone mass were determined in a representative sample of 70 year-old Danish women. Two hundred and eighty-five women (1.2% of all women in that age group) were examined by case history, by 125I photon absorptiometry in both forearms (BMC), by metacarpal index (CA/TA), and by lateral radiographs of the spine. Twenty-four per cent of the participants had sustained single fractures, and 20% multiple fractures. Nineteen per cent had fractures of the lower forearm, 5% of the proximal humerus, 4% of the hip, and 5% crush fractures of the spine. These comprise Group I fractures, the most definite expressions of osteoporosis. The remaining other long bone fractures (7%) and spinal wedge fractures (18%) comprise Group II fractures. Group I cases were characterized by an earlier onset of the menopause and a definite decrease in bone mass, as judged from BMC and CA/TA, as compared with the nonfracture group. Group II cases did not display this distinction. Of Group I cases, those with multifractures differed from those with single fractures by having a five-year earlier occurrence of first fracture, a further decrease in bone mass, and a slightly raised serum alkaline phosphatase level. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were the same in all groups. PMID- 7083690 TI - Lumbar spinal canal stenosis in osteopoikilosis. AB - Spinal canal stenosis is diagnosed in a 45-year-old man who has osteopoikilosis and anomalies of the hip. Clinical investigations demonstrated a lumbar syndrome, previously described as an early phase of a neuropathic condition, namely, the premyelopathic syndrome. Roentgenographic calculations of canal diameters and computerized tomography proved helpful in the diagnosis of narrowed spinal canal. This case, presenting with unusual aspects of osteopoikilosis, emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and surgical decompression of the stenosed spinal canal. PMID- 7083691 TI - Treatment of painful long-standing displaced fracture-dislocations of the sacrum. A case report. AB - A 19-year-old white man sustained multiple injuries, including a severely displaced Malgaigne fracture. Secondary uncontrollable hemorrhage was treated successfully by arterial embolization. The patient retained a painfully displaced right sacroiliac joint. His multiple injuries resolved symptom free with the exception of the right sacroiliac region. An attempt to reduce the dislocation by an extensive soft tissue release and skeletal traction was unsuccessful. Solid fusion of the L4 and L5 vertebrae to the ilium significantly reduced the patient's pain. Painful, long-standing severely displaced Malgaigne fracture can be successfully treated by sacroiliac arthrodesis without reduction. PMID- 7083692 TI - Skeletal metastases of unknown origin. Diagnostic strategy for orthopedic surgeons. AB - Twelve patients with skeletal metastases from occult primary carcinomas were evaluated in an effort to develop an efficient routine for detecting the primary tumor in such cases. In all of the cases the initial medical histories, physical examinations, and laboratory tests failed to detect the site of the primary carcinomas. The primary sites in five patients were identified by simple imaging studies; three patients had hypernephromas and two had lung carcinomas. In spite of subsequent extensive diagnostic testing, the primary site was identified antemortem in only one additional patient. A routine strategy has been designed for locating skeletal metastases and detecting the primary site of a carcinoma. If this routine does not identify the patient's primary site, no further diagnostic tests need be performed. PMID- 7083693 TI - Program schedule & abstracts of papers and exhibits presented at the Society of Nuclear Medicine 27th Annual Southwestern Chapter Meeting. Dallas, Texas, March 26-28, 1982. PMID- 7083695 TI - Gastric emptying of a physiologic mixed solid-liquid meal. AB - The purposes of this study were to use a noninvasive scintigraphic technique to measure gastric emptying of liquids and solids simultaneously, to study the interactions between emptying of the liquid and solid components of meals in normal subjects, and to employ dual isotope gastric scintigraphy to evaluate gastric emptying of liquids and solids in patients with clinical evidence of gastric outlet obstruction. The solid component of the test meal consisted of chicken liver, labeled in vivo with Tc-99m sulfur colloid, and the liquid component was water mixed with In-111 DTPA. The rates of emptying were quantitated using a gamma camera on line to a digital computer. Twenty normal subjects were studied using this combined solid-liquid meal. Ten of them also ingested a liquid meal alone and ten a solid meal alone. Liquid emptied from the stomach significantly more rapidly than did solids. The emptying curve for liquids was exponential compared to a linear emptying curve for solids. The gastric emptying rate of the liquid component was slowed significantly by simultaneous ingestion of solids, but the emptying rate of solids was not affected by liquids. Several patients with clinical gastric outlet obstruction were evaluated. Both combined and selective abnormalities for gastric emptying of liquids and solids were demonstrated. PMID- 7083694 TI - Fortuitous findings of Tc-99m PIPIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy. AB - Hepatobiliary scintigraphy using Tc-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals is employed primarily for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and for demonstration of biliary tract potency. This produce may also provide diagnostic information in the identification of unusual or atypical hepatobiliary disorders; frequently, this occurs as an incidental result of the test. We present five cases in which trauma, infection, or obstructive abnormalities were diagnosed fortuitously. PMID- 7083696 TI - Intra-articular radionuclides for the detection of synovial cysts. PMID- 7083697 TI - Focal uptake of sulfur colloid in an area of atelectasis. PMID- 7083698 TI - Improved computerized quantitation of TI-201 myocardial scintigrams by combining two views. AB - An improved computerized procedure involving minimal operator intervention has been developed for the automated quantitative evaluation of circumferential profiles of TI-201 myocardial perfusion scintigrams to diagnose coronary artery disease. The optimal criteria for evaluating the profiles of the left anterior oblique and anterior views have been empirically determined for both immediate and delayed scintigrams. Information from both views is combined to determine values for sensitivity and specificity. In this study, 29 patients underwent both TI-201 scintigraphy and contrast coronary angiography. The computerized quantitative procedure to interpret TI-201 scintigrams was tested against the results of coronary angiography. The values of 95% for sensitivity and 100% for specificity compare well with the results of other methods and are free of most of the variables associated with visual interpretation or operator intervention on the computer. PMID- 7083699 TI - Bone scintigraphy in hyperostosis frontalis interna. PMID- 7083700 TI - The roles of scintigraphy in splenic trauma. AB - A case is presented of an accessory spleen that was identified on nuclear scan at the time of diagnosis of splenic rupture. This information, proven by subsequent angiography, alerted the surgeons to the ease with which functional splenic tissue could be preserved in this patient. A sulfur colloid scan obtained post surgery confirmed the success of this more conservative operation. In addition, free peritoneal blood was also demonstrated preoperatively as the patient was rotated for a left anterior oblique view. PMID- 7083701 TI - Reversibility of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia: a case report. PMID- 7083702 TI - Ocular subconjunctival lymphoscintigraphy in unilateral chemosis. PMID- 7083703 TI - Umbilical vein demonstration during liver imaging of a cirrhotic patient. PMID- 7083704 TI - Sensitivity of scrotal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of varicocele. AB - Scrotal scintiangiography was performed in 136 infertile males. Thirty patients (22%) were clinically suspected of varicocele. Scintigraphically, the number of abnormal observations was much higher (52 patients, 38%). Correlation of scintigraphic findings with results of clinical examination, surgical data, and sperm analysis indicated a sensitivity of 86 to 92% for scrotal scintigraphy, whereas the sensitivity for clinical evaluation is only 50%. PMID- 7083705 TI - Renal scan in papillary necrosis. PMID- 7083706 TI - Scintigraphic demonstration of pyogenic sacroiliitis. PMID- 7083707 TI - Hepatic "boomerang" appearance after radiation for carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 7083708 TI - Comments on quantitative test evaluation. PMID- 7083709 TI - Emergency intracranial pressure monitoring in pediatrics: management of the acute coma of brain insult. AB - Over an 18-month period, 56 pediatric patients who sustained severe neurologic insults underwent intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Indications for monitoring ICP were (1) a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 7 or less or (2) loss of consciousness with inability to utter recognizable words or follow commands. Diagnoses were head trauma (n = 40), Reye's syndrome (n = 10), and hypoxic encephalopathy due to near-drowning (n = 6). Eighty per cent of patients had ICP elevations requiring treatment. The complication rate was 5.3 per cent, with no serious complications or infections noted. Overall mortality was 14 per cent, but patients with hypoxic encephalopathy had significantly higher mortality (33%) when compared to patients with head trauma (12.5%) or Reye's syndrome (10%). Other factors associated with a poor outcome included presence of an intracranial mass lesion, GCS score, ICP elevations, hypoxemia, hypotension, hypercarbia, and the presence of multiple injuries (p less than 0.01). Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment in these patients, including the use of ICP monitoring, has resulted in acceptable recovery in over 85 per cent of these patients. PMID- 7083710 TI - Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: a complication of circumcision. PMID- 7083711 TI - Monitoring the effects of budgetary reductions on the health status and health care of mothers and children: a preliminary protocol. PMID- 7083712 TI - Congenital ingrown toenails: clinical significance. AB - The great toenails of 302 newborn infants were evaluated to identify a specific conformation which might predispose these children to chronic paronychia. Forty one infants who appeared to have great toenails impeded by tissue distally were followed for 12 months. All had essentially normal appearing nails by six months of age. None developed chronic paronychia. The results suggest that the changes originally noted were variations in the normal development of the great toenail. PMID- 7083713 TI - Heterotopic brain tissue simulating a neonatal tonsil. PMID- 7083714 TI - Lateral cervical meningocele. AB - Although lateral meningoceles have been described in the thorax, they have not been previously reported in the neck. We describe an infant who was born with a lateral meningocele in the cervical posterior triangle that was felt clinically to be cystic hygroma. Surgical excision was complicated by a cerebral spinal fluid fistula and subsequent meningitis. Problems that this patient presented and potential complications in management are discussed. Although the clinical manifestations of lateral meningoceles and extradural cysts are quite different, there are many anatomic similarities between these entities and other cervical masses that confuse diagnosis and nosology. Their differential diagnosis is reviewed. PMID- 7083715 TI - Pleural effusion and ascites: unusual presenting features in a pediatric patient with vitamin A intoxication. AB - The usual presenting features of vitamin A intoxication are pseuotumor cerebri, skeletal pain, desquamative dermatitis, and hepatic inflammation. Our patient was a nine-year-old female who had increasing cough, dyspnea, and abdominal distention for a short time prior to admission. She was said to have been treated with 10,000 units of vitamin A per day for skin rashes. Radiographic studies revealed a very large right sided pleural effusion, ascites, demineralized bones, and retarded skeletal maturation. The diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A was made. More detailed medical history confirmed that the child had, in actuality, received up to 300,000 units/day of vitamin A plus desiccated liver pills and carrot juice for the previous year. Clinical symptoms completely abated following acute medical treatment for ascites and cessation of vitamin A intake. Several months later, a sample of liver, obtained and preserved at the time of exploratory laparotomy, was homogenized and extracted with ethanol/hexane. The retinyl palmitate level was significantly elevated and consistent with vitamin A poisoning. PMID- 7083716 TI - Training in common pediatric disease in a metropolitan teaching hospital. PMID- 7083717 TI - Neonatal seizures: a survey of current practice. AB - A nationwide survey of neonatologists and pediatric neurologists was conducted to ascertain their methods of evaluating and managing neonatal seizures. Of the sampled 750 physicians, 284 (38%) responded to the single mailing. Most respondents use a routine for seizure workup which includes glucose, calcium and electrolyte determinations, and a lumbar puncture. On the other hand, there was a great variation in the use of an EEG, CT scan skull x-ray, and a drug and metabolic screen. Phenobarbital was the initial drug of choice and phenytoin usually the second drug. Neurologists used higher loading doses for phenobarbital and phenytoin. Most physicians monitored blood levels to adjust maintenance doses. Drug therapy was usually continued for two months to one year after seizure control. Criteria for discontinuation were often arbitrary but included a normal electroencephalogram and the absence of seizures. The results demonstrate a lack of consensus in the evaluation and management of neonates with seizures. PMID- 7083718 TI - Ganglioneuroblastoma and persistent ataxia. PMID- 7083719 TI - Adolescent self-assessment of sexual maturation: reassessment and evaluation in a mixed ethnic urban population. AB - Pubertal changes correlate better with sexual maturity ratings than with chronological age. The applicability of sexual maturity ratings to research is impeded by the necessity to disrobe the adolescent. This study demonstrates that a mixed ethnic urban group of adolescent females can self-assess their own developmental stages by using standard photographs of sexual maturity stages. However, males do less well in self-assessment. Self-ratings by 22 female adolescents and 22 male adolescents aged 11 to 18 were compared to physicians' assessment. There was total agreement in 17/22 (r=0.87) breast stage assessment, 16/22 (r=0.86)female pubic hair assessment, 10/22 (r=0.72) male genital assessments and 11/22 (r=0.69) male pubic assessments. The mean differences in sexual maturity ratings between physician and adolescent were 0.32 for female pubic hair assessments, 0.64 for male pubic hair assessments, 0.68 for male genital assessments and 0.28 for breast assessments. This study suggests the feasibility of self-assessment of sexual maturity rating among black, white, and Hispanic adolescent females, but the need for further research before it is used among adolescent males. PMID- 7083720 TI - Powdered goat's milk: pyridoxine deficiency and status epilepticus. PMID- 7083721 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis associated with severe rhinitis and apneic episodes in a one-month-old infant. PMID- 7083722 TI - Superinfection of chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 7083723 TI - Antacid bezoar in a premature infant. PMID- 7083724 TI - Physiologic and temporal variation in hepatic elimination of midazolam. AB - Midazolam kinetics were evaluated in six healthy male subjects after single oral (15 mg)and intravenous (0.075 mg/kg) doses. The three-part randomized crossover study consisted of a morning dose in supine position (part A) and morning (part B) and evening (part C) doses under ambulant (sitting/walking) conditions. While no significant changes could be observed in the absorption and distribution process or the elimination half lives, total plasma clearance was higher during part A (616+/-157 ml/min, P=0.01) and C(463+/-82 ml/min, P=0.02), than in part B (317+/-110 ml/min, +/-SD). Since the intrinsic (oral) clearance was also higher during part A (1656+/-657 ml/min, P=0.003) and C(1310+/-579 ml/min, P=0.024) than during part B(710+/-241 ml/min), bioavailability did not change (range 37 to 44%). These data indicate that posture and circadian rhythm are important variables affecting blood flow-dependent hepatic elimination of midazolam. PMID- 7083725 TI - Unidirectional absorption of gentamicin from the peritoneum during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Gentamicin kinetics were determined after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection in five patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Our objective was to determine rate of absorption of gentamicin from the peritoneum into the systemic circulation and vice versa. After intraperitoneal instillation of 1 mg/kg in the CAPD fluid during a 6-hr dwell time, the antibiotic appeared in the serum within 15 min in four of five patients. Peak serum concentrations ranged between 1.6 and 7.2 mg/l(mean +/- SD = 3.52 +/- 2.22) in all five patients and the time to reach peak concentration was 3.8 +/- 1.5 hr. Peritoneal gentamicin clearance was 13 ml/min. Percent extraction of gentamicin from the PD fluid within the 6 hr of intraperitoneal exposure ranged from 65% to 100% (mean +/- SD = 86.8 +/- 13.2). The fraction of the intraperitoneal dose absorbed into systemic circulation was found to be 0.84 independently by calculating the ratio of AUCip and AUCiv. When the same dose of gentamicin was injected intravenously (1 mg/kg), no gentamicin could be detected in the peritoneal fluid in three of five patients and only a very small amount of the drug was present for a brief period of time in the remaining two. The kinetic parameters of intravenous gentamicin were: volume of distribution, 0.3 l/kg; elimination rate constant, 0.028 hr(-1), plasma clearance 0.009 l/kg . min(-1), and half-life 27.4 hr. In two patients with acute peritonitis treated with intraperitoneal gentamicin, peak serum concentrations were found to range between 3.5 and 4.5 mg/l. These data suggest that gentamicin is rapidly absorbed from the peritoneal fluid into the blood compartment, but that occurrence of the reverse exchange is negligible. Thus, CAPD would not be expected to alter the elimination characteristics of intravenous gentamicin. Instillation of gentamicin in CAPD fluid may allow rapid absorption to reach therapeutic serum concentrations. PMID- 7083726 TI - Cyclophosphamide plasma and cerebrospinal fluid kinetics with and without dimethyl sulfoxide. AB - Ten patients with brain tumors and indwelling ventricular reservoirs were pretreated with 5% to 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (intravenous, oral, or both) and were then treated with 1.0 to 1.25 gm/m2 cyclophosphamide (CYC). All patients were also on anticonvulsants and dexamethasone. CYC and alkylating activity (alk act) in plasma and concomitant ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by gas chromatography and p-nitrobenzyl pyridine assay. CYC entered the CSF without difficulty and was lost from CSF more slowly than from plasma. Alk act did not enter CSF as well as did CYC. DMSO did not alter any measured aspect of CYC or alk act disposition. Specifically, it did not alter the CYC plasma half life (t1/2), CSF t1/2, peak CSF: peak plasma CYC concentration ratio, or the urinary excretion of CYC. DMSO did not alter the plasma t1/2 or urinary excretion of alk act or the peak CSF:peak plasma concentration ratio of alk act. Our data show reduced plasma t1/2 of CYC and increased plasma and urinary alk act. This may reflect tht effect of long-term therapy with anticonvulsants or steroids. PMID- 7083727 TI - Evaluation of a computer-assisted method for individualized anticoagulation: retrospective and prospective studies with a pharmacodynamic model. AB - We studied the effectiveness of a computer program based on a mathematic model of warfarin dynamics in assisting with the initial phases of anticoagulation. In retrospective evaluations the program was successful in predicting prothrombin complex activity (PCA) responses for three different groups of subjects, indicating that the model is a good representation of the physiologic system. In a prospective evaluation of the program a computer-assisted group of 10 patients was compared with a control of 10 patients who did not receive computer assistance. Because of the program's very conservative upper limits for warfarin dosage in the first few days of therapy, the computer-assisted patient require slightly more time (6 days), on the average, to first reach PCA values in the 20% to 30% therapeutic range than did the control patients (4.8 days). After the desired PCA had been achieved, however, the computer-assisted group remained within the therapeutic range for 83% of the time compared to only 60% for the control group. This difference was due primarily to much less overanticoagulation of the computer-assisted patients than of the controls. PMID- 7083728 TI - Sotalol prolongation of the QTc interval in hypertensive patients. AB - The effect of oral sotalol on the heart rate-corrected AT interval (QTc) was studied in 33 hypertensive patients. Sotalol given once daily in doses of 160 to 640 mg prolonged in QTc interval in a concentration-dependent manner by up to 150 msec (P less than 0.001) over presotalol levels. The prolongation did not correlate with the initial length of the QTc interval. In seven patients with sotalol-prolonged QTc interval, the withdrawal of sotalol for 3 days shortened the interval to nearly its original length. The effect of sotalol of PQ and QRS times was minimal. Sotalol seems to differ from other beta antagonists in having clear amiodarone-like effects on the action potential of the heart after short- and long-term administration. The measuring of the QTc interval is recommended if high school concentrations are expected, since the risk of cardiac arrhythmias may increase. PMID- 7083730 TI - Central hemodynamic effects of dipyridamole in severe heart failure: comparison with hydralazine. AB - The effects of dipyridamole, a coronary and peripheral vasodilator drug, on cardiac performance were investigated in nine patients with severe chronic heart failure. Dipyridamole (30 to 80 mg IV) increased cardiac index (1.63 to 2.65 l/min/m2) and decreased systemic vascular resistance (2097 to 1124 dyn/sec/cm-5). Left ventricular filling pressure decreased (23.7 to 20.7 mm Hg) without significant changes in mean right atrial pressure or heart rate. These effects were similar to the hemodynamic responses after 100 mg hydralazine in the same patients, but they were of shorter duration (less than 90 min). In contrast, oral dipyridamole induced only modest responses in three of eight patients despite large single doses of the drug (150 to 300 mg). Dipyridamole is a rapid-acting short-lived vasodilator, which exerts predominantly arterial vasodilator actions similar to those of hydralazine. Due to inconsistent response after oral doses, however, the therapeutic application of dipyridamole in long-term management of chronic heart failure appears to be limited. PMID- 7083729 TI - Antiarrhythmic effects of the quaternary propranolol analog that does not induce beta-adrenergic blockade. AB - Pranolium chloride (dimethylpropranolol chloride) is a nonbeta blocking quaternary ammonium that has structural similarities to propranolol and bretylium that exert antiarrhythmic effects in animals. In initial studies, eight patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias were given gradually increasing intravenous doses of pranolium (up to 3 mg/kg) obtaining plasma concentrations up to 7 micrograms/ml without change in pulse, blood pressure, or arrhythmia frequency. We therefore evaluated the response to pranolium in seven similar patients at doses up to 10 mg/kg as an infusion of 100 microgram/kg/min over 40 to 100 min. At plasma concentrations of 4.7 to 12.2 micrograms/ml, there was suppressing of ventricular ectopic depolarization (greater than 90%) in three subjects and in two others there was partial suppression (49% and 82%). Arrhythmia frequency was unchanged in two. At plasma concentrations of 4.1 to 17.2 micrograms/ml four subjects developed nausea (two of these also vomited) and to experienced perioral numbness. There was no change in sinus heart rate, supine or standing blood pressure, venous reflex response (adrenergic reflex venoconstriction), or ECG intervals in any subject. Pranolium appeared to have antiarrhythmic efficacy in five of seven subjects, without evidence of beta-adrenergic blockade or interference with sympathetic neuron function known to occur with its congeners, propranolol and bretylium. There is a narrow margin between pranolium efficacy and toxicity. It may, however, be a prototype for antiarrhythmic drugs that do not exert undesirable effects on the adrenergic nervous system. PMID- 7083731 TI - Hemodynamic effects of nitroprusside and furosemide in left ventricular failure. AB - Nitroprusside and furosemide are both used to treat acute left ventricular failure, but their hemodynamic effects have not been compared in the same patients. In 13 patients with acutely decompensated chronic left ventricular failure, we infused nitroprusside to reduce pulmonary wedge pressure to normal without inducing hypotension. When hemodynamics returned to control after stopping nitroprusside, furosemide was given ase a 200-mg rapid infusion. Control hemodynamic values before each drug were in the same range. Mean arterial pressure fell from 99.9 +/- 16.7(SD) to 74.8 +/- 10.5 mm Hg on nitroprusside (P less than 0.001) and was unchanged after furosemide. Nitroprusside reduced pulmonary wedge pressure from 30.5 +/- 6.9 to 15.9 to 6.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), while furosemide reduced it to 27.5 +/- 8.5 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Cardiac index rose from 2.33 +/- 0.78 l/min/m2 to 3.62 +/- 0.93 l/min/m2 (P less than 0.001) on nitroprusside and remained unchanged at 2.32 +/- 0.64 l/min/m2 after furosemide. At the same pulmonary wedge pressure on each drug (24 mg Hg), cardiac index was increased by nitroprusside (+0.6 +/- 0.5 l/min/m2, P less than 0.01) and unchanged by furosemide. Thus, furosemide reduces only preload without changing cardiac output in patients with left heart failure, whereas nitroprusside at similar or lower preload in the same patients reduces afterload and raises cardiac output and improves left ventricular performance. Nitroprusside appears preferable for the immediate treatment of left ventricular failure. PMID- 7083732 TI - Effect of indoramin and propranolol on cardiovascular response to cold in hypertensive patients. AB - Immersion of the hand into ice water (cold-pressor test) in nine hypertensive subjects induced elevation of mean blood pressure, increase of vascular resistance in the extremities, decrease of blood flow in the extremities, and increase in heart rate. The preejection phase of systole was not altered. Indoramin and propranolol, each alone and together, attenuated the pressor and other cardiovascular responses. Submaximal exercise increased heart rate during placebo treatment, a response only partially attenuated by indoramin, propranolol, and their combination, but it did not induce changes in mean blood pressure during any of the treatments. PMID- 7083733 TI - The use of pergolide, a potent dopamine agonist, in Parkinson's disease. AB - Pergolide, a semisynthetic ergoline and a potent long-acting adenylcyclase-linked dopamine agonist, was given to 40 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease whose response to levodopa had diminished considerably. The group included 31 patients with marked diurnal oscillations in performance ("wearing off" and/or "on-off" phenomena). Pergolide alone (7 patients) or combined with levodopa (33 patients), resulted in a reduction in disability (P less than or equal to 0.01) as assessed in both the patients' "on" and "off" periods. Pergolide also resulted in an increase (P less than or equal to 0.001) in the number of hours in which patients were on from 3.8 (+/-0.4) to 11.9 (+/-0.9). The mean daily dose of pergolide was 2.4 mg (range 0.1 to 10.0). The mean duration of the study was 12 mo (range 1 to 24). Pergolide is effective in Parkinson's disease and will change the management of patients whose response to levodopa has diminished. PMID- 7083734 TI - Flurbiprofen in dysmenorrhea. AB - Reports on the efficacy of flurbiprofen for dysmenorrhea conflict. We gave 59 dysmenorrheic patients flurbiprofen (50 mg), aspirin (650 mg), or placebo. Paired drug comparisons showed that patients preferred flurbiprofen and that it was more effective in relief of pain, in allowing patients to pursue normal daily function, and in reducing the need for additional analgesics. Except in patient preference, aspirin was only marginally superior to placebo, There was an increase in minor side effects in the flurbiprofen group, but our results indicate therapeutic utility for flurbiprofen in dysmenorrhea. PMID- 7083735 TI - Genetic polymorphism of phenformin 4-hydroxylation. AB - The ability to oxidize a single 50-mg dose of phenformin to its 4-hydroxy metabolite was determined in 195 individuals. Variations in the urinary ratio of phenformin/4-hydroxyphenformin ranged from 1 to 184. Family studies were consistent with the hypothesis that this variability resulted from a single gene mode of inheritance in which impaired hydroxylation of phenformin appears as an autosomal recessive trait. Both genotype frequencies and the degree of dominance of the extensive metabolizer phenotype over the recessive showed a remarkable resemblance to those described for debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation, which was confirmed by the high degree of correlation (rs=0.785, P less than 0.0001) between the phenformin ratio and the debrisoquine metabolic ratio. Such close agreement between the metabolism of these drugs may indicate that the same genetic control is in operation. Such genetic polymorphism of phenformin hydroxylation may have important implications for therapeutic response and for the possibility of toxic effects in a few individuals. PMID- 7083736 TI - Smoking behavior and tobacco smoke intake: response of smokers to shortened cigarettes. AB - The response of four cigarette smokers to full-length and three different types of half-length cigarettes was examined in a naturalistic laboratory environment. During daily 100-min sessions, subjects smoked ad libitum: (1)full-length (100 mm) cigarettes, (2)the distal half of cigarettes, (3)the proximal half of cigarettes, or (4)the proximal half of previously smoked cigarettes. As a group, subjects smoked 75% more half-length cigarettes than full-length cigarettes. Subjects also puffed at a higher rate (i.e., had shorter interpuff intervals) on half-length than on full-length cigarettes. Mean puff duration (sec/puff) was higher when subjects smoked the distal-half cigarettes than when they smoked the proximal-half cigarettes and subjects spent proportionately more time puffing on the distal-half cigarettes than on the other three types. Through a combination of smoking more half-length cigarettes and modifying the way they smoked half length cigarettes, subjects maintained the same intake of smoke (as measured by expired air carbon monoxide) during sessions as when they smoked full-length cigarettes. These results demonstrate that smokers make complex adjustments in their smoking behavior in response to changes in cigarette length. PMID- 7083737 TI - Caffeine disposition after oral doses. AB - Caffeine (TMX) disposition was studied in mean after 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg in water, as mocha coffee (1.54 mg/kg) and as a soft drink (0.22 mg/kg). TMX and its metabolites were analyzed in plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The design permitted confirmation of most of the partial results in various experimental settings and contributed new data on the metabolic disposition of TMX, with specific reference to main dimethylxanthine metabolite found in plasma, paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine). Different analysis methods were compared for the calculated parameters (absorption and elimination rate constants and renal clearance)to assess the consistency of results. The kinetics of TMX and of its dimethylated metabolites in plasma were described with a model that used an analogdigital hybrid computing system. In addition to providing a comprehensive profile of TMS disposition in the healthy adult, the results indicate tha TMX exhibits dose-independent kinetics at the levels at which man normally takes TMX. PMID- 7083738 TI - Computed tomography in pulmonary emphysema. AB - Fifty-three patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and 19 age-matched controls were studied using computed tomography (CT). The study shows that CT can detect the presence and distribution of pulmonary emphysema. Pulmonary vascular changes detectable on chest radiography correlate well with lung density as measured by CT. Patients with marked CT changes of emphysema had significantly greater impairment of diffusion capacity and FEV1.0/VC than the patients with less severe changes. PMID- 7083740 TI - Computed tomography of the normal and abnormal superior sagittal sinus. AB - The appearances on computed tomography (CT) of the normal and abnormal superior sagittal sinuses are presented. The varied patterns of non-enhanced and enhanced normal superior sagittal sinuses are correlated with and reflect the findings of anatomical dissection. Cases of abnormal superior sagittal sinus include thrombosis, brain death and sinus displacement. PMID- 7083739 TI - NMR imaging of the brain using spin-echo sequences. AB - Eight normal volunteers and 32 patients with a variety of neurological disease were studied with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanner using repeated free induction decay (RFID), inversion-recovery (IR) and spin-echo (SE) sequences. The results were compared with X-ray computed tomography (CT). RFID sequences which produce images that reflect changes in proton density displayed very little grey white matter contrast and relatively small changes in disease. IR sequences which produce images that are dependent on T1 showed a high level of grey-white matter contrast and demonstrated changes in a variety of pathological processes. Although SE scans, which have a strong T2 dependence, had shown no abnormality in previous studies of patients with neurological disease, sequences of this type with longer values of tau displayed abnormalities in cerebral infarction, haemorrhage, herpes encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral oedema, hydrocephalus, tumours and Wilson's disease. All of these conditions were associated with an increase in T2. Abnormalities were demonstrated in cases of multiple sclerosis and brainstem infarction with NMR scans where no abnormality was seen with CT. More extensive changes were seen with NMR in cases of hemisphere infarction, systemic lupus erythematosis, herpes encephalitis, hydrocephalus (periventricular oedema) and Sturge-Weber disease. The margin between malignant tumour and surrounding oedema was better defined with contrast enhanced CT in four of eight malignant tumours, equally well defined in one, and better defined with NMR in three cases. NMR spin-echo sequences provide a sensitive technique for detecting abnormalities in a variety of neurological disease. PMID- 7083741 TI - Developmental asymmetry of roots of the cauda equina at metrizamide myelography: report of seven cases with a review of the literature. AB - The myelographic findings of developmental asymmetry of the lumbo-sacral nerve root sheaths are described in seven patients and details of the clinical presentation and management are presented. Six of the seven patients had referred pain to the leg on the side of the anomaly. There were no significant associated plain film findings. Adherence to recommended techniques of metrizamide myelography is stressed, with particular reference to horizontal beam decubitus oblique projections, which profile the root sheaths to best effect. Minimal signs in the frontal projection are also described, which may be the initial clue to diagnosis. The possibility of erroneous diagnosis of lateral disc protrusion is emphasised if this anatomical variant is not recognised. PMID- 7083742 TI - Medullary sponge kidney and urolithiasis. AB - A review of the urographic findings in 200 patients with renal colic due to urolithiasis demonstrated radiological evidence of medullary sponge kidney in 34, an incidence of 17%. In the majority, the diagnosis was readily made and the changes were bilateral and extensive. This relatively high incidence suggests that medullary sponge kidney may be a contributing factor in a population already predisposed to calculus formation because of other factors such as diet and dehydration. PMID- 7083743 TI - The radiological appearances of familial metaphyseal dysplasia. AB - Familial metaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) is a rare genetical conditional characterised by symmetrical metaphyseal splaying of the tubular bones. The diagnosis of FMD was made in four patients from two families in Japan; abnormal modelling defects were observed in the flat bones as well as tubular bones in some of the patients. In addition, quantitative measurement of the mineral content of the bone was carried out and was found to be one-quarter of the normal value. PMID- 7083744 TI - Severe kyphosis due to congenital dorsal hemivertebra. AB - Kyphotic deformity arising from failure of the formation of a vertebral body is described in nine patients. The study of the natural history demonstrates the progressive nature of this disorder resulting in severe deformity and neurological embarrassment. Early radiological recognition of this congenital deformity is essential and tomography is important in the early assessment. Tomography combined with myelography is essential to delineate the extent of bony abnormality and cord compression in severe kyphosis in order that adequate decompression and reconstructive surgery can be performed. PMID- 7083745 TI - The radiology of oesophageal tubes for malignant strictures. AB - The insertion of oesphagogastric tubes in the palliative treatment of carcinomatous obstruction of the oesophagus is well established. Complications of this procedure are not uncommon whether the tubes are inserted via a gastrotomy or endoscopically. As the aim of insertion is to palliate the patient's condition the prompt recognition of complications is essential. The two most commonly used tubes are described and the complications associated with their use illustrated and discussed. The important role of the radiologist in the initial assessment of the oesophagus (prior to tube insertion) and in the prompt diagnosis of post insertion complication is stressed. PMID- 7083746 TI - Duodeno-gastric reflux in normal and dyspeptic subjects. AB - A simple radiological technique is described for detecting the presence, or absence, of duodeno-gastric reflux (DGR) at barium meal examination. The incidence of DGR was found to be approximately the same in both normal volunteers and dyspeptic patients. Although there was a slight trend towards an increased incidence in gastric ulcer, this did not reach statistical significance. The severity of reflux did not correlate with the presence of peptic ulceration. DGR appears to be more common with increasing age. Our results cast doubt on the hypothesis that reflux of duodenal content plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. PMID- 7083748 TI - Selectron: rectal dose-rate measurements and modified applicators. AB - A procedure for estimating the rectal dose-rate in patients treated by a Selectron remote-afterloading machine is described. This entails dose-rate measurements using low-activity test sources whilst the patient is still in theatre. The standard applicators were modified to enable the rectal dose to be reduced. PMID- 7083747 TI - Appetite perversions and taste changes triggered or abolished by radiotherapy. AB - Special questioning of 819 oncology patients whose treatment included radiotherapy has revealed 147 instances where local tumour radiation--apparently regardless of tumour type, site, or volume radiated-has either triggered (97 cases) or abolished (50 cases) an isolated appetite perversion. Both effects typically occur when a dose of about 500-1500 cGy has been reached and at a stage when little, if any, tumour regression is evident. No correlation can be seen with anorexia or with the usually recognised side effects of radiotherapy. Spontaneous return to normal is quite common in cases triggered by tumour treatment, but rare in cases starting before diagnosis. The latter may cease when the tumour is treated. The explanation for these highly selective and rapidly reversible aversions or cravings is totally obscure, but questioning large numbers of patients has provided certain clues, including frequent descriptions of an underlying change in taste or odour and also close links with two other equally unexplained phenomena--(1) alcohol intolerance in tumour patients and (2) the cravings and aversions of pregnancy. PMID- 7083749 TI - Effects of saralasin infusion on bilateral renal function in two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. AB - 1. Previous studies have shown that administration of converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI, SQ 20 881) to two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive (GH) rats clipped for 3-4 weeks resulted in marked increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), water and sodium excretion by the non-clipped kidneys. The clipped kidneys exhibited reduced function that was due, in part, to the reductions in arterial pressure. To evaluate further the hypothesis that the renal responses to CEI were due primarily to the inhibition of angiotensin II rather than other factors, we infused the angiotensin II competitive blocker, saralasin, into GH rats under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia and examined renal haemodynamics and excretory function of each kidney before and during saralasin infusion and after cessation of saralasin infusion. 2. Saralasin reduced mean arterial blood pressure from 164 +/- 4 to 124 +/- 4 mmHg. Despite the profound fall of arterial pressure, significant increases in renal blood flow from 5.82 +/- 0.22 to 9.15 +/- 0.76 ml/min and glomerular filtration rate from 1.46 +/- 0.10 to 2.18 +/- 0.14 ml/min were observed in the non-clipped kidneys. Renal vascular resistance decreased from 2.34 (+/- 0.14) x 10(5) to 1.17 (+/- 0.19) x 10(5) kPa 1(-1) s [2.34 (+/- 0.14) x 10(6) to 1.17 (+/- 0.19) x 10(6) dyn s cm-5]. Also, concomitant diuresis and kaliuresis and a delayed natriuresis occurred. 3. The clipped kidneys exhibited reductions in renal blood flow, GFR and excretory function during saralasin infusion. 4. Normal rats receiving the identical dose of saralasin responded with a slight but significant decrease in arterial pressure. The increase in renal blood flow and GFR were less than those observed in the non clipped kidneys of hypertensive rats. 5. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that an angiotensin II-mediated elevation in renal vascular resistance and impairment of renal function exist in the non-clipped kidneys of GH rats. PMID- 7083750 TI - The autonomic nervous tone abnormalities in the genesis of the impaired baroreflex responsiveness in borderline hypertensive subjects. AB - 1. The effects of intravenous administration of neostigmine and propranolol, individually or in combination, on baroreflex responsiveness have been evaluated in 18 borderline hypertensive subjects and in 14 age-matched control subjects. 2. Baroreceptor sensitivity was tested by evaluating both heart rate response to phenylephrine-induced increase in arterial pressure, and heart rate and blood pressure changes induced by increasing neck-tissue pressure by means of a neck chamber. 3. In borderline hypertensive subjects a reduced baroreflex responsiveness was demonstrated with both stimuli as compared with normal subjects. Neostigmine administration improved consistently both reflex responses. Similarly, after propranolol treatment, borderline hypertensive subjects showed a significant enhancement of the baroreflex sensitivity. Finally, the combined administration of neostigmine and propranolol restored the baroreflex responses. In fact, both the mean slopes of the regression lines between blood pressure and R-R interval after phenylephrine and the increase in mean arterial pressure and heart rate induced by the reduction in carotid transmural pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects were similar to those observed in normals. 4. These findings indicate that in borderline hypertensive subjects the impairment of baroreflex responsiveness is mainly due to abnormalities of autonomic regulation. PMID- 7083751 TI - Baroreflex sensitivity during the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats. AB - 1. Baroreflex sensitivity was studied in relation to the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats (SH rats), with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats as controls. Conscious, freely moving animals were studied at different times, ranging from 4 to 20 weeks after birth. 2. The youngest SH rats (4-6 weeks; n = 10) already had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher mean arterial blood pressure (112 +/- 2 mmHg) than WKY rats of corresponding age (95 +/- 4 mmHg; n = 10). Baroreflex sensitivity did not differ at this age (0.37 +/- 0.04 vs 0.38 +/- 0.05 ms/mmHg). 3. Mean arterial pressure increased rapidly in SH rats during further development, reaching a value of 166 +/- 3 mmHg in 12-20 week old animals (n = 25). In equally old WKY rats blood pressure was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower (110 +/- 6 mmHg, n = 25). Baroreflex sensitivity did not change during development of SH rats (0.40 +/- 0.03 ms/mmHg in 12-20 weeks old SH rats), whereas it increased two- to three-fold in WKY rats (0.93 +/- 0.08 ms/mmHg, P less than 0.001). 4. It is concluded that an increase in baroreflex sensitivity is part of the development of a normotensive cardiovascular system, whereas in SH rats responsiveness of the baroreceptor reflex remains depressed during the development and stabilization of hypertension. PMID- 7083752 TI - Sodium balance, fluid homeostasis and the renin-aldosterone system during the prolonged exercise of hill walking. AB - 1. The effect of 5 consecutive days of hill walking on electrolyte balance, fluid homeostasis, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration was studied in five male subjects. 2. The 5-day exercise period was preceded by a 4 day control period and followed by a 4-day recovery period. Throughout the 13-day study subjects ate a fixed diet. 3. After 5 days of exercise subjects had retained a mean of 264 mmol (SD 85) of sodium. Plasma sodium concentration remained constant at 142.0 mmol/l (SD 5.4). This indicates an expansion of the extracellular space by 1.84 litres. 4. By the end of the exercise period there was a positive water balance of about 0.9 litre. Thus there was a net movement of 0.94 litre of fluid from the intracellular to the extracellular space. 5. Packed cell volume decreased from a mean of 43.5% to 37.9% after 5 days of exercise, indicating that about 0.9 litre of the extracellular fluid entered the vascular compartment. The remaining fluid may be responsible for the significant increase in lower leg volume. 6. During the exercise period plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity rose, and there was a highly significant correlation between these values and the sodium retention. There was also a significant correlation between sodium retention and the increase in leg volume, which suggests that oedema may be the result of prolonged exercise of this type. PMID- 7083753 TI - Sympathetic reflex control of subcutaneous blood flow in tetraplegic man during postural changes. AB - 1. The effect of head-up tilt upon subcutaneous blood flow in the distal arm and leg was studied in 12 patients with complete traumatic spinal cord transection at the cervical level. 2. Blood flow was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique. 3. Leg lowering induced a 47% decrease in blood flow in the distal leg. During head-up tilt (45 degrees) blood flow in the leg decreased by 48%. In the arm remaining at heart level blood flow decreased by 37% during tilt and this vasoconstriction could be prevented by nervous blockade with lignocaine injected subcutaneously 5 cm proximally to the labelled area. Leg blood flow was unaltered by proximal blockade but could be blocked by local infiltration in the labelled area with lignocaine in low doses. 4. Head-up tilt of tetraplegic patients induced vasoconstriction in the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm, which could be prevented by proximal blockade. Thus the vasoconstriction could be due to a spinal sympathetic reflex mechanism. This as well as local mechanisms including the venoarteriolar reflex may play a role in recovery of arterial blood pressure during head-up tilt in the tetraplegic patient. PMID- 7083754 TI - Uptake of L-valyl-L-valine and glycylsarcosine by hamster jejunum in vitro. PMID- 7083755 TI - Sources of bile pigment overproduction in Gilbert's syndrome: studies with non radioactive bilirubin kinetics and with delta-[3,5-3H]aminolaevulinic acid and [2 14C]glycine. AB - 1. The kinetics of non-radioactive bilirubin were investigated in 100 patients with chronic non-haemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and in nine normal volunteers. 2. The patients with Gilbert's syndrome were divided on the basis of a two-compartment model into two distinct groups: group 1 (74 patients) with decreased hepatic uptake and conjugation of bilirubin and a bilirubin turnover rate within the normal range, and group 2 (26 patients) having normal uptake, impaired conjugation and increased bilirubin turnover rate. 3. On the basis of these findings, studies were made of early pigment production in four patients of group 1, in six patients of group 2 and in four of the normal volunteers, with [14C]glycine and delta-[3H]aminolaevulinic acid. 4. After receiving injections of labelled haem precursors, the four patients in group 1 had a normal rate of incorporation of both tracers, whereas abnormalities in incorporation were found in group 2. Four patients showed an increase of the first component of the early peak of [14C]bilirubin as well as of the early peak of [3H]bilirubin, suggesting an increased turnover of hepatic haem. Two patients showed an increased incorporation of [14C]glycine characterized by the fusion of the two early peaks, whereas the incorporation of the delta-[3H]aminolaevulinic acid was normal, indicating the presence of a primary shunt hyperbilirubinaemia. 5. The results confirm that Gilbert's syndrome is a heterogeneous condition with respect to bilirubin turnover rate. The population of Gilbert's syndrome with increased bilirubin turnover rate comprises not only patients with an increased haem erythroid turnover, but also patients with increased metabolism of non-erythroid haem protein in the liver. PMID- 7083756 TI - Duodenal perfusion with sodium taurocholate inhibits biliary but not pancreatic secretion in man. AB - 1. A standard duodenal perfusion technique was used to study the effects of luminally perfused sodium taurocholate on basal and stimulated biliary and pancreatic secretion and gastrointestinal hormone release in man. 2. During duodenal perfusion with sodium taurocholate alone, both basal and caerulein/secretin-stimulated bilirubin secretion were suppressed. A successive perfusion with a mixture of the bile salt and essential amino acids in combination overcame the biliary suppression and biliary secretion rose above basal levels. A further increase in bilirubin secretion was not observed in a subsequent perfusion with essential amino acids alone in these studies. 3. No inhibitory effect on basal or caerulein/secretin-stimulated trypsin secretion was observed during the bile salt perfusion; basal trypsin secretion was in fact slightly increased during a prolonged (4 h) perfusion of the bile salt. 4. During bile salt perfusion, basal bicarbonate secretion remained unchanged but caerulein/secretin-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was slightly increased. 5. Plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide and gastrin did not change significantly during duodenal perfusion with bile salt, but plasma levels of motilin were suppressed. 6. These results support the view that bile salts in the duodenum may regulate biliary and pancreatic secretion in man and affect plasma levels of motilin. PMID- 7083757 TI - Plasma histamine and catecholamines in stable asthmatic subjects. AB - 1. Venous plasma histamine and catecholamines were measured in stable asthmatic subjects by a recently developed specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assay. 2. Plasma histamine concentrations were significantly elevated in both extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatic subjects compared with both normal controls and patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. There was no correlation between histamine concentration and severity of airways obstruction, however. 3. Elevated plasma histamine concentrations at rest may indicate increased release of mediators from 'leaky' mast cells in asthma. 4. Plasma catecholamine concentrations in asthmatic subjects did not differ from normal and there was no correlation with severity of bronchoconstriction or with plasma histamine concentration. PMID- 7083758 TI - Set-point displacement for behavioural thermoregulation in anorexia nervosa. AB - 1. The temperatures of thermal stimuli which evoked a feeling of maximal pleasantness upon contact with the hands of 14 malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa and 19 control subjects have been determined. A uniform skin temperature of 35 degrees C for all individuals studied was achieved by immersion of the subjects and patients in water at that temperature. Core temperatures of the anorexia patients were similar to those of the control subjects, but six of the patients preferred temperatures that were significantly higher than those of the control subjects. The thermal preferences of the remainder of the patients were similar to those of the control subjects. 2. The abnormally high thermal preferences of some of the anorexic patients could not be attributed to abnormal thyroid status, since values for serum free thyroxine measured in this group were similar to those obtained for the remaining patients. The abnormal responses persisted after there had been a substantial gain in the patients' weight and did not therefore appear to be directly due to malnutrition. 3. Elevation of deep body temperature produced an expected shift in preference towards lower stimulus temperatures in a sample of subjects from the control group, and in the patients who had initially preferred temperatures within the range of the controls. In the patients who had initially preferred abnormally high stimulus temperatures, however, hyperthermia produced little change in thermal preference. 4. It is suggested that an elevation in the set-point temperature for behavioural thermoregulation can occur in some patients with anorexia nervosa, and that this displacement may contribute to the distressing sense of cold which some patient experience. PMID- 7083759 TI - Myofibrillar protein catabolic rates in cirrhotic patients with and without muscle wasting. AB - 1. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine was measured in 15 controls and in two groups of 15 patients with liver cirrhosis, with and without severe muscle wasting. All subjects were on a meat-free diet. The values obtained were used to calculate the fractional catabolic rate of myofibrillar protein. 2. In patients without muscle wasting 3-methylhistidine excretion was high in the presence of normal urinary creatinine. The fractional breakdown rate was significantly increased as compared with that of controls. 3. In patients with severe muscle wasting 3-methylhistidine excretion was normal and urinary creatinine was remarkably reduced. The myofibrillar catabolic rate was further increased compared with that of controls and of the other group of patients. 4. 3 Methylhistidine and creatinine excretion allow a complete evaluation of myofibrillar protein degradation, which appears to be remarkably increased in cirrhotic patients. The relevance of increased myofibrillar protein turnover in muscle wasting of subjects with advanced cirrhosis remains to be determined. PMID- 7083761 TI - Effect of propranolol on hepatic blood flow in normal and portal hypertensive rats. AB - 1. The effects of propranolol on heart rate, arterial pressure, portal venous pressure and fractional hepatic blood flow were studied in rats with hepatic artery ligature or with portal vein stenosis, and in sham-operated rats. The effect of propranolol on cardiac output was also studied in normal rats. 2. In rats with hepatic artery ligature or with portal vein stenosis, and in sham operated rats, propranolol decreased heart rate and portal venous pressure significantly and did not alter arterial pressure. Propranolol decreased fractional hepatic blood flow significantly in rats with hepatic artery ligature, but did not change hepatic blood flow in rats with portal vein stenosis or in sham-operated rats. 3. We conclude therefore that: (a) propranolol decreases portal venous pressure in rats; (b) this decrease in portal venous pressure results in a reduction in portal blood flow which is related, in part, to a reduction in cardiac output; (c) propranolol does not alter hepatic blood flow in normal rats or in rats with portal hypertension. PMID- 7083760 TI - Detection latency of added loads to breathing. AB - 1. Detection latency of a range of added elastic (0.95-4.50 kPa/l) and resistive (0.73-3.29 kPa l-1 s) loads to breathing were measured in five normal subjects. Detection latency was defined as the time from the onset of the breath to detection of the load. 2. Detection latency followed a curvilinear relationship when plotted as a function of the magnitude of the added loads. A similar relationship was found with both elastic and resistive loads although detection latencies to added elastances were longer than for added resistances. 3. When the added load was expressed in terms of comparable magnitude (peak inspiratory pressure) detection latencies for added elastances were found to be consistently longer than for added resistive loads. 4. These studies show that the detection latency to added inspiratory loads follows a reciprocal relationship, that detection latencies for elastic and resistive loads are clearly different and suggest that these loads are detected during the respiratory cycle at a time when the mechanical information regarding muscular pressure is greatest. PMID- 7083762 TI - Response of forearm resistance vessels to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in normotensive and hypertensive men: evidence for a functional abnormality of vascular smooth muscle in primary hypertension. AB - 1. The response of the forearm resistance vessels to local intra-arterial infusion of verapamil and sodium nitroprusside has been assessed by a plethysmographic method in 23 men with normal arterial pressure and 35 men with primary hypertension. 2. In the 20 patients with hypertension for whom full dose response curves were determined, the dilator response to verapamil was significantly greater than that in the normal controls, whereas the response to sodium nitroprusside was reduced. 3. Comparison of responses to the two dilators in individual subjects enabled the scattering effect of variables common to both drugs to be reduced. Analysis of the results in this way showed a highly significant difference between the hypertensive men as a whole and the normotensive controls (P less than 0.00001); 24 out of the 35 hypertensive men showed responses that were outside the normal range. 4. The abnormal pattern of response observed in the hypertensive group cannot be accounted for by structural changes in the vessels and strongly suggests a functional abnormality of the vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 7083763 TI - Evidence of altered structure of the erythrocyte membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - 1. The membrane structure of erythrocytes of rats with different forms of arterial hypertension was studied by means of two hydrophobic fluorescent probes (diphenylhexatriene and pyrene). 2. Microviscosity of hydrophobic areas of erythrocyte membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats was found to be increased compared with that of membranes from normotensive control rats. 3. No alterations of membrane structure of erythrocytes of deoxycorticosterone-treated rats and renal hypertensive rats were found. PMID- 7083764 TI - Renal clearance of [14C]oxalate: comparison of constant-infusion with single injection techniques. AB - 1. The renal clearance of [14C]oxalate was assessed by the constant-infusion technique and single-injection technique (plasma sampling only: one-compartment and two-compartment model; plasma and urine sampling). Healthy volunteers and patients with renal stones were studied. 2. Results with the constant-infusion techniques (with and without urine sampling) were not significantly different from each other. 3. The renal clearance of [14C]oxalate measured with the single injection technique as compared with the constant-infusion technique was overestimated in the single-injection one-compartment model (52%) as well as in the two-compartment model (30%). 4. The calculated level of plasma oxalate in the healthy volunteers ranged from 1.04 to 1.78 mumol/l (mean 1.39). 5. The biological half-life of [14C]oxalate, estimated by the cumulative excretion of 14C in urine after equilibrium had been established, was 128 min (range: 113 142). 6. The oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio in the healthy volunteers ranged from 1.73 to 2.22 (mean 2.01). PMID- 7083765 TI - The influence of indomethacin on renal concentrating and diluting capacity in sickle cell nephropathy. AB - 1. The effects of indomethacin on water excretion during both vasopressin stimulation and inhibition were studied in control subjects and in patients with sickle cell anaemia. 2. In the control group as well as in the group of patients with sickle cell anaemia sodium and urea retention occurred after indomethacin in the water-depleted state. During water loading, indomethacin induced sodium retention without urea reabsorption. 3. In healthy volunteers indomethacin increased urinary osmolality during water deprivation, but not after water loading. In contrast, in patients with sickle cell anaemia indomethacin caused a rise in urinary osmolality during water loading, but not after deprivation. 4. The findings support the view that indomethacin promotes solute reabsorption in the distal tubule. 5. From our observations we conclude that renal prostaglandins are not involved in the urinary concentrating defect of patients with sickle cell anaemia. On the other hand, the normal diluting capacity in sickle cell anaemia appears to depend on renal prostaglandins. PMID- 7083766 TI - Effect of isolated cholaemia on systemic haemodynamics and kidney function in conscious dogs. AB - 1. Systemic haemodynamics and kidney function were studied in the same dogs before and 14 days after choledochocaval anastomosis. 2. All dogs became deeply jaundiced whereas parenchymal liver function remained unchanged as assessed biochemically. 3. After choledochocaval anastomosis there was a decrease in mean arterial pressure (118 +/- 18 to 98 +/- 13 mmHg, P less than 0.005), and total peripheral resistance (4073.8 +/- 620.0 to 3327.6 +/- 244.9 kPa 1-1 s kg, P less than 0.01), whereas mean cardiac index and plasma volume corrected for body weight did not change. 4. Despite their disturbed systemic haemodynamics the cholaemic dogs and normal mean glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Maximal ability to concentrate and dilute the urine was, however, impaired during cholaemia. 5. It is concluded that cholaemia per se causes peripheral vasodilatation, hypotension and renal tubular dysfunction. Similar phenomena in jaundiced patients may contribute to their susceptibility to postoperative shock and acute renal failure. PMID- 7083768 TI - Clinical effects and metabolism of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease. AB - 1. After a fixed weight-related dose given intravenously, plasma diazepam concentrations were significantly lower in 11 cirrhotic patients than in controls matched for age and sex, in the 4 h after diazepam administration but not thereafter. 2. When measured at a single fixed time point, a greater proportion of the drug was in the unbound from in the plasma of cirrhotic patients, but non bound diazepam concentrations were not significantly different in the two groups. 3. Several psychomotor tests showed that cirrhotic patients, although having significantly impaired liver function, did not as a group have increased sensitivity to diazepam compared with their matched controls. 4. Only those cirrhotic patients who at the time of drug administration had impaired cerebral function, as judged by baseline performance of psychomotor tests, showed increased sensitivity to the effects of intravenous diazepam. 5. Psychomotor tests, particularly the Reitan trail test, seem more useful than tests of liver function or drug metabolism for identifying those patients with liver cirrhosis at risk of excessive sedation after diazepam administration. PMID- 7083767 TI - Bile acid profiles of human serum and skin interstitial fluid and their relationship to pruritus studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - 1. Pruritus was assessed in 19 patients by measurement of nocturnal limb movement. 2. Serum (nine pruritic, ten non-pruritic) and interstitial fluid (five pruritic, three non-pruritic) bile acids were fractionated according to their mode of conjugation by using DEAP-Sephadex LH-20 and measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 3. No correlation was found between serum or interstitial fluid total bile acid or individual bile acid concentrations and pruritus. Bile acid profiles in the two groups of patients were similar and there was no correlation between pruritus and the conjugation pattern. 4. Te bile acid profile of interstitial fluid reflected that of serum and a linear relationship was found between serum and interstitial fluid bile acid concentrations (r ;.95, P less than 0.001). 5. The proportion of bile acid sulphate in interstitial fluid was significantly smaller than that in serum (P less than 0.025), where sulphates accounted for up to 46% of the total bile acids. 6. In three patients, a decrease in serum bile acid concentrations achieved by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage had little or no effect on pruritus. 7. These findings suggest that bile acids do not have a causative role in the pruritus of cholestatic liver disease. PMID- 7083769 TI - Propranolol absorption in untreated coeliac disease. AB - 1. To compare the bioavailability and the elimination of propranolol in seven untreated coeliac patients and six normal subjects, plasma concentrations were measured after oral and intravenous propranolol. The bioavailability and clearance of propranolol were similar in both groups. 2. With the use of a perfusion technique, propranolol absorption in the proximal jejunum was found to be decreased by 71% in five untreated coeliac patients, compared with the absorption in four normal subjects. 3. There results indicate that propranolol absorption is decreased in the proximal jejunum in untreated coeliac disease but overall absorption in the small bowel is not impaired. PMID- 7083770 TI - Activation by exercise of human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase in vivo. AB - 1. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in its active and inactive forms was measured in biopsy samples obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of healthy subjects before and after exercise. 2. At rest, 40 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) of the enzyme was in the active form. 3. After progressive aerobic exercise to exhaustion (n = 5), 88 +/- 2.3% was in the active form. 4. After intermittent supramaximal short-term exercise (1 min exercise, 3 min rest) to exhaustion (n = 6), 60 +/- 2.2% was in the active form. 5. After isometric maximal exercise of 65 +/- 3.6 s duration (n = 3), only 39 +/- 1% of the enzyme was in the active form. 6. Muscle glycogen depletion was greatest with intermittent exercise and least with isometric maximal exercise; in contrast, the increase in muscle lactate was least with progressive exercise (1.3 to 9.4 mumol/g), intermediate in intermittent maximal exercise (1.2 to 13.1 mumol/g) and greatest after isometric exercise (1.8 to 17.6 mumol/g). There were no significant differences between the three studies in the changes in lactate/pyruvate ratios. 7. In three subjects who exercised with one leg, activation of the enzyme was twice as great in the exercise as in the inactive leg. 8. The ratio of active to total enzyme in biopsies of resting muscle was greater in four well-trained athletes than in four untrained control subjects (70% compared with 41% respectively). 9. The activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase appears to play an important part in regulating the use of glycogen and glucose during exercise in man. PMID- 7083772 TI - Cardiac output measured by transthoracic impedance cardiography at rest, during exercise and at various lung volumes. AB - 1. Cardiac output measured by transthoracic impedance cardiography has been compared with simultaneous measurements made by the indirect Fick CO2 rebreathing method in nine adults and 14 children. All were healthy normal volunteers. Sixty six comparisons were made at rest and during steady exercise at work loads up to 100 W. 2. Impedance measurements of cardiac output were consistently higher than indirect Fick measurements of cardiac output, but after application of a correction factor related to packed cell volume there was close correlation between the results obtained by the two methods (r = 0.94). 3. The mean coefficient of variation of impedance measurements of cardiac output was 13% at rest and 5% during steady-state exercise. 4. Changes of lung volume due to breath holding or resulting from addition of an expiratory resistance did not affect the measurement of cardiac output by impedance. 5. Transthoracic impedance cardiography is a rapid, non-invasive technique for measurement of cardiac output. It requires very little active co-operation from the subject. The method would probably give reliable results for patients with respiratory illnesses such as acute asthma or bronchiolitis, during which changes of lung volume may be expected to occur. PMID- 7083771 TI - The effect of dietary sodium on the blood pressure response to dopamine infusion in the conscious rat. AB - 1. The influence of dietary sodium intake on the pressor response to intravenously infused dopamine in the conscious rat was studied. 2. Chronic sodium restriction significantly reduced the pressor response to infused dopamine, whereas high sodium diet enhanced the response. 3. Sodium intake is an important determinant of the pressor response to dopamine. PMID- 7083773 TI - Effect of exercise on gain of the carotid-sinus reflex in rabbits. AB - 1. Blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were measured in six rabbits before, during and immediately after treadmill exercise. During the same periods the dynamic gain of the carotid-sinus baroreceptor reflex was estimated by creating a sinusoidal oscillation of carotid-distending pressure. 2. The average blood pressure did not change significantly during or after exercise, but heart rate and cardiac output rose markedly and there was a concomitant fall in systemic vascular resistance. 3. The reflex gain for blood pressure decreased by one-fifth during exercise, and the gains for heart rate and vascular resistance by two-fifths. Immediately after exercise the gains for all three variables decreased further, to between one-half and one-third of the resting values. 4. Our results indicate that during and after dynamic exercise the correction of a potential disturbance of blood pressure by the carotid-sinus baroreceptor reflex is decreased in magnitude or in speed. PMID- 7083774 TI - Influence of respiratory heat transfer on thermogenesis and heat storage after cold immersion. AB - 1. Ten male subjects were cooled on three occasions to a rectal temperature of 35 degrees C by immersion to the neck in water at 11.3 degrees C. The subjects were rewarmed for 60 min, once by metabolic heat production alone (shivering), once by inhalation rewarming with spontaneous breathing of saturated air at 47 degrees C (control) and once by inhalation rewarming with ventilation regulated at 40 litres/min by respiring a controlled fraction of CO2 (hyperventilation). 2. Metabolic heat production was substantially reduced by inhalation rewarming (P less than 0.05), from 913 kJ when shivering to 766 kJ (control) and 613 kJ when hyperventilating. The fall in metabolic heat production was greater than the corresponding respiratory heat gain, which increased from a loss of 41 kJ when shivering to gains of 85 kJ (control) and 169 kJ (hyperventilation). 3. As differences in mean skin temperatures were small (less than 1.0 degrees C), it is concluded that the lower metabolic heat production in response to increased respiratory heat input must result from more rapid central temperature gains. This conclusion is supported by the relative values of rectal and tympanic temperatures. It was calculated that the percentage of the total heat supply which was donated to the core increased from 13% during shivering to 16% for the control and 23% in hyperventilation. Results imply that respiratory heat input is more efficient than metabolic heat production in elevating central temperature. PMID- 7083776 TI - Rates of new bone formation in patients with crush fracture osteoporosis. AB - 1. Calcium balances and formation rates of new bone measured with an improved tracer technique using 85Sr have been determined simultaneously in 21 patients with idiopathic osteoporosis and vertebral crush fractures. 2. A weak positive association was found between calcium balance and the kinetically measured calcium accretion rate, which is the sum of the true rate of bone formation and various long-term exchange processes. 3. The more negative balances were associated with significantly greater early loss of tracer taken up into bone by 'accretion', so that long-term (greater than 200 day) uptake was reduced. 4. This indicates that patients actively losing bone mineral have lower true rates of bone formation and higher rates of long-term exchange than their fellow patients who are more nearly in calcium equilibrium. 5. No statistically significant association was found between measured rates of bone resorption and calcium balance. PMID- 7083775 TI - An estimate of the endogenous secretion rate of calcitonin in man. AB - 1. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of human calcitonin was measured in 12 normal subjects and four patients with Paget's disease by the infusion of synthetic human calcitonin (15-40 microgram/h for 2-24 h), and in 10 additional patients with Paget's disease from the disappearance rate of immunoreactive calcitonin from plasma after the intravenous injection of large doses of synthetic human calcitonin (0.5-1.0 mg). 2. The estimated MCR during the infusion studies (range 531-1224 litres/day) was similar to that calculated from the disappearance of large doses of synthetic human calcitonin injected intravenously in patients with Paget's disease (mean = 1035 litres/day; range = 593-1408 litres/day). 3. An eightfold range in the basal values of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin, in spite of the presence of a relatively constant MCR, suggests that the variation in basal plasma calcitonin was due principally to variation in the endogenous secretion rate for calcitonin. 4. The results suggest that the endogenous secretion rate for calcitonin is low in normal subjects (mean 124 +/- SEM 24 microgram/day), and give a basis for selecting the doses of calcitonin which can be considered physiological. PMID- 7083777 TI - Low-frequency fatigue in isolated skeletal muscles and the effects of methylxanthines. AB - 1. A form of skeletal muscle fatigue was examined with isolated animal and human muscle preparations. The possibility that methylxanthines could overcome this was investigated. 2. Prolonged contractile activity resulted in a long-lasting impairment of force generation at low frequencies of stimulation at times when the force at higher frequencies had substantially recovered. This was seen with both fast-twitch and slow-twitch animal muscles and with samples of isolated human muscle. 3. The decrease in low-frequency force was due to a decrease in twitch amplitude, suggesting damage to the processes involved in excitation- contraction coupling. 4. Caffeine and theophylline at concentrations of 1 mmol/l rapidly and completely reversed the effects of this form of fatigue in both animal and human muscle preparations. 5. Agents that potentiate muscle force production could be an effective means of counteracting the effects of an important form of skeletal muscle fatigue, but a clinically useful compound would need to be more potent than the methylxanthines currently in use. PMID- 7083778 TI - An electrophysiological study of the posterior abdominal vagus nerve in man. AB - 1. The compound action potential was recorded in segments of posterior abdominal vagus removed from patients undergoing elective vagotomy and the conduction velocities of the major components were measured. 2. The conduction velocities ranged from 0.15 m/s to 3.9 m/s. The majority of compound potentials recorded had latencies appropriate to C fibre conduction. PMID- 7083779 TI - Interpretation of tracer studies on plasma protein turnover: comparison of methods and optimization of techniques. AB - 1. A comparison of several published methods for analysing plasma protein turnover data has been undertaken, with particular reference to rapidly metabolized proteins such as members of the complement series. 2. With the exception of the equilibrium time method, most methods proved adequate for the determination of overall fractional catabolic rates. A further exception is that the renal clearance method becomes invalid when the fractional catabolic rate approaches the renal iodide clearance, but this may be the method of choice for slowly metabolized proteins if accurate urine collections can be ensured. 3. For the measurement of the ratio of extra to intra-vascular protein pool size a clear preference emerged for the method of C. M. E. Matthews (1957, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2, 36-53). For rapidly metabolized proteins the calculations must be preceded by a correction for the non-protein bound iodide retained in the intra- and extra-vascular spaces. 4. The accurate calculation of fractional catabolic rate in the extravascular pool generally requires more experimental data than are commonly collected as well as an accurate correction for non-protein bound label that remains unexcreted. Only two techniques hold promise of accurate results: Nosslin's rate equations method and a development of Vitek's deconvolution method described herein. Nosslin's integrated rate equations method is particularly affected by systematic errors in renal iodide clearance estimates and should probably not be further used for this purpose. PMID- 7083780 TI - Direct measurement of hepatic extraction of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid in man. AB - 1. The hepatic extraction ratios of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid have been measured in 12 patients without, and 20 patients with, liver disease. 2. Ten of the patients without liver disease were studied during cardiac catheterization, with a continuous infusion technique. Two of the patients without liver disease and all those with liver disease received an intravenous bolus of [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid or [14C]ursodeoxycholic acid, during transvenous liver biopsy. 3. The extraction ratio of chenodeoxycholic acid was 0.63 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- mean +/- SEM) and of ursodeoxycholic acid 0.53 +/- 0.01, in the patients without liver disease. In those with mild liver disease, extraction was slightly impaired (chenodeoxycholic acid; 0.49 +/0 0.03; ursodeoxycholic acid: 0.43 +/- 0.05), whereas in those with more severe liver disease it was greatly reduced (chenodeoxycholic acid: 0.16 +/- 0.08; ursodeoxycholic acid: 0.07 +/- 0.01). 4. The results suggest that (a) direct measurements confirm the accuracy of indirect estimates of hepatic extraction of chenodeoxycholic acid, (b) hepatic extraction of chenodeoxycholic acid is lower than that of cholic acid and glycocholic acid, but higher than that of ursodeoxycholic acid, (c) progressive impairment of the extraction ratios of these two bile acids occurs as the severity of liver disease increases, and (d) the ratios are correlated with indocyanine green extraction ratios. PMID- 7083781 TI - Effect of benoxaprofen on release of slow-reacting substances from human lung tissue in vitro. AB - 1. macroscopically normal human lung tissue was obtained from operative specimens removed for lung cancer and challenged with antigen or calcium ionophore. The release of histamine and slow-reacting substances was measured by fluorimetric and bioassay techniques respectively. 2. Benoxaprofen, a drug with inhibitory effects on the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways, caused a dose-related reduction of release of slow-reacting substances without affecting histamine release. 3. These results with human lung tissue in vitro suggest that benoxaprofen may be used to investigate the role of slow-reacting substances in experimental and clinical asthma. PMID- 7083782 TI - Zinc and cystinuria. PMID- 7083784 TI - Statement by the Colorado Medical Society on the prescribing of schedule II non narcotic controlled substances. PMID- 7083783 TI - The disposal of radioactive wastes. PMID- 7083785 TI - [Biopsy study of chronic alcoholic hepatopathies. Assessment of the steatosis in the course of arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate treatment]. PMID- 7083786 TI - [Hypotensive effect of saluretics]. PMID- 7083787 TI - [Prescription No. 283: Therapy of hyperthyroid and athyroid states]. PMID- 7083788 TI - [Treatment of acrosclerosis with cyclofenil]. PMID- 7083789 TI - [Artificial hypertension in chronic pyelonephritis: a theory to be verified]. PMID- 7083790 TI - [Calcitonin in orthopedics and traumatology]. PMID- 7083791 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of acute bacterial pneumopathies]. PMID- 7083792 TI - [Epitrochleitis. Maneuver of obstructed flexion of the hand. Clinical aspects and therapy]. PMID- 7083793 TI - [Clinical experience with a molecule with anti-inflammatory action: flurbiprofen]. PMID- 7083794 TI - [Prescriptions of polyvitamin therapy]. PMID- 7083795 TI - Clinical aspects of psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 7083796 TI - Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 7083797 TI - Osteoarthritis: cause and long-term management. PMID- 7083798 TI - Primary care of major hand injuries. PMID- 7083799 TI - Differential spinal block for diagnosis of chronic pain. PMID- 7083800 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus: problems in management. AB - The management of the SLE patient is never routine. Each patient presents a complex set of biochemical, pathophysiological, emotional, and sociological problems that undulate in unpredictable ways, and challenge every physician. PMID- 7083801 TI - Scene perception: detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations. PMID- 7083802 TI - The minimum principle and the perception of absolute, common, and relative motions. PMID- 7083803 TI - Divided attention: evidence for coactivation with redundant signals. PMID- 7083804 TI - The CMHC as a setting for residency education. Response and critique. PMID- 7083805 TI - The CMHC as a setting for residency education. Response and critique. PMID- 7083806 TI - The CMHC as a setting for residency education. Response and critique. PMID- 7083808 TI - Response and critique: university and the CMHC--mariage d'amour ou de raison? PMID- 7083807 TI - The CMHC as a setting for residency education. Response and critique. PMID- 7083809 TI - Evaluating an intervention program for the elderly. AB - The effectiveness of mental health group experiences on senior citizen center participants needing such services was assessed through a quasi-experiment involving 68 MH group participants and 31 comparison cases judged not in need to MH services. The evidence indicated substantial increases in social and nonsocial activity, morale, and self-satisfaction. Senior center personnel provided corroborative observations. The changes were such that by the conclusion of the group sessions the "experimentals" had come to function at a level that was indistinguishable from their comparison group. By contrast, 18 elderly needing such mental health services, but attending senior centers where services were unavailable, showed no improvement or declined over time PMID- 7083810 TI - The CMHC as a setting for residency education. AB - The authors review four approaches chairmen of departments of psychiatry have used to attempt to ensure quality resident education in CMHCs they do not control. Several examples are presented of administrative problems that may develop in this type of relationship. Based on this material and the author's experience, a four stage administrative process is presented which emphasized clear identification of goals and objectives, negotiation of a relationship that is beneficial to both the development and the CMHC, development of a written contract, and careful monitoring and evaluation of its progress. Designing a relationship in this fashion offers maximum opportunity for programmatic success. PMID- 7083811 TI - An analysis of the concept of competence in individuals and social systems. AB - This paper has attempted to present a unified conceptual model of positive mental health or competence from the perspective of individuals and from the perspective of social systems of varying degrees of complexity, such as families, organizations, and entire communities. It has provided a taxonomy of the elements of competence which allows the application of a common framework to the analysis of competence and to the planning and evaluation of competence building interventions at any level of social organization. Community Mental Health Centers can apply the model which has been presented in a number of different ways. At whatever level(s) the CMHCs' efforts are directed, the competence model presents a framework for analysis, intervention, and evaluation which enriches and expands upon more typical disorder-based formulations. By providing a framework which encompasses all levels of social organization, the model provides the conceptual tools for going beyond the individual and microsystem levels which have often constituted the boundaries of CMHC concern, and allows the CMHC to approach the organizational and community levels which must be encompassed by a competently comprehensive center. Application of the concept of competence to social organizations and to communities allows the CMHC to analyze and intervene at these levels. Finally, the concept of organizational competence separated into its various elements provides the CMHC with a tool for analyzing and evaluating its own environment and the competence of various aspects of its own functioning within that environment. PMID- 7083812 TI - Impact of federally mandated program evaluation. AB - A survey was conducted of 46 representatives from nine randomly selected community mental health centers to examine the impact of the requirements for self-evaluation in the 1975 Community Mental Health Centers Amendments (P.L. 94 63). Compliance was generally high, but considerable variability existed in the topics studied and in the amount of resources devoted to each study. The three conditions associated with the utility of a study were (1) the reason for conducting it (2) the topic of the study and (3) the role of the evaluator in disseminating the findings and making them useful. Respondents saw a need for federal evaluation requirements, but favoured self-selection of evaluation topic areas based on individual center needs. PMID- 7083813 TI - Characteristics of two trypsin type isozymes isolated from the arctic fish capelin (Mallotus villosus). AB - 1. Two trypsin-like enzymes, assayed by their amidase activity with N-alpha benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (DL-BAPNA) as the substrate, were isolated from the gut of the arctic fish capelin (Mallotus villosus). 2. Purification involved affinity chromatography (Benzamidine-CH-Sepharose 4B) of the 30 to 70% (NH4)2SO4 precipitation fraction of a crude extract of the gut, followed by DEAE Sephadex chromatography, yielding two enzymes, designated Enzyme I and II. 3. Both enzymes had MW of about 28,000 as determined by SDS-electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points were 5.6-5.9 (Enzyme I) and 5.1-5.3 (Enzyme II) and they had similar amino acid composition. 4. Both enzymes were inhibited by standard trypsin inhibitors including the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), but not by the chymotrypsin inhibitor L-1-tosylamide-2 phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK). 5. The enzymes had a pH optimum of 8-9 and their stability was not affected by CaCl2. Low pH (2.3) caused an initial rapid loss of enzyme activity, followed by relatively slow decomposition of the activity remaining after 1 hr at 4 degrees C. 6. The enzymes had an apparent temperature optimum of 42 degrees C, resulting from rapid self digestion at higher temperatures. PMID- 7083814 TI - Comparative studies on particulate acid phosphatases in sea urchin eggs. AB - 1. Particulate acid phosphatases were partially purified and characterized in the eggs of six species of sea urchins and one species of sand dollar, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Anthocidaris crassispina, Pseudocentrotus depressus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. francicanus, S. droebachiensis and Dendraster excentricus. 2. The enzymes of 7 species were strongly inhibited by NaF, tartrate, p-chloromercuribenzoate and HgCl2. 3. Substrate specificity of the enzymes of all species was broad. PMID- 7083815 TI - Characterization of the lysozyme of Mytilus edulis (L). AB - 1. Lysozyme isolated from the crystalline style of Mytilus edulis is a true N acetylmuramyl-hydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.17). 2. THe enzyme is optimally active at approx pH 7.1, I = 0.011, with a secondary optimum at pH 4.6, I = 0.054. 3. Cell walls of Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis were degraded by the lysozyme but chitin or cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to its activity. 4. Tetra-N-acetyl chitotetraose inhibited enzyme activity more than N-acetylglucosamine, di-N-acetyl chitobiose, tri-N-acetyl chitotriose or penta-N-acetyl chitopentaose. PMID- 7083817 TI - Effect of inhibitors on acid phosphatase activity in the haemolymph of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae). AB - 1. Cyanide and azide showed increases in inhibition during the latter part of the fifth stadium after juvenile hormone (Law-Williams) application. 2. Azide showed greater inhibition in the adults than in the fifth instars except for the JH treated fifth female which showed approximately the same amount of inhibition as the adult female. PMID- 7083816 TI - Activity of adenylate deaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver: species and dietary variation. AB - 1. Activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and adenylate deaminase were measured in the livers of carnivores (animals characterised by intake of a high dietary protein). 2. Animals studied (ferret, cat, dog, hedgehog, rat, hamster, mouse, cow, pig and rabbit) were kept on their natural diet. 3. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity showed no variation between carnivores and non-carnivores. 4. Adenylate deaminase activity was significantly higher in carnivores than in non-carnivores. 5. In carnivores, adenylate deaminase might be the rate limiting enzyme in the terminal deamination of L-amino acids. 6. Elevation of adenylate deaminase might be due to the acidogenic effect of the diet. PMID- 7083818 TI - The density profile and cholesterol concentration of serum lipoproteins in domestic and laboratory animals. AB - 1. By means of density gradient ultracentrifugation, the density profile of the serum lipoproteins was studied in 14 species of domestic and laboratory animals: the pig, chicken, rhesus monkey, rabbit, dog, horse, sheep, cat, mouse, goat, cow, guinea-pig, trout and rat. 2. The concentration of cholesterol in whole serum and the lipoprotein fractions of these animal species was also determined. 3. There were large differences in the density profile of the serum lipoproteins among the various animals studied and the results indicate that the density limits employed for human serum lipoproteins are not directly applicable to the lipoproteins of animals. 4. In most of the animals studied, three major lipoprotein fractions could be observed as in man. 5. However, such a clear pattern was not found in the cow, rat and guinea-pig. 6. In the animals studied, with the exception of the pig and the guinea-pig, most of the cholesterol in the serum was carried in the high density lipoprotein fraction. PMID- 7083819 TI - The effect of temperature on steroid biosynthesis by testes of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus. AB - 1. Testes of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus, were incubated with [3H]pregnenolone and [3H]testosterone at a range of temperatures from 1 to 36 degrees C. 2. Yields of testosterone from pregnenolone were maximal between 11 and 16 degrees C, corresponding to the breeding temperature of the species. 3. Yields of glucuronides and sulphates increased from 1 to 26 degrees C. 4. Yields of an unidentified polar metabolite increased with temperature and it is suggested that this may play a regulatory role in elasmobranch reproduction. PMID- 7083820 TI - Comparative and developmental studies on 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase and hydroxyproline oxidase. AB - 1. In rats, liver 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase and hydroxyproline oxidase activities are maximal in the suckling period. 2. Liver activities for 4-hydroxy 2-oxoglutarate aldolase, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and serine dehydratase, but not hydroxyproline oxidase, are increased in rats on a high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet. 3. It is suggested that 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate may be a significant source of glyoxylate for glycine and hence glucose formation. 4. Mammalian liver hydroxyproline oxidase activity is higher in carnivorous species; necessary, perhaps, to metabolise a relatively large influx of hydroxyproline on a flesh diet. PMID- 7083821 TI - A comparison of the cell-free protein synthetic activities of testicular tissue obtained from rats and mice of various ages. AB - 1. The cell-free protein synthetic activity of the post-mitochondrial supernatant from the testes of 6-, 14-, and 30-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats and C57 B1/6J mice was determined. 2. An age-related decrease in cell-free protein synthesis was observed in both groups of rodents and was similar to the decrease previously reported for Fischer F344 rats. 3. The decrease in cell-free protein synthesis by testicular tissue from rodents occurs primarily after 14 months of age. PMID- 7083822 TI - Surface membrane proteins and glycoproteins of red blood cells from normal and anaemic mice. AB - 1. The surface membrane proteins of red blood cells from normal, hyperbled or acetylphenylhydrazine-treated BALB/c mice and NZB mice of different ages were labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination. Sialoglyoproteins were labelled by periodate/NaB3H4 or galactose oxidase +/- neuraminidase/Na3H4 treatments. 2. Anaemia produced several changes in radioiodinated proteins. 3. Sialoglycoprotein radiolabelling was unchanged, even with over 90% reticulocytosis. 4. Decreased periodate/NaB3H4-dependent labelling of red blood cells from Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice (Howard et al., 1980; Howard & Day, 1981) cannot therefore be due to anaemia per se, but must be related more specifically with infection. PMID- 7083823 TI - Tracing phylogeny through proteins of the layers of the eye lens nucleus. AB - 1. In accordance with the concept that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, it was hypothesized that the proteins in the eye lens nucleus increase in antiquity with depth of layer and so can be used to reconstruct the phylogenetic past. 2. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing electrophoretic patterns of proteins from solubilized nuclear lens layers of three tuna species with well-studied phylogenies. The tuna species are the albacore, Thunnus alalunga; yellowfin, T. albacares; and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis. 3. The electrophoretic patterns fitted a scheme that is in agreement with major phylogenetic beliefs about these species. Additionally, the patterns seemed to indicate that (a) the skipjack diverged later (although to a lesser degree) from a common ancestor than did the other two tuna species, and (b) the albacore is more closely related to the skipjack than is the yellowfin. 4. It is concluded that electrophoretic analysis of proteins from nuclear lens layers is a promising new tool for tracing phylogenetic relationships. PMID- 7083824 TI - A comparative study of cholesterogenic activities from acetate of neonatal chick liver, kidney and intestinal mucosa. AB - 1. Acetate incorporation into nonsaponifiable lipids by liver and kidney slices and intestinal mucosa scrapes from neonatal chick was linear up to 100-150 mg of tissue. CO2 production from [1-14C]acetate was also studied as a function of weight of tissues. 2. Rate of acetate incorporation by the three mentioned tissues was essentially linear with respect to the incubation time assayed (0-120 min), CO2 production was also linear up to 60 min in kidney and 120 min in liver and intestinal mucosa. 3. In the conditions assayed the formation of nonsaponifiable lipids by liver slices reached constant values at acetate concentration of approximately 6 mM, while acetate incorporation by kidney and intestinal mucosa in the same conditions increased in nearly linear relationship to the concentration of available substrate. 4. Using the optimal assay conditions, acetate incorporation into nonsaponifiable lipids was maximal in neonatal chick liver, whereas kidney and intestinal mucosa only showed about 10% of the hepatic cholesterogenic activity. The percentage of acetate utilization for cholesterogenesis was also maximal in neonatal liver (about 10%). In the intestinal mucosa this percentage was also important (2-3%) being minimal in kidney slices (0.3%). PMID- 7083825 TI - A simulation-based sensitivity study of radionuclide angiocardiographic approaches to shunt assessment. PMID- 7083826 TI - Linear modeling of ventilatory mechanics during spontaneous breathing. PMID- 7083827 TI - Automated image processing of the colon crypt epithelium. PMID- 7083828 TI - Discovery, confirmation, and incorporation of causal relationships from a large time-oriented clinical data base: the RX project. PMID- 7083829 TI - A computer model of the left ventricular epicardial surface for quantification of jeopardized myocardium. AB - A computer program has been developed that can be used to quantify the extent of probable myocardial damage which will result from occlusion of a jeopardized coronary vessel. The program, used as an adjunct to coronary arteriography, permits calculation of an area of an arbitrary segment of the left ventricular epicardial surface. This segmental area, when expressed as a fraction of the total LV epicardial area, is a measure of the myocardial mass supplied by a specific coronary arterial vessel. The computer program has been extended to include graphic, three-dimensional simulation of different views of the left ventricular epicardium. PMID- 7083830 TI - A program for processing of multiple-lead exercise ECGs in real time. AB - A computer program for continuous recording and real-time processing of 8-channel exercise ECGs is presented. Current average ECG complexes and trends of various morphological and rhythmic parameters can be displayed on a TV monitor during the stress test. Average complexes computed every 10 s, the time of occurrence and 6 morphological coefficients of all detected tentative QRS complexes, and data manually entered by the operator are stored in a file on disk. The operational procedures and the principal signal processing are briefly presented. The main attention is given to a description of the software structure, explaining the subdivision of the program into dedicated autonomous sections and the system for the coordination of simultaneous activities of different priority. PMID- 7083831 TI - Period-peak analysis of the EEG with microprocessor applications. AB - This paper describes the development and evaluation of a period-peak algorithm for background analysis of the clinical electroencephalogram (EEG). The procedure is a time-domain method which is harmonious with manual interpretation of the EEG tracing. Conceptually the algorithm functions in 2 modes. Major counts are detected by successive baseline crossings in the period analysis mode. Presence of superimposed activity between major-counts induces a transition to the peak detection mode. In this manner, period-peak analysis is capable of detecting the simultaneity of slow base-waves and relatively fast superimposed activity in the EEG. Preliminary studies have been conducted in which the analysis results of this procedure were compared to those of other EEG algorithms. In general, the period-peak algorithm offered less bias towards either end of the EEG spectrum. Subsequent to testing of a FORTRAN version, the period-peak algorithm has been implemented in assembly language on a dedicated microprocessor system for on-line analysis of EEG data. PMID- 7083832 TI - Software system for real-time discrimination of multi-unit nerve impulses. AB - We have developed a computer program to separate a unit of interest from multi units of nerve impulses on an on-line, real-time operation basis. This method is divided into two phases: (1) the learning phase; (2) the hunting phase. In the learning phase, the user specifies spike patterns of a random unit from among varied spike trains displayed on CRT. The template for the unit is also constructed. In the hunting phase, the detection of spikes is carried out followed by almost simultaneous template-matching. As soon as a spike is established to be identical with the learned pattern, time information is delivered to the main memory of the computer. PMID- 7083833 TI - H-FLUX: an interactive program for the analysis of acid-base efflux. AB - H-FLUX is an interactive computer program designated to facilitate the calculation of acid or base efflux from a tissue or organism into the surrounding media. It will accept data derived from different experimental protocols and allows for a high level of experimental flexibility. An example calculation of acid efflux from the marine fish Opsanus beta is given. PMID- 7083834 TI - BP: a microcomputer program for use in a hypertension clinic. AB - This paper presents details of a computer program, BP, designed for use with an outpatient clinic. The program is implemented on a PET4000, microcomputer and is intended principally for a hypertension follow-up clinic, although it could be easily adapted for other clinics. It allows for initial patient data entry, the entry of data acquired at subsequent visits, the alteration of data, list of all data or a pre-determined subset, and a data sort and tabulation facility. The program is intended to be run by staff who have little experience with computers. PMID- 7083835 TI - MATCHER: a program to create and analyze matched sets. PMID- 7083836 TI - An analysis of variance program for the evaluation of results of parallel line assays. AB - A program is described and illustrated for the one-way analysis of variance of parallel line assays. The procedure involves 4 distinct steps: Data input, either from a previously-prepared data file or by direct 'manual' progression with options to correct input errors; data display, in tabular form, of the results from each specimen after several available transformation options; displays of the analysis of variance table, potency ratio, and confidence limits on the basis of results selected from the data display mode; and, a standard, commercially available plotting capability of either actual or idealized regression lines. The program provides a rapid, convenient, and accurate procedure, with a high level of operator interaction, with which to perform the somewhat cumbersome mathematical manipulations necessary for the evaluation of parallel line assay results. The availability of this program should overcome one of the problems which frequently prevents the complete analysis and validation of the results of parallel line assays. PMID- 7083837 TI - DISBAR: a program for two-group discriminant analysis on mixed variables after binary coding. AB - The program DISBAR is particularly adapted to medical data which often concern several measurements of different types (mixed variables) collected on patients divided into 2 groups according to a binary response variable such as survival or non-survival. DISBAR leads to a simple geometrical representation of the observations providing an easy allocation rule for a new case. The computer time required to run the program DISBAR is negligible in comparison with the one necessary to perform any other discriminant analysis of binary variables. DISBAR combines in practice computational facility with good results and easy interpretation. PMID- 7083838 TI - Data processing of the output from a Vickers M300 clinical chemistry analyser. Principles and implementation. AB - A suite of data processing programs is described, which takes the results' log from a Vickers Medical LTD M300 clinical chemistry analyser; corrects phasing errors; allows various types of recalibration (recalculation) of the data; and delivers the results to a general purpose laboratory data filing system (PHOENIX ACHILLES). An important problem with the data is that results may be unphased with respect to their identification data for mechanical reasons. The principles underlying rephasing, and other requirements for handling the M300 data are described, together with the processes used by the operator. Deliberately, no ammendments were made to the supported software for the integral computer in the M300 analyser. The new software supplements the analyser by allowing the operator to summarise the corrections to the data which would have been made under manual conditions: the required corrections are then completed by the computer. About 70 working days were required to complete the program: this was much more than has been required to program data handling for several other analysers which do not have phasing problems. PMID- 7083839 TI - Demonstration of choledochal cyst by computed tomography. PMID- 7083840 TI - Dilated extrahepatic ducts simulating low density mass in the region of the head of the pancreas-a case report. PMID- 7083841 TI - A case of hydatid cyst ruptured towards the biliary tract and diagnosed with computerized tomography. PMID- 7083842 TI - Normal CT in children. PMID- 7083843 TI - Computed tomography of the spine: techniques and procedures. PMID- 7083844 TI - Cerebellar hemorrhage in adults. Clinical and computerized tomographic findings. AB - The clinical and CT findings in 14 patients with cerebellar hemorrhage are reviewed. Two normotensive patients had an underlying vascular malformation. Six patients had poorly-controlled hypertension of short duration; the cerebellar hematomas were quite large causing significant mass effect, intraventricular extension and ventricular enlargment. Four of these patients died and two had residual neurological deficit following operation. Five other patients had better controlled hypertension of longer duration with other systemic complications including myocardial infarction and transient ischemic attacks; the hematomas were smaller with minimal mass effect and no intraventricular extension. Their outcome was better and three did not require operation. In these five patients, clinical outcome was not better in the operated than in the non-operated patients. One normotensive young patient had spontaneous bilateral cerebellar hematomas which required surgical evacuation with good clinical recovery. PMID- 7083845 TI - Computerized tomographic findings in medulloblastomas. AB - Twenty patients with intracranial medulloblastoma were analyzed by CT. All patients presented with symptoms of headache, and in eight clinical findings consistent with intracranial hypertension were the only neurological abnormalities. In 16 cases, the medulloblastoma appeared as midline posterior fossa mass and in four cases it was located laterally in the cerebellar hemisphere. The fourth ventricle appeared abnormal and there was evidence of obstructive hydrocephalus in all cases. The lesion was hyperdense in 14 cases but in only one was there evidence of calcification; the neoplasm appeared isodense in six. Post-contrast enhancement was visualized in all cases; this was homogeneous in 18 and had a ring-pattern of variable thickness in two others. PMID- 7083846 TI - Computed tomography of gliomatosis cerebri. AB - Two cases of gliomatosis cerebri which underwent serial CT-examination with contrast enhancement and histological examination of autopsy material are presented. No one single CT showed all the lesions discovered on neuropathological examination, the lesions in the brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellum being isodense. The presentation of the lesions on CT was in both cases different. In one case there were several hypodense areas predominantly scattered throughout the white matter of both hemispheres, in the other the main lesion was a "tumor' of the corpus callosum, which lead to the decision for operation. Both cases showed periventricular enhancement expressing the histologically verified periventricular spread of tumor cells. Contrast enhancement appeared in the late stages of the diseases. In the different diagnosis, pseudotumor cerebri, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis and multiple brain metastases are considered. Bearing the possibility of gliomatosis cerebri in mind, CT would help limit the differential diagnosis, especially on the basis of serial CT examinations and in combination with the clinical course. PMID- 7083847 TI - Abdominal and pelvic abscesses: computed tomography diagnosis. PMID- 7083848 TI - Methods of reasoning in psychopathology: conflict and resolution. PMID- 7083849 TI - Trends in admissions before and after an act abolishing mental hospitals: a survey in three areas of northern Italy. PMID- 7083850 TI - Anorexia nervosa: some nosological considerations. PMID- 7083851 TI - Obsessive compulsive disorder-five clinical questions and a suggested approach. PMID- 7083852 TI - Situational variations of help-seeking behavior among Chinese patients. PMID- 7083853 TI - Rating the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults. PMID- 7083854 TI - Depression: somatic symptoms and medical disorders in primary care. PMID- 7083855 TI - Abdominal mass and fever: renocolic fistula disease. PMID- 7083856 TI - Child abuse and neglect: the practitioner and the law. PMID- 7083857 TI - Health planning. PMID- 7083858 TI - Initiation of voluntary, locally based health planning. American Medical Association. PMID- 7083859 TI - The rights of minors and the rights of parents revisited II. PMID- 7083860 TI - Blood coagulation of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). AB - Blood was obtained from 10 clinically normal West Indian manatees. Many coagulation screening tests were performed on the blood as well as specific clotting factor assays. All clotting factors were present and their activities compared to those of the dog. The clotting factor activities of the intrinsic system of the manatee are much higher than those of the dog. Factor X activity is about the same as that of the dog. The clotting factor activities of the extrinsic system seems to be less than that of the the dog. PMID- 7083861 TI - Pathological effects of pine needle ingestion in pregnant mice. AB - Consumption of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) needles causes reproductive dysfunction in mice during early and late gestation. Consumption during early gestation results in considerable embryotoxicity which is not a result of starvation. Temporary loss of coordination and lethargy are observed in the females. Consumption of the pine needle diet results in a weight loss which persists throughout gestation. Feeding the pine needle diet from the tenth day of gestation results in spleen atrophy observable by day twelve and adrenal hypertrophy by day thirteen. The adrenal hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in the medullary component of the gland from the normal 12% medulla present on day ten to approximately 35% medulla present in the glands of those females surviving past day fourteen. Few fetal deaths are observed prior to day fifteen but the incidence of fetal death reaches 80% by day sixteen of gestation. If the dead fetuses are not aborted, maternal death follows fetal death by approximately two days; however, if the dead fetuses are aborted the females survive. PMID- 7083862 TI - Optimum postpartum interval for screening dairy cows for ovarian cysts by rectal palpation. PMID- 7083863 TI - A case of presumptive salt poisoning (water deprivation) in veal calves. AB - Salt poisoning/water deprivation has been described under various circumstances in adult cattle. The signs and lesions in cattle are somewhat different from those in swine, which are frequently affected. This report describes several cases of salt poisoning in veal calves. The calves were fed milk replacer and were housed without access to water. Presenting signs were mostly referrable to dysfunction of the central nervous system and included hyperesthesia, opisthotonus, nystagmus, muscle twitching and intermittent convulsions. Although the serum sodium concentration in some of these calves was over 200 mEq/1, no remarkable brain lesions were noted at necropsy. The salt content of the milk replacer was 10 times the level recommended by the National Research Council. This salt may have come from the whey included in the formula. The syndrome produced in the veal calves was similar to that seen in infant children given only a nursing formula containing too much salt, and limited water. PMID- 7083864 TI - Experimental Mycoplasma bovis seminal vesiculitis in the bull. AB - Cultures of Mycoplasma bovis were injected into the vesicular glands of bulls in order to determine the pathogenicity of M. bovis in the vesicular gland. In addition M. bovis was administered to bulls by intravenous and intra-articular injection in order to mimic possible natural routes of infection. Direct intravesicular injection of M. bovis resulted in seminal vesiculitis with persistant shedding of mycoplasma in the vesicular gland secretion for up to 81/2 months. Attempts to reproduce vesiculitis by other routes were not successful. PMID- 7083866 TI - The identification of structures and conditions responsible for right side tympanitic resonance (ping) in adult cattle. AB - In review of the case records of all cattle greater than or equal to 2 years of age admitted to the Large Animal Hospital of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine in a 3-year-period, 366 were identified as having areas of right side tympanitic resonance (ping) due to gas distention of intra-abdominal structures. The source of the ping was identified as abomasum in 137 cattle, various segments of the intestinal tract in 157 cattle, and peritoneal gas in 2 cattle. In 70 cattle, no identification was made as to the source of the ping. In 151 (41%) of the cattle with areas of ping, both the clinical and definitive (surgical or necropsy) identification of the source of the ping was recorded. In these cattle, the sensitivity and predictive value of the clinical identification were determined for each structure. The sensitivity and predictively; for cecum and/or ascending colon, the sensitivity and predictive value were both 87%. Of all cattle in which a right side ping was recorded, the principal final diagnoses were: left displacement of the abomasum (116), right displacement of the abomasum (77), abomasal (and omasal) and volvulus (60), other gastrointestinal conditions (73), nongastrointestinal conditions(40). PMID- 7083865 TI - Carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in dogs: descriptive epidemiology. AB - A retrospective study of medical records from 15 veterinary university teaching hospitals and clinics yielded 504 dogs with microscopically confirmed primary carcinoma of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. When compared to the hospital population at risk, males showed a 1.3 fold excess risk (p less than or equal to 0.05), adjusted for age and gonadal status, compared to females. The male excess persisted from 1 through 14 years of age. Dolichocephalic dogs (specifically the Collie and Sheltie) had a higher risk than other dogs and brachycephalic dogs had a lower risk, but these variations may not be a simple function of skull type. Seven breeds of dogs were identified with a significantly high risk and two with low risk. Among breeds with mesaticephalic type skulls, risk was not associated with adult body weight, used as a measure of body size and tidal air requirement. Mongrel dogs, often spared from other types of cancer, displayed the same risk as all breeds combined, suggesting the influence of environmental factors. PMID- 7083867 TI - Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis. AB - We assessed cardiac function by acute pressure loading with phenylephrine in 7 patients who had hyperdynamic sepsis and in 8 patients who had heart disease. All patients with sepsis had a positive Limulus lysate teat, a septic focus, and a cardiac output (CO) greater than 6.0 L/min. Phenylephrine was given iv to elevate systolic arterial pressure by 30 mm Hg. Cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) increased significantly in patients with hyperdynamic sepsis, whereas systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) showed no change. In patients with heart disease, CI and SI decreased significantly, whereas SVRI increased significantly. The marked differences in response to phenylephrine by the two groups suggest lack of cardiac dysfunction in patients with hyperdynamic sepsis. PMID- 7083868 TI - The role of dilantin in the prevention of pulmonary edema associated with cerebral hypoxia. AB - Twenty-five mongrel dogs were subjected to isolated cerebral hypoxia or noncerebral systemic hypotension to create the congestive pulmonary lesions of the shock lung syndrome (SLS). Eleven of the experimental dogs were pretreated with 5, 5-diphenylhydantoin (DPH). Prophylactic DPH protects the lung from the injury that is a consequence of hypoxic cerebral perfusion in the dog, but does not afford protection from pulmonary damage caused by isolated, noncerebral systemic hypotension. DPH confers this protection on the brain; there is no evidence that DPH exerts this protective effect by an action on the pulmonary parenchyma directly or on other tissue in the body. PMID- 7083869 TI - Predictive value of stridor in detecting laryngeal injury in extubated neonates. AB - We evaluated 73 consecutively extubated neonates for evidence of acute laryngeal injury from intubation. Hoarseness and stridor were graded by a clinical scoring system. Direct laryngoscopy with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope yielded a 44% incidence of moderate or major laryngeal injury. All patients with stridor had moderate or major injury, as did 38% of patients without stridor. Stridor was quite specific for detecting moderate or major injury but did not identify the type of injury. PMID- 7083871 TI - A simple device for calculation of continuous infusions of isoproterenol in children. PMID- 7083870 TI - System for umbilical artery monitoring. AB - A simple, safe, and effective system for umbilical artery monitoring controls continuous fluid infusion to prevent fluid overinfusion and keep the catheter from clotting. Accurate and continuous pressure measurements can be recorded simultaneously with fluid infusion. A convenient method for checking dynamic response fidelity is provided. The system is easy to set up and maintain. Because it is a closed system, contamination of the neonate is minimized. PMID- 7083872 TI - Bedside blood glucose determinations in critical care medicine: a comparative analysis of two techniques. AB - The accuracy of a new reagent test strip (Chemstrip BG) for the quantitative estimation of whole blood glucose concentration was compared to that of a widely used test strip (Dextrostix). To perform the comparative study, venous blood specimens were obtained from 133 patients. Interpretations of reagent strip glucose readings were made by three observers who separately recorded their impressions from the two strips on each patient. These estimated levels were compared to quantitative (glucose oxidase) concentrations measured from the same specimen. Although there were significant correlations (p less than 0.001) between both reagent strips and the measured values, the Chemstrip BG results more closely approximately measured values for the range of glucose concentrations encountered (10-600 mg/dl). In addition, Chemstrip BG was easier to read and measured a wider range of values than Dextrostix and, unlike Dextrostix, Chemstrip BG strips could be stored for review at a later time. This new glucose test strip accurately and rapidly determines whole blood glucose concentration at the bedside. PMID- 7083873 TI - Systematic studies of cerebral resuscitation potentials after global brain ischemia. PMID- 7083874 TI - Telemedicine in critical care: problems in design, implementation, and assessment. AB - We introduced telemedicine, i.e., telecommunications for delivery of health services, to alleviate scarcity and maldistribution of critical care services. For 18 months, we used interactive television to provide consultation with university-based critical care physicians for patients in the ICU of a 100-bed hospital. Telemedicine "visits" (1548) were made to 395 patients. Television consultation had greater clinical and educational impact than consultation using the telephone. Equipment was expensive but proved to be reliable and easy to use. Interactive television extended the availability of specialist expertise, but full exploitation of this technology for delivery of critical care services was not achieved. Extensive background research, currently underway at the University of Pittsburgh, is necessary before the next telemedicine demonstration. PMID- 7083875 TI - Intraluminal blood clot casts causing obstructive emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax. PMID- 7083876 TI - Prostaglandin therapy in a case of refractory stress ulcer bleeding. PMID- 7083877 TI - Dopamine overdosage in an infant. PMID- 7083878 TI - Whole-body temperature gradients under surface, perfusion, and combined surface/perfusion hypothermia. PMID- 7083879 TI - DNA strand breakage after kidney storage. PMID- 7083880 TI - A method for simultaneous isolation and cryopreservation of bovine lymphocytes. PMID- 7083881 TI - Effects of various concentrations of glycerol on post-thaw motility and velocity of human spermatozoa. PMID- 7083882 TI - Lipid peroxidation in fish muscle microsomes in the frozen state. PMID- 7083883 TI - Nucleation rates of ice in undercooled water and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol. PMID- 7083884 TI - Destruction of hepatic and splenic tissue by freezing and heating. PMID- 7083885 TI - A method for quantitative determination of ice nucleating agents in insect hemolymph. PMID- 7083886 TI - Storage of seed in liquid nitrogen. PMID- 7083887 TI - Studies on the effects of low temperatures on lactic acid bacteria. PMID- 7083889 TI - Diabetes and exercise--Proceedings of the symposium, Olympia, Greece, September 21-22, 1980. PMID- 7083888 TI - The response of liposomes to various rates of cooling to -196 degrees C: effect of phospholipid:cholesterol ratio. PMID- 7083890 TI - Enzymatic adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise. PMID- 7083891 TI - Adipose tissue composition, physical activity, and serum lipids in young German women. PMID- 7083892 TI - Some practical aspects of physical training and exercise testing in diabetes. PMID- 7083893 TI - Physical training and cardiovascular disease in the diabetic. PMID- 7083894 TI - Endocrinology and metabolism in exercise. PMID- 7083895 TI - Activation of platelet in vivo function and plasma levels of catecholamines and growth hormone during bicycle exercise in juvenile diabetes and healthy individuals. PMID- 7083897 TI - Infections in bionic man: the pathobiology of infections in prosthetic devices Part II. PMID- 7083896 TI - Infections in bionic man: the pathobiology of infections in prosthetic devices- Part I. PMID- 7083898 TI - Gastric carcinoma--is there room for optimism? PMID- 7083899 TI - Reflections on heparin. PMID- 7083901 TI - Chemoimmunotherapy in carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 7083900 TI - Hemodynamic effects of ATP-MgCl2 following shock. PMID- 7083902 TI - Hypergastrinemia in porcine septic shock. PMID- 7083904 TI - Retrovirus Genes in lymphocyte function and growth. PMID- 7083903 TI - Pulmonary effects of complement activation in sheep. PMID- 7083905 TI - The genetic basis of retroviral-induced transformation. PMID- 7083907 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases. Secondary syphilis. PMID- 7083906 TI - Perspectives on endogenous retroviruses in normal and pathological growth. PMID- 7083908 TI - Resorcinol--a rare sensitizer. PMID- 7083909 TI - Clofazimine-induced ichthyosis and its treatment. AB - Clofazimine is a valuable drug which is used worldwide in the treatment of leprosy. Unfortunately, patients often resist its use because ichthyosis is a frequent side effect. The use of 25 percent urea in an emollient lotion appears to relieve the ichthyosis and, consequently, encourages the continued use of this drug. PMID- 7083910 TI - X-ray treatment of skin cancer. Short fractionation technique. PMID- 7083911 TI - Nonrashes. 3. Pruritus prohibitus. PMID- 7083912 TI - Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. PMID- 7083913 TI - Methods for preventing pseudomonas folliculitis. AB - This outbreak highlights a number of significant factors related to most pseudomonas folliculitis outbreaks. The bath water had not been changed in more than four weeks which led to a build-up of high levels of organic carbon. There was an extended interval of six days between subsequent OTD chlorine residual tests, allowing the chlorine residual to decrease to low levels between tests. It should also be noted that the OTD test, by design, measures both the active free chlorine and the inactive combined chlorine residual. Therefore OTD residual readings in the low normal range may actually represent below normal free active chlorine residual levels. The following measures are suggested to reduce the growth of pseudomonads in hot tubs and whirlpool baths and to prevent subsequent cases of pseudomonas folliculitis: 1. The OTD chlorine residual should be checked every day. The residual should be well above the minimum level suggested for the bath. Or, preferably, an automatic chlorinator should be installed. This device measures the free chlorine residual and automatically adds chlorine to keep the residual in the desired range. 2. The water in the bath should be changed at least every eight weeks in order to reduce the total organic carbon level. The water should be changed more frequently if the bath is used by a large number of persons. 3. If an outbreak of pseudomonas folliculitis is associated with a bath, the water should be changed and the bath washed with a chlorine-based solution. Also, the method of keeping the chlorine residual in the operating range should be re-evaluated. PMID- 7083915 TI - Methacholine and airway reactivity. PMID- 7083914 TI - Sezary syndrome presenting as a follicular dermatosis. AB - A patient with erythroderma initially characterized by follicular papular dermatosis was diagnosed clinically and histologically as having probable pityriasis rubra pilaris. In addition the patient had an elevated WBC with absolute lymphocytosis. Ninety percent of the lymphocytes had the features of Sezary cells by light and electron microscopy. He was diagnosed as having Sezary's syndrome despite the noncharacteristic findings in the skin biopsy. This case illustrates that Sezary's syndrome can present initially as a follicular dermatosis. PMID- 7083916 TI - Coronary arterial spasm and vasomotion (Part 2) Current concepts regarding their role in ischemic heart disease. PMID- 7083917 TI - Suppression of ischemic related ventricular tachycardia by verapamil during treadmill exercise testing. AB - A 35-year-old man with class 2 angina pectoris was enlisted in a serial exercise test protocol to evaluate oral verapamil therapy for angina pectoris. During both the single-blind open dose titration phase and the double-blind phase, short salvoes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were followed by angina and ischemic ST segment depression during exercise with placebo. With verapamil therapy, no ventricular ectopy was noted during exercise, and the patient exercised longer before angina or ischemic ECG changes developed. Twenty-four hour ECG monitoring revealed multiform ventricular premature depolarizations and three-beat salvoes of VT with placebo and no ventricular ectopy whatsoever with verapamil. Verapamil's antiarrhythmic effect may be secondary to its anti-ischemic action, or, by inhibiting slow channel conduction (with its propensity for enhanced automaticity and reentry) induced by ischemia and the sympathetic response to exercise, exerts a primary antiarrhythmic action. PMID- 7083918 TI - A case of eosinophilic pneumonia. Unusual immune complex vasculitis in the skin. AB - This report concerns a 28-year-old woman with biopsy-proved eosinophilic pneumonia and cutaneous vasculitis. The skin biopsy specimen contained prominent granular deposits of IgM and C3 in dermal vessels, and elevated circulating immune complexes were detected. The association of cutaneous immune complex vasculitis with circulating immune complexes in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is unusual and to our knowledge has not been previously reported. While the pathogenesis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is unknown, circulating immune complexes may represent a mechanism in the development of tissue eosinophilia. PMID- 7083919 TI - Surgical experience with anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries without subpulmonary conus. AB - A three-year-old boy was operated on with the diagnosis of anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries (S,D,L), ventricular septal defect, and mitral regurgitation. During the operation, it was found that the subpulmonary conus was absent. Ventricular septal defect was patch-closed, and the mitral valve was repaired. The patient was well after the surgery. This is the first case report to our knowledge of the successful surgical repair in anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries without subpulmonary conus. Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries does not always have bilateral conus as once proposed, and the importance of the differentiation from the corrected transposition of the great arteries is emphasized. PMID- 7083920 TI - Further observations on the electrophysiologic effects of oral amiodarone therapy. AB - A case is presented of a reversible intra-Hisian block occurring under amiodarone treatment for atrial tachycardia in a patient without clear intraventricular conduction abnormalities. His bundle recordings showed an atrial tachycardia with intermittent exit block and greatly prolonged BH and HV intervals (40 and 100 msec, respectively). Thirty days after amiodarone discontinuation, His bundle electrograms showed atrial flutter without intra-Hisian or infra-Hisian delay. Amiodarone should be used with caution during long-term oral therapy in patients with or without clear intraventricular conduction defects. PMID- 7083922 TI - Pulmonary edema as a presenting feature of sleep apnea syndrome. AB - Patients with sleep apnea syndrome may present with many types of cardiopulmonary abnormalities. Acute pulmonary edema, however, either as a part, or as the presenting feature, of the sleep apnea syndrome has not been reported to our knowledge. A 20-year-old obese woman with no history of cardiopulmonary disease presented twice to the emergency room because of sudden onset of shortness of breath. Each time her chest roentgenogram showed bilateral pulmonary edema. On nocturnal polysomnographic recording, the patient had obstructive apneic episodes; the longest apneic episode lasted 132 seconds. Complete resolution to her symptoms occurred following tracheostomy. PMID- 7083921 TI - Cardiac tamponade as a complication of thin-needle aspiration lung biopsy. AB - Thin-needle aspiration lung biopsy has become an important diagnostic technique in chest disease. Complications, other than pneumothorax, are infrequent. We report a case of acute cardiac tamponade complicating biopsy of a lesion near the mediastinum. Caution should be exercised in selecting patients for, and in performing biopsies in, or close to the mediastinum. PMID- 7083924 TI - Prolonged endotracheal intubation. PMID- 7083923 TI - COPD and endobronchial polyposis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Are proteolytic enzymes involved? AB - The present report describes a patient who had severe obstructive lung disease in association with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Evidence obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage is presented that suggests that his lung disease resulted from both a marked increase in elastase load and a reduction in protease inhibitor function. PMID- 7083925 TI - A new observation on papillary muscle dysfunction. PMID- 7083926 TI - Starch as a cause of thrombus with Swan-Ganz catheters. PMID- 7083927 TI - Restrictive defect in Klinefelter's syndrome. PMID- 7083928 TI - A screening test for airways reactivity. An abbreviated methacholine inhalation challenge. AB - A screening test to measure nonspecific airways reactivity was developed and compared to a standard methacholine inhalation challenge in 13 asthmatic patients and ten normal control subjects. The screening challenge consisted of one deep breath, then four breaths of a 5 mg/ml methacholine solution followed by one and four breaths of 25 mg/ml of methacholine. Subjects with a history of wheezing received the 5 mg/ml of methacholine first while those without a history of asthma began the challenge at the 25 mg/ml methacholine concentration. Spirometric test were employed and the challenge was terminated when FEV1 fell 20 percent from baseline. The standard methacholine challenge used a dosimeter and all subjects took five breaths of saline solution followed by seven increasing concentrations of methacholine. Dose response curves were constructed and the provocation dose of methacholine that caused a 20 percent fall in FEV1 was calculated for each protocol. Results of the screening methacholine challenge correlated with those obtained from the more lengthy standard protocol (r = 0.94), and correctly identified levels of airways reactivity in asthmatic patients and normal subjects. The abbreviated protocol was rapid (6-12 min), safe, and inexpensive. Since the equipment is readily available and easy to transport, it could be used at sites outside the hospital as a screening test for nonspecific airways reactivity. PMID- 7083929 TI - Twenty-four hour continuous ECG recordings in long-distance runners. AB - Twenty-four hour ambulatory ECG recordings were performed on 20 male long distance runners, aged 19 to 28 years, during normal activities other than running. Average, maximum, and minimum waking heart rates, respectively, ranged from 58 to 108 (mean +/- SD, 73 +/- 15), 90 to 164 (120 +/- 19), and 34 to 53 (43 +/- 5) beats/min. Longest waking sinus pauses ranged from 1.35 to 2.55 (1.7 +/- 0.3) seconds. Average, maximum, and minimum sleeping heart rates, respectively, ranged from 38 to 58 (47 +/- 6), 69 to 114 (83 +/- 14), and 31 to 43 (36 +/- 3) beats/min. Longest sleeping sinus pauses ranged from 1.60 to 2.81 (2.0 +/- 0.3) seconds. All 20 runners had atrial premature beats, but only one (5 percent) had more than 100/24 hours. Fourteen runners (70 percent) had ventricular premature beats, but only two (10 percent) had more than 50/24 hours, and none had ventricular couplets or ventricular tachycardia. Eight runners (40 percent) had one or more episodes of type 1 second-degree atrioventricular (A-V) block. Compared with untrained males of similar age, the runners had slower heart rates (by approximately 10 beats/min), longer sinus pauses, and a higher prevalence of A-V block. Runners and untrained males did not differ with respect to prevalence of ventricular premature beats, R on T phenomenon, ventricular couplets, or ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7083930 TI - Through the (pediatric) looking glass. PMID- 7083932 TI - The efficacy of noninvasive chest imaging in staging bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 7083931 TI - Complications of surgery in the treatment of carcinoma of the lung. AB - Nine hundred sixty-one patients underwent operations for the treatment of carcinoma of the lung; 18 percent of these were 70 years of age or older. The effect of various factors, singly or in combination, on the incidence of postoperative complications was assessed. Variables included age, sex, cardiopulmonary status, cell type, stage of the disease, and type of procedure performed. The postoperative course was uneventful in 81 percent of the patients; 8 percent had minor complications, 9 percent major complications and 2 percent died. The majority of the complications were cardiorespiratory. High risk factors were identified to be old age, restricted cardiopulmonary reserve, and the need for pneumonectomy. The low incidence of mortality and major morbidity observed was attributed to careful preoperative evaluation, selection of the appropriate surgical procedure, and inclusion of routine preoperative physiotherapy in all patients. PMID- 7083933 TI - Spontaneous angina in the coronary care unit. 1. Frequent association with development of acute myocardial infarction. AB - We studied 16 patients, 36 to 75 years old, with repetitive episodes of spontaneous angina (SA) associated with transient ST-segment shifts. At onset SA was not associated with changes in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, or double product, but such increases often occurred late. All patients smoked cigarettes; 13 were hypertensive. History of angina at rest or exertion was present in 13 patients, seven of whom had crescendo chest pain before admission. Twelve patients had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Complications were not uncommon in the setting of MI. Angina persisted in a few patients after MI, and resulted in its extension in three patients. Coronary arteriography performed on eight patients revealed significant coronary artery disease in seven. There was a good correlation between the loci of coronary lesions and the transient ECG changes. Nitrates were occasionally ineffective in relieving symptoms and failed to prevent SA. High doses of propranolol were also ineffective. Aortocoronary bypass surgery was performed on three patients. Fifteen patients were discharged asymptomatic. One patient died in the hospital. Three additional patients died within the first month after admission. Followup in the clinic revealed good response to nitrates in the 12 surviving patients. SA in the CCU may be a good model to study the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and acute MI. PMID- 7083934 TI - Emphysema, airflow limitation and small airways dysfunction. PMID- 7083935 TI - Thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Experimental and clinical preliminary study. AB - We have investigated thoracoscopic lung biopsy (TLB) as an alternative to surgical biopsy. TLB was performed under mild general anesthesia, with two openings: one for the telescope, and one for a 5 mm in diameter biopsy forceps connected to diathermocoagulating device. TLB was first tested on 14 dogs (22 TLB) and then on 75 subjects (77 TLB): 35 patients with pleural diseases and 40 patients with undiagnosed lung diseases despite previous investigations including transbronchial biopsy. TLB yielded a high rate of adequate samples (up to 5 x 5 x 5 mm) in both experimental (95 percent) and clinical series (96 percent). Overall sensitivity equalled 923 percent, ranging from 70 percent in peripheral localized lesions to 100 percent in diffuse lung diseases. The mean period of systematic drainage was 3.4 +/- 0.3 days, and the main complications we encountered were one transient blood-streaked sputum specimen and eight localized pneumothoraces during drainage. TLB is indicated when other medical procedures have failed, and has thus proved, in this series, to be as sensitive as surgical biopsy with less morbidity and no mortality. PMID- 7083936 TI - Occupational asthma caused by cedar urea formaldehyde particle board. AB - Two carpenters developed asthma and rhinitis related to occupational exposure to a cedar urea formaldehyde (CUF) particle board. One patient developed nasal and chest symptoms and an equivocal early asthmatic response after CUF sawdust exposure, but not after spruce or western red cedar sawdust exposure; possible late asthmatic response may have been inhibited by beclomethasone treatment. The other patient developed marked nasal and chest symptoms and a dual asthmatic response after CUF exposure, but not after spruce or cedar exposure. Both patients developed increased bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine, which persisted for at least six days in the first patient, and which was associated with increased asthmatic symptoms of days' to weeks' duration in both. A previously unexposed asthmatic patient, with more markedly hyperreactive bronchi, developed no symptoms, no change on spirometric testing, and no change in histamine response after CUF exposure. Specific IgE antibodies directed against formaldehyde-human serum albumin conjugate could not be demonstrated using the radioallergosorbent test. This investigation documents the occurrence of occupational asthma caused by urea formaldehyde used as a bonding agent in particle boards. Absence of a response in a previously unexposed, more severe asthmatic patient suggests specific sensitization to some component of the urea formaldehyde resin complex had developed. PMID- 7083938 TI - Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Relationship to ventricular arrhythmias of varying severity. AB - Plasma adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline concentrations (NA) were determined in 41 patients admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU). Eleven with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI), subsequently excluded as a diagnosis, had significantly elevated A and NA compared with 20 normal resting subjects. Patients with proven infarcts but no ventricular fibrillation had even higher levels of A and NA. Nine patients with ventricular fibrillation as a complication of AMI showed the highest plasma catecholamine values on admission. Patients with AMI and congestive heart failure exhibited substantially increased A, while NA was only slightly elevated compared with that of AMI patients without congestive heart failure. High plasma catecholamines and the relationship between adrenaline and the severity of ventricular arrhythmias suggest that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in sustaining a vicious circle of increased myocardial damage and increased irritability during the acute phase of AMI. PMID- 7083939 TI - Computed tomography vs standard radiology in the evaluation of mediastinal adenopathy. AB - The value of computed tomography (CT) compared with standard radiology (SR) in the evaluation of mediastinal nodes has not been clearly defined. We compared SR and CT findings with the surgical-pathologic observations in a prospective study of 51 mediastinal nodes in 59 patients, 41 with bronchogenic carcinoma and 18 with benign lung lesions. CT was characterized by a low overall accuracy (true positivity plus true negativity = 60 percent) due to the false positivity (6 percent) and, to a much greater extent, the false negativity (51 percent). The pattern was the same in the malignant and in the benign group. In all instances CT findings were statistically the same as SR findings. We conclude that mediastinal CT provides no advantage over SR. Thus, SR alone is sufficient to select the surgical procedure of choice for evaluating mediastinal nodes, and no radiologic modality should replace surgical exploration in staging mediastinal nodal pathology. PMID- 7083937 TI - Changes in pulmonary blood volume during upright exercise. Clinical implications. AB - Forty patients with coronary artery disease and 12 normal subjects underwent symptom-limited upright exercise. The pulmonary blood volume was measured by first-pass radionuclide angiography. There was no significant change in pulmonary blood volume during exercise in the normal subjects. Twenty-seven patients (68 percent) with coronary artery disease had an increase in pulmonary blood volume during exercise. Seventeen of the 19 patients (89 percent) with coronary artery disease who stopped the exercise because of shortness of breath had an increase in pulmonary blood volume during exercise compared with ten of 21 patients (48 percent) who stopped because of angina or an abnormal exercise ECG or both (P less than 0.02). We concluded that an increase in pulmonary blood volume was seen in 68 percent of our patients with coronary artery disease. The change in pulmonary blood volume was affected by the exercise end-points. PMID- 7083940 TI - Efficacy of 67Ga-scintigraphy in predicting the diagnostic yield of transbronchial lung biopsy in pulmonary sarcoidosis. AB - Nineteen consecutive patients with clinically suspected sarcoidosis underwent 67Ga-scintigraphy prior to transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) to determine if 67Ga uptake in lung parenchyma would increase the diagnostic yield of the biopsy procedure. Biopsies were obtained from the areas showing parenchymal uptake on the 67Ga scan in 13 of the 19 patients. In the six patients not demonstrating uptake of 67Ga in the lung parenchyma, biopsies were obtained at random from the right lower lobe. There was no correlation between 67Ga uptake in hilar nodes or pulmonary parenchyma tissue and the diagnostic yield from TBLB. We conclude that 67Ga scanning is neither efficacious nor cost-effective in predicting the diagnostic yield of TBLB in sarcoidosis. PMID- 7083941 TI - Echocardiographic findings in endomyocardial fibrosis. PMID- 7083942 TI - Intracavitary mass in a patient with far-advanced tuberculosis. PMID- 7083943 TI - Another look at ARDS. AB - ARDA is a common clinical problem resulting in acute respiratory failure in many and death in the majority of patients with a wide variety of direct and indirect pulmonary insults. ARDS is widely recognized and appropriately treated by empiric supportive care. Pharmacologic approaches to support the circulation are established. The use of corticosteroids remains controversial. The future depends upon unraveling the biologic mysteries which lead to the cascade of events which result in ARDA. This will establish a basis for further improvements in management. PMID- 7083944 TI - Advances in assessment and therapy of asthma. Introduction. PMID- 7083945 TI - Nonspecific bronchial responsiveness. PMID- 7083946 TI - Occupational assessment of asthma. PMID- 7083947 TI - Evaluation of the severity of the acute asthmatic attack. PMID- 7083948 TI - Some clinical problems in patients with airways obstruction. PMID- 7083949 TI - Theophylline. New thoughts about an old drug. PMID- 7083950 TI - The pathophysiology of asthma. PMID- 7083951 TI - Attachment to a special object at the age of three years: behavior and temperament characteristics. AB - This study attempts to estimate the prevalence rate of attachment to a special object in a total population sample of three-year-olds drawn from an ongoing epidemiologic survey. The significance of object attachment at age three for the development of behavioral disturbance is assessed through two separate measures. Data from parental reports of temperament characteristics and observational codings of play sessions in the home setting are also presented. While the authors conclude that attachment to a special object is not related to behavioral disturbance, certain temperamental and play behavior characteristics were found to be significant. PMID- 7083952 TI - The effort to separate in a pubertal Mormon convert: a terminal profile. AB - The use of psychoanalytic profile to observe psychopathology in a pubertal boy is illustrated. Behind the choice of this instrument for observing human behavior in treatment lies the relevant emphasis on studying and clarifying developmental vicissitudes and issues around the struggles of the pubertal boy with the rekindling of early behavioral attitudes and concerns, especially of pre-oedipal and oedipal incestuous concerns--the negotiation of which sould be a platform for working towards the attainment of an adaptive sexual organization in adolescence. The profile attempts to demonstrate with clinical material how very important it is to observe a complex network of both conscious and unconscious phenomena to get a deeper and broader understanding of a pubertal boy's struggles. PMID- 7083953 TI - After a child's parent has died. AB - In this preliminary study the author sought to ascertain some understanding of variability in surviving parents' and children's perceptions of family closeness, communication, and of the child's experience following the death of a parent. Data collected in interviews and from the Kvebaeck Family Sculpture Test suggest that not only do parents and children differ in their expectations for and experiences of communications about the parent's death but they also differ in their levels of felt closeness in the family, a situation which might markedly affect the child's subsequent emotional development. PMID- 7083954 TI - Immediate antecedents of caretaker's methods of discipline. AB - The interactions of children's behaviors and caretakers' disciplinary practices were studied. Mothers of one- to two-year-old children were trained to report parent-child interactions involving negative emotions. Mothers' observations thus provided data on sequences of child behaviors and parental discipline methods in affective encounters. Mothers' most frequent initial responses to children's misbehaviors were verbal prohibitions. Discipline methods less commonly used were explanations, restraint, instruction, physical punishment, and love withdrawal. Mothers made greater use of this range of control methods following children's noncompliance to discipline. Types of discipline were used differentially following noncompliance, depending upon the form of misbehavior. Children's harms against persons were associated with psychological discipline methods, such as reasoning and dramatization of distress. Destruction or property and lapses in self-control in children were associated with parental power assertive techniques, such as physical punishment and love withdrawal. These associations between child behaviors and parental discipline methods illustrate the interactive roles of child and parent in mediating parental attempts to control, teach, and punish their children. PMID- 7083955 TI - Clients who refer themselves to child protective services. PMID- 7083956 TI - Working with neglecting families. PMID- 7083957 TI - Including parents in evaluating family day care homes. PMID- 7083958 TI - Toward humanizing adoption. PMID- 7083959 TI - The consequences of open and closed adoption for older children. AB - Older adoptive children have a need for continuity as well as permanency. Traditional closed adoption create an artificial emotional circumstances for older children who are asked to sever ties with meaningful persons. Open adoption may be a more realistic alternative, since older children have demonstrated their resourcefulness in circumventing placement plans that disrupt prior relationships. PMID- 7083960 TI - Preventing placement: goal attainment in short-term family treatment. PMID- 7083961 TI - Everybody counts: the Foster Family Institute. PMID- 7083962 TI - Parents' rights to counsel in proceedings to terminate parental rights: factors to consider. AB - In June 1981 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that parents whose parental rights were in jeopardy of legal termination did not have an automatic right to appointed counsel. The author reports on the details and possible consequences of the Supreme Court's decision that are of immediate concern to child welfare professionals. PMID- 7083963 TI - [Autologous tendon transplantation]. PMID- 7083964 TI - [Autologous cartilage transplantation]. PMID- 7083965 TI - [Arthroscopic studies of pedicled autogenic tendon grafts for the replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament]. AB - Combined knee ligament instabilities with injury of the anterior cruciate ligament need reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament as a central pivot. Our investigations show that after reconstruction with pedicle autogenous tendon grafts, a viable transplant does occur if certain technical principles are taken into account. The surviving transplants show typical fiber structure and synovial vessels. Tension was tested by clinical draw-forward sign and a hook. PMID- 7083966 TI - [Nerve transplantations in the upper extremity with autologous grafts]. AB - The paper deals with the technique and indications of interfascicular nerve grafting. The operative technique and problems as well as new ideas are described. When the results published in this operative technique are compared, the following tendency is seen: some teams of microsurgeons have nearly the same excellent results after transplantation as after primary suture, while other teams have significantly more failures with transplantation. The problems with follow-up studies and the different methods of postoperative examination are discussed, as are the results of some of the teams. PMID- 7083967 TI - [Immunologic localization of primary tumors]. AB - Specificity of cellular immune reactivity was tested in 115 cancer patients. The electrophoretic mobility test was used as in vitro test for cellular immunity, KCl extracts from various human carcinomas were used as antigens. For each tumor a typical lymphocytic reaction was noted: the most pronounced migration inhibition in cancer patients was caused by corresponding tumor extracts. Lymphocytic reactions to extracts from tumors of different histogenesis were weaker or negative. A total of 158 tests in 54 healthy control persons with the same antigenic substances showed negative results in 139 cases. Demonstrated specificity of sensitized lymphocytes could prove to be a valuable aid in immunological tumor recognition. PMID- 7083968 TI - [Zollinger-Ellison syndrome--changes in surgical therapy. Analysis of 27 patients]. AB - In 10 out of 27 patients with a Zollinger-Ellison syndrome a gastrin-producing tumor was removed, in 5 localized with phlebography. In the remaining 12 patients the diagnosis of a gastrinoma was based on clinical data only. The 10 patients with surgically proven gastrinoma did not differ in their fasting blood-glucose levels, rise of gastrin serum levels after administration of secretin and calcium, in acid production patterns nor in survival time from those 12 patients in whom no gastric-producing tumor had been found. 5 of the 27 patients died, 4 just after surgery. One patient died from advanced malignant disease. In three of our patients localizing diagnostic procedures and consecutive tumor-removal were feasible with the protection of H2-receptor antagonists. The trend in the treatment of ZES goes away from elective total gastrectomy towards conservative treatment with H2-receptor antagonists in view of the low morbidity and the attempt of curative treatment by tumor-removal. PMID- 7083969 TI - [Opening of anorectal abscesses--with or without splitting of the fistula?]. AB - An anorectal abscess has to be deroofed. If, in addition, a fistula is present, it is our policy (in a teaching institution with surgeons in training) to incise it only if easily visualized and situated up to the dentate line. Of 79 anorectal abscesses drainage alone was performed in 55 (group 1) and drainage with fistulatomy in 24 (group 2). One-third of the patients in group 1 needed a secondary fistula operation, but most of the others were free of symptoms after one intervention. In group 2 all but one of the patients were cured by the combined procedure. Incontinence was observed in none. PMID- 7083970 TI - [An emergency solution in the immobilization of septic processes on the fingers]. PMID- 7083971 TI - [The fixateur externe as a surgical measure in the treatment of the typical radius fracture]. PMID- 7083972 TI - A comparison of circular stapling devices for rectal anastomoses. A study in dogs. AB - Mechanical circular stapling devices offer several advantages in the formation of low rectal anastomoses. The authors aim was to compare the quality of rectal anastomoses created in dogs using the two commonly available staple suture guns, the EEA and SPTU. Thirty dogs, 15 with each gun, had rectal division and anastomosis. The first 20 dogs (ten EEA and ten SPTU) were sacrificed at eight days. Anastomotic integrity was assessed using plain x-ray, barium enema, and postmortem examination and pressure studies. The remaining ten dogs, five in each group, were sacrificed at 48 hours, and the anastomoses were inspected and examined histologically. Eleven of 15 anastomoses in the EEA group showed evidence of breakdown compared with only three of 15 in the SPTU group (P less than 0.02). It is concluded that the SPTU gun created a more satisfactory anastomosis and that this was probably due to its staples having an adjustable closure. PMID- 7083973 TI - Endorectal advancement flap for treatment of simple rectovaginal fistula. AB - An endorectal advancement flap technique has been utilized in 35 women for repair of "simple" rectovaginal fistulas, i.e., those of low or midseptal location, less than 2.5 cm in diameter, and of traumatic or infectious etiology. Colostomy is unnecessary. Concomitant sphincteroplasty for correction of associated anal incontinence is readily accomplished. Results are excellent with healing ultimately achieved in 32 of 35 women (91 per cent). PMID- 7083975 TI - Iatrogenic perforation of the colon and rectum. AB - In eight years at Cook County Hospital, 42,000 barium enemas, 16,325 proctosigmoidoscopies, and 1207 colonoscopies were performed. All endoscopic procedures were done by the house staff. There were three perforations due to proctosigmoidoscopy, with one death; three perforations due to colonoscopy, with no deaths; and seven perforations due to barium enema, with no survivors. The adjuvant effect of barium sulfate is proposed as the most likely cause for this excessively high mortality in barium-enema perforation. PMID- 7083974 TI - Collagen formation during the healing of colonic anastomoses. AB - To study new collagen formation in the healing of anastomoses in the right colon, five male Sprague-Dawley rats had single-layer colonic anastomosis performed. Five additional rats had suture of the colon with interrupted sutures without transection of the colon. Ten animals served as controls. One week after surgery, animals were given 3H-proline repeatedly to label new collagen formation during the second and third weeks. Animals were sacrificed three weeks after suturing or anastomosis. Two- or 10-mm segments were precisely excised on either side of the suturing or anastomoses. Total collagen and its total radioactivity were measured per segment. Collagen hydroxyproline and its radioactivity increased (100 per cent) only within 1 cm of the anastomosis or suture alone. No local or distant decrease in collagen was observed. Collagen formation in colonic wounds appears to be a local process. PMID- 7083976 TI - Is segmental sounder? AB - During the first 60 years of this century, a seemingly logical and effective operation for carcinoma of the colon was developed. The basic features of the operation are early isolation of the malignancy, wide lymphadenectomy, excision of involved adjacent organs when indicated, and adequate colonic resection. In 1977 a report appeared that purported to show that less radical procedures were equally effective in curing the disease and associated with less morbidity than the more extensive operation. This paper questions the validity of that report and gives other reported data which tend to refute that view. However, all reported series are retrospective and therefore the answer to the question posed in the title is: "We don't really know." A plea is made for a sponsored, randomized, prospective trial to see if a lesser operation will provide the same cure rate. PMID- 7083977 TI - Prospective surveillance by rectal biopsy following ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory disease. AB - A prospective study was designed to evaluate multiple rectal biopsy examinations for dysplasia in 34 patients who had ileorectal anastomosis performed, following colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Although all but eight patients had persistent inflammatory activity on histologic examination, only one patient who demonstrated villous transformation of the mucosa clinically, showed carcinoma in situ in the excised rectal specimen. A protocol for surveillance of preserved rectums in inflammatory bowel disease is offered. PMID- 7083978 TI - Estrogen receptor protein in adenomas of the large bowel. PMID- 7083981 TI - Actinomycetoma masquerading as an abdominal neoplasm. AB - Despite the fact that infection accompanying actinomycotic organisms is relatively rare, the possibility of such infection should be kept in mind because the organism is known to be commensal in the oral cavity, lungs, and intestinal tract. Abdominal lesions may mimic a neoplasm in many ways--physical findings, clinical course, and roentgenographic changes. Since the bacterium is anaerobic and difficult to grow on culture, one may have to rely on histologic confirmation for diagnosis. The infection can usually be eradicated by large doses of antibiotic (penicillin) over an extended period of time. PMID- 7083979 TI - Healing of the perineal wound after proctectomy for nonmalignant conditions. AB - A series of 62 patients was studied as regards healing of the perineal wound after proctectomy; 23 patients suffered from ulcerative colitis, 25 from Crohn's colitis, and 14 from polyposis coli. The overall results were in keeping with data from the literature: 73.9 per cent of wounds in patients with ulcerative colitis and 60 per cent of wounds in patients with Crohn's colitis were healed at six months. The worst results were obtained with packing of the perineal wound, especially in inflammatory bowel disease: 61 per cent of those wounds were not healed at six months. Superior results were obtained with conservative surgery, consisting of perirectal excision and intersphincteric resection. With this technique perineal wounds were not healed at six months in 13.6 per cent of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In the treatment of persistent sinuses after proctectomy, curettage proved disappointing. Better results were obtained with excision of the sinus tract and primary closure of the resulting wound. PMID- 7083980 TI - EEA stapler in low anterior anastomosis. AB - Preservation of the anal sphincter is a goal of all surgeons treating colorectal malignancies. In the hands of many, transsacral and low anterior resections with end-to-end anastomosis have been associated with high morbidity and leakage. The EEA stapler represents an alternative in re-establishing bowel continuity. Fifty eight patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum were treated over a three-year period at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Forty-nine procedures judged to be curative and nine, palliative. All patients had an EEA stapler introduced through the anus. No protective colostomies were needed. No case of clinically significant anastomotic leakage was seen. Minor spotting or bleeding was documented, but no patient required blood transfusions. Two patients developed constipation; 16 patients had temporary soiling, two had prolonged soiling. Frank incontinence was not observed. The EEA stapler is an evolutionary instrument derived from the Russian PKS model. It is safe, reliable, and simple to operate. With adequate training of the surgeon, precious time can be saved. Intraoperative sigmoidoscopies, as well as postoperative barium enema examinations, were not needed. Gaps in the stapled anastomotic line (when present) were easily repaired. It is too early to tell whether anastomotic and local recurrence rates will increase, as more sphincter-saving procedures are performed. Five-year follow up is crucial to establish criteria for the use of the EEA stapler. PMID- 7083982 TI - Blue rubber-bleb nevus syndrome. AB - A 22-year-old man with blue rubber-bleb nevus syndrome is reported on. This is a rare syndrome. This patient is of particular interest because he had a combination of rare features: (1) five ileo-ileal intussusceptions each with a hemangioma acting as the lead point, were present during operation; (2) there was an angiomatous lesion of the glans penis; (3) this is the first case reported in a Chinese person. An aggressive surgical approach was used with success. Preoperative and perioperative investigations, including operative colonoscopy, were used to localize the gastrointestinal hemangiomas. PMID- 7083983 TI - Hemorrhoidal banding. PMID- 7083984 TI - Time-dependent effects of vagotomy on pancreatic polypeptide release. AB - It has been suggested that the pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal is inhibited by truncal vagotomy but returns towards normal with time. We have examined this hypothesis by measuring the pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal in five dogs before and 1 and 6 months after truncal vagotomy. Pancreatic polypeptide responses to food were significantly inhibited (P less than 0.01) in both postoperative studies. However, comparison of the 1- and 6-month responses revealed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the magnitude of the second hour response from 2.3 +/- 1.5% of the preoperative response at 1 month to 21.3 +/- 9.6% at 6 months. The pancreatic content of pancreatic polypeptide in four vagotomized dogs (1.06 +/- 0.06 nmol/g) was not significantly different from normal (1.30 +/- 0.33 nmol/g). These studies have shown that truncal vagotomy permanently inhibits the early phase of pancreatic polypeptide release but that the magnitude of the late phase response increases with time. Whether the response would ever return to that observed before vagotomy is uncertain. PMID- 7083985 TI - Histological abnormalities in patients with multiple esophageal webs. PMID- 7083986 TI - Portasystemic shunts in primary biliary cirrhosis: survival is the same as in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis and postnecrotic cirrhosis. AB - There is little information regarding survival of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) who undergo portasystemic shunt operations. The few published reports suggest that survival may be better in this group than in patients with other types of cirrhosis who undergo this procedure. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with 17 patients with PBC who underwent portasystemic shunts and compared their survival with 100 patients with Laennec's and postnecrotic cirrhosis, using the life-table method. We find that survival rates are the same in patients with PBC, Laennec's cirrhosis, and postnecrotic cirrhosis following portasystemic anastomosis. PMID- 7083987 TI - A controlled study of the association between ulcerative colitis and psychiatric diagnoses. AB - Fifty consecutive patients with ulcerative colitis were personally examined to determine the lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric diagnoses. A personality assessment and a tabulation of recently occurring stressful events were done. A matched control sample with chronic nongastrointestinal medical illnesses was evaluated in the same way. The two groups were compared so as to quantify the relative association and impact of psychiatric disorder in ulcerative colitis. We found no greater frequency of diagnosable psychiatric disorder in ulcerative colitis patients than in the control population. Those with ulcerative colitis and a psychiatric illness did not appear to have more serious gastrointestinal involvement, nor did severity of the ulcerative colitis predict more frequent or more serious psychiatric disorder. Personality profiles were similar in probands and controls, and there was no correlation between the frequency of potentially stressful life events within the six months prior to interview and severity of ulcerative colitis at the time of interview. We did find slightly higher levels of obsessional symptomatology in ulcerative colitis cases, but this association appeared to be weak and unrelated to the severity of the gastrointestinal disorder. Despite the fact that more than a quarter of the ulcerative colitis patients had some diagnosable psychiatric illness, the occurrence of psychiatric disorder was rarely documented in the medical charts. PMID- 7083988 TI - Duodenal stenosis in chronic pancreatitis: clinicopathological correlations. AB - Persistent duodenal stenosis has been noted as a complication of chronic pancreatitis, but its clinical importance and histologic basis have not been defined. We report three patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis who developed duodenal stenosis and intractable abdominal pain. In two patients, the stenosis was caused by severe inflammation of pancreatic tissue within the wall of the duodenum. Pancreaticoduodenectomy resulted in prompt and sustained clinical improvement in both patients. In the third patient, who had mural inflammation in the distal stomach and presumably in the duodenum as well, vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy relieved severe duodenal obstruction but not pain. This study supports the view that duodenal stenosis is caused by severe intramural duodenal inflammation and suggests that a pancreaticoduodenectomy may be required for relief of pain. PMID- 7083990 TI - Tubulovillous adenomas in a continent ileostomy after proctocolectomy for familial polyposis. PMID- 7083989 TI - Duodenal intubation as a source of typhoid fever. AB - Typhoid fever developed in three patients during a period of 13 weeks. Although each of these patients was admitted to a different London hospital, the patients became ill approximately 10 days after undergoing duodenal intubation in one gastroenterology unit. All other patients who had undergone duodenal intubation in the unit during that period of time were investigated. Salmonella typhi was isolated from bile and feces of two out of the 20 other patients (carriers). In each of the three patients who developed typhoid fever, intubation followed within two days of intubation of one of the carriers. After use in each patient, the polyvinyl tubes had been thoroughly washed with disinfectant and detergent. There were no further cases of typhoid fever when a new tube was used for each patient. PMID- 7083991 TI - Endoscopic removal of the duodenal polyp in a patient with Gardner's syndrome. PMID- 7083992 TI - Hepaticogastrostomy. PMID- 7083993 TI - Inferior vena cava obstruction complicating amebic liver abscess. PMID- 7083994 TI - Isotope studies in gastric emptying. PMID- 7083995 TI - Hepatitis B specific markers in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. PMID- 7083997 TI - Esophageal dysfunction in patients with mixed connective tissue diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - We sought to correlate esophageal symptoms with esophageal motility abnormality in 17 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and in 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Heartburn and regurgitation were common symptoms (11/17) in patients with MCTD, and most of the (10/11) exhibited significant manometric abnormalities. Additionally, impairment of esophageal peristalsis was found in four of the remaining asymptomatic patients. Severe esophageal aperistalsis was noted in nine MCTD patients. Patients with SLE also frequently reported esophageal symptoms (8/14), but significant motility abnormalities were seen in only three cases. In both patient groups good correlation between Raynaud's phenomenon and esophageal aperistalsis was found. Our results reveal that, although esophageal symptoms are commonly present in patients with both MCTD and SLE, severe esophageal motility abnormalities are more often found in patients with MCTD than in those with SLE. PMID- 7083998 TI - Effect of truncal vagotomy on functional and morphological changes produced by duodenogastric reflux. AB - The effects of truncal vagotomy on the functional and morphological changes produced by duodenogastric reflux have been studied in the dog. Duodenogastric reflux caused progressive damage to gastric mucosa, hypersecretion of acid to pentagastrin, and a hypergastrinemic response to a standard meal. Truncal vagotomy barely altered the mucosal changes produced by reflux, but it did prevent antral gland hyperplasia and reduced the acid and gastrin secretory responses. These findings are clinically reassuring in that vagotomy effectively prevented the hypersecretory state produced by duodenogastric reflux. PMID- 7083999 TI - Program of the second meeting of the American Motility Society. August 11-13, 1982. Brookline, Massachusetts. Abstracts. PMID- 7083996 TI - Effect of stress, meal and neostigmine on rectosigmoid electrical control activity (ECA) in normals and in irritable bowel syndrome patients. AB - An intraluminal probe with two sets of bipolar electrodes (4 cm apart) was used to record electrical control activity (ECA) from the rectosigmoid of 17 normal subjects and 16 IBS patients in the resting state, during neutral and stressful interviews, and after a meal or neostigmine. Fast Fourier transform method was used for the frequency analysis of ECA. The ECA was present at all times in both the groups but was variable in frequency and amplitude and was phase-unlocked during all recording periods. Up to four frequency components were observed in the lower frequency range (LFR) of 2.0-9.0 c/min and up to two in the higher frequency range (HFR) of 9.0-13.0 c/min during all recording periods. The frequency and organization of ECA were not significantly different between the normal and the IBS groups in the resting state. Neutral and stressful interviews did not significantly affect the mean ECA frequency in either of the groups but the mean ECA frequency of the dominant frequency component in LFR was lower in IBS patients than in the normal subjects during the stressful interview. Meal and neostigmine did not significantly affect the ECA frequency or its organization in either of the groups. It appears from this study that alternations in colonic ECA may not form the basis of motility disorder in irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 7084001 TI - [Microchromatographic analysis of DNS-amino acids with a sensitivity of 10(-13) mol]. PMID- 7084000 TI - [Electrostimulated fusion and fission of bilayer lipid membranes]. PMID- 7084002 TI - [Proteins tightly bound to DNA at sites of its attachment to the interphase nuclear matrix]. PMID- 7084004 TI - [Survey of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases in Huhehaote (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084003 TI - [Synaptic currents in smooth muscles]. PMID- 7084005 TI - [A clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of rheumatic heart disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084006 TI - [Misdiagnosis of rheumatic heart disease-clinical and pathologic correlation of 114 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084007 TI - [A survey of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Heilongjiang Province (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084008 TI - [Rheumatic carditis in childhood-a follow-up analysis of 54 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084009 TI - [Alternations of cardiac rheogram and its first derivative in patients with cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084010 TI - [The value of delta R on increasing the positive rate of treadmill exercise test in suspicious coronary heart disease with right bundle branch block (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084011 TI - [Successful surgical treatment in a case of sick sinus syndrome complicated with atrial septal defect (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084012 TI - [Straight back syndrome---a report of 9 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084013 TI - [Interruption of the aortic arch (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084014 TI - [Aorta-pulmonary window and associated anomalies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084015 TI - [Monitoring the cardiac output with cardiac rheogram in patients with acute intoxication (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084016 TI - [A survey of rheumatic fever and related diseases among rural adolescents following epidemic streptococcal infection of upper respiratory tract (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084017 TI - [A microanatomical study of sino-atrial node and its blood supply (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084018 TI - [Pathologic study of atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084020 TI - [Estimation of left ventricular systolic function by noninvasive method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084019 TI - [Ultrastructural changes of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084021 TI - [Surgery of rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic fever in Guangdong Province (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084025 TI - The effect of paternal alcohol consumption on fetal development in mice. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic paternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth and development in C3H mice. Male mice were pair-fed isocaloric liquid diets containing either 30%, 20%, or 0% ethanol-derived calories, or given free access to lab chow. After four weeks of treatment, all males were allowed to mate with untreated females. No differences were found between the litters of alcohol-treated males and controls in terms of the number of implantation sites, prenatal mortality, fetal weight, sex ratio, or frequency of soft tissue malformations. The results suggest that paternal alcohol consumption does not grossly alter fetal growth and development in C3H mice. PMID- 7084023 TI - Types and characteristics of addicts in the community. AB - This study examines both the status and behavior while addicted of 230 White and 230 Black male narcotic addicts. Following a presentation of antecedent behaviors and characteristics, an addict typology is developed based on illicit income, perception of adequacy of income to meet needs, and employment. The resulting six types are then described in terms of treatment experiences, criminality, social activities, and psychopathology. The discussion includes suggestions of a treatment perspective for each type. PMID- 7084022 TI - The extent of nonmedical use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Greater Cairo. AB - The present paper reports on an epidemiological study of the nonmedical use of psychoactive substances among male secondary school students in Greater Cairo. A standardized questionnaire was administered to 5530 male pupils constituting a representative sample of all male students in Cairo secondary schools. The main aim of the study was to provide factual answers to questions pertaining to, (a) the extent of the use of psychoactive drugs, and (b) the aetiology of such use, among secondary school students. Methodological steps undertaken to provide for representativeness of the sample and credibility of the tool are described. Among the interesting results were the following: (1) consistently more arts students than pupils reading science and maths were immersed in the drug culture; (2) sizable numbers of young people get exposed to the drug culture through well defined psychosocial channels; (3) the role of mass media in effecting this exposure seems to be quite serious, ranking in most cases after the role of personal friends; (4) a differentiation between "activists" and "passivists" among subjects who "ever used" drugs seems to be important in understanding more about drug use phenomena, and (5) some findings add a new dimension to the operational definition of high risk groups: a subgroup of nonusers could be labeled "potential users". PMID- 7084026 TI - Symposium on metabolism and pharmacokinetics of environmental chemicals in man. PMID- 7084027 TI - Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicokinetics defined. PMID- 7084024 TI - Heroin addict responses to six weeks of detoxification with LAAM. AB - This paper describes the range of experience of 28 heroin addicts who received LAAM instead of methadone over six weeks in an outpatient detoxification program. Four patients are singled out to illustrate the variety of response during withdrawal, temporary abstinence from drugs, and social adjustment. The paper explores the motivation of patients and both their physical and subjective responses to the detoxification attempt. By describing a variety of patients, the paper documents clinical responses that cannot be communicated in statistical summaries or single-case reports. Overall, the cases illustrate the difficulties of brief-stay outpatient detoxification from heroin. Clinicians should expect to see only small steps toward rehabilitation during a patient's attempt to taper from opiates, but even minimal progress may justify the use of detoxification programs as a link between "street life" and the decision to enter long-term treatment. PMID- 7084028 TI - A layman's guide to health in a highly technological society: you can't get there from here. PMID- 7084029 TI - Chemoprophylaxis of recurrent otitis media using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. AB - This study was undertaken during the late fall, winter, and early spring months to determine the efficacy of daily trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) administration in the prevention of recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) in a specific high-risk pediatric population. Twenty-one ambulatory patients, 10 in the study group and 11 in the control group, were selected from a medical university clinic and a local private practice. The study group receiving prophylactic therapy for six months suffered no recurrences, as compared with eight children suffering one recurrence each in the control group that was treated only acutely. The results were significant at p less than 0.005 with df = 1, determined by the Fischer's exact test and the chi-square method using Yates's correction factor. These data indicated that a mean dose of TMP/SMX 6.8/34 mg/kg/d divided into twice daily doses and given for six months was safe and effective in controlling RAOM infections in a high-risk pediatric population. PMID- 7084030 TI - Critical care therapeutics: a frontier for clinical pharmacy. PMID- 7084031 TI - A conceptual model for evaluating a pharmacist's clinical practice in the hospital setting. AB - Evaluation and documentation of pharmacists' clinical services in the hospital setting are important for the continued development and implementation of these services. The conceptual model discussed here was designed for use by hospital personnel in evaluating a clinical pharmacy program or a specific clinical service in a hospital. Hospital management's decision to implement clinical services deserves the validation of the expected patient benefits of the services. This conceptual model has been used at Memorial Hospital Medical Center since 1977. The results of studies there are reviewed by the P&T Committee when existing or new clinical services are discussed. This study results have become an important part of the committee's and the hospital management's support for the continuation of clinical pharmacy services. PMID- 7084032 TI - Amoxapine neurotoxicity: a case report with long-term follow-up. AB - At this time, because of the lack of knowledge and experience in the treatment of amoxapine toxicity, it is impossible to formulate any conclusions concerning this drug's true toxic potential and capabilities. In toxic situations, amoxapine appears to produce some of the expected sequelae associated with TCAs. Neurotoxicity appears to be amoxapine's greatest toxic liability; the drug seems to have the ability to produce unusual neurological alterations, as well as a tendency to induce severe seizure activity. Procedures generally utilized for treatment of TCA or neuroleptic overdoses may prove inappropriate for dibenzoxazepine overdoses. It appears that intervention should include combating initiation of seizure activity and maintaining functional acid-base status. It has yet to be determined whether amoxapine or other dibenzoxazepine derivatives have a greater potential than other TCAs for inducing metabolic acidosis in toxic situations. However, observations from cases presented here would indicate this to be a distinct possibility. PMID- 7084033 TI - Treatment of esophageal food impaction--a new use for glucagon. PMID- 7084034 TI - Convulsions associated with high cumulative doses of metronidazole. AB - Metronidazole in high cumulative doses has been associated with convulsions. A case is presented in which this relationship is clear. In all reported cases of metronidazole-associated seizures, the cumulative dose of metronidazole has been high (greater than 40 g). The cumulative dose rather than the serum level is important in the pathogenesis of this complication. PMID- 7084035 TI - Plastic IV bag problem with heparin administration. PMID- 7084036 TI - Indomethacin side effects. PMID- 7084037 TI - Metrication--an update. PMID- 7084038 TI - Long-term cimetidine for duodenal ulceration? PMID- 7084039 TI - [Protection of the skin]. AB - The toxic or allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent occupational disease of the skin. It is caused by repeated contact with irritant or sensitizing occupational substances. The aim of the skin protection is to prevent or at least to lessen the contact with these injuring substances. Protective gloves as well as skin protective unguents are of use for preventive skin protection. We differentiate two types of emulsions among the skin protective unguents: O/W-emulsions protect against injuring components, insoluble in water, and W/O-emulsions protect against injuring stuffs, soluble in water. The cleaning agents of the skin have to be chosen according to the degree and kind of the contamination; today surfactants such as soap and detergents are chiefly used. THe preserving skin protection is very important: with the regenerating care of the skin the water and fatty constituents of the injured skin are repaired. PMID- 7084040 TI - Oral psoralen photochemotherapy of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands. AB - 6 out of 9 patients with allergic contact dermatitis of the hands were successfully treated with oral methoxsalenultraviolet-A (PUVA) photochemotherapy. Clearing the dermatitis symptoms of the hands was achieved with an average of 23 treatments (150 J/cm2). To maintain the initial results a rather frequent maintenance treatment--usually once a week--was necessary. Longer treatment intervals resulted in a relapse of the dermatitis. This made continuous treatment necessary. In one patient treatment was stopped, and he remained clear for 17 weeks. The influence of PUVA on the allergic status of the patients is supposed to be a local effect. PUVA proves to be a valuable addition in the treatment of occupational hand dermatitis. PMID- 7084041 TI - [The dermatologist's report or/and medical report on well-founded suspicions of occupational disease]. AB - The "Hautarztverfahren" (method of registering occupationally induced dermatoses at an early stage) can be a great help before a real occupational disease occurs. The limits of practising this desirable procedure are relatively small and are to be shown. Section 5 BeKVO (law of occupational diseases) is important for the medical proceedings in case of a well-founded suspicion of an occupational disease no. 5101. The consequences of the started procedures will be shown using examples. Figures will document that 50% of well-founded cases of suspicion concern occupationally induced dermatoses. Of these about 8% receive compensation. For those remaining, measures are normally carried out, according to Section 3. PMID- 7084042 TI - Removable fluid-containing chamber for in vivo guinea pig skin studies. AB - A removable, fluid-tight chamber is discussed that may be used to measure ion flux through the skin. This chamber adheres to clipped guinea pig skin with the use of silicone rubber adhesive, where hair stubble facilitates attachment. The technique also should work well for other hairy species. Experiments may be performed on hairless skin provided the adhesive is incompletely cured and the chamber is held in place by a strap. PMID- 7084043 TI - [Occupational rehabilitation of patients with hand eczema (author's transl)]. AB - Occupational rehabilitation of eczema patients depends almost as much upon psycho social as medical factors. Age, duration of previous disability, social program support, motivation and intellectual ability of patients, other organic diseases and type of eczema are the most important factors in rehabilitation success. Principles, methods and results of a dermatological rehabilitation program established at the Erlangen Dermatological Clinic since 1974 are briefly reviewed. This "Erlanger Rehabilitationsprogramm" takes into account, besides dermatological aspects, as well as ergotherapeutic, psycho-social, communicative and economical factors. In consequence, several propositions for the rehabilitation of patients occupationally handicapped by chronic hand eczemas are made. PMID- 7084045 TI - [Contact allergy due to the topical antiperspirant propantheline bromide (author's transl)]. AB - After a treatment of 6 months with the antiperspirant Hydonan a contact dermatitis was found in the axillae of a 42 year-old soldier. Hydonan is a combination of 2 emphatic substances: aluminium hydrochloride and propantheline bromide. Aluminium hydrochloride is an adstringence substance, propantheline bromide is a topical active anticholinergic agent. As side-effect an irritation due to aluminium hydrochloride and a contact allergy due to propantheline bromide can occur. In our case there was a contact allergy to propantheline bromide 5% aq. PMID- 7084044 TI - [Skin allergy to imidazolic antifungal creams: crossed allergy? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084046 TI - [Scar Basalioma Following Micro-Wave Therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084047 TI - [Struma prevention--when at last?]. PMID- 7084048 TI - [Fungal infestation of gastroduodenal ulcers: incidence and significance (author's transl)]. AB - In a prospective study of 132 cases of gastroduodenal ulcer, proven by endoscopic biopsy, there were 59 in which fungi were cultered (44.7%). There was no significant difference in incidence between gastric ulcer (46.2%) and duodenal ulcer (42.6%), or between benign and malignant gastric ulcer (47.2 and 42.1%, respectively). Most of the fungi were yeasts of the genus Candida and Torulopsis. The mycel phase was demonstrable only in the native or histological preparation (16.7% [native] and 10.6% [histological] positive findings). In all those cases in which pseudomycels were demonstrated the culture count was especially high (more than 20 colonies). In most of these there was an additional disease which may be associated with immunological insufficiency (e.g. diabetes, chronic alcoholism, malignoma). The presence of pseudomycelia or more than 20 colonies in the culture from gastroduodenal ulcers are thus less of a pointer as to whether the local lesion is benign or malignant than to a general weakening of the organism's defence mechanisms. PMID- 7084049 TI - [Rapid demonstration of urinary leucocytes with a new leucocyte test-strip. A multicentre cooperative study (author's transl)]. AB - In a study in which eight centres from Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland cooperated anew test-strip for urinary leucocytes was compared with chamber counts of uncentrifuged urine, on a total of 3183 urine samples. There was good agreement between the teststrip and reference test as to sensitivity and clinical significance, and no significant difference to the Cytur-Test, which is already commercially available. However, one advantage of the new test is that the reaction time is shortened to one minute, so that it can be used in combination test-strips (Combur-Test), thus providing uniform reading-off time and measurement by reflexion-photometry. There is no interference by ascorbic acid, but albumin and serum proteins in higher concentrations weaken the colour reaction. Urine-preserving formaldehyde-containing additives produce false positive reactions. Alpha-methyldopa, salicylic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid have no influence. PMID- 7084050 TI - [Is cardiac monitoring required after electrical injuries? (author's transl)]. AB - Professional or spare time contacts with electrical appliances are, due to careless handling or technical inadequacies, potentially always associated with electrical injuries. The effects of the electric current on the body depends mainly on voltages: skin and muscle lesions predominate in high voltage injuries. Out of 23 patients, 19 with electrical injuries and 4 with lightning accidents, 18 showed normal ECGs at the time of hospital admission. There were no changes at follow-up. The remaining 5 patients had cardiac arrhythmias which disappeared after 1 1/2 to 36 hours using bedrest and symptomatic treatment only. Cardiac longterm monitoring is thus not required after electrical injuries. PMID- 7084052 TI - [Special problems in ileostomy]. PMID- 7084053 TI - [Iodine deficiency in the Federal Republic of Germany. Effectiveness (and risk) of goiter prevention using iodised salt]. PMID- 7084051 TI - [Aminoacid concentration in plasma of patients with liver necrosis after carbon tetrachloride poisoning (three cases) (author's transl)]. AB - Three men (aged 29 to 36 years) were admitted after swallowing 20-40 ml of carbon tetrachloride-containing liquid. On admission the Quick values were between 15 and 45%, maximal transaminase values 1900-5500 U/1. Acute renal failure occurred, requiring dialysis in two. In addition to the usual biochemical values, daily plasma concentrations of 18 amino acids were determined. The concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, leucine, ornithine and lysine were definitely elevated in the first 2-12 days. Except for glycine, tryptophan and arginine, the other aminoacids were slightly or definitely elevated for two to six days in two of the patients. Arginine concentrations were extremely low in the first two days. This shift in the pattern of plasma aminoacids in patients with carbon tetrachloride poisoning largely corresponds to those with severe acute liver necrosis of other aetiology and in part differ from the aminoacid pattern observed in animal experiments. PMID- 7084054 TI - [Endoscopic papillary dilatation: an alternative to papillotomy? (author's transl)]. AB - Endoscopic papillary dilatation (EPD) was performed by means of a balloon catheter in patients with common duct stones of a diameter up to 8 mm. Larger stones had to be crushed before extraction by a modified Dormia basket. The fragments could be removed subsequently using the balloon catheter. A patient with benign papillary stenosis was treated successfully by endoscopic dilatation of the sphincter of Oddi. Dilatation of the papilla offers a papilla preserving alternative to papillotomy in patients with common duct stones and in benign papillary stenosis. PMID- 7084055 TI - [Treatment of cytostatic-induced hyperuricaemia with allopurinol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084056 TI - [Fasciitis with eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia (author's transl)]. AB - A case of fasciitis with eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia (Shulman's syndrome) in a 33-year-old patient is described. Both the lower arms and the lower legs were affected. The diagnosis was established by biopsy which revealed cellular infiltration of the deep fascia with thickening. In addition to typical symptoms there was hepatosplenomegaly. Gastrointestinal or haematological disease was excluded. Under systemic corticosteroid administration all symptoms of fasciitis quickly disappeared. PMID- 7084058 TI - [Cervix neoplasms in nuns]. PMID- 7084057 TI - [Malignant diffuse pleural mesothelioma confirming diagnosis]. PMID- 7084059 TI - [Primary hyperaldosteronism: differentiation between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic adrenocortical hyperplasia (author's transl)]. AB - The regulation of aldosterone secretion by sodium restricted and enriched diet was assessed in 21 patients with primary aldosteronism for differentiation between unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma and adrenocortical hyperplasia causing autonomous aldosterone hypersecretion. Compared to 10 patients with idiopathic adrenocortical hyperplasia, urinary aldosterone excretion after 4 days of sodium restricted diet was significantly higher in 11 patients with established adenoma (41.3 +/- 16.3 micrograms/24 h vs 19.8 +/- 8.5 micrograms/24 h; P less than 0.005). After six days of sodium loading these differences became even more obvious (35.3 +/- 14.0 micrograms/24 h vs 12.7 +/- 3.7 micrograms/24 h; P less than 0.0005). Sodium excretion did not influence aldosterone secretion in the adenoma group. In patients with hyperplasia both parameters showed a negative correlation (r = -0.522; P less than 0.001). Differentiation without overlap between both patient groups was achieved by comparison of the quotient of aldosterone excretion and serum potassium level during sodium enriched diet. PMID- 7084060 TI - [Carotid B-mode scanning-alternative or addition to ultrasound doppler sonography? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084061 TI - [Traumatic spinal cord lesions]. PMID- 7084062 TI - [Infectious endocarditis: clinical findings, therapy and course in 103 patients]. PMID- 7084063 TI - [Changes in spleen weight due to hepatic steatosis and fibrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084064 TI - [Fluid retention with pericardial effusion in minoxidil therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084065 TI - [Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis]. PMID- 7084066 TI - [Therapy of giant cell arteritis]. PMID- 7084067 TI - [Recurrent fever of unknown etiology lasting more than 6 months. Report on 85 patients]. AB - 85 patients having recurrent fever of unclarified aetiology of more than 38.5 degrees C for more than 6 months were examined in a prospective study. Of these, 10 had an inflammation due to pathogens, 12 a malignant disease, 15 a collagenous or inflammatory vascular disease, while 9 had various diseases, 5 a familial Mediterranean fever and 18 a "periodic fever". In 16 patients, in most of whom the course of the disease extended over several years, the cause of the fever could not be clarified. Among the patients with polycyclic fever over many years or decades, alternating with symptom-free intervals, one can differentiate especially the systemic Still's syndrome, which also occurs in adults and which is identical with the so-called subsepsis allergica, the familial Mediterranean fever and the "periodic fever". There are no satisfactory pointers towards the existence of a relapsing fever of its own caused by an increase of unconjugated aetiocholanolone in the plasma ("aetiocholanolone fever"). PMID- 7084068 TI - [Clinical relevance of immunoglobulin M antibody fraction against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc-IgM) (author's transl)]. AB - Forty-four anti-HBc positive patients with various liver diseases were followed up over 2-3 years with enzyme-immunological determinations of the IgM fraction of anti HBc (anti-HBc-IgM). Patients with acute virus hepatitis B (n = 10) had anti HBc-IgM titres greater than or equal to 10(-3) in the acute phase. In the reconvalescent phase the titre decreased significantly but was still detectable at a level of 10(-1) two years after the onset of the disease. In patients with HBs-antigen positive chronic active hepatitis (n = 25) the anti-HBc-IgM was always detectable when HBe-antigen was positive. Patients with HBe-antigen negative chronic active hepatitis B showed various anti-HBc-IgM findings. Patients with liver diseases not due to hepatitis B virus infections (n = 9) were always anti-HBc-IgM negative. Thus with the help of anti-HBc-IgM determinations acute hepatitis B virus infection can be diagnosed in HBs-antigen negative people. On the other hand it is not suitable for differentiation between acute and chronic hepatitis B infections in HBs-antigen positive persons. PMID- 7084069 TI - [Solid-cystic acinar cell tumour of the pancreas (author's transl)]. AB - A solid-cystic acinar cell tumour of the pancreas was found in four female patients. This particular form of benign pancreatic tumour is characteristically found in young women, often reaches a large size (2.5-10 cm), presents as a spherical mass in computed tomography or ultrasonography and does not show infiltrative growth or metastases. Tumours can be readily enucleated or resected. This type of tumour does not yet appear in the WHO classification of epithelial pancreatic tumours. It probably arises from the acinar cells. Accurate differentiation from previously known highly malignant acinar tumours is absolutely necessary on account of the good prognosis of this type of tumour. PMID- 7084070 TI - [Rectosigmoid cancer. Report on 442 cases]. AB - Between 1961 and 1980 442 patients with rectosigmoidal carcinoma were treated. As preparation for operation and technique changed in 1974, two groups were formed: those between 1961 and 1973 (n = 196) and those from 1974 to 1980 (n = 246). The average duration of treatment was reduced from 63 to 36 due to out-patient preoperative measures. Resection (continent and incontinent) was the standard procedure, with local transanal excision in occasional cases. Continence preserving resection increased two-fold when compared with amputation in the second period. The death rate in 337 resected tumours was 18.5% and could be reduced from 22% to 16%. The death rate unrelated to operation remained unchanged whereas the operative mortality after a curative procedure fell from 11% to 2%. The reduction in death rate directly due to the operation was particularly noticeable in the simultaneous abdomino-perineal rectal amputation. Only one out of 18 patients operated on in this way died due to massive pulmonary embolism. PMID- 7084071 TI - [Treatment failure of cimetidine in duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. AB - Acid secretion was measured after a six-week standard treatment with cimetidine in ten patients each with healed or non-healed duodenal ulcer, and the drug's pharmacokinetics studied. There was no difference between the two groups with respect to fasting concentration of cimetidine (compliance), the area under the plasma-level curve, as well as renal excretion (bioavailability) and the period of effective plasma concentration. Maximal secretion during cimetidine treatment was also identical in the two groups. On the other hand, basal secretion in the group of treatment failure was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). Basal secretion during administration of cimetidine can be used as a prognostic criterion for the healing of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 7084072 TI - [Sulfinpyrazone-associated renal failure (author's transl)]. AB - Three patients developed renal failure a few days after onset of sulfinpyrazone administration. In two the renal dysfunction was reversible, while the third died of a second myocardial infarction. The clinical picture of renal failure was uncharacteristic. It is recommended that renal function be tested two to four days after starting sulfinpyrazone, and to discontinue the drug immediately if there is a rise in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Since in two of the patients the creatinine values were elevated before sulfinpyrazone had been administered, it is clear that even minor pointers to impaired renal function should be considered as contraindications to the use of sulfinpyrazone. PMID- 7084075 TI - [Treatment of saccular, non-ruptured and asymptomatic aneurysms]. PMID- 7084074 TI - [The cause of death from an individual pathological viewpoint]. PMID- 7084073 TI - [Treatment of acromegaly]. PMID- 7084076 TI - [New method of preventing thrombosis: Intermittent sequential high-pressure leg compression (author's transl)]. AB - The effect of sequential pneumatic leg compression on venous flow velocity was studied in 25 patients. At the usual pressures of 35-55 mm Hg, venous flow velocity was only 175% of control value, but 366% when pressures were between 90 and 100 mm Hg. The incidence of postoperative thrombosis was studied on three groups of patients. In 24 patients, receiving sequential compression prophylaxis with 90-100 mm Hg, there was one case of thrombosis, while there were three cases among the 25 patients with 35 mm Hg compression and three in the 25 receiving 5000 unit of heparin three times daily, Sequential intermittent compression with high pressures, ten compression cycles three times daily, is recommended for all patients unable to undertake active prophylactic measures. An absolute indication exists in those patients which can no be mobilised and those in whom there are additional contraindications to the use of anticoagulants. Sequential compression is no alternative to antithrombosis stockings. These must be worn from the day of hospitalisation until discharge, also during the period of pneumatic compression. PMID- 7084077 TI - [Cooling of amputated limbs during transport]. PMID- 7084078 TI - [Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy]. PMID- 7084079 TI - [Raised plasma glucagon levels in obesity (author's transl)]. AB - Plasma glucagon levels were measured in 129 grossly obese patients with 77 +/- 29% excess weight according to Broca. A significantly raised basal glucagon level (179 +/- 7 pg/ml) was found when compared with normal weight controls (109 +/- 7 pg/ml). Weight reduction of 9.1 +/- 3.8 kg with reduction of glucose-stimulated hyperinsulinaemia from 97 +/- 12 microU/ml to 62 +/- 6 microU/ml had no influence on hyperglucagonaemia. A subgroup of obese patients with hypertriglyceridaemia (270 +/- 24 mg/dl) and glucose intolerance had particularly high plasma glucagon levels (198 +/- 12 pg/ml). It seems that these patients have a resistance to glucagon in addition to a marked insulin resistance. PMID- 7084080 TI - [Small reflectometers, independent of the electric current, for home blood glucose monitoring. Testing for correctness and precision]. AB - Thirty small reflectometers not requiring mains electricity (23 Glucosemeter and 7 individual appliances of various makes) were tested under standardised laboratory conditions as to their relative and absolute accuracy in the measurement of blood glucose. The hexokinase method delivered the reference values. The investigation demonstrated systematic deviations of 1 to 97%, coincidental deviations of 8 to 24% and total deviations of between 25 and 153%. If one accepts a value of up to 50% for the total deviation only 13 out of 30 reflectometers are acceptable. The results show that each individual meter must be assessed by the doctor before it can be given to the patient for glucose monitoring at home. PMID- 7084081 TI - [Systemic disease closely related to Cogan's syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - In a 51-year-old patient with non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis and disturbances of inner ear function (Cogan's syndrome) the course of the disease could be followed for 8 years. Organ manifestations which indicated generalised vascular disease were present in accordance with reports in the literature of this rare syndrome. In addition to multiple digital arterial occlusions, recurrent pulmonary infiltrations were observed which have not previously been described in connection with this syndrome. With the exception of the inner ear hearing loss the symptoms could be improved by systemic administration of corticosteroids and azathioprine. The patient remained free of recurrence for over three years. PMID- 7084082 TI - [Morphology of pulmonary causes of death in the perinatal period]. PMID- 7084083 TI - [Personal service by hospital head physicians. Decision by the Higher District Court of Celle on 22 March 1982]. PMID- 7084084 TI - Portable insulin infusion pumps: what is their role in therapy? PMID- 7084085 TI - Common pitfalls in geriatric drug prescribing. PMID- 7084086 TI - [Alcoholism as a disorder of self-esteem]. PMID- 7084087 TI - [Prognosis of prostate cancer]. PMID- 7084088 TI - [Metronidazole prophylaxis in excision of the appendix]. PMID- 7084089 TI - [Fat embolism manifested in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a young patient]. PMID- 7084090 TI - [The activity and organization of the State Medical Committee of the Academy of Finland]. PMID- 7084092 TI - [Computed tomography of the orbit]. PMID- 7084093 TI - [Torsade de pointes]. PMID- 7084091 TI - [How dependable are morbidity registers? 5 alcohol-related diagnoses]. PMID- 7084094 TI - [Dexamethasone test and depression]. PMID- 7084095 TI - [Anti-infection prophylaxis of Finns traveling in tropical countries]. PMID- 7084096 TI - [Survival of cancer patients in Finland 1953-74]. PMID- 7084098 TI - [Clinico-pathological conference LXX. Fever, shortness of breath and cough in an agricultural worker]. PMID- 7084097 TI - [Rupture of the spleen caused by mononucleosis]. PMID- 7084099 TI - Identification of movement artefacts in electromyograph recordings. PMID- 7084100 TI - A quantitative method to analyze the H reflex latencies from vastus medialis muscle: normal values. PMID- 7084101 TI - The thoracic outlet syndrome: an electrophysiological study. PMID- 7084102 TI - The activity of anconeus during voluntary elbow extension: the effect of lidocaine blocking of the muscle. PMID- 7084103 TI - Reliability of the motor unit count in the facial muscles. PMID- 7084104 TI - Extracellular potentials in the proximity of the excitable fibres. PMID- 7084105 TI - A motor nerve conduction velocity across the upper trunk and the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. PMID- 7084106 TI - Comprehensive kinetics of thyroxine distribution and metabolism in blood and tissue pools of the rat from only six blood samples: dominance of large, slowly exchanging tissue pools. AB - We have estimated 24 physiological parameters of production, interpool transport, distribution, and metabolism of T4 in the major T4 pools of the unanesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rat from six optimally timed blood samples (at 1, 5, 23, 115, 465, 1440 min) and a comprehensive model and analysis. Despite 10-fold lower concentrations of T4 reported in tissues that exchange T4 with plasma at a slow rate (e.g. skeletal muscle) compared with rapidly exchanging tissues like liver and kidney, the composite of slow tissue pools contains 57% of total body T4, with only 17% in fast pools and 26% in plasma. At least 14% of the 0.53 ng/min/100 g BW of T4 secreted is converted to T3 in slow tissue pools, and 24% is an upper bound on whole body T4 to T3 conversion. The T4 fractional turnover rates in fast and slow tissue pools (0.154 and 0.007 min-1), corresponding tissue to plasma T4 fractional transport rates (0.152 and 0.006 min-1), and relative fluxes of T4 from plasma to fast vs. slow tissues (88% vs. 12%) were all found to be approximately the same as those we have reported for T3. As a consequence, the ratio of the fractional (or clearance) rate of entry of T3 into tissue to that of T4 was found to be equal to the ratio of the plasma equivalent distribution volume of T3 to that of T4 in the tissue, which also is the ratio of relative pool sizes of T3 and T4 in the tissue to those in plasma. This ratio (approximately 11) is approximately the same for all tissues, slow and fast, and it is also the same as the ratio of the net binding of T3 and T4 to plasma proteins. Finally, despite a 10 times slower early disappearance rate for a bolus of T4 than for T3 and reported single half-lives for T4 3-6 times greater, T4 actually spends only a third longer time (17.5 h) in the whole system, mostly in slow pools, before ultimate irreversible disposal. PMID- 7084107 TI - Demonstration and characterization of estrogen receptor in chimpanzee sex skin: correlation between nuclear receptor levels and degree of swelling. AB - The presence of cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors has been demonstrated in chimpanzee sex skin. Both receptors sedimented at approximately 4S in sucrose gradients containing 0.6 M KCl. Both had a steroid specificity and high affinity for estrogen that conform to an estrogen receptor. The absence of such receptors in the pigmented skin surrounding the sex skin and in the abdominal skin indicates their discrete localization in the sex skin. While the cytosol receptor remained low (less than 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein), the nuclear estrogen receptor showed a fluctuation during the menstrual cycle, attaining the highest level during the late follicular phase (90.4 +/- 8.4 fmol/mg nuclear extract protein; nearly 3-4 times the level during the early follicular and luteal phases). When ovariectomized animals were treated with mestranol, the concentration of nuclear estrogen receptor increased from below detection to 74 fmol/mg nuclear extract protein. An increase in serum progesterone during the luteal phase, despite concurrently elevated serum estradiol levels, was associated with a reduction of the nuclear estrogen receptor as was the administration of progesterone and mestranol to estrogen-primed ovariectomized animals. Changes in the concentration of the nuclear estrogen receptor were positively correlated with changes in the degree of the sexual swelling. These results strongly suggest that estrogen controls the sexual swelling by acting through specific receptors in the sex skin, and that counteraction by progesterone of estrogen stimulation of the sexual swelling is effected through a reduction in nuclear estrogen receptors. PMID- 7084109 TI - Potassium stimulates parathyroid hormone release from perifused parathyroid cells. AB - A method for perifusing dispersed bovine parathyroid cells is described. Using this approach, we have studied the effects of raised extracellular potassium and ouabain on calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in vitro. Decreasing calcium from 1.5 to 0.5 mM stimulated PTH release within 5-10 min, and the increased secretory rate was maintained for the duration of the low calcium administration. High potassium (60 mM) promptly stimulated PTH secretion at 1.5 mM calcium. The effect of high potassium was more transient than that of low calcium. Raised potassium significantly enhanced the response to 0.5 mM calcium. Ouabain (10(-3) M) had no significant effect at 1.5 mM calcium, but depressed the secretory response to 0.5 mM calcium. In conclusion, the effect of raised potassium on parathyroid cells is qualitatively similar to its effect on other endocrine and exocrine systems. PMID- 7084108 TI - Treatment of ovine cretinism in utero with 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine. AB - Placental transfer of iodothyronines is minimal in most species. The nonhalogenated thyroid hormone analog 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine (DIMIT) was administered to pregnant ewes to determine if this compound could prevent cretinism in the thyroidectomized fetal lamb. Pharmacokinetic studies comparing [125I]T3 and [3H]DIMIT resulted in fetal-maternal ratios for [3H]DIMIT which were 5- to 10-fold higher than the ratios for [125I]T3, suggestive of preferential transport of DIMIT across the placenta. Subsequently, DIMIT was administered to three pregnant ewes after hysterotomy and fetal thyroidectomy at 95-98 days gestation. Intramuscular DIMIT (1200-2000 micrograms/day) caused suppression of maternal T4 concentrations from a mean of 4.9 micrograms/dl before hysterotomy to less than 1 micrograms/dl within 1-2 weeks. All three thyroidectomized lambs had clinical signs of cretinism at birth and died. Skeletal and lung maturation were delayed in these animals, all of whom had undetectable serum T4 concentrations. In contrast to DIMIT's proven thyromimetic activity in other fetal animal models, this thyroid hormone analog failed to prevent cretinism in thyroidectomized fetal lambs even when administered to the ewe at a dose that suppressed maternal thyroid function. PMID- 7084110 TI - Cholesterol sulfate metabolism in human fetal adrenal mitochondria. AB - The metabolism of cholesterol sulfate (5-cholesten-3 beta-ol sodium sulfate) and cholesterol to pregnenolone sulfate and pregnenolone, respectively, in human fetal adrenal mitochondria has been investigated. Cholesterol sulfate (50 microM) was converted efficiently to pregnenolone sulfate (5-pregnen-3 beta-ol-20-one sodium sulfate; 1.6 nmol min-2 mg-1 protein). Pregnenolone sulfate biosynthesis from endogenous mitochondrial precursors could not be detected. The rate of pregnenolone biosynthesis in the presence of cholesterol (50 microM) was 0.2 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein. In contrast, mitochondria obtained from the adrenal tissue of a boy and two adult men did not produce detectable amounts of pregnenolone sulfate after the addition of cholesterol sulfate (50 microM). Pregnenolone was produced efficiently by adrenal mitochondria from endogenous mitochondrial precursors and was not stimulated by the addition of cholesterol (100 microM). The results suggest that human fetal adrenal mitochondria contain a specific cholesterol sulfate desmolase and that cholesterol sulfate may be the predominant sterol substrate for the large amounts of steroid sulfates produced by this tissue. Whereas the metabolism of cholesterol to form pregnenolone was increased by the addition of 1 mM calcium ions, the metabolism of cholesterol sulfate to produce pregnenolone sulfate was not stimulated by calcium ions. This latter finding may indicate that the metabolism of cholesterol sulfate in the human fetal adrenal gland is controlled separately from the metabolism of cholesterol. PMID- 7084111 TI - Role of adrenal steroidogenesis in etiology of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - We measured peripheral adrenal steroid levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), killed by nitrogen suffocation, at different ages during the development of hypertension. SHR became hypertensive by 8 weeks of age. Circulating plasma aldosterone (Aldo) levels of SHR gradually declined with age compared to their male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive controls. On the other hand, corticosterone (B) concentrations rose relatively as the rats grew older, however, they were significantly lower in SHR at 16 weeks of age. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) levels were significantly lower at 8 weeks and 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH DOC) were lower at 16 weeks of age. Steroid ratios at age 4 weeks showed significantly higher B to 18-OH-DOC and lower B to DOC, 18-OH-DOC to Aldo, and 18 OH-DOC to DOC values in SHR. Furthermore, the B to 18-OH-DOC ratio remained significantly higher at 12 weeks and the B to DOC ratio remained lower at 16 weeks. These data imply the possibility of the secretion of an unknown steroid(s) and the existence of another, fourth pathway of Aldo biosynthesis in young SHR. Thus, major alterations of adrenal steroidogenesis exist in young SHR which may be causative in the development of hypertension. After the onset of hypertension, steroidogenesis tends to return to normal, by which time, however, SHR may have developed metacorticoid hypertension. PMID- 7084112 TI - The role of Na+-Ca++ exchange in parathyroid hormone secretion. PMID- 7084113 TI - Fate of injected human growth hormone in the female rat liver in vivo. AB - [125I]Iodohuman GH ([125I]iodo-hGH) was injected iv to female rats, and its subcellular distribution was studied with time using fractionation techniques. Uptake in the total particulate fraction was maximal by 15 min after injections; at that time, 7% of the radioactivity injected was recovered per g liver. Liver uptake of [125I]iodo-hGH was markedly inhibited by coinjection of native hGH. [125I]Iodo-hGH taken up by the liver underwent a time-dependent translocation process. In the first 5 min, the radioactivity was associated with membranes of high density sedimenting in the nuclear and microsomal fractions. Later on, it was progressively associated with microsomal subfractions of lower density, the Golgi fractions; labeling of these was maximum at 15 min. Fifteen and 30 min after injection, labeled material was recovered in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. Further fractionation of the latter by centrifugation on a metrizamide gradient showed that all of the radioactivity was associated with lysosomal subfractions, with virtually no radioactivity associated with mitochondria. On linear sucrose density gradients, the radioactivity exhibited a broad, somewhat bimodal distribution; the component of highest density coincided with the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase. Triton WR 1339 treatment of rats resulted in a shift of the radioactivity and acid phosphatase toward lower densities, indicating that a high proportion of the former was associated with lysosomes. The labeled material eluted from the subcellular fractions prepared at different times appeared as intact hGH, ad judged by trichloroacetic acid precipitability and binding to membranes. Upon in vivo interaction with liver cells, [125I]iodo hGH is internalized, with a sequential association with plasma membranes, Golgi elements, and lysosomes. PMID- 7084114 TI - Influence of tetracaine on the structure and function of estrogen receptors. AB - The local anesthetic agent tetracaine has been shown to relax the affinity of estrogen receptors for estradiol and unidentified ligands in uterine cytosols. This effect is dependent on both the temperature of the exchange reaction and the concentration of tetracaine. Increasing the concentration of tetracaine in the system from 0 to 6 mM while keeping the temperature at 10 C results in a stepwise increase in the fractions of receptors that engage in a rapid exchange. Increasing the temperature of the exchange reaction from 0 to 17 C in the presence of 4 mM tetracaine similarly results in a stepwise increase in the fraction of receptors exhibiting the rapid exchange. The combination of 4 mM tetracaine and 10 C achieves the displacement of [3H]estradiol by unlabeled estradiol from the majority of the receptors in 30 min. In addition, tetracaine appears to relax the specificity of the receptors so as to facilitate the displacement of [3H]estradiol from the receptor by otherwise low affinity ligands, such as tamoxifen, nafoxidine, and 17 alpha-(2',3'-dihydroxypropyl)17 beta-estradiol. Tetracaine also dissociates estrogen receptors from other macromolecules in the cytosol, so that the receptors sediment in low salt sucrose gradients an 4S complexes. The data support the view that estrogen receptors of uterine cytosols are functionally microheterogeneous, possibly by virtue of their interactions with other components of the cytosol, and that set fractions of receptors are transformed to a state with a lower affinity for estradiol by specific concentrations of tetracaine at a given temperature. A concept of receptor action is discussed in which the ability of receptors to mediate the interaction of macromolecules may regulate the activity of multienzyme systems or the function of specific chromatin complexes. PMID- 7084116 TI - Thyroglobulin degradation by thyroidal proteases: action of purified cathepsin D. AB - Cathepsin D has been purified from rabbit thyroids, and its action on thyroglobulin has been examined. The enzyme was obtained in an electrophoretically homogenous form by gel filtration, followed by ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography with immobilized pepstatin. In some preparations, the enzyme occurred in a high molecular weight form. The ability of cathepsin D to hydrolyze [125I]thyroglobulin to fragments with a molecular weight of less than 100K was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. This activity showed a pH optimum of 3.5, was greater with reduced thyroglobulin as substrate than with the native protein, and was unaffected by potassium iodide (1-10 mM). Purified cathepsin D rapidly hydrolyzed thyroglobulin to a number of peptide intermediates. Those in the 20-45K molecular weight range had an iodothyronine content equal to or less than that of intact thyroglobulin, but the smallest peptides (apparent molecular weight, less than 2K) were iodothyronine enriched. No evidence was obtained for the release of free hormone by cathepsin D under the experimental conditions used. We conclude that cathepsin D plays a role in the initial breakdown of thyroglobulin in the thyroid and may have some selectivity for the iodothyronine portion of the molecule. The rapid hydrolysis of thyroglobulin that occurs in vivo, however, probably requires the concerted action of cathepsin D with other lysosomal endopeptidases and exopeptidases. PMID- 7084115 TI - Characterization of noradrenergic control of vasopressin release by the organ cultured rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. AB - Evidence is presented indicating that norepinephrine (NE) inhibits vasopressin (VP) release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explant under some, but not all, conditions in vitro. NE at 10(-5) M inhibited basal VP release and inhibited acetylcholine-induced release in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, the induction of VP release caused by the addition of NaCl (sufficient to yield a 10 mosmol/kg H2O increase in culture medium osmolality) was not reduced by NE in concentrations as high as 10(-5) M. An alpha-adrenergic receptor mediation of the inhibition of VP release by NE was suggested by the ability of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, but not propranolol, to block this effect. In addition, phentolamine at 10(-4) M, but not equimolar amounts of propranolol, increased VP release when added alone on day 2 of culture, but not on days 3 or 4. Histofluorescence examination of additional explants revealed that endogenous catecholamine was still present on day 2 within varicosities in the supraoptic nucleus, but diminished by days 3 and 4, suggesting that endogenous NE could influence basal VP release. The results indicate that NE can inhibit spontaneous and cholinergically stimulated VP release from the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explant, but osmotic stimulation renders the explants insensitive to attenuation of VP release by NE. PMID- 7084117 TI - Nonfunctioning progesterone receptors in the developed oviducts from estrogen withdrawn immature chicks and in aged nonlaying hens. AB - The progesterone receptor (PR) in the oviducts of aged, nonlaying hens was compared to that in laying hens. The PRs in the mature oviducts of chicks that were diethylstilbestrol (DES) primed and of chicks with DES withdrawn were similarly analyzed for comparative purposes. The oviducts from the DES-withdrawn chicks and from aged nonlaying hens showed marked atrophy. The PR concentrations in the oviducts of DES-withdrawn chicks and of aged nonlaying hens were reduced to one half and one fourth those of controls, respectively. The oviduct atrophy and reduced PR concentrations in the nonlaying hen were not caused by decreased plasma estrogen since estrogen concentrations were similar in aged nonlaying hen and in the laying hens. The stabilities of the PR from laying and nonlaying hen oviducts were identical. However, analysis in vivo and in vitro revealed that the PR from the oviducts of DES-withdrawn chicks and of aged, nonlaying hens had lost the capacity for nuclear translocation and binding. This was accompanied in the DES-withdrawn chick by the inability of progesterone to alter RNA synthesis in the oviduct in vivo. This loss in nuclear binding capacity of PR in both animal models was accompanied by a loss of one of the molecular species of the PR (the B species). The loss of the B species differs from the loss of the A species that occurs during the winter in the domestic fowl. Thus, two types of regulation of the receptor may exist. The results suggest that biologically inactive receptors may explain the cessation of reproductive function in these aged animals. PMID- 7084118 TI - Stimulation by serotonin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release into rat hypophysial portal blood. AB - The effect of serotonin (5-HT) on plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels in hypophysial portal blood was studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. Portal blood was collected by the parapharyngeal approach and plasma VIP was determined by radioimmunoassay. Mean (+/- SE) basal plasma VIP level was 1799 +/- 232 pg/ml, which was slightly decreased during the control experiments in which physiological saline was injected either intraventricularly or intravenously. Intraventricular injection of 5-HT (2 and 10 micrograms/rat) resulted in a significant increase in plasma VIP concentrations within 20 min. Intravenous injection of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 1 mg/100 g BW), a precursor of 5-HT, also caused an increase in VIP concentrations in hypophysial portal plasma. The flow rate of hypophysial portal blood did not change throughout the experiments. These findings suggest that 5-HT stimulates VIP release from the median eminence into the hypophysial portal vessels in the rat. PMID- 7084119 TI - Direct stimulation of phosphatidylinositol degradation by addition of vasopressin to purified rat liver plasma membranes. AB - Rat liver plasma membranes were incubated in Ca2+-free buffer plus 0.5 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) containing 0.5 mg/ml deoxycholate or 50 mU/ml vasopressin or both compounds. The membrane phospholipids were extracted, separated by two-dimensional chromatography and quantitated by phosphorus analysis. Vasopressin significantly enhanced degradation of phosphatidylinositol in the presence of deoxycholate (21% with deoxycholate alone versus 32% in the presence of vasopressin plus deoxycholate). However, no significant effects of deoxycholate or vasopressin were seen on the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine. These results indicate that specific degradation of phosphatidylinositol can be seen after direct addition of vasopressin to a plasma membrane preparation. PMID- 7084122 TI - Failure of ovulation after neonatal administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone to female rats. AB - Wistar female rats were injected with testosterone (T) or 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) from the day of birth (= day 1) to day 5. Neonatal treatment with 1 mg of T resulted in anovulatory persistent estrous syndrome in 100% of the animals. In the females treated with 1 mg of 5 alpha-DHT, 88.2% of the treated rats were sterile at 120 days of age. Treatment with 0.5 mg 5 alpha-DHT was also effective in inducing anovulatory sterility, the incidence of sterility being 71.4%. In the females injected with 0.1 mg 5 alpha-DHT, 42.9% of the animals were anovulatory at 120 days of age. These results suggest that non-aromatizable androgen, 5 alpha-DHT, can permanently suppress the development of female type of neuroendocrine regulation. PMID- 7084120 TI - Dopamine inhibits 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat. AB - The in vitro effect of dopamine, haloperidol and pimozide on 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine by anterior pituitary glands was studied. Dopamine decreased the incorporation of 32Pi into phosphatidylinositol in a dose-related manner without affecting phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Haloperidol and pimozide did not modify 32Pi incorporation into these phospholipids by themselves but completely reversed the inhibitory effect of dopamine on phosphatidylinositol. The inhibition of 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidylinositol synthesis in the presence of 500 nM dopamine was significant at 20 min of incubation and maximal at 30 min. The possibility that a decrease in phosphatidylinositol cleavage and turnover may be involved in the inhibitory regulation of prolactin secretion by DA is suggested. PMID- 7084121 TI - Combined effects of progesterone and tamoxifen in the chick oviduct. AB - Tamoxifen, an antiestrogen with no estrogenic effect on growth, differentiation, and egg white protein synthesis in the chick oviduct, has been administered together with progesterone. In estrogen differentiated, hormone-withdrawn animals, biochemical and ultrastructural data indicated that the combined treatment with progesterone plus tamoxifen increased conalbumin (+100%) and ovalbumin (+30%) more than progesterone alone and displayed estrogen-like growth promoting properties (+50% in DNA content per oviduct). Moreover, when administered with progesterone and estradiol, tamoxifen lost part of its antiestrogenic activity. No obvious change of progesterone clearance from the blood or progesterone metabolism was recorded. The presence of progesterone in amounts similar to those resulting in optimal activity when injected alone (greater than or equal to 1 mg/kg) was necessary to obtain progesterone plus tamoxifen effects. The simultaneous presence of progesterone and tamoxifen was required in order to observe their combined effects, and it was observed that progesterone did not have to commit cells on which tamoxifen could subsequently act. In the immature "undifferentiated" oviduct, contrary to the effects of tamoxifen and progesterone alone, their combination induced cytodifferentiation of tubular gland cells which synthesized conalbumin and ovalbumin, an event never observed before in the absence of estrogen. These results support the suggestion that the hormonal milieu interferes with antiestrogen action. PMID- 7084123 TI - Effect of graded doses of iodide on thyroid hormones in intact, thyroxine-treated and hypophysectomized rats. AB - 480 albino rats were used in the present study to see the effect of graded doses of iodide (low dose 10 micrograms/kg B. W. and high dose 1 mg to 30 mg/kg B. W.). On thyroid hormone status in intact, T4 treated and hypophysectomized rats. Serum free thyroxine and resin T3 uptake were estimated to assess thyroid function. Serum free thyroxine was calculated by multiplying serum total thyroxine and percentage free thyroxine. Low dose of iodide in case of 1) intact rats did not produce any change in thyroid status; 2) T4 treated rats showed significantly lower levels of serum free T4 and resin T3 uptake; 3) hypophysectomized rats exhibited extremely low levels of thyroid hormones. High dose of iodide in intact rats produced a low level of thyroid hormones and high dose iodide in T4 treated rats produced a hyperthyroid state. The result showed that iodide inhibition or stimulation at thyroid level depends upon the state of thyroid and the dose of iodide used. PMID- 7084124 TI - Synthetic human calcitonin (Cibacalcin, Ciba-Geigy): use for radioimmunoassay and bioassay. AB - Two batches of synthetic human calcitonin batch A = delivered until 1976, and batch B = distributed since 1977 from Ciba-Geigy, have been tested and compared biologically and radioimmunologically. In the biossay B is almost twice as active as A when compared ampoule content and exerts a biological activity of 188 IU per mg pure hCT. In the radioimmunoassay there is no difference from each other in radioiodination and purification, but using them as standard and again comparing them on declared ampoule content, B contains twice as much immunological activity as A. For those, who are using hCT for analytic or biological purposes it is of importance to consider the increased hormone content of batch B with a twofold biological and immunological activity, in comparison to the preparations delivered before 1977. PMID- 7084125 TI - The response of the sebaceous glands of female rats ovariectomized at birth to testosterone. AB - Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized within 24 h of birth and control animals were sham-operated. Immediately, one-half of the rats in each group received a single injection of 500 micrograms testosterone propionate. The other half acted as a vehicle control. Normal male and female rats were also included for comparison. The secretion rate of sebum was measured at the age of 80 days from the amount of skin-surface lipids that could be extracted with acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Male rats secreted more sebum than female rats. In female rats, irrespective the presence or absence of ovaries, when treated with a single injection of testosterone propionate at birth, although secreted significantly more sebum than vehicle control groups, the increase was still far below the level normally found in the male. On the other hand, implantation of testosterone pellet at the age of 4 weeks in neonatally ovariectomized-androgenized female rats greatly increased sebum secretion to an extent far exceeding that of the normal male rats. It is concluded that testosterone can directly increase sebum secretion in the female rats irrespective the presence or absence of ovaries when given at birth and reinforcement at about puberty produces a full effect of secretion. PMID- 7084126 TI - Alterations in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catecholamine concentrations during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. AB - In order to determine the mechanism of release of catecholamines from pheochromocytoma plasma levels of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were measured in 6 patients with pheochromocytoma undergoing surgical treatment. In 4 patients both the DBH activity and plasma catecholamine concentrations rapidly increased during surgical manipulation of the tumor. In the remaining 2 patients dispite increase of plasma catecholamines DBH activity remained unchanged during surgical manipulation of the pheochromocytoma. The present results suggest that a certain fraction of plasma catecholamines in patients with pheochromocytoma is released from the tumor by exocytosis. PMID- 7084128 TI - Consequences of neonatal combined hormone (oxytocin + TSH) exposure for the adult rat. AB - Neonatal exposure of rats to oxytocin + TSH damaged the receptor in the same manner as neonatal treatment with high dose of TSH alone. Exposure to oxytocin af adult rats given oxytocin + TSH when newborn depressed hormone reception of a similar degree to TSH, suggesting the possibility of an association between the two receptor sites. PMID- 7084129 TI - Influence of the male on provoked ovulation in immature female mice. AB - Acceleration of ovulation in juvenile females by exposure to the male and injection of gonadotrophins was investigated. The male-induced ovulation in CBA/kw and outbred females was observed only after injection of PMSG. Exposure to the male and injection of HCG did not evoke this effect. Our results indicated that the presence of a male stimulates LH release from the pituitary of juvenile females. Pheromonal reaction of the females was affected by the age and body weight of the tested animals. Most sensitive were females of CBA/kw strain 21-day old, outbred 21-day-old, 10.0-12.0 g and 24-day-old, 7.5-9.5 g. PMID- 7084127 TI - Secondary type V hyperlipoproteinemia in an acromegalic patient without overt diabetes. AB - A rare case of acromegaly developing gross hyperlipidemia not associated with overt diabetes was presented. Gross hyperlipidemia revealed type V hyperlipoproteininemia, according to agarose gel electrophoretic pattern of serum lipoprotein. Before pituitary surgery, the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were 320 mg/dl and 1830 mg/dl respectively, and the basal level of growth hormone was markedly elevated, ranging from 129 to 231 ng/ml with the mean +/- SD of 168 +/- 39 ng/ml. The enzymatic activities of hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were 14.2 and 1.50 mumoles/ml/hour, respectively. H-TGL activity was normal, while LPL activity was extremely low compared to those of normal subjects. After combined therapy with pituitary surgery and 60Co radiation, the serum level of growth hormone was decreased to 35.9 +/- 8.6 ng/ml in the mean +/- SD, but not normalized. However, the serum level of triglyceride was decreased and both H-TGL and LPL activities were increased to 19.3 and 2.7 mumoles/ml/hour, respectively. LPL activity was increased 79% compared to the level of pretreatment. Agarose gel electrophoretic pattern of lipoprotein changed from type V to type IV and ultracentrifugal analysis showed that very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol was decreased and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were increased. PMID- 7084130 TI - Initiation of copulatory behaviour in castrated male rats implanted with very small testosterone-filled silastic capsules. AB - Adult, sexually experienced male rats were castrated and two weeks later implanted with 5 or 10 mm long testosterone-filled silastic capsules (inner diameter 1.4 mm). From the seventh up to the fourteenth week following implantation the majority of males was found to be in the state at which they initiated copulatory behaviour with proceptive (darting) females but not with passively receptive (lordotic) females. Being in this state, their copulatory performance was comparable with precastration level except the decreased frequency of intromission befor the first ejaculation. As to the precopulatory behaviour, the males displayed it even towards females which did not stimulate copulatory behaviour in these males. In all the applied measures no difference between the 5 and 10 mm capsules was revealed. The used implants were found behaviourally effective about fourteen or nineteen weeks throughout following implantation or reimplantation, respectively. PMID- 7084131 TI - Urinary oestrogens and pregnandiol in breast cancer patients. AB - Urinary E1, E2, E3 and pregnandiol were determined in 60 premenopausal and 12 postmenopausal breast cancer patients before and after mastectomy, as well as in 30 normal females. Data obtained showed great individual variation. The general findings were low oestrogens in young patients, normal in old premenopausal patients and high in postmenopausal patients. The ratio E3/E1 + E2 showed comparatively high values in premenopausal patients. Pregnandiol excretion was low in almost all premenopausal patients with the exception of few cases in the different age groups. The changes in the hormonal pattern in premenopausal breast cancer patients, before and after mastectomy, and of postmenopausal patients were discussed in view of the current literature. PMID- 7084134 TI - The presence of intracellular crystal-shaped bodies in the adrenal cortex or full term fetuses and newborns in rats. AB - The presence of crystal-shaped bodies was demonstrated in the adrenocortical cells of perinatal rats. On the basis of former histochemical evidence on similar structures, they are supposed to have contained cholesterol. The total cholesterol concentration in the adrenal was not elevated during this period. The presence of a great number of crystal-shaped bodies is supposed to be the sign of a transient change in cholesterol compartmentalisation. PMID- 7084133 TI - Studies on the critical period of neonatal life for the differentiation of sebum secretion in rats. AB - Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated at the age of 1, 3, 5, 10 or 21 days. A control group of male and female rats were also included for comparison. The secretion rate of sebum was assessed from the amount of skin-surface lipids that could be extracted by acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Sebum production increased with age, particularly in male rats. Castration of male rats at the age of 1, 3, 5, or 10 days showed no differences from female rats in sebum secretion when measured at the age of 80 days. On the other hand, male rats that had been castrated at the age of 21 days secreted significantly more sebum than female rats. PMID- 7084132 TI - Postnatal development of the circadian adrenocortical rhythm in rats with different neonatal nutrition. AB - The development of diurnal rhythm of plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels was examined in rats overfed, standardfed and underfed during the suckling period (realised by adjustment of the number of suckling pups per litter to 4, 8, and 14). The first presence of circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone was observed in 18-day-old overfed and standardfed rats, and slight delay in the manifestation of rhythm was noted in neonatally underfed animals (rhythm present in 21-day-old rats). The distinct circadian rhythm was present in 23- to 30-day-old rats. However in adult animals a significant diurnal rhythm of plasma and adrenal corticosterone content was noted in standardfed and underfed rats, whereas the variation of hormone levels was not significant in the neonatally overfed group. In young animals the peak of plasma corticosterone concentration occurred during the dark period while in adult animals it was shifted to the end of the light period. The values of amplitude of plasma corticosterone variation are increasing during the postnatal period. In weaned and adult rats the mesor values were found to be higher in neonatally underfed rats in comparison to the neonatally overfed group. PMID- 7084135 TI - Content of glucocorticoid type III receptors in tissue cytosol. AB - The Scatchard analysis was used to determine the association and dissociation constants and the number of binding sites for corticosterone over a glucocorticoid type III receptor in high-speed cytosol from liver, kidneys, heart and lungs of intact male rats after coal adsorption of endogenous glucocorticoids. The association constants for the liver, kidney, heart and lung cytosols were 0.48 X 10(10) M-1, 0.34 X 10(10) M-1, 0.175 X 10(10) M-1 and 0.96 X 10(10) M-1, respectively, and the binding site numbers 0.57 X 10(-3), 2.4 X 10( 10), 4.5 X 10(-13) and 6.4 X 10(-13) mole/mg protein, respectively. The authors have suggested a hypothesis that glococorticoid type III receptors take part in regulating the intracellular transport of glucocorticoids. PMID- 7084136 TI - Studies on the mechanisms of the epileptiform activity induced by U186661. I Gross alteration of the lipids of synaptosomes and myelin. AB - U18666A, an inhibitor of desmosterol reductase (a terminal enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), has been found to produce chronic epileptiform activity in laboratory animals. Since desmosterol might substitute for cholesterol in neuronal membranes without detriment, the present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that this drug-induced epilepsy was related to changes in other brain lipids. Chronic treatment of rat with U18666A, beginning at one day of age, resulted in pronounced decreases in the concentration of phospholipids and increases in gangliosides of brain microsomal, synaptosomal, and crude myelin fractions. Since total sterol levels were not changed, the ratio of sterols to phospholipids also increased. If drug treatment was stopped at 4 weeks of age, brain lipids of all subcellular fractions examined returned to normal levels by 8 weeks, and no epileptiform activity was detected. However, following 8 weeks of continuous treatment, epileptiform activity was present, and the changes in brain lipids were focused in the myelin fraction. Phospholipid levels and the sterol:phospholipid ratio of microsomes and synaptosomes, in contrast to myelin, were near normal; however, gangliosides were still clearly elevated in all fractions. A reported ability to induce epileptiform activity in rats by treatment with antiserum to brain gangliosides could indicate a special significance of the altered myelin and synaptic gangliosides to the U18666A induced epilepsy. We suggest that some epileptiform conditions could be directly related to alterations in the lipid composition of critical neuronal structures. PMID- 7084137 TI - Studies on the mechanism of the epileptiform activity induced by U18666A. II. Concentration, half-life and distribution of radiolabeled U18666A in the brain. AB - The concentration, half-life, and distribution in brain of U18666A, a drug that can drastically alter cerebral lipids and induce a chronic epileptiform state, was determined following both acute and chronic drug administration. U18666A specifically labeled with tritium was prepared by custom synthesis. Brain levels of 1 x 10(-6)M and higher were reached soon after giving an acute 10-mg/kg dose (i.p. or s.c.) of U18666A containing 7-3H-U18666A of known specific activity. A steady state concentration of 1 to 2 x 10(-6)M was reached with chronic injection of 10 mg/kg every 4th day, a treatment schedule that results in altered brain lipids and induction of epilepsy if begun soon after birth. The disappearance of U18666A from both brain and serum was described by two similar biexponential processes, a brief rapid clearance (t1/2 = 10 h) and a sustained and much slower one (t1/2 = 65 h). Brain levels of the drug were about 10 times higher than serum at all times examined. Few differences were seen in the regional distribution of radiolabeled drug in brain as determined by both direct analysis and by autoradiographic examination; but the drug did concentrate in lipid-rich subcellular fractions. For example, the synaptosome and myelin fractions each contained about 25-35% of both the total 3H-labeled drug and total lipid in whole brain. The lipid composition of these fractions was drastically altered in treated animals. In conclusion, the chronic epileptiform state induced by U18666A does not appear to involve localization of the drug in a specific brain region or particular cell type. Rather, the condition could involve localization of the drug in lipid-rich membranes and marked changes in the composition of these membranes. PMID- 7084138 TI - Compliance with drug therapy by epileptic patients. AB - Fifty patients with epilepsy were randomly divided into three groups and given, respectively, oral information about the nature, purpose, appearances, functions, and unwanted effects of their medications at an initial interview; the same information supplemented by its presentation in written form for the patient to take home; and the same information by telephone contact only. Compliance with anticonvulsant therapy was assessed by interview and by drug levels. The amount of knowledge retained and the drug levels were measured again 4 weeks later. While no increase in serum levels could be detected over the mean values in the first interview, no reduction in levels could be documented either, although the drug information sheets had listed both the minor and the more serious unwanted effects of the drugs. The patients' information scores improved significantly in all three groups, but the combination of data presented at interview both orally and in written form was markedly superior to the other methods. PMID- 7084139 TI - Effect of epileptogenic agents on the incorporation of 3H-glycine into proteins in the cat's cerebral cortex. AB - Filter paper strips soaked in 3H-glycine solution were applied to acoustic cortex of cats, anaesthetized with Nembutal and pretreated with epileptogenic agents (Metrazol, G-penicillin, and 3-amino-pyridine) and cycloheximide. The untreated contralateral hemisphere served as control. After 1 h incubation, both cortical samples were excised simultaneously and fixed in Bouin solution for autoradiography. Incorporation was blocked by cycloheximide. There was no glycine incorporation on the penicillin-treated side, while pyramidal cells were intensively labelled in layers II-V of the mirror focus. 3-Aminopyridine produced the same result. Metrazol as convulsant proved to be far weaker than the previous two. The intensity of incorporation was significantly more intensive in the mirror focus than in the primary one. Penicillin and 3-aminopyridine, while provoking cortical seizures, seem to inhibit glycine incorporation into a neuron specific, function-dependent protein contained by the labelled cells in the autoradiogram. PMID- 7084140 TI - Pharmacokinetics of phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) in normal subjects and in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs. AB - The pharmacokinetics of phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), a major metabolite of primidone, were investigated following administration of single oral doses (400 mg) to six normal subjects and six patients receiving chronic treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Peak serum PEMA levels were usually attained with 2-4 h after intake. The oral bioavailability estimated on the basis of the recovery of unchanged drug in the urine of normal subjects was at least 80%. Half-life values ranged from 17 to 25 h in normal subjects and from 10 to 23 h in the patients. No statistically significant difference in any of the calculated kinetic parameters could be found between the two groups. The data indicate that PEMA is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and that it is eliminated predominantly unchanged in the urine of man. PMID- 7084142 TI - Absorption of diazepam from the rectum and its effect on interictal spikes in the EEG. AB - Rectal administration of several different preparations of diazepam to a group of adult volunteer patients with epilepsy produced variable rates of absorption. Peak serum concentrations following 10 mg, 20 mg, and 30 mg of diazepam solution were achieved between 13-60 min, 10-120 min, and 30-90 min respectively. An experimental diazepam "solid solution" suppository was found to have significantly better absorption characteristics compared with the commercially available Valium suppository. Diazepam solution 20 mg was administered rectally in 10 adult epileptic patients with frequent spontaneous interictal spikes in their EEGs. A highly significant reduction in spike frequency was seen compared with placebo. The effect was most marked 10-20 min after administration of diazepam, when the mean spike count fell to 39 +/- 35 SD percent of the control value (p less than 0.01), and this corresponded with a mean serum diazepam level of 210 +2- 125 ng/ml. PMID- 7084143 TI - Proceedings of the Symposium on Target Organ Toxicity: Eye, Ear and other Special Senses. February 2-3, 1981. Arlington, Virginia. PMID- 7084141 TI - Toxoplasma, Toxocara, and epilepsy. AB - The presence of positive antibody titres to Toxoplasma and Toxocara in an adult epileptic population has been examined in relation to other observations of aetiological importance. With Toxoplasma, and more particularly with Toxocara, a higher incidence of positive antibody titres was recorded than in nonepileptic populations. Comparison with previous studies in childhood epilepsy indicate that the incidence of positive titres increased with age throughout adult life. Despite attention to the age of onset of epilepsy, presumed aetiological factors, and electroencephalographic and clinical observations, no causal relationship between parasitic infection and the aetiology of epilepsy was established. PMID- 7084144 TI - The eye and visual nervous system: anatomy, physiology and toxicology. AB - The eyes are at risk to environmental injury by direct exposure to airborne pollutants, to splash injury from chemicals and to exposure via the circulatory system to numerous drugs and bloodborne toxins. In addition, drugs or toxins can destroy vision by damaging the visual nervous system. This review describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and visual nervous system and includes a discussion of some of the more common toxins affecting vision in man. PMID- 7084145 TI - What can be learned from studying Asian health problems? AB - The National Institutes of Health, owing to its broad mandate to pursue and support acquisition of knowledge in biomedicine, is very much concerned with any investigations leading to better understanding of the causes and control of human diseases. One approach is to study health and illness in special subsets of the United States population and of populations in foreign countries. In this paper, I shall touch briefly on a number of health problems and disease-oriented research topics looked at from the special perspective of Asian and Asian American populations, hopefully to sensitize perceptions about the contributions that such studies can make to our total understanding of how best to achieve health and conquer disease. The new goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) is "Health for all by the year 2000." "The aim is to enable all people of the world to attain an acceptable level of health and to lead a socially and economically productive life". (1). PMID- 7084146 TI - Toxicology of chloral hydrate in the mouse. AB - Chloral hydrate has been found in our drinking water supplies at levels up to 5 micrograms/1. The purpose of this study was to evalute the acute and subchronic toxicology of chloral hydrate in the random-bred CD-1 mouse, to provide data for risk assessment. The acute oral LD50 of this compound was 1442 and 1265 mg/kg in male and female mice, respectively. Acute toxicity appeared to be related to depression of the central nervous system. Fourteen-day exposure by gavage in male mice at doses 1/10 and 1/100 the LD50 caused an increase in liver weight and a decrease in spleen weight at the highest dose level. Based on the data derived from 14 days of exposure, a 90-day study was performed. The compound was delivered via the drinking water; levels of the compound delivered per day were equivalent to those dosed in the 14-day study. The target organ in both sexes appeared to be the liver, with the males most affected. Male mice demonstrated a dose-related hepatomegaly accompanied by significant changes in serum chemistries and hepatic microsomal parameters. The females did not demonstrate the hepatomegaly observed in males, but did show alterations in hepatic microsomal parameters. No other significant toxicological changes were observed in either sex following 90 days of exposure. PMID- 7084147 TI - Olfaction: anatomy, physiology and behavior. AB - The anatomy, physiology and function of the olfactory system are reviewed, as are the normal effects of olfactory stimulation. It is speculated that olfaction may have important but unobtrusive effects on human behavior. PMID- 7084148 TI - Alterations in nerve and muscle compound action potentials after acute acrylamide administration. AB - The early deficits of neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide were examined in rats by comparing nerve and muscle action potentials before and 24 hr after exposure to acrylamide (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg). No changes were seen in the nerve action potential amplitude or duration. The 25 mg/kg dose produced a more variable nerve conduction velocity. There was also a significant broadening of the muscle compound action potential. Neither of these effects were seen in the fasted controls. However, the lengthening of the relative refractory period of the muscle action potential was highly correlated with losses in body weight in the treatment groups and was identical to changes seen in control animals which were fasted for 24 hr. The slowed conduction of the muscle action potential may be a precursor of the nerve terminal damage which results from chronic exposure. Changes in the muscle refractory period, on the other hand, appear to be secondary to the loss in body weight which accompanies acrylamide administration. PMID- 7084149 TI - Children's blood lead levels in New Haven: a population-based demographic profile. AB - This report presents the geometric mean blood lead levels of an 80% cross sectional sample of children aged 1-72 months in New Haven, Connecticut. Blood lead levels were related to age, sex and race. It was found that age and race were independently important sources of variation in blood lead levels. Sex of children in this age group was not related to differences in blood lead levels. The highest geometric mean blood lead levels occurred in children between 25 and 36 months of age. Black children had higher levels than white or Hispanic children. PMID- 7084150 TI - A study of acute respiratory disease in families exposed to different levels of Air pollution in the Great Salt Lake basin, Utah, 1971-1972 and 1972-1973. AB - The reported incidence of acute respiratory illness in families exposed to different concentrations of air pollution was studied during two consecutive school years. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of increased exposure to sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter. In each of four study communities, the mothers of approximately 250 white families were contacted biweekly to obtain information regarding the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in each family member. Annual mean ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations in one community for the three years included in the study (1971-1973) were well above the current air quality standard of 80 micrograms/m3, while in the other three communities the annual sulfur dioxide concentrations were much lower (usually less than 40 micrograms/m3). Suspended particulate matter concentrations in high sulfur dioxide community were close to the limit designated by the annual standard (75 micrograms/m3) but actual exposures in the four communities probably were not excessive. Regression analyses of the data collected showed inconsistent associations between illness rates and educational attainment of the head of household, crowding in the home, bronchitis in parents or smoking of parents. However, once the effects of these factors were removed the adjusted rates showed little association with community of residence. It was concluded that the higher concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the Utah atmosphere could not be the cause of increases in acute respiratory illness in the exposed populations. PMID- 7084153 TI - Embryology of the eye. AB - A brief description of the basic patterns of mammalian development of the eye is presented based on events as they occur in human beings. The emphasis is not on the details of this development, but rather on its organization and timing, with a figure of comparative development providing a comparison of similar events in man, rat, mouse, and chick. PMID- 7084152 TI - Structure and function of the somatosensory system: a neurotoxicological perspective. AB - The somatosensory system comprises those elements of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) subserving the modalities of touch, vibration, temperature, pain and kinesthesia. Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. Several features of the somatosensory system render regions of it vulnerable to a wide variety of toxicants. The present report highlights these features and , furthermore, suggests that analysis of these regions is invaluable in studying the three most common varieties of toxic neuropathy: toxic distal axonopathy, toxic myelinopathy and toxic sensory neuronopathy. PMID- 7084151 TI - Cytotoxicity and ciliostasis in tracheal explants exposed to cadmium salts. AB - Cadmium salts were examined for their biological effects on ciliated respiratory epithelium in hamster tracheal explants. Cadmium chloride and cadmium acetate both caused significant decreases in ciliary motion when tested at 100 micrograms M and above. Reductions in relative ciliary activity were dose-dependent and were first demonstrable at 8-32 hr. The decreased ciliary motion was accompanied by decreases in two key metabolic compound (ATP and dehydrogenase) which are normally associated with cell viability. Histopathological examination of cadmium treated tissues showed an epithelium thinner than normal, with extensive vacuolization and few, if any, intact ciliated cells. The various biological effects exerted by cadmium are presented, along with potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for the observed ciliostasis and cytonecrosis. Decreases in adenosine triphosphate appear to play a critical role in the development of cadmium-related effects on cellular function and metabolism. PMID- 7084154 TI - Laboratory methods of assessing hearing loss. AB - Methods for assessing hearing loss in human loss in human and in animal are reviewed with special reference to the use of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BSEP). The technique of recording and digital filtering of BSEP is described and compared with the results obtained by use of traditional analog filtering. The use of electrophysiological methods in assessing threshold shifts in studies of the effect of noise exposure on hearing in experimental animals is described for examples of results obtained in rats. PMID- 7084155 TI - Structure and function of the ear and auditory nervous system. AB - The transduction from sound vibrations to a nerve ending stimulus takes place in the organ of Corti. This process, resulting from fluid particle movement of a magnitude equivalent to the dimensions of the electron cloud around an atom, involves more than a simple deformation of the sensory cell. The fluid environment of these cells must be such that it provides sufficient oxygen and nutrients for the cells' survival and at the same time maintains a condition to enhance the biophysical process. The spiral capillaries beneath the tunnel of Corti furnish the metabolites for the Cortilymph surrounding the sensory cells. The capillaries of the stria vascularis provide this structure, an organ in its own right, so that it can maintain the high potassium concentration and positive potential of endolymph which are necessary for the transduction process. The stria vascularis itself and its blood supply and the sensory cells and their blood supply are all vulnerable to attack by various toxic agents, thus altering the homeostatic condition and resulting in a hearing loss. PMID- 7084156 TI - The carcinogenic effect of aromatic amines: an epidemiological study on the role of o-toluidine and 4,4'-methylene bis (2-methylaniline) in inducing bladder cancer in man. PMID- 7084157 TI - Evaluation of mutagenic activity of cooking oil vapors by mouse sperm abnormality test. PMID- 7084158 TI - The effects of oil, dispersant, and emulsions on the survival and behavior of an estuarine teleost and an intertidal amphipod. PMID- 7084161 TI - Calculation of potential bias in the odds ratio illustrated by a study of saccharin use and bladder cancer. PMID- 7084160 TI - Aryl sulfate formation in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) ingesting marine algae (Fucus distichus) containing 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene. PMID- 7084159 TI - Chronic inhalation study of mice subjected to diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. PMID- 7084162 TI - Metabolism of orally administered naphthalene in spawning English sole (Parophrys vetulus). PMID- 7084163 TI - Further studies on inhaled endotoxin-containing bacteria. PMID- 7084164 TI - Pulmonary NO2 toxicity: phosphatidylcholine levels and incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. PMID- 7084165 TI - Pulmonary tissue and cigarette smoke. 1. Cellular response to hydrocortisone. PMID- 7084166 TI - The relationship of environmental lead to blood-lead levels in children. PMID- 7084167 TI - Cadmium effect on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in rat livers with respect to differences in age and sex. PMID- 7084168 TI - Neurological abnormalities in chronic benzene poisoning. A study of six patients with aplastic anemia and two with preleukemia. PMID- 7084169 TI - An in vitro system for studying the effects of ozone on mammalian cell cultures and viruses. PMID- 7084170 TI - The biological effects of ozone on representative members of five groups of animal viruses. PMID- 7084171 TI - Respiratory effect of 2-hr exposure to 1.0 ppm nitric oxide in normal subjects. PMID- 7084172 TI - Effect of in vitro exposure to hydrogen sulfide on rabbit alveolar macrophages cultured on gas-permeable membranes. PMID- 7084173 TI - Equine exercise physiology. PMID- 7084174 TI - Radiographic examination of the equine stifle. AB - A radiographic technique is described for the equine stifle joint with the horse in the standing position or under general anaesthesia. The method with the animal anaesthetised in the dorsal recumbency and the leg extended was preferred because it gave greater flexibility with a better range of views and greatly reduced the safety hazards. In the standing position a useful practical tip for the lateral view was to raise and extent the limb caudally. This provides some flexion and ventral movement of the stifle allowing improved access for the cassette, a more accurate lateral view of the joint and a reduction in exposure. Some of the features of radiographic anatomy, from birth to adulthood, of this rather complex joint are described to form a basis for radiological interpretation in cases of suspected stifle lameness. PMID- 7084176 TI - Veterinary acupuncture--the state of an art. PMID- 7084175 TI - Stifle lameness in the horse: a survey of 86 referred cases. AB - The clinical and radiological characteristics of stifle lameness in 86 horses are described. The majority of these cases had been lame for some weeks before referral. The most frequent diagnoses made were osteochondrosis dissecans (13 per cent) and subchondral bone cyst (38 per cent). Both of these conditions were seen principally in Thoroughbreds at or before the onset of training. The other bone lesions encountered were osteoarthritis (3 per cent), fractures (4 per cent) and "epiphysitis" (1 per cent). The commonest soft tissue condition was an atypical or partial upward fixation of the patella (15 per cent), ligamentous/meniscal damage comprised 12 per cent of the cases and the remaining 13 per cent were attributed to non-specific strain of the stifle joint. Treatment in most of these chronic stifle injuries consisted of a period of rest followed by a gradual return to exercise; in some cases this was combined with a short course of a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The prognosis in most cases of osteochondrosis dissecans was grave to hopeless, while the majority of the horses with a subchondral bone cyst improved clinically after an extended period of rest (ie, 6 months). Ligamentous/meniscal damage usually responded satisfactorily to rest, provided there was no gross tearing or rupture of the structures involved. The outcome in cases of chronic osteoarthritis was always poor and these cases did not respond satisfactorily to analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication. PMID- 7084177 TI - Clinical and radiological aspects of stifle bone cysts in the horse. AB - Thirty-three cases with subchondral bone cysts in the stifle are reported. The condition was most commonly seen in young Thoroughbreds and produced intermittent lameness of varying degree. Radiographically distinct areas of radiolucency were found in the distal femur or proximal tibia adjacent to the femorotibial joint. Lesions were usually unilateral but 5 horses had cysts in both stifles. The cases could be divided into 2 distinct groups. Horses in Group A (28 cases) had a large circular or dome-shaped cyst in the medial femoral condyle with a distinct communication with the femorotibial joint. In Group B (5 cases) the cysts were much more variable in shape, size and location. The common sites were the distal femur adjacent to the intercondyloid fossa or the proximal tibia just beneath the tibial spine. No evidence of radiological signs typical of osteochondrosis dissecans were seen in any of the cases. All the horses were treated conservatively with a 6 month rest period out at grass, followed by a gradual return to full training. Fourteen horses were re-examined 4 to 33 months after the initial examination and none of them showed disappearance of the cysts. There was a tendency to increased radiodensity of the cyst in some cases but this was only to a minor degree. The outcome of the 2 groups was different. In Group A just over half (14) made a complete recovery while a further 5 returned to full work although some persistence of mild lameness was still present. In Group B only one case was reported to have made a successful return to full work. PMID- 7084178 TI - Subchondral cystic and related lesions affecting the equine pedal bone and stifle. AB - Twenty-nine horses were examined over a period of 8 years and found to have cystic lesions in the stifle (14 cases) or pedal bone (15 cases). The lesions are described and illustrated with radiographs. In the stifle 12 lesions were found on the femoral condyles (11 medially and one laterally) and 10 were typical subchondral cysts. One lesion was observed in the tibia and 3 in the patella. Bone cysts wee found unilaterally in the pedal bone (14 in the forelimbs and one in the hindlimb). All but 2 of the horses with lesions in the stifle or pedal bone were lame. The only treatment was rest. For the stifle lesions, the prognosis was reasonable for young horses but poor for those over 4 years of age; for the pedal bone lesions the prognosis was guarded. Trauma is advanced as the most likely major aetiological factor. PMID- 7084179 TI - Management of slab fractures of the third tarsal bone in 5 horses. AB - Five cases of fracture of the third tarsal bone in racehorses are reported. A method of surgical correction employing a cortical bone screw is described in 2 cases. Healing of the fractures was followed radiographically. Surgical repair permitted both horses to return to competition. The 3 cases treated conservatively suffered a prolonged healing time and excessive new bone formation. They were unable to return to training due to persistent lameness. PMID- 7084180 TI - Non-ossifying fibroma in phalanx of a thoroughbred yearling. PMID- 7084181 TI - Traumatic fractures of the equine hock: a report of 13 cases. AB - The clinical features, radiographic findings, management and outcome in 13 cases of traumatic fracture of the hock joint are reported. The principal fracture sites were the distal tibial malleoli (5 cases), the fibular tarsal bone (4 cases), the tibial tarsal bone (3 cases) and the proximal end of metatarsal IV (one case). An additional small chip fracture of the central tarsal was noted in 2 cases. Three horses were destroyed immediately after diagnosis, 2 failed to recover following surgical intervention and one remained lame and was destroyed after 3 months' rest. Seven horses recovered completely and returned to work following periods of rest ranging from 3 to 9 months. The fracture involved the lateral or medial malleolus in 5 of these cases and the fibular tarsal in the other 2. PMID- 7084182 TI - Time relationship between the respiratory cycle and limb cycle in the horse. AB - Techniques developed for the detection and simultaneous recording of certain events in the respiratory and limb cycles are presented. The respiratory cycle and limb cycle were found to be in-phase only at the canter and gallop. The significance of any time relationship between events in respiration and in locomotion is discussed. PMID- 7084183 TI - Observations on the potential role of oesophageal radiography in the horse. AB - Radiological features of the oesophagus of 7 normal horses and 13 with oesophageal lesions are described. The use of barium sulphate as a contrast agent and the techniqes of its administration are discussed. It is suggested that chronic intermittent oesophageal impaction with food material was a predisposing factor in the development of a localised oesophageal dilation in 3 horses and that one other probably resulted from an injury. A similar dilatation was seen which resulted from oesophageal constriction by a vascular ring. Megaoesophagus was seen in 2 ponies associated with grass sickness and a third case had a more localised ares of dilatation in the distal thoracic oesophagus. Other abnormalities recognised included slow passage of food material through the cranial oesophagus which was seen in 3 horses; one as a sequel to a laryngoplasty operation, the second was the probable result of chronic aerophagia and the third was a congenital abnormality. Oesophagoscopy was found to be a useful adjunct to radiography in the diagnosis of oesophageal disorders in horses. PMID- 7084184 TI - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anatomical cardiac studies. AB - An abattoir survey on horses diagnosed as suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on clinical grounds showed that the right ventricular wall thickness was not significantly different from that of normal horses. However, the weight ratio between the left and right ventricles was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) different in COPD affected, compared with control, horses in a study of 17 physiologically and pathologically confirmed COPD cases, using ventricular weight measurements. No clinical evidence of right heart failure nor post mortem evidence of right heart dilatation was observed in any COPD affected animals. It is suggested that the low incidence and degree of cor pulmonale in equine COPD may be related to the reversibility of the pulmonary hypertension associated with this disease. PMID- 7084186 TI - Heart score and performance ability in the United Kingdom. PMID- 7084185 TI - Body fluid concentrations of ampicillin trihydrate in 6 horses after a single intramuscular dose. AB - Six adult mares were given a single dose of ampicillin trihydrate (250 mg/ml) intramuscularly at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid and urine ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48 h period. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration was 2.49 micrograms/ml at 6 h. Ampicillin was found in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak ampicillin concentrations of 1.65 micrograms/ml and 1.81 micrograms/ml at 6 h and 4 h respectively. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were still detectable at 48 h. Urine concentration of ampicillin was relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 1364.9 micrograms/ml at 4 h. PMID- 7084187 TI - Biliary atresia in a foal. PMID- 7084188 TI - Penetrating thoracic wound in a Hackney mare. PMID- 7084189 TI - Tendon fibromas in 2 horses. PMID- 7084190 TI - Utilising nitrogen in the feed. PMID- 7084191 TI - C equi vs R equi: change the name but not the condition. PMID- 7084192 TI - The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of "dehydration" in the horse. AB - Osmolality is an indication of the osmotic pressure of plasma and depends on the amount of solute and solvent (water) present. The mean (+sd) plasma osmolality of 100 clinically normal animals was 282 (+6) mOsm/kg using lithium heparin as anticoagulant. The equation, osmolality=1.86 (sodium + potassium) +glucose +blood urea nitrogen + 9, was found to predict only crudely plasma osmolality. The plasma sodium: osmolality ratio was 0.49. Water and electrolyte disorders are classified into 3 types based on the measurement of electrolytes and osmolality: (1) Hypertonic dehydration (true dehydration desiccation), osmolality greater than 300 mOsm/kg, associated with water deprivation, some gastrointestinal emergencies and some types of diarrhoea; (2) hypotonic dehydration (acute desalting water loss), osmolalities less than 260 mOsm/kg, associated with acute diarrhoea, particularly salmonellosis; (3) isotonic dehydration (normal electrolyte and osmolality levels), in horses losing electrolytes and water in almost equal proportions. The importance of these observations and their significance in rational clinical management are discussed. PMID- 7084193 TI - Experimental subacute foal pneumonia induced by aerosol administration of Corynebacterium equi. AB - Subacute pyogranulomatous pneumonia was experimentally induced in 3 neonatal foals following multiple challenge with aerosols containing Corynebacterium equi. On each of 7 consecutive days the foals were exposed to approximately 3.5 X 10(7) viable C equi in droplets small enough to reach the terminal airways. Clinical, pathological and bacteriological features of the induced syndrome were indistinguishable from those exhibited by cases with spontaneous subacute C equi foal pneumonia. Radiographic evidence of advanced pulmonary damage preceded the appearance of clinical signs and ante mortem cultures were not consistent in determining the presence of C equi infection. As observed in spontaneous cases of C equi foal pneumonia, there was lymphocytic hyperplasia in the T-dependent paracortical areas of bronchial lymph nodes and spleen, and granulomatous pulmonary lesions. These histological changes suggested predominant stimulation of cell-mediated immune processes in C equi infected foals. Lesions were restricted to the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes and C equi was recovered from each foal's lung tissue at necropsy; the organism was also cultured from the trachea, mediastinal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and caecal contents of one foal and from the liver of another foal. Three control foals exposed to saline did not develop evidence of pneumonia. PMID- 7084194 TI - Surgical arthrodesis for the treatment of bone spavin in 20 horses. AB - During a 3 year period 20 horses with bone spavin were treated by surgical arthrodesis of the affected joints. The horses chosen for surgery were those with osteoarthritis, but with little or no evidence of periostitis. Whenever possible they were examined periodically during the postoperative period to evaluate the lameness and to assess the progress of ankylosis by radiography. Three of the horses were still lame 12 months later. The remainder returned to normal work, although one subsequently developed spavin in the other hock and was destroyed. The earliest return to soundness was 3 1/2 months, the longest 10 months (average 5 1/2 months). PMID- 7084195 TI - Equine abortion associated with Enterobacter agglomerans. PMID- 7084196 TI - Evidence of maternal antibodies to Babesia equi and B caballi in foals of seropositive mares. PMID- 7084197 TI - Biochemical constituents of cerebrospinal fluid in premature and full term foals. AB - Total protein content and a variety of enzyme activities and electrolyte values were determined in 73 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 66 horses and ponies. The foals (48) were divided into 3 categories-spontaneously delivered normal foals (Group A), full term induced normal foals (Group B) and premature induced non-surviving foals (Group C). CSF samples from a group of 18 normal adults (Group D) were included for comparison. Paired serum and CSF samples were collected on 32 occasions and subjected to similar analyses. CSF sodium and chloride were always higher than serum sodium and chloride; the reverse occurred with potassium. The CSF protein and enzyme levels were always lower than corresponding serum values. The foals had higher total protein and creatine kinase in CSF than the adults, except for Group C (non-survivors) which had significantly lower creatine kinase than either of the other 2 foal groups. Creatine kinase values tended to fall towards adult levels over 40 h post partum. It was also noted that foals with both high total protein and creatine kinase in CSF, compared with adult values, had a better chance of survival than those with high total protein but low creatine kinase. PMID- 7084198 TI - Selenium status of thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom. AB - The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was measured in the erythrocytes of 600 Thoroughbred horses in training; the selenium concentrations in whole blood and serum was measured in over 80 of these Thoroughbreds. A quadratic relationship was demonstrated between erythrocyte GSH-Px and whole blood or serum selenium concentration. There was no significant difference in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, or gamma-glutamyl transferase in the serum of Thoroughbreds with high erythrocyte GSH-Px activity (more than 25 u/ml) when compared with those with low erythrocyte GSH-Px activity (less than 15 u/ml). PMID- 7084199 TI - Haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in endurance horses during training. AB - Eleven horses were studied throughout a 12 week training schedule. Serial blood samples were taken for haematological analysis and an extensive biochemical profile, including the following parameters: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, iron, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, calcium phosphate and cholesterol. There were few significant changes detected and it was concluded that routine haematological and biochemical screening has no useful role in assessing the fitness of horses under these conditions. PMID- 7084200 TI - Protein utilisation in response to caecal corn starch in ponies. AB - The influence of administering caecal corn starch (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 g/kg body weight/day) on protein utilisation in 4 ponies was analysed with a latin square experimental design. The basal diet was dehydrated alfalfa pellets. Determinations were made of nitrogen retention, protein and dry matter digestions, total plasma protein, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma ammonia and plasma free amino acids. Twice daily administration of corn starch into the caecum resulted in an increased nitrogen retention (P less than 0.01). Maximum nitrogen retention was observed with the caecal administration of 0.4 g/kg bwt of corn starch/day. Nitrogen retention expressed as percentage of the nitrogen absorbed was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) when corn starch was caecally administered. Digestion coefficients for dry matter and protein tended to be higher in ponies receiving the corn starch. Values of blood urea nitrogen in ponies administered the 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 g levels were 7.74, 6.47, 5.36 and 7.39 mmol/litre, respectively. Total plasma protein concentration was not changed by treatment. A lower plasma ammonia level was observed at the 0.4 g/kg bwt treatment level when corn starch was administered via the caecum. A trend toward an increase in plasma essential amino acid concentrations of isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine, arginine and threonine were observed with ponies receiving caecal corn starch. Likewise, non-essential amino acid concentrations of tyrosine, serine, proline and glycine were also elevated. A slight increase in glycine concentration was observed at the 0.2 g/kg bwt treatment level. These results suggest that the administration of corn starch into the caecum resulted in more efficient utilisation of nitrogen by the large intestine. PMID- 7084201 TI - Survey of equine hydatidosis in Great Britain. AB - A survey of 1141 horses and ponies, for the presence of hydatid infection, was carried out at an export meat plant near Bristol. Lesions were attributed carefully by morphological, histological and immunological examinations and assessed by flame cell activity. All available detail concerning the animals was recorded. The surveys in the literature were assessed for the criteria on which their figures were based and were compared with the findings of this present survey. Attention was drawn to the apparent discord between the results of some surveys and others. PMID- 7084202 TI - Fracture of the tibial tuberosity in a polo pony. PMID- 7084203 TI - Alopecia associated with hypothyroidism in a horse. PMID- 7084204 TI - Headshaking caused by a maxillary osteoma in a horse. PMID- 7084205 TI - Traumatic oesophageal rupture in the horse. PMID- 7084206 TI - Arthrocentesis in the horse. PMID- 7084207 TI - External and internal attentional environments. I. The utilization of cardiac deceleratory and acceleratory response data for evaluating differences in mental workload between machine-paced and self-paced work. PMID- 7084208 TI - External and internal attentional environments. II. Reconsideration of the relationship between sinus arrhythmia and information load. PMID- 7084209 TI - Sleep loss, recovery sleep, and military performance. PMID- 7084210 TI - Chronic disease prevalence in Ethiopian bank employees. PMID- 7084211 TI - Medical disease in the elderly Ethiopian. PMID- 7084212 TI - Pattern of cardiovascular diseases among adult hospitalized Ethiopians. PMID- 7084213 TI - Renal amyloidosis in adult Ethiopians. PMID- 7084214 TI - Salivary gland tumours in Ethiopia. PMID- 7084215 TI - Schistosomiasis in Gambela, Western Ethiopia. PMID- 7084216 TI - Schistosoma haematobium in Welega, Western Ethiopia: a report on 3 cases. PMID- 7084217 TI - Generalised ichthyosis hystrix: a case report. PMID- 7084218 TI - The Kellersberger Memorial Lecture, 1981. The general situation of leprosy in the world. PMID- 7084219 TI - Glucocorticoid hormones have a permissive role in the phosphorylation of L-type pyruvate kinase by glucagon. AB - The incorporation of [32P]phosphate into L-type pyruvate kinase in response to glucagon was studied in hepatocytes isolated from control and adrenalectomized rats. In control cells, pyruvate kinase phosphorylation was maximally stimulated by 210% by glucagon. Adrenalectomy reduced both the basal extent of phosphorylation and the response to glucagon to 25% of those measured in control hepatocytes. This impaired pyruvate kinase phosphorylation was associated with altered kinetic properties of L-type pyruvate kinase. Glucagon injected in vivo (1 mg/kg) into adrenalectomized rats did not increase the substrate-co operativity of L-type pyruvate kinase. These results suggest a molecular basis for the well-recognised glucocorticoid hormone-dependence for the stimulation by glucagon of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Further effects of this defective enzyme regulation on hepatic metabolism are suggested by the observation that adrenalectomy abolished the ability of glucagon to inhibit hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis both in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 7084220 TI - Synthesis and characterization of neurotensin analogues for structure/activity relationship studies. Acetyl-neurotensin-(8--13) is the shortest analogue with full binding and pharmacological activities. PMID- 7084221 TI - Processing of a chloroplast-translated membrane protein in vivo. Analysis of the rapidly synthesized 32 000-dalton shield protein and its precursor in Spirodela oligorrhiza. AB - The 32 000-dalton (Da) shield protein regulating electron transport in Spirodela oligorrhiza is an integral chloroplast membrane polypeptide. It is rapidly synthesized, constituting a major chloroplast-translation product in vivo. Following in vitro translation of spirodela chloroplast RNA in a wheat germ system, a 33 500-Da polypeptide is produced. Synthesis of a 33 500-Da protein, associated with the chloroplast membrane, is also seen in vivo, within 2 min of pulse-labeling spirodela with radioactive amino acids. Comparative analyses among these polypeptides reveal: (a) all three are deficient in lysine residues; (b) the two 33 500-Da species have indistinguishable partial proteolytic digestion patterns while that for the 32 000-Da protein differs only slightly from them; (c) radioactivity from the 33 500-Da polypeptide is rapidly chased in vivo into the 32 000-Da protein, even in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. These results show the 33 500-Da proteins synthesized in vitro and in vivo to be the precursor form of the 32 000-Da shield protein in spirodela, with processing commencing only after completion of the precursor polypeptide chain and insertion into the membrane. PMID- 7084223 TI - The distribution of ubiquinone-10 in phospholipid bilayers. A study using differential scanning calorimetry. AB - The thermal behaviour of mixed aqueous dispersions of ubiquinone-10 with dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine, dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine or egg phosphatidylcholine has been examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Ubiquinone-10 was found to undergo a series of thermal transitions in the heating process in the temperature range 290-300 K prior to a major melting endotherm at 317 K. The temperature of this endotherm was unaltered when the coenzyme was codispersed with phospholipid but enthalpy determinations showed that up to about 5% (mol/ol) and 20% (mol/mol) of ubiquinone-10 was removed from the transition in mixtures with dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl derivatives of phosphatidylcholine respectively. Likewise the pre-transition and main endothermic transitions of the saturated phospholipids were largely unperturbed by the presence of ubiquinone-10 but up to 22% (mol/mol) and 8% (mol/mol) of the dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl derivatives of phosphatidylcholine respectively were removed from the endotherm. These data suggest that at molar percentages less than 20% ubiquinone-10 a high proportion of the coenzyme is molecularly mixed within the phospholipid bilayer but as the proportion increases there is a greater tendency for the coenzyme to form aggregates that display typical melting and crystallization behaviour. PMID- 7084222 TI - pH and temperature dependences of thermolysin catalysis. Catalytic role of zinc coordinated water. AB - The pH dependences of kcat/Km, kcat and Km of thermolysin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-furylacryloylglycyl-L-leucinamide (Fua-Gly-LeuNH2) and N-furylacryloylglycyl-L phenylalaninamide (Fua-Gly-PheNH2) were investigated. Taking the buffer dependences into account, the kcat/Km profile was explained by a simple bell shaped curve with pKa1 = 5.0 and pKa2 = 8.25, at 25 degrees C. Both kcat and Km increased with pH at lower pH and took larger values for Fua-Gly-LeuNH2 than for Fua-Gly-PheNH2 at 25 degrees C. The pH dependence of inhibitory actions by amino acids and dipeptides, such as carbobenzyloxy-L-phenylalanine and L-phenylalanyl-L leucinamide, showed characteristic features depending on their charge states: anionic or neutral ones inhibited the enzyme more strongly at lower pH while cationic ones did so at neutral pH. Temperature dependences of kcat/Km, Ki and the two pKa values in the kcat/Km profile were measured. The kcat/Km showed non linear dependence while Ki increased linearly with temperature on a logarithmic scale. The calculated delta H values of deprotonation for pKa1 and pKa2 were 33.4 kJ/mol and 35.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The value for pKa1 is too large to be assigned to the carboxylic group of Glu-143, in contrast to the generally accepted view. A mechanism for thermolysin catalysis is presented with particular emphasis on the binding specificity and the catalytic role of zinc-coordinated water. PMID- 7084224 TI - A new polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Separation of small peptides and proteins in a volatile buffer system after modification with a strongly acidic fluorescent NH2 reagent. AB - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is one of the most efficient methods for separation and identification of proteins. A new gel electrophoresis system has been developed in order to facilitate both separation and extraction of peptides and proteins ranging in molecular weight from approximately 200 up to 100 000. This system involves the use of a volatile buffer, triethylamine/formic acid pH 11.7, and a reaction with a covalently binding NH2 reagent, 1,3,6 trisulfonylpyrene 8-isothiocyanate. Under these conditions, the addition of strongly negative charges to proteins is achieved which allows migration according to molecular weight. The modified proteins being fluorescent require neither fixation nor staining for their detection. This is an absolute requirement especially when dealing with small peptides. An additional advantage of such a modification is the increased solubility of the proteins which makes their extraction easier and more efficient. THe extracted proteins are easily freed from salts and other small molecules simply by evaporation and they are readily available for sequencing analysis using Edman degradation, carboxypeptidase digestion or amino acid analysis. PMID- 7084225 TI - The chemical structure of lipid A. Demonstration of amide-linked 3-acyloxyacyl residues in Salmonella minnesota Re lipopolysaccharide. AB - In Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide the lipid A backbone, a substituted diphosphorylated beta 1,6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide molecule, carries approximately seven residues of fatty acids: one each of dodecanoic, hexadecanoic, D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic and D-3-O-(tetradecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid in ester linkage and two of D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkage. In the present study it is shown that treatment of the lipopolysaccharide with alkali at elevated temperature leads, through a beta-elimination reaction, to the generation of amide-bound delta 2-tetradecanoic acid. This suggested that the 3 hydroxyl group of amide-bound hydroxy fatty acids carried a substituent. To elucidate the nature of the substituent, free Salmonella lipid A was methylated with methyl iodine in the presence of silver salts followed by mild acid hydrolysis, a procedure which is known to cleave amide (and not ester) bonds selectively. In the hydrolysate, by means of combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry the methyl esters of 3-O-(dodecanoyl) tetradecanoic and 3-O-(hexadecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid were identified. This shows that in lipid A amide-linked 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues are 3-O acylated by dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid, respectively. Quantitative analyses suggest that the Salmonella lipid A backbone is substituted by four D-3 hydroxytetradecanoyl residues, two being present as esters and two as amides. The nonhydroxylated fatty acids are not bound directly to the backbone. Rather, they are attached to hydroxyl groups of 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues: specifically, tetradecanoic acid substitutes ester-bound and dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. PMID- 7084226 TI - Peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferases in alkane-grown yeast Candida tropicalis. AB - Two types of carnitine acetyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.7) were first isolated from a microorganism, alkane-grown yeast Candida tropicalis. Carnitine acetyltransferase activity was induced in the alkane-grown cells, reaching about twenty times higher than that in the glucose-grown cells. Localization of the enzyme activity was demonstrated, at least, in peroxisomes (microbodies), profusely occurred in the alkane-grown cells, and in mitochondria. Peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferases could be separated using the method of DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography and both types were found to exist in the alkane-grown cells of C. tropicalis. Each carnitine acetyltransferase was purified using Sephadex G-200, Sepharose 6B, DEAE-Sephacel and Blue-Sepharose CL-6B. In DEAE Sephacel chromatography, peroxisomal carnitine acetyltransferase was eluted below 0.15 M KCl concentration and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase above 0.15 M KCl concentration. Except for the localization, little difference was observed in their kinetic properties, substrate specificity and so on. These two carnitine acetyltransferase preparations were only specific to acetyl and propionyl groups, the substrate specificity not being so broad as that of carnitine acetyltransferase obtained from mammalian tissues. Roles of these carnitine acetyltransferases in alkane metabolism in yeast are also discussed. PMID- 7084227 TI - Regulation of the biosynthesis of CoA at the level of pantothenate kinase. AB - 1. Pantothenate kinase, which is present in cytosol, was studied in preparations from livers of rats fed normal or clofibrate-enriched diets. Effects of CoA, dephospho-CoA and different acyl-CoA derivatives on this enzyme activity were examined in vitro. 2. With partially purified pantothenate kinase or crude particle-free supernatant from the liver of normal or clofibrate-treated rats, Km for pantothenic acid was 0.016 mmol/l at the pH optimum 6.1. 3. Acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and other short-chain acyl-CoA derivatives were strong inhibitors of pantothenate kinase, with Ki in the range 0.001-0.003 mmol/l. The mechanism of inhibition appeared to be of an uncompetitive type. 4. Free CoA has been held to be the main regulator of pantothenate kinase. We found, however, that free CoASH, dephospho-CoA and long-chain acyl-CoA (with Ki 0.003-0.08 mmol/l) were less efficient inhibitors than acetyl-CoA. 5. With pantothenate kinase from clofibrate-treated animals, all inhibitors were less potent. This was most pronounced when the enzyme was assayed in a crude supernatant fraction, possibly because the inhibitors were degraded and/or protein bound. Such a reduction of normal inhibition may contribute to the increased biosynthesis of CoA previously observed during clofibrate treatment. 6. Fasting or diabetes leads to an increase of long-chain acyl-CoA and total CoA in the liver. The increase of CoA has been explained by increased acylation of CoA, and thereby reduced feed back inhibition by free CoASH at the pantothenate kinase level. We propose another explanation. In these metabolic states, the cytosolic pool of acetyl-CoA is decreased. Since pantothenate kinase is present only in the cytosol, its activity will be released and the biosynthesis of CoA will increase. 7. Acetyl CoA is probably a more important physiological regulator of pantothenate kinase activity than is free CoASH. PMID- 7084228 TI - Identification of ribophorins in rough microsomal membranes from different organs of several species. AB - Microsomes prepared from several animal sources were analyzed for the presence of proteins corresponding to the ribophorins (I and II) which have been previously characterized in rat liver rough microsomes and appear to be involved in the binding of polysomes to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In rough microsomal membranes from rat lacrimal gland, rabbit liver, dog and chicken pancreas, and mouse myeloma, ribophorin-like polypeptides with similar electrophoretic mobilities were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In all cases the polypeptides remained associated with sedimentable polysomes after solubilization of the microsomal membranes with nonionic detergents. Ribophorin-like polypeptides were absent from smooth microsomes. Antibodies raised against each rat liver ribophorin, purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitated only the corresponding polypeptide, indicating no crossreactivity between ribophorins I and II. These antibodies also immunoprecipitated the homologous ribophorins found in microsomal preparations from other organs and species. PMID- 7084229 TI - Isolation and characterization of new collagens from chick cartilage. AB - Three unique collagen chains were isolated from chick sternal cartilage following pepsin solubilization of total cartilage collagens and removal of the predominant type II collagen by fractional salt precipitation. Native molecules containing 1 alpha, 2 alpha and 3 alpha chains precipitated between 0.7 M and 1.2 M NaCl at acidic pH and could be purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and agarose columns. Although similar to mammalian 1 alpha, 2 alpha and 3 alpha chains, differences in the mobilities on sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, CNBr peptide profiles and amino acid composition were found. The 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains resemble, but are structurally distinct from, the chick alpha 1(V) and alpha 2(V) chains. The 3 alpha chain appears to be closely related to the alpha 1(II) chain, although some differences in the cyanogen bromide peptides suggest that they might be different gene products. In addition, two collagenous fragments of Mr 140 000 (M1) and 35 000 (M2) were found which precipitated at 2.0 m NaCl at acidic pH. Both fragments contain interchain disulfide bonds. The larger fragment was reducible to subunits of approximate Mr 120 000, 48 000, 28 000 and 11 000. The smaller fragment gave rise to peptides of Mr about 12 000 and 10 000 after reduction. By the technique of rotary shadowing the native, unreduced larger fragment M1 appeared as a slender rod-like molecule with a distinct bend approximately 40 nm from one end. We interpret this finding as indicative of a focal amino acid sequence irregularity, disrupting the triple helical conformation. PMID- 7084230 TI - Metal-binding properties of calmodulin. AB - Metal-binding properties of calmodulin have been studied by using trivalent lanthanide ions as analogs of Ca2+. In agreement with a report published as this work was in progress [Kilhoffer, M.-C., Demaille, J. G., and Gerald, D. (1980) FEBS Lett. 116, 269-272] we found that sites I and II are the high-affinity sites, while sites III and IV are the low-affinity sites for Tb3+. Competition experiments suggest the same preference in binding also applies to Ca2+. With calmodulin selectively nitrated at either of the two tyrosine residues we found that, although both tyrosine groups can transfer energy to the bound Tb3+, the fluorescence of only Tyr-138 is sensitive to metal binding. Direct excitation of bound Eu3+ ions using a laser indicates that all four sites possess very similar microenvironments. These studies demonstrate that the binding properties of calmodulin are different from those of the homologous protein troponir C. PMID- 7084232 TI - Activity of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia) in isolated rat-liver mitochondria: cycling of carbamoyl phosphate in the absence of ornithine. AB - 1. When NH3 was added to isolated rat-liver mitochondria incubated with succinate and bicarbonate, oxidation of succinate was stimulated to a greater extent than could be accounted for by the net formation of carbamoyl phosphate. 2. Measurement of the rate of incorporation of [14C]bicarbonate into carbamoyl phosphate, after the mitochondria had been preincubated with NH3 and unlabelled bicarbonate, revealed that flux through carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia) was much greater than the net formation of carbamoyl phosphate indicated. 3. It is concluded that part of the carbamoyl phosphate produced in the absence of ornithine is degraded. About 20% of the degradation can be accounted for by non enzymatic reactions of carbamoyl phosphate outside the mitochondria. It is proposed that the remainder of the degradation of carbamoyl phosphate occurs by partial reversal of the reaction of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. PMID- 7084231 TI - An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. AB - A strain of Alcaligenes faecalis T1, which was isolated from activated sludge, excreted an extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase as it grew in a medium containing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as the sole carbon source. The molecular weight of the enzyme, purified from the culture medium to electrophoretic homogeneity, was 48 000 as determined by Sephadex G-100 filtration, and 50 000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The pH optimum for the enzyme reaction was 7.5. The purified enzyme depolymerized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) purified from Zoogloea ramigera 1-16-M, but did not attack the bacterial native poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) containing granules. Km values were 13.3 micrograms/ml (= 0.78 microM, based on an estimated average molecular weight of 17 000) for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and 5.4 mM for the trimeric ester of D(--)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. Analysis of hydrolytic products of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), several oligomeric esters of D(- )-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and the methyl ester of the trimeric ester indicated that the enzyme hydrolyzed these substrates from the free hydroxyl terminus, releasing D(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate dimer units one at a time. PMID- 7084233 TI - The accuracy of CT-determined femoral neck anteversion. PMID- 7084234 TI - Transvenous xeroarteriography of the supraaortic vessels. PMID- 7084236 TI - Hepatic telangiectasia in Osler's disease treated with arterial embolization. Report of 2 cases. AB - Hepatic hereditary telangiectasia in 2 females was treated with hepatic artery embolization. In one patient both peripheral and central arterial occlusion was performed; the patient died of massive gastro-intestinal bleeding for 2 months later. Autopsy showed extensive regions with necrosis in the right liver lobe. In the next patient only central occlusion of the right hepatic artery was performed and the arterio-venous shunting in the left liver lobe left remaining. After a long reconvalescence period the patient recovered completely. It is advocated to centrally occlude only that hepatic artery supplying the most affected parts of the liver in Osler's disease. Thus extensive necrosis with possible ensuing death may be avoided. PMID- 7084235 TI - Phlebography of the sella turcica by a trans-sphenoidal technique. Pilot experiments in cadavers. PMID- 7084237 TI - CT diagnosis of aortic graft infections. PMID- 7084238 TI - Comparison of diatrizoate and barium sulfate bowel markers in clinical CT. PMID- 7084239 TI - Indication for, and valuation of computed tomography following anterior resection of the rectum. AB - During a controlled study, 55 patients who had an anterior resection of the rectum were thoroughly examined, including by computed tomography. The results verified the following statements: 1. The use of CT as a screening-method for early detection of local tumour recurrence following anterior resection of the rectum appears not to be justified. 2. CT is indicated: a) if there is a laboratory or clinical suspicion of recurrence, despite normal findings on proctoscopy; b) to clarify the question of extramural extension if recurrence has been established by proctoscopy. 3. Following anterior resection of the rectum, CT normally demonstrates no remarkable development of scar tissue, unless the anastomosis is inadequate. 4. Following anterior rectal resection every indefinable tissue thickening in the pelvis must be considered a possible tumour recurrence and must be further investigated by needle biopsy. PMID- 7084241 TI - Ischaemic colitis associated with carcinoma of the colon. AB - In a retrospective study of one hundred and seventy patients with ischaemic colitis, we found eight patients with partially obstructive carcinoma of the colon located distally, seven located in the sigmoid and one in the splenic flexure. The frequency of this association (1-4.7% in the literature and 5.3% in our series) requires careful examination by radiologist and surgeon. The radiologist should be alert to the association of ischaemic damage proximal to an obstructive colorectal cancer. The surgeon must examine any colonic segment removed for carcinoma in order to exclude an ischaemic process in the area of the anastomosis and prevent leakage at the anastomosis or stricture formation. PMID- 7084240 TI - Oesophagitis caused by oral ingestion of Aptin (alprenolol chloride) durettes. PMID- 7084242 TI - Sphenoid sinus fluid level in skull-base fractures. AB - The value of a sphenoid sinus fluid level in the diagnosis of a skull-base fracture was studied in two materials: one of 41 accident victims who died from brain injury an had their skull-base fracture verified at autopsy; and another of 36 patients with a sphenoid sinus fluid level visible on their emergency skull radiographs. The inclusion of sphenoid fluid in the diagnostic criteria for skull base fracture improved the diagnostic accuracy from about 65% to about 80%. The false positive cases were caused by facial fractures. The false negative cases mainly occurred among severely ill patients, who had a small amount of sphenoid fluid and suboptimal radiographs. PMID- 7084244 TI - Computed tomography of the adrenal glands. AB - Whole body CT opens a third dimension-in addition with the advantage of being a non-invasive method with relatively negligible risk. Both, the normal CT findings of the adrenal gland and the normal variants in shape and position are described. With help of morphometry and image processing measurements of the size of the adrenal gland of 20 healthy patients were made and are listed; not only the respective normal variants but also hypo-hyperplasia are pointed out. Some examples are suitable for the illustration of pathologic conditions, such as inflammation and benign and malignant primary and secondary neoplasis. Finally, the value of adrenal gland CT is discussed with reference to the other radiologic methods. PMID- 7084243 TI - Pseudocystic pheochromocytoma associated with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Case report. AB - The authors report a case of a large pseudocystic pheochromocytoma, which initially was operated on and histologically diagnosed as a pancreatic pseudocyst. After recurrence, a multilocular cystic tumor was found both by ultrasonography and CT. ERCP demonstrated a cut-off of the pancreatic duct. Re operation revealed a cystic adrenal tumor anastomosed to the stomach. The operation was complicated by a hypertensive crisis and a subsequent subendocardial infarction. In the preoperative period the patient had continuous diarrhea and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis was demonstrated by double contrast barium enema. The pneumatosis disappeared within three months but a recurrent tumor appeared. The importance of CT in the preoperative work-up of upper abdominal lesions is emphasized, as atypical cystic masses may cause differential diagnostic problems in surgery or even in localized biopsies, while CT would give a better overall view of the tumor. PMID- 7084245 TI - The lumbar spinal canal in children. Part III: Development of the lumbar spinal canal in relation to the development of the lumbar vertebral bodies. PMID- 7084246 TI - Sonographic demonstration of Cruveilhier-Baumgarten (CB) syndrome. Problems of differential diagnosis and nomenclature. AB - The term "CB syndrome" comprises the presence of umbilical vein collateral circulation due to portal hypertension associated with cirrhosis or other recognizable structural anomalies of the liver. Usually the dilated remnant of the umbilical vein is the main collateral pathway. Demonstration of this structure not only indicates the presence of portal hypertension but also that the underlying obstruction is intra- or posthepatic rather than prehepatic. This paper reports sonographic visualization of CB syndrome in 23 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Questions of differential diagnosis and nomenclature are discussed with respect to developmental and anatomical preconditions. PMID- 7084247 TI - Computerized ultrasound echo tomography of the breast. AB - An experimental reflection ultrasound computer tomography (UCT) system is presented for in vitro examination of test objects and excised organs. The computer-assisted reconstruction of digitally stored conventional B-ultrasound scans to a compound scan yields considerably better images than the single scan. It could be demonstrated that the spatial resolution in the reflection UCT scan approximates the theoretical limit of the axial resolution of the beam (pulse duration). Echographic contrast is greatly increased and sonographic speckle reduced. The potential of this new imaging modality for sonographic breast diagnosis is demonstrated on various postoperative breast specimens. The possible complementary role of reflection UCT to both conventional pulse-echo techniques and transmission UCT is discussed. PMID- 7084249 TI - Computed tomography of appendiceal mucocele and peritoneal pseudomyxoma. PMID- 7084250 TI - Tuberous sclerosis: bone and lung changes mimicking metastatic malignancy. PMID- 7084248 TI - Computed tomography of pulmonary thromboembolism. AB - Twenty-one consecutive cases of clinically suspected pulmonary thromboembolism were investigated by radiographic studies, isotopic lung scans and computed tomography. As early as 1976 in 17 of 21 cases morphological details were found not recognizable on lung radiographs but visualized on CT scans. This included peripheral changes (e.g. wedge-shaped densities with its broad base against a peripheral pleural surface and with its tip pointing to the parahilar area) suggesting pulmonary infarction and central defects consistent with central embolic masses or thrombi in pulmonary arteries of 1st through 3d order. This material is unique since it-to our best knowledge-represents the first indirect and direct visualization of pulmonary thromboembolism and infarction made by CT. PMID- 7084251 TI - Association of renal angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma: preoperative diagnosis. PMID- 7084252 TI - Evaluation of iopamidol in coronary angiography in the rabbit. PMID- 7084253 TI - The synthesis of elastin, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans by high density primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle. An ultrastructural and biochemical study. AB - Primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells inoculated at high densities (1 X 10(6) cells/25 cm2 Falcon flask) with adequate nutrient media and pH control grow rapidly and form multilayers of cells with typical "hill and valley" organization. After 10 days growth insoluble elastin formation could be visualized by phase contrast microscopy as small particles which grew rapidly to become larger irregular refractile aggregates and later coalesced to form larger aggregates and small fibres. With light and electronmicroscopy, elastin was the predominant matrix protein formed, with the "hill regions" of cultures containing abundant elastin aggregates and some collagen. In 2-week-old cultures differentiation could be observed within the cell multilayer. The older deeper cells contained more protein synthesis organelles and myofilaments and were in close association with large often coalescing elastin aggregates; compared to younger more superficial cells which contained more free polyribosomes less myofilaments, and were associated with fewer and small elastin aggregates. In older cultures this differentiation was not apparent; the cells contained many myofilaments, dense bodies, and lysosomes. Elastin aggregates and newly formed elastic fibres were abundant in the matrix. Quantitative analysis of insoluble elastin formation in the cell layer during the 4-week culture period indicated continuous biosynthesis and deposition which paralleled that of desmosine formation. Amino-acid analysis of a hot alkali insoluble residue (regarded as elastin) from 30-day-old cultures gave a profile identical with neonatal rat aortic elastin in vivo. Insoluble collagen formation in the cell layer tended to plateau after the log phase of growth was completed (10 days). Proteoglycans were found predominantly in the supernatant media. Glycosaminoglycan analysis revealed a profile of dermatan sulphate (32%), chondroitin 4-sulphate (43%), keratan and heparan sulphate (30%), with only a trace of hyaluronic acid. This study indicates that primary cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells remain differentiated in culture and have the unique capacity to continue to synthesize and deposit large amounts (mg) of insoluble elastin which aggregate and from elastic fibres in vitro. PMID- 7084255 TI - Differential lectin binding to mammalian keratinocytes and melanocytes in vitro. AB - Guinea pig melanocytes and keratinocytes in primary mixed epidermal cell cultures were investigated as to their differential lectin binding capacities. Cultures were exposed to a battery of fluorescent (FITC and TRITC) lectins and lectin derivatives for ultrastructural visualization (HRP-labeled lectins for a one-step technique and biotinylated lectins followed by avidin-HRP in a two-step technique). Most of the lectins bound to both melanocytes and keratinocytes. Lectins with specificity for N-acetyl-galactosamine and terminal D-galactose bound only to keratinocytes; melanocytes were reactive, though, at contact sites of dendrites with keratinocyte cell bodies. Ulex europaeus (specific for L fucose) bound to neither melanocytes no keratinocytes. Neuraminidase pretreatment restored the capacity of melanocytes to bind all lectins except Ulex europeaus. It is concluded that the melanocytes receptor sites for N-acetyl-galactosamine and terminal D-galactose are masked by sialic acid residues; they appear to emerge, though, under conditions of cell-to-cell contact as in the course of pigment transfer. Masking and demasking processes may therefore bear a functional significance. PMID- 7084254 TI - Effects of griseofulvin on fertilization and early development of sea urchins. Independence of DNA synthesis, chromosome condensation, and cytokinesis cycles from microtubule-mediated events. AB - Griseofulvin (4-6 X10-5 and 1 X 10-4 M) prevents the formation of any microtubule based structures of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Lytechinus variegatus, Arbacia punctulata) eggs at fertilization. Sperm incorporation occurs, though the migrations of the pronuclei, dependent on the formation of the sperm aster, are arrested. Similarly in "streak" and the mitotic apparatus fail to assemble. Cycles of DNA synthesis, chromosome activity, nuclear breakdown and reconstitution, and even cleavage attempts occur on schedule in the absence of any mitotic movements. The action of griseofulvin, unlike that of colchicine, is readily reversible by the removal of the drug. Microtubules are formed, and the chromosome are separated. At 1 X 10-6 M, diminutive microtubule-based structures (e.g. sperm aster, mitotic apparatus) are observed though syngamy and division are arrested. These results demonstrate an independence of the cycle of microtubule-mediated events from other cyclical processes during the first cell cycles. PMID- 7084256 TI - Two decades of atrial tumour. PMID- 7084257 TI - Platelet counts and aggregates in coronary artery disease. PMID- 7084259 TI - Serum myoglobin determinations in the assessment of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7084258 TI - Segmental analysis of stress thallium 201 scintigraphy for the diagnosis and localization of coronary artery disease. PMID- 7084260 TI - Incidence and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction among men below age 40 in Goteborg, Sweden. PMID- 7084262 TI - The influence of subsequent cigarette smoking habits on causes and mode of death in survivors of unstable angina or myocardial infarction. PMID- 7084261 TI - Myocardial infarction in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 7084263 TI - Double ventricular response in dual AV nodal pathways mimicking supraventricular as well as ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7084265 TI - Multifactorial trial in the prevention of coronary heart disease: 2. Risk factor changes at two and four years. PMID- 7084264 TI - Echocardiographic estimation of left atrial size from the apical view. PMID- 7084266 TI - Myocardial damage with life-threatening arrhythmia due to a scorpion sting. PMID- 7084267 TI - Physical and physiological work in treadmill testing compared with other types of ergometry. PMID- 7084268 TI - New formulas for the calculation of effective renal plasma flow. AB - Estimation of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) can be made easily, inexpensively, and accurately by means of a single plasma concentration determination, sampled 44 min after injection of 131I-orthoiodohippurate (OIH). We originally established predictive regression equations based on a series of patients with a wide variety of diseases and a few normal potential kidney donors. The equation best fitting that data was parabolic in form and assumed a negative slope when high ERPF rates were encountered. This problem has been corrected by deriving new equations (parabolic and exponential) based on an expanded series which includes a large number of subjects with high ERPF. Errors of estimation are lower than those of the more classic para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearances and well within the exigencies of clinical practice. PMID- 7084269 TI - A rapid quantitative method for the preparation of 123I-iodo-hippuric acid. AB - The labelling of o-iodo-hippuric acid (hippuran) with 123I by several methods was investigated with a view to producing a simple one-step kit preparation. The requirements for the final product are high labelling efficiency and high radiochemical purity. A method which incorporates CuSO4 . 5H2O as a catalyst was found which gave promising preliminary results. Such variables as pH, mass of CuSO4 . 5H2O, volume of 0.02 N NaOH containing the 123I, reaction temperature and time were investigated in detail and optimum values obtained. The results have led to the production of a kit which can be stored for up to 3 months in liquid form and up to 9 months if freeze-dried. The kit has been used in several thousand patients and has yielded consistently good clinical results. PMID- 7084270 TI - Deposition of small 99mTc-labelled colloids in bone marrow and lymph nodes. AB - The degree of deposition of small-particle colloids such as 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloids (ASC-group) and 99mTc-rhenium colloid (Tc-Re) in the bone marrow and lymph node was studied. H-ASC that was prepared in our laboratory was concentrated to a higher degree both in the bone marrow and lymph nodes, compared with other colloids. The H-ASC were mostly from 5 to 12.5 nm and the shape was uniform and spherical. The degree of deposition of Tc-Re in rabbit lymph nodes was not higher, however, the label was considered to be valuable clinically. The degree of deposition of Tc-Re in the bone marrow was not satisfactory. The size of Tc-Re was much smaller than H-ASC, ranging from 3 to 5 nm. From these results, it is considered that factors affecting deposition in the marrow are not identical to those in the lymph nodes. PMID- 7084271 TI - Gallium-67 uptake in cutaneous sarcoidosis. AB - A case of abnormally increased gallium-67 uptake by cutaneous lesions in sarcoidosis is reported. The patient also had active sarcoidosis in lungs, periaortic lymph glands, salivary, and lachrymal glands. PMID- 7084272 TI - 99mTc labeled red blood cells versus gamma-phlebography in diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. PMID- 7084273 TI - Electron microscopic studies of the synovial-cartilage junction in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The synovial membrane-articular cartilage junction has been studied with electron microscopy in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Material came from specimens taken at synovectomy operations in the majority in an attempt to avoid far advanced disease. Comparisons were made with osteoarthritic tissue and with one normal control case (a meniscectomy). The process of cartilage destruction in RA appears to be multifactorial in origin. The pannus showed to distinct appearances being either cellular and usually vascular, or more fibrous in appearance. These may be two phases of the one process. There was evidence of collagenase activity in junctional cells and for deeper chondrocytes playing a role of polymorphs, a cell given considerable emphasis for cartilage destruction from biochemical studies. Nutritional factors may also be involved and the invasion of rheumatoid granulation tissue may be provoked by chemotaxis from immune complexes in the cartilage surface. The place of a substance similar to tumour angiogenic factor remains uncertain from morphological evidence. The separate phases of the reaction between synovium and cartilage means that responses to various anti rheumatic drugs may vary widely, and this fact should be appreciated by those testing drugs experimentally. PMID- 7084274 TI - Inflammatory involvement in osteoarthritis and lessons to be learnt from animal models. AB - In a series of 40 rabbits knees experimentally induced osteoarthritis was produced by removal of the lateral or medial meniscus. Ligamentous injury accentuated changes seen in the hyaline cartilage. Within 8 weeks of meniscectomy increased radioisotope uptake was detected by scintigraphy in osteoarthritic knees. At 26 weeks radiological features of osteoarthritis were seen. Scanning electron microscope studies showed surface change on the femoral condyles and tibial plateaux within 4 weeks of meniscectomy and these became progressively more pronounced over the ensuing 18 weeks. PMID- 7084275 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of benoxaprofen in subjects with normal and impaired renal function, prediction of multiple-dose kinetics. AB - The pharmacokinetic profile of benoxaprofen given as a single oral dose of 600 mg was determined comparatively in 5 healthy volunteers and in 15 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency (5 of whom were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis). In normal subjects, the half-absorption period (Ka) was 0.63 hours. A mean maximum concentration of 47.3 micrograms/ml could be predicted at 3.6 hours after the dose intake. Serum level decrease was particularly slow. The overall elimination rate constant, Ke, was 0.0234(h-1) and biologic half-life amounted to 28.8 hours. Values for total clearance (Ct=4.8 ml/min/1.73 m2) and renal clearance (Cr=1.6 ml/min/1.73 m2) were low. Of the administered dose of benoxaprofen, 13.9% was recovered in the urine over a 24-hour period. Renal insufficiency did not induce major changes in pharmacokinetic parameters. Under such conditions, it seems advisable to reduce the dose to one-half only in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 10-20 ml/min/1.73 m2. Predicted serum levels theoretically achieved after repeated administration of a 600-mg dose of benoxaprofen every 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours were calculated. From this evaluation, it appears that therapeutically effective and adequate levels could be obtained after administration of a 600-mg dose every 12 ot 24 hours. PMID- 7084276 TI - Phototoxicity to benoxaprofen. AB - Photosensitization to benoxaprofen has been studied in human volunteers. The wavelengths that mediate the reaction lie mainly just outside the sunburn range in the near ultraviolet, UVA region including, however the terminal portion of the UVB region. The photosensitivity reaction begins with sharp burning during exposure, sometimes accompanied by itching. This may be followed by erythema and a flare, which generally fade in about one hour or less. High doses of ultraviolet light can elicit whealing. Photosensitivity to benoxaprofen is typically an immediate-type, short-lived reaction, dominated by subjective sensations of burning-smarting and redness. With large UVA doses, a sunburn-type reaction may also be present at 24 hours. The photosensitivity is of the phototoxic type. It may appear within 48 hours of starting the drug and usually disappears with 48 hours after stopping. The population most at risk are type 1 and type 2 light-skinned persons who burn easily and tan poorly. Pigmented races are quite resistant, viz, blacks and orientals. Dark-skinned type 4 Caucasoids, such as Mexicans, Indians, etc., have high innate protection. Deep tanning and SPF 15 sunscreens provide adequate protection. PMID- 7084277 TI - The phototoxic effects of benoxaprofen and their management and prevention. AB - During clinical trials with benoxaprofen, some patients noted burning and stinging in the skin when exposed to light and some developed onycholysis. A four part prospective study was undertaken. During the first part of the study it was demonstrated that (1) benoxaprofen is associated with a hypersensitivity to long wave-length ultraviolet light (UVA). During the remaining three parts of the study, patients were exposed to very high doses of UVA light in order to try to induce a photosensitivity response. These studies demonstrated that (2) the symptoms of burning and stinging in the skin and signs of erythema and induration after very high-dose UVA exposure (30 Joule) may be prevented by the prophylactic application of a factor 15 sunscreen; (3) exposure to sunlight is required for the development of onycholysis in patients on benoxaprofen; and (4) the development of onycholysis was prevented by the regular use of a nail polish containing sunscreen. A commercially available, colored, opaque nail polish also would be expected to provide protection from onycholysis. PMID- 7084278 TI - A profile of the gastric ulcerogenic activity of benoxaprofen compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats, stressed or given alcohol, and in pigs. AB - The effects of single or multiple oral administration of benoxaprofen on the gastric mucosa of stressed and unstressed rats and pigs were compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The results showed that benoxaprofen had low ulcerogenic activity when compared with other drugs of low (e.g. azapropazone, fenclofenac) or high (e.g. aspirin, diclofenac, indomethacin) ulcerogenicity. The low ulcerogenicity of benoxaprofen observed in rats also was confirmed in ten-day studies in pigs. Benoxaprofen showed relatively little interaction with physical stress (in rats exposed to cold). Likewise, no enhancement in ulcerogenicity was observed in experimentally induced disease stress states (i.e. in adjuvant arthritis rats), or following acute or chronic oral administration of alcohol, given concurrently with the drug. Little gastric mucosal damage was observed following acute or chronic parenteral (subcutaneous or intraperitoneal) administration of the sodium salt of benoxaprofen to stressed (cold, 4 degrees C) or unstressed rats. This observation combined with evidence of good absorption of the drug suggests that the relatively low ulcerogenicity of benoxaprofen may be due to its intrinsic biochemical properties. The low activity of benoxaprofen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis may be one factor contributing to this low ulcerogenic activity. PMID- 7084280 TI - Rater reliability in reading PA films of hands for bone and cartilage changes in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the rater reliability for scoring osseous defects (articular erosions) and joint space narrowing (cartilage destruction) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The experiments show that two raters, using different techniques, obtain similar scores; the scores differing primarily by a multiplicative factor. A single rater achieves reproducible results under similar conditions. But with a change in reading technique, such as using a magnifying lens and intense light, the same rater obtains a change in scores. The problems of measurement must be carefully examined for any proposed measurement technique. The superficial objectivity and precision of a measurement scale are less important than its objectively and precision of a measurement scale are less important than its objectively evaluated reliability. Comparing alternative procedures is a statistical problem, and can be subjected to suitable statistical analysis to evaluate alternatives. PMID- 7084279 TI - Radiographic studies of the effect of benoxaprofen on bone damage in the adjuvant arthritic rat. AB - The ability of benoxaprofen to suppress bone damage associated with adjuvant induced arthritis in rats was studied radiographically over a 49-day period. Benoxaprofen was administered orally at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg. Treated and control groups of rats were examined at seven-day intervals from 14 through 49 days. Benoxaprofen showed significant suppression of bone damage at all time intervals. Benoxaprofen was compared in a radiographic bone study with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Benoxaprofen at doses of 10-40 mg/kg/day orally, administered from days 15 to 39 of the disease, was more effective in suppressing bone damage exhibiting toxic effects than other agents. This modification of the experimental disease process by benoxaprofen may be due in part to its reported ability to suppress monocyte migration into inflammatory sites. PMID- 7084282 TI - Second benoxaprofen symposium. At XV International Rheumatology Congress, Paris, June 1981. PMID- 7084283 TI - Studies on leucocyte-drug interaction with benoxaprofen. AB - Studies of the preferential action of benoxaprofen on the movement of mononuclear leucocytes have been extended to include human cells, and the positive correlation between human and animal findings is discussed. Benoxaprofen also affected the increased response of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt of rat mononuclear cells stimulated by addition of latex particles but did not inhibit the same metabolic pathway in polymorphonuclear cells. The small effects on phagocytosis by unelicited mononuclear cells did not correlate with the partial inhibition of their HMP shunt by benoxaprofen. Attempts to explain these findings in terms of drug binding were undertaken. High affinity and low affinity binding of benoxaprofen to mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells were found to occur. Overall, the amount of benoxaprofen bound to mononuclear cells was greater than that bound to polymorphonuclear cells. PMID- 7084281 TI - An update on long-term efficacy and safety with benoxaprofen. AB - Studies with benoxaprofen in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, conducted in more than 2000 patients, continue to demonstrate its safety and effectiveness. In long-term, double-blind, parallel studies, benoxaprofen administered as a single daily dose was more efficacious than multiple daily doses of aspirin or ibuprofen. Significant clinical improvement was apparent after one week of benoxaprofen therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Additional improvement was noted after 6 and 12 months of therapy. Discontinuation due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects was substantially lower for benoxaprofen than for aspirin or ibuprofen. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the rheumatoid factor titer, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced in the benoxaprofen patient group. The incidence of drug-related peptic ulcer disease was 7 in 2204 (0.3%). No other serious gastrointestinal effect was attributable to benoxaprofen. The incidences of drug-related phototoxicity and onycholysis were 9.4 and 12.5%, respectively. These data suggest that benoxaprofen has a superior and perhaps different therapeutic profile than aspirin or ibuprofen. PMID- 7084284 TI - The pharmacokinetics of benoxaprofen in elderly subjects. AB - Benoxaprofen plasma profiles were obtained in two groups of elderly female patients. A single dose of benoxaprofen, either 600 mg or 300 mg, was given and blood levels were measured daily to 120 hours. Mean peak plasma levels were reached at five hours following the 600-mg dose and at seven hours after the 300 mg dose. Elimination half-lives calculated from levels during 36-120 hours resulted in means of 111 hours and 86.4 hours for the 600-mg and 300-mg doses respectively. (Normal subjects, 30 to 35 hours.) Because of these extended half lives, a further study was conducted following a single 600-mg dose to four more patients. Blood vessels were measured up to 504 hours (21 days). This resulted in a means half-life of 147.9 hours calculated from levels during 168-504 hours. Although serum creatinine levels ere not generally above the normal for this age group, calculated creatinine clearances were considerably reduced. It is concluded that the high plasma benoxaprofen levels achieved, combined with the slow clearance rates and long half-lives, indicate that it may be possible to work is needed to determine whether this prolonged half-life is matched by an equally prolonged therapeutic effect. PMID- 7084285 TI - Pharmacokinetic studies of benoxaprofen in geriatric patients. AB - Benoxaprofen plasma profiles were obtained in 10 elderly patients (mean age 77 years) suffering from osteoarthritis and various underlying diseases. Blood levels were measured over a 17-day period. Benoxaprofen, 600 mg, was given daily for the first 10 days. The mean peak plasma concentration on Day 1 occurred three hours after the fasting dose. Mean plasma levels on Days 2-10 showed a continuing rise with no indication that a steady-state level was achieved. Elimination half lives calculated from plasma levels on Days 12-17 resulted in a mean of 101 hours in these elderly patients. This is a substantial increase compared with normal subjects (half-life 30 to 35 hours). Most haematologic and biochemical results were judged to be within the usual range for this type of elderly patient (A.K.) No evidence of renal impairment due to the treatment was shown. The higher benoxaprofen concentrations and the long elimination half-life show evidence of accumulation in the elderly, probably due to several causes, including poor bowel motility and decreased renal clearance common with increasing age. The recommended dose may require modification in geriatric patients. PMID- 7084286 TI - An interaction study between benoxaprofen and digoxin. AB - The influence of maintenance therapy with benoxaprofen, 600 mg daily, on digoxin steady-state plasma levels was studied in 12 patients with rheumatic disease. No difference could be shown during concomitant therapy or after withdrawal of benoxaprofen (p greater than 0.10 and p greater than 0.90, respectively). Toxic concentrations were not observed. There were no changes in renal function values. PMID- 7084288 TI - Arthritis in the elderly. AB - In old age, particularly in those over the age of 75 years, the disease process is operating in a unique setting. The awareness of this uniqueness has been slow in coming to the attention of the medical profession but the weight of clinical experience imposed by demographic change in the population has made this an urgent consideration. Arthritis presents in a setting where there are multiple ageing or degenerative features and it occurs frequently in conjunction with other diseases. Early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance in the elderly because of the many interacting factors and the fragile 'milieu interieur'. Judicious use of drugs with close monitoring is essential if the patients's well being is to be improved and the morbidity reduced. Joint disease, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis make a significant contribution to disability and dependence in the elderly and have certain features which are more common than those found in the younger age groups. PMID- 7084287 TI - Clinical pharmacology of benoxaprofen. AB - Eating does not modify benoxaprofen blood concentrations. Combining benoxaprofen with tolbutamide does not significantly change plasma glucose, insulin, or tolbutamide concentrations. Probenecid, by blocking renal tubular secretion of benoxaprofen, increases the benoxaprofen half-life and decreases its renal clearance and urinary excretion. Excretion rate is halved in patients with severe renal impairment. Hemodialysis inefficiently lowers benoxaprofen plasma concentrations. Neither glomerular nor renal tubular function is affected by benoxaprofen, even after five years of therapy. The incidence in urine of microscopic spheroids (benoxaprofen glucuronide complexes) is related to urinary drug concentration and osmolality; increasing the fluid intake decreases incidence. PMID- 7084289 TI - Therapeutic considerations in prescribing for elderly patients. AB - A review of some of the problems which occur in prescribing for the elderly is presented. Three quarters of the population over 75 years of age are taking some form of medication, and 12.4% of admissions to Departments of Geriatric Medicine are admitted at least in part because of some adverse reaction to their drug treatment. The presentation of drugs, drug compliance, the absorption, metabolism and elimination of drugs, related to the effects of ageing and disease in old age are discussed, and used to argue that the elderly present special problems in therapeutics, and that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies should be carried out specifically in the elderly on all drugs. PMID- 7084290 TI - A study of repeated administration of fenbufen in patients with chronic rheumatic disorders and renal impairment. AB - Male and female patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis with normal renal function or with renal impairment were treated in hospital with 300 mg of fenbufen 8 hourly for fourteen days. Concentrations of fenbufen and its principal metabolites were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography on days 0, 7, 10 and 14 and also four days after discontinuation of the drug. Renal impairment does not produce cumulation of either fenbufen or its major metabolites in the plasma. The metabolite profile of the drug was similar to that observed in patients with normal renal function. PMID- 7084291 TI - Fenbufen in patients with gastric intolerance. AB - Forty-one patients with inflammatory or degenerative arthritis and a history of gastric disturbance on other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, or of peptic ulceration were treated with fenbufen 600-1200 mg dialy, and followed up for 3-17 months in an open study. Twelve patients withdrew because of lack of effect of the drug on the arthritic symptoms. Four patients withdrew because of non gastrointestinal side effects. Three patients withdrew because of continuing dyspepsia. Twenty-two patients continued on fenbufen without dyspepsia or evidence of gastro-intestinal bleeding for 3-17 months (mean 8.3 months). These results suggest that fenbufen can be tolerated by patients with a history of gastro-intestinal disturbance on other NSAIDs, and that a larger controlled study would be warranted. PMID- 7084292 TI - Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of 900 mg fenbufen in the elderly. AB - A single oral dose of fenbufen 900 mg was administered to 12 elderly volunteers, average age 81 years. The plasma levels of fenbufen and its major metabolites were measured at intervals over 72 hours following dosing. Results were compared with previously obtained data from young healthy volunteers. No significant differences were seen, after corrections from body weight, between the two groups for fenbufen and 2 of its metabolites. The mean serum levels in the elderly of biphenylacetic acid were significantly higher at 36 hours and 48 hours than the means at these times in the young group. This was not thought to be clinically significant. The terminal half lives for fenbufen and its major metabolites were not significantly prolonged compared with young volunteers. PMID- 7084293 TI - A survey of peptic ulcers associated with NSAIDs. AB - A five year retrospective analysis of endoscopically proven peptic ulceration related to the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was carried out in the Island of Jersey. The results were compared with those of a control group of patients who had not been taking these drugs. Analysis of the data showed a high incidence of pre-pyloric and pyloric rim ulcers in those patients taking NSAIDs, and this was particularly evident in elderly females. Additionally, combined ulcers (i.e. ulcers in two or more anatomical sites) were more prevalent in the patients taking NSAIDs, and such induced ulcers were more liable to bleed and require surgery. The author poses a number of questions to which answers may be found in a more controlled prospective study into the phenomenon. PMID- 7084294 TI - The development and testing of fenbufen. AB - While looking for new and safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) chemists at Lederle Laboratories isolated three compounds, on the basis of animal tests for anti-inflammatory activity, for further screening. Two of these turned out to be metabolites of the third. The parent drug, fenbufen, was found to be inactive in in vitro tests and was thought to be a pro-drug requiring metabolism to produce activity in vivo. This hypothesis has been shown to be correct and further toxicity testing and clinical trials have confirmed the low incidence of gastro-intestinal effects and clinical efficacy of fenbufen in osteo and rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7084295 TI - UK general practitioners experience of fenbufen in elderly patients. PMID- 7084296 TI - Ultrastructural changes of the subendocardium in ischemic and cardioplegic states before and after reperfusion. AB - Unprotected and preserved myocardial ultrastructures were analyzed in prepump and postreperfused states. The experiments were divided into three groups: group 1 - normal hearts functioning 60 min in a special heart-lung model; group 2 - hearts with 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of normothermic ischemia plus 60 min of recirculation; group 3 - hearts with 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of hypothermic cardioplegia plus 60 min of recirculation. Anoxic hearts could be set in motion, but after longer anoxia the symptoms of stone-heart regularly appeared. Reperfusion induced grave ultrastructural changes both in the energy system (mitochondrial edema, rupture and lysis of cristae) and myofibrils (hypercontraction, elongation, Z line anomalies). Cardioplegic hearts showed a dynamic recovery. However, after reperfusion, characteristic sporadic signs of ischemia could always be demonstrated. PMID- 7084297 TI - Clinical use of new linear temperature probes in isolated hyperthermic perfusion of the limbs. PMID- 7084299 TI - Recovery of gastric acid after vagotomy with and without a drainage. AB - This study tests the possibility that the difference in acid reduction after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective gastric vagotomy with a drainage (SGV + D) could be explained by differences in the secretion recovered rather than by real secretory differences. A method for estimating the completeness of aspiration during gastric function tests using the isotope Na251CrO4 as an inert marker is described. The method was used in patients with the two types of vagotomy and the recovery of gastric secretion was more complete after PCV (89.7%) than after SGV + D (75.1%). This difference may substantially account for the apparent difference in reduction of acid secretion after the two operations. The pyloroplasty supplementing the SGV is probably responsible for a pyloric loss causing a lower recovery after this operation. PMID- 7084298 TI - Effect of hypovolemic hypotension on plasma proteins and hepatic energy status in jaundiced rabbits. AB - Changes in plasma proteins and hematocrit (Ht) were studied in jaundiced rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension induced by the modified method of Wiggers and compared with changes in the hepatic energy status. At 48 h after common bile duct ligation, jaundiced rabbits showed hypoalbuminemia and a lower hepatic energy charge (EC), (ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP+ADP+AMP). 30 min after induction of hypovolemic hypotension, in order to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg, 86% of the blood collected in the reservoir (about 19% of the normal whole blood volume) had to be successively reinfused over a 2-hour period. Despite increases in Ht and plasma total protein (p-TP) occurring in parallel with the reinfusion, plasma albumin (p-Alb) and the ratio of p-Alb to plasma globulin (A/G) did not increase. On the other hand, in sham-operated rabbits small amounts of blood had to be frequently removed during the first hour (about 34% of the normal whole blood volume), and only 34% of it had to be reinfused over a 2-hour period. Despite removal of more blood and a concomitant decrease in Ht, p-Alb and A/G ratio were higher than in jaundiced rabbits. After marked decreases in EC and total adenine nucleotides (TAN) due to the initial blood loss, EC recovered somewhat and remained higher in sham-operated rabbits than in jaundiced rabbits, whereas TAN did not recover in either group. This seems to indicate that hemodilution functions effectively to maintain microcirculation following hemorrhagic hypotension in sham-operated rabbits, while in jaundiced rabbits a rapid breakdown of protective homeostatic mechanisms results in the earlier deterioration of the hepatic energy status. PMID- 7084300 TI - Dopaminergic receptors in cat brain. Action of triton X-100 on [3H]spiroperidol binding and localization in relation to the synaptic region. AB - [3H]Spiroperidol binding was used to assay dopaminergic receptors in synaptosomal membranes isolated from basal ganglia of cat brain. In addition to the usual filtration, a special centrifugation technique was developed which has some advantages for ligands with high non-specific binding. The specific binding to control membranes showed a high affinity binding site with KD 0.99 nM and Bmax 445 fmol/mg protein, both determined by Scatchard analysis. Addition of 10(-5) 10(-3)% Triton X-100 increased the Bmax of the high affinity binding site without a change in KD. With higher concentrations of detergent (10(-2) -10 (-1)% there was inhibition of binding. Both the activation and the inhibition of binding were reversed by washing of the detergent; but the reversal of the activation was accompanied by a decrease in affinity. The binding to synaptosomal membranes treated with 10(-1) - 10(-2)% Triton X-100 and then washed led to a loss of receptors probably present in the presynaptic membrane. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic receptors are localized both pre- and postsynaptically in relation to the synaptic region. PMID- 7084303 TI - Effect of peptides on the development of tolerance to buprenorphine, a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist analgesic. AB - The subcutaneous administration of buprenorphine to male Sprague-Dawley rats produced a dose-dependent analgesia and hyperthermia in a dose range of 0.25-2 mg/kg. The subcutaneous administration of buprenorphine (0.5 mg/kg) twice a day for 4 days resulted in the development of tolerance to its analgesic and hyperthermic actions. Daily administration of melanotropin release inhibiting factor (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) or cyclo (Leu-Gly) (2 mg/kg s.c.) for 4 days, inhibited the development of tolerance to buprenorphine, as evidenced by greater analgesic and hyperthermic responses to buprenorphine in peptide-treated than in vehicle treated buprenorphine-tolerant rats. The repeated injections of peptides did not alter the analgesic or the hyperthermic response to buprenorphine in non-tolerant rats. These studies suggest the possible role of hypothalamic peptides in blocking the development of tolerance to the pharmacological effects of buprenorphine, a potent analgesic agent. PMID- 7084301 TI - Gastric secretagogue action of ergot alkaloids in the perfused stomach of anesthetized rats. AB - The gastric secretagogue action of ergot alkaloids was studied in the perfused stomach of anesthetized rats. Ergometrine dose-dependently increased gastric acid secretion and other ergot alkaloids, methysergide, methylergometrine, ergotamine and dihydroergotamine were also found to stimulate gastric secretion. However, Hydergine and bromocriptine did not influence the basal secretion. The gastric secretagogue action of ergometrine was completely inhibited by atropine and was markedly reduced but not abolished by vagotomy. Intraventricular administration of ergometrine produced an increase of acid secretion. Ergometrine did not affect the blood glucose level while insulin decreased it. The effect of ergometrine was not inhibited by serotonin agonistic or dopamine antagonistic agents. These results suggest that some ergot alkaloids have a gastric secretagogue action mainly due to their central effect in anesthetized rats and these actions cannot be explained by serotonin antagonistic, dopamine agonistic and alpha-adrenergic blocking effects of ergot alkaloids. The mechanism of the secretagogue action of ergometrine was different from that of insulin. PMID- 7084302 TI - Possible selective inhibition of [3H]adenosine uptake by papaverine in vascular adrenergic nerves. AB - The effect of the adenosine uptake inhibitors dipyridamole, papaverine and diazepam on the [3H]adenosine uptake was assessed using the rabbit pulmonary arterial segment. [3H]Adenosine uptake into the vascular segment was significantly diminished by dipyridamole (10(-6) -10(-5) M), papaverine (10(-5) 10(-4) M) or diazepam (5 x 10(-5) M) with potencies: dipyridamole greater than papaverine greater than diazepam. Dipyridamole (10(-6) M) or diazepam (5 x 10(-5) M) added 30 min before the incubation with [3H]adenosine reduced the high KCl induced and epinephrine-induced [3H]purine effluxes equally, whereas papaverine (10(-5) M) selectively diminished the former efflux. KCl and epinephrine have been shown to act preferentially on the neuronal and extraneuronal sites, respectively. These results suggest that papaverine inhibits adenosine uptake into the vascular neuronal compartment, in preference to that into the extraneuronal compartment. PMID- 7084304 TI - Dopaminergic effects on tail-flick response in spinal rats. AB - R-Apomorphine (0.02-1.75 mumol/kg), administered by intrathecal infusion to spinalized rats, caused a dose-dependent increase in tail-flick latency. The effect of R-apomorphine was counteracted significantly by the dopaminergic receptors antagonists cis-flupenthixol (0.20-3.94 mumol/kg) and (+)-butaclamol (0.78 mumol/kg), but not by their enantiomers nor by phenoxybenzamine (29.40 mumol/kg) or methysergide (29.40 mumol/kg). The findings suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms play a role in the modulation of nociception in the spinal cord. PMID- 7084305 TI - Possible antidepressant activity of methadone. PMID- 7084306 TI - Vertebral artery injection of ouabain does not hasten arrhythmogenesis. AB - Cats were infused with ouabain into either their vertebral artery or their femoral vein, and latencies to early and late ventricular arrhythmia and death were determined. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups. These data question the likelihood that the area postrema is, as has been recently proposed, the primary site of action for digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 7084307 TI - Further studies on the structure-activity relationships of bradykinin potentiating peptides. AB - Several pentapeptides were synthesized and tested for bradykinin-potentiating activity. From these and previous data it appeared that an (L)-aromatic amino acid residue (preferably Trp) in position 3 is essential for high activity. Position 3 represents a stereospecific pillar function, whereas the other positions and the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity balance are important for additional activity. So far, BPP5a seems to have the optimal structure for a bradykinin-potentiating pentapeptide. PMID- 7084309 TI - Effects of nitroprusside on pancreatic juice secretion in the blood-perfused canine pancreas. AB - The effects of nitroprusside on the secretion of pancreatic juice were investigated in preparations of isolated and blood-perfused canine pancreas. Nitroprusside (10-30 micrograms/kg) injected intravenously elicited a dose dependent increase in pancreatic secretion accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure. Intra-arterial administration of nitroprusside (3-300 micrograms) into the perfused pancreas also elicited an increased secretion in preparations of both constant pressure and constant flow perfusion system. The results suggest that nitroprusside-induced pancreatic secretion may not result from the peripheral vasodilatation caused by nitroprusside. The effect of 100 micrograms of intra-arterial nitroprusside corresponded roughly to that of 0.1 units of secretin or 0.3 units of pancreozymin. Nitroprusside-induced secretion was inhibited by the infusion of ethacrynic acid (1 mg/min), but was not modified by phentolamine, propranolol, atropine, haloperidol, tetrodotoxin and metiamide. Nitroprusside produced a dose-dependent increase in the bicarbonate and protein concentrations in the juice, but had little effect on chloride concentration. This action was different from that of secretin or pancreozymin. It is concluded that nitroprusside may produce an increase in pancreatic secretion by acting directly on pancreatic cells, and that this action may be mediated at least in part through the increase of intracellular cyclic GMP concentration. PMID- 7084308 TI - gamma-Aminobutyric acid action in guinea-pig ileal myenteric plexus. AB - The responses of the guinea-pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and several analogs were examined in direct and electrically stimulated preparations. GABA, muscimol and 3 aminopropane sulfonic acid (3-APS), but not baclofen, produced a transient, concentration-dependent contraction followed by relaxation. These responses were antagonized by atropine, tetrodotoxin, bicuculline methiodide and picrotoxin. Responses to GABA and 3-APS exhibited a marked tachyphylaxis. GABA and baclofen, but not muscimol or 3-APS, exerted a relaxant effect on contractions induced by supramaximal field stimulation in the longitudinal muscle. These responses were insensitive to bicuculline, bicuculline methiodide and picrotoxin, and were unaffected by other pharmacological agents including adrenergic, cholinergic and histamine antagonists. The results suggest that GABA and its analogs act at a population of excitatory receptors mediating the release of acetylcholine from enteric neurons, and at a population of inhibitory receptors which inhibit the stimulated release of acetylcholine. PMID- 7084310 TI - Convulsant, anticonvulsant and anaesthetic barbiturates. In vivo activities of oxo- and thiobarbiturates related to pentobarbitone. AB - The convulsant, anticonvulsant and anaesthetic activities of a series of 6 barbiturates related to pentobarbitone have been qualitatively and quantitatively determined in mice. The presence or absence of convulsant activity was strongly dependent on molecular structure and there were marked variations in potency among the convulsant barbiturates. Anticonvulsant and anaesthetic activities were less dependent on structure and even the convulsant barbiturates had some underlying anticonvulsant action. Qualitative activities are also reported for a series of 8 thiobarbiturates. Convulsant activities were reduced in the thiobarbiturates, but some excitant activity remained in the thio analogue of each convulsant oxobarbiturate. PMID- 7084311 TI - Mechanism of agonist-induced degradation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor in cultured vas deferens of guinea-pig. AB - The mechanism of agonist-induced degradation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) was examined by means of [3H]QNB binding by organ-cultured guinea-pig vas deferens. Long-term exposure to ACh decreased the surface mAChR. This so called 'down regulation' of mAChR was significantly inhibited by anti-endocytotic drugs. Anti-microtubular agents also strongly inhibited the decrease of mAChR remaining on the cell surface. Ammonium chloride and protease inhibitors, which are known to inhibit lysosomal enzymes, had little effect on the decrease and no increase in intracellular mAChR could be detected under these conditions. Chloroquine blocked the decrease in mAChR remaining on the cell surface. Based on these findings, the involvement of clustering and endocytosis in mAChR degradation were considered as possibilities. Furthermore, contraction of the smooth muscle to ACh in long-term desensitization was also examined in relation to the number and nature of the receptors. When the muscles were cultured with ACh and chloroquine or vinblastine, there were indications that the surface mAChR and the contractile system were uncoupled. PMID- 7084312 TI - Bovine corneal endothelium in vitro. Elaboration and organization and of a basement membrane. PMID- 7084313 TI - Changes of intracellular and externally bound cations accompanying serum stimulation of mouse BALB/c 3T3 cells. PMID- 7084314 TI - Cell communication reduced by changes in cell surface carbohydrates. PMID- 7084315 TI - Media conditioned by cultured human vascular endothelial cells inhibit the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. PMID- 7084316 TI - Mechanisms of DNA entry into mammalian cells. II. Phagocytosis of calcium phosphate DNA co-precipitate visualized by electron microscopy. PMID- 7084317 TI - Membrane potential oscillations in homokaryons. An endogenous signal for detecting intercellular communication. PMID- 7084318 TI - The irreversible effect of bromodeoxyuridine on chick chondrocytes. PMID- 7084319 TI - Juxtapositional regions of human breast epithelium and fibroblasts in vitro. PMID- 7084320 TI - In vitro reaggregation of dissociated mouse cerebellar cells. I. Demonstration of different aggregation mechanisms. PMID- 7084321 TI - Decreased incidence of gap junctions between Chinese hamster V-79 cells upon exposure to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. PMID- 7084322 TI - Cell adhesion during gastrulation. A new approach. PMID- 7084323 TI - Sites of mineral deposition in metal-accumulating cells. PMID- 7084325 TI - Cell surface and clonal proliferative property of aging human diploid fibroblasts. PMID- 7084324 TI - Centromeres are arranged in clusters throughout the muntjac cell cycle. PMID- 7084326 TI - Role of iron in transferrin-dependent lymphocyte mitogenesis in serum-free medium. PMID- 7084327 TI - The relationship of flagellar length to sexual signalling in Chlamydomonas. PMID- 7084328 TI - Subcultivation of human hair follicle keratinocytes. PMID- 7084329 TI - Carbohydrate specificity of sea urchin blastula adhesion component. PMID- 7084331 TI - Wild-type and food-vacuole-less Tetrahymena thermophila. Model for iron uptake and utilization in animal cells. PMID- 7084330 TI - A stage-specific inhibitory effect of benzamil on Xenopus oocyte maturation located at the cell surface. PMID- 7084332 TI - Fibronectin promotes formation of the close cell-to-substrate contact in cultured cells. PMID- 7084333 TI - Fat-storing cells of the rat liver. Their isolation and purification. PMID- 7084334 TI - The photolysis of lens protein: molecular changes. PMID- 7084335 TI - Biochemical characterization of isolated rat retinal cells: the gamma aminobutyric acid system. PMID- 7084337 TI - Monolayer organization by serially cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells: effects of a retina-derived growth-promoting activity. PMID- 7084336 TI - Local environmental factors and retinal adhesion in the rabbit. PMID- 7084338 TI - Embryogenesis of the rabbit retina. PMID- 7084339 TI - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in the aqueous humour: effects of cervical sympathetic stimulation and reserpine. PMID- 7084340 TI - Lens permeability changes associated with metabolic inhibition by iodoacetate. PMID- 7084341 TI - Chemotaxis in vitreous haemorrhage: an experimental study. PMID- 7084342 TI - Protein distribution and characterization in the prenatal and postnatal human lens. PMID- 7084343 TI - Biosynthesis of human lens proteins in organ culture. PMID- 7084344 TI - Cell-free translation of human lens polyribosomes. PMID- 7084345 TI - Taurine in development and aging of ocular tissues. PMID- 7084346 TI - Labeling of bovine rod outer segment surface proteins with 125I. PMID- 7084348 TI - Investigation of Nakano lens proteins. PMID- 7084347 TI - Differential protein synthesis of chick embryonic lenses during in vitro differentiation. PMID- 7084349 TI - Tritiated fucose incorporation in the vitreous body, lens and zonules of the pigmented rabbit. PMID- 7084350 TI - The retinal pigment epithelium diffusion barrier in the rabbit eye after sodium iodate injection. A light and electron microscopic study using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. PMID- 7084351 TI - Valinomycin cataract: the relative role of calcium and sodium accumulation. PMID- 7084352 TI - Acceleration of calcium-induced aggregation of rat lens soluble protein by photosensitization with 8-methoxypsoralen and 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine O-beta glucoside. PMID- 7084353 TI - Stepwise dissociation/denaturation and reassociation/renaturation of bovine alpha crystallin in urea and guanidine hydrochloride: sedimentation, fluorescence, near ultraviolet and far-ultraviolet circular dichroism studies. PMID- 7084354 TI - The macromolecular composition of the embryonic chick lens capsule. Preliminary biosynthetic studies on the collagenous and non-collagenous glycoproteins. PMID- 7084356 TI - Different cortical potentials preceding self-paced and visually initiated hand movements and their reciprocal transition in the same monkey. PMID- 7084355 TI - Neonatal septal lesions result in sympathohippocampal innervation in the adult rat. PMID- 7084358 TI - Stimulation of DNA synthesis in Balb/c 3T3 cells by peripheral nerve degenerating in vitro. PMID- 7084357 TI - Changes in the parameters of human single muscle fiber potentials with consecutive discharges. PMID- 7084359 TI - Protective effects of etomidate in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. A morphologic assessment. PMID- 7084360 TI - Interaction of cortex and thalamus in spike and wave discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. PMID- 7084361 TI - Antidromic responses and reflex activity of single salivatory neurons in the cat. PMID- 7084362 TI - Role of nasal air flow in convulsions induced by lidocaine in the rat. PMID- 7084363 TI - Human single muscle fiber potentials at different radial distances from the fibers determined by a method of location. PMID- 7084364 TI - D-penicillamine-induced neuromuscular disease in guinea pigs. PMID- 7084365 TI - Long-latency, nonreciprocal reflex responses of antagonistic hind limb muscles after cutaneous nerve stimulation in the cat. PMID- 7084366 TI - Changes in synthesis of specific proteins in axotomized dorsal root ganglia. PMID- 7084368 TI - Regeneration and recovery in the fetal nervous system after radiation injury. PMID- 7084367 TI - Architectural alterations of rat hind-limb skeletal muscles immobilized at different lengths. PMID- 7084369 TI - Primary afferent and spinal sensory neurons that respond to brief pulses of intense infrared laser radiation: a preliminary survey in rats. PMID- 7084370 TI - Alterations of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in gerbil cerebral cortex after bilateral ischemia. PMID- 7084371 TI - Kainic-acid lesions of hippocampus produced iontophoretically: the problem of distant damage. PMID- 7084372 TI - Cholinesterase activity in developing rat skeletal muscles. PMID- 7084373 TI - A reevaluation of calcium-local anesthetic antagonism. PMID- 7084374 TI - Morphologic hippocampal asymmetry in male and female rats. PMID- 7084375 TI - Effects of the tottering mutation in the mouse: multiple neurologic changes. PMID- 7084376 TI - Neuronal activity during seizures in monkeys. PMID- 7084377 TI - Adaptation in the function of the superior orbicularis oris muscle. PMID- 7084378 TI - Relationship of morphologic damage and amino acid uptake in incubated slices of brain. PMID- 7084379 TI - Chronic glucocorticoid therapy alters axon sprouting in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. PMID- 7084380 TI - Three independent biological assays for nerve growth factor: no measurable activity in human sera. PMID- 7084381 TI - Absence of functional recovery after spinal hemisections in mice genetically deficient in hemolytic complement. PMID- 7084382 TI - Baclofen and the brain stem auditory evoked potential. PMID- 7084383 TI - Effects of 20,25-diazacholesterol treatment on the decay of end-plate currents. PMID- 7084384 TI - Electrical properties of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle after chronic application of emetine to the motor nerve. PMID- 7084385 TI - Inhibition of the tooth pulp-evoked jaw opening reflex by stimulation of raphe nuclei in the rat. PMID- 7084386 TI - Radiosensitivity of the granule cell line and other cell types of the immature rat cerebellar cortex. PMID- 7084387 TI - Effect of testosterone on the regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve in rats. PMID- 7084388 TI - Spinal reflexes and lateral geniculate nucleus activity during sleep: quantitative relationships. PMID- 7084389 TI - Availability of phenylalanine and tyrosine for brain norepinephrine synthesis in developmentally protein-malnourished rats. PMID- 7084390 TI - Effects of methylmercury on developing mouse cerebellar cortex. PMID- 7084391 TI - Changes in the masseteric reflex during hypothalamic aphagia in cats. PMID- 7084392 TI - Peripheral nerve microenvironment: collection of endoneurially enriched fluid. PMID- 7084393 TI - Rat brain MM and MB isoenzymes of creatine kinase. PMID- 7084394 TI - Sciatic nerve regeneration in ganglioside-treated rats. PMID- 7084395 TI - Effect of stimulation of visual cortex on limbic and diencephalic neurons. PMID- 7084396 TI - Area postrema and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. PMID- 7084397 TI - Behavior of the cholinergic system in the rat brachial plexus after contralateral neurotomy. PMID- 7084398 TI - Effects of flurazepam on kindled amygdala convulsions in catecholamine-depleted rats. PMID- 7084399 TI - Effects of superior colliculus electrolytic lesion on eye movements evoked through electrical stimulation of the pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex. PMID- 7084400 TI - Trichinella spiralis: characterization and strain distribution of rapid expulsion in inbred mice. PMID- 7084401 TI - Ixodes dammini: induced skin lesions in guinea pigs and rabbits compared to erythema chronicum migrans in patients with lyme arthritis. PMID- 7084402 TI - Inducing effect of clofibrate on alkaline phosphatase and histidine-glyoxylate aminotransferase in rat liver. AB - The activity of plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase and both mitochondrial and peroxisomal histidine-glyoxylate aminotransferase was significantly increased in the livers of male rats following treatment with the hypolipidemic drug clofibrate. Cycloheximide or puromycin administration to rats inhibited the effects of clofibrate. PMID- 7084404 TI - Modulation of an 'equilibrium enzyme': ecological evidence. PMID- 7084403 TI - The application of sodium deoxycholate and Sephacryl-200 for the delipidation and separation of high density lipoprotein. AB - A method to remove lipids from human plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was developed. The procedure required column chromatography on Sephacryl-200 in the presence of the bile salt sodium deoxycholate. The lipid free protein obtained retained the immunological properties of the native HDL. PMID- 7084405 TI - Inhibitory effect of fasting on the glucagon-induced increase of liver phosphorylase A activity in rats. PMID- 7084406 TI - 3, 5-Dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, a potent anthelmintic. AB - The compound, 3, 5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, has been tested against various nematode and cestode parasites in experimental and domestic animals. It shoved 100% activity against Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A tubaeformis, Syphacia obvelata, ascaridia galli, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris sp., Gnathostoma spinigerum, Hymenolepis nana, Raillietina spp. and Taenia spp. in doses 25-70 mg/kg given in single or multiple administrations. PMID- 7084407 TI - Protective effects of vitamin E and dithiothreitol against the hemolysis of rat and goat erythrocytes induced by Tween 20 with or without ascorbic acid and azide. PMID- 7084408 TI - Measuring nanogram amounts of DNA by photographing fluorescence in thin layers of agarose. PMID- 7084410 TI - Sex recognition pheromone in the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. AB - Sexual responses of adult male G. pallidipes towards baited decoys show that a contact sex pheromone for this species is present in the hydrocarbon fraction of the adult female cuticle. Results are consistent with the view that the pheromone is a C35 compound and is present in sufficient quantity in newly emerged females to elicit maximum responses from males. Thus, maturation of sexual responsiveness is considered to be behavioral in females of this species. PMID- 7084409 TI - Cell population kinetics in the small intestine of the Mongolian gerbil. PMID- 7084411 TI - Effects of D-glucose anomers on afferent discharge inthe hepatic vagus nerve. PMID- 7084413 TI - Enhancement of the sensitivity of hamster check pouch arterioles to beta adrenergic stimulus during pregnancy. AB - The adrenergic beta stimulant fenoterol induced a dose-dependent vasodilatation of hamster cheek pouch arterioles. The response to fenoterol was significantly larger on day 14 of pregnancy than in metoestrous animals. Since the serum progesterone and 17 beta-oestradiol level were also elevated on day 14, a relationship was suggested between the enhancement of vascular sensitivity and sex-steroid hormone levels. PMID- 7084414 TI - Partial purification of components from fasting human blood serum which stimulate the forward migration of human spermatozoa. AB - Components from fasting human serum that could stimulate the forward migration of human spermatozoa were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The results suggest that these components may be used to enhance sperm forward migration and, hence, pregnancy rate in artificial insemination with husband's semen. (AIH) especially in cases where the sperm forward migration is not optimal. PMID- 7084415 TI - The effect of L-dopa on pupillary diameter in mice. AB - Injection of L-dopa in mice produces dose-dependent mydriasis. Pre-treatment with peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa and benserazide) or with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (phentolamine) abolishes the pupillary dilation caused by L-dopa. Pretreatment with fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine-beta hydroxylase, also antagonizes the mydriatic effect of L-dopa. Thus, our results suggest that the mydriasis produced in mice following the injection of L-dopa is caused by its peripheral conversion to noradrenaline, which stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors in the dilator iridis. There was no evidence that stimulation of specific dopaminergic receptors was involved. PMID- 7084412 TI - The role of expansion, of prostaglandins and catecholamines in the development of acute renal failure. AB - A single injection either of isotonic or hypertonic saline solutions protected rats against acute renal failure (ARF) induced with glycerol. This protection was accompanied by increased urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration. On the contrary, a single s.c. injection either of hypotonic saline or isotonic glucose solution, which did not increase urinary PGE concentration, or depletion of the endogenous catecholamines, using reserpine, did not protect the animals against acute renal failure. PMID- 7084416 TI - Studies on the in vitro binding of D-penicillamine to cholestyramine. AB - Adsorption of D-penicillamine to cholestyramine depends on the amount of the resin, the pH and the presence of other compounds such as bile salts. In the usual drug to resin ratio (150 mg D-penicillamine and 4-8 g cholestyramine per single dose) the percentage of D-penicillamine adsorbed to cholestyramine was about 10% of the applied dose; Bile salts (10 mmoles/l) inhibited this small adsorption by 87%. PMID- 7084417 TI - Structure elucidation of mammalian TCDD-metabolites. AB - Thin layer and gas chromatographic examination of the bile of dogs which were given tritium-labelled TCDD revealed the presence of several polar biotransformation products. The structure of 5 phenolic metabolites was elucidated by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A metabolic breakdown scheme for TCDD in the dog is proposed. PMID- 7084419 TI - Centromeric heterochromatin in the karyotype of the male greater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros. PMID- 7084418 TI - Urinary catecholamine metabolites (vanylmandelic and homovanillic acids) in the rat after subchronic treatment with sodium nitrate or nitrite. PMID- 7084420 TI - Autoradiographic studies of efferent nerves from the celiac ganglion in the cat. PMID- 7084422 TI - Ultrastructural observation on the tips of growing vascular cords in the rat cerebral cortex. AB - The distal ends of vascular cord in the cerebral cortex are investigated electron microscopically in rats at the 13th postnatal day. The tip of the vascular cord consists of central cuboidal cells (primitive endothelial cells) and surrounding flat cells (primitive pericytes), and has no lumen. The primitive endothelial cells (tip cells) possess several long tentacles which contain only fibrous structures and extend through the neuropile. PMID- 7084423 TI - Erythropoietin formation during hypoxia in mice with impaired responsiveness to erythropoietin induced by irradiation or 5-fluorouracil injection. AB - Plasma erythropoietin levels during continuous exposure to hypobaric hypoxia in mice with marrow aplasia induced by whole body X-irradiation of 5-fluorouracil injection were higher than in control mice similarly exposed. There findings give support to the hypothesis that a relationship exists between erythropoietin production rate and erythroid responsiveness to the hormone. PMID- 7084421 TI - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters and mezerien induce contraction in hydra. AB - 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 1-100 ng/ml) induced a reversible contraction in the hydra, Hydra japonica. Another tumor-promoting phorbol ester, phorbol-12, 13-didecanoate (PDD), and mezerein also induced contraction, but non tumor-promoting derivatives such as 4alpha-PDD and phorbol did not. PMID- 7084424 TI - Specific immunosuppression of IgE response to hapten DNP by linked to monoclonal IgG1 in rats. AB - The induction of the anti-DNP IgE in rat was suppressed by pretreatment of rats with the tolerogen synthesized by coupling DNP to rat IgG, i.e.; DNP7-10-IgG. It was found that DNP10-IgG1 was an effective tolerogen, whereas other DNP conjugates, i.e. DNP9-IgM, DNP9-IgA, DNP10-IgE, DNP10-IgG2c and DNP10-IgG2a were ineffective. PMID- 7084425 TI - Hormonal regulation of a new female-specific serum protein (FP) of the laboratory rat. AB - This paper reports evidence for a hormonal regulation of a new rat serum protein (female specific protein, FP) which is only demonstrable in female rats. Male and female rats were treated with testosterone and estrogen. The FP was assayed with immunological methods. The following results were obtained: 1. In testosterone treated females the serum level of FP is reduced significantly 2. In estrogenized males the FP was distinctly demonstrable but not in the control males. PMID- 7084427 TI - Normal prolactin content of rat pituitary may be maintained by Nebenkern formations. PMID- 7084426 TI - Effect of light at night on the pineal rhythm in N-acetyltransferase activity in the Syrian hamster Mesocricetus auratus. AB - Pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in the male Syrian hamster exhibited a daily rhythm; the maximal night-time value was 3.5-fold higher than the day-time value. When hamsters were exposed to light at night N-acetyltransferase declined within 30 min to 1/5 of its former activity. These results indicate that the Syrian hamster the pineal melatonin rhythm may be regulated at least partly via changes in N-acetyltransferase activity. PMID- 7084428 TI - Capillary blood flow in the tests and testosterone secretion in the starved rat. AB - The average capillary blood flow in the testes was found to be 181 microliter/min/g testis tissue (n = 19) in rats starved for 5 days and 273 microliter/min/g (n = 18, p less than 0.01) in the control group. Plasma testosterone was significantly decreased in the starved animals (1.00 +/- 0.06 ng/ml vs 5.43 +/- 0.63 ng/ml). When starved and control rats were stimulated with human chorion gonadotropin, testosterone values in plasma were greatly increased in both groups. The capillary blood flow was not altered. The date indicate that human chorion gonadotropin can stimulate testosterone production in the starved rat without influencing the reduced capillary blood flow. PMID- 7084430 TI - Effect of levan on the fate of experimental hematogenous metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma. PMID- 7084429 TI - The effect of verapamil on myocardial ultrastructure during and following release of coronary artery occlusion. PMID- 7084431 TI - Selective inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by indium chloride in rat kidney: biochemical and ultrastructural studies. PMID- 7084432 TI - Nature and histogenesis of sulfite-induced gastric lesions in rats. PMID- 7084433 TI - Time course of sodium selenite-induced ultrastructural alterations in guinea pig hearts. PMID- 7084434 TI - Effect of toluene exposure on the liver under different experimental conditions. PMID- 7084435 TI - DNA synthesis and hypersensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in Cockayne's syndrome cells. PMID- 7084436 TI - The ultrastructural localization of beryllium in biological samples by electron energy-loss spectrometry. PMID- 7084437 TI - Brewer thioglycollate medium induces different exudates in guinea pigs and mice. PMID- 7084438 TI - Relationship of dietary intake to the development of glomerulosclerosis in obese Zucker rats. PMID- 7084441 TI - [Validity of simulated passive drug absorption profiles for various active principles]. PMID- 7084439 TI - Measles virus encephalitis and retinopathy in the Wistar rat. PMID- 7084443 TI - [A dietetic biscuit with antacid action: in vitro experiments]. PMID- 7084442 TI - [Effect of the tape and concentration of carboxymethylstarch on the bioavailability of aspirin in tablets]. PMID- 7084444 TI - Bromination of 3-acyl-4-hydroxy-6 methyl-2H-thiopyran-2-ones. II. AB - The brominations of various 3-acyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-thiopyran-2-ones as well as of 3-acyl-4-methoxy-6-methyl-2H-thiopyran-2-ones, bearing linear and branched acyl chains ranging from four to eight carbon atoms are described. The antibacterial and antimycotic activities of the new compounds are also reported. PMID- 7084440 TI - Further observations on the antispasmodic activity of rociverine. PMID- 7084445 TI - N-Monosubstituted urethanes of 6-cis-dialkylamino-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-5-trans-ols with hypotensive and other activities. AB - The synthesis of three series of N-monosubstituted urethanes of 6-cis dialkylamino-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-5-transols (IV), (V) and (VI) (dialkylamino = pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino) by reaction of the corresponding aminoalcohols with alkyl or aryl isocyanates, is described. A number of compounds (IV) and (V) showed remarkable hypotensive and bradycardic activity in rats, whereas (IV c) showed infiltration anesthesia and (IV n) antiarrhythmic activity in mice comparable to those of lidocaine. Antiacetylcholine activity in vitro is also reported. PMID- 7084446 TI - [Synthesis and tests of antibacterial activity of new analogs of d(+)-threo-1-(p methylsulphonylphenyl)-2-dichloroacetamido-1,3-propanediol (thiamphenicol)]. AB - The synthesis of three new analogues of D(+)-threo-1-(p.methylsulphonylphenyl)-2 dichloroacetamido-1,3-propanediol (thiamphenicol) (I) which are D(--)-threo-2 (p.toluensulfophonamido)-1-(p.methylsulphonylphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (II), D(--) threo-2-(p.aminobenzensulphonamido)-1-(p.methylsulphonylphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (III), D(--)-threo-2-(p.acetamidobenzensulphonamido)-1-(p.methylsulphonylphenyl) 1,3-propandiol (IV) is reported. The antibacterial activity of the compounds obtained was estimated in comparison with (I) in vitro and the therapeutic activity in vivo by experimental infection of the rat. The results showed the total absence of both types of activity. PMID- 7084448 TI - Investigations on the synthesis and properties of new derivatives of methyl 3H-2 imino-7-methyl-4-oxopyrido [3,2-e]-1,3-thiazine-5-carboxylate. AB - Condensation of dimethyl 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate with thiourea and its N-substituted derivatives is described. It has been found that depending on the kind of substituents in the starting thiourea derivatives, pyrido [3,2-e]-1,3-thiazine or pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives were formed. PMID- 7084447 TI - Investigations on the synthesis and properties of new derivatives of ethyl 3H-2 imino-7-methyl-4-oxopyrido [3,2-e]-1,3-thiazine-6-carboxylate and isomeric compounds. AB - Condensation of diethyl 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (IV) with thiourea and alkyl or alkenyl N-mono- and N,N'-disubstituted thioureas gives mainly the corresponding derivatives of ethyl 3H-2-imino-7-methyl-4-oxopyrido [3,2-e]-1,3-thiazine-6-carboxylate (VI-XII). As by-products isomeric derivatives of ethyl 7-methyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido [2,3-d) pyrimidine-6 carboxylate (XIII-XVIII) are formed. PMID- 7084449 TI - The use of pressure perturbations to investigate the interaction of rabbit muscle myosin subfragment 1 with actin in the presence of MgADP. PMID- 7084450 TI - The change in membrane fluidity of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells upon cell differentiation. PMID- 7084452 TI - Human C-apolipoproteins promote hydrolysis of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine by snake venom phospholipase A2. PMID- 7084453 TI - Calcium effects on free and chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II reactions. PMID- 7084454 TI - Intracellular pH of yeast cells measured with fluorescent probes. PMID- 7084451 TI - Affinity labeling of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase by 5'-(p fluorosulfonylbenzoyl) adenosine. PMID- 7084455 TI - Free manganese (II) and iron (II) cations can act as intracellular cell controls. PMID- 7084456 TI - Primary structure of rat liver Z-protein. A low-Mr cytosol protein that binds sterols, fatty acids and other small molecules. PMID- 7084457 TI - On a hitherto unknown fermentation path of several amino acids by proteolytic clostridia. PMID- 7084458 TI - Competition between transport of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathione S conjugates from perfused rat liver into bile. PMID- 7084459 TI - The local anaesthetic and bilayer fluidising agent, benzyl alcohol decreases the thermostability of the integral membrane protein adenylate cyclase. PMID- 7084460 TI - The reduction potential of the couple O3/O3. Consequences for mechanisms of ozone toxicity. PMID- 7084461 TI - Interactions between antagonist-occupied muscarinic binding sites in rat adenohypophysis. PMID- 7084462 TI - Evidence for the resumption of DNA replication prior to histone synthesis in HeLa cells after release from treatment with hydroxyurea. PMID- 7084463 TI - Chain register in myosin rod. PMID- 7084464 TI - Arsenazo III, a resonance Raman indicator with high selectivity for Ca2+. PMID- 7084466 TI - Quantitation of lactic acid in caffeine-contracted and resting frog muscle by high resolution natural abundance 13C NMR. PMID- 7084465 TI - Decreased transport of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5' triiodothyronine (rT3) into rat hepatocytes in primary culture due to a decrease of cellular ATP content and various drugs. PMID- 7084467 TI - A novel inhibitor of NADH dehydrogenase in Paracoccus denitrificans. PMID- 7084468 TI - On the nature of the stimulation by glucagon of citrulline synthesis in rat-liver mitochondria. PMID- 7084469 TI - High sensitivity of a rat liver nucleoplasmic protein to triiodothyronine. PMID- 7084470 TI - The myosin dimer: an intermediate in the self-assembly of the thick filament of vertebrate skeletal muscle. PMID- 7084471 TI - Resonance Raman studies of the quaternary structural change in carp deoxy hemoglobin. PMID- 7084472 TI - Bovine seminal ribonuclease: non-hyperbolic kinetics in the second reaction strep. PMID- 7084473 TI - DNA-binding property of free and chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II. Analysis by DNA-Sephadex G-25 chromatography. PMID- 7084474 TI - Three double-stranded RNA genome segments of bacteriophage phi 6 have homologous terminal sequences. PMID- 7084475 TI - Interaction of ricin-sensitive and ricin-resistant cell lines with other carbohydrate-binding toxins. PMID- 7084477 TI - Phosphate-dependent, trifluoperazine-sensitive Ca2+ efflux from rat liver mitochondria. Modulation by a cytosol factor. PMID- 7084478 TI - Net uptake of catecholamines into isolated chromaffin granules demonstrated by a novel polarographic technique. PMID- 7084479 TI - Fluorescence stopped-flow study of the binding of S6-GTP to tubulin. PMID- 7084476 TI - Platelet activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Activity of analogs lacking oxygen at the 2-position. PMID- 7084480 TI - Control of renal function in freshwater and marine teleosts. AB - The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of teleost fishes is highly variable and is influenced by glomerular intermittency, environmental salinity, renal perfusion pressure, and some hormones. In freshwater (FW) teleosts, the primary function of the kidney is to excrete excess water while retaining most of the filtered solutes, and GFR is a major determinant of urine flow. Low permeability to water prevails in the distal nephron of FW teleosts, and the majority of the filtered Na and Cl is reabsorbed without osmotic accompaniment of water. Prolactin appears to regulate osmotic permeability to water. Isolated and perfused distal tubules from FW teleosts revealed a transepithelial voltage (Vt) that was positive in the lumen. Both Na and Cl participate in generating lumen-positive Vt. Marine teleosts, which are exposed to Na loading and dehydration, ingest seawater to compensate for their osmotic water loss, and secrete divalent ions, mainly Mg and SO4, from the kidney. The urine flow of marine teleosts is primarily determined by fluid secretion accompanied by divalent ions and subsequent isosmotic reabsorption with NaCl. Interdependence of Na and Cl transport has been noted in the urinary bladder of marine teleosts. There is presently no known humoral substance that regulates NaCl and divalent ion transport in the teleost kidney. PMID- 7084481 TI - Control of renal functions in lungfishes. AB - Lungfishes are freshwater fishes related to the ancestors of the early amphibians. Although lungfishes have many amphibian-like characteristics, their renal functions closely resemble those of other freshwater fishes. There is no evidence suggesting that tubular reabsorption of water is under physiological control, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) appears to determine urine flow and water excretion, GFR responds to changes in blood pressure. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a potent vasopressor and diuretic agent in lungfishes. If AVT is actually a hormone in fishes, its primary actions may be vasopressor, and the effects of exogenous AVT on GFR and urine flow may represent a pharmacological response to elevated renal perfusion pressure. AVT does not seem to have hydroosmotic effects on either skin or renal tubules in lungfishes, as it does among amphibians. PMID- 7084482 TI - Reptilian glomerular and tubular functions and their control. AB - Controls for glomerular filtration (GFR) and tubular transport of solutes and water are interrelated. GFR changes with hydration, apparently as a result of changes in the number of filtering nephrons under the control of antidiuretic hormone. The resulting alterations in volume flow rate through the collecting ducts may be as important as changes in epithelial permeability in determining urine osmolarity. Tubular transport of sodium and potassium may be controlled in part by antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone but considerable variation occurs among species, and intrinsic regulation of distal tubular sodium absorption in response to the delivered load of sodium may also occur. Net tubular secretion of phosphate, under control of parathyroid hormone, occurs in some species, but no hormonal control of tubular calcium transport has been demonstrated. Net tubular urate secretion that is influenced by potassium occurs in uricotelic reptiles. Complexing of inorganic cations, especially sodium and potassium, with urate precipitates in tubular urine permits excretion of cations without their contributing to urine osmolarity. This process also may keep the distal tubule sodium concentration low enough to permit maximum dilution but may require absorption of filtered water without sodium. Such an absorptive process may exist in reptilian proximal tubules. PMID- 7084483 TI - Glomerular filtration in birds--its control. AB - Morphologically there are marked differences between the avian and mammalian kidneys. It is apparent that these differences affect the means by which these organs carry out their homeostatic function of maintaining the internal environment constant. One of the morphological differences is a larger range in size of nephrons within the avian kidney. It is clear that there is a significant degree of intermittent filtration within this very heterogeneous population of nephrons. This leads to larger variation in the total-kidney glomerular filtration rate in birds than in mammals. The glomerular intermittence in birds appears to be controlled by the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasotocin acting at the level of the afferent arteriole. The process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus in birds is most likely governed by the same parameters that have been quantified for the glomerulus of mammals, because ultrastructural studies indicate that the filtration barrier is similar in both groups. However, for birds it is not known whether certain hormones and other biochemical messengers can effect the filtration process at the level of the glomerulus as demonstrated for mammals. Moreover, it is not known whether feedback regulation occurs at the level of the individual nephron. The morphological attributes of the individual nephrons within the kidney are consistent with the theories of feedback regulation, but the physiological occurrence of this has not been tested. PMID- 7084484 TI - Comparative physiology of the control of renal function. PMID- 7084485 TI - Hemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension. AB - Hypertension is not simply an acute elevation of arterial pressure during a laboratory experiment. It is the development of a cardiovascular disorder provoking a variety of physiological adaptions brought about by an imbalance of pressor and depressor mechanisms that serve to control arterial pressure at normal levels in the normotensive animal. These pathogenetic mechanisms include hemodynamic, volume, renal parenchymal, sodium, renopressor, catecholamine, neural, hormonal, and even depressor factors. The most common form of the disease is essential hypertension, affecting over 95% of patients with hypertension. Although not the same, the experimental animal model that best mimics essential hypertension is the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). However, to state with certainty that the SHR is a true laboratory duplicate of essential hypertension is inaccurate because the causes of both diseases remain unknown. Both forms are genetically predisposed, naturally occurring, slow but progressive in development, and similar in cardiovascular and hemodynamic adaptions. Both involve arteriolar and venular constriction and myocardial hypertrophy that provide a stable hyperfunctioning adaptation of the heart for a substantial period of time but ultimately lead to cardiac failure, stroke, and other vascular impairment. At best we can conclude that they both represent genetically predisposed disease that involves the disarray of the multifactorial interplay of mechanisms that usually maintain arterial pressure at normal levels. PMID- 7084486 TI - The vasoconstriction-volume spectrum in normotension and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. AB - A body of evidence has been reviewed indicating that all hypertensive phenomena ranging from mild disorders to fulminant malignant hypertension can be profitably analyzed by assessing the relative contribution of two final determinants of the arterial blood pressure--the vasoconstriction and volume components. Renin-sodium profiling and the separate application of specific pharmacologic probes provide the basic tools for identifying the relative contribution of the two components. For an equal degree of hypertension, volume forms appear to exhibit better organ flow than the more vasoconstricted forms. This bidimensional analysis has provided new understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the spectrum of human hypertensive diseases of practical value for the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individual patients. Beyond this, the analytical scaffold identifies some key questions for future research. PMID- 7084489 TI - Dehydration-induced drinking: peripheral and central aspects. PMID- 7084488 TI - Alcohol-induced hepatomegaly: pathogenesis and role in the production of portal hypertension. AB - Hepatomegaly after chronic alcohol consumption results from an increase in cell size and not in cell number. About 50--60% of the increase in liver weight is accounted for by an increase in intracellular water, while extracellular water remains constant. Therefore, a substantial reduction in the ratio of extracellular to intracellular water occurs. Intracellular potassium can osmotically account for 40--50% of the excess water retained in the hepatocytes. It is proposed that an increase in hepatocyte size after chronic alcohol consumption compresses vascular-sinusoidal pathways. This results, after a threshold in cell size is exceeded, in increased intrahepatic and portal pressure. Possible factors responsible for the threshold are proposed. By applying the concept that animal cells act as osmometers, a new in vitro model has been developed to study the relationship between cell enlargement and portal pressure. In this model, the existence of a threshold and the generation of portal hypertension associated with hepatocyte enlargement have been demonstrated. In humans with alcoholic liver disease, a threshold in hepatocyte size enlargement (1600--1700 micrometer 2) before pressures were increased was also observed. In these patients, a strong correlation was also found between hepatocyte size and intrahepatic pressure. The same correlation occurs regardless of the presence or absence of cirrhosis, therefore suggesting that a major determinant of portal hypertension in cirrhosis is cell size and not the existence of nodules of fibrous septa. The higher portal pressures found in cirrhotics may be explained by the fact that these patients have larger hepatocytes. PMID- 7084487 TI - Regional circulatory responses to alcohol and its congeners. AB - The circulatory responses to ethyl alcohol are quantitatively related to the route and rate of administration as well as to the dose and the time of physiological measurements. A variety of acute regional blood flow responses have been described in the basal state in animals without prior exposure to ethanol. Gastric mucosal blood flow is substantially increased by ethanol. Pancreatic blood flow, on the other hand, has been found to undergo a dose-dependent reduction. Hepatic blood flow has been found to increase in baboons without evidence of ischemia. Renal arteries appear to be unresponsive up to 3 g/kg. Similarly, the cerebral vasculature does not seem to be affected by ethanol except at high dose levels where increased flow occurs. Animal studies, however, have suggested that ethanol may interfere with autoregulation. In terms of limb blood flow, oral administration has been found to enhance flow to the skin but to diminish skeletal muscle blood flow. Vasodilatation of the coronary vasculature has been consistently reported to be significantly greater in animals than in humans. The major metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, has significant effects on circulation. At blood levels achieved after feeding ethanol, there was a 60% rise of coronary blood flow but myocardial oxygen consumption was reduced, presumably representing a shunting effect in myocardium. PMID- 7084490 TI - Osmoreceptor mediation of thirst and vasopressin secretion in the dog. AB - Water deprivation leads to depletion of both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The resulting cellular dehydration and extracellular dehydration stimulate thirst and the secretion of vasopressin. The cellular stimulus is thought to arise from a change in volume and hence in the hydration status of specific osmoreceptor cells located in the anterior hypothalamus. Thus, reduction in cell volume because of either water deprivation or administration of hyperosmolar solutions of solutes that cannot penetrate cell membranes would stimulate thirst and vasopressin secretion, whereas an increase in cell volume caused by water intake would inhibit these responses. An alternative theory proposes that receptors in the region of the third cerebral ventricle that are sensitive to the concentration of sodium in cerebrospinal fluid are responsible for stimulating the responses to cellular dehydration. Both theories must account for the fundamental observation that NaCl, which does not penetrate cells, and urea, which does, are both excluded from the brain by the blood-brain barrier, and thus both solutes cause cerebral dehydration. However, NaCl stimulates drinking and vasopressin secretion but urea does not. The periventricular sodium receptor theory is not compatible with this observation. An osmoreceptor theory is compatible with the data if it is assumed that the receptors reside outside the blood-brain barrier, for example, in a circumventricular organ. PMID- 7084491 TI - Termination of drinking: satiation. AB - Speeds of swallowing water differ among species, for example, in the dog and rat. Alimentary factors predominate in the termination of drinking. Parenteral water avoids alimentary factors, yet can also lead to delayed satiation. Central factors of termination are also recognized, especially in the neurohypophysis. Kinetics of various intakes (food, sodium, oxygen, heat) show analogous patterns of satiation or saturation. Such intakes have in common the dimensions of clearances of deficits. PMID- 7084492 TI - Nutritional factors affecting growth of muscle and adipose tissue in ruminants. AB - Patterns of tissue growth determine composition of growth, and over intervals of time, these patterns of tissue growth will also be reflected in total tissue accumulated in the animal. Although patterns of tissue growth may be modified by the effects of specific carbon sources through direct impact on lipogenesis, the primary avenue through which nutritional factors regulate or direct protein and fat deposition is through effects of total absorbed energy provided on rates of growth in relation to an animal's daily needs for maintenance and protein growth. Even though mature size and genetic potential establish the maximum upper limits for daily protein growth, other factors determine the extent to which these theoretical limits will ever be achieved. The actual partitioning of absorbed nutrients between protein and fat deposition also depends on other factors, including stage of growth, sex class, hormonal regulation (endogenous and exogenous), and intake of required nutrients. The sex class of an animal establishes different biological limits for bulls, steers, and heifers that are otherwise similar in mature size, genetics, and nutritional adequacy. Also, the use of anabolic agents alters the physiological limit for daily protein growth at the cellular level and allows an animal to deposit protein at rates closer to theoretical genetic limits. Energy that is provided above maintenance and protein growth requirements enhances rates of lipid deposition and accumulation of fat. As a consequence, the rate of growth will direct these tissue responses, and effects of diet, energy level, level of nutrition, and plane of nutrition will impact composition of growth primarily through acceleration of rate of growth above daily limits for protein growth. Changes in tissue storage will impact total body composition to the extent of time and differential in composition of gain and of tissue present. PMID- 7084493 TI - Pathways to inflammation II. PMID- 7084495 TI - Evaluating the safety of vasectomy. PMID- 7084494 TI - Potential demand for voluntary female sterilization in the 1980s: the compelling need for a nonsurgical method. PMID- 7084496 TI - Danazol in the treatment of endometriosis: analysis of 100 cases with a 4-year follow-up. AB - A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of danazol in the treatment of endometriosis was initiated in 1976. One hundred patients with endometriosis, as demonstrated by laparoscopy, were entered into the study. The mean length of patient follow-up was 49 months. All patients were treated with 800 mg of danazol per day. The mean duration of danazol therapy was 17.3 weeks. Eighty-nine percent of the patients reported symptomatic improvement, and 94% were improved, as demonstrated by repeat laparoscopy or laparatomy. After completing a course of danazol therapy, 57% of the patients underwent conservative laparotomy for fertility enhancement, pain control, or ovarian masses. Two patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for advanced disease poorly responsive to danazol therapy. In those patients desiring fertility (56), there were 38 pregnancies in 26 women, for an overall fertility rate of 46%. The overall recurrence rate was 33%, as determined by symptoms and physical findings. Significant side effects from danazol were reported by 85% of the patients. The major side effects were weight gain, edema, decrease in breast size, oily skin, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice. Only one patient discontinued danazol therapy due to side effects. Clinical tissues concerning the use of danazol with or without surgery and the miscarriage rate following danazol therapy are discussed. PMID- 7084497 TI - Dehydrogesterone versus vaginal progesterone in the treatment of the endometrial luteal phase deficiency. AB - Forty-four infertile patients with inadequate luteal phase histologically documented in at least two separate cycles and normal plasma levels of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and prolactin (PRL) were entered into treatment plans on a random basis involving at least 3 months of each of the following: P vaginal suppositories, dehydrogesterone, and no treatment. Success rates were similar for P (62.5%) and dehydrogesterone (68.7%), based on a corrected endometrial defect during the fourth treated cycle or when a term pregnancy was achieved. However, these figures are significantly different (P less than 0.001) when compared with 16.6% of the control group. In ten additional infertile patients with normal luteal function as assessed by endometrial histologic study and hormone measurements, a second biopsy was performed in a consecutive cycle under dehydrogesterone administration. In no case was the normal secretory pattern impaired. It is concluded that (1) both P and dehydrogesterone can be used to advantage in the treatment of luteal phase defects, and (2) therapy with dehydrogesterone does not alter the normal pattern of endometrial secretion. PMID- 7084498 TI - The significance of lymphocytic-leukocytic infiltrates in interpreting late luteal phase endometrial biopsies. AB - The effectiveness of the endometrial biopsy in diagnosing luteal phase defects as a cause of infertility depends upon the accurate determination of a histologic date based on the morphologic features of tissue. The criteria--edema, predecidual reaction, stromal mitosis, and lymphocytic-leukocytic infiltrate- used to interpret such biopsies were based on changes occurring in the normal ideal menstrual cycle. The present study examines the criteria used for dating endometrium as applied to endometrial biopsies for luteal phase deficiency. It was determined that one of these criteria, lymphocytic and leukocytic infiltration, correlated with subsequent onset of menses and not with the other indications of histologic maturity during the late secretory phase. PMID- 7084499 TI - Factors influencing the success of artificial insemination. AB - Factors influencing the probability of conception following artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) have been investigated in a series of 124 married females. Overall, 79 conceptions were achieved, for a cumulative rate of conception of 85.1% at the end of 1 year and an average fecundability of 15%, using life-table analysis. Women aged 30 or over or those with evidence of tubal or ovulatory problems had decreased probability of conception, although not to a significant extent. Women whose husbands were azoospermic had 20% fecundability in response to AID, significantly better than the 10% fecundability after AID observed in the women whose mates were oligospermic. Cycles during which AID was successful were significantly more likely to have had a positive postcoital test observed, compared with unsuccessful AID cycles. PMID- 7084500 TI - No increase in arteriolosclerotic retinopathy or activity in tests for circulating immune complexes 5 years after vasectomy. AB - On the basis of studies in monkeys, the hypothesis has been proposed that vasectomy induces the formation of circulating immune complexes (CICs), which- via activation of the complement system--may result in immune injury of the endothelium and thereby exacerbate atherosclerosis; the same mechanism has been suggested to cause retinal arteriolar changes in vasectomized men. We compared 46 men, 5 years after vasectomy, with 46 age-matched control subjects and found no difference in the distribution of arteriolosclerotic retinopathy gradings evaluated by ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. Blood samples from the two groups were collected and handled identically, and no significant difference in activity was found in four different tests for CICs and two tests for split products of complement factor C3. Thus, the results do not support the hypothesis that changes mediated by CICs occur in vessels after human vasectomy. PMID- 7084502 TI - A re-evaluation of daily sperm output of men. AB - The daily sperm output (DSO) was reevaluated and urinary loss of sperm was determined. Ejaculates were immediately fixed with glutaraldehyde, stored, and homogenized in a blender to produce a cell suspension. The number of sperm per ejaculate was determined by phase-contrast cytometry. Based on the average number of sperm per ejaculate for the last three of five daily ejaculates, the DSO was 166 +/- 29 X 10(6) sperm for nine men aged 26 to 38 years. Two successive daily ejaculates were sufficient to stabilize extragonadal sperm reserves following accumulation or depletion of epididymal sperm. Sperm were found in urine of three men, and less than 2% of their DSO appeared in the 24-hour urine. Few sperm were voided in the urine of men ejaculating daily; however, the DSO exceeds previous estimates. PMID- 7084501 TI - The effect of vasectomy-vasovasostomy on normal physiologic function of the vas deferens. AB - Postvasovasostomy intravasal pressure recordings in ten mongrel dogs were used to evaluate the effect of location of vasectomy and severance of the neurovascular sheath of the vas deferens on peristalsis of the proximal portion of the vas deferens. Preservation of the neurovascular sheath at the time of vasectomy and the proximal location of the vasectomy may play a role in preservation of vasal peristalsis and normal sperm transport after vasovasostomy. The testicular histologic features were normal before and after vasovasostomy in all animals studied. PMID- 7084503 TI - Effects of purification or split ejaculation of semen and stimulation of spermatozoa by caffeine on their motility and fertilizing ability with the use of zona-free hamster ova. AB - Purification of semen with Sephadex G-50 medium powder or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (20% in medium) columns increases the percentage of motility. Spermatozoa that passed a BSA column or a Sephadex column have significantly higher velocity than unmanipulated spermatozoa. Caffeine (7 mM) stimulation did not show any effect on motility. Neither purification procedures nor stimulation with caffeine improved the in vitro fertilization capacity of capacitated spermatozoa, as determined by interaction with zona-free hamster ova. No difference in in vitro fertilizing capacity could be demonstrated between the first and the last fractions of split ejaculates. After grouping the fractions according to sperm counts, fractions with higher total (motile) sperm counts, and fractions with higher sperm counts had significantly higher fertilization percentages than the fractions with lower (motile) sperm counts. PMID- 7084504 TI - In vitro sperm cervical mucus penetration: studies in human and bovine cervical mucus. AB - The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of substituting bovine estrus cervical mucus (BCM) for human midcycle cervical mucus (MCM) for investigation of sperm cervical mucus (CM) interaction and evaluation of cervical factor in infertility. In vitro sperm cervical mucus penetration tests (ICMPT) were performed with the use of ejaculated human spermatozoa collected from fertile donors and infertile men. Tests were performed in a flat capillary tube with the use of MCM and BCM. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) of sperm penetration in MCM was 32.3 +/- 15.5 mm and in BCM 27.3 +/- 12.1 mm after 90 minutes of migration. The difference was significant (P less than 0.001). A highly significant correlation was found between sperm penetration in MCM and BCM. The depth of sperm penetration in both human cervical mucus (HCM) and BCM was also significantly related to sperm count and motility. Positive correlation was observed between normal morphologic features and sperm migration in BCM but not in MCM. It is concluded that human sperm penetrate BCM at a slower rate than MCM, but BCM can be effectively substituted for HCM in laboratory testing of sperm penetration. PMID- 7084505 TI - Granulosa cell pyknosis in the dominant follicle of monkeys. AB - One of the primary morphologic criteria used as the first sign of degeneration of an antral follicle is the presence of a pyknotic nucleus in granulosa cells lining the lumen. This study was undertaken to determine whether granulosa cells with a pyknotic nucleus are also present in the putative dominant follicle. Dominance was verified by elevations of estradiol either following luteectomy or during the later stages of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Some pyknosis is normal even in the viable dominant follicle at cycle day 8 or 12. Therefore, when evaluating the morphologic status of a follicle, one should examine several areas to assure proper evaluation. PMID- 7084507 TI - Treatment of interstitial ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate: report of a successful case. PMID- 7084506 TI - Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the in vitro and in vivo motility of the rabbit reproductive tract. AB - Isolated segments of rabbit ampulla and isthmus and strips of uterus and cervix were spontaneously mechanically active in vitro, and this activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 2 to 200 ng/ml vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The oviductal segments were the most inhibited, the uterine strips the least inhibited. These tissues were stimulated to contract in a dose-dependent manner by epinephrine (EPI), with the uterus and cervix being the more responsive. VIP (200 ng/ml) produced only a slight noncompetitive antagonism of this stimulation. Recordings made with miniature force transducers showed the isthmus, uterus, and cervix also to be spontaneously active in vivo. This activity was inhibited by injections (1, 10, and 20 micrograms) and infusions (1.0 and 2.5 micrograms/min) of VIP. The isthmus was the most inhibited, the cervix the least inhibited. Possible physiologic implications of these pharmacologic effects are discussed. PMID- 7084508 TI - Male fertility potential. PMID- 7084509 TI - [Muscle exertion and reactions of digestive organs]. PMID- 7084510 TI - [Relations between the electric activity of the pyloric sphincter and activities of the stomach and duodenum]. AB - Indwelled electrodes led electrical activity from the stomach, pyloric sphincter and duodenum in hunger, after feeding or administration of carbachol and morphine as well as after transthoracic vagotomy. In intact resting animals the pyloric sphincter develops slow potentials in the rhythm of stomach antral portion and sometimes in the rhythm of duodenum. Acceleration of the slow potentials rhythm occurring after transthoracic vagotomy in the stomach antral portion, develops in the pyloric sphincter as well. Spike activity of the antral portion spreads over to the sphincter depending on amplitude, frequency and duration of the burst of spikes. Migrating myoelectrical complex develops successively in the stomach antral portion and in the pyloric sphincter. During increased activity of the duodenum (after carbachol or morphine) the bursts of spikes in the rhythm of the duodenum slow waves can occur simultaneously in the pyloric sphincter, too. PMID- 7084511 TI - [Cortical-visceral relations in periodic activity of the stomach]. PMID- 7084512 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine on contraction of the smooth muscle of the small intestine induced by serotonin and histamine]. PMID- 7084513 TI - [Role of affective brain structures in regulation of the secretory function of the stomach]. AB - The effects of self-stimulation (SS) of the brain reward sites on the gastric secretion were studied in 8 adult dogs with gastric fistula. The concentric (bipolar) electrodes were implanted in different sites of the brain reward system (hypothalamus, mamillary corpus, capsula interna, commissura grisea media, n. interstitialis striae terminalis, n. ventralis thalami, pes pedunculi cerebri) and then the instrumental reaction of the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was induced. On recovery period normal acidity of the gastric juice was observed in 5 hungary dogs whereas in 3 hungry dogs the gastric acidity was significantly increased. In 3-5 min after the beginning of SS a lot of thick foamy slime and turbid juice was secreted. In dogs with initially normal pH of the gastric contents ICSS did not change it, whereas in dogs with increased pH ICSS made the gastric acidity normal pH of the gastric contents ICSS did not change it, whereas in dogs with increased pH ICSS made the gastric acidity normal. Bilateral supradiaphragmal vagotomy reduced the acidity in the animals of the last group, but only ICS made their pH quite normal. Therefore, positive emotional excitement associated with the stimulation of different areas of the brain reward system, makes gastric acidity normal and this reaction is not connected with the efferent systems of vagus nerves. PMID- 7084515 TI - [Mechanisms of changes of gastric secretion within different time periods after vagotomy]. PMID- 7084514 TI - [Effect of stimulation of the amygdaloid body on water-excretory function of the kidneys]. PMID- 7084516 TI - [Effect of lipid-inhibiting animal feed containing acetate-mineral additives on choline metabolism in the ruminant stomach and intestines]. AB - Feeding of cows with hay-concentrate ration in the form of granules less than 0.8 cm in size suppresses fat production in mammal glands. The process of making granules decreases the amount of choline in the food. Irrespective of the choline amount in ration its contents in the paunch is constant. During evacuation from the stomach into intestine two thirds of the paunch choline is destroyed. Feeding of the cows with granulated food alone decreases synthesis and excretion of choline whereas acetate-mineral additions restore its level as well as the amount of fat in milk of the cows. PMID- 7084518 TI - Why do we chaperone the female pelvic exam? PMID- 7084517 TI - [Morpho-functional changes of the EC-cells of the mucosa of the gastric antrum after lasix administration]. PMID- 7084519 TI - The View Box: diabetic gastric neuropathy. PMID- 7084520 TI - Staphylococcal toxic diseases. PMID- 7084521 TI - Leiomyoblastoma of gastric origin: an unusual case and review of the literature. PMID- 7084522 TI - Current management of thoracic outlet syndrome: an experience with 47 cases. PMID- 7084523 TI - Aging in the menopause. PMID- 7084524 TI - The problem of antibiotic overdose. PMID- 7084525 TI - The new physician: gain in respect, loss in autonomy. PMID- 7084527 TI - Menopause. PMID- 7084526 TI - Pheochromocytomas at the Wilmington Medical Center: analysis of 15 cases. PMID- 7084528 TI - Removal of cholesterol calculi by medication: possibilities and problems. PMID- 7084529 TI - Impetigo herpetiformis. Report of a case treated with photochemotherapy (PUVA). PMID- 7084530 TI - [Contact dermatitis and lichen ruber caused by black-and-white film developer]. PMID- 7084531 TI - [Administration of photochemotherapy (PUVA)]. PMID- 7084532 TI - [Current problems of cutaneous tuberculosis]. PMID- 7084533 TI - [Explanation of BCG and its present use in medicine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084534 TI - HLA antigens associated with pustulosis palmoplantaris. PMID- 7084535 TI - [Vasculitis allergica of papulonecrotic type following BCG vaccination (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084536 TI - [Examination schedule in suspected gonorrhea]. PMID- 7084537 TI - A method for the study of the effect of barrier creams and protective gloves on the percutaneous absorption of solvents. PMID- 7084538 TI - Electron microscopic observations of arsenical keratosis and Bowen's disease associated with chronic arsenicism. PMID- 7084539 TI - In vivo porphyrin fluorescence for Propionibacterium acnes. A characterization of the fluorescing pigments. PMID- 7084540 TI - Localized pustular vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7084541 TI - [Chancriform pyoderma]. PMID- 7084542 TI - Systematized osteolytic hemangiomatosis. PMID- 7084543 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis Dowling-Meara. Report of a case and pathomorphogenesis. AB - Report of a 2-year-old girl of Turkish origin with congenital generalized blister formation in herpetiform arrangement. Direct immunofluorescence ruled out juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring. Ultrastructural investigation of a fresh blister and clinically intact preblistering skin revealed intraepidermal blister formation via cytolysis of basal cells preceded by clumping of tonofilaments and partial attachment to the hemidesmosomes at the dermo-epidermal junction. This type of blister formation is significantly different from all other epidermolysis bullosa types and is a characteristic feature of all further cases studied so far by electron microscopy (n = 20) which correspond to the original cases of Dowling and Meara. Clinical features characteristic of this epidermolysis type are outlined and classification of epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis Dowling-Meara into the non-scarring epidermolyses with dominant inheritance is discussed. PMID- 7084546 TI - Lichen nitidus and Crohn's disease. PMID- 7084545 TI - Effects of retinyl acetate in soluble and encapsulated forms on epidermal cell proliferation in the guinea pig. PMID- 7084544 TI - Pemphigus provoked by D(-)penicillamine. An experimental approach using in vitro tissue cultures. AB - We present the results of our experiments with in vitro tissue cultures of normal human skin, carried out in order to clarify the mechanism(s) by which D(-) penicillamine provokes pemphigus. Various concentrations of D(-) penicillamine were added to the culture medium and produced acantholytic splitting, closely similar to control lesions produced by pemphigus serum, whereas no lesions occurred in controls cultured without the drug. This suggests to us that the pemphigus of D(-)penicillamine is due to biochemical mechanisms and is not mediated by antibodies. Integrating our data with those of previous clinical and experimental studies on idiopathic pemphigus vulgaris leads us to think that the pemphigus antigen(s) might be present in certain structures of the cell membrane of epithelial cells, which are linked with the initial phases of keratin differentiation. PMID- 7084547 TI - Urticaria as presenting manifestation of pemphigus herpetiformis. PMID- 7084548 TI - Monoclonal gammopathy (IgG1) in Psoriasis. PMID- 7084549 TI - The effect of the beta-mimetic drug clenbuterol on maternal and fetal behaviour. AB - The effect of the beta-mimetic compound clenbuterol on maternal and fetal behaviour was studied in 12 normal primigravidae between 35 and 38 wk of gestation. None of the subjects exhibited any signs of uterine activity. Following a control period of 60 min, oral intake of 100 micrograms of clenbuterol resulted in a maximum increase in maternal and fetal heart rate of 13 and 7%, respectively. Maternal systolic blood pressure showed a rise of 6%, whereas diastolic blood pressure demonstrated a drop of 8%. The percentage incidence of fetal breathing and trunk movements did not show any significant change following oral clenbuterol administration, indicating the absence of any major effect of this drug on the fetal central nervous system. Maternal blood glucose levels demonstrated a fairly constant pattern during the entire study period. PMID- 7084550 TI - Abruption and premature separation of placenta previa. PMID- 7084552 TI - Sertoli cell and sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of the ovary. A report of three cases with ultrastructural findings. AB - Three tumors of the ovary containing Sertoli cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two of these tumors were well-differentiated neoplasms with epithelial cells often forming tubules. These cells were cylindrically shaped, contained round to oval nuclei and stood on a thin basement membrane. The cytoplasm was fibrillary and showed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and secretory granules. At the luminal borders the cells were often irregular and displayed apocrine-like activity. Having compared our data with results of studies from the literature of normal Sertoli cells, Sertoli cell adenomas of the testis and cells from other parts of the male reproductive system and those of normal ovarian stroma, we conclude that the Sertoli cell is most probably the cell of origin of these tumors. The third tumor was undifferentiated with a sarcomatoid appearance and contained islands of cartilage, which we consider to be metaplastic. PMID- 7084551 TI - Ultrasonic detection of bilateral ovarian cysts in the fetus. PMID- 7084554 TI - A reaction cell with short optical path and oxygen electrode compartment for convenient quantitative determination of oxygen binding by hemoglobin. AB - 1. A simple and compact apparatus, with which the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin can be determined easily, was constructed and its performance was examined. 2. The oxygen partial pressure and the degree of oxygen saturation in a hemoglobin solution were determined by combined used of a Clark oxygen electrode and a spectrophotometer. 3. This apparatus can be used in a usual 1 cm square cell holder of a commercial spectrophotometer without any modifications, and has the advantage that the light path length of the optical cell is variable and can be shortened to about 2 mm. PMID- 7084555 TI - Statistics of disulfide bond formation in proteins. PMID- 7084553 TI - A comparison of the effects of feeding concentrate diets, based on either maize or barley, or dried grass on adipose tissue lipogenesis in sheep. AB - 1. Three groups of 4 sheep were penned individually and provided with diets composed of either dried grass, 80% ground maize/20% soyabean meal or 80% ground barley/20% soyabean meal. 2. The diets were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks before s.c. adipose tissue biopsy samples were taken from the rump region. 3. Although the rate of lipogenesis was significantly increased by concentrate feeding the order of utilization of the various substrates was always acetate greater than glucose greater than lactate. Throughout this work lactate was always of minor significance as a lipogenic substrate. 4. The diet-induced differences in lipogenesis were reflected in significant increases in the specific activities of the fatty acid synthetase system, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in concentrate fed animals. 5. No differences were observed in in vitro lipogenesis from any of the substrates or enzyme specific activity between the 80% barley diet and the 80% maize diet. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the effect of concentrate and roughage feeding on the entry of alpha-linked glucose polymer into the small intestine of sheep. PMID- 7084556 TI - DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from bovine thyroid: catalytic properties and template specificities. AB - 1. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II have been purified starting from bovine thyroid nuclei yielding a purification factor of 230 for the RNA polymerase I and a purification factor 3212 for RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase II was further characterized by gel electrophoresis and amino-acid analysis. 2. Kinetics and optimal assay conditions for both RNA polymerases were studied. 3. The template efficiency of a number of DNA preparations was investigated. 4. Rifamycin AF 013 and heparin act as initiation inhibitors. 5. Polyamines were shown to enhance the rate of chain elongation. PMID- 7084557 TI - Fractionation of apolipoproteins from human serum very low density lipoproteins by chromatofocusing. AB - 1. A pooled serum from several pregnant women was used as a source of VLDL 2. VLDL and if needed other lipoproteins were fractionated by sequential flotation. 3. Lipoproteins were delipidated and lipid-free VLDL apolipoproteins were fractionated by a new chromatofocusing technique. 4. Chromatofocusing column run yielded 7 peak protein fractions and the corresponding pI values were: 6.8, 6.6, 5.7, 5.5, 5.2, 4.8 and 4.4. 5. Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis of the chromatofocusing protein peaks indicated that they are different having dissimilar Rf values in urea-SDS containing slabs. PMID- 7084558 TI - Sexual environment and molybdate: two factors influencing the androgen-receptor quantification in prostate, bulbocavernosus/levator ani and heart muscle of male Wistar rats. PMID- 7084559 TI - The synthesis and secretion of human placental lactogen (hPL) in cultured term placenta. AB - We studied the in vitro synthesis and secretion of hPL by human term placental tissue incubated in organ culture. Placental tissue maintains a constant pool of hPL. The synthesis of hPL may be the driving force for its secretion. The de novo synthesis and secretion rates of hPL were also investigated. The higher specific radioactivities of the secreted hPL than those found in the tissue may suggest that newly synthesized hPL is preferentially released. The intracellular distribution of hPL was also compared. PMID- 7084561 TI - In vitro effects of sex steroids on LH-stimulated steroid accumulation by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles. AB - The in vitro effects of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol-17 beta on steroid accumulation by isolated rabbit follicles were examined. Progesterone had no effect on LH-stimulated androgen accumulation but inhibited LH-stimulated estrogen accumulation at 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M. Testosterone at 10(-5) M but not at 10(-6) M or 10(-7) M, inhibited LH-stimulated progesterone accumulation. LH stimulated estrogen accumulation was inhibited at all dose levels of testosterone. Estradiol (10(-5) M) inhibited LH-stimulated androgen accumulation and had no effects on progesterone accumulation. It is concluded that the steroidal milieu of follicles can influence their response to LH. PMID- 7084560 TI - The intranuclear distribution of rat uterine estrogen receptors determined after nuclease treatment and chromatin fractionation. AB - The intranuclear locations at which rat uterine estrogen receptors interact with chromatin have been probed using digestions performed with DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease. Exposure to nuclease has been controlled to effect limited to extensive digestion of nuclear DNA under conditions which maintain the integrity of the [3H] estradiol-receptor complex. The effect of divalent cation concentration on the release of estrogen receptors fron nuclease-treated chromatin was examined and found to be of consequence above 2 mM. Exposure to nuclease released nuclear estrogen receptors from chromatin, with DNAase I being more efficient than micrococcal nuclease in mediating this release. The release of the bulk of nuclear estrogen receptors closely paralleled the nuclease mediated digestion of chromatin DNA. At 1 h after exposure to estrogen, substantial quantities of uterine estrogen receptors (80-90%) were distributed in chromatin fractions which, on the basis of fractionation terminology, have been termed 'transcriptionally inactive' by convention. Enrichment of estrogen receptors in chromatin which has been termed ' transcriptionally active' only occurred with 10-20% of the estrogen receptors. Hence, our findings support a model where, at early times after estrogen exposure, receptors from the rat uterus are enriched to only a minor extent in chromatin to which 'transcriptional activity' is generally assigned while the bulk of receptors are localized in chromatin which is generally considered 'transcriptionally inactive'. PMID- 7084563 TI - Biochemical response of lymphoma cells to mitogenic stimulation by prolactin. AB - A previous study showed that cultured Nb 2 node rat lymphoma cells stopped replicating when transferred to medium supplemented with horse serum instead of fetal calf serum; resumption of growth could be induced by the addition of prolactin or other lactogens. The present study shows that in the absence of prolactin cells accumulated early in the G1 phase from which, on stimulation by the hormone, they proceeded through the cell cycle in a synchronized fashion. Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase activities were closely related to the proliferative status of the cells. In stationary cultures the enzyme activity was barely detectable; following the addition of prolactin, the levels increased over 100-fold and displayed well-defined changes as the cells proceeded through the cell cycle. The results suggest the lymphoma cells are very useful for studying biochemical events resulting from the interaction of a mitogenic polypeptide hormone and its target cell. PMID- 7084562 TI - The estrogen-induced vitellogenin synthesis in chicken liver after estrogen withdrawal or antiestrogen treatment. AB - (1) The induction of vitellogenin synthesis in chicken liver by an estrogen implant as well as the decline of vitellogenin synthesis and nuclear receptor concentration after withdrawal of the implant were studied. For the detection of vitellogenin the SAC immunoprecipitation technique was used. The nuclear receptor decreases very rapidly and somewhat earlier than the capacity of the liver to synthesize vitellogenin. (2) The inhibition by antiestrogens of the estrogen induced vitellogenin synthesis as well as of the accumulation of the estrogen receptor complex in the nucleus was investigated. Tamoxifen as well as the recently described 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane were found to be true antiestrogens in the chicken liver, i.e. they inhibit estrogen-induced vitellogenin synthesis but themselves cause no induction. PMID- 7084564 TI - The biosynthetic pathway of ecdysone: studies with vitellogenic ovaries of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera). AB - Ovaries of adult females of Locusta migratoria synthesize impressive amounts of the steroid hormone ecdysone (and related ecdysteroids) during the late phases of vitellogenesis. The present study, aimed at elucidating the sequence of the biosynthetic steps that lead from cholesterol to ecdysone, has taken benefit of this remarkable biological model by using a double approach: (1) isolation and physico-chemical identification of endogenous biogenetic intermediates; (2) metabolic study of labelled putative precursor molecules. The data presented in this paper lead us to propose the following sequence of events: conversion of cholesterol to 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one (via several intermediates not identified in this study) followed by 14 beta-hydroxylation to 3 beta, 14 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one; hydroxylation on the side chain at C-25 and C-22 (in this order) to 2-deoxyecdysone; hydroxylation at C-2 to ecdysone. PMID- 7084565 TI - Clinico-pathological conditions associated with pancreas divisum. AB - Nonfusion of the pancreatic ducts (pancreas divisum) was diagnosed in 41 of 812 patients in whom ERCP provided a definite diagnosis (5.04% of cases). Pancreas divisum was significantly associated with diseases of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis was less frequently observed in cases of pancreas divisum whereas acute pancreatitis, especially acute recurrent pancreatitis, was statistically more frequently seen in patients in whom the anomaly was present. These results support the hypothesis that pancreas divisum favours the development of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 7084566 TI - Progressive atrophy of pancreatic acinar tissue in rats fed a copper-deficient diet supplemented with D-penicillamine or triethylene tetramine: morphological and physiological studies. AB - This paper describes the progressive effects of severe copper depletion on pancreatic weight, structure, amylase content and responses to secretin and caerulein, as well as a number of general body parameters (appearance, body weight and blood indices). Copper depletion was produced by feeding young rats a copper-deficient diet alone or together with either of the two chelating agents D penicillamine or triethylene tetramine (Trien). After 6 weeks, the copper deficient diet alone had relatively little effect on general body parameters but reduced gland weight and the secretory response to caerulein. Addition of D penicillamine ductal and islet tissue relatively intact; gland weight was markedly reduced, and gland amylase was reduced virtually to zero; and the secretory response to caerulein was almost abolished while that to secretin was reduced. The effects of Trien on general body parameters were less severe; the secretory response to secretin was also less affected, while acinar cell atrophy, gland amylase and the secretory response to caerulein were affected to the same extent as with D-penicillamine. The effects of severe copper depletion on the pancreas were largely irreversible after 13 weeks on a copper-supplemented diet. PMID- 7084567 TI - Stimulation of thymidine incorporation in isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells by feeding an ethanol-containing liquid diet. AB - The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of isolated intestinal cells in the rat was investigated. Chronic ethanol consumption increased significantly DNA synthesis in intestinal mucosal cells. Whether this enhancement of DNA synthesis as a measure for cellular regeneration is due to the local effect of ethanol via tissue injury, to a direct stimulatory effect of ethanol on enzyme activities involved in DNA metabolism or to a change in the intestinal cell population with a shift to immature crypt cells by ethanol is not known. PMID- 7084568 TI - Effect of antibiotics in the prevention of jejunoileal bypass-induced liver dysfunction. AB - Administration of antibiotics has been reported to prevent or minimize liver dysfunction in experimental animals having been subjected to jejunoileal bypass, suggesting that jejunoileal bypass-induced liver dysfunction results from production of toxic substances by bacteria in the defunctionalized bowel. However, improved absorption will also prevent bypass-induced liver injury. We studied the effects of tetracycline on the development of bypass-induced liver dysfunction and compared it to the mucosal adaptation of the intact bowel after bypass. After 6 weeks, rats subjected to bypass but not given antibiotics had decreased levels of serum triglycerides, hepatic cytochrome P-450, and hepatic pentobarbital hydroxylase. Evaluation of intestinal mucosal hyperplasia after bypass indicated that animals given antibiotics after bypass developed greater increases in mucosal DNA content, mucosal protein, and mucosal weight than bypassed animals not receiving antibiotics. We speculate that the beneficial effects of antibiotic administration on liver function after bypass may be a result of improved absorption. PMID- 7084569 TI - Differentiation of the metameric pattern in the embryonic axis of the mouse. II. Somitomeric organization of the presomitic mesoderm. AB - The formation of the embryonic axis is brought about by the continuous recruitment of cells from the primitive streak, and at later stages from the tail bud. Presumptive somitic cells are first incorporated into presomitic mesoderm before they emerge as metamerically arranged somites. When the presomitic mesoderm was examined in stereo with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), mesenchymal cells were found to be already organized into segmental units. These segmental units are called somitomeres because of their striking similarity to structures in the embryonic axis of the chick embryo described by Meier [16]. Cells within the somitomere are arranged in concentric whorls about a core center, bisected by a medio-lateral seam which subdivides the cell population into anterior and posterior halves. The concentric configuration of the cells is most easily observed along the medial face of the presomitic mesoderm when it is generally wedge-shaped. Even tough the units are tandemly contiguous, somitomeric interfaces are distinguished by abrupt change in cellular orientation. Despite a nearly two-fold fluctuation in the overall size of the presomitic mesoderm during embryonic development, a relatively constant number of somitomeres (six) is found in tandem sequence. Somitomeric maturation culminating in somite formation involves compaction of the cell population, more orderly alignment of cells, reduction in extracellular space, and changes in the shape of the somitomere concomitant with neurulation. Though the more mature somitomere is about 70% the size of the most recently formed somitomere at the caudal end of the presomitic mesoderm, the average size of each somitomere is adjusted proportionally to the overall length of the presomitic mesoderm. In vitro culture of the presomitic mesoderm shows a direct developmental lineage between the somitomere and the somite, suggesting that somite formation is a morphologic manifestation of a somitomeric pattern laid down at an earlier stage in development. The somitomeric pattern in the paraxial mesoderm is the earliest recognizable morphologic evidence of metamerism in the embryonic axis. This pattern is later emulated by other tissues that are topographically associated with the paraxial mesoderm. PMID- 7084570 TI - In vitro induction of germinal vesicle breakdown in Xenopus laevis oocytes by melittin. AB - The bee venom, melittin, is an amphipathic polypeptide comprising 26 amino acids with known sequence. It consists of a hydrophobic and a basic hydrophilic segment, possesses lipolytic activity, and stimulates Na+-K+ pump activity. At 1.5 microM melittin induces 98% germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in stage VI (Dumont) oocytes and 96% in stage IV oocytes. Progesterone (30 microM) induced 100% GVBD in stage VI oocytes and none in stage IV oocytes. GVBD occurs earlier with melittin than with progesterone, i.e., 3 h compared to 5 h. An unusual morphologic change observed with melittin is the occurrence of mottling of the animal pole. The inner boundary of the melanin layer appears irregular with projections extending into the cytoplasm. When stage VI oocytes were microinjected with 60 nl of 3 mM melittin only 48% showed GVBD indicating that the effectiveness of melittin was dependent upon the route of administration. On the other hand, 60% of stage VI oocytes underwent GVBD when microinjected with the cytosol fraction obtained from melittin-treated oocytes. Dissolution of isolated germinal vesicles did not occur when they were incubated in modified Barth's medium containing 3 mM melittin. The present results suggest that melittin induces GVBD by promoting the production of maturation promoting factor. PMID- 7084571 TI - Localization of surface structures during procaryotic differentiation: role of cell division in Caulobacter crescentus. AB - Asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus produces two cell types, a stalked cell and a new swarmer cell, with characteristics surface structures. We have examined the role of the cell cycle in the differentiation of these two cells using adsorption of bacteriophage phi LC72, the assembly of the polar flagellum, and stalk formation as assays for changes in surface morphology. Previous studies of this aquatic bacterium [17,25] have suggested that the replicating chromosome acts as a "clock' in timing the formation of the flagellar filament at one pole of the new swarmer cell. the analysis of conditional cell cycle mutants presented here extends these results by showing that DNA synthesis is also required for adsorption of phage phi LC72 and, more importantly, they also suggest that a late cell division step is involved in determining the spatial pattern in which the phage receptors and flagella are assembled. We propose that this cell division step is required for formation of "organizational' centers which direct the assembly of surface structures at the new cell poles, and for the polarity reversal in assembly that accompanies swarmer cell to stalked cell development. PMID- 7084572 TI - Ultrastructural aspects of erythropoietic differentiation in long-term bone marrow culture. AB - Long-term liquid cultures of mouse bone marrow produce stem cell (CFU-S) and differentiated granulocytes for many months. Addition of AMS (anaemic mouse serum) to the cultures almost entirely eliminates the granulopoietic activity and stimulates erythropoiesis, with full erythroid maturation and the production of adult haemoglobin. Ultrastructural analysis of in situ fixed material reveals the cell shape and surface morphology of the erythroid maturation series, and the generation of erythroblastic islands in vitro. Each erythroblastic island consists of one or more synchronously maturing cohorts of erythroid cells undergoing four or five divisions between proerythroblast and normoblast. Each island is centered on a macrophage, which interacts with the developing erythroid population in several ways. Expelled nuclei are phagocytosed by te macrophage, which also has large areas of closely apposed membrane with the erythroid cells, gap junctions, and possible reciprocal vesicular activity. Changes in the adherent layer (stromal cells) also occur with the transition from granulopoiesis to erythropoiesis. There is a reduction in the endothelial cell cover, and mobilisation of lipid from the granulopoietic associated apidocytes. PMID- 7084573 TI - Metameric pattern development in the embryonic axis of the mouse. I. Differentiation of the cranial segments. AB - The overall pattern of the mesoderm in the embryonic axis of the cranial region of mouse embryos was examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A segmental organization was observed first in the paraxial mesodermal wings and midline axis of embryos at the late primitive streak stage. Each segmental unit consists of a somitomere in the paraxial region on each side of an enclosed stretch of midline notochord. Somitomeres appear initially as circular domains of radially arranged cells that swirl about the core center of the unit and are quite similar morphologically to those described recently in chick embryos [12]. Lying in tandem sequence, the segments comprise the chordamesoderm that underlies the neural plate. As additional pairs of somitomeres are added from the primitive streak at the caudal end of the axis, those established in the cranial region remain contiguous and undergo morphogenesis that is coordinate with neurulation. We divide the development of the cranial axis into five phases and associate somitomeres in the mesoderm with neuromeric segmentation in the neural plate. It was found that the first pair of somitomeres comes to underlie the prosencephalon, the second and third pairs underlie the mesencephalon, while the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs of somitomeres underlie neuromeres of the metencephalon. The eighth pair of somitomeres are the first to separate themselves from the first seven and from the first pair of somites visible at the light microscope level. This study suggests that the cranial axis of the mouse embryo is initially organized into segments like the rest of the body and that subsequent cranial morphology is a consequence of differential development of these segments. PMID- 7084574 TI - [Cerebral cysticercosis in Mexico]. PMID- 7084575 TI - [Immunologic technics for cancer detection]. PMID- 7084576 TI - [Blood sample dilution for measuring hyperglycemia using reagent strips]. PMID- 7084577 TI - [The sacred disease. Historical aspects and current status]. PMID- 7084578 TI - [Cerebral cysticercosis in Mexico. Diagnosis]. PMID- 7084579 TI - [17th Forum for Research in Gastroenterology. 6th French Meeting of Hepato gastroenterology. Paris, 29 March-1 April 1982. Abstracts]. PMID- 7084580 TI - [Viral hepatitis and homosexuality]. PMID- 7084581 TI - [Chlamydia trachomatis perihepatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084582 TI - [Congenital hepatic fibrosis, multiple renal cysts and primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084584 TI - [Collagenous colitis]. PMID- 7084583 TI - [Elemental or semielemental diet?]. PMID- 7084585 TI - [Different behaviour of fat absorption after solid-liquid and liquid meals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084586 TI - [Collagenous colitis: a new case including an ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084587 TI - [Vagal non-cholinergic stimulation of external pancreatic secretion in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084588 TI - [Effectiveness of radiotherapy on transplanted intestinal carcinoma in the rat (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084589 TI - [Primary biliary cirrhosis and lupus: role of D-penicillamine?]. PMID- 7084590 TI - Movement of the epiglottis during deglutition. A cineradiographic study. AB - The movements of epiglottis during swallowing of barium were studied by high speed cineradiography in 150 volunteers who had no dysphagia. In 137 individuals the epiglottis tilted down in a two-step fashion during deglutition. The first movement from an upright to transverse position was accomplished by elevation of the larynx and approximation of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. This first movement is evidently a passive one and induced by the muscles that lift the hyoid bone. The second movement of the epiglottis, from transverse to an inverted position, occurs later in swallowing and seems related to contraction of the thyroepiglottic muscle. The second epiglottic movement was absent in 7 individuals, and 6 others demonstrated obliquity of their epiglottis (30-90 degrees) when studied in AP projection. PMID- 7084591 TI - Hemangiomas of the esophagus. PMID- 7084592 TI - The minimum effective dose of glucagon in upper gastrointestinal radiography. AB - The effect of small intravenous doses (0.025 and 0.05 mg) of glucagon was evaluated in 22 patients. All 12 patients given 0.05 mg demonstrated by hypotonicity of the stomach and duodenum at 1 min and beginning return of peristalsis at 2 1/2 min. Subsequently, 100 patients with radiographically normal upper gastrointestinal examinations who received 0.05 mg of glucagon intravenously were compared to 100 patients with normal examinations without it. Comparison was made to determine the effect of glucagon on gastric mucosal coating and distention of the stomach and duodenum. In all areas of the stomach, mucosal coating was significantly improved in the glucagon group. There was also increased distention of the distal antrum, duodenal bulb, and duodenal loop. No adverse effects were reported. Because of the short duration of action of glucagon, the examination needs to be coordinated and done rapidly. The routine use of a small dose of glucagon increased the performance time slightly with small additional cost but was compensated for by the increased diagnostic quality of the examination. PMID- 7084593 TI - Emphysematous gastritis secondary to disseminated stronglyloidiasis. PMID- 7084594 TI - Computed tomography of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. AB - Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 6 patients with gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. The characteristic CT findings were a large extraluminal mass, apparently mesenteric in location, with central areas of necrosis. These findings were present in 5 of the 6 patients. Enhancement of the rim of the tumor was seen in 2 of 3 patients who had scans before and after administration of intravenous contrast material. CT identified the site of origin of tumor in only 2 patients. The characteristic CT findings should suggest the diagnosis of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. PMID- 7084595 TI - Adult postoperative enteroenteric intussusception in Crohn's disease. PMID- 7084596 TI - Fistulas and sinus tracts: radiographic evaluation, management, and outcome. AB - A retrospective review of 50 sinus tracts and 87 fistulas is presented. The etiologies, methods of radiographic evaluation including computed tomography and ultrasound, means of radiographic intervention, and disposition of sinus tracts and fistulas are discussed. Despite the newer imaging modalities, a sinogram or a fistulogram is still the best means of evaluating a sinus tract or fistula when an external communication is present. Computed tomography is helpful if exact spatial delineation of the tract is necessary or an associated abscess is suspected. Ultrasound examination is generally not useful, being limited by bowel gas and surgical incisions. PMID- 7084597 TI - Evaluation of intramuscular ceruletide for shortening small bowel transit time. AB - A double-blind crossover study in 31 normal volunteers showed that intramuscular injection of ceruletide (0.3 microgram/kg) significantly accelerated small bowel transit of barium when compared to placebo. The only adverse effect was frequent pain at the injection site. There was a significant degradation in the quality of small bowel coating and distension in only 10% of the volunteers. Despite these problems, intramuscular administration of ceruletide may become a useful method for decreasing the prolonged time required for most small bowel examinations. PMID- 7084599 TI - Population survey: ultrasonic cholecystography. PMID- 7084598 TI - Ultrasound in the diagnosis of a palpable abdominal mass. A prospective study of 107 patients. AB - In 107 consecutive patients referred to the ultrasound laboratory for investigation of a palpable abdominal mass, the examination was performed without knowledge of clinical history, laboratory findings, or the results of other examinations. In 101 of the patients the correct diagnosis was subsequently verified, and 29 different ultrasonic diagnoses were reached. In 98 (97%) of the patients the ultrasonic diagnoses were correct. Two uterine leiomyomas were erroneously diagnosed as ovarian in origin, and a massive adrenal carcinoma was misdiagnosed as a hepatic tumor. It is suggested that ultrasonic scanning is the method of choice in evaluating patients with a palpable abdominal mass. PMID- 7084600 TI - Parasitic and mycotic causes of biliary obstruction. PMID- 7084601 TI - Racial differences in peptic ulcer disease: fact or myth? AB - It is believed by some that in the United States peptic ulcer is more common among nonwhites than whites even though there have been few studies on this topic. To shed more light on this area, data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics were analyzed. Crude rates from the Health Interview Survey (prevalence data), the Hospital Discharge Survey, and the Mortality Survey all show that whites have more peptic ulcer than nonwhites. Mortality data for the past 28 yr were analyzed with respects to age, race, sex, and type of ulcer. From 1949 to 1977, whites have had consistently higher crude death rates for both gastric and duodenal ulcers than nonwhites. During this same time period the age adjusted mortality rates show a higher rate for nonwhites. It is concluded that age-specific rates need to be considered when evaluating how common peptic ulcer disease is in the white and nonwhite populations. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates oversimplify the picture. Nonwhites have a higher mortality rate than white up to the age of 65-74 yr, but it becomes lower after that. PMID- 7084602 TI - Proximal Gastric vagotomy without drainage for treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer. AB - One hundred and nine patients with perforated duodenal ulcer were treated by operation between 1973 and 1980. The operations performed included simple closure in 37 patients, vagotomy and drainage or gastric resection in 12 patients, and proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage and with omental patch of the perforation in 60 patients. Patients who were treated by proximal gastric vagotomy have been observed for 1-8 yr and form the basis of this study. There was no operative mortality. One patient with a postoperative infection required secondary drainage and a second patient with intestinal obstruction required lysis of adhesions. There were no other important complications. Persistent mild dumping occurred in 1 patient. Diarrhea was not a complication for any patient. One patient developed a recurrent ulcer and underwent truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. All patients except the patient with a recurrent ulcer had a Visick grading or I or II. Proximal gastric vagotomy, omental patch of the ulcer, and no drainage procedure is the ideal operation for patients who are candidates for definitive treatment of a perforated duodenal ulcer. PMID- 7084603 TI - Relationships among serum pepsinogen I, serum pepsinogen II, and gastric mucosal histology. A study in relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. PMID- 7084605 TI - Postsecretory processing of heptadecapeptide gastrin: conversion to C-terminal immunoreactive fragments in the circulation of the dog. PMID- 7084604 TI - Role of food in gastrointestinal ulceration produced by indomethacin in the rat. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the role of food in indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal lesions. Following a 24- or 48- fast, rats were given various amounts of rat Chow pellets or various types of diets (high-bulk non-nutritive diet, equicaloric liquid diet, or liquid diet containing cellulose) for 1 h. One half hour after the feeding, 30 mg/kg of indomethacin was administered subcutaneously, and 6 h later the animals were killed and gastrointestinal lesions measured. In the fasted rat, indomethacin produced lesions predominantly in the gastric corpus. In the rat that was fed Chow pellets, indomethacin produced lesions in both the gastric antrum and small intestine. By increasing food intake, the corpus lesions decreased while antral and intestinal lesions increased. In the rat that was fed cellulose or sawdust pellets, indomethacin produced lesions in all three areas. In contrast, indomethacin did not produce any lesions in the liquid diet group. However, when cellulose was added to the liquid diet, indomethacin produced lesions in both the antrum and small intestine, the lesions increasing in proportion to increasing concentrations of cellulose. It is concluded that in indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal lesions: (a) the nutritional component of food prevents the formation of corpus lesions, and (b) the solid component of food, whether nutritive or not, plays an essential role in the formation of antral and intestinal lesions. PMID- 7084606 TI - Evidence that gastrin 34 is preferentially released from the human duodenum. PMID- 7084607 TI - A porcine brain polypeptide is identical to the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. AB - The polypeptide known as the "vasoactive intestinal polypeptide" has now been isolated from porcine brain. Determination of the structure shows that cerebral vasoactive intestinal polypeptide consists of 28 amino acid residues in the sequence: His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala Val-Lys -Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2. This structure is identical to that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide previously isolated from porcine and bovine upper intestine, and its amino acid composition is identical to that of human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from colon. Although immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has been shown previously to be present in different tissues, this is the first time it has actually been isolated from cerebral tissue, or indeed from any nonintestinal tissue. PMID- 7084608 TI - Infusion of pure cholecystokinin in humans. Correlation between plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and gallbladder size. PMID- 7084609 TI - Effect of bethanechol (urecholine) on gastric acid and nonparietal secretion in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. Comparison with atropine, pentagastrin, and histamine. PMID- 7084610 TI - Effect of atropine on gastrin release stimulated by an amino acid meal in humans. PMID- 7084611 TI - Measurement of gastric mucosal blood flow in dogs by the 99mTc-4 methylaminophenazone clearance technique. AB - In anesthetized dogs, correlation was found between the 99mTc-4 methylaminophenazone and aminopyrine clearance measured in the same animal after administration of the gastric secretory stimulants vasopressin or glucagon. Similar correlation was observed between the 99mTc-4-methylaminophenazone and [14C]aminopyrine clearance during histamine administration. The clearance values were always corrected by the actual degree of dissociation of the radioactive molecules. The results suggest that 99mTc-4-methylaminophenazone is suitable to study circulatory changes in human gastric mucosa. Advantages of this compound include a much lower dose of radiation absorbed by the patient and his surroundings, a simplified measurement technique, and considerably reduced expenses. PMID- 7084612 TI - Transvenous liver biopsy: an experience based on 1000 hepatic tissue samplings with this procedure. AB - Transvenous liver biopsy was attempted 1033 times in 932 patients in whom percutaneous liver biopsy was contraindicated. A hepatic tissue specimen was obtained in 1000 out of these 1033 attempts. The specimen was unfragmented and/or large enough to allow correct evaluation of liver architecture in 518 of the 807 successful biopsies (64.2%) in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis and in 191 of the 193 successful biopsies (98.9%) in patients with nonfibrotic lesion of the liver. Transvenous liver biopsy was followed by no or minor complication in all our patients except for one who suffered fatal intraperitoneal bleeding due to perforation of the liver capsule. It is concluded that transvenous liver biopsy is a workable, efficient, safe procedure for obtaining hepatic tissue specimens and that this method is essential in a department of hepatology. PMID- 7084613 TI - Effect of 7-ketolithocholic acid on bile acid metabolism in humans. AB - The effect of 7-ketolithocholic acid on biliary bile acid composition, cholesterol saturation, and as an intermediate in the conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to ursodeoxycholic acid was investigated in 5 subjects with gallstones. After 7-ketolithocholic acid (400 mg/day) was administered orally for 14 days, biliary bile acid composition changed: The proportion of cholic acid decreased (from 45% to 19%), deoxycholic acid decreased (from 15% to 10%), chenodeoxycholic acid increased markedly (from 36% to 59%), ursodeoxycholic acid increased (from 36% to 59%), ursodeoxycholic acid increased (from 2% to 7%), and lithocholic acid increased (from 2% to 5%), while only trace amounts of 7 ketolithocholic acid were detected. During this treatment, the biliary lithogenic index fell from 2.6 to 0.9 and was accompanied by a pronounced drop in biliary cholesterol concentration. After biliary bile acid levels became constant [24 14C]chenodeoxycholic acid was given intravenously as a pulse-label, and the resultant biliary ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid specific activity curves showed a precursor--product relationship with chenodeoxycholic acid. Similarly, when uniformly labeled 7-[24-14C]ketolithocholic acid was fed (400 mg/day, 1000 +/- 100 dpm/mg) the specific activities of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid became constant and approximated each other, but these were only 75% as high as the fed 7-ketolithocholic acid. These results indicate that 7-ketolithocholic acid is absorbed, and suppresses endogenous bile acid production and biliary cholesterol secretion. Both isotopic experiments infer that ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid are formed from chenodeoxycholic acid and not from 7-ketolithocholic acid. The reduction in biliary lithogenic index and in cholesterol concentration suggest that low doses of 7-ketolithocholic acid may be effective in dissolving gallstones. PMID- 7084614 TI - Electron and immunoelectron microscopic study of Dane particle formation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. AB - The site of Dane particle formation in hepatocytes was studied by routine electron and immunoelectron microscopy of liver biopsy specimens from 10 patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis. With routine electron microscopy, core particles were abundant in cytosol, often adjacent to the cell membrane, and occasionally in the microvilli. Figures suggestive of budding of endoplasmic reticulum with a core particle into the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed frequently. There were also figures suggestive of direct budding with a core particle from the surface of the cell. With the immunoelectron microscopy, the core particles were found to be positive for hepatitis B core antigen and the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. These findings suggest that the most plausible mode of formation of the Dane particle is by budding of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive endoplasmic reticulum membrane into the cisternae. In addition, formation of the Dane particle may also take place at the surface of the hepatocyte by a similar mechanism. PMID- 7084615 TI - Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study. AB - The present study of metronidazole in perineal Crohn's disease includes 26 patients, and is composed of 17 of 21 patients who were previously reported and 9 additional consecutive patients. The course of these patients was evaluated to determine if the drug could be reduced or stopped, whether or not it continued to be effective for prolonged periods, and what long-term side effects were encountered. Dosage reduction was associated with exacerbation of disease activity in all patients, but in all, the perineal manifestations of disease healed promptly when the full dosage of metronidazole was reinstituted. The drug could be successfully discontinued in only 28% of those in whom cessation was attempted; in those patients whose perineal disease worsened with cessation of therapy, rapid healing was achieved if the drug was reintroduced. Sixteen patients received metronidazole for at least 12 mo including 7 for 18-36 mo. Eight of these 16 patients, including 4 on and 4 off the drug, remain healed; the other 8 patients had advanced healing. The only major side effect observed was paresthesias. These occurred in 50% of the patients and developed in the patients at a mean of 6.5 mo after the onset of treatment. They appeared to be dose related and nonprogressive but tended to persist for prolonged periods even after discontinuance of the drug. PMID- 7084617 TI - Treatment of giardiasis: comparative evaluation of ornidazole and tinidazole as a single oral dose. AB - Ornidazole or tinidazole as a single dose of 1.5 g was given to 100 patients with symptomatic giardiasis. Parasites disappeared from the feces of all patients, usually within 2 or 3 days, and symptoms subsided in 98 cases, usually within 5 days. During an 8-wk follow-up, parasites reappeared in 10 patients, 5 after each drug, between 1 and 7 wk after treatment. The relapses were usually symptomatic, and the probability that they were reinfections was negligible. Ornidazole appeared in serum more rapidly than tinidazole, and the mean elimination half lives were 10.9 and 11.1 h, respectively. Subjective side effects were equally common after both nitroimidazoles; dizziness was associated with rapid initial absorption. We found no correlation between drug absorption or elimination and therapeutic efficacy. Both drugs are recommendable as a single oral dose of 1.5 g in giardiasis. PMID- 7084618 TI - Granulomas do not affect postoperative recurrence rates in Crohn's disease. AB - Previous studies have reached disparate conclusions on the issue of whether or not granulomas confer any protection against recurrence of Crohn's disease after operation. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, we have examined postoperative recurrence rates in 102 patients with Crohn's disease. There were no differences in cumulative postoperative recurrence-free survival between the 53 patients with granulomas present in the resected specimens and the 49 patients without granulomas. It was concluded that the presence of granulomas in resected specimens of Crohn's disease exerts no independent influence on the rate of postoperative recurrence. PMID- 7084616 TI - Glycoproteins as substrates for production of hydrogen and methane by colonic bacterial flora. AB - Hydrogen and methane in human breath derive entirely from bacterial fermentation in the intestinal lumen. The sources of substrates utilized for these reactions have not been completely determined. Basal excretion of both gases occurs in the fasted state, while malabsorbed carbohydrate commonly results in increased hydrogen but not methane production. Using an in vitro fecal incubation system, we have studied hydrogen and methane production from glycoproteins of endogenous as well as dietary origin. All glycoproteins tested yielded hydrogen when incubated with fecal homogenates. Mean hydrogen production from substrates containing less than 3% sugar (human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, and alpha-casein) averaged 2.2 +/- 0.9% of hydrogen production from equivalent amounts of glucose, while carbohydrate-rich mucin yielded 46.0 +/- 6.7% of hydrogen production from glucose. Glycoproteins of intermediate carbohydrate content, including transferrin and egg white, yielded intermediate values. Methane production from glycoproteins was optimal from carbohydrate-poor protein substrates in fecal homogenates which accumulated hydrogen and became rapidly acidic when incubated with pure carbohydrate. In contrast, methane production was comparable for essentially sugar-free proteins, glycoproteins, and glucose when hydrogen did not accumulate and neutral pH was maintained. We conclude that glycoproteins are substrates for hydrogen and methane production by colonic bacteria from healthy adults. In individuals with bacterial overgrowth syndromes and in protein-losing enteropathy, bacterial catabolism of endogenous glycoproteins may cause increased basal hydrogen and methane excretion. These findings also raise the possibility that measurement of hydrogen or methane after oral administration of dietary glycoproteins may be useful in detection of protein malabsorption. PMID- 7084619 TI - Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. AB - Isolated suspensions of colonocytes from the rat were used to assess utilization, interaction, and fate of metabolic substrates normally obtained from colonic bacteria (acetate, propionate, butyrate) or derived from the blood circulation to the colonic mucosa (D-glucose, acetoacetate, L-glutamine). The short-chain fatty acid n-butyrate (10 mM), on its own, accounted for 86% of the total oxygen consumption and suppressed oxidation of endogenous fuel by 82%. Ths value was not altered by the addition of acetoacetate (5 mM), of L-glutamine (5 mM), or of D glucose (10 mM). Activation of short-chain fatty acids by colonocytes proceeded in the order of butyrate greater than acetate greater than propionate. D-Glucose on its own accounted for 30% of the oxygen consumption by colonocytes and hardly suppressed utilization of endogenous fuels. Colonocytes utilized ketone bodies (acetoacetate) and produced them (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) from short-chain fatty acids. Considering the interaction of substrates, isolated colonic epithelial cells utilized respiratory fuels in the preferential order of butyrate greater than acetoacetate greater than glutamine greater than glucose. The high rate of CO2 production from butyrate should be a worthwhile means of examining the functional activity of the colonic mucosa clinically and in vivo. PMID- 7084620 TI - Detection of Crohn's disease by ultrasound. AB - The target appearance of grey scale ultrasound is thought to be a characteristic sign of gastrointestinal wall thickening. It consists of a strong echogenic center surrounded by a sonolucent rim. In a prospective controlled study, the sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasonic B-scan for Crohn's disease were investigated. Fifty-one patients with Crohn's disease and 124 control subjects were studied. Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasonic target appearance for Crohn's disease were 76% and 88%, respectively. When additional ultrasonic signs of inflammatory bowel disease were considered, sensitivity and specificity rose to 84% and 91%, respectively. Both colon and ileum were affected in 85% of the true-positive and in 8% of the false-negative targets. The Crohn's disease activity index was 213 +/- 136 in patients with true-positive targets and 167 +/- 118 in patients with false-negative target appearances. Most false-positive target phenomena arose from gastrointestinal tumors. It is concluded that ultrasound is a suitable complementary method for the detection of Crohn's disease. PMID- 7084621 TI - Acute and chronic hepatic involvement of brucellosis. AB - Two patients with brucellosis are presented; one with acute hepatitis and the other with a chronic draining sinus at the right costal margin which originated from an abscess of the liver. Brucella abortus infection may be manifest by nonspecific hepatic inflammation or, occasionally, by granulomatous hepatitis. Rarely, cirrhosis may result if untreated. Chronic hepatic and splenic involvement, which is characterized by tissue calcification, can be seen in Brucella suis infection. Suppurative complications may develop after many years of dormancy. This variable response to Brucella infection seems related to species differences and perhaps differing immune response in the host. Because Brucella suis has been more commonly recovered in recent years, more patients with chronic hepatic and splenic involvement may be seen in the future. PMID- 7084622 TI - Tumors of the ampulla of Vater: early diagnosis by intraampullary biopsy during endoscopic cannulation. Two case presentations and a review of the literature. AB - In 2 cases of ampullary tumor, the diagnosis was made by intraampullary biopsy after an abnormality was discovered via the fluoroscope during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. One case was a villotubular adenoma with dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and the other, a polypoid adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. These tumors were not visualized on upper gastrointestinal barium studies and conventional duodenoscopy nor by direct vision during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In the past the diagnosis of ampullary neoplasm has been most often made of surgery and on autopsy. Only in 11 of 538 patients reviewed was the diagnosis made by biopsy of a tumor visible at endoscopy. As demonstrated by the two cases we report, intraampullary biopsy of lesions visualized on fluoroscopy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may facilitate early diagnosis. PMID- 7084623 TI - Possible foodborne transmission in a case of pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile: influence of gastrointestinal secretions on Clostridium difficile infection. AB - A 78-yr-old woman with a history of hypochlorhydria was found to have pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile. She had not received previous antimicrobial therapy. Her onset of disease followed ingestion of possibly contaminated canned salmon, suggesting possible oral transmission of disease. We assessed the possibility of ingested Clostridium difficile organisms or cytotoxin surviving passage through the upper gastrointestinal tract. Normal gastric juice, hypochlorhydric gastric juice, and duodenal secretions were obtained from volunteers and tested for their ability to kill Clostridium difficile organisms or inactivate toxin. These in vitro studies indicated that the primary upper gastrointestinal barriers for ingested Clostridium difficile and cytotoxin were pH-dependent. We suggest that oral transmission of disease due to Clostridium difficile may occur in hypochlorhydric patients. PMID- 7084624 TI - Hemorrhagic ascites: an unusual presentation of primary splenic lymphoma. AB - Hemorrhagic ascites is usually associated with a poor prognosis. A patient with hemorrhagic ascites having a potentially curable cause, primary splenic lymphoma (histiocytic type), is reported. It is believed that this is a new cause of hemorrhagic ascites that has not been previously described. The causes and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic ascites are reviewed. Computed tomography scan was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis and should be performed early in the evaluation of hemorrhagic ascites. PMID- 7084625 TI - Q fever hepatitis: clinical manifestations and pathological findings. AB - This report describes the clinical manifestations and pathological findings in 5 patients with serologically diagnosed acute Q fever. Each patient presented with headache, malaise, spiking fever, and hepatitis. Percutaneous biopsy of the liver in 4 patients revealed granulomatous changes with many lesions containing a dense fibrin ring surrounding a central lipid vacuole. Biopsy of the bone marrow in the fifth patient revealed similar abnormalities. These lipogranulomas should be considered characteristic of Q fever. PMID- 7084626 TI - Granulomatous hepatitis and cholangitis associated with giardiasis. AB - Biopsy of the liver revealed granulomas in portal tracts and cholangitis in a woman with chronic diarrhea, weight loss, fever, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia attributed to giardiasis. Eradication of Giardia resulted in rapid improvement of symptoms and resolution of histologic changes on a second biopsy of the liver after 3 mo. The patient had serum immunoglobulin levels that were either normal (IgG, IgM) or elevated (IgA), detectable levels in serum of anti-Giardia antibody, and an HLA phenotype (B12, B27) known to be associated with prolonged giardiasis. PMID- 7084627 TI - Training and education in gastroenterology. List of available training programs. PMID- 7084628 TI - Colon carcinoma in subhuman primates. PMID- 7084629 TI - Systemic effects of topical antifungal agents. PMID- 7084630 TI - Hepatic uptake of endotoxin. PMID- 7084631 TI - Mallory-Weiss syndrome produced by upper endoscopy. PMID- 7084633 TI - Mortality in ulcerative colitis: methods of analysis. PMID- 7084634 TI - Early cancer of the esophagus and stomach. PMID- 7084635 TI - Computer assistance for gastrointestinal endoscopy units. PMID- 7084632 TI - Tampon use as a cause of recurrent cholestatic jaundice. PMID- 7084636 TI - Mass screening for gastric cancer. PMID- 7084637 TI - Villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater. PMID- 7084638 TI - Esophageal monilioma and mucosal bridge. PMID- 7084639 TI - Development of duodenal ulcer during cimetidine treatment for gastric ulcer. PMID- 7084640 TI - Injection sclerosis of esophageal varices is without sound physiological basis. PMID- 7084641 TI - Endoscopic observation of large fundic gastric polyp prolapsing through the pylorus. PMID- 7084642 TI - Gastric candidiasis: an endoscopic and histological study in 26 patients. PMID- 7084643 TI - Endoscopic variceal sclerosis: a one-year experience. AB - Our first year's experience with endoscopic variceal sclerosis (EVS) performed with a cuffed balloon fiberoptic endoscope is presented. Seventy-five patients have been treated with EVS without requiring the use of general anesthesia. All but one patient had endoscopically documented variceal hemorrhage and underwent EVS while bleeding or shortly thereafter. Ninety-two per cent of the patients were discharged from the hospital after initial treatment with the current overall survival rate being 89.3%. Complications resulting in a prolonged hospitalization were infrequent, but two deaths occurred in which EVS complications may have been a contributing factor. Based on these results, EVS is recommended for managing variceal hemorrhage and is a reasonable alternative for shunt surgery in the management of variceal bleeding. PMID- 7084644 TI - Absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation with endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices. AB - Esophageal varices were injected with 5% sodium morrhuate and a solution containing thrombin, concentrated dextrose, and cephalothin sodium using the flexible gastroscope with balloon cuff modification. Hematologic and coagulating parameters were checked before and after the procedure to look for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. No effect was noted on hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet count, haptoglobin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, factor V, or factor VIII. Injection sclerotherapy with currently available solutions appears to have no effect on the systemic coagulation system. PMID- 7084645 TI - Upper gastrointestinal mass survey with panendoscopy in a workplace. AB - We performed a mass survey using a thin forward-viewing gastroscope (Olympus GIF P2) as a secondary examination of 449 persons from 3457 employees who had undergone the first step of the screening with photofluorography. Comparing these results with those obtained in the mass survey of 1976 and 1977, in which the lateral-viewing gastrocamera, GT-PA2, was employed for the second step of the screening in 372 of 3548 persons examined, we arrived at the following conclusions: (1) the thin forward-viewing gastroscope for mass survey permits accurate diagnosis not only of gastric lesions but also of bulbar lesions; (2) there was no significant difference between the two mass surveys in the rate of discovery of gastric lesions, but gastric ulcer scars were detected at higher rate when using the gastrocamera; and (3) few lesions were noted in cases with an incompletely filled bulb; gastric erosions, especially prepyloric, were noted with bulbar deformity. PMID- 7084646 TI - Endoscopic applications of electrosurgery: a review of basic principles. PMID- 7084647 TI - Retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 7084648 TI - Endoscopic decompression and drainage of benign and malignant biliary obstruction. AB - Successful performance of endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of choledocholithiasis led to the placement of retrograde, transpapillary catheters for internal drainage and prevention of cholangitis. This technique presented the opportunity for using nasobiliary tubes for short term treatment of this problem or placing a permanent drain into the bile duct for long term management. Internal drains placed endoscopically have been used on 15 occasions: 10 nasobiliary and five permanent. These drains have functioned well without complications prompting us to recommend this approach in patients with benign or malignant obstruction of the biliary tree. PMID- 7084649 TI - A randomized double-blind study of nalbuphine as an analgesic for colonoscopy. AB - Forty-five patients having ambulatory colonoscopic examinations were randomly assigned to receive premedication with meperidine or with nalbuphine. Both treatment groups received equivalent amounts of intravenous diazepam as an additional sedative. Approximately half of the patients tolerated the procedure well in either treatment arm, but a significantly greater number of patients receiving nalbuphine tolerated the procedure poorly, even with large doses of medication. Nalbuphine does not appear to be as effective as meperidine for relieving the discomfort induced by colonoscopy. PMID- 7084650 TI - Choledochocele as the cause of recurrent obstructive jaundice in childhood: diagnosis by ERCP. PMID- 7084651 TI - Colonoscopic instillation of sodium diatrozoate: radiographic confirmation of endoscopically undetected polyps. PMID- 7084652 TI - A modified technique for peroral placement of an esophageal prosthesis. PMID- 7084653 TI - Endoassist, a mechanical device to support an endoscope. PMID- 7084654 TI - Plasma arginine vasotocin concentrations in the lizard Varanus gouldii (Gray) following water loading, salt loading, and dehydration. PMID- 7084655 TI - The effects of hypophysectomy and replacement therapy with prolactin, cortisone, or their combination on the blood of the black bullhead lctalurus melas. PMID- 7084656 TI - In vitro inactivation of tenebrio molitor corpora allata by a synthetic precocene analog. PMID- 7084657 TI - Nuclear uptake of radioactivity by cells of pituitary, brain, uterus, and vagina of the Asian musk shrew (Suncus murinus) following [3H] estradiol administration. PMID- 7084658 TI - Prenatal peripheral monodeiodination in the chick embryo. PMID- 7084659 TI - Progesterone production by granulosa cells of atretic follicles in the domestic fowl (Gallus Domesticus). PMID- 7084660 TI - Steroid and thyroid hormones during sexual maturation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seawater of fresh water. PMID- 7084662 TI - Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels during the development of photorefractoriness in Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus) exposed to different photoperiods. PMID- 7084661 TI - Effects of teleost urotensins on intestinal absorption of water and Nacl in tilapia, sarotherodon mossambicus, adapted to fresh water or seawater. PMID- 7084663 TI - Ecdysteroid levels during ovarian development and embryogenesis in the spider crab Acanthonyx lunulatus. PMID- 7084664 TI - Endocytosis of yolk proteins by Xenopus laevis oocytes: kinetics of uptake of estrogen and gonadotropin-induced vitellogenins. PMID- 7084665 TI - Genetic analysis of the tw73 haplotype of the mouse using deletion mutations: evidence for a parasitic lethal mutation. PMID- 7084666 TI - The structure of hair and follicles of mice carrying the naked (N) gene. PMID- 7084667 TI - Path analysis under generalized assortative mating. II. American I.Q. PMID- 7084668 TI - Rapid evolution of genes coding for variant surface glycoproteins in trypanosomes. AB - We have used cloned DNA complementary to the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for different variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of Trypanosoma brucei, stock 427, to study the degree of conservation of the corresponding nuclear genes in related trypanosome stocks. Conservation of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites in and around these genes were assessed by hybridization of the complementary DNA (cDNA) probes to nuclear DNA blots of these stocks. One of the genes (117) was found essentially unaltered in 11 out of 12 stocks. A second gene (118) was absent in five stocks. In the seven stocks that contained it, four forms of this 118 gene could be distinguished that differ by loss/gain of several restriction sites. A third gene (221) was only present in T. brucei 427 and in none of 11 other stocks. We conclude that a sub-set of the genes for the variant antigens evolves at a very high rate and we favour the hypothesis that this is due to local hypermutagenesis. PMID- 7084669 TI - Home visits. PMID- 7084670 TI - The battered elderly. PMID- 7084671 TI - Adverse drug reactions in TB therapy: risks and recommendations. PMID- 7084673 TI - The biologic aging clock. PMID- 7084674 TI - Plasma choline and blood cholinesterases in aged rats. PMID- 7084672 TI - Gallstones--the case for medical management. PMID- 7084675 TI - Superoxide dismutase activities in aging rat brain. PMID- 7084676 TI - Pancreatic carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea in aged mice. AB - We have studied the ability of N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea to induce pancreatic carcinoma within 5 months when single doses were administered to C57BL/6J male mice at 3, 12 and 24 months of age. Pancreatic tumors were not observed in the young and middle-aged animals, but 3/15 of the surviving aged mice showed gross evidence of carcinoma. Ultrastructural analysis revealed in each tumor the presence of two populations of undifferentiated cells, both cell types possibly being of acinar cell origin. The observation of pancreatic carcinoma only in aged animals treated with an environmental carcinogen may be a model paralleling the human condition, which also shows a strong age dependency. PMID- 7084677 TI - The effects of ginseng saponins on the growth and metabolism of human diploid fibroblasts. AB - The action of ginseng saponins on cell numbers, glucose uptake and lactate production and the activities of specific enzymes associated with glucose oxidation, was tested using a human diploid fibroblast strain. No augmentation of cell numbers was observed. There was a significant increase in the level of cellular lactate levels and in the specific activities of enzymes associated with an anaerobic shift in metabolism. The possible relationship between these findings and the reputed efficacy of ginseng administration in the elderly is discussed. PMID- 7084678 TI - Factors affecting the serum iron-binding capacity in the elderly. AB - The relationship of the serum iron-binding capacity (IBC) to the serum proteins and other haematological parameters was studied in 96 elderly subjects. With two exceptions, IBC levels above the normal range were confined to cases of anaemia with transferrin saturation levels of less than 12%. In 13 cases the IBC was below normal, and in 9 it was normal in the presence of iron deficiency; in these groups the IBC correlated with serum albumin, and there was a clinical explanation for protein depletion. In cases with normal serum albumin and normal transferrin saturation, there was no decline in IBC with age. The best serological index of iron status was the transferrin saturation, which was less than 12% in significant iron deficiency. Malabsorption of inorganic iron was demonstrated in 11 out of 30 iron-deficient patients, 4 of whom had reduced IBC, but there was no relationship between iron absorption and the IBC. PMID- 7084679 TI - Age-associated change in QRS axis: intrinsic or extrinsic ageing? AB - Human ageing is most usefully conceptualised as an interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic processes. Comparison of age-associated trends in populations living under different environmental conditions provides a method of recognising the effects of extrinsic influences. This paper compares the age-associated trend in mean frontal plane QRS axis in the male adult population of Pukapuka with the trend observed in an age-matched sample from a British population. The Pukapukans show no rise in mean blood pressure with age and have other features placing them at low risk of coronary heart disease. Although the British population showed the shift to the left in mean QRS axis characteristic of economically advanced populations there was no change in mean QRS axis with age among the Pukapukans. The conclusion is drawn that the shift with age in QRS axis observed in advanced populations is extrinsic in origin but is not necessarily a manifestation of coronary heart disease. PMID- 7084680 TI - Activities of the mitochondrial NAD-linked isocitric dehydrogenase in different regions of the rat brain: changes in ageing and the effect of chronic manganese chloride administration. AB - The specific activities of NAD-linked isocitric dehydrogenase were determined in hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons and medulla, striatum, midbrain, and cerebral cortex (which included the hippocampus) of the female Wistar rat. In ageing the specific activities of this enzyme were decreased in all regions. Chronic treatment with manganese chloride from conception onwards for a period of over 2 years appeared to counteract there decreases during ageing. However, manganese had no apparent effect on the specific activities of this enzyme in different brain regions of 2-month-old animals. PMID- 7084681 TI - Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the Alzheimer type in nondemented individuals at presenile age. AB - 100 unselected brains of patients dying at the ages of 55--64 years were examined for the presence of Alzheimer type changes. These changes were found in 25 brains. This number is lower than that in a comparable investigation from Japan, but it is clearly above the number found in selected nondemented patients from England. Although none of the patients had suffered from an easily recognizable presenile dementia, an important proportion of them had been noted for unusual psychology. The occurrence of Alzheimer type changes was not dependent on the diseases the patients had suffered from. PMID- 7084682 TI - Age-related changes in the in vitro glucocorticoid responsiveness of rat spleen and splenic leukocytes. AB - Specific in vitro glucocorticoid uptake and binding activity of spleen and splenic leukocytes were examined in adult (2- to 3-month-old) and senescent (24- to 28-month-old) male, adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. No significant differences in these parameters were evident between young and old animals of either strain. Moreover, cortisol inhibition of [5-3H]-uridine uptake and the total number of glucocorticoid binding sites of spleen and its leukocytes were found to be similar in these two age groups. It was concluded that age has no effect on the glucocorticoid responsiveness of the splenic tissues of the two strains of male rats studied. PMID- 7084684 TI - Satellite symposium to the XII International Congress of Gerontology, Bremen, July 10-11, 1981. Influence of old age on the effect of drugs. PMID- 7084683 TI - Substrate changes during fasting and refeeding contrasted in old and young rats. AB - Carbohydrate and lipid substrate changes associated with fasting were similar in aged (over 24 months), 1-year-old and young (about 4 months old) rats. In all three age-groups fasting reduced liver and skeletal muscle glycogen, elevated myocardial glycogen and plasm free fatty acid (FFA) levels, but did not significantly affect blood glucose. With refeeding, the myocardium from aged and 1-year-old rats lacked the glycogenesis observed in young rats. Less glycogenesis was also observed in aged soleus muscles during refeeding than in soleus muscles from young or 1-year-old rats. This depressed glycogenesis in the old rats could not be attributed to any change in the tissue triglyceride or plasma FFA response to refeeding, but was accompanied by a slightly greater elevation of glucagon in the aged rats. Though its etiology is unclear, the depressed glycogenesis indicates that aging affects aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in addition to the known decrease in glucose tolerance. PMID- 7084685 TI - Influence of old age on the effect of drugs. Opening remarks. PMID- 7084687 TI - Psychological background of noncompliance in old age. PMID- 7084686 TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychoactive drugs in old age. AB - It can be shown that aged patients need about 2/3 of the dose of younger adult depressive patients to reach a comparable serum level distribution. No difference could be found between younger and aged patients in the correlation between serum level and clinical outcome. This correlation can best be described as a kind of saturation curve. Taking the vast serum level range in patient collectives in therapy with tri- and tetracyclic antidepressives into consideration, a routine screening of serum levels of antidepressives is highly desirable. PMID- 7084688 TI - Influence of old age on the effect of drugs: implications for prescription practice. PMID- 7084689 TI - Drug interactions in the elderly. AB - The incidence of adverse reaction to drugs and of drug interaction increases with age. The types of interaction which may occur are described. The mechanisms underlining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions are described and examples of common drug interactions which may occur in the elderly are given. It is emphasised that the elderly may need to take several drugs for the maintenance of good health and the potential danger of the part played by interaction must be recognised. PMID- 7084690 TI - Influence of old age on the effect of drugs: introduction. PMID- 7084691 TI - Some aspects of the circadian time structure in the elderly. PMID- 7084692 TI - Presence of matrix vesicles in the trabecular meshwork of glaucomatous eyes. AB - In the last few years matrix vesicles (M.V.) have been found in the vessel wall in various diseases and are considered to be related with pathological changes of the extracellular fibers of the tissue (atypical collagen etc.). Since the trabecular meshwork, at least the cribriform region, may be looked upon as a part of a vessel wall, it was an obvious conclusion to look for M.V. even in this area. Lysosomal and non-lysosomal M.V. were found in 138 trabeculectomy-specimens of various kinds of glaucoma, located for the most part within the cribriform or juxta-canalicular region of the meshwork. In ten cases small, electron-dense M.V. were found which ultrahistochemically showed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase. This proves that these vesicles are indeed extracellular lysosomes. PMID- 7084693 TI - [Morphological findings in the rabbit cornea after tear gas cauterization (author's transl)]. AB - Solutions of various concentrations of chloracetophenone (dissolved in 1, 1, 1, trichlorethane) were trickled on the corneas of rabbits. The substance was either applied to the center or to the limbus, or simultaneously to the center and limbus of the cornea. After surgical removal of the cornea on day 21, the alterations were examined by a light microscope. When chloractephenone was applied to the middle of the cornea, signs of intensified epithelial regeneration were observed, even to the point of a severe granulating and necrotic infection with ulceration. The severity of these changes depended on the concentration used and showed that repair of a corneal defect had been attempted. The same changes were observed when the same concentrations of chloracetophenone were applied to the limbus, but with greater severity. Some of these alterations led to perforation of the cornea when the substance was applied to center and limbus. These results are discussed in reference to the correlation of the changes seen in animal tests to those in the human eye. PMID- 7084694 TI - [Inner retinal traction breaks resembling a sharkmouth in areas of peripheral cystoid degeneration (author's transl)]. AB - 10 predominantly diabetic eyes from a mixed collection of 1,561 enucleated specimens showed extended, linear, ridgelike elevations of the inner retinal layers within areas of cystoid degeneration. These ridges lie peripherally and run parallel to the ora. The posterior slope of each ridge contains a chain of inner retinal holes which extend into the cavities of the cystoid degeneration. The changes, viewed from behind, resemble an open sharkmouth. The posterior border of the vitreous base adheres to the crest of the ridge behind which the vitreous itself is detached. The ridges and inner holes are thought to result from vitreous traction, chronic rather than acute, acting on peripheral areas of cystoid degeneration which can presumably be elevated more easily than normal retina. PMID- 7084695 TI - Residual humidity of lenticular nuclei after lyophilisation in human cataract lenses. PMID- 7084697 TI - Non-contact specular microscopy of the normal corneal endothelium. A statistical evaluation of morphometric parameters. AB - The corneal endothelium of 179 healthy persons (327 eyes), 4-89 years of age. as photographed through a non-contact specular microscope. From the histograms of the cell areas of each eye, other parameters were derived and subjected to computerized statistical analysis. In addition, photographs of both eyes of one person were taken on two different days and examined to determine the reproducibility of the method. The known age-dependent increase in the mean cell area as well as the decrease of the cell density with age could be confirmed. Other parameters that increase with age are the variability of the mean cell area and the maximum cell area; the latter correlates so well with age and is so easily measured that this parameter may facilitate further morphometric evaluations. For these age-dependent correlations not only regression lines but also third-rank regression curves, which seem to fit better, were calculated. Finally, age-independent parameters were found that may serve as potential additional criteria for a qualitative evaluation of the individual corneal endothelium. PMID- 7084698 TI - Indirect choroidal tears and late onset serosanguinous maculopathies. AB - The retinal changes are described in four patients who acquired indirect choroidal tears and later developed serosanguinous maculopathies. Two subsequently received photocoagulation therapy and two did not. An analysis of previous cases reported in the literature with this condition, combined with our own findings, show that only patients with ruptures close to fixation have been observed to develop late onset haemorrhages and oedema at the macula. Spontaneous resolution with preservation of useful levels of visual function not infrequently occurs, and the indications for photocoagulation therapy are probably limited. PMID- 7084696 TI - 8-methoxypsoralen and long ultraviolet effects on the rat lens: experiments with high dosage. AB - The effect of systemic 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP; 100 mg/kg daily) and subsequent long ultraviolet irradiation (UVA; 300 mJ/cm2; peak: 365 nm) on albino and pigmented rat eyes was studied in a 3-dimensional experimental set-up. While 8 MOP and UVA did not cause any ocular pathology when administered alone, a combined application of the two factors caused reversible corneal opacities, and irreversible iris devascularisation and cataracts. The irreversible changes were seen only in the albinos and accompanied by a significant decrease in lens wet weight. Phosphorescence and EPR spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of an 8 MOP-protein photoadduct in the animals treated with both 8-MOP and UVA. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of shielding the eyes of patients on photochemotherapy with protective spectacles. PMID- 7084699 TI - Fusional movements by peripheral retinal stimulation ('peripheral motor fusion'). AB - Vertical fusional movements elicited by stimulation of the non-foveal retina cannot be distinguished from movements elicited by foveal stimulation, except for a difference in the ratio between the amplitude of the response and the amplitude of the stimulus. This ratio is dependent on target configuration and on the retinal area stimulated. In some circumstances, if the size and richness of contour balances against the object fixated at the fovea, bifoveal fixation can be disrupted. It can be assumed that the stimulus for the motor response is made up of foveal as well as peripheral retinal stimulation. it is plausible that there is a gradient over the retina: the influence of the stimulated retinal area decreases form the fovea towards the periphery. PMID- 7084701 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the possible use of 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin for the purpose of drinking water decontamination]. PMID- 7084700 TI - Electron microscopic studies of the morphology of the corneal stroma in the rabbit cornea using the freeze-fracture technique. AB - The morphology of the corneal stroma in the rabbit cornea was investigated under the electron microscope using the freeze-fracture technique. The collagen fibrils were closely packed into collagen bundles. In the freeze-fracture replicas the amorphous ground substance could not be demonstrated. At the stroma membranes were shown with crater-shaped depressions on the P-face and corresponding elevations on the E-face. Regarding the topographical relationships between the membranes and other parts of the fibroblasts, it was concluded in this investigation that the crater-shaped structures probably constitute pores in the plasma membrane of fibroblasts. PMID- 7084702 TI - [Evaluation of the effect of dilor on the reproductive function, in the hygienic standardization of the drug]. PMID- 7084703 TI - [Industrial hygiene of miners in the Far North]. PMID- 7084705 TI - [Social hygiene evaluation of the adaptation of adolescents with various motivations for learning]. PMID- 7084704 TI - [Hygienic standard from the nutritional hygiene aspect for the amino ether hardening agent DTB-2 migrating from anticorrosion coatings]. PMID- 7084706 TI - [Hygienic basis of the lesson regimen for young soccer players in the sports classes of general education schools]. PMID- 7084707 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the mental work capacity of 7th-grade schoolchildren who started school at the ages of 6 and 7 years]. PMID- 7084708 TI - [Hygienic characteristics of the instruction of 6-year-old children in a kindergarten with various programs]. PMID- 7084709 TI - [Successes and the current problems of health protection for children and adolescents in the Estonian SSR]. PMID- 7084710 TI - [Otolaryngologic studies in child and adolescent hygiene]. PMID- 7084711 TI - [Environmental hygiene today and paths toward its further development]. PMID- 7084712 TI - [Knowledge about and attitude to health of Donbass miners with cardio-vascular diseases]. PMID- 7084713 TI - [Experience of the Voroshilovgrad epidemiological health service in organizing effective management of the ecological situation in the city]. PMID- 7084714 TI - [Biocybernetic evaluation of the regularity of physiological functions in schoolchildren in their academic activities]. PMID- 7084715 TI - [Hygienic aspects of the choice of methods of predicting the sanitary status of bodies of water within the territorial limits of industrial complexes]. PMID- 7084716 TI - [Chromatographic determination of Bolstar in soil, plants and water]. PMID- 7084717 TI - [Method of determining the stabilizer N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylene-diamine]. PMID- 7084718 TI - [Current status of the problem of bacterial and viral pollution of the coastal zone of seas]. PMID- 7084719 TI - [Physiological and hygienic evaluation of the agricultural work of schoolchildren]. PMID- 7084721 TI - [Characteristics of the human hazard of exposure to the chemical factors in an industrial environment]. PMID- 7084720 TI - [Ideal, model and normative indices of body weight and chest circumference in children and their model deviations]. PMID- 7084722 TI - [Working conditions and the work capacity status of workers constructing suspended ceilings made of Akmigran acoustic tiles]. PMID- 7084723 TI - [Ergonomic characteristics of paint-spray guns used in the construction industry]. PMID- 7084724 TI - [Scientific basis for the time of work resumption following pesticide use in hothouses]. PMID- 7084725 TI - [Effectiveness of training young athletes by including vitamin and trace element supplements in the diet]. PMID- 7084726 TI - [Nature of the experimental biological action of low concentrations of a mixture of nitrosodimethylamine, dimethylamine and nitrogen dioxide]. PMID- 7084727 TI - [Relations between toxicity parameters and MPEL in individual groups of harmful substances]. PMID- 7084728 TI - [Data on establishing the maximum permissible levels for the fenuron content of forest vegetable food products]. PMID- 7084729 TI - [Physiological and hygienic basis for the permissible inclusion of the synthetic fiber nitron in materials for children's clothing]. PMID- 7084730 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of cleansing the skin of beryllium compounds]. PMID- 7084731 TI - Geriatric medicine and the nursing home: a mechanism for mutual excellence. PMID- 7084732 TI - Symposium: population research for planning and practice. PMID- 7084734 TI - Macro- and microlevel aging service planning and the 1980 census. PMID- 7084733 TI - The 1980 census and the elderly: new data available to planners and practitioners. PMID- 7084735 TI - The impact of population redistribution on service delivery. PMID- 7084736 TI - The impact of seasonal population fluctuations on service delivery. PMID- 7084737 TI - Aging population research: suggestions for a model data system for service planning. PMID- 7084738 TI - Temporal and age variation of United States black/white cause-specific mortality differentials: a study of the recent changes in the relative health status of the United States black population. PMID- 7084739 TI - Criteria for the diagnosis of dementia in the community elderly. PMID- 7084740 TI - Retired and employed elderly persons: their utilization of health care services. PMID- 7084741 TI - The ombudsman volunteer in the nursing home: differential role perceptions of patient representatives for the institutionalized aged. PMID- 7084742 TI - Families versus institutions: incongruent role expectations in the nursing home. PMID- 7084743 TI - Successful aging: a developmental approach. PMID- 7084744 TI - The professionalization of gerontology. PMID- 7084745 TI - [Current status of occupational medicine and its most pressing tasks]. PMID- 7084746 TI - [Physiologo-hygienic characteristics of the working conditions of modern coke oven operators]. PMID- 7084747 TI - [Various data on the effect of dust on the health of workers producing asbestos cement products]. PMID- 7084748 TI - [Biological effects of coal dust forming during extraction of seams after physicochemical treatment]. PMID- 7084749 TI - [Relation between the clinical features of the effects of industrial noise and its nature and spectral characteristics]. PMID- 7084750 TI - [Individual sensitivity to noise]. PMID- 7084751 TI - [Current status and future tasks in establishing hygienic standards for light petroleum products]. PMID- 7084752 TI - [Use of the Free-Wilson model for the rapid prediction of the toxicity of organoboron compounds]. PMID- 7084754 TI - [Prevention of acidic necrosis of the teeth and parodontal lesions during aluminum production]. PMID- 7084753 TI - [Working conditions and health status of workers in the principal occupational categories at petroleum refineries]. PMID- 7084755 TI - [Mercury levels in the hair of dentists as an index of occupational exposure]. PMID- 7084756 TI - [Eliminatory effect of oxathiol upon exposure to fumes of metallic mercury (203Hg)]. PMID- 7084757 TI - [Experimental device for simultaneous dynamic dosing of pesticide aerosols of specific dispersities, exposure to high temperatures and a particular dose of ultraviolet radiation]. PMID- 7084758 TI - [Granulometric composition of zinc dust and its role in the etiology of foundryman's fever]. PMID- 7084759 TI - [Hearing status of civil aviation pilots]. PMID- 7084760 TI - [Work of the "Occupational Pathology" section from 1976 to 1980]. PMID- 7084761 TI - [Toxic action of lead with different levels of calcium in the diet]. PMID- 7084762 TI - [Toxicity and hazard of a series of substances used in metal working]. PMID- 7084763 TI - [Development of gas chromatographic technics to determine chloroprene in blood and milk]. PMID- 7084764 TI - [Occupational health in modern alumina production]. PMID- 7084765 TI - [Occupational health in modern silkworm breeding]. PMID- 7084766 TI - [Acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase and sympathetic-adrenal systems in dust bronchitis]. PMID- 7084767 TI - [Method of using salbutamol for detecting the mechanisms of bronchial patency disorders in dust-induced lung diseases]. PMID- 7084768 TI - [Effect of coal dust exposure on histamine and serotonin metabolism in the body (clinico-experimental study)]. PMID- 7084769 TI - [Effect of ferrite dusts on the body and the hygienic standard for their content in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7084770 TI - [Artificial hypothermia in acute poisoning by 1,2-dichloroethane and its probable metabolites]. PMID- 7084771 TI - [Importance of cytogenetic examinations of occupational contingents for the hygienic evaluation of pesticides]. PMID- 7084772 TI - [Means of introducing the results of hygiene research into industry]. PMID- 7084773 TI - [Basic research tasks on working condition problems in the microbiology industry]. PMID- 7084775 TI - [Degree of methylmercaptan pollution of the atmosphere in the area of an underground gas storage station]. PMID- 7084774 TI - [Hygienic assessment of the working conditions in shops for the restoration of art works]. PMID- 7084776 TI - [Data on the toxicology and establishment of the maximum permissible concentration of chlorendic anhydride in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7084777 TI - [Determination of carbocromen in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7084778 TI - [Photometric determination of sulfurous anhydride in the air]. PMID- 7084779 TI - [Adaptation and deadaptation problems of the body immune system in exposure to industrial chemical allergens]. PMID- 7084780 TI - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of vascular ring]. PMID- 7084782 TI - [Surgical treatment of acquired aortic valve insufficiency in children and adolescents]. PMID- 7084781 TI - [Surgical treatment of aortic coarctation in adults]. PMID- 7084783 TI - [Results of transplantation of heart bioprostheses]. PMID- 7084784 TI - [Certain aspects of surgical treatment of massive embolism of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 7084785 TI - [Evaluation of the intracardiac hemodynamics during correction of ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency]. PMID- 7084787 TI - [Choice of the optimum small-size artificial heart and certain physiopathological aspects of its function]. PMID- 7084786 TI - [Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva]. PMID- 7084789 TI - [Extracorporeal hyperbaric oxygenation as a method of total replacement of gas exchange function of the lung]. PMID- 7084788 TI - [Principles of diagnosis and management in emergency surgery of nonpenetrating chest injuries]. PMID- 7084790 TI - [Method of temporary bronchial occlusion in emergency children's pulmonology]. PMID- 7084791 TI - [Clinical manifestations and treatment of osteomyelitis and chondritis of ribs]. PMID- 7084792 TI - [Treatment of giant lung abscesses]. PMID- 7084793 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with lung hypoplasia]. PMID- 7084795 TI - [Treatment of pleural empyema]. PMID- 7084794 TI - [Method and efficacy of microdrainage and irrigation of cavernae in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7084796 TI - [Postoperative eosinophilic pleurisy]. PMID- 7084797 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic goiter]. PMID- 7084798 TI - [Surgery for fistula between right coronary artery and right atrium conducted under the conditions for mild hypothermia]. PMID- 7084799 TI - [A case of successful surgical correction of coronary-heart fistula]. PMID- 7084800 TI - [Fistula between the aorta and left atrium in combination with patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 7084801 TI - [Rare case of surgical reconstruction of aortic coarctation in a 54-year-old patient]. PMID- 7084802 TI - Effects and side-effects of partial ileal by-pass surgery for familial hypercholesterolaemia. AB - Ten patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia were subjected to partial ileal by-pass surgery. Plasma cholesterol fell by 41 and 38% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 51 and 46% after six and 18 months respectively. High density and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglycerides were unaffected. Alanine aminotransferase increased transiently in half of the patients. Diarrhoea and slight steatorrhoea troubled most of the patients for the duration of 18 months' period of observation. Other long-term side effects were slight but significant increase in the renal excretion of oxalic acid and reduction in the intestinal absorption of calcium. The study shows that this operation has metabolic side-effects that warrant continued medical care of these patients. PMID- 7084803 TI - Immunoactive trypsins in duodenal juice from children with gastrointestinal disorders. AB - Duodenal juice contains two trypsins, one anionic and one cationic at pH 8.6. To investigate their distribution, we studied fasting specimens of duodenal juice from 89 children with different gastrointestinal problems. The two trypsins were separately determined with electroimmunoassay parallel with determinations of total trypsin esterolytic activity and total protein. In 81 children with normal pancreatic function the ratio immunoactivity: esterolytic activity averaged 3.25:1. Anionic trypsin comprised an average 12% of immunoactivity: the average trypsin contribution to the total protein content was 37% for immunoactivity and 12% for esterolytic activity. These ratios were not influenced by age. Fourteen children with coeliac disease had significantly lower mean values for trypsins and total protein'. Eight children with pancreatic insufficiency had discrepant trypsin distribution, anionic trypsin being the dominant residuum in five of the eight. PMID- 7084804 TI - Bile acid and lysolecithin concentrations in the stomach in patients with duodenal ulcer before operation and after treatment by highly selective vagotomy, partial gastrectomy, or truncal vagotomy and drainage. AB - Duodenogastric reflux of bile acids and lysolecithin in the course of a standard test meal was measured in normal people and in patients with duodenal ulcer before operation and more than one year after highly selective vagotomy, Polya partial gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. Before operation, duodenal ulcer patients had significantly higher fasting, post-prandial, and peak bile acid concentrations in the stomach than had normal subjects. After Polya partial gastrectomy, fasting, post prandial, and peak concentrations of bile acids and lysolecithin were significantly higher than in preoperative duodenal ulcer patients. After highly selective vagotomy, in contrast, bile acid concentrations in the stomach were significantly lower than in preoperative duodenal ulcer patients and post prandial and peak lysolecithin concentrations were less than half (NS) those recorded in preoperative duodenal ulcer patients. After highly selective vagotomy, bile acid concentrations were also significantly lower than bile acid concentrations after Polya partial gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy; and post-prandial and peak lysolecithin concentrations were significantly lower than after Polya partial gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. Thus, when used in the treatment of patients with duodenal ulcer, highly selective vagotomy keeps ;bile' out of the stomach, probably through its effect on gastric smooth muscle, combined with the preservation of an intact antropyloroduodenal segment. In contrast, Polya partial gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty all lead to a significant increase in reflux of bile acids and lysolecithin into the stomach. The clinical importance of these findings is that both gastritis and, in the long term, gastric carcinoma may prove to be less common after highly selective vagotomy than after partial gastrectomy or vagotomy with a drainage procedure. PMID- 7084805 TI - Dietary cholesterol deprivation improves survival and reduces incidence of metastatic colon cancer in dimethylhydrazine-pretreated rats. AB - Cholesterol feeding of rats with colon cancer induced by dimethylhydrazine results in reduced survival and an increased incidence of metastatic colon cancer. As cholesterol may be implicated in the induction or maintenance of the metastatic process, an experiment was designed to determine whether rats with colon cancer would benefit from the removal of cholesterol from the diet. Female Wistar rats were treated with a colon cancer-inducing regimen of dimethylhydrazine (40 mg/kg/week for 10 weeks) while being fed on a standard cholesterol-containing rat pellet diet. After two rats had died spontaneously of histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the colon at 24 weeks, the remaining rats were randomly allocated in groups of 15 to one of three dietary regimens. Group S continued to receive standard pellet diet, group V were fed on Vivonex alone and group VC were fed Vivonex plus cholesterol (10 mg/100 ml Vivonex). Each group was assessed for survival and incidence of histologically proven metastatic disease. There were no differences in either survival or incidence of metastases when groups S and VC were compared. In the cholesterol deprived group V, however, there was a significant increase in survival compared with groups S and VC (p less than 0.02) and this was due to a significant reduction in the incidence of metastases (p less than 0.05). Cholesterol deprivation therefore benefits rats with established colon cancer induced by dimethylhydrazine by improving survival and reducing the incidence of metastases. PMID- 7084806 TI - Anti-LSP antibodies in acute liver disease. AB - Sera from 71 patients with acute liver injury have been tested for antibodies to hepatocyte membrane lipoprotein complex (LSP) using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Two main patterns of anti-LSP response were seen. In the first, seen in patients with type A and B viral hepatitis, anti-LSP antibodies were detectable at presentation, with the highest titres two to 10 days before the peak in serum aminotransferases and, in the hepatitis B patients, when viral DNA polymerase concentrations were still high, indicating active viral replication. These findings are consistent with the anti-LSP response being consequent on an interaction between T cells and neoantigens on the liver cell surface. A similar pattern was found in halothane hepatitis where immune responses to a halothane altered liver membrane antigen are present early in the course of the disease. In the second type of response, exemplified by cases with paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis, anti-LSP was only occasionally detectable at presentation, although present in very low titre later in the clinical course. This may be due to the release of altered antigen at the time of hepatocellular injury. The same pattern was found in a selected group of patients with uncomplicated acute alcoholic hepatitis, suggesting that in both these groups of patients the liver damage may have been due to a direct toxic effect on liver cells. PMID- 7084807 TI - Overwhelming pneumococcal septicaemia in a patient with ulcerative colitis and splenic atrophy. AB - This report describes a young woman with ulcerative colitis who developed rapidly fatal pneumococcal septicaemia. Necropsy revealed splenic atrophy. This case supports the hypothesis that splenic atrophy might contribute to the morbidity of ulcerative colitis. The occurrence of splenic atrophy in ulcerative colitis is now well established. Splenic atrophy from other causes has been associated with severe bacterial infections, often pneumococcal. It has been suggested that splenic atrophy is most severe when ulcerative colitis is active and may contribute to postoperative morbidity. This case documents overwhelming septicaemia in a patient with splenic atrophy whose colitis was in remission. PMID- 7084808 TI - Chylous ascites after an H-graft interposition mesocaval shunt. AB - A case of chylous ascites occurring after an emergency mesocaval shunt is reported. After an attempt at conservative management had failed, the patient was surgically explored. Although a lymphatic leak could not be identified, oversewing the retroperitoneum in the area of previous dissection and reinforcement with an omental pedicle was successful in preventing postoperative reaccumulation of chylous ascites. A review of the 26 reported cases of postoperative chylous ascites indicates a spontaneous resolution rate of 41% with non-operative management including low fat diet, paracenteses, and total parenteral nutrition. If conservative measures fail, surgical repair of the traumatised lymphatic bed has been successful. PMID- 7084809 TI - 75Se-methionine platelet survival studies: a proposal for a mathematical correction of the curve. AB - We studied platelet survival in 14 cardiac before heart valve replacement using 75Se-methionine 'cohort label'. The temporal variation of plasma and platelet activity was plotted by a continuous curve by means of a computerized interaction of the single points. Then we computed the plasmatic radioactivity fraction used daily for thrombopoiesis and made a subtraction of this aliquot from a experimental activity in the catabolic phase of the slope. Platelet life span obtained after this 'correction' is comparable with the values of random label using 51Cr. PMID- 7084810 TI - Platelet sialic acid in malignant disease. AB - n-Acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was measured in the platelets and serum of normal subjects, patients with malignant disease, and patients with acute myocardial infarction. The malignant disease group had a mean platelet NANA 24% below normal and a serum NANA 68% above normal. Both results were highly significant. Samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction showed slightly reduced platelet NANA and slightly raised serum NANA, neither change being significant. There was no correlation between platelet and serum NANA in the neoplastic group. PMID- 7084811 TI - Factor VII in liver cirrhosis. AB - Factor VII activity and factor VII cross-reacting material (CRM) in plasma of patients with liver cirrhosis have been studied before and after vitamin K1 parenteral administration. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the absence (group I) or the presence (group II) of the following clinical findings: ascites, portal hypertension, encephalopathy. Factor VII activity and CRM show a statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.001) in all patients. In group II, significantly reduced levels of both activity and CRM were found as compared to the reference and the group I values. No variations were found after vitamin K administration. Different thromboplastins, investigated with respect to their sensitivity for factor VII, acted differently. Patients with normal albumin levels also showed normal levels of factor VII activity and antigen. No correlation was found in group II. The data discussed suggest that in liver cirrhosis with unknown aetiology no immunologically detectable precursor of factor VII is present. PMID- 7084813 TI - Studies on vitamin K-dependent factor deficiency during early childhood with special reference to prothrombin activity and antigen level. AB - 8 young infants aged 14 days to 5 months with vitamin K-dependent factor deficiency were studied with special reference to prothrombin activity and antigen level. Among them, 3 infants had congenital bile duct atresia and 5 were breast-fed babies with severe hemorrhagic tendency of unknown cause. In the patients with both congenital bile duct atresia and breast feeding the ratio of prothrombin activity to prothrombin antigen was lower than 0.1. Furthermore, the arc of prothrombin antigen in these patients demonstrated a faster anodal shift than did normal prothrombin antigen on crossed immunoelectrophoresis. This abnormal prothrombin antigen was not consumed after recalcification of patient plasma, and absorbed poorly on BaSO4. In addition, the abnormal prothrombin antigen disappeared from the patient plasma within a few days after parenteral administration of vitamin K. These results suggest that this abnormal prothrombin is PIVKA-II. PMID- 7084814 TI - Preparation of a stable phospholipid reagent for coagulation assays. PMID- 7084812 TI - Factor IX levels during pregnancy in a women with hemophilia B. AB - The levels of factors VIII, II, and VII rise during pregnancy in normal women. In addition, increases in factor VIII levels have been observed in pregnant carriers of hemophilia A and in women affected with von Willebrand's disease. The influence of pregnancy on factor IX levels is less clear. Consequently, we determined serial factor IX coagulant activities (IX:C) and factor IX antigen levels (IX:Ag) during the pregnancy of an affected carrier of hemophilia B who had baseline values of 13% both IX:C and IX:Ag levels. Neither level rose during pregnancy and the patient was treated with plasmapheresis and plasma infusions during the delivery and the postpartum period. Excessive bleeding did not occur. PMID- 7084815 TI - [Studies on experimental renal damage in rats. I. Analysis of urinary alkaline phosphatase (author's transl)]. AB - The experiment was undertaken to make a discrimination between glomerulonephritis (GN, Masugi-type) and tubular damage (TD, cephaloridine-induced) in rats by means of urinary alkaline phosphatase (AlP). Urinary AlP concentrations were increased 13 times in GN rats amd 8 times in TD rats, in comparison with the corresponding controls. Cellulose acetate plate electrophoresis before and after neuraminidase digestion revealed that urinary AlP from GN rats migrated similarly to serum and intestinal AlP, while the mobility of urinary AlP from TD rats resembled that of the kidney. The sensitivity of urinary AlP from GN to the inhibitors, L phenylalanine and urea, was almost equivalent to that of intestinal AlP, and the sensitivity of urinary AlP from TD rats was similar to that from kidney AlP. Histochemically, AlP activity in the kidney appeared normal in GN rats, but it was markedly decreased in TD rats. Those results suggest that the urinary AlP from GN rats is identical to serum AlP originating from intestines, i.e., a selective increase in glomerular permeability in disturbed glomerular filtration occurs. On the other hand, urinary AlP from TD rats originated mainly from the kidney due to the disquamation in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelia. Thus the properties of urinary AlP are important for estimating the site of renal damage. PMID- 7084816 TI - [Antihypertensive and diuretic effects of indapamide in normotensive and hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. AB - Antihypertensive and diuretic actions of indapamide (SE-1520) were investigated in rats and compared with those of trichlormethiazide (TCMT). In normotensive rats, indapamide in a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. did not show a significant effect on the blood pressure. In DOCA-saline and uni-nephrectomized DOCA-saline hypertensive rats, indapamide above 1 mg/kg and TCMT above 3 mg/kg with single oral or repetitive administration for 2 weeks reduced the blood pressure level. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), both indapamide and TCMT lowered the blood pressure with single doses above 10 mg/kg or repetitive doses above 3 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. In the diuretic test using normal rats, indapamide in doses ranging from 0.1 to 30 mg/kg increased urine volume and urinary electrolyte excretion. TCMT showed a more potent diuretic action at a lower dose level. In SHR, indapamide and TCMT produced a greater urine volume and electrolytes excretion. Indapamide inhibited the carbonic anhydrase activity and the potency was about 1/25 of that of acetazolamide in vitro. The antihypertensive activity of indapamide was more potent than that of TCMT and the reverse order to that of their diuretic potencies. It is suggested that the mechanism of antihypertensive effect of indapamide is different from that of TCMT. PMID- 7084817 TI - [Analgesic and narcotic antagonist effects of buprenorphine (author's transl)]. AB - Pharmacological properties of buprenorphine were studied in comparison with those of morphine and pentazocine. Buprenorphine was more potent than morphine and pentazocine in analgesic tests, using chemical, thermal, pressure, and electrical stimulation as the nociceptive stimuli. Buprenorphine exhibited analgesic activity in the D' Amour-Smith's test at high stimulus intensity and in the Haffner's test, while pentazocine exhibited little or no analgesic action in these tests. Buprenorphine showed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the mouse D'Amour-Smith's test at high stimulus intensity. Analgesic action of buprenorphine was antagonized by naloxone administered before buprenorphine, but not antagonized by naloxone administered after buprenorphine. Duration of the analgesic action of buprenorphine was longer than those of morphine and pentazocine. Buprenorphine decreased the amplitudes of evoked potentials which were recorded from the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, nucleus centralis lateralis, and periaquaductal central gray. As a naloxone antagonist, Buprenorphine was equivalent or less potent than naloxone and more potent than pentazocine. Tolerance developed to the analgesic activity of buprenorphine, but development of tolerance to buprenorphine was less than that of tolerance to morphine. It was concluded that buprenorphine may be a useful analgesic drug because of its high intrinsic activity and long duration of action. PMID- 7084818 TI - [Effects of the anti-ulcer drug SU-88 on the gastric blood flow and the cardiovascular system (author's transl)]. AB - Effects of a newly synthetized anti-ulcer drug, 2'Carboxymethoxy-4,4'-bis(3 methyl-2-butenloxy)chalcone (SU-88), on gastric blood flow and the cardiovascular system were investigated. Intravenously administered SU-88 dose-dependently increased the blood flow of gastric tissues in rats. In anethetized dogs, i.a. administered SU-88 also increased the short gastric and the femoral arterial blood flows. SU-88 (i mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg i.v.) caused a mild fall in systemic blood pressure, an increase in heart rate, and a stimulation of respiration; however, these effects were only transient and recovered to the basal level within few minutes. No notable changes were observed in the electrocardiogram except for a shortening of the R-R interval accompanied by an increase in heart rate. The blood flow of the common carotid, the vertebral, the coeliac, the superipor mesenteric, and the femoral arteries in dogs were all increased by i.v. administration of SU-88, and among them an increase in the coeliac arterial blood flow was prominent. SU-88 increased the perfusates in isolated rabbit ear and relaxed the contraction of isolated rabbit aorta induced by noradrenaline, but showed no influences on the amplitude, heart rate, and coronary flow of isolated rabbit heart. The hypotensive effect of SU-88 was not abolished by i.v. administered atropine, diphendydramine, and propranolol and not influenced by vagotomy. Intraverterbrally administered SU-88increased the vertebral blood flow, but showed no influence on systemic blood pressure. Furthermore, SU-88 showed no influence on the rise in blood pressure by both common carotid occlusions. The increase in the femoral and the short gastric arterial blood flow induced by i.a. administration of SU-88 was not inhibited by atropine, diphenhydramine, and propranolol and not influenced by pretreatment with aminophylline. These results suggest that the hypotensive and vasodilative effects of SU-88 are not mediated by the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, histamine and the action of adenosine augmentation and further experiments are necessary for precise explanations of its mechanism. PMID- 7084819 TI - [Changes of gastric mucosal vessels in reserpine-induced ulcer (author's transl)]. AB - The gastric microvascular changes in reserpine (RES 6 mg/kg s.c.)-induced ulcer in Wistar male rats were studied. Two kinds of water paints were injected through the superior mesenteric vein and celiac artery. Excised stomachs were frozen instantly by cooled methanol (-70 degrees C) and were put into methylsalicylate after 24 hr in order to make transparent preparations. RES caused constriction of the vein from the middle layer till the muscularis mucosae and congestion with ischemia in the gastric mucosa after 1 hr. Even after 3 hr, these vascular changes remained and were accompanied by erosion. After 6 and 9 hr, the erosion became more severe, while ischemia was no longer found and the vessels were rather dilated. These lesions initiated from the fundic-antral border area in the lesser curvature and gradually extended to the greater curvature. The early changes up to 3 hr were inhibited by phentolamine, isoproterenol, C6, metiamide and methysergide, but not by carbachol, atropine, vagotomy and propranolol. Atropine, vagotomy, isoproterenol, propranolol and C6 inhibited erosion in the late stage. Phentolamine, carbachol, diphenhydramine, metiamide and methysergide were not effective. From these results and the gastric movement caused by RES, it is suggested that the vascular changes of the early stage in RES-induced ulcer are due not only to the autonomic nervous system but also to the endogenous biogenic amines, and the erosions in the late stage depend on the hypermotility of the stomach rather than on the hypersecretion of the stomach. PMID- 7084820 TI - [Effects of dihydroergotamine mesylate (DEM) on the cardiovascular and nervous systems (author's transl)]. AB - Effects of DEM on the cardiovascular, autonomic, and central nervous systems were studied using dogs, rats and rabbits. DEM showed relatively weak effects on the EEG in curarized rabbits and on ambulatory and drinking activities in rats. DEM suppressed dose-dependently the pressor responses induced by norepinephrine, serotonin and bilateral carotid occlusion, but had no effect on the depressor responses induced by acetylcholine and electrical stimulation to the postganglionic vagus nerve in anesthetized dogs. DEM produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure, a dose-dependent decrease in heart rate, a transient decrease in respiration rate, and little change in the ECG of anesthetized dogs. The pressor responses induced by DEM were inhibited by phentolamine, methysergide, and indomethacin in anesthetized dogs. With canine femoral arteries, DEM-induced contractions were blocked 10% by phentolamine, 60% by methysergide, and enhanced 10% by indomethacin. On the other hand, DEM-induced contractions of the femoral veins were blocked 30% by phentolamine, 60% by indomethacin, and 10% by methysergide. DEM provoked a significant increase in the level of prostaglandin E in the bathing fluid of the veins but not in that of the arteries. The results suggest that the arterioconstrictor responses induced by DEM are mediated mainly through the serotonin receptors, and the venoconstrictor responses induced by DEM mainly through the enhanced synthesis of prostaglandin E. PMID- 7084821 TI - Effect of inorganic phosphate and benzyl thiocyanate on the activity of anhydrotetracyline oxygenase in Streptomyces aureofaciens. AB - The level of anhydrotetracyline oxygenase (an enzyme catalyzing the penultimate reaction in the biosynthesis of tetracyline) in Streptomyces aureofaciens was substantially influenced by the amount of inorganic phosphate and by the presence of benzyl thiocyanate in the cultivation medium. Phosphate decreased the specific activity of the enzyme, particularly when added to a growing culture. On the other hand, benzyl thiocyanate increased the specific activity of the enzyme. Its effect was most conspicuous in the growth phase. The effect of benzyl thiocyanate was more pronounced in the low-production strain than in the producing variant. Inorganic phosphate and benzyl thiocyanate did not influence the enzyme activity in vitro. Phosphate added to the growing cultures was readily absorbed by the cells. During this time the enzyme synthesis was repressed, derepresion occurred only after exhaustion of phosphate from the medium. The stimulatory effect of benzyl thiocyanate on the enzyme synthesis was not reversed by the inorganic phosphate added. PMID- 7084822 TI - Studies on Claviceps parasitic on Panicum species in India. AB - Panicum repens and P. antidotale were found to be infected with Claviceps sp. This is the first report of ergot on P. repens. The pyrenomycete produced abundant sclerotia on the host plants. The sclerotia contained 0.71 and 0.68% alkaloids, respectively, which predominantly consisted of chanoclavine, festuclavine and agroclavine. The infected grasses were possibly mycotoxic. Submerged cultures of Claviceps strain isolated from Panicum spp. produced significant amount of chanoclavine, festuclavine and agroclavine. No pharmaceutically important alkaloid was found in sclerotia or in submerged culture. PMID- 7084823 TI - Effects of nutrients present in bold's basal medium on the green alga Stigeoclonium pascheri. AB - The effects of varying concentrations of nutrients present in Bold's basal medium on the extent of colony formation from vegetative fragments, sporulation and spore germination of the green alga Stigeoclonium pascheri were studied. A decrease of colony formation was observed in media deficient in MgSO4, NaNO3, phosphates, and containing a 10-fold increase of H3BO3. Sporulation decreased in the same media. However, sporulation was greater in an increasing order in media containing 2- to 10-fold increase in MgSO4. There was a decrease in spore germination in media deficient in phosphates, MgSO4, containing 5- or 10-fold MgSO4, or containing 2- to 10-fold of CaCl2, H3BO3 or microelements. Spore germination increased in media containing 2-fold MgSO4, deficient in H3BO3 or microelements or containing none of the three micronutrient solutions. PMID- 7084824 TI - The role of microorganisms in transformations of sulphite in spruce forest soil. AB - Transformations of sulphite and the participation of microorganisms were investigated in samples of fermentative (A02) and humus (A03) horizons from a spruce forest. About 80% of sulphite were almost immediately oxidized abiotically to sulphate, less than 1% persisted in the soil for several days and almost 20% were converted to a form not demonstrable as sulphite or sulphate. Microorganisms accelerated the disappearance of less than 10% of the added sulphite. PMID- 7084825 TI - Note on differentiation of the relationship of perivascular glia cells and capillaries in rat cerebral cortex. PMID- 7084826 TI - Functional anatomy of the olfactory organs in a green snake headed fish, Channa gachua (Ham.). PMID- 7084827 TI - Morphogenesis of the nasal capsule, the epithelial nasal tube and the organ of Jacobson in Sauropsida. V. Contribution to knowledge of the early morphogenesis of the nasal apparatus in Teiidae. PMID- 7084828 TI - The structure and histology of the tongue in two Indian bats Rhinopoma kinneari (Rhinopomatidae) and Scotophilus heathi (Vespertilionidae). PMID- 7084829 TI - Common regional lymph nodes for the human lungs and heart. PMID- 7084830 TI - Granular vesicles in granule-containing cells of the inferior mesenteric ganglion in the cat. II. The effects of adrenalectomy, adrenal ischaemization and hypobaric conditions. PMID- 7084831 TI - The middle region of the hypothalamus in the sheep (Ovis aries L.). I. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. PMID- 7084832 TI - Time course of degeneration of the pyramidal tract in the dog after a surgical lesion. A light microscopy analysis. PMID- 7084833 TI - Distribution of pseudo-elastica and elastin in some human tissues during postnatal life. A light microscopy study. PMID- 7084834 TI - Analysis of the calibre spectrum of sensory nerve fibres with reference to sensory nerve endings. PMID- 7084835 TI - Microanatomical studies on the optic neuropiles of an isopod, Ligia exotica Roux (Crustacea). PMID- 7084836 TI - Morphogenesis of the nasal capsule, the epithelial nasal tube and the organ of Jacobson in Sauropsida. VI. Morphogenesis of the nasal apparatus in Iguana iguana Shaw and morphological interpretation of the individual structures. PMID- 7084837 TI - After ligation of the abdominal aorta degeneration in Clarke's nucleus. PMID- 7084838 TI - Incidence and submicroscopic localization of arylsulphatase activity in the preimplantation rat ovum. PMID- 7084839 TI - Anatomy of the zeugopodium and autopodium of the wing of the domestic fowl. I. Description of the muscles and the main arterial, venous and nerve trunks. PMID- 7084840 TI - [Emptying and composition of the ileal chyme in the horse]. PMID- 7084841 TI - [Volatile fatty acid and ammonia levels in the cecal contents of the horse depending on the type of feed, sequence and time of feeding]. PMID- 7084842 TI - [Effect of various mixed feed amounts per meal on prececal and postileal digestive processes in the horse]. PMID- 7084843 TI - [Intestinal N turnover in the horse]. PMID- 7084844 TI - [Intestinal water, sodium and potassium metabolism in the horse]. PMID- 7084845 TI - [Prececal and postileal digestibility of elements (Ca, P, Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn) in the horse]. PMID- 7084848 TI - [Hemostasis disorders in liver cirrhosis. 1. Pathogenesis, diagnosis]. PMID- 7084846 TI - [Implanting and maintenance of a cecal fistula in the horse]. PMID- 7084849 TI - [The cholestasis syndrome]. PMID- 7084847 TI - [Benefit-risk considerations in metamizole treatment. Rational recommendations for indications and contra-indications according to current knowledge]. PMID- 7084850 TI - [Advances in the therapy of myocardial infarct. Prognosis and clinical course of acute myocardial infarct with intensive therapy]. AB - In a group of 1319 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in an intensive care unit from 1969-1977 30% died within the years 1969-1971 during the stay in the clinic. The hospital death-rate decreased significantly to 22% between the years 1975-1977, while the average age of the patients was increasing, inspite of an increase in haemodynamically complicated infarcts. The number of patients in the age group of 50-69 years has decreased from 56% to 41%. The number of patients aged 70 years and older increased, while lethality decreased from 53% to 32%. Lethality in patients with total AV-block decreased, and was unchanged in patients with plurifascicular blocks. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation increased, lethality in these patients decreased. The high lethality of patients with cardiogenic shock remained unchangedly high. In patients with all other forms of severe heart failure lethality decreased, even in patients aged 80 years and more. Deaths occurred later during 1975-1977 compared to former periods. The interval between the beginning of symptoms and admission to the intensive care unit decreased, but has no more any prognostic significance. Improved survival is referred to effective treatment of life threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm and of severe heart failure. PMID- 7084851 TI - [Congenital giant nevi. Clinical picture and therapy]. AB - Congenital giant nevi are rare. There is high risk of malignant melanoma in large congenital nevi. Therefore the early operative removal is advised, not only for the prevention of malignant tumors, but also for psychologic and social reasons. The surgical and reconstructive methods include serial excisions, free skin grafts and local pedicled flaps. The special advantages of free full-thickness grafts in the treatment of giant nevi in the facial region are outline. PMID- 7084852 TI - [Cerebrovascular disorders in young patients with livedo racemosa generalisata (Ehrmann)]. AB - The results of examinations on 15 patients suffering from livedo racemosa generalisata (idiopathic livedo reticularis) are described. 12 of the patients were found to have cerebrovascular disturbances (in most cases severe) and 2 of them had migraine accompagnee. The remaining patient had no neurological changes. The majority of the patients were women (12 female, 3 male). In most cases the illness began between the age of 20 and 30 years. Cerebral angiographic examinations showed the existence of peripheral angiostenosis, whereas in 9 patients pronounced cases of diffused cerebral atrophy could be found with the help of computerised tomography. Questions concerning the nosological position, pathogenesis and therapy of livedo racemosa generalisata are discussed. PMID- 7084853 TI - [Current trends in the treatment of mycotic infections]. AB - Several new drugs have recently been developed which will contribute to improve control of mycoses. Especially oral broad spectrum antifungals seem to open a new era of antimycotic therapy. As many mycoses are based on limited deficiencies of the host's defense systems, immunostimulating therapy becomes increasingly important, but is still in the beginning of its development. World-wide programmes stimulated by WHO, ISHAM and other international Medical Associations should help do distribute the achievements of pharmaceutical research to regions of greatest need. PMID- 7084854 TI - [Color changes of nails in medical diagnosis. 1: White and red coloration]. PMID- 7084855 TI - [Possibilities for tattoo removal. Report of experiences]. AB - Different motivations are seen in patients with tattoos, which can be seen in a tattooed picture. Two kinds of tattoos can be distinguished: Professional and self-made tattoos. In general, patients with self-made tattoos call for their removal, because the private situation has changed. These tattoos are more difficult in treatment than professional ones, because the colour is located in the whole dermis. The method of treatment depends on size, form and shape of the tattoo. For treatment simple excision of small tattoos, dermabrasion in one or two sessions are recommended. Own experiences and results in 121 patients with tattoos are reported and discussed. PMID- 7084856 TI - [Triple bacterial infection of the cervix uteri in benign gonococcal sepsis]. AB - Benign gonococcal sepsis or disseminated gonococcal infection is a well defined clinical entity. Although the coincidence of several sexually transmitted diseases in the same patient has recently gained interest no case has been reported so far in which benign gonococcal sepsis was combined with further bacterial infections of the genitals. Therefore the case of a 25-year-old woman is reported who suffered from cervicitis, arthritis, and dermatitis due to neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and also harboured chlamydia trachomatis and ureaplasma urealyticum in her cervix. Facing this coincidence certain therapeutical and epidemiological conclusions must be drawn. PMID- 7084858 TI - [Principal problems of external dermatotherapy]. PMID- 7084857 TI - [Therapy of idiopathic astheno- and oligozoospermia with pentoxifylline]. AB - 25 men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia and 40 men with idiopathic normogonadotropic oligozoospermia were treated for three months by systemic pentoxifylline administration (1,2 g per day orally). In the asthenozoospermia group a statistically significant increase of progressive sperm motility was observed. Conception rate within the asthenozoospermic group was calculated to be 37%. In the oligozoospermic group semen parameters were not affected. There was only a small transitory increase of the ejaculate volumen an seminal plasma fructose level. The conception rate within this group of oligozoospermic men was calculated to be 17%. As mode of action of systemic pentoxifylline treatment an improvement of the microcirculation within the epididymis and the male accessory sexual glands is discussed which may lead to an improved epididymal sperm maturation and an amelioration of the biochemical composition of the secretions of the male accessory sexual glands. PMID- 7084859 TI - [Family planning. Contraception, sterilization, abortion]. PMID- 7084862 TI - [IUD counseling for adolescents]. PMID- 7084860 TI - [Advantages and risks of hormonal contraception]. AB - Among modern contraceptive methods hormonal contraceptive agents, due to their reliability, are preferred. Nevertheless, it has to be considered that these steroidal hormones and their metabolites do not only possess an ovulation inhibitory effect, but that they also influence other systems, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, blood clotting, fluid balance, plasma proteins as well as the entire hormonal system. These multiple side effects have positive and negative influences. By reducing the doses of estrogens and progestagens occurrence of unpleasant adverse reactions has been decreased. Some years ago, the estrogen content of oral contraceptive preparations was considered to be noxious while a favourable effect was attributed to the progestagen content. The results of biochemical studies yielded a better understanding of the effect of steroidal hormones on lipid metabolism. Fertility problems occurring after discontinuation of oral contraceptive treatment are mainly observed in women who, prior to use of oral contraceptive agents have already been suffering from functional cycle disturbances. Ovulation inhibitory preparations may also be given to adolescent girls with immature cycles. As the juvenile endocrine system is adaptable, after cessation of the ovulation inhibitory effect, the cycle returns to pretreatment patterns. It may now even be possible to administer hormonal contraceptive agents to treat endocrine disturbances. PMID- 7084861 TI - [Current problems with intrauterine contraception]. AB - Due to the high technological standard of modern IUDs further improvements are rarely to be expected. Parallel to the increasing spread of intrauterine contraception an increase of aggravating complications is registered. The course of complications in 136 cases treated at the Gynecological Clinic (Technical University Munich) shows a wide range of causes of complications still to be eliminated. We consider critical selection of patients, comprehensive information of the patient before insertion of the IUD, careful insertion technique as well as complete and continuous follow-up after insertion of IUDs to be effective measures to reduce the present rate of complications. PMID- 7084863 TI - [Methods of contraception. Educational chart at the University Gynecological Clinic, Mannheim]. PMID- 7084864 TI - [Counseling on contraception following interruption of pregnancy. Responsibility of the hospital gynecologist. Model of contraceptive counseling at the Gynecological Clinic Berlin-Neukolln]. PMID- 7084865 TI - [Interruption of pregnancy by vacuum aspiration or uterotomy. Intra- and postoperative complications]. AB - From 1971-1977, 1097 pregnancy-interruptions were performed by vacuum-aspiration and 152 by uterotomy. In 93,3% of the patients a psychiatric indication was registered and in 6,7% the interruption was medicosomatically indicated. Surgery was done under stationary conditions in anaesthesia with halothane/N2O. 39,5% of the women operated were unmarried, 34,1% primigravides and 39,7% without children. Before the undesired pregnancy approximately half of the patients did not practice contraception. The average interval between first visit to the doctor and interruption was 18,9 days. 77% of the vacuum-aspirations were performed in pregnancies of 10 to 12 weeks, 42,7% of the uterotomies after the 12th week. Simultaneous sterilization was undertaken in 35,9% of the cases after vacuum-aspiration. The rate of complications of vacuum-aspiration was 25,8%, after uterotomy 16,5%. PMID- 7084866 TI - [Extrauterine pregnancy]. PMID- 7084868 TI - [Federal health administration]. PMID- 7084867 TI - [Immunologic stimulation with vitamin A in advanced cervix cancer]. AB - For treatment of patients with inoperable cervical cancer (FIGO III) a randomized trial has been initiated. Patients were randomized to receive either conventional irradiation therapy together with vitamin A palmitate (1.5 mill. I.U./day; total dose: 30 mill. I.U.), applied orally, or irradiation alone. When lymphocyte reactivity to PHA (maximum response during therapy) was compared within the groups, it was found, that 66% of the patients who received irradiation combined with vitamin A palmitate, showed an increase in their blastogenic response, while in irradiated patients without vitamin A palmitate a response was seen only in 33%. This difference being statistically significant in comparison to pretreatment values. From immunological data it can be concluded, that vitamin A has an effect on functional response on T-cells. Concerning the clinical outcome, after an observation period of 12 months relapse rates were lower in the vitamin A group, but not significantly reduced. Therefore further follow up is warranted. PMID- 7084870 TI - [Antibacterial medications, antibiotics and antitubercular agents in kidney insufficiency]. PMID- 7084869 TI - [Pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7084872 TI - [Psychiatric disorders in divorced people. Therapy and prevention]. PMID- 7084873 TI - [Comparison of the psychopathology with cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism in cerebrovascular insufficiencies]. AB - 40 patients (13 males, 27 females) with a mean age of 68 years presented organic brain syndromes of cerebrovascular etiology. They were studied to make an attempt upon the relationship between descriptive symptomatology on one hand and brain blood-flow and oxidative metabolism on the other. The assessment of psychopathology and additional neurological and physical symptoms and signs was documented by the AMDP-rating scale system, then further computed by cluster analytic procedures. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the Bernsmeier and Siemons (1955) modification of the Kety and Schmidt method. The cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen (CMR O2) and carbondioxide (CMR CO2) were determined by gaschromatography, the cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMR gluc) and lactate (CMR lac) by standard enzymatic methods. Five symptom-sign clusters were markedly differentiated by size and shape of their profiles. The mean values of the biological data within the clusters found did show different patterns of brain metabolism derangement with increasing tendency to reduced levels and functional decompensation. The latter reflected clinical deterioration in terms of psychopathology: disorders of cognitive functioning as well as psychomotor activity, social and illness behavior, i.e. need for special care. The cerebral metabolism balance worsened resulting in a widespread, gross disturbance of oxidative metabolism with a likely shift to anaerobic glycolysis. The lactate production was extremely heightened. CMR lac may be regarded as a causal quantitative factor significantly linked with pathogenesis, manifestation, and severity of organic brain syndromes. PMID- 7084871 TI - [Modern blood detoxification methods in pediatrics]. AB - During the last years four new methods for detoxication of blood in pediatric patients have been introduced: chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), hemofiltration (HF), plasmapheresis (PH) and hemoperfusion (HP). Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemofiltration are useful in treatment of chronic renal insufficiency in children. Antibody-mediated and immune complex diseases as well as endogenous and exogenous intoxications can be treated by plasmapheresis. Hemoperfusion today is one of the most important therapeutic measures in lifethreatening intoxications of children. PMID- 7084875 TI - [Use of a mobile video system for teaching students in internal medicine]. PMID- 7084874 TI - [Methods of protein gradient determination for diagnostic use in the clinical laboratory]. AB - Computed quotients of the concentrations of individual proteins in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid recorded in a semilogarithmic way against the hydrodynamic radius of the molecules may be connected and so give lineals, the positions of which are believed to estimate the actual function of the blood-brain-barrier (Felgenhauer et al. 1974; 1976). It is demonstrated by examinations of different samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, that both the described method and the simple measurement of total protein in cerebrospinal fluid are of the same power in their application to estimate the function of the blood-brain-barrier. However, the method introduced by Felgenhauer et al. enables to demonstrate immunoglobulins not having reached the cerebrospinal fluid by entering from the blood stream and so giving rise to diagnose a local humoral immune response within the central nervous system. In this way the method of Felgenhauer et al. gives advantages to the diagnostics of neurological diseases. PMID- 7084876 TI - [Depressive syndrome. Therapy with antidepressive agents]. PMID- 7084877 TI - [Depression and old age]. PMID- 7084880 TI - [Supranuclear and internuclear ocular motor disorders (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084878 TI - [The family and schizophrenia. An interactional study]. AB - The analysis of family discussions in which father, mother and schizophrenic son participated revealed marked differences in the interactional styles of both parents. Whereas the fathers of the schizophrenic patients behaved much like fathers of sons with an acute surgical disease, The mothers did show varying emotional reactions, communicational deviances, and changes in role behavior. These results are interpreted in the context of different sex-role related patterns of burden and coping styles. PMID- 7084879 TI - [Endoscopy of the digestive tract in newborns]. PMID- 7084881 TI - [Association psychology versus learning psychology theory of schizophrenia (author's transl)]. AB - This study has been stimulated by the parallel process of knowledge gained by association psychology and learning psychology approaches to the theory of schizophrenia. It is based on the hypothesis that this parallel must entail structural agreement for the symptomatologies influenced in each case. In order to examine whether this hypothesis is correct, the basic disturbance concept by G. Huber and L. Sullwold, which has been developed on the lines of learning psychology, is compared and contrasted with the theory of symptoms according to E. Bleuler, which has been developed by association psychology. This comparison shows an indeed far-reaching agreement in all structure-determining categories, besides differences in specificity problems and in the psychoreactive derivation model. The original concept of schizophrenia, therefore, emerges after half a century of phenomenological and holistic-psychological schizophrenia research, as a highly topical precursor of the modern concept of this disease. PMID- 7084882 TI - [Left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7084883 TI - Gluten-free diet in chronic active hepatitis associated with intestinal villous atrophy. AB - Three patients out of 16 with chronic active hepatitis exhibited villous atrophy in biopsy specimens from the upper jejunum. These patients were put on a gluten free diet for one year, and the intestinal changes normalized in two of the patients, but did not heal in the third patient. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and IgG, did not decrease under the gluten-free diet. The liver disease of the patients with intestinal changes ran a serious course: one patient died in hepatic coma, and one patient developed portal hypertension with recurring hematemesis. These complications did not appear in the patients with healthy intestine. It is suggested that the three patients suffered from both chronic active hepatitis and coeliac disease, which appeared concomitantly on the basis of a genetic disposition for both diseases. PMID- 7084884 TI - Half-life time or clearance of indocyanine green in patients with liver disease. AB - The clearance, half-life time, fractional elimination rate and distribution volume of indocyanine green (10 mg . m-2) were measured in 20 control subjects and 63 patients with histologically confirmed liver disease. Mean clearance was significantly impaired only in the patients with alcoholic and primary biliary cirrhosis; in those with active chronic hepatitis, with or without cirrhosis, or with acute hepatitis, clearance was normal. However, half-life time and fractional elimination rate were impaired in all but one group of patients. This discrepancy arose because of a significantly increased distribution volume in all groups with chronic liver diseases except primary biliary cirrhosis. Thus, in chronic liver disease, half-life times and fractional elimination rates do not necessarily reflect hepatic uptake; measurement of clearance is therefore to be preferred. PMID- 7084885 TI - Results of long-term prospective study of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier state. AB - In a prospective study of 180 HBsAg carriers, excluding patients from renal units or active drug users, excluding were followed by up to 8 years (mean 4 years). Four became HGsAg negative. SGPT was normal throughout in 70.6%. The rest had either intermittent, persistent or occasional elevations. The commonest pattern of SGPT abnormally was the intermittent one lasting weeks or months. Serial liver biopsies in carriers with normal SGPT showed mainly lobular infiltrates which reverted to normal. In carriers with elevated SGPT, portal infiltrates were found which persisted, compatible with a clinico-pathologic diagnosis of chronic persisting hepatitis (CPH). One patient progressed to liver cirrhosis and one developed CAH and cirrhosis. No patient developed hepatocellular carcinoma. HBsAg carriers can be divided into 2 groups: a) healthy, b) with asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B. Liver biopsy is recommended in group b, but not in group a. PMID- 7084886 TI - Experimental evidence for an "internal leak" of cat gastric mucosa after stimulation with histamine and carbachol. AB - Numerous factors are involved in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. Possibilities under discussion are acid back diffusion, a reduction in the quality of the gastric mucus, and vascular factors that give rise to local ischemia. One hypothetical model presented for consideration, is based on the notion of an "internal leak", as a result of which acid escapes out of the parietal cells directly into the interstitium. Using the cationic dye acridine orange in cats, it has been possible to show, in particular after prior stimulation with stimulation with histamine and carbachol, but not with pentagastrin, that a microfocal accumulation of the dye in the interstitium can indeed be found. Under conditions of hypoxia, this phenomenon was not observed. In view of the specific properties of the dye, it may be concluded that, under certain conditions, acid substances can indeed diffuse out of the parietal cells into the interstitium. this animal model offers distinct findings compatible with the pathogenetic concept of an "internal leak". PMID- 7084887 TI - Amyloidosis revealed by monosymptomatic dysphagia. Report of one case. PMID- 7084888 TI - Influences of age and sexual maturity on the response of renal ornithine decarboxylase activity to diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7084889 TI - Influence of dietary sex hormones on chick lipid metabolism. AB - The major ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), the major testicular hormone (testosterone), and the major precursor to steroid hormones (cholesterol) were fed ad libitum in various combinations for either 2 weeks or 2 months (56 days) to 5-day-old female chicks; the effects of these treatments on liver lipids and plasma lipoproteins were measured. After two weeks, chicks fed basal diet supplemented with 0.05% estradiol had significant increases in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids (P less than .01). The combined supplementation of 0.05% estradiol plus 1% cholesterol produced an additive increase in plasma total cholesterol resulting in levels higher than obtained by either treatment alone (P less than .01). The addition of 0.2% progesterone to the 1% cholesterol diet inhibited the accumulation of plasma cholesterol (P less than .05), liver cholesterol (P less than .01), and liver triglycerides (P less than .01), which were found in comparable animals fed only 1% cholesterol. Likewise, the addition of 0.2% progesterone to diet containing 0.05% estradiol inhibited (P less than .01) accumulations in all of the plasma lipid classes which were found in comparable birds fed only 0.05% estradiol. After 2 months feeding, 0.1% testosterone had no effect on plasma or liver lipids. The combination of 0.05% estradiol plus 0.1% testosterone for 2 months was not very effective in reducing the hyperlipidemia caused by estradiol alone, but this treatment did result in a peculiar dwarf chicken. The results demonstrate strong steroid sex hormone interactions which produce major changes in chick plasma and liver lipid metabolism. PMID- 7084890 TI - Further data on the androgenic dependency of the skeletal musculature: the effect of prepubertal castration on the structural development of the skeletal muscles. AB - The effect of prepubertal castration was investigated in the soleus, semimembranosus and levator ani muscles of rat, using light and electronmicroscopic morphometric methods. After castration the semimembranosus and the levator ani muscles showed significant morphometrical alterations. The weight of the muscles diminished, the diameter of the white fibers decreased. The ultrastructure of these muscles showed a well expressed myofibrillar atrophy. The changes in the semimembranosus muscle were less severe. The slow oxidative soleus muscle did not show any similar alterations. The changes in the levator ani and semimembranosus muscles could be prevented or moderated by testosterone substitution. PMID- 7084892 TI - Influence of propranolol upon serum and urinary uric acid in diabetic patients. PMID- 7084891 TI - Dynamics of in situ estrogen uptake by nuclei of individual pituitary and uterine cell types. AB - This investigation was carried out to examine the temporal aspects of nuclear retention of 3H-estrogen by individual target cell types of the rat uterus and pituitary. A quantitative dry autoradiographic-immunocytochemical method was used to measure relative 3H-estrogen uptake by nuclei of seven different target cell types 15 m, 1 h, 3 h and 7 h after injection of 3H-estradiol-17 beta. All five target cell types in anterior pituitary showed maximal nuclear retention at 15 m. Possible cell-type differences were noted in the rate of release of the isotope from nuclei. In the uterus maximal uptake, occurred between 1 h and 3 h after injection with stromal cells consistently concentrating more 3H-estrogen than luminal epithelial cells. These findings indicate possible differences between the mechanisms controlling nuclear retention of estrogen by the uterus and the pituitary. PMID- 7084893 TI - Ganglioside and galactolipid accumulation in the progeny of hypothyroid and hypothyroid growth hormone treated pregnant rats. PMID- 7084894 TI - Doctors call nuclear war "greatest medical problem of our time". PMID- 7084895 TI - Housing plan boosts hospital image. PMID- 7084896 TI - Construction contrast determines method of settling disputes. PMID- 7084897 TI - Hospital's day-care center aids employee recruitment, retention. PMID- 7084898 TI - Eastern Blue Cross pacts tough: survey. PMID- 7084900 TI - Electric carts/patient simulator: robot slowly moving into hospitals. PMID- 7084901 TI - Long-term care: management model emphasizes decentralization, matrix groups. PMID- 7084899 TI - Military tests automated health care. PMID- 7084902 TI - Swing-beds meet patients needs and improve hospitals cash-flow. PMID- 7084903 TI - Internal survey helps center revise its recruitment efforts. PMID- 7084904 TI - Food services: managers use discounted cash flow methods to justify costs. PMID- 7084905 TI - Computer recordkeeping streamlines educational programs' organization. PMID- 7084906 TI - Information services: leadership needed to harness technologies, task force reports. PMID- 7084907 TI - Joint sponsorship saves two-year program for certified registered nurse anesthetists. PMID- 7084908 TI - Physicians' liability at the hospital: a growth area? PMID- 7084909 TI - Data show how elderly affect hospital use. PMID- 7084910 TI - Reaching out to the low-income aged. PMID- 7084911 TI - "Hospital apartments" afford security to area's elderly. PMID- 7084912 TI - Study determines profile of the accident-prone hospital employee. PMID- 7084913 TI - Why did hospital costs increase in 1981? PMID- 7084914 TI - Interest in coalitions reported gaining. PMID- 7084915 TI - March expenses increase at lower rate than 1981. PMID- 7084916 TI - Hospital realizes benefits of participative financial reports. PMID- 7084917 TI - New York hospital receives funding for HMO experiment. PMID- 7084918 TI - Sharing arrangement: department heads asked to join in. PMID- 7084919 TI - Nursing: committee plan helps resolve problems between departments. PMID- 7084920 TI - Hospital bills patients according to nurses' assessment of the amount of care needed. PMID- 7084921 TI - Food service: prime vendor plus costs approach saves hospitals $125,000 per year. PMID- 7084922 TI - Ownership issues confront county hospitals. AB - Most often, a county decides to sell its hospital without considering all of the alternatives for revitalizing the hospital or the ultimate consequences of the sale. Issues and recommendations regarding sale to investor-owned chains and not for-profit systems as well as other arrangements are examined in this article. PMID- 7084923 TI - Multihospital arrangements hold potential for university hospitals. PMID- 7084924 TI - Medical staff: closed vs. open staffing--what's at stake? PMID- 7084925 TI - Adolescent growth in non-human primates an introduction. PMID- 7084926 TI - Hepatitis B virus and sex ratio on Kar Kar Island. PMID- 7084928 TI - A comparison of chest morphology in high altitude Asian and Andean populations. PMID- 7084927 TI - Inter- and intra-observer reliability of skinfold thickness measurements in newborn infants. PMID- 7084929 TI - Adolescent midfacial growth in Macaca nemestrina and Papio cynocephalus. PMID- 7084931 TI - Sex differences in permanent mandibular tooth development in Macaca nemestrina. PMID- 7084930 TI - Growth of the mandible in adolescent pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). PMID- 7084932 TI - Postnatal growth of nonhuman primates: the problem of the adolescent spurt. PMID- 7084933 TI - The cranial base in Macaca nemestrina: shape changes during adolescence. PMID- 7084934 TI - The association of early childhood enamel hypoplasias an radiopaque transverse lines in a culturally diverse prehistoric skeletal sample. PMID- 7084935 TI - Skeletal and dental retardation in beta-thalassemia major. PMID- 7084937 TI - Acral melanoma in Japan. PMID- 7084936 TI - The influence of social, geographical and demographic factors on the size of 11 13 year old children from the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. PMID- 7084939 TI - Bone infarcts in bacterial endocarditis. AB - Vertebral bone infarcts in two fatal cases of staphylococcic endocarditis are reported. It is suggested that they were embolic in nature, and that ischemia could be a reason for bone pain in infective endocarditis. PMID- 7084938 TI - Nuclear feulgen DNA content and nuclear size in human breast carcinoma. AB - Biopsy specimens from 29 patients with operable breast carcinomas were examined by Feulgen-DNA microspectrophotometry. A diploid DNA stemline was found in ten tumors, seven of which were stage I carcinomas. In 19 tumors, ten of which were stage II cancers, a non-diploid DNA stemline was observed. The diploid tumors were most often estrogen receptor-positive (nine of nine examined carcinomas), whereas 13 of 19 non-diploid tumors studied did not contain estrogen receptors. The mean nuclear size of the non-diploid tumor cells was increased compared with that of the diploid malignant cells. Three grade I carcinomas were diploid, whereas three grade III tumors were non-diploid. Of the 23 grade II carcinomas, seven were diploid and 16 non-diploid. Hum Pathol 13:626-630, 1982. PMID- 7084940 TI - Separation and spread of nuclear fragments ("nucleotesimals") in colonic neoplasms. AB - After multiple fragmentation of neoplastic nuclei into "nucleotesimals," a recently discovered variety of amitosis, some fragments appear to be inflated to full nuclear size; other probably lyse, releasing nucleic acid, which may assist in the synthesis of new cytoplasm around newly formed nuclei. This observation may be useful in elucidating one mechanism of neoplastic growth. PMID- 7084941 TI - Malignant neurogenic tumor of the heart. AB - This is the first report of the fine structure of a malignant neurogenic tumor in the heart. The tumor, arising in the infundibulum of the right ventricle of the heart, was resected and examined by both light and electron microscopy. The histologic appearance of the originally resected tumor was consistent with that of a neurofibroma, while that of the recurrent tumor suggested a malignant schwannoma. Ultrastructurally, the presence of basement membrane investing some cells confirmed the neurogenic nature of the tumor. The discontinuous nature of the basement membrane in these cells may provide a clue as to the malignant nature of this tumor. PMID- 7084942 TI - Prominent parietal epithelium: a common sign of renal glomerular injury. AB - Reported abnormalities of the normally inconspicuous renal glomerular parietal epithelium include tubular metaplasia, adenomatoid transformation, columnar metaplasia, and embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium. In this study, glomerular parietal epithelium was analyzed in 77 consecutive renal biopsy specimens representing a spectrum of renal diseases. In 57 biopsy specimens, prominent parietal epithelium (PPE) (ten or more enlarged parietal cells with hyperchromatic or vesicular nuclei and discernable vacuolated cytoplasm in at least two glomeruli) was identified and graded according to its severity in the specimen. Extensive PPE was present in all five cases of diabetic nephropathy and was common in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, focal sclerosing glomerulopathy, and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. In most disease categories, however, PPE varied in grade from case to case. Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (39 of 57 biopsy specimens) and vascular thickening (43 or 57 biopsy specimens) were common in specimens containing PPE. On electron microscopy, normal parietal cells appeared to be mature and relatively inactive. PPE cells, in contrast, had features compatible with actively proliferating cells and damaged cells. It is proposed that PPE may be the result of acute or chronic glomerular injury. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed, as is the probable relationship between PPE and crescents. PMID- 7084944 TI - Surface morphology of platelets in spur-cell anemia. AB - Spur-cell anemia is characterized by the presence of an abnormally shaped erythrocyte, the acanthocyte. Platelets from two patients with spur-cell anemia were studied by scanning electron microscopy to determine whether there were any abnormalities of platelet shape. In both cases, irregularly distributed bulbous like projections were observed on the platelet surface membrane. These observations suggest that platelets from patients with spur-cell anemia have an abnormal surface morphology. PMID- 7084943 TI - Cysticercosis of the fallopian tube: histology and microanalysis. AB - The authors identified a degenerated, focally calcified cestode larva (cysticercus) in the fallopian tube of a 50-year-old woman with endometriosis. The physiologic reaction to the larva was minimal, with some focal granulomatous salpingitis. No other focus of infection was detected. The differential diagnosis included trophoblastic tissue, foreign material, and parasites. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis of the organism revealed concentration of iodine in the subcuticular connective tissue of the larva and confirmed the calcium phosphate composition of the calcareous corpuscles. The presumed source of the iodine was the continued exposure of the larva to an environment rich in iodide secreted by the epithelium of the fallopian tube. PMID- 7084945 TI - Postauricular fetal rhabdomyoma: light and electron microscopic study. PMID- 7084946 TI - Diagnosis of acute rheumatic carditis by endomyocardial biopsy. AB - This report is the first to document the definitive diagnosis of acute rheumatic carditis by endomyocardial biopsy. An adolescent girl with mitral regurgitation and biventricular congestive heart failure thought to be secondary to rheumatic heart disease was admitted to the hospital for mitral valve replacement. An endomyocardial biopsy performed at cardiac catheterization demonstrated and Aschoff's body in the endocardium and thus confirmed a clinical suspicion of active carditis. Following a course to steroids, the mitral valve was replaced. The surgically excised valve showed gross and microscopic features of acute and chronic valvulitis consistent with rheumatic endocarditis. PMID- 7084947 TI - Diagnosis and classification of soft tissue sarcoma. PMID- 7084948 TI - A procedure for decomposing the myoelectric signal into its constituent action potentials--Part I: Technique, theory, and implementation. PMID- 7084949 TI - A procedure for decomposing the myoelectric signal into its constituent action potentials--Part II: Execution and test for accuracy. PMID- 7084950 TI - Sensitivity analysis and improved identification of a systemic arterial model. PMID- 7084952 TI - Quantitative evaluation of saccadic eye movement disorders under random visual stimuli on CRT. PMID- 7084951 TI - An instrument for self-measurement of intraocular pressure. PMID- 7084953 TI - Detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts from radionuclide angiocardiography using the homomorphic deconvolution technique. PMID- 7084955 TI - An improved instrument for pacemaker analysis based on the CCD techniques. PMID- 7084954 TI - An amplitude and phase regulating magnetic field generator for an eye movement monitor. PMID- 7084956 TI - Maximum frequency indication: minima counting versus zero-crossing counting. PMID- 7084957 TI - Computerized analysis of spike burst activity in the small intestine. PMID- 7084958 TI - A transcutaneous implanted battery recharging and biotelemeter power switching system. PMID- 7084959 TI - Theoretical evaluation of the McFee and Frank vectorcardiographic lead systems using a numerical inhomogeneous torso model. PMID- 7084960 TI - Iterative reconstruction--reprojection: an algorithm for limited data cardiac computed tomography. PMID- 7084961 TI - Adaptive QRS detection based on maximum a posteriori estimation. PMID- 7084964 TI - Cardiac arrival time analyzer. PMID- 7084963 TI - A battery-powered digital modem for telephone transmission of ECG data. PMID- 7084962 TI - Carbon fiber as an electrode material. PMID- 7084965 TI - A circuit for contact monitoring in electrocardiography. PMID- 7084966 TI - A quantitative theory of control sharing between accommodative and vergence controllers. PMID- 7084967 TI - Medical emergency calling aid (MECA). PMID- 7084968 TI - Does undergraduate biomedical engineering education produce real engineers? PMID- 7084969 TI - Computerized ultrasonic arteriography: a new technique for imaging the carotid bifurcation. PMID- 7084970 TI - Analysis and control of the current distribution under circular dispersive electrodes. PMID- 7084972 TI - Altered activity in cultured cells caused by contaminants in tubes widely used for blood collection and serum preparation. AB - Cell culture has been recognized as an extremely sensitive system for measuring the toxicity of various materials. A study was done to determine whether the type of tube used to collect blood or store human serum might affect results in experiments requiring blood drawn into such tubes. In order to test tubes for contaminants that might alter cellular activity, a variety of commercially available tubes used for collection of blood and storage of serum were shaken while containing culture medium with fetal bovine serum. The medium was then applied to 3T3 fibroblasts in culture. Measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA in log phase cells as an index of cellular proliferation, it was found that medium containing serum preincubated in tubes routinely used for blood collection could be extremely toxic. The same types of tube were also used to prepare human serum. When serum from some of the tubes was applied to 3T3 fibroblasts, a stimulatory effect was observed, perhaps caused by selective adsorption of inhibitory components of the blood or serum by various tubes. It is, therefore, crucial in a properly controlled experiment using serum in vitro to collect blood in tubes that exert no toxic or stimulatory effects in the assay or, at least, to be consistent in one's choice of tube. None of the tubes used for storage of serum showed significant effects in our assay. PMID- 7084971 TI - Distributed equivalent-circuit models for circular dispersive electrodes. PMID- 7084973 TI - Probe for polyanionic regions on the cell surface. AB - The binding of polyuridylate to cells in the presence of proflavine may be used as a probe to provide relative estimates of exposed polyanionic regions on the external surface of the cell. This probe binds preferably to hydrophilic, polyanionic regions, and soluble polysaccharides containing either carboxylate or sulfate groups compete with the binding of this probe. Binding of the probe to protein and lipid regions is considerably weaker. Virus-transformed human fibroblasts bind 10 times less of the probe than nontransformed cells when confluent monolayers are compared. However, as the cell density is decreased, the amount of probe bound per cell increases dramatically both for transformed as well as for normal cells. In fact, human fibroblasts (a) derived from normal donors, (b) from donors with different metabolic disorders, and (c) transformed by simian virus 40, all bind about the same amount of probe when compared at the same density. Populations of human fibroblasts aged in vitro, which contain high proportions of large cells and grow only to relatively low densities in monolayers, bind disproportionately large amounts of the complex. PMID- 7084975 TI - Behavior of primary and serially transplanted estrogen-dependent renal carcinoma cells in monolayer and in collagen gel culture. PMID- 7084978 TI - M mode echocardiography in anterior initial myocardial infarction-segmental abnormalities and left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 7084974 TI - Modulation of mammalian cell growth by a choline analog, N-isopropylethanolamine. AB - The choline analog, N-isopropylethanolamine (IPE), inhibits the growth of both Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 and mouse L-M cells by two kinetically distinct mechanisms; I, a reversible and concentration-dependent reduction in the logarithmic population doubling rate and the saturation density of cultures by low IPE levels in the media; and II, an irreversible and time-dependent killing of cells by high IPE concentrations. Both types of inhibition are independent of media depletion, cell density, or the time of treatment after cell plating; however, the actual IPE concentration that is necessary to elicit Type I or Type II inhibition in each cell line is dependent on the choline level of the media. Ethanolamine, methionine, or betaine have no effect on IPE-induced growth inhibition. From a mutagenized population of CHO-K1 cells we isolated variant cell strains that are resistant to the lethal effect of IPE. It was determined that with both the wild type and variant strains the sensitivity of cells to growth inhibition by IPE (both Type I and Type II) was proportional to the degree by which choline uptake was inhibited by the analog. Retinoic acid, which inhibits the growth of some fibroblast and epithelial cell lines by a concentration-dependent reduction in population doubling rate and saturation density, behaves synergistically with IPE to inhibit the growth of CHO-K1 cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, on the other hand, causes only an additive increase in the growth inhibition of CHO-K1 populations that also are treated with IPE. PMID- 7084976 TI - Ex vivo hemodialysis culture system for assessing the activity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. AB - An ex vivo culture system was developed for assessing the activity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents against tumor cells. The system utilizes artificial capillary culture units and the technique of hemodialysis to expose tumor cells to a chemotherapeutic drug and its metabolites following injection of the drug into an experimental animal. This ex vivo culture system was used to test the activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against four human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW 403, SW 480, SW 620, and SW 707). Cell killing by 5-FU or its metabolites in blood dialysate following intravenous injection was measured by determining colony formation of cells attached to plastic and suspended in 0.3% agar after short-term exposures of 1 to 2 h. The technique was shown to discriminate between the sensitivities of these cell lines and the respective sensitivities to the drug were reproducible. Kinetics of drug clearance from the host animal's blood were shown to be similar to that in humans. The results suggest the system may be useful for testing diverse drugs, including those requiring metabolic activation, against a variety of types of tumor cells. PMID- 7084977 TI - An assay measuring the stimulation of several types of bovine endothelial cells by growth factor(s) derived from cultured human tumor cells. AB - Endothelial cell growth factor(s) from several previously untested human tumor cell lines (i.e., SK-HEP-1, MG63, A375, TE671-C1, RD) were detected using a low cell inoculum growth assay. The final cell density in the 2-cm2 wells was determined by a highly sensitive DNA content measurement performed directly in the tissue culture plates. The sensitivity of the assay to human tumor cell growth factors depended critically on the low cell inocula, 2,000 to 5,000 cells/well. Most of the bovine endothelial cells used were cloned from primary cultures; all the cell lines obtained from various fetal and nonfetal sources responded to the growth factor(s) (up to a 16x stimulation) as well as to endothelial cell growth supplement. Dose response curves showing the cell specific response of bovine endothelial cells were obtained. The growth stimulatory activity and the in vivo chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay responses correlated sufficiently to imply that the assay is detecting tumor angiogenesis factor or some closely related activity. This in vitro assay should prove useful in the identification and purification of tumor-derived factors and in the elucidation of the role of these factors in the events comprising angiogenesis. PMID- 7084979 TI - Isolated right-sided endocarditis in non-addicts: a review of 10 cases seen between 1967-79. PMID- 7084980 TI - Pseudocholinesterase in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7084981 TI - Complications of coronary arteriography: a review of 348 cases. PMID- 7084983 TI - Coronary prognostic index and early mortality of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7084984 TI - P wave in the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 7084982 TI - Endomyocardial biopsy in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7084985 TI - Verapamil in hypertension--a long term study. PMID- 7084987 TI - Coronary arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 7084986 TI - Triple valve surgery. PMID- 7084988 TI - Surgical correction of double outlet right ventricle with pulmonic stenosis employing modified Rastelli technique. PMID- 7084989 TI - Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with valvular pulmonic stenosis. PMID- 7084990 TI - Prevention of coronary artery disease and multivariable longitudinal studies-a proposal for rationalisation of laboratory methods. (Part I-total cholesterol). PMID- 7084991 TI - Tricuspid regurgitation associated with mitral stenosis: a clinico-pathological study. PMID- 7084992 TI - Antibody activity and complement-mediated solubilization of precipitates during the immune response. AB - The avidity of antibodies against human serum albumin (HSA) and the complement mediated solubilization of HSA anti-HSA precipitates has been investigated during the immune response in rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea-pigs. The avidity of the anti-HSA antibodies was quantitatively determined and expressed as the amount of HSA required to solubilize 50% of 10 ng HSA anti-HSA precipitate. In rats, from 25 to 100 days after primary immunization the avidity of the anti-HSA antibodies increased approximately 100-fold, whereas the affinity did not change significantly. The increase in avidity was accompanied by a thirty-six-fold decrease in the amount of immune precipitate that could be solubilized by complement. Booster injections of the rats did not prevent the increase in avidity (thirteen-fold) that occurred from 25 to 50 days after the first immunization; however, the subsequent eight-fold increase in avidity from 50 to 100 days could partially or completely be abolished by secondary immunizations. A close, inverse relationship between the avidity of the anti-HSA antibodies and the rate of complement-mediated solubilization was observed. In addition, an increase in avidity without a change in affinity of anti-HSA antibodies and a decrease in the rate of complement-mediated solubilization was found during the immune response against HSA not only in rats, but also in mice, rabbits, and guinea-pigs. PMID- 7084993 TI - Developmental profiles of urinary SIgA in newborns and the effect of blood transfusion. AB - Urinary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and serum levels of IgA were determined in mature and premature newborns with sensitive enzyme immunoassay methods. On the first or second day following birth, SIgA (3-7 ng/ml) was detected in the urine of both mature and premature babies and the levels tended to decrease for a few days. Beginning with the seventh day after birth, a sharp increase in the urinary levels of SIgA was found in both groups of babies, and at 2 weeks their urine contained about 100 ng/ml of SIgA. A similar developmental profile was seen in serum IgA levels. Upon blood transfusion urinary SIgA levels increased within a day but then gradually fell to normal. A similar change in serum IgA levels was seen in the same patient. A patient who received a massive blood transfusion showed markedly high levels of urinary SIgA. PMID- 7084994 TI - Prolonged reduction in basophil counts at cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reaction sites challenged with antigen. AB - Previous studies have shown that injection of antigen into 24 hr cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reaction sites results in immediate degranulation of local basophils and release of mediators, such as histamine, that increase vascular permeability. In the current study, cell counts were made at these antigen-challenged CBH sites, 4, 8 and 24 hr later, and demonstrated a prolonged reduction of basophil numbers following antigen challenge. These results were interpreted to signify that mediators released by degranulating basophils led to inhibition of subsequent basophil accumulation. Local eosinophil infiltration was not inhibited, and in some cases was augmented. Local injection of histamine into CBH sites did not mimic the effect of antigen. It was concluded that one of the factors regulating accumulation of basophils at CBH sites was degranulation of basophils that had arrived previously. PMID- 7084996 TI - Dissociation of IgG aggregates at low pH. AB - Previous studies have reported that antigen-antibody complexes dissociate at low pH while IgG aggregates do not, and it has been suggested that dissociation of high molecular weight IgG in serum at low pH supports the presence of circulating antigen-antibody complexes. Our studies confirm the observation that heat aggregated IgG does not dissociate at low pH. By contrast, non-thermal IgG aggregates, formed in isolated IgG preparations or in hypoalbuminemic serum and which may also form in vivo, are almost totally dissociated at low pH. Consequently dissociation of high molecular weight IgG in serum at low pH does not distinguish antigen-antibody complexes from IgG aggregates. PMID- 7084995 TI - The human FcR. III. Effects of pronase on soluble immune complex binding by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes and pulmonary macrophages. AB - The effect of Pronase incubation on the Fc receptors of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages was evaluated by Scatchard analysis of the binding of soluble immune complexes at equilibrium. All three cell types, when preincubated with Pronase, demonstrated a significant increase in Fc receptor affinity. Maximum binding (which measures the number of Fc receptors) on polymorphonuclear leucocytes was reduced 45%-50% but was unchanged on monocytes and pulmonary macrophages. The changes in Fc receptor affinity and maximum binding of the PMN were reversible in short-term culture, an effect which was prevented by cycloheximide. These studies indicate that the affinity of the Fc receptor of human phagocytic cells may change significantly independent of changes in receptor number and that this effect can be caused by extracellular proteases. In addition, the human polymorphonuclear leucocyte demonstrates a subpopulation of Fc receptors which is decreased by Pronase and which recovers, in vitro, by a process requiring protein synthesis. PMID- 7084997 TI - Measles-specific IgG in CSF and serum from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from five subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients were absorbed with a concentrated preparation of cell cultures infected with measles virus. The precipitates containing measles antigen-antibody complex were washed and measles-specific IgG was eluted at low pH. When the profiles of measles-specific IgG eluted from sera and the corresponding CSF were compared in immunofixation after isoelectric focusing they showed almost identical oligoclonal band patterns with respect to number, intensity, isoelectric point and light chain class. The results suggest that the same cell clones are responsible for the synthesis of measles-specific IgG in the central nervous system and serum of patients with SSPE. PMID- 7084998 TI - Identity of effector cells participating in the reverse antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. AB - Our previous work has shown that antibody-coated mouse spleen cells express enhanced cytotoxic activity against some Fc-receptor-bearing target tumour cells by a mechanism which appears to be similar to an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reaction with reversed polarity of the antibody bridge (R ADCC). In this report we have shown that (i) the levels of basal natural killer (NK), ADCC and R-ADCC cytotoxic activities in mouse spleen cells are strongly correlated with each other, (b) simultaneous induction of ADCC and R-ADCC reactions does not result in an additive cytotoxic response, and (iii) YAC cells which do not bear Fc receptors and are highly sensitive to lysis by NK cells, can specifically and competitively inhibit the ADCC and R-ADCC reactions. These results suggest that the R-ADCC reaction may be mediated by the same effector cell population as mediates NK and ADCC reactions against tumour target cells. PMID- 7084999 TI - Cochlear cytoarchitecture and ribostamycin ototoxicity. AB - Ribostamycin ototoxicity was tested in a group of 28 albino guinea-pigs of both sexes, body-weight about 250-450 g with auricular Prayer's reflex present. The mounting of the cochlea on a metal support and the scanning electron microscope observations are described, The cochleacytogram of the group treated daily with 200 mg/kg ten days consecutively is comparable to that of the non-treated group. PMID- 7085000 TI - Long-term fate of the bile duct cells proliferated during chronic thioacetamide poisoning. AB - The cell composition of the biliary proliferations induced by thioacetamide administration was investigated. At the end of the intoxication period the main cell types identified among the neoformed bile duct cells were as follows: i) poorly differentiated cells (oval cells) usually arranged in clusters or tiny cords, provided with a great amount of free ribosomes; ii) cells arranged in bile ducts of normal appearance; iii) cells arranged in bile ducts and showing intestinal metaplasia. After withdrawal of TAA most of the biliary proliferations disappeared; in the remaining ones, where the incorporation of 3H-thymidine was still appreciable, significant changes in the bile duct cell composition were evident; in fact whereas the oval cells were no longer identifiable, those suggesting an intestinal metaplasia underwent a relative increment as well as those displaying butyrocholinesterase activity; cells devoid of junctional apparatus and filled with free ribosomes were also seen. Some of the reported finding could support the hypothesis that the biological meaning of the different cell types arisen during intoxication is different; some of them could be due to a reactive hyperplasia, while other could be considered as representing a preneoplastic step. PMID- 7085001 TI - Suprarenalectomy in adult mice. PMID- 7085002 TI - Peritoneal cell populations during tumour injection. AB - The response of peritoneal cells to the SL2 lymphoma was studied in immunized and non-immunized mice to elucidate further the cellular events that lead to tumour rejection in an allogeneic and a syngeneic tumour system. Anti-tumor immunity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of normal, irradiated or mitomycin-C treated tumour cells. Four different immunization schedules were tested. The response of the peritoneal cells was investigated by studying the peritoneal cell population kinetics (appearance and/or disappearance of various cell types e.g. mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes, PMNS and mast cells). Total cell counts were done using phase contrast microscopy, differential cell counts were done on cytocentrifuge slides, stained with May Grunwald-Giemsa. The activity of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase present in mononuclear phagocytes was also studied. The results indicated that the composition and morphology of the cellular fraction of the peritoneal exudate changes quite dramatically during tumour rejection. Especially the beta-glucuronidase activity of the mononuclear phagocytes line varies significantly. The observed changes in the cellular population depended upon the dose of tumour cells injected i.p. No significant differences were observed between the peritoneal cell populations of mice grafted i.p. with irradiated or with mitomycin-C treated tumour cells. On the other hand when mice previously immunized with three injections with 10 irradiated or mitomycin-C treated tumour cells were challenged i.p. with various doses of tumour cells, the immune potency against the tumour is greater after previous immunization with irradiated SL2 cells than after immunization with mitomycin-C treated tumour cells. PMID- 7085004 TI - A system of alloantigens that selectively identifies lymph-node lymphocytes. AB - The antiserum (BALB.I-H-2j x SWR/J)F1 anti-I.29 ascites cells, in reaction with B6 lymph-node cells (LNC) in the cytotoxicity assay, defines an alloantigen system called Lna-1 (lymph-node alloantigen-l) which in normal, untreated mice is expressed on the cells of lymph nodes but not of other lymphoid organs. The T- and B-cell populations of lymph nodes evidently include Lna-1+ subpopulations representing 30-40 percent of the total population The Lna-+ phenotype could be induced on cells of thymus and spleen but not of bone marrow. Congenitally asplenic +/Dh mice have no Lna-1+ cells in their lymph nodes, but their LNC can be induced to express Lna-1; this suggests that the spleen is normally required for the differentiation of Lna-1+ cells from Lna-1- precursors. It is not yet known whether thymus is also required for the expression of Lna-1 in lymph nodes. It remains to be seen whether the existence of the Lna-1+ B-cell subpopulation of lymph nodes depends on Lna-1+ T cells, and whether the Lna-1+ phenotype of B cells may be acquired rather than intrinsic. One hypothesis which is the basis of further study is that there is a T-cell pathway in which noninducible bone-marrow cells become Lna-1-inducible in the thymus, then travel to the spleen, where they are induced to become Lna-1+, after which they reside in lymph nodes. PMID- 7085003 TI - Action of a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, carprofen (Ro 20-5720) on activation of the complement system: an in vitro research. AB - Carprofen (Ro 20-5720), DL-6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid, is a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug. We have studied the possible in vitro interference of the drug with the activation of human complement system. Carprofen exerts a constant inhibitory action of immunohaemolysis at a concentration of 4.5 X 10(-4)M. At the same concentration the drug is able to prevent the activation of the alternate pathway induced by insulin. Its specific site of action is on C1 and C3 components activation, according to the inhibiting activity on both classic and alternate pathway. However at a lower dosage (7.5 X 10(-6)M) carprofen is able to display an inducing action on the alternate pathway, thus confirming the complex in vitro interferences of the drug with the complement system. PMID- 7085006 TI - Increased deconjugation of bilirubin in the gall bladder bile in patients with pigment gallstone. PMID- 7085007 TI - Mutagenic evaluation of morphine sulphate and pethidine hydrochloride in mice by the micronucleus test. PMID- 7085005 TI - Natural H-2-specific antibodies in sera of aged mice. PMID- 7085008 TI - Vagal sensory mechanisms involved in reflex bronchoconstriction in dogs. PMID- 7085010 TI - Some observations on the ventricular system of kaolin induced hydrocephalic rabbits. PMID- 7085009 TI - Role of central cholinergic and histaminergic receptors in central cardiovascular actions of digoxin. PMID- 7085011 TI - A rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of phenytoin. PMID- 7085012 TI - Utilization of dried filter paper blood spots for screening and survey for abnormal haemoglobins. PMID- 7085013 TI - Absence of demonstrable effect of vitamin C on the dominant lethal mutation induced by influenza virus in mice. PMID- 7085014 TI - Phage type pattern of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A prevalent at Manipal--a six year study. PMID- 7085015 TI - Thermostable nuclease activity of staphylococci from clinical sources. PMID- 7085016 TI - Trimethoprim resistance in Klebsiella. PMID- 7085017 TI - Serological studies in Plasmodium knowlesi infected convalescent rhesus monkeys. PMID- 7085018 TI - Mosquito larvicidal activity of Ocimum basilicum Linn. PMID- 7085019 TI - Role of amoebic antigen in diagnosis of bloody diarrhoea. PMID- 7085020 TI - Functional status of cell mediated immunity in amoebiasis. PMID- 7085021 TI - Prevalence and incidence rates of microfilaraemia and filaria disease in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. PMID- 7085022 TI - Assessment of foetal pulmonary maturity by amniotic fluid optical density. PMID- 7085023 TI - Factors affecting the amniotic fluid electrolytes. PMID- 7085024 TI - PMN function in nutritional anaemias: phagocytosis and bacterial killing. PMID- 7085025 TI - Influence of nutritional status on acetaminophen metabolism in man. PMID- 7085026 TI - Prevalence of bisalbuminemia in Punjabis: a preliminary report. PMID- 7085028 TI - Antifertility effects of common edible Portulaca oleracea on the reproductive organs of male albino mice. PMID- 7085027 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in obstructive jaundice. PMID- 7085030 TI - Electrophoretic studies on protein changes during developmental stages of Anopheles stephensi. PMID- 7085029 TI - Intestinal uptake of nutrients and brush border enzymes in normal and thymectomised Giardia lamblia infected mice. PMID- 7085031 TI - A note on laboratory colonization of Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus Wiedemann, 1820 (Diptera : Culicidae). PMID- 7085032 TI - Risk of ectopic pregnancy following tubectomy. PMID- 7085033 TI - Prevalence and significance of yeast in infantile infections. PMID- 7085034 TI - Incidence and developmental variability of genu valgum in the growth period. PMID- 7085035 TI - Food intake, nutrient adequacy and anthropometry of adolescents in Andhra Pradesh. PMID- 7085036 TI - An assessment of cancer mortality in Greater Bombay. PMID- 7085037 TI - Incidence of transferable drug resistance in salmonella species other than S. typhi and S. paratyphi A in India during 1979. PMID- 7085038 TI - Microbiology of the female genital tract in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. PMID- 7085039 TI - Diagnostic value of semen culture in chronic prostatitis. PMID- 7085040 TI - Effects of supernatants of polymorphonuclear neutrophils recruited by different inflammatory substances on mitogen responses of lymphocytes. AB - Two different substances, glycogen and thioglycollate, were used to recruit early peritoneal exudate cells (4h). In the acute phase of the inflammatory response the cellular infiltrate is large, and the predominant cell (greater than 95%) is the polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Supernatant had differing effects on lymphocyte responses to the mitogens PHA and LPS, also carried out in serum-free media, depending on recruiting substance and time of culture. While glycogen-recruited PMN supernatant (GPMN-S) always enhanced splenocyte responses to PHA, thioglycollate-recruited cells (TPMN-S) did not produce an enhancing factor until the cells had been in culture for 24 h. Whereas GPMN-S enhanced the splenocyte response to LPS only after 1 or 4 h of culture, TPMN-S failed to have any significant effect. Thymocyte responses to PHA were facilitated by all supernatants. Dilution of the soluble PMN factors resulted in a suppressive effect on splenocyte responses to both PHA and LPS, regardless of whether PMN were recruited by the thioglycollate or glycogen or of the time of cell incubation. These results indicate that PMN-rich cell populations of different types of activity are recruited by glycogen and thioglycollate and that these cells produce factors capable of potentiating, enhancing, or suppressing responses to T- or B-cell mitogens by normal syngeneic lymphocytes. PMID- 7085041 TI - Inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs of luminol-dependent human granulocyte chemiluminescence and [3H]FMLP binding. Effect of sulindac sulfide, indomethacin metabolite, and optical enantiomers (+) and (-) MK830. AB - A system is described to evaluate for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs by means of luminol-dependent human-granulocyte chemiluminescence (CL) is described. The CL is produced using either opsonized zymosan (yeast cells) or the soluble chemotactic peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe as the perturbant of the granulocyte membrane. Using either system, the following drug effects 2 x 10(-5) M were noted: only sulindac sulfide, and not sulindac sulfone or sulindac, displayed marked inhibition of chemiluminescence, following the in vivo data regarding inflammatory effects. The 5-OH indomethacin metabolite was likewise inactive as an inhibitor of CL mirroring in vivo effects. MK(+)410, MK(-)830 and MK835 all showed approximately 50% inhibition of CL, displaying deviation from in vivo data. MK(+)830 markedly stimulated CL, 4-6 times the control (without drug), which is clearly different from its enantiomer, MK(-)830. The reasons for this behavior are unclear. However, receptor binding studies with [3H]FMLP were accomplished in the presence and absence of the various drugs at 2 x 10(-5) M that were effective inhibitors of chemiluminescence (CL). Indomethacin, MK(-)830 and MK(+)410 had equivalent percent control binding and percent control CL. Sulindac sulfide and MK(+)835 both had higher percent control binding than percent control CL, with MK(+)835 displaying apparent increased numbers of available receptors relative to control. MK(+)830, which produces large increases in CL, produced a minor effect on percent control binding. A direct relationship between binding and CL does not exist with each drug. Chemiluminescence is dependent on ion movement and oxidative metabolism and is a secondary event to agonist-receptor occupation. PMID- 7085042 TI - Studies on the ability of inflammatory exudate obtained from acute and chronic phases of the inflammatory process to promote leukocyte locomotion in vitro. AB - Using a modified Boyden chamber system, inflammatory exudates taken from the acute carrageenan pleural model and the chronic carrageenan air-pouch model were tested for their ability to promote leukocyte locomotion in vitro. Both exudates were able to induce polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and mononuclear leukocyte (MN) migration, suggesting that cell-specific chemoattractants are not responsible for the progression of the inflammatory process from the acute to the chronic phase. Checkerboard assay were used to establish whether the observed migration was in response to chemotactic stimulation and/or chemokinetic stimulation. Both acute and chronic exudates were able to induce MN chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Acute exudate was able to induce PMN chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Acute exudate was able to induce PMN chemotaxis and chemokinesis, but chronic exudate was only able to induce PMN chemokinesis. This may partly explain the predominance of MNs in chronic inflammation. However, our present in vitro results have failed to demonstrate that cell-specific chemoattractants are responsible for the in vivo observation that migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes precedes the migration of mononuclear cells. PMID- 7085043 TI - Modulation of human lymphocyte transformation by bacterial products and leukocyte lysates. AB - Blast transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by PHA is shown to be modulated by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus mutans, by a cell sensitizing factor of Actinomyces viscosus, as well as by a frozen and thawed extract of human leukocytes (LE). While small amounts of LE (5-50 micrograms/10(6) cells) significantly enhanced PHA-induced transformation, higher amounts showed a lesser effect on the blastogenic response. Both LTA and the A. viscosus extract did not cause any lymphocyte blastogenic effect when used alone. On the other hand LTA had an inhibitory effect and the A. viscosus extract had an enhancing effect when lymphocytes were pretreated by these agents and then exposed to PHA. PMID- 7085044 TI - Effect of selected immunoregulatory agents on low-grade contact sensitivity. AB - The effect of selected compounds with known immunoregulatory activity was examined in a 45-h sensitization period oxazolone contact-sensitivity reaction. Oxazolone sensitivity was induced by applying 0.1 ml of 5% oxazolone in absolute ethanol to the shaved abdomen of C57Bl/6 mice on day 0. Challenge with oxazolone followed 45 h later and was accomplished by painting a 5% solution of oxazolone in absolute ethanol on the left hindpaw. The response at 24 h was determined plethysmographically. Histamine (0.062-1.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously, twice a day), concanavalin A (0.31-5.0 mg/kg intravenously), penicillamine (6.25-25 mg/kg, subcutaneously), chloroquine (6.25-25 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and thymosin fraction 5 (0.125-1.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) all stimulated the oxazolone reaction when administered on day 0. These data suggest that the low-grade oxazolone response may be a useful assay to detect immunostimulatory activity. PMID- 7085045 TI - Studies on the active site of human leukocytic pyrogen. AB - Leukocytic pyrogen, a polypeptide produced by phagocytic mononuclear cells, is thought to be the endogenous mediator of fever. In addition to its effects on thermoregulation, leukocytic pyrogen has been shown to induce synthesis of acute phase proteins, increase lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens, and cause release of neutrophil-specific granule contents. Despite its important role in biologic responses, little is known concerning the structure-function relationship of the molecule. In the present studies several protein-modifying conditions were used in order to examine specific amino acid participation at the active site. Because the state of purity of leukocytic pyrogen may be critical during certain reaction conditions, highly purified preparations were used. Experiments suggest that the active site requires the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamic acid and that blocking arginine reduces both the pyrogenic and neutrophil releasing properties of the molecule. Other studies demonstrate that the pyrogenicity of human leukocytic pyrogen is not due to serine esterase or carboxypeptidase B activity and that the 15,000-dalton molecule may be a glycoprotein. These experiments provide further evidence that the lymphocyte-activating and neutrophil-granule-releasing properties of human leukocytic pyrogen require the same active site which produces fever. PMID- 7085047 TI - Penetration in trochanteric fractures of the femur treated with rigid nail plates. AB - One hundred and twelve trochanteric fractures have been analysed. A Jewett nail plate was used in 81 patients and a Thorton nail-McLaughlin plate in 31. Penetration of the nail into or through the hip joint was the only complication studied in detail. It occurred in 41 cases: 31 (38 per cent) with the Jewett nails and 10 (33 per cent) in the other group. Both groups are comparable in that the nail-plate acts as a single rigid unit and the nail/plate angle varied, but the overall incidence of migration of the nail was similar. All the 112 cases were reviewed as one group. Penetration was more common in comminuted unstable types of fracture, in those poorly fixed, and in the older patients. Sixteen (14 per cent) well-fixed fractures showed penetration. It appears that one important additional reason for penetration in this series was the rigidity of the device and the poor quality of the bone. The incidence of nail penetration in comminuted unstable fractures of the femur might be reduced by using methods of fixation other than rigid nail-plates. PMID- 7085048 TI - The use of the CAT scanner in the management of patients with head injury transferred to the regional neurosurgical unit. AB - The use of computerized tomography (CAT scanning) in the management of 204 severely head-injured patients transferred to a regional neurosurgical unit has been evaluated. The experiences gained with CAT scan have been contrasted with those of a period immediately before when the CAT scan was not available. The CAT scan has resulted in a major reduction in burr-holes without worsening the long term result. PMID- 7085049 TI - Haemorrhage from pelvic fractures: dangers and treatment. AB - A simple, non-invasive method of control of haemorrhage from severe fractures of the pelvis is described. This method is the application of a pneumatic splint from the costal margin to the toes; the splint is then inflated to a pressure of 30 cm of water. The splint was originally designed for the control of leaking aortic aneurysms. We have applied it to 4 patients with severe fractures of the pelvis. There was dramatic improvement in 2 of these patients in whom the bleeding had continued in spite of energetic initial resuscitation. PMID- 7085046 TI - Studies of glycogen-induced inflammation of mice. Dynamics of inflammatory responses and influence of antiinflammatory drugs and protease inhibitors. AB - The intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in the mouse resulted, shortly thereafter, in the accumulation of 14-23 million neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity and a four-fold increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils. Preceding the influx of leukocytes, the exudation of plasma proteins and the chemotactic activity for mouse neutrophil in vitro increased in the peritoneal fluid. Among various protease inhibitors examined, chymostatin alone suppressed the plasma protein exudation. Indomethacin and dexamethasone reduced the accumulation of white cells and protein exudation. These nonsteroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs were equally effective whether given simultaneously with or 60 min before glycogen or whether administered intraperitoneally or orally. Colchicine showed a suppressive effect on the leukocyte accumulation but enhanced the protein exudation. PMID- 7085050 TI - Motorcycle fatalities in south west Cumbria. AB - In the sera studied, fatal motorcycle accidents were more often the fault of a motorcyclist than of another road user. Pillion passengers contributed to some accidents, and the law should restrict the consumption of alcohol by pillion riders as well as by motorcycle drivers. Injury to the brain or brain stem was a major cause of death despite crash helmets. Haemorrhage might have been successfully arrested in some patients who survived to reach hospital, though this might not have guaranteed survival. The potential reduction in mortality is discussed in relation to injury severity score. A saving in life is more likely to accrue from preventive means than from improved rescue and treatment facilities. PMID- 7085051 TI - Unilateral facetal dislocation of LV3 on LV4--an unusual injury. PMID- 7085053 TI - Fracture of the head of the radius with ulnar displacement of separated fragments. PMID- 7085052 TI - Traumatic dislocation of the hip with ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture: a method of treatment. AB - Two cases of posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip associated with an ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture are presented with a technique of reduction and stabilization which allows for closed treatment of both injuries. This approach is advantageous in the severely injured patient. PMID- 7085054 TI - Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. AB - Twelve patients were operated on between 1974 and 1979 for painful pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. The time from the injury to the operation ranged from 4 months to 12 years. We used an AO plate fixation and cancellous bone graft. The patients were able to return to work within 2 months on average. The AO plate was removed 8 to 12 months after the operation. At the 1 year follow-up all the pseudarthroses had consolidated and the patients were satisfied with the result of the treatment. PMID- 7085056 TI - Traumatic transection of the hepatic artery. PMID- 7085057 TI - Penetrating wound of the aorta by a bull's horn. AB - An 18-year-old boy was gored by a bull while on the ground and he died half-an hour after the incident. Autopsy showed a tear involving about three-quarters of the circumference of the thoracic aorta. Injuries due to a bull horn are usually in the abdomen but the exact location will depend on a number of other factors. PMID- 7085055 TI - The slit catheter: a comparison with the wick catheter in the measurement of compartment pressure. AB - The slit catheter, a new instrument for the measurement of compartment pressure, has been compared with the wick catheter in experimental conditions. The two catheters were inserted into the anterior tibial compartments of 8 human legs and controlled external pressures were applied by means of an inflatable limb bag. The mean resting intramuscular pressure of 8.5 +/- 6.2 mmHg for the slit and 8.7 mmHg +/- 6.2 mmHg for the wick catheter agrees with that of other workers, and the slit catheter records a pressure at all applied external pressures not significantly different from the wick catheter (paired t test). The slit catheter provides a simple and inexpensive way of estimating compartment pressure which is as accurate as a method widely used both experimentally and clinically in North America. PMID- 7085058 TI - Granulomatosis of bone from high density polyethylene. AB - Granulomatous reaction by bone to high density polyethylene can occur if the rate of wear and the volume of the resulting wear products is abnormally great. The phenomenon was found in 6 of 11 patients who had had a Monk soft-top prosthesis inserted more than two years before. PMID- 7085059 TI - A preliminary study of the treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur with the Kenwright nail. AB - We present a preliminary study of the results of treatment of 106 fractures of the trochanteric region of the femur, using a new expanding compression nail, the Kenwright nail. The device obtains a secure hold in the femoral head and compresses the fracture line, to give very firm fixation, enabling patients to bear weight immediately with much more confidence than with conventional methods of fixation. Earlier discharge from hospital has been possible, with the release of valuable beds. In no case has the nail cut out. A similar study of its use in intracapsular fractures will be reported. PMID- 7085061 TI - Early complications of acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the middle aged and elderly patient. AB - Shoulder function following acute anterior dislocation may be impaired by rotator cuff rupture, fracture of the greater tuberosity and/or nerve injury. Twelve such cases seen at a referral shoulder clinic are described. The most common symptoms were loss of movement (100 per cent of patients) and pain (66 per cent). Some loss of active abduction was present in all cases and muscle wasting in 33 per cent. Operation was indicated in 9 patients. There were 2 good, 3 fair and 4 poor results following "late' operation performed as a salvage procedure. Rotator cuff rupture may be obscured by a circumflex nerve palsy. If suspected, diagnosis can be confirmed by careful clinical evaluation, together with arthrography and electromyographic studies. Functional improvement and pain relief were obtained in 4 of the 5 patients who underwent late surgical repair for this complication. PMID- 7085060 TI - 1086 consecutive injuries caused by glass. AB - A prospective study of 1086 consecutive injuries caused by glass showed that the mean age of the patients was 15 years and there was a 7 : 3 male to female ratio. The home (35 per cent), public places (31.3 per cent) and places of work (21.1 per cent) were the main locations where these accidents occurred. Although most of the injuries were mild, 3 case histories illustrate that some of them were extremely serious. 4.6 per cent of patients requiring immediate admission to hospital. Extrapolation of the figures indicates that approximately 210,000 people attend hospital each year in England and Wales for treatment of an injury caused by glass. The annual cost to the National Health Service is about 7,500,000 pounds but the full financial implications of these injuries in terms of compensation and insurance payments must be much greater. Suggestions are made of ways to reduce the incidence of these injuries from road traffic accidents and accidents with plate glass and glass containers. PMID- 7085062 TI - Traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip in childhood. AB - One hundred and eleven traumatic anterior dislocations of the hip in children were collected from the literature and statistically evaluated together with 4 cases treated at our institute. The incidence of open dislocations, associated lesions (avulsion of the greater trochanter, damage to the femoral vessels, and fracture on the shaft of the ipsilateral femur), and irreducible recent dislocations was noteworthy, demanding special methods of primary management. In 41 patients, with follow-up averaging 5 years, the incidence of complications, especially avascular necrosis, was also high. Anterior dislocation of the hip in this age group is to be considered a serious injury. Concerning the final state of the hip-joint, factors giving a poor prognosis appear to be severe injury, open dislocation, associated fractures near the joint, delayed reduction, and, possibly, open procedures. PMID- 7085064 TI - Diffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury. PMID- 7085063 TI - Two cases of non-union of carpal scaphoid fractures in children. AB - Two cases of non-union of fractures of the carpal scaphoid in children are described, which were successfully treated by cancellous bone grafting with Kirschner wife fixation. PMID- 7085065 TI - Chest pain due to stress fractures of the rib first. PMID- 7085066 TI - Ununited radial neck fracture. PMID- 7085067 TI - Two neutrophil populations in human blood with different chemotactic activities: separation and chemoattractant binding. AB - Normal human blood contains a population of neutrophils that migrates to various chemoattractants and a population that fails to migrate. The percentage of neutrophils migrating to optimal concentrations of chemoattractants was quantified: 20 to 40% migrated to N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, 30 to 50% migrated to human C5a, 25 to 35% migrated to human leukocyte-derived chemotactic factors, 20 to 30% migrated to casein, 15 to 20% migrated to pepstatin, and 1 to 5% migrated to medium alone. Neutrophil migration to the most active chemoattractant was not increased when other chemoattractants were added, indicating that the population of neutrophils migrating to the most active attractant was the same population that was migrating to the other attractants. The percentage of neutrophils migrating to a chemoattractant was not altered by prolonging the assay incubation period or by replacing the attractant with new chemoattractant during the assay, and the percentage was independent of the neutrophil concentration added to the chemotaxis chamber. Nonmigrating neutrophils were isolated with a chemotaxis collection chamber, and they were examined for radiolabeled chemotactic peptide binding. The binding of radiolabeled N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine by nonmigrating and migrating neutrophils was identical. PMID- 7085068 TI - Influence of sodium and potassium ions on acid production by washed cells of Streptococcus mutans ingbritt and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 7865 grown in a chemostat. AB - A comparison was made of acid production by cells of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt and S. sanguis NCTC 7865 that had been washed twice and incubated in different concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. Organisms were grown under defined conditions in a chemostat under both glucose limitation and glucose excess conditions at a dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1) (mean generation time, 6.9 h). Acid production after a pulse of glucose, sucrose, and fructose was measured by pH fall experiments and as a rate at pH 7.0. S. mutans produced more acid than S. sanguis as measured by either criterion, although statistically faster rates of acid production and lower terminal pH values were obtained when cells of both species were suspended in KCl rather than in NaCl, with 200 mM KCl resulting in the lowest terminal pH in pH fall experiments. Sodium ions inhibited acid production: 183 mM NaCl reduced the glycolytic rates of S. mutans and S. sanguis metabolizing glucose at pH 7.0 in 135 mM KCl by 39 and 33%, respectively. The most pronounced stimulatory effect of potassium on acid production was by washed cells of S. sanguis that had been grown under arginine and under phosphate limitation. The pH fell by a further 0.86 and 1.21 pH units, respectively, and to below the critical pH for enamel demineralization when these cells were metabolizing glucose in 135 mM KCl compared with the same concentration of NaCl. This enhancement of acid production was not due to potassium translocation, as had been suggested previously, because no movement of potassium ions across the cell membrane could be detected. An alternative explanation is proposed in which sodium ions are excluded from the cell at the expense of membrane energy, i.e., the proton motive force, which could otherwise be used for the transport of sugars. PMID- 7085069 TI - Rubella-specific immune complexes after congenital infection and vaccination. AB - Circulating immune complexes which contained rubella-specific immunoglobulins were detected in 21 out of 63 subjects with congenital rubella and in 39 out of 65 subjects vaccinated with attenuated rubella virus, but in none of 43 subjects susceptible to rubella or 87 subjects with remote naturally acquired immunity to rubella. The presence or level of circulating immune complexes and the presence of rubella-specific complexes did not correlate with conventional serum rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers. In the group with congenital infection, the presence of specific complexes many years after birth was associated with late-emerging clinical problems involving several organ systems. In vaccinates, the presence of specific complexes was associated with a higher incidence of side reactions. Two-thirds of the vaccinates and all of those revaccinated showed specific immune complexes as late as 8 months after immunization. PMID- 7085070 TI - Effect of cimetidine and antacid on gastric microbial flora. AB - The effect of a standard regimen of cimetidine on the gastric flora of 20 male volunteers was studied in a double-blind manner and compared with the effects of a standard antacid regimen. Postprandial microbial titers in gastric aspirates were significantly higher at 4, 8, and 16 weeks of therapy in subjects taking antacids and at 4 weeks in subjects taking cimetidine when compared with their pretreatment titers. Although not significant, there was a tendency for fasting microbial titers to be higher in subjects receiving cimetidine as compared with pretreatment titers. The higher titers were primarily related to increases in survival of mouth flora (viridans streptococci and Neisseria spp.); Enterobacteriaceae and other nitrate-reducing organisms were unusual isolates. There was no significant difference in the total titers or types of organisms isolated when subjects taking cimetidine were compared with those taking antacid. PMID- 7085071 TI - Energy metabolism of the contagious equine metritis bacterium. AB - The energy metabolism of the English E-CMO strain of contagious equine metritis bacterium was studied in whole cells and cell extracts. This bacterium appears to have an active Krebs cycle and probably obtains energy by oxidative phosphorylation since glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways appear to be absent. These conclusions are based on the findings that [U-14C]glucose incorporation by this bacterium is below the level of detection, and that respiration is stimulated by Krebs cycle intermediates (i.e., malate, citrate, and succinate), but not by glucose, fructose, maltose, or sucrose. Furthermore, support comes from the fact that enzymes generally associated with the Krebs cycle and electron transport (i.e., malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, NADH dehydrogenase, and catalase) were detected. Those enzymes normally associated with glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways (i.e., hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose biphosphate aldolase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphate acetyl transferase, acetate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were below the level of detection. PMID- 7085072 TI - Properties of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt growing on limiting sucrose in a chemostat: repression of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase transport system. AB - Growth of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt on limiting sucrose in a chemostat at dilution rates of 0.05 to 0.4 h-1 (mean generation time, 14 to 1.7 h) resulted in a heterofermentative pattern of metabolic end products. During fast growth, lactic acid was the major end product, whereas at slower growth rates, acetic and formic acids, as well as ethanol, increased to be major end products. The patterns obtained were similar to those seen with the same organism growing on glucose. The glycolytic rate by washed cells was maximum at the lowest dilution rates and decreased as the cells were made to grow faster. Transport of sucrose, glucose, and fructose via the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) was repressed during growth on sucrose after growth on glucose. Uptake rates suggested that sucrose was transported in the PTS as the intact disaccharide. Comparison of the rate of sugar uptake in the chemostat with the rate of PTS activity in the cells at each growth rate indicated that the PTS was capable of supporting growth only at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1. Growth on sucrose at faster growth rates required the activity of a second transport system, supporting our earlier observations with glucose that S. mutans contains at least two sugar transport systems. PMID- 7085073 TI - Chemotaxis of purified human monocytes in vitro: lack of accessory cell requirement. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether cell cooperation, either among monocytes or between monocytes and lymphocytes, is a prerequisite for monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. We compared Ficoll-Hypaque-separated mononuclear cells and a preparation of 99% pure monocytes obtained by chemotaxis in a newly designed separation chamber. Monocytes of both preparations migrated to chemoattractants without a lag phase, and no further increase in migrated cells was observed after 70 min. The cell dose-response was linear for both preparations over a wide range of cell concentrations in the cell input well of the chemotaxis chamber, suggesting that no monocyte-monocyte interaction was required. Since only 20 to 60% of the monocytes purified by chemotaxis migrated a second time, the possibility of a requirement for an accessory cell was tested. The addition to purified monocytes of several different mononuclear cell preparations comprising lymphocytes or nonmigrating monocytes had no effect on monocyte migration. These experiments show that normal human blood monocytes in vitro do not require stimuli from other cells to respond to chemoattractants. Their behavior is profoundly different from that of mouse peritoneal macrophages, which exhibit a time lag in vitro before migration toward an attractant and become more responsive with either increasing cell concentration or addition of purified lymphocytes. PMID- 7085074 TI - Increase of mouse resistance to Candida albicans infection by thymosin alpha 1. AB - Studies were carried out to assess the ability of thymosin alpha 1 to prolong the survival of mice challenged with Candida albicans. Two- to four-month-old mice were treated with graded doses of thymosin alpha 1 before, after, or before and after intravenous challenge with C. albicans. Significant resistance ot lethal infection was afforded by 100 micrograms of thymosin alpha 1 per kg given before or before and after challenge, whereas no protection was found in mice treated with thymosin alpha 1 administered at any dose level after inoculation. Pretreatment with thymosin alpha 1 also prevented the increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection of mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide on day -6. The results showed that thymosin alpha 1 was capable of protecting untreated or cyclophosphamide-pretreated mice from C. albicans infection at an optimal dose and schedule of administration. PMID- 7085075 TI - Evaluation of a phenotypic revertant of the A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 reassortant virus in hamsters and in seronegative adult volunteers: further evidence that the temperature-sensitive phenotype is responsible for attenuation of ts-1A2 reassortant viruses. AB - In a previous study, a seronegative child to whom attenuated A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 virus was administered (37 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation) shed virus with an altered temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype (40 degrees C shutoff temperature) (Murphy et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 354:172-182, 1980; Tolpin et al., Virology 112:505-517, 1981). This ts+ virus (FV1319) was evaluated for its level of replication in hamsters and for its virulence for humans. In hamsters, FV1319 ts+ virus replicated to the same level in the nasal turbinates as that of which the A/Alaska/77 wild-type virus replicated, but its replication in the lungs was reduced 40-fold. In contrast, the A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 reassortant achieved a titer in hamster nasal turbinates that was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than those achieved by the wild-type and the FV1319 viruses; the A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 reassortant was not recoverable from the lungs. In seronegative adult volunteers, the pattern of replication of the FV1319 virus was similar to that of the A/Alaska/77 wild-type virus. The illness induced by the FV1319 ts+ virus was also similar to that caused by the wild-type virus. In contrast, the A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 reassortant was satisfactorily attenuated in adult volunteers. These results suggest that attenuation of the A/Alaska/77-ts 1A2 reassortant virus in humans is a function of the ts phenotype: loss of this phenotype restored virulence. The ability of the A/Alaska/77-ts-1A2 reassortant to lose its ts phenotype and regain virulence during growth in a permissive host limits the usefulness of the ts-1A2 reassortants as vaccine viruses for humans. PMID- 7085076 TI - Antigenic analysis of Giardia lamblia from Afghanistan, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, and Oregon. AB - The trophozoite antigens of Giardia lamblia to which host humoral and cellular immune responses are directed have not been identified. Therefore, we initiated studies to characterize these antigens in strains of G. lamblia from Afghanistan, Oregon, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the electrophoretic mobility patterns of proteins of the four strains were similar; molecular weights of protein bands ranged between 12,000 and 140,000. The antigens which reacted with rabbit and anti-G. lamblia antisera by immunoelectrophoresis were also similar for the four strains. However, comparison by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed the Oregon strain, which has been the longest in culture, lacked a set of anodic antigens and the single neutral antigen which were present in the other three strains. In addition, other minor antigen differences between the strains were detected by this technique. When we employed trophozoites from each strain as antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against 10 human antisera of various liters, we also detected some differences between the strains. Although polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis revealed gross similarity among G. lamblia from widely differing geographic locations, subtle differences detected by crossed electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suggest the existence of potentially important antigenic differences among these strains. PMID- 7085077 TI - Morphological examination of the glycocalyces of Staphylococcus aureus strains Wiley and Smith. AB - The glycocalyces of gram-positive bacteria have only been studied to a limited extent, with most studies being directed at the elucidation of capsules. With modern methods of electron microscopy, it has been shown that an extensive, diffuse polyanionic matrix surrounds Staphylococcus aureus cells of the Smith and Wiley strains, both in vivo and in modified staphylococcus 110 media. This slime layer was extracapsular in the case of the Smith strain, yet appeared to be the only layer peripheral to the teichoic acid in the Wiley strain. It is proposed that these glycocalyces serve a protective function and that their production is induced not only by excess nutrients in the growth medium but also by metabolic stress. PMID- 7085079 TI - In vitro and in vivo efficacy of antimicrobials against Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - With the exception of lymphogranuloma venereum, the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the genital tract or acquired from the genital tract is relatively easy. In general, in vivo activity of antimicrobials against C. trachomatis correlates well with in vitro activity if sufficient antimicrobial is given for a long enough duration. Tetracycline and erythromycin and their derivatives remain the treatments of choice because of combined activity against C. trachomatis, in addition to most isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Rifampin, sulfonamides, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can only be used if C. trachomatis alone is being treated. Although multiple dose penicillins may be significant activity in vivo, their use is not encouraged. Other antimicrobials like aminocyclitols, cephalosporins, and metronidazole have no activity. Seven day regimens of either a tetracycline or erythromycin are generally preferred for uncomplicated infections, but ten days of a tetracycline is preferred for complications like acute pelvic inflammatory disease or epididymitis. For ocular or pulmonary infection in infants, a two to three week regimen of oral sulfonamide or erythromycin is preferred. for the treatment of concurrent N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis, a tetracycline should be administered for at least five days. PMID- 7085081 TI - Three novel manifestations of chlamydia trachomatis infection- endometritis, perihepatitis and meningoencephalitis. AB - The present communication discusses the possibility of endometritis, perihepatitis and meningoencephalitis being three conditions associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydial infection of the endometrium can occur as one manifestation of an ascending genital infection also affecting the Fallopian tubes. Perihepatitis may be another manifestation in cases of acute chlamydial salpingitis. However, both chlamydia-associated endometritis and chlamydia-associated perihepatitis can occur in the absence of tubal infection. In cases of meningoencephalitis, evidence of infection with TRIC agents (C. trachomatis) have been documented. PMID- 7085080 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of chlamydial venereal disease. AB - We examined patients attending an STD clinic (Department of Dermatology, Lasarettet, Lund). Chlamydia trachomatis was demonstrated in 26% of 2021 male patients by culture from the urethra (using cyclo-heximide-treated McCoy cells). The corresponding figure for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 15%. Both organisms were found in 5% of the patients. In women, culture from the cervix demonstrated C. trachomatis in 16% of 1039 patients. N. gonorrhoeae was found in 14%, and both organisms in 4% of the patients. Men with chlamydial urethritis were more frequently found to have a watery discharge than those with gonococcal urethritis. They also had fewer leucocytes in smears from the urethra. Treatment with different tetracyclines gives good therapeutic results in both men and women infected with C. trachomatis. In contact-tracing, 53% of 95 male partners and 65% of 103 female partners were found to harbour C. trachomatis. About 50% of these contacts were free of symptoms. This indicates the importance of contact-tracing in genital chlamydial infection. PMID- 7085078 TI - Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters. AB - Hamsters were vaccinated with toxoids containing toxin A, toxin B, both toxins, or a preparation containing neither toxin of Clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. To determine whether these vaccines would reduce the severity of antibiotic-associated cecitis, the hamsters were injected subcutaneously with clindamycin. Nearly all of the hamsters protected against neither toxin or only one toxin died. These animals developed enlarged hemorrhagic ceca and diarrhea, although the ceca from the animals immunized against toxin B were less hemorrhagic. The hamsters immunized against both toxins survived clindamycin treatment and had ceca of normal size and appearance. Concentrations of both toxins were lower in the ceca of the latter animals than in the unprotected animals. To determine the effects of either toxin alone on the animals, nonimmunized hamsters were injected with either purified toxin A, which produced enlarged ceca with moderate hemorrhaging, or partially purified toxin B, which produced hemorrhagic ceca of normal size. All of the hamsters injected with either toxin at concentrations found in the ceca after clindamycin treatment died. These results suggest that toxin A causes the water influx, that both toxins cause hemorrhaging to different extents in the ceca of hamsters with antibiotic-associated cecitis and that either toxin alone can cause death. These studies may help explain the etiology of pseudomembranous colitis in humans. PMID- 7085082 TI - Relationship of air lead and blood lead for workers at an automobile battery factory. AB - Air lead and blood lead data, recorded over a period of 3 years for 972 employees at an automobile battery factory as part of a lead control program, were summarized and statistically analyzed. The air lead values were measured by mobile area samplers for approximately 2 years and then by personal samplers for approximately 1 year. Blood lead analyses were usually performed once a month for most of the workers. The trend in air lead levels was significantly upward in the 1st year and significantly downward in the 2nd year while the trend in blood lead levels was significantly downward in the 1st year and in the 3rd year. There were no other significant trends. To assess the relationship between air lead and blood lead, data were used whenever an air lead obtained by personal sampler was followed within 1 month by a blood lead on the same worker. The variables age, job tenure, and department identity were included in an analysis of covariance. Only air lead and departments were significant, accounting for 9% and 13% of the variance in blood lead, respectively. From these data 95% confidence limits were calculated for predicting blood leads from given air leads for an individual worker. These were 30-68 micrograms/100 ml at 200 micrograms/m3, 25-62 micrograms/100 ml at 100 micrograms/m3, and 22-60 micrograms/100 ml at 50 micrograms/m3. PMID- 7085083 TI - Alterations of lipids of the erythrocyte membranes in workers exposed to lead. AB - Changes in lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) of the erythrocyte membrane were studied and several laboratory examinations were performed with 25 male workers employed in a scrap lead refining factory using as controls 38 male railway construction workers. The examinations included measurements of erythrocyte count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), blood and urine lead concentrations, urine coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic acid, membrane cholesterol (CHO) and phospholipids (PL), total and free CHO in plasma, and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in plasma. The results were: 1) Membrane CHO (P less than 0.01) and CHO: PL ratio (P less than 0.05) of lead workers were higher than those of the controls. But no significant difference was observed in membrane PL between both groups. 2) Membrane phosphatidyl choline was higher (P less than 0.05) and lysophosphatidyl choline was lower (P less than 0.05) in lead workers compared with controls. But no significant difference was observed in membrane sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine between both groups. 3) Free CHO in plasma was higher (P less than 0.05) in lead workers compared with controls. But no significant difference was observed in total CHO in plasma, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, MCV, and LCAT activity between both groups. PMID- 7085084 TI - Relationships between osmotic fragility of red blood cells and various hematologic data in workers exposed to lead. AB - This paper describes relationships between osmotic fragility (OF) of red blood cells and various hematologic data in 32 male workers exposed to lead and 30 controls. The examination included measurements of OF determined by the coil planet centrifuge system, red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), water of RBC, sodium and potassium of RBC, blood and urine lead, urine coproporphyrin, and urine delta aminolevulinic acid. The results were: 1) OF was lower in lead workers at all three hemolytic points compared with the controls (P less than 0.05). 2) A difference in hemolysis pattern between the two groups was observed (P less than 0.05). 3) A close relationship was observed in both groups between OF and MCV (P less than 0.05), although the results were contrasting. Also a close relationship was observed in lead workers between OF and hematocrit, OF and hemoglobin, OF and MCH, and OF and intracellular potassium (P less than 0.05) but not in the controls. In the controls a close relationship was found between OF and RBC (P less than 0.05) but this was not observed in the lead workers. No significant relationship was observed in either group between OF and MCHC, OF and intracellular sodium, and OF and intracellular water. 4) No difference in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and intracellular water, sodium and potassium was observed between both groups. PMID- 7085085 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography for the quantitative determination of the urinary metabolites of toluene, xylene, and styrene. AB - A new high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous quantitative determination of the urinary metabolites of toluene, m-xylene, and styrene (hippuric acid, m-methylhippuric acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, mandelic acid) is described. The extraction procedure was performed on acidified urines, after addition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as internal standard, using a butylchloride/isopropanol mixture and drying 0.5 ml of the organic layer under nitrogen flow. The residue obtained was dissolved in 0.1 ml water/acetonitrile and 5 microliters were injected into an HPLC apparatus equipped with a 0.26 X 25 cm HC ODS SIL X column. Absorbance measures were performed at 225 nm throughout the investigation. All metabolites were clearly separated in a short time (12 min) and the amounts of other urinary compounds affecting the analysis were so small that the measurement of low concentrations of the urinary metabolites could be easily performed. Linear calibration curves were obtained from 0.1 to 3 mg/ml and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99 was found between concentrations of the standards and areas of the peaks. Statistical analysis confirms that this method, which has a high reproducibility, is simple, reliable, and useful for the biologic monitoring of industrial exposure to aromatic compounds. PMID- 7085086 TI - The New York City fire epidemic as a toxic phenomenon. AB - Reductions in the fire service in New York City from 1972 to 1976 appear to have caused a disproportionate increase in fire-fighter work load through several unexpected mechanisms of fire contagion. In turn, the work load increase has itself had a disproportionate physiologic impact: A classic dose-response relation has been observed between a composite measure of per capita structural fire work load and the percentage of the fire-fighting work force retiring under conditions of disability. After 1974, the increase in work load seems to have caused entry to the 'linear' portion of the dose-response curve. Implications of this synergism are explored for both New York City and other American urban areas now suffering 'fiscal crises' or planning fire service reductions. PMID- 7085087 TI - On the question of the pathogenetic importance of cobalt for hard metal fibrosis of the lung. AB - Pulmonary fibrosis in hard metal grinders has been observed to an increasing degree in recent years. Most authors attribute the cause of this disease to the influence of the cobalt contained in hard metals. The present case dealt with a 36-year-old man who had been exposed to the grinding dust from sintered hard metal parts for more than 10 years. Biopsy of the lung revealed an advanced, active pulmonary fibrosis. In the biopsy specimens cobalt was determined by flameless atomic absorption. The cobalt content in the biological specimens of the patient (urine: 7.5 micrograms/l; lung: 1010 micrograms/kg wet weight) was significantly increased compared with the values measured in normal controls. PMID- 7085090 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 7085089 TI - Quantification of the carcinogenic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in used engine oil by topical application onto the skin of mice. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to identify the substances mainly responsible for the carcinogenic effect of used engine oil from gasoline engines using topical application as a carcinogen-specific bioassay. This was performed by comparison of the tumorigenic effect of single fractions with that of an unseparated sample of the lubricating oil. The probit analysis of the results shows: 1) The used engine oil, from gasoline-driven automobiles, investigated provoked local tumors after long-term application to the dorsal skin of mice. The incidence of carcinoma depended on the dose of the oil. 2) The fraction of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) containing more than three rings accounts for about 70% of the total carcinogenicity in the case of crankcase oil. This fraction constitutes only up to 1.14% by weight of the total oil sample. 3) The content of benzo(a)pyrene (216.8 mg/kg) accounts for 18% of the total carcinogenicity of the used oil. 4) Regarding the reduced carcinogenicity of the oil sample, which was reconstituted from all fractions, it seems possible that some of the carcinogenic substances were lost due to volatility, with evaporation of the solvents from the oil-fractionation processes. 5) Regarding the small effect of the PAH-free fraction, as well as the equal carcinogenic effects of the PAH-fraction (containing more than three rings) and the reconstituted oil sample, no hints for a co-carcinogenic activity were obtained. PMID- 7085091 TI - Monitoring the safe levels of hypotension. I. General considerations. PMID- 7085088 TI - Comparison of renal function and psychomotor performance in workers exposed to elemental mercury. AB - Renal function and psychomotor performance (eye-hand coordination, arm-hand steadiness) of a group of 43 workers exposed to mercury vapor were examined. Their mean age an average duration of exposure to mercury were 38 and 5 years, respectively. The results were compared with those in a matched group of 47 control workers. Increased proteinuria and albuminuria were found slightly more prevalent in the Hg-exposed group than in the control workers. These results are in agreement with those found during a previous study carrier out in another group of workers also exposed to elemental mercury (Buchet et al. 1980). The scores of the psychomotor tests were less satisfactory in the Hg workers than in the control workers, the arm-hand steadiness test being more discriminative than the eye-hand coordination test. Preclinical changes in psychomotor function can be detected independently of the presence of signs of renal dysfunction. No clear cut relationships were found between the prevalence of abnormal psychomotor scores and the level of mercury in blood (HgB) or in urine (HgU). Increased prevalences of abnormal psychomotor scores seem however to occur for HgB between 1 and 2 micrograms/100 and for HgU between 50 and 100 micrograms/g creatinine. Therefore, a biologic threshold limit value of 50 micrograms/g creatinine in proposed for urinary mercury to prevent the development of preclinical effects on the central nervous system. A similar critical HgU level based on renal dysfunction prevalences has been suggested in a previous study. PMID- 7085092 TI - Monitoring the safe levels of hypotension. III. The role of electroencephalography. PMID- 7085093 TI - Epidemiology of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 7085095 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: proper positioning of the patient. PMID- 7085094 TI - Monitoring the safe levels of hypotension. IV. The role of cerebral blood flow studies. AB - It is now possible to monitor CBF during aneurysm surgery using a relatively simple, noninvasive technique. This should improve the safety of the use of controlled hypotension and may well identify those patients requiring more aggressive postoperative treatment. Intraoperative CBF monitoring will also provide valuable information concerning the cerebrovascular effects of the various hypotensive agents used, as well as the pathophysiology of CBF regulation. PMID- 7085096 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: anesthetic management. PMID- 7085097 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: postoperative therapy. PMID- 7085099 TI - The pathogenesis of intracranial saccular aneurysms. PMID- 7085100 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany. PMID- 7085098 TI - Barbiturate coma. PMID- 7085101 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland. PMID- 7085102 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A. PMID- 7085103 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: New York University Medical Center, New York, U.S.A. PMID- 7085104 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. PMID- 7085106 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: neuroradiological diagnosis. PMID- 7085105 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. PMID- 7085108 TI - Pathophysiology of vasospasm. PMID- 7085107 TI - Current views on medical management of aneurysms. PMID- 7085109 TI - Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of ischemic brain injury. PMID- 7085110 TI - Surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 7085112 TI - Cerebral circulation, intracranial pressure, and the pharmacophysiology of anesthetic agents. PMID- 7085111 TI - Anesthetic considerations in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms: preanesthetic evaluation. AB - A preoperative evaluation for anesthesia is useful to: 1. Assess the patient's physical status and evaluate anesthetic risk 2. Judge the cardiovascular and general medical status with particular regard to hypotensive techniques 3. Estimate preoperative pulmonary reserve 4. Order appropriate premedications 5. Become aware of anatomical features relevant to the anesthetic techniques If the anesthetist has made a careful preoperative review, the patient's status is well understood and the likelihood of any complication related to anesthesia during surgery is greatly diminished. PMID- 7085113 TI - The rationale for controlled hypotension. PMID- 7085114 TI - Adjuvanticity of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide in guinea pigs. I. Skin test reactions. AB - The effect of the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) on the induction of cellular immunity in guinea pigs was studied. DDA, a surface-active lipid, was mixed with the antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA) or with a conjugate of BSA and dinitrophenol (DNP22--BSA) and injected into the footpads of guinea pigs. At varying intervals skin tests were performed to test the immediate and delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions. Optimal DH reactions to BSA were observed from 3 to 6 weeks after immunization with BSA in DDA. The hapten specific response to DNP22--BSA had an optimum at 3 weeks and was highly specific for the homologous antigen. Histological examinations of skin test sites confirmed that the reaction was rather of the tuberculin type than of the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity type. When guinea pigs were immunized with DNP22--BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) a long-lasting DH to both carrier and hapten groups developed but the DH was always complicated by an Arthus reaction due to antibodies to the DNP hapten. In conclusion, DDA is superior to FCA as adjuvant for the induction of a state of pure DH in guinea pigs. PMID- 7085116 TI - Quantification of the C3 breakdown product C3d by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. AB - The levels of the C3 breakdown product C3d were measured in plasma, serum, and synovial fluid by the technique of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Serum and plasma from 22 healthy donors, 4 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 1 patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 1 patient with cryoglobulinemia were used. The synovial fluid was studied in 3 other patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Normal values for the 22 healthy donors in plasma were within a narrow range of 3.25- 5.75% as compared to the standard pool that was prepared. Storage of plasma to 80 degrees C during 7--15 days did not modify the results of the test. Significant differences in C3d values were observed between serum and EDTA plasma samples. Patients with immunological diseases showed higher values of C3d in the samples (from 5 to 30% of activity as compared to the standard pool). Measurement of C3d by rocket immunoelectrophoresis showed to be an easy, satisfactory and reliable procedure able to be incorporated to routine immunological evaluations. PMID- 7085117 TI - Use of isotachophoresis for identification of pollen allergens. PMID- 7085118 TI - Standardization of the double-antibody method for IgE determination: use of different monoclonal IgE as tracer, immunogen or standard. AB - We wanted to determine whether the competitive radioimmunoassay for IgE is influenced by various combinations of three monoclonal IgE (IgEND, IgEPS, IgESHA) used as tracer or standard, and anti-IgEND and anti-IGEPS as first antibody. When the immunogen for the first antibody was identical with the monoclonal tracer or standard IgE, the latter two bound preferentially to the first antibody. These unusual assays led to inhibition curves that ran in parallel to those produced by usual assays, i.e. assays in which the tracer and the immunogen were different monoclonal IgE and the standard was a polyclonal IgE. When serum samples were analyzed for their IgE content, the unusual assay produced values that were linearly related to those produced by a usual or another, unusual, assay. However, the values of IgE produced by a usual assay were, in general, significantly different from those obtained by unusual assays. We conclude that as suspected, but never demonstrated before, the competitive assay for IgE requires the use of two different monoclonal IgE as tracer and immunogen; application of unusual assays requires their prior calibration against a usual assay. PMID- 7085115 TI - Role of C4-binding protein in the defective lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by mouse complement. AB - Passage of mouse EDTA-plasma over an anti-C4-binding protein (anti-C4-bp) affinity column reduced the C4-bp level by an average of 34% and increased the classical C pathway activity as measured with sensitized normal and desialylated sheep erythrocytes, but not versus sensitized rabbit erythrocytes. This suggests that C-regulation by C4-bp is independent of membrane sialic acid and provides evidence for the presence of a hitherto unknown preferential site for mouse C4-bp on sheep erythrocytes. The absence of both this site and sialic acid on their membranes makes sensitized rabbit erythrocytes useful target cells for assay of mouse classical C pathway activity. PMID- 7085119 TI - Effects of parenteral keyhole limpet hemocyanin or cholera toxin on intestinal immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. AB - This study evaluated whether subcutaneous priming with either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a protein antigen lacking toxic properties, or cholera toxin (CT), whose toxic activity is known to modulate immune responses, would enhance or suppress the local intestinal IgA response to KLH. In rabbits given KLH into chronically isolated ileal loops, subcutaneous priming and boosting with the same antigen resulted in increased serum and loop fluid IgG anti-KLH, but loop fluid IgA anti-KLH was not statistically significantly different from controls. With subcutaneous administration of CT, loop fluid IgA anti-KLH and serum IgG anti-KLH showed a suggestion of an earlier rise than in controls, but were not significantly different. The failure of subcutaneous KLH or CT to enhance local intestinal IgA immune response to KLH indicated that the feasibility of parenteral priming must be determined individually for each antigen to which intestinal immunity is desired. PMID- 7085120 TI - Assessment of murine lymph node lymphocyte priming with the tetrasialoganglioside GQ1b. AB - In vivo priming of lymphocytes by gangliosides was tested following active immunization of mice with the tetrasialoganglioside GQ1b coupled to a copolymer of L-lysine and DL-alanine. Lymphocytes derived from potential lymph nodes 17 days after immunization were triggered to incorporate tritiated thymidine after a 4-day incubation in polypropylene tubes precoated with GQ1b. Non-primed lymph node lymphocytes, primed lymphocytes incubated in non-coated tubes, and, more interestingly, primed lymphocytes incubated with the soluble ganglioside did not undergo mitogenic stimulation. The data suggest that the evaluation of the extent of in vivo priming of lymphocytes by gangliosides can be achieved only if these glycosphingolipids are bound to the substratum, whereas when applied to primed cells in soluble form they inhibit mitogenic activation. PMID- 7085121 TI - Serum and salivary IgA levels in normal subjects: comparison between tonsillectomized and non-tonsillectomized subjects. AB - Serum IgA and secretory IgA (SIgA) were determined in 1,000 apparently healthy subjects; 274 were tonsillectomized. Four groups were identified in this study: (1) 0.3% of subjects had no serum IgA and SIgA; (2) 1.6% of subjects showed partial serum and SIgA deficiency; (3) 27.4% of individuals were tonsillectomized and had partial serum IgA deficiency but normal SIgA, and (4) 71.4% were normal, both with respect to serum IgA and SIgA. There results stress the relatively high incidence of IgA deficiency in the normal population and confirm the role of the tonsils in maintaining serum IgA levels. PMID- 7085122 TI - Thymus dependence of the adoptive transfer of intestinal mastocytopoiesis in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. AB - The relationship between the gut and mesenteric lymph node in the kinetics of mucosal mast cells (MMC) was further analysed. A Trichinella-induced synchronous proliferation of MMC occurred in the intestine of thymus-bearing and not in athymic mice, both at sites of parasite invasion (jejunum) and elsewhere (caecum) and in the mesenteric lymph node. The mastocytopoietic ability could be adoptively transferred with immune mesenteric lymph node cells to the jejunum and caecum of infected thymus-bearing recipients. The enhanced mastocytopoiesis which was both antigen- and thymus-dependent, was only observed for the stroma intestinal mast cells (IMC) and not for the intraepithelially located globule leucocytes (GL). The data suggest a common source for IMC in intestinal mucosae and support the idea that IMC and GL are two independent cell populations. PMID- 7085123 TI - The immune response to bee venom. Comparison of the antibody response to phospholipase A2 with the response to inhalant antigens. AB - The antibody response to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was studied by using radiolabelled antigen-binding techniques for both IgG and IgE antibodies. The results are compared with results for antigen P1 from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and for rye I from rye grass pollen. The response to PLA2 differs from the response to the inhalant allergens in several ways: almost all exposed bee keepers produce IgG antibodies to PLA2; among the allergic bee keepers there was no quantitative correlation between IgG and IgE antibodies; and the antibodies to PLA2 are not produced locally in the nose. Bee keepers with hay fever did not appear to have an increased incidence of allergic reactions to bee venom. In addition, the bee keepers with hay fever and the same levels of IgG and IgE antibodies to rye I as other individuals with hay fever. However, the bee keepers who had no history of hay fever were found to have high levels of IgG antibodies to rye I. These antibodies did not cross-react with PLA2 or bee venom, and the results suggest that bee stings may act as an adjuvant for IgG antibodies to pollen antigens. PMID- 7085124 TI - Is is possible to predict the clinical effect of hyposensitization? AB - Sera from 73 grass pollen allergic patients in two double blind studies on hyposensitization were investigated for IgE response towards one major timothy allergen-antigen 19 (Ag 19) by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). The clinical efficacy of hyposensitization after initial preseasonal treatment was positively correlated with increase in specific IgE binding to Ag 19. It was possible to predict the clinical efficacy by comparing CRIE performed on sera before and after 3 months of treatment. PMID- 7085125 TI - The estimation of low levels of 14C in biological samples by alkaline extraction and liquid scintillation counting. AB - A liquid extraction method capable of accurately estimating low levels of 14C in blood and faecal samples is described. The lower limit of detection is about 4 pCi of 14C per g wet wt of ovine faeces and the lowest level of quantitative determination is 33 pCi per g. Extraction of soluble material is efficient and 14C present in the extract as n-[1-14C]hexadecane, D-[U-14C]glucose, [1 14C]stearic acid, [1-14C]methionine, or Na2 14CO3 is estimated without loss. The aqueous extraction medium used contains 2.5% (v/v) Synperonic NP9 (a non-ionic emulsifier) and 3.5% NaOH and samples are decolorised using hydrogen peroxide. The extract is counted without neutralisation in an inexpensive scintillation mixture based on an emulsifiable oil rather than on an aromatic solvent. It consists of White Spirit 100 (53.8% v/v), Synperonic NP9 (30.8% v/v), octan-2-ol (10.8% v/v), benzyl alcohol (4.6% v/v) and 2,5-diphenyl oxazole (3 g/l). Ethanediol added with the aqueous alkaline extract acts as a third cosurfactant. The advantage of this mixture over one based on an aromatic solvent is that it has a much larger capacity for the concentrated blood and faecal extracts. PMID- 7085126 TI - Proceedings of the Ninth International Biometeorological Congress, September 23 - October 1, 1981. Abstracts. PMID- 7085127 TI - Familial breast cancer in Iceland. AB - Women who have relatives known to have had breast cancer are at an increased risk of getting the disease compared with the general population. On the basis of an extensive collection of family trees of women with breast cancer, the magnitude of this increase in risk is computed. Previously published results on other breast cancer risk factors are drawn upon and it has been possible to take account of some of these e.g., age, decade of birth, age at first childbirth and parity in the risk estimates. The relative risk with such adjustment is found to be 2.59 for mothers and 2.56 for sisters. PMID- 7085128 TI - Studies of human natural killer cells. I. In vivo parameters affecting normal cytotoxic function. AB - The results of natural killer cell (NK) studies on 539 normal healthy donors tested from once to 213 times over a seven-year time span have been presented. NK activity did not vary with donor blood group, Rh type or (in a small sample) HLA type. There was a slight but significant increase in NK activity from birth to adulthood, and between males an females. The male/female difference was present at birth and persisted through adulthood. The relative NK activity of individual donors tested repeatedly over many years was remarkably consistent in spite of variability in the absolute cytotoxicity observed. The expression of NK data in terms of relative NK was found to be superior to other methods, and the values obtained were found to be independent of the NK-sensitive target cell used. Although age and sex differences in NK activity are slight, their existence should be considered when studies of NK activity in patients are analysed. PMID- 7085129 TI - HLA antigen expression on urothelial cells: detection by antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. AB - Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was used to detect HLA-A, -B and -C antigens on in vitro-cultured urothelial cells of normal or malignant derivation. Alloantisera induced specific lysis of 51Cr-labelled targets by effector lymphoid cells from non-immune donors. HLA antisera were routinely titred to dilutions greater than or equal to 10(-3) on urothelial cells in primary or long-term culture. The HLA phenotype was compared for lymphoid cells and urothelial cells from eight individuals. HLA antigens detected by complement mediated lymphocytotoxicity were also detected on urothelial cells. No deletions or gains in HLA antigens were found on normal or malignant urothelial cultures as compared with donor lymphocyte HLA typings. The results show that the established urothelial cells lines J82, TCCSuP and SCaBER have retained their donor HLA phenotype. The established cell lines T24 and RT4 derived from transitional cell carcinomas and HCV-29 from urothelium were found to have distinctive HLA profiles although donor lymphocytes were not available for comparison. The serological crossreactions seen in complement mediated lymphocytotoxicity were clearly observed in ADCC. In particular, HLA-Cw5 was found to crossreact with HLA-Cw8. HLA-Cw5 was detected on 6/8 cultures of transitional cell carcinomas and this was confirmed by absorption analysis. PMID- 7085130 TI - Lectin-resistant variants of mouse melanoma cells. I. Altered metastasizing capacity and tumorigenicity. AB - From C57BL mouse melanoma B-16 cells, variant clones were selected in vitro which were resistant to the lectins wheat-germ agglutinin and ricin. Cells were also selected which survived toxic concentrations of concanavalin A. Four different in vivo assays using intradermal, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections were used to assess the tumorigenicity and metastasizing capacity of these lectin-resistant variants. It was concluded that to obtain a complete picture of the malignant properties of a given cell line or clone, all four assays have to be carried out. In comparison with the parental cells, the WGA resistant cells showed a most dramatic decrease in metastasizing capacity through both lymphatic and vascular channels. Tumorigenicity was also reduced. The ricin resistant cells showed a defective development into lung tumors and thus displayed a reduction in metastasis through the hematogenous route. Since this line did not change its capacity to metastasize via the lymphatic route, and the tumorigenicity was not significantly altered, it will be a good model for studies seeking to dissociate these two properties. The Con-A-selected cells, when injected intravenously, developed tumor nodules in the liver in addition to those in the lungs, while no striking alterations in tumorigenicity or metastasizing capacity could be detected in this line. PMID- 7085131 TI - Non-random chromosomal changes involving chromosomes 6 and 7 in spontaneous rat immunocytomas. AB - G-banding analysis of seven Ig-secreting spontaneous rat immunocytomas showed a consistent translocation of the distal part of the q-arm of chromosome 7 to the telomeric end of chromosome 6. The breakpoints were assigned to q3.3 on chromosome 7 and q3.2 on chromosome 6. Previously, we found a similar translocation pattern in mouse plasmacytomas induced by different agents. The distal part of the q-arm of chromosome 15 was translocated to the telomeric end of chromosome 12, known to carry Igh, the immunoglobulin heavy chain cluster. The banding homologies between the chromosomes involved in the translocation in the two species suggest that a similar mechanism is responsible for plasmacytomagenesis in both. We also predict that the rat Ig heavy chain gene cluster will be located to the terminal segment of chromosome 6. PMID- 7085133 TI - Hypnotic age regression to the neonatal period: comparisons with role playing. PMID- 7085134 TI - Transient experiences following hypnotic testing and special termination procedures. PMID- 7085132 TI - Carcinogenicity of phenacetin: long-term feeding study in B6c3f1 mice. AB - Groups of 52 B6C3F1 mice of each sex were maintained on a diet containing 1.25 or 0.6% phenacetin for 96 weeks and then fed a basal diet for 8 weeks. Control groups consisted of 50 mice of each sex and were fed a basal diet for 104 weeks. All animals were killed at the end of the experiment and all organs were examined histopathologically. Mice that died during the experiment were also autopsied and those that survived for more than 57 weeks, when the first tumor was observed, were also included in the effective number of mice. Tumors were found in the kidney, liver, lung, skin, hematopoietic system (leukemia or lymphoma) and occasionally in some other organs. The dose-related induction of renal cell tumors in the male mice fed phenacetin was clearly demonstrated in this experiment. Urinary bladder lesions that developed in the mice of either sex fed 1.25% phenacetin were also considered to be due to the tumorigenicity of phenacetin. Tumors of other organs in either the phenacetin-treated or the control group were regarded as strain-related spontaneous tumors of B6C3F1 mice. PMID- 7085135 TI - Amnesia and hypnotic time estimation. PMID- 7085136 TI - A signal detection study of the effects of suggested improvement on the monocular visual acuity of myopes. PMID- 7085137 TI - Restricted environmental stimulation and the enhancement of hypnotizability: pain, EEG alpha, skin conductance and temperature responses. PMID- 7085138 TI - Montreal norms for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. PMID- 7085139 TI - The unconscious and hypnosis. PMID- 7085141 TI - Adjuvant immunotherapy of carcinoma colli with levamisole. Prevention of immunological depression following surgical therapy and radiotherapy. AB - Of 57 patients with carcinoma colli who underwent radical surgery followed by radiotherapy, 15 were treated with levamisole at a dose level of 150 mg a day for 2 consecutive days, every other week, starting 3 days before surgery. Another 17 patients received levamisole in the same manner except that the administration started simultaneously with post-operative radiotherapy. The immune competence of patients was determined in terms of immune globulin level, DNCB test, PHA skin test and lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA, and was compared between the levamisole-treated group and the control group. Levamisole had little influence on immune globulin levels and skin reactions to PHA. The DNCB test after levamisole therapy showed no difference in the rate of positive response to DNCB between the levamisole group and the control group. Levamisole, when started before surgery, prevented the postoperative depression of lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and could more or less enhance the lymphocyte blast formation that had been depressed by radiotherapy. PMID- 7085142 TI - The crisis of the international capitalist order and its implications for the welfare state. AB - This article analyzes the current crisis of the international capitalist order and its consequences for the welfare state policies of developed and underdeveloped capitalist countries. Special emphasis is given to the impact of the crisis on state health care policies in those countries. The first part discusses the response of capital and labor to the crisis, with special focus on capital's political and ideological interventions in the areas of production, consumption, and legitimation; and their realization as health care policies. The second part analyzes the major capitalist responses to the crisis--the "market' and the "social contract' strategies--and their consequences for health care policy. The last part critically evaluates the call for a new economic order and its limitations. PMID- 7085140 TI - The interaction of tilorone and RMI 9563DA with the complement system. AB - RMI 9563DA inhibited the classical complement pathway in rat serum in vitro with an 150 of 51 micrograms/ml in diluted serum and 750 micrograms/ml in undiluted serum. Tilorone was much less active than RMI 9563DA in diluted serum and was inactive in undiluted serum. No complement inhibition could be detected in vivo following a near lethal dose of RMI 9563DA (25 mg/kg i.v.). Thus, complement inhibition is not the mechanism by which these compounds exert their anti inflammatory activity. Both compounds increase serum hemolytic complement activity 24 h after administration to rats. With RMI 9563DA, this effect is entirely due to the local irritancy produced by s.c. administration of the compound. Tilorone, however, has a specific effect on complement synthesis which may be related to its ability to induce interferon. PMID- 7085143 TI - Ideologies in the Swedish health sector today: the crisis of the social democracy. AB - Sweden has a long tradition of social democracy and corporate cooperation. Social problems are treated as technological questions that always should be solved through rational and neutral means. Today Sweden faces a crisis of economy as well as a crisis of medicine. In the spirit of consensus, the state has proposed a new health reform emphasizing the responsibility of the public health service to prevent disease and provide equal access to care. It is claimed that improved health planning, based on epidemiological knowledge on inequalities, can solve the crisis in medicine within an improved system of primary care and prevention. However, in the context of the current economic crisis, the struggle against health hazards and cuts in public spending has intensified and the gap between the ideology of technological rationalism and reality has widened. PMID- 7085144 TI - Nutrition and the use of food as a weapon in Zimbabwe and Southern Africa. PMID- 7085145 TI - The political economy of infant mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil. AB - After the military took power in Brazil in 1964, the government adopted a wide range of policies designed to stimulate economic growth. A central aspect of the Brazilian model of development was the control of wages. From 1964 to 1975 this strategy caused the purchasing power of the minimum wage in the city of Sao Paulo to fall. The decline in the real wage index was associated with a rise in infant mortality during the period. When real wages rose after 1974, the death rate dropped off. The infant mortality trend cannot be explained by other factors that affect the actual or the reported death rate, such as changes in cityward migration, shifts in the distribution of income, and improvements in the quality of vital statistics. The findings of this study indicate a causal relationship between the infant mortality trend and changes in the purchasing power of the urban poor. Additional data on nutrition, changes in household behavior, and shifts in the cause structure of mortality support this conclusion. PMID- 7085146 TI - Political constraints to nutritional improvement: the case of Guyana. AB - The processes generating malnutrition are examined with particular reference to Guyana. The theoretical framework includes the concept of limiting factors, which in this case means that the failure to alter a critical variable will prevent nutritional improvement, despite intervention in other variables. Among important factors found to cause malnutrition age low national production, inequitable income distribution, and maladaptive cultural practices. These are located in the economy of the country and in the institutions and ideas which support that economy. Power and politics therefore fundamentally affect nutritional outcome; and imperialist control of underdeveloped economies makes international relations an indispensible consideration. It is concluded that for Guyana the political process is the limiting factor which must be altered before significant nutritional improvement can occur. PMID- 7085147 TI - Labor law and physicians' privileged position: an example of structural interest influence. AB - Health care delivery in the United States may be characterized as a dynamic system of conflicting interest groups. Since the reorganization of the medical profession in 1910, however, physicians have been able to maintain their position as a dominant structural interest group. A dominant structural interest in one which is served by the structure of social, economic, and political institutions. It does not have to reorganize continuously to protect its privileged position. Although several medical sociologists have noted the privileged position of physicians, few have attempted to explicate the process of status maintenance. This paper examines the development of labor law in health care as one example of structural interest influence. Labor law provides an excellent illustration of this influence in that its development and application are far removed from the physicians' sphere of direct influence. It is demonstrated that the ideology that physicians should hold a privileged position is so ingrained that their interests are protected even in their absence. PMID- 7085148 TI - On the political economy of risk: farmworkers, pesticides, and dollars. AB - The rapid industrialization of world agriculture has been one of the most eventful social and economic transformations taking place in the second half of the 20th century. Today two agricultures coexist in most countries: capital intensive agri-business and labor-intensive subsistence farming. In the U.S., the former exploits largely nonwhite immigrant labor and the latter female unpaid labor, surviving as a "second job.' The striking increase of production in industrial agriculture has been accompanied by uneven and irrational development and by a tragic upsurge of mechanical accidents and chemical hazards. Current pesticide use poses a threat to workers and their families, the general public, the environment, and future generations. Acute risks begin to be known largely through farmworkers' exposure, while chronic risks are often inferred from experimental studies but generally are disregarded. Because of industry's historic neglect of health and environmental hazards, regulation has evolved under pressure from workers and citizens. Regulation is at present the best tool available to shape technological development according to society's needs and goals. Its basic requirements are information, reorientation of public resources, and democratic control. A major obstacle to its implementation is the inequitable social distribution of risks and benefits, within and among nations. PMID- 7085149 TI - Disease as suffering, deviation, danger, signal, and stimulus. PMID- 7085150 TI - International Conference on Sports Medicine. Muscle in sports. 23.-26. March 1981. Utrecht, The Netherlands. PMID- 7085151 TI - Clinical, histochemical and biomechanical features in repair of muscle and tendon injuries. PMID- 7085152 TI - Indication for surgical treatment of chronic soft tissue injuries. AB - Experience with surgical treatment of chronic soft tissue overuse syndrome in high-performance sportsmen shows full sporting performance can be restored in many cases. The risks of the various operation procedures are low, and their efficiency astonishingly reliable with correct establishment of indications. It therefore appears to be advisable to employ surgical therapy at an early stage in all cases with an unsatisfactory improvement after conservative treatment. PMID- 7085153 TI - The prevention and rehabilitation of soft tissue injuries. PMID- 7085154 TI - Role of sports medicine today and in the future. PMID- 7085155 TI - Relationship of strength and endurance with skeletal muscle structure and metabolic potential. AB - Human skeletal muscle consists of fast and slow twitch motor units. The FT units can be further subdivided into three types on the basis of staining procedures that identify the proteins in the contractile elements. Presently it does not appear that a conversion of motor units occurs with training. Major metabolic differences exist between the different motor units. With endurance training there is an increase in the enzymes for end-terminal oxidation. This reduces the differences between fiber types. This reduction is the differences between fiber types is most dramatic when viewed from histochemical stains. Training does increase the concentration of glycogen stored in the muscle. Muscular strength is related to the total cross-sectional area of the muscle. This can be increased with heavy resistance exercise. This enlargement is due to hypertrophy of the pre existing fibers and not to a proliferation of fibers as the result of splitting of the fibers. PMID- 7085156 TI - The athlete's heart--haemodynamics and structure. PMID- 7085157 TI - Integrative approach of biomechanics and physiology in the study of locomotion. PMID- 7085158 TI - Sudden cardiac death during vigorous exercise. PMID- 7085159 TI - Muscle in sports medicine--nutrition and muscular performance. PMID- 7085160 TI - Isokinetic training. PMID- 7085161 TI - Steroid hormones in sports. Special reference: sex hormones and their derivatives. PMID- 7085162 TI - Soft tissue injury and repair--biomechanical aspects. AB - The main force which muscles, tendons and ligaments resist is tension. A single maximal tensile force will cause disruption of the tissue and an acute injury. Cyclic submaximal forces will cause adaptation if sufficient time is given for healing, and breakdown in the forces are applied over too short a period of time. The adaptive response is rate-limited. It is affected by the magnitude of the force and other factors. PMID- 7085163 TI - Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus. PMID- 7085164 TI - What is a Mongolian spot? PMID- 7085165 TI - Scabies continues. PMID- 7085167 TI - Lipoatrophia semicircularis: the perils of wearing jeans? PMID- 7085166 TI - PUVA: gambling with a system. PMID- 7085168 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7085169 TI - Acquired and inherited porphyria: clinical and biochemical features. AB - Inheritance in 30 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and their relatives was investigated. Seventeen families were studied using the clinical criteria, quantitation, and thin layer chromatography of urinary porphyrins. Thirteen families (13 propositus and 48 relatives) were investigated by using the above criteria and in vitro porphyrin biosynthesis by erythrocytes from delta aminolevulinic acid. Three different types of PCT were identified: overt, subclinical, and latent. Among 61 members examined, 13 had overt PCT. In six families, ten members had subclinical PCT and six latent PCT showing that in these six families PCT was a hereditary disorder. In seven other families inheritance could not be demonstrated. PMID- 7085171 TI - Dermatologic training of primary care physicians without a dermatology residency program. PMID- 7085170 TI - Diagnosis of neurotic excoriations. PMID- 7085172 TI - Principles of dialysis: utilization in nonuremic psoriatic subjects. PMID- 7085173 TI - Treatment of generalized scleroderma with inhibitors of collagen synthesis. AB - Clinical evaluation of scleroderma and the urinary excretion of collagen specific amino acids and uronic acid indicate disease activity and have become a guide for treatment. During an experimental search for inhibitors of the synthesis of collagen and ground substance glycosaminoglycans, a few connective-tissue active agents were selected for therapy of scleroderma: D-penicillamine, benzyl penicillin-diethylamino-ethylester-hydroiodide, L-glutamine, hydralazine, glucocorticoids, dextro-thyroxine, L-dopa, diphenylhydantion, chlorpromazine, and (+) catechine. Treatment for several years was required to bring about an arrest of progression in 89% of the patients, a regression in three-quarters, and subtotal or total recovery in more than 40%. Indications of favorable prognosis are youth, short disease history, a high total dose of agent, and long duration of the treatment. PMID- 7085175 TI - Rubella seroepidemiology in Hawaii. AB - To determine rubella susceptibility levels 10 years after the introduction of the rubella vaccine in Hawaii, a large-scale serosurvey was conducted in conjunction with a campaign to raise the immunity levels of adolescent and adult women. Each woman tested for rubella antibody was asked her age, ethnic group, migration history, number of siblings, vaccination history, and the occupation of the head of the household. In the period from September 1977 through June 1979, serum specimens acceptable for analysis were collected from 3,852 women; 23.8% were susceptible (haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre less than 8) to rubella. A statistical analysis by fitting log-linear models revealed that rubella vaccination history, birthplace, ethnic group, number of siblings and island of residence appear to be factors related to rubella susceptibility. Although caution must be used in comparing this survey with previous surveys, the relatively low rubella susceptibility rate found in this survey may represent a true decrease in rubella susceptibility due to the rubella vaccination programme. PMID- 7085176 TI - Seasonal incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in Massachusetts, 1964 1973. AB - A total of 1142 Massachusetts resident, insulin-dependent diabetics were identified from medical records of the Joslin Clinic. All patients were less than 21 years of age at onset and developed diabetes between 1 January, 1964 and 31 December, 1973. This group consisted of 598 males (52.4%) and 544 females (47.6%) with mean ages at onset (+/- SD) of 11.1 +/- 4.9 and 10.9 +/- 4.6 years respectively. The period between onset and diagnosis was less than two months in 634 cases (81.8%). A first degree family history was noted in 209 cases (18.3%), while an additional 689 cases (60.3%) had more distant relatives with diabetes. The seasonal distribution of onsets was examined in the total group, and in subgroups categorized by sex, type of onset, age of onset, and family history. Significant peaks were noted during the first six months (January-June) in the total group and in all subgroups except those less than five or greater than 14 years of age at onset. Maximum incidence occurred in either January or February. During the second six month period (July-December) strong peaks were noted only in females and in those with no family history. Maximum incidence occurred in late July and in August, respectively. Exceptionally pronounced seasonal variation was demonstrated in a subgroup of 129 diabetics less than 15 years of age with onsets less than two months prior to diagnosis, and with no family history. The distribution of year of onset, in this group, showed considerable variation which did not correlate with year to year fluctuations in the reported incidence of aseptic meningitis, rubeola or mumps. PMID- 7085177 TI - Cancer mortality in Barcelona 1960-1978. AB - Cancer mortality rates specific for sex and site for the 1960-1978 period are presented. The population covered is the municipal area of Barcelona. Rates have been adjusted taking as the standard population the Spanish census of 1970. Leading sites for males are lung, stomach and large intestine. Breast, large intestine and stomach are leading causes of death for females. Secular trends follow the general picture of the western industrial countries. PMID- 7085174 TI - Measles in England and Wales--II: The impact of the measles vaccination programme on the distribution of immunity in the population. AB - Measles notification and vaccination data for England and Wales are analysed to reveal trends in age-specific incidence and immunity levels in successive cohorts born since 1950. A method for cumulating infection and vaccination experience is described in detail. The analysis reveals that there was a trend towards lower incidence rates of measles, and towards younger average age of cases, for the 10 years prior to commencement of the national immunization programme in 1968. Since the immunization programme began, there has been a dramatic and complicated shift in the age pattern of measles immunity in the population, such that some young age groups are now better protected, but some older age groups less well protected, than they were before the programme. These trends are discussed with critical attention to the possibility that they may reflect biases in the available data. It is concluded that the number of susceptibles over 10 years of age is increasing, and that this could have appreciable public health implications in the years to come. It appears that the total number of individuals susceptible to measles has remained relatively constant, between 4 and 4.5 million, before and after the immunization programme. Though consistent with basic theory, this maintenance of constant overall number of susceptibles has not been demonstrated before. Because the implications of these analyses are important for the strategy of measles control, it is important that appropriate serological surveys be carried out in order to assess the validity of the findings. PMID- 7085178 TI - A cohort analysis of U.S. stomach cancer mortality 1950-1977. AB - Models of human carcinogenesis, such as the multi-stage model of Armitage and Doll, are designed to explain the age increase in the incidence of cancers in individuals. As a consequence, analyses of population level age-specific death rates via such models are appropriately applied to cohort data where such data are available. In this study a multi-stage model is applied to cohort data for stomach cancer death rates in the U.S. population for nine distinct cohorts observed over a recent 28-year period (1950-1977). The multi-stage model parameters obtained from the analysis of the cohort data show significant differences from the parameters obtained from analyses of cross-sectional mortality data under the assumption of no cohort differences in age-specific stomach cancer death rates. PMID- 7085179 TI - Measles in England and Wales--I: An analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. AB - Examination of the weekly measles notifications for England and Wales, 1950-1979, reveals a regular biennial pattern of major and minor epidemics before the national immunization programme began in 1968, followed by an annual cycle of minor epidemics. Each year the reported incidence reaches its annual low between weeks 36 and 39, very close to the opening of primary schools. Analysis of these data with a simple mass action model reveals that the underlying transmission parameter has had a similar annual pattern in years of major and minor epidemics. The transmission parameter rises three times each year, coinciding with opening of school terms, and falls with school term and mid-term holidays. This pattern of the transmission parameter has been maintained in the decade since national vaccination began, indicating that the importance of schools in the annual dynamics of measles has not changed. The analysis further suggests that the national measles vaccination programme has not lowered the total number of individuals susceptible to measles in England and Wales. PMID- 7085180 TI - Doctor diagnosis and maternal recall of lower respiratory illness. AB - Epidemiological studies of respiratory illness in childhood have used the mother's recall of her child's respiratory illness experience as a measure of the frequency with which these illnesses occur. This paper explores the relationship between the diagnosis by the doctor of lower respiratory illnesses and the recall by the mother of the occurrence of these illnesses in a cohort of children in the first year of life. While there is a poor relationship between doctor diagnosis and maternal recall of these illnesses, the group of children reported by their mothers to have had bronchitis or pneumonia in the first year of life appear to suffer more respiratory illness than those children whose mothers recall no such illnesses. PMID- 7085181 TI - Alcohol and mortality in the Busselton study. AB - Non-smoking Busselton men and women who classed themselves in 1966 as non drinkers had significantly higher 13-year mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with non-smoking drinkers. Such findings are the first to be reported in women. Smoking had no observed effect on the mortality of Busselton's non-drinkers, but in drinkers, smoking was associated with significantly higher mortalities from all causes CVD, CHD, and cancer compared with those of smoking non-drinkers. For all subjects, the recent prospective studies from Busselton and other selected populations have indicated that the lowest rates of total mortality have been found in those whose daily alcohol consumption ranged between 1-30 mls/day. PMID- 7085182 TI - The prevalence of gout in three English towns. AB - The prevalence of gout has been measured in three English towns by means of a postal questionnaire. The three towns were selected to give a range of socio economic conditions. In each town questionnaires were sent to a sample of approximately 5000 men aged 45 to 74 years. The questionnaire elicited a history of gout and a history of an attack of severe pain in the great toe. There was a progressive increase in prevalence of gout from Ipswich, the town with the most favourable socio-economic status, through Wakefield to Preston, the town with the least favourable socio-economic status. Within each town there was no difference between the social class distribution of cases and age-matched controls PMID- 7085184 TI - Methods for the measurement of epidemic velocity from time-series data. AB - Two approaches to the measurement of epidemic velocity are presented. The first uses the moments of the frequency distribution of reported cases of a disease against time. The second is based upon an analysis of the growth parameter of a logistic model. The methods are illustrated by applications to some hypothetical and actual epidemic waves. PMID- 7085183 TI - The inheritance of serum cholesterol: adjustment of observed cholesterol levels for age, sex and body weight using inverse-polynomial regression. AB - Adjustment of observed serum cholesterol levels for biological and environmental variables is an essential step in studying the mode of inheritance of serum cholesterol. Body weight, measured as weight/height2, is found to be an important variable not previously taken into account in regression equations. A method is given for adjusting cholesterol levels for age, sex and body weight, thus obtaining residuals which represent the deviations of cholesterol levels from the mean of the general population for each category of these three factors. The procedure for incorporating into the model other variables, that are found to have a significant effect on cholesterol level, is described. Polynomials and inverse polynomials of degree three fit the data equally well over a restricted range. However, inverse polynomials are chosen as they appear to have a more appropriate shape and are likely to agree better with observed values over a greater age range. PMID- 7085186 TI - The estimation of liver triglyceride content by 133Xe clearance. PMID- 7085187 TI - Dosimetry and preliminary human studies of 18F-5-fluorouracil. AB - The relative distribution, metabolism and kinetics of 18F containing compounds, following administration of 18F-5-fluorouracil, has been proposed as a prognostic aid in predicting response to 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Because 18F has a relatively short physical half-life (t1/2 = 110 min), and the distribution and kinetics of the radiolabeled 5-fluorouracil need to be studied over periods of time that range over several half-lives of the radionuclide, significant quantities of the labeled drug must be administered in order to obtain good counting statistics. The distribution of 18F, following injection of 18F-5 fluorouracil to rats and mice, has been well documented in our previous work. It appears that the distribution of 18F in humans, following administration of 18F-5 fluorouracil is similar to that in rats. We calculated the radiation dose according to the MIRD technique for the eleven main target organs for a reference man. The critical organs, according to these calculations, are the bladder wall, the kidney and the liver, receiving a radiation dose of 729, 184 and 114 mrad per mCi injected, respectively. PMID- 7085188 TI - Hepatobiliary transport of select labelled biochemicals: pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-haemoglobin in rats. PMID- 7085185 TI - Comparative study of 99mTc labeled hepatobiliary agents based on naphthalene and similar ring systems. AB - A series of 99mTc complexes of naphthalene and naphthalene-like ring systems were evaluated pharmacokinetically as hepatobiliary imaging agents and compared to 131I-rose bengal and 99mTc-N-(2,6-diethylacetanilide)-iminodiacetate in rats and dogs. Although all complexes studied exhibited high specificity for biliary excretion, they varied widely in disappearance rate from blood and in biliary excretion. Complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline-7-carboxylic acid and hydralazine were relatively lipophilic and were eliminated more slowly than 131I-rose bengal; complexes of iminodiacetic derivatives of naphthalene, N-(2 acetylnaphthyl)iminodiacetic acid N-(2-naphthylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid were more polar and were eliminated much faster. Renal excretion of the complexes was 5.6% or less except for that of the latter compound (18%). Plasma binding ranged from 51 to 98%. PMID- 7085189 TI - Potential applications of radionuclide-labelled liposomes in the detection of the lymphatic spread of cancer. PMID- 7085190 TI - Synthesis, radiotechnetium labeling and biodistribution of 4-phosphoryl-L proline. PMID- 7085192 TI - Precipitation of thiamine and tannic acid by calcium and magnesium cations. PMID- 7085191 TI - Isotopic generator for 212Pb and 212Bi. PMID- 7085193 TI - Influence of methionine supplementation of lactating rat diets on liver composition. PMID- 7085194 TI - [Morphometric study of the reversibility of changes in the parotid gland in rats subjected to hypervitaminosis A]. PMID- 7085195 TI - Physiological tests during an improvement in riboflavin status in lactating Gambian women. AB - During several weeks riboflavin supplementation of lactating African women, which reduced their mean activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGRAC) from 1.65 to 1.21 and initiated an improvement in clinical deficiency signs, measurements were made of physiological functions which may be connected with riboflavin status. No specific response to the supplement could be detected in body weight, grip strength, haematological parameters, osmotic fragility and resistance to oxidative stress of erythrocytes, plasma iron levels and related indices, or plasma hormone levels. There was a cross-sectional relationship between erythrocyte distribution on Percoll density gradients and EGRAC before supplementation, and between the Percoll pattern and total haemoglobin concentration. It is not yet known, however, whether a direct causal relationship exists between these variables. PMID- 7085197 TI - Thiamin compartment models in healthy sheep. AB - Adult sheep received a single intravenous injection of 35S-thiamin. Blood and urine samples were taken at short intervals for the following 180 minutes and analyzed for 35S-radioactivity. Tracer disappearance from blood followed three exponential functions. It was shown by computer simulation of different compartment models that a serial as well as a parallel three-compartment model would adequately describe 35S-thiamin disappearance from blood whereas a cyclic arrangement of the three compartments can be excluded. Total tracer excretion rates exceeding experimentally determined urinary excretion suggest the existence of a fourth compartment with nor or extremely small tracer return during the experimental period. PMID- 7085196 TI - [Methods and their evaluation in the determination of vitamin B6 status in man. 2. alpha-SGOT: reliability of the parameter]. AB - Some factors, which are primary independent of the vitamin B6-uptake have influence on the maximum and/or the basis activity of the EGOT and thereby finally on the alpha-value. There is a negative correlation between the age of the test persons and both the maximum and the basis activity. An insufficient supply with protein leads to lowered maximum activities, but we could not estimate a correlation between EGOT+ and protein-intake when adequate. Influences of oral contraceptives as well an enzyme induction caused by long-term high vitamin B6-uptake can not confidently be excluded. Specific differences between the enzyme activities of men and women are scarcely probable. EGOT+ and EGOT- are lowered by chronic alcohol abuse. A short-term load with alcohol does not change the results. Oral contraceptives as well as the vitamin B2 status have little if any influence on the enzyme activities. Our results show, that because of the various possible influences a single determination of the alpha-value is a doubtfull parameter to assess the vitamin B6 status of men. Only the observation of the alteration of the individual alpha-value during deficiency and substitution tests, considering at the same time some essential incidentals, can lead to well-founded statements. PMID- 7085198 TI - Regional and subcellular distribution of biopterin in the rat. AB - Autoradiography: Intravenous (2--14C)-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4; 5 muCi, spec. act. 50 Ci/mol) is incorporated into liver and kidney of the rat. The gastrointestinal tract is labelled possibly due to biliary excretion of BH4 and its metabolites. BH4 and its metabolites obviously do not pass the blood brain barrier. Estimation of Crithidia active material shows a regional and subcellular distribution of the coenzyme. The highest levels were found in the liver (4.6 mumol/kg), and in spleen (2.3 mumol/kg). In the brain, highest coenzyme concentration is in the hypothalamic region with 0.49 mumol/kg as compared with 0.25 mumol/kg for total brain value. After subcellular fractionation, biopterins (expressed as Crithidia activity) are located mainly in the soluble fraction of liver (61.3 +/- 6.7) and kidney (89.1 +/- 14.0), whereas subcellular fractions of brain show additional higher percentage distribution in lysosomal (23.4 +/- 3.3) and microsomal (24.9 +/- 5.2) fractions due to their synaptosomal content as shown by density gradient centrifugation (values in brackets: percentage +/- SD). PMID- 7085199 TI - Plasma ascorbic acid levels in premature infants. AB - During gestation the fetus is abundantly provided with vitamin C, but inadequate postnatal provision of the vitamin may lead to early hypoascorbemia. Since premature newborns are often prevented from full alimentation for a considerable length of time, ascorbate deficiency may result. Plasma ascorbate levels of 20 premature newborns were determined during the first two weeks of life. Daily ascorbate intake of less than 5 mg/kg b. w. resulted in a decline of plasma ascorbate level from 1.56 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml (mean +/- SEM) on the first day of life to a low level of 0.48 +/- 0.05 mg/100 ml by two weeks of age. An increase of daily ascorbate intake to 5--10 mg/kg b.w. resulted in a higher plasma concentration of 0.79 +/- 0.09 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.02) while parenteral supplementation of 50 mg vitamin C daily provided for a high plasma concentration of 2.7 +/- 0.46 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.005) when compared with the other two groups. Maturational and environmental factors may impose a higher demand for vitamin C during early premature life and therefore adequate amounts of the vitamin should be early provided. PMID- 7085200 TI - Synergism between vitamins C and E: effect on microsomal hydroxylation in guinea pig liver. AB - A separate administration of high doses of L-ascorbic acid or DL-alpha tocopherylacetate to guinea pigs, fed a cholesterol diet with low content of vitamins C and E enhances the activity of aniline hydroxylase and p-nitro-anisole O-demethylase in hepatal microsomes. A simultaneous administration of the two vitamins exerts a synergic action on aniline hydroxylase. An optimum combination of vitamins C and E may substantially enhance the detoxicating ability of the liver. PMID- 7085201 TI - Interaction of putrescine and vitamin A on hepatic mitochondrial lipids of rat. PMID- 7085202 TI - Effect of a 68-day submarine patrol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy men. AB - Serum 25-OH-D levels were determined for 30 submariners prior to, and near the end (day 63), of a patrol lasting 68 d. A significant reduction occurred in serum 25-OH-D levels during the patrol compared to levels obtained before the patrol. Nearly one-third of the sample has serum 25-OH-D levels that were below the minimum normal levels. The late-patrol depletion of serum 25-OH-D was not associated with lower levels of calcium. On the contrary, serum calcium levels were found to be significantly elevated during the late-patrol period compared to pre-patrol levels, even among those submariners who had serum 25-OH-D levels in the low normal or below normal range. This calcium effect may be mediated by the high levels of carbon dioxide maintained in the submarine breathing atmosphere. PMID- 7085204 TI - Iodine in Finnish foods. AB - The iodine content of Finnish foods was analysed and the average daily intake of iodine estimated according to national food consumption statistics. The average calculated intake was 340 micrograms/d/person, although an extensive seasonal variation was found in the estimate for the summer season (280 micrograms) and for the winter season (400 micrograms). The intake is from 4 to 5 times greater now than it was in the mid 1950's, when endemic goitre was common in Finland. The most significant sources of iodine in the average Finnish diet are dairy products, which also cause the seasonal variation in intake. Iodized table salt and eggs are other important sources. The present level of intake can be considered adequate and the further intensification of prohylactic practices with iodine unnecessary. PMID- 7085203 TI - Serum copper levels in relation to sex and age. AB - For a reliable assessment of the copper status the determination of several copper parameters has necessarily to be differentiated as to sex and age. In this paper we studied serum copper levels in relation to sex in ten different age groups with use of the flameless atomic absorption technique. Only 50 microliters of serum or even less is required and the method is quite suitable for large scale population surveys. Statistical analyses of the serum copper levels in six different male age groups and four different female age groups showed that the ten age groups can be divided in three larger groups: male 18--60 years, males above 60 years and females of 18 years and older, with different normal values for each group. PMID- 7085205 TI - Bioavailability of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin from commonly consumed green leafy vegetables in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh in India. AB - The physiological availability of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin from three green leafy vegetables -- amaranth (Amaranthes gangeticus), gogu (Hibiscus cannabinus) and drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera) was calculated from individual dose response curves. The bioavailability of thiamine and riboflavin was higher from drumstick leaves curry, while the availability of niacin was higher from gogu curry. But the differences in the bioavailability of the vitamins from the experimental curries was not significant. PMID- 7085206 TI - [Intestinal absorption of glucose and galactose in the rat determined by blood hexose]. AB - Adult rats are used to consume their diet within the space of 30 min. They are sacrified after fasting 2 hours or 30 to 90 min. after the end of meal. Blood sugars are determined. -- The administration of galactose (GAL group) at 40 p. 100 of the diet induces a high postprandial galactosemia (near 600 mg p. 100 ml) without glycemia change: the absorbed galactose is not converted into glucose. -- The consumption of glucose-galactose mixture (G-G group) don't induce postprandial hyperglycemia. However, galactosemia is about 250 mg p. 100 ml. In our conditions, glucose and galactose seem absorbed by two different systems. The galactose absorption would be favoured; otherwise, the absorbed glucose would be partly epimerized into galactose. Galatitolemia goes on 24 hours after the meal but it is not immediately modified by the galactose consumption. The galactosemia and galactitolemia variations are independent one of the others. PMID- 7085207 TI - [Effect of prolonged consumption of lactose or hydrolyzed lactose in the rat. 2. Digestibility, retention and utilization of lactose components]. AB - Nutritional balances are made with groups of 12 rats Wistar receiving well balanced diets with 40 p. 100 of sucrose (T), or 40 p. 100 of lactose (L and P), or hydrolyzed lactose (LH and PH). Whey (L) and ultrafiltration permeate (P) are used in crude state or after enzymic industrial lactase hydrolysis (LH and PH). The animals consume diets during eight months. Faeces contain neither lactose nor galactose, but glucose in small quantities. In all urines occurs about 0,5 mg/day of glucose. The lactose diets (L and P) provoke a week lactosury (0,36 p. 100 of ingestion). Galactose and galactitol are abundant in urines: with lactose diets (L and P), the urinary excretion is equal to 4 p. 100 of ingested galactose. In urines of hydrolyzed lactose diets (LH and PH) the excretion reaches 26 p. 100 of ingestion. In this case the excretion is remarkably invariable from third day of eighth month: the urinary galactose corresponds to 23 p. 100 and galactitol to 3 p. 100 of consumed galactose. The urines of lactose diets (L and P) and hydrolyzed lactose diets (LH and PH) contain 100 and 300 mg/day of non sugar reducing substances respectively, i.e. 40 p. 100 of total urinary reducing power. The apparent retention of lactose (L and P) is 95,5 p. 100 and that of the hydrolyzed lactose (LH and PH) is 86 p. 100 after 8 months of experiment but it is estimated that digestive flora consumes 40 p. 100 of dietary lactose (L and P). PMID- 7085209 TI - Instrumentation for intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 7085208 TI - Intraocular lens implantation. PMID- 7085210 TI - Educating the implant surgeon. AB - Intraocular lens implantation is a remarkable advance in the visual rehabilitation of the aphakic patient. The success of implantation is linked to the quality of the cataract surgery. Methods for refined cataract extraction include microsurgery and the use of newer instrumentation. The practiced cataract surgeon and the surgeon in training must master these techniques before implantation is undertaken. Intraocular lens surgery must likewise follow a logical progression from attendance and participation at practical courses to assisting at surgery, to implanting with an experienced intraocular lens surgeon present to monitor and assist, if necessary. As with any new technique, a variety of ancillary advances develop which also require understanding and expertise on the part of the surgeon. These affect judgmental decisions which become as important as the actual surgery. The field of implantation has continued to grow by providing new information on a variety of subjects. The novice implant surgeon, as well as the experienced implant surgeon, must constantly be aware of these advances and strive to master the techniques of this exciting and valuable field. PMID- 7085212 TI - The use of a flash-on-flash paradigm to assess sensitivity changes due to retinal disease. PMID- 7085211 TI - Elemental and ultrastructural analysis of specific human lens opacities. PMID- 7085213 TI - Amblyopic contrast sensitivity: insensitivity to unsteady fixation. AB - Functional amblyopia (a typically unilateral loss of visual acuity of unknown origin) is frequently accompanied by unsteady fixation. Measurements taken under conditions of retinal-image stabilization indicate that this fixation problem does not contribute to the currently measured losses in spatial contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eye. Indeed, retinal image motions recorded from unsteadily fixating eyes do not produce spatial contrast sensitivity losses when superimposed on the central field of a normal subject, indicating that such losses are not an immediate consequence of unsteady fixation. PMID- 7085214 TI - Enhancement of retinal adhesion and subretinal fluid resorption by acetazolamide. PMID- 7085215 TI - Autoregulation of the retinal circulation in response to decrease of intraocular pressure below normal. AB - The autoregulatory response of the retinal circulation to a short-term reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) to hypotonic levels was studied in 15 normal subjects by means of the blue-field entoptic phenomenon. This phenomenon allows the perception of the leukocytes flowing in one's own retinal macular capillaries. Subjects were asked to compare the leukocyte speed in one eye with that in the fellow eye while a scleral suction cup was used to raise the IOP in one eye to levels above 25 mm Hg for approximately 12 min. The release of the suction cup caused a drop in IOP to levels between 4 and 7 mm Hg, at which time all subjects reported a higher leukocyte speed (hyperemia) in this eye than in the fellow eye. After an average of 4 min the speed was observed to be equal in both eyes. The average IOP at which the equalization occurred was 6.8 +/- 1.3 mm Hg. The retina can therefore normalize leukocyte capillary speed and presumably blood flow at IOPs at least as low as 6.8 mm Hg. The results of 16 experiments on the same eye of one subject suggest that under these experimental conditions, the lowest IOP for which the retina can fully autoregulate is around 6 to 7 mm Hg. PMID- 7085216 TI - Episcleral venous pressure in normotensive and glaucomatous beagles. AB - Episcleral venous pressure was measured by a noninvasive method with a modified force-displacement transducer in six laboratory-quality normotensive and 12 glaucomatous beagles. The dogs were anesthetized by ketamine-xylazine, acepromazine-ketamine, and halothane. Simultaneous intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure were recorded. The mean episcleral venous pressures in normotensive beagles were 11.4 to 11.6 mm Hg with the three methods of anesthesia; in the glaucomatous beagles the mean episcleral pressures were 10.6 to 12.5 mm Hg. There were no significant differences in episcleral venous pressure (p less than 0.19 and greater) and blood pressure (p less than 0.53 and greater) between the normotensive and glaucomatous beagles. IOP was significantly different between the normotensive and glaucomatous beagles anesthetized with acepromazine-ketamine (mean IOP, 23.4 and 34.2 mm Hg, respectively; p less than 0.02) and halothane (mean IOP, 19.9 and 27.4 mm Hg, respectively; p less than 0.001) but not significant with anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine (mean IOP, 26.0 and 37.8 mm Hg, respectively; p less than 0.12). Episcleral venous pressure is unchanged as the disease progresses in the glaucomatous beagle. PMID- 7085217 TI - Saccadic suppression under conditions of whiteout. AB - We have measured the impairment of vision that accompanies a saccadic eye movement under whiteout conditions. Translucent plastic diffusers were fitted around the eyes to provide a luminous field without perceivable contours. Visual sensitivity of three subjects was tested by means of 10 msec luminance decrements of variable amplitude. We found that sensitivity was lower, by 0.7 to 1.1 log units, when the eyes were making 16 degree saccades than when they were at rest. Comparable amounts of saccadic suppression occurred under more usual Ganzfeld conditions. We therefore conclude that such minimal contours as are present in the Ganzfeld--fixation guides, minor surface blemishes, and the blurred outlines of the subject's nose and brow--have little effect on suppression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a centrally originating inhibitory process accompanies the initiation of the saccade. PMID- 7085218 TI - Dynamic changes in the organophosphate profile upon treatment of the crystalline lens with dexamethasone. AB - Dynamic changes in organophosphate metabolites during incubations of the intact crystalline lens in a medium containing 2 X 10(-3) M dexamethasone were studied using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance intact-tissue spectroscopy. ATP, ADP, inorganic orthophosphate, alpha-glycerophosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, uridine diphosphorylglucose and diphosphorylgalactose, glycerol 3 phosphorylethanolamine and -phosphorylcholine, and an unidentified phosphorus containing molecule at 6 ppm were quantitated. Time-dependent changes in lens metabolism involving these compounds were examined during a 24-hr incubation period with dexamethasone. The first event in the decline of the tissue after steroid incubation was the consumption of ATP, which was linear with time until the ATP was reduced to 10% of its initial value. The sugar phosphates, inorganic orthophosphate, and the nucleoside diphosphorylsugars increased linearly with time, whereas the dinucleotides decreased. The ADP concentration was unaffected by the steroid treatment, as was that of the other organophosphates in the intact tissue profile. The steroid-induced alterations in lens phosphate metabolite levels follow a distinctive pattern that differs substantially from that observed in response to experimental hypoglycistic or hyperglycistic conditions. These findings suggest that pharmacologic steroid doses may directly alter lens metabolism through a complex mechanism involving, at least in part, a steroid mediated antagonism of lens glucose uptake and/or utilization. PMID- 7085219 TI - Age-dependent loss of accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys: an animal model for presbyopia. AB - The refractive power and axial dimensions of the eye were measured under resting and fully accommodated conditions in 123 caged rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 0.5 to greater than 30 years. The mean resting refraction measured under ketamine anesthesia was -5 diopters. Accommodative amplitude, calculated as the difference between resting refraction and the most negative refraction measured 0.5 to 1 hr after topical application of a maximally effective dose of a cholinomimetic, showed an age-dependent decline. The mean accommodative amplitude of 1- to 5-year old rhesus monkeys was a remarkable 34 D, while animals over 25 years of age averaged 5 D of accommodation. Some greater than 25-year-old animals showed no measurable change in refraction regardless of the dose or the type of cholinomimetic (carbachol, pilocarpine, or echothiophate) used. The resting axial thickness of the lens was found to increase with age throughout adulthood, well past the end of the growth period. A strong correlation was found between pharmacologically induced change in the refractive power of the eye and change in lenticular thickness. These similarities to the human condition suggest that the rhesus monkey represents a highly suitable animal model for the study of accommodation and presbyopia. PMID- 7085220 TI - Corneal epithelial cell cultures on stromal carriers. AB - Exposure of denuded rabbit corneal stromal carriers for 24 hr at 37 degrees C to suspensions of rabbit corneal epithelial cells grown in tissue culture resulted in the establishment of a cell layer on the carriers. The cell layers persisted for at least 1 week of incubation and were one to three cells thick. They consisted of healthy-appearing cells with normal intracellular organelles and intercellular desmosomal connections. After 2 to 7 days of incubation the cells were still capable of DNA replication and produced hemidesmosomes and basement membrane. This system is useful for in vitro studies of substrate requirements for hemidesmosome and basement-membrane formation by corneal epithelial cells. PMID- 7085221 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of rabbit corneal scars. AB - Central full-thickness perforating excision wounds were made in rabbit corneas and were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy at various times after wounding to study the three-dimensional morphologic changes in the tissue during healing and remodeling. Formation of a fibrin clot soon after wounding seals the hole and functions as a substrate for the healing epithelium. Changes in the histologic appearance of the fibrin lot immediately below the new epithelium are followed by migration of adjacent stromal cells under the epithelium, parallel to the basal surface of this tissue. Further healing is characterized by the organization of stromal fibroblasts into several layers parallel to the corneal surface and the deposition of collagen as a matted meshwork of fibrils tangential to the cell surface. Although remodeling of the collagenous matrix of corneal scar is evident and the scar eventually appears less opaque, the lamellae of the scar are narrower and shorter than normal. Evidence from this and other studies suggests that the orientation of the fibroblasts in healing tissues is determined by the organization of the newly formed epithelium. Furthermore, our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that collagen fibrils are deposited parallel to the flat surface of the fibroblasts during scar formation. Subsequent reorganization of this collagenous matrix approaches the normal lamellar appearance, but the matrix fails to regenerate even after 2 years. PMID- 7085223 TI - Limbal epithelium in ocular surface wound healing. AB - The regenerated epithelium derived from limbal epithelium was histologically and biochemically compared with epithelia regenerated from corneal and bulbar conjunctival epithelia. The histologic results indicated that regenerated epithelium of limbal origin increased in thickness with time after healing and showed no goblet cell appearance on the cornea. This suggests that regenerated epithelium from the limbus is more like regenerated epithelium of corneal origin than that of bulbar conjunctival origin. However, the glycogen content and protein pattern profile showed that regenerated epithelium of limbal origin had characteristics intermediate between those of corneal and bulbar conjunctival origin. Thus it is proposed that there are three distinct types of ocular surface epithelia--corneal, bulbar conjunctival, and limbal--and that limbal epithelium behaves differently from corneal and conjunctival epithelia in ocular surface wound healing. PMID- 7085222 TI - Epithelial abrasion precipitates stromal ulceration in the vitamin A--deficient rat cornea. AB - Although the role of vitamin A deficiency in the development of xerophthalmia is well established, there is still some question as to whether the deficiency alone is sufficient cause for the development of keratomalacia. This article describes the clinical, histologic, and microbiologic changes occurring in eyes of vitamin A-deficient rats when keratomalacia-like stromal ulceration is induced by epithelial injury alone. The corneal epithelia of 21 severely vitamin A-deficient rats and 11 pair-fed controls were totally removed either by scraping or by n heptanol. At 96 hr after epithelial removal, 93% of the deficient animals showed extensive epithelial defects and stromal ulceration. Histologically, an intense acute inflammatory response and abundant bacterial forms were consistently evident. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus fecalis were the most frequent pathogens cultured from these ulcerating eyes. In contrast, the control corneas showed essentially complete re-epithelialization, with no ulceration, minimal inflammatory reaction, and an absence of morphologically demonstrable bacteria. Bacterial cultures from the control eyes showed abundant Pasteurella, with pathogens also present. These observations suggest that abnormal epithelial recovery, acute inflammation, and bacterial infection may be important factors for the development of keratomalacia-like corneal ulceration in experimental vitamin A deficiency. PMID- 7085224 TI - Light scattering from the human cornea. AB - A clinical method of measuring angular scatter from the human cornea is described. The method entails the use of a slit-lamp photometer with a pin-light attachment to control the angle of measurement. Corneal scatter and corneal thickness were measured in 93 normal subjects and 56 patients recently operated on for cataract. In the latter group, the surgically induced increase in corneal thickness was found to increase corneal scatter markedly, demonstrating the well known dependence of scatter on corneal hydration. For the normal cornea, thickness and scatter were only insignificantly correlated. This finding was interpreted as evidence that the normal variation in corneal thickness is caused by a variation in mass content rather than in water content of the cornea. An increase in corneal scatter with age was demonstrated. Because this was seen at a constant corneal thickness, the mechanism was presumably that of age-related alterations in the latticelike organization of the collagen fibrils. These results suggest that clinical measurements of scatter may be used as a means to study hydration and ultrastructural characteristics of the human cornea in vivo. PMID- 7085225 TI - Receptive field properties of V3 neurons in monkey. AB - Receptive field properties of cells deep in the posterior bank of lunate sulcus and on the annectant gyrus (V3) were studied in the awake, fixating monkey. Properties of these cells were compared with those of a population of cells recorded in V2. Receptive fields of cells in V3 were larger than fields of V2 cells at comparable eccentricities. Cells were classified according to their sensitivity to the orientation and direction of motion of rectangular stimuli. Nonoriented cells were most common (39/75, 52%); the next largest class consisted of cells sensitive to stationary stimulus orientation (25/75, 33%); the third class consisted of directionally selective cells (11/75, 15%). No cells in V3 showed color-opponent responses. comparison of the orientation-sensitive population in V3 and V2 showed V3 cells more broadly tuned for orientation than V2 cells. These results suggest that V3 and V2 serve different functions in the analysis of the visual world. Neither area, however, is devoted to the analysis of only one stimulus parameter. PMID- 7085226 TI - An approach to testing alternative hypotheses of changes in visual sensitivity due to retinal disease. PMID- 7085228 TI - The vacuum extractor--a re-appraisal. PMID- 7085227 TI - Tuberculosis in Belfast. PMID- 7085230 TI - A case of sotalol poisoning. PMID- 7085229 TI - Psoriasis in Ireland. PMID- 7085231 TI - Sibling induced injury? PMID- 7085233 TI - The prevalence and prevention of severe mental handicap in Northern Ireland. PMID- 7085232 TI - Service requirements of adult mentally-handicapped persons living in the community. PMID- 7085234 TI - Transthoracic electrocoagulation (T.T.E.C.)--a new and simple approach to upper limb sympathectomy. PMID- 7085235 TI - Limitations of total serum calcium assay in the diagnosis of osteomalacia in the elderly. PMID- 7085236 TI - A double blind placebo controlled study on the use of ketotifen in childhood asthma. PMID- 7085237 TI - The use of nifedipine as a third-step agent in the treatment of refractory hypertension. PMID- 7085238 TI - Conformation and kinetic properties of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase "in vivo". AB - Photosynthetic GAPDH has been studied in chloroplast extracts, obtained in presence of physiological concentrations of NADP and NAD. The enzyme is shown to have a molecular weight of 600,000, on the basis of zymograms obtained after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels. Km values of 0.08 and 0.16 mM, respectively, were found for NADP and NAD. The same V is reached with both NADP and NAD. The two coenzymes bind to the enzyme at the same catalytic site. PMID- 7085239 TI - The primary structure of human erythrocyte copper/zinc superoxide dismutase: cleavage with trypsin and chymotrypsin. PMID- 7085240 TI - Eyelid movement disorders following unilateral hemispheric stroke. AB - The presence of voluntary eyelid movement disorders was systematically checked in 51 patients with a recent stroke supposedly confined to one hemisphere and presenting with contralateral gaze impairment. Inability to initiate lid closure was found in 5 patients, inability to keep the eyes closed for more than 1-3 sec in 5 patients and inability to initiate eyelid opening in 1 patient. One patient failed both to close his eyes and to open them when closed. In 3 patients the deficit was restricted to the eye contralateral to the lesion. CT scan findings pointed to the parietal lobe as the cortical area more frequently encroached upon by the lesion. In one patient brain damage was restricted to the right motor supplementary area and cingulate gyrus and produced, in addition to failure to close eyelids, inability to carry out any voluntary movement governed by cranial nerves save eye movements. PMID- 7085241 TI - Radiology of tumors spreading from middle fossa to posterior fossa or vice versa. PMID- 7085242 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis: histological and ultrastructural study. AB - A case of congenital toxoplasmosis is reported in which the patient died at 32 days following seizures, coma and respiratory disturbances. Neuropathological examination showed numerous foci of softening throughout the brain. Histological examination disclosed widespread areas of inflammatory necrosis. Circumscribed areas of granulomatous inflammation were also found. Cysts containing a variable number of microorganisms and toxoplasmas free in the damaged areas were frequently observed. Small calcifications were scattered in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Electron microscopy of postmortem brain specimens demonstrated toxoplasmas at various stages of development. The microorganism is enveloped by a two-layered membrane, the pellicle. Replication occurs in a vacuole inside the host cell. Following replication the newly formed parasites, the trophozoites, are released. Several replications without release may also occur with consequent cyst formation. The motile form of the toxoplasma, the tachyzoite, is fusiform with truncated cone shape of the anterior ending which is the presenting surface modified for host cell penetration. The modality of transplacental transmission and the clinical syndromes associated with toxoplasma infection are discussed. EM even of post mortem material contributes to knowledge of the structure of the parasite and of its life cycles. PMID- 7085243 TI - Bilateral simultaneous inferior altitudinal hemianopia due to ischemic optic neuropathy. PMID- 7085245 TI - Quantitation of regional ventricular asynergy using real-time two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography was used to identify and quantitate regional left ventricular dysfunction in 12 patients with coronary artery disease. THe extent of regional ventricular asynergy was expressed as the percentage of the left ventricular circumference contracting abnormally. The findings were compared with those obtained from cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography. The severity and extent of echocardiographic asynergy correlated closely with that observed on the angiocardiogram (r = 0.96, P less than 0.001). There was also a significant relationship between echocardiographic and angiocardiographic ventricular volume (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) and ejection fraction (r = 0.79, P less than 0.01). Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography provided a useful noninvasive technique for the identification and quantitation of the extent of regional ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 7085244 TI - Adrenoleukodystrophy. Validity of CT in the diagnosis. PMID- 7085247 TI - Preoperative diagnosis of a pericardial tumor with echocardiographic features simulating pericardial effusion. PMID- 7085246 TI - Electrocardiography vs. vectorcardiography in the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock associated with inferior wall myocardial infarction: a critical analysis. AB - The ECG criteria of isolated left anterior hemiblock (LAHB) are well established. However, associated inferior wall myocardial infarction (IMI) can obscure the ECG characteristics of LAHB. In an attempt to evaluate various ECG signs of LAHB in the presence of IMI, three groups of patients were examined. Group I comprised 20 patients with unequivocal vectorcardiographic (VCG) signs of isolated LAHB; Group II included 30 patients with VCG-documented IMI; and the 20 patients in Group III had VCG evidence of IMI with LAHB. Four ECG criteria were evaluated and their average performances in the diagnosis of LAHB were determined. QRS axis above -30 degrees, the presence of terminal S wave in lead II and terminal R wave in lead AVR and delayed intrinsicoid deflection in lead AVL showed average performances of 86.2, 76.7, 68.7 and 60.8% respectively. The ECG criteria in the diagnosis of LAHB are highly sensitive but do not reach the high specificity claimed by other authors. PMID- 7085249 TI - Insect-sting allergy in Israel: immunotherapy with pure venoms. AB - Demographic, atopic and other clinical characteristics of 25 patients with insect sting allergy are reported. All patients were skin tested by pure venoms (PVs) or whole body extracts obtained from bees and several vespids. PVs were found to be extremely useful and highly superior to whole body extracts in the diagnosis of insect allergy. Immunotherapy was indicated in 15 patients, 12 of whom completed a 12-wk PV desensitization course. Immunization was associated with minimal side effects and proved to be highly effective against a live-insect challenge. PMID- 7085248 TI - Binding of myasthenia gravis antibodies to different acetylcholine receptor preparations. AB - A group of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients was studied in order to demonstrate the differential ability of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies to bind to AChRs from different sources. Four different AChR sources were used: human muscle, denervated rat muscle, normal rat muscle and the electric organ of the electric ray, Torpedo californica. We demonstrated that AchR antibodies from MG patients tested reacted best with receptors from human muscle, and least with the electric ray receptor. The patients were classified into three categories, each representing an antibody level pattern. THe most common pattern was that in which the antibody level for human AchR is highest, followed by decreasing values for AchRs of denervated rat muscle, normal rat muscle, and that of the electric organ of the electric ray. No correlation was found between the patient-specific antibody pattern and a clinical description of the MG patient. PMID- 7085250 TI - Verapamil responsive reentrant ventricular tachycardia: a case report with electrophysiological investigation. AB - A patient with left ventricular aneurysm had recurrent ventricular tachycardia. His arrhythmia could be induced and interrupted by programmed ventricular stimulation. Quinidine and procainamide facilitated the induction of the tachycardia by widening the tachycardia induction zone. Ajmaline slowed the rate of the induced tachycardia and verapamil abolished the arrhythmia. The possible mechanism underlying these phenomena is discussed. PMID- 7085251 TI - Myocardial damage after Androctonus crassicauda crassicauda sting. PMID- 7085252 TI - Amniotic band syndrome. PMID- 7085253 TI - Diphenylhydantoin excretion in the semen of treated epileptics. PMID- 7085254 TI - Lactic acidosis and peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7085255 TI - Intact adrenocortical responses to sensory stimuli in rats with bilateral somatosensory cortex ablation. PMID- 7085256 TI - Fertility following excision of the mesotubarium superius in the rabbit. PMID- 7085257 TI - Apneic and nonapneic breathing disorders in sleep. AB - Recent research has demonstrated that respiratory activities are stage dependent and that some breathing disorders appear only in sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes, defined as the occurrence of at least 30 apneas of greater than or equal to 10 sec, dramatically affect patients' sleep and waking behavior. During 1977-80, 114 patients with sleep apnea and 82 patients with nonapneic breathing disorders in sleep, were recorded in the Technion Sleep Laboratory. In both groups, patients were mostly male in the 30- to 50-yr age-group, whose primary complaint was excessive daytime sleepiness. Nonapneic breathing disorders in sleep included periodic breathing, periodic hyperpnea, and variations in rate of breathing without notable changes in volume. It is suggested that some of the patients with sleep apnea syndrome and with non-apneic breathing disorders in sleep belong to the same etiological group, each representing a different stage along a single continuum of breathing disorders. PMID- 7085258 TI - Effect of adrenoceptor blockade on hemorrhagic necrosis of meth A sarcomata induced by endotoxin or tumor necrosis serum. AB - An intravenous injection of endotoxin into BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous Meth A sarcomata caused hemorrhagic necrosis and reduced growth of the tumors. In a number of instances this was followed by regression. alpha-Adrenergic blockade with phentolamine prior to endotoxin did not influence tumor growth, but tended to reduce the incidence of regression when compared to mice merely treated with endotoxin. The frequency of hemorrhagic necrosis was not changed, although the extent of necrosis was somewhat reduced. The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine nullified the growth retardation induced by endotoxin and reduced the frequency of regression. Moreover both incidence and extent of necrosis were diminished. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol seems to potentiate the effect of endotoxin on tumor growth in the highest dose, but had no substantial effect on the necrotizing activities of endotoxin. Both alpha blocking agents impaired induction of hemorrhagic necrosis and nullified tumor growth inhibition by tumor necrosis serum (TNS). beta-Adrenoceptor blockade decreased only the incidence of necrosis induced by TNS. Regressing tumors had considerably more hemorrhagic necrosis irrespective of pretreatment, excepted phenoxybenzamine. A single injection of the latter agent caused a dose-dependent stimulation of tumor growth, while the other agents exerted no effect. It is suggested that both normal and endotoxin-modified tumor growth are under alpha adrenergic control and that induction of hemorrhagic necrosis is possibly mediated by release of adrenal catecholamines. PMID- 7085259 TI - Vascular actions of synthetic PAF-acether (a synthetic platelet-activating factor) in the rat: evidence for a platelet independent mechanism. AB - Since rat platelets fully responsive to thrombin and collagen did not respond by releasing 3H-serotonin with up to 10 micrograms/ml of synthetic PAF-acether, the rat, contrariwise to the rabbit, was considered to be an appropriate model to study the actions of PAF-acether not mediated through the activation of platelets and the subsequent release of their inflammatory mediators. We developed an experimental approach using 57Co and 113Sn radiolabeled microspheres to assess the effect of PAF-acether on cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and regional flows and resistance. The effect on vascular permeability and blood volume was studied by measuring the clearance of 125I-HSA and the variations of the hematocrit. A significant fall in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance was found with doses of PAF-acether ranging from 0.05 to 5 micrograms. Moreover, the higher doses of PAF-acether also induced a marked depletion of blood volume. A significant fall in spleen, coronary, and kidney output, but not in cardiac output, was also found. Our data show that PAF-acether, by itself, induces a drop in peripheral vascular resistance and, at higher doses, also in circulating volume, accounting for both by the hypotensive effect. The redistribution of cardiac output seems to be the expression of a nonuniform action of the compound on the vascular resistance of the different organs. PMID- 7085261 TI - Complement. PMID- 7085260 TI - Science and current dilemmas of health care. PMID- 7085262 TI - The headache and pain of spontaneous carotid dissection. PMID- 7085263 TI - Transformation of episodic migraine into daily headache: analysis of factors. PMID- 7085264 TI - Cocaine as an abortive agent in cluster headache. PMID- 7085265 TI - Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity. Impairment of consciousness and migraine. PMID- 7085266 TI - An occurrence of complicated migraine during propranolol therapy. PMID- 7085267 TI - Pheochromocytoma: paroxysmal hypertensive headaches. PMID- 7085268 TI - Further observations on the diagnosis and management of carotidynia. PMID- 7085269 TI - Medical staffing in the National Health Service in Scotland. PMID- 7085270 TI - The chief scientist reports...gait analysis. PMID- 7085271 TI - Smoking and nurses. PMID- 7085272 TI - Transmission of genito-urinary tuberculosis. PMID- 7085273 TI - A limited, direct access endoscopy service for general practitioners. PMID- 7085274 TI - Changing practice in adoption and fostering. PMID- 7085275 TI - [Hypersensitivity and immunologic tolerance in contact allergies]. PMID- 7085276 TI - [Skin irritation caused by propylene glycols]. AB - Propylene glycol is used in foods, medicine and cosmetics because it is a good solvent which has, simultaneously, moisture-regulating, antiseptic, and preservative effects. Propylene glycol may produce eczematous skin reactions of toxic and, more rarely, of allergic nature. Positive patch test reactions to propylene glycol are difficult to interpret. Allergic reactions may be confirmed by a clear clinical relevance, repeated local skin provocation (usage test), or oral provocation. In the Department of Dermatology, University of Oregon, 84 patients were patch tested with 100% propylene glycol. Five of 12 patch test positive patients had allergic reactions while seven had irritant reactions. In the Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, 248 consecutive eczema patients were patch-tested with propylene glycol in concentrations of 100%, 20%, and 2% in water. Two of five patients with positive reactions to patch tests showed an itchy eczematous eruption after oral provocation with 15 ml propylene glycol. Skin reactions due to propylene glycol are rare and should not bring the preparation into unnecessary discredit. The possibility of propylene glycol allergy should be recognized by dermatologists as propylene glycol is used in local steroids and other topical preparations. PMID- 7085278 TI - [Green hair]. AB - A young blond woman developed green tinted hair from exposure to tap water containing excessive amounts of copper. The adsorbed copper was located in the peripheral region of the hair shaft. The copper concentration of her hair was elevated to about 3,000 ppm-5,000 ppm. PMID- 7085279 TI - [Cowden syndrome (multiple hamartoma syndrome)]. AB - This report deals with a female patient with multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease) exhibiting characteristic cutaneous lesions and involvement of several inner organs. PMID- 7085277 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome in DTIC therapy]. AB - A 41-year-old female patient with malignant melanoma developed a sudden hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiarisyndrome) followed by rapid deterioration and death after treatment with DTIC (dacarbazine). The event occurred after the second injection during the second therapeutic cycle and was paralleled by an increase of the number of blood eosinophils. As described before increasing blood eosinophilia appears to be a sign of imminent DTIC-complication of this type. PMID- 7085280 TI - [Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]. PMID- 7085282 TI - [Free fatty acid composition in psoriasis vulgaris]. AB - The composition of free fatty acids of hair lipids from subjects with psoriasis vulgaris (n = 60) and a control group (n = 30) was determine by gas liquid chromatography. The analysis indicates that the percentage composition of longer chain fatty acids was distinctly higher in psoriasis vulgaris. It is suggested that patients with psoriasis vulgaris have either a different air lipid composition and a different microbial activity or different activities of the epidermic esterases. PMID- 7085281 TI - [Is malignant melanoma really radiation resistant?]. AB - The efficiency of radiotherapy of malignant melanoma is discussed according to observations by other clinicians and ourselves. There is no proof that the melanoma is radiotherapy-resistant. The clinical radiosensitivity of human melanoma can be compared with the experimental hamster or mice melanoma or with the sensitivity of cultured melanoma cells. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of radiotherapy in the future by electroaffine sensitizers, fast electrons, or neutrons with a high LET and a small OER is mentioned. PMID- 7085283 TI - [Congenital arteriovenous fistula with an angioma. Therapeutic possibilities]. AB - Arteriovenous fistulas associated with an angioma are characterized by a relatively fast growth. Therapy consists in operative removal of the entire angioma. This often means partial amputation of extremities. An embolization of the angioma, as in an observed patient can prevent further progression. A disfiguring operation can be delayed or possibly even avoided. PMID- 7085284 TI - [Pemphigus erythematosus and malignant thymoma]. PMID- 7085285 TI - [Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (systematized depigmented nevus)]. AB - Two girls of 1 1/2 und 4 years age and described with linear, arch-like depigementations which appeared in early childhood. In both children no additional abnormalities could be found. The problem of terminology is briefly discussed, and it is proposed to interpret this syndrome as a variant of a systematized naevus depigmentosus. There seems to be no justification for turning this clinical entity into a new syndrome, when the only clinical signs are the characteristic depigmentations without any additional abnormalities. PMID- 7085286 TI - [Temporal arteritis in systemic scleroderma]. PMID- 7085287 TI - The ICRP dose limitation system--solution or problem? PMID- 7085289 TI - 129I in Missouri thyroids. AB - Concentrations of 129I and values of the 129I/127I ration are reported in one sample of indigenous vegetation and in over forty additional individual thyroids of man, wild deer and beef cattle in Missouri. The results of this and other studies in our laboratory indicate the following order for successively lower values of 129I/127I ratios in the local environment: Rain, wild deer, commercial milk, beef cattle and human. The value of the 129I/127I ratio in the single vegetation sample is intermediate to the mean values in wild deer and commercial milk, but well within the range of values observed in both. These results are consistent with a geochemical cycle in which iodine that is enriched in 129I is transported via air into the central U.S. and then diluted with other iodine- especially mineral iodine that is added to the diets of domesticated animals--as the iodine deposited from air moves through the local ecosystem. Differences in the diets of beef and dairy cattle or differences in the biological life-times of iodine in thyroids and mammae, and hence the degree of equilibration with body iodine, may explain the lower value of the 129I/127I ratio in beef thyroids than in milk. PMID- 7085288 TI - The release of plutonium from macrophages in rats: the effect of changes in iron status. AB - Female rats were used to study the loss of plutonium from hepatic and splenic macrophages. The plutonium was administered intravenously either as a "soluble" [Pu] ferric hydroxide colloid or as an "insoluble" plutonium dioxide suspension. The "soluble" plutonium was lost much more rapidly from the liver than the "insoluble" plutonium. If the iron status of the rats was altered, shortly after the injection of the [Pu] ferric hydroxide colloid, either by the removal of blood or by the injection of colloidal iron, the rate of plutonium loss from the liver was changed. The plutonium was retained longer in those animals with excess storage iron than in those with depleted circulatory iron. These results are taken to indicate that iron and plutonium share common pathways of metabolism in macrophages. PMID- 7085290 TI - Measurement of neutrons reflected form the surfaces of a calibration room. PMID- 7085291 TI - Measurement of low neutron fluences with polycarbonate foils electrochemically etched with methyl alcohol-KOH solution. AB - Electrochemical etching of polycarbonate foils was performed using a KOH solution with a high concentration of methyl alcohol under different conditions of field strength, frequency, temperature and etching time. these studies showed that the highest neutron sensitivity relative to the inherent background in the foil was obtained under the following etching conditions: 52 kV/cm, 1 kHz, 30 degrees C, 30 min in a solution of 45 gm KOH + 80 cc CH3OH + 20 cc H2O. Under these conditions, 100 mrem of neutrons from a Ra-Be source gave 70 pits per cm2 while background was 7 +/- 3 pits per cm2 (10 +/- 5 mrem). The pit diameters were about 90 micrometers. This sensitivity (giving lowest measurable dose of 15 mrem) is quite sufficient for personnel neutron dosimetry applications and the size of the pits is large enough for easy counting using a microscope at a magnification of 40 X. PMID- 7085292 TI - Application of 235Np in experimental aquatic radioecology: preliminary observations on neptunium behaviour in sea water, sediments and zooplankton. PMID- 7085293 TI - Decorporation of 238PuO2 from the hamster by inhalation of chelating agents. PMID- 7085294 TI - Radioassay of low 90Sr activities by early counting of the Cerenkov radiation induced by the ingrowing daughter nuclide 90Y. PMID- 7085295 TI - Comparison of physical chemical properties of powders and respirable aerosols of industrial mixed uranium and plutonium oxide fuels. PMID- 7085296 TI - Neutrons in Hiroshima? PMID- 7085297 TI - An unexpected background perturbation. PMID- 7085298 TI - beta- and gamma-Comparative dose estimates on Enewetak Atoll. AB - Enewetak Atoll is one of the Pacific atolls used for atmospheric testing of U.S. nuclear weapons. Beta dose and gamma-ray exposure measurements were made on two islands of the Enewetak Atoll during July-August 1976 to determine the beta and low energy gamma-contribution to the total external radiation doses to the returning Marshallese. Measurements were made at numerous locations with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), pressurized ionization chambers, portable NaI detectors, and thin-window pancake GM probes. Results of the TLD measurements with and without a beta-attenuator indicate that approx. 29% of the total dose rate at 1 m in air is due to beta- or low energy gamma-contribution. The contribution at any particular site, however, is somewhat dependent on ground cover, since a minimal amount of vegetation will reduce it significantly from that over bare soil, but thick stands of vegetation have little effect on any further reductions. Integral 30-yr external shallow dose estimates for future inhabitants were made and compared with external dose estimates of a previous large scale radiological survey (En73). Integral 30-yr shallow external dose estimates are 25-50% higher than whole body estimates. Due to the low penetrating ability of the beta's or low energy gamma's, however, several remedial actions can be taken to reduce the shallow dose contribution to the total external dose. PMID- 7085299 TI - Sensitivity analysis of a model for the environmental movement of radionuclides. AB - Results are presented from a sensitivity analysis study of a model developed to represent the environmental movement of radionuclides. This model is designated the Environmental Transport Model. The study has three purposes: (1) to develop sensitivity analysis techniques applicable to the Environmental Transport Model, (2) to provide insight and experience with respect to the performance of a sensitivity analysis of this model and (3) to develop understanding of the overall operation of the model and the variables which influence this operation. Two variations of a hypothetical river receiving a radionuclide discharge containing 99Tc, 245Cm, 241Pu, 234U, 230Th and 226Ra are defined. Independent variables of the following types are introduced: variables which define physical properties of the river system (e.g. soil depth, river discharge and sediment resuspension) and variables which summarize radionuclide, the following dependent variables are investigated: (1) radionuclide concentration in soil, (2) dissolved radionuclide concentration in surface-water and (3) total radionuclide concentration in surface-water. The investigation employs sensitivity analysis techniques based on Latin hypercube sampling, rank transformations and stepwise regression. Among the important variables indicated in the analysis are distribution coefficients, river discharge and suspended sediment concentration. PMID- 7085300 TI - Calculation of the concentration of any radionuclide deposited on the ground by offsite fallout from a nuclear detonation. PMID- 7085301 TI - A computerized system for control and management of radionuclide inventory: application in nuclear medicine. AB - An interactive computerized system for radioisotope management and instantaneous inventory is reported. The system is capable of handling operations such as filing, nuclear imaging and disposing of various radionuclides. All radiopharmaceutical transactions are achieved with the aid of a Prime 300 mini computer of 192K words of high speed semi-conductor memory and over 120 mega bytes of disk storage. The system automatically corrects for the appropriate decay, monitors and updates the storage file after every subsequent study. The performed study is recorded in a special file, together with the time and data retrieved from the computer's real time clock at the time of the entry. The system provides an organized and complete bookkeeping of all records concerning radionuclide transactions. It is found to be simple, efficient, highly versatile, and drastically reduces the time of operation and errors in handling the radioisotope inventory. PMID- 7085302 TI - The influence of aerosol size on retention and translocation of 241Am following inhalation of 241AmO2 by beagles. AB - Beagle dogs received a single inhalation exposure to a monodisperse or a polydisperse aerosol of 241AmO2 to determine the radiation dose to internal organs. Three monodisperse aerosol sizes (0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 micrometer activity median aerodynamic diameter) and one polydisperse aerosol (1.8 micrometer activity median aerodynamic diameter) were used to assess the role of particle size in clearance of 241AmO2 from the lung and the rate of translocation of 241Am to other tissues. Dogs were sacrificed in groups of two or three at 8, 32, 64, 128, 256, 365 and 730 days after exposure. The clearance rate of 241Am from lung was particle size dependent; this resulted in an increased radiation dose to lung at 2 yr by 70% as particle size increased from 0.75 to 3.0 micrometer aerodynamic diameter. Conversely, the radiation dose to liver and skeleton decreased by 20 and 35% respectively as particle size increased from 0.75 to 3.0 micrometer activity median aerodynamic diameter. When the radiation doses absorbed by lung, liver and skeleton were compared to those predicted by the ICRP 30 model, differences were noted. PMID- 7085303 TI - Models of Am metabolism in beagles and humans. AB - Two models of the metabolism of inhaled 241AmO2 in Beagles have been formulated. these models differ in their description of lung retention; the empirical dissolution model uses an empirically derived function to describe dissolution of inhaled 241AmO2 while the surface area model uses a dissolution function based on physical and chemical characteristics of the inhaled aerosol. Both models provide more accurate descriptions of retention data for 241Am from several studies in Beagles than does the model published by the ICRP. The surface area model is extended to describe several cases of inhalation of 241Am in humans. This latter model is employed to calculate Annual Limits of Intake for comparison with results based on the current ICRP model. PMID- 7085304 TI - Distribution of inhaled 239PuO2 in rat and hamster lung. AB - The distribution of inhaled 239PuO2 in rat and hamster lung was investigated up to one year postexposure in order to determine whether differences in pulmonary dose distribution could account for the apparent difference between the two species in lung tumor response. In previous life-span studies, rats developed up to 70% lung tumors at cumulative doses less than 2000 rads, whereas hamsters developed tumors in about 3% of animals at comparable or higher doses. Morphometric methods were used to quantitate the particle distribution in different lung regions of both species following exposure at levels that produced tumors in rats. The PuO2 particles were counted on autoradiograms of lung cross sections and classified as to their location in either subpleural or internal parenchyma, lung vasculature, or major airways. Rat lung showed a greater long term association of particles with the major airways than hamster lung. The particles also showed a greater tendency to occur in groups for rats, the difference being more pronounced in the subpleural region than in the remainder of the lung. In previous experiments, both bronchioles and subpleural fibrotic scars appeared to be the sites of origin for lung tumors. Different dose distributions within these regions may therefore affect the tumor response to inhaled 239PuO2. PMID- 7085305 TI - Radiation dose and biological effects to mouse testis from sodium 32P-phosphate. AB - Radiation dose to mouse testis was estimated to be about 1.65 rad per microCi of intravenously injected 32P. This high dose to the organ was due to the incorporation of this isotope into the macromolecules of the testis. Up to 30% of the total testis activity was in DNA molecules. Biologic effects on mouse testis from 32P were determined by testis weight loss and the decrease in the number of sperm heads in the testis. Number of sperm heads reached a minimum of 1.3% of control 36 days after injection of 3.5 microCi/g body weight of 32P. Significant decreases in sperm head counts were observed after as little as 0.2 microCi/g body weight of 32P. PMID- 7085306 TI - Effect of patient size on doses received by patients in diagnostic radiology. AB - A large number of people in this country receive X-rays every year. It would be of value to determine the dose received by an individual, and to follow the medical histories of each. However, it is shown that with currently available information, it is not possible to determine with sufficient accuracy the dose received by an individual exposed to diagnostic X-rays. Therefore, this step in establishing a dose-response relationship is more imprecise than it need be. A suggestion is made on using the exposure-area product to overcome this difficulty. PMID- 7085307 TI - The retention of 226Ra in human soft tissue and bone; implications for the ICRP 20 alkaline earth model. PMID- 7085309 TI - Radiation protection problems at a synchrotron radiation facility. PMID- 7085308 TI - Health effects of radon emissions from uranium mill tailings. PMID- 7085310 TI - A molding technique for use in internal dosimetry studies. PMID- 7085311 TI - Liquid scintillation counting for sulfur tablet neutron dosimeters. PMID- 7085312 TI - Shielding calculations below 100 kVp. PMID- 7085313 TI - Radon permeability of some membranes. PMID- 7085314 TI - Health effects of radon from coal burning. PMID- 7085315 TI - Tissue distribution of orally administered 91Y and 46Sc in mice. PMID- 7085316 TI - Effects of monomeric 239Pu on the pregnant rabbit. PMID- 7085317 TI - On the application of epidemiologic methods to the study of radon and lung cancer. PMID- 7085318 TI - Caesium-137 levels in residents of the Scottish mainland and Hebrides. PMID- 7085319 TI - Ultrasonography in the preoperative evaluation of neck abscesses. PMID- 7085320 TI - Temporal bone anatomy: comparison of computed tomography and complex motion tomography. PMID- 7085321 TI - Paranasal sinus radiology, part IA: introduction andthe frontal sinuses. PMID- 7085322 TI - Free flaps to the head and neck. PMID- 7085324 TI - Familial osteodysplasia. AB - A family with characteristics that have striking similarities to the syndrome of familial osteodysplasia is reported. The inheritance pattern appears to be autosomal dominant. The typical facies has a lack of vertical facial development and a functional prognathism caused by overclosure of the mandible and opening of the gonial angle. Midfacial hypoplasia and a pointed chin are characteristic. Alveolar and sutural bone growth in the face is diminished and associated with partial dental agenesis. Variable cranial digital markings and possible synostosis are also seen. These typical facial changes are associated with other bony and systemic abnormalities. The long bones have a flask shape and occasionally have increased cortical thickness. The superior pubic ramus is often thin and scoliosis is common. The dermatoglyphic pattern demostrates a distal triradius and small whorl abnormalities. The most significant laboratory values are an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C3 complement found on the erythrocytes. The plasma fibrinogen level was low in all family members. PMID- 7085323 TI - Chondromyxoid fibroma of the jaws. AB - A new case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the jaws is reported, and the current world literature on chondromyxoid fibroma is reviewed. Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare tumor arising from cartilage-forming mesenchymal tissue. In the long bones, it has frequently been confused with chondrosarcoma or benign chondroblastoma. When it occurs in the jaws, apparent confusion with myxomas of myxofibromas may result. In the jaws the neoplasm typically occurs in the mandible. Initial symptoms are pain or a slowly growing expansile mass. After evaluation of the natural history of these lesions, a conservative approach to surgical therapy is advocated. PMID- 7085325 TI - Isolated pericardial metastasis of parotid tumor origin. PMID- 7085326 TI - No correlation between iron concentration in breast milk and maternal iron stores. AB - The relation between the iron transmitted to infants by breast milk and the maternal iron stores was investigated in a group of 46 women. Total milk iron concentration was not correlated with the levels of serum ferritin or transferrin saturation. These results suggest that the iron transport from mother to the milk is irrespective to the maternal iron stores. PMID- 7085327 TI - Hepatitis B prevalence and immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immunoglobulins in patients, relatives, and staff of a paediatric haemodialysis unit. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers have been studied for 22 months in 16 haemodialysed patients, 60 relatives and 17 staff members of a paediatric haemodialysis unit, and in 9 children with chronic renal failure on conservative therapy. None of the 8 children negative for HBV markers and treated with specific immunoglobulins (HBIG) developed signs of hepatitis B. No hepatitis B occurred in 4 staff members after accidental infected needle prick and immunoprophylaxis, although one of them developed passive-active immunity. The immunoprophylaxis effectively prevented diffusion of HBV also in the relatives. Furthermore, HBsAg and HBeAg were found in urine samples of haemodialysed children with residual diuresis. PMID- 7085329 TI - Infantile hypophosphatasia diagnosed at 4 months and surviving at 2 years. AB - The authors describe a patient with infantile form of hypophosphatasia who has presented a favourable course and is surviving at the age of 2 years, whereas usually the subjects affected by this disease show an unfavourable prognosis with death within the first 18 months of life. From the age of 5 to 10 months, the patient has been treated with weekly fresh plasma transfusions, with the purpose to supply the deficient enzyme. During treatment a progressive improvement of the clinical and radiological signs was observed. The authors hope that the study of other patients affected by this disease and treated with fresh plasma transfusions, might confirm the effectiveness of this substitutive therapy. PMID- 7085328 TI - [Epidemiologic study of skull fractures in children under 18 months]. AB - One hundred and forty-five children with a skull fracture were taken care of in a pediatric and pediatric surgical service from 1975 to 1980. Thirty-one of these children (21.4%) were infants less than 18 months of age. The medical records of these 31 infants were reviewed, and the information was completed through a questionnaire and through telephone calls to parents and physicians. This retropsective study revealed that 4 cases of skull fracture were undoubtedly and 5 cases probably examples of child abuse. This sub-group of 9 cases represents 29% of the total. Except in two cases of these patients, the classical socio financial risk factors were not part of the picture. Three of the remaining 22 infants were injured in a traffic accident. Three others fell from a high structure (balcony, terrace). These six cases (almost 20% of the total) illustrate the need for educating not only the public but also the government officials concerned with safety in the urban environment. PMID- 7085330 TI - [Postnatal development of multicystic encephalopathy in a newborn infant. Ultrasound study of the evolution of multiple cerebral infarctions]. PMID- 7085332 TI - [Treatment of febrile convulsions. New data and new options]. PMID- 7085331 TI - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear presenting as sarcoma botryoides. Favorable outcome in a 12-year-old boy. AB - A 12-year-old boy presented with a history of earache, fever and granuloma of the auditory canal. Biopsy revealed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which led to complete disappearance of the tumor without recurrence after three years. Diagnosis, staging and timing of the treatment plan is discussed for this rare but highly malignant tumor. PMID- 7085333 TI - BCG osteomyelitis. Case report and review. AB - A 6-month-old boy is described presenting with BCG osteomyelitis of the distal metaphysis of the left femur extending into the epiphysis. Epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutical problems of BCG osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination in the newborn period are discussed reviewing 89 published records of this late onset complication of BCG vaccination. PMID- 7085334 TI - Retinal degeneration in Sotos' syndrome. PMID- 7085336 TI - Chromosome abnormalities in newborn children. Aetiological aspects. PMID- 7085337 TI - An experimental study of neutrality at the malic dehydrogenase and esterase-5 loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. PMID- 7085338 TI - Thalassaemia in the egyptian population. PMID- 7085335 TI - Duplication of part of the long arm of chromosome 8 due to a familial 8;13 translocation. PMID- 7085339 TI - Increased sister chromatid exchange frequency in lymphocytes in healthy cigarette smokers. PMID- 7085340 TI - Echinococcosis of the spine and retroperitoneum: case report and review of the literature. PMID- 7085341 TI - The facioscapulohumeral syndrome: a report of two cases. PMID- 7085342 TI - Zoonoses in modern medical practice. PMID- 7085343 TI - Zoonoses at Henry Ford Hospital: clinical, epidemiologic, and therapeutic aspects. PMID- 7085344 TI - [The fluorescent staining of mitochondria in living HeLa- and LM-cells with new acridine dyes (author's transl)]. AB - The fluorescent staining of mitochondria in living cells with new acridine dyes is reported. The fluorescent dyes used are derivatives of acridine orange (AO) and of 3-amino-6-methoxyacridine (AMA) with various residues in 9- or 10-position (Scheme 1). They are either permanent cationic dyes or cations which are formed by protonation in the culture medium. HeLa cells and mouse fibroblasts (LM cells) have been used for our staining experiments. On favourable conditions we succeeded in staining the mitochondria not only orthochromatically but also metachromatically. Photodynamical effects which have been observed during the exposure of the stained cells in the fluorescence microscope are described. The residues in 9- or 10-position favour the dye accumulation in the mitochondria. Vital staining with the basic compounds AO and AMA however leads to the formation of metachromatically stained lysosomes in the orthochromatically stained cytoplasm. The dye 3-amino-6-methoxy-9-(2-hydroxyethyl)acridine stains the nucleus of living cells. PMID- 7085345 TI - Morphologic and cytochemical identification of microperoxisomes in human and non human primate placental trophoblast. AB - Human and non-human primate placental villi (near term) were incubated in an alkaline 3,3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium to identify the distribution of microperoxisomes in these tissues. Catalase-positive microperoxisomes were present in small numbers in cytotrophoblast, but were virtually absent from syncytiotrophoblast. Microperoxisomes were roughly circular in shape and about 0.2-0.3 micrometer in diameter. They always had a close association with an element of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The function of microperoxisomes in placenta, as in many other tissues, is uncertain. Whatever their function, they are presumably more important in cytotrophoblast metabolism than in syncytium. PMID- 7085346 TI - Multiple localizations of adenylate cyclase in rat hippocampus. A histochemical study. AB - A new method for the histochemical demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity, introduced and biochemically tested by Poeggel et al. (1981 a), was employed in nervous tissue. Using this method a multiple pattern of activity was detectable. Activity occurs in nervous as well as glial elements. Biochemical results and physiological conclusions could be confirmed by ultrahistochemical visualization of adenylate cyclase activity in nervous tissue. The specificity of the reaction is controlled by a number of variations of the incubation methods. PMID- 7085347 TI - The influence of tissue section thickness on the study of collagen by the Picrosirius-polarization method. AB - The influence of tissue section thickness on the color and intensity of birefringence displayed by collagen in tissue sections studied by means of the Picrosirius-polarization method, is reported in this paper. When dermal collagen sections of different thicknesses (ranging from 0.25 to 11 micrometers) were studied by this method, it became evident that not only did the intensity of birefringence increase proportionally to tissue section thickness, as was to be expected, but also a gradual shift in color from green through a yellow to red could be observed as tissue section thickness increased. The limitations of the Picrosirius-polarization method for the localization of collagen types I, II, and III in routinely used histological slides is discussed, showing that this method is useful for the study of the distribution of the different types of interstitial collagen in normal adult vertebrate organs. PMID- 7085348 TI - A comparative microphotometric study of succinate dehydrogenase activity levels in type I, IIA and IIB fibres of mammalian and human muscles. AB - Activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were determined kinetically by means of comparative microphotometric measurements in situ. Activities were correlated with fibre types classified histochemically according to Brooke and Kaiser (1970). Analyses of tibialis anterior muscles in the mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and the human showed pronounced variations in the activity profiles of type I, type IIA and IIB fibres of these muscles. Large scattering of enzyme activity existed in three fibre populations. Overlaps of varying extent were found for the SDH profiles between the different muscles. Type I fibres reveal species differences in aerobic oxidative capacity. Whereas the majority of the IIB fibres in rabbit muscle tended to be low in SDH activity, the main fraction of this fibre population was characterized by high activities in mouse muscle. Similarly, the IIA fibre populations revealed opposite properties in mouse and rabbit muscles. These extremes as well as intermediate activity patterns indicate that no general scheme exists according to which the histochemically assessable myosin ATPase is correlated with the aerobic oxidative capacity of muscle fibres in various mammalian muscles. PMID- 7085349 TI - Enzyme histochemical changes in murine osteoarthritis. AB - Male mice of the STR/ORT strain spontaneously develop an osteoarthritic lesion in the medial tibial condyles. Histochemical studies of lactate dehydrogenase have previously shown that a region of completely inactive chondrocytes develops in the cartilage prior to degenerative changes. The present studies have shown a nearly parallel time course for the development of inactive cells and cartilage damage, except that there is a delay of four to five weeks between these two events. It is considered that the latter is a consequence of the former. The mechanism of the enzyme depletion is not known, but it probably extends to many, if not all, oxidative enzymes, and it is suggested that a disturbance in a hydrogen transport (cytochrome) system could account for the apparent lack of activity of many dehydrogenases as demonstrated by tetrazolium salt techniques. PMID- 7085350 TI - A rational approach to the fixation of peptidergic nerve cell bodies in the gut using parabenzoquinone. AB - Study of the possible chemical mechanisms by which parabenzoquinone acts as a fixative in the localisation of neuronal peptides by immunohistochemistry suggested several possible improvements to standard techniques. In particular, by using favourable conditions for regenerative oxidation reactions, i.e. fixing at 37 degrees C in well oxygenated, slightly alkaline buffer, it was possible to improve the localisation of substance P-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactive peptides such that nerve cell bodies were routinely visualised without the use of drugs to block axonal transport. Application of the improved fixation method is likely to facilitate study of the organisation of peptidergic systems. PMID- 7085351 TI - A reliable preparation of mon-dispersed chromosome suspensions for flow cytometry. AB - A reproducible, simple and rapid protocol was developed to prepare mono-dispersed chromosome suspensions for flow cytometric analysis. The procedure basically employes: 1. twice rinsing of monolayer cultures to eliminate dead cells and cellular debris, 2. mild fixation of mitotic cells with 1% acetic acid, and 3. ultra sonic treatment to release single metaphase chromosomes. The procedure takes less than 30 min. Isolated chromosomes are storable over months at 4 degrees C. Despite mild fixation many biochemical studies and experiments applied on such fixed chromosomes purified and enriched using electronic sorting are feasible: 1. gene and restriction mapping, 2. cloning of specific gene sequences, and 3. gene frequency analysis. PMID- 7085355 TI - [Cancer treatment in the oto-rhino-laryngology. Part II]. PMID- 7085352 TI - Copper accumulation in primary biliary cirrhosis. An electron and X-ray microanalytical study. AB - Ultrastructural and X-Ray microanalytical aspects of primary biliary cirrhosis were analysed and compared to those of normal liver. Electron microscopic studies showed a significant increase of dense lipofuscin-like granules in PBC compared to the hepatocytes of normal liver (665%). These granules (0.3-2.7 micrometers in diameter) were formed by the association of primary lysosomes and lipid droplets. X-Ray microanalysis of these structures showed the presence of Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Chlorine, Sulphur, Aluminium and Copper. The coexistence of Sulphur with other mineral elements suggests the occurrence of metalloproteins binding these elements. These findings provide evidence that intralysosomal sequestration of mineral elements, especially copper protects the hepatocytes from cytotoxic effects. PMID- 7085354 TI - [Radiotherapy of Oropharyngeal Carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - The malignant oropharyngeal tumors form an heterogenous entity in therapy and prognosis. The surgeon and the radiotherapist must coordinate their treatment possibilities according to histology ane localization to a combined modality pretherapeutically to obtain good results. The advantages of preoperative radiotherapy can be greater than of postoperative irradiation. The side effects and sequelae of radiotherapy are not seldom considerable. The 5 year-survival rates start with 26% for tumors of the posterior wall and reach 67% at the soft palate. PMID- 7085353 TI - Comparison of motor endings of the cat's muscle spindle stained for NADH tetrazolium reductase and cholinesterase. AB - Cat muscle spindles were examined histochemically in serial transverse sections of tenuissimus muscles stained for ATPase, NADH-TR and ChE alternating sequentially. Motor nerve terminals on nuclear bag1, bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers were identified in periodic sections stained for ChE. Intrafusal fiber regions that carried ChE-active areas were then examined in staining for NADH-TR. The motor endings on the three types of intrafusal fiber differed in their apparent histochemical content of both ChE and NADH-TR. The observations suggest that functional differences may exist among motor nerve terminals on the various intrafusal fiber types. PMID- 7085356 TI - [On the problem of the congenital (?) cholesteatoma of the petrous bone (author's transl)]. AB - The congenital cholesteatoma of the petrous bone is a rarity. The topographic situation corresponds to a congenital dermoid. The evolution is typic. On the beginning the ear drum is intact, very early one will find a loss of the labyrinth function, often accompanied by a facial paresis. The suppuration of the middle ear comes in a later state. The drainage operation is insufficient. The subtotal petrosectomy with permanent anterior dislocation of the facial nerve gives the chance for a definitive healing. PMID- 7085357 TI - [Enhanced variability of the thermal test with patients with vestibular disease (author's transl)]. AB - The reproducibility of nystagmus-intensity was measured with patients with peripheral vestibular disease, and with healthy persons, by a fivefold repetition of the same thermal stimulus. Variability of the data of the patients was considerably higher than of the healthy persons. Thus, the "normal" data have only a restricted value. Therefore, interpretation of thermal tests is more difficult for patients with an eventual vestibular disease. The origin of the enhanced variability seems to be the weakness of the reaction per se, because strong stimuli and hence strong reactions with healthy persons, have a lower relative standard deviation. Furthermore, tonic fluctuation in the diseased vestibular system is probable, as healthy ears of patients with unilateral vestibular disease show increased variability. An improvement of the method of the test is necessary. This can, for instance be achieved by an examination with eyes open under Frenzel's glasses and by repeated, by short and by strong stimuli. PMID- 7085360 TI - [On the significance of alcoholism for etiology, course and prognosis of cancer of the mouth and oropharynx (author's transl)]. AB - Reviewing the records of 131 patients with malign tumors of the mouth and oropharynx 36 (35%) alcoholics were found among 103 male patients with carcinoma. The highest incidence of alcoholism (58%) was seen in patients with carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. In alcoholics the age distribution showed a peak in the 4th decennium, whereas non-alcoholics had this peak in the 6th decennium. With 64% T3-tumors the alcoholics revealed on an average markedly more advanced tumor stages before treatment than the other patient group with only 29% T3-tumors; metastases in the regional lymphnodes were seen in 50% of the latter, but in 72% of the alcoholics. Skin reaction to radiation therapy appeared particulary pronounced more often in alcoholics (87%) than in the other patients (63%). The 3 year survival rates were 38.5% (alcoholics) and 44.5% (non-alcoholics). These observations suggest that alcoholism with its numerous accompaniments does not only play a role in etiology, but does also have unfavourable effects on the course and the prognosis of cancer of the mouth and oropharynx. PMID- 7085358 TI - [Clinic and pathogenesis of the medial cervical cleft. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of the cervical cleft (author's transl)]. AB - The midline cervical cleft is a rare malformation related to the cleft of the lower lip and mandible. In this group it is the least pathological form. The clinical and histological findings could lead to misdiagnosing, those as caused by fistulas of the neck. The knowledge of the atypical signs facilitates the correct diagnosis. Therapy ist total excision applying the principles of plastic surgery not only because of aesthetic but also functional reasons. Suture lines in horizontal directions assure best results. PMID- 7085359 TI - [Tuberculosis of the middle ear]. PMID- 7085361 TI - [Plastic surgery workshop: errors and risks in using free transplants and implants in the facial area]. PMID- 7085364 TI - Continuous mini-infusion of 0.125 percent bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. PMID- 7085363 TI - Management of tubo-ovarian abscess. PMID- 7085365 TI - Prevention of postpartum, postspinal headache. PMID- 7085366 TI - Postural balance and motion patterns. PMID- 7085362 TI - [A proposition of uniform nomenclature of neck dissection (author's transl)]. AB - There are difficulties in the interpretation of operative-surgical interventions (neck dissection), because the possibility to compare the basic disease is restricted and the operative-surgical procedures are described in a very different way. The neck dissection is carried out in different methods and that is why it must be arranged also in the treatment plan in a different way. Three important facts from the lots of information were used to get comparable informations: 1. The method of neck dissection (I-III), 2. the clinical palpation statement of the lymphatic nodes of the neck (A, B) and 3. the histological statement of the lymphatic nodes of the neck (1-3). There will result a clear and also international comparable nomenclature of neck dissection. The problematic marking "prophylactic neck dissection" loses its purpose. PMID- 7085367 TI - Teaching of basic principles of osteopathic manipulative techniques. PMID- 7085369 TI - Autotransfusion: an update. PMID- 7085368 TI - The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section. PMID- 7085370 TI - Conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 7085371 TI - The yearly Pap test--a necessity for American women. PMID- 7085372 TI - Update on the effects of smoking--1981. PMID- 7085374 TI - Seminoma of the testis: results of treatment and patterns of failure after radiation therapy. AB - Four hundred and forty-four patients with the histological diagnosis of pure seminoma were treated at The Princess Margaret Hospital between 1958 and 1976. Using the Walter Reed Hospital staging classification, 338 patients (76.1%) were Stage I, 86 (19.4%) were Stage II, and 20 (4.7%) were Stage III. The 5 year actuarial survival rate (5 yr Sa) for all stages was 87%, and for Stages I, II and III: 94%, 74% and 32% respectively. In Stage II the 5-year Sa was significantly worse when palpable abdominal disease was present (62%, vs 87% when it was absent, p less than .02). Prophylactic mediastinal irradiation was not used for patients with Stage II disease. None of 40 Stage II patients without palpable abdominal disease recurred in the non-irradiated mediastinum. Ten of 46 Stage II patients with palpable abdominal disease recurred in the mediastinum; 7 of the 10 were cured with mediastinal irradiation at the time of relapse. Prophylactic mediastinal irradiation appears unnecessary in Stage II patients. The Stage III category includes a subgroup of patients who were curable with radiation therapy:L 5/6 with supradiaphragmatic nodal disease without palpable abdominal or visceral disease were cured. Exploration of new treatment methods appears indicated for the salvage of patients recurring in sites other than the mediastinum or supraclavicular fossa and for patients presenting with visceral disease. PMID- 7085373 TI - Varicella in pregnancy: report of case and review of the literature. PMID- 7085375 TI - Subsequent malignancies associated with carcinoma of the uterine cervix: including an analysis of the effect of patient and treatment parameters on incidence and sites of metachronous malignancies. AB - The incidence and sites of metachronous malignancies were retrospectively determined from the records of 763 patients seen at Yale University medical Center and affiliated hospitals with previously untreated, invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix from 1953-1972. These patients were treated predominantly with radiation therapy; follow-up status was known for periods of 5-25 years or until time of death in over 96% of the patients. Forty-four patients had second malignancies noted at least 6 months after the initial cervical cancer was diagnosed. The expected incidence of second malignancies was determined from the Connecticut State Tumor Registry data controlling for year of diagnosis of the cervical cancer, patient age, sex, and time at risk (person-years exposure). To correct for any error in estimation of second malignancies introduced by the existence of a latency period for the development of a second cancer, the expected incidence of malignancies was also computed for 5-year time intervals following the cervical cancer. No significant increase in second malignancies was found (observed/expected-44/36) for the entire follow-up period nor for any individual 5-year interval. However, a statistically significant increase in lung cancer and vulva-vaginal cancer was noted and a significant decrease in breast cancer was observed. Cox regression analyses were performed to study the effect of total radium exposure and total external beam treatment, adjusting for other factors. No statistically significant increased risks were found. PMID- 7085376 TI - The risk of second primaries subsequent to irradiation for cervix cancer. AB - A review of 1048 patients with cancer of the cervix treated with radiation, either alone or combined with surgery, disclosed 32 cases of second primary malignancies occurring from 1 to 16 years subsequent to treatment. Using the person years approach, the incidence rate of second primaries was 5.49 per 1000 person years, which is not significantly different from population based rates. The anatomic locations of the new malignancies and the times from treatment of the cervix cancer to diagnosis of a new primary are presented; the possible carcinogenic effects of radiation are discussed. In this group of patients, it was concluded that under the period of observation irradiation administered at therapeutic doses did not increase the probability of second malignancy in the pelvis or at other sites. PMID- 7085377 TI - Changes in early and late radiation responses with altered dose fractionation: implications for dose-survival relationships. AB - Clinical and experimental evidence for divergent changes in early and late radiation responses in normal tissues after changes in dose fractionation indicate a greater sensitivity of late responses to changes in dose per fraction. In experimental studies of the effect of dose per fraction on early and late isoeffects, a larger number-of-fractions exponent for the late responses is the rule. These findings imply that the shape of the dose-survival curve for the target cells whose depletion results in late effects is different from that for target cells for acute effects: as the dose increases the contribution to cell killing from accumulated sublethal injury, relative to killing from single hit events, increases more rapidly in the target cells for late effects. In other words, the survival curve for the target cells for late injury must be "curvier" than that for acute effects. Although such survival curve characteristics are independent of the survival curve model chosen to describe them, they would represent, in terms of the parameters of the linear quadratic model, S = e alphaD-beta D2, a higher beta/alpha ratio for late effects. If the dose survival characteristics of tumor clonogens resemble those of the target cells in acutely responding normal tissues, and if late injury in normal tissues is dose-limiting, then a therapeutic gain would result from reducing the size of dose per fraction by hyperfractionation. Conversely, increasing the size of dose per fraction should reduce the therapeutic differential. PMID- 7085378 TI - Studies on fractionated hyperthermia in experimental animal systems II. Response of murine tumors to two or more doses. AB - The effect of multiple hyperthermia and the kinetics of thermal resistance were studied in experimental murine tumors. A spontaneous C3Hf mouse mammary carcinoma, MCa had a chemically-induced fibrosarcoma, FAa-1, were used. Assay methods included determination of the TCD50, i.e., the treatment time to yield a tumor control in half the treated animals and TG (tumor growth) time analysis, i.e., the time required for a tumor to reach a given size after first treatment. After equal dose fractions the TCD50 of MCa increased with increasing overall treatment time. This increase was most predominant when treatments were given with a time interval of one day. Isoeffect curves for the MCa were comparable to those for normal tissue damage (foot reaction), which was reported in the first part of this series of communications. The kinetics of thermal resistance in the MCa was compared with that in FSa-I since the fractionated hyperthermia for the FSa-I was reported to have resulted in an appreciable therapeutic gain. The magnitude of thermal resistance was far greater in the MCa than in the FSa-I, although the kinetics of thermal resistance was similar in both tumors; i.e., (a) the resistance reached a maximum in 24 hours after treatment and then decayed slowly, and (b) the development of thermal resistance increased with increasing initial dose. The thermal resistance in these tumors appeared to be greater than that in animal feet. PMID- 7085379 TI - Current concepts in cancer: ovary--management of stage I and II disease. Introduction. PMID- 7085380 TI - The place of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stages. PMID- 7085382 TI - Plasma prostaglandin levels in radiation-induced enteritis. AB - Increased prostaglandin synthesis has been implicated as a causative factor in the production of radiation induced enteritis. Seventeen patients selected to begin pelvic irradiation for treatment of gynecological cancer had plasma Prostaglandin E, Prostaglandin F, and 13, 14 dihydro 15 keto PGF2 alpha metabolite determined by radioimmunoassay, prior to initiation of radiotherapy, at weekly intervals during treatment and at six weeks following completion of radiotherapy. A total of 362 prostaglandin determinations were performed. Thirteen patients (76%) developed significant diarrhea consisting of three or more watery bowel movements per day. Nine patients (53%) had intermittent colicky pain and six patients (35%) had nausea and vomiting during treatment. Statistical evaluation revealed no significant elevation of plasma prostaglandins during radiotherapy. PMID- 7085384 TI - Role of computed tomography in the evaluation and management of carcinoma of the prostate. AB - Between January 1978 to March 1980, 25 patients with biopsy-proven prostate carcinoma were evaluated by computerized tomography (CT). CT differed from clinical stage in 7 of 25 patients (28%). In 6 of the 7 patients, change in stage resulted because of demonstration of extracapsular extension and/or pelvic lymph node involvement. Twelve of the 25 patients (48%) underwent surgery with histological confirmation of CT findings. Ct identified nodal involvement accurately in 10 of 12 patients (83%). We recommend use of CT for initial staging, treatment planning and assessment of response in the management of prostate cancer. PMID- 7085383 TI - Evaluation of the bioavailability of misonidazole (NSC#261037) in capsule and tablet form and pharmacologic effects of daily dosage. AB - A total of 34 patients were studied in order to evaluate capsule vs. tablet form of misonidazole and intermittent vs. daily administration. These patients were given drug formulation of tablets for one week and capsules for one week on either an intermittent (1, 2, or 3 times per week) or daily schedule. Total doses ranged from 5-15 gm/m2. There was no significant difference seen in mean serum levels or half-lives between capsules and tablets. Daily misonidazole resulted in slight build-up of serum levels in the latter part of the week. There was no difference in toxicities seen with drug daily vs. intermittent administration. PMID- 7085381 TI - Radiation therapy technique in soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity--policies of treatment at the National Cancer Institute. AB - We have formulated certain treatment techniques for soft sarcomas of the extremities in adults, based on the experience of treating 75 patients at the National Cancer Institute. Attaining a high likelihood of tumor control is heavily dependent on a variety of factors. These factors include a knowledge of the biological characteristics of the tumor, of the normal tissue anatomy and its relationship to the tumor and of the surgical techniques available and the details of the surgery already performed. Obtaining good long term function in the irradiated extremity is dependent on sparing a strip of soft tissue and using sophisticated radiation therapy techniques. These techniques include casting of the extremity for immobilization, using a variety of gantry and collimator angulations, using treatment planning for determining the necessity for wedges or compensating filters in the radiation field and utilizing secondary collimation. With this highly individualized approach to treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas, optimal results can be obtained. PMID- 7085385 TI - Value of multi-planar CT images in interactive dosimetry planning of intracavitary therapy. AB - A method of intracavitary treatment planning and dosimetry analysis which uses multi-planar reconstructed computerized tomography (CT) images is presented. The aim of the method is to improve ability to precisely locate clinical reference points, to fully define pertinent anatomic structures and to provide dose distributions and their relationship to these structures in multiple planes. Our approach is based on interactive treatment planning and point dose display on sagittal and coronal reconstructed CT images as well as the usual transaxial image. The advantages of clinical evaluation of isodoses directly on multi-planar CT images are assessed. These include precise anatomic and dose relationships between the cervix and paracervical structures, the bladder, rectum and pelvic node-bearing sites. Problems of image magnification, blurred images and inadequate resolution attendant to orthogonal radiographs, which are the basis of current techniques, are minimal. Analysis and results of the method and a comparison with the technique of orthogonal radiographs are presented for a demonstration case. PMID- 7085387 TI - Precision in radiation oncology. PMID- 7085386 TI - Large fraction radiotherapy plus misonidazole for treatment of advanced lung cancer: report of a phase I/II trial. AB - From August 1978 through December 1979, 51 patients with advanced non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung were enrolled in a Phase I/II trial sponsored by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) employing misonidazole (a 2 nitroimidazole) as a hypoxic cell sensitizer and radiation. The purpose of this study was to test drug and radiation tolerance and to assess the short term efficacy of this unconventional treatment. Tumor doses of 600 rad wer given twice weekly for three weeks for a total of 3600 rad, preceded four to six hours by misonidazole in a dose of 2 gm/m2 or 1.75 gm/m2, administered orally. Forty-nine patients were evaluable. Serious toxicity from this treatment was rare. Grade 2 or 3 peripheral neuro-toxicity occurred in eight of 24 patients (33%) with drug doses of 2 gm/m2 and in four of 26 patients (15%) who received 1.75 gm/m2. Grade 3 or 4 central nervous system toxicity occurred in two patients. Two patients developed serious late radiation complications: one patient had a transverse myelitis that appeared one year following delivery of 3600 rad to the spinal cord; a second patient developed a tracheoesophageal fistula and pericarditis eight months following treatment. Objective responses were reported in 67% of patients (complete in 18%); 70% of the patients died with a median survival time of nine months. Of 32 patients eligible for 12 month follow-up, 34% survived more than one year. Patterns of relapse after initial treatment and comparison with results from other RTOG trials using conventional fractionation are discussed. PMID- 7085388 TI - Treatment of lymphocytic infiltrative ulcers of the face by minimal dose irradiation of the spleen. PMID- 7085389 TI - Special section on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in transcultural perspective. PMID- 7085390 TI - Peculiarities of psychoanalytic treatment in a bicultural bilingual situation. PMID- 7085391 TI - The cultural dichotomy of colonial people. AB - We have presented a justification for the application of some of the principles of individual psychic development to the understanding of societal development. The interplay between the various systems of organization provides a circular and reciprocal interaction between the individual and the broader organizational levels of which he is a part. We have noted how individuals contribute to the characteristics of these organizational levels, as they contribute to his own. An illustration of this interplay has been provided by describing the impact of a societal condition such as colonialism on the colonized individual, as well as its force in shaping the character of the collectivity. Its effect on individual parameters of self-definition and self-esteem has been noted, and its possible relevance to psychotherapeutic processes pointed out. PMID- 7085392 TI - Foreign medical graduates: transcultural psychoanalytic perspectives. PMID- 7085393 TI - Psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Japan: the issue of dependency pattern and the resolution of psychopathology. AB - In this paper, I have tried to describe some of the characteristics of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Japan in terms of dependency patterns in the psychotherapeutic relationship and the resolution of psychological problems. In the beginning of my paper I described problems concerning the professional network of psychiatry and psychotherapy in Japan and looked at the general attitude of the people toward this type of therapy. Then I briefly mentioned the attraction of traditional folk healing practices and outlined two of the academically acknowledged psychotherapies which originated in Japan. I have also presented characteristics of psychoanalytic psychotherapy practice in conjunction with those Japanese psychotherapies, discussing them in terms of the following issues: 1. General differences in psychoanalytic psychotherapy as contrasted to Naikan and Morita therapies and problems in psychoanalytic treatment that result from these differences. 2. Symptom resolution patterns in psychoanalytic treatment in Japanese patients and in relation to dream interpretation. 3. The cultural pattern of transference and how this relates to the Buddhistic figure of Kannon. 4. The Ajase Complex, a model of maternal transferential issues and an interpretation of objected-relations among the Japanese, namely the importance of forgiveness as a resolution of guilt and resentment. 5. The Amida Complex, a model of the cultural pattern of countertransference and the feeling of omnipotence and need for praise in the therapist. 6. Some complications and characteristics of a patient's perception of psychoanalytic interpretation. 7. The patient's perception of the psychoanalytic psychotherapist. PMID- 7085394 TI - Psychoanalytic psychotherapy among poverty populations and the therapist's use of the self. PMID- 7085395 TI - The Puerto Rican family: cultural factors and family intervention strategies. AB - We have presented what are considered to be the salient features characteristic of the Puerto Rican family. The composition of the family, the important role of the extended family, the impact of machismo, the authoritarian pattern of child rearing, and the religious practices of the Puerto Rican family have been documented through the findings reported by other researchers. It was noted that the high rate of back-and-forth migration between Puerto Rico and the Mainland as well as the colonial status of the society, creates a situation of accelerated change and shifting cultural patterns. We have felt it important to point out the normative patterns on the island. Quite often a well-intentioned clinician, when confronted with issues such as exaggerated machismo or certain responses to stress, may tend to dismiss them as purely cultural and not address the real issues leading to dysfunction or utilize the most appropriate treatment modality. Structural family therapy as a particularly useful treatment modality has been discussed at length, and its applicability and the justification for its utilization in families under stress were elaborated. Treatment strategies and their relationship to Puerto Rican family structure have been delineated. PMID- 7085396 TI - Transcultural aspects in the psychotherapy of the Puerto Rican poor in New York City. PMID- 7085397 TI - Aftermath of the concentration camp: the second generation. PMID- 7085398 TI - Bronchial-arterial interdependence in isolated dog lung. AB - The bronchus and artery, embedded in the lung parenchyma, were modeled as adjoining cylindrical tubes in an elastic continuum. Solutions using finite element analysis of nonuniform stress and strain occurring from an initial uniform state were computed for a reduction in arterial pressure. Maximal nonuniform principal and shear stresses in the parenchyma, equal to 2.5 times the mean periarterial stresses, occurred in the region adjacent to the bronchial arterial joint. Bronchial cross section became oval and elongated along the line passing through the centers of the tubes, whereas arterial cross section elongated at right angles to this line. These predicted changes in shape of bronchus and artery were verified by radiographic measurements in isolated lobes, held at constant transpulmonary pressures of 4 and 25 cmH2O while arterial pressure was varied. Results suggest that peribronchovascular interstitial fluid pressure may be nonuniform and that the bronchial-arterial joint may be the preferential site for emphysematous perivascular lesions, which may occur on lung hyperinflation. PMID- 7085399 TI - Adaptive changes in cats after long-term exposure to various temperatures. AB - Two groups of cats were exposed to 5 and 30 degrees C, respectively for 24 mo in climatic chambers under artificial illumination. Then the ambient temperatures were reversed for both groups for another 36 mo. The group adapted to cold for 36 mo showed an increase in fur growth (+35%), an increase in resting metabolism (+20%), and a shift in threshold of the cold-induced metabolic response to 8 degrees C lower ambient temperatures. Norepinephrine (0.4 mg . kg-1) elicited nonshivering thermogenesis (+37%) in the cold-adapted animals but was ineffective in the warm-adapted ones. Fur insulation at thermoneutrality was 55% higher in the cold-adapted cats. During acute exposure to -5 degrees C, tissue insulation decreased in both groups; fur insulation increased by 34% in the warm-adapted cats but remained nearly constant in the cold-adapted animals. At all ambient temperatures cold-adapted cats had higher (+0.4 degrees C) rectal temperatures. Body weight was not significantly different in both groups, although the cats living in the cold had a 45% higher metabolism. This was compensated by an increased food consumption. PMID- 7085400 TI - Effect of acid-base status on the kinetics of the ventilatory response to moderate exercise. AB - To determine the influence of altered carotid body drive on exercise ventilatory kinetics, five subjects performed four repetitions of constant-load cycle ergometer exercise during air and O2 breathing under each of the following conditions: 1) metabolic acidosis, (NH4Cl, 0.3 g . kg-1 . day-1); 2) metabolic alkalosis (NaHCO3, 0.7 g . kg-1 . day-1); and 3) control (CaCO3, 0.1 g . kg-1 . day-1). Ventilatory and gas exchange variables were computed, breath-by-breath, and the time constant of the ventilatory response in each condition was determined by a least-squares technique. While breathing air, metabolic acidosis caused the magnitude of the ventilatory response to increase and the time constant of the ventilatory kinetics to decrease. With metabolic alkalosis the increase in ventilation caused by exercise tended to be smaller and time constant larger although these changes were not statistically significant. Hyperoxia slowed the ventilatory response in the three acid-base conditions to a similar value. Thus hyperoxia slowed the ventilatory kinetics to a greater degree during acidosis than during control or alkalosis. We conclude that ventilatory dynamics during moderate exercise can be appreciably influenced by the acid-base status with acidosis significantly speeding the response dynamics. And, as these effects are abolished by hyperoxia, they appear to be mediated via the carotid bodies, in the human. PMID- 7085401 TI - Role of ciliary motility in acute allergic mucociliary dysfunction. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine if abnormal ciliary function contributes to allergic mucociliary dysfunction. In conscious sheep with Ascaris suum hypersensitivity, ciliated cells were obtained with a cytology brush and tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) was determined before and serially for 2 h following antigen inhalation. The recovered cells (also containing mast cells) were suspended in a chamber, and ciliary activity was viewed microscopically and recorded on videotape for subsequent slow-motion analysis of ciliary beat frequency (CBF). One hour after A. suum challenge mean CBF (+/- SE) showed a slight increase from a base-line value of 630 +/- 16 to 716 +/- 30 beats/min (P less than 0.05) when mean TMV was decreased to 57% of base line (P less than 0.05). After 2 h, both mean CBF and TMV returned toward base line. Since possible in vivo actions of chemical mediators liberated by antigen challenge may have been lost after suspension of the brushed cells, we also assessed the effects of antigen on CBF in vitro. A. suum caused a dose-dependent increase in CBF that was blocked by cromolyn sodium. We conclude that 1) allergic mucociliary dysfunction is not caused by a decrease in CBF and 2) antigen-induced release of chemical mediators increases CBF. PMID- 7085403 TI - No effect of naloxone on hypoxia-induced ventilatory depression in adults. AB - The ventilatory response to acute isocapnic hypoxia is prompt but is not maintained at its peak. Within 10 min, it begins to fall, and by 30 min has reached an approximately steady level, usually still above control. We used naloxone to test in four men the hypothesis that this fade is hypoxic depression mediated by endogenous opioid peptides, e.g, endorphins. Breath by breath minute ventilation was recorded during a hyperoxic control period (FIO2 = 0.3) to establish control alveolar PCO2. After 15 min. of isocapnic hypoxia (end-tidal PO2 = 45 Torr), naloxone injection (1.2 or 10 mg, iv) failed to alter the slow decrement of ventilation. Hypoxic ventilatory depression appears not to be mediated by endorphins in adults. PMID- 7085402 TI - Body fluid and hematologic adjustments during resting cold acclimation in rhesus monkey. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine body fluid adjustments during prolonged cold exposure in primates. Six male rhesus monkeys were acclimated for 35 days and 6 degrees C and 80% rh. Red cell mass, extracellular fluid volume, and total body water (TBW) were determined with 51Cr, 35SO4, and 3H2O, respectively, prior to and at various intervals during the cold stress. TBW was increased throughout the exposure, whereas changes in extravascular compartments had occurred within the 1st wk of cold exposure, after which they returned to control values. An increased concentration of blood constituents on day 1 was not accompanied by a decrease in cardiovascular volume. Blood volume and plasma volume in relation to TBW were significantly increased on day 3 and remained increased during the remainder of the exposure. These cardiovascular volume changes were accompanied by a significant hemodilution on day 3 and a gradual return to control values. An increased plasma osmolality and expansion of the erythrocytes (decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) were observed throughout the cold stress. These data suggest that the rhesus monkey may be an adequate primate model for studies of body fluid adjustments, especially during prolonged cold exposure, in primates in general, including the human. PMID- 7085404 TI - Functional diagrams of flow and volume for the dog's lung. AB - Quantitative diagrams have been constructed from data obtained in isolated perfused dog lungs for the multiple interrelationships among pressure, volume, and flow characteristics of the pulmonary vasculature. These characteristics are described in the form of functional diagrams for flows from 0.3 to 1.0 l . min-1 . 100 g wet lung weight-1 (WLW), for venous pressures from -8 to +14 Torr, and for arterial pressures from 16 to 30 Torr. The quantitative relationships were shown not to change significantly as the transpulmonary pressure changes within the range from 3 to 10 Torr. The change in blood volume with arterial pressure, called the "distributed arterial compliance," averaged 1.5 g . Torr-1 . 100 g WLW 1. This compliance was nearly constant over the range of arterial pressure studied. On the other hand, the change in blood volume with venous pressure, called the "distributed venous compliance" was different for different levels of venous pressures. Its maximum value was 1.04 g . Torr-1 . 100 g WLW-1 when the venous pressure was near 2 Torr. At venous pressures both above and below this pressure level this compliance decreased. These distributed compliances are described as resulting to a significant extent from changes in flow patterns through the pulmonary circulation rather than being direct indications of the true vascular compliances. PMID- 7085405 TI - Theoretical analysis of optimal P50. AB - A simple expression is derived to describe the partial pressure at 50% hemoglobin saturation with oxygen (P50) that maximizes venous oxygen tension (PO2) for a given arterial PO2 and oxygen consumption. That "optimal P50" also maximizes arteriovenous saturation differences for given arterial and venous PO2 values. The optimal P50 can be expressed as the square root of the product of arterial and venous PO2 values. Alternatively, it can be expressed as a simple function of the arterial PO2 and the arteriovenous saturation difference. Nomograms summarize the relationships between the variables, and published observations that suggest an observational basis for our theoretical analysis are reviewed. We conclude that for normoxia or moderate hypoxia a high P50 is advantageous, whereas for more severe hypoxia or increased metabolic demands, a low P50 is advantageous. PMID- 7085406 TI - Adjustments in metabolic heat production by squirrel monkeys exposed to microwaves. AB - Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were exposed in the far field of a horn antenna to both brief (10-min) and prolonged (90-min) periods of 2,450-MHz continuous microwaves. Ambient temperature (Ta) was constant at 15, 20, or 25 degrees C. Microwave power density ranged from 2.5 to 10 mW/cm2, representing a range of whole-body energy absorption from 0.4 to 1.5 W/kg. Reliable reductions in metabolic heat production (M), calculated from oxygen deficit in the monkey's expired air, were initiated at all Ta by 10-min whole-body exposures to power densities of 4 mW/cm2 (2 monkeys) or 6 mW/cm2 (1 monkey) and above. The magnitude of M reduction was linearly related to microwave intensity above the threshold level. Termination of microwaves was followed by a rapid M rebound. The change in M produced by a given power density was nearly the same in Ta = 15 and 20 degrees C. During 90-min exposures at Ta = 20 degrees C, the vigorous M reduction to microwave onset adapted slowly, ensuring continual precise regulation of internal body temperature. Thus cold-exposed endotherms readily compensate for microwave induced body heating by reducing endogenous heat production. PMID- 7085408 TI - A model for mechanical structure of the alveolar duct. AB - The appearance of the microstructure of the lung as revealed in transmission and scanning electron micrographs of perfusion-fixed air- and saline-filled lungs suggests the following model for the structure of the alveolar duct. There are two networks of force-bearing elements. The first is an interdependent part of the peripheral connective tissue system that starts from the pleura and extends into the interlobar and interlobular fissures. At the sublobular level, its geometry is not yet fully clear. This network is extended by changes in lung volume and is insensitive to surface tension. The second network is composed of the line elements that form the rims of the alveolar openings. This network is the terminal part of the axial fiber system that surrounds bronchi, bronchioli, and arteries. The line elements of this network are extended by the outward force of surface tension. The two-dimensional alveolar walls that form the alveoli are negligible mechanical components except as platforms for surface tension at the air-liquid interface. An analysis of the mechanics of this model yields relations among surface area, recoil pressure, lung volume, and surface tension that are consistent with published data for lung volumes below 80% of total lung capacity. PMID- 7085407 TI - Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes endogenous triacylglycerols in muscle of exercised rats. AB - A strenuous program of treadmill running increased endogenous lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity 2.7-fold in the soleus and 2.8-fold in fast-red fibers of the quadriceps. Under these conditions, intracellular triacylglycerols (TG) decreased 25% in the soleus and 44% in fast-red muscle fibers. Free fatty acids (FFA) increased 2.1-fold (soleus) and 2.7-fold (fast-red). In the heart, a 2-h bout of swimming in untrained rats increased intracellular LPL activity 64% measured 24 h after work. The magnitude of the increase in endogenous LPL activity in heart was dependent on the intensity of the exercise. With elevated levels of intracellular LPL activity in the myocardium, TG was reduced 49% and FFA increased 3.4-fold. These results provide evidence that exercise may result in an increased capacity to hydrolyze intramuscular TG. Further, they suggest that LPL may be the enzyme responsible for intracellular TG hydrolysis in heart and skeletal muscle. PMID- 7085411 TI - Interaction of oscillatory and unidirectional flows in straight tubes and an airway cast. AB - Because oscillatory resistance of the respiratory system is often measured during tidal breathing, we studied the interaction between simultaneous oscillatory and unidirectional flows in three straight tubes (radius ranging from 0.3025 to 0.679 cm and length either 30.7 or 173 cm) and a central airway cast (tracheal radius 0.685 cm). Oscillatory flow was generated by a loudspeaker, airway pressure was measured with a transducer, and flow was calculated from pressure changes in an airtight enclosure mounted behind the flow source (loudspeaker plethysmograph). Oscillatory resistance, i.e., the real part of impedance, was determined from 2 to 64 Hz. In the absence of unidirectional flow, frequency dependence of resistance was observed for the two 30.7-cm-long tubes to match previously published theory. Frequency dependence of resistance for the airway cast was similar to that of the tube of comparable inlet radius. In the presence of unidirectional flow, oscillatory resistance at low frequency was independent of frequency and determined by the magnitude of the unidirectional flow. Oscillatory resistance at high frequency was frequency dependent but still influenced by the magnitude of the unidirectional flow. Our results indicate that the presence of unidirectional flow alters the oscillatory resistance of tubes and the cast at any given frequency, presumably by changing the shape of the boundary layer. PMID- 7085409 TI - The muscarinic receptors of airway smooth muscle: their characterization in vitro. AB - We have used radioligand binding and in vitro muscle contraction techniques to characterize the muscarinic cholinergic receptors of canine tracheal smooth muscle. The tritiated muscarinic antagonist, quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), bound no particulate preparations of tracheal smooth muscle with high affinity, saturability, pharmacologic specificity, and stereoselectivity. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the binding reaction was 33 +/- 3 pM (mean +/- SE). The concentration of binding sites was 410 +/- 34 pmol/g protein. The ability of muscarinic agents to inhibit [3H]QNB binding paralleled their relative effects on tracheal smooth muscle contraction in vitro. We found the anesthetic agents, lidocaine and tetracaine, and the nicotonic cholinergic antagonist d tubocurarine, were competitive inhibitors of [3H]QNB binding to the tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Histamine, aminophylline, and adrenergic agonists did not act as competitive inhibitors. The guanine nucleotide, guanyl-5' imidodiphosphate, reduced the ability of the muscarinic agonist, acetylcholine, to compete with high affinity for [3H]QNB binding site(s) in tracheal smooth muscle but had minimal effects on the binding of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. THe radioligand binding and in vitro contraction techniques described are being used to study the possible alteration of muscarinic receptors of airway smooth muscle in disease or from treatment. PMID- 7085410 TI - Chemoreceptor involvement in cortisol responses to hypoxia in ventilated dogs. AB - Changes in cortisol secretion rate (CSR) in response to hypoxic hypoxia (HH) and to carbon monoxide hypoxia (COH) were assessed in mongrel dogs that had intact chemoreceptors (INT); surgically deafferented carotid bodies (CBD) or aortic bodies (ABD); or both carotid and aortic chemoreceptors denervated (SAD). All dogs were anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated, and maintained normocapnic. In the INT and ABD groups, CSR responded "maximally" to HH, whereas in CBD and SAD animals, the CSR was attenuated but not eliminated. COH, which does not stimulate the carotid body, caused a submaximal increase in CSR regardless of chemoreceptor status. It is concluded that 1) the carotid bodies are the principal chemoreceptor influence on CSR during HH and 2) there is a nonchemoreceptor mediated increase in CSR during hypoxia. PMID- 7085412 TI - Response of the pulmonary circulation to acute hypoxia in the growing pig. AB - In a previous article we have analyzed the structure of the growing pig lung and correlated the findings with cardiorespiratory function studies on the same animals (J. Appl. Physiol: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 806-817, 1978). The present study analyzes the pulmonary and systemic vascular responses to acute hypoxia in some of those animals at three ages, 2-4, 5-8, and 9-12 wk, the lung of the 12-wk-old pig being structurally similar to that of the adult. In all anesthetized animals, acute hypoxia (5 min 10% fractional inspired oxygen concentration) increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and total pulmonary resistance (TPR). The increase over base line of Ppa was 41.3% in animals aged 2-4 wk; 83.0% in those aged 5-8 wk, and 136.9% in those aged 9-12 wk; for TPR the increase in the three age groups was 66.4, 92.4, and 138.9%, respectively. This difference in vasoactivity with age is associated with the progressive extension of smooth muscle into the intra-acinar arterial tree, which we have previously shown is an important feature of the structural remodeling that occurs during postnatal lung development in both man and swine. PMID- 7085413 TI - Chylomicron triglyceride metabolism in resting and exercising fed dogs. AB - The turnover of circulating triglycerides (TG) was determined in dogs during rest, following ingestion of food that included corn oil, and in the final period of a 1-h treadmill exercise of moderate intensity (72-84 m/min). In all cases the loss of [14C]TG from the plasma followed a first-order process. The fractional removal rate constant at rest was 26.5 +/- 1.9% (SE) n = 10) of the circulating pool size per minute, and it was increased slightly to 33.8 +/- 3.6% (n = 7) per minute during exercise. The uptake of plasma TG-derived fatty acids (5 min postinjection) was increased (P less than 0.05) in working muscle, whereas the TG uptake in fat tended to decrease. Further, the percent of TG-derived fatty acids found in the muscle's acylglyceride pool was less (90.0 +/- 3.6 vs. 53.5 +/- 1.8%), while that in the muscle's free fatty acid pool was greater (12.3 +/- 36.1 +/- 4.7%) in working compared with resting muscle. Thus the fourfold greater quantity of plasma TG-derived fatty acids found in the working muscle's free fatty acid pool could account for the entire increased TG uptake caused by exercise. This suggests that, in the fed state, circulating TG could represent a potential source of fatty acids for beta-oxidation in working muscle. However, the importance of plasma TG-derived fatty acids as an energy substrate during muscle use in a postprandial state has yet to be determined quantitatively. PMID- 7085414 TI - Respiratory muscle fatigue after marathon running. AB - Respiratory muscle fatigue has been demonstrated in the laboratory as well as in pathological states, but whether it occurs in healthy individuals under physiological conditions is unknown. To determine whether fatigue of the respiratory muscles may develop with endurance exercise, we measured spirometry and respiratory muscle strength and endurance in four runners before and after completion of a marathon race (42.2 km). Strength was assessed by measuring maximal inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures and transdiaphragmatic pressure during inspiratory capacity (PdiIC); endurance was determined by measuring maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV). After marathon running (mean time, 3 h 24 min) there was no change in forced vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, or flow rates from prerace values. Decreases were observed between pre- and postrace PImax (165.8 +/- 11.0 vs. 138.5 +/- 7.6 cmH2O; P less than 0.01) PEmax (240.0 +/- 20.4 vs. 173.0 +/- 22.6 cmH2O; P less than 0.05), PdiIC (78.8 +/- 11.6 vs. 63.3 +/- 7.0 cmH2O; P less than 0.10), and MVV (178 +/- 24.2 vs. 161.2 +/- 23.2 l/min; P less than 0.005). The decrements in respiratory muscle strength and endurance suggest the development of respiratory muscle fatigue after marathon running. PMID- 7085415 TI - Acclimatization to dry heat: active men vs. active women. AB - Physiological responses to exercise in dry heat were compared between six active men [maximum O2 consumption (VO2max), 51.4 +/- 1.2 ml . kg-1 . min-1] and four active women (VO2max, 47.2 +/- 1.3 ml . kg-1 . min-1) before, during, and after heat acclimatization. Subjects cycled a maximum of 2 h at 40% VO2max at 45 degrees C dry-bulb temperature, 23 degrees C wet-bulb temperature for 11 days. Prior to acclimatization there were no sexual differences for performance time, rate of increase of rectal temperature (delta Tre), or sweat rate per degree C increase of rectal temperature (msw/delta Tre). Sweat rate (msw) was greater for the men than for the women. Although there was no difference in the rate of increase of heart rate (delta HR), HR for the women was maintained 15-20 beats . min-1 higher than for the men. Acclimatization occurred for both sexes as indicated by reduced Tre and HR and increased msw and performance time. With acclimatization the women had longer performance times than the men. Even though the men still had greater msw, delta Tre was also greater; therefore msw/delta Tre for the men was less than for the women. Neither HR nor delta HR was different between the sexes. Throughout, resting hematocrit for the women was less than for the men; no changes in hematocrit were observed during exercise or with acclimatization. Plasma protein concentration increased during exercise on all days; no changes in plasma osmolality were observed. It is concluded that active women perform exercise of equal relative intensity in dry heat as well as active men. Moreover active women acclimatized to heat at a faster rate or to a greater extent than did active men. PMID- 7085416 TI - Respiratory mechanics of a small carnivore: the ferret. AB - The ferret, Mustela putorius furo, is a small relatively inexpensive carnivore with minimal housing requirements. Measurements were made from anesthetized tracheotomized supine males. Values obtained during tidal breathing for six animals (576 +/- 12 g) were as follows: tidal volume, 6.06 +/- 0.30 ml; respiratory frequency, 26.7 +/- 3.9 breaths min-1; dynamic lung compliance, 2.48 +/- 0.21 ml cmH2O-1; pulmonary resistance, 22.56 +/- 1.61 cmH2O . l-1 . s. Pressure-volume curves from nine ferrets revealed almost infinitely compliant chest walls so that lung and total respiratory system curves were essentially the same. Total lung capacity (TLC, 89 +/- 5 ml) and functional residual capacity (17.8 +/- 2.0 ml) were determined by gas freeing the lungs in vivo. The TLC of these ferrets is about the same as in 2.5-kg rabbits. Maximum expiratory flow volume curves showed peak flows of 10.1 vital capacities (VC) . s-1 at 75% VC and flows of 8.4 and 5.4 VC . s-1 at 50 and 25% VC. PMID- 7085417 TI - Exponential analysis of pressure-volume relationship in excised human lungs. AB - Eighty excised human lungs were placed in a volume-displacement plethysmograph, and expiratory pressure-volume (PV) data points were obtained between transpulmonary pressures of 30 and 0 cmH2O. An exponential function of the form V = A - Be-KP was fitted to the PV data points (V is the volume at pressure P, A is the maximal lung volume at infinite pressure, B is A minus the intercept of the exponential on the volume axis, and K is a shape constant directly related to lung compliance). Thirty-two lungs were emphysema-free and 48 lungs had emphysema ranging from grade 2 to grade 80. In the emphysema-free lungs the exponential fit was excellent in terms of r2, but systematic deviations from the PV data occurred in both young and old lungs. Both K and B/A were significantly age related (P less than 0.01). In the emphysematous lungs the exponential fit was equivalent to that in the emphysema-free lungs although, again, systematic deviations from the PV data occurred. With age constant, K (P less than 0.01) but not B/A was significantly correlated with the emphysema grade. However, the overlap with values of K in the emphysema-free lungs was too great for K to be useful in the diagnosis of emphysema. PMID- 7085418 TI - Thermal insulation and shivering threshold in Greek sponge divers. AB - Sublingual temperature (Tor), average skin temperature (Tsk), and skin heat flow (Hsk) were determined in a field study for six Greek sponge divers and seven nondiving controls during head-out immersions at water temperature of 21 degrees C. Wetsuits kept Tsk at 22-28 degrees C for 1-3 h until Tor fell to 36.5-35.5 degrees C and violent shivering [metabolic rate (M) = 100-150 W . m-2] ended the test. At a steady Tsk, immediately before shivering, overall tissue insulation (It), calculated as (Tor--Tsk)/Hsk, was linearly related to mean subcutaneous fat thickness (MFT) in both groups without statistical difference between them. The onset of shivering, as detected by a sharp increase of M, occurred at the same Tor for a Tsk of about 26 degrees C, and the relationship of M vs. Tor (i.e., metabolic sensitivity) was the same for both groups. Contrary to other groups accustomed to diving in cold water, the use of a wetsuit for a long time has evidently prevented cold adaptation in these divers. PMID- 7085419 TI - Sparing effect of chronic high-altitude exposure on muscle glycogen utilization. AB - Substrate utilization during heavy [approximately 85% maximum O2 consumption (VO2max)] bicycle exercise was examined in eight low-altitude residents at sea level (SL) and after acute (2 h) and chronic (18 days) high-altitude (HA) exposure at 4,300 m. Mean VO2max was approximately 27% lower at acute HA than at SL and did not change significantly with continued HA exposure. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were obtained before and after 30 min of exercise, whereas determinations of the respiratory exchange ratio (R) were made at 10-min intervals during each of the submaximal bouts. Resting levels of serum-free fatty acids at acute and chronic HA were, respectively, two and three times higher than SL but were unchanged with exercise. Exercise did not alter resting serum glycerol levels at SL or during acute HA, but during chronic HA resting glycerol levels were increased 11-fold. Although mean blood lactate concentrations following exercise at SL and acute HA were not significantly different, postexercise lactate concentrations were 87% lower after chronic HA. During exercise at SL and acute HA, muscle glycogen utilization and R were not different. At chronic HA, muscle glycogen utilization and R were 41 and 15% lower, respectively. These data suggest that after chronic HA exposure, increased mobilization and use of free fatty acids during exercise resulted in sparing of muscle glycogen. PMID- 7085420 TI - Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. AB - The relationship between running speed (RS) and heart rate (HR) was determined in 210 runners. On a 400-m track the athletes ran continuously from an initial velocity of 12-14 km/h to submaximal velocities varying according to the athlete's capability. The HRs were determined through ECG. In all athletes examined, a deflection from the expected linearity of the RS-HR relationship was observed at submaximal RS. The test-retest correlation for the velocities at which this deflection from linearity occurred (Vd) determined in 26 athletes was 0.99. The velocity at the anaerobic threshold (AT), established by means of blood lactate measurements, and Vd were coincident in 10 runners. The correlation between Vd and average running speed (mean RS) in competition was 0.93 in the 5,000 m (mean Vd = 19.13 +/- 1.08 km/h; mean RS = 20.25 +/- 1.15 km/h), 0.95 in the marathon (mean Vd = 18.85 +/- 1.15 km/h; mean RS = 17.40 +/- 1.14 km/h), and 0.99 in the 1-h race (mean Vd = 18.70 +/- 0.98 km/h; mean RS = 18.65 +/- 0.92 km/h), thus showing that AT is critical in determining the running pace in aerobic competitive events. PMID- 7085421 TI - Bronchodilatation, lung recoil, and density dependence of maximal expiratory flow. AB - Using normal human subjects we have measured maximal expiratory flow rates with air (Vmaxair) and after a washin of 80% He-20% O2 (VmaxHeO2) and static elastic recoil pressures of the lung [Pst(L)] both before and after administration of a beta-agonist, terbutaline. The effects of inhaled drug were compared with those of the subcutaneously administered agent, each given in doses to produce maximal bronchodilatation as assessed by increases in Vmaxair in the mid-vital capacity. Although there was a significant yet modest decrease in Pst(L) only after injection of the agent, density dependence (DD), assessed as the ratio of VmaxHeO2 to Vmaxair, increased significantly and comparably after either route of administration. A modest decrease in Pst(L), therefore, did not affect the changes in DD. PMID- 7085424 TI - Time course of ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle after two types of exercise. AB - To ascertain the effects of sprint and endurance exercise on the time course of skeletal muscle mitochondrial changes, an ultrastructural study was conducted on four Thoroughbred horses. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken at various intervals during and after the exercise. Transient mitochondrial alterations of varying degrees were observed following both types of exercise and were considered to be related to the development of fatigue. The degree of distortion of mitochondrial structure is considered not to represent the in vivo condition but the state of responsiveness to the fixation medium. PMID- 7085422 TI - Effect of upper body posture on forced inspiration and expiration. AB - The upper body posture naturally adopted by long distance runners was quantified, and its effects on ventilation were assessed in 14 subjects. Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and flow-volume loop maneuvers were performed in three seated positions: 1) natural running posture (RUN), with back angled forward 11 degrees, neck flexed, and head extended 35 degrees forward of the spinal column; 2) back vertical with head and neck as above (NEF); and 3) head and back vertical (VERT). MVV was significantly higher in RUN compared with both NEF and VERT, as were peak inspiratory pressure (PImax) from functional residual capacity, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and peak inspiratory flow (PIF). Expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity was significantly higher in RUN and NEF than in VERT, consistent with reported increases in flow due to tracheal stiffening. The increased PIF and PImax in RUN indicate increased inspiratory muscle tension and/or improved transduction of tension into a more negative pleural pressure. Magnetometer tracings of rib cage dimensions demonstrated greater anteroposterior stability during maximal inspiratory efforts in RUN compared with VERT. The improved inspiratory function seen in RUN may be due to more effective diaphragmatic and/or accessory muscle function. These findings demonstrate that the position naturally adopted by long distance runners favors ventilation. PMID- 7085425 TI - Relationship between regional lung volume and regional pulmonary vascular resistance. AB - We have examined the relationship between regional pulmonary vascular resistance (PVRr) and regional lung volume (VLr) to determine whether the decrease in blood flow in the dependent lung (zone 4) was related to lung volume. Regional blood flow (Qr) was measured with radiolabeled macroaggregates at functional residual capacity (FRC) and at transpulmonary pressure of 10 cmH2O (PL10) in 10 anesthetized supine dogs. VLr was determined at FRC by measuring lung density in frozen lung slices and was calculated at PL10 using each dog's pressure-volume curve. We found that when PVRr was expressed as a function of VLr there was not a single relationship between the two. Instead we found two separate U-shaped curves, one at FRC and one at PL10 indicating that the increased vascular resistance at the lung base remained when the lung volume was made uniform by inflation to PL10. This suggests that there is no simple relationship between VLr and PVRr. PMID- 7085426 TI - Force-velocity relationship of expiratory muscles in normal subjects. AB - We examined the force-velocity relationship of the respiratory muscles in normal subjects under nearly isotonic conditions, taking into consideration the pleural pressure (Ppl) changes during maximum forced expirations (MFE). We used an electromagnetic valve (EMV) to select the Ppl value at the onset of mouth flow; and both a pressure reservoir and a variable resistance to control the Ppl changes after the opening of the EMV during MFE. To simulate isotonic conditions and to obtain the shortening velocity of the contractile element (CE), we mathematically corrected the velocity of the series elastic component (SEC), using a modified version of Hill's equation. Although the maximum tension at total lung capacity (TLC) [1,156 +/- 215 (SD) g/cm] was larger than that at functional residual capacity (FRC) (782 +/- 97 g/cm) there was no significant difference in the maximum shortening velocity, 3.4 +/- 1.0 and 3.2 +/- 0.8 circumference/s at TLC and FRC, respectively. The mean values of k (slope) for the SEC at TLC and FRC were 19 +/- 4 and 18 +/- 5 circumference-1, respectively, and they were not significantly different. We concluded that the force-velocity relationship of the expiratory muscles exhibited the same mechanical properties as that of the other skeletal muscles. PMID- 7085423 TI - Regional effects of autonomic agents on ion transport across excised canine airways. AB - The effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists and antagonists on ion transport and bioelectric properties of excised canine trachea, main-stem bronchi, and subsegmental bronchi were studied. Acetylcholine (ACh) induced in bronchi a dose-dependent reduction in net Na+ absorption, maximal (30%) at 10(-5) M, that reflected a raised Na+ flux from submucosa to mucosa. Because conductance (G) did not change we speculate that the increased flow in the "passive" direction represents the induction of bidirectional Na+ transport. ACh (10(-4) M) increased net Cl- secretion in the trachea and main-stem bronchi and reduced Na+ absorption. ACh effects in all regions were blocked by atropine. In bronchi, alpha- or beta-adrenergic agonists, 10(-5) and 10(-3) M, raised G and unidirectional Cl- fluxes without affecting short-circuit current (Isc) or inducing Cl- secretion. Small reductions in Na+ absorption were noted at 10(-5) M. In contrast, adrenergic agents increased Isc and Cl- secretion in the trachea. We concluded that neurohumoral agonists induce different patterns of effects on ion transport in central compared with more distal airways. Agonists of both classes induced Cl- secretion in the trachea and reduced but did not abolish net NaCl absorption in the bronchi. PMID- 7085427 TI - Failure of body plethysmography in bronchial asthma. AB - To determine whether acute changes in lung volumes in asthma are accurately measured by body plethysmography, we induced acute changes in lung mechanics with acetylcholine in nine asthmatic patients and with salbutamol in six others. Total lung capacity (TLC) was measured with a body plethysmograph and derived from mouth pressure vs. box volume (Vbox) changes (TLCm) or esophageal pressure vs. Vbox changes (TLCes). In six patients (4 after acetylcholine) TLCm was significantly (P less than 0.05) different from prechallenge values (differences ranged from 0.29 to 1.55 liters), but TLCes did not change. In three additional patients both TLCm (mean difference 0.62 liter) and TLCes (mean difference 0.43 liter) changed (P less than 0.05), but no changes occurred in six others. An electrical analog of the lung demonstrates in the presence of intrathoracic airway obstruction overestimation of thoracic gas volume and TLC. This is due to the presence of a compliant extrathoracic airway that acts as a shunt impedance. The magnitude of the overestimation of TGV appears to depend on the distensibility of the extrathoracic airway and the degree of airway obstruction. We conclude that the plethysmographic method may introduce important errors in lung volume measurements in the obstructive syndrome, especially a severe one. Some of previously reported acute increases in TLC in asthmatics may be artifactual. PMID- 7085428 TI - Demonstration of failure of body plethysmography in airway obstruction. AB - To demonstrate the role of extrathoracic airways in the overestimation of lung volumes by body plethysmography in airway obstruction, we induced in six normal subjects an artificial airway stenosis by inflating a balloon in the lower trachea. We measured thoracic gas volume in a body plethysmograph simultaneously from mouth pressure (Pm) vs. plethysmographic volume (Vbox) (TGVm) and from esophageal pressure (Pes) vs. Vbox (TGVes). During control measurements there was no difference between TGVm and TGVes (P greater than 0.1) in any subject. Balloon inflation (B) resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease of specific airway conductance (sGaw) from a mean value of 0.199 +/- 0.66 (SD) to 0.025 +/- 0.01 cmH2O-1 . s-1. TGVm significantly (P less than 0.02) exceeded TGVes in every subject (mean diff 1.24 +/- 0.56 liters) and Pm lagged behind Pes. In two subjects studied at different levels of airway obstruction we found a significant (P less than 0.05) correlation between TGVm-TGVes difference and sGaw. Bypassing the extrathoracic airways by a cuffed endotracheal tube resulted in each case in a degree of airway obstruction comparable to that during balloon inflation (sGaw 0.019 +/- 0.004 cmH2O-1 . s-1), but no difference between TGVm and TGVes (P greater than 0.1). We conclude that lung volume is overestimated by plethysmography in airway obstruction. The overestimation is due to the presence of a compliant extrathoracic airway, and it probably depends on both the degree of airway obstruction and the value of compliance of the extrathoracic airway. PMID- 7085429 TI - Parameter estimation of transpulmonary mechanics by a nonlinear inertive model. AB - Transpulmonary mechanics of anesthetized intubated dogs were studied during control breathing and hemorrhage-induced hyperventilation by least-mean-squares parameter estimation using several model versions. The classical elastance resistance model was modified to include nonlinear elastic and viscous pressure terms with and without a linear inertive pressure component. Inclusion of the nonlinear terms decreased the root-mean-square error of fitting (q) of the classical model on the average to 67% in the control period and to 58% during hyperventilation. An additional decrease due to inertance was 4% (control) and 22% (hyperventilation) and was associated with acceptable estimates of inertance [0.056 +/- 0.02 (SD) and 0.063 +/- 0.008 cmH2O . l-1 . s2, respectively]. When inertance alone was added to the classical model, negligible improvement in q and unrealistic values of inertance were obtained. Conventional measures (Edyn and midvolume resistance) were close to the corresponding least-mean-squares estimates (E and R) of all model versions, except that in hyperventilation neglecting the inertance caused Edyn to markedly overestimate E of nonlinear inertive model. PMID- 7085430 TI - Interaction of serotonin with vagal- and ACh-induced bronchoconstriction in canine lungs. AB - The bronchoconstrictor response to electrical stimulation of the peripheral ends of both cut cervical vagus nerves was potentiated by serotonin aerosols in 10 experiments in 7 anesthetized dogs. The bronchoconstrictor response to acetylcholine (ACh) aerosols was unchanged after serotonin. We conclude that serotonin acts at the level of the parasympathetic ganglia or the postganglionic nerve terminal to potentiate the bronchoconstrictor response to vagal stimulation. PMID- 7085431 TI - Hemodynamic responses to methoxamine in exercise-conditioned and aorta constricted rats. AB - Hemodynamic responses to methoxamine hydrochloride (Vasoxyl) were determined in rats conditioned by a moderate treadmill exercise program and in rats subjected to 5 wk of abdominal aortic constriction. Rats of comparable age served as controls. Initial hemodynamic values for control rats were as follows: left ventricular pressure, 124 +/- 4 Torr and cardiac index, 145 +/- 8 ml . min-1 . kg 1. Although minor variations were noted, initial hemodynamic values for exercise conditioned rats were within the normal range, and no left ventricular hypertrophy was present. Aorta-constricted rats exhibited a 50% increase in left ventricular weight and significant differences in left ventricular pressure (173 +/- 9 Torr) and cardiac index (117 +/- 10 ml . min-1 . kg-1). Sequentially increasing doses of methoxamine were infused to elevate myocardial preload and afterload. When compared with control rats, exercise-conditioned animals were better able to maintain cardiac index at comparable increases in either mean arterial or left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. In contrast, aorta constricted rats demonstrated profound reductions in hemodynamic functions in response to methoxamine infusion. Directionally divergent hemodynamic results occur in exercise-conditioned and aorta-constricted animals when subjected to identical cardiovascular stresses. PMID- 7085433 TI - Tracheal contraction and relaxation initiated by lung and somatic afferents in dogs. AB - Capsaicin injected into the right heart of dogs causes reflex bronchoconstriction by stimulating pulmonary C-fibers, but injected into the left heart it is said to have little effect even though it stimulates bronchial C-fibers, which are known to cause contraction of airway smooth muscle. Attempting to resolve this apparent contradiction, we recorded smooth muscle tension in an innervated tracheal segment in anesthetized dogs and examined the reflex effects of injecting capsaicin intravascularly at different sites. Right atrial injection of capsaicin (10 micrograms/kg) caused tracheal contraction, as did bronchial arterial injection (0.15-5.0 micrograms); left atrial injection (10 micrograms/kg), however, caused relaxation or slight contraction, or a combination of the two. Contraction but not relaxation was abolished by cutting or cooling (0 degree C) the cervical vagus nerves. Femoral arterial injection (10-100 micrograms) caused tracheal relaxation, which was abolished by cutting hindlimb nerves. We conclude that both pulmonary and bronchial C-fibers evoke tracheal contraction, but when capsaicin is injected into the left atrium any effects of stimulating bronchial C fibers are masked by the reflex action of somatic afferents, which cause tracheal relaxation. PMID- 7085432 TI - Central and regional circulatory adaptations to one-leg training. AB - Six young healthy male subjects performed submaximal and maximal exercise on bicycle ergometers with one leg and two legs before and after 8 wk of one-leg training with each of both legs. The following variables were measured during one and two-leg exercise: oxygen uptake, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, leg blood flow, and iliac arteriovenous differences for oxygen and lactate. After training the maximal oxygen uptake during one- and two-leg exercise was increased by 19 and 11%, respectively. The corresponding cardiac outputs increased by 16 and 11%, respectively. During submaximal one-leg exercise, heart rate decreased by 11%, whereas a decrease of only 2% was seen during submaximal two-leg exercise. Mean blood pressure decreased by about 10 Torr in both types of exercise and during both submaximal and maximal exercise. Maximal leg blood flow increased only by 1.2 l/min during one-leg exercise. Leg blood flow and leg oxygen uptake were smaller during two-leg exercise than during one-leg exercise and more so after training. These findings indicate that one-leg exercise, compared with two-leg exercise, involves circulatory adaptations that respond differently to one-leg training. The findings further imply that oxygen supply to one large muscle group of exercising muscles may be limited by vasoconstriction when another large group of muscles is exercising simultaneously. PMID- 7085434 TI - Problems in measurement of thoracic gas volume in infancy. AB - Thoracic gas volume (TGV) was measured with a whole-body plethysmograph in 20 infants at functional residual capacity (FRC) and at a series of higher lung volumes achieved by artificial inflation of the lungs with known volumes of air after airway occlusion. There was a discrepancy between the corrected values of TGV measured at high and low lung volumes in nine infants; in six cases TGV measured at high lung volumes exceeded that measured at FRC, and in three cases it was reduced when compared with the measurement made at FRC. These changes were not related to age, size, or clinical status and could be explained by airway closure at FRC, combined with an uneven distribution of pleural pressure. PMID- 7085435 TI - Extrapolation between species. PMID- 7085437 TI - Phycomycosis of the axilla and the inner brachium in a dog: surgical excision and reconstruction with a thoracodorsal axial pattern flap. PMID- 7085436 TI - Nutrition of the cat. PMID- 7085438 TI - Treatment of canine heartworm disease coexisting with right-side heart failure. PMID- 7085439 TI - Partial carpal fusion in the dog. PMID- 7085440 TI - Paraplegia and subclinical neuromyopathy associated with a primary lung tumor in a dog. PMID- 7085441 TI - Repeat transplacental transfer of Toxoplasma gondii in dairy goats. AB - Six dogs inoculated with the GT-1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii aborted or gave birth to kids transplacentally infected with T gondii. In the next breeding season, does were bred to a T gondii-negative buck. Four of the 6 does gave birth to kids not infected with T gondii. At 139 days after breeding, 1 doe gave birth to 3 kids infected with T gondii. Kid 1 was born alive but died within 1 hour of birth; kid 2 was born dead; and kid 3 was born weak then euthanatized 1 day after birth. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from fetal cotyledons and brain, heart, lung, liver, thigh muscle, and spinal cord of each kid. Microscopically, evidence of interstitial nodular pneumonia, hepatic necrosis, nonsuppurative myositis, myocarditis, and encephalitis was found in each kid. The 6th doe aborted 2 disintegrated fetuses at about 3 months of gestation. PMID- 7085442 TI - Infectious agents associated with neonatal calf disease in southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon. AB - Over a 2-year period, 296 episodes of disease involving 226 1-to-60-day-old calves were referred to the Caldwell Veterinary Teaching Center. Infectious disease agents were found in 96% of the cases. Salmonella spp were the most frequently isolated agents from dairy calves, whereas coronavirus was the agent most commonly associated with diarrhea in beef calves. Multiple agents were found in 20% of the dairy calves and in 12% of the beef calves. Salmonella dublin, which is associated with severe disease in man, made up a large percentage of the Salmonella spp isolated (40%). In vitro drug sensitivities indicated that a high percentage of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were resistant to drugs, especially to the drugs commonly used to treat calf diarrhea. PMID- 7085443 TI - A portable system for monitoring cardiovascular and respiratory function in large animals. PMID- 7085444 TI - Epistaxis caused by foreign body penetration of a guttural pouch. PMID- 7085446 TI - A business computer: is it for you? PMID- 7085445 TI - Small intestinal obstruction caused by a persistent round ligament of the liver in a cow. PMID- 7085448 TI - Informed consent and consent forms. PMID- 7085447 TI - DMSO therapy for posterior paralysis. PMID- 7085450 TI - Blood transfusion reactions in the cat. AB - The transfusion of only 4 ml of group A blood resulted in sudden death of a cat that was recovering from surgery. The clinical signs were similar in many respects to those exhibited by tranquilized group B cats when challenge exposed for the 1st time with incompatible A cells. The distribution of the A and B blood group antigens and the occurrence of naturally occurring isoantibodies in the cat were considered in relation to the probability of producing transfusion reactions. The results obtained with tranquilized and anesthetized cats demonstrated that immediate reactions can occur following the 1st transfusion of incompatible red blood cells. Cross matching with respect to the AB system is recommended before giving blood transfusions to cats. PMID- 7085449 TI - Fixed dose combination drugs. PMID- 7085451 TI - Multiple subungual squamous cell carcinomas in five dogs. PMID- 7085452 TI - Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog, with emphasis on cardiac arrhythmias. AB - Gastric dilatation was diagnosed in 156 dogs during a 5-year period. The recurrence rate was 10% and the overall mortality was 43%. Large-breed dogs of either sex and ranging in age from 2 months to 15 years (mean age, 5.2 +/- 2.9 years) were found to be susceptible to the problem. Cardiac arrhythmias were diagnosed in 48 of 115 (42%) affected dogs. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred most frequently between 12 and 36 hours after the onset of gastric dilatation-volvulus and were generally ventricular in origin. PMID- 7085453 TI - Inadequate skin preparation as a cause of intravenous catheter-related infection in the dog. AB - Eight-eight dogs admitted to the intensive care unit of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were studied to determine the frequency of intravenous catheter-related infection. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. In group 2, the skin was scrubbed with an iodine soap before final rinsing with alcohol and tincture of iodine. After withdrawal of each catheter, its tip was examined by bacteriologic culture, and the limb was examined for signs of phlebitis. Bacteria were isolated from 24 (48.9%) catheter tips in group 1 and from 6 (15.4%) in group 2 (P less than 0.005). Phlebitis was evident in 6 dogs in group 1, and in 1 dog in group 2. One death occurred in group 1, from causes possibly associated with catheter infection. These data suggest that catheter-related infection may be wide-spread in the dog and that it can be reduced by meticulous skin preparation. PMID- 7085454 TI - Noniatrogenic rectal tears in three horses. AB - Rectal tears were detected in three horses treated for colic. Based on historical, clinical, and postmortem findings, the tears could not be attributed to the attending veterinarian and were therefore not iatrogenic (physician induced). One tear was attributable to an infarction that presumably resulted from thromboembolism; 1 tear occurred without any evidence of external cause and resulted in such severe peritonitis that the cause and resulted in such severe peritonitis that the cause could not be determined, and 1 tear occurred during rectal palpation by the owner, before he called the veterinarian. Postmortem examination of the last horse revealed lesions suggestive of thromboembolism. It was concluded that thromboembolism may have caused or predisposed to two of the rectal tears and could not be ruled out in the third. PMID- 7085455 TI - Intussusception associated with Anoplocephala perfoliata infection in five horses. AB - Intussusception associated with Anoplocephala perfoliata infection was found in 5 horses. The unusual types of intussusception and the presence of tapeworms at the leading edge of the intussuscipiens suggested tapeworms as the cause of the problem. Lesions attributable to tapeworm attachment on the mucosa were found to fit a mechanical model of intussusception. Treatment of two of the horses and some of their pasturemates with pyrantel pamoate caused elimination of intact tapeworms. PMID- 7085457 TI - Surgical correction of everted third eyelid in two cats. PMID- 7085460 TI - Ingredients for success in a meat animal practice. PMID- 7085459 TI - Antimotility drugs used in treatment of diarrhea. PMID- 7085456 TI - Phenoxybenzamine for the treatment of severe nonresponsive diarrhea in the horse. AB - Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic antagonist, was administered IV to 6 clinically normal horses, 5 horses with experimentally induced diarrhea, and 7 horses with naturally-occurring diarrhea. It was established that a total of 2 mg of phenoxybenzamine/kg of body weight given in divided doses resulted in alpha adrenergic blockage of approximately 72 hours' duration, tranquilization, and mild constipation in the normal horse. The 5 experimental cases of diarrhea were involved in a laminitis research protocol in which laminitis was induced by oral carbohydrate overload. In all 5 of those cases, the severity of the diarrhea that accompanied the carbohydrate overload was reduced. The 7 clinical cases consisted of 2 foals and 5 adults with diarrhea, some of which were nonresponsive to conventional treatment. One of the foals did not respond to the phenoxybenzamine, and the other had a questionable response, whereas the 5 adults all responded favorably to the agent. It was concluded that phenoxybenzamine has a potential place in the therapy of some cases of diarrhea that are nonresponsive to conventional therapy. The mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine on diarrhea is not known at this time. PMID- 7085458 TI - Tetracycline-induced anaphylactic shock in a dog. PMID- 7085462 TI - A comparison of unofficial and proper anatomic terms: bones of the thoracic limb. PMID- 7085461 TI - What is your diagnosis? Cellulitis and subcutaneous emphysema from a ruptured esophagus. PMID- 7085463 TI - Toxoplasmosis. PMID- 7085464 TI - Brain abscess in three horses. AB - Three horses with brain abscesses had different clinical manifestations: 1 had a protracted clinical course whereas 2 had a short clinical course. Clinical signs in 2 horses (1 acute case, 1 chronic case) included unilateral loss of vision, head tilt, circling, abnormal mental status, and ataxia. The 3rd horse had bilateral loss of vision, altered mental status, and apparent deafness. Results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis were inconsistent. The horse with the protracted clinical course had paradoxic central vestibular disease. PMID- 7085465 TI - Medical management of congestive heart failure in a horse. AB - A 4-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with atrial fibrillation, mitral regurgitation, and signs of bilateral congestive heart failure was initially treated IV with digoxin and furosemide. After parenteral digitalization, a daily maintenance dose of digoxin was administered orally at a rate of 21.7 micrograms/kg of body weight. At this dosage, a steady-state serum digoxin concentration of 2.3 ng/ml was achieved without clinical signs of toxicosis. The furosemide dosage was decreased and eventually discontinued as clinical improvement occurred. Clinical signs of congestive heart failure were controlled and sinus rhythm was intermittently established, but an unfavorable prognosis was given for future athletic work. After 35 days of therapy, cardiac catheterization was performed and the horse was euthanatized. At necropsy there was marked dilatation of all cardiac chambers, mitral valve fibrosis, and left atrial jet lesions. The response of this patient suggested that orally administered digoxin may be useful in the management of congestive heart failure in selected equine patients. PMID- 7085466 TI - Effect of diet on the oral glucose tolerance test in the horse. AB - The effect of altering the diet during the week preceding the administration of an oral glucose tolerance test was studied in 7 horses. The results indicated that substantially lower oral glucose tolerance test curves are observed in horses fed a stable diet comprised of oat hay, a commercially prepared complete feed, and oat and alfalfa chaff, when compared with the curves for horses grazing clover and kikuyu pasture. It was concluded that, in utilizing the oral glucose tolerance test to assess small intestinal function in the horse, it may be necessary to consider the dietary history. PMID- 7085467 TI - Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease in a horse. PMID- 7085468 TI - Clinical and epidemiologic characterization of a diarrheal syndrome in Basenji dogs. PMID- 7085472 TI - Endoscopic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the equine stomach. PMID- 7085471 TI - Pemphigus foliaceus in a horse. PMID- 7085469 TI - Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip for lower eyelid restoration in the dog. AB - A mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip was transplanted into a defect created by removing the lower eyelid in 17 dogs. The grafts were evaluated from 10 days to 6 months later to assess their survivability, function, and cosmetic appearance. Histology was used in selected cases to examine changes in the grafted tissue. In addition, electromyograms were obtained for 2 grafts at 2 weeks and for 2 grafts at 24 weeks to assess reinnervation of transplanted segments of the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles. Minor necrosis of the outer flap margin occurred in 4 dogs, but healing by second intention was satisfactory. Results from the histologic and electromyographic analyses suggested reinnervation of the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscle segments occurred from portions of the auriculopalpebral nerve in 2 grafts. The cosmetic and functional results in this procedure were satisfactory. It was concluded that the lip flap is a suitable substitute for the lower eyelid in the dog and can be effectively used for single-stage replacement of major lower eyelid losses, but that an elective second-stage procedure can be done to improve the cosmetic results in selected cases. PMID- 7085473 TI - Hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in a calf. PMID- 7085470 TI - Electrocardiographic findings in 45 cats with hyperthyroidism. AB - Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities were recorded in 36 (80%) of 45 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas (adenomatous hyperplasia). Tachycardia (greater than or equal to 240/min) and increased R-wave amplitude in lead II (greater than or equal to 0.9 mV) were the most frequent abnormalities recorded (62% and 49%, respectively). Other abnormalities included atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (20%), prolonged QRS duration (16%), shortened Q-T interval (11%), intraventricular conduction disturbances (3%), and ventricular pre-excitation (1%). In 17 cats, repeat ECG were recorded 6 months after hemi- or total thyroidectomy; resolution of tachycardia, increased R-wave amplitudes, shortened Q-T intervals, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias had occurred in all cats. It was concluded that many of the ECG changes associated with feline hyperthyroidism are similar to those associated with primary myocardial disease in cats; however, the ECG abnormalities and associated cardiovascular signs of hyperthyroidism generally resolve after successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state. PMID- 7085474 TI - What is your diagnosis? Acute gastric dilatation with suppurative bronchopneumonia. PMID- 7085475 TI - Sanitary standards and the courts. PMID- 7085476 TI - Acid-base and electrolyte values in dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus. AB - Twenty dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) and 37 clinically normal dogs had arterial blood drawn for analysis of pH and blood gases. There was no statistically significant difference between values from the 2 groups. By calculation of the anion gap and by assessing arterial bicarbonate concentration, it appeared there were concomitant and offsetting factors, resulting in normal values for pH, blood gases, and anion gap in dogs with GDV. The results obtained indicated that sodium bicarbonate therapy should not be used in dogs with GDV. PMID- 7085477 TI - Antemortem diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in a horse. PMID- 7085478 TI - Internal fixation of a tibial fracture in an adult horse. AB - A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare was examined because of hindlimb lameness from incomplete fracture of the tibia, which became a complete diaphyseal fracture during the examination. The fracture was repaired by open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws and 2 neutralization plates. A cranial approach was used and the plates were placed craniolateral and medial on the tibia. At 18 months after surgery, there was no evidence of complications resulting from the fracture or its repair. It was concluded that a cranial approach with craniolateral and medial plate placement allows easier insertion and gives increased stability over previously described methods. PMID- 7085479 TI - Burn scar malignancy in a dog. PMID- 7085480 TI - Ocular manifestations of metastatic sweat gland adenocarcinoma in a cat. PMID- 7085481 TI - Dirofilariasis in a ferret. PMID- 7085482 TI - Antitussive therapy in small companion animals. PMID- 7085483 TI - Diagnosing azotemia in horses. PMID- 7085484 TI - Copper toxicosis in sheep. PMID- 7085485 TI - Jung and Freud compared on two types of reductionism. PMID- 7085486 TI - Reduced temporary and permanent hearing losses with multiple tone exposures. AB - Acoustic overstimulation of the guinea pig cochlea with a 16 kHz pure tone induces a loss in threshold sensitivity that can be either temporary or permanent depending on the duration of the trauma. When a second tone of lower frequency (10, 5 or 2 kHz) is presented to the same cochlea simultaneously with the first tone, then the resultant threshold loss produced by the 16 kHz tone is significantly less. This applies to both temporary and permanent threshold losses. The reduced threshold loss disappears as the intensity of the second tone decreases. This type of nonlinear cochlea behaviour is similar to other acoustically evoked nonlinearities generally grouped under the term, two-tone suppression or inhibition. The results disagree with the "equal energy hypothesis' as a method to establish damage risk criteria in noise-induced hearing loss. PMID- 7085487 TI - Reverse correlation study of cochlear filtering in normal and pathological guinea pig ears. AB - The filtering properties of single cochlear fibres have been determined in normal and kanamycin-treated guinea pigs using the reverse correlation technique. This method allows investigation of filtering over a wide dynamic range. For normal guinea pig fibres, the near threshold filter functions obtained with this method correspond to the tone derived frequency threshold curves ((FTCs). The 10 dB bandwidth of the filter functions increased monotonically with increasing noise levels above threshold. Thus with noise levels at approximately 50 dB above threshold, the 10 dB bandwidth had increased by a factor of 1.3--3. The changes in 3 dB bandwidth with increasing levels were, for some fibres, different from those of the 10 dB bandwidths. For the pathological fibres, the derived filter functions corresponded to their tone determined FTCs, and were therefore comparatively broadly tuned. Their tuning (Q10dB) approximated to those of normal fibres when the latter were measured 60 dB or more above threshold (i.e., at similar levels of stimulus), and did not increase further with increase in level. The findings in the normal guinea pig are consistent with those obtained by others in rodents, but are not consistent with those from the cat, where normal filtering is more robust to high levels of stimulus noise. PMID- 7085488 TI - Temporal masking of auditory evoked brainstem responses in human newborns and adults. AB - Temporal masking effects on brainstem evoked responses (BERs) were studied in normal human newborns and adults. Forward masking prolonged the latencies of the newborn BERs significantly longer than adult BERs. The effect of backward masking on BER latencies for both newborns and adults was small, suggesting that either backward masking effects for these stimuli are mediated by structures rostral to the brainstem or that backward masking does not affect the latency of the BER. Increasing the duration of the forward masker prolonged BER latencies more for newborns than adults. Increasing the intensity of the masker prolonged BER latencies for both newborns and adults, however, there were no significant age intensity interactions. PMID- 7085489 TI - Effect of tallow and choline chloride addition to the diet of sows milk composition, milk yield and preweaning pig performance. AB - Four trials were conducted with a total of 188 crossbred sows to determine the effect of feeding diets supplemented with tallow (0 or 8%) and choline chloride (220 or 770 mg/kg diet) prior to parturition and during lactation on preweaning pig performance. On d 100 of gestation, sows were allotted to four factorially arranged dietary treatments: 0% tallow-220 mg/kg choline chloride, 0% tallow-770 mg/kg choline chloride, 8% tallow-220 mg/kg choline chloride, 8% tallow-770 mg/kg choline chloride. Diets without tallow were fed at the rate of 1.82 kg/d with an additional .18 kg/d of cornstarch, whereas sows receiving diets supplemented with tallow were fed 1.82 kg/d. Daily metabolizable energy intake was constant for all diets (approximately 6,240 kcal). Following parturition, the diets were fed ad libitum for a 21-d lactation period. Pig survival to 21 d, in relation to the number of pigs born alive/litter, did not differ significantly between litters from sows receiving tallow (94.0%) and litters from sows receiving the control diet (92.5%). Although not significantly different, there was a trend toward slightly heavier pigs (6.35 vs 6.11 kg) and litters (53.97 vs 51.94 kg) after the 21-d lactation period in the groups nursing sows receiving tallow-supplemented diets. Litter performance was not improved by the addition of choline to sows' diets. A second study was conducted to measure the effect of energy source on milk yield and composition. Twelve crossbred sows was allotted to two dietary treatments (0 and 8% tallow), each supplemented with 770 mg choline chloride/kg of diet. The composition of colostrum and milk was determined on d 0, 9 and 18, and milk yield was measured on d 12 and 19. Throughout the lactation period, sows fed the tallow supplemented diet produced higher concentrations of total milk solids (22.15%, P less than .10) and fat (14.9%, P less than .01) than the control group (21.37 and 12.0%, respectively). Milk protein content, averaged over the lactation period, was lower (P less than .10) for sows receiving tallow (8.60 vs 9.22%); however, the depression appeared to be related to the colostrum samples, because values for the two treatment groups were similar on d 9 and 18. The mean milk yield was 9.44 kg/d for sows receiving tallow and 8.72 kg/d for those fed the control diet. Therefore, not only did sows in the tallow group produce a greater concentration of milk solids and fat, but the total quantity of the milk constituents available to the offspring was increased. PMID- 7085490 TI - Iron requirements of baby pigs reared in germ-free or conventional environments on a condensed milk diet. AB - Baby pigs were maintained in either a germ-free or a conventional environment and fed a sterile condensed milk diet (10 micrograms Fe/g milk solids) supplemented with 0, 50 or 100 micrograms Fe/g solids from FeSO4.7H2O or given an im injection of 100 mg Fe from Fe dextran. Pigs were reared on these diets for 4 wk, and weekly measures of gain, food consumption and hematology were taken. The pigs were then killed, and organ weights were taken and tissues analyzed for Fe concentration. All conventional pigs not given supplemental Fe died. None of the unsupplemented pigs raised in the germ-free environmental died. Conventional pigs gained faster and more efficiently and became anemic more rapidly. However, conventional and germ-free pigs were similar in the efficiency with which they incorporated supplemental Fe into hemoglobin or stored Fe in liver and spleen. We concluded from this study that both germ-free and conventional pigs fed a condensed milk diet require 50 to 100 micrograms Fe/g milk solids or more than 100 mg of Fe from Fe dextran once parenterally to maintain desirable hematological traits for 4 wk. PMID- 7085492 TI - Reproductive response of progestogen-treated sheep in confinement to a single and double insemination. AB - The reproductive responses to one and two inseminations of fresh extended semen were compared in crossbred sheep housed in confinement. In three trials, ewes in progestogen-induced estrus were inseminated 54 to 56 h after sponge removal. Half the ewes received a second insemination 4 or 5 h later. Resultant fertility, litter size and embryonic mortality indicated no advantage to a double insemination. Conception rates to one and two inseminations according to d 18 plasma progesterone levels were 66 and 63%, 85 and 86% and 74 and 80% in trials 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Corresponding lambing rates were 55 and 56%, 73 and 69% and 67 and 76%. Mean litter sizes were 2.1 and 2.5, while embryonic mortality after the first 2 wk of pregnancy was estimated at 13% for both groups. Single inseminations therefore simplify artificial insemination and double the number of ewes that can be inseminated/ejaculate. PMID- 7085491 TI - Effects of dietary 1,3-butylene glycol on adipose tissue metabolism from lean and obese swine. AB - One,three-butylene glycol (BG) was isocalorically substituted for glucose and fed ad libitum to lean (XB) and obese (HL) swine at 0, 10, and 20% of the total dietary ME from 25 kg body weight until slaughter at 90 kg. BG depressed rate and efficiency of gain in both groups. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was increased by the ketogenic energy substitution. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were not influenced by diet composition. Adipose tissue utilization of glucose for lipogenesis was depressed by BG in both XB and HL animals after 4 wk of treatment. Insulin added in vitro increased glucose utilization by approximately 20% in adipose tissue from both breed groups; however, the BG induced depression of glucose utilization for fatty acid synthesis was still evident. Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was greater in XB then in L swine. After 12 wk of dietary treatment, animals given BG had significantly increased plasma insulin concentration and decreased plasma urea concentrations. Although the absolute rates of lipogenesis had decreased after 12 wk of treatment, similar diet-related results were obtained. Insulin did not stimulate glucose utilization by adipose tissue from animals of either breed group at this latter sampling. Fatty acid esterification was slightly depressed by BG at the 4 wk sampling, but after 12 wk of treatment, only a significantly breed group effect was evident. Subcutaneous fat thickness, loineye area and carcass percentage lean cuts were not influenced by diet composition. This experiment demonstrated that ketogenic energy and substitution in the diet does depress the rate of de novo lipogenesis from glucose as measured by in vitro incubation of swine adipose tissue. Supplementation of the incubation media with massive quantities of insulin did not reverse the dietary treatment effects, and animals of both lean and obese phenotypes responded similarly to the dietary treatment. The absence of dietary treatment effects on indices of body fat content suggest that ketone bodies may be substituted for glucose as a lipogenic substrate in swine. PMID- 7085493 TI - Use of boar spermatozoa for artificial insemination. II. Fertilizing capacity of fresh and frozen spermatozoa in gilts inseminated either at a fixed time or according to Walsmeta readings. AB - A fertility trial was conducted comparing two methods of defining the optimum time to inseminate frozen boar semen. One hundred sixty-four gilts were inseminated, one-half at a fixed insemination time of 32 to 34 h after calculated onset of estrus and the remainder were inseminated on the basis of changes in the vaginal mucosal electrical resistance. Inseminations were made when the instrument (an inversely scaled ohmmeter) reading fell between 54 to 64 on a scale of 1 to 100. Both fresh and frozen boar semen were used. Pregnancy rates and live embryos/gilts from inseminations made at the fixed time and inseminations made on the basis of ohmmeter readings did not differ significantly for either fresh of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Pregnancy rates and number of live embryos/gilt were significantly higher for gilts inseminated with fresh spermatozoa than for those inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa (82%, 11.6 vs 61%, 8.2, respectively). Inseminations were conducted from January to September. Pregnancy rates were significantly higher for inseminations made for the first quarter or the year (January, February and March) than for inseminations made for the third quarter (July, August and September). No benefit was derived from using an ohmmeter to time insemination with frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. PMID- 7085494 TI - Effect of uterine ligation and cervical plugs on retention of frozen-thawed boar sperm. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the prevention of retrograde sperm expulsion from the uterus would enhance ovum fertilization by frozen-thawed boar sperm and whether insertion of a cervical plug would reduce the loss of frozen-thawed boar sperm from the uterus. In Exp. 1, 25 gilts were surgically inseminated and one uterine horn was ligated to prevent expulsion of sperm. Nine gilts were killed 4 h after insemination, and the sperm were recovered from the uterine horns and uterotubal sections. Significantly more sperm were recovered from the ligated than from the unligated uterine horns. Fertilized ova were recovered from nine of 16 gilts killed 48 to 90 h after insemination. More ova (P less than .005) were fertilized on the ligated than on the unligated sides of the reproductive tracts (87 vs 64%). In Exp. 2, 24 gilts were artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed boar sperm and then randomly selected to receive the intracervical insertion of a cotton tampon, a plastic plug or no treatment (control). Sperm were recovered from the uterine horns and uterotubal sections 4 h after insemination. The cervical plugs failed to significantly increase the retention of sperm in the uterotubal sections and uterine horns. PMID- 7085495 TI - Bilateral luteal maintenance in unilaterally pregnant pigs with infusions of embryonic extracts. AB - Thirty unilaterally pregnant gilts with bilateral corpora lutea received infusions three times daily into a surgically isolated, nonpregnant uterine horn from d 12 through d 19 after mating. The infusions consisted of either saline alone or embryonic extracts in saline which were either untreated, heat-treated or charcoal-absorbed. The extracts were from porcine embryos, embryonic membranes and fluids between d 16 and 25 of pregnancy. While only 20% of the gilts infused with saline alone and none of those infused with charcoal-absorbed embryonic extracts maintained pregnancy to d 19, 100 and 83% of the gilts infused with untreated and heal-treated embryonic extracts, respectively, were pregnant on d 19. Similar treatment effects were observed for the incidence of bilateral luteal maintenance. No gilts receiving infusions of either saline or charcoal-absorbed embryonic extracts exhibited bilateral luteal maintenance. However, 67% of the gilts infused with untreated embryonic extracts and 67% of those infused with heated extracts had bilateral luteal maintenance on d 19. Additionally, the weights and progesterone concentrations of corpora lutea adjacent to the infused uterine horns were not different (P less than .05) from those of the corpora lutea adjacent the to pregnant uterine horns in gilts with bilateral luteal maintenance. PMID- 7085496 TI - Effect of water temperature on rumen temperature, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep. AB - Three studies were conducted to examine effect of water temperature on rumen temperature, digestion and fermentation in sheep. Four, 2-yr-old wethers were used in a Latin square design among four water temperature treatments: 0, 10, 20 and 30 C. Rumen temperature was depressed most by 0 C water followed by 10 C, 20 C and 30 C water. For 0, 10, 20 and 30 C water, respectively, 108, 96, 96 and 72 min were needed to reach initial rumen temperature. Water temperature had no significant effect on N balance or percentage dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility and crude fiber digestibility although lowest digestion coefficients were observed for the 0 C treatment. Numerical differences were observed in rumen pH or volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-N concentrations at the various water temperatures; however, the effects were not significant. Rumen pH was maximally depressed at 2 h postfeeding for 0 C water, 3 h for 10 C water, 4 h for 20 C water, and 3 and 4 h for 30 C water. By 4 h postfeeding, the 0 C water treatment produced the highest concentration of all VFA and ammonia-N; however, by 4 h not all of the VFA or ammonia-N concentrations had reached maxima for 10, 20 or 30 C water treatments. The 0 C water treatment produced the lowest concentrations of ammonia-N and VFA (except acetate) by 5 h postfeeding. PMID- 7085497 TI - Effect of feeding wet brewers grains to beef heifers on wintering performance, serum selenium and reproductive performance. AB - Wet brewers grains (WBG) were evaluated as a feed source for growing Angus heifers (201 kg, 313 d of age) during a 112-d wintering trial. Effects on growth, feed efficiency, serum Se and first breeding performance were examined. Three replications of four heifers each were fed the following diets: (1) corn silage with no protein supplement (CSNS); (2) corn silage plus 33.8% of the diet dry matter (DM) from WBG (CSWBG), and (3) WBG, corn and fescue hay at 62.2, 10.8 and 26.1% of diet DM, respectively (WBGCH). Average daily gains for heifers fed CSNS, CSWBG and WBGCH were .50, .73 and .56 kg/head (P less than .05), and DM:gain ratios were 9.52, 6.34 and 6.13 (P less than .05), respectively. Serum Se concentrations were higher (P less than .01) in heifers fed diets containing WBG than in heifers fed CSNS. Serum Se concentrations were also influenced by sampling time (P less than .01) and the diet x sampling time interaction (P less than .05). At the end of the trial, serum Se concentrations were .050, .085 and .105 ppm (P less than .01), respectively, for heifers on the three dietary treatments. Following a 66-d breeding period, 12 of 12 heifers fed CSNS and WBGCH diets and 10 of 12 heifers fed CSWBG were diagnosed pregnant and subsequently calved. PMID- 7085498 TI - Abomasal protein infusions for growing steers fed corn grain rations. AB - Casein was abomasally infused into five growing 226-kg steers consuming a urea supplemented corn grain diet ad libitum. Infusate solutions in the 5 x 5 Latin square arrangement of treatments contained 0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 g casein made isocaloric and isonitrogenous by the addition of dextrose and urea. Feed intake averaged 5.4 kg dry matter daily and was not altered significantly by abomasal infusions. Apparent digestibility of N decreased from 71.7 to 66.8% as level of casein infusion increased. N retentions (NR) were 40.5, 35.5, 42.8, 35.1 and 32.7 g/d at the five levels of infusion, respectively. A second study was conducted to determine whether level of feed intake influenced the benefit seen from postruminal protein supplementation. Four steers (306 kg) ate ad libitum or were limit-fed (2.5 kg/d) a 1% urea-supplemented corn grain diet in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. These steers were abomasally infused with 120 g casein or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous dextrose-urea mixture. Daily ad libitum feed intake averaged 4.7 kg and was not altered significantly by infusion composition. NR tended to increase with casein infusion at both levels of intake, but, as a percentage, the increase tended to be greater with limit feeding (43 vs 20%). To determine whether supplemental abomasal urea might be beneficial, a third trial was conducted with four 313 kg steers consuming the same diet ad libitum in a crossover design. Infusates consisted of 120 g dextrose or 120 g dextrose plus 42.6 g urea/d. Daily feed intakes were 4.5 and 4.8 kg/d for the steers given the dextrose and the dextrose plus urea infusions, respectively. NR tended to increase with urea infusion (20.9 vs 29.7 g/d). Results suggest that energy, total N or other nutrients, but not postruminal amino acids, limited N balance of young growing steers fed a urea-supplemented, cracked corn diet and gaining weight at .9 kg daily. PMID- 7085499 TI - Effect of docking on health, blood cells and metabolites and growth of Dorset lambs. AB - Docking by knife or elastrator had no sustained effect on growth of lambs 0 to 8 wk postpartum. However, during the 2 wk period postdocking, growth of lambs was limited or depressed, regardless of whether lambs were docked by knife at 14, 28 or 42 d of age. Blood hematocrit and hemoglobin were decreased (P less than .01) 1 d after docking by knife and 14 d after docking by elastrator. Neither method of docking proved superior. Regardless of whether lambs were docked by knife or elastrator, tail tissue was destroyed and became necrotic. Numbers of white blood cells increased (P less than .01) in response to docking. This necessitates that lambs be observed often through 2 wk postdocking and that medical treatment be administered when needed. PMID- 7085500 TI - Simulated effect of calving season and winter hay feeding level on cow herd productivity. AB - The Texas A & M Cattle Production Systems Model was used to study herd productivity under several management plans open to cow-calf producers in the southeastern United States. An east Texas farm herd was simulated as a self contained unit where all hay fed in the winter months was harvested from hay pastures or as surplus forage from grazed pastures. Management options examined involved (1) variation in the amount of forage fed as hay, and (2) spring vs fall calving. All forage was produced on well fertilized, intensively managed Coastal bermudagrass pastures. The winter feed options consisted of hay fed (1) ad libitum, and at (2) 80, (3) 60 and (4) 40% of the ad libitum level. The hay feeding period was November 15 through April 15. Overall herd productivity decreased as level of winter feeding decreased. Higher levels of hay feeding resulted in fewer cattle/unit land area but higher production/breeding cow. Herd size increased by 2.9, 11.9 and 32.5% as winter hay levels were reduced from ad libitum to 80, 60 and 40% of ad libitum, respectively, under spring calving management, whereas herd productivity measured as total live weight sold/herd (fixed land area) declined by 2.2, 9.4 and 10.3% with the respective feed levels. Spring-calving herds were approximately 3.2% larger in number than corresponding fall-calving herds on the same land area, but fall-calving herds produced an average of 3.6% more live weight sales. PMID- 7085501 TI - Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among performance traits estimated from Limousin field data. AB - Field records from the North American Limousin Foundation performance testing program provided three data sets for the estimation of genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among several performance traits. The traits were: birth weight, preweaning average daily gain, adjusted 205-d weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain, adjusted 365-d yearling weight, weight/d of age, preweaning relative growth and postweaning relative growth. Birth weight had a positive genetic relationship with all measures of growth except pre- and postweaning relative growth. The genetic relationship between preweaning relative growth and birth weight was small and negative. Postweaning relative growth had little genetic relationship to birth weight. The genetic relationships among the various growth characteristics were positive, except for those involving pre- and postweaning relative growth. Postweaning relative growth was negatively associated with preweaning average daily gain and adjusted 205-d weight. Preweaning relative growth had little genetic association with adjusted 205-d weight, adjusted 365-d weight or weight/day of age. PMID- 7085502 TI - Impact of numbers and frequency of weighings on bovine weight-age curve parameters. AB - Estimates of mature weight (A) and maturing rate (K), determined by asymptotic regression, were studied to evaluate the effects of using quarterly weights taken in different seasons of the year for estimating growth curve parameters. Quarterly weights of 102 Angus cows were used to calculate eight sets of weight age curves. Four sets of estimates were calculated from weights from birth to 5 yr of age (FIVE-YEAR curves) and four sets were calculated from all weights collected throughout the life of each cow (LIFETIME curves). Within each age group, one set of parameters was estimated from all weights up to the respective ages (FIVE-YEAR and LIFETIME). The other three sets, within each age, were based on quarterly weights from birth to 1 yr of age plus one weight/year taken during the summer, fall or winter. The symbols A and K were used with the following subscripts: 0 or 5 as a first digit to represent weight-age parameters estimated from all weights taken during the life of the cow and from weights taken before the cow was 5 yr old, respectively; and 0, 2, 3, or 4 as a second digit to represent all quarterly weight, summer, fall or winter weights, respectively. Mean estimates of mature weight were 496, 492, 492, 522, 483, 478, 487 and 508 kg for A00, A02, A03, A04, A50, A52, A53, and A54, respectively. Season of weighing affected both A and K. Coefficients of correlation among the estimates of mature weights were all positive and larger than .70. Coefficients of correlation among estimates of rate of maturing were larger than .50, except those involving the correlation of K00 and FIVE-YEAR estimates. This study indicates that weight-age characteristics estimated from quarterly weights from birth to 1 yr of age and a single annual weight from 1 to 5 yr are adequate for estimating practical weight age parameters at an early cow age. However, in FIVE-YEAR estimates, the effect of a cow's being nonpregnant at 2, 3 or 5 yr of age and, in LIFETIME estimates, any open year, especially the terminal year, may result in serious bias. PMID- 7085503 TI - Vitamin A profiles of equine serum and milk. AB - Serum and milk samples from mares and serum samples from their foals were taken at parturition and on d 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 postpartum. The samples were assayed for retinyl (r.) palmitate, r. acetate and retinol by high performance liquid chromatography. Peak vitamin A activity in milk occurred 1 d postpartum and preceded by 3 d the maximum vitamin A activity in foal serum and the lowest vitamin A activity in the mare serum. Mare serum contained approximately a 65:35 ratio of retinol:r. palmitate and less than 1% r. acetate. Retinyl palmitate was the predominant form of vitamin A in milk until 2 to 3 d postpartum, when r. acetate became and remained the predominant form. Retinol represented less than 1% of the milk vitamin A. A significant quantity of r. acetate was present in the foal sera at 4 d of age, but thereafter serum r. acetate appeared unaffected by the increasing r. acetate levels in the mare milk. PMID- 7085504 TI - Bone lesions in growing swine fed 3% cement kiln dust as a source of calcium. AB - Cement kiln dust (CKD) samples of which have been reported to stimulate growth in cattle and sheep, was fed to weanling pigs in a 42-d experiment. CKD at levels of 1.5 and 3.0% was added to a corn-soybean meal-oats-whey-type diet containing inadequate amounts of Ca (.4% of the diet) to provide final dietary Ca levels of .85 and 1.3%. A diet containing 3% limestone (1.3% dietary Ca) served as a positive control. Body weight gain was depressed by 3.0% CKD, and histopathological lesions of the humerus, not typical of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism or rickets, were observed. The lesions detected were osteonecrosis, thinning of the cortex and reduction in the width of the epiphyseal cartilage. Width of the proximal epiphyseal plate and cortical index of the humerus (width of cortex divided by total diameter at narrowest point of diaphysis) were smaller in pigs fed 3% CKD than in pigs fed 3% limestone. CKD contained 2.3% A1, 15 ppm Cd and 110 ppm Pb, providing 690, .45 and 3.3 ppm of A1, Cd and Pb, respectively, in the diet containing 3% CKD. Kidney, liver and bone ash concentrations of these three minerals were not increased by CKD, and typical toxicity signs were absent. It is concluded that CKD may contain one or more factors that interfere with normal bone metabolism in growing pigs when the diet contains 3.0% CKD. PMID- 7085505 TI - Glucose turnover in fast-growing, lean and in slow-growing, obese swine. AB - Glucose turnover and associated measurements were compared in genetically obese, slow-growing feral pigs (Ossabaw) and domestic lean, fast-growing (Yorkshire) pigs. Five Ossabaw and five Yorkshire pigs 8 wk of age were prepared with indwelling arterial catheters to facilitate injection of tracer and serial sampling of blood. After a 14-h fast, pigs were administered 100 muCi of glucose 6-3H in a single injection; 12 blood samples were obtained over the subsequent 4 h period to obtain tracer dilution curves. Plasma glucose concentrations were the same in both strains (88 mg/100 ml) prior to tracer injection and remained constant for the duration of the 4-h sampling period. Ossabaw pigs exhibited a smaller minimal glucose mass (144 vs 179 mg/kg body weight, P less than .01) and space (16 vs 20%, P less than .01) when compared with Yorkshire pigs. Glucose replacement rate was greater for Ossabaw pigs than for Yorkshire pigs (3.96 vs 2.97 mg.min-1.kg-1 body weight, P less than .001). Minimal transit time was less in Ossabaw pigs than Yorkshire pigs (36 vs 60 min, P less than .001), which reflected the greater rate of irreversible disposal of tracer from the glucose pool of Ossabaw pigs. In conclusion, under these experimental conditions and at similar fasting glucose concentrations, glucose turnover and metabolic clearance rates were greater in Ossabaw than Yorkshire pigs. The results suggest a greater rate of fasting liver gluconeogenesis during short-term fasting in the young Ossabaw than the Yorkshire pig. PMID- 7085506 TI - Effect of heat increment and level of dietary energy and environmental temperature on the performance of growing-finishing swine. AB - Three experiments were conducted to evaluate levels and sources of dietary energy for growing-finishing pigs during cool and warm seasons. The specific objective was to determine the effect of lower energy diets containing more fiber during cooler temperatures. In Exp. 1, lower energy diets supported daily gains equal to those of pigs fed higher energy diets during low temperature trials, but gains were decreased (P less than .05) during high temperature trials. Feed conversion was improved with each increment of dietary energy and pigs were more efficient converters of feed during warm-season trials. Calorie utilization trends were not the same during cool and warm-season trials. Bermudagrass and alfalfa meal were used in lower energy diets in Exp. 2 and bermudagrass was used in lower energy diets in Exp. 3. Daily gains were not different in these trials, but trends in gain and feed conversion were similar to those in Exp. 1. In general, carcass traits did not differ significantly as a result of dietary treatment in these experiments. there was less (P less than .05) backfat on carcasses from low dietary energy groups during summer trials in Exp. 1 and 3. In all experiments, shoulder percentages were higher during warm-season trials. The data were combined with earlier data to illustrate dietary energy sources and levels and environmental temperature interactions and effects on average daily gain, and carcass traits. The response of gain, dressing, ham, belly and lean cut percentages as a function of metabolizable energy differed (P less than .05) between seasons. The effects of diet formulation and environmental temperature on growing pig performance and carcass traits are discussed. PMID- 7085507 TI - Scrotal measurements in beef bulls: heritability estimates, breed and test station effects. AB - Heritability estimates for scrotal circumference and testicular tone at weaning (225 d) and yearling (365 d) were determined from records on 565 bulls from a purebred Angus herd; year, station and breed effects were determined from scrotal circumference records on 2,420 bulls at five tests stations. Year, breed and breed X year effects on scrotal circumference, length, width and volume were determined from records on 347 bulls at one station. Heritability estimates (+/- SE) were .60 +/- .17, .28 +/- .18 and .25 +/- .18 for weaning scrotal circumference, right and left tone, and .38 +2- .16, .72 +/- .18 and .52 +/- .17 for yearling scrotal circumference, right and left tone, respectively. With the exception of low negative correlations of 205-d weight and longissimus muscle area with yearling scrotal circumference (-01 and -.02, respectively), correlations of growth and live-estimated carcass traits with weaning or yearling scrotal dimensions were low and positive (0.8 to .35). In the second data set, Simmental and Angus had greater (p less than .01) yearling scrotal circumferences than Charolais or Herefords; means were 35.3, 35.0, 33.7 and 33.5 cm, respectively. Station and station x breed effects were significant (P less than .01), with the latter effect indicating that breeds did not rank similarly in scrotal circumference at different test stations. In the third data set, scrotal circumference and volume were essentially the same as scrotal length and width in ranking breeds. year X breed interactions were nonsignificant for all scrotal traits, indicating that breeds were ranked similar in different years with respect to scrotal dimensions. These results indicate that bulls of different breeds should not be compared to established standards; a more acceptable procedure would be the use of deviations from the respective breed-station-year means. PMID- 7085509 TI - Induction of twins in different breeds of cattle. AB - Two experiments were conducted examining bilateral transfer of Hereford X Angus crossbred embryos to Angus, Hereford and Hereford x Angus crossbred recipients. In Exp. 1, both virgin heifers and parous cows were used as recipients, in Exp. 2, only virgin heifers were used. No differences in production of twins due to breed of recipient was observed. In Exp. 1, heifers had as high a twinning rate and proportion of pregnancies carried to term as cows. About 9% of the heifers in Exp. 2 experienced late gestation abortion (based on recipients pregnant at 42 d), a problem which was not observed among heifers in Exp. 1. No association between body weight at transfer and abortion was observed. Twin pregnancy was associated with a higher incidence of retained placentas (Exp. 1, P less than .05; Exp. 2, P less than .10), lower birth weight/calf (P less than .01 in both experiments) and shorter gestation period (P less than .01 in both experiments). Calf mortality at birth was similar among twins and singles and, in Exp. 2, a lower (P less than .02) incidence of dystocia was observed among heifers giving birth to twins than among those with single calves. The results of these experiments indicate that both beef heifers and beef cows of three common breed types are capable of maintaining twin pregnancies and successfully producing twins. PMID- 7085508 TI - Maternal energy status of beef cattle during single and twin pregnancy. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) intake and ME requirement for beef heifers and cows during twin pregnancy. Weekly feed consumption and body weights were recorded during the last trimester of twin pregnancy for 19 Hereford cows and 16 Hereford heifers. The same data were recorded for six Hereford cows and eight Hereford heifers that calved singles. ME intake per unit of metabolic body size was higher for heifers than cows (P less than .05), but was not affected by whether the dam was pregnant with a single or with twins. In general, ME intake decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy. During this time, heifers and cows with singles gained weight (pregnant weight minus weight of the conceptus), while dams with twins lost weight (P less than .01). The greatest weight loss for dams with twins was observed late in pregnancy. The ME requirement of pregnancy was greater for dams with twins than singles (P less than 0.01), and the difference in maintenance ME requirement approached significance (P less than .10). The high ME requirement for the twin pregnancy and the weight loss experienced by dams during the last trimester may have implications for management decisions pertaining to the prevention of complications that often occur with twin pregnancy in cattle. PMID- 7085510 TI - Milk production of quarter horse mares during 150 days of lactation. AB - Milk production was measured in fourteen Quarter Horse mares at seven stages of a 150-d lactation period. Mares were divided into two groups of seven and fed diets containing either soybean meal or soybean meal and urea as nitrogen supplements. Rations were isocaloric, contained approximately 12.5% crude protein and were fortified with vitamins and minerals. Daily milk yield was estimated by the weigh suckle-weigh method and milk composition was determined from samples taken by hand milking. Average daily milk yield ranged from 11.8 kg in early lactation to 9.8 kg in late lactation. Differences (P less than .01) in milk yield due to number of previous lactations were observed. Also, diet influenced (P less than .01) milk yield, with mares fed soybean meal producing an average of 1.2 kg more milk/d than mares fed urea as part of the N supplement. Further, stage (day) of lactation influenced (P less than .01) daily milk yield. The largest mean daily milk yield was measured at approximately 30 d postpartum, but the predicted lactation curve was linear (P less than .05) over the range of observations in this study. Average percentages of total solids, protein and fat over the 150-d lactation were 10.5, 2.1, and 1.3, respectively. All components decreased significantly with advancing lactation. There was a trend toward a positive association between milk yield and solids content of the milk, but it was not significant. Milk yield was not significantly related to fat content of the milk. However, milk yield and protein content were correlated (r = .23; p less than .05). As expected, solids content of the milk was positively associated with percentages of protein (r = .59; P less than .01) and fat (r = .44; P less than .01). Relationships among milk components were similar after adjustment for days in milk. However, yield of milk and composition were unassociated (P less than .05) when days in milk were held constant. PMID- 7085511 TI - Heterosis, additive maternal and additive direct effects of the Red Poll and Boran breeds of cattle. AB - Data on 202 calves born, 191 calves weaned and 182 calves at 30 mo of age produced in 1969 from the Boran and Red Poll breeds and their reciprocal crosses were analyzed to estimate heterosis, additive maternal effects and additive direct effects on survival and growth traits from birth to 30 mo of age. The calves were produced in the Ankole District of south-western Uganda as a part of a beef cattle research program designed to provide information to support a commercial ranching development scheme in an area that had been cleared of the tsetse fly. Breed of sire effects were significant for birth and weaning weight, and breed of dam effects were significant for birth, weaning and 12-mo weight. Breed of sire and breed of dam effects that were significant showed the Boran breed to have higher values for all traits except breed of dam effects on birth weight; calves with Red Poll dams were 3.6 kg heavier (P less than .01) at birth than calves with Boran dams. Steers were significantly heavier than heifers at all ages except birth. Young cows (3 and 4 yr old) and old cows (9 yr old and older) produced calves that weighed significantly less at weaning, 12 mo and 18 mo than calves with dams that were 5 through 8 yr old. Heterosis effects were significant for weights at weaning, 12, 18, 24 and 30 mo of age; generally, heterosis effects on weight increased with age. Heterosis effects approached significance for survival from birth to 30 mo. Additive maternal effects were significant for birth weight; crossbred calves with Boran dams weighted 6.0 kg less at birth than crossbred calves with Red Poll dams. There was a reversal of the reciprocal effect between prenatal and postnatal gains; crossbred calves with Boran dams weighed 7.1 kg more at weaning than crossbred calves with Red Poll dams. Examination of additive direct effects showed the Boran breed to be significantly heavier than the Red Poll breed for birth weight and weaning weight. Additive direct effects showed the Boran breed to have generally higher (P greater than .05) values than the Red Poll breed for most other traits analyzed. Differences between straightbreds of the Boran and Red Poll breeds, which reflect differences in additive maternal and additive direct effects combined, significantly favored the Boran breed for weaning weight and 18-mo weight and favored (P less than .05) the Boran breed for all other traits except birth weight. It was concluded that the Red Poll breed had higher values for additive maternal effects for birth weight than the Boran breed in the climatic and nutritive environment in which this experiment was conducted; for most other traits evaluated, the Boran breed generally had higher values for additive maternal and higher values for additive direct effects than the Red Poll breed. PMID- 7085512 TI - Crossbreeding in sheep with evaluation of combining ability, heterosis and recombination effects for lamb growth. PMID- 7085513 TI - Repeatability of lambing rate. AB - Repeatability of number of lambs born using the life-time records on 263 crossbred ewes produced in 1971 and 1972 were estimated by the intraclass correlation method and by the regression of subsequent lamb production on number of lambs born alive at the first and second lambings. The ewes were of Finnsheep (F), Dorset (D) and Rambouillet (R) breeding and first lambed at 1 yr of age. Five breed combinations were represented 1/2D 1/2R 1/4R 3/4R, 1/4F 1/2D 1/4R, 1/4F 1/4D 1/2R and 1/4F 3/4R. Ewes were bred to yearling Hampshire, Suffolk or reciprocal cross rams at varied intervals in the course of study. The repeatability of number of lambs born estimated by intraclass correlation was .138 +/- .067. Repeatability of number of lambs born estimated by the regression of subsequent lamb production on initial lambing rate was .121 +/- .025 lambs/ewe season and that estimated by the regression of subsequent lamb production on second lambing rate was .046 +/- .020 lambs/ewe season. Ewes producing twins at their first lambing subsequently produced an average of .11 more lambs/lambing than ewes producing singles and ewes producing singles subsequently produced an average of .16 more lambs/lambing than ewes than produced no lambs. Differences between these lambing classes at the second lambing were small (.05 and .06). The first lambing at 1 yr of age was a much better predictor of the ewes' lifetime lambing rate. PMID- 7085514 TI - Mineral composition of muscles of 1- to 6-year-old steers. AB - The diaphragm, longissimus, psoas major, semitendinosus and transversus abdominus muscles from eight or nine Angus steers were evaluated at each age of slaughter including 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 and 72 mo. The content of K, Fe, and Zn varied (P less than .01) with age of the steers. Ca, Na and Mg were not affected. The K content on a fat-free basis decreased from a high of 392 mg/100 g wet tissue at 24 mo of age to a low of 332 mg/100 g at 72 mo. Fe content increased with age from 2.00 mg/100 g of tissue at 12 mo to 3.73 mg/100 g at 72 mo. Concentrations of all minerals varied (P less than .01) among the five muscles evaluated. Feeding regimen had a significant effect on K, Fe and Zn, Steers fed entirely ad libitum had a higher K (17 mg/100 g more) and Fe (.19 mg/100 g more) content in their muscles than did the steers that were fed to gain .45 kg/d or those fed ad libitum for the last 6 mo before slaughter. Where significant, the magnitude of the difference in mineral content among age groups, muscles and feeding regimens was large enough to require that maturity, muscle and feeding regimen be specified when values for mineral content were reported. PMID- 7085515 TI - Dietary calcium and phosphorus levels for weanling swine. AB - Two experiments were conducted, involving 440 weanling pigs, to determine the dietary Ca and P requirements from 7 to 20 kg body weight. All diets were formulated to 20% protein from corn and soybean meal; dicalcium phosphate and limestone were used as the inorganic mineral sources with the amounts varied to meet the total dietary concentration of either mineral evaluated. In the first experiment pigs were fed five dietary Ca treatment levels ranging from .50 to 1.30% in .20% increments, while dietary P was maintained at .70%. In the second experiment (a 2 X 5 factorial) dietary Ca was provided at either .70 or .90%, while P levels ranged from .50 to .90% in .10% increments. Blood samples were collected at approximately the midpoint and end if each experiment with bones collected for ash determination at the termination of the trial. In the first study dietary Ca level did not influence gain or feed intake but did increase the feed to gain ratio as Ca increased. Mineralization of the femur, rib and humerus bone plateaued at .80% dietary Ca. In the second experiment, dietary P influenced pig gain and feed intake with a plateau at the .60% dietary P level. Serum P also plateaued at dietary P levels of .60%. Linear regression breakpoint analyses of bone ash averaged .68% P. These results suggest that the total dietary Ca and P concentration necessary for weanling pigs to attain maximum bone ash from 7 to 20 kg body weight is .80 and .68%, respectively, with corn and soybean meal based diets; whereas .1% less P is needed to maximize performance traits. The young weanling pig's calculated available P requirement is approximately .35%. PMID- 7085516 TI - Restricted energy intake and elevated calcium and phosphorus intake for gilts during growth. I. Feedlot performance and foot and leg measurements and scores during growth. AB - Three groups of 96 crossbred gilts each were weaned at 4 to 5 wk of age (avg wt, 7.2 kg) and assigned to four treatments in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (ad libitum vs 75% of ad libitum energy intake and 100 vs 150% of NRC-recommended daily Ca and P). The effects on feedlot performance and on foot and leg scores and measurements were examined at approximately 50 and 100 kg body weight. Also, pigs were subjectively scored for overall structural soundness at the same weights. Limit-fed gilts consumed 78.1% as much feed as gilts fed ad libitum. Average daily gain of the limit-fed gilts was 86.7% that of the gilts fed ad libitum (P less than .01), and feed/gain was nonsignificantly improved by 8.4% for limit-fed gilts. The feeding of 150% of NRC-recommended levels of Ca and P resulted in a 5% increase (P less than .05) in daily gain, but daily feed intake and feed/unit of gain were not significantly affected. At the same age, almost all foot and leg measurements were larger for gilts fed ad libitum than for limit fed gilts. However, when the values were adjusted for body weight, there was little or no measureable effect of energy intake. Elevated Ca and P levels had minimal effects, with only a trend toward larger measurements for gilts fed 150% of NRC-recommended daily Ca and P levels. Foot and leg measurements increased from 50 to 100 kg and were larger for the outside toes than for the inside toes for both front and hind feet. Energy intake and elevated Ca and P levels had little effect on the incidence and severity of toe lesions. The incidence of pad and horn lesions increased over time and was much greater on the outside toes on the front and hind feet. Restricted feeding and increased Ca and P levels did not improve overall structural soundness. PMID- 7085518 TI - Development of one-cell porcine embryos in two culture systems. AB - The effect of culture system and protein supplementation on the development of one-cell porcine embryos was investigated. One hundred and sixty-four one-cell embryos were collected at slaughter from 19 handmated gifts. Culture systems evaluated were microdrops of Whitten's medium (WM) under paraffin oil (M) or tubes with 4.0 ml of WM (T). Also tested was T with a 2.0 ml paraffin oil overlay (O). Media evaluated were WM with: no bovine serum albumin (-BSA), 15 mg/ml BSA (+BSA) or 10% (v/v) heat-treated porcine serum (+HTPS). Twenty-nine, 29, 28, 29, 28 and 21 one-cell embryos were assigned to treatments T + BSA + O, T - BSA, M + BSA, M - BSA and M + HTPS, respectively. All cultures were conducted at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. At the cessation of division, embryos were fixed and stained, and each was assigned a cleavage index bases on the number of divisions completely in culture. The mean cleavate indexes for embryos cultured in T + BSA + O (2.07) and T + BSA (1.97) were not significantly different, but both were greater (P less than .05) than the indexes for T - BSA (1.09), M + BSA (1.12), M - BSA (.82) and M + HTPS (.86). Mean cleavage indexes for embryos cultured in T - BSA, M + BSA, M - BSA and M + HTPS were not significantly different. More (P less than .05) embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in T + BSA + O (6/29) than in either T - BSa (0.28) or M BSA (0.28). Fragmentation was greater (P less than .05) in embryos cultured in M - BSA than in embryos cultured in tubes. These results suggest that culture tubes of WM with 1.5% BSA are superior to microdrops and WM with 10% HTPS in supporting the in vitro development of one-cell porcine embryos. PMID- 7085517 TI - Effect of anabolic steroids on reproductive function of young stallions. AB - Thirty-two stallions were used to determine the effect of anabolic steroids on reproductive function. Stallions were assigned to one of the four treatments: 1) .23 ml sesame oil/kg of body weight (BW; control, C); 2) 4.4 mg boldenone undecylenate/kg BW (4E); 3) 1.1 mg boldenone undecylenate/kg BW (1E) and 4) 1.1 mg nandrolone decanoate/kg BW (D). Injections were given at 3-wk intervals for 15 wk. Semen was collected every other day for 3 wk before the first injection and at the same frequency during d 85 through 105 (d 0 = day of first injection). Libido was assessed on the basis of reaction time. Total scrotal width was determined every 2 wk. Serum was obtained at various intervals and analyzed for concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH). Portions of testicular parenchyma were used to determine spermatid reserves and to permit quantitative histological evaluation of spermatogenesis. Gel, gel-free and total seminal volumes and pH were not affected (P greater than .05) by steroid treatment. However, spermatozoal motility, spermatozoal concentration and total sperm/ejaculate were severely lowered (P less than .05) by all anabolic steroid treatments. Total scrotal width for stallions in the D, 4E and 1E groups was less (P less than .05) than that of C stallions by wk 5. The weight of the testes of the D, 4E and 1E stallions averaged only 40.1, 44.9 and 61.6%, respectively, of that for the controls. Spermatozoal production was altered, as evidenced by smaller (P less than .05) numbers of spermatids/testis and primary spermatocytes for all treated groups than for the controls. Anabolic steroid treatment had no effect (P greater than .05) on erection time, time to first mount, ejaculation time or number of mounts/ejaculation. treatment with anabolic steroids resulted in a depression in concentration of LH in all treatment groups. PMID- 7085519 TI - Postpartum ovarian function and fertility in beef cattle that produce twins. AB - A study was conducted to determine the effect of suckling on ovarian function and postpartum reproductive performance in beef cattle induced to produce twins by embryo transfer. This study involved 31 pluriparous Hereford, Angus and Hereford X Angus crossbred cows and 24 Hereford, Angus and Hereford X Angus crossbred heifers. Seventeen of the cows and 16 of the heifers calved twins, and the remainder produced single calves. From 45 d postpartum, the dams were exposed to three Hereford bulls until pregnancy was confirmed. The first postpartum ovulation was estimated from an increase in serum progesterone level. The interval to first postpartum ovulation was slightly, but not significantly longer for dams that calved and suckled twins than for dams that calved and suckled singles or calved twins and suckled singles (50.7 +/- 3.1, 43,5 +/- 3.4, and 37.7 +/- 5.6 d, respectively). This delay, however, did not significantly affect the number of days to conception for dams that suckled or calved twin or single calves. Once estrous cycles were initiated, the interval to conception for dams with twins was similar to that for dams with single calves. Under the management scheme used, postpartum ovulation and conception in beef heifers and cows were not significantly reduced by the production of twins. PMID- 7085520 TI - Mineral accretion during prenatal growth of cattle. AB - Angus, Hereford and Red Poll crossbred yearling heifers (n = 81) were mated to Brown Swiss bulls. Pregnant heifers were assigned on the bases of weight and breed cross to one of three diets and fed to achieve maternal weight gains of 0, .5 or 1.0 kg/d. Heifers from each treatment group were slaughtered at about 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, or 255 d postmating. Reproductive tracts were recovered at slaughter. Weights of the gravid uterus, fetus, fetal membranes, fetal fluids, uterus, cotyledons and placenta were obtained and have been reported previously. Fetuses were frozen and later ground, mixed and sampled. Dry matter was determined. Samples of each fetus were ashed, and concentrations of Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe and Zn were determined. Relationships between total fetal content of each mineral and day postmating were obtained, and daily fetal accretion rates of each mineral were estimated for several stages of gestation. Daily requirements and allowances of each mineral for pregnancy in beef cows were estimated. Estimated allowances for Ca, P, Na, K, Fe and Zn were small during early gestation but increased rapidly and reached maxima of 8.4 g, 5.2 g, .76 g, .63 g, 65 mg and 21 mg, respectively, at about 250 d postmating. PMID- 7085522 TI - Genetic improvement of beef cattle in the United States: cattle, people and their interaction. AB - The purpose of this essay is to develop a historic perspective of the beef cattle population and the legion of people directing its genetic change so that future leadership can increase the rate of breeding technology assimilation. Use of cattle for beef to feed millions is relatively recent. The beef industry of the United States has a rich, romantic heritage that combined Spanish exploitation with British tradition. Spanish cattle became adapted as the Texas longhorn and the European cattle became indigenous. Breeds developed in Britain replaced both. The Zebu was introduced to produce cattle adapted to the Gulf Coast. Selection for early maturity in the British breeds promoted by livestock shows was ended by the dwarf gene. The Charolais breed demonstrated growth potential. Then in 1967, Continental European breeds were imported, given an array of biological types from which to select. Beef cattle breeding research expanded after the second world war through the three regional projects. Performance Registry International was the focal point for performance. The Beef Improvement Federation produced guidelines for recording beef performance including those for national sire evaluation. U.S. Meat Animal Research Center evaluated the several newly introduced breeds. To date, breeding researchers have developed breeding technology for the use by breeder. The major breed association are keeping and utilizing performance records. The genetic structure of the beef breeds is being altered by the use of AI such that genetic change can be made rapidly by the use of superior sires evaluated on their progeny in many herds. PMID- 7085523 TI - Beef cattle breeding a la Jefferson. AB - ?Even more than most disciplines in the Animal Sciences, quantitative genetics is dependent upon models. Models, by definition, are abstractions of reality. Invariably they require simplifying assumptions, which should be but sometimes are not clearly specified. One thesis of this article, illustrated by examples, is that many of the assumptions upon which animal breeding theory and practice are based are not valid. Some proportion of research resources should be devoted to challenging or verifying those assumptions and following up those areas of enquiry suggested by the outcome of such research. A further thesis is that the selection of topics and priorities for animal breeding research should be a matter of choice by individual scientists and should not be determined by steering committees or directed by administrative fiat. Hopefully, the resultant mutation, cross-fertilization, assortment, recombination and selection of ideas that would result would bestow upon our discipline higher fitness from multiple peak epistasis, and minimal danger of extinction (or petrification) from over specialization. A final thesis is that true creativity by research scientists should be nurtured and rewarded and that work in traditional areas of breeding and quantitative genetics should be continued-but done better. PMID- 7085524 TI - Cell differentiation, protein synthesis rate and protein accumulation in muscle cell cultures isolated from embryos of layer and broiler chickens. AB - Muscle cell cultures were prepared from the leg muscle of 12-d layer and broiler chicken embryos. Cultures were then compared over a 10-d period from their capacity to differentiate into multinucleated myotubes and to synthesize and accumulate protein. Differentiation was qualitatively similar in the two cell types as evidenced by myoblast fusion that occurred rapidly during the first 2 d and remained essentially constant between d 3 and 10. However, several quantitative differences were observed. Even though the number of myotubes per culture was comparable between layers and broilers throughout development, layer muscle cultures usually exhibited a higher percentage fusion and more myonuclei per culture than broiler muscle cultures. Additionally, the nuclear density (i.e., the number of nuclei per myotube segment) was approximately 25% greater in layer cultures than in broilers between d 2 and 10 in culture. The rate of incorporation of 3H-leucine into total protein during pulse labeling experiments was comparable in muscle cultures of layers and broilers; however, broiler muscle cells accumulated approximately 40% more total protein per nucleus between d 6 and 10. Myosin heavy chain synthesis rate was higher in layer than in broiler muscle cultures, but broiler muscle cultures accumulated approximately 30% more myosin heavy chain than layers between d 6 and 10. The half-life of myosin heavy chain was 45 h in layer muscle cultures and 103 h in broiler muscle cultures. Thus, the capacity of broiler cells to accumulate more muscle protein was primarily due to a drastically slower protein breakdown rate. PMID- 7085521 TI - Effect of lasalocid, monensin or thiopeptin on lactic acidosis in cattle. AB - Lasalocid, monensin or thiopeptin was administered intraruminally each at .33, .65 or 1.3 mg/kg body weight and evaluated for its effectiveness in preventing experimentally induced lactic acidosis in cattle. Four rumen-fistulated cattle were used for each dosage level and the design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with each animal receiving lasalocid, monensin, thiopeptin or no antibiotic. Acidosis was induced by intraruminal administration of glucose (12.5 g/kg body weight). Control cattle exhibited the typical drop in rumen pH and concurrent increases in L(+) and D(-) lactate concentrations commonly observed in cases of lactic acidosis. Alkali reserves were depleted in the control cattle as evidenced by a decrease in blood bicarbonate and a negative shift in base excess. In all three trials, cattle given lasalocid had higher rumen pH and lower lactate concentrations than did control cattle or cattle given monensin or thiopeptin. Cattle given monensin had a significantly higher rumen pH and a lower lactate concentration than the controls only at the .65 and 1.3 mg/kg body weight dosages, whereas thiopeptin was effective only at the 1.3-mg dosage. Concentrations of total VFA in rumen fluid decreased in the controls but remained unchanged in cattle given antibiotics. A significant reduction in the molar proportion of acetate and an increase in the molar proportion of propionate were observed in the rumen fluid of the cattle given antibiotics. Colony counts of Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus were significantly reduced in rumen fluid of cattle given 1.3 mg antibiotic/kg body weight. Counts of lactate-utilizing bacteria increased in both control cattle and cattle given antibiotics. Cattle given antibiotics showed no evidence of lacticacidemia, hemoconcentration or change in acid-base balance. PMID- 7085526 TI - Effect of monensin on the estrogen-induced LH surge in prepuberal heifers. AB - The effect of dietary monensin on the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge following estradiol-17 beta (E2) injection was investigated in prepuberal Simmental X Brahman-Hereford heifers. Ten heifers, weighing approximately 260 kg and approximately 10 mo of age, were equally divided by age and weight into two groups: control (C) heifers each received 1.8 kg/d of a concentrate diet plus Coastal bermudagrass hay ad libitum; monensin (M) heifers each received the same diet plus 200 mg monensin/d. All heifers were maintained in dry lots on their respective diets for 14 d before the E2 challenge. On d 15, all heifers were injected in with 5 mg of E2 in corn oil. Blood samples were collected via tail vessel puncture immediately before E2 injection and at 2-h intervals until 48 h after the E2 injection. The samples were processed for serum and stored at -20 degrees C until LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean concentrations of LH in serum differed (P less than .005) between C and M heifers and with time after E2 injection. A treatment X sampling period interaction (P less than .10) indicated that maximum serum concentrations of LH (LH surge) were detected earlier (P less than .001) for M (17.2 +/- 1.8 h) than C (27.0 +/- 6.0 h) heifers after the E2 injection. When the data were arrayed relative to the time of the LH surge, treatment (P less than .05) and sampling period (P less than .001) effects were significant, but a treatment X sampling period interaction was not detected. Peak LH concentration was 23.1 +/- 3.0 ng/ml for M heifers and 21.6+/- 4.2 ng/ml for controls (P greater than .10). Duration of the LH surge was 8.0 +/- .9 h in M heifers and 4.8 +/- 1.6 h in C heifers (P less than .001). Area under the LH surge was greater (P less than .001) in M heifers than in control heifers. We conclude that dietary monensin altered the estrogen induced LH surge in prepuberal heifers. PMID- 7085525 TI - Tissue glycogen levels in dams and fetuses as affected by fasting and refeeding pregnant sows. AB - Nineteen Landrace sows mated to Landrace boars were randomly assigned, on d 91 of pregnancy, to three groups: (1) control (six sows)--fed standard 13% protein corn soybean meal gestation diet at 1.82 kg/d to d 112 of pregnancy; (2) 4-d fast (seven sows)--fed standard gestation diet to d 94 of pregnancy, fasted from d 95 to 98 of pregnancy and then refed a semipurified fat-free diet ad libitum until d 112 of pregnancy, and (3) 8-d fast (six sows)--treated the same as groups 2, except that the fast began on d 91 and extended through d 98 of pregnancy. The fat-free diet consisted of dextrose and soybean meal and was fortified with minerals and vitamins. On d 112 of pregnancy, all fetuses were removed by Caesarean section and determinations were made of fetal body and liver weights, fetal liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentrations, and maternal uterus and peritoneal adipose tissue glycogen levels. Sows in groups 2 and 3 consumed more (P less than .01) average daily feed during the refeeding period than did the control sows. Fasting and refeeding failed to affect maternal or fetal tissue glycogen concentration, or fetal body or liver weight. Average sow tissue glycogen concentrations were .23 and 3.0 mg/g tissue for peritoneal adipose tissue and uterus, respectively. Average fetal liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentrations were, 87 and 62 mg/g tissue, respectively. Average fetal body and liver weights were 1,287 and 39.5 g/fetus, respectively. We conclude that fasting followed by refeeding of a fat-free diet to pregnant sows during late gestation does not increase maternal or fetal tissue glycogen content and appears to be of no value in enhancing pig survival in early postnatal life. PMID- 7085527 TI - Observations on the development of bovine morulae on various cellular and noncellular substrata. AB - The objective was to determine the effect of various cell types on the development of bovine embryos in vitro. Morulae were collected from beef and dairy cows 4 to 5 d after the onset of estrus (d 0). Embryos were randomly allocated to nine treatments: (1) microdrops of Ham's F-10 medium (HF-10) under paraffin oil (HF-10); (2) HF-10 over a substratum of collagen without paraffin oil (HF-10/clg); (3) HF-10 with bovine uterine fibroblasts grown on a collagen substratum (HF-10/clg-fib); (4) Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) without paraffin oil (MEM); (5) microdrops of MEM under paraffin oil (MEM/oil); (6) MEM with bovine uterine fibroblasts (MEM/Buf; (7) MEM with bovine testicular fibroblasts (MEM/Btes); (8) MEM exposed to uterine fibroblasts for 24 h to condition the medium (MEM/Con), and (9) MEM with 1 mm cubes of bovine endometrial tissue (MEM/End). In all cases, media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-treated fetal calf serum. Observations were made at 24 h intervals, with the stage of embryo development recorded. Morulae developed into expanded blastocysts more frequently (P less than .05) in HF-10, MEM, MEM/oil, MEM/Buf, MEM/Btes and MEM/Con than in HF-10/clg, HF-10/clg-fib and MEM/End. More (P less than .01) blastocysts hatched in MEM/Buf and MEM/Btes than in the other media. In addition, nine of 12 (MEM/Buf), eight of 11 (MEM/Btes) and two of two (HF-10/clg-fib) hatched blastocysts attached to the fibroblast monolayers, an observation that was uncommon in treatments without cells. These data suggest that the co-culture of bovine embryos with bovine fibroblasts in a superior system for promoting embryo hatching and attachment in vitro. PMID- 7085528 TI - Narrow versus broad-spectrum therapy. PMID- 7085529 TI - Chemotherapy of experimental anaerobic infections. PMID- 7085530 TI - Factors influencing the assay of antimicrobial drugs in clinical samples by the agar plate diffusion method. PMID- 7085531 TI - In-vitro susceptibility of Aeromonas app. to antimicrobial agents. PMID- 7085532 TI - Comparative low-dose nephrotoxicities of dibekacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. PMID- 7085533 TI - Bone concentrations of cefuroxime and cefamandole in the femoral head in 96 patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. PMID- 7085534 TI - Chemoprophylaxis of experimental endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 7085535 TI - Nitrofurantoin is highly bound to plasma protein. PMID- 7085536 TI - Aminoglycoside antibiotics and inhibition of uterine contractility. PMID- 7085537 TI - Behavioral effects of chemicals in drinking water. PMID- 7085538 TI - Comparison of rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic and CB methods for determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. AB - A method is described for the rapid determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanut samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. The method was compared with the current CB method (AOAC 26.026). For 7 samples of corn and 14 samples of peanut meal and peanut butter, the correlation between methods is 0.991, and no significant difference exist between methods, using the Student's t-test at 15.7% alpha-risk. PMID- 7085539 TI - Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of morantel-related residues in bovine liver. AB - A gas-liquid chromatographic assay has been developed to determine major residues of morantel in bovine liver, a target tissue, at levels of 0.2-0.8 ppm. The method is based on hydrolysis of the N-methyltetrahydropyrimidine portion of morantel and its metabolites to N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, and conversion of the diamine to an N,N'-bis-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl) derivative. The addition of an internal standard, N-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, to the tissue sample circumvents any potential problem that could arise from variable reaction yields, and eliminates the true recovery as a factor affecting the accuracy and precision of the procedure. The concentrations of the derivatives are determined by pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography over a linear dynamic range equivalent to 0.2-0.8 ppm morantel. The method has been evaluated at 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm levels in fortified bovine liver, and in a withdrawal sample containing physiologically incurred morantel residues. Mean values of 0.22 +/- 0.015, 0.40 +/- 0.033, and 0.79 +/- ppm were found for fortified samples, 0.02 ppm for control liver, and 0.56 +/- 0.050 ppm for the withdrawal sample. PMID- 7085540 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipate content of acetylated di starch adipate. AB - A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for rapid, quantitative determination of adipate content of acetylated di-starch adipate. The adipate group is very labile and, under mild alkaline conditions at ambient temperature, is easily hydrolyzed from the starch. Free adipic acid is formed by acidification of the solution with HCl, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate is removed under vacuum distillation, and a silyl derivative of the adipic acid is formed. Glutaric acid internal standard is introduced into the original starch sample before hydrolysis. An aliquot of the silylated solution is injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with a column having silicone oil as the active phase. A flame ionization detector is also incorporated. Results correlate well the amount of adipylating reagent used. No adipic acid is detectable when a hydrolyzed, extracted sample of acetylated di-starch adipate is subjected to a second extraction. Recovery levels of adipic acid, from starches fortified with 100-500 ppm, are in the range of 97-102.5%. PMID- 7085541 TI - Microbial hazards associated with bean sprouting. AB - The behaviour of microorganisms was studied in mung beans and alfalfa seeds before and after germination in modified, commercially available bean-sprouting kits. The microorganism were enumerated by the aerobic plate count (APC) and by total yeast and mold count procedures. Salmonella species were artificially inoculated into selected samples and were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) method. After germination of the beans or seeds into mature sprouts, significant increases were noted in APCs and in MPN values of Salmonella species. Although counts of yeasts and molds did not increase significantly after germination, these samples show an increase in toxic Aspergillus flavus and potentially toxic Alternaria species. The presence of toxic Penicillium cyclopium molds also increase substantially in 5 samples of a single brand of mung beans. Analysis of selected sprout samples, however, showed no presence of aflatoxin. PMID- 7085544 TI - A systematic approach to medical motion picture production. Part II. PMID- 7085543 TI - Screening procedure for uric acid as indicator of infestation in spices. AB - Uric acid levels in selected spice products were determined by using a glucose analyzer, modified and calibrated for uric acid. In the method, uricase is used to decompose the uric acid; the reaction is monitored with an oxygen-sensitive electrode. Uric acid levels correlated with infestation as determined by AOAC methods. PMID- 7085542 TI - High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of mono- and disaccharides in presweetened cereals: Collaborative study. AB - A collaborative study was conducted using a modified AOAC method (sugars in chocolate) for the determination of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose in presweetened cereals by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eight samples consisting of 6 products were analyzed in duplicate by the HPLC method and the AOAC Lane-Eynon method. The AOAC method was modified to use water-alcohol (1 + 1) and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for sample cleanup. The HPLC results indicate precision comparable to the lane-Eynon method and the chocolate method. The modified HPLC method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 7085546 TI - Distribution of video signals on existing cablevision lines. PMID- 7085545 TI - Photography through the hysteroscope: equipment, techniques and recent advances. PMID- 7085547 TI - Photography through the operating microscope. PMID- 7085548 TI - Beclomethasone dipropionate for chronic asthma in children: the Kings County Hospital experience. PMID- 7085549 TI - Bayesian prediction of noncompliance: as-needed (PRN) medication usage patterns and the battery of asthma illness behavior. PMID- 7085550 TI - Evaluation of home-monitoring of asthmatic children with the mini-Wright peak flow meter. AB - The amount of medication required to control asthmatic wheezing varies from patient to patient. While the amount required can be assessed clinically from history and physical examination, an objective measurement to assess the patient's requirements is highly desirable. For this purpose the mini-Wright peak flow meter was used. The patient was shown in the office how to use the meter and then sent home to use the meter three times daily for 2 weeks and record each reading on the chart provided. After 2 weeks the chart and meter were mailed to the office where the patient's readings were compared with normal values. Then the patient's medications could be adjusted if necessary. A study of 55 patients showed that this is a very valuable method to assist the practicing physician in prescribing sufficient medication for adequate control, particularly in those patients who minimize their symptoms, either intentionally or unintentionally, so that the physician cannot make an adequate judgment. It was also very useful for convincing the parents or patients that continuous medication is necessary in many cases where they felt PRN medication to be sufficient. The use of this instrument should become a routine part of the management of all difficult asthmatic patients. PMID- 7085551 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered aminophylline in children. PMID- 7085552 TI - Acceptability and efficacy of a new theophylline dosage form: Quibron-T. PMID- 7085553 TI - The association for the care of asthma--past, present, and future. PMID- 7085554 TI - Al beauterol in America. PMID- 7085555 TI - The forgotten children. PMID- 7085556 TI - Efficacy and safety of aerosolized triamcinolone acetonide in steroid-dependent and steroid-independent chronic asthmatic patients. AB - Fourteen steroid-dependent and 16 steroid-independent asthmatic patients received aerosol triamcinolone acetonide for 12 weeks (two 200-micrograms inhalations four times daily). The mean daily oral steroid dose for the steroid-dependent patients was reduced from 12.5 mg at baseline to 1.34 mg after 12 weeks of aerosol therapy. In both groups of patients, FEV1.0, FVC and FEF25-75% values improved during therapy, usually at a statistically significant rate. Highly significant improvement occurred in shortness-of-breath, wheezing tightness-in-chest, and cough symptoms in all patients. However, changes in serum cortisol levels were not statistically significant. Side effects included transient hoarseness (seven patients), dry throat (one), and sore throat (one). No oral candidiasis was observed and no patient discontinued therapy because of side effects. Steroid withdrawal symptoms, which gradually abated, were experienced by half of the steroid-dependent patients. Aerosolized triamcinolone acetonide was therefore considered a safe and effective modality in the management of chronic asthma. PMID- 7085557 TI - 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of trehalose mobilization in yeast spores. AB - Using high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, we examined the mobilization of endogenous trehalose in suspensions of yeast asci. Sporulation of yeast cells in [1-13C]acetate resulted in incorporation of label into the C-3 and C-4 positions of trehalose within the asci. During germination of these asci with [1-13C]glucose, the consumption of both endogenous trehalose and exogenous glucose were followed simultaneously by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, as was the formation of glycerol and ethanol, their glycolytic and products. Time courses for carbohydrate consumption indicated that trehalose, although it decreased to 25% of its initial value upon germination, was not preferentially catabolized and did not provide the primary energy supply for germination with glucose. The ratio of trehalose to glucose catabolized was 0.09. Exogenous glucose levels appeared to regulate trehalose mobilization since trehalose was only consumed when sufficiently high levels (more than 2 mM) of glucose were present. Upon glucose depletion newly synthesized [1-13C]trehalose was observed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of extracts confirmed the trehalose peak assignments and showed products of [1-13C]glucose catabolism. In addition by quantitating trehalose consumption and 2-deoxyglucose incorporation in dormant yeast asci, we found that 3.8 +/- 0.l4 molecules of 2-deoxyglucose were incorporated for each trehalose molecule consumed. Trehalose can therefore function as a carbohydrate source for ATP formation during dormancy. PMID- 7085558 TI - Iron- and molybdenum-repressible outer membrane proteins in competent Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - Azotobacter vinelandii produced three major proteins of 93,000, 85,000, and 81,000 daltons and a minor 77,000-dalton protein in the outer membrane of Fe limited cells, and these cells were competent for transformation by DNA. The synthesis of these proteins was repressed in Fe-sufficient medium. Mo limitation of nitrogen-fixing cells resulted in the hyperproduction of a 44,000-dalton protein and the production of a minor 77,000-dalton protein in the outer membrane. Mo limitation enhanced competence in Fe-limited medium and induced competence in Fe-sufficient medium. The 44,000-dalton protein was replaced by a 45,000-dalton protein when Fe-sufficient medium also contained NH4+, but the cells were noncompetent. The synthesis of these proteins was repressed in Mo sufficient medium and by NH4+ in Fe-limited medium. All of the culture supernatants contained a blue-white fluorescent material (absorbance maximum, 214 nm) which appeared to coordinate Fe3+, Fe2+, MoO4(2-), WO3(2-), and VO3(-). PMID- 7085559 TI - Purification and characterization of mannitol dehydrogenase from Aspergillus parasiticus. AB - Mannitol dehydrogenase, NADP specific (EC 1.1.1.138), was purified from mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus (1-11-105 Whl). The enzyme had a molecular weight of 1.4 X 10(5) and was composed of four subunits of apparently equal size. The substrate specificity was limited to D-mannitol, D-glucitol, D-arabinitol, 1 deoxy-D-mannitol, and 1-deoxy-D-glucitol. Zinc ion was a powerful inhibitor of the enzyme, inhibition being competitive with respect to mannitol, with Ki and 1 microM. It is proposed that the stimulation of polyketide synthesis by zinc ion may be mediated in part by inhibition of mannitol dehydrogenase. PMID- 7085560 TI - Two independent conjugal transfer systems operating in Bacteroides fragilis V479 1. AB - Bacteroides fragilis V479-1 (also designated strain 92) has previously been shown to contain a conjugative plasmid, pBF4, that specifies resistance to clindamycin (Cc). A report of inducible tetracycline (Tc) resistance in this strain suggested that this phenotype was also plasmid associated (G. Privitera et al., Nature [London] 278:657-659, 1979) and prompted further investigation. Mating experiments with V469-1 and a Cc-sensitive derivative of V479-1, V598, showed that Tc resistance transfer occurred by a conjugation-like event which was insensitive to DNase, was not mediated by donor culture cell-free filtrates, and required cell-to-cell contact. Results from transfer experiments with V479-1 indicated that Tc and Cc resistance determinants were not linked and segregated independently in matings. Progeny recovered from matings with the V479-1 or V598 donor strain were able to transfer the Tc resistance marker in secondary crosses. Tc resistance transfer from V479-1 or V598 was greatly stimulated by pregrowth in the presence of Tc but not Cc. pBF4-mediated Cc resistance transfer was not affected by pregrowth in the presence of Cc or Tc. Filter blot DNA hybridization studies revealed that pBF4 sequences were not involved in either the Tc resistant phenotype or its associated conjugal transfer properties. The Tc resistance transfer element was not associated with pBF4 or any other extrachromosomal DNA element. PMID- 7085561 TI - Characteristics of Ti plasmids from broad-host-range and ecologically specific biotype 2 and 3 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. AB - Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains isolated from crown gall tumors on grapevines in California were consistently of the biotype 3 group. All 11 of these strains were limited in their host range and harbored Ti plasmids with molecular masses between 119 and 142 megadaltons (Mdal) as well as a larger cryptic plasmid of greater than 200 Mdal; occasionally a smaller cryptic plasmid of 65 Mdal was also present. Ti plasmids o these strains have DNA sequences in common with Ti plasmids of octopine and nopaline strains belonging to the biotype 1 group and exhibited sequence homologies with the conserved region of the T-DNA. Ten of the 11 strains utilized octopine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen and 3 strains catabolized both octopine and nopaline, whereas 1 strain catabolized only nopaline. All of these strains were resistant to the bacteriocin agrocin-84, except one grapevine strain that belonged to the biotype 1 group and was agrocin sensitive; it is also differed in its plasmid and virulence characteristics. Isolations from Rubus ursinus ollalieberry galls yielded exclusively biotype 2 strains. These strans were insensitive to agrocin-84, utilized nopaline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source, and were highly virulent on all host plants tested. They contained Ti plasmids ranging between 100 and 130 Mdal and occasionally a cryptic plasmid of 69 Mdal. Their Ti plasmids have DNA sequences in common with Ti plasmids of biotype 1 strains and with the conserved region of the T-DNA. PMID- 7085562 TI - Identification and mobilization by cointegrate formation of a nodulation plasmid in Rhizobium trifolii. AB - A nodulation plasmid, pRtr-514a, of molecular size 180 megadaltons (Mdal) was identified in Rhizobium trifolii strain NZP514. This plasmid was absent in both spontaneous and heat-cured Nod- derivatives of NZP514, and these strains were unable to induce root hair curling. The ability to nodulate clover was transferred from the wild-type strain to a Nod- derivatives, PN104, with the broad-host-range plasmid R68.45 (39 megadaltons) at a cotransfer frequency of about 4 X 10(-3). Most of the Nod+ transconjugants were resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and carbenicillin and had received a plasmid approximately 36 or 70 Mdal larger than pRtr514a but did not contain a plasmid of the size of R68.45, indicating that pRtr-514a was mobilized as a cointegrate plasmid containing either one or possibly two copies of R68.45. Use of these cointegrate-containing strains as donors in further crosses with the Nod- derivative strain PN118 resulted in high-frequency transfer of Nod+ (10(-3) to 10(-4), with cotransfer frequencies with kanamycin of up to 100%. Introduction of R68.45 into a derivative of NZP514 containing the broad-host-range plasmid pJP4 (52 Mdal) resulted in a high frequency of transconjugants carrying a cointegrate plasmid composed of pRtr-514a and pJP4. When used as donors to Nod- derivatives, such strains cotransferred Nod+ with kanamycin plus mercury at a frequency of 67%. The identification of stable cointegrates between pRtr-514a and the broad-host-range plasmids R68.45 and pJP4 should enable several genetic manipulations to be carried out with this nodulation plasmid, including the transfer of the plasmid to most gram-negative bacterial genera. PMID- 7085563 TI - Three-dimensional structure of the crystalloid in the microbody of Kloeckera sp.: composite crystal model. AB - Electron microscopic investigations using the cryosectioning technique, together with electron diffraction, optical diffraction, and computer simulation, were carried out for the determination of the intrinsic structure of the crystalloid in the microbody of Kloeckera sp. The lattice images seen in the cryosections could be changed from one to another by tilting the specimen at an appropriate angle, the images obtained being well consistent with those obtained by computer simulation. The electron diffraction patterns also agreed with those obtained by optical diffraction. The results demonstrated that the crystalloid was composed of two different types of particles, large and small ones, arranged alternately and making up the composite crystal of rock salt structure. Large particles seemed to consist of alcohol oxidase molecules, while the small particles were presumably made up of catalase molecules. PMID- 7085564 TI - Gliding motility of Cytophaga sp. strain U67. AB - Video techniques were used to analyze the motion of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga sp. strain U67. Cells moved singly on glass along the long axis at a speed of about 2 micrometers/s, advancing, retreating, stopping, pivoting about a pole, or flipping over. They did not flex or roll. Cells of different lengths moved at about the same speed. Cells sometimes spun continuously about a pole at a frequency of about 2 HZ, the body moving in a plane parallel to that of the glass or on the surface of a cone having either a large or a small solid angle. Polystyrene latex spheres moved to and fro on the surfaces of cells, also at a speed of about 2 micrometers/s. They moved in the same fashion whether a cell was in suspension, gliding, or at rest on the glass. Two spheres on the same cell often moved in opposite directions, passing by one another in close proximity. Small and large spheres and aggregates of spheres all moved at about the same speed. An aggregate moved down the side of a cell with a fixed orientation, even when only one sphere was in contact with the cell. Spheres occasionally left one cell and were picked up by another. Cell pretreated with small spheres did not adhere to glass. When the cells were deprived of oxygen, they stopped gliding, and the spheres stopped moving on their surfaces. The spheres became completely immobilized; they no longer moved from cell to cell or exhibited Brownian movement. Cytophaga spp. are known to have a typical gram-negative cell envelope: an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outer (lipopolysaccharide) membrane. Our data are consistent with a model for gliding in which sites to which glass and polystyrene strongly adsorb move within the fluid outer membrane along tracks fixed to the rigid peptidoglycan framework. PMID- 7085565 TI - Relationship of the syntheses of spore coat protein and parasporal crystal protein in Bacillus thuringiensis. AB - Two major classes of polypeptides were extracted from the spore surface of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki: the 134,000-dalton protoxin that is the major component of the crystalline inclusion and spore coat polypeptides very similar to those found on Bacillus cereus spores. The quantity of spore coat polypeptides produced was reduced when compared with that produced by certain acrystalliferous mutants or by B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. The latter organism produced an inclusion toxic to mosquito larvae, but deposited very little of the inclusion protein on the spore surface. The reduction in spore coat protein in B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was also seen in freeze-etched electron micrographs of spores. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores germinated rather slowly when compared with related species, a property previously correlated with a deficiency or defect of the spore coat. Many mutants of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki unable to form a crystalline inclusion were nontoxic and lacked a well-defined spore coat. Other mutants isolated either directly from the wild type or from coat-deficient mutants produced spores that were identical to those produced by the closely related species. Bacillus cereus, on the basis of morphology, germination rate, and the size and antigenicity of the spore coat polypeptides. Most of the protein extractable from the inclusion produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was about 26,000 daltons, considerably smaller than the major polypeptide extractable from other inclusions. Some of the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis inclusion protein was found on the spore surface, but the majority of the extractable spore coat protein was the same size and antigenicity as that found on B. cereus spores. The B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spores germinated at a rate close to that of B. cereus, especially when the spores were formed at 37 degrees C, and the morphology of the spore surface was very similar to that of B. cereus. PMID- 7085566 TI - Structural studies of alfalfa roots infected with nodulation mutants of Rhizobium meliloti. AB - Alfalfa roots infected with four nodulation defective (Nod-) mutants of Rhizobium meliloti which were generated by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis were examined by light and electron microscopy. In one class of Nod- mutants, which we can nonreactive, the bacteria did not induce root hair curling or penetrate host cells. In a second class of Nod- mutants, which we call reactive, the bacteria induced some root hair curling and entered root epidermal cells, although no infection threads were formed. In addition, reactive Nod- mutants induced extensive root hair proliferation and hypertrophied roots. This study presents the details of the phenotype of the association between each mutant strain and alfalfa roots. PMID- 7085568 TI - Selective transport of nutrients via the rhizoids of the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii. AB - Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that the rhizoids of Blastocladiella emersonii grow chemotropically toward a source of Pi and thus provided preliminary evidence that, in addition to serving as a holdfast, the rhizoids absorb nutrients. To further examine the role of the rhizoids in nutrient uptake, we devised a technique to introduce a barrier between the rhizoids and the thallus to that these cell compartments could be studied independently. Cells were grown on polycarbonate membrane filters in such a way that all of the thalli were on one side of the filter and essentially all of the rhizoids were on the opposite side. Nutrient uptake into the rhizoids and the thallus was measured by floating the filters bearing cells on radioactive medium so that only one side of the filter contacted the label. Mineral oil was used to block the diffusion of the label through the unfilled pores in the filter. This technique permitted us to establish clearly that the rhizoids absorb all seven of the nutrients tested. In addition, we found that some nutrients, specifically Pi and amino acids, appeared to be preferentially taken up via the rhizoids, whereas K+, Rb+, and Ca2+ entered the thallus and rhizoids equally. Cells grown in the presence of the microtubule synthesis inhibitors nocodazole and carbendazim elaborated only a stunted rhizoid system, so we examined their ability to accumulate the two classes of compounds. As expected, these cells were severely inhibited in Pi and amino acid uptake but retained normal uptake of K+, Rb+, and Ca2+. PMID- 7085567 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis has penicillin-binding proteins but not detectable muramic acid. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis LGV-434 was grown in HeLa 229 cells. Benzylpenicillin completely inhibited the formation of infectious elementary bodies (EBs) at a concentration of 19 pmol/ml or higher and produced abnormally large reticulate bodies (RBs) in the inclusions at 30 pmol/ml or higher. The possible targets for penicillin in C. trachomatis were three penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) which were identified in the Sarkosyl-soluble fractions of both RBs and EBs. The apparent subunit molecular weights were 88,000 (PBP 1), 61,000 (BPB 2), and 36,000 (PBP 3). The 50% binding concentrations of [3H]penicillin for PBPs 1 to 3 in EBs and RBs were between 7 and 70 pmol/ml. Such high susceptibility to penicillin was shown by an organism that did not have detectable muramic acid (less than 0.02% by weight) in preparations of either whole cells or sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble residues. PMID- 7085570 TI - Metabolism of dibutylphthalate and phthalate by Micrococcus sp. strain 12B. AB - Micrococcus sp. strain 12B was isolated by enriching for growth with dibutylphthalate as the sole carbon and energy source. A pathway for the metabolism of dibutylphthalate and phthalate by micrococcus sp. strain 12B is proposed: dibutylphthalate leads to monobutylphthalate leads to phthalate leads to 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxyphthalate leads to 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate leads to protocatechuate (3,4-dihdroxybenzoate). Protocatechuate is metabolized both by the meta-cleavage pathway through 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and 4 carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate to pyruvate and oxaloacetate and by the ortho-cleavage pathway to beta-ketoadipate. Dibutylphthalate- and phthalate-grown cells readily oxidized dibutylphthalate, phthalate, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate, and protocatechuate. Extracts of cells grown with dibutylphthalate or phthalate contained the 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase and the enzymes of the protocatechuater 4,5-meta-cleavage pathway. Extracts of dibutylphthalate-grown cells also contained the protocatechuate ortho-cleavage pathway enzymes. The dibutylphthalate-hydrolyzing esterase and 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase were constitutively synthesized; phthalate-3,4-dioxygenase (and possibly the "dihydrodiol" dehydrogenase) was inducible by phthalate or a metabolite occurring before protocatechuate in the pathway; two protocatechuate oxygenases and subsequent enzymes were inducible by protocatechuate or a subsequent metabolic product. During growth at 37 degrees C, strain 12B gave clones at high frequency that had lost the ability to grow with phthalate esters. One of these nonrevertible mutants, strain 12B-Cl, lacked all of the enzymes required for the metabolism of dibutylphthalate through the protocatechuate meta-cleavage pathway. Enzymes for the metabolism of protocatechuate by the ortho-cleavage pathway were present in this strain grown with p-hydroxybenzoate or protocatechuate. PMID- 7085571 TI - Circular organization of the DNA synthetic pathway in Caulobacter crescentus. AB - Genetic analysis of the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus has identified a DNA synthetic pathway and a cell division pathway (M. A. Osley and A. Newton, J. Mol. Biol. 138:109-128, 1980). The results presented here show that in double-shift experiments the function of the PC2076 gene product, which is required for the initiation of DNA synthesis, depends on completion of a late stage of chromosome replication in the previous cell cycle. These findings suggest a circular organization of steps in the DNA synthetic pathway in C. crescentus. PMID- 7085572 TI - Positive selection of nodulation-deficient Rhizobium phaseoli. AB - A high proportion of Rhizobium phaseoli mutants that survived infection with phage F1 were found to be nodulation deficient. Two that were examined in detail had internal defects in addition to the expected surface defects. One internal defect was in the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. The use of phages to select appropriate mutants should apply generally in any system in which surface components are involved. PMID- 7085573 TI - Is lithium bad for the kidneys? AB - Lithium alters renal physiology (e.g. polyuria) and is nephrotoxic in severe intoxications. With proper precautions, lithium was otherwise presumed safe through the mid-1970's. In 1977, the controversial question arose whether lithium may induce a chronic renal disease documented by biopsy. Later, similar lesions were demonstrated in affective disturbance patients never exposed to lithium. The possible role of lithium as an inducer of kidney damage is undetermined; but concern for the kidney in lithium patients is expressed. Better pre-lithium patient selection and renal work-up, lower serum lithium levels, and closer clinical and laboratory follow-up are advised. PMID- 7085569 TI - Metabolism of dimethylphthalate by Micrococcus sp. strain 12B. AB - During growth of Micrococcus sp. strain 12B with dimethylphthalate, 4-carboxy-2 hydroxymuconate lactone (CHML, X) and 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate-2-methyl ester (XI) were isolated from culture filtrates. CHML is the lactone of intermediate 4 carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate (IX). Accumulation of XI which is not a substrate for 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate-2-decarboxylase in strain 12B afforded an easy access to the preparation of 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate. PMID- 7085574 TI - Psychiatric illness in male and female narcotic addicts. AB - This report describes the results of initial psychiatric interviews on 100 male and 100 female narcotic addicts who were matched by age, race, and geographic origin. The majority met criteria for antisocial personality whereas about one in four males and one in seven females met criteria for alcoholism. Between one third and one-half of the subjects met criteria for secondary depression. Bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia rates were not elevated. Males significantly more often were diagnosed as having antisocial personality and alcoholism whereas females significantly more often were diagnosed as having a non-drug depression. Treatment implications of the observed differences between males and females are discussed. PMID- 7085575 TI - Characteristics of chronically anxious patients who respond to EMG feedback training. AB - Anxiety levels of 40 chronically anxious patients given 8 weekly sessions of EMG feedback training were evaluated over a 6-month period. All subjects succeeded in reducing their EMG scores during treatment. Improvement was partly maintained during follow-up, but only 25% of the subjects who completed the evaluation believed their anxiety levels had improved substantially. Responders did not differ from nonresponders on pre- or posttreatment EMG scores, but there was a consistently closer association between EMG score and anxiety level for responders. No difference was seen between the two groups on demographic variables or IQ, but responders had higher mean scores for extraversion on two scales and a lower mean score for depression on one scale. Although EMG feedback alone does not appear to be an effective treatment for all subjects with chronic anxiety, the technique can be of value in some patients. PMID- 7085576 TI - The implications of tattooing in prisoners. AB - In a prisoner population, the relationship of tattoos and tattooing to type of crime and psychiatric diagnosis was examined. The commission of crimes involving personally assaultive behavior was found to be related to the possession of tattoos. Numbers and themes of tattoos did not correlate with psychiatric diagnosis. PMID- 7085577 TI - Schizo-affective disorder (Schneiderian positive), manic type: a comparison with mania. AB - Manic patients with (N = 12) and without (N = 27) Schneiderian first rank symptoms (SFRS) were compared with regard to age, age at illness onset, presence of good prognostic signs, psychopathologic variables, treatment, and family history. The lack of group differences seen on many variables is consistent with the notion that SFRS do not define a separate schizo-affective manic subtype with differences in etiology or outcome. PMID- 7085578 TI - Anxiety and assertiveness in the relatives of alcoholics and controls. AB - The Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-Trait Scale (STAI) were administered to male university students and nonacademic staff. Subjects classified as "at-risk" on the basis of a history of alcoholism in a first-degree relative (N = 30) were compared to controls with no such family histories (N = 30). The two groups were matched on demographic variables and drinking history. No significant differences were found between the groups on the traits of anxiety or assertiveness, although the subjects hypothesized to be at higher risk for alcoholism showed a trend toward higher assertiveness scores. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that higher levels of anxiety and/or lower levels of assertiveness predispose an individual toward the development of alcoholism. PMID- 7085579 TI - Psychosis in the opioid addicted patient: assessment and treatment. PMID- 7085580 TI - Agoraphobia following amphetamine withdrawal. AB - Agoraphobia, now a clinically accepted entity (DSM-III) was first described more than 100 years ago in the psychiatric literature. Recently, it has been considered a syndrome, with phobia, anxiety and depersonalization being the prominent symptoms. Its etiology is not clear and different schools of thought have given different explanations for its causation. Few reports of recent origin have have described a close association between the intake and/or discontinuation of pharmacologic agents and the onset of the syndrome. The agents implicated were the tricyclic group. Our report describes another "antidepressant," d amphetamine, which when discontinued by our patient, was followed by the full syndrome of agoraphobia. PMID- 7085581 TI - Phenelzine treatment of depression with chronic diarrhea. AB - The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) have been used increasingly in treating nonendogenous depressions. Patients with psychophysiologic disorders have many characteristics in common with known MAOI responders. The authors present the case of a man who had had diarrhea for 36 years, with an underlying chronic depression. The patient was unresponsive to ECT and tricyclic antidepressants. Phenelzine, 60 mg/day, produced dramatic improvement in the patient's diarrhea and his sense of well-being. PMID- 7085582 TI - Frontal lobe meningioma and depression. AB - The case of a 61-year-old woman with an apathetic depression and urinary incontinence is presented. Her depression and urinary incontinence were symptomatically treated with d-amphetamine prior to diagnosis of bilateral frontal lobe meningiomas. Similar but irreversible neurologic conditions might be successfully treated by using amphetamines. PMID- 7085583 TI - Clonidine: inpatient studies from 1978 to 1981. AB - We have studied and reviewed data reported by others, which support a norepinephrine (NE) hyperactivity hypothesis for opiate withdrawal. Other hypotheses explained parts of the opiate withdrawal syndrome but the NE hypothesis had the potential to explain most of the clinical manifestations of abrupt opiate discontinuation in addicted persons. Clonidine's ability to almost completely reverse the opiate withdrawal syndrome in acute withdrawal studies supported the NE hypothesis and suggested a new use of clonidine. Lofexidine's efficacy was additional support for the NE hypothesis. Clonidine is an effective emergency treatment for acute opiate withdrawal and in the detoxification of methadone, heroin, and other opiate addictions. Clonidine reverses the cognitive, affective, and physiological signs and symptoms and continues to suppress their re-emergence when given for 10-14 days in a detoxification protocol. NE hyperactivity in withdrawal may result from endorphin system dysfunction at the level of the locus coeruleus (LC), the mismatch between needed NE, opiate and other inhibition at the LC in the person addicted to high doses of powerful exogenous opiate LC inhibitors and available endogenous inhibitory substances or other mechanisms. PMID- 7085584 TI - Outpatient opiate detoxification with clonidine. AB - The finding that clonidine has significant withdrawal-suppressing effects in opiate addicts has led to clinical testing of its utility as a non-opiate treatment for opiate detoxification. Our outpatient studies have shown that clonidine can be used safely and effectively to detoxify opiate-dependent patients without hospitalization. Because of sedative and hypotensive side effects as well as varying sensitivity to the drug, clonidine doses must be individualized according to each patient's blood pressure and symptoms. Clonidine seems best suited for clinical use as a transitional treatment between opiate dependence and naltrexone. Our 10-day outpatient clonidine detoxification procedure has been extremely effective in allowing patients abruptly to discontinue the use of opiates and stay opiate-free long enough to initiate naltrexone treatment. Clonidine's side effects of sedation and hypotension have limited its clinical usefulness, particularly with outpatients, suggesting that other alpha-2 noradrenergic agonists might be found to have similar antiwithdrawal efficacy but without clonidine's undesirable side effects. Initial outpatient testing of lofexidine, a structural analog of clonidine, indicates that this drug may be as effective as clonidine for opiate detoxification and might be more suitable for outpatient treatment if it is found to lack the sedative and hypotensive side effects sometimes found with clonidine. PMID- 7085585 TI - Clonidine: basic and clinical perspectives. PMID- 7085586 TI - Factors associated with incomplete recovery in primary depressive illness. AB - Factors associated with chronicity in primary depression were investigated. Chronic secondary and episodic primary depressives served as control groups. Shortened REM latency and relative absence of pronounced characterologic pathology in the chronic primary depressive group were similar to data for episodic primary depressive controls. Chronicity in primary depression was significantly correlated with a positive family history of affective disorder, multiple losses through death of family members, disabled spouses, concurrent incapacitating medical diseases (especially their treatment with depressant antihypertensive drugs), and secondary sedativism (including alcoholism). No correlation was found with childhood loss of a parent or severity of depressive episodes. PMID- 7085587 TI - Predicting pharmacotherapy outcome by subjective response. AB - Subjective response to the initial 24-hour dosage of psychoactive medication was evaluated as a predictor of clinical outcome in 33 drug-free patients with DSM III diagnoses of functional psychoses. Pretreatment evaluation included measures of symptom severity, role functioning and attitude towards treatment. Clinical improvement after 8-21 days was significantly correlated with subjective response. The author suggests that inquiry regarding a patient's early subjective response to prescribe chemotherapy can help to identify ultimate drug refusal and clinical unresponsiveness. PMID- 7085588 TI - Drinking patterns in homosexual and heterosexual women. AB - The lifetime prevalence of heavy and problem drinking was found to be significantly higher in a sample of homosexual women (N = 57) compared to a demographically matched sample of heterosexual women (N = 43). This prevalence of excessive drinking is not explained by personality traits, psychiatric diagnosis, gender identity, history of frequenting gay bars, or family history of alcoholism. PMID- 7085589 TI - Environmental factors and aggressive behavior. AB - This paper briefly reviews some of the research areas which indicate a correlation between environmental factors and initiation of aggressive behavior. Environmental factors including lunar influences, month of birth, climate and the effects of crowding and certain chemicals are discussed. PMID- 7085590 TI - Self-performed bilateral orchiectomy in transsexuals. AB - This paper reviews three cases of self-performed bilateral orchiectomy seen within a 2-year period at San Francisco General Hospital. All three cases were male to female transsexuals. The patients were not considered psychotic by the psychiatric consultant, although two patients admitted to past suicide attempts and psychiatric treatment. The patients' histories and treatment are reviewed and suggestions for diagnosis, management, and treatment planning are offered. PMID- 7085591 TI - Delayed carbon monoxide encephalopathy: clinical and research implications. AB - Delayed onset of carbon monoxide encephalopathy may present to a psychiatrist as a functional illness in patients with a psychiatric history. Early detection is important as increased activity is antitherapeutic. A case report is described in which there was initial difficulty in confirming the diagnosis. New treatment approaches that might well prove beneficial to this particular syndrome are discussed. PMID- 7085592 TI - Coexistent dementia and depression. PMID- 7085593 TI - Neuroleptics, laryngeal-pharyngeal dystonia and acute renal failure. PMID- 7085594 TI - Core dimensions in the 3Fe cluster of Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. AB - We have obtained the iron K-edge extended X-ray adsorption fine structure spectra of the 3Fe ferredoxin II of Desulfovibrio gigas in the oxidized and reduced states. For both states, interpretation of the EXAFS data suggests that the Fe-S first shell coordination distance is near 2.25 A, in agreement with crystallographic studies of model compounds and proteins containing 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S centers, as well as with a recent crystallographic study of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (Ghosh, D., Furey, W., Jr., O'Donnell, S., and Stout, C. D. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 4185-4192). The apparent Fe-Fe distance we obtain for the desulfovibrio protein (2.7 A) also agrees with similar distances seen in other Fe-S centers, except with the 3Fe cluster in the Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I structure, for which an Fe-Fe distance of 4.2 A was reported. We conclude that either the two 3Fe ferredoxins have substantially different core dimensions, a possibility apparently unique to 3Fe centers among known Fe-S systems in proteins, or that one (or more) of the structural studies is in substantial error. PMID- 7085595 TI - On the role of factor B and oligomycin on generation and discharge of the proton gradient. AB - Bovine mitochondrial coupling factor B (FB) stimulates oxidative phosphorylation as well as other energy-linked reactions which are supported by ATP hydrolysis. Extraction of FB from submitochondrial particles results in a decrease in ATP dependent proton translocation (delta pH) and binding of the voltage-sensitive dye, oxonol VI. Reconstitution of deficient particles with FB restores ATP dependent proton translocation and oxonol binding but has little effect on oxonol binding supported by respiratory substrates.l In contrast, low levels of oligomycin stimulate oxonol binding supported by either ATP or NADH. In the case of oligomycin, the stimulatory effect is associated with a decrease in the rate of discharge of the proton gradient, but the depletion of FB or its restoration has no detectable effect on the discharge rate. The data indicate that the primary effect of FB is upon the rate of H+ translocation coupled to ATP hydrolysis, while that of low oligomycin is on the H+ permeability of the membrane. PMID- 7085596 TI - Lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism in the rabbit heart. Characterization of metabolic pathways and partial purification of myocardial lysophospholipase transacylase. AB - Metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), recently implicated in arrhythmogenesis, was characterized in rabbit ventricular homogenates. Activities of four enzymatic pathways were distinguishable after subcellular fractionation and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography including microsomal lysophospholipase, microsomal acyl coenzyme A/LPC acyltransferase, cytosolic lysophospholipase, and cytosolic lysophospholipase-transacylase. Microsomal lysophospholipase activity was attenuated 81% by acidosis comparable to that in ischemic myocardium (pH 6.5) and was inhibited by substrate. LPC acyltransferase was identified in the microsomal fraction based on CoA-dependent phosphatidyl choline synthesis, the positional specificity of acylation of LPC, and identical reaction velocities with both of its labeled co-substrates. LPC acyltransferase had a Vmax of 5.1 nmol/mg/min, a broad pH optimum centered at pH 7, and an apparent Km for LPC and palmitoyl-CoA of 14 microM and 7 microM. Cytosolic lysophospholipase was separated from lysophospholipase-transacylase by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and distinguished from microsomal lysophospholipase by its broad pH activity curve, Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax = 9.5 nmol/mg/min, Km = 7.5 microM), and lack of substrate inhibition. Lysophospholipase-transacylase was identified in the cytosolic fraction by CoA-independent phosphatidyl choline synthesis and purified 4885-fold from homogenate by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxylapatite, gel filtration, and polylysine chromatography. The partially purified enzyme had a transacylase/lysophospholipase activity ratio of 0.6, and transacylation of LPC was prominent at submicellar concentrations of substrate. PMID- 7085597 TI - Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit processing and combination in microsomal subfractions of mouse pituitary tumor. AB - Mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor minces were labeled with [35S]methionine and fractionated into rough microsomes, intermediate, and low density smooth microsomes. Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunits were mainly in rough microsomes after a 10-min pulse, but with increasing chase times the proportion in smooth microsomes increased. In rough microsomes, small amounts of an alpha subunit precursor of Mr = 11,000 and larger amounts of an alpha form of Mr = 18,000 were rapidly processed to a form of Mr = 21,000, while small amounts of a beta-subunit precursor of M r = 11,000 were processed to a form of Mr = 18,000. Most of the Mr = 18,000 and Mr = 21,000 subunit forms were converted by endoglycosidase H to forms of Mr = 11,000 to 12,000. Small amounts of endoglycosidase H-resistant forms appeared in low density smooth microsomes after a 30-min chase. Subunit combination was not detected at 10 min; combination was first detected at 20 min and increased progressively to a maximum of 61% of beta in the low density smooth microsomes at 60 min of chase. Although alpha of Mr = 11,000 and 18,000, and beta of Mr - 11,000, were not detected in thyroid-stimulating hormone, both endoglycosidase H-sensitive and -resistant alpha subunit of Mr = 21,000 and beta subunit of Mr = 18,000 were found combined. Thus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains only small amounts of nonglycosylated subunits (Mr = 11,000). The major subunit precursors contain one high mannose oligosaccharide (Mr = 18,000), with a second unit being added onto alpha in the rough ER. Combination of alpha (Mr = 21,000) with beta (Mr = 18,000) begins in the rough ER but occurs predominantly in the smooth ER/Golgi. Oligosaccharides of both combined and uncombined subunits are processed from high mannose to complex forms predominantly in the smooth ER/Golgi. PMID- 7085598 TI - Mechanisms of cell injury in the killing of cultured hepatocytes by bromobenzene. PMID- 7085599 TI - Protein isomerization in the NAD+-dependent activation of beta-(2-furyl)acryloyl glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the crystal. PMID- 7085601 TI - Lipid-bound saccharides in Rhizobium meliloti. AB - The lipid-bound saccharides formed by incubation of uridine diphosphate glucose with a particulate enzyme of Rhizobium meliloti were studied. They behaved like polyprenyl diphosphate saccharides when treated with ammonia or hot phenol, when catalytically hydrogenated, and on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The saccharide moieties obtained after heating at pH 2 for 10 min at 100 degrees C were separated with a gel filtration column. The following compounds were detected: galactose, glucosyl beta 1-3 galactose (Tolmasky, M. E., Staneloni, R. J., Ugalde, R. A., and Leloir, L. F. (1980) ARch. Biochem. Biophys. 203, 358-364), and some octasaccharides (I). These were compared by paper electrophoresis, thin layer and paper chromatography with an octasaccharide obtained from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes strain 11 (II). Furthermore, Compounds I and II were compared with the exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti (III) by partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis. The results were consistent with the identity of the repeating unit of Compound III with Compounds I and II except for differences in the substituents (acetyl or succinyl). Studies on the labeling of the lipid-bound saccharides have shown that the sequence is: first, galactose and glucosyl beta 1-3 galactose, then the rest of glucose residues, and finally, the substituents (acetyl and pyruvic acid). PMID- 7085600 TI - Chemical modification of a functional arginyl residue (Arg 292) of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Identification as the binding site for the distal carboxylate group of the substrate. AB - Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is inactivated by dicarbonyl reagents selectively modifying arginyl residues. Treatment with phenylglyoxal inactivates the enzyme with concomitant modification of 2.7 mol of arginyl residues/mol of subunit. If the reaction is performed in the presence of the transaminating substrate pair aspartate/oxalacetate, only 1.3 mol of arginyl residues/mol of subunit are labeled and the enzymic activity remains at 75% of the original value. One particular residue, identified by peptide analysis as Arg 292, is completely protected against modification in the presence of the substrate pair, indicating a role of its guanidinium group in substrate binding. On the basis of x-ray crystallographic studies of the complex of apoenzyme with N-(5' phosphopyridoxyl)-aspartate (minus pyridoxal form of the enzyme), Arg 292 has been proposed as the binding site of the distal carboxylate group (Ford, G. C., Eichele, G., and Jansonius, J. N. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 2559 2563). The enzyme with blocked Arg 292 is not completely inactive, and its molecular activity toward dicarboxylic substrates is of the same order of magnitude as that of the native enzyme toward alanine, which is 10(5) times lower than that toward dicarboxylic substrates. The activity toward alanine is unchanged but the rate-enhancing effect of formate on the transamination of alanine is impaired. Formate is assumed to occupy the binding site of the distal carboxylate group (Morino, Y., Osman, A. M., and Okamoto, M. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6684-6692). Apparently, the interaction of the distal carboxylate group of the substrate with Arg 292 underlies not only the binding specificity but also the kinetic specificity of aspartate aminotransferase for dicarboxylic substrates. PMID- 7085603 TI - Intercellular adhesion of rat hepatocytes. Identification of a cell surface glycoprotein involved in the initial adhesion process. AB - A cell surface molecule involved in intercellular adhesion between rat hepatocytes in vitro has been identified. Papain-solubilized plasma membrane components were fractionated; the ability of the solubilized components to neutralize the inhibition of cell aggregation, caused by multispecific antibodies directed against the cell surface, was used to follow the purification. The purified components were used to immunize rabbits. The resulting antibodies effectively inhibited hepatocyte aggregation, and this inhibitory effect could be neutralized by detergent-solubilized plasma membrane components having an apparent molecular weight of 105,000 in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Also by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunosorbent techniques it was demonstrated that the antibodies specifically reacted with a plasma membrane component having an apparent molecular weight of 105,000. This component was susceptible to digestion with papain and showed specific binding to the carbohydrate-binding lectin Lens culinaris hemagglutinin. It was thus concluded that a glycoprotein with a mass of about 105,000 daltons is involved in rat hepatocyte intercellular adhesion. PMID- 7085602 TI - Effects of azidocytidine on DNA synthesis and deoxynucleotide pools of mouse fibroblast cell lines. AB - 2'-Deoxy-2'-azidocytidine inhibits DNA synthesis of cells in tissue culture. In vitro, the diphosphate of azidocytidine was earlier shown to inhibit mammalian ribonucleotide reductase, while the triphosphate did not inhibit DNA replication in isolated cell nuclei. In intact cells, however, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools were not decreased by azidocytidine in a manner expected from an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. In order to differentiate between inhibition of precursor synthesis and DNA replication we studied in the present investigation the effects of azidocytidine on pool sizes of deoxynucleotides as well as on the incorporation of labeled cytidine or deoxycytidine into deoxycytidine triphosphate pools and DNA of cultured growing mouse fibroblasts. Azidocytidine was transformed to an active metabolite by phosphorylation with deoxycytidine kinase. Cell lines deficient in this enzyme showed an increased resistance against the analogue. Azidocytidine had a dual effect on the incorporation of labeled nucleosides. At low concentrations, the incorporation of cytidine into DNA was severely inhibited without a decrease of the specific activity of the dCTP pool or the size of the other three dNTP pools, suggesting a direct effect on DNA replication. At high concentrations of azidocytidine, incorporation into dCTP was also affected, demonstrating inhibition of CDP reduction. Our data also show that reduction of CDP is not necessarily tightly coupled to DNA replication since a rapid turnover of the dCTP pool occurred at the low concentrations of azidocytidine which severely inhibited DNA synthesis. PMID- 7085604 TI - Transmembrane organization of protein glycosylation. Mature oligosaccharide-lipid is located on the luminal side of microsomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The transmembrane orientation of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, which is the oligosaccharide donor in the glycosylation of asparagine residues of eukaryotic glycoproteins has been investigated. The lectin concanavalin A was used as a nonpenetrating probe to study the location of this oligosaccharide lipid in microsomal vesicles prepared from cultured fibroblasts. Lectin treatment of intact vesicles, and vesicles made leaky with low concentrations of detergent showed that this oligosaccharide-lipid is on the luminal side of membrane. The oligosaccharide-lipid was bound by lectin only if the permeability barrier of the membrane had been destroyed by detergent; very little binding was seen in intact vesicles. This result suggests that glycosylation of nascent secretory and membrane glycoproteins occurs on the luminal side of the membrane. It also implies that sugar residues derived from cytoplasmic sugar nucleotides must be transported across the membrane at some point during the synthesis and accumulation of mature, luminal oligosaccharide-lipid, although the identity of the transported species remains unknown. PMID- 7085605 TI - Polarized amino acid transport by an epithelial cell line of renal origin (LLC PK1). The basolateral systems. AB - The transport of three neutral amino acid analogs has been studied in an epithelial cell line from a pig kidney. 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is accumulated by LLC-PK1 cells against a concentration gradient through a mechanism with several features of a carrier-mediated process. The influx is accounted for by a saturable Na+-dependent and nonsaturable Na+-independent process. The total influx of 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid is also mediated through Na+-dependent and Na+-independent systems. Part of the Na+-dependent influx of 2 aminoisobutyric acid was competitively inhibited by 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (Ki = 4.2 mM).l Selectivity studies indicate that the 2 (methylamino)isobutyric acid-sensitive part of 2-aminoisobutyric acid influx is mediated through the A system, whereas the insensitive part occurs through the ASC system. Cycloleucine transport also involves a Na+-dependent and Na+ independent process. The Na+-dependent influx is completely inhibited by 2 aminoisobutyric acid but not perceptibly by 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid. This influx probably represents entry through the ASC system. The Na+-independent component is completely inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, a specific substrate for the L system. Uptake studies from either side of the monolayers indicate that these transport systems are exclusively located in basolateral membranes of the cultured renal cells. PMID- 7085606 TI - Dephosphorylation of chicken riboflavin-binding protein and phosvitin decreases their uptake by oocytes. AB - Riboflavin-binding protein (RBP) and phosvitin are phosphoglycoproteins transferred from the plasma of laying hens into the yolk of developing oocytes. We have examined the effect of phosphate removal on this yolk deposition process. Unmodified yolk RBP and phosvitin contain, respectively, 8.3 and 109 residues of phosphate/molecule. Complete dephosphorylation of yolk RBP caused a 20-min decrease in the plasma clearance half-life an 87% decrease in the uptake of the protein into oocytes in vivo. Although partially desialylated, dephospho-yolk RBP was identical with the native protein by several criteria, including riboflavin binding capacity, mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and circular dichroism. A series of partially dephosphorylated yolk RBP samples, prepared by limited enzymatic hydrolysis, was indistinguishable from native yolk RBP by all criteria except phosphate content. Removal of the 1st phosphate residue decreased uptake of yolk RBP into oocytes by about 60%. Uptake into oocytes could not be restored to dephospho-yolk RBP by addition of anionic groups by succinylation. However, succinylation of native yolk RBP decreased its deposition into oocytes to the same extent as dephosphorylation. Partial dephosphorylation of phosvitin also had marked effects. The plasma clearance of dephosphophosvitin (70% of phosphate removed) was much faster than native phosvitin. After 4 h, 15% of injected 125I phosvitin remained in circulation compared with only 3.8% of 125I dephosphophosvitin. The uptake of dephosphovosvitin into oocytes was 79% less than that of native phosvitin. In vitro, 125I-phosvitin bound specifically to a preparation of oocyte plasma membranes as indicated by competition with unlabeled phosvitin but not with RBP. The specific binding of dephosphophosvitin was 96% less than that of native phosvitin and it could be displaced equally well by phosvitin or yolk RBP. PMID- 7085607 TI - Characterization of a control switch in chymotrypsin. AB - Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the conformational change accompanying the binding to chymotrypsin of a substance carrying substrate specificity have been determined by a chemical relaxation method. An analysis of the concentration dependence of the two relaxation times and the associated amplitudes permitted the evaluation of rat constants, reaction enthalpies, and entropies of the individual steps. The pH and temperature dependencies of these parameters allowed, together with the known topography of the molecule, the identification of the ionizing groups involved in the regulation of the two steps. The combined evidence was used to compose a detailed mechanism for the function of the conformational change. The hypothesis is proposed that the side chain of ASp-194 is acting as the tongue of a switch which is moving between the positively charged His-57 side chain (catalytically inactive state) and the positively charged alpha-amino group of Ile-16 (active state), thus activating or deactivating the catalytic site. This control switch is very sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. PMID- 7085608 TI - Effect of membrane cholesterol on phospholipid metabolism in thrombin-stimulated platelets. Enhanced activation of platelet phospholipase(s) for liberation of arachidonic acid. AB - The cholesterol to phospholipid mole ratio (C/PL) of human platelets was increased 1.3-fold or maintained at a normal value by incubating platelets with sonicated dispersions of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (C/PL = 3 or 1, respectively). Thrombin-induced mobilization of [3H]arachidonic acid from prelabeled phospholipids and subsequent formation of labeled cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase products were increased in cholesterol-enriched platelets as a function of thrombin concentration. Elevated platelet cholesterol content affected thrombin-induced changes in platelet phospholipids: (a) hydrolysis of PC was more sensitive to thrombin and was markedly enhanced over a wide range of thrombin concentrations (0.1-2 units/ml); (b) hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) was increased at thrombin concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 unit/ml. Increased metabolism of [3H]arachidonic acid in stimulated cholesterol enriched platelets was due to loss of [3H]arachidonate from PC at 0.1 unit/ml of thrombin. At higher thrombin concentrations (0.2-2 units/ml) it reflected enhanced hydrolysis of predominantly PC, but also PI. We conclude that cholesterol, possibly through its effect on platelet lipid organization, influences arachidonic acid metabolism in stimulated plates by promoting enhanced activity of platelet phospholipase(s) for liberation of arachidonic acid. PMID- 7085609 TI - Carbohydrate structure of hamster plasma fibronectin. Evidence for chemical diversity between cellular and plasma fibronectins. AB - The structure of the carbohydrate moiety of hamster plasma fibronectin was determined. The glycopeptides and oligosaccharides released by hydrazinolysis (Fukuda, M., Kondo, T., and Osawa, T. (1976) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 80, 1223-1232) were analyzed by methylation and exoglycosidase digestion and the major oligosaccharide unit of hamster plasma fibronectin was shown to be (formula, see text) The structure of carbohydrate moiety of plasma fibronectin shown above (NeuGly, N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid) and that of cellular fibronectin (Fukuda, M., and Hakomori, S. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5451-5457) are distinctly different with respect to the linkage of sialic acid, the degree of sialylation and the absence or presence of fucose. These results, therefore, provide the evidence for chemical diversity between cellular (fibroblast) and plasma fibronectins. PMID- 7085610 TI - 2'-5'-Linked oligo(adenylic acid) and its analogs. A new class of inhibitors of mRNA methylation. AB - Most eukaryotic cellular and viral mRNAs have a blocked, methylated 5' terminus, commonly referred to as a "cap." The 5'-terminal 7-methyl-G in mRNAs is essential for their efficient translation in vitro and may also protect mRNAs against exonucleases. We have explored whether enzymes which synthesize 5' caps of mRNAs are targets for antiviral agents. We have reported earlier that the 5' triphosphate of a broad spectrum antiviral agent, Ribavirin, and the 5'-mono- and triphosphates of 2'-5'-linked oligo(adenylic acid) (2-5A) synthesized by interferon-treated cells on exposure to double-stranded RNA or EMC virus inhibit in vitro methylation of unmethylated vaccinia RNA by a crude mRNA methylating enzyme system from vaccinia virus. We report here that although 2-5A inhibits both purified vaccinia viral and cellular mRNA (guanine-7-)-methyltransferases at micromolar concentrations, the 3'-O-methylated analogs of 2-5A, methylated in the 3'-terminal-OH or methylated at all three 3'-OH groups and with varying numbers of phosphate groups, specifically inhibited the viral enzyme at submicromolar concentrations. The inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to S adenosylmethionine, but competitive with respect to mRNA substrate. These compounds are at least 10 times more active than 2-5A. A specific inhibitor of viral mRNA methylation heretofore has not been reported. PMID- 7085611 TI - Mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate and citrulline synthesis at high matrix acetylglutamate. AB - Matrix acetylglutamate of uncoupled rat liver mitochondria increased about 10 fold, to 4.3 nmol/microliters, upon incubation with 5 mM concentrations of that compound. Uncoupled mitochondria incubated with the reagents needed for carbamyl phosphate and citrulline synthesis and 5 mM acetylglutamate synthesized citrulline at velocities which reached 99 nmol/min/mg of protein; simultaneously, as much as 47 nmol/min/mg of carbamyl phosphate accumulated and was distributed between matrix and medium. Maximal total carbamyl phosphate synthesis was, therefore, 146 nmol/min/mg, similar to the activity measured in liver homogenates. Without added acetylglutamate, some carbamyl phosphate accumulated when citrulline synthesis was about 40 nmol/min/mg. The finding that ornithine transcarbamylase can be limiting for citrulline synthesis shows that the activity of this enzyme is greatly restricted in mitochondria. The stimulation by ornithine of mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthesis was prevented when ornithine transcarbamylase was inhibited more than 96% by 5 mM delta-N phosphonacetyl-L-ornithine, suggesting that the normal stimulatory effect of ornithine on carbamyl phosphate synthetase occurs via ornithine transcarbamylase. Lower concentrations of delta-N-phosphonacetyl-L-ornithine were required to achieve a given inhibition of citrulline synthesis from added carbamyl phosphate from endogenously synthesized carbamyl phosphate. The results reported suggest the existence of interactions between carbamyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase in the matrix. PMID- 7085612 TI - Resolution of the fatty acid reductase from Photobacterium phosphoreum into acyl protein synthetase and acyl-CoA reductase activities. Evidence for an enzyme complex. PMID- 7085613 TI - Proteoglycans of rabbit corneal stroma. Isolation and partial characterization. AB - Proteoglycans extracted from rabbit corneal stroma can be separated by ion exchange and gel chromatography into two proteokeratan sulfates (PKS-I, PKS-II) and two proteodermatan sulfates (PDS-I, PDS-II). PKS-I (21% of the total glycosaminoglycans) contains 48% protein, and PKS-II (43% of the total) has 57% protein. In both, the only hexosamine is glucosamine, 7% of which is found in oligosaccharides. There is much more sialic acid in the oligosaccharides of PKS II than of PKS-I, and the amino acid compositions of the two proteoglycans differ significantly. The keratan sulfates isolated from them by papain digestion are different in size, but both are digested by endo-beta-galactosidase. PDS-I (30% of the total glycosaminoglycans) has 32% protein, and 35% of its uronic acid is iduronic acid. PDS-II (6% of the total) has 42% of its uronic acid as iduronic. In general, the four rabbit proteoglycans resembled those of human and bovine corneal stroma in being smaller and more protein-rich than those of cartilage. PMID- 7085614 TI - Denaturation and renaturation of bacteriorhodopsin in detergents and lipid detergent mixtures. AB - The denatured and renatured states of bacteriorhodopsin have been studied in detergents and lipid/detergent mixtures by using ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. Upon solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulfate, bacteriorhodopsin undergoes denaturation with partial loss of the secondary structure and loss of retinal binding ability. In contrast, delipidated bacteriorhodopsin retains its native structure in deoxycholate and undergoes denaturation only on photobleaching, which results in a partial loss of the secondary structure. Native secondary structure spontaneously reforms upon addition of phospholipid/cholate mixtures to bacterio-opsin denatured in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Upon subsequent addition of retinal, up to 95% of the native chromophore (lambdamax = 550-560 nm) is restored. Renaturation also restores the characteristics of light and dark adaptation and tight retinal binding (Kb greater than 10(7) M-1). Renaturation of delipidated bacteriorhodopsin denatured in sodium dodecyl sulfate also occurs without phospholipid upon the addition of retinal and Triton X-100 or octyl glucoside. The equilibrium between monomeric and oligomeric states of bacteriorhodopsin has been studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence quenching. Bacteriorhodopsin renatured with Triton X-100 or phospholipid/cholate is monomeric. However, removal of the detergents from renatured protein under specific conditions results in formation of an oligomer in which quaternary interactions are regenerated. The application of fluorescence quenching to the determination of oligomeric size in intrinsic membrane proteins is discussed. PMID- 7085616 TI - The primary structure of leucine aminopeptidase from bovine eye lens. AB - The amino acid sequence of bovine eye lens leucine aminopeptidase has been determined. Cyanogen bromide fragments, the COOH-terminal hydroxylamine fragment, and a large fragment obtained by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease were isolated from reduced and S-alkylated leucine aminopeptidase. The amino acid sequences of these fragments were determined by automated sequence analysis, by manual direct Edman degradation, and by the dansyl-Edman technique. Overlapping peptides were obtained by tryptic digestion of the S-alkylated protein or the citraconylated S-alkylated protein. The polypeptide chain of leucine aminopeptidase comprises 478 residues, corresponding to a molecular weight of 51,691. No significant sequence homology with any other published protein primary structure could be detected. This is the first report of a complete amino acid sequence of an enzyme belonging to the class of two metal peptidases. PMID- 7085615 TI - Rotation of cytochrome P-450. I. Investigations of protein-protein interactions of cytochrome P-450 in phospholipid vesicles and liver microsomes. AB - Rotation of cytochrome P-450 was examined in both liver microsomes and reconstituted and phospholipid vesicles. Purified cytochrome P-450 was incorporated into lipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylethanolamine-Phosphatidylserne. Rotational diffusion was measured by detecting the decay of absorption anisotropy, r(t), after photolysis of the heme. CO complex by a vertically polarized laser flash. No contribution of vesicle tumbling to r(t) was observed over the experimental time range of 0-500 mus for samples in 60% sucrose. Analysis of r(t) was based on a "rotation-about-membrane normal" model. The measurements were used to investigate intermolecular interactions of cytochrome P-450. In vesicles of a high lipid to protein ratio (=30 by weight), the residual time-independent normalized anisotropy, r (infinity)/r (0), reached a limiting low value, implying that all cytochrome P 450 was rotating. The mean rotational relaxation time, phi 1, was about 95 mus. In contrast, about 35% of cytochrome P-450 was immobilized in vesicles of a low lipid to protein ratio (=1), with phi 1 of about 95 mus for the mobile fraction. The immobile fraction is presumably due to self-aggregation of cytochrome P-450. In rat liver microsomes, 0-50% of cytochrome P-450 was mobile with phi 1 of about 120 mus at 20 degrees C, and the rest was immobile. A significant temperature dependence of r(t) was observed in microsomes. All cytochrome P-450 was immobile below 7 degrees C, and about 50% of the enzyme was mobile at 37 degrees C with phi 1 approximately 60 mus. From the limiting value of r(infinity)/r(0) congruent to 0.12, the tilt angle of the heme plane of cytochrome p-450 from the membrane plane was calculated to be about 40 degrees. PMID- 7085617 TI - Sulfhydryl content of bovine eye lens leucine aminopeptidase. Determination of the reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of the zinc metalloenzyme, of the enzyme activated by Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co2+, and of the metal-free apoenzyme. AB - The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of leucine aminopeptidase from bovine eye lens has been studied by carboxymethylation with iodoacetate of the native enzyme (Zn2+-Zn2+), of the enzyme activated with magnesium (Zn+-Mg2+) or manganese (Zn2+ Mn2+), the enzyme incubated with cobalt (CO2+-Co2+), and the metal-free apoenzyme. The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups was also determined in the presence of denaturing agents with or without reducing agents. All seven half cystines per leucine aminopeptidase subunit are in the sulfhydryl form. In the native and the Zn2+-Mn2+ enzyme, only one of the cysteines (residue 344) reacts readily with iodoacetate. In the Zn2+-Mg2+ enzyme, two cysteines react (residues 344 and 412) and in the Co2+-incubated enzyme only one (residue 412). The metal free apoenzyme has at least three reactive cysteines (residues 344, 412, and 429). The data suggest that sulfhydryl groups are involved in the binding of metal ions. PMID- 7085618 TI - Interaction of tubulin with rat liver mitochondria. AB - Tubulin purified from rat brain was labeled by conjugation with N-succinimidyl 3 (4-hydroxy[5-125I]iodophenyl)propionate. Mitochondrial fraction prepared by centrifugation on sucrose density gradient was enriched about 4-fold in cytochrome c oxidase as compared to total liver homogenate. Contamination by plasma membranes was estimated to be about 5%. Radioiodinated pure tubulin bound to purified rat liver mitochondria; binding was time- and temperature-dependent: maximum binding was obtained after 45 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. Under conditions of binding, mitochondria retained their normal characteristics for phosphate accumulation. That binding actually occurs on mitochondria was demonstrated by the co-sedimentation of the tubulin binding and cytochrome c oxidase activities on sucrose gradient. Radioiodinated tubulin binding to mitochondria was specific and saturable. Saturation of binding was obtained using tubulin concentration ranging from 0.02 to 200 micrograms/ml. Hill plot and double reciprocal plot of binding data yielded values of 6 X 10(-8) M for an apparent KD and a maximal binding capacity of 1.4 nmol of tubulin/mg of mitochondrial protein. The Hill coefficient was 0.98 indicating that radioiodinated tubulin bound to a single class of noninteracting sites. The interaction between tubulin and mitochondria was reversible. Dissociation of the complex was obtained by dilution and by lowering the temperature. The dissociation of tubulin-mitochondria complexes was insensitive to ionic strength (0.1 to M NaCl). Mild treatment of mitochondria by trypsin (5 min at 37 degrees C) decreased of tubulin binding, suggesting that protein component(s) of membranes are involved in the interaction of tubulin with mitochondria. PMID- 7085619 TI - Organization of rhodopsin and a high molecular weight glycoprotein in rod photoreceptor disc membranes using monoclonal antibodies. AB - Four monoclonal antibodies obtained from the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes of mice immunized with bovine rod outer segment disc membranes were shown to bind to the surface of sealed discs. Radioimmune labeling of rod outer segment membrane proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that two monoclonal antibodies (3D6 and 4B4) were against rhodopsin. Limited proteolysis of rod outer segment membranes with trypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease indicated that the 3D6 antibody bound to the trypsin-sensitive region close to the carboxyl-terminal end of rhodopsin. The 4B4 antibody bound at a trypsin insensitive, but S. griseus protease-sensitive internal region of rhodopsin accessible on the cytoplasmic surface of discs. Two other monoclonal antibodies (3D12 and 4B2) were found to bind to different regions of the Mr = 220,000 concanavalin A binding glycoprotein of rod outer segment disc membranes. Proteolysis studies indicated that these antibodies also bound to a Mr = 140,000 fragment which does not contain the concanavalin A binding site. Immunoferritin labeling studies for transmission electron microscopy confirm the location of the 3D6 and 4B2 antigens on the cytoplasmic or interdisc surface of disc membranes. PMID- 7085621 TI - 10 S DNA polymerase alpha of calf thymus shows a microheterogeneity in its large polypeptide component. AB - The 10 S DNA polymerase alpha from calf thymus (Masaki, S., and Yoshida, S. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521, 74-88) has been purified to near homogeneity. The most purified fraction obtained by repeated sucrose rate-zonal centrifugation contained three large polypeptides of 150,000, 145,000, and 140,000 daltons and three to four smaller polypeptides ranging from 43,000 to 50,000 daltons. A good resolution of these polypeptides was achieved on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide linear gradient gel (5-20%) which was stained by the silver stain method. The three large polypeptides were also observed in the more crude fractions prepared in the presence of three kinds of protease inhibitors. By a peptide mapping analysis, it was revealed that these three polypeptides have a similar primary structure. Treatments of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and neuraminidase did not affect the gel pattern. These results indicate that the 10 S DNA polymerase alpha of calf thymus has a microheterogeneity in terms of the large polypeptide component. Among these three large polypeptides, the two polypeptides of 150,000 and 145,000 daltons disappeared by keeping the sucrose gradient fraction at 4 degrees C in the absence of glycerol, while the 140,000-dalton polypeptide was well preserved. The poly(rA)oligo(dT)-dependent activity of 10 S DNA polymerase alpha was selectively lost under this condition. PMID- 7085620 TI - Incorporation of acetylcholine receptors into liposomes. Vesicle structure and acetylcholine receptor function. AB - Functionally intact acetylcholine receptors can be solubilized from electric organ membranes of Torpedo californica and incorporated into liposomes by the cholate dialysis technique. Freezing and thawing of the reconstituted preparation appears to seal a population of initially leaky vesicles and leads to vesicle fusion. Inclusion of supplementary cholesterol at an optimal concentration of 20% (w/w) greatly enhances vesicle fusion during the freeze-thaw cycle. Size analysis by electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations indicates that fusion is accompanied by shifts in size and volume distributions of the vesicle population. Liposomes formed in the absence of acetylcholine receptors are distributed over a substantially smaller size range than liposomes containing receptors. Acetylcholine receptors appear in those liposomes as dimers of 80 A doughnut-shaped particles. Freeze-fracture replicas of reconstituted preparations reveal the presence of large vesicles containing particles which correspond in size to acetylcholine receptors and smaller liposomes devoid of particles. The distribution of particles in the reconstituted membranes is sparse compared to their dense packing in native electric organ membranes. The activation and desensitization of reconstituted acetylcholine receptors mediated by acetylcholine or carbamylcholine is dose dependent. The reconstituted receptors distinguish between these agonists in terms of binding affinity in a way similar to receptors in the native membrane. Correlation of the fractional occupancy of ligand binding sites by cobratoxin with inhibition of receptor function is used to demonstrate that in the reconstituted system the doubly liganded acetylcholine receptor prevails in controlling channel gating. The potential experimental advantages as well as limitations of this reconstituted system are discussed. PMID- 7085622 TI - Histidine decarboxylase of Lactobacillus 30a. Comparative properties of wild type and mutant proenzymes and their derived enzymes. PMID- 7085623 TI - Electrochemical proton gradient in dense granules isolated from anterior pituitary. PMID- 7085624 TI - DNA primase activity from human lymphocytes. Synthesis of oligoribonucleotides that prime DNA synthesis. AB - A fraction has been prepared from extracts of a human lymphoblastoid cell line that has properties of a mammalian DNA primase and also contains a DNA polymerase activity with unusual properties. With a variety of synthetic single-stranded DNA templates using rNTPs alone, the products consist of oligoribonucleotides of a restricted size range, primarily 7 to 9 nucleotides in length. Poly(dIT) is the most active template found thus far. The activity appears to have "relaxed" substrate/template complementarity requirements similar to those described previously for mammalian primase; poly(dIT) template with rATP alone results in synthesis of oligo(rA) of the same size as oligo(rAC) made when both rATP and rCTP are present. When dNTPs are added to the reaction, DNA is synthesized by extension of the oligoribonucleotide, which acts as primer. The DNA product appears in relatively discrete sizes that differ by approximately 8 nucleotides, with a large proportion of the product around 24 and 32 nucleotides. In addition to the relatively discrete size of its product, the DNA polymerase activity that utilizes the endogenously synthesized oligoribonucleotide primer on poly(dIT) template differs from polymerase alpha in its resistance to aphidicolin and low Km for dNTP. PMID- 7085625 TI - Analysis of regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in a somatic cell mutant auxotrophic for mevalonate. AB - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity and synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol is aberrant in a somatic cell mutant of the Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell auxotrophic for mevalonate by virtue of a defect in HMG-CoA synthase activity. Normal regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity and synthesis in this mutant by 25-hydroxycholesterol can be restored by simultaneous incubation with a small (0.4 mM) mevalonate supplement. Normal regulation of HMG CoA reductase is also observed in a revertant of the mutant cell with normal HMG CoA synthase activity. PMID- 7085626 TI - Dopamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines. Novel inhibitors of dihydropteridine reductase. AB - Dopamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines, such as 3',4' deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid, higenamine-1-carboxylic acid, higenamine, and salsolinol, inhibit human liver dihydropteridine reductase noncompetitively with Ki values ranging from 1.5 to 90 microM. The enzyme is also inhibited noncompetitively by dopamine (Ki = 6 microM) and aminopterin (Ki = 100 microM) but uncompetitively by phenylpyruvic acid (Ki = 6.5 mM). These alkaloids may alter monoamine metabolism in mammals by inhibiting dihydropteridine reductase. PMID- 7085627 TI - Differential anticoagulant activity of heparin fragments prepared using microbial heparinase. AB - Heparin of an average molecular weight of 13,000 with known polydispersity was degraded using microbial heparinase. The kinetics of this degradation were followed by four assays which measured the anticoagulant activity of the heparin digestion products. Both clotting and amidolytic chromogenic assays were used to measure heparin-potentiated inhibition of both thrombin and Factor Xa. These assays showed different profiles throughout the digestion and were related to the average molecular weight of the digestion products.l The final products of this enzymatic digestion were fractionated on the basis of size and their anticoagulant activities were measured. Fragments causing Factor Xa inhibition but not thrombin inhibition were isolated. Anticoagulant activity was found in a fragment as small as a tetrasaccharide. PMID- 7085629 TI - Histone acetylation increases the solubility of chromatin and occurs sequentially over most of the chromatin. A novel model for the biological role of histone acetylation. AB - The effect of histone acetylation on chromatin solubility has been studied. Nucleosome cores are fairly soluble over a range of Mg2+ and Na+ concentrations. Increasing the amount of Na+ relative to a fixed concentration of Mg2+ leads to increased solubility. Although the effect is not large, acetylated cores are more soluble than control cores, all other factors being equal. Acetylated oligonucleosomes are vastly more soluble than control oligonucleosomes with the greatest differential seen in the presence of Mg2+ at low ionic strengths. Solubility of acetylated oligonucleosomes is favored when the majority of the histones in the nucleosomes are all highly acetylated. Contiguous highly acetylated nucleosomes are enriched in the rapid kinetic form of histone acetylation after short term exposure to butyrate. These observations have been exploited in a fractionation scheme for chromatin based on the levels of hyperacetylation attained after varied times of exposure to sodium butyrate. Essentially all DNA sequences in an unsynchronized cell population are associated with rapidly acetylated histones. Since it is highly unlikely that each cell has its own discrete set of sequences bound to acetylated histone and since the amount of rapidly acetylated histone in a single cell is relatively small (approximately 10% of total histone), we surmise that rapid acetylation migrates throughout much of the chromatin, perhaps in a sequential and highly organized manner. We postulate that the biological role of histone acetylation is to provide a means for sequentially exposing the entire chromatin for surveillance for DNA damage and possibly for recognition of different regions of the DNA by specific (regulatory?) proteins. PMID- 7085630 TI - Kinetics of the heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Evidence for a template model for the mechanism of action of heparin. PMID- 7085631 TI - Arrangement of attachment-promoting, self-association, and heparin-binding sites in horse serum fibronectin. PMID- 7085632 TI - A thermostable tRNA (guanosine-2')-methyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 and the effect of ribose methylation on the conformational stability of tRNA. AB - An S-adenosylmethionine-=dependent tRNA (guanosine-2'-)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.34) was purified to the homogeneous state (2,400-fold) from a cell-free extract of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB27. The enzyme was highly resistant to heat as reported for other enzymes from thermophilic organism. The enzyme is monomeric and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 20,000. The Km values for S-adenosylmethionine and for Escherichia coli tRNAPhe were determined to be 0.47 microM and 10 nM, respectively, while the Ki for a competitive inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine, was 1.67 microM. When yeast tRNAPhe was methylated with the purified Gm-methyltransferase, a stoichiometric amount of methyl group was incorporated into the invariant guanosine at position 18 in the D-loop. Yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNAMet, which were quantitatively methylated with the enzyme, were very similar to the native tRNAs with regard to amino acid acceptor activity and melting temperature, but were more resistant to RNase T1 and RNase A digestions than the corresponding native tRNAs. PMID- 7085628 TI - Genetic variation in glycosylation of the fourth component of murine complement. Association with hemolytic activity. AB - The molecular basis for variation in the Mr of the C4 alpha-chain of the fourth component of murine complement from several strains was investigated. All strains were capable of incorporating radiolabeled mannose into the alpha-chain of C4 from peritoneal macrophage cultures. In most cases, carbohydrate was found on both alpha-chain autolytic fragments produced by denaturation of the native C4. However, mice bearing the H-2 haplotypes w7, w16, and w19 produce C4 with no carbohydrate on the larger (COOH-terminal) autolytic fragment. This lack of carbohydrate is sufficient to cause the difference in Mr seen in the C4 alpha chain from these mice. The chemical removal of all carbohydrate abrogated this difference. The levels of C4 antigen in the plasma of mice from these three strains are normal while the levels of hemolytic activity are reduced 60-80%. This suggests a strong role for carbohydrate in the functional properties of C4. PMID- 7085633 TI - The mechanism of alpha-ketoisocaproate oxygenase. Formation of beta hydroxyisovalerate from alpha-ketoisocaproate. AB - A soluble alpha-ketoisocaproate oxygenase from rat liver catalyzes the decarboxylation and hydroxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproate to form beta hydroxyisovalerate. The source of oxygen (O2 or H2O) enzymatically incorporated into beta-hydroxyisovalerate was investigated using 18O2 and H218O. Greater than 92% of the carboxyl groups of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid contained 1 18O atom from 18O2 and 15% of the beta-hydroxyl oxygens of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid contained 18O from 18O2. Since some oxygen of the beta-hydroxyl group is derived from O2 and since others have shown a rapid H2O in equilibrium ROH exchange for similar reactions, we conclude that both of the oxygens of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid are derived from O2 and that exchange of water oxygen with the beta-hydroxyl group of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid must occur with an intermediate of the reaction. Thus, the alpha-ketoisocaproate oxygenase would be a dioxygenase. A mechanism consistent with the 18O experiments and other properties of the enzyme is proposed. PMID- 7085634 TI - Entry of the toxic proteins abrin, modeccin, ricin, and diphtheria toxin into cells. II. Effect of pH, metabolic inhibitors, and ionophores and evidence for toxin penetration from endocytotic vesicles. AB - The toxicity of abrin, modeccin, and ricin to Vero cells was maximal at neutral and slightly alkaline pH, and it was strongly reduced at pH 6.0 and below. Diphtheria toxin was most toxic at low pH. Binding and endocytosis of abrin, modeccin, and ricin did not vary much within the pH range tested. High concentrations of the carboxylic ionophore Br-X-537A, protected against all four toxins. Combined treatment of cells with an inhibitor of glycolysis and an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation strongly inhibited endocytosis of toxins and protected against intoxication. The protective effect of Ca2+ deprivation, of pH 6.0, and of metabolic inhibitors disappeared soon after transfer of the cells to normal medium, whereas the protective effect of Br-X-537A and of trifluoperazine disappeared slowly. The decay rate of the protection by NH4Cl and by the ionophore A23187 differed with the different toxins. Cells exposed to abrin, modeccin, and ricin under protective conditions which did not inhibit endocytosis of the toxins (Ca2+ deprivation, pH 6.0, Br-X-537A), and then treated with antitoxins to inactivate extracellular toxin, were intoxicated when the protection was released. In contrast, cells exposed to toxins while endocytosis was arrested by treatment with metabolic inhibitors were not intoxicated when antitoxins were added and the metabolic inhibitors removed. Modeccin and diphtheria toxin endocytosed in the presence of trifluoperazine and NH4Cl were unable to intoxicate cells. The possibility that endocytosis is a step in the normal entry route of the toxins is discussed. PMID- 7085635 TI - Energetics of gamma-aminobutyrate transport in rat brain synaptosomes. AB - The energetics of active transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by neuronal synapses has been studied using preparations of synaptosomes from rat brain. The maximal (steady state) accumulation of GABA by synaptosomes was measured as a function of the transmembrane potassium concentration gradient (which is equal to the transmembrane electrical potential in this system), the sodium concentration gradient, and the external chloride concentration. The steady state [GABA]i/[GABA]o increased as the second power of [K+]i/[K+]o which indicates that GABA is transported with a net charge of +2. The GABA gradient was dependent on [Na+]o/[Na+]i to a power of between 1.2 and 2.1 but was almost independent of [Cl ]. It is concluded that a neutral GABA molecule is cotransported with 2 Na+ to give a net charge of +2. The coupling of GABA transport to the transmembrane electrical potential and the Na+ concentration gradient is sufficient to provide the energy for the measured GABA concentration gradient in rat brain synaptosomes. PMID- 7085637 TI - Arylamine N-methyltransferase. Methylation of the indole ring. AB - Arylamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the novel methylation of the ring nitrogen of tryptamine and pyrrole as well as a number of other arylamines including aniline and its derivatives. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine serves as donor. Tyramine, indole, benzylamine, and desmethylimipramine were inactive as methyl group acceptors. The enzyme was purified from rabbit liver to electrophoretic homogeneity and was characterized as a protein monomer of 27,000 daltons with a pI of 4.8. The kinetic mechanism appears to be rapid equilibrium random Bi-Bi. PMID- 7085636 TI - Lectin from embryos and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Purification and properties. AB - Soluble extracts of Xenopus laevis blastula stage embryos, oocytes, and adult liver contain lectin activities detected by agglutination of trypsinized, glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes. Lectin from the embryos and oocytes was purified by affinity chromatography on a column derivatized with melibiose. Trace contaminants were removed either by preparative isoelectric focusing or by gel filtration. Based on its behavior on Sepharose 6B the purified oocyte lectin has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 480,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions there were two major bands with molecular weight ranges of about 43,000 and 45,000, with diffuse trails. Since the purified lectin contains about 20% saccharides by weight and since both bands are glycosylated, diffuseness might be due to variable glycosylation. Heterogeneity was indicated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, which showed four protein bands with isoelectric points ranging from 4.4 to 4.9. Lectins from both embryos and oocytes comprised about 1 to 2% of the total soluble protein and could not be distinguished by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, the specific hemagglutination activity of the purified oocyte lectin was, on the average, 7 fold higher. Levels in crude extracts of liver were 3 orders of magnitude lower than those from oocytes. The hemagglutination activities of the lectins from embryos, oocytes, and adult liver required Ca2+ and were blocked by similar concentrations of both alpha- and beta-galactosides. PMID- 7085638 TI - The exchange of Fe3+ between acetohydroxamic acid and transferrin. Spectrophotometric evidence for a mixed ligand complex. AB - Transferrin, the serum iron transport protein, provides an excellent model for studying biological metal ion exchange reactions. A curious problem is that while a mixed ligand species of chelate-Fe3+-protein is anticipated from theoretical considerations and supported by kinetic results, no clear spectrophotometric evidence for such an intermediate has heretofore been obtained. In this study of the exchange of Fe3+ between acetohydroxamic acid and transferrin such evidence has been found. The reaction of Fe2+-acetohydroxamic acid with apotransferrin CO3(2-) is distinctly biphasic when examined by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The first phase is complete within approximately 4 s and results in the formation of a transient species with a distinct spectral maximum at 432 nm. The second phase requires approximately 2 min and results in the formation of Fe3+ transferrin-CO3(2-). We suggest that the transient species is a mixed ligand complex. The reaction rate-concentration relationship for the formation of the intermediate is linear for Fe3+-acetohydroxamic acid and hyperbolic for apotransferrin-CO3(2-). This suggests a rate-limiting labilization of Fe3+ (acetohydroxamic acid)3 preceding attack by the apotransferrin-CO3(2-). The reverse reaction, the removal of Fe3+ from the Fe3+-transferrin-CO3(2-) by acetohydroxamic acid, does not provide spectral evidence for the intermediate. The velocity-concentration relationship shows a hyperbolic dependence on acetohydroxamic acid concentration and a linear dependence of Fe3+-transferrin CO3(2-), suggesting a rate-limiting labilization of the Fe3+ of Fe3+-transferrin CO3(2-) resulting from a conformational change. PMID- 7085639 TI - Purification and macromolecular properties of a sialic acid-specific lectin from the slug Limax flavus. AB - A lectin (LFA) which is highly specific for sialic acid has been purified from the slug Limax flavus by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography on bovine submaxillary mucin coupled to Sepharose 4B. The affinity-purified lectin appeared homogeneous by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Below 1 mg/ml at pH 7, LFA exists as a species of Mr = 44,000 which is composed of two equal sized subunits. Above 1 mg/ml, the protein solution was observed to behave as a rapidly associating-dissociating system. N acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic acid gave a 50% inhibition of agglutination of erythrocytes by LFA at 0.13 and 0.81 mM, respectively. Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, galactosamine, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, mannose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, glucuronic acid, alpha-methyl-D glucoside, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, lactose, and sucrose were ineffective inhibitors at concentrations up to 10-25 mM. Bovine submaxillary mucin, a sialoprotein, was a potent inhibitor of hemagglutination by LFA. Upon treatment of the mucin with neuraminidase, loss of inhibitory activity was observed which was proportional to the loss of sialic acid from the mucin. PMID- 7085640 TI - Isolation and purification of collagen alpha 1(I) receptor from human platelet membrane. AB - We have previously demonstrated that chick-skin type I collagen and the alpha 1(I) chain mediate platelet aggregation. Aggregation was associated with specific binding of these substances by platelet membranes. We now describe the isolation and purification of the receptor from isolated human platelet membrane. The receptor can be solubilized from platelet membranes with 0.5% Triton or 0.5% sodium deoxycholate. Using the combination of gel filtration, affinity column chromatography on alpha 1-Sepharose 4B, and preparative slab gel electrophoreses, the receptor protein can be purified to a single band as judged on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its activity sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its activity was destroyed by incubation with trypsin or Pronase. The apparent molecular weight was estimated to be 65,000 by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bound [14C]glycine-labeled alpha 1(I) is displaced by unlabeled alpha 1 chain. The binding of [14C]glycine labeled alpha 1(I) by the purified alpha 1(I) receptor can also be inhibited by the receptor isolated from type I fibrillar collage-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The data suggest that the alpha 1(I) binding site is identical with the type I fibrillar collagen binding site. PMID- 7085641 TI - Heterogeneity of rabbit intestine brush border plasma membrane cholesterol. AB - Nonspecific lipid transfer protein accelerated cholesterol exchange from brush border vesicles according to a biphasic time course, but sonicated vesicles made from brush border phospholipids and glycosphingolipids showed a single phase exchange. Removal of surface protein with papain or opening brush border vesicles with deoxycholate did not abolish the biphasic exchange pattern. In brush border vesicles treated with cholesterol oxidase, 21 +/- 10% of the free cholesterol was oxidized rapidly, and the remaining cholesterol was oxidized at a slower rate. Opening vesicles with sodium deoxycholate or treatment with phospholipase C, which degraded 55% of the phospholipids, did not increase the size of the rapidly oxidizable cholesterol pool. The rapidly exchangeable and the rapidly oxidizable cholesterol pools appear to represent the same fraction. In double-labeled brush border vesicles 27 +/- 9% of the cholesterol is present in a readily accessible pool, which slowly equilibrates with the remaining membrane cholesterol. The fractional turnover rate of cholesterol in the readily accessible pool equals 0.07 +/- 0.04 h-1 and is increased to 3.35 h-2 by 12 micrograms/ml of nonspecific lipid transfer protein. The heterogeneous distribution of cholesterol in the intact brush border vesicles may not reflect an inside-outside distribution or interaction of cholesterol with membrane lipids but rather an association of more than two-thirds of the membrane cholesterol with a membrane protein fraction. PMID- 7085642 TI - Subunit interaction in catalysis. Some experimental and theoretical approaches with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - The evidence for equivalent catalytic sites in tetrameric glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle has been re-examined and found to be insufficient to exclude alternating or reciprocating sites models. Using a column centrifugation technique, lower limits have been set on the rates of binding and release of coenzyme, and on the ratio of the affinities of NAD+ and NADH. The binding to acyl enzyme has also been examined. The tightly bound NAD+ has been found to be reduced preferentially and kinetically competently when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is added, demonstrating the nonequivalence of the sites in the transient reduction of NAD+. The rate of release of the NADH formed rapidly from tightly bound NAD+ was monitored directly by using lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate to regenerate NAD+. This rate was sufficiently rapid for the NADH formed from tightly bound NAD+ to be a catalytic intermediate. Although these and other results are consistent with a simple alternating sites model, additional approaches appear necessary to find if subunit catalytic cooperativity occurs with this enzyme. PMID- 7085643 TI - Isolation and characterization of a new fucoganglioside accumulated in precancerous rat liver and in rat hepatoma induced by N-2-acetylaminofluorene. AB - A novel fucoganglioside has been found to be accumulated in the liver of rats fed N-2-acetylaminofluorene before development of hepatoma. This new fucoganglioside persisted in hepatoma in vivo but was completely absent in normal rat liver as well as in livers of rats fed the nonhepatic carcinogen, acetylaminophenanthrene, and a tumor promoter, trichloro-2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)ethane. The ganglioside was isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and the structure was determined by methylation analysis, sequential degradation by various exoglycosidases, and by direct probe mass spectrometry of the permethylated derivative. This ganglioside, present in precancerous liver and in hepatoma in vivo, was identified as having a new structure with a substitution identical with blood group B determinant as shown below: (formula, see text) A second fucoganglioside was detected in lower quantity in precancerous liver and in hepatoma in vivo but not in control tissue. This ganglioside co-migrated with the fucoganglioside isolated from H-35 hepatoma cells in vitro whose structure was identified (Baumann, H., Nudelman, E., Watanabe, K., and Hakomori, S. (1979) Cancer Res. 39, 2637-2643) as fucosylated GM1 ganglioside (Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2Gal beta 1 leads to 4GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4 [NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3]Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc beta 1 leads to 1Cer). The results indicate that synthesis of new fucolipids is already induced at an early stage during the process of chemical carcinogenesis in rat liver which could be a unique membrane marker for diagnosis and therapy of a hepatoma and its premalignancy. PMID- 7085644 TI - Permeability of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to K+, Na+, H+, and Cl-. AB - Cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum appears to contain channel-like structures that render the membrane permeable to small univalent ions. Canine heart microsomes fractionated according to buoyant density were examined by Millipore filtration, light scattering, and membrane potential m easurements. Enzymatic analysis and measurement of D-glucose permeation and Na/Ca exchange systems indicated two membrane fractions suitable for the permeability studies, one enriched in surface membranes with a buoyant density of 1.04-1.11 (10-25% sucrose) and one enriched in sarcoplasmic reticulum with a buoyant density of 1.13-1.15 (30-34% sucrose). Surface membrane vesicles impermeable to [3H]sucrose were largely impermeable to K+, Na+, and Cl-, while sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles impermeable to [3H]sucrose were readily permeable to K+, Na+, H+, and Cl . Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were essentially impermeable to Ca2+, Mg2+, choline+, gluconate-, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (Pipes-), and D glucose. These results suggest that cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum contains structures that facilitate the movement of small univalent ions. A possible function of these putative ion-conducting structures may be to allow rapid ion fluxes to counter electrogenic Ca2+ fluxes across sarcoplasmic reticulum during cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation. PMID- 7085645 TI - Eukaryotic ribosomal subunit anti-association activity of calf liver is contained in a single polypeptide chain protein of Mr = 25,500 (eukaryotic initiation factor 6). AB - A protein factor that prevents the reassociation of eukaryotic 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits when the Mg+ concentration is raised from 1 to 5 mM has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity from postribosomal supernatant of calf liver extracts. The purified ribosomal subunit anti-association factor is a relatively heat-sensitive protein consisting of a single polypeptide chain of apparent Mr = 25,500. Direct assay for ribosomal subunit anti-association activity indicates that the majority (greater than 90% of such an activity in calf liver extracts can be accounted for by the presence of this 25,500-dalton protein factor in the postribosomal supernatant. The ribosomal salt wash protein fractions are virtually devoid of any significant ribosomal subunit anti association or 80 S ribosome dissociation activity. The purified anti-association factor maintains a pool of ribosomal subunits by binding to 60 S ribosomal subunits and preventing them from reassociating with 40 S ribosomal subunits, rather than by dissociating 80 S monosomes. The factor neither binds to, nor seems to interact directly with, 40 S subunits. The properties of this factor are thus similar to wheat germ ribosome dissociation factor (eukaryotic initiation factor 6) described by Russell and Spremulli ((1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 8796 8800. PMID- 7085646 TI - Chemical characterization of a neural cell adhesion molecule purified from embryonic brain membranes. AB - A neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) was purified in milligram quantities from detergent extracts of embryonic chick brain membranes. N-CAM has an unusual carbohydrate content and structure, is polydisperse in solution, and is associated with proteolytic activity leading to its spontaneous cleavage. The carbohydrate composition of N-CAM includes 13 mol of sialic acid but only 1.4 mol of galactose/100 mol of amino acids, suggesting the presence of a sialic acid to protein linkage not previously observed in higher organisms. N-CAM appears to be an integral membrane protein in that its extraction from membranes required detergent. Although soluble, the purified molecule was aggregated (Mr = 0.5 to 1.2 X 10(6)) and polydisperse in detergent-free solutions. N-CAM from brain also migrated as a broad but continuously stained region from Mr = 200,000 to Mr = 250,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the molecule from retina was similar but had a somewhat faster mobility. Desialation of N-CAM did not significantly change its behavior in solution, but converted both brain and retinal N-CAM to components migrating on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as material of about Mr = 140,000. Despite the apparent heterogeneity, amino acid sequence analysis and comparison of proteolytic fragments suggest that all forms of the glycoprotein are derived from the same polypeptide chain. On prolonged incubation at neutral pH, N-CAM undergoes apparent proteolysis to yield a polypeptide that contains little sialic acid and has a Mr = 65,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a separate sialic acid-rich component, and a variety of small peptides. The 65,000-dalton polypeptide appeared to contain all of the antigenic determinants of intact N-CAM that neutralize the adhesion-blocking ability of anti-retinal cell Fab' fragments. PMID- 7085647 TI - Characterization of Nicotiana tabacum chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. AB - Proteins from Nicotiana tabacum cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes and their subunits have been isolated under a variety of conditions and resolved by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Average absolute mobility maps, constructed from the resultant electropherograms, were used to compare ribosomal proteins from cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes. A novel technique for the estimation of molecular weights from two-dimensional electrophoretic mobilities is described. The cytoplasmic ribosome of N. tabacum possesses 73-80 distinct proteins with pI greater than 5, 26-30 associated with the 40 S subunit, and 47 50 with the 60 S subunit. The 60 S cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit has, in addition, at least three acidic polypeptides (pI less than 5). The chloroplast ribosome has 55-58 unique basic proteins with 22-23 occurring in the 30 S subunit and 33-35 in the 50 S subunit. A few additional acidic polypeptides are associated with the 30 S and 50 S subunits (2-3 and 1, respectively). There is little similarity between the electrophoretic patterns or molecular weight frequency distributions of proteins of analogous cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomal subunits of N. tabacum. The electrophoretic patterns and molecular weight frequency distributions of the proteins of N. tabacum chloroplast ribosomal subunits are quite similar to those of the Escherichia coli ribosome and the chloroplast ribosome of the alga Chlamydomonas. N. tabacum cytoplasmic ribosomal protein electrophoretic patterns and molecular weights are very similar to proteins from the Chlamydomonas cytoplasmic ribosome. These data substantiate: 1) the close affiliation between higher plant chloroplast and prokaryotic ribosomes and 2) a general similarity between angiosperm cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins and other classes of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. PMID- 7085649 TI - Normalization of intracellular lysosomal hydrolases in I-cell disease fibroblasts with sucrose loading. AB - I-cell disease (ICD) is an hereditary inborn error of metabolism by lysosomal storage due to the multiple lysosomal hydrolases deficiency. Many inclusion materials are seen by phase contrast microscopy in cultured skin fibroblasts from the patients with ICD. We recently reported that the addition of 88 mM sucrose to the medium of cultured human skin fibroblasts from normal subjects induced several lysosomal hydrolases, but did not induce deficient hydrolases in lysosomal enzyme deficiencies (Kato, T., Okada, S., Ohshima, T., Inui, K., Yutaka, T., and Yabuuchi, H. (1981) Biochem. Int. 3, 551-556). This time sucrose loading was applied to the cultured skin fibroblasts from the patients with ICD. Incubation with 88 mM sucrose for more than 10 days exhibited significant effects. Biochemically, the activities of deficient hydrolases reached their normal levels, and morphologically, typical inclusion materials disappeared. These results indicate that sucrose enhanced synthesis of normal lysosomal enzymes and lysosome functions were normalized in ICD fibroblasts. PMID- 7085648 TI - Structure of hepatitis B surface antigen. Characterization of the lipid components and their association with the viral proteins. AB - The lipid composition of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (subtype adw) obtained from different carriers has been determined and proven to be truly characteristic of HBsAg and not subject to individual variation. Phosphatidylcholine (approximately 60%), cholesteryl ester (approximately 14%), cholesterol (approximately 15%), and triglycerides (approximately 3%) are the main HBsAg lipid constituents. The fatty acid composition of the different HBsAg lipid components is similar to that of other normal human serum lipoprotein. A photoactivatable hydrophobic probe, pyrenesulfonyl azide, has been used to determine what portions of the protein components of HBsAg are exposed to the HBsAg lipid matrix. Both major HBsAg protein components became randomly pyrenesulfonyl azide labeled in both the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal tryptic fragments, therefore suggesting they are buried within the HBsAg lipids. A model for the arrangement of proteins in HBsAg is proposed whereby regions within the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal parts of the two major HBsAg protein components are buried within the lipid matrix of HBsAg particles, while the antigenically important residue 122-150 region is exposed to the aqueous environment. PMID- 7085650 TI - Physical separation and biochemical characterization of H-2b-encoded proteins on target cell plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum. AB - Plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum were purified on the basis of their physical properties, and their identity was confirmed by membrane marker activities. Comparative adsorption analysis indicated that plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum vesicle fractions adsorbed 25% and 5%, respectively, as much anti-D6 alloantiserum as intact cells. Two-dimensional gel analyses of immunoprecipitates of the H-2b-encoded proteins from the EL4 tumor cell line indicated a series of proteins containing complex carbohydrates in the plasma membrane and two additional N-asparagine-linked proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both neuraminidase and protein phosphatase treatments were required to convert the mobilities of the plasma membrane forms of the H-2Kb and H-2Db antigens in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to the mobilities of the endoplasmic reticulum forms. The endoplasmic reticulum form of H-2Db was shown to contain three N-asparagine-linked carbohydrates by endoglycosidase H treatment. PMID- 7085651 TI - Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. AB - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) directly activate in vitro Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), which normally requires unsaturated diacylglycerol. Kinetic analysis indicates that TPA can substitute for diacylglycerol and greatly increases the affinity of the enzyme for Ca2+ as well as for phospholipid. Under physiological conditions, the activation of this enzyme appears to be linked to the receptor-mediated phosphatidylinositol breakdown which may be provoked by a wide variety of extracellular messengers, eventually leading to the activation of specific cellular functions or proliferation. Using human platelets as a model system, TPA is shown to enhance the protein kinase C-specific phosphorylation associated with the release reaction in the total absence of phosphatidylinositol breakdown. Various phorbol derivatives which have been shown to be active in tumor promotion are also capable of activating this protein kinase in in vitro systems. PMID- 7085652 TI - Human cartilage collagens. Comparison of cartilage collagens with human type V collagen. AB - Human hyaline cartilage contains three collagen chains in addition to the alpha 1(II) chain of Type II collagen. Two of these chains, tentatively designated the 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains, have been extensively characterized. Although similar in molecular weight to other collagen chains, by the combined criteria of solubility, electrophoretic mobilities, carboxymethylcellulose elution profiles, total amino acid compositions, carbohydrate contents, cyanogen bromide peptide profiles, limited V8 protease digestion profiles, and examination of selected cyanogen bromide peptides, the 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains are structurally unique collagen alpha chains. Because of similarities of the 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains to the alpha 1(V) and alpha 2(V) chains, respectively., of Type V collagen, specific comparisons between these collagen chains and their constituent peptides were made and yielded the conclusion that these chains are nonidentical, but share substantial similarities. PMID- 7085654 TI - Activation by dolichol phosphate-mannose of the biosynthesis of N acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryl polyprenols by the retina. AB - The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase of the embryonic chick retina which catalyze the process dolichol phosphate + UDP-GlcNAc Mg2+ leads to GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol + (GlcNAc)2-P-P-dolichol were stimulated 7- to 15-fold by dolichol phosphate mannose added exogenously to the incubation medium or generated in situ. The relative molar distribution as measured by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-4 (-400) of the saccharides liberated by mild acid hydrolysis of the GlcNAc-lipids were (per cent GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol/per cent. (Glc-NAc)2-P-P-dolichol) 95:5 and 90:10 for the basal level of activity and after activation by dolichol phosphate mannose, respectively. When the reactions were examined in the presence of increasing concentrations of UDP-GlcNAc, the Vmax of the process was increased 10 fold in the presence of dolichol phosphate-mannose over that in its absence. The apparent Km for UDP-GlcNAc, however, was increased 2- to 4-fold. Dolichol phosphate-mannose, not a substrate in these reactions, may function as an allosteric activator of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases by bringing about this effect on the Vmax. Cooperativity was not apparent when the reaction was examined over a wide range in the concentration of UDP-GlcNAc. These observations suggest that dolichol phosphate-mannose may participate not only as a substrate for alpha-mannosylation, but also as a regulator of the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide-lipids involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis. PMID- 7085653 TI - In vitro translation and processing of a precursor form of favin, a lectin from Vicia faba. AB - Favin, the glucose- and mannose-binding lectin isolated from fava (Vicia faba) beans, consists of two polypeptide chains (alpha, Mr = 5,571; beta, Mr = 20,700). Translation of fava bean mRNA in vitro in a wheat germ-derived system yields a single favin polypeptide chain of Mr = 29,000. This molecule appears to consist of a hydrophobic 29-amino acid residue signal sequence at the NH2 terminus followed by the beta chain sequence; it also includes the alpha chain sequence. These results suggest that the alpha and beta chains arise by post-translational cleavage of a single precursor polypeptide: signal-beta chain-alpha chain. The signal peptide is similar in sequence to those seen in animal and prokaryotic systems, suggesting that translocation mechanisms are highly conserved. Translation of favin mRNA in the presence of dog pancreas microsomal membranes yields at least three polypeptides in addition to the presumed precursor chain. The largest of these molecules is translocated into the lumen of the membrane vesicles and glycosylated but its signal sequence remains intact. The two other species are translocated and glycosylated, but their signal sequences have been removed; they appear to differ from each other in that one begins with the beta chain sequence and the other begins one residue after the NH2-terminal threonine of the beta chain. These three variants could reflect normal features of the processing of the favin precursor but more likely result from aberrant processing of the plant protein by dog pancreas membranes. PMID- 7085655 TI - Inhibition of leucine aminopeptidase by amino acid hydroxamates. AB - Amino acid hydroxamates are strong competitive inhibitors of leucine aminopeptidase from porcine kidney. The side chain specificity for inhibition correlates well with substrate specificity. L-Leucine hydroxamate (Ki = 14 microM) protects the enzyme from inactivation by EDTA and is presumed to be a bidentate ligand of the zinc at the active site. A substituted beta mercaptoketone which may bind in a similar way is also a potent inhibitor (Ki = approximately 1 microM). The binding of these inhibitors suggests a mechanism for this enzyme in which a zinc-bound hydroxide ion participates in concerted proton transfer processes, while the coordination and charge field at the zinc atom remain unchanged. PMID- 7085656 TI - Thermal stability of human chorionic gonadotropin. Reversible dissociation of subunits at neutral pH. PMID- 7085659 TI - Recycling of surface sialoglycoconjugates in HTC and HeLa cells. AB - Surface sialoglycoconjugates of HeLa and HTC cells were labeled with NaB[3H]4 after oxidation of NaIO4. The labeling procedure cleaves the sialic acids to a neuraminidase-sensitive 7-carbon derivative, 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino heptulosonic acid, termed AcNeu7 (Van Lenten, L., and Ashwell, G. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 1889-1894). After labeling, the radioactivity is lost from both cell types with biphasic kinetics. The half-time for the fast phase is about 4-5 h; the slow phase has a half-time of 100-200 h. About 30 h after labeling and at later times, approximately 30% of the cell-associated radioactivity is susceptible to removal by external neuraminidase, suggesting an exchange with an internal pool that is twice the size of the surface pool. An internal pool of relatively high specific activity compared to the surface was generated by labeling as above, followed by a period of time to allow internalization and enzymatic removal of external neuraminidase-sensitive radioactivity. During subsequent reincubation in growth medium, the surface became relabeled from the internal pool, again reaching a 30% neuraminidase-sensitive plateau. The relabeling of the surface was confirmed by radioactivity measurements on isolated plasma membranes. [3H]AcNeu7 cannot be reutilized by these cells in the de novo membrane biosynthetic pathway. The argument is made that the labeled sialoglycoconjugates are recycling intact through the internal pool. PMID- 7085660 TI - Synthesis of bovine lutropin in cell-free lysates containing pituitary microsomes. AB - Bovine pituitary rough microsomes were used to determine the ratio of newly synthesized lutropin (LH) alpha and beta subunits in different physiological states of animals. Proteins synthesized by microsomal runoff are derived from preinitiated mRNAs and thus, in the present case, should reflect the initial intracellular steady state levels of the subunits. The products were identified by immunoprecipitation using bovine LH subunit specific antisera and analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Microsomes isolated from castrated animals (steers) synthesized comparable amounts of LH alpha- and LH beta-subunits as determined by quantitation of the immunoprecipitated products. However, microsomes from intact animals (bulls) directed the synthesis of 3-5 times more alpha than LH beta. A comparison of the levels of alpha- and LH beta-subunits synthesized by an equivalent concentration of bull and steer pituitary microsomes indicates that the increased ratio of alpha to LH beta in bull pituitary microsomes is the result of a preferential decrease in the synthesis of the LH beta subunit. The results suggest that the rate of beta subunit synthesis determines the level of intact LH produced. PMID- 7085658 TI - Local anesthetics and histrionicotoxin are allosteric inhibitors of the acetylcholine receptor. Studies of clonal muscle cells. PMID- 7085657 TI - Physical studies on the rabbit hepatic galactoside-binding protein. Effects of calcium and ligands. AB - The rabbit hepatic galactoside lectin exhibited noncooperative binding of asialo orosomucoid in four different nonionic detergents, Triton X-100, octyl glucoside, cetyl eicosaoxyethyleneglycol monoether (Brij 58), and dodecyl octaoxyethyleneglycol monoether (C12E8). The Brij 58-solubilized lectin chromatographed as a single peak upon gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and the molecular weight was determined to be 234,000 in the absence of calcium by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. When calcium or calcium plus ligand was added, the molecular weight of the lectin increased to 612,000. A pronounced (15%) decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence of the galactoside lectin was observed upon addition of calcium. Based upon changes in fluorescence, the equilibrium dissociation constant for calcium and binding protein was 1.5 x 10( 3) M. No major changes were detected upon calcium addition by ultraviolet absorption or circular dichroism spectroscopy, nor were there any changes when a ligand such as lactose was added. The number of calcium ions bound, as determined by ultrafiltration, was 3.3 Ca2+/polypeptide chain in the absence of other divalent metals and 1.92 Ca2+/chain in the presence of 100 mM Mg2+. The equilibrium dissociation constant determined in this manner for Ca2+ was 3.5 x 10(-4) M. PMID- 7085661 TI - A calorimetric study of the interaction of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with aspartate apoaminotransferase and model compounds. AB - Schiff base formation between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and model compounds of increasing complexity (i.e. L-valine and poly-L-lysine) and between pyridoxal 5' phosphate and the apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase has been analyzed by microcalorimetric methods. The apparent pKa values and protonation enthalpy values for the relevant groups ionizing in the pH 4-9 range have been determined for the Schiff bases of L-valine and of poly-L-lysine. Upon Schiff base formation, the only noticeable change is the lowering of the ring nitrogen pK, accompanied by an increase of the relative delta H. In the poly-L-lysine Schiff base, however, the delta H relative to the protonation of the phosphate dianion becomes more negative. This behavior suggests a multiple interaction between the polymer and the ligand. The intrinsic heat of formation is small (congruent to -1 kcal/mol), of the same order of magnitude for both Schiff bases, and appears to be independent of the nature of the aminic reagent. The heat of reaction of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with aspartate apoaminotransferase has been determined in the pH 6.2-8.8 range at 19 degrees C and at 25 degrees C. Each isotherm is characterized by a lack of proton evolution, a result that is unexpected on the basis of the known pK values of the reagents, and by a sharp pH dependence of the enthalpy change. Moreover, comparison of the two isotherms allows: (a) detection of a protonation-dependent effect (pK 7.5 at 25 degrees C), (b) exclusion of a preferential binding of the coenzyme to the apoenzyme in a particular ionization state; and (c) suggestion of a tightening of the protein molecule upon holoenzyme formation. PMID- 7085662 TI - Rapid catabolism of 5-fluorouracil in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7085663 TI - Early increases in phospholipid methylation are not necessary for the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. PMID- 7085664 TI - Androgenic regulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse kidney and its relationship to changes in cytosol and nuclear androgen receptor concentrations. PMID- 7085665 TI - Conformation of the complex oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. A vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism study. AB - Circular dichroism spectroscopy in the 170-220-nm range of the ultraviolet and measurements of the amide proton coupling constants in nmr have been used to investigate the conformation of asparagine-linked glycopeptides having oligosaccharide chains of the complex antenna type. The CD spectra can be explained as the sum of three contributions, the first of which is a pair of large bands of opposite sign resulting from coupling of the adjacent chromophores of the 2-acetamido-1-N-(4-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine linkage. Secondly the amide chromophore of the core N-acetylglucosamine residue substituted at carbon 4 by a beta-mannosyl residue contributes a negative band at 210 nm along with a small negative signal in the 180-190-nm region. The amides of the antenna N-acetylglucosamine residues, which in some cases are substituted by beta-galactosyl residues at carbon 4, contribute a negative band at 210 and a strong positive band at 185-190 nm. Since these three contributions are approximately independent, we can detect no long range interactions between nonreducing termini and the glycopeptide linkage region. Both CD and nmr data imply that the glucosaminyl-asparagine linkage is rigidly fixed in a conformation having the amide protons trans to the sugar ring protons. These results are consistent with an extended conformation in the shape of a "Y" or a "T" for complex type asialo-oligosaccharide chains. PMID- 7085666 TI - Purification of an almond emulsin fucosidase on Cibacron blue-sepharose and demonstration of its activity toward fucose-containing glycoproteins. AB - The almond emulsin fucosidase that specifically hydrolyzes fucose in alpha (1-3) linkage to N-acetylglucosamine has been purified 1250-fold. The purification procedure includes ion exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-25, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, and affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue Sepharose 4B-CL. The molecular weight of the fucosidase was estimated by gel filtration as approximately 73,000. Enzyme activity was maximal at pH 5.3 in acetate buffer and was dependent on ionic strength; at least 0.1 M NaCl was necessary for optimal activity. The purified enzyme was free of beta galactosidase activity toward the glycoprotein substrate [3H]galactosyl asialotransferrin and did not release fucose from substrates containing fucose in alpha (1-6) linkage, (bovine IgG glycopeptides) or in alpha (1-2) linkage, (2' fucosyllactose). The fucosidase displayed activity toward two glycoprotein substrates known to contain fucose in alpha (1-3) linkage. Extensive incubations resulted in the release of 83% and 43% of the total fucose of asialoorosomucoid and lactoferrin, respectively. The fucosidase did not release fucose from either the "slow" or the "fast" form of alpha 2-macroglobulin, suggesting the absence of fucosyl alpha (1-3) linkages on that glycoprotein. PMID- 7085667 TI - Microemulsions of phospholipids and cholesterol esters. Protein-free models of low density lipoprotein. PMID- 7085668 TI - Incorporation of molecular oxygen into pyrimidine cofactors by phenylalanine hydroxylase. AB - The 5-amino substituents of two pyrimidine cofactors of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase, 2,5,6-triamino-4-pyrimidinone (TP) and 5-benzylamino-2,6-diamino-4 pyrimidinone (BDP), have been shown to be cleaved quantitatively by enzyme (Bailey, S. W., and Ayling, J. E. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7774-7781). That the pyrimidine product of this process (when carried out in the presence of 2 mercaptoethanol) is 2,6-diamino-5-hydroxy-4-pyrimidinone (divicine) is further confirmed by mass spectrometry of an isolated t-butyldimethylsilyl derivative. The origin of the oxygens in this divicine was studied with enzyme reactions containing 18O2. Corrected for the loss in the controls, the divicine generated by phenylalanine hydroxylase from TP and BDP incorporated one atom of 18O with an efficiency of 98 +/- 5% and 100 +/- 3%, respectively, even though these reactions are partially uncoupled. The position of the isotope was unambiguously assigned to the 5-hydroxyl group by the simultaneous use of [18O] TP and 18O2, the divicine from which was found to be doubly labeled. o-Methylphenylalanine stimulates a rate of cofactor oxidation at least 10-fold greater than its own rate of hydroxylation. The majority of divicine isolated from phenylalanine hydroxylase incubations with o-methyl substrate analog was labeled with oxygen from 18O2. The demonstration, with phenylalanine hydroxylase, that one atom of molecular oxygen remains attached to position 5 of pyrimidine cofactor, provides the first strong evidence for activation of oxygen by aromatic amino acid monooxygenases via covalent addition to C4a of tetrahydrobiopterin. PMID- 7085669 TI - Synthesis of the branched form of erythroglycan by Friend GM979 erythroleukemic cells. AB - Mouse GM979 erythroleukemic cells were found to synthesize the branched form of erythroglycan, a large polylactosamine structure known to be attached to band 3 and possibly to other proteins on human erythrocytes. Total protein-derived oligosaccharides from GM979 cells, labeled metabolically with [3H]glucosamine, [3H]mannose, or [3H]galactose, were prepared by hydrazinolysis after extracting the lipids. The 3H-labeled oligosaccharides were fractionated on Sephadex G-50 revealing 10-25% of each labeled product as a high molecular weight fraction (Mr = 10,000). Digestion of this [3H]glucosamine fraction with endo-beta galactosidase from Escherichia freundii, specific for the repeating structure of Gal beta (1 leads to 4)GlcNAc beta (1 leads to 3), resulted in the following four products upon Bio-Gel P-2 Gel filtration: 1) a disaccharide with the structure GlcNAc beta (1 leads to 3)Gal, 2) a trisaccharide with the structure Gal beta (1 leads to 4)GlcNAc beta (1 leads to 3) beta Gal, 3) a tetrasaccharide with the sequence Fuc alpha (1 leads to 2)Gal beta (1 leads to 4)GlcNAc beta (1 leads to 3)Gal, and 4) a large complex fragment which contained mannose, glucosamine, galactose, and fucose (presumably the protein linkage region). Methylation linkage analysis of the large complex fraction shows mainly the presence of 4 substituted and terminal N-acetylglucosamine; 3,6-substituted, 6-substituted, 2 substituted, and 2,3-substituted galactose. The GM979 cell erythroglycan is only 30% susceptible to endo-beta-galactosidase degradation probably because of the branched galactose residues, whereas the linear form of erythroglycan from human K562 cells is 60% susceptible. The branched residues in GM979 cell saccharides indicate that this mouse cell line bears an arborized erythroglycan-like glycopeptide similar to those found on human adult erythrocytes, and thus may be a source for the enzyme which transfers an N-acetylglucosamine residue to a 3 linked galactose to form a 3,6-disubstituted galactose. PMID- 7085670 TI - 1H-NMR studies of the structure and stability of the bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. AB - The tertiary structure of the isoinhibitor A (Kazal) isolated from bovine pancreatic tissue has been characterized by 1H-NMR studies in 2H2O solution. A number of slowly exchanging backbone amides are observed. The dynamics of the aromatic side chains and their interaction with methyl groups from aliphatic residues are essentially identical in the bovine and in the homologous inhibitor from porcine pancreas. Both inhibitors contain two tyrosines in positions 20 and 31 as the only aromatic residues. The previous assignment of the aromatic resonances in the porcine inhibitor is valid for the bovine homolog, as deduced from selective nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) experiments. The tyrosine which inhibits an NMR spectral pattern characteristic of rapid ring motion does not show appreciable NOE to backbone or sidechain protons, in agreement with the solvent exposure predicted for Tyr-20 in the porcine inhibitor. In contrast, the immobilized Tyr-31 exhibits a NOE pattern that indicates close interaction with a number of backbone amide protons and aliphatic side chain groups, confirming that the aromatic ring is buried. At 90 degrees C, pH 5, the protein is still substantially folded, as manifested by both backbone and side chain resonances. The results are compared with previous optical rotatory dispersion findings. A number of side chain resonances were assigned to specific amino acid residues in the sequence. PMID- 7085672 TI - Preparation and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human DNA polymerase alpha. AB - We report the successful establishment of 16 stable murine hybridoma monoclones that produce homogeneous antibodies against KB cell DNA polymerase alpha. All of the antibodies exhibit specific binding of polymerase alpha activity, and 3 of them possess anti-polymerase alpha neutralizing activity. None of the antibodies interacts detectably with KB cell DNA polymerases beta or gamma. All of the 5 antibodies so far examined demonstrate linear Scatchard binding plots and very high binding affinities, with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) ranging between 3.2 x 10(-9) and 3.4 x 10(-10) M. These monoclonal antibodies comprise a set of powerful and specific reagents that should facilitate the development and application of novel approaches to the complex biochemical mechanisms of mammalian DNA replication. PMID- 7085671 TI - The distance between the high affinity sites of troponin-C measured by interlanthanide ion energy transfer. AB - Trivalent lanthanide ions are known to be good substituents for Ca2+ at all four calcium-binding sites of rabbit skeletal troponin-C (TnC). In particular, the visible luminescence of terbium ions bound at the two high affinity sites can be excited via a tyrosine residue. We have carried out energy transfer measurements using Tb3+ as the donor and a number of lanthanide ions as acceptors in order to measure the distance between the two high affinity sites in TnC. Luminescence decay measurements showed that, in the absence of acceptors, TnC-bound Tb3+ decays with a single lifetime of 1.31 ms. In the presence of a good acceptor such as Nd3+, the decay was resolvable into two components of roughly equal amplitude. The first was the same in lifetime as that of TnC-bound Tb3+ alone; the second has a shorter lifetime, presumably due to interlanthanide ion energy transfer. From these lifetimes and published critical transfer distances (Horrocks, W. DeW., Jr., Rhee, M.-J., Snyder, A.P., and Sudnick, D.R. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 3650-3652), we obtained a distance of 0.92 nm between the two high affinity sites. This distance is consistent with the fact that the two high affinity sites have been located in the COOH-terminal half of TnC and with the proposal that each half of TnC is homologous in structure to parvalbumin (Kretsinger, R. H., and Barry, C. D. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 405, 40-52). PMID- 7085673 TI - Insect toxic component from the venom of a chactoid scorpion, Scorpio maurus palmatus (Scorpionidae). AB - Several insect toxic components were isolated from the venom of the chactoid scorpion, Scorpio maurus palmatus (Scorpionidae), by column chromatography, with the following findings. 1) The toxicity of the crude venom to insects is due to three separate groups of substances, the so-called cytotoxins, phospholipases, and neurotoxins, which play a dominant role. 2) The neurotoxic fraction contains two factors: the fast reversibly paralytic and the slow lethal. 3) The slow lethal factor is composed of two toxins (IT1 and IT2), the purity of which was assessed by column chromatography, disc electrophoresis, isoelectrofocusing, analytical ultracentrifugation, and amino acid analyses. 4) IT1 and IT2 are two polypeptides possessing unique amino acid compositions with molecular weights of 3232 and 3963, pHi 8.8 and 9.2, and supposed to contain two and three disulfide bridges, respectively. 5) A clear cooperative interaction was demonstrated between the fast paralytic and lethal fractions as well as between the two insect toxins, resulting in an evident recovery of the original toxicity to insects of the crude venom. 6) When assayed on an isolated insect axonal preparation under current and voltage clamp conditions, the combination of IT1 and IT2 caused a reversible blockage of both the sodium and potassium currents. This may explain the specific symptomatology and the mechanism of the paralysis induced by these toxins to an insect. The above data were compared with information concerning buthoid scorpion venom insect toxins. PMID- 7085674 TI - Proteolytic processing of the primary translation product of rat intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA. Comparison with preproapolipoprotein A-I processing. AB - Total cellular RNA, isolated from rat intestinal epithelium, was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the primary translation product of apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA was purified by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antibody. NH2-terminal sequence analyses of mature rat plasma high density lipoprotein-associated A-IV and the cell-free product revealed that A-IV is initially synthesized with a 20-amino-acid NH2-terminal extension. Co translational cleavage of the primary translation product indicated that the entire NH2-terminal extension behaved as a prepeptide. The prepeptides of intestinal apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV have 59% sequence homology. However, A-IV does not possess the unusual propeptide previously identified in intestinal A-I (Gordon, J. I., Smith, D. P. Andy, R., Alpers, D. H. Schonfeld, G., and Strauss, A. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 971-978). Therefore it appears that proteolytic processing of these two apolipoproteins differs significantly. PMID- 7085675 TI - A Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant deficient in glucosylation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesizes lysosomal enzymes of altered structure and function. PMID- 7085677 TI - Purification and characterization of a unique isozyme of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of ethanol-treated rabbits. AB - A new isozyme of cytochrome P-450 has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from hepatic microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethanol. Several criteria indicate that the ethanol-inducible cytochrome, which has a minimal molecular weight of 51,000 and is designated form 3a on the basis of its relative electrophoretic mobility, is distinct from the known isozymes of P-450. As judged spectrally, the new isozyme is high spin in the oxidized state, as is form 4, but differs in that the spin state is unperturbed by nonionic detergents. The absolute spectrum of the ferrous carbonyl complex of form 3a is red shifted as compared to that of forms 2, 3b, 3c, 4, and 6 and exhibits a maximum at 452 nm. The amino acid composition of form 3a is different from that of the other isozymes, and both the NH2- and COOH-terminal sequences are distinct; form 3a has an NH2-terminal alanine and a carboxyl-terminal leucine residue. Peptide mapping by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following treatment with papain, chymotrypsin, or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and by high performance liquid chromatography following trypsinolysis indicates that form 3a is a unique gene product. This cytochrome displays the highest activity of all of the rabbit isozymes in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and the p hydroxylation of aniline when reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and phospholipid in the presence of NADPH and oxygen. PMID- 7085676 TI - Energy-dependent translocation of the precursor of ornithine transcarbamylase by isolated rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 7085678 TI - Phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase from heart. I. Purification and general properties. PMID- 7085679 TI - Phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase from heart. II. Substrate specificity and inhibition by various agents. PMID- 7085681 TI - Interaction of liver clathrin coat protein with lipid model membranes. AB - Coated vesicles were prepared from rat liver homogenates by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the clathrin coat, dissociated by mild treatment with Tris-Cl, was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. At pH 6.5 and below, the soluble clathrin preparations induced a voltage-dependent increase in ion conductance across a black lipid membrane of oxidized cholesterol under conditions where the intact coated vesicles were inert. Further evidence for the interaction of clathrin with the lipid bilayer was provided by the demonstration that the fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein, was released from the internal aqueous space of small unilamellar dioleoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles upon the addition of the soluble protein. Dye release was shown to be a function of both calcium and pH. In the presence of calcium, release occurred at or above pH 8.0; in the absence of calcium, release was most prominent at pH 5.0-6.5. Formation of stable protein-phospholipid complexes was shown by KBr density gradient centrifugation. Stability of the complexes in high salt concentration suggested that electrostatic interactions were not essential to maintain the recombinants. Here, as with the black lipid membrane, incubation of the phospholipid vesicles with intact coated vesicles failed to induce release of the dye at pH 6.5 or below. Interaction of the clathrin coat protein with unilamellar vesicles at low pH resulted in a change in vesicle size and morphology as shown by electron microscopy. PMID- 7085680 TI - Association of newly synthesized histones with replicating and nonreplicating regions of chromatin. AB - Histone deposition in HeLa cells has been studied by monitoring the fractionation and electrophoresis mobility of pulse-labeled histones under conditions that separate newly replicated from bulk chromatin DNA. The separation efficiency of these two methods is approximately 70%. Following micrococcal nuclease digestion, chromatin was fractionated by salt elution. 50-65% of the newly synthesized histones eluted with bulk chromatin at NaCl concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3 M and were further down to co-electrophorese with bulk chromatin DNA, not with the more extensively digested newly replicated chromatin DNA contained in those fractions. The remaining chromatin fractions, solubilized with 0.4-0.6 M NaCl, were several-fold enriched in nascent DNA (Annunziato, A. T., Schindler, R. K., Thomas, C. A., Jr., and Seale, R. L. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11880-11886) and were correspondingly enriched for the balance (35-50%) of newly synthesized core histones. This fraction of newly synthesized core histone may be preferentially deposited onto newly replicated DNA. In contrast, histone H1 showed little tendency toward deposition onto new DNA. Within 15 min all new core histones attained the same solubility and electrophoretic mobility as bulk chromatin. We conclude that newly synthesized histones are deposited onto both replicating and nonreplicating regions of chromatin. PMID- 7085682 TI - The purification of nerve growth factor from bovine seminal plasma. Biochemical characterization and partial amino acid sequence. AB - Nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein regulating the development and function of certain neural crest derivatives, has been purified from bovine seminal plasma, and extremely rich source of the protein. Around 10 mg of pure NGF (yield, 10 20%) can be isolated from 10 g of lyophilized seminal plasma (around 100 ml of semen). The behavior during purification indicates that, like the NGF in the mouse submandibular gland, bovine NGF exists as a high molecular weight complex that dissociates at extremes of pH to reveal a smaller subunit having NGF biological activity. The isolated low molecular weight form of bovine NGF is a dimer of noncovalently linked polypeptide chains (Mr approximately 15,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels), with an isoelectric point of 9.5-10. These properties differ from those of low molecular weight (beta-subunit) mouse NGF, which comprises two noncovalently linked peptide chains of Mr = 13,256 (from sequence studies), and which has an isoelectric point of 9.3. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal 26 residues of bovine NGF has been determined and found to be similar to, but not identical with, that of mouse NGF. Thus, residues 3, 9, and 18, which are threonine, methionine, and valine, respectively, in mouse NGF, are serine, arginine, and isoleucine in bovine NGF. PMID- 7085683 TI - The effect of oxidation of copoly (L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes on oxygen permeability and tensile properties. AB - This study pertains to the development of poly (alpha-amino acid) membranes which have potential as biomaterials. Copoly (L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes have been subjected to oxidation which produced a hydrophilic structure allowing the improvement of oxygen permeability. L-Methionine residues in the copolymers were converted to methionine sulfoxide and/or sulfone groups by action of hydrogen peroxide in various reaction compositions. Water absorption, permeability to oxygen dissolved in water, and tensile strength of the modified membranes were changed with the extent of oxidation. The water absorption was found to increase with oxidation time from 10 to 300%. The oxidation time dependency on the oxygen permeability coincided with the increase in the water absorption. The permeability coefficients of oxidized membranes were of the order of 10(-9) cm3 (STP) cm/cm2 s cm Hg, while those of unoxidized membranes were approximately 10( 11). As expected, the tensile strengths of oxidized membranes were smaller than those of unoxidized ones. In addition, the effect of L-alanine and L-methionine residue composition on the membrane properties is discussed. PMID- 7085685 TI - The influence of heparinized polymers on the retention of platelets aggregability during storage. AB - The change in aggregability of the platelets stored in the storage tube fabricated from a newly developed heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD) has been studied in comparison with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) which is widely used for blood bags. Rabbit blood was directly withdrawn into the storage tube containing an anticoagulant from the carotid. Then the tube was mechanically sealed with screw cocks and centrifugated to prepare platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the tube and again mechanically clamped to separate the PRP from the residual precipitate. The PRP was stored in situ in the storage tube at room temperature under agitation. During storage, the change in the aggregability of the PRP induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was studied and the morphological change in the platelets adhered onto the inner surface of the storage tube was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the H-RSD tube, the aggregability was maintained during two-day storage, while in the PVC tube, the aggregability was completely lost after one-day storage. The scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the reduction in the aggregability of the stored platelets is closely correlated with the morphological deformation of the platelets adhered onto the surface of the storage tube. PMID- 7085684 TI - Effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of an established cell line to a surface reactive biomaterial. AB - We have demonstrated that an established hamster cell line (NIL 8 M-2) will adhere to the bioceramic bioglass. The rate at which the NIL 8 M-2 cells assume a spread morphology on bioglass is density dependent and the morphology displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to bioglass is much more elongated than that displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to nonreactive glass. Precoating the bioglass with the plasma form of human fibronectin significantly reduces the density dependent nature of cell spreading. Coating the bioglass with fibronectin also reduces the time required for cell spreading and changes the morphology of the attached cells from an elongated to an extremely flattened shape. Our work raises the possibility that bone-implant adhesion might be improved by introducing molecules relevant to cell-substrate attachment into the biomaterial prior to implantation. PMID- 7085686 TI - The viscosity of acrylic bone cements. AB - The viscosity of the acrylic bone cement used in total joint arthroplasty is an important material property for determination of the proper handling characteristics and interlock with bone. In this article the rheological properties of the three leading bone cements were determined over a three-decade range of shear rates. In addition, four other cements were tested at a single shear rate. The results indicate that all the acrylic bone cements are non Newtonian, pseudoplastic materials with significant differences between them. It is shown that the viscosity increases at different rates with respect to increases in time. For the majority of cements there is a steady or increasing rate of viscosity change with time. PMID- 7085687 TI - The promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates. AB - The effectiveness of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) on the adhesion of an acrylic rod with etched dentine and enamel was studied. Etching of tooth substrates with a 10% citric acid-3% ferric chloride solution prior to the adhesion proved effective. Monomers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups like 4-META promoted the infiltration of monomers into the hard tissue. The infiltrated monomers polymerized in situ and good adhesion with the tooth substrates took place. The tensile adhesive strength was 18 MPa on the etched dentine. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the monomers possess affinity with the hard tissue. The good adhesion was not provided by the interlocking at the tubules as had been considered previously. PMID- 7085688 TI - The evaluation of new dental resins prepared with polyfunctional methacrylate monomers. AB - The combinations of several composite fillers and dimethacrylates for crown and bridge resins were investigated. The composite filler prepared from TMPT markedly improved the mechanical and physical properties of crown and bridge resins. The enhancement of the mechanical and physical properties is due to the highly crosslinked structure which is developed with the use of the reactive composite filler which copolymerizes with the matrix monomer. The combination of the 2.6E UDMA comonomer and the TMPT composite filler exhibited the maximum compressive strength, transverse strength, and Brinell hardness, and minimum abrasion loss and thermal expansion. This hard resin was superior to the resins currently available for clinical use. PMID- 7085689 TI - Polyphosphazenes: effect of molecular motions on thrombogenesis. AB - The effect and interrelationship between primary (segmental backbone) and secondary (side chain) molecular motions on thrombogenesis, independent of morphological order/disorder, crystallinity, and/or associated water is elucidated using an amorphous hydrophobic polymer of poly-[(trifluoroethoxy) (fluoroalkoxy)phosphazene] PNF. The results indicate that thrombogenesis for an amorphous hydrophobic polymer is sensitive and dependent on the degrees and types of primary and secondary molecular motions at the polymer interface. PMID- 7085691 TI - Surgical management of resistant congenital talipes equinovarus deformities. AB - We evaluated the results of surgery for resistant congenital talipes equinovarus deformity in 164 children (244 feet). No patient was followed for less than two years. They were divided into three groups for analysis, based on their treatment. Group 1 consisted of seventy-five children (112 feet) who had incomplete releases only; Group 2 consisted of twenty-three children (thirty-nine feet) who had had a failed incomplete release followed by a one-stage complete posteromedial plantar release, without internal fixation, and serial application of casts; and Group 3 consisted of sixty-six children (ninety-three feet) who had the complete posteromedial plantar release as the initial surgical procedure. Group 1 had 42 per cent, Group 2 had 79 per cent, and Group 3 had 86 per cent satisfactory (excellent or good) long-term results. The radiographic measurements that correlated best with the clinical results were the anteroposterior talocalcaneal overlap, the lateral talocalcaneal angle, and the positions of the navicular and calcaneus. The results in our series emphasize the complex interrelationship of the pathological anatomy and the need for complete simultaneous release of all components of the deformity. PMID- 7085690 TI - Developmental patterns in lower-extremity length discrepancies. AB - A review of lower-extremity length-discrepancy data in 803 patients demonstrated that not all discrepancies continue to increase at a constant rate with time. A classification of the developmental discrepancy patterns identified is presented: type I, upward slope; type II, upward slope-deceleration; type III, upward slope plateau (type IIIA, downward slope-plateau; type IIIB, plateau); type IV, upward slope-plateau-upward slope; and type V, upward slope-plateau-downward slope. The patterns are dependent on the nature of the conditions causing the discrepancies and on the place and time of their occurrence. The distribution of the types of patterns in the various etiological groups is presented. The classification of developmental patterns illustrates the varying directional changes that can occur in these discrepancies and their dependence on underlying biological phenomena. Determination of the distribution of pattern types in the various conditions aids in planning the frequency of length-discrepancy studies. The patterns alone do not provide projections of final discrepancies, but when used in conjunction with the femoral-tibial length and growth-remaining charts of Green and Anderson they permit accurate projections of discrepancy to be made. PMID- 7085692 TI - Intra-osseous venous pressure in Legg-Perthes disease. AB - Twenty-three hips in patients with Legg-Perthes disease and twenty-three normal hips were studied. The intra-osseous pressure was measured in the femoral neck in all forty-six hips and was found to be only slightly higher in the hips with Legg Perthes disease. However, after five milliliters of saline solution was injected intra-osseously, the pressure was significantly higher in the diseased hips than in the controls, and after the pressure had stabilized at five minutes after injection the pressure was even higher in the hips with Legg-Perthes disease. Intra-osseous venography was also performed for all of the hips. All of the control hips had a normal venogram, whereas the venograms in the hips with Legg Perthes disease were all either mildly or severely abnormal. The rise in the intra-osseous pressure after saline stress in the hips with severe changes on venography was significantly higher than the rise in the hips with mild changes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intra-osseous venography and measurement of changes in intra osseous pressure might aid in the earlier diagnosis of Legg-Perthes disease and prove to be useful monitors of the results of treatment. PMID- 7085693 TI - Anterior strut-grafting for the treatment of kyphosis. Review of experience with forty-eight patients. AB - Anterior strut-grafting was used in forty-eight patients to treat structural kyphosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Forty patients had a combined anterior and posterior arthrodesis. Kyphosis was corrected from an average of 93 degrees preoperatively to an average of 59 degrees at follow-up. Eight patients underwent anterior cord decompression, five of whom showed improvement of neural function at follow-up. Ten patients had a loss of correction averaging 19 degrees. In four patients a pseudarthrosis developed at the strut graft-vertebral body junction. The strut graft fractured in five of nine patients in whom the graft was four centimeters or more from the apical vertebra. Complications were frequent, but for the most part they were thought to have been preventable. Anterior strut grafting appears to be a valid and logical technique for managing structural kyphosis. PMID- 7085694 TI - Bone-block transfer of the medial head of the gastrocnemius for posterior cruciate insufficiency. AB - An operation is described in which the medial head of the gastrocnemius is firmly fixed by a cancellous screw, through an attached bone block, to the medial femoral condyle to serve as an intraarticular graft for the control of chronic posterior instability of the knee. This procedure was done in eight patients, with a follow-up of twenty-nine to forty-eight months. The delay from injury to reconstruction averaged forty-two months (range, five to eighty-four months). At follow-up, stability was improved in all of the eight patients and the result was rated as good or excellent in six of them. One failure was due to unrelieved pain and in another patient a second injury led to reoperation. Because minimum immobilization is necessary, the postoperative care with this procedure is simplified and the period of rehabilitation is shorter. PMID- 7085695 TI - Stress fractures of the tarsal navicular. A retrospective review of twenty-one cases. PMID- 7085696 TI - Loads on the lumbar spine. Validation of a biomechanical analysis by measurements of intradiscal pressures and myoelectric signals. AB - We studied the validity of predictions of compressive loads on the lumbar spine and contraction forces in lumbar trunk muscles based on a biomechanical model. The predictions were validated by quantitative measurements of myoelectric activities at twelve locations on the trunk and of the pressure in the third lumbar disc. Twenty-five tasks were performed isometrically by four healthy volunteers. The model predicted that the tasks imposed mean compressive loads on the spine of as much as 2400 newtons and required contraction forces of the posterior muscles of the back of as much as 1800 newtons. Intradiscal pressures of as much as 1600 kilopascals were measured. The predicted and measured quantities were well correlated. It appears that the model adequately predicted the compressive loads on the lumbar spine and the tensions in the back muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Patients with low-back disorders limit their physical activities, which indicates that loading on the spine must be a factor in those disorders. This study shows that the loads imposed on the spine by physical activities need not be measured. They can easily be calculated. This will significantly accelerate biomechanics research on low-back disorders. The calculation techniques that we validated for predicting loads on the spine can be used to calculate the loads on any skeletal structure. Those loads are largely determined not by the externally applied loads, but by the moments of those applied loads and by the moments of the weights of the body segments that the structure must support. PMID- 7085697 TI - Lumbosacral nerve-root anomalies. AB - Forty-six cases of anomalous lumbosacral nerve roots were found in a series of 2123 patients who underwent myelography with water-soluble contrast medium. The anomalies were classified into five types. In Types I and II, one or more nerve roots emerged from the theca at a more cranial (Type I) or caudal (Type II) level than normal. In Type III, two or more roots emerged through closely adjacent openings in the dura, whereas in Type IV two nerve roots emerged from the dural sac combined as one nerve trunk. In Type V, two roots were connected by an anastomotic branch shortly after their emergence from the dura. The anomalies were usually unilateral and the fifth lumbar and first sacral-nerve roots were the most frequently involved. Type-III and Type-IV anomalies were the most common (69 per cent). Twenty-one per cent of the patients had lumbosacral anomalies and one had congenital absence of the articular facets of the lumbosacral joint on the side of the nerve-root anomaly. In seven patients the anomalous root or roots were compressed by a herniated disc, and the roots were entrapped in a lateral recess or intervertebral foramen in two. Symptoms and signs of nerve-root compression were usually severe, even in the patients with a small disc protrusion. The severity of the clinical findings appeared to be due to the reduced mobility of the anomalous roots. Adequate surgical decompression led to satisfactory final results in all nine patients. PMID- 7085698 TI - Alcoholism assessment on an orthopaedic surgery service. AB - We reviewed the initial history, obtained by the orthopaedic house staff, of each of eighty-seven patients who were consecutively admitted to an acute orthopaedic surgery service. A diagnosis of alcoholism was made by the house staff in only one of every ten patients who had been identified as having symptoms of alcohol addiction in a previous study. Alcohol abuse was identified in only five of every ten such patients. Of the orthopaedic patients in this sample who had been shown to be abusing alcohol, 37 per cent were neither suspected nor diagnosed as abusers by the orthopaedic house staff. We recommend the use of a brief screening interview (CAGE) to increase diagnostic effectiveness in this area, and discuss the clinical usefulness of an early diagnosis of alcoholism among orthopaedic surgical patients. PMID- 7085699 TI - The effect of knee-prosthesis geometry on cruciate ligament mechanics during flexion. AB - We used buckle transducers in conjunction with a mathematical model to investigate the mechanics of the cruciate ligaments during flexion of knees containing prostheses with differing component geometries. With normal component placement and both cruciate ligaments intact, the full range of flexion is restricted in a knee with the conforming, single radius-of-curvature geometric prosthesis because of large constraint forces in the posterior cruciate ligament. Ligament incompatibility is avoided with multicurvature designs, as represented by the kinematic prosthesis. Low conformity of components allows anterior posterior displacements to accompany flexion, which provides for a full range of flexion and allows cruciate ligament forces to approach those of a normal knee. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This analysis points out that special precautions must be taken to avoid ligament constraint forces (and potential loosening) if an implant with highly conforming components is used when both cruciate ligaments are intact. The information presented here, relating implant geometry to cruciate ligament mechanics, must be considered when choosing an appropriate prosthetic design to ensure ligament compatibility in the presence of one, both, or no cruciate ligaments. PMID- 7085700 TI - UCI total knee replacement. A follow-up study. AB - Using the UCI (University of California at Irvine) total knee prosthesis, an arthroplasty was performed in ninety-seven patients (121 knees) from 1972 through 1977. I examined eighty of these patients (100 knees) at three to eight years after the operation and it was necessary to either perform or recommend further surgery in twenty-five of them (twenty-seven knees). These results were designated as failures. The knees in valgus angulation that failed typically did so within the first year because of medical instability and patellar dislocation. The knees in varus angulation that failed typically did so one to six years after operation because of loosening of the tibial component. When failure became established, each knee was found to have reverted to its preoperative angular deformity, indicating that deforming factors were still operative. I suspect that ligament imbalance may have contributed to many of these failures. The surface area and stiffness of the 5.0 and 7.5-millimeter-thick tibial components of the original UCI prosthesis were not sufficient to prevent loosening and subsidence. Constraint between the tibial and femoral components was not sufficient to prevent subluxation or dislocation if soft-tissue release was needed for correction of deformity. Prompted by this experience, total knee arthroplasty using the UCI device has been discontinued at the Ochsner Medical Institutions. PMID- 7085701 TI - Socket fixation using a metal-backed acetabular component for total hip replacement. A minimum five-year follow-up. AB - We did a follow-up study on fifty-three total hip-replacement procedures in forty seven patients in whom a metal-backed acetabular component was used. The minimum follow-up was five years (average, six and one-half years). These relatively young patients ranged in age from seventeen to seventy-six years old (average, forty-one years old). Excluding one septic hip and one traumatic dislocation of the acetabular component, three sockets became loose in the remaining fifty-one hips. The results in thirty-four patients who were forty-five years old or younger were compared with those in a group of patients of similar age, reported by Dorr and Takei, in whom sockets without metal backing were used. Thirteen of the forty-three non-metal-backed sockets in their patients became loose or had a continuous radiolucent line at least two centimeters thick around the entire circumference of the cement on an anteroposterior radiograph, which they referred to as impending failure. In comparison, the three loose acetabular components in our thirty-four patients comprised a statistically significant reduction (p less than 0.05). No acetabular components in our series showed evidence of impending failure. We and others have reported finite-element analyses showing that a metal backing on the acetabular component reduces peak stresses in the bone, cement, and polyethylene. These analytical data are now supported by the clinical data reported here; that is, the metal backing of the acetabular component enhanced the duration of cement fixation. PMID- 7085702 TI - Bone metastases from renal carcinoma. The preoperative use of transcatheter arterial occlusion. AB - Surgical treatment of hypervascular bone lesions can result in excessive operative blood loss. We reviewed the cases of eight patients who were operated on for hypervascular bone metastases from renal carcinoma after preoperative transcatheter embolization. The embolization was successful in six of these patients and their operative blood loss averaged only 550 milliliters (range, 450 to 750 milliliters). The reasons for failure in two patients were failure to recognize and embolize all major vessels supplying the tumor in the first and the presence of too many small vessels arising directly from the superficial femoral artery to embolize safely in the second. When surgical treatment of hypervascular bone metastases is indicated, consideration should be given to preoperative arterial embolization. PMID- 7085703 TI - Elevation of the insertion of the patellar ligament for patellofemoral pain. AB - In an effort to evaluate the use of a transverse incision and a relatively small elevation (1.25 centimeters) of the tendinous insertion of the patellar ligament into the tibial tubercle, 184 patients were treated with a modified procedure using the Maquet principle. The indications for the procedure were patellofemoral pain and loss of active function. The patients were placed in five groups based on the cause of their symptoms: chondromalacia, patellofemoral arthritis, patellar dislocation, previous trauma, and previous patellectomy. The results were evaluated on the basis of whether or not primary wound-healing was satisfactory and whether or not the patient resumed the ability to ascend stairs and could engage in previously lost athletic function, Eighty-five per cent of the patients achieved these goals of treatment. The disadvantages of the procedure appeared to be the slow return of full function (averaging six months), prominence of the area of the tibial tubercle, and persistence of crepitus on patellofemoral motion. PMID- 7085704 TI - Bilateral patellar subluxation secondary to Becker muscular dystrophy. A case report. PMID- 7085705 TI - Double osteoid-osteoma in adjacent carpal bones. A case report. PMID- 7085708 TI - Plantar release in the correction of deformities of the foot in childhood. PMID- 7085706 TI - A clinical sign in suspected fractures of the carpal scaphoid. PMID- 7085707 TI - Orthopaedic management of childhood neuromuscular disease. Part I: Spinal muscular atrophy. PMID- 7085709 TI - Congenital muscular torticollis. A long-term follow-up. AB - Fifty-seven patients with congenital muscular torticollis who were treated between 1941 and 1977 were evaluated after an average follow-up of 18.9 years. We found that if congenital muscular torticollis persisted beyond the age of one year, it did not resolve spontaneously. Children with torticollis who were treated during the first year of life had better results than those treated later, and an exercise program was more likely to be successful when the restriction of motion was less than 30 degrees and there was no facial asymmetry or the facial asymmetry was noted only by the examiner. Non-operative therapy after the age of one year was rarely successful. Regardless of the type of treatment, established facial asymmetry and limitation of motion of more than 30 degrees at the beginning of treatment usually precluded a good result. While these fifty-seven patients had little functional abnormality at follow-up (some of those with a persistent head tilt had mild, asymptomatic compensatory scoliosis), noticeable cosmetic deformity was present in approximately 31 per cent of the patients. PMID- 7085710 TI - Treatment concepts for proximal femoral ischemic necrosis complicating congenital hip disease. AB - A retrospective review of fifty-three congenitally dislocated hips (in forty-four patients) in which ischemic necrosis developed was undertaken to assess patterns of growth disturbance and to establish treatment protocols. We utilized the Bucholz and Ogden classification of the four roentgenographic patterns of ischemic necrosis complicating the treatment of congenital hip disease. Patients with Type-I disease had transient ischemia with early recovery. Significant growth disturbances requiring surgical treatment were not observed. Limb-length discrepancy, increased height of the greater trochanter relative to the femoral neck and head, and problems with femoral head coverage were more likely to develop in hips with Type-II or Type-III ischemic necrosis. Equalization of limb lengths, trochanteric epiphyseodesis, and surgical means of improving femoral head coverage were also more commonly indicated in these patients. In patients with Type-IV disease, mild deformities of the femoral head and occasional limb length discrepancies developed; other sequelae were uncommon and surgical intervention was rarely required. PMID- 7085713 TI - Supracondylar-intercondylar fractures of the femur treated with a supracondylar plate and lag screw. AB - Twenty-six patients ranging from nineteen to ninety-two years old underwent rigid internal fixation of supracondylar-intercondylar fractures of the distal end of the femur, using a supracondylar plate and lag screw to achieve two-plane fixation. The congruity of the articular surface of the knee was anatomically restored, as were the mechanical and anatomical axes of the lower extremity. The time to clinical and roentgenographic union averaged four months. There were no non-unions or postoperative infections. The average postoperative range of motion of the knee was 120 degrees. The average length of follow-up was twenty-one months. This series demonstrates the advantages of stable internal fixation using a supracondylar plate and lag screw over other types of fixation. PMID- 7085711 TI - Arteriography in club foot. AB - Arteriography was done on fourteen children with nineteen typical, severe, untreated club feet. The age range of the patients was from 1.3 to 13.5 years (average, 6.3 years). Only three feet were found to have normal arterial anatomy. In the remaining sixteen feet the posterior tibial artery was the dominant structure; the anterior tibial artery was hypoplastic and ended at the ankle, so that no dorsalis pedis artery was present. After operative correction of the feet, no change was noted in the arteriograms of three patients. The importance of protecting the posterior tibial artery during operative correction is emphasized. PMID- 7085712 TI - Unstable fracture-dislocations of the forearm (Monteggia and Galeazzi lesions). AB - Forty-nine Monteggia and forty-seven Galeazzi lesions were treated over a twenty five-year period. I used Bado's criteria to evaluate the results in the Monteggia lesions. In all of the children in the series either closed or open reduction yielded good results, while the results of treatment of the Monteggia fractures in the adults in the study varied. The best results were obtained in Type-I lesions treated by open anatomical reduction, internal stabilization of the ulnar fracture, and closed reduction of the radial head. Factors leading to poor results in Type-I lesions were failure to obtain anatomical reduction of the ulna, heterotopic ossification including synostosis of the proximal parts of the radius and ulna, and persistence or recurrence of dislocation of the radial head. In patients in whom the radial head could not be reduced by closed methods, the radial head was buttonholed through the joint capsule and the annular ligament was displaced but not ruptured. I have not found that reconstruction of the annular ligament is necessary in the treatment of acute Monteggia fractures. In the Type-II, III, and IV lesions in this series, fair results were the rule. The results of closed reduction of the classic Galeazzi fractures in the adults in this series were not good, due to malunion of the radius and persistent derangement of the distal radio-ulnar joint. The seventeen patients who were treated with accurate reduction and internal fixation of the fractured radius and immobilization of the forearm in full supination for six to eight weeks obtained good results. PMID- 7085716 TI - Modification of fracture repair with selected pulsing electromagnetic fields. AB - We assayed different pulsing electromagnetic fields for their effects on the mechanical and histological repair properties of an osteotomy of the radius of the rat fourteen days postoperatively. Highly significant differences were found in the control and experimental initial load values and their decay as a function of time. These results correlate well with the histological pattern in the bridging callus. A pulse that produces an increase (above the control level) in initial load by a factor of 2.4 and a slower decay was characterized by more extensive calcification of fibrocartilage and its replacement by fibrous bone at this early, but important, stage in fracture-healing. PMID- 7085714 TI - Surgical treatment of displaced, comminuted fractures of the distal end of the femur. AB - Thirty supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of the femur in twenty-eight patients were reduced and stabilized with ASIF techniques. After an average follow-up of 28.5 months, the results were good or excellent in twenty-four limbs. An extensile surgical exposure with elevation of the tibial tuberosity was used successfully in eight limbs to facilitate the exposure of multiplanar intra articular fractures. Close attention to the surgical details is necessary to avoid the potential complications of this approach. PMID- 7085715 TI - The assessment of skin viability using fluorescein angiography prior to amputation. AB - Fluorescein angiography was used for the preoperative assessment of skin viability and the determination of the level of amputation in patients with peripheral vascular disease. In twenty-two patients requiring twenty-seven lower extremity amputations (including five revisions), a retrospective comparison was made between the surgeon's choice of amputation level based on clinical criteria and that based on the fluorescein angiogram. As was evident by the failure of the amputation to heal, the surgeon's prediction was too distal in nine (33 per cent) of twenty-seven amputations and revisions. The assessor of fluorescein angiograms predicted five of these nine failures; therefore, the failure rate could have been reduced to four (15 per cent) of twenty-seven amputations. The amputation level predicted on the basis of the fluorescein angiogram was unnecessarily high in three lower limbs (11 per cent). These three amputations healed at the level chosen by the surgeon, but did so by prolonged secondary healing. Fluorescein angiography is a simple, safe, and useful preoperative bedside technique for the assessment of skin viability and the determination of amputation level in patients with peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 7085717 TI - Energy costs of walking in lower-extremity plaster casts. AB - The energy cost of walking with axillary crutches and each of three types of plaster casts (long, short, and cylinder) on the lower extremity was measured in twenty normal adult men. The knee and ankle joints were immobilized unilaterally in the neutral positions. Oxygen uptake was measured using a modified Douglas-bag technique. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and step frequency were telemetered from transducers that were attached to the subjects. When walking and bearing full weight on a cast without the use of crutches, the average rates of energy expenditure for subjects wearing the three varieties of casts did not significantly differ from the value for normal walking. Velocity, however, was reduced depending on the extent of immobilization. The average velocity of the subjects was fifty-six meters per minute in a long cast, sixty-four meters per minute in in a cylinder cast, and seventy meters per minute in a short cast, compared with seventy-eight meters per minute without immobilization of the limb. The subjects' average oxygen cost per meter was 0.24 milliliter per kilogram in a long cast, 0.20 milliliter per kilogram in a cylinder cast, and 0.19 milliliter per kilogram in a short cast, compared with 0.15 milliliter per kilogram for normal walking. Using a unilateral non-weight-bearing swing-through gait, the average rate of oxygen uptake for subjects wearing the three types of casts did not differ from the mean value without a cast (21.2 milliliters per kilogram per minute). All values were at least 60 per cent higher than the average for normal level walking. PMID- 7085718 TI - The influence of an experimental immune synovitis on the failure mode and strength of the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament. AB - The strength and failure mode of a fresh femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex was studied in normal rabbits and after the induction of an experimental immune synovitis. Five modes of failure were observed: (1) through the anterior cruciate ligament alone; (2) through a small piece of bone with the anterior cruciate ligament attached; (3) through a condyle; (4) through the metaphysis; and (5) through the diaphysis. In the normal complex, failure always occurred through the anterior cruciate ligament. In the controls, the average ratio of failure-load to body weight was seventy-four newtons per kilogram. After induction of an immune synovitis this ratio was significantly reduced, to twenty two newtons per kilogram. Synovial cathepsin-D enzyme activity in these knees was 5.27 micromoles per hour per milligram of protein, which was significantly elevated when compared with the control level of 0.26. Histological examination of the anterior cruciate ligament after induction of the immune synovitis but before strength-testing demonstrated loss of the normal undulating fiber orientation, disorganization of the normal cellular pattern, and a decrease in the staining of the interstitial matrix with Mallory trichrome. There was a moderate infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells in the body of the ligament. Histological studies of the ligament after strength testing showed that the failure resulted in a mop-like appearance and morphological characteristics similar to those observed before testing. PMID- 7085719 TI - Setting temperatures of plaster casts. The influence of technical variables. AB - It is known that plaster-of-Paris casts can cause burns. Experiments were done to determine what factors are involved in causing an elevation of the temperature in a freshly applied cast. A glass tube filled with water between the temperatures of 36 and 39 degrees Celsius was used to simulate a leg for this study. Standard plaster casts were applied to the tube and the following variables were studied: different temperatures of the dip water; different thicknesses of the cast; the presence of plaster residue in the dip water; and the effect of the plaster of a pillow placed under the tube. It was found that if the temperature of the dip water was higher than 24 degrees Celsius or the thickness of the cast was greater than eight ply, or both, and if the pillow was used to limit the dissipation of heat from the cast, temperatures high enough to cause skin burns could occasionally be reached. Variable results indicated that these were the factors operating in practice and that a combination of them posed the greatest hazard. PMID- 7085721 TI - Pudendal-nerve palsies associated with closed intramedullary femoral fixation. A report of two cases and a study of the mechanism of injury. PMID- 7085720 TI - Osteopetrosis. A morphological study of twenty-one cases. AB - Twenty-one patients, two months to seventy-eight years old, with clinically diagnosed osteopetrosis showed radiographic and histological variations in the formation of radiodense skeletal tissue at all ages. Pathologically the abnormal tissue was composed of both lamellar bone and calcified cartilage. We deduced that the abnormality or abnormalities of osteoclast function that cause the observed changes vary in severity from time to time in individual patients. Periods of remission in the less severely affected patients apparently had permitted the formation of bone-marrow spaces and allowed hematopoietic tissue to form in these patients. The patients who died of the disease did so because of anemia or its resulting complications. Some children with a lethal form of the disease had rickets and epiphyseal fractures in addition to the osteopetrosis. Focal areas of osteomalacia were observed in two specimens from adults. Traumatic and stress fractures were frequent complications at all ages. PMID- 7085722 TI - Fracture of the acetabular cup. A case report. PMID- 7085723 TI - The snapping scapula syndrome. A case report. PMID- 7085724 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome due to an anomalous distal end of the radius. A case report. PMID- 7085725 TI - Bilateral pelvic osteomyelitis in children with sickle-cell anemia. Report of four cases. PMID- 7085726 TI - Bilateral fracture of the transverse process of the atlas. PMID- 7085727 TI - Conservation of veins with preservation of viable endothelium. AB - The influence of cryoprotective agents on the endothelium of jugular veins of dogs was examined after silver staining on en face preparations. Comparatively low concentrations of Glycerol or DMSO caused distinct morphological changes. Quick-freezing of air-filled vessels by liquid nitrogen permitted reservation of vessels with vital endothelium and comparatively mild morphological changes. Such vessels could be replanted after quick thawing. 2-4 days thereafter the endothelium of the grafts contained nuclei stainable with hematoxilin. The area covered by this endothelium remained devoid of parietal thrombi 2-4 days after replantation. However, lyophilized vessels grafted under the same conditions, were covered by large mural thrombi 2-4 days after the grafting procedure and no endothelial cells were found histologically. PMID- 7085728 TI - Results of iliofemoral venous thrombectomy after acute thrombosis: report on 165 cases. AB - Iliofemoral venous thrombosis may result in pulmonary embolism or a post thrombotic syndrome. The incidence of pulmonary embolism after nonsurgical treatment is 10%, that of post-thrombotic syndrome 60%. The use of fibrinolysis is limited because of numerous contraindications. One hundred and sixty five iliofemoral venous thrombectomies were performed between 1976 and 1981. The patients ranged in age from 17 to 88 years (mean age 56). The postoperative mortality was 2.4%. One hundred and thirty four out of 165 patients were re examined and 69 underwent phlebography. Over 70% were completely well. A post thrombotic syndrome was present in four cases. The patency rate, phlebographically determined, was 60% at the popliteo-crural and iliofemoral level. In 32.5% a recanalized femoral vein with patent iliac vein was shown. Only in 5 cases a permanent occlusion of the iliofemoral vein was observed. Immediate thrombectomy in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis has given excellent results. The incidence of pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome was considerably reduced and good functional results were achieved. PMID- 7085729 TI - Segmental volume plethysmography in the diagnosis of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. AB - Over a 24 month period, segmental limb systolic pressures (SLP), pulse volume recordings (PVR) and bi-planar arteriograms were obtained for 202 lower extremities. The SLPs proved unsatisfactory for the localization of arterial disease and are presently employed only to assess the extent of limb ischemia. Bases on simple, qualitative criteria, the thigh PVR was graded as "normal" or "abnormal" and correctly predicted the presence or absence of hemodynamically significant aortoiliac disease in 95% of limbs. It there was a greater than 25% increase in the amplitude of the calf PVR relative to he thigh, patency of the superficial femoral artery was correctly identified in 97% of lower extremities. The limited accuracy of SLP alone in differentiating iliac and femoral artery occlusive disease, especially when present in combination, emphasizes the necessity of including some type of waveform analysis in the routine evaluation of patients with lower extremity arterial insufficiency. PMID- 7085730 TI - Microvascular anastomosis by invagination: an experimental study. AB - A technique of end anastomosis of microvessels of equal or unequal diameter, requiring only two sutures is described. In the present investigation we used the common carotid artery and the femoral vein of 37 white rats. The adventitia of the proximal part of the anastomosed artery was subsequently prepared and removed. However, in case of vein anastomosis, the adventitia of the distal part was removed. Following this washing with saline solution was done. 10-0 Nylon monofil sutures, were used which were placed at 180 degrees. The anastomosis was completed by ligation in such a way that one end was invaginated into the other and was fixed firmly. Five months later the anastomoses were examined after careful preparation under the surgical microscope and photographed. A SEM examination was then done in half of them and photos were taken at 24X, 80X, 1,200x magnification. The remaining tissue was examined histologically. The findings after surgical microscope SEM and histological examination are described. PMID- 7085731 TI - Valve replacement of childhood: follow-up results and complications. AB - This study concerned 18 cases of value replacement in patients than 15 years, between 1964 and 1980. In this period, there was a total of 30 such cases, but there were eight hospital deaths and four cases with less than two years postoperative observation. These 12 cases were excluded from the study. The average follow-up period of the 18 cases was eight years and nine months. During this period, six cases were associated with postoperative complications, which consisted of three cerebral emboli, two malfunctions of the implanted prostheses and one congestive heart failure. Three cases involved prosthesis-related death. Secondary implantations were performed in two cases; one for relative stenosis of the prosthesis and the other for calcification of the porcine xenograft. Physical activity in the 15 survivors has been excellent in all but two cases with arrhythmia and sequelae of cerebral damage due to surgery. PMID- 7085732 TI - Rhabdomyoma of the heart: surgical treatment. AB - Rhabdomyoma of the heart may cause severe hemodynamic obstruction specially in infants. Medical treatment carries a 100% mortality, but there are no clear surgical indications for these patients. Accordingly we reviewed the world literature (30 operated patients) adding our own experience (1 successfully operated patient) Based on our data and that of other we conclude: (1) Severely ill patients with rhabdomyoma should be operated upon. Age or associated tuberous sclerosis are not surgical contraindications. (2) Removal of the hemodynamic obstruction should be the main surgical goal. Radical resection of the tumor is not necessary and may be dangerous. (3) Surgical mortality is acceptable and it is becoming lower with time. (4) Long-term outcome for successfully operated patients is unknown. PMID- 7085733 TI - Air-borne contamination hazard in open heart surgery. Efficiency of HEPA air filtration and laminar flow. AB - Since 1975 we have reinforced all measures to prevent post-operative infection in open heart surgery. The environment where we worked has been gradually improved first in our old Hospital and later in the new University unit. It was, therefore, possible to relate post-operative infection to our surroundings and four groups of patients operated upon under different stages of asepsis in the operating theatre were examined. We conclude that air-borne contamination during the operation is a definite hazard, and that HEPA filtration is quite efficient in reducing this risk. PMID- 7085734 TI - Right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. A case without cono-truncal anomaly. AB - A three-year old girl with right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages associated with a secundum atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension is reported. The appendage anomaly was demonstrated by angiography and confirmed at operation to close the atrial defect. PMID- 7085735 TI - Excessive strut wear allowing ball-poppet embolization in a DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve prosthesis. AB - Excessive cage strut wear allowing ball-poppet embolization caused the sudden death of a 47 year old lady in whom a DeBakey-Surgitool aortic prosthesis had been implanted nine years earlier. Patients with this type of prosthesis should have periodic valvular cine fluoroscopy with image intensification to allow visualization of significant strut wear or fracture, and appropriate prosthetic valve replacement. PMID- 7085736 TI - A new revascularization procedure for extensive arterial occlusions of lower extremity. A.V shunt procedure. AB - A revascularization procedure for extensive arterial occlusive lesions of the lower extremity, namely "A-V shunt procedure" was devised. The occluded popliteal artery is recanalized by open endarterectomy in association with E-PTFE bypass for occlusion of the superficial femoral artery, and the patency of reconstructed arterial segments is ensured by an arterio-venous shunt created at the distal end of the recanalized tibio-peroneal trunk. The branches of the genicular arterial network are also reopened by a technique of thrombectomy. Numerous collaterals develop through the reopened genicular network increasing blood flow to the ischemic distal areas. From 1967 to 1980, 63 extremities in 57 patients, which had extensive arterial occlusions of lower extremities with impending ulcer and/or severe rest pain in their feet or toes, underwent this procedure. Remarkable improvement of ischemic symptoms resulted in 76.2% of extremities at the time of the hospital discharge and 57.1% in follow-up. PMID- 7085737 TI - What's new in the surgical treatment of acquired heart disease. PMID- 7085738 TI - Severe late complications after operative correction of aortic coarctation by interposition of prosthesis. AB - Out of 198 patients with aortic coarctation who were operated on with the implantation of an orthotopic bypass vascular prosthesis, 7 developed severe late complications 9-20 years postoperatively with late anastomosis dehiscence which resulted either in acute rupture and sudden death from massive hemorrhage (2 patients) or in false aneurysms with or without delayed rupture. Reoperation was done in 4 patients. After elective reoperation 2 of 3 patients survived, one elective and one emergency case died. The only evident reason for the late suture disruption was complete absorption of polyamide suture material in 6 cases. Therefore all patients with polyamide-sutured anastomosis should be followed-up thoroughly even in the late postoperative period in order to detect indications for elective reoperation. Suture material for anastomosis with any prosthesis must be nonabsorbable for lifetime. PMID- 7085739 TI - Cardiogenic embolism of the upper extremity. AB - Arterial embolism of the upper extremity is not as rare and especially not as benign in all instances as was considered in the past. Postembolic ischemic changes or frank gangrene of fingers or hand may occur in a substantial percentage of patients. This paper will attempt to update the current concepts of this problem. The clinical data and the methods for evaluation of the degree of viability of the hand or forearm will be reviewed. Arteriography is recommended more liberally than in the past. Arterial embolectomy usually performed under local anesthesia is widely applicable in view of the simplicity, safety and effectiveness of the balloon catheter technique. The overall results based on a compilation from six reports indicate that complete circulatory restoration occurred in 55% and salvage without a return of wrist pulses in 24%. Gangrene occurred in 9.3% and mortality in 11.8%. In general, mortality following embolectomy is primarily related to the gravity of the cardiopathy and least to the surgical procedure. PMID- 7085740 TI - Arterial thromboembolism of the upper extremity associated with the thoracic outlet syndrome. AB - Acute arterial thromboembolism of the upper extremity associated with the thoracic outlet syndrome is much less frequent than the neurologic manifestations, but is a potential threat to the viability of the limb if not recognized in time. The thromboembolic process originates in a damaged subclavian artery as a result of its prolonged compression, usually by congenital, much more rarely, by acquired anomalies of anatomical structures at the thoracic outlet. Major embolic complications usually occur after months or years of episodal and repetitive microemboli. A comprehensive arteriographic evaluation of the entire arterial tree in addition to other tests is essential for diagnosis. Four patterns of arterial findings are described. The scope of the surgical treatment of these manifestations it twofold: (1) decompression of the subclavian artery and (2) repair of the arterial lesions, often with additional thoracic sympathectomy. Results of management of the arterial lesions are described in three groups, based mostly on a review of data from the literature. In recent years a more aggressive approach to these lesions appears to have resulted in better management of this complex entity. A case report will illustrate some the clinical and pathological aspects of this problem. Early recognition of this unusual thromboembolic process is necessary for achieving a more complete limb salvage. PMID- 7085741 TI - Shoulder girdle compression syndrome. AB - Nowadays all compression syndromes at the upper chest like the costoclavicular syndrome, the scalenus syndrome, the hyperabduction syndrome and the Page-von Schroetter syndrome are included under the term of thoracic-outlet-syndrome. Apart from a constitutional disposition (cervical rib, anomalies of the tendons, etc.), it needs special factors like professional activities, sports, trauma, etc. to develop a T.O.S. syndrome. The symptoms range from prickling paresthesia, early fatigue, pains in shoulder and neck, claudication like pains and strong tendency towards swelling and rest pain or peripheral gangrene. Among 3126 vascular-surgical operations 128 transaxillary rib resections were performed during the time from June 1st, 1975 until March 31st, 1980. On 105 occasions rib resection was combined with the thoracic sympathectomy. In only 4 cases the resection of a cervical rib was sufficient to obtain decompression; in 15 cases the first rib had to be resected with a cervical rib. In 3 cases direct reconstructions of the artery and subclavian vein was performed by way of transaxillary approach. Postoperatively, 56% of the patients remained completely asymptomatic, 32% were decidedly improved and 12% unchanged. PMID- 7085742 TI - Survival rates after reconstructions in the aorto-iliac region. AB - During a twelve year period, 849 patients were operated on because of atherosclerotic diseases in the aorto-iliac region. 31 patients died postoperatively and 48 patients could not be followed up so that the fate of 770 patients is known. These 770 operated patients showed survival rates like a 12 year older normal population. By comparing the survival rates of the operated patients in different age groups, it is concluded that atherosclerotic diseases have an especially bad outcome in younger patients. PMID- 7085743 TI - Arterial reconstruction for distal disease of the lower extremities by the in situ vein graft technique. AB - From January 1st, 1975 to December 31st, 1979, 285 femoropopliteal and femorocrural bypasses have been performed in 260 patients. In 57% of all cases the operation was carried out for limb salvage. The first 100 in situ transplants were angiographically examined 2 years after the operation. 5 years after the operation all patients were examined clinically, angiologically and by ultra sound Doppler technique. The patency rate amounts to 84% after 2 years and 76% after 5 years. With a patency rate of 57% after 2 years and 38% after 5 years the results achieved in the revascularization of a single crural artery are much more unfavourable. The results may be compared with those demonstrated by other authors who use the in situ technique. Compared to the classical venous bypass, the in situ bypass comes off a little better after a five years period. PMID- 7085744 TI - Critical evaluation of limb salvage concept and indication for infrapopliteal reconstructive surgery. AB - A large number of surgical procedures aimed at revascularizing the popliteal and infrapopliteal arteries has been reported in patients affected by rest pain or gangrene of the extremities as well as intermittent claudication. In consideration of the high incidence of early and late unsuccessful results following this type of surgery as reported in the literature, we believe that peripheral reconstructions should be restricted to those patients presenting a clinical picture of such severity that major amputation is unavoidable in the short run. In these patients our choice of the appropriate surgical procedure is strictly related to the patency or not of the popliteal artery. The role of the above knee femoropopliteal bypass is discussed. A series of patients that we have operated upon according to these criteria is analyzed. The low number of cases in our group of patients and the high rate of postoperative failures reflect our policy on this matter. PMID- 7085745 TI - Carotid ultrasonic arteriography combined with real time spectral analysis: a comparison with angiography. AB - In a one year period, 400 patients were examined by carotid ultrasonic arteriography combined with real time sound spectral analysis. Contrast arteriography was performed on 112 patients. The noninvasive examinations and contrast arteriograms of these patients were reviewed by two independent observers, who were unaware of the findings of the other diagnostic modality. There were 190 vessels available for comparison. The internal carotid artery was classified as normal, less than 50% stenosis, greater than or equal to 50% stenosis, or occluded. The specificity of these non-invasive tests was 79%. The sensitivity in correctly identifying stenoses as less than 50% or greater than or equal to 50 was 85% and 91% respectively. The sensitivity in identifying occluded vessels was 90%. The positive and negative predictive values were 87% and 92% respectively. Noninvasive evaluation correctly identified six lesions misdiagnosed by arteriography. We found pulsed Doppler arteriography combined with real time spectral analysis to be an accurate, direct, noninvasive method of assessing the extracranial carotid arteries. PMID- 7085746 TI - An on-line system for delivery of blood cardioplegia. AB - A simplified system for delivery of cold blood potassium cardioplegia was tested in 12 experimental animals subjected to 180 minutes of aortic cross-clamping. This on-line system utilized blood drawn from the pump oxygenator which was volumetrically combined with a pre-mixed electrolyte solution (9 parts blood: 1 part drug). A separate heat exchanger was employed to deliver the cardioplegic infusate at 10-15 degrees C. Use of this system permits accurate regulation of infusate potassium concentration, pH, injection pressure and flow rate. Less than one minute is required to obtain an unlimited quantity of arrest solution at steady state values for these parameters. The efficacy of this method of delivery of blood cardioplegia was verified by biochemical and functional studies which revealed no significant changes in myocardial ATP, ultrastructure, compliance, or ventricular function after 3 hours of crossclamping. It is concluded that this system offers a safe and more simplified method of delivering blood cardioplegia than heretofore available. PMID- 7085747 TI - Treatment of ilio-femoral venous occlusion. AB - During the past thirteen and a half years, 222 cases of iliofemoral venous occlusion were treated. Diagnosis was based mainly on clinical symptoms and phlebography. Surgery, injury, malignancy and heavy muscular exercise were the chief etiologic factors of this disease. As therapeutic maneuvres: (1) thrombectomy, (2) Palma's operation, (3) conservative procedures, (4) extirpation of a tumor, and (5) removal of secondary varicose veins were performed. Long-term results of treatment were reviewed. Thrombectomy and Palma's operation obtained good results in 59% and in 42% of cases respectively, while conservative procedures showed a favorable outcome in 36% of cases where followed. Results of thrombectomy were statistically better than those of conservative procedures (p less than 0.05). PMID- 7085748 TI - Prophylaxis of early post-operative deep venous thrombosis by monitored heparin infusion. AB - Increases in whole blood coagulability in patients undergoing abdominal surgery have been measured with the thrombelastograph. A continuous, low dose intravenous infusion of heparin has been administered in the operative period in an attempt to control these coagulability increases without increasing the risk of haemorrhage. A preliminary sub-cutaneous dose of heparin followed by a continuous infusion throughout the operation and for two hours afterwards effectively prevented the expected coagulability increase and resulted in reduction of early deep venous thrombosis incidence from 9/20 in controls to 1/19 in treated patients (p less than 0.05). The infusion has also been used in conjunction with a pre-operative test to predict the risk of deep venous thrombosis. Of 20 patients examined, 11 were designated as high risk and received an intra operative heparin infusion and 9 predicted low risk patients received no specific prophylaxis. No venous thrombosis occurred in any patient within 48 hours of surgery. PMID- 7085749 TI - Congenital pulmonary varix. AB - A 31 year old asymptomatic male was referred for investigation of a pulmonary mass detected on radiography. Congenital pulmonary varix was diagnosed after fluoroscopy, tomography and pulmonary angiography. The natural history and complications are outlined. The diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary thoracotomy or mediastinoscopy. PMID- 7085750 TI - Modifications of anionic-lipid domains preceding membrane fusion in guinea pig sperm. AB - The relationship between anionic-lipid concentration and the functional properties of plasma-membrane domains was explored using the guinea-pig sperm membrane as a model, with polymyxin B (PXB) as a probe. Areas of plasmalemma specialized for fusion during the acrosome reaction had a higher affinity for the probe than adjacent nonfusigenic regions. In addition, capacitation--a process preceding acrosome:plasma-membrane fusion--markedly enlarged the area susceptible to PXB binding over the acrosomal cap. Protease treatment mimicked capacitation by increasing the acrosome-reaction incidence as well as PXB binding, at enzyme concentrations not affecting the surface coat nor altering filipin/sterol localization. Both proteolytic digestion and capacitation failed to augment PXB- or filipin-affinity in nonfusigenic zones, such as the post-acrosomal segment, including its particle-free maculae. Incubation of sperm in capacitating medium supplemented with 32P-labeled phosphate, followed by lipid extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and autoradiography, revealed a radioactive band comigrating with cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid. Vermiform protrusions elicited by PXB in the outer lamellae of cardiolipin-phosphatidylcholine liposomes resembled those seen in fusional regions of sperm membrane. We conclude that (a) differing concentrations of anionic lipids are found in adjacent domains of the sperm plasma membrane; (b) these domains mirror the functional regions of the membrane, with higher anionic-lipid concentrations localized over fusional zones; (c) the surface coat does not participate in the maintenance of such domains; (d) anionic lipid synthesis may contribute to their formation; and (e) anionic-lipid concentrations increase as the membrane becomes fusionally competent, indicating that cellular modulation of lipid domains accompanies regulation of membrane function. PMID- 7085751 TI - Studies of the mechanism of the electrical polyspermy block using voltage clamp during cross-species fertilization. AB - Prevention of polyspermic fertilization in sea urchins (Jaffe, 1976, Nature (Lond.). 261:68-71) and the worm Urechis (Gould-Somero, Jaffe, and Holland, 1979, J. Cell Biol. 82:426-440) involves an electrically mediated fast block. The fertilizing sperm causes a positive shift in the egg's membrane potential; this fertilization potential prevents additional sperm entries. Since in Urechis the egg membrane potential required to prevent fertilization is more positive than in the sea urchin, we tested whether in a cross-species fertilization the blocking voltage is determined by the species of the egg or by the species of the sperm. With some sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) females, greater than or equal to 90% of the eggs were fertilized by Urechis sperm; a fertilization potential occurred, the fertilization envelope elevated, and sometimes decondensing Urechis sperm nuclei were found in the egg cytoplasm. After insemination of sea urchin eggs with Urechis sperm during voltage clamp at +50 mV, fertilization (fertilization envelope elevation) occurred in only nine of twenty trials, whereas, at +20 mV, fertilization occurred in ten of ten trials. With the same concentration of sea urchin sperm, fertilization of sea urchin eggs occurred, in only two of ten trials at +20 mV. These results indicate that the blocking voltage for fertilization in these crosses is determined by the sperm species, consistent with the hypothesis that the fertilization potential may block the translocation within the egg membrane of a positively charged component of the sperm. PMID- 7085752 TI - Specific localization of scallop gill epithelial calmodulin in cilia. AB - Calmodulin has been isolated and characterized from the gill of the bay scallop aequipecten irradians. Quantitative electrophoretic analysis of epithelial cell fractions show most of the calmodulin to be localized in the cilia, specifically in the detergent- solubilized membrane-matrix fraction. Calmodulin represents 2.2 +/- 0.3 percent of the membrane-matrix protein or 0.41 +/- 0.5 percent of the total ciliary protein. Its concentration is at least 10(-4) M if distributed uniformly within the matrix. Extraction in the presence of calcium suggests that the calmodulin is not bound to the axoneme proper. The ciliary protein is identified as a calmodulin on the basis of its calcium- dependent binding to a fluphenazine-sepharose affinity column and its comigration with bovine brain calmodulin on alkaline-urea and SDS polyacrylamide gels in both the presence and absence of calcium. Scallop ciliary calmodulin activates bovine brain phosphodiesterase to the same extent as bovine brain and chicken gizzard calmodulins. Containing trimethyllysine and lacking cysteine and tryptophan, the amino acid composition of gill calmodulin is typical of known calmodulins, except that it is relatively high in serine and low in methionine. Its composition is less acidic than other calmodulins, in agreement with an observed isoelectric point approximately 0.2 units higher than that of bovine brain. Comparative tryptic peptide mapping of scallop gill ciliary and bovine brain calmodulins indicates coincidence of over 75 percent of the major peptides, but at least two major peptides in each show no near-equivalency. Preliminary results using ATP reactivated gill cell models show no effect of calcium at micromolar levels on ciliary beat or directionality of the lateral cilia, the cilia which constitute the vast majority of those isolated. However, ciliary arrest will occur at calcium levels more than 150 muM. Because calmodulin usually functions in the micromolar range, its role in this system is unclear. Scallop gill ciliary calmodulin may be involved in the direct regulation of dyneintubule sliding, or it may serve some coupled calcium transport function. At the concentration in which it is found, it must also at least act as a calcium buffer. PMID- 7085753 TI - Characterization of a cell cycle mutant derived from hamster fibroblast: reversion analysis. AB - K12 is a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant cell line derived from Chinese hamster fibroblasts. When incubated at the nonpermissive temperature, K12 cells exhibit the following properties: (a) the cells cannot initiate DNA synthesis;o (b) the synthesis of cytosol thymidine kinase is suppressed; and (c) the synthesis of three cellular proteins of molecular weights 94, 78, and 58 kdaltons is greatly enhanced. Here we characterize a spontaneous revertant clone, R12, derived from the K12 cells. We selected the revertant clone for its ability to grow at the nonpermissive temperature. Our results indicate that all the traits which constitute the K12 mutant phenotype are simultaneously reverted to the wild type in the revertant cell line, suggesting that the ts mutation of the K12 cells is of regulatory nature and exerts multiple effects on the expressed phenotypes. PMID- 7085755 TI - Analysis of the movement of Chlamydomonas flagella:" the function of the radial spoke system is revealed by comparison of wild-type and mutant flagella. AB - The mutation uni-1 gives rise to uniflagellate Chlamydomonas cells which rotate around a fixed point in the microscope field, so that the flagellar bending pattern can be photographed easily. This has allowed us to make a detailed analysis of the wild-type flagellar bending pattern and the bending patterns of flagella on several mutant strains. Cells containing uni-1, and recombinants of uni-1 with the suppressor mutations, suppf-1 and suppf-3, show the typical asymmetric bending pattern associated with forward swimming in Chlamydomonas, although suppf-1 flagella have about one-half the normal beta frequency, apparently as the result of defective function of the outer dynein arms. The pf 17 mutation has been shown to produce nonmotile flagella in which radial spoke heads and five characteristic axonemal polypeptides are missing. Recombinants containing pf-17 and either suppf-2 or suppf-3 have motile flagella, but still lack radial-spoke heads and the associated polypeptides. The flagellar bending pattern of these recombinants lacking radial-spoke heads is a nearly symmetric, large amplitude pattern which is quite unlike the wild-type pattern. However, the presence of an intact radial-spoke system is not required to convert active sliding into bending and is not required for bend initiation and bend propagation, since all of these processes are active in suppfpf-17 recombinants. The function of the radial-spoke system appears to be to convert the symmetric bending pattern displayed by these recombinants into the asymmetric bending pattern required for efficient swimming, by inhibiting the development of reverse bends during the recovery phase of the bending cycle. PMID- 7085754 TI - Role of the reticulum in the stability and shape of the isolated human erythrocyte membrane. AB - In order to examine the widely held hypothesis that the reticulum of proteins which covers the cytoplamsic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane controls cell stability and shape, we have assessed some of its properties. The reticulum, freed of the bilayer by extraction with Triton X-100, was found to be mechanically stable at physiological ionic strength but physically unstable at low ionic strength. The reticulum broke down after a characteristic lag period which decreased 500-fold between 0 degrees and 37 degrees C. The release of polypeptide band 4.1 from the reticulum preceded that of spectrin and actin, suggesting that band 4.1 might stabilize the ensemble but is not essential to its integrity. The time-course of breakdown was similar for ghosts, the reticulum inside of ghosts, and the isolated reticulum. However, at very low ionic strength, the reticulum was less stable within the ghost than when free; at higher ionic strength, the reverse was true. Over a wide range of conditions the membrane broke down to vesicles just as the reticulum disintegrated, presumably because the bilayer was mechanically stabilized by this network. The volume of both ghosts and naked reticula varied inversely and reversibly with ionic strength. The volume of the naked reticulum varied far more widely than the ghost, suggesting that its deformation was normally limited by the less extensible bilayer. The contour of the isolated reticulum was discoid and often dimpled or indented, as visualized in the fluorescence microscope after labeling of the ghosts with fluoroscein isothiocyanate. Reticula derived from ghosts which had lost the ability to crenate in isotonic saline were shriveled, even though the bilayer was smooth and expanded. Conversly, ghosts crenated by dinitrophenol yielded smooth, expanded reticula. We conclude that the reticulum is a durable, flexible, and elastic network which assumes and stabilizes the contour of the membrane but is not responsible for its crenation. PMID- 7085756 TI - Lymphocyte locomotion and attachment on two-dimensional surfaces and in three dimensional matrices. AB - The adhesion and locomotion of mouse peripheral lymph node lymphocytes on 2-D protein- coated substrata and in 3-D matrices were compared. Lymphocytes did not adhere to, or migrate on, 2-D substrata suck as serum- or fibronectin-coated glass. They did attach to and migrate in hydrated 3-D collagen lattices. When the collagen was dehydrated to form a 2-D surface, lymphocyte attachment to it was reduced. We propose that lymphocytes, which are poorly adhesive, are able to attach to and migrate in 3-D matrices by a nonadhesive mechanism such as the extension and expansion of pseudopodia through gaps in the matrix, which could provide purchase for movement in the absence of discrete intermolecular adhesions. This was supported by studies using serum-coated micropore filters, since lymphocytes attached to and migrated into filters with pore sizes large enough (3 or 8 mum) to allow pseudopod penetration but did not attach to filters made of an identical material (cellulose esters) but of narrow pore size (0.22 or 0.45 mum). Cinematographic studies of lymphocyte locomotion in collagen gels were also consistent with the above hypothesis, since lymphocytes showed a more variable morphology than is typically seen on plane surfaces, with formation of many small pseudopodia expanded to give a marked constriction between the cell and the pseudopod. These extensions often remained fixed with respect to the environment as the lymphocyte moved away from or past them. This suggests that the pseudopodia were inserted into gaps in the gel matrix and acted as anchorage points for locomotion. PMID- 7085758 TI - Effects of Ca ions on action potentials in immature cultured neurons from chick cerebral cortex. AB - Action potentials evoked by depolarizing pulses were studied in immature cultured cerebral cortical neurons from chick embryos. The majority of action potentials were rather small, and they were still elicited in the presence of 10(-7) gm/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX), but were almost completely abolished in NA+-free solution or by 10(-5) gm/ml TTX in Tyrode's solution. The elevation of external Ca2+ concentration not only increased the maximum rates of rise of action potentials in normal Tyrode's solution with and without low (10(-7) gm/ml) TTX but also regenerated action potentials in high (10(-5) gm/ml) TTX-containing Tyrode's solution or in Na+-free solution. These high Ca2+ effects were blocked by Mn2+ or Co2+. These results suggest that action potentials, which were predominantly Na dependent, are partially contributed by Ca ions in immature chick cerebral cortical neurons. PMID- 7085757 TI - Heterogeneity of lipoprotein particles in hepatic Golgi fractions. AB - Newly synthesized phospholipids, labeled with either [14C]choline, [3H]myo inositol, or [33P]phosphate, partioned preferentially (greater than 80% of total incorporated radioactivity) in a Golgi membrane subfraction, although the cognate content subfraction contained a relatively large amount of secretory lipoproteins. The labeling pattern was the same for all phospholipids tested in the two subfractions. An active exchange process of polar lipids between Golgi membranes and Golgi secretory lipoproteins is postulated as a plausible explanation for these findings. Less than half of all Golgi lipoprotein particles have the density of serum VLDLs and a similar, but not identical, biochemical composition. The remaining lipoprotein particles are characterized by a continuous spectrum of sizes, and (to the extent tested) by a lipid and protein composition different from that of serum VLDLs and HDLs. Results obtained in control experiments rule out the possibility that the heterogeneous population of Golgi lipoprotein particles is an artefact caused by our preparation procedures. It is assumed that these heterogeneous particles are immature precursors of both VLDLs and HDLs. PMID- 7085759 TI - Protein synthesis in different populations of rat hepatocytes separated according to density. AB - Hepatocytes were isolated from fasted rats by a two-step CA++-free/collagenase perfusion method. The cells were subjected to centrifugation under mild conditions at 12 degrees C in a linear metrizamide gradient (1.075-1.12 gm/cm3). The cells were distributed in the gradient in a bell-shaped manner. According to their position in the gradient the cells were divided in five different populations. The heaviest population was omitted from the subsequent evaluation because it contained a high proportion of dead cells. The activity of alanine aminotransferase increased with increasing cell density indicating that the lightest cell population was enriched in perivenous cells, whereas the heaviest cell population had an excess of periportal cells. Protein synthesis was more rapid in the light (perivenous) cell population than in the heavy (periportal) cell population as measured by means of incorporation of radioactively labeled valine into protein. The distribution measured in vitro indicated approximately 80% higher rates in perivenous cells. On the other hand, the synthesis and secretion of export proteins were similar in all cell populations regardless of their density. Protein degradation measured as appearance of free valine in cell media was higher in the light (perivenous) cell population than in the other populations. Thus protein metabolism seemed to be faster in the light cell population. PMID- 7085760 TI - Effects of serum deprivation on the initiation of DNA synthesis in the second generation in rat 3Y1 cells. AB - Rat 3Y1 cells arrested at early S by hydroxyurea traversed the remainder of S and G2 and completed mitosis after removal of the drug, irrespective of the absence of serum from the culture medium. When cells were deprived of serum for a period between early S and mitosis after removal of hydroxyurea, the cells delayed entry into S in the presence of serum in the second generation for the time length approximately equal to that of serum deprivation. When mitotic cells, which had been continuously exposed to serum after removal of hydroxyurea, were deprived of serum for the next 24 hours and then were reexposed to serum, the cells delayed entry into S for more than 24 hours (more than the time length of serum deprivation). On the other hand, the cells already deprived of serum between early S and G2 in the first generation were less delayed in entry into S after postmitotic 24-hour serum deprivation than were the cells exposed to serum between early S and G2 in the first generation. These results suggest that serum dependent events continue to occur in the first generation for on-time entry into S in the next generation, and that these premitotic events (the potential for entry into S) decay if serum is absent for a long period of time after mitosis. PMID- 7085762 TI - Complement receptor phenotypes of culture-derived murine macrophages. AB - The distribution of complement receptors CR1 and CR3 among macrophages derived from cultures of bone marrow, blood, and elicited or normal peritoneal cell populations was studied. Cells and colonies from the first three sources had a common phenotype, CR1+3-, whereas those from the normal peritoneal populations had either CR1+3- or CR1+3+. The former phenotype characterized spindle-shaped as well as epithelial-like macrophages; the latter was essentially restricted to colonies made up of the epithelioid cells. Both morphologic features and the CR phenotypes remained stable throughout the culture period. These phenotypic differences might be explained by the presence of at least two clonally derived types of macrophages. PMID- 7085761 TI - Ion regulation in potassium-sensitive mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia. AB - Two recessive mutations of Paramecium tetraurelia confer sensitivity to potassium: While wild-type cells survive when up to 30 mM KCl is added to their growth medium, mutants cease to grow and die when levels of added KCl reach 20-25 mM. Similar sensitivities are seen to Rb+ and Cs+, but not to Na+. Swimming behavior of mutants is indistinguishable from wild type when placed in stimulating solutions containing Na+, K+, or Ba2+. Behavioral adaptation to low levels of K+ also is indistinguishable from wild type. Flame photometry reveals that one mutant is unable to keep out K+ and Na+ when those ions are at low levels in the medium. Both mutants have markedly lower internal Na+ than does wild type. Problems with K+ permeability account for the sensitivity of the one mutant to elevated external K+, but the basis of sensitivity in the other mutant is unclear. These mutants expand the range of ion regulation mutants in Paramecium and demonstrate that lesions in cellular ion regulation in this organism need not result in changes in swimming behavior. PMID- 7085763 TI - Cytoplasts can transfer factor(s) that stimulate quiescent fibroblasts to enter S phase. AB - Cytoplasts prepared from fibroblasts arrested by hydroxyurea were fused with serum-arrested, quiescent fibroblasts. In contrast to unfused mono-nucleated cells in the same culture, a sizable fraction of these cybridoids entered S phase in the absence of extracellular serum stimulation. Because DNA synthesis commenced only after a considerable lag following fusion, it was concluded that the cytoplasts contain factors which initiate the progression of quiescent cells toward S phase. PMID- 7085764 TI - Retinoic acid-promoted expansion of total cellular ATP pools in 3T3 cells can mediate its stimulatory and growth inhibitory effects. AB - Exposure of Swiss 3T3 cells to micromolar quantities of beta-all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) results in either inhibition of growth or stimulation of cellular responsiveness to mitogens, depending on the length of treatment. Inhibition of growth is produced by treatment of the cells with RA for at least 48 hours. The total cellular pools of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are markedly increased after 48-hour RA treatment and dose dependence studies show a correlation between the expanded ATP pools and the inhibitor effects. The expansion of total cellular ATP pools by retinoic acid occurs throughout the cell cycle and parallels the cell cycle-dependent fluctuations in total cellular ATP pools of untreated cells. Studies of [3H]thymidine incorporation and labeling indices in intact cells and [3H]dTTP incorporation and labeling indices in isolated nuclei of RA-treated and control cultures suggest that cellular acid-soluble nucleotide pools mediate the inhibition of DNA replication in the 48-hour-RA-treated cells. The stimulatory activity of RA for mitogenic responsiveness is demonstrated by treatment of G0/G1 arrested 3T3 cells with micromolar levels of RA for a maximum of 18 hours resulting in the potentiation of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated transition into S phase of the cell cycle. Marked increases in total cellular ATP and UTP pools are produced by 18-hour treatment of G0/G1-arrested cells with RA, before their exposure to PMA. PMID- 7085765 TI - Selective isolation of stable and unstable dedifferentiated variants from a rat hepatoma cell line. AB - This paper describes the selective isolation of dedifferentiated variants from a well-differentiated rat hepatoma cell line (Fao). The well-differentiated cells express the gluconeogenic enzymes, FDPase and PEPCK, and so can grow in a glucose free medium. By using glucose-free medium in conjunction with the BudR-visible light suicide technique it was possible to isolate two different classes of dedifferentiated variants from a mutagenized population of Fao cells. The variants of the first class resemble those previously described in that they display (1) an altered cellular morphology, (2) a pleiotrophic loss of all (or most) of the hepatic functions routinely analyzed in this laboratory, and (3) an extremely low reversion frequency (less than or equal to 10-8). The variants of the second class are characterized by an unstable phenotype and uncoordinated expression of the hepatic functions. Unstable variants can give rise to stable dedifferentiated variants, suggesting that the unstable variants may actually represent an intermediate in a two-step dedifferentiation process. PMID- 7085766 TI - Effects of cycloheximide and actinomycin D on the amino acid transport system of Tetrahymena. AB - Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown in axenic culture to late logarithmic and stationary phases, resuspended in an inorganic medium, and the rates of transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and of the decarboxylation of L-[1 14C]leucine and L-[1-14C]tyrosine were measured. There was a rapid loss of each of these measures of amino acid transport in both late log phase and stationary phase cells, Addition of actinomycin D to the washed cells caused a small increase in the rate of loss of capacity to decarboxylate tyrosine and leucine. Addition of cycloheximide to the washed cells caused a reduction in the rates of loss of capacity to transport AIB and to decarboxylate leucine and tyrosine except that in late log phase cells cycloheximide markedly increased the rate of loss of capacity to decarboxylate leucine. When cells that had been pretreated with chlorpromazine to reduce their amino acid transport capacity were washed and resuspended in proteose peptone the capacity to decarboxylate tyrosine and leucine increased to control values within 1.5 hours. Addition of actinomycin D reduced the rate of recovery of transport systems in this cell. The finding that AIB and N-methylaminoisobutyrate are both taken up by Tetrahymena, the latter at one-eighth the rate of the former, but that neither one alters the rate of uptake of the other provides preliminary support for this possibility. The present results further suggest that the transport system(s) has a short lifetime and that the balance between rate of synthesis and rate of loss of the transport system is controlled in part by the presence of exogenous amino acids. PMID- 7085767 TI - Fibroblasts from retinoblastoma patients: enhanced growth in fetal calf serum and a normal response to ionizing radiation. AB - Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant eye tumor found almost exclusively in young children. In 30% of cases, the tumor is bilateral and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In such patients, all of the cells in the body must carry the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. To search for the expression of the gene in cells outside the retina, we have studied several in vitro properties of skin fibroblasts from patients with bilateral retinoblastoma. Measurement in low concentrations of fetal calf serum of the initial growth rate and the plating efficiency show that fibroblasts from retinoblastoma donors grow significantly better than those from normal donors. However, we were unable to confirm the results of other investigators that fibroblasts from donors with bilateral retinoblastoma are unusually sensitive to ionizing radiation. In family studies, skin fibroblasts from normal siblings had the same radiation sensitivity as fibroblasts from siblings with retinoblastoma. PMID- 7085768 TI - Deoxycytidine excretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages: its implication in modulation of immunological functions. AB - Pyrimidine excretion by macrophages was studied in order to identify the potential immunoregulatory effector molecules. Deoxycytidine was found in the culture medium of thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, along with thymidine, which was shown by others to be a possible immunoregulatory substance. The identification of deoxycytidine was based on: (1) cochromatography with the authentic compound in four different solvents, (2) UV absorption spectral analysis, and (3) the enzymatic peak shift method. Phagocytosis of nucleated chicken erythrocytes, but not enucleated sheep erythrocytes, increased deoxycytidine excretion. The macrophages lacked both deoxycytidine kinase and deoxycytidine deaminase, which is consistent with their excretory pattern. Since it has been known that deoxycytidine can protect cells against cytotoxic effects of thymidine, we propose that deoxycytidine has a role in preventing immunosuppression by thimidine. In patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency, however, immunosuppression caused by combined toxicity of thymidine and deoxyadenosine may not be adequately prevented by deoxycytidine. PMID- 7085769 TI - Isolation of hamster intestinal epithelial cells using hypoosmotic media and PVP. AB - Vibration of hamster small intestinal segments in hypotonic media containing PVP is a rapid method for obtaining quantitative yields of viable intestinal epithelial cells. This preparation of epithelial cells offers a unique system for the study of epithelial cell function in vitro. The method for cell separation combines hypoosmotic swelling of cells, which separates them at the desmosomes, with mechanical agitation which releases the cells from the lamina propria. No chemical agents known to affect cell proteins and cell surfaces are employed in this procedure. Only a short time is elapsed between in vivo and in vitro conditions, i.e., a preparation time of approximately 75 minutes. Although the technique yields a pure population of epithelial cells, the cells are of different morphologies, are removed from different areas of the crypts and villi, and therefore presumably have different functions. Examination of the intestinal tissue remaining after several vibration intervals by light and scanning electron microscopy indicates that the sequence of release of cells is removal of: (1) cells from the villus bases, (2) cells from the lower one-half to two-thirds of the villi, (3) cells from the villus tips (and some crypts), and (4) cells from the crypts. When pools of a+b cells are compared to pools of c+d cells, it is found that villus cells can be characterized by: (1) processes, such as monosaccharide absorption, associated with the brush border, and (2) synthesis of components (e.g., glycoproteins) of the brush border. Surprisingly, disaccharide hydrolytic activity is found in cells which transport monosaccharides poorly. The subpopulations of cells synthesize proteins equally. PMID- 7085770 TI - Separation of isolated hamster intestinal epithelial cells by velocity sedimentation on Ficoll Gradients. AB - Isolated hamster intestinal epithelial cells can be separated by velocity sedimentationion on 2-10% Ficoll gradients into three subpopulations of cells which differ in morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and membrane components. These subpopulations are not pure but are enriched in a single cell type to the extent that differences in cell function can be observed. The proliferative crypt cells are separated from the digestive-absorptive villus cells. A third subpopulation with a distinctive morphology is also obtained. Quantitation of DNA recoveries from the gradients indicates that this population constitutes approximately one-third of the epithelial cell population. These carrot-shaped cells are found adjacent to the digestive-absorptive columnar epithelial cells on the villus. The two types of villus cells differ in glycolipid or glycoprotein components of the brush border as shown by lectin binding experiments with the isolated cells. The gradient data also suggest that only one-third of the intestinal epithelial cell population is responsible for most monosaccharide absorption in hamster small intestine. PMID- 7085771 TI - 6-deoxy-D-glucose and D-xylose: analogs for the study of D-glucose transport by mouse 3T3 cells. AB - 6-Deoxy-D-glucose and D-xylose, structural homomorphs of D-glucose that lack a 6 hydroxyl group or a 6-hydroxymethyl group, respectively, are transported efficiently by mouse 3T3 cells, with good affinity and high specificity for the D glucose transport system. Since these analogs lack the 6-hydroxyl group, which is the site of phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase, they are taken up and are recoverable from cells in an unchanged state. Thus, 6-deoxy-D-glucose and D xylose offer advantages as transport substrates over 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which is phosphorylated by intercellular hexokinases, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, which shows a lower specificity for the D-glucose transport system. PMID- 7085772 TI - Synergistic growth stimulation of corneal fibroblasts by components of mesodermal growth factor from murine submaxillary glands. AB - Recycled mesodermal growth factor (R-MGF) is a pool of proteins of 26,000 molecular weight obtained by recycling gel chromatography of male murine submaxillary gland extracts. R-MGF strikingly accelerates corneal stromal wound healing in vivo, fibroblast growth and migration in cultured corneal buttons and is showing here to stimulate stromal fibroblast growth and division in tissue culture. Chromatographic fractionation of R-MGF has yielded several components, none of which has a greater biological potency than the parent R-MGF. In contrast, two components, MGF-I and -II, when recombined synergistically stimulate fibroblast response in tissue culture and organ culture in excess of those obtained with the parent R-MGF. Three MGF components (I, III, and IV) have been purified and are inactive at 10-15 micrograms/ml in organ culture but potently stimulate fibroblast responses when combined in pairs containing 7.5 micrograms of each component. The striking synergism in organ culture suggests that the stimulation of wound healing by R-MGF in vivo may also reflect synergistic action of more than one R-MGF component. Procedures for isolating gram quantities of R-MGF and for the purification of different R-MGF components by ion exchange chromatography are detailed. PMID- 7085773 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase induction and the cytoskeleton in normal and transformed cells. PMID- 7085774 TI - In vitro proliferation and lifespan of human diploid fibroblasts in serum-free BSA-containing medium. AB - We have developed two serum-free chemically defined media (RITC 78-6 and RITC 80 7) that support the growth in culture of human diploid fibroblasts to the same extent as Eagle's basal medium (BME) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). These two media contain modified Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with nonessential amino acids, various trace metals, organic compounds and growth factors [insulin, mouse epidermal growth factor (m-EGF), transferrin and triiodothyronine (T3)]. RITC 80-7 medium differs from RITC 78-6 in that it contains thymidine, hypoxanthine, and vitamin B12 and supports the long-term serial cultivation of human diploid cultures. The addition of commercial bovine serum albumin (BSA, 5 g/liter) to the medium enhances cell growth. This effect is not observed if BSA is first delipidized, but reconstitution of BSA with certain lipids restores its ability to promote growth. BSA has an inhibitory effect on cellular attachment but this is overcome when fibronectin (FN, 10 mg/liter is added to the medium. PMID- 7085776 TI - Effect of glucose uptake on growth rate of mouse 3T3 cells. AB - The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the rate of glucose uptake by mouse 3T3 cells was a primary determinant of growth rate. The experimental approach was to control the rate of glucose uptake into intracellular pools by supplying this sugar at varying concentration in minimal Eagle's medium with dialyzed serum in the absence and presence of 6-deoxy-D glucose, a metabolically inert homomorphic analog of D-glucose that competitively inhibits the uptake of D-glucose. Total hexose (D-glucose and 6-deoxy-D-glucose) concentration was maintained at the physiological concentration of 5.5 mM, in order to maintain saturation and maximum activity of the D-glucose transport system; thus the flux of D-glucose into the cell was controlled by adjusting its concentration relative to its competing nonmetabolizable analog. It was found that even when the concentration of D-glucose was reduced to 0.7 mM, one eighth of the "normal" level of 5.5 mM, and 6-deoxy-D-glucose was present in sevenfold excess (4.8 mM), conditions under which glucose uptake was reduced to 20% of that shown by cells in the presence of 5.5 mM D-glucose, and intracellular pools of glucose and phosphorylated sugars derived from glucose were reduced to approximately 14% of normal, there was not a significant decrease in growth rate. These data support the view that the rate of glucose uptake is not a primary determinant of growth rate under the usual conditions of cell culture. PMID- 7085775 TI - Interactions of lectins with CHO cell surface membranes. I. Competition studies indicate concanavalin a and WGA bind to discrete populations of sites. AB - The binding of radioiodinated lectins to the CHO cell surface was measured for the following affinity purified plant agglutinins; concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, Ricinus agglutinins (I, II) pea agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and Bandeiria simpliciafolia agglutinin (BSLI). The number of binding sites at saturation ranged from 6 x 10(5) for BSL I to 5 x 10(7) for pea and Ricinus. Affinity constants calculated by the Steck-Wallach procedure ranged form 2 x 10(5) m(-1) for pea lectin to 4.5 x 10(5) M(-1) L for peanut lectin. Competition studies between homologous and heterologous radiolabeled and unlabeled lectins indicated that homologous unlabeled lectin could fully block binding of radiolabeled lectin. For heterologous pairs, a variety of results were observed. Of particular interest is the finding that concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin mutually failed to compete for binding indicating that these two lectins bind to distinct, nonoverlapping populations of surface sites. This finding suggests that the binding sites for WGA and Con A reside, for the most part, on discrete populations of membrane molecules; this concept is further validated in a companion paper in the upcoming issue of this journal (Schwartz et al., 1982). PMID- 7085777 TI - Mitogenicity of brain axolemma membranes and soluble factors for dorsal root ganglion Schwann cells. AB - Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that membranes derived from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurites are mitogenic for cultured Schwann cells derived from the same source [Salzer et al (1980): J Cell Biol 84:767-778]. Improved procedures are described for preparing Schwann cells derived from dorsal root ganglia that are highly responsive to various mitogens. Under these conditions, the cells respond not only to the neurite mitogen but also to pituitary extracts, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and cholera toxin that have been shown previously to be good mitogens for Schwann cells derived from sciatic nerve [Raff et al (1978): Cell 15:813-822], thus reconciling discrepancies in the response of these different Schwann cell preparations to mitogens. Searching for a source of membranes more suitable for biochemical characterization of the neurite mitogen, we found that bovine brain axolemma, prepared by the method of DeVries et al [(1977):Brain Res 147:339-352] is highly mitogenic for Schwann cells. The mitotic index of Schwann cells was increased by the addition of axolemma from 0.5%-2% to 30%-50% during 24-h incubation with [3H]thymidine. Half maximal effect was obtained at about 0.4 microgram axolemma protein per microwell containing 2-4 X 10(3) cells. The axolemma mitogen appears to be an integral membrane protein that remains bound to the membrane under various ionic conditions but can be extracted in a partially active form with deoxycholate. Like the DRG neurite mitogen, the mitogenic activity of axolemma was abolished by trypsin treatment. Unlike the neurite preparation, however, the mitogenic activity of axolemma was only partially inactivated by heat treatment (60%-70% inactivation). A significant difference between the mitogenic activity of axolemma membranes and neurite membranes is the fact that axolemma membranes fail to stimulate Schwann cell proliferation in a defined, serum-free medium (N-2), whereas neurites show significant mitogenic activity in this medium. These findings indicate a possible difference between DRG neurites and brain axolemma either in the mitogen itself or surface components responsible for recognition between the membranes and the cells. PMID- 7085778 TI - Brain ligatin: a membrane lectin that binds acetylcholinesterase. AB - Ligatin, a lectin that recognizes phosphorylated sugars, has been demonstrated in mammalian tissues to bind specific hydrolases to cell surfaces. Ligatin exists as a filament that can be released from membranes still complexed with its bound hydrolases by treatment of membrane preparations with CaCl2 and/or pH 8.0. The ligatin-hydrolase complexes subsequently can be dissociated with ethyleneglycol bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N, N'-tetraacetic acid, resulting in a concurrent depolymerization of the ligatin filament. From membrane preparations of cerebrum, this procedure solubilized ligatin and a membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7). Binding of the cosolubilized acetylcholinesterase to ligatin could be demonstrated in vivo by affinity chromatography using the immobilized lectin. Ligatin-hydrolase complexes have been shown to be dissociated by specific phosphorylated sugars (mannose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate). These sugars were also effective in eluting bound brain acetylcholinesterase from ligatin affinity columns. Analysis of labeled glycitols produced by tritiated borohydride reduction confirmed the presence of phosphorylated sugars on the ligatin cosolubilized material from brain. PMID- 7085779 TI - A possible role for ligatin and the phosphoglycoproteins it binds in calcium dependent retinal cell adhesion. AB - Ligatin is a filamentous plasma membrane protein that serves as a baseplate for the attachment of peripheral glycoproteins to the external cell surface. Ligatin can be released from intact, embryonic chick neural retinal cells by treatment with 20 mM Ca++ without adversely affecting their viability, alpha-Glucose-1 phosphate is also effective in removing ligatin-associated glycoproteins from intact cells. After eight of these treatments, the retinal cells seem not to exhibit Ca++-dependent adhesion for one another. It is thus suggested that ligatin in neural retina may serve as a baseplate for the attachment to the cell surface of glycoproteins active in Ca++-dependent adhesion. The finding that Ca++ serves to protect Ca++-dependent adhesion molecules from digestion by trypsin is discussed in relation to steric constraints on trypsin's accessibility to these adhesion molecules because of their possible binding to arrayed ligatin filaments. PMID- 7085780 TI - Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent adhesive mechanisms are present during initial binding events of neural retina cells. AB - The hypothesis that intercellular adhesion can be subdivided into two separable phenomena, an initial recognition event and a subsequent stabilization, is supported by the use of a new cell binding assay that provides a quantitative measure of intercellular binding strengths. Radioactive single cells are brought into contact with cell monolayers at 4 degrees C in sealed compartments. The compartments are inverted and a centrifugal force is then applied tending to dislodge the probe cells from the monolayers. By varying the speed of centrifugation, the force maintaining association between embryonic chick neural retina cells was determined to be on the order of 10(-5) dynes after incubation at 4 degrees C. Brief incubations at 37 degrees C resulted in significant strengthening of the intercellular bond. Using this cell binding assay, neural retina cells were shown to exhibit both a Ca++-independent and a Ca++-dependent mechanism in their initial binding to one another. PMID- 7085781 TI - Spectrin domains: proteolytic susceptibility as a probe of protein structure. AB - Mild treatment of human erythrocyte spectrin with trypsin produces discrete intermediate-sized peptides. The effects of buffer composition, enzyme-substrate ratio, temperature, and other experimental parameters on the resulting peptide pattern have been examined. Spectrin is capable of regaining its proteolytic resistance after NaDodSO4-induced denaturation, permitting the use of isolated subunits to study spectrin structure and function. Tryptic digestion of isolated subunits also has greatly facilitated the identification of the subunit origin of the intermediate-sized peptides. Isolated subunits could also be recombined to form functional units similar but not identical to the native dimeric form of the regions or domains connected by small protease sensitive segments. The structural integrity and accessibility of these sites is minimally affected by oligomeric state or proteolytic digestion conditions. The similarities of sizes, isoelectric points, and amino acid compositions of many intermediate-size peptides from areas of both subunits suggest that at least part of spectrin's structure may have evolved via replication of a single gene. A possible structural repeat of approximately 50,000 daltons is hypothesized. PMID- 7085782 TI - Fine-structural changes in rat liver microsomes treated with phospholipase C. AB - Phospholipase C hydrolyses 50% of the phospholipids of rat liver microsomes. Our previous observations suggest that the hydrolysis is of the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer. In the present investigation the products of hydrolysis and effect of phospholipase C treatment on the morphology of total, rough and smooth microsomes were investigated. The only product of phospholipase C treatment of microsomes was diglyceride. After hydrolysis of half the phospholipid, the microsomes retained their vesicular structure; however, the average diameter of total and smooth microsomes was reduced by approximately half, and that of rough microsomes by a third. Profiles were observed that suggested that small vesicles may form by pinching off from large vesicles. About 10-15% of the phospholipase treated microsomes had associated with them an amorphous droplet yielding a 'signet-ring'-like structure. The rest of the vesicle membrane retained a bilayer structure. About 10-15% of the treated vesicles adhered in groups of two or three. In these groups the shared membrane was trilaminar. Freeze-fracture replicas of phospholipase C-treated microsomes exhibited a similar morphology to untreated microsomes having both concave and convex surfaces, the former exhibiting a greater density of intramembranous particles. These observations suggest that microsomal vesicles remain closed after treatment with phospholipase C and that the bilayer structure is retained. However, there are morphological changes that are possibly related to maintaining the stability of the membranes in which the outer leaflet consists essentially of diglyceride. PMID- 7085783 TI - Relation of cytoplasmic calcium to contractility in Physarum polycephalum. AB - In a dumbbell-shaped plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum showing active shuttle streaming Ca was precipitated with potassium pyroantimonate (K[Sb(OH)6]), and the distribution of Ca between the cytoplasm and cellular organelles, especially vacuoles, was examined by electron microscopy. The contracting half-mass, where many empty vacuoles were present, was rich in the small Ca precipitates located in the cytoplasm. The relaxing half-mass, where many Ca-containing vacuoles were present, was poor in the cytoplasmic Ca precipitates. One half-mass of a dumbbell shaped plasmodium was treated with Ca ionophore, X-537A, and its effect on the motive force for endoplasmic streaming and the distribution of Ca was investigated. The motive force was increased by X-537A, but the period of shuttle streaming was not changed. X-537A also induced a significant increase in the number of the cytoplasmic Ca precipitates in the X-537A-treated contracting half mass, so that the asymmetry of the distribution of cytoplasmic Ca precipitates was enhanced. A large portion of the vacuoles were empty in the contracting half mass, and Ca-containing in the relaxing one as in the case of the untreated plasmodium. PMID- 7085784 TI - Effect of the ionic environment on the incorporation of the intermediate-sized filament protein vimentin into residual cell structures upon treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells with triton X-100. I. Biochemical analysis. PMID- 7085786 TI - Protection of the brain from hypoxia. Corsendonk, Belgium. January 21-22, 1982. PMID- 7085785 TI - Effect of the ionic environment on the incorporation of the intermediate-sized filament protein vimentin into residual cell structures upon treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells with triton X-100. II. Ultrastructural analysis. AB - Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were extracted in buffers containing Triton X-100 and mono-di- and polyvalent cations and then analysed by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The results of this ultrastructural analysis confirm those of the biochemical analysis in the accompanying paper that the stability of intermediate-sized filaments is dependent on the ionic environment. Furthermore, the organization of filaments in long parallel arrays is dependent on the presence of divalent cations and can be inhibited, to some extent, by the presence of monovalent cations. The stability of other detergent-resistant structures, the boundary lamina, microfilaments, microtubules, centrioles, polyribosomes and the nuclear cortex, is also affected by the ionic environment but to a lesser extent. PMID- 7085787 TI - Normal and abnormal circulation and oxidative metabolism in the aging human brain. PMID- 7085788 TI - Changes of extracellular space in hypoxia. PMID- 7085791 TI - The pathophysiology of brain hypoxia. PMID- 7085792 TI - Comparison of function and metabolism of atheromatous plaques in carotid arteries with normal artery walls. PMID- 7085789 TI - Structural changes in brain tissue under hypoxic-ischemic conditions. PMID- 7085790 TI - Cerebral vascular disorders: circulation and metabolism. PMID- 7085793 TI - Hypoxia and spasms in the cerebral vasculature. PMID- 7085794 TI - Noninvasive detection of atherosclerotic lesions in cervical carotid arteries at an early stage of the disease. PMID- 7085795 TI - Dynamic changes of regional cerebral blood flow in the acute state of cerebral infarction: therapeutical consequences. PMID- 7085797 TI - The viscosity factor in cerebral ischaemia. PMID- 7085796 TI - Effects of calcium entry blockers on tissue hypoxia. PMID- 7085798 TI - Brain metabolism and ischemia: mechanism of cell damage and principles of protection. PMID- 7085799 TI - Effects of pharmacological agents on erythrocyte deformability and endothelial cell injury. PMID- 7085800 TI - Brain protective properties of etomidate and flunarizine. PMID- 7085801 TI - Brain protection: a histological assessment. PMID- 7085803 TI - Cerebral protection in neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and following cardiac arrest. PMID- 7085804 TI - The sodium arachidonate-induced cerebral infarct in the rat: a model for the study of drugs. PMID- 7085802 TI - Free fatty acids (FFA) in the pathogenesis and therapy of ischemic brain injury. PMID- 7085805 TI - Clinical evaluation of brain hypoxia. PMID- 7085806 TI - Preventive treatment that might reduce the severity of infarctions in risk patients. PMID- 7085807 TI - Reactions of the retinal and cerebral microcirculation to ischaemia and hypoxia. PMID- 7085808 TI - Clinical and experimental experience with etomidate as a brain protective agent. PMID- 7085810 TI - [Splenic abscess. 3 cases (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report three cases of splenic abscess. The condition developed twice during a salmonella infection associated in one case with sickle cell disease. In two patients, the spleen was the site of a suppurated infarction. One patient died shortly after operation. Study of the 79 cases of splenic abscess treated surgically published since 1960 reveals a mortality of 16%. This rare condition is seen essentially during typhoid and septicaemias (endocarditis). Such pathology in also now seen in drug addicts. The diagnosis and, hence, the prognosis should be improved by the use of echography which seems to be the most reliable investigation before peritonitis by rupture which remains a complication associated with a heavy mortality. PMID- 7085809 TI - Reversal of neurological deficits by opiate antagonist naloxone after cerebral ischemia in animals and humans. AB - Stroke induced by a carotid occlusion in gerbils was reversed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg) for up to 30 min. Placebo-treated stroked gerbils died in 48 hr; 40% of gerbils implanted with 10 mg naloxone pellets survived over 2 weeks without neurologic deficit. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of naloxone produced the same transient reversal of hemiplegia in 2 patients with neurologic deficit from cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest the involvement of endorphins and opiate receptors in the pathophysiology of stroke, and suggest the possible clinical use of opiate antagonists in humans in the acute phase of stroke. PMID- 7085811 TI - [Experimental test of two tissue adhesives (GRF and IBC 2) in vascular microsurgery in the rat (author's transl)]. AB - Tissues adhesives have been evaluated on rats, during microvascular surgery: the IBC 2 and the GRF glues. The short and long term evolution is studied. The patency rate of the anastomosis is analyzed and the histological aspect is studied. The GRF glue exhibits a rapid resorption rate, but the long term results show a high toxicity against the muscular layers of the artery. The IBC 2 glue has a slower resorption rate and its long term effect are restricted to a foreign body reaction. PMID- 7085812 TI - [Tubal choriocarcinoma. A case report (author's transl)]. AB - The majority of the 82 cases of tubal choriocarcinoma reported in the published literature followed malignant transformation of a tubal ectopic pregnancy. The case presented was not related to ectopic pregnancy but was apparently the result of malignant changes in migrating trophoblastic elements during previous pregnancies not arriving at full term. The patient had two abortions by aspiration and had been on oral contraceptives ever since. Fifteen or so of the cases of extra-uterine choriocarcinoma published in the literature appear to have resulted from the same aetiopathogenic mechanism. PMID- 7085813 TI - [Metastatic pulmonary echinococcosis secondary to a primary cardiac lesion situated in the interventricular septum. One case successfully treated surgically (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report a case of metastatic pulmonary echinococcosis secondary to a primary cardiac lesion. The diagnosis was made on the basis of round pulmonary lesions developing during an episode of cardiac diseases which had been labelled as idiopathic acute pericarditis. The septal site then suspected on the basis of minor conduction disturbances was confirmed by angiography and could be excised under extracorporeal circulation. PMID- 7085814 TI - [The use of jugular veins as carotid artery substitutes in dogs: a comparison between cryopreservation techniques and the tanning process of vein preservation (author's transl)]. AB - Improved surgical techniques and an aging population have allowed surgeons the opportunity to implant vascular prostheses in patients where the run-off bed is somewhat compromised. We have considered the possibility of homograft venous preservation either by tanning or cryopreservation and now report our preliminary experience in the canine model jugular veins of large mongrel dogs were excised and treated in one of two manners. These veins were preserved for either seven or thirty days and inserted as functional segments in the carotid vessels: each dog received a tanned vein on one side and one which has been cryopreserved on the other side, as either an autograft or allograft. After three months the twenty one dogs were sacrified and the grafts recovered and examined for patency and histology. There appeared to be no difference in patency between the autograft and the allograft groups but there were striking differences in patency between the tanned grafts (8/21) and the cryopreserved grafts (19/21). Tanned grafts showed a fibrous hyperplasia at the anastomotic suture line that seemed to be the causative factor for graft thrombosis. Cryopreserved grafts showed sclerotic degeneration in the midportion of the graft: it was found to be more pronounced in the 30 day preservation specimens. The relatively good results, regarding patency, in the cryopreserved group has sparked our interest to investigate further into this process. PMID- 7085815 TI - [The carpal tunnel syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - The carpal tunnel, a narrow space closed distally by the anterior annular ligament of the wrist, and containing flexor tendons and the median nerve, is the most frequent site of tunnel syndromes, compression in the canal leading to medium nerve lesion. The carpal tunnel syndrome usually affects women aged between 40 and 60 years, and presents typically as parasthesia of the fingers, mainly at night, in the regions served by the median nerve, sometimes associated with hypoesthesia and difficulty in movements. Motor disorders, particularly affecting the thumb, occur during the advanced stages. Electrical tests may confirm diagnosis and enable assessment of severity. More than half the cases are idiopathic in nature, presenting as hypertrophy of the annular ligament and fibrous thickening in the canal, but other forms may be observed including those due to wrist injuries, anatomical anomalies, rheumatic affections, or tumours. Associated disorders may be Dupuytren's disease, cubital nerve compression in Guyon's canal, or nodular tendinitis leading to a trigger finger. Surgical treatment is simple and should be employed when medical measures fail. The nerve should therefore be liberated if parasthesia persists after two or three local corticoid infiltrations. After a wide exploratory incision, the nerve is freed along the total length of the canal and up to the distal extremity of the forearm. Results are excellent, 98 p. cent of patients being relieved of their pain. Persistent motor disorders require surgical intervention before amyotrophy and muscle weakness develops. PMID- 7085816 TI - [A schematic comparative study of four procedures for correcting gastroesophageal reflux by way of the abdomen (author's transl)]. AB - After reviewing the physiopathology of the three principle antireflux mechanisms (hiatal orifice, valvular arrangement, inferior esophageal sphincter) the author arrives at six surgical criteria for the correction of gastroesophageal reflux. He makes, in regard to these different criteria, a critical study comparing two standard methods of esophagofundal wrapping (completely with the Nissen method, partially posteriorly according to the Toupet technic) with two more recent procedures of partitioning the esophagofundal component (one being calibrated transgastrically by the Rignault technic and the other from above after the method of the author). If the hiatal orifice is enlarged and if the phrenoesophageal membrane is stretched after correcting the hiatal orifice, the preferable operation is the partitionning one which gives a better correction and satisfies the other factors (a large fundus, an abdominal esophagus of 5-6 cms in length, side to side apposition of the esophagus and fundus, an inverted cone shaped lower esophagus), on the condition that a selective calibration is effected in the new cardia (a diameter of 10-11 mm for the esophagogastric opening) overtopped by a reconstructed esophagus shaped like the mouth piece of a flute (a one way valve). PMID- 7085817 TI - Investigations of catecholamine metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography: analytical methodology and clinical applications. AB - High-performance liquid chromatography, particularly in its reversed-phase mode, coupled with electrochemical or fluorometric detection, is becoming increasingly popular as an analytical tool for metabolic profiling of substances of neurochemical interest, such as catecholamines and their metabolites. During the last decade, a continued effort has been made to improve and simplify the analytical methodology for routine use in clinical laboratories where this technique is tremendously needed. New developments in column technology, reliable detectors, simplified sample cleanup procedures, and particularly better understanding of the complex physicochemical phenomena underlying the operation of electrochemical detection, have resulted in a steady and encouraging progress. The purpose of this review was to describe the current analytical methodology and recent applications of HPLC in the field of catecholamine metabolism. Although this discussion is by no means detailed and complete, it, at least, hints at the impact of this technique on biochemical investigations and its future potential in clinical laboratories. PMID- 7085818 TI - Sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxiconazole in plasma. AB - A specific and highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of oxiconazole in rat, dog, and human plasma. The compound and its internal standard were extracted from plasma at basic pH with n-hexane isoamyl alcohol (98:2, v/v), gas chromatographed on 3% SP-2250/Supelcoport (80 100 mesh) and quantified by means of an electron-capture detector. Oxiconazole was extracted almost quantitatively from plasma in the concentration range 10 5000 ng/ml. The sensitivity limit was about 1 ng/ml, using a 1-ml specimen. The method was applied to 13-week tolerance studies in dogs and rats in order to follow oxiconazole concentrations in plasma after oral administration of the compound. The assay was sensitive enough to measure precisely the small amounts of unchanged compound in plasma after intravaginal application of labelled oxiconazole to human volunteers. PMID- 7085819 TI - Assay of an active metabolite of 6-thioguanine, 6-thioguanosine 5'-monophosphate, in human red blood cells. AB - A flow-fluorimetric, liquid chromatographic assay for 6-thioguanosine 5' monophosphate (TGMP) in human red blood cells (RBCs) has been developed. This compound is an active metabolite of 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine and the immunosuppressant, azathioprine. The samples were prepared for chromatography by a novel isolation method which extracts the RBC constituents into an organic solvent and leaves the TGMP in the aqueous layer where it is oxidised to give a highly fluorescent species which is then separated by liquid chromatography. The method is sensitive to below 200 ng ml-1 in RBCs which is below the levels encountered following a therapeutic dose of 6-thioguanine or azathioprine. The assay is simple and rapid enough for routine use. PMID- 7085820 TI - Specimen handling and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furosemide. AB - A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method to measure furosemide in plasma and urine is described. Furosemide fluoresces best, but is unstable, at acidic pH and is subject to photochemical degradation. These factors were analysed and the results prompted changes in previously described methods. All specimens were very carefully protected from light; extraction and acidification were done with acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid. With these precautions no 4-chloro-5-sulphamoylanthranilic acid was found in biological specimens. The main metabolite was furosemide glucuronide (20% of furosemide excretion). Sensitivity was 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml for plasma and urine, respectively. The applicability of our method for furosemide studies is demonstrated. PMID- 7085821 TI - Determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol, as indices of toluene exposure, by liquid chromatography on dynamically modified silica. AB - Two simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of hippuric acid and o-cresol in urine have been developed. The chromatographic system is the same for the two methods and is based on dynamically modified silica. The detection limits were found to be 0.05 mg/ml and 0.05 microgram/ml of urine for hippuric acid and o-cresol, respectively, when using UV detection at 254 nm. The recovery for hippuric acid was about 100% and for o-cresol 33-36%. The detection limit for o-cresol could be lowered by a factor of ten by using fluorescence detection. The methods were used for investigations of the urine from persons exposed to 100 ppm toluene for 6.5 h. The method for o-cresol may also be used for determination of other phenols in urine. PMID- 7085822 TI - Determination of bromo-lasalocid in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. AB - A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of bromo-lasalocid in plasma. The compound was extracted into isooctane-ethyl acetate (90:10) from plasma saturated with potassium chloride and adjusted to strongly alkaline pH. The residue of this extract was dissolved in methanol-2-methoxyethanol (95:5) and analyzed by HPLC on a 10-micrometer C18 column [mobile phase of methanol-water-2-methoxyethanol-1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 (90:10:2.5:0.2)] using fluorescence detection with excitation at 215 nm and emission at wavelengths greater than 370 nm. The overall recovery of the assay was 65%, with a limit of sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/ml. The method was used to obtain plasma concentration-time profiles in the dog following oral administration of bromo-lasalocid-ethanolate. PMID- 7085823 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence analysis for indomethacin and metabolites in biological fluids. AB - A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence method is described for the quantitative analysis of indomethacin and its metabolites in urine. A modified version is also shown for the detection of indomethacin in plasma. The method consists of a single extraction of an acid-buffered plasma sample or single extractions of two buffered aliquots in parallel of urine using ethyl acetate, followed by evaporation of the organic phase. Indomethacin (I) and the metabolite desmethylindomethacin (DMI) were deacylated to their fluorescent products, deschlorobenzoylindomethacin (DBI) and desmethyldeschlorobenzoylindomethacin (DMBI), respectively, prior to chromatography. The chromatographic phase utilized a reversed-phase C18-bonded column with a solvent system comprised of either 22.5% or 26% acetonitrile in 0.25% acetic acid. The elution times for indomethacin metabolites ranged from 12 26 min. The total DBI (including deacylated I) and DMBI (including deacylated DMI) in the extract were each determined using fluorometric detection, with excitation at 288 nm and emission at 390 nm (370 nm cutoff filter). An internal standard of indole-3-propionic acid was used for quantitation. The lower limit of sensitivity for I in plasma was 25 ng/ml. PMID- 7085824 TI - Chromatographic analysis of glutamine in plasma. PMID- 7085825 TI - Separation of peptides by cellulose-phosphate chromatography for identification of a hemoglobin variant. PMID- 7085826 TI - Rapid method for the purification of the elastin cross-links, desmosine and isodesmosine. PMID- 7085827 TI - Rapid separation of nucleotides from granulocytes by isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7085828 TI - Simultaneous determination of allopurinol and oxipurinol in biological fluids by mass fragmentography. PMID- 7085829 TI - Micromethod for automated identification and quantitation of fifteen barbiturates in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 7085830 TI - Determination of moroxydine in biological fluids by electron-capture gas chromatography. PMID- 7085832 TI - Determination of chloroquine and its desethyl metabolite in plasma, red blood cells and urine by liquid chromatography. PMID- 7085831 TI - Rapid estimation of diflunisal in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and a comparison with a fluorometric method. PMID- 7085833 TI - Determination of chloroquine and its de-ethylated metabolites in human plasma by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7085834 TI - Single-step high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of acetylated polyamines. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of urinary acetyl derivatives of the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine is described. This procedure utilizes an ion-exchange column for the separation of acetyl derivatives and the compounds are quantitated by fluorescence after reaction with o-phthalaldehyde. The steps necessary for sample preparation are minimized, and the assay is both sensitive and reproducible. This chromatographic procedure was used for the determination of the urinary acetylated polyamines of seven normal volunteers and three cancer patients. PMID- 7085835 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of purine and pyrimidine bases, ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides and cyclic ribonucleotides in biological fluids. AB - A method is presented for the separation and quantitative determination of compounds normally related to purine and pyrimidine metabolism in biological material. The retention behaviour of nucleobases, ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides and cyclic ribonucleotides has been systematically investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a non linear gradient. Ultimately a separation of the purine and pyrimidine compounds was achieved in a 35-min run with an average detection limit of 5-10 pmol per injection. Recoveries of standards added to urine, plasma or serum were 96 +/- 5%. PMID- 7085836 TI - Assay of prenalterol in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - A sensitive and selective method for the quantitative analysis of prenalterol in plasma and urine is described. Prenalterol and the internal standard, deuterated prenalterol, are extracted with diethyl ether at pH 9.9 under salting-out conditions. Derivatization is performed by means of pentafluoropropionic anhydride in toluene before separation in the gas chromatograph. Detection and quantification of the triacyl derivatives are done by mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method allows determination of concentrations down to 5 nmol/l (1 ng/ml) in 1 ml of sample, with a relative standard deviation below 10%. PMID- 7085837 TI - Selected ion monitoring of apomorphine in whole rat brain. AB - Mass fragmentography was used for quantitation of apomorphine in whole rat brain. Following extraction with 0.45 N perchloric acid, the components were derivatized to the O,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) (TMS) derivatives with N,O bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide at 30 degrees C. The molecular ions of the TMS derivatives of apomorphine (m/z 411) and N-n-propylnorapomorphine (m/z 439), as an internal standard, were assayed simultaneously by selected ion monitoring. Total chromatography time is 5 min. By this method 50 ng/ml can be determined with a coefficient of variation of 12.0%. Application of the method to apomorphine disposition study in whole rat brain was demonstrated. PMID- 7085838 TI - Production and titration of African swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages. AB - The broncho-alveolar lavage of a pig (20-40 kg) contains about 1.6 x 10(9) alveolar cells, half of which were macrophages. The number of cells in the lavage of bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG)-treated pigs increased about 4-fold. Both African swine fever virus-infected porcine alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes produced about 1000 hemadsorption units/cell, a value 10-fold larger than that obtained in virus-infected Vero cells. Porcine alveolar cells could be stored frozen and, after thawing, they could be infected with African swine fever virus, producing the same amount of virus as the unfrozen cells. With the number of alveolar macrophages obtained from a single pit it is possible to titer about 3000 virus samples with the same stock of alveolar macrophages. PMID- 7085839 TI - A simple and rapid method for detection of serum IgM antibodies to the rubella virus hemagglutinin. AB - Serum IgM antibodies directed against the rubella virus hemagglutinin can be detected without prior serum fractionation. In the first step of a newly developed method, chick erythrocytes were sensitized with a subhemagglutinating dose of rubella hemagglutinin. Next, the sensitized erythrocytes were mixed with patient serum, allowing specific antibodies to react with the fixed antigens. Finally, rabbit antibodies to human IgM were used to create bridges between IgM molecules on different blood cells. The visible result was an easily read hemagglutination with sera which contain specific rubella IgM antibodies. The procedure is very simple and rapid to perform. At least 20 sera can be examined in approximately 2 h. No sophisticated instruments are needed. We have tentatively called the new method rubella anti-IgM hemagglutination (HA). Rubella anti-IgM HA was more sensitive than the standard density gradient centrifugation/hemagglutination inhibition technique, but the correlation between the methods was good. Non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination or rheumatoid factors did not seem to interfere with the specificity of the new method, and competition for antigenic sites between antibodies from the IgG/IgA and IgM classes did not seem to represent a serious, practical problem. PMID- 7085840 TI - Large-scale isolation of the two major polypeptides of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by gel filtration in 6 M guanidinium chloride. AB - Purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of subtype ay was solubilized in guanidinium chloride and submitted to chromatography on Sepharose 4B in the presence of guanidinium chloride. The polypeptides P1 (Mr = 24,000) and P2 (Mr = 29,000) were eluted in the same fraction with a minor contaminant (Mr = 40,000). Large amounts of these two polypeptides were obtained in a single step. This technique which constitutes a method for large-scale purification of the P1 and P2 polypeptides should permit more complete characterization of the P1 and P2 polypeptides and of their antigenic determinants. PMID- 7085841 TI - The recognition and management of respiratory insufficiency in neuromuscular disease. PMID- 7085842 TI - We are all chronic patients. PMID- 7085844 TI - Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? AB - A pool of 320 articles on patient education were screened to select controlled experiments in chronic disease where the dependent variables included (a) compliance with therapeutic regimen, (b) physiological progress of patients or (c) long-range outcome. Thirty such articles were found; and the magnitude of experimental effects of patient education were calculated using an empirical form of integrating research findings known as meta-analysis. Summary of all experimental effects showed patient education most successful in altering compliance (average improvement = 0.67 sigma over control, p less than 0.05). However, average improvements in physiological progress (0.49 sigma) and health outcome (0.02 sigma) were also statistically significant (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Efforts to improve health by increasing patient knowledge alone were rarely successful. Behaviorally-oriented program, often with special attention to changing the environment in which patients care for themselves, were consistently more successful at improving the clinical course of chronic disease. PMID- 7085843 TI - Peptic ulcer disease and the tar and nicotine yield of currently smoked cigarettes. AB - In order to examine the association of smoking cigarettes with a lower tar and nicotine yield to peptic ulcer disease, a common disease associated in past studies with cigarette smoking. We used questionnaire information provided by 9009 current regular cigarette smokers. The percentage who ever had peptic ulcer disease in smokers whose current cigarette yielded 0.00-0.81, 0.81-0.99, 1.00 1.27 and 1.28 + milligrams of nicotine per cigarette were 8.5, 9.2, 9.2 and 9.5, respectively . The percentages who ever has peptic ulcer in smokers whose current cigarette yielded 0.0-11.9, 12.0-15.9, 16.0-18.9 and 19.0+ milligrams of tar per cigarette were 8.6, 9.1, 8.9 and 10.8 per 100, respectively. In contrast, the percentages who ever had peptic ulcer disease increased with the smoking of a greater number of cigarettes, being 5.9, 8.8, 9.0, 11.8 and 10.5 in smokers of less than 10, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40+ cigarettes, respectively. In multiple logistic regression analyses, peptic ulcer disease was significantly (p = 0.002) associated with number of cigarettes (RR = 1.12 per 10 cigarettes; 95% CI 1.08, 1.16), age and sex. There was no significant association (both p's less than 0.10) either with the current cigarette's tar yield (RR = 1.09 per 10 milligrams; 95% CI 0.96, 1.25) or with its nicotine yield (RR = 1.15 per milligram; 95% CI 0.94, 1.42). PMID- 7085845 TI - The design of controlled experiments in the evaluation of non-therapeutic interventions. PMID- 7085847 TI - Factors associated with racial differences in survival for prostatic carcinoma. AB - The survival data on 99 white and 292 black patients with a carcinoma of the prostate from the city of Richmond seem at the Medical College of Virginia between 1968 and 1977 were analyzed. Black patients with prostatic cancer have significantly poorer survival prognosis than whites. The distribution of stage at diagnosis is unfavorable to blacks in comparison to whites. Also, blacks present with less differentiated tumors. Degree of differentiation and clinical stage are highly associated and both are important predictors of survival. The prognosis differential between the two races does not seem to be due to difference in the biology of the disease; it is more likely due to the 'environment', defined in the broadest sense. Socio-economic status is associated with race and explains the racial difference in survival. PMID- 7085846 TI - Problems in the assessment of relative risk of chronic disease among biological relatives of affected individuals. AB - A question often asked in regard to a chronic disease is whether the risk to a biological relative of a case is evaluated, and if so by how much the risk is altered. To answer this question, data may be collected directly with genetic objectives in mind by ascertaining population of pedigrees. More often, the initial assessment of the question comes from family history data collected in an incidental manner in the course of a case-control or similar type of study. This paper discusses some limitations to the inferences which can be derived from such casual family history data. These include (i) poor statistical properties of standard relative risk measures, (ii) interpretational problems of observed relative risks when affected cases arise from genetic as well as nongenetic causes and when genes may not always be expressed in individuals in whom they are present, and (iii) confounding effects which may occur when a high risk allele alters the age of onset pattern of the disease. These problems result largely from a loss of design control over the degree of exposure of individuals ascertained and can lead to a small observed relative risk value even when genetic factors are important. Suggestions for handling such casual family history data are offered. PMID- 7085848 TI - How long is the wait for an uncommon event? AB - If the probability of an event is known, the lengths of series until at least 1, 2, ...,r events have taken place in this series are predictable. They have a negative binomial distribution. The use of this distribution is described to predict the lengths of series of patients to be treated with a certain drug until at least 1, 2,...,5 times a patient with for example, the side-effect exanthema will be seen, if an exanthema occurs in 1 out of 100 of these patients. In other examples the events are deaths after an anesthetic, cervical carcinomas in the screening procedure, and significances in statistical tests with alpha = 0.05 as a level of significance. PMID- 7085849 TI - Risk markers for mortality among elderly men-a community study in Jerusalem. AB - Risk markers for mortality among elderly men were investigated in a community survey in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem. The aim was to develop a practical method of identifying men with a high risk of mortality, for use in community health services caring for the ageing and aged. Men aged 60 yr or more who had been interviewed and examined in 1969-71 were followed up for 5 yr and the characteristic of the 75 who died were compared with those of the 312 who remained alive. The results of stepwise discriminant function analyses were translated into a simple set of criteria for the identification of men with a high risk of dying within 5 yr. The sensitivity of this mortality risk indicator hazard in this sample was 72% and its specificity was 78%. The components were age, inability to work, impaired mobility, impaired memory for recent events, electrocardiographic evidence of coronary heart disease, the presence of moderate or severe illness, diastolic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and overweight. PMID- 7085850 TI - Psychological adjustment to inflammatory bowel disease: informational control and private self-consciousness. AB - Until recently the psychological and social factors related to inflammatory bowel disease have been studied as causes rather than as consequences of this condition. This study looks at the impact of these diseases by investigating correlates of psychological adjustment to inflammatory bowel disease. A curvilinear hypothesis predicted that patient adjustment to living with the disease would be related to the amount of information possessed about the disease, and that this relationship would be mediated by the patient's degree of private self-consciousness. Questionnaire returned by 143 members of the Houston Chapter of the National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis were analyzed. Results indicate that a patient's general level of self-esteem and social competence is the best predictor of disease-related adjustment. Information and adjustment were inversely related for patients with a high degree of private self-consciousness, and unrelated at lower levels of this variable. Perception of control through information predicted adjustment better than information per se. PMID- 7085851 TI - Quantitative bone histomorphometry in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: uncoupling of bone cell activity. AB - Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) results from elaboration by tumors of a circulating bone-resorbing factor(s). THe specific mechanism responsible for this bone resorption is poorly understood, and no comprehensive study employing quantitative histomorphometric analyses of bone biopsies obtained from living patients with HHM has been reported. We describe bone histology and quantitative bone histomorphometry in bone biopsies obtained from seven patients defined biochemically (elevated nephrogenous cAMP excretion) and histologically (no tumor in biopsy sample) as having HHM. These biopsies are compared to biopsies from nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Compared to patients with HPT, those with HHM displayed (mean +/- SD) greater osteoclastic activity (osteoclast surface, 8.6 +/- 6.1% vs. 2.7 +/- 1.5%; P less than 0.001) and more frequent empty lacunae (9.2 +/- 4.0% vs. 5.8 +/- 3.0%; P less than 0.01), but markedly reduced osteoblastic surface (2.5 +/- 3.1% vs. 13.8 +/- 7.0%; P less than 0.001), osteoid surface (12.9 +/- 11.9% vs. 42.0 +/- 15.0%; P less than 0.001), and osteoid volume (0.3 +/- 0.3% vs. 1.3 +/- 1.0%; P less than 0.01). These findings directly confirm the presence of humorally mediated bone resorption and indicate a striking uncoupling of osteoclast and osteoblast activities in bone from patients with HHM. These findings are in sharp contrast to those in HPT patients, where osteoclast and osteoblast activities are tightly coupled, and net skeletal calcium loss is minimal. This uncoupling provides a mechanism for the marked skeletal calcium losses observed in patients with HHM. PMID- 7085852 TI - Serum lipoprotein responses during active and stable weight reduction in reproductive obese females. AB - An increase in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and a reduction in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) accompany weight reduction in obese males. In contrast, obese females have had variable responses in these two lipoproteins after weight reduction. To evaluate the effects of weight reduction in obese women, 15 morbidly obese eugonadotropic women of reproductive age had serum lipids and lipoproteins measured before and after achieving a stable and reduced weight by either diet and/or a gastric stapling procedure. Total testosterone (T), free testosterone (free T), and testosterone-binding globulin serum concentrations were also determined before and after achieving a stable reduced weight to assess the role of androgens in modulating any lipoprotein changes. In 10 subjects, lipid analysis was also performed during active weight loss. Total serum triglycerides fell from 106 +/- 53 to 76 +/- 30 mg/dl during active weight loss (P less than 0.025). Total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and the LDL-C to HDL-C ratio did not change. In contrast, after achieving a stable reduced weight (mean weight reduction, 25.9 +/- 6.7 kg), HDL-C rose from 24 +/- 8 to 32 +/- 9 mg/dl (P less than 0.005). This was accompanied by a reduction in LDL C from 145 +/- 23 to 135 +/- 30 mg/dl (P less than 0.01) and in the LDL-C to HDL C ratio from 6.7 +/- 2.6 to 4.8 +/- 1.9 (P less than 0.001). Total triglycerides and total cholesterol were unchanged. After obtaining a stable reduced weight, testosterone-binding globulin increased and free T fell, but no significant correlation existed between the changes in androgens and the changes in lipoprotein responses. Thus, in morbidly obese women, weight reduction increases HDL-C and lowers LDL-C serum concentrations. The reduction in the LDL-C to HDL-C ratio suggests that weight loss may favorably reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in these patients. A concurrent reduction of free T with weight loss does not appear to be a major controlling influence in these lipoprotein alterations. PMID- 7085853 TI - Release and clearance rates of epinephrine in man: importance of arterial measurements. AB - Previous estimates of catecholamine kinetics in human subjects have been based on the measurement of the catecholamine levels in forearm venous plasma. However, the use of forearm venous measurements may introduce considerable error, since venous catecholamine levels may primarily reflect metabolism in the organ drained rather than in the total body. In this study, arterial levels of epinephrine were found to significantly exceed forearm venous levels, both basally (mean +/- SEM, 71 +/- 13 vs. 50 +/- 7 pg/ml; n = 6; P less than 0.05) and during infusions of epinephrine [0.1 microgram/min (112 +/- 9 vs. 77 +/- 11 pg/ml; P less than 0.005) or 2 micrograms/min (862 +/- 71 vs. 437 +/- 66 pg/ml; P less than 0.001)]. During the 2 micrograms/min epinephrine infusion, arterial plasma norepinephrine rose from 191 +/- 37 to 386 +/- 78 pg/ml (P less than 0.001), while venous norepinephrine levels did not change significantly. Fractional extraction (arterial - venous + arterial X 100) of epinephrine across the forearm was 26 +/- 8% in the basal state and increased to 33 +/- 6% and further to 51 +/- 4% during the epinephrine infusions. The addition of propranolol (5 mg, iv, plus an 80 micrograms/min infusion) reduced fractional extraction from 51 +/- 4% to 35 +/- 5%. Whole body clearance of epinephrine, calculated from arterial measurements, was 33 +/- 3 ml/kg . min during the 0.1 microgram/min infusion and 35 +/- 3 ml/kg . min during the 2 micrograms/min epinephrine infusion, values 50% lower than the clearance rates calculated from venous measurements. Propranolol infusion resulted in a fall in whole body clearance to 20 +/- 2 ml/kg . min (P less than 0.001), suggesting that epinephrine clearance is partly dependent on a beta adrenergic mechanism. Basal endogenous release rate (clearance X basal epinephrine level) was estimated to be approximately 0.18 microgram/min, a value much less than that reported in studies using venous measurements. We conclude that arterial rather than venous measurements should be used to estimate catecholamine kinetics in vivo. PMID- 7085854 TI - Quantitative comparison between biological and immunological activities of prolactin derived from human fetal and maternal sources. AB - The biological (BA) and immunological (IA) activities of human PRL have been determined in samples of decidual incubation medium, amniotic fluid, and maternal and fetal cord sera obtained from cesarean sections performed at term. PRL from each of the four compartments was assayed using the Nb2 node rat lymphoma cell line and homologous RIA. BA to IA ratios of PRL, when compared within and between compartments, indicate that the BA of PRL from each compartment is equivalent to that of its IA. Thus, the BA of PRL from decidual incubation medium and amniotic fluid was found not to differ from that of pituitary PRL. These data suggest that PRL produced by decidua and found in amniotic fluid is a biologically active hormone. PMID- 7085856 TI - A case-comparison study of hypertension and hyperparathyroidism. AB - The frequency of hypertension in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism has been compared with that found in cases matched for conditions of comparable surgical magnitude, age, race, sex, and days in the hospital. The mean blood pressure of the patients was 143/89 mm Hg, significantly higher than that of controls, which was 130/81 mm Hg (P less than 0.001 for systolic and diastolic pressures). The difference was especially notable in view of the fact that the mean weight of the controls was 169 lb compared to 153.9 lb for the patients. Actual hypertension, defined as a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more and or treatment with hypertensive therapy was much more frequent in the patients (90 of 124; 73%) than in the controls (53 of 124; 43%; P less than 0.001). Serum creatinine was 1.3 mm/dl in patients and 1.1 mm/dl in controls. The blood pressure difference between patients and controls persisted when patients with creatinine levels of 2.0 mm/dl or less were omitted. The blood pressure difference between patients and controls had disappeared by the end of hospitalization. We conclude that primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with modest blood pressure elevation, that renal damage is probably not the mechanism, and that surgical cure perhaps may lower blood pressure. The mean effect of primary hyperparathyroidism is to shift the blood pressure distribution curve to the right by approximately 15/10 mm Hg. PMID- 7085855 TI - A quantitative difference between immunologically and biologically active prolactin in hypothyroid patients. AB - Under certain conditions, the pituitary may secrete PRL species displaying diverse immunological and biological activities. To study this phenomenon further, we compared PRL determined by RIA and radioreceptor assay (RRA) in 25 hypothyroid patients (TSH, greater than 10 microU/ml) and in 49 endocrinologically normal patients. In the normal women, the ratio of the PRL mean determined by RRA (67.3 ng/ml) to that determined by RIA (13.5 ng/ml) was 4.99 +/- 0.435. By contrast, in hypothyroid patients, PRL determined by RRA was significantly lower than the value determined by RIA for each patient, and the ratio of means (RRA to RIA) was 0.782 +/- 0.067. The mean PRL determined by RRA (52.2 ng/ml) was not significantly different from the mean of control patients (P greater than 0.5). PRL determined by RIA was elevated in all hypothyroid patients (range, 24-237 ng/ml), and the mean (by RIA) (64.1 ng/ml) was significantly elevated above the mean PRL (by RIA) of controls (P less than 0.000001). Thus, in the chronically hypothyroid patients, PRL is characterized as possessing normal receptor-binding activity and augmented immunological activity. PMID- 7085858 TI - Calcification of auricular cartilages in patients with hypopituitarism. AB - Primary adrenal insufficiency is the most frequent systemic disorder associated with calcification of auricular cartilage. The pathogenesis of this sign has been attributed to ACTH excess or to prolonged desoxycorticosterone acetate therapy. We describe here three patients with long-standing untreated hypopituitarism and calcified auricular cartilages. Replacement hormonal therapy resulted in improvement in their general condition, but did not change the auricular calcification. Analysis of these cases as well as review of the literature suggest that calcification of auricular cartilage in both Addison's disease and hypopituitarism results from long-standing cortisol deficiency. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of this phenomenon as well as its occurrence exclusively in males remain unclear. PMID- 7085860 TI - Intravenous immune globulin: its use and potential. Proceedings of a workshop. San Francisco, California, November 23, 1981. PMID- 7085857 TI - Melatonin metabolite excretion during childhood and puberty. AB - Daily urinary excretion of conjugated 6-hydroxymelatonin, the major metabolite of the pineal hormone melatonin, has been determined in 54 boys and 47 girls (aged 3 16 yr) and 20 normal adults to determine whether a change in melatonin production is seen during the maturation of reproductive function in humans. There was no correlation between daily excretion rates and age in children, and the excretion rates were similar to those in adults. In addition, children of all ages had normal circadian patterns of 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion from the earliest age tested. A significant increase in 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion was observed at the time of the onset of breast development (Tanner stage II) in girls. No similar difference was seen during puberty in males. The significance of this difference in Tanner II girls is not known. PMID- 7085859 TI - Effects of naloxone on prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and cortisol responses to surgical stress in humans. AB - To evaluate the possible involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in the responses of PRL, LH, and cortisol to surgical stress, we have studied the effect of naloxone on these hormones in otherwise normal subjects of both sexes undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones. In 24 subjects (12 males and 12 females), premedication consisted of atropine sulfate (0.007 mg/kg BW); general anesthesia (30 min later) was induced by thiopental (7 mg/kg) and maintained constant by 1% ethrane in a 70%:30% nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture. In 6 males and 6 females, naloxone (0.4 mg) was injected iv before anesthesia induction. After skin incision, a clear PRL release was observed in all subjects; this was more evident in females than in males. PRL release was significantly lower in naloxone pretreated subjects. LH release was observed only in males and was significantly higher in naloxone-pretreated subjects. Cortisol release occurred in both sexes in a similar way and was not significantly different in naloxone-pretreated subjects. Cortisol release occurred in both sexes in a similar way and was not significantly different in naloxone-pretreated subjects. These results indicate that endogenous opioid peptides are involved in stress-induced PRL and LH release in humans. PMID- 7085861 TI - The Thy-1 glycoprotein on nerve cells in culture: electron-microscopic analysis and biochemical characterization. AB - The distribution and some biochemical properties of the Thy-1 glycoprotein, an antigen common to brain and thymus-derived lymphocytes, were analyzed in primary nerve cell cultures from mouse embryos. The Thy-1 antigen was detected on the plasma membrane of most neurons and fibroblast-like cells and on some astrocytes. The labelling pattern was homogeneous, except on some neuronal cell bodies where the distribution varied from a few patches to a homogeneous labelling. The Thy-l molecules immunoprecipitated from either nerve cell cultures or from fibroblast like cells from the meninges had similar molecular weights and isoelectric points. In contrast, Thy-1 from thymocytes was more heterogeneous in molecular weight and in isoelectric point range. PMID- 7085863 TI - T-dependent antigens are more immunogenic in the subarachnoid space than in other sites. AB - Systemic antibody responses were compared in mice injected with antigens into the subarachnoid space (SAS) and into conventional sites. Introduction of T-dependent antigens into the SAS induced higher systemic antibody responses than injections into any other sites. This applied to both soluble and particulate antigens and was more apparent in secondary than in primary responses. The effect was not observed with a T-independent antigen and not consistently with high doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). It was concluded that the subarachnoid space is a highly efficient site for the induction of systemic antibody production, in particular to low amounts of T-dependent antigens. PMID- 7085862 TI - Antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue in sera from patients with acute Guillain Barre syndrome demonstrated by a mixed haemagglutination technique. AB - The mixed haemagglutination technique (MA) was used to demonstrate antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue (PNS) in sera from patients with acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Within the first 2 weeks of the disease IgG antibodies were detected in sera from 15 of 42 patients (36%). Antibodies were detected in 60% of the patients with severe GBS, and in 30% of those with a mild GBS. The highest titres were found in the sera from the most severely affected patients and could be detected after 48 days of the illness in one of the sera. Sera from healthy blood donors and from patients with various other diseases did not contain antibodies to PNS. The MA technique is reproducible and is more sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence test and the antiglobulin consumption test. PMID- 7085865 TI - Primary care problems in London. PMID- 7085864 TI - Oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brains. AB - IgG was obtained from multiple sclerosis (MS) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) brain materials by elution at neutral and acid pH, and by freezing and thawing. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain eluates were compared by isoelectric focussing (IEF) with sensitive peroxidase-anti-IgG staining. In 3 MS cases, different plaques or regions of the same brain had IgG patterns with some common and some different bands. Pooled white matter eluates contained the summation of bands seen in individual plaques or regions. Comparison of serum, CSF, and neutral and acid brain eluate IgG patterns showed many common bands but also unique bands. In two SSPE cases, eluates from different regions of the same brain showed virtually identical IgG patterns. Comparisons of serum, CSF, and neutral and acid eluates of the same brain also showed a common pattern of bands. Similarities in IgG patterns of sera, CSF, and regional brain eluates, from single cases of SSPE, suggest a common response to the same antigen in all regions or compartments. Differences in IgG patterns of sera, CSF, pooled brain eluates, and plaques or regional eluates from single cases of MS, suggest: either that (a) all MS oligoclonal IgG is "nonsense' antibody in terms of disease pathogenesis, or (b) much of the MS oligoclonal IgG is "nonsense' antibody, present as part of a specific oligoclonal immune reaction. PMID- 7085866 TI - Nuclear war and the public health. PMID- 7085867 TI - The 1978-79 INCO workers' strike in the Sudbury basin and its impact on alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. PMID- 7085868 TI - The meaning of deregulation. PMID- 7085869 TI - The epidemiologic basis of environmental and occupational health policy: the New Jersey experience. PMID- 7085870 TI - State-level decision making for public health: the status of boards of health. PMID- 7085872 TI - Action on smoking health. PMID- 7085871 TI - Conflict between health policy and program implementation: administrative discretion and the rural health initiative. PMID- 7085873 TI - Studies on a family with combined functional deficiencies of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. AB - Two siblings with m ild hemorrhagic symptoms had combined functional deficiencies of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Prothrombin (0.18-0.20 U/ml) and Stuart factor (Factor X, 0.18-0.20 U/ml) and Stuart factor (Factor X, 0.18-0.20 U/ml) were most severely affected. Antigenic amounts of affected coagulation factors were normal and normal generation of thrombin activity occurred in the patients' plasmas after treatment with nonophysiologic activators that do not require calcium for prothrombin activation. Hepatobilary disease, malabsorptive disorders, and plasma warfarin were not present. Both parents had normal levels of all coagulation factors. The patients' plasmas contained prothrombin that reacted both with antibody directed against des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and native prothrombin. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of patients' plasmas and studies of partially purified patient prothrombin suggested the presence of a relatively homogeneous species of dysfunctional prothrombin, distinct from the heterologous species found in the plasma of warfarin-treated persons. These studies are most consistent with a posttranslational defect in hepatic carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent factors. This kindred uniquely possesses an autosomal recessive disorder of vitamin K-dependent factor formation that causes production of an apparently homogeneous species of dysfunctional prothrombin; the functional deficiencies in clotting factors are totally corrected by oral or parenteral administration of vitamin K1. PMID- 7085874 TI - Effect of pulmonary blood flow on the exchange between the circulating and marginating pool of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dog lungs. AB - The effect of pulmonary blood flow on the exchange between the circulating was marginating pool of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was examined in three sets of experiments. In the first we used the double indicator dilution technique with labeled PMN and erythrocytes (RBC) to calculate the percent extraction and percent recovery of PMN at different levels of cardiac output (CO). In the second group of experiments we took advantage of the wide range of blood flow in the lung to determine the effect of regional blood flow on regional PMN retention, and in the third set we measured total leukocyte (WBC) and PMN counts in simultaneous samples from the pulmonary artery and aorta over a wide range of cardiac output. The studies showed that 80-90% of the labeled PMN were removed in a single pass through the lung and that regional retention of labeled PMN and A-V differences for unlabeled PMN increased with decreasing blood flow. The data for regional retention of labeled PMN and the A-V differences observed for unlabeled cells both fit the equation Y = A + Be-cx (where A + B = 100), which showed that PMN accumulate in the lung as blood flow is reduced. We conclude that a dynamic equilibrium exists between the circulating and marginating pools of leukocytes in the lung and that blood flow primarily effects the reentry of cells into the circulating pool so that the marginating pool of PMN within the lung accumulates cells when blood flow is reduced below 7 ml/min per g. PMID- 7085875 TI - Bradycardia during sleep apnea. Characteristics and mechanism. AB - To determine the characteristics of and mechanisms causing the bradycardia during sleep apnea (SA), both patients with SA and normals were studied. Evaluation of six consecutive SA patients demonstrated that bradycardia occurred during 95% of all apneas (central, obstructive, and mixed) and became marked with increased apnea length (P less than 0.01) and increased oxyhemoglobin desaturation (P less than 0.01). Heart rate slowed 9.5 beats per minute (bpm) during apneas of 10-19 s in duration, 11.4 bpm during 20-39s apneas, and 16.6 bpm during 40-59-s apneas. Sleep stage had no effect unexplained by apnea length or degree of desaturation. Oxygen administration to four SA patients completely prevented the bradycardia although apneas lengthened (P less than 0.05) in three. Sleeping normal subjects did not develop bradycardia during hypoxic hyperpnea but, instead, HR increased with hypoxia in all sleep stages, although the increase in HR was not as great as that which occurred while awake. Breath holding in awake normals did not result in bradycardia during hyperoxia (SaO2 = 99%), but was consistently (P less than 0.01) associated with heart rate slowing during room air breath-holds (-6 bpm) at SaO2 = 93%, with more striking slowing (-20 bpm) during hypoxic breath-holds (P less than 0.01) at SaO2 = 78%. Breath holding during hyperoxic hypercapnia had no significant effect on rate. Breath holding in awake SA subjects demonstrated similar findings. We conclude that the bradycardia of SA is a consistent feature of apnea and results from the combined effect of cessation of breathing plus hypoxemia. PMID- 7085876 TI - Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton. AB - In 100 patients with various types of endocrine dysfunction, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the midradius (greater than 95% cortical bone) and distal radius (75% cortical and 25% trabecular bone) by single photon absorptiometry and at the lumbar spine (greater than 66% trabecular bone) using the new technique of dual photon absorptiometry. BMD in each endocrine disorder deviated in at least one site from the sex-specific age regression of 187 normal subjects. For patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercortisolism, and hyperthyroidism this deviation was negative (suggesting bone loss), whereas for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure, acromegaly, and postsurgical hypoparathyroidism it was positive (suggesting bone gain). When all six states of endocrine dysfunction were compared concomitantly by multivariate analysis of variance, the profile of the changes in BMD differed significantly (P less than 0.001), indicating a nonuniform response of bone to the various hormonal alterations. When values for BMD at each of the three scanning sites were compared the midradius and distal radius did not differ significantly; either of the radius measurements, however, differed significantly (P less than 0.001) from the lumbar spine. Thus, the BMD of the axial skeleton cannot be reliably predicted from measurements made in the appendicular skeleton. We conclude that the effects of endocrine dysfunction on bone density are complex and are both disease and site specific. PMID- 7085877 TI - Modulation of a glycoprotein recognition system on rat hepatic endothelial cells by glucose and diabetes mellitus. AB - The cellular location and carbohydrate specificities of a glycoprotein recognition system on rat hepatic sinusoidal cells have been determined. Purified preparations of endothelial, Kupffer, and parenchymal cells were prepared by collagenase liver perfusion, centrifugation on Percoll gradients, and centrifugal elutriation. (125)I-labeled agalactoorosomucoid, an N-acetylglucosamine terminated glycoprotein, was selectively taken up in vitro by endothelial cells. Uptake was shown to be protein dependent, calcium ion dependent, and saturable, and could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics (apparent K(m) 0.29 muM; apparent maximum velocity 4.8 pmol/h per 5 x 10(6) cells). Uptake was inhibited not only by N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and mannan but also by glucose, fructose, and a glucose-albumin conjugate. Inhibition by glucose was competitive over a wide range of concentrations and was almost 100% at a glucose concentration of 56 mM. Fasting and the induction of diabetes mellitus prior to isolation of cells was associated with 60% reductions in the recovery of endothelial cells. Uptake by cells isolated from fasted rats was enhanced (apparent maximum velocity 14.3 pmol/h per 5 x 10(6) cells without change in the apparent K(m)). These observations suggest that fasting is associated with a marked increase in the mean number of glycoprotein receptors per endothelial cell isolated from normal rats. This effect of fasting could be due to upregulation of glycoprotein receptors on endothelial cells or to the selective isolation of a subpopulation of endothelial cells from fasted animals that bears more glycoprotein receptors per cell than does another subpopulation of these cells. In addition, in vivo studies of the fate of intravenously administered (125)I agalactoorosomucoid indicated that its rate of disappearance from plasma, hepatic accumulation, and catabolism were slower in diabetic than in normal rats. The results suggest that modulation of a carbohydrate-mediated glycoprotein recognition system located on hepatic endothelial cells can be induced by glucose and glucose-conjugated proteins and by fasting and diabetes mellitus. The findings in this study suggest a mechanism for abnormal glycoprotein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7085879 TI - Inhibition of neutrophil lysosome-phagosome fusion associated with influenza virus infection in vitro. Role in depressed bactericidal activity. AB - The present study examined the effect of various unopsonized strains of influenza A virus on release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and acid phosphatase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). These results were correlated with the effect that these same viruses had on bactericidal activity in PMNL. Several strains of virus inhibited the fusion of azurophil granules with phagosomes containing Staphylococcus aureus. These same strains inhibited the extracellular release of MPO from PMNL (39-59%) and caused depressed killing (42-77%). In contrast, one of the influenza viruses (X-47a) did not inhibit PMNL MPO release or killing. The data indicate a close relationship between the ability of influenza virus to ablate normal intracellular lysosome-phagosome fusion with subsequent depression of bactericidal functions of PMNL. PMID- 7085878 TI - Role of calmodulin in platelet aggregation. Structure-activity relationship of calmodulin antagonists. AB - Two series of derivatives of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), including a dechlorinated analog of W-7 (W-5) and various aminoalkyl chain analogs of W-7 (A-3, A-4, A-5, I-240, A-6) were synthesized and their structure activity relationships with calmodulin antagonistic actions and their potencies in inhibiting human platelet aggregation in vitro were investigated. Their binding affinities to calmodulin in the presence of 100 microM Ca2+ were dependent both on the chlorination of the naphthalene ring and on the length of aminoalkyl chain. The ability of these derivatives to inhibit Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of 20,000-dalton myosin light chain from platelets correlated well with the magnitude of their binding affinity to calmodulin. W-7(10-100 microM) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner platelet aggregation induced by collagen (2 micrograms/ml), ADP (5 microM), epinephrine (1 microgram/ml), sodium arachidonate (0.83 mM), thrombin (0.125 U/ml), and A-23187 (10 microM). The IC50 value (concentration producing 50% inhibition of aggregation) of W-7 was lower in arachidonate- and collagen-induced aggregation than in ADP- or epinephrine induced aggregation. A good correlation between the potency in inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation by W-7 and its derivatives and their affinities to calmodulin was obtained (r = 0.94). Thus, the inhibitory mechanism of these compounds may be due to their effect on Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent processes, such as 20,000-dalton myosin light chain phosphorylation. These data also support the hypothesis that the calmodulin-mediated system has an important role in platelet function. PMID- 7085880 TI - Ammonium handling by superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in the rat. Evidence for an ammonia shunt between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. AB - Papillary and surface micropuncture was used to assess the effects of a chronic metabolic acidosis on the renal tubular handling of ammonium by surface nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons, and the terminal segment of collecting duct. Rats chronically fed ammonium chloride had an expected decline in arterial pH and bicarbonate concentration associated with a doubling in the amount of ammonium excreted and a decline in urine pH. The glomerular filtration rate and absolute delivery of water and sodium to micropuncture sites of surface and deep nephrons was not measurably altered. Ammonium delivery to the end of the proximal tubule increased from 853+/-102% to 1,197+/-142% (SE) of the filtered load of ammonium after the induction of metabolic acidosis. This increase was due to a rise in tubular fluid ammonium content from 2.31+/-0.23 to 4.06+/-0.28 mM/liter. After the induction of acidosis, absolute and fractional delivery of ammonium ion to the end of the distal tubule was less than to the end of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule. These findings indicate that ammonium is lost in the intervening segment.Ammonium handling by deep nephrons was profoundly affected by acid loading. Absolute delivery to the bend of the loop of Henle increased twofold while fractional delivery rose from 1,222+/-108% to 1,780+/-132% of the filtered ammonium. This was due to a marked increase in ammonia entry. During acidosis, ammonium delivery to the terminal segment of the collecting duct was doubled (709+/-137% in controls vs. 1,415+/-150% in acidosis, P < 0.005) but did not change between proximal and tip collecting duct sites. In both groups of animals delivery of ammonium to the terminal segment of the collecting duct was greater than to end distal tubular micropuncture sites suggesting that ammonia entry occurred between these two sites. The differences in delivery was greater after the induction of a metabolic acidosis (887+/-140% vs. 384+/-144%, P < 0.05). Thus, the present study indicates that deep nephrons contribute to the adaptive increase in ammonium excretion seen during the induction of metabolic acidosis. The data also suggest that ammonia leaves the nephrons at a site(s) along the loop of Henle to enter the collecting duct and that the induction of a metabolic acidosis enhances this reentry. PMID- 7085881 TI - Significance of low density lipoprotein production in the regulations of plasma cholesterol level in man. AB - To determine whether production or catabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major factor controlling LDL concentrations in subjects with plasma cholesterol levels from low-normal to mildly elevated, measurements of apoprotein of LDL (apoLDL) turnover were performed in 16 patients with various plasma cholesterol concentrations. Cholesterol balance studies were done simultaneously in 13 of these patients. Plasma concentrations of apoLDL and LDL-cholesterol were positively correlated with synthetic rates of apoLDL (r = 0.74, P less than 0.001; r = 0.50, P less than 0.05, respectively). No correlation was noted between the fractional catabolic rate for apoLDL and apoLDL levels (or LDL cholesterol). For further analysis, the patients were divided into three groups with stepwise increases in apoLDL concentrations. When apoLDL levels rose significantly, from 83 +/- 5 SEM to 122 +/- 2 to 149 +/- 5 mg/dl, synthetic rates for apoLDL also increased significantly from 11.6 +/- 12. to 17.0 +/- 0.9 to 23.8 +/- 1.8 mg/d/kg ideal weight. In contrast, the fractional catabolic rate of apoLDL was not different among the three groups (0.32 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.03/d). No relation was noted between synthesis of total body cholesterol (or bile acids) and concentrations, production rates, or removal of apoLDL. Thus, concentrations of apoLDL and LDL-cholesterol in these subjects with plasma cholesterol levels from low-normal to mildly elevated were regulated mainly by synthetic rates of apoLDL and not by LDL catabolism. PMID- 7085882 TI - Simultaneous measurements of lactate turnover rate and umbilical lactate uptake in the fetal lamb. AB - Lactic acid represents a major exogenous nutrient for the developing fetal lamb in utero. Our study was undertaken (a) to quantitate the net consumption of lactate by the fetus, (b) to quantitate the net lactate production and metabolism by the placenta, and (c) to compare the net fetal lactate consumption with fetal lactate use, measured simultaneously with radioactive tracers. 14 pregnant sheep were prepared with catheters in the maternal femoral artery and uterine vein and in the fetal aorta and umbilical vein. By simultaneous application of the Fick principle to the uterine and umbilical circulations, placental glucose consumption and placental lactate production were rapid, averaging 39.8 +/- 5.1 and 11.8 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1. Net lactate umbilical uptake averaged 1.95 +/- 0.16 mg 1.kg.min-1. During infusion of L-[14C(U)]lactate, fetal lactate turnover was much more rapid, averaging 6.5 +/- 0.8 mg.kg-1.min-1, and lactate utilization within the anatomic fetus was 5.9 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1. During infusion of tracer glucose, endogenous fetal lactate production from glucose and nonglucose substrates averaged 3.0 and 1.5 mg.kg-1.min-1, respectively. The present studies have quantitated under well oxygenated, steady-state conditions, the rapid placental metabolism and production of lactate, the net fetal consumption of lactate, and the rapid endogenous fetal lactate production from glucose and nonglucose substrates. PMID- 7085884 TI - Production of autoantibodies by human-human hybridomas. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenocytes of patients with autoimmune disease were used to prepare human-human hybridomas that produce autoantibodies. Because exogenous immunization was not used, the hybridoma antibodies were derived from B cells that spontaneously produced autoantibodies. 108 hybrids grew from 4,254 wells (2.5%). Optimal conditions for obtaining hybridomas with the GM 4672 myeloma line included initial growth in 2-ml wells, the use of 44% polyethylene glycol, a mononuclear cell/GM 4672 cell ratio 5:1, and prior stimulation of the B lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen. Hybridoma supernatants had activity against ssDNA, platelets, and erythrocytes. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing human-human hybridomas from lymphocytes of patients with various autoimmune diseases. PMID- 7085883 TI - Natural killer (HNK-1+) cells in Chediak-Higashi patients are present in normal numbers but are abnormal in function and morphology. AB - Children with the Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome are known to have abnormalities of natural killer (NK) cell function. We used the HNK-1 monoclonal antibody that reacts specifically with human NK and K cells to distinguish whether this abnormality was due either to a numerical deficiency of NK cells or a defect in their ability to function. In eight CH patients, a significant proportion of their blood mononuclear cells (10--19%) expressed the HNK-1 differentiation antigen. The level of NK cells in the five children with CH syndrome was higher than for age-matched normal controls (15.8% vs. 5.8%, P less than 0.001). When HNK-1+ cells were isolated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, the NK cells from CH patients were a homogeneous population of lymphocytes with a single large granule rather than the multiple small granules seen in Nk cells from normal individuals. The purified HNK-1+ cells from the CH patients had minimal NK or K cell function. The CH syndrome thus includes a functionally defective population of NK cells that retain the capability of expressing the HNK-1 differentiation antigen. PMID- 7085885 TI - Fraud in medical research. Presidential address delivered before the 74th annual meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, Washington, DC, 8 May 1982. PMID- 7085886 TI - Hydrolysis of milk fat globules by pancreatic lipase. Role of colipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts. AB - Human milk fat globules require colipase to be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in the presence of bile salts. This is contrary to a recent report in this Journal (J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1748-1752.) according to which inhibition of lipase by bile salt could be overcome by the addition of colipase or phospholipase A2. This latter finding is shown to be due to contamination of commercially available pancreatic phospholipase A2 by colipase. PMID- 7085887 TI - Sperm-related antigens, antibodies, and circulating immune complexes in sera of recently vasectomized men. AB - Sera from 35 men were collected before and at timed intervals subsequent to vasectomy and examined for the presence of (a) antibody reactive with human spermatozoa, (b) sperm-related antigen, and (c) circulating immune complexes (CIC). Fewer than 10% of the men examined were ever positive for antisperm antibodies. However, sperm-related antigens were elevated in the sera of 18, 18, and 26% of the mean at 2 wk, 2 mo, and 4 mo postvasectomy, respectively. CIC were detected in the sera of some vasectomized men by three different assays. The CIC in patients' sera were precipitated with polyethylene glycol, dissociated, and the individual CIC components identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Most, but not all, of the CIC contained antigen reactive with antisperm immunoglobulin (Ig)G and some also contained complement components C3 and/or Clq. IgA was identified in some of the CIC positive for IgG and sperm antigen and two men had IgM-containing CIC. Analysis of the CIC by sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed them to be heterogeneous in size. PMID- 7085889 TI - Elevation of plasma neurotensinlike immunoreactivity after a meal. Characterization of the elevated components. AB - The detection of an elevation in neurotensinlike immunoreactivity in peripheral plasma for several hours after a meal has been confirmed and shown to be primarily due to the presence of aminoterminal fragments of neurotensin (NT) rather than to NT itself. We have developed a procedure to separate and characterize these N-terminal cross-reacting substances, and to estimate the contributions of these constitutents to plasma neurotensinlike immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of pooled plasma extracts on Sephadex G-25 followed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography indicated that peptides coeluting with NT and its N-terminal partial sequences NT(1-8) and NT(1-11) were present in plasma. Comparison of plasmas collected before and 1 h after a defined meal, in five experiments, demonstrated no change in C-terminal immunoreactivity and an 8- to 10-fold rise in N-terminal immunoreactivity. Chromatographic analysis of pooled pre- and postmeal plasma in four experiments showed that essentially all of this elevation in neurotensinlike immunoreactivity measured with an N-terminal directed antiserum was due to increases in NT(1-8) and NT(1-11), while NT itself, measured using a C-terminal directed antiserum, did not increase appreciably in peripheral plasma 1 h after the meal. Generation of tritiated substances with the same elution times as NT(1-8) and NT(1-11) did occur after incubation of [(3)H]NT with whole blood in vitro, providing supporting evidence that these fragments are metabolites of NT. The marked elevation in the circulating levels of these fragments reflects that an increased secretion of NT occurred in response to the test meal. The secreted NT may have acted as a hormone before it was metabolized, or it may only have had a local (paracrine) effect. PMID- 7085888 TI - Metabolic requirement for inorganic phosphate by the rabbit proximal tubule. AB - These studies examine the effects of acute changes in the availability of inorganic phosphate on the function of isolated proximal renal tubules from rabbit kidney. We removed phosphate from the extracellular fluids and measured fluid absorption rates in isolated perfused tubules and oxygen consumption rates in suspensions of cortical tubules. In proximal convoluted tubules, the selective removal of phosphate from the luminal fluid reduced fluid absorption rates from 1.11+/-0.12 to -0.01+/-0.08 nl/mm . min. This effect on fluid absorption was dependent on the presence of glucose transport and metabolism. The addition of phlorizin to the phosphate-free luminal fluid preserved fluid absorption rates (1.12+/-0.12 nl/mm . min) as did the substitution of nonmetabolized alpha-methyl d-glucopyranoside for glucose (1.05+/-0.21 nl/mm . min) or the addition of 2 deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis, to the bathing medium (1.01+/-0.15 nl/mm . min). There was no effect on fluid absorption if phosphate was removed from the bath only. Additionally, removal of phosphate from the luminal fluid of proximal straight rather than convoluted tubules had no effect on fluid absorption rates. Oxygen consumption rates in suspensions of cortical tubules were reduced from 18.9+/-0.6 to 10.6+/-0.6 nmol O(2)/mg tubular protein . min by the removal of phosphate from the medium. This inhibition was prevented by the substitution of alpha-methyl d-glucopyranoside for glucose in the phosphate-free medium. The data indicate that under certain conditions, proximal convoluted tubules require the presence of phosphate in the luminal fluid to preserve tubular function. In the absence of intraluminal phosphate, glucose metabolism causes a reduction in both oxidative metabolism and fluid absorption. This response is analogous to the Crabtree effect and suggests limitations on the intracellular availability of inorganic phosphate. PMID- 7085890 TI - In vitro parasite-monocyte interactions in human leishmaniasis. Evidence for an active role of the parasite in attachment. AB - Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites of mononuclear phagocytes in the mammalian host. To more clearly define features of the early events in host parasite interaction, human monocytes were so-cultured with Leishmania tropica amastigotes in vitro. Infection of monocytes was time dependent and inhibited at 4 degrees C and in the presence of cytochalasin B. Pretreatment of amastigotes with cytochalasins prevented their attachment to normal monocytes. Untreated amastigotes attached normally but could not enter cytochalasin-pretreated monocytes. This suggests that amastigotes actively participate in attachment but require host cell participation for interiorization. PMID- 7085891 TI - Binding of serum ferritin to concanavalin A in patients with iron overload and with chronic liver disease. AB - Total serum ferritin and the proportion of serum ferritin binding to concanavalin A (glycosylated ferritin) was measured in 18 healthy volunteers and in 84 patients, eight with primary haemochromatosis, 43 with beta-thalassaemia major and secondary iron overload and 33 with chronic liver diseases without iron overload. The total serum ferritin was either equally or even more closely related than either the non-binding or the concanavalin A binding ferritin, to the liver iron concentration in all patients with iron overload, and with the units of blood transfused in non-chelated thalassaemic patients. The total serum ferritin showed a significant correlation with serum aminotransferase for the group of 84 patients. In the thalassaemic patients the ferritin binding to concanavalin A also correlated with aminotransferase. However, in the other groups it was the ferritin not binding to concanavalin A which showed a significant correlation with aminotransferase activity. These results suggest that measuring the fraction of serum ferritin which binds to concanavalin A does not offer any advantage over estimation of the total serum ferritin concentration in the assessment of iron stores in patients wit iron overload and liver damage. PMID- 7085892 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on serum ferritin concentration in patients with beta-thalassaemia major and iron overload. AB - The incidence of ascorbic acid (AA) deficiency and its effect on serum ferritin concentration relative to body iron stores was studied in 61 unchelated patients with beta-thalassaemia major. Thirty-nine (64%) of patients had subnormal leucocyte ascorbate concentrations without clinical evidence of scurvy. The lowest leucocyte ascorbate concentrations tended to occur in the most transfused patients. No correlation was found between the units transfused and serum ferritin concentration in the AA-deficient patients but a close correlation (r = +0.82; p less than 0.005) existed for the AA-replete group. Similarly a close correlation (r = +0.77; p less than 0.005) was obtained between liver iron concentration and serum ferritin in AA-replete patients but only a weak correlation (r = +0.385; p less than 0.025) existed for the AA-deficient group. When AA-deficient patients were treated with ascorbic acid, serum iron and percentage saturation of iron binding capacity rose significantly; serum ferritin rose in 13 of 21 patients despite the simultaneous commencement of desferrioxamine therapy. In contrast all three measurements tended to fall in AA replete patients with ascorbic acid and desferrioxamine therapy. Thus, AA deficiency is commonly present in beta-thalassaemia patients with iron overload and may give rise to inappropriate serum ferritin concentrations in relation to body iron stores. PMID- 7085893 TI - Distribution pattern of lysosomal granules in fibroblasts of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. AB - Cultured fibroblasts from a patient with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, the mother of the patient, and a normal control were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distribution pattern of PAS-positive and acid phosphatase containing granules in the cytoplasm differed significantly in the fibroblasts from the patient when compared with those from the mother and control. The granules in the fibroblasts from the patient were clustered in the perinuclear area, whereas the granules in the fibroblasts from the mother and control were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. After incubation with ascorbic acid, the clustered granules in the fibroblasts of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome showed a tendency to spread throughout the cytoplasm. The distribution pattern of the granules was studied by quantitative morphology. PMID- 7085894 TI - Effect of total dose infusion of iron dextran on the storage iron content of the human placenta. AB - In a series of pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia treated by a total dose infusion of iron dextran, the non-haem iron content of the placenta at term was studied histochemically and by chemical analysis. Within a few days of the infusion the Prussian blue reaction on the placenta was very strong, but was negative by ten days after the infusion. Chemical analysis showed that both the water-insoluble fraction (haemosiderin) and the water-soluble fraction (ferritin) of the non-haem iron were increased soon after the infusion, but three weeks after the infusion they were almost the same as in untreated controls. Pinocytosis of iron dextran by the trophoblast and increased transport of transferrin-bound iron to the placenta are considered as possible causes for this large uptake of iron by the placenta. PMID- 7085896 TI - Pathological evaluation of computed tomography images of lungs. AB - A method is described which allows the features seen in images generated during computed tomography (CT) of lungs previously removed at necropsy to be compared with those seen in corresponding thin sections made from the same lungs. After removal from the body, lungs were inflation-fixed using warm formalin vapour before being x-rayed and then scanned in the inflated state. Slices corresponding to the CT scan images were made and x-rayed. Paper mounted sections were then prepared from each slice. Using these methods pathological correlative studies can be used both to validate the interpretation of CT scans of lungs and to assess the sensitivity of this imaging technique. PMID- 7085895 TI - Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. IV--The predictive value of raised mitotic indices among jejunal epithelial lymphocytes in the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. AB - It has been established that considerable blast-transformation and mitotic activity occurs among epithelial lymphocytes of untreated coeliac mucosa. This paper is concerned solely with the proliferative activity of epithelial lymphocytes (expressed as percentage "mitotic index") in the prospective diagnosis of coeliac disease, in comparison with other conditions such as lymphoma. Crohn's disease and immunodeficiency which are often associated with malabsorption and flattening of jejunal mucosa. The results demonstrate that a high mitotic index (greater than 0.2%) clearly distinguishes, and hence predicts, gluten-associated enteropathies (including dermatitis herpetiformis and malignant histiocytosis) from others in which gluten plays no aetiological role and where the mitotic index differs insignificantly from normal control mucosae (much less than 0.2%). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the mitotic index is raised in so-called "non-responsive coeliacs," thus suggesting that such patients may also be gluten-sensitive despite their subsequent failure to respond morphologically to dietary gluten restriction. PMID- 7085897 TI - Primary biliary cirrhosis: an increased incidence of extrahepatic malignancies? AB - In a retrospective review of 85 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 10 (11.8%) were noted to have extrahepatic malignant neoplasm. In seven female patients the tumour developed within a mean of 3.5 yr after the clinical onset of PBC. This observed number of tumours, 3.5 times more common than the expected age adjusted incidence, was statistically significant at the 0.5% level. PMID- 7085898 TI - Significance of the site of origin of pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma. AB - The pancreatic head and neck constitute less than half (mean 46 +/- 5%) of the whole pancreas. There is no difference in the concentration of ductal epithelium between the head and the body of the pancreas. The preponderance of pancreatic exocrine tumours which arise in the head of the pancreas compared to the body is not, therefore, due to a larger number of cells at risk in the pancreatic head. This suggests that there is a greater risk of exocrine adenocarcinoma developing from the cells within the head of the pancreas than in those within the body of the pancreas. PMID- 7085899 TI - Comparison of the diagnostic value of serum pancreatic isoamylase and immunoreactive trypsin measurement in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - We have measured serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) and serum pancreatic isoamylase (PIA) activities using commercially available kits in 37 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 46 hospital controls of similar age range. Immunoreactive trypsin was more often abnormal than PIA (26/37 v 18/37 abnormal respectively); IRT will be particularly useful as an additional diagnostic test in older children, in whom interpretation of the sweat test may be difficult, as 14/15 CF patients aged over 10 years had abnormal IRT results. Less than half of our patients who were aged between one and nine years had abnormal IRT activity, limiting the value of the test, though a low activity would still support the diagnosis of CF. Comparison with faecal fat estimations in 31 patients suggests that neither IRT nor PIA can be used as a non-invasive test of pancreatic function in order to identify those few CF patients who do not require pancreatic enzyme supplements. PMID- 7085900 TI - A transport method for swab specimens submitted for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology. AB - The need for separate swab transport methods for aerobes and anaerobes may result in inadequate transport of specimens for anaerobic bacteriology. Most microbiology laboratories in Australia rely on Stuart's transport medium to protect anaerobic bacteria. This paper presents a new, simple transport medium (Transport Deep) suitable for sue with aerobes and anaerobes. Comparative evaluations demonstrate that Transport Deep is as good as Stuart's medium for the maintenance of fastidious bacteria and is far superior for the protection of even extremely oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. This medium has been used successfully in a large Sydney hospital for more than a year. It is proposed that Transport Deep be used on a routine basis for all swab specimens. PMID- 7085901 TI - Clostridium difficile and cytotoxin in routine faecal specimens. AB - Over a five-month period 1239 unselected, routine faecal specimens from 856 patients were examined for Clostridium difficile. One hundred specimens representing 69 patients were culture-positive. Toxin was detected in the stool of ten. During the study period, there were 41 Salmonella, 12 Campylobacter and 9 Shigella infections. C difficile was isolated together with Salmonella from 12 patients. No patient required specific treatment for C difficile infection. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7085902 TI - An improved method for sequential light and scanning electron microscopy of the same cell using localising microcoverslips. PMID- 7085903 TI - Decontamination of automated laboratory equipment. PMID- 7085904 TI - Isolation of Pseudomonas fluorescens after suprapubic catheterisation. PMID- 7085905 TI - IgA deficiency in Israeli blood donors. PMID- 7085906 TI - Separate or combined disk agar diffusion techniques in cotrimoxazole sensitivity testing and use of single versus combination therapy. PMID- 7085907 TI - Morphological characteristics and distribution patterns of epithelial cells in the cytological diagnosis of gastric cancer. AB - The morphological features of epithelial cells in gastric biopsy touch smears from 296 cases (248 benign, 48 malignant) were retrospectively reviewed. By subjective criteria no single purely morphological characteristic could be identified that was consistently capable of separating benign from malignant specimens. The value of cell distribution patterns in diagnosis was therefore objectively analysed in the 231 adequate specimens (190 benign, 41 malignant). A score of over 20% for single epithelial cells was found to have a sensitivity of 95.1% and specificity of 99.5% in the diagnosis of carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of cell distribution pattern is a simple test, which does not require special equipment, yet can be helpful in the interpretation of gastric cytology. PMID- 7085908 TI - Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenum. AB - Thirteen patients are described who, on routine endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, were found to show a characteristic appearance in the proximal duodenum. This consisted of multiple small mucosal nodules, predominantly in the anterior wall. All cases were biopsied, and showed identical histological appearances of heterotopic gastric mucosa of body type. The incidence of this condition is probably much higher than reported previously, and may be present in up to 2% of the population. In all our patients a diagnosis was reached, other than heterotopic gastric mucosa, to explain the GI tract symptoms. In none was a healed or active duodenal ulcer evident and in none was there a history of a pre-existing ulcer. In our opinion these nodules are probably of little or no clinical significance. PMID- 7085909 TI - Increased tissue concentrations of histamine in the duodenal mucosa of children with coeliac disease. AB - Tissue concentrations of histamine have been estimated in peroral duodenal biopsy specimens from five children with coeliac disease while on a gluten-free diet and after a three-month gluten challenge. Histamine concentrations in the patients on a diet did not differ significantly from a group of control children. However after gluten challenge, histological relapse of the duodenal mucosa in each patient was associated with increased tissue concentrations of histamine. The findings suggest that histamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of the small intestinal mucosal changes in children with coeliac disease. PMID- 7085910 TI - Biopsy findings in malignant histiocytosis presenting as lethal midline granuloma. AB - Nasal biopsy findings in malignant histiocytosis presenting clinically as lethal midline granuloma are characterised by necrosis and infiltration of atypical histiocytic cells with a diffuse positive reaction for non-specific esterase. This cellular character was common to midline malignant reticulosis, and midline malignant reticulosis and malignant histiocytosis are thought to be the same disease. Patterns of histiocytic infiltration in the nasal lesions of 19 cases are reported in this paper. Polymorphic and monomorphic patterns were observed in 11 and four cases respectively, on the initial biopsy, but subsequently the infiltrates frequently became monomorphic on serial biopsy. The reverse was not observed. Surface marker and cytochemical studies showed the true histiocytic nature of the proliferating cells, and necropsy findings justified the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis. PMID- 7085911 TI - Villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia in malignant histiocytosis of the nose. AB - Intestinal changes, mainly in the jejunum, were investigated in 13 cases of malignant histiocytosis at necropsy and who had presented as lethal midline granuloma. Villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia was observed in all cases, and a proliferation of atypical histiocytes was observed in seven cases. In the remaining cases, histiocytes with normal morphology increased in number. These findings showed that a prolonged abnormal proliferation of histiocytes was present in the small intestine of these cases concurrently with the nasal lesions. PMID- 7085913 TI - Systemic mastocytosis, myelofibrosis and portal hypertension. AB - A case of systemic mastocytosis is described in which the finding on initial presentation was hepatosplenomegaly. No dermatological abnormality was present, and the bone marrow histology originally caused some confusion with primary myelofibrosis. The clinical course and the importance of distinguishing between these two diseases is discussed. The dermatological manifestation of systemic mastocytosis, in the form of urticaria pigmentosa, is well recognised, and alerts the physician to the underlying disease. In the absence of cutaneous signs, however, the diagnosis is less obvious. The case reported had predominantly marrow and splenic involvement by the disease process, giving rise to portal hypertension, and illustrates the problems of diagnosis which can arise. PMID- 7085912 TI - Primary endocrine carcinoma of the parotid salivary gland associated with a lung carcinoid: a possible new association. AB - An endocrine carcinoma of the left parotid salivary gland in a 58-year-old woman is reported. The tumour displayed a large argyrophilic cell-component and at ultrastructural level endocrine-like granules (ELG) were evident. As endocrine paracrine cells are not normally present in the parotid, it is suggested that the endocrine elements may have been derived from an anomalous differentiation of the ductal epithelial stem cells. A bronchial carcinoid, removed seven years previously, proved structurally, cytologically and histochemically different from the tumour of the parotid salivary gland. It is proposed that the occurrence of the two tumours might be an as yet undescribed association which is more than fortuitous. PMID- 7085914 TI - Value of plasma calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase measurements in the diagnosis of histological osteomalacia. AB - Plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined retrospectively in 50 patients with histologically proven osteomalacia and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects with normal bone histology. An abnormal plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was more useful than an abnormal plasma calcium or phosphate concentration in distinguishing between normal and osteomalacic subjects, producing a false-negative rate of 14% and a false-positive rate of 8%. False-negative and false-positive rates of 10% and 8% respectively were obtained when the presence of an abnormality in any one of the three biochemical measurements was used as a predictor of histological osteomalacia. When discriminant analysis was applied to plasma calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase together a false-negative rate of 12% and a false positive rate of 0% was obtained.Sixty-two patients in whom a diagnosis of osteomalacia was suspected were investigated prospectively, using both single biochemical abnormalities and the classification functions derived from the discriminant analysis of all three biochemical measurements to predict the presence or absence of histological osteomalacia. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity gave false-negative and false-positive rates of 10% and 32% respectively but was a more reliable predictor of abnormal bone histology than were plasma calcium or plasma phosphate concentrations or the presence of an abnormality in any one of the three measurements. Discriminant analysis using plasma calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase together produced a false-negative rate of 16% and a false-positive rate of 10%. We conclude that plasma alkaline phosphatase activity is the best single routine biochemical screening test for osteomalacia, although a high false-positive rate may occur. Direct discriminant analysis of plasma calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase together provides a more sensitive method of detecting histological osteomalacia which should be useful in determining the prevalence of osteomalacia within high-risk populations. PMID- 7085915 TI - Interrelations between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma inorganic ions and glucose in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - The concentrations of inorganic ions and glucose in the plasma and CSF of 11 patients with "steady-state" chronic renal failure have been measured and their CSF: plasma interrelations studied. The results have been compared with the corresponding data from 34 control subjects. In the patients with renal failure, there was a positive correlation between raised CSF and plasma potassium concentrations. In contrast to the impaired potassium homeostasis, normal CSF magnesium and calcium concentrations were observed despite wide variations in the plasma concentrations of these ions. PMID- 7085917 TI - Acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in liver disease. AB - Using a new and sensitive screening method, dysfibrinogenaemia (DF) was detected in 76% of patients with cirrhosis, 78% with chronic active liver disease and 86% with acute liver failure. The incidence was much lower in obstructive jaundice (8%) and miscellaneous liver disorders (4%). It is concluded that the fibrin monomer polymerisation (FMP) ratio test is a simple and sensitive test for the detection of DF, and is useful in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice. Hyperfibrinogenaemia, particularly in patients with obstructive jaundice, may explain the high incidence of abnormal thrombin and Reptilase clotting times despite normal FMP ratios. Dysfibrinogenaemia dose not appear to be related to the degree of liver function impairment, but may be associated with regeneration of hepatic tissue. PMID- 7085916 TI - Antithrombin III and fibrinogen degradation product (fragment E) in diabetic nephropathy. AB - Plasma antithrombin III (AtIII), serum fragment E (FgE) and urine AtIII and FgE were measured in 25 diabetic patients with proteinuria above 1 g per day and compared to that in 25 patients with non-diabetic nephropathy, matched for the degree of proteinuria. Plasma AtIII concentrations were normal in both groups but FgE concentrations were increased. The level of plasma AtIII was directly related to HbA1 concentrations in the diabetics. For the same degree of proteinuria, the diabetic patients lost more AtIII and FgE in the urine. Urine AtIII was found to be mostly bound to activated procoagulants. Both urine AtIII and urine FgE correlated inversely with creatinine clearance. It was concluded that intraglomerular thrombosis probably contributes to the deteriorating renal function in diabetic nephropathy and is reflected in the concentrations of urine AtIII and FgE. PMID- 7085918 TI - Comparative study of the fenwal and pall microaggregate filters used for the production of leucocyte-poor blood. AB - Eighty units of whole blood in its third week of shelf-life were filtered through the Pall of Fenwal microaggregate filter. Half of these units were centrifuged before filtration. White cell removal was approximately 30% for the Fenwal filter both with and without prior centrifugation; for the Pall filter, removal was 7% without centrifugation and 30% with centrifugation. It is suggested that these simple filters are a useful way of reducing both platelet and white cell content of blood administered to patients requiring multiple transfusion. Their use may delay development of white cell and platelet antibodies obviating the use of washed or frozen cells in these patients. PMID- 7085920 TI - "Cell-block" technique for fine needle aspiration biopsy. PMID- 7085919 TI - Comparison of lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition tests in the detection of beryllium hypersensitivity. AB - In seven patients with chronic beryllium disease (Be) the Be lymphocyte transformation test was positive in 100%, independent of steroid therapy, and was reproducible. The Be macrophage migration inhibition test was only positive in four of seven patients (57%) not on steroids, and was not reproducible. In 72 potentially exposed healthy beryllium workers the lymphocyte transformation test was negative in all subjects. The macrophage test was positive in four of 78 and again the results were not reproducible. The workers with positive results showed no differences in age, type or duration of employment from those with negative results and showed no evidence of disease. In addition, the macrophage test was positive in two of 45 non-exposed control subjects. We also confirmed the above advantages of the lymphocyte transformation technique by using tuberculin antigen (PPD). The PPD lymphocyte transformation test gave positive results in approximately 60% of healthy beryllium workers, but the PPD macrophage test was only positive in 7%. We conclude that the Be lymphocyte transformation test is the most sensitive and reproducible and advocate its use in the diagnosis of disease and in monitoring the health of potentially exposed workers. PMID- 7085921 TI - Ferrography--a new method for isolation of particles from biological fluids. PMID- 7085922 TI - Pulmonary haemotoxyphil bodies. PMID- 7085923 TI - Evaluation of buffy coat microscopy for the early diagnosis of bacteraemia meningococcal septicaemia. PMID- 7085925 TI - Forebrain projections to the periaqueductal gray in the monkey, with observations in the cat and rat. AB - There is considerable evidence that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in visceral, emotive, and sexual responses and in endogenous analgesic effects. To see which of the forebrain areas directly influence the PAG, small injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the various regions of monkey, cat, and rat PAG. Despite the fact that regions of the PAG were injected in separate animals the majority of the forebrain areas labeled remained constant. Retrogradely filled pyramidal neurons in layer V were found in the frontal lobe in areas 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 24. Labeled neurons also appeared in the amygdala, preoptic area, and the anterior, dorsal, periventricular, ventromedial, periarcuate lateral, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. The main route for the hypothalamic leads to PAG projection appeared to be via the periaqueductal bundle which immediately borders on the cerebral aqueduct. Labeled neurons were also observed in the zona incerta, mesencephalic reticular formation, deep layers of the superior colliculus, and the nucleus cuneiformis. Most labeling was ipsilateral to the injection site although a small but consistent contralateral labeling was present. Therefore a strict subdivision of the PAG based on each subnucleus having its own unique set of connections seems inappropriate. There were few striking differences found in the forebrain areas that project to the PAG in the three species examined. These results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution these forebrain areas have in regulating the PAG with regard to its functions as a visceral, nociceptive, and cognitive integrator. PMID- 7085924 TI - Retinotectal map formation in dually innervated tecta: a regeneration study in Xenopus with one compound eye following bilateral optic nerve section. AB - Retinotectal map formation was studied during regeneration in young adult Xenopus. Right compound double-temporal eyes (TT) were formed in tailbud stage embryos by the fusion of two temporal halves of the eye blastema in the same orbit. In other animals right compound double-nasal eyes (NN) were prepared. In both combinations the left eye was kept intact. After metamorphosis the right and left optic nerves were sectioned to induce optic fiber regeneration from each eye to both tecta. The patterns of retinotectal projections from the compound and normal eyes were studied from 37 to 364 days after optic nerve section, using electrophysiological recording of the visuotectal projections and 3H-proline autoradiographic assay from one of the two eyes. The left normal eyes projected in a retinotopic fashion, across the entire extent of the right and left dually innervated tecta. In contrast, the right compound eye projections were confined to the rostrolateral or to the caudomedial part of the right and left tecta and TT and NN animals, respectively. These tectal areas corresponded to the termination of temporal and nasal hemiretinal fibers of the normal eye. Discontinuous, interdigitating projection patterns from the right and left eyes were found in parts of the tecta where the compound and the normal eye projections overlapped. These results indicate that the normal optic fiber projections caused the originally expanded compound eye projections to be restricted to the corresponding part of the dually innervated tecta. It is suggested that the orderliness and the extent of the retinotectal map are established by the competition and interaction of optic fibers based on stable positional programming of the retinal ganglion cells. PMID- 7085927 TI - Two types of GABA-accumulating neurons in the superficial gray layer of the cat superior colliculus. AB - Two types of neuron in the upper superficial gray layer of the cat superior colliculus accumulated exogenous 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid intensely. The first type was a horizontal cell with a fusiform cell body, horizontal dendrites, a low synaptic density, but a high percentage of cortical synaptic contacts. This cell had presynaptic dendrites. The second type was a granule cell (type A) with a small round cell body, thin and obliquely oriented dendrites, a moderate synaptic density, and few cortical synaptic contacts. These two types differed in size, shape, dendritic morphology, and patterns of synaptic input. They likely participate in different inhibitory mechanisms. Four types of unlabeled neurons were also identified. Type B granule cells were found only within the upper subdivision of the superficial gray layer. They had moderate-sized cell bodies, a high synaptic density, and numerous somatic spines. A third type of granule cell (type C) was found only in the deep subdivision of the superficial gray. This type had a low synaptic density and spines that contained synaptic vesicles. Vertical fusiform and stellate forms were also found. We conclude that at least six types of neurons populate the upper superficial gray layer of the cat superior colliculus. PMID- 7085926 TI - Amygdalopetal projections in the cat. I. Cortical afferent connections. A study with retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. AB - The cortical afferent connections of the amygdaloid complex of the cat have been studied by means of retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent substances bisbenzimid and nuclear yellow. Subsequently, anterograde tracing experiments were carried out in order to define more precisely the termination areas of the corticoamygdaloid fibers. The results of the present study indicate that the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the prepiriform cortex and discrete regions of the medial frontal lobe, the insular and temporal cortices, as well as the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices and the ventral subiculum project to the amygdaloid complex. The main termination sites of these projections are the central, basolateral, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei. Neocortical regions project to the lateral nucleus and the lateral division of the lateral central nucleus. The mesocortical regions project predominantly to the basolateral nucleus and a medial division of the lateral central nucleus. In addition, area 35 distributes fibers to the lateral nucleus and the entorhinal cortex projects to the cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid complex. Fibers from the infralimbic area only reach the region of the medial central nucleus. Of the allocortical regions the prepiriform cortex distributes its fibers to the lateral, basolateral, and cortical nuclei, whereas the ventral subiculum projects to the medial division of the lateral central nucleus and the cortical nuclei. In the neocortical and most of the mesocortical regions the cells which project to the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei lie in layer III, whereas the cells which project to the central nucleus are located in layer V. PMID- 7085929 TI - Retinotopic and temporal organization of the optic nerve and tracts in the adult goldfish. AB - In order to investigate the role of the different factors controlling the pathways and termination sites of growing axons, selected optic fibers were traced from the eye to the tectum in adult goldfish either by filling them with HRP, or by severing a group of fibers and tracing their degeneration in 2 micrometers plastic sections stained with toluidine blue. Some fish received more than one lesion and others received both lesions and HRP applications. Two major rearrangements of the optic fibers were identified, one at the exit from the eye, the other within the optic tracts. Near the eye the optic fibers appear to be guided by the conformation of the underlying tissue planes that they encounter. The most recently added fibers, from the peripheral retina, grow over the vitread surface of the older fibers toward the blood vessel in the center of the optic nerve head. Behind the eye the fibers follow this blood vessel until it leaves the side of the optic nerve, and the fibers from peripheral retina are left as a single group on the ventral edge of the optic nerve cross section. As a consequence of this pattern of fiber growth the fibers form an orderly temporal sequence in the optic nerve, with the oldest fibers from the central retina on one side of the nerve and the youngest from peripheral retina on the other. In addition, the fibers are ordered topographically at right angles to this central to-peripheral axis, with fibers from ventral retina on each edge of the nerve, dorsal fibers in the center, and nasal and temporal fibers in between. This arrangement of the optic fibers continues with only a little loss of precision up to the optic tracts. A more radical fiber rearrangement, seemingly incompatible with the fibers simply following tissue planes occurs within the optic tracts. Each newly arriving set of fibers grows over the surface of the optic tracts so that the older fibers come to lie deepest in the tracts. This segregation of fibers of different ages ensures that the rearrangement is limited to each layer of fibers. The abrupt reorganization of the fibers occurs as the tracts split around the nucleus rotundus to form the brachia of the optic tracts. The fibers are then arranged with temporal fibers nearest the nucleus rotundus and nasal fibers on the opposite edges of the brachia. From this point the fibers grow out over the tectal surface to their termination sites with only minimal rearrangements. Therefore the optic fiber rearrangements show evidence of several different sorts of constraints acting on the fibers at separate points in the optic pathway, each contributing to the final orderly arrangement of the fibers on the optic tectum. PMID- 7085928 TI - The origin of the spinomesencephalic tract in the rat: an anatomical study using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - An anatomical technique based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the projections of spinal cord neurons to the mesencephalic tegmentum in the rat. Restricted unilateral injections were confined to central grey, cuneiformis areas, and superior colliculus. Injections into all these loci produced labeling in similar spinal areas. Only quantitative differences were noted. In the spinal grey matter, numerous labeled cells were regularly encountered in the marginal zone, the lateral part of the neck of the dorsal horn, and the dorsal grey commissure. Projections from the marginal zone and neck of the dorsal horn were predominantly contralateral. In the white matter, a pronounced bilateral labeling was observed in the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus, thus confirming our previous electrophysiological findings (Menetrey et al., '80). This distribution of labeled cells was commonly observed throughout the whole length of the cord. Additional sites of projecting cells have also been identified at the most rostral levels (obex, C1, C2). They mostly derived from spinal extensions of the dorsal column nuclei and lateral cervical nucleus contralaterally; from the lateral ventral horns bilaterally and from the nucleus commissuralis ipsilaterally. This study is thus a clear confirmation that the mesencephalic tegmentum constitutes a target for various somatosensory inputs originating from spinal cord, dorsal column nuclei, and lateral cervical nucleus. Moreover, from these results together with those obtained for the spinothalamic tract in the rat, it appears that marginal and dorsolateral funiculus neurons preferentially project to the mesencephalic tegmentum. The importance of marginal zone projections underlines the involvement of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain mechanisms. PMID- 7085930 TI - The organization of subcortical projections of the hamster's visual cortex. AB - The subcortical projections of the hamster's visual cortex were determined by use of injections of tritiated proline and heat lesions placed in different cortical loci. The brains were processed for autoradiography and silver impregnation of degenerating axons. Striate cortex was shown to project ipsilaterally to the dorsocaudal region of the caudate nucleus, a dorsolateral area within the thalamic reticular nucleus (RT), a laterodorsal region of the nucleus lateralis anterior (LA), the rostral half of nucleus lateralis posterior (LP), the whole territory of the dorsal (dLGN) and ventral (vLGN) geniculate nuclei, the anterior (PA) and posterior (PP) pretectal nuclei, the superior colliculus (SC), and the precerebellar pontine nuclei. In addition, the medial visual area (18b) was shown to project to a medial band of LA and part of the caudal half of LP, while the adjoining parietal cortex was seen to terminate in a lateral part of the caudate, a ventral band of LA, and the ventral half of rostral LP. Segregation of different cortical inputs was clear in LA, LP, caudate, and pons. The projections to dLGN, vLGN, SC, LP, and PA were retinotopically organized. Clear evidence of some topography was found within RT, PP, and the pons, although a consistent map could not be derived from the data. PMID- 7085931 TI - Ultrastructural identification of labeled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the vagus nerve and brainstem. AB - The efferent connections of two types neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) were studied in the cat by light and electron microscopy following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the cervical vagus nerve or brainstem. After injections of HRP into the vagus nerve, up to 80% of medium sized neurons averaging 26 x 20 micrometers in 1-micrometer-thick sections were retrogradely labeled while no small neurons were labeled in the DMV. Incubation with either diaminobenzidene (DAB) or p-phenylenediamine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) chromogens yielded electron-dense reaction products localized mainly in lysosomes. Identification of label at the ultrastructural level was facilitated by omitting lead citrate staining and by counting numbers of lysosomes, which were higher in labeled neurons. Quantitative comparisons of the dimensions of labeled and unlabeled somata demonstrated that retrograde transport and incorporation of HRP had no effect on cell size within the 2-3-day survival times used in this study. In order to determine whether neurons in the DMV project to higher levels of the brain stem, large injections of HRP (1-3 microliters) were made into the pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, and amygdala. After injections of HRP into the brainstem, only small neurons, measuring 17 x 10 micrometers, were retrogradely labeled. Approximately 90% of the small neurons remained unlabeled following the HRP injections. The ultrastructural features of the labeled small neurons included an invaginated nucleus, low cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio, and relatively fewer organelles than the medium-sized neurons. A quantitative analysis of labeled and unlabeled small neurons demonstrated that the labeled neurons were significantly larger than the unlabeled small neurons. Thus, two populations of small neurons may exist in the DMV. One population appears to have ascending projections to higher levels of the brainstem while the other more numerous population may be interneurons or project for only short distances. PMID- 7085932 TI - A quantitative analysis of the ipsilateral retinocollicular projection in the cat: an EM degeneration and EM autoradiographic study. AB - The ipsilateral projection to the binocular segment of the superior colliculus in the cat was quantified by means of electron microscopic (EM) degeneration and electron microscopic autoradiography. Because of the patchy distribution of ipsilateral terminals, contiguous samples were taken across the mediolateral extent of the colliculus. The results from both EM degeneration and EM autoradiography are in substantial agreement: In the binocular segment, the ipsilateral projection represents 5.3% and 5.6%, respectively, of the total retinal input to the superior colliculus. As the contralateral projection extends over the whole colliculus but is greatest in the caudal region, while the ipsilateral projection is restricted to the middle one-third of the colliculus, it follows that the total ipsilateral retinocollicular projection is less than earlier estimates (5--10%, Kanaseki and Sprague, '74) and probably closer to 1%, as suggested by Sterling ('73) on the basis of an electron microscopic degeneration study. A significant finding is that there are many more terminals per axon in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral superficial gray. The ratio of degenerated terminals in SGS1 and SGS2 to degenerated axons in SGS3 is 3.1 contralaterally, while in the ipsilateral colliculus the figure is 1.2. This may reflect a difference in the arborization pattern of Y-type and W-type retinal ganglion cells in the colliculus. PMID- 7085933 TI - Brain cells of the male rhesus monkey accumulate 3H-testosterone or its metabolites. AB - Autoradiography was used to localize target cells for 3H-testosterone or its labeled metabolites in the brain of the rhesus monkey. Two castrated males were injected intravenously with 3H-testosterone (2 mCi/monkey) and were killed 1 hour later. In both animals, neurons that concentrated radioactivity in their nuclei were located in a well-circumscribed system that included the bed nucleus (n.) of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic n., suprachiasmatic preoptic n., anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial hypothalamic n., cortical, medial, and basal accessory amygdaloid n., mesencephalic reticular n., and periaqueductal gray matter. In contrast to reports in some nonprimate mammalian species, little or no cellular labeling was observed in the lateral septum, arcuate n.-median eminence, motor nuclei of cranial nerves, or spinal cord. PMID- 7085934 TI - Reevaluation of projections from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus to the medulla and spinal cord: new projections. a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study. AB - Microinjection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the medullary parvocellular reticular formation (NPvc) resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons throughout the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Mes V). Labeled cells were large and ovoid and were distributed primarily in the expanded pontine part of the nucleus. However, none of the small neurons in Mes V were labeled. Injections of HRP made into adjacent brainstem structures including the nucleus gigantocellularis, ventrolateral reticular formation, vestibular complex, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus failed to label neurons in Mes V. Injections made into the medullary raphe and into regions reported to receive inputs from Mes V--spinal cord, nucleus tractus solitarius, hypoglossal nucleus, and facial nucleus--were also not followed by transport to Mes V. Anterograde axonal transport of HRP from the region of reticular formation innervated by Mes V also labeled axons projecting to Mes V and to visceral and somatic sensorimotor nuclei in the lower brainstem. Recent reports of afferents from the amygdala to Mes V suggest that reflexes involving the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus might be modulated by signals from limbic and autonomic as well as somatic centers in the brain. PMID- 7085935 TI - Nomenclature and location of avian hypothalamic nuclei and associated circumventricular organs. AB - Nineteen nuclei and two areas within the avian hypothalamus were identified and located on specific corss-sectional planes of a stereotaxic atlas of the fowl. Latin terms applied to the nuclei and associated fiber tracts were compared among several authors and a suggested standardized nomenclature presented for hypothalamic structures. Nine circumventricular organs (CVOs) were also located throughout the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon of the chicken. A majority of the CVOs were found near nuclei. PMID- 7085936 TI - Cardiac lesions in birds of prey. PMID- 7085937 TI - The effect of Trypanosoma equiperdum on the lesions of experimental influenza virus pneumonia. PMID- 7085938 TI - The treatment of coccidiosis: studies on the sensitivity of recent field isolates of Eimeria acervulina type to anticoccidial drugs given in the drinking water. PMID- 7085940 TI - Long-term pathological and micro-biological progress in sheep of experimental disease resembling atypical pneumonia. PMID- 7085941 TI - Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on leydig cell ultrastructure in the boar. PMID- 7085939 TI - Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: a growth nitrogen balance and digestibility study conducted during winter feeding following thiabendazole anthelmintic therapy. PMID- 7085942 TI - Possible immunological synergism among the protective antigens of Pasteurella multocida. type A. PMID- 7085943 TI - Two extragonadal teratomas in a mouse, with discussion of possible histogenesis. PMID- 7085944 TI - Histological findings in amyloidosis of rabbits. PMID- 7085945 TI - Ultrastructure of the kidney in amyloidosis of rabbits. PMID- 7085946 TI - Experimental streptococcal endocarditis in the pig: the development of lesions 18 to 48 hours after inoculation. PMID- 7085947 TI - The toxic effects of Tephrosia apollinea on goats. PMID- 7085948 TI - Morphology and radio-opaque lines in bones of foetal lambs: the effects of maternal nutrition. PMID- 7085949 TI - The source of increased serum coeruloplasmin activity in rabbits bearing the VX-2 carcinoma. PMID- 7085950 TI - Parathyroid adenoma in mice: a report of two cases. PMID- 7085952 TI - A plea to help build the future of dermatology. PMID- 7085951 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of mycetoma. AB - A mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from which grains of the causative organism are eliminated through sinus tracts. In a patient with a suspected mycetoma, evaluation should include (1) elicitation of a history of trauma, (2) determination of the presence of the clinical triad of swelling, sinus tracts, and extrusion of grains, (3) roentgenographic examination, (4) examination of the grains, (5) histopathologic study, and (6) culture. Identification of the causative organism is important for guiding therapy; etiologic agents include actinomycetes, eumycetes, eubacteria, and dermatophytes. Whereas surgical treatment is still usually required for eumycetomas, various chemotherapeutic agents have shown promising results in the other types of mycetoma. PMID- 7085953 TI - Cortaid cream dermatitis and the "paraben paradox". PMID- 7085954 TI - Psoriatic nails and 5-fluorouracil. PMID- 7085955 TI - Combined methotrexate-PUVA therapy in the treatment of psoriasis. AB - Thirty patients with psoriasis were treated with a 3-week course of methotrexate followed by a combination of PUVA therapy and methotrexate. When lesions cleared to less than 1% UVA-exposed body involvement, the methotrexate was stopped and PUVA therapy alone was used as maintenance therapy. This protocol achieved clearance of disease in twenty-eight of the thirty patients in a mean of 5.7 (+/- 1.0) weeks, with 9.3 (+/- 3.0) exposures to PUVA therapy and a final UVA radiation dose at clearance of 6.2 (+/- 2.5) J/cm2. The mean total dose of methotrexate was 93.0 mg (range, 67.5-127.5 mg). The only significant adverse effect seen was prolonged phototoxicity in eight patients. By reducing the total cumulative exposure dose of PUVA therapy, this treatment may reduce long-term side effects. PMID- 7085956 TI - Trigeminal trophic syndrome. A case and review. PMID- 7085958 TI - Puzzling purpuras in children and young adults. PMID- 7085957 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. PMID- 7085959 TI - Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis of the face. Successful treatment of a case review of the literature. PMID- 7085960 TI - Monitoring respiratory function in the critically ill. PMID- 7085961 TI - Effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) on myocardial infarct size and collateral flow in an experimental dog model. AB - To determine the influence of IABP on infarct size and collateral blood flow in each of 12 openchest anaesthetised mongrel dogs two small branches of the left coronary artery were occluded consecutively. The perfusion areas of both branches were comparable in size. IABP was started immediately before ligation of the first branch for a 90-min period followed by a reperfusion period of 90 min. Subsequently the second vessel was also occluded for 90 min as a control without IABP while myocardial oxygen consumption remained constant and was then reperfused. Infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the perfusion area. A difference in infarct size with and without IABP (18 +/- 17, 18 +/- 10% respectively) could not be observed. However a significant increase of collateral blood flow due to IABP in the subendocardial layer from 8.9 +/- 4.8 to 14.9 +/- 4.6 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.05) was prevalent. In the subepicardial layer the augmentation from 23.7 +/- 19.9 to 26.9 +/- 15.2 was not significant. Thus, in spite of a small increase of collateral blood flow in the subendocardial layer of the ischemic myocardium the infarct size was not reduced by IABP in our dog model. PMID- 7085962 TI - Radial artery catheterization by surgical exposure in infants. AB - 56 radial arteries were cannulated by cutdown technique in 54 critically ill infants (age (mean +/- SD) 12.2 +/- 25.9 days, weight 2710 +/- 910 g) for continuous pressure monitoring and repeated blood sampling. 30 patients survived their illness, 24 died. The mean catheterization time in the survivors was 8.1 +/ 4.1 in the non-survivors 6.9 +/- 5.6 days. Most cannulae were removed electively. 27 of the surviving infants were followed up after 10.5 +/- 5.1 months. 25 (86%) vessels were patent, 4 (14%) occluded. No trophic changes of hands or fingers were noted. We concluded that radial artery cannulation by cutdown in infants is a quick and safe technique and is suitable in patients with severe peripheral vasoconstriction. PMID- 7085963 TI - Percutaneous intraaortic balloon pumping: initial experience. AB - The necessity of surgical procedures for insertion as well as for removal of the balloon catheter remains a serious disadvantage of IABP. The percutaneous technique of insertion and removal of a specially designed balloon catheter is therefore of a great interest. Our initial clinical experience shows that this is simple, rapid and safe and can be performed at the bedside in a few minutes by any physician experienced with arterial catheterization. Its hemodynamic efficiency is identical. No specific complications were encountered although two cases of pulmonary embolism were recorded. A causal relationship between pulmonary embolism and the percutaneous removal of a balloon catheter must therefore be considered. PMID- 7085964 TI - Circulatory shock associated with magnesium depletion. PMID- 7085965 TI - Respiratory depression after cimetidine reversed by physostigmine. PMID- 7085967 TI - Measurements of atmospheric attenuation at ultrasonic frequencies and the significance for echolocation by bats. AB - The absorption of sound propagating through the atmosphere under laboratory conditions of 25 degrees C and 50% relative humidity was measured at frequencies from 30 to 200 kHz. The attenuating effect on the passage of ultrasonic sounds through air ranged from 0.7 dB/m at 30 kHz. These measurements confirm theoretical expectations and earlier observations that atmospheric attenuation is progressively more severe at higher frequencies and that the atmosphere acts as a low-pass filter for conducting sounds in the frequency range used for echolocation by bats. Different species of bats use different portions of this range of frequencies, and bats emitting sonar signals predominantly above 100 kHz encounter especially severe attenuation of over 3 dB/m. With the greatly restricted operating distances for echolocation at such high frequencies, bats using these higher frequencies must be under compelling ecological pressures of a higher priority than long-range detection of targets. PMID- 7085966 TI - Pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ARDS - a possible side-effect of dopamine treatment. PMID- 7085968 TI - Differential patterns of physiological masking in the anuran auditory nerve. AB - Single fibers in eight nerve of anurans exhibit varying rates of short-term adaptation in response to long duration tonal stimuli. In this report, we show that the response of an anuran auditory nerve fiber to a short probe tone presented 10-1000 ms after a long duration adapting tone depends on the fiber's state of adaptation due to previous stimulation. These effects are most pronounced in fibers presumably originating from the amphibian papilla. Within this group of fibers, fast-adapting fibers, which are most sensitive to mid frequency tones, showed greater response decrement than did slow-adapting fibers, which are most sensitive to low-frequency tones. Fibers tuned to higher frequency ranges, which presumably originate from the basilar papilla, showed response decrements similar to those shown by slow-adapting fibers from the amphibian papilla. These results indicate that anuran auditory nerve fibers, unlike mammalian auditory nerve fibers, are not homogeneous in their sensitivities to the effects of prior stimulation. PMID- 7085969 TI - An investigation of the validity of high-frequency audition. AB - In this investigation, a masking experiment was utilized to explore the validity of high-frequency audition. Threshold shifts produced by a narrow-band noise with sharp filter slopes and variable center frequency were determined for pure-tone stimuli from 8000 to 14 000 Hz. Subjects were young adults with normal hearing from 250 through 8000 Hz, and with high-frequency thresholds comparable to those obtained in a previously conducted normative survey. After pure-tone thresholds were obtained for each test frequency, a narrow-band masker was presented ipsilateral to the pure-tone stimulus with center frequency equal to the pure tone. The masker was adjusted to an intensity level necessary to shift the pure tone threshold approximately 17 dB. The center frequency of the masker was then decreased in discrete steps with the pure-tone threshold re-established at each step. The experimental results, as demonstrated by release-from-masking functions, are consistent with the expectation of increased masker effectiveness as the center frequency of the masker approximates the test frequency. The findings of this investigation suggest that responses to high-frequency auditory stimulation are the result of high-frequency perception, and not the perception of some lower frequency distortion process. PMID- 7085970 TI - The case of the missing 6 dB. AB - In 1933 data were reported which indicated that thresholds of hearing for frequencies apparently depended upon whether the source was an earphone (MAP) or a loudspeaker (MAF). A decade or so later the same type of discrepancy appeared when loudness balances were made at 100 Hz between an earphone source and a loudspeaker source. In both cases approximately 6 dB more sound pressure level at the eardrum was required when the earphone was the source than when the loudspeaker was the source. Later research added credence fo this paradox, namely, the ear should act as a pressure operated device, and there should be no difference between MAP and MAF; yet a difference seemed to exist. Research reported in abstract form and orally by the author in 1962 and 1963 showed that (a) the difference at threshold was due to physiological noise generated in the ear canal by the earphone-cushion-head combination (and could be eliminated with a special earphone-coupling system), and (b) the suprathreshold differences obtained with loudness balancing were due to a number of subtle procedural and experimental techniques (techniques which could be modified so as to avoid all of the problems of past experimenters). This research is reported here for the first time in full detail. A total of 15 different subjects participated in eight experimental comparisons using three to nine subjects each, with sufficient replications so that most subjects' MAF-MAP and/or loudness differences were determined within 1 or 2 dB at the 95% confidence level. It was often possible to replicate previous results using previous methods, but with the modified methods reported here the average difference across experiments was less than 0.2 dB, and no subject in any experiment exhibited more than a 1.8-dB difference averaged across trials. The case of the missing 6 dB should be considered closed. PMID- 7085971 TI - Frequency discrimination at 1200 Hz in the presence of high-frequency masking noise. AB - To evaluate the possible contribution of high-frequency hearing to frequency discrimination at lower frequencies, pure-tone frequency discrimination tasks at 1200 Hz, with and without high-frequency masking noise, were performed by two highly practiced normal-hearing listeners. Signal levels ranged from 10 to 80 dB SPL. Spectra of the three high-frequency masking noises ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 kHz, from 2.8 to 3.1 kHz, and from 4 to 8 kHz. The frequency difference limen (DLF) intensity functions, describing DLFs as a function of signal level which were obtained in the presence of high-frequency masking noise, were essentially the same as the DLF intensity functions obtained without masking noise. These results indicate that high-frequency hearing is not necessary for acute frequency discriminations at low and at middle frequencies. PMID- 7085972 TI - Transient complex and pure tone pitch changes by adaptation. AB - The effect of pitch adaptation by a complex stimulus was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1, a monaural complex tone pitch change was measured after ipsilateral or contralateral complex stimulus adaptation. While ipsilateral adaptation resulted in pitch changes away from the pitch of the adapting stimulus, no pitch occurred for contralateral adaptation. The precision of pitch matching was reduced by both ipsilateral and contralateral adaptation. Experiment 2 examined whether the complex tone pitch changes in experiment 1 could be accounted for by pitch changes induced in the pure tone components. Results indicated that changes induced in the pure tone components were too small to account for the complex tone shift magnitudes found in experiment 1. These results support a degree of independence of complex tone pitch from the pitches of the pure tone components. Results also supported pitch extractor specialization for a particular ear of stimulus presentation. PMID- 7085973 TI - Dichotic identification of complex sounds: absolute and relative ear advantages. AB - Dichotic identification of a variety of complex sounds was studied in seven listeners. Analysis of individual listeners' scores shows that there are significant individual differences in terms of absolute ear advantage for a given sound, while comparison of such differences across stimuli reveals agreements among individuals as to relative ear advantages, when both magnitude and direction of ear differences are considered. This agreement can be expressed in terms of a "relative ear advantage continuum." The experiments also indicated that ear advantages can show good reliability over as much as six months' time. PMID- 7085974 TI - Speech intelligibility in noise: effects of fluency and hearing protector type. AB - This research investigated the effect of car protectors on the intelligibility of speech in noise. Listeners with normal hearing, high-frequency, and flat loss were tested. Half the subjects in each group were fluent in English and half poorly conversant. Taped lists of 25 words were presented free field under conditions defined by the speech-to-noise ratio, spectrum of noise background, and presence of ear protection. The results showed that intelligibility decreased with speech-to-noise ratio and was poorer in crowd noise than in white noise. The protector had no effect for the normal listener, but caused a substantial decrement in those with impairment. In all groups nonfluency contributed an additional loss of 10% to 20%. Significant differences in performance were noted for different muff and plug types. PMID- 7085975 TI - "Practically perfect pitch": some comments. PMID- 7085976 TI - Practically perfect performance. PMID- 7085977 TI - Identification of synthesized [r-w] continua for adult and child speakers. AB - A continuing problem in speech research is the comparison of phonetically similar but acoustically distinct sounds such as the comparison between adult speech and child speech. This problem is especially important in the remediation of speech disorders. In this study, we focus on this problem as manifested in the disordered production of [r] sounds. Stimuli which varied in F2 and F3 onset frequencies were synthesized to span continua from [r] to [w] for adult, child, and scaled adult (formants 1.5 times adult values) speakers. These stimuli were presented to 18 naive adults for identification as "R"or "W" at three listening sessions to test for stability of category boundaries. Significant shifts in category boundaries were found for all three continua between sessions one and two but not between sessions two and three. Category boundaries in terms of formant frequencies showed significant differences between the adult and childlike continua. Rescaling these values on a psychophysical dimension and adjusting for formant spread brought the category boundaries into close alignment. In free choice testing, synthesized [r] and [w] stimuli were identified by most subjects at least as well as natural [r] and [w] stimuli but synthesized child [r] stimuli were identified by most subject considerably better than natural child [r] stimuli. PMID- 7085978 TI - Synthesis-based recognition of continuous speech. AB - An acoustic phonemic recognition system for continuous speech is presented. The system utilizes both steady-state and transition segments of the speech signal to achieve recognition. The information contained in formant transitions is utilized by the system by using a synthesis-based recognition approach. It is shown that this improves the performance of the system considerably. Recognition of continuous speech is accomplished here in three stages: segmentation, steady state recognition, and synthesis-based recognition. The system has been tried out on 40 test utterances, each 3-4 s in duration, spoken by a single male speaker and the following results are obtained: 5.4% missed segment error, 8.3% extra segment error, 52.3% correct recognition using only steady-state segments, and 62.0% correct recognition using both steady-state and transition segments. PMID- 7085979 TI - Binaural interaction in auditory brainstem responses: theoretical and methodological considerations. PMID- 7085980 TI - A model of the hair cell-primary fiber complex. AB - The proposed model consists of a chain of three energy reservoirs through which energy from an infinite supply is fed to a modulator which in turn drives a firing mechanism. The modulator consists of a variable permeability p that depends on instantaneous basilar displacement a through: p = (a - AO)2 for a greater than AO, and p = O for a less than or equal to AO, where AO is a constant. The firing mechanism consists of a Poisson generator (process) whose average output rate is proportional to energy flow through the modulator, and a classical "leaky integrator" neuronal model driven by the Poisson generator. The model, containing three fixed and eight free parameters, was examined with respect to statistical properties of spontaneous activity, relation between overall firing rate and level of stimulation, various adaptation and recovery phenomena within time ranges from a few milliseconds to several seconds, period histograms for one- and two-tone (phase locked) stimulation, suppression of responses to one tone by subthreshold levels of another (phase locked) tone, and neural masking. Model behavior in general was satisfactory. Deficiencies in single-cycle histograms at medium and high levels, and insufficient onset peaking in PST histograms, were attributed to the malfunctioning of one particular segment of the model, and a possible remedy was suggested. PMID- 7085981 TI - Contralateral and ipsilateral cueing in forward masking. AB - Threshold was measured for a 20-ms, 1-kHz sinusoidal signal following a narrow band noise masker centered at 1 kHz with an overall level of 70 dB SPL. The effect of temporal uncertainty was investigated by providing a broadband, low level noise cue, gated synchronously either with the masker intervals or the signal intervals. The cue could be either in the same ear as the signal-plus masker, or in the opposite ear. In every case the cue produced a reduction in signal threshold, the largest reduction (about 20 dB) occurring when the cue was gated with the masker. The results indicate that in specific conditions, when the signal is similar in quality to the masker (having a similar center frequency and bandwidth), forward masking can involve a high degree os temporal uncertainty. Effects resembling "suppression" can be produced by providing a temporal cue. Adding a 1.2-kHz sinusoid at 90 dB SPL to the masker produced a 10-dB larger reduction in threshold than the noise cue. This greater effect is probably attributable to suppression of the masker by the sinusoid. PMID- 7085982 TI - Auditory filter shapes in forward masking as a function of level. AB - Thresholds were measured for 1-kHz, 5-ms sinusoidal signals following noise maskers with a spectral notch of variable width centered at 1 kHz. In one set of conditions threshold was measured as a function of notch width for three fixed noise levels: 30, 40, and 50 dB SPL/Hz. In order to compensate for the decay of masking, each signal threshold was transformed to the level of a flat-spectrum noise which would give the same masking effect. In a second set of conditions the noise level required for threshold was measured as a function of notch width for three fixed signal levels, separated by 5 dB. The auditory filters derived from the data were essentially the same for the two sets of conditions, and did not vary significantly with masker or signal level. The filters had a mean 3-dB bandwidth of 90 Hz. PMID- 7085983 TI - Forward masking as a function of frequency, masker level, and signal delay. AB - The forward masking of a sinusoidal signal by a sinusoid of the same frequency was investigated for frequencies ranging from 125 to 4000 Hz. Forward masking in dB is proportional to both masker level and log signal delay at each frequency. More forward masking occurs at very low frequencies than at high frequencies, given equal-sensation-level maskers, and masked thresholds are greater at low frequencies than at high frequencies given equal-SPL maskers. The data can be described equally well by assuming that the difference in forward masking as a function of frequency is due to a change in the time course of recovery from masking or to a change in the growth of masking at each signal delay. The frequency effect is not large enough to change the interpretation of forward masking data in studies of suppression or psychophysical tuning curves. PMID- 7085984 TI - Is periodicity detection central? AB - What periodicity is perceived when two different segments of noise, E and F, are alternated dichotically between the ears (Left: EFEFE..; Right FEFEF..)? Earlier work has suggested that for nonfusible signals, preliminary auditory processing is performed separately for the two ears before the results are combined. If so, the perceived period should correspond to the combined lengths of the two segments, since this is the signal that iterates in one ear EF. But if periodicity is detected centrally, the perceived period should be equal to the length of one of the alternated segments (E, F), since each segment presented to one ear is immediately repeated in the other. Subjects compared an alternated sequence with two dichotic iterated sequences. (Left: CCC...; Right: DDD...) in an AXB paradigm, and segment duration was varied between 25 and 400 ms. In one comparison sequence, the iterated segments were equal in duration to the alternated segments (C = D = E = F), and in the other they were twice as long (C = D = E + F). The results show that periodicity is detected separately for the two ears at the shorter durations (nonfusible signals), but becomes central when the segments become long enough for structure to be heard within each segment (i.e, longer than 140-200 ms). PMID- 7085985 TI - The minimum detectable duration of auditory signals for normal and hearing impaired listeners. AB - The minimum detectable duration of a brief burst of noise and a brief gap in a noise were measured by the two-alternative forced-choice method. For all listeners the minimum detectable duration of a burst was shorter than the minimum detectable duration of a gap at equal signal-to-noise ratios. For 12 listeners with normal hearing, the average minimum detectable duration of a burst with a 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio was 1.2 msec, whereas the average of a gap at the same signal-to-noise ratio was 4.2 msec. Nine of ten hearing impaired listeners required longer durations, whether for bursts or gaps, than the average of normal listeners. These nine impaired listeners had slower time constants than any of the normal listeners. Both the rise and decay of auditory sensation in the impaired listeners were therefore abnormally slow. PMID- 7085986 TI - Vowel identification: orthographic, perceptual, and acoustic aspects. AB - This study investigates conditions under which vowels are well recognized and relates perceptual identification of individual tokens to acoustic characteristics. Results support recent finding that isolated vowels may be readily identified by listeners. Two experiments provided evidence that certain response tasks result in inflated error rates. Subsequent experiments showed improved identification in a fixed speaker context, compared with randomized speakers, for isolated vowels and gated centers. Performance was worse for gated vowels, suggesting that dynamic properties (such as duration and diphthongization) supplement steady-state cues. However, even-speaker-randomized gated vowels were well identified (14% errors). Measures of "steady-state information" (formant frequencies and f0), "dynamic information" (formant slopes and duration), and "speaker information" (normalization) were adopted. Discriminant analyses of acoustic measurements indicated relatively little overlap between vowel categories. Using a new technique for relating acoustic measurements of individual tokens with identification by listeners, it is shown that (a) identification performance is clearly related to acoustic characteristics; (b) improvement in the fixed speaker context is correlated with improved statistical separation resulting from formant normalization, for the gated vowels; and (c) "dynamic information" is related to identification differences between full and gated isolated vowels. PMID- 7085988 TI - Duration as a cue to the perception of a phrase boundary. AB - The presence of a phrase boundary is often marked in speech by phrase-final lengthening-a lengthening of the final stressed syllable of the phrase and pause at the phrase boundary. The present study investigates (a) whether listeners use the feature of phrase-final lengthening to parse syntactically ambiguous sentences such as "Kate or Pat and Tony will come," where the position of a phrase boundary after "Kate" represents one meaning, and after "Pat" another meaning, and (b) whether listeners use phrase-final lengthening directly to parse the sentence or indirectly via the effect that phrase-final lengthening has on the rhythm of the feet (the onsets of the stressed syllables) of the sentence. Four experiments are reported in which listeners are asked to judge the meaning of sentences which have been temporally manipulated so that the foot which originally did not contain the crucial phrase boundary is lengthened by (i) inserting a pause at the "false" phrase boundary [experiment I], (ii) inserting a pause and lengthening the final stressed syllable at the "false" phrase boundary [experiments II], (iii) lengthening all segments contained in the foot [experiment III], and (iv) lengthening only the conjunction within the foot [experiment IV]. The results indicate that both rhythm of the inter-stress intervals and the presence of phrase-final lengthening influence listeners' perception of a phrase boundary, although the stress rhythm appears to be the more powerful perceptual cue. PMID- 7085987 TI - Vowel duration as a perceptual cue to postvocalic consonant voicing in young children and adults. AB - Vowel duration is a powerful acoustic cue for adults' perception of postvocalic consonant voicing, but it has not been studied sufficiently in children. The purpose of the present work was to study the development of the use of this duration cue in 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults. The duration of the vowel was varied to construct three stimulus continua (BIP-BIB, POT-POD, BACK-BAG). The subjects, who had normal language, articulation skills, and hearing sensitivity, identified all stimuli from each of the three continua ten times. Significant developmental differences in the perceptual judgments of voicing were demonstrated. These differences were reflected in both the locus of the category boundary and the slope of the identification function. PMID- 7085989 TI - IHC-TM connect-disconnect in relation to sensitization and masking of a HF-tone burst by a LF tone. IV. AB - Evidence continues to accumulate that although the outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea are firmly bonded to the tectorial membrane (TM), the inner hair cells (IHCS) are not. This is the fourth in a series of papers that explores how the idea of a set of disconnected hair cells that "impact" the TM is consistent with psychophysical data. The paper extends the exploration to the masking of high frequency (HF) tone bursts by low-frequency (LF) tones and shows that the model can explain the important features of these complex data. PMID- 7085990 TI - Implications of causality, time-translation invariance, linearity, and minimum phase behavior for basilar membrane response functions. AB - Several implications of the assumptions of causality (C), time-translation invariance (TTI), linearity (L), and minimum phase behavior (MPB) for basilar membrane (BM) frequency-response functions are derived. They are then used to: (1) test the consistency of calculated results for a two-dimensional cochlear model [S. T. Neely, J. Acoust. Soc. Am 69, 1386-1393 (1981)] and (2) check experimental data on the BM displacement/malleus displacement [W, S. Rhode, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 1969-1703 (1980)] for approximate consistency with these assumptions. Both the theoretical model results and experimental cochlear partition response data are in fairly good accord with these assumptions. PMID- 7085991 TI - The phases of basilar-membrane vibrations. PMID- 7085992 TI - Signal and masker uncertainty with noise maskers of varying duration, bandwidth, and center frequency. AB - The detectability of sinusoidal signals added to repeatable noise bursts was measured under conditions of signal-frequency uncertainty and masker-waveform uncertainty. Either source of uncertainty raised thresholds by 2-5 dB over those measured in a fixed-signal, fixed-masker condition, while the combination of both types of uncertainty raised thresholds by 8-12 dB. The magnitude of these elevations are similar to those found in a previous study, which employed maskers composed of random sets of equal-amplitude tones (Spiegel et al., J. Acoust. Soc. AM. 70, 1015-1019 (1981)]. When masker level varied by up to 40 dB between the two intervals of a forced-choice trial, and signal thresholds were elevated by only 2.5 dB. The results support a form of profile analysis in which listeners detect signals by noticing a relative change in the masker spectrum. PMID- 7085993 TI - Some effects of spectral shaping on recognition of speech by hearing-impaired listeners. AB - The effects of spectral shaping on speech recognition were investigated for hearing-impaired listeners with flat and steep audiometric configuration. Three frequency responses were tested: uniform frequency gain, high pass filtering, and a response shaped relative to each subject's loudness discomfort level curve. Speech-recognition performance was measured at four levels (from 80 to 95 dB SPL) using nonsense syllable (NST) and synthetic sentence (SSI) tests, presented against a background of "cafeteria noise." No significant differences in performance on the NST were observed between the two subject groups across all spectral shapes (frequency response) and presentation levels. On the SSI, performance of subjects with flat audiometric configuration was highest using the uniform frequency response, while performance of listeners with steep configuration was poorest for the uniform response. The recognition data were compared with predictions of relative performance using a modification of the Articulation index (AI). The AIs provided accurate estimates of relative performance across spectral shapes but were not consistent with relative performance as a function of presentation level. The results indicate that the selection of spectral shape for optimal performance is influenced by the particular speech task used to test recognition and also suggest that, with further validation, the AI may provide an objective technique for selecting optimal spectral shape. PMID- 7085994 TI - Lip and jaw interaction during speech: responses to perturbation of lower-lip movement prior to bilabial closure. AB - Electrical stimulation was used to produce unexpected, involuntary depression of the lower lip in three normal young adults. Stimulation was timed to begin 500 to 40 ms prior to voice offset in [aep] and (Ip]. Upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements were measured with a strain gauge system. Movements in 104 syllables with lower-lip stimulation were compared to the preceding normal syllable. Both the jaw and upper lip compensated for the involuntary perturbations in lower-lip movement. Compensatory movements did not occur as additional, discrete gestures following stimulation onset, but appeared as an increase in the size of closing movements. Bilabial closure was produced at the typical time (within - 10 to + 20 ms of voice offset) in 68% of the perturbed syllables, but it was delayed (a mean of 61 ms) in the remaining 32%. Neither the incidence nor the magnitude of this delay appeared to be related to the jaw position at stimulation onset or to the time between stimulation onset and voice offset. PMID- 7085995 TI - Acoustic invariance and the perception of place of articulation: a selective adaptation study. AB - Two adaptation experiments were conducted exploring the perception of place of articulation in stop consonants. We hope to determine whether in making a phonetic decision about place of articulation, the perceptual system is sensitive to subtle changes in the fine structure of a CV stimulus (i.e. onset formant frequencies and transition motions) when both the adapting and test stimuli shared the same invariant properties. These invariants are defined in terms of the gross spectral shape at stimulus onset. In the first experiment, the effects of adaptors varying in duration (full CV syllables or shortened CV syllables called onsets), vowel context ([a] versus [i]), onset formant frequencies, and presence or absence of moving transitions were tested on CV [ba da ga] test stimuli. All adaptors contained sufficient information to extract the invariant properties for place of articulation based on spectral shape at consonant release. Results showed that the various onsets did not adapt full CV [ba da ga] test stimuli. In the second experiment, the effects of the onset adaptors were tested on onset CV [ba da ga] test stimuli. Results showed that onsets can adapt an onset place of articulation continuum in a manner similar to place of articulation adaptation using full CV syllables. Further, the fine structure of the stimuli significantly affected the adaptation results. Finally, vowel contingency effects seem to reflect differences in onset frequencies of the consonants in CV syllables rather than the steady-state frequencies of the following vowels. PMID- 7085996 TI - Monaural and binaural speech perception in reverberation for listeners of various ages. AB - The Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) was processed through a room (volume 165 m3, reverberation time T = 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 s). For both binaural and monaural earphone listening the tests were recorded with a manikin (Kemar) and equalization filters to compensate for the ear canal effect. Six groups of subjects, ten subjects each, had mean ages of 10, 27, 42, 54, 64 and 72 years and average hearing threshold levels. HTLs (for 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) of 2.7, 5.6, 6.0, 10.9, 14.4, 17.5 dB, respectively. The individual scores for the MRT without reverberation were between 90% and 100% at 70 dB SPL. Children and the elderly required from 10 to 20 dB higher SPLs than young adults to obtain maximum scores. An analysis of variance showed that all the main effects: T, age, and monaural versus binaural listening were significant. The scores declined with T for all ages. The best scores were obtained by the young adults (27 year olds). The binaural scores were about 5% better than monaural scores. Factors contributing to the results and practical implications for amplification are discussed. PMID- 7085997 TI - Symposium proceedings on occupational immunologic lung disease. February 25, 1982, Washington, D. C. PMID- 7085998 TI - Evaluation of the patient for occupational immunologic lung disease. AB - Careful evaluation of the worker patient is essential to detect occupational immunologic disease (OILD) and to define the source of the illness. The history is essential, especially in view of the temporal relationships between symptoms and exposure: the presence of variable latent periods between exposure and symptoms must be considered. Once OILD is suspected, additional evaluation is of value. Physical examination may be normal or may detect features of asthma or interstitial disease, depending on the stage of the illness. Chest x-ray evaluation may also reflect the type and stage of illness. Serologic studies may detect precipitating antibodies against environmental antigens. Skin tests with common antigens are useful in detecting an atopic background. Environmental studies may reveal particular antigens in the form of fungi, thermophilic actinomycetes, or chemicals that are volatile, soluble, or could be aerosolized. Pulmonary function studies before and after the work shift or after a period of avoidance may provide clues as to the environmental nature of the illness. Bronchopulmonary challenge with occupational environmental materials may be valuable in obtaining a definitive diagnosis. Therapy of OILD depends on the worker's response, degree of illness, and feasibility of avoidance of protection. PMID- 7086000 TI - Immunology and immunopathology of trimellitic anhydride pulmonary reactions. AB - Inhaled trimellitic anhydride (TMA) reacts with airway proteins to produce trimellityl (TM) proteins. THe TM-proteins result in both systemic and local immune responses, of which various proteins present in the airway can be used for markers. Thus TM-human serum albumin (HSA), TM-IgG, and TM-IgA can be used as hapten-protein complexes for immunologic studies in sera of humans exposed to TMA by inhalation. Various immunologic assays have been established to measure antibodies against TM-proteins and have various purposes. With TM-HSA as a model antigen, total serum antibody may be measured by the ammonium sulfate technique of coprecipitation of TM-125I HSA. By solid-phase radioimmunoassays, IgE, IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies can be measured. Lymphocyte reactivity can be measured by 3H thymidine uptake of TM-protein-stimulated lymphocytes. Biological effects of IgE antibody can be measured by allergy skin tests and leukocyte histamine release with TM-proteins such as TM-HSA. The reaction of TMA with proteins results in alteration of those proteins that include changes in charge and physical conformation, the latter resulting in an apparent change in molecular size. These changes may relate to the observations that human antibody is not merely directed against the hapten in the hapten-human protein complex but also against new antigenic determinants formed by the TM-protein complex. Correlations have been made with certain human immunologic responses and lung disease after TMA inhalation, as follows: IgE antibody against TM-proteins correlates with TMA induced rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma; high levels of total antibody, IgG, and IgA antibody appear to correlate with the late respiratory systemic syndrome, probably a variant of hypersensitivity pneumonitis; workers exposed to TMA fumes (rather than TMA powder) have the highest levels of antibody, and this may correlate with occurrence of the hemorrhagic pneumonitis seen in this group of workers; patients with no symptoms or mild irritative symptoms have the lowest or no antibody levels. The immunopathogenetic relationships may be better understood with the further development of animal models to TMA lung disease now available. PMID- 7085999 TI - Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimellitic anhydride workers in multiple industrial settings. AB - This article described our clinical and immunologic experience in assessing workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) in three industrial settings. Since 1977 we have had engaged in a prospective study of workers involved at the site of manufacture of TMA. These studies demonstrate that serologic measurements of total antibody to trimellityl human serum albumin (TM-HSA) and IgE antibody to TM-HSA are predictive of the development of an immunologically mediated respiratory illness and are useful in monitoring workers removed from TMA exposure, in identifying asymptomatic workers who may be at risk in the future, and in defining the nature of sensitization of the work force. In a different industrial setting, we have been able to study workers who mixed previously manufactured TMA powder with epoxy resins. This study indicated that clinical assessments by a plant physician with a standardized questionnaire, along with serologic tests, could establish the presence or absence of an immunologic respiratory illness caused by the inhalation of TMA dust. In a third industrial situation, workers were exposed to both TMA and phthalic anhydride (PA). Here workers were interviewed by a local physician with minimal experience with TMA related respiratory illness. In this situation a more detailed questionnaire was utilized, along with serologic tests utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to establish the presence of a TMA- or PA-related syndrome. Immunologic studies demonstrated in workers exposed to both TMA and PA that the antibody responses elicited showed little crossreactivity between antibodies directed against TM-HSA or PA-HSA. PMID- 7086002 TI - Infiltrative lung disease hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PMID- 7086001 TI - Measurement of airborne antigens. PMID- 7086003 TI - The evaluation of occupational airways disease in the laboratory and workplace. AB - Occupational immunologic lung disease can be identified both in the individual patient under laboratory conditions and in a population of workers in industry. Occupational airways disorder is the most common occupational immunologic pulmonary process and is a disease of the airways caused by the inhalation of a substance or material that the worker manufactures or uses directly or that is incidentally present at the worksite. There are several occupational airways disorders, including industrial bronchitis, occupational asthma, and reactive airways disease syndrome, the latter two of which will be discussed more thoroughly. Occupational asthma can be appropriately identified when the following are present (1) typical symptoms, i.e., wheeze, cough, shortness of breath, and/or chest tightness; (2) specific identification of the offending agent; (3) documentation that the agent can cause asthma; (4) wheezes on physical examination; (5) pulmonary function changes; (6) immunologic abnormalities; (7) airway hyperreactivity; and (8) positive bronchial challenge with specific material. The diagnosis of occupational airways disorder requires a comprehensive approach, including clinical history, physiologic measurements, immunologic testing, and identification of airway hyperreactivity. By this approach both individual subjects and working populations can be studied. PMID- 7086004 TI - The industrial physician and occupational lung disease. AB - Prevention and management of chronic occupational illnesses requires that they first be recognized as such. This appears to be particularly difficult in the case of occupational lung disease and doubly so in the case of occupational immunologic lung disease. It took years to recognize asbestosis, byssinosis, and other chronic lung diseases as being occupational in origin. Trimellitic anhydride is particularly interesting in that it took a variety of purely clinical perceptions to arouse the suspicion that an immunologic response was involved. Increased cooperation of industry managements, occupational physicians, and researchers can lead to the elucidation of causes, which, in turn, can led to the goals we all share, the discovery, the treatment, and, even better, the prevention of disease. PMID- 7086005 TI - Food use and perceived food meanings of the elderly. AB - Food use frequency and food perception analyses were used to assess food use patterns of non-institutionalized, subjectively healthy seniors, aged 65 to 77 years and living alone. The majority of the sample maintained variety and nutritional balance in food selection; the women showed greater use several items, particularly fruits and vegetables. Tea, whole wheat bread, eggs, coffee, potatoes, margarine, carrots, and orange juice ranked highest in the core food list. Perceived taste and health beliefs were strong motives in food selection. PMID- 7086006 TI - Mineral contents of selected pre-prepared food sampled in a hospital food service line. AB - Twenty-four pre-prepared foods sampled as served at the VA hospital in Tacoma, Washington, were analyzed for contents of nine minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and phosphorus). Samples were taken at three different times during the menu cycle. There were significant differences among the three monthly sampling times for nearly all minerals. Variation by month was partly attributed to varying proportions of food components in mixed food samples received in the food service line and to different manufacturers, food lots, and sources of raw materials. Two prepared foods labeled "low-sodium" contained 36 to 43 percent as much sodium as the comparable "regular" foods. PMID- 7086007 TI - Development of a dietary intake monitoring system for nursing homes. PMID- 7086008 TI - Consumer acceptability of ground venison. AB - The acceptability of ground venison was evaluated by 91 consumers. Four meat patties were formulated: 100 percent beef, 100 venison, 50 percent venison/50 percent beef, and 50 percent venison/50 percent pork. The four patties received similar acceptability scores, except that the all-venison patty was less juicy and had a stronger game flavor. Mixing venison with beef or pork in a patty with about 18 percent fat increased the juiciness and decreased the game flavor. Mixing ground venison with ground beef or pork could make venison more palatable to consumers. PMID- 7086009 TI - Direction for nutrition education determined by target group segmentation. AB - Target group segmentation was carried out on the basis of data from a Dutch national survey concerning knowledge of, attitudes toward, and behavior concerning cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives were to characterize those persons with less desirable dietary practices and to seek clues for directing nutrition education to them or the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Results of the study indicated that nutrition education should be directed primarily toward men 18 to 44 years of age, with large families, in the lower socioeconomic strata, and with food practices that are least in accord with the dietary recommendations. The education methods should include television programs as well as group counseling or face-to-face instruction directed at young families. PMID- 7086011 TI - Amino acid content of low-protein recipes. PMID- 7086012 TI - Soft drink consumption, phosphorus intake, and osteoporosis. PMID- 7086010 TI - Practitioners view dietetic roles for the 1980s. AB - A study was conducted among practitioners in Pennsylvania to obtain their opinions concerning essential entry-level competencies and those that they considered necessary when hiring and entry-level dietitian, and to determine how they felt about role specialization at the entry level or practice. The competencies identified as most critical for the entry-level dietitian were: (a) an understanding of the managerial processes of planning, organizing leading, evaluating, and controlling and their relationship to the management of human, material, and financial resources; (b) an understanding of the process, functions, and interrelationships of various systems of the human body; and (c) an ability to integrate knowledge of biological, social, and professional sciences into a comprehensive concept of human nutrition. A strong knowledge base, essential for the entry-level generalist, was indicated in the following areas: nutrition and disease, normal nutrition, food selection and planning, and food production systems. There was a perceived need for academic institutions to train both specialists and generalists in the 1980s. PMID- 7086014 TI - A dietary survey of 14 Wisconsin nursing homes. AB - The nutrient content of meals planned for and consumed by residents of 14 Wisconsin nursing homes was determined. Menus were low in energy, niacin, magnesium, zinc, vitamin B6, and total folate. Intakes of those nutrients and nine others were also low for a large proportion of the population. Approximately 30 percent of the men and women consumed fewer than 1,200 kcal. It is recommended that nursing homes should; (a) use a food plan which meets the nutrient needs for a broad range of energy intakes and (b) periodically monitor dietary patterns to detect those residents who consume inadequate diets. PMID- 7086013 TI - Social-psychological factors in the dietary quality of married and single elderly. AB - The objective of this study was to examine the social-psychological correlates of diet quality of elderly married couples and elderly single women. The social psychological factors included: personality, social interaction, and social influence variables. Eighty-two married couples (164 respondents) and 69 single women were randomly selected and interviewed. It was found that social influence variables were more important factors in determining quality of diet than either personality or social interaction variables. The elderly single women's higher quality diet was associated with more reliable sources of influence than those of the elderly married, a condition attributed to the independence and competencies required by their single living arrangements. For married couples, role dissatisfaction had negative consequences for wives' diets, and husbands' involvement in family food decisions had positive consequences for their own diet quality. PMID- 7086016 TI - Hospital dietitians in mid-career. II. Continuing education experiences and plans. AB - An objective of continuing education is to assist in maintaining professional competency. This research examined continuing education experiences and plans of hospital dietitians in mid-career in three practice areas: administrative, general, and clinical dietetics. Data were collected on continuing education hours accumulated, attendance at professional dietetic meetings, time devoted to professional reading, topics of seminars attended, and plans for graduate study. Data indicated that mid-career hospital dietitians specialize in one area of dietetic practice and attempt to maintain their competence in that area through continuing education. PMID- 7086015 TI - Hospital dietitians in mid-career, I. Career patterns, interests, and aspirations. AB - Mid-career hospital dietitians in three practice areas (administrative, clinical, and general) had the most professional experience in their present practice area. The clinical and administrative dietitians expressed interest in remaining in positions within their present practice area, while many of the generalists were interested in becoming a director or a head clinical dietitian. Ultimate professional objectives also tended to be within present practice areas. PMID- 7086017 TI - Continuing professional learning: involvement and opinions of dietitians. AB - A survey of 194 registered dietitians employed full-time in the Chicago metropolitan area was conducted to determine the nature and extent of continuing professional learning. A total of 22,809 hours of continuing professional learning was reported by respondents during a six-month period, a mean of 117.6 hours per dietitian or 19.6 hours monthly. Significantly more hours were devoted to activities not eligible for Commission on Dietetic Registration continuing education credit (e.g., self-initiated learning and inservice education) than to activities which were eligible. An advanced degree was the best predictor of participation in continuing professional learning. The majority of dietitians believed that their continuing education needs were being met from a variety of sources. PMID- 7086018 TI - Clinical nutritional assessment: a two-month evaluation. PMID- 7086019 TI - Self-assessment: a quality assurance tool. PMID- 7086020 TI - Snack and beverage preferences of university students. PMID- 7086021 TI - Geriatric psychiatry in the emergency department: characteristics of geriatric and non-geriatric admissions. AB - A study was made of the Emergency Department records of 49 elderly (65 years old or older) and 49 middle-aged (40-64 years old) patients seen in an urban hospital's psychiatric emergency service. The data were compared for demographic and admission information, psychiatric treatment history, presenting complaints, symptoms, diagnoses, and final disposition status. For the elderly patients, the referral was more likely to be their first contact with psychiatric treatment, and they were more likely to be referred (accompanied) by family or friends than to be self-referred. Among the middle-aged patients, "substance abuse" (e.g., drugs, alcohol) disorders and schizophrenic disorders were more common. The elderly, however, were much more likely to be regarded as having an organic brain syndrome of unspecified cause (34.7 per cent vs 0). Access to treatment was fairly consistent for both groups as measured by the hospital's priority code, total time spent in the emergency department, and final disposition. These results raise important issues concerning the unique psychosocial characteristics and psychiatric treatment needs of elderly patients. This applies particularly to the emergency-department medical clearance of elderly patients with symptoms of organic brain syndrome. PMID- 7086023 TI - Shoulder Subluxation in elderly inpatients. AB - Examination of the plain chest radiographs of 300 patients consecutively admitted to a department of geriatric medicine revealed that 16 patients had subluxation of the shoulder. Subluxation and excursion of the humeral head were measured, and the results were correlated with with the range of movement and the ability to perform the activities of daily living. No significant relationship was found, but there was a tendency toward increased impairment of movement with increased excursion. The causes of shoulder subluxation include rheumatoid arthritis and previous injury, but subluxation may be no more than a reflection of the aging process, lax musculature, or an intrinsic mild abnormality of the joint structure. As it is of little practical significance, treatment should be undertaken only in the presence of troublesome pain. PMID- 7086022 TI - Geriatric sexual dysfunction: a case survey. AB - This study examines questionnaire data obtained from a group of older persons with sexual dysfunction mistakenly referred through a newspaper column. These 35 respondents (28 men, seven women) were characterized by age (43-82 years), symptomatic sexual problems, and a willingness to write about them. They were chiefly men had varying degrees of erectile failure and were negatively affected by the development of their problems. Two thirds had consulted a physician. The older subjects were more likely to be abstinent, to have total erectile failure (if men), to have known their physicians only a short time, and to describe their physicians as uninterested or pessimistic. Couples involving a medically ill wife couples married for a long time, and couples who defined sexuality in a nonaffective way were less affected by the development of sexual difficulties. A small group of older men had become impotent because of prolonged abstinence related to lengthy illness of their wives. These findings indicate that some physicians show an age-related bias in treating such patients; some contributory factors are outlined. The data may help clinicians in their counseling of such patients and in the identification of certain subgroups at risk. Directions are suggested for further systematic research. PMID- 7086024 TI - Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in the elderly. PMID- 7086025 TI - Clinical features that predict potentially reversible progressive intellectual deterioration. PMID- 7086027 TI - Valvular heart disease in the elderly. PMID- 7086026 TI - Social and psychologic correlates of problem drinking in old age. AB - A study of the drinking behavior of 928 noninstitutional residents of Boston, aged 60 or older, showed that 53 per cent drinks; and 6 per cent, two or more drinks. Nine subjects (1 per cent) were self-reported problem drinkers, and another 31 (3 per cent) reported that drinking had diminished the quality of their lives. Problem drinkers and those with alcohol-related problems were likely to be young-old native-born men. They were less likely to be satisfied with their relationships with family members, spouses, and close friends. All problem drinkers had long-term drinking problems. Most had sought treatment, but only one was being treated at the time of the study. The data suggest that current theories do not adequately explain late-life problem drinking and that current initiatives do not adequately address the needs of the elderly population at large. PMID- 7086028 TI - Establishment of a geriatrics curriculum. PMID- 7086029 TI - Ethical aspects of primary preventive measures among the institutionalized elderly. AB - For the interested physician, the primary prevention of medical illness is often considered a luxury or an optional exercise. This report illustrates the position that physicians caring for the institutionalized elderly have a strong ethical and perhaps legal obligation to institute primary preventive strategies, in view of their responsibilities for total care of the patient. As an example related to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, primary preventive strategies directed at cigarette smoking and immobilization appear to be clearly indicated. The absence of preventive strategies could be construed as acceptance of intervention designed to increase morbidity and mortality. PMID- 7086030 TI - Organic mental impairment. PMID- 7086031 TI - Antiabortion measures loom before congress. PMID- 7086032 TI - Medical school and women over 30. PMID- 7086033 TI - Four-letter words to avoid. PMID- 7086034 TI - On stage, actor or physician. PMID- 7086035 TI - Alcoholic ketoacidosis: a review of 30 cases. PMID- 7086036 TI - Menopause: midlife crisis or milestone-marker? PMID- 7086037 TI - Pregnancy during residency: attitudes and policies. PMID- 7086038 TI - Close encounters of the podiatric kind. PMID- 7086039 TI - The sclerodermatous foot. PMID- 7086040 TI - Necrotizing fasciitis. A literature review. PMID- 7086042 TI - A new surgical technique for the correction of Freiberg's deformity. PMID- 7086043 TI - Morton's neuroma. Preliminary report on neurectomy via transverse plantar incision. PMID- 7086041 TI - Extensor hallucis tendons of normal and hallux abducto valgus feet. PMID- 7086044 TI - A treatment for postsurgical hallux varus. PMID- 7086045 TI - The effects of ultrasonic energy on the physical properties of silastic. PMID- 7086046 TI - Displaced V-osteotomies. A case report. PMID- 7086047 TI - Solitary osteochondroma of a metatarsal. A case report. PMID- 7086048 TI - Hallux interphalangeal arthrodesis. PMID- 7086050 TI - Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the fifth metatarsal: a case report. PMID- 7086049 TI - The evaluation of natural substances in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis. PMID- 7086051 TI - Manual dexterity: its importance in podiatry. PMID- 7086052 TI - Ulceration in the neurotrophic foot of Hansen's disease. PMID- 7086053 TI - Lixiscope: a podiatric evaluation. PMID- 7086054 TI - Myotonia dystrophia: a case report. PMID- 7086056 TI - Neurilemmoma of the foot: a case report. PMID- 7086057 TI - Prurigo nodularis: as association with uremia. PMID- 7086058 TI - Melanoma of the foot: a case report. PMID- 7086055 TI - Lower extremity manifestation of sclerodermatomyositis: a case report. PMID- 7086059 TI - The shoe counter and the foot. PMID- 7086060 TI - New polyacrylamide matrices for drift-free isoelectric focusing. AB - The major cause for pH gradient decay and cathodic drift during isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels has been found to be electroendo-osmotic flow generated by fixed charges in the gel matrix. These changes have the following causes: (a) trace impurities of acrylic acid in the co-monomers; (b) covalent incorporation of catalysts (persulphate and riboflavin 5'-phosphate) as terminal groups in polyacrylamide chains; (c) hydrolysis of amide groups to acrylic acid in the gel layer underneath the cathodic filter paper strip. The result of these fixed negative charges in the matrix is a movement of counter-ions with hydration water towards the cathode (i.e. electroendo-osmosis) with concomitant drift of pH gradient and focused protein zones in the same direction. It is impossible to cure the cathodic drift by increasing the pH of the anolyte, or decreasing the pH of the catholyte, or both, as previously suggested. One way to reduce the cathodic drift efficiently is to incorporate covalently in the matrix tertiary or quaternary groups (3-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide) in stoichiometric amounts as compared with the negative charges. This 'balanced' polyacrylamide displays zero drift for at least 5000 V.h, which is considered to be an ample time for equilibrium separation of protein species in isoelectric focusing. PMID- 7086061 TI - A simple and reliable method for the drying of polyacrylamide slab gels. PMID- 7086063 TI - A simple calculation method to approximate isokinetic density gradients. PMID- 7086062 TI - Determination of radioactive proline and hydroxyproline by a simple paper chromatographic procedure. AB - A simple method to separate and determine radioactive proline and hydroxyproline by paper chromatography is described. The localization of the imino acids after separation is achieved by direct nondestructive staining with 1-fluoro-2,4 dinitrobenzene dye. The imino acids are quantitated directly by liquid scintillation counting in the presence of paper strips. The method was applied to bone cultures with good reproducibility, sensitivity and linearity over a wide range of radioactivity. The procedure was also tested in fibroblast cultures. The results for hydroxyproline were in good correlation with the widely used method of Juva and Prockop (Juva, K. and Prockop, D.J. (1966) Anal. Biochem. 15, 77-83), in which hydroxyproline is oxidized to pyrrole, and then extracted and purified by column chromatography before counting radioactivity. PMID- 7086064 TI - Thermosensitive afferent fibers in the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in the guinea pig. AB - Afferent discharges were recorded from the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. It was revealed that some afferent fibers were sensitive to an increase in liver temperature and that their Q10 values lay between 4 and 16. These thermosensitive fibers failed to respond to mechanical stimulations applied to the liver. The other types of afferent fibers in this nerve such as an osmosensitive one did not respond to thermal stimulation. These data support the existence of a thermosensitive structure in the liver which may possibly contribute to maintain thermal homeostasis. PMID- 7086065 TI - Loss of supersensitivity of the cat eye to carbachol at prolonged periods after ciliary ganglionectomy. AB - Adult female cats (2.4-2.8 kg) underwent surgical removal of the left ciliary ganglion under pentobarbital anesthesia. Twenty-one, 560 and 616 days later, pupil size of both left and right (control) eyes was measured in response to progressively increasing doses of carbachol applied topically. By 21 days after denervation, ganglionectomized eyes showed marked supersensitivity to the miotic effects of pilocarpine and carbachol. By 560 days, however, responsiveness of the denervated eyes to lower and intermediate doses of carbachol was the same as that of contralateral control eyes, while responsiveness to higher doses was significantly reduced. Responsiveness to both lower and higher doses of carbachol was significantly less than that of the controls on the 616th day. Ganglionectomized eyes showed no pupillary response to light 14, 562, or 620 days after surgery. Histochemical analysis of iris tissue collected from eyes of these cats 720 days after ganglion removal revealed an almost complete absence of acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve fibers on the denervated side. These findings indicate that the return to normal or lower sensitivity to carbachol of denervated eyes at prolonged periods after ciliary ganglion removal is not due to significant cholinergic reinnervation of the iris sphincter muscle. PMID- 7086066 TI - Effects of ketamine and Althesin Anesthesia on baroreceptor--heart rate reflex and hemodynamics of intact and pontine rabbits. AB - The changes in baroreceptor-heart rate reflex properties and in hemodynamics produced by light ketamine anesthesia were studied in one group of rabbits before and after infracollicular decerebration and those produced by althesin anesthesia in another group. Ketamine produced marked depression of baroreceptor reflex mediated vagal effects on heart rate which was of similar magnitude in intact and pontine decerebrate rabbits; this indicates that its action was largely at or below the pons. Althesin produced much less vagal depression than ketamine in the intact rabbit but in pontine rabbits the depression was greatly enhanced. The smaller vagal depression in the intact rabbit appears to be due to a facilitatory effect through a suprapontine pathway by Althesin which partially masks its depressant effect below the pons. In the intact rabbit ketamine produced a greater rise in blood pressure than Althesin anesthesia for 1 h; the greater pressor response was due to a transient rise in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and a sustained rise in cardiac output. The difference in the blood pressure responses was mainly due to differences in action of the two anesthetics at or below the pons and only the transient rise in TPR during ketamine anesthesia was mediated through a suprapontine pathway. PMID- 7086067 TI - Myenteric neurons express electrophysiological and morphological diversity in tissue culture. AB - Intracellular recordings were taken from neurons of the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig caecum grown in tissue culture. Subsequently horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the same neurons for examination by light and electron microscopy. Neurons showed a variety of electrophysiological responses, including S- and AH-cell type behavior, similar to those reported for myenteric neurons in situ, and depolarization to iontophoresis of acetylcholine. Neurons resembling Dogiel type I, type II and intermediate forms, and nerve varicosities which contained small agranular, large granular or large opaque vesicles were observed. PMID- 7086068 TI - Afferent and efferent components of the bronchial vagal branches in cats. AB - The composition of the bronchial branches of the vagus nerves was studied in cats using light and electron microscopy. In order to determine the number and the diameter of fibers in the afferent and the efferent components, a unilateral efferent vagotomy was performed. The myelinated and the non-myelinated fibers were counted from the total nerve area and the endoneural area of each one was measured by means of a computer. Composition of "afferent" bronchial nerves (after degeneration following the efferent vagotomy) was compared to that of "entire" nerves. The main results are: (1) efferent fibers represent about 40% of the "entire" bronchial nerve; (2) non-myelinated fibers constitute more than 90% of the total population of the "entire" nerves as well as of the efferent component; (3) the density of myelinated and non-myelinated fibers (i.e. their number per surface unit) was similar in all nerves. However, there were discrepancies between diameter histograms established from different areas of a section. This feature seems to be due to preferential compartmentalization by Schwann cell envelopment of fibers having comparable diameter. This "packing effect" was observed in both efferent and afferent components. PMID- 7086069 TI - Renal and cutaneous vasomotor and respiratory rate adjustments to peripheral cold and warm stimuli and to bacterial endotoxin in conscious rabbits. AB - In conscious rabbits peripheral cold stimuli decreased respiratory rate and increased cutaneous vasomotor tone while simultaneously renal sympathetic nervous discharge decreased. Peripheral warm stimuli produced the reverse pattern of autonomic effector activity. Injection of a bacterial endotoxin at warm ambient temperature elicited a biphasic fever response. Within the first 60 min cutaneous vasomotor tone increased, simultaneously renal sympathetic activity decreased. Therefore, ear skin vessels dilated and renal sympathetic activity increased by about 100%. Respiratory rate remained depressed during both fever phases. Renal blood flow was investigated in a second series of experiments and showed a negative stimulation but only in the first phase of fever. The results show that renal innervation is involved in the typical thermoregulatory autonomic activity pattern by which temperature homeostasis is preserved. The vasomotor patterns of cold and heat stress developing during fever are compatible with the concept of a changed set-point of the body thermostat. The depressed respiratory rate and the lack of the renal vascular response to the increased nervous activity during the second fever phase and their reversal to normal after acetylsalicylate (ASA) indicate the participation of prostaglandins modifying peripheral and central neurotransmitter mechanisms. PMID- 7086070 TI - A model for investigating the effect of drugs on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in man. AB - A model for assessing the effect of sympatholytic drugs on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in man is described. Guanethidine, a sympatholytic drug, and the vehicle have been used to explore the model which is based on the Bier block. Sympathetic activity was assessed by measuring: (i) palmar sweating; (ii) skin temperature; (iii) radial/brachial pressure index; (iv) hand blood flow; and (v) vasoconstrictor ice response of hand blood flow. Neither the tourniquet nor the vehicle had any effect on sympathetic activity whereas guanethidine produced significant changes in skin temperature (P less than 0.05), hand blood flow (P less than 0.001) and the vasoconstrictor ice response (P less than 0.002), illustrating the usefulness of the model. PMID- 7086071 TI - Number of neurons and dexamethasone-induced SIF cells in developing sympathetic ganglia and in intraocular ganglion transplants. AB - Daily dexamethasone (DM) injections to newborn rats caused in a week an increase in the number of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the superior cervical ganglion to a value 9 times that in the ganglia of saline-treated controls. The number of SIF cells (per ganglion) decreased in another week both in ganglia transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of an adult rat and in intact ganglia of rats allowed to live for another week after discontinuation of the DM treatment. However, in both cases the number of SIF cells was significantly higher than that in the newborn rat ganglia. The number of SIF cells also decreased in transplanted ganglia from saline-treated controls, the number of SIF cells in transplants from DM-treated rats being 10 times as high as that in the transplants from saline-treated rats. The SIF cells formed large clusters in transplants from DM-treated rats and their density (cells/mm3) was significantly higher than that in the ganglia left in situ for one week after discontinuation of the DM treatment. Therefore, visual examination suggested that there is little or no loss of SIF cells due to transplantation. The transplantation caused an over 90% loss of neurons and a marked decrease in ganglion volume. PMID- 7086072 TI - Electrical slow waves in guinea-pig myenteric neurons. PMID- 7086073 TI - Exocrine protein secretion from human parotid glands during aging: stable release of the acidic proline-rich proteins. AB - Exocrine protein secretion from stimulated human parotid glands was examined in 220 adults, 20 to 88 years old. A group of parotid proteins, the anionic proline rich proteins (PRP), was used as a marker for studying protein exocytosis. Data were evaluated as the salivary concentration of PRP (mg%), the percentage of total parotid salivary protein represented by the PRP and as total PRP output (mg/min). No differences were observed in the ability of different-aged males and females to secrete this group of exocrine secretory proteins. PMID- 7086074 TI - Methodologically critical interactions of circadian rhythm, sex, and aging characterize serum aldosterone and the female adrenopause. AB - Nine 20- to 26-year-old and ten 70- to 78-year-old diurnally active, nocturnally resting women in Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany, gave blood at 0700, 1000, 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200 for radioimmunoassay of aldosterone. Single and population-mean cosinors were applied. A multivariate analysis of circadian rhythm characteristics revealed effects of age on the amplitude (p = .003) but not the mesor of aldosterone in women (i.e., the age effect could only be detected at certain circadian times but not at others). No change with age was found for concomitantly sampled men. Statistically significant interactions among circadian time, age, and sex (p = .001) establish the adrenocorticopause in women and suggest that it may occur earlier in women than in men, in keeping with similar results on serum cortisol in the same subjects. This phenomenon awaits scrutiny from the viewpoint of its bearing on longevity and life quality. These results also indicate the importance of assessing chronobiological characteristics. PMID- 7086075 TI - Mathematical models predicting clonal senescence of WI-38 cells. PMID- 7086076 TI - Lipofuscin accumulation and hibernation in the Turkish hamster, Mesocricetus brandti. AB - This report is based on previous data that showed that Turkish hamsters that hibernated lived longer than nonhibernating controls. Fluorescent microscopy was used to measure the lipofuscin content of brain and heart of hamsters that hibernated for various fractions of their lives. According to regression data the 13 animals that hibernated 11 to 37% of their lives had a slower accumulation of lipofuscin than 11 animals that hibernated 0 to 7% of their lives. It was calculated that the total amount of pigment accumulated during a life span was the same in both groups, in spite of the longer life of the hibernators. PMID- 7086077 TI - Age at onset of Pick's and Alzheimer's dementia: implications for diagnosis and research. AB - The ages at onset of illness for 39 cases of Pick's and 201 cases of Alzheimer's dementia from two series of unselected cases are presented and analyzed. The frequency of Pick's disease peaks in the sixth decade of life and then decreases, whereas Alzheimer's dementia increases steadily through adult life. At least to age 70 years Pick's and other disorders that cannot reliably be separated from Alzheimer's dementia except by autopsy comprise a significant proportion of dementias. Neuropathological diagnoses are essential for most research in dementing illnesses. PMID- 7086078 TI - An analysis of age differences in immediate recall. PMID- 7086080 TI - Frequency judgments by young and elderly adults for relevant stimuli with simultaneously present irrelevant stimuli. AB - Young and elderly adults judged the frequency of occurrence of right words (relevant information) and wrong words (irrelevant information) that had varying numbers of exposure in a multiple-item recognition learning study list. Elderly adults gave lower frequency values to right words than did young adults but only when each right word was accompanied by more than one wrong word in the study list. This outcome was attributed to an age difference in the distractability created by the presence of irrelevant sources of information. By contrast no age difference was found for the frequency judgments given to wrong words, words that presumably are processed at a superficial level by elderly adults as well as young adults. PMID- 7086079 TI - Free associations of older adults to single words and conceptually related word triads. AB - Verbal free association responses were elicited to 56 single-word stimuli and 30 triads of conceptually related words from 95 older adults (52 to 90 years) and 31 younger adults (23 to 49). For single words, the distribution of paradigmatic and syntagmatic associations was similar for the older and younger samples; multiple regression analysis indicated that, although vocabulary scores were a good predictor of type of response, age was not. Specific responses to single words were similar for older and younger adults; there was some evidence of a slight reduction in commonality of associations with aging. For triad stimuli, the levels of responses reflecting shared membership in a natural category or a shared characteristic (sensory) feature were similar for younger and older adults; again vocabulary scores consistently predicted such responses, but age did not. PMID- 7086081 TI - Age-related effects of pacing on acquisition and performance of response sequences: an operant analysis. AB - Single-subject methods were used to study response speed in three younger men (M = 22 years) and three older men (M = 71 years). Monetary reinforcement depended on predetermined sequences of 10 responses. Training sessions consisted of alternating components; in one the sequence changed each session, but in the other the sequence never changed. During self-paced sessions stable patterns of acquisition (increasing rates of sequence completion, decreasing error rates) and of performance (uniform rates) emerged in the two components. During paced sessions responses had to occur within an interval ranging from .5 to 3 sec across conditions. Pacing had little effect on the younger men but disrupted the behavior of the older men, with increases in both omission and commission errors. Acquisition of new sequences was disrupted far more than performance of the established sequence. In both cases, however, the older men adjusted to pacing over the course of most sessions. PMID- 7086082 TI - Age differences in the use of coping mechanisms. AB - Two cross-sectional studies are reported, which attempt to assess the influence of age on the use of 28 coping mechanisms. In the first study 255 men and women, aged 24 to 91 years, completed a questionnaire describing their coping efforts in response to a recent life event categorized by the investigator as either a loss, a threat, or a challenge. In the second study 150 persons, aged 21 to 90 years, completed a shortened version of the questionnaire in response to three separate stresses that they selected. Results showed that the older people in this sample coped in much the same way as younger people and that, where they employed different mechanisms, it appeared to be largely because of the different types of stress they face. However, middle-aged and older persons were consistently less inclined than younger persons to rely on hostile reaction and escapist fantasy, regardless of type of stress. PMID- 7086083 TI - Age preferences of older adults in relationships important to their life satisfaction. AB - This study was an investigation of age preferences of older adults (ages 61 to 89 years) for individuals with whom a relationship may potentially affect life satisfaction. Initially, nine older persons sorted photographs into categories by age and attractiveness. Photographs of young, middle-aged, and old adults (ages from early 20s to early 70s) controlled for sex and attractiveness were then rated by 33 additional older persons in relationships based on factors important to quality of life. The older adults in this study showed preferences for old and middle-aged individuals. These preferences were more pronounced for independent (coping) as opposed to interdependent (expressive) relationships. PMID- 7086084 TI - Achievement attributions by young and old judges as a function of perceived age of stimulus person. AB - Descriptions of task performances by young and old women were judged by young (N = 352) and old (N = 96) women on Weiner attributions of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck, and on chronological age. The two tasks were an academic examination and a driver-license test. Age was more strongly endorsed for the failure of the older than of the younger performer. Conversely, age was more strongly endorsed for the success of the younger than of the older person. The interaction effect of stimulus age by outcome (success, failure) was significant for age attribution only. The only relationship between endorsement of age and ability attributions was found for the old stimulus person engaged in the academically oriented task. PMID- 7086085 TI - The effects of contextual variations on attitudes toward the elderly. AB - This study examined how attitudes about the elderly are influenced by the procedural context in which attitude expression is assessed. The Tuckman-Lorge Attitudes Toward Old People Questionnaire was modified so that all items reflected evaluative attitude statements; then it was administered to 263 adults in two judgmental contexts. One group was induced to make comparative judgments by rating how much the Tuckman-Lorge items described "old" people and "young" people, whereas a second group made isolated judgments by rating the items for "old" people only. Analyses revealed that adults in the comparative context expressed more extreme negative attitudes about the elderly than adults in the isolated context. Correlational analyses revealed consistent but generally weak relationships between attitudes toward the elderly and various demographic characteristics. The findings indicate that conflicting results from studies of attitudes about the elderly may be partially explained by procedural differences in the kind of judgmental context used. PMID- 7086086 TI - Satisfaction in multigenerational households. AB - Family life satisfaction can be seen and analyzed within a cost/reward exchange framework. Within this context satisfaction of the primary caregiver with living in a multigenerational household was examined for 99 Midwestern families. Important predictors of satisfaction were identified using path analysis. These predictors consisted of characteristics of the older person (in particular, indicators of dependency status, characteristics of the primary caregiver, and the situational problems of daily life). PMID- 7086087 TI - The Joint Committee for Surgery of the Hand. PMID- 7086088 TI - One hundred tendon grafts for isolated flexor digitorum profundus injuries. AB - One hundred cases of isolated flexor profundus tendon laceration or rupture were repaired by tendon graft over a 30-year period. Thirteen patients were over 40 years of age with the age range in the study from 1 1/2 to 60 years. Unless the flexor profundus tendon remained in the decussation of the superficialis, all grafts were placed around the superficialis tendon decussation. Measurements of passive tendon excursion were considered critical in the selection of a motor for the tendon graft. All but two profundus graft motors could be passively extended to 30 mm. Average active distal interphalangeal (IP) joint flexion was 48 degrees following surgery. In thirteen patients the results were considered unsuccessful, with loss of greater than 20 degrees from preoperative proximal IP joint flexion or distal IP joint flexion less than 20 degrees. We suggest that, in properly motivated patients, tendon graft replacement of isolated profundus tendon injuries can give satisfactory results even in the older age group. PMID- 7086089 TI - Ulnotriquetral augmentation tenodesis: a reconstructive procedure for dorsal subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint. AB - Isolated posttraumatic dorsal subluxation of the distal ulna was surgically treated in eight patients by reduction of the subluxation and by a tenodesing procedure that used a tendon slip of flexor carpi ulnaris. The repair also imbricated the dorsal radioulnar ligament upon itself, and the forearm was secured in supination by a Kirschner wire. All patients had improved stability of the distal radioulnar joint: five had complete and three had satisfactory relief of pain. Slight residual joint laxity was noted in three patients and mild residual limitation of pronation in all, although the patients did not consider the limitations to be functionally important. All patients returned to improved functional activity. PMID- 7086090 TI - Silicone spacer or tendon spacer for trapezium resection arthroplasty--comparison of results. AB - A comparison study was done for 25 consecutive trapeziectomies in 21 women with silicone replacements and 25 consecutive trapeziectomies in 24 women without silicone replacements who were reviewed from 1 to 9 years postoperatively. The patients, who ranged from 35 to 75 years of age, were housewives and clerical workers. All had trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Among the patients with silicone replacement of the trapezium, 90% reported pain relief; mean thumb abduction was 42.5 degrees, pronation was 37.5 degrees, and pinch strength averaged 5 kg. Among the patients without silicone replacement after trapeziectomy, 95% reported pain relief; mean thumb abduction was 46.8 degrees, pronation was 41.4 degrees, and pinch strength averaged 4.6 kg. For those patients with only one hand operated upon, pinch strength in that hand averaged 85% that of the opposite hand in patients with silicone trapezial replacement and 82% for those without silicone trapezial replacement. In this patient population, trapeziectomies with or without silicone replacement as treatment for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis appear to give similar results. PMID- 7086091 TI - Total joint replacement at the base of the thumb--preliminary report. AB - Twenty-nine patients have been studied after trapeziometacarpal total joint replacement with a system of the author's design using a titanium metacarpal component and a polyethylene trapezium component cemented to bone with polymethyl methacrylate. Replacement was performed for arthritis, failure of attempted arthrodesis, previous Silastic or total joint arthroplasty failure, or postparalytic fibrous ankylosis of the joint. Twenty-six patients have achieved a good range of painless motion since the study was initiated in 1974. There have been no cases of implant fracture or infection, but three cases have demonstrated loosening at the cement--bone interface. The results appear to warrant cautious optimism at this time. PMID- 7086092 TI - Median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel--functional response to experimentally induced controlled pressure. AB - Controlled external compression was applied to the medium nerve of 16 volunteer subjects. Tissue fluid pressure in the carpal canal was monitored with a wick catheter and pressures of 30, 60 and 90 mm Hg were induced for periods varying from 30 to 90 minutes.l Sensory and motor conduction and two-point discrimination were continuously monitored. Tissue compression at 30 mm Hg caused mild neurophysiological changes and symptoms of hand paresthesias. Compression at both 60 and 90 mm Hg induced a rapid, complete sensory conduction block which consistently preceded a motor block by 10 to 30 minutes. Frequently, two-point discrimination remained normal until the last stages of preserved sensory fiber conduction. In three cases, a modification of the model utilizing an arm tourniquet, demonstrated that ischemia rather than mechanical deformation was the primary cause of the functional deterioration. It was concluded that there is a critical pressure level between 30 and 60 mm Hg where nerve fiber viability is acutely jeopardized. PMID- 7086093 TI - Nerve conduction studies and sensibility testing in carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - This paper compares the results of detailed sensibility testing with nerve conduction studies done in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Forty-three patients with 74 symptomatic hands were examined. Median and ulnar distal sensory and motor latencies were obtained bilaterally. Sensibility testing included assessment of perception of vibratory stimuli, classic two-point discrimination, and moving two-point discrimination. Comparison of the results were made in the overall group of patients, and patients were also grouped according to the severity of symptoms. In the 74 hands, nerve conduction studies were abnormal in 81% and sensory examination was abnormal in 66%, for an overall combined abnormality rate of 92%. In the most severely involved hands, both nerve conduction and sensory testing were abnormal in approximately 80%. However, in the least severely involved group, nerve conduction studies were abnormal in 80%. However, in the least severely involved group, nerve conduction studies were abnormal in 80%, while sensory examination was abnormal in only 10%. PMID- 7086094 TI - A phalangeal fracture model--quantitative analysis of rigidity and failure. AB - Nine types of internal fixation techniques were tested in 4-point bending using a pig metacarpal model for phalangeal fractures. Levels of bending rigidity and bending moments at failure were determined, and the modes of failure are described. Plate and screw fixation afforded the greatest rigidity, and epiphyseal fractures occurred, leaving intact the test section. Flexible wire loop fixation failed by wire cutting into bone when a square knot was used. Twisted wire unraveled when placed in tension. Depending on the fracture type and the wire placement. Kirschner wires failed either by slipping in the bone, twisting in the bone cortex, or bending at the bone cortex interface. Rigidity varied widely depending on the way in which the wires were employed. PMID- 7086095 TI - Axillary nerve injuries--21 cases treated by nerve graft and neurolysis. AB - This report describes 21 cases of isolated paralysis of the axillary nerve. Six patients, in whom the nerve was in continuity, were treated by neurolysis. Fifteen patients with transections required nerve grafts, as direct suture was impossible. The anatomy and operative approach are presented and the results shown. The quality of recovery underscores the value of treatment in such injuries. PMID- 7086097 TI - Surgical treatment of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole of the capitate- Case report. PMID- 7086096 TI - Microvascular double toe transfer for opposable digits--case report and rationale for treatment. PMID- 7086098 TI - Hemangioma with bone lesions. PMID- 7086099 TI - The thenar flap--An analysis of its use in 150 cases. AB - A skillfully applied thenar flap is an excellent method of restoring major distal soft tissue losses of fingers. It not only provides full-thickness skin of near perfect tissue match but also is the only local flap with sufficient subcutaneous tissues to restore adequately the lost finger pulp. Its recovery of sensibility yields good function, it does not hyperpigment, and the donor site is on the less exposed palmar surface of the hand. Age is not a contraindication for its use. The thenar flap must not be confused with the palmar flap, whose bad reputation is well deserved and whose use if probably never indicated. The cardinal technical principles that must be observed for the thenar flap are (1) design the flap out on the thumb near the MP joint crease, (2) fully flex the MP joint and, when possible, the distal IP joint of the recipient finger to minimize proximal IP joint flexion, and (3) sever the pedicle of the flap after 10 to 14 days and immediately start active exercises. Experience bears out that the thenar flap applied with observance of the stated principles usually offers the best solution for treatment of major distal phalangeal soft tissue losses for all age groups. PMID- 7086100 TI - Ulnar variance--the effect of wrist positioning and roentgen filming technique. AB - Ulnar variance--the roentgenographic distance between contiguous articular surfaces of the distal radiocarpal and ulnocarpal joints--changes with wrist and forearm position. Supination increases the measurement of negative ulnar variance. Pronation decreases the measurement of negative ulnar variance. Wrist deviation and alterations of the x-ray beam in the longitudinal plane also influence the measurement. A standardized wrist roentgenogram has been developed to allow accurate and reproducible measurements of ulnar variance. Internal landmarks for recognizing the standard views are introduced. The use of standard wrist roentgenographic techniques for all wrist films is recommended. PMID- 7086101 TI - Detection of a wooden foreign body in the hand using computed tomography--case report. PMID- 7086102 TI - Most patients with active symptomatic duodenal ulcers fail to develop ulcer-type pain in response to gastroduodenal acidification. AB - The most frequent symptom of duodenal ulcer is epigastric pain. However, the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer pain is not established, although it is often attributed to duodenal acidification. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not gastroduodenal acidification with either 400 ml of pH 1 citric acid or pH 0.85 hydrochloric acid resulted in ulcer-type pain in patients with endoscopically documented active symptomatic duodenal ulcer under doubled-blind randomized conditions. Thirteen consecutive male duodenal ulcer patients with daytime and nocturnal epigastric pain were studied before beginning medical therapy; five with citric acid or sodium citrate at pH's 1, 3, and 7, and eight with hydrochloric acid at pH 0.85 and pH 7 sodium citrate. Ten normal subjects served as controls. Four of the five symptomatic duodenal ulcer patients failed to have pain with the pH 1 citric acid, while one developed pain. Five of the eight patients tested with 0.15 mM hydrochloric acid had no pain. Of the three who developed pain with hydrochloric acid, two had endoscopic evidence of esophagitis (one developed retrosternal pain and one both retrosternal and epigastric pain), and one had the sensation of epigastric "fullness" with both the pH 0.85 and pH 7 solutions. There were no significant differences (p greater than 0.1) between the responses of the duodenal ulcer and normal subjects nor within the duodenal ulcer group in response to the pH 0.85 or 1.0 solutions versus the pH 7 solution. In summary, gastric acidification equivalent to 80 mmol/hour failed to induce pain in most patients with active symptomatic duodenal ulcer. These observations suggest that duodenal ulcer pain is largely unrelated to duodenal acidification. PMID- 7086104 TI - Technique for pneumatic dilatation in achalasia complicated by "sigmoid" esophagus. AB - The endoscopic passage of a guidewire to facilitate the placement of a pneumatic dilator is not widely practiced. We describe a patient with achalasia in whom marked "sigmoid" deformity of the distal esophagus prevented the placement of a dilator by the standard technique. Correct positioning was easily achieved by using a fiberoptic endoscope to pass a guidewire into the stomach. The pneumatic dilator with internal stiffener was attached to the guidewire and positioned fluoroscopically at the gastroesophageal junction. A clinically successful dilatation was then achieved. PMID- 7086103 TI - Epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal cancer in Christian sects. PMID- 7086105 TI - Brunner's gland adenoma: diagnostic considerations. PMID- 7086106 TI - Systemic side effects from the intrabiliary infusion of monooctanoin for the dissolution of gallstones. AB - Monooctanoin, a cholesterol gallstone solvent, has been gaining wide acceptance as an effective safe agent for dissolving retained common bile duct stones when infused into the biliary tract. A woman with choledocholithiasis who received infusions of this agent into the biliary tract on three different occasions developed systemic side effects on each occasion. The severity of the side effects necessitated discontinuation of monooctanoin therapy. PMID- 7086107 TI - Cervical emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and retroperitoneal gas after sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 7086108 TI - Acute hepatitis B: a further serological characterization. AB - Sequential determinations of HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc in thirteen patients with acute hepatitis B have shown that the viral antigens and their respective antibodies may be simultaneously absent (9/13 with serologic window) or present (6/13 with presumed immune complex formation) in the early convalescent period. These data emphasize the usefulness of sequential determinations of antigen and antibody in the unequivocal assessment of etiology and potential for chronicity and contagion) in resolving acute hepatitis B. The transient appearance of an antibody to liver specific protein (anti-LSP) in eleven out of thirteen patients was documented; we found no correlation of anti LSP titers with viral antigens or host antibody titers. PMID- 7086109 TI - Cystadenoma of the liver. AB - We report a patient with cystadenoma of the liver who presented with jaundice and abdominal mass. Although cystadenoma of the liver is a rare neoplasm, the lesion was diagnosed preoperatively by gray scale ultrasonography, PTC and ERCP. Characteristically, cystadenoma shows a multiseptated cystic appearance. While the origin of a cystadenoma is unclear, theories of synchronous development from anomalous bile ducts, endodermal diverticula, and ectopic germ cell origins have been promoted. Approximately 85% of patients with hepatic cystadenoma are women, with an insidious onset of symptoms due to the slowly growing nature of this tumor. Common symptoms include right upper quadrant mass, abdominal distension, and dull abdominal pain. Jaundice is less common. Complications include biliary obstruction, infection, hemorrhage, and rupture. As hepatic cystadenoma tends to recur after inadequate excision, and has malignant transformation potential, hepatic lobectomy has been promoted as definitive treatment. PMID- 7086110 TI - Celiac sprue and pancreatic carcinoma. PMID- 7086111 TI - Intestinal malrotation demonstrated by small-bowel tube. PMID- 7086112 TI - Legionella pneumophila in cooling water systems. Report of a survey of cooling towers in London and a pilot trial of selected biocides. AB - Fourteen recirculating cooling water systems were surveyed during the summer, 1981, to see what factors might influence the prevalence of Legionella pneumophila. The effect on the organism of three anti-microbials was studied, each in two systems, by intermittent treatment at two week intervals. L. pneumophila was isolated from six of the 14 cooling systems at the beginning of the trial but by the end was present in ten. An association was found between the presence of the organism and the concentration of dissolved solids, and chlorides and the pH. There also appeared to be associations with exclusion of light and higher water temperatures. Repeated tests on eight untreated systems showed that two were consistently infected, three became and remained infected, one was infected on a single occasion and two were never infected with L. pneumophila. Treatment of a contaminated system, either with a 10 p.p.m mixture of a quaternary ammonium compound and tributyltinoxide or slow release chlorine briquettes (maximum recorded free chlorine level 1.2 p.p.m.), did not eliminated legionellae. Treatment of two infected towers with a chlorinated phenol (100 p.p.m.) eliminated legionellae for at least three days, but after 14 days the organism was again found. PMID- 7086114 TI - Differential typing of Salmonella agona: type divergence in a new serotype. AB - An international collection of 419 isolates of Salmonella agona was phage typed, biotyped and colicine typed. Of 16 recognized phage types, 15 were represented. Three phage types (I, V and XVI) accounted for 84% of all isolates, were widely distributed and may be interconvertible. Biotyping afforded little type differentiation; thus 92.6% of the isolates belonged to biotype 1 a. A rhamnose non-fermenting variant line (of biotype 5a) became established in Zaire from 1979 to 1980. A maltose late-fermenting line of biotype 1 a, isolated in Scotland in 1974, did not thereafter become established. Two Col+ lines (producing colicine I b) accounted for 45 of 68 colicinogenic isolates. The implication of type diversification and the phylogenetic significance of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7086113 TI - Bacterial meningitis--ten years experience. AB - Between January 1968 and December 1977, 635 cases of acute bacterial meningitis were admitted to hospitals in the Birmingham Area Health Authority. The epidemiology of these cases was analysed and compared with the 270 cases which were admitted to the regional infectious diseases unit at East Birmingham Hospital (E.B.H.). In children and young adults the meningococcus was the commonest causative organism while over the age of 25 pneumococcal meningitis predominated. Although Haemophilus influenzae was the second commonest infecting organism it was a rare cause of meningitis in school children and adults, only four cases presenting in these age groups in the Birmingham Area. A detailed analysis was made of the symptoms, signs, laboratory investigations and clinical course of the 270 cases treated at E.B.H. The mortality in the patients with pneumococcal meningitis was 30%. In the meningococcal group it was 3.5% and in the haemophilus groups 7.7%. An analysis of the various treatment regimes employed in the 270 E.B.H. patients supports the view that a single antibiotic is sufficient for the therapy of most forms of bacterial meningitis. Intrathecal antibiotic administration is unnecessary in pyogenic meningitis caused by meningococci, pneumococci or H. influenzae. PMID- 7086115 TI - A survey of nasal Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. AB - Nasal swabs were taken from 369 four-year-old children in two South Wales towns and cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae. The organism was isolated in 34% of the specimens, similar rates being found in boys and girls in the two towns. The children were swabbed again a year later, when the prevalence of nasal pneumococci had fallen to 25%. There was no association between the presence of the organism on the two occasions. Types 6 and 23 were most often isolated. After excluding children who had received an antibiotic, the proportion carrying a pneumococcus was higher in those who had recently had a respiratory infection than in the rest, although the difference was not quite statistically significant. There was a significant negative association between the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Strep. pneumoniae. PMID- 7086116 TI - Nasal staphylococci in children--a follow-up study. AB - Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in a cohort of infants born to the residents of two towns in South Wales. The children were followed up to the ge of 5 years, nasal swabs being taken annually after a more detailed survey during the first year. The carriage-rate of S. aureus reached a minimum of 10-15% at one year and then rose steadily to 41% at five years. From the age of two years about 90% of the organisms isolated were resistant to penicillin. There was a marked tendency for children to carry the same strains from year to year, but carriage during the first year of life did not predict carriage at the age of five. PMID- 7086117 TI - Faecal adenoviruses from Glasgow babies. Studies on culture and identity. AB - Attempts were made to isolate viruses from babies' stools that contained adenoviruses detected by electron microscopy. One hundred and fifty-nine specimens from 71 children were studied and adenoviruses of established serotypes were isolated from 81 stools. Serial stool samples containing adenovirus particles were obtained from 35 children, and prolonged shedding of recognized serotypes was common. Simultaneous and sequential infections by different serotypes were also observed. Thirty-six children shed adenoviruses that could not be isolated using cell cultures normally used to detect adenoviruses, and nine of these children also shed adenoviruses of established serotypes. Passage in Chang conjunctival cell culture allowed characterization of fastidious adenoviruses from 14 children as members of a previously unrecognized serotype. PMID- 7086118 TI - The heat-sensitivity of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. AB - It is now established that milk can be a vehicle for the spread of enteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni. By determining the lethal effect of heat on six isolates it has been shown that C. jejuni is unlikely to survive pasteurization. PMID- 7086119 TI - Hospital-acquired infections in a burns unit caused by an imported strain of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual multi-resistance. AB - During the past year five patients from countries in the Middle East admitted to a burns unit were found to harbour a strain of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual multi-resistance to antibiotics. The admission of the first patient was followed by an outbreak of infection with this strain involving ten patients in the unit. In addition five staff members were found to be nasal carriers of the strain. As a result of this incident, the following four patients admitted to the unit were isolated on admission and the spread of their strans was thus prevented. It is recommended that patients on admission to burns units, or similar departments with patients very susceptible to infection, are isolated until their bacterial floras have been examined. PMID- 7086120 TI - Kinetics of metabolism of organic and inorganic 14C compounds. AB - Results of experimental studies on the dynamics of metabolism of various inorganic (NA2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3) and organic (glucose, glycine, palmitic and succinic acids, ethanol and methanol) compounds of 14C after its single and long term administration into the organism of rats are presented. The values of the corresponding rates of accumulation of 14C and the onset of the state of equilibrium after long-term administration of the radionuclide were elucidated for a number of compounds. Results of the studies can find practical application in norm-setting. The corresponding rate of accumulation in man of 14C taken in the diet was determined by extrapolation of the experimental data. It was found to be approximately 30. The state of practical 14C equilibrium in man occurs approximately 11/2 years after the beginning of the intake. PMID- 7086121 TI - Ionizing radiation in the disinfection of water contaminated with potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. AB - Sterile drinking water samples were artificially colonized with M. Kansasii, M. gordonae and M. fortuitum suspensions (the numbers of viable unite in 1 ml were 1.2 x 10(3), 48.5 and 3.2 x 10(3), respectively) prepared from mycobacterial strains replicated in Tween 80-free liquid Dubos medium STO. The contaminated water samples were irradiated from a rotary cobalt-60 source (gamma radiation, E = 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, dose intensity 1 kJ/kg.h at room temperature) with doses 0.7, 1.5, 2.2, 3, 9, 16 and 27 kJ/kg. The disinfecting effectiveness was assessed by direct cultivation tests (0.5 ml volumes of water inoculated on egg medium) and by cultivation on membrane filters after filtrating the whole amount of the water examined (about 500 ml). Fully positive disinfecting effects were recorded in M. kansasii and M fortuitum irradiated with 9 kJ/kg and in M. gordonae after irradiation with 1.5 kJ/kg. The calculated value of D10 = 0.4 kJ/kg (i.e. the dose radiation that reduces the number if viable mycobacteria by an order of magnitude) is suggestive of a strong disinfecting effect of ionizing radiation on the tested strains of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. The results indicate that the use of ionizing radiation to disinfect mycobacteria that are difficult to remove with other methods which, as a rule, cannot ensure the permanent disinfection. PMID- 7086122 TI - The public health aspects of roast chickens sold in take-away shops in Ibadan, Nigeria. AB - A study is made on the bacteriological status of ready to consume roast chicken from take-away shops in Ibadan with particular emphasis on the bacterial load and identification of Salmonella app. The total viable count method using plate count agar was used to estimate the total bacterial load while the Colworth method was used to isolate and identify the Salmonella spp. Bacterial load range from 48,000 to 132,000 per gram of chicken meat. Salmonella spp. were identified in 72% of the samples examined. To protect public health, the importance of adequate thawing of deep frozen chicken prior to roasting, hygiene of utensils and meat handlers are emphasised. Proper storage and reheating of overnight stored roast chicken are necessary to prevent food poisoning from this source. PMID- 7086123 TI - Multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with resistance to oxytetracycline and minocycline, an example for the distribution of a multiresistant strain clone. AB - Multiresistant S. aureus-strains with chromosomally localized determinant for resistance to oxytetracycline-minocycline (tmn) exhibit uniform characteristics, obviously they have been spread as a clone. These strains harbour two plasmids: one with MW of 18 MD for beta-lactamase and determinants for resistance to mercury and to cadmium and one with MW of 2 MD for resistance to chloramphenicol. Beside the tmn-determinant, also the determinants for resistance to macrolides and to gentamicin are not located on plasmids. The tmn-determinant is specific for defined hospital strains reacting with group-III phages; it was not found in other strains of different origin. PMID- 7086124 TI - Specific activity of concentrated and purified cell culture rabies vaccine (CPCRV) from the strain Vnukovo -32-107 in an experiment with therapeutical immunization of humans. AB - Reactogenicity and specific activity of three series of concentrated and purified cell culture rabies vaccine (CPCRV) were studied in an experiment of therapeutical immunization of 300 human subjects bitten by domestic animals, category "C". CPCRV was well tolerated; when administered intramuscularly, it did not provoke local reactions, while general reactions, such as temporary headaches and indisposition, were observed in 4% of cases. Intradermal revaccination with CPCRV was followed by local reactions in 73.6% of cases. Such a reaction can be regarded as a cutaneous allergic test. Coded paired sera of 263 subjects were examined in the neutralization reaction on mice. After primary intramuscular immunization, antibody titres were found to be very low. Relatively high titres of antibodies and 100% seroconversion were recorded after a single intramuscular or intradermal revaccination with CPCRV. Relatively high antibody titres and 100% seroconversion also resulted from treble, and especially quadruple primary intramuscular immunization using a dose of 1.5 ml on days 0, 8, 16, 24 or 0, 8, 16 and 32. When treating bites of non-dangerous localization, CPCRV can be administered in a dose of 1.5 ml at a time on days 0, 7 15, 30 and 60 (5 injections in total). The scheme of combined vaccinations using CPCRV and antirabies gamma-globulin requires exploration. PMID- 7086125 TI - Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxigenicity. III. Strains isolated in 1979 1980. AB - During 1979-1980, the enterotoxin production was studied in 1426 strains of staphylococci isolated from food, veterinary and clinical material, and from some other sources. Using the microprecipitation test, the authors identified 514 enterotoxigenic strains that produced most frequently enterotoxins A and D, but also the types C, B and E of enterotoxins; 39 strains were found to produce two types of enterotoxin, specifically in AB, AD, AC and BD combinations. Some conditions of the microprecipitation test used in this study for the typing of staphylococcal enterotoxigenicity are also discussed. PMID- 7086126 TI - Two isoallergens of short ragweed component Ra5. AB - Two isoallergenic forms of short ragweed (Ambrosia elatior) allergen Ra5 were isolated in ultrapure form by a combination of molecular sieving (through Amicon hollow-fiber cartridges), cation-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The two forms, Ra5A and Ra5B, exhibited charge differences by CM-Sephadex chromatography and agarose electrophoresis at pH 8.5. The A form as identical to conventional Ra5 by its physical and chemical properties and was more cationic than the previously undescribed B form. Ra5A and Ra5B had identical m.w. of 5000 by SDS-PAGE. Their amino-terminal sequences of 30 residues showed no differences from each other or from the previously published sequence of the major form of Ra5. The two forms were antigenically indistinguishable when using hyperimmunized animal antisera to Ra5 and crude ragweed extract. Although the IgG and IgE ab of most Ra5-responder patients could not discriminate between the two Ra5 forms, significant small differences in binding to Ra5A and Ra5B were consistently observed in 10 to 15% of the patients studied. Further analysis of the Ra5A preparation suggested a purity of at least 99.5% and probably greater than or equal to 99.9%. PMID- 7086129 TI - Functional and developmental differences between genetically controlled phenotypes of the sixth component of complement in rabbits. PMID- 7086127 TI - Serum IgM-bound secretory component (sIgM) in liver diseases: comparative molecular state of the secretory component in serum and bile. AB - The sera of 15 patients with liver disease and high serum concentrations of secretory component (SC) were analyzed by density gradient ultracentrifugation and radioimmunoassays for SC, IgA, and IgM to determine the molecular state of SC and IgA. Results in serum were compared to those obtained by simultaneous analysis of bile in five of the patients, and to those in serum and bile of a case of total IgA deficiency. Free SC was virtually not found in sera, although it was well represented in all bile, up to 88 and 97% of total bile SC in a case of complete biliary obstruction and in IgA deficiency, respectively. IgM-bound SC was found in all sera, amounting to 91% and 100% of total serum SC, respectively, in a case of acute hepatitis with a very high serum IgM concentration and in IgA deficiency. The proportions of SC bound to IgM and to polymeric IgA (p-IgA) in the sera correlated with their IgM/p-IgA molar ratio. This suggests that during liver disease, the hepatobiliary tissues could release free SC into the circulation, where it binds to p-IgA and IgM according to their respective concentrations and affinities for SC. The proportion of p-IgA in serum was not increased in four cases of biliary obstruction, in contrast to our cases of cirrhosis and acute hepatitis, indirectly supporting a minor transfer of p-IgA from blood to bile in humans, in contrast to rats and rabbits. PMID- 7086128 TI - Presence of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal human immune response to tetanus toxoid antigen. AB - Auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were searched for in the serum of two individuals who received booster immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen. IgG from serial bleeds obtained for 4 mo after immunization was studied a) for its capacity to specifically bind 125I IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT prepared from serum obtained 7 and 10 days post-booster immunization, and b) for its capacity (after its absorption with TT) to specifically inhibit the binding of 125I-radiolabeled TT to IgG obtained 7 and 10 days post-immunization and designated "peak IgG." In both individuals studied, auto-anti-Id IgG were detected in both assays as early as 2 wk post-booster immunization and remained detectable throughout the study period. Evidence for modulation of idiotypic expression on IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT after booster immunization with TT was obtained by studying a) the capacity of serial IgG samples to inhibit the binding of 125I-IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT to rabbit anti-Id antibody raised against the IgG F(ab')2 anti-TT, and b) the capacity of the rabbit anti-Id to specifically inhibit the binding of 125I-TT to serial samples of serum IgG. Both assays indicated that some idiotypic determinants present on anti-TT obtained before and shortly after booster immunization were expressed to a much lesser extent 2 wk and beyond after immunization. The decrease in the expression of these determinants coincided with the appearance of auto-anti-Id antibody and remained evident throughout the 4-mo study period. The results obtained indicate that auto-anti-Id antibodies arise in normal human subjects after a secondary challenge with antigen and suggest that these antibodies may play a role in the modulation of idiotypic expression that is observed after booster immunization with antigen. PMID- 7086133 TI - Coexistence of defective and normal immunologic functions in lymphocytes and macrophages from osteopetrotic (op) rats. AB - The restoration of normal bone remodeling in osteopetrotic animals by transplantation of spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates has suggested that the connective tissue abnormalities associated with this disease may be attributed to defective functions of the cells of the immune system. Examination of several immunologic parameters has revealed that both thymocytes and macrophages from osteopetrotic (op) rats express some dysfunctions but retain other activities. Mitogen-induced proliferation of thymocytes from affected rats is significantly lower than that of thymocytes from normal littermates. However, mitogen-activated thymocytes from op rats produce levels of a chemotactic lymphokine that are similar to those produced by the thymocytes from normal animals. Peritoneal exudate macrophages from op rats are defective in that they migrate minimally in response to a chemotactic lymphokine or C5a. These macrophages do, however, produce lymphocyte-activating factor as efficiently as those from the unaffected littermates. The results presented here, which document immunologic defects in the lymphocytes and macrophages from the op rat, indicate that multiple immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the degradation of connective tissue may contribute to the skeletal malformations that are present in this animal model. PMID- 7086131 TI - Antigenic structure of sperm whale myoglobin. II. Characterization of antibodies preferentially reactive with peptides arising in response to immunization with the native protein. AB - The antigenicity of peptide fragments derived from CNBr-cleaved sperm whale Mb has been tested in competitive inhibition assays. These peptides appeared to be very poor inhibitors in a reaction involving radiolabeled sperm whale Mb with antipeptide antibodies, requiring about 10(4)-fold excess of peptides to achieve the same level of inhibition as cold native Mb. However, cold peptides competed much better with radiolabeled peptides for antibody binding than the native protein. These antibodies, preferentially reactive with peptides, originated from sera of animals immunized with the native molecule. This indicates heterogeneity of the antibodies produced against Mb and suggests the presence of diverse antibody subpopulations reactive with different antigenic forms of the protein. Results presented in this paper illustrate that competitive radioimmunoassays preferentially measure antibodies to the radiolabeled species, and this phenomenon can be used to demonstrate distinct populations among antibodies isolated to a single peptide. PMID- 7086130 TI - Antigenic structure of sperm whale myoglobin. I. Partition of specificities between antibodies reactive with peptides and native protein. AB - We have resolved anti-sperm whale Mb antibodies into two distinct populations: One population is reactive only with the native molecule, and the second is reaction with both Mb and peptide fragments. CNBr cleavage of sperm whale Mb yields three peptides: peptide I (1-55), peptide II (56-131), and peptide III (132-153). Immunoadsorbent columns made with these three peptides were used to fractionate antibody to sperm whale Mb. These columns cumulatively bind 60 to 70% of the total antibody present in the four sera studied (the amount of antibody bound by each peptide was proportional to its size). The remaining 30 to 40% of antibody could only bind specifically to an immunoadsorbent column of native Mb. This result indicates that not all antigenic determinants on the native Mb molecule are represented on peptide fragments. PMID- 7086132 TI - Genetics of cell interactions in aged mice: age-related decline in capacity of parental cells or environment to induce allogeneic effects on F1 lymphocytes. AB - In order to ascertain whether the process of aging would affect various aspects of genetic control of cell-cell interactions in mice, studies were initiated to examine the capacities of lymphoid cells and host lymphoid tissues of parental mice of varying ages to induce allogeneic effects of primed lymphocytes of young F1 donor origin. These studies demonstrate that with increasing age, both parental cells and parental environment gradually lose the capacity to influence antibody responses via the allogeneic effect. This age-related decline in induction of allogeneic effects could be attributed to 1) dysfunction or loss of allogeneic effect-inducing cells from lymphoid populations of aged mice, and 2) a change in the homing pattern of transferred immunocompetent cells to lymphoid tissues in the aged environment. PMID- 7086135 TI - Identification and characterization of excretory-secretory products of Brugia malayi, adult filarial parasites. AB - Although E-S antigens may be particularly important for both the pathogenesis and immunodiagnosis of helminth infections, little is known about the immunochemistry or functional roles in human filarial infections. In the present paper, we have done some initial identification and characterization of E-S products of adult Brugia malayi by employing a combination of sensitive biochemical and immunochemical techniques. E-S products, collected by incubating B. malayi adults in vitro in a defined protein-free medium, were radiolabeled with 125I. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography of labeled E-S products revealed 11 protein bands in the m.w. range of 10,000 to 70,000. Comparison of radiolabeled E-S products and adult somatic antigen (B.m.A) in SDS PAGE indicated many common bands, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis and competitive Staph-A RIA confirmed the presence of most E-S antigens in B.m.A. Of the 11 E-S bands, two appeared to be derived from the surface of the adult worms and microfilariae as shown by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography of lodogen surface labeled parasites; the presence of two host proteins in E-S was detected by crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis. The E-S antigens were highly immunogenic when tested both with rabbit antiserum raised against B.m.A and with a serum pool of patients with natural filarial infection. PMID- 7086134 TI - Inhibition of monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by ouabain: relationship between cytotoxic function, glycolysis, and intracellular cation homeostasis. AB - Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of membrane Na+K+-ATPase, was used to study the relationship between monovalent cation, homeostasis and cytotoxic effector function. 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain completely inhibited monocyte monovalent cation active transport within 30 min but caused only 50% inhibition of monocyte mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (MMADCC) in a subsequent 20-hr assay. Longer (6-hr) preincubation of monocytes in ouabain was required for nearly complete inhibition of cytotoxic function. The previously reported augmentation of monocyte glycolysis caused by the sensitizing antiserum was decreased by 71% in 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain, identifying monovalent cation transport as the cellular function utilizing a major portion of the ATP generated by this augmentation of glycolysis. The lag in inhibition of MMADCC indicated, however, that a delayed effect of ouabain (e.g., changes in intracellular [K+] and [Na+]), and not the rapid ouabain inhibition of cation transport, caused inhibition of cytotoxic function. Four additional findings support this interpretation: i) a 30 min preincubation in ouabain caused little inhibition of MMADCC in a 4-hr assay; ii) monocytes lost cytotoxic activity when incubated in medium (0.2 mEq/cytotoxic activity when incubated in medium (0.2 mEq/liter) that reduces intracellular [K+]; iii) the rapid recovery of cytotoxic activity after readjustment of extracellular [K+] to 6 mEq/liter was blocked by ouabain; iv) increasing membrane K+ permeability by valinomycin while blocking active transport by ouabain caused 50% inhibition under conditions in which neither agent alone significantly affected MMADCC. Thus, it is suggested that homeostasis of monocyte intracellular [K+] and [Na+], but not monovalent cation active transport per se, is required for cytotoxic function. PMID- 7086136 TI - Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. I. Correlation between resistance to Leishmania donovani and lymphokine-generating capacity. PMID- 7086137 TI - Use of H-2:H-7 congenic mice to study H-2-mediated resistance to Friend leukemia virus. AB - Congenic and double congenic mice expressing different H-7 alleles with varying H 2 haplotypes on the C57BL/10 (B10) background were tested for their susceptibility to Friend virus (FV) infection. Mice expressing the H-7b allele derived from BALB/c were susceptible to FV infection whereas mice expressing the H-7a allele of B10 were absolutely resistant. Coexpression of H-7b and the H-2a and H-2d haplotypes determined high susceptibility; mice expressing both H-7b and H-2b were relatively resistant compared to H-7b mice expressing H-2a or H-2d. Parallel experiments with BALB/c and BALB.B recipients did not demonstrate differences in susceptibility associated with H-2d and H-2b. Mapping experiments with the H-2h4 and H-2i5 recombinants indicated that the gene determining relative resistance to FV-induced spleen focus formation mapped to the K-end (KbAb) of H-2b. Female recipients expressing H-7b, regardless of their H-2 haplotype, were more susceptible to FV infection than their syngeneic male counterparts. These experiments demonstrate the utility of congenic and double congenic strains that define H-7 and Fv-2 on different H-2 haplotype backgrounds for the analysis of Fv-2:H-7:H-2 interactions in determining susceptibility to FV infection. PMID- 7086138 TI - Studies of murine large granular lymphocytes. II. Tissue, strain, and age distributions of LGL and LAL. PMID- 7086139 TI - Studies on the mechanism of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). I. Release of cytotoxic factors specific for NK-sensitive target cells (NKCF) during co-culture of NK effector cells with NK target cells. PMID- 7086142 TI - Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma americanum by anti-basophil serum: cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites (ticks) in guinea pigs. AB - Basophils infiltrate the skin and other tissues as part of T lymphocyte and/or antibody-mediated immune responses to certain protein antigens, viruses, tumors, and parasites. Although basophils may comprise a significant fraction of leukocytes in these reactions, their precise role has been poorly understood. Guinea pigs expressing acquired immunity to the tick Amblyomma americanum develop basophil- and eosinophil-rich cutaneous inflammatory responses at tick feeding sites, and tick rejection is associated with extensive local basophil degranulation. We report that a specific anti-basophil serum (ABS) eliminate basophils at tick feeding sites and abolished immunity to A. americanum. ABS does not react with eosinophils and did not reduce blood or bone marrow eosinophils; however, ABS-treated animals had diminished eosinophils at tick feeding sites, perhaps because these sites were deficient in basophil-derived eosinophil chemotactic factors. AES treatment markedly reduced feeding site eosinophils, did not affect basophil levels, and partially impaired tick resistance. Taken together, our experiments suggest cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in the expression of immunity to ticks in guinea pigs. PMID- 7086140 TI - Immunoglobulin A and polymeric IgA rheumatoid factors in systemic sicca syndrome: partial characterization. PMID- 7086141 TI - Metabolism and clearance of antibody-excess immune complexes in lactating mice. AB - The metabolism of antibody-excess immune complexes was compared in lactating and normal female BALB/c mice. The initial rate of clearance of the antigen, dinitrophenyl- (DNP) ovalbumin, when complexed with mouse anti-DNP antibody was considerably faster in lactating mice. The half-life was 4 min in lactating mice compared with 8 min in normal female mice. Tissue distribution studies revealed that by 2 hr the mammary gland had sequestered immune complexes in threefold to fourfold excess over the levels in the liver. These lactating mice were shown to transfer immune complexes to their milk, and small quantities of the complexes could be demonstrated in the circulation of the nursing neonates. PMID- 7086143 TI - Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF)acether). III. Formation of PAF acether from synthetic substrates by stimulated murine macrophages. AB - Rat adherent macrophages (M phi) isolated from 2.5 x 10(6) peritoneal cells release 5.7 +/- 1.3 ng/ml platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether: 1-O-alkyl-2 acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine) when stimulated by zymosan (Z). The yield of PAF-acether was increased to 13.8 +/- 1.8 ng/ml when stimulation occurred in the presence of 0.1 mM acetyl-CoA. That M phi used the acetyl moiety of acetyl CoA to increase PAF-acether biosynthesis was demonstrated by the following criteria 1) as opposed to sodium acetate, malonyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, palmitoyl CoA, and CoA were inefficient in increasing the yield of PAF-acether; 2) radiolabeled PAF-acether was obtained after exposure of Z-stimulated M phi to 3H acetyl-CoA; actually, both radioactivity and biologic activity were eluted from HPLC with the same retention time as synthetic or natural PAF-acether; 3) after treatment with phospholipase A2, both radioactivity and biologic activity disappeared from these fractions. The yield of PAF-acether was further increased to 23.6 +/- 2.9 ng/ml by adding 0.5 microM totally synthetic 2-lyso PAF-acether (1-O-octadecyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine) to Z-stimulated M phi cultured in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Again, using 3H 2-lyso PAF-acether, the formation of radiolabeled PAF-acether could be demonstrated. These results indicate that an acetyl-transferase is capable of synthesizing PAF-acether from 2-lyso PAF-acether and acetyl-CoA in intact M phi. PMID- 7086146 TI - Antibody response to stage-specific Trichinella spiralis surface antigens in strong and weak responder mouse strains. AB - The antibody response to antigens on the cuticular surface of Trichinella spiralis was compared in two strains of mice, NIH mice, which control the parasite relatively strongly, and C3H, which reject this nematode more slowly. The evolution of the antibody response to the nematode surface was monitored by the appearance of antibodies that mediate the adherence of eosinophils to the worm and the appearance of antibodies that recognize molecules on the surface that can be labeled with 125I. Antibody responses were measured using three life cycle stages; muscle stage larvae, immature and mature intestinal stages, and newborn larvae. We found that NIH mice responded immunologically to the four molecules found in extracts of surface-labeled T. spiralis adult worms, but that C3H mice did not produce antibodies to one of these molecules until much later in the infection. NIH mice produced antibodies against both infective larvae antigens by day 4 after infection, whereas C3H recognized only one before day 30. Variations in antibody response also occurred against antigens on the surface of newborn larvae: antibody to one of these antigens was not present in C3H immune sera until day 30. Sera from the two strains likewise differed in their ability to mediate eosinophil adherence to each parasite stage, and in some of the life cycle stages, these differences corresponded to the recognition of specific antigens found on the parasites' surface. The links between recognition of defined parasitic antigens and the fate of the parasite in genetically different strains of mice are discussed. PMID- 7086147 TI - Variation in histocompatibility antigen expression on murine tumors: differences in expression and immunogenicity of H-2K region-coded unique antigens. PMID- 7086148 TI - Isolation of human C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component. AB - Procedures are described for the isolation in high yield of consistent, highly purified preparations of human C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP). CRP was obtained from malignant ascitic and pleural fluids by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on pneumococcal C-polysaccharide covalently coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. It was then gel filtered on Ultrogel AcA44 (acrylamide-agarose beads) in the presence of calcium ions, combining molecular sieve chromatography with removal of contaminating SAP by its affinity of agarose. Residual trace contaminants were removed by immunoabsorption with anti-normal human serum and anti-SAP antibodies insolubilised on Sepharose and/or by absorption with Sepharose-Con A to remove glycoproteins and Blue-Sepharose to remove albumin. After a final gel filtration step on Sephacryl S-300 35-45% of the initial CRP was recovered in pure form according to biochemical and immunochemical criteria. SAP was isolated from normal serum by calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on unsubstituted Sepharose beads, followed by solid-phase immunoabsorption of contaminants and finally gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300. At least 50% of the SAP in the starting material was recovered in pure form according to biochemical and immunochemical criteria. Ready availability of such preparations facilitates biochemical, biophysical and particularly biological studies of these plasma proteins. PMID- 7086144 TI - Purification and biologic characterization of a major Epstein Barr virus-induced membrane glycoprotein. AB - The Epstein Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) complex is composed of three major high m.w. glycoproteins designated gp 300/350, gp 200/250, and gp 85/90. In the experiments reported in this paper, the gp 300/350 glycoprotein was purified from MA-positive extracts prepared from the B-95-8 cell line. This was accomplished by tandem combination of ion-exchange and lectin chromatography. It was routinely possible to purify this glycoprotein 400- 600-fold by this procedure. Sera from animals immunized with gp 300/350 purified by this approach neutralized EBV infectivity and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) demonstrating that both of these important antigenic determinants were expressed on this glycoprotein. The presence of an ADCC determinant on this molecule was further substantiated by the finding that monoclonal antibody to gp 300/350 blocked ADCC mediated by a human ADCC antibody-positive reference serum. PMID- 7086145 TI - Studies of the cell lineage of the effector cells that spontaneously lyse HSV-1 infected fibroblasts (NK(HSV-1)). PMID- 7086149 TI - Free thiol groups and labile disulfide bonds in the IgG fraction of human serum. AB - The IgG fraction was isolated from freshly taken blood serum of health persons (male and female) by column chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. After 30 min incubation with DTNB (5,5'-dithio-(2,2'-dinitro)-benzoate) the average photometrically determined quantity of thio-anions was 0.24 +/- 0.02 SH/mole IgG. Since this result remained unchanged even after 24 h incubation with DTNB, interaction with masked thiol groups cannot be assumed. If, however, the serum was incubated with DTNB for 24 h and the IgG fraction then isolated and treated with thioglycolate, an average of 1.51 +/- 0.39 moles of thio-anions were liberated per mole of IgG. This indicates that on 24 h interaction with IgG, DTNB not only reacts with free SH groups, but also opens S-S bonds by a disulfide exchange reaction. The amount of thio-anions resulting from such opened disulfide bonds was calculated as the difference between 1.51 0.24, i.e., 0.64 S-S/mole IgG. This would be accounted for if approximately 54% of the IgG fraction is composed of a subfraction containing 1 labile disulfide bone per mole. The average of 1.51 thio-anions per mole IgG resulted from 130 single values with an essentially normal statistical distribution and standard deviation well within the usual biological range. PMID- 7086150 TI - Determination of affinity of monoclonal antibodies against human IgG. AB - A method for determining the affinity and the concentration of mouse monoclonal antibodies against human IgG has been developed. The method comprises two steps. First, monoclonal antibodies are allowed to combine with radioiodinated human IgG. Secondly, mouse monoclonal IgG with and without complexed IgG is precipitated with rabbit IgG against mouse IgG. As the antigen is divalent complexes of varying composition are formed in this system leading to deviations from linearity in plots obtained in commonly employed analytical systems. The theoretical background of these systems has been studied by computer stimulation, and a concentration effect on the formation of immune complexes were demonstrated. The affinities (in terms of the association constants (of 6 monoclonal antibodies were estimated and found to be in the range from 2 X 10(6) M-1 to 5 X 10(8) M-1. PMID- 7086152 TI - A simple, single-step technique for selecting and cloning hybridomas for the production of monoclonal antibodies. AB - A simple method is described by which hybridomas can be selected and cloned in a single step immediately after fusion. This is done by plating the cells in semi solid medium containing methylcellulose and the components of the HAT selection system. A number of variables have been examined in order to optimise the technique. The system is particularly suitable for isolating large numbers of hybridomas secreting different monoclonal antibodies. Evidence is presented to show that the colonies which grow in the system are in all probability clones. Thus, the need for routine recloning of the hybridomas is eliminated. In this way, the technique cuts down on the amount of tissue culture work associated with the production of monoclonal antibodies. Using this technique, it is easier to plate out large numbers of cells and to recover many independent hybridoma clones, than is the case when using cloning by limiting dilution. PMID- 7086153 TI - A simple method for electrophoretic analysis of cell surface glycoproteins based on concanavalin A binding. AB - A simple and sensitive method is described for the detection of cell surface proteins. This method consists of reacting concanavalin A (Con A) with 35S labeled methionine, detergent solubilized whole cell extracts and immunoprecipitating the Con A-protein complexes with anti-Con A antibody bound to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SACI). These reagents are commercially available, stable and easy to standardize. Mouse lymphocytes cell surface proteins purified by this procedure show great similarities to those purified with goat anti-cell surface antibodies. PMID- 7086154 TI - Association of the C2-deficiency gene (C2*QO) with the C4A*4, C4B*2 genes. PMID- 7086155 TI - Inhibitory activities of substances present in plant seeds and fruits against anti-Lewis agglutinins. AB - Thirty-six species of higher plants were found to contain substances in their fruit or seed extracts, which were heat stable and inhibitory for anti-Lea agglutinin. Both preparations partially fractionated from Sophora japonica and Euonymus Sieboldiana were also slightly inhibitory for anti-Leb agglutinin. PMID- 7086151 TI - A quantitative assay for IgA rheumatoid factor. AB - We developed a solid-phase radioimmunoassay capable of detecting nanogram quantities of human IgA rheumatoid factor (RF) in biological fluids. Human IgM RF, IgG RF, IgG, IgA, IgM and whole serum did not significantly interfere with the IgA RF assay. Patients with sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had significantly higher concentrations of IgA RF than sero-negative RA patients or healthy adult controls. Concentrations of IgA RF in paired sera and synovial fluids from sero-positive RA patients were comparable. Levels of IgA RF demonstrated a moderately good correlation with levels of IgM RF in sero-positive RA sera (r = 0.673). However, the ratio of IgA RF concentration to IgM RF concentration in sero-positive RA sera varied widely. PMID- 7086158 TI - Insurance and Malpractice: a look at the physician's attitude, philosophy. PMID- 7086157 TI - A lift for sagging spirits. The voice of business. PMID- 7086156 TI - Monoclonal anti-type 2 H: an antibody detecting a precursor of the A and B blood group antigens. AB - A monoclonal antibody was produced which binds specifically to Type 2 H antigen of the ABO blood group system. The antibody, H11, is an IgM molecule which reacts by direct agglutination of red cells with the same pattern as other anti H reagents such as Ulex europaeus lectin. The specificity was determined by inhibition and adsorption with chemically defined oligosaccharides. H11 also reacted with poly (glycosyl) ceramide purified from group 0 red cells and glycoprotein H purified from human stomach mucosa and meconium. H11 differs from Ulex lectin, however, in that it was not inhibited by saliva from ABH secretor individuals or by glycoprotein H purified from human ovarian cysts or submaxillary glands. PMID- 7086159 TI - Preventing physician burn out, or physician, heal thyself. A report of the Commission on Physician Impairment. PMID- 7086160 TI - Prenatal diagnosis: chromosome disorders. PMID- 7086161 TI - Some fallacies of the Gori report on less hazardous cigarettes. PMID- 7086162 TI - A sialic acid-specific lectin from the slug Limax flavus. PMID- 7086163 TI - Reaction against self in an invertebrate? PMID- 7086164 TI - Cuticular lesions in tsetse flies (Glossinidae:Diptera) of Kenya. PMID- 7086167 TI - Adrenalin has differential effects on epidermal cell cycle progression in mice. AB - The cell kinetic response after intraperitoneal injection of the 10 micrograms adrenalin was investigated in hairless mouse epidermis. Changes in the proportion of cells in S and G2 phase were studied by means of flow cytometry of isolated basal cells. Changes in the proportion of cells in prophase and metaphase, changes in the mitotic rate (Colcemid method) and in cell cycle progression of 3H TdR labeled cells were studied in histologic sections. The results showed that adrenalin has a differential effect on cell proliferation in mouse epidermis. The cell progression rate from S phase through G2 phase to metaphase is increased in one cohort of cells shortly after adrenalin injection. Simultaneously another cohort of cells is reversibly delayed or blocked in prophase. In agreement with most previous studies a significantly reduced cell division rate was seen 2-3 hr after adrenalin injection. At this time the proportions of cells in prophase and G2 phase were normalized, whereas a significant increase in the proportion of cells in S phase had cycle progression out of S phase might be responsible for the reduced mitotic rate seen after adrenalin administration. PMID- 7086166 TI - In vitro assay for phototoxic chemicals. AB - The photosensitizing potential of chemicals known to produce photosensitivity in humans was compared to chemicals not considered to be photosensitizers in an in vitro assay. The assay involved exposure of human lymphoid cells to UVA (320-400 nm), and in some cases UVB (280-320 nm) radiation, in the presence of the chemicals and the assessement of phototoxicity as measured by the incorporation of 3[H]-thymidine into nuclear DNA. All known photosensitizers tested were found to be phototoxic, while the nonphotosensitizing agents, with the exception of retinoic acid, were not phototoxic. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared to a T lymphoblastoid cell line as target cells; the latter were superior in terms of convenience, cost and reproducibility of results. This test system has potential as a predictive assay for detecting additional phototoxic chemicals. PMID- 7086168 TI - Reduction of Langerhans cells in human epidermis during PUVA therapy: a morphometric study. AB - Skin biopsies were obtained before and after PUVA therapy from the normal skin of 5 psoriatic patients. By electron microscopic morphometric techniques the pretreatment volume density of Langerhans cells within the epidermis was estimated to be approximately 1%. This density was reduced in all 5 patients after therapy. The volume density of Langerhans cell granules per Langerhans cell cytoplasm was on an average 0.8% and this density was reduced in 4 of the patients after therapy, while in one patient there was an increase. There was a reduced volume density of Langerhans cell granules per unit volume of epidermis in all 5 patients after therapy. The mean length of the Langerhans cell disc was 260 +/- 120, nm the mean thickness 40 nm and the mean diameter of the Langerhans cell vesicle 120 +/- 30 nm. None of these parameters changed after PUVA therapy. The reduced volume density of Langerhans cells is discussed in the context of possible implications for immune reactions in the skin. PMID- 7086169 TI - Catecholamines levels and parotid secretion in children with chronic atopic dermatitis. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo state of both branches of the autonomic nervous system in children with chronic atopic dermatitis. In 15 patients, age 4 to 11, the following parameters were analyzed: (1) basal plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; (2) poststimulation (standing and i.v. furosemide administration); (3) basal urinary excretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vainillin mandelic acid; (4) 30 min postfurosemide administration; (5) parotid secretory response to intraoral 0.1 m citric acid: flow rate, saliva pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate, chlorides, inorganic phosphates, total protein, and amylase activity. No differences in plasma and urinary basal levels of the catecholamines were observed. In response to standing, plasma norepinephrine from atopic children showed a greater increase than that seen in normal healthy children. From the salivary factors studied, no differences were found in parotid flow-rate, bicarbonates, chlorides, and inorganic phosphates. Protein concentration as well as amylase activity were significantly decreased in children with atopic dermatitis. These findings suggest that in atopic dermatitis, the beta-sympathetic mediated responses are impaired; on the other hand, parasympathetic mediated responses remain preserved. PMID- 7086165 TI - The effects of the piroplasm Babesia bigemina on the survival and reproduction of the blue, tick, Boophilus decoloratus. PMID- 7086171 TI - Mammalian stratum corneum contains physiologic lipid thermal transitions. AB - Using a new high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter, capable of very slow scanning rates and large sample volumes, we examined the thermal transitions in neonatal mouse stratum corneum. Both physiological and supraphysiological transitions were found in intact tissue that were displaced on cooling and obliterated by solvent treatment establishing them as lipids. Physiologic peaks were encountered in lipid extracts from the same tissues. With heating and cooling recycling we found a novel effect of thermal "fractionation" of the peaks into discrete subfractions that appeared to correspond roughly the the number of bands found on thin-layer chromatography of the lipid extracts. PMID- 7086172 TI - Inhibition of DNA replication and repair by anthralin or danthron in cultured human cells. AB - The comparative effects of the tumor promoter anthralin and its analog, danthron, on semiconservative DNA replication and DNA repair synthesis were studied in cultured human cells. Bromodeoxyuridine was used as density label together with 3H-thymidine to distinguish replication from repair synthesis in isopycnic CsCl gradients. Anthralin at 1.1 microgram inhibited replication in T98G cells by 50%. In cells treated with 0.4 or 1.3 microM anthralin and additive effect was observed on the inhibition of replication by ultraviolet light (254 nm). In cells irradiated with 20 J/m2, 2.3 microM anthralin was required to inhibit repair synthesis by 50%. Thus there was no selective inhibitory effect of anthralin on repair synthesis. Danthron exhibited no detectable effect on either semiconservative replication or repair synthesis at concentrations below about 5.0 microM. Neither compound stimulated repair synthesis in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, anthralin and danthron do not appear to react with DNA to form adducts that are subject to excision repair. Although both compounds appear to intercalate into supercoiled DNA in vitro to a limited extent, the degree of unwinding introduced by the respective drugs does not correlate with their relative effects on DNA synthesis in vivo. Therefore the inhibitory effect of anthralin on DNA replication and repair synthesis in T98G cells does not appear to result from the direct interaction of the drug with DNA. PMID- 7086173 TI - Effects of peroxides on rodent skin: epidermal hyperplasia and tumor promotion. AB - Free radical generating peroxides are potent skin irritants. After a single topical application of either 10, 20, or 40 mg of lauroyl peroxides or benzoyl peroxide on the dorsal skin of Sencar mice, the epidermal thickness increased markedly. No major inflammatory or vascular alterations were noted. On the other hand, 15 or 30% hydrogen peroxide produced an extensive epidermolysis, as well as inflammation and vascular injury, followed by quick regeneration and epidermal hyperplasia. Both lauroyl peroxide- and benzoyl peroxide-induced hyperplasias were characterized by a sustained production of dark basal keratinocytes, which constituted approximately 10% of the basal cell population during the first week after single topical application. Hydrogen peroxide-induced epidermal hyperplasias also exhibited numerous dark cells, but their presence was less sustained. Although all these peroxides were inactive either as initiators or as complete carcinogens, lauroyl peroxide was as effective as benzoyl peroxide when used as a skin tumor promoter in a two-stage carcinogenesis protocol. In a similar experimental protocol, hydrogen peroxide proved to be a very weak skin tumor promoter. PMID- 7086174 TI - Laboratory evidence for impaired cellular immunity in different stages of syphilis. AB - Abundant evidence suggests that Treponema pallidum (T.p.) escapes humoral immune defence despite the host produces antibodies early in the infection. Since the serologic responses in syphilis have been studied in detail this paper focuses on the cellular immune mechanisms. For this purpose the leukocyte migration inhibition was investigated in 17 patients in different stages of syphilis. Leukocyte migration inhibition assay was performed before, and 7 days, 3 weeks, 2 mo. and 1 yr after start of treatment. Ultrasonicated T.p. were used as antigen corresponding to 5 X 10(6) to 2 X 10(7) Treponema pallida per ml. Controls without antigen, with addition of Concanavalin. A instead of T.p. and using cells of normal volunteers were run. There was no leukocyte migration inhibition before treatment, suggesting nonexistent or depressed cellular immunity in the untreated syphilitic patient. Significant leukocyte migration inhibition, however, was observed as early as 2 days after start of treatment, being most pronounced after 1 week. Hypothetical circulating blocking factors for cellular immune reactions might be present in the untreated syphilitic patient, which become abolished after therapy. Since stimulation with Con A of syphilitic leukocytes gave normal results even before treatment in the syphilitic patient, there might be a specific block of leukocyte migration inhibition against T.p. PMID- 7086175 TI - Alkaline phosphatase-positive Langerhans cells in the epidermis of cattle. AB - Dendritic alkaline phosphatase-positive cells in the epidermis of cattle were studied. By light microscopy they were shown to occur in basal and suprabasal positions in the epidermis, with their dendrites reaching into outer layers of the stratum spinosum. They were also found in the external root sheaths of hair follicles. In separated epidermal sheets from ears of cattle these cells were found to be uniformly distributed with an average concentration of approximately 1,600 cells/mm2. Langerhans cells were identified in the epidermis by the presence of dendritic cells of Langerhans cell granules, a lobated nucleus and clear cytoplasm and the absence of desmosomes, tonofilaments, premelanosomes, and melanosomes. Alkaline phosphatase activity was associated with the plasmalemma of such cells and occasionally with cytoplasmic inclusions which may have been Langerhans cell granules. Enzyme activity was not associated with melanocytes or keratinocytes. It is confirmed that alkaline phosphatase activity is a feature of Langerhans cells, and possibly "indeterminate" cells in the normal epidermis of cattle. PMID- 7086170 TI - Differential inhibition of transcription of DNA by melanoma chromosomal proteins. AB - Histones and 4 nuclear nonhistone protein fractions (NHP1-4) were extracted from nuclei of a Cloudman mouse melanoma cell line (NCTC 3960, CCL 53) and tested for their ability to bind to DNA and influence transcription. The histones and NHP fractions showed different binding affinities for DNA, with the histones and NHP1 exhibiting the highest affinity. The NHP fractions differentially affected both the rate of RNA synthesis and the size of RNA transcribed. NHP1 which inhibited RNA synthesis to the greatest extent, inhibited synthesis of all sizes of RNA except for major peaks of 28S and 8S RNS and discrete minor peaks of 7S, 6S, 5S, and 4S RNS. Histones markedly enhanced the effect of NHP1 on RNA synthesis. These results suggest that there are nonhistone proteins in Cloudman melanoma nuclei which have a high affinity for DNA and which may be involved in the regulation of transcription. PMID- 7086178 TI - Circadian rhythms in mitotic index in normal and psoriatic epidermis. PMID- 7086177 TI - PUVA-induced UVB-tumor susceptibility. PMID- 7086176 TI - Eight year persistence of individual differences in the bacterial flora of the forehead. AB - Eight subjects having a rich (greater than or equal to 100,000 per cm2) population of Propionibacterium acnes on the forehead and 7 with a sparse population (great than or equal to 15,000 per cm2) in earlier tests were reexamined after median interval of 8 yr. All of those with an initial rich population had greater than or equal to 100,000 per cm2 on retest. Of the 7 with an initial sparse population, 4 again had fewer than 15,000, one had more than 100,000 per cm2 and 2 were intermediate. Three subjects harbored Peptococcus saccharolyticus in the initial test (26,000 to 75,000 per cm2) and all 3 carried this organism on the later test (5,000 to 49,000 per cm2). Of the 12 without P. saccharolyticus initially, 11 were again negative and one had a small number (200 per cm 2). We conclude that the presence or absence of P. saccharolyticus and the relative population density of P. acnes were individual characteristics that persisted in most subjects for at least 8 yr. PMID- 7086180 TI - Structural elements of the dermis. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Symposium on the Biology of Skin. PMID- 7086179 TI - Percutaneous absorption of methotrexate: effect on epidermal DNA synthesis in hairless mice. AB - One of the presumed reasons for the lack of clinical activity of topical methotrexate in psoriasis is insufficient percutaneous penetration necessary to inhibit epidermal DNA synthesis. The present study was undertaken to select a vehicle to optimize penetration of methotrexate in vitro and to determine the effects of this topical formulation on epidermal DNA synthesis in vivo in hairless mouse skin. Increased penetration of methotrexate was obtained in human skin in vitro with Vehicle N compared to water and n-decylmethylsulfoxide vehicles. Repeated topical application of this methotrexate/Vehicle N preparation produced marked epidermal atrophy in treated sites in both normal and hyperproliferative essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse skin without similar effects at a distant skin site. Local inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis was also obtained without systemic effects at a distant site. These studies demonstrate that methotrexate in Vehicle N may produce a direct effect on epidermis which may be useful for the topical therapy of psoriasis. PMID- 7086181 TI - Collagen fibrillogenesis in tissues, in a solution and from modeling: a synthesis. AB - Collagen fibril formation has been studied in tissues by light and electron microscopy; in solution by light scattering and microscopy; and from modeling based on the amino acid sequence of type I collagen. Taken together these studies indicate that collagen fibril assembly involves a stepwise formation of intermediate aggregates in which each intermediate is formed from earlier aggregates. In this sequence, monomeric collagen contributes only to the formation of early aggregates; and fibrils grow in length by the addition of intermediate aggregates to the end of a subfibril and in width by lateral wrapping of subfibrils. Modeling based on amino acid sequence data of possible intermolecular charge-charge interactions indicate 2 different kinds, one which promotes linear aggregation and the other which promotes linear aggregation. The effects of different collagens and coprecipitants such as glycoproteins and proteoglycans can begin to be explained by their influence on the character of intermediate subassemblies. Ultrastructural data from 2 tissues, embryonic cornea and tendon, indicate that the site of fibril growth and assembly is at the cell surface. PMID- 7086182 TI - The role of collagen autoimmunity in animal models and human diseases. AB - Although immune reactions to collagen have been described in several diseases, the pathophysiologic consequences of collagen autoimmunity remain obscure. We have recently described an animal model of polyarthritis which can be induced in susceptible rats or mice by immunization with native type II collagen. Arthritis develops in animals which have high levels of both cellular and humoral immunity to collagen. In rats, arthritis can be passively transferred with purified IgG antinative type II collagen antibodies. There is circumstantial evidence that antibodies are also important for the initiation of arthritis in susceptible mice. Circulating immune complexes do not appear to be involved and we believe the arthritis is caused by binding of antibodies to autologous collagen. There are a number of similarities between collagen-induced arthritis and human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Many histopathologic changes are similar including synovitis which progresses to pannus formation, development of marginal erosions and eventual cartilage destruction. Both diseases are associated with collagen autoimmunity which appears to be genetically linked to the major histocompatibility locus. However, there are also significant differences. In particular, the antibody reactivity usually found in RA is primarily directed against covalent structural determinants on collagen and not against the conformation-dependent determinants on type II collagen critical to the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Immunity to collagen has also been described in other animal models of disease and in other human diseases but its relevance to their pathophysiology is unknown. By further characterizing the specific reactions involved including the nature of the immune response, its specificity and the genetic factors important in the host; insight may be gained into the role of collagen autoimmunity in human disease. While significant progress has been made in all of these areas during the last several years, much remains to be learned before the relevance of collagen autoimmunity to any human disease is established. PMID- 7086183 TI - Structure of the elastic fiber: an overview. AB - Intense research efforts over the past 18 yr have probed deeply into the structure of the elastic fiber. This began with the elucidation of the demosine crosslinks in elastin and the description of the elastin precursor, tropoelastin, derived from copper-deficient animals. Characterization of the precursor material indicates that it is a single polypeptide chain of approximately 800 amino acid residues containing lysine residues in clusters destined to form the desmosine crosslinks. The molecule contains large areas of hydrophobic sequence interspersed with shorter stretches of polyalanine and the lysines. The shorter structures may be folded into alpha-helices. The larger hydrophobic areas appear to form a unique structure known as the beta spiral which possesses elastometric properties. Inside the hydrophobic areas repeating sequences such as the pentapeptide pro-gly-val-gly-val have been observed the exact significance of which is not appreciated, but it appears to be well-conserved between species. Recent studies in the molecular biology of this protein have indicated that it is synthesized on the rough ER with a short leader sequence of about 25 residues. This is lost before the tropoelastin is exported. Diversity in sequence studies in these leaders suggest that there may be two elastins, type A and B, which vary with the maturation of the animal. PMID- 7086184 TI - The molecular aspects of elastin gene expression. AB - This report summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms which provide the basis for the regulation of elastin synthesis. Methods are available for the direct quantitation of elastin messenger RNA activity and absolute levels of elastin messenger RNA. Current evidence suggests, that at least for some systems, regulation of elastin synthesis primarily occurs at a pretranslational level. Recent advances in the cloning of elastin cDNA and elastin genes will permit the determination of elastin and elastin gene primary structure. These cloned elastin genes will also provide useful probes for the further analysis of the control of elastin gene expression in development and disease states. PMID- 7086186 TI - Structure-function relationship in the evolution of elastin. AB - The evolution of the structure of the rubber-like protein elastin, found in connective tissues which are subjected to periodic physiological stress, was studied with respect to its phylogenetic distribution, fiber morphology and arrangement, response to deformation, and amino acid composition. Aortae and other tissues from several vertebrates and invertebrates were examined for the presence of elastin, which was defined on the basis of a characteristic amino acid composition, the presence of the unique crosslinks desmosine and isodesmosine, and by histologic criteria. The protein was present in all vertebrates except the primitive jawless fishes and was absent from all invertebrates which were examined. In addition, the morphology of aortic elastin fibers differed markedly among the vertebrate families. Biochemical analysis revealed increases in both the degree of crosslinking and hydrophobicity in elastins from higher vertebrates (mammals, birds) as compared to those from bony fish. Mammalian elastin displayed an increased tendency toward coacervation (polymerization into aggregated structures) at 37 degrees C and behaved differently from a conventional elastomer when stretched in a microcalorimeter. Selection for an increasingly hydrophobic elastin appears to have paralleled the development of a highly-pressurized, closed circulatory system in homeothermic animals. The data do not support a common genetic origin for elastin and other connective tissue proteins. Significant variations in amino acid composition among aortic elastins from different species, however, indicate that genetically distinct elastin types could have arisen by divergence from a common ancestral gene. PMID- 7086185 TI - Control of elastin synthesis. AB - mRNA was isolated from the thoracic aortas of 16-day chick embryos and used to synthesize blunt-ended heteroduplex molecules consisting of one strand of mRNA and one of cDNA using AMV reverse transcriptase and S1 nuclease. The duplexes were tailed with dCTP and hybridized to the plasmid pBR322 which had been restricted with Pst I and tailed with dGTP. Recombinant plasmids were used to transform E. coli C600 and colonies containing elastin cDNA were selected by in situ hybridization with 32P labeled elastin mRNA and by hybrid selected translation using the nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate system. mRNA recovered from hybridization to DNA of one clone, pWB1, markedly stimulated incorporation of [3H]valine into a protein which was immunoprecipitable with elastin-specific antibody and had a molecular weight of 72,000, characteristic of tropoelastin. The 230 bp insert of pWB1 was sequenced by the technique of Maxam and Gilbert and found to be derived from a nontranslated region of the 3' end of the mRNA. Nick translated pWB1 was used to identify and to estimate the relative amounts of elastin mRNA in the developing chick embryo aorta by blot hybridization. A single mRNA species of 3.5 kb hybridized to the pWB1 probe and this species increased greatly in amount between day 7 and day 14. This increase was paralleled by an increase in translatable elastin mRNA and by the rate of elastin synthesis of aortas from various age embryos incubated in vivo. The injection of 150 microgram of hydrocortisone 21-phosphate into 8-day eggs produced a significant increase in both the relative rate of tropoelastin synthesized by the isolated aortas and the relative amount of elastin mRNA. These results suggest that the observed changes in elastin synthesis during development and after hydrocortisone administration are governed by the elastin mRNA content of the aortas. PMID- 7086187 TI - Elastin in diseases. AB - Previous morphologic observations have suggested abnormalities in the elastic fibers in a number of both inherited and acquired diseases. Recent progress made in understanding of the normal biology of elastin has allowed us to examine these diseases by biochemical means. In this review we are discussing the current status of the research on the elastin diseases with particular emphasis on clinical conditions affecting skin, as for example, cutis laxa, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. In addition, we present new data which appears to be the first demonstration of an elastin abnormality in the Marfan syndrome. PMID- 7086188 TI - Biomechanical properties of dermis. AB - Data obtained from a wide variety of test methods both in vitro and in vivo and histological studies of stressed skin have led to an understanding of the mechanical properties of the dermis and the relation of these properties to the structure of the collagen and elastin fiber networks of the dermis. The mechanical properties are found to be well adapted to the mechanical function of the dermis. The viscoelastic nature of the skin shows that a simple structural model based only on collagen and elastin is not adequate for a full understanding of this tissue. The role of proteoglycans in bonding collagen fibrils into large fibers and in connecting these fibers into the fibrous net of the dermis is not well understood. Mechanical testing can yield information on the nature of bonds at this level of structure. PMID- 7086189 TI - Genetic heterogeneity of collagens. AB - The term collagen has recently been expanded to include at least 7 genetically distinct structural elements of mammalian connective tissues. It is assumed that differences in the primary structure specify the interactions of these different collagens with one another and with noncollagen connective tissue elements. The specific biomechanical properties of individual connective tissues result from the relative content of the different collagen types. Four major classes of collagens can be defined on the basis of compositional and structural characteristics. The first class includes collagens Type I, II, and III which form classically described compact banded film structures resulting from crosslink stabilized side-by-side interactions of the triple helical structural domains. Type IV, or basement membrane collagen, comprises the second class. These molecules form open fiber structures by disulfide stabilized end-to-end interactions of the nonhelical amino and carboxyterminal structural domains. The third class of collagens contains the Type V collagens and the molecules containing the E and F chains found in cartilage. These molecules may interact by a combination of side-by-side and end-to-end aggregation. Still a fourth class is suggested by recent descriptions of several collagens which appear to contain extensive regions of unstable triple helix within the triple helical structural domain. It has been suggested that these collagens may serve as links between collagen and noncollagen structural elements. These concepts suggest that the specificity of interactions directed by the different collagen types result from (1) the extent of removal of the nonhelical collagen domains and (2) the integrity of the triple helical structure within the triple helical domain. These 2 properties of the different collagens are directly specified by genetically determined amino acid sequence differences. PMID- 7086191 TI - The collagen alpha-2 chain gene. AB - A number of DNA sequences specific for collagen messenger RNAs and genes have been isolated, cloned in bacterial plasmids or bacteriophages, and studied in detail. Such sequences have been used to study regulatory mechanisms underlying the production of type I collagen in fibroblasts in culture, fibroblasts after viral transformation, and in tissues and organs during embryonic and fetal development. It is clear that a variety of mechanisms, transcriptional, translational and post-translational, are used by cells to regulate collagen production. The study of isolated collagen gene fragments coding for the alpha 2 collagen chain in sheep and chick have shown that many genes are very large, and are interrupted by as many as 50 intervening sequences. Additionally, the structure of the genes in the regions coding for the helical regions of the protein provides evidence that collagen genes may have arisen from the reduplication of a DNA segment containing a primordial collagen gene sequence. The availability of specific cloned collagen gene sequences will allow the precise chromosomal location of the collagen genes as well as the number and the linkage relationships between these genes. In addition, genetic disorders of connective tissue where alterations in collagen structure are implicated will now be amenable to analysis at the DNA level. PMID- 7086190 TI - How does a skin fibroblast make type I collagen fibers? AB - We now have an impressive amount of information about several steps in the synthesis of type I collagen fibers by skin fibroblasts: (a) the transcription of the genes for pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) polypeptide chains; (b) the processing of the initial RNA transcripts of the genes to mature mRNAs; (c) translation of the mRNAs to prepro alpha 1(I) and prepro alpha 2(I) chains; (d) processing of the prepro alpha 1(I) and prepro alpha 2(I) chains to procollagen; and (e) the further processing of procollagen in collagen fibers. The speed with which we are currently developing this information about collagen and comparable information about other constituents of skin suggests that skin may well be the first human organ which we fully understand. PMID- 7086192 TI - Structure and function of basement membrane. AB - Progress has been made in identifying and characterizing basement membrane macromolecules, including type IV collagen, laminin, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and bullous pemphigoid antigen. Basement membrane contains a unique collagen, type IV collagen, which is formed of pro alpha 1(IV) (Mr = 185,000) and pro alpha 2(IV) (Mr = 170,000) chains. As opposed to the fibrillar pattern seen with other collagens, the type IV collagen molecules are thought to be arranged in a honey-comb or reticular pattern which provides the major structural element of the basement membrane. Consistent with this model, type IV collagen has been localized to the basement membrane lamina densa, a nonfibrillar structure. Laminin is a large (Mr = 1,000,000) noncollagenous glycoprotein with chains of 200,000 and 400,000 daltons. It has been localized to the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. A heparan sulfate proteoglycan has also been identified in the basement membrane. Its biological function may be to restrict the penetration of anionic macromolecules through the basement membrane. In contrast to the above-mentioned components which are found in all tissue basement membranes, bullous pemphigoid antigen is only found in certain basement membranes, mostly those of stratified squamous epithelia. Bullous pemphigoid antigen is a protein, synthesized by keratinocytes in culture, with disulfide-linked chains (Mr = 220,000). By immunoelectron microscopy, it is localized in the lamina lucida of epidermal basement membrane and is closely associated with the basal cell surface. Its biological function is not known, but could involve epidermal basal cell substrate interactions which occur when basal cells re-epithelialize wounds. PMID- 7086194 TI - Pathogenesis of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). AB - Increasing interest in the vascular features of scleroderma has led to the hypothesis that the blood vessel is the major target tissue and that the endothelial cell is the principal cell target. Useful observations stemming from the vascular hypothesis include the use of microvascular abnormalities in the early detection of the patient destined to develop classical scleroderma, the discovery of a serum protease selectively cytotoxic to endothelial cells, and the study of a serum mitogenic activity for fibroblasts in scleroderma patients. Immune events related to the vascular lesions are under active study but have not as yet provided a unique immunological lesion in scleroderma patients. The possibility that immunity to basement membrane (type IV) collagen may be selective for scleroderma patients deserves further study. Persistent immunity to endothelial basement membrane structures would provide a basis for continued endothelial injury. Techniques to quantify endothelial injury are useful to assess activity of the vascular lesions and to monitor therapies designed to block further vascular injury. The definition of pre-fibrotic vascular lesions may have future therapeutic and preventive implications for scleroderma. PMID- 7086195 TI - Molecular defects in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AB - Several abnormalities in collagen biosynthesis have been described in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Examples of collagen structural mutations as well as post-translational enzymatic defects have been detected. Patients with hydroxylysine-deficient collagen disease (Ehlers-Danlos type VI) have diminished lysyl hydroxylase activity. One mutant enzyme has been characterized which is thermally labile and had an altered affinity for ascorbate. Another mutant enzyme had a normal requirement for cofactors but activity was diminished. Type VII Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is associated with altered processing of procollagen to collagen. Most often the disorder is associated with deficient procollagen aminoprotease activity. One patient appears to represent a structural mutation of pro alpha 2 (I) resulting in incomplete cleavage of the amino terminal propeptide. One family with x-linked Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V) has been described with altered lysyl oxidase activity. Other patients with this disorder have had normal lysyl oxidase activity. The ecchymotic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type IV) has defective type III collagen-synthesis. Patients have been described with absent synthesis, diminished synthesis and diminished secretion. PMID- 7086193 TI - Regulation of collagen synthesis. AB - Collagen synthesis is a complex orchestration of intracellular and extracellular events. In addition to synthesis of the polypeptide chains more than a dozen modifications of the molecule occur; most of these are enzymatic and specific for collagen. Regulational control of collagen synthesis promises to be equally complex. Examples are described to 4 specific regulatory influences. Ascorbic acid markedly stimulates collagen synthesis without affecting synthesis of other proteins. This effect appears to be unrelated to its cofactor roles for hydroxylation of lysine and proline. Glucocorticoids at microM concentration specifically inhibit collagen synthesis. Tissues treated with glucocorticoids have diminished levels of mRNA for collagen. During collagen synthesis the aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen is cleaved by a specific protease. This peptide appears to be a feedback inhibitor of collagen synthesis. This effect can be demonstrated in cells and in cell-free synthesizing systems. A membrane receptor system may permit the peptide to be recognized and subsequently act as a translational control mechanism. Viral transformation of fibroblasts results in selectively decreased synthesis of collagen. Levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear mRNA are likewise selectively diminished consistent with transcriptional control. PMID- 7086196 TI - Structure of the dermal matrix during development and in the adult. AB - To describe a normal adult dermis is a seemingly simple task considering the diverse microscopic methods available for examination of the tissue, staining procedures to delineate the fibrous and cellular components, and immunolabeling techniques to identify precisely the various fibrous elements. Yet it is not simple because the range of normal in any of the dermal components has never been surveyed. There are well recognized age-related changes in the dermis; the tissue can be modified by environmental insults (e.g., actinic damage) and alterations can occur in tissue of individuals with inherited disorders of connective tissue metabolism, other metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes) and in those receiving topically applied or systemic medication. From our own experience there is also marked individual variability (at any age) in the connective tissue architecture and its fibrous components. Thus, we are describing the structure of a normal dermis without demonstrating the range of normal in any one of its elements. Reference will occasionally be made to abnormal conditions of the matrix since through these deviations it is possible to understand more about the normal. Structural and biochemical properties of the dermal connective tissue in human embryos and fetuses have been described in a number of studies, but in only a few instances was the goal of the research focused on this problem; instead, fetal tissue was used for comparative purposes in aging studies, or a certain characteristic of the fetal dermis was pointed out along with the description of another structure (e.g., hair follicle). In the few instances where a sequential study was carried out on one matrix component during development, an animal (pig, chick) was selected for the work. PMID- 7086197 TI - Streptococcus pneumoniae and three species of anaerobic bacteria in experimental otitis media in guniea pigs. AB - Three species of anaerobic bacteria commonly isolated in upper respiratory tract infections in humans were studied in an animal model of otitis media. The ability of Propionibacterium acnes to induce acute otitis media was comparable with that of streptococcus pneumoniae, the classic middle ear pathogen. The response to Peptostreptococcus micros was weak and irregular, and no effects of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus were observed despite the use of high doses (10(8) colony forming unite per ear). The results of this study support the contention that anaerobic bacteria such as P. acnes may be true pathogens in middle ear infections. PMID- 7086198 TI - Cultivation of Bacteroides fragilis in tissue culture. AB - The capacity of animal cells to support the growth of obligate anaerobes was shown by inoculating Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron into cultures of Vero, HeLa, Chinese hamster ovary, and Chinese hamster lung cells. From an extremely small inoculum (nearly 1 cfu), B. fragilis multiplied up to 10(8) cfu/ml during aerobic cultivation in L-15 medium containing kanamycin sulfate (50 micrograms/ml) and 5% fetal bovine serum (total depth, 3-5 mm). Infecting bacteria formed a cluster on the cell monolayer and permitted the concomitant growth of infected Vero cells. Treatment of Vero cells with an inhibitor of respiration (sodium azide) arrested the bacterial growth reversibly. In contrast, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, enhanced the growth of B.fragilis. By use of the thin oxygen electrode, low oxygen pressure was detected in the vicinity of the cultured Vero cells. Thus, respirating animal cells seem to provide a microenvironment with low enough oxygen pressure for the growth of some anaerobes. PMID- 7086199 TI - The role of understaffing and overcrowding in recurrent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection in a neonatal special-care unit. AB - Understaffing and overcrowding in the neonatal nursery are thought to contribute to the spread of infectious diseases among neonates, although little scientific documentation exists to support the view. In the present investigation of recurring epidemics in one nursery, the incidence rate of clustered staphylococcal infection was 16 times higher after periods when the infant:nurse ratio exceeded 7, seven times higher after periods when the infant census exceeded 33, three times higher in the summer months, and 1.5 times higher in the absence of bathing with hexachlorophene. All four factors were significantly associated with infection in a multivariate statistical model which predicted the occurrence of infection well (goodness-of-fit chi 2 = 6.08; df = 9; P = 0.73). These results support the contention that staphylococcal outbreaks periodically resulted when, in the presence of overcrowding, serious understaffing made frequent handwashing between infant contacts difficult. Elimination of these problems appears to be important in reducing cross infection in the nursery. PMID- 7086200 TI - Diagnostic value of cryptococcal antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with malignant disease. PMID- 7086201 TI - Endocarditis and brain abscess due to Bacteroides oralis. PMID- 7086203 TI - Clinical characteristics and response to therapy in Egyptian children heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Forty-one Egyptian schoolchildren (36 boys and five girls; age, 12-16 years) who were heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni were studied. Symptomatic subjects had swimmer's itch and hematochezia. Hepatomegaly was found in 39 and splenomegaly in 31 children. All subjects had eosinophilia, 13 had anemia, 31 had elevated levels of serum globulins, and nine had elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. All but one subject had antibody to hepatitis A virus, and 26 had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, or both. Oxamniquine was given in single daily doses of 20 mg/kg of body weight for either two or three days and cured 50% and 85%, respectively, of subjects treated; ova excretion was reduced by 86%-93% for up to 12 months. Morbidity was associated with heavy S. mansoni infection. Therapy with oxamniquine was safe and efficacious. PMID- 7086202 TI - Diabetes insipidus and anterior pituitary dysfunction after staphylococcal meningitis and multiple brain abscesses. PMID- 7086204 TI - Defective adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to nylon induced by thalassemic serum. AB - The effects of sera obtained from 18 patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia on the adherence and chemotaxis of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was studied. The adherence of PMNLs suspended in thalassemic serum was 3.1% +/- 2.5% (mean +/- SD) compared with 17.9% +/- 8.0% adherence in control serum (P less than 0.00001). Zymosan-treated thalassemic serum did not generate chemotactic factors, and zymosan-treated normal serum did not induce chemotaxis of PMNLs suspended in thalassemic serum. When added to zymosan-treated normal plasma, thalassemic serum inhibited augmentation of PMNL adherence to nylon columns. These abnormalities were due to a heat-labile factor(s) in the sera of patients with thalassemia. Suspending PMNLs in heated thalassemic serum (56 C for 30 min) resulted in an increase of adherence to 14.6% +/- 6.2% (P less than 0.0001). PMNLs suspended in heated thalassemic serum responded normally to chemotactic attractants. PMID- 7086205 TI - Leukocyte effects on the dimorphism of Coccidioides immitis. AB - To assess the influences of leukocytes on the dimorphism of Coccidioides immitis, mycelial elements (arthroconidia) or spherules were incubated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) or mononuclear leukocytes. In the presence of human leukocytes, arthroconidia became separated spherules as determined by electron microscopy but grew as mycelia when viable leukocytes were absent. Plasma was not required for this effect. In a new assay, PMNLs, lymphocytes, or monocytes from human blood as well as rabbit alveolar macrophages inhibited spherules from forming germ tubes. In flat-bottomed glassware, maximal inhibition occurred with PMNL:spherule ratios above 15:1, whereas in conical-bottomed glassware a ratio of 3:1 was maximally suppressive with PMNLs as well as mononuclear leukocytes. Cytochalasin B and colchicine blocked the effect of PMNLs but not that of other blood leukocytes on spherules. These studies indicate that leukocytes influence coccidioidal dimorphism toward the spherule phase. This effect may be important in host defenses against C. immitis. PMID- 7086206 TI - Hepatitis B in homosexual men: prevalence of infection and factors related to transmission. AB - Of 3,816 homosexual men examined in five sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States, 6.1% had hepatitis B surface antigen, 52.4% had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, and 3.0% of the men who had no other indicator of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The rate of seropositivity for HBV indicated by the presence of one or more of these serologic markers was 61.5%; seropositivity was significantly related to the duration of regular homosexual activity and to the number of nonsteady male sexual contacts in the four months before the patients were interviewed. Anal genital intercourse, oral-anal intercourse, and rectal douching were significantly related to evidence of HBV infection, but oral-oral contact and oral-genital contact were not. Trauma to the rectal mucosa is a feature common to the practices that were significantly related to seropositivity for HBV. PMID- 7086207 TI - Ectoparasites of rodents in Ismailiya Governorate Egypt. PMID- 7086208 TI - Some observations on coproculture of Strongyloides stercoralis. PMID- 7086209 TI - Effect of some new antibilharzial drugs on oxygen consumption of mouse diaphragm and liver homogenates in experimental bilharziasis. PMID- 7086210 TI - Effect of gamma-radiation on the susceptible and resistant strains of Musca domestica L. III. Radiosensitivity of pupal stage. PMID- 7086211 TI - Cuticular sense organs of three species of Rhipicephalus ticks (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae). PMID- 7086212 TI - Effect of temperature on the larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. PMID- 7086218 TI - Effects of socio-economic status on rates of helminthic infection in two localities in Egypt. PMID- 7086214 TI - Studies on the effect of the cestode Cotugnia polyacantha Fuhrman (1909) on Columba oenas. PMID- 7086215 TI - Ascaridia galli (Shrank, 1788): An erratic parasite in a fowl's egg albumin. PMID- 7086216 TI - Discobothrium aegyptiacus n. sp., a cestode from Raja circularis in the Mediterranean sea, Egypt. PMID- 7086217 TI - Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7086221 TI - Effect of larval and adult diet on the development of Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy). PMID- 7086213 TI - Laboratory evaluation of the molluscicidal effect of some biological compounds. PMID- 7086220 TI - Effect of Hymenolepis nana on blood serum glucose total proteins and total lipids of infected mice. PMID- 7086219 TI - Bilharziasis of the female genital tract; new concepts. PMID- 7086222 TI - On Echinobothrium helmymohamedi n. sp. (Cestoda : Diphyllidea); a parasite of the sting ray Taeniura lymma from the Red sea. PMID- 7086223 TI - Parasitic infections in Ismailiya Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 7086224 TI - Iron deficiency anaemia in children in Um Al-Quwain, United Arab Emirates. PMID- 7086225 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: the worm burden and growth in infected hamsters after treatment with some steroid drugs. PMID- 7086226 TI - Experimental transconjunctival infection of mice with Schistosoma Mansoni. PMID- 7086227 TI - Laboratory studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 7086228 TI - Present status and ecology of house dust mites in Egypt as approaches to environmental control of mites and preparation of specific diagnostic antigen before resort to any desensitizing vaccine. PMID- 7086229 TI - Leishmaniasis antibodies in stray cats in Ismailiya Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 7086230 TI - A histochemical study of muscles of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. PMID- 7086231 TI - Effect of certain chemical insecticides on the bacteria associated with the common house-fly Musca domestica. PMID- 7086232 TI - Change in weight and mortality rate of adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806 (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae) conditioned at different relative humidities. PMID- 7086233 TI - The effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on Schistosoma mansoni liver granuloma. PMID- 7086234 TI - The influence of ectoparasites (ticks and mites) on host serum enzymes. PMID- 7086235 TI - On the biology of the grey flesh fly, Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau Desvoidy). PMID- 7086236 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in bilharzial colitis. PMID- 7086237 TI - Immunological response in children infected with Giardia lamblia. PMID- 7086238 TI - [Effect of infusion therapy on intrauterine fetal growth retardation (author's transl)]. AB - It is requested for the control to the intrauterine fetal growth retardation (IUGR) to clarify the cause-and-effect relationship and to take the proper treatment under such a precondition. Following report covers the clinical report on the maternal infusion therapy mainly consisting of amino acids. 1) In the cases, to which the diagnosis of IUGR was given on basis of the development of symphisis-fundus length on the pregnogram and the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), the occurrence of appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) is as extremely high as 44.5% when it is felt without treatment. In the abnormal patterns of symphisis-fundus length, consisting mainly of the threatened premature labor, the differential diagnosis is needed to the outward IUGR. 2) As the effect of the maternal infusion therapy mainly of amino acids on IUGR, given in addition to the oral nutrition, the increase of placental weight and fetal weight was observed at around NP-Cal/N of 99-116. No abnormality was observed in the maternal renal and liver function. 3) As the result of the maternal infusion therapy to 131 cases of IUGR, the occurrence ratio of the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) was 26.7%. No case of perinatal death or congenital malformation was observed. PMID- 7086239 TI - [Effects of prolactin on lipid metabolism (author's transl)]. AB - Effects of prolactin (PRL) on lipid metabolism were examined in the patients with hyperprolactinemia and rabbits. Significant correlation between serum PRL and triglyceride (TG) levels was observed in the patients with hyperprolactinemia (r = 0.417, p less than 0.05). Serum TG levels in non-pregnant adult rabbits were elevated in feeded states by the administration of o-PRL. Marked changes were not observed in the activity of plasma lipoprotein lipase in rabbits by the administration of o-PRL, but in in vitro experiments, the up-take of 14C-acetate into lipid fraction of rabbit liver slice significantly increased by the addition of o-PRL. These findings suggest that PRL activates TG synthesis in liver and consequently increases serum TG levels. The serum levels of TG, free fatty acid, cholesterol and glucose significantly rose in rabbits' fetuses after the administration of o-PRL intraperitoneally. These facts also suggest that the high levels of PRL in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid may have some roles in the growth of the fetus through lipid metabolism. PMID- 7086242 TI - [Hematocoagulatological changes in toxemia of pregnancy--in reference to clinical symptom (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086240 TI - [A study on the relation among oxytocin challenge test, maternal serum estriol level and placental change (author's transl)]. AB - FHR oxytocin challenge test (OCT), maternal serum estriol level, neonatal birth weight and placental findings were studied in 206 cases. 1) Maternal serum estriol levels were not always related to the results of OCTs. 2) In the cases of positive and equivocal OCTs, the birth weight and the placental weight were smaller than those in negative OCT cases. 3) Positive and equivocal OCTs were frequently related with calcification and infarction of the placentae. 4) Neonatal birth weight showed close relation to the placental weight, though insignificant relation to maternal serum estriol level was observed. 5) The frequency of positive and equivocal OCTs was high in the cases of right-posterior position of placenta, and low in the cases of left-anterior. PMID- 7086241 TI - [Significance & treatment of abnormal blood viscosities in pre-eclamptic patients (author's transl)]. AB - Blood viscosity, a blood flow volume determinant, is one of the primary indicators of the state of pregnancy. The viscosity of peripheral veins was measured using a cone-plate viscometer (share rate 150 sec-1, 375 sec-1) and the results were utilized in comparisons between control and experimental groups to determine their importance to pre-eclamptic patients. Compared with values of 11 non-pregnant subjects (3.614 cp), 165 normal pregnancy cases had lower measurements during the entire term of pregnancy. The viscosity of these normal pregnant subjects decreased up to the 24th week, and increased thereafter. It is hypothesized that this results from the increased plasma volume of pregnant women. In severe pre-eclamptic subjects (3.508 cp), viscosity was significantly higher than in normal pregnancy cases. The natural decrease in peripheral blood flow resulting from elevated viscosity threatens the lives of both mother and fetus. Further analysis of clinical symptoms placed these 31 preeclamptic subjects in the conventional categories of hypertensive, proteinuric, and edematic. Viscosity measurements were highest for hypertensive (4.0059 cp), and lowest for edematic (2.7615 cp) and of intermediate value for proteinuric (3.2122 cp). To normalize these viscosities, the administration of dextran infusion therapy to hypertensive subjects and short-term furosemide therapy to edematic subjects was undertaken and brought considerable beneficial results. PMID- 7086244 TI - [Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary--report of an autopsied case with comments on diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086243 TI - [Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: report of a case complicating DIC and acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086245 TI - [Committee report on neonatal care registration (Neonatal mortality registration in 1979)]. PMID- 7086246 TI - [Spontaneous angina (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086247 TI - [Effect of the stimulated neutrophils from the synovial fluid of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the lymphocytes and tissues (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086248 TI - [Serum ribonuclease activity in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086250 TI - [A case of exertional rhabdomyolysis complicated with acute hepatic necrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086251 TI - [A case of recurrent muscle spasms with marked elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase activity during the treatment of hyperthyroidism with methylmercaptoimidazole (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086252 TI - [An autopsy case of tsutsugamushi disease complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086249 TI - [A case of ectopic parathyroid hormone producing malignant lymphoma associated with bone metastasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086254 TI - [A case of Sjogren's syndrome with pulmonary hypertension, hypergammaglobulinemia and thrombocytopenia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086253 TI - [Grawitz tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086255 TI - [A case of normoreninemic normotensive primary aldosteronism associated with nephrocalcinosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086256 TI - [A case of acute SO2 intoxication associated with interstitial emphysema (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086257 TI - Survey of the number of and types of total knee replacements in Louisiana. PMID- 7086258 TI - Incidental roentgenographic demonstration of multiple metallic foreign bodies with an unusual etiology. PMID- 7086259 TI - Cosmetic surgery II: augmentation mammoplasty. PMID- 7086260 TI - Oncologic emergencies. PMID- 7086261 TI - The alcohol withdrawal phenomenon and its general management. PMID- 7086262 TI - Urinalysis specimen as a detection test for cancer. PMID- 7086264 TI - Delayed tissue necrosis to chemotherapy - a case report. PMID- 7086263 TI - Sentence first; verdict afterwards (with apologies to Lewis Carroll). Report of a case of uniform premature ventricular beats. PMID- 7086265 TI - Efficacy of a new sustained release procainamide preparation: evaluation with 24 hour Holter monitoring. PMID- 7086266 TI - Ferritin synthesis in peripheral blood monocytes in idiopathic hemochromatosis. AB - RE ferritin synthesis in IHC was studied in M0s isolated from peripheral blood. Twelve phlebotomized hemochromatosis patients with normal body iron stores and 12 healthy control subjects were studied. M0s in culture were exposed to iron as either ferric ammonium citrate or iron dextran, and ferritin synthesis was determined by measurement of 3H-leucine incorporation after isolation of ferritin by a quantitative immunoadsorbent technique. Iron at concentrations of 150 and 300 microM induced de novo ferritin synthesis, increasing both 3H-leucine incorporation into ferritin and cellular ferritin content. However, no differences were observed between hemochromatosis and control M0s with respect to basal or iron-stimulated ferritin synthesis. The study has demonstrated that M0 ferritin synthesis in IHC does not differ from M0 ferritin synthesis in normal subjects and therefore suggests that the reported abnormalities in RE iron storage in IHC are not related to an inability of RE cells to synthesize ferritin. PMID- 7086267 TI - Theophylline elimination in the pregnant and fetal rabbit. AB - Aminophylline and theophylline are commonly used to treat asthma. We studied theophylline pharmacokinetics in the pregnant and nonpregnant rabbit as well as in the intrauterine and extrauterine fetus. The t1/2 was increased (p less than 0.05) and the clearance was decreased (p less than 0.05) in the pregnant compared to the nonpregnant rabbit. The t1/2 of theophylline in the newborn rabbit was 43.5 +/- 12.0 hr, approximately 15 times longer than in the nonpregnant rabbit. Twenty-four hours after a 20 min maternal aminophylline infusion, both the intrauterine fetus and maternal serum theophylline concentrations were very similar. The transplacental transfer from the maternal to fetal circulation occurred in less than 1 hr. The maternal to fetal serum ratios for theophylline were similar after a 5-day maternal aminophylline infusion (ratio 1.22 +/- 0.20) or after a 20 min infusion (ratio 1.24 +/- 0.20). Our findings indicate that the newborn rabbit eliminates theophylline very slowly, and maternal aminophylline or theophylline therapy that would result in high peak serum concentrations in the fetus, particularly just before birth, should be avoided. PMID- 7086271 TI - An audiometric test for perilymph fistula. PMID- 7086270 TI - Presbyacusis--loss of neurons in the human cochlear nuclei. AB - In six patients suffering from presbyacusis, light microscopical studies and calculations of the population of neurons were performed. A loss of neurons was found in 12 ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. The average loss of neurons was about 50 per cent, compared to the numbers calculated in presumably normal hearing individuals by other investigators. This loss of neurons was statistically significant. The results show that not only the cochlea but also the cochlear nuclei are involved in the degenerative processes occurring in advancing age. PMID- 7086269 TI - Experimental cholesterol granuloma. Histopathological and histochemical studies. AB - The authors have induced experimentally middle-ear effusions and cholesterol granulomas one month and later after tubal obstruction in squirrel monkeys. Cholesterol crystallization has occurred frequently in the middle-ear fluids of three-and six-month-animals, and, typical cholesterol granulomas were noted in four of the eight middle ears of six-month-monkeys. The shape and size of the cholesterol crystals were variable, depending upon the surrounding cells of fluid. In middle-ear effusion, the crystals formed rather large rectangular structures, which tended to become smaller and thinner, as the granulomas developed. The granuloma containing cholesterol crystals was rich in various oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. The large cells surrounding the crystals show intense-to-strong enzyme activity and probably play a phagocytic role in the developing and healing processes of the granuloma. PMID- 7086268 TI - Fetal alcohol syndrome: inhibition of placental zinc transport as a potential mechanism for fetal growth retardation in the rat. AB - Growth retardation is one of the principal features of fetal alcohol syndrome. The cause of this growth retardation is unknown. Because of the clinical similarities between fetal alcohol syndrome and prenatal zinc deficiency, we studied in vivo the effect of short-term and long-term ethanol ingestion during pregnancy on placental transport of zinc in pair-fed rats. Our results indicate that both short- and long-term ethanol depressed zinc-65 uptake in the placenta and fetus by 40% and 30%, respectively, compared to pair-fed controls (p less than 0.05). Total zinc concentration in fetuses of the long-term ethanol group was significantly decreased compared to pair-fed controls (p less than 0.05). Although the mechanism of action of ethanol in producing the fetal alcohol syndrome maybe multiple, our findings suggest that a decrease in the availability of zinc to the fetus may represent one of the contributory factors in the growth retardation of fetal alcohol syndrome. PMID- 7086272 TI - Haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck. PMID- 7086273 TI - Dysphagia due to pharyngeal and oesophageal lichen planus. PMID- 7086274 TI - The social handicap of deafness. PMID- 7086275 TI - When not to do middle-ear surgery. PMID- 7086276 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the nerve endings of the outer hair cells in the organ of corti. PMID- 7086278 TI - Results of surgery for nasal dermoids in children. AB - Thirty-two patients who had surgical excision of a nasal dermoid in childhood are reported. The patients are discussed according to the histological diagnosis and the extent of tissue involvement at the time of surgery. The results of surgery are acceptable in the majority of patients. However, a patient with a 'complex' 'true' nasal dermoid lesion is more likely to be dissatisfied with the result of surgical excision. Parents should therefore be forewarned of the possible outcome of surgery for nasal dermoid lesions in children. PMID- 7086277 TI - The human respiratory nasal mucosa in pregnancy. An electron microscopic and histochemical study. AB - The ultrastructural and histochemical changes in the respiratory nasal mucosa of thirty pregnant females have been studied. Symptoms-free pregnant females, regardless of the duration of pregnancy, showed glandular hyperactivity, increased phagocytic activity, and increased amount of acid mucopolysaccharides in the ground substance. These changes have been suggested to be due to the rise in the levels of female sex hormones during pregnancy. Pregnant females developing nasal symptoms during pregnancy have been proved by electron microscopy and histochemically to be allergic in origin. This allergy, being not due to the hypersensitization of the patient's own sex hormones, may be due to any of the factors previously mentioned. PMID- 7086281 TI - Laryngeal and pharyngeal disorders in vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. PMID- 7086280 TI - Semon's law a century later. PMID- 7086279 TI - Post tonsillectomy haemorrhage. AB - In a review of 3,756 cases of tonsillectomy the incidence of reactionary and secondary haemorrhage was the same-1 per cent. Both types of haemorrhage were commoner in adults. In the 10-19 age group, significantly more females than males had secondary bleeding. Although the majority occurred during the winter months, no patient with secondary haemorrhage had obvious respiratory tract infection. The use of diathermy at operation, while associated with a higher rate of secondary bleeding, significantly reduced the number of reactionary haemorrhages which are responsible for a high proportion of post-tonsillectomy fatalities. PMID- 7086282 TI - Articulating bone formation in the rat tongue. PMID- 7086284 TI - Postsecondary education: where do we go from here? PMID- 7086285 TI - Eligibility criteria for learning disabilities programs: institutionalized discrimination. PMID- 7086283 TI - The effects of megadoses of selected B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: controlled studies with long-term follow-up. PMID- 7086286 TI - Urban second grade children: a profile of good and poor readers. PMID- 7086287 TI - Another look at task analysis. PMID- 7086288 TI - Group counseling with the adolescent learning disabled. PMID- 7086291 TI - The Temple University Reading Clinic. PMID- 7086289 TI - Delinquency and learning disabilities: more evidence. PMID- 7086290 TI - Institute of Child Guidance and Development at the University of Saskatchewan. PMID- 7086292 TI - Meeting the needs of a child with mild learning problems. PMID- 7086293 TI - The University of Pittsburgh's Psychoeducational Clinic. PMID- 7086294 TI - A modest proposal. PMID- 7086295 TI - The regular classroom environment. PMID- 7086296 TI - Use of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test to monitor diabetic control. PMID- 7086297 TI - The psychologic consequences of blood glucose self-monitoring in the treatment of diabetes. PMID- 7086298 TI - Effecting better insulin control with the portable infusion pump. PMID- 7086299 TI - Diabetes mellitus--a community perspective. PMID- 7086300 TI - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Georgia--1975-1980. PMID- 7086301 TI - Physician control of the health care system--fact or fancy? PMID- 7086302 TI - Current trends in urolithiasis. PMID- 7086303 TI - Characteristics of the anion gap in a family practice population. PMID- 7086304 TI - Ectopic pregnancy in a rural environment--a 10-year review of 79 cases. PMID- 7086305 TI - Concomitant reversal of jejunoileostomy and gastric bypass construction in morbid obesity. PMID- 7086306 TI - Carcinoma of the ovary--an update. PMID- 7086307 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. PMID- 7086308 TI - The employer's rights and responsibilities in hiring and firing employees. PMID- 7086309 TI - Nurses' collective responsibility and the strike weapon. AB - Among the collective as well as individual responsibilities of nurses as professionals is that of maintaining and improving the quality of nursing care. In exchange for monopoly status and professional authority to control nursing practice, the profession is charged with the responsibility of meeting the nursing care needs of the community. If one claims, as I do, that one of the collective responsibilities of nurses is maintenance of high nursing standards, we must examine what action is required of nurses who find themselves in work contexts in which standards and practice are deficient. Specifically, is the strike weapon one that may or even ought to be used? In this essay, answers to the following two questions are advanced: (a) What conditions must obtain for it to be (morally) right for nurses in a particular health care facility to strike? (b) Does their collective responsibility with regard to nursing standards and practice ever entail that a group of nurses has a (moral) duty to strike? The essay concludes with a consideration of how one balances the collective responsibility to maintain and improve the quality of nursing care with an individual nurse's responsibility to her/his own patients. PMID- 7086311 TI - Three models of group choice. AB - The notion of group responsibility has received some vary fruitful examination in recent years. But there still remains an important commonsense objection to this notion. Moral responsibility for an action is ordinarily linked to and held to depend upon the action's being the product of an act of choice on the part of the agent. The thrust of the objection here is that it is extremely difficult to understand how intentional acts like acts of choice can be properly attributed to a group. The notion of a group "consciousness" does not seem a very satisfactory resolution of this problem. In this paper I shall propose that there are actually three distinct processes, as well as many hybrid combinations of them there, by which groups "make choices." That is, when we look at the activities of groups, we discover three different kinds of analogues to the act of choice of the individual person. I shall be illustrating each of these models with examples of health care decisions. In addition, I shall also try to illustrate how the level of personal moral responsibility of each of the individuals making up the group, i.e., each one's responsibility for the group's action, can be seen to flow from the particular role that an individual plays within the process of "group choice" that is involved. In this way, I hope to shed light not only on the topics of group choice, group responsibility, and the interplay of personal and group responsibility, but also to show concretely the valuable role that these themes can play in our understanding of the moral elements of the health care setting. PMID- 7086310 TI - Collective responsibility in health care. AB - Traditional medical ethics, developed to apply to the contingencies of individual fee-for-service medical practice, do not always seem to speak to the problems of the new forms and locations of health care: the medical team, the hospital, the organized health-care profession, and the society as a whole as guarantor of all health care and education. It is the purpose of this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy to articulate guidelines for describing and attributing responsibility for health care in these collective providers. This introduction attempts to provide the conceptual apparatus for a discussion of collective responsibility in health care, by the elucidation of the multiple meanings of "responsibility" and the articulation of three standard models for collective responsibility. In the light of these models, the question is put: can the health care professions and their various subunits and institutions accept and exercise moral responsibility for health care? Its importance is stressed, and its answer left to the contributors. PMID- 7086313 TI - The virtuous organization. AB - In this essay, I shall assume that at least some groups are moral agents, a view successfully argued for by Peter French (1972, 1979, 1981). To that view I add only the following two refinements: (a) The reality of group or organizational agents depends on the existence of rules that constitute them. Because a moral agent acts in a community of moral agents, it is important that the rules that give a group agent its identity be accepted not only by persons in the group but also by the persons and groups with which that group can reasonably be expected to interact. (b) The rule structure of groups provides a basis for claims about the (in)-voluntariness of group action. This is especially important in moral contexts. My primary concern in the essay will be to lay a conceptual foundation for certain normative questions about group moral agency. The questions with which I shall be concerned have to do most directly with the structure of the organization itself and only indirectly with its interactions with others. PMID- 7086312 TI - The ethics of collective judgments in medicine and health care. PMID- 7086314 TI - Collective responsibility in health care. AB - There is a widespread assumption that responsibility in health care is vested in the last resort in the individual doctor who is caring for a given patient. In the first section of this article I shall try to bring out the plausibility of this assumption, and examine the concept of collective responsibility which it allows. In the second and third sections I shall try to show the fatal weaknesses of the assumption in its unmodified form, and shall argue that if we are to understand the nature of health care at the present time we must take the norm to be collective and not individual responsibility. I shall discuss the two relevant senses of collective responsibility and try to show how they can be reconciled with what is acceptable in the widespread assumption of individual responsibility. PMID- 7086315 TI - 'Role' as a moral concept in health care. AB - In this article, it is argued that an appropriate starting point for an analysis of ethical issues in health care is the consideration of the role obligation of health care professionals. These obligations have customary, legal, and moral elements. By appreciating the different kinds of health care roles and their purposes, one can begin to understand some of the role conflicts which arise in the health care community. Moreover, one can see that some criticisms of health care professionals are mistaken. Nonetheless, there are internal conflicts with the roles of persons engaged in health care and historically some role obligations have violated fundamental universal norms. Whereas the latter inadequacy of health care role obligations can be eliminated, the former will, to at least some extent, always be with us. In short, it may be argued that some of the so-called "moral dilemmas"in health care can be resolved by taking the perspective of role morality. As will be shown, this does not suggest that there are no limitations of role morality. PMID- 7086316 TI - Collective responsibility and the practice of medicine. AB - In the following essay, the theoretical apparatus for distinguishing various types of collectivities (aggregates and conglomerates) is described. This is followed by a consideration of how responsibility ascriptions to different types of collectivities are to be understood vis a vis those to individual group members. It is suggested that the "medical profession" (distinctly different from the "medical team" and the "hospital corporation") is an aggregate collectivity. That is, the "medical profession" consists of the "sum" of the identities of its membership, which can be shown to entail that if the "profession" is held responsible for something, each of its members is responsible, in some way, for it. This is to suggest that the "medical profession" is not a shield that hides individual medical practitioners from responsibility for the general state of health care. Quite the contrary. The use of the name of the aggregate in such a responsibility ascription puts each and every one of them "on call." PMID- 7086317 TI - The moral responsibility of the hospital. AB - The hospital has legal liability. Does it also have moral responsibility? Is it a moral agent, and if so in what sense? There are two issues involved, one conceptual and the other normative. The conceptual issue is whether a hospital can be morally responsible. If seen not only as a physical facility but as a formal organization, it can be said to act rationally, choose between alternatives, and affect human beings. It thus satisfies the criteria for moral responsibility, even though it is not a person. Though moral responsibility can be attributed intelligibly to a hospital, such responsibility can be assumed only by those within it who act for it. Such responsibility is agent responsibility and may be shared in a number of ways. Hospital responsibilities can be separated from the professional moral responsibility and the personal moral responsibility held by doctors, nurses, and others within a hospital. Assuming these three types of responsibility makes possible conflicts of responsibility for those who hold them. Normatively, the moral responsibility of the hospital is appropriately limited by its purpose and is primarily administrative. It has designatable moral responsibilities to its patients, doctors and nurses, and the public. These can be distinguished from the responsibilities of doctors and nurses to the public. The responsibility of a doctor on the hospital staff is different from the responsibility of a doctor who simply practices in the hospital; that of a staff nurse from that of a private nurse. The difference is in large part a function of the one sharing the responsibility of the hospital and the other not. An analysis of a hospital's moral responsibilities suggests structures appropriate to a hospital that wishes to meet its moral responsibilities. PMID- 7086318 TI - The treatment of chronic eczemas of the hands. PMID- 7086320 TI - Influence of age and sex on the concentrations of thyroid hormone in serum in the rat. AB - Studies of the influence of age and sex on the concentrations of total thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) in serum and on the free T4 and free T3 indices, were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats of the CD strain varying in age between 10 days and 12 months. Both sex- and age-related differences were found. In all age-groups studied, serum T4 concentrations were higher in the male than in the female, whereas serum T3 concentrations were higher in the female. In both sexes, concentrations of T4 and T3 in serum reached a peak early in life, between the first and second month of age, and declined thereafter. In addition, in both sexes the intensity of thyroid hormone binding, as judged from values of the in vitro uptake of T3, did not change with age, suggesting that free T4 and T3 concentrations in the serum display the same sex differences and age-related changes as do the concentrations of total T4 and T3. It remains to be determined whether these sex- and age-related alterations in serum thyroid hormone concentration are expressed in differences in the activity of various thyroid hormone-dependent processes. PMID- 7086319 TI - Further characterization of the molecular species formed during the biosynthesis of rat luteinizing hormone. AB - During the biosynthesis of rat LH (rLH) there are four molecular species found intracellularly: native rLH, a species which co-elutes with rLHalpha on Sephadex G-100, a species which elutes with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 21 000 and a large molecular weight form (excluded from Sephadex G-100). Significant quantities of native rLH and rLHalpha are secreted. The species of large molecular weight binds to Concanavalin A-Sepharose suggesting that it is glycosylated. The 21 000 molecular weight rLH-like molecule has tentatively been identified as an rLH subunit which has not been completely processed. PMID- 7086321 TI - Electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic area and release of luteinizing hormone in the rat: the effects of ferrous and ferric ions. PMID- 7086322 TI - Adrenal circadian system in young and elderly human subjects: a comparative study. AB - Circadian changes in plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), total and unbound cortisol were studied in four groups: seven healthy young men, six elderly men, six elderly women and six elderly demented patients of both sexes. The daily activities of the subjects were synchronous; blood samples were taken every 4 h and 4 hourly urine samples were collected only from the young men. A circadian rhythm was defined for plasma 18-OH-DOC, total and unbound cortisol in all groups; the secretory patterns of these steroids were parallel, as were the profiles of urinary 18-OH-DOC and unconjugated cortisol. When compared with respect to sex, the 24-h mean level of total cortisol was higher in women; that of unbound cortisol was higher in the three groups of elderly patients than in the young men. No major changes in plasma steroids were observed between elderly demented patients (mainly women) and healthy elderly women. The phasing of total and unbound cortisol showed no major modifications with age, sex or senile dementia. Acrophases of 18-OH-DOC were earlier in elderly patients than in young men. Amplitudes were not modified with sex in elderly patients but were always lower in the demented patients. A circadian rhythm was defined for 18-OH-DOC, unconjugated cortisol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OH-CS) and 17-ketosteroids in the urine of the young men. The acrophases of 18-OH-DOC and unbound cortisol were close, as were those of 17-OH-CS and 17-ketosteroids. The lag was short between the acrophases of 18-OH-DOC in plasma and urine and between those of plasma unbound cortisol and urinary unconjugated cortisol; it was much larger between the acrophases of plasma total cortisol and 17-OH-CS. Thus, the process of ageing, and the possible alterations in the central nervous system which are often seen in normal ageing, induced no major modifications in the temporal organization of adrenocortical function, even in subjects who were very advanced in age. PMID- 7086323 TI - In-vivo uptake and metabolism of testosterone by the skin and other tissues of the rat. PMID- 7086324 TI - Biological half-life and organ distribution of [3H]8-arginine-vasopressin in the rat. AB - The biological half-life of synthetic, radiochemically pure, biologically active [3H]8-arginine-vasopressin ([3H]AVP), the distribution of radioactivity among the organs and the in-vivo metabolism of the hormone were studied in the rat. The half-life calculated from the [3H]AVP radioactivities isolated from the blood was found to be 1.74 +/- 0.22 (S.D.) min in the fast phase, and 16.98 +/- 1.01 min in the slow phase. The half-lives of total radioactivity were longer in both phases. The radioactivity accumulated to the greatest extents in the adenohypophysis and small intestine. The radioactive substance was accumulated more by the kidney than by the liver, but the hormone underwent inactivation more quickly in the liver. PMID- 7086325 TI - Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to arginine-vasopressin, desmopressin and desglycinamide arginine-vasopressin in the dog. AB - The passage of 125I-labelled arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its analogues desmopressin (DDAVP) and desglycinamide arginine-vasopressin (DGAVP) into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been studied in the dog. After intravenous injection or infusion of these peptides radioactive substances were found in the CSF in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 1.4% of the total plasma radioactivity. However, only DDAVP could be identified in the CSF as the unmetabolized peptide. This observation may be related to the long plasma half-life of DDAVP which was found to be 50 min, compared with a half-life of 13 min for AVP and 8 min for DGAVP. After the intranasal administration of either [3H]AVP or 125I-labelled AVP similar results were obtained. Radioactivity was again present in the CSF but no AVP could be identified. These observations showed that the intranasal route of administration provides no increased access to the CSF. The existence of a blood CSF barrier to AVP is confirmed and indicates that the concentrations of the hormone normally found in CSF arise from sources other than the blood. PMID- 7086328 TI - Effect of ovariectomy on the course of gestation in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). AB - In the grey squirrel pregnancy continues in the absence of the ovaries from day 16 of gestation. Since the investigation was performed on squirrels caught in the wild the stage of gestation was estimated from plasma progesterone levels, volume of corpora lutea at ovariectomy and date of parturition for those squirrels which did give birth. Three squirrels ovariectomized in early pregnancy did not give birth. Plasma progesterone levels after ovariectomy were lower than those found in normal pregnancy squirrels suggesting that the corpora lutea are a continuing source of progesterone even at a time when pregnancy can continue in their absence. PMID- 7086327 TI - Differential changes in body composition during growth and progesterone treatment in intact female rats. AB - Female rats implanted with progesterone gained weight more rapidly than control animals and had a greater percentage of total body fat. The proportion of fat in the carcase of control animals also increased as they gained weight. Comparison of progesterone-treated rats with a group of weight-matched controls demonstrated that the effects of progesterone treatment on fat deposition exceeded those which would be expected to accompany their accelerated growth. Excess fat was deposited at the expense of the protein component of fat-free solid. PMID- 7086329 TI - Cell interactions in the developing somite: in vitro comparisons between amputated (am/am) and normal mouse embryos. AB - Facial, axial and limb development are all abnormal in the homozygous mutant mouse embryo (amputated). An interpretation of cell behaviour in vivo based on sectioned material which may explain these abnormalities has been previously suggested. In this study, somite cells cultured in vitro were found to behave exactly as predicted in this interpretation: they clump together, forming extensive areas of cell contact, and this has a profound effect on their mobility as measured by time-lapse cinemicrography. The similarity of cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo under two distinct sets of environmental conditions suggests that the abnormal cell behaviour is intrinsic to the cell, and directly linked to the mutation. The more extensive areas of cell contact formed between mutant cells suggests that the mutation changes the adhesive properties of the cell surface, but it cannot be excluded that the cells' motile apparatus is also affected. PMID- 7086326 TI - Unfilled nuclear oestrogen receptors in the rat brain and pituitary gland. AB - This study describes the presence of a population of oestrogen receptors in cell nuclei from the pituitary gland and brain of untreated and oestradiol-treated ovariectomized rats. The receptors behaved as if they were not occupied by oestradiol. These 'unfilled' oestrogen receptors could be distinguished from occupied nuclear receptor sites on the basis of their ability to bind [3H]oestradiol at low temperatures (0-4 degrees C). Occupied receptors bound labelled [3H]oestradiol only under exchange conditions at an increased temperature (25 degrees C). Unfilled and occupied nuclear receptors were physicochemically similar in terms of sedimentation coefficients in sucrose density gradients containing 0.4 M-KCl (4-5S), equilibrium dissociation constants for reaction with [3H]oestradiol (0.2-0.6 nmol/l) and ligand specificity. In ovariectomized rats, unfilled receptors constituted more than 75% of the total nuclear receptor population. One hour after i.v. treatment with oestradiol (3.6 micrograms/kg), both total and unfilled nuclear receptor concentrations increased and then subsequently declined over the next 12 h. The increase in unfilled sites was, however, proportionately less than that occurring in the filled component; at 1 h after oestradiol injection unfilled sites constituted less than 20% of the receptors present in brain and pituitary cell nuclei. The physiological significance of unfilled nuclear oestrogen receptors remains unknown. The observations that they exist in various oestrogen target tissues and that their levels are influenced by oestradiol treatment suggest a possible role for these receptors in the mechanism of oestrogen action. PMID- 7086330 TI - Preferential paternal X inactivation in extraembryonic tissues of early mouse embryos. AB - The preferential expression of the maternal X chromosome seen in certain extraembryonic membranes of the mouse was studied by investigating the tissues from which these membranes are derived during early development. The electrophoretic variant of the X-coded enzyme PGK-1 (phosphoglycerate kinase) was used to distinguish the expression of the maternal from the paternal X chromosome in heterozygous females. Both the extraembryonic ectoderm and primary endoderm of 6 1/2-day female egg cylinders gave almost exclusive expression of the maternal form of the enzyme whereas the epiblast gave near equal expression of the two parental alleles. No paternal PGK-1 band could be detected in samples of pooled 3 1/2-day blastocysts, but after 3 or 4 days of culture in vitro a faint paternal band was seen in the resultant outgrowths. The activity of the maternal band in these latter samples had increased greatly from that of the blastocysts, consistent with preferential expression of the maternal Pgk-1 allele in the trophoblastic cells of the outgrowths, while both alleles are expressed in inner cell-mass cells. The results strongly support the idea that non-random X chromosome expression is due to preferential paternal X inactivation in trophectoderm (from which extraembryonic ectoderm is derived) and in primary endoderm, and not to cell selection. PMID- 7086331 TI - Formation of viable chimaeras by aggregation between teratocarcinomas and preimplantation mouse embryos. AB - The formation of viable teratocarcinoma-adult chimaeras, by aggregation rather than by microinjection, is described. Aggregation chimaeras were produced using two pluripotential EC cell lines, PSA-1/NG-2 and PSA-4/TG12. The frequency and distribution of chimaerism were assessed, for the EC cells, in conceptuses recovered from in utero and in adults. In utero 37% of the morphologically normal conceptuses formed from PSA-1/NG-2 aggregations and 73% of the morphologically normal conceptuses produced from PSA-4/TG12 aggregations were found to be chimaeric. However, the frequency of chimaeric adults formed from both cell lines was lower. The reason for the discrepancy appeared to be that in the chimaeric conceptuses, the predominant tissues colonized by the EC cells were the extraembryonic membranes. PMID- 7086332 TI - Effect of Li+ on preimplantation mouse embryos. PMID- 7086333 TI - Differentiation of the optic cups from an anophthalmic murine strain, in culture and in intrafoetal grafts. AB - The optic anlage of the anophthalmic murine strain ZRDCT/an has been studied. In this strain, 70% of the adults are anophthalmic, 30% are one-eyed. The eye primordium appears and starts to differentiate at day 9 of gestation, then it degenerates. At 13 days of gestation, it has practically disappeared. When isolated and cultured in vitro, the 10-day anophthalmic anlage develops in the same way as a control optic-cup culture from a Swiss or C57B16 mouse. When grafted in the back of a 15--17 day Swiss foetus, this 10-day anophthalmic anlage also develops: retina and lens differentiate, the structures which grow are very similar to those obtained when C57B16 optic cups are grafted in the same conditions. It appears from these results that the eye regression of the mutant in situ is not a process intrinsic to the anlage. If withdrawn from its local environmental influences, the eye primordium is able to express its aptitude for differentiation. PMID- 7086334 TI - Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. AB - This series of four papers investigates the link between the energetics and the mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. Two experimental variables are used throughout the study: speed and body size. Mass-specific metabolic rates of running animals can be varied by about tenfold using either variable. This first paper considers metabolic energy consumed during terrestrial locomotion. New data relating rate of oxygen consumption and speed are reported for: eight species of wild and domestic artiodactyls; seven species of carnivores; four species of primates; and one species of rodent. These are combined with previously published data to formulate a new allometric equation relating mass-specific rates of oxygen consumed (VO2/Mb) during locomotion at a constant speed to speed and body mass (based on data from 62 avian and mammalian species): VO2/Mb = 0.533 Mb 0.316.vg + 0.300 Mb-0.303 where VO2/Mb has the units ml O2 s-1 kg-1; Mb is in kg; and vg is in m s-1. This equation can be expressed in terms of mass-specific rates of energy consumption (Emetab/Mb) using the energetic equivalent of 1 ml O2 = 20.1 J because the contribution of anaerobic glycolysis was negligible: Emetab/Mb = 10.7 Mb-0.316.vg + 6.03 Mb-0.303 where Emetab/Mb has the units watts/kg. This new relationship applies equally well to bipeds and quadrupeds and differs little from the allometric equation reported 12 years ago by Taylor, Schmid-Nielsen & Raab (1970). Ninety per cent of the values calculated from this genera equation for the diverse assortment of avian and mammalian species included in this regression fall within 25% of the observed values at the middle of the speed range where measurements were made. This agreement is impressive when one considers that mass-specific rates of oxygen consumption differed by more than 1400% over this size range of animals. PMID- 7086335 TI - Physiological and ultrastructural studies on the longitudinal retractor muscle of a sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. II. Intracellular localization and translocation of activator calcium during mechanical activity. AB - 1. The intracellular localization and translocation of activator Ca in the longitudinal retractor muscle (LRM) of a sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus were studied by fixing the LRM in a 1% OsO4 solution containing 2% K pyroantimonate. 2. In the resting LRM fibres, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate was mostly localized along the inner surface of the plasma membrane and at the subsarcolemmal vesicles in close apposition to the plasma membrane. 3. In the LRM fibres fixed during the mechanical response to ACh and high [K]0, the precipitate was diffusely distributed in the myoplasm in the form of numerous particles with corresponding decrease in the amount of the precipitate at the peripheral structures. 4. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca in the precipitate, indicating that the precipitate provides a valid measure of Ca localization. 5. These results accord with the view that, in the LRM, the contractile mechanism is activated by the release of Ca from the intracellular structures as well as by the inward movement of extracellular Ca. PMID- 7086336 TI - Sensory alteration of motor patterns in the stomatogastric nervous system of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus. AB - 1. Stretching the pyloric region of the lobster's stomach in a manner that resembles pyloric dilation triggers a prolonged burst of impulses in two interneurones with axons in the inferior ventricular nerve (IVN). The burst is activated in the oesophageal ganglion by sensory axons that traverse the lateral ventricular nerves, the dorsal ventricular nerve and the stomatogastric nerve. These sensory axons do not appear to make synaptic contacts in the stomatogastric ganglion. 2. Electrical stimulation of sensory branches of the pyloric nerve triggers similar bursts in the IVN interneurones. 3. The burst of impulses in the IVN interneurones lasts from 2 to 30 s and the impulse frequency ranges from 10 to 80 Hz in different parts of the burst. Once triggered, burst structure and burst duration are independent of the intensity or duration of stimuli applied to the sensory nerves. 4. These bursts alter both the gastric and pyloric motor patterns. The IVN interneurones make a complex pattern of synapses with stomatogastric neurones. These are: pyloric dilators (PD) - excitation and slow inhibition; ventricular dilator (VD) - excitation; gastric mill (GM) neurones - inhibition; lateral posterior gastric neurones (LPGN) - inhibition; and Interneurone I (Int I) - excitation and slow inhibition. The size of the p.s.p.s at each of these synapses depends on the duration and impulse-frequency of the burst in the presynaptic neurones, which in turn alters the firing patterns of the stomatogastric neurones in various ways. PMID- 7086337 TI - Properties of synapses made by IVN command-interneurones in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus. AB - 1. The IVN command interneurones synapse directly onto 11 identified neurones in the stomatogastric ganglion: the two pyloric dilators (PDs), the anterior burster (AB), ventricular dilator (VD), the four gastric mill neurones (GMs), the two lateral posterior gastric neurones (LPGNs), and Interneurone I (Int 1). 2. The IVN p.s.p.s in PD and AB are biphasic, and consist of a fast depolarizing component followed by a slower hyperpolarizing component. 3. The hyperpolarizing component of this biphasic postsynaptic potential is inhibitory, and appears to be the result of a conductance increase to K+ and Cl-. 4. The IVN p.s.p. in VD is excitatory and can drive VD one-for-one. 5. The IVN p.s.p.s in GM and LPGN are inhibitory. The amplitude of a single p.s.p. is small but, at high frequency, summation of p.s.p.s holds the postsynaptic membrane potential below threshold. 6. The facilitation characteristics of the p.s.p.s in each neurone are described. 7. The functional significance of these synaptic characteristics is discussed in terms of the modification of motor output caused by a burst of the IVN interneurones. PMID- 7086338 TI - Energetic advantages of burst-and-coast swimming of fish at high speeds. AB - A theoretical model describes how an intermittent swimming style can be energetically advantageous over continuous swimming at high average velocities. Kinematic data are collected from high-speed cine pictures of free swimming cod and saithe at high velocities in a burst-and-coast style. These data suggest that fish make use of the advantages shown by choosing initial and final burst velocities close to predicted optimal values. The limiting role of rapid glycogen depletion in fast white anaerobic muscle fibres is discussed. PMID- 7086339 TI - Oxygen uptake in air and water in the air-breathing reedfish Calamoichthys calabaricus: role of skin, gills and lungs. AB - The reedfish Calamoichthys calabaricus (Smith) is amphibious, making voluntary excursions on to land (in a simulated natural environment) an average of 6 +/- 4 times/day for an average duration of 2.3 +/- 1.3 min. Oxygen uptake is achieved by the gills, skin and large, paired lungs. In water at 27 degrees C, total oxygen uptake is 0.088 ml O2/g.h. The lungs account for 40%, the gills 28%, and the skin 32% of total VO2. Total oxygen uptake during 2 h of air exposure increases from 0.117 ml O2/g.h to 0.286 ml O2/g.h, due largely to an enhanced lung VO2 and a small increase in skin VO2. Calamoichthys is both capable of aerial gas exchange and adapted to maintain O2 uptake during brief terrestrial excursions. PMID- 7086341 TI - Saccadic eye movements are coordinated with head movements in walking chickens. AB - 1. Saccadic eye movements during walking were studied in chickens using cinematography. 2. Saccades were made during about 80% of the thrust phases of head bobbing, and not made in the hold phases. 3. The coordination of saccades with head movements maintains clear vision for the largest possible proportion of the time. 4. The absence of saccades in hold phases and in some thrusts is probably not the result of insufficient time to organize a saccade. PMID- 7086340 TI - Sodium and chloride transport in the isolated intestine of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris (L.). AB - 1. Measurements of electrical potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (SCC) and unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride were made across portions of the intestine. Based on the results, the intestine can be divided into at least four physiologically distinct regions. 2. These four physiological regions, designated from anterior to posterior as R I-II, R III A, R III B and R IV, do not completely correspond to the four anatomically distinct regions of the intestine. 3. The PD (serosal side positive) in R I-II, R III A, R III B and R IV is 1.08, 12.4, 5.61 and 31.7 mV, respectively. 4. The SCC in these same regions is 9.9, 50.4, 49.7, and 16.4 micro A cm2, respectively. 5. When short-circuited, net sodium and net chloride fluxes in the above regions are -0.36 and -0.27, 1.46*** and -0.92*, 1.74*** and -0.06 and 1.01*** and 0.07 mumol cm-2 h-1, respectively. Positive fluxes indicate net mucosal to serosal movements and asterisks indicate significant net fluxes (* P less than 0.05, *** P less than 0.001). 6. There is good agreement between the SCC and net sodium transport in R III B. In the other regions of the intestine the ionic basis of the SCC has not been completely explained. 7. The properties of the intestine in vitro appear to make the intestine well suited for the task of conserving sodium, a function which the intestine performs in vivo. PMID- 7086342 TI - Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and body as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. AB - This is the second paper in a series examining the link between energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper, the changes in the kinetic energy of the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass of an animal (EKE, tot) are measured as functions of speed and body size. High-speed films (light or X-ray) of four species of quadrupeds and four species of bipeds running on a treadmill were analysed to determine EKE, tot. A mass-specific power term, EKE, tot/Mb was calculated by adding all of the increments in EKE during an integral number of strides and dividing by the time interval for the strides and body mass. The equations relating EKE, tot/Mb and speed were similar for all bipeds and quadrupeds regardless of size. One general equation for the rate at which muscle and tendons must supply energy to accelerate the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass seems to apply for all of the animals: E'KE, tot/Mb = 0.478 vg1.53 where E'KE, tot/Mb has the units W kg-1 and vg is ground speed in m s-1. Therefore, E'KE, tot/Mb does not change in parallel with the mass-specific rate at which animals consume energy (Emetab/Mb), either as a function of speed or as a function of body size. PMID- 7086343 TI - The effect of temperature on the oxygen dissociation curves of whole blood of larval and adult lampreys (Geotria australis). AB - 1. Oxygen dissociation curves of the whole blood of larvae and adults of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis have been determined between pH 6.8 and 8.2 at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C. 2. The P50's at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25 degrees C and a pH of 7.75 were respectively 0.57, 0.92 and 1.19 mmHg in larvae and 6.9, 10.3 and 19.0 mmHg in adults. 3. The relatively very high affinity of larval blood for oxygen may reflect an adaptation to low environmental oxygen tensions. 4. The Bohr shift was not significantly affected by either temperature or life-cycle stage. 5. The slope (n) in Hill plots increased with temperature and oxygen saturation, and was greater in adults than in larvae. PMID- 7086344 TI - The respiratory responses of the fowl to hot climates. AB - Respiratory rate (f) and tidal volume (VT) have been measured at normal and at warm ambient temperatures (Ta) in adult domestic fowl by means of a whole body plethysmograph. Resting values of f = 23 +/- 9 min-1 and of VT = 25.6 +/- 0.9 ml min-1 were found. At Ta 30, 35 or 40 degrees C f increased in direct relation to the severity of the heat stress reaching a maximum values of 273 +/- 12 min-1; VT fell uniformly in all three climates to a minimum of 9.0 +/- 0.5 ml. Total ventilation (V) showed a linear relation with f during first-phase panting. Second-phase panting occurred only at Ta 40 degrees C; V increased at first but subsequently fell as the decline in f became more pronounced. PMID- 7086345 TI - Water loss and nitrogen excretion in sharp-nosed reed frogs (Hyperolius nasutus: anura, Hyperoliidae). AB - Sharp-nosed African reed frogs, Hyperolius nasutus Gunther, are small (0.4 g) hyperoliids which have minimal rates of evaporative water loss (4.5 mg g-1 h-1; 0.3 mg cm-2 h-1) that are only 1/10 to 1/20 that of a typical frog, Hylaregilla, of comparable size (171 mg g-1 h-1, 4.8 mg cm-2 h-1). The surface-area-specific resistance to water flux of H. nasutus dorsal skin (96-257 sec cm-1) is similar to that of other 'waterproof' frogs (300-400), of cocooned frogs (40-500), and of desert reptiles (200-1400). However, H. nasutus can greatly increase the rate of evaporative water loss during radiative heat stress by mucous gland discharge, and by exposing the ventral skin. Urea is the principal nitrogenous waste product of H. nasutus and uric acid comprises less than 1% of the total nitrogen excretion for both H. nasutus and H. regilla. Other 'waterproof' frogs, in contrast, are uricotelic. Lethal dehydration requires less than two weeks in H. nasutus, despite its low surface-area-specific rate of water loss, because of its small size and concomitantly high surface-to-volume ratio. The rate of urea accumulation during dehydration was 23 mM g-1 day-1, which is sufficiently low that urea accumulation would not be lethal before the frog had succumbed to dehydrational death. Consequently, there appears to be little or no selective advantage for uricotely in small 'waterproof' frogs, such as H. nasutus. PMID- 7086347 TI - The respiratory metabolism of temperature-adapted flatfish at rest and during swimming activity and the use of anaerobic metabolism at moderate swimming speeds. AB - (1) The standard oxygen consumption and the oxygen consumption during measured swimming activity have been determined in three flatfish species at 5, 10 and 15 degrees C. (2) The relationship between weight and standard oxygen consumption for flatfish conform to the general relationship Y = aWb. On an interspecies basis, standard oxygen consumption of flatfish is significantly lower than that of roundfish. (3) A semilogarithmic model describes the relationship between oxygen consumption and swimming speed for the three species. Values for maximum oxygen consumption, metabolic scopes and critical swimming speeds are low in comparison to salmonids. (4) The optimum swimming speeds and critical swimming speeds of flatfish are similar. It is suggested that, over long distances, flatfish adopt a strategy of swimming at supercritical speeds with periods of intermittent rest to repay the accrued oxygen debt. (5) Elevated lactic acid levels in flounder white muscle after moderate swimming indicate an additional 15% anaerobic contribution to the cost of locomotion as calculated from aerobic considerations. PMID- 7086346 TI - Cardiovascular changes associated with treadmill running in the Pekin duck. AB - Six adult white Pekin ducks were trained to run on a treadmill for 10 min at a speed of 1.43 km h-1. O2 consumption, CO2 production, breathing rate, blood gas tension and pH, sciatic and carotid blood flows and colonic and skin temperatures were measured in the experiments. A 2.6 times increase in oxygen consumption was observed when going from resting on the treadmill to exercise. The increased oxygen delivery was achieved by a 61% increase in cardiac output and a 51% increase in the arterio-venous oxygen content difference. Probably the reported resting oxygen consumption was higher than a true resting level causing the increment in oxygen consumption to be more correctly 3.6 times the resting level. Sciatic and carotid blood flow increased by 3.7 times and 2.3 times, respectively, during exercise. At cessation of exercise, the carotid blood flow decreased very rapidly, while the sciatic blood flow decreased more slowly. An increased web temperature above the exercise level was seen in the post-exercise period. The results suggest that the ducks prefer to use non-evaporative heat loss in the post-exercise period, respiratory evaporative cooling being of minor importance. this strategy may be correlated to the small internal heat load induced by the running (body temperature increased by only 0.3 degrees C. PMID- 7086349 TI - Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. AB - This is the third in a series of four papers examining the link between the energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. It reports measurements of the mechanical work required (ECM, tot) to lift and reaccelerate an animal's centre of mass within each step as a function of speed and body size during level, constant average speed locomotion. A force platform was used in this study to measure ECM, tot for small bipeds, quadrupeds and hoppers. We have already published similar data from large animals. The total power required to lift and reaccelerate the centre of mass (ECM, tot) increased nearly linearly with speed for all the animals. Expressed in mass-specific terms, it was independent of body size and could be expressed by a simple equation: ECM, tot/Mb = 0.685 vg + 0.072 where ECM, tot/Mb has the units of W kg-1 and vg is speed in m s-1. Walking involves the same pendulum-like mechanism in small animals as has been described in humans and large animals. Also, running, trotting and hopping produce similar curves of ECM, tot as a function of time during a stride for both the small and large animals. Galloping, however, appears to be different in small and large animals. In small animals the front legs are used mainly for braking, while the back legs are used to reaccelerate the centre of mass within a stride. In large animals the front and hind legs serve to both brake and reaccelerate the animal; this difference in mechanics is significant in that it does not allow the utilization of elastic energy in the legs of small animals, but does in the legs of large animals. PMID- 7086348 TI - The effect of temperature on the tension responses of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (abrm) of Mytilus edulis. AB - The effect of ambient temperature on the response of the ABRM of Mytilus edulis to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine has been examined. As the ambient temperature was increased, the latent period and the maximum tension developed decreased while the rate of tension development and the rate of relaxation increased. The relationship between temperature and the rate of tension development showed three distinct linear phases from 2-25, 25-35 and 35-45 degrees C. The reduction in peak tension with temperature could also be resolved into three portions from 2-25, 25-40 and above 40 degrees C. As the temperature was increased above approximately 27 degrees C the rate of relaxation in the absence of 5-HT approached the rate of relaxation in the presence of 5-HT. The significance of these results and possible explanations for them are considered. PMID- 7086350 TI - Relationship between muscle force and muscle area showing glycogen loss during locomotion. AB - This experiment was designed to study the relationship between the cross sectional area of rat skeletal muscle showing glycogen loss and the muscle forces exerted during exercise. Muscular force exerted by the extensors of the elbows and ankle was increased by 24% by loading rats with 24% of their body mass while running them on a treadmill at 30 m.min-1. VO2 increased by 24% and stride frequency was unchanged when the rats ran with loads. Cross-sectional areas of the elbow and ankle extensor muscles showing glycogen loss were compared from rats running with and without the load. We found a nearly direct proportionality between the changes in force and the changes in muscle area showing glycogen loss, i.e. when the force of the extensors was increased by 24%, the cross sectional area of the elbow extensors showing glycogen loss increased by 28%, and that of the ankle extensor group increased by 24%. The more peripheral muscles in each group accounted for a greater proportion of the increase in cross-sectional area of the group showing glycogen loss (i.e. lateral and long heads of triceps brachii muscle accounted for 91% of the increase in the elbow extensor group, and gastrocnemius muscle accounted for 84% of the increase in the ankle extensor group). Most of the increases in muscle area showing glycogen loss occurred in fast-twitch-glycolytic fibres (84% in the elbow and 88% in the ankle). The data suggest that increasing muscle force requirements by 24% by loading resulted in proportional increases in cross-sectional area of muscles recruited to produce the force, i.e. that spatial recruitment primarily accounted for the elevation in force. The relatively greater increases in cross-sectional area showing glycogen loss of peripheral muscles within a group indicate the importance of studying whole groups of muscles when considering muscular recruitment patterns during exercise. PMID- 7086351 TI - Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. AB - This is the final paper in or series examining the link between the energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper the kinetic energy of the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass (EKE, tot of paper two) is combined with the potential plus kinetic energy of the centre of mass (ECM, tot of paper three) to obtain the total mechanical energy (excluding elastic energy) of an animal during constant average-speed locomotion. The minimum mass-specific power required of the muscles and tendons to maintain the observed oscillations in total energy, Etot/Mb, can be described by one equation: Etot/Mb = 0.478 . vg 1.53 + 0.685 . vg + 0.072 where Etot/Mb is in W kg-1 and vg is in m s-1. This equation is independent of body size, applying equally as well to a chipmunk or a quail as to a horse or an ostrich. In marked contrast, the metabolic energy consumed by each gram of an animal as it moves along the ground at a constant speed increases linearly with speed and is proportional to Mb-0.3. Thus, we have found that each gram of tissue of a 30 g quail or chipmunk running at 3 m s-1 consumes metabolic energy at a rate about 15 times that of a 100 kg ostrich, horse or human running at the same speed while their muscles are performing work at the same rate. Our measurements demonstrate the importance of storage and recovery of elastic energy in larger animals, but they cannot confirm or exclude the possibility of elastic storage of energy in small animals. It seems clear that the rate at which animals consume energy during locomotion cannot be explained by assuming a constant efficiency between the energy consumed and the mechanical work performed by the muscles. It is suggested that the intrinsic velocity of shortening of the active muscle motor units (which is related to the rate of cycling of the cross bridges between actin and myosin) and the rate at which the muscles are turned on and off are the most important factors in determining the metabolic cost of constant-speed locomotion. Faster motor units are recruited as animals increase speed, and equivalent muscles of small animals have faster fibres than those of larger animals. Also, the muscles are turned on and off more quickly as an animal increases speed, and at the same speed a small animal will be turning muscles on and off at a much higher rate. These suggestions are testable, and future studies should determine if they are correct. PMID- 7086352 TI - Actions of insect toxin and other toxins derived from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis on isolated giant axons of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). AB - 1. Insect toxin, mammal toxins I and II and crustacean toxin were obtained from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis. Their effects on the isolated giant axon of the cockroach Periplaneta americana were investigated by current clamp and voltage-clamp techniques. 2. In current-clamp conditions, mammal toxins and crustacean toxin (1.3-13 microM) induced a large prolongation of the falling phase of the evoked action potentials. Insect toxin (0.13-3.3 microM) induced a progressive slow depolarization of the membrane potential and repetitive firing of action potentials. No changes in the time-course of the action potential were induced by insect toxin. 3. In voltage-clamp conditions, mammal and crustacean toxins induced a slowing of the turn-off of the transient inward sodium current, with either no change or a small increase in the peak sodium current. Insect toxin by contrast induced an increase in the peak sodium current and a slowing of the sodium current turn-off, this effect being greatest at lower values of the clamped membrane voltage. 4. It is concluded that the repetitive activity induced by insect toxin results from a voltage-dependent modulation of sodium inactivation coupled with an increase in both the resting and active sodium permeabilities of the cockroach axonal membrane. PMID- 7086354 TI - Modulation of erythropoiesis by the helper-independent Friend leukemia virus F MuLV. PMID- 7086353 TI - Proteinuria and structural alterations in rat glomerular basement membranes induced by intravenously injected anti-laminin immunoglobulin G. AB - Antibodies against laminin, which is a defined glycoprotein of basement membranes, were produced in sheep and affinity purified by immunoadsorption on laminin-Sepharose (S alpha L). When injected intravenously into rats, S alpha L rapidly bound in a linear pattern to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the peripheral and mesangial regions of all glomeruli, and, when greater than 0.5 mg S alpha L was injected, to some tubular BM as well. 1-2 h after the injection of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and S alpha L, HRP reaction product was present throughout the full thickness of the GBM and mesangial matrix. [125I]S alpha L binding to the kidney in vivo increased linearly over the dose range of 40-950 micrograms of IgG and accounted for approximately 2% of the injected dose/g kidney. When 4 mg of [125I]S alpha L was injected, 1.5% or 62 micrograms/g kidney was bound. Proteinuria did not develop within 7 wk of injection in rats that received 0.5-1.6 mg of S alpha L. In contrast, all animals that received injections of 4 mg of S alpha L gradually became proteinuric within 3-6 wk. Thickening, reduplication, and flocculent subendothelial deposits were observed in the GBM of these animals. In addition, mononuclear cells adhered to the GBM and infiltrated beneath the endothelium. However, the deposition of rat C3 was infrequently observed, and rat IgG was not seen in the glomeruli of any rat that received S alpha L. 10 wk after injection, much greater amounts of S alpha L appeared within the mesangium than the peripheral GBM. These results demonstrate that the interaction of S alpha L with the GBM, possibly in concert with infiltrating mononuclear cells, gradually altered the structure and permeability characteristics of the glomerulus independent of a host anti-S alpha L humoral response. PMID- 7086357 TI - Career orientations in primary care. PMID- 7086355 TI - Low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein are selectively bound by aggregated C-reactive protein. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP), the classical acute-phase protein, can bind phospholipids by virtue of its specific, calcium-dependent reactivity with phosphorylcholine residues. However, analysis of acute-phase serum by gel filtration and by density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that the CRP was in a free, uncomplexed form, despite the coexistent presence of the various classes of serum lipoproteins, all of which contain phospholipids. In contrast, when isolated CRP was aggregated by immobilization at a sufficient density on a solid phase and then exposed to normal human serum, it selectively bound low density lipoprotein (LDL) and traces of very low density lipoprotein. The reaction was calcium dependent and reversible by free phosphorylcholine but not by heparin. LDL isolated from normal plasma was also bound by aggregated CRP. CRP reacts in vitro with a wide variety of different ligands both of extrinsic and of autogenous origin, e.g., microbial products and damaged cell membranes, respectively. If CRP aggregated in vivo by complexing with these ligands than acquires the capacity to selectively bind LDL, the phenomenon may have significant implications for the function of CRP and for the metabolism, clearance, and deposition of LDL. PMID- 7086356 TI - Demonstration of a specific receptor for human C5a anaphylatoxin on murine macrophages. AB - Human C5a anaphylatoxin is known to be a potent mediator of the acute inflammatory response. It serves to trigger a wide variety of neutrophil responses after binding to a specific cellular receptor. We have now demonstrated that this bioactive glycopolypeptide is also bound to a specific receptor found on murine resident peritoneal macrophages, thioglycollate-induced exudate macrophages, and the murine cell line P388D1. The apparent Kd of the C5a receptors. Resident macrophages appear to have an average of 2 x 10(5) binding sites per cell, whereas thioglycollate- induced cells have only 4-5 x 10(4) binding sites. The continuous cell line P388D1 is intermediate between these two cell types, exhibiting 8-10 x 10(4) C5a receptors per cell. Neither murine lymphocytes nor the parent cell line P388 displays a measurable number of C5a receptors. Macrophage receptor-C5a binding interactions are followed by cellular uptake and degradation of 125I-C5a, much as is observed with neutrophils. As demonstrated in another paper, binding of C5a to macrophages results in augmentation of the primary humoral immune response as well as enhancement of mixed lymphocyte reactions. These observations suggest that C5a should not only be considered as an acute inflammatory mediator but as an immunopotentiating modulator as well, thus serving as a critical link between complement activation and subsequent immune responses. PMID- 7086358 TI - Managing families of the demented elderly. AB - Dementing illness affects about 10 percent of people over 65 years of age, and families encounter many problems as they attempt to care for these relatives. Physicians can assist in several ways, beginning with establishing an accurate diagnosis, as terms such as "senility," "dementia," and "hardening of the arteries" are imprecise and may convey an attitude of hopelessness. A psychiatric, medical, and laboratory evaluation usually leads to a specific diagnosis. About one half of all cases are due to Alzheimer's disease, but there is frequently a treatable component to the demented patient's condition. In addition to making an accurate diagnosis and treating reversible problems, physicians can assist the family in having the patient do all he or she is capable of including increasing specific activities, can help the family understand that even their best efforts may not lead to improvement, can point out ways for the family to balance the patient's needs with their own, and can teach the family how to communicate more effectively with the patient. PMID- 7086359 TI - Falls among the elderly living in high-rise apartments. AB - A study of 64 elderly people living in high-rise apartments found that 37.5 percent reported falling in the previous year. The annual reported fall rate was 625 per 1,000 persons per year. Fifty-eight percent of those who fell received medical treatment. Dizziness and syncope were reported to be the cause of 80 percent of falls. Self-reported poor health status and disability in vision and gait were strongly associated with falling. The sex of the subject, marital status, advanced age, and alcohol and sedative use were less associated with falling. PMID- 7086360 TI - Issues and concern to mothers of new babies. AB - Although the literature reports the birth of a baby to be a time of stress for parents, their day-to-day experience with the baby in the early months is an understudied area. In this study logs were kept by 62 mothers of newborns (38 primiparas and 24 multiparas), who identified approximately 9,800 issues noted during their babies's first 91 days as well as help used in problem solving. Mothers described their days by recording stressors and supports. Although the perceptions of mothers regarding life with their infants was highly variable from mother to mother, pattern and consistency were demonstrated. Categories of issues changing significantly in frequency over time included development, baby care, parenting, stressors, and illness, the latter dropping steadily across the baby's first three months. Approximately 6 percent of the issues concerned the mother herself in relation to the baby. Illness was the reason for 42 percent of the occasions of help seeking, with clinicians (family physicians and nurses) providing 62 percent of this help. Mothers reported as many supports as stressors and identified both stressors and supports in all categories, using the same set of categories for both. Parity did not influence numbers of issues reported. Primiparas sought help about 1.5 times as frequently as did multiparas. PMID- 7086361 TI - Health care utilization among physicians in a large prepaid medical group. PMID- 7086362 TI - Faculty evaluation as a means of faculty development. AB - Although there is little evidence that evaluation actually helps improve teaching, some conditions increase the likelihood of evaluation leading to improvement, including a combination of student ratings with educational consultation, comparison of student ratings to self-ratings, feedback early enough to provide time for improvement, and linkage of faculty development to the promotion-retention-tenure process. These conditions were built into a family practice faculty development program. The faculty development program was carried out in steps analogous to a medical model with which faculty already were familiar. An educational consultant took an instructor's teaching "history" and conducted a "physical examination" of his teaching. The evaluator collected "laboratory" data regarding the instructor's teaching and made a "diagnosis." He provided "treatment" in terms of educational consultation and "assessed" the changes in the instructor's teaching. A repetition of the data collection and consultative process demonstrated improvement in clinical teaching, particularly with regard to the skill of leading a collaborative group discussion during resident teaching rounds. PMID- 7086363 TI - Practice and career satisfaction among residency trained family physicians: a national survey. AB - This paper reports the results of a national survey of perceptions of practice and career satisfaction among the first cohorts of residency-trained family physicians. The findings indicate that a large majority of the respondents (n = 876), most of whom had been in practice for only three years or less at the time of the survey in 1979, were well satisfied with their careers and work in general as well as with their residency training, practice arrangements and facilities, colleague relationships, and hospital privileges. Several sources of relative dissatisfaction and difficulty were reported by the physicians, however, including practice time pressures, the necessity of treating emotional problems beyond their training, financial costs associated with operating their practice, paperwork, and perceived interference of external regulations and/or agencies in the physician-patient relationship. PMID- 7086364 TI - Phototherapy. PMID- 7086365 TI - Faulty use of canister nebulizers for asthma. PMID- 7086366 TI - Psychosocial impact of common parasitic diseases. PMID- 7086367 TI - Clinical decisions about diagnosis and treatment for depression identified by screening. PMID- 7086369 TI - Training gaps in the family practice center. PMID- 7086368 TI - Teaching occupational medicine in a family medicine residency program. PMID- 7086370 TI - Faculty development and evaluation of teaching performance. PMID- 7086371 TI - After-hours calls: a five-year longitudinal study in a family practice group. AB - The provision of health care outside of regular hours is one of the major challenges in any primary care practice and an important focus of residency teaching in family medicine. In this study were studied the volume and pattern of after-hours calls in a residency based group family practice at the end of the first and fifth year of the practice's existence. During the five-year study interval, the number of registered patients in the practice tripled, whereas the number of scheduled patient visits doubled. After-hours phone calls increased 40 percent, visits 70 percent, and hospitalizations 50 percent. The distribution of calls during the week remained stable over the five-year period, and the problems prompting the calls changed little except for an increase in traumatic injuries and obstetrics, paralleling changes in the services offered by the practice. After-hours utilization decreased as a function of practice volume, suggesting that practice maturation decreases unscheduled demand for medical care. The burden of after-hours calls increased, however, because of the absolute growth in practice size. Residents handled the vast majority of the calls without consultation in both time periods. The rates and patterns of after-hours utilization are strikingly similar to those reported in other studies. PMID- 7086375 TI - Inappropriate drug prescribing: a soluble problem? PMID- 7086373 TI - Factors influencing family practice residency selection: a national survey. AB - The changes in family practice residency selection from 1978 to 1981 were studied by means of a questionnaire, and selection of family practice residency was identified by region. The relationship between the administrative status of family practice (department, division, or no formal unit) and selection of family practice residency was studied, and the opinions of medical school faculty respondents were sought concerning why interest in family practice has increased (or decreased) at their institution. The average percentage of graduates selecting family practice residency varies by region. Schools with stronger institutional commitment to family practice, as evidenced by departmental status, have a higher percentage of graduates entering family practice. Respondents felt that the presence or absence of student contact with family practice was the most important reason for changes seen in residency choice. PMID- 7086374 TI - Learning outcomes and practice changes after a postgraduate course in office orthopedics. AB - Although many of studies of continuing medical education have demonstrated information transfer and some have resulted in practice changes, little is known about the relationships between physician knowledge, intentions, and actual changes in clinical behavior. This paper presents the results of a study of immediate and delayed learning outcomes, including a parallel exploration of physician intentions and practice changes for three tracer procedures, among 83 physicians attending a post-graduate course in office orthopedics. A high level of knowledge gain and retention was found, and considerable change in practice behavior occurred in self-reported use of torsional profiles, ordering of shoulder arthrograms, and discontinued use of corrective shoes. Discrepancies between physicians' cognitive knowledge, their intentions to apply that knowledge, and reported clinical behavior were consistent with a conservative approach to orthopedic management among the primary care physicians studied. PMID- 7086372 TI - Antibiotic prescribing in a family medicine residency program. AB - A total of 227 ambulatory patients who received prescriptions for antibiotics in a family practice residency program was studied. The common infections treated were urinary tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, impetigo, nonspecific vaginitis, and bronchitis. Cultures obtained in 21.1 percent of the patients were usually considered to be appropriate. Urinary tract infections were usually treated with co-trimoxazole or other drugs containing sulfonamides; upper respiratory tract infections with amoxicillin, ampicillin, or penicillin; impetigo with penicillin; nonspecific vaginitis with vaginal creams; and bronchitis with ampicillin or erythromycin. Most prescriptions (86 percent) were written generically at an approximate savings of $2 per prescription. A review panel audited the prescribing practices and often (32.2 percent) disagreed among themselves, yet they did determine 65.4 percent of the prescriptions to be appropriate. The rate of appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices among the residents was found to decrease as the level of supervision decreased (P less than 0.01). PMID- 7086376 TI - Hand ischemia. AB - Hand ischemia is an uncommon, but potentially catastrophic, clinical entity. The large number of etiologic factors and lack of universal agreement regarding treatment have created a confusing clinical situation. Diagnosis is most frequently made by a detailed history and physical examination. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are employed for diagnosis and in planning treatment. Growing experience and improved surgical techniques have enabled vascular surgeons to deal more effectively with the ischemic hand. PMID- 7086378 TI - Validity and reliability of responses of the aged to surveys and questionnaires. PMID- 7086377 TI - An alternative treatment for spinal headache. PMID- 7086379 TI - Training in drug abuse in a family medicine residency. PMID- 7086380 TI - The emergi-center and family practice in the 1980s. PMID- 7086381 TI - Family Practice Grand Rounds. Care of a troubled family and their child with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 7086382 TI - Electronic fetal monitoring during labor. AB - The use of continuous electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) during the labors of both low- and high-risk obstetric patients has increased dramatically in the past decade. EFM is a screening tool used for the early detection of fetal hypoxia and prevention of its consequences. Fetal heart rate patterns generated should be thought of as either reassuring or not reassuring of fetal oxygenation. Combinations of nonreassuring patterns are very frequently associated with significant fetal hypoxia. Initially EFM was accepted without serious question of its benefits and risks. Recently more skeptical attitudes about EFM have developed, and studies evaluating the efficacy of EFM have increased. The use of EFM improves fetal outcome in high-risk pregnancies. There is no clear indication that EFM has an advantage over careful auscultation in low-risk pregnancies. The risks of continuous ultrasound and fetal and maternal infection following EFM appear minimal. The cesarean section rate has risen in recent years, but the contribution of EFM to this increase is not known. The psychologic and emotional risks of EFM have not been well defined. PMID- 7086383 TI - Routine neonatal circumcision: the gap between contemporary policy and practice. AB - Attitudes, knowledge, and personal factors related to circumcision in the newborn period were analyzed among a group of 92 randomly selected primary care physicians and 103 parents of male infants. Sixty-five percent of the physicians conveyed a positive attitude about routine neonatal circumcision to their patients; pediatricians were more likely to have a neutral attitude, and both family and general practitioners were more likely to encourage routine neonatal circumcision (P less than .01). Routine neonatal circumcision was favored more often by older, male, and circumcised physicians. Knowledge about the normal anatomy of the infants' foreskin was inadequate. Parents rarely perceived physicians as influential in the decision-making process (P less than .001). In contrast, fathers' circumcision status and parental belief in medical indications were positively related to the decision to circumcise (P less than .001 and P less than .01, respectively). The data suggest directions for change in clinical pediatric practice that may bring contemporary policy with regard to routine neonatal circumcision closer to actual practice. PMID- 7086384 TI - Failure to thrive secondary to upper respiratory tract obstruction and cor pulmonale. PMID- 7086385 TI - Patient self-monitoring of behavior. AB - Family physicians often rely solely upon patients' recollections of events in the assessment and treatment of psychological complaints. One important method that is likely to enhance the quality and quantity of relevant clinical data is patient self-monitoring. Self-monitoring involves utilizing patients as self observers and systematic recorders of information concerning their target complaint(s). Self-monitoring affords several advantages to both the patient and physician. It is especially useful as a basis for performing a functional analysis of behavior. The most valuable aspect of patient self-monitoring lies in the systematic collection and summarization of clinical information that is crucial for the assessment and treatment of psychosocial complaints. PMID- 7086386 TI - The hare and the tortoise: metabolic strategies in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the skink and the chameleon. AB - Two lizards--a skink capable of fast short dashes, and a chameleon, incapable of fast movement--have been studied to determine the degree of metabolic diversity that exists in this group of reptiles. Oxygen uptake measurements, skeletal muscle histochemistry, and enzyme and metabolite levels in cardiac and skeletal muscles reveal that the skink has a higher metabolic potential, both aerobic and anaerobic, than the chameleon. The difference, however, is not as large as is indicated by the behaviors of the two lizards. Levels of citrate synthase and B hydroxybutaryl CoA dehydrogenase in the hearts of both the lizards are high and indicate mammalian-level metabolic capabilities. PMID- 7086388 TI - Evidence that ectoderm influences the differentiation of muscle in the limb of the embryonic chick. AB - Intact limb buds from stage 19 to 21 embryos differentiate to contain both cartilage and muscle in culture. If the limb ectoderm is removed, the limb mesoderm cells differentiate as cartilage and connective tissue but not as muscle. Intact limb buds from stage 19 embryos differentiate both cartilage and muscle when grafted to the chorioallantoic membrane, but differentiate only cartilage and connective tissue if the ectoderm is removed. The significance of limb ectoderm to muscle differentiation can be observed as late as stage 24. Both the prospective cartilage region and the prospective soft tissue region from the limb of a stage 24 embryo differentiate cartilage and muscle in the presence of limb ectoderm, but differentiate little, if any, muscle in the absence of limb ectoderm. The results indicate that the dorsal and ventral ectoderm have some influence on muscle differentiation. PMID- 7086387 TI - Hydromineral balance in the chick embryo: effects of hypophysectomy. AB - The developing chick embryo exhibits a regular pattern of accumulation and reabsorption of fluid in its extraembryonic compartments. Fluid volume (measured by dye dilution) peaks at Day 14 in both the allantois (12.4 ml) and the amnion (5.1 ml). The standard experimental procedure of removing 2 ml of albumen at 33 36 hr of incubation does not alter this pattern, but leads to a maximum decrease in fluid volume of ca. 1 ml in both amniotic and allantoic compartments. Although [Na] and [Cl] remain essentially constant in the serum, they steadily decrease in the allantois (remaining substantially below serum levels). In the amnion, [Cl] is maintained above that of serum, whereas [Na] falls below serum [Na] by Day 14. In the Day 12 (stage 38) embryo, hypophysectomy (HX) causes a substantial increase in the allantoic fluid volume and [Na] and [Cl], thus resulting in a 166% increase in total Na and Cl over that of sham-operated embryos. By contrast, HX did not alter amniotic fluid volume, although it did decrease [Na] and to a lesser degree, [Cl]. Serum [Na], but no [Cl], was reduced by HX. HX abolished the normally steep ionic gradients maintained between the allantois and both serum and amnion. Thus, the most dramatic effects of HX at Day 12 are on the allantois, which accumulates both Na and Cl at the expense of the amnion and serum. This suggests that pituitary hormones may normally act by Day 12 to reduce urinary volume and electrolyte excretion and/or to increase fluid and electrolyte reabsorption from the allantois. PMID- 7086389 TI - Effect of polyamines on fertilization of mouse ova in vitro. AB - After a 1-hour preincubation of epididymal mouse spermatozoa at a concentration of 2 X 10(6)/ml in 0.23 mM spermine, the proportion of F1(C57BL X CBA) mouse ova fertilized after 1 and 2 hours was significantly greater than with untreated spermatozoa. Spermine also significantly increased the proportion of ova fertilized at the sub optimal sperm concentration of 2 X 10(5)/ml. The stimulatory effect was lost when the protein source in the fertilization medium was changed from human serum albumin V (HSA) to HSA crystalline. This provides indirect evidence that albumin is directly involved in the capacitation process and that the crystalline is more potent than the fraction V preparation. At equimolar concentrations, spermidine was partially and putrescine was totally inhibitory to fertilization. Mechanisms whereby spermine may affect metabolic activity or sperm-zona binding are discussed. It is suggested spermine may also be present in ovulatory fluid and therefore could potentially be involved in fertilization in vivo. PMID- 7086390 TI - Development of embryonic chick oviducts in organ culture under the influence of steroid hormones. AB - Explanted oviducts from 13- and 16-day embryonic female chicks responded to estradiol (1 to 4 micrograms/ml) in the culture medium by forming a thickened epithelium folded into crypts and containing goblet cells and by development of the stroma. In medium containing 3 micrograms/ml estradiol and 0.125 micrograms/ml hydrocortisone, 13-day embryonic oviducts exhibited further development: The columnar epithelial cells formed cilia and tubular glands were formed. PMID- 7086391 TI - A survey of the structures of mycolic acids in Corynebacterium and related taxa. AB - Acid methanolysates of 104 strains of coryneform and related bacteria were examined for mycolic acids by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mycolic acids of Corynebacterium sensu stricto strains were not uniform in size and structure, and considerable variation existed within the approximate limiting range of C22 to C36. Two species, Corynebacterium bovis and 'Corynebacterium mycetoides', were particularly distinctive; the former had exceptionally low molecular weight mycolic acids (C22 to C32), whereas the latter contained major amounts of mycolates with a side-chain possessing an odd number of carbon atoms. Caseobacter polymorphus contained mycolic acids of a similar size (C30 to C36) to those of true corynebacteria. The mycolates of organisms assigned to the genus Rhodococcus were generally larger (C30 to C56), although a clear distinction between two corynebacteria and rhodococci cannot presently be made by analysis of mycolic acids alone. Strains labelled 'Arthrobacter roseoparaffinus', Corynebacterium equi and Corynebacterium hoagii contained mycolic esters with molecular weights 'intermediate' in size between those of true corynebacteria and rhodococci. The mycolic acid data correlate well with other major trends in coryneform taxonomy and support earlier suggestions that they are of value in the classification of the group. PMID- 7086392 TI - The role of oxygen in the regulation of glucose metabolism, transport and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the metabolism of glucose in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied with chemostat cultures using both single-step and gradual transitions from either ammonium or glucose limitation to oxygen limitation and studying transient and steady states. The pathway of glucose metabolism was regulated by the availability of oxygen. The organism responded to oxygen limitation by adjusting its metabolism of glucose from the extracellular direct oxidative pathway, which produces gluconate and 2-oxogluconate, to the intracellular phosphorylative route. This change was a consequence of decreased activities of glucose dehydrogenase and gluconate dehydrogenase and of the transport systems for gluconate and 2-oxogluconate, and an increased activity of glucose transport, while relatively high activities of hexokinase and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase were maintained. Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities responded to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration rather than to changes in the glucose or ammonium concentrations. The effect of oxygen limitation on the oxo-acid dehydrogenases and aconitase was probably due, wholly or in part, to repression by glucose consequent upon the increase in residual glucose concentration. Succinate dehydrogenase was repressed by an increase in ammonium concentration under an oxygen limitation. PMID- 7086393 TI - Cell cycle specificity of certain antimicrotubular drugs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - Of the seven antimicrotubular drugs tested, nocodazole, mebendazole and trifluralin at saturable concentrations failed to inhibit cell division in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, while carbendazim, thiabendazole and chloropropham each at 50 micrograms ml- and amiprophos methyl at 200 micrograms ml-1 completely arrested cell division. This inhibition was associated with striking morphological changes in which carbendazim- and thiabendazole-treated cells became elongated and pseudohyphal, whereas chloropropham- and amiprophos methyl treated cells appeared small and rounded with occasional V-shaped pairs. Lomofungin staining revealed that nuclear division was also arrested by these drugs. Suspected blockage of defined cell cycle stages was confirmed by pulse induction experiments which revealed that cells could be synchronized into division using exposure to a drug for one generation. Further experiments with synchronous cultures prepared by size selection showed that different drugs possessed different transition points; for example, carbendazim and thiabendazole were effective in blocking a late stage of the cell cycle just prior to division, whereas amiprophos methyl affected a very early stage. The results suggest that some of the drugs used exert cell cycle specificity in S. pombe either by impairing microtubule assembly mechanisms (as with carbendazim and thiabendazole) or by inhibiting synthesis of tubulin subunits (as with amiprophos methyl). These drugs could prove useful in studies of microtubule biogenesis during the cell cycle in yeast. PMID- 7086395 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086394 TI - Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder. AB - Review of the literature shows that the common syndrome of chronic pain of uncertain origin appears to be perpetuated by central mechanisms. No plausible neurological theory has been proposed. While the alternative concept of chronic pain as a psychogenic disorder has remained a vague entity, there is strong support to view chronic pain as the prime expression of a muted depressive state. This form of masked depression, however, tends to be associated with a number of characteristic traits. Our studies of patients with chronic pain have led to the identification of a well defined psychobiological disorder with characteristic clinical, psychodynamic, biographic, and genetic features. This syndrome is termed the pain-prone disorder and is viewed as a variant of depressive disease. It proves a distinct entity when compared with a group of patients whose pain can be related to a well defined somatic disease. The chronicity of the disorder appears partially related to the practice of protracted, costly, and futile physical procedures, focusing on a phantom peripheral source of the pain-- a practice commonly pursued by patients and physicians. Recognition of the disorder allows for early, rational, and more effective treatment approaches. PMID- 7086396 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086397 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086398 TI - idiopathic pain disorder: a critique of pain-prone disorder and a proposal for a revision of the DSM-III category psychogenic pain disorder. PMID- 7086399 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086400 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086401 TI - Comments on "Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain-prone disorder". PMID- 7086402 TI - Biological markers for depression in chronic pain. AB - Patients with chronic psychogenic pain appear to suffer from a specific depressive type of disease, with somatized pain as the prime expression of a concealed mental agony (pain-prone disorder). This view is supported by clinical, premorbid, and psychodynamic findings, as well as by the presence of biological markers including a family history of affective disorders and response to antidepressants. Additional biological markers of depression include shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency in sleep and nonsuppression in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The study of both markers in 20 consecutive pain-prone patients with insomnia showed clearly abnormal REM latency and/or DST nonsuppression in one half of the otherwise homogeneous group. There was high correlation between DST cortisol level and REM latency. both biological markers tend to predict response to antidepressants. The findings confirm that the pain prone disorder can be viewed as a variant of depressive disease. PMID- 7086403 TI - Disturbed sleep in patients complaining of chronic pain. AB - Polygraphic recordings of the sleep of patients complaining of insomnia has led to recognition of specific patterns of disturbed sleep corresponding to different etiologies of insomnia. This study presents results of polygraphic recordings of the sleep of 26 patients with chronic pain for which no physical cause can be found. All 26 also complained of insomnia. Sleep parameters of this group were compared with those to two other groups also complaining of insomnia: 12 patients whose disturbed sleep was judged secondary to psychiatric disorder, and 16 patients with the subjective complaint of insomnia in whom no objective evidence of sleep disturbance could be demonstrated. The three groups differed significantly in terms of their sleep parameters. The pain patients slept less than the subjective insomnia patients. The sleep disturbance of the psychiatric patients was more severe than that of the chronic patients. Several chronic pain patients showed evidence of nocturnal myoclonus; several also showed alpha rhythm intrusions into their sleeping electroencephalograms. The study verifies that chronic pain patients do experience significant sleep disturbance and raises several questions concerning relationships among chronic pain, sleep disturbance, and psychiatric illness, particularly depression. PMID- 7086404 TI - Effect of sample preparation on analysis of superoxide dismutase activity and isoenzymes. AB - The effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and isoenzyme pattern of detergents, incubation time, and sonication in the preparation of rat liver samples was investigated. The activity of the manganese form of the enzyme (Mn SOD) was found to decrease significantly after 4 hr of incubation at room temperature, and activity of the copper, zinc form of the enzyme (Cu, Zn-SOD) was not changed significantly even after 24 hr, although levels were somewhat decreased. Sonication of the sample did not affect Cu, Zn-SOD activity, but total Mn-SOD activity was increased. Addition of detergents did not increase Mn-SOD activity when homogenates were sonicated, indicating that Mn-SOD is not membrane bound. Detergents also had no effect on Cu, Zn-SOD activity. None of the treatments investigated altered the isoenzyme patterns, providing evidence that these isoenzymes are not degradation products. PMID- 7086405 TI - Relationship between regional brain angiotensinogen and local blood flow and volume in the adrenalectomized rat: application of approach to quantification of brain corticosterone receptors. AB - Prior studies from this laboratory have established that angiotensinogen, the prohormone of angiotensin, is unevenly distributed in the rat brain and that adrenalectomy selectively perturbs levels of the prohormone in regions associated with cardiovascular neural pathways. However, plasma angiotensinogen levels are 10(2)--10(3) times higher in plasma than in brain, so that the observation of a unique distribution of brain angiotensinogen may reflect variable plasma contamination. Studies were therefore undertaken to establish whether adrenalectomy selectively alters regional blood flow, blood volume, or plasma contamination of brain tissue, thereby artifactitiously altering apparent angiotensinogen levels. Radioactive 2-deoxyglucose, iodoantipyrine, and inulin were employed in these analyses. We conclude that variations in blood flow do not explain the selective effects of adrenalectomy, but that a variable extent of residual plasma contamination (remaining after transcardiac perfusion) is partially reflected in our earlier data. However, after correcting for plasma contamination, we still find significant changes in selected areas of the rat brain following adrenalectomy. Finally, our results demonstrate the necessity for direct quantitation of plasma contamination od brain tissue segments. This is shown to have relevance in other situations, such as corticosterone binding globulin contamination of brain corticosterone receptor binding. PMID- 7086408 TI - Sidedness of phospholipid synthesis on brain membranes. AB - We have investigated the localization of the site of incorporation and the subsequent equilibration of newly synthesized phospholipids in brain membranes. Rats were injected intracranially with [3H]glycerol; the animals were killed at varying times afterwards, and microsomal fractions were isolated from the brains. In some cases, microsomes were subfractionated on sucrose gradients. Initially, most of the radioactive phosphatidylethanolamine appeared in a pool that reacted with the impermeable reagent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). This probe presumably modified only the lipid on the outer face of microsomal vesicles (which may, in large part, consist of pinched-off endoplasmic reticulum). At 5 min after injection, the specific radioactivity of the TNBS-modified phosphatidylethanolamine (cytoplasmic face) was four times that of the unmodified (luminal or inner face) phosphatidylethanolamine. With time, the ratio of the specific activities in the modified and unmodified pools of phosphatidylethanolamine approached 1.0, with kinetics that suggested a half-time on the order of 30 min for in vivo conversion of the TNBS-accessible to the inaccessible pool. This equilibration in specific activities could be the result of either translocation of phospholipids across endoplasmic reticulum membranes or conversion with time of initially labeled endoplasmic reticulum to other membranous organelles which form randomly oriented vesicles upon homogenization. A similar experimental design, using phospholipase C to hydrolyze outer face phospholipids preferentially, verified this conclusion for phosphatidylethanolamine and yielded similar results for phosphatidylcholine. Control studies measuring radioactive sucrose permeability indicated that neither TNBS nor phospholipase C treatment significantly disrupted microsomal vesicles under the conditions used. PMID- 7086407 TI - Met-enkephalin [Arg6, Phe7] immunoreactivity in bovine caudate and bovine adrenal medulla. AB - A radioimmunoassay specific for the COOH-terminus of Met-enkephalin [Arg6, Phe7] and a separate assay specific for the COOH-terminus of Met-enkephalin are described. Immunoreactivity by these two assays was compared in bovine caudate and bovine chromaffin granule preparation after Sephadex G75 chromatography in 50% acetic acid. When the assays were applied to the chromatography fractions of the bovine caudate extract, the majority of the immunoreactivity was found in the fractions corresponding to the heptapeptide and the pentapeptide respectively. When the chromaffin granule chromatography fractions were assayed, both of the radioimmunoassays showed that most reactivity was in several peaks in the larger molecular weight fractions. The major peak for the Met-enkephalin [Arg6, Phe7] assay had an apparent molecular weight of 2800, while with the Met-enkephalin assay the dominant peak of immunoreactivity had an apparent molecular weight of 10,000. The presence of authentic Met-enkephalin [Arg6, Phe7] in both caudate and chromaffin granule extracts was confirmed by reverse-phase chromatography of the previously sized fractions. It appears then that the processing of precursors of opioid peptides is directed, in the caudate, to the synthesis and storage of the enkephalins and of Met-enkephalin [Arg6, Phe7]; in the adrenal medulla the major products of precursor processing are a variety of polypeptides of larger sizes. PMID- 7086406 TI - The specific interaction of S-100 protein with synaptosomal particulate fractions. Modulation of binding by fractional occupancy of sites and by the physical state of membranes. AB - The nonlinearity of single components of the Scatchard plot of S-100 binding to synaptosomal particulate fractions (SYN) and the observation that dilution of the 125I-labeled S-100 site complex results in a greater extent of dissociation of the tracer in the presence than in the absence of an excess of unlabeled S-100 suggest that sites change their binding behavior depending on fractional occupancy. To study this aspect of the interaction in more detail, 125I-labeled S 100 binding experiments were conducted in the presence of, or after preincubation of SYN with various concentrations of, unlabeled S-100. The results indicate that: (a) S-100 synaptosomal sites do change their binding behavior depending on fractional occupancy; and (b) the nonrapid equilibrium between bound S-100 and the medium, which has been referred to as the formation of a tight complex between S-100 and its binding sites, is related to the activation of high affinity sites. However, no univocal interpretation of these data in terms of binding model can be offered at present, as the binding models currently employed in the analysis of ligand-site interactions can each account for only part of the results described in this report. In any case, data obtained by studying 125I labeled S-100 binding to untreated SYN at 2 degrees C and to prefixed SYN at 37 degrees C indicate that the physical state of membranes influences both the extent of the interaction and the binding behavior of the sites. PMID- 7086409 TI - Synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate in a sympathetic ganglion. AB - The present experiments tested whether acetate plays a role in the provision of acetyl-CoA for acetylcholine synthesis in the cat's superior cervical ganglion. Labeled acetylcholine was identified in extracts of ganglia that had been perfused for 20 min with Krebs solution containing choline (10(-5) M) and [3H], [1-14C], or [2-14C]acetate (10(-3) M); perfusion for 60 min or with [3H]acetate (10(-2) M) increased the labeling. The acetylcholine synthesized from acetate was available for release by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism during subsequent periods of preganglionic nerve stimulation. When ganglia were stimulated via their preganglionic nerves or by exposure to 46 mM K+, the labeling of acetylcholine from [3H]acetate was reduced when compared with resting ganglia. The reduced synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate during stimulation was not due to acetate recapture, shunting of acetate into lipid synthesis, or the transmitter release process itself. In ganglia perfused with [2-14C]glucose, the amount of labeled acetylcholine formed was clearly enhanced during stimulation. An increase in acetylcholine labeling from [3H]acetate was shown during a 15-min resting period following a 60-min period of preganglionic nerve stimulation (20 Hz). It is concluded that acetate is not the main physiological acetyl precursor for acetylcholine synthesis in this sympathetic ganglion, and that during preganglionic nerve stimulation there is enhanced delivery of acetyl-CoA to choline acetyltransferase from a source other than acetate. PMID- 7086411 TI - Alanine aminotransferase in bovine brain: purification and properties. AB - Mitochondrial and cytosolic alanine aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.2) were partially purified (140- and 180-fold), respectively) from bovine brain cortex by means of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and in-exchange chromatography on DEAE A-50 and characterized. The enzymes exhibited identical molecular weights (110,000 +/- 10,000) and pH optima (7.8), but were eluted from CM Sephadex C-50 at different ionic strengths. Isoelectric focusing of the enzymes indicated a pI value of 5.2 for the cytosolic enzyme and 7.2 for the mitochondrial enzyme. The Km values of the mitochondrial enzyme were 5.1 mM, 6.6 mM, 0.7 mM, and 0.4 mM and of the cytosolic isozyme were 30.3 mM, 4.3 mM, 0.7 mM, and 0.5 mM for alanine, glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, and pyruvate, respectively. The results indicated that two forms of alanine aminotransferase exist in nerve tissue, which suggests that they may play different roles in the cellular metabolism of nerve tissue. PMID- 7086410 TI - [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding as a probe for the study of adenosine uptake sites in brain. AB - The binding of the potent adenosine uptake inhibitor [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine ([3H]NBI) to brain membrane fractions was investigated. Reversible, saturable, specific, high-affinity binding was demonstrated in both rat and human brain. The KD in both was 0.15 nM with Bmax values of 140-200 fmol/mg protein. Linear Scatchard plots were routinely obtained, indicating a homogeneous population of binding sites in brain. The highest density of binding sites was found in the caudate and hypothalamus in both species. The binding site was heat labile and trypsin sensitive. Binding was also decreased by incubation of the membranes in 0.05% Triton X-100 and by treatment with dithiothreitol and iodoacetamide. Of the numerous salt and metal ions tested, only copper and zinc had significant effects on [3H]NBI binding. The inhibitory potencies of copper and zinc were IC50 = 160 microM and 6 mM, respectively. Subcellular distribution studies revealed a high percentage of the [3H]NBI binding sites on synaptosomes, indicating that these sites were present in the synaptic region. A study of the tissue distribution of the [3H]NBI sites revealed very high densities of binding in erythrocyte, lung, and testis, with much lower binding densities in brain, kidney, liver, muscle, and heart. The binding affinity in the former group was approximately 1.5 nM, whereas that in the latter group was 0.15 nM, suggesting two types of binding sites. The pharmacologic profile of [3H]NBI binding was consistent with its function as the adenosine transport site, distinct from the adenosine receptor, since thiopurines were very potent inhibitors of binding whereas adenosine receptor ligands, such as cyclohexyladenosine and 2-chloroadenosine, were three to four orders of magnitude less potent. [3H]NBI binding in brain should provide a useful probe for the study of adenosine transport in the brain. PMID- 7086412 TI - Dopamine inhibition of the release of endogenous acetylcholine from corpus striatum and cerebral cortex in tissue slices and synaptosomes: a presynaptic response? AB - The effect of dopamine on the release of endogenous acetylcholine from striatal slices and synaptosomes and from cerebral cortex synaptosomes was studied. K+ (56 mM) and veratrine (75 microM) increased the release of acetylcholine from striatal slices by 3.7 and 3.3 times the resting release, respectively. The effect of veratrine was completely abolished by tetrodotoxin (1 microM). Dopamine (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) reduced the K+-evoked release of acetylcholine from striatal slices in a dose-dependent manner. The resting release of acetylcholine was also significantly reduced by dopamine. Apomorphine (20 microM) significantly reduced the K+-evoked release of acetylcholine, and both this effect and the inhibition due to dopamine (1 mM) were significantly antagonised by chlorpromazine (20 microM). Dopamine had a similar effect on the release of acetylcholine from striatal synaptosome beds; the resting release was depressed 32% by the presence of dopamine (1 mM). A greater effect of dopamine was seen on the release of acetylcholine from cerebral cortex synaptosome beds, the resting release being reduced by 54% and the K+-evoked release by 29%. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of presynaptic dopamine receptors in controlling the release of acetylcholine and the magnitude of their contribution compared with that of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor. PMID- 7086413 TI - Local cerebral glucose utilization in hypothermic and hyperthermic rats. AB - Local rates of glucose utilization in 38 regions of the CNS were measured in conscious, lightly restrained rats during normothermia (rectal temperature, 37.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C, hypothermia (31.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C), and hyperthermia (40.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C). In 34 of the 38 regions examined (the four exceptions being primary auditory nuclei in the lower brainstem), a significant relationship could be demonstrated between the rate of glucose utilization and body temperature. The magnitude of temperature-related alterations in glucose use displayed considerable regional heterogeneity. In hypothermic rats the reductions in glucose use were proportionately most marked (reduced 35-50% from normothermic) in thalamic nuclei, extrapyramidal and motor areas, septohippocampal formation, and some areas of neocortex and white matter; they were least pronounced in anterior hypothalamus (reduced by 13%), habenula (by 16%), and amygdala (by 22%). In hyperthermic rats, significantly increased glucose utilization was observed in only 16 of the 38 areas examined (e.g., hypothalamus, hippocampus, extrapyramidal system, and raphe nucleus), whereas in a number of major areas (such as the neocortex and thalamus) glucose use was minimally altered with hyperthermia. The regional heterogeneity in the alterations in glucose utilization suggests that caution must be exercised in the interpretation of autoradiographic 2 deoxyglucose investigations in which body temperature disturbances occur. PMID- 7086414 TI - Different polypeptides are rapidly transported in auditory and optic neurons. AB - Rapidly transported proteins and glycoproteins in the auditory and optic nerves of the guinea pig were analyzed by electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrofocusing/electrophoresis. Proteins transported in the auditory nerve were analyzed in the cochlear nucleus 3 h after cochlear injection of radioactive precursor, and proteins transported in the optic nerve were analyzed in the superior colliculus 6 h after intraocular injection of radioactive precursor. Two dimensional analysis showed that several rapidly transported polypeptides were present in one system, but not in the other. By use of [3H]fucose as a precursor or by separating [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides on immobilized concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin, it was shown that most of the proteins transported in only one system are glycoproteins. As previously reported a polypeptide of molecular weight 140,000 was a major labeled species in the auditory nerve. This polypeptide was also found in the optic nerve, but only as a minor species. Two other polypeptides with molecular weights and isoelectric points similar to those of the 140,000 molecular weight polypeptide were present in both systems, but were much more abundant in the optic nerve. The major labeled polypeptide in both systems had a molecular weight of 25,000. PMID- 7086415 TI - A novel inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase with anorectic activity. AB - 1-(n-decyl)-3-Pyrazolidinone (BW357U) is a potent, selective inhibitor of gamma aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-T) in vitro and in vivo. After acute or chronic, oral or intraperitoneal administration of BW357U to rats, brain GABA levels were elevated in a dose-dependent manner. When inhibition of brain GABA-T exceeded 50%, whole brain GABA levels were elevated approximately threefold, and an anorectic effect was observed in the absence of other symptoms. This compound, because of its potency and selectivity, may be useful in studies relating to the function of GABA-containing neurons in appetite regulation. PMID- 7086416 TI - Maturation of potassium-stimulated respiration in rat cerebral cortical slices. AB - Maximal dinitrophenol-stimulated respiration and K+-stimulated respiration were measured polarographically in cerebral cortical slices taken from rats aged 2-60 days. Increasing K+ concentrations produced an increase in respiration in slices from animals aged 15 days and older, but not in slices from animals aged 10 days and younger. Dinitrophenol-stimulated respiration, or the maximal respiratory capacity of the tissue, showed a similar increase between 10 and 15 days of age. At each age the maximal respiratory capacity was 6-8 ng at 0/mg protein min greater than the maximal K+-stimulated respiration. PMID- 7086418 TI - Acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase in rat brain mitochondria and microsomes. AB - The subcellular distribution of acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O acyltransferase between brain mitochondria and microsomes was investigated. The activities associated with purified rat brain mitochondrial and microsomal preparations could be distinguished by differences in their acyl-CoA specificity, products of acylation, and sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide, trypsin, acetone, and polymyxin B. It was concluded that both brain mitochondria and microsomes possess the acyltransferase. PMID- 7086417 TI - Retinal gangliosides in RCS mutant rats. AB - The distribution of retinal gangliosides was studied in normal and mutant rats with retinal dystrophy at 30 and 180 days of age. The loss of photoreceptor cells in the retinal dystrophic RCS rats was not associated with a significant reduction in the relative distribution of any of the major retinal gangliosides. The loss of photoreceptors, however, caused a marked increase in total retinal ganglioside concentration. These findings suggest that photoreceptor cells contain a low concentration of gangliosides and that no major retinal ganglioside is localized or concentrated in these cells. The cellular localization and function of the most abundant retinal ganglioside, GD3, is discussed. PMID- 7086419 TI - Bioluminescent assay of total and brain-specific creatine kinase activity in cerebrospinal fluid. AB - A bioluminescent assay based on the firefly luciferase reaction has been used for determination of creatine kinase activity in CSF. Activities as low as 0.1 U/L can be measured. The coefficient of variation at an activity level of 0.3-0.4 U/L was between 5 and 6%. The assay conditions optimized for serum specimens can be used for CSF. The adenylate kinase activity is almost completely inhibited, which simplifies the procedure. The creatine kinase/(CK) isoenzyme distribution was obtained using the bioluminescent assay in combination with immunoinhibition or ion exchange chromatography. All specimens contained both MM and BB activity, but no MB was found. The study indicates that the bioluminescent assay is useful in the determination of CK isoenzymes in CSF. The clinical importance of the observed CK levels will be reported in a separate communication. PMID- 7086420 TI - Effects of N6-methyladenosine on the synthesis of phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase in cultured explants of rat adrenal medulla. AB - Explants of adrenal medullae were cultured in defined media for up to 48 h, during which time the tissue remained histologically intact. Addition of N6 methyladenosine to the medium led to a diminution in the activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.28) in the tissue. The enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the concentration N6-methyladenosine in the culture medium. The extent of loss of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, as measured by immunochemical titration, corresponded to the degree of loss in enzyme activity under the same conditions. Furthermore, the decreased amount of enzyme protein was due to a decrease in the rate of synthesis of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Neither adenosine nor several methylated nucleosides, including 7-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, and 5 methylcytosine, had an effect on the enzyme. Two other adrenal medullary enzymes, monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), were not affected by addition of N6-methyladenosine to the medium. The results are consistent with the view that this effect of N6-methyladenosine on the concentration of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is due to an inhibition of its biosynthesis rather than to an alteration of its rate of degradation. PMID- 7086421 TI - Sciatin is a transferrin-like polypeptide. AB - Sciatin, an acidic glycoprotein from chicken sciatic nerve, the myotrophic effects on avian skeletal muscle cells in culture. As sciatin was found to have certain structural similarities to transferrin, we further investigated the physiochemical characteristics of sciatin in order to determine the relationship between these two proteins. Sciatin was found to be strikingly similar to ovotransferrin in amino acid composition. In addition, amino acid sequence analysis revealed that sciatin and ovotransferrin and identical amino-terminal sequences for a t least the first 20 amino acid residues. Chicken ovotransferrin, but not human serum transferrin, cross-reacted with rabbit antisciatin antibodies upon rocket immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion in agar. In addition, in the presence of bicarbonate, sciatin bound approximately 2 mol ferrous iron/mol protein. Using the purification procedure developed for sciatin, we purified a protein from chicken serum that cross-reacted with antisciatin serum, migrated at a position identical to that of sciatin or ovotransferrin on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, had an amino composition very similar to ovotransferrin and sciatin, and had myotropic effects on cultured muscle cells. From these data, we conclude that sciatin is a growth-promoting polypeptide closely related in structure to transferrin. PMID- 7086422 TI - HPLC analysis of neurophysin proteins from neurosecretory granules. AB - Neurosecretory granules were obtained from neurolobes of porcine pituitary glands. From the granules, highly purified neurophysins were prepared by HPLC. According to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, N- and C terminal amino acid residue determination, and amino acid composition, the neurophysins, I1, I2, and II were identical to the neurophysins obtained from whole posterior lobes. Since degradation could not have occurred, we conclude that neurophysin I1 and I2 originated in the neurosecretory granules. PMID- 7086423 TI - Biphasic effect of eserine and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the nicotinic response to acetylcholine in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. PMID- 7086424 TI - Local protein synthesizing activity in axonal fields regenerating in vitro. AB - The goldfish retinal explant system of Landreth and Agranoff was used to study endogenous protein synthesizing activity of retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating in culture. Light and electron microscopic examination of axonal fields showed that axons were free of nonneural cell investment. Decentralized axons were incubated with a mixture of tritiated amino acids, and direct quantitative microanalysis of protein and tritium radioactivity was carried out on individual axonal fields. Our findings showed that radioactive amino acids were incorporated into axonal protein in a manner that inhibited significantly by cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. Decentralized axons appeared to maintain their viability for at least 3-4 h. Axonal fields maintaining their central connections to the explant incorporated 3H-amino acids at an apparent rate that was similar to decentralized axonal fields. Labeled material transported into axonal fields from ganglion cell bodies appeared in significant amounts after a delay of 2-3 h. Fluorographic patterns of axonal proteins after labeling with either 3H-amino acids or [35S]methionine and separated by microelectrophoresis indicated that primarily tubulin and, to a lesser extent, actin were labeled. Our findings indicate that goldfish retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating in vitro exhibit measureable endogenous protein-synthesizing activity. PMID- 7086425 TI - Peripheral nerve phospholipid composition: development in normal nerve and age dependent changes in Wallerian degenerated nerve. AB - The phospholipid composition of normal peripheral nerve as a function of developmental age as well as that of Wallerian-degenerated nerve as a function of age at nerve transection and duration of Wallerian degeneration have been quantitated in rabbit sciatic nerve. During development, increases in the proportions of ethanolamine plasmalogen, sphingomyelin, and combined phosphatidyl serine plus phosphatidyl inositol and decreases in the proportions of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine correlated well with the concurrent myelin accretion. During Wallerian degeneration, age-dependent changes in phospholipid composition were observed. The large and statistically significant increase in the proportion of phosphatidyl choline and decrease in the proportion of ethanolamine plasmalogen were manifest promptly in nerves transected at 2 weeks of age but in a delayed manner in nerves transected at 8, 12, and 20 weeks of age. The rate of loss of individual phospholipids was greater in nerves transected at younger ages. The findings from normal developing peripheral nerve may well serve as baseline data for subsequent studies of phospholipid composition in pathological peripheral nerve. The findings from Wallerian-degenerated peripheral nerve provide additional evidence for age dependent chemical changes occurring in Wallerian-degenerated peripheral nerve that may be of significance in explaining the superior functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury observed in younger compared with older subjects. PMID- 7086426 TI - Evidence for glucocorticoid target cells in the rat optic nerve. Physiochemical characterization of cytosol binding sites. AB - Cytosolic dexamethasone (DEX) binding sites were studied in the Wallerian degenerating rat optic nerve (ON), a tissue that is rich in neuroglial cells but devoid of neuronal perikarya and processes. For comparison, hippocampal (HI) and anterior pituitary (AP) cytosols were studied in parallel. Binding sites in these three tissues were found to be quite similar in almost all respects. The sites have a high affinity for DEX (Kp = 2.5-3.5 nM), are present at a high concentration (Bmax = 360-365 fmol/mg cytosol protein), and possess a binding specificity typical of glucocorticoid receptors in other organs. Most experiments supported the assumption of single DEX-binding species in each tissue. Saturation analyses consistently yielded linear Scatchard plots over the range of DEX concentrations tested. Density gradient centrifugation in each case revealed a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 7-8S at low ionic strength and 4 4.5S in the presence of 0.3 M KCl. Isoelectric focusing similarly localized most of the binding in each cytosol to a single large peak with an isoelectric point of approximately 6.0. Dissociation rate determinations, on the other hand, suggested the possibility or two different binding sites in each tissue. These studies show that glucocorticoid binders present in cells of the ON possess the same characteristics as the cytoplasmic receptors found in HI, AP, and other recognized glucocorticoid target tissues. PMID- 7086427 TI - Effects of septal lesions on enzymes of acetyl-CoA metabolism in the cholinergic system of the rat hippocampus. AB - Electrolytic lesions made in the medial septum of the rat brain caused an 80% decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase and a 33% reduction in ATP citrate lyase activity in the synaptosomal fraction from the hippocampus. Decreases in the activities of the two enzymes in the cytosol (S3) fraction were 70 and 13%, respectively. The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, acetyl-CoA synthase, and carnitine acetyltransferase in crude hippocampal homogenates and in subcellular fractions were not affected by septal lesions. The data indicate that ATP-citrate lyase is linked to the septal hippocampal pathway and that the enzyme is preferentially located in cholinergic nerve endings that terminate within the hippocampus. PMID- 7086428 TI - Lipid and protein alterations of spinal cord and cord myelin of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7086429 TI - The phosphorylation of proteins in hippocampal slices: effects of noradrenaline and of pretreatment with kainic acid. AB - Hippocampal slices were incubated in the presence of [32P]P1, and protein phosphorylation was examined by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Incubation for at least 30 min with 300 muCi of [32P)P1/brain slice gave rise to the phosphorylation of 8-10 protein bands. Most of these bands showed enhanced phosphorylation in response to noradrenaline. The basal phosphorylation of kainic acid-pretreated hippocampal slices was enhanced two- to threefold compared with controls. There was also an additional increase in kainic acid-pretreatment slices in the response to noradrenaline. 8-Br-Cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as papaverine or isobutylmethylxanthine, had no effect on the phosphorylation patterns. PMID- 7086431 TI - Purification and chemical characterization of a W2 protein from brain myelin. AB - Starting from a pellet of beef brain myelin insoluble in chloroform/methanol (2:1, vol/vol)(Wolfgram protein fraction), a pure W2 protein with apparent molecular weight of 52,000 was isolated by a simple preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. A comparative chemical analysis was carried out between purified W2 and a standard tubulin. Glutamic acid and arginine were the N-terminals detected. Similar peptide maps and amino acid composition were also found in both proteins. Immunological cross-reactivity was detected when W2 protein was tested against antitubulin serum. These results suggest that W2 protein could have a tubulin-like protein nature that is associated with the myelin membrane and could play a role in the myelination process. PMID- 7086433 TI - Agonist regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rat spinal cord. AB - In vitro studies with cultured cells originating from nervous tissue have shown that chronic exposure to muscarinic agonists results in a loss of muscarinic receptors. To determine whether this type of regulation of muscarinic receptor number also occurs in vivo, we infused carbachol into the spinal cords of rats. A single carbachol injection into the lumbar spinal cord caused a significant increase in the nociceptive threshold. This effect of carbachol diminished to control levels after 12 h of repeated agonist injections every 4 h and was blocked by atropine. The desensitization to the antinociceptive effects of carbachol was associated with a loss of muscarinic receptors as determined by the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. After a 24-h exposure to carbachol given every 4h, there was about a 60% loss of binding sites. The loss of muscarinic receptors was also blocked by atropine and was reversible. These results represent direct evidence that a muscarinic agonist can regulate receptor number in the central nervous system and suggest that this loss of receptors is associated with a desensitization to the antinociceptive effects of carbachol injected into the spinal cord. PMID- 7086432 TI - Competition by estrogens for catecholamine receptor binding in vitro. AB - We have examined the ability of various steroids to compete for high-affinity binding of 3H-labeled ligands to catecholamine receptors in membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex, striatum, and anterior pituitary. Ligands employed were: [3H]WB4101, [3H]prazosin, [3H]yohimbine, and [3H]clonidine (alpha noradrenergic); [3H]dihydroalprenolol (beta-noradrenergic); [3H]spiperone and [3H]ADTN (dopaminergic). Only the 17 beta estrogens were effective and only binding of [3H]spiperone and [3H]ADTN in striatum and [3H]WB4101 and [3H]prazosin in cerebral cortex was reduced. Thus putative dopaminergic and alpha 1 noradrenergic sites alone appear to recognize estrogens. A slight competitive effect on [3H]spiperone binding to anterior pituitary membranes was also observed. Among the 17 beta estrogens tested, the most effective in all cases was the catechol estrogen 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2). The ability of 2-OHE2 (IC50 = 20-30 micro M) to inhibit ligand binding to alpha 1 receptors was comparable to that of norepinephrine (IC50 = 10-20 micro M), whereas for dopamine receptors in striatum and pituitary 2-OHE2 was an order of magnitude less effective than dopamine (IC50 = 12 micro M) in reducing binding of 3H ligands. Estradiol-17 beta and 2-hydroxyestrone were also able to inhibit binding, but the order of steroid potency was different for alpha 1 and dopaminergic receptors. Progesterone, testosterone, and corticosterone were without effect in all cases. These results show that there is specificity of steroid interactions with catecholamine receptors in the brain, both in terms of steroid structure and receptor type. The possible relevance of these interactions to neuroendocrine function is discussed. PMID- 7086430 TI - Synaptosomal calcium uptake systems: prostaglandins are probably not involved in the regulation of calcium fluxes into and within the nerve endings. AB - 45Ca2+ uptake measurements were performed on intact and osmotically lysed synaptosomes from rat brain to study the possible influence of prostaglandins (PGs) on Ca2+ movements into and within the nerve endings. The K+-induced 45Ca2+ uptake of intact synaptosomes was not influenced by several inhibitors of PG synthesis. 45Ca2+ uptake in lysed synaptosomal preparations was promoted by ATP and seemed to be largely attributable to mitochondria, as it was inhibited by mitochondrial poisons. This Ca2+ uptake was strongly reduced by PG synthesis inhibitors but also by PG precursor fatty acids. Both PG synthesis inhibitors and precursors, according to their relative efficacy in blocking Ca2+ uptake, were able to induce Ca2+ efflux from preloaded intrasynaptosomal organelles. The PGs E2, F2 alpha, D2, and thromboxane B2 were without effect on 45Ca2+ uptake in lysed synaptosomal preparations. On the basis of our results it does not seem likely that PGs influence Ca2+ availability by modulating Ca2+ fluxes into or within the nerve endings. The observed inhibitory effects of PG synthesis inhibitors and precursors on the intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ uptake might be due to unspecific impairment of mitochondrial functions. PMID- 7086434 TI - Alpha gamma-enolase in the rat: ontogeny and tissue distribution. AB - The rat brain enolases are dimers composed of alpha and gamma subunits. At pH 8.6 alpha gamma-enolase seemed to be stable, and no evidence was found for the possible formation of alpha gamma-enolase from alpha alpha-enolase and gamma gamma-enolase in the course of rat brain homogenization. During ontogeny of the rat forebrain, alpha gamma-enolase was formed before gamma gamma-enolase. The half-maximal specific concentrations were reached at postnatal days 14 and 23, respectively. The distribution of alpha gamma- and gamma gamma-enolase in various rat brain areas was also investigated. In all areas both forms were present. In neuroendocrine tissues alpha gamma-enolase was present at much higher concentration than gamma gamma-enolase. The ratio between gamma gamma-enolase and alpha gamma-enolase may be indicative of the degree of neuronal maturation, a conclusion further substantiated by the high ratio observed in cerebellum and the low ratio observed in olfactory bulbs, both compared with the ratio in forebrain. PMID- 7086435 TI - Studied on cerebellar haem metabolism in the rat in vivo. AB - Rats were injected intraventricularly with 5-amino[4-14C]laevulinate and the radioactivity recovered in the total cerebellum homogenate and in its haem and porphyrin fractions was determined in time. Two phases could be distinguished in the decline of haem radioactivity, suggesting labelling of at least two pools of widely different turnover rates. Succinyl acetone, when injected intraventricularly, caused a marked and long-lasting inhibition of cerebellar 5 aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity and a corresponding inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]5-aminolaevulinate into cerebellar haem in vivo. Inhibition of cerebellar haem biosynthesis by succinylacetone was followed by stimulation of the first enzyme of the pathway, 5-aminolaevulinate synthase, whereas intraventricular injection of haematin led to a significant depression of the activity of the enzyme. This suggested that the cerebellar 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase is regulated by haem through a negative feedback mechanism. Rats given repeated doses of succinylacetone, so as to maintain 80% inhibition of their cerebellar 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity for 5 days, failed to exhibit any obvious symptoms of toxicity but became more sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of large intraventricular doses of 5-aminolaevulinate. PMID- 7086436 TI - In vitro changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid output from the cerebral cortex induced by inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake and metabolism. AB - The effects of inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism or uptake on GABA output from the cerebral cortex was studied by means of a collecting cup placed on the exposed cortex of rats anaesthetized with urethane. GABA was identified and quantified by a mass-fragmentographic method. Ethanolamine-O sulphate (10(-2) M) applied directly on the cerebral cortex caused a long-lasting twofold increase in GABA output, whereas DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (5 X 10(-3) M) caused a sevenfold increase and beta-alanine was active. The results indicate that glial uptake has little effect on GABA inactivation in the cerebral cortex. The inhibition of neuronal uptake seems a more effective tool to increase GABA concentration in the synaptic cleft, and consequently also in GABA output, than the inhibition of GABA metabolism. PMID- 7086437 TI - Rate and duration of stimulation determine presynaptic effects of haloperidol on dopaminergic neurons. AB - Superfused rabbit neostriatal slices prelabeled with [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) were polarized with electrical pulses (12 V, 1 ms). Although transmitter release showed a proportional increase with a greater number of pulses (30-360 pulses), flat frequency-release curves were obtained. Haloperidol (0.03-0.3 micro M) enhanced 3H overflow without affecting its metabolism or time course, and antagonized apomorphine-induced inhibition of transmitter release. Maximal enhancement of release by haloperidol was obtained with 30-60 pulses delivered at a rate of 3 Hz, whereas much less facilitation of release was seen at 0.3 and 1 Hz (30-90 pulses) or with 360 pulses at either of the three frequencies. Therefore, the slope of the frequency-release curve was markedly increased by haloperidol. These results indicate that activation of presynaptic DA receptors, and thus facilitation of release by haloperidol was highly dependent on the rate and duration of stimulation of striatal dopaminergic terminals. In these neurons the feedback loop seems to act physiologically to depress the slope of the frequency-release curve. PMID- 7086438 TI - Postmortem stability of enzymes detoxifying peroxide in brain. AB - Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase activities were measured to 48 h after death in mouse brains held at temperatures replicating the cooling occurring in human cadaver brain. Glutathione peroxidase was stable for 48 h; catalase was stable for 24 h and then declined 20% in activity. Glutathione reductase was stable for 4 h and then decreased to 55% of its initial activity by 48 h. Perfusion of mouse brain with 0.9% (wt/vol) NaCl did not decrease enzyme activities, indicating that erythrocyte contamination has little effect on measured brain activities. The results suggest that glutathione peroxidase would not be affected by moderate time delays in obtaining human postmortem brains but catalase activity may be affected if brains are not promptly removed. Glutathione reductase is not stable and measurements would require controls carefully matched for postmortem conditions. PMID- 7086439 TI - Effect of chronic lead ingestion by rats on glucose metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis in cerebral cortex slices. AB - The effect of chronic low-level lead (Pb2+) ingestion on the metabolic pathways leading to the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine (ACh) was examined. Cerebral cortex slices, prepared from untreated or Pb2+-exposed rats (600 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water for 20 days), were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 10 mM glucose and tracer amounts of [6-3H]glucose and either [6-14C]glucose or [3-14C] beta-hydroxybutyrate. Altering the concentration of Pb2+ in the drinking water produced a dose-related increase in blood and brain lead levels. When tissue from Pb2+-exposed rats was incubated with mixed-label glucose, incorporation into lacate, citrate, and ACh was considerably decreased, although no changes occurred in the 3H/14C rations. Similar effects of Pb2+ were found when 14C-labeled beta-hydroxybutyrate was substituted for the [14C]glucose. It appears from these data that Pb2+ exerts a generalized effect on energy metabolism and not on a specific step in glucose metabolism. The impairment of glucose metabolism may explain partially the Pb2+-induced changes observed in cholinergic function. PMID- 7086440 TI - Cerebral lymphoma: clinical radiological correlation. AB - Twenty patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the brain are described. This tumour tends to involve deep, central structures with subependymal spread and there is a high incidence (30%) of multifocal disease. Many cases present a clinical picture suggesting the location and by inference the possible nature of the tumour: early mental change, somnolence and headache are prominent. In the case of a solitary lymphoma, the computed tomographic appearance is sometimes similar to that of a meningioma whereas, in multifocal disease, confusion with metastases is almost invariable. With CT, it should be possible to reduce the frequency of misdiagnosis, and thus avoid overlooking a potentially radiosensitive lesion. PMID- 7086442 TI - Resolution of migraine attacks: sleep and the recovery phase. AB - A study of 50 migraineurs has confirmed previous observations that sleep is a common way of ending the headache phase. 14 subjects could shorten attacks by going to sleep during the day for an average of 2 1/2 hours. Different methods used by patients to aid falling asleep are described. 47 of the 50 subjects had symptoms after the headache had gone--here called the recovery phase which can double the length of individual attacks. It is suggested that prodromata, some symptoms of the headache and recovery phases, as well as the therapeutic effect of sleep, indicate that migraine is primarily a neurological rather than a vascular disorder. PMID- 7086441 TI - Intracranial pressure in patients with the empty sella syndrome without benign intracranial hypertension. AB - The intracranial pressure was monitored continuously for at least 48 hours in five patients with empty sella syndrome, who did not have clinical benign intracranial hypertension (BIH). It has been suggested that the empty sella syndrome is a result of chronically elevated intracranial pressure in the presence of a congenitally deficient diaphragma sellae. However, whilst the intracranial pressure in two of the five patients was abnormally high, in three patients in whom it was monitored, the CSF pressure was normal. Although these cases may represent "burnt out" forms of intracranial pressure problems, it might be that the normal pulsations of CSF are sufficient to produce the empty sella in the presence of a deficient diaphragma sella. PMID- 7086443 TI - Suprathreshold vision in acute optic neuritis. AB - The perception of contrast was measured in patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis by a technique of subjective suprathreshold contrast matching, and was compared with contrast sensitivity as defined by threshold measurements. The suprathreshold apparent contrast and threshold contrast sensitivity was repeatedly assessed during the recovery phase. Generally, an attenuation of suprathreshold apparent contrast was found for high and intermediate spatial frequencies in the eye with optic neuritis. At a low spatial frequency, however, the suprathreshold contrast vision was spared. The threshold contrast sensitivity was not however, spared at low spatial frequencies. During recovery this frequency-specific loss in suprathreshold apparent contrast diminished and finally a "normal" suprathreshold contrast vision was observed in all affected eyes reaching a visual acuity of 1.0 or better. In these cases also subjectively normal vision was reported in site of a persisting abnormality in threshold contrast sensitivity. PMID- 7086444 TI - Are hippocampal lesions sufficient to cause lasting amnesia? AB - A 57-year-old woman developed severe generalised amnesia following an embolic stroke. The amnesia persisted until her death nine months later. The left hemisphere had a large infarction of the medial temporal-occipital region, while the right showed only a small infarct limited to the posterior two-thirds of the hippocampus. If bilateral lesions are necessary for the production of permanent amnesia, the findings support the view that the hippocampus is itself a critical structure in the medial temporal diencephalic memory circuit. PMID- 7086445 TI - Colour association and "colour amnesia" in aphasia. AB - "Colour association" performance of 50 aphasic patients was investigated by means of a test in which they identified the characteristic colours of objects shown in line drawings. All aphasics with defects in colour association were impaired in reading comprehension. However, some (33%) retained normal aural comprehension. Approximately half the aphasics with receptive language impairment performed normally in colour association. The findings suggest that "colour amnesia" may be the result of a specific cognitive disturbance which is also responsible for a subtype of aphasic alexia. PMID- 7086446 TI - CSF and plasma GABA levels in Parkinson's disease. AB - CSF gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were reduced in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease when compared with age matched controls, but the difference was not significant. However, when the Parkinsonian patients were subdivided, CSF GABA levels were lower in the levodopa treated group than in the untreated group and the controls. There was no difference in plasma GABA levels between Parkinsonian patients and controls. PMID- 7086447 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels in various neurological and psychiatric diseases. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid (CSF-GABA) was analysed by radioreceptor assay in 16 normal controls and 84 patients with various neurological and psychiatric diseases. In patients with spinocerebellar degeneration, neuro-Behcet's syndrome and Parkinson's disease, CSF-GABA levels were decreased. On the other hand, increased CSF-GABA levels were detected in patients with meningitis. PMID- 7086448 TI - The use of lisuride, a potent dopamine and serotonin agonist, in the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. AB - Seven patients with progressive supranuclear palsy were treated with lisuride. Mean age was 62 years (range, 52 to 68 years), and duration of disease was 4.4 years (range, 1 to 7 years). All seven had been treated with levodopa/carbidopa and three with bromocriptine; four had, at one time, shown a partial response to levodopa. One patient had also shown a partial response to bromocriptine. Lisuride was used alone in four patients, and combined with levodopa/carbidopa in three patients. Mean dose of lisuride was 2.5 mg (range, 1.5 to 5.0 mg). Mean duration of treatment was 4 months (range, 1 to 10 months). While two patients showed a reduction in rigidity, one in tremor and two in bradykinesia, in only one of them was there an overall improvement. It is postulated that the relative lack of response to lisuride may be due to a loss of both the dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors in progressive supranuclear palsy. PMID- 7086449 TI - Early-delayed radiation rhombencephalopathy. AB - A 37-year-old woman developed an early-delayed rhombencephalopathy 7 weeks after completing a course of radiotherapy to a glomus jugulare tumour. The clinical features, comprising nystagmus, skew strabismus, unilateral facial weakness, dysarthria and ataxia, are compared with four previously reported patients with this syndrome. PMID- 7086450 TI - Familial cerebellar ataxia with cerebrovascular amyloid. AB - We report a rare association of familial cerebellar ataxia (without dementia) and cerebrovascular amyloid. Postmortem neuropathological examination of one member of the family showed amyloid angiopathy of the central nervous system with heavy infiltration of capillaries in the hippocampus and cerebellum. PMID- 7086451 TI - Telemetered EEG in schizophrenia: spectral analysis during abnormal behaviour episodes. AB - In an attempt to detect electroencephalographic (EEG) changes associated with characteristic clinical signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, power spectra were derived from scalp EEGs of schizophrenic patients recorded by telemetry during free behaviour on their psychiatric wards. Power spectra from EEG epochs coincident with psychomotor blocking, stereotyped automatism or hallucinations were compared with spectra derived during periods of relatively normal behaviour, during performance of specific tasks and spectra from control subjects. Ramp spectra, characterised by a smooth decline in power from lowest to highest frequencies, previously found in conjunction with subcortical spike activity of epilepsy were not found in any control subject, but appeared in spectra from schizophrenic patients during catatonic episodes, hallucinatory periods and visual checking. Schizophrenic patients also had more slow activity and less alpha activity in their EEGs than normal control subjects. PMID- 7086452 TI - Congophilic angiopathy of the brain: a clinical and pathological report on two siblings. AB - Clinical and histological accounts are given of a sister and brother, dying aged 61 and 56 years respectively after illnesses lasting 5-6 years marked by a progressive mental and physical disability. The family history suggested transmission by a dominant gene. The histological findings were of a very severe congophilic angiopathy confined to the brain, spinal cord and leptomeninges and giving rise to multiple haemorrhages and softenings. There were, in addition, abundant amyloid-containing "plaques" of various forms, found principally in the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex. The cases are compared with similar cases in the literature, and reasons given for regarding this condition as a separate entity rather than a variant of Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 7086453 TI - Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type) and cortical infarcts in a young normotensive patient. AB - A 49-year-old normotensive man died after a series of strokes, slowly evolving dementia and personality change occurring over a period of 23 years. CT scan showed large infarcts involving the cortex and white matter of the temporo occipital areas, small subcortical infarcts and low attenuation in the white matter of the frontal and parietal lobes. Neuropathological examination revealed large cortical and small subcortical infarcts corresponding to the radiological findings as well as degeneration/demyelination of central white matter corresponding to the areas of low attenuation seen on CT. The basic underlying pathological process was hyaline arteriosclerosis and atheroma which diffusely affected the small intracerebral arteries and to a lesser extent the arteries of the circle of Willis. Though usual because of the absence of hypertension, the very early age at onset of the syndrome and the presence of large cortical infarcts this case illustrates the clinical, radiological and neuropathological features of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's type). PMID- 7086454 TI - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: serial electroencephalographic studies. AB - A total of 42 EEGs from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were studied. Periodic complexes were noticed in 35 (83%) of these. The interval between the complexes shortened in all patients with progression of the illness. The gradual EEG changes may reflect the increasing number of infected cells as well as an on-going accumulation of immature virus structures. The records without complexes were either from the early onset (one record) or terminal stage (six records). PMID- 7086455 TI - Survival after traumatic ponto-medullary tear. AB - Two children (aged 10 and 12 years) were admitted unconscious to the neurosurgical department after traffic accidents. Both developed a 6th nerve paralysis on the next day. One patient was able to communicate from the 2nd day and died on the 8th day in an anuric state without major neurological deficit. The second patient remained deeply comatose, tetraplegic, and required intermittent artificial respiration: She died of pneumonia on the 26th day. Neuropathological examination revealed a ponto-medullary rent in each case: additionally there was avulsion of small arteries over the pyramids, haemorrhage and small focal infarcts in the distribution of perforating arteries in the medulla and pons, and abundant retraction balls in longitudinal fibre tracts of the brain stem. The cases show for the first time that traumatic ponto-medullary tears are not always rapidly fatal, and demonstrate that primary focal brain stem trauma may occur in the absence of diffuse trauma of the white substance. PMID- 7086456 TI - Acquired pendular nystagmus: its characteristics, localising value and pathophysiology. AB - Investigations were made of 16 patients with acquired pendular nystagmus and a further 32 cases reported in the literature were reviewed. Amongst our own patients two thirds had multiple sclerosis, almost one third a cerebrovascular accident or angioma and two had optic atrophy with squint. The nystagmus took forms which could be monocular or binocular, conjugate or disconjugate and could involve movements about single or multiple axes. Spectral analysis was used to characterise the amplitude and frequency of the movements and to estimate the degree of relationship (coherence) between movements of the two eyes or between movements of one eye about several axes. The oscillations ranged in frequency from 2.5 Hz to 6 Hz, with typical amplitudes between 3 degrees and 5 degrees . In a given patient all oscillations, regardless of plane, were highly synchronised. Somatic tremors of the upper limb, face and palate associated with the nystagmus were often at similar frequencies to the eye movement. The other ocular signs common to all our patients were the presence of squint with failure of convergence. Most patients also had skew deviation or internuclear ophthalmoplegia or both. The major oculomotor systems, that is, saccades, pursuit, optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes could be intact. It is inferred that the mechanism responsible for the pendular nystagmus lies at a level which is close to the oculomotor nuclei so that it can have monocular effects but is not part of the primary motor pathways. It is possible that this mechanism normally subserves maintenance of conjugate movement and posture of the eyes. The periodicity of the nystagmus is likely to arise from instability in a certain type(s) of neurone, for the associated somatic tremors have similar characteristics and yet involve very different neuronal muscular circuitry. Prognosis for cessation of the nystagmus is poor. In five patients with multiple sclerosis it was suppressed by intravenous hyoscine with, however, unacceptable subsequent side effects. PMID- 7086457 TI - Acute effects of alcohol on the peripheral nerves in diabetic polyneuropathy: a clinical and neurophysiological study. AB - Acute effects of alcohol on the peripheral nerves of seven patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and 13 healthy subjects were examined neurophysiologically. Ethanol (1 g/kg) caused a slight increase in skin temperature and motor conduction velocity in both groups. Motor distal latencies decreased in the healthy subjects, but increased among polyneuropathic patients after the consumption of alcohol. Diabetic nerves appear most susceptible to the acute effects of alcohol. PMID- 7086458 TI - Subarachnoid-pleural fistula-case report and review of literature. AB - The investigation and surgical closure of a subarachnoid pleural fistula following direct trauma to the dorsal spinal theca and spinal cord are described and a review of the literature on spinal subarachnoid-pleural fistula is presented. PMID- 7086459 TI - Intracranial haemorrhage in association with pseudoephedrine overdose. PMID- 7086460 TI - Indomethacin and propranolol combined treatment for Shy-Drager syndrome. PMID- 7086461 TI - Matters arising. PMID- 7086463 TI - Computerized tomography and neuropathologists: two viewpoints. PMID- 7086462 TI - Computerized tomography and neuropathologists: two viewpoints. PMID- 7086464 TI - In vivo regeneration of cut nerves encased in silicone tubes: growth across a six millimeter gap. AB - We describe an experimental in vivo system for studying peripheral nerve regeneration, in which the proximal stump of a transected nerve regrows through a transparent silicone chamber toward the distal stump. Physical separation permits examination of the effects of the humoral and/or cellular influences from the distal stump on regenerating fibers before they invade the distal segment itself. A small segment of the rat sciatic nerve was resected, leaving a 6 mm gap which was then encased by a cylindrical silicone chamber. Within the first weeks, a nerve trunk regenerated along the central axis of the chamber bridged the gap between the proximal and distal stumps. When the distal nerve stump was omitted from the distal opening of the chamber, only a thin structure with a few small caliber fibers extended across the gap. In each instance regenerating nerve appeared as a cord-like structure completely surrounded by clear fluid, a feature which permits easy collection of the extracellular fluid for analysis of its chemical properties and biological activity. This feature also allows in vivo manipulation of the humoral environment in which nerve regeneration occurs. PMID- 7086465 TI - Edema and vascular permeability in cerebral ischemia: comparison between ischemic neuronal damage and infarction. AB - The respective influences of ischemic neuronal damage and infarction on the development of abnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cerebral edema were evaluated in a rat model of temporary four-vessel occlusion in which ischemic neuronal damage with only infrequent infarction is produced. Survival times ranged from 40 minutes to 5 days after ischemia. Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were given before sacrifice. The majority of brain showed moderate ischemic neuronal damage inthe striatum. In these areas there was neither leakage of Evans blue nor extravasation of HRP. Astrocytic processes were moderately swollen. Large, grossly-visible unilateral infarcts were present in only 5 animals, and all showed abnormal BBB permeability of HRP which occurred via enchanced pinocytosis, and occasionally via diffuse leakage through necrotic vessels. Astrocytic processes were markedly swollen and their plasma membranes were disrupted. Whole brain and regional water content in a parallel series of animals were measured from 15 minutes (min) to 48 hours (h) postischemia. They showed a transient, 1% increase in whole brain water content from 15 to 60 min postischemia, but no increase in regional water content at any postischemic interval. These studies suggest that ischemia produces BBB permeability to large molecules, and sustained cerebral edema only when the process damages blood vessels and astrocytes; neuronal necrosis alone is insufficient. PMID- 7086466 TI - Primary lymphoma of the spinal cord. AB - Lymphomas may occur in the central nervous system either as primary lesions or secondary to lymphomas in other sites. While lymphomas secondary to generalized lymphoproliferation may occur in either the brain or the spinal cord, primary lymphomas are found almost exclusively in the brain. Only three primary lymphomas of the cord have been reported. We recently had the opportunity to study a fourth case. Spinal cord lymphoma was not the diagnosis considered in any of these cases. Since the lesion is radiosensitive, inclusion of primary lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of obscure spinal cord tumors could result in a histological diagnosis and effective therapy. PMID- 7086467 TI - Myelination of the human vagus nerve from 24 weeks postconceptional age to adolescence. AB - Significant changes in respiratory reflexes occur with maturation. The vagus nerve, the pathway for the Hering-Breuer and irritant-receptor reflexes, was studied quantitatively in 33 infants and 5 adolescents. In the infants, total myelinated vagus fibers increased linearly (r m0.682, p less than 0.001) with postconceptional age (PCA), and by 40 weeks after conception, total counts were comparable to those of adolescent group. Counts of total myelinated vagus fibers in 16 term infants (greater than 41 weeks PCA) were comparable to those in the adolescent group (p less than 0.40), whereas 17 preterm infants (less than 38 weeks PCA) showed significantly fewer total myelinated vagus fibers than term or adolescent groups (p less than 0.001). Smaller-diameter (less than 2 micrometer) myelinated vagus fibers depended upon PCA in the preterm group (p less than 0.005), but were independent of PCA in the term group (p less than 0.5). Preterm infants have a higher percentage of small to total myelinated vagus fibers than term infants (p less than 0.1). PMID- 7086468 TI - Segmental giant: evidence for a driver neuron interposed between command and motor neurons in the crayfish escape system. AB - 1. The giant command neurons for tailflip escape behavior in crayfish have been thought to excite the nongiant fast flexor (tailflip producing) motor neurons (FFs) via monosynaptic connections. We show here that excitation of FFs instead occurs via a bilateral pair of segmental giant neurons (SGs) interposed between the command axons and FFs in each segment. 2. Anatomically, the SGs appear to make numerous contacts with ipsilateral command axons and FFs and fewer contacts contralaterally. In contrast, the command axons have only sparse direct connections to the FFs. An SG has an axon in the ipsilateral first ganglionic root and may be a modified swimmeret motor neuron. 3. Each SG is depolarized well beyond threshold by the firing of an ipsilateral command axon and is depolarized to near threshold by the firing of a contralateral command axon. The synapses between command axons and SGs are electrical and probably rectifying. 4. Each FF is excited to a level near firing threshold by the SG ipsilateral to its axon and is excited weakly by the contralateral SG. The synapses between SGs and FFs are electrical and nonrectifying. 5. Variations in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded in FFs during prolonged, high-frequency firing of the command axons can be accounted for by refractoriness of SG spikes, as opposed to refractoriness of dendritic branch spikes as had previously been delivered. 6. These findings illustrate the limitations of conventional tests for monosynapticity. 7. The functional significance of having driver neurons interposed between command neurons and motor neurons is discussed. PMID- 7086470 TI - Contributions of motor-unit recruitment and rate modulation of compensation for muscle yielding. AB - 1. Subdivided portions of the cut ventral root innervation of the soleus muscle were electrically stimulated in 14 anesthetized cats. The stimulus trains imposed on these nerves simulated the recruitment and rate-modulation patterns of single motor units recorded during stretch-reflex responses in decerebrate preparations. Each activation pattern was evaluated for its ability to prevent muscle yield. 2. Three basic stimulus patterns, recruitment, step increases in stimulus rate, and doublets were imposed during the course of ramp stretches applied over a wide range of velocities. The effect of each stimulus pattern on muscle force was compared to the force output recorded without stretch-related recruitment or rate modulation. 3. Motor-unit recruitment was found to be most effective in preventing yield during muscle stretch. Newly recruited motor units showed no evidence of yielding for some 250 ms following activation, at which time muscle stiffness declined slightly. This time-dependent resistance to yield was observed regardless of whether the onset of the neural stimulus closely preceded or followed stretch onset. 4. Step increases in stimulus rate arising shortly after stretch onset did not prevent the occurrence of yield at most stretch velocities, but did augment muscle stiffness later in the stretch. Doublets in the stimulus train were found to augment muscle stiffness only when they occurred in newly recruited motor units. 5. These results suggest that at low or moderate initial forces, the prevention of yield in lengthening, reflexively intact muscle results primarily from rapid motor-unit recruitment. To a lesser extent, the spring-like character of the stretch-reflex response also derives from step increases in firing rate of motor units active before stretch onset and doublets in units recruited during the course of stretch. Smooth rate increases appear to augment muscle force later in the course of the reflex response. PMID- 7086469 TI - Motor-unit activation patterns in lengthening and isometric contractions of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. AB - 1. Multiunit integrated electromyographic (EMG) signals and single-unit EMG potentials were recorded during isometric and lengthening (stretch reflex) contractions of soleus and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles in 20 decerebrate cats. Patterns of motor-unit recruitment and rate modulation were examined in isometric muscles and during constant-velocity stretches. 2. Analysis of multiunit EMG activity and its relationship to active force revealed a marked difference between isometric and lengthening contractions. While the force-EMG relationship for isometric contractions was characteristically linear, the relation recorded during stretch-reflex responses showed a disproportionate early EMG increase, which was most obvious at low force levels, suggesting that the efficacy of force production is reduced in lengthening muscle. 3. Single-unit recruitment patterns were found to be qualitatively similar in isometric and lengthening contractions. In each case, motor units were recruited in order of increasing spike voltage. The numbers of newly recruited units declined steeply with each successive increment in active force. For a given unit, the force at which recruitment occurred was found to be greater in lengthening contractions than in isometric contractions, and in lengthening contractions it was also found to depend on the level of initial force. 4. Two patterns of motor-unit rate modulation were observed during muscle stretch, depending on whether a given unit was firing before the beginning of stretch or whether it was recruited during the course of stretch. Motor units that were active prior to stretch were found to increase firing rate at stretch onset and to vary their rate very little thereafter. Motor units recruited in the course of stretch began firing at an initial rate proportional to their force threshold, gradually increased their firing rate with increasing force, and sometimes reached an apparent maximum rate. 5. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanical properties of lengthening muscle and reflex regulation of these properties. Each identified pattern of motor-unit recruitment and rate modulation is evaluated for its potential contribution to the regulation of muscle properties, especially the prevention of muscle yield. We conclude that at low to moderate levels of initial force, recruitment of new motor units is likely to be the most effective compensatory mechanism. PMID- 7086471 TI - Activity of omnipause neurons in alert cats during saccadic eye movements and visual stimuli. AB - 1. In the cats trained to follow a target spot with their eyes, activity was recorded from omnipause neurons (OPNs). OPNs discharge at a relatively high steady tonic rate (50-130 spikes/s) during visual fixation and smooth-pursuit eye movements but exhibit a complete cessation of discharge that begins before saccades in any direction. They are located in a compact region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum near the midline, just rostral to the abducens nucleus. 2. The average duration of the horizontal or vertical component of a saccade increases monotonically with pause duration, but a given pause duration is associated with a large range of individual saccade parameters and the timing of the pause, such as the latency from the pause onset to saccade onset or the interval from the maximum saccade velocity to the end of the pause, is no better. However, OPNs can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of the timing of the pause relative to the parameters of the saccade. One group ceases discharging 32.4 +/- 4.6 ms, on average, before the saccade, while the second pauses 18.2 +/- 3.4 ms before the saccade. 3. Microstimulation at the site of OPNs affects the occurrence and trajectory of saccades but not smooth pursuit or fixation. Sustained electrical stimulation (20 micro A) lasting several seconds prevents the occurrence of saccades while brief trains (10-60 ms), timed to occur early in the saccade, interrupt it in midflight for the duration of the train. The latency to the interruption is about 26 ms. These data support the view that OPNs tonically inhibit the saccadic machinery between saccades and must be turned off to allow a saccade to occur. 4. Almost every (65 of 69) feline OPN exhibited a brief transient increase in activity for visual stimuli moving in any direction with a wide range of velocities. A moving 1 degree spot was generally more effective than a moving full-field, striped background. All units also showed a transient increase in firing when the spot was turned either on or off. Receptive fields plotted with the spot were greater than 250 deg2 and always included the area centralis. Two-thirds of the cells tested also responded to auditory stimuli. 5. Interaction between the excitatory visual input and the saccade related pause was tested by comparing OPN activity and the saccadic trajectory during eye movements in the dark versus the light and by presenting brief flashes of light during a saccade. During saccades in the dark, the steady firing of OPNs was less than during saccades in the light. Only by stabilizing a flashed spot of light to occur on the area centralis at the beginning of the saccade was it possible to activate an OPN artificially to interrupt the saccade in midflight. Therefore, rather than being instrumental in specifically controlling the saccade trajectory, the visual input, along with the auditory and other sensory inputs, probably serves, under normal visual conditions, to help establish the tonic rate of OPNs. 6... PMID- 7086472 TI - Nonlinear feedback model of neuronal populations in hippocampal CAl region. AB - 1. A lumped-circuit model is proposed for the local interactions within the hippocampal CAl region. Each neuronal population is represented by a linear differential equation or a linear transfer function in the Laplace domain. Interactions between neuronal populations are represented by gain factors. Recurrent inhibition of pyramidal cells by the inhibitory interneurons is the important interaction represented by an asymmetric, bidirectionally saturating gain curve. The inputs to the model are orthodromic or antidromic inputs to the pyramidal cells and a tonic input from the brain stem. The outputs are the response ot pyramidal cells and interneurons. 2. The model is evaluated by data of intracellular and extracellular recordings from the hippocampus. Extracellular recordings consist of the average evoked potentials (AEPs), unitary poststimulus time histograms (PSTHs), and the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG). On account of the regular structure of the hippocampus, extracellular potentials are expected to correspond to the average intracellular potential among a local neuronal population. 3. Under deep anesthesia, all neuronal responses evoked by an electrical shock to the hippocampal afferents end in a prolonged inhibition of pyramidal cells. The model further predicts that the duration of inhibition increases with stimulus intensity, which is verified experimentally. 4. In the awake rat, especially during behaviors accompanied by a hippocampal theta rhythm (e.g., walking), the AEPs evoked by stimulation of afferent input to the CAl region were oscillatory with a frequency of 20-50 cycles/s. In the model an excitatory bias from the brain stem is assumed to linearize the local circuits, resulting in oscillatory responses similar to those obtained experimentally. 5. As observed by spectral analysis, the hippocampal EEG of the frequency 40-70 Hz varied in power and resonance during various behaviors of the rat. Except for the theta rhythm, analysis of the output(s) of the model given a Gaussian white-noise input showed similar power spectra as the EEG in vivo. The increase in power of the 40-70 Hz EEG in some behaviors, e.g., walking, is reproduced by assuming that during such behaviors a modulating bias from the brain stem linearizes the local CAl circuits. This latter circumstances underlies the generation of oscillatory AEPs and the high-frequency EEG. 6. When recurrent excitatory-inhibitory feedback is very large, the model produces a limit cycle of 50-65 cycles/s. The limit cycle is suggested to be the cause of a particular type of high-frequency (50-65 cycles/s) hippocampal afterdischarge that occurs after tetanization of the input pathways. The amplitude, frequency, and waveform of the model generated and experimental data are similar. 7. In conclusion, a nonlinear recurrent excitatory inhibitory feedback model of the hippocampus explains and integrates various existing experimental data. The model further predicts results that can be experimentally tested. PMID- 7086473 TI - Linear and nonlinear W-cells in C-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - 1. We used standard, single-cell recording techniques to study the response properties of 34 W-cells in the C-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. By W-cell, we mean a poorly responsive geniculate neuron that receives slowly conducting retinal afferents; these are quite distinct from geniculate X- and Y-cells. Our measurements included response latency to optic chiasm stimulation, plots of the receptive-field center, time course of response, and responses to counterphased, sine-wave gratings. This last measurement also involved the determination of contrast sensitivity, which is defined as the inverse of the contrast needed to evoke a threshold response at a particular spatial and temporal frequency of the grating. Many of these responses were compared to those of geniculate X- and Y-cells recorded in the A-laminae. 2. Each of the W-cells responded with a latency of at least 2.0 ms to optic chiasm stimulation, and most (76%) exhibited a latency of at least 2.5 ms. However, only 26 of these W-cells responded to visual stimuli, and these responses were weak or "sluggish," as has been reported previously. Receptive fields of these W-cells tended to be large, compared to those of X- and Y-cells, and included 11 on center, 13 off-center, and 2 on-off center fields. 3. W-cells exhibited either linear (12 cells) or nonlinear (14 cells) spatial and temporal summation, as determined from their responses to counterphased, sine-wave gratings. Linearity of spatial summation was determined by measuring contrast sensitivity as a function of the grating's spatial phase. The linear W-cells' responses were sinusoidally phase dependent, and the nonlinear W-cells' responses were independent of spatial phase. Linearity of temporal summation was determined by the presence or absence of harmonic distortion in the response relative to the grating's counterphase rate. Linear W-cells responded chiefly at the grating's fundamental temporal frequency, whereas much of the nonlinear W-cells' responses occurred at the second harmonic of the grating's temporal frequency. Thus, nonlinear W-cells exhibited many of the characteristics previously described for Y-cells. 4. Spatial and temporal contrast-sensitivity functions were determined for seven linear and eight nonlinear W-cells. Overall sensitivity values of the linear and nonlinear W-cells were comparable, but these groups differed in terms of the nature of the response component (linear or nonlinear) that was more sensitive. 5. The linear W-cells in our sample included both tonic (comparable to the "sluggish-transient" type of retinal ganglion cells) types, while all nonlinear W-cells were phasic. Otherwise, no difference between linear and nonlinear W-cells was seen for latency to optic chiasm stimulation, receptive field size, overall contrast sensitivity, responsiveness to visual stimuli, overall spatial resolution, or temporal resolution. 6... PMID- 7086474 TI - Control of feeding motor output by paracerebral neurons in brain of Pleurobranchaea californica. AB - 1. A population of interneurons that control feeding behavior in the mollusk Pleurobranchaea has been analyzed by dye injection and intracellular stimulation/recording in whole animals and reduced preparations. The population consists of 12-16 somata distributed in two bilaterally symmetrical groups on the anterior edge of the cerebropleural ganglion (brain). On the basis of their position adjacent to the cerebral lobes, these cells have been named paracerebral neurons (PCNs). This study concerns pme subset pf [MCs. the large, phasic ones, which have the strongest effect on the feeding rhythm (21). 2. Each PCN sends a descending axon via the ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective to the buccal ganglion. Axon branches have not been detected in other brain or buccal nerves and hence the PCNs appear to be interneurons. 3. In whole-animal preparations, tonic intracellular depolarization of the PNCs causes them to discharge cyclic bursts of action potentials interrupted by a characteristic hyperpolarization. In all specimens that exhibit feeding behavior, the interburst hyperpolarization is invariably accompanied by radula closure and the beginning of proboscis retraction (the "bite"). No other behavorial effect of PCN stimulation has been observed. 4. In whole-animal preparations, the PCNs are excited by food and tactile stimulation of the oral veil, rhinophores, and tentacles. When such stimuli induce feeding the PCNs discharge in the same bursting pattern seen during tonic PCN depolarization, with the cyclic interburst hyperpolarization phase locked to the bit. When specimens egest an unpalatable object by cyclic buccal movements, however, the PCNs are silent. The PCNs therefore exhibit properties expected of behaviorally specific "command" neurons for feeding. 5. Silencing one or two PCNs by hyperpolarization may weaken but does not prevent feeding induced by natural food stimuli. Single PCNs therefore can be sufficient but are not necessary to induction of feeding behavior. Instead the PCNs presumably operate as a population to control feeding. 6. In isolated nervous system preparations tonic extracellular stimulation of the stomatogastric nerve of the buccal ganglion elicits a cyclic motor rhythm that is similar in general features to the PNC-induced motor rhythm. Bursts of PCN action potentials intercalated at the normal phase position in this cycle intensify the buccal rhythm. Bursts of PCN impulses intercalated at abnormal phase positions reset the buccal rhythm. The PCNs, therefore, also exhibit properties expected of pattern generator elements and/or coordinating neurons for the buccal rhythm. 7. The PCNs are recruited into activity when the buccal motor rhythm is elicited by stomatogastric nerve stimulation or stimulation of the reidentifiable ventral white cell. The functional synergy between the PCNs and the buccal rhythm is therefore reciprocal. 8... PMID- 7086476 TI - Activities of identified interneurons, motoneurons, and muscle fibers during fictive swimming in the lamprey and effects of reticulospinal and dorsal cell stimulation. AB - 1. Application of D-glutamate to the isolated spinal cord of the lamprey produces phasic activity in ventral roots, which is similar to that of the muscles of the intact swimming animal (5,18). Therefore, the isolated spinal cord may be used as a convenient model for the investigation of the generation of locomotor rhythms in a vertebrate. 2. Almost all slow muscle fibers exhibited excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) during swimming activity. The number of EJPs per cycle increased with the intensity of ventral root (VR) bursting. Few twitch fibers were active, and these fired action potentials only during high intensities of VR bursts. 3. As was found by Russell and Wallen (25), myotomal motoneurons had oscillating membrane potentials during fictive swimming which, on the average, reached a peak depolarization in the middle of the VR burst (phi = 0.21 +/- 0.05; phi = 0 is defined as the onset of the VR burst, and the duration of the cycle is set equal to 1). Membrane potential oscillations in fin motoneurons were antiphasic to those of nearby myotomal motoneurons (peak depolarization phi = 0.68 +/- 0.05). 4. Lateral interneurons had oscillating membrane potentials in synchrony with those of myotomal motoneurons (peak depolarization phi = 0.21 +/- 0.10). Interneurons with axons projecting contralaterally and caudally (CC interneurons) had oscillating membrane potentials that peaked significantly earlier in the cycle (peak depolarization phi = 0.06 +/- 0.12). 5. Edge cells were only weakly modulated during fictive swimming. Their peak depolarizations occurred near the end of the VR burst (phi = 0.33 +/- 0.10). Most giant interneurons were not phasically modulated during fictive swimming. 6. Repetitive intracellular stimulation of Muller cells during fictive swimming generally evoked an increased burst intensity in ipsilateral VRs and a decreased burst intensity in contralateral VRs. The cells M3, B1, and B2 also produced increases or decreases in the frequency of VR bursts. Repetitive intracellular stimulation of sensory dorsal cells could also change the intensities and timing of VR bursts. 7. This study is an initial survey of lamprey spinal interneurons that participate in swimming activity. Lateral interneurons and CC interneurons are active during fictive swimming and probably help coordinate the undulations of the body, but their roles in pattern generation are not known. The central pattern generator is subject to modification by descending and sensory inputs. PMID- 7086475 TI - Functional and structural correlates of cell size in paracerebral neurons of Pleurobranchaea californica. AB - 1. The paracerebral neurons (PCNs) in the brain of the mollusk Pleurobranchaea are a population of 12-16 interneurons that send axons to the buccal ganglion and control cyclic feeding behavior (9). In the present study we show that the PCNs differ in size and that a number of functional and structural properties of the PCNs are closely correlated with cell size. 2. PCN soma diameter varies from about 30 to 120 micrometers. The diameters segregate into two distinct but overlapping populations, which correspond to independently assigned functional classifications of "tonic" and "phasic" PCNs. The mean soma diameters of two populations were 63 and 84 micrometers, respectively. 3. Two morphological features vary systematically with PCN soma size. First, soma diameter, axonal conduction velocity, and extracellular spike amplitude were positively correlated; therefore, PCN axon diameter presumably increases with soma diameter. Second, intrasomatic injection of lucifer yellow revealed that the small, tonic PCNs are multipolar, while the large, phasic PCNs are generally monopolar neurons. 4. Small PCNs discharge tonically in response to sustained current injection and have a weak effect on cyclic motor output recorded from nerves that innervate feeding muscles. In contrast, the large PCNs discharge phasically in bursts of action potentials that are coordinated with the cyclic motor output and have a comparatively strong effect on the rhythm. The motor effects of simultaneous tonic and phasic PCN stimulation are additive. 5. Tonic and phasic PCNs innervate different but partially overlapping populations of feeding motor neurons. Phasic PCNs typically inhibit motor neurons exiting buccal root 3, while tonic PCNs either have no effect or are weakly excitatory. 6. Tonic and phasic PCNs exhibit different intrinsic properties. In comparison with phasic PCNs, tonic PCNs have higher input resistances, higher spontaneous discharge rates at rest potential, lower firing thresholds to intrasomatically injected current, lower absolute voltage thresholds, greater pacemaker sensitivity, and greater total capacitance. 7. Tonic and phasic PCNs exhibit different input properties. Tonic PCNs are recruited before phasic ones during cycylic buccal motor output induced by stomatogastric nerve stimulation. Phasic PCNs receive powerful, cycylic inhibition that is not shared by tonic PCNs. In addition, extracellular stimulation of the large oral veil nerve of the brain excites tonic PCNs but causes a biphasic postsynaptic potential (PSP) in phasic PCNs that has a net inhibitory effect. Some excitatory synaptic input to phasic and tonic PCNs is unshared, while some is shared. 8. It is concluded that these command interneurons obey the size principle discovered earlier in motor neurons (4, 13 16). Cell size per se is not the causal variable, however; instead the underlying causes of the differences between small and large PCNs include different input and output organizations as well as different intrinsic functional and morphological properties. PMID- 7086477 TI - Internalization of nerve growth factor by pheochromocytoma PC12 cells: absence of transfer to the nucleus. AB - The intracellular distribution of 125I-labeled nerve growth factor (NGF) in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was studied by quantitative electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography and by subcellular fractionation. PC12 cells were grown as monolayer cultures in medium supplemented with serum in the presence of 125I-NGF. EM autoradiography showed that 125I-NGF was localized at the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartments but did not accumulate in the nuclear chromatin or in the nuclear membrane compartment of cells analyzed after 1 hr and 1, 2, and 8 d of incubation with 125I-NGF. 125I-NGF also was not detected in nuclear subcellular fractions prepared from cells grown in serum-supplemented medium either in suspension for 1 d or in monolayer cultures for 1 to 8 d. In contrast, and in confirmation of the results of Yankner and Shooter (Yankner, B. A., and E. M. Shooter (1979) Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76: 1269-1273), about 60% of the cell-bound 125I-NGF was found in the nuclear pellet after cell fractionation if the cells had been kept previously in suspension for 1 d in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 0.2% glucose, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and 125I-NGF. The ultrastructure of PC12 cells grown under such conditions, however, revealed signs of varying degrees of damage. Autoradiography of the nuclear pellet from these cells showed the grains to be located mainly over damaged nuclei or over cell debris between nuclei. It is concluded that NGF, after binding to specific receptors at the plasma membrane, is transferred to membrane-confined cytoplasmic compartments but does not have to be transferred further to the nuclear membrane or to the nuclear chromatin as a prerequisite for its physiological action. PMID- 7086478 TI - A restructuring off hypothalamic synapses is associated with motherhood. PMID- 7086479 TI - The arrangement of axons according to fiber diameter in the optic tract of the cat. AB - The topographic distribution of axons according to diameter classes in the optic tract of the cat has been studied by light and electron microscopic methods. The subdivision of the tract into a ventral and a dorsal sector, with the former containing the thickest fibers of the tract, has been confirmed. In addition, there is a ventrolateral marginal zone of the tract which contains many of the finest axons and there are gradients of fiber diameters definable for thick and intermediate axons. The gradients show the thinner fibers lying rostral to the thicker fibers. The major points demonstrable by fiber diameter measurements have been confirmed by counts of myelin lamellae. Comparison of fiber distributions in the optic tract with the distributions in the optic nerve on the one hand and with the geniculate terminations on the other shows that, in the region of the optic chiasm, retinofugal axons are sorted not only according to their crossed or uncrossed pathway but also according to their fiber diameter class and thus are presorted in terms of their final destinations. PMID- 7086480 TI - Isolation, morphology, and protein and glycoprotein composition of synaptic junctional fractions from the brain of lower vertebrates: antigen PSD-95 as a junctional marker. AB - Synaptic junction (SJ) fractions were isolated from the brains of the gray shark, bonito, common frog, several reptiles, and common chicken and compared to those prepared from mammalian brain. All SJ preparations, as judged by electron microscopic analysis, were at least 85% pure, consisting primarily of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) with or without an overlying plasma membrane and, to a lesser extent, of complete synaptic junctions. Complete junctions were less abundant in preparations from lower vertebrates. The electrophoretic pattern of SJs from different vertebrate species showed considerable conservation of the major protein bands. The most abundant were fibrous proteins, especially tubulins, actin, and the PSD-specific polypeptide with a molecular weight of 52,000 (PSD-52). Glycoproteins capable of binding concanavalin A were present in SJs from all vertebrates; their apparent molecular weight and relative abundance were characteristic of each animal order examined, showing more similarities in species more closely related phylogenetically. Finally, a protein (antigen PSD 95) previously shown to be located specifically in the postsynaptic densities of the mammalian brain was present in all species. The binding of antibody specific to this protein decreased with descending phylogenetic order from mammals to shark. Nonetheless, PSD-95 was present in all vertebrate species and appeared to be a general specific marker for PSDs. PMID- 7086481 TI - Effects of hypophysectomy and dexamethasone administration on central and peripheral S-adenosylmethionine levels. AB - The effects of hypophysectomy and dexamethasone administration on S adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels in the adrenal, liver, pineal, and various brain regions were examined to determine the central and peripheral relationships between SAM and glucocorticoids in vivo. A simple and sensitive radioenzymatic assay was developed to measure tissue SAM concentrations following removal of its demethylated metabolite, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), whose presence precludes accurate SAM determinations. Three patterns of SAM control emerged. In the adrenal, pineal, striatum, and midbrain, SAM levels fell after hypophysectomy and were restored by dexamethasone administration. In the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum, SAM levels increased after hypophysectomy and were not altered further by dexamethasone administration. In the liver, cortex, septum, and pons-medulla, SAM levels were not affected by either hypophysectomy or dexamethasone administration. These results suggest that multiple controls regulate SAM levels in vivo. The control factors are both highly tissue and region specific. While glucocorticoids are an important regulatory factor of SAM in some peripheral and CNS tissues, they are not the sole regulatory factor. In CNS regions where hypophysectomy increases SAM levels but glucocorticoid administration does not reverse the effects, other hypothalamic hormones, pituitary hormones, or neural factors may be involved in SAM regulation. Likewise, in regions where neither hypophysectomy nor glucocorticoid administration affects SAM levels, hypothalamic or neural factors may be involved even though pituitary factors do not appear to be important. PMID- 7086482 TI - Peripheral neural mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia following mild injury by heat. AB - Pain thresholds in humans were determined for heat stimulations of the skin before and after a mild injury induced by a single conditioning stimulus (CS) of 50 degrees C and 100 sec duration. The same stimuli were delivered to the receptive fields of C fiber and A fiber mechanoheat-sensitive nociceptors (CMH and AMH nociceptors, respectively) and of low threshold warm and cold receptors in the anesthetized monkey and to the receptive fields of CMH nociceptors recorded percutaneously from the peroneal nerve of awake humans. Pain thresholds in normal skin were matched only by the response thresholds of CMH and not AMH nociceptors. Immediately following heat injury, some pain thresholds and CMH response thresholds were elevated, but by 5 to 10 min after the CS, pain and CMH thresholds were lowered to 2 to 6 degrees C below normal (hyperalgesia and nociceptor sensitization). No other type of cutaneous receptor studied exhibited changes in threshold similar to those observed for pain and for CMH nociceptors. The magnitude of hyperalgesia in humans and the magnitude of sensitization of CMH nociceptors in monkeys following heat injury were greater for hairy than for glabrous skin. The time course of the development of hyperalgesia was not altered by ischemia or conduction block in A fibers. The results support the conclusion that altered activity in CMH nociceptors is a major peripheral determinant of cutaneous hyperalgesia following a mild heat injury to the skin. PMID- 7086483 TI - Developmental changes in taste response characteristics of rat single chorda tympani fibers. PMID- 7086484 TI - A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies. AB - The latency of the acoustic startle reflex in the rat is 8 msec, measured from tone onset to the beginning of the electromyographic response in the hindleg. This extremely short latency indicates that only a few synapses could be involved in some primary acoustic startle circuit. Acoustic startle is being used as a model system for studying habituation, sensitization, prepulse inhibition, classical conditioning, fear or anxiety, and drug effects on behavior. The present study attempted to delineate a short latency acoustic startle circuit, since this would provide critical information for further study in all of these areas. Bilateral lesions of the ventral cochlear nucleus, which receives the primary auditory input, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical, single pulse stimulation of the ventral cochlear nucleus elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 7 msec. Bilateral lesions of the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, which receive direct input from the ventral cochlear nuclei, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical stimulation of these nuclei elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 6 msec. Bilateral lesions of ventral regions of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, which contain cell bodies that give rise to the reticulospinal tract, abolish acoustic startle. Electrical stimulation of these points elicits startle-like responses with a latency of about 5 msec. Reaction product from horseradish peroxidase iontophoresed into this area is found in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. In contrast, lesions of the dorsal cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, and dorsal regions of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis fail to abolish acoustic startle. Also, "startle" cannot be elicited electrically from these areas. The data suggest that a primary acoustic startle circuit in the rat consists of auditory nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, spinal interneuron, lower motor neuron, and muscles. Hence, five synapses, plus the neuromuscular junction, are probably involved. PMID- 7086485 TI - Analysis of microtubule number and length in cytoskeletons of cultured chick sensory neurons. AB - In order to examine the continuity of individual microtubules in growing neurites, microtubules were observed and counted in whole mounted cytoskeletons of chick embryo sensory neurons. At neurite branch points, the microtubules of the proximal segment are divided between the distal segments without the addition of microtubules to the distal branches. Few microtubules ends were seen in the cytoskeletons, and on occasion, the same number of microtubules was counted at widely separated points along a neurite segment. I conclude that microtubules are long in embryonal neurites, and some may extend the entire length from perikaryon to neurite tip. This may limit where microtubule growth occurs to the perikaryon and the neurite tip, where many microtubule ends are. In addition, the great length of most neuritic microtubules may explain why collateral sprouting is rare along embryonal neurites. PMID- 7086486 TI - Role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the circadian system of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. AB - The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus are necessary for the persistence of free running circadian activity rhythms in house sparrows. Suprachiasmatic lesions abolish circadian locomotor rhythms in constant darkness. The locomotor activity of lesioned sparrows was analyzed with two different power spectral analysis methods and was found to be arrhythmic. There was a weak correlation between the extent of damage to the SCN and the relative amplitude of the power spectral density in the circadian frequency range. In light-dark cycles (LD 12:12), the locomotor behavior of lesioned sparrows was rhythmic and similar to that of intact birds. However, entrainment was disrupted in SCN-lesioned sparrows exposed to a short photoperiod light cycle (LD 1:24). These results demonstrate that the SCN are crucial for the generation of overt circadian rhythmicity in birds. The fact that SCN lesions abolish circadian rhythms in sparrows and several mammalian species suggests that vertebrate circadian organization may be based on differentially weighted interactions among the pineal, the SCN, and perhaps other brain regions. PMID- 7086487 TI - Colloid cyst of the third ventricle. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. AB - Three colloid cysts of the third ventricle were examined by both transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was morphological diversity of the cyst surface on SEM, with ciliated and non-ciliated cells present. In some areas, the non-ciliated cells were more numerous and extended above the surface. Individual non-ciliated cells show a wrinkled cell surface and bleb-like structures. The TEM findings correlated well with SEM, revealing two cell types. The non-ciliated cells appeared to have both exocrine and apocrine activity. In ciliated cells, abnormal cilia were related to abnormal centrioles; also present were highly abnormal microvilli. The appearance of the surface was similar to a normal ventricular surface. By allowing a greater assessment of cell types and their distribution, SEM has added one additional dimension in the evaluation of colloid cysts and their possible derivation. PMID- 7086488 TI - Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. AB - Spinal cord injury in children often occurs without evidence of fracture or dislocation. The mechanisms of neural damage in this syndrome of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction, and ischemia. Inherent elasticity of the vertebral column in infants and young children, among other age-related anatomical peculiarities, render the pediatric spine exceedingly vulnerable to deforming forces. The neurological lesions encountered in this syndrome include a high incidence of complete and severe partial cord lesions. Children younger than 8 years old sustain more serious neurological damage and suffer a larger number of upper cervical cord lesions than children aged over 8 years. Of the children with SCIWORA, 52% have delayed onset of paralysis up to 4 days after injury, and most of these children recall transient paresthesia, numbness, or subjective paralysis. Management includes tomography and flexion-extension films to rule out incipient instability, and immobilization with a cervical collar. Delayed dynamic films are essential to exclude late instability, which, if present, should be managed with Halo fixation or surgical fusion. The long-term prognosis in cases of SCIWORA is grim. Most children with complete and severe lesions do not recover; only those with initially mild neural injuries make satisfactory neurological recovery. PMID- 7086489 TI - Myopathy induced by epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Case report. AB - The authors present a case of proximal myopathy secondary to epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) administration. This well recognized entity does not occur immediately after institution of therapy, but follows a delay of several days and a cumulative dose. Its consequences include a spectrum of symptoms from myalgias to severe myopathy with rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute tubular necrosis. A presenting symptom of calf pain in a patient receiving EACA should not automatically imply deep vein thrombosis. Serial creatine phosphokinase measurements are essential in monitoring a patient undergoing EACA therapy, especially after 2 weeks of treatment and a total dose of greater than 500 gm. PMID- 7086490 TI - Paresthesias after lumbar disc removal and their relationship to epidural hematoma. Report of two cases. PMID- 7086491 TI - Computerized tomography and surgical treatment of femoral compression neuropathy. Report of two cases. PMID- 7086494 TI - Intramedullary spinal neurinomas. Report of two cases. PMID- 7086492 TI - Decompression of the posterior trigeminal root in trigeminal neuralgia. A 30-year follow-up review. PMID- 7086493 TI - Ganglion cyst of the spinal canal. Case report. PMID- 7086495 TI - Rebound phenomenon. PMID- 7086497 TI - Considerations in the diagnosis and treatment of syringomyelia and the Chiari malformation. AB - A series of patients with abnormalities of the craniocervical junction with and without syringomyelia is reviewed. The impact of computerized tomography scanning on current radiological evaluation is discussed. Air myelography may no longer be necessary for accurate diagnosis. While the results of surgery for the Chiari malformation were good, at least one-half of the patients with syringomyelia showed continued progression of symptoms after posterior fossa surgery. More effective surgical therapy requires a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the syrinx. PMID- 7086496 TI - Late sequelae of spinal cord trauma. Myelographic and surgical correlation. AB - Eighteen patients with posttraumatic paraplegia were examined myelographically at 2 months to 30 years after the injury, and the findings correlated with surgical exploration. The following six myelographic patterns were seen: 1) tethered cord and subarachnoid adhesions; 2) proximal cord cysts; 3) loculated subarachnoid cysts; 4) proximal cord atrophy; 5) extradural fibrosis; and 6) complete obliteration of the subarachnoid space at the level of trauma due to extradural fibrosis and/or bone encroachment on the vertebral canal. Myelography with or without computerized tomography (CT) accurately reflected the gross pathological process. The examination is indicated prior to surgical intervention: the structural lesion in four patients extended two or more vertebral levels above the site of the original bone injury and was not easily predictable preoperatively. When combined with CT, myelography allowed evaluation of the transverse anatomy of the vertebral canal and its contents; it was especially useful when the canal was narrowed or distorted by bone and soft tissue. Water soluble contrast media provided a more detailed evaluation of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space, and were the preferred agents. If a posttraumatic syrinx is suspected, these are the agents of choice. PMID- 7086498 TI - Tethered cord syndrome in adults. AB - Patients with tethered cord syndrome (TCS) rarely have symptomatic onset in adulthood. Twenty-three adult patients with TCS were studied with respect to the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of this syndrome. Specific circumstances involving either additional tugging of the already tight conus, narrowing of the spinal canal, or direct trauma to the back or buttocks precipitated symptomatic onset in 60% of patients. Diffuse and non-dermatomal leg pain, often referred to the anorectal region, was the most common presenting symptom. Progressive sensorimotor deficits in the lower extremities as well as bladder and bowel dysfunction were also common findings; but, unlike TCS in children, progressive foot and spinal deformities were not seen. As in TCS with onset in childhood, the most common tethering lesions were thickened filum, intradural lipoma, and fibrous adhesions. The degree of cord traction, rather than the type or distribution of the tethering lesions, probably determines the age of symptom onset: less severe traction remains asymptomatic in childhood but results in neurological dysfunction in later life due to repeated tugging of the conus during natural head and neck flexion, or when abnormal tension is aggravated by trauma or spondylotic canal stenosis. Metrizamide myelography revealed the diagnosis of tethered conus in most cases, but the addition of computerized tomographic imaging provided valuable structural details concerning the tethering lesion. The surgical outcome was gratifying in relation to pain and motor weakness but disappointing in the resolution of bowel and bladder dysfunction. Early diagnosis and adequate release of the tethered conus are the keys to successful management. PMID- 7086499 TI - Clinical recording of pressure on the spinal cord and cauda equina. Part 1: the spinal block infusion test: method and clinical studies. AB - When an intraspinal expanding lesion causes a spinal block, a segment of the spinal cord or cauda equina will be subjected to general pressure from the surrounding tissue. This spinal block pressure, the spinal equivalent to intracranial pressure, was measured by lumbar infusion of fluid and simultaneous recording of the volume-pressure curve caudal to the block. The point of deviation from or breakthrough of the exponential volume-pressure curve indicated the spinal block pressure. Spinal block pressure of about 500 mm H2O and more could be determined by this method, and, when it was combined with Queckenstedt's test, lower pressures could be assessed as well. In the static (thoracic) part of the spine, spinal block pressure up to the level of arterial blood pressure was recorded. In the dynamic part of the spine, however, spinal block pressure could exceed arterial blood pressure due to external compressive forces during extension of the spine. There was a general tendency for more severe neurological deficits in patients with high spinal block pressure; but the duration of the pressure, additional focal pressure, and spinal cord compared with nerve root compression seemed equally important factors. The recording has implications for diagnosis, positioning of patients for myelography and surgery, selection of high risk patients for the most appropriate surgical procedure, and detection of postoperative hematoma. There were no complications associated with the recordings. PMID- 7086501 TI - Clinical recording of pressure on the spinal cord and cauda equina. Part 3: pressure on the cervical spinal cord during endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spondylosis. AB - Pressure on the spinal cord with the neck in the extended position for endotracheal intubation was recorded in eight patients with a narrow spinal canal due to cervical spondylosis. Pressures up to about 1400 mm H2O were recorded. Longitudinal skeletal traction with the tong placed frontally reduced the pressure on the spinal cord in all patients. When longitudinal skeletal traction was applied, the stress of the neck extension was probably in part transferred from the lower cervical spine where the canal was narrow to the upper cervical spine with the more spacious canal. Placing the tong for longitudinal skeletal traction frontally when performing endotracheal intubation is advocated in patients with cervical spondylosis and probably also in patients with injuries of the lower cervical spine. PMID- 7086500 TI - Clinical recording of pressure on the spinal cord and cauda equina. Part 2: position changes in pressure on the cauda equina in central lumbar spinal stenosis. AB - To define the site, degree, and dynamics of mechanical compression of the spinal nerve roots, pressure was measured in 42 patients with clinical symptoms and myelographic findings indicating central lumbar spinal stenosis. Pathological pressure on the cauda equina was found in 67% of the patients. The pressure in the region of the spinal block was high during standing and walking, and in several patients exceeded mean arterial blood pressure. The block pressure was the main mechanical factor in the central part of the spinal canal causing pain and paresis. Elevated fluid pressure caudal to the block was an additional but usually subordinate factor. In 33% of the patients, normal pressure on the cauda equina was found, and lateral compression of multiple nerve roots seemed to be the only mechanical symptom-causing factor. Clinically, these patients could not be distinguished from patients with central compression. After laminectomy with decompression of the cauda equina, the field should be inspected for lateral narrowing which, if present, should be treated. PMID- 7086502 TI - The activities of noradrenergic and dopaminergic neuron systems in experimental hydrocephalus. AB - Experimental hydrocephalus was induced in rabbits by intracisternal injection of kaolin suspension, and the concentration of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and their metabolites was determined in several brain regions. The NA concentration had decreased in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and pons plus medulla oblongata, and increased in the caudate nucleus at 2 days after kaolin injection (the stage of early intracranial hypertension). At 1 week (the stage of progressive hydrocephalus), the NA content had returned to control levels in all brain regions studied, and it decreased again at 4 weeks (the stage of chronic hydrocephalus) in the pons plus medulla oblongata. The DA level was unchanged throughout the 4-week period after kaolin injection. The concentration of 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MOPEG-SO4), the major metabolite of NA, was elevated in all brian regions except the caudate nucleus at all stages after kaolin injection. An increase in MOPEG-SO4 in the caudate nucleus was also observed 1 week after kaolin injection. The content of homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of DA in the rabbit brain, was decreased in the cerebral cortex at 2 days and at 1 week after kaolin injection, and in the caudate nucleus at 2 days and at 1 week, and 4 weeks. The level of HVA was increased in the hypothalamus at 2 days, in the cerebellum at 2 days and at 1 week, in the pons plus medulla oblongata at 2 days, 1 week, and 4 weeks, and in the midbrain at 4 weeks. These data suggest that, in experimental hydrocephalus in the rabbit, NA release is increased throughout the brain, while DA release is decreased in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus, and increased in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons plus medulla oblongata. PMID- 7086503 TI - Cystic meningiomas: a clinicoradiological study. PMID- 7086506 TI - The determination of brain water content: microgravimetry versus drying-weighing method. AB - The microgravimetric technique and the drying-weighing method for the determination of brain water content are analyzed and compared. A new method has been devised for the automatic production of the gradient column. For gravimetry, tissue samples weighing more than 30 mg have proven adequate for measurement. Specific gravity (SG) should be determined as early as 1 minute after tissue is inserted into the gradient column. Calculations of cerebral blood volume (CBV) from changes in SG of both brain tissue and intravascular perfusate have shown that the SG of brain tissue is considerably influenced by changes in CBV. This is because the SG of blood is higher than that of brain tissue, and may lead to a decrease of SG of about 0.002 in anemic cortex and of 0.001 in anemic white matter, which will simulate a false increase in tissue volume as water of 4% and 2%, respectively. This methodological error may be relevant when the early stages of ischemic brain edema development are studied. Water content of brain tissue can also be determined with acceptable accuracy by vacuum freeze-drying samples of brain tissue weighing about 100 mg. In contrast to cortex, white matter shows a wide range of individual and regional differences in water content. Thus, conclusions on the presence of brain edema drawn from tissue water determinations should always be subjected to cautious analysis and criticism. PMID- 7086505 TI - A new radionuclide method for the diagnosis of posttraumatic cerebrospinal fistulas. A study of 308 cases. AB - The authors describe their technique for identifying and localizing posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. The method entails injection of radionuclide tracer into the subarachnoid frontal space with the patient in a sitting position followed by gamma camera scintigraphic recordings. The results in 308 patients are presented; these are compared with those of suboccipital radionuclide cisternography in 40 cases and metrizamide computerized tomography cisternography in nine cases. Transient complications occurred in only three patients. PMID- 7086504 TI - Cerebellar infarction with obstructive hydrocephalus. AB - The authors review 15 patients with acute cerebellar infarction accompanied by obstructive hydrocephalus. These patients were among 1700 consecutive patients with acute cerebrovascular disease who were examined by angiography and also, except for the initial 320 cases. by computerized tomography (CT) scan. The CT scans were helpful in diagnosis and management of the patients. It demonstrated cerebellar mass lesions as being low density, isodense, or high density, according to the amount of hemorrhage into the infarcted area. Such cerebellar mass lesions caused acute compression of the posterior fossa. The clinical picture was determined mainly by the extent of the initially infarcted area in the vertebrobasilar territory and the speed of enlargement of the subsequently developing cerebellar mass lesion. Suboccipital decompressive surgery was performed in 10 patients and was generally beneficial. The postoperative prognosis depended mainly on the presence or absence of coexisting brain-stem infarction. Five patients who were managed conservatively died during the acute stage. Prompt and correct diagnosis of this illness is required to ensure adequate therapy. PMID- 7086507 TI - Intraoperative use of real-time ultrasonography in neurosurgery. AB - The authors' experience with the intraoperative use of real-time ultrasonography during 21 neurosurgical procedures is reported. These procedures include neoplasm surgery in 18 cases, treatment of an arteriovenous malformation in one case, and ventricular catheter placement for hydrocephalus in two cases. In each of the neoplasm cases, the tumors were imaged just as well through the intact dura as on the brain surface itself. There were no cases in which the pathology could not easily be identified. The use of portable intraoperative ultrasonography in sterile coverings has proven to be extremely useful in localizing small subcortical neoplasms, as well as locating the solid and cystic portions of deep lesions. It has assisted in guiding needles for both biopsy and aspiration. It has also accurately identified and guided Silastic catheters during their placement in the ventricular system in cases of hydrocephalus. The authors have found real-time ultrasonography to be an important new tool in the operating room and will continue to rely on its imaging ability during selected procedures in the future. PMID- 7086508 TI - Ultrasound-guided biopsy for deep-seated brain tumors. PMID- 7086509 TI - The dynamics of neuronal dysfunction and recovery following severe head injury assessed with serial multimodality evoked potentials. AB - Serial studies of visual, auditory, and somatosensory evoked potentials (EP's) obtained from 139 severely head-injured patients up to 1 year after trauma were analyzed to ascertain whether or nor EP's can be used to monitor neurological recovery or deterioration following secondary insults. The EP data were analyzed using a grading system of abnormality developed previously, and patients were grouped by the most severe EP abnormality found in any modality during an early study (mean Day 3). The findings showed differential recovery trends depending on the severity of EP abnormality obtained on the initial study and presence of secondary insult. If EP's were normal early after injury, they remained so for up to 1 year, and these patients did well clinically. The EP's that were absent did not improve, and the patients had poor outcomes. Secondary insults did not affect the EP's or the outcomes of patients in these two groups. When EP's that were initially mildly abnormal became normal or remained no worse than mildly abnormal, patients had favorable outcomes in spite of complications. In contrast, deterioration of EP's with secondary insult indicated poor patient outcome. Severe EP abnormalities which improved over time led to favorable outcomes. However, persistence or deterioration of severe abnormalities indicated a poor outcome. Changes in EP's over time were better indicators of outcome than the presence or absence of complications. The results suggest that EP's may be used to assess neural recovery and the consequences of secondary insults to the brain. Four case reports are included to exemplify results. PMID- 7086510 TI - The effects of deep barbiturate coma on multimodality evoked potentials. AB - The authors report their investigation of the effects of high-dose barbiturates on the multimodality evoked response in 9 cats. After baseline evoked responses were obtained, boluses of pentobarbital were infused intravenously at regular intervals, amounting to cumulative total doses of 9, 18, 27, 45, 63, 123, and 183 mg/kg at respective infusions. This resulted in gradually increasing serum pentobarbital levels, reaching therapeutic coma levels (4 to 5 mg/dl) after the fifth infusion. At this point, the electroencephalogram was flat, and pressor agents were required to maintain cardiovascular stability. Evoked responses were obtained 15 minutes after each infusion. Brain-stem auditory evoked response (BAER) showed little change in wave latencies at therapeutic coma levels of pentobarbital. Further barbiturates resulted in delay of the late components of this response. In the somatosensory evoked responses (SER), early brain-stem components were relatively unaffected by therapeutic coma levels. Late brain-stem components and the initial cortical response showed progressive latency increase. Late cortical (association cortex) waves were abolished at relatively low doses. The central conduction time was relatively unaffected. The late waves of the visual evoked responses (VER) were abolished with low-dose barbiturates (9 mg/kg). A single positive-negative complex persisted despite massive infusions. It is concluded that evoked responses may prove useful in monitoring patients in deep barbiturate coma, but barbiturate effects must be kept in mind. PMID- 7086511 TI - Cerebrovascular permeability following MCA occlusion in the rat. The effect of halothane-induced hypotension. AB - A quantitative autoradiographic technique that utilizes carbon-14-aminoisobutyric acid (14C-AIB) as a tracer was used to study alterations in cerebral microvascular permeability in 15 rats. Five were "sham-operated" controls and 10 underwent microsurgical, unilateral occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA). Histological changes indicative of focal cerebral ischemia were observed in only the latter 10 animals. These changes were confined to tissue normally perfused by the occluded MCA. After MCA occlusion, five animals were also subjected to transient halothane-induced hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure 50 mm Hg) for 20 to 30 minutes. Only in these five animals were blood-to brain transfer constants (ki) significantly increased (by approximately 100%) at 4 hours after MCA occlusion. The topographical distribution of this alteration in cerebral microvascular permeability corresponded closely with the histological changes. Neither proximal MCA occlusion nor halothane-induced hypotension alone was associated with any focal or diffuse increase in ki after 4 hours. PMID- 7086512 TI - The effects of gammahydroxybutyric acid on canine cerebral blood flow and metabolism. AB - Gammahydroxybutyric acid has been proposed as an alternative to high-dose barbiturate therapy for protecting the brain after ischemic or traumatic insult. The cerebral and systemic metabolic and vascular effects of gammahydroxybutyrate and its lactone analogue, gammabutyrolactone, are addressed in this paper. In anesthetized normal dogs, gammahydroxybutyrate or gammabutyrolactone was infused intravenously at a rate of 1 gm/kg/hr. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreased progressively with increasing doses of either agent. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) increased initially with gammahydroxybutyrate, but not following gammabutyrolactone. Reduction in CBF exceeded that of CMRO2 at all doses in both series. The primary systemic effect noted was a severe, lethal metabolic acidosis resulting from infusion of gammabutyrolactone. Gammahydroxybutyrate did not cause a similar acidosis. The imbalance of the CBG-CMRO2 reduction following gammahydroxybutyrate administration suggests that it has no advantage over barbiturates in the management of patients with cerebral vascular insufficiency or intracranial hypertension. PMID- 7086513 TI - A model of focal cortical contusion in gerbils. AB - An experimental model of focal laceration and contusion in gerbils is described. Associated with this injury are systemic changes which are neurogenically mediated and result in an immediate reduction in blood pressure, bradycardia, and generalized reduction in cerebral blood flow. There is generalized edema, as judged by a decreased specific gravity in the brain, probably related to reduced blood flow; superimposed on this, there is an edema gradient which is maximal close to the injury. This, in turn, affects the local capillary bed and prevents any local increase in flow. A separate group studied over a longer time period (6 hours) did not reveal egress of Evans blue into the surrounding tissue and this is in contrast to reports from cold-injury studies. PMID- 7086514 TI - Beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage. AB - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major neurological problem of the preterm infant and originates in the germinal matrix tissues of the developing brain. The newborn beagle pup has been demonstrated to provide an excellent model for this neonatal neuropathological condition. By the production of hemorrhagic hypotension followed by relative volume reexpansion, such hemorrhages can be produced in this animal. Carbon-14 (14C)-iodoantipyrine was used for measuring the cerebral blood flow in this experimental model and demonstrated that, although the germinal matrix is a relatively low-flow area in the newborn beagle pup, the selective flow to this region increases significantly in animals with IVH. PMID- 7086515 TI - Chronic cerebral vasospasm after large subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys. AB - The authors have developed a model of chronic cerebral vasospasm analogous to the clinical situation, by inducing a large subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in monkeys. With this model, the size of the SAH apparent on the first computerized tomography (CT) scan was correlated with the incidence and severity of cerebral vasospasm that developed. Indices monitored for up to 21 days after SAH included cranial CT scan, cerebral blood flow, vessel caliber, and neurological status. The 18 monkeys studied for 48 hours or more were divided into two groups according to the size of the SAH on CT scan. Vasospasm was more common in the group with large SAH. In this group, on Days 0, 7, and 14, the incidence of vasospasm was significantly higher than at other times (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.05, respectively), and the percentage reduction in vessel caliber was significantly greater than in the group with small/medium SAH (Day 7, p less than 0.02; Days 0 and 14, p less than 0.05). Delayed neurological deficit developed in two monkeys with large SHA. Apathy was noted from Day 17 to Day 21 in one, and unsteadiness and drowsiness were noted on Days 4 and 5 in the other. Overall, the incidence, degree, and time course of vasospasm reflected the size of the hemorrhage. PMID- 7086516 TI - Failure of a Heifetz aneurysm clip. AB - A 16-year-old girl died from an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage following the fracture of a blade of a Heifetz aneurysm clip. The clip was manufactured from 17 7PH steel, which on metallurgical testing was found to be highly sensitive to intergranular corrosion. The fracture mechanism was stress corrosion, brought on by the combination of a stress load, an electrolytic environment, and a susceptible steel. PMID- 7086517 TI - Fenestrated clips for unusual aneurysms of the carotid artery. AB - Twenty-four different kinds of fenestrated clips are introduced for the obliteration of unusual aneurysms. The clips were used for eight aneurysms of the internal carotid artery and 10 aneurysms of the vertebral artery. All but one of the aneurysms were successfully obliterated. Recommendations are made concerning the actual use of the clips. PMID- 7086519 TI - Translabyrinthine repair for cerebrospinal fluid otorhinorrhea. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorhinorrhea may occur as a complication of surgery for removal of acoustic neurinomas. The CSF leak usually appears within the first 2 weeks after surgery, and the diagnosis is obvious. The fistulous site is frequently inaccessible and may be difficult to repair by reexploring the suboccipital craniectomy. Successful closure of the fistula is accomplished by obliterating the space between the posterior fossa dura and the eustachian tube orifice with homograft muscle, using a radical translabyrinthine approach. PMID- 7086520 TI - Reversible facial pain due to hydrocephalus with trigeminal somatosensory evoked response changes. Case report. AB - A patient with hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis suffered facial pain which was relieved after the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The trigeminal somatosensory evoked response (TSER) of the affected side showed lower amplitudes and longer latencies as compared to the unaffected side. Following surgery, the waves regained higher amplitudes and shorter latencies. An episode of shunt malfunction was accompanied by recurrent facial pain and impairment of the TSER. Both improved after revision of the shunt. The possible etiology of facial pain in patients with hydrocephalus is discussed. PMID- 7086521 TI - Intramedullary cervical spinal cord abscess. Case report. AB - A case of spontaneous intramedullary cervical spinal cord abscess is presented. The clinical and laboratory findings in cases of spinal cord abscess vary. Prompt diagnosis and drainage are stressed as critical factors in effectively managing the disease. PMID- 7086518 TI - Acute subdural hematoma. Review of 39 consecutive cases with high incidence of cortical artery rupture. AB - In a consecutive series of 39 cases of acute subdural hematoma (SDH), encountered since computerized tomography diagnosis became available, 61.5% were found to be the result of bleeding from a small cortical artery, 25.6% were of venous origin, 7.7% resulted from cerebral contusions, and 5% were acute bleeds into chronic subdural hematomas. Craniotomy was performed promptly on admission, but there was no difference in survival (overall 51.3%) between patients with arterial and venous bleeds. The only apparent factor affecting survival in this series was the preoperative neurological status: 67% of patients who were decerebrate and had fixed pupils prior to operation died. Of patients with less severe neurological dysfunction, only 20% failed to survive. PMID- 7086522 TI - Angioma in the paraspinal muscles complicated by spinal epidural hematoma. Case report. AB - This case of angioma in the paraspinal muscles with extension into the epidural tissue was complicated by epidural hematoma in the thoracolumbar region. The hemorrhage was caused by rupture of the part of the angioma lying in the epidural tissue. A spinal bruit was of great value in diagnosing the angioma. Percutaneous embolization of the feeding arteries of the angioma reduced bleeding during surgery and contributed to successful surgical treatment. PMID- 7086523 TI - Intradural herniated cervical disc. Case report. PMID- 7086524 TI - Lipoma of the corpus callosum. Case report. AB - Lipoma of the corpus callosum is a rare intracranial condition, possibly congenital. It is often asymptomatic, but may present with headaches, seizures, hemiplegia, or dementia. An example of this disease is reported, and the condition reviewed. The radiological appearance is described, with emphasis on the value of computerized tomography in making the diagnosis. Surgery is of limited value but may be required in specially selected cases. PMID- 7086525 TI - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy with multiple intracerebral hemorrhages. Case report. AB - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has been associated with atypical dementia and a variety of other neurological disorders. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most striking manifestation of CAA. A 63-year-old patient is described who sustained four intracerebral hemorrhages although he had no predisposing factors other than CAA. The neurological and pathological features of CAA are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the problem of CAA-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. On the basis of the experience with this case, it is recommended that adjacent brain parenchyma be biopsied in all patients undergoing evacuation of intracerebral hematomas of unclear etiology. PMID- 7086526 TI - Intermittent exophthalmos studied with computerized tomography. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of intermittent exophthalmos are reported. In both instances, cerebral angiography and orbital venography failed to outline the lesion, which was clearly demonstrated with the aid of computerized tomography. An orbital varix was seen to be the cause of proptosis in one surgically verified case, whereas in the other this same diagnosis was suspected on the basis of the clinicoradiological findings. The etiology, clinical manifestations, and management of orbital varix are briefly discussed. PMID- 7086527 TI - Morphology of blood vessels in vasospasm. PMID- 7086528 TI - Survival time and "cure" in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases: statistics following University of Michigan therapy. AB - Between 1947 and 1980, 103 patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with metastases outside the neck were treated with sodium iodide (I-131) after surgical treatment. Forty-one patients had distant metastases first detected an average of 7.44 yr after the initial operation establishing the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. Follicular and papillary carcinomas gave the same survival time in patients, matched for age and sex, who had metastases outside the neck. Those considered to be free of their metastatic disease after I-131 therapy survived three times as long as those with persistent disease. Patients freed of their metastases had a higher conformity rate with half of our ten procedures of "ideal" treatment, compared with patients not freed of their metastases. PMID- 7086529 TI - Pulmonary disposition of gallium-67 in humans: concise communication. AB - Pulmonary gallium-67 imaging for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases has become an important diagnostic tool in respiratory medicine. However, the extent to which Ga-67 is delivered to normal lungs has not been fully evaluated. Accordingly, we measured the disposition of Ga-67 using scintiscanning, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood analysis in healthy subjects. Following an intravenous dose of 6 mCi Ga-67 citrate, the gallium scan showed no pulmonary uptake at 48 hr. In all subjects, radioactivity was detected in both blood and recovered BAL fluid at 72 hr, being predominantly in the cellular component of the BAL washings. We conclude that despite negative pulmonary imaging, Ga-67 accumulates in the cells that line the alveolar acini of normal nonsmoking individuals. PMID- 7086530 TI - Failure to detect extramedullary hematopoiesis during bone-marrow imaging with indium-111 or technetium-99m sulfur colloid. AB - A patient with postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia developed an enlarging abdominal mass documented on TCT scanning. To distinguish between lymphoma and extramedullary hematopoiesis, marrow elements were imaged with indium-111 chloride and technetium-99m sulfur colloid. Because the mass failed to accumulate either tracer, a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma was made and exploratory surgery was performed. The excised mass was found to consist of enlarged lymph nodes containing extramedullary hematopoiesis. Caution should be exercised in the use of In-111 or Tc-99m SC bone-marrow scans to diagnose sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis. PMID- 7086531 TI - Comparisons of scintigraphy with In-111 leukocytes and Ga-67 in the diagnosis of occult sepsis. AB - In a prospective study involving 32 patients with clinical suspicion of focal infection, the sensitivity and specificity of In-111-labeled leukocyte (In-WBC) scintigraphy were compared with those of Ga-67 scintigraphy performed 24-48 hr later. Of a total of 192 body sites studied, 26 foci of infection were diagnosed by aspiration, cultures, or chest radiographs. Indium-WBC indicated 19 (73%) true positive (TP) and four (2.5%) false-positive (FP) foci of abnormal accretion; Ga 67 had 21 (81%) TP and 15 (9%) FP. The 7/26 (27%) false-negative (FN) In-WBC scintigrams involved infection foci of more than 2-wk duration; the 5/26 (19%) FN Ga-67 studies were in patients with infections manifested for less than 1 wk. The results of this study are useful in considering the indications of the two tracers. PMID- 7086532 TI - Evaluation of the viability of In-111-labeled DTPA coupled to fibrinogen. AB - In earlier work, DTPA has been covalently coupled to albumin via the cyclic anhydride of DTPA. Using fibrinogen, we have studied the effect of such coupling on protein viability by both an in vitro and an in vivo assay. Clotting time remained identical to that of the native protein whether the anhydride-to-protein molar ratio was 1:1 or 5:1. In vivo studies were done in dogs, with human fibrinogen labeled with 1-125 and In-111. Throughout 130 hr, blood clearances for the two tracers agreed whether with 1:1 or 5:1 coupling. In a dog model with a thrombogenic catheter, the clot-to-blood ratios for the two radiotracers agreed within experimental error. Finally, 1:1-coupled canine fibrinogen, labeled with In-111, was administered to dogs with a catheter in a jugular vein, and scintigrams at 24 hr clearly showed clotting along the length of the catheter. We conclude that fibrinogen, coupled to DTPA, retains its viability, behaving like radioiodinated fibrinogen in vivo, and In-111 labeled fibrinogen looks promising as a clinical diagnostic agent. PMID- 7086533 TI - Gastroesophageal scintiscanning in children. AB - Four patients' positions were tested in search of increased sensitivity of gastroesophageal scintiscanning for the detection of reflux in children: supine, prone, left lateral, and 30 degrees right posterior oblique. The sensitivity was highest when the child was placed in supine position. A 60-min recording period increased the sensitivity of the technique, and is thus preferred to a shorter recording time. PMID- 7086535 TI - Development of gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from fasting or suckling newborn pigs. AB - The rates of glucose production from various substrates were investigated in isolated hepatocytes from fasting and suckling newborn pigs from birth to 48 hours of life. They were quantitatively compared to the rate of glucose production measured in 15-day-old suckling and fasting piglets. The data indicate that the rates of gluconeogenesis from each gluconeogenic precursor (lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, dihydroxyacetone and galactose) were two- to threefold higher in suckling than in fasting newborn pigs. The rates of glucose production from various gluconeogenic precursors were similar in suckling newborn pigs and in 15-day-old fasting piglets. The difference in the capacity for gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from fasting and suckling newborn pigs could explain why hypoglycemia develops during fasting in newborn pigs whereas suckling neonates remain normoglycemic. PMID- 7086536 TI - Actual nitrogen deposition in mature adult rats fed moderate to high protein diets. AB - Comparison between the positive N balance data and the actual N deposition in the same adult animals was made. In experiment 1, 24 mature 9-month old male rats were divided into three groups. One group was killed on day zero and served as the control. The two other groups were fed 25 or 49% casein diet for 8 weeks. Body weight was kept relatively constant by regulating the dietary intake. The N balance study (including body hair N loss) was conducted thrice intermittently, and body N was determined at the end of the experiment. It was found that the mean total-body N of the 49% casein groups was 967 mg higher than the 25% casein groups and 885 mg higher than the day-zero control group (P less than 0.01). The calculated N retention during the experimental period was 1876 mg for the 49% casein group. In experiment 2, a similar study was conducted except that the 25 and 49% casein diets were fed ad libitum, and body weight gain was allowed. The total-body N values of both test groups at the end of the feeding period were very close to each other, but significantly higher than that of the day-zero control group (P less than 0.01). PMID- 7086534 TI - An overlooked source of high radiation background in counting areas. PMID- 7086537 TI - Effect of vitamin E as an immunopotentiation agent for mice at optimal dosage and its toxicity at high dosage. AB - Studies have been done to determine the optimal dosage of vitamin E. Vitamin E is generally considered to be relatively nontoxic at high dosage in spite of the fact that it is a fat-soluble vitamin. From our experiments using mice, when various dosages of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol were injected into the intraperitoneal cavity every day, 1) the body weight decreased when the dose was more than 100 IU/kg per day, and all the mice died within 3 days at 400 IU/kg per day; 2) immune responses investigated by lymphoproliferative assays with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide were enhanced significantly between 5 and 20 IU/kg per day, but were inhibited by 80 IU/kg per day. When the immunopotentiation effect of vitamin E was discernible, serum tocopherol levels were about twice the control values. From our results, the optimal dosage of vitamin E was between 5 and 20 IU/kg per day, and dosages over 80 IU/kg per day were toxic to mice. We then experimented similarly with vitamin K, which is fat soluble and possesses a quinone structure resembling vitamin E. When doses between 12.5 and 150 mg/kg per day of vitamin K were injected into the intraperitoneal cavity daily fore 14 days, increase of body weight was generally inhibited. This did not depend on the dose, and there was no definite relationship between mitogen responses and vitamin K. PMID- 7086538 TI - Circadian meal timing in relation to lighting schedule optimizes catfish body weight gain. AB - Two groups of 4- to 5-month-old catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, were studied 2 years apart, in each case after standardization in light for 12 hours, alternating with darkness for 12 hours. The two studies involved 5 groups of 10 catfish each and 10 groups of 17 catfish each, respectively. In each study some fish were allowed access to food only during certain times in the circadian cycle: early dark, late dark, early light and late light for 45 or 50 days. On the average, in both studies, the catfish on restricted feeding schedules gained in body weight but more so when fed at certain times in the circadian cycle as compared to others. A circadian rhythm in weight response was demonstrated by a zero-amplitude test associated with the fit of a 24-hour cosine curve to the data (P less than 0.03). The acrophase (time of high values) for body weight gain occurred consistently either near the middle or in the second half of the daily dark span. That is, body weight gain in the presumably dark-active catfish seems to be maximal when food is made available in the middle or later part of the daily dark span. In catfish, as in human beings and mice, the timing of food intake can serve to optimize the utilization of ingested calories, by mechanisms yet to be elucidated. PMID- 7086539 TI - The content of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in human milk, cows' milk and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Phylloquinone (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) in human and cows' milk and in infant formula foods has been assayed by a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method has three chromatographic steps consisting of a preliminary purification of lipid extracts by conventional liquid chromatography, a further fractionation by semipreparative HPLC and a final analytical step by reversed-phase HPLC in which phylloquinone was resolved from the remaining contaminants and quantified by reference to an internal standard (phylloquinone 2,3-epoxide). The identity of the chromatographic peak ascribed to phylloquinone (vitamin K1) was established by mass spectrometry. Mature human milk from 20 lactating mothers gave a mean concentration of phylloquinone of 2.1 micrograms/liter, and colostrum from 9 mothers gave a mean value of 2.3 micrograms/liter. These levels in human milk were significantly lower than those found in either Friesian (holstein) cows' milk (mean 4.9 micrograms/liter) or unsupplemented infant formula foods containing only cows' milk fat (mean 4.2 micrograms/liter). The mean phylloquinone content of two unsupplemented infant formula foods containing only vegetable oils was 11.5 micrograms/liter. After an oral dose of 20 mg phylloquinone, the concentration of K1 in the breast milk of one mother rose to 140 micrograms/liter after 12 hours and at 48 hours was still about twice the average endogenous level of human milk. PMID- 7086542 TI - Efficacy of methionine peptides as determined by chick bioassay. AB - Chick growth assays were used to evaluate the efficacy of poly-L-methionine and DL/LD methionylmethionine ( a 50:50 mixture of D-Met-L-Met and L-Met-D-Met). The polypeptide possessed no bioefficacy whatever, probably due to its extreme insolubility. The dipeptide of methionine exhibited growth-promoting ability equal to that of DL-methionine itself. PMID- 7086541 TI - Utilization of analogues of riboflavin for growth and survival of the chicken. AB - Groups of normal 5-day-old chicks of the Single Comb White Leghorn strain were fed diets containing no riboflavin, riboflavin, or one of several analogues of riboflavin, to explore differences between the classes Mammalia and Aves. It was found that 7-ethyl-8-methyl-flavin was a suitable replacement for the vitamin. 7 Methyl-8-ethyl-flavin permitted early growth of the chicks, but it did not allow survival when fed in place of riboflavin. The inability to utilize 7-methyl-8 ethyl-flavin represents a real difference in the utilization of flavin between the classes Mammalia and Aves. Other flavin analogues supported some growth, but the chicks did not survive. All groups showed better growth responses than was shown by the riboflavin-deficient group. PMID- 7086540 TI - Crystalline amino acid diet for determining amino acid requirements of growing guinea pigs. AB - Crystalline amino acid diets containing different levels of total nitrogen (TN) and essential amino acid (EAA) nitrogen were evaluated in 3-week growth trials to identify a diet for use in determining the amino acid requirements of growing guinea pigs. Four levels of TN (2.5, 2.9, 3.6, and 4.3%) with constant EAA/TN ratios were compared by measuring weight gain, hemoglobin and hematocrit, carcass weight and nitrogen retention of 3-to 6-week-old male Hartley guinea pigs. Three levels of EAA nitrogen (1.7, 2.0, 2.4%), with TN levels constant at 3.6%, were also compared. A diet containing 30% casein + 0.3% arginine served as a purified control diet. Water and diets were provided ad libitum. The results of this study indicate that a diet containing 3.6% TN and 1.7% EAA nitrogen supported performance comparable to that of animals fed the casein diet. Growth rates for this amino acid diet and the casein diet both averaged 5.8 g/day. PMID- 7086543 TI - Coenzyme A metabolism in pantothenic acid-deficient rats. AB - The pantothenic acid (PA) and coenzyme A (CoA) content of various organs of rats maintained on a PA-deficient diet were determined. The PA content of heart, kidney, gastrocnemius and testes of rats fed the PA-deficient diet was reduced by greater than 90%, and liver PA was reduced by 70%. However, these low PA levels were sufficient to maintain tissue CoA at control levels. Although CoA levels were maintained, the PA-deficient rats did not grow at normal rates suggesting that low PA may effect growth rate by mechanisms other than by depressed CoA. PA deficient rats were subjected to fasting and alloxan-diabetes to determine if increased CoA synthesis occurred as in normal animals. Both fasting and diabetes resulted in elevations in myocardial and liver CoA, which were comparable in rats fed a PA-deficient diet or a regular diet. The source of the PA used for the increase in tissue CoA in PA-deficient rats has yet to be determined. PMID- 7086544 TI - Effect of postnatal undernutrition on ketone metabolism and its relation to metabolic changes in brain and liver of rats. AB - The effects of undernutrition on ketone metabolism and its relation to brain growth in developing rats were studied. In the first series of experiments, undernutrition was induced by increasing the litterr size from 4 to 16 pups. Body weight of pups was inversely related to litter size. Increasing the litter size lowered brain weight by 6-16% and liver weight by 20-46%. The ratio of brain weight:body weight was greater by 16 to 39% in the larger litters. Increasing the litter size did not alter concentration of brain lipid. liver glycogen or plasma ketone bodies. In the second series of experiments, undernutrition was induced by restricting maternal dietary intake to 40% of that of the control dam. This undernutrition caused a more pronounced growth retardation than that resulting from increasing litte size. At 14 days of age, the mean body weight of the undernourished group was 44% lower than the control value. The dietary restriction lowered brain weight by 19%, liver weight by 38%, liver glycogen by 47%, brain lipid by 11%, plasma ketone bodies by 30%, glucose by 37% and the rate of hepatic ketogenesis by 28%. The results suggest that brain-growth retardation is related to low brain lipids and impaired ketone metabolism. PMID- 7086545 TI - Reversibility of development retardation following murine fetal zinc deprivation. AB - To investigate the effects and reversibility of moderate prenatal zinc deprivation, pregnant mice were fed, beginning on day 7 of gestation, a diet containing either 100 ppm (control) or 5 ppm zinc; pair-fed controls were also studied. Nutritional manipulation was limited to the prenatal period. Zinc deprived dams had significantly smaller litters than did controls, and postnatal survival was markedly compromised. Progeny of zinc-deprived dams displayed significant growth retardation, as reflected by lower body weight and length than controls, whether ad libitum-fed or pair-fed. Growth of spleen and thymus was affected by zinc deprivation to a significantly greater extent than was growth of heart, kidney or brain. Cross-fostering of control pups to zinc-deprived dams resulted in delayed growth; however, retardation was not as great as that observed in deprived pups allowed to suckle their natural mothers. Cross fostering of zinc-deprived pups to control dams improved growth of most organs, but did little to improve growth of spleen and, most notably, thymus. Zinc deprived pups exhibited considerable "catch up" growth following neonatal zinc repletion, and by 6-8 weeks of age, no significant differences between control and deprived offspring were observed. PMID- 7086547 TI - Analysis of rat liver chromatin and nuclear proteins after nutritional variation 1,2. AB - Chemical composition of liver chromatin was determined for rats fed a complete stock diet, or a diet lacking protein or fat. High carbohydrate, fat-free (diet 1) and low carbohydrate, protein-free (diet 2) diets were selected because they elicit structural alteration in chromatin as measured by incubation with micrococcal nuclease (E.C. 3.1.4.7). In the present study, either dietary treatment caused an increase in mass ratios of RNA:DNA and nonhistone:DNA, relative to control ratios. The nonhistone-DNA ratios in liver of rats fed diet 1 or diet 2 were 2.4-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, larger than control ratios. The histone:DNA ratio remained relatively constant among all three dietary treatments. Liver nuclei were purified from rats fed each dietary treatment and were solubilized in 9 M urea. The nuclear proteins were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis and visualized with a silver treatment that stains proteins in color. The electrophoretograms presented show preferentially proteins with low molecular weights and acidic pIs, two characteristics of nonhistones. The two-dimensional protein patterns are nearly identical for nuclear proteins from all three treatments. Analysis of the electrophoretograms indicates that the diet-induced increased nonhistone:DNA ratios are apparently not attributable to new species of protein, but rather to increased relative abundance of many proteins in the existing populations. PMID- 7086546 TI - Magnesium requirement of fingerling channel catfish and signs of magnesium deficiency. AB - Purified casein diets with and without supplemental magnesium were fed to fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in order to establish the essentially of this mineral. Fish fed the basal diet containing 0.004% magnesium developed deficiency signs such as poor growth, anorexia, sluggishness, muscle flaccidity and high mortality. After 3 weeks, two groups of fish fed the basal diet were converted to the supplemental diet containing 0.057% magnesium. Deficiency signs in these fish were alleviated almost immediately. In a second experiment, graded levels of magnesium sulfate were added to casein-based diets and fed to channel catfish fingerlings to determine their dietary requirement for magnesium. Results indicated that a minimum magnesium level of 0.04% of the dry diet was required to maintain normal growth, serum and bone magnesium levels in channel catfish fingerlings. PMID- 7086548 TI - Eimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed cobalt in the presence or absence of excess dietary methionine. AB - An experiment was conducted with young, male, crossbred chicks to investigate the interaction between dietary cobalt, methionine and experimental Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis). Coccidiosis and dietary cobalt (250 mg/kg) depressed weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization; cobalt toxicity, however, was exacerbated by the coccidial infection, resulting in a depression in performance greater than could be accounted for by the independent additive effect of each entity. Dietary cobalt increased the cobalt concentration of the liver, kidney and gallbladder (with bile); experimental coccidiosis in the absence of excess dietary methionine resulted in a twofold increase in cobalt deposition in the liver and gallbladder. Excess supplemental methionine partially alleviated the decrease in chick performance and the increase in tissue cobalt content caused by dietary cobalt in both healthy and infected chicks, but with a slightly greater efficacy in the coccidiosis-infected chicks. PMID- 7086550 TI - Overestimation of predicted effects in mortality study of uranium workers. PMID- 7086549 TI - Reduced plasma cholesterol esterifying activity in iron-deficient rats: its possible role in the lipemia of iron deficiency. PMID- 7086551 TI - Long-term mortality profile of heavily-exposed lead smelter workers. AB - Of 241 male smelter workers diagnosed as having lead poisoning during 1928 to 1959, 140 are known to have subsequently died. Their cause-of-death profile has been compared with that of 695 other male decedents (predominantly nonoffice production workers) from the same smelter and with that of the Australian male population. Age-standardized proportional mortality analysis shows a substantial excess in the numbers of deaths from chronic renal disease and cerebral hemorrhage, particularly prior to 1965. A moderate excess was also apparent for the other smelter workers. In recent years, these mortality excesses in lead exposed workers have largely dissipated. PMID- 7086552 TI - Occupational asthma: a spectrum of acute respiratory disorders. AB - Occupational asthma is a general term applied to a variety of clinical disorders, each characterized by acute, reversible respiratory symptoms caused by exposure to environmental or work-related stimuli. The diverse pathologic basis for this group of disorders includes bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and edema, toxic or inflammatory alveolitis/bronchiolitis, or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. On the basis of the abnormalities and the mechanisms responsible for lung injury, occupational asthma may be classified as (1) toxic or inflammatory reactions: (2) immediate "allergic" hypersensitivity reactions; (3) hypersensitivity reactions of unknown origin; (4) irritant reactions; and (5) delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Physical and chemical properties of the causative agent, host factors, and intensity of exposure largely determine the type of reaction produced. At the practical level, different reactions may be distinguished on the basis of characteristic clinical features and laboratory findings. Therefore, an understanding of the different reaction categories is useful in the identification of specific causative agents, in successful patient management, and in the development of environmental safeguards. PMID- 7086553 TI - Stress factors and their effect on absenteeism in a corporate employee group. AB - This research measured the effect of health evaluation interviews on illness absenteeism in a group of 500 corporate employees. The 20-minute interview, done in conjunction with the periodic medical examination, was designed to assess stress-related symptoms and coping abilities relate primarily to work stress. Referrals and educational materials were given to those employees who had stress related symptoms. Illness absenteeism was monitored six months prior to and six months after the interview. Control groups of employees matched by sex, job classification and job stress score were compared with the experimental group who had the health evaluation interview. A significant drop in illness absenteeism for the experimental group as a result of the health evaluation interview and referral was observed. PMID- 7086554 TI - A historical prospective mortality study of workers in copper and zinc refineries. AB - Earlier health studies of workers in electrolytic refinery operations have raised concern that workers may experience excess morbidity and premature death as a result of hazardous occupational exposures. This study was designed to determine if the refinery operation is associated with any excess mortality patterns. A cohort of 4,802 male workers exposed for at least one year during 1946-1975 was assembled from nine U.S. zinc and copper refineries. Vital status was ascertained for 4,241 (88%) of the cohort. Death certificates were obtained for 84% (355/423) of the deceased. Overall standard mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to be 92 for the cohort, 97 for the subgroup of copper refinery workers, and 83 for the subgroup of zinc refinery workers. Significantly high cause-specific SMRs were as follows: (1) cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) for the cohort; (2) all cancers, cancer of the digestive tract, and CBVD for the copper subgroup; (3) all cancers, cancer of the respiratory tract, and CBVD for one plant that demonstrated a significantly high overall SMR (133). The significant excess of cancer deaths among the study cohort is largely due to the plant that exhibited the significantly high overall mortality rate, but lack of smoking data qualifies this finding. The significant excess of CBVD seems to be consistent across plants and further research seems warranted to verify the finding. PMID- 7086555 TI - A survey of intravenous cannula use at Presbyterian Hospital, Oklahoma City. PMID- 7086557 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in olfactory epithelium in guinea pigs exposed to nitrogen dioxide gas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086556 TI - [Twenty-seven cases of congenital aural fistulas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086558 TI - [Clinical and radiological investigation of inferior orbital fissure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086560 TI - [A case of profound sensorineural hearing loss caused by the sodium bromate poisoning (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086559 TI - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with tuberculoid granuloma--a case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086562 TI - [Correlation between AP response and form of audiogram (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086561 TI - [Revision surgery of the middle ear--theoretical consideration and clinical experience (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086564 TI - [Hearing impairment in school children--the importance of screening test (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086563 TI - [In vitro anti-tumor activity of human blood monocytes against cultured human cancer cells (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086565 TI - [Malignant lymphoma arising in an intraglandular lymph node of the parotid gland- a case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086566 TI - [Pathogenesis of rhino-sinusitis in childhood (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086567 TI - [Mechanical properties of the normal vocal fold in vivo (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086568 TI - [Studies on the lipid metabolism in the cochlea. I. An autoradiographic study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086570 TI - [Etiology and classification of Meniere's disease]. PMID- 7086569 TI - [Studies on the lipid metabolism in the cochlea. II. Biochemical and histochemical studies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086571 TI - The ultra-structure of a melanotic schwannoma of the skin. AB - The case is described of a 53-year-old female with a pigmented tumour of the skin of the foot. The light and electron-microscopic findings established that the tumour was a melanotic Schwannoma. The ultra-structural features indicated that the Schwann cells, which contained melanosomes in varying stages of maturation, were producing melanin. A second type of cell within the tumour with features of a mesenchymal cell also contained melanosomes. The interrelationships of nerve sheath tumours, their relationship to pigment cells of neural crest origin and to other pigmented tumours of uncertain histogenesis, is discussed in the light of the findings described in the paper. PMID- 7086572 TI - The histochemical features of the Michaelis-Gutmann body and a consideration of the pathophysiological mechanisms of its formation. AB - The reactions to a number of histochemical stains by Michaelis-Gutmann (MG) bodies in 13 cases of malakoplakia are described. All MG bodies contained calcium and phosphate. Iron was present in six cases. Special stains failed to reveal the presence of micro-organisms. In six cases the MG bodies contained either lecithin or sphingomyelin and in three both phospholipids were present. There was no evidence of phospholipid of bacterial cell membrane derivation. Carbohydrate staining reactions suggested the presence of a neutral polysaccharide and an acidic non-sulphated polysaccharide (such as a sialoglycan). No histochemical evidence could be adduced to implicate bacterial cell membranes in the structure of the organic matrix of the MG body. The implications of these findings in the light of the association between clinical bacterial infection and malakoplakia are discussed. PMID- 7086573 TI - Isolation and characterisation of mononuclear phagocytes from the bone marrow, blood, and peritoneal cavity of the guinea-pig. PMID- 7086574 TI - The response of isolated rat heart cells to cardiotoxic concentrations of isoprenaline. AB - Isolated beating rat heart myocytes were incubated with the the sympathomimetic amine isoprenaline at concentrations which are known to induce myocardial necrosis in vivo. Incubation with isoprenaline did not induce changes in cell morphology nor impair the ability of the cells to take up and retain fluorescein diacetate. These results suggest that myocardial cells are not the main target in isoprenaline-induced necrosis and that some alternate indirect mechanism must be involved. PMID- 7086575 TI - Vitamin D supplementation in breast-fed infants. PMID- 7086577 TI - Sweat sodium and chloride values. PMID- 7086576 TI - Sexual development in a girl with Cohen syndrome. PMID- 7086578 TI - Zinc deficiency and geophagia. PMID- 7086580 TI - Duodenal perforation with tolazoline therapy. PMID- 7086581 TI - Temperature changes and the Potter baby scale. PMID- 7086579 TI - Salmonellosis in a day-care center. PMID- 7086583 TI - Stool chloride losses and alkalosis. PMID- 7086582 TI - Marfan-like features and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. PMID- 7086584 TI - Improved respiratory prognosis in patients with cystic fibrosis with normal fat absorption. AB - The clinical presentation, courses, and sweat chloride values of 72 CF patients with normal fat absorption are described. In general, these patients had milder clinical symptoms and a lower mean sweat chloride value than their counterparts with steatorrhoea. Pulmonary function tests, including FEV1, FVC, FEF25%-75%, PaO2, and RV/TLC%, were significantly better in patients with normal fat absorption compared with both male and female patients who had steatorrhoea. The maintenance of better pulmonary function, coupled with the low mortality, suggests that patients without steatorrhoea have a better prognosis. This difference remains unexplained, but may be contributed to by nutritional, genetic, or pancreatic factors. PMID- 7086585 TI - Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis: management and outcome. AB - We reviewed our experience over the past 12 years to determine the best method of management, to determine the morbidity and the physiologic outcome of medical vs surgical treatment of pneumothorax complicating CF, and to assess the influence of age, sex, and Shwachman scores on survival. Sixty-five patients, ages ranging from 5 to 32 years (mean 18 years). Shwachman scores ranging from 25 to 87 (mean 57), and a male-female ratio of 1:1, experienced 170 pneumothoraces, 93 first episodes, and 77 recurrences, requiring 211 trials of management. All methods of management except needle aspiration resulted in a fair rate of resolution (70 to 100%), but recurrence rates were high for observation (60%), needle aspiration (79%), trocar thoracotomy (63%), tetracycline sclerosis (86%), and silver nitrate sclerosis (43%). The recurrence rates were 12.5% for quinacrine sclerosis and 0% for parietal pleurectomy. Quinacrine sclerosis and parietal pleurectomy were the most effective methods of management. There was no significant difference in pulmonary function before pneumothorax and after pleural sclerosis or parietal pleurectomy. Age, sex, and severity of pulmonary disease were all independent variables influencing prognosis. Severity of disease, rather than the occurrence of a pneumothorax, appears to be the major cause of death. We recommend that quinacrine sclerosis should be considered for management of the first pneumothorax, and parietal pleurectomy if it fails. PMID- 7086586 TI - Preliminary report on the effects of diet discontinuation in PKU. AB - A collaborative study of diet discontinuation in children with PKU was initiated in 1973. Children treated with the phenylalanine-restricted diet since early infancy were randomly assigned to continue or discontinue dietary therapy at age 6 years after parental consent was obtained. The 115 children participating in this study range in age from 8 to 13 years. At 6 years of age, the IQ of continuers and discontinuers was 101 and 97, respectively. At 8 years, WISC Full Scale IQ scores adjusted for mean differences on the 6-year Stanford-Binet IQ were 101 for continuers and 98 for discontinuers (P = 0.075). School performance measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test showed significant differences on reading (3.9 vs 3.2) and spelling (3.3 vs 2.9) grade placement, although scores were above actual grade placement (2.7 vs 2.6) for both groups. Continuers and discontinuers were not different in arithmetic scores, with performance at grade placement of 2.7 and 2.6 respectively. Although these data are preliminary in nature, they suggest that subtle changes in cerebral function may occur in children with PKU in whom the phenylalanine diet has been discontinued. PMID- 7086590 TI - Commentary: the clinical forms of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 7086587 TI - Comparison of treated and untreated pregnancies in a mother with phenylketonuria. AB - We have studied a family in which the mother has PKU and has had six pregnancies, three untreated and three treated with a low-phenylalanine diet begun during the first or second trimester. The three nonphenylketonuric offspring from two of the untreated pregnancies are mentally retarded and microcephalic. The two nonphenylketonuric offspring from two of the treated pregnancies are also microcephalic and have low or borderline low intelligence. One untreated pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion. One treated pregnancy resulted in stillbirth at seven months. It is not certain that dietary treatment of maternal PKU during pregnancy, when begun after conception, is sufficient to protect the fetus. This therapy may have to be ongoing at the time of conception for optimal fetal protection. PMID- 7086588 TI - Movement and gastroesophageal reflux in awake term infants with "near miss" SIDS, unrelated to apnea. AB - Forty-five term infants who had a "near miss" for SIDS were studied with a continuous overnight polygraphic recording of endoesophageal pH, respiration, and ECG. Recordings were examined for occurrences of GER and for central apnea of 10 seconds or greater duration. There were 341 apneic events greater than or equal to 10 seconds recorded in 46 studies, with a mean of 7 +/- 7. In 91% of the infants, no apneas exceeded 15 seconds. Only 31 episodes of apnea greater than or equal to 10 seconds occurred during GER: in two of these episodes the apneic event was greater than or equal to 15 seconds. Twenty-four of the 31 apneas greater than or equal to 10 seconds during periods of pH less than 4 occurred in one infant. A total of 356 precipitous pH drops was recorded (mean 8.7 +/- 7.4). The pH drops occurred most frequently when the patient appeared to be awake (73%), and in 84% of events there was movement before and during the pH change. We conclude that the majority of these near miss SIDS infants had GER associated with movement during awake periods, without any temporal relationship to apnea. Although reflex apnea following GER may be seen in some term infants, this problem may be more significant for the immature infant. PMID- 7086589 TI - Hematopoietic dysplasia and marrow hypocellularity in children: a preleukemic condition. PMID- 7086591 TI - Vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant strictly breast-fed by a mother with latent pernicious anemia. PMID- 7086592 TI - The dietary chloride deficiency syndrome occurring in a breast-fed infant. PMID- 7086593 TI - Successful treatment of severe OTC deficiency. PMID- 7086594 TI - Cystinosis in a black child. PMID- 7086595 TI - Spontaneous resolution of multilobar atelectasis secondary to fibrinous mediastinitis. PMID- 7086596 TI - Congenital hydronephrosis, skeletal dysplasia, and severe developmental retardation: the Schinzel-Giedion syndrome. PMID- 7086597 TI - Glutaric acidemia type II: clinical, biochemical, and morphologic considerations. PMID- 7086599 TI - Cerebral blood flow velocity in relation to intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn infant. AB - The relation of IVH to blood flow velocity in the anterior cerebral arteries has been studied in the premature newborn infant. The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of IVH on cerebral blood flow velocity, measured by a noninvasive Doppler technique, and to assess the reliability of this technique in the diagnosis of the hemorrhage. Thirty-two premature newborn infants with IVH were identified by real-time ultrasound scanning: IVH was present in the first 24 hours of life in approximately 50%, progressed postnatally in approximately 20%, and was severe in approximately 50%. Cerebral blood flow velocity, determined daily in the first five days of life, was compared to the time of occurrence of IVH and to simultaneous measurements of systemic blood pressure and blood gases. No consistent relationship between timing or severity of IVH and cerebral blood flow velocity could be discerned. We conclude that cerebral blood flow velocity in the anterior cerebral arteries is not likely to be affected by IVH and that the noninvasive Doppler technique for measurement of this velocity is not reliable for diagnosis of the lesion. PMID- 7086598 TI - Effects of increased calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D intake on bone mineralization in very low-birth-weight infants fed formulas with Polycose and medium-chain triglycerides. AB - The ideal postnatal rate of bone mineralization in preterm infants is unknown. In this study the effect of a new formula on bone mineralization in very low-birth weight infants (28 to 32 weeks' gestation) was studied using infant-adapted direct photon absorptiometry. The 81 calories/dl experimental formula (Similac Special Care) contained 50% of the carbohydrate as Polycose, 50% of the fat as medium-chain triglycerides, and a whey:casein protein ratio of 60:40. It also contained large amounts of calcium (140 mg/dl), phosphorus (75 mg/dl), and vitamin D (120 IU/dl). Over a three- to five-week period, bone mineralization increased in two-thirds of the infants and decreased in the remainder, but all values remained in the range expected for bone mineral content in utero. Serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone concentrations remained stable, whereas calcitonin concentrations fell. PMID- 7086600 TI - The fontanelle tonometer: a noninvasive method for measurement of intracranial pressure. AB - The use of a modified pneumotonometer as a noninvasive method to measure intracranial pressure through the fontanel was evaluated in the animal laboratory and in the clinical setting. Pressure measured with the tonometer from a surgically created fontanel in an adult mongrel dog demonstrated good correlation with pressure measured from an epidural balloon catheter. Pressure recorded with the tonometer was compared with direct measurements in a single infant. There were 20 paired measurements with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Fontanel pressure was measured in 72 healthy infants. The mean pressure was 7.0 mm Hg with a standard deviation of 1.75. This result compares favorably with previous reports utilizing other methods. The machine is safe and simple to use. PMID- 7086602 TI - The efficacy of theophylline in premature infants with mixed and obstructive apnea and apnea associated with pulmonary and neurologic disease. PMID- 7086601 TI - Pharyngeal airway obstruction in preterm infants during mixed and obstructive apnea. AB - The site of upper airway obstruction during mixed and obstructive apnea was investigated in nine preterm infants with clinical apnea. The level of obstruction was determined using a saline-filled pharyngeal catheter that detects respiratory pressure changes. High pharyngeal obstruction was found in 87 of 94 spells. These data suggest that the mechanism of upper airway obstruction in infants with apnea may be similar to that seen in older children and adults with obstructive sleep apnea. PMID- 7086603 TI - The hematocrit of reconstituted blood for exchange transfusion in newborn infants. PMID- 7086604 TI - Lack of effect of phototherapy on red cell riboflavin status and on glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity in normal and G-6-PD-deficient subjects with neonatal jaundice. PMID- 7086605 TI - Intravascular fat accumulation after Intralipid infusion in the very low-birth weight infant. PMID- 7086606 TI - Dobutamine: a hemodynamic evaluation in children with shock. AB - The hemodynamic effects of dobutamine were studied in 33 infants and children with cardiogenic or septic shock. Dobutamine was administered at doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 micrograms/kg/minute. Significant increases above preinfusion values were observed in cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index, and pulmonary wedge pressure. Significant decreases from preinfusion values were observed in systemic arteriolar resistance index. No significant differences occurred in heart rate, mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, or pulmonary arteriolar resistance index. Analysis of the data also revealed significant effects of age and diagnosis on the hemodynamic responses. These data suggest that dobutamine is a useful drug in the pharmacologic management of children in shock, especially in children older than 12 months with cardiogenic shock not complicated by severe hypotension. PMID- 7086607 TI - The use of indomethacin in the treatment of pericarditis in childhood. PMID- 7086608 TI - Changes in pulmonary function during the diuretic phase of respiratory distress syndrome. AB - To evaluate the relationship between improvement in pulmonary function and spontaneous diuresis in respiratory distress syndrome, nine premature infants requiring mechanical ventilation for RDS were studied at a mean age of 11.9 hours prior to the onset of diuresis, at onset of diuresis, at maximum urine output (mean age 44.9 hours), and at 24 hours after maximum urine output. Prior to diuresis functional residual capacity decreased from mean +/- SEM of 16.2 +/- 2 to 13.3 +/- 1.2 ml/kg, and dynamic lung compliance decreased from 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.3 ml/cm H2O (P less than 0.05), indicating that the respiratory disease was worsening. There was no significant change in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, peak inflating pressure, or rate of intermittent mandatory ventilation over this period. At the time of maximum urine output, however, FRC had increased 36% (P less than 0.05). CL had increased by 60% to 2.8 +/- 0.4 ml/cm H2O (P less than 0.025), AaDO2 had decreased from 246 +/- 27 to 184 +/- 30 torr (P less than 0.005), and PIP had decreased from 14.9 +/- 2.2 to 11.3 +/- 2.1 cm/H2O (P less than 0.05). On follow-up study 24 hours after maximum urine output, there was no further significant improvement in FRC, CL or PIP, but IMV rate and AaDO2 continued to decrease. These data show that the pulmonary function in RDS deteriorates until the onset of diuresis, after which it rapidly improves. This diuresis may represent the removal of excess lung liquid and seems necessary for improvement in RDS. PMID- 7086609 TI - Effects of forced convection of heated air on insensible water loss and heat loss in preterm infants in incubators. AB - To assess the effect of forced convection of heated air exchange in preterm infants in conventional incubators, we measured insensible water loss and total heat loss in preterm infants in a conventional forced convection incubator (air velocity 15 to 25 cm/second) and in a specially constructed still-air incubator (air velocity 0 to 2 cm/second) at equal operative temperature and humidity. Under the forced conditions, insensible water loss in the preterm infants increased by a mean 52% from 1.04 +/- 0.24 (mean +/- SD) to 1.58 +/- 0.51 ml/kg/hour (P less than 0.001). The ensuing increase in evaporative heat loss was partly reflected in the small but significant increase in total heat loss from 1.65 +/- 0.47 to 1.80 +/- 0.44 kcal/kg/hour (P less than 0.02). In the forced convection incubator, the increased evaporative heat loss in preterm infants was apparently partly compensated by a decreased nonevaporative heat loss. If reduction of insensible water loss is required, preterm infants should not be subjected to forced convection in incubators. PMID- 7086611 TI - Adolescent suicide and the pediatrician. AB - The management of adolescent suicidal behavior in the practices of 48 pediatricians from Rochester and Syracuse, New York, was reviewed in the context of a rising local and national incidence. Alternative resources were found to be used much more heavily by suicidal adolescents in the two communities. Few pediatricians ask routinely about suicidal thoughts. The fatality rate is low enough to reinforce present practice, but suicidal symptoms are far more frequent than fatalities. It is hypothesized that avoidance of the issue by the pediatrician results in underutilization of this potentially valuable resource. Asking about the problem may result in a higher contact rate and, it is proposed, a better outcome. Depressive symptoms and appropriate responses to suicidal thinking are discussed. PMID- 7086610 TI - Serum free thyroxine values in term, premature, and sick infants. AB - Free thyroxine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 96 infants within an intensive care nursery and in 32 healthy term infants. Sera for free T4 levels were drawn simultaneously with the filter paper specimens for T4 obtained to screen these infants for congenital hypothyroidism. The mean free T4 level in 20 adults was 1.38 +/- 0.03 ng/dl (mean +/- SEM). The mean in the ICN infants was 3.48 +/- 0.18 ng/dl and in healthy term infants, 4.24 +/- 0.23 ng/dl. Like T4, free T4 correlated positively with increasing gestational age and birth weight, and was lower in infants with RDS. Although 66% of the ICN infants had T4 levels below the statistically selected screening level (fifth percentile), all of these infants had free T4 levels greater than 0.8 ng/dl. Two additional infants with untreated congenital hypothyroidism has free T4 levels of 0.3 and 0.4 ng/dl. The measurement of free T4 appears to be an accurate indicator of thyroid function in these infants. PMID- 7086613 TI - Treatment of pulmonary paragonimiasis with a new broad-spectrum antihelmintic, praziquantel. PMID- 7086612 TI - Growth hormone--dependent growth failure. AB - Growth failure may be associated with low serum somatomedin concentrations despite normal to increased concentrations of serum growth hormone. We have recognized five patients who responded to GH administration with an increase in serum Sm and an acceleration in skeletal growth, and have characterized the circulating GH in an homologous human GH radioreceptor assay employing the IM-9 lymphocyte as a source of human GH receptor. These five prepubertal children, who had a mean height 7.8 SD below the mean for age, had a mean RIA-GH of 34.2 +/- 3.5 ng/ml in response to stimulation, a basal Sm activity by hypophysectomized rat cartilage bioassay of less than 0.3 IU/ml, and a mean peak Sm of 0.9 +/- 0.1 IU/ml in response to 48 hours of GH therapy. During a one-year trial of GH therapy, four of these children significantly increased their growth velocity as compared to their growth rate before GH therapy. These children had a mean RIA GH/RRA-GH ratio of 2.f. The fifth patient had a low RIA-GH/RRA-GH ratio and had no increase in growth rate. These studies suggest that growth in certain growth retarded children may be dependent on exogenous GH, even though they are not GH deficient by standard criteria. PMID- 7086614 TI - Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in children. PMID- 7086616 TI - Depth of endotracheal tube placement in neonates. PMID- 7086615 TI - Risk of hypernatremia with oral rehydration. PMID- 7086617 TI - Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn disease. PMID- 7086618 TI - Hyperthermic treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. PMID- 7086619 TI - Factors affecting glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic children. PMID- 7086620 TI - Serum T3 values and SIDS. PMID- 7086621 TI - Comparison of venipuncture blood counts with microcapillary measurements in screening for anemia in one-year-old infants. AB - The microhematocrit measurement of fingerstick blood in infants gives elevated values compared to venous hematocrits measured simultaneously in a Coulter Model S electronic counter. Thirty one-year-old infants had a mean microhematocrit of 36.6, significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the mean venous Coulter S hematocrit of 34.6. Three children, who appeared to be normal by microhematocrit measurement, were found to be anemic by Coulter S measurement; in these children the microhematocrits were elevated 13.6%, 12.5%, and 5.1%, respectively, above venous Coulter S levels. Complete blood counts were measured concurrently on venipuncture specimens and on capillary samples. There was excellent correlation for mean cell volume (r = 0.98), but poor correlation for hemoglobin (r = 0.81) and hematocrit (r = 0.77). Four of 30 children had borderline low venipuncture hemoglobin values (less than or equal to 11.5 gm/dl) that were not detected by the capillary method. The inaccuracy of the fingerstick microhematocrit method and the discrepancy between the venipuncture and capillary Coulter S values supports the choice of venipuncture blood counts as the preferred method of screening for anemia in one-year-old infants. PMID- 7086622 TI - Noninvasive pulsed Doppler determination of cardiac output in neonates and children. AB - Mean blood flow velocity (VAo) in the ascending aorta was measured noninvasively in 33 children, ages 3 days to 17 years, by pulsed Doppler technique at the time of cardiac catheterization. Measurements were made from a suprasternal approach with a portable, range-gated device. The ascending aortic diameter was determined echocardiographically and aortic cross sectional area calculated (A = pi d2/4 cm2). Aortic flow (QAo) was computed from Doppler recordings: QAo (ml/minute) = VAo (cm/second) X A (cm2) X 60 (second/minute). Values were compared with cardiac outputs determined according to the Fick principle, using measured oxygen consumption calculated oxygen capacity, and oxygen saturation. Subjects with aortic valve abnormalities or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction were excluded from study. Agreement between the two methods was excellent (linear regression r = 0.98, slope = 1.07, y-intercept = -4.5 ml, range 403 to 5.540 ml/minute). The Doppler technique is a quick, noninvasive, and accurate method of determining ascending aortic blood flow in neonates and children. PMID- 7086623 TI - The association of apnea and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. PMID- 7086624 TI - Hypothyroidism in the congenital nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 7086625 TI - Deep vein thrombosis in association with a circulating endogenous anticoagulant. PMID- 7086626 TI - Correlation between changeable human milk constituents and milk intake in breast fed babies. PMID- 7086627 TI - Peromelia, ipsilateral subclavian atresia, coarctation, and aneurysms of the aorta resulting from intrauterine vascular occlusion. PMID- 7086628 TI - Cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with polycythemia and hyperviscosity: effects of partial exchange transfusion with Plasmanate. AB - To determine if there are significant changes in cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance in neonates with polycythemia and hyperviscosity, 11 such infants were studied before and after partial exchange transfusion with Plasmanate. Seven matched control infants were also studied. Blood flow velocity of the anterior cerebral artery was measured with a bidirectional continuous waveform Doppler velocimeter. Blood flow and vascular resistance were calculated from the velocity tracings, using the area under the velocity curve and the Pulsatility Index. Reduction in hematocrit and viscosity produced significant increases in blood flow velocity and a reduction in vascular resistance. The postexchange values were similar to those of the control group. These results indicate that infants with polycythemia and hyperviscosity have decreased cerebral blood flow velocity and increased vascular resistance which normalize after partial Plasmanate exchange transfusion. PMID- 7086629 TI - Normal coagulation findings, thrombocytopenia, and peripheral hemoconcentration in neonatal polycythemia. AB - The criteria used for partial plasma exchange transfusion in 32 of 42 polycythemic newborn infants with capillary hematocrits greater than or equal to 70% were a venous hematocrit greater than 65% and two or more clinical "symptoms," or a venous hematocrit greater than or equal to 70%. Coagulation tests performed on 20 infants before and after the partial plasma exchange transfusion were normal for age. Low platelet counts found in six of the 32 patients were associated with venous hematocrits of greater than or equal to 70%. In three patients the platelet counts (less than 100,000/microliters) increased to greater than or equal to 130,000/microliters after three days. In 20 of 32 infants in whom partial plasma exchange transfusions were performed, peripheral venous hematocrits prior to the exchange were 8.5% higher than umbilical venous hematocrits. Following treatment the venous hematocrits (umbilical and peripheral) did not show a statistically significant difference. Thus, the study revealed coagulation findings normal for age, thrombocytopenia in 20% of polycythemic infants, hemoconcentration, and a sluggish peripheral venous circulation. PMID- 7086630 TI - Depressed and nondepressed content self-reference in mild depressives. AB - The present research investigated the extent to which mild depressives and normals differed in their self-referent processing of personal information. In Experiment 1, these subjects made two types of ratings on depressed (e.g., bleak, dismal) and nondepressed (e.g., loyal, organized) content personal adjectives. Half of the adjectives in each content category were rated for a semantic attribute (Does this word have a specific meaning or relate to a specific situation?), whereas half were rated for degree of self-reference (Does this word describe you?). These ratings were followed immediately by an incidental recall task, in which subjects recalled as many of the adjectives as possible. Consistent with predictions generated from a content-specific self-schema model, normals displayed superior recall for self-referenced nondepressed content adjectives, when compared to recall for self-referenced depressed content adjectives and recall for semantic ratings (both depressed and nondepressed content). In contrast, mild depressives exhibited enhanced self-referent recall for both types of content, when compared to their recall for semantic adjectives. This finding suggested that mild depressives utilize a self-schema which incorporates both depressed and nondepressed content. Experiment 2 explored this suggestion further by substituting an other-referent rating task (Does this word describe Pierre Trudeau?) for the semantic judgment used in Experiment 1. Again, consistent with a content-specific self-schema model, normals displayed superior recall only for self-referenced nondepressed adjectives. Mild depressives, however, showed enhanced self-referent recall, relative to other-referent recall, only for depressed content adjectives. For nondepressed content, mild depressives did not distinguish between the self- and other-referent conditions. This finding hinted that the nondepressed component of the mild depressive's self-schema may operate at a somewhat reduced effectiveness, but only when required to differentiate between self and others. PMID- 7086632 TI - Bayesian prediction of psychomaintenance related to rehospitalization in asthma. PMID- 7086631 TI - Testing counseling psychologists: current practices and implications for training. AB - The present study provides information concerning the opinions and utilization of psychological testing among counseling psychologists. A survey was mailed to a random sample of 500 members of Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) of the APA. Results indicate that counseling psychologists are engaged in a substantial amount of psychological testing. Current practices are discussed and implications for training are cited. Suggested alternatives to traditional testing procedures are also discussed. PMID- 7086633 TI - Hypnotizability, daydreaming styles, imagery vividness, and absorption: a multidimensional study. AB - In 25 male and 31 female university student and staff volunteers, the interrelationships between the following measures were studied: hypnotic susceptibility (Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Forms A and C), imagery vividness (Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire; VVIQ), involvement in everyday activities (Tellegen Absorption Scale; TAS), and daydreaming styles (28 scales of Singer & Antrobus's Imaginal Processes Inventory). Factor analysis produced a factor characterized as a positively vivid and absorptive imagination style. Hypnotic susceptibility, VVIQ, TAS, and positive-affect daydreaming styles all loaded on this factor. Two other factors were a dysphoric daydreaming style and a lack-of-attentional-control style. Stepwise multiple regressions suggested that males and females, at least within this sample, exhibit different relationships between hypnotic susceptibility and predictor variables. Similar differences were found for the VVIQ and the TAS and their daydreaming-scale predictor variables. PMID- 7086634 TI - Cigarette smoking, nicotine addiction, and relaxation. AB - In an attempt to explain the self-report of smokers that cigarette smoking is relaxing, shock endurance was used to measure the amount of anxiety experienced in a stressful situation by nonsmokers, smokers who were allowed to smoke cigarettes containing either low levels or moderately high levels of nicotine, and smokers who were not allowed to smoke a cigarette. Smokers who were deprived of cigarettes and those who smoked cigarettes containing low levels of nicotine behaved more anxiously than nonsmokers and than smokers who smoked cigarettes containing moderately high levels of nicotine, but the high-nicotine smokers behaved no less anxiously than nonsmokers. These results supported the hypothesis that the calming effect attributed to smoking a cigarette is due to the action of nicotine in ending withdrawal symptoms in addicted smokers rather than to a sedative property of cigarette smoking. PMID- 7086635 TI - Sex differences in subclinical depression: administration of the Beck Depression Inventory in public and private disclosure situations. AB - To test the idea that the preponderance of women depressives is due to a masculine tendency to avoid negative social consequences by reporting fewer depressive symptoms, two studies were conducted in which the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to both sexes under conditions of public and private disclosure. It was hypothesized that men would score lower on the BDI than women in the public disclosure condition but not in the private disclosure condition. Despite procedural differences in the two experiments, the results of both studies failed to support the experimental hypothesis. However, in each case, analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between sex of subject and sex of examiner (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of a willingness to admit more symptoms to a same-sex person due to fear of rejection by the opposite sex and in terms of gender-specific patterns of self disclosure in first-encounter heterosexual situations. Results of both studies also suggest BDI scores of college students can be interpreted without regard to type of administration. PMID- 7086636 TI - [Antiinflammatory activity of 2(1H)-pyrimidinones and their salts (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086637 TI - [Effects of pH, electrolytes, and surface charges on colloidal stability of lecithin liposomes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086638 TI - [The simultaneous determination of Ara-U and Ara-C, urinary metabolites of N4 behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by mass fragmentography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086639 TI - [Fundamental studies on the evaluation of crude drugs. VI. Electron microscopic analysis of crude drugs. (1). Determination of berberine in Coptidis rhizoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086640 TI - [Effect of pH on dissolution and crystallization process of aminophylline (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086641 TI - [Improvement of surface characteristics of a hydrophobic drug by use of a surfactant: effect of hydrophilization on the dissolution rates of phenylbutazone capsules (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086642 TI - [A new method for the local irritation test. II. Skin irritation test for powder drugs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086643 TI - Properties, stability, assay, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of the immunomodulatory 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-D glucofuranose hydrochloride. AB - 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-D -glucofuranose hydrochloride (I) is a new agent with claimed immunomodulatory action and antiviral activity. Thin-layer chromatographic procedures and identifying tests were developed to separate the drug, its synthetic precursors, and solvolytic products, and were applied to stability studies. It is stable in 0.1 N NaOH at 60 degrees where its acid solvolysis product, 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl) D-glucose is readily degraded. The partition coefficient of I (pK'a = 9.28) between chloroform and plasma was 6.4 +/- 0.2 SEM between pH 10.5 and 11.0. Plasma and urine (0.5 ml) adjusted to pH 11.0 were extracted with 10 ml of chloroform and the extract evaporated. The reconstituted residue in 50 microliters of benzene, with the disopropylaminoethyl analog of I as an internal standard, was derivatized with 50 microliters of heptafluorobutyric anhydride at 60 degrees for 45 min and was evaporated and reconstituted in 100 microliters of benzene to be assayed for I by GLC with electron capture detection with a sensitivity of 5 ng/0.5 ml of biological fluid. The procedure was applied to pharmacokinetics in the dog and a two-compartment body model was observed with a terminal half-life of 103-130 min. At the 40-mg dose, 60-64% was excreted renally unchanged and 20-34% as unidentified metabolites. At the 200-mg dose 82-85% was excreted unchanged and 15-17% as unidentified metabolites. The respective renal clearances of I were 135 and 163 ml/min. The respective total clearances of I were 204 and 191 ml/min. These metabolites were apparently unextracted with chloroform from biological fluids at pH 11 and the liquid scintillation counting (LSC) assay of extracted radiolabeled I appeared synonomous with the GLC assay of I in such fluids. PMID- 7086644 TI - Systematic error associated with apparatus 2 of the USP dissolution test II: Effects of deviations in vessel curvature from that of a sphere. AB - Dissolution vessels made from glass or plastic are recognized by the USP as being suitable for dissolution testing. Glass vessels with a bottom inside curvature flatter than that of a sphere can cause a high bias in dissolution results; vessels with a steeper curvature can cause a low bias. The inside bottom curvature of plastic vessels adhered closely to the curvature of a sphere. The plastic vessels are preferable for use if the drug is not adsorbed and the vessel is not attacked by the dissolution medium. Bias in results between individual positions of a dissolution apparatus was traced to two shafts which were not vertical. PMID- 7086645 TI - Carbenicillin prodrugs: kinetics of intestinal absorption competing degradation of the alpha-esters of carbenicillin and prediction of prodrug absorbability from quantitative structure-absorption rate relationship. AB - The intestinal absorption of alpha-esters of carbenicillin disodium, carbenicillin phenyl sodium, and carbenicillin indanyl sodium was investigated using the in situ rat intestinal recirculating method. In the in situ intestinal lumen at pH 7, two prodrugs were rapidly converted to poorly absorbable carbenicillin, possibly by the action of intestinal nonspecific esterase in competition with the slow absorption of prodrugs. At pH 5, the reduced action of esterase and the increased absorption rate after 3 hr resulted in 50 and 60% absorption of carbenicillin phenyl sodium and carbenicillin indanyl sodium, respectively. The absorption rate constants determined for both prodrugs were in good agreement with the prediction from the quantitative structure-absorption rate relationship derived from the two-compartment aqueous diffusion model. PMID- 7086646 TI - A dissolution anomaly involving ticrynafen in simulated intestinal fluid without enzyme. AB - Data are presented showing that the anomalous dissolution behavior of ticrynafen in simulated intestinal fluid without enzyme is due to the presence of potassium ions in the dissolution medium. Solubility studies indicate that an insoluble 1:1 complex is formed between ticrynafen and its potassium salt. This complex apparently creates an insoluble barrier that prevents complete dissolution of ticrynafen. To determine whether this might also occur in clinical use, a three way cross-over study in 12 subjects was done. Data from this investigation show that concomitant administration of ticrynafen tablets and potassium in the form of a commercial supplement does not adversely affect bioavailability. PMID- 7086647 TI - Metronidazole phosphate--a water-soluble prodrug for parenteral solutions of metronidazole. AB - To develop a parenteral solution of relatively water-insoluble metronidazole (2 methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol), its phosphate ester was synthesized via two routes. One route utilized 2-cyanoethyl phosphate and the other utilized pyrophosphoryl tetrachloride. The first method used dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent and the cyanoethyl group was removed under mild alkaline conditions. The second method was a one-step procedure in which free acid of metronidazole phosphate was isolated as a crystalline solid. The solubility of metronidazole in various solvents was determined at 25 degrees. From the pH dependence of its aqueous solubility, the pKa of the conjugate acid of metronidazole was estimated to be 2.62, which agreed well with the pKa values of other nitroimidazoles. Metronidazole phosphate behaved as a zwitterionic compound in an acidic medium with a minimum solubility at pH 2.0. At pH 7, its solubility was approximately 50 times that of metronidazole. The phosphate ester was so soluble at pH higher than 7 that it was difficult to measure the solubility accurately. In human serum, the hydrolysis of metronidazole phosphate followed zero-order kinetics at an initial concentration of 0.25 mg/ml or higher, presumably due to enzyme saturation (0.035 mg/ml/hr at 37 degrees). A reversed phase HPLC procedure was adopted to monitor the appearance of metronidazole and the disappearance of metronidazole phosphate. Subcutaneous administration of metronidazole phosphate to rats produced a blood level of bioactivity comparable to that observed after administration of metronidazole. PMID- 7086648 TI - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of the antihypertensive 2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-1H pyrazino[1,2a]quinoxalin-5-(6H)-one in dogs and rats. AB - A sensitive and reproducible GLC assay was developed for determining 2,3,4,4a tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino[1,2a]quinoxalin-5(6H)-one (I) in biological fluids, utilizing the electron-capturing capability of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative. After single 2.5- and 10-mg/kg oral and intravenous doses to three dogs, plasma concentration-time data for I were fitted to a biexponential equation and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. A dose-dependency for certain parameters, most notably total body clearance (ClT), was indicated. The difference in ClT for the low and high dose was statistically significant. After single 5-, 25-, and 50-mg/kg intragastric doses were given to rats, the decline in plasma concentrations of I with time followed a monoexponential equation. As with dogs, there was a disproportionate change in kinetic parameters with increasing dose for rats. While simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics were not evident, nonlinearity in biotransformation (intrinsic clearance) appeared to be the cause for the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. PMID- 7086649 TI - Phenethylamine inhibitors of partially purified rat and human pancreatic lipase. AB - Methodology for the preparation of rat and human pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) is described, which resulted in good yield of partially purified, stable enzyme useful for kinetic studies. Apparent Km values for the rat (6.5 mM) and human (3.5 mM) enzyme were determined with triolein as the substrate. Several compounds of the phenethylamine class were found to be inhibitors of both rat and human pancreatic lipase. The structural feature in the phenethylamine series tested, which appeared to be necessary for lipase inhibition, was a halogenated substituent on the 3 or 4 position of the aromatic ring as in flutiorex, fenfluramine, N-benzyl-beta-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenethylamine (I), chlorphentermine and p-chloroamphetamine. A chloro group at the 2 position was ineffective (chlortermine). Alterations in the ethylamine portion of the molecule did not cause significant changes in the inhibitory properties of the active phenethylamines. PMID- 7086650 TI - Effects of phenobarbital on the distribution pharmacokinetics and biological half lives of model nonmicrosomal enzyme metabolizable sulfonamides in rats. AB - The pharmacokinetics of sulfisoxazole and sulfanilamide were studied in control rats and in rats treated for 5 days with a daily 100 mg/kg ip dose of phenobarbital. These drugs represent the organic anionic and nonionized drugs, respectively, whose nonmicrosomal enzymatic metabolisms were unstimulated by phenobarbital. Sulfisoxazole showed the characteristics of a two-compartment open model. However, its biological half-life and the apparent distribution volume of the central compartment were significantly lower and the intercompartmental transport rate constants and the urinary excretion rate constant were significantly greater, in phenobarbital treated rats than in control rats. The apparent steady-state distribution volume of sulfisoxazole was smaller in the phenobarbital treated rats at the 90% confidence level. Sulfanilamide showed characteristics of a one-compartment model in both the control and phenobarbital treated rats, but none of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the compound in the phenobarbital treated rats were significantly different from those in the control rats. PMID- 7086651 TI - A comparison of frozen and reconstituted cattle and human skin as barriers to drug penetration. AB - An in vitro study of the permeabilities of frozen and reconstituted cattle skin and human skin to levamisole was done. Cattle skin was 400 times more permeable to levamisole from an organic solvent (largely 2-ethoxyethanol) than was human skin. The diffusion coefficient value of levamisole in cattle skin and the partition coefficient value of levamisole from the organic solvent into the skin suggested that a relatively large amount of drug passed through skin appendages such as hair follicles or sweat/sebaceous ducts. Transcellular transport across the stratum corneum was rate-determining in human skin penetration. PMID- 7086652 TI - Antitumor agents XLVIII: Structure-activity relationships of quassinoids as in vitro protein synthesis inhibitors of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia tumor cell metabolism. AB - A series of brusatol, bisbrusatol, and bruceantin esters were examined for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. Compounds which produced high T/C % values (170-272) resulted in ID50 of 5.4-15.5 microM for inhibition of whole cell protein synthesis, ID50 of 1.3-13 microM for inhibition of endogenous protein synthesis in cell homogenates, and ID50 of 1.9-6 microM for inhibition of polyuridine directed polyphenylalanine synthesis using "runoff" ribosomes and a "pH 5" enzyme preparation. The polyuridine directed polyphenylalanine synthesis requires neither initiation nor termination factors, suggesting that quassinoids are exclusively elongation inhibitors. Bruceantin, brusatol, and bisbrusatolyl malonate allowed a runoff of the polyribosomes to 80S free ribosomes. However, formation of the ternary complex and 80S initiation complex were not inhibited by the quassinoids. Thus, these agents do not affect the individual steps leading to the formation of a stable 80S initiation complex in P-388 cells. Brusatol, bruceantin, and bisbrusatolyl malonate inhibited the formation of the first peptide bond between puromycin and [3H]methionyl-transfer RNA bound to the initiation complex, indicating peptidyl transferase activity is inhibited by the quassinoids in P-388 cells. These studies also suggest that the free 80S ribosome is the site of binding by the quassinoid. Ribosomes actively conducting protein synthesis will continue protein synthesis and terminate before the quassinoids bind. This proves quassinoids are elongation inhibitors of tumor cells. A strong correlation was observed between potent antileukemic activity and the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. PMID- 7086653 TI - An isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naproxen and desmethylnaproxen in human plasma. AB - An isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of naproxen and its desmethyl metabolite in human plasma is presented. A reversed phase octadecylsilane column was utilized with a mobile phase consisting of 55% methanol and 45% 0.10 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0. A spectrofluorometric detector with an excitation wavelength of 253 nm and a band pass filter provided high sensitivity with no interference from normal plasma constituents. The reproducibility and precision of the method were shown by analysis of spiked samples containing 2.5-70 micrograms/ml of plasma. PMID- 7086654 TI - Extended Hildebrand solubility approach: solubility of tolbutamide, acetohexamide, and sulfisomidine in binary solvent mixtures. AB - The extended Hildebrand approach for predicting solubilities of crystalline compounds in solvent mixtures was tested using tolbutamide, acetohexamide, and sulfisomidine in mixed solvents consisting of hexane-absolute ethanol and 95% (v/v) ethyl alcohol-aqueous buffer. The solubility of these drugs was determined at 25 +/- 0.2 degrees and then back-calculated using the adhesive energy term, W, to account for solute-solvent interaction. Solubilities were predicted within 13% for tolbutamide, 31% for acetohexamide, and 43% for sulfisomidine, and with considerably better accuracy in most solvent mixtures. PMID- 7086655 TI - O-Methylhydroxylamine as a new trapping reagent for quantitative studies of 4 hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide. AB - 31P- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that the primary metabolites of the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and its acyclic tautomer, aldophosphamide) are quantitatively converted by O methylhydroxylamine, at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees, into the E and Z isomers of aldophosphamide O-methyl oxime. These trapping products are readily extracted from aqueous media with either chloroform or ethyl acetate, are stable at pH 6-8 toward oxime hydrolysis and elimination of phosphoramide mustard (a secondary metabolite of cyclophosphamide), and showed no evidence for transoximination with either ketone or aldehyde acceptors. All of these features support the use of aldophosphamide O-methyl oxime in quantitative studies related to cyclophosphamide metabolism. PMID- 7086657 TI - Systematic error associated with apparatus 2 of the USP dissolution test I: Effects of physical alignment of the dissolution apparatus. PMID- 7086656 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrocortisone drug substance, tablets, and enema. AB - Methods for the analysis of hydrocortisone drug substance, tablets, and enema were developed using adsorption high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This HPLC system was shown to be capable of isolating hydrocortisone from its degradation products, synthesis precursor, and related corticosteroids. The accuracy, precision, and linearity of the HPLC assay methods and their applicability to commercial products has been demonstrated. PMID- 7086658 TI - Determination of tissue to blood partition coefficients in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic studies. AB - The partition coefficient between tissue and blood used in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling analysis was investigated using the concept of clearance. New equations were derived and compared with previously reported equations in constant intravenous infusion and bolus injection methods. The importance of differentiating arterial from venous blood is discussed. PMID- 7086659 TI - Conductivity studies of suspension systems in different states of aggregation. AB - The electrical conductivity effects of dispersed, coagulated, and flocculated systems were investigated using sulfamerazine powder, an insoluble, hydrophobic drug to prepare the suspension systems. For the dispersed systems, a peak in conductivity was observed at a drug concentration between 5 and 15%. The critical coagulating concentration was defined as the concentration of drug at which a maximum in specific conductance was observed. At this concentration, a maximum number of charged particles were in the system. Coagulated suspensions showed higher conductance values than the dispersed systems at equivalent concentrations; however, the critical coagulating concentration value appeared to be the same. For flocculated suspensions there was an increase in conductance with drug concentration with no perceptible peak conductance value. PMID- 7086660 TI - Presystemic elimination of drugs: theoretical considerations for quantifying the relative contribution of gut and liver. AB - From a consideration of the basic processes involved in drug elimination, the fraction of drug cleared by the gut and by the liver were described as functions of availability and hepatic clearance. For a drug given orally, a plot of the fraction of drug cleared by the gut or liver against alpha, a proportionality constant relating gut elimination following intravenous administration to that following oral administration, allowed an estimate of the possible contribution of gut and liver to presystemic elimination. This method was dependent only on the measurement of peripheral blood drug concentrations and urine levels. Application of the theory to published data for several drugs known to have a reduced availability after oral administration was used to illustrate the procedure. PMID- 7086663 TI - Distribution volume related to body weight and protein binding. PMID- 7086664 TI - Trace decomposition of choline. PMID- 7086662 TI - 1,4-Bis(4-guanylphenylethyl)benzenes as potential antitrypanosomal agents. AB - A series of 1,4-bis(4-guanylphenylethyl)benzenes, including masked amidines in which the guanyl function is incorporated into a heterocyclic ring, were prepared for screening as potential antitrypanosomal agents. Some of these compounds were active against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice. The diamidines were prepared by standard methods from 1,4-bis(4-cyanophenylethyl)benzene which was obtained from 1,4-bis(4-cyanostyryl)benzene by diimide reduction. The latter compound was prepared by the Wittig reaction between 4-cyanobenzylphosphonium ylide and terephthaldicarboxaldehyde. PMID- 7086661 TI - Pharmacokinetics of rosoxacin in human volunteers. AB - Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was used to determine plasma rosoxacin concentrations in normal, healthy males, each of whom received one 300 mg capsule of rosoxacin. The plasma data for each subject were described by an open one compartment body model with first-order absorption, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The mean (+/- SE) apparent first-order terminal elimination rate constant was 0.203 +/- 0.015 hr-1 (N = 16), the mean apparent volume of distribution was 0.644 +/- 0.050 liters/kg, and the mean apparent plasma clearance was 2.08 +/- 0.15 ml/min/kg. PMID- 7086665 TI - Changes in plasma protein binding of drugs after blood collection from pregnant rats. PMID- 7086666 TI - General derivation of the equation for time to reach a certain fraction of steady state. PMID- 7086667 TI - Hypotensive activity of Cecropia obtusifolia. PMID- 7086668 TI - Effect of propylene glycol on subcutaneous absorption of a benzimidazole hydrochloride. PMID- 7086669 TI - Effects of inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenases on the toxicity, in vitro metabolism and in vivo irreversible binding of 2 methylnaphthalene in mice. PMID- 7086670 TI - Hepatorenal failure induced by tetracycline in dogs with portacaval shunt. AB - The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether tetracycline accelerated the hepatic toxicity of portacaval anastomosis and whether this could be reflected by changes in pharmacokinetics of the drug. Side-to-side portacaval shunts were constructed and converted to end-to-side by ligating the hepatic side of the portal vein in dogs. The results of this study showed that the i.v. infusion of tetracycline (50 mg/kg) to shunted animals caused rapid deterioration in hepatic and renal functions followed by the eventual transition of these animals from stage I to stage II liver disease. This was reflected by a 3- to 6 fold increase in the serum level of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as compared with the levels of those produced in serum of dogs before and after the construction of the shunt before the administration of tetracycline. Kinetic analysis revealed a significant prolongation in the elimination half-life (38.2 +/- 4.2 hr) of the shunted dogs as compared with controls (14.5 +/- 1.5 hr) after the i.v. administration of tetracycline. This was accompanied by an appreciable reduction of elimination rate constant. In contrast to shunted animals, control animals exhibited no behavioral side effects after the administration of tetracycline. PMID- 7086671 TI - Effects of chronic treatment with thyroxine and estradiol on estrogen concentration in serum and on hepatic microsomal catechol estrogen formation in female rats. AB - The effects of chronic treatment with thyroxine (T4) and estradiol on hepatic microsomal metabolism of estrogens to catechol products were studied and the extent to which activity in vitro correlated with serum estradiol concentrations in vivo was assessed. Female rats were treated with either estradiol benzoate (EB; 56 micrograms/kg/day from silastic implants), T4 (50 micrograms/kg/day, s.c.) or combined EB + T4 for 35 days. Animals treated with EB + T4, but not T4 alone, showed a significant increase above controls both in the concentration of triiodothyronine in serum and food consumption. Serum concentrations of endogenous estradiol in untreated control and T4-treated animals were similar. Although both EB-treated groups received comparable doses of steroid from silastic implants, the concentration of estradiol in serum was 30% lower in EB + T4-treated animals than in animals treated with EB alone. Formation of catechol estrogen metabolites by hepatic microsomes was not significantly altered by EB and T4 administered separately, but enzyme activity was increased significantly with combined hormonal therapy. In contrast, microsomal hydroxylation of testosterone was not increased by treatment with EB + T4, data which suggest that total steroid hydroxylase activity was not enhanced by combined hormonal administration. Correlation analysis of microsomal catechol estrogen formation in vitro with serum concentrations of estradiol in vivo indicated related to the concentration of estrogen in serum only after coadministration of a low dose of T4 with EB. PMID- 7086672 TI - Correlation between the disposition of [14C]clofilium and its cardiac electrophysiological effect. AB - The disposition of [14C]clofilium was studied in rats and dogs and related to the electrophysiological effects observed in isolated canine Purkinje fibers. Ten percent of the dose of [14C] clofilium administered to rats and dogs i.v. was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, whereas 55% was excreted in the feces during the same period in both species. In rats, biliary excretion accounted for 35% of the dose within 48 hr. Plasma levels of radioactivity rapidly decline in rats and dogs administered 5 mg/kg of [14C]clofilium characterized by a plasma radioactivity half-life for the elimination phase of 2.5 to 3 hr. In contrast, tissue levels of radioactivity were persistent; the half-life of radioactivity in the rat heart was 5 days and 14 days in the dog heart. Twenty-four hours after an i.v. dose of clofilium (0.044-1.3 mg/kg) to dogs, the action potential duration of isolated Purkinje fibers was prolonged in a dose-dependent manner. The half life of the effect of clofilium on action potential duration as 10 days which is in agreement with the persistence of radioactivity in tissues. The data suggest that [14C]clofilium and/or metabolites concentrate in the heart and that plasma levels of radioactivity may not be an accurate index of cardiac levels or biological response. PMID- 7086673 TI - Stereoselective metabolism and disposition of the enantiomers of mephenytoin during chronic oral administration of the racemic drug in man. PMID- 7086674 TI - Spare cholinergic receptors in the urinary bladder. AB - The concentration-effect relationships of carbachol were studied for three different responses of detrusor muscle of rabbit urinary bladder: the mechanical response, the increase of 45Ca uptake and the displacement of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) from muscarinic receptors. The EC50 for carbachol in production of contractile responses of the detrusor muscle was observed to be 0.27 microM. The 45Ca uptake by detrusor muscle strips was studied by the lanthanum-residual wash out method. Carbachol increased 45Ca uptake with an EC50 of 12.7 microM. [3H]QNB binding was performed on homogenates of rabbit bladder detrusor muscle. By Scatchard analysis, the receptor density was found to be 47.2 fmol/mg of protein and the KD 0.074 nM. The contractile responses, the 45Ca uptake and the specific [3H]QNB binding were all blocked by atropine and so are taken to represent muscarinic receptor-mediated phenomena. Carbachol displacement of [3H]QNB yielded an EC50 of 135 microM and a Kl of 42 microM. It is concluded that the mechanical response requires a much lower concentration of carbachol than that needed for stimulating 45Ca uptake or for occupying [3H]QNB binding sites and that there appears to be approximately a 150-fold muscarinic receptor excess. PMID- 7086675 TI - Effects of theophylline on behavioral state development in the newborn rabbit. AB - On Day 1 of life (Day 0 = birth), the sleep-wake behavioral states of rabbits were measured for 2 hr, after which half the animals received 10 mg/kg of theophylline by intubation (N = 16), whereas the remainder received normal saline (N = 17). Behavioral states were then measured on Days 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 20, 30 and 40. Theophylline sharply reduced active sleep starting on Day 2 and continuing through Day 20. The development of quiet sleep was delayed for 10 days in the drug-treated group. Paralleling the loss of active sleep was a major increase in wake between Days 2 to 20. The drug also affected the intermediate states of sleep-wake transition and active-quiet sleep transition. The data raise major questions about the safety of a drug widely used in the newborn intensive care setting. PMID- 7086676 TI - Acute effects of alkylating agents on canine renal function: N-ethylmaleimide and some of its potential biotransformation products. AB - Changes in urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate and sodium, potassium and chloride excretion rates were monitored after the i.v. and renal arterial administration of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to dogs. Intravenous administration of NEM (72.9 and 117 mumol/kg) failed to induce an increase in any of the parameters mentioned. Renal arterial injection of 36.5 mumol/kg of NEM appeared to be nephrotoxic, whereas doses of 8.00 and 0.80 mumol/kg were associated with rapid and sustained increases in urine flow rate and the excretion rates of sodium, potassium and chloride. No changes in renal function were noted when the renal arterial dose of NEM was reduced to 0.08 mumol/kg. Three potential biotransformation products of NEM [i.e., N-ethylmaleamic acid; the cysteine adduct of NEM (NEM-cysteine); and the glutathione adduct of NEM (NEM glutathione)] failed to induce an increase in any of the functional parameters studied regardless of the route of administration. We conclude that NEM is diuretic in the dog, but only after injection directly into the renal artery. The observed diuresis appears to be: 1) induced by NEM itself rather than by one of its potential biotransformation products, 2) due to its relatively irreversible alkylating property and 3) either a manifestation of the renal toxicity elicited by this agent or an independent effect that simply occurs at doses similar to those that induce renal injury. PMID- 7086678 TI - Intravenous self-administration of phencyclidine and related compounds in the dog. AB - Beagle dogs were given access to response-contingent i.v. infusions of phenycyclidine (PCP) and eight related compound. The infusions of phencyclidine (PCP) and eight related compounds. The infusions were available during short (1- or 4-hr) daily sessions when each pedal-press produced a drug or vehicle infusion. All nine compounds maintained consistent, dose-related pedal-pressing at rates considerably above those maintained by their respective vehicles. For each compound there was an inverted, U-shaped relationship between dose (microgram per kilogram per infusion) and number of infusions self-administered per session. By comparing the descending portions of the dose-response curves obtained with each compound, estimates of their relative potencies to maintain equal rates of drug-taking behavior were calculated. The thiophene analog was the most potent compound, followed in order by PCP, the N-ethyl, pyrrolidino, 4 methyl and N-propyl analogs, the two monohydroxylated metabolites and ketamine. The rank-order of these potency estimates is similar to those obtained with a variety of other animal paradigms used to assess the effects of PCP and its analogs. All nine compounds produced varying degrees of ataxia, vocalizations and salivation in the dogs. The results suggest that several compounds related to PCP may have an abuse potential like that of PCP. PMID- 7086677 TI - Enhancement of the responsiveness of the rat diaphragm by L-methionine and phospholipid methylation and their relationships to aging. PMID- 7086679 TI - Adsorbent and cathartic inhibition of enteral drug absorption. AB - The effects on absorption of drugs given by mouth of adsorbents (charcoals and resins) and cathartics (osmotic and oil) were studied in vitro and in vivo using acetaminophen (paracetamol) as a test drug. In vitro adsorption isotherms were measured at 37 degrees C in simulated gastric and gastric plus intestinal juices. Maximum binding capacity (MBC) of 16 charcoals and resins varied 30-fold, from 0.36 to 9.32 mol/kg. Dissociation constants varied directly with MBC. In vitro adsorption was little changed by addition of d-mannitol and d-sorbitol, N acetylcysteine (NAC) or l-methionine. Acetaminophen (0.6 g/kg by orogastric tube) was given to 17 dogs protected by i.v. injections of NAC and methylene blue. One minute later, dogs were given: 1) water; 2) Norit A or Nuchar 1110 charcoal, 3 g/kg; 3) d-mannitol and d-sorbitol, 2 g/kg or castor oil, 3 ml/kg; or 4) both charcoal and either d-mannitol and d-sorbitol or castor oil. Cathartics alone decreased the area under plasma acetaminophen concentrations 15 to 30%. Charcoals alone reduced the area under plasma acetaminophen concentration 93%. Each cathartic diminished the charcoal inhibition of acetaminophen absorption. In mice given acetaminophen by orgastric tube, the acute lethality was decreased more by a new petroleum-based charcoal than by standard wood-based charcoals. Reduction of acetaminophen lethality in mice paralleled the in vitro MBC of adsorbents. Charcoals did not avidly adsorb l-methionine or NAC in vitro. Charcoal did not decrease the l-methionine or NAC protection of acetaminophen-poisoned mice. Charcoals with large MBC diminish absorption and lethality of acetaminophen taken by mouth; cathartics have little effect on acetaminophen absorption. PMID- 7086680 TI - Functional evidence for the presence of cholinergic nerve endings in the colonic mucosa of the rat. AB - Uptake of [3H]choline and the subsequent synthesis and release of [3H]acetylcholine was studied in a preparation of rat colonic mucosa in vitro. [3H]Choline uptake was inhibited by hemicholinium-3. Release of synthesized [3H]acetylcholine was increased significantly over base line by 50 mM K+ and 100 microM veratridine. K+-evoked release was inhibited by 83% in tissue preincubated (during [3H]choline uptake) in Na+-free media. The effect of K+ was also blocked in Ca++-free media by 15 mM Mg++ and 0.1 mM verapamil. Release from the longitudinal and circular muscle of the colon evoked by K+ and veratridine was greater than release from the mucosa. Tetrodotoxin (0.2 microM) did not affect K+ induced release of [3H] acetylcholine but significantly blocked veratridine induced release from the mucosal (by 63%) and muscle (by 68%) preparations. The data confirm that functional cholinergic nerve endings exist in close proximity to colonic epithelial cells. PMID- 7086682 TI - Relationship between adherence, chemotaxis and the accumulation of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes at an inflammatory site. AB - The effects of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone and an antirheumatic agent, levamisole, on rat polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adherence and migration were examined. Adherence was evaluated using nylon fiber columns and migration was studied in vitro using Boyden chambers In addition, the effects of these drugs on PMN accumulation in he carrageenan-injected pleural cavity was evaluated. PMNs removed from animals treated with indomethacin, 1 mg/kg p.o., had a significantly reduced adherence, and fewer cells accumulated at an inflammatory site. Cellular migration measured in vitro was unaffected. PMNs removed from animals treated with dexamethasone, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg p.o., had a significantly reduced adherence and fewer cells accumulated at an inflammatory site. Cell migration was not consistently affected. After treatment with levamisole, 5 and 25 mg/kg p.o., adherence and chemotaxis were reduced, whereas PMN accumulation was unaffected. These results demonstrate that no simple relationship exists between PMN adherence, chemotaxis and their accumulation at an inflammatory site. Neither a reduction in adherence nor migration, as measured in vitro with a Boyden chamber, was predictive of a change in inflammatory cell migration. PMID- 7086681 TI - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization studied by [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding. AB - Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor of Torpedo electric organs was studied by monitoring activated [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding to the channel sites of the receptor. Receptor desensitization was produced by incubating Torpedo membranes that had been pretreated with diisopropylfluorophosphate with ACh and was quenched by the addition of AChesterase. Desensitization caused concentration- and time-dependent decrease in the binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to carbamylcholine-activated receptors and an increase in the apparent affinity of carbamylcholine to the receptor. d-Tubocurarine and concanavalin A antagonized the desensitizing effects of ACh. The kinetics of this desensitization showed an extremely rapid temperature- and concentration-dependent component which was complete by the earliest measurement (i.e., 6 sec) and a much slower component (T1/2 = 55 sec) which reached a plateau after 120 sec. The rate of this slow component was temperature- and concentration-independent. Recovery from desensitization was temperature dependent, but independent of the ACh concentration used for desensitization. It also showed biphasic kinetics: half the receptors recovered fast (T1/2 = 36 sec), whereas the other was slow (T1/2 = 180 sec). PMID- 7086683 TI - Hepatic glutathione and hepatotoxicity: changes induced by selected narcotics. AB - Propoxyphene and morphine lowered hepatic glutathione and increased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity when administered to male mice. Maximal changes were seen at 3 to 6 hr after administration, but the effects lasted for as long as 18 hr. Morphine-induced hepatic changes potentiated both acetaminophen and cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Naltrexone, a narcotic antagonist, abolished the glutathione depletion produced by both propoxyphene and morphine, but did not alter the propoxyphene-induced elevations of SGPT. Naltrexone also was tested against other narcotic agonists we have previously demonstrated to be hepatotoxic. Naltrexone pretreatment of antagonized L-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM)-induced depletion of glutathione and elevations of SGPT. Similarly, naltrexone antagonized norLAAM-induced depletion of glutathione and elevations of SGPT, but only lessened the magnitude of the changes induced by SKF525-A. The narcotic agonists morphine, LAAM, norLAAM and propoxyphene lower hepatic glutathione and induce hepatocellular damage, but these two effects appear to be unrelated. PMID- 7086685 TI - Cholestatic effect of harmol glucuronide in the rat. Prevention of harmol-induced cholestasis by increased formation of harmol sulfate. AB - Harmol, a phenolic compound of low molecular weight, is conjugated either with glucuronic acid or sulfate. A clear relationship is observed between the metabolism of harmol and the occurrence of cholestasis: high concentrations of harmol glucuronide in bile induced a complete stop of bile flow, both in the rat in vivo and in the perfused rat liver. Intravenous infusion of harmol (250 mumol/hr/kg b.wt.) in vivo in the rat considerably decreased the availability of sulfate and, consequently, the amount of harmol sulfate excreted in bile and urine; this decrease was compensated for by an increase in glucuronidation, which caused complete cholestasis when the concentration of harmol glucuronide in bile became of the order of 20 mM. A sufficient supply of sulfate by infusion of sodium sulfate prevented the decrease in sulfation and the increase in glucuronidation and no cholestasis occurred. Low sulfate availability in rats fed a low-protein diet decreased the time of harmol infusion required for cholestasis to occur. Alleviation of the cholestasis in low-protein diet-fed rats was observed when after 2 hr of infusion of harmol additional sulfate was supplied. In the single-pass perfused rat liver, cholestasis occurred when large amounts of harmol glucuronide were excreted in bile. When sulfation of harmol was inhibited by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, cholestasis occurred at lower infusion rates of harmol. These data indicate that harmol glucuronide is cholestatic when its concentration in bile increases beyond a threshold concentration; the protein content of the diet may profoundly affect the occurrence of this toxic effect. PMID- 7086686 TI - Choleretic and diuretic properties of dihydroxydibutyl ether in the rat. AB - Dihydroxydibutyl ether (DDE) induces a choleresis and a diuresis in the rat. The stimulation of bile flow is immediate and dose-dependent; DDE appears to stimulate bile acid-independent flow of canalicular origin, because erythritol clearance increased in parallel to bile flow and choleresis occurs in the absence of an increased bile acid secretion. Increased bile flow may be accounted for by the osmotic activity of DDE and DDE metabolites excreted into bile, with an average increase in bile flow of 16 microliters/mumol of DDE (or DDE metabolites). Biliary secretion of DDE is limited with a maximal rate (biliary Tm) of 773 nmol.min-1.100 g b.wt.-1. The metabolic products of DDE in bile appear to be its mono- and diglucuronide conjugates inasmuch as DDE can be recovered after beta-glucuronidase incubation. DDE and a DDE glucuronide conjugate are also detected in the urine: there is an apparently linear relation between DDE (and DDE metabolites) excretion rate and increase in urinary flow (3.5 microliters/mumol of DDE or DDE metabolites). It is concluded that DDE stimulates choleresis and diuresis in the rat because the molecule and its glucuronide conjugates are secreted and concentrated in bile and urine. PMID- 7086684 TI - Effect of reserpine pretreatment on guinea pig ventricular performance and responsiveness to inotropic agents. AB - Demonstration of reserpine-induced inotropic supersensitivity depends on such variables as the dose and time course of reserpine pretreatment, the species, the agonist being tested, the experimental preparation, the frequency of stimulation and possible cardiotoxic effects of reserpine. We therefore carried out a systematic investigation of the effects of reserpine pretreatment on the performance and responsiveness of working guinea-p]ig hearts to a variety of inotropic agents at different frequencies of stimulation. Preliminary studies of three pretreatment schedules showed that one dose of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg/day for 2 days) increased left ventricular performance by vertically displacing the pressure-work curve (37 degrees C,. 250 beats/min). This dose of reserpine had no effect on coronary vascular resistance. The increase in performance was interrelated with an inotropic supersensitivity to calcium, characterized by an increase in +dP/dt, left ventricular pulse pressure and stroke work at calcium concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 mM, without a change in estimated pD2 values for calcium. The supersensitivity to calcium was frequency-dependent; it was present at 250 beats/min, but absent at frequencies of 275 beats/min or higher. Reserpine pretreatment increased the inotropic potency (pD2) of dl isoproterenol (beta), but had no effect on the potencies of histamine (H2), phenylephrine (alpha) or pyridylethylamine (H1). The results show that reserpine pretreatment (2.5 mg/kg/day, 2 days) selectively increased the inotropic responsiveness of working guinea-pig hearts to calcium and to isoproterenol. They further suggest that the mechanisms for these two effects of reserpine are probably different. PMID- 7086687 TI - The direct negative chronotropic action of prazosin on the canine sinus node. AB - The direct and indirect chronotropic effects of prazosin were studied in 22 anesthetized dogs using the technique of selective perfusion of the sinus node. Concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 micrograms/ml of prazosin produced cumulative, dose-related reductions in mean sinus rat of 4 +/- 2; 10 +/- 6; 15 +/ 9 and 27 +/- 15 beats/min, respectively (P less than .0001). Intranodal prazosin did not significantly alter the positive chronotropic sinus node response to norepinephrine (0.05 and 0.1 micrograms/ml) administered via the same route. Sinus rate increases during stimulus frequency response curves after right stellate stimulation were not influenced by prior administration of prazosin. Sinus bradycardia elicited by submaximal vagal stimulation also was not affected by intranodal prazosin.l In six reserpinized dogs, methoxamine (10 and 25 micrograms/ml) injected into the sinus node artery caused a sinus rate increase of 10 4/- 2 and 14 +/- 3 beats/min (P less than .001). Intranodal prazosin (50 micrograms/ml) prevented this effect. Taken together, these results indicate that prazosin exerts a direct negative chronotropic action on the canine sinus node and that this effect is at least in part mediated through interference with alpha 1 receptors located in or near the sinus node. Prazosin has little or no effect on the presynaptic alpha-2 receptors nor does it interfere with the cholinergic mechanism in the sinus node. PMID- 7086688 TI - Variable effects of isoproterenol on action potential duration in guinea-pig papillary muscle: differences between nonsteady and steady state; role of extracellular calcium concentration. AB - The effect of three different isoproterenol (ISP) concentrations (10(-6), 10(-7) and 10(-8) M) on action potential duration (APD) was studied in guinea-pig papillary muscles at low (0.6-0.9 mM), intermediate (1.8 mM) and high (3.6 mM) calcium concentrations (Ca++)0. All three ISP concentrations produced (Ca++)0 dependent changes during both nonsteady (NSS) and steady state (SS). During NSS, initial prolongation of APD occurred in 22 of 22 experiments at low, in 16 of 36 experiments at intermediate and 0 of 15 experiments at high (Ca++)0. In the remaining experiments, APD became progressively shorter. The NSS-APD changes were associated with increase in plateau amplitude attributed to slow inward current (isi). However, we found no correlation between the amplitude of plateau and APD change. This suggests that the (Ca++)0-dependent differences were due more likely to differences in the rat of isi inactivation than to differences in the absolute isi magnitude. The SS-APD was also dependent on (Ca++)0 but, during progression from NSS to SS, plateau amplitude did not change, whereas the force of contraction increased. This supports the hypothesis that the dependence of SS-APD on (Ca++)0 is mediated by the time-independent K conductance controlled by intracellular calcium concentration. Thus, the early and the late ISP effects on APD appeared to differ in their mechanism, but both depended on (Ca++)0. PMID- 7086689 TI - Inhibition of calcium absorption in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by furosemide. AB - The effect of luminal furosemide on calcium transport across the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop was studied. Cortical thick ascending limbs were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. Calcium concentrations in perfused and collected tubule fluids were measured by continuous-flow microcolorimetry. Tubules were perfused at slow flow rates and parathyroid hormone was added to the bathing solution to maximize the difference between perfusate and collectate calcium concentrations. Furosemide simultaneously and reversibly inhibited the lumen-positive transepithelial voltage and calcium absorption. In the presence of furosemide perfusate-minus-collectate calcium concentration difference was smallest under conditions that minimized the residual transepithelial voltage. It was concluded furosemide inhibits calcium absorption in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by reducing the lumen-positive transepithelial voltage that drives passive calcium ion transport. PMID- 7086690 TI - Epinephrine as a tool to investigate the question of recycling of sympathetic storage vesicles in the heart: chemical and morphological studies. AB - The aim of the present investigation was to examine the question of reutilization of norepinephrine storage vesicles in the cardiac sympathetic nerves. More specifically, the question was whether exocytotically depleted stores of norepinephrine could be restored by epinephrine and the restoration of epinephrine could be demonstrated by chemical and morphological examinations. Stimulation of guinea-pig cardiac sympathetic nerves (1 Hz, 15 sec/min for 75 min) in the presence of 20 mM tetraethylammonium lowered norepinephrine fro 2.24 to 0.46 micrograms/g. Exposure of such hearts to 6 or 60 microM epinephrine increased epinephrine contents to 1.4 and 2.2 micrograms/g, respectively. Accumulation of epinephrine by normal or norepinephrine-depleted heart was depressed over 90% by desipramine. If intermittent stimulation was given in the presence of tetraethylammonium for only 10 min, norepinephrine and epinephrine values of epinephrine-loaded hearts were reduced over 50%. Perfusion of such hearts with epinephrine-Krebs' solution raised epinephrine content to 3.3 micrograms/g. Stimulation-evoked overflows of epinephrine after first and second loading with epinephrine were almost identical. Ca-free plus 1 mM ethylene glycol bis)beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetracetic acid completely blocked stimulation evoked overflow of epinephrine. Dense-cored vesicles were observed in sympathetic nerves located in the region of the S-A node. Stimulation of nerves in the presence of tetraethylammonium resulted in almost complete disappearance of dense cored vesicles. Perfusion of such treated hearts with epinephrine led to reappearance of dense-cored vesicles. The number of dense-cored vesicles after exposure to epinephrine was, in fact, greater than that seen in the control tissue. Taken together, our data provide additional support to the concept that storage vesicles are reused in sympathetic nerves of the guinea-pig heart. PMID- 7086691 TI - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cytosine arabinoside in the central nervous system. AB - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [3H] cytosine arabinoside in the central nervous system were investigated. In vitro, the ability of rabbit brain slices and the isolated choroid plexus to accumulate [3H] cytosine arabinoside from artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 5 nM [3H] cytosine arabinoside was studied. Although in both tissues the uptake of [3H] cytosine arabinoside was saturable, neither brain slices nor the isolated choroid plexus achieved tissue/medium ratios greater than 1.0 in 30 min. After 15-min incubations iin artificial CSF containing 5 nM [3H] cytosine arabinoside, 8 +/- 2 (S.E.M.;N = 3)% of the 3H within the choroid plexuses was [3H] cytosine arabinoside phosphates; after comparable 30-min incubations, 4 +/- 1 (N = 4)% of the 3H within brain slices was [3H] cytosine arabinoside phosphates. In vivo, 2 hr after the i.c.v. injection into rabbits of [3H] cytosine arabinoside and 0, 2 ro 20 mumol of unlabeled cytosine arabinoside, it was shown that: 1) high concentrations of cytosine arabinoside in the CSF decreased the clearance of cytosine arabinoside from the CSF; 2) cytosine arabinoside was taken up and phosphorylated by brain cells in all regions tested; and 3) although the phosphorylation of [3H] cytosine arabinoside in brain cells was saturable, a portion of the [3H] cytosine arabinoside in brain was phosphorylated to [3H] cytosine arabinoside triphosphate even when the i.c.v. injectate contained 20 mumol of unlabeled cytosine arabinoside. PMID- 7086692 TI - Phospholipid metabolism changes in rat tissues in vitro after injections of propranolol. AB - When added to incubations in vitro. (+/-)-propranolol, a cationic amphiphilic drug, causes profound alterations in incorporation of [32P] orthosphosphate into rat cerebral cortex phospholipids. These include increases in the labeling of phosphatidic acid and polyphosphoinositides abd a decrease in the labeling of phosphatidylcholine. Similar changes occurred in a dose-dependent manner in incubations of cerebral cortex mince, prepared from animals injected i.p. 30 min before death with doses of propranolol ranging from 7.5 to 45 mg/kg. All changes in total incorporation and in labeling pattern had disappeared 3 hr after injection, indicating the reversibility of the effect. Repeated injections of low doses of propranolol (7.5 mg/kg) brought about significant changes in the labeling of brain cortex mince phospholipids, and especially a reduction in total incorporation. Addition of propranolol to kidney and liver minces caused reductions in the labeling of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and selective increases in the labeling of acidic lipids, restricted to phosphatidic acid in liver and phosphatidylinositol in kidney. After injection of 45 mg of propranolol per kg, but not at 15 mg/kg, some alterations in the labeling pattern were observed in liver and kidney minces. The differential response of tissues to propranolol injections can be explained on the basis of the pharmacokinetics of drug distribution and clearance and metabolic capacities of the tissues. Changes in phospholipid metabolism may be in part responsible for deleterious side effects that can occur during therapy with high doses of propranolol. PMID- 7086693 TI - Nicotinic-like effects and tissue disposition of isopropylamine. AB - Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the acute sympathomimetic effects of isopropylamine are due to stimulation of autonomic ganglia. The present studies were designed to determine whether isopropylamine produced ganglionic blockade after its initial stimulation of autonomic ganglia. Infusion of isopropylamine (2.5 mg/kg/min) produced an initial increase in arterial pressure and heart rate which was followed by a prolonged hypotension and bradycardia; lower doses produced only a hypotensive response. After infusion of isopropylamine, the positive chronotropic responses to preganglionic cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation were significantly reduced, whereas the responses to postganglionic nerve stimulation were essentially unchanged. Similarly, the negative chronotropic responses to peripheral vagal stimulation were significantly reduced after isopropylamine administration. Moreover, isopropylamine reduced the cardiovascular responses to i.v. injections of the ganglion nicotinic stimulant, dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide. Studies on the disposition of isopropylamine indicated that there was significant cumulation of isopropylamine in all tissues as compared to plasma. When the relationship between plasma isopropylamine and the decreases in mean arterial pressure was examined, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.87) was found. These results indicate that isopropylamine has both ganglion stimulating and blocking properties and is similar in its action to the classical nicotinic ganglion stimulant drugs such as dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide and tetramethylammonium. PMID- 7086694 TI - Behavioral tolerance and cross-tolerance to dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine in rats. AB - The effects of dl-cathinone (0.25-48 mg/Kg, i.p. and d-amphetamine (0.25-8.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on milk intake in rats were determined before, during and after a period of repeated daily administration of dl-cathinone. Experimental sessions consisted of 15-min access to a sweetened milk solution each day. 7 days a week. After the determination of the acute effects of dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine on milk intake, rats were injected daily with either 4.0 mg/kg of dl-cathinone 15 min before each session and saline 15 min after each session; or saline 15 min before each session and 4.0 mg/kg of dl-cathinone 15 min after each session. Milk intake returned toward base-line levels for animals receiving daily dl-cathinone before the session over a period of 16 sessions, and remained slightly decreased compared to animals that received postsession injections. Dose-response functions for dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine were then redetermined by substituting a test dose for the usual presession injection once every 4 to 5 days. In animals that were receiving presession dl-cathinone, both drugs had less effect, indicating the development of tolerance to dl-cathinone and cross tolerance to d amphetamine. The development of tolerance to the suppression of milk drinking was contingent upon the relationship of the time of the daily injection to milk availability. Animals that were receiving dl-cathinone after the session did not develop tolerance but were more sensitive to the effects of both drugs on milk intake. Dose-response functions for both drugs determined after 10 drug free days were similar to the initial dose-response functions, indicating the transient nature of the tolerance and supersensitivity. PMID- 7086695 TI - Metabolite kinetics: formation of acetaminophen from deuterated and nondeuterated phenacetin and acetanilide on acetaminophen sulfation kinetics in the perfused rat liver preparation. AB - The role of hepatic intrinsic clearance for metabolite formation from various precursors on subsequent metabolite elimination was was investigated in the once through perfused rat liver preparation. Two pairs of acetaminophen precursors: [14C] phenacetin-d5 and [3H] phenacetin-do, [14C] acetanilide and [3H] phenacetin were delivered by constant flow (10 ml/min/liver) either by normal or retrograde perfusion to the rat liver preparations. The extents of acetaminophen sulfation were compared within the same preparation. The data showed that the higher the hepatocellular activity (intrinsic clearance) for acetaminophen formation, the greater the extent of subsequent acetaminophen sulfation. The findings were explained on the basis of blood transit time and metabolite "duration time." Because of blood having only a finite transit time in liver, the longer the drug requires for metabolite formation, the less time will remain for metabolite sulfation and the less will be the degree of subsequent sulfation. Conversely, when the drug forms the primary metabolite rapidly, a longer time will remain for the metabolite to be sulfated in liver to result in a greater degree of metabolite sulfation. Finally, the effects of hepatic intrinsic clearances for metabolite formation and zonal distribution of enzyme systems for metabolite formation and elimination in liver are discussed. PMID- 7086696 TI - Pharmacological analysis of the phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic derivatives in rats. AB - The purpose of the present experiments was to evaluate the phencyclidine (PCP) like discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic derivatives in the rat. Rats were trained to discriminate between saline and 3.0 mg/kg of PCP in a two-choice, shock-avoidance procedure. PCP-like stimulus control of behavior was produced by (in order of relative molar potency): l-cyclazocine greater than PCP greater than dl-cyclazocine greater than SKF 10,047 greater than MeO-cyclazocine greater than dextrorphan greater than d-cyclazocine. Metazocine and levalorphan also occasioned appreciable percentages of PCP-appropriate responding. Ten other narcotic derivatives, including pentazocine and nalorphine, occasioned only saline-appropriate responding. Among enantiomeric pairs, levocyclazocine was more potent than dextrocyclazocine, and dextrorphan but not levorphanol produced PCP like discriminative effects. The specific narcotic antagonist naloxone failed to antagonize these PCP-like effects but rather increased the relative potency of cyclazocine and "unmasked" PCP-like effects of higher doses of metazocine. These results demonstrate that PCP and selected narcotic derivatives have similar components of action which appear to be mediated by sigma receptors rather than receptors which subserve the characteristic opioid actions of narcotic analgesics. PMID- 7086697 TI - An orally active prostaglandin analog with renal vasodilatory activity in the dog. PMID- 7086698 TI - Endogenous generation of hydralazine from labile hydralazine hydrazones. AB - The hypothesis that the pharmacologically active hydralazine hydrazones (HH) are endogenously hydrolyzed to parent hydralazine (H) was tested in a series of in vitro and in vivo systems. The stable hydrazones H alpha-ketoglutaric acid hydrazone and H pyruvic acid hydrazone did not hydrolyze to H in vitro (buffer or plasma), were inactive in vivo and did not generate urinary metabolites of parent H. By contrast, the labile HH, H acetaldehyde hydrazone and acetone hydrazone (HAH) generated H in vitro. H acetaldehyde hydrazone produced in vitro effects that were equipotent to the H concentration measured in the dose solutions. When administered to conscious rats and rabbits, the labile hydrazones reduced blood pressure. This effect was more gradual in onset than that of H. The hypotensive effects of HH were significantly greater than predicted by the amount of H contained in the dose solutions. Metabolic studies were conducted with the labile HH, HAH. After administration of HAH to rabbits, the proportional excretion of the urinary H metabolite, H pyruric acid hydrazone, was equal to that observed after the administration of H. We conclude that HH are inactive, except when hydrolyzed to H. The hydrolysis of certain HH, including HAH and H acetaldehyde hydrazone, in vivo may be nearly complete. Differences in the pharmacodynamic properties between labile HH and H may be related to the time course of generation of H, sequestration of hydrolysis in physiologically inactive sites or other unrecognized mechanisms. PMID- 7086699 TI - Pharmacogenetics of human thiopurine methyltransferase: kidney-erythrocyte correlation and immunotitration studies. PMID- 7086702 TI - Vancomycin in rabbits: pharmacokinetics, extravascular diffusion, renal excretion and interactions with furosemide. AB - The pharmacokinetics, renal excretion, protein binding and extravascular diffusion of vancomycin in rabbits were studied. The effects of furosemide on these different parameters also were investigated. We observed a T 1/2 of 55 min and protein binding of 65% as determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Vancomycin appeared to be secreted by renal tubules (fractional excretion: 177 +/ 44%). In vitro, furosemide (5 micrograms/ml) slightly decreased the vancomycin protein binding (from 65 to 57%). Furosemide significantly increased the renal excretion of vancomycin, through a tubular process without any effect on the filtered load. Vancomycin appeared slowly and at low concentrations in the extravascular fluid. The extravascular concentrations were higher when the antibiotic was administered by a 6-hr continuous infusion than when given by a 20 min infusion of the same dose. Our results suggested that the in vivo antibacterial effect to vancomycin could be enhanced by prolonged infusion. Also, it was demonstrated that furosemide has only a small effect on the kinetics of vancomycin. PMID- 7086701 TI - Nonrenal clearance of furosemide as a cause of diuretic response variability in the rat. AB - In clinical practice, the patient-to-patient variability in furosemide response is a well known fact. To study whether changes in furosemide metabolism may contribute to this variability, 72 rats received furosemide in a dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. There was a good correlation between the percentage of furosemide recovered in the urine and the diuretic effect. Accordingly, the rats were separated into groups corresponding to good responders (GR) and poor responders (PR) based on the extent of diuresis and the percentage of furosemide recovered in the urine. In an in vivo experiment, 12 rats received 30 mg/kg of chloramphenicol i.p. 30 min before furosemide. In PR rats, the average percentage of furosemide (+/- S.D.) in urine increased from 24.1 +/- 6.3 to 67.1 +/- 8.9 (P less than .001) and urine volume increased from 13.5 +/- 4.6 to 28.6 +/- 3.5 ml/24 hr (P less than .005). No such changes were observed in the group of GR rats. In a subsequent experiment, 11 GR rats received 80 mg/Kg of phenobarbital i.p. for 5 days before furosemide. The percentage of furosemide recovered in the urine decreased significantly (53.4 +/- 10.2 to 39.8 +/- 7.2, P less than .01), although the diuretic effect was not modified. In vitro studies confirmed that the T 1/2 of furosemide biotransformation in liver was different in GR and PR rats: 63.6 +/- 5.5 vs. 43.5 +2- 2.8 min, respectively (P less than .001). After receiving chloramphenicol, PR rats showed a longer T 1/2 of biotransformation in liver of 54.8 +/- 6.4 min (p less than .05 when compared to PR controls). After the administration of phenobarbital, GR rats showed a short T 1/2 of 35.3 +/- 7.0 min (P less than .005 when compared to GR controls). It is concluded that in the rat, the variability in diuretic responses to furosemide is related to the capacity of the individual rat to metabolize furosemide and that furosemide metabolism may be inhibited by chloramphenicol and increased by phenobarbital. PMID- 7086700 TI - Effects of tricyclic antidepressant and anticholinergic drugs on fixed-interval responding in the squirrel monkey. AB - Squirrel monkeys responded under fixed-interval schedules in which the first response after a fixed time period resulted either in the delivery of a food pellet or in the termination of stimuli associated with impending electric shock delivery. tricyclic antidepressant drugs markedly increased responding in 3 of 10 monkeys studied; less marked but reliable increases in responding were seen with 3 others, whereas the remaining 4 monkeys showed no increases in responding. Increases in responding were observed with amitriptyline HCl (0.1-17 mg/kg), imipramine HCl (0.3-17 mg/kg), chlorimipramine HCl (0.3-17 mg/kg), nortriptyline HCl (1-17 mg/kg) and desmethylimipramine HCl (1-17 mg/kg). Amitriptyline was most potent and desmethylimipramine least potent. The pattern of individual differences in the effects of the antidepressants was matched by a similar pattern of differences in the effects of atropine sulfate (0.03-1.7 mg/kg) and scopolamine HBr (0.003-0.3 mg/kg). That is, atropine and scopolamine increased responding only in those monkey showing increases in responding with the antidepressant drugs. In contrast, all monkeys showed increases in responding with the histamine H1 antagonist diphenhydramine HCl (0.3-17 mg/kg). The order of potency of the antidepressant drugs for producing response rate increases (i.e., amitriptyline greater than imipramine greater than desmethylimipramine) is the same as that reported by others for the affinity of these drugs for muscarinic binding sites in rat brain. This correspondence in relative potencies in addition to the similar pattern of individual differences produced by the antimuscarinic and antidepressant drugs suggests that the increases in responding observed were mediated by antimuscarinic properties of the antidepressant drugs. PMID- 7086703 TI - The influence of glucosidic conformation and charge distribution on activity of adenine nucleosides as presynaptic inhibitors of acetylcholine release. AB - The electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum preparation was used to establish the potency of adenosine and a series of nucleoside analogs as presynaptic inhibitors of acetylcholine output and a rank order was obtained. 2 Chloroadenosine was the most potent compound studied (pD2 = 7.74), whereas inosine yielded the lowest measurable efficacy (pD2 = 3.66). The 8-substituted nucleotides studied were either poorly active or inactive. The Iterative Extended Huckel Theory method was used to calculate the total conformational energy of each analog as well as the electronic properties at key positions in purine moiety. Spectra relating conformation energy to the dihedral angle of rotation of the purine base about the glycoside bond permitted the preferred glycosidic conformation of each analog to be determined. Comparison of this conformational data, which indicated few strong conformational differences, with the biological efficacy did not permit an association between potency and stability in the glycosidic high anti conformation to be drawn. however, the inactivity of the adenine nucleotides with bulky substituents at position 8 may suggest involvement of the entire anti-high anti range as essential conformations. A possible association between activity and charge density at the purine N1 atom, for a subset of the nucleosides investigated, was seen. It is suggested that the accessibility of nucleosides to the entire anti-high anti conformational region is a permissive condition in addition to which other molecular characteristics play a role in determining activity at the presynaptic locus. PMID- 7086704 TI - Effects of verapamil on positive inotropic stimulation in the left atrium and ventricle of conscious dogs. AB - The interaction of verapamil with three known positive inotropic stimuli, ouabain, dopamine and postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP), was studied in 10 conscious dogs. Implanted sonomicrometer crystals and solid state pressure transducers were used to evaluate left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function while heart rate was held constant by atrial pacing. Ouabain (0.025 mg/kg) and dopamine (3-5 micrograms/kg/min) were administered in amounts sufficient to increase LV dP/dt by about 20%. PESP was achieved by using a programmed stimulator to introduce atrial premature beats. Each of these inotropic interventions caused significant (P less than .05) increases in LV dp/dt, LV fractional shortening, LA fractional shortening LV-velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and LA-Vcf. Administration of a single i.v. dose of verapamil (0.03 mg/kg) caused no change in base-line mechanical and hemodynamic parameters. However, when verapamil was given during the increased inotropic state resulting from ouabain or dopamine administration, significant (P less than .05) decreases occurred in LV dP/dt, LV fractional shortening, LA fractional shortening, LV-Vcf and LA-VCf. Verapamil did not alter the positive inotropic response to PESP in the LV or LA. Thus, a dose of verapamil that did not change resting indices of myocardial contractility depressed function significantly during positive inotropic responses to ouabain and dopamine. This negative inotropic effect seemed to be selective because verapamil did not alter the response to PESP. PMID- 7086705 TI - Thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 directly stimulates platelet shape change independent of secreted ADP. AB - The relative contribution of thromboxane (TX)A2/prostaglandin (PG)H2 and ADP to platelet shape change was determined using the specific TXA2/PGH2 antagonist, 13 azaprostanoic acid (13-APA) and the ADP antagonist, ATP. Shape change was induced in human platelet-rich plasma with doses of arachidonic acid (AA) or the PG endoperoxide analog U46619, which did not cause measurable ATP/ADP release. Pretreatment of platelet-rich plasma with 13-APA completely inhibited shape change to AA or U46619 but did not inhibit ADP-induced shape change. In contrast, ATP completely blocked shape change to ADP but not to AA or U46619. In addition, 13-APA and ATP also selectively reversed shape change. Thus, 13-APA added 1.5 min subsequent to AA or U46619 resulted in almost complete reversal of the shape change response. However, 13-APA did not reverse ADP-induced shape change. A similar selectivity was observed with ATP which reversed shape change to ADP but not to AA or U46619. These findings provide evidence that the interaction of TXA2/PGH2 with its receptor results in the direct stimulation of shape change independent of secreted ADP. Furthermore, maintenance of this shape change response appears to require continued occupation of the TXA2/PGH2 receptor. PMID- 7086707 TI - Histamine-induced arousal in the conscious and pentobarbital-pretreated rat. AB - Histamine has been shown to possess many neurotransmitter-like properties, and a variety of studies indicate that central histamine may function in modulating behavioral arousal. To examine this possibility further, histamine was administered into the lateral cerebral ventricles of the conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. In the conscious animal, histamine induced a significant increase in spontaneous motor activity which consisted of increased grooming and exploratory behaviors (sniffing, rearing and locomotion) as compared to saline-treated controls. In the pentobarbital-pretreated rat, histamine caused a dose-related decrease in narcosis duration and hypothermia without altering the disposition of pentobarbital in brain or plasma. Administration of compounds structurally related to histamine did not alter spontaneous activity or shorten narcosis duration. While pretreatment with the H2-histamine antagonist, cimetidine, was no effective, H1-histamine antagonists were found to abolish histamine-induced arousal. Administration of haloperidol in doses that significantly attenuated increased spontaneous motor activity by amphetamine did not alter histamine-induced hyperactivity. Likewise, atropine did not significantly alter histamine-induced arousal. These data support the hypothesis that histamine may function in modulating behavioral arousal. PMID- 7086708 TI - Effect of quinidine on the renal clearance of digoxin in the presence of low and high serum digoxin concentrations. AB - The effect of an infusion of quinidine, 180 micrograms/kg/Min (base) on the fractional clearance of digoxin (CDIG/Cin) was studied in saline volume-expanded dogs given a constant infusion of digoxin of either 0.0067 micrograms/kg/min (low dose) or 0.120 micrograms/kg/min (high dose). CDIG/CIN decreased 28% from 1.42 +/ 0.36 during control periods to 1.01 +/- 0.03 (P less than .05) with quinidine in dogs given the low dose. In dogs given the high dose of digoxin, CDIG/CIN decreased 22% from 0.76 +/- 0.17 to 0.59 +/- 0.05 (p less than .05) with quinidine. It is concluded that quinidine reduces CDIG/CIN. High doses of digoxin also reduce CDIG/CIN. Inasmuch as quinidine reduces CDIG/CIN to the same extent in the presence of low or high dose digoxin, the effect of quinidine would appear to be mediated through a mechanism different from that of digoxin. PMID- 7086706 TI - Corneal lesions induced by antidepressants: a selective effect upon young Fischer 344 rats. AB - Within a few days of dosing with various structurally unrelated antidepressants, young Fischer 344 rats display punctate lesions on the posterior surface of the cornea. Similar lesions are not seen after treatment with stimulants, an anticholinergic, a serotonin uptake blocker or an alpha adrenergic antagonist. These lesions are peculiar to the Fischer strain; four other strains displayed no such effects. Within the Fischer strain, sensitivity to the lesion-inducing effects of antidepressants is progressively lost with increasing age and adults are insensitive. Examination of the corneal lesions with transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the lesion involved focal eruptions of the endothelium containing fibroblasts, necrotic cells, collagen and mineralized deposits. The latter were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to contain calcium. Thus the reported corneal lesions are unusual in their morphology as well as in their strain, age and drug specificity. PMID- 7086709 TI - Radioiodination of parasite antigens with 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha, 6 alpha diphenylglycoluril (IODOGEN): studies with zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum. AB - The iodinating reagent 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha, 6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril (IODOGEN) was used to label antigens on zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum with parallel studies using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination for comparison. Proteins labeled by the IODOGEN method are most probably on the surface of the zygote, as the pattern of labeled proteins analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was very similar to the pattern of lactoperoxidase-labeled proteins. Furthermore, the labeled proteins represented only a subset of the total Coomassie Blue-stained proteins. The radioiodinated zygote proteins were immunoreactive after IODOGEN or lactoperoxidase labeling. The IODOGEN method is technically much more simple than the lactoperoxidase method and does not require the addition of extraneous proteins or H2O2. The advantages of IODOGEN labeling, together with the essential equivalence of results obtained by these two methods, make the IODOGEN method attractive for labeling parasite antigens in general. PMID- 7086710 TI - Serum agglutination and immunoglobulin levels of mice infected with Naegleria fowleri. AB - Agglutinins were not detected in sera from mice given one, two, or three intranasal (i.n.) inoculations or a single intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of trophozoites of Naegleria fowleri. However, agglutinins were produced following second and third i.v. inoculations. Serum immunoglobulin levels increased in both i.n.- and i.v.-inoculated mice. IgG and IgM increased substantially more for i.v. inoculated mice. IgA levels increased more consistently for i.n.-inoculated mice. PMID- 7086711 TI - Ultrastructural study of the development of Babesia ovis (Piroplasmia) in the ovary of the vector tick Rhipicephalus bursa. AB - The reproduction of Babesia ovis inside the ovary of the vector tick Rhipicephalus bursa was studied by electron microscopy. The kinetics of B. ovis invade the ovary of the tick via hemolymph. The kinete, when situated intracellularly, is transformed into a polymorphous stage that loses all features of the invasive form. The nucleus elongates enormously and forms many folds which extend throughout the cell. Subsequently, the lobulated nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided into numerous uninuclear cytomeres by invaginations of the cell boundary and by interconnecting endoplasmic reticulum. Each cytomere, bounded by a unit-membrane, measures ca. 4 microns in diameter and finally forms a new kinete. This proceeds as protrusion of the cytoplasm into an intracytoplasmic vacuole. An apical complex is initially visible at the tip of the protrusion that emerges steadily into the lumen of the expanding vacuole. The nucleus of each cytomere is incorporated into the newly formed kinete, which is surrounded by a coccidian pellicle the inner membranes of which are formed at the base of the intracellular protrusion. Nearly all of the cytoplasm is used for the differentiation of the kinete, which finally lies folded inside the vacuole. The kinete is apparently released by rupture of the vacuole. The description of this peculiar reproduction completes the knowledge of similar reproductive processes in other tissues of the tick. A comparison of the differentiation of the kinete in Babesia and in Theileria indicates a similar mode of development. PMID- 7086713 TI - Development of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse red blood cells: structural properties of the host and parasite membranes. PMID- 7086712 TI - Intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium knowlesi: structure, temperature- and Ca2+-response of the host and parasite membranes. AB - Thin-sectioning and freeze-etching electron microscopy were applied to explore the structure and the temperature- and Ca2+-response of the different host and parasite membranes during intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium knowlesi in Macaca mulatta. The plasma membrane of uninfected erythrocytes is temperature- and Ca2+-responsive: chilling to 4 degrees C and exposure to 5 mM Ca2+ induces a slight decrease in IMP-frequency and the emergence of small IMP-devoid patches on P-faces. On parasite infection, the erythrocyte membrane becomes modified as indicated by an enhanced temperature-response and the appearance of caveolae, ca. 70-90 nm in diameter. The frequency of these caveolae is increased in schizont infected erythrocytes. Moreover, electron dense plaques, ca. 40 nm in width, appear just beneath the erythrocyte membrane in late trophozoites and schizonts, thus indicating a further modification of the host cell membrane during parasite development. The membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole, derived from the host plasma membrane, dramatically reduces the IMP-frequency especially on the P-face upon parasite infection. This leads to an apparent reversal of the IMP distribution persisting throughout the whole infection cycle. The parasite plasma membrane forms local compaction domains with the nuclear envelope in ca. 30% of the ring-stages and trophozoites, which disappear in late trophozoites and schizonts. Moreover, the IMP-frequency on plasma membrane fracture faces almost doubles during parasite development. Chilling induces a decrease in the IMP frequency on P-faces of the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, however, the parasite plasma membrane and the vacuolar membrane respond to externally applied Ca2+ with almost a doubling of the IMP-frequency. The different parasite endomembranes also undergo characteristic changes during parasite development. PMID- 7086714 TI - The biology and pathogenicity of a recent field isolate of Eimeria praecox Johnson, 1930. AB - A recent isolate of Eimeria praecox, strain G, was obtained from Georgia and purified. Studies of the life history, pathogenicity, and cross-immunity of the isolate were conducted to verify its identity. In inoculated three-week-old chickens, the occurrence of merogony and gametogony was limited to the superficial epithelium of the upper intestine. Oocysts, 23 x 19.5 microns, with a shape index of 1.17 were first observed 83 h after inoculation. Mortality and morbidity were not observed in any of the experimental birds. However, there was a positive correlation between dose of oocysts, reduced weight gain, and the incidence of exudative diathesis. These studies showed that E. praecox depresses weight gains in chickens and may be of economic importance. Although complete immunity to avian coccidiosis is believed to be species specific, chickens immune to E. praecox (G) or E. acervulina had a degree of cross-immunity to a heterologous challenge. Electrophoretic analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase prepared from the European strain of E. praecox and E. praecox (G) showed no differences, confirming the identity of the isolate as E. praecox. PMID- 7086715 TI - Pulsing electromagnetic fields in the treatment of non-union of fractures. PMID- 7086716 TI - Osteomyelitis after closed femoral fracture in a child. PMID- 7086717 TI - Crossed renal pain. PMID- 7086718 TI - Cirsoid aneurysm of the scalp. PMID- 7086719 TI - Acute chylous peritonitis. PMID- 7086720 TI - Clear cell sarcoma of extensor tendons of the hand. PMID- 7086721 TI - Aortocolic fistula. PMID- 7086722 TI - Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. PMID- 7086723 TI - An approach to the management of infection in bone. PMID- 7086724 TI - Non-operative removal of retained biliary tract stones. PMID- 7086725 TI - Does infection cause anastomotic dehiscence? PMID- 7086727 TI - [Echography in tumor pathology of uterus (author's transl)]. AB - Based on the study of 234 cases of uterine tumor pathology, the authors attempt to define the role and limits of echography. In the case of uterine cancers, the major role of echography concerns postoperative surveillance, except for cancers of the corpus uteri for which it allows exact measurement of the size of the uterus and thus the optimization of radiotherapy. Fibromas are easily detected by echography, but in the case of submucosal or subserosal forms this technique can give false negative (submucosal forms) or erroneous diagnosis of an ovarian tumor (subserosal fibroma). Only the tumoral forms of endometriosis uterina can be recognized using echography, generally showing up as small transsonic images; infiltrating forms cannot be visualized. Echographic diagnosis of uterine polyps is often difficult. Echography has become the foremost complementary procedure following clinical examination. However, a negative uterine echogram in the presence of warning signs and in particular menorrhagia systematically warrants obtention of a hysterography to detect a polyp, a submocusal fibroma, endometrial lesions or an infiltrating cancer of the corpus uteri. PMID- 7086726 TI - Soft tissue repair in compound defects of the lower leg. PMID- 7086729 TI - [Generalized adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: ultrasonographic appearance in one case (author's transl)]. AB - Ultrasonographic images were correlated with radiological and pathological findings in a case of generalized adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the methods employed for filling the biliary tracts with opaque medium, to confirm a suspected diagnosis suggested by the heterogeneous irregular thickening, with a fringed internal limit, of the gallbladder wall. PMID- 7086730 TI - [Pulmonary and cutaneous lesions and terminal ileitis in a 11-year-old child: an exceptional case (author's transl)]. AB - A 11-year-old child presented with terminal ileitis associated with pulmonary lesions showing periodic progression. The initial thoracic disorder developed two years before radiological evidence of the ileitis, the second episode coinciding with the diagnosis of the ileal lesion. Pulmonary lesions progressed simultaneously with the clinical signs of digestive tract disturbances, which are now stabilized. The exceptional cases of respiratory affections in Crohn's disease reported in the published literature are reviewed. The diagnosis of these little known associations is still further complicated by the fact that iatrogenic pulmonary affections can sometimes be induced by Salazopyrin, employed to treat this disease. PMID- 7086728 TI - [Value of water-soluble opaque media in the early detection of fistulae following operation for hiatus hernia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7086731 TI - [Daylight development and mammography (author's transl)]. AB - A "daylight" development system adapted for mammography has been employed over a period of 18 months. Rigid MR 50 Agfa-Gevaert cassettes were adapted for use in th Gevamatic L modular system. Compatibility of this mammography cassette with the unloading module of the Gevamatic system was ensured by the employ of an intermediate metallic frame, adaptable to the cassette and modifying its opening system. The modified apparatus appears to give reliable results which should incite manufacturers to adopt their "daylight" development systems to mammography examinations. Wider diffusion of these systems is probably limited by their current inability to be employed for mammography. PMID- 7086732 TI - [The Menghini needle: a simple apparatus in creating additional sideports in percutaneous internal biliary drainage catheters (author's transl)]. AB - Configuration of commercially available percutaneous biliary drainage catheters is standardized. In many cases, additional proximal sideports are requested in order to assure correct internal bile flow. The Menghini needle has been proven useful in creating additional sideports in percutaneous internal biliary drainage catheters. PMID- 7086733 TI - [Computed tomography guided percutaneous aspiration and drainage of thoracic and abdominal fluid collections (author's transl)]. AB - Computed tomography can be of value in guiding percutaneous aspiration and drainage of thoracic and abdominal fluid collections of various origins and localizations. Puncture-aspiration is of diagnostic importance when computed tomography findings are non-pathognomonic. Techniques employed for percutaneous drainage of infected fluid are described. Puncture-aspirations and percutaneous drainage of infected fluid are described. Puncture-aspirations and percutaneous drainage under computed tomography guidance are free from major complications, and represent a more valid therapeutic method than surgery, being simpler to perform and supplying identical results. PMID- 7086735 TI - [Ultrasound anatomy of the right hypocondrium on coronal scans. Description and clinical applications (author's transl)]. AB - Ultrasound anatomy of the right hypocondrium as it appears on control scans is described and illustrated. Such views are often self-speaking and are readily understood by the clinicians, because they are similar to the classified radiological anatomy. Moreover, coronal studies of the right hypocondrium proves to be very suitable in a wide variety of pathological situations and in some peculiar patients such as the stout ones. PMID- 7086734 TI - [Echogenic gallbladder sludge: ultrasonographic study and pathological significance in 74 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Correlations between ultrasonographic and clinical and histological findings were studied in 74 patients presenting with echogenic gallbladder sludge. The majority of patients in whom bile examinations had been performed had either pus, blood, biliary sediment, or microcalculi in the bile, but precise identification of the nature of the sludge does not appear to be possible on ultrasonography. Calculi were present in the gallbladder in 39 p. cent of these patients, only 9 p. cent demonstrating the presence of sludge without established liver or biliary lesions. This ultrasonographic image appears, therefore, to be a clinically significant valid finding. PMID- 7086737 TI - Training for battleshock. PMID- 7086736 TI - [Comparative study of ultrasonography and scintigraphy in liver metastases detection in cases of colorectal carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - A comparative study has been realized to test the accuracy of ultrasonography and scintigraphy for detecting the presence of liver metastases in 305 patients with colorectal carcinomas. Presence or absence of hepatic metastases has been affirmed by laparotomy and biopsy. In the 47 cases with metastases, the sensitivity of ultrasonography was 93%, that of scintigraphy being 76%. In 258 cases without metastases the specificity of ultrasonography was 97%, that of scintigraphy being 92%. These results, confirmed by report in the published literature, show that ultrasonography should be the first examination for suspected hepatic metastases. PMID- 7086738 TI - The doctor in the army. PMID- 7086739 TI - Army morbidity records need or nuisance? PMID- 7086740 TI - A field hospital at Farnborough Air Show 1980. PMID- 7086741 TI - Familial syringomyelia with mental impairment. PMID- 7086742 TI - Clinical psychology in general practice: a controlled trial evaluation. AB - A controlled trial study is described in which 50 consecutive potential referrals for psychological treatment from one general practice were randomly allocated either to behavioural treatment or no-treatment conditions. Treatment-group patients received treatment from a clinical psychologist working within the practice; the control-group patients continued to be managed by their general practitioner. The patients' use of NHS resources was assessed during the treatment period (or its equivalent for the control group) and at a follow-up comparison point, when the patients' subjective ratings of their progress were also obtained. Between referral and the end of treatment the treated group received significantly less psychotropic medication than the control group. This difference was not, however, maintained at the longer-term follow-up. No differences in general practice consultation rates, in the subjective ratings of psychological distress, in control orientation or life satisfaction were found between the two groups, but the level of patient satisfaction was high. Implications for the design of future studies and for psychological health care delivery systems are discussed. PMID- 7086743 TI - An alternative method of employing a social worker in general practice. AB - This is an account of a scheme set up in 1977 under which a group practice employs a qualified social worker. She is employed for 10 hours a week as one of the practice's ancillary staff, so that 70 per cent of her salary is reimbursed by the Family Practitioner Committee. Her only link with the local social services department is an informal one arising out of her having previously worked in the department. She is not connected with any of the voluntary agencies which occasionally make counsellors available to general practitioners.The advantages of the scheme include an exclusive commitment by the social worker to the practice team, rather than to an area social services team, and the greater acceptability, to both patients and doctors, of social work help by having it available on the premises. These advantages outweigh the disadvantages of some professional isolation and the lack of immediately available resources. In an economic climate which makes the chances of social workers being regularly placed in general practice even more remote than they have been hitherto, this scheme provides a possible alternative. PMID- 7086744 TI - Repeat prescribing - a review. AB - A review of the literature relating to repeat prescribing describes changes that have occurred and systems which have been proposed for managing it within a practice. PMID- 7086746 TI - Doctors' careers. PMID- 7086745 TI - Acute labyrinthitis: a possible association with influenza. AB - Acute labyrinthitis occurs annually in one in 600 patients, mostly adults in our practice, and lasts for up to two weeks. It may be related to several different viral infections, the commonest of which is influenza A. In an influenza epidemic there was an incidence of the syndrome in one in 100 cases. In the majority of cases there was no demonstrable cause and the aetiology remains speculative. It is suggested that some cases may be associated with viruses as yet unidentified. PMID- 7086747 TI - Mothers' appreciation of their children's symptoms. AB - A prospective study of mothers' reactions to their babies' symptoms was carried out in Newcastle upon Tyne. Forty-four mothers kept a health diary about their first infant, recording symptoms that occurred and action taken. Symptoms, most of which were minor, were present on three out of four days. Mothers were therefore making almost daily decisions about their babies' health, usually without medical advice. No evidence was found of mothers failing to appreciate the severity of symptoms or failing to seek medical help. Our findings reinforce those of other studies that parents are able to recognize their babies' illnesses, even in their first children. PMID- 7086748 TI - Knowledge of symptoms suggesting malignant disease amongst general practice patients. AB - A questionnaire completed by 119 general practice patients showed that patients often do not appreciate the importance of certain cancer symptoms. Patients' failure to respond to certain symptoms may be an important reason why they delay in seeking help. PMID- 7086749 TI - The effect of the doctor's sex on the doctor-patient relationship. AB - The differences between male and female doctors are investigated, and what patients expect from their doctors is examined. Some conclusions are drawn from the preferences which patients express for male and female doctors and from the different outcomes of male and female doctor-patient interactions. PMID- 7086750 TI - Vasectomy: a follow-up of two thousand men. PMID- 7086751 TI - Health, smoking and doctor' advice. AB - One hundred and sixty-seven individuals with chronic conditions were interviewed about their smoking history and current habits as part of two larger studies on health care. The interviews were lengthy and permitted individuals to comment freely on reasons for stopping or continuing smoking and the role of doctors' advice in these decisions. Only 22 per cent had never smoked. The youngest and males were most likely to have smoked. At time of interview, 51 per cent of those who had ever smoked were still smoking. Those with circulatory disorders, in contrast to respiratory or musculoskeletal disorders, were most likely to have stopped. Perceptions of doctors' advice varied by both age and diagnosis, with the elderly claiming to have received little medical advice. Those with histories of circulatory disorders reported receiving advice more frequently. Doctors may have advised these individuals more frequently because there was threat to life, but it is also possible that individuals with life-threatening disorders are more likely to recall such advice. PMID- 7086752 TI - Anti-smoking education in Oxfordshire general practices. AB - A postal questionnaire survey of 360 Oxfordshire general practitioners and health visitors on the subject of anti-smoking education was conducted in May-June 1980. Two mailings produced a response rate of 87 per cent. Involvement in anti-smoking education was felt to be more relevant for the doctors than for the health visitors. Health visitors thought that health education officers had a major role to play; they were also more likely than doctors to use literature as an aid in counselling smokers. In general, the mass media were not thought to be effective in helping individual smokers to give up the habit. Both doctors and health visitors were in favour of their professional organizations exerting pressure on Parliament, but only one respondent had ever written to an MP about smoking. PMID- 7086753 TI - Control of hypertension in family practice by the doctor-nurse team. AB - In Israel, most hypertensives are treated by the family doctor alone. In 45 family practices, nurses were given a more active part to play in the follow-up of these patients, including measuring weight and blood pressure, giving dietary guidance, checking patient compliance and actively following up drop-outs. After two years' follow-up, of a total of 4,255 patients studied, 82.4 per cent were under control (diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mmHg) compared to 42.1 per cent at the onset of the study. The drop-out rate was 0.65 per cent. PMID- 7086754 TI - Why not give all trainees a taste of research? PMID- 7086755 TI - The role of the general practitioner in helping the elderly widowed. PMID- 7086756 TI - General practitioners and learning by audit. AB - The ways in which ;medical audit' can be used in the continuing education of general practitioners are examined, and certain rules for the conduct of such education in small groups of peers are put forward. However, it proved impossible to evaluate the outcome of the educational exercise because those taking part refused to audit twice any single aspect of their daily work. PMID- 7086757 TI - An analysis of fat folders. AB - A review of patients with fat folders showed that a high proportion of them had evidence of organic disease and were frequent attenders. Many of them had also changed their allegiance between doctors and there was often evidence of past or present marital disharmony. A high percentage were on psychotropic medication. PMID- 7086758 TI - Consultation behaviour and the influence of the media. AB - Consultations by patients requesting influenza vaccinations were monitored in nine group practices before and after a radio broadcast encouraging patients at risk to seek vaccination. In a population of over 88,000 patients 88 consulted about influenza vaccination prior to the broadcast and 52 after. Not one consulted for vaccination as a result of the broadcast. The implications of this are discussed. PMID- 7086759 TI - Acute medicine in a general practitioner hospital. AB - Admissions during 1980 to a hospital staffed by general practitioners are analysed. Almost all (94 per cent) were acute admissions. The mean length of stay was 11.7 days and the mean age of the patients 63.3 years, with 40 per cent of them under 65 years of age. Two thirds of the patients were discharged to their homes and only 7 per cent of patients spent more than four weeks in hospital. General practitioner hospitals have medical, social and economic advantages over large district hospitals for certain acutely ill patients and have an important role in primary medical care. PMID- 7086760 TI - A review of the nonstress test. AB - A review of the developmental research and the clinical utilization of the nonstress test (NST) is presented. In contrast to the oxytocin challenge test (OCT), it is more acceptable to patients, takes less time, is easily reproducible and is less expensive. More important, there are no contraindicatioins to the nonstress test as a primary screening device. The salient points in performance of the nonstress test, developed by other investigators as well as the authors in a level III maternity center, are reviewed. Enhanced sensitivity and specificity of this method for fetal evaluation must be pursued. No one criterion for a reactive nonstress test has been universally accepted. Furthermore, which test (NST or OCT) is the first to determine fetal distress remains unresolved. The "standard of care" for bioelectrical evaluation remains pluralistic, and it should be utilized within a system that uses additional modalities of fetal assessment and sound clinical judgment. PMID- 7086761 TI - Antibiotic prophylaxis in low-risk cesarean section. AB - This prospective study was undertaken in an effort to evaluate the role of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in elective abdominal delivery. Eighty-two patients undergoing elective cesarean section who were not in labor and who did not have ruptured membranes were assigned on a randomized, double-blind basis to receive a three-dose perioperative course of either placebo or ampicillin. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated for the development of infection-related complications. Patients in the antibiotic group experienced less febrile morbidity, had lower fever indices and developed fewer operative-site infections than did patients in the control group. No patient in either group, however, developed a potentially life-threatening infection, and all infected patients responded promptly to parenteral antibiotic therapy. Because of the limited morbidity associated with elective cesarean section in this patient population, it is concluded that the theoretical risks of antibiotic prophylaxis outweigh the expected benefits. PMID- 7086762 TI - Complications of amniocentesis: a review. AB - Amniocentesis is usually employed at two distinct times in gestation, either early in the second trimester or during the third trimester. Although major complications are infrequent, the types of complications encountered and their relative risk of occurrence differ depending on the time of gestation. Bloody contamination of amniotic fluid is both more frequent and troublesome in genetic amniocentesis performed in the second trimester. Serious injury to the placental vessels or to the mother appears to be a greater risk in the third trimester. The used of ultrasound to identify the placental and fetal location can help to better assess the hazards of amniocentesis for the individual patient and may reduce the risk if amniocentesis is performed immediately following the ultrasound examination. PMID- 7086763 TI - The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the interpretation of the supine pressor test. AB - To assess the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the interpretation of the supine pressor test (SPT), blood pressure (BP) measurements were made with a mercury sphygmomanometer in 35 normotensive primigravid patients between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation. BP was recorded in both left lateral recumbent and supine positions. Blood pressure was also recorded in both arms simultaneously by separate observers. A positive supine pressor test was defined as a diastolic BP rise of 20 mm Hg. There were no positive SPTs when BP was recorded in the lower arm despite the development of preeclampsia in eight patients. When BP was corrected for the hydrostatic effect of position, no correlation was seen between position change and blood pressure (p greater than 0.05). Diastolic BP was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in patients who later developed preeclampsia than in patients who remained normotensive. PMID- 7086764 TI - Monoamniotic twin pregnancy. PMID- 7086765 TI - Vulvar metastasis of breast carcinoma. A case report. PMID- 7086766 TI - Ultrasonic findings with holoprosencephaly. PMID- 7086767 TI - Epidermoid cyst of the paravaginal space located only by computerized axial tomography. A case report. PMID- 7086768 TI - Assessment of longterm benefit of total hip replacement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations were obtained on 12 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who had undergone total hip replacement (THR). Four of these patients had bilateral THRs performed. The mean follow-up of these 16 THRs was 89 months (range 7-144 months). The THR had achieved excellent pain relief in 15 hips. Postoperative ankylosis did not occur. One arthroplasty has to be removed because of the development of protrusio acetabulum.. Radiographic follow-up was obtained in 14 hips. Six were found to have moderate periarticular ossification which did not significantly affect function. In our experience the risk of postoperative periarticular ossification developing in patients with AS is not a contraindication to hip replacement. PMID- 7086769 TI - Methodology and studies of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group (PRCSG). PMID- 7086770 TI - Sodium meclofenamate (Meclomen) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A segment I study. AB - Thirty-nine patients with JRA were treated with sodium meclofenamate (Meclomen) during a 4-wk open-labeled, non-controlled trial. Increasing doses started at 3 mg/kg/d qid, up to 7.5 mg/kg/d, not to exceed 300 mg/d. Seven patients dropped out due to adverse side effects, and 1 from inefficacy. Efficacy analysis showed statistically significant decreases in several disease indices, in particular the duration of morning stiffness. Twenty-one patients who completed the 4-wk study entered an extended open-labeled study. Nine patients completed at least 9 months of sodium meclofenamate therapy. At 9 months, these 19 showed mean decreases in all rheumatologic disease indices measured. The drug has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in adults. PMID- 7086771 TI - Proquazone (Biarsan) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A segment I study. AB - Thirty-three patients with JRA were treated with proquazone during a 4-wk open labeled, non-controlled trial. Increasing doses started at 400 mg/m2/d up to 800 mg/m2/d, not to exceed 960 mg/d. Oral administration was 4 times/d. One patient did not complete the study because an erythematous rash developed. Efficacy analysis showed significant decreases in the total number of active joints, the number and severity of joints with tenderness and LOM, DMS, and travel time (in all cases p less than .05). The drug appears to be similar in efficacy and safety to other NSAID that have been studied in children. PMID- 7086772 TI - Pirprofen (Rengasil) in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A segment I study. AB - Thirty-two patients with JRA were enrolled in a 4-wk open-labeled, non-controlled multicentre trial of pirprofen. An initial dose of about 300 mg/m2/d (range 250 330) was gradually increased to a maximum of 600 mg/m2/d (range 413-761). The medication was provided as an aqueous suspension (10 mg/ml), and was given 4 times/d. Efficacy analysis showed significant decreases occurred in the DMS, travel time, grip strength, and the severity of swelling score (in all cases p less than 0.05 based on the paired Student t test, 2-tailed). Nineteen patients reported a total of 27 adverse experiences; 6 of which were attributable to pirprofen. At the study dosages used pirprofen seems to be very similar in efficacy and safety to other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs investigated in children with JRA. PMID- 7086773 TI - The toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7086774 TI - Breast tumor and polymyositis following cimetidine therapy--a possible association. PMID- 7086775 TI - Effect of levamisole treatment in polymyositis patients. PMID- 7086776 TI - Complement and antigen retention by articular collagenous tissues in antigen induced arthritis. PMID- 7086778 TI - NSAID and osteoarthritis--help or hindrance? PMID- 7086777 TI - Heberden's nodes' nails and pseudocysts. PMID- 7086779 TI - Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with antihistone antibodies. AB - The presenting features of 25 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with antihistone antibodies were compared to 25 age and sex matched patients who had antibodies to Sm, ribonuclear protein, Sjogren's syndrome antigen B and native DNA. The SLE patients with antihistone antibodies had a significantly lower frequency of renal disease, central nervous system disease, alopecia, anemia and hypocomplementemia. Nine of 25 (36%) age and sex matched RA patients had antihistone antibodies but in lower titers than the SLE patients. There was no correlation of antihistone antibody titers with disease activity, corticosteroid therapy or rheumatoid factor titer. Histone-antihistone complexes did not bind complement components of either the classical or alternative pathway of complement. PMID- 7086780 TI - Comparison of natural killing with antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Natural killer function (NK) and antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were compared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The patients' cells had decreased NK and ADCC activities compared to controls. The greatest decreases were seen in the patients with most active disease. There was no apparent relationship of cytotoxic activity to corticosteroid therapy. A strong correlation was observed between NK and ADCC activities of individual controls and patients, indicating similar effects on the 2 systems by the immune abnormalities of SLE. PMID- 7086781 TI - Calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: prognostic value of clinical, histologic, and radiologic features in 57 surgically treated cases. AB - Calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder was studied in 57 patients before and after surgical removal of the calcified material. Many patients with an acute flare of pain prior to surgery also had a "fluffy" calcific deposit on radiograph and histologic evidence of calcium resorption. Conversely, patients with no acute preoperative symptom flare were more likely to have a sharply "defined" calcific deposit on radiograph and less histologic evidence of calcium resorption. Fully 30% of the patients continued to have shoulder pain for more than 12 weeks postoperatively. There were no clinical, radiologic or histologic features which distinguished these patients from those who were symptom free within 6 weeks postoperatively. PMID- 7086784 TI - Rupture of a posterior synovial cyst of the elbow. PMID- 7086782 TI - Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial tibial plateau. AB - Spontaneous osteonecrosis (ON) of the medial tibial plateau was diagnosed in 15 elderly patients (21 knees). The onset was characterized by sudden severe medial knee pain, usually with an effusion. Radiographic changes suggestive of ON occurred medial to the weight bearing area of the medial tibial plateau in 9 knees and were normal in 12. The disease entity was documented most clearly by intense radionuclide bone uptake in the medial tibial plateau in all knees. It could be distinguished clinically and radiologically from medial femoral ON, tibial stress fractures and primary osteoarthritis (OA). Tibial ON did not appear to accelerate the development or progression of OA of the knee and most patients were better in less than 1 year. PMID- 7086783 TI - Prostaglandin precursors in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7086785 TI - Chemotherapy of sarcoma. PMID- 7086787 TI - Audit in a diabetic clinic. AB - Diabetic control was assessed in 82 established insulin-dependent diabetics using a microcapillary system for home preprandial blood glucose sampling. At initial assessment control in the majority (62%) was found to be unsatisfactory (at least 1 preprandial blood glucose greater than 13.0 mmol/l or frequent and severe hypoglycaemia). Sixty-three of these patients were assessed on more than one occasion. Only 24% were satisfactorily controlled at their first assessment, but this proportion had risen to 60% after 12 months. The ability of patients to perform unsupervised blood glucose levels using Ames Glucometers or BM-Glycemie 20-800 test strips was also assessed: 86% of the meter results were within one third of the laboratory-based results, but there was evidence of bias towards the under-reading of higher glucose values using BM-Glycemie 20-800 test strips. Random blood glucose estimations performed in the diabetic clinic were of little value. PMID- 7086786 TI - Age and arthritis. PMID- 7086788 TI - Results of surgery in 88 consecutive cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia. AB - Of 88 cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia, satisfactory bile flow has been established in 46% of the patients who have undergone portoenterostomies and in 25% of patients with hepaticojejunostomies. Histological analysis of the extrahepatic biliary tissue has not shown a consistent correlation with outcome of operation, except that the patients with one or two large residual ducts lined with columnar epithelium have a better chance of developing bile flow. Cholangitis developed in 43% of the cases, and co-trimoxazole was not shown to have any beneficial effect in a small prospective trial in 18 patients. Severe haemorrhage from oesophageal varices has occurred in 4 jaundice-free survivors. Seventeen patients are now over 3 years of age and thriving but many show persistent elevation of liver enzymes. PMID- 7086789 TI - Management of perianal Crohn's disease. AB - Symptomatic anal disease (excluding skin tags) was observed in 49 out of 151 successive patients treated for Crohn's disease. Two main types of anal disease were encountered: anal ulceration (23 patients) and anal abscesses and fistulae (26 patients). The ulcer group rarely required local surgical treatment. In the fistula group, a low tract was demonstrated and laid open in 20 patients. The healing times after operation in these patients were compared with those of 18 patients with non-Crohn's fistula-in-ano treated by the same method. No significant difference between the two groups could be demonstrated. Surgical treatment of low fistula-in-ano may be undertaken in patients with Crohn's disease, provided the bowel disease is under adequate control. PMID- 7086790 TI - Cementless fixation of the tibial component for the ICLH knee. AB - The use of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in joint replacement surgery is not without drawbacks. Certain hazards have been appreciated and the bone cement interface may not be as stable in the long run as was once felt. This paper reports the results in 52 knees which were replaced using the uncemented ICLH (Imperial College/London Hospital) tibial component; the average follow up was two years (range six months to four years). The results were compiled with regard to pain as well as clinical examination and X-ray evaluation. The results were comparable to those achieved in knees replaced using bone cement. Roentgenographic evaluation revealed no evidence of loosening nor sinkage of any of these prostheses. Considerations in the development of a knee prosthesis to be utilized without bone cement and the operative technique employed to implant such a prosthesis are presented. The merits of such a system are discussed. PMID- 7086792 TI - Use of cytogenetic analysis of body fluids in cancer diagnosis. AB - Direct chromosome preparations were made from 52 malignant and 21 non-malignant effusions. An effusion was classified as malignant if 2% of the counted cells showed abnormal karyotypes. There was a significant relationship between diversified karyotypes and the pathological nature of tumours: diversity of karyotypes was much higher in undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and embryonal cell carcinoma cells than in well-differentiated cancer cells. Diagnosis was positive for 38 of the 52 malignant effusions by cytological examination (73% sensitivity), and positive for 41 of the 52 by cytogenetic analysis (78% sensitivity). There were no false positive results using both cytogenetic and cytologic examinations (92% sensitivity). Particularly in patients with equivocal cytology, cytogenetic analysis appears to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of malignant effusions. PMID- 7086791 TI - Chronic upper airway obstruction: value of the flow volume loop examination in assessment and management. AB - Chronic obstructive lesions of the upper airways such as post-traumatic strictures, bilateral vocal cord paralysis and chronic inflammatory foci are uncommon. The functional assessment of the severity and character of an obstruction is important both for diagnosis and management, and may also allow evaluation of the efficacy of medical and surgical treatment. There are limitations of simple spirometric pulmonary function tests, which are evident when assessing upper airways obstruction. The flow volume loop is a graphic recording of airflow during maximal respiration and expiration at different lung volumes, and may be affected in a characteristic way by alterations in the airway resistance. Three unusual cases of chronic upper airway obstruction are presented which illustrate the value of the flow volume loop examination in their management. PMID- 7086793 TI - North West Thames registry of neurological disease. AB - A feasibility study has been carried out to determine whether a population-based registry of neurological disease can be established using the Hospital (Inpatient) Activity Analysis (HAA) records for England and Wales. The study provides a valuable opportunity to use and test the HAA system. The neurological disease chosen was the Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome (GBS), because it would be expected that most patients would be admitted to hospital, and recurrent attacks or chronicity are rare. In this study it has been demonstrated that, for GBS, a neurological registry, based on HAA records, provided an excellent source of data to measure the incidence of the disease and potentially any change of incidence over time. The proportion of coding errors was found to be under 5%. PMID- 7086795 TI - Pharmacological appraisal of fixed-dose combination medicines: discussion paper. AB - Combination medicines can offer advantages over single products and over multiple drug regimes; at present they account for about one-third of medicines used in general practice and one-fifth in hospital. The alleged disadvantages of such products are mostly theoretical or doctrinal, with the strongest being an objection to the fixed ratio of the ingredients. Nearly all medicines are a formulated mixture of several chemicals and a single active ingredient may be metabolized to a variety of substances with different therapeutic and toxic effects. Hence, the basis of this main objection must be to the fixed ratio of the properties of the multiple ingredients. However, most single drugs, as well as most physiological substances, induce a range of different actions in the body in fixed ratio. Homeostasis is achieved through multicomponent pathways and as such may have advantages in the quality of control compared with the use of any single effector; the same principle may apply pharmacologically in the long-term stabilization of functions such as blood pressure and blood sugar. Thus, discrimination against combination medicines per se on these pharmacological grounds is questionable and should not be allowed to hamper a potentially useful area of therapeutic research. Some recent combination products have provided notable advances in therapeutics and suggest that this could be extended in ways that would not involve the cost and lengthy development of new single-chemical entities. PMID- 7086794 TI - Epidemiological studies of radiation workers: preliminary communication. AB - British Nuclear Fuels Limited has embarked on a study of the mortality data among those of its workforce who were employed prior to 1 January 1976. The study covers a total population of about 41 000 current and ex-employees, but is initially concerned with a radiation worker cohort of 7500 at the Sellafield establishment where the highest radiation doses are received. Tracing of the health status of ex-employees has been undertaken using the services provided by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) and the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) and it is expected that ultimately the level of trace will be better than 97%. Mortality data not specifically related to radiation workers are included and relate to male deaths among serving staff and pensioners during the years 1962-1978. Those observed deaths (O) are compared on an age standardized basis with those expected (E) from the general population, the ratio O/E being about 1 for all cancers and less than 1 for non-cancer deaths. This pattern is consistent with the well known 'healthy worker' effect seen in industry. PMID- 7086797 TI - Spontaneous rupture of external iliac vein. PMID- 7086798 TI - Chronic leg ulcers with hyperlipidaemia. PMID- 7086796 TI - Adult-onset Still's disease. PMID- 7086799 TI - Phaeochromocytomas of the bladder. PMID- 7086800 TI - Swallowers of foreign bodies. PMID- 7086802 TI - Penetrating wounds. PMID- 7086801 TI - Newly recognized syndrome in the neck: Horner's syndrome with ipsilateral vocal cord and phrenic nerve palsies. PMID- 7086803 TI - The clinicians' dilemma. PMID- 7086804 TI - Surgical treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux in severely mentally retarded children. AB - Twenty severely mentally retarded children with significant gastrooesophageal reflux were submitted to surgical treatment. In all patients vomiting was present to a distressing degree in 5 children, 3 of whom required extensive surgery to overcome the obstruction. All had failed to respond to conservative measures. Although the postoperative complication rate was high (50%), the final result in the majority of patients was highly satisfactory. PMID- 7086806 TI - Umbilical hernia in Xhosa infants and children. AB - During the period 12 March 1980 to 10 March 1981 a consecutive series of 1200 Xhosa (Black) infants and young children, ranging in age from the newborn to the prepubertal, who attended the general outpatients department for a variety of medical complaints were examined for umbilical herniation. None had undergone any surgical operation, and patients with conditions possibly associated with umbilical herniation were excluded. Evidence of umbilical protrusion was found in 742 (61.8%), with a similar incidence in males and females. The overall incidence was reflected in each age group by a preponderance of children with umbilical hernia. This study confirms the validity of a generally-held impression that in Black children there is a strong tendency towards the persistence of umbilical hernia when it appears after separation of the cord. PMID- 7086805 TI - Calcium metabolism during rifampicin and isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis. AB - Calcium metabolism was studied in 83 patients during eighteen months' rifampicin and isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis by measurements including calcium, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC). Five out of 52 Indian patients in the series were found to have osteomalacia, a prevalence probably no higher than in the Asian population in the UK at large. Moreover, osteomalacia responded to physiological supplementation with vitamin D. One European out of 31 had osteomalacia due to low vitamin D intake. Serum calcium was compared in 17 patients before and after six months of antituberculous chemotherapy but no significant difference was detected (P greater than 0.1). Two Indian patients were in positive calcium balance with low to normal plasma 25-HCC levels, indicating that an effect on 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D activity during therapy was unlikely. It is concluded that rifampicin when combined with isoniazid has no significant effect on calcium metabolism over an eighteen-month treatment period. PMID- 7086807 TI - Gunshot and bomb blast injuries: a review of experience in Belfast. PMID- 7086808 TI - Cramp: a review. PMID- 7086809 TI - Sickle cell trait and multiple cerebral infarctions. PMID- 7086810 TI - Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. PMID- 7086812 TI - Sublingual isoprenaline as a treatment for anaphylaxis. PMID- 7086811 TI - Myocardial metastasis from carcinoma of pancreas presenting as acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7086814 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 7086813 TI - Corrosion of swallowed foreign body. PMID- 7086815 TI - Isoxicam and related 4-hydroxy-N-isoxazolyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides. Potent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. AB - A novel series of antiinflammatory agents, N-isoxazolyl-3-carboxamides of 4 hydroxy-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide, was synthesized and evaluated as antiinflammatory agents in the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema (CIRPE) assay and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis (AIP) assay. Several analogues were found to be equipotent or more potent than aspirin and phenylbutazone. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. One of the compounds, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methyl 3-isoxazolyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide (3a; isoxicam), was found to be 3 times as potent as phenylbutazone in the CIRPE and in the therapeutic AIP assays. Isoxicam (3a) is presently undergoing phase III clinical trial as an antiarthritic drug. PMID- 7086816 TI - Enhanced antitumor properties of 3'-(4-morpholinyl) and 3'-(4-methoxy-1 piperidinyl) derivatives of 3'-deaminodaunorubicin. AB - Reductive N,N-dialkylation of daunorubicin with 2,2'-oxydiacetaldehyde and NaBH3CN occurred in two steps without interruption and with cyclization to form 3'-(4-morpholinyl)-3'-deaminodaunorubicin. This derivative retained the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin against mouse leukemia P388 but at one-fortieth the dose; hence, it is the most potent anthracycline analogue synthesized so far. The 4 methoxy-1-piperidinyl derivative, similarly prepared with 3 methoxyglutaraldehyde, showed improved efficacy against P388, though at normal doses. Results with a series of analogues indicate that incorporation of the N in the new ring and the presence of an ether O at the 4-position are critical for enhanced activity. PMID- 7086817 TI - Adriamycin analogues. Preparation and antitumor evaluation of 7-O-(beta-D glucosaminyl)daunomycinone and 7-O-(beta-D-glucosaminyl)adriamycinone and their N trifluoroacetyl derivatives. AB - The title compounds were prepared by Koenigs-Knorr condensation of 3,4,6-tri-O acetyl-2-deoxy-2-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide with daunomycinone or a side-chain protected adraimycinone, followed by selective hydrolysis of blocking groups. Despite poor complexation with DNA and weak growth inhibitory properties in vitro, the glucosaminyl analogues of the antitumor antibiotics daunorubicin and adriamycin, at their optimal (highest nontoxic) doses, exhibited antileukemic activity equivalent to that of adriamycin against a usually drug-refractory mouse leukemia model system (L1210) in vivo. These findings, together with other data from these laboratories, continue to support the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of adriamycin and related agents cannot be due exclusively to DNA binding, as has earlier been believed. PMID- 7086818 TI - Adriamycin analogues. Novel anomeric ribofuranoside analogues of daunorubicin. AB - The synthesis, cell growth-inhibitory activity, in vivo antileukemic activity, and extent of DNA binding of the alpha- and beta-anomeric 7-O-(3-amino-3,5 dideoxy-D-ribofuranosyl)daunomycinones and their trifluoroacetamides are described. These compounds are unique in that they are the first reported furanoside analogues of the antitumor antibiotics daunorubicin and adriamycin. Continuing analysis of structure-activity relationships amongst natural and semisynthetic anthracyclines fails to reveal a predictable relationship between in vivo antitumor activity and the in vitro properties of DNA complexation and cell growth inhibition. PMID- 7086819 TI - Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine ribonucleosides as anticoccidials. 1. Synthesis and activity of some nucleosides of purines and 4-(alkylthio)pyrazolo[3,4 d]pyrimidines. AB - The finding that 6-(methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine (6) was more toxic to the avian coccidium, Eimeria tenella, than to embryonic chick liver host cells in vitro prompted the synthesis and testing of analogues of this compound. It was revealed that the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety was an important structural feature and that several types of 2-substituents in the purine ring decreased efficacy, as did 3-deaza and 8-aza ring modifications of 6. In contrast, the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of 6 (24) was an order of magnitude more active. Moreover, this analogue was 24-fold less toxic to the host cells than was 6. A series of 4-(alkylthio)-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines was prepared from 4-mercapto-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (23) and various alkyl halides. The most effective compound in this series in vivo, 4-(ethylthio)-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (25), cleared chicks of the parasite at 50 ppm in the diet and was much less toxic than was 24. PMID- 7086820 TI - [(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids. A new diuretic series. AB - A series of [(3-aryl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetic acids was synthesized and tested for diuretic activity in saline-loaded mice and in conscious, water-loaded dogs. The structural requirements for good diuretic activity in both mice and dogs were found to be very specific. In summary, the compounds with the best diuretic activity (13i, 13q, and 13ff) were substituted with a 2-fluorophenyl group at the 3 position and chlorine or bromine at the 7 position. Compound 13ff, [(7-bromo-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl]oxy]acetic acid (HP 522), was found to be moderately uricosuric in chimpanzees and was selected for further development. PMID- 7086821 TI - Design of more potent antagonists of the antidiuretic responses to arginine vasopressin. AB - As part of a program aimed at designing more potent and selective antagonists of the antidiuretic responses to arginine-vasopressin (AVP), we substituted O-alkyl D-tyrosine (where alkyl = methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or n-propyl) at position 2 in our eight previously reported O-alkyl-L-tyrosine antagonists of antidiuretic and vasopressor responses to AVP. We also substituted D-tyrosine for L-tyrosine in two vasopressor antagonists with weak antidiuretic agonistic activity, [1-(beta mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),4-valine,8-D arginine]vasopressin [d(CH2)5VDAVP] and its L-arginine isomer [d(CH2)5VAVP]. The ten analogues, synthesized by the solid-phase method, are as follows: 1, d(CH2)5 D-Tyr(Me)VDAVP; 2, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Et)VDAVP; 3, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(i-Pr)VDAVP; 4, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(n-Pr)VDAVP; 5, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Me)VAVP; 6, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Et)VAVP; 7, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(n-Pr)VAVP; 8, d-(CH2)5-D-Tyr(i-PR)VAVP; 9, d(CH2)5-D-TyrVDAVP; 10, d(CH2)5-D-TyrVAVP. These analogues were tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities in rat antidiuretic and rat vasopressor systems. All ten D-tyrosine analogues possess transient weak antidiuretic activities (0.004--0.05 U/mg). Subsequent doses of AVP are reversibly antagonized for 1--3 h, depending on the dose of the antagonist. They exhibit the following antiantidiuretic pA2 values: 1, 7.19 +/- 0.11; 2, 7.59 +/- 0.04; 3, 7.51 +/- 0.06; 4, 7.60 +/- 0.05; 5, 7.77 +/- 0.07; 6, 7.81 +/- 0.07; 7, 7.66 +/- 0.11; 8, 7.61 +/- 0.06; 9, 7.03 +/- 0.05; 10, 7.51 +/- 0.08. They are all effective antagonists of vasopressor responses to AVP. Analogues 1--8 are two to ten times more potent than their respective O alkyl-L-tyrosine isomers as antidiuretic antagonists. Since the vasopressor potencies of the O-alkyl-L-tyrosine analogues have either diminished or remained virtually unchanged, these analogues exhibit a selective increase in their antiantidiuretic/antivasopressor ratios with respect to their respective O-alkyl L-tyrosine analogues. The finding that the substitution of an unalkylated D tyrosine for L-tyrosine in d(CH2)5VDAVP and d(CH2)5VAVP converts these weak antidiuretic agonists into potent antagonists of antidiuretic responses to AVP is highly significant, especially in view of the relative ease of synthesis and much higher yields of unalkylated vs. alkylated tyrosine analogues. These ten new analogues are potentially useful as pharmacological tools and as therapeutic agents. The findings presented here have also obvious potential for the design of even more potent and selective antidiuretic antagonists. PMID- 7086822 TI - Structure-anti-Parkinson activity relationships in the aminoadamantanes. Influence of bridgehead substitution. AB - A limited series of bridgehead alkyl-, dialkyl-, and trialkyl-substituted amantadines was synthesized and tested for potential anti-Parkinson activity as dopamine (DA) agonists. The compounds were evaluated using a battery of three murine bioassays, including stimulation of locomotor activity, induction of circling in animals with unilateral striatal lesions, and reversal of reserpine/alpha-methyltyrosine induced akinesia. Apparent mechanistic differences were seen between the methyl-substituted series and the ethyl-substituted series. While activities in both series increase with increasing liphophilicity, the methyl series (1b--d), as well as amantadine itself (1a), exhibit only indirect DA agonist activity, as evidenced by ipsilateral rotation in the circling model and no significant difference from control in reversal of akinesia. The ethyl series (1e,f) exhibits weak but reproducible direct DA agonist activity, as shown by contralateral rotation in the circling assay for 1e and reversal of akinesia by 1e and 1f. The 3-n-propyl derivative (1g) was devoid of any DA agonist activity. PMID- 7086823 TI - 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as inhibitors of cell respiration. 2. Quantitative structure-activity relationship of dehydrogenase enzyme and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell inhibitions. AB - Studies on dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition have been extended with the design, synthesis, and correlation analysis of 7-[(substituted-benzyl)oxy]-, 7 [(substituted-phenethyl)oxy]-, and 7([substituted-phenoxy)ethoxy]-4 hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids. Sixteen new congeners and the fifteen molecules previously synthesized have been tested against cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as against mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. The lipophilic congeners show a clear specificity for inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme. Correlation analysis of the data on the three enzymes allows a comparison of the binding sites in quantitative terms, while examination of the data on inhibition of ascites tumor cell respiration affords an indication of membrane transport. A newly developed high-pressure liquid chromatography based retention index is compared to the octanol-water pi constant as a model for hydrophobic interactions. PMID- 7086825 TI - Fluorinated retinoic acids and their analogues. 3. Synthesis and biological activity of aromatic 6-fluoro analogues. AB - Several analogues (15a--e) of methyl (E,E,Z,E)-3,7-dimethyl-6-fluoro-9-(4-methoxy 2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)nonatetraenoate (15f), which had been found to cause a marked regression of chemically induced skin papillomas in mice, were prepared. Two synthetically versatile methods leading to these derivatives are described. The key intermediate, ethyl (Z)-2-fluoro-3-methyl-4,4-dimethoxy-2-butenoate (8), was elaborated to the C10 aldehyde ester, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-3-methyl-6-fluoro-7 formyl-2,4,6-octatrienoate (14a), which upon Wittig condensation with the aryl phosphonium salts 13a--e gave the (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-6-fluoro-9-aryl 2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoates 15a--e. Alternatively, Wittig reaction of 8 and [(4 methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)methyl]triphenylphosphonium chloride (13f) gave a mixture of (E/Z,E)-2-fluoro-3-methyl-5-(2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,4 pentadienoates 17 and 18, which was converted to 15f. The biological activity of these analogues and the 1H and 19F NMR spectral properties of the intermediates and final products are discussed. PMID- 7086824 TI - 2,3-dihydro and carbocyclic analogues of tryptamines: interaction with serotonin receptors. AB - Several dihydro and carbocyclic analogues of tryptamine were evaluated in order to determine the role of the heterocyclic portion of the indole nucleus on the interaction of indolealkylamines with the serotonin receptors of the rat fundus. Reduction of the C2--C3 double bond or replacement of the indole nitrogen with an sp3-hybridized carbon atom results in a 50% decrease in receptor affinity. Complete removal of the five-membered ring of N,N-dimethyltryptamine reduces affinity by an order of magnitude. It appears that an intact indole nucleus, though not entirely necessary, results in an optimal receptor interaction for the indolealkylamines examined. PMID- 7086827 TI - Apyrogenic, adjuvant-active N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptides. PMID- 7086826 TI - Synthesis and antileukemic activity of fluorinated analogues of 2,3-dihydro-5 phenyl-6,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolizine biscarbamate. PMID- 7086828 TI - Hypocholesterolemic and antiaggregatory properties of 2-hydroxytetronic acid redox analogues an their relationship to clofibric acid. AB - A rationale is presented for investigating aci-reductone 2-hydroxytetronic acids as antilipidemic drugs. These compounds are lipophilic Bronsted acids capable of forming water-soluble anions having biologically relevant redox potentials. The inhibitory effects of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxytetronic acid (2a) on human platelet aggregation and [14C]serotonin secretion were compared with clofibric acid (1b), the hydrolysis product of clofibrate (1a). In cholesterol-fed rats, this analogue was superior to clofibrate as a hypocholesterolemic drug and modifier of heparin-MnCl2 precipitated lipoprotein cholesterol to alpha lipoprotein cholesterol ratios. Whereas clofibrate (1a) produced hepatomegaly, this effect was not observed for the tetronic acid 2a. PMID- 7086829 TI - L-[4-11C]aspartic acid: enzymatic synthesis, myocardial uptake, and metabolism. AB - Sterile, pyrogen-free L-[4-11C]aspartic acid was prepared from 11CO2 using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glutamic/oxaloacetic acid transaminase immobilized on Sepharose supports to determine if it is a useful indicator for in vivo, noninvasive determination of myocardial metabolism. An intracoronary bolus injection of L-[4-11C]aspartic acid into dog myocardium showed a triexponential clearance curve with maximal production of 11CO2 100 s after injection. Inactivation of myocardial transaminase activity modified the tracer clearance and inhibited the production of 11CO2. Positron-computed tomography imaging showed that the 11C activities retained in rhesus monkey myocardium are higher than those observed in dog heart after intravenous injection of L-[4-11C]aspartic acid. These findings demonstrated the rapid incorporation of the carbon skeleton of L-aspartic acid into the tricarboxylic acid cycle after enzymatic transamination in myocardium and suggested that L-[4-11C]aspartic acid could be of value for in vivo, noninvasive assessment of local myocardial metabolism. PMID- 7086830 TI - Syntheses and diuretic activity of 1,2-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3 d]pyrimidin-4-one and related compounds. PMID- 7086831 TI - Prodrugs of L-cysteine as liver-protective agents. 2(RS)-Methylthiazolidine-4(R) carboxylic acid, a latent cysteine. PMID- 7086832 TI - Metabolic formation of iminium species: metabolism of phencyclidine. PMID- 7086833 TI - Prostaglandins and congeners, 29. (16RS)-(+/-)-15-Deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-vinyl prostaglandin E2, an orally and transdermally active hypotensive agent of prolonged duration. PMID- 7086834 TI - Synthesis of prostanoids with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring systems. Activities of 15-hydroxy epimers on human platelets. AB - A number of prostanoids with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring systems have been prepared by routes which allow the introduction of the omega chain after the alpha chain. The introduction of a 16-p halophenoxy substituent confers platelet aggregation activity on both 15 alpha- and 15 beta-hydroxy epimers. In the case of the pinane thromboxane ring system, the natural omega-chain compound is an inhibitor of aggregation, whereas the 16-p fluorophenoxy analogue is a potent aggregation agent. PMID- 7086835 TI - Agents with potential specificity against melanotic melanoma. AB - Agents were designed to exploit the high tyrosinase activity in melanotic melanoma relative to normal tissues. If specific tyrosinase activation of these agents occurred, the production of toxic metabolites in the melanoma cells would produce selective cell kill. Synthesis and antitumor activities of three new amino acids, 1a [beta-[(p-hydroxyphenyl)amino]alanine hydrochloride], 1b [N delta (p-hydroxyphenyl)ornithine hydrochloride], and 1c [N delta-(m hydroxyphenyl)ornithine dihydrochloride], were described. Compounds 1a and 1b were approximately 2-fold more active against the B-16 melanotic melanoma than the amelanotic melanoma cell line in vitro. Compound 1b was approximately 2-fold more potent than compound 1a against either cll line and was 8-fold more potent than L-glutamic acid gamma-(4-hydroxyanilide), a natural product isolated from mushroom. No significant growth inhibitory activity was found for the m-hydroxy analogue 1c at 100 micrometers, the highest concentration tested. Similarly, compound 1b exhibited better activity against P-388 (ED50 = 9.5 x 10(-6) M) than 1a (ED50 = 3.2 x 10(-5) M) and was about 30-fold more potent than 1c. Against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB), these agents showed modest inhibitory activity with ED50 values in the range of 1.2 to 3 x 10(-4) M. No in vivo activity against P-388 and B-16 at doses up to 150-200 mg/kg was observed. The biological results suggest that a nonspecific oxidation rather than a specific tyrosinase activation is involved in the biological action of these new compounds. PMID- 7086836 TI - Inhibition by 5-(substituted-benzyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidines of murine tumor (L5178Y) cell cultures sensitive to and resistant to methotrexate. Further evidence for the sensitivity of resistant cells to hydrophobic drugs. AB - Forty-three 5-(substituted-benzyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidines have been studied as inhibitors of murine tumor cell cultures (L5178Y). Two types of cells were used- one resistant to methotrexate and one sensitive to methotrexate. The formulation of quantitative structure--activity relationships showed that the methotrexate resistant cells are more sensitive to the more hydrophobic congeners. pi 0 for the sensitive cells is about 1.4, while pi 0 for the methotrexate-resistant cells is above 3. These results are similar to those found for 2,4-diaminotriazines (Selassie, C.D.; Guo, Z. R.; Hansch, C.; Khwaja, T. A.; Pentecost, S. J. Med. Chem. 1982, 25, 157). PMID- 7086837 TI - Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrimidine nucleoside analogues of 1,4-oxathiane, 1,4-dithiane, and 1,4-dioxane. AB - Nine pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, in which the group attached at N-1 is a six membered ring containing two heteroatoms, have been synthesized using the Vorbruggen and Bennua (Vorbruggen, H.; Bennua, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 1339) coupling procedure. These are 1-(1,4-oxathian-3-yl)-5-fluorouracil (8), 1-(4-oxo 1,4-oxathian-3-yl)-5-fluorouracil (two stereoisomers 9 and 10, resolved by silica gel column chromatography, 1-(1,4-oxathian-3-yl)-5-fluorouracil (11), 1-(1,4 oxathian-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil (12), 1-(1,4-dithin-2-yl)-5-flourouracil (15), 1 (1,4-dithian-2-yl)uracil (16), 1-(1,4-dithian-2-yl)thymine (17), and 1-(1,4 dioxan-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil (20). All of the analogous were tested for cell growth inhibition using mouse and human tumor cell lines. The ID50 values of all of the analogues are greater than 10(-4) M, except in the case of 11 using the L1210 cell line. The most active analogues found are compounds 11 and 17, which were found to be 100 and 200 times less active, respectively, than 5-fluorouracil in the human erythroleukemia cell line, K-562. PMID- 7086838 TI - Isomeric cyclopropyl ring-methylated homologues of trans-2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4 methylphenyl)cyclopropylamine, an hallucinogen analogue. AB - The hallucinogen analogue trans-2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropylamine was modified by adding a 3-methyl group, either cis or trans with respect to the amino group. These two isomeric cyclopropyl ring-methylated compounds were then tested for activity in the mouse ear-scratch assay and for a contractile effect in the rat fundus preparation. Neither compound was found to possess appreciable activity when compared to the nonmethylated parent, in either assay. PMID- 7086839 TI - Effects of certain hallucinogenic amphetamine analogues on the release of [3H]serotonin from rat brain synaptosomes. AB - The enantiomers of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), and N-Me-MDA (MDMA), along with their alpha, alpha-dimethylated derivatives, were evaluated for an effect on the release of [3H]serotonin from rat whole brain synaptosomes. The amphetamine isomers were all potent in inducing the release of [3H]serotonin at bath concentrations of 1 and 10 micrometers but were inactive at 0.1 micrometers. No significant difference in isomer potency was observed at the 10 micrometers concentration. However, at 1 micrometer the (+) isomer of MDMA was more effective in inducing release than was the (-) isomer. Since it is the (+) isomer which is clinically active, this result suggests that transmitter release may play a role in the biological activity of MDMA. By contrast, the alpha, alpha-dimethyl compounds were not effective in releasing serotonin, even at the highest bath concentration. PMID- 7086841 TI - Synthesis and biochemical properties of chemically stable product analogues of the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase. AB - Structural analogues of decarboxylated S-adenosyl-L-methionine (dc-SAM), product of the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAM-DC), with modifications in the side-chain portion of the molecule have been synthesized, and their ability to inhibit SAM-DC has been investigated. Mainly, compounds with a nitrogen atom in place of the sulfur were investigated. The data from these inhibition studies have resulted in a delineation of the structural features required for binding on SAM-DC. It was concluded that a terminal primary amino group, a terminal carboxyl group, and the sulfonium functionality are not required for binding on SAM-DC. It was also found that analogues of dc-SAM in which replacement of the sulfur by nitrogen was the only modification were still able to form an azomethine with the enzyme. As found for SAM and dc-SAM, these compounds also caused a time-dependent inactivation of SAM-DC. PMID- 7086840 TI - DL-threo-beta-Fluoroaspartate and DL-threo-beta-fluoroasparagine: selective cytotoxic agents for mammalian cells in culture. AB - Absolute configuration assignments have been made for the diastereomers of DL beta-fluoroaspartate by X-ray analysis. The cytotoxicity of these isomers against various mammalian cells was examined. DL-threo-beta-Fluoroaspartate shows selective cytotoxicity. Growth of the most sensitive cells is completely inhibited by 13 micrometers DL-threo-beta-fluoroaspartate in the presence of 100 micrometers L-aspartate, a component of the culture medium. A difference in the rate of transport of DL-beta-fluoroaspartate among the cells studied is an important factor determining cell specificity. For those cells that are sensitive to DL-beta-fluoroaspartate, the threo isomer is, in all cases, more potent than the erythro isomer. Radioactivity derived from L-threo-beta-fluoro[14C]aspartate is incorporated into proteins at a rate comparable to the rate of incorporation from L-[14C]aspartate. We synthesized DL-threo-beta-fluoroasparagine. This compound is also cytotoxic but less specific and less potent than DL-threo-beta fluoroaspartate. However, the cell specificity can be enhanced in the presence of 1 mM L-aspartate, which can protect some cells but not others from the cytotoxic effects of DL-threo-beta-fluoroasparagine. Jensen sarcoma cells, which require asparagine, are not protected by L-aspartate. Therefore, a combination of L aspartate and DL-threo-beta-fluroasparagine can be used to inhibit specifically the growth of asparagine-requiring tumors. PMID- 7086842 TI - Synthesis and structure--activity relationship of nonyl 3-acyldithiocarbazates and related compounds for uncoupling activities. AB - Various nonyl 3-substituted-dithiocarbazates, methyl and dimethyl derivatives of nonyl 3-benzoyldithiocarbazate, nonyl 2-substituted-dithiocarbamates, and benzaldehyde nonyldithiocarbohydrazone were synthesized and their uncoupling activities of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria were examined. The results indicate that the presence of the thiocarbamoyl structure with the potential SH group is a requisite for uncoupling activity. The presence of a C=O group and a hydrophobic aromatic ring significantly increases the uncoupling activity. PMID- 7086843 TI - Structure--activity relationships of nogalamycin analogues. AB - Nogalamycin (1) has been modified by changes at C-10 and C-7 and in the dimethylamino group to prepare an extensive series of analogues. The chemistry involved in the modifications and structure--activity relationships among these nogalamycin analogues are discussed, as well as comparisons with previously reported compounds 1, 7-con-O-methylnogarol (2), and disnogamycin (11). PMID- 7086844 TI - Agents for the treatment of brain injury. 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic acids. AB - Blunt and ischemic injuries of the brain have been shown to result in swelling that is predominantly limited to a single cell type, the astrocyte, within the complex cellular mosiac of cerebral gray matter. Evaluation of various diuretic (aryloxy)acetic acids in vitro using incubating cat brain slices and primary astrocyte cultures identified compounds with marked ability to inhibit brain tissue swelling. Some of the compounds significantly reduced the mortality and morbidity following acceleration/deceleration brain injury in anesthesized cats. A variety of (indanyloxy)alkanoic acids were synthesized which were analogous to the dually active (indanyloxy)acetic acids. Some of the 4-(indanyloxy)butanoic acids were found to be devoid of diuretic activity but to possess equal or greater activity than the dually active compounds in the in vitro and in vivo brain assays. Selected examples from both the (indanyloxy)acetic and 4 (indanyloxy)butanoic acid series showed marked chiral effects, with one enantiomer generally exhibiting a much greater activity than the other. A clinical study of severely head-injured patients treated with ethacrynic acid demonstrated a significantly improved outcome when compared to controls. These data suggest a clinical advantage for the nondiuretic (aryloxy)alkanoic acids which possess in vitro and in vivo activities in the cat brain assays that are comparable or superior to dually active compounds. PMID- 7086845 TI - Structural modifications of anguidin and antitumor activities of its analogues. AB - Approximately 60 derivatives of anguidin were prepared for evaluation of antitumor activities. Positions 3, 4, 8-10, and 15 were modified, and the resultant derivatives were screened against P-388 leukemia. It was found that introduction of the C3-keto and C3,C8-diketo groups markedly improved the antileukemic activity, whereas epoxidation of the C9-C10 double bond or oxidation of the C15 position diminished its activity. Selected derivatives were further tested in the L1210, B16, Lewis lung, Colon 36, and Colon 38 tumor lines. Among these compounds, 4 beta, 15-diacetoxyscirpene-3,8-dione (54) and 4 beta (chloroacetoxy)-15-acetoxyscirpene-3,8-dione (55) were found to be most active in various tumors. Inhibitory action of several analogues on protein synthesis was also examined using H-HeLa cells. PMID- 7086847 TI - Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. Studies in combining high-affinity enzyme binding structural units. erythro-1,6-Dihydro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-9-(2-hydroxy-3 nonyl)purine and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)purine. AB - erythro-1,6-Dihydro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)purine (4) was synthesized as a potential adenosine deaminase inhibitor, which combines in a single molecule two structural moieties, each of which possesses high affinity to a different region of the enzyme, the catalytic region and an auxiliary binding region which is specific for erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (1). The potency of 4 (Ki = 1.2 x 10(-5) M) is about one-seventeenth that of erythro-9-(2 hydroxy-3-nonyl)purine (2; Ki = 6.8 x 10(-7) M), which contains only one high affinity moiety. The mutually interfering rather than reinforcing effects of the two moieties may indicate that lack of simultaneous binding and thus provide insight into the relative geometry of the two binding regions of the enzyme. PMID- 7086846 TI - Use of a potential rabbit model for structure--behavioral activity studies of cannabinoids. AB - Using the genetically unique tetrahydrocannabinol-seizure susceptible (THC-SS) rabbit, the behavioral effect of 14 cannabinoids or related structures were determined and compared to the effects of 11 previously tested cannabinoids. Relative potencies of the cannabinoid-induced convulsions in THC-SS rabbits were generally comparable to reported relative potencies of cannabinoid-produced psychoactivity in humans and other behavioral activity in monkeys or other species. These data suggest that the THC-SS rabbit may represent an experimentally convenient and reliable animal model for studies of structure- psychoactivity relationships of marijuana-like compounds. PMID- 7086849 TI - A cage replacement experiment involving introduction of genes for refractoriness to Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis into a population of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 7086848 TI - Laboratory colonization of the human onchocerciasis vector Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae), using an enclosed, gravity-trough rearing system. PMID- 7086850 TI - A new phlebotomine sand fly in the Lutzomyia flaviscutellata complex (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Northern Brazil. PMID- 7086851 TI - Swarming and mating behavior of a natural population of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). PMID- 7086852 TI - The reproductive life history and blood meal sources of Chrysops hirsuticallus (Diptera: Tabanidae). PMID- 7086853 TI - Laboratory tests of repellents against Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). PMID- 7086854 TI - Impounded water as a major producer of Culex salinarius (Diptera: Culicidae) in coastal areas of New Jersey, USA. PMID- 7086855 TI - Relationship between skin-sensitizing antibody production in the Eastern Cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus, and infestations by the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 7086856 TI - Kadam virus (Togaviridae, Flavivirus) infecting camel-parasitizing Hyalomma dromedarii ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 7086857 TI - Quaranfil virus from Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodoidea) collected in Kuwait, Iraq and Yemen. PMID- 7086858 TI - Isolation of Thimiri virus from Culicoides histrio (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected in Northern Australia. PMID- 7086860 TI - Paralysis by Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of cattle breeds other than Hereford. PMID- 7086862 TI - Faculty mentors for medical students. PMID- 7086861 TI - State retention of medical school graduates. AB - State governments support medical schools in their states for various reasons. A major reason is the perception that graduates tend to practice in the state where they attend medical school. In a study reported here, the authors examined this assumption by investigating the experience of physicians currently active in medical practice. The entire population of active U.S. physicians who graduated from U.S. medical schools was examined, as well as four selected cohorts of U.S. medical school graduates, using the American Medical Associations' Physician Masterfile. The ability of states to retain their medical school graduates is related to physician characteristics (age, medical school, and practice specialty) as well as to state characteristics (population, physician-to population ratio, and per capita income). The results indicate that, overall, the argument that states should support medical schools in order to ensure an adequate supply of physicians is less compelling than in the past, for reasons often beyond the control of the individual states. PMID- 7086859 TI - Variation of La Crosse virus filial infection rates in geographic strains of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 7086863 TI - The Med-COR study: preparing high school students for health careers. AB - Recognizing the need for adequate representation of minorities in the health field, many professional schools initiated special recruitment efforts to attract minority students and developed programs to provide academic enrichment. Between 1971 and 1977, 480 black and Hispanic high school students from four inner-city schools in Los Angeles participated in the Med-COR Program (Medical Counseling, Organizing, and Recruiting) at the University of Southern California School of Medicine. The program was designed to increase the number of minority health professionals by offering enriched courses in the sciences and field experience in hospitals and laboratories. The positive results of a follow-up of 480 Med-COR students support the rationale that the number of minority health professionals can be increased by high school recruitment programs. PMID- 7086864 TI - A method for training simulated patients. AB - The purpose of the study on which this article was based was to examine the effectiveness of training simulated patients with self-instructional materials. A six-hour program consisting of eight videotapes and 10 sets of written materials was administered to 54 trainees. Pretest and posttest score comparisons revealed an increase in knowledge about simulation. Most of the trainees (91 percent) stated that the simulation training program increased their competencies in portraying patients. Most important, simulators with the self-instructional training received higher ratings from trainers on their ability to evaluate students than did simulators in the control group. PMID- 7086865 TI - Continuing medical education in New York County: physician attitudes and practices. AB - New York County physicians were surveyed by questionnaire concerning their attitudes and practices regarding continuing medical education (CME). There were 1,558 responders, and they included those practicing in shared health facilities (SHF) and random samples of academicians on the faculties of the four medical schools and of the entire physician population of Manhattan. Reading professional books and journals was regarded as by far the most important CME activity by all three groups of physicians, and this activity consumed about four hours per week. All physicians spent several days and often as much as two weeks per year attending professional meetings and formal postgraduate courses. The former were rated as not very useful and the latter as quite useful for CME. Major impediments to CME participation for all groups were time away from home and practice, expense, loss of income, and scheduling problems. Relevance, quality, and organization of CME courses were not major impediments. SHF physicians differed little from other physicians in their attitudes, perceptions, and practices concerning CME. PMID- 7086866 TI - Impact of intensive education and interaction with health professionals on patient instructors. AB - The use of patients as instructors in teaching medical students and physicians the musculoskeletal examination has proven to be an effective method of learning. However, the effect on the patient instructors (PIs) of their intensive training and the numerous physical examinations made of them has been unknown. In this study, eight patients with stable rheumatoid arthritis were given the Taylor Johnson Temperament Assessment (TJTA) when they were recruited as PIs and every six months thereafter for two years. Individual interviews focusing on the changes taking place in the patient instructors' lives were also conducted. Three PIs left the program early in their training. Observed changes in TJTA scores were frequently positive for the five who remained in the study. Interview results indicate positive changes in terms of confidence, competence, and emotional stability. All five PIs have continued in their role as PIs and have also expanded into other responsibilities. It is concluded that the patient instructor program was certainly not harmful to the individual PIs and, in fact, was mostly beneficial to them as well as to physicians and medical students. PMID- 7086867 TI - The goals of the medical school: differences between student and faculty perceptions. PMID- 7086869 TI - Parents of medical students: un underutilized support resource. PMID- 7086868 TI - Patient simulation and team-teaching in a medical interviewing course. PMID- 7086870 TI - Teaching library skills in third-year clerkships. PMID- 7086871 TI - Physician training for hospital information systems. PMID- 7086874 TI - The 21st century physician. PMID- 7086873 TI - Personality correlates in faculty ratings of resident competence. PMID- 7086872 TI - A retreat for first-year house staff members. PMID- 7086875 TI - Major sources of U.S.-trained M.D.s on U.S. medical school faculties. PMID- 7086876 TI - The Journal Club. PMID- 7086877 TI - Multiplexed time-lapse photomicrography of cultured cells. AB - A system of cinemicrography has been developed in which a single microscope and 16 mm camera are multiplexed to produce a time-lapse photographic record of many fields simultaneously. The field coordinates and focus are selected via a control console and entered into the memory of a dedicated microcomputer; they are then automatically recalled in sequence, thus permitting the photographing of additional fields in the interval between exposures of any given field. Sequential exposures of each field are isolated in separate sections of the film by means of a specially designed random-access camera that is also controlled by the microcomputer. The need to unscramble frames is thereby avoided, and the developed film can be directly analysed. PMID- 7086879 TI - Cryopreparation of mammalian tissue for X-ray microanalysis in STEM. AB - A cryopreparation technique for studies of ultrastructure and distribution of diffusible elements in biological tissue is described. Electron microscopical contrast and characteristic X-ray spectra are found to be poor in completely frozen-hydrated ultrathin cryosections of fresh chemically untreated tissue. Both STEM contrast and detection of characteristic X-rays are enhanced by careful freeze-drying in the microscope. Although the ultrastructure is affected by ice crystals, intracellular compartments can be identified by STEM without staining and studied by X-ray microanalysis. PMID- 7086878 TI - Simple procedures for evaluating the cryofixation of biological samples. PMID- 7086880 TI - Cryoultramicrotomy: evidence against melting and the use of a low temperature cement for specimen orientation. AB - A technique is presented showing the use of toluene as a low temperature cement to attach portions of frozen tissues in the desired orientation on to the cryoultramicrotome chuck. Examples of transverse sections of skeletal and vascular smooth muscle are illustrated. Electron probe analysis of these sections indicates that the distribution of elements is maintained. Evidence is presented against through section melting based on sectioning toluene at a temperature just below its melting point (178K). Toluene was sectioned (about 100 nm thickness) successfully at three block temperatures (177, 163 and 113 K) when the knife temperature was by 1 degree or mor colder than the m.p. of toluene. In all cases the toluene sections melted when the knife temperature reached 178K. We conclude that sufficient heat is not generated and/or transferred to the toluene sections during cryosectioning under our conditions to raise the temperature of a 100 nm section by 1 K or more. PMID- 7086881 TI - Concerning the nature of the cryosectioning process. AB - Intentional melting of frozen-thin-sections induces ultrastructural alterations. Cross sections through frozen dried and embedded cryosections revealed that even at the surface of such a section no melting artefacts are visible. One surface of the cryosection (obtained at 168 K) has a saw-teeth appearance whereas the other surface is rather smooth. The rate of freeze-drying in the cryochamber of the microtome was estimated to be in order 3.3 nm/min at 183 K and 22.5 nm/min at 193 K for sections, about 120 nm thick, of rat kidney frozen in freon 22 without any chemical fixation of cryoprotection. Although freeze-drying will normally not interfere with the cryo-sectioning process itself, it is a process which cannot be neglected during handling of sections. The available evidence indicated that frozen-thin-sections represent the frozen tissue with respect to the ultrastructure an probably also with respect to the chemical composition. PMID- 7086882 TI - Freeze-substitution and isothermal freeze-fixation studies to elucidate the pattern of ice formation in smooth muscle at 252 K (-21 degrees C). AB - Taenia coli muscle was cooled to 252 K in the presence of the cryoprotectant dimethylsulphoxide, at cooling rates known to reduce viability by significantly different amounts. The reduction in viability was known to be related to ice formation. Freeze-substitution and isothermal freeze-fixation studies were carried out to determine the distribution of ice within the muscle at this temperature. Freeze-substitution using ethylene glycol was unsuccessful but a new method, using high concentrations of the cryoprotectant as the substituting solvent, was able to maintain ice configuration at this relatively high substitution temperature. The results of freeze-substitution in dimethylsulphoxide were confirmed by isothermal freeze-fixation when both techniques were conducted under identical cooling conditions. The results indicated that the functional differences produced by cooling muscle at either 0.3 K min-1 or 2 K min-1 were related to the distribution of the ice phase within the tissue. PMID- 7086883 TI - Freeze-fracture electron microscopic analysis of solutions of biological molecules. AB - Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of proteins in solution. The size of the particles appearing on the fractured surface, replicated with tungstentantalum, were measured in a direction perpendicular to the shadowing angle. The distributions of the measured particle sizes could be correlated with the known shape and dimensions for each protein. It is concluded that freeze-fracture electron microscopy is a useful technique to study the morphology of biological molecules in solution, particularly hydrophobic proteins which may be difficult to study by other microscopic techniques. PMID- 7086884 TI - Muscle structure, cryo-methods and image analysis. AB - Negatively stained cryo-sections from glutaraldehyde fixed, anti-freeze treated muscle, quench-frozen in Freon cooled by liquid nitrogen, show improved preservation of axial structure of the myofibrils compared with conventional plastic sections. Such sections are being used both to characterize the structural differences inthe M-bands of different vertebrate muscles and fibre types and also to define the axial distribution of myosin crossbridges and non myosin proteins in the crossbridge region of the A-band. Combined with analysis of the transverse A-band structure from plastic sections, the cryo-sections are helping to reconstruct a three-dimensional picture of the molecular architecture of the A-band. This, in turn, is providing the necessary structural background with which to interpret the wealth of published X-ray diffraction data on muscle. Such data should reveal the nature of the contractile event itself. Since good X ray diffraction patterns can be obtained from living muscles, these can be compared with optical diffraction patterns from muscle cryo-sections as a means of testing the degree of preservation in the sections. Muscle is therefore an excellent tissue with which to evaluate new cryo-techniques. PMID- 7086885 TI - Quantitative analysis of electrolytes in frozen dried sections. AB - During recent years our group has employed the technique of electron microprobe analysis to determine the electrolyte concentrations in various epithelial tissues. The specimen preparation is characterized by shock-freezing of small tissue pieces in liquid propane/isopentane mixtures at 77 K, cryosectioning of 1 micrometer thick serial sections at 170 K and subsequent freeze-drying at 190 K and 10-4 Pa. The analysis of the frozen dried cryosections is performed in a scanning electron microscopy which is equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector. The measuring conditions selected are 17-20 kV acceleration voltage and 0.1-0.5 nA probe current. For quantification, the cellular X-ray spectra are compared with those of an internal albumin standard layer. The evaluation of the characteristic X-ray intensities is performed using a computer program. Some critical points of this technique will be discussed. PMID- 7086886 TI - Freeze-fracturing at low temperatures. I. A device for fracturing biological specimens at 77-10 K under high vacuum. PMID- 7086889 TI - A simple method for the handling and orientation of small specimens for electron microscopy. AB - Cyanoacrylic glue (Eastman 910) was used to affix small pieces of nasal scrapings to lens paper immediately before fixation in the glutaraldehyde. The lens paper not only served to hold specimens together so that they were not lost during tissue processing, but also functioned as a 'landmark' for the specimens, so that specimens could be oriented in a specific manner during embedding and subsequent sectioning. PMID- 7086887 TI - Protein-A gold particles as markers in replica immunocytochemistry: high resolution electron microscope investigations of plasma membrane surfaces. AB - Due to their high atomic number contrast in transmission electron microscopy, gold particles are ideal markers in surface replicas of cultured cells. The suitability of protein-A-coated gold particles in replica immunocytochemistry for labelling surface antigens is demonstrated using measles virus-infected cells as a model system. Labelled areas can easily be distinguished from unlabelled areas, and even markers positioned in the evaporation shadow of large structures can be accurately identified, which is a prerequisite for an exact quantification and mapping of antigen. In addition, the ultrastructure of labelled areas can still be visualized because of the small size of the marker. PMID- 7086888 TI - An improved method for combined autoradiography and histochemistry: the simultaneous detection of 6-3H thymidine and acid phosphatase activity in cryostat sections of mouse thymus and duodenum. AB - A new method is described that enables the simultaneous detection of 6-3H thymidine incorporation and acid phosphatase activity in the same tissue section. Histochemically, naphthol AS B1 released by tissue based acid phosphatase activity from the substrate naphthyl AS B1 phosphoric acid is coupled with a range of diazonium salts to produce insoluble azo dyes. The azo dye tests result in a particulate localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase and also label diffuse sources associated with cell death. The tests selected permit the application of photographic emulsion without the necessity of an inert barrier layer to separate the emulsion from the histochemically treated cryosections. The localization of 6-3H thymidine incorporation and cell death in mouse thymus and duodenum is demonstrated and comparative counts estimating the distribution of 6 3H thymidine incorporation and hydrolase labelled cell death in the thymus are presented. Young mouse thymus (5 weeks) was found to contain 1.36 +/- 0.12% dying cells and 6.78 +/- 0.03% thymidine incorporating cells, whilst old mouse thymus (53 weeks) was found to contain 2.34 +/- 0.6% dying cells and 5.29 +/- 0.37% thymidine incorporating cells. PMID- 7086890 TI - A time-saving device for vacuum evaporation. PMID- 7086891 TI - X-ray microtomography. AB - A microscope system based on the principles of computerized axial tomography is described for determining the distribution of the X-ray absorption coefficient in a slice from a solid object without cutting sections. An application is given to determining the distribution at a resolution of about 15 micrometer through a shell of about 0.5 mm diameter. PMID- 7086892 TI - Radiologic seminar CCXX: use of CT body scanning for colon cancer follow-up. PMID- 7086893 TI - Cardiac rehabilitation: three years later. PMID- 7086894 TI - The biochemistry of inflammation: rheumatoid arthritis and anti-inflammatory drugs. PMID- 7086895 TI - Malignant mixed tumor of the gallbladder. PMID- 7086897 TI - Structural analysis of self-replicating RNA synthesized by Qbeta replicase. PMID- 7086898 TI - Studies on co-operative properties of tropomyosin-actin and tropomyosin-troponin actin complexes by the use of N-ethylmaleimide-treated and untreated species of myosin subfragment 1. PMID- 7086896 TI - Family medicine education in Mississippi. PMID- 7086899 TI - Fine structure of the A-band in cryo-sections. III. Crossbridge distribution and the axial structure of the human C-zone. PMID- 7086900 TI - Structure of human deoxy cobalt haemoglobin. PMID- 7086901 TI - Conformations and interactions of pectins. I. Polymorphism between gel and solid states of calcium polygalacturonate. PMID- 7086902 TI - Conformations and interactions of pectins. II. Influences of residue sequence on chain association in calcium pectate gels. PMID- 7086903 TI - Evidence for two levels of DNA folding in histone-depleted HeLa interphase nuclei. PMID- 7086904 TI - Twisted single crystals of Bombyx mori silk fibroin and related model polypeptides with beta structure. A correlation with the twist of the beta sheets in globular proteins. PMID- 7086905 TI - On the problem of comparing protein structures. Development and applications of a new method for the assessment of structural similarities of polypeptide conformations. PMID- 7086906 TI - Structure of maltoheptaose by difference Fourier methods and a model for glycogen. PMID- 7086907 TI - Interaction of cardiac myosin and its light chains with calcium ions and regulation of binding by phosphorylation. PMID- 7086908 TI - Thyroid control over biomembranes. VII. Heart muscle mitochondria from L triiodothyronine-injected rats. PMID- 7086909 TI - The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. AB - The impact on mortality of stabilization in the field before transport of patients with penetrating heart injuries is unknown. This retrospective study compares patients promptly transported with minimal therapy after penetrating cardiac injuries with such patients who had received prolonged attempts at stabilization in the field. During the period of study from 1979 to 1981 23 patients with penetrating wounds of the heart were seen at our institution. The overall mortality was 78%. Forty-three per cent of patients were not salvageable on the basis of extensive anatomic injury or excessive time delays before ambulance arrival. Fifty-six per cent were alive at the time of ambulance arrival with systolic blood pressures of greater than 90 mm Hg. All patients were injured within 10 minutes' rapid transport time from our institution. Approximately one half the patients were treated with 'scoop and run' technique with minimal in field treatment. Delay from the arrival of the ambulance until definitive surgical correction was less than 9 minutes. The remaining patients were treated with extensive in-field attempts at stabilization with a delay of 25 minutes or more from ambulance arrival until definitive treatment (mean, 40 minutes). Patients with potentially salvageable injuries had a survival rate of 38%. In this group of patients, a salvage rate of 80% was achieved if transport delays were minimized. In contrast, no patients in whom field resuscitation with concomitant prolonged prehospital delay survived. These data suggest that prompt transport to the hospital without attempts at field resuscitation provides a better chance for survival among patients with penetrating heart wounds. PMID- 7086910 TI - Delayed post-traumatic extracerebral hematomas. AB - Acute craniocerebral trauma remains a difficult management problems. Optimal conditions for recovery require stabilization of vital signs, removal of a mass lesion when present, and control of intracranial pressure. While computerized tomography (CT) has helped achieve these objectives, there remain patients who may develop a second extracerebral hematoma not evident on their initial preoperative scan. This report concerns our experience with patients who developed such delayed post-traumatic extracerebral hematomas shortly after evacuation of hematomas at other sites. Between 1 January 1979 and 1 October 1980, 47 patients underwent emergency evacuation of a traumatic extracerebral hematoma (38 acute subdural and 18 acute epidural hematomas) at the Yale New Haven Hospital. Within 24 hours, four patients developed, in addition, a total of six delayed extracerebral hematomas (10%) which also required evacuation. In all of these patients a skull fracture was present at the site of the delayed hematomas. This experience suggests: 1) Exploration of extracerebral space beneath a skull fracture should be considered following evacuation of a hematoma at another site. 2) Repeat CT is indicated if anticipated improvement does not occur after evacuation of a hematoma. 3) Decompression of the intracranial contents by removal of a hematoma may promote the development of another delayed hematoma. PMID- 7086911 TI - Comparison of open vs. closed rodding of femurs utilizing a Sampson rod. PMID- 7086912 TI - The relationship between CIG depletion and peripheral neutrophil function in rabbits and man. PMID- 7086913 TI - Selection of patients with abdominal stab wounds for laparotomy. AB - The roles of local wound exploration (LWE) and peritoneal lavage (PL) in the selective management of stab wounds to the lower chest and abdomen were evaluated prospectively in 53 patients. Twenty-four patients underwent immediate laparotomy for obvious clinical signs of intra-abdominal injuries. Twenty-nine patients with evidence of anterior abdominal fascia penetration or equivocal LWE had PL before laparotomy. Operative findings were correlated with the preoperative assessment of LWE and PL. Twenty patients in this group had intra-abdominal injuries. All patients with positive PL were found to have an intra-abdominal injury. Six patients with a negative PL and a positive LWE had visceral injuries. Three of these injuries were considered significant with an overall false negative PL of 15%. Laparotomy performed on the basis of LWE resulted in nine patients (31%) having an unnecessary laparatomy. Careful physical examination, the results of local wound exploration, and peritoneal lavage should be considered in selecting patients with abdominal stab wound for laparotomy. PMID- 7086915 TI - The role of emergency thoracotomy in blunt trauma. AB - The benefits of emergency room thoracotomy (ET) in the treatment of blunt trauma are controversial. We retrospectively reviewed 38 consecutive cases in whom blunt trauma required thoracotomy as part of the resuscitative maneuver. There were no survivors in this setting regardless of age, sex, and time from injury to arrival. A review of the literature shows questionable salvage rates in such circumstances. Victims of blunt trauma presenting without signs of life are poor emergency thoracotomy candidates, and we suggest that in such patients this procedure be abandoned. Guidelines for emergency room thoracotomy are suggested: that ET should be used in penetrating chest trauma; that it is indicated for noncardiac injuries only if there is pupil reactivity, voluntary respiratory efforts, or purposeful movement, initially or during resuscitation; following ET, if spontaneous cardiac activity cannot be maintained and systemic blood pressure cannot be maintained at least at 70 mm Hg for 30 minutes, patients should be considered unsalvageable. PMID- 7086914 TI - Acute abdominal aortic injuries. PMID- 7086916 TI - The management of splenic injury. AB - Increased concern over the potential immunologic consequences of splenectomy has prompted surgeons to attempt salvage of traumatized spleens. We report a retrospective study of 172 consecutive patients with documented splenic injury treated over a 2-year period: 107 patients underwent splenectomy; 65 were managed without total splenectomy; 32 were not explored. The overall mortality rate was 27%; the overall complications were 30%, including a 13% incidence of post splenectomy subphrenic abscess. The incidence of infectious complications after splenectomy was 36%, while the incidence in nonsplenectomized patients was 9%. The Injury Severity Scores (ISS) in the two groups were significantly different (p less than or equal to 0.05). When the group whose spleens were salvaged was compared to an equivalent group matched for ISS, age, and sex, there was no significant difference in sepsis rates (23% vs. 10.7%; 0.10 greater than or equal to p greater than or equal to 0.05). Survival in those with postinjury infectious complications was significantly improved in patients with a remaining spleen (p less than or equal to 0.01). Abdominal computerized tomography was used successfully as a method of following injured and repaired spleens in order to predict return to full activity. PMID- 7086918 TI - Panel: "splenic injuries". PMID- 7086919 TI - Low FENa acute renal failure. PMID- 7086917 TI - Function of the replanted spleen in dogs. AB - The function of replanted splenic fragments was studied by comparing three groups of five dogs each, one group with intact spleens; one, post-splenectomy; and one with splenic replantation. Fifteen fragments were implanted into the omentum. Howell-Jolly bodies appeared after splenectomy but cleared in the replanted group after several months. I125-tagged attenuated pneumococcal clearance studies showed a significant difference between control and replanted group compared with the splenectomized group. The increase of pneumococcal antibody titers after vaccination differed significantly between the splenectomized and the replanted group. All replanted fragments were viable and showed growth over a 2-year period. These studies demonstrate that omental replantation of the canine spleen leads to the maintenance of certain functional splenic parameters comparable to the normal spleen which are significantly different from the splenectomized animal. PMID- 7086920 TI - Pitfalls in the management of traumatic chylothorax. PMID- 7086921 TI - Acute traumatic lateral dislocation of the patella: an unusual case presentation. PMID- 7086922 TI - Delayed costocervical trunk aneurysm. PMID- 7086923 TI - Appearance of a partial nephrogram with an absent kidney. AB - A case is reported of a 16-year-old female who sustained a gunshot wound to the left upper abdomen. Early opacification of a structure in the left upper quadrant on an excretory urogram was suggestive of a nephrogram. The left kidney was absent at operation. The diagnostic limitations of excretory urography in the trauma patient and the alternative diagnostic techniques, radionuclide scanning, arteriography, or tomography, or possibly operative intervention, are recommended. Although not found in our patients, a thorough search for an ectopic kidney should be made. PMID- 7086924 TI - Social and organizational constraints on health development. PMID- 7086925 TI - The distribution and frequency of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera, Culicidae) breeding places on the Kenya Coast in relation to human sociological factors. AB - In rural settlements of the Kenya Coast C. p. quinquefasciatus develops in three major types of breeding-places. These are pit latrines, cesspools and small cement cisterns which man builds to improve his sanitary facilities. All three types are present in Moslem villages. At present only latrines have been recorded in non-Moslem villages. Building of such facilities is an established practice in Moslem villages while it is recent in non-Moslem ones. The proportion of houses with potential breeding-places is increasing with the standard of living of the inhabitants and with the size of the settlements. Since the building of sanitary facilities will probably increase in the future the mosquito breeding situation will tend to worsen accordingly. Thus there is an urgent need to curb such breeding by developing low cost technology which can easily be implemented. PMID- 7086926 TI - Sleeping sickness and the factors affecting it in Botswana. AB - From the first appearance of sleeping sickness in Botswana in 1934 outbreaks increased in severity up to 1971. All populated areas around the fly belt were affected. Rates of infection are highest in the hot wet season and males aged between 30 and 50 years most affected. Rates vary considerably between tribes and have greatly increased in one tribe since 1966. Between 5 and 20% of cases die each year. Increase both in area of tsetse fly infestation and in human population size can account for the increase in severity of outbreaks. Timing of outbreaks correlates with years of low rainfall when people move closer to the fly belt. Seasonal variation in infection rates can be related to temperature and human movements in relation to agricultural activities. Adult males tend to travel and enter the fly belt more than other sections of the population and tribal differences in disease prevalence relate to cultural differences. Early tsetse control measures had little effect on sleeping sickness but aerial spraying with endosulfan coincided with a decline in the disease since 1973. In 1979 aerial spraying was shown to be effective in eliminating a threatened epidemic of sleeping sickness. PMID- 7086927 TI - Experimental light infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats. AB - An experimental infection with a smaller number of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, using rats as hosts, was carried out. When the rats were infected with one and two larvae of A. cantonensis, the infection rates were 45.5% and 73.3% and recovery rates of the adult worms were 45.5% and 66.7%, respectively. In cases when more than three larvae were given to rats, all rats were found to be infected and recovery rates were around 70%, which is the same as in the case of infection with many larvae. The recovered worms were all mature and showed no important difference in their morphological measurements. It was concluded that the larvae of A. cantonensis were able to infect rats in small numbers, and completely develop into adult worms. It is suggested that human infection could occur in the same way. PMID- 7086928 TI - Sexual adjustment among upper class Nigerian male paraplegics and tetraplegics. AB - A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between sexuality and various areas of adjustment to disability among 39 male upper class Nigerian paraplegics and tetraplegics. The results showed that the younger the subjects were, the better were the chances for sexual adjustment; there was close correlation between good sexual adjustment and the ability to use aids to daily living, mobility, ability to perform role activities, high morale, relative independence and general satisfaction about life. The subjects exhibited interest in sexual activities in a positive way contrary to popular opinion. It has been proposed that sex counselling should be a standard component of the rehabilitation effort for paraplegics and tetraplegics. PMID- 7086929 TI - Note on a possible agent for the biological control of schistosomiasis. PMID- 7086930 TI - Ocellar system of the swallowtail butterfly larva. I. Structure of the lateral ocelli. PMID- 7086932 TI - The specialization of septate junctions in regions of tricellular junctions. I. Smooth septate junctions (=continuous junctions). PMID- 7086931 TI - Ocellar system of the swallowtail butterfly larva. II. Projection of retinular axons in the brain. PMID- 7086933 TI - The specialization of septate junctions in regions of tricellular junctions. II. Pleated septate junctions. PMID- 7086934 TI - The morphological peculiarities of the typical spermatozoa of Theodoxus fluviatilis (L.) (Neritoidea) and their implications for motility. PMID- 7086935 TI - Granules in basophil leukocytes from guinea pig dermis and granules isolated from basophil leukocytes in guinea pig blood and bone marrow: a structural study by electron microscopy and optical diffraction. PMID- 7086937 TI - The symmetry of the reovirus outer shell. PMID- 7086938 TI - Membrane assembly and secretion in higher plants. PMID- 7086936 TI - Ultrastructural and biochemical bases of resurrection in the drought-tolerant vascular plant, Selaginella lepidophylla. PMID- 7086939 TI - Ultrastructural evidence for two distinct types of synoviocytes in rat synovial membrane. PMID- 7086940 TI - The effects of different concentrations of administered fat on the structure of columnar cells in the small intestine. PMID- 7086941 TI - Stability at low temperatures of neuronal microtubules in spinal ganglia and dorsal roots of the lizard (Lacerta muralis). PMID- 7086942 TI - Segmental variations of intercellular junctions in insect Malpighian tubules: a comparative study of two species. PMID- 7086944 TI - Ultrastructure and morphometry of the alveolar type II cell of the ferret. PMID- 7086943 TI - Description of the mitochondria-axoneme junction in sea urchin spermatozoa: presence of a flagellar necklace. PMID- 7086946 TI - Unembedded, aldehyde-fixed tissue, sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. PMID- 7086945 TI - Sequence of structural changes in columnar epithelium of small intestine during early stages of fat absorption. PMID- 7086947 TI - Characterization of crystalline filtrate tetanus toxin. PMID- 7086948 TI - Endocytosis of latex beads by the exopinacoderm in the fresh water sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis: an in vitro and in situ study in SEM and TEM. PMID- 7086949 TI - Ferritin--phospholipid interaction: a model system for intralysosomal ferritin segregation in iron-overloaded hepatocytes. PMID- 7086951 TI - Ultrastructural study of the microspore development in Allium sativum, cl. Piemonte. PMID- 7086950 TI - Dynamic aspect of inter--Sertoli Junctions in monkeys. PMID- 7086952 TI - [Ultrastructural study of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa of Platyhelminthe: Gonapodasmius (Trematoda:Didymozoidae)]. PMID- 7086953 TI - Activation and characterization of the reovirus transcriptase: genetic analysis. AB - We studied the ability of chymotrypsin to activate the transcriptases of the three serotypes of reovirus. When we used conditions that reproducibly caused the activation of type 3 transcriptase by chymotrypsin alone, type 2 transcriptase was sometimes activated, and type 1 transcriptase was never activated. Using intertypic recombinants containing various combinations of genome segments from reovirus types 3 and 1, we showed that the M2 segment determined this difference. Biochemical experiments indicated that the digestion of reovirus type 1 by chromotrypsin was blocked at an intermediate stage in uncoating. We found conditions which reproducibly activated the transcriptases of all three serotypes. This allowed us to compare the biochemical properties of the three transcriptases. Although the monovalent cation preferences, divalent cation preferences and optima, and temperature optima of type 1, 2, and 3 transcriptases were indistinguishable, the pH activity curves were reproducibly different. The largest difference was between type 2 and 3 transcriptases; the pH optimum of type 2 transcriptase was lower than the pH optimum of type 3 transcriptase. Using intertypic recombinants containing various combinations of genome segments from reovirus types 2 and 3, we demonstrated that the L1 segment specified this difference. PMID- 7086954 TI - Nucleotide sequence analyses and predicted coding of bunyavirus genome RNA species. AB - We performed 3' RNA sequence analyses of [(32)P]pCp-end-labeled La Crosse (LAC) virus, alternate LAC virus isolate L74, and snowshoe hare bunyavirus large (L), medium (M), and small (S) negative-stranded viral RNA species to determine the coding capabilities of these species. These analyses were confirmed by dideoxy primer extension studies in which we used a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide primer complementary to the conserved 3'-terminal decanucleotide of the three viral RNA species (Clerx-van Haaster and Bishop, Virology 105:564-574, 1980). The deduced sequences predicted translation of two S-RNA gene products that were read in overlapping reading frames. So far, only single contiguous open reading frames have been identified for the viral M- and L-RNA species. For the negative stranded M-RNA species of all three viruses, the single reading frame developed from the first 3'-proximal UAC triplet. Likewise, for the L-RNA of the alternate LAC isolate, a single open reading frame developed from the first 3'-proximal UAC triplet. The corresponding L-RNA sequences of prototype LAC and snowshoe hare viruses initiated open reading frames; however, for both viral L-RNA species there was a preceding 3'-proximal UAC triplet in another reading frame that was followed shortly afterward by a termination codon. A comparison of the sequence data obtained for snowshoe hare virus, LAC virus, and the alternate LAC virus isolate showed that the identified nucleotide substitutions were sufficient to account for some of the fingerprint differences in the L-, M-, and S-RNA species of the three viruses. Unlike the distribution of the L- and M-RNA substitutions, significantly fewer nucleotide substitutions occurred after the initial UAC triplet of the S-RNA species than before this triplet, implying that the overlapping genes of the S RNA provided a constraint against evolution by point mutation. The comparative sequence analyses predicted amino acid differences among the corresponding L-, M-, and S-RNA gene products of snowshoe hare virus and the two LAC virus isolates. PMID- 7086955 TI - Structure of retroviral RNAs produced by cell lines derived from spontaneous lymphomas of AKR mice. AB - The retrovirus expression of eight independent lymphoid cell lines derived from spontaneous thymomas of AKR mice was investigated. The RNase T1 fingerprints of viral 70S RNA produced by these cell lines were compared with genome structures of the non-leukemogenic Akv virus and with two types of cloned leukemogenic viruses derived from one of the thymoma cell lines. Viral RNAs from three cell lines, SL3, 4, and 7, were indistinguishable from one another. The fingerprint patterns indicated that these cell lines produce equal amounts of two prototype, leukomogenic SL viruses that were previously isolated from the SL3 cell line. Viral RNA produced by the SL1 and SL2 cell lines contained similar components, but at a different ratio. Two other cell lines (SL5 and SL11) produced viral RNAs that resemble those of AKR mink cell focus-forming viruses. One additional line, SL9, produced viral RNA of a novel structure. The complex pattern of viral RNA expression observed for these lymphoid cell lines can be interpreted in terms of recombination among three types of endogenous viral sequences: the Akv virus, a xenotropic virus, and an SL (for spontaneous leukemia) virus. PMID- 7086956 TI - Identification of adenovirus 2 early region 4 polypeptides by in vitro translation and tryptic peptide map analysis. AB - The mRNA species encoded by early region 4 (E4) (map position [mp] 91.5 to 99.3) of adenovirus 2 were isolated from the polysomes of infected KB cells and were purified by hybridization to the cloned HindIII-F fragment (mp 89.5 to 97.3) or to EcoRI-C fragment (mp 89.7 to 100). The mRNA's were translated in vitro using [35S]methionine as a labeled precursor in rabbit reticulocyte lysates treated with micrococcal nuclease as well as in wheat germ lysates. Five major (35,000 molecular-weight [35K], 23K, 22K, 21K, 18K) polypeptides were observed when the reticulocyte lysate was used. The 23K, 22K, 21K, and 18K polypeptides were also observed with the wheat germ lysate, as well as a very prominent 11K polypeptide; the 35K polypeptide was not observed. Assignment of these polypeptides to E4 was further established by hybrid arrested translation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of a wheat germ translate resolved five polypeptides ranging from 18K to 23K, the major 11K polypeptide, and polypeptides of 10K and 9K. The in vitro 23K to 18K and 11K polypeptides migrated to approximately the same positions on two-dimensional gels as did seven 26K to 21K polypeptides and an 11K polypeptide synthesized in vivo (Brackmann et al., J. Biol. Chem, 255:6772--6779, 1980). Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps demonstrated that the 35K, 23K, 22K, 21K, and 18K polypeptides are related. The peptide map of 11K is different from those of the above polypeptides, although 11K may share one tryptic methionine polypeptide with them. These results indicate that E4 encodes a major 11K polypeptide, as well as major 35K, 23K, 22K, 21K, and 18K polypeptides. PMID- 7086957 TI - Genetic analysis of bacteriophage T4 transducing bacteriophages. AB - Mutations in the genes for nuclear disruption (ndd), endonuclease IV (denB), and the D1 region of the T4 genome are essential for converting bacteriophage T4 into a generalized transducing phage. These mutations gave rise to a very low frequency of transduction, about 10(-8) per infected bacterium. The addition of an rII mutation raised the transduction frequency about 20-fold. An additional 100-fold increase in the transduction frequency was observed with mutations in genes 42, 56, and alc. High-frequency generalized transduction by T4 results from the cumulative effect of these mutations. PMID- 7086958 TI - Nucleotide sequence of a cloned woodchuck hepatitis virus genome: comparison with the hepatitis B virus sequence. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of a woodchuck hepatitis virus genome cloned in Escherichia coli was determined by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. This sequence was found to be 3,308 nucleotides long. Potential ATG initiator triplets and nonsense codons were identified and used to locate regions with a substantial coding capacity. A striking similarity was observed between the organization of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. Nucleotide sequences of these open regions in the woodchuck virus were compared with corresponding regions present in hepatitis B virus. This allowed the location of four viral genes on the L strand and indicated the absence of protein coded by the S strand. Evolution rates of the various parts of the genome as well as of the four different proteins coded by hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus were compared. These results indicated that: (i) the core protein has evolved slightly less rapidly than the other proteins; and (ii) when a region of DNA codes for two different proteins, there is less freedom for the DNA to evolve and, moreover, one of the proteins can evolve more rapidly than the other. A hairpin structure, very well conserved in the two genomes, was located in the only region devoid of coding function, suggesting the location of the origin of replication of the viral DNA. PMID- 7086959 TI - Transcription of the hepatitis B surface antigen gene in mouse cells transformed with cloned viral DNA. AB - Mouse L cells transformed with recombinant plasmids carrying hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA fragments were used to study the transcription of the viral surface antigen gene (gene S). An HBV-specific, polyadenylated, 2.3-kilobase RNA was mapped on the HBV genome. This RNA hybridized with approximately 75% of the genome and excluded the region of the HBV core antigen gene (gene C). The 2.3 kilobase RNA species was present only in cell lines that produced hepatitis B surface antigen. An HBV-specific 2.3-kilobase RNA was also detected in human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5 which produced hepatitis B surface antigen. A study of gene S expression in the transformed mouse L cells allowed us to localize the regions of initiation and termination of gene S transcription. Our results strongly suggest that the 2.3-kilobase RNA molecule is the mRNA of the major polypeptide of the envelope, which carries the viral surface antigen determinants. PMID- 7086960 TI - Transformation-deficient adenovirus mutant defective in expression of region 1A but not region 1B. AB - A adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (hr440) has been isolated which is defective in a splicing event required to generate the middle-sized mRNA from early region 1A. This defect has been ascribed to two adjacent nucleotide changes which lie five and six nucleotides from the 5' splice site for this mRNA (Solnick, Nature 291:508-510, 1981). One of these changes introduces an amber codon into the reading frame of the largest region 1A mRNA, resulting in the production of a truncated polypeptide. Like other region 1A mutants, hr440 is defective in the production of mRNA from early regions 2 and 3, but hr440 is unusual in that transcription from regions 1B and 4 is normal. Furthermore, although region 1B expression is unaffected, hr440 does not transform baby rat kidney cells. Therefore, expression of early region 1B is insufficient for transformation, eliminating the possibility that region 1A is required only to induce such expression. PMID- 7086961 TI - Glycoproteins of friend murine leukemia virus: separation and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of gp69 and gp71. AB - The NH2-terminal amino acid sequences (initial 23 residues) of Friend murine leukemia virus gp71 and gp69 were determined and found to be different but highly related. Friend murine leukemia virus gp71 differed from Rauscher murine leukemia virus gp70 in only one position. Friend murine leukemia virus gp69 showed approximately 41% homology to these glycoproteins but lacked the glycosylation site (sequon) occurring at position 12 in Rauscher murine leukemia virus gp70. PMID- 7086963 TI - Analysis of proteins synthesized in respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. AB - The spectrum of respiratory syncytial virus-encoded proteins was examined in infected cell extracts by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by two dimensional gel analysis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of a variety of respiratory syncytial virus-infected, actinomycin D-treated cell lines revealed the presence of as many as nine virus-encoded proteins. Seven of these nine proteins were immunoprecipitated by anti-respiratory syncytial serum. Only one major band of [3H]glucosamine was detected in infected cell extracts (Vp86), whereas the reported major virion glycoprotein (Vp48-53) was difficult to detect in infected cells when carbohydrate labels were employed. Two-dimensional gel analysis easily identified seven viral proteins, and one other was tentatively identified. The reported major virion glycoprotein again was not consistently detected. The results of this study confirm the existence of a virus-coded glycoprotein (Vp86) in infected cell extracts. The existence of this glycoprotein in the purified virion has been in dispute, but the apparent low methionine content of this protein may be the reason for this controversy. PMID- 7086964 TI - Late events in T4 bacteriophage DNA replication. III. Specificity of DNA reinitiation as revealed by hybridization to cloned genetic fragments. AB - Through the use of the technique of hybridization to cloned genes, the site specificity of the reinitiation of T4 DNA replication was examined at late times after infection, when a large amount of DNA had accumulated in the infected cell. Replication was examined under two conditions; (i) when there was recombination but the repair of the recombinants was inhibited, and (ii) when recombination was followed by covalent joining. When no covalent repair of recombinant was allowed, reinitiation occurred in the areas known to be also involved in the initiation of replication of the parental molecule: thus late reinitiation, if covalent joining is prevented, is site specific. When there was covalent joining, reinitiation displayed no apparent site specificity. The results are discussed in light of the possibility that at late times after infection recombinant intersections act as primers. The similarity of the model proposed to the "break-and-copy" model for lambda phage and the fitness of the proposed model to the genetic phenomena described by others are emphasized. PMID- 7086962 TI - 5-methyl-dCTP deaminase induced by bacteriophage XP-12. AB - Bacteriophage XP-12, whose DNA contains 34 mol% 5-methylcytosine, induces the synthesis of a unique enzyme, 5-methyl-dCTP deaminase. The substrate for this enzyme, 5-methyl-dCTP, is produced by reactions catalyzed in part by other phage induced enzymes, and the product of the reaction is dTTP. The deaminase therefore provides a novel pathway for biosynthesis of thymine residues for phage XP-12 DNA. Evidence is presented that this pathway is used for dTTP synthesis in XP-12 infected Xanthomonas oryzae. PMID- 7086965 TI - Virion functions of RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Virions from Newcastle disease virus mutants in four temperature-sensitive RNA+ groups were grown in embryonated hen eggs at the permissive temperature, purified, and then analyzed for biological properties at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. At the permissive temperature, virions of mutants in groups B, C, and BC (11 mutants) were all lower in specific (per milligram of protein) hemagglutination, neuraminidase, and hemolysis activities compared with the wild type. These deficiencies were related to decreased amounts of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein in the virions. Activities of these mutant virions at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures were similar, indicating that hemagglutinin-neuraminidase synthesized at the permissive temperature was not temperature sensitive in function. The three group D mutants displayed a different pattern. At the permissive temperature, they had wild-type hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities but were deficient compared with the wild type in hemolysis. Again, functions were similar at both temperatures. Most of the B, C, and BC mutants had specific infectivities similar to that of the wild type despite lower hemagglutination, neuraminidase, and hemolysis functions. However, the D mutants were all less infectious. This evidence is consistent with a shared hemagglutinin-neuraminidase defect in the B, C, and BC mutants and a defect in either the F glycoprotein or the M protein in the D mutants. PMID- 7086966 TI - Colinearity of RNAs with the vaccinia virus genome: anomalies with two complementary early and late RNAs result from a small deletion or rearrangement within the inverted terminal repetition. AB - The colinearity of RNA transcripts with the vaccinia virus genome was investigated. Cytoplasmic RNA from infected cells was annealed to a cloned DNA segment that extended from 9 to 15.6 kilobase pairs from the left end of the genome and contained approximately 800 base pairs of the inverted terminal repetition (ITR). Remaining unhybridized single strands of DNA were digested with nuclease S1, and the lengths of the protected DNA fragments were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis under neutral and alkaline conditions. Uniformly 32P labeled cloned DNA insert, separated recombinant DNA strands, and smaller restriction fragments, as well as 3' and 5' end-labeled DNA, were employed to map five early RNAs and one late RNA. One of the early RNAs hybridized to sequences within the ITR, and the other four hybridized to sequences proximal to the ITR. The late RNA was initiated proximal to the ITR but extended into it. Interestingly, the 3' portion of this late RNA was complementary to the early RNA transcribed from the opposite strand of the ITR. From a comparison of the lengths of the protected DNA fragments on neutral and alkaline gels, all except the complementary early and late RNAs appeared to be colinear with the genome. Although the anomalous nuclease S1 data obtained with the latter RNAs mimicked splicing, they were shown by DNA-DNA hybridization to result from a small deletion or rearrangement within the ITR. Thus far, no true examples of spliced vaccinia virus RNAs have been found. PMID- 7086967 TI - Sequences of ribosome binding sites from the large size class of reovirus mRNA. AB - Ribosome-protected fragments from two of the large-sized reovirus mRNAs were recovered from sparsomycin-blocked 80S initiation complexes. The sequence of each protected oligonucleotide was determined. The ribosome binding site of each message includes the m7G cap and a centrally positioned AUG codon. An adenine residue occurs three nucleotides upstream from the initiator codon, thus conforming to the pattern [AG]NNAUG observed for nearly all eucaryotic initiation sites. PMID- 7086968 TI - Expression of the gene encoding the adenovirus DNA terminal protein precursor in productively infected and transformed cells. AB - The major product of in vitro translation of early RNA prepared from H5ts125 infected cells and selected by hybridization to adenoviral DNA fragments spanning the region from 14.7 to 31.5 map units had been shown to be identical to the 87 kilodalton terminal protein precursor. A 72- to 75-kilodalton polypeptide whose rRNA can be selected by DNA from this same region and made in the presence of anisomycin was indistinguishable from the 72-kilodalton single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by the region from 60.1 to 66.6 map units. The accumulation of cytoplasmic RNA sequences complementary to these l-strand genes under various conditions of infection and in certain lines of transformed cells has been investigated by solution hybridization of cytoplasmic RNA to the separated strands of restriction endonuclease fragments of adenoviral DNA. During the early phase, RNA sequences complementary to the region from 11.6 to 36.7 map units were present at a concentration of 10 to 60 copies per cell, regardless of the nature of the block used to inhibit viral DNA synthesis. By 24 h after infection in the absence of any such block, sequences complementary to the regions from 11.6 to 18.2 map units (IVa2) and from 18.6 to 36.7 map units (E2B) accumulated to concentrations of 4,800 and 280 copies per cell, respectively. The ratio of cytoplasmic E2A RNA sequences to E2B RNA sequences remained close to 10:1 throughout the time period investigated. Of the transformed cell lines which retained E2B DNA sequences that were examined, only the T2C4 line expressed these sequences in cytoplasmic RNA. The implications of these observations for regulation of expression of the adenoviral early l-strand genes are discussed. PMID- 7086969 TI - Biological and biochemical studies of African green monkey lymphotropic papovavirus. AB - The growth of African green monkey lymphotropic papovavirus (LPV) in human lymphoblastoid cell line BJA-B was found to be slow and inefficient due to the accumulation of defective particles. An analysis of molecularly cloned LPV DNAs showed that 3 of 19 clones had DNAs that were longer (5.1 kilobases) than the DNAs of the other clones. The 5.1-kilobase DNA was infectious for BJA-B cells, whereas the shorter (4.8-kilobase) molecules were defective. Unlike the wild-type virus, stocks of LPV made from cloned, infectious DNAs were homogeneous and had higher titers. Using stocks of nondefective LPV, we investigated other biological properties. LPV replication in another human B-lymphoblastoid cell line was observed. The virus did not cause tumors when it was inoculated into newborn hamsters. Serological surveys of human and nonhuman primate sera indicated that virtually all primates, including humans, show evidence of infection by viruses antigenically related to LPV. PMID- 7086970 TI - Detection and characterization of agarose-binding, capsid-like particles produced during assembly of a bacteriophage T7 procapsid. AB - It has previously been shown that: (i) during infection of its host, the DNA bacteriophage T7 assembles a DNA-free procapsid (capsid I), a capsid with an envelope differing physically and chemically from the capsid of the mature bacteriophage, and (ii) capsid I converts to a capsid (capsid II) with a bacteriophage-like envelope as it packages DNA. Lysates of phage T7-infected Escherichia coli contained a particle (AG particle) which copurified with capsid II during buoyant density sedimentation, velocity sedimentation, and solid support-free electrophoresis, but was distinguished from capsid II by its apparent diversity during electrophoresis in agarose gels. Treatment of AG particles with trypsin converted most of them to particles that comigrated with trypsin-treated capsid II during electrophoresis in agarose gels. Irreversible binding of AG particles to agarose gels was shown to contribute to the apparent diversity of AG particles during agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of quantitation of AG particles and of capsid I and capsid II in lysates of a nonpermissive host infected with T7 amber mutants suggested that, in site of their capsid II-like properties, most AG particles were produced during assembly of capsid I and not during DNA packaging. The presence of AG particles in T7 lysates explains contradictions in previous data concerning the pathway of T7 assembly. PMID- 7086971 TI - Function of an internal bacteriophage T7 core during assembly of a T7 procapsid. AB - A DNA-free, proteinaceous procapsid of bacteriophage T7 (capsid I) has been shown in previous studies to consist of an external, spherical shell (envelope) and an internal, cylindrical core with fibrous projections that connect the core to the envelope. To determine the role of the core in assembly of the envelope of capsid I, the kinetics of appearance of capsid I and possible intermediates in capsid I assembly (AG particles) were determined in the presence and absence of the core. For obtaining these data, agarose gel electrophoresis was used and appeared to be a technique more accurate and efficient than techniques used for obtaining similar data in the past. The results of these experiments were: (i) in the presence of the core, AG particles behaved kinetically as intermediates in the assembly of capsid I; (ii) in the absence of the core, assembly of capsid I terminated prematurely and AG particles accumulated. These and other data have been interpreted by assuming that: AG particles are breakdown products of precursors of capsid I; these precursors have uncorrected errors in the assembly of their envelope; and a function of the core is to correct these errors. PMID- 7086972 TI - Bovine coronavirus structural proteins. AB - The tissue culture-adapted strain (Mebus) of bovine coronavirus was grown in the presence of isotopically labeled amino acids, glucosamine, or orthophosphate for the purpose of analyzing the virion structural proteins. Five species of polypeptides were identified when purified virions were solubilized in urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate and resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four species were glycosylated and had apparent molecular weights of 140,000, 120,000, 100,000, and 26,000. The glycoproteins were susceptible to proteolytic cleavage and enzymatic iodination when intact virions were studied and are thus at least partially external to the virion envelope. The 140,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein is apparently a dimer of 65,000-molecular-weight glycopolypeptides held together by disulfide linkages. Species 5 was phosphorylated and had an apparent molecular weight of 52,000. In the intact virion, it was unaffected by protease and was not enzymatically iodinated. It is therefore apparently an internal protein. PMID- 7086973 TI - Dependence of tumor-forming capacities of cells transformed by recombinants between adenovirus types 5 and 12 on expression of early region 1. AB - Recombinants between an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) deletion mutant and the Ad12 DNA fragment containing early region 1 (E1) were isolated from cells cotransfected with the EcoRI-C fragment of Ad12 DNA and Ad5 dl312 (deletion in E1A) DNA (rcA) and from cells cotransfected with the SalI-C fragment of Ad12 DNA and Ad5 dl312 DNA (rcB). No recombinant was isolated from cells cotransfected with Ad5 dl313 (deletion in E1B) DNA and restriction fragments of Ad12 DNA. Both rcA and rcB are defective and able to replicate in human embryo kidney (HEK) and KB cells with complementation by dl312. Both rcA and rcB formed Ad12 T antigen g, but not T antigen f, in infected HEK and KB cells. In rcA- and rcB-infected cells, Ad5 E1B and Ad12 E1A genes are transcribed. Heteroduplex and size analyses of rcA-1 or rcB-1 DNA fragments hybridized with Ad12 DNA revealed that rcA-1 DNA has a deletion between 5 and 15 map units with an insertion of a portion of Ad12 DNA (10%) and that rcB-1 DNA has a deletion between 70 and 80 map units with an insertion of a portion of Ad12 DNA (10%). The transformed cell lines, RCAY and RCBY, were established after infection of rat 3Y1 cells with rcA and rcB, respectively. Both Ad5 and Ad12 DNA sequences are contained in these cells. In RCAY cells, Ad12 T antigen g is detected, but Ad12 T antigen f is not. In RCBY cells, both Ad12 T antigen g and f are detected. Only the Ad12 E1A gene is transcribed in RCAY cells, whereas Ad5 E1B, Ad12 E1A, and Ad12 E1B genes are transcribed in RCBY cells. In soft-agar cultures, RCBY cells form large colonies, whereas RCAY cells form only tiny colonies. RCBY cells form tumors as efficiently as 12WY cells in transplanted rats. RCAY cells formed tumors inefficiently. Ad5 transformed 5WY cells do not form tumors. These observations indicate that the efficient tumor formation by RCBY cells is dependent on the expression of the Ad12 E1A and E1B genes, whereas the inefficient tumor formation by RCAY cells is due to the expression of only the Ad12 E1A gene. PMID- 7086974 TI - Nucleotide sequence at the junction between the nonstructural and the structural genes of the semliki forest virus genome. AB - The nucleotide sequence at the junction between the nonstructural and the structural genes of the Semliki Forest virus 42S RNA genome has been determined from cloned cDNA. With the aid of S1-mapping, we have located the 5' end of the viral 26S RNA on this sequence. The 26S RNA is homologous to the 3' end of the 42S RNA and is used as a messenger for the structural proteins of the virus. The nucleotide sequence in the noncoding 5' region of the 26S RNA (51 bases) was thus established, completing the primary structure of the 26S RNA molecule (for earlier sequence work, see Garoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:6376 6380, 1980, and Garoff et al., Nature (London) 288:236-241, 1980). An examination of the nucleotide sequences upstream from the initiator codon for the structural proteins on the 42S RNA genome shows that all reading frames are effectively blocked by stop codons, which means that the nonstructural genes in the 5' end of the 42S RNA molecule do not overlap with the structural ones at the 3' end of the molecule. PMID- 7086975 TI - Familial Bartter's syndrome and the effect of indomethacin in one family member. AB - A Japanese family in which a father, daughter and son had hypokalemia and hyperreninemia was investigated. Both father and daughter had reduced vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II; in addition, the daughter had juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and dwarf glomeruli. These features are consistent with Bartter's syndrome occurring in 2 successive generations in 1 family. The 12-year-old girl had growth retardation in spite of normal growth hormone secretion. No chromosomal abnormalities were found. Indomethacin administration to this patient in doses sufficient to reduce urinary prostaglandin excretion resulted in a marked improvement of polydipsia and polyuria, and an increase in serum sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. Even though plasma aldosterone concentrations were reduced to within the normal range, serum potassium concentrations remained low, and plasma renin activity (PRA) remained elevated. Thus it is not likely that hypokalemia is induced only by aldosteronism. These results suggest that prostaglandins are the major determinant of polydipsia, polyuria and high plasma aldosterone levels and contribute to the hypokalemia observed in this patient. However, the failure of complete correction of the hypokalemia and the persistence of the raised PRA with a significant reduction of the prostaglandins suggest the possibility that additional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome. PMID- 7086976 TI - Immunoprophylaxis of a murine bladder cancer with high dose BCG immunizations. AB - The immunoprophylactic effect of Mycobacterium bovis, strain Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) was studied in a syngeneic bladder tumor system. Injection of a high dose of viable BCG 10 days before tumor cell challenge induced a 46 per cent reduction in tumor take. On the other hand, no protection against tumor take was afforded by the simultaneous administration of BCG and tumor cells. Complete tumor regression, however, was observed in a number of animals of the 2 groups receiving BCG: 90 per cent in the group receiving the vaccine and the tumor simultaneously and 50 per cent in those being immunized 10 days before tumor challenge. These findings indicate that high dose, viable BCG immunization favorably alters the course of this experimental tumor. PMID- 7086978 TI - Factors influencing the pressure-flow-perfusion system. AB - The methodology of the "Pressure-Flow-Perfusion System' used in the "Whitaker Test' was examined for factors which influence intrinsic resistance of that system. Considerable pressure changes were incurred by varying the concentration of sodium diatrizoate, perfusing needle, temperature and flow rates. For each renal pressure-flow-perfusion test, the resistance must be determined because of the effect of each variable in altering the intrinsic resistance. PMID- 7086977 TI - The effect of indomethacin on glomerular capillary pressure and pelvic pressure during ureteral obstruction. AB - The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether elevated glomerular capillary and pelvic pressure resulting from ureteral obstruction could be lowered by injection of indomethacin. In hydropenic rats and rats subjected to saline volume expansion, the mean arterial blood pressure, renal pelvic pressure and proximal tubular free flow and stop-flow pressures were measured during acute ureteral obstruction. Indomethacin was injected intravenously 30 to 45 minutes after obstruction at a renal pelvic pressure of 35 mm. Hg or higher. In the former group of rats the proximal tubular stop-flow pressure decreased by an average of 32 per cent and renal pelvic pressure by 27 per cent on administration of indomethacin, whereas in the volume expanded rats (saline, 2 per cent of body weight) these pressures did not change significantly. These results suggest that the vasodilation consequent to ureteral obstruction in hydropenic animals is caused by prostaglandins release and can be abolished by indomethacin, whereas the vasodilation that results from ureteral obstruction in volume expanded animals may be affected by additional mechanisms. PMID- 7086979 TI - Tamm and Horsfall glycoprotein does not promote spontaneous precipitation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate in vitro. AB - Tamm and Horsfall glycoprotein was isolated from urine of patients with renal stones and from normal control subjects, and tested for its effects on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in vitro. Preparations from both groups (10 100 micrograms./ml.) caused slight inhibition of spontaneous precipitation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate. No promotion was found. PMID- 7086981 TI - Functional pattern of sacral root stimulation in dogs. II. Urethral closure. AB - Ten dogs were used for electrostimulation of the sacral roots to improve urethral sphincter closure. To induce and maintain urethral closure in longstanding stimulation, a variety of stimulation patterns was investigated systematically. With continuous stimulation, the induced sphincteric response faded corresponding with the increase in frequency of stimulation applied, but in phasic stimulation with a stimulation/rest ratio of 1:2, strong sphincteric contractions were reproducible after each rest interval. If the stimulation bursts were shortened to 30-60 msec., interrupted by an off-time of again twice the duration of the stimulation, unfused sphincteric tetani were induced, resulting in a sinusoidal oscillating closure pressure that did not drop in the prestimulus baseline during the off-time. A sufficient sphincteric closure pressure could thus be sustained over 1 hour of uninterrupted stimulation. PMID- 7086982 TI - Should patients with single renal stone occurrence undergo diagnostic evaluation? AB - Diagnostic evaluation was conducted on 34 patients with a single episode of renal stone formation. Absorptive hypercalciuria as disclosed in 55.9 per cent (23.5 percent type I and 32.4 per cent type II), renal hypercalciuria in 11.8 per cent, primary hyperparathyroidism in 2.9 per cent, hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in 8.8 per cent and no metabolic abnormality in 20.6 per cent. Compared to the group with recurrent stone formation the group with a single stone episode had just as severe biochemical abnormalities or laboratory results, such as hypercalciuria and exaggerated calciuric response to oral calcium load in absorptive hypercalciuria, high fasting urinary calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in renal hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria in hyperuricosuria calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and low urine volume in no metabolic abnormality. The results suggest that the same physiological and environmental disturbances characterize stone formation in patients with a single stone episode as in those with recurrent stone formation and indicate the need for diagnostic evaluation. PMID- 7086983 TI - Calculous disease. PMID- 7086980 TI - Functional pattern of sacral root stimulation in dogs. I. Micturition. AB - Prior to this study, electrostimulation of the ventral sacral roots had only limited success in evacuation of the bladder because dyssynergic sphincter contraction simultaneously increased urethral resistance. Thus, pudendal nerve blockade, pudendal neurotomy, selective peripheral neurotomy, or external sphincterotomy for reduction of sphincteric resistance seemed inevitable. To avoid those procedures we used electrical sphincter fatigue to induce effective micturition with stimulation of the ventral sacral roots. Stimuli of 200 Hz frequency rapidly fatigue the dyssynergic sphincteric response but not the desired detrusor contraction, eliminating the need of interference with the sphincteric activity. PMID- 7086984 TI - Staghorn calculis: its clinical presentation, complications and management. AB - There were 95 patients (105 kidneys) with staghorn calculi evaluated clinically and 84 kidneys were studied on a pathologic basis. Only 1 percent of the patients could be defined as having a silent stone calculus. Clinical complications occurred in 53 per cent of the patients. Of 84 kidneys submitted for a pathoanatomic study (surgical evaluation and/or histopathology) pyonephrosis was found in 20 per cent, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in 8 per cent, end stage pyelonephritic kidney in 6 per cent, end state hydronephrotic kidney in 7 per cent, severe pyelonephritic changes in 7 per cent and a perinephric abscess in 5 per cent. The kidney was considered to be relatively undamaged in 51 per cent of the cases. Complete removal of the calculus and appropriate medical adjunctive therapy should be done early in the course of the disease in an attempt to prevent complications and renal deterioration. The results of treatment are discussed and compared to those obtained in a group of patients who initially were managed conservatively. PMID- 7086985 TI - Localization of segmental arteries in renal surgery by Doppler sonography. AB - To avoid damage to major arteries of the renal parenchyma during nephrotomy, intraoperative Doppler sonography was used experimentally and clinical as an artery finder. In experiments with 7 beagles segmental arteries were detected easily and reliably by sonography, and the arterial course thus indicated correlated perfectly with arteriograms and casts. In a clinical trial the Doppler artery finder was used in 7 patients with staghorn calculi that were removed via the renal pelvis and additional multiple selective nephrotomies with as many as 7 selective nephrotomies in a single kidney there was no damage to the major arteries in any of these patients. Selective, avascular nephrotomy with the aid of the simple, quick and reliable technique of Doppler sonography promises improved functional results of transparenchymal stone manipulation. PMID- 7086986 TI - Renal devitalization using 95 per cent ethyl alcohol. AB - Preoperative embolization of renal arteries with solid material before nephrectomy is a standard procedure for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. However, it often is difficult to use these materials and sometimes special equipment is required. We have used 95 per cent ethyl alcohol in 3 patients to devitalize kidneys with tumors. Our results show 95 per cent ethyl alcohol to be safe, effective and easy to use. When combined with epidural anesthesia alcohol embolization is well tolerated by the patient, and its destructive effect is complete and limited to the selected organ. PMID- 7086987 TI - Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney. AB - We present 8 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney who underwent preoperative computerized tomographic examination of the lesions. The computerized tomographic findings are discussed and are correlated with the conventional radiographic appearance. The tumor presents on computerized tomographic examination as a solid mass in the renal pelvis and/or in a ballooned calix, with displacement and compression of the renal sinus fat. It shows attenuation values of 8 to 20H and enhances minimally after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material. Trapping of contrast material in curvilinear caliceal spaces or in compressed collecting ducts around the periphery of the tumor results in crust-like rims of contrast density tightly and persistently encircling portions of the tumor. Retention of contrast material in obstructed tubules results in accentuated delayed enhancement of the renal parenchyma surrounding the larger lesions. A striated parenchymal pattern, secondary to uneven collecting duct obstruction, also may be seen on delayed views. The reniform contour of the kidney usually is preserved even in the presence of larger neoplasms. PMID- 7086988 TI - The universal ureteral stent. PMID- 7086989 TI - The lengthy type of post-bilharzial ureteral stricture. PMID- 7086990 TI - Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: role of newer diagnostic methods. PMID- 7086991 TI - The diagnosis and surgical management of vasculogenic impotence. AB - Thirty-two patients have been treated for organic impotence at our institution during a 16-month period. Of these patients 5 were found to have penile vascular insufficiency and underwent a femorocavernosal bypass with an autogenous saphenous vein graft. Initial results were excellent but late failures occurred. At 28 months all shunts were occluded. Microscopic examination of the cavernous tissue revealed fibrous thickening of the septa and loss of cavernous spaces. These findings suggested that late failure in direct revascularization may be associated with fibrotic changes that occur under high pressure inflow to the corpora cavernosa. PMID- 7086993 TI - Grading errors in prostatic needle biopsies: relation to the accuracy of tumor grade in predicting pelvic lymph node metastases. AB - To examine how accurately needle biopsies reflect the true histologic grade of prostatic cancers the histologic grade of needle biopsy specimens was compared to that of the radical prostatectomy specimen in 66 consecutive patients. Needle biopsies were given a lower grade than the prostatectomy specimen in 21 patients (33 per cent) and a higher grade in 5 patients (8 per cent). To examine how accurately the tumor grade of needle biopsy specimens predicts lymph node metastases in patients with clinical stage B prostatic cancer the needle biopsy grade was compared to lymph node metastases in 78 consecutive patients who underwent staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirteen per cent of the patients with well differentiated cancer, 50 per cent with moderately differentiated cancer and 64 per cent with poorly differentiated cancer had pelvic lymph node metastases. In most cases grading errors did not influence the capacity of needle biopsies to predict nodal involvement. We conclude that although prostatic needle biopsies are associated with significant errors in grading they do provide valuable information about the predominant histologic pattern, which reflects the biologic potential of the tumor. PMID- 7086992 TI - Electron microscopic study of mineral deposits in idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum. AB - An excised specimen from a 39-year-old man with idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum was examined by electron microscopy. Mineral deposits were located in the dermis in which collagen fibers were numerous. These collagen fibers appeared mineralized to varying degrees. Mineral crystals frequently were present in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts near large deposits. The mineral portion was identified as a compound consisting of calcium and phosphorus, and the elementary mapping of calcium and phosphorus in the skin tissue was analyzed by an energy dispersive x ray spectrometer. No calcification was observed in dartos muscle cells or in mast cells. PMID- 7086994 TI - Clinical results of early stage prostatic cancer treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and 125iodine implants. AB - Eighty patients with clinically early stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with pelvic lymphadenectomy and interstitial implantation of 125iodine seeds. A new applicator that permits greater accuracy in spacing the seeds has been developed. Postoperative complications were minimal, with urinary irritability being the most common. Multiple transrectal needle biopsies were performed 12 and 18 months after treatment in 46 patients. The prostatic biopsies were negative for carcinoma in 61 per cent and positive in 39 per cent of the patients. Long-term followup is needed to correlate post-treatment biopsies with survival and to determine if patients with positive biopsies should receive further treatment. PMID- 7086995 TI - The national survey of prostate cancer in the United States by the American College of Surgeons. PMID- 7086996 TI - The etiology of detrusor hyperreflexia in patients with infravesical obstruction. AB - Bladder function was studied in 44 patients with bladder outlet obstruction by gas cystometry, integrated sphincter electromyography and uroflowmetry. Of these 44 patients 18 demonstrated detrusor hyperreflexia on cystometry. To identify the prostate as a possible source for triggering sensory stimuli pharmacologic ablation with lidocaine was performed through a perineal approach in 11 patients with hyperreflexia. Prostatic block eliminated hyperreflexia in 10 of 11 patients and had no effect in 4 patients with a normal cystometrogram. We believe that this study lends support to the concept that sensory stimuli from an anatomically altered prostatic urethra induces detrusor hyperreflexia. This suggests that permanent ablation of sensory stimuli from the prostate in patients with outlet obstruction would be of benefit. PMID- 7086997 TI - High flow infravesical obstruction in men: symptomatology, urodynamics and the results of surgery. AB - High flow infravesical obstruction in male patients with severe prostatism is defined by a maximum flow rate of more than 15 ml. per second and a vesical pressure exceeding 100 cm. water at maximum flow rate. During a 9-month period urodynamic screening of 225 patients referred to our hospital with prostatism revealed high flow infravesical obstruction in 16 (7 per cent). Transurethral surgery of the prostate or bladder neck was performed in 11 of the patients, with good results observed in symptomatology as well as in maximum flow rate. A urodynamic screening program is suggested to establish the diagnosis so that these patients can benefit from surgical treatment. PMID- 7086998 TI - Flow cytometry of normal and nonneoplastic diseases of the bladder: an estimate of the false positive rate. AB - From July 1980 through February 1981, 100 patients with normal or nonneoplastic disease of the bladder were studied by flow cytometry. These patients had a variety of medical problems, including carcinoma of the prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy, acute and chronic cystitis and carcinoma of other sites. The results showed that inflammation and cystitis affected flow cytometry analysis and could lead to false positive diagnoses under some circumstances. With present criteria we estimate that the false positive rate in a urologic population is an acceptable 2 per cent. PMID- 7086999 TI - Neurologic aspects of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, with reference to the guarding reflex. AB - Of 137 patients with neurogenic detrusor hyperreflexia 71 with and 66 without vesicosphincter dyssynergia were analyzed. Intracranial lesions did not lead to vesicosphincter dyssynergia, which occurs only after spinal cord transection. The normal increase in striated sphincter activity with bladder filling (guarding reflex) usually is lost, while vesicosphincter dyssynergia usually appears after complete spinal cord injury. This finding provides evidence of supraspinal mediation of detrusor-sphincter interaction. Vesicosphincter dyssynergia is hypothesized to be an abnormal flexor response of the perineal musculature to bladder contraction, which is peculiar to humans. PMID- 7087000 TI - The neurophysiology of micturition: a clinical study of 550 patients. AB - Detailed urodynamic and neurologic evaluation of 550 patients was reviewed with the intention of shedding light on the understanding of the neurophysiologic pathways involved in micturition. On the basis of our data the following conclusions were made: 1) normal micturition is a brain stem reflex rather than a simple sacral reflex, 2) interruption of this sacral-to-brain stem reflex pathway results in uncoordinated voiding (detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia), 3) anatomically separate neural centers control the activity of the detrusor muscle and the external urethral sphincter, and 4) although the pudendal and pelvic nuclei are located in the sacral spinal cord they are anatomically separable from one another. PMID- 7087001 TI - The factors in successful exstrophy closure. PMID- 7087002 TI - Observations on lower urinary tract calculi in children. AB - Lower urinary tract calculi are rare in American children. In 20 years 26 children with bladder or urethral stones have been treated. Boys outnumbered girls by 3 to 1. All patients had urinary tract infection. Most patients harbored phosphatic calculi and had urinary tract anomalies or neurogenic dysfunction. Calculi were managed surgically in 25 children. Only 2 children suffered from recurrent vesical calculi. PMID- 7087003 TI - Anuria in a 59-year-old man. PMID- 7087004 TI - Viral cystitis with transient secondary vesicoureteral reflux. PMID- 7087005 TI - Plasmacytoma of the urethra. PMID- 7087006 TI - Surgical management of persistent, symptomatic nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. AB - Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis is a rare condition involving the distal lymphatics of the penis. Its association with trauma has been shown. Although there is a minimal inflammatory response the etiology is unknown. Clinically, the patient notices a nontender, serpiginous nodular mass just proximal to the coronal sulcus. Most cases are self-limited and conservative management is indicated. Surgical excision is warranted for persistently symptomatic lesions. PMID- 7087007 TI - Scrotal flaps for penile denudation. PMID- 7087008 TI - Congenital patent urachus associated with complete (hypospadiac( duplication of the urethra and solitary crossed renal ectopia. AB - The literature is reviewed on the incidence of patent urachus. Three cases are reported and 1 is described in detail. In that case the patent urachus was associated with complete duplication of the urethra and solitary crossed renal ectopia. The rarity of these associated lesions is stressed, especially the fact that the second urethra was situated in the hypospadiac position. Two years after excision of the patent urachus urine retention developed, which was treated by dividing the septum between the 2 urethras in the region of the prostate. PMID- 7087009 TI - Neurogenic bladder, lumbosacral plexus neuropathy and drug-associated rhabdomyolysis. PMID- 7087011 TI - Left renal vein to inferior vena cava pressure relationship in humans. PMID- 7087010 TI - Clinical manifestations of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate urolithiasis. AB - We studied retrospectively 155 patients with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) those with calcium oxalate monohydrate, 2) those with calcium oxalate dihydrate and 3) those with mixed calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate. Various differences were noted between patients with calcium oxalate monohydrate and those with calcium oxalate dihydrate, with respect to stone characteristics, spontaneous passage of stones, stone recurrence and multiple occurrence. Most important, we noted that patients with calcium oxalate dihydrate had more stone recurrences than patients with calcium oxalate monohydrate. PMID- 7087012 TI - Pyeloscopy in urothelial tumors. AB - Intraoperative pyeloscopy was performed on 18 consecutive patients with indeterminate pelvic of caliceal filling defects, subsequently proved to be transitional cell carcinomas. After nephroureterectomy local tumor recurrence in the region of the renal fossa developed in 2 patients. Intraoperative pyeloscopy entails significant risks and the seeding of transitional cell carcinoma is possible. PMID- 7087013 TI - Lymphadenectomy in renal adenocarcinoma. AB - From 1968 to 1978, 241 patients underwent radical nephrectomy for renal adenocarcinoma. The regional lymph nodes were resected in 102 patients with disease localized to the kidney, including 1) resection of all nodal tissue from the diaphragm to aortic bifurcation, 2) resection of ipsilateral nodes from the renal pedicle to the inferior mesenteric artery or 3) incidental lymph node resection. Of 9 patients with evidence of lymph node metastases only 1 remained free of disease 7 years postoperative. This patient had only a single hilar lymph node as evidence of metastatic disease. A limited rather than an extended lymphadenectomy is a suggested addition to a radical nephrectomy in patients with locally resectable renal adenocarcinoma without evidence of distant lymph node or parenchymal metastases. PMID- 7087014 TI - Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma in nephrectomized cases. AB - In an analysis of the autopsy records of 1,828 patients with renal adenocarcinoma 424 nephrectomized and 1,404 nonnephrectomized cases were compared to explore the effect of nephrectomy on metastasis. Over-all, no significant difference was observed except for a high incidence of metastases to the brain and femur, and a low incidence of metastases to the ipsilateral adrenal and renal hilar lymph nodes in nephrectomized cases. No significant difference was seen between the nephrectomized and nonnephrectomized cases with metastatic involvement of 1 organ, with respect to the frequency with which any given organ was involved. There were 5 patients with metastasis in whom survival was 10 years or longer after nephrectomy. Lung metastasis was present in 4 cases and lymph node metastasis in 1. Of these 5 patients 3 had undergone nephrectomy only. The results failed to show any evidence of the effectiveness of nephrectomy or adjuvant therapy. It was inferred that the mode of metastasis and the clinical progress of patients after nephrectomy for renal adenocarcinoma are influenced more profoundly by characteristics of the tumor itself than by nephrectomy. PMID- 7087015 TI - The penile intercommunicating venous valvular system. PMID- 7087016 TI - Phimosis and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7087017 TI - In vitro fertilization rates after varicocele repair. AB - Causal relationship of varicocele to infertility is controversial. Studies of hormonal milieu, semen and testicular tissue yield data of debatable significance. We herein assay the fertilizing ability of men with varicocele and monitor changes consequent to surgical correction of varicocele. Zona-free hamster ova were used to determine fertilizing ability. A fertilization rate of less than 10 per cent correlates with infertility. Between May 1978 and November 1979, 75 men with varicocele presenting for fertility evaluation and 23 men with painful varicocele were tested. Of the patients infertile clinically and by in vitro fertilization assay 42 elected ligation of the internal spermatic vein(s). Average fertilization rate of the painful varicocele group was 20.5 per cent and for the infertile group it was 1.2 per cent. Average fertilization rates postoperatively in the infertile group were 2.9 per cent (3 months), 7.7 per cent (6 months), 2.8 per cent (9 months), 7.8 per cent (12 months), 17.5 per cent (15 months) and 8.0 per cent (18 months). Pregnancies occurred only in partners of men whose fertilization rates were between 2.9 and 8.3 per cent preoperatively and who improved to greater than 10 per cent postoperatively. The in vitro fertilization assay may help select those individuals with varicocele and infertility most likely to benefit from varicocele repair. PMID- 7087018 TI - Complications of thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. PMID- 7087019 TI - Prophylactic efficacy of cinoxacin in recurrent urinary tract infection: biologic effects on the vaginal and fecal flora. PMID- 7087020 TI - Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract. AB - We report 9 clinicopathological cases of inverted papilloma. The occurrence of associated true malignant epithelial tumors in the urinary tract in 4 patients is not concurrent with previous reports. Even though inverted papilloma per se is a benign lesion it may be associated with malignant epithelial tumors of the urinary tract. The similarity between proliferative lesions of the bladder and inverted papilloma is discussed. The possibility of common etiologic factors of proliferative cystitis, cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, inverted papilloma and ordinary bladder tumors may be considered. PMID- 7087021 TI - A new device in intraoperative Polaroid radiography. PMID- 7087022 TI - Intrapelvic pressure and urinary flow rate in obstructed and nonobstructed human kidneys. PMID- 7087023 TI - Detrusor hypertonicity as a late complication of a Wertheim hysterectomy. AB - An extended radical Wertheim hysterectomy is commonly used in the primary treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. Postoperative voiding dysfunction, characterized by a hypotonic or atonic detrusor, commonly occurs. It is not generally appreciated that hypertonic bladder dysfunction can also occur as a late postoperative complication. We describe 3 patients with postoperative detrusor hypertonia resulting in radiographic changes of the upper urinary tract. The etiology, diagnosis and management of detrusor hypertonia following a Wertheim hysterectomy are discussed. PMID- 7087024 TI - Renal growth in small kidneys after ureteroneocystostomy. AB - Postoperative renal growth was determined in 22 patients with unilateral atrophic kidney and vesicoureteral reflux. Atrophic kidney growth was compared to the contralateral kidney and growth tables. Significant growth of the atrophic kidney was observed in 68 per cent of the patients after reimplantation. Ureteroneocystostomy enhances growth in atrophic kidneys and is important in salvaging renal function. PMID- 7087025 TI - Determination of true intravesical filling pressure in patients with vesicoureteral reflux by Fogarty catheter occlusion of ureters. AB - Ureteroneocystostomy is a highly successful procedure for the correction of vesicoureteral reflux. However, postoperative vesicoureteral reflux or ureterovesical junction obstruction will develop in some patients and elevated intravesical filling pressure might be a significant factor. Reflux, itself, might act as a safety release valve and mask vesical hypertonia. We herein describe a technique to determine the true intravesical filling pressure in the presence of vesicoureteral reflex by occlusion of the ureters with reflux using Fogarty catheters. Our preliminary experience suggests that it is an easily performed and clinically useful test to identify patients with vesical hypertonia who should be treated postoperatively with anticholinergic medication. PMID- 7087026 TI - Urethral strictures following transurethral resection of posterior urethral valves. AB - Dense urethral strictures developed in 3 of 36 patients (8 per cent) following transurethral fulguration of posterior urethral valves. Common potential etiologies include the use of a loop resectoscope, large size of the valves and immediate supravesical diversion. The latter results in a "dry" urethra and the strictures that resulted may be analogous to the stenosis seen following a "dry" ureteral reimplant. Techniques to maintain flow through the urethra after resection and the avoidance of an extensive resection may be helpful in preventing urethral strictures. PMID- 7087027 TI - Application of Horton-Devine principles to the repair of hypospadias. AB - We describe the results and complications of the Horton and Devine techniques for repairing hypospadias in 140 children. The V-shaped glandar flap plasty was done in all patients, either as part of a 1-stage operation in some or as the final step in a staged procedure in others. The principles of Horton and Devine were found useful not only in primary repairs but also in achieving a satisfactory result in secondary and complicated cases. Urethrocutaneous fistula was the most common complication. With an average of 1.5 operations per patient the functional and cosmetic results have been excellent. PMID- 7087029 TI - Plasma cell granuloma of the renal pelvis. PMID- 7087028 TI - Use of computerized tomography in the evaluation of filling defects of the renal pelvis. AB - Computerized tomography has been used in the evaluation of 5 patients with radiolucent masses of the collecting system. There were 3 cases of renal calculi. 1 peripelvic cyst and 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. The results of computerized tomography scanning are correlated with the results of excretory urography and ultrasonographic scanning. The diagnostic advantage of computerized tomography scanning for evaluation of radiolucent masses of the upper collecting system is elucidated. PMID- 7087030 TI - Renal oncocytomatosis. PMID- 7087031 TI - Single vaginal ectopic ureter and the VATER syndrome. PMID- 7087032 TI - Pyelocutaneous colon conduit. PMID- 7087035 TI - Urethrocavernosus fistula. PMID- 7087034 TI - Prominent iliopsoas muscles producing a gourd-shaped deformity of the bladder. AB - Hypertrophied iliopsoas musculature should be considered seriously in the evaluation of young muscular male patients presenting with gourd-shaped bladder deformities. The recognition of this nonpathologic gourd deformity during excretory urography and subsequent confirmation by computerized tomography allow an accurate efficient diagnosis, sparing the patient a needless, more extensive investigation. PMID- 7087033 TI - Carcinoma in a colon conduit urinary diversion. AB - In recent years urinary diversion by means of the colon conduit has gained popularity because of the failure to exhibit reflux and the lower incidence of stomal stenosis. However, colon conduit diversion may be associated with adenocarcinoma, as is ureterosigmoidostomy. We report the first occurrence of adenocarcinoma in a colon conduit and, perhaps more important, in a colon conduit in which there had never been a fecal stream. PMID- 7087036 TI - Bypass graft for femoral artery involvement by metastatic carcinoma of the penis. PMID- 7087037 TI - Traumatic rupture of the testicle and a review of the literature. AB - A case of bilateral rupture of the testicle not occurring simultaneously and 3 additional cases of unilateral rupture of the testicle, including the second reported case of an epididymal tear, are reported. A review of the literature indicates that early exploration results in more surgical repairs of the injured testicle and less orchiectomies. The right side is ruptured slightly more often than the left side and the ear is usually transverse in the tunica albuginea. The diagnosis of hematocele should be made only after surgical exploration is performed and no rupture is noted. PMID- 7087038 TI - Massive pelvic hemangiopericytoma. PMID- 7087039 TI - Eleven-year survival following cystoprostatectomy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. PMID- 7087040 TI - Effects of bendroflumethiazide on urate metabolism during treatment of patients with renal stones. AB - Treatment with bendroflumethiazide (2.5 mg, twice daily with potassium supplements) in 63 patients with calcium-containing renal stones for a minimum period of 1 year (average duration of treatment 2.6 years) increased the serum urate values in all patients with an average of 90 mumol./l. (conversion factor: 1 mmol. urate = 183 mg.). Despite this the mean urinary urate excretion was unchanged. In the individual patient a systematic effect of therapy was evident since in patients with low pretreatment values the thiazide increased the urate output while in those with the highest levels before therapy it caused a reduction. In most patients there was a reduction of the urate clearance during therapy, which was most evident in those with the highest pretreatment clearance values. In patients with incomplete types of renal acidification defects the same effects were seen on urate metabolism during thiazide treatment as in the other, idiopathic, stone formers. Although the possible role of urate in calcium stone formation has not been definitely settled this study shows that thiazides do not cause hyperuricosuria and hence their beneficial effects on calcium excretion are not counteracted. PMID- 7087041 TI - Delivery of antitumor drug to bladder cancer by use of phase transition liposomes and hyperthermia. AB - It has been proposed that liposomes (phospholipid bilayer vesicles) could be used to entrap enzymes or drugs and then be administered intravenously to patients as a natural molecule to be metabolized. After liposome degradation, the entrapped molecules would be released at higher concentrations in target tissues. In 1979, it was shown that liposomes containing a chemotherapeutic agent could preferentially release the agent at the transition temperature of the lipids. In an effort to deliver high dose methotrexate (MTX) to animal transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), we used liposomes with phase transition temperature a few degrees above 37 C. Experimentally induced bladder TCC tumors (induced with N-(4 (5-nitro-2-furyl)-2 thiazolyl) formamide) were transplanted into hind legs of C3H/Bi mice. These animals received tritiated MTX encapsulated in phase transition liposomes. Tumors were heated to 42 +/- 0.5 C (by ultrasound) before receiving the liposomes containing tritiated molecules of MTX. After an appropriate time sequence the tumors were removed and MTX uptake of each tumor was noted and compared to the controls having unheated tumors. Heated TCC tumors accumulated 11.9-fold more MTX than nonheated tumors receiving the same dose. Animals receiving free MTX did not exhibit a temperature dependent difference. This indicates that the phase transition temperature of specifically engineered liposome may be used to increase delivery of high dose methotrexate to transitional cell carcinomas. PMID- 7087042 TI - BCG induced murine peritoneal exudate cells: cytotoxic activity against a syngeneic bladder tumor cell line. AB - Peritoneal exudate cells from mice after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg. of BCG demonstrated cytolytic activity in vitro against the syngeneic bladder tumor cell line MBT-2. The cytolytic effector cells are nonadherent, nonphagocytic and trypsin resistant. Moreover these cells are cyclophosphamide and hydrocortisone sensitive. It is suggested that an NK-like cell constitutes the major, if not all the population of effector cells in this reaction. PMID- 7087043 TI - Rat bladder irrigation with PVP-I2. AB - Despite technical advances, Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections continue to be the leading cause of nosocomial infections. PVP-I2 has been shown to be nonirritating to abraded tissue and we have shown that dilute solutions are bactericidal for organisms causing Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the toxicity of PVP-I2 on the catheterized rat bladder and to measure the systemic absorption of I2. Bladder catheters were surgically placed into each of 3 groups of rats: group 1, catheters only; group 2, irrigation with PBS q.8h; and group 3, irrigation with a 1:3 dilution of a 10 per cent PVP-1 per cent I2 solution q-8h. One-half of each group was sacrificed at 1 and 2 weeks respectively. Photographs of mounted bladders and histologic sections were then graded by 3 independent observers. Blood for protein bound iodine (PBI), T3 and T4 levels was obtained before the study and at sacrifice. No difference in ulcerations, erythema or inflammation was noted. PBI was higher in group 3 rats at conclusion than group 1 and 2 (6.88 mg./dl. versus 3.42 mg./dl.) (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in T3 or T4 levels. In this study, PVP-I2 was no more toxic to the bladder than catheterization alone or irrigation with PBS. PMID- 7087046 TI - The new federalism for health: shifting responsibilities and reducing costs into the 80s. PMID- 7087044 TI - In vitro characterization of four N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) induced mouse bladder tumors. AB - Four longterm murine bladder tumor cell lines were established in vitro. The 4 lines were initiated from primary N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) induced murine bladder tumors arising in C3H/He mice. Each was maintained as a solid tumor in syngeneic mice for at least 30 generations before initiation in tissue culture. The cell lines MBT-2, MBT-8, MBT-409 and MBT-683, have been subcultured over 75 times in vitro for 18 months. They are all epithelial, grow in islands on plastic Petri dishes before confluent growth and form colonies in soft agar suspension culture. Morphologic studies indicate that all 4 lines have epithelial characteristics and karyotypic studies indicate that all lines have polyploidy and marker chromosomes. Population doubling times range from 10 to 26 hours and are consistent for each line. PMID- 7087045 TI - Treatment of a metastatic prostate derived tumor with surgery and chemotherapy. AB - The R3327/MAT-Lu tumor is a metastasizing variant of the Dunning R3327 Copenhagen rat prostatic carcinoma which, when implanted subcutaneously in the flank or intramuscularly in the hind leg, invariably metastasizes to the lungs. We examined treatment with either single dose chemotherapy, surgical excision of the primary tumor, or a combination of tumor excision and postoperative single dose chemotherapy. All 3 regimens significantly reduced the number of lung metastases; however, only the combination of tumor excision, followed by postoperative chemotherapy substantially prolonged survival and produced cures. PMID- 7087047 TI - Nutrition and the new health awareness. PMID- 7087048 TI - The role of organized medicine in correctional health care. PMID- 7087050 TI - Contempo '82. PMID- 7087049 TI - Evaluation and the recent medical graduate. PMID- 7087052 TI - Ultrasound provides a "window" into the brain during surgery. PMID- 7087053 TI - Lidocaine-cimetidine interaction can be toxic. PMID- 7087054 TI - Z-DNA: a new twist in gene regulation? PMID- 7087055 TI - Encephalopathy following jejunoileostomy. PMID- 7087051 TI - Medical students--building for the future. PMID- 7087056 TI - Does the fetus think? PMID- 7087057 TI - Postemetic rupture of herniated cardia of the stomach. PMID- 7087058 TI - CT scanning and subdural empyema. PMID- 7087059 TI - DSM-III. Implications for liaison psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 7087060 TI - Thyroid nodules after high-dose external radiotherapy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis and management. AB - From 1974 to 1980, we studied six patients, five treated for Hodgkin's disease and one for a hemangioma, in whom thyroid nodules developed after high-dose (2,500 to 4,000 rad) thyroid radiation. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid in five cases showed moderate to severe cellular atypia in four (three of whom had elevated serum thyrotropin levels) and mild atypia in one (who was overtly hypothyroid). In the four with marked atypia, surgical pathology disclosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis in one, diffuse hyperplasia and epithelial atypia in two, and a sclerosing papillary carcinoma in one. Among five patients who had total thyroidectomy, three had carcinoma (microscopic papillary, papillary-follicular, or sclerosing papillary) in addition to one or more follicular adenomas or colloid nodules. Thyroid nodules and neoplasia may be more common than previously appreciated in patients exposed to high-dose radiation. PMID- 7087061 TI - An epidemiologic evaluation of leprosy in New York City. AB - Leprosy is a transmissible disease that is propagated from human to human. At the US Public Health Service hospital, New York City, the number of new leprosy cases per year during the 1970s was about three times greater than in the previous decade. This review of our 100 most recent leprosy patients shows that 60% were of the lepromatous and borderline lepromatous type. Ninety-nine of the patients were foreign born, originating in more than 26 countries. This emphasizes that, at this time, the leprosy problem in New York City is almost exclusively a reflection of immigration patterns. The majority of the patients were asymptomatic at the time of entering the United States. The average latent period from entering the United States until onset of symptoms was 4.8 years, with a range of 0 to 38 years. These figures emphasize the need for physicians to be aware that leprosy can occur as long as five to 40 years after emigration from endemic areas. For all types of leprosy, the average lag from the onset of symptoms to the time of diagnosis was 29.0 months (range, 0 to 245 months). Our experience indicates that a program of urban leprosy treatment using available drugs and supportive care is feasible. PMID- 7087062 TI - Subclavian vein catheterization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A prospective comparison of the supraclavicular and infraclavicular percutaneous approaches. AB - Percutaneous access to the central venous circulation is indicated in the management of some cardiopulmonary arrests. We prospectively studied 89 attempted subclavian vein catheterizations in a total of 76 patients. There were 44 supraclavicular (SC) and 45 infraclavicular (IC) approaches. We found that the percutaneous SC route provides a better technique than the IC approach: it is associated with fewer failures, less difficulty in the mechanics of line insertion, a higher incidence of proper catheter tip location, and much less interference with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in normal, obese, and cachectic patient subgroups. Successful performance occurred despite a documented lack of physician experience with the SC technique, indicating that it should be taught during advanced cardiac life support training courses. PMID- 7087063 TI - Diagnosis of diabetic eye disease. AB - The correct diagnosis of proliferation diabetic retinopathy is essential, because it is a treatable disease and missing the diagnosis can lead to the patient becoming blind. We examined the ability of internists and ophthalmologists to diagnose proliferative retinopathy under optimal conditions. Twenty-three physicians performed retinal examinations on ten diabetic patients and one normal patient with dilated pupils. Physician examiners were members of a university medical center and included 10 internists, 2 diabetologists, 4 senior medical residents, 4 general ophthalmologists, and 3 ophthalmologists who were subspecialists in retinal disease. Correct diagnosis was determined separately by the consensus of three ophthalmologists specializing in retinal disease, who reviewed seven-view stereo fundus photographs and medical charts. Of a possible 483 individual eye a examinations, 438 were completed. The overall error rate was 61%. The error rate for missing the diagnosis of proliferative retinopathy varied from 0% for retinal specialists to 49% for internists, diabetologists, and medical residents. We conclude that potentially serious mistakes in diagnosis are currently made by the physicians who care for most diabetic patients. Experience and specialized knowledge lessen that the error rate. Further education or greater use of referrals may be necessary to provide optimal patient care. PMID- 7087064 TI - Human in vitro fertilization. A conservative view. PMID- 7087066 TI - Diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 7087065 TI - Spontaneous subcapsular splenic hematoma as the only clinical manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 7087067 TI - Problem of abnormal fetal position. PMID- 7087068 TI - Good tidings for postlaryngectomy speech. PMID- 7087069 TI - No-confidence vote on catheter removal of foreign bodies. PMID- 7087070 TI - Delayed age of menarche of athletes. PMID- 7087071 TI - Diagnostic delay in Duchenne s muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. PMID- 7087072 TI - Diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the hip. PMID- 7087073 TI - Metatarsal neuroma. PMID- 7087074 TI - Air transportation after eye surgery. PMID- 7087075 TI - Morbidity and mortality associated with the July 1980 heat wave in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo. AB - The morbidity and mortality associated with the 1980 heat wave in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo, were assessed retrospectively. Heat-related illness and deaths were identified by review of death certificates and hospital, emergency room, and medical examiners' records in the two cities. Data from the July 1980 heat wave were compared with data from July 1978 and 1979, when there were no heat waves. Deaths from all causes in July 1980 increased by 57% and 64% in St Louis and Kansas City, respectively, but only 10% in the predominantly rural areas of Missouri. About one of every 1,000 residents of the two cities was hospitalized for or died of heat-related illness. Incidence rates (per 100,000) of heatstroke, defined as severe heat illness with documented hyperthermia, were 26.5 and 17.6 for St Louis and Kansas City, respectively. No heatstroke cases occurred in July 1979. Heatstroke rates were ten to 12 times higher for persons aged 65 years or older than for those younger than 65 years. The ratios of age-adjusted heatstroke rates were approximately 3:1 for nonwhite v white persons and about 6:1 for low v high socioeconomic status. Public health preventive measures in future heat waves should be directed toward the urban poor, the elderly, and persons of other-than white races. PMID- 7087077 TI - A prospective analysis of hospital-acquired fever in obstetric and gynecologic patients. AB - Of 2,725 obstetric and 4,090 gynecologic patients admitted to a community hospital during a 12-month period, 131 obstetric patients (4.8%) and 294 gynecologic patients (7.2%) had temperature elevations (rectal) of 38.3 degrees C or higher. All patients with fever were seen and followed up until discharge, and 80 different parameters were recorded for each patient, including sex, age, underlying illness, operative or diagnostic procedures, height and duration of fever, laboratory data, medications received, and ultimate cause of fever. Sixty three obstetric patients (48%) with temperature elevations were found to have infections and fever, with skin and soft-tissue infections (59%), urinary tract infections (16%), and bacteremias (10%) being most common. Sixty-eight febrile obstetric patients (52%) were not found to have an infection. Eighty-six gynecologic patients (29%) with fever had an infection. Pelvic inflammatory disease (37%), urinary tract infection (18%), and abscess (14%) were the most common infections. Two hundred eight gynecologic patients (71%) had fever, but the exact cause of the fever in these patients remains obscure. While fever can be an early indicator of infection, it may be due to noninfectious causes in almost two thirds of hospitalized obstetric-gynecologic patients. PMID- 7087076 TI - Risk factors for heatstroke. A case-control study. AB - To identify risk factors associated with heatstroke, a case-control study in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo, was conducted during July and August 1980. Questionnaire data were gathered for 156 persons with heatstroke (severe heat illness with documented hyperthermia) and 462 control subjects matched by age, sex, and neighborhood of residence. A stepwise linear logistic regression procedure was used to identify factors significantly associated with heatstroke. Alcoholism, living on the higher floors of multistory buildings, and using major tranquilizers (phenothiazines, butyrophenones, or thioxanthenes) were factors associated with increased risk. Factors associated with decreased risk were using home air conditioning, spending more time in air-conditioned places, and living in a residence well shaded by trees and shrubs. Being able to care for oneself, characteristically undertaking vigorous physical activity, but reducing such activity during the heat, and taking extra liquid were also associated with decreased risk. Our findings also suggest effective preventive measures. During a heat wave, the greatest attention should be directed toward high-risk groups, and relief efforts should include measures shown to be associated with reduced risk. PMID- 7087078 TI - Epidemiologic differences between sexual and physical child abuse. AB - Sexual and physical child abuse are assumed to differ; however, these differences have not been well characterized epidemiologically. Furthermore, despite assumed differences, these types of abuse are often analyzed as one entity. This can have significant effects on assessment of risk and recommendations for intervention. We compared 735 cases of sexual abuse and 3,486 cases of nonsexual physical abuse confirmed by the Georgia Department of Protective Services. Sexual and physical child abuse cases differed in age, sex, and relationship of perpetrators and victims; demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of families at risk; and morbidity and mortality caused by the event. The most important recommendation based on these findings is that epidemiologically distinct forms of child abuse must be analyzed separately before intervention measures are proposed. PMID- 7087079 TI - Sonographic antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins. Its impact on obstetric management. PMID- 7087080 TI - Epidemic heat effects. PMID- 7087081 TI - Untoward effect of a face peel: toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7087082 TI - The physician and the dying patient. PMID- 7087084 TI - Clicking sounds owing to temporomandibular joint injury. PMID- 7087083 TI - Effect of meat pm BP. PMID- 7087085 TI - Serum creatinine and renal function in the elderly. PMID- 7087087 TI - Diagnosis of intra-abdominal abscess. PMID- 7087086 TI - Unilateral dilated pupil from scopolamine disk. PMID- 7087088 TI - Epilepsy and occupational placement. PMID- 7087089 TI - Coexistent multiple myeloma and parathyroid adenoma. PMID- 7087091 TI - Block grants. New federalism or hot potatoes? PMID- 7087090 TI - Paradoxical bone marrow coronary embolism following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 7087092 TI - Short-acting barbiturate overdosage. Correlation of intoxication score with serum barbiturate concentration. PMID- 7087093 TI - Malignant glioma. Results of combined modality therapy. AB - Multimodal treatment of malignant gliomas is routinely used at New York University Medical Center. Overall, our treatment program has resulted in survival rates of 78% at six months, 51% at one year, and 7% at five years for these high-grade brain tumors. However, various subgroups (based on tumor or host factors, or both) fared significantly better or worse than others. Particularly limited survival rates were found in patients who experienced paresis/paralysis or impaired mental function, who had tumors that were markedly anaplastic, who were elderly, or who for a variety of reasons did not receive the multimodal treatment we consider optimal. PMID- 7087094 TI - Fever and infection in spinal cord injury patients. AB - Fever, infection, or both occurred at some time during hospitalization in 67% of patients on referral spinal cord injury service. A single cause of fever was generally found, with urinary tract and soft-tissue infections predominating; these responded well to appropriate management. In contrast, spinal cord injury patients on other services seen in consultation by the infectious disease service had far more complicated and advanced disease. Multiple infections were diagnosed in the majority of these patients, with urinary tract and decubitus ulcers predominating. Complicating osteomyelitis was present in more than half of those who had infected decubitus ulcers. In both groups of patients, diagnosis required careful attention to physical and laboratory examination because multiple potentially infected areas could be identified and because usual symptoms were sometimes masked by altered sensation. PMID- 7087096 TI - End-of-treatment spinal tap in bacterial meningitis. Is it worthwhile? PMID- 7087095 TI - Designing appropriate therapy in the treatment of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. AB - Gram-negative bacillary meningitis is being diagnosed more frequently, and the introduction of newer beta-lactam antibiotics has contributed significantly to successful therapy. These new agents--became of their ease of administration and relative safety--also allow nonspecialists to treat the disease. There are, however, pitfalls in therapy of infections due to this heterogenous group of organisms. Extremely susceptible organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, most often respond to cephalosporin monotherapy, whereas relatively resistant organisms such as Acinetobacter and some Enterobacter may not. In these cases, combination therapy with an aminoglycoside is warranted. Testing the infecting organism for antibiotic susceptibility at the appropriate inoculum and pH may be useful in predicting therapeutic outcome. PMID- 7087097 TI - History in the medical curriculum. A clinical perspective. PMID- 7087098 TI - Did he take something? What does the lab result mean? PMID- 7087100 TI - Unusual radiological manifestations of acquired pulmonary cysts in children. PMID- 7087099 TI - Infectious complications in patients with spinal cord injury. PMID- 7087101 TI - Delivering oxygen transtracheally may be a boon for COPD patients. PMID- 7087102 TI - Use of omentum for stroke: dream or reality? PMID- 7087103 TI - One worm in the minnow equals too many in the gut. PMID- 7087105 TI - Bleeding less for diagnostics. PMID- 7087104 TI - The patient with multiple alloantibodies. PMID- 7087107 TI - Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. PMID- 7087106 TI - Hepatic toxicity from adjuvant chemotherapy after small-bowel bypass. PMID- 7087108 TI - Association between cigarette smoking and acute respiratory tract illness in young adults. AB - The association of cigarette smoking with the occurrence and severity of an acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) was studied. Clinical data were obtained prospectively on 867 men and women with an ARTI and on a control group of 289 women. Three hundred seven (57%) of the 534 women in the ARTI group were smokers, compared with 97 (34%) of the 289 women in the control group, a highly significant difference. Of the 867 men and women with ARTIs, 506 were smokers. Smokers had a statistically significant greater likelihood of having a lower respiratory tract illness (57% v 45%), a longer duration of cough (8.9 v 6.8 days), and a greater frequency of abnormal auscultatory findings (31% v 20%) than did the 361 nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking may thus contribute to the substantial morbidity and lost productivity resulting from ARTI. PMID- 7087109 TI - Barrier-method contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - The protective effect of barrier-method contraception against pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was examined by analyzing data from the Women's Health Study, a large multicenter case-control study. We compared the contraceptive methods used by 645 women hospitalized for initial episodes of PID with the contraceptive methods used by 2,509 control subjects reporting no history of PID. The risk of hospitalization for PID in women currently using barrier methods relative to women using all other methods and to women using no method of contraception was 0.6 (95% confidence limits, 0.5 to 0.9) for both comparisons. This protective effect was observed for both chemical and mechanical barrier methods, although it was not statistically significant for the former. The prevention of PID and its sequelae is one of the most important noncontraceptive benefits of barrier methods of contraception. PMID- 7087111 TI - Mortality from abortion and childbirth. Are the statistics biased? AB - Critics have challenged previous comparisons of mortality from legal abortion and childbirth for containing biases in the crude data that spuriously favor the safety of abortion. To evaluate this concern, we reviewed the sources of mortality data on which these comparisons are based and examined the completeness of abortion mortality statistics, the completeness of childbirth mortality statistics, and the accuracy of the denominators for both these events. We found the evidence to be consistent in two directions: (1) abortion deaths appear to be more completely ascertained than childbirth deaths; (2) use of different denominator estimates has relatively little impact on the comparison. From this evidence, we conclude that the crude data are biased in a direction that overestimates the abortion risks for the women relative to the risks of childbearing. PMID- 7087110 TI - Mortality from abortion and childbirth. Are the populations comparable? AB - Critics have challenged previous comparisons of mortality from legal abortion and childbirth for contrasting population groups with different clinical characteristics. They allege that most women dying from abortion were young, white, and healthy, while those dying from childbirth had serious underlying conditions. To address this question, we calculated standardized abortion and childbirth mortality rates between 1972 and 1978. We also adjusted independently for preexisting medical conditions. These adjustments for demographic and health differences between the two populations actually widened the difference in the mortality risk between abortion and childbirth. Thus, between 1972 and 1978, women were about seven times more likely to die from childbirth than from legal abortion, with the gap increasing in the more recent years. PMID- 7087114 TI - Genetic counseling and prevention of birth defects. PMID- 7087112 TI - Denial. Are sharper definitions needed? PMID- 7087115 TI - Bad and good news on gastroplasty. Fat lost, not muscle. PMID- 7087113 TI - An outbreak of hepatitis B in members of a high school sumo wrestling club. PMID- 7087116 TI - Bad and good news on gastroplasty. Still in developmental stage'. PMID- 7087118 TI - Consensus conference: Defined diets and childhood hyperactivity. PMID- 7087117 TI - Possible new regulator of atherosclerosis is found. PMID- 7087120 TI - Management of septic arthritis. PMID- 7087119 TI - Hospital use in a fee-for-service system. PMID- 7087121 TI - Formaldehyde toxicity. PMID- 7087122 TI - Sensory detection method of measuring BP. PMID- 7087123 TI - Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 7087124 TI - Stethoscopes and infections. PMID- 7087125 TI - Are nursing home diagnosis and treatment inadequate? PMID- 7087127 TI - The impact of dementia on the family. PMID- 7087126 TI - Hysterectomy among women of reproductive age. Trends in the United States, 1970 1978. AB - An estimated 3.5 million women aged 15 to 44 years in the United States underwent hysterectomy (excluding radical procedures) between 1970 and 1978. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics were used to study the influence of age, race, and geographic region on hysterectomy rates, surgical approach, and concurrent oophorectomy. The number and rate of hysterectomies increased between 1970 and 1972 but remained stable thereafter. Hysterectomy rates increased with age, and rates for black women slightly exceeded the rates for whites. Rates were consistently highest for women in the South and lowest for women in the Northeast. Women undergoing hysterectomy in the Northeast had the lowest percentage performed by a vaginal approach and the highest percentage performed in conjunction with bilateral oophorectomy. Women having a hysterectomy in the West had the highest percentage performed by a vaginal approach. PMID- 7087129 TI - Computed tomography in search of cancer of unknown origin. PMID- 7087128 TI - Intravenous antibiotic therapy in an outpatient setting. AB - A program has been developed for the outpatient administration of parenteral antibiotics. To date, more than 150 patients with osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pyelonephritis, endocarditis, and other infections have been treated. Antibiotic solutions were prepared in the hospital pharmacy and given to the patient to be kept refrigerated at home until used. Patients administered their own antibiotics by means of a heparin lock, which was replaced every four days or when necessary. Complications were infrequent. Many patients were able to return to work while receiving therapy; others enjoyed the comfort of being at home. Cost reductions were substantial, calculated to be at least $142 a day, or the charge for a semiprivate room in 1981. In addition to the cost savings, critically needed hospital beds were freed for more acutely ill patients. PMID- 7087130 TI - Pneumomediastinum. A complication of chlorine exposure from mixing household cleaning agents. PMID- 7087131 TI - Anisocoria from scopolamine patches. PMID- 7087132 TI - Outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy. PMID- 7087133 TI - A large radiolucent pelvic mass in an 81-year-old woman. PMID- 7087135 TI - "Conditioning' with placebo lowers mouse drug dose. PMID- 7087134 TI - Of mind and morbidity: can stress and grief depress immunity? PMID- 7087136 TI - Caustic agent ingestion calls for esophagoscopy. PMID- 7087138 TI - A new view on one form of chronic hepatitis. PMID- 7087137 TI - The drug victim is too often the same: the fetus. PMID- 7087139 TI - Mammographic parenchymal patterns. PMID- 7087140 TI - Phthirus pubis infestation of the eyelashes. PMID- 7087142 TI - Duty to warn third parties. PMID- 7087141 TI - Antiarrhythmic effects of tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 7087144 TI - Violence in geriatric patients. AB - Two hundred twenty-two patients admitted to a geriatric psychiatry unit were surveyed for the commission of acts dangerous to others. Eighteen of these patients had used either guns or knives in acts of violence. Organic illness accounted for a minority of such acts, the majority having been perpetrated by patients with functional diagnoses of late paraphrenia, schizophrenia, or mania. The most dangerous patients were those who, in a clear sensorium, experienced paranoid delusions, hallucinations, or both, and believed that they were in danger of being attacked. One hundred twenty-one aggressive patients who did not use weapons against others were also identified. This group, which included a larger percentage of patients suffering from dementia, posed a much less serious threat to others than the violent group. PMID- 7087143 TI - Clinical use of radionuclide bone imaging in a university medical center. AB - To assess the diagnostic utility of radionuclide bone imaging, we reviewed all examinations performed during a two-year period in a university medical center. The indication(s) for each bone image and its interpretation were compared by reviewing requisition forms and medical records. Thirty-nine percent of 988 studies demonstrated relevant abnormalities. Yields of pertinent positive findings were greatest in patients with cancers of the breast (40%) and prostate (38%) and lowest in women with uterine cancer (15%), patients with previously normal bone images, and individuals with suspected but unconfirmed malignancy. Incidental findings, unrelated to the indication for imaging, occurred frequently (up to 41% of cases). We did not find a sizable number of negative studies that could readily be labeled as unnecessary, suggesting that bone imaging to generally a useful procedure as applied by physicians in this setting. PMID- 7087145 TI - Treatment of tic douloureux by percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol injection. AB - Thirty patients with tic douloureux underwent treatment by percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol injection (PRGI). All patients had symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical therapy. Fifteen patients had recurrent tic after one to four prior operations. The technique was simple to perform and required no intraoperative physiological testing or short-acting barbiturate supplementation during transovale placement of a spinal needle in the trigeminal cistern of Meckel's cave. Precise placement of small volumes (0.15 to 0.35 mL) of sterile glycerol was ensured by first demonstrating the anatomy of the trigeminal cistern using metrizamide. Overall, 23 patients have remained pain free five to 12 months after treatment. Nineteen patients had no change in facial sensation after injection. Treatment by PRGI is a valid alternative therapy for tic douloureux, with the additional benefit of a much-reduced incidence of facial sensory loss when compared with differential thermal rhizotomy by a radiofrequency-induced lesion technique. Facial deafferentation is not mandatory for successful percutaneous treatment of tic douloureux. PMID- 7087147 TI - Law and medicine. PMID- 7087146 TI - Violence in geriatric patients. PMID- 7087148 TI - A case report of anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with multiple cardiac malformations. AB - Anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is exceedingly rare. Clinical and necropsy findings in a 17-month-old boy with anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery are described. In our case, no areas of infarction or ischemic changes were found as well as in 4 of the 5 previously reported cases. It is most important that surgical treatment be performed without delay. PMID- 7087149 TI - Symposium on current problems in valvular heart disease. PMID- 7087150 TI - A clinicopathological study on valvular diseases in 3,000 consecutive autopsies of the aged. AB - The incidence and etiological classification of valvular diseases were examined on 358 cases from 3,000 consecutive autopsies of more than 60 years of age. The incidence of valvular disease was 11.9% (358 out of 3,000 cases). Mitral stenosis was found in 23 cases (6.4%), of which 21 cases were rheumatic and the remaining 2 were mitral ring calcification (MRC). Mitral regurgitation was observed in 126 cases (35.3%): 69 of papillary muscle dysfunction, 26 of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 16 of MRC, 9 of ruptured chordae tendineae, 3 of rheumatic and 3 of congenital. Aortic stenosis was noted in 33 cases (9.2%): 27 of calcified, 5 of rheumatic and one of congenital. Aortic regurgitation was found in 169 cases (47.2%): 112 of degenerative, 47 of syphilitic, 7 of rheumatic and 2 of aortitis syndrome. There were 6 cases (1.7%) of tricuspid regurgitation. Etiological classification revealed 6 cases (1.7%) of congenital, 36 (10%) of rheumatic, 49 (13.7%) of syphilitic, 27 (7.5%) of MVP, 69 (19.3%) of ischemic and 166 (46.4%) of degenerative valvular disease. The results emphasize the high incidence of non inflammatory valvular diseases including those of degenerative etiology in the cases studied. PMID- 7087151 TI - Etiology of mitral regurgitation in secundum atrial septal defect. AB - Non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation was found in 9.1% (27 patients) of all patients with secundum atrial septal defect (298 patients) who were operated on during a 13-year period at the Mitsui Memorial Hospital. This combined lesion was more frequent in female (12.3%, 19 patients) than male (5.6%, 8 patients), and the incidence tended to increase with age. Inspection at operation revealed a marked fibrous thickening of the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets with a localized bulging into the left atrium in the posteromedial commissural area. Similar, but less prominent change was found in nearly all patients above 20 years of age with mitral regurgitation, although the small area where the commissural chordae were attached was not involved. A friction between anterior and posterior mitral leaflets due to abnormal left ventricular motion secondary to the right ventricular volume overload might be responsible to the genesis of this lesion. Mitral annuloplasty was performed on 21 of 27 patients with a satisfactory result without operative mortality. Except one case of early death from cerebral thromboembolism they were all restored to a functional status of class I by NYHA standard within one year after operation, and there were no late death during a follow-up period of as long as 12 years. We propose a new entity "ASD, MR complex" for this combined lesion, as it demonstrates a specific pathophysiology, and necessitates a different procedure for surgical correction from that of a secundum atrial septal defect without other anomalies. PMID- 7087152 TI - Experimental production of papillary muscle and mitral valve lesions by vagal manipulations in rabbits. AB - The present paper describes peculiar lesions in papillary muscles and mitral valves produced by vagal manipulations. In the 109 rabbits killed one week after clipping or crushing of their cervical vagi, papillary muscle and mitral valve lesions were found in 53 (48.6%) and 52 (47.7%) hearts respectively. The lesions were identified by visible deposits of colloidal carbon which had been injected intravenously during the first 3 postoperative days. The left ventricular free wall, interventricular septum and right ventricle were free of carbon deposits. The papillary muscles involved were characterized by swelling and increased stiffness which corresponded to degeneration of the myocardial cells and interstitial fibrosis on microscopic observation. Hydroxyproline content of the papillary muscles involved was 1.4 times more than that of normal hearts, while there was no significant difference in hydroxyproline content of either interventricular septum or left ventricular free wall between the manipulated and the normal preparations. Heart murmurs were heard in 23 animals studied. Phonocardiograms revealed mid to late systolic murmurs with or without midsystolic click. These results indicate that the vagus nerve plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some forms of papillary muscle and mitral valve lesions. PMID- 7087153 TI - Idiopathic mitral valve prolapse-analysis by real-time two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Mitral valve prolapse is diagnosed in real-time two-dimensional echocardiograms when there are discrepancies in the coaptation zone of the anterior mitral leaflet and the posterior mitral leaflet. Out of the 100 cases of mitral valve prolapse diagnosed in this way, 65 had prolapsed anterior mitral leaflets, 28 prolapsed posterior mitral leaflets and 7 prolapses of both the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets. In addition to the cases with mitral valve prolapse 23 cases of ruptured chordae tendineae of the mitral valve, including 15 cases which had undergone surgery, were investigated. The frequent site of mitral valve prolapse was the posteromedial commissure in the anterior leaflet and the posteromedial and anterolateral commissures in the posterior leaflet. These sites coincide with those where rupture of the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve was apt to occur. An investigation of the relation between age and mitral valve prolapse showed that the number of cases of prolapsed anterior leaflet did not increase with age, but there was an age-related increase in the number of cases of prolapsed posterior leaflets. It was also found that the degree of the prolapse progressed with age. Many of the cases of ruptured chordae tendineae of the mitral valve were in their forties or fifties, and there appeared to be some relation between the progress of the prolapse and age. Mitral regurgitant murmurs were recorded on phonocardiograms, and the severer the degree, the wider the range of the prolapse. Mitral regurgitation was more likely to occur in cases of prolapsed posterior leaflets than in those with prolapsed anterior leaflets, even if the degree and the range of the prolapse were mild. PMID- 7087154 TI - Detection and visualization of regurgitant flow in valvular diseases by pulsed Doppler technique. AB - Regurgitant flows in valvular diseases were evaluated by a pulsed Doppler flowmeter combined with an electronic beam sector scanning echocardiograph. The apparatus which was newly developed by us allowed the simultaneous demonstration of a sample site on a two-dimensional echocardiogram with flow measurement. Doppler signals of regurgitant flow were recorded as uni-directional or bi directional wide frequency band signals. The locations, where regurgitant flow signals were detected, were depicted on the corresponding two-dimensional echocardiogram. This procedure was referred to as "a flow mapping technique" for non-invasive visualization of the distribution of regurgitant flow. In 12 patients with mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse detected by the pulsed Doppler technique, the regurgitant flow was distributed to the opposite side of the prolapsing mitral leaflet. The transmission of the regurgitant murmur was well consistent with the direction of the regurgitant flow. In 14 patients with aortic regurgitation, the distribution of aortic regurgitant flow visualized by the flow mapping technique closely coincided with that obtained by cineaortography. Based on the distribution of the regurgitation, the severity of the regurgitation could be precisely evaluated by the Doppler technique. Regurgitant flow signals were detected in the right atrium in all 13 patients with tricuspid regurgitation diagnosed by right ventriculography. We found 4 patients who did not show Carvallo's sign but in whom were detected regurgitant flow signals by the Doppler technique. In all of them, tricuspid regurgitation was proven at surgery. These results indicate that the Doppler technique presented here has an obvious clinical advantage in detecting and evaluating regurgitant flow in valvular diseases. PMID- 7087155 TI - Angiographic consideration of rheumatic mitral valvular disease. AB - An angiocardiographical analysis of the rheumatic mitral valvular changes was performed on 344 patients examined during the period from October, 1977 to July, 1980. The following results were obtained: 1) In the analysis of the mitral apparatus, the mitral orifice projection which enables us to observe the mitral annulus as en face and the long axial projection enabling us to observe the profile was particularly useful for the diagnostic validity. 2) Mitral orifice projection was useful for the diagnosis of stenosis dominant lesion, while long axial projection was beneficial for the diagnosis of regurgitation dominant lesion. 3) The measurements of mitral apparatus were carried out through these projection methods. It was found that the diameter of annular ring as well as the area of posterior leaflet were markedly increased in the mitral regurgitation group. PMID- 7087156 TI - Detection of tricuspid regurgitation by contrast echocardiography. AB - Contrast echocardiography with simultaneous M-mode echocardiography was performed in 77 cases of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and 168 cases having no TR (non-TR). The echocardiographical characteristics of TR were as follows: 1) By the subxiphoid approach, a contrast appeared in the inferior vena cava during systole. In some cases of non-TR, a similar appearance was noted but limited to the atriosystolic or late systolic-to-early diastolic phases. Such confusing cases should be excluded by the simultaneous observation of the M-mode contrast echogram. 2) By apical four-chamber view, a negative contrast echo above the tricuspid valve and subsequent back and forth movements of the contrast across the valve were useful. This movement, however, may be misleading on two dimensional echo and the M-mode echocardiogram was also necessary to obtain the exact timing and the direction of regurgitant flow. 3) Presence of the dilated inferior vena cava. The sensitivity of this method was extremely high, and the specificity was also excellent for TR. PMID- 7087157 TI - Evaluation of valvular heart diseases with computed tomography. AB - Forty-two patients with valvular heart diseases were studied with a third generation computed tomographic system. The cardiac chambers (the atria and ventricles) were evaluated semiquantitatively, and valvular calcification was easily detected with computed tomography. Computed tomography was most valuable in revealing left atrial thrombi which were not identified by other diagnostic procedures in some cases. PMID- 7087158 TI - Reconstructive surgery for acquired valve disease. AB - There has been a continuing controversy between reconstructive valve surgery and replacement. In this paper, an analysis of clinical and hemodynamic late results of the patients undergoing open mitral commissurotomy (OMC, 135 patients), repair of mitral regurgitation (MAP, 32 patients), and combined valvuloplasty (62 patients) was presented. 1) OMC: The 10-year actuarial survival rate was 86.5% postoperatively. None of the patients required reoperation in this series. Clinical and hemodynamic improvements mainly depended upon the anatomical severity of a stenosed mitral valve. 2) MAP: The 10-year actuarial survival rate was 94% postoperatively. Especially, good to excellent results were obtained in the patients with mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae or dilated annulus. 3) Combined valvuloplasty: The 10-year actuarial survival rates postoperatively were 90% in OMC + tricuspid annuloplasty group (31 patients), 100% in MAP + tricuspid annuloplasty group (7 patients), and 87.2% in OMC + aortic commissurotomy group (24 patients). The reconstructive valve surgery provides very small operative risk, very low late mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it should be the treatment of choice for most of the patients with symptomatic valve disease. PMID- 7087159 TI - Current status of cardiac valve replacement. AB - By careful and aggressive managements throughout the follow-up period, the actuarial survival rate of the patients who underwent valve replacement was improved to 88.5% after 5 years and 83% after 10 years. Hereafter, it is expected that the over-all survival rate will be improved much more by the progress of the treatment in the early stage following the operation. PMID- 7087160 TI - The left ventricular eccentricity as a predictor of postoperative cardiac performance in valvular heart diseases. AB - A clear correlation expressed by the following equation was observed between the preoperative left ventricular end-systolic eccentricity (epsilon s) and the percentage change of the left ventricular dimension (% delta D) in chronic valvular heart diseases: % delta D = 88.37 epsilon s - 48.16 (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). Therefore, epsilon s may function as an index for predicting the postoperative cardiac performance independent of the affected valvular locations and the morphology of the lesions. PMID- 7087161 TI - Effect of the vasodilator therapy in regurgitant valvular disease. AB - The hemodynamic response to afterload reduction by sodium nitroprusside was assessed in 5 patients with mitral regurgitation and in 7 with aortic regurgitation. The drug significantly lowered left ventricular systolic pressure, end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic volume. In patients with mitral regurgitation, significant decreases in regurgitant volume (74 +/- 10 to 44 +/- 7 ml) and regurgitant fraction (60 +/- 4 to 41 +/- 5%) were associated with substantial increases in cardiac output (4.18 +/- 1.18 to 5.43 +/- 1.18 L/min) and forward stroke volume (49 +/- 10 to 64 +/- 9 ml). In patients with aortic regurgitation, vasodilator therapy was effective in increasing forward output only in 2 patients who had an initially elevated end-diastolic pressure which was reduced only to levels slightly above normal with nitroprusside. In patients with a lower level of end-diastolic pressure, further reduction in the filling pressure resulted in no benefit or rather a fall in forward stroke volume, despite a significant increase in pump function (ejection fraction being augmented from 55 +/- 4 to 61 +/- 5%). Experiments in dogs confirmed that nitroprusside reduced the amount of mitral regurgitation by virtue of diminishing the regurgitant orifice size, as a result of the reduction in size of the left heart chamber. These observations also support the concept that it is ultimately important to maintain filling pressure at an optimal level during administration of a vasodilating agent, otherwise effects due to afterload reduction tend to be offset. PMID- 7087162 TI - Clinical evaluation of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction- analysis of factors affecting left ventricular function. AB - The clinical significance of the possible factors which may affect the cardiac function and prognosis of the patients with acute myocardial infarction were evaluated in 112 patients with this disease. Patients were subdivided into 4 groups according to the levels of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and left ventricular stroke work index (SWI): Group I (52 patients) PCWP less than 18 mmHg, SWI less than or equal to 30 g.m/m2; Group II (18 patients) PCWP greater than or equal to 18 mmHg, SWI greater than or equal to 30 g.m/m2; Group III (15 patients) PCWP less than 18 mmHg, SWI less than 30 g.m/m2; Group IV (27 patients) PCWP greater than or equal to 18 mmHg, SWI less than 30 g.m/m2. Immediate mortality rate (4 weeks after the onset of myocardial infarction) was 17.0% in all patients and Group IV had the highest mortality rate (48.1%), in contrast to the lowest mortality rate (3.8%) in Group I. The episodes of previous myocardial infarction were noted more frequently in Group IV (74.1%) than in Groups I (7.7%) and II (11.1%) (p less than 0.001). Mean age in Group IV (68.0 +/- 5.2 (SE) years) was also significantly higher than those of the remaining 3 groups (p less than 0.001). In 55 patients without previous myocardial infarction, mean infarct size estimated from total released creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (sigma CPK) in Group IV was largest among the 4 groups, although it was similar to that in Group II: 919.0 +/- 70.0 (SE) IU/ml in Group I, 1470.0 +/- 126.0 in Group II, 958.0 +/- 107.0 in Group III and 1493.0 +/- 145.0 in Group IV. The number of involved coronary arteries differed significantly between Groups I and IV: in Group I involved coronary artery (75% narrowing) was absent or one at most, while in Group IV all 9 patients had at least one coronary lesion and 3 of 9 had triple vessel disease. In this study no significant difference was observed between the incidence of anterior and inferior myocardial infarctions in Groups I, III and IV. Thus, we conclude that age, previous myocardial infarction, infarct size and the number of involved coronary arteries may determine the cardiac function in acute phase of myocardial infarction and hence, immediate mortality of this disease. PMID- 7087163 TI - Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries--case reports and a review. AB - Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries (ACM) is an extremely uncommon cardiac disease in which the great arteries arise from their appropriate ventricles despite abnormal spatial interrelations. Two patients with this malformation underwent successful surgical intervention for their associated anomalies. One was of situs solitus, d-loop and l-malposition and the other of situs inversus, l-loop and d-malposition of the great arteries. Fifty-three cases with accurate anatomical description were collected from the literature, and anatomical characteristics and associated anomalies were investigated. From the standpoint of anatomy and hemodynamics, we considered that ACM should be classified into atrioventricular concordant ACM, atrioventricular discordant ACM and ACM with situs ambiguus. Heart position and conus were variable. Dextrocardia and mesocardia were frequent. Bilateral conus was characteristic in concordant ACM, and subpulmonary conus was prominent in discordant ACM. The hypoplasia of the right heart and juxtaposition of the atrial appendages were in high incidence in cases of ACM. Surgical intervention was also discussed. PMID- 7087164 TI - The First Asian-Pacific Symposium on Stroke. September 27, 1981, Tokyo, Japan. PMID- 7087165 TI - [Differential nerve fiber block (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087166 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of intravenous buprenorphine in patients anesthetized with N2O buprenorphine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087168 TI - [Effect of ketamine micro drip technique on pulmonary circulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087167 TI - [Cardiovascular effects of buprenorphine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087169 TI - [Effects of morphine anesthesia and thalamonal anesthesia on myocardial blood flow after coronary artery ligation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087170 TI - [Intraoperative comparative study of acetate Ringer dextrose and lactate Ringer dextrose (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087172 TI - [Two cases of broken stylet (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087171 TI - [A comparison of liver function after enflurane, halothane and NLA anesthesia in man (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087173 TI - [Studies on the therapeutics of experimental toxoplasmosis. II. Effect of acetylspiramycin alone or in combination with an immunopotentiator (CSP-II) or sulfamethopyrazine on Toxoplasma multiplication in the heart of mice acutely and chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)]. AB - Normal mice acutely and chronically infected with the S-273 strain of T. gondii, were treated with acetylspiramycin (ASPM) alone, 8 mg/mouse/day, per os, or in combination with an immunopotentiator (CSP-II), 10 mg/mouse/day, intraperitoneally, or sulfamethopyrazine (SMPZ), 2 mg/mouse/day, per os, for a period of 4 weeks. In the acute cases, a 99.4% cyst reduction was obtained with ASPM alone and no cysts were seen in the brains of mice treated with ASPM in combination with CSP-II or SMPZ. The organisms were significantly eradicated in the brain and heart tissues of mice treated with ASPM alone or in combination with CSP-II or SMPZ as shown by subinoculation to normal mice and the negative latex hemagglutination titers of the recipient mice. In the chronic cases, a cyst reduction of 52.4% was obtained with mice treated with ASPM in combination with CSP-II. A cyst reduction of 34.6%, 32.9% and 20.8% was obtained in the ASPM alone, CSP-II alone and ASPM in combination with SMPZ treated groups, respectively. A comparative clearing of the organisms in the heart tissues of mice treated with ASPM in combination with CSP-II was obtained compared to the other treatment groups but not in the brains of all groups. PMID- 7087174 TI - [The combination therapy of amikacin and beta-lactam antibiotic in the severe bacterial infections (author's transl)]. AB - The combination therapy of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics is now evaluated to be very effective in severe infections. Amikacin, one of aminoglycoside antibiotics, has antibacterial activity to gentamicin resistant bacteria. Then we tried to use the combination therapy of amikacin and beta lactams in 20 cases with severe bacterial infections, including 2 cases of bacteremia etc. Fifteen cases out of them failed to cure by previous antibiotics treatment. With a few exception, amikacin was administered daily 200 mg in 2 divided intramuscular injections. beta-Lactams were administered twice a day by intravenous drip infusion, but dose and kind of beta-lactams were decided by attending doctors. Clinical efficacy of this combination therapy was classified in 4 degrees: excellent, good, fair and poor. Clinical efficacy rate (excellent and good results) in all cases was 75%. This is equally effective, compared with the newly sold antibiotics. Elevation of serum GOT and GPT levels was seen in 2 cases in whom large amount of PCs was given. As a conclusion, it was indicated that the combination therapy of amikacin and beta-lactam in the regular dose was sufficiently effective and useful for the therapy of severe bacterial infections. PMID- 7087175 TI - [Clinical studies of cefoxitin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections (author's transl)]. AB - A total of 42 patients who were suffering from respiratory tract infections were treated with cefoxitin, and the following results were obtained. 1. Out of 32 patients clinically evaluated, excellent or good responses were observed in 30 patients (94%). 2. Presumed causative organisms were isolated in 14 patients. The organisms were eradicated in 11 patients and the eradication rate was 79% (11/14). The number of the organisms decreased or unchanged in 1 patient each. In other 1 patient the pathogenic agent was replaced with other agents during the course of treatment. 3. As for the side effects, skin eruption was observed in 3 patients. One patient received drugs other than cefoxitin concomitantly that might have caused the eruption. Another patient had an allergic history to many antibiotics. In 4 patients slight elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT were observed but improved soon after the completion of cefoxitin treatment. In 1 patient an elevation of serum creatinine was observed but this was not attributed to the administration of cefoxitin. 4. From the results stated above, cefoxitin is considered to be a safe and effective antibiotic which can be one of the first choice antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. PMID- 7087176 TI - [Clinical use of amoxicillin preparation with prolonged activity in dermatology (author's transl)]. AB - C-AMOX was administered to adult patients of acute bacterial skin infection at the dosage of 500 mg 2 times a day after meals in the morning and in the evening. Evaluation was done in 4 grades, i.e. excellent, good, fair and poor. Of 42 cases treated, excellent was marked in 11 cases and good was in 14 cases. Percentage of excellent and good results was 59.5%. Fair results being included, the percentage rises to 83.3%. As subjective side effects, stomach trouble (including stomachache) were observed in 2 cases and diarrhea, perleche, rash, nausea and loss of appetite were each 1 case. PMID- 7087177 TI - [Clinical evaluations of tobramycin in treatment of chronic complicated urinary tract infections by intravenous drip infusion administration (author's transl)]. AB - 1. Clinical pharmacology The pharmacological studies on tobramycin (TOB) were studied in clinical patients. The peak serum levels following intravenous drip infusion (i.v.d.) administration of TOB 60 mg were 4.62 mcg/ml in 0.5 hour and 4.09 mcg/ml in 1 hour respectively which achieved at the discontinuance of the drug. In 1 case, the concentration in serum and urinary recovery were determined when 60 mg of TOB was given twice a day in i.v.d. at an interval of 5 hours. The peak serum level was 4.11 mcg/ml at the first administration, and 4.96 mcg/ml at the second. No significant accumulation of the drug was observed. The urinary recovery of TOB during 0 approximately 11.5 hours was 44%. 2. Clinical results Tobramycin was administered in a dose of 60 approximately 120 mg once or twice a day by i.v.d. against 18 cases of chronic complicated UTI. The duration of treatment varied but generally 5 days. An overall excellent or moderate effect was seen in 81%. 3. Clinical chemistry The clinical abnormal values from laboratory tests of renal, hepatic function and peripheral hematology in patients treated with TOB were observed in 2 cases. In 1 case BUN increase (17.6 leads to 23 mg/dl) and in the other GOT and GPT elevations (GOT 24.1 leads to 66.7 u, GPT 26.2 u leads to 68.8 u). The abnormal values, however, returned to normal within 2 weeks after the discontinuance of the drug. 4. Clinical tolerance Adverse reactions were encountered in 2 cases. The 1 case yielded skin rash with itching in the second day after therapy. The other case complained of general itching with mild headache 2 days after starting therapy. In the above cases TOB treatment was discontinued, soon after appearing these symptoms. The complete recovery was recognized within 2 days in each case. 5. Summary Based on the clinical pharmacology and clinical studies, intravenous drip infusion administration of tobramycin can be given safely and effectively in treatment of chronic complicated UTI. PMID- 7087178 TI - [Acute and subacute toxicity studies on netilmicin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087180 TI - [Thirty-day subacute intramuscular toxicity study and thirty-day recovery study of netilmicin in beagle dogs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087183 TI - [Reproduction study on netilmicin. (3) Perinatal and postnatal study in rats (author's transl)]. AB - Perinatal and postnatal study on netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats (Slc : SD). NTL was administered intramuscularly from day 17 of gestation throughout day 20 after delivery at the daily dose of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Water intake of pregnant and nursing dams was increased in the animals treated with 50 mg/kg or more of NTL. The increase of cecum weight was observed in F1 animals in all treated groups at 3 weeks of age. However, birth rate, suckling rate, weanling rate, body weight, postnatal development, behavior and reproductive function remained within normal ranges in all treated groups. PMID- 7087184 TI - [Reproduction study on netilmicin. (4) Teratological study in rabbits (author's transl)]. AB - Teratological study on netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was carried out in New Zealand White rabbits. NTL was administered intramuscularly from day 60 to day 18 of gestation at the dose levels of 12.5, 35 and 100 mg/kg. The decrease of food intake, water intake and depression of body weight were observed in the pregnant animals treated with 100 mg/kg of NTL. Body weight and tail length of fetuses were significantly decreased in the animals treated with 35 and 100 mg/kg compared with those in saline control or vehicle control groups. However, no dose-related changes or anomalies were detected in mortality, external, visceral and skeletal examinations of fetuses. Thus, it can be concluded that NTL has no adverse effect on rabbit fetuses. PMID- 7087179 TI - [Chronic toxicity study on netilmicin in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087182 TI - [Reproduction study on netilmicin. (2) Fertility study in rats (author's transl)]. AB - Fertility study on netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats (Slc : SD). NTL was administered intramuscularly to male rats at the daily dose of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg from 6 to 15 weeks of age for 9 weeks before mating and during the mating period, and to 10 weeks old female rats at the daily dose levels from day 14 before mating through day 7 after gestation. The increase of kidney weight at the dose of 12.5 mg/kg and more, the decreases of food intake and body weight were observed in treated male rats. The decreases of food intake and body weight were observed in female rats treated with the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg. No dose-related changes were observed in mating and fertility ratios of parent animals, numbers of corpora lutea and implantations, fetal mortality, external, visceral and skeletal anomalies, body weight, body length and tail length of fetuses. Therefore, it can be concluded that maximum non-toxic dose level of NTL on rat fertility is 100 mg/kg. PMID- 7087186 TI - [Clinical studies on netilmicin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087185 TI - [Clinical trial of netilmicin in infections of respiratory organs and studies on its penetration into pleural fluid II. (author's transl)]. AB - To 10 cases with respiratory infections, 200 mg, twice daily, of netilmicin was administered without other antibiotics and the following results were obtained. 1) Netilmicin was administered to 2 cases of pneumonia and 8 cases of bronchitis for 7 to 30 days, and 4 remarkably effective and 6 effective cases were observed, that is, netilmicin was effective in all cases. 2) Abnormal laboratory test values were found in 2 cases; 1 case showed slightly elevated creatinine value, and 1 case showed slightly increase GTP value, and these values were normalized rapidly without any treatment after discontinuation of netilmicin administration. Netilmicin 100 mg was intramuscularly injected to 15 patients with pleural effusion to see the time-course distribution of the drug to serum and to pleural fluid by determining the concentration of netilmicin. 1) Netilmicin concentrations in serum reached the peak at 30 minutes after the intramuscular injection and it gradually decreased, while in the pleural fluid, it reached the peak at 3 hours after the injection, and the peak value in the pleural fluid in average was 2.63 +/- 1.98 micrograms/ml, and it was still detectable at 24 hours after the injection. 2) The ratio of netilmicin concentrations in the serum and pleural fluid at the peak was 31.7 +/- 23.4%, and distribution of netilmicin into the pleural fluid was considered to be high enough. PMID- 7087181 TI - [Reproduction study on netilmicin. (1) Teratological study in rats (author's transl)]. AB - Teratological study on netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats (Slc : SD). NTL was administered intramuscularly to female rats from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at the dosages of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The decrease of food intake at the dosage of 50 mg/kg and more, and the resultant depression of maternal body weight gain at the dosage of 100 mg/kg were observed in dams receiving NTL. The depression of fetal growth, such as body weight and ossification of the sternebrae and caudal vertebrae, were detected in animals treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of NTL. However, NTL failed to induce the external, visceral and skeletal anomalies in fetuses. Also, NTL did not cause any significant changes in birth rate, suckling rate, weaning rate, body weight, postnatal development, behavior and reproductive performance in F1. These results suggest that NTL has no adverse effect on rat fetuses and F1 generation at the dosage of 25 mg/kg or less. PMID- 7087187 TI - Pacing echocardiography: regional wall motion, left ventricular dimension and R wave amplitude in patients with angina pectoris. AB - In view of the fact that stable echocardiograms are easily obtained during atrial pacing, pacing echocardiography was performed to evaluate the usefulness for detecting regional wall motion abnormalities during pacing-induced ischemia and to investigate the relationship between changes in the R wave and left ventricular dimension. The patients were 12 cases of angina pectoris (10 of coronary artery disease; CAD, and 2 of coronary patent aortic valvular disease; AVD) and 6 control cases. Simultaneous recording of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiograms and electrocardiograms was done before, during and after the atrial pacing at increasing heart rate until angina appeared or the heart rate of at least 140/min was reached. In 12 angina cases, angina and ST depression were induced in 10 and 11, respectively. Excursion of the interventricular septum (IVS) decreased during pacing-induced ischemia in 6 of 7 CAD cases, in which the left anterior descending coronary artery was significantly stenosed (more than 75%). Excursion of the left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) decreased during pacing-induced ischemia in 4 of 7 CAD cases, in which the vessels giving rise to posterior descending coronary artery were significantly stenosed (more than 75%). In 2 AVD cases, excursion of both IVS and LVPW decreased during ischemia. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) increased in only 2 angina cases, although R wave amplitude increased in 6 angina cases. PMID- 7087188 TI - Comparison of superprecipitation and contractile protein contents of myosin B in the myocardium and conduction system. AB - The extents of superprecipitation and contractile protein contents of myosin B in the myocardium and conduction system were compared. The extents of superprecipitation of myosin B of the two types of cardiac muscle were similar, but the onset of the superprecipitation reaction of myosin B from the conduction system was delayed and the clearing phase of the reaction was prolonged. On sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel (6%) electrophoresis of myosin B, myosin, actin, and tropomyosin were clearly separated. The amounts of protein present in stained bands of polyacrylamide gels were estimated. The weight ratios of myosin: actin, tropomyosin: myosin, and actin: tropomyosin in myosin B were not significantly different in the two types of cardiac muscle. However, the compositions of myosin light chains in the two types of cardiac muscle were quite different. It was suggested that this difference of myosin subunits might contribute to the difference in superprecipitation of myosin B. PMID- 7087189 TI - Factors delaying end ejection from end systole of ventricle. AB - Although the end of ejection of the left ventricle has been generally accepted as almost synonymous with the end of mechanical systole of the ventricle, recent experimental studies showed the cases in which end ejection lagged markedly behind end systole as identified by the time at which the ventricular pressure volume data point reached the peak isovolumic pressure-volume relation curve. To obtain a better insight into cardiovascular conditions of the delayed end ejection, a computer simulation study was carried out in which the performance of a time-varying elastance model of the ventricle connected with a modified Windkessel model of the arterial load was analyzed. Any change in the Windkessel parameters, ventricular contractility and heart rate sensitively shifted end ejection relative to end systole. Although end ejection coincided with end systole under limited circumstances, end ejection variably lagged behind end systole undermost circumstances. These results suggest that the interval between end systole and end ejection of the left ventricle in vivo is also variable depending on changes in the arterial loading conditions, ventricular contractility and heart rate. PMID- 7087190 TI - "Entrainment" phenomenon during reciprocating tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. AB - In a case with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the phenomenon "entrainment without interruption" was observed during spontaneous tachycardia. Electrophysiologic study revealed that the tachycardia was due to reentry with the antegrade limb being the AV node-His axis and the retrograde limb being the accessory pathway. This report is the second report showing "entrainment" phenomenon which is consistent with macro reentry as the mechanism of tachycardia as shown in atrial flutter. PMID- 7087191 TI - Pseudo-knock sound in a patient with nephrotic syndrome and massive ascites. AB - A patient with markedly elevated diaphragm due to massive ascites secondary to nephrotic syndrome demonstrated an intense early diastolic sound with low- and medium-pitch. This abnormal sound coincided closely with the "D" point of the anterior mitral valve echogram. This sound remarkably diminished in intensity during inspiration with lowering of diaphragm, and after removing ascites it completely disappeared. Noninvasive study with phonoechocardiograms showed neither constrictive pericarditis nor large pericardial effusion. These findings lead us to believe that the sound may be related to an abnormal ventricular recoil striking the extracardiac structures at the end of the isovolumetric relaxation time. To our knowledge, the fact that the elevated diaphragm itself can produce an early diastolic sound ("pseudo-knock sound") has not been previously reported. PMID- 7087192 TI - Comparative study of two methods of estimating sinoatrial conduction time in patients with abnormal sinus node function. AB - This study compared a new method to estimate sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) using continuous atrial pacing proposed by Narula et al with the widely used method using premature atrial stimulation originally proposed by Strauss et al. The estimated SACTs by the two methods were obtained in 19 patients with normal sinus node (SN) function (Group A) and 8 patients with abnormal SN function (Group B). Estimate of the SACT by the Narula method was taken as the difference between the first atrial return cycle after pacing and the basic sinus cycle length (BSCL). The Narula method was performed for a train of 8 consecutive beats at three different pacing cycle length (PCL); PCL (1) greater than or equal to BSCL--50, PCL (2) greater than or equal to BSCL--100 and PCL (3) greater than or equal to BSCL--150 msec. In group A, the estimated SACTs by the Strauss method was 185 +/- 49.3 msec, meanwhile the SACTs by the Narula method were 148 +/- 80.7 at PCL (1), 181 +/- 58.7 at PCL (2) and 212 +/- 84.5 msec at PCL (3) (mean +/- SD); the coefficient of correlation between the Strauss method and the Narula method were 0.58, 0.84, and 0.67, respectively. On the other hand, in group B, atrial return cycles by the Narula method were abnormally prolonged (over 215 msec) in 5 of 8 cases (63%) even at PCL (2) and in all of the cases (100%) at PCL (3). By the Strauss method, SACTs in 6 of 8 cases could not be defined; however it was possible to assess the type of SN dysfunction by the pattern of the atrial return cycles. In conclusion, the estimated SACT by the Narula method at PCL (2) corresponded well with the SACT by the Strauss method in patients with normal SN function. However, it was difficult to determine SACT in patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome by both methods. PMID- 7087193 TI - QRS planarity studies in the vectorcardiogram. Clinical and experimental studies. AB - Vectorcardiograms in 163 clinical subjects of normal and various abnormal conditions obtained by Frank lead system and in 17 dogs of experimental myocardial injury or intra-ventricular conduction disturbances by McFee-Parungao method were transformed by exchange of axes of co-ordinates by the method of McFee et al. The non-planarity index, from the axes of the transformed frontal plane, was significantly higher during myocardial injury and bundle branch blocks as well as from diffuse intra-myocardial conduction disturbances than during normal clinical cases and the control records in animal experiments. The non planarity index was not increased in localized block of the conduction system in dogs. Therefore, results suggest that this index might be a useful parameter to assess these conditions. PMID- 7087194 TI - Echocardiographic observations of hemodynamic differences between mitral and aortic regurgitation. Quantitative interpretation of functional state by multivariate statistical analysis. AB - The hemodynamic differences between chronic mitral (MR: n = 30) and chronic aortic regurgitation (AR: n = 37) at various functional stages were investigated by echocardiography and compared with the findings in healthy subjects (n = 20). The ordinary statistical analysis revealed that in MR myocardial contractility and afterload to the left ventricle (LV) well preserved even at the stage of decompensation, while in AR the contractility deteriorated and the afterload was elevated even at the asymptomatic stage. By the multivariate statistical analysis, the functional differences and characteristics of the 2 diseases were clarified with 2 statistic factors derived from 6 hemodynamic parameters (LV end diastole and end-systolic dimensions, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, LV mid-systolic stress, LV mass, and left atrial dimension). In the differentiation between the 2 diseases by the multivariate analysis, left ventricular size tended to be smaller, contractility was preserved and loading of the left atrium was increased in MR more than in AR. Furthermore, a quantitative system which could explain the functional state by these echocardiographic parameters was derived from this multivariate analysis. The functional states was found to be strongly affected by LV end-systolic dimension and left atrial dimension. This quantitative method of determining the functional state, along with an accurate assessment of cardiac symptoms, provides a useful guideline for the clinical evaluation of the 2 diseases. PMID- 7087195 TI - Conditions for "coronary steal" caused by coronary vasodilator in man. AB - This study was undertaken to assess the conditions necessary to cause the "coronary steal" phenomenon in human subjects. We studied 42 patients (36 males, 6 females, ages 27--70 years) with known or suspected coronary artery diseases using continuous monitoring of the changes in blood pressure and electrocardiogram, thallium-201 myocardial imaging and selective coronary arteriography. Dipyridamole in a dose of 0.4 mg/Kg was given as an intravenous infusion for 4 min and thallium-201 was injected at the 4th minute after completion of the dipyridamole infusion. None of the 20 patients without significant coronary artery disease complained of anginal chest pain or showed ischemic S-T segment depression. Dipyridamole images showed no perfusion abnormalities in 17 of the 20 patients. On the other hand, in 4 of the 22 patients with significant coronary artery disease, anginal chest pain accompanied with S-T segment depression occurred after the dipyridamole infusion. Dipyridamole images showed perfusion abnormalities in 18 of the 22 patients. The 4 patients who experienced an anginal attack had 3 vessel disease on the coronary arteriogram and showed regional perfusion defects on scintigrams corresponding to the regions receiving collaterals. Before the onset of pain, the double product (heart rate X systolic arterial pressure) was unchanged significantly but there was a reduction in the systemic blood pressure. The overall data exhibit the following conditions under which attacks of angina pectoris are induced by dipyridamole: 1) the presence of multiple vessel disease, 2) a fall in systemic blood pressure, and 3) regional malperfusion caused by dipyridamole. PMID- 7087197 TI - [Percutaneous cholangioscope with PTCD and biopsy of the biliary tract]. PMID- 7087196 TI - Effects of verapamil on exercise performance in chronic angina pectoris. AB - We have studied the effects of chronic oral verapamil therapy on exercise performance in 26 patients with arteriographically proven coronary disease and positive exercise stress tests. Maximal, multistage treadmill exercise tests were performed before and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks therapy with verapamil 120 mg t.i.d. The time to angina and the distance walked increased from 279 to 452 sec and from 255 to 443 meters respectively. The frequency of anginal attacks decreased from 24 to 9 per week after 8 wk treatment while the nitroglycerin consumption decreased from 20 to 8 tablets per week. Functional aerobic impairment improved from 42.7% to 29.3% whilst there was no change in pressure-rate product, cumulative ST segment depression or EEV1/FVC ratios. PMID- 7087198 TI - [Peroral cholangioscope and biopsy]. PMID- 7087199 TI - [Cytodiagnosis of neoplasms of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas]. PMID- 7087200 TI - [Recent trends in the surgical management of biliary tract neoplasms]. PMID- 7087201 TI - [Arterial infusion of antineoplastic agents in neoplasms of liver, biliary tract and pancreas--one shot method and continuous infusion]. PMID- 7087202 TI - [Management of inoperable pancreatic neoplasms with regional infusion of antineoplastic agents under ultrasonic visualization]. PMID- 7087204 TI - [Analysis of the results of recent treatment of biliary tract neoplasms]. PMID- 7087203 TI - [Radiotherapy for neoplasms of liver, biliary tract and pancreas, with special reference to intraoperative radiotherapy]. PMID- 7087206 TI - [Regulations in the classification of biliary tract neoplasms]. PMID- 7087205 TI - [Postpartum heart disease]. PMID- 7087207 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of neoplasms of liver, biliary tract and pancreas]. PMID- 7087208 TI - [Sugar metabolism--introduction]. PMID- 7087209 TI - [General mechanism of sugar transport (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087210 TI - [Intestinal absorption of sugars]. PMID- 7087211 TI - [Re-absorption of sugars in the kidney tubules]. PMID- 7087212 TI - [Gastrointestinal hormones in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 7087213 TI - [Pituitary hormones in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 7087215 TI - [Classification of diabetes mellitus and corresponding methods of management]. PMID- 7087214 TI - [Diabetes mellitus: classification, diagnosis and its standard]. PMID- 7087216 TI - [Artificial beta cells of pancreas for diabetics]. PMID- 7087217 TI - [Diabetes mellitus associated with autoimmune diseases]. PMID- 7087218 TI - [Insulin receptor abnormality]. PMID- 7087219 TI - [Abnormal sugar metabolism in diseases of mesencephalon and pituitary gland]. PMID- 7087220 TI - [Adrenal gland diseases and abnormal sugar metabolism]. PMID- 7087221 TI - [Thyroid gland diseases and abnormal sugar metabolism]. PMID- 7087222 TI - [Cancerous diseases and abnormal sugar metabolism]. PMID- 7087223 TI - [Acquired heart diseases: Alcoholic heart disease]. PMID- 7087225 TI - [Syndromes 1982--transition of concepts and their current significance]. PMID- 7087224 TI - [Studies on bioreactor--present status and medical application]. PMID- 7087226 TI - [Effect of environmental temperature on interaction of platelet and heparin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087227 TI - [Clinical approach with cooling thermography to the effect of aging on peripheral circulation function in healthy normal subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087228 TI - [Evaluation of various serodiagnostic methods on influenza virus infection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087229 TI - [The technical points of preparations and observation in human chromosome examination (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087230 TI - [New assay methods on blood clotting and fibrinolytic factors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087231 TI - [Assay of antithrombin III activity using chromogenic substrate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087232 TI - [Histopathological diagnosis of male infertility by testicular biopsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087233 TI - [Effects of temperature of water added to control sera at reconstitution on creatine kinase activity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087235 TI - [Sodium and potassium concentrations in the erythrocytes of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. (I)--Effects of hemodialysis on the erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087234 TI - [Serum lipid levels in coronary artery disease--the correlation with coronary arteriographic findings (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087236 TI - [Interference of saccharides on determination of creatinine by Jaffe reaction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087237 TI - [Determination of manganese by nonflame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and blood and serum manganese values in healthy subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087238 TI - [Quantitative determination of lipoprotein-X by phosphotungstate/Mg2+ precipitation method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087239 TI - [Pathology and cytology of the thyroid diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087240 TI - [A new loading method of plethysmography using two conditioned rooms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087241 TI - [Sodium and potassium concentration in the erythrocytes of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. (II).--Effects of extracellular fluid sodium concentration on the erythrocytes sodium and potassium concentration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087243 TI - [Study on bio-chemical tests of pulmonary diseases--investigation of serum LDH isoenzymes of some pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087242 TI - [Method for the determination of serum myoglobin by R-PHA and its clinical application (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087244 TI - [Protease inhibitors and plasminogen in leukemia--with special reference to disseminated intravascular coagulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087245 TI - [Effect of filters on somatosensory evoked potentials by mechanical stimuli (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087246 TI - [Noise effects of reproductive function in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087247 TI - [An epidemiological study of the relationship between serum dopamine-beta hydroxylase activity and urinary noradrenaline, and their relationship to blood pressure in women living in a rural area (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087249 TI - [Nutrition surveys in women in agricultural villages and a proposal for the estimate of recommended iron allowance of adult women (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087248 TI - [Evaluation of the progress of aging based on specific biological age as estimated by various physiological functions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087250 TI - [Blood flow in pulp of canine teeth and its relationship to accumulation of some metals in the teeth of dogs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087251 TI - [The influence of low ambient temperature on the immune response of mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087254 TI - Pharmacological studies on a plant lectin aloctin A. II. Inhibitory effect of aloctin A on experimental models of inflammation in rats. AB - A glycoprotein, Aloctin A, which was isolated from Aloe arborescens Mill, markedly inhibits adjuvant arthritis in rats and carrageenin-induced edema in rats. PMID- 7087253 TI - Dual effects of tetrachlorvinphos on procaine toxicity and procainesterase activity in rats. AB - The effect of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on liver procainesterase (PROCase) and procaine toxicity was studied in rats. TCVP is an organophosphate with an inducible effect on drug metabolizing enzymes. A single oral dose of 500 mg/kg of TCVP caused a remarkable decrease in PROCase (40% of control) 24 hr later and increased the motality after injection of procaine (250 mg/kg, i.p.) from 54% to 87%. Conversely, it was observed that PROCase elevated to 140% of the control and mortality decreased from 54% to 25% on day 3. With repeated administration of TCVP (500 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, the PROCase activity that was inhibited on day 1 was gradually restored to normal levels by 5 days and the mortality altered to 25%. The inducible effect on PROCase was examined using desmethyl-TCVP, a metabolite of TCVP without inhibitory effect on the enzyme; PROCase activity was enhanced to 1.6-fold of the control and procaine concentration in the brain was reduced to 30% of the control, accompanied with no death of rats after procaine injection. Electrophoresis of the solubilized liver microsomal fraction confirmed the inducible effect of TCVP on PROCase; microsomal protein from the TCVP-treated rat was more deeply stained than that from the control, and the PROCase activity of two anodic bands increased in the TCVP-treated microsomes. These results indicate that TCVP has a dual action on PROCase, inducible and inhibitory, and that the direct inhibitory effect of TCVP might mask the increased amount of the enzyme induced by repeated administration of TCVP. The dual effect of TCVP on PROCase would cause the change in procaine toxicity. PMID- 7087252 TI - Potentiation of indirectly induced muscle twitches by organic calcium antagonists in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of mice. AB - Organic calcium antagonists (l- and d-verapamil, D600, and diltiazem) were examined for their effects on muscle twitches of isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of mice. The calcium antagonists (1 x 10(-6) to 7.5 x 10(-5) M) increased the amplitude of muscle twitches induced by nerve stimuli with short durations (0.04 to 0.4 msec) of rectangular pulses. However, these agents were poorly effective on twitches induced by nerve stimuli with longer durations over 0.6 msec or by direct shocks. The potentiative effect was reversible, reproducible and dependent on their concentrations. Diltiazem was the most effective among the four agents tested. The twitch increase produced by all of the agents was demonstrated at concentrations of external Ca++ above 0.6 mM. At Ca++ concentrations below 0.5 mM, the tension of the indirectly induced muscle twitch was partially inhibited in the presence of these agents. Caffeine, theophylline, isoproterenol or hypertonic potassium ions increased the tension of indirectly induced muscle twitches. The potentiative effect of the organic calcium antagonists, however, was discriminated from those induced by the other agents under some conditions. From these results, it is suggested that the organic calcium antagonists alter the reactivity of the preparation to nerve shock. The potentiative effect of the agents on indirectly induced muscle twitch may include an increase in the number of fibers contracting per nerve impulse through increasing transmitter release from the nerve terminal, but not an increase in contractility of an individual muscle fiber. PMID- 7087255 TI - Effects of elcatonin on plasma and urine electrolytes in infant beagles. AB - The effects of elcatonin (ECT) on the renal hemodynamics and electrolyte levels in plasma and urine were investigated in anesthetized infant beagles (3 months old) and adult beagles (9-10 months old). Intravenous injections of 50 MRC U/kg ECT did not alter the systemic blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and urine flow in intact puppies as well as in puppies and adult dogs subjected to extirpation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands (TPTX). One hundred and twenty min after ECT injection, the plasma calcium concentration decreased by 1.06 +/- 0.15 mEq/l in intact puppies and 0.94 +/- 0.10 mEq/l in TPTX puppies, but decreased only by 0.38 +/- 0.22 mEq/l in adult TPTX dogs. The urinary calcium excretion decreased in all the puppies. The plasma phosphorus concentration decreased by 1.02 +/- 0.10 mg/dl, and the phosphorus excretion rate increased 63.6 +/- 26.4% in intact puppies; whereas the plasma phosphorus and phosphorus excretion were not altered in TPTX puppies. Diuresis and natriuresis were not obtained. These data suggest that the acute hypocalcemic effect of ECT is dependent on age and is not associated with its action on kidneys. PMID- 7087257 TI - Interactions between bacterial pyrogen and proteolipid extracted from the cerebrum. (III). Variation in affinity of proteolipid proteins derived from rabbit, rat and chicken cerebrums to bacterial pyrogen. AB - We undertook comparative studies on the binding of cerebral proteolipids to LPS using rabbits, rats and chickens in order to clarify the differences in inactivating effects of proteolipids from these three sources on the pyrogenicity of LPS. The Sephadex LH-20 column elution profiles of lipid phosphorus and cerebrosides were not significantly different for the three sources of proteolipid, but a larger amount of proteolipid-protein possessing LPS pyrogenicity inactivating potency was eluted with chloroform (C)/methanol(M) (4:1) in rats and chickens than in rabbits. A complex of proteolipid-protein with LPS was obtained in C effluent from incubation mixtures of rat and chicken proteolipids with LPS, corresponding to our previous observation with rabbit proteolipid. The increasing order of binding capacity of the proteolipids derived from the three species was as follows: chicken, rat and rabbit, which was in parallel with pyrogenic inactivating potency. From these data, we suggest that the difference in pyrogenic inactivating potency among the proteolipids of some species depends on the difference in binding capacity of the proteolipids to LPS or probably lipid A. PMID- 7087256 TI - A comparative study of changes in innervation and development of supersensitivity in the rat vas deferens after various procedures. AB - The relationship between morphological and functional changes in adrenergic nerves and the development of supersensitivity in the rat vas deferens was comparatively investigated after surgical denervation, chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine, daily treatment of animals with reserpine, or local application of colchicine to the hypogastric plexus. The order of ability to produce supersensitivity, as judged by the extent of the increase in the pD2 value of norepinephrine and the maximum response to norepinephrine, was as follows: denervation = colchicine greater than 6-hydroxydopamine greater than reserpine. These procedures produced alterations in morphological characteristics of the nerve ending with severeness of degeneration in the following order: denervation greater than 6-hydroxydopamine greater than colchicine greater than reserpine. Twitch contractions induced by transmural nerve stimulation were slightly reduced after colchicine or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, markedly reduced by reserpine, and abolished by denervation. Therefore, the development of supersensitivity in the rat vas deferens is not necessarily in proportion to the morphological or functioning changes in adrenergic nerves. The results suggest that some neurofactor, e.g. trophic factor, is involved in the control of the drug sensitivity of smooth muscle in addition to the neurotransmitter itself. PMID- 7087260 TI - Alterations of cholecystokinin-like material in the case of diarrhea induced by various cathartics. PMID- 7087259 TI - Increase in tryptamine oxidation activity of hog kidney mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by treatment with triton-X 100 and sodium cholate. PMID- 7087258 TI - Decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate elicited by electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus of pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. PMID- 7087261 TI - Effects of FM100, a fraction of licorice root, on serum gastrin concentration in rats and dogs. AB - The effects of FM100, a fraction of licorice root with antiulcer activity, on serum gastrin concentration were investigated in rats and dogs. The basal serum gastrin concentration in conscious rats was not affected by 400 mg/kg. p.o. of FM100, but was increased by 800 mg/kg, p.o. of FM100. The serum gastrin concentration of rats in which the antrum had been separated from the fundus was decreased by intraduodenal administration of FM100 in a dose-dependent manner. In conscious beagles, the increase in serum gastrin concentration induced by feeding was not affected by pretreatment with 400 mg/kg p.o. of FM100. However, in anesthetized dogs in which the antrum had been separated from the fundus, the increase in acid output and serum gastrin concentration after administration of peptone solution was prevented by the intraduodenal administration of 200 mg/kg of FM100. These results suggest that the gastric anti-secretory action of FM100 may be due to the inhibition of endogenous gastrin release. PMID- 7087262 TI - Effect of pilocarpine on behavior of mucus glycoproteins of canine tracheal secretory cells. AB - Behavior of mucus glycoproteins in tracheal secretory cells after treatment with pilocarpine was investigated histologically and histochemically using the isolated canine trachea. Following pilocarpine treatment, the number of total and neutral glycoprotein-containing goblet cells was reduced concentration dependently. The number of acid glycoprotein (AGP)-containing goblet cells was not altered with 10(-7) and 10(-6) M pilocarpine, but significantly decreased with 10(-5) and 10(-4) M pilocarpine. The thickness of the acini of submucosal glands significantly decreased, and the ratio of acinar inner diameter to tracheal wall thickness increased in 10(-5) and 10(-4) M pilocarpine. AGP content in glandular cells increased in 10(-7) and 10(-6) M pilocarpine, but markedly decreased at concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M. Pilocarpine treatment caused an increase in N-acetylhexosamine concentration in the incubation fluid. Total saccharide concentration in the incubation fluid decreased in 10(-7) and 10(-6) M pilocarpine, but was not apparently altered at concentrations of 10(-5) and 10( 4) M. These findings suggest that lower concentrations of pilocarpine stimulate synthesis of AGP in goblet and glandular cells much more preferentially than it stimulates discharge of AGP from the cells. While at higher concentrations, the AGP-discharge effect overcomes the stimulation in synthesis. PMID- 7087263 TI - Hippocampal kindling and effects of antiepileptic drugs. AB - The kindling effect of the hippocampus was investigated in rats. The development of behavioral manifestations in hippocampal kindling was similar to that seen in the case of amygdaloid kindling, but many more stimulations were required to evoke behavioral convulsions in the former. The transfer phenomenon from amygdala to hippocampus was evident. There were no differences in effects of drugs on the seizure-discharge and the behavioral convulsions between the amygdaloid and the hippocampal kindled rats. The present results suggest that the amygdala plays an important role in the formation of hippocampal kindling, especially in the manifestation of behavioral changes. The hippocampal kindled rat, as well as amygdaloid kindled rat, is useful animal model for evaluating the antiepileptic effect of various drugs. PMID- 7087264 TI - Role of glycolysis in the tension development under anoxia in guinea pig taenia coli. AB - The role of glycolysis in the tension development under anoxic conditions in a high-K medium was studied in the intestinal smooth muscle of guinea pig taenia coli. After exposure to the high-K medium (isotonic, 60 mM) under normal oxygen for 30 min, the muscles were exposed to a high-K medium bubbled with N2 gas. The tonic contraction decreased gradually to about 10% of the original level. Glucose was then cumulatively added to the high-K medium under anoxia. The maximum tension was observed following the addition of the higher concentrations of glucose. The muscle tension which developed in the high-K medium with a high concentration of glucose under anoxia was dependent on the external Ca2+ and was inhibited by iodoacetic acid (IAA). The addition of glucose to a high-K medium under anoxia also increased lactate release from the muscle. Pretreatment with 1 mM IAA decreased the lactate release from the muscle. In a Ca2+-free medium under anoxia, the addition of glucose did not increase the muscle tension although there was a significant increase in the lactate release. In summary, it is considered that the smooth muscle of taenia coli develops tension utilizing energy produced by the glycolytic pathway under anoxia in a high-K medium. PMID- 7087265 TI - Effect of timepidium bromide, an anticholinergic agent, on gastric and duodenal blood flow distribution in rabbits. AB - Effects of timepidium bromide (TB; anticholinergic agent), acetylcholine (ACh) and neostigmine (Neost) on gastric and duodenal blood flow distribution were studied by the use of 131I-labeled macroaggregated human serum albumin (MAA) in rabbits. In normal rabbits, gastric blood flow was found to be uneven in various regions of the stomach: anterior corpus (50% of total gastric blood flow) greater than posterior corpus (40%) greater than pyloric antrum (7%). Intravenous administration of TB (200 microgram/kg) to normal rabbits produced a slight increase in total gastric blood flow, but the increase in the mucosal layer of the pyloric antrum was considerable. On the other hand, ACh (10 microgram/kg, i.v.) and Neost (50 microgram/kg. i.v.) significantly reduced the total gastric blood flow, in particular, the mucosal blood flow in the anterior and posterior corpus. This reduction in blood flow was virtually abolished by TB and was restored to the normal level. These results suggest that these cholinergic or anticholinergic drugs affect the gastric blood flow and that these effects may be mediated through muscarinic receptors. Blood flow in the duodenum was only slightly changed by these drugs. PMID- 7087267 TI - [Prosthetic valve endocarditis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087266 TI - Effects of disopyramide on the maximum rate of rise of action potential (Vmax) in guinea-pig papillary muscles. AB - The correlation between the steady state and non-steady state depression of Vmax by 50 microM disopyramide was investigated in 2.7, 5.4 and 8.1 mM [K+]o using isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles. An elevation of [K+]o from 2.7 to 8.1 mM strengthened the depressant action of the drug on Vmax (steady state) at 1 to 5 Hz, but attenuated this action at 0.05 and 0.1 Hz. The Vmax-membrane potential (Vm) relationship (steady state) was examined at stimulation rates of 0.1 and 1 Hz by increasing [K+]o from 2.7 to 19 mM. The drug shifted the normalized Vmax-Vm curve at 1 Hz in a hyperpolarizing direction, but shifted the curve at 0.1 Hz upward at Vm between -90 and -65 mV without a shift along the Vm axis. The recovery process of Vmax (non-steady state) was examined by introducing premature stimuli or by interrupting the basic stimulus of 1 Hz for a certain period. The control recovery processes in three [K+]o were approximated by a triple exponential function (the earliest, intermediate and latest components). The drug slowed the intermediate component, but accelerated the latest one (the earliest component was situated within the refractory period) of [K+]o attenuated the depressant action of disopyramide on the Vmax at 0.05 and 0.1 Hz and accelerated the recovery process of Vmax at long diastolic intervals of more than 10 sec was quite unique. PMID- 7087268 TI - [Surgical anatomy of the right bundle branch (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087269 TI - [Surgical treatment of aortic rupture due to closed-chest trauma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087271 TI - [Angiographic estimation of the diameter of the aortic annulus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087270 TI - [Echinococcus granulosus infecting lung and liver. Report of a case (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087272 TI - [2 cases of successfully treated paraesophageal mediastinal bronchogenic cyst (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087273 TI - [New cineangiographic method for observation of the leaflets movement of artificial heart valve implanted in mitral position (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087274 TI - [Clinical experience of self-anchoring silicon tined lead (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087275 TI - [Circumferential resection and successful reconstruction for cicatricial tracheal stenosis caused by the cuff of tracheostomy tube--report of 2 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087276 TI - [A case of successfully corrected 4-month-old infant with congenital absence of pulmonary valve and VSD (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087277 TI - [A report of a successful emergency correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087279 TI - [A case of surgical ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus in extremely premature infant (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087278 TI - [Left atrial myxoma causing mitral regurgitation--report of a case treated by resection and mitral annuloplasty (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087280 TI - Renal failure secondary to Moraxella osloensis endocarditis. PMID- 7087281 TI - Effects of acute metabolic acidosis on renal, gut, liver, and muscle metabolism of glutamine and ammonia in the dog. AB - Previous studies have shown a rise in arterial glutamine in acute acidosis in the dog. In these experiments glutamine and ammonia metabolism was studied in anesthetized dogs during normal acid-base status and following acute hydrochloric acidosis to determine the mechanism for the rise in arterial glutamine in acidosis. Splanchnic, liver, renal, and hind-half extraction/production were measured by arteriovenous (A-V) sampling and simultaneous blood flow measurements using electromagnetic flow probes. In the normal dog, muscle produced glutamine, and the kidneys, gut, hepatosplanchnic bed, and liver extracted it. Whole blood arterial glutamine rose in acidosis. Renal and muscle glutamine and ammonia extraction/production were unchanged. Gut ammonia release and hepatic ammonia uptake increased by similar amounts in acidosis, but no change in gut glutamine uptake occurred. Hepatic and total hepatosplanchnic glutamine uptake was markedly reduced thereby contributing to the raised arterial glutamine. These results demonstrate that acute metabolic acidosis in the dog-influences marked changes in glutamine extraction and ammonia metabolism across the hepatosplanchnic bed without significant changes in kidney or muscle metabolism. PMID- 7087282 TI - Actions of angiotensin II on the isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney. AB - We studied the effects of angiotensin II (AII) on isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto control (WKY) kidneys utilizing a recirculating cell-free perfusate. Sufficient AII was infused to increase renal vascular resistance (RVR) by approximately 50%. When the perfusion pressure was allowed to increase with RVR during AII infusion, significant increases in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow, and electrolyte excretion occurred in both the SHR and the WKY kidneys. However, when the increase in perfusion pressure was prevented, AII increased the GFR of SHR kidneys but had no effect on the GFR of WKY. In contrast to WKY, AII increased the GFR, urine flow, and sodium excretion of SHR kidneys as much at "normotensive" perfusion pressures as at "hypertensive" pressures. However, the "normotensive" perfusion pressures utilized in these studies were less than the blood pressure of the SHR in vivo. Accordingly, the response of SHR kidneys to AII was assessed when perfusion pressure was maintained constant at 160 torr. Under these conditions, AII did not elicit any further increases in GFR or changes in the electrolyte excretion. Results indicate that the renal perfusion pressure is a critical determinant of the renal responsiveness to AII and suggests that AII enhances renal function at perfusion pressures less than those customarily encountered in vivo. PMID- 7087283 TI - Parathyroid hormone-independent adaptation of the renal handling of phosphate in response to renal mass reduction. AB - In man as well as in experimental animals progressive renal failure is associated with a decrease in the fractional reabsorption (FR) of inorganic phosphate (Pi). This response has been considered as an adaptation phenomenon and generally attributed to an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. One report indicates that in chronic thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs treated with large doses of vitamin D progressive renal failure can also be associated with a fall in FRPi. However, in this latter study the concomittant administration of vitamin D could have accounted for the observed decrease in FRPi. In our study we investigated whether or not chronic reduction in renal mass leads to a similar decrease in maximal net tubular Pi reabsorption per volume of glomerular filtrate (maximal TRPi/ml GF) in the presence and absence of PTH and without pharmacological supplementation in vitamin D. Male rats were either TPTX or sham operated (intact). One and two weeks later the animals of both groups were either subtotally nephrectomized (NX) in two stages or sham-operated (control). Four weeks after the second renal operation, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the reabsorption of Pi were determined by clearance methodology under acute sodium chloride and Pi infusion, that is, at endogenous and increased plasma Pi concentrations ([Pi]Pl.). Thus maximal TRPi/ml GFR could be determined. In rats with intact parathyroid glands GFR was 1.56 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SEM) and 0.54 +/- 0.10 ml/min in control and NX respectively, whereas maximal TRPi/ml GF was 2.24 +/- 0.07 in control and 1.57 +/- 0.18 mumol/ml (P less than 0.005) in NX. In TPTX rats GFR was 1.66 +/- 0.27 and 0.62 +/- 0.06 ml/min in control and NX respectively, whereas maximal TRPi/ml GF was 3.80 +/- 0.20 in control and 2.95 +/ 0.13 mumol/ml (P less than 0.005) in NX. The marked decrease in maximal TRPi/ml GF observed in TPTX after subtotal NX could not be ascribed to any consistent change in plasma calcium. Our study provides conclusive evidence that the decrease in maximal TRPi/ml GF in response to renal mass reduction can occur to the same degree in the presence or absence of PTH. PMID- 7087284 TI - Progressive encephalopathy in children with chronic renal insufficiency in infancy. AB - A retrospective analysis of children with renal failure during the first year of life revealed that 20 of 23 patients developed profound neurologic abnormalities. The encephalopathy was characterized by developmental delay, microcephaly, hypotonia, seizures, dyskinesia, and EEG abnormalities. No patient had been dialyzed, and four had not received aluminum salts prior to the development of neurologic symptoms. Inadequate statural growth and poor nutrition were present in all patients. It is probable that infants with chronic renal insufficiency are more susceptible to the development of this syndrome than are older children or adults because of the significant growth and maturation of the brain that occurs during the first years of life. PMID- 7087285 TI - Amino acid losses during hemodialysis with infusion of amino acids and glucose. AB - This study evaluated the effects during hemodialysis of intravenous infusion of amino acids and glucose on plasma amino acid and glucose concentrations and amino acid losses. Eight men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were each studied during two dialyses using glucose-free dialysate. During one hemodialysis, they were infused with 800 ml of normal saline. During the other hemodialysis, they were infused with an equal volume of water which contained 39.5 g of essential and non-essential free L-amino acids and 200 g of d-glucose. The solutions were infused throughout the dialysis procedure into the drip chamber of the venous outflow from the dialyzer. Subjects were fasted from the night before until the end of hemodialysis, and the order of administration of the two solutions was determined randomly. Plasma essential, non-essential, and total amino acids fell significantly during the infusion of normal saline and rose during the administration of amino acids and glucose. Dialysate total-free amino acid losses averaged 8.2 +/- 3.1 SD g during the infusion of normal saline and 12.6 +/- 3.6 g with the administration of amino acids and glucose. These findings indicate that the intravenous infusion of amino acids and glucose during hemodialysis prevents a fall in plasma amino acid and glucose concentrations and leads to only a slight increase in the losses of free amino acids into dialysate. Because most of the infused amino acids are retained, this technique may be used during hemodialysis to avoid a net outflow of amino acids, minimize disruption of amino acid and glucose pools, and provide a nutritional supplement. PMID- 7087286 TI - Acetate and bicarbonate fluctuations and acetate intolerance during dialysis. AB - Plasma bicarbonate losses during acetate dialysis were prevented by using a combination of acetate and bicarbonate in the dialysate. In 21 patients who were treated with combination dialysate, the fall in mean blood pressure (MBP), and frequency of symptoms, and post-dialysis task performance were all similar to that observed during dialysis with acetate alone. Furthermore, dialysis performed with bicarbonate dialysate resulted in significantly smaller MBP drops, fewer symptoms, and an improved task performance compared to either an acetate or a combination dialysis. These findings indicate that the presence of acetate, rather than a bicarbonate loss, was responsible for the patients' intolerance to acetate dialysis. Patients symptomatic on acetate dialysis had a similar ultrafiltration rate, weight loss, MBP drops, and postdialysis serum acetate levels; they were similar in age and weight to symptom-free patients. Thus, the toxic effect of acetate was not related to serum acetate level. There was no difference in bicarbonate dialysis between patients with symptoms on acetate and the symptom-free patients in reference to MBP drops and task performance. This finding suggests that symptomatic patients were not simply less tolerant to the process of dialysis, but differed from symptom-free patients in their response to the presence of acetate. PMID- 7087287 TI - Changes in plasma oncotic pressure during isolated ultrafiltration. PMID- 7087288 TI - Fluorescence assay for picomole quantities of ammonia. PMID- 7087289 TI - Nephrology Forum. Glomerulosclerosis in reflux nephropathy. PMID- 7087290 TI - [Chemical necrectomy in deep burns]. PMID- 7087291 TI - [Blood reinfusion in emergency surgery]. PMID- 7087292 TI - [Chemical burns of the rectum and colon in parturients]. PMID- 7087293 TI - [Foreign body complicated by an abscess of the pararectal fat]. PMID- 7087295 TI - [Treatment of neck burns and their sequelae]. PMID- 7087294 TI - [Abscess of the spleen]. PMID- 7087296 TI - [Treatment of chemical burns of the esophagus]. PMID- 7087297 TI - [Blood heparin activity in burn patients]. PMID- 7087298 TI - [Circulatory characteristics in the area of an infected wound]. PMID- 7087299 TI - [Microflora changes in suppurative wounds in the treatment process]. PMID- 7087300 TI - [Use of organocobalt preparations in treating suppurative infection]. PMID- 7087301 TI - [Effect of low-frequency ultrasound on pyogenic microflora]. PMID- 7087302 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of suppurative mediastinitis]. PMID- 7087304 TI - [Treatment of staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in children]. PMID- 7087303 TI - [Staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in adults]. PMID- 7087305 TI - [Surgical procedure in staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in children]. PMID- 7087306 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 7087307 TI - [Treatment of suppurative pericarditis in hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 7087308 TI - [Angiographic evaluation of microcirculatory disorders in peritonitis]. PMID- 7087309 TI - [Leukocytic index of intoxication in peritonitis]. PMID- 7087310 TI - [Anaerobic paraproctitis]. PMID- 7087311 TI - [Microbial flora in recurrent rectal fistulae]. PMID- 7087312 TI - [Intestinal microflora of patients with anal sphincter incompetence]. PMID- 7087313 TI - [Acute paraproctitis in children]. PMID- 7087314 TI - [Treatment of acute suppurative diseases of the hand in combination with local oxygenation]. PMID- 7087315 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis]. PMID- 7087316 TI - [Diffuse postoperative peritonitis in children]. PMID- 7087317 TI - [Correction of electrolyte and protein metabolism in postoperative peritonitis patients]. PMID- 7087318 TI - [Treatment of intestinal fistulae]. PMID- 7087319 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 7087320 TI - [Characteristics of the surgical treatment of multiple postburn joint contractures]. PMID- 7087321 TI - [Use of polymeric materials in surgery]. PMID- 7087322 TI - [Surgical treatment of extensive skin defects from necrotic vasculitis]. PMID- 7087323 TI - [Hormonally active pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 7087324 TI - [2 successfully operated patients with mesenchymal tumors]. PMID- 7087325 TI - [Criteria for the choice of treatment method in perforated duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7087326 TI - [Use of Bulgarian antibacterial polycaproamide cloth and thread in experimental liver resections]. PMID- 7087327 TI - [Embolization of the renal artery as a therapeutic method in renal carcinoma]. PMID- 7087328 TI - [Arterial embolization in tumors of the urogenital system]. PMID- 7087329 TI - [2 cases of surgical diseases of total situs viscerum inversus necessitating operative treatment]. PMID- 7087330 TI - [Effect of anesthesia and surgery on the circulation and plasma level of 11 hydroxycorticosteroids in Itsenko-Cushing syndrome patients]. PMID- 7087331 TI - [Case of extensive hemicolectomy for advanced carcinoma of the large intestine]. PMID- 7087332 TI - [Case of a hemangiopericytoma of the kidney]. PMID- 7087334 TI - [Diagnostic problems in a case of amebic abscess of the liver]. PMID- 7087333 TI - ["Impalement"-type injury to the perineum]. PMID- 7087335 TI - [Benign neoplasms of the urethra in women]. PMID- 7087336 TI - [Peritoneovenous shunt in treating ascites in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 7087337 TI - [Critical review of our knowledge and presentation of a new working hypothesis concerning the stability of the precorneal tear film (PCTF) (author's transl)]. AB - 1. The paper reviews critically our present knowledge and experimental findings concerning the structure, formation and stability of the PCTF. 2. A new hypothesis, which contradicts Holly's concept, is put forward to explain the rupture of the PCTF (formation of dry spots). 3. Special chapters deal with tear secretion and drainage, and finally with the function of the eyelids (blinking), especially in relation to the formation and preservation of a stable preocular tear film. PMID- 7087338 TI - [Precalculated artificial lenses in ametropia (author's transl)]. AB - The main sources of error in a successful precalculated artificial lens implantation in ametropia are inaccurate ultrasound measurements, inadequate calculation procedures, rules, suggestions and confidence in the accuracy of Knapp's law. In ametropia of -6.0 D to +4.0 D a precalculated lens implantation according to our three principles (uncorrected good vision, compatible aniseikonia, large retinal images) results in good vision with one and/or two artificial intraocular lenses. PMID- 7087339 TI - [The malignancy of choroidal melanomas (author's transl)]. AB - In the destruction of choroidal melanomas with conservation of the globe two clinical parameters, the size and growth-rate of the tumor, are especially important. The malignancy can be determined from these two parameters. It is important to know that neoplasms metastasize when they are composed of more than 400 cells (10 doubling times). However, at this early stage clinical diagnosis it rarely possible. As a rule, the tumor cannot be diagnosed until it reaches a size of 5 mm (27 doubling times). Metastases must be at least 10 mm in diameter (38 doubling times) to be recognized. In the case of the fast-growing choroidal melanomas it can therefore be calculated that the formation of metastases reaches a peak after a period of three to four years, assuming that diagnosis is made as early as possible. In 64 patients followed up for five years we found that the more numerous the number of mitoses in the tissue are, the higher the mortality is and the sooner the patients die. According to our results the most important clinical parameter in the assessment of choroidal melanoma, apart from the size of the tumor, is the estimation growth-rate, as indicated by the number of mitoses. PMID- 7087341 TI - [Hemorrhagic glaucoma (author's transl)]. AB - Drawing in 15 840 patients treated at the First Eye Clinic of the University of Vienna between 1966 and 1980, 273 cases of hemorrhagic secondary glaucoma were selected for a special study. After a historical review of the semantic change which the expression "hemorrhagic glaucoma" has undergone etiological factors are investigated. Hemorrhagic glaucoma occurred after occlusion of the central retinal vein in 52.7% of the cases, as a result of diabetes mellitus in 37.3%, after iridocyclitis chronica recidivans in 3.7%, following retinal detachment in 1.8%, as a result of intraocular tumors in 1.8%, after occlusion of the central artery in 1.1% and after an apoplectic shock in 0.4%. PMID- 7087340 TI - [Further observations on the application of the campimetric method for measuring individually tolerated intraocular pressure in glaucoma]. AB - The results of campimetric investigations performed in 127 eyes (83 patients) are presented. The vertical diameter of the blind spot and intraocular pressure were measured several times before and after oral intake of a dose of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid. The tonometric value obtained when the blind spot is smallest is considered the individually tolerated level of intraocular pressure. This tolerable pressure was determined in 105 eyes. In the overwhelming majority of the cases (95 eyes) the initial IOP values were within the standard (not exceeding 27 mmHg), according to the present glaucoma classification. However, in 64 eyes the IOP level approached the upper limit of the standard and only in 31 eyes was it between 18 and 22 mmHg. In contrast, the individually tolerated intraocular pressure in 99 eyes (94.3%) shifted to a level of between 18 and 22 mmHg and only in six cases. (5.7%) did the intraocular pressure also remain at the upper limit of the standard after intake of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid. These data show that the individually tolerable intraocular pressure, which does not interfere with the blood circulation in the retina and optic nerve, is in the 18-22 mmHg range in most patients. Under these conditions the vertical diameter of the blind spot (measured at a distance of 1 m with an object 2 mm in diameter) does not exceed 12 cm. This simple method of determining the individually tolerable method of determining the individually tolerable intraocular pressure can be used in any ophthalmological practice. PMID- 7087342 TI - [Are 0.1% timolol-maleate eyedrops suitable for treating chronic glaucoma? (author's transl)]. AB - On the basis of 47 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma, the administration of 0.1% timolol-maleate eye-drops was investigated in the form of a controlled long-term study over a period of 56 weeks. It was found that in a remarkable proportion of chronic glaucoma cases, this low concentration had an adequate, long-term effect, reducing IOP by 24-27%. The results obtained give sufficient grounds for the assumption that in the initial stages of glaucoma, the 0.1% solution is just as effective as solutions of a higher concentration, provided that a satisfactory degree of responsiveness to timolol-maleate is present from the outset. The local and systemic side-effects are relatively slight and therefore also fewer than with higher concentrations. Since in over 50% of patients with chronic glaucoma, 0.1% timolol-maleate eye-drops reduce IOP adequately over a considerable period of time, the 0.1% solution is to be recommended at all events for the initial treatment of glaucoma patients. PMID- 7087344 TI - [Size, shape and behavior of lens particles during phacoemulsification (author's transl)]. AB - Investigations of lens particle which originate during phacoemulsification furnish information concerning their size, form and consistency. Their behavior in the eye and in the instructions is of significance with regard to postoperative results. PMID- 7087343 TI - [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma with infiltration of the optic nerve (author's transl)]. AB - Infiltration of the optic nerve is very rarely found in any form of malignant lymphoma. We report on a 24-year-old male patient suffering from non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the stomach. While recovering after treatment of the primary tumor by chemotherapy he developed papilledema in both eyes and almost total loss of vision. Radiotherapy resulted in restitution of vision within a few days. Later there was a transient acute detachment of pigment epithelium. Malignant cells in the CSF could not be detected until three months after the onset of ophthalmological symptoms. Histopathological sections revealed meningeosis sarcomatosa with infiltrations into the optic chiasm, tracts and nerves. PMID- 7087345 TI - [Experimental retinal detachment on the isolated retina-sclera-preparation and measurement of the subretinal pressure (author's transl)]. AB - It is possible to produce a local retinal detachment on the isolated retina sclera-preaparation of a rabbit eye by aid of a micropipette, which is placed into the retinal pigment epithelial interface. A Ringer's solution, stained with fluorescein was infused by a micropump with constant infusionsrate. Thereby the retina was separated from the pigment-epithelium in form of a small vesicle. A second micropipette, inserted into the vesicle allowed the measurement of the subretinal pressure. A relationship between pressure level and the time post enucleation could be found. The pressure level during constant infusion seems to be a parameter of the adhesive force between retina and pigmentepithelium. PMID- 7087346 TI - [Choroidal osseous choristoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087347 TI - [Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with infiltration of the orbit and the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report on a case of an orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 12 year-old boy. Treatment consisted of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and local excision of the tumor, the excision, however, without any mutilating surgery. Altogether, seven children have been treated in the same way at the pediatric clinic of the University of Munich. All seven are quite well and none of them show any signs of recidivism. The longest follow-up observation period is now four years. PMID- 7087348 TI - [Adenoma of the ciliary body (author's transl)]. AB - An adenoma of the non-pigmented ciliary body was removed locally; 15 years later the eye was enucleated. The globe contained a small tumor with similar histological features but invasive growth. PMID- 7087349 TI - [An iatrogenic epidemic of ophthalmia neonatorum (author's transl)]. AB - Report on an epidemic of five cases of ophthalmia neonatorum caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patients represented about 8% of the infants born and treated in one department during a period of six weeks. In four cases the ON was protracted in two patients it was complicated by dacryostenosis. At first all the patients were treated with locally administered chloramphenicol, to which pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant. The three cases the serous secretion ended after opening of the lacrimal ducts together with local treatment with polymyxin, neomycin and gramicidin. In one case the pseudomonas aerginosa, together with S. aureus found in the secretion in vitro, was found to be sensitive to a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, given perorally, which terminated the secretion. The epidemic was evidently caused by the use of contaminated water in the nursery room. PMID- 7087350 TI - [Prevention of cystoid macula edema using indomethacin eyedrops]. PMID- 7087351 TI - [A modified atraumatic microextractor after Neubauer (author's transl)]. AB - The authors described a modified version of Neubauer's foreign body extractor. The holding device consists of flexible, silicone-covered loop branches, which adapt themselves to the shape of the foreign body and completely surround it. PMID- 7087352 TI - [A report on two year of ophthalmological work in Kenya (author's transl)]. AB - After two years' work as lecturers in ophthalmology at the University of Nairobi we report on our experiences in both teaching as well as outpatient and inpatient care at the Kenyatta National Hospital. Special emphasis is given to the socio economical background of the public health service in Kenya, to point out the special aspects of day-to-day medical work as well as the different needs of a postgraduate program in ophthalmology in this country. The main purpose of our work, supported by the Federal German Ministry of Economic Cooperation, Munich University Eye Clinic and many other organizations, was to train ophthalmologists in their own country. Finally, medical research programs currently in progress and concerning special aspects of tropical ophthalmology are reported on. These studies are designed to help find a solution of the problem of blindness, which is briefly analysed, and which is much more urgent in Kenya than in Western Europe. PMID- 7087353 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of primary and secondary recurrent erosion (author's transl)]. AB - Out of 72 cases of recurrent erosion (RE) a trauma was given as the cause in 61. In 11 cases it occurred spontaneously. Primary recurrent erosion develops predominantly after corneal injury by foreign bodies of organic origin. Finger nail injuries are the most common cause of RE (in erosions 2%, in recurrent erosions 20%). The composition and surface structure of the injuring body may well be of far greater importance with regard to the statistical incidence of primary RE than the mechanism of the trauma (tangential bruising). In RE there may be a neurodystrophy (situated below the centre, organic foreign bodies). In addition to the frequently encountered primary RE (usually after injury by an organic foreign body) there is a "secondary" RE, less often seen, presumably hereditary, and bilateral, in superficial corneal and epithelial dystrophies. We have achieved good therapeutic results by doing a corneal abrasion and inducing a circumscribed inflammation (with lactic acid). PMID- 7087354 TI - [Long-term results after goniotomy (author's transl)]. AB - Between 1961 and 1968 140 goniotomies were performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hamburg. The condition of 72 eyes was evaluated and 41 eyes were re-examined. The average intraocular pressure was 33 mmHg preoperativly and only 20 mmHg 13 to 20 years after the goniotomy procedure. Patients from this group with buphthalmus had an even lower pressure of only 17.6 mmHg. Pressure regulation was achieved in 85% of the evaluated eyes by one or more operations, in conjunction with drug therapy in some instances. In 18 of the 41 eyes a satisfactory result was achieved after a single goniotomy procedure. In 15 of the 41 eyes visual acuity was 0.3 or better with normal pressure. The risk of postoperative amblyopia is mentioned. PMID- 7087355 TI - [Limited value of ophthalmological examinations for detection of recurrent pituitary adenoma (author's transl)]. AB - In three patients, recurrence of a large pituitary adenoma was not detectable by ophthalmological means, because the tumor recurred in an area where the optic nerve fibers had already been destroyed by the primary tumor. These cases demonstrate that unchanged visual fields do not exclude tumor regrowth, and that computer tomography is indispensable in the follow-up surgically treated pituitary adenomas. PMID- 7087356 TI - [Disturbances of the visual system in children caused by head injuries of different degrees of severity (author's transl)]. AB - Sixty-six non-preselected children admitted to Dusseldorf University Clinic with head injuries were examined ophthalmologically (O) and neurologically (N) in the course of a preliminary study. The severity of the injury was classified according to Lange-Cosack the injury was classified according to a proposal of Lange-Cosack and Tepfer (I-VI). The following numbers of patients presented with symptoms: I: O + N = 6 (out of 24); N = 6 (24); O = (24) II: O + N = 4 (11); N = 4 (11); O = 1 (11) III: O + N = 6 (11); N = 2 (11); O = 1 (11) IV: O + N = 5 (5) V: O + N = 7 (7) VI: O + N = 8 (8) Nystagmus was observed in 13 cases, a pathologic response of the pupil in 11 cases, motility disturbances in 11 cases, convergence disorders in nine cases and injury of the orbit in six cases. The visual evoked cortical response (VEP) was pathologic in 23 patients while there were pathologic conditions at the fundus in eight cases and visual field defects in three. A disorder of the VEP was thus the most common finding in this study. PMID- 7087357 TI - [Diathermy and cryocoagulation in the treatment of vitreous hemorrhage (author's transl)]. AB - The efficacy of intrascleral diathermic coagulation and cryosurgery was investigated retrospectively in a series of 33 eyes with vitreous hemorrhages of different etiologies. The criteria of assessment were clearing of the vitreous, reultant vision, applanation tonometry with neovascularization of the iris and the course of retinal changes. A number of recommendations for treatment resulted from the study. PMID- 7087358 TI - [Determination of the real size of an object on the fundus of the living eye]. AB - A method is described which allows the real diameter of an object on the fundus to be determined by means of a system of curves which are the result of trigonometrical calculations and which give an approximate value; only a photograph of the fundus, a measurement of the ametropia and of the radius of the anterior surface of the cornea are required. The results can be corrected with a second graph, which makes use of the length of the optical axis of the eye. PMID- 7087359 TI - [Ocular myasthenia in sisters (author's transl)]. AB - The case histories of two sisters with ocular infantile myasthenia are reported. The older girl has been suffering from the disease for 11 years now. Infantile myasthenia is clinically and genetically different from myasthenia gravis which occurs in older patients. The disease is probably due to a number of factors, a special genetical disposition which facilitates the specific effect of environmental factors. It cannot be ruled out, however, that in rare cases as for example in the family with parental consanguinity reported on here there is an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of infantile myasthenia and the heredity of the disease are discussed. PMID- 7087360 TI - [Spontaneous healing of a cataract with secondary glaucoma (author's transl)]. AB - A 55-year-old man was referred to our clinic with a mature, swollen cataractous lens and a secondary phakolytic glaucoma. However, the patient refused to undergo surgery. Twelve years later he returned. Meanwhile the lens had been almost completely absorbed; visual acuity was 20/32 and there had been no severe damage to the optic nerve. The speed of absorption of the lens had evidently been sufficient to cure the secondary glaucoma rapidly. PMID- 7087361 TI - [Migratory embolism of the retinal artery (author's transl)]. AB - The clinical history of a man suffering from recurrent embolisms of the retinal artery is presented, extending over 11 years from the time when the patient was 57. The initial finding was a retinal artery embolism whose course was photographically recorded for an hour, until the emboli disappeared at the periphery. Three days and between three-and-a-half and six-and-a-half years later there were recurrences of the embolism. The patient's visual acuity dropped from 0.5 after the first, photographically recorded embolism, to 0.05-0.1 after the last. The gravity of the event is documented by the visual field losses in the lower half and the pronounced pallor of the disk. PMID- 7087362 TI - [Endoscopy of the nose as an aid in lacrimal duct surgery]. AB - Endoscopy of the nose is a recently-adopted supplementary procedure for examining the tear drainage system. This examination is performed under local anesthesia with the patient on the operating table. We use a Hopkins endoscope with 30 degrees and 70 degrees deflections, diameter 2.7 mm and 4 mm. Endoscopy prior to dacryocystorhinostomy enables the examiner to judge whether the nasal cavity is large enough for an osteotomy. The orifice of the nasolacrimal duct is visible directly through the endoscope, so that the dye test can be rendered fairly objective. Endoscopy also enables the course of healing of the nasal ostium after surgery to be studied. We observed complications, such as granular tissue and synechiae developing between the posterior flap of the nasal mucosa, the middle turbinate and the nasal septum. Granulation tissue may be removed under endoscopic control. If an intubation of the lacrimal system is attempted, it may be easier to find the end of the steel probe exiting into the nose under endoscopic observation. If the inferior turbinate is impacted with the nasal floor, it may be impossible to find the probe under the inferior turbinate without endoscopic control. Finally, during lacrimal duct probing in infants, one can check whether the probe is correctly sited. Perforations created by probing can be recognized and avoided. PMID- 7087363 TI - [Modification of the 2 loop-Medallion-lens (author's transl)]. AB - The loop diameter was enlarged from 7.6 to 8.5 mm and the holes for the iris fixation suture were placed upwards towards the margin of the haptic. This resulted in a marked decrease of loop-dislocations when comparing two groups with 80 (old lens) and 120 eyes (new lens) respectively. Spontaneous loop-dislocations occurred in 5% with the original lens and in 0.8% with the altered lens, iatrogenic dislocations, i.e. following the instillation of a weak mydriatic, occurred in 10% with the older typ but only in 0.8% with the new lens. PMID- 7087364 TI - [A simple new device for screening eye tests in pre-school-age children (author's transl)]. AB - A new method of testing the eyes of the children aged between four and six is described. This screening test has the following advantages: the children can be examined in familiar surroundings; there is no psychological pressure on the child; both visual acuity and binocular vision can be tested; the apparatus is simple to use and attractive to children; the results are reliable; the price is reasonable. PMID- 7087365 TI - The survey of parasitosis (I) in Bay (Philippines). PMID- 7087366 TI - Relation of mitotic activity to various pathological findings in human colo rectal cancer. PMID- 7087367 TI - Role of macrophages and thymus in anti-dengue antibody production in mice. PMID- 7087368 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in swine sera. PMID- 7087369 TI - [Conservative treatment of acute thrombosis of the major veins of the upper extremities (Paget-Schroetter syndrome)]. PMID- 7087370 TI - [Treatment of a persistent course of Botkin's disease]. PMID- 7087371 TI - [Angiofollicular lymphoma: a benign lymphoid tissue tumor]. PMID- 7087372 TI - [Epidemic form of Reiter's disease]. PMID- 7087373 TI - [Role of the parathyroid glands in somatic pathology]. PMID- 7087374 TI - [Pathogenetic, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of subendocardial myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7087375 TI - [Kinetocardiography in determining asynergy areas in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7087376 TI - [Objective methods of assessing the treatment of neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 7087377 TI - [Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of brucellosis and subacute septic endocarditis]. PMID- 7087378 TI - [Blood serum gastrin in achalasia of the cardia]. PMID- 7087380 TI - [Calcinosis of the pancreas]. PMID- 7087379 TI - [Primary ulcerative cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 7087381 TI - [Dynamics of pancreas exocrine secretion in chronic recurrent pancreatitis]. PMID- 7087382 TI - [Elimination of the lithogenic properties of the bile in patients with certain forms of postcholecystectomy syndrome]. PMID- 7087383 TI - [Clinicomorphological characteristics of ulcerogenic hepatomegaly]. PMID- 7087384 TI - [Analysis of the reasons for neglected colonic cancer]. PMID- 7087385 TI - [Septic forms of salmonellosis]. PMID- 7087386 TI - [Is acute abdomen in diabetics always a false indicator?]. PMID- 7087387 TI - [Effect of hemosorption on the course of autoimmune diseases with predominant involvement of the skin]. PMID- 7087388 TI - Distribution of intramembrane particles and filipin-sterol complexes in plasma membranes of kidney. I. Corpuscle of Malpighi. AB - A quantitative study was performed on glomerular cell types from the rat kidney freeze fractured after conventional fixation or following exposure to the sterol specific antibiotic, filipin. The results reveal a considerable variation on the size and number of intramembrane particles, as well as in the number of filipin sterol complexes present on plasma membranes of the different cell types present in the glomerulus. These differences in membrane structure probably reflect specialized functions of the individual plasma membranes within the glomerulus. The most striking observation, however, was the low particle content and poor filipin labeling of podocyte foot process bases (which lie against the basal lamina) compared with the rest of the podocyte plasma membrane. The presence of distinct membrane domains in podocytes may be a factor involved in maintaining their specific architecture that is critical for the normal functioning of the kidney filtration barrier. PMID- 7087389 TI - Wilson's disease. Electron microscopic, x-ray energy spectroscopic, and atomic absorption spectroscopic studies of corneal copper deposition and distribution. AB - The eyes from three patients with Wilson's disease and bilateral circumferential Kayser-Fleischer rings were obtained at autopsy. The cornea from one eye of each of the patients was divided into five anatomic regions--superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and central--and each area was examined by x-ray energy spectroscopy interfaced with transmission electron microscopy and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cornea of the second eye was examined by light microscopy. Electron-dense granules, rich in copper and sulfur, were present in both the peripheral and the central region of the cornea but were more numerous at the periphery. The total copper concentration, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, was high in both the peripheral and the central area of the cornea. The association of copper with sulfur suggests that a sulfur-containing moiety functions in binding copper. The distribution of the copper granules correlates with the clinical appearance of the Kayser-Fleischer ring, but no correlation exists between the total copper content and the Kayser-Fleischer ring. This suggests that sulfur-copper binding results in aggregation of copper granules and production of the first clinically detectable corneal lesion in Wilson's disease. PMID- 7087390 TI - Characterization of rat polymorphonuclear leukocyte subcellular granules. AB - The bactericidal subcellular granules of rat peritoneal neutrophils were studied to determine selected physical and biochemical characteristics. Isopycnic centrifugation of these granules resolved them into three subpopulations: specific granules (buoyant density = 1.176) as well as light and heavy azurophil granules (buoyant density = 1.20 and 1.22, respectively). These buoyant densities corresponded closely to those of similarly isolated human granules. Specific granules of rat peritoneal neutrophil contained 68 per cent of the sedimentable alkaline phosphatase activity and part of the lysozyme of the whole rat peritoneal neutrophil. The light azurophil granules contained the remainder of the lysozyme, as well as a substantial portion of the beta-glucuronidase activity. Peroxidase was detected in both light and heavy azurophil granules, as was neutral protease. Morphologically, the rat specific granules were round or slightly ovoid organelles (0.10 to 0.13 micrometer in diameter). The azurophil granules were larger (0.3 micrometer) ellipsoid as well as round in shape, and stained strongly for peroxidase. These granules were significantly smaller than the crystal-containing granules of eosinophils. PMID- 7087393 TI - Myocardial capillary density in hypertensive rats. PMID- 7087392 TI - Intramembranous cytochemistry: a perspective. PMID- 7087391 TI - Thrombin generation and fibrin formation following injury to rabbit neointima. Studies of vessel wall reactivity and platelet survival. AB - Using platelets prelabeled with 51Cr, we have quantified the effect of injury to the neointima on platelet accumulation, thrombus formation at different times following injury, and the effect of injury to the neointima on platelet survival. Platelet accumulation on the neointima is largely determined by activation of coagulation and thrombus formation; this contrasts with platelet accumulation on the subendothelium where coagulation does not play a major role and where few thrombi form. Heparin treatment significantly inhibits platelet accumulation on the injured neointima but is without effect on platelet accumulation on the subendothelium. Like the subendothelium, the neointima rapidly becomes nonreactive to further platelet accumulation, and the platelets and platelet fibrin thrombi are lost from the surface in the first few days after injury. Despite the formation of extensive platelet thrombi on the injured neointima, platelet survival is unaffected. PMID- 7087394 TI - Time course of peroxisome biogenesis during adaptation to mild hyperthyroidism in rat liver: a morphometric/stereologic study by electron microscopy. AB - The subcellular reaction pattern of the peroxisome compartment in rat liver cells has been studied after thyroid hormone administration for 1, 3, 5, 8, and 15 days (20 micrograms of 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine (T3) per 100 gm. of body weight per day). Mild hyperthyroidism caused by T3 resulted in the enlargement of the peroxisome volume fraction. This was achieved exclusively by an increase in organelle number (31 x 10(9) +/- 1.5 x 10(9) per 1 cu. cm. per cu. cm. of cytoplasm in controls), since the average organelle volume (0.27 +/- 0.02 cu. micrometer in controls) was simultaneously reduced. The remodeling of the peroxisome compartment was, for the most part, completed on day 3 and consisted of a first preliminary doubling of peroxisome numbers after 1 day, followed by a second doubling on day 3. Each doubling was accompanied by a one-third reduction in the average organelle volume. Peroxisome biogenesis due to T3 resulted in (1) the formation of microperoxisomes, consisting of small profiles, lacking the core structure and (2) an increase of peroxisomes arranged in clusters. Cluster types with two to three profiles appeared from the beginning of biogenesis, whereas clusters with four or more profiles were mostly observed at the end. The latter was taken as an indication of a late phase of adaptation of the peroxisome compartment to hyperthyroidism, following a rapid early phase, mainly expressed on the organellar level and completed for the most on day 3. The parallel response of peroxisomes and mitochondria, as seen by the simultaneous enlargement of the fractional volume of both compartments, is taken as an indication of a close functional relationship of both organelle systems under stimulated cellular respiration. PMID- 7087395 TI - New model of a synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine- induced arthritis: clinical and histologic studies in athymic nude and euthymic rats. AB - A synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), induced severe polyarthritis in euthymic rnu/+ rats. The rnu/+ rats were the most susceptible to MDP-induced arthritis among various rat strains tested, whereas congenitally athymic nude rats (rnu/rnu), males or females, did not develop the disease. This disease was clinically and histologically indistinguishable from classic adjuvant-induced arthritis in terms of clinical course, clinical signs, and histologic features such as (1) an initial acute exudative reaction observed primarily in stroma of the synovial membrane, periarticular tissue, about the tendons, tendon sheath, along the periosteum, between muscle bundles and in the subcutaneous tissue; (2) hypertrophy of the synovial villi, hyperplasia of the synovial lining cells; (3) the very active periosteal new bone formation; and (4) granulation tissue growth either in the articular tissues or in liver, lymph nodes, and capsule of the spleen. Thus, it is postulated that MDP-induced arthritis is basically the same disease as classic adjuvant-induced arthritis. The thymus may play an important role in promoting the development of the disease, possibly through some immune mechanisms to undetermined antigen(s). We believe that nonimmune mechanisms may also be involved in some part of acute and chronic inflammatory reactions to MDP molecules. This new model of MDP-induced arthritis will be a very useful tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of adjuvant-induced arthritis. PMID- 7087396 TI - Lipid accumulation in the neointima formed in normally fed rabbits in response to one or six removals of the aortic endothelium. AB - In previous experiments it was shown that repeated mechanical or immunologic injury to the arterial intima of normally fed rabbits induced lesions morphologically identical with human atherosclerosis. These regressed in size and lipid content when the injury stimulus was removed. By contrast, repeated injury directed to removal of only the endothelial layer induced lesions in which lipid accumulated in areas of endothelial regeneration and increased with time. In the present report the lesions associated with multiple and with a single episode of endothelial removal, using a Fogarty balloon catheter, are compared. Lipid accumulates in areas of endothelial regrowth following one endothelial injury and is similar in amount to that at comparable time intervals following the first of multiple balloon removals of the endothelium. There is much more lipid in areas of endothelial regrowth than in areas that remain uncovered by endothelium, the lipid tends to increase with time, and there is more lipid in the abdominal aortic than in the thoracic aortic lesions. A correlation was found between lipid content and thickness of lesions, especially in response to multiple removals of the endothelium. Multiple removals resulted in thicker lesions than a single injury. There appeared to be a positive relationship between the level of blood cholesterol and the amount of lipid deposited in areas of endothelial regrowth. This is consistent with trapping of low density lipoprotein by glycosaminoglycans in the neointima covered by regenerated endothelium. PMID- 7087397 TI - Morphologic findings in lymph nodes after occlusion of their efferent lymphatic vessels and veins. AB - Cervical lymph nodes of rabbits were congested for 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days by occlusion of the nodal veins, efferent lymphatics, or both. The lymph nodes were examined by histologic and morphometric methods, and the results were compared with findings in control nodes. The present study demonstrated that the vascular sinus transformation (VST), observed first in human lymph nodes, is reproducible experimentally. Complete occlusion of both the veins and lymphatics led to a marked increase in volume of the nodes and often to total necrosis of their parenchyma. Incomplete occlusion of the veins combined with complete occlusion of the lymphatics or complete occlusion of the lymphatics alone resulted in VST as early as 7 days after the operation. In the first stage of VST, proliferation of the subendothelial tissue accompanied by proliferation of blood capillaries was noted. The proliferation started from the capsular side of the marginal sinus and from the trabecular side of the intermediate sinuses. Subsequently, the sinuses transformed into a framework of channels resembling blood capillaries. Without occlusion of the efferent lymphatics, VST did not develop. Complete or incomplete occlusion of the veins combined with complete occlusion of the lymphatics resulted in a pronounced thickening of the capsule, sclerosis of the medullary sinuses, depletion of lymphocytes in the nodal parenchyma, and cavernous dilation of the medullary sinuses. After occlusion of the lymphatics alone these changes were less extensive. Occlusion of veins alone caused only moderate thickening of the capsule and slight sclerosis of nodal parenchyma, but no VST. Total necrosis of the parenchyma occurred only after combined complete occlusion of nodal veins and lymphatics. PMID- 7087398 TI - Radial component of the central myelin in neurologic mutant mice. AB - The radial component of central myelin, a series of radially oriented interlamellar tight junctions, was investigated in three neurologic mutant mice with myelin disorders--quaking, jimpy, and twitcher. In normal adult mice, the radial component of compacted myelin sheaths was usually localized deep in the myelin sheath lying under the cytoplasm of oligodendroglia, in particular between outer and inner tongues. In quaking mice, there were numerous rows of interlamellar tight junctions in the compacted myelin sheaths, and a single tight junction was frequently found between the opposing plasma membranes of oligodendroglia. The junctions were usually closely associated with cytoplasmic islands of oligodendroglia, but redundant myelin sheaths without associated axons or islands of oligodendroglia also occasionally revealed numerous radial components or rows of interlamellar tight junctions. In jimpy mice, the radial component was very poorly developed and could not be detected in the majority of myelin sheaths. Rare radial components were usually extended only partially across the myelin sheaths. In contrast to quaking and jimpy mice, the pattern and distribution of the radial component in twitcher mice were identical in the preclinical stage to that of the normal mouse. These observations further suggest that myelination is abnormal in quaking and jimpy mice but not in the twitcher mouse. PMID- 7087399 TI - Nephritogenic antibodies against kidney brush border glycoproteins in rabbits injected with Freund's adjuvant. AB - Rabbits injected with Freund's adjuvant, without any added antigen, developed antibodies against tubular brush border (BB) antigens of rat kidney, as demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. After injection of the antibodies in rats, diffuse granular deposits of rabbit IgG, typical of passive Heymann nephritis, were detected along the glomerular capillary walls. The adjuvant-induced anti-BB antibodies thus resembled the immune anti-BB antibodies elicited in rabbits by immunization with isolated rat kidney BB membranes. Both the in vitro and in vivo binding of the adjuvant-induced antibodies could be inhibited by absorption with isolated rat kidney BB membranes. To characterize the BB antigens, radioactively labeled and solubilized BB membrane vesicles were precipitated with the adjuvant-induced and the immune anti-BB antibodies. Analysis of the immune precipitates by gel elecrophoresis showed polypeptides of more than 200, 130, and 80 kilodaltons as the major components of the precipitates. These antigens are major glycoproteins of the BB membranes and appear to be associated with the nephritogenic antigens of passive Heymann nephritis. PMID- 7087400 TI - Ultrastructural alterations in allylamine- induced cardiomyopathy: early lesions. AB - Ultrastructural studies were made of the early changes induced in left ventricular myocardium by allylamine given to rats either in drinking water (10.7 mM for 1 to 7 days) or by gavage (100 mg. per kg. per day for 1 or 2 days). Rats on the drinking water protocol developed myocardial alterations evident by light and electron microscopy within 2 days; those given allylamine by gavage developed lesions after 24 hours. The earliest alteration consisted on interstitial edema and "activation" of interstitial cells possessing an oblong shape, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, occasional lysosomes, a prominent Golgi apparatus, few mitochondria, and large irregular nuclei (often with a typical "Anitschkow" morphology). Mitoses of these interstitial cells were frequent. Mitoses were also observed in endothelial cells. Acute myocardial necrosis, which developed after 6 days of the drinking water protocol or one gavage dose, was characterized by focal myofibrillar degeneration with lipid droplet accumulation and Z-line distortion and dissolution, especially prominent in areas of intercellular junctions. These focal lesions coalesced to involve whole myocytes with severe myofibrillar degeneration and contraction band necrosis. Mitochondria of severely altered cells were swollen and contained dense inclusions. Nuclei had prominent nucleoli and, in severely necrotic cells, clumped and irregular chromatin. Large areas of necrotic myocardium showed extravasated red blood cells and minimal intra- and extracellular deposition of fibrin. Vascular necrosis or thrombosis was not seen. A prompt inflammatory infiltrate was composed predominantly of macrophages invading necrotic myocytes, with occasional polymorphonuclear neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocytes. PMID- 7087401 TI - Shedding of dense cell fragments into the follicular lumen early in involution of the hyperplastic thyroid gland. AB - Membrane-bounded fragments of thyroid epithelial cells are found in the lumen of the thyroid follicle at early stages of involution of the hyperplastic gland. To demonstrate this, thyroid glands were made hyperplastic by feeding rats a low iodine diet containing thiouracil for 3 weeks. Involution was induced by the feeding of a high iodine diet. Three types of dense cell fragments were observed in the lumen at its periphery within 5 hours after the change of diet: (1) single, relatively large fragments that contained vesicles occasionally, (2) a cluster of rounded fragments of relatively small size. Some of these had a narrow tail, and (3) elongated narrow fragments in a row parallel to the apical surface of one or more epithelial cells. The fragments are probably derived from the thyroid epithelial cells since no other cell types were generally present. By 14 hours the fragments were distributed randomly throughout the lumen. Fragments were no longer present by 12 days of involution in most follicles. Fragment formation may be a mechanism for disposal of excess plasma membrane deposited by exocytic vesicles during rapid secretion of thyroglobulin into the follicular lumen early in involution. PMID- 7087402 TI - The influence of dietary branched-chain fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of tissue- lipids of rats. PMID- 7087403 TI - Distribution of nitrapyrin [12-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine] and 2-chloro 6-(dichloromethyl)-pyridine in red beet treated with nitrapyrin. PMID- 7087404 TI - Occupational mortality in the Armed Services. PMID- 7087405 TI - Sickness absence in drivers of London taxis and buses. PMID- 7087406 TI - The heart rate of students in examinations. PMID- 7087408 TI - The Lucas Lecture 1981. Professional ethics--for whose benefits? PMID- 7087407 TI - The use of Halon 1301 for firefighting in confined spaces. PMID- 7087409 TI - Cerebral damage following a single high exposure to carbon disulphide. PMID- 7087410 TI - Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perception of vowels by hearing-impaired children. AB - The vowels (foreign letters in text) were presented through auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual modalities to hearing-impaired children having good, intermediate, and poor auditory work-recognition skills. When they received acoustic information only, children with good word-recognition skills confused neighboring vowels (i.e., those having similar formant frequencies). Children with intermediate work-recognition skills demonstrated this same difficulty and confused front and back vowels. Children with poor word-recognition skills identified vowels mainly on the basis of temporal and intensity cues. Through lipreading alone, all three groups distinguished spread from rounded vowels but could not reliably identify vowels within the categories. The first two groups exhibited only moderate difficulty in identifying vowels audiovisually. The third group, although showing a small amount of improvement over lipreading alone, still experienced difficulty in identifying vowels through combined auditory and visual modes. PMID- 7087412 TI - Masking of pure tones by broad-band noise in cochlear-impaired listeners. AB - We measured masked thresholds for pulsed pure tone (5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz) in the presence of different levels of broad-band noise (nominally 0, 20, 40, and 60 dB/Hz). Several of the 16 cochlear-impaired listeners displayed masked thresholds that were considerably higher than those obtained from 10 normal listeners. At the 60 dB/hz noise level the correlation coefficients between thresholds in noise and thresholds in quiet were r = 36, .44, .63 and .64 for signal frequencies of .5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz, respectively. The growth of masking, as masker level was increased, was linear for the normal listeners but was disproportionate and nonlinear in some cochlear-impaired listeners. In these data and data from others studies, it is clear that thresholds in noise cannot be predicted from thresholds in quiet. Masked thresholds are related to other measures of frequency resolution and to speech intelligibility in noise, but it is argued that psychoacoustic tuning curves provide more direct measures of the auditory-filter characteristics. PMID- 7087411 TI - Analytic study of the Tadoma method: identification of consonants and vowels by an experienced Tadoma user. AB - Performance on identifying consonant and vowel stimuli through the Tadoma methods of speechreading was studied for a deaf-blind, experienced user of Tadoma. For a set of 24 consonants in CV syllables, performance averaged 55%. For a set of 15 vowels and diphthongs in CVC syllables, performance averaged 56%. Confusion matrices derived from the identification tests were analyzed for performance on a set of articulatory/phonological features, the results of the feature analysis for consonants indicated that the features voicing, lip rounding frication, and place were well-perceived; for vowels, and features lip rounding, tenseness, and vertical lip separation were well-perceived. PMID- 7087413 TI - Jitter and shimmer differences among sustained vowel phonations. PMID- 7087414 TI - The temporal reliability of Brown's mean length of utterance (MLU-M) measure with post-stage V Children. AB - The temporal reliability of Brown's MLU-M was investigated with 30 normally developing children, 10 in each of three age groups: 3:6-4:6, 5:6-6:6, and 8:6 9:6 years. All children obtained MLU-Ms greater than 4.0, which placed them beyond Brown's Stage V of language learning. Language samples were evoked from these subjects on each of three consecutive days using picture stimuli. The reliability estimates indicated lack of stability for individual and average MLU M values. PMID- 7087415 TI - Voice onset time in normal-aged population. AB - Evidence suggests that the fine motor coordinations required to maintain the articulatory-laryngeal adjustments represented by measures of voice onset time (VOT) should change as a function of normal aging. This descriptive study obtained measures of VOT in healthy elderly subjects as a basis for extending the model of temporal speech control to the later years. Three groups of 10 subjects each were used. Group I was composed of subjects 25-39 years old. Groups 2 and 3 included subjects aged 65-74, and over 75, respectively. Subjects produced 30 tokens of three stimulus words, beat, pete, bead, following a carrier phrase. Wide-band spectrograms were prepared and measured, and the VOT data analyzed statistically. The following conclusions were drawn with respect to mean group age. The means of the VOTs did not differ significantly across subject groups. Standard deviations in the means did differ significantly, variability increased with age, both within subjects and between groups. The minimal separation of the phonemic boundaries for /b/ and /p/ decreased significantly as a function of aging, with the /p/ side of the distribution showing the greatest change. PMID- 7087416 TI - Evaluation of hearing-impaired listeners using a Nonsense-Syllable Test. I. Test reliability. AB - The reliability of a closed-set Nonsense-Syllable Test was determined on a group of 38 listeners with mold-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Eight randomizations of the 91-item test (four trials on each of two days) were presented monaurally, under earphones, at 90 dB SPL with a cafeteria background noise set at a +20-dB S/N ratio. Performance under these conditions ranged from 21.4 to 91.2%, reflecting the wide range of syllable-recognition ability of these subjects. Reliability of the eight measurements was determined by analysis of variance and analysis of covariance structure (parallel-test modelling) for the entire test and each of 11 subtests. Overall and individual subject results failed to show any systematic differences in scores over eight trials. Likewise, no significant differences were found in performance on individual syllables, nor were changes in the relative occurrence of specific syllable confusions noted. The test is highly reliable when evaluating hearing-impaired subjects, and thus is appropriate for use in investigations where identical items are administered under multiple experimental conditions. PMID- 7087417 TI - Evaluation of hearing-impaired listeners using a Nonsense-syllable Test. II. Syllable recognition and consonant confusion patterns. AB - Syllable recognition ability and consonant confusion patterns were evaluated for 38 listeners with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss using the closed set Nonsense-Syllable Test (NST). Performance for these materials varies as a function of consonant voicing, the position of the consonant in the syllable, and the accompanying vowel. Scores for listeners with steeply sloping audiometric configurations were consistently poorer than those for listeners with gradually sloping or flat audiograms. Consonant confusion analyses revealed place of articulation errors to be the most frequent, regardless of the listener's audiometric configuration. Analysis of consonant confusion patterns indicates the existence of a systematic relationship between consonant confusions and audiometric configuration. The NST findings are discussed in terms of the test's potential use and are compared to the results of existing confusion analyses. PMID- 7087418 TI - Evaluation of high-fidelity hearing aids. AB - An essential building block for any high-fidelity hearing aid is an amplifier transducer-coupling combination that does not audibly degrade the sound, that is, provides high-fidelity sound reproduction as judged by someone with normal hearing. To demonstrate that such a combination is possible, two binaural pairs of hearing aids were assembled using available hearing aid transducers and electronic components, one pair of Over-The-Ear hearing aids with 8-kHz bandwidth and one pair of In-The-Ear hearing aids with 16-kHz bandwidth. Objective insertion-gain measurements on these aids, obtained with a KEMAR manikin in a diffuse sound field, revealed a frequency-response accuracy comparable to that available in expensive high-fidelity loudspeakers. Subjective fidelity ratings obtained from three groups of listeners judging prerecorded A-B-A comparisons (made from equalized eardrum-position microphones in a KEMAR manikin) produced a similar conclusion. We conclude that the important question for hearing aid research is no longer "What can a hearing aid be designed to do?" but "What should a hearing aid be designed to do for the hearing impaired?" PMID- 7087419 TI - Longitudinal studies of disfluencies in two-year-old children. AB - Spontaneous speech samples of 500 words were recorded three times at 4-month intervals from 33 normally speaking children. A fourth speech sample was recorded from the 13 youngest children in the group after an additional 4-month interval (one year after the beginning of the study). There were indications in the data that the peak number of speech disfluencies occurred at the later part of age 2 or at the beginning of age 3. Results also showed that there was a continuous reduction in disfluencies for the group as a whole. However, the 13 younger 2 year-olds and the 20 older 2-year-olds exhibited dissimilar developmental trends of disfluency. Large individual differences were observed during the period of the study. Many children showed large fluctuations in the number of disfluencies from one testing period to the next. A short episode of stuttering was observed in one subject. Overall, it appeared that the year between age 2 and 3 is an unstable period in speech development as far as disfluency is concerned. PMID- 7087420 TI - The pragmatic function of children's questions. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the pragmatic function of preschool children's spontaneously produced questions. Twenty-four normal children between the age of 2 and 5 years were observed in a variety of situations at their day care centers. Questions produced during these observation periods were categorized by pragmatic function. The three functional categories were information seeking, conversational, and directive. The distribution of the questions among the three pragmatic functions differed with age. The major function of the questions produced by the 2- and 3-year-old subjects was clearly information seeking, but the 4- and 5-year-olds' questions were more evenly distributed among the functional categories. The 4-year-olds used a high percentage of conversational questions in comparison to the other age groups. The children's question use appeared to follow the principle of using new forms for old functions and old forms for new functions. PMID- 7087421 TI - Fundamental frequency characteristics of young Black adults: spontaneous speaking and oral reading. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of young Black adults during prompted spontaneous speech and reading and to compare the results with published data for White subjects of comparable age. Subjects were 100 men and 100 women volunteers, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. Central tendency and dispersion values were calculated from data obtained with a fundamental frequency analyzer (Florida I). The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for spontaneous speaking was 108.05 Hz for men and 188.85 Hz for women. The mean range was 80.70--166.65 Hz (6.27 tones) for men and 132.55- 270.80 Hz (6.18 tones) for women. The men showed smaller excursions from the mean mode to the lower limit of the mean range (27.35 hz, 2.52 tones) than from the mean mode to the upper limit of the mean range (58.60 Hz, 3.75 tones). The women had a range of 81.95 Hz above and 56.30 Hz below the mean mode but approximately equal tonal intervals above and below (3.12 and 3.06, respectively). A comparison of prompted spontaneous speech to reading for the same subjects indicated that the mean modal fundamental vocal frequency was significantly lower and the mean range was significantly greater for speaking than for reading. Both men and women had a mean speaking range of one octave. In comparison to published values for young White adult subjects, the Black subjects in this study had a lower mean fundamental vocal frequency. PMID- 7087422 TI - Temporal characteristics related to the discrimination of stutterers' and nonstutterers' speech samples. AB - Measurements of the difference in average speaking rate, average number of pauses, average pause duration, and average duration of the vowels that received primary stress were obtained from the speech samples of 35 stutterers and 35 nonstutterers. The samples had been screened to ensure that they contained no instances of overt stuttering, audible respirations, or inappropriate voicing. The measurements were used as the predictors in multiple linear regression analyses. The criterion variable was the average percent-correct discriminations of 40 subjects who listened to the samples in pairs and indicated which member of each pair was the stutterer. The results showed that the difference in speaking rate combined with either pause measure accounted for approximately 70% of the variance in the listeners' responses. The findings indicate that speaking rate and pauses are potential perceptual cues for listeners attempting to discriminate the speech of stutterers from that of nonstutterers. PMID- 7087423 TI - Frequency discrimination in regions of normal and impaired sensitivity. AB - Psychometric functions for frequency discrimination were obtained from both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners at 300, 1200, and 3000 Hz. Difference limens for frequency (DLFs) were derived from those psychometric functions after repeated practice sessions, ensuring that all listener's results represented levels of optimum performance. Practice effects were found to be considerable in many listeners. The psychometric functions for all listeners, both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired, were well described by linear functions of performance level (d') and frequency difference (Hz), which passed through the zero origin. Those listeners with normal sensitivity thresholds at all frequencies exhibited the most acute frequency discriminations. Listeners with sensitivity losses at high frequencies exhibited larger DLFs, even at lower test frequencies where sensitivity thresholds were normal. PMID- 7087424 TI - Language processing and forms of immediate echolalia in autistic children. AB - Several aspects of echolalic speech produced by five autistic children were investigated. We found that the incidence of echolalia was influenced by the type of question addressed to the child and, to a lesser extent, by the child's comprehension of the specific relationships expressed in the question. Additionally, acoustic analysis showed that a substantial proportion of echoes involved a prosodic modification of the examiner's question. Further analyses indicated that some of these modified echoes represent more than just a primitive conversational strategy. Specifically, they seem to reflect a higher level of processing and serve a semantic function, that of affirming the examiner's question. PMID- 7087425 TI - A fluent backward talker. AB - This report documents the ability of a man to reverse the order of segments within words, so quickly that the simultaneous translation of forward speech into reversed speech was possible. Transcriptions of recorded backward speech and several processing tasks were used to clarify this man's profile of unusual linguistic skills. Analyses of the background speech showed evidence of sensitivity to both phonemic and orthographic representations of the utterances. PMID- 7087427 TI - Responses to requests in the dialogues of mothers and their stage 1 children. AB - The development of conversation requires children to learn to relate their utterances to utterances from other speakers. This investigation examined one method in which children relate their utterances to preceding utterances in conversation, namely, response utterances to request utterances. Late Stage 1 children's responses were examined for their pragmatic and semantic relationships to five types of requests used by mothers. Conditional (child responses to mother's requests) and unconditional (child responses following mother's utterances) probabilities were generated using the lag sequential analysis. The level of significant difference between the conditional and unconditional probabilities was determined with the binomial distribution. The results indicate that the children produced contingent linguistic responses to the mothers' requests based on the pragmatic intent of the requests--specifically, those requesting semantic information, clarifying a misunderstood remark, and requesting agreement or disagreement with a proposition. Further, the children's responses to the mothers' requests for semantic information provided the appropriate semantic information requested by the mothers. The children produced contingent nonlinguistic responses to the mothers' requests for an action to be performed, whereas contingent nonlinguistic or linguistic responses following the mothers' requests for attention failed to achieve significance. These findings indicate that responses to requests are important in the development of early contingent speech and provide one means for structuring conversation with Late Stage I children. PMID- 7087426 TI - Central auditory function in fluent and disfluent normal speakers. AB - The Synthetic Sentence Identification - Ipsilateral Competing Message (SSI-ICM) test at a -20-dB message-to-competition ratio was used to investigate central auditory function of fluent and disfluent, normally speaking, male college students. The disfluent group consisted of 10 subjects who demonstrated part-word repetitions while speaking extemporaneously. The matched fluent group of 10 subjects had extemporaneous speech containing no part-word repetitions and with speaking times matched to those of the disfluent group. All subjects had intact peripheral hearing skills and no known history of stuttering. As hypothesized, the disfluent normal speakers had lower scores on the SSI-ICM test than did the fluent normal speakers. It was suggested that a central auditory variable may be one of the factors contributing to the production of disfluent speech at the level of syllable production. It was further suggested that this relationship is not one limited to the clinical or stuttering population as suggested by the design of previous research. PMID- 7087428 TI - Gaze and proximity as turn regulators within three-party and two-party child conversations. AB - Gaze and proximity as nonverbal turn-taking behaviors were investigated within the three-party and two-party conversations of normal children. Subjects were six 4-year-old girls matched for familiarity. Alternations of 20-min three-party and 15-min two-party interactions were videotaped and transcribed. The data indicate that within nonsimultaneous language events, gaze and proximity relate to changes in speaker turn and conversational role, with gaze functioning as a current speaker-selects-next-speaker turn option and proximity functioning as both a current-speaker-selects-next-speaker and a listener self-selection turn option. The data are discussed in terms of the sociocentric character of children's conversations. PMID- 7087430 TI - Acoustic properties of pathologic reiterative utterances: a case study of palilalia. AB - Acoustic analyses of the reiterative utterances of one subject demonstrate a high degree of similarity among the members of a repetition train. The acoustic data did not confirm for this patient the published description of palilalia as a reiteration of utterances in a context of increasing rate and decreasing loudness. In fact, the final utterance in a repetition train often had either a longer duration, greater intensity, or more pronounced fundamental frequency change (or any combination of these) than its predecessors. It is suggested that these may be more than one type of pathological reiterative utterance. PMID- 7087429 TI - The semantics of verbs in the dissolution and development of language. AB - Evidence of the dissolution (DL) of verbs was examined in the written logs kept daily for 4 1/2 years by a woman (Mrs. W) who suffered from cerebral atrophy of unknown origin. Results were compared with similar analyses of written samples obtained from elementary school children (CWL), from normal adults (AWL) and from the literature on early oral language development (COL). The major finding of this study was that the sequence of the dissolution of verbs, in terms of the meanings expressed, mirrored the sequence of early acquisition. In the DL data reported here, Mrs. W continued to write about dynamic events after she ceased writing about stative events; in COL, children talk about dynamic events before stative events. Based on the AWL and CWL data, frequency of use is rejected as an explanation for the dominance and stability of dynamic relations in DL. Rather, it is suggested that the expression of dynamic relations may be less complex than the expression of stative relations due to possible differences in imagery and implication, but particularly due to the linguistic contexts in which each can be expressed. PMID- 7087431 TI - Long-term hypolipidemic effect of portacaval transposition and distal intestinal resection without change in liver function tests. PMID- 7087433 TI - The effect of leucine infusion on substrate flux across the human forearm. PMID- 7087434 TI - Cimetidine-induced bicarbonate production in canine gastric pouches. PMID- 7087435 TI - Prostaglandin E2 potentiates the protective effect of cimetidine against stress induced gastric ulceration. PMID- 7087432 TI - The effect of albumin resuscitation for shock on the immune response to tetanus toxoid. PMID- 7087436 TI - Systemic and renal effects of dopamine in the infant pig. PMID- 7087437 TI - Models of side-to-end anastomoses: effects of angle and flow split. PMID- 7087438 TI - Analysis of factors influencing patency of polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses for limb salvage. PMID- 7087439 TI - Increased normoxic-to-ischemic tissue borderzone as the cause for reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. PMID- 7087440 TI - Treatment of limb-threatening ischemia despite a palpable popliteal pulse. PMID- 7087441 TI - The toxicity of bile salt conjugates on human esophageal epithelium grown in tissue culture. PMID- 7087442 TI - Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis: evaluation of the effects and mode of action of indomethacin in experimental pancreatitis in dogs. PMID- 7087445 TI - The antigenicity of electrocauterized allogeneic tumor cells in mice. PMID- 7087443 TI - Evaluation of 133Xe washout kinetics by controlled pig liver perfusion in vivo. PMID- 7087446 TI - Metabolic alterations in liver, skeletal muscle, and fat tissue in response to different tumor burdens in growing sarcoma-bearing rats. PMID- 7087444 TI - The role of histamine in control of gastric mucosal blood flow in dogs. PMID- 7087447 TI - Enhanced cardiac efficiency with dobutamine after global ischemia. PMID- 7087448 TI - The effect of testosterone propionate on wound healing in normal and castrate rats. PMID- 7087450 TI - Management of varicose veins by surgery and by injection. PMID- 7087449 TI - Preliminary report. The transposition of a living sphincter. PMID- 7087451 TI - A whole life is watching at the tonsillectomy. PMID- 7087452 TI - Recurrent inflammatory skin lesions complicating jejunoileal bypass. PMID- 7087453 TI - Unusual presentation of North American blastomycosis. PMID- 7087454 TI - Medical ethics: "zebras" vs. "horses". PMID- 7087455 TI - NIH Consensus development conference summary: CEA as a cancer marker. PMID- 7087456 TI - Myocardial infarction of nonatheromatous origin. PMID- 7087457 TI - Radiology case of the month. Bilateral renal artery stenosis. PMID- 7087458 TI - Tennessee Renal Disease Program. PMID- 7087459 TI - EKG of the month. Subventricular tachycardia and AV dissociation diagnosed as digitalis toxicity. PMID- 7087460 TI - Medicine and government--a China experience. PMID- 7087461 TI - Blindness in Tennessee in 1980-1981. PMID- 7087462 TI - Umbilical vessel trauma: a potentially fatal complication of amniocentesis. PMID- 7087463 TI - Solitary (localized) pleural mesothelioma: a case report with brief review of the literature. PMID- 7087464 TI - Effect of sodium molybdate on cytosolic estrogen receptor. AB - Estrogen binding activity of crude calf uterus cytosol is rapidly destroyed in heating. The time course of inactivation at 37 degrees C shows a biphasic pattern; sodium molybdate (5-10 mM) completely blocks one of the components in the estradiol-free cytosol, while it has little effect on cytosolic receptor complexed with estradiol. Partially purified native 8S receptor loses its heat sensitivity, and, as a consequence, the molybdate effect disappears. By sucrose gradient analysis of crude cytosol it is evident that molybdate does not affect the sedimentation properties of the estradiol receptor at low temperature. However, at increasing temperatures, molybdate prevents the disappearance of the receptor peak in the crude cytosol or the formation of large, KCl-resistant, aggregates in the presence of estradiol. The partially purified native 8S receptor does not aggregate on heating; addition to it of receptor-depleted cytosol results in the recovery of heat inactivation and aggregate formation, and this is prevented by molybdate. Molybdate has no protective effect on any other inactivating agent which does not act through aggregation of receptors. A crude cytosolic preparation of the receptor which is unable to form heat-dependent aggregates does not display the fast heat inactivating component. PMID- 7087465 TI - Increase in the estrogen binding capacity of breast cancer cytosols following limited proteolysis with trypsin. AB - When small amounts of trypsin were added to prelabelled estrogen receptors in 24 human breast cancer cytosols there was a substantial increase in the binding capacity [79 +/- 11 (SE)%]. At the same time the affinity of the hormone receptor interaction was maintained at a very high level or even increased. This finding is discussed in relation to previous results where a diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) inhibitable protease activity was shown to cause a similar augmentation of estrogen binding sites in human myometrial cytosols. Addition of sodiummolybdate at or immediately after homogenization led to a similar increase in estrogen binding sites. Because these two effects were not additive we propose that the limited trypsin treatment reactivates the binding sites previously inactivated through a mechanism which can be inhibited by sodiummolybdate. PMID- 7087466 TI - Interrelations between binding affinity and metabolic clearance rate for the main corticosteroids in the rabbit. AB - In the rabbit, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was found to be higher for corticosterone than for cortisol. At the same time corticosterone, aldosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone showed similar MCR while cortisone ranged at intermediate levels between cortisol and corticosterone. The relative binding affinity of transcortin to the corticosteroids, as calculated by an in vitro technique, decreased progressively from cortisol, to cortisone, then to corticosterone, then 11-dehydrocorticosterone and, finally to aldosterone. The occurrence of antibodies in plasma, induced against aldosterone, corticosterone or even cortisone resulted in a marked decrease in the MCR of the corresponding steroid, to the level measured in controls for cortisol. We deduced that, in rabbits: (1) the MCR of a corticosteroid is clearly connected with its binding to a specific protein; (2) in spite of the relatively high binding affinity of transcortin for corticosterone as compared to other species it nevertheless appears unable to significantly protect the steroid against peripheral metabolism; (3) a very effective protection is however, induced, by raising a specific antibody with a high binding affinity for corticosterone. PMID- 7087467 TI - Influence of starvation on the dihydrotestosterone-luteinizing hormone feedback in the male rat. AB - The suppressing effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on LH secretion in freshly castrated starved and control rats was studied by implanting DHT releasing silastic capsules of various sizes. Lower plasma levels of DHT are needed to suppress the castration induced LH increase in the starved animals. Intravenous injection of tritiated testosterone (18 muCi/100 g b.wt) revealed a significantly longer half-life (12.4 vs 8.9; P less than 0.05) in the starved rat. The ratio [3H]-DHT/[3H]-T in plasma at various times after injection was not significantly different in starved and control animals. The results indicate that the increased sensitivity of the T-LH feedback report earlier [1] cannot be explained by a greater conversion T-DHT in the starved male rat. PMID- 7087468 TI - An antibiotic interaction with ethinyloestradiol in the rat and rabbit. PMID- 7087469 TI - The absorption by the human fetus of intra-amniotically injected cortisol. AB - The absorption of cortisol from amniotic fluid by mother and fetus is poorly understood. Clarification is desirable since the amniotic route might serve as the optimal means of administering glucocorticoids and other drugs to the fetus when this is warranted. To gain some idea of the extent of the fetal absorption of cortisol, tritiated cortisol was injected intra-amniotically 20 min prior to delivery of four fetuses from 11 to 21 weeks gestational age. The tissues were analyzed for cortisol and some of its unconjugated metabolites. The placenta contained about 4% and the fetus 2% of the injected dose, the bulk of the radioactivity remaining in the amniotic fluid. Cord serum levels of radioactivity varied from 2.8 to 9.3% of the amniotic fluid level. Considerable conversion to cortisone had occurred in many tissues, particularly the placenta, lung and kidney. These results suggest that intra-amniotic injection may provide an efficient means of supplying glucocorticoids to the human fetus. PMID- 7087470 TI - Physicochemical properties of the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor complex in HeLa S3 cells. AB - The physiochemical properties, size, shape, and surface charge, have been determined for the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor complex (GR) in randomly growing HeLa S3 cells. Sucrose density gradient and gel exclusion chromatographic analysis have shown GR to undergo a marked reduction in size and shape when analyzed under increasing KCl concentration conditions. Analysis of GR prepared in a hypotonic buffer solution revealed a large, 7-8 S species with Ve/Vo ratio of 1.15, and a Stokes radius of congruent to 95 A. Increasing the KCl concentration in the analysis buffer to 0.15 resulted in reduction in GR size and shape to a 4.5 S species with the following properties: Ve/Vo = 1.38. Stokes radius = 69 A. and calculated Svedberg molecular weight = 132,000. A limit to the observed decrease in GR size and shape was obtained under hypertonic, 0.4 M KCl, conditions; a 3.75 S form was observed to elute from the gel exclusion column with a Ve/Vo = 1.40. Stokes radius = 65 A. and a calculated Svedburg molecular weight = 102,000. Exposure to higher KCl conditions, 0.6 M and 0.8 M, resulted in no further decrease in GR size or shape. Ion exchange chromatographic analysis of cytoplasmic GR revealed heterogeneous populations of GR with apparent differences in surface charge. GR binding to DEAE cellulose revealed a predominant form which eluted at 0.15 M KCl (Form I). Under both hypotonic and hypertonic conditions small populations of GR forms were observed to elute from DEAE at or approximately 0.1 M KCl (Form III), and or approximately 0.3 M KCl (Form II), respectively. Binding of GR to hydroxylapatite (HAP) confirmed the heterogenous nature of GR. Cytoplasmic GR partitioned into at least 3 forms om HAP. The predominant GR form eluted from HAP at 0.1 M K2HPO4 (Form I); secondary, and tertiary forms eluted at 0.125 M (Form II), and 0.15 M K2POH4 (Form III), respectively. Glucocorticoid receptors were observed to elute from columns of phosphocellulose, and DNA cellulose in the void volume. Two receptor forms were observed with isoelectric focusing of HeLa S3 cytoplasm in Sephadex IEF G-75 gels. The primary, and secondary species had pI values of 7.5 and 6.3, respectively. These results demonstrate that randomly growing HeLa S3 cells contain heterogeneous population of GR in the cytoplasmic compartment. Randomly growing HeLa S3 cell cytoplasm appears to contain two "unactivated" receptor species (Forms I and II) that differ in their overall surface charge properties; a third activated species (Form III) appears to arise from heat induced "activation" during cell homogenization, and is more basic in nature. PMID- 7087471 TI - Binding of sex hormones by male rat liver microsomes. AB - In vitro microsomes of adult male rats possess binding sites specific for 17 beta hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (5 alpha-DHT), estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) and progesterone (Prog), respectively. The characteristics of these microsomal steroid binding were as follows: 1. The equilibrium dissociation constants were estimated to be 35.4, 9.94 and 25.2 nM for 5 alpha-DHT, E2-17 beta and Prog, respectively. The maximum numbers of binding sites were estimated to be 0.25, 0.12 and 6.43 pmol/mg of microsomal protein for 5 alpha-DHT, E2-17 beta and Prog, respectively. 2. The ligand specificities of microsomal binding for 5 alpha-DHT, E2-17 beta and Prog were similar to so-called cytosolic androgen-, estrogen-, and progestin-receptors, respectively, with the following two exceptions, namely, unlabeled Prog best inhibited the microsomal [3H]-5 alpha-DHT binding and unlabeled DES did not significantly inhibit microsomal [3H]-E2-17 beta binding. 3. These microsomal steroid binding capacities were not affected significantly by different incubation at 2 degrees and 36 degrees C. The steroid-binding components of microsomes in physiological saline (0.13 M-NaCl) were no longer soluble after 1 M-NaCl extraction. Our data suggest strongly that sex steroids may act on mammalian liver by specific binding to microsomes, which brings about changes of various cytoplasmic events, as well as by their specific binding to so called cytosolic receptors, which ultimately brings about direct gene activations. PMID- 7087472 TI - Estrogen and progestin receptors in intracranial meningiomas. AB - Tissue samples from 16 meningioma patients were analysed for the cytosolic estrogen receptor concentration using isoelectric focusing and 11 of the 16 cases were also analysed for the cytosolic progestin receptor concentration using sucrose gradient centrifugation. In this study, 15 of the 16 (94%) and 9 of the 11 (82%) meningiomas had detectable estrogen and progestin receptors, respectively. The mean estrogen receptor concentration in female subjects was 8.9 fmol/mg protein and in males 3.0 fmol/mg protein. This sexual difference in receptor content was statistically significant. When the progestin receptor concentrations were plotted against the estrogen receptor concentrations in the same tumors, a relatively good positive correlation was obtained in female patients (r = 0.87). These findings confirm and extend previous reports on the existence of sex steroid receptors in human brain tumors and might open up the possibility of selective endocrine therapy against meningiomas, especially in case of poor-risk patients. PMID- 7087473 TI - The effects of ketamine HCl and barbiturate anaesthesia on the metabolic clearance and production rates of testosterone in the male rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. AB - The study compares metabolic clearance rates, production rates and serum levels of testosterone in conscious and ketamine and barbiturate anaesthetized adult male rhesus monkeys. Using the single injection technique for the determination of metabolic clearance rate, a significant increase in metabolic clearance rate from 430 +/- 71 l/day in conscious animals to 908 +/- 46 l/day for ketamine and 1224 +/- 174 1/day for barbiturate anesthetized animals was observed. Serum testosterone was increased from 106 +/- 9 ng/100 ml to 450 +/- 186 ng/100 ml in barbiturate anaesthetized animals, and this marked increase in serum testosterone was accompanied by a 13-fold increase in the production rate of testosterone from 0.44 +/- 0.04 mg/day to 6.0 +/0 3.3 mg/day. Serum testosterone levels and production rates were not significantly different in conscious and ketamine anaesthetized animals. Barbiturate anaesthesia caused continual changes in serum LH and testosterone levels over an observation period of 3.5 h. Serum LH gradually increased from 4.8 +/- 2.1 mIU/ml to 19.0 +/- 4.1 mIU/ml within 1 h, while serum testosterone rose from 214 +/- 63 ng/100 ml to 836 +/- 53 ng/100 ml within 2 h. In the light of these findings it may be concluded that barbiturate anaesthesia is not suitable for such prolonged studies of endocrine function. Effects exerted by ketamine anaesthesia are less pronounced. PMID- 7087474 TI - Acute effects of LH on incorporation of [35S]-methionine into proteins by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles. AB - The incorporation of [35S]-methionine into follicular protein was investigated during 5 min intervals up to 20 min, and correlated with testosterone production. At 5 and 20 min after stimulation with luteinizing hormone (LH) there was no difference in the [35S]-labelled proteins from the controls. At 10 and 15 min, LH seemed to decrease the intensity of a protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons. There was no significant difference in the amount of TCA precipitable radioactivity between control and LH treated follicles. Testosterone production increased within 10 min of stimulation with LH. Under the conditions employed these data suggest that repression of a an inhibitor protein may be required for testosterone production by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles. PMID- 7087475 TI - Progesterone nuclear receptor levels in rat uterine myometrium during early pregnancy. PMID- 7087476 TI - Regulation of the peptide elongation reaction on uterine ribosomes by estrogens. AB - Administration of 17 beta-estradiol to ovariectomized mature rats for 1 h induces an increased capacity of subsequently isolated uterine ribosomes to synthesize protein in a cell-free protein synthesis system. The increased rate of protein synthesis can be ascribed to an effect of estrogen on the rate of peptide elongation rather than synthesis of additional new peptides. The increased rate of peptide elongation is dependent upon the dose of estradiol over the range of 0.1 to 10 micrograms/animal, and exhibits hormone specificity; 17 beta-estradiol, diethylstilbesterol, estrone and estriol but not 17 alpha-estradiol, progesterone, dihydrotestosterone or corticosterone will induce the response. Removal of ribosome associated proteins by extraction with 0.5 M KCl results in activation of protein synthesis by uterine ribosomes from control rats to rates that are equal to that of ribosomes from estrogen-stimulated rats suggesting that ribosomes from control animals are in an inhibited state. The KCI extracted ribosomal factors from control animals inhibit the synthesis of protein by salt washed uterine ribosomes when added back to the ribosomes prior to assay and the inhibitory properties of these factors are greater if derived from ribosomes of control rather than 1 h estradiol-treated rats. The extracted inhibitor is inactivated by heat, is insensitive to treatment with N-ethylmaleimide, is insensitive to micrococcal nuclease and is reversible. The early activation of uterine ribosomes by estrogen appears to result from either the removal or inactivation of a ribosome associated-peptide elongation reaction, inhibitory factor. PMID- 7087477 TI - Uptake of high density lipoproteins by rat ovaries in vivo and dispersed ovarian cells in vitro. Direct correlation of high density lipoprotein uptake with steroidogenic activity. PMID- 7087478 TI - Preparation and antigenic properties of estriol 16-glucuronide- and estradiol 17 glucuronide-[C-6]-bovine serum albumin conjugates. AB - The preparation and antigenic properties of estriol 16-glucuronide-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and estradiol 17-glucuronide-BSA conjugates in which the hapten molecule is linked to the carrier protein through an (O-carboxymethyl)oxime bridge at the C-6 position on the steroid nucleus, have been described. Antibodies raised against the two immunogens in the rabbit possessed excellent specificity to estriol 16-glucuronide and estradiol 17-glucuronide, respectively, exhibiting no significant cross-reactions with estrogen glucuronides having a substituent in ring A and no cross-reactivities with free estrogens, their sulfates and related steroids. PMID- 7087479 TI - A specific estrogen receptor in the mouse spleen. Characterization and evidence of physiological regulation. AB - We have used the synthetic estrogen [3H]-R2858 (11 beta-methoxy-17-ethnyl 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17-diol) to characterize a cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in the mouse spleen. This receptor is specific for estrogens and binds to the steroids with high affinity. The binding is abolished by pronase or 37 C treatment, and the 8S peak is shifted to the 4S region on sucrose gradients under conditions of high salt. The concentration of spleen receptor increased significantly during pregnancy, and decreased after immunization with foreign protein. Estrogen receptors may be confined to certain subpopulations of spleen cells that change in numbers during pregnancy or after immunization. PMID- 7087480 TI - Subcellular metabolism of [3H]-oestrone sulphate in human gestational myometrium. AB - Human myometrium obtained at caesarean sections from term pregnancies was homogenized and separated into nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosol fractions. Purity of the individual fractions was assessed by microscopy and by determination of marker enzymes. Homogenate and subcellular fractions were incubated with [3H]-oestrone sulphate in a concentration of 5 x 10(-10) M after addition of NADPH2 and a coenzyme regenerating system at 37 degrees C. Incubation were terminated after 10, 20, 40, 60, 120 and 180 min. Substrate and metabolites were characterized by repeated chromatographies on Sephadex LH 20 using various solvent systems. Further characterization of the metabolites was achieved by simultaneous chromatography of the isolated compounds and their authentic cold standards. The enzymes involved in the metabolism of oestrone sulphate to oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta are primarily located in the microsomal fraction. After 40 min 71.1%-73.0% was converted to oestrone, while the conversion rate to oestradiol-17 beta was in the order of 1.38-1.90%. Metabolism of oestrone sulphate seen in the other subcellular fractions is probably due to microsomal contamination. The findings presented indicate that human myometrium is capable of converting oestrone sulphate to free oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta under in vitro conditions. PMID- 7087482 TI - The measurement of serum cortisol by a solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. AB - A solid-phase chemiluminescent immunoassay (LIA) for the determination of cortisol in serum specimens has been developed. The separation of the cortisol onto the solid-phase distinguishes this particular assay from other chemiluminescence immunoassays. The method can be used without prior extraction. Cortisol molecules were made chemiluminescent by conjugation to aminobutylethyl isoluminol. The detection limit of the label in the chemiluminescent reaction was 0.1 pmol. The LIA was compared with a RIA for cortisol in 36 serum specimens and the correlation between the assays was good (r = 0.97). The time course of the chemiluminescent reaction is fast and a 20's integration time gave reproducible results. The peak light intensities were not reliable. PMID- 7087481 TI - Comparison of steroid concentrations in venous and arterial blood across the human testis. Unconjugated 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol: an important androgen metabolite of the human testicular-epididymal unit. AB - By means of specific radioimmunoassays unconjugated testosterone, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, 5 alpha-androstane 3 beta, 17 beta-diol and estradiol-17 beta as well as testosterone glucosiduronate were estimated in the plasma of the spermatic vein and artery simultaneously with the determination in peripheral venous and arterial plasma in ten male patients undergoing orchiectomy for prostatic cancer. The following results were obtained: A positive concentration gradient was found for all steroids. The testicular "secretion" of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol was established for the first time. The venous-arterial transfer of the mentioned steroids within the plexus pampiniformis yielded the following figures: 5.1%; 17.4%; 6.5%; 5.4% 5.1% and 6.5%, respectively. The testicular and/or epididymal origin of the different steroids was calculated to be of the following order of magnitude (mean values): Dihydrotestosterone 28%, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol 45%, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol about 100% estradiol-17 beta 63% and testosterone-glucosiduronate 3%. PMID- 7087483 TI - Similarities and differences between effects of testosterone and 19 nortestosterone in rats, with particular reference to hypertensogenic potency. AB - Both 19-nordeoxycorticosterone and 19-norprogesterone are potent hypertensogens. This particularly interesting in the latter case, since the parent steroid is antimineralocorticoid and antihypertensive. The present experiment compared the ability of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone to cause hypertension in rats. Both steriods caused adrenal atrophy, nephromegaly, relative hypoproteinemia and increased hematocrit, but only testosterone provoked saline polydipsia, hypernatremia, hypertension, cardiomegaly and vascular lesions. It is evident that demethylation of testosterone at C10 completely destroys any effect on sodium metabolism or blood pressure, but leaves certain other pathophysiologic responses, including extreme adrenal atrophy, unimpaired. The hypertensogenic effect of testosterone has been attributed to its inhibitory effect on adrenal structure and function, the latter characterized by an induced enzymatic defect leading to increased secretion of deoxycorticosterone. This raises the intriguing question of whether, despite the comparable involution of the adrenal cortex, there are significant differences in adrenocortical enzymatic changes initiated by the respective androgens, which could account for their quiet different blood pressure effects. PMID- 7087484 TI - Prevention of intravascular metastases of B16 murine melanoma: adjuvant chemotherapy with actinomycin D. AB - Actinomycin D was tested in an experimental preparation to determine its efficacy in the prevention of intravenous metastases. B16 melanoma cells were injected intravenously in syngeneic C57/BL6 mice. Two cell lines of the tumor, designated F1 and F10, with widely different metastatic potentials, were maintained in tissue culture and utilized for evaluation of pulmonary metastases. When actinomycin D was given intraperitoneally at doses of 0.05 and 0.075 mg/kg for 5 days, the number of pulmonary metastases was significantly decreased (P less than .001) in both the F1 and F10 cell lines. Although reduction did occur with a single dose, maximum reduction of pulmonary metastases was effected with a dose schedule administered over 5 days. Evaluation of a group of mice 2 and 3 wk after injection of tumor cells revealed that the effects of actinomycin D were not secondary to delay in tumor growth but did represent highly significant differences in numbers of metastatic lesions. It is concluded that in this experimental preparation actinomycin D, given in an adjuvant setting, can significantly reduce the number of pulmonary metastases. This study may have bearing on the design of adjuvant intraoperative and perioperative chemotherapy in order to destroy circulating tumor cells. PMID- 7087485 TI - Primary tumors of the small bowel: a clinicopathological study of 58 cases. AB - Various reviews documenting the rarity, diagnostic problems, and poor survival statistics prompted this retrospective clinicopathological study of 58 cases of primary small bowel tumors, periampullary and mesenteric tumors excluded, over a 14-year period between 1966 and 1979 inclusive. Of these cases 36 were male and 22 were female, ranging in age from 13 to 65 years. Initially, the symptoms were vague and ill defined. Prominent clinical features were: intermittent abdominal pain (6+%), loss of weight (62%), abdominal lump (53%), and chronic bleeding (7%). Routine barium meal examination and laboratory investigations were not helpful in preoperative diagnosis. Of these tumors 28 were benign and 30 malignant, with the commonest benign and malignant tumors being leiomyoma and lymphoma, respectively. The commonest site of involvement was the ileum both for benign and malignant lesions. None of the benign tumors was found in the duodenum. All patients with benign tumors, discovered either at laparotomy for intestinal obstruction or during surgical procedures for other diseases, had excision of the tumor through enterotomy or resection of small bowel with end-to end anastomosis. Of 30 patients with malignant tumors, 12 underwent resection of the growth and end-to-end anastomosis. Of the remaining 18 unresectable cases, 7 had by-pass procedures and 11 had only biopsy. All patients of benign tumors are well without any gastrointestinal symptoms. All the malignant cases, except three cases of adenocarcinoma and two of lymphoma who underwent resection, died within 5 years. The 5-year survival of only 8.6% in malignant tumors indicates the necessity of an early exploratory laparotomy in doubtful cases with vague abdominal symptoms. A bold interventionist approach should improve the otherwise dismal outlook of malignant small bowel tumors. PMID- 7087486 TI - A bottleneck of sputum cytology in mass survey for lung cancer: an approach to detect early stage lung cancer by sputum cytology. PMID- 7087487 TI - Localized magnetic-loop induction hyperthermia of the rabbit brain. PMID- 7087488 TI - Partial protection of the gastric toxicity of regional 5-fluorouracil infusion by thymidine and cimetidine. AB - Gastric ulceration resulted from regional (infusion) chemotherapy when high doses of 5-fluorouracil were accidently infused into the stomach during hepatic artery infusions. A method for reproduction of those ulcers was established by gastric artery infusions. A trial to protect against such development with thymidine produced only partial protection. Measurement of gastric acid output in animals receiving one dose of 5-fluorouracil showed no change in basal acid secretion but a significant decrease in histamine-stimulated output. Partial protection from ulcer development was also accomplished with cimetidine alone. PMID- 7087489 TI - Functioning paraganglioma in the organ of Zuckerkandl associated with esophagus carcinoma: a case report. PMID- 7087491 TI - Self-organization and dynamics of an open futile cycle. PMID- 7087490 TI - Human colorectal carcinoma: patterns of sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in the human tumor stem cell assay. AB - The human tumor stem cell assay (HTSCA) was applied to 103 primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas. Thirty-four carcinomas could not be evaluated for colony formation (clonogenicity) because of microbial contamination. Of the remaining 69 carcinomas, 18 (26%) demonstrated clonal growth in vitro. Colony formation did not correlate with the clinicopathologic stage of the tumor, the histological grade of the tumor, the method used to disperse the solid tumors into single cells (mechanical or enzymatic), or cell viability (exclusion of trypan-blue) prior to plating. The in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity data of the 18 tumors which formed colonies indicated that most tumors were generally resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and that a few tumors were sensitive to multiple agents. Use of the human tumor stem cell assay may facilitate an individualized approach to clinical chemotherapy of colorectal carcinoma for certain patients. PMID- 7087492 TI - Relations among variations in human red cell volume, density, membrane area, hemoglobin content and cation content. PMID- 7087494 TI - Probability of life. Rareness of realization in evolution. PMID- 7087493 TI - On emmetropization. PMID- 7087495 TI - A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. X. Use of groups consisting of a mating pair together with haploid and diploid caste members. PMID- 7087496 TI - On rethinking allometry. PMID- 7087497 TI - The variance of transit times of indicators through a vascular bed. PMID- 7087499 TI - Altruism and sex ratio. PMID- 7087498 TI - A model for the mechanism of action of animal fatty acid synthetases. PMID- 7087500 TI - New chemical interpretation of what calcifies in the arteries. PMID- 7087501 TI - The relations between the precodons of overlapping genes. PMID- 7087502 TI - The effect of multiple inseminations on the evolution of social behaviors in diploid and haplo-diploid organisms. PMID- 7087503 TI - The comparability of pharmacokinetics of creatinine in rabbit and man: a mathematical approach. PMID- 7087504 TI - Power functions in physiology and pharmacology. PMID- 7087505 TI - Can diffusion coefficients be estimated from plasma clearance curves of intact animals? PMID- 7087506 TI - Cactus alkaloids. XLVII. N alpha-dimethylhistamine, a hypotensive component of Echinocereus triglochidiatus. AB - Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. var. neomexicanus (Standley) Standley ex W. T. Marshall is believed to cause psychotropic effects when consumed by the Mexican Tarahumara Indians. A phytochemical study was initiated with E. triglochidiatus Engelm. var. paucispinus Engelm. ex W. T. Marshall, which is more abundant in Texas. In the fractionated extracts three compounds, detected by thin layer chromatography, were positive to Ehrlich's reagent, indicating the possible presence of indole alkaloids; however, a non-Erhlich positive alkaloid was crystallized as the dihydrochloride and subsequently identified (spectrometrically and via synthesis as N alpha, N alpha-dimethylhistamine dihydrochloride. The same compound was then detected chromatographically in the neomexicanus variety. This compound has peripheral hypotensive effects similar to histamine, and this action may help to explain the alleged psychotrophic effects of the cactus. PMID- 7087507 TI - Platelet function during cardiac operation: comparison of membrane and bubble oxygenators. AB - The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with bubble and membrane oxygenator systems on platelet function were studied in 26 patients who had elective coronary arterial bypass grafts. Fourteen patients were perfused with spiral coil membrane oxygenator systems, 12 with bubble oxygenator systems. During and after bypass, platelet counts decreased in both groups; however, when corrected for dilution, platelet counts did not change significantly in patients perfused with membrane oxygenators and increased slightly but significantly in those perfused with membrane oxygenators and increased slightly but significantly in those perfused with bubble oxygenator systems. During and 1 hour after bypass, the concentration of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) required to cause complete aggregation increased in both groups. Plasma low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4) increased significantly during and after bypass in both groups. However, the concentration of platelet adenine nucleotides and LA-PF4, measured only in patients perfused with membrane oxygenator systems, did not change. Bleeding times increased postoperatively in both groups and 18 hour blood losses were similar. Cardiopulmonary bypass with membrane and bubble oxygenator systems causes qualitatively similar losses in sensitivity to ADP and similar increases in bleeding times. The mechanism by which platelets are altered during cardiopulmonary bypass in obscure but is not due to partial depletion of granule contents in patients perfused with membrane oxygenators. PMID- 7087509 TI - Superoxide dismutase plus catalase enhances the efficacy of hypothermic cardioplegia to protect the globally ischemic, reperfused heart. AB - Experiments were conducted in an attempt to improve upon the contractile and metabolic protection of globally ischemic and reperfused isolated hearts provided by hypothermic (27 degrees C) cardioplegia. Hypoxic substrate-free test solutions were perfused through isolated rabbit hearts for 5 minutes before and after an uninterrupted 2 hour period of global ischemia. Test solutions included a modified physiological saline solution (PSS) (not cardioplegic); a potassium- and magnesium-enriched cardioplegia solution; or a PSS or cardioplegic solution supplemented with superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (150,000 units/L each). Postreperfusion contractile and biochemical function was compared to preischemic function or that of nonischemic control hearts. On the basis of measurements of left ventricular pressure development, left ventricular compliance, spontaneous heart rate, coronary vascular resistance, and isolated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, we concluded that supplementing hypothermic cardioplegia solution with enzymes gave protection which was significantly better than that obtained with the other interventions, with values of these indicators not significantly different from those of nonischemic perfused controls. The results indicate that SOD plus catalase significantly enhances the protection afforded by hypothermic cardioplegia. They also implicate cytotoxic oxygen radicals as important contributors to "ischemic" damage and suggest that this component of damage can be prevented effectively. PMID- 7087508 TI - Cardioplegic infusion: the safe limits of pressure and temperature. AB - In patients with coronary artery disease, infusion of very cold cardioplegic solutions at elevated pressures may facilitate homogeneous cooling and cardioplegia. This study was designed to determine if very high infusion pressures or very low temperatures of the cardioplegic solution damages normal myocardium. In a hemodynamically controlled canine right heart bypass preparation, a crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte 148 with 30 mEq/L potassium chloride, 0 degree to 2 degrees C) was infused with separate control of the infusion pressures in the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. A sonomicrometer measured regional myocardial function in each area. During a 100 minute arrest period, cardioplegic solution was reinfused every 20 minutes and reduced myocardial temperatures to an average of 9.4 degrees +/- 2.2 degrees C. In a comparison of infusion pressures of 50 versus 100 mm Hg and 100 versus 150 mm Hg, postarrest regional myocardial function was unchanged from prearrest. However, in a comparison of infusion pressures of 150 to 200 mm Hg, a significant fall in regional myocardial function was noted with the higher pressures (106% and 64% recovery, respectively, p less than 0.02, n = 6). Excluding the areas perfused at 200 mm Hg, comparison of regions cooled to less than 8 degrees C and to greater than 8 degrees C demonstrated no difference in recovery of regional myocardial function. In this study, elevation of cardioplegic infusion pressures to 150 mm Hg and lowering of myocardial temperatures to less than 8 degrees C caused no impairment of regional myocardial function. PMID- 7087510 TI - Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy for refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia. I. Electrophysiological effects. AB - The direct endocardial surgical techniques introduced for the treatment of refractory ischemic ventricular tachyarrhythmias have resulted in decreased surgical mortality rates and increased success rates in comparison to previous indirect techniques. Since the mechanism of action of one of these new techniques, the encircling endocardial ventriculotomy (EEV), is unknown, the present study was designed to clarify the electrophysiological effects of this procedure. Epicardial and intramural electrophysiology was studied in 18 dogs before and after undergoing an EEV. In the absence of induced myocardial ischemia, the procedure caused an epicardial conduction delay of 23 +/- 3 msec (p less than 0.0001) across the boundaries of the incision. When the EEV enriched acutely ischemic myocardium, it was capable in certain instances of isolating spontaneous ventricular electrical activity to the myocardium encompassed by the incision and thereby protecting the remainder of the heart from the arrhythmia. The EEV resulted in total ablation of all (2 Mv/msec) electrical activity at 20 of 48 (42%) subendocardial electrode sites and at 12 of 44 (27%) subepicardial sites monitored within the encompassed myocardium. These data suggest that although the EEV may be capable of isolating ischemic ventricular tachyarrhythmias to the encompassed myocardium, it most commonly ablates the anatomic-electrophysiological substrate necessary for the genesis and perpetuation of these arrhythmias. PMID- 7087512 TI - Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy for refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia. III. Effects on regional left ventricular function. AB - In order to assess the effects of the encircling endocardial ventriculotomy (EEV) on regional left ventricular function, we cannulated seven adult mongrel dogs for cardiopulmonary bypass. Two pairs of miniature pulse-transit transducers were placed in mid-myocardium of the left ventricle, one pair in a region that would later be encompassed by an EEV and the other pair in a region of remote normal myocardium. Pressure-dimension data were analyzed during vena caval occlusions (after volume loading) both on and off cardiopulmonary bypass and both before and after performance of an EEV. The EEV results in a significant decrease in diastolic compliance of the encompassed myocardium. No significant compliance changes occurred in the control regions of the same hearts. This change in regional diastolic compliance is partially responsible for a loss of systolic excursion within the EEV-encompassed region and may help to explain the severe left ventricular dysfunction that has been observed in some patients following an EEV. PMID- 7087511 TI - Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy for refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia. II. Effects on regional myocardial blood flow. AB - Previous experimental studies of the encircling endocardial ventriculotomy (EEV) have shown a significant alteration of normal local electrical activity within the encompassed region. Although this procedure may result in isolation of ventricular arrhythmias, the data are more suggestive of a less specific effect on regional myocardial blood flow. This study examines the effect of EEV on local myocardial blood flow using the radioactive tracer microsphere technique in 10 dogs. Flows were determined before and after an EEV with the animals on cardiopulmonary bypass at controlled perfusion pressures, temperatures, and heart rates. Blood flow was studied at subepicardial and subendocardial levels inside, outside, and bordering the EEV. Prior to performance of the EEV, subepicardial blood flow in the left ventricular myocardium ranged from 0.81 +/- 0.07 to 0.89 +/- 0.08 ml/gm/min. Subendocardial flows ranged from 0.80 +/- 0.07 to 0.91 +/- 0.09 ml/gm/min. There was no significant difference between any of the flows across each respective layer of myocardium. Following the EEV procedure, blood flow to the subendocardium within the EEV fell to 0.33 +/- 0.07 ml/gm/min, while flow to the subendocardium of the normal regions of the same hearts actually increased to 1.21 +/- 0.23 ml/gm/min. Similar changes occurred at subepicardial levels, with flow at the center of the EEV falling to 0.66 +/- 0.10 ml/gm/min despite a tendency for normal subepicardial flow to increase to 1.78 +/- 0.24 ml/gm/min. Superimposed ischemia to the EEV-encompassed myocardium, created by occlusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), accentuated this abnormality by demonstrating that the region continues to receive some flow from epicardially based coronary vessels. The data from this study show that the EEV decreased regional blood flow to the encompassed myocardium and suggests that myocardial ischemia may be responsible for ablation of the delicate re-entrant mechanisms that sustain ventricular tachyarrhythmias. PMID- 7087513 TI - Encircling endocardial ventriculotomy for refractory ischemic ventricular tachycardia. IV. Clinical indication, surgical technique, mechanism of action, and results. PMID- 7087515 TI - The absence of temperature effects on end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in the canine left ventricle determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Because of divergent conclusions in the literature regarding the effects of temperature on end-diastolic compliance in the canine left ventricle (LV), pressure-volume relationships at normothermia and hypothermia (28 degrees C) were studied with two-dimensional ultrasound in nine dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass (open pericardium) over a range of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 0 to 22 mm Hg. Three perpendicular echocardiographic sections were used with Simpson's rule to measure LV volume and mass at end-diastole for each level of LVEDP. Temperature was varied between 37 degrees and 28 degrees C by systemic cooling, and heart rate was allowed to slow spontaneously with temperature reduction. There was no change in left ventricular end-diastole pressure-volume (LVEDP-LVEDV) relationships at lower temperature provided that ventricular relaxation was complete at end-diastole. In addition, serial postmortem pressure-volume curves carried out by direct saline infusion into sealed ventricles at 38 degrees and 28 degrees C in three additional dogs demonstrated no temperature effects on postmortem LV compliance. Postmortem mass correlated well with echocardiographically determined LV mass, which showed a significant increase during the period of cardiopulmonary bypass, correlating with the development of myocardial edema. In summary, there appears to be no effect of moderate hypothermia on LVEDP-LVEDV relationships, provided the heart is in true diastasis at end-diastole. In addition, echocardiographic techniques can be used to study LV mass change on cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7087514 TI - Mitral valve replacement in children. AB - Mitral valve replacement (MVR) is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates in children than in adults, and the use of heterograft valves has been encouraged. The results of MVR in 56 consecutive patients, aged 2 to 12 years, presenting between January, 1972, and January 1979, were reviewed to test these beliefs. The etiology of mitral valve disease was rheumatic in 46, congenital in eight, and acute bacterial endocarditis in two. All children were seriously disabled (NYHA Classes III and IV). Cardiac catheterization in 36 patients revealed mixed valve disease in 26, pure mitral regurgitation in seven, and pure mitral stenosis in three. Seventeen Starr-Edwards (SE), five Lillehei (L), Bjork Shiley (BS), eight Hancock (H), and 25 Carpentier-Edwards (CE) mitral prosthesis were inserted. Operative mortality was 2% (1 BS) and late mortality was 10% (three SE, one L, two CE). Serious late complications occurred in 30% of survivors, including 11 instances of calcific valve stenosis (five H, six CE), one case of valve thrombosis (1 L), and two embolic episodes (1 SER, 1 H). Survival curves were similar for patients with heterograft and mechanical valves (92% and 77% at 5 years). Event-free curves showed heterograft valves to have a far higher complication rate than mechanical valves (10% complication free at 4 years compared to 84% free at 5 years). Early operative results in children are excellent, and the overall mortality (10%) compares favorably with figures for MVR in adults. However the long-term durability and choice of prostheses remain problematical, since less than 10% of heterograft valves survive beyond 5 years. PMID- 7087516 TI - Postoperative pathology of complete atrioventricular defects. AB - Necropsy data on 15 patients, who died after operations for complete atrioventricular defect (CAVD), were reviewed in order to analyze the possible determinants of death. Two infants had undergone a palliative procedure- pulmonary artery banding (Group I); three patients had had prosthetic replacement of one or both atrioventricular (AV) valves (Groups II); and the remaining 10 had had conservative repair with plastic reconstruction of the AV valves (Group III). The most notable pathological findings related to death were as follows: Group I, left ventricular hypoplasia in both infants; Group II, prosthetic dysfunction in all patients; Group III, extracardiac diseases in two-patients and cardiac lesions in six. In Group III severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) was observed as an isolated finding in two patients and in combination with residual intracardiac anomalies in another two. Analysis of the incidence of PVOD demonstrated that irreversible changes may occur within the first year of life in babies with Down's syndrome, and that these changes well correlate with the calculated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) values. From the results of this study we have reached the following conclusions: (1) Prosthetic valve replacement has to be avoided because of a high incidence of prosthesis-related complications and the effectiveness of conservative repair; (2) residual untreated anomalies may affect the outcome of operation and should be accurately recognized and weighted preoperatively; (3) PVOD can occur in CAVD even before the first year of life and can be reliably assessed by the measurement of PVR. High degrees of PVOD frequently interfere with the surgical success, particularly when residual intracardiac anomalies are present. Therefore, we suggest that surgical correction be planned, when indicated, during the first 6 months of life. PMID- 7087517 TI - A new technique for correction of the Taussig-Bing anomaly. AB - A 3-year-old underwent successful correction of the Taussig-Bing anomaly. A physiologically complete transposition of the great arteries, was created initially, and then the technique described by Stansel and Kaye for repair of "simple" transposition was used. A good overall clinical result was achieved, although the postoperative arterial oxygen saturation was low 78%, probably largely because of established pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD). PMID- 7087519 TI - Successful excision of intracardiac teratoma. AB - A 6-year-old boy underwent successful extirpation of an intracardiac teratoma without injury to the myocardium or conduction system. Before operation, two dimensional echocardiographic examination indicated a possibility of the teratoma. This is believed to be the seventh case to be reported and the second case of successful excision for an intracardiac teratoma. PMID- 7087518 TI - Glutaraldehyde-preserved heterologous pericardium for the repair of diaphragmatic defects: experimental study. AB - Glutaraldehyde-treated porcine and bovine pericardium was used to close diaphragmatic defects in 15 dogs. The animals were reoperated upon between 15 days and 15 months. There were no adherences between the heterologous patch and the adjacent structures in any dogs except one, in which the omentum was attached to the pericardium. Microscopically, the graft structure remained intact without cellular invasion. The graft was covered with a thin layer of fibrous tissue, more intense in the one case of omental adhesions. There were no macroscopic or microscopic differences detectable in the behavior of the bovine and porcine pericardium. Although the follow-up is relatively short, these materials appear to offer a valid nonadherent alternative for diaphragmatic repair. PMID- 7087520 TI - Brachial plexus injury following median sternotomy. Part II. AB - Brachial plexus injury may be a consequence of median sternotomy. In a previous study, we documented that median sternotomy can cause first rib fractures and that the first rib fractures may be associated with brachial plexus injury. In the current study, two groups of patients were compared for the incidence of brachial plexus injury and first rib fracture. In Group A, an Ankeney retractor was used with the crossbar placed caudal to the incision: in Group C, a Cooley sternal retractor was used with the crossbar placed cephalad to the incision. The major effective difference between these two retractors was the more caudal placement of the retractor blades with the Cooley retractor than with the Ankeney retractor. Our previous study showed that first rib fractures were caused by high placement of the sternal retractor and that they could be avoided by placing the retractor at a lower position. In the present study, 33% in Group A and 14% in Group C sustained first rib fractures (p = 0.024). Signs of brachial plexus injury occurred in 18% of Group A and 12% of Group C (p = 0.52). We found no correlation between the presence of rib fracture and the presence of neurologic symptoms, but all patients who had both neurologic symptoms and a rib fracture had the symptoms only on the same side as the rib fracture. We also found that standard chest x-ray films identified only 15% of the rib fractures seen on special first rib views. The study demonstrates that the incidence of first rib fractures following median sternotomy is reduced when the sternal retractor is placed at a lower position and that the incidence of brachial plexus injury may also thereby be reduced. PMID- 7087522 TI - Technique of jejunal interposition for esophageal replacement. PMID- 7087521 TI - Esophageal replacement with jejunum in children: an 18 to 33 year follow-up. AB - Since 1947 a total of 32 staged jejunal interpositions have been performed in children for total esophageal replacement. There have been no failures of the jejunum to reach the neck, no loss of graft, and no deaths. The first 16 of these 32 children have now reached adulthood and form the basis for this report on the late functional results of staged jejunal interposition. Among these 16 patients there occurred four cervical fistulas which healed without sequelae (25%), one cervical stricture which necessitated dilatation but not revision (6%), one early cervical revision for necrosis of the distal tip of the graft (6%), and no complications related to the distal anastomosis. Long-term follow-up (range 18 to 33 years; mean 27 years) was obtained in 100% (16/16) of patients. A barium swallow was obtained in 81% (13/16) at a mean of 25 years following initial reconstruction (range 14 to 33 years). The fact that all patients could eat a regular diet at normal speeds indicates satisfactory long-term function. Two patients (13%) reported mild cervical dysphagia. A barium swallow in one of these patients revealed no abnormalities. The other was found to have an apparent esophageal diverticulum which resulted because the jejunum was end-to-side to the esophagus. This was recently corrected 27 years after the initial reconstruction and represented the only late complication of the procedure. There were no late strictures or peptic ulcerations. Motility of the jejunal limb was normal in 12 of the 13 patients studied. These results demonstrate that staged jejunal interposition can be accomplished reliably and safely in children with excellent long-term functional results and a minimum of late complications. The jejunum should be considered as an alternative to colon and gastric tubes for total esophageal replacement in children. PMID- 7087523 TI - Myxoma of the pulmonary valve causing severe pulmonic stenosis in infancy. PMID- 7087524 TI - Repair of refractory sternal dehiscence: a new technique. PMID- 7087525 TI - New device for one-lung anesthesia: endotracheal tube with movable blocker. PMID- 7087526 TI - Aortico-left ventricular tunnel: collective review. AB - Aortico-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is an extremely rare congenital entity in which an abnormal communication between the aorta and the left ventricle bypasses the aortic valve. The condition usually results in gross aortic regurgitation, rapid cardiac decompensation, and death. An additional case of ALVT managed by successful surgical repair is described. The 38 cases reported in the literature are reviewed with emphasis on the clinical and pathological features, diagnosis, natural history, and management. Early operation is recommended to prevent distortion of the aortic valve, dilatation of the left ventricle, and distortion of the aortic anulus. PMID- 7087527 TI - Congenital obliteration of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava: case report. AB - A rare case of congenital obliteration of the suprahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) associated with early liver cirrhosis is presented. The clinical signs of the condition and the standard methods of diagnosis are outlined. A survey of the available surgical management is given and a new alternative operation described. It consists of an indirect transatrial transdiaphragmatic reconstruction of the IVC. For the first time, it has been used successfully for reconstruction of the interrupted vessel. Ten months following the operation, the patient shows no signs of portal hypertension or caval obstruction. PMID- 7087528 TI - Successful repair of coexisting double-outlet right ventricle and two-chambered right ventricle. AB - Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) and two-chambered right ventricle (TCRV) are both uncommon cardiac malformations; even more rare is the coexistence of these lesions. This communication describes the first two patients in whom this unusual combination of anomalies was recognized during life and successfully repaired with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Late results in both patients are excellent. PMID- 7087529 TI - Monitoring regional myocardial function after myocardial revascularization. AB - A system using only small platinum electrodes for monitoring intramyocardial polarographic oxygen tension (MP02), electrograms (ECG), and impedance-derived wall motion (WM) was experimentally tested and clinically implemented. In nine open-chest, anesthetized dogs. two platinum electrodes were inserted along the subepicardial direction of the muscle fibers. As verified by cinefluoroscopy, WM corresponded to changes in distance between the platinum electrodes (r = 0.91 +/- 0.02). The system responded to a 10 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) as follows: Dyskinetic WM appeared in 10 seconds (p less than 0.05); MP02 decreased (26.4 +/- 1.8 to 14.8 +/= 1.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) in 1 minute; ST segments increased (4.8 +/- 1.5 to 12.3 +/- 3.1 mV, p less than 0.05) in 3 minutes. On reperfusion, WM, ST segments, and MP02 normalized in 15 seconds, 30 seconds, and 1 minute, respectively. Hence, ischemia affects WM more acutely than either ECG or MP02. In five patients, ischemic changes before coronary bypass were reversed over 5 days: MP02 (17.4 +/-; 1.9 to 19.6 +/-1.7 mm Hg), ST segment (2.2 +/- 6 to 1.0 +/- 0.4 mV), and WM returned to normal. Thus a system has been designed which simultaneously monitors regional WM, MP02, and ECG. The method has proved to be a sensitive and practical approach for assessing perioperative myocardial function. PMID- 7087530 TI - Thrombosis of the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis: illustrative cases and review of the literature. AB - Thrombosis of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic cardiac valve may occur in any valve position and regardless of anticoagulant status. Four illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate management problems. Review of cases reported in the literature suggests the minimal incidence of thrombosis of Bjork-Shiley prostheses is about 2% in the aortic position and about 4% in the mitral position. Prevention of this complication appears to require continuous systemic anticoagulation with warfarin; even temporary interruption or alteration of anticoagulant regimen may be detrimental. Although changes in anticoagulation may rarely precipitate sudden thrombosis, in most cases a period averaging 10 months is required for pannus of organized thrombus to build up enough to cause acute thrombosis and malfunction of the valve. Operation to remove thrombus or replace the prosthesis is usually required for left-sided cardiac prostheses, but thrombosed valves in the tricuspid position may be successfully treated with fibrinolytic medical therapy. PMID- 7087531 TI - Nifedipine in cardiac operations. PMID- 7087532 TI - Patch enlargement of a narrow aortic anulus combined with implantation of the St. Jude Medical valve. PMID- 7087534 TI - Valve replacement for mitral insufficiency. PMID- 7087533 TI - Surgical treatment of primitive ventricle and complex congenital heart malformation with total exclusion of the right heart: report of a case. PMID- 7087535 TI - Endobronchial blockade. PMID- 7087536 TI - Left ventricular-aortic conduit. PMID- 7087537 TI - Tricuspid valve abnormalities in DORV with subpulmonic VSD. PMID- 7087538 TI - Improved functional recovery of ischemic myocardium by suppression of adenosine catabolism. AB - Isolated working rat heart preparations were used to ascertain whether the addition of adenosine and prevention of its catabolism could aid in the functional recovery of hearts following global ischemia. Hearts were infused with either 80 micro M EHNA (an adenosine deaminase inhibitor) or 20 micro M adenosine and EHNA in either normal (2.4 mM) or low (0.05 mM) calcium-containing buffer prior to clamping of the aorta for 30 minutes. In one series of hearts, postischemic concentrations (mumoles/gram wet weight) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), diphosphate (ADP), and monophosphate (AMP), adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine were measured; in another series, the recovery of aortic flow rate was used as a measure of functional recovery of ventricular muscle. With normal electrolyte balance, EHNA was unable to protect hearts against ATP loss and ventricular failure. Hearts with EHNA + adenosine recovered 14% of preischemic aortic output and ATP levels were slightly elevated at 0.93 mumole/gm. Those treated with either EHNA or EHNA + adenosine in low-calcium buffer recoverd 100% of their original aortic output. However, EHNA + adenosine maintained considerably higher ATP levels (1.57 mumoles/gm) than did EHNA alone (1.14 mumoles/gm) and was associated with faster initial recovery of aortic output. Thus the prevention of adenosine catabolism was insufficient for adequate ventricular recovery unless the tissue ATP was maintained above about 1.0 mumole/gm. EHNA + adenosine in a 0.05 mM Ca++ infusion solution conserved ATP, markedly improved the functional recovery of hearts, and thus may have a role to play in myocardial preservation during elective cardiac arrest. PMID- 7087539 TI - Fate of indium 111-labeled platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass performed with membrane and bubble oxygenators. AB - To elucidate the effects of bubble and membrane oxygenators on platelet integrity, we developed a quantitative method of determining platelet lysis during cardiopulmonary bypass. Two groups of dogs whose platelets had been labeled with indium 111 were subjected to 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass. In Group A (bubble oxygenator), platelet lysis as measured by free plasma 111In levels increased from 6% +/- 1% to 33% +/- 7% during bypass. In Group B (membrane oxygenator), plasma 111In levels increased from 5% +/- 2% to 10% +/- 6% during bypass (p less than 0.01). After 1 hour of bypass, the ratio of 111In-labeled platelets to prebypass levels was 36% +/- 8% in Group A and 67% +/- 9% in Group B. Platelet deposition on the oxygenator was greater in bubble oxygenators (19% +/- 4% of total injected 111In) than in membrane oxygenators (12% +/- 3% of total injected 111In). These data indicated that membrane oxygenators maintain a higher circulating platelet count both intraoperatively and postoperatively and result in less platelet destruction than bubble oxygenators following 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs. PMID- 7087540 TI - Surgical management of the radiologically identified but nonpalpable pulmonary lesion. AB - A solitary intrapulmonary nodule may, on rare occasions, be of the same consistency as the pulmonary tissue and therefore not be palpable by the surgeon at operation nor by the pathologist in the removed specimen. The importance of routine preoperative anatomic localization of such lesions is obvious. In a series of four patients, resection of the lobe containing the nodule was possible and the lesions were identified after meticulous serial sectioning of the excised lung parenchyma. Two of the lesions proved to be carcinoid bronchial tumors and two others were alveolar cell carcinoma. PMID- 7087542 TI - Problems in esophageal bypass for unresectable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. AB - The clinical evaluation of esophageal reconstruction in both resectable and unresectable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus is described. Our operative technique for obtaining a long gastric tube and creating and end-to-side anastomosis has been highly successful, and the anastomotic failure rate was remarkably lowered in patients with resectable carcinoma of the esophagus. However, anastomotic leakage remains a serious problem for those undergoing esophageal bypass for unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus. The most likely cause of anastomotic failure after bypass seems to be the tug on the anastomosis with each swallow. PMID- 7087541 TI - Clinical spectrum of blunt tracheobronchial disruption illustrated by seven cases. AB - Tracheobronchial disruption resulting from blunt trauma is unusual, but when it does occur it can have serious immediate and delayed consequences. A high index of suspicion for this injury and an awareness of the variety of clinical, radiographic, and bronchoscopic presentations are the key elements in diagnosis. Our experience with seven patients with blunt tracheobronchial trauma seen from 1972 through 1980 is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis to avoid the complications associated with delayed repair. PMID- 7087543 TI - Profound hypothermia with circulatory arrest: nine years' clinical experience. AB - A total of 550 intracardiac operations were performed with the aid of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest between March, 1971, and December, 1979. Both cooling and rewarming were effected by means of an extracorporeal heat exchanger. Overall mortality was 20%, falling to 10% in 1979. Highest risks were associated with operations in the neonatal period and for unusually complex defects. The technique has proved safe for straight forward corrections in young age groups and is especially valuable for selected complex lesions in older children and those requiring reoperation. Although circulatory arrest has greatly extended the range of corrective heart operation in infancy, we believe there is still a significant place for palliative procedures in appropriate circumstances. Neurologic complications attributed to the technique have been uncommon, and only 4.5% of the survivors have any recognizable residual neurologic lesion, whether coincidental or resulting from circulatory arrest. The technique is simple, reliable, and generally safe. PMID- 7087544 TI - Septation of the univentricular heart with left anterior subaortic outlet chamber. AB - Surgical repair by ventricular septation was accomplished in 16 patients with univentricular heart of the left ventricular type, two atrioventricular (AV) valves, and a left anterior subaortic outlet chamber. There were seven hospital deaths (44%; CL 29% to 60%), six from low cardiac output, including each of five patients with outlet foramen obstruction (100%; LC 68% to 100%), In the subset of 11 patients with unobstructed outlet foramen, there were only two deaths (18%; CL 6% to 38%), both in patients with small ventricular size. Multivariate analysis in the group of 16 patients indicates that small ventricular size and again the presence of outlet foramen obstruction are incremental risk factors for hospital death. No late deaths occurred among nine survivors followed between 2 months and 4 years (median = 1.5 years). Only one patient was taking cardiac medication and each was in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. Late postoperative exercise testing in seven showed good exercise tolerance, although values were below normal for children of similar age. Planned initial palliation, appropriate timing to repair, appropriate patient selection, and improving surgical methods should reduce hospital mortality further. The late functional results are encouraging and support continuation of this surgical procedure in patients with suitable anatomy. PMID- 7087545 TI - Classic shunting operations for congenital cyanotic heart defects. AB - A total of 297 consecutive classic systemic artery-pulmonary artery shunts were performed in 281 patients over the past 9 years. This experience includes 200 Blalock-Taussig shunts (67.3%), 84 Waterston shunts (28.2%), and 13 Potts shunts (4.3%). The overall early mortality after the Blalock-Taussig shunt (5.5%) was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) than for the Waterston shunt (13%). The early mortality after either the Blalock-Taussig or Waterston shunt was not statistically related to the age of the patient at operation. Both the Blalock Taussig and Waterston shunts demonstrated a higher mortality (p less than 0.02) among patients in Group II (complex defects) than in patients in Group I (tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect [VSD]). However, the Blalock-Taussig shunt had a significantly lower (p less than 0.04) probability of early postoperative death than the Waterston shunt among patients with complex lesions. The Blalock-Taussig shunt also revealed a lower incidence of important late postoperative complications and did not affect adversely the hemodynamic result after intracardiac correction, as evidenced by late postoperative cardiac catheterization. This study also confirms the feasibility of the Blalock-Taussig shunt during the neonatal period without significantly increased age-related risk of postoperative death (p = 0.13) and with good early and late long-term patency rates. PMID- 7087546 TI - Left ventricular wall thickness in complete transposition of the great arteries. AB - Age-related changes in left ventricular wall thickness were studied in 92 autopsy specimens of complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and in 189 normal hearts. By means of morphologic and clinical hemodynamic criteria, three groups were defined: Group II, TGA with intact ventricular septum (low left ventricular pressure): Group II, TGA with ventricular septal defect but without pulmonary stenosis (systemic left ventricular pressure combined with volume overload); and Group III, TGA with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis (systemic left ventricular pressure). At birth, the left ventricular thickness for the three groups did not significantly differ from normal. In group I, the left ventricular thickness remained constant with age up to 4 years and, accordingly, was significantly less after 4 months of age than that both in normals and in Groups II and III. In those Group II specimens from patients without irreversible pulmonary vascular disease, the left ventricular thickness was similar to that of normal hearts. The left ventricular thickness in Group III increased, with age in a manner similar to that of normal hearts. If left ventricular wall thickness correlates with potential ventricular function, then this measurement, combined with other clinical data, may help to predict the ability of the left ventricle to perform systemic work following one of the arterial switch operations. Sequential determinations of wall thickness may be attained noninvasively by echocardiography. PMID- 7087547 TI - Surgical pathology of non-neoplastic lung disease. PMID- 7087548 TI - Diagnosis of active lymphocytic myocarditis by endomyocardial biopsy: quantitative criteria for light microscopy. AB - The clinical diagnosis of active lymphocytic myocarditis is often difficult, owing to the nonspecific nature of the clinical presentation. Although endomyocardial biopsy is potentially the best available tool for establishing this diagnosis, reliable and quantitative criteria for light microscopy are needed. In an attempt to define specific histologic criteria for the diagnosis of myocarditis, we counted the number of interstitial lymphocytes in 20 high-power (X400) microscopic fields in each of 170 endomyocardial biopsy specimens. The normal mean number of myocardial lymphocytes was determined to be fewer than 5.0 per high-power field, and mean values greater than this were considered to represent active lymphocytic myocarditis. With the use of these histologic criteria, the endomyocardial biopsy may be helpful in the detection of active myocarditis and in the evaluation of treatment. PMID- 7087549 TI - Hemosiderosis in a dialysis patient: treatment with hemofiltration and deferoxamine chelation therapy. AB - Although the highly permeable membranes utilized in hemofiltration are theoretically more permeable to deferoxamine-chelated iron than the standard cuprophan membranes used in conventional hemodialysis, no clinical data support this contention. Ours are the first published results of a preliminary short-term trial of combined therapy with deferoxamine and hemofiltration in a dialysis patient with hemosiderosis. An average of 15.3 mg of iron was mobilized with a 19.5-liter exchange over only 4 1/2 hours of postdilution hemofiltration. This compares favorable with previous reports in which 8 to 12 hours of dialysis were performed with Kiil dialyzers, and also with the 24-hour urinary excretion of chelated iron in iron-overloaded patients with normal renal function. We conclude that combined therapy with deferoxamine and hemofiltration offers promises as an effective means of iron mobilization in dialysis patients with hemosiderosis. PMID- 7087550 TI - Protective effect of lidocaine during regional myocardial ischemia: an altered pathophysiologic response assessed by NADH fluorescence. AB - Studies were undertaken to determine the effects of lidocaine on ischemic myocardium, which was induced by coronary artery constriction in open-chested dogs. A real-time epicardial fluorescent technique to detect in vivo-reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) during 60 seconds of ischemia was used. Blood flow of ischemic myocardium was measured by using radioactive microspheres of 9 +/- 1 micrometers (mean +/- SE) and was compared with that of normal myocardium, shown by injection of alpha-zurine blue dye. Lidocaine effectively reduced peak NADH fluorescence by 18.6%, from 93.9 +/- 7.2 to 76.4 +/-4.1 mV (p less than 0.005). Lidocaine delayed the onset of fluorescence (2.2 +/- 0.2 versus 1.3 +/- 0.1 s p less than 0.002) and facilitated the recovery from ischemia (38.4 +/- 2.9 versus 54.8 +/- 2.9 s p less than 0.001). Increase in NADH concentration during ischemia correlated (r=0.76, p less than 0.006) with ischemic fluorescence. These findings were independent of altered hemodynamics or change in myocardial blood flow. Results indicate that lidocaine provides myocardial cellular protection during transient ischemia; there is an altered NADH fluorescent response to coronary artery occlusion. PMID- 7087554 TI - Ultrasound study of cervical atherosclerosis. PMID- 7087551 TI - Observations on esophageal blood supply. AB - The recent surgical treatment of two patients with relatively complex esophageal problems is described. In one patient, a long segment of proximal intrathoracic esophagus was mobilized during the course of surgery, and it was noted that the esophagus was viable and had a good blood supply at the distal margin of resection. In the other, the entire cervical and intrathoracic esophagus remained viable after mobilization. The obvious viability of these long esophageal segments detached from the segmental blood supply prompted us to preserve and use them in reconstruction. These observations suggest that there is a rich intramural arterial and venous network complementing the segmental blood supply of the esophagus. Although previous studies have clearly demonstrated a rich intramural esophageal vasculature, to the best of our knowledge it had not been clearly demonstrated that such lengths of esophagus could be mobilized from their segmental blood supply and remain viable. The details of these two cases are presented and discussed to document this observation and the manner in which it was possible to modify the esophageal reconstruction favorably by the use of the mobilized segment of esophagus. PMID- 7087552 TI - Porphyrinogens, porphyrins, and the porphyrias. PMID- 7087556 TI - The Frederick Cancer Project. PMID- 7087557 TI - A survey of cimetidine prescribing. PMID- 7087555 TI - Drug-induced renal failure. PMID- 7087553 TI - Myocardial biopsy. PMID- 7087558 TI - Gastric plasmocytoma. PMID- 7087559 TI - One minute with diabetes. PMID- 7087561 TI - Rape: other aspects. PMID- 7087560 TI - Rape. PMID- 7087563 TI - Medical treatment of mentally disabled adults - limitation on the spouse's right to consent. PMID- 7087564 TI - Quality assurance & risk management in Maryland hospitals in the 1980s. PMID- 7087562 TI - Subcommittee on maternal welfare, John A. Hawkinson MD, Chairman. PMID- 7087565 TI - The increasing incidence of juvenile onset diabetes in the Baltimore area: lack of correlation with secular incidence of mumps. PMID- 7087566 TI - Adult and fetal galactokinases in human red blood cells. AB - This paper reports the biochemical properties of galactokinase from fetal and adult human red blood cells. The specific activity of galactokinase is three times higher in the fetal red cells than in adult cells, shows a significant difference in the Michaelis constant toward galactose, and is more thermostable. On the other hand, no differences were found in molecular weight, electric charge, temperature and pH dependence between the two enzymes partly purified from fetal and adult erythrocytes. The possibility that these differences could be due to the shorter lifespan of the fetal erythrocytes (which could result in a higher proportion of young cells in the blood samples utilized) was investigated. Fetal and adult red blood cells were separated into fractions of different mean age by ultracentrifugation through density gradients. The kinetic properties and thermostability of galactokinase from fetal erythrocytes do not show any similarity with the same properties of the enzyme from young red blood cells. These results indicate that galactokinase from fetal erythrocytes show some biochemical properties that are typical signs distinguishing a fetal enzyme. PMID- 7087567 TI - Changes in the synthesis of exportable and nonexportable proteins in parotid glands during aging. AB - The age-related differences in the synthesis of exportable and nonexportable proteins of the parotid salivary gland were compared in 2- and 24-months-old rats. Parotid slices from these rats were incubated in the presence of [14C]leucine and the amount of radioactivity incorporated into the water-soluble proteins of the postmicrosomal supernatant was compared. The exportable and nonexportable proteins were identified by electrophoretic separation of these proteins by comparing the banding patterns of the gel preparations from unstimulated glands to those from the glands stimulated to secrete. The radioactivity determination in various protein bands from these rats indicated that the synthesis of exportable secretory proteins declined with age, while that of nonexportable proteins did not appear to change. PMID- 7087568 TI - A mathematical model for senescence in metazoans. PMID- 7087570 TI - [Acute alcoholic hepatitis of the pseudosurgical type]. PMID- 7087569 TI - [Thyroid hormones in alcoholic cirrhosis before and after alcohol withdrawal]. PMID- 7087571 TI - Surgery for dumping syndrome: a new surgical approach to an old problem. (Part I of two parts). PMID- 7087572 TI - [Surgical treatment of hiatal hernia]. PMID- 7087573 TI - [Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the liver. General review apropos of a case treated and followed for 7 years]. PMID- 7087574 TI - [Acute esophageal obstruction of dietary origin in the adult]. PMID- 7087575 TI - [Esophageal cysts (apropos of 2 surgical cases]. PMID- 7087576 TI - [Vaccination against viral hepatitis B in Africa]. PMID- 7087577 TI - [Treatment of viral hepatitis and chronic hepatopathies with cianidanol]. PMID- 7087578 TI - [Evaluation of immune status in a surgical milieu. Correlation and complementarity of DNCB and multipuncture apropos of 101 patients]. PMID- 7087579 TI - [Chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer: experience in 100 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087580 TI - [Factitious fever as the causal agent for fever of unknown origin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087581 TI - [The influence of climate factors and air pollution on exacerbations of obstructive chronic pulmonary disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087582 TI - [The effect of nifedipine as hypotensive agent in patients with ischemic cardiopathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087583 TI - [Regenerative nodular hyperplasia of the liver (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087585 TI - [Brian death. Reflections on its diagnosis and existing legal norms]. PMID- 7087584 TI - [Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in the thyroglossal duct: report of one patient (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087586 TI - [Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with a multiple myeloma]. PMID- 7087587 TI - [Hypoalbuminemia and remission of acropachy]. PMID- 7087588 TI - [Gas gangrene caused by Staphylococcus and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7087589 TI - [Neurological disease caused by a tick-bite]. PMID- 7087590 TI - [Monoarthritis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 09 in a heroin addict]. PMID- 7087591 TI - [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of L-DOPA treatment and dopadecarboxilase inhibitors and dopaminergic antagonists in Parkinson's disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087592 TI - [Serologic markers for hepatitis B virus in a group of healthy individuals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087594 TI - [Normal values of intraerythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate for the spanish population (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087595 TI - [Primary sclerosing cholangitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087593 TI - [Ventricular function curves in response to left ventriculography in rheumatic valvular heart disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087596 TI - [Asynchrony of the activation times in aVL and V6 in left anterior hemiblock- true or false?]. PMID- 7087597 TI - [Idiopathic eosinophilic pleuritis]. PMID- 7087598 TI - [Temporal arteritis. Study of 43 cases]. PMID- 7087600 TI - [Our experience in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087599 TI - [Evaluation of iron therapy in patients in long-term haemodialysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087601 TI - [Diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasound in male infertility]. PMID- 7087602 TI - [Hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with peroneal muscular atrophy]. PMID- 7087603 TI - [Therapeutic update on metazoan infestations]. PMID- 7087605 TI - [Cholesterol pleurisy]. PMID- 7087604 TI - [Infections caused by a non-typhoid Salmonella]. PMID- 7087607 TI - Repeated-measures latin square designs in clinical pharmacology. PMID- 7087606 TI - Anti-arrhythmic agents in ischemic heart disease: supraventricular arrhythmias, digitalis toxicity and chronic stable ventricular ectopic beats. AB - Digoxin remains a very useful agent for chronic atrial fibrillation or for the ectopic beats associated with heart failure. But when rapid control of the ventricular rate is required to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, a slow infusion of verapamil is the agent of choice. In general, verapamil may be added to digoxin or given intravenously while a digoxin effect is awaited, unless there is digitalis toxicity. In digitalis toxicity, lignocaine remains the agent of choice for ventricular arrhythmias, and is given in the same doses as for acute myocardial infarction; phenytoin is used for digitalis-arrhythmias with A-V block. Verapamil may be infused very cautiously for digitalis-induced supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The use of oral agents such as quinidine, disopyramide and mexilitene for chronic prophylaxis of ventricular ectopic beats is of doubtful effectiveness, unless the ectopic activity is symptomatic. Serious ventricular arrhythmias may be induced by quinidine and disopyramide. Beta-blockade is especially useful for ectopic beats associated with anxiety, or when arrhythmias are associated with angina of effort or hypertension. As always, major contraindications to the use of beta-blockade include cardiomegaly, heart failure or asthma. PMID- 7087608 TI - Toxicological and pathological studies on psychoactive drug-involved deaths. PMID- 7087609 TI - [Decreased amount of care days of asthmatics after group information]. PMID- 7087610 TI - [The role of lung cancer in the overall cancer occurrence and mortality trends]. PMID- 7087611 TI - [Elfin face syndrome - an often missed diagnosis]. PMID- 7087615 TI - [Psychiatry as a science]. PMID- 7087613 TI - [Indomethacin treatment of biliary pain]. PMID- 7087614 TI - [Shortwave, microwave and ultrasound therapy]. PMID- 7087616 TI - [Screening for congenital hypothyreosis. Report of a nationwide experimental study]. PMID- 7087618 TI - [News about Crohn disease]. PMID- 7087612 TI - [Drug therapy in liver disease]. PMID- 7087617 TI - [Acute urinary retention without demonstrable organic disease]. PMID- 7087619 TI - [Radiation and radiation risks - a background and evaluation of the risks]. PMID- 7087620 TI - [Sleep research]. PMID- 7087621 TI - [Metronidazole-induced polyneuropathy]. PMID- 7087622 TI - Is spontaneous nystagmus a pathological sign? AB - This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of spontaneous nystagmus (SN) in normals and evaluate its significance in patients. There were 60 normal subjects and SN was recorded in 8 (13%). Between January 1979 and November 1981, SN without past pointing was the only detectable abnormality in 41 patients undergoing a vestibular evaluation. An intracranial lesion could be confirmed in 34 patients (83%). There results from both normal subjects and patients are compared with earlier reports in the literature. Because of differences in nomenclature and classification of SN and differences in technique of searching and recording SN, no true comparisons are possible. Our conclusion is that SN in normals should be regarded as an oculomotor abnormality for which there is no detectable cause. In patients SN is a valuable diagnostic sign and should be considered significant regardless of its slow phase velocity. PMID- 7087623 TI - Diagnosis and management decisions in infections of the deep fascial spaces of the head and neck utilizing computerized tomography. AB - Infections of the deep spaces of the head and neck may still result in major consequences despite the advent of antibiotics. Abscesses in these areas merit special consideration by today's head and neck surgeon because of their relative rarity and the life-threatening complications that may follow inadequate treatment. Diagnosis and management decisions are enhanced by use of computerized tomography (CT) as an adjunctive study. The EMI scan may demonstrate either cellulitis of the neck requiring no surgery or a space abscess displacing the adjacent structures thus requiring surgical drainage. Anatomy of the significant fascial planes and spaces of the neck will reviewed employing CT utilizing 3 mm cuts. Specific case presentations feature early diagnosis and management. PMID- 7087624 TI - Head and neck manifestations of uncommon infectious diseases. AB - Certain uncommon systemic infections may be present with head and neck manifestations either initially or during the course of the disease. A high index of suspicion is required on the part of the otolaryngologist with the subsequent procedures leading to the appropriate diagnosis. The manifestations of infectious diseases such as erysipelas, histoplasmosis, rabies, tetanus, botulism, and cysticercosis must be understood by the head and neck specialist. For successful management, many of the infections require prompt identification and initiation of therapy. Airway maintenance, ventilatory support, and medical chemotherapy may be required. PMID- 7087625 TI - Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of the larynx due to Candida albicans. AB - A female patient presented with hoarseness. Findings on physical examination showed whitish true vocal cords. Laryngeal biopsies were performed on two two occasions. On the first biopsy a histopathological diagnosis of Candida albicans and acanthosis was controversial because the acanthosis resembled squamous cell carcinoma. On the second biopsy, several months later, the diagnosis of acanthosis was again controversial, but a diagnosis of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia was not determined until several months later. Finally, we can point out that pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can be associated with primary candidiasis and state that hoarseness, whitish true vocal cords, and pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can masquerade as squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. PMID- 7087626 TI - Zinc requirements in trauma and inflammation. PMID- 7087627 TI - Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and upper airway obstruction in evolutionary perspective. AB - Primary care physicians have become increasingly reluctant to refer children for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T and A) during the past years while antimicrobial therapy for pharyngotonsillitis and otitis media has become more common. Consequently, more children retain tonsils and adenoids throughout the childhood years. Airway compromise from adenotonsillar hypertrophy is reported in 11 cases-8 with insidious onset, 3 with acute onset. Typical symptoms occurring during sleep include snoring, snorting, enuresis and obstructive apnea. Daytime symptoms included hyponasal speech, oral respiration and morning cephalgia. Methods of assessing children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and airway compromise included polysomnography and acoustic analysis of respiratory sounds. It appears that airway compromise from adenotonsillar hypertrophy is more common now that fewer children are undergoing T and A, is being more commonly recognized because of improved methods of assessment, or both. PMID- 7087629 TI - Effects of soluble fraction of porcine tissue on the aggregation of human blood platelets. AB - Epistaxis has been controlled by the use of porcine strip packing in patients with thrombocytopenia prior to and with platelet transfusion. The present study has extended previous observations about the probable mode of action of porcine tissue, to show that the addition of an aqueous fraction (AF) of homogenized porcine tissue to platelets causes prompt aggregation in vitro. Human platelet rich plasma was aggregated by the AF using standard turbidimetric techniques. AF acted synergistically with nonaggregating amounts of either adenosine diphosphate or collagen to cause aggregation. Platelet aggregation was enhanced by AF both with 300,000 platelets/cu mm (standard) or with reduced platelet numbers (50,000/cu mm). The results further define possible mechanisms of action of porcine strip packing in patients who have epistaxis and are thrombocytopenic. PMID- 7087630 TI - Esophageal perforation: its early diagnosis and treatment. AB - Perforation of the esophagus is potentially the most lethal of any site in the gastrointestinal tract and is also the greatest therapeutic challenge. Although uncommon, esophageal perforation continues to occur even in the hands of very well-trained and experienced endoscopists. The literature reports the incidence of instrumental esophageal perforation to be between 0.25% and 1%. A review of 374 consecutive rigid esophagoscopies at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Oakland, CA, over a three-year period revealed three perforations for an overall incidence of 0.8%. This paper will review cases. PMID- 7087632 TI - Carcinoma of the base of the tongue: results of radical irradiation with surgery reserved for irradiation failure. AB - Between 1964 and 1977, 95 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue received treatment with curative intent at the University of Florida. Eighty-six of the 95 patients (91%) had Stage III or IV disease at presentation. Eighty-nine patients received radical courses of irradiation to the primary with or without neck dissection(s), with surgery reserved for salvage of irradiation failure. Six patients underwent planned combined treatment of the primary lesion. Of the 89 patients whose primary lesions were radically irradiated, failure at the primary site occurred in 24% of those with T1-3 lesions and 78% with T4 lesions. Control results were related to irradiation treatment technique. None of the 9 patients with Stage I-II disease died of the cancer. Actuarial survival at 5 years for Stage III patients was 46%. Within the Stage IV population there is a subgroup of patients with highly treatable and curable disease. The addition of a neck dissection following irradiation of N2-N3 neck disease decreased the incidence of failure in the neck. No patient developed severe soft tissue necrosis or required mandibulectomy for bone exposure following irradiation. PMID- 7087631 TI - Treatment of chronic aspiration as a complication of cerebrovascular accident. AB - Chronic aspiration remains one of the most difficult complications to treat in the patient recovering from brain stem infarction. Aspiration in these patients is often due to an incompetent glottis in association with dysfunction of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. A systematic approach to the evaluation and treatment of these patients is presented with illustrative case presentations. Such individual treatment protocols allow for optimum rehabilitation of the post stroke victim. PMID- 7087633 TI - Validation of a vocal cord lateralization procedure. AB - Various corrective procedures have been described to move the midline paralyzed vocal cord laterally in order to create a more desirable air exchange position. They have been complicated and often unsatisfactory, even for the skilled operator. A newer, direct approach by direct laryngoscopy, including incision and debulking of the paralyzed vocal process, as first reported by Fernando Kirchner, M.D. is described. The direct laryngoscopic method permits easier accessibility for this problem. In three involved surgical cases discussed, the air exchange in each was improved. The patients have continued to have good functional voices and no longer require tracheostomy. PMID- 7087635 TI - Head and neck and plastic surgery: early check for facial nerve injury. PMID- 7087634 TI - "How I do it"-head and neck and plastic surgery. A targeted problem and its solution. Innovative surgical procedure for adenoidectomy. PMID- 7087628 TI - Bacterial flora of the external canal in diabetics and non-diabetics. AB - Diabetics are prone to severe Pseudomonas otitis externa, but it is unknown if this is due to abnormal colonization of the external auditory canal. The bacterial and fungal flora of 26 diabetics and 29 age-matched controls was studied and found to be similar. Subjects with diabetes had more cerumen and a past history of more frequent external otitis than non-diabetics. It is concluded that diabetics probably have more frequent and severe external otitis because of undefined abnormal host defense mechanisms and not because of enhanced colonization by pathogens. PMID- 7087636 TI - "How I do it"- otology and neurotology. A specific issue and its solution. A rapid ENG mounting technique. PMID- 7087638 TI - Postauricular undersurface tympanic membrane grafting: a follow-up report. AB - The authors review 1,939 chronic ear surgeries in which 1,556 underwent some form of tympanic membrane grafting. The overall take rate was 93%. There was no selection of cases with regard to presence of infection, cholesteatoma, polyps, or granulation tissue at the time of surgery. There appeared to be no difference in the take rate based upon age of the patient, presence of infection, or cholesteatoma. Autogenous and homograft fascia performed well and there was no significant difference in take rate. Complications were minimal and were related more to the disease process than the grafting technique per se. In addition to reviewing the long-term follow-up of the original technique the authors present a method of dealing with tympanic membrane retraction pockets. Called a cartilage tympanoplasty this procedure incorporates a large piece of full thickness tragal cartilage with attached perichondrium into the substance of the tympanic membrane. With 2 years follow-up at this writing, this procedure has markedly reduced postoperative retraction pockets and recurrent cholesteatoma. PMID- 7087637 TI - Sophisticated CT in complex maxillofacial trauma. AB - Conventional radiology and selective complex-motion tomography suffice for the diagnosis of isolated facial fractures. Complex facial fractures, however, require a more directed diagnostic approach, utilizing the imaging potential of computed tomography (CT). In the acutely injured but stable patient, unenhanced axial CT (preview-monitored under clinical orientation) provides the most effective, safe, reasonably rapid diagnostic examination. Direct coronal CT can also be utilized. The brain is studied by contiguous 10 mm slices; the facial skeleton is studied with contiguous 5 mm slices, which permits coronal and sagittal reformations. In suspected cervical spine injury (where direct coronal CT is contraindicated), the axial CT format above will provide essential diagnostic information and allow image reconstruction. The late complications of brain abscess and CSF leak are well imaged by CT; the latter is best assessed (during activity) by preview-controlled CT after intrathecal injection of metrizamide. PMID- 7087639 TI - The role of high resolution computerized tomography and standardized ultrasound in the evaluation of orbital cellulitis. AB - We reviewed the records of 22 patients with orbital cellulitis to determine the value of high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) and standardized ultrasound (US) in their management. In 13 patients, they demonstrated abscess formation and accurately defined its location and extent. The appearance of an abscess did not necessarily mandate immediate surgery. Three patients responded promptly to intensive antibiotic therapy and resolved despite a presumptive diagnosis of orbital abscess. The remaining 10 patients required surgical intervention and abscess formation was confirmed. In patients presenting with good visual acuity and some globe motion we recommended instituting intensive intravenous antibiotic therapy for 36 hours with close monitoring of visual acuity, avoiding surgery unless some impairment of vision is noted. The decision regarding surgery is then made on the time honored basis of response to therapy. Surgery is no necessary in those patients exhibiting prompt significant improvement in local inflammatory signs. PMID- 7087640 TI - Evaluation of orbital cellulitis and results of treatment. AB - Optimal management of patients with orbital cellulitis depends on how accurately the disease is classified and on the appropriateness with which antibiotics and surgery are used to treat the disease. Therapy must be adjusted on the basis of the extent of the disease. In order to determine the balance of treatment modalities which is most beneficial for certain disease presentations, we reviewed a series of 303 patients with orbital cellulitis. The anatomical and bacteriological etiology of the disease was determined in each case on the basis of the examination, visual acuity, results of sinus radiography, results of culture, ultrasonography, and computerized tomography. To avoid the 5% complication rate that occurred in this series, an evaluation and treatment protocol is recommended. PMID- 7087641 TI - Intranasal ethmoidectomy and concurrent procedures. AB - In this review of 526 intranasal ethmoidectomy procedures, there was a complication rate of 2.5% with no blindness, meningitis, or deaths. The rationale for associated concurrent procedures is presented. The use of an absorbable hemostatic sinus sponge and an easily removable Telfa nasal packing made possible just a two-night hospital stay in over 90% of these patients. PMID- 7087642 TI - Lateral sinus thrombosis: a modern perspective. AB - At Emory, six cases of lateral sinus thrombosis (LST) were seen over the last ten years--two children and four adults. The picture and bacteriology of LST have changed with the advent of antibiotics as has the usefulness of various diagnostic tests. Less is it a disease of children in association with acute otitis media. More often it is seen in the adult patient after a long history of chronic ear disease. Fever and mastoid and neck tenderness are still universal signs of the affliction. However, rarely patients do present with progressive anemia, emaciation and evidence of septic emboli. Since antibiotics are commonly used during the prodromal ear infection, cultures are often negative. If they do identify an organism, it is usually a mixed flora rather than beta hemolytic streptococcus. Spinal fluid results are variable and seldom is there evidence of increased spinal fluid pressure. Arteriography, venography, and digital subtraction venography are the most reliable tests to prove and delimit the thrombus. Early management involves high dose broad spectrum, intravenous antibiotics including chloramphenicol. Surgical intervention involves a mastoidectomy, exposure of the sinus, incision and drainage, but not necessarily removal of the thrombus. Internal jugular vein ligation should be reserved for those cases in which septicemia and embolization do not respond to initial surgery and intravenous antibiotics. PMID- 7087643 TI - Cephalic phycomycosis: a report of eight cases. AB - Phycomycosis is the preferred terminology to define a fungal disease which may be devastating and fatal. It is caused by a nonseptate hyphae, class phycomycetes and genus (Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia). Phycomycosis in man is usually associated with debilitating diseases such as: diabetes mellitus, leukemia and immunosuppressive conditions. The cephalic phycomycosis has two forms: 1. rhino orbital cerebral which may be fatal, and 2. rhino-paranasal sinuses form which usually has a benign clinical course. From 1943 to 1967, only 45 cases of the cephalic form were described with a mortality rate of 50%. Since then several series have been added to the literature with improved survival, probably due to the addition of amphotericin B to the therapy. Even with modern therapy, the mortality rate is still about 30%. Modern technology C.T. scan is very helpful to establish orbital and intracranial extension. When intracranial involvement is present, the prognosis is dismal. Our series of 8 patients is reported. PMID- 7087644 TI - Chronic mucormycosis. AB - Chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis, as distinct from the acute fulminating form, has been previously unreported in the otolaryngology literature. We have observed two cases of chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis with osteomyelitis and bony sequestration at 8 months and 2 years after apparent control of initial infection. In addition to the accepted management of early diagnosis, surgical debridement, an appropriate medical therapy, patients who have been successfully treated for acute and iulminating mucormycosis need long-term, close follow-up with further debridement should any chronic infection become evident. PMID- 7087646 TI - Head and neck manifestations of tularemia. AB - Tularemia is a relatively uncommon infectious cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. The records were studied of 81 patients hospitalized in western Arkansas with the diagnosis of tularemia over the period of 1970 to 1980. Fourteen cases (17%) had symptoms or findings referable to the head and neck at some time during the disease. Delay in treatment was prolonged in some cases by failure to consider tularemia as a possible diagnosis. The pertinent epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment are briefly reviewed. PMID- 7087645 TI - Entomophthorales infection of the maxillofacial region. AB - Phycomycosis infections caused by the fungi Rhizopus and Mucor are commonly termed mucormycosis. Mucormycosis infections exhibit a rapidly progressive course characterized by angioinvasion and necrosis. The rhinocerebral form has been described thoroughly in the literature. However, there exists another order of Phycomycetes, the Entomophthorales, which rarely cause clinical disease. Their infection is indolent and is associated with granulomatous inflammation and a protracted clinical course. Presented here is a rare case of suspected Canidiobolus coronato infection occurring in the maxillofacial region of a previously healthy male. The authors believe this to be the first reported case occurring in the United States. Because of the poorly documented natural history of this infection and the patient's relative intolerance to parenteral antifungal therapy, a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach was designed. It consisted of long-term, low-dosage amphotericin-B, hyperbaric oxygen and sequential surgical debridements. This unusual disease entity must now be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous disorders of the head and neck. PMID- 7087647 TI - A compendium of intranasal flaps. AB - The reconstructive surgeon is frequently called upon to repair intranasal defects which require the use of grafts and/or flaps. In general, flaps are difficult to design and utilize because of 1. limited intranasal exposure and 2. the complex design requirements for movement of the flap through three dimensions. Intranasal exposure is increased by the transoral premaxillary approach, the lateral alotomy, the lateral rhinotomy, the transethmoid, and the open rhinoplasty. The flaps to be designed all utilize the basic principles for skin flaps. However in contrast to movement on a relatively two-dimensional surface, they frequently require movement in the three dimensions, i.e., from the floor of the nose up to the septum, from the side to the center, etc. We review the following flaps: 1. mucoperichondrial advancement and rotation flaps of the septum, 2. composite septal flap, 3. inferior turbinate flaps, 4. nasal floor mucoperiosteal flaps, 5. middle turbinate flaps, 6. composite lateral cartilage flaps, 7. buccal sulcus flaps, and 8. nasolabial flaps. PMID- 7087648 TI - Head and neck skin cancer: preplanned pathologically controlled excision and reconstruction. AB - Over a seven year period, 168 basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck area were treated. These were excised under rigid pathological control. Immediate repair was performed using preplanned geometrically designed closures. A broad overview of the literature that prompted the beginning of this seven year prospective study has been given. The treatment procedures have been described in detail. The accuracy of rapid frozen sections is proven and the results of preplanned pathologically controlled resection are given. No recurrences were seen in 168 cases. The reconstructive procedures were based on the preplanned geometry and the cosmetic results are successful in most cases (94%). PMID- 7087649 TI - Otological manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. AB - The otological manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis were studied in 13 patients; diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 10, and in 1 patient periarteritis nodosa presented similar appearances. One patient had destruction of the external ear, and several had refractory otitis externa, usually associated with otitis media: 3 patients had serous otitis media, 4 had purulent otitis media of a fairly mild course, while 6 had otitis media of a fulminant and long-lasting course, accompanied in 5 cases by cranial nerve palsy and in 2 by widespread destruction. Most patients had major sensory hearing loss. Two had short-lasting anacusis during exacerbation of the pulmonary lesions. Often, otological manifestations were the initial signs of the disease. It is important to bear this diagnosis in mind in cases of long-lasting and atypical inflammations and in the presence of peculiar constellations of symptoms from several different organ systems. PMID- 7087650 TI - Canine model of subglottic stenosis secondary to prolonged endotracheal intubation. AB - Acquired subglottic stenosis is usually a consequence of prolonged endotracheal intubation. The present study describes a canine model of subglottis stenosis which is congruent with the known and suspected pathogenesis of the disease in man. Eighteen young pups (Canis familiaris) were used. A modified cuffed endotracheal tube was placed within the subglottis and secured by inflating the cuff. The capillary tube supplying the cuff was sealed and cut so as to lie below the epiglottis. Three animals died of tracheal rupture or collapse prior to or on the thirteen day following intubation. In the remaining animals, the cuffed tube was removed and the subglottis was examined. All exhibited ulcerations and exuberant polyploid granulations at the level of the subglottis and trachea. A 4 mm uncuffed endotracheal tube was introduced and secured within the subglottis and trachea of a number of the pups to provide an airway. After a 3-week period, the tube was removed and the dogs were sacrificed. Examination of the specimens showed various degrees of "hard" cicatricial stenosis of the subglottis and trachea. Histologic studies showed destruction of the cartilage with replacement by scar tissue and partial epithelialization. This model may be useful to investigations of the prevention and treatment of the disease. PMID- 7087652 TI - Swimming after laryngectomy. AB - The philosophy and practicalities of a device for safe swimming after total laryngectomy are considered. The design and use of this are described in a patient who enjoys a great success swimming both in and underwater. Rehabilitation of the laryngectomee may include swimming, if desired, where training and supervision are available. Safety precautions are recommended. PMID- 7087651 TI - Mononuclear phagocyte function in head and neck cancer: NBT-dye reduction, maturation and migration of peripheral blood monocytes. AB - The number of blood monocytes, their ability to mature into macrophages, their NBT-dye reduction capacity and their migration towards casein were studied in 29 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma at other sites within the head and neck and two groups of male controls, one of 29.7 yrs. +/- 7.2 (SD) and the other of 71.4 yrs +/- 6.8 (SD). An age dependency of monocyte function in healthy individuals was established. Increased numbers of monocytes per ml blood were found in the older men. These cells showed an enhanced migration toward casein. Their maturation capacity was decreased. A clear impairment of migration toward casein was found in the two groups of carcinoma patients. The number of monocytes was only marginally affected. The maturation was found to be enhanced. An impaired recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes at the site of malignant growth due to diminished migratory capacities might be important for failing immune surveillance. PMID- 7087653 TI - Tonsillectomy with a suction coagulator. PMID- 7087654 TI - Chewing gum and tonsillectomy. PMID- 7087655 TI - Combined electrocochleography and tomography of the temporal bones in severely deaf infants. PMID- 7087656 TI - Prevention of tympanic membrane graft medialization. PMID- 7087657 TI - The clonal assay of head and neck tumor cells: results and clinical correlations. PMID- 7087658 TI - Photolabeling of brain membrane proteins by lysergic acid diethylamide. AB - 3H-Lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) is irreversibly incorporated into bovine caudate membranes during ultraviolet light illumination. The incorporated radioligand apparently forms a covalent bond with a subpopulation of the membrane proteins. Although the photolabeling pattern differs significantly from the Coomassie blue staining pattern on SDS gels, the photolabeling is apparently not specific for LSD binding sites associated with neurotransmitter receptors. 3H-LSD photolabeling can occur during prolonged exposure of membrane samples to room lighting and thus may introduce artifacts into receptor binding assays. PMID- 7087659 TI - Effect of phencyclidine on [3H]QNB binding. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of phencyclidine before intravenous injection of [3H] Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB, 1.6 micrograms/kg) significantly increased the amount of radioactivity found in the brains of female C57BL/6J mice one hour after the 3H-QNB administration. This effect was found in hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus and striatum and was decreased by pretreatment of the animal with atropine. The magnitude of the enhancement varied as a function of dose but did not change across the time span studied. These data are in contrast to our findings and those of others of inhibition of the specific binding of 3H-QNB to muscarinic cholinergic receptors by PCP in vitro. When atropine or PCP was administered in vivo and the tissue later analyzed in vitro, no effects of the drugs were observed on 3H-QNB binding. The reasons for the differences remain a matter of speculation. PMID- 7087660 TI - The influence of testosterone administration on plasma prolactin levels in the neonatally androgenized (NA) female rat. AB - Neonatally androgenized (NA) female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) as adults and given 1 mg of testosterone propionate/day for 7 days and the plasma prolactin (PRL) pattern compared with NA intact animals and normal OVX animals given estrogen or TP. NA intact animals had elevated basal (morning values) and an attenuated afternoon surge when compared to normal estrogen-treated animals. Testosterone administration to normal animals induced an afternoon surge similar to that of normal estrogen-treated animals but the magnitude of the surge was less. Testosterone given to NA-OVX animals had little effect on either morning or afternoon PRL levels. The results suggest that in the NA rat the brain region involved in the conversion of testosterone to estrogen may be altered by neonatal androgen exposure. PMID- 7087661 TI - 2-bromopalmitate inhibition of stimulatory effect on LH in isolated luteal cells. AB - The effect of 2-bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of fatty acids oxidation, on progesterone synthesis in isolated luteal cells was studied. Incubation of the cells with increasing concentrations (0 - 2 mM) of the inhibitor resulted in an initial enhancement of progesterone synthesis, both in the presence and absence of LH (1 microgram/ml). In the LH-treated cells, this stimulation in steroid synthesis becomes markedly impaired at 2 mM 2-bromopalmitate. In the control cells, however, progesterone synthesis was sustained at the elevated level. At high concentrations of 2-bromopalmitate, the stimulatory effect of LH (relative to the controls) on steroidogenesis was progressively diminished, until it was completely abolished at an inhibitor concentration of 2 mM. The oxidation of labelled palmitic acid by luteal cells was also effectively inhibited by 2 bromopalmitate (1 mM). The results indicate that the steroidogenic effect of LH is mediated, in part, by fatty acid oxidation, and were explained in terms of the interaction between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation in supporting ovarian steroidogenesis. PMID- 7087662 TI - Response of isolated rat iris dilator to adrenergic and cholinergic agents and electrical stimulation. AB - Responses of isolated rat iris dilator to some agents and to electrical stimulation were examined. Norepinephrine and epinephrine produced contraction, which was antagonized by 0.03 microM phentolamine. Acetylcholine produced relaxation at low concentrations (1 nM - 1 microM) as great as 80% of the resting tone while contraction at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 1 microM). Both responses were suppressed by 0.02 microM atropine and enhanced by 0.03 microM physostigmine. Electrical stimulation at low voltage or low frequency (up to 10 Hz) elicited relaxation while stimulation at high voltage or high frequency (30 Hz) produced contraction. Stimulation with intermediate strength elicited biphasic response. The contraction and relaxation induced by electrical stimulation were abolished by 3 microM phentolamine or by 0.05 microM atropine, respectively. Both phases were abolished by tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM). It is suggested that in the rat the cholinergic relaxation of the dilator may assist the cholinergic contraction of the sphincter (1). The pronounced cholinergic relaxation of nonvascular tissue is to be noted. PMID- 7087663 TI - PGE restores the immune response in chemotherapy-treated, tumor-bearing mice. AB - Two hundred seventy-one B-16 melanoma-bearing mice were randomized and treated for 4 days with either control diluent, 10 micrograms of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 methyl-ester (di-M-PGE2), chemotherapy, or chemotherapy plus di-M-PGE2. The chemotherapeutic regimens included adriamycin (7.5 mg/kg), 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/kg), nitrogen mustard (5 mg/kg), and vincristine (0.5 mg/kg). The number of plaque-forming cells and hemagglutinin titers in response to sheep erythrocytes were used as measures of humoral immunity while cellular immunity was assessed by evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity. As we previously reported, the presence of subcutaneous B-16 tumors induced substantial immunosuppression and this suppression was reversed by treatment with di-M-PGE2. Treatment with all four chemotherapeutic agents induced profound immunosuppression. Similarly, the addition of di-M-PGE2 to the chemotherapy protocols resulted in significant augmentation of cellular and humoral immunity. PMID- 7087665 TI - Bole of adrenals in morphine-induced hyperthermia in restrained rats. AB - Bole of adrenals in morphine-induced hyperthermia was studied in normal, neurotransmitter antagonist-pretreated, chemical-sympathectomized, adrenalectomized or adrenal-demedullated rats. In restrained female rats, 5 mg/kg morphine produced hyperthermia whereas 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg produced hypothermia. Pretreatment with either phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, pentolinium or scopolamine inhibited the hyperthermia. After adrenalectomy, neither 5 mg/kg nor chronic administration of 20 mg/kg morphine produced previously demonstrated hyperthermia. After adrenal-demedullation, a dose of 5 mg/kg morphine also did not produce hyperthermia. In contrast to female rats, restrained male rats showed no significant effect on body temperature after 5 mg/kg morphine, requiring 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg morphine to produce hyperthermia. In adrenalectomized male rats, 20 mg/kg morphine did not produce the usual hyperthermia. The results suggest that male rats are more resistant to the hyperthermic effects of morphine than female rats and that in the rat, the adrenals, likely the medulla, play an important role in morphine-induced hyperthermia. PMID- 7087664 TI - The relationship between maternal and fetal plasma protein binding of methadone in the ewe during the third trimester. AB - The binding of methadone to maternal and fetal plasma proteins was determined throughout the third trimester in the pregnant ewe. Blood was sampled from chronic indwelling catheters placed in the maternal aorta and fetal aorta. Methadone binding was determined by use of equilibrium dialysis with (3H) methadone. Maternal binidng ranged from 50.4 to 89.5%, with a mean of 76.2 +/- 1.3 (SE)%. Fetal binding was initially significantly lower than maternal binding, but increased rapidly in the last two weeks before parturition. Prior to 130 days gestation, the ratio of fetal binding to maternal binding was 0.40 +/- 0.03. This binding ratio increased to 0.82 +/- 0.08 in the last few days of pregnancy. Preliminary results suggested that maternal binding was higher in the early post partum period. These results demonstrate that the relationship between maternal and fetal plasma binding of methadone changes rapidly towards the end of pregnancy, and fetal binding approaches maternal binding at parturition. PMID- 7087666 TI - Developmental regulation of phospholipid methylation in rat brain synaptosomes. AB - Phospholipid methylation was studied in cortical synaptosomes prepared from 7 and 14 day and adult rat brain. Using varying concentrations of [3H] S adenosylmethionine, Km and Vmax values were determined for the formation of [3H] phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME), [3H] phosphatidyl-dimethylethanolamine and [3H] phosphatidylcholine (PC). At 25 degree C, the Km values for the formation of all three products, significantly decreased with development. Increasing the temperature to 37 degree C increased the Km values in the 14 day and adult but not the 7 day preparation. The Vmax values at 25 degree C were highest at 7 and 14 days, depending on the product and then decreased in the adult. At 37 degree C, the Vmax values were highest in the 14 day preparation. The overall results are discussed in terms of the developmentally regulated decrease in both synaptic membrane PC and membrane fluidity. PMID- 7087667 TI - Minireview. Phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipases C. AB - The role of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIase C) in a) the enigmatic phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover and b) in our understanding of membrane enzyme-PI interactions is the subject matter of this article. PIase C is present in both procaryotes and eukaryotes. This enzyme is considered to be involved in the cells PI breakdown which occurs in response to several external stimuli. Recent information on the physical properties, Ca2+ requirement, cellular localization and modulation of the activity of PIase C of mammalian systems can help to evaluate the PI turnover from a new angle. Existing evidence suggests that Ca2+-dependent PI breakdown is probably mediated through the cytosolic and particulate PIase C while a Ca2+ independent pathway is catalyzed by a lysosomal enzyme. Apparently PI turnover may be operating through more than one mechanism. The association of this phenomenon with a membrane receptor event linked with "Ca2+ gating" may have to be reconsidered. Modulation of the PIase C activity by unsaturated amphiphiles or the presence of this enzyme in different physico-chemical forms could be a potential regulatory feature. Hydrolysis of membrane PI of a number of cells and tissues by the bacterial PIase C has been shown to cause substantial release of acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in free, soluble form. Other membrane enzymes, e.g., alkaline phosphodiesterase I, L-leucyl-beta naphthyl amidase and Ca2+ or Mg2+ ATPase are not affected. These results indicate a specific interaction between PI and certain enzymes in membranes. The chemical nature of this linkage, whether it is covalent or non-covalent, has also been explored and has provided intriguing insight into this phenomenon. New findings also indicate that hydrolysis of PI by PIase C also can cause modifications in membrane-enzyme activities, e.g., adenylate cyclase. PMID- 7087668 TI - Chronic hyperprolactinemia depletes hypothalamic dopamine concentrations in male rats. AB - The tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) system appears to tonically inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion while moderate elevations in serum prolactin levels, in turn, augment the turnover rate of dopamine (DA) without affecting the steady state concentrations of DA in the TIDA neurons (1-5). The present study demonstrates that chronic elevations in serum prolactin, to greater than 2,000 ng/ml, induced by the prolactin secreting MtTW15 tumor, decreased DA concentrations by 47% in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus (ME-ARC) region, by 43% in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and 14% in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamic region (POA-AH) without influencing the norepinephrine levels in these regions. Thus, chronic stimulation of hypothalamic DA neurons by prolactin may lead to depletion of DA concentrations and this may be an important factor in the reduced DA levels observed in hyperprolactinemia of senescent rats or that produced by chronic estrogen treatment. PMID- 7087669 TI - Effect of infusing the branched-chain amino acids on concentrations of amino acids in plasma and brain and on brain catecholamines after total hepatectomy in the rat. AB - In totally hepatectomized rats supported by infusion of glucose, the concentrations of many amino acids in plasma and brain rose progressively over time, while the brain levels of norepinephrine decreased. Infusion of a solution containing glucose, leucine, isoleucine, and valine after hepatectomy greatly reduced the accumulation of other essential amino acids in plasma and brain. However, the decrease in brain norepinephrine content was not significantly affected by this infusion, suggesting that high brain concentrations of monoamine precursor amino acids are not the primary cause of norepinephrine depletion after hepatectomy. PMID- 7087670 TI - Inhibition of avian and mammalian hydroxy-indole-o-methyl-transferase (HIOMT) with low molecular weight fractions of mammalian pineal glands. AB - Partially purified fractions from sheep pineal gland extracts, which show a fluorescence like pteridines, were shown to suppress the enzyme hydroxy-indole-o methyltransferase (HIOMT) isolated from avian pineals and retinas. The results described demonstrate that the mechanism of inhibition of HIOMT activity is independent of the species and organ. A blocking effect was found in experiments whether retinal or pineal HIOMT were used and the effect was found as well with bovine HIOMT. It is shown that low molecular weight molecules show inhibitory activity and accompany the high molecular weight enzyme HIOMT. PMID- 7087671 TI - Some calcium and lysosome antagonists inhibit 3H-spiperone binding to the porcine anterior pituitary. AB - The dopamine antagonist 3H-spiperone binds to dopamine receptors in crude membrane preparations of the porcine anterior pituitary. In competition studies, several calcium channel antagonists (bepridil, D600 and verapamil) and a lysosomal enzyme inhibitor (chloroquine) displaced spiperone binding in a dose related manner. Because dopamine receptor activity modulates prolactin release from the anterior pituitary, it is suggested that the previously observed effects of some of these agents on prolactin release or storage may have been initiated at the level of the dopamine receptor or through physical modifications of the plasma membrane rather than the calcium channel or lysosome. PMID- 7087672 TI - Short-term tolerance to morphine: effects of indomethacin. AB - Short-term tolerance to opiates has been demonstrated in as little as three hours after priming with a single dose of morphine in naive animals. Tail-flick latency in mice and changes in plasma corticosterone in rats were the indicators tested in these experiments. Rats primed wiht either saline or morphine, 10 mg/kg, were injected 3 hrs. subsequently with morphine, 5 mg/kg. Those primed with saline showed the characteristic plasma corticosterone elevation following morphine, when serial blood samples were examined, whereas those previously treated with morphine did not. Mice were primed with saline or either of two doses of morphine, 30 or 100 mg/kg, 3.5 hrs. prior to estimation of tail-flick latency and ED50 determinations. Mice primed with either dose of morphine had significantly higher ED50's than those primed with saline. The effects of indomethacin, 5 or 10 mg/kg, were examined on both systems. Rats and mice were pretreated with indomethacin at 2.25 or 3 hrs., respectively, before morphine-priming. In all cases, indomethacin did not produce alterations in responses previously observed in correspondently treated controls. PMID- 7087673 TI - How to analyze binding, enzyme and uptake data: the simplest case, a single phase. AB - The results of many biochemical, pharmacological and physiological experiments fit a rectangular hyperbola. Several methods for analysis of this curve have been developed but these techniques have not been readily available to researchers who are not interested in becoming mathematical statisticians. We have reviewed these analytical methods and concluded that, the Eadie-Hofstee technique is the best choice. We explain how to use this method and include sample calculations and calculator programs. We are especially interested in showing scientists who are not particularly mathematically inclined how to use these methods effectively and thus save a great deal of time and expense. PMID- 7087675 TI - Adrenergic influence on rat plasma concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan. AB - Isoprenaline given to rats in doses between 0.08 and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally caused a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan. Low doses of adrenaline (0.04 - 0.16 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused a 30 per cent decrease in plasma concentrations of tyrosine, while high doses (0.63 - 1.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused an increase in plasma tyrosine to nearly 200 per cent of the controls. High doses of noradrenaline (0.63 - 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused a similar increase in plasma tyrosine concentration. The decrease in plasma amino acids caused by these catecholamines is inhibited by propranolol, suggesting that this effect is mediated via adrenergic beta-receptors, while the increasing effect is inhibited by phenoxybenzamine, which suggests that this effect is caused by an alpha adrenergic mechanism. PMID- 7087674 TI - Calmodulin stimulation of adenylate cyclase in rat brain membranes does not require GTP. AB - Calcium stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cortical membranes with either ATP or AppNHp as substrate. In contrast, isoproterenol stimulates the cerebral cortical enzyme with ATP as substrate but not with AppNHp as substrate unless exogenous GTP is added. In rat striatal membranes, calcium or dopamine stimulate adenylate cyclase activity with ATP as substrate, but not with AppNHp as substrate. GTP restores the dopamine but not the calcium response. The inhibitory guanine nucleotide GDP-beta S antagonizes dopamine and GppNHp stimulation of the brain adenylate cyclases, but not stimulation by calcium of either rat cerebral cortical or striatal enzymes. Results indicate that GTP is not requisite to calcium-calmodulin activation of adenylate cyclases in brain membranes. In addition, calcium-calmodulin cannot activate striatal adenylate cyclases with a nonphosphorylating nucleotide, AppNHp, as substrate. PMID- 7087676 TI - Inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone release by morphine microinjected into mesencephalic dorsal raphe. AB - Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters from ovariectomized rats at 10 minute intervals for one hour before and two hours after microinjection of -.5 microliter of either saline vehicle or morphine sulfate (10 micrograms) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or adjacent periaqueductal gray by means of chronically-implanted guide cannulae. LH was measured by radioimmunoassay and mean pre-injection and mean post-injection values were compared for each rat (t test) as well as for each treatment group (paired t test). Neither saline in DRN nor morphine at other sites significantly altered circulating LH. A significant decrease in LH was observed following injection of morphine into DRN. This effect of morphine was prevented by pre treatment of the animals with the narcotic antagonist naltrexone (10 mg/kg i.v.), indicating the involvement of opiate receptors. These results indicate that DRN is one site at which systemically administered morphine might act, and suggest the possibility of participation of this mechanism in modulation of LH release by endogenous opioids. PMID- 7087677 TI - Potassium evoked catecholamine release from the nucleus tractus solitarius in vitro. AB - The release of endogenous catecholamines (CA) from rat brain slices containing the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was measured using a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. KCl (35 to 75 mM) induced a dose-related increase in norepinephrine (NE) release. Dopamine (DA) release was maximal with 50 mM KCl. An increase in epinephrine (E) release was only observed with 75 mM CKl. NE and E release was totally calcium-dependent whereas DA release was only partially calcium-dependent. Subsequent administrations of KCl released less CA. The calcium dependency of the KCl induced released of E, NE, and DA suggests a neurotransmitter function in the NTS for these CA. A difference in storage sites and/or mechanisms may be responsible for the observed differences in sensitivity to KCl and to extracellular calcium. PMID- 7087678 TI - Myoclonus in guniea pigs is induced by indole-containing but not piperazine containing 5HT agonists. AB - L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) induces in guinea pigs a myoclonic jerking which is dependent upon stimulation of brainstem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) receptors. We have investigated the ability of 5HT precursors and a range of synthetic 5HT agonists to produce myoclonus. The 5HT precursors and 5HT agonists containing an indole nucleus induced dose-dependent jerking in guinea pigs. In contrast, 5HT agonists possessing a piperazine moiety induced occasional jerking only at toxic doses, but not a those doses normally associated with 5HT agonist activity. The difference in activity between the indole-containing compounds and piperazine containing 5HT agonists suggests that myoclonus is due to activation of an indole selective brainstem 5HT receptor and provides further evidence for multiple cerebral 5HT receptors. PMID- 7087679 TI - The effect of environmental temperature on sebum composition of tropical and temperate breeds of cattle. AB - This study compared to effect of environmental temperature on sebum composition in 2 breeds of cattle, British (SH) and Brahman (GB), which differ in their abilities to tolerate heat. By long-term exposure of both breeds to environmental temperatures of 24 C and 32 C and the more heat-tolerant GB breed to 38 C, it was possible to make breed comparisons at (a) different body temperatures, i.e., when all animals were exposed to the same environmental temperature, and (b), at the same body temperature, i.e., when the 2 breeds were exposed to different ambient temperatures. The composition of sebum excreted to saturation level on the skin surface was determined. At the same body temperatures, the amounts of fatty acids in each lipid class were higher in GB than in SH animals except during hyperthermia when the amounts of triglyceride fatty acids were similar in both breeds. The total amounts of individual fatty acids except 14:1, 16:1, 20:0 and 14:OH were higher in both breeds at 32 C than at 24 C. The GB cattle excreted more essential fatty acids (EFA) than the SH cattle at 24 C and at 32 C. There was a significant genotype by environment interaction in the amount of EFA excreted in triglyceride decreased whereas the amount excreted in wax esters increased with rising body temperature. PMID- 7087680 TI - Interrelationship between dietary trans Fatty acids and the 6- and 9-desaturases in the rat. AB - Studies are reported on the effects of dietary trans fatty acids on the 6- and 9 acyl desaturase activities in the liver microsomes of rats fed essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient and non-EFA-deficient diets. In experiment I, weanling male rats were fed a semisynthetic diet with either 10% safflower oil (SAF) or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At the age of one year, half of the dietary fat was replaced by a supplement containing elaidate, linolelaidate and cis, trans trans,cis-18:2 (TRANS) for 12 weeks. In experiment II, male rats which were kept from weaning on a 10% (SAF + TRANS, or 5% HCO + 5% TRANS. Feeding TRANS depressed the 6-desaturase activity in the liver microsomes, especially in the EFA deficient rats (HCO + TRANS group of experiment I). Unlike the 6-deaturase activity, the 9-desaturase activity was not inhibited by the dietary trans fatty acids and was significantly stimulated in the non-EFA-deficient rats (SAF + TRANS group of experiment I and HCO + TRANS groups of experiment II). This was evidence by incubation reaction and by comparisons of fatty acid consumptions and microsomal fatty acid levels, showing extra biosynthesis of 16:1 and 18:1 when TRANS was fed. The biosynthesis of essential (n-6) fatty acids was depressed by the TRANS supplement in EFA-deficient as well as in non-EFA-deficient animals. PMID- 7087681 TI - Lung phosphatidylcholine and fasting in male and female rats. AB - Lung from male and female rats fasted for 4 days were used. Phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine and its molecular species were analyzed in lungs frm these rats and effects of fasting upon the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in lungs from both sexes were determined using radioactive choline. The molecular species of phosphatidylcholine in both male and female rats did not differ with fasting except the monoenoic species. Incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine in both male and female rats significantly increased after fasting, but distribution of radioactivity in phosphatidylcholine yielded similar values in each group. These results suggest that the decrease of saturated phosphatidylcholine content after fasting may not be due to specific change in saturated phosphatidylcholine. PMID- 7087682 TI - Herbal remedies of the Maritime indians: sterols and triterpenes of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Tansy). AB - Plant sterols and triterpenes exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. As part of our ongoing studies of the medicinal aspects of Maritime flora, particularly the herbal remedies of the Micmac and Malecite Indians, we determined the nature of the sterols and triterpenes of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Compositae)-a widely used herbal remedy usually referred to as tansy. By using thin layer and gas chromatographics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we were able to identify beta-sitosterol as the major sterol and alpha-amyrin as the major triterpene of tansy. We also identified the sterols stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol, and the triterpenes beta-amyrin and taraxasterol. A fourth triterpene was tentatively identified as pseudo-taraxasterol. The successful therapeutic application of this herb may be due partly to the presence of one or more of these compounds. The sterols and triterpenes of tansy have not been previously reported; neither, to our knowledge, have the NMR spectra of the amyrins and the NMR and mass spectra of taraxasterol. PMID- 7087683 TI - A convenient method for the preparation of asialo-GM1. PMID- 7087685 TI - Ether lipid content and fatty acid distribution in rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil phospholipids. AB - This study was undertaken to determine if rabbit neutrophils contain sufficient ether-linked precursor for the synthesis of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (platelet activating factor) by a deacylation-reacylation pathway. The phospholipids from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils were purified and quantitated, and the choline-containing and ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides were analyzed for ether lipid content. Choline-containing phosphoglycerides (37%), ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides (30%), and sphingomyelin (28%) were the predominant phospholipid classes, with smaller amounts of phosphatidylserine (5%) and phosphatidylinositol (less than 1%). The choline-linked fraction contained high amounts of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-(46%) and 1,2 diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (54%), with a trace of the 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2 acyl species. The ethanolamine-linked fraction contained high amounts of 1-O-alk 1'-enyl-2-acyl-(63%) and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (34%), and a low quantity of the 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl species (3%). The predominant 1-O-alkyl ether chains found in the sn-1 position of the choline-linked fraction were 16:0 (35%), 18:0 (14%), 18:1 (26%), 20:0 (16%), and 22:0 (9%). The major 1-O-alk-1' enyl ether chains found in the sn-1 position of the ethanolamine-linked fraction were 14:0 (13%), 16:0 (44%), 18:0 (27%), 18:1 (12%) and 18:2 (3%). The major acyl groups in the sn-1 position of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2 diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine were 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1. The most abundant acyl group in the sn-2 position of all classes of choline- and ethanolamine-linked phosphoglycerides was 18:2. Although this work does not define the biosynthetic pathway for platelet activating factor, it does show that there is ample precursor present to support its synthesis by a deacylation reacylation pathway. PMID- 7087684 TI - Oral contraceptive and Platelet lipid biosynthesis in female rats: dose-response relationship. AB - Female rats were treated with different doses of an oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol + lynestrenol) and lipid biosynthesis was studied in blood platelets by acetate incorporation into different fractions separated by thin layer chromatography. A marked increase in lipid biosynthesis was observed, especially in the sterol fractions (cholesterol and lanosterol-dihydrolanosterol). It was dose-dependent, observed after a lag-phase, maximal in 3 days and normalized in 8 days. Thus, the oral contraceptive studied here appears to modify platelet lipid biosynthesis for the entire life of the platelets. PMID- 7087686 TI - On the specificity of a phospholipase A2 purified from the 106,000 X g pellet of bovine brain. AB - Assessment has been made of the specificity of a purified phospholipase A2 from the 106,000 X g pellet (microsomal fraction) of bovine grey matter which shows strong activity toward phosphatidylinositol (PI). In the first series of experiments involving the utilization as substrates of PI with different 14C- or 3H-labeled fatty acids in the 2-position, the purified phospholipase A2 most readily removed 16:0 palmitic acid, followed by 18:0 stearic acid, 18:1 oleic acid and 20:4 arachidonic acid. In the second series of experiments, the purified phospholipase A2 showed preferential action toward PI (100%) compared to phosphatidylcholine (PC, 62.5%), phosphatidic acid (PA, 32.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 25.1%) and phosphatidylserine (PS, 21.5%), where each phosphoglyceride was labeled in the 2-position with [1-14C] oleic acid. In the third series of experiments, fatty acids were shown to cause inhibition of action of the purified phospholipase A2 on 1-acyl, 2-[1-14C] oleoyl PI in the order 20:4 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:0 greater than 16:0 which is the reverse order to that just noted. In the final series of experiments, the addition of the phosphoglycerides PC, PE, PS and PA in amounts of 5 or 10 microM caused either no inhibition (PE, 2%), slight inhibition (PC, 15%) or reasonably significant inhibition (PA, 20% and PS, 40%) of action of the purified phospholipase A2 on 1-acyl, 2-[1-14C]-oleoyl PI. The pattern of specificity observed for the purified phospholipase A2 combined with its microsomal location are the expected properties of a phospholipase A2 that might function in a deacylation-reacylation cycle for modifying the fatty acid distribution in PI. PMID- 7087687 TI - Effects of ethanol diets on cholesterol content and phospholipid acyl composition of rat hepatocytes. AB - Chronic treatment of adult male rats with ethanol liquid diets resulted in alterations in phospholipid and cholesterol contents as well as the acyl composition of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) phosphatidylserine (PS) mixture, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) of isolated hepatocytes. The influence of ethanol on these lipids was largely dependent on the proportion of dietary fat. Phospholipid and total cholesterol contents were elevated 23 and 27%, respectively, by ethanol when offered in a low-fat diet (5% corn oil). Only the percentage of arachidonic acid from PI-PS was significantly reduced in the low-fat ethanol group. Exposure to a high-fat (34% corn oil) diet in the presence of ethanol for 4-5 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in arachidonate/linoleate ratios of hepatic PE, PS-PI and PC, while total phospholipid content remained constant. In the high-fat, ethanol-treated group, hepatic cholesterol content was increased 2-fold. These results suggest that the level of dietary fat plays an important role in determining the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on hepatic cholesterol content and phospholipid acyl composition. PMID- 7087688 TI - Effects of zinc deficiency and castration on fatty acid composition and desaturation in rats. AB - The effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and microsomes of liver, intestine and testes were studied. The activities of fatty acid desaturase (delta 6 and delta 5) in rat liver and testes were also measured. A significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid was observed in plasma of normal rats fed the zinc-deficient diet. Castration significantly decreased arachidonic acid but increased 20:3 fatty acid, which is negligible in normal rats. Testosterone and zinc administration restored arachidonic acid to normal values. Zinc deficiency does not significantly change the fatty acid profile in liver, but castration decreased both arachidonic and 22:6 fatty acid. Intestinal mucosal microsomes showed that the predominant fatty acid in this tissue, palmitic acid, is independent of zinc status, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased by zinc-deficient diet or castration. Zinc deficiency sharply decreased 22:5 fatty acid and to some extent, other polyunsaturated fatty acids in testis microsomes. These changes in fatty acids are in agreement with increased delta 9 desaturation and decreased delta 5 desaturase activity. In testes, both delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities are decreased in zinc deficiency. It appears that zinc influences the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid, whereas testosterone influences delta 6 desaturase activity. The data suggest that zinc deficiency may be one of the important factors in the causation of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency, which, in turn, may induce serum hypertriglyceridemia. PMID- 7087690 TI - Hepatic bile acid elution by albumin and bile acid content in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Bile acid contents were determined for isolated rat hepatocytes. During the course of isolating the hepatocytes, perfusion of rat liver with buffer containing 2% albumin eluted a significant amount of bile acids. The elution was proportional to the volume of the buffer and attributable to albumin in the buffer. The isolated hepatocytes prepared by perfusion with 0.1% albumin buffer, which eluted a negligible amount of bile acids, contained 95 +/- 12 micrograms/10(8) cells of bile acids. The major bile acids were cholic acid (22%), beta-muricholic acid (34%) and hyodeoxycholic acid (10%). Levels of the other bile acids were less than 3%. Peak 8, unidentified but presumed to be a trihydroxycholanoic acid, accounted for 19%. PMID- 7087689 TI - Rates of depletion of linoleic acid from fat depots of selected lines of mice differing in growth rate and adiposity. PMID- 7087692 TI - Regional distribution of glycosylceramide-sulfates in human kidney. PMID- 7087691 TI - Changes of fatty acid composition of phospholipids in liver mitochondria and microsomes of the rat during growth. AB - The fatty acid patterns of rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids were analyzed from term fetuses, 1 and 4 days old, and adult rats. The main fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine and -choline were stearic and palmitic acids, although the patterns differed slightly. The fatty acid composition of corresponding phospholipids in mitochondria and microsomes was similar. The fatty acid pattern of cardiolipin was dominated by linoleic acid. The most consistent feature of the developmental changes in the fatty acid patterns of all phospholipids studied was a decrease in the relative amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. The percentages of saturated fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine and -choline increased during neonatal development. It is suggested that the high levels of fetal monounsaturated fatty acids were due to low availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids. PMID- 7087693 TI - Absorption and distribution of orally administered jojoba wax in mice. AB - The liquid wax obtained from the seeds of the arid-land shrub jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is finding increasing use in skin treatment preparations. The fate of this wax upon reaching the digestive tract was studied. 14C-Labeled wax was administered intragastrically to mice, and the distribution of the label in the body was determined as a function of time. Most of the wax was excreted, but a small amount was absorbed, as was indicated by the distribution of label in the internal organs and the epididymal fat. The label was incorporated into the body lipids and was found to diminish with time. PMID- 7087694 TI - Hypercholesterolemia in rats: combined effect of high cholesterol diet and female sex steroids. PMID- 7087695 TI - Response of Drosophila to cis- and trans-22-dehydrocholesterol: I. A survey. PMID- 7087696 TI - Utilization and metabolism of dietary sterols in the honey bee and the yellow fever mosquito. AB - The honey bee, Apis mellifera, does not convert C28 and C29 phytosterols to cholesterol as found in most previous studies of phytophagous or omnivorous insects, but instead the workers and queens selectively transfer 24 methylenecholesterol, sitosterol and isofucosterol from their endogenous sterol pools to the brood larvae regardless of the sterol in the worker diet. Administering radiolabeled sterols by feeding and injection has made it possible to trace this selective transfer through a second generation of the honey bee. In further comparative sterol metabolism studies, the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, was shown to be capable of dealkylating and converting a radiolabeled C29 dietary sterol ([14C]sitosterol) to cholesterol. Metabolic studies with several radiolabeled dietary sterols and an inhibitor of steroid metabolism in the yellow fever mosquito further verified this capability. PMID- 7087698 TI - Unusual urinary cholesterol metabolites following intracerebral injection of [4 14C]cholesterol into rats: I. The minor 14C-metabolite. AB - [4-14C]Cholesterol injected intracerebrally into 10-12-day-old rats becomes localized largely in central nervous system myelin. If sufficient 14C is injected, myelin cholesterol remains labeled for the rest of the rats' lives. In the course of the slow myelin cholesterol turnover that ensues, a unique series of cholesterol metabolites is excreted exclusively in the rats' urine. There is reason to believe that the metabolites are formed in the central nervous system before entering the urine. This manuscript describes separation of the 2 urinary 14C-labeled metabolic types and isolation and identification of the minor 14C labeled material which consists of cholesterol and 2 other sterols bound covalently to short-chain peptides. The minor sterols have been tentatively identified as 24- and 26-hydroxycholesterol. The sterol-peptide combinations have been isolated from human male urine, also. PMID- 7087697 TI - Constituents of human meconium: II. Identification of steroidal acids with 21 and 22 carbon atoms. AB - Monohydroxylated acid fraction isolated from human meconium was found to contain, in addition to C20 and C24 acids identified previously, three C22 bile acids (20S)-3 alpha-hydroxy-23,24-bisnor-5 beta-cholan-22-oic, (20S)- and (20R)-3 beta hydroxy-23,24-bisnor-chol-5-en-22-oic, and one C21 acid-3 beta-hydroxypregn-5-en 21-oic. These compounds were identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by comparison with standards. It is postulated that these C22 acids, as well as the two monohydroxylated C24 bile acids (lithocholic and 3 beta hydroxychol-5-enoic) are produced in the maternal intestine by microbial flora and transferred to the fetus through the placenta. PMID- 7087699 TI - [Efficacy of protective intraoral devices during radiotherapy of malignant tumors in the maxillofacial area]. PMID- 7087700 TI - [Blood thyroid hormone levels in nephrolithiasis in the preoperative and early postoperative periods]. PMID- 7087701 TI - [Evaluation of the edge defect in radiocolloid hepatoscintigrams by means of repeated studies with 99mTc-HIDA]. PMID- 7087703 TI - [Relative biological effectiveness of 125I and 131I]. PMID- 7087702 TI - [Combination treatment and diagnosis of large breast cysts]. PMID- 7087704 TI - [Standardization and automatic construction of zones of interest during processing of head and neck scintigrams]. PMID- 7087706 TI - [Radiotherapy of lung cancer patients with Stage III pulmonary insufficiency]. PMID- 7087707 TI - [Dosimetry of ionizing radiations]. PMID- 7087708 TI - [Results of chemo- and radiotherapy of poorly differentiated and undifferentiated lung cancer]. PMID- 7087705 TI - [Method of calculating the irradiation time for the treatment of rectal or vaginal neoplasms on the Agat-B gamma-therapeutic apparatus with a hose applicator]. PMID- 7087709 TI - [Sigmoid endometriosis. A rare form of endometriosis externa from a surgical viewpoint]. PMID- 7087710 TI - [Pathogenesis of obesity (I)]. PMID- 7087711 TI - [What to do for hiccup?]. PMID- 7087712 TI - [Late results of kidney pelvis surgery in congenital mechanical hydronephrosis]. PMID- 7087713 TI - [Determination of kidney function in hyperthermic immersion]. PMID- 7087714 TI - [Effect of bupranolol in combination with isosorbide dinitrate in bronchial diseases]. PMID- 7087715 TI - [New contrast media for oral cholecystrography - iopronic acid (Bilimiro)]. PMID- 7087716 TI - [Lymph node cytology from the viewpoint of internal medicine. Tasks, possibilities and limits]. PMID- 7087717 TI - [Cholanopathies. Pathogenetic significance of bile acids]. PMID- 7087720 TI - [Impressions on health services in Southwest and South Africa]. PMID- 7087719 TI - [Tachycardiac heart rhythm disorders in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 7087721 TI - [What is the value of currently popular drugs for achieving painlessness and healing of peptic ulcer?]. PMID- 7087718 TI - [Significance of EPH-gestosis symptoms for the condition of the newborn]. PMID- 7087722 TI - [Modern possibilities in the early diagnosis of congenital metabolic diseases]. PMID- 7087723 TI - [Child abuse]. PMID- 7087724 TI - [Pathogenesis of obesity (II)]. PMID- 7087725 TI - [Clotrimazole in a new formula]. PMID- 7087727 TI - [Differential thermography of breast cancer]. PMID- 7087726 TI - ["Crooked" newborn infants. The work of the physical therapist]. PMID- 7087728 TI - [The value of mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer]. PMID- 7087729 TI - [The problem of bilateral breast cancer]. PMID- 7087730 TI - [Gallbladder cancer]. PMID- 7087731 TI - [Experiences with the aminoglycoside-cephalosporin combination in the management of surgical patients in intensive care]. PMID- 7087732 TI - [Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the treatment of liver injuries in animal experiments]. PMID- 7087733 TI - [Baycuten and baycuten SD. Effect and tolerance]. PMID- 7087734 TI - [Status and tasks of contemporary geriatrics]. PMID- 7087735 TI - [Polypathy and multimorbidity in geriatrics. Characteristics and significance]. PMID- 7087736 TI - [Lipid metabolism and old age]. PMID- 7087737 TI - [Rehabilitation and old age]. PMID- 7087738 TI - [Suicide and old age]. PMID- 7087739 TI - [Anti-infection therapy. Which antibacterial therapy is indicated in granulocytopenia of cancer patients?]. PMID- 7087740 TI - [Recent advances in the conservative therapy of arterial circulatory disorders]. PMID- 7087742 TI - [Prevention of arterial circulatory disorders]. PMID- 7087743 TI - [Diagnosis of arterial circulatory disorders]. PMID- 7087741 TI - [Perspectives of vascular surgery in the therapy of arterial circulatory disorders]. PMID- 7087746 TI - [Fibrinolytic therapy of deep venous thrombosis]. PMID- 7087744 TI - [Extracranial occlusive diseases]. PMID- 7087747 TI - [Indication for surgery in venous diseases]. PMID- 7087745 TI - [Non-invasive diagnosis of venous diseases]. PMID- 7087748 TI - [Therapy of venous diseases. Conservative and preventive measures]. PMID- 7087750 TI - [Dependence of the psychological condition of infarct patients on the severity of their myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7087749 TI - [Atypical coronary heart disease as the cause of an angina pectoris disorder in Bechterew's disease]. PMID- 7087751 TI - [Peritoneal syndrome in tubal pregnancy and its diagnostic significance]. PMID- 7087752 TI - [Paget-von Schroetter syndrome. Current status of diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7087755 TI - [Effect and compatibility of intramuscularly administered indomethacins in chronic polyarthritis]. PMID- 7087753 TI - [Coumarin necrosis]. PMID- 7087754 TI - [Medical treatment of kidney colic]. PMID- 7087756 TI - [Bronchial carcinoma--current aspects of diagnosis, therapy and physician's responsibility in treating cancer patients]. PMID- 7087757 TI - [Current status of radiological and sonographic diagnosis of lung neoplasms]. PMID- 7087758 TI - [Limitations and possibilities in the surgical therapy of bronchial carcinoma]. PMID- 7087759 TI - [Limitations of a human diagnosis and therapy of tumor patients]. PMID- 7087760 TI - [Management of tumor patients in private practice]. PMID- 7087761 TI - [Supporting tumor patients from the point of view of pastoral care]. PMID- 7087762 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobins and controlling diabetes]. PMID- 7087763 TI - [Medical students and psychological tests in the curriculum of the 2. part of their studies]. PMID- 7087764 TI - Individual differences in secondary task performance. PMID- 7087765 TI - Identifying rotated letter-like symbols. PMID- 7087766 TI - Typicality effects in logically defined categories. PMID- 7087767 TI - The word-frequency paradox in recognition. PMID- 7087768 TI - Phonological recoding in lexical decision: effects of spelling-to-sound regularity depend on how regularity is defined. PMID- 7087769 TI - Memory for forms: common memory formats for verbal and visual stimulus presentations. PMID- 7087770 TI - Units of episodic memory in perceptual recognition. PMID- 7087771 TI - The role of familiarity in determining typicality. PMID- 7087772 TI - Is there evidence for automatic processing of spatial and color attributes present in pictures and words? PMID- 7087773 TI - Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts. PMID- 7087774 TI - Determinants of the word-frequency effect in recognition memory. PMID- 7087775 TI - Testing the assumptions of exponential, additive reaction time models. PMID- 7087776 TI - Cognitive factors in the concurrent differential conditioning of eyelid and skin conductance responses. PMID- 7087777 TI - When can we introspect accurately about mental processes? PMID- 7087779 TI - The salience of silent letters in children's memory for word spellings. PMID- 7087778 TI - Phonetic factors in letter detection: a reevaluation. PMID- 7087780 TI - What does naming a picture do? Effects of prior picture naming on recognition of identical and same-name alternatives. PMID- 7087781 TI - Modality and phonological similarity effects in serial recall: does one's own voice play a role? PMID- 7087782 TI - The mental representation of spatial descriptions. PMID- 7087783 TI - Effective elaboration and inferential reasoning. PMID- 7087785 TI - Physicians' diagnostic information to parents of handicapped neonates. PMID- 7087784 TI - Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for the main points of a text. PMID- 7087786 TI - Referral advice given by physicians. PMID- 7087789 TI - The elimination of chronic rumination through a combination of procedures. PMID- 7087787 TI - Effectiveness of a group contingency procedure for increasing prevocational behavior of profoundly mentally retarded residents. PMID- 7087788 TI - Occipital alpha training in mentally retarded adolescents. PMID- 7087790 TI - Speed and quality of responses from state mental retardation agencies to parental requests for assistance. PMID- 7087791 TI - The evolution of a complex eucaryotic gene. AB - Two thirds of the natural chicken ovomucoid gene has been sequenced, including all exons and the intron sequences surrounding all fourteen intron/exon junctions. The junctions sequences surrounding four of the introns are redundant: however, the sequences surrounding the other three introns contain no redundancies and thus the splicing sites at either end of these three introns are unambiguous. The splicing in all cases conforms to the GT-AG rule. We compare the structural organization of the ovomucoid gene with the ovomucoid protein sequence to examine theories of the evolution of ovomucoids as well as the origin of intervening sequences. This analysis suggests that the present ovomucoid gene evolved from a primordia ovomucoid gene by two separate intragenic duplications. Furthermore, sequence analyses suggest that introns were present in the primordial ovomucoid gene before birds and mammals diverged, about 300 million years ago. Finally, the positions of the introns within the ovomucoid gene support the theory that introns separate gene segments that code for functional domains of proteins and provide insight on the manner by which eucaryotic genes were constructed during the process of evolution. PMID- 7087792 TI - Oviduct progesterone receptor: physical and chemical studies. AB - Chicken oviduct progesterone receptor has been purified to homogeneity. The protein consists of two dissimilar hormone-binding subunits, A and B, present in equal amounts in the complex. They have molecular weights of 79,000 and 108,000, respectively, as shown by both SDS-gel electrophoresis of the purified proteins and photoaffinity labeling of both with a labeled synthetic progestin. The two subunits show considerable homology (or identity) of structure at the hormone binding domain, located at the N-terminus of the proteins. Considerable divergence of sequence must exist elsewhere in A and B, as shown by tryptic peptide mapping and by the fact that subunit A has a strong DNA-binding site lacking in B. Both are phosphorylated in vitro by cAMP-dependent protein kinase; this phosphorylation appears to be responsible for creation of a second, weaker progesterone-binding site on each subunit. PMID- 7087793 TI - Use of estrogen-treated rats as a bioassay for evaluating catabolism of very low density lipoproteins. PMID- 7087794 TI - Evidence for the vivo compartmentation of amino acids between blood cells and plasma in man with liver disease during constant infusion of L (U-14C) tyrosine. AB - L (U-14C) tyrosine tracer was infused at a constant rate for 8 hrs in a series of five patients with liver disease on two occasions, the first when diet consisted of intravenous glucose, and the second when aminoacids were added. Plateau labelling of both plasma and intracellular blood cell free tyrosine was obtained by 6 hr of each infusion. However, the intracellular specific activities were on average 50% lower (p less than 0.05) when diet was glucose alone, and 54% lower (p less than 0.01) when glucose and aminoacids were given. Change in diet did not significantly affect these differences. The results provide evidence for significant in-vivo compartmentation of aminoacids between plasma and blood cells in man with liver disease, and indicate that whole blood cannot be used in the conventional measurement of whole body protein. PMID- 7087797 TI - Simplified production of photographic equidensities for chromosome studies. PMID- 7087796 TI - Inhibition of medium and short-chain fatty acid oxidation in rat heart mitochondria by dichloroacetate. AB - The effect of dichloroacetate (DCA) on the oxidation of medium-chain and short chain fatty acids was studied in rat heart mitochondria. Dichloroacetate (1-10 mM) markedly decreased medium-chain and the short-chain fatty acid oxidation (oxygen uptake and release of 14CO2 from labelled fatty acids) by heart mitochondria; the oxidation of long-chain fatty acid, however, was unaffected by the compound. THe oxidation of acylcarnitines was not influenced by DCA. Dichloroacetate inhibited medium-chain and short-chain fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial acyl-CoA synthases. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by DCA was rapid and not due to its effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase. PMID- 7087795 TI - Effects of AOMA on cholesterol metabolism in man. AB - A new cholesterol-lowering agent, surfomer (AOMA), has been developed that blocks cholesterol absorption and lowers plasma cholesterol in animals. To evaluate AOMA in man, we studied its effects on plasma cholesterol, cholesterol absorption, fecal excretion of cholesterol and its bacterial degradation products, coprostanol and coprostanone, and percent saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol in 20 individuals chosen for hyperlipidemia. These patients had low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of 215 +/- 29 mg/dl. Two dose levels of AOMA were compared (10.8 and 5.4 grams daily), each for 1 mo in a study that combined features of inpatient and outpatient investigation. AOMA was tolerated well by all volunteers. There was a statistically significant correlation between percent absorption and LDL-C in both the control and AOMA treated states. AOMA lowered mean plasma cholesterol and LDL-C by 9.1% and 12.9% at the high dose and by 6.4% and 8.3% at the low dose, respectively. Triglyceride (control = 223 +/- 58 mg/dl, treatment = 232 +/- 85 mg/dl), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C: control = 50 +/- 11 mg/dl, treatment = 50 +/- 13 mg/dl), and other lipoprotein lipids were not affected. AOMA lowered cholesterol absorption by 25% on the high dose. For 18/20 patients there was a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation (r = 0.74) between percent LDL-C reduction and percent absorption inhibition. For these patients, presumably, variable effectiveness of the agent in inhibiting absorption was the most important predictor of individual responsiveness although individual variation in other cholesterol regulatory mechanisms also played a role. Two other patients showed marked LDL-C reduction at unusually low levels of absorption inhibition. We also had the opportunity to compare the effects of AOMA with neomycin in 8 volunteers. Neomycin was 50% more effective in lowering LDL-C than AOMA; however, it was twice as effective in inhibition absorption as well. AOMA dramatically reduced fecal excretion of cholesterol bacterial conversion products; whereas cholesterol per se accounted for only 50% of total neutral steroid excretion in the control state, it accounted for 93% of steroid excretion when patients were administered 10.8 grams of AOMA daily. In four patients studied there was no adverse effect of AOMA on gallbladder saturation with cholesterol; in fact, the percent saturation tended to decrease with AOMA in these four patients. PMID- 7087798 TI - Investigations on vasogenic and cytotoxic brain edema, comparing results from X ray microanalysis and flame photometry. AB - In these studies vasogenic brain edema has been induced by implantation of rat glioma cells RGI 2.2 into BD-IX rats while cytotoxic edema pas produced by permanent regional ischemia in the mongolian gerbil. In the gerbil sodium concentration was raised from 201 meq/kg d.w. (dry weight) [p/b (peak/background) = 0] to 269 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 0.25; 2 hours) and 651 meq/kg d.w. [p/b = 0.71; 24 hours), whereas potassium concentration decreased from 373 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 1.69) to 337 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 1.65) and 152 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 0.53). In the rat tumor sodium and potassium concentrations were 279 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 0.44) and 510 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 1.94). Non-tumorous tissue contained 237 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 0) and 517 meq/kg d.w. (p/b = 1.98). In addition X-ray microanalysis could show that chlorine behaves like sodium, whereas the concentration of phosphorus and sulphur remains nearly constant. X-ray microanalysis in this case proved to be useful in the localization and quantification of different elements. The main disadvantage, however, is the reduced sensitivity for light elements, e.g. sodium, which cannot be determined in normal brain. PMID- 7087799 TI - Comparison of ciliostasis by mycoplasmas in mouse and chicken tracheal organ cultures. AB - The cilia-stopping effect of mycoplasmas of human and various animal origin in mouse and chicken tracheal organ cultures was studied. From the results in mouse tracheal organ cultures, the mycoplasma strains tested were divided into three groups: Mycoplasma pulmonis m53, M pulmonis JB, M. pulmonis OK, M. mycoides subsp. Mycoides PGl and M. Gallisepticum S6 showed a strong cilia-stopping effect; M. pulmonis PG22, M. mycoides subsp. capri PG3, M. meleagridis 19729, M. neurolyticum Type A and M. arthritidis PG6 showed a mild effect; and M. pneumoniae FH, M. salivarium Hup, M. hominis type 1-C and M. orale N-C human origin and Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 showed a weak effect. On the other hand, in chicken tracheal organ cultures, only M. gallisepticum S6 showed a strong effect, M. meleagridis 19729 was affected to a lesser degree, and the other mycoplasma strains showed a weak or no effect. The results indicate that some murine and poultry mycoplasmas showed a cilia-stopping tendency in mouse and chicken tracheal organ cultures, respectively, while human mycoplasmas showed weak or little effect in both organ cultures. In mouse tracheal organ cultures, M. pulmonis m53 treated with heat, trypsin or formaldehyde, and the sterile filtrate of an m53 broth culture showed no cilia-stopping effect. The relationship of the pathogenicity of mycoplasmas for their natural hosts to that for cultured respiratory cells is discussed. PMID- 7087800 TI - The effects of temperature and pH on the growth of eight enteric and nine glucose non-fermenting species of gram-negative rods. AB - We studied the heat resistance and the range of growth temperature o gram negative rods to find one of the bacterial factors governing their infectivity in exogenous and endogenous infections in predisposed patients. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus grew equally well at 25, 30, 37, and 42 C. Among other sugar non-fermenting gram-negative rods, six species showed suppressed growth at either or both ends of the incubation temperature range. All the bacterial species tested were killed within 30 min at 60 or 70 C. At 10 C, none of the bacterial strains multiplied, but all survived for 6 hr. Of 17 bacterial species tested, E. coli had the widest range of growth temperature (18-47 C), and also the shortest time necessary for growth to the certain population. Among the sugar non-fermenting rods, A. calcoaceticus had the widest range of growth temperature (20-45 C) and also multiplied rapidly. Pseudomonas strains exhibited slower growth at all temperatures and also had a narrower range of growth temperature than Enterobacteriaceae. Among Pseudomonas species, P. aeruginosa had the widest range of growth temperature (25-42 C) and also showed rapid growth. Pseudomonas cepacia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Alcaligenes faecalis had a narrow range of growth temperature (28-37 C), and Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, and Moraxella grew most rapidly at 30 C. The above results are correlated fairly well with the incidence of clinical cases of infection. The growth attitude of a species of bacteria in response to temperature was considered to be one of the factors affecting the establishment of infection. PMID- 7087802 TI - Nonbacteremic pseudomonas pneumonia in immunosuppressed guinea pigs. AB - An experimental model of nonbacteremic pneumonia with a virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully established in guinea pigs immuno suppressed with cortisone acetate although the organisms were eliminated rapidly from the lungs without cortisone treatment. Using a pocket nebulizer, almost all the animals which received 10(6) organisms/g-lung developed bronchopneumonia without any septic findings as long as 10 days after challenge. The lesions produced in such animals were characterized by dissemination of multiple purulogranulomatous changes. In the early stage of infection, infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in the bronchiolar and alveolar spaces was diffuse, later showing multifocal accumulation with the formation of central spherical grains enclosing bacterial colonies. In the later stage, granulation tissue consisting of large mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and collagen fibers developed around the PMN accumulation. The animals which received 10(7) organisms/g-lung, on the other hand, developed severe pulmonary hemorrhages and necrosis followed by septic death. PMID- 7087801 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile from different sources. AB - A total of 79 Clostridium difficile strains from healthy young and elderly adults, elderly patients without gastrointestinal disease, elderly patients receiving antibiotics without gastrointestinal complications, and elderly patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis were tested for their susceptibilities to 24 antimicrobial agents. All of the 79 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of rifampicin, metronidazole, fusidic acid, vancomycin, ampicillin, and penicillin G. Strains were highly resistant to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and cycloserine and often resistant to neomycin, cefoxitin, and cefalexin. Wide variations in the susceptibility of C. difficile strains to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were found. Strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and lincomycin were more frequently found among strains isolated from elderly adults than those isolated from young adults, with particularly high frequency among strains isolated from elderly patients receiving antibiotics. None of the 23 strains isolated from healthy young adults was resistant to chloramphenicol. All of the 14 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol were sensitive to tetracycline and all of the 15 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Only one out of 19 tetracycline, resistant strains was highly toxigenic, whereas 42 (70%) of the 60 sensitive strains were highly toxigenic. PMID- 7087804 TI - Studies on the antitumor activity of Fusobacterium nucleatum strain KO-31. PMID- 7087805 TI - Test for susceptibility to chromomycin A3 as an aid to differentiate rhodococci and nocardiae from rapidly growing mycobacteria. PMID- 7087803 TI - Microbicidal activity of bone marrow cells. Augmentation of Candida killing activity of the cells by culturing with fibroblast conditioned medium. AB - Mouse bone marrow cells were seeded in 96-well trays and infected with twofold serially diluted Candida parapsilosis. Outgrowth of the fungi in each well was determined after a 48-hr incubation period. Freshly collected cells demonstrated a candidacidal activity which increased with increase in the number of cells seeded. When fresh cells were cultivated with conditioned medium of mouse embryo fibroblasts, the candidacidal activity continuously increased for a few days and reached a plateau. The activity was augmented more than 1,000-fold compared with that of fresh marrow cells. It is suggested that augmentation is due not to the increase in number of effector cells but to the maturation of effector cells. Carrageenan, which is specifically cytotoxic to macrophages, inhibited augmentation of the activity. Therefore, it appears that most effector cells that matured by cultivation with the conditioned medium belong to the monocyte macrophage lineage. PMID- 7087806 TI - [Possible reason for growth inhibition of Achromobacter cobalamini sp. nov. growing on molasses media]. PMID- 7087809 TI - [Species classification of staphylococci isolated in various human diseases]. PMID- 7087807 TI - [Enteropathogenic properties of NAG vibrios isolated from the environment]. PMID- 7087808 TI - [Conversion of cholera vibrios to the R form]. PMID- 7087810 TI - [Experience in using microorganism associations for purifying bilge water of petroleum products]. PMID- 7087812 TI - [Enzyme activity of an actinomycete producer of carotenes and macrotetrolides]. AB - The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was assayed in the mycelium of Streptomyces chrysomallus var. Carotenoides growing under different conditions of the medium. The activity of the enzymes increased when acetic, citric and succinic acids were added at different periods of the growth. Moreover, addition of the acids increased the time of intensive functioning of the dehydrogenases whose activity abruptly decreased after 60 h of the growth under the control conditions. PMID- 7087813 TI - [Role of oxygen in the photoinactivation of the spores of microscopic fungi]. AB - The photo-induced damage of DNa is the principal factor causing photoinactivation of fungal spores in the absence of oxygen. Cytochromes and flavins can be involved in the process as sensitizers of the photochemical effect in the presence of oxygen. If fungi are irradiated with visible light having a short wave length (violet-blue light) when their reproductive organs are being formed, the resultant spores will have different photoresistance manifested only in the presence of oxygen. The differences seem to be due to nonuniform development of biological systems including photosensitizers. PMID- 7087811 TI - [Key Rhodococcus enzymes in the catabolism of aromatic compounds]. AB - The enzyme apparatus involved in the catabolism of aromatic compounds in rhodococci is characterized by the presence of pyrocatechase and protocatechoate 3,4-dioxygenase as principal enzymes cleaving the aromatic cycle. Metapyrocatechase was found in about 30% of the rhodococci. All the enzymes are inducible. The inductor of pyrocatechase seems to be cyc-cys-muconate, and that of protocatechase appears to be 3-oxoadipate. The metapyrocatechase of rhodococci, in contrast to that of Pseudomonas, is not induced by benzoate, p toluylate, p-xylene and phenol. The activity of metapyrocatechase rises 20-50 times comparing to the basal level only in the presence of p-cresol. The enzyme has a relatively low activity in rhodococci (50-200 nmole per 1 min per 1 mg of protein), though a very high affinity for methylcatechols. The activity of metapyrocatechase with methylcatechols is 2-5 times as high as that with catechol as a substrate, whereas the activity of pyrocatechase with methylcatechols is two times as low as that with catechol as a substrate. Such additional substrates as acetate, glycerol or fumarate have no effect on the qualitative composition of the key enzymes involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds in Rhodococcus carollinus 172. Glucose represses the synthesis of enzymes cleaving the aromatic ring by 100%. Fumarate taken in a 5-fold excess inhibits the activity of catechol oxygenases by 40%; if it is taken in a 1000-fold excess, it inhibits the enzyme activity by 100%. PMID- 7087814 TI - [Cytology of the dynamics of capsule formation in yeasts]. AB - Changes in the dimensions and structure of capsules were examined using optical and electron microscopy in the yeast Cryptococcus magnus producing extracellular polysaccharides in the course of its batch cultivation. The mean thickness of capsules was minimal in the period of active budding, but is rapidly increased later on. The dimensions of capsules, as well as the distribution density of capsule fibrils, were maximal at the beginning of the stationary growth phase. The results indicate that the intensive process of capsule formation occurs in formed buds, young separated cells. They contain the greatest number of vesicles with fibrillar material moving from the centre of the cell toward its periphery. The vesicles are absent in the stationary growth phase when the capsules thicken on more. In the phase of dying off, the capsule size and the density of capsule fibres decrease because the capsule material dissolves in the medium. These findings are discussed in relation to capsule biosynthesis and production of extracellular polysaccharides by yeasts. PMID- 7087815 TI - [Carboxysomes of the thermophilic hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas thermophila]. AB - The technique of electron microscopy was used to detect the presence of paracrystal hexagonal inclusions in the cells and spheroplasts of the thermophilic hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas thermophila. The connection of the inclusions with DNA threads can easily be seen on photomicrographs of the spheroplasts. The cells were disintegrated by freezing and thawing and the resultant homogenates were centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient; up to 80% of the activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RDP carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.39) was found in the fraction of particles containing hexagonal paracrystal inclusions (carboxysomes). Their granular content and the tendency to diffuse were seen at a magnification x100,000. The percentage of the insoluble enzyme was higher in cells in the stationary growth phase than in growing cells. Only 25% of the enzyme activity was detected in the particles after the cells treated with lysozyme had been subjected to osmotic shock. A possible role of carboxysomes in cells as a compartment storing RDP carboxylase is discussed. PMID- 7087816 TI - [Synthetic medium for culturing Clostridium sporogenes]. AB - Clostridium sporogenes was shown to be capable of good stable-growth and biomass accumulation up to 5 mg/ml (dry weight) in a chemically defined medium. Along with glucose, the culture required the following amino acids for its growth: arginine, phenylalanine, glycine tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, and methionine. The culture could grow in the absence of inorganic nitrogen but required such elements as phosphorus, iron and magnesium. Addition of cysteine to the medium accelerated the growth and increased the biomass yield. Leucine at a concentration over 0.1% inhibited the growth. Two vitamins, viz. biotin and p-aminobenzoic acid, are sufficient for the growth of the culture. PMID- 7087818 TI - Pathology in the lower half of the functional face - its significance in clinical medicine. AB - The term "functional" face is introduced, defined, and its significance as a major reception area is stressed. Common symptoms (fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea, tension and irritability) whose aetiology and pathogenesis are often unknown or unclear, an presumed by many to have a psychogenic origin, may have their source in locally asymptomatic pathology in the mandible and maxillae (impacted teeth (1), non-vital teeth and residual infection (2)). Reasons are suggested for physicians and dentists overlooking this pathology. Based on known and accepted anatomical, physiological and pathological considerations a new evaluation of this locally asymptomatic pathology is offered. It will be argued that, at present, the diagnosis of psychogenic origin for these symptoms is untenable. Clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis is provided. PMID- 7087819 TI - Evolutionary loss of ascorbic acid synthesis: how it may have enhanced the survival interests of man. AB - It is proposed that the loss of ability by humans to synthesize ascorbic aicd may have markedly enhanced the survival opportunities of early man living in a malarial infested environment. This hypothesis is based on biomedical evidence which indicates that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficient individuals display enhanced sensitivity to ascorbic acid induced hemolysis which has been fatal at sufficiently high doses and that the G-6-PD deficient trait has been selected for in malarial environments. PMID- 7087817 TI - Aspects of breast cancer control: is prophylactic mastectomy a feasible modality? AB - Even though mammographic techniques have improved and small tumors of 0.5 cm in diameter can be detected, decreased breast cancer mortality has not yet resulted. Because small tumors may cause systemic spread, in many patients breast cancer at the time of diagnosis is a systemic disease which is incurable. A reduction in breast cancer mortality seems possible by prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women at extraordinary high risk of breast cancer. These are patients with (a) breast cancer in mother and sister, (b) breast cancer in mother or sister and a combination of various risk factors (early menarche - late menopause, nulliparity, late first pregnancy), (c) noninvasive malignant breast disease (carcinoma in situ), (d) therapy-resistant fibrocystic disease with intolerable pain and/or extreme anxiety (carcinophobia, and (e) benign breast neoplasia with malignant potentials (cellular atypia = precancerosis). Also, in breast cancer patients without regional and systemic spread and who are at high risk for developing cancer in the other breast, prophylactic contralateral mastectomy may be indicated. These are patients with (a) unilateral invasive breast cancer in the premenopause and a family history (mother or sister) of breast cancer, (b) unilateral invasive lobular carcinoma or tubular (ductal) carcinoma, and (c) unilateral invasive breast cancer and precancerous lesions in the other breast. PMID- 7087821 TI - Cellular heterochrony and neoplasia. AB - Neoplastic change in a cell represents a cellular "macroevolutionary' event. Through variation or rearrangement of regulatory genes, neoplastic cells reiterate the expression of normally quiescent ancestral, juvenile, or embryonic traits and behavior at an inappropriate stage in their ontogeny. The author has coined the term 'cellular heterochrony' to illustrate analogic similarities in the molecular modes of evolutionary change of both anaplastic cancer cells and the heterochronic, paedomorphic evolution of organisms. In these pages, anaplasia is considered to be part of a larger biological phenomenon. A theory regarding the role of prolactin and thyroxine in tumourigenesis is presented to explain the atavistic or heterochronic development and possible metamorphosis of retrodifferentiated malignant cells. PMID- 7087820 TI - A new suggestion of the design of rational anticancer therapy: experimental studies in mice. AB - In attempts to develop a rational anticancer strategy the same homologous tissue in 3 conditions were used side by side as targets: normal epidermis of the mouse back. Tween 60R-provoked benign epidermal hyperplasia, and carcinogen-provoked malignant condition. In contrast to the highest tolerated doses of the cytostatics conventionally used, the dose was stepwise decreased towards the subthreshold level. Then the smallest dose that caused the slightest detectable injury to the malignant cells was employed. The results show that the dose of the cytostatics (colchicine, and vinblastine sulfate) can be reduced to 1/12 if the drug is linked to dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), a compound with unique hydrating and oxido-reducing properties. The cytostatic-DMSO complex acts selectively, sparing the viability of the normal and hyperplastic cells, but at the same time increasing the vulnerability of the malignant cells. The specific target for cytostatic-DMSO complex is the 3-dimensional cytoskeleton (the differentiation organelle) which is deranged in malignant cells. The measure causes a morbid swelling (20-fold, or more) of the cytoplasm which leads to collapse of the cytoskeleton, so that the marginal quantities of the cytostatics can exert their effects in the highly re-hydrated water matrix of the malignant cells. It is, moreover, probable that the doses of the cytostatic in DMSO could be further reduced to 1/100, or even to 1/1,000. The polarization microscopic technique reveals events down to the (sub)-molecular level. The cytological material comprises 930,000 karyokinetic assemblies and 14,522,600 corresponding nucleated non-dividing cells in various cutaneous conditions of 1,860 mice. The conclusions were drawn only when the differences between corresponding parameter pairs were statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). PMID- 7087822 TI - The biologic significance of neutrophil regulatory mechanisms. AB - Self-regulation of feedback control are essential features of most complex biological systems. Neutrophil leukocytes possess potent oxidative and lysomal products for the killing of invading microbes. These toxic products are also capable of causing auto-oxidative injury and tissue damage. Indeed, neutrophils have been implicated as mediators of tissue injury in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It is proposed that a sophisticated and complex regulatory mechanism for neutrophil function is operative in healthy individuals. Much of the evidence for this is tentative and fragmentary, but a logical framework is beginning to emerge. PMID- 7087823 TI - The relationship of subtle differences in fasting blood glucose with subtle differences in the electrocardiogram: a study of the PR interval. AB - There are now well-established relationships between the trinity of classical diabetes mellitus, defined cardiovascular syndromes, diverse overt electrocardiographic patterns. What has not been considered is the possible relationship of the subtle forms of prediabetes (meaning nonspecific patterns of carbohydrate metabolism) and subtle expressions of electrocardiographic aberration. The evidence presented herein suggests a real and significant parallelism between the PR interval and small differences in fasting blood glucose not previously reported. Additionally, the data suggest that while it may be normal (average) for the PR interval to increase with advancing age, it is not normal (physiologic) for the PR interval to enlarge in the autumnal years. PMID- 7087824 TI - Orthomolecular aids for dieting. PMID- 7087828 TI - First aid in envenomation. PMID- 7087830 TI - Use of physiotherapy in a children's casualty department. PMID- 7087825 TI - gamma-Ray induced lung adenocarcinoma in the mouse. AB - A theoretical calculation of gamma-ray induced adenocarcinoma of mouse lung at low dose rates is performed. It is assumed that double strand breaks are the major damage to DNA and whose repair is about 99%. From the data of Ullrich and Storer, comparisons between theory and experiment yield the immunological efficiency which is relatively constant over the dose range 0-200 rads is about 50% of that for humans. PMID- 7087827 TI - Control of abuse in the medical benefits scheme. PMID- 7087829 TI - Follow the yellow brick road: medical research policy in the land of Oz. AB - Annual expenditure on medical research in Australia exceeds 70 million dollars. The scientific community has lobbied the government strongly for an increase in this sum. There has been much less discussion about how the available funds should be distributed. The National Health & Medical Research Council, which provides about one-third of the total support for medical research in Australia has, since 1973, attempted to foster research in various areas of need, while maintaining its traditional support of individual projects. These initiative are seen as important moves towards a national research policy. The complexities of Australian medical research suggest that increased funding of strong research groups as "centres of excellence" is an important objective, but this must be accompanied by steady encouragement of the whole fabric of research in medical schools and teaching hospitals which are the nurseries of the researchers of the future. PMID- 7087826 TI - On the causation of diabetes mellitus (effect of saliva on blood glucose levels in oral glucose tolerance tests). PMID- 7087831 TI - Measles or rubella? PMID- 7087833 TI - A cure for constipation? PMID- 7087832 TI - Heat stroke and malignant hyperpyrexia. PMID- 7087834 TI - Correction. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure: survey of the relationship at a health-screening clinic. PMID- 7087835 TI - Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. AB - This paper reviews 58 patients with traumatic rupture of the diaphragm treated at the Royal Adelaide Hospital during an 11-year period. The series appears to be the largest reported from one centre. The majority of cases resulted from blunt trauma to the trunk caused by motor vehicle accidents. More than half these patients sustained multiple injuries. A smaller group of patients had penetrating injuries to the diaphragm from gunshot or stab wounds. Clinical diagnosis of the ruptured diaphragm was seldom possible; an erect X-ray film of the chest was the best clue to diagnosis. In the acute phase, the injury was approached through laparotomy because of the need to exclude or treat other intra-abdominal injuries. Where diagnosis or treatment were delayed, thoracotomy was the approach of choice. Careful postoperative management, particularly of associated chest injuries, was the key to the low mortality achieved in this series. PMID- 7087836 TI - Retarding the uptake of "mock venom" in humans: comparison of three first-aid treatments. AB - We compared, for the first time in human subjects, first-aid measures to treat bites from Australian snakes using a "mock venom" (congruent to 0.2 mL of Na 131I at 7.4 kBq or 11.1 kBq (0.2 muCi/kg or 0.3 muCi/kg)) as a subcutaneous injection in the lateral aspect of the leg. After application of either a full-length lower limb airsplint (inflated to 7.3 +/- 0.7 kPa (55 +/- 5 mmHg) pressure) or the currently recommended treatment (elastic bandages at 7.3 +/- 0.7 kPa (55 +/- 5 mmHg) pressure and supporting splint) the rate of appearance of the Na 131I in the peripheral blood was approximately the same as the ratio for the untreated controls. However, application of a large firm pad over the injection site and its immediate surrounds, retained by a non-elastic bandage (at least 9.3 kPa (70 mmHg) pressure over the injection site), completely prevented "mock venom" uptake until the pad was removed. Further investigations are proceeding. PMID- 7087837 TI - Investigation of post-cholecystectomy problems. PMID- 7087838 TI - Value of computerised tomography in diagnosing diseases of the lumbar spine. PMID- 7087839 TI - Unusual complication of intravenous catheterisation. PMID- 7087840 TI - Diet and diabetics. PMID- 7087841 TI - Treatment of incompetent terminally ill patients. 2. Reflections on the American experience. PMID- 7087842 TI - Colorectal cancer screening. PMID- 7087843 TI - Epidural analgesia. PMID- 7087845 TI - Cimetidine and agranulocytosis. PMID- 7087846 TI - How many general practitioners is enough? PMID- 7087844 TI - Registration of foreign-trained doctors. PMID- 7087848 TI - Mortality risks in Australian men by occupational groups, 1968-1978: variations associated with differences in drinking and smoking habits. AB - Analysis of patterns of male mortality in Australia during 1968-1978 shows elevated death rates from liver cirrhosis, alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis in various rural, service, and "blue-collar" occupations. The risks of mortality from lung cancer and cancers of the upper alimentary tract and larynx--sites influenced by alcohol and tobacco consumption--are raised in the latter two groups. In contrast, the risks of mortality from cancer of the colon, thought to be influenced by dietary "affluence", are consistently higher for professional and "white-collar" groups. As reported in other populations, stomach cancer mortality risks are higher for service and blue-collar groups. The risks of mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are also higher, albeit moderately, for these two groups. The consideration of personal behaviour as a reflection of socioeconomic and subcultural influences is a prerequisite to effective community health education. PMID- 7087847 TI - Intracranial hypertension in nalidixic acid therapy. PMID- 7087849 TI - Incidence and causes of hyperbilirubinaemia in a hospital population: with particular reference to blood transfusion. AB - We surveyed a large hospital population of patients to establish the incidence and causes of hyperbilirubinaemia. In a review of 6890 patients, we found an overall incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia of 9%. We reviewed the case histories of 175 patients with hyperbilirubinaemia to analyse the causes and contributory factors. In 22% of patients with hyperbilirubinaemia, hepatobiliary disease was the sole cause and was a contributory cause in another 7%. Disorders of oxygen transport were the single most common cause of hyperbilirubinaemia, being the sole cause in 38% of patients and a contributing cause in a further 9%. Blood transfusion was the sole cause of elevation in bilirubin level in only three patients (1.7%), but was a very significant contributing factor in a further 18%. It is likely that Gilbert's syndrome was a contributing factor in some cases but, as there is no definitive test for diagnosis, clear identification was not possible. PMID- 7087851 TI - Early diagnosis of multiple births. PMID- 7087852 TI - Respiratory morbidity in Brisbane waterside workers. PMID- 7087850 TI - Quality of antenatal care and pregnancy outcome. PMID- 7087854 TI - No benefit for Lord's procedure. PMID- 7087853 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis and respiratory disease in infants. PMID- 7087855 TI - Parenteral corticosteroids. PMID- 7087857 TI - Compulsory blood alcohol testing of road crash casualties in Victoria: the second three years (1978-1980). AB - Since 1974, blood alcohol estimations have been compulsory for all road crash casualties aged 15 years or older presenting at public hospitals in Victoria. This paper details the results of the second sequence of three complete years of testing (1978-1980). Blood samples were obtained from 50712 casualties. There were 41307 of "driver" and 9405 of "non-driver" labelled samples. Of driver and non-driver samples, 20.5% and 17.9% respectively had alcohol levels in excess of the legal driver limit of 11 mmol/L (0.05 g/100 mL). The blood alcohol level exceeded 33 mmol/L (0.15 g/100 mL) in 9.8% of driver and 6.4% of non-driver labelled samples. The legal limit was exceeded by 27.4% of male and 9.2% of female drivers. The percentage of city and country driver casualties who had blood alcohol levels in excess of the legal limit was 18.7% and 25.0%. These results closely resemble those obtained between 1974 and 1977. The differences, while statistically significant, have resulted in less than a 1% decrease in the percentages of drivers and non-drivers with blood alcohol levels in excess of 11 mmol/L (0.05 g/100 mL). The largest annual decrease occurred between 1978 and 1979 and followed increased penalties for drink-driving offences. PMID- 7087856 TI - Road fatalities in rural New South Wales: weighing the causes. AB - The major concern in a study of untimely death in a country region of New South Wales was: what caused fatal motor vehicle accidents? We examined coroners' records over a three-year period to obtain information on road conditions and driver ability, paying particular attention to the influence of alcohol. Age specific fatality rates, compared with coroners' data from the Sydney metropolitan area, revealed elevated rates for all age groups, especially among those aged from 15 to 29 years. The most vulnerable age group was 15 to 29 years, for which the death rate was more than four times as high as for their metropolitan counterpart. Alcohol was a major contributing factor. The driver's inability to handle his vehicle outweighed the condition of country roads as the primary cause of fatal crashes. PMID- 7087859 TI - Cimetidine-induced acute ulcerative colitis. PMID- 7087858 TI - Urinalysis in an Australian teaching hospital. PMID- 7087860 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7087861 TI - Significance of a negative mammogram. PMID- 7087862 TI - Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. PMID- 7087863 TI - Unnecessary appendicectomy. PMID- 7087864 TI - AID offspring: initial follow-up study of 50 couples. PMID- 7087866 TI - A swimming-pool hazard. PMID- 7087868 TI - Ambiguous example. PMID- 7087867 TI - Appraisal of a new rapid enzyme strip. PMID- 7087865 TI - Digital amputations by slippery slides. PMID- 7087869 TI - Splenectomy and allergic states. PMID- 7087870 TI - Burns caused by heating pads. PMID- 7087871 TI - Risk of rabies. PMID- 7087872 TI - Whooping cough. PMID- 7087873 TI - Propranolol psychosis. PMID- 7087874 TI - Drug interactions: incidence in Victoria. PMID- 7087875 TI - Herbicides and coronary ectasia. PMID- 7087876 TI - Growth and feeding practices of Western Australian infants. AB - Records from 12 metropolitan and six country Child Health Centres in Western Australia confirm a recent trend back to breast feeding; more than half the mothers were still breast feeding at three months. This trend was most marked and sustained in the highest socioeconomic group. Weight gains in infancy showed negative correlation with duration of breast feeding. By 12 months of age, infants from families in the lowest socioeconomic group, who breast-fed least, were significantly heavier than those from the highest. This fits our data which show an association between social class and breast feeding, and breast feeding and weight gain. PMID- 7087877 TI - Suicide in rural New South Wales: comparison with metropolitan experience. AB - Our study of coroners' records in a country region of New South Wales revealed major differences between rural and metropolitan suicide patterns. While the crude suicide rates were lower in the country than in the city, sex and age specific rates showed unexpected anomalies, the principal one being that women aged 50 to 64 years in the New England region were more than twice as likely to commit suicide as their counterparts throughout the State. This ratio is the inverse of that predicted by findings in Victoria and Europe. The study suggests that two major factors contributing to the unexpectedly high suicide rate for this section of the community were social isolation and the use of prescribed medications. PMID- 7087878 TI - Radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the vocal cords: results of a 10 year experience. AB - A 10-year period of treatment at the Department of Radiotherapy of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital was analysed retrospectively to assess the efficacy of "radical" irradiation in patients with early glottic cancer (Stages I and II). From June, 1964, to June, 1974, 120 patients were treated primarily with radiotherapy, which was followed by salvage laryngectomy for those with locally recurrent disease. Patient follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 12 years (mean, 6.2 years). The incidence of disease recurrence after radiotherapy was 13.7% for patients with Stage-I disease and 13.6% for patients with Stage-II disease. The five-year actuarial probability of local tumour control was 85% for patients with Stage-I disease. Ninety-one patients (77.8%) remain alive and well without disease recurrence, with an actuarial five-year survival probability for patients with stage-I disease of 93.8%. "Radical" irradiation for early glottic cancer can result in excellent survival rates with a small probability of local recurrence and few complications. PMID- 7087880 TI - Human sexuality teaching in a medical school. PMID- 7087879 TI - Symptoms of carcinoma of the oesophagus. AB - Cancer of the oesophagus in its early stages is relatively asymptomatic, and the establishment of the diagnosis may be delayed because of the failure of the patient to seek early medical attention, or because the initial examining physician made an incorrect diagnosis. A good knowledge of the symptoms of the disease as well as an active role in diagnostic studies aid the physician in rapidly achieving the diagnosis. The most common symptoms in 162 patients with cancer of the oesophagus were: difficulty in swallowing (96%), loss of weight (42%), vomiting (25%), pain in the upper part of the abdomen (20%) and retrosternal pain (20%). The mean duration of symptoms before first presentation for medical attention was 3.1 months, and the correct diagnosis was generally established four to six weeks after the initial visit at the doctor's office. In 21.6% of cases, the initial visit did not lead to the correct diagnosis. PMID- 7087881 TI - "Pink" diarrhoea: osmotic diarrhoea from a sorbitol-containing vitamin C supplement. AB - Sorbitol was the sole cause of protracted diarrhoea in seven children seen in two paediatric-gastroenterology outpatient departments. The sorbitol had been administered in the form of a vitamin C supplement in all seven children. Pink staining of napkins was a prominent feature in five of these seven patients, and was attributed to the cochineal dye contained in the vitamin C supplement. In children with chronic or intermittent watery diarrhoea, a careful dietary history should be obtained. If sorbitol ingestion is documented, a trial of sorbitol exclusion is recommended before embarking on extensive investigations. PMID- 7087882 TI - Follicular dermatitis caused by Salmonella dublin. PMID- 7087883 TI - [Reye syndrome: etiology still undetermined]. PMID- 7087884 TI - [Modern diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms]. PMID- 7087886 TI - [Hemorrhoidal disorders]. PMID- 7087885 TI - [Mutilating urinary tract and kidney lesions caused by instillation of ether into the bladder]. PMID- 7087887 TI - Topical acyclovir for herpes simplex. PMID- 7087889 TI - Antacids. PMID- 7087888 TI - Oral verapamil for angina pectoris. PMID- 7087890 TI - Metoclopramide (Reglan). PMID- 7087891 TI - Zyderm Collagen Implant. PMID- 7087892 TI - Hydrogen ion dynamics and cancer: an appraisal. AB - The concentration of hydrogen ions plays a critical role in all biochemical processes, including multiple enzymatic reactions, and in the regulation of metabolism. The acid-base aspects of metabolism as applied to cancer are considered. Preliminary data are presented. The primary concept of hydrogen ion dynamics is related to prevention, development, and etiology of carcinogenicity, as well as to the regression of certain malignant malignant tumors. The present overview summarizes, in terms of H+ dynamics, many related concepts in oncologic research and associates and integrates a variety of basic and clinical observations toward better understanding of cancer cell behavior, biology, and host-tumor relationships. PMID- 7087893 TI - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood. AB - We have retrospectively evaluated a series of 27 consecutive children observed from 1965 to 1980 with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Histological diagnosis in each patient was undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) with prominent lymphocytic infiltration. Regional node involvement was present in 26 of 27 patients and two children presented with distant metastases. Twenty evaluable children with primary nasopharyngeal tumor with or without positive cervical nodes underwent radiotherapy (RT) with uniform criteria in technique. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide (CPM) was administered to a total of 11 children. The actuarial relapse-free survival and overall survival are 40% and 55% at four years, respectively. In this series, the most important prognostic factor was represented by the extent of the tumor in the nasopharynx. Permanent control of the primary tumor was obtained in 85% of patients. CPM given after RT did not reduce the incidence of relapse. However, the fact that 45% of patients developed distant metastases as first treatment failure suggests that combined chemotherapy should be tested in the management of NPC in children, especially when primary tumor is locally advanced. PMID- 7087894 TI - Tissue disposition of doxorubicin in experimental animals. AB - Doxorubicin was administered via peripheral vein to rabbits with or without VX-2 carcinoma and to rats with 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. In rabbits, the doxorubicin tissue levels showed a decreasing order as follows: kidney, spleen, lung, heart, marrow, liver, gut, tumor, muscle, and fat. In rats, the order of doxorubicin concentration in organs from high to low appeared similar, except lung concentration was closer to spleen and kidney; and doxorubicin level in fat was higher than that in muscle. When different doses of doxorubicin were given, the tissue concentrations were proportional to the dose. At 24 hr after administration, the concentration of doxorubicin in liver was much higher in rats that received the drug injected directly into the hepatic artery or mesenteric portal vein than in those that received the drug via the peripheral vein. In the discussions, our results in rats and rabbits were compared with what had been reported in the literature of tissue uptake studies in mice, dogs, and patients. PMID- 7087895 TI - Content bias in the neoplastic-related items of the National Board of Medical Examiners Part II Examination. AB - The Education Evaluation Committee of the American Association for Cancer Education (AACE) attempted to employ the neoplastic-related items from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Part II examination in a study correlating program characteristics at various medical schools with performance on the neoplastic-related items. All questions on the September, 1977 and April, 1978 NBME Part II examinations were reviewed by board certified medical oncologists who found an approximate 20% discordance between the AACE and NBME classifications. Content analysis of the neoplastic-related items disclosed a preponderance of questions related to gynecologic cancer with few questions concerning the major solid tumors: lung, breast and colorectal cancer. In addition, virtually no questions related to the psychologic impact of cancer or to the therapy of cancer were asked. We conclude that the use of item by item performance scores from the neoplastic-related items is inadequate for program analysis due to disagreements over what constitutes such an item and to content bias in the agreed upon items. We propose a coding system that may allow the results from current NBME examinations to be used in program evaluation. PMID- 7087898 TI - [Diphyllobothriasis in Novosirsk Province. 1. Characteristics of the epidemiological status]. PMID- 7087896 TI - Induction of neuroblastoma maturation by a new chemotherapy protocol. AB - Five patients, 1.5 to 9 years old, were treated at M.D. Anderson Hospital for Stage III of IV neuroblastoma. Each was entered into a chemotherapy protocol which included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (F3TdR), and papaverine, and each responded with marked reduction in size of the abdominal tumor mass. All patients then underwent exploratory laparotomy and resection or biopsy of residual tumor. In three cases, histological examination of the treated tumor showed ganglioneuroblastoma with predominance of mature cells; one patient had a mature ganglioneuroma, whereas only necrotic tissue was obtained from the fifth patient. These findings support the hypothesis that this chemotherapy protocol can induce neuroblastoma maturation. PMID- 7087897 TI - Adolescent adjustment to amputation. AB - We investigated the psychological effects of amputation on adolescent patients by interviewing 27 persons who had a limb amputation because of cancer during their adolescence and compared them to data obtained from eight patients with amputations due to trauma at similar ages. In cancer patients, mobility-related activities and social matters including relations with peers and the opposite sex and self-consciousness were of paramount concern. All cancer patients considered themselves functionally independent and 67% had little or no concern for the future. While malignancy and amputation had a significant impact on the patients' lives, the vast majority had a positive view of life and 85% were found to have what we assessed as adequate overall adjustment. Individual variables examined included marital and child-bearing patterns, educational attainments, vocational attainments, perceived parental and peer support, adaptation to prosthesis, and variables relating to general outlook on life and psychological adjustment. Our results suggest that the patients who have had amputations due to malignancy differ from traumatic amputees in their adjustment to amputation, with cancer patients showing, in many instances, evidence of better adaptation to disability. This may in part be due to different backgrounds and social orientation of traumatic amputees. We found the majority of cancer amputees to adjust well to their circumstances and to report leading full and productive lives. PMID- 7087899 TI - [Socioeconomic aspects of medical helminthology]. PMID- 7087901 TI - [Lipid dynamics and distribution in the liver of golden hamsters infested with O. opisthorchis felineus]. PMID- 7087902 TI - The photon-fluence scaling theorem for Compton-scattered radiation. AB - This paper concerns a method of scaling photon fluence from one scattering material to another when the photon energies are such that the dominant mode of interaction is Compton scattering. The theorem establishes a one-to-one correspondence between points in the two scattering media where the spectra of primary and scattered photons have the same distribution in energy and angle, and where the fluence ratio equals the square of the electron density ratio. Experimental tests were made with cobalt-60 gamma radiation using ionization chamber measurements in graphite, acrylic plastic, polystyrene, and water phantoms. The experimental results are consistent with the equality of photon spectral shapes and angular distributions at corresponding points. The fluence ratios may differ by a few percent from the predicted values, depending on distance from the source. PMID- 7087903 TI - NMR rheotomography: feasibility and clinical potential. AB - An investigation has been undertaken of the effect of flow on NMR images. We term the new technique of flow analysis examined here, NMR rheotomography. Images were acquired through use of a spin-echo technique. They were of doped water passing through a glass U-tube, simulating a small vein, which fitted into the magnetic field gradient and radiofrequency coils of an NMR imaging apparatus. For the case of the inlet arm of the U-tube, the flow images displayed an intensity distribution which compared favorably to a simple physical model based on laminar flow. The intensity distribution observed for the outlet arm was explained through consideration of the perturbation to flow introduced by the U-bend. Generally, the results of the feasibility study indicate that (a) the NMR spin echo image is modified by flow in a predictable manner, (b) display of the velocity profile is possible, (c) through use of a U-tube some separation can be demonstrated within a single image of the twin factors, proton incursion into the image "slice" and proton dephasing, which generally combine to modify the flow image intensity, and (d) discrimination between different modes of flow may be possible by NMR CT. The clinical potential suggested by the results is discussed; NMR rheotomography may prove to be particularly useful for the noninvasive diagnosis of structurally-originating cardiovascular defects. PMID- 7087900 TI - [Intestinal schistosomiasis in the Guinea People's Revolutionary Republic (West Africa)]. PMID- 7087904 TI - Determination of bromine in blood serum by 125I excited x-ray fluorescence. AB - A radioisotope excited XRF method based on the use of five 10-mCi 125I point sources arranged in a newly designed configuration is applied to the bromine determination in very small blood serum samples (less than or equal to 50 microL). The possibility of determination of 0.05 micrograms Br in blood serum during 100 s counting time with a standard deviation of +/- 10% is described. The simplicity and low cost of the present method are major advantages over the other nondestructive methods and render it suitable for medical laboratories. PMID- 7087905 TI - The measurement of trabecular bone mineral density using coherent and Compton scattered photons in vitro. AB - A photon scattering method for measuring the trabecular bone mineral density (TBMD) in vitro is described. This method involves the measurement of the ratio of coherent to Compton 90 degrees scattered photons from Am-241 by using a narrow beam geometry with an intrinsic germanium detector. The feasibility of using smaller scattering angles for better counting efficiency and the associated problems in their application for in-vivo measurements were investigated. Calibration of the system with fresh trabecular bone samples showed a linear relationship between the coherent to Compton ratio R of the detected counts and the TBMD (r = 0.94). The effect of the overlying soft tissue on the R ratio was significant while the effect of self-attenuation by the trabecular bone itself and the cortical layer was negligible. It was found that the marrow fat content could alter the value of the R ratio. Our results show that for a 10% increase in the fat content in the interstices of the trabecular bone there is a 2.5% decrease in the R ratio. This technique together with soft tissue corrections will enable us to measure the TBMD of the calcaneum in vivo, assuming a small variation in the trabecular fat content. The estimated absorbed dose to the bone marrow is about 139 mrad. PMID- 7087906 TI - A comparison of computed and measured heel effect for various target angles. AB - Two models for thick target emission spectra, one using constant depth of Bremsstrahlung and one using continuous slowing-down of electrons and multiple thin targets, were used to predict filtered emission spectra at various angles with respect to the central axis. Integration of these spectra and comparison against measured heel effect gave excellent agreement for tungsten targets with take-off angles of 7 degrees and 10 degrees at 60 and 100 kVp when the angular anisotropy of Bremsstrahlung was taken into account. Results for a 17.5 degrees target at 60 kVp were poor, possibly indicating a need for a better model of Bremsstrahlung angular dependence. PMID- 7087908 TI - A xenon ionization detector for digital radiography. AB - Xenon gas x-ray detectors have been used successfully in CT scanners; however, they have been found to be unsuitable for digital radiography. We have designed and built a new type of xenon x-ray detector array and tested its suitability for digital radiography. The detector consists of two parallel plates separated by a 0.5-mm gap, filled with xenon gas at a pressure of about 30 atm. One of the plates is the high-voltage electrode, while the other is a circuit board etched to form an array of metal collector strips focused on the x-ray source. Since there are no metal septa separating the individual detector elements, the dose efficiency of the detector is high, but image degradation will occur due to cross talk between detector elements. Measurements of the cross-talk show that about an 18% reduction in contrast will occur, when a low contrast object, subtending one detector element, is imaged. We have also measured a detector MTF of 14% at 2 lp/mm, a signal of 10 pC for a 1-mR x-ray exposure at the detector entrance, a 6% nonlinearity in the detector signal over about 3 orders of magnitude in x-ray exposure, and a charge collection time (time response) of about 0.1 ms. From these results it is concluded that this new detector design is feasible for digital radiography. PMID- 7087907 TI - The effect of geometric errors in the reconstruction of iridium-192 seed implants. AB - In the treatment of tumors using interstitial implants of radioactive seeds, the accuracy of computed dose distributions depends upon the accuracy with which the three-dimensional source geometries are reconstructed from radiographs of the implants. The effect of geometric reconstruction errors in iridium-192 seed implants were studied, using tumor dose as the measure. Tumor dose was defined as the average dose around the periphery of the treatment volume. Three ideal mathematical implants and five actual patient implants were used. The implants were distorted by randomly moving a specified number of seeds a specified distance. Tumor doses were directly calculated for the ideal implants. For the actual implants, isodose distributions were plotted and were read by a radiotherapist. For both types of implants, percentage errors in the tumor doses were calculated for the distorted reconstructions relative to the correct reconstructions. It was found that the tumor dose was accurate to within 5% if all the seeds were reconstructed to within 0.5 cm of their actual positions. Furthermore, up to 5% of the seeds could be mismatched between films, or otherwise incorrectly reconstructed, with position errors as large as 20 cm, and not change the tumor dose by more than 5%. PMID- 7087909 TI - Scattered radiation in fan beam imaging systems. AB - Scatter-to-primary energy fluence ratios (S/P) have been studied for fan x-ray beams as used in CT scanners and slit projection radiography systems. The dependence of S/P on phantom diameter, distance from phantom to image receptor, and kilovoltage is presented. An empirical equation is given that predicts S/P over a wide range of fan beam imaging configurations. For CT body scans on a 4th generation machine, S/P is approximately 5%. Scattered radiation can produce a significant cupping artefact in CT images which is similar to that due to beam hardening. When multiple slices are used in scanned slit radiography, they can be arranged such that the increase in S/P is negligible. Calculations of scatter-to primary ratios for first order scattering showed that for fan beams the contribution of coherent scatter is comparable to or greater than that of incoherent first scatter. PMID- 7087910 TI - A dosimetry review system for cooperative group research. AB - The validity of conclusions drawn from multi-institutional radiotherapy studies is dependent upon the degree to which participating hospitals adhere to study requirements. A major effort undertaken by the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC) assesses whether or not patient data which are deemed evaluable actually conform to the radiotherapy requirements of the research protocol. This paper presents the methods and results of this effort which has been ongoing for the past five years. The Dosimetry Review System (DRS) is a set of computer programs which make use of verified radiation beam data to evaluate the daily dose, total dose, dose uniformity, and TDF for protocol treatment. These programs can be adapted to facilitate and document the routine chart-checking procedures at any large radiotherapy department. The DRS data base includes radiotherapy parameters of 600 teletherapy units at more than 250 institutions in the United States and abroad. The design of the data base, the computerized review process, and the calculational algorithms are discussed. PMID- 7087911 TI - The specific gamma-ray constant and exposure rate constant of 182Ta. AB - Reported values of the specific gamma-ray constant gamma for 182Ta range from the original value of 6.1 to 7.692 R cm2h-1mCi-1, recommended in NCRP Report No. 41. The original calculation of gamma was based on inadequate nuclear spectroscopy and decay scheme data. The higher value of gamma occurs because of a computational error in the relative intensity of the 1.2575-MeV gamma ray. Using nuclear spectroscopy data from the most recent Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENSDF), gamma is calculated to be 6.71 +/- 0.06 R cm2h-1mCi-1 and the exposure rate constant gamma gamma is 6.87 +/- 0.06 R cm2h-1mCi-1. These new calculations are presented and previously reported values of gamma and gamma gamma are reviewed. PMID- 7087912 TI - Optimal short scan convolution reconstruction for fanbeam CT. AB - The problem of using a divergent fan beam convolution reconstruction algorithm in conjunction with a minimal complete (180 degrees plus the fan angle) data set is reviewed. It is shown that by proper weighting of the initial data set, image quality essentially equivalent to the quality of reconstructions from 360 degrees data sets is obtained. The constraints on the weights are that the sum of the two weights corresponding to the same line-integral must equal one, in regions of no data the weights must equal zero, and the weights themselves as well as the gradient of the weights must be continuous over the full 360 degrees. After weighting the initial data with weights that satisfy these constraints, image reconstruction can be conveniently achieved by using the standard (hardwired if available) convolver and backprojector of the specific scanner. PMID- 7087913 TI - A note on equivalent circles, squares, and rectangles. AB - The scatter dose in the center of a circular beam of photons can be represented by a serial expansion, the first term of which is proportional to the radius. If this term only is used in a scatter integration, the expression becomes proportional to the average radius r of the field contour, whatever its shape. For a square, the ratio between its side and the average diameter d = 2r is s/d = 0.891, the relation between the equivalent circular and square fields for small fields. For rectangles, r is given by the area-to-perimeter ratio multiplied by a function that increases slowly with the elongation ratio. The error term resulting from the use of only the linear term to describe scatter remains small under a variety of conditions. PMID- 7087914 TI - A rotate-translate CT scanner providing cross-sectional data suitable for planning the dosimetry of radiotherapy treatment. AB - An isotope scanner (J & P Engineering Multipoise scanner, Mk. III) has been converted to provide a simple transmission Ct scanning device, using a 137Cs gamma-ray source. The performance of the scanner has been evaluated by imaging a variety of phantoms and an anaesthetised rabbit. The relationship between the measured linear attenuation coefficient and the known electron density was found to be linear, for a range of materials with densities between those of bone and air. For reconstructed pixels of size 5 X 5 mm2 the percentage standard deviation of linear attenuation coefficient is typically 2.4% for bone and 3.6% for muscle. The spatial resolution of the device was measured and the performance of the scanner with the maximum design source strength was predicted. In the reconstruction of a cross section of the rabbit and of a human thorax phantom, air-muscle, lung-muscle, and muscle-bone interfaces are clearly visible. From experience gained with this scanner the role of simple CT scanning devices in radiotherapy treatment planning is considered. The resolution in linear attenuation coefficient and the spatial resolution available from the scanner are considered sufficient for radiotherapy treatment planning. PMID- 7087917 TI - Dose descriptors for computed tomography. AB - A weakness in the dose descriptor, the computed tomography dosimetry index, is discussed and an alternate descriptor is proposed. The new descriptor, the equivalent rectangular width, conveniently expresses the spatial spread of dose and is simply derived from customary dose measurements. A measure of performance, which expresses the relative size of the volume being imaged with respect to the volume receiving the dose, is suggested for computed tomography. 87.70.Es, 87.60.Mv. PMID- 7087916 TI - Alignment of x-ray tube focal spots for spectral measurement. AB - A general method to align a diagnostic x-ray machine for x-ray spectrum measurement purpose was theoretically and experimentally investigated by means of the optical alignment of focal pinhole images. Focal pinhole images were obtained by using a multi-pinholed lead plate. the vertical plane, including the central axis and tube axis, was decided upon by observing the symmetry of focal images. the central axis was designated as a line through the center of focus parallel to the target surface lying in the vertical plane. A method to determine the manipulation of the central axis in any direction is presented. PMID- 7087919 TI - A minicomputer implementation of the Donner algorithms for reconstruction tomography. PMID- 7087915 TI - A microcomputer-based system for radiotherapy beam compensator design and patient contour plotting. AB - A microcomputer-based system for radiotherapy beam compensator design has been constructed. A patient surface measuring device which projects a grid pattern on the patient is attached to the collimator of a therapy treatment simulator. A linear motion potentiometer, pivoted at one end on a ball joint attached to the collimator, is extended to touch each grid point in turn. The extension of the potentiometer is monitored by a microcomputer which calculates the coordinates of the patient's surface as each grid point is entered. A template for compensator construction is subsequently printed on the microcomputer printer. The patient surface profile along any grid line can also be plotted and used in conjunction with the compensator data to produce an isodose distribution for the compensated field. PMID- 7087918 TI - Disintegrating belt jams cobalt-60 source drive mechanism. PMID- 7087920 TI - Real-time processing of multiple-lead exercise electrocardiograms. AB - A system for continuous recording and real-time processing of eight-channel exercise ECGs is presented with emphasis on the algorithms performing the principal signal processing. The hardware and the operational procedures are briefly described. New methods have been developed for the detection, alignment, and selection of complexes to be used in the creation of eight-dimensional average ECG complexes every 10 s. These algorithms are based on digital filter functions approximating low-order Legendre polynomials in order to be robust in the presence of noise. PMID- 7087921 TI - Electrical defibrillation thresholds with transventricular simple-capacitor discharge under conditions of ischemia by acute coronary occlusion. AB - The threshold for cardiac defibrillation is defined as that intensity of electrical stimulation that results in a 50% probability of success. Using transventricular simple-capacitor discharge, peak current defibrillatory thresholds were determined under conditions of relative normothermia with ligation of the left descending coronary artery. The average value over 151 successful shocks in 15 dogs was 81.1 mA/g of heart (SD = 29.3). This value was compared by means of the unpaired Student's t-test with the average obtained in a control series, without occlusion, but keeping the same general procedure and experimental conditions (89.5 mA/g, SD = 32.8, 346 defibrillations, 20 dogs). The difference (t = 2.82) was significant at a level P less than 1%. In many cases, there were spontaneous refibrillations after successful discharges, or cardiac arrests which called for mechanical pacing. The latter, in turn, easily led to a new fibrillation, especially when contractility was impaired. When the analysis of variance was applied (Snedecor f-test), we found that the threshold value was stable with respect to time (f = 0.35) during the average experimental period (124 min, SD = 55). We concluded that, on the average, peak current defibrillatory threshold decreased because of myocardial ischemia; however, during the recovery stage, the ventricles showed a high level of instability. Both phenomena (lower threshold and unstable recovery) were probably related to alterations in cellular excitability. PMID- 7087922 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance: a new method for non-invasive assessment of cardiac metabolism. AB - In the setting of cardiac testing, NMR spectroscopy should occupy a major place since it allows a noninvasive serial assessment of the biochemical status of a functioning heart and could be coupled with other investigations to provide simultaneous recordings of both metabolic and functional data from a definite myocardial area. In the future, NMR imaging may become a clinically viable tool providing localized non-invasive biochemical measurements in the heart. PMID- 7087923 TI - Simplified and highly accurate core temperature measurements. AB - A commercially available, highly accurate (+/- 0.01 degree C) thermistor catheter is described along with the feasibility of using this device to measure pulmonary artery blood temperature (core temperature) in appropriate thermoregulation studies. Intracardiac pressure monitoring, thermodilution cardiac output, and mixed venous blood sampling may also be performed with this catheter. In addition, other clinical situations which require temperature measurement such as diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia and monitoring patients after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass surgery may benefit from the use of this thermistor catheter. PMID- 7087924 TI - A multidisciplinary program for hospital safety education. PMID- 7087925 TI - [Thyrotropic and thyroid function after antineoplastic treatment in infants]. PMID- 7087926 TI - [Ultrastructural morphological evaluation of the intestinal epithelium in subjects with gluten intolerance, giardiasis, chronic diarrhea and intestinal lymphangiectasia]. PMID- 7087928 TI - [Simple or benign febrile convulsions. Clinical and statistical evaluation]. PMID- 7087927 TI - [Long-term follow-up of respiratory function in a group of former low-weight infants]. PMID- 7087930 TI - [Epidermal nervus syndrome]. PMID- 7087929 TI - [Giant lobar emphysema in infancy]. PMID- 7087931 TI - [Exchange transfusion in severe bacterial infections in preterm newborn infants]. PMID- 7087932 TI - [Poisoning in children and their prevention]. PMID- 7087933 TI - [Toxic effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 7087934 TI - [The Williams elfin face syndrome. Considerations on a case]. PMID- 7087935 TI - [Growth of urinary calculi studied by observation of thin sections]. PMID- 7087936 TI - [Radiological aspects of sponge kidney. Observations on 12 cases]. PMID- 7087938 TI - [Use of the Doppler flowmeter in the diagnosis of varicocele]. PMID- 7087937 TI - [Deferentovesiculography in the staging of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 7087939 TI - [Tumors in horseshoe kidney]. PMID- 7087940 TI - [The topical use of doxorubicin in the prevention of recurrence of superficial tumors of the bladder after transurethral resection. Preliminary note]. PMID- 7087942 TI - [Histopathological aspects of male infertility]. PMID- 7087941 TI - [A bladder map: importance in the evaluation of vesical neoplasms]. PMID- 7087943 TI - [Infected calculosis: prevention of recurrences with the use of hydroxyurea]. PMID- 7087944 TI - [The Nebicin-Keflin combination in complicated urological infections]. PMID- 7087945 TI - [Anesthesia in the urological "day hospital"]. PMID- 7087946 TI - Resuscitation, stabilization and transport of the ill newborn infant. Part I: resuscitation. PMID- 7087947 TI - A hospital based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program. PMID- 7087949 TI - Use of Hickman and Broviac central venous catheters in high risk patients. PMID- 7087948 TI - Regressing atypical histiocytosis: benign or malignant? PMID- 7087950 TI - The rationalization for infrequent Pap smears. PMID- 7087951 TI - Co-dependency in physicians. PMID- 7087952 TI - Toxic plants of Minnesota: skin toxicity of the Prairie Crocus (Anemone patens L.). PMID- 7087953 TI - Malignant optic glioma in an adult: initial CT abnormality limited to the posterior orbit, leptomeningeal seeding of the tumor. PMID- 7087954 TI - Anti-receptor antibodies: a fascinating new concept in clinical medicine. PMID- 7087955 TI - Personal investment in the management of child abuse. PMID- 7087956 TI - Intra-abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7087957 TI - Drug action in elderly patients: a series of profiles. PMID- 7087958 TI - Urea cycle enzymes in human liver: ontogenesis and interaction with the synthesis of pyrimidines and polyamines. AB - All the five enzymes of urea synthesis and the formation of urea in vitro can already be demonstrated in human liver as early as the 9th week of fetal development. At this stage the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is the highest, whereas that of ornithine carbamoyltransferase is the lowest as compared to those in the adult. The kinetic parameters of the urea cycle enzymes are the same in fetal liver as in adult liver, except that the Km values of ornithine carbamoyltransferase for L-ornithine are 3.5 mM and 0.42 mM in the fetus and in adult liver, respectively. Urea formation in vivo seems to begin in the second half of fetal life, and a gradual increase can be detected in the activity of the enzymes of urea synthesis. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the glutamine dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate carbamoyltransferase, however, changes in the opposite direction. The concentration of carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate remains constant, but that of ornithine gradually decreases during ontogenesis. The ornithine, carbamoylphosphate and aspartate pools are probably utilized in the polyamine, pyrimidine and urea syntheses at varying rates. PMID- 7087959 TI - Uric acid formation in the dog lung. PMID- 7087960 TI - Evidence for a noncholinergic nicotine receptor on human phagocytic leukocytes. AB - A noncholinergic nicotine receptor on human phagocytic leukocytes has been characterized using the binding of 3H-(d,1)-nicotine. The average affinity +/- standard deviation of (d,1)-nicotine for the receptor on neutrophils is 36 +/- 18 nM (n = 6). The binding is saturable with an average of 8.7 x 10(4) sites per neutrophil. Monocytes and to a lesser extent lymphocytes but not erythrocytes also display specific binding. Bound nicotine is dissociable from the receptor and is not metabolized. Only close structural analogs of nicotine bind to the receptor, which is stereoselective for the (d)-isomer. The receptor can be occupied by (1)-nicotine at concentrations present in the blood of smokers. It is suggested that some of the adverse effects of smoking on leukocyte functions may be mediated by a specific nicotine receptor. PMID- 7087961 TI - Evidence of the mannosylation of a non-histone protein in monkey liver chromatin. AB - Mannose is incorporated in monkey liver chromatin by the means of a nuclear membrane mannosyltransferase. 14C-labelled chromatin is dissociated either by sulfuric acid or 6 M urea and 0.4 M GuCl. The fractions then enriched in non histone 14C-labelled proteins are excluded from Ultro-gel AcA 202, their analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that radioactivity fits with one major protein band, confirming the presence of at least a non-histone protein labelled with mannose in monkey liver chromatin, with an apparent molecular weight of 13,000. PMID- 7087962 TI - Theory of sedimentation for antigen-antibody reactions: effect of antibody heterogeneity on the shape of the pattern. PMID- 7087964 TI - Eighth component of guinea pig complement: purification and characterization. PMID- 7087963 TI - Effect of lipids, structural precursors of lipids and fatty acids on complement mediated killing of antibody-sensitized nucleated cells. PMID- 7087965 TI - Characterization of the antibodies in normal rabbit serum responsible for the lysis of NK-sensitive target cells. PMID- 7087966 TI - Properdin is a trimer. PMID- 7087967 TI - High capacity immunoadsorbents based on preparations of reprecipitated cellulose. PMID- 7087969 TI - [Sleep disorder in infancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087968 TI - [Indication for operation and results in cardia insufficiency with or without hiatic hernia in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - After discussing the problems in cardia insufficiency in childhood it is suggested that conservative treatment is indicated in minor-oesophageal refluxes, most medium-range refluxes and hiatic hernias of minor degree. Surgical treatment is indicated if conservative therapy over 4 weeks is ineffective. Still and absolute indication for operation must be distinguished from a relative indication. Absolute indications are: oesophagitis, oesophageal stricture, Roviralta's-syndrome, major refluxes, some medium-range refluxes as well as all hiatic hernias except minor forms in young infants. Relative indications are: refluxes accompanied by cyanotic attacks possibly leading to sudden infant death, recurrent pneumonias or rumination. Mortality was 2,3% in all 211 patients and zero during the last 10 years. In 98% of 160 patients who were reexamined, satisfactory results were achieved. Recurrencies occurred only following thoracic operations formerly in use, whereas today operations for cardia insufficiency are exclusively abdominal. PMID- 7087971 TI - [Age distribution of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and their severity grade in children (author's transl)]. AB - Urinary tract infections in 339 children (77 boys and 262 girls) have been followed up. An excretory urography and a urethrocystography were done for all the children. The frequency of functional and anatomical abnormalities is given. The severity grade of UTI was determined according to the classification of Elo and Stenstrom. Almost all episodes of UTI among boys occurred during the first three years of life and were mostly severe. After the 3rd year of life the occurrence of UTI among the boys was sporadic. Among the girls the severe episodes dominates during the first three years of life, but after that the episodes tended to become milder in character becoming mostly asymptomatic. The peak of asymptomatic episodes among girls was at 10 years of age. After that age the number of episodes dropped abruptly. The classification used, based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and on white blood cell count (WBC), has shown to be useful and makes it possible to differentiate between renal (pyelonephritic) episodes and the lower tract episodes. PMID- 7087970 TI - [The sensory-integrative process and its influence on child development (author's transl)]. AB - A child develops and learns skills by interacting with his environment. Play provides him with the sensory stimulation his brain needs in order to be able to allow him to respond in a meaningful way to these stimuli. Until the age of seven the brain is thus prepared for the challenges of the classroom. The neurologic problem in the child with a sensory integrative dysfunction prevents him from processing the sensations of his own play, so he cannot develop the adaptive responses that organize the brain and his actions. This child needs a specially designed environment in order to experience joy and satisfaction during his play, that allow him to learn higher skills and organize the brain functions. The purpose of this article is to clarify what sensory integration is and how it influences the child's development. PMID- 7087972 TI - [X-ray findings in children with abdominal pain (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087973 TI - [Efficacy of oral hyposensitization treatment in house dust mite allergy (author's transl)]. AB - 32 children with perennial asthma and/or rhinitis due to house dust mite (HDM) allergy have been hyposensitized orally for a period of 42 weeks. The sensitization against HDM was confirmed by skin testing, RAST determinations and nasal provocation tests before and after treatment. The trial was double-blind, with 17 patients receiving the HDM extract and 15 receiving placebo. Patients returned for assessment at 6, 18, 30, and 42 weeks, nasal airways resistance testing, lung function tests (FVC), FEV1, PEF) and clinical evaluations were performed. The results of the subjective and objective assessments failed to demonstrate any superiority of oral hyposensitization with house dust mite extract compared to placebo. PMID- 7087974 TI - [Nephrocalcinosis following candida-septicemia and heparin-induced osteoporosis in an infant (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087975 TI - [Continuous subcutaneous desferrioxamine infusions in patients with hemosiderosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7087976 TI - Atrial receptors. PMID- 7087977 TI - [Incidence of tubuloreticular inclusions in acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7087978 TI - [Endocardial and subendocardial changes in sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 7087979 TI - [The glyoxalase I isoenzyme polymorphism test and its application in paternity suits]. PMID- 7087980 TI - [Signet-ring cell lymphoma]. PMID- 7087981 TI - [Histopathological picture of malignant ileocecal non-Hodgkin lymphomas]. PMID- 7087982 TI - [Clinico-pathological aspects of malignant histiocytosis]. PMID- 7087983 TI - [Electron microscopic study of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine associated with Crohn disease]. PMID- 7087984 TI - [Morphology of target muscle fibers]. PMID- 7087985 TI - Effect of malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde on cultured mammalian cells. Production of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. AB - The genotoxic effects of malonaldehyde (MA) and acetaldehyde (AA) were investigated using primary cultures of rat skin fibroblasts. Exposure to MA at 10(-4) to 10(-3) M concentrations resulted in dose-dependent production of micronuclei. MA was approx. 10 times as potent as AA with respect to micronuclei formation. Treatment with 10(-4) and 10(-3) M concentrations of MA for 12 h produced chromosomal aberrations (chromosomal fragments, achromatic lesions and chromatid breaks) in 14 and 34% of metaphases, respectively. At 24 h the corresponding frequencies were 46 and 52%. AA at analogous concentrations produced aberrations in 4 and 14% of metaphases at 12 h, and 20 and 40% at 24 h. Dose-dependent increases in aneuploidy were seen at 10(-4) M and higher concentrations of both aldehydes, with incidences twice as high for MA as for AA. PMID- 7087986 TI - A comparison of the cytogenetic response to asbestos and glass fibre in Chinese hamster and human cell lines. Demonstration of growth inhibition in primary human fibroblasts. AB - Asbestos and fine glass fibre, which induce high levels of chromosome aberrations and polyploidy in Chinese hamster permanent cell lines, were found to cause no increase in chromosome damage or polyploidy in primary human fibroblasts or in human lymphoblastoid lines. In common with permanent cell lines of hamster or human origin, treatment of primary human fibroblasts with higher doses of asbestos or fine glass resulted in almost total growth inhibition, showing that the primary cells are not unaffected by these agents. The reason for lack of evident cytogenetic damage in primary cells may lie in the greater spontaneous karyotype instability of transformed (permanent) cell lines or may be connected with the less efficient DNA repair capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 7087987 TI - DNA damage in liver of mice treated with N-nitrodimethylamine. PMID- 7087989 TI - Somatic mutations induced by maleic hydrazide and its potassium and diethanolamine salts in the Tradescantia mutation assay. PMID- 7087988 TI - Synthesis of N7-hydroxyethylguanine and O6-hydroxyethylguanine. Markers for the reaction of ethylene oxide (EO) with DNA. AB - O6-Hydroxyethylguanine has been synthesized by reaction of mono-sodium glycolate with 6-chloroguanine. The crystalline product has been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques and compared with a sample of the corresponding N7-hydroxyethyl derivative. These 2 chemicals may prove useful as standards when studying the reaction of ethylene oxide (EO) with DNA. PMID- 7087990 TI - Oxygen dependence of sister-chromatid exchanges. AB - We have studied the dependent of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) production on the presence of oxygen during incubation of cells in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) by analyzing the SCE yields in second-division chromosomes of Allium cepa L. meristem cells. We considered the cases between 10 and 100% oxygen in the incubation medium. Under these experimental situations no significant modifications in cell-cycle duration were obtained. Our results lead us to conclude that: (1) in oxygenated treatments, cells incubated during 2 consecutive cycles in the presence of BrdUrd show significantly higher SEC frequencies (in second-division chromosomes) than those treated only during the first cycle; (2) SCE frequencies increase as a function oxygen tension; and (3) oxygen-dependent SCE frequencies increase as a function of oxygen tension and (3) oxygen-dependent SCes appear to be found by exchanging post-replicative DNA portions. These observations suggest that the experimental protocol reported here could be useful in determining both the precise moment of action of an agent during the cell cycle and the DNA portions actively involved in physically and chemically provoked SCEs. PMID- 7087991 TI - Sister-chromatid exchange in patients with hepatitis. PMID- 7087992 TI - Sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse embryos after exposure to ultrasound in utero. AB - Mouse embryos at 2 stages of development were exposed to ultrasound. The bone marrow cells of the mother, the whole embryo, and the embryonic liver cells were analyzed. There was no consistent increase of sister-chromatid exchanges. Furthermore, the thermal effect of ultrasound did not appear to influence the frequency. Thus, ultrasound doses much higher than those used in clinical diagnosis do not induce cytogenetic damage as assayed by sister-chromatid exchanges. PMID- 7087993 TI - Dyskeratosis congenita: survival, sister-chromatid exchange and repair following treatments with crosslinking agents. PMID- 7087994 TI - Metaphase I delay as a factor influencing translocation yield from spermatogonial irradiation in mice carrying Robertsonian translocations. PMID- 7087996 TI - Mutagenicity of thymidine in Chinese hamster cells? PMID- 7087995 TI - Induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice by potassium dichromate. PMID- 7087997 TI - Microsome-mediated cytotoxicity to CHO cells. PMID- 7087998 TI - A simple autoradiographic method for checking HGPRT-deficiency in colonies of mammalian cells. AB - HGPRT enzyme activity in mutant colonies selected in 6-thioguanine can be assessed directly in petri dishes using an autoradiographic method. The application of this method to large-scale quantitative mutation experiments verifies that: (a) the maximum induced frequency of mutation of HGPRT-deficiency can be measured at short expression times, such as 3 days after treatment, when cells are respread into relatively low thioguanine concentrations, and (b) ionizing radiation induces predominantly mutants with zero HGPRT activity. Other potential applications of this method are discussed. PMID- 7088000 TI - X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in adult and foetal female mice. AB - Tests of X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in adult and foetal mouse females were performed. The tests were based on family analysis which provided a possibility of making a distinction between pre-existing recessive lethal mutations and newly arisen (spontaneous + induced) ones. The way the tests were carried out provided material for the estimation of the frequency of spontaneous lethal mutations per genome. The two different estimates from this material, 0.72 and 0.91%, respectively, are similar and fall within the range previously suggested by Luning [5]. The difference, though statistically nonsignificant, between data from irradiated mature and maturing oocytes in adult females and material from the unirradiated part, indicates a mutation rate of 13 x 10(-5) per rad per gamete according to one estimate and 8-12 x 10(-5) according to the other in comparison with 9 x 10(-5) from irradiated spermatogonia [6]. In the limited data obtained after foetal irradiation, there is no indication of oogonia and developing oocytes being more sensitive to irradiation than oocytes in adult females fertilized within 6 weeks of treatment. PMID- 7087999 TI - Abnormal cell division in cultured human fibroblasts after exposure to diethylstilboestrol. PMID- 7088001 TI - Dominant cataract mutations and specific-locus mutations in mice induced by radiation or ethylnitrosourea. AB - In a combined experiment, dominant cataract mutations and specific-locus mutations were scored in the same offspring. In radiation experiments, a total of 15 dominant cataract and 38 specific-locus mutations was scored in 29396 offspring. In experiments with ethylnitrosourea (ENU), a total of 12 dominant cataracts and 54 specific-locus mutations was observed in 12712 offspring. The control frequency for dominant cataracts was 0 in 9954 offspring and for specific locus mutations 11 in 169955 offspring. The ratio of radiation-induced recessive visible to dominant mutations was about 2.5:1. The difference was even more pronounced for ENU-induced mutations. The ratio of recessive visibles to dominant cataracts for chemically induced mutations in spermatogonia was about 5.4:1. The two characteristic features of radiation-induced specific-locus mutations--the augmenting effect of dose fractionation and the quantitative differences in the mutation rates between spermatogonial and post-spermatogonial stages--can also be demonstrated for the induction of dominant cataracts. The dominant cataract mutations recovered can be categorized into 7 phenotypic classes: total opacity, nuclear and zonular cataract, nuclear cataract, anterior pyramidal cataract, anterior polar cataract, anterior capsular cataract, and vacuolated lens. The largest class of mutations, a total of 11, affected the anterior polar region, while the number of total opacities in both experiments was 5. The only noteworthy difference observed between the radiation- and ENU-induced mutations recovered was that, of the 2 radiation-induced total lens opacities, both were associated with an iris anomaly and microphthalmia whereas the ENU-induced total opacities were not. PMID- 7088003 TI - An in vivo method for the detection of somatic mutations at the cellular level in mice. AB - This new method for detection of somatic mutations is based on the fact that recessive mutations at the dilute (d) and leaden (ln) loci change the shape of pigment-cells in the hair follicles from their normal highly dendritic appearance (nucleofugal) to a rounded-up almost non-dendritic form (nucleopetal). Gene action is autonomous and individual mutant melanocytes can be recognised in whole mounts of dorsal skin made after the post-natal onset of melanogenesis. Foetal heterozygotes for d and ln were treated with X-rays (0-200 rad) or procarbazine (0-300 mg/kg body mass by maternal i.p. injection) 17 days after detection of a vaginal plug; whole mounts of dorsal skin (fixed 3 days after birth) were microscopically scanned for mutant melanocytes in the hair follicles.About half a million follicular melanocytes were present in the 2 mounts made per mouse. Mutant cells were mainly in the form of small intrafollicular clones; the few mount containing large interfollicular clones were excluded from the analysis. For both treatments, dose-response relationships showed good fits to both a quadratic and a power-law curve. Equations for the latter were: For X-rays, y = 3.2 x 10(-5) + 3.12 x 10(-9) D2.07; for procarbazine, y = 3.6 x 10(-5) + 0.4 x 10(-10) D2.60. However, neither of these differed significantly from a square-law relationship. The estimated mutation rate at the 100 rad X-ray level of 4.7 x 10( 7)/rad/locus was in good agreement with that obtained by Russell and Major's (1957) pioneer studies of somatic mutation in mice, by looking for mutant patches in the coat ("spot test"). Possible ways in which the present method might be improved and extended are discussed. PMID- 7088002 TI - Supermutagenicity of ethylnitrosourea in the mouse spot test: comparisons with methylnitrosourea and ethylnitrosourethane. AB - The effects of the 3 related compounds ethylnitrosourea (ENU), methylnitrosourea (MNU), and ethylnitrosourethane (NEC) were studied in the mouse spot test. ENU induces a large number of recessive spots (RS) and, due to its low toxicity, can be applied at relatively high doses. This combination of properties makes it the most efficient spot-test mutagen, as shown in a comparison with 16 other chemicals, even though, on the basis of molarity, it is not the most potent one. The ENU mutation frequency in cells at risk, calculated per locus, per unit of applied dose, is roughly similar for melanocyte precursors (in the spot test) and spermatogonial stem cells (in the specific-locus test). MNU which, due to its high embryotoxicity, could be tested only at a low dose, is clearly mutagenic, and dose extrapolations indicate it to be more potent than ENU. NEC, though it could be tested at higher molarities than ENU, is only weakly mutagenic. The spot test, in addition to mutational data, also yields information on cytotoxicity (white midventral spots), embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity. The toxicity and teratogenicity findings parallel earlier results in the rat. For all endpoints studied. ENU is more effective than NEC. Relative to MNU, ENU is less toxic, less teratogenic, and less mutagenic in the spot test; but it is much more carcinogenic (transplacentally) and more mutagenic in spermatogonia. We propose that MNU is more effective in inducing gross chromosomal damage than is ENU, while ENU induces relatively more gene mutations. The spot test scores both types of mutational damage, while mostly the latter type is recovered from spermatogonia. PMID- 7088004 TI - Induction by X-rays of chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germ cells of mice with different karyotypes. AB - Stem-cell spermatogonia of +/+, T70H translocation heterozygous and Ts(1(13))70H tertiary trisomic mice were irradiated with various doses of x-rays. Blood lymphocytes of +/+ and Ts(1(13))70H males were irradiated with 150 rad X-rays. Contrary to earlier findings (De Boer et al., 1977), tertiary trisomic mice with morphological abnormalities did not show an increased sensitivity for radiation induced chromosome breaks. The yields of radiation-induced reciprocal translocations, scored in the primary spermatocytes, were equal for the +/+ and tertiary trisomic mice but were lower for the T70/+ males. Thus, no parallel could be established with the sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes for the induction of dicentric chromosomes, where T70H/+ did not differ from +/+ mice (De Boer et al., 1977). Induced reciprocal translocations occurred randomly over late diplotene-early diakinesis and late diakinesis-metaphase I stages. Among the T70H/+ males (2 x 500 rad) there was no relation between the chiasma frequency per animal and the yield of induced translocations, though the translocation induction was positively correlated with the chiasma frequency on a per-cell basis. When all descendants of irradiated T70H spermatogonia were pooled, the induced translocation-originated multivalent contained more chiasmata in cells that had a higher chiasma score themselves. No relation could be found between the yield of induced translocations and the recovery of spermatogenesis after irradiation as expressed by the epididymal sperm count after 2 x 500 rad. PMID- 7088005 TI - Studies on the mutagenic potential of the pesticide chlordimeforme and its principal metabolites in the mouse heritable translocation assay. AB - Chlordimeforme and its 2 principal metabolites, N-formyl-4-chloro-o-toluidine and 4-chloro-o-toluidine, were studied for induction of heritable translocations. Maximal tolerated doses of the compounds were given daily by gavage for 7 consecutive weeks. After mating with untreated females, about 1000 F1 male offspring per group--including vehicle control and positive control (Tretamine, TEM)--were tested for their reproductive performance by use of a sequential decision procedure on litter sizes to select males with translocation heterozygosity. Partially sterile, sterile and non-classifiable F1 males were examined cytogenetically by scoring meiotic chromosomes for translocation multivalents or analysing mitotic divisions for marker chromosomes. The 3 compounds tested at dose levels showing toxic effects did not induce translocation heterozygosity. Tretamine, the positive control, gave the expected mutagenic response. PMID- 7088006 TI - Radiosensitivity and life span of dog peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Observations made after 48 h of cultivation show that 52% of dog lymphocytes are already in M2 and 17% in M3 at that fixation time. Evidently, the large discrepancy observed between man and dog with respect to the yield of dicentric chromosomes induced by an exposure to 200 rad of X-rays and observed after a culture time of 48 h does not correspond to a difference in chromosomal radiosensitivity. There is, indeed, no statistically significant difference between the yield of dicentrics observed in M1 human lymphocytes (32.0 per 100 cells) and that in dog lymphocytes after correction of the values obtained at 48 h (28.6 per 100 cells). From the observations performed on whole-body irradiated dogs one can estimate that the half-time of dog lymphocytes carrying chromosome aberrations is less than 30 days. PMID- 7088007 TI - Critical appraisal of the 'mouse testicular DNA-synthesis inhibition test' for the detection of mutagens and carcinogens. AB - A short test (DSI test) in vivo for the identification of environmental mutagens and carcinogens was recently published by Friedman and Staub (1976), and Seiler (1977). The test is based on the measurements of [3H]thymidine incorporation into murine testicular DNA. This incorporation was inhibited by a number of mutagens and carcinogens when given at high doses. However, under such conditions, many chemicals are known to cause hypothermia in mice, which may itself lead to a reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation. We therefore investigated the effect of a few non-mutagenic and mutagenic test substances on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into testicular DNA and on changes in body temperature. We also studied the effect of reduced testicular temperature, caused by physical means, on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. 3 mutagens out of 4, and 6 non mutagens out of 6, caused hypothermia in mice, and at the same time inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation. This parameter also changed as the testicular temperature was reduced, indicating an obvious correlation between the 2 effects. Furthermore, we found that, with some of the test substances, a reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA can be compensated under isothermal conditions. We believe that the DSI test is not reliable as a screening system for the identification of potential mutagens and cancerogens because of the unspecificity of the parameter measured. PMID- 7088008 TI - Differential persistence of chromosomal damage induced in resting rat-liver cells by X-rays and 4.2-MeV neutrons. AB - Rats were exposed to 400 rad X-rays or 100 rad 4.2-MeV neutrons and subjected to partial hepatectomy at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month or 3 months after irradiation. 2 or 3 days later the remaining liver was perfused and isolated hepatocytes were screened for micronuclei in the cytoplasm. Frequencies of micronucleated hepatocytes following X-irradiation decreased with increasing time intervals after irradiation, the frequency at 3 months being not significantly different from the control value. Following neutron irradiation, frequencies of micronuclei remained constant at all time intervals tested. In the case of X-irradiation, the progressive decrease in frequencies of micronuclei may be explained by 2 mechanisms operating simultaneously: (i) slow long-term repair of chromosomal damage and (ii) mitotic selection against cells carrying substantial amounts of chromosomal damage. Both mechanisms do not seem to operate in the case of neutron irradiation. For both types of radiation, the dose-effect relationship was linear in the ascending part of the dose-effect curves. The dose-effect curve plateaud at 400 rad X-rays and 50 rad neutrons. The RBE value for 4.2 MeV neutrons in the ascending part of the dose-effect curves was about 4. PMID- 7088009 TI - Acute and long-term cytogenetic effects of treatment in childhood cancer: sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations. AB - The incidence of chromosomal aberrations in banded karyotypes and of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined in the lymphocytes of survivors of childhood cancer as 2 parameters which are pertinent in assessing the genetic damage induced by chemotherapy. The proportion of cells with chromosome breakage or structural rearrangement-type aberration was 1 cell in 67 in a control group of 8 untreated cancer patients and 2 parents of cancer patients, 1 cell in 8 in 12 patients currently on therapy, and 1 cell in 50 in 17 patients sampled 6 months to 35 years post-treatment. The range of mean SCE levels per cell was 4.5 6.5 in the untreated cancer patients, 4.0-9.6 in non-cancer controls, 3.3-33.7 in patients on therapy, and 4.6-9.7 in post-therapy survivors. Considerably variability was observed between individuals with both SCE and breakage assays but therapy-induced increases in SCEs were not necessarily correlated with increased levels of aberrations arising from chromosomal breakage. PMID- 7088010 TI - In vivo and in vitro effects of cigarette smoke on chromosomal damage and sister chromatid exchange in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - The frequencies of chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocytes of a group of moderate cigarette smokers are significantly greater than in a matched group of non-smoking controls and the incidence of unambiguous exchange aberrations in the smokers was some 4 times that of controls. The incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in blood lymphocytes of heavy cigarette smokers is significantly greater, by a factor of around 50%, than in non-smokers. Lymphocytes from both smokers and non-smokers exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in vitro, showed dose-dependent increases in SCE frequency with the yields from smokers being greater than those from non-smokers. The apparent enhanced effects of CSC in producing SCE in smokers' cells is considered to simply reflect the increased basal SCE levels observed in smokers' cells, although some evidence was obtained for an increased level of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cells of smokers relative to non-smokers exposed to CSC in vitro. When lymphocytes from smokers and non smokers are exposed to mitomycin C, or to ethyl methane sulphonate, in vitro, the yields of SCE at all dose levels are significantly greater in cells from smokers. This difference between smokers and non-smokers is, however, shown to simply reflect the initial basal differences in SCE frequencies between the groups, so that cigarette smokers' cells are not intrinsically more sensitive to exposure to mutagens. PMID- 7088011 TI - Effect of temperature on mutation in cultured human skin fibroblasts. AB - Because clothing enhances the gonadal temperature in the human male and because as a consequence of that the spontaneous mutation rate might be increased, a study was undertaken to determine the effect of temperature on mutation towards HPRT deficiency in human diploid skin fibroblasts. Culturing of the cells in HAT medium containing azaserine, to remove pre-existing mutants, was highly mutagenic. Some results suggested that azaserine acts as an indirect mutagen. The mutational process in the presence of azaserine was influenced by temperature, a rise in temperature from 33 to 37 degrees C leading to a more than 10-fold increase in mutation rate per cell generation. This temperature dependence, taken as a starting point for the estimation of the consequences of the rise in gonadal temperature, could be responsible for an increase of 135% in the incidence of a sex-linked lethal (Lesch-Nyhan) in the human population. Epidemiological data on the frequency of Lesch-Nyhan disease and on the ratio of paternal and maternal mutations leading to Lesch-Nyhan disease do not contradict the findings in the cultured cells. PMID- 7088012 TI - The Hela DNA-synthesis inhibition test as a rapid screen for mutagenic carcinogens. AB - 90 agents have been tested in the HeLa DNA-synthesis inhibition test. This test detects strong mutagens and carcinogens except when difficulties with metabolic activation are encountered. Weaker DNA-damaging agents are generally positive in the test but require relatively high concentrations (greater than 1 mM). Very weak agents, such as saccharin, are not positive. Only 1 false positive has been encountered and the dose response for it (cytochalasin B) is atypical. The test does not seem suitable for complex mixtures, probably because ingredients that do not damage DNA but inhibit DNA synthesis by another mechanism can mask the action of a DNA-damaging agent. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in HeLa and other mammalian cells is best used as a rapid and inexpensive screening procedure to detect relatively strong mutagenic carcinogens. PMID- 7088013 TI - Abnormal levels of UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. AB - In cultured cells from normal individuals and from patients having ataxia telangiectasia (AT) the rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced by UV light was investigated by autoradiography. The number of grains in 6 different AT cell strains was similar to that observed in normal cells. Exposure of normal cells to doses of X-rays up to 20 krad had no influence on the rate of UV-induced UDS. In contrast, the UV-induced UDS was significantly modified in AT cells by treatment with X-rays. In AT cell strains that were reported to have reduced levels of gamma-ray-induced repair DNA synthesis ('excision-deficient' AT cells) the effect of X-rays on UV-induced UDS was inhibitory, whereas UV-induced UDS was stimulated by X-ray exposure in 'excision-proficient' AT cell strains. Different UV and X-ray dose-response relationships were seen in the two categories of AT cell strains. These results strongly suggest that different molecular defects are present in excision-deficient and excision-proficient At cells. They also indicate that the altered levels of repair DNA synthesis after exposure to UV in AT cells may be a secondary consequences of the way such cells handle DNa damage caused by ionizing radiation. PMID- 7088014 TI - Expression of genetic damage induced by alkylating agents in germ cells of female mice. AB - The purpose of the present experiments was to analyse the frequencies of meiotic non-disjunction and structural aberrations by comparative cytogenetic investigations in unfertilized mII oocytes and first-cleavage metaphases after pre-ovulatory treatment of female mice with alkylating agents. We also present data on the expression of both types of aberration during embryogenesis in terms of dominant lethal effects. Trenimon (TR, 1 mg/kg) induced meiotic non disjunction, but no structural aberrations were detected at metaphase II. On the contrary, at first-cleavage metaphase, TR revealed a strong clastogenic effect. A dose of 0.25 mg TR/kg increased the frequency of cells with structural aberrations to 51.79%. Mainly chromatid and a few isochromatid aberrations were found. These results support the observations previously made (see Brewen and Preston, 1979; Obe and Beek, 1979) that an intervening round of DNA replication is necessary for a TR-induced DNA lesion to be transformed into a structural aberration. The frequency of aberrant eggs in toto analysed at first cleavage (63.39%) can be quantitatively correlated to the rate of embryonic mortality (55.17%) as measured in the dominant lethal assay at the first day after treatment. We also present data on the effects of cyclophosphamide (CYC) on the first meiotic division. CYC (150 mg/kg) enhanced the incidence of meiotic non disjunction only slightly, but induced a high frequency of dominant lethal effects (58.94%) at the first day after application. PMID- 7088015 TI - Variability in nerve biopsy findings in a kinship with dominantly inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. PMID- 7088017 TI - Pathophysiology of fasciculations in ALS as studied by electromyography of single motor units. AB - Electromyographic potentials of fasciculations were studied in ten patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The EMG recordings were made from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. The EMG recording was so selective that only one motor unit potential appeared on maximal voluntary effort and on supramaximal electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve. In a series of fasciculations, the shapes of the EMG potentials varied, while in a series of voluntary twitch activations of electrical nerve stimulations the EMG potentials were mainly constant. Fasciculations were followed by antidromic impulses in the test unit axon as judged from collision tests, and they persisted after lidocaine blockades of the nerve to the muscle. The findings are compatible with a conclusion of distal multifocal triggering of fasciculation. Fasciculating motor units had voluntary firing properties close to those of normal low-threshold motor units. Widespread fasciculations were abolished by a nonparalytic dose of a synthetic curare derivative (Pavulon) and augmented by administration of neostigmine in two cases. The fasciculations in ALS thus have the same characteristics as experimental fasciculations evoked by cholinesterase inhibitors, and there is reason to believe that the underlying pathophysiological mechanism is similar in the two cases. PMID- 7088016 TI - Branched-chain ketoacids reduce muscle protein degradation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - In order to determine whether branched-chain ketoacids can reduce the excessive rate of muscle protein degradation that characterizes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, nine boys affected with the disease were studied in a metabolic ward while receiving meat-free diets. After a three-day equilibration period, excretion rates of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine were measured in two consecutive four-day periods. In the second period, a supplement containing a mixture of ornithine alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, and alpha-keto beta-methylvalerate in a proportion of 4:1:1 was administered orally at a dosage of 0.45 gm/kg/day. During treatment with the ketoacids, 3-methylhistidine excretion fell by a small (mean: 14%) but highly significant (P less than 0.01) extent, whether expressed in absolute terms or in relation to creatinine excretion. No adverse effects were noted. We conclude that this mixture of ketoacids acutely reduces muscle protein degradation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 7088018 TI - Membrane myopathy: morphological similarities to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Focal lesions in the plasma membrane overlying wedge-shaped defects in muscle fibers ("delta lesions") are an early pathological change in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Abnormalities in the plasma membrane have been suggested as a cause of these lesions and of the degeneration of muscle fibers in DMD. We investigated the role of plasma membrane defects in the production of delta lesions by examining the effects of a series of membrane-active agents- lysolecithin, deoxycholate, Triton X-100, and melittin--on the muscles of rats in vivo. Within minutes after treatment with these agents, the muscle fibers developed typical delta lesions. Identical morphological changes were produced by the calcium ionophore A23187, suggesting that calcium entry may play an important role in this process. We conclude that damage to the plasma membrane or calcium entry can reproduce characteristic features of the muscle pathology seen in DMD. This model should prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms of muscle fiber damage and degeneration in DMD. PMID- 7088020 TI - Changes in membrane structure following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle. PMID- 7088019 TI - Signs of reinnervation in myasthenia gravis. PMID- 7088022 TI - X-ray diffraction from striated muscles and nerves in normal and dystrophic mice. AB - The structure of striated muscle (thick and thin filaments, filament lattice, and collagen), peripheral nerve myelin, and tendon collagen were studied in tissues from dystrophic and normal mice using small-angle x-ray diffraction. There were increases in the amount of disorganized tissue in the dystrophic mice, and the time course of the changes was monitored over the first 42 weeks of life. As the dystrophic mice became older, the contractile apparatus of the muscles appeared to atrophy, while the amount of collagen increased. In general, the molecular structure and packing appeared to remain unchanged as the disease progressed, although changes in the relative amounts and the organization of proteins were noted. In both normal and dystrophic mice, the collagen periodicity (65.7 nm) was 2% smaller when detected in muscle tissue compared with that detected in tendon tissue. PMID- 7088021 TI - Palmitate oxidation in human muscle: comparison to CPT and carnitine. AB - The evaluating of palmitate oxidation in muscle tissue may be a useful screening test for detecting defects in fatty acid metabolism in human neuromuscular disease. If the test is to be useful, it is necessary to obtain data on a wide variety of muscle illnesses for comparative purposes. We report our experience with palmitate oxidation, muscle carnitine, and carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT) activity in 148 muscles biopsies from a variety of illnesses. The efficacy of using total protein, citrate synthase, and (1-14C) pyruvate oxidation as internal references was investigated. Palmitate oxidation was significantly less than normal (P less than or equal to 0.01) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, congenital nonprogressive myopathy, congenital muscular dystrophy, malignant hyperpyrexia, and denervation, depending on the internal reference used. Muscle carnitine levels followed a similar pattern, however, CPT activity did not. The possibility of these findings being secondary to inactivity is discussed. PMID- 7088023 TI - Necrosis of capillaries in denervation atrophy of human skeletal muscle. AB - Gastrocnemius muscles from eight adults with moderate to severe denervation of various causes (excluding vascular diseases), along with biopsy specimens from seven controls, were studies in semithin epoxy resin sections and by electron microscopy. Morphometry showed diminution in the number of capillaries per muscle fiber roughly proportional to the degree of muscle fiber atrophy. The number of capillaries per transverse muscle fiber area tended to increase. By phase microscopy, destroyed capillaries were found in all denervated muscle specimens. Denervated muscle becomes relatively overvascularized, and probably as a result, some capillaries become necrotic. This tends to restore the normal equilibrium between muscle mass and blood supply. The capillary changes of denervation can be distinguished from those in dermatomyositis. PMID- 7088024 TI - Intramedullary telangiectasia causing congenital cervical spinal atrophy. PMID- 7088026 TI - Etiology of dermatophytoses in Denmark based on a material of 1070 cases. PMID- 7088025 TI - [Antimycotic sensitivity of clinically important yeasts and moulds in the agar diffusion method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088027 TI - [Reflections on African and American histoplasmosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088028 TI - Etiology of dermatophytosis in eastern Nigeria: a 7 year study. PMID- 7088029 TI - [Drug-monitoring of 5-fluorocytosine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088030 TI - [Primary gastric mycosis, caused by Trichosporon cutaneum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088031 TI - Natural relationships of dermatophytes to the milieu of their existence. A review. PMID- 7088032 TI - Tinea capitis in Northern Nigeria. PMID- 7088033 TI - Mechanism of action of MK-401 against Fasciola hepatica: inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase. AB - The effect of MK-401 (4-amino-6-trichloroethenyl 1,3-benzenedisulfonamide) on Fasciola hepatica phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) was investigated. MK-401 was a competitive inhibitor of both 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP and had a Ki of 0.29 mM. ATP, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and MK-401 protected the Fasciola enzyme from inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. Analogues of MK-401 with different substituents at the 6 position (R = Cl, CF3, C2 F3, C3 F7) were competitive inhibitors of both 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP and a good correlation between the Ki and in vivo activity of these analogues was observed. PMID- 7088034 TI - The effects of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and various non-ionic detergents on he surfaces of schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni. AB - It was found that retinol at concentrations of 0.2-1.0 mg . ml-1 caused significant 51Cr release from schistosomula, while adult worms appeared unaffected. Retinol was shown, by spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy, to be absorbed into the membrane systems of both schistosomulum and adult worm, particularly when the parasites were incubated in retinol dissolved in non-ionic detergents (Tweens 20, 40 and 80). The retinol within the adult membrane could be induced to cause detectable 51Cr and 125I wheat germ agglutinin release if the adult was treated with retinol in combination with Tween 20. The effect of the combination of Tween 20 and retinol, was synergistic for the release of both isotopes. Their synergism was also observed when haemolysis of human erythrocytes was measured. Thus it is possible to greatly enhance the effect on the schistosome and the erythrocyte membrane of one membrane-active compound by presenting it in combination with another. This may have implications in chemotherapy when membrane active drugs are employed. PMID- 7088035 TI - Major phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in adult Schistosoma mansoni. AB - The major phospholipids present in the phospholipid extract of Schistosoma Mansoni were phosphatidylcholine (28%), phosphatidylethanolamine 925%), phosphatidylserine (15%) and phosphatidylglycerol (8%). The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in S. mansoni adults occurred by the choline to phosphatidylcholine of worm slices appeared linear over time with no demonstrable sex differences in choline incorporation. A slight difference in the incorporation of CDPcholine by separate sexes was evident. Methylation phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine could not be demonstrated. PMID- 7088036 TI - Influence of small-bowel transit time on dietary cholesterol absorption in human beings. PMID- 7088037 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 27-1982. Pleural thickening in a man with rheumatoid arthritis and exposure to asbestos. PMID- 7088038 TI - Aspirin to prevent arterial thrombosis. PMID- 7088039 TI - Pharmacogenetics and the fetus. PMID- 7088040 TI - Sounding board. American medical care--is it worth it? PMID- 7088041 TI - The muscle flap for management of osteomyelitis. PMID- 7088042 TI - Rectal administration of metronidazole. PMID- 7088043 TI - Oral zinc in primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 7088044 TI - Nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. PMID- 7088045 TI - Membrane attack complex in lupus erythematosus skin lesions. PMID- 7088047 TI - "Unbound-analogue" methods for free T4: a note of caution. PMID- 7088046 TI - Differential diagnosis of polyuria. PMID- 7088048 TI - Media coverage of coffee study has little effect on coffee consumption. PMID- 7088049 TI - Discordant expression of fetal hydantoin syndrome in heteropaternal dizygotic twins. PMID- 7088050 TI - Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. AB - We conducted a prospective study in which 554 patients with chronic bifascicular and trifascicular conduction abnormalities were followed for an average of 42.4 +/- 8.5 months. Heart block occurred in 19 patients, and 17 were successfully treated. The actuarial five-year mortality from an event that could conceivably have been a bradyarrhythmia was 6 per cent (35 per cent from all causes). Of the 160 deaths 67 (42 per cent) were sudden; most of these were not ascribable to bradyarrhythmia but to tachyarrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Mortality was higher in patients with coronary-artery disease (P less than 0.01) and congestive heart failure (P less than 0.05). Patients in whom syncope developed before or after entry into the study had a 17 per cent incidence of heart block (2 per cent in those without syncope)(P less than 0.05); however, no single variable was predictive of which patients were at high risk of death from a bradyarrhythmia. The predictors of death were increasing age, congestive heart failure, and coronary-artery disease; the predictors of sudden death were coronary-artery disease and increasing age. The risks of heart block and of death from a bradyarrhythmia are low; in most patients, heart block can be recognized and successfully treated with a pacemaker. PMID- 7088051 TI - Newborn intensive care and neonatal mortality in low-birth-weight infants: a population study. AB - We examined the neonatal mortality rates of low-birth-weight infants (501 to 2250 g) born between 1976 and 1978 in three kinds of hospitals in New York City: those with newborn-intensive-care units (Level 3), those with capabilities for the care of most premature infants (Level 2), and those without any special facilities for premature newborns (Level 1). Among 13,560 singleton low-birth-weight infants, the adjusted neonatal mortality rate for Level 3 hospitals was 128.5 per thousand live births - significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than the rates for both level 2 (168.1) and Level 1 units (163.0). The association of level of care with mortality could not be accounted for by differences between groups in social or demographic status, in prenatal care, or in medical complication of pregnancy. We infer that birth at a Level 3 center lowers neonatal mortality in low-birth weight infants. However, only 34 per cent of the patients in this study were born in such units. PMID- 7088053 TI - Preventive pacemaking. PMID- 7088052 TI - Preliminary observations on the effect of fenfluramine on blood serotonin and symptoms in three autistic boys. PMID- 7088054 TI - Hyperserotonemia and early infantile autism. PMID- 7088055 TI - Too many pacemakers. PMID- 7088056 TI - Normal delayed-type skin reactions in early stages of acquired cellular immunodeficiency. PMID- 7088057 TI - Microvascular free-tissue transfer. PMID- 7088058 TI - Cimetidine accumulation and mental confusion in cirrhosis. PMID- 7088059 TI - Nifedipine for relief of esophageal chest pain. PMID- 7088060 TI - Echocardiographic estimates of pulmonary artery wedge pressure. PMID- 7088061 TI - Upper abdominal CT scanning in staging non-oat-cell lung carcinoma. PMID- 7088062 TI - Clonidine suppression test in pheochromocytoma. PMID- 7088063 TI - Spurious increases in the anion gap due to exposure of serum to air. PMID- 7088065 TI - Nutritive value of processed meats. PMID- 7088064 TI - False-positive Hemoccult test not caused by turnips. PMID- 7088067 TI - Case 5-1982: Adrenoleukodystrophy. PMID- 7088066 TI - High serum gastrin in ulcerative colitis. PMID- 7088068 TI - Indications for the use of Fansidar in malaria. PMID- 7088069 TI - The chief complaint. PMID- 7088071 TI - Low serum concentrations of ionized calcium in patients with hypertension. PMID- 7088070 TI - Incidence of radiographically evident bone disease, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis in various types of renal tubular acidosis. AB - The syndrome of renal tubular acidosis has been categorized into three physiologic types that have different clinical findings and prognostic and therapeutic implications. We reviewed radiographs of the skeleton and kidneys in 92 patients (56 children and 36 adults) with renal tubular acidosis in order to determine whether the radiologic findings could be related to the type of syndrome. Forty-four patients had Type 1 renal tubular acidosis, 18 had Type 2, and 30 had Type 4. Evidence of skeletal abnormalities was uncommon (17 per cent) and was confined to patients who had the Type 2 disorder or azotemia. The children with Type 2 and skeletal abnormalities had rickets; the adults had osteopenia without pseudofractures. Nephrocalcinosis was evident in approximately one fourth of the group (29 per cent) and was restricted to patients with the Type 1 syndrome. In patients with Type 4, osteopenia was evident in 12 per cent, all of whom were azotemic. Our observations indicate that the radiographic manifestations of renal tubular acidosis are influenced by the physiologic type of renal tubular acidosis. PMID- 7088072 TI - Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and mitral-valve prolapse. PMID- 7088073 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 29-1982. A 43-year-old man with hepatomegaly and ascites. PMID- 7088074 TI - Sounding board: Platelet transfusions from single donors. PMID- 7088076 TI - Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields. PMID- 7088075 TI - Marijuana and health. PMID- 7088077 TI - "Leukopenia: idiopathic or drug-induced"--how to differentiate? PMID- 7088079 TI - Single puncture suffices. PMID- 7088078 TI - Cyclophosphamide pneumonitis. PMID- 7088080 TI - Platelet activation in asthma. PMID- 7088081 TI - A possible mechanism for increased susceptibility to aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in chronic renal disease. PMID- 7088082 TI - Protective effect of tert-butanol on hyperammonemia. PMID- 7088083 TI - Transfusion of cross-reactive HLS antigens is immunogenic. PMID- 7088084 TI - Multivitamin/mineral food supplements containing vitamin B12 may also contain analogues of vitamin B12. PMID- 7088085 TI - Protocol for selecting patients with injured extremities who need X-rays. PMID- 7088086 TI - The impact of early specialization on the clinical competence of residents. PMID- 7088087 TI - Hepatic copper overload and features of Indian childhood cirrhosis in an American sibship. AB - We studied the clinical histories of four white American siblings who died at 41/2 to six years of age of an unknown form of cirrhosis, in an effort to identify the etiologic factors in this familial syndrome. The family history disclosed no Indian heritage or parental consanguinity. The children were born and raised in New Jersey. Each had been well until progressive lethargy, abdominal swelling, jaundice, and fever developed four to seven months before death. The liver histopathology in each case closely resembled that of Indian childhood cirrhosis and included severe panlobular liver-cell swelling with Mallory body formation, prominent pericellular fibrosis, "micro-micronodular" cirrhosis, and marked deposits of copper and copper-binding protein. Hepatic copper levels were as high as 2083 microgram per gram of tissue (normal, less than 50 microgram). A number of features distinguish this syndrome from Wilson's disease and familial cholestatic disorders of childhood. A genetically determined disturbance in copper metabolism appears to be the most likely cause. PMID- 7088088 TI - Percutaneous transhepatic venous sampling of gastrin: value in sporadic and familial islet-cell tumors and G-cell hyperfunction. PMID- 7088089 TI - Radioactivity in cigarette smoke. PMID- 7088090 TI - Cytotoxic drugs for nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 7088091 TI - Impaired histamine H2-receptor response of lymphocytes in bronchial asthma. PMID- 7088092 TI - Red-cell sodium-lithium countertransport and essential hypertension. PMID- 7088093 TI - Dexamethasone in cerebral malaria. PMID- 7088094 TI - Spallation of silicone from blood-pump tubing in hemodialysis. PMID- 7088095 TI - Health care and American business. PMID- 7088096 TI - Occasional notes. Will a matchmaker kill a match? PMID- 7088097 TI - Increased lipoprotein-remnant formation in chronic renal failure. AB - Since accelerated atherosclerosis may be induced by excess circulating remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism, we looked for evidence of remnant particle accumulation in the lipoproteins of 11 patients on long-term dialysis. We found several abnormalities in lipoprotein protein and lipids: enrichment of intermediate-density lipoproteins (ILD) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) with triglyceride; the presence of apoprotein B48 (a "marker" for intestinal lipoproteins) in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL); an increased concentration of apoprotein AIV (a protein related to chylomicron transport); the presence of AIV in VLDL, IDL, and LDL; and the presence in LDL of apoproteins C and E (proteins not normally found in LDL). These findings strongly suggest accumulation of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis, and may explain in part the increased incidence of coronary deaths among these patients. PMID- 7088099 TI - Clinical policies and the quality of clinical practice. PMID- 7088098 TI - The correlates of an abnormal first heart sound in mitral-valve-prolapse syndromes. AB - In 52 patients with mitral-valve prolapse we studied the intensity of the first heart sound (S1) in relation to the timing of the prolapse and to the presence of leaflet tip coaptation. Sixteen normal subjects served as controls. With two dimensional echocardiography, three distinct groups were identified. Sixteen patients had early systolic mitral prolapse coincident with initial mitral leaflet coaptation at the S wave on electrocardiography. Twenty-one had middle to late systolic mitral prolapse. Fifteen had flail mitral leaflet without normal leaflet coaptation at the free margins. The intensity of S1 was expressed as the ratio of the S1 amplitude to that of the aortic component of the second heart sound. This ratio was greater in the patients with early prolapse (6.2 +/- 3.1, mean +/- S.D.) than in the controls (1.4 +/- 0.7) (P less than 0.01). The ratio was reduced in patients with flail valves (0.3 +/- 0.5) (P less than 0.01) and did not differ between patients with middle to late prolapse (1.3 +/- 0.6) and controls. We conclude that the amplitude of S1 may provide a clue to the type and timing of mitral-valve prolapse. PMID- 7088100 TI - Current concepts in neurology: diagnosis and management of facial paralysis. PMID- 7088101 TI - Intramuscular or intralipomatous injections? PMID- 7088102 TI - Evolving concepts of mitral-valve prolapse. PMID- 7088103 TI - Sounding board. Indirect costs and the budget for the National Institutes of Health. PMID- 7088104 TI - When to have children. PMID- 7088105 TI - Female fecundity as a function of age. PMID- 7088106 TI - Cardiac dysfunction in trichinosis. PMID- 7088107 TI - Lymphoid irradiation for rheumatoid arthritis (continued) PMID- 7088108 TI - Case 9-1982: malignant lymphoma. PMID- 7088109 TI - Legionella pneumophila in a hospital water supply. PMID- 7088110 TI - The drug treatment of anxiety. PMID- 7088112 TI - Respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with congenital heart disease. AB - Occasional reports have suggested that infants with congenital heart disease may have an increased risk of severe illness from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We prospectively studied 699 infants hospitalized during the winters of 1976 through 1980, when RSV was prevalent in the community; 229 of these infants had proved RSV infections acquired either before admission or during hospitalization; 27 had both congenital heart disease and RSV infection, and 46 had congenital heart disease without RSV infection. Infected infants with congenital heart disease had significantly more severe illness than those without congenital heart disease, as judged by the requirement for intensive care and assisted ventilation and by the mortality rate (37 per cent vs. 1.5 per cent, P less than 0.01). The infection was acquired nosocomially by 21 per cent of infected infants; the mortality rate from nosocomial infection was also higher in infants with congenital heart disease (44 per cent vs. 5 per cent, P less than 0.01). Pulmonary hypertension was the one condition particularly associated with severe RSV illness. Eight of the 11 infants (73 per cent) with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension died during their RSV illness. The courses in infants with congenital heart disease with and without RSV infection were also compared. Their ages, types of cardiac lesions, and incidence of pulmonary hypertension were similar, but the infants with RSV infection had a higher mortality rate (37 per cent vs. 6.5 per cent, P less than 0.1). PMID- 7088113 TI - Antacids inhibit absorption of cimetidine. PMID- 7088111 TI - Developments in health care in Nicaragua. PMID- 7088115 TI - Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia. PMID- 7088114 TI - Lactoferrin deficiency associated with altered granulocyte function. PMID- 7088117 TI - Defects of neutrophil function. PMID- 7088116 TI - Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of pregnant women. PMID- 7088118 TI - Truth is stranger than factitious. PMID- 7088119 TI - Malathion not detected in breast milk of women living in aerial spraying areas. PMID- 7088120 TI - Malignant melanoma margins. PMID- 7088121 TI - Fluoride/calcium in osteoporosis. PMID- 7088122 TI - Familial lower esophageal rings. PMID- 7088123 TI - Tolerance ot hydralazine in congestive heart failure. PMID- 7088124 TI - Pyridoxine (B6) suppresses the rise in prolactin and increases the rise in growth hormone induced by exercise. PMID- 7088125 TI - Storage of vancomycin oral solution. PMID- 7088126 TI - What's wrong with radiology. PMID- 7088127 TI - Competition in health care (continued) PMID- 7088128 TI - Food for all? PMID- 7088129 TI - US National Institutes of Health: new clinical trials. PMID- 7088131 TI - Do stepping stones guide axon growth? PMID- 7088130 TI - The oncogenic circle closes. PMID- 7088132 TI - Cytogenetic mapping of the duplicated segment of chromosome 12 in lymphoproliferative disorders. PMID- 7088134 TI - Who follows Slaughter? PMID- 7088133 TI - Post-translational modification of tubulin dependent on organelle assembly. PMID- 7088135 TI - NIH urged to act on germ war. PMID- 7088136 TI - Political interference at FDA? New policy raises fears of meddling. PMID- 7088137 TI - Female mate choice and runaway sexual selection. PMID- 7088138 TI - The impact, transmission and evolution of infectious diseases. PMID- 7088139 TI - Population dynamics of human helminth infections: control by chemotherapy. AB - An analysis is presented of the population dynamics of the major helminth parasites of man with the aim of understanding observed patterns in the age specific prevalence and intensity of infection. Mathematical models are used to investigate the possibility of controlling helminth diseases by mass chemotherapy, and to explore the advantages of selective treatment of the most heavily infected individuals in a community. PMID- 7088140 TI - Carbon isotope ratios of apatite from fossil bone cannot be used to reconstruct diets of animals. PMID- 7088141 TI - Central connections of the retinal ON and OFF pathways. PMID- 7088142 TI - Neurone differentiation in cell lineage mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. PMID- 7088144 TI - Cancer metastasis is selective or random depending on the parent tumour population. PMID- 7088143 TI - Racial differences in hypertension-associated red cell sodium permeability. PMID- 7088145 TI - Selective killing of malignant cells in a leukaemic rat bone marrow using an antibody-ricin conjugate. PMID- 7088146 TI - US looks to biological weapons. PMID- 7088147 TI - Stop-go proteins. PMID- 7088148 TI - A beginner's guide to major histocompatibility complex function. PMID- 7088149 TI - The evolutionary past of the major histocompatibility complex and the future of cellular immunology. PMID- 7088150 TI - beta Decay and the origins of biological chirality: experimental results. PMID- 7088151 TI - beta Decay and the origins of biological chirality: theoretical results. PMID- 7088153 TI - Unchanged thermoregulatory set-point in the obese mouse. PMID- 7088152 TI - Secretory protein translocation across membranes-the role of the "docking protein'. PMID- 7088156 TI - Evidence for dendritic competition in the developing retina. PMID- 7088155 TI - Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. PMID- 7088154 TI - The rigidity of fish and patterns of lateral line stimulation. PMID- 7088157 TI - A relationship between replicon size and supercoiled loop domains in the eukaryotic genome. PMID- 7088158 TI - Sons and daughters. PMID- 7088159 TI - Decapentaplegic - hopes held out. PMID- 7088160 TI - Fossil mammals and artefacts from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. AB - A review of fossil mammalian faunas from the Middle Awash indicates they span most of the later Neogene and document evolutionary change in several mammalian groups, especially Primates, Proboscidea and Artiodactyla. Oldowan artefacts first appear in the late Pliocene, while Acheulian and later industries and apparent occupation sites occur in Pleistocene beds. PMID- 7088161 TI - Congress in sight of compromise. PMID- 7088162 TI - Serotonin alters the phosphorylation of specific proteins inside a single living nerve cell. PMID- 7088163 TI - Fission-spectrum neutrons at reduced dose rates enhance neoplastic transformation. PMID- 7088164 TI - Circulating immune complexes in infants fed on cow's milk. PMID- 7088165 TI - Whence high IQs? PMID- 7088167 TI - Big-bang reproduction and ageing in male marsupial mice. PMID- 7088166 TI - No NIH ban. PMID- 7088168 TI - Transport of sugars during glycoprotein synthesis. PMID- 7088169 TI - Retreats from the steric blocking of muscle contraction. PMID- 7088170 TI - Endogenous opiates regulate oxytocin but not vasopressin secretion from the neurohypophysis. PMID- 7088171 TI - Neurotensin in the rat anterior pituitary gland. PMID- 7088172 TI - Rescuing the in vitro function of a globin pseudogene promoter. PMID- 7088173 TI - Effect of cytochalasin D on thrombin-induced actin filaments in platelets. PMID- 7088175 TI - Unscrambling amblyopia. PMID- 7088174 TI - Return of malaria. PMID- 7088176 TI - Contrast gain control in the cat visual cortex. AB - The eye functions effectively over an enormous range of ambient illumination, because retinal sensitivity can be adapted to prevailing light levels. Higher order neurones in the visual pathway are presumably more concerned with relative changes in illumination, that is, contrast, because a great deal of information concerning absolute light level is processed at the retinal level. It would therefore be of considerable functional value if cells in the visual cortex could adapt their response levels to a steady-state ambient contrast, in a manner analogous to the sensitivity control mechanism of the retina. We have examined here the idea that adaptation of neurones in the visual cortex to ambient contrast is similar to adaptation in the retina to ambient illumination. The experiments were performed by measuring contrast response functions (response amplitude as a function of contrast) of striate neurones, while systematically adapting them to different contrast levels. Our results show that, for the majority of cortical neurones, response-contrast curves are laterally shifted along a log-contrast axis so that the effective domains of neurones are adjusted to match prevailing contrast levels. This contrast gain control mechanism, which was not observed for lateral geniculate (LGN) fibres, must be of prime importance to visual function. PMID- 7088177 TI - Hyperacuity and amblyopia. AB - The most frequent cause of visual loss in childhood is functional amblyopia, an abnormality of visual acuity usually associated with either anisometropia (unequal refractive errors) or strabismus (turned eye) during early development. The usual clinical investigation of the visual acuity of amblyopes involves discrimination of the high contrast letters of a Snellen chart; however, there are other aspects of acuity, for example, grating acuity (the high spatial frequency limit of vision) and Vernier acuity (the smaller perceptible misalignment). Because of the extreme precision of Vernier acuity compared with either grafting or Snellen acuity, it is considered to be a form of hyperacuity which requires very precise positional information. In an effort to understand the nature of the neural abnormalities which cause the reduced acuity of amblyopes, we have measured here the Vernier acuity of amblyopic observers using an extended Vernier grating stimulus, and compared these results with their Snellen acuity and grating acuity. The results showed that different acuity losses are associated wih anisometropic versus strabismic amblyopia. When scaled with respect to their grating acuity, anisometropic amblyopes, like normals, showed hyperacuity, even at high spatial frequencies, while strabismic amblyopes showed severe losses in Vernier acuity. Snellen letter acuity showed a similar deficit relative to grating acuity in strabismic but not in anisometropic amblyopes. Contrary to some previous theories which have considered that all forms of amblyopia share a common neural basis, these results strongly support the view that different neural losses are associated with amblyopias of different aetiologies. PMID- 7088178 TI - Conformation of terminal regions in proteins. AB - A carboxy-terminal helix has been observed in many proteins, suggesting that these helices confer an advantage, perhaps by providing protection against carboxypeptidase activity. To determine whether the conformational preferences of the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions are significantly different from each other and from the rest of the protein, we have analysed all proteins of known structure. We report here that the resulting distribution of the helical, beta strand and coil conformations is significantly different for the amino- and carboxy-terminals; the former preferentially adopts an extended beta-strand while the latter is usually helical. The observed difference derives from the alpha/beta proteins, in which the helix and strand alternate along the sequence, suggesting that the origin of this preference lies, not in protection against degradation, but in the special structural topology of alpha/beta proteins and the beta alpha unit. PMID- 7088179 TI - Do antidepressants induce dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity? PMID- 7088180 TI - Do mitochondria share enzymes with the rest of the cell? PMID- 7088181 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to human malignant melanoma. PMID- 7088182 TI - Evidence that patterning mechanisms in developing and regenerating limbs are the same. AB - Some amphibians have the ability to form new limbs throughout their lives. The essential similarity between limb regeneration and the original development of the limb is that both involve the elaboration of new patterns of structures. While some investigators believe that the two developing systems use similar mechanisms to generate the limb pattern, others have stressed the basic differences in developing the regenerating limbs, and have concluded that different mechanisms exist. Both developing and regenerating urodele limbs can be caused to form supernumerary parts following tissue misalignment so that cells from normally disparate positions within the limb circumference confront each other (developing limbs; regenerating limbs, see ref. 11 for review). If similar mechanisms are operating, the developing limb should respond to grafts of regenerating limb tissue, and vice versa, by forming supernumerary outgrowths. If different mechanisms are operating, either the grafts should fail or the response should be disorganized. Our results with the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum suggest that the patterning mechanisms are the same. PMID- 7088184 TI - Body temperature changes during the practice of g Tum-mo yoga. PMID- 7088183 TI - Culture of macrophage cell lines from normal mouse bone marrow. AB - The use of semisolid medium for the culture and cloning of haematopoietic cells has helped our understanding of their proliferation and differentiation. It has been shown that mixed colonies of granulocytes and macrophages developed, in the presence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF), from their common precursor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC). Attempts at recloning these colonies in semisolid medium suggested that granulocytes and macrophages were differentiated cells incapable of further proliferation. However, our studies on cultures of larger numbers of cells demonstrate that while this may be the case for granulocytes, macrophages seem to be capable of long-term proliferation. PMID- 7088185 TI - Britain's test-tube babies. PMID- 7088186 TI - Key biotechnology patent delayed. PMID- 7088187 TI - Methylation of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas. PMID- 7088188 TI - How not to measure inclusive fitness. PMID- 7088189 TI - The N-terminal arms of lambda repressor wrap around the operator DNA. AB - From differences in the ability of fragments of the lambda repressor to protect operator bases from chemical modification we suggest that the first few N terminal residues of the lambda repressor form an extended arm that reaches around the back of the DNA helix when repressor binds to the operator. PMID- 7088190 TI - The operator-binding domain of lambda repressor: structure and DNA recognition. AB - The structure of the operator-binding domain of the lambda repressor has been determined at 3.2 A resolution. This domain contains an extended N-terminal arm and five alpha-helices. Model-building studies of the repressor-operator complex suggest that alpha-helices, especially the N-terminal parts of these helices, may provide a useful surface for protein-DNA interactions. PMID- 7088191 TI - The trained circling rat: a model for inducing unilateral caudate dopamine metabolism. AB - Despite considerable knowledge about brain dopamine in drug-induced and pathological states, the dynamic relationship of dopamine to voluntary motor behaviour is not established. In an effort to produce selective, lateralized changes in brain dopamine metabolism associated with movement, we have now developed an animal model in which normal rats were trained to circle for a sucrose/water reward. Turning direction was randomly assigned. The effect of circling on dopamine metabolism was studied by killing animals during the reinforcement period and measuring caudate dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in both sides of brain. Prior to turning, caudate dopamine and DOPAC levels were the same bilaterally. By contrast, animals killed after 20 min of circling showed a 67% increase in dopamine and a 46% increase in DOPAC concentrations in the caudate contralateral to the turning direction while the ipsilateral caudate showed no concentration changes. Such a rapid, massive unilateral increase in caudate dopamine metabolism suggests that dopamine neurones in contralateral caudate are selectively activated during circling behaviour. This model should be useful for further study of the relationships between neurotransmitter activity, regional brain physiology and voluntary movement, without the need for drugs or brain lesions. PMID- 7088192 TI - Cells regulate their mitogenic response to thrombin through release of protease nexin. AB - We previously reported that human and mouse fibroblast-like cells release into their growth medium a protein that we termed protease nexin. Protease nexin forms a covalent acyl linkage with thrombin and certain other serine proteases via the protease active site and mediates their binding, internalization and degradation by cells. Binding of thrombin-protease nexin to cells is mediated by the protease nexin portion of the complex to a high-affinity cellular binding site. As thrombin is a potent mitogen for a variety of fibroblast-like cells in culture, we examined whether protease nexin itself regulates thrombin-stimulated cell division. Recently, we showed that heparin virtually blocked the binding of thrombin-protease nexin complexes to both mouse and human cells without affecting the ability of these cells to respond to thrombin. Thus, protease nexin does not appear to be a positive modulator in thrombin-induced cell division. Here, we show that protease nexin negatively regulates the mitogenic response of cells in culture to thrombin. PMID- 7088193 TI - Epifluorescent microscopic evidence for maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. AB - Maternal inheritance of chloroplast genes occurs in the isogamous green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii. It has been shown using biochemical techniques that the chloroplast DNA of male origin is preferentially lost by 6 h after mating. DNAs in the chloroplast are organized by proteins into about 10 chloroplast nucleoids. Therefore, if chloroplast DNA in zygotes is preferentially destroyed, the disappearance of chloroplast nucleoids from male gametes should be observable during zygote formation by high resolution epifluorescent microscopy. Here we present the first fluorescent microscopic evidence that in C. reinhardii, about eight chloroplast nucleoids from the male parent disappear during the first 40-50 min after mating, while those from the female parent persist and finally fuse together to form one large chloroplast nucleoid. PMID- 7088194 TI - Female-biased sex ratios. PMID- 7088195 TI - Birds, berries and UV. A note on some consequences of UV vision in birds. AB - The problem of UV vision in vertebrates is briefly discussed in its historical context. For example, UV vision has been demonstrated in some birds by several authors. Hence the reflectances of plumage, petals of bird-pollinated flowers and of berries in the near UV may play an important role within the visual environment of birds. Some data obtained by means of UV photography are presented, and it is shown, that the waxlayer of glaucous fruits is highly reflective in the UV. PMID- 7088197 TI - Cytolytic assay with stable chromium and PIXE method. PMID- 7088196 TI - [Adsorptive endocytosis of proteins by eosinophil granulocytes in small intestine mucosa]. PMID- 7088198 TI - Teratogenic activity of a hydrolytic thalidomide metabolite in mice. PMID- 7088199 TI - Daylight dimmer than starlight entrains the circadian rhythm of a bat. PMID- 7088200 TI - Heart-rate conditioning used for determination of auditory threshold in the starling. PMID- 7088201 TI - [Abdominal pain and curettage in the anamnesis (Asherman's syndrome)]. PMID- 7088202 TI - [Bromocriptine in the treatment of patients with parkinsonism and dyskinesias induced by levodopa]. PMID- 7088203 TI - [Terminal care in children]. PMID- 7088204 TI - [Everyday aspects of anti-hypertension therapy]. PMID- 7088205 TI - [Transmeatal inner ear damage]. PMID- 7088206 TI - [Is bismuth subcitrate an effective drug for the patient with peptic ulcer?]. PMID- 7088208 TI - [Mucocele of the salivary glands; findings on 149 patients]. PMID- 7088207 TI - [Psychosocial and somatic aspects of epilepsy]. PMID- 7088212 TI - Bilateral humeral fractures in a 75-year-old woman. PMID- 7088209 TI - [Observations on economizing on drug costs]. PMID- 7088211 TI - Pregnancy outcome and maternal plasma volume expansion. PMID- 7088210 TI - A community outbreak of trichinosis in Nebraska: report of an epidemiologic investigation. PMID- 7088213 TI - An unusual pediatric orthopedic problem: subluxation of the cervical spine. PMID- 7088214 TI - Plasmapheresis: a new treatment modality for the patient with severe myasthenia gravis. PMID- 7088215 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome: a review for primary care physicians. PMID- 7088216 TI - Ipsilateral supracondylar fractured humerus and fractured radius. PMID- 7088217 TI - [Effect of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis on the spike activity and chemical sensitivity of cortical neurons in the rabbit]. AB - Inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis by non-narcotic analgetics--aspirin, butadion and indometacin--produces an over effect of the background firing activity of the cortical units and on their sensitivity to microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in acute experiments on unanesthetized and unrestrained rabbits. As a rule, non-narcotic analgetics depressed background firing and reinforced responses to the neuro-mediators. Some neurons showed complete, but reversible inhibition of discharge activity and chemical sensitivity. Participation of prostaglandins in activity of the nerve cells is discussed. PMID- 7088218 TI - [Visual thalamic afferents of field 29 of the limbic cortex in the rat]. AB - The afferent connections of the retrosplenial field of the limbic cortex were studied in rats using the horseradish peroxidase method. The dry horseradish peroxidase was injected to the cortical surface in field 29. The HRP labelled cells were found in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body, nucleus lateralis posterior, in the pretectal and anterodorsalis nuclei. The connections of field 29 with fields 17 and 18 of the cortical visual areas and with contralateral field 29 were also revealed. According to the data obtained all principal thalamic structures project directly to the retrosplenial cortex. PMID- 7088219 TI - [Correlations of the geometric and electrophysiologic characteristics of brain stem neurons in the kitten]. AB - Spike activity of the medially and laterally localized units was compared in the pontomedullar reticular nuclei on 1-5 and 15-30 day old kittens. The amplitudes of spikes, spontaneous and evoked patterns of firing in the lateral and medial groups were different. The ratio of cells responding to single and high-frequency stimuli was lower in the lateral units and higher in the medial ones. The medial units had a more significant background firing activation in the interstimulus intervals. It is supposed that the medial cells reflect the properties of densely ramified giant neurons and the lateral--those of the sparsely ramified units. The difference between their electrophysiological properties may be connected with the dendrite geometry, especially with maximal branching foci of dendrites. PMID- 7088220 TI - [Study of the connections of brain stem respiratory nuclei by the technic of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase]. AB - The method of horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport was used to study the connections between neurons of respiratory nuclei and reticular formation of medulla oblongata and descending fibre pathways from these structures in the spinal cord of cats. It is shown that neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambiguus (the ventral respiratory group) are connected with the ventrolateral part of nucleus tractus solitarius (the dorsal respiratory group) and from direct bilateral connections with each other and with the medial part of medulla oblongata. A wide developed system of direct connections is revealed between the neurons of respiratory nuclei of both parts of the brain stem. A possible role of the studied nuclei is discussed for the rhythmogenesis of breathing and regulation of the respiratory and other motor functions. PMID- 7088221 TI - [Sources of ascending afferent projections to the central field of the tegmentum mesencephali and centrum medianum thalami in the cat]. AB - After injections of horseradish peroxidase into the central tegmental field of the midbrain reticular formation and centrum medianum of the thalamus in the cat, labelled neurons were found in the nucleus of solitary tract, cuneate and gracile nuclei, spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve, external nucleus and brachium nucleus of inferior colliculus, nuclei of the lemniscus lateralis in the area pretectalis, nucleus of the posterior commissure and stratum intermediale of the superior colliculus and in reticular structures of medulla and pons. It is concluded that midbrain reticular formation receives the main input from visceral and the centrum medianum from the somatic sensory nuclei. PMID- 7088222 TI - [Cerebral division of the visual sensory system in pulmonate mollusks]. AB - The distribution of receptor cell axons and location of neurons sending their axons to the optic nerves were revealed in cerebral ganglia of pulmonate molluscs Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis by the method of cobalt chloride injection. Afferent fibers of the optic nerves give terminal branches dorsally in the central area of the cerebral ganglion. Some of them pass through the comissure to the symmetrical area of the opposite cerebral ganglion. Neurons innervating eyes are situated in several areas of both cerebral ganglia. In Lymnaea stagnalis they are located near the optic nerve entrance, in the comissural area, in the mesocerebrum and the posterodorsal part of the ganglion. In Helix pomatia these neurons were found in the same areas except the posterior part of the ganglion. In electrophysiological experiments neuronal responses to the adequate stimulation of the eyes were recorded in the mentioned areas of the cerebral ganglia. The variable character of the responses and the presence of cells indifferent to photic stimulation demonstrate the functional diversity of these zones. On the basis of these data it is suggested that there are no morphologically distinct visual centres in the cerebral ganglia of pulmonate molluscs. PMID- 7088223 TI - [Depolarization of primary forelimb afferents in the cat. Evoked activation of sensory nerves of the neck]. AB - Primary afferent depolarization in the brachial enlargement evoked by neck afferent excitation was studied in nembutal-anesthetized cats. The highest level of the depolarization was observed in low-threshold muscle and high-threshold cutaneous afferents. Simultaneously with this depolarization there occurs a long lasting depression (more than 0.5 s) of flexor reflex. It is suggested that such influences upon primary afferents are transmitted through pathways descending within dorsal and lateral funiculi. The obtained data are discussed with respect to the functioning of the postural mechanisms. PMID- 7088224 TI - [Characteristics of sonomotor potentials in the intact guinea pig]. PMID- 7088225 TI - Peritoneal dialysis today. PMID- 7088226 TI - A hundred patient months' experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7088227 TI - Current views on the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7088228 TI - High frequency of lithogenic bile in primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 7088229 TI - Medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma in adults. PMID- 7088230 TI - Use of extracorporeal ascites dialysis in combined hepatic and renal failure. PMID- 7088231 TI - Hypouricemia due to renal urate wasting. Two types of tubular transport defect. AB - We present 2 patients associated with hypouricemia. Serum uric acid levels were 1.6 and 1.3 mg/100 ml, and the ratios of urate clearance to creatinine clearance were 34.1 and 39.4%, respectively, while glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were normal. In the pyrazinamide (PZA) suppression test these 2 patients showed a different response of urate excretion. In the first patient urate excretion showed only a slight decrease following PZA. The load of benzbromarone did not increase urate excretion significantly. This patient is considered to have a defect of urate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, resulting in renal uricosuria. The second patient, on the contrary, showed nearly complete suppression of urate excretion after PZA. Uricosuric response to benzbromarone was far less than in the normal subjects. The suppression rate of urate excretion following PZA in benzbromarone-induced uricosuria was similar to the value of the normals. These results suggest that the latter had a defect of postsecretory reabsorption of urate in the tubule. PMID- 7088233 TI - Molecular weight distribution, diffusibility and comparability of middle molecular fractions prepared from normal and uremic sera by different fractionation procedures. AB - Sephadex G-25 (SG-25) chromatography of normal and uremic (U) sera yielded three (A, B, C) optically active (280 nm) fractions. Only fraction B disclosed a substantial increase in uremia that could not be counteracted by routine hemodialysis. Although middle molecules (MM) might be included in all SG-25 fractions (B greater than C greater than A), none of them was exclusively composed of MM. Solutes in U fraction B and C were found to be (a) heat stable; (b) soluble in ethanol; (c) diffusible through a Visking membrane, and (d) adsorbed by activated charcoal. Solutes in U fraction B and C and those in a toxic ethanol U serum extract could be partially or entirely recovered in the same Dowex fractions which were obtained by Dowex chromatography of native U sera. Methodical pitfalls leading to misinterpretation of molecular weight data obtained by SG chromatography and to erroneous classification of MM are also thoroughly discussed in this paper. PMID- 7088232 TI - Spectrum of rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis in northern India. AB - 36 consecutive patients whose biopsies showed significant extracapillary proliferation in the face of rapidly declining renal function were reviewed between 1967 and 1979. About 30% of the patients belonged to the pediatric age group with a male:female ratio of 2.5:1. Oliguria/anuria, hematuria, and progressive renal insufficiency were present in all cases. There was evidence of 9 cases being poststreptococcal, 2 SLE, 1 Henoch-Schonlein purpura, 2 possibly viral and 1 staphylococcal. Histologically, 29 cases had more than 60% crescents, 5 between 50 and 60% and 2 cases a little less than 50%. 28 cases were fatal in less than 10 months. 2 were lost of follow-up. 6 survivors with reversal of renal functions had 3 common factors to note, namely an antecedent disease, less crescents both in number and size, accompanied by fewer interstitial changes and early treatment. Rebiopsy in 2 survivors showed regression of histologic severity. PMID- 7088234 TI - Role of hemodynamic alterations in the partial protection afforded by uninephrectomy against glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. AB - Systemic and renal hemodynamics and body fluid volumes were evaluated in 48-hour uninephrectomized (UNX) and sham-operated (SO) rats, 3 h after glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF). UNX rats showed a 20% increase in cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) and a 20% decrease in total peripheric resistance (TPR) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) with respect to the control rats. There was no difference in body fluid volumes. 3 h after ARF induction UNX rats showed a minor decrease in RBF and GFR and a minor increase in RVR when compared with the control rats. CO decreased to similar levels in both UNX and SO rats. Mean arterial pressure and TPR increases were observed in UNX and SO rats but these increases were higher in the UNX than in the SO rats. Plasma and extracellular volumes were reduced in both groups of rats. The partial protection afforded by the renal mass reduction against the glycerol-induced ARF seem to be explained by the minor decrease in RBF and the lesser increase in RVR exhibited by the UNX rats after ARF induction. PMID- 7088235 TI - Lack of an effect of saline loading on glycerol-induced acute renal failure. AB - To determine whether saline loading actually protects against acute renal failure, both C and BUN were measured in rats drinking either tap water or 1% saline for 1-3 months. At 24 and 48 h after an injection of 10 ml/kg i.m. of 50% glycerol in water, CTN was equally reduced in saline-drinking and water-drinking rats as compared to uninjected rats. The daily intraperitoneal injection of saline for 1-3 months also was not protective. At 48 hours after glycerol injection, the BUN concentration in saline-drinking rats was significantly lower than in water-drinking rats. This was probably due to the greater renal urea clearance in these animals. We conclude from these findings that saline loading does not protect against glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rat although it affects the Curea and Bun concentration. PMID- 7088236 TI - Red blood cell deformability in renal failure. AB - Red blood cell deformability was measured in 74 cases of renal failure and diabetic nephropathy by means of a modified nuclepore membrane filter method. Low red blood cell deformability was observed in a certain proportion of the patients. In cases of renal failure only weak correlation was found between reduced red blood cell deformability and BUN as well as between reduced red blood cell deformability and creatinine level, while simultaneous changes in these variable were observed in several patients. The reduction in red blood cell deformability in cases of diabetic nephropathy slightly exceeded that in cases of renal failure and correlated with an increment in HbA1c content. The effects of uremic toxins were unclear in in vitro tests. The red blood cell deformability was impaired in nephrectomized rabbits. PMID- 7088237 TI - Starch peritonitis following peritoneal dialysis. AB - Peritoneal dialysis is used frequently in the treatment of patients having renal failure. A 43-year-old patient developed acute abdominal symptoms 7 days after completion of peritoneal dialysis. Celiotomy demonstrated peritonitis with presence of starch powder. Resolution occurred rapidly after removal of the powder. Starch peritonitis after peritoneal dialysis can be obviated by careful washing of gloves. It can be managed without operative intervention. Peritonitis due to starch dusting powder can occur as a complication of peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7088238 TI - Chronic renal failure in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Association with renal cysts. PMID- 7088239 TI - Fractional sodium excretion in patients with chronic renal failure with respect to the therapy. PMID- 7088240 TI - Neurotoxicology of the alkyltins. PMID- 7088241 TI - Trimethyltin-induced changes in gross morphology of the hippocampus. AB - Acute exposure to trimethyltin (TMT) produces alterations in hippocampal morphology. The purpose of this study was to arrive at a simple method for quantitative assessment of the gross changes in morphology which could then be used as a correlate in studies of TMT toxicity. Adult Long-Evans male hooded rats were treated with a single dose of TMT chloride and sacrificed either (a) within 11 days; (b) following 30 days; or (c) 105 days following treatment. Among a variety of morphological measures explored, the easiest and most clearly dosage related was length of the line of pyramidal cells, from CA1 through CA3c. TMT shortened this line in a dosage- and time-dependent manner. Loss of cells appeared to begin in CA3c and progress through CA3b and CA3a as a dosage and time since treatment increased. It was concluded that this measurement may provide a useful morphological correlate for physiological and behavioral studies of TMT toxicity. PMID- 7088242 TI - Neuropathology of mouse hippocampus in acute trimethyltin intoxication. AB - BALB/c mice were injected IP with a single dose of trimethyltin chloride (3.0 mg TMT/kg body weight). Severe body tremor was observed within 12 hours post injection. All animals were sacrificed 48 hours post-injection by means of intracardial perfusion with 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde. Light microscopic examination revealed extensive neuronal necrosis in the granule cells of the fascia dentata of the hippocampus. Scattered neuronal loss was also observed in the pyriform cortex, the neocortex, amygdaloid nucleus, and the brainstem. Electron microscopic examination of the hippocampus revealed lysosomal accumulation in both the granule cells and pyramidal neurons. While extensive cellular necrosis was observed in the granule cells, the pyramidal neurons only displayed some dilatation and vacuolation of their endoplasmic reticulum. This report represents the first in depth pathological study in the mouse hippocampus following an acute exposure to TMT. PMID- 7088243 TI - Behavioral toxicology of acute trimethyltin exposure in the mouse. AB - Adult BALB/c mice were injected IP with trimethyltin . HCl (TMT), and the effects of TMT were studied on gross behavior, lethality, spontaneous motor activity (SMA), and responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 sec (mult FR30 FI600) schedule of reinforcement. Following doses of 4, 5, and 6 mg/kg, the cumulative 48-hr lethality was 10% at 4 mg/kg, IP, and 100% at 5 and 6 mg/kg, IP. No deaths were observed during the first 48 hrs following 3 mg/kg TMT. This non-lethal dose produced whole body tremors. The SMA of mice receiving 3 mg/kg was reduced to 70% during the first 24-hr period following TMT and some recovery of total activity was observed during the second 24-hr period. The reduction in SMA was accompanied by a change in the normal circadian cycle of activity. Responding under the mult FR30 FI600 schedule was severely disrupted. Three hours after TMT administration and rate of responding in both components was decreased and the decrease became progressively larger over the next 48 hrs. In addition to the rate of FI600 responding being reduced, the normal pattern of FI responding was altered with an increase in responding observed in the early portions of the FI. These results suggest that the mouse is much more sensitive to the effects of TMT than the rat and may have potential as an animal model in the study of the neurotoxicity of TMT. PMID- 7088244 TI - Trimethyltin impairs retention of a passive avoidance task. AB - Trimethyltin is a neurotoxic organometal which produces neuronal damage in several limbic regions including the hippocampus, amygdala and the pyriform cortex. One administration of trimethyltin (5, 6 or 7 mg/kg) twenty one days prior to passive avoidance conditioning produced an impairment of retention when animals were tested 24 hours after training. Rats treated with trimethyltin exhibited shorter step-through latencies and freezing durations during the retention test. It was observed that the three dosages of trimethyltin were equally effective in disrupting retention performance. There retention deficits were not secondary to alterations in footshock sensitivity. The data presented here indicate that acute trimethyltin administration disrupted learning and memory. The compound might be a useful tool for examining the role of the limbic system in associative processes. PMID- 7088245 TI - Trimethyltin, a selective limbic system neurotoxicant, impairs radial-arm maze performance. AB - Rats were trained for fifteen sessions in an automated eight arm radial maze prior to treatment with 6 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride. This compound is a neurotoxicant which primarily damages the limbic system, in particular pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Following treatment the animals exhibited a marked and persistent impairment of maze performance characterized by decreased selection accuracy and an altered spatial pattern of responding within the maze. These results offered additional evidence that CA3 pyramidal neurons or their connections play an important, if not essential, role in radial-arm maze performance. It was suggested that trimethyltin might be a useful tool for elucidating the neural substrates of both radial maze performance and learning and memory processes. PMID- 7088246 TI - Chronic neonatal organotin exposure alters radial-arm maze performance in adult rats. AB - Long-Evans rats were intubated with 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg of triethyltin sulfate (TET) or 0.3 mg/kg of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT) from postnatal day 3-29. 1.0 mg/kg of TMT was given on alternate days beginning on postnatal day 3. Learning and memory were assessed in an automated radial-arm maze when the rats were 180-200 days old. With this maze accuracy and activity data can be collected simultaneously. TET or TMT treatment resulted in an increase in the number of days required to adequately perform and radial-arm maze task, and a transient deficit in accuracy. However, the most pronounced effect in both TET and TMT treated animals was hyperactivity which became manifest on the second day of testing and persisted throughout the remainder of testing. PMID- 7088247 TI - Visual system dysfunction following acute trimethyltin exposure in rats. AB - Trimethyltin (TMT) has been shown to produce damage in the limbic system and several other brain areas. To date, damage to sensory systems has not been reported. The present study investigated the integrity of the visual system following acute exposure to TMT. Rats were chronically implanted with electrodes for recording the evoked response from either the visual cortex or optic tract following photic stimulation. Following recovery, the animals were exposed to either 0 (saline), 4, 5, 6, or 7 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride (TMT). Evoked potentials were averaged the peak-to-peak amplitudes and latencies were determined. The results indicated that exposure to TMT produced alterations in the visual evoked response. The pattern of changes suggested two effects, an alteration in retinal processing and an alteration in arousal. The manifestation of these changes was an increase in early peak latencies recorded from the visual cortex and the optic tract, a decreased amplitude recorded from the visual cortex and optic tract early peaks (all suggestive of retinal changes) and a decreased P3N3 amplitude and N3 latency recorded from the visual cortex (suggestive of increased arousal). The results demonstrate that TMT does produce alterations in sensory systems as well as in the limbic system. PMID- 7088248 TI - Somatosensory dysfunction following acute trimethyltin exposure. AB - A variety of trimethyltin (TMT)-produced sensory and behavioral dysfunctions have been reported. In this study the functional integrity of the somatosensory system was evaluated. Animals were tested using three different measures prior to (day 0) and 1, 4, and 16 days following dosing with either 0 (saline) or 7 mg/kg TMT. The tests employed were: (1) hot-plate pain threshold: (2) dorsal caudal nerve response threshold and conduction velocity; and (3) the somatosensory evoked response (SER). In the hot-plate test, TMT treated animals took longer to lick the hind paws in response to the heat. No effects were seen in the nerve function evaluation (conduction velocity and threshold), although increased N1, P1, and P2 latencies and decreased N1P1 amplitude were seen in SER recordings. The fact that no peripheral nerve function effects were observed suggests that the hot-plate and SER findings were the result of central nervous system dysfunction. PMID- 7088249 TI - Increased seizure susceptibility following trimethyltin administration in rats. AB - Acute treatment with trimethyltin (TMT) produces a multitude of behavioral effects including spontaneous convulsions in some animals. The present study used several different experimental seizure models to investigate seizure susceptibility in TMT-treated rats. Rats surgically implanted with electrodes in the amygdala and treated with TMT kindled more rapidly than saline-treated controls. Similarly, rats implanted with electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus kindled more rapidly than controls. Although TMT did not alter the properties of hippocampal afterdischarges, the threshold for production of after discharges was increased in both hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled rats, probably due to cell loss. TMT also increased the sensitivity of rats to pentylenetetrazol, thus suggesting that the increased seizure susceptibility was not limited to the limbic system. PMID- 7088251 TI - Studies on the flavor aversions induced by trialkyltin compounds. AB - These experiments were undertaken to determine the suitability of a flavor aversion-conditioning paradigm for detecting the effects of trimethyltin and triethyltin. Both organotins produced flavor aversions whose magnitude depended jointly on the dosage administered and the number of flavor-organotin pairings. Estimated ED 50s (for triethyltin, 1.8 mg/kg; for trimethyltin, 3.1 mg/kg) were smaller than the dosages reported to affect other classes of behavior, but nevertheless represented a substantial percentage (25-45%) of the respective published LG-50 values. Flavor-aversion conditioning may represent a valuable tool for studying the effects of organic and inorganic heavy metals. PMID- 7088250 TI - Comparative organotin toxicity in the developing rat: somatic and morphological changes and relationship to accumulation of total tin. AB - The effect of the structure of organotin compounds on their toxicity and neurotoxicity to the developing rat has been studied. Oral administration was used after selection of a vehicle that gave uniform organotin solubilization as evidenced by toxicity and chemical solubility data. This vehicle was milk plus Tween-80. Eight different organotin compounds were systematically surveyed for effects in the neonatal rat. Trimethyl- and triethyltin were most toxic, and were somewhat more toxic than tri-n-propyltin. Tri-n-butyltin was somewhat less toxic, while tricyclohexyl-, triphenyl-, diethyl- and dimethyltin were least toxic. Some higher doses of trimethyl- or triethyltin caused neuropathological changes that were characteristic for each compound, these changes being absent for the other agents. Regardless of their toxicity, significant amounts of tin, as the element, were found in brain, kidney, and liver after treatment with all agents. However, detectable blood values were only obtained for trimethyl- and triethyltin. PMID- 7088252 TI - Effects of triethyltin on schedule dependent and schedule induced behaviors under different schedules of reinforcement. AB - The subacute effects of triethyltin (TET) on operant responding and adjunctive behavior were assessed using either a fixed ratio (FR-30) or fixed interval (FI-1 min) schedule of reinforcement. Response rate decreased for rats on the FR-30 schedule given 1.5 mg/kg whereas animals on the FI-1 min schedule showed decreases in presses and pellets obtained at 1.5 mg/kg and in water intake at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg. When the animals on the FI-1 min schedule were allowed to recover body weight, decreases in presses, pellets obtained, licking, and water intake occurred at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg. Schedule induced and schedule dependent behaviors were affected by low doses of TET. Rats at recovered body weight were most sensitive and affected by the lowest TET doses. PMID- 7088253 TI - The behavioral toxicity of a tributyltin ester in the rat. AB - The behavioral toxicity of an organic tin compound under consideration for use in marine antifouling paint was assessed using a Sidman avoidance paradigm. The assessed compound, an organometallic polymer (tributyltin [methacrylic-CO methylmethacrylate] ester), is from a group of alkyltin compounds of which triethyl and tributyltin are known to be toxic. Rats were tested under a free operant avoidance procedure for 6 months while ingesting the polymer in their drinking water. At the beginning of the 5th month significant behavioral changes became evident, reflected in increases in shock rate, decreased responding, and a shifting of the interresponse time distribution. Performance improved upon withdrawal of the contaminant suggesting that limited exposure to the polymer may not result in permanent behavioral dysfunction. PMID- 7088254 TI - Effects of prenatal triphenyl-tin exposure on the development of behavior and conditioned learning in rat pups. AB - Neurotoxic effects of the fungicide triphenyl-tin acetate were examined in pups of mothers treated perorally on day 7-15 of gestation. The gait and development of motor coordination did not differ from those of control animals, in spite of the high mortality rate of control pups during the nursing period. Spontaneous locomotor activity of treated pups at the age of 23 and 36 days was increased, however by the age of 90 days activity returned to control levels. Conditioned avoidance was acquired more rapidly, but was also extinguished sooner in animals born from, the nursed by poisoned mothers than in control. PMID- 7088255 TI - Triethyltin intoxication alters acetylcholine release from rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm. AB - Triethyltin (TET) exposure produces, among other symptoms, muscular weakness . The etiology of this phenomenon is obscure, but the symptoms suggest impaired cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Therefore, acetylcholine (ACh) release was assessed in the vascularly perfused phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm isolated from rats subjected to acute or chronic in vivo exposure to TET. Adult male hooded Long-Evans rats (250-350 grams) were exposed acutely to one injection of TET (10 mg/kg IP), or chronically to TET (30 mg/L) in their drinking water. Hemidiaphragms were obtained from treated and age-matched control rats 24 hours after acute exposure or one, two, or three weeks after initiation of the chronic exposure regimen. ACh release was assessed during unstimulated (spontaneous), stimulated (7 Hz), and supra-stimulated (20 Hz) conditions. Ach release was not altered in the hemidiaphragms of acutely exposed rats. Rats chronically exposed to TET showed normal spontaneous release, a trend towards decreased stimulated (7 Hz) release, and an almost complete failure to release Ach in response to 20 Hz stimulation. The data are discussed with respect to known TET effects on cellular bioenergetics and the consequences for neurotransmitter synthesis and release mechanisms. PMID- 7088256 TI - Chronic triethyltin exposure reduces the resting membrane potential of rat soleus muscle. AB - Muscle weakness is a prominent component of the toxic syndrome which results from prolonged exposure to triethyltin (TET). The etiology of this phenomenon includes, in part, an alteration of acetylcholine (ACh) release from motoneurons but there are also indications that TET causes a primary myopathy. We have found that chronic exposure of rats to TET bromide (30 mg/liter of drinking water) caused a time-dependent reduction of resting membrane potentials (RMPs) recorded in situ from soleus muscle fibers. The RMPs of TET-exposed rats were significantly lower than those of control animals (5.4 mV) after four days and were further reduced by continuous TET exposure to 11.2 mV less than control on the twenty-eighth day. Three weeks after rats were withdrawn from TET RMPs were restored to control values. TeT had no effect on the frequency, amplitude or incidence of occurrence of miniature endplate potentials. Spontaneous ACh release ane its action on the postsynaptic membrane were not affected by TET, which suggests that TET reduces RMPs through an effect on muscle fibers unrelated to denervation. We propose that TET reduces RMPs by inhibiting the bioenergetic capacity of the muscle and that this myogenic toxicity is a significant factor in the development of muscle weakness following exposure. PMID- 7088257 TI - Acute triethyltin exposure: effects on the visual evoked potential and hippocampal afterdischarge. AB - Acute administration of triethyltin (TET) produces a well-described sequence of pathological events characterized by intramyelinic vacuolation, edema, and histotoxic hypoxia. Recent behavioral studies have attempted to characterize the functional consequences of TET exposures. In this study, the effects of exposure on the visual evoked response (VER) and hippocampal afterdischarge (AD) were determined. Rats were administered either 0, 0.188, 0.375, 0.75, or 1.50 mg/kg TET bromide IP each day for 6 consecutive days. TET increased latencies of P1, N1, P2, N2, and N3 peaks of the VER. The increased latencies are consistent with delayed conduction produced by alterations in the myelin of the optic nerve. TET increased the frequency of spikes within ADs, increased the severity of postictal EEG depressions, and prolonged recovery of excitability following ADs. These effects may be partially explained as reflecting a generalized CNS depression. PMID- 7088258 TI - Triethyltin: ambient temperature alters visual system toxicity. AB - Previous studies have indicated that acute exposure to triethyltin (TET) increases latencies of the flash evoked response (VER) recorded from the rat cortex. TET also produces hypothermia, which may be modified by altering environmental (ambient) temperature. In this study, the role of ambient temperature in determining the effects of acute TET upon the VER was examined. Rats with chronically implanted electrodes were administered either TET (6 mg/kg) or saline, and maintained in either a warm (30 degree C) or cool (22 degrees C) environment for the next 7 hrs. VERs were recorded during this 7 hr period, and at regular intervals for the next 2 weeks. TET increased VER peak latencies. VER peak latencies recorded from animals exposed in a cool room gradually returned to pre-TET values. Latencies recorded from animals exposed to TET in a warm room remained elevated for a longer period of time, thus indicating a more severe impact of the TET exposure. This study indicates that toxicant-induced alterations in core temperature are potential determinants of other toxicant induced effects. PMID- 7088259 TI - [Study of the binding characteristics of chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid to serum proteins in chronically uremic patients : influence of dialysis and heparine (author's transl)]. AB - The binding characteristics of chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) to serum proteins has been studied in 10 chronically uremic patients and 9 healthy subjects using the technique of equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard analysis of the results indicated a significant decrease in association constants for low as well as for high affinity sites. The number of binding sites however was not diminished thus suggesting the presence of competitive inhibitors. Such inhibitors were dializable, at least in part, as demonstrated by in vivo hemodialysis and in vitro-dialysis experiments. The in vivo administration of 50 mg heparin intravenously led to a striking increase in the unbound fraction of serum CPIB whereas the addition of 10 IU/ml heparin in vitro induced no change of protein binding which is in favor of only an indirect effect of heparin. In conclusion, CPIB binding to serum proteins of chronically uremic patients as compared to normal volunteers was decreased leading to an increase of its unbound circulating fraction. The observed change of protein binding appeared to be due to the presence of competitive inhibitors in uremic serum. PMID- 7088260 TI - [Distribution of fibronectin in renal pathology (author's transl)]. AB - The distribution of fibronectin (FN), a major glycoproteic component of extracellular matrix, has been detected in the human kidney by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using a rabbit anti-human FN serum on 6 embryonic renal tissues, 5 normal kidneys and 120 renal biopsies. In the metanephros, FN was seen within tubular basement membranes and in embryonic glomeruli. There was a progressive loss of tubular basement membrane staining during the differentiation of renal parenchyma. In the normal kidney and in kidneys with nephritis without endo- and/or extracapillary proliferation, FN was localized only in the mesangium and faintly in capillary walls of glomeruli. In glomerulonephritis with endo- and/or extracapillary proliferation, FN was increased around mesangial cells. FN was also bound to fibrin in epithelial crescents, fibrinoid necrosis and in thrombi of thrombotic microangiography. FN was increased in the mesangium of diabetic glomeruli without endocapillary proliferation. FN has not been found in amyloid deposits and in sclerosed glomeruli. We therefore conclude that FN is a good mesangial marker and is probably involved in the inflammatory process. PMID- 7088263 TI - [Long-term evolution of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in adults : spontaneous clinical remission in 13 cases with proven regression of glomerular lesions in 5 cases (author's transl)]. AB - 188 patients with type I MPGN were followed from 1957 to 1975. At last examination, 53% of patients with pure MPGN and 66% of those with lobular MPGN had renal insufficiency; 28 other patients showed clinical improvement and 13 of these had permanent complete remission. In all of these 13 cases, (10 pure MPGN and 3 lobular forms), the clinical remission was spontaneous and occurred 2 to 16 years after the apparent onset. At the time of the first renal biopsy, 7 of these patients had a nephrotic syndrome, 2 had hypertension and 1 had renal failure. A second biopsy was obtained in 5 patients during the clinical remission period and showed in all cases a clear regression of the glomerular lesions. The possibility of spontaneous permanent clinical remission in MPGN should be considered in the indications and methods of treatment and the interpretation of their results. PMID- 7088262 TI - [Vaccination against hepatitis B in a hemodialysis unit. A 4-year follow up (author's transl)]. AB - From February 1976 to January 1980, 123 staff members and 84 hemodialysis patients were immunized against hepatitis B in an adult hemodialysis unit. The vaccine was prepared by purification of HBs Ag from human sera and was formalin inactivated. Vaccines were tested for seric markers of HB virus (HBs Ag, anti HBs, anti-HBc) and serum transaminases (ALT, AST) before immunization and every month during the follow up. Tests for markers of auto-immunity were performed. The vaccinees were followed from 4 to 48 months. No evidence of long-lasting reactions to the HB vaccine or auto-immunity was observed. 91% of the staff members sero-converted for anti-HBs; none of them showed clinical, biologic or serologic signs of active HB infection; 62% of the hemodialysis patients sero converted for anti-HBs; none of them became HBs Ag chronic carrier. These results were obtained despite the fact that the prevalence of HBs Ag chronic carriers was 32.7% when the study began. Active immunization proved to be a safer and efficient method to prevent HB infection in a hemodialysis unit. PMID- 7088261 TI - [Dialysis-computering program. VII : Clinical and biological tolerance of dialysis sessions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088265 TI - Short-term behavioural effects of neurohypophyseal hormones: pharmacological characteristics. AB - Neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides cause behavioural alterations after intracerebroventricular injection in mice. In the present study, these effects, consisting of excessive grooming and scratching, and of escape-directed activity in stressful situations, could easily be distinguished from those of other centrally acting peptides and drugs by means of two different behavioural bioassays. The effects were not antagonized by drugs that block cholinergic or adrenergic receptors, but they were powerfully suppressed by some potent psychotropic agents. Some compounds with strong vasoconstrictor or vasodilatory actions did not mimick or antagonize the behavioural alterations, suggesting that vasoconstriction is not essential for the induction of these effects. A considerable degree of tolerance could be induced and cross-tolerance was observed between different neurohypophyseal hormones. In rats, behavioural alterations caused by oxytocin and vasopressin could be demonstrated as well, but they were by far less pronounced than those observed in mice. For comparison, some data on the behavioural effects of bombesin are included. This peptide caused behavioural alterations similar to those of the neurohypophyseal hormones, but these were apparently mediated by different mechanisms. It is suggested that centrally-released oxytocin and/or vasopressin might be physiologically involved in the regulation of animal behaviour. PMID- 7088266 TI - Effects of diazepam and of serotonin agonists on hyponeophagia in rats. AB - The effects of serotonin agonists, fenfluramine (2 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy N,N dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT, 2.5 mg/kg) on hyponeophagia were studied both alone and in combination with diazepam (1 mg/kg). Male and female rats were used but sex differences were not found. The serotonin agonists enhanced hyponeophagia while diazepam attenuated it and antagonised the actions of both serotonin agonists. These findings are discussed in connection with the serotonin hypothesis of benzodiazepine action with the conclusion that diazepam acts distally to serotonergic drugs on hyponeophagia. PMID- 7088264 TI - Selective inhibition of the A form of monoamine oxidase by 4-dimethylamino-alpha methylphenylalkylamine derivatives in the rat. AB - The inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase (MAO) of some dimethylamino-alpha phenylalkylamine derivatives were examined in a rat brain mitochondrial preparation in vitro and in rat brain slices following oral administration. In the in vitro assay the compounds were shown to be selective inhibitors of the A form of MAO, being 100-600 times more potent in inhibiting the deamination of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine than that of [14C]phenetylamine. Using an ex vivo brain slice technique it was found that the new compounds were reversible and very selective inhibitors of type A MAO in the rat brain and the most potent compounds (FLA 405, 314, 336 and 558) were equipotent with clorgyline. The compounds increased the monoamine concentrations in whole rat brain, particularly that of 5 hydroxytryptamine, in the same dose range which produced MAO inhibition. Some of the new compounds, e.g. FLA 336 and FLA 717, caused only weak potentiation of the vaso-pressor effect of orally administered tyramine. PMID- 7088267 TI - An investigation of the mechanisms of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the suppression of ethanol intake. AB - The effect of blockage of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine uptake on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats was investigated. It was demonstrated that attenuation of ethanol intake occurred only as a result of treatment with specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors. These results suggested that increasing the availability of central 5-hydroxytryptamine may in some way interfere with the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol. The second phase was designed to determine whether the attenuation of ethanol intake following blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake may be due to increased post-synaptic activity. Ethanol-preferring animals were pretreated with methergoline, a post synaptic receptor blocker, followed by treatment with zimelidine, a 5 hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor. The results indicate that treatment with methergoline did not alter the zimelidine-induced attenuation of ethanol intake. Based on these results it is suggested that blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake produces an attenuation of ethanol intake but not as a result of increased post-synaptic activity. PMID- 7088268 TI - The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on convulsions triggered by direct stimulation of the brainstem. AB - Brainstem-triggered convulsions are generalized convulsive seizures produced by direct electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Four anticonvulsant drugs, phenobarbital, phenytoin, trimethadione, and ethosuximide, were tested against brainstem-triggered convulsions in the rat using a standard pharmacological dose-response paradigm. All four drugs proved to be active in small, subtoxic doses, producing a response profile similar to that previously reported for maximal pentylenetetrazol seizures. These results appear consistent with the hypotheses that: (1) the brainstem plays an important role in the production of generalized convulsions; and (2) that anticonvulsant drugs exert major therapeutic effects at the brainstem level. PMID- 7088270 TI - Hemispheric specialization displayed by man but not macaques for analysis of faces. AB - Six macaques and 20 right-handed human subjects, given identical test material, were asked to choose which of two composites, one consisting entirely of the left half of a monkey or a human face, the other of the right half, appeared most like the normal face. Confirming observations of others, the group of human subjects selected the right-half composite of the face (i.e. the left-half composite of the photograph) 68% of the time, thereby demonstrating a highly significant (P less than 0.01) bias in favor of the left visual field (right hemisphere). No such bias was present when human subjects viewed faces of monkeys, despite the fact that according to limited measurements, the faces of both species are asymmetrical. And most important, the macaques exhibited no consistent bias with either monkey or human faces. On the other hand, the monkeys did respond emotionally to these colored facial images, but not to scenery, when first presented. Also, like man, they found inverted faces but not scenery more difficult to identify than when right side up. Thus, the monkeys responded emotionally and perceptually to these images as faces, yet, unlike the human observers, displayed no hemispheric preference in making their analysis. PMID- 7088269 TI - Effects of morphine on CA1 versus dentate hippocampal field potentials following systemic administration in freely-moving rats. AB - Hippocampal field potentials were recorded in vitro before and after a series of incremental doses of morphine (2, 6 and 15 mg/kg i.v.) and after a subsequent infusion of 2 mg/kg naloxone. The 15 mg/kg dose of morphine resulted in an augmentation of the field potential recorded in CA1 following stimulation of stratum radiatum, as shown by an increase in the size of the primary spike and the appearance of (an) additional population spike(s). This was the same effect that was previously observed on the same response in the isolated hippocampal slice following bath application of the drug, suggesting that the hippocampal slice is a valid model for the effects of systemically-administered opiates in this area of the brain. In contrast, morphine generally resulted in an increase in the primary spike only (and no secondary spikes) in the field potentials recorded in dentate following stimulation of the ipsilateral perforant path. In addition, 6 and 15 mg/kg of morphine reduced the attenuation of the second response of a paired-pulse paradigm in the radiatum-to-CA1 reponses, but not in perforant path-to-dentate responses. In 4 out of the 16 animals tested in this experiment, the excitatory effects on the field potentials were accompanied by seizure-like activity in the simultaneously-recorded cortical and hippocampal EEGs, providing further evidence that opiates may mediate convulsive activity in the hippocampus. PMID- 7088271 TI - Hemispheric asymmetry for face recognition: some effects of visual masking, hemiretinal stimulation and learning task. AB - Five overlearned target faces were presented hemiretinally and identified by name on the recognition trials (Experiment 1). A post-exposure pattern mask was projected by the opposite eye to either the same (MASK) or the opposite (DISTRACTOR) hemisphere as the targets. Target exposure durations yielding 50% accuracy showed significant left-hemisphere and temporal hemiretinal superiorities in DISTRACTOR, but not in MASK. In Experiment 2, recognition accuracy for six faces at a constant exposure duration, under DISTRACTOR and no mask control conditions, replicated the left-hemisphere advantage. Manipulation of the information accompanying targets during the initial learning task, to encourage either "social" or "physical" encoding of the faces, produced a "crossover" pattern of contrasting hemispheric asymmetries under the two encoding conditions. The overall results suggest that within this design, face recognition can be accomplished in three different ways, producing either no hemispheric asymmetry, undirectional asymmetry, or complex, contrasting asymmetries. These effects appear to have different functional loci. Hemiretinal differences and individual differences in encoding strategies also contributed to complex patterns of hemispheric asymmetry. PMID- 7088273 TI - Interference between concurrent speaking and sequential finger tapping: both hands show a performance decrement under both visual and non-visual guidance. AB - Report that concurrent speaking reduces right hand sequential finger tapping performance selectively only if the movements are guided non-visually. In these replication experiments, concurrent speaking of both rhyme and prose passages reduced performance both of the right and left hand under visual and non-visual guidance. In the replication experiments the performance of the right hand was slightly more reduced by concurrent speaking than was the case for the left hand. The interference effects are interpreted in terms of the temporal constraints imposed by given motor tasks. PMID- 7088274 TI - Topographic instability of spatial vision as a cause of dyslectic disorder: a case study. AB - A case of severe disorder of spatial perception with concomitant dyslexia is described. The patient, a 15-yr-old girl, has a systematic tendency to misperceive the spatial order of symbols or objects lying on the same horizontal level and within a few degrees of visual angle. The syndrome includes a spatial extinction phenomenon in which an object in her left visual field disturbs the perception of another object in the corresponding symmetry point of her right visual field. The order reversal symptom was abolished if the letters presented for her were shown for less than 15 msec. The disorder is probably due to a pathological interhemispheric interference in the processing of visual topographic information. PMID- 7088272 TI - Degree of lateralization as a hierarchy of manual and cognitive skill levels. AB - Four handedness measures and two cognitive measures were employed with 71 children aged from 3 to 10 yr. Results indicate that high-skill manual tasks become increasingly lateralized and low-skill manual tasks remain in their original, non-lateralized state. High-skill manual task performance correlated significantly with performance on the cognitive measures. Lateralization appears to be directly related to the skill level of the task, for both manual and cognitive tasks. PMID- 7088275 TI - In search of the third dyslexia. PMID- 7088276 TI - On Kelly and Orton's 'Dichotic perception of word pairs with mixed image values'. PMID- 7088277 TI - Effect of laterality of orientation on verbal memory. AB - This study investigated the interaction between separate control centers within a cerebral hemisphere. When subjects listen to and verbally rehearse sentences with head and eyes turned right, they subsequently show better cued recall than do subjects who were turned left. The direction of turning did not affect recall by subjects instructed to use imagery. The results suggest that the previously demonstrated effect of lateralized cognitive activity on lateral orienting is reversible. PMID- 7088278 TI - Cerebral asymmetry in word-object matching by appearance and by function. AB - Subjects were asked to say whether a word presented monaurally to the right or left ear matched a presented object. Analysis of vocal response latencies indicated that words relating to the function of the object were responded to more quickly when presented to the left ear and, by inference, the right hemisphere. Words relating to a physical characteristic of the object (e.g. color) were responded to more quickly when presented to the right ear and, by inference, the left hemisphere. PMID- 7088279 TI - Interhemispheric EEG interactions during voluntary movement. PMID- 7088280 TI - Computed tomography of "cystic" intramedullary lesions. AB - Using an EMI 5005 scanner with high resolution option, 75% of syrinxes were shown as low density cavities. Most spinal cord tumours caused isodense swellings, but 41% contained low density zones and cystic elements were demonstrated in 76% of these at surgery or by puncture of the spinal cord; a few (11%) of the isodense tumours were cystic. The differential diagnosis of low density intramedullary lesions is discussed. PMID- 7088281 TI - Macroprolactinomas: CT evaluation of reduction of tumor size after medical treatment. AB - Thirty patients with macroprolactinomas were treated with dopaminergic drugs from a minimum of 4 months to a maximum of 6 years. Tumor size was evaluated with serial CT during treatment; serum prolactin levels and visual fields were also assessed at the same time. Reduction of PRL levels was found in 28 patients of whom 20 also had marked reduction of tumor volume on CT. Two patterns of reduction of size of tumor in relation with time were observed. In one, tumor shrinkage occurred rapidly in the first month and even in the first week after starting treatment. In the other pattern the tumor reduced in size only after some months of treatment. It is proposed that all patients with macroprolactinomas should be treated medically before considering surgery. A radiological diagnostic and research protocol is proposed, including scout views, thin slices, coronal sections, objective measurement of tumor size and density, serial CTs at 7,21,45 days, 6 months and then every year after the beginning of treatment. PMID- 7088282 TI - CT of irradiated solid tumor metastases to the brain. AB - Twenty patients with solid tumor metastases to the brain, demonstrated by CT scanning, had follow-up scans after radiation therapy of the metastatic focus. Nine patients (45%) showed no evidence of the metastasis on the initial follow-up scans. Another 10 patients (50%) showed some improvement in the size, enhancement, or surrounding edema of the lesion. Only one patient showed progression in spite of therapy. The CT scan identified those patients who achieved longer survival and/or longer time intervals before brain relapse. However, CT scans must be interpreted with caution in patients still on corticosteroid treatment. Additionally, other non-tumoral conditions may mimic tumor recurrence. Radiation therapy offered palliation in patients with brain metastases, and in some instances, sterilized patients of their metastatic brain involvement. PMID- 7088283 TI - Mucoceles in the paranasal sinuses involving the orbit: CT signs in 43 cases. PMID- 7088284 TI - Visualization of the superior ophthalmic vein on carotid angiography. AB - Visualization of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) on carotid angiography was investigated based on a prospective sample of 452 carotid angiograms performed during one year. The SOV with normal blood flow direction, from facial veins into the cavernous sinus (CS), was seen on 26% and with reversed flow direction in 7% of the angiograms. A hypothesis was suggested that the anatomical variations of the middle cerebral (MCV) and uncal veins (UV) affected the visualization. When both the MCV and UV drained into the CS, the SOV was seen in 11% of 179 angiograms. If the MCV and UV bypassed the CS, the SOV was seen on 51% of 118 angiograms. The difference is significant. Intubation of the patient increased the visualization of the SOV with normal flow direction but did not affect the visualization of the SOV with reversed flow. No SOV with normal blood flow direction was seen on selective internal carotid angiogaphy. PMID- 7088285 TI - The time course of aneurysmal haemorrhage on computed tomograms. AB - We performed serial CT scans in a prospective series of 100 patients with a ruptured aneurysm who were first scanned within 2 days of the haemorrhage. In all patients the early CT scan showed evidence of extravasated blood. In 96 patients the source of bleeding was clearly at the base of the brain, and 32 of these had a haematoma. We estimated from the results of 139 repeat scans that the probability of recognizing an aneurysmal haemorrhage on CT is 85% after 5 days, 50% after 1 week, 30% after 2 weeks (mostly patients with haematomas), and almost nil after 3 weeks. PMID- 7088286 TI - Subdural haematoma in association with intracranial aneurysm. PMID- 7088287 TI - Pneumocephalus after air rifle wound of the brain. PMID- 7088288 TI - Blistering of the odontoid process by meningioma. PMID- 7088289 TI - [The bidimensional echocardiogram in the Lutembacher syndrome. Description of a clinical case]. PMID- 7088290 TI - [Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations in patients and carriers of Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 7088291 TI - [Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function in patients with arteriovenous fistula for chronic hemodialytic treatment]. PMID- 7088292 TI - [Implantation of a permanent endocardial pacemaker. Experience of 10 years (519 cases)]. PMID- 7088293 TI - [Acute endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a drug addict]. PMID- 7088294 TI - [Intravenous infusions of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7088295 TI - [Ambulatory automatic sphygmomanometry. Experience in 90 cases]. PMID- 7088296 TI - [Open pilot study of the activity and tolerability of cadralazine in hypertensive patients resistant to other therapy]. PMID- 7088297 TI - [Treatment of hypertensive emergencies with nifedipine]. PMID- 7088298 TI - [Echocardiographic study of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 7088299 TI - [Risk of non-arrhythmia complications in the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7088301 TI - [Plasma concentration of HDL-cholesterol levels in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7088300 TI - [Emergency therapy of cardiac arrhythmias. Statistico-clinical evaluation of verapamil (clinical note)]. PMID- 7088303 TI - [Postural changes and left ventricular function in man. Interference by vasodilator drugs]. PMID- 7088302 TI - [Research on changes in sleep habits in ischemic coronary disease]. PMID- 7088304 TI - [Left ventricular function in rheumatoid disease. Polycardiographic study]. PMID- 7088305 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cyclonicate in atherosclerotic coronary arteriopathy]. PMID- 7088306 TI - [Cardiac rupture. Histological study of ruptured and non-ruptured myocardial infarcts]. PMID- 7088307 TI - [Transanal pull-through with direct invagination of the colon into the distal stump of the residual rectum in carcinoma of upper rectum and rectosigmoid]. PMID- 7088308 TI - [Endoscopic esophageal intubation: technic, indications, contraindications and complications]. PMID- 7088310 TI - [Endoscopic sphincterectomy: technique, indications, contraindications, complications and early results]. PMID- 7088309 TI - [Manometric technics in the study of esophageal achalasia]. PMID- 7088311 TI - [Endoscopic sphincterectomy: technic, indications, contraindications, complications and early results]. PMID- 7088312 TI - [Mesenteric fibromatosis following total colectomy for familial polyposis. A rare case of Gardner's syndrome]. PMID- 7088313 TI - [Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: efficiency and reliability]. PMID- 7088314 TI - [Limitations and indications of arteriography in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 7088315 TI - [The bone in the circulation disorders. II-Ischemia and arteriosclerosis obliterans]. PMID- 7088317 TI - [Treatment of renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 7088316 TI - [Model of isolated hepatocytes in the study of hepatic steatosis]. PMID- 7088318 TI - [Alkaline reflux gastritis]. PMID- 7088319 TI - [Correlative aspects of esophageal and gastroduodenal motility. New therapeutic prospects in the disease caused by gastro-esophageal reflux]. PMID- 7088320 TI - [Long-term follow-up of 120 total gastrectomies]. PMID- 7088321 TI - [Recurrence of gastric carcinoma]. PMID- 7088322 TI - [LeVeen's peritoneo-jugular shunt in the surgical treatment of refractory ascites. Apropos of 11 cases]. PMID- 7088323 TI - [Cancer of the thyroid. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. PMID- 7088325 TI - [Early postoperative intestinal occlusions]. PMID- 7088324 TI - [Pathology and clinical aspects of the residual stump of the cystic duct]. PMID- 7088327 TI - [Bilateral thoracotomy. Indications and limitations]. PMID- 7088326 TI - [Use of mersilene mesh in properitoneal insertion, in recurrences of inguinal hernia]. PMID- 7088328 TI - [Esophageal pH telemetry. A new method for monitoring the pH of the esophagus]. PMID- 7088329 TI - [Current trends in the surgical therapy of carcinomas of the cardia]. PMID- 7088330 TI - [Alkaline esophagitis]. PMID- 7088331 TI - [A case of perforated duodenal ulcer in echinococcal cyst of the liver]. PMID- 7088332 TI - [Reflux esophagitis. Comparative clinical, endoscopic and electromanometric study during treatment with antacids and trithiozine]. PMID- 7088334 TI - [Criteria of surgical treatment of malignant neoplasms of the gastric antrum]. PMID- 7088333 TI - [The role of surgery in comparisons of peptic ulcer before and after the discovery of H2 receptor blockaders in the light of personal experience]. PMID- 7088335 TI - [Trans-papillary approach in treatment of lithiasis of the common bile duct]. PMID- 7088336 TI - [Treatment of familial rectocolic polyposis in our experience]. PMID- 7088337 TI - [Azygos-portal disconnection according to the modified Sugiura method]. PMID- 7088338 TI - [Distal spleno-renal anastomosis in the treatment of portal hypertension. Preliminary evaluation]. PMID- 7088339 TI - [Comparative evaluation of echotomography and HIDA in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 7088340 TI - [Criteria for surgery of lithiasis of the common bile duct]. PMID- 7088341 TI - [Echotomography in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Personal experience]. PMID- 7088342 TI - [Our experience in surgery of monolateral nodular goiters]. PMID- 7088343 TI - [Evaluation of the operative risk in transduodenal papillostomy]. PMID- 7088344 TI - [Hepatic abscesses]. PMID- 7088345 TI - [Radical lobectomy in treatment of lung cancer]. PMID- 7088346 TI - [Criteria of the prevention of complications of papilla surgery]. PMID- 7088347 TI - [Directed antibiotic therapy of choledocholithiasis]. PMID- 7088348 TI - [Hot nodules of the thyroid. Our therapeutic procedure]. PMID- 7088349 TI - [Hot nodules of surgical importance. Observations on 42 cases]. PMID- 7088350 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoma of the breast]. PMID- 7088351 TI - [Pancreatic resection in radical gastrectomy for cancer]. PMID- 7088353 TI - [Lymphadenectomy in cancer of the thyroid. Our experience]. PMID- 7088352 TI - [The incidence of pathology of the residual cystic stump in postcholecystectomy pain syndromes]. PMID- 7088354 TI - [Problems of surgical tactics in monolateral nodular lesions]. PMID- 7088355 TI - [Diagnostic problems in thyroid cancer]. PMID- 7088356 TI - [Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of bile acids before and after intestinal bypass]. PMID- 7088357 TI - [Cryoglobulins in excessively obese patients treated with intestinal bypass]. PMID- 7088358 TI - [Trends in the prevention and treatment of cardial insufficiency]. PMID- 7088359 TI - [Current possibilities of reconstruction of the nipple after mastectomy for tumors]. PMID- 7088360 TI - [Parietal pleurectomy. Indications, complications and results]. PMID- 7088361 TI - [Teletransmitted esophageal pH measurement]. PMID- 7088362 TI - [Ganglioneuroblastoma with areas of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland. Case report]. PMID- 7088363 TI - [Van de Hoeve syndrome]. PMID- 7088364 TI - [Aneurysm of the celiac trunk: a rare manifestation in fibromuscular arterial dysplasia. Case report]. PMID- 7088365 TI - [Suprarenal accessory spleens (polysplenia). Case report]. PMID- 7088366 TI - [The bone in circulatory disorders. III. Venous stasis and phlebopathy]. PMID- 7088367 TI - [Medico-social problems of alcoholism]. PMID- 7088369 TI - [The alcoholic's recovery]. PMID- 7088371 TI - [Preliminaries on alcoholism and family therapy]. PMID- 7088368 TI - [Remarks on liver cirrhosis with epidemiologic interest]. PMID- 7088370 TI - [Hemodialysis in the treatment of delirium tremens]. PMID- 7088372 TI - [3 years of medico-social experiences with alcoholics]. PMID- 7088373 TI - [Morpho-functional changes of the cardiovascular apparatus caused by ethyl alcohol]. PMID- 7088374 TI - [Impressions of the use of alcohol in aged subjects of the Aquila region]. PMID- 7088375 TI - [Leukemoid reaction in a case of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis]. PMID- 7088376 TI - [Preliminary considerations on an epidemiologic study on patients admitted for liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 7088377 TI - [Therapeutic experiences in alcoholic cardiopathies]. PMID- 7088378 TI - [Wegener's granulomatosis. Clinical and radiologic considerations and description of 3 cases]. AB - The clinical, radiological and pathological findings, natural history and response to treatment are investigated in 3 patients. They represent the only examples of W.G. who were seen over a 15 year period at our University Hospital and are characteristic of generalize and limited form. The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of W.G. and diagnostic importance of pulmonary radiological pattern are described. PMID- 7088379 TI - [Epidemiologic findings in esophageal cancer in the Veneto region]. AB - The results of an epidemiological study using the case-control method on 150 oesophageal cancer cases, observed at the IIIrd Surgical Department in Padua and on 150 controls are presented. The results show that alcohol an maize flour (corn meal) are two aetiopathogenetic factors of verified statistical significance in oesophageal carcinoma in the Veneto population. This confirms other studies among populations with a high risk of oesophageal cancer. PMID- 7088380 TI - [Platelet aggregation in hyperlipoproteinemias]. AB - The Authors studied platelet aggregation in 42 hyperlipoproteinemic patients (10 with type IIA familiar, 7 with type IIA, 7 with type IIB, 18 with type IV and V). None of them suffered from clinically detectable vascular complications. The control group included 42 normolipoproteinemic subjects, closely matched for age and sex. Platelet aggregation, according Born's method, was statistically increased in hyperlipoproteinemia type IIA, but only when induced by epinephrine as aggregating agent. No statistical significance was demonstrated when hyperlipoproteinemic smokers and no smokers were compared. A positive family history of myocardial infarction and/or diabetes mellitus could be demonstrate affect on platelet aggregation. PMID- 7088381 TI - [Echotomographic findings in a case of hemorrhagic pseudocyst of the spleen]. AB - A case of haemorrhagic pseudocyst of the spleen is reported and the different diagnostic methods, available in this type of pathology analysed. Special attention is paid to the value of echography which, in this case too, provides useful information for correct diagnosis. PMID- 7088383 TI - [Clinical experiences with inhalatory crenotherapy with sulfur salts]. PMID- 7088382 TI - [Partial onychectomy and plastic surgery as treatment of ingrown nails]. AB - The Authors report on a technique for a preserving treatment of the ingrowing nail, by means of partial onycectomy associated with plastic repair of soft tissues of the surrounding nail bed. PMID- 7088384 TI - [Epidemiologic and clinical studies of 6 cases of leptospirosis from the province of Turin]. AB - Six cases of leptospirosis from the outer suburbs of province of Turin are presented. Some epidemiological aspects are considered, and reference is made to the need for early diagnosis, along with prompt antibiotic management to ensure successful resolution. Mention is also made of the need for careful control of renal function, since its impairment is the most serious complication associated with leptospirosis. PMID- 7088385 TI - [Intestinal mechanisms of compensation and morphologic and functional adaptation after resection of bypass]. AB - The intestine's ability to adapt following extensive resection is well known, and includes augmentation in calibre and the thickness of the wall, increased villus height, changes in motility, and qualitative and quantitative alterations in the flora. Positive identification of the mechanisms through which this morphological and functional adaptation takes place still forms the subject of research. An account is given of the latest views concerning the way in which compensation of the intestine takes place after resection and by-pass surgery. PMID- 7088387 TI - [Radiologic projection on the sagittal plane as a diagnostic parameter in primary lung neoplasms]. AB - A study was carried out to evaluate the importance of location of radiological densities on lateral protection of X-ray films of the chest, as a valuable sign for the clinical diagnosis of primary neoplasms of the lung. Clinical case records of 100 patients with pneumonitis, 61 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and 58 cases with primary pulmonary neoplasms -- in which diagnosis was verified by hystological examination of biopsies performed during bronchoscopy or by autoptic control -- were reviewed. Radiological location in anterior or central-anterior planes was observed in only 14 per cent of patients with pneumonitis while in 86 per cent the location was in posterior or central posterior planes. Only 10 per cent of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis had their densities situated on anterior or central-anterior planes of the chest X-ray while in the remaining 90 per cent of cases the location was in central posterior or posterior planes of the radiogram. In 74 per cent of patients with primary lung neoplasms we observed that radiological densities were located in the anterior or central-anterior planes; only in 26 per cent of patients the radiological location was in the posterior or central-posterior planes. Since in most instances of primary lung neoplasms the initial diagnostic approach is roentgenographic, it seems of particular importance in differential diagnosis to consider as neoplastic those lesions located in the anterior planes of an X-ray film taken in lateral projection until proven otherwise. This radiological aspect implies the opportunity to perform a bronchoscopic and hystological evaluation even in those patients in which clinical aspects should seem less suggestive of primary lung neoplasm. A posterior location does not exclude -- according to our data -- the neoplastic origin of a density but this radiological criterion does seem to justify a less aggressive diagnostic approach in all those patients which present contraindications or refuse invasive procedures. PMID- 7088388 TI - [Activity of fenfluramine in obese subjects. Relation between dosage, plasma concentration of the drug and its effect on weight loss]. AB - Twenty-one patients have been submitted to hypocaloric diet and anorexigenic treatment with fenfluramine at variable doses. The weight loss, the plasma level concentration of fenfluramine (F) and norfenfluramine (NF) have been evaluated during a period of about 9 weeks. Statistical analysis demonstrates a significant weight loss and a highly significant correlation between the dose of administered drug and plasma level concentration of F and NF. No correlation instead has been found between weight loss and the dose administered of F, nor between weight loss and the dose administered of F, nor between weight loss and F and/or NF plasma level concentration. PMID- 7088386 TI - [Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of diseases of the supra-aortic trunks]. AB - Systematic examination of the upper aortic arch vessels by direct Doppler ultrasonography of the common and internal arteries is proposed, together with calculation of the flow rate, pressure-perfusion index, carotid ratio, and carotid distensibility index on a systematic basis. Obligatory compression movements to evaluate the several supplementary pathways in the case of disease are also recommended to complete the examination. PMID- 7088389 TI - [Psychological effects of breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy]. AB - We describe the effects of the breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy for cancer. The psychological advantages are compared to the post-mastectomy status in 102 patients. PMID- 7088390 TI - [What is in the future for geriatrics? I]. AB - The authors, after an evaluation of the historical course of the geriatrics in England and its contents, point out the importance of this specialty from a demografic, economical, social, epidemiological and cultural point of view. PMID- 7088391 TI - [What is in the future for geriatrics? II]. AB - The authors point out the importance of geriatric medicine in the hospital in its traditional goals and in some new proposals: geriatric case finding, general practitioner's education, teaching in nursing schools, family education, pre retirement courses etc. PMID- 7088393 TI - [Study of intestinal transit using a radioisotope method]. AB - Intestinal transit patterns were studied in 20 normal volunteers. It was found that small changes in transit time occurred in the passage from the caecum to the sigmoid and rectum, and that most subjects evacuated the capsule 38 hr after its ingestion. PMID- 7088392 TI - [Serum gastrin in rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - Since 1973 some Authors reported a high prevalence of raise serum gastrin levels in rheumatoid arthritis. In our study of 37 subjects with classic or defined RA, 29 (78%) had serum gastrin levels significantly higher than controls (mean 156.3% pg/ml versus 58.8 pg/ml) and 8 (22%) had normal levels. Basal acid output (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO) of all affected patients did not differ from controls. We found no correlation among gastrinaemia, BAO, MAO, inflammation indexes and RA test. According to the normal acid output of our RA patients, hypergastrinaemia should be caused by factors different from hypochlorhydria. It is possible that immunoreactive, but non biologically active, peptides could interfere with RIA of gastrin, or that other factors, such as prostaglandins or antigastrin antibodies, could modify the activity of endogenous hormone. PMID- 7088394 TI - [Skeletal changes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. AB - 140 patients affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are performed by the A. Skeletal involvement of metastatic nature is observed in 14 of these (10%). Only the aggressive lymphomas have radiographic bone disseminations. At beginning of disease no patient has interested by bone changes. The most frequent roentgenographic finding observed by the A. include high incidence of osteolityc lesions: in particularly, pattern so called "permeative" is present in 35.6% of cases. Osteosclerotic and mixed manifestations were much less commonly observed (7,2% respectively). Periosteal reactions is not observed in any cases. The value of roentgen skeletal investigation in diagnosis, staging and therapy of NHL is discussed by the A. PMID- 7088396 TI - [Biofeedback]. PMID- 7088395 TI - [Meteorological changes and myocardial infarct. Case contributions]. PMID- 7088397 TI - [Psychotherapy of molluscum contagiosum in children]. PMID- 7088398 TI - [A new danger for public health: psychotherapy entrusted to non-physicians according to a legislative proposal in the Senate]. PMID- 7088400 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effects of a peritoneo-venous shunt and of concentration-reinfusion on the survival of cirrhotic subjects with "intractable" ascites]. AB - Two homogeneous groups of patients with ascites intractable to a traditional medical therapy and to a first concentration and reinfusion (C/R) have been studied. The first group underwent others C/R, the latter one a peritoneo-venous shunt. The survival and the quality of life of the two groups of patients have been compared. Also a correlation between the basal clinical conditions and the mortality has been tested. In both groups the survival was similar, but the patients who underwent a peritoneo-venous shunt had a better quality of life. The deaths, but for a correlation with iperbilirubinemia, were related with the logic evolution of cirrhosis. The authors conclude with some critical considerations about the treatments evaluated. PMID- 7088399 TI - [Experimental intrauterine surgery: the creation of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a sheep fetus]. AB - Up to 50% of the neonates operated during the first hours of life for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia die. The presence of a severe lung hypoplasia, which is at the origin of hypoxia, acidosis, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right to left shunt, explains the poor clinical results, in spite of surgical success and intensive therapy. A modern approach to the problem includes treatment with pulmonary vasodilator drugs, whose effects are still discussed. Perhaps the prenatal recognition of the defect could improve prognosis. Lots of experience are needed to know more on the subject. This could be obtained with an experimental approach on newborn animals with a CDH. The article relates authors experience in the creation of a CDH in a foetus of sheep, by means of a surgical intervention during its intrauterine life. PMID- 7088401 TI - [Hypothalamo-hypophyseal function in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 7088403 TI - [Critical notes on thermodosimetry and a hypothesis on the use of computerized tomography in electromagnetic oncologic hyperthermia]. AB - Introduction - Dose and dose-rate in radiotherapy and in electromagnetic hyperthermia - Isodose curves and isotherm curves - Isotherm curves as a function of the target temperature - Dose and target-volume - Why computerized tomography in oncologic hyperthermia CAT and the geometry of normal and pathologic tissues. CAT and the body walls; interfaces between adjacent tissue layers - CAT, water content and dielectric properties of tissues - CAT and thermic properties of tissues - Conclusions. PMID- 7088402 TI - [Diagnostic value of echography in the study of thyroid nodules. Ultrasonographic and histological findings on 103 "cold" nodules]. AB - This study examines the accuracy of ultrasonic scanning in the recognition of malignancy in 103 "cold" thyroid nodules. All nodules underwent to surgical ablation and to histopathological examination. 10 nodules were cistic, 72 solid and 21 mixed cistic-solid on echography. None of the cistic nodules showed malignant disease while six carcinomas were present in solid nodules and one (a papillary cancer) in a mixed cistic-solid lesion. However we were unable to find echographic abnormalities pathognomonic for malignancy. Only in one case (an undifferentiated carcinoma which involved adjacent blood vessels) the diagnosis of malignant tumour was made before operation; in the other cases the echo patterns of the carcinomatous nodules were similar to those observed in benign nodules. Similar ultrasonic findings were also seen in the various types of thyroid cancer (3 follicular, 2 papillary, 1 medullary, 1 undifferentiated) a part the papillary carcinoma which appeared as cistic-solid lesion. Our data seem to limit the diagnostic value of echography in the detection of malignant thyroid nodules, nevertheless they confirm the benignancy of echografically cistic nodules. PMID- 7088404 TI - [Hypocalcemia during cimetidine and carbenoxolone treatment]. PMID- 7088406 TI - [Congenital atrioventricular block associated with pregnancy]. PMID- 7088405 TI - [The rheological and biohumoral picture in normal and pathological pregnancy]. PMID- 7088407 TI - [Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy]. PMID- 7088408 TI - [Urinary infection in pregnancy]. PMID- 7088409 TI - [Recurrent hereditary congenital hydrocephalus]. PMID- 7088410 TI - [Cervico-vaginitis and sterility]. PMID- 7088412 TI - Purine levels in the intact rat brain. Studies with an implanted perfused hollow fibre. AB - A thin dialysis tube was implanted stereotaxically under halothane anesthesia in the caudate nucleus of Sprague-Dawley rats and perfused with Ringer solution at a rate of 2 microliters/min. Initially there was a high rate of purine outflow but after 1-2 h of perfusion the rate was essentially constant (anesthetized - adenosine 0.4 +/- 0.04 microM, inosine 0.8 +/- 0.2 microM; non-anesthetized - adenosine 0.33 +/- 0.03 microM, inosine 0.21 +/- 0.07 microM). Hypoxia (9% O2) increased the levels more than 3-fold. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro 2-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) increased the adenosine level and decreased the inosine level. In vitro recovery of adenosine was about 30%. Therefore, we conclude that the free exchangable concentration of adenosine in the rat brain is likely to be 102 micro M. This level is high enough to potentially affect central nervous function. PMID- 7088411 TI - [3 cases of acute pulmonary edema in pregnant women treated with tocolytics and betamethasone]. PMID- 7088414 TI - Dendritic spine loss and enlargement during maturation of the speech control system in the mynah bird (Gracula religiosa). AB - Three types of neurons were identified in Golgi-Cox preparations of the telencephalic nucleus HVc of the mynah bird with the Sholl method. In a comparison of birds of 10 weeks and speech-trained birds of one year of age a reduction of dendritic spine density and an enlargement of the remaining spines was found in a large isopolar cell type. These findings are interpreted in terms of the mynah's shrinking potential with age to imitate new sounds and the stabilization of the acquired repertoire. PMID- 7088413 TI - Distribution of beta-D-glucuronidase in the central nervous system of albino rats. AB - The distribution of beta-D-glucuronidase (GLR) in the central nervous system of albino rats was surveyed with a simultaneous-coupling histochemical technique. Specific neuronal populations displayed intense GLR activity. These groups include olfactory bulb mitral cells, neurones in the deep layer of the olfactory tubercle, cells in both the horizontal and vertical limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band, paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclear neurons, cochlear and vestibular nuclear neurons, and facial, trigeminal and spinal motoneurons. Two types of intracellular GLR staining were observed. Granular staining was prominent in mitral cells; cytoplasmic staining and a perinuclear 'ring' were prominently stained in motoneurons. These patterns may correspond to lysosomal and endoplasmic reticular distribution of GLR in different cell types. PMID- 7088415 TI - Uptake of [3H]serotonin and [3H]noradrenaline in the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus of C57BL/6 Rholco and BALB/c Cenlco mice at three times of the day. AB - Uptake of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) and [3H]noradrenaline (NA) in the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice has been analysed at 3 times of the day. Daily mean results clearly show a higher uptake of [3H]5-HT and [3H]NA in the raphe dorsalis of the BALB/c strain than in C57BL/6. A higher uptake of [3H]NA is also found in the locus coeruleus of BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6. However, differences between the strains are neither visible at all times of the day nor simultaneously in the different structures. PMID- 7088416 TI - Monensin depletes PC12 pheochromocytoma cells of catecholamines and of chromaffin type granules. AB - PC12 pheochromocytoma cell store dopamine in chromaffin-type granules. The carboxylic ionophore momensin depletes the cells of dopamine and of granules PC12 cultures incubated for 30 min with 100 nM monensin lose more than 90% of their dopamine. A small fraction of the dopamine that disappears from the cells is converted to dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The remainder is presumably converted to other, unidentified metabolites. Monensin-treated cells contain many cytoplasmic vesicles. Some of these vesicles contain amorphous, electron-dense material, which may represent the matrix of disrupted granules. There is no morphological evidence of exocytosis. Thus, monensin appears to promote the intracellular lysis of chromaffin-type granules in PC12 cells. PMID- 7088417 TI - Principles of axonal collateralization of laminae II-III pyramids in area 17 of squirrel monkey: a quantitative Golgi study. AB - The rapid Golgi method was employed to study area 17 of infant squirrel monkeys in order to obtain quantitative data on the number and laminar origin of axon collaterals of pyramidal cells, the somata of which reside in laminae II-III. Counts of axon collaterals were made only on pyramidal cells with apical dendrites that could be followed by lamina I and axons that could be followed to the white matter. A total of 115 pyramidal neurons met these criteria. The data revealed that the descending axons of pyramidal cells in laminae II-III give off an average of 3 collaterals in laminae II-III and 3 collaterals in lamina V; no collaterals are given off in other laminae. PMID- 7088418 TI - Massive ovarian mucinous cystadenoma of low malignant potential. AB - Operative removal of an 80.3-kg ovarian mucinous cystadenoma of low malignant potential is described. The 30-year-old woman from whom the tumor was removed had many medical problems spanning several medical fields, including psychiatry and plastic surgery, as well as gynecology. The team approach to these problems is summarized in this case report. PMID- 7088419 TI - Ultrasonic evaluation of the Dandy-Walker syndrome. AB - Antenatal and postnatal ultrasonic findings of a case of cystic dilatation of the fourth cerebral ventricle (the Dandy-Walker syndrome) are presented. The triangular enlargement of the ventricle visualized ultrasonically was associated with mild widening of the lateral ventricles, and the finding was established postnatally by computer-assisted x-ray tomography. PMID- 7088420 TI - Paraganglioma complicating pregnancy and the puerperium. AB - A rare case of a paraganglioma (extraadrenal pheochromocytoma) that complicated both pregnancy and the puerperium is described. The patient presented a confusing clinical picture simulating pregnancy-induced hypertension, which, after delivery, masqueraded as intractable fever of unknown origin. Computed tomography precisely identified the presence and location of the mass, which had eluded detection despite exhaustive testing. Pheochromocytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of postpartum fever of unknown origin, especially if associated with paroxysmal hypertension. PMID- 7088421 TI - Meperidine-induced sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern and reversal with naloxone. AB - A case of sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern in association with maternal intrapartum administration of meperidine is presented. The sinusoidal pattern was reversed after maternal intrapartum administration of naloxone. The significance of this problem and the management of patients with sinusoidal FHR are discussed. The conclusion is reached that iatrogenic causes may at times precipitate a sinusoidal FHR pattern and conservative management may be appropriate. PMID- 7088422 TI - Carbon monoxide intoxication in early pregnancy. AB - Carbon monoxide exposure has been described as having both acute and chronic effects; acute intoxication early in pregnancy has not been previously reported, however. A case of carbon monoxide poisoning at 8 weeks' menstrual age is described with good fetal outcome. Appropriate literature is briefly reviewed. PMID- 7088423 TI - Horner syndrome during lumbar epidural analgesia for obstetrics. AB - Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, and facial and conjunctival vasodilation) is a recognized complication of lumbar epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. Alone, it presents no significant risk to mother or fetus, as resolution is spontaneous and complete. Horner syndrome may, however, be associated with significant maternal hypotension and therefore should be an indication for close maternal and fetal monitoring to provide reassurance. PMID- 7088424 TI - Maternal pulmonary edema during premature labor inhibition. AB - Three cases of pulmonary edema after treatment with terbutaline are reported. In 1 patient invasive hemodynamic monitoring shortly after the onset of pulmonary edema showed normal pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance with augmented systemic blood flow. These findings suggest that this syndrome might arise on a noncardiogenic basis. PMID- 7088425 TI - Pulmonary complications of isoxsuprine therapy in the gravida. AB - The potential association of intravenous isoxsuprine therapy for premature labor with pulmonary edema and an adult respiratory distress syndrome is demonstrated by 6 patients, 3 of whom became critically ill. While other tocolytic agents have been associated with pulmonary edema, most commonly when used in combination with glucocorticoids, this is the first report of maternal pulmonary complications from isoxsuprine therapy, both with and without associated glucocorticoid administration. A case of right middle lobe pneumonia that bore a temporal proximity to maternal isoxsuprine and betamethasone therapy is also presented. No explanation of these associations is offered. All these cases occurred in 1977. The utilization of isoxsuprine at the authors' institution has not changed since then, either in frequency or protocol, nor has the drug formulation been changed, yet no comparable complications have been seen since. This phenomenon is not understood. PMID- 7088426 TI - Postpartum patient with toxic shock syndrome. AB - A case is presented of postpartum toxic shock syndrome following a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. Toxic shock syndrome to date has been reported in men, women, and children, the preponderance of cases (96%) being of women and usually at or near menses. Herein is reported a case of toxic shock syndrome occurring 14 hours post partum in a healthy young woman. This disease, which involves at least 3 major organ systems and also results in shock and a desquamating exanthem, must be borne in mind by all who care for the parturient. It is postulated that staphylococci plus blood and/or other unknown factors precipitate the disease. PMID- 7088427 TI - Splenosis mimicking endometriosis. AB - Splenosis, the autotransplantation of splenic tissue following traumatic rupture of the spleen, can mimic endometriosis when discovered at laparotomy. The splenic implants are usually widespread throughout the peritoneal cavity. The differential diagnosis includes metastatic cancer, hemangiomas, and accessory spleens as well as endometriosis. The authors present a case of splenosis mistaken at laparotomy for endometriosis, and review the literature on splenosis encountered at gynecologic surgery. As splenosis is usually asymptomatic and may partially compensate for the asplenic state, it is recommended that asymptomatic splenosis not be resected when encountered at surgery. PMID- 7088428 TI - Postmenopausal tuberculosis of the female genital tract. AB - A study was made of women with postmenopausal tuberculosis of the genital tract investigated between January 1, 1951, and March 1, 1981. Twenty-six of 701 patients (3.7%) with proved gynecologic tuberculosis had postmenopausal infection. The age incidence of gynecologic tuberculosis has changed in recent years; the proportion of patients over 40 years of age is now much higher than in the past. Since January 1, 1976, a combination of rifampicin, ethambutol, and isoniazid has been employed in the treatment of this disease. Six new cases treated with this drug program are described. No patient showed evidence of recurrence at follow-up. PMID- 7088429 TI - Symptomatic intrauterine retention of fetal bones. AB - Four patients with symptomatic intrauterine retention of fetal bones are discussed. Presenting complaints included infertility, irregular vaginal bleeding, vaginitis, and spontaneous passage of fetal bones. Two patients had uterine anomalies; 1 patient had a retained twin pregnancy. Pelvic ultrasound and x-ray films of the pelvic cavity are helpful in making a diagnosis. Hysteroscopy is invaluable both in confirming the diagnosis and in achieving successful removal of fetal bone. PMID- 7088430 TI - Uterine rupture occurring during midtrimester abortion. AB - Uterine rupture is an uncommon complication of midtrimester abortion, occurring more frequently in the older multiparous patient and with the use of high doses of oxytocic agents. The clinical presentation may vary from an unexplained drop in the hematocrit or persistent abdominal pain to profound shock and maternal death. There is often considerable delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The clinical presentation of a patient who sustained uterine rupture during midtrimester abortion is described and the possible etiology, clinical presentation, and management of this condition are described. It is recommended that older multiparous patients receiving oxytocic agents be monitored closely to prevent uterine hyperstimulation and that prompt laparotomy be performed when the diagnosis of uterine rupture is made. PMID- 7088431 TI - Development of clear cell adenocarcinoma in DES-exposed offspring under observation. AB - Two cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina detected at follow-up in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol are reported. One patient, aged 23, had been followed for 2 years before carcinoma was diagnosed; the second patient, aged 22, had been seen on a regular basis for 5 years, 8 months. In both instances, suspicion of the presence of carcinoma was aroused by the palpation of a small nodule in the vaginal fornix. Hysterosalpingography was performed on both patients and, in 1 instance, an abnormal x-ray film was reflected by the gross appearance of the uterine cavity found in the surgical specimen. PMID- 7088432 TI - Sagittal sinus thrombosis in early pregnancy. AB - A case of spontaneous thrombosis of the sagittal sinus occurring at 8 weeks' gestation and proved by angiography is reported. The literature was reviewed and etiology and management were discussed. PMID- 7088433 TI - Intravascular leiomyomatosis. AB - Two cases of intravascular leiomyomatosis are described. In 1 case, a 66-year-old woman was seen with an extension of the tumor to the myometrium, cervix, and left parametrium and with radiologic evidence of tumor extension to the left external and common iliac veins and the inferior vena cava; subsequently, the tumor invaded the left renal, suprarenal and ovarian veins, hepatic veins, and the right atrium, causing severe heart failure and death. The second case is that of a 28-year-old woman with an advanced tumor in the interior vena cava, right atrium, and ventricle who died during cardiac surgery. Review of the literature is presented, with special comment on the management of this disease entity. PMID- 7088434 TI - Verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium--a unique neoplasm with long survival. AB - A case of verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium with long survival is described. It represents the first of its type to be recorded in this site. The literature on verrucous carcinoma and on other cases of squamous carcinoma of the endometrium is briefly reviewed. PMID- 7088437 TI - Luteal phase defect as a marker of imminent ovarian failure. AB - A case of premature ovarian failure in a patient serendipitously studied with regard to clinical and histologic parameters during the 2 years preceding her diagnosis is presented. Progressively decreasing ovarian function was observed, beginning with a luteal phase defect and culminating in afollicular ovarian failure. Concepts concerning the etiologies and pathophysiology of premature ovarian failure are reviewed, and similarities to the natural climacteric are discussed. PMID- 7088435 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to placenta and ovary. AB - A woman previously treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the neck underwent a cesarean section for fetal distress. Extensive metastases of the placenta and an ovary were histologically compatible with her prior malignancy. Diffuse infiltration of the placenta by this neoplastic process was associated with an infant who was small for gestational age and who had no evidence of metastatic disease. PMID- 7088436 TI - Adenomatoid tumor of the uterus simulating interstitial pregnancy. AB - A case of an adenomatoid tumor of the uterus is presented. The 22-year-old patient was admitted with classic signs and symptoms of an interstitial pregnancy. However, emergency surgery confirmed the diagnosis of an adenomatoid tumor of the uterus concomitant with an intrauterine pregnancy. Although rare, adenomatoid tumors of the uterus may present as a uterine abnormality, possibly causing problems in the differential diagnosis of it and an interstitial pregnancy. PMID- 7088439 TI - Contact hysteroscopic evaluation of the endocervix as an adjunct to colposcopy. AB - A total of 66 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia extending into the endocervical canal were investigated by endocervical curettage, contact endoscopy, and conization biopsy of the cervix. Although atypical epithelium was obtained in only 8 women by blind endocervical curettage, contact endoscopy identified 42 instances of disease of equal or greater magnitude than determined by the original ectocervical colposcopic evaluation. These findings were subsequently confirmed by conization biopsy. As the 6-mm contact hysteroscope may easily be inserted into the pregnant cervix, sufficient reassurance may be gained to avoid endocervical curettage or cone biopsy and thus to avoid the hazard of major hemorrhage and/or pregnancy interruption. PMID- 7088438 TI - Massive edema of the ovary. AB - Two cases of massive edema of the ovary are presented. One case included Meigs syndrome, which has not previously been associated with this disorder. PMID- 7088440 TI - Hysteroscopic resection of intrauterine scars using a new technique. AB - The authors describe a 5-year experience with 27 patients who had confirmed intrauterine scars at hysteroscopy, all of whom underwent resection of the scar. Of the 27, 14 became pregnant at least once, and 13 did not conceive. Hysteroscopic and hysterographic evidence of intrauterine scar was in general more severe in those who did not become pregnant. There were no cases of abdominal placentation in the 18 pregnancies after surgical repair, although there was 1 case of postpartum hemorrhage. Details of technique, including postoperative use of estrogen and the intrauterine device, are discussed. PMID- 7088441 TI - Use of the bulbocavernosus muscle (Martius procedure) for repair of radiation induced rectovaginal fistulas. AB - Radiation-induced fistulas of the vagina are rare, occurring in only 1 of 3% of patients treated for cancer of the uterine cervix. Primary surgical repair of these fistulas is usually unsuccessful because the defect is a result of devascularization. This type of radiation injury results from endarteritis obliterans, and successful repair requires an accessory blood supply. From 1971 to 1980, the authors performed 14 Martius procedures on 12 patients with radiation-induced rectovaginal fistulas. Eleven patients had successful closure of their fistulas using this procedure, and no operative complications occurred. The Martius procedure is effective for most radiation-induced vaginal fistulas, and the operation is well tolerated by most patients. PMID- 7088442 TI - Autonomic dysreflexia in pregnancy. PMID- 7088444 TI - Supernumerary ovaries: update and review. PMID- 7088443 TI - Second-trimester spontaneous regression of theca lutein cysts. PMID- 7088445 TI - Hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus. PMID- 7088446 TI - Levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in unruptured and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. AB - Eighty-eight presenting with signs and symptoms that suggested ectopic pregnancy, all of whom had a positive radioreceptorassay (Biocept-G), were studied. Sixty one patients (69%) were found to have intrauterine pregnancy. Twelve (14%) had unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy with a mean (+/- SEM) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level of 1190 +/- 320 mIU/ml, whereas 15 (17%) with ruptured ectopic pregnancies had a mean hCG level of 4160 +/- 400 mIU/ml. Among these 2 types of ectopic pregnancy, the mean hCG levels were statistically different (t = 5.0, P less than .001). Possible reasons for these differences are suggested, and the clinical implications of this finding are discussed. PMID- 7088447 TI - Malacoplakia: an unusual etiology of ureteral obstruction. PMID- 7088448 TI - Effect of chronic douching with polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine on iodine absorption and thyroid function. AB - Daily vaginal douching with polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine in 12 euthyroid volunteers for 14 days resulted in a significant increase in serum total iodine concentration and urine iodine excretion. The increase in serum total iodine was associated with a marked decrease in 24-hour iodine 123 uptake by the thyroid and a small but significant increase in serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. However, values for serum TSH never rose above the normal range. No significant changes in serum thyroxine (T4), free T4 index (FTI), or triiodothyronine concentrations were observed, although serum T4 and FTI did decrease slightly during treatment. The findings suggest that iodine is absorbed across the vaginal mucosa and that the subsequent increase in serum total iodine does induce subtle increases in serum TSH concentration. There was no evidence, however, of overt hypothyroidism in these euthyroid women. PMID- 7088450 TI - Paired cervical smears: a method of reducing the false-negative rate in population screening. AB - Cervical smears taken by the wooden Ayre spatula (widely used in the United Kingdom) and by a plastic spatula (Armovical) were compared for their ability to detect dysplastic cervical epithelium and endocervical cells. At the same time, the value of taking duplicate smears was assessed. Paired cervical smears were obtained at a single attendance from 21,352 women, using the 2 types of spatulas in 4 different sequences. Although individually the Armovical proved superior to the Ayre spatula for the collection of endocervical epithelial material, this advantage was not complemented by any marked improvement in its detection of cervical dysplasia. Paired smear sampling, however, was clearly more rewarding in this respect and also allowed the introduction of laboratory quality control, as each preparation of any given pair was examined by a different screener. The false-negative rate was 18.5%: it comprised 11.1% sampling error and 7.4% screening error. It is concluded that paired smear sampling in population screening would significantly reduce the false-negative rate. PMID- 7088449 TI - False-negative cytology rates in patients in whom invasive cervical cancer subsequently developed. AB - The 3-year screening interval recommended by the American Cancer Society would appear to decrease the detection of premalignant and malignant disease. The authors have shown that 20% of study patients in whom subsequently invasive cervical cancer developed had at least 2 negative Papanicolaou smears within 3 years of the diagnosis of cancer. Moreover, the majority of false-negative results in the series could be attributed to sample error. The authors recommend yearly or at least biennial cervical cytologic screening. PMID- 7088451 TI - Active and quiet periods in the preterm and term fetus. AB - Heart rate variability and fetal movement were used to classify active and quiet fetal periods. Fetuses at 28 to 30 weeks and at 38 to 40 weeks' gestation were compared. A period of fetal movement with increased variability of heart beat was classified as active and one with the absence of movement and diminished fetal heart beat was classified as quiet. The results demonstrated significant differences both in the number of active-quiet cycles per hour and in the length of the active periods. These findings suggest that analogs of fetal behavioral states may be present before birth and have cyclic patterns, and that the time spent in each fetal period is longer in older fetuses. PMID- 7088453 TI - Regulation of erythropoiesis in fetus and mother during normal pregnancy. AB - The activity of the hormone erythropoietin was assayed (1) in the amniotic fluid of healthy women in the tenth to 16th weeks of pregnancy who had artificial interruption of pregnancy and (2) in the urinary output of healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Erythropoietin activity in concentrated urine increased significantly between the 24th and 31st weeks of pregnancy. No erythropoietin activity was demonstrated in amniotic fluid at the tenth week of pregnancy, even when the fluid was concentrated, but it was demonstrated in concentrated amniotic fluid from the 11th to 16th weeks. The assay results prove, indirectly, the hypothesis that increased production of erythrocytes in pregnancy is mediated by the erythropoietin humoral mechanism in both fetus and mother. Erythropoiesis in the fetus probably is regulated by erythropoietin as early as the 11th week of pregnancy. PMID- 7088454 TI - Estrogen excretion in pregnant women with leprosy: evidence of diminished fetoplacental function. AB - Estrogen excretion was assayed in 64 women with leprosy and 15 healthy control women. The mean estrogen excretion was lower in women with leprosy than in controls and the incidence of subnormal estrogen values was higher in the leprosy patients than in the controls. There was an association between infant birth weight and frequency of subnormal estrogen excretion. These features were most marked in women with lepromatous leprosy and are further evidence of diminished fetoplacental function in women with leprosy. PMID- 7088452 TI - Subsequent pregnancy following the loss of an early preterm newborn infant weighing less than 1000 grams. AB - During a 5-year period (1974 to 1978), 84 mothers with an average age of 26.3 +/- 4.5 years delivered 89 newborn infants who subsequently died. Each infant weighed less than 1000 g. These infants had a mean birth weight of 790 +/- 170 g and a mean gestational age of 26.3 +/- 1.9 weeks. Thirty-six (90%) of 40 mothers who subsequently became pregnant gave birth to a surviving newborn. The mean gestation age and birth weight were 37.6 +/- 3 weeks and 2754 +/- 754 g, respectively. Similar data were obtained from a control group of 565 mothers who delivered normal infants at term during a 2-month interval within the study period. In the control group 170 mothers subsequently became pregnant and 163 (96%) gave birth to normal infants at term. Mean gestational age was 39.09 +/- 2 weeks (P less than .001) and birth weight was 3304 +/- 566 g (p less than .001). PMID- 7088455 TI - The effect of labor on the rheologic response of chorioamniotic membranes. AB - A study of chorioamniotic membranes was undertaken in 2 term populations. One group of women delivered vaginally after normal labor (N = 41), the other by elective cesarean section (N = 41). Rheologic properties were measured in an experimental environment. The membranes in each group responded similarly while intact. Those membranes subject to labor, however, ruptured earlier in cyclic testing. They also required more time to dissipate applied stress. This stress response pattern is similar to that seen with rupture of amorphous materials in which multiple flaws or cracks are aggravated by stress testing. The clinical problem of premature rupture of the membranes may occur by a phenomenon that produces flaws in their structure. The data suggest that these flaws may be aggravated by labor-like uterine activity. PMID- 7088456 TI - Factors that predispose to premature rupture of the fetal membranes. AB - Causes of premature rupture of the fetal membranes were explored in a study of 10,460 pregnancies. Five risk factors were analyzed: Cigarette smoking, coitus, parity, prior surgery of the cervix, and chorioamnionitis. To minimize the effects of other influences the author compared the rates of premature rupture in successive pregnancies of the same mothers when the individual risk factors being analyzed were present in only 1 of the 2 pregnancies. Preterm delivery due to premature rupture of the membranes was 11 times more frequent when recent coitus was present in conjunction with chorioamnionitis than when both were absent. Such ruptures were increased only 3-fold when either recent coitus or chorioamnionitis was present without the other. PMID- 7088458 TI - A resurvey of Ohio family physicians. A projection of future needs to the year 2000. PMID- 7088457 TI - Intrapartum fetal monitoring in preterm deliveries: prospective study. AB - Fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal acid-base status were prospectively studied in 61 patients in preterm labor of unknown etiology. Tachycardia (43%), decreased variability (39%), and variable decelerations (61%) were often recorded. Fetal acidosis (pH less than 7.25 in scalp blood) occurred in 52% of patients delivered in weeks 28 to 33 and in 8% of patients delivered in weeks 34 to 36 of gestation. Ominous FHR changes considered classic for fetal distress were very frequently associated with fetal acidosis, but among the most immature infants with fetal acidosis several had tachycardia and decreased variability combined with variable decelerations of innocent appearance. Patients treated with a beta-receptor agonist (terbutaline) for inhibition of preterm labor had fetal tachycardia and decreased variability more often than nontreated patients. No positive correlation with fetal acidosis for these FHR changes could be demonstrated in the terbutaline-treated patients. The results indicate that fetal acidosis can appear rapidly and frequently among the most immature infants during labor, and emphasize the value of considering the gestational age and the administration of beta-receptor stimulators in the assessment of the FHR pattern in preterm labor. PMID- 7088460 TI - Physician suicide. A report from the AMA's Board of Trustees. PMID- 7088461 TI - Radiation therapy without mastectomy. PMID- 7088459 TI - Conservative management of early breast cancer. PMID- 7088462 TI - Alternatives in the treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 7088463 TI - The new illiterates. PMID- 7088464 TI - Medicine on the high seas. PMID- 7088465 TI - A visit with an English GP. PMID- 7088466 TI - Personality styles and antidepressants. PMID- 7088467 TI - Neonatal hypothyroid screening in Ohio. PMID- 7088468 TI - Follow-up evaluation and therapy after a positive neonatal thyroid screen. PMID- 7088470 TI - Development of cytotoxic cells during in vitro cultures of pleural effusion lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer. AB - Culture-induced cytotoxic (CIC) activity developed in 7-day culture in the presence of fetal calf serum of pleural effusion lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer which initially showed markedly low or no natural killing (NK) activity against K562 cells. The development of CIC activity was proliferation dependent. The CIC-mediating effector cells were removed by nylon-wool adherence, whereas the NK cells were enriched. Precursors for cytotoxic cells were not clarified. These results suggest that the precursors for cytotoxic cells are present in carcinomatous pleural effusions and able to develop cytotoxicity after 7-day culture in vitro. PMID- 7088469 TI - Estrogen receptor heterogeneity and the relationship between estrogen receptor and the tritiated thymidine labeling index in human breast cancer. AB - Tissue from 54 patients with breast cancer was analyzed for estrogen receptor (ER). From 38 patients, tissue from multiple tumor sites was analyzed to determine ER heterogeneity. In 13 patients (34%) both positive and negative ER values were obtained. ER negative (ER-) results were observed more frequently in metastatic lesions. In 28 patients both the ER and [3H]-thymidine labeling index (LI) were measured in the metastatic lesion. [3H]-Thymidine was administered in vivo. There was a positive correlation between ER positivity and low LI. The mean LI of 8 ER positive (ER+) tumors was 3.4 in contrast to a mean LI of 10.0 for 14 ER- tumors (p less than 0.01). LI of 6 mixed ER tumors (ER+/-) was intermediate (mean 5.7). High LI (greater than or equal to 8) was associated with decreased survival regardless of the stage of disease at the time of study. ER with LI may provide an improved basis for treatment selection. PMID- 7088471 TI - Californium-252 neutron curietherapy for advanced cervical cancer. AB - Low dose rate neutron radiotherapy using fast neutrons emitted by the radionuclide 252Cf was combined with fractionated X- or gamma rays for the radiotherapy of advanced cervicovaginal tumors. Two different implant schedules were tested to determine the response of the tumors to the scheduling of therapy with the 252CF either early or delayed in the fractionated radiotherapy course. A 90% frequency of complete local clearance of pelvic tumors was observed by the early application of 252Cf. Neutron curietherapy applied as a boost treatment at the end of fractionated radiotherapy, resulted in only 40% local control. Improved results were observed by early implantation therapy and is postulated to be the result of more effective hypoxic tumor therapy and reoxygenation of the hypoxic pelvic tumor. The two groups of patients were compared as to their general status and medical condition and were found similar in age, frequency of associated disease, body weight and tumor stage. The failures of local control by early 252Cf neutron therapy, occurred in 2 patients with high-stage tumor and severe vascular disease and suggests that tumor response was partly dependent upon the integrity and elasticity of the small vessel system. PMID- 7088472 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after treatment for Hodgkin's disease. AB - A patient is described who developed a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) 9 years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. This occurrence is of particular interest because the treatment for Hodgkin's disease included no chemotherapy and the second tumor appeared to originate remote from the irradiated site. Thus, the role of Hodgkin's disease treatment in the etiology of this patient's second lymphoma appears doubtful. The development of DHL in this patient could represent an unrelated event or conceivably an event facilitated by Hodgkin's disease itself. PMID- 7088473 TI - Ultrastructure and morphometric analysis of hypertrophic nucleoli in non Hodgkin's lymphoma and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. AB - The ultrastructure of hypertrophic nucleoli in large cells from each of 5 successive cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (regardless of predominant cell type) showed irregularly rounded or ovoid, mostly compact forms with few scattered light spaces. Occasional nucleolonemal forms were noted. Few ring forms or transitional forms between ring and compact or nucleolonemal types were present. Granular components occupied 78.5 +/- 1.0% of the mean total area of 132 lymphoma large cell nucleoli of all configurations studied. Hypertrophic nucleoli in 27 phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes were predominantly nucleolonemal with 74.2 +/- 10.6% granular composition. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of nucleolar granular moieties did not vary significantly between individual cases of lymphoma nor quantitatively between these and nucleoli in PHA stimulated lymphocytes. These observations lend further credence to the suggestion of the lymphocyte as a common progenitor cell type for the large B and T cell of malignant lymphomas. Some functional similarity of their nucleoli and those of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes in their participation in ribonucleic acid synthesis is implied. Generally compact nucleoli of lymphomas in contrast to nucleolonemal forms of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes may be pathognomonic for large lymphocytic cells undergoing neoplasia. PMID- 7088474 TI - Ultrastructural changes in HeLa cells following treatment with the antineoplastic agent cis-acid. AB - The ultrastructure of HeLa cells arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by the antineoplastic agent cis-acid was studied and compared with that of normal G2 phase-synchronized cells. The results demonstrate that the chromatin of drug treated cells was fragmented and clumped, the membranous structures had degenerated or were destroyed and the polyribosomes were decreased. The mitochondria were swollen and vacuolated, suggesting that energy production might have been impaired. PMID- 7088475 TI - A critique of the practice of plotting data obtained in vivo on an 'hours after treatment' format. AB - The erroneous and misleading conclusions that result when data obtained in vivo are plotted on an 'hours after treatment' format when compared to a 'time of day' or 'time of circadian period' format are illustrated. The mitotic index of the corneal epithelium and the amount of DNA synthetic activity in the tip of the tongue are the examples used. Animals were kept on a light-dark cycle with light from 06.00 to 18.00 CST. Treatment with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml of saline at 05.00 compared to treatment with saline at 17.00 resulted in no effect on either variable when the data were plotted on a 'time of day' format, i.e., the data from the group which received saline at 05.00 and the group which received saline at 17.00 were very reproducible. However, when the same data were plotted on the 'hours after treatment' format, the data were 180 degrees out of phase with each other. This resulted in many statistically significant differences between the two groups. These differences are artifactual when compared to the 'no effect' or 'no perturbation' situation seen when the data are plotted on the 'time of day' format. PMID- 7088476 TI - [Incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-6-3H in salivary gland cells of Drosophila virilis Sturt. during prolonged labeling]. AB - When rearing the D. virilis larvae on the nutrient medium with 5 bromodeoxyuridine-6-3H (3H-BDU) at different developmental stages, it was found that the intensity of isotope incorporation in the chromosomes and cytoplasm of the salivary gland cells depended on the duration of effect and concentration. The distribution of label along the chromosomes does not occur at random. The spectrum of isotope incorporation is specific for each chromosome. All regions which changed their puffing pattern as a result of rearing the larvae on the medium with 3H-BDU incorporated the isotope and the frequency of incorporation in the most of them differed reliably from the random one. The intensity of incorporation increased with the duration of labelling and the isotope concentration. PMID- 7088478 TI - [Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver of athymic mice during postnatal ontogeny and its modification by thymus transplantation o]. AB - Hemopoietic cells at different stages of differentiation were found in the liver imprints of adult thymus-less mutant mice BALB/c nu/nu, thus suggesting the presence of extramedullary hemopoiesis. During the postnatal development the intensity of leucopoiesis in the liver of mutant animals increased reliably and that of erythropoiesis suffered no marked changes. In the liver of adult BALB/c nu/nu mice, a high content of stem hemopoietic cells was found. The subcutaneous implantation of thymus to 2 weeks old BALB/c nu/nu mice resulted in the reliable decrease of leuco- and erythropoiesis in the liver. The neonatal thymectomy of the control mice BALB/c+/+ did not prevent the switching embryonic hemopoiesis in the liver off. A question of regulating influence of thymus on the process of switching hemopoiesis in the mouse liver off is discussed. PMID- 7088477 TI - [Human follicular oocytes (cytologic and physiologic characteristics)]. AB - The morphology and the rate of degenerative changes were studied in the oocytes recovered from the antral follicles of the operated women. The rate of meiosis resumption, chromosome aberrations and electrophysiological properties were studied in the cultivated oocytes. These indices were compared in women of different age and pathology. A small part of the whole population of follicular oocytes is capable to complete in vitro cytoplasmic and nuclear transformations indispensable for fertilization and further development. A conclusion is drawn that the heterogeneity of follicular oocytes reflects the regular processes of follicle growth and elimination in the ovary. PMID- 7088479 TI - [Immunochemical study of water-soluble salivary gland proteins of Chironomus thummi Kieff. larvae]. PMID- 7088480 TI - [Growth of myeloid plaques on layers of cultured stromal fibroblasts]. AB - The cells of syngeneic bone marrow were added in the primary monolayer cultures of bone marrow, thymus and peritoneal fluid of the mouse. Discrete plaques with several dozens to several thousands of myeloid cells developed on the surface of fibroblast colonies within 2--7 days. It was shown that both the size and rate of formation of myeloid plaques were markedly higher in the culture of thymus fibroblasts than in those of bone marrow and peritoneal fluid fibroblasts. Hence, the stromal fibroblasts of different origin differ from each other by their ability to interact in vitro with hemopoietic precursor cells forming myeloid plaques. PMID- 7088481 TI - [Possibilities of synchronizing the growth of Chironomus thummi Kieff. larvae]. AB - The conditions for uniform synchronous development of groups of the IV instar larvae of Ch. thummi and the possibility of using the morphology of imaginal discs as a criterion of temporal uniformity (synchrony) of larval development were investigated. The degree of synchrony of larval development was shown to depend strongly on the population density. Its increase led to desynchronization and decrease in the rate of larval development. The size and morphology of imaginal discs used as criteria of developmental phases of the IV instar larvae varied at the "red head" phase. the size of imaginal discs depended on the rate of larval development and population density. No distinct correlation was found between the sex of larvae and the size of imaginal discs in them. A conclusion is drawn that the size of imaginal discs cannot serve as a criterion of temporal uniformity of larval development. PMID- 7088482 TI - [Uptake of Testosterone-1 alpha, 2 alpha-3H(n) by target organ tissues of guinea pig embryos in vitro]. AB - The dynamics of testosterone-1 alpha, 2 alpha-3H(n) intake by different tissues of genital tract was studied in the guinea pig embryos from the 23rd day of development till birth. The specific intake was noted at all developmental stages studied and in all genital tract rudiments. The Selective intake was observed in the male embryos in the genital tubercle from the 29th day, in the ducts from the 46th day and in the urogenital sinus from the 26th day. In the female embryos it was found in the genital tubercle on the 26--28th day and from the 35th, in the ducts from the 46th day and in the urogenital sinus on the 32--35th, 46--50th days and prior to birth. The specific intake was also observed in the gonads of embryos of both sexes. The data obtained suggest the presence of reception to androgen prior to the beginning of morphogenesis of the genital system and the acquisition of increase sensitivity to the hormone in the homologous rudiments during the critical periods of differentiation of organ targets by the male type. PMID- 7088483 TI - [DNA-synthesizing capacity of mast cells at various stages of differentiation]. PMID- 7088484 TI - [Establishment of rhythmic protein synthesis in the developing parotid gland during postnatal ontogeny]. PMID- 7088485 TI - [Orientation of the hepatocytes of a primary rat liver culture in a mixed culture with human fibroblasts]. PMID- 7088487 TI - [Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism and the dynamics of its many molecular forms in various tissues at different stages of the embryonic development of swine]. PMID- 7088488 TI - Pupillary abnormalities associated with posterior chamber lens implantation. AB - Posterior chamber lenses often allow for freely dilatable, round rather than square pupils. Abnormal pupillary configurations do occur, however, especially in conjunction with plano surface-up insertion techniques. Three case reports illustrating abnormal pupillary configurations are presented. Two variations on presently available posterior. PMID- 7088486 TI - [Effect of heterochronic thymus on establishment of immunologic reactivity in CBA mice. I. Transplantation to neonatally thymectomized animals]. PMID- 7088489 TI - Use of Healon in anterior segment trauma. AB - Healon can assist in the repair of penetrating segment injuries by maintaining a deep anterior chamber that allows easier suturing of the wound and easier repositioning of the iris, by protecting the corneal endothelium during surgery, and by separating peripheral iridocorneal adhesions. We describe this technique in repair of an eye with a limbus-to-limbus corneal laceration. PMID- 7088490 TI - The contact lens corneal cutter: accuracy and reproducibility. AB - The contact lens corneal cutter was used on ten freshly enucleated pig eyes in an attempt to determine its accuracy and reproducibility. We felt that a circular opening could be obtained; however, there was variability in the size of the tissue cut and a disparity between the internal and external openings, which was caused by the sharp angle of the cutting blade. PMID- 7088493 TI - A method for preventing suture entrapment on the Iliff-Park eyelid speculum. PMID- 7088491 TI - Surgical management of congenital eyelid coloboma. AB - Congenital eyelid colobomas are a partial or total absence of eyelid structures. The degree of severity determines the surgical techniques employed for repairing the eyelid. We feel that early surgical treatment reduces the risk of ocular scarring with satisfactory results. We present four cases of congenital upper eyelid colobomas of differing severity and discuss surgical approaches to these lid abnormalities. PMID- 7088492 TI - A three-dial biometer. PMID- 7088494 TI - Corneal protector for oculoplastic surgery. PMID- 7088495 TI - Development of visual line acuity in humans. AB - An acuity test was developed with defined space between symbols to determine the effect of crowding on visual line acuity. The test differentiates between normalsighted subjects, those with low but uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopes. Furthermore, the test allows a quantitative examination of the crowding phenomenon and a measure of progress during amblyopia therapy. In normal sighted subjects a maturational effect on visual line acuity was found, reaching the maximum test level at approximately the tenth year of life. PMID- 7088497 TI - Cefsulodin concentrations in rabbit eyes after intravenous and subconjunctival administration. AB - Experimental studies on rabbit eyes were performed to examine the penetration capacity of cefsulodin into the anterior chamber and the vitreous body. One group of animals was injected with 50 mg/kg body weight intravenously, the other group received 20 mg subconjunctivally. Samples of the anterior chamber and the vitreous body were taken from the anaesthetized animals after 15, 30, 60 and 120 min (6 eyes at each time). The corresponding serum concentrations were determined as well. Cefsulodin concentrations were measured microbiologically with agar diffusion tests. At each time studied, the antibiotic could be detected in the anterior chamber after intravenous injection. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 5.2 mg/l. Similar results were found after subconjunctival application. In no case the antibiotic was detectable in the vitreous body. The pharmacokinetics of cefsulodin in the rabbit eye seem to be comparable to the behaviour of other beta lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides. As cefsulodin is able to penetrate into the anterior chamber, it might be a useful antibiotic for therapy of eye infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 7088496 TI - Combined macroscopic, light microscopic, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic investigation of the vitreous body. II. The anterior vitreous cortex. PMID- 7088498 TI - In vitro study of lysosomal particles in corneal epithelium cultures after type I herpes virus infection. AB - The lysosomal cycle has been studied in the primary cultures of corneal epithelium infected with type I herpes virus. Immediately after the infection, the lysosomal system develops. There is a great dispersion in the morphometric analysis of the lysosomal particles. They represent a heterogeneous population with regard to their size. The number of lysosomal particles increases very rapidly during the first hours after the herpetic infection. Finally, many cells become round and die. PMID- 7088499 TI - Acid phosphatase. I. Cytochemical localization in lenses of normal and galactose fed rats. AB - In the present investigation we have examined the presence, distribution and probable role of acid phosphatase in lenses of normal and galactose-fed rats. Acid phosphatase was localized in lenses using two separate cytochemical procedures (Gomori and Barka-Anderson methods) and examined at the ultrastructural level. Both procedures, in general, provided similar sites of acid phosphatase activity, although with the Barka-Anderson method finer and larger amounts of well-defined reaction product were observable at the site of reaction. The reaction product was observed in lenses of both rats fed on regular laboratory chow and galactose-fed rats. The intracellular location of the reaction of this enzyme was primarily in lysosomes and occasionally in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. At the extracellular sites, it was near the epithelial cell membranes which abut each other and cortical fibers. However, in the cortical fibers the extracellular localization was at various sites on the entire intercellular space between neighboring fibers. The possible role of hydrolases in the lens tissue is discussed. PMID- 7088500 TI - Long-term continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure in conscious primates. AB - A technique for chronic implantation of a device for long-term continuous, quantitative monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP) in experimental animals is presented. The methodology employed is straight forward and should be easily duplicated for experimental investigations where such monitoring might be useful. Continuous IOP data recorded from the device implanted in a conscious adult rhesus monkey are compared with continuous IOP data reported by other investigators. PMID- 7088501 TI - Argon laser trabeculoplasty in the presurgical glaucoma patient. AB - The trabecular meshwork in 334 eyes of 260 patients with medically uncontrolled primary and secondary open-angle glaucoma was treated with the argon laser. The average intraocular pressure reduction obtained was 7.1 mm Hg. Tonographic data showed significant increase in the facility of outflow. Glaucoma surgical intervention was avoided in 87.5% of phakic eyes and in 62.1% of aphakic eyes. Laser trabeculoplasty was found to be effective in primary open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, angle recession glaucoma, glaucoma secondary to uveitis, and in eyes with failed glaucoma surgical procedures. The length of follow-up in this series ranged from one week to 21 months, with an average of five months. The major complication noted was a rise in intraocular pressure following treatment. In one eye, a small central island of vision was lost due to this intraocular pressure elevation. Treating one-half of the angle in each of two treatment sessions separated by a few weeks reduces the degree of this pressure elevation. The glaucoma status of 3% eyes was made worse after treatment with trabeculoplasty. PMID- 7088502 TI - Electron microscopy of argon laser therapy in phakic open-angle glaucoma. AB - In 22 subjects with phakic open-angle glaucoma, trabeculectomies were performed at intervals of three hours to one year after argon laser treatment (ALT). In ten patients the ALT was done with informed consent anticipating that trabeculectomy would be performed at a scheduled time (three hours to two weeks following laser therapy). In 12 other patients, trabeculectomies were required for failure of ALT (one month to one year later). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the specimens examined at earlier intervals after laser therapy revealed evidence of heat effects with disruption of trabecular beams, fibrinous material, and necrosis of occasional cells, including melanin-containing endothelial cells, followed by shrinkage of the collagenous components of the trabecular meshwork. The specimens excised at longer intervals after laser treatment showed partial or total occlusion of intertrabecular spaces by a cellular layer of abnormal corneal and/or trabecular endothelial cells with widened cellular interdigitations and numerous prominent filopodial processes typical of migrating cells. PMID- 7088503 TI - The significance of disc hemorrhage in open-angle glaucoma. AB - Thirty eyes of 25 patients with open-angle glaucoma and disc splinter hemorrhage (20 with unilateral and five with bilateral hemorrhage) were studied as to the extent of the visual field loss in relation to the time of onset and location of the disc hemorrhage. The degree of visual field deterioration over a follow-up period of one month to seven years was found to be higher in eyes with disc hemorrhage when compared to the contralateral eyes without disc hemorrhage of patients with bilateral open angle glaucoma. PMID- 7088504 TI - Intraocular pressure status in 100 consecutive patients with exfoliation syndrome. AB - An evaluation of 100 consecutive patients in whom the exfoliation syndrome was detected as an incidental finding revealed the incidence of glaucoma to be lower than previously reported. There were 75 women and 25 men in the study. Seventy six patients had unilateral and 24 patients had bilateral involvement. The mean age of the unilateral group was 70 years and that of the bilateral group, 71 years. Of 124 eyes having the exfoliation syndrome, 78% had normal intraocular pressure, 15% had ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure greater than 22 mm Hg but no cupping or field loss), and 7% had glaucoma. Women out-numbered men in normotensive and ocular hypertensive groups, but no sex difference was apparent in the group with glaucoma. In the 76 patients in the unilateral group, 13 eyes having the exfoliation syndrome had ocular hypertension, and three had glaucoma. In five of the 16 patients with ocular pressure abnormalities in the eye with exfoliation syndrome, the fellow eye had ocular hypertension. PMID- 7088507 TI - Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery. AB - An approach to the surgical management of eyes with concomitant cataract and glaucoma is outlined, and the author's experience in 73 consecutive cases is described. Cataract extraction alone is recommended when glaucomatous damage is minimal, and the intraocular pressure is controlled with a low-dose, well tolerated medical regimen. When the glaucoma is uncontrolled on maximum tolerable medical therapy and poses an immediate threat to vision, a two-stage procedure of filtering surgery with subsequent cataract extraction is preferred. Between these two extremes of glaucoma control are those cases for which a combined operation is felt to be indicated, especially when cataract surgery is planned in an eye with borderline glaucoma control and/or moderate to advanced glaucomatous damage. The preferred combined approach is cataract extraction with a guarded filtering procedure, and a simplified technique to accomplish this is described. PMID- 7088505 TI - Childhood glaucoma: results with trabeculotomy and study of reversible cupping. AB - Observations based on 28 trabeculotomy ab externo operations in 18 children with glaucoma are presented. Controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) and stable or improved optic disc status was achieved in 80% of 22 eyes followed for one year or longer. Factors associated with a poorer result were glaucoma associated with ocular syndromes, older age at the time of surgery, and corneal diameter greater than 14 mm at diagnosis. In patients with successful IOP lowering, 40% had a documented improvement in the appearance of the optic disc cup, representing an important criterion for surgical success. Reversal of cup size enlargement was observed exclusively in the first year of life in this series. In the evaluation and follow-up of children with glaucoma, it has been found useful to utilize ketamine sedation, hand-held applanation tonometry, and dilated, stereoscopic disc examination and photography. PMID- 7088506 TI - Diagnosis and management of lens-induced glaucoma. AB - Lens-induced glaucoma may occur as either secondary angle-closure or open-angle glaucoma. Dislocation or swelling of the lens can cause pupillary block and subsequent angle-closure glaucoma. Leakage of soluble lens proteins from a relatively intact cataractous lens can result in a severe secondary open-angle glaucoma (phacolytic glaucoma). Heavy molecular weight protein, believed to be of lens origin, has now been identified in 12 of 12 anterior chamber specimens from such patients. This liberated lens protein can directly obstruct the trabecular outflow pathways. After extracapsular cataract surgery or after lens trauma, liberated fragments of lens material may mechanically impair the drainage of aqueous humor through the outflow channels (lens particle glaucoma). The diagnosis and management of these different lens-induced glaucomas are reviewed. With proper recognition, these glaucomas are promptly cured by the surgical removal of the lens (material). PMID- 7088509 TI - Glaucoma visual field analysis by computed profile of nerve fiber function in optic disc sectors. AB - Automated perimetry has decreased the subjective aspects of data collection, but analysis has remained largely subjective. A microcomputer permits more objective analysis by regrouping and averaging data points in the threshold static visual field according to their retinotopic projection onto the optic disc rather than according to their eccentricity from the point of fixation. The applications of the technique include (1) following glaucomatous visual field loss, (2) differentiating glaucomatous from other forms of visual loss, and (3) studying the effects of aging on the visual field. Six formulas for data analysis are described, and their relative usefulness discussed. Percent loss or gain seemed to convey the most diagnostic information to the clinician. Percent of expected sensitivity was less than the decimal visual acuity when the diagnosis was glaucoma but greater when the diagnosis was cataract. In some cases this analytic method should provide information that could favorably affect patient management. PMID- 7088508 TI - Effectiveness of automated perimetry in following glaucomatous visual field progression. AB - The Fieldmaster automated perimeter's effectiveness in determining glaucomatous visual field progression was evaluated. One hundred fifty-four eyes with glaucoma (41) and ocular hypertension (113) were followed for two to four years with manual static and kinetic perimetry (Tubingen) and automated suprathreshold static perimetry (Fieldmaster). With Tubingen static testing, 11 eyes with established glaucomatous visual field loss demonstrated progressive field loss and one eye showed improvement. Ten of these 12 eyes showed progression on the Fieldmaster. Two ocular hypertensive eyes demonstrated consistent defects on the Fieldmaster over several years, but were not detected on Tubingen static perimetry. Comparison between Tubingen static testing and Fieldmaster perimetry was good except for four Fieldmaster false alarms. PMID- 7088510 TI - The onset and evolution of glaucomatous visual field defects. AB - Long-term follow-up was recorded on the visual fields of 251 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and 826 patients with ocular hypertension. Observation periods exceeded ten years for 73 patients with manifest glaucoma. Initial glaucomatous defects appeared in 98 eyes of 72 patients while under continuous observation. Initial defects were characteristically shallow and were located most commonly in the superior Bjerrum region adjacent to the blind spot. Three-dimensional (contiguous area) static perimetry provided superior resolution in detecting and characterizing the full extent of such shallow defects. The chronologic course of initial defects defects was marked in 22 of the 98 eyes by a phenomenon of a transiently appearing defect. Disappearance and reappearance of transient defects did not occur synchronously with short-term fluctuations in intraocular pressure. Ten-year follow-up of 63 eyes with manifest glaucomatous defects showed a high incidence (73%) of progression to dense involvement of the originally affected altitudinal hemifield. All eyes were treated continuously, but visual field loss occurred in spite of only marginally elevated levels of intraocular pressure. PMID- 7088513 TI - Minimal tear flows. PMID- 7088512 TI - A positioning aid for eyedrop administration. AB - A device designed to improve the ability with which the patient instills eyedrops is described. This consists of a flexible, angled, vacuum-metallized polyester mirror with adhesive at one end to which a squeeze-type dropper bottle may be attached and, if desired, permanently affixed. PMID- 7088511 TI - Effect of chronically administered timolol on aqueous humor flow in patients with glaucoma. AB - A prospective analysis of the effect of chronically administered timolol on the rate of aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber was performed in 15 eyes of 13 subjects with chronic open-angle glaucoma. After one week's treatment, the flow of each treated eye was lower than it had been prior to treatment. After one year's treatment, the flow of 13 of 15 treated eyes was lower than it had been prior to treatment. However, the flow was higher in 12 of 15 eyes after a year's treatment than it had been after a week's treatment. These data suggest that the ciliary body or other structures in the eye must partly adapt to the chronic administration of this drug. The mechanism of the adaptation is unknown. PMID- 7088514 TI - Glaucoma: there are no unquestioned answers. PMID- 7088515 TI - Symposium on arthroscopic knee surgery. PMID- 7088516 TI - Arthroscopic knee surgery in a free-standing outpatient surgery center. PMID- 7088517 TI - Creating the proper environment for arthroscopic surgery. PMID- 7088518 TI - The pathologic medical shelf. AB - It is now recognized that a previously normal fold of synovium on the medial side of the knee (a medial patellar plica) may, as a result of trauma, become pathologically inflamed and/or fibrosed, producing symptoms that may be mistakenly diagnosed as a torn meniscus or chondromalacia patellae. Clinical awareness, aided by arthroscopy, can establish the diagnosis. The correct treatment is simple and, if instituted early before irreversible changes have occurred in the femoral condyle articular cartilage, is extremely effective. PMID- 7088519 TI - Arthroscopic removal of loose bodies. PMID- 7088520 TI - Swedish arthroscopic system. AB - Three anterior joint line portals, coupled with proficient use of angled arthroscopes, yield access to the entire knee joint and a complete arthroscopic examination. The arthroscope is inserted in the joint midline, through the patellar tendon, allowing passage through the intercondylar notch and direct visual access to the posterior compartments. This arthroscope location, along with instrument portals to both sides of the central scope location, allows bimanual anterior surgery and several options for operation in the posterior compartments. Some surgical maneuvers are best accomplished by the Swedish method. Arthroscope insertion in the midline through the patellar tendon has been performed thousands of times and is a safe, comprehensive approach to arthroscopy, both for diagnosis and for percutaneous surgery. It can be a primary method (as it is for me), or it can be used to solve specific problems after complete diagnosis is established. PMID- 7088521 TI - Arthroscopic synovectomy. PMID- 7088522 TI - Arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery in patellar problems. PMID- 7088523 TI - Arthroscopic surgery in a sports medicine practice. AB - The arthroscope has dramatically changed the approach of the orthopedist to the diagnosis and treatment of joint injuries. A thorough history and physical examination, complemented by careful arthroscopic visualization, allow for a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. The ability to perform arthroscopic surgery has eliminated the need for open arthrotomy in most internal derangements of the knee. Used properly, the arthroscope is an essential tool in the practice of sports medicine. PMID- 7088524 TI - [Dynamics of dysplastic scoliosis following papainization of the intervertebral disks]. PMID- 7088525 TI - ["Extention" and "flexion": possible variants in correcting thoracic scoliotic curvature (the surgical treatment of scoliosis)]. PMID- 7088526 TI - [Manual therapy results with patients with acute spinal pain]. PMID- 7088527 TI - [Reconstructive and rehabilitative operations in coxarthrosis]. PMID- 7088528 TI - [Sivash's hip joint endoprosthesis]. PMID- 7088529 TI - [Biomechanical evaluation of the results of total hip joint endoprosthesis by the Sivash method in patients with unilateral stage-III coxarthrosis]. PMID- 7088530 TI - [Mechanical origin of adolescent epiphysiolysis of the femur head]. PMID- 7088531 TI - [Use of the Volkov-Oganesian apparatus in treating hemophilic osteoarthritis of the knee joint]. PMID- 7088532 TI - [Static and kinematic characteristics of children with congenital pes planovalgus and recurrent talipes]. PMID- 7088533 TI - [Furazolidone therapy of Dupuytren's disease]. PMID- 7088534 TI - [Blood loss: its prevention and correction in spinal operations for scoliosis]. PMID- 7088535 TI - [Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle]. PMID- 7088536 TI - [Landolt syndrome]. PMID- 7088537 TI - [Progressive ossifying generalized myositis]. PMID- 7088539 TI - [Intersubstitution of the upper poles of the femur head]. PMID- 7088540 TI - [Diagnosis of meniscal injuries and other intra-articular formations in the knee joint]. PMID- 7088541 TI - [Change in the muscle strength of the trunk in scoliosis patients after surgical treatment]. PMID- 7088538 TI - [Effect of oxygen on the rate of synovial membrane regeneration and the adhesive process in joints after synovectomy (an experimental study)]. PMID- 7088542 TI - [The role of glucagon in the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorder caused by hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 7088543 TI - [Chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases and the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications]. PMID- 7088546 TI - [Pretherapeutic cryoconservation of sperm in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 7088545 TI - [Holter monitoring in the rehabilitation of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7088547 TI - [Thiazide-induced hypercalcemia in patients with kidney calculi]. PMID- 7088544 TI - [Experience with the Holter monitoring in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7088548 TI - [Hungarian physicians for the prevention of nuclear war. The view of the Medical Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]. PMID- 7088550 TI - [Induction of labor by a prostaglandin analog substitute in cases of intrauterine fetal death]. PMID- 7088549 TI - [Vascular surgery for arteriosclerotic diseases of the lower limbs]. PMID- 7088552 TI - Refractive technique. PMID- 7088551 TI - [Hamartoma of the kidney pelvis]. PMID- 7088553 TI - Classical and modern theories for the basis of amblyopia. AB - The decreased acuity in amblyopic eyes may be the outcome of motor and/or sensory anomalies. Eccentric fixation could be a major contributor. The sensory loss may result from some impairment in the sustained system, possibly caused by inadequate stimulation at a sensitive period for development. Strabismic amblyopia tends to be more of a central retinal problem, the peripheral retina approaching normal activity. As in non-amblyopic eyes, amblyopes have size selective channels, but perhaps there is insufficient co-operation between these channels. PMID- 7088554 TI - Corneal power and visual error. PMID- 7088555 TI - Finely graded binocular disparities from random-dot stereograms. AB - Rotation of a stereogram around an axis through its centre provides a method of presenting finely graded binocular disparities. Such displays are useful for clinical testing of stereopsis. A comparison between projected- and real-depth thresholds indicated that most of the differences could be accounted for in terms of the change in stereoscopic sensitivity associated with differing errors in the equidistance judgements. The method of disparity display described allows for the direct observation of those attributes of random-dot stereopsis known as global stereopsis and local stereopsis and requires caution in comparison of stereopsis thresholds using these different perceptual criteria. PMID- 7088556 TI - Ocular defocus, spurious resolution and contrast reversal. AB - With the increasing popularity of periodic gratings in vision research, the effects of ocular defocus, such as spurious resolution and the presence of more than one maximum in the contrast - defocus level function, are very important. Optical transfer function theory is used to develop graphs and formulae that can be used to predict the presence of spurious resolution for given levels of defocus and spatial frequency in aberration-free optical system. Geometrical optical approximations are used extensively, as these lead to very simple formulae. These general equations, applying to any optical system, are extended to the particular case of ocular defocus. Formulae are presented that can be used to predict the presence of spurious resolution, in terms of such variables as pupil size and longitudinal focus error. Conditions for the observation of spuriously resolved gratings are also discussed. An example is presented for observing spurious resolution and contrast reversal and this example can be presented as a "pseudo" visual illusion. PMID- 7088557 TI - The dioptron II's validity and reliability as a function of its three accuracy indices. AB - Confidence factor, missed scans and relation junction were confirmed as indices of the Dioptron II's validity. Consequently, a classification of the instrument's measurements was recommended. This gave three classes of finding, first, second and third, and it was subsequently verified that instrument test - retest reliability also related to class of result. Repetition of measurements which were not first-class improved instrument validity but only to a limited degree. The link between confidence factor, and astigmatism and cylinder angle discovered with the Dioptron I was corroborated with this version. PMID- 7088558 TI - Theoretical aspects of concentric varifocal lenses. AB - The first-order design characteristics of a concentric varifocal lens consisting of a circular reading portion and an outer distance portion, each of contrast power and separated by an annular zone where the sagittal power decreases linearly with zonal radius, are analysed. It is shown that, while such a lens can either be constructed in homogeneous material of varying thickness (the Beach lens) or with a cylindrical gradient of refractive index and a constant lens thickness, substantial amounts of unwanted astigmatism in the transition zone are intrinsic to the design and to other forms of concentric varifocal. These theoretical results are compared with available practical measurements on Beach lenses. PMID- 7088559 TI - The mean value of refractive errors. PMID- 7088560 TI - Symposium on geriatric otolaryngology. PMID- 7088561 TI - Age and other factors regulating wound healing. PMID- 7088563 TI - The oral cavity and aging. PMID- 7088562 TI - Immunity and aging. AB - The immune system declines in its efficiency as the individual ages. The immunoregulatory apparatus of both the cellular and humoral divisions of the immune system appear to deteriorate with age. This results in excessive suppression of the delayed hypersensitivity system and an increase in the incidence of infections, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Malnutrition in the elderly could be one of the factors leading to impaired regulation of the immune system, but the clinical implications of this suggestion have not yet been fully investigated. The interactions between aging, malnutrition, and depressed immunity must be more fully understood so that diseases of the elderly may be more effectively treated. PMID- 7088564 TI - Communicative aspects of aging. PMID- 7088565 TI - Geriatric neurology for the otolaryngologist. PMID- 7088566 TI - Amplification and the elderly patient. PMID- 7088567 TI - Anesthesia and the geriatric patient. AB - The elderly patient presents a number of challenges to the anesthetist in otolaryngologic surgery, ranging from psychologic to physiologic to pharmacologic. Careful attention to the changes in physiology, with depressed or deranged function of many organ systems, requires closer monitoring of vital signs and the incremental administration of drugs. Preoperative evaluation may often be more thorough than a "minor" surgical procedure would seem to indicate, simply to ensure a good perioperative course. Balancing the necessity for perfusion of vital organs against the work load imposed on the heart involves a thorough understanding of the patient's medical condition, so that an anesthetic treatment plan may be tailored to the needs of the patient. Geriatric patients enjoy the benefits of many modern otolaryngologic procedures because of the joint efforts of the otolaryngologist and the anesthesiologist. We may expect more progress to come. PMID- 7088568 TI - Cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. PMID- 7088569 TI - Infectious diseases in the geriatric patient. PMID- 7088570 TI - Endocrinologic problems in the aged. PMID- 7088571 TI - Adverse drug effects in the elderly patient. PMID- 7088572 TI - Calcium and phosphorus disturbances in children. AB - Calcium and phosphorus disturbances in childhood are discussed in vitamin D deficiency rickets, neonatal tetany and beta-homozygous thalassaemia. The nutritional, epidemiological, hereditary and other factors facilitating the development of the disease in these three groups of children are illustrated. The level of culture and sociability of the community must be taken into consideration for the success of the preventive medicine services, especially with regard to vitamin D deficiency rickets. The administration of phosphorus and vitamin D or metabolites of vitamin D to thalassaemic children would probably produce beneficial effects on bone and muscle changes. PMID- 7088574 TI - Prenatal care and child health. AB - Child health begins long before the birth of the baby. At they very least, child health care begins with prenatal care, but preferably begins with the mother's prior health as a child and adolescent herself. The longitudinal intergenerational viewpoint is necessary in order to improve the health status of infants and children. Many societal and demographic factors influence child health and child health care. The education, socioeconomic, and employment status of the parents are important, as well as their age, marital status, and family health history. Their geographic residence (urban, rural), health knowledge, and the degree of development of medical and health care resources play an important role in the availability and utilization of health care, both for themselves and their children. PMID- 7088575 TI - Prevention of mental retardation. AB - Mental retardation is a very important health problem since it affects approximately 3% of the population. Prevention should begin by public education and complemented by measures taken during the preconceptional, the prenatal, the perinatal and the postnatal periods. Health and family planning, recognition of "at risk" situations, genetic counseling, prenatal care, antenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening and pediatric care are just a few of the preventive actions to safe-guard the birth of normal children and secure normal mental development. PMID- 7088573 TI - Factors related to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Risk factors in pregnancy influencing perinatal morbidity and mortality. AB - Perinatal and infant mortality is a serious public health problem throughout the world. Its prevention has major social, medical, and economic implications. Prospective and retrospective studies of pregnancy and infancy in many populations of the world have resulted in the definition of risk factors correlated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of these risk factors is extremely important for the prevention of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The most important risk factors are related to the age of the pregnant mother, parity, race, previous fetal loss, medical care, poverty, illegitimate or unwanted pregnancy, education of the mother, multiple births and maternal morbidity. PMID- 7088577 TI - Promoting psychosocial functioning and preventing malfunctioning. AB - In the Greek milieu the ingroup has played the central role for psychosocial development. Under transition the ingroup becomes decreasingly effective in providing this function. If malfunctioning is to be prevented and if functioning is to spiral to higher levels of creating, producing and sharing, a training problem is required which includes extensive work along the lines of secondary and primary groups. The proposed training is based on the actualization of the dialectic between individual and group processes leading to their mutual differentiation. The development of skills for cooperation becomes possible. The program represents an effective way of promoting functioning and preventing the malfunctioning due to the currently accelerating socioeconomic and technological processes. Its effectiveness will be directly related to the degree to which the latter will be following cooperative directions also. PMID- 7088576 TI - BOEL-a screening program to enlarge the concept of infant health. AB - Infant screening should cover the need for general information regarding the child's development of attention functions important for communication with surroundings, as well as for the acquistion of language and speech. BOEL is a screening method applied by child health centers in Sweden, Finland, The Netherlands, Denmark and Italy. With the help of two visual stimuli, the "gripper" and the "spinner", and four sound sources, ranging in frequency between 4,000 and 12,500 Hz, the child's capacity to give adequate response to signals is checked, preferably within the frame of routine health check-ups, by one tester. PMID- 7088578 TI - Improving the nutrition of the child. With particular reference to developing countries. PMID- 7088579 TI - [Morphofunctional changes in the hamster endocrine system in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis]. PMID- 7088580 TI - [Structure of the mouth parts of blood-sucking midges of the suborder Trithecoides, genus Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae)]. PMID- 7088581 TI - [Effect of lactasol infusions on the course and outcome of experimental traumatic shock]. PMID- 7088582 TI - [Pathogenetic importance of central hemodynamic disturbances and their relation to ultrastructural myocardial changes in the early period of experimental protracted crush syndrome]. PMID- 7088583 TI - [Microcirculation in experimental surgical intervention under neuroleptanalgesia]. PMID- 7088584 TI - [Ethanol suppression of the cardionecrotic action of adrenaline]. PMID- 7088586 TI - [Changes in cardiac activity and regional circulation of the head in gravitational exposure modelled using head-down tilting]. PMID- 7088585 TI - [Hemopoietic action of a rabbit leukocyte pyrogen]. PMID- 7088587 TI - [Organic secretory and motor reactions of the gastroduodenal area to pentagastrin in experimental pancreatitis in the dog]. PMID- 7088588 TI - [Dipeptidase activity of different sections of the small intestine in exocrine pancreatic failure]. PMID- 7088589 TI - [Effect of the administration of various forms of nicotinamide coenzymes on the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit]. PMID- 7088590 TI - [Hemostasis and the mast cell reaction in the experimental thrombohemorrhagic phenomenon]. PMID- 7088591 TI - [Hemosorption in experiments on mice]. PMID- 7088593 TI - [Hamartoma of the spleen]. PMID- 7088592 TI - [Pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism: Practical and theoretical aspects]. PMID- 7088594 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta: analysis of 35 autopsy cases, Perugia, 1960 1981]. PMID- 7088595 TI - [Findings collateral to breast cancer in 100 cases of radical mastectomy]. PMID- 7088596 TI - [Chronic rheumatic disease of the mitral valve: anatomopathological study of 73 surgically removed valves]. PMID- 7088597 TI - Bacterial infections of the skin of children. PMID- 7088598 TI - Atopic dermatitis. PMID- 7088599 TI - Kawasaki syndrome (the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). AB - Kawasaki syndrome is a newly-recognized clinical entity characterized by multisystem involvement. It has an acute onset and triphasic clinical course. Although essentially a self-limiting disease, permanent vascular damage, especially involving the coronary arteries, may result. Pathologically, the disease is characterized by widespread vasculitis. There is a monomodal age distribution, with peak occurrence during the first two years of life and few affected over the age of 8 years. Males outnumber females 1.5:1; persons of Japanese extraction are overrepresented compared with other races, caucasians underrepresented. Community-wide epidemics have been reported from diverse locations but there is no evidence for direct person-to-person transmission. Etiology remains unknown. Therapy is supportive and should be directed at careful clinical evaluation for cardiovascular abnormalities and antiplatelet aggregation therapy. PMID- 7088600 TI - Mental retardation. Introduction. PMID- 7088601 TI - Issues in communication between pediatricians and parents of young mentally retarded children. PMID- 7088602 TI - Medical care of the mentally retarded. AB - A physician providing medical services to a mentally retarded child must be prepared to deal not only with individuals who have multiple physical, mental and emotional problems, but also to help families' attempts to cope with an often bewildering array of service providers. The physician must know when to relate to the patient's needs on the basis of mental age and when to relate on the basis of chronological age; he must recognize the lifelong nature of the disability or disabilities with changing manifestations and needs as the individual grows older; he must be aware of the high incidence of certain types of associated problems or pathology in this population; and he must acknowledge, understand and overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, impatience and discomfort in dealing with the mentally retarded. The mentally retarded individual and his family must know where and how to obtain services; they must try to evaluate, hopefully with the guidance of concerned and knowledgeable physicians, which service need takes precedence at a particular time. They must keep in mind that routine medical care should not be neglected in the pursuit of specialty care, while, through it all, keeping things in their proper perspective. PMID- 7088603 TI - Trends in service delivery and treatment of the mentally retarded. PMID- 7088604 TI - A primer for interpreting psychological test results. PMID- 7088605 TI - Considerations in the dental management of the adolescent. PMID- 7088606 TI - Granulocyte transfusions in neonates with bacterial infection, neutropenia, and depletion of mature marrow neutrophils. AB - During a three-year period, 26 neonates with bacterial infection and neutropenia were studied. In order to assess the marrow neutrophil reserves, bone marrow aspirates were obtained from each of these patients. The neutrophil storage pool (percent polymorphonuclear + band neutrophils + metamyelocytes in 1,000 nucleated marrow cells) was significantly greater in those who survived their infection (mean = 20.1%, range 3.2% to 60.8%) than in those who died (mean = 1.9%, range 0.4% to 5.2%, P less than .002). In an attempt to improve survival in this group, seven neutrophil-depleted patients with sepsis were given granulocyte transfusions and all survived. In contrast only one of nine nontransfused and all survived. In contrast only one of nine nontransfused, neutrophil-depleted infants with sepsis survived (P less than .01). The seven granulocyte recipients were examined for possible adverse effects of the transfusions and none were detected. It is suggested that infected, neutropenic neonates with depletion of mature marrow neutrophils are at high risk for death from sepsis, and that these infants may benefit from granulocyte transfusion therapy. PMID- 7088609 TI - Emergency treatment of the choking child. AB - The Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention of the American Academy of Pediatrics concurs with the American Heart Association and the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council recommendation that the relief of foreign body airway obstruction in infants and children should be achieved through a combination of back blows and chest thrusts. The four back blows are intended to produce an artificial cough resulting in increased pressure in the blocked respiratory passages. The four chest thrusts are added to give an additional sustained pressure increase to facilitate expulsion of a foreign body. The use of the abdominal thrust is not recommended and blind finger sweeps should be avoided. Infants should be held face down with the head lower than the trunk; older children can be placed across the thighs. The back blows are delivered with the heel of the hand. The chest thrusts are delivered as for external cardiac compression. Physicians and the general public should be familiar with recommended resuscitation techniques. PMID- 7088608 TI - Early scintographic diagnosis of bone stress and fractures in athletic adolescents. AB - A study of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in adolescents was conducted to evaluate the pattern of stress-related abnormalities and their correlation with both symptoms and roentgenography. In 26 episodes of stress-related abnormal scintigraphy, 12 (46%) had a multifocal pattern of abnormalities. Forty foci were identified by scintigraphy, with 11 (28%) exhibiting abnormal roentgenograms. These multiple abnormalities were frequently unsuspected clinically, and studies limited to symptomatic areas would have failed to detect them. It is recommended that patients with stress-related symptoms be screened utilizing radionuclide bone scintigraphy to facilitate the early detection of abnormalities in bone prior to the development of cortical disruption, thereby preventing increased morbidity and possible disabling sequelae. PMID- 7088607 TI - Baby walker injuries. AB - In a study of 49 children between the ages of 8 and 14 months, parents were surveyed with a written questionnaire and a follow-up phone interview to determine the utilization of baby walkers and the frequency and severity of baby walker injuries. Most respondents (86%) placed their children in various types of baby walkers between 4 months and 1 year of age. Half of the 42 infants who used walkers experienced at least one accident involving a tip over, a fall down stairs, or finger entrapment. Two of those accident resulted in injuries serious enough to require medical management. Both infants sustained head and neck injuries after falling down stairs in a walker. Whereas stairway and finger entrapment accidents occurred before the age of 7 months, tip overs were much more likely to occur after the age of 8 months. Injuries are more common but less severe than previously reported. Pediatricians and other child health advocates can inform parents about the health risks, encourage regulatory agencies to improve product labeling, and stimulate manufacturers to adjust the product to age and weight specifications of the growing infant. PMID- 7088610 TI - Choking: the Heimlich abdominal thrust vs back blows: an approach to measurement of inertial and aerodynamic forces. PMID- 7088611 TI - First aid for choking children: back blows and chest thrusts cause complications and death. PMID- 7088612 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health: Pediatrics and the psychosocial aspects of child and family health. PMID- 7088613 TI - Incidence of apnea in siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims studied at home. PMID- 7088614 TI - Congenital lobar emphysema in a mother and daughter. PMID- 7088615 TI - Simplified urinary microscopy to detect significant bacteriuria. PMID- 7088617 TI - Historical controls. PMID- 7088616 TI - What should blood pressure be in healthy children? PMID- 7088618 TI - Injuries related to baby walkers. PMID- 7088619 TI - Cerebral blood flow velocity in the human newborn: the value of its determination. PMID- 7088622 TI - Pericarditis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7088621 TI - Asymptomatic neonatal familial hypercalcemia. PMID- 7088620 TI - Fragile chromosomes. PMID- 7088623 TI - Neonatal polycythemia. PMID- 7088624 TI - Blood from all newborns. PMID- 7088625 TI - RS Working Group. Aspirin Foundation of America, Inc. Reye syndrome and salicylates: a spurious association. PMID- 7088626 TI - Pitfalls in screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. Report of the New England Regional Screening Program and the New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative. AB - This report reviews problems encountered during the first five years of operation of the New England Regional Screening Program. Human error was responsible for either overlooked or delayed diagnosis and treatment in 14/159 infants with hypothyroidism. This group consisted of three infants who were never tested, six infants whose diagnosis was missed because of errors during the processing of the blood specimens, and five additional children in whom the diagnosis of hypothyroidism could not be made at birth because the concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone were not elevated. Many of the problems, most of which occurred during the first two years of the study, have been eliminated by improved communication and monitoring. This study emphasizes the potential vulnerability of all screening programs and underscores the need for physicians to continue to exercise their best clinical judgement regardless of the circumstances. PMID- 7088627 TI - Increasing the protection of newborn infants in cars. AB - Recently the American Academy of Pediatrics instituted a major campaign ("The First Ride--A Safe Ride") in order to encourage all parents to use an infant restraint seat for their newborn's first ride in an automobile--the ride home from the hospital. In the present study the effect of the behavior of the hospital staff on parents' use of infant restraint seats was examined. This study involved 30 mother-infant pairs who were selected sequentially from an obstetrics unit and randomly assigned to two groups. A control group was discharged from the obstetrics unit with no particular emphasis on car safety and no loaner restraint seat available. An experimental group was offered a loaner restraint seat at the time of discharge, with a staff person demonstrating how to put the infant into the restraint seat, how to carry the infant in the seat out to the car, and how to fasten the restraint seat in the automobile with the auto lap belt. Correct use of the loaner restraint seat on the first ride home was observed in 67% of the experimental mothers and in none (0%) of the control mothers. Although this difference was no longer significant at four- to six-week follow-up this study points out the short-term impact that hospital staff can have on the parents' use of restraint seats. Additional techniques are needed to maintain parents' use of restraint seats throughout childhood. PMID- 7088628 TI - Drug therapy for ambulatory pediatric patients in 1979. AB - Little data are available on the use of drugs in children on an outpatient basis. Therefore, the present study investigated national patterns in the prescribing of drugs for children by office-based physicians during 1979, in order to describe the most commonly encountered pediatric drug therapies. The data are presented as descriptive norms of drug therapy by office-based physicians in two pediatric subgroups, 0 to 2 years old and 3 to 9 years old. Anti-infective drugs and cough and cold preparations accounted for approximately 50% of drugs used. Tetracycline and its congeners continue to be used in pediatric patients. Despite apparent advantages of amoxicillin, ampicillin is still widely used. PMID- 7088629 TI - Propranolol in children: safety-toxicity. AB - Four hours after acute ingestion of 400 to 1,200 mg of propranolol by a healthy, 3-year-old boy, his plasma concentration of propranolol was 2,289 ng/ml. The only pharmacologic effect observed was a diminished heart rate response to crying and activity. In a second case, a 4-year-old boy on chronic propranolol therapy for renovascular hypertension had a hypoglycemic seizure when solid food was refused for three days because of an oral wound. The hypoglycemia was easily managed with intravenous glucose, and there were no sequelae. The first case alludes to the safety of propranolol in a healthy child even with very high plasma concentrations. The second case suggests the necessity of anticipating and avoiding hypoglycemia that can develop in children on chronic propranolol therapy when caloric intake is impaired. PMID- 7088631 TI - Use of a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. AB - Seven children and adolescents (aged 8 to 23 years, mean 16 years) with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were evaluated with a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS) to determine whether its use could help define appropriate long-term insulin treatment regimens and increase patient understanding and compliance with such regimens. The GCIIS-derived insulin regimen was characterized by a mean insulin requirement of 1.0 +/- 0.1 units/kg/day, with 55% of the total insulin dose given in the morning and 45% in the evening. Forty-eight percent of the total insulin was short acting. Both clinical and biochemical indices of metabolic control (HbA1c levels) improved after insulin dose readjustment based on GCIIS data. The continuous documentation of blood glucose levels provided by the GCIIS was valuable in educating patients about the interrelationship between insulin, exercise, and diet. Using GCIIS data, patients were taught to apply the new regimen flexibly to variations in activity and diet. Thus, the GCIIS can aid in the management of selected children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes millitus. Insulin patterns derived from its use suggest that a flexible, twice daily regimen characterized by nearly equal proportions of short- and intermediate-acting preparations may be beneficial for other pediatric patients. PMID- 7088632 TI - Mast cells in hemangiomas and vascular malformations. AB - Common pediatric vascular birthmarks, classified as hemangiomas or malformations, were analyzed for the presence of mast cells. Hemangiomas in the proliferative phase contained large numbers of mast cells (27 +/- 15 cells/high-power field [HPF]) in comparison with hemangiomas in the involuting phase (2.6 +/- 2.9), vascular malformations (1.7 +/- 3.2), and normal skin (5.0 +/- 1.0). Inasmuch as hemangiomas are characterized by endothelial proliferation and increased numbers of mast cells, these data raise the possibility that mast cells may have an important role in the formation and/or maintenance of these lesions. PMID- 7088633 TI - Hereditary cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. PMID- 7088630 TI - Intentional poisoning of children--an overlooked category of child abuse: report of seven cases and review of the literature. AB - Seven instances of child abuse due to poisoning are reported; two of the children died. Forty-one cases of this form of poisoning are found in the literature. Of the total of 48 children, eight (17%) died as a result of the incident; and one was mentally retarded. The seven different agents described here are alcohol, glutethimide (Doriden), propoxyphene hydrochloride (Darvon), diazepam, insulin, lye, and pepper, constituting 27 different types of poison used by abusing guardians. The most common cause of abuse reported is excessive salt ingestion with water restriction. Excessive ingestion of water is the second most common cause. Barbiturates and tranquilizers are also frequent agents. In 30% of the cases, poisoning persists even after hospitalization. Child abuse by battering is associated in 20% of the cases. The need for a high index of suspicion of abuse in bizarre presentations of children for medical care when the etiology is obscure is emphasized. PMID- 7088634 TI - Serologic evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis myocarditis. PMID- 7088635 TI - Home apnea monitoring in 'near-miss' sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and in siblings of SIDS victims. AB - Electronic monitors were used at home to detect apnea in 134 infants who were considered to be at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Seventy-two infants had idiopathic apnea at a mean age of 2.2 +/- 1.4 (+/- 1 SD) months. Of these, 31 subsequently had prolonged apnea (greater than 20 seconds) with the last spell occurring at 6.2 +/- 3.2 months of age. Fourteen infants required vigorous stimulation on at least one occasion and 14 had more than ten separate episodes. Eighteen infants with awake apnea had a significantly smaller chance of subsequent spells (P less than .05). Ten additional term infants had apnea during the first week of life but none had subsequent episodes. Of 52 siblings of SIDS victims, only seven had had apnea before monitoring started. Sixteen had prolonged apnea while on a monitor; seven required vigorous stimulation on at least one occasion and one infant died despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The first documented spell in these 16 infants was at 2.6 +/- 2.1 months and the last at 7.2 +/- 2.7 months of age. Ten infants had more than ten subsequent spells. A tendency to clustering of spells was noted. Preceding events, especially a mild upper respiratory tract infection, were noted in 36 of the 47 infants who had apnea on the home monitor. PMID- 7088636 TI - Cow's milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double-blind study. AB - The role of cow's milk in infantile colic in formula-fed infants was estimated in a double-blind study. Sixty colicky infants were given a cow's milk-containing formula (Enfamil) and a cow's milk-free formula based on soy (ProSobee). Eleven infants (18%) were free of symptoms while receiving soy formula. Symptoms of 32 infants (53%) were unchanged or worse when they were fed cow's milk formula and soy formula, but symptoms disappeared when they were fed a formula containing hydrolyzed casein (Nutramigen). Symptoms of 17 infants (29%) could not be related to the diet; these infants were permitted to continue on a cow's milk-based formula. A challenge with cow's milk-based formula after one month (at approximately age 3 months) produced symptoms of infantile colic in 22 infants (36%). At age 6 months, a challenge with cow's milk was positive in 11 infants (18%) with epidermal and gastrointestinal symptoms. Eight infants (13%) at 12 months of age and five infants (8%) at 16 months of age were still intolerant to cow's milk. Cow's milk seems to be a major cause of infantile colic in formula fed infants. A dietary treatment is suggested for moderate or severe forms of the colic. Cow's milk protein intolerance is common later in infancy in these infants. PMID- 7088637 TI - Phenothiazines and sudden infant death syndrome. AB - A relationship between sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sleep apnea, and upper airway infections has been reported. The present observation stresses the possible influence of phenothiazine-containing medications and the occurrence of SIDS. The drug is commonly used for the treatment of infants with nasopharyngitis in Belgium and in some other European countries. In a prospective study, 52 SIDS victims, 36 near miss infants, and 175 control infants were compared for the coexistence of nasopharyngitis and phenothiazine treatment in the days preceding death or hospitalization. The incidence of nasopharyngitis was comparable in the three groups (approximately 31%), but phenothiazines were used significantly more frequently in SIDS victims (23%) and near miss infants (22%) than in control subjects (2%). It is postulated that phenothiazines, as CNS depressors, may contribute to the occurrence of SIDS. PMID- 7088638 TI - Periodic apnea in the full-term infant: individual consistency, sex differences, and state specificity. AB - The occurrence of periodic apnea (apnea during periodic breathing) was studied in 27 normal, full-term infants during the first five weeks of life. The rate and mean length of apnea were analyzed both with respect to sleep state and with respect to respiratory pattern, ie, periodic vs nonperiodic breathing. The rate of apnea was found to vary according to sleep state and the pattern of breathing. The highest apnea rates were nonperiodic apneas in active sleep. Periodic apnea rates were relatively low in both active and quiet sleep; however, this type of apnea was consistently observed from weeks 2 through 5. The proportion of apneas that are periodic is much higher in quiet sleep than in active sleep. Rates of periodic and nonperiodic apnea were more consistently correlated in active sleep than in quiet sleep. The mean length of periodic apnea was found to be significantly greater than the mean length of nonperiodic apnea in both sleep states, a difference that reflected a greater positive skew in the distribution of the nonperiodic apnea lengths. This variation in length between periodic and nonperiodic apnea explains, in part, the increased mean length in quiet sleep compared with active sleep. There were significant individual differences over weeks in both forms of apnea in active sleep and in quiet sleep. Female infants were observed to have higher rates of nonperiodic apnea than male infants in active sleep, although no significant differences in the distribution of lengths were obtained. PMID- 7088640 TI - Clostridium difficile in normal infants and sudden infant death syndrome: an association with infant formula feeding. AB - Large numbers Clostridium difficile were found in the stools of two victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This prompted a study of normal infants in the SIDS age group. Thirty-two infants were studied, using two selective culture techniques and two assays for bacterial products. Thirteen of the normal infants (39%) were found to carry C difficile, and fecal toxins were detected in eight of these, four with cytotoxin detectable at 10(-4) or higher dilution. Colonization was observed in one of 13 (7%) breast-fed babies and 12 of 17 (71%) of those whose primary milk source was infant formula (P less than .01). Fecal C difficile toxin was detected only in the latter group. The isolation of C difficile or its toxins in the stools of infants with SIDS, diarrhea, or even if large quantities of fecal cytotoxin are present. PMID- 7088639 TI - Seizures with apnea in children. AB - Five children who had apneic attacks as a manifestation of epileptic seizures are reported. In three children, the apneic attacks were the sole symptom of epileptic fits. The other two children had additional types of seizures. The apneic seizures usually lasted one to two minutes and were characterized by respiratory embarrassment rather than complete arrest. These seizures are usually accompanied by cyanosis which appears early during the course of the attack. Although consciousness seemed to be impaired, this was difficult to assess accurately in infants. The ictal EEGs disclosed paroxysmal discharges of focal onset in all cases, consisting of high amplitude theta-waves, gradually mixed with or replaced by sharp waves or spikes in some and fast waves followed by slower waves in others. These occurred in temporal areas in three patients and in frontal and central areas in one patient each. Interictal EEGs, however, revealed paroxysmal discharges in only one patient. Apneic attacks in these infants are considered to be an integral part of the manifestations of complex partial seizures originating mostly in the limbic system. PMID- 7088641 TI - Tracheobronchial foreign bodies: the impact of a postgraduate educational program on diagnosis, morbidity, and treatment. AB - Aspirated foreign bodies (FBs) may remain undetected and cause serious complications. As part of a postgraduate educational program, results of a local survey were presented to the local medical staff in order to increase its awareness of this diagnostic possibility. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the management of children with tracheobronchial FBs during two 2-year periods, before and after teaching sessions held in December 1976. In comparison with the previous two years during the 1977-1978 period, the percentage of cases in which a positive history of aspiration was obtained increased from 47.6% to 84.0%; the mean number of hospitalizations due to tracheobronchial FBs decreased from 1.9 to 1.04 per infant, and the mean number of hospital days required for final diagnosis decreased from 17.6 to 5.3. The postgraduate educational program had a positive effect on physician performance and patient care. PMID- 7088642 TI - [Predisposing factors and the mechanisms of the development of chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7088643 TI - [Diagnosis of pyelonephritis in childhood]. PMID- 7088644 TI - [Clinical x-ray and morphological characteristics of primary and secondary pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7088645 TI - [Surgery of chronic obstructive pyelonephritis in children]. PMID- 7088646 TI - [Clinical variants of hypoplastic dysplasia of the kidneys]. PMID- 7088647 TI - [Status of the nephrological service and the forms of introducing nephrological research achievements into pediatric practice]. PMID- 7088648 TI - [Modern diagnosis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and the basis of treatment methods with children]. PMID- 7088649 TI - [Metabolic status of the connective tissue in nonspecific carditis in children]. PMID- 7088651 TI - [Classification of pyelonephritis in children]. PMID- 7088650 TI - [Echocardiography in assessing the morphofunctional state of the heart before and after open surgical correction of acquired heart defects in children]. PMID- 7088652 TI - [Bicycle ergometry-based evaluation of the late results of aortic valve prosthesis in children and adolescents]. PMID- 7088653 TI - [Characteristics of measuring and interpreting central venous pressure in children]. PMID- 7088654 TI - [Experience with using laser rays in the combined treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in children]. PMID- 7088655 TI - [Biological membrane ultrastructure normally, in acute pneumonia and in children undergoing antioxidant therapy]. PMID- 7088656 TI - [Diagnosis of primary mediastinal involvement in lymphogranulomatosis in children]. PMID- 7088657 TI - [Dynamics of the pulmonary changes as affected by current therapy in lymphogranulomatosis in children]. PMID- 7088658 TI - [Role of the olympiad competition for the best-in-the-profession title in the development of the creative and practical habits of interns]. PMID- 7088660 TI - [Current diagnostic and treatment problems of endocrine disorders of the gonads in children]. PMID- 7088661 TI - Nonholistic processing in mental rotation: some suggestive evidence. PMID- 7088662 TI - Some experiments on perceptual learning of mirror-image acoustic patterns. PMID- 7088663 TI - The relation of field dependence to signal detection while imaging. PMID- 7088664 TI - Effects of noise letters on decisions: discrete or continuous flow of information? PMID- 7088665 TI - Word superiority in word detection. PMID- 7088659 TI - [Incidence of pyelonephritis in childhood based on survey data from different regions of the USSR]. PMID- 7088666 TI - Visual illusions with acute and obtuse angles: configurational effects and observer strategies. PMID- 7088667 TI - Adaptation in motion perception: alteration of motion evoked by ocular pursuit. PMID- 7088669 TI - The use of occlusion to resolve ambiguity in parallel projections. PMID- 7088668 TI - The perceived tempi of coherent and streaming tone sequences. PMID- 7088670 TI - A visually induced illusion of body tilt in a horizontal plane. PMID- 7088672 TI - The influence of relative frequencies of pure and mixed stimuli on mixture suppression in taste. PMID- 7088671 TI - Strategies in cross-modality matching. PMID- 7088673 TI - Discrimination of auditory target dimensions in the presence or absence of variation in a second dimension by infants. PMID- 7088674 TI - Spatial frequency and the detection of temporal discontinuity in superimposed and adjacent gratings. PMID- 7088675 TI - Unconscious perception revisited. PMID- 7088676 TI - Standardizing distances of observations within shapes. PMID- 7088677 TI - Effect of sodium concentration and plasma sugar concentration on hexose absorption by the rat jejunum in vivo. Further evidence of two transport mechanisms. AB - The sodium-dependency of both the saturable and non-saturable components of glucose and galactose absorption across the rat jejunum in vivo has been determined. The non-saturable process appears to be unaffected by sodium removal but when Na+ concentrations in the lumenal fluid are progressively reduced from 143 mM to 0 mM the Jmax for active absorption is greatly decreased. In a separate study these two components of glucose transport were further investigated using intravenous sugar infusion to modify the transepithelial sugar concentration gradient. When identical glucose concentrations were present in plasma and intestinal lumen, the reduction in glucose absorption was fully accounted for by the elimination of the non-saturable component from the overall absorptive process. Together, these observations can be interpreted as further evidence for the existence of at least two absorption processes in vivo. The implication for analysing results from experimental studies of intestinal sugar absorption in vivo is discussed. PMID- 7088678 TI - General features of electrical and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells in the guinea-pig abdominal aorta. AB - The membrane potential in smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig's abdominal aorta has a mean value of -57.2 mV. These cells are electrically connected and the space and time constant are 0.66 mm and 180 ms respectively. An increased K concentration elicited a contraction at 20 mM and the maximum was reached at 77 mM. The maximum depolarization produced by a tenfold increase of [K]0 was 45 mV. Tetraethylammonium at concentrations exceeding 2 mM, depolarized the membrane, increased the membrane resistance and reduced the rectifying properties of the membrane. Only at 20 mM a small active response could be induced by outward current pulses. Low concentrations of noradrenaline (less than 10(-8) M) hyperpolarized the membrane, while higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-7) M) depolarized. Isoprenaline at concentrations below 10(-7) M also hyperpolarized, but it depolarized from 10(-5) M onward. Acetylcholine at concentrations over 10(-8) M hyperpolarized the cells without exerting an effect on the resting tension, but it reduced a noradrenaline induced contraction. Low concentrations of caffeine (less than or equal to 2 mM) hyperpolarize the membrane, while higher concentration (greater than or equal to 5 mM) depolarize. Caffeine is found to be a more efficient releaser of cellular Ca than noradrenaline. This might be due to the weak beta-agonist action of noradrenaline appearing at high noradrenaline concentrations. The hypothesis is supported by the finding that a beta-stimulation increases the Ca-uptake in the intracellular store. The study of the electrophysiological effects of different stimuli do not suggest an important role for electromechanical coupling in this tissue. PMID- 7088679 TI - Direct measurements of oxygen tension at the surface of arterioles, capillaries and venules of the cerebral cortex. AB - Direct pO2 measurements were made at the surface of arterioles, capillaries, and venules of rabbit brain cortex. The results indicate that a considerable amount of oxygen diffuses through the arteriolar and precapillary wall. Therefore, the arterial blood that reaches the capillaries already has low pO2 (43 +/- 3 mm Hg and about 75%-70% of the blood oxygen capacity). PMID- 7088680 TI - Applicability of available ion-selective liquid-membrane microelectrodes to intracellular ion-activity measurements. AB - The equations that govern the behavior of ion-selective electrodes are evaluated for the composition ranges of Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO-3 encountered in living cells. Various cause-effect relations are detailed, especially those pertaining to calibration procedures. The relation of the accuracy of measurement to the expected signal range, particularly in connection with the uncertainty of interpolation, is emphasized. Relevant numerical parameters are given for all ISE's discussed, the selectivity characteristics being those of the most advanced membrane systems. Figures are provided for the calibration curves in the vicinity of the typical cytosol composition. PMID- 7088682 TI - Intestinal thiamin transport in rats. Thiamin and thiamin phosphoester content in the tissue and serosal fluid of everted jejunal sacs. AB - Rat everted jejunal sacs were incubated at 37 degrees C for 15-60 min in Krebs Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, with or without (control experiments) 0.2 microM [thiazole-2-14C]-thiamin. The determination of thiamin and its phosphoesters in the sac wall and in serosal fluid was carried out by an electrophoretic micromethod. Irrespective of the presence of 14C-thiamin, the tissue content of endogenous thiamin pyro- and triphosphate decreased during the incubation, whilst that of thiamin-monophosphate remained relatively constant. The tissue content of free thiamin increased substantially only in control experiments. Endogenous free thiamin, together with a small amount of monophosphate, was found to enter the serosal fluid. The transfer of both compounds was greatly enhanced by the incubation with 14C-thiamin, when an efficient thiamin phosphorylation could be demonstrated. During incubation with 14C-thiamin, the concentration of 14C thiamin-pyrophosphate and, to a lesser extent, that of free 14C-thiamin increased progressively in the tissue, while 14C- thiamin-monophosphate content remained almost unchanged. No 14C-thiamin-triphosphate was detected. There was a rapid increase in the tissue specific radioactivity of free thiamin and thiamin monophosphate, which preceded the rise in the specific radioactivity of thiamin pyrophosphate. The specific radioactivities of the former compounds in the serosal fluid reflected those observed in the intestinal tissue. These results are interpreted as evidence suggesting that the active transport of thiamin is efficient only when intracellular thiamin phosphorylation is operating. PMID- 7088681 TI - Changes in heart rate and blood pressure upon injection of algesic agents into skeletal muscle. AB - In cats anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane algesic substances were injected intra-arterially into muscles of the left hindlimb and the resulting changes in heart rate and blood pressure recorded. The vagus nerves and both carotid sinus nerves were cut. Injection of KCl regularly induces acceleration of the heart rate and an increase in blood pressure. With bradykinin both accelerations and decelerations were observed (with or without accompanying pressor or depressor responses respectively). Injection of serotonin was rather ineffective in producing heart rate or blood pressure changes but subsequent injections of either KCl or bradykinin gave rise to enhanced acceleration and pressor responses. In the discussion it will be proposed that the diverse responses are due to differences in the composition of the afferent volleys elicited, probably because besides stimulating nociceptors these algesic substances activate to a varying extent non-nociceptive muscular fine afferent units of different modality and various central actions. PMID- 7088683 TI - Optokinetic, vestibular, and optokinetic-vestibular responses in albino and pigmented rats. AB - Horizontal eye movements and neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei and pretectum were recorded in albino and pigmented rats in response to optokinetic, vestibular (VS), combined visual-vestibular (VVS) sinusoidal stimulations. 1. VOR slow phase velocity in VS condition leads head velocity. This phase lead is smaller in albino than in pigmented rats. 2. Presence of vision (VVS) improves the phase angle of the VOR in both strains, especially at low frequencies. In pigmented rats the VOR is perfectly compensatory with respect to phase at all frequencies whereas in albinos the eye velocity still leads the head velocity. 3. There is no difference in the response characteristics of vestibular nuclear neurons (VN) to VS between albino and pigmented rats which could explain the difference in their VORs. 4. In the pigmented rat, there is a strong optokinetic input to VN which provokes a shift of the response peak towards peak head velocity. These visual-vestibular interactions at VN level are in agreement with the changes in the phase angle of the VOR. 5. In albino rat, there are no differences in the response characteristics of VN between VS and VVS, thus the decrease of the VOR phase lead observed in VVS compared to VS is due either to visual-vestibular interactions outside of the vestibular nuclei or to some general arousing effect of light. 6. Recording of responses of pretectal neurons to visual stimulation in albino rats has shown that they are activated in a phasic or tonic way by light on ("On cells") or off ("Off cells"). Contrary to the pigmented rat, pretreated neurons in albino exhibited no detectable direction specific optokinetic responses. PMID- 7088684 TI - Effects of hypoxia on passive electrical properties of canine ventricular muscle. AB - The effect of hypoxia, either in the presence or in the absence of glucose, on the passive electrical properties of canine ventricular muscle fibers was examined, employing a single sucrose gap method. The significant changes after 30 min of hypoxia (PO2 = 35-45 mm Hg) were an increase in the specific internal longitudinal resistance (Ri) and a decrease in the space constant (lambda). The values during the control (PO2 greater than 450 mm Hg) were 198 +/- 77 omega cm for Ri and 0.81 +/- 0.15 mm for lambda, and they changed to 245 +/- 90 omega cm and 0.70 +/- 0.10 mm, respectively, after 30 min of hypoxia. Hypoxia decreased the specific membrane resistance (Rm), but the changes were not statistically significant. The membrane time constant (tau m) and capacity (Cm) were not affected significantly. The absence of glucose during hypoxia was found to cause more profound changes than hypoxia alone in the passive electrical properties, especially Ri and lambda, suggesting that glucose might counteract the effects of hypoxia on these parameters of ventricular muscles. PMID- 7088686 TI - Limiting section thickness of guinea pig olfactory cortical slices studied from tissue pO2 values and electrical activities. AB - The relationship between tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2) values and electrical activities of guinea pig olfactory cortical slices were investigated as the slices were superfused with Krebs-Ringer's solution equilibrated with different gas mixtures. The pO2 values were measured in the slices with oxygen microelectrodes (tip diameter less than 1 micrometer). 1. Studies of pO2 measurements showed the variability of minimum pO2 value of oxygen profiles in the tissue slice. The profile depends on the pO2 value of the superfusate and on the thickness and the oxygen consumption of the slice. With our experimental conditions an anoxic area developed in the middle layers of the slice when the thickness of the slice exceeded ca. 430 micrometers; in thinner slices there was no anoxic area. In our case the limiting section thickness of the slice was ca.430 micrometers from the viewpoint of tissue pO2 value. 2. The N potential (extra-cellularly recorded EPSP) showed a tendency to decrease in amplitude, for slices being thicker than ca 430 micrometers. It would seem reasonable to think that the decrement of the N potential was brought about by the existence of the anoxic area. 3. When the slice was bubbled with 25, 45 or 95% O2, the tissue pO2 value changed, and the N potential height also changed. The N potential was higher in amplitude when bubbled with 95% O2 than with 25% O2. On the other hand, the amplitude of the IS potential (the lateral olfactory tract potential) was not influenced as much as that of the N potential by the change of tissue pO2 value in the slice. 4. The tissue pO2 value was continuously measured during the electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The steady state level of tissue pO2 value obtained during the stimulation diminished as the frequency of stimulation increased from 5-30 Hz. PMID- 7088685 TI - Effect of temperature on proximal tubular acidification. AB - The effect of temperature on proximal tubular acidification was studied in isolated rat kidney, perfused with 20 mM phosphate Ringer's containing 7.5 g/100 ml bovine albumin, equilibrated with air. Tubular pH was measured with Sb microelectrodes during stopped-flow microperfusion. The temperature of the kidney was varied between 10 and 46 degrees C. At 10 degrees C the proximal tubule was still able to maintain pH gradients of about 0.7 pH units. However, half-times (t/2) of both acidification and alkalinization were markedly increased, from 6-7 s at 37 degrees C to 27-30 s at 10 degrees C. In consequence, net H+-ion flux into the tubule was reduced to 26% of that at 37 degrees C. In this system, in the absence of exogenous HCO-3 and CO2, t/2 of acidification and alkalinization were very similar at 37 degrees C and below. Above 37 degrees C alkalinization t/2 fell markedly to 1.43 +/- 0.09 (11) s at 46 degrees C, while acidification t/2 stayed at about 7 s. H+-ion back-fluxes increased progressively from 10-46 degrees C, while secretory JH reached a maximal value at 37 degrees C and fell at higher temperatures. Apparent activation energies calculated from rate coefficients were 8.48 kcal . mol-1 for acidification, and 9.30 for alkalinization, and those calculated from JH were 6.30 and 9.55 respectively. These data indicate that both H-ion secretion and back-flux are carrier-mediated, probably flowing through the Na/H exchanger in the luminal membrane, since their activation energies are of the same order of magnitude and markedly higher than those for protons in solution. PMID- 7088687 TI - Temporal pattern of erythropoietin titers in kidney tissue during hypoxic hypoxia. AB - Plasma titers of erythropoietin (Ep) are known to increase initially during hypoxia and to return then towards prehypoxia values. To find out if this pattern of plasma Ep might be related to changes in the production of the hormone, I have compared plasma with kidney Ep titers in hypoxic rats. Rats were exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber at 0.42 atm for various time intervals for up to 4 days. Kidney Ep titers were assayed in extracts from kidneys that had been flushed free of blood in situ. It was found that kidneys of normal rats do not store significant amounts of Ep. Kidney Ep titers increased transiently during hypoxia. They reached maximum values after 6h and then declined to almost undetectable levels at continued hypoxia. In the plasma, maximum values were found after 12-18h of hypoxia. Additional studies were done on the effects of discontinuous hypoxia. It was found that, even after 3 days of previous hypoxia exposure, plasma and kidney Ep titers increased again in rats when these were maintained intermittently in normoxia for 18 h. It is concluded that the rise and fall in plasma Ep titers during hypoxia reflect similar changes in kidney Ep production. PMID- 7088691 TI - [Calcium blocking as a therapeutic principle]. PMID- 7088688 TI - d-Glucose balance in the enterocyte of rat jejunum "in vitro". AB - An everted sac of male albino rat jejunum (Wistar strain) incubated "in vitro" in used. Net d-glucose and Na+ transport together with d-glucose concentration in the emerging fluid [5], or in ths serosal fluid, and in the enterocytes are determined. Cell d-glucose concentration does not change significantly in a range between 20-200 mumoles or between 50-500 mumoles of net d-glucose transepithelial transport, depending on the experimental conditions. As far as cellular d-glucose and Na+ concentration is concerned, the enterocyte behaves as an homeostatic system. The mechanism involved in d-glucose extrusion is extensively discussed. Two hypothesis seem to be possible. First, the mechanism is an active metabolically dependent one, just as it is for sodium transport. Second, the metabolic activity favours d-glucose facilitated permeability through the basolateral membrane in such a way as to maintain a constant relationship between d-glucose and Na-extrusion, notwithstanding the fact that d-glucose concentration gradient across the basolateral membrane lowers by increasing Na and glucose extrusion rate. PMID- 7088690 TI - [Pacemaker treatment. Indications and complications]. PMID- 7088692 TI - [Abuse of diuretics as a disease - a psychophysiological syndrome]. PMID- 7088694 TI - [Clinical sexology in Scandinavia - a status report]. PMID- 7088689 TI - Comparison of the effects of potassium and pH on the calibre of cerebral veins and arteries. AB - The vasomotor response of individual pial veins and arteries on the convexity of the cerebral cortex to perivascular microinjection of mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing various concentrations of potassium (K+) and of various pH (achieved by altering the bicarbonate, HCO-3 concentration) have been examined in cats anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose. Microapplication of CSF containing 0 mM HCO-3 (pH 4.80) effected significant increases in calibre of pial veins and arteries of 9.3 +/- 2.4% and 38.2 +/- 4% respectively (mean calibre change +/- SE), whereas CSF containing 22 mM HCO-3 (pH 7.45) which constricted pial arteries significantly (-18.5 +/- 2.9%) minimally altered venous calibre (-4.3 +/- 2.2%). Microapplication of CSF containing 0 mM potassium resulted in a significant reduction in pial arterial calibre (-11.4 +/- 2.8%) but failed to alter pial venous calibre (-0.3 +/- 0.6%). Perivascular microapplication of CSF containing moderately elevated potassium concentrations (10 mM) which effected marked, significant increases in pial arterial calibre (49.3 +/- 3.9%) did not significantly alter the calibre of the pial veins (mean response -1.6 +/- 2.4%). The perivascular administration of CSF containing a high concentration of potassium (40 mM) resulted in the significant constriction of both pial veins ( 13.5 +/- 0.9%) and pial arteries (-47.2 +/-6.3%). The magnitude of the response was significantly smaller in the pial veins. The relative insensitivity to K+ and pH of the pial veins as compared to pial arteries suggests that alteration in the chemical composition of of the perivascular fluid are of lesser importance in the control of cerebrovascular capacitance than for the regulation of cerebrovascular resistance. PMID- 7088693 TI - [Health examinations/disease hunting or health contact?]. PMID- 7088695 TI - [More torture today than ever]. PMID- 7088696 TI - [Signal-noise ratio in the presentation of scientific results]. PMID- 7088697 TI - [Individual and society responsibility in connection with cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 7088698 TI - [Angina pectoris--epidemiology and need for treatment]. PMID- 7088700 TI - [It is unfortunate that sports medicine is not yet a specialty in Sweden]. PMID- 7088699 TI - [A training program for the prevention of injuries to reduce soccer injuries by 75 per cent]. PMID- 7088701 TI - [Scandinavian cooperation on a classification of reasons for medical consultation in primary health care]. PMID- 7088702 TI - [The problem of unemployment in Denmark has changed to a scarcity of young doctors]. PMID- 7088703 TI - [Shortage of posts as a problem for Finnish doctors]. PMID- 7088704 TI - [Organized specialist training, the most imported demand among young Icelandic doctors]. PMID- 7088705 TI - [Steadily increasing uncertainty regarding work for young doctors in Norway]. PMID- 7088706 TI - [Many young Swedish doctors feel anxious about their future work situation]. PMID- 7088707 TI - [Principles of treatment in mushroom poisoning]. PMID- 7088708 TI - [The medical student and his teachers]. PMID- 7088709 TI - [Arctic medicine research today. 5th International Symposium on Circumpolar Health]. PMID- 7088710 TI - [Stress research needs to be revised]. PMID- 7088711 TI - [We need to study whether the use of Crede's prophylaxis still is justified]. PMID- 7088712 TI - A general method for the synthesis of 5'-monophosphates of DNA fragments via phosphotriester intermediates. AB - A new and attractive phosphorylation procedure which allows the introduction, via phosphotriester intermediates, of 5'-phosphate functions of DNA fragments is described. The method is based on the activation of bifunctional phosphorylating agents with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The approach will be exemplified by the synthesis of pACGC using four different 5'-phosphotriester intermediates. PMID- 7088714 TI - [Course of tuberculin allergy in children vaccinated with BCG for the 1st time in the children revaccinated. IV. The development of tuberculin allergy in children vaccinated with BCG in infancy and tested annually from 1 to 5 years old]. PMID- 7088713 TI - Primary and secondary structure of 5.8S rRNA from the silkgland of Bombyx mori. AB - Nucleotide sequence of 5.8S rRNA of the silkworm, Bombyx mori has been determined by gel sequencing methods. The 5.8S rRNA was the longest so far reported, with the 5'-terminal sequence several nucleotides longer than those of the other organisms. Upon constructing the secondary structure in accordance with the "burp gun" model (12), the Bombyx 5.8S rRNA formed a wide-open "muzzle" due to several unpaired bases at the ends. The overall structure also appeared less stable with less G . C pairs and more unpaired bases than that of the HeLa 5.8S rRNA. These structural features may be essential for those 5.8S rRNAs which interact with 28S rRNAs containing the hidden break to form a stable complex. PMID- 7088715 TI - [Fate of patients with lung cancer discovered by radiophotography]. PMID- 7088716 TI - [Chronic occupational diseases of the respiratory system in Poland in 1971-1979]. PMID- 7088717 TI - [Pneumonias in the Siedlce area in 1977]. PMID- 7088718 TI - [Effect of helium mixtures on the mechanics of respiration in chronic obstructive lung diseases]. PMID- 7088719 TI - [Treatment results in primary bronchial cancer using combined chemotherapy]. PMID- 7088720 TI - [2 cases of nonsimultaneous lung tissue resection more extensive than pneumonectomy]. PMID- 7088722 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular performance in infants and children using radionuclide angiography. AB - Eight quantitative first-pass (FP) radionuclide angiograms were performed in six children with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction without associated LV outflow obstruction and one infant with obstructive cardiomyopathy (CM) to define regional and global LV function. All patients (3 months to 15 years) had clinical findings of congestive heart failure. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed within 24 hours of the FP study. LV ejection fraction (LVEF), regional ejection fraction index (REFI), LV wall motion perimeters, transit time, and curve analysis were evaluated. Ejection fraction by FP-RNA was compared to echo in all patients. FP-RNA derived end-diastolic and end-systolic LV perimeters were compared to corresponding contrast angiographic definition of LV wall boundaries. FP-LVEF ranged from 23-44% in 6 patients with non-obstructive CM and was 79% in 1 patient with obstructive CM. REFI revealed diffuse hypokinesis in 6 patients with nonobstructive CM, with additional apical akinesis in 1 patient. The infant with obstructive CM had hyperdynamic wall motion. These data compared favorably with echo EF and angiographic assessment of LVEF and wall motion. PMID- 7088721 TI - The concurrence of dimensional aortic arch anomalies and abnormal left ventricular muscle bundles. AB - This anatomical study was designed to evaluate the concept that reduced blood flow through the embryonic preductal aorta contributes to the pathogenesis of dimensional aortic arch anomalies. For that purpose the intracardiac anatomy of 151 specimens was examined, of which 22 had an interruption, five atresia, 76 tubular hypoplasia, and 48 local coarctation of the aortic arch. Associated malformations were found in 148 specimens (98%); the remaining three (2%) had isolated local coarctation. Anomalies predisposing to reduced aortic blood flow were present in 128 specimens (85%). Among the potential obstructive factors affecting early morphogenesis, three left ventricular muscular structures seem to be particularly important: (1) the anterolateral muscle bundle, (2) the posteromedial muscle, and (3) leftward deviation of the anterior part of the ventricular septum. Obstructing combinations with these types of anomaly were identified in 77 cases (51%). The embryologic aspects of these muscular structures are discussed. PMID- 7088723 TI - Estimation of pulmonary artery pressure by ultrasound. A study comparing simultaneously recorded pulmonary valve echogram and pulmonary arterial pressures. AB - To determine the most reliable echocardiographic criteria of the pulmonary valve echo in predicting pulmonary artery (PA) pressures or PA resistance, 48 children, aged 6 months to 16 years with congenital (CHD) or rheumatic heart disease (RHD), were studied. During routine heart catheterization, simultaneously recorded PA pressures and one-dimensional PA valve echograms were obtained. Echocardiographic measurements of the e-f and b-c slopes, the "a" dip, right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) systolic time intervals (STI; PEP = pre-ejection period; ET = ejection time), and their ratios were compared with PA systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures as well as the pulmonary arteriolar resistance (PAR) and the ratio PAR to systemic resistance (SR). The e-f and b-c slope correlated poorly with PA pressures and PAR. RVPEP/RVET ratio gave a good second-degree polynomial correlation with PA diastolic pressure, PAR and PAR/SR in CHD (r = .78, .79, .87). The correlation was better for children with CHD than for those with RHD. This correlation was also more significant than RVPEP/LVPEP, and RVET/LVET. The "a" dip correlated well with the diastolic PA pressure in CHD and RHD (r = .73). A multivariant analysis of the "a" dip and RVSTI ratios slightly improves the correlation coefficient and the prediction rate for PA diastolic pressures, PAR, and resistance ratios in CHD and CHD + RHD. PMID- 7088724 TI - Echocardiographic diagnosis of tricuspid valve endocarditis in a child with a normal heart. Special emphasis on surgical considerations. AB - A previously healthy 8-year-old girl with a normal heart had development of tricuspid valve staphylococcal endocarditis. Serial two-dimensional echocardiograms first demonstrated an enlarging vegetation and later showed reduction in its size coincident with a pulmonary embolus. The occurrence of the pulmonary embolus along with persistent fevers, despite adequate antibiotic treatment, prompted surgical intervention. Surgical excision of a large residual vegetation, valve debridement, and pulmonary embolectomy led to prompt subsidence of fever and improvement in the patient's condition. Three months after surgery, the child remained asymptomatic with minimal tricuspid insufficiency. However, by eight months after surgery, the hemodynamic consequences of the tricuspid insufficiency had progressed, and the patient is mildly symptomatic. Additional tricuspid valve repair or replacement is expected. PMID- 7088725 TI - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic detection of coronary artery to right ventricle fistula. AB - The pulsed Doppler echocardiographic (PDE) findings in a case of coronary artery right ventricle fistula are described. The PDE examination revealed normal flow patterns within the right atrium, pulmonary artery, and left ventricle, thus excluding these structures as the distal site of the fistula. Sampling within the right ventricular inflow revealed a turbulent, continuous, systolic-diastolic flow pattern that suggested the right ventricle was the distal end of the fistula. Postoperatively, the PDE examination of the right ventricle reverted to a normal, nonturbulent, phasic flow pattern. We conclude that PDE may be a useful noninvasive method of defining the site of drainage in cases of coronary artery fistula. PMID- 7088726 TI - Right pulmonary artery to left atrium communication. An unusual cause of cyanosis in the newborn. AB - A one-day-old newborn infant presented with intense cyanosis, a continuous murmur, and mild congestive heart failure. The chest roentgenogram showed an abnormal right-heart border, and the echocardiogram demonstrated enlargement of the left ventricle and left atrium. Cardiac catheterization and angiography demonstrated a right pulmonary artery to left atrium communication. The infant responded favorably to medical management and is asymptomatic with the exception of mild cyanosis with crying. Right pulmonary artery to left atrium communication is a rare but potentially correctable cause of cyanosis in the newborn. PMID- 7088727 TI - Interruption of the aortic arch with right descending aorta. A rare condition and a cause of bronchial compression. AB - Four cases of interruption of the aortic arch with the rare association of right ductus arteriosus and right descending aorta are described. Three different variations in subclavian arterial origin are described. Each represents a mirror image of anatomic arrangements previously reported for interruption of the aortic arch with left descending aorta. One of the cases demonstrated massive emphysema of the right lung resulting from compression of the right main bronchus by the enlarged right ductus arteriosus. Another case documented unusually long survival (26 years) of a patient with interruption of the aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. PMID- 7088728 TI - Visualization of pulmonary vein obstruction by pulmonary artery wedge injection. AB - One of the major postoperative complications of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is obstruction of the pulmonary veins. This event may be apparent immediately after surgery when it is usually due to congenitally obstructed veins or later when it may be the result of failure of commensurate growth of the left atrium-common vein anastomosis or of scarring at the anastomotic site. The exact location of the obstruction becomes, then, of paramount importance in deciding if the patient can be helped by further surgery. At cardiac catheterization, pulmonary artery wedge injection was the only angiographic technique that visualized the site and degree of pulmonary venous obstruction in the case reported here. PMID- 7088729 TI - Aortic valvular atresia. Associated cardiovascular anomalies. AB - The pathological anatomy of 109 specimens of aortic valvular atresia was reviewed for the purpose of identifying the cardiovascular anomalies associated with that condition. We found the most commonly associated anomaly to be coarctation of the aorta, which was present in 71 percent of our cases and judged to be hemodynamic significance in one-third of the involved cases. Other associated anomalies, in order of decreasing frequency, were mitral atresia, anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous connections, abnormalities of branching of the aortic arch, and ventricular septal defect. The study demonstrated that aortic atresia is associated with a significant incidence of other cardiovascular anomalies. Additional anomalies, when present, may complicate emerging attempts at surgical correction of this condition. PMID- 7088730 TI - Influence of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones on prostatic secretion protein, a major protein in rat prostate. AB - Prostatic secretion protein (PSP) is an androgen-sensitive, quantitatively important protein in rat ventral prostate which has been shown to inhibit the nuclear uptake and decrease the DNA-binding capacity of the androgen-receptor complex. In the present study, the influence of the pituitary, adrenals, and gonads on the concentration of PSP in the prostate was studied. Hypophysectomy decreased the concentration of PSP to about 10% of the control level, an effect similar to that obtained by castration. No effects on prostatic wet weight or PSP concentration were observed following substitution of hypophysectomized rats with human growth hormone, rat prolactin, or rat growth hormone. On the other hand, PSP concentration as well as wet weight of the prostate were normalized in hypophysectomized rats after administration of testosterone propionate. These results are in line with a direct extrahypophyseal effect of androgens on the prostate. Adrenalectomy did not affect the concentration of PSP, nor the wet weight of the prostate. Administration of estramustine decreased the wet weight of the prostate but did not affect the prostatic concentration of PSP in normal rats. Combined treatment with testosterone propionate and estramustine seemed to increase both the wet weight and the concentration of PSP more than administration of testosterone propionate alone. These results indicate a synergistic effect between estramustine and testosterone propionate. PMID- 7088731 TI - Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) treatment of T3-T4 prostatic carcinoma. AB - From September, 1978, to November, 1980, 69 consecutive patients with locally advanced (T3-T4) prostatic adenocarcinoma, with or without distant metastases, were treated with oral estramustine phosphate. Dosage was 15 mg/kg/day for 2 months, followed by 5 mg/kg/day until progression. In the 48 evaluable patients with progressive disease that entry in the study, 1 complete response, 7 partial responses, 31 disease stabilizations, and 9 progressions were encountered (81.2% NPCP response rate). Karnofsky performance status equal to or less than 50 was predictive of poor response to estramustine phosphate. In the 10 evaluable patients with stabilized disease at entry in the study after orchiectomy, 2 complete responses, 4 partial responses, 3 disease stabilization, and 1 progression were noted. The major side effects observed were gynecomastia, nausea, and vomiting. PMID- 7088732 TI - Isolation, characterization, and spontaneous interconversion of two forms of human prostatic acid phosphatase. AB - Starting with human prostatic acid phosphatase (HPAP) purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound N-(6-aminohexyl)tartramic acid [Van Etten, R. L. and Saini, M. S. (1978) Clin. Chem. 24, 1525], two forms of the enzyme can be separated by gradient elution DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The two enzyme forms are electrophoretically distinguishable on high pH gels. Under some conditions of storage one of these forms undergoes a conversion to the other. Both forms have identical amino acid compositions and Vmax values with typical substrates, but differences are observed in circular dichroism spectra, relative fluorescence intensities, Km values, and carbohydrate composition. It is concluded that the two forms differ only in the structure of their (nonphosphorylated) carbohydrate side chains. In view of the possible interconversion of the two forms upon storage, caution must be observed in any attempt to attach clinical significance to the relative amounts of the two forms. PMID- 7088733 TI - Densitometric and morphometric evaluation of growth in primary cultures of rat ventral prostate epithelial cells. AB - This study describes a method for establishing primary cultures in 24-well culture vessels and evaluating the effects of serum, hormones, and other factors on cell growth using densitometry. Primary cultures of rat ventral prostate epithelial cells were grown in 24-well culture vessels containing F12K culture medium supplemented with various concentrations of the following substances: fetal bovine serum (FBS), horse serum (HS), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), hydrocortisone (HC), zinc (Zn), transferrin (TR), cysteine (CYS), glutamine (GLT), selenium (SEL), and ascorbic acid (AC). The effect of each supplement on cell growth was evaluated on fixed and stained cultures using a photovoltaic cell densitometer designed to read the total culture surface of a 16 mm well. Increasing concentrations of both HS and FBS resulted in an increase in cell growth. T, Zn, HC, TR, and AC each had a stimulatory effect on cell growth. CYS, GLT, and DHT had little effect on cell growth, while SEL was inhibitory to cell growth. This data compares favorably with that obtained by other methods, such as morphometric analysis and ornithine decarboxylase production. These results indicate that densitometry is a useful method for determining the effect of supplements on cell growth in primary culture. PMID- 7088734 TI - Human prostatic adenocarcinoma: comparative experimental treatment of the tumor line PC 82 in nude mice. AB - A human prostatic adenocarcinoma, growing as a transplantable line in nude mice, was subjected comparatively to the usual endocrine treatment schedules including orchiectomy, estrogens, estramustine phosphate, and a study with flutamide (SCH 13521) and cyproterone acetate. The regression under treatment in tumor volume and in the histological pattern in demonstrated, and the possibilities and limitations of the nude mouse model are discussed. PMID- 7088735 TI - Retention of catheter fragment after thoracentesis: report of two cases. AB - In the two cases presented here, retention of a portion of a plastic catheter in the pleural space occurred during thoracentesis. In both cases, the catheter was probably sheared off by the sharp beveled tip of the metal needle used to introduce the catheter. In one case, the retained catheter was removed during limited thoracotomy with local anesthesia. In the other case, attempts to remove the retained catheter during thoracentesis were unsuccessful, and no furather attempts were made. This complication of thoracentesis can be avoided by paying strict attention to the proper technique for insertion and withdrawal of the needle and the catheter. PMID- 7088736 TI - Chronic pain: an algorithm for management. PMID- 7088737 TI - The dilemma of obesity: current concepts of causes and management. PMID- 7088738 TI - Role of abdominal computed tomography in evaluating left upper quadrant masses. AB - The etiology of abdominal masses in the left upper quadrant may be confusing because of the anatomic relationships of the organs involved. In three representative cases presented, computed tomography (CT) clearly defined masses as being nonurologic in origin, although conventional radiologic diagnostic techniques originally yielded results that suggested a renal or adrenal origin. In two other cases, masses thought to originate from the spleen or retroperitoneum were shown by CT to be renal tumors. In a sixth case, a large mass thought to be of renal origin but not evaluated by CT was found at surgery to be a pancreatic cyst. Abdominal CT is more sensitive than other imaging modalities in clarifying organ relationships and the origin of masses in the left upper quadrant. PMID- 7088739 TI - Diagnosis of narcolepsy using a 24-hour portable recorder. PMID- 7088741 TI - Dementia: positive steps to help maintain function. PMID- 7088740 TI - Evaluation of heart sounds and murmurs in children. AB - Auscultation is the core of pediatric cardiovascular evaluation and should be performed according to a routine. The four heart sounds should be sought in order at their usual locations, with particular attention to the second sound because of its important diagnostic role in congenital cyanotic heart disease. The next sounds to listen for are clicks, which can be systolic, pulmonary, aortic, or midsystolic. Finally, murmurs should be sought in systole and then diastole. Besides being identified as systolic, diastolic, or continuous, murmurs should be characterized according to their relationship with the first and second heart sounds, intensity, frequency, and maximum location and radiation. PMID- 7088742 TI - Unresolved bereavement: medical reenactment of a loved one's terminal illness. AB - In our psychiatric practice in Seattle, we have found several cases of complicated bereavement in which the patient has been unable to accept the death of her mother for an unusually long time and, consequently, continues to complain of physical symptoms similar to those of her mother. These patients initially sought medical care from primary care physicians, who tried to treat the symptoms without considering the cause. In some instances, needless medical and even surgical procedures were pursued to no avail. We believe that such patients usually require only referral for psychiatric care, which unfortunately often is palliative but not curative. PMID- 7088743 TI - Somatoform disorders: differentiation of conversion, hypochondriacal, psychophysiologic, and related disorders. PMID- 7088744 TI - Suicide potential: evaluation by nonpsychiatrists. AB - Since most people who commit suicide visit a physician in the week to year preceding the act, the physician is in a unique position to intervene before it is too late. If the patient has already made an attempt or gesture, the physician must evaluate the risk of suicide by inquiring into the patient's situation and state of mind and the circumstances of the act. The most common types of psychopathology in those who make a suicide attempt or gesture are depression and borderline personality. To detect suicidal patients who have not yet made an attempt or gesture, the physician must be alert to subtle cues, particularly somatic complaints. PMID- 7088745 TI - Lung abscess: back for an encore? AB - The rise in incidence of lung abscess due to opportunistic organisms has reemphasized the need for early recognition and treatment. Opportunistic organisms can cause lung abscess in immunocompromised hosts. Most lung abscesses are primary, occurring as a result of aspiration of oral contents into the dependent portions of the lung in persons with dysphagia or decreased consciousness. Symptoms of lung abscess include productive cough, fever, leukocytosis, weight loss, and putrid sputum. Among the complications are progression to a chronic stage, empyema, massive hemoptysis, metastatic brain abscess, and bronchopleural fistula. Treatment of lung abscess is primarily medical, consisting of an appropriate antibiotic regimen and chest physical therapy. Surgery is reserved for unresponsive patients or those with complications. PMID- 7088746 TI - Antibiotic prescribing: seven premises to guide cost-effective practices. PMID- 7088747 TI - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in alcoholic cirrhosis with ascites. AB - Aerobic enteric organisms, especially Escherichia coli, are the most common cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in alcoholic cirrhosis with ascites, despite the preponderance of anaerobic bacteria in the bowel flora. The major routes of infection are transmural migration of gastrointestinal flora, lymphatic spread, and hematogenous seeding. Most patients present with fever and chills, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and hypotension, although some may be asymptomatic. Differentiation from secondary peritonitis, which is essential in determining appropriate therapy, is difficult. Microbiologic studies of the ascitic fluid can provide valuable clues in this regard. Although most patients respond favorably to antibiotic therapy, mortality is high because of complications of the underlying disorder. PMID- 7088748 TI - Role of biopsy in diagnosis of cervical masses. PMID- 7088750 TI - Suprapubic bladder puncture in a private pediatric practice. AB - Suprapubic bladder puncture was performed 185 times in 126 girls in a private pediatric practice. Cultures of urine obtained by aspiration confirmed symptoms as indicative of urinary tract infection in 59% of instances and confirmed positive cultures of urine obtained by voiding in 57% of instances. Since suprapubic bladder puncture avoids the problem of contamination, it enables a certainty in diagnosis that voided specimens cannot. The procedure was easily accomplished in the office and was readily accepted by parent and child. No complications were observed. PMID- 7088749 TI - The cured lymphoma patient: guidelines for long-term follow-up. AB - Successful treatment of lymphoma represents a major achievement of modern medicine. At diagnosis, the major emphasis is placed properly on achieving durable remission. Once treatment has been successful, however, the emphasis must shift to helping the patient resume a normal and productive life. The primary care physician will probably be responsible for the long-term care of these patients. He or she should be alert to the possible disease- and therapy-induced problems such patients face (even years after treatment), especially those common problems in which informed intervention is most effective. The approach summarized here can be readily integrated with normal health surveillance measures but should be modified to suit the individual patient and supplemented as new information appears. Use of these guidelines may help the cured lymphoma patient realize maximum benefit from difficult but lifesaving therapy. PMID- 7088751 TI - Pancreatic glucagon: possible implications of the hyperglycemic hormone in diabetes control. AB - Pancreatic glucagon, the hyperglycemic hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, promotes glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis. Several abnormalities of glucagon secretion have been described in diabetes mellitus. These include absolute or relative hyperglucagonemia, exaggerated response to a protein load, and insufficient response to hypoglycemia. Although glucagon's role in diabetes has been challenged, the bulk of the evidence suggests that while insufficiency of insulin is the major abnormality involved, inappropriately elevated glucagon levels contribute to worsening of hyperglycemia. It is suggested that lowering of glucagon levels will result in better control of diabetes. To some extent, this can be achieved by continuous infusion of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetics. In addition, development of analogs of somatostatin holds promise of therapeutic benefit in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent types of the disease. PMID- 7088752 TI - Familial multiple myeloma. A review of thirty-seven families. AB - The review of the pertinent literature disclosed 36 reports of familial multiple myeloma, described mostly in siblings, to which the authors add one more family. These patients did not differ significantly from those with non-familial myeloma with regard to sex, age, distribution of monoclonal proteins, clinical and laboratory data, and the course and prognosis of the disease. An increased incidence of immunoglobulin abnormalities was observed in healthy relatives of patients affected with familial myeloma. In most cases the time interval of the diagnosis of myeloma in a family member of a known patient was under 4 years. These observations, in conjunction with reports of myeloma occurring in clusters in a community and the appearance of myeloma in spouses raise the possibility of an environmental factor (virus?) which may contribute to the pathogenesis of myeloma in genetically predisposed individuals. Multiple myeloma should be added to the list of neoplastic diseases in which the family history is relevant and in which genetic and possibly environmental factors may be pathogenetically involved. PMID- 7088753 TI - A comparison of antrafenine and aspirin on platelet aggregation and frusemide induced diuresis. AB - The effects of antrafenine were compared with aspirin and placebo on platelet aggregation and on the diuretic action of frusemide in normal volunteers. Aspirin significantly reduced platelet aggregation at 3 and 6 hr after administration, but antrafenine only at 3 hr. Only aspirin significantly reduced the increase in urine sodium and potassium produced by frusemide. PMID- 7088755 TI - Surgical treatment in asymptomatic patients with duodenal ulcers as a prophylaxis against haemorrhage. AB - In a group of 17 patients who underwent surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration because of past bleeding but without current symptoms, one patient re-bled with a follow-up of 81 patient years, as compared to one bleed over 6.8 patient years before surgery. This suggests that surgery is protecting these patients against recurrent episodes of haemorrhage. PMID- 7088754 TI - The penetration of metronidazole into synovial fluid. AB - Six patients with non-infected synovial effusions, associated either with inflammatory or degenerative arthropathy and requiring diagnostic or therapeutic aspiration, were given a short course of 400 mg metronidazole (Flagyl) 8-hourly for 3 doses. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) were sampled frequently during this time, and assayed for metronidazole by a specific high pressure liquid chromatographic method. It was found that concentrations of metronidazole in SF reached those in serum after a short time-lag, and thereafter approximated to the serum concentration. With this regimen, metronidazole concentrations were readily achieved in synovial fluid, above the minimum inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible anaerobes. These results indicate that the drug freely enters the synovial fluid and suggests that metronidazole would prove effective in the treatment of septic arthritis due to anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 7088756 TI - An embedded fingernail. AB - A case of an embedded fingernail is reported. The increased curvature of the nail plates is considered aetiologically important. Treatment was by the method first described by Winograd for an embedded toenail. PMID- 7088757 TI - Osteoradionecrosis of the skull stimulating bone metastases. AB - Multiple skull erosions which simulated bone mestatases developed in a 54-year old patient who had been treated for favus by radiotherapy 40 years earlier. Radiation necrosis should be recognized and differentiated from defects and erosions due to malignant or infectious process in order to prevent unnecessary procedures and treatment. PMID- 7088758 TI - Parotid and submandibular duct calculi in three successive generations of one family. AB - A case is reported of chronic calculous parotitis beginning in a 12-month-old child. Further questioning revealed a history of parotid calculi in her mother and submandibular calculi in her maternal grandmother. The features which indicate the diagnosis of parotid calculous disease are discussed and, from a review of the literature, some observations are made on management. PMID- 7088759 TI - Spinal cord haemorrhage following herpes zoster: a possible complication of warfarin therapy. AB - Haemorrhage is the most serious and common side-effect of warfarin therapy. Bleeding had commonly been observed in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts as well as in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Central nervous system bleeding has also been reported and has usually been associated with marked prolongation of the prothrombin time. Spinal cord haemorrhage has been infrequently observed. The patient reported here may represent a previously undescribed complication of herpes zoster infection with haemorrhage in the involved dorsal root ganglia. Possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 7088760 TI - Haemorrhagic breast infarction complicating anticoagulant therapy. AB - Haemorrhagic infarction of the breast induced by anticoagulant therapy is rare and has been infrequently reported in the literature. The following report illustrates such a case in which there was development of massive haemorrhagic infarction of the breast during treatment with nicoumalone for deep venous thrombosis after an operation for carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 7088761 TI - Oesophageal stricture associated with emepronium bromide therapy. AB - Emepronium bromide, a drug used to control urinary frequency, has been reported as causing oesophageal ulceration but not stricture formation. This paper presents 3 cases in which the use of emepronium bromide preceded development of an oesophageal stricture and suggests that the drug played a causative role. PMID- 7088762 TI - Temporary cardiac pacing via the oesophagus. PMID- 7088763 TI - Delayed halitosis-a rare cause. AB - A 38-year-old tuberculous male Pakistani presented with halitosis and a cough especially marked when lying on his left side. Barium swallow demonstrated a fistula between oesophagus and left main bronchus. Anti-tuberculous therapy and repeated cauterization failed to close the fistula. Thoracotomy confirmed a congenital oesophago-bronchial fistula. Division and suture resulted in cure. PMID- 7088764 TI - Pulmonary aspergilloma, an unusual complication in Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 7088765 TI - Tuberculous ulcer of the penis. PMID- 7088766 TI - Ergotamine absorption and toxicity. AB - Adverse reactions to ergotamine were noted in 16 out of 41 studies in which therapeutic doses of the drug were given to normal, healthy volunteers. In 17 of the studies 0.25 mg ergotamine was given by injection, 6 i.v. and 11 i.m., in 20 studies 2 mg ergotamine was given by mouth, and 4 subjects received 2 mg ergotamine by suppository. Plasma and urinary ergotamine was measured by radio immunoassay. Adverse reactions were significantly more frequent in subjects in whom plasma ergotamine exceeded 1.8 ng/ml. Pharmacokinetic data derived from the study are presented and their relevance to the therapeutic use of ergotamine are discussed. PMID- 7088767 TI - Bilateral femoral neck fractures as a result of coeliac disease. AB - An elderly patient presenting with severe tetany secondary to hypocalcaemia causing bilateral fractures of the femoral necks, was proved to have coeliac disease. Severe muscle pains, an organic mental syndrome and personality changes are rare complications of coeliac disease and are reversible with treatment. PMID- 7088768 TI - [Comparative value of different respiratory function tests for the early diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - The diagnostic value of different respiratory function tests in the respiratory distress syndrome was compared in 5 groups of subjects: healthy non-smokers, asymptomatic smokers, patients with bronchitis affecting the large bronchi, asthmatic patients between attacks, and patients with emphysema. Indices measured were the forced expiratory volume per second (FEV1), mean expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (MEF 25-75%), maximum instantaneous flow at 25-50 75% of vital capacity, and peak flow (Vmax 25-50-75%, PF), residual volume, expiratory resistance volume, and the curve of the alveolar plateau of expired nitrogen. The Vmax 50% and the MEF 25-75% appear to be sufficiently sensitive indices of bronchial obstruction in current practice, the MEF 25-75% being simple to measure, and presenting the advantage of not requiring complicated equipment. The Vmax 25% and the respiratory resistance volume present wide inter-individual variations, and this, together with their lack of reproducibility, limit their value in exploratory tests in isolated cases. PMID- 7088769 TI - [Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (author's transl)]. AB - Bronchopulmonary infections with Aspergillus give rise to three different pathological entities. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, found in patients with an atopic predisposition, is marked by dyspnea of the asthmatic type associated with labile radiologically detectable infiltrates, blood hypereosinophilia, enhanced total IgE levels, specific IgG fractions, and positive immediate reactions to skin tests. The long-term risk is the development of proximal bronchiectasis. Dosage and duration of corticotherapy are function of eosinophilia and total IgE levels. Pathogenicity is similar to that of extrinsic allergic alveolitis, probably involving disturbances in immune complexes from a type I reaction. Intracavital pulmonary aspergillosis involves mycotic development within a cavity or a complicating parenchymatous lesion. Severe hemoptysis may occur. Medical treatment is ineffective, and radical surgery is necessary in patients able to support operative procedures, which vary as a function of the condition of the patient. Diffuse aspergillosis occurs in immunodeficient patients, usually during the acute phase of chemotherapy induction. Spread of the disease is either from the upper respiratory tract or through the blood as septicemia. A nosocomial origin is frequent. Diagnosis depends more on the presence of hyphae in tissue biopsy specimens than cultures or serological tests which are too unreliable. Treatment is with amphotericin B preferably associated with 5 fluorocytosin. PMID- 7088770 TI - [Comparative effects of tolazoline and nifedipine on hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension in the dog (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088772 TI - [Asthma and hydatic disease. Report of a case (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088771 TI - [Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: eleven-year follow-up in one case (author's transl)]. AB - A case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis followed-up for eleven years is presented and this poorly recognised affection discussed. It is a rare disease arising from filling of the alveoli by a non-surface-acting surfactant, either as a response to a non-specific aggression, experimentally reproducible, or spontaneously. The mechanism by which this accumulation occurs is still a controversial subject: increased production by the granular pneumocytes, deficiency of alveolar clearance, or loss of phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. The diagnosis, suggested by the only slightly specific clinical picture after elimination of more common aetiologies, is confirmed by electron microscopy of alveolar lavage fluid without, as in the past, the need for lung biopsy. The various treatments proposed have lacked efficacy and are not really necessary, except for symptomatic extensive pulmonary lavage, which should be reserved for severe cases and may need to be repeated. PMID- 7088773 TI - [Intermittent calcic renal diabetes presenting as pneumomediastinum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088774 TI - [Atypical manifestations of autochthonous pulmonary hydatidosis: report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088775 TI - The cellular basis for growth of the abdominal fat pad in broiler-type chickens. AB - Cellular growth of the abdominal fat pads from Tegel TM70 white broiler chickens was characterized by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipose cells until the chickens were approximately 14 weeks old, after which hypertrophy of existing adipose cells was solely responsible for increases in the mass of these fat deposits. The percent body fat was linearly and positively correlated with the weight of abdominal fat. However, at a constant percent body fat, male birds had a larger deposit of fat in the abdominal region than did females. Thus, a different relationship to predict body fat would be required for each sex. In mature birds the mass of an adipose tissue deposit is generally reflected in the size of adipose cells rather than the number of cells in an adipose organ. PMID- 7088776 TI - Effect of selected light treatments on pineal weight and lipid content in the cockerel (Gallus domesticus). AB - The effect of early and prolonged exposure of growing cockerels to selected photoperiods and wavelengths of light on pineal gland weight and lipid composition was investigated. The six treatments included 14L:10D white (control), 24L:OD white, OL:24D dark, and 14L:10D narrow-band blue, green or red light. Pineal gland fresh and dry weights were greatest under the white light treatment and least under the dark and red treatments. Examination of histological preparations and biochemical analysis both indicated that the absence of light depleted pineal lipid. When expressed as a percent of dry tissue weight, lipid from the colored light treatments was significantly greater than from the control. We conclude that both the photoperiod and the wavelength of light are capable of influencing pineal gland lipid metabolism in the cockerel. PMID- 7088777 TI - Physiology of turkey embryos during pipping and hatching I. Hematology. AB - Blood samples were collected from turkey embryos during pipping and hatching, an age which corresponds to a time of elevated embryonic mortality. Samples were analyzed for erythrocyte counts (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). An increase in RBC was significant (P less than .05) during piping and hatching. The PCV increased significantly (P less than .01) until pipping occurred and then declined significantly through hatching. The Hb concentration also increased significantly (P less than .05) as pipping and hatching occurred. The MCV declined significantly as development proceeded. Both MCH and MCH declined significantly (P less than .05) until the onset of pipping at which time both increased significantly (P less than .05) through hatching. PMID- 7088778 TI - Physiology of turkey embryos during pipping and hatching II. selected blood parameters. AB - Blood samples from turkey embryos taken at days 24 to 28 of incubation, a time of great embryonic mortality were analyzed for plasma calcium, magnesium, potassium, total plasma protein, lipid, and glucose concentrations. Plasma calcium increased significantly (P less than .05) until pipping, after which it declined until hatching. Plasma magnesium declined significantly (P less than .01) only at hatching. Potassium concentration declined significantly (P less than .01) as the hatched state approached. Plasma total protein concentration decreased until the onset of pipping, after which the concentration increased significantly (P less than .01) until hatching. Plasma total lipid concentrations decreased significant (P less than .01) during pipping, but the concentration remained constant while the poult emerged from the shell. Plasma glucose concentration increased significantly (P less than .01) prior to pipping and again at hatching. PMID- 7088779 TI - Feeding and drinking response of young chicks to injections of serotonin into the lateral ventricle of the brain. AB - The effects of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] on food intake and water consumption were investigated in young broiler chicks. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing either 0, 33, 67, or 100 microgram of 5-HT/10 microliter was injected into the lateral ventricle of either 24-hr fasted or fully fed chicks maintained in a thermoneutral environment with continuous lighting. Neither cannulation per se nor injection of 10 microliter of artificial cerebrospinal fluid had an effect on food intake or water consumption. Furthermore, food intake was not affected by 5-HT in fasted chicks. In fully fed chicks, however, food intake was significantly decreased by 67 and 100 microgram of 5-HT. Water consumption was affected by 5-HT injection in fully fed chicks. Results with fasted chicks remain equivocal. Data suggest that 5-HT may be involved in the neurohumoral control of food intake. PMID- 7088780 TI - Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Correlated responses in plasma lipoproteins and lipids. AB - Lipoproteins from generations five and six of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) divergently selected for increased (HW) or decreased (LW) body weight at 4 weeks of age or increased (HP) or decreased (LP) plasma yolk precursor at the initiation of egg production were separated into fractions of d less than 1.006 and d greater than 1.006. A randombred control (R1) was also sampled. Total lipids (TL), neutral lipids (NL), and phospholipids (PL) were determined. The NL's of the d less than 1.006 lipoprotein fractions were also analyzed for cholesterol esters (CE), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), and a fraction of minor lipid components including digycerides (DG+). A correlation of .960 between total plasma phosphorus and TL of the d less than 1.006 lipoprotein fraction was observed. No strain effect was noted for TL, NL, or PL for either generation in the d greater than 1.006 fraction. In the d less than 1.006 fraction, TL, NL, and PL all varied concurrently, with the order being HP greater than HW, LW, R1 greater than LP. Percent NL and PL did not vary with strain in the S5 generation in the d less than 1.006 fraction. In the S6, the HP strain had a higher % NL and lower % PL in the d less than 1.006 fraction. No differences in % NL and PL were noted for the d greater than 1.006 fraction. In the d less than 1.006 fraction all lipid classes in the NL's tended to vary together. It was concluded that selecting for total plasma phosphorus in laying female Japanese quail is effective in quantitatively but not qualitatively altering the d less than 1.006 lipoprotein levels in the laying hen plasma, without affecting the d greater than 1.006 lipoproteins levels. It was also concluded that selecting for body weight for six generations did not affect laying female lipoprotein concentration. PMID- 7088781 TI - A delay in blood clotting of chickens and ducks induced by aflatoxin treatment. AB - Using the thrombotest technique blood clotting times were measured in the duck and the chicken after an intraperitoneal (I.P.) administration of aflatoxin B1 (58 microgram/kg body weight). Six hours after injection, the average thrombotest (blood clotting) time of the blood of the young duck was 194.5 +/- 1.3 sec (control time was 101.5 +/- 1.4, P less than .0001) and that of the young chicken averaged 70.2 +/- sec (control time was 51.7 +/- 2 sec, P less than .001). Corresponding times for the aflatoxin-treated adult birds were 249.5 +/- 1.4 sec (control, 118.5 +/- 1.1 sec; P less than .001) and 82.9 +/- .2 sec (control, 66.8 +/- .1 sec; P less than .001) for the duck and chicken respectively. In addition to the relatively low concentration of blood clotting factors in the plasma of the bird the present results suggest that there is a weak interaction of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the avian species during aflatoxin poisoning. There is an inter-species difference in the anticoagulant effects of aflatoxin in the avian class. PMID- 7088782 TI - Drug responsiveness of field isolates of chicken Coccidia. AB - Coccidia were isolated from litter samples collected in poultry houses in Georgia and other southeastern states and from intestinal scrapings from chickens submitted to diagnostic laboratories. The most common species of coccidia encountered were E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima. Each of the 41 isolates was tested for sensitivity to eight commercial anticoccidial drugs. Most of the isolates were resistant to some of the drugs judged by the parameters of percent weight gain, percent lesion score reduction, and a sensitivity index score. There was a high frequency of resistance to clopidol, amprolium/ethopabate, nequinate, zoalene, and sulfaquinoxaline. A very small percentage of the isolates tested were resistant to nicarbazin, robenidine, or halofuginone. PMID- 7088783 TI - Reproductive performance of White Leghorns provided fluoride. AB - Two trials were conducted to determine if added sodium fluoride in the drinking water of chickens would result in any deleterious effects on reproduction. In both trials 120 individually caged Single Comb White Leghorn hens (SCWL) were used. Experimental groups consisted of a control group which received no fluoride and three treated groups which received 100 parts per million (ppm) fluoride during either the growing period (0 to 20 weeks), production period (from 20 weeks on), or continuously from day 1. In Trial 1 broiler-breeder males that had not been treated with supplemental fluoride were used as the source of semen for artificial insemination. In Trial 2 half the SCWL cockerels used had been treated with 100 ppm F in the drinking water from day 1. The reproductive characteristics measured were egg production, fertility, duration of fertility, and hatchability of fertile eggs. No deleterious effects due to fluoride exposure at the 100 ppm level in the drinking water were observed in the reproductive performance of either pullets or cockerels. Egg production in both trials decreased slightly during the insemination periods in all raised to 4 weeks of age, and no effects of fluoride on progeny growth were noted. PMID- 7088784 TI - Changes in cecal composition with Eimeria tenella infection. AB - In each of three trials, the wet and dry weights of Eimeria tenella infected ceca were significantly increased compared to the control. The percentage of moisture and lipid in the cecal tissue remained unchanged or slightly increased. These effects were observed for all parasite strains examined and were detectable as early as day 4 postinoculation. Analysis of cecal protein and DNA suggested a uniform increase in cecal tissue rather than the production of a specific protein or component in response to the infection. Histological measurements of infected ceca, compared with the control, showed a twofold increase in both mucosal thickness and muscular thickness. PMID- 7088785 TI - Survival of Salmonella infantis and Staphylococcus aureus on smoked broiler halves. AB - Effects of storage at 5 ad -18 C for up to 28 days and high and low inoculation levels on survival of Salmonella infantis and Staphylococcus aureus on smoked broiler halves were investigated. S. infantis and Staph. aureus counts were significantly reduced during storage. The reduction in counts of S. infantis could not be attributed solely to either temperature or inoculation levels. Storage at 5 C significantly (P less than .05) reduced Staph. aureus counts on smoked broiler halves as compared to storage at -18 C. For Staph. aureus, low inoculation levels (10(3) to 10(4) organisms/ml) resulted in significantly higher mortality rates than did high inoculation levels (10(7) to 10(8) organisms/ml). At both storage conditions and inoculation levels, Staph. aureus was able to maintain higher populations than S. infantis. PMID- 7088786 TI - Dietary factors affecting experimental models of nutritional encephalomalacia. AB - Various factors affecting the experimental development of nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) were studied in young chicks. The effects of these factors were evaluated by calculation of the age at which one-half were affected (T1/2). The incidence of ataxia and mortality and statistical analysis of the intensity of the disease were also calculated. No differences were found among the safflower oil samples oxidized for periods ranging from 12 to 48 hr in their potency to induce NE, while oil oxidized for 72 hr was less effective. No difference was observed between the effects of oxidized safflower oil and freshly distilled methyl esters of safflower oil on the development of NE. This disorder was more severe in chicks fed a fat-free diet deficient in vitamin E for the first week and then the NE-inducing diet than in chicks fed the NE-inducing diet from hatching. Feeding chicks vitamin E for the first week delayed the development of encephalomalacia but did not prevent it. In order to prevent NE in young chicks fed oxidized safflower oil, a ratio of .3 mg alpha-tocopherol per gram oil was required. PMID- 7088788 TI - Marek's disease resistance of B (MHC) heterozygotes in a cross of purebred Leghorn lines. PMID- 7088789 TI - The effect of floor type on the development of breast blisters and feather follicle infections in broilers. AB - The effect of floor types on the incidence of feather follicle infection and breast blisters in caged broilers was investigated in two trials. Broilers were reared on corn-soybean meal diets with warm-room brooding. Floor types included litter (control), wire, wire covered with various types of plastic mats, and wire woven with surgical tubing. In trial 1, the effect of a coccidiostat (Monensin, 120 mg/kg of feed) was investigated for broilers not on litter, and in trial 2, the effect of supplemental zinc was investigated. Broilers were processed in the laboratory processing plant when they were 51 (trial 1) and 53 days old (trial 2). Carcasses were evaluated for the occurrence of fleshing downgrades, crooked keels, feather follicle infection, and breast blisters. Incidence of feather follicle infection was low for broilers on litter or wire floor and high for broiler reared on plastic mats. Breast blisters incidence was low for broilers on litter and plastic mats and was high for broilers on the wire floor. Overall carcass quality for litter (control) was superior to any of the cage treatments. Neither the coccidiostat nor supplemental zinc affected the incidence of breast blisters or feather follicle infection. PMID- 7088787 TI - Rate of food passage (transit time) as influenced by level of supplemental fat. AB - An experiment involving 35 White Leghorn hens was conducted to study the influence of graded levels of supplemental yellow grease on rate of food passage (transit time). Seven experimental diets (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% supplemental fat) were formulated. Transit time was determined by utilizing either Cr2O3 or 144Ce as indicators. First appearance of the markers in the excreta and percentages of the markers ingested that were recovered in excreta 10 hr after feeding were criteria used to determine transit time. There was a significant (P less than .01) linear effect of fat on transit time of Cr2O3 whereby the time required for the marker to appear in the excreta increased with increments of supplemental fat. Average first appearance time of Cr2O3 was 193, 219, 214, 227, 251, 250, and 270 min for the diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% supplemental fat, respectively. Transit time of 144Ce also was increased slightly (P less than .10) by fat supplementation. Transit time, measured as percentage of marker recovered in excreta 10 hr after feeding, was faster for the control than for the fat-supplemented diets, although the linear effects of fat were not statistically significant (P greater than .10). The results show that supplemental fat increased transit time of ingesta in chickens. This observation may be helpful in understanding the nature of the extrametabolic effect of fat in poultry diets. By increasing transit time, supplemental fats may improve digestibility of other dietary constituents and thereby increase the utilization of dietary energy. PMID- 7088790 TI - Failure of dietary dimethylsulfoxide to protect against aflatoxin in young broiler chickens. PMID- 7088791 TI - Distribution of orally administered diethylhexyl phthalate in laying hens. PMID- 7088792 TI - Dietary interaction between methylmercury, selenium, arsenic, and sulfur amino acids in Japanese quail. AB - Three experiments were conducted using Japanese quail to study the effect of arsenic (As) on the detoxifying role of selenium (Se) in methylmercury (Hg) toxicity and to test the possibility that arsenic could independently modify Hg toxicity. The possible role of sulfur-containing amino acids in Hg toxicity was also investigated. Methylmercuric chloride (10 ppm) had no significant effect on weight gain of the quail. However, it seriously decreased the survival of the quail and of their offspring when they were fed the control diet for 1 week after hatching. The addition of arsenic (up to 30 ppm as NaAsO2), methionine (.3%), cystine (.3%), or their combinations did not affect the survival of mercury-fed quail or their offspring. However, the addition of selenium (6 ppm as Na2SeO3) to the mercury diet, alone or combined with cystine, methionine, arsenic, or their combination significantly prolonged the survival time of Japanese quail compared to those fed the mercury alone. Although As improved the effectiveness of Se in prolonged survival of quail given methylmercury, As decreased the effectiveness of Se in protecting the offspring of such quail. Methylmercury also decreased egg production slightly, and fertility considerably. Addition of cystine, methionine, As (up to 15 ppm), or the combination of methionine and As to the mercury containing diet usually improved egg production. The damaging effect of mercury on fertility was corrected by supplementing the mercury diet with Se, methionine, As, or a combination of these three. This study provides evidence that As added alone in the form of arsenite has little effect on methylmercury toxicity but altered the ability of selenite to modify methylmercury toxicity. The biological mechanism of the interactions between mercury, selenium, and arsenic are not yet understood. PMID- 7088793 TI - The incidence of Salmonella species and serotypes in young whole chicken carcasses in 1979 as compared with 1967. AB - A survey was conducted to determine the incidence of salmonellae in processed, ready-to-market, whole young chickens. Carcasses from 15 federally inspected chickens eviscerating plants were analyzed using a carcass washing technique for determining the presence of salmonellae. The results obtained during the 1979 incidence survey were compared to results obtained in an identical 1967 Salmonella survey. In the 1967 study, salmonellae were isolated from 171 ot the 597 (28.6%) whole chickens tetrathionate broth rinsings analysed. In the 1979 study, 222 of 601 (36.9%) of similarly analysed chicken samples were positive. Percentile positive findings from individual plants range from 7.5 to 73.7% in 1967 and from 2.5 to 87.5% in 1979. PMID- 7088795 TI - Physiology of turkey embryos during pipping and hatching III. Thyroid function. PMID- 7088794 TI - The interaction of phosphorus nutrition and fasting on the survival time of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature. AB - Phosphorus nutrition and fasting are dependent factors which markedly influence the tolerance of young chickens to high temperature. A study was conducted to further characterize the nature of this interaction. Male chicks fed low phosphorus diets and fasted 24 hr exhibited significantly shorter survival time after exposure to acute heat when compared to fasted chicks previously fed adequate dietary phosphorus. When chicks were fasted for 48 hr, the effect of previous diet was considerably more pronounced. These results showed that the effect of low phosphorus nutrition was potentiated by fasting 48 hr which in itself improved survival time over that of chicks fasted 24 hr. The apparent metabolic responses of chicks to heat as indicated by changes in plasma glucose and total ketones were not related to the observed dietary effects. Plasma phosphate (Pi) and calcium (Ca) decreased significantly during heat exposure. The Ca/pi molar ratio was increased significantly at heat induced exhaustion, indicating a relatively greater heat induced change in Pi. From the initiation of heat exposure to heat exhaustion, the percent change in Pi, but not Ca, was similar in all groups despite marked differences in the time within which this occurred. We concluded that the effect of low phosphorus nutrition on heat tolerance of young chickens persists after a 48-hr fast. In addition, the effects of previous diet were somewhat more pronounced in 48-hr fasted chicks when compared to those fasted 24 hr. PMID- 7088796 TI - The survivability of Mycoplasma meleagridis in frozen-thawed turkey semen. AB - Semen from 15 turkeys was pooled and divided into two groups and diluted with glycerated freezing medium. One group contained naturally occurring levels of Mycoplasma meleagridis while the other was inoculated with a 24-hr culture of the organism. Both groups were frozen under identical conditions. Semen was evaluated for motility and life-dead analysis during various stages of cryopreservation. The number of viable mycoplasmas in both groups was determined prior to and at 1 , 2-, and 6-months frozen storage. The experiment was repeated twice. Semen motility and live-dead evaluation showed no apparent trends outside of the normal decline seen during various stages of cryopreservation. There was no significant decline in M. meleagridis levels in either treatment group in either trial when samples were tested at intervals up to 6 months. The naturally infected semen contained approximately 10(3) cfu/ml, while the inoculated semen had 10(5) cfu/ml. It was concluded that viable numbers of M. meleagridis do not substantially decline in turkey semen during cryopreservation and subsequent thawing. Consideration must be given to potential pathogens in turkey semen cryopreserved for long-term storage. PMID- 7088797 TI - The effect of the scaleless gene, sc, on growth performance and carcass composition of broilers. AB - Two experiments were conducted in which featherless broilers (scaleless, sc/sc) were compared with feathered broilers for growth and body composition characteristics at environmental temperatures of 22, 34, and 38 C. The sc gene reduces growth and efficiency at 22 C but at 38 C the sc/sc broilers gain more, eat more, and are more efficient than feathered broilers. They achieve greater live, New York dressed, and eviscerated weights and consistently have greater eviscerated yields. The sc/sc broilers have more protein and mineral content and less fat than the feathered broilers. PMID- 7088798 TI - "Porcupine": a feather structure mutation in Japanese quail. AB - A type of feather structure abnormality in Japanese quail resulting from the failure of barbs to uncoil was found to be controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene, pc (porcupine). The mutation was first identified in two birds from a population homozygous for white plumage color. Porcupine quail have poor egg production, lower fertility, and higher embryonic and chick mortality compared to wildtype or heterozygotes. PMID- 7088799 TI - Residues of stirofos (rabon) in eggs of laying hens treated for northern fowl mite control by dipping. AB - Laying hens were treated with a wettable powder formulation of stirofos [Rabon, 2 chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethylphosphate] by dipping in a .5 or 1.0% actual ingredient (AI) water suspension of a 50% wettable powder (WP) stirfos formulation. Stirofos residues were detected in eggs within 1 day after treatment and reached maximum levels 3 days after dipping (.021 and .035 ppm in the low- and high-dose birds, respectively). After that time, levels of residues in eggs declined rapidly and no sample contained detectable quantities (less than .004 ppm) of stirofos after 21 days. Dipping may be a practical control method for the northern fowl mite on chickens, because stirofos dips effectively control this mite on laying hens for at least 6 weeks and because resulting residues in eggs are well below established tolerances. PMID- 7088801 TI - The effect of environmental temperature on immune response and metabolism of the young chicken. 1. Effect of intramuscular injection on heat production. AB - The effect of intramuscular (IM) injection, per se, on heat (H) production was investigated in ad libitum- and restricted-fed pullets held at normal (21 C) and low (10 C) environmental temperatures. At 21 C IM injection, per se, decreased H production of ad libitum- and restricted-fed pullets for 2 to 4 hr after injection. This effect was significant (P less than .01) in ad libitum-fed pullets, held at 21 C as well as at 10 C. Thus, when studying the effect of an immune response on the energy metabolism, an effect may be confounded with the effect of the IM injection per se when the measurements are made during the first 2 to 4 hr following injection. PMID- 7088800 TI - Comparative effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine upon nutritional muscular dystrophy, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, and tissue selenium concentrations of turkey poults. AB - Day-old poults from hens depleted of Se were fed low-Se basal diets (containing corn, soybean meal, and torula yeast but no added vitamin E) with graded levels of Se supplied by Na2SeO3 or seleno-DL-methionine for 28 and 35 days in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Adding .04 ppm Se to the basal diet significantly increased body weight and reduced both the incidence of gizzard myopathy and plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT) activity. Further plasma Se and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) were elevated by increasing levels of dietary Se. There were no differences in these parameters due to the Se compound fed. Plasma SeGSHpx was significantly correlated with both dietary and plasma Se levels. Poults fed selenomethionine had significantly higher concentrations of Se in the gizzard, breast muscle, and pancreas, but not in the liver and heart, compared to poults fed Na2SeO3. These studies indicate that the utilization of Se in both Na2SeO3 and selenomethionine is approximately equal in young turkey poults. PMID- 7088802 TI - Roxarsone toxicity in the chick as influenced by dietary cysteine and copper and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. AB - A series of experiments was conducted with crossbred chicks to determine the effects of L-cysteine, copper, and coccidiosis on roxarsone toxicity. Levels of roxarsone in excess of 50 mg/kg depressed performance and increased kidney arsenic concentration. L-cysteine x HCl x H2O (59%) increased rate and efficiency of gain when added to the basal diet, but depressed performance, increased kidney arsenic concentration, and enhanced mortality when added to diets containing toxic levels of roxarsone (200 mg/kg or higher). Moreover, excess copper (500 mg/kg) partially alleviated the gain/feed depression due to the combination of cysteine and roxarsone. Cysteine, in fact, increased feed efficiency in birds fed excess copper in the absence of roxarsone. Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis) depressed gain and feed efficiency. The depression in feed efficiency was more severe in the presence of roxarsone (50 or 300 mg/kg). In the absence of coccidiosis, 50 mg/kg roxarsone slightly increased gain/feed ratio. PMID- 7088803 TI - Morphology of the epididymal region of turkeys producing abnormal yellow semen. AB - Male turkeys producing abnormal yellow-colored semen (YS) had hypertrophied epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes. The cells were engorged with cytoplasmic, lipid-like (lipoid) droplets, a morphological abnormality found exclusively in this area of the epididymal region. The testes, epididymal region, ductus deferens, and abdominal fat were relatively yellow compared to turkeys producing normal white semen (WS). Adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity and lining the ductus deferens was more abundant in the YS producers. In addition to increased lipoid droplets, nonciliated cells of the ductuli epithelia contained larger and more numerous electron-dense lysosomal bodies than similar nonciliated cells in WS males. Resorption of morphologically normal and abnormal spermatozoa by the epithelia of the ductuli efferentes was prevalent in the YS males but was not observed in the WS turkeys. The seminal fluids in the epididymal region of the YS males contained abnormal spermatids, cellular debris, and increased amounts of electron-dense proteinaceous material. PMID- 7088804 TI - Posthatch growth and development of a circadian rhythm for thyroid hormones in chicks incubated at different temperatures. AB - Rhode Island Red eggs were incubated at 33.8 and 376.8 C from day 17 until hatching under a photoperiod of 12L:12D. After hatching, the same light schedule was maintained, and all chicks were raised at 25 +/- 1 C and 50% relative humidity. Infrared lamps were used up to 7 days. Pipping and hatching occurred significantly later in chicks incubated at 33.8 C, and the interval between events was prolonged. Chicks of the 33.8 C group had a lower body weight on day 3 posthatch, but relative growth was accelerated from the 2nd week on, resulting in equal weights on day 36 for males and day 43 for females. Circadian mean serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) during a 24-hr period (blood sampling every 4 hrs) were positively correlated with relative growth rate in both temperature groups, whereas thyroxine (T4) correlated with weight and age. Body weight of females remained lower from day 9 (33.8 C) and 22 (37.8 C) on. In the 37.8 C group, a significant fit of serum T4 to a sinusoidal curve (observed during a 24 hr cycle) was present for both sexes from day 16 on; this was true from day 32 on in the lower incubation temperature group. The acrophases of this rhythm occurred at about 0500 hr (1100 hr after onset of the dark period) and did not differ between temperature groups of sexes. A significant fit to a sinusoidal curve for the T3 data was only possible for both sexes and temperature groups on days 112 and 128 with an acrophase at about 1700 hr. Differences in growth rate between temperature groups can be related to differences in mean serum levels of T3. Differences in growth rate between sexes were not parallelled by differences in levels of thyroid hormones or acrophases, but males did not have a higher amplitude in the sinusoidal T4 rhythm compared to females. This difference was more pronounced in the 37.8 C group. PMID- 7088805 TI - Development of extender and techniques for frozen turkey semen. 1. Development. AB - An extender for turkey semen with a frozen-thawed recovery of greater than or equal to 50% motile spermatozoa and a vigorous swirl was developed. The effect of glucose, a comparison of 10 different sugars in the extender, the use of sodium acetate and potassium acetate, the ratio of dimethylsulfoxide to ethylene glycol, the percent total cryoprotectant, equilibration time, and osmotic pressure were all tested. Replacement of approximately half of the extender with an iso-osmolar glucose solution yielded higher percentages of motile spermatozoa with both fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples. Replacement of glucose with other carbohydrates did not enhance recovery of frozen-thawed semen. The proportion of sodium and potassium acetates to TESNaK2 in the extender had no effect on motility. Approximately equal proportions of ethylene glycol to dimethylsulfoxide, with a final concentration of 11.2% after dilution, produced at or near optimal recovery of spermatozoal motility after freezing. Twenty to 90 min equilibration times before freezing yielded significantly higher recovery of motile sperm postthaw than shorter periods. A wide range of extender osmotic pressures were compatible with recovery of spermatozoal motility postthaw. The final extender consisted of 4.70 g sodium acetate, 3.39 g potassium acetate 9.23 g TES, .353 g sodium hydroxide, .492 g potassium hydroxide, 32.00 g glucose, H2O q.s. 1000 ml, 370 mOsm/kg, pH 7.2. Ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide were added (1:1 ratio) for a final concentration of 11.2% cryoprotectant after dilution. Semen was held undiluted for 6 min, extended 1:4 at 22 C, and equilibrated for 30 min at 0 C before pellet freezing. PMID- 7088806 TI - Development of extender and techniques for frozen turkey semen. 2. Fertility trials. AB - The effects of cryoprotectant concentrations, redilution, centrifugation, and dialysis techniques on fertility of fresh and frozen-thawed turkey semen were tested. Fresh extended semen with final concentrations of 4.8, 5.6, 9.6, and 11.2% cryoprotectant (dimethylsulfoxide and ethylene glycol, 1:1 ratio) showed a significant (P less than .05) decrease in fertility when compared to semen without cryoprotectant. Fertility of fresh semen extended with 4.8% cryoprotectant when centrifuged or rediluted and centrifuged, was unaffected when compared to cryoprotectant treated semen. Fertility of frozen-thawed semen after redilution and centrifugation was low, but samples rediluted one part semen for two parts extender yielded significantly (P less than .05) higher fertility than semen rediluted 1:1. Fresh semen extended with 11.2% cryoprotectant showed a highly significant (P less than .01) decrease in fertility despite dialysis, while semen with 9.6% cryoprotectant showed no difference when compared to dialyzed semen without cryoprotectant. Fertility of frozen-thawed semen dialyzed against blood plasma (approximately pH 7.9) and blood plasma adjusted with TES2 to pH 7.4 or pH 7.2 was not significantly different. Fertility of frozen-thawed semen dialyzed for 30 min was significantly higher (P less than .01) than semen dialyzed for 15 min or 0 min. Frozen-thawed semen dialyzed with a semen to dialysate ratio of 1:15 and 1:24 supported significantly higher (P less than .01) fertility than at 1:50 ratio. The AGPT3 dialysate yielded significantly higher (P less than .01) fertility than blood plasma adjusted to pH 7.2 with TES. PMID- 7088807 TI - Performance of laying hens subjected to intermittent lighting initiated at 24 weeks of age. AB - Leghorn pullets of a commercial strain were subjected to a conventional light program of constant photoperiod or an intermittent programming involving, during the house of conventional "lights-on", 45 min light (L): 15 min dark (D) from 24 to 27 weeks of age; 30 min L:30 min D from 28 to 35 weeks; and 14 min L:45 min D from 36 weeks to the duration of the trial. Each light treatment was tested with 12 replicate groups of 14 individually caged birds housed in adjacent rooms, with all birds fed a standard 15% crude protein, 2750 kcal ME/kg diet. Intermittent lighting resulted in a significant (P less than .05) reduction in feed intake and a consistent but nonsignificant (P less than .05) reduction in egg production. Egg size, egg shell quality, and albumen quality, as assessed by Haugh units, were not affected by light treatment. Due to the effect on egg production, it is concluded that intermittent lighting programs should not be initiated close to time of peak egg production. PMID- 7088808 TI - Effect of 3-nitro-10 on egg yolk pigmentation. AB - White Leghorn hens, housed in cages were fed commercial-type corn-soy diets containing one of three levels of 3-Nitro-10 (0, .0025, and .005%) and either of two levels of xanthophyll (high and low) supplied by yellow corn. Egg yolks were collected and the yolks analyzed for color using reflectance colorimetry. The addition of 3-Nitro-10 at either level increased egg yolk dominant wavelength (DWL) and excitation purity (EP) values while decreasing luminosity (LUM) values (probability levels: .08, .10, and .003, respectively). It was concluded that the addition of 3-Nitro-10 to the diet of laying hens improved egg yolk color. PMID- 7088809 TI - Body weight changes during the reproductive period in four strains of turkey hens. AB - Body weight changes were taken at eight times during a 180-day reproductive period in four lines of turkey hens differing by up to 32% in body weight and 82% in egg production. The same pattern of change in body weights was observed in all four lines, indicating that body weight changes during reproduction in turkey hens are not associated with mature body weights or egg production potential. PMID- 7088810 TI - Stability of hemoglobin gene frequency in randombred chicken and quail populations. AB - The stability of hemoglobin polymorphism in a randombred chicken and a randombred Coturnix quail population was studied by comparing the frequencies of known hemoglobin mutant genes after several generations of maintaining nonselected randombred populations. The current gene frequency of .053 in the chicken population was similar to the .060 gene frequency determined 13 generations ago. A gene frequency of .069 was observed for the mutant hemoglobulin in the quail population compared to a .042 frequency 15 generations ago. PMID- 7088811 TI - Phenol red as indicator of the digestive tract motility in chickens. AB - Phenol red has been shown to produce no effects on intestinal motility of 24-hour old chickens, allowing for quantitative measures of gastrointestinal transit and emptying. The results show that 1 hr after ingestion, the main digestive contents are stored in the crop with lesser amounts in the muscular part of the stomach, in the ileum, and in the rectum and caeca. PMID- 7088812 TI - Digestion of dry matter and amino acids and energy utilization by chicks fed molded corn containing mycotoxins. AB - A study was conducted to determine the ability of chicks to digest dry matter and amino acids and to utilize the energy from uncontaminated corn and contaminated corn containing mycotoxins. The contaminated corn contained either aflatoxin from natural molding, citrinin by artificially molding with a Penicillum spp., or ochratoxin by inoculation with Aspergillus ochraceus. Compared to uncontaminated corn, none of the criteria measured was affected in corn contaminated with aflatoxin. Dry matter digestibility, amino acid digestibility, and energy utilization were reduced (P less than .05) when corn was artificially molded with the Pencillium spp. and with A. ochraceus. PMID- 7088813 TI - 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in heat stressed laying hens. AB - The activity of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase was assayed in heat stressed laying hens fed a 3.5% calcium diet with either .625% or .925% phosphorus. The activity of this enzyme in the heat stressed birds was higher than in the control birds (P less than or equal to .07). The phosphorus content of the diets had no effect on enzyme activity. PMID- 7088814 TI - Crop volume of chickens as affected by body size, sex, and breed. AB - Single Comb White leghorn (SCWL) hens, broiler cockerels, and two weight classes of SCWL roosters were utilized to determine the relationships of breed, sex, and body size to crop volume. Crop volume was significantly different (P less than .05) among all types of birds examined. Significant differences (P less than .05) of crop volume per kilogram body weight occurred between birds of opposite sex within a breed and between birds of identical sex but differing breed. However, within a breed, birds of identical sex but differing body size exhibited similar crop volume (cc/kg body weight). PMID- 7088816 TI - The use of television in teaching. PMID- 7088815 TI - Impaired nutrient utilization associated with pale bird syndrome in broiler chicks. AB - Energy utilization and lipid absorption were studied in chickens having the symptoms of the pale bird syndrome (PBS). Chicks with PBS and also ones that appeared "normal" were taken from a commercial farm and compared to control chicks raised at the University of Georgia (UGA). The PBS chicks utilized dietary energy and absorbed lipids substantially less than the normal birds from the commercial farm. Differences in lipid absorption alone did not account for the discrepancy in metabolizable energy between the two groups, suggesting that absorption of non-lipid dietary components was also affected. Both of the commercial groups of chicks showed a lesser ability to utilize dietary energy and absorb lipid than the UGA control chicks, indicating that the normal chicks may also have been affected by the disease. PMID- 7088817 TI - Professional confidentiality -- disclosing the identity of a patient. PMID- 7088818 TI - Hypothyroidism among the Irish. PMID- 7088819 TI - A practical approach to the hirsute patient. PMID- 7088820 TI - Blood glucose determination. The use of a new reflectance photometer. PMID- 7088821 TI - The audit of diabetes mellitus in general practice. PMID- 7088822 TI - Violence: a personal profile. PMID- 7088823 TI - Alcohol, aggression and violence. PMID- 7088824 TI - Rape. PMID- 7088825 TI - Violence: a neurological overview. PMID- 7088826 TI - Contact dermatitis due to ladybirds. PMID- 7088827 TI - The role of nutrition in pregnancy. PMID- 7088828 TI - Drug treatment of depression in general practice. PMID- 7088829 TI - Streptococcus suis type II infection. A new industrial disease? PMID- 7088830 TI - Keloid formation after BCG vaccination. PMID- 7088831 TI - Malaria in the UK. Some observations on six years' experience in Leeds and Middlesbrough. PMID- 7088832 TI - Leptospiral infection due to serotype castellonis of the ballum serogroup. A case report. PMID- 7088833 TI - A comparison of treatment of vaginitis. PMID- 7088835 TI - Deputizing arrangements in general practice. PMID- 7088834 TI - A comparative study of Moducren and Moduretic and their effect on plasma potassium in essential hypertension. PMID- 7088836 TI - A pilot interpreter service. PMID- 7088837 TI - The value of electrocardiography in general practice. PMID- 7088838 TI - Rehabilitation of coronary patients. PMID- 7088839 TI - Changes in cardiological practice over the past eighteen years. PMID- 7088840 TI - Chromosomes and violence. PMID- 7088842 TI - Hospital geriatrics for a general practitioner. PMID- 7088841 TI - Subnormality and violence. PMID- 7088843 TI - The general practitioner obstetrician. PMID- 7088844 TI - The work of the general practitioner surgeon. PMID- 7088845 TI - An adder bite with unusual consequences. PMID- 7088847 TI - Surveillance after measles vaccination in children. PMID- 7088846 TI - Shingles in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7088848 TI - Chronic severe bronchospasm in adults. Treatment in general practice. PMID- 7088849 TI - The treatment of anxiety and depression in general practice. PMID- 7088850 TI - Physiotherapy in a rural practice. PMID- 7088852 TI - A simple and effective drug information system for general practitioners. PMID- 7088851 TI - A new dry powder inhaler. PMID- 7088853 TI - Open access by general practitioners to hospital physiotherapy departments. PMID- 7088854 TI - Research in general practice-the extra dimension. PMID- 7088855 TI - Haemorrhoids and all that. PMID- 7088856 TI - The clinical significance of diverticular disease of the colon. PMID- 7088857 TI - Faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer in general practice. PMID- 7088858 TI - Common epithelia tumours of the intestine. PMID- 7088859 TI - Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 7088860 TI - Crohn's disease of the large bowel. PMID- 7088861 TI - Impalement injuries of the colon and rectum. PMID- 7088862 TI - A psychosomatic approach. PMID- 7088863 TI - The psychosomatic mosaic. PMID- 7088864 TI - Ill children have family crises too. PMID- 7088865 TI - Elbow injuries in the Himalayas. PMID- 7088866 TI - The cedar cutters of Mulanje mountain. PMID- 7088867 TI - Catarrh-a survey in general practice. PMID- 7088868 TI - Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the role of colposcopy. PMID- 7088869 TI - Colostomy management in babies: a survey of the parents' difficulties. PMID- 7088870 TI - Colon and rectum. PMID- 7088871 TI - [Handling suicide in childhood and adolescence--therapy and prevention]. PMID- 7088872 TI - [Integrated psychotherapy in inpatient child psychiatry--experiences with the therapeutic team]. PMID- 7088873 TI - [Conflicts and conflict diagnosis in inpatient child psychotherapy]. PMID- 7088874 TI - [Relaxation exercises. A modification of autogenic training for mentally retarded children]. PMID- 7088875 TI - [Negativism in early childhood autism]. PMID- 7088876 TI - [Drug abuse and sexuality. The effect of intoxicating drugs on sexuality in adolescents]. PMID- 7088877 TI - [Experiences with groups of adolescents at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Ankara]. PMID- 7088878 TI - [Physicians' opinions in the Canton of Vaud regarding the abuse of pharmaceutical drugs among youth (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088879 TI - [Advantages and disadvantages of peri-surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in routine gynecologic operations: long-term versus short-term prophylaxis]. PMID- 7088880 TI - [Lung cancer and radiotherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088882 TI - [Medicamentous gallstone dissolution (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088881 TI - [What is your diagnosis?]. PMID- 7088883 TI - [Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and implantation of endoprostheses--a contribution of interventional radiology to the treatment of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088884 TI - [Intensive care for adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after severe chest trauma--a two-years experience (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088885 TI - [The yellow nails syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088886 TI - [Role of patient information in the treatment of hypertension--results of a questionnaire in 103 hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088887 TI - [Bronchitis in infants and toddlers: problems of treatment in pediatric practice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088888 TI - [Significance of lung function tests in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088890 TI - [Clinical relevance of blood gas analysis in children with lung disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088889 TI - [Lung overinflation and hypoxemia in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088891 TI - [Diagnosis and management of the croup syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088892 TI - [Surgical management of peptic ulcer 1981 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088893 TI - [Recurring ulcers after surgical treatment of the gastro-duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088894 TI - [Surgical treatment of morbid obesity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088895 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088896 TI - [In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, medical and ethical considerations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088897 TI - [Surgical management of pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7088898 TI - [Elastofibroma dorsi. 2 cases and a review of literature]. PMID- 7088899 TI - [Granular body myopathy (so-called reducing body myopathy)]. PMID- 7088900 TI - [The importance of autopsy in present-day medicine, II. Clinical autopsy]. PMID- 7088901 TI - [Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. A contribution to its differential diagnosis]. PMID- 7088902 TI - "Civilization-associated" diseases in Europe and industrial countries outside of Europe: regional differences and trends in mortality. PMID- 7088903 TI - Prevalence of familial hyper- and hypolipoproteinemias in Blacks: the Princeton School District Family Study. PMID- 7088904 TI - Intraindividual changes of blood pressure, serum lipids, and body weight in relation to menstrual status: results from a prospective population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden. PMID- 7088905 TI - Some acute cardiopulmonary effects of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke in man. PMID- 7088906 TI - Guidelines for evaluating cancer control programs. PMID- 7088907 TI - The efficacy of a multicomponent approach to the prevention of cigarette smoking. PMID- 7088908 TI - The U.S. Air Force HEART program: the Air Force perspective. PMID- 7088910 TI - Nicotine yields of cigarettes, plasma nicotine in smokers, and public health. PMID- 7088909 TI - Cancer in Thailand: lessons for cancer control. PMID- 7088911 TI - A community approach to weight control: the American Cancer Society Weight-A Thon. PMID- 7088912 TI - [Effect of FAF anionite swelling on its sorption properties]. AB - Experiments were carried out to clarify the effect of swelling coefficients of various samples of the polycondensation anion exchange resin FAF in the C1 form on its sorption properties. The anion exchange resin was used to eliminate contaminating proteins and low molecular weight agents from the allantois fluid and liver cultured cells of pigs. Thermal treatment of the anion exchange resin increased the coefficient of its swelling, leaving the structure unchanged. The resin structure was controlled by electron microscopy and X-ray scattering of low angle. When the resin samples with the swelling coefficients of 3.5 and 4.0 were used, 30-40% of proteins, 50% of reducing agents and neutral carbohydrates and a small quantity of phosphorus were adsorbed. PMID- 7088913 TI - [Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by microorganisms]. AB - Transformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a number of yeasts and fungi have been studied. The major portion of TNT added to the medium is transformed to reduced metabolites: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene with the former isomer being in predominance. The scheme of TNT transformation via the nitroreductase stage proposed earlier for bacteria also holds true for yeasts and fungi. The difference between the results cited in this paper and those obtained by other authors can be attributed to the dissimilar biological and chemical stability of TNT reduced metabolites. PMID- 7088915 TI - [Comparative efficacy of chemotherapy in myeloma and cancer patients with relatively long survival]. PMID- 7088914 TI - [Structural study of Eremurus glucomannans by electron microscopic and roentgenographic methods]. AB - By electron microscopy and roentgenography glucomannanes from four species of Eremurus have been examined and shown to be polymorphic. Deacetylated glucomannane produces a lamellar form with a high degree of crystallinity. Partially acetylated glucomannane produces a fibrillar form representing a poorly ordered structure with a spaced (4.4 A) position of chains going in the same direction. In plants glucomannane can also exist as fibrils. The factors determining the formation of a certain supramolecular form are acetyl substitutes in the chain of the polysaccharide and the degree of its polymerization. The effect of the supramolecular structure on the properties and biological function of glucomannanes is discussed. PMID- 7088916 TI - [Post-transfusion hepatitis in leukemia patients]. PMID- 7088918 TI - [Stromal precursor cells (CFU-f) of bone marrow in patients with primary malignant bone neoplasms]. PMID- 7088917 TI - [C-heterochromatin regions of chromosomes of hematopoietic cells in leukemia patients]. PMID- 7088919 TI - [Radioimmunoassay of E antigen and anti-E antibody system of hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 7088920 TI - [Chemotherapy effectiveness in destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in the middle aged and elderly using different methods of administering the preparations]. PMID- 7088921 TI - [Treatment effectiveness in newly detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis using different combinations of chemical preparations]. PMID- 7088922 TI - [Comparative assessment of pathogenic agents in the combined treatment of respiratory organ tuberculosis]. PMID- 7088924 TI - [Biological properties of different species of Mycobacterium isolated from soil]. PMID- 7088925 TI - [Effect of phosphamide on the body's immunological reactions in the development of a BCG vaccinal process]. PMID- 7088923 TI - [Experience with the use of BCG vaccine in the combined treatment of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7088926 TI - [Tuberculin sensitivity of children with different forms of respiratory tuberculosis]. PMID- 7088927 TI - [Sensitivity to tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene]. PMID- 7088928 TI - [Epidemiological studies of sarcoidosis in DDR]. PMID- 7088929 TI - [Epidemiological role of sarcoidosis in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 7088930 TI - [Classification of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088931 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088932 TI - [Clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088933 TI - [Current methods of diagnosis of sarcoidosis of respiratory organs]. PMID- 7088934 TI - [Results of endoscopic biopsy in sarcoidosis or respiratory organs]. PMID- 7088935 TI - [Early detection of tuberculosis and nontuberculous lung diseases]. PMID- 7088936 TI - [Limited nonspecific pneumoscleroses]. PMID- 7088938 TI - [Pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088937 TI - [Clinical application of the results of respiration biomechanics tests in patients with lung sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088939 TI - [Extrathoracic and disseminated sarcoidosis in children, teenagers, and adolescents]. PMID- 7088940 TI - [Long-term results of treatment of patients with sarcoidosis of respiratory organs]. PMID- 7088941 TI - [Role of histochemical methods in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088942 TI - [Copper and ceruloplasmin levels in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis of respiratory organs]. PMID- 7088943 TI - [Epidemiological studies in sarcoidosis of respiratory organs]. PMID- 7088944 TI - [Biophysical methods of diagnosis of drug allergy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7088946 TI - [Clinical-roentgenological manifestations of intrathoracic sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7088945 TI - [Changes in the bronchial tree in chronic bronchitis (morphometric data)]. PMID- 7088947 TI - [A case of concomitant sarcoidosis and lung cancer]. PMID- 7088949 TI - The effect of fasting on the secretion of lipoproteins and two forms of apo B by perfused rat liver. PMID- 7088948 TI - Effects of severe hemorrhagic hypotension on the vasculature of the chicken. PMID- 7088950 TI - The luteotrophic effects of estradiol and prolactin in the absence of LH in the hysterectomized, pseudopregnant rat. PMID- 7088951 TI - Agglutination of Naegleria fowleri by human serum. PMID- 7088953 TI - Thiosulfate pharmacokinetics in normal and anuric dogs. PMID- 7088952 TI - Assay for thrombopoietin: a new, more sensitive method based on measurement of the small acetylcholinesterase-positive cell. PMID- 7088954 TI - Effect of phagocytosed fat and casein on the intraphagosomal pH in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. PMID- 7088956 TI - Plasma calcium, plasma and thyroidal calcitonin, and histomorphometric bone changes in parathyroidectomized rats. PMID- 7088955 TI - Determinants of protection by human immune globulin against experimental herpes neonatorum. PMID- 7088957 TI - Effects of ovarian steroids on luteal function: prevention of luteolysis following LH-neutralization in the pseudopregnant rat. PMID- 7088958 TI - Trace metal-citric acid complexes as inhibitors of calcification and crystal formation. PMID- 7088959 TI - Origin of multinucleated giant cells in long-term diffusion chamber cultures. PMID- 7088961 TI - Aging and hydrocortisone effects on transient structures of replicative DNA of human fibroblasts. PMID- 7088960 TI - IgE antibody responses induced by repeated administration of antigens without adjuvant. PMID- 7088962 TI - Proteins in the nervous system; structure and function. Proceedings of a symposium of the Galveston Chapter of the Society of Neuroscience, Galveston, Texas, February 26-March 1, 1981. PMID- 7088963 TI - Examination of human brain proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PMID- 7088964 TI - The justification theory: the effect of tyrosine deficiency on tubulin synthesis in the brain. PMID- 7088965 TI - Studies of MAO concentration and activity in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 7088966 TI - Neuronotrophic factors: problems and perspectives. PMID- 7088967 TI - Glial-released proteins in neural intercellular communication: molecular mapping, modulation, and influence on neuronal differentiation. PMID- 7088968 TI - NGF effects on human neuroblastoma lines: a model system. PMID- 7088969 TI - Issues in screening and cancer communications: overview of conference issues. PMID- 7088970 TI - Issues in cancer screening and communications. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Progress in Cancer Control. Buffalo, New York, September 28 and 29, 1981. PMID- 7088971 TI - Communications programs of the Commission on Cancer, American College of Surgeons. PMID- 7088972 TI - The key to effective cancer communication at the community level. PMID- 7088973 TI - The Canadian Cancer Society professional and public education programs. PMID- 7088974 TI - Communication and behavior change for cancer control. AB - Even though behavior can sometimes be changed in a planned way without clear understanding or its original causes, efforts to modify behavior will ultimately be more successful if they grow out of an understanding of causal processes. The literature and experience in communication of health information have identified a number of conditions which affect the likelihood of health education campaigns being effective. Conditions conductive to effective attitude and behavior change through communications are summarized below: (1) Novelty in the way the message is presented to attract attention. (2) Use of multiple channels of communication to increase the probability of reaching the target audience. (3) Pretesting of health messages to ensure that the information is understood by the target audience. (4) Repetition of the message by multiple sources of high credibility. (5) Targeting of specific behaviors to be changed rather than a general orientation. (6) Incorporation of specific behavioral instructions (e.g. tips on how to quit smoking), in the communications. In conclusion, we have attempted to suggest that measured against what prudence science leads us to expect, cancer information and education programs have been dramatically effective. The challenge before us is to evaluate, refine and expand these efforts to reduce cancer incidence and mortality. PMID- 7088975 TI - Evaluation of promotional strategies to solve the problem of underutilization of a breast examination education center in a New York City black community. PMID- 7088976 TI - Oral cancer screening in the dental office. PMID- 7088977 TI - Risk modification in multifactorial studies: implications for cancer control. PMID- 7088978 TI - Patient delay in the diagnosis of cancer, emphasizing malignant melanoma of the skin. PMID- 7088979 TI - A review of oral cancer screening and detection in the metropolitan Detroit cancer control program. AB - In summarizing the experience of the twenty-seven months of the oral cancer screening and detection program the data indicate: 1.) Cancers were detected at earlier stages than is reported nationally. Further investigation is needed to determine whether there is a correlation between early detection and increased survival. (Kaufman 1980). 2.) The detection of fifteen precancerous lesions is significant in that intervention may have precluded malignant transformation. 3.) Of those found with oral cancers, eight were symptomatic and two were asymptomatic, while in the premalignant group five were symptomatic and seven were asymptomatic. On the basis of these data, it appears that the symptomatic group chose the screening program as a pathway of entry into the medical system. The motivation for this choice requires investigation. Possible hypotheses are: screening by a registered dental hygienist and in a familiar setting was less threatening than by a physician or dentist in a formal medical setting. The reputation of the MCF, as a center of excellence in cancer control, may have contributed to the willingness to be screened. 4.) The incidental detection of five skin and three laryngeal cancers was an aid to cancer control. 5.) The program successfully trained and utilized registered dental hygienists in oral cancer screening thereby demonstrating an economical use of professional health resources. Follow-up is needed to ascertain whether their training is successfully applied in private practice. 6.) Efforts to reach the high risk population were less productive than expected because, while target screening sites serviced heavy drinkers and smokers, their populations were sometimes less than 40 years-of-age. This finding suggests a need for more refined strategies for accessing high risk populations. PMID- 7088981 TI - Issues in the early detection and rehabilitation of breast cancer patients. PMID- 7088980 TI - Planning applied population-based cancer control programs: the uses of mortality and morbidity data. PMID- 7088982 TI - Role of education in screening for cancer control: results of follow up in two screening programs. PMID- 7088983 TI - A predominance of poorly differentiated tumors among black breast cancer patients: management and screening implications. PMID- 7088984 TI - The role of guidelines for cancer screening. PMID- 7088985 TI - Hemoccult testing in a cancer screening clinic. PMID- 7088986 TI - A cancer detection and education program for employees. PMID- 7088988 TI - An early detection cancer registry. PMID- 7088987 TI - Screening for cervical cancer: results from several intervention strategies. PMID- 7088989 TI - Variations and associations in histopathology, clinical factors, mammographic patterns and growth rates among breast cancers confirmed in a screened population. PMID- 7088990 TI - Improved community colon cancer control. PMID- 7088991 TI - Community breast cancer screening in metropolitan Detroit. PMID- 7088992 TI - Early diagnosis of lung cancer. PMID- 7088993 TI - An analyses of the outcomes of the breast lesion evaluation project. PMID- 7088994 TI - Structuring information given to children about cancer. PMID- 7088995 TI - Influencing telephone responses to a cancer information system via televised public service announcements. PMID- 7088996 TI - The prevention SCIT: developing a system for communicating smoking and cancer issues to teachers. PMID- 7088997 TI - Cancer patients' preferences for educational methods and media. PMID- 7088998 TI - A program to encourage early detection and treatment of breast cancer by giving information and emotional support. PMID- 7088999 TI - Cancer information for blacks: a radio program evaluation. PMID- 7089000 TI - Management of cancer patient and family education. PMID- 7089001 TI - Evaluation of screening for cancer of the cervix and breast: implications for cancer control. PMID- 7089002 TI - Breast self examination (BSE) instruction: an evaluation of compliance and performance. PMID- 7089003 TI - Differences between black and white responses to cancer information service promotion mechanisms. PMID- 7089004 TI - Multimedia public/professional skin cancer education in a multiethnic setting. PMID- 7089005 TI - Breast cancer education: an approach to program planning and evaluation. PMID- 7089006 TI - Resource information network for cancer (RINC). PMID- 7089007 TI - Quality assessment of the cancer information service: evolution of a test call system. PMID- 7089008 TI - Survey of cancer content and utilization of resources in curricula of Illinois schools of nursing. PMID- 7089009 TI - What do men know about prostate cancer and methods for detecting prostate cancer? PMID- 7089010 TI - Issues in cancer screening and communications. PMID- 7089011 TI - A technique for administering a questionnaire to a group with low reading ability. PMID- 7089012 TI - Methodological issues in using time series designs and analysis: evaluating the behavioral impact of health communication programs. PMID- 7089013 TI - Screening for genital tract cancers. PMID- 7089014 TI - Cancer screening - a state health department prospective. PMID- 7089015 TI - NCI's coping with cancer information and education program--evolution, planning, and implementation. PMID- 7089016 TI - Experimental studies to increase BSE-preliminary findings. PMID- 7089017 TI - [Stability of cyclandelate in a soft capsule]. PMID- 7089018 TI - 4-Aminopyridine tablets; a method for the preparation. In-vitro and in-vivo studies. PMID- 7089019 TI - [Breakability of tablets and film-coated dragees]. PMID- 7089020 TI - [Uses and risks of sunlight on the skin]. PMID- 7089021 TI - [Synthesis of alkaloids using intramolecular Diels-Alder and nitron cycloaddition]. PMID- 7089023 TI - [Color reactions of aldehyde and aromatic acids, intermediate stages and colored salts in an example of various drug substances (a contribution to structure determination in drug analysis)]. PMID- 7089022 TI - [Khat, an addictive drug of Islam]. PMID- 7089024 TI - [Greater markets for small computers. Microcomputers for commercial applications]. PMID- 7089025 TI - No evidence for cholinergic mechanisms in the control of spontaneous predatory behavior of the ferret. PMID- 7089026 TI - Effects of morphine on fixed interval-induced escape from food reinforcement. PMID- 7089027 TI - A new method for the determination of blood ethanol levels in rodents. AB - A procedure is described for the estimation of ethanol in blood of rodents. The procedure is based on the same principle as the breath analyzer method used with human subjects. Using a specifically designed mask, samples of rebreathed air are collected under equilibrium conditions. These are injected directly into gas chromatograph for the quantitation of ethanol. We determined the conversion factor for calculating blood ethanol levels from those determined in breath to be 1:2857. The method was validated by comparing blood (from the jugular vein) and breath values obtained on the same animal after the administration of various doses of ethanol either intraperitoneally or intragastrically. PMID- 7089028 TI - Influence of repeated deprivation upon starvation-induced hypovolemia and plasma aldosterone concentration in rats. AB - Rats exposed to repeated periods of food deprivation during development revealed significant inhibition of starvation-induced hypovolemia as adults. Same age littermates food deprived once as adults indicated severe hypovolemia. Plasma aldosterone (but not angiotensin II) was significantly elevated in the repeatedly fasted group as compared with the control and the singly deprived groups. It is concluded that the repeated application of food deprivation during development results in physiological compensation in the form of increased aldosterone release if starvation is encountered in adulthood. These increments in plasma aldosterone promote greater sodium retention thus lessening the compromising of blood volume necessary to maintain normal plasma osmolality given the lack of dietary sodium. PMID- 7089029 TI - Alcohol-morphine interaction: oral intake in genetically selected Maudsley rats. PMID- 7089030 TI - Effects of acute and daily cocaine administration on performance under a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. AB - Food deprived pigeons were trained under a procedure in which trials began with the transillumination of one of three keys by red or green light. Pecking this key extinguished the light behind it and, after a variable delay (0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 sec), was followed by illumination of the two other keys, one by red light and one by green. Pecks on the key that was the same color as the previously illuminated key could produce access to food. High levels of accuracy were obtained at all delays. The acute and chronic effects of cocaine on performance generated by this procedure (delayed-matching-to-sample) were studied. Acutely, cocaine (0.56-10.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in accuracy and in rate of completing trials. Accuracy at the longest delay was more sensitive to cocaine's effects. Daily administration of a comparatively large dose (5.6 mg/kg) resulted in tolerance to the rate-reducing and accuracy-reducing effects of large doses. PMID- 7089031 TI - Effects of caffeine on schedule-controlled responding in the rat. PMID- 7089032 TI - Opiate modification of amygdaloid-kindled seizures in rats. AB - Male Long-Evans rats were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally with bipolar electrodes in the central amygdala. Rats were then kindled once daily for 1 sec until 3 consecutive Stage V [25] kindled seizures were elicited. On the following day, animals were injected (IP) with either saline, naloxone (10 mg/kg), naltrexone (10mg/kg) or morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) and again stimulated at the kindling stimulation parameters. Saline injected animals continued to show long bilateral AD's and behaviors (i.e., forelimb clonus, rearing, falling) typical of Stage V kindled animals. In contrast, rats injected with naloxone or naltrexone showed reduced behavioral seizures. Potentiation of post-ictal spiking by morphine in amygdaloid-kindled rats was also observed supporting previous reports [7,21]. In a second experiment, the reduction of kindled seizure serverity by naloxone was systematically replicated. It is concluded that opiates can significantly modify amygdaloid-kindled seizures, and that brain endorphins may play a role in the development or maintenance of an amygdaloid-kindled seizure focus. PMID- 7089033 TI - Ethanol elimination rates in mice: effects of gender, nutrition, and chronic ethanol treatment. AB - Twenty male and 20 female mice of a heterogeneous stock were assigned to each of three groups. One groups was administered ethanol in a liquid diet for 9 days, a second group was fed an isocalorically controlled diet containing no ethanol for the same length of time, and the third group was fed standard lab chow. Each animal was injected with a dose of ethanol equal to 3.5 g/kg body weight at the time corresponding to 6 hr post-withdrawal for the ethanol-treated group. Blood ethanol elimination rates were determined at 1, 2, and 3 hr post-injection. Neither gender, nutritional state, nor chronic ethanol treatment was found to affect ethanol elimination rates. PMID- 7089034 TI - Altered adult behavior of mice following postnatal treatment with haloperidol. AB - Haloperidol (1 and 2 mg/kg) was administered SC daily to BALB/c and Swiss/Webster mice from postnatal days 4 through 21. Non consistent statistically significant drug effects were detected on growth and reflex development. Spontaneous motor activity increased significantly in both sexes of the Swiss/Webster outbred strain, and in the Balb/c males. Performance of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement of both male and female haloperidol-exposed mice was not statistically different from control performance. Interpretation of such data must take into account the sensitivity of the testing devices, the effects of repeated testing of a single animal, and the suitability of traditional statistical methods in developmental pharmacology and toxicology. PMID- 7089035 TI - Mitigation of the septal lesion syndrome by pre-lesion chronic treatment with haloperidol. PMID- 7089036 TI - Lithium toxicology: effect of isotopic composition on lethality and behavior. AB - Naturally occurring lithium consists largely of the stable lithium-7 isotope but it contains 7.6% of a second stable isotope, lithium-6. Biological effects of these two isotopes were not identical. When administered in isotopically pure form, the chloride of lithium-6 was more toxic after acute intake than the chloride of pure lithium-7:its LD in Swiss-Webster mice was 13.2 mEq/kg as opposed to 15.9 mEq/kg for the salt of the heavier isotope and 14.9 mEq/kg for that of the natural mixture of the two isotopes. A single injection of one or the other pure isotope in a constant dose, 14.5 mEq/kg led to a 90% mortality in mice given lithium-6 but only 10% in mice given lithium-7. Side effects such as hypoactivity, ataxia, intense perspiration and diarrhea appeared within 10 min after administration of toxic doses of lithium-6 but more gradually after lithium 7. The differences between the isotopes in toxicity and rate of appearance of effects on spontaneous motor activity were significant at the p less than 1% level. PMID- 7089037 TI - Detection of cholinergic mediation of behavior in 7-, 9-, and 12-day old rat pups. AB - A training procedure that permitted infant rats (7, 9, and 12 days old) to acquire a T maze discrimination to escape footshock (Experimental 1) was used to study the effects of the cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine hydrobromide (0, 0.2 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg) (Experiment 2). These results indicated that (1) Scopolamine had no effect on T maze choice behavior, unlike previous results for 15- and 23 day old rats, but (2) scopolamine did increase latency to choice in the discrimination task at all ages, an effect previously seen in 15-day old animals, but opposite that seen after scopolamine administration to 23-day old animals or adults. This "paradoxical" effect of scopolamine on response latency is present approximately two weeks prior to earlier estimates of the time course of maturation of the cholinergic system. PMID- 7089038 TI - Duration of response to pentobarbital of female vs male albino and pigmented rats. AB - We measured responses to pentobarbital of females and males of Sim:(LE) ancestry to test Long-Evans rats for a sex difference in drug response, i.e., higher pentobarbital susceptibility in females. We studied littermate quadruplets made up of an albino male and female and a black-hooded male and female to determine if the sex differences, if any, would be seen in both pigmented and albino rats. The rats were injected weekly IP with sodium pentobarbital; each rat's dosage increased 10 mg/kg per week to the dose that was lethal. In no case was the onset of the drug's effects consistently more rapid in the females. In both albino and hooded rats the drug effects' duration was significantly longer in the females. The females' lethal doses were lower than the males', but not significantly. Thus for at least one drug response measure there is a sex difference in drug response in pigmented and albino Long-Evans rats. PMID- 7089039 TI - Behavioral effects of intracerebroventricularly administered neurohypophyseal hormone analogs in mice. AB - The neurohypophyseal hormones oxytocin and vasopressin evoke characteristic behavioral changes after intracerebroventricular injection in mice. These included the induction of excessive grooming and scratching in an unrestricted environment and of escape behavior in stressful situations. The structure activity relations of 33 neurohypophyseal hormones and hormone analogs in the induction of these behavioral changes were examined. The results demonstrate that these effects generally parallel the vasoconstrictory effects of th peptides. It is suggested that the behavioral effects are mediated by a receptor that is closely related biochemically to the vasopressin receptors in blood vessels. They are not related to the long-term effects of neurohypophyseal hormones on learned behavior. A competitive antagonist of the short-term behavioral effects of these peptides is described. This analog also antagonizes some of the hormonal effects of vasopressin and related peptides. PMID- 7089040 TI - 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol binds to androgen and estrogen receptors without activating copulatory behavior in female rats. AB - The ability of the androgen metabolite 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta-A-diol) to facilitate copulatory behavior was assessed directly in adult ovariectomized rats. Neither the highest dosage of 5 mg/day for three days, nor 2 mg/day for 15 days could induce lordosis behavior in females that displayed typically high lordosis quotients with low dosages of estradiol (E). Furthermore, prolonged administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced a low but significant level of male-typical mounting behavior in females, whereas 3 beta-a diol administered for 20 days (2 mg/day) had no effect on mounting behavior. However, this reduced androgen metabolite did compete moderately well for DHT and E binding sites on androgen and estrogen receptors respectively in hypothalamic cytosol preparations. We conclude that in spite of its ability to bind to these receptors in the brain 3 beta-A-diol, a major metabolite of DHT, is totally inert with respect to sexual behavior. PMID- 7089041 TI - Acute and chronic effects of phenytoin on fixed-ratio performances of pigeons. PMID- 7089042 TI - Effect of acute and chronic ethanol pre-treatment on the disposition of phencyclidine (PCP) in the rat. AB - Disposition of [H] Phencyclidine in brain, plasma and adipose tissue of rats acutely and chronically-treated with ethanol was studied using a method possessing high sensitivity and specificity for PCP. In rats acutely-treated with ethanol (5 g/kg PO dose) and PCP (10 mg/kg IP dose), dispositional factors did not play a role in the intensifies pharmacological and behavioral effects of PCP. However in rats chronically-treated with 2.5 g/kg PO dose of ethanol twice a day for 19 days, the disposition of PCP (5 mg/kg IP dose) was significantly altered and the values of PCP in brain, plasma and adipose tissue were significantly higher than those in the control group. Although inhibition of PCP metabolism and a comparatively slower rate of its elimination appear to account for the potentiation of drug effects in animals chronically-treated with ethanol, interaction of drugs at the level of the central nervous system cannot be ruled out. PMID- 7089043 TI - Effect of cocaine on afterdischarge threshold in previously kindled rats. AB - Previous experiments have yielded conflicting reports on the effect of cocaine on the after discharge (AD) threshold for electrical stimulation. The present study was designed to determine if differences in the type of stimulation used could account for these discrepancies. Male Long-Evans rats which had been previously kindled by stimulation of the olfactory bulb were used to determine the AD threshold of the olfactory bulb following the intraperitoneal injection of saline or 20 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride. AD's were elicited by trains of square-wave pulses which varied in frequency and train duration. Cocaine significantly increase the amount of current required to produce AD's using stimulus trains with frequencies of 30-100 pulses/sec, while evidence of a decrease in AD threshold by cocaine was found at a frequency of 20 pulses/sec. The results suggest that cocaine has opposite effects on AD threshold at high and low frequencies of stimulation. PMID- 7089044 TI - Rate dependent inhibition of self-stimulation by apomorphine. AB - The effect of three doses of apomorphine 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 were studied on self stimulation generated by three levels of current intensity. Eight rats exhibited overall dose dependent decreases in self-stimulation obtained at the two lowest current intensities. Self-stimulation at the highest current intensity, however, was unaffected by even the highest dose level of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) despite typical signs of stereotypy exhibited by the rats in their home cages. Additionally, self-stimulation obtained under the 0.5 mg/kg dose of apomorphine under went extinction when reinforcement was discontinued. Thus, brain stimulation can be an effective reinforcement when an animal is given a stereotypy inducing dose of apomorphine if the current intensity is of sufficient magnitude and if the response manipulandum is not compatible with stereotypic responses. These observations appear consistent with a dopaminergic involvement in the response rather than reinforcement aspect of self-stimulation. PMID- 7089047 TI - Distribution of daunorubicin intravenously injected or intravenously infused as free drug and as a complex with DNA in rabbits. AB - The tissue distribution of daunorubicin (DNR) was investigated in rabbits after 5 mg/kg DNR i.v. bolus injection or 4 h infusion of 5 mg/kg either as free drug or as a complex with DNA. After i.v. bolus, the highest DNR concentration was observed in lungs and kidneys, a lower concentration in heart and spleen and the least in the liver. The DNR biotransformation to daunorubicinol (DNR-ol) and aglycones was most active in kidneys and liver, while heart, lungs and spleen metabolized DNR to a lower extent. The DNR tissue elimination half-life varied from 4.5 to 8.7 h, whereas concentrations of DNR-ol remained elevated for a longer period of time. After 4 h infusion, the only difference when compared with i.v. bolus consisted of a 3-fold lower initial DNR concentration in heart and lungs. No striking difference could be observed after free versus complexed drug infusion except for a somewhat lower DNR concentration in heart and lungs for the complexed drug. PMID- 7089046 TI - Effects of carbamylation of plasma proteins and competitive displacers on drug binding in uremia. AB - The effects of in vitro carbamylation of plasma with potassium cyanate on the binding of sulfisoxazole and diazepam have been investigated. Incubation of plasma with potassium cyanate produced varying degrees of carbamylation of plasma proteins which were associated with a decrease in the binding of sulfisoxazole (100 mg/l), a drug bound to site I on the human albumin. Scatchard plots showed that this decreased binding resulted from a decrease in affinity without changes in the number of binding sites. Similar changes were detected in uremia. Carbamylation of plasma proteins did not affect the binding of diazepam (3 mg/l), a drug bound to site II. The plasma protein binding of sulfisoxazole and diazepam was decreased in samples from uremic patients. Charcoal treatment did not modify the binding of sulfisoxazole to normal or carbamylated plasma while it reduced, but did not normalize, the binding defect in uremic plasma. On the other hand, charcoal treatment brought the binding of diazepam in uremic plasma to normal values. It seems that only drug binding site I is carbamylated in uremia, while competitive displacers bind to sites I and II. PMID- 7089045 TI - Interrelationships among blood pressure, renal function, thyroid activity and renal thyroid depressing factor in renal hypertensive rats. AB - Renal hypertension in rats was accompanied by both a decrease in thyroid activity (i.e., decreased total serum triiodothyronine concentration, increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and increased thyroid weight) and renal function (i.e., reduced renal concentrating ability, increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations). Systolic blood pressure, thyroid activity and level of renal function of individual hypertensive rats correlated significantly with the content of a thyroid-depressing factor in their kidneys. The results suggest, but do not prove, that a factor released by the kidneys during elevation of blood pressure and/or reduction in renal function may reduce thyroid function in the rat. PMID- 7089048 TI - Dielectric properties of mammalian tissues from 0.1 to 100 MHz: a summary of recent data. AB - Dielectric permittivity and conductivity measurements are reported from various soft excised mammalian non-tumour tissues, at frequencies between 0.1 and 100 MHz, and at room and body temperatures. The data over this wide frequency range can be well represented by a Cole-Cole equation for either the complex conductivity or complex permittivity. A summary of fitted parameters for the tissue data is presented, which can be used to reconstruct the original data values. The data are compared to older data that are still frequently quoted. Finally, the contribution of cells and organelles to the dielectric permittivity of one tissue is estimated, to help elucidate the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed dielectric data. PMID- 7089049 TI - The in situ measurement of strontium content in bone using x-ray fluorescence analysis. AB - A technique is described which uses x-ray fluorescence to determine in situ the strontium content of bone. Measurements were made of the skulls of seven rabbits both before and after a single bolus injection of strontium was administered intravenously. The retention of strontium was followed for up to eight months and could be represented either by a three-exponential model or, for data obtained between 12 and 252 d following injection, the power function At-b, where t is the time in days following injection. The three-exponential terms had linear coefficients of similar magnitude and half lives of 3-4 h, 10-40 d and 200-300 d. The exponent of the power function was 0.25-0.57. Measurements were also made of the skull and medial surface of the tibial crest of an adult dog for four months following subcutaneous administration of strontium. The results obtained using x ray fluorescence are found to be similar to those reported by others for radiostrontium studies. The precision and errors associated with the fluorescence technique are discussed. Estimates of radiation dose are given. It is concluded that the technique may serve to determine in situ the strontium content of bone near the surface of the body. PMID- 7089050 TI - Identifying critical human subpopulations by age groups: radioactivity and the lung. AB - This work studies the effect of age on lung dose commitments arising from the inhalation of an atmosphere containing radionuclides of varying half-lives and physical sizes. This dependence is significant in many cases, approaching a ratio of 2 in several instances when the maximum dose at a given age is compared with that for an adult. In most instances, the maximum dose occurs between 4 and 8 years of age, due to a combination of small channel radii (allowing greater diffusional deposition), low lung mass, and high breathing rate. Age-dependence is largest for particles in the range 0.01 to 0.1 micrometer, a range coincident with that normally encountered in atmospheric aerosols. Resting activity appears to provide the largest age-dependence, particularly for short-lived radionuclides. The study focused on radionuclides whose half-lives were less than 2 years. Total lung doses for longer lived radionuclides are dominated by pulmonary deposition and may be computed from the data in the figures, given a knowledge of the transit times for the tracheo-bronchial region. From the present results, it appears likely that current maximum permissible levels of exposure to airborne radionuclides may require re-evaluation to ensure that children do not receive unacceptably large dose commitments. Further revision may be required upon the incorporation of age-dependent risk factors. PMID- 7089051 TI - Energy spectra of secondary neutrons produced by high-energy bremsstrahlung in carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and tissue. AB - The energy spectra of secondary neutrons produced when bremsstrahlung of end point energy in the range 10-30 MeV is incident on oxygen, carbon and nitrogen have been calculated. Photonuclear reactions of the type (gamma, n) and (gamma, pn)( have been included. The respective contributions of various nuclear reactions have been adjusted using the published values of experimentally determined cross-sections, or branching-ratios, where these are available. Where no such information exists in the literature, the values have been empirically estimated. Agreements has been obtained between the calculated photoneutron spectra from C, N and O at various energies and the available experimentally measured spectra. The photoneutron spectra from C, N and O have been combined in the right proportion (C5H40O18N) to compute the spectra of secondary neutrons from tissue irradiated with bremsstrahlung of end-point energy from 10-30 MeV. Mean neutron energies and kerma factors for these spectra have been calculated. PMID- 7089052 TI - Time-frequency-domain analysis: one-dimensional phantom studies. AB - Two methods have been adopted to date for investigating the interference effects resulting from the scattering of ultrasound by soft mammalian tissues; one involves the conversion of time-domain signals into the frequency-domain, where the broad spectral characteristics of a short acoustic pulse are utilised, whilst the other varies the orientation of the specimen with reference to the incident beam and analyses the interference effects at a specific frequency. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the two techniques are equivalent though the former is more seriously restricted by the equipment features. Results are presented on simple linear arrays of nylon monofilaments which indicate the ability of the respective techniques to evaluate scatterer separation. Furthermore a detailed examination of the limitations of the techniques concludes that the monofrequency orientation method is to be preferred and allows for the more accurate determination of scatterer separation. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the usage of these techniques for tissue characterisation. PMID- 7089053 TI - Pion capture probabilities in tissues and tissue-equivalent materials. PMID- 7089055 TI - The consistency of studies of ultraviolet erythema in normal human skin. PMID- 7089054 TI - Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and normalisation. AB - An irradiation system has been designed, using a neutron beam from a cyclotron, which optimises the uniformity of activation of calcium. Induced activity is measured in a scanning, shadow-shield whole-body counter. Calibration has been effected and reproducibility assessed with three different types of phantom. Corrections were derived for variations in body height, depth and fat thickness. The coefficient of variation for repeated measurements of an anthropomorphic phantom was 1.8% for an absorbed dose equivalent of 13 mSv (1.3 rem). Measurements of total body calcium in 40 normal adults were used to derive normalisation factors which predict the normal calcium in a subject of given size and age. The coefficient of variation of normalised calcium was 6.2% in men and 6.6% in women, with the demonstration of an annual loss of 1.5% after the menopause. The narrow range should make single measurements useful for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 7089056 TI - Effect of slow neutron absorption on measurement of total body calcium in vivo. PMID- 7089057 TI - Determination of body outline by stereo x-ray photogrammetry. PMID- 7089058 TI - Knee flexor and extensor muscle strength. PMID- 7089059 TI - Two-point discrimination assessment in the upper limb in young adult men and women. AB - Two-point discrimination sensitivity in the upper limb was evaluated in a sample of healthy, young adult men and women. A commercially available compass-type instrument was used to determine limits of two-point discrimination sensitivity in 11 skin areas on the subject's dominant side. For dermatomal regions of the arm and forearm, mean values ranged from 30.7 mm to 45.4 mm. In the hand, the skin overlying the first dorsal interosseous muscle demonstrated discrimination values of 21.0 mm while that covering the volar surface of the tips of the thumb and long and little fingers showed values of 2.6 mm. Mean discrimination values for men and women in the test sample were not significantly different for any of the areas tested except the medial surface of the forearm where women showed a greater degree of sensitivity than men. The most striking observation was the large interindividual variation in two-point discrimination sensitivity. The existence of large interindividual variation within the normal population suggested that caution should be used when one is interpreting the results of two point discrimination testing in select patient populations. PMID- 7089060 TI - Electromyographic study of the peroneus longus muscle during bridging activities. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrical activity of the peroneus longus muscle in 12 normal subjects during eight variations of bridging. Electromyographic recordings were made using fine-wire electrodes and an ink writing polygraph. Differences in the amount of electrical activity during bilateral and unilateral bridging, with and without heels elevated 1.5 inches, and with and without the applications of maximal manual resistance to the lateral surface of the knee were investigated. Statistical analysis revealed that overall posture, heel elevation, and resistance produced significant effects in the electrical activity of the peroneus longus muscle. Resistance applied during bridging increased activity only when the heels were not elevated. Unilateral bridging produced a greater amount of electrical activity than bilateral bridging; elevated heels produced greater activity than unelevated heels; applying resistance produced greater activity than not applying it. Suggestions for further study were made. PMID- 7089063 TI - Measurement and redistribution of excessive pressures during wheelchair sitting. AB - The ischial tuberosities, the sacral coccygeal area, and the greater and lesser trochanters and intertrochanteric crests receive excessive pressures when an individual is in the sitting position. Prolonged sitting by patients with insensitive skin and physical disability can cause pressure sores. Pressures below 20 to 30 mmHg are required to prevent capillary occlusion. Pressures are measured with a transducer system as the patient sits in his natural sitting posture in his wheelchair. A seat cushion is then "customized," which will redistribute excessive pressures. The most common cushion used is made of 3-in or 4-in high-density polyurethane foam. This material is easily modified when making ischial tuberosity cutouts and constructing a preischial bar. Because there is no single safe sitting pressure, each patient must be provided with a cushion support system that best reduces his excessive pressures. Although a properly fitted cushion can redistribute pressure, it can never substitute for relief of weight-bearing areas routinely carried out several times each hour. PMID- 7089061 TI - Use of the Krusen Limb Load Monitor to quantify temporal and loading measurements of gait. AB - The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether the temporal and force measurements from the Krusen Limb Load Monitor produced clinically reliable data and to begin identifying the factors that determine the monitor's reliability. Temporal and loading measurements were made from the output of the Krusen Limb Load Monitor and compared to values obtained from a calibrated force platform. Such comparisons were made for 30 steps taken by two subjects on three separate occasions and from the same two subjects plus a third subject for 100 consecutive steps. For most measures, mean values from the limb-load monitor were significantly different from those recorded from the force platform. From a clinical perceptive, however, the range of measures was narrow for the 95 percent confidence level of the observed differences for the temporal components of stance between the limb-load monitor and force platform, with the narrowest range of measures related to the appropriateness of "fit" of the limb-load monitor force plate within the shoe. The loading components of stance showed a relatively wide 95 percent confidence interval that appeared unrelated to fit. Thus, given a "good fitting" force plate insert, the therapist can make clinically meaningful measurements of the temporal components of the stance phase of gait using the limb-load monitor. PMID- 7089062 TI - Age-related differences in isometric and dynamic strength and endurance. AB - To measure age-related skeletal muscle changes, 30 healthy, moderately active women performed isometric and dynamic strength and endurance tests of their left quadriceps femoris muscle groups. Fifteen of the subjects were ages 20 to 29 years and 15 were ages 50 to 80 years. A cybex II isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the torque output isometrically with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion on three trials. In addition, each subject performed three trials from 90 degrees of knee flexion to full knee extension and back to 90 degrees of knee flexion with the velocity of the isokinetic dynamometer set at 10 rpms. Endurance time was calculated to be the length of time a torque output of at least 50 percent of the maximal strength could be maintained. The t tests done revealed a significant difference between the two groups on isometric and dynamic strength, while no significant difference was found on isometric or dynamic endurance. Statistically correcting for the extraneous variables, height and weight, through a partial correlation revealed a significant negative correlation between age and strength. The younger subjects had higher torque outputs, both isometrically and dynamically, than the older subjects. The same partial correlation between isometric endurance and age and dynamic endurance and age demonstrated no significant correlation. The fact that endurance did not change in this older population while strength did may be the result of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers changing with age. PMID- 7089064 TI - Use of iontophoresis in Peyronie's disease. A case report. PMID- 7089065 TI - Bicycle pedal modifications for use in a physical therapy department. PMID- 7089066 TI - Class of 1980. AB - The purpose of this study was to collect and summarize comprehensive demographic data and other information about students graduating from entry-level physical therapy education programs. A survey of graduating students from 83 institutions with approved programs listed in the October 1979 issue of Physical Therapy resulted in responses from 2,280 students from 81 institutions. The findings present a description of the 2,280 respondents and profiles for male and female students and for graduates of different types of entry-level programs. This information should be useful to those involved with educational programs, the professional Association, and other individuals as they make decisions and plan educational strategies for the preparation of future physical therapists. PMID- 7089067 TI - Individual variation in the perception of vowels: implications for a perception production link. AB - A scaling experiment using dyadic comparisons of vowel pairs was performed to determine if significant perceptual variation existed on an individual level and whether such variation could be correlated with differences among subjects in their production of vowels. Subjects were required to scale six separate sets of vowel stimuli. Each stimulus set consisted of the 36 possible dyads from the vowel set /(see formula text)/. Analysis of the resulting data indicated that significant individual perceptual variation was present which could be seen as a function of perceptual structure differences between the subjects and not merely error variance. In addition, such variations were related to aspects of each subject's acoustic vowel space - indicators of tongue height and advancement during vowel articulation. These results were interpreted as suggesting a link between perception and production. PMID- 7089069 TI - Infant labial, apical and velar stop productions: a voice onset time analysis. AB - Initial prevocalic labial, apical and velar stops, as produced by eight 9- to 12 month-old Swiss-German infants, were examined spectrographically for voice onset time (VOT). Results indicate that VOTs for each place of articulation cluster in the 0- to + 30-ms voicing lag range. Comparisons of the present infant data with available results from adult Swiss-German stop productions show the VOT distributions to be very similar. The present infant data for apical stops are also compared with available data from 122-month-old American-English and Lebanese-Arabic infants. Since all three infant populations show similar VOT distributions, one might conclude that the forces of nature rather than nurture determine manner of infant apical stop production. PMID- 7089070 TI - Evidence for a major strong binding site for tetrachlorosalicylanilide on human serum albumin. PMID- 7089071 TI - Quantum yield and equilibrium position of the configurational photoisomerization of bilirubin bound to human serum albumin. PMID- 7089072 TI - Recovery from inhibition by UV-irradiation of ornithine decarboxylase induction in human cells: implication of excision repair. PMID- 7089073 TI - Comparative action spectra for pyrimidine dimer formation in cloudman S91 mouse melanoma and EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. PMID- 7089068 TI - Statistical relationships among the first three formant frequencies in vowel segments in continuous speech. AB - Statistical relationships among F1, F2 and F3 in vowel segments in continuous speech were investigated with 909 vowel samples from Japanese sentences uttered by 4 adult male speakers. Determined by minimizing the square errors from the measured F3, two separate planes corresponding to front and back vowels are situated in the F1F2F3 space to obtain the F3 values estimated from F1 and F2. Estimation errors are found to be comparable to difference limens in hearing. Also, uniform/nonuniform formant frequency scaling is discussed in terms of physical differences in the planes for individual speakers. PMID- 7089074 TI - Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: UV sensitivity in lymphocytes. PMID- 7089075 TI - Effect of exposure to light in enzyme activities and tryptophan metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in Wistar, in heterozygous and homozygous adult and newborn Gunn rats. PMID- 7089076 TI - The quantum yield for bilirubin photoisomerisation. PMID- 7089077 TI - Loss of photoreactivation in UV-irradiated cultured fish cells under different conditions. PMID- 7089079 TI - Diketones as photosensitizing agents: application to alpha-amino acids and enzymes. PMID- 7089078 TI - A convenient photochemical method for reduction of ferric hemes. PMID- 7089080 TI - Developmental renal physiology. PMID- 7089082 TI - A division of research in an academic clinical department. PMID- 7089083 TI - A physiology chairman's objectives in selecting young faculty members: criteria in a smaller medical school setting. PMID- 7089081 TI - A block diagram, graphical and microcomputer analysis of the O2 transport system. PMID- 7089086 TI - Benesh movement notation. An introduction to recording movement data. PMID- 7089084 TI - Salt and water absorption in the proximal tubule. PMID- 7089085 TI - Organisational problems of high-level clinical physiotherapists. Physiotherapy organisation: 5. PMID- 7089087 TI - Cervical dysfunction and shoulder problems. PMID- 7089089 TI - The Cheyne walker. PMID- 7089090 TI - Regions of homology between tumorigenic plasmids from Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PMID- 7089092 TI - A small cadmium resistance plasmid isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 7089091 TI - Mapping the immunity function of the ustilago maydis P1 virus. PMID- 7089088 TI - Improvement in arm and hand function following head injury: a single case study. PMID- 7089094 TI - Antibiotic substances from New Zealand plants. II. Polygodial, an anti-Candida agent from Pseudowintera colorata. PMID- 7089093 TI - Antibiotic compounds from New Zealand plants. I. Falcarindiol, an anti dermatophyte agent from Schefflera digitata. PMID- 7089095 TI - Veprisinium salt, a novel antibacterial quaternary alkaloid from Vepris louisii. PMID- 7089096 TI - Anti-fertility activity of a benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers on female albino rats. PMID- 7089099 TI - The omnipotential pig buttock flap. AB - An experimental pig flap model is presented with detailed operative technique. Studies employing this model are reported showing that difference in survival patterns depends on vascular configuration. Innervated island flaps were found to survive to the same length as denervated free flaps, and the onset of the benefits of the delay procedure occurred by the fourth postoperative day. The advantages of the pig and the pig buttock flap are discussed in detail. PMID- 7089097 TI - Comparison of the effect of bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and random pattern flaps. AB - The response of musculocutaneous and random-pattern flaps to bacterial inoculation was studied in dogs by intradermal injection of bacteria and deposition of bacteria into stable wound spaces created by wound cylinders. No difference could be demonstrated in the susceptibility to bacterial challenge in the different portions of the musculocutaneous flap and in normal skin. A larger area of necrosis was observed in the random-pattern flaps, and the distal part was significantly more susceptible to necrosis. While the musculocutaneous flaps recovered rapidly from the bacterial inoculation, necrosis was observed in the random-pattern flaps. The bacterial count increased in the wound spaces surrounded by the random-pattern flaps, leading to full-thickness flap necrosis. The bacterial count decreased in the wound spaces surrounded by musculocutaneous flaps; there was evidence of healing around the wound cylinders. The musculocutaneous flap demonstrates a greater resistance to bacterial inoculation than the random-pattern flap on both its cutaneous and muscular surfaces. PMID- 7089100 TI - Free flap in nonagenarian. PMID- 7089101 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of clefts. PMID- 7089102 TI - Chin advancement. PMID- 7089098 TI - A simple adjustable microvascular clamp with a controllable gentle occlusion mechanism. PMID- 7089103 TI - Classification of pediatric vascular lesions. PMID- 7089105 TI - Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation: indications and technical considerations in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. AB - Twenty-six patients are presented who underwent reconstruction of the breast and thorax following mastectomy. A successful result ensued in 96 percent of the patients. Indications for the use of microsurgical composite tissue transplantation in breast reconstruction following mastectomy include. 1. Inability to employ an island latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap 2. Previous failure of an island latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap 3. The restoration of form and contour with minimal secondary donor deformity The present series includes 12 patients who underwent reconstruction utilizing the vascularized groin flap and 14 utilizing the contralateral latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. The advantages and disadvantages of the different donor tissues are presented and contrasted with other vascularized donor tissue also employed in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Technical modifications correlating the limitations of the donor tissue to the complexities of the recipient site and contributing to successful transplantation are detailed. The authors wish to emphasize that microsurgical composite tissue transplantation for reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy has applicability in only a small carefully selected subgroup of patients--approximately 9 percent. PMID- 7089104 TI - Bipedicle gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flap for defects of the distal one-third of the leg. AB - A bipedicle gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flap has been designed to cover soft tissue defects over the lower one-third of the tibia. The flap, which consists of the entire medial or lateral half of the posterior leg skin and the underlying gastrocnemius muscle, combines the advantages of the axial-pattern blood supply of a musculocutaneous flap and the dual blood supply to a bipedicle flap. The augmented circulation from the proximal end of the flap allows the distal pedicle to be narrowed and advanced anteriorly in one stage without jeopardizing the blood supply. Bipedicle gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flaps are best suited for moderate-sized defects over the anterior lower one-third of the leg. Indications for use of the flap are presented. PMID- 7089107 TI - Toroidal breast reduction: an unsatisfactory procedure. PMID- 7089106 TI - Electron microscopic evaluation of guinea pig skin and soft tissues "expanded" with a self-inflating silicone implant. AB - An electron microscopic study of guinea pig skin and soft tissue after expansion by self-inflating silicone implant for periods of 7 weeks to 8 months revealed definite ultrastructural changes. In the epidermis, the cells of the malpighian layer contained larger groups of tonofilaments forming tonofibrils. Intercellular spaces in all layers of expanded epidermis were much more reduced than in normal epidermis. The basal lamina and the laminar surfaces of the basal cells demonstrated more undulation than those of the controls. The expanded dermis contained large bundles of compacted collagen fibers, as well as thin collagen fibers, active fibroblasts, and a few myofibroblasts. The subcutaneous tissue contained a paucity of adipose tissue and thickened collagen fibers in the interlobular spaces. The skeletal muscle showed larger amounts of sarcoplasm in relation to myofibrils. An increased number and size of mitochondria were found with sarcomeres abnormally arranged. The capsule around the implant was composed of active, elongated, and flattened fibroblasts and bundles of collagen fibers with variable fiber width. Intracellular collagen fibers were found in the cytoplasm of the fibroblasts. Myofibroblasts in the capsule were observed more often in early expanded tissue. Small blood vessels in the capsule showed multiplication of the basal lamina or were surrounded by a very wide, homogenous material. Inflammatory cells were not found in the capsule. Such findings are important in developing and evaluating future skin-expansion research in humans and animals. PMID- 7089108 TI - Glabellar ostectomy and orbital craniotomies with microscopic control of correction of hypertelorism: a preliminary report of microcraniofacial surgery in two patients. PMID- 7089109 TI - Earlier correction of the unilateral cleft lip nose. PMID- 7089110 TI - Early cleft palate repair and speech outcome. AB - Speech production and age at palatal repair were investigated in 80 cleft palate children. Children whose palates were repaired prior to the onset of speech production demonstrated significantly better speech than those whose palates were repaired between 12 and 27 months of age. The supposition that earlier palatal repair results in more normal speech development was, in fact, demonstrated in these cases. Rather than using chronologic age alone as the deciding factor in determining timing of initial palatal repair, the stage of each child's phonemic development should be considered if maximum speech potential is to be achieved and if speech development is to parallel normal noncleft peers. Determining this stage of development through early speech and language evaluations, beginning at 6 months of age, thus becomes an essential component in the habilitation of children with cleft palate. Continued research is needed to ensure against giving the obtainment of early speech normalcy disproportionate emphasis over craniofacial growth considerations. To this end, continued cooperative research between surgeons and speech pathologists is imperative in order to base these important decisions on substantiated findings. PMID- 7089112 TI - Pseudomonas infection in the postoperative nasal septum. PMID- 7089111 TI - Construction of a rectal sphincter using the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle. PMID- 7089114 TI - Cross- toe flap. PMID- 7089113 TI - Adenoma sebaceum: successful treatment with the argon laser. AB - Treatment of disfiguring angiofibromas characteristic of adenoma sebaceum has remained a difficult problem. This report discusses a 13-year-old boy who was bothered by hundreds of bright red papules on his cheeks, nose, and chin. All lesions were successfully eradicated by treatment with the argon laser. The blue green light from this laser has been found to be particularly useful in treating red-blue vascular lesions and is now the therapy of choice for port-wine stains and several types of small vascular ectasia; adenoma sebaceum characterized by prominent vascular ectasia also respond extremely well to argon laser radiation. PMID- 7089115 TI - Intraoral stabilization of the endotracheal tube using a dental rubber-dam clamp. PMID- 7089116 TI - Wrist-iliac crest fixation for groin flap-thumb immobilization. PMID- 7089117 TI - [Quantitative determination of regional cerebral circulation with Xe-133: lst experiences using this method in the clinic]. AB - After injection of the radioactive noble gas Xe133 into the A. carotis interna, the regional blood flow in the brain is determined with a 10-channel measuring unit. From the first clinical evaluation of the findings in 35 patients, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In epileptics, a localised hyperaemia very probary indicates a latent increased convulsive activity. 2. The measurement of the cerebral blood flow does not yield a contribution to the diagnosis of the type of cerebral tumours. 3. As a consequence of mass shifting of space occupying processes particularly endangered brain sections, also remote from the focus proper, show a localised pathological hyperaemia (morbid "luxus perfusion"). 4. Of greatest importance is the method for clearing up of pathophysiological relations, the clearing up of questions in connection with the blood/brain barrier function, and for the indications for and estimation of the results of vascular-surgical interventions. PMID- 7089118 TI - [Sensation and sensibility disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. PMID- 7089119 TI - [Disease picture of chronic lymphocytic meningitis with symptoms of a predominantly motor polyneuritis]. PMID- 7089120 TI - [Critique of so-called outsider methods in medical therapy]. AB - The manifold forms of the therapy always are of a complex nature. In pharmacological animal experiments, one can determine the parameters of the effect of a drug exactly, in humans there is often a discrepancy between these results and the actual therapy effect. Here the psychophysical mode of reaction has to be taken into account. For humans, not only the word is psychophysically effective because of its semantic property, similar effects are brought about by symbols, objects and pictures. These effects are known from the field of pre scientific medicine and are in most cases the basis of the so-called miracle cures. Analogue effects can be seen in the field of outsider methods. They can be tolerated as long as they are not understood otherwise than as psychotherapeutic techniques with certain instrumental aids or as a psychophysical therapy with harmless substances or so-called placebos. Problems will arise when a thought process is developing. PMID- 7089121 TI - [The "social prestige" of the manic patient]. AB - A total of 55 male patients with endogenous manic psychoses were studied over a period of four years. In 50 of them, a loss of prestige in the social milieu, which in some cases was quite considerable, had developed, partly directly due to the disease-specific psychic disturbances and the resulting abnormalities in behaviour (sometimes of penal relevance), but in some cases also due to legally prescribed measures (change of occupation, withdrawal of driving license, frequent hospitalizations). From this the necessity results to consider in maniacs also the social aspects of their disease and if possible to include the reference persons in the therapy conception. PMID- 7089122 TI - [Neurologic and psychiatric aspects of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]. AB - The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome - the complete absence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase - was also found in some cases in the GDR. On the basis of a literature study considering the reports on 55 cases found in the world literature it can be stated that besides the disturbance of the purine metabolism symptoms of the dysfunction of the extrapyramidal system, especially of the stem ganglia, are never absent. The syndrome shows a multitude of neurological and psychiatric variants which cannot be explained exclusively by the loss of the enzyme activity. In the individual families new mutations of the gene locus are present, the phaenotypology of which can also be explained by variable compensatory activation of other enzymes, by physico-chemical variants of the inactive enzyme protein and by its antigenic effectiveness. The research work about this - also genetically interesting - syndrome has not been completed yet. But it points to the vital importance of the urine re-utilisation, especially in the early phase of brain maturing. PMID- 7089123 TI - [Treatment trials with hemofiltration/hemodialysis in pernicious catatonia]. AB - Two juvenile patients affected for the first time with pernicious catatonia were treated repeatedly with combined hemofiltration and hemodialysis. During the first two or three sessions, the distinct psychopathological improvement only persisted during the session itself and in a lesser degree during the following hours. It was only after further treatments that the therapy effect lasted longer and passed over into a continuous remission tendency. The findings might support a toxin hypothesis (in a broad sense) with respect to the genesis of catatonia and encourage a continuation of the studies. PMID- 7089124 TI - Rhythm and timing in skill. PMID- 7089125 TI - Similarity, separability, and the triangle inequality. PMID- 7089126 TI - An empirical test of "a cultural delusion of alcoholics. PMID- 7089127 TI - Disorganized recall, hypnotic amnesia and subjects' faking: more disconfirmatory evidence. PMID- 7089128 TI - Interpersonal skills training for dental students. PMID- 7089129 TI - Biorhythms: another look. PMID- 7089130 TI - Roles of power, sex, and inadequate attractiveness in paranoid women. PMID- 7089131 TI - Alternative thinking and classroom behavior of learning impaired children. PMID- 7089132 TI - Social network characteristics of hospitalized depressed patients. PMID- 7089133 TI - Characteristics of elderly participants in three types of leisure groups. PMID- 7089134 TI - Validity of the MMPI narcissistic personality disorder scale. PMID- 7089136 TI - Cognitive orientation, identified curative factors, and depression as predictors for treatment outcomes in group therapy programs for alcoholism. PMID- 7089135 TI - Physical attractiveness and self-esteem ratings of young adults with cleft lip and/or palate. PMID- 7089137 TI - Self-concept and identification of students needing a counseling center. PMID- 7089138 TI - Obesity, personal constructs, and amount of weight loss. PMID- 7089139 TI - Use of psychological testing in symptom detection in a normal population. PMID- 7089140 TI - Anxiety response to psychological feedback among psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 7089141 TI - Type A-B behavior and the incidence of allergies in college students. PMID- 7089142 TI - infantile autism: clinical features, diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis--a research review. PMID- 7089143 TI - Perceptions of common and unusual first names of therapists. PMID- 7089144 TI - Repression-sensitization and coping with stressful life events. PMID- 7089145 TI - Life changes, cessation and maintenance of smoking: a preliminary report. PMID- 7089146 TI - Age differences in perceptions of the common cold and other ailments and discomforts. PMID- 7089147 TI - Clients' satisfaction and rehospitalization among psychiatric patients. PMID- 7089148 TI - Social ecological assessment of mental health treatment environments: toward self evaluation. PMID- 7089149 TI - A cross-cultural MMPI comparison of alcoholics. PMID- 7089150 TI - Comparison of MMPI scales for black and white hospitalized samples. PMID- 7089151 TI - Aggression in a competitive task. PMID- 7089152 TI - Gray Oral Reading Tests: some reliability and validity data with learning disabled children. PMID- 7089153 TI - Family issues in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. AB - Factors residing in family systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. In this paper I critically review literature that bears on this issue: the transmission of anorexia nervosa in families; family stress patterns, personality and psychopathological characteristics of parents, parent-child interactions, and whole family systems. Much additional research is needed to accurately determine the precise nature of such factors and the extent to which they actually contribute to the appearance of this syndrome. PMID- 7089154 TI - Plasma testosterone and sleep: relationship to sleep stage variables. AB - A study was performed to determine whether the pattern of secretion of testosterone (T) during the night bears a systematic relationship to the cyclically recurring periods of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. In four healthy male volunteers, 10-20 min sampling of plasma for T was carried out through a long indwelling catheter in conjunction with all-night polysmonography. Analysis of plasma T, comparing the samples drawn during the REM and NREM stages, did not reveal a significant difference in the mean concentration of T between the two sleep stages or among specified time segments of the NREM-REM cycles. A more exacting approach to exploring for a correlation of the secretory pattern with the sleep-stage cycle was then undertaken. This method used the NREM-REM cycle as the independent variable in the analysis. We were able to demonstrate that the positions of the peaks and troughs of T concentration in each REM-NREM cycle are discriminable when examined in relation to the time of REM sleep onset in each cycle. The tendency for peaks in T concentration to be associated with repetitive inaugurations of REM sleep is coordinate with a pattern of serial "upswing" in T concentrations that occurs in the period from 30 to 10 min before the transition from NREM to REM sleep. Accordingly, it proved possible to demonstrate certain signs of interaction between the activity of the pituitary-gonadal system and the mechanisms that regulate central nervous system state in sleep. The more traditional parameter of comparison (mean concentration of hormone in REM and NREM sleep) did not detect the association. PMID- 7089155 TI - Attribution of control, essays, and early medical school experience. AB - The research examines the workings of two mediating variables, attribution of control and social support, in a nonlinear model of stress research. Measuring in stressfully stimulating experience of being a first-year medical student, we found that a short instrument assessing locus of control in recent experience displayed stability and sensitivity to change in measuring two independent dimensions: internal and external loci of control. An independent variable, writing weekly essays for a faculty member who read them, commented on them supportively, and quickly returned them, interacted with time in producing changes in the student's attribution of control. The supported (essay) group became less internal and more external while demonstrating a lesser correlation with reported stress; and the nonwriting students augmented their perceptions of internal control but reported more correlated stress and less correlated reward. Miller's minimax theory of controllability derived from the experimental literature provided an explanation of these findings. PMID- 7089156 TI - Psychological functioning in headache sufferers. AB - The present study examined the psychological test responses of 99 headache sufferers and 30 matched nonheadache controls. Headache subjects were of four types: migraine (n = 26), muscle contraction (n = 39), combined migraine-muscle contract ion (n = 22), and cluster (n = 12). Measures consisted of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, a modified hostility scale derived from the MMPI, Back Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Autonomic Perception Questionnaire, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist, Schalling-Sifneos Scale, Need for Achievement, and Hostile Press. Significant differences were found on five clinical scales of the MMPI--1, 2, 3, 6, and 7. Of the non-MMPI scales, only the Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist and Trait Anxiety Inventory were significant. Control subjects revealed no significant findings on any tests. The headache groups fell along a continuum, beginning with cluster subjects, who showed only minimal distress, continuing through migraine and combined migraine-muscle contraction, and ending with muscle contraction subjects, who revealed the greatest degree of psychological disturbance. However, none of the headache groups could be characterized by marked elevations on any of the psychological tests, which contrasts with past research findings. It is suggested that the present results may be more representative of the "typical" headache sufferer. PMID- 7089157 TI - Habitual anger-coping styles: I. Effect on mean blood pressure and risk for essential hypertension. AB - In this study we examined the effect(s) of race, sex socioecological stress, and habitual anger-coping systolic/diastolic blood pressure levels and risk for being classified hypotensive. A total of 495 black/white males and 511 black/white females, residing in high/low stress areas of Detroit, were classified in terms of high, medium, and low levels of anger expression to various provocative interpersonal situations. Results indicated that: 1) race and anger expression were major determinants of diastolic pressure; 2) race and sex influence systolic pressure; 3) anger expression was related to systolic pressure, but only for female respondents; 4) all four behavioral factors were independently related to one's relative risk of being labeled hypertensive; and 5) the odds of being hypertensive by a multiple 1.56 with the addition of each behavioral risk factor. These findings extended our understanding of both the important role played by sociodemographic factors and socioecological niche in predisposing humans to vascular disease and the magnitude of difference in mean blood pressure and risk for hypertension attributable to chronic suppressed anger. The present finding also provide a basis for identifying subgroups of individuals who are especially at risk for hypertension and, similarly, a basis on which to calculate the amount of potential therapeutic benefit resulting from attempts at modifying one or more risk factors. PMID- 7089158 TI - Dosage and treatment strategies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. PMID- 7089159 TI - Current issues in the treatment of anxiety states and disorders. PMID- 7089160 TI - Tardive dyskinesia: inter- and intra-rating scale comparisons. PMID- 7089161 TI - Prevention and medical practice: the role of undergraduate medical education. Report on a national symposium, October 5-6, 1981 Bethesda, Md. PMID- 7089162 TI - Strategies for disease prevention and health promotion in the Department of Health and Human Services. PMID- 7089163 TI - A perspective on educating physicians for prevention. PMID- 7089164 TI - Prevention: current status in undergraduate medical education. PMID- 7089165 TI - Teaching medical students about disease prevention and health promotion. PMID- 7089166 TI - Encouraging the practice of preventive medicine and health promotion. PMID- 7089167 TI - Don't teach preventive medicine: a contrary view. PMID- 7089168 TI - Israel's National Center for Public Health--a novel conceptual approach. AB - Adoption of the new perspective of public health as a comprehensive and multidisciplinary mixture of objectives and activities requires a novel approach to the planning and the evaluation of health programs and to the training of health personnel.The implication of this process for the Israeli health arena suggests the establishment of a national center for public health. The cornerstones of the Israel National Center for Public Health (INCPH) consist of the classic triad: health care providers, leaders of regulatory agencies, and representatives of the academic institutions.The INCPH basic units would be structured by a top executive board of directors, by steering or professional committees whose main objectives are to develop criteria and guidelines and the evaluation of projects, and by a permanent staff group to maintain primary responsibility for the implementation of the center's programs.A number of practical steps have been taken in respect to the establishment of the center. The suggested mode of operation encompasses a variety of mechanisms to promote research in and planning or evaluation of health services and a nationwide effort to coordinate health manpower education by combining expertise and knowledge of all the nation's teaching institutions. International activity consisting of the education of health professionals from developing countries is also envisaged. PMID- 7089170 TI - Evaluation of the use of rural health clinics: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers. PMID- 7089169 TI - Foodborne illness associated with niacin: report of an outbreak linked to excessive niacin in enriched cornmeal. PMID- 7089171 TI - An outbreak of influenza B at an Indiana boarding school: estimate of vaccine efficacy. AB - During the influenza season of 1979-80, influenza B accounted for most cases of influenza in the United States. The midwestern States experienced widespread influenza B activity beginning in mid-December. From late January to mid-February an outbreak of influenza-like illness occurred at a private boarding school for boys in northeastern Indiana. Most of these boys had been vaccinated against influenza. An influenza B virus was isolated in 1 instance, and 5 of the 24 boys from whom acute- and convalescent-phase serum specimens were obtained showed evidence of influenza B infection.Through a questionnaire survey, it was determined that 18 percent of the boys had had an influenza-like illness; the attack rate was 39 percent for the unvaccinated and 14 percent for the fully vaccinated. The vaccine efficacy was thus estimated to be 63 percent. As was true of many of the influenza B viruses isolated in the 1979-80 influenza season, the virus isolated at the school demonstrated some variation from the B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus used in the vaccine. PMID- 7089172 TI - Critical periods during the in situ repair of radiation-induced DNA damage in rat cerebellar neurons and 9L brain tumor cells. PMID- 7089173 TI - Radiation response of the canine cardiovascular system. PMID- 7089174 TI - Photoreactivation and excision repair of thymine dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated cultured fish cells. PMID- 7089175 TI - In vitro radiosensitivity of six human cell lines. II. Relation to the RBE of 50 MeV neutrons. PMID- 7089176 TI - Ultraviolet-induced sister chromatid exchanges in V-79 cells with normal and BrdUrd-substituted DNA and the influence of intercalating substances and cysteine. PMID- 7089177 TI - Studies on acute in vivo exposure of rats to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. III. Biochemical and hematologic effects. PMID- 7089178 TI - Radiation-induced thymine base damage in replicating chromatin. PMID- 7089179 TI - Effects of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on skin reactions in the mouse after fractionated hyperthermic exposures. PMID- 7089180 TI - Radioimmunoassay of a thymine glycol. PMID- 7089181 TI - Studies on the role of central histamine in the acquisition of a radiation induced conditioned taste aversion. PMID- 7089182 TI - State-dependent interactions in the antihistamine-induced disruption of a radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion. PMID- 7089183 TI - A differential effect of prior heat treatment on the thermal enhancement of radiation damage in the ear of the mouse. PMID- 7089184 TI - Responses of oxic and hypoxic human colon tumor cells to hyperthermia. PMID- 7089185 TI - Hair element concentrations and hypertension in South Carolina. PMID- 7089186 TI - Housing the elderly in the community. PMID- 7089187 TI - Community Health Councils and N.H.S. community physicians: potential for a fruitful relationship. PMID- 7089188 TI - Food & medicine incompatibility. PMID- 7089189 TI - Ethnic health project 1979/1980. PMID- 7089190 TI - The community health councils of the future. PMID- 7089192 TI - Performance of process plant in relation to food quality and safety. PMID- 7089191 TI - New initiatives in housing for the mentally handicapped. PMID- 7089193 TI - Humidifier fever. PMID- 7089195 TI - Food additives: boon or bogeyman? PMID- 7089194 TI - Review of international conference on the human/companion animal bond held at Philadelphia, USA, October 5th-7th, 1981. PMID- 7089196 TI - Mycotoxins in food - the application of survey and quality control. PMID- 7089197 TI - Studies in dietary intake and extreme food consumption. PMID- 7089198 TI - Occupational health problems of motor vehicle mechanics, welders, and painters in Nigeria. PMID- 7089199 TI - Injuries in sport. PMID- 7089200 TI - Do-it-yourself health care for older people. PMID- 7089201 TI - Protection of pets from people and people from pets. PMID- 7089203 TI - [Changes in the cell membranes of Chinese hamster fibroblasts during laser and x ray irradiation studied with the use of a fluorescent probe]. PMID- 7089202 TI - [Radiotaxons and genome stability]. PMID- 7089204 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of the radiation death of lymphoid cells. 3. Repair of superhelical DNA in a subpopulation of thymocytes differing in radiosensitivity]. PMID- 7089205 TI - [Reaction of thiols with primary radiation damage in bacteriophages]. PMID- 7089206 TI - [Modeling the processes of cell recovery from radiation damage and the principle of effective dose diminution. 1. Models of cell recovery from acute irradiation]. PMID- 7089207 TI - [Proliferative activity of hematopoietic CFUs of BALB/c and CBA mice at long intervals after prolonged irradiation]. PMID- 7089208 TI - [Pathophysiological and biochemical changes in dogs with different clinical forms of respiratory disorders caused by 239Pu and 241Am nitrates]. PMID- 7089209 TI - [Possibility of evaluating radiation damage to the skin by changes in its functional state]. PMID- 7089210 TI - [Biological action of radioactive carbon. 1. Biological effects during prolonged intake of 14C]. PMID- 7089211 TI - [Effect of irradiating human lymphocytes in stages Go and G1 of the cell cycle on DNA synthesis]. PMID- 7089212 TI - [Protective effect of a gaseous hypoxic mixture against the combined action of radiation and physical stress]. PMID- 7089213 TI - [Radiation-modifying effect of 8-bromocaffeine on mouse La leukosis cells]. PMID- 7089214 TI - [Aspects of the development of delayed effects of superlethal irradiation with maximum dosage primarily in the abdominal region]. PMID- 7089215 TI - [General adaptability of the progeny of irradiated animals. 3- Resistance of mice to radiation, hypoxia, effect of endotoxin, physical exertion]. PMID- 7089216 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone on colony formation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) in intact and irradiated mice]. PMID- 7089217 TI - [Radioprotective and toxicological properties of phenylethylamine derivatives modified by alpha-amino acids]. PMID- 7089218 TI - [Combined effect of tritium oxide, noise and heat on rats]. PMID- 7089219 TI - [Structural changes in the thymus of irradiated animals additionally subjected to thermal trauma]. PMID- 7089221 TI - First results of fast neutron therapy for advanced head and neck cancer in Krakow. PMID- 7089220 TI - [Intestinal microflora in irradiated mice with enteral administration of poorly adsorbed antibiotics]. PMID- 7089222 TI - [Effectivity judgement of the gamma distance therapy by a technique of fractionating the daily dose at inoperable malignant tumours (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089223 TI - [Late effects of radiation. The condition of the stroma in irradiated and intact areas of human bone marrow]. PMID- 7089224 TI - [Malignisation at late radiation damages of the skin and their treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089225 TI - The reaction of the thymus and spleen to radiocalcium (Ca-45) measured by changes in organs weights. PMID- 7089226 TI - [Optimization of a producing method for technetium-99m-sulphur colloid without any stabilizing admixture (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089227 TI - [Quality control with the camera computer at bone scintigraphy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089228 TI - [Radiologic therapy of testicular seminomas]. PMID- 7089229 TI - [Importance of computed tomography for the diagnosis of tumors of the uterus and recurrent lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089230 TI - [Peritoneography for identification of non palpable herniation]. AB - Peritoneography with trijodic contrast medium is a simple but very effective method to identify non palpable herniations causing inguinal pain of unknown origin. It is also very useful for early detection of recurrent herniations after surgery as well as for diagnosis of non palpable umbilical herniations in adipose patients, and for demonstration of herniastions of the abdominal wall after trauma. Technique of investigation and radiological symptoms are described following experience with 154 outpatients. In 25% of these patients during clinical investigation no herniation was found. PMID- 7089231 TI - [Significance of density and demarcation of calcifications in calcifying tendinitis (author's transl)]. AB - Calcification of tendons can be either degenerative and progressive in nature or reactive and selfhealing. Radiologic examinations permit to distinguish between both kinds. The reactive calcification, known also as calcifying tendinitis, passes through two main phases, the formative and the resorptive phase. Since treatment is different for each phase, their roentgenologic distinction is important. Dense, well demarcated and homogenous calcifications indicate the presence of a formative phase whereas less dense, ill defined and fluffy deposits point toward an ongoing resorption. PMID- 7089232 TI - [Different radiological, histomorphometrical and biochemical findings in two cases of adult osteopetrosis (author's transl)]. AB - Morphokinetic measurements after tetracycline labeling were performed on bone specimens of the iliac crest in a 30-year-old man and a 38-year-old women. On radiographs, the osteopetrosis (=marble bone disease Albers-Schonberg) was characterized by an almost homogenous osteosclerosis in the man and by variable zones of high and normal density in the woman. Histologically, the man revealed increased rates of bone formation and mineralisation as signs of hyperactivity of the osteoblasts accompanied, biochemically, by an elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and a high urinary output of hydroxyproline. In the woman increased resorbing bone seams, and elevation of serum acid phosphatase and a slightly lowered urinary output of hydroxyproline were apparent as signs of an osteoclastic deficiency. The cause of osteopetrosis has been generally ascribed to decreased bone resorption. This study shows that the accumulation of bone mass in osteopetrosis may be due also to increased bone formation and that by pathomechanism, probably, two forms of osteopetrosis in the adult may be differentiated. PMID- 7089233 TI - [Modification of the radiological technique of Parma for reduction of irradiation dose (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089234 TI - [Fibromuscular dysplasia of the brachial artery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089236 TI - [Space-occupying masses in the pelvis]. PMID- 7089235 TI - Normal liver size as determined with quantitative methods. PMID- 7089237 TI - [Damages caused by occupational strain of the hand shown by x-rays (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089238 TI - [Arthrography in lesions of triangular fibrocartilage of the wrist (author's transl)]. AB - Arthrography of the wrist is a safe method to demonstrate lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage. Indications are posttraumatic pain and restriction of movement of the wrist. Lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage are caused by a distal fracture of the radius with shortening, sudden drop on the overextended hand and work with rock drills. The extent of injury is quite different: small fissures and splits, detachment of the discus from the lower end of the ulna, fragmentation and destruction of the fibrocartilage. Problems of therapy, however, are greater than problems of diagnosis: actually there is no generally adopted surgical method for the treatment of discus lesions. PMID- 7089239 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of abdominal abscesses. AB - The CT signs of abdominal abscess are evaluated, based on experience gained with 41 abscesses in 38 patients. The majority of abscesses were located in the upper abdomen, the largest groups being 12 hepatic and 9 subphrenic. In 16 patients the abscesses were postoperative. The most common CT sign of an abdominal abscess was a homogenous low density lesion. Other primary signs were: well defined wall, mass effect and pathological extraintestinal gas. The role and types of contrast enhancement are discussed. Contrast enhancement are discussed. Contrast enhancement was not essential for the diagnosis of abdominal abscess in the majority of cases. The diagnosis of abdominal abscess by CT is compared to ultrasonography and conventional radiography. PMID- 7089240 TI - [Influences on radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089241 TI - Regions of low density in the contrast-enhanced pituitary gland: normal and pathologic processes. PMID- 7089242 TI - Computed tomography of deep fat masses in multiple symmetrical lipomatosis. AB - Deep fat masses were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) in 15 patients with multiple symmetrical lipomatosis. In 4 patients, peritracheal accumulations of fat were observed. In 3 of them, tracheal compression by lipomatous tissue was demonstrated: 2 were asymptomatic and the third had severe respiratory insufficiency secondary to blockage of the airway by the vocal cords as the result of recurrent nerve palsy. In 6 patients, lipomatous tissue occupied the potential space between the spinal scapulae and the trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles. In 2, calcification of lipomatous masses was observed. There was no relationship between extension of subcutaneous fat and accumulation at deep sites. CT facilitates early detection of peritracheal lipomatous tissue and is helpful in follow-up when deep fat accumulation is responsible for space occupying lesions requiring surgery. PMID- 7089243 TI - Computed tomography of transitional-cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. AB - Preoperative staging of transitional-cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is important for identification of those tumors amenable to limited resection. Twenty-two patients were examined using computed tomography (CT), and three patterns were noted: (a) a focal intraluminal mass, (b) ureteral wall thickening with luminal narrowing, and (c) an infiltrating mass. In most cases, attenuation was similar to that of soft tissue; one tumor was calcified. Tumors of the renal pelvis may exhibit contrast enhancement. In 11 cases, excretory urography was inadequate or not attempted. CT demonstrated the site and cause of obstruction in all cases and proved to be a useful noninvasive staging procedure for suspected or proved transitional-cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. PMID- 7089244 TI - Non-focal enlargement in pancreatic carcinoma. PMID- 7089245 TI - Renal parenchymal disease: sonographic-histologic correlation. AB - A retrospective study of 109 patients who underwent renal biopsy was designed to correlate the sonographic appearance of the kidney with the histologic changes and clinical and laboratory findings in various renal parenchymal diseases. The clinical, pathologic, and sonographic data were analyzed blindly and independently by a team from each corresponding discipline. There was no correlation between the specific sonographic appearance and the type of renal disease. There was a significant correlation between renal length and the prevalence of global sclerosis, focal tubular atrophy, and the number of hyaline casts per glomerulus. A significant positive correlation was also found between cortical echogenicity and the severity of global sclerosis, focal tubular atrophy, the number of hyaline casts per glomerulus, and focal leukocytic infiltration. While there was overall significant correlation between the degree of cortical echogenicity and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in each group, a wide range of variance was present. It is not currently feasible to distinguish different types of renal medical disorders using diagnostic ultrasound. PMID- 7089246 TI - The myth of anechoic renal sinus fat. PMID- 7089247 TI - Radiology of the superior segment of the lower lobe: a regional perspective introducing the B6 bronchus sign. AB - The radiological findings of atelectasis, consolidation, or mass lesions in the superior segment of the lower lobe of the lung (B6 in Boyden's classification) are analyzed. Cases were collected over several years and supplementary series were assembled to study the configurations of the segmental bronchi, the right oblique fissure, and the left pulmonary artery in lateral projection. The upper part of the right oblique fissure could be distinguished from the horizontal fissure on the frontal radiographs by position and angulation; its visualization indicated atelectasis or displacement of the superior segment. Visualization was much less common on the left. Consolidation produced a visible superior segment air bronchogram (the B6 sign) much more often on the left, where the bronchus is usually larger. Orientation and position of the bronchus permit its identification. Other key anatomic landmarks were the descending aorta on frontal radiographs and the posterior margins of the left pulmonary artery and bronchus intermedius on lateral views. PMID- 7089248 TI - Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal umbilical and hepatic vascular anatomy. PMID- 7089249 TI - Measurements of fetal kidney growth on ultrasound. PMID- 7089250 TI - Taste acuity, plasma zinc levels, and weight loss during radiotherapy: a study of relationships. AB - Thirty-five patients who were to undergo radiotherapy and 13 normal subjects were evaluated with taste questionnaires, taste acuity tests, and plasma zinc analyses. The studies were repeated on the patients in the fifth week of radiotherapy. The mean taste thresholds for NaCl (salt), sucrose (sweet), HCl (sour), and urea (bitter) were elevated and the plasma zinc levels were lower (77.2 +/- 11.8 vs. 94.6 +/- 30.1 g/100 ml, p = 0.055) for the patients than for the controls. However, there was not a significant correlation between the taste thresholds and plasma zinc levels at any time. The mean weight loss experienced by the 14 patients who reported subjective taste alteration in the fifth week was 3.1 kg versus 0.1 kg (p = 0.005) for those who did not report taste alteration. The data suggest that alterations in taste acuity, but not plasma zinc levels, are associated with weight loss during radiotherapy. PMID- 7089251 TI - The use of grasping forceps in the upper urinary tract: technique and radiologic implications. PMID- 7089252 TI - An improved dilator system for percutaneous nephrostomies. PMID- 7089253 TI - A technique for percutaneous dilatation of nephrostomy tracks. PMID- 7089254 TI - Improved technique for dose reduction and organ localization in intravenous urography. PMID- 7089256 TI - Optimal computed-tomographic techniques for cervical spine imaging. PMID- 7089255 TI - Preoperative localization of radiopaque foreign bodies. PMID- 7089257 TI - A simple stabilization device for intracranial aspiration procedures guided by computed tomography. PMID- 7089258 TI - A simple ultrasonographic method for evaluating the patency of an extra intracranial bypass. PMID- 7089259 TI - A rapid method for photographic subtraction. PMID- 7089261 TI - Tension pneumothorax in adult respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 7089260 TI - Detection of intrathoracic lymph node metastases from lung carcinoma. PMID- 7089262 TI - The efficacy of full-lung tomography in the detection of early metastatic disease from melanoma. AB - In a prospective study, 62 patients with proved melanoma and negative chest radiographs underwent full-lung tomography. Of 109 examinations performed, 12 patients had positive findings on tomography; nine were false-positive and three were true-positive. Of the true-positive examinations, two patients already had widespread metastatic disease and one had an advanced local lesion. Clinical staging and therapy were changed in only one patient as a result of information provided by full-lung tomography. It appears from these results that full-lung tomography is of limited use in detection of metastases from melanoma in the presence of a negative chest radiograph. PMID- 7089263 TI - Radiographic manifestations of venous air embolism. PMID- 7089264 TI - Embolization therapy in the management of congenital arteriovenous malformations. AB - Eight patients with congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) underwent staged transcatheter arterial embolization. Six patients had AVMs involving an extremity, one had multiple pulmonary AVMs, and one had an AVM of the pancreas. Embolization was performed using Ivalon (polyvinyl alcohol) particles and Gianturco coils. Clinical course, fever pattern, and appropriate enzymatic laboratory studies were monitored. Leukocytosis occurred in all but one patient following embolization. A febrile course with the temperature reaching 39.6 degrees C without evidence of infection was seen in several patients for 3 to 5 days postembolization. Marked elevation in the creatine phosphokinase level and positive fibrin split products were noted in several instances. Because embolizations were performed in stages, serial arteriography was available. Embolization resulted in a reduction in symptoms in all eight patients and allowed a more limited surgical procedure than would otherwise have been possible in two patients. Complications occurred in three patients and are described. It is concluded that transcatheter arterial embolization is a useful therapeutic alternative in the management of congenital AVMs. PMID- 7089265 TI - Evaluation of digital venous angiography for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. AB - Thirty-two patients being evaluated for hypertension by angiography were also studied by digital video subtraction angiography (DVSA). Twenty-three of the 76 renal arteries were found by conventional angiography to have significant lesions. Two experienced angiographers evaluated the DVSA studies without knowledge of the angiographic results. The accuracy of DVSA for evaluation of renal arteries was 87% for Observer I and 80% for Observer II. Sensitivities were 87% and 83% and specificities 87% and 79% for the two observers. Of the 13 patients with significant lesions, Observer I identified at lest one lesion in all 13 while Observer II identified a lesion in 12 of the 13. The high false positive rate (26% for Observer I and 37% for Observer II) was thought to be caused by subtraction artifacts, quantum noise, relatively low spatial resolution, and the Mach effect. PMID- 7089267 TI - Radiographic grading system for renal cell carcinoma with clinical and pathological correlation. AB - Clinical records, pathological specimens, and radiographs of 106 patients with renal cell carcinoma were reviewed and coded for computer analysis. Twenty radiographic features of the tumor were examined for their possible prognostic significance. Three angiographic signs were associated with an unfavorable prognosis: tumor size greater than 10 cm, poor definition of tumor margins, and parasitic circulation. A new radiological grading system was developed based on these signs. Upon comparison with existing clinical staging and pathological grading systems, the new system predicted prognosis equally well. In addition, it has the advantages of predicting prognosis preoperatively and being simple for clinical use. PMID- 7089266 TI - Systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals in pathological states: a review. AB - Abnormal systemic-to-pulmonary-artery anastomoses can exist in many pathological conditions and result in a left-to-right shunt. Three such conditions are (a) congenital abnormalities, e.g., pulmonary vein atresia, (b) acquired states, e.g., chronic bronchiectasis, and (c) post-surgical states, e.g., a Mustard procedure for complete transposition. Regardless of the etiology, the anastomosis and resulting shunt produce increased oxygen saturation in the ipsilateral pulmonary artery. Four cases are presented, with emphasis on the angiographic and hemodynamic findings. PMID- 7089268 TI - The value of bedside wedge pulmonary angiography in the detection of pulmonary emboli: a predictive and prospective evaluation. AB - A predictive study involving 74 unequivocally positive conventional pulmonary angiograms was conducted to determine the value of bedside, flow-directed wedge pulmonary angiography (BWPA). The flow-directed position of Swan-Ganz catheters in these cases was obtained from anteroposterior chest radiographs. BWPA could detect the embolism in 48% of the cases in which the right lower lobe alone was embolized, in 10% of the cases in which the left lower lobe alone was embolized, and in 30% of the cases in which both lower lobes were embolized. It is concluded that BWPA has a low sensitivity and specificity and is of little value as either a screening procedure or a diagnostic tool. PMID- 7089269 TI - Two angiographic signs of pseudoaneurysms: systolic jet and diastolic washout. PMID- 7089270 TI - The Haglund syndrome: initial and differential diagnosis. AB - Haglund syndrome is a common cause of posterior heel pain, characterized clinically by a painful soft-tissue swelling at the level of the achilles tendon insertion. On the lateral heel radiograph the syndrome is characterized by a prominent calcaneal bursal projection, retrocalcaneal bursitis, thickening of the Achilles tendon, and a convexity of the superficial soft tissues at the level of the Achilles tendon insertion, a "pump-bump." An objective method for evaluating prominence of the bursal projection is measurement using the parallel pitch lines. This measurement helps to identify patients with Haglund syndrome and patients predisposed to develop this condition, and also to differentiate local causes of posterior heel pain from systemic causes. The parallel pitch line measurement was determined in 10 symptomatic feet and 78 control feet and the results were analyzed statistically. PMID- 7089271 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis in men and women: a clinical and radiographic comparison. AB - Thirty-one men and 32 women with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were evaluated to determine if there are notable differences between the sexes in the nature and course of this disease. The average age at onset was 22 years in women and 23 years in men. Eighteen men, but only eight women, had persistent spinal disease. Conversely, 19 women and only 10 men had clinical evidence of persistent extraspinal involvement. Four women and three men had definite radiographic evidence of articular erosions in the small joints of the appendicular skeleton. Although previous reports have emphasized that women are more likely than men to have AS of the cervical spine and sacroiliac joints, with sparing of the intervening segments, we found this pattern in four men and three women. Involvement of the appendicular skeleton appears to be more common in women and is more apparent clinically than radiographically. PMID- 7089272 TI - Radiologic evaluation of the ureteral stump. AB - The ureter that is left in place after nephrectomy may occasionally give rise to symptoms that are often attributed to other causes. The disease may not be recognized until it is far advanced or is discovered during surgery for another illness. Fourteen diseased ureteral stumps that became symptomatic months to years after nephrectomy are described. Calculi were found in six ureters and neoplasms in five; ureteritis cystica developed in one, infection secondary to vesicoureteral reflux in one, and empyema proximal to an obstructed ectopic ureteral orifice in another. Although there are several methods of imaging the ureteral stump, the best method in the authors' view is retrograde ureterography through a 5-F ureteral catheter. The catheter is inserted during cystoscopy but the injection of contrast medium is done in a radiographic/fluoroscopic facility where carefully monitored fluoroscopic spot radiographs can be obtained. PMID- 7089273 TI - Reappraisal of contrast media used to detect upper gastrointestinal perforations: comparison of ionic water-soluble media with barium sulfate. AB - Iodinated water-soluble compounds have been widely recommended as the most suitable contrast media for diagnosis of gastrointestinal perforations. However, the authors present 6 cases in which mucosal tears and transmural perforations of the upper gastrointestinal tract were either unrecognizable or inadequately shown during initial evaluation with methylglucamine diatrizoate. Re-examination with barium sulfate demonstrated the precise location and extent of the perforations. Reasons for the higher diagnostic yield of barium studies are explained on the basis of experimental and clinical observations. PMID- 7089274 TI - Iatrogenic esophageal-pleural fistula: subtlety of diagnosis in the absence of mediastinitis. AB - Seven patients with iatrogenic esophageal-pleural fistulas are described, and the differences in radiographic and physical findings in these patients and in patients with esophageal perforation with mediastinitis are emphasized. Radiographic findings in patients with esophageal pleural fistulas are pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax and localized pneumonitis. These fistulas can mimic other inflammatory supradiaphragmatic or infradiaphragmatic processes. Clinical and radiographic signs may be subtle, and active investigation is needed to establish the diagnosis of esophageal-pleural fistula in patients who have undergone esophageal manipulation. PMID- 7089275 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal perforation complicating the double contrast barium-enema examination. AB - A case of retroperitoneal air caused by rectal perforation during a double contrast barium-enema examination is reported. In 9 similar reported cases, radiographic signs included perirectal, mediastinal, and cervical emphysema. Because of the frequent absence of clinical signs, radiographic recognition may be crucial for prompt management. Reported experience suggests that asymptomatic patients with these radiographic findings may be managed with hospitalization and close observation rather than immediate laparotomy. PMID- 7089276 TI - Perforation of the colon above the peritoneal reflection during the barium-enema examination. AB - Four cases of perforation of the colon above the peritoneal reflection during a barium-enema examination were reviewed with regard to the type of examination, site of perforation, status of the colon, clinical manifestations, mode of detection, and consequences. Perforation above the peritoneal reflection does not seem to be directly related to technical factors. The cecum and ascending colon, with their larger lumina, are the most likely sites. Because such patients are usually asymptomatic at the time, careful examination of post-fluoroscopic radiographs for signs of perforation is strongly recommended. PMID- 7089277 TI - Double-contrast barium-enema examination and endoscopy in the detection of polypoid lesions in the cecum and ascending colon. AB - Fifty-three patients with 54 polypoid lesions in the ascending colon and cecum underwent colonoscopy and double-contrast barium-enema examination (DC-BE). Colonoscopy could not completely examine the cecum in three patients (failure rate 6%) and DC-BE had four false positive results. Colonoscopy detected 40 lesions (sensitivity 78%) and DC-BE 45 lesions (sensitivity 88%). A carcinoma and a villous adenoma were missed by both methods. The overall accuracy for colonoscopy was 80%, 76% if corrected for unsuccessful procedures; DC-BE showed accuracy rates of 82% and 83%. In combination, the two methods had 97% accuracy. This study shows that DC-BE is slightly better than colonoscopy for evaluating well-prepared patients with suspected polypoid lesions in the right colon, but stresses the complementary nature of the two methods and the need for repeating negative examinations by one modality in the presence of a positive result by the other. PMID- 7089278 TI - Radiological aspects of Behcet disease. AB - The systemic manifestations of Behcet disease were evaluated retrospectively in 45 patients. Twenty-seven patients underwent radiographic examination. Twenty-two examinations (64.7%) showed positive but nonspecific findings, most of them involving the vascular tree. The roentgen diagnosis of Behcet disease will be influenced by the dermatologic and ophthalmologic findings. PMID- 7089279 TI - Bile leakage following T-tube removal. AB - Three cases of common bile duct leakage following T-tube removal are presented. It is suggested that biliary tract strictures occur as a result of postoperative as well as intra-operative injuries, and suggestions to minimize their occurrence are given. PMID- 7089280 TI - Subjective vs. objective evaluation of gallbladder opacification during oral cholecystography in comparative clinical trials: implications for studies involving visual assessment. AB - Radiographs and CT images taken during oral cholecystography in dogs were interpreted in an independent, blind fashion by three radiologists on two occasions and visual assessment of gallbladder density compared to the actual CT values. While there was significant intra- and inter-observer variation, the mean scores for the observers' interpretations of both radiographs and prints correlated well with the actual CT values (p less than 0.05). In five out of six comparisons between first and second readings, the observers gave a lower score on the second reading. The considerable variation reflects the problems inherent in subjective evaluation of agents that produce small but measurable differences in radiographic density. Studies involving such subjective data have to be carefully designed in order to obtain meaningful results. PMID- 7089281 TI - Teardrop bladder: additional considerations. AB - Nine cases of teardrop bladder (TDB) seen at excretory urography are presented. In some of these patients, the iliopsoas muscles were at the upper limit of normal in size, and additional evaluation of the perivesical structures with computed tomography (CT) was necessary. CT demonstrated only hypertrophied muscles with or without perivesical fat. The psoas muscles and pelvic width were measured in 8 patients and compared with the measurements of a control group of males without TDB. Patients with TDB had large iliopsoas muscles and narrow pelves compared with the control group. The psoas muscle width/pelvic width ratio was significantly greater (p less than 0.0005) in patients with TDB than in the control group, with values of 1.04 +/- 0.05 and 0.82 +/- 0.09, respectively. It is concluded that TDB is a not uncommon normal variant in black males. Both iliopsoas muscle hypertrophy and a narrow pelvis are factors that predispose a patient to TDB. PMID- 7089282 TI - The effect of ionic and nonionic contrast media on the sickling phenomenon. AB - The effects of an ionic contrast agent (meglumine iothalamate) and a nonionic contrast medium (iopamidol) on the sickling phenomenon were studied in vitro. The findings indicate that, at the same concentration of contrast agent in the blood, iopamidol causes significantly less sickling than meglumine iothalamate. This indicates that nonionic contrast agents are preferable for diagnostic studies in patients with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 7089283 TI - Effects of contrast medium on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. AB - The effects of contrast material (meglumine iothalamate) on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations were investigated in studies on the lymphocytes of patients who had undergone diagnostic radiography and in in vitro experiments with diagnostic x rays and 60Co gamma rays. Chromosome and chromatid aberrations were found to increase significantly with increasing concentrations of contrast material that were added at irradiation. However, the aberrations were not associated with elevation of the ratio of dicentric and ring chromosomes to the number of cells with unstable chromosome aberrations at the first mitosis. Lymphocytes irradiated in the absence of contrast material did not show an increase in chromosome-type aberrations when the agent was given in increasing concentrations during subsequent incubation, but there were greater numbers of chromatid gaps and breaks. When lymphocytes were exposed to 400 R (103.2 mC/kg) of 60Co gamma rays, the presence of contrast agent did not increase the yield of dicentric and ring chromosomes, but induced a marked delay in cell proliferation, especially in lymphocytes with more heavily damaged chromosomes. In additional examination, the contrast agent itself induced sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes. PMID- 7089284 TI - Breast metastases from extramammary malignancies. AB - Metastatic foci to the breast from a wide variety of primary malignancies appear on mammograms as circumscribed spheroid shadows with only slightly irregular margins, and without evidence of microcalcifications, spiculations, or other signs of desmoplastic response that characterize many primary scirrhous carcinomas. In the cases studied, there was close correlation between the size of the metastatic lesion at palpation and mammography, a feature also characteristic of the well-circumscribed carcinomas. This is not the case with most scirrhous breast carcinomas, whose associated desmoplastic reaction results in an apparent larger size by palpation than observed on mammography. PMID- 7089285 TI - Normal sagittal diameter and variation in the pediatric cervical spine. AB - The sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal is traditionally evaluated when an expansile intraspinal lesion is suspected. Some workers have concluded that the normal sagittal diameter gradually decreases from C1 to C7 in some people, while in others it decreases from C1 to C3 and remains nearly constant from C4 to C7. The authors' study of 158 young individuals with no evidence of cervical cord lesions showed that gradual widening of the lower canal and even ballooning of the mid-canal are frequently seen in normal children 10 years old or younger, and occasionally in persons up to 18 years of age. The mechanism by which the canal attains a funnel-shaped appearance in adults is discussed. PMID- 7089286 TI - Prolonged visualization of the gastrointestinal tract with metrizamide. AB - Excellent images of the bowel can be obtained for many days, and sometimes weeks, after oral administration of metrizamide unless it is evacuated via the rectum or a bowel perforation; the quality of images obtained with barium or hypertonic contrast agents (such as diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium) begins to deteriorate after several hours. The reasons for prolonged visualization of the bowel with metrizamide and its clinical applications are discussed. PMID- 7089287 TI - Anomaly of the facial canal in a Mondini malformation with recurrent meningitis. AB - A patient with recurrent meningitis and congenital hearing loss was evaluated with tomography and metrizamide cisternography. Tomography showed an aberrant first portion of the facial nerve canal, while on cisternography, communication between the internal auditory canal and the dilated labyrinthine remnant was evident. The authors describe the radiographic findings and their significance and propose a mechanism for the formation of the anomalous facial nerve canal. PMID- 7089288 TI - Distinguishing benign from malignant pulmonary nodules by computed tomography. AB - Investigators have been able to distinguish benign pulmonary nodules from malignant ones in about two-thirds of the cases studied by detecting high computed tomography (CT) numbers (attributed to microscopic calcifications) within many benign nodules. This paper reports a similar analysis on a series of 22 benign and 14 malignant pulmonary nodules. Although about one-third of the benign nodules gave high CT numbers, all but one of the nodules diagnosed as benign by CT could also be diagnosed by detection of calcification on plain radiographs or conventional tomograms. PMID- 7089289 TI - Two methods for isolating the lung area of a CT scan for density information. AB - Extracting density information from irregularly shaped tissue areas of CT scans requires automated methods when many scans are involved. We describe two computer methods that automatically isolate the lung area of a CT scan. Each starts from a single, operator specified point in the lung. The first method follows the steep density gradient boundary between lung and adjacent tissues; this tracking method is useful for estimating the overall density and total area of lung in a scan because all pixels within the lung area are available for statistical sampling. The second method finds all contiguous pixels of lung that are within the CT number range of air to water and are not a part of strong density gradient edges; this method is useful for estimating density and area of the lung parenchyma. Structures within the lung area that are surrounded by strong density gradient edges, such as large blood vessels, airways and nodules, are excluded from the lung sample while lung areas with diffuse borders, such as an area of mild or moderate edema, are retained. Both methods were tested on scans from an animal model of pulmonary edema and were found to be effective in isolating normal and diseased lungs. These methods are also suitable for isolating other organ areas of CT scans that are bounded by density gradient edges. PMID- 7089290 TI - The interface sign: a computed tomographic sign for distinguishing pleural and intra-abdominal fluid. AB - On computed tomographic scans of the upper abdomen the interface sign can help distinguish pleural and intra-abdominal fluid readily and accurately. A hazy interface between the fluid and liver or spleen is characteristic of pleural fluid. A sharp interface is characteristic of ascites. The interface sign has proved to be accurate in 30 consecutive cases. PMID- 7089291 TI - Computed-tomographic cholangiography: a new technique for evaluating the head of the pancreas and distal biliary tree. AB - Computed-tomography cholangiography was used to evaluate the abdomen of 97 patients. The gallbladder and/or biliary tree was visualized well in 84 patients (87%); the distal common bile duct (CBD) was visualized well in 68 patients (70%). For 26 patients (30%) from the latter group, visualization of the opacified CBD was essential in order to differentiate the pancreatic head from the duodenum. Measurements of the distal CBD showed a significant difference between patients with gallbladders (mean, 4.7 +/- 1.2 mm) and those without gallbladders (mean, 6.8 +/- 1.1 mm). By visualizing the CBD and the superior mesenteric vein, exact dimensions of the uncinate process can be obtained. Also, the pancreatic head can be assessed more accurately, and the distal biliary tree can be evaluated. PMID- 7089292 TI - Prospective evaluation of 99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy and gray-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. AB - Prospective analysis of the efficacy of 99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy and cholecystosonography showed that both are excellent techniques for assessing patients with suspected acute cholecystitis (accuracy 84.7% and 88.1% respectively). Consequently, the choice of tests selected to evaluate patients with suspected acute cholecystitis depends on several factors including; (a.) quality of equipment available; (b.) capability of the technologist performing the examination; (c.) relative experience of the physician supervising the examination; and (d.) willingness of the surgical consultant to accept a positive examination as sufficient evidence to perform emergency surgery. The authors feel that cholecystosonography should be used to assess the presence of acute cholecystitis in jaundiced patients because of its capability in the assessment of bile duct dilatation, and because of the lower reliability of cholescintigraphy when bile duct obstruction is possible (i.e., in jaundice). Ancillary findings in cholecystosonography and cholescintigraphy can aid in the differential diagnosis of acute right upper quandrant pain syndromes. PMID- 7089293 TI - Abnormal 99mTc-PIPIDA scans mistaken for common duct obstruction. AB - 99mTc-PIPIDA scans were obtained in three patients with acute abdominal pain. The appearance of the scans suggested partial common duct obstruction. Two patients underwent surgery. One had acute appendicitis and the second had infarction of the distal ileum. In both cases, the gallbladder and biliary tract were normal. The third patient had been treated with morphine, which is known to increase biliary tract pressure and may cause contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. An ultrasound study of the gallbladder was normal and all symptoms resolved within 24 hours. Subsequently, three additional patients without biliary disease have been seen who had similar hepatobiliary scans. All three had received meperidine prior to the study. It is concluded that acute abdominal disease or the administration of morphine sulfate or meperidine can result in a scan pattern suggesting partial distal common duct obstruction in the absence of gallbladder or biliary tract disease. PMID- 7089295 TI - X-ray tube focal spot sizes: comprehensive studies of their measurement and effect of measured size in angiography. AB - Thirty-two focal spot sizes of four x-ray tubes were measured by the pinhole, star pattern, slit, and root-mean-square (RMS) methods under various exposure conditions. The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) and line spread functions (LSFs) were also determined. The star pattern focal spot sizes agreed with the effective sizes calculated from the frequencies at the first minimum of the MTF within 0.04 mm for large focal spots and within 0.01 mm for small focal spots. The focal spot size determined by the slit method was approximately equal to the width of the LSF at the cutoff level of 0.15 +/- 0.06 of the peak value. The RMS method provided the best correlation between the measured focal spot sizes and the corresponding image distributions of blood vessels. The pinhole and slit methods tended to overestimate the focal spot size, but the star pattern method tended to underestimate it. For approximately 90% of the focal spots, the average of the star and slit (or pinhole) focal spot sizes agreed with the RMS focal spot size within +/- 0.1 mm. PMID- 7089294 TI - Calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction by gated radionuclide angiography without direct background correction. AB - The mathematical characteristics of the cardiac background were studied in 50 patients who underwent both gated radionuclide angiography and cardiac catheterization. The background-corrected ejection fraction (BCEF) was calculated in the standard manner using an operator-defined periventricular background region. The "uncorrected" ejection fraction (UEF) was calculated from the uncorrected left ventricular time-activity curve and compared to both the BCEF and the angiographic ejection fraction (AEF), UEF exhibited remarkable linear correlation with both BCEF and AEF. The empirically determined linear regression equation, AEF = 2.18 (UEF) + 0.13, allowed calculation of a radionuclide ejection fraction corresponding to angiographic methods without direct background correction. When measurement of the left ventricular ejection fraction using this linear regression method was tested prospectively in 25 catheterized patients, the radionuclide regression ejection fraction showed excellent linear correlation with AEF (r = 0.85) and minimal inter-observer variability. PMID- 7089296 TI - Performance of x-ray generators and unnecessary dose in mammography. AB - All x-ray equipment used for mammography in Finland was studied and performance assessed. Numerous functional differences and malfunctions were found in the generators. Medically unproductive absorbed skin dose varied from 0.15 to 130 mrad (1.5-1,300 microGy) per exposure for an average breast. Corrective actions are recommended. PMID- 7089297 TI - Use of isotonic water-soluble contrast agents for gastrointestinal examinations in infants. AB - Ten percent sodium diatrizoate, which is approximately isotonic with plasma, can be used with 60 kV radiography/fluoroscopy to visualize the stomach, small intestines, and colon of young infants. PMID- 7089298 TI - A precise technique to localize pulmonary-pleural air leaks. AB - A bubblegram technique is described for identification of air leaks in persistent pneumothorax by introducing water-soluble contrast medium into the pleural space. The technique proved useful in eight children examined for persistent air leaks. PMID- 7089300 TI - Angled view of the distal small bowel. AB - The distal small-bowel loops in the pelvis do not always lend themselves to palpation of easy visualization during conventional small-bowel examinations. When this occurs, an angled view of the pelvis, such as that used to uncoil the sigmoid colon during barium-enema examinations, can separate these overlapping segments for better visualization. PMID- 7089299 TI - The peroral pneumocolon examination. AB - The peroral pneumocolon examination is a method for obtaining a double-contrast image of the terminal ileum and right colon by insufflating air through a small catheter inserted into the rectum when orally ingested barium reaches the right colon. The examination is indicated if a detailed view of the ileocecal region is required, particularly when inflammatory bowel disease is suspected, when polyps are present in the right colon, or when patients are unable to tolerate barium enema studies. PMID- 7089301 TI - Catheter modification to improve the performance of aorto-ileo-femoral examinations. AB - Four additional holes are made in a pigtail catheter used for the aorto-ileo femoral examination. Better visualization of the peripheral vessels and increased exposure timing accuracy result. PMID- 7089302 TI - The elimination of grids during intensified fluoroscopy and photofluoro spot imaging. AB - Grids can significantly increase the contrast of diagnostic radiologic images, but they increase the dose to the patient and staff by a factor of two or more. Image quality with and without grids for fluoroscopic and photofluoro spot imaging of lower gastrointestinal studies has been examined. The authors show that dose reductions between one-third and one-half can be obtained with little or no degradation in contrast and diagnostic image quality if grids are not used for gastrointestinal examinations involving image intensifiers. PMID- 7089303 TI - High-contrast film copying for thallium 201 cardiac image processing. AB - To evaluate the usefulness of high-contrast film copying as an economical means of enhancing contrast in thallium 201 cardiac images, stress and rest studies of 47 patients with and 19 patients without coronary artery disease were evaluated. A total of 66 sets of four different image formats were independently interpreted by five observers. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves suggested that the high-contrast film copies were superior to their original analog images and comparable with computer-processed images in diagnostic yield. It appears that contrast enhancement by simple film copying can improve the accuracy of 201Tl image interpretation. PMID- 7089304 TI - Appropriate contrast media for evaluation of esophageal disruption. AB - The authors discuss the selection of contrast media for radiographic examination of patients with suspected esophageal disruptions, and offer their recommendations. PMID- 7089305 TI - [Distinctive odors governed by the major histocompatibility locus of the mouse (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089306 TI - [Insect vitellogenin and its synthesis controlled by juvenile hormone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089307 TI - [Modern trends of development of industrial applications of radioisotopes and radiations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089308 TI - [A gamma-ray irradiation facility for TLD calibration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089309 TI - [Use of the stable isotopes in life science. (II). Quantitative analysis of 2H(D) and 13C labeled compounds in biological samples by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089310 TI - [Determination of trace elements in freshwater diatoms by neutron activation analysis (author's transl)]. AB - The instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to the multielemental analysis of the freshwater diatoms taken from the head and lower areas of Tama river. Dry samples of the diatoms were irradiated for 1 minute (for the measurement of short lived nuclides) by pneumatic tube of TRIGA-II reactor of Musashi Institute of Technology, and 12 hours (for the measurement of long lives nuclides) in F ring of TRIGA-II reactor of Rikkyo University. The analytical results of 20 elements in the samples were obtained, and the concentration of Ti showed high values in all the samples. Since it is considered that Ti is absent in algae, these high values indicate that appreciable amounts of river sediment were contained in the samples. Therefore, the analytical results were corrected for Ti contents in the samples. The concentrations of Mg, K, Zn, Mn and Co in the diatoms showed no difference between the two sampling points. The concentrations of Cr, V, As and Sb in the diatoms, however, showed difference between the two sampling points, depending on the river water quality. In Stenopsyche grisepennis, on the other hand, the concentrations of Mn and Co depend on the river water quality, and the concentrations of Cr depend on the amount of diatoms staying in the body. The concentrations of V, As and Sb in the Stenopsyche griseipennis are considered to depend both on the amount of diatoms and river sediment staying in the body. PMID- 7089311 TI - Mutagenicity studies on alcohol extracts from gamma-irradiated potatoes--dominant lethal test in mice. PMID- 7089312 TI - Binding metal elements in metallothionein fraction from liver of rat injected various metals. AB - Six elements, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Se and Zn, in the metallothionein fractions from liver of rat injected various metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Se and Zn) were analyzed by neutron activation analysis and were investigated metal binding of it. The concentrations of Cd and Zn were increased by administration of Cd and those of Co and Se were also increased by administration of the each element. On the contrary, the concentration of Cd and Cu were decreased by administration of Se. It may be considered that Co and Se are attached to metallothionein, if its protein is present and the presence of Se influence the binding of Cu and Cd to metallothionein, further it also influence Cd-thionein production. PMID- 7089313 TI - [Evaluation of measuring serum trypsin by radioimmunoassay and clinical application for the study on the exocrine function in diabetics (author's transl)]. AB - Measurement of serum concentration of trypsin by RIA-Gnost Trypsin kit (Hoechst Japan) was evaluated. The clinical usefulness of measuring serum trypsin level in diabetic patients was assessed. The measurement of trypsin using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit revealed good precision and reproducibility with intraassay error ranging from 3.6 to 5.5% in C.V. corresponding to mean trypsin concentration of 236.5-838.7 ng/ml and interassay error ranging from 8.1 to 11.1%. Tests for recovery and dilution were satisfactory for clinical use. Clinical materials included 35 normal subjects, 88 diabetics, 22 patients with liver diseases, 3 with acute pancreatitis, 7 with chronic pancreatitis and 3 with chronic renal failure. Serum trypsin concentration in normal controls was 157.6 +/- 59.9 ng/ml (m + 1 S.D.). Diabetic patients treated with diet therapy alone revealed serum trypsin level of 203.6 +/- 74.8 ng/ml (n = 50). In diabetics treated with sulfonil urea serum trypsin was 171.3 +/- 83.0 ng/ml (n = 25). In patients receiving insulin serum trypsin level was 90.5 +/- 49.0 ng/ml (n = 13). In patients with liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and chronic renal failure serum trypsin concentration were 236.9 +/- 88.0, 520.1 +/- 80.0, 113.0 +/- 75.6, and 2557 +/- 2771 respectively. Our results may indicate impaired pancreatic exocrine function in patients with severe diabetes mellitus. Increased serum trypsin level in diabetics treated with diet therapy may be due to stimulated excretion of trypsin resulted from restricted food intake. However, further study in larger number of patients is needed. PMID- 7089314 TI - [Conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometer equipped with ceramic electron multiplier detector (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089315 TI - The evaluation of the effectiveness on background reduction by nitrogen gas flow during readout of TLD. PMID- 7089316 TI - [Studies on the effectiveness of obstetric epidural analgesia. I. Vaginal delivery (author's transl)]. AB - In a retrospective study 1,000 women who in 1979 had undergone a delivery either under epidural-anaesthesia or without, and instead either relation training or pethidine in small doses (20-30 mg i.v.) at the Ulm Department of Obstetrics, were followed up by questionnaire. The women of the epidural group felt that they had been adequately informed about the various possibilities of pain relief during labour, while some of the control group felt that they had been inadequately or even incorrectly informed. In the epidural group, pain relief during labour was such that 90% had hardly experienced any, or only mild discomfort, similar degree of pain relief was described by a many as 68.7% of the control group. Especially in the case of primigravida, the women of the epidural group had an insufficient urge to bear down, hence the rate of forceps delivery was relatively high, whereas this problem did not arise in the control group, where the forceps rate was markedly lower. The incidence of headache and back pain was only slightly higher in the epidural as compared to the control group, where other complaints were more frequent. 82% of the epidural group said that they would again choose this form of analgesia for future deliveries, 15% would not. In the control group 22% said that they would like an epidural for future deliveries, while 21% would not. The Apgar scoring and pH values of the newborn showed no significant differences between the groups. PMID- 7089317 TI - Lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine 0.75%. A clinical evaluation of 371 cases. AB - 371 patients have been given lumbar epidural anaesthesia with 17 ml of 0.75% plain bupivacaine in connection with operations on the lower extremities, in the lower abdomen or perineum. More than 90% of these had a good anaesthesia and a pronounced motor blockade. The frequency of serious complications was low and they were usually due to the spread of anaesthesia, leading to circulatory and respiratory insufficiency. It is therefore essential to be able to treat such complications rapidly. PMID- 7089318 TI - [The transpectoral blockade of the brachial plexus (author's transl)]. AB - The brachial plexus can be located and blocked by a needle inserted perpendicularly to the frontal plane 3 cm medial to the coracoid process and 3 cm caudad to the clavicula. The method is easy to master, complications are of little consequence and the success rate with some experience high. PMID- 7089319 TI - ["Experience with longterm indwelling peridural catheterization--peridural morphine analgesia in cancer patients" and "Peridural morphine analgesia. II. Respiratory depression]. PMID- 7089320 TI - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with chronic liver disease]. PMID- 7089321 TI - [Changes in the small airways and in pulmonary function in uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7089322 TI - [Plasma values for fatty acids in the population of Vizcaya]. PMID- 7089323 TI - [Ulysses syndrome]. PMID- 7089324 TI - [Acute hepatitis caused by trithiozine]. PMID- 7089325 TI - [Primary Sjogren syndrome. New concepts in the classification of the disease]. PMID- 7089326 TI - [Nephronophthisis associated with mental retardation, cerebellar improvement and choreoathetosis. Description of 2 cases]. PMID- 7089327 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis or cancer? diagnostic focus (I)]. PMID- 7089328 TI - [Bacterial pneumonias. II. Prognostic factors]. PMID- 7089329 TI - [Total and ionic calcium, phosphorus and parathormone in hemodialysis]. PMID- 7089330 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis or cancer? Diagnostic focus (II)]. PMID- 7089331 TI - [Bacterial pneumonias in the alcoholic patient]. PMID- 7089332 TI - [Prospective study of the effect of propanolol on Ca-P metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 7089334 TI - [Apropos of a study of 4 outbreaks of botulism in Portugal]. PMID- 7089333 TI - [Anti-teichoic-acid antibodies is staphylococcal infections]. PMID- 7089335 TI - [Spinal cord lesions of extraspinal vascular origin]. PMID- 7089336 TI - [Monoclonal gammapathies: association with other diseases. Study of 72 cases]. PMID- 7089337 TI - [Renal insufficiency and myeloma: therapeutic success in relation to reduction of tumor mass]. PMID- 7089338 TI - [Cysticercosis of the central nervous system]. PMID- 7089339 TI - [Weber-Christian disease with heart failure]. PMID- 7089340 TI - [Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy]. PMID- 7089341 TI - [Minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome following treatment with D-penicillamine]. PMID- 7089342 TI - [Association of meningioma and aneurysm]. PMID- 7089343 TI - [Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Conceptual aspects]. PMID- 7089345 TI - [Anatomoclinical and therapeutic aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy]. PMID- 7089344 TI - [The cancer-immunity relation]. PMID- 7089346 TI - [Pulmonary involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Study of 49 cases. I. Epidemiology, Clinical manifestations]. PMID- 7089347 TI - [Bile acids in acute hepatitis and in hepatitis with a chronic course]. PMID- 7089348 TI - [Economic aspects of cerebral computed tomography]. PMID- 7089349 TI - [Legionellosis. Apropos of a new sporadic case in our milieu]. PMID- 7089350 TI - [Experimental anaesthesia in ophthalmology in Salmo fishes. (Salmo gairdneri) (rainbow trout) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089351 TI - [Peritonitis in the intensive care unit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089352 TI - [Relationship between oxygen consumption and oxygen transport in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by toxic oil ingestion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089353 TI - [Respiratory failure induced by toxic oil (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089354 TI - [Treatment of oncologic and postoperative pain with epidural morphine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089355 TI - [Efficacy of intravenous non-specific immunoglobulins in the therapy of septicaemias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089356 TI - [Thalassemia and anesthesia. A case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089357 TI - [Brain death. Deontological aspects and diagnostic criteria required to obtain organs for transplant (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089358 TI - [Experimental portosystemic encephalopathy: values of noradrenaline, dopamine, and homovanillic acid in the CNS of rats at 15, 30 and 60 days after terminolateral porto-caval anastomosis]. PMID- 7089359 TI - [Application of scanning electron microscopy to the study of biliary lithiasis. I. The mucous layer]. PMID- 7089360 TI - [Autotransplantation of the thoracic esophagus]. PMID- 7089361 TI - [Carcinoma of the gastric stump in 12 cases with resection for peptic ulcer]. PMID- 7089362 TI - [Effect of chenodesoxycholic acid on serum lipids and enzymes (transaminases) in patients with biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 7089363 TI - [Hydatid cysts with atypical location]. PMID- 7089364 TI - [Morgagni's hernia: presentation of 3 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 7089365 TI - [Invagination of the large intestine in adults. Apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 7089366 TI - [Typhic cholecystitis]. PMID- 7089367 TI - Caught in the mainstream: the severely and profoundly retarded learner and the least restrictive environment. PMID- 7089368 TI - Adjunctive treatment in Parkinson's disease: physical therapy and comprehensive group therapy. PMID- 7089369 TI - A research model for the study of rehabilitation among adult burn injury patients. PMID- 7089370 TI - Need satisfaction in narcolepsy. PMID- 7089371 TI - Variation in erythrocyte surface and free serum sialic acid concentrations during experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle. AB - Erythrocyte surface and free serum sialic acid concentrations were determined during experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle. All infected calves developed mild trypanosomiasis, with significant decreases in mean packed cell volume occurring 15, 16, 20, 22 and 24 days after infection. The anaemia was preceded by significant decreases in mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentrations on days 7, 13 and 14, with yet another significant decrease on day 31 after infection. These decreases in erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentrations coincided with the parasitaemic waves. Free serum sialic acid concentration, however, showed an increase, though non-significantly, on day 8, which coincided with both a decrease in erythrocyte surface sialic acid and the initial parasitaemic wave. It is postulated that the early anaemia observed in infected animals may be attributable to the activities of the circulating trypanosomes which produce neuraminidase which, in turn, cleaves off surface sialic acid, thus rendering the erythrocyte more prone to phagocytosis by the recticuloendothelial system. PMID- 7089372 TI - Attempts to immunise sheep against Ostertagia circumcincta with irradiated larvae. AB - Mature sheep immunised with two doses of 10,000 irradiated Ostertagia circumcincta larvae were only slightly resistant to challenge with a single dose of 10,000 larvae. This slight resistance was abolished if the 'vaccine' worm population was removed one week before challenge. In contrast, seven of eight sheep immunised with irradiated Haemonchus contortus larvae were highly resistant to homologous challenge. Evidence of some cross protection against challenge with O circumcinta was observed in five of six sheep immunised with irradiated H contortus in that egg counts were lower and more worms were retarded as fourth stage larvae. PMID- 7089373 TI - Observations on the infectivity and pathogenicity of three isolates of Ostertagia spp sensu lato in calves. AB - After experimental infection of three groups of calves with three different defined isolates of Ostertagia spp sensu lato a marked variation in the infectivity and degree of pathological change was noted. The most highly infective and pathogenic isolate contained approximately 30 per cent O leptospicularis in addition to O ostertagi (70 per cent) and a negligible number of Skrjabinagia lyrata. The other two isolates consisted solely of O ostertagi (approximately 90 per cent) and S lyrata (approximately 10 per cent) and showed comparable infectivity and pathogenicity to that commonly recorded. The greater pathogenicity of the isolate containing O leptospicularis was attributed to the higher infectivity and the greater damage caused to the gastric mucosa by individual parasites when compared with O ostertagi. PMID- 7089374 TI - In vitro cell adherence to newly excysted Fasciola hepatica: failure to affect their subsequent development in rats. AB - Newly excysted juvenile liver flukes were maintained in vitro for 24 hours in the presence of normal or immune rat serum alone, or with the addition of rat cells derived from the peritoneal cavity. Serum was changed and fresh cells added every four hours. Cells were seen to adhere to the flukes in the presence of immune serum throughout the period of incubation, and in the absence of cells this serum induced a precipitate around the flukes. Viability of the flukes, as measured by their transfer to the peritoneal cavity of naive rats and recovery from the livers three weeks later, was unaffected by the treatment. PMID- 7089375 TI - Residual non-depolarising neuromuscular block assessed by train-of-four stimulation in the dog. AB - A technique is described for assessing the extent of residual neuromuscular block following non-depolarising agents in the dog. The ulnar nerve was electrically stimulated with a train-of-four impulses and the muscle responses recorded. Heights of the control and, following the administration of the muscle relaxant, the first, second and fourth twitch tensions (T1, T2 and T4) of the train were measured. There was a highly significant linear correlation between the ratio T1/control, used to determine the extent of neuromuscular block, and the other ratios T2/T1 and T4/T1. Both of the ratios T2/T1 and T4/T1 avoid the use of control heights. PMID- 7089376 TI - Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in sheep. AB - Levamisole, at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg, produced mean peak plasma concentrations of 3.1, 0.7 and 0.8 microgram/ml in four sheep after administrations by the subcutaneous, oral and intraruminal routes respectively. The mean peak concentrations in abomasal fluid were 33, 164 and 21 micrograms/ml respectively. The bioavailability of levamisole to the systemic compartment was less after oral and intraruminal administration than after subcutaneous administration. In six sheep there were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations obtained after subcutaneous administration in the thoracic, neck or gluteal regions. Dividing the dose between five sites in the gluteal region produced higher peak plasma concentrations than when injected into a single site. PMID- 7089377 TI - A new serotype (biotype T) of Pasteurella haemolytica. PMID- 7089378 TI - Role of serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in the differentiation of small intestinal abnormalities in the dog. AB - Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations have been measured in 53 dogs presented for an investigation of malabsorption. Abnormal concentrations have permitted the differentiation of animals with small intestinal disease into three main groups, each with distinct biochemical abnormalities in the jejunal mucosa. The first group had reduced folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. Jejunal biopsies revealed marked villous atrophy and generalised biochemical abnormalities in the brush borders, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. The second group had reduced folate but normal vitamin B12 concentrations and although histological changes were minimal there were specific biochemical changes confined to the brush borders. In the third group, increased folate and reduced vitamin B12 concentrations suggested a bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine. Minor histological changes were accompanied by marked biochemical changes in brush borders and lysosomes. A group of animals with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency had increased mean folate but reduced mean vitamin B12 concentrations. These changes are consistent with bacterial overgrowth, but could be due to defective degradation of a B12-binding protein. PMID- 7089380 TI - Ecology of the free-living stages of Nematodirus spathiger. AB - Observations were made on the development of eggs and the survival of infective larvae of Nematodirus spathiger hatching from eggs placed on grass plots over a period of a year. Development took place at all seasons although the period between deposition of eggs and hatching was longer in the colder months than in the summer. Survival of the larvae varied from nine months to well over a year. PMID- 7089379 TI - Streptobacillus actinoides (Bacillus actinoides): isolation from pneumonic lungs of calves and pathogenicity studies in gnotobiotic calves. AB - Pneumonic lungs of 56 calves were examined and 12 (21 per cent) of them yielded Streptobacillus moniliformis-like organisms. These organisms resembled those previously described as Bacillus actinoides or Actinobacillus actinoides. After intratracheal inoculation of cultures of two strains of these organisms, pneumonic consolidation developed in five out of six gnotobiotic calves and involved up to 16 per cent of the lung surface. Histological lesions of interstitial pneumonia were observed in the lungs of all six calves. Swellings at the site of the infection followed intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation of cultures of all strains in calves. Mice showed no signs of illness following intraperitoneal injection of three stains. The bacteriological findings suggested that a more appropriate name for these organisms would be Streptobacillus actinoides. PMID- 7089381 TI - Haematological studies on normal lactating Indian water buffaloes. AB - Haematological studies were conducted on 50 clinically normal lactating Murrah buffaloes in India. The range and mean (with one standard deviation), respectively, for the parameters examined were: red blood cells, 5.07 to 8.27, 6.54 +/- 0.77 million per microliter; haemoglobin, 9 to 13.5, 11.1 +/- 0.96 g/dl; packed cell volume, 0.26 to 0.34, 0.31 +/- 0.02; mean corpuscular volume, 40.6 to 55.2, 48.2 +/- 4.6 fl; mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, 30.9 to 38.5, 35.2 +/- 2.34 g/dl; mean corpuscular haemoglobin, 13.5 to 20.5, 17.10 +/- 1.85 pg; icterus index, 2 to 5, 2 +/- 1.25 units; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 17 to 69, 53 +/- 12.3 mm at one hour; plasma protein, 6 to 9, 7.8 +/- 0.7 g/dl; fibrinogen, 0.2 to 0.8, 0.37 +/- 0.2 g/dl; reticulocytes, 0 per cent; white blood cells, 6250 to 13,050, 9676 +/- 1789 microliters; band cells, 0 to 1, 0.2 +/- 0.34 or 0 to 106, 18 +/- 40/microliters; neutrophils, 13 to 54, 32.9 +/- 8.74 per cent or 1285 to 6893, 3257 +/- 1262/microliters; lymphocytes, 26 to 75, 52.7 +/- 12.0 per cent or 2554 to 9637, 5065 +/- 1595/microliters; monocytes 1 to 11.5, 5.9 +/- 2.63 per cent or 63 to 1349, 584 +/- 301/microliters; eosinophils, 2 to 14.0, 6.9 +/- 4.64 per cent or 170 to 1471, 592 +/- 452/microliters and basophils, 0 to .5, 1.4 +/- 1.02 per cent or 0 to 326, 131 +/- 98 microliters. Normal species characteristics evident from this investigation included average size of the erythrocytes similar to that in cattle, low icterus index, conspicuous erythrocyte sedimentation rate, absence of reticulocytes and predominance of lymphocytes over neutrophils. PMID- 7089382 TI - Evaluation of the intradermal allergy test in normal dogs. AB - In 45 normal dogs, serial dilutions of different allergens were injected intradermally to determine the skin threshold concentrations. For housedust, housedust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and human dandruff extracts these were found to be the same in the dog as in man, while those for animal dandruffs, pollens and fungi were 10 times higher in the dog. The term 'histamine reactive value' (RH) is introduced for the dog. The mean (+/-SD) was found to be 49.0 +/- 2.5 in normal dogs, using histamine diphosphate solutions of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 per cent. PMID- 7089383 TI - Importance of the liver in immunoglobulin catabolism. AB - The catabolism of IgG labelled with radioactive iodine was investigated in sheep. The half-life time, fractional catabolic rate and daily loss of radioactivity through the bile were measured. No IgM or IgA were found in sheep bile. The results are discussed in relation to the recent finding that large quantities of oligomeric IgA is excreted in rat bile. PMID- 7089385 TI - Swine dysentery: the influence of dietary vitamin E and selenium on the clinical and pathological effects of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection in pigs. AB - Twenty-four conventionally reared pigs were divided into four equal groups and fed a basic ration deficient in vitamin E and selenium. One group was given a supplement of vitamin E and selenium. One group was given a supplement of vitamin E, another received selenium and a third received both nutrients. No supplement was given to the control group. After the pigs had been fed the different diets for 59 days they were inoculated with a pure culture of Treponema hyodysenteriae They were subsequently observed for 22 days. The inoculation resulted in outbreaks of swine dysentery in all groups. The results indicated that the administration of vitamin E supplement alone to the pigs reduced the clinical effects of T hyodysenteriae only to a minor degree. On the other hand, supplementation with selenium, either alone or with vitamin E, had a more positive effect which was most clearly illustrated by a greater weight gain during the postinoculation period. PMID- 7089384 TI - Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: growth, nitrogen balance and digestibility studies conducted during winter feeding following different fenbendazole therapy programmes. AB - Observations of growth, nitrogen (N) balance and digestibility were made during the first winter housing period upon three groups of calves which had previously been naturally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and which were left either untreated (A) or treated with fenbendazole on three occasions (B) or every two weeks during the entire grazing season (C). The diet given contained sufficient metabolisable energy but only about 60 per cent of the recommended crude protein to sustain a daily growth rate of 0.5 kg. Growth rates were only 50 per cent of that expected on a basis of metabolisable energy input with untreated calves A being poorest. Water intake and output was greatest in group A. There were no significant differences in digestibility between groups although group A had the lowest apparent crude protein digestibility. N balance was always lowest in group A and highest in group C but group B demonstrated a marked increase in N retention with time after housing. Differences in N retention were mainly accounted for by increased urinary N excretion. It is concluded that, under conditions of suboptimal protein intake, nematode infection in the growing calf can markedly affect production even after efficient anthelmintic treatment. PMID- 7089386 TI - Variation among normal persons in short-term ventilatory capacity. AB - Among individuals of comparable size with normal lungs, short-term breathing capacity varies widely for unknown reasons. If the velocity of ventilatory muscle contraction limits airflow, then persons with a high proportion of fast twitch fibers in the ventilatory muscles should have large ventilatory capacities. As one test of this hypothesis, we correlated ventilatory capacity with vertical jump, an index of leg and thus of diaphragmatic muscle fiber composition. We found significant positive correlations between vertical jump and the 12-second maximal voluntary ventilation in both women (n = 19, r = 0.6; p less than 0.01) and men (n = 25; r = + 0.4; p = 0.06). Both correlations were independent of body weight or vital capacity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that short-term ventilatory capacity is influenced by the contractile characteristics of the ventilatory muscles. PMID- 7089387 TI - Response to the central and peripheral airways to cigarette smoking in human and rats. AB - The effects of tobacco smoke on the central nd peripheral airways were assessed in humans and rats by direct and indirect methods. In both species tobacco smoke affected the central and peripheral airways. In humans there were apparent decreases in the 1-second forced expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow rate and significant increases in closing volume and closing capacity (P less than 0.001). In rats significant changes were seen in specific airway resistance from the 6th week of exposure onwards. Similarly, airway luminal diameter decreased markedly in tobacco-exposed animals to subthreshold concentrations of acetylcholine (10( 8) M). This decrease was also exposure time dependent. The increased responsiveness of the respiratory system has been attributed to inter alia: (1) increased vagal activity; (2) increased mucus production leading to decreased airway lumen; (3) mucosal swelling due to changed ionic constellation; (4) disturbance of the lungs' defense mechanism; (5) imbalance in and easy accessibility to the adrenoceptors. PMID- 7089388 TI - Stature, lung height, and spontaneous pneumothorax. AB - Relationship between stature and roentgenologically determined lung sizes were examined in 48 patients (mean age = 24.6 +/- 6.2 years) with spontaneous pneumothorax, 46 male patients (mean age = 24.6 +/- 3.8 years) with various diseases not related to the cardiopulmonary system, and 48 healthy male students (mean age = 24.3 +/- 2.2 years). Patients with spontaneous pneumothorax were slender compared to the control groups but the body height was not different. The patients had significantly longer lungs than the controls, although width and depth of the lungs were similar between the three groups. Mean differences for the lung height between patients and healthy students were so small (mean = 1.2 1.7 cm, which is equivalent to 0.3-0.7 cm H2O) that stress alone does not appear to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 7089389 TI - [Action of carbon monoxide on the affinity of hemoglobulin for oxygen. Study in whole blood and stripped hemoglobin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089390 TI - Atropine methonitrate and salbutamol in chronic airways obstruction: peak effect and duration of action. AB - The effects of atropine methonitrate and salbutamol delivered by wet nebulisation, separately and in combination, were studied in 22 patients with chronic airways obstruction. Atropine methonitrate 1.5 mg, 3.0 mg and 6.0 mg, salbutamol 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg and 10.0 mg and the intermediate dose of each agent in combination were used. Peak expiratory flow rat (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 1 S (FEV1.0) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured. Improvement in the measured variables were greater after salbutamol, alone or with atropine, up to 3 h after inhalation, after salbutamol with atropine 4 and 6 h after inhalation, and after atropine, alone or with salbutamol, 12 h after inhalation. For all patients together there were no significant differences in the mean maximum PEFR, FEV1.0 or FVC that were achieved following atropine, salbutamol or both together. Salbutamol, 5.0 or 10.0 mg, and atropine methonitrate, 1.5 or 3.0 mg, were maximally effective in most patients and at these doses serious side effects were unusual. PMID- 7089391 TI - Douglas revisited. A stethographic method for visualizing thoracoabdominal motion. AB - The stethograph is an air-filled tube strapped to the chest. It was popular in the early part of the century as a means of detecting rib cage motion. When a second stethograph is strapped to the abdomen and coupled to an x-y recorded, a 'loop' is generated which characterizes the thoracoabdominal motion during inspiration. Inspiratory muscle weakness or dysynchrony can be reliably and economically evaluated with this technique. Visualizing thoracoabdominal motion on an x-y recorded provides a useful means of instructing patients during breathing retraining. PMID- 7089392 TI - Primary pulmonary hypertension: a facet of diffuse angiopathic process? PMID- 7089393 TI - Regional lung function in asbestos workers: observations and speculations. AB - The clinical findings, occupational exposure, smoking history, pulmonary function, chest radiograph and ventilation-perfusion studies have been examined in 12 men exposed to asbestos fibers in the course of their work. Minor abnormalities of regional ventilation, consistent with early small airway dysfunction, were found in the fibrotic zones of most of the nonsmokers or mild cigarette smokers. The whole-lung washout times, estimated by visual inspection of serial washout images, were strongly correlated with measurements of airflow obstruction, but not with pack-years of smoking. There was a close correspondence between radiographic extent of pulmonary fibrosis and the abnormalities in pulmonary blood flow in these regions. The severity of the abnormalities in regional pulmonary blood flow was significantly correlated with the years of asbestos exposure (r = + 0.73, p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the magnitude of the disturbance in pulmonary blood flow in the fibrotic zones could be used to estimate the proportion of pulmonary dysfunction due to asbestos exposure. PMID- 7089394 TI - [Early detection of alcoholism in a hospital population (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089395 TI - [Experience in a private cytogenetics laboratory (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089397 TI - [Personality traits of a group of medical students. New possibilities of the MMPI (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089396 TI - [Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Irregular estrogen excretion with methimazole therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089398 TI - [Study of 84 patients with hepatic amebic abscess (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089399 TI - [Rapid method for the measurement of urinary total estrogens (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089402 TI - Congenital bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis. A probable hereditary malformation. PMID- 7089401 TI - [Premature ovarian insufficiency induced by alkylating agents (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089400 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089404 TI - [The diagnosis and the pronostic factors in breast cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089403 TI - [Comparison of the usefulness of two types of theoretical examinations to evaluate clinical learning (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089405 TI - [Radiotherapy with or without lumpectomy for operable breast cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089406 TI - [Modified radical mastectomy. Experience of the Jules Bordet Institute, Cancer Center of the Free Brussels University (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089407 TI - [Postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer. Results of the J. Bordet Institute]. PMID- 7089408 TI - [Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Evaluation of a 5 years experience (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089409 TI - [Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant lymphoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089410 TI - [Pathology of the biliary tract: diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 7089411 TI - [Endoscopic papillotomy in cholecystectomized patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089412 TI - [In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer as a treatment in tubal sterility. The first developmental stages of the human embryo: from fertilization to nidation]. PMID- 7089413 TI - [Human in vitro fertilization and early stages of development (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089414 TI - [Nidatory receptiveness of the endometrium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089415 TI - [Should clofibrate still be prescribed?]. PMID- 7089416 TI - [Gynecological aspects of anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 7089417 TI - [A case of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 7089418 TI - [Enzyme multiplicity: structural, genetic, phylogenic, ontogenic, metabolic and pathologic aspects]. PMID- 7089419 TI - 3rd European Meeting on 'Plasma Proteins in Clinical Diagnosis'. Milan, September 30th-October 1st, 1981. PMID- 7089420 TI - Lipid disorders in acute viral hepatitis. PMID- 7089421 TI - Relationship between HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipids in several conditions. PMID- 7089422 TI - The influence of autologous sera and various drugs on the migration inhibition induced by vascular extracts in patients with coronary and peripheral arteriosclerosis. PMID- 7089423 TI - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in critically ill patients. PMID- 7089424 TI - Adsorption losses of human serum apolipoproteins C and E during manipulation of diluted solutions. PMID- 7089425 TI - Evaluation of a method for quantitative serum lipoprotein analysis. PMID- 7089426 TI - Study of two computerized serum protein profiles in pregnancy ending normally or with toxemia. PMID- 7089428 TI - Clinical features of lipoprotein disorders. PMID- 7089427 TI - Formation of high density lipoprotein-like particles from chylomicrons. PMID- 7089430 TI - [Neurochemistry and psychopharmacology today]. PMID- 7089429 TI - [Symptomatic dementia syndrome of multiple sclerosis]. AB - A clinical-pathological study is presented concerning a patient affected by a demential syndrome at a young age (32 years). The neurological examination of the patient disclosed an asymmetry of the deep reflexes and a pale optic disk in both eyes. The pathological examination showed a typical MS, with extensive involvement of the frontal lobes. From our case and from those rarely reported in the literature, it appears that a demential syndrome can rarely be symptomatic of an initial MS. However even in these exceptional cases some neurological signs suggestive of MS are usually present. PMID- 7089432 TI - [Importance of computed tomography in renal lesions (author's transl)]. AB - The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal traumas is discussed for the individual stages of injury on the basis of 14 patients. it is evident that computed tomography is of great importance for selecting the proper therapeutic procedure. Stage I injuries usually do not require any further clarification if examined by CT. In cases of stage II injuries, short-term CT check up is necessary. Stage III injuries only will continue to require examination by angiography. PMID- 7089433 TI - [Arthrography as a diagnostic measure in injuries of ligament and capsule of the ankle joint (author's transl)]. AB - The application of monocontrast arthrography in examining the ankle joint is demonstrated by means of an extensive series of examinations. It is evident that this method of examination is more reliable than x-ray films of the forced extreme joint position, especially in combined injuries of the ligamentous apparatus, so that it enables better planning of the necessary therapeutic procedure. PMID- 7089431 TI - [Psychic reality of hemiplegic patients during rehabilitation]. AB - The authors face psychological problems of the hemiplegic patient through a free re-elaboration of Sacks' and coll.'s Test of Sentences to be Completed with the purpose of pointing out psychosocial and depressive dynamics which can interfere with rehabilitation processes as well as with the re-learning of adaptation motorial successions. Attained results appear to confirm a strict relation among hemiplegia, withdrawal from parenthetical social relation and development of depressive dynamics; they also suggest the opportunity of a systematic deepening of the research. PMID- 7089434 TI - [Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver--is a radiologic diagnosis possible? (author's transl)]. AB - Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (FNH) is a histologically defined benign tumor, which can be distinguished from other space-occupying diseases of the liver. The present paper deals with the question whether FNH can be distinguished from other lesions of the liver by a combination of radiologic procedures. Therefore 10 patients with FNH of the liver underwent sonography, hepatic scintigraphy, computed tomography with dynamic CT--densitometry, and angiography. The computed tomography with dynamic CT--densitometry using intravenous bolus injection of contrast medium seems to be the most accurate method for detection of FNH of the liver. PMID- 7089437 TI - [Visualisation of a papillary renal adenoma via urogram, sonography, computed tomography and renovasography with puncture (author's transl)]. AB - The visualisation of the papillary renal adenoma is demonstrated on the basis of a case report, using the classical and modern x-ray methods including sonography. However, it is only the on-target puncture which enables an accurate diagnosis of the type of adenoma. PMID- 7089435 TI - [Xeroangiographic findings in patients with haemodialysis fistulas in the arm (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report on a simple and accurate method for xeroangiographic visualisation of haemodialysis shunts in the arm which has been performed so far in 98 patients without complications. By this method, approx. 45 ml metrizamide (80 mg iodine/ml) are injected into the venous limb during short-term hypersystolic congestion. Single xeroradiography performed subsequently shows both the arterial and the venous vessels. The pathological findings established during the examinations (stenoses, pseudoaneurysms, venous thromboses) were confirmed by subsequent surgery. PMID- 7089436 TI - [A contribution to radioactive iodine therapy of the euthyroid goitre (author's transl)]. AB - It is shown that radioactive iodine therapy is an alternative method in the treatment even of large goitres provided this method of treatment is confined to patients beyond the age of 40. If the patient is generally inoperable, this is in fact the method of choice. The success rate can be compared with that of other methods of treatment. In this connection, special attention is drawn to the high rate of alleviation of complaints. No significant side effects are seen; in a few cases only, treatment will have to be repeated. PMID- 7089438 TI - [Quality assurance through constancy control for x-ray film processors (author's transl)]. AB - A control method to check the reproduction of x-Ray film processors and necessary instruments is presented. The application of a light sensitometer allows the production of test films daily, independent of x-Ray exposures, x-ray film cassettes and x-ray intensifying screens. The optical densities on the test films will be read by means of a densitometer and the results are plotted on a special control chart. A limitation through optical densities of +/- 0,15 for Speed Index and +/- 0,20 for Contrast Index determines the tolerance variation for x-ray film processors. Targets of this control method are uniform image quality, dose reduction and saving of cost. PMID- 7089439 TI - [Tests and technics (III). Research and procedures in adult nephrology]. PMID- 7089440 TI - [Subacute and chronic occupational carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 7089441 TI - [Pathology of shift work]. PMID- 7089443 TI - [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. The antigen, the lung and the physician]. PMID- 7089442 TI - [The role of the practitioner in the detection and reporting of occupational diseases]. PMID- 7089444 TI - [Pathology and constraints in the driving of vehicles]. PMID- 7089446 TI - [The anesthetic risk]. PMID- 7089445 TI - [Premedication]. PMID- 7089447 TI - [Choice of an anesthetic strategy as a function of risk]. PMID- 7089448 TI - [Intraoperative complications of general anesthesia]. PMID- 7089450 TI - [Problems posed by anesthesia in respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 7089449 TI - [Recovery from anesthesia]. PMID- 7089451 TI - [Anesthesia in coronary insufficiency (excluding coronary surgery)]. PMID- 7089452 TI - [Metabolism of water and salt in the normal man]. PMID- 7089453 TI - [Symptomatology of water balance disorders. Significance and interpretation of hyponatremia]. PMID- 7089454 TI - [Edema (without treatment)]. PMID- 7089456 TI - [Water intoxication and antidiuretic states]. PMID- 7089455 TI - [Dehydration]. PMID- 7089457 TI - [Heatstroke in children]. PMID- 7089458 TI - [Treatment of water balance disorders]. PMID- 7089459 TI - [Anion gap. Clinical significance]. PMID- 7089460 TI - [Allergology is not what it used to be!]. PMID- 7089461 TI - [The mechanisms of immediate allergy]. PMID- 7089462 TI - [Biological diagnosis of allergy]. PMID- 7089463 TI - [New causes of occupational asthma]. PMID- 7089464 TI - [Specific desensitization]. PMID- 7089465 TI - [Prevention of allergy]. PMID- 7089466 TI - [Acute experimental bone marrow necrosis in the rabbit induced by aortic ligation. Ultrastructural and biochemical study]. AB - The authors study the effects of ligation of the infra-renal aorta on the bone marrow in the femoral shafts in ten rabbits, from a histopathological and biochemical standpoint. Histology revealed marrow necrosis in nine cases out of ten. They describe the appearances of this necrosis by light and electron microscopy. In five cases it was focal and partial and in four cases total. It sometimes involved only the haematopoietic tissue, leaving fatty tissue unaffected. The latter would thus seem to be more resistant to ischaemia. Study of lipids showed a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, a decrease which was more marked in the ischaemic femurs than in the humerus of the same rabbits. PMID- 7089467 TI - [Concentration of gold in macrophages of the bone marrow in rheumatic diseases subjected to chrysotherapy]. AB - Ultrastructural investigation of bone marrow cells of histiocytic lineage to determine the presence of microcrystals containing gold was carried out in 12 patients. Eleven patients had classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis and one had palindromic rheumatism; the duration of these diseases ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Two patients had never received chrysotherapy and therefore served as controls. The remaining 10 patients had been treated with sodium aurothiopropanolsulfonate for periods ranging from 1 week to 4 years and 4 months without any clinical signs of laboratory findings--hematological changes in particular--of drug intolerance. No crystalline structures could be found in the 2 controls or in the patient who had just begun treatment. Conversely, in the 9 other patients, the lysozymes of bone marrow macrophages contained needle-like microcrystals containing one atom of gold for two atoms of sulfur, i.e. identical in proportion to the injected product. For equivalent total doses, deposits appeared to be equally numerous regardless of the time span between the last injection and the sampling (2-21 months). These crystals were present in the bone marrow several years after the beginning of chrysotherapy. The actual mechanism of their precipitation remains unknown at present. PMID- 7089468 TI - [Hemarthrosis of articular chondrocalcinosis. Apropos of 28 cases. Importance of treatment by isotopic synoviorthesis]. AB - 32 cases of hemarthrosis observed in 26 patients suffering from articular chondrocalcinosis are used as a basis for a review of the principal clinical anc paraclinical findings. Special mention is made of the fact that hemarthrosis occurs in the shoulder much less rarely than has been classically reported. The diagnostic value of finding microcristals of calcium pyrophosphate in hemorrhagic fluid is also emphasized. In addition to standard treatment, isotopic synoviortheses is shown to be effective for treatment of recurrent hemarthrosis. After an average of 3.3 years of follow-up, this treatment, although lacking certain analgesic effect, frequently leads to lasting cessation of the hemarthrosis, more often it seems, in the shoulder than in the knee. PMID- 7089469 TI - [Monoarthritis caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare. Personal observation of 2 cases and review of the literature]. AB - The authors report two cases of arthritis of a proximal interphalangeal articulation due to Mycobacterium (M) intracellulare. In both cases, an intra articular corticosteroid injection, given for preexisting pain, was responsible for infection. Both diagnoses were based on results from cultures of biopsied tissue. Histological findings in one of the cases were non-specific, whereas tuberculoid granulomas were present in the other. Articular destruction had occurred in both patients at the time of diagnosis. M. intracellulare was sensitive to ethambutol in the first case, and to ethambutol and cycloserine in the second. The evolution of the disease could not be ascertained in one patient lost to follow-up. The second patient's course of disease was favorable after surgical excision and 10 months of tuberculostatic drugs. The study reviews the principal contributions of the literature. PMID- 7089470 TI - [Diagnosis of Shulman syndrome by percutaneous needle biopsy]. PMID- 7089471 TI - [Seropositive palindromic rheumatism and pulmonary rheumatoid nodule: apropos of a case]. PMID- 7089472 TI - [A simple method of X-human chromosomes identification by means of 5 bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089473 TI - [Changes in the anti-heparin activity of platelet-free plasma in rats with induced inflammation and after administration of CC14 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089474 TI - [Diagnostic problems of the preexcitation syndrome in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089476 TI - Extra chromosome 12 and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 22 consecutive patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were stimulated with the polyclonal B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (LPS) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Stimulation was successful for chromosome analysis in 14 patients. Eleven patients had chromosomal aberrations and 7 of these had an extra chromosome 12. In 2 patients an extra chromosome 12 was the only abnormality, while additional aberrations were found in 5 patients. 3 patients had complex aberrations involving deletion of chromosome 6. 1 of these patients also had a translocation between chromosomes 12 and 14. 1 patient had a translocation between chromosomes 11 and 14. In 3 patients no aberrations were detected. The time elapsing between diagnosis and appearance of clinical symptoms which were indications for treatment was significantly shorter in patients with an extra chromosome 12 than in these without this abnormality. Thus, it appears that an extra chromosome 12 is associated with a more rapid course of the disease, and may therefore be of importance for the predition of prognosis. PMID- 7089475 TI - Attempt at quantification of the cytotoxic drug-induced changes of the human bone marrow compartments. AB - In order to describe the changes of the human bone marrow compartments after repeated courses of adriamycin/cyclophosphamide in quantitative terms, 2 methods have been studied for their usefulness as indices of bone marrow cellularity: cell counts per ml of bone marrow aspirates obtained under standardized conditions, and cell counts per microliter of bone marrow spicules evaluated by morphometric techniques. Applied to a sufficiently large group of patients, both methods were useful to describe the cytotoxic drug-induced changes of the bone marrow compartments in accordance with the following indirect criteria: (a) the results in man are quite compatible with the changes of haematopoiesis described in animal experiments after cytotoxic drugs; (b) the changes of the peripheral blood cell pools - PMN and reticulocytes -, which can be assessed quantitatively, correspond to the changes of the respective bone marrow pools as determined by the described indices of cellularity; (c) this quantitative description of drug induced changes in the human bone marrow compartments yields 'reasonable' results on the basis of both the mechanism of action of the cytotoxic drugs employed and the kinetics of the haematopoietic system studied. PMID- 7089477 TI - Iron overload in a non-transfused patient with thalassaemia intermedia. AB - A patient with thalassemia intermedia and haemosiderosis is reported. This patient did not receive transfusions or iron therapy. The iron absorption and the plasma iron turnover (PIT) were increased. Transfusions were carried out in order to decrease the amount of abnormal erythropoiesis. After that, the erythropoietin and PIT were decreased to normal levels and the iron absorption also returned to normal. The data presented suggest that increased erythropoiesis was responsible for the abnormally high iron absorption and subsequently for the haemosiderosis of the patient presented. PMID- 7089478 TI - Non-tropical idiopathic splenomegaly (Dacie's syndrome): report of 5 cases. AB - We describe 5 patients, aged 22-69 years, with massive splenomegaly of unknown origin an features of hypersplenism. Splenectomy corrected the cytopenia(s) and abolished the symptoms in each case; the histological features of the spleen were non-specific and included congestive changes and lymphoid hyperplasia. 2 of these patients developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) 2 and 6 years after spenectomy. A total of 46 cases of splenomegaly of unknown origin have been reported from UK, USA, and Australia so far, and in 9, NHL developed 8 to 80 months after splenectomy. The questions relating to the pathogenesis of splenomegaly and the subsequent development of NHL remain to be answered. We propose that this 'entity' be known as Dacie's syndrome, after Sir John Dacie who characterised it in 1969. PMID- 7089479 TI - Erythropoiesis in hairy cell leukaemia: a true erythroid failure. AB - A quantitative evaluation of erythropoiesis was carried out in 12 patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). The results were compared with those obtained in eight patients with aplastic anaemia (AA) in order to define the characteristics of erythroid failure in HCL. Discriminant analysis was applied to both haematological and erythrokinetic parameters of the two disease groups. Plasma iron concentration and MCV were significantly higher in AA, and allowed a perfect separation of the patients. As regards erythrokinetics, values of ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral haemolysis were able to separate completely the two disease groups, being significantly lower in HCL than in AA. A true erythroid failure was the peculiar erythrokinetic pattern of HCL. This conclusion allows one to speculate on the nature of the stem cell damage in this disease. PMID- 7089480 TI - Haemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatible plasma in a platelet concentrate. AB - A patients of blood type A1 developed brisk, but transient haemolysis after receiving a platelet transfusion derived from 4 group 0 donors. Anti-A was detected on his red cells and in his plasma. 2 of the platelet donor were found to have very high titers (1:10240) of anti-A and positive haemolysin tests. Thus, a haemolytic reaction can result from transfusion of incompatible plasma in a platelet concentrate. PMID- 7089482 TI - Cellular proliferation and susceptibility to iron toxicity in iron loaded cell cultures. AB - Chang cells from human liver, grown in a medium supplemented with 161 mumol/l ferric nitrilotriacetate become iron loaded with an increase in their ferritin content and total iron content. Their viability is not impaired and they survive indefinitely in this state when subcultured at regular intervals. When the cells are grown in a confluent culture their mitotic index is reduced from 12% to less than 1%. In this state they survive normally in unsupplemented medium but when iron is added at 161 mumol/l concentration the cells die within 6 weeks. The toxic lesion appears to be induced within three weeks and is irreversible unless the cells are transferred to an iron-poor medium. Cultural conditions, particularly proliferative rate, appear to be important in determining susceptibility of the cells to iron toxicity. Cell age, hypopoxia and lysosomal enzyme have been assessed as factors that may affect susceptibility. PMID- 7089481 TI - Spleen size changes in children with homozygous beta-thalassaemia in relation to blood transfusion. AB - 18 thalassaemic children, aged 3.5 to 13 years comprise our clinical material. In 14 of them clinically elicited spleen markings, haematocrit, blood platelet count and red cell morphology were studied daily for the whole period between transfusions. In 10 patients considerable changes in spleen size were noticed. According to out clinical observations the spleen size starts decreasing 1 to 3 d after blood transfusion up to the 10th posttransfusion day fluctuating thereafter to reach its maximum size again prior to the next blood transfusion. The decrease of spleen size was followed by an increase of haematocrit and blood platelet count and vice versa. 4 additional children were studied clinically only twice: prior to and 7 to 10 d after blood transfusion. A definite decrease of the spleen size following blood transfusion was observed. Spleen and liver 99mTc-sulfur colloid uptake was studied in 10 of the above children prior to and 7 to 10 d after blood transfusion. Statistically significant post-transfusion increase of the spleen uptake was demonstrated. Our findings suggest that (a) splenic size is relevant to blood volume sequestrated int this organ, (b) splenic radioactive uptake increases with its post-transfusion reduction in size. PMID- 7089483 TI - 'Prolymphocytoid' cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and their prognostic significance. AB - The morphology of lymphocytes in blood and bone marrow smears from 103 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was studied. Special attention was paid to the finding of immature cells with the morphological features of prolymphocytes (prolymphocytoid cells -PLC). Subsequently the prognostic significance of these cells was examined. It was found that in 85 cases no PLC were found (Group I); in 8 cases the percentage was less than or equal to 10% (Group II) and in 10 cases the PLC were greater than 10% (Group III). The cases with PLC, especially in group III, fell in advanced stages of the disease (III IV) and presented with increased lymphocytosis. In 8 patients of group III, who were followed till death, the disease became refractory to any treatment and the survival was short. We suggest that 'prolymphocytoid' transformation is a bad prognostic sign in CLL. PMID- 7089484 TI - Failure of ouabain to influence the osmotic fragility in hereditary spherocytosis. AB - No effect of 3 mumol ouabain on the osmotic fragility of red blood cells in subjects suspected of being carriers of hereditary spherocytosis, as well as in patients with overt disease could be demonstrated. These results are in disagreement with a recent report. Some possible explanations for these discrepant results are discussed. It is concluded that ouabain probably adds little to the diagnostic capability of the osmotic fragility test. PMID- 7089485 TI - Serum ferritin and bone marrow haemosiderin in patients with malignancies and in healthy controls. AB - Serum ferritin has been analysed and bone marrow haemosiderin evaluated in 306 patients with malignancies, mostly lymphomas, and in 46 healthy controls. Also haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin and liver enzymes were analysed simultaneously. 60% of the patients had serum ferritin above normal values and 20% had values above 1000 micrograms/l. There was a good correlation between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron both in the patients and in the controls, r = 0.67 and r = 0.77, respectively. There was a negative correlation between serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentration in the patients and a positive correlation in the controls. In patients with Hodgkin's disease serum ferritin was related to the stage of the disease. PMID- 7089486 TI - Immunological tolerance in the chicken. III. Partial physiochemical characterization of two suppressive fractions from serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin. AB - Two soluble non-specific suppressive factors were isolated by gel chromatography from the serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fraction I was found by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to contain five proteins with mol. wts from 200,000 to 900,000 unreduced and six proteins that ranged from 70,000 to 180,000 when reduced. The composition was primarily protein, with a small amount of carbohydrate and lipid. One component was identified as IgM, one as a lipoprotein. The others remain unidentified. No evidence of the tolerogen, BSA, was found. The second factor, fraction III of both tolerant and normal serum, was found by SDS-PAGE to have two proteins with mol. wts of 54,000 and 78,000 in the unreduced form and contained a very small amount of protein, a large amount of carbohydrate, and no detectable lipid. Normal fraction III had two proteins with mol wts of 54,000 and 65,000 when reduced, whereas reduction did not affect tolerant fraction III. A soluble suppressive factor, secreted by cultured adherent cells of tolerant chickens, was found to be comparable to fraction III in molecular weight. Comparison of these results with those of other reported suppressive factors is made and possible identities of the suppressive components of fractions I and II are discussed. PMID- 7089487 TI - Cytotoxicity of tumour-bearer serum to D23 hepatoma cells derived from solid tumours, ascites or in vitro cultures. AB - The complement-dependent cytotoxicity of antibodies in tumour-bearer serum (TBS) from rats carrying the chemically induced D23 hepatoma was investigated. Target cells were D23 cells from solid tumours (D23sol), from ascites tumours (D23asc), or from in vitro growing cell cultures (D23cc). The D23asc and D23cc cells were not lysed when used as target cells in the assay, although they evoke cytotoxic antibodies when growing in vivo. The D23 ascites cells became susceptible to complement-dependent lysis after trypsin treatment. This was, however, not due to unmasking of target antigens, since untreated D23 ascites cells absorbed cytotoxic antibodies as efficiently as trypsinized cells. No increase in susceptibility to complement-dependent lysis was observed after trypsin treatment of D23cc cells. Absorption of cytotoxic antibodies with D23cc cells showed no or very low antigen expression on the surface of these cells. They did, however, contain the antigen(s), since 3 M KCl extracts of the D23cc cells could inhibit the complement-dependent cytotoxicity of D23sol TBS against D23sol cells. From these data it was concluded that the susceptibility of hepatoma cells for antibody-mediated complement lysis is not only correlated with antigen expression, as was the case with the in-vitro-cultivated cells, but is also dependent on increased lytic susceptibility after trypsin treatment of the cells. PMID- 7089488 TI - Staphylococcal protein A and human IgG subclasses and allotypes. AB - Staphylococcal protein A binds molecules belonging to the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses. IgG3 proteins generally do not bind, except for those coded by the two gamma 3 alleles, which are G3m(u-): G3m(b0,b3,b5,s,v). G3m(u) is located in the CH2 domain. The difference between G3m(u-) and G3m(u+) IgG3 proteins correlates with the sequence at position 339 in the CH2 domain--Ala and Thr respectively. There is another structural difference in the CH3 domain which correlates with protein A binding and non-binding: all IgG proteins that bind protein A have His at position 435, whereas those that do not, have Arg at that position. PMID- 7089489 TI - Pigment mutations in the mouse which also affect lysosomal functions lead to suppressed natural killer cell activity. AB - The impact of five pigment mutations in the mouse on natural killer (NK) activity was examined in inbred strains congenic for the respective mutation. Whereas the nature of pigmentation disorder was similar in the five mutant strains (beige, pallid, reduced pigmentation, pale ear, and sepia), all mutations except sepia also led to a significant change in lysosomal enzyme activities in the kidney. A significant reduction in NK activity was observed in the four strains with lysosomal impact, whereas homozygous sepia mice displayed normal NK activity. The pigment mutations analysed are located on different chromosomes and fail to cross interact negatively with each other in the heterozygous mice. This would indicate that pigment mutations with a parallel impact on lysosomal enzyme activities probably always result in a reduction in natural killer cell activity. PMID- 7089490 TI - Soluble cytostatic factor(s) released from human monocytes. I. Production and effect on normal and transformed human target cells. AB - Human monocytes activated with lymphokines after 3-7 days of in vitro maturation released stable cytostatic factor(s) (CF), as determined by reduction of [methyl 3H]thymidine incorporation and cell counts in target cell cultures. Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli slightly enhanced the release of CF. The CF release was greatest at an intermediate stage of the in vitro monocyte maturation to large, macrophage-like cells. Three transformed human cell lines (NHIK 3025, K-562, and U-20S) and normal skin fibroblasts were consistently inhibited by CF. Normal human mesothelial cells were variably affected, while normal human lymphocytes proliferating in response to allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture were not inhibited. Further analysis of CF may disclose one of the mechanisms whereby human monocytes and macrophages inhibit growth of human tumour cells. PMID- 7089492 TI - Elevated magnesium excretion in hydronephrotic kidneys. PMID- 7089491 TI - Significance of acute urinary retention due to intravesical obstruction. AB - Acute urinary retention was relieved by simple transurethral emptying of the bladder in 107 men. In a group of 70 men with either diagnosed or assumed benign hyperplasia of the prostate, 70% (45/64) had repeat retention within one week and in only 16% (11/68) was micturition unaffected during the observation period of five years. Definitive treatment of the underlying disease was performed mainly during the first six months. The prognosis in benign prostatic hyperplasia was independent of patient age, volume of retained urine or previous occurrence of retention. It is concluded that acute urinary retention is a powerful indication for definitive treatment in prostatic disorders and that simple mechanical emptying of the bladder is unacceptable without subsequent observation. PMID- 7089493 TI - Renal function as an indicator of prognosis in malignant essential hypertension. AB - Renal function was evaluated in a group of 24 patients (21 men and 3 women, mean age 47 years) who had survived the malignant phase of hypertension during the period of 1969-1979. Five had grade III retinopathy (haemorrhages and exudates) and 19 had grade IV changes (papilloedema, FH IV) at diagnosis. Highest recorded blood pressure was 248 +/- 4/152 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/- S.E.M.). Renal function rapidly deteriorated in 7 cases with progression to terminal uraemia. All patients in this group had a marked elevation in serum creatinine at diagnosis (448 +/- 105 mumol/l) and inadequate blood pressure control. Two of these 7 patients died and 5 underwent renal transplantation. The other 17 patients initially had serum creatinine less than or equal to 250 mumol/l (169 +/- 19 mumol/l-glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 51 +/- 7 ml/min). All except one were reinvestigated after a mean time of 6 years (range 6 months-11 years) with evaluation of blood pressure and determination of GFR by 51Cr-EDTA clearance. At follow-up their blood pressure was fairly well controlled (153 +/- 3/99 +/- 2 mmHg). Their GFR was 62 +/- 6 ml/min. Of the 11 patients in whom two GFR determinations were available (one initially and one at follow-up), six patients showed a marked increase in GFR while 5 patients showed only slight or no improvement in spite of fairly good blood pressure control. In malignant hypertension adequate antihypertensive treatment can lead to a pronounced improvement in GFR unless renal function has deteriorated gravely. PMID- 7089495 TI - Percutaneous renal biopsy with real-time ultrasonography. PMID- 7089494 TI - Clinical experience of long-term treatment with minoxidil in severe arterial hypertension. AB - Minoxidil was used in 25 patients with severe hypertension whose blood pressure (BP) could not be controlled with conventional treatment or who suffered from intolerable side effects during treatment with other drugs. In 6 patients minoxidil was withdrawn after a short time owing to side effects or because hypertension could be controlled by regular dialysis treatment. The remaining 19 patients were treated with minoxidil for 0.5-4.5 years. The hypotensive effect of minoxidil in combination with beta-blockers and diuretics was good or acceptable in all patients. Neither orthostatic hypotension nor development of resistance was observed. Minoxidil was well tolerated in one patient with porphyria and in two patients who have had the hydralazine syndrome. Eighteen patients had kidney failure with elevated serum creatinine. With one exception the uraemia progressed if the serum creatinine level was above 300 mumol/litre at the start of the treatment. All patients tended to develop oedema, but this was controlled by concomitant diuretic therapy. Eighteen patients developed hypertrichosis. No other significant side effects were observed. One patient died and two patients developed pericarditis in the highly uraemic phase in connection with the start of dialysis. Neither the death nor the cases of pericarditis can be attributed to minoxidil. Minoxidil was found to be effective in severe hypertension in connection with advanced renal disease and can be considered as a valuable addition to the established therapeutic arsenal for treatment of severe hypertension. PMID- 7089496 TI - Experience with bovine heterografts and polytetrafluoroethylene (Impra) grafts for vascular access in chronic haemodialysis. PMID- 7089498 TI - Volvulus of an ileal conduit as a lethal complication of urinary diversion. Report of one case. PMID- 7089499 TI - Long-term functional results of the non-surgical treatment of common bacterial infections of joints. AB - Thirty patients with acute bacterial infection of a peripheral joint were treated with intravenous antibiotics, daily closed needle aspiration and early mobilization therapy. Joint mobility, expressed as a percentage of normal mobility, was evaluated at the end of the reconvalescence period and again after 42 to 65 months (mean: 50 months). The functional outcome was excellent and joint mobility normal in 2/3 of the cases as revealed by the short- and long-term evaluation results. Factors that affected joint mobility were: delayed treatment, joint disorders prior to treatment, and ease of access to the joint for needle aspiration. Poor results were found in the presence of hip infections. In the long term, deterioration of joint mobility can occur in the same aggravating conditions. Treatment of septic arthritis with daily needle aspiration and early mobilization gave very good functional results. PMID- 7089497 TI - Ureteric orifice deformation causing secondary reflux. AB - In two boys with posterior urethral valve and dilated ureters ureteroneocystostomy according to Politano-Leadbetter was performed at 4 and 6 months of age. Postoperatively both children showed vesicoureteric reflux. Endoscopic examination revealed in both cases a mucosal bridge between the medial borders of the ureteric orifices. The bridge was transected with transurethral endoscopic diathermy whereupon the reflux disappeared permanently. The fixation and deformation of the orifices were probably part of the mechanism causing the reflux. Endoscopy is recommended in case of postoperative reflux. PMID- 7089501 TI - The Guillain-Barre syndrome following gold therapy. PMID- 7089502 TI - The cytology of joint exudates in rheumatoid arthritis. Morphology and preparation techniques. AB - The cytology of joint exudates from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was examined by preparation of air-dried smears; a procedure that involved cytocentrifugation of synovial fluids following dilution in a balanced salt solution containing albumin. This procedure provided a monolayer of homogeneously distributed exudate cells with excellent preservation of morphological details. The dominant cell type in the exudates was polymorphonuclear leukocytes, often with signs of necrobiosis. The small and medium-sized mononuclear cells were lymphocyte-like and vital-looking. The large mononuclear cells displayed signs of extensive phagocytosis, especially phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is suggested that the granulocytes of the synovial fluid are cells which have reached their function compartment, where they work and die. PMID- 7089500 TI - Pulmonary function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - 106 women and 38 men suffering from definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis underwent a pulmonary function test. The results were correlated to the duration and various clinical activity parameters of the disease. Pulmonary diffusion capacity was found to be reduced compared with the predicted values (p less than 0.05), irrespective of the duration or activity of the disease. The findings suggest that inflammatory vascular changes in the lungs usually occur in rheumatoid arthritis even in cases where other extraarticular manifestations can usually not be demonstrated. PMID- 7089503 TI - The effect of rifamycin SV on neutrophil functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The chemotaxis, phagocytic capacity and reducing activity of neutrophils derived from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) did not differ from those of control. However, some significant differences between neutrophils from rheumatic and healthy subjects emerged in the presence of rifamycin SV. The chemotactic response of neutrophils from patients with RA was activated by rifamycin SV, whereas cells from controls did not orient their locomotion towards the drug. Moreover, incubation of RA patient's cells with rifamycin SV in vitro depressed phagocytic and reducing activities; the same treatment on normal cells failed to alter these functions. A correlation between improvement of clinical symptoms after treatment of RA by local infiltration with rifamycin SV, observed by others, and the impairment of phagocytosis and NBT reduction, here described, was suggested. PMID- 7089504 TI - Increased mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A mortality study was performed on all patients treated in hospitals in Stockholm County who were diagnosed during 1971 as having rheumatoid arthritis. The group consisted of 1165 patients. They were followed up through 1978. The mortality was about 2.5 times higher than for the general Stockholm population, and the females had the highest excess mortality. The excess mortality was particularly high in cases of infection, and of gastrointestinal, urogenital and rheumatic disease. The mortality in cancer was no different from that of the general population, and there was also no excess mortality regarding any particular site or type of cancer. 20% of the deceased had RA as the underlying cause of death and 18% as contributory cause of death. PMID- 7089506 TI - Healing of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) such early radiographic changes as soft tissue swelling and osteoporosis may well be reversible. Narrowing of the joint space and bone erosion are late changes generally considered to be non-reversible. Our observation suggest, however, that healing of bone erosions, especially in joints in which inflammation had disappeared, is more common than is generally believed. We describe three patients with classical RA in whom serial radiographs showed that the bone erosion in one or more of the joints of their hands or feet had healed. PMID- 7089505 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in women with different manifestations of joint disease. AB - A comprehensive population study of women aged 44-46 was carried out in Goteborg, Sweden in 1974-75. The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the rate of high ESR values (defined as ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm) were higher in women with manifestations of joint diseases than in other women, the differences being statistically significant for women with swollen or deformed finger joints and symptoms from the wrists. Women with manifestations of active joint disease at the time of the examination had even higher ESR values, the differences being statistically significant also for women with symptoms from the finger joints. High ESR values were more common in women with a positive serological test for rheumatoid factor and joint manifestations indicating arthritis and osteoarthrosis. The "arthritis" and "osteoarthrosis" groups each included about one-third of the subjects with rheumatoid factor. It is concluded that although ESR values are moderately increased in subjects with different manifestations of joint disease, the vast majority of such subjects have ESR values less than 30 mm. PMID- 7089507 TI - Amnesic effects of diazepam: "drug dependence" explained by state-dependent learning. PMID- 7089508 TI - Consistency in catecholamine excretion in laboratory and natural settings: correlational and variance components analyses. PMID- 7089510 TI - [Contribution of computed tomography to the diagnosis of herniated disk and narrowed lumbar canal]. PMID- 7089509 TI - [Thyroid other endocrine and disorders in a general internal medicine group practice]. AB - Retrospective analysis of 3397 patients of a general group practice revealed thyroid disease in 5.8% and other endocrine disease (including diabetes) in 2%. Of the total of 6629 diagnoses, one out of 25 was an endocrinopathy. Every 35th practice patient had an endocrine disease which required treatment. Endocrine laboratory tests were ordered in every 7th patient. Diabetes mellitus (1.7%), hyperthyroidism (0.38%), hypothyroidism (0.53%) and euthyroidism after goiter operation (1.4%) were the most frequent endocrine problems recorded. Euthyroid goiter was relatively rare (4%), probably because it was often considered an irrelevant finding and not coded for. The thyroid gland was therefore the most frequently affected endocrine organ and diabetes mellitus the most prevalent endocrine dysfunction. Compared with other diseases, endocrine problems were of intermediate prevalence. The analyzed group practice had relatively young patient population, which may account for the surprisingly low prevalence of diabetes mellitus. On the whole, however, the prevalence of various diseases in this group practice compared well with statistics in representative samples of Swiss medical practices. PMID- 7089511 TI - [Acral-lentiginous melanoma: the newest subgroup of malignant melanomas of the skin]. AB - A new subgroup of malignant melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma (ALM), is presented, which the authors have diagnosed in 8% of their melanoma patients. In a retrospective study the clinical and pathological findings in 44 patients with ALM are reviewed. A relationship was found between age, tumor diameter and thickness, pigmentation, ulceration, vasoinvasion and mitoses. The author's patients had a 5-year survival rate of 58%. PMID- 7089512 TI - [Incidence of cardiac insufficiency in cattle. Preliminary report]. PMID- 7089513 TI - [Plasma enzyme activity in the dog. Effects of age and sex]. PMID- 7089514 TI - [A permanent magnet in the treatment of traumatic reticulitis in cattle]. PMID- 7089515 TI - [Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics--from research to practice. I. Remarks addressed to practitioners concerning chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol]. PMID- 7089516 TI - [Importance of the early diagnosis of ileus in colicky horses as a prerequisite for successful abdominal surgery as exemplified by clinical material in 1980]. PMID- 7089517 TI - [Isolation of Campylobacter fetus, subsp, jejuni in animals, particularly in dogs and cats]. PMID- 7089518 TI - [Pregnancy and parturition in an ovariectomized cat]. PMID- 7089519 TI - [Urethral injuries due to windsurfing]. PMID- 7089520 TI - [Tendinitis in athletes: therapy with deep transversal message and ice]. PMID- 7089521 TI - [Sports medical aspects of hi king and mountain climbing in the Alps]. PMID- 7089522 TI - Artificial insemination by donor. PMID- 7089523 TI - Labour militants? PMID- 7089524 TI - Some studies of maternal and infant lead exposure in Glasgow. AB - In two studies in the city of Glasgow, 236 mothers and their newly born infants and 117 mothers and their 6-weeks old children's environmental lead exposure were examined. In both studies blood lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with the cube root of the domestic water lead concentrations. In the first study, multiple regression analyses of maternal blood lead and cord blood lead concentrations on other variables showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age. It was also noted that there was an annual fluctuation in maternal blood lead concentration with highest values in the autumn. In the second study, similar relationships were found. Although there was no association between blood lead and sex, age, place of birth or feeding method, as in the previous study, a significant association between social class and blood lead was found. This could be explained on the basis of the significant correlation between water lead and social class. In those mothers who breast fed, breast milk lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with blood lead concentrations where breast milk lead was around one tenth of blood lead concentration. These studies emphasise the importance of water lead in the economy of environmental lead exposure to mothers and their unborn and newly born infants. PMID- 7089525 TI - Multiple sclerosis. Old wine in new bottles. PMID- 7089526 TI - Treatment of endometriosis with reduced dosage schedules of danazol. AB - Experience of the treatment of endometriosis with danazol compares very favourably with the previous use of an oestrogen-progestogen combination in this condition. Symptoms were relieved more rapidly and for longer periods of time. The response to various dose regimes of danazol reveals that 200 mg daily may be adequate for most cases. PMID- 7089527 TI - Clinical examination as a screening method for breast cancer. AB - A five-year experience of a breast cancer screening clinic in a Scottish urban area is reported. During this period 28 per cent of the female population aged 25 to 70 years was screened by clinical examination alone. The pick-up rate for cancers was 7.8 per 1,000 'well' women examined, and 21 per cent of all patients with cancer were under 40 years old. Clinical examination is an effective and economical method of screening for breast cancer. The establishment of similar clinics to detect breast disease in women of all age groups is recommended. PMID- 7089528 TI - Farmer's lung in an iron foundry. AB - Two cases are described of the development of an allergic alveolitis in women working with straw as a packing material in an iron foundry. The clinical picture and results of investigations supported a diagnosis of farmer's lung qualifying the patients for payment of industrial disablement benefit. PMID- 7089529 TI - Control of severe thyrotoxicosis with potassium iodide and propranolol. AB - Conventional preparation of thyrotoxic patients for surgery using thiouracils and iodides may not be possible because of either, inability to obtain satisfactory therapeutic levels of the drugs or idiosyncratic reactions to the drugs. An alterative regime using potassium iodide and propranolol in combination has previously been shown to be both safe and effective in the pre-operative control of mild to moderate thyrotoxicosis. The use of this combination in a patient with severe thyrotoxicosis is described. Potassium iodide and propranolol can be used successfully to prepare patients with all degrees of thyrotoxicosis for surgery. PMID- 7089530 TI - In vivo activation of zoxazolamine metabolism by flavone. AB - The metabolism of zoxazolamine to 6-hydroxyzoxazolamine by liver microsomes from neonatal rats is stimulated severalfold by the in vitro addition of flavone, a naturally occurring compound found in several plant species. The intraperitoneal injection of flavone into neonatal rats causes an immediate several-fold stimulation in the rate of total body metabolism of simultaneously administered zoxazolamine. This is the first demonstration of stimulation of oxidative drug metabolism in vivo by a zenobiotic that is an activator of hepatic microsomal. PMID- 7089531 TI - Reduced leucine-enkephalin--like immunoreactive substance in hamster basal ganglia after long-term ethanol exposure. AB - Golden Syrian hamsters were placed individually in cages with three drinking bottles--one empty, one containing water, and the third containing water and ethanol. Control hamsters received water only. After 1 year the experimental hamsters showed a significantly lower concentration of leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive substance in the basal ganglia than the control hamsters. This finding indicates that the action of ethanol involves endogenous peptidyl opiates. PMID- 7089532 TI - Temporal trends in the lead concentrations of umbilical cord blood. AB - Umbilical cord blood specimens from 11,837 births between April 1979 and April 1981 have been analyzed for lead by anodic stripping voltammetry. The mean was 6.56 +/- 3.19 (standard deviation) micrograms per deciliter of blood, and the range was 0.0 to 37.0 micrograms per deciliter. The mean decreased annually by 0.77 +/- 0.03 microgram per deciliter, about 11 percent. Lead concentrations were higher in infants born in summer than in infants born in winter (7.17 versus 5.99, probability less than .001). A Fourier model of the data is presented, and possible reasons for the decline are discussed. PMID- 7089533 TI - Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. AB - Preliminary observations suggest a sex difference in the shape and surface area of the human corpus callosum. The sexual dimorphism is striking in the splenium, the caudal or posterior portion of the corpus callosum. The female splenium is both more bulbous and larger than the male counterpart. Since peristriate, parietal, and superior temporal fibers course through the splenium, this finding could be related to possible gender differences in the degree of lateralization for visuospatial functions. PMID- 7089534 TI - Fluorides and the changing prevalence of dental caries. AB - Community water fluoridation and individual use of fluorides have brought about a marked reduction in the prevalence of dental caries in the United States during the past 35 years. There is evidence that the prevalence of caries is declining in communities with unfluoridated water as well as in those with fluoridated water. This phenomenon may be related to an increase of fluoride in the food chain, especially from the use of fluoridated water in food processing, increased use of infant formulas with measurable fluoride content, and even unintentional ingestion of fluoride dentifrices. This trend should encourage reevaluation of research priorities and previously accepted standards for optimal fluoride use. PMID- 7089535 TI - Yellow rain: filling in the gaps. PMID- 7089536 TI - The Soviet elephant grass theory. PMID- 7089537 TI - USDA research under fire. PMID- 7089538 TI - OSHA's new thoughts on cancer policy. PMID- 7089539 TI - "Cancer is not inevitable". PMID- 7089540 TI - Can genes jump between eukaryotic species? PMID- 7089541 TI - Reproducing results. PMID- 7089542 TI - In vitro Evidence for two distinct hippocampal growth factors: basis of neuronal plasticity? AB - The rat hippocampal formation was tested for the presence of factors that would accelerate neurite extension from chick parasympathetic (ciliary ganglion) or sympathetic (lumbar chain) neurons in vitro. Two growth factors were identified in extracts of this brain region. One accelerated neurite extension from sympathetic neurons and was blocked by antiserum to nerve growth factor. The other accelerated neurite extension from parasympathetic neurons but was not affected by the antiserum. These results suggest that specific growth factors account for the specificity of neuronal sprouting. PMID- 7089543 TI - Loss of retinal X-cells in cats with neonatal or adult visual cortex damage. AB - Recordings were made from single retinal ganglion cell somas in cats whose visual cortical areas 17 and 18 were damaged on the day of birth or in adulthood. Neonatal lesions produced a 78 percent loss of X-cells in the retina, while lesions made in adulthood produced a 22 percent loss. Y-cells and W-cells were unaffected. This retinal abnormality needs to be considered when interpreting studies of behavioral deficits and neural mechanisms of recovery after damage to the visual cortex. PMID- 7089544 TI - Diazepam impairs lateral position control in highway driving. AB - Nine expert drivers operated an instrumented vehicle in tests over a highway at night after being treated with diazepam (5 and 10 milligrams), a placebo, and nothing. They reacted to 10 milligrams of diazepam with increased lateral position variability. Potentially dangerous impairment was inferred from the reactions of some subjects. PMID- 7089546 TI - "Myeloma". PMID- 7089545 TI - Electroencephalogram tests for brain dysfunction: a question of validity. PMID- 7089547 TI - Hawaiian milk contamination creates alarm. A sour response by state regulators. PMID- 7089548 TI - Autoimmunity in left-handers. Left-handedness may be associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease. Is testosterone the link between the two? PMID- 7089549 TI - Asian bull elephants: Flehmen-like responses to extractable components in female elephant estrous urine. AB - Flehmen-like responses (urine tests) are one of the characteristic behavioral reactions of male Asian elephants (Elephants maximus) to cow elephants in estrus. Components of the urine of estrous cow elephants were extracted with organic solvents and partially purified by chromatography and shown to evoke Flehmen-like responses when they were presented to adult bulls. PMID- 7089550 TI - Neonatal treatment with antiserum to prolactin lowers blood pressure in rats. AB - Prolactin administration reportedly increases blood pressure in rats and rabbits. To study the effects of prolactin deficiency on blood pressure, rats were given saline, normal rabbit serum, or rabbit antiserum to rat prolactin on postnatal days 2 to 5. Both males and females given antiserum had significantly lower blood pressure at 14 weeks than rats given saline or normal rabbit serum. Blood pressure differences between females given antiserum and females given saline disappeared during and following pregnancy. The antiserum also lowered the concentration of prolactin in plasma 49 percent in males and decreased the prolactin response to ether stress in both sexes. These results suggest that endogenous prolactin is involved in blood pressure regulation. PMID- 7089551 TI - Morphologic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the blood-brain barrier. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) opens the blood-brain barrier of mice to the enzymatic tracer horseradish peroxidase. A single injection of horseradish peroxidase in 10 to 15 percent DMSO into the tail vein along with 10 to 15 percent DMSO delivered intraperitoneally allowed horseradish peroxidase to fill the extracellular clefts throughout the brain within 2 hours. In the absence of DMSO, peroxidase failed to enter brain parenchyma except through the circumventricular organs. Opening of the blood-brain barrier by DMSO is reversible. Dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated the pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase by the cerebral endothelium; the peroxidase was then directed to lysosomal dense bodies for degradation. Vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase from the luminal to the abluminal wall of the endothelial cell was not observed. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not alter the morphology of endothelial cells or brain parenchyma. PMID- 7089552 TI - Controlled drinking by alcoholics? New findings and a reevaluation of a major affirmative study. AB - Controlled drinking has recently become a controversial alternative to abstinence as an appropriate treatment goal for alcoholics. In this study we reexamine the evidence underlying a widely cited report by Sobell and Sobell of successful controlled drinking by a substantial proportion of gamma (physically dependent) alcoholic subjects in a behavior therapy experiment. A review of the evidence, including official records and new interviews, reveals that most subjects trained to do controlled drinking failed from the outset to drink safely. The majority were rehospitalized for alcoholism treatment within a year after their discharge from the research project. A 10-year follow-up (extended through 1981) of the original 20 experimental subjects shows that only one, who apparently had not experienced physical withdrawal symptoms, maintained a pattern of controlled drinking; eight continued to drink excessively--regularly or intermittently- despite repeated damaging consequences; six abandoned their efforts to engage in controlled drinking and became abstinent; four died from alcohol-related causes; and one, certified about a year after discharge from the research project as gravely disabled because of drinking, was missing. PMID- 7089553 TI - Hair-cell innervation by spiral ganglion cells in adult cats. AB - A horseradish peroxidase technique was used to trace the peripheral terminations of two types of ganglion cells in adult cats. It was found that large, usually bipolar ganglion cells end on inner hair cells and small, usually pseudomonopolar ganglion cells end on outer hair cells. Thus, a virtually complete segregation of afferent neural inputs from the two types of hair cells was directly confirmed. PMID- 7089554 TI - Radioactivity in the Urals. PMID- 7089555 TI - Agricultural research and Third World food production. AB - By the close of this century the world may have to feed as many as 2 billion additional people. Most of them will be born in developing countries, especially in marginal lands ill-suited for food production. This article focuses on efforts by the International Agricultural Research Centers to increase food production in the Third World and addresses the social and ecological issues raised by the introduction of high-yielding varieties into fertile Third World lands and describe how varieties are being tailored for introduction into marginal areas. PMID- 7089556 TI - Amplification and adaptation in regulatory and sensory systems. PMID- 7089557 TI - AAMC speaks on coping with fraud. PMID- 7089558 TI - NIH grapples with misconduct. PMID- 7089559 TI - Agencies in dispute over cancer policy. PMID- 7089560 TI - Food fuels reproductive success. PMID- 7089561 TI - The anticancer agent adriamycin can be actively cytotoxic without entering cells. AB - The antineoplastic agent adriamycin was coupled to an insoluble agarose support. This material was actively cytotoxic to L1210 cells in culture under conditions in which no free adriamycin could enter the cell. It is concluded that an agent whose principal target was previously thought to be DNA can exert its cytotoxic action solely by interaction at the cell surface. PMID- 7089562 TI - Antidepressants alter cerebrovascular permeability and metabolic rate in primates. AB - External detection of the annihilation radiation produced by water labeled with oxygen-15 was used to measure cerebrovascular permeability and cerebral blood flow in six rhesus monkeys. Use of oxygen-15 also permitted assessment of cerebral metabolic rate in two of the monkeys. Amitriptyline produced a dose dependent, reversible increase in permeability at plasma drug concentrations which are therapeutic for depressed patients. At the same concentrations the drug also produced a 20 to 30 percent reduction in cerebral metabolic rate. At higher doses normal autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was suspended, but responsivity to arterial carbon dioxide was normal. PMID- 7089563 TI - Hatching of amphibian embryos: the physiological trigger. AB - Marbled salamander embryos hatch in water if the environmental oxygen pressure is 86 torr or less, but do not hatch if the environmental oxygen pressure is equivalent to that of air. Under hypoxic conditions, embryos hatch in aqueous and nonaqueous media with equal success. Increasing carbon dioxide pressure does not induce hatching, but does decrease the time to hatching by altering environmental pH. PMID- 7089565 TI - Presence of coelomocytes in the primitive chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). PMID- 7089564 TI - An enzymatic system for removing heparin in extracorporeal therapy. AB - The need to fully heparinize patients undergoing extracorporeal therapy often leads to hemorrhagic complications. To enable heparinization of only the extracorporeal circuit, a blood filter containing immobilized heparinase was developed. This filter degraded 99 percent of heparin's anticoagulant activity within minutes in both canine and human blood. PMID- 7089566 TI - Dietary calcium in human hypertension. AB - A pilot survey was made of the dietary calcium intake of normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Compared to 44 normotensive controls, 46 subjects with essential hypertension reported significantly less daily calcium ingestion (668 +/- 55 milligrams compared to 886 +/- 89 milligrams). The intake of other nutrients, including sodium and potassium, was very similar in the two groups. The hypertensives differed from the controls primarily in their consumption of nonfluid dairy products. The data suggest that inadequate calcium intake may be a previously unrecognized factor in the development of hypertension. PMID- 7089567 TI - Looking at genes in the workplace. PMID- 7089568 TI - Grafts correct brain damage. PMID- 7089569 TI - Cholinergic agonists induce vectorial release of serotonin from duodenal enterochromaffin cells. AB - Serotonin-containing enterochromaffin cells in the rabbit duodenal mucosa span the tissue contacting both the luminal and serosal sides. When the serosal surface is stimulated with carbachol in vitro, serotonin is secreted on the serosal side but not the mucosal side. Carbachol added to the luminal side is ineffective. Atropine but not hexamethonium blocks the effect of carbachol. Acetylcholine on the serosal surface also stimulates serotonin release on the serosal side. These findings indicate that enterochromaffin cells possess on their serosal surfaces muscarinic receptors that mediate vectorial release of serotonin when activated by cholinergic agonists. PMID- 7089570 TI - Lung fibrosis and emphysema: divergent responses to a common injury? AB - Cadmium chloride, administered intratracheally to golden Syrian hamsters, causes an acute lung injury which evolves into a lesion with functional and morphological features of diffuse fibrosis. With simultaneous feeding of a lathyrogen, beta-aminoproprionitrile, this same injury evolves into functional and morphological changes of bullous emphysema. These results suggest that the same lung injury might result in either fibrosis or emphysema, connective tissue synthesis during the healing phase being the critical determinant. PMID- 7089571 TI - Size analysis of phospholipid vesicle preparations. PMID- 7089572 TI - Genetic length of a human chromosomal segment measured by recombination between two fragile sites. AB - Two families were studied in which the same homolog of chromosome pair 10 expressed both the fragile sites on the long (q) arm at 10q23 and 10q25. Recombination between the fragile sites was observed in 3 of the 27 offspring in whom it could occur. The genetic length of chromosome between the fragile sites was 11 female centimorgans within a 95 percent probability interval of 4 to 28 centimorgans. This estimate of genetic length is comparable to those obtained with other methods. PMID- 7089573 TI - Health and behavior. PMID- 7089574 TI - Pot-spraying plan raises some smoke. PMID- 7089575 TI - Cysteamine: a potent and specific depletor of pituitary prolactin. AB - Cysteamine rapidly reduces the concentration of prolactin in pituitary tissue in vivo and in vitro. The effect is dose-dependent, reversible, and cannot be accounted for by prolactin release. Cysteamine does not appear to exert its effect through dopamine receptors and does not alter lactotrope morphology, as determined by electron microscopy. PMID- 7089576 TI - Rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles. AB - Workers on rotating shifts dislike those aspects of their work schedules that violate circadian sleep-wake cycle physiology. Work schedule satisfaction, subjective health estimates, personnel turnover, and worker productivity improve when schedules are introduced that are designed to incorporate circadian principles. PMID- 7089577 TI - A battle over pesticide data. PMID- 7089578 TI - A new treatment for burn victims. PMID- 7089579 TI - Mus poschiavinus Y chromosome in the C57BL/6J murine genome causes sex reversal. PMID- 7089580 TI - Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by depletion of intracellular glutathione. AB - Depletion of glutathione in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro by diethyl maleate resulted in enhancement of the effect of x-rays on cell survival under hypoxic conditions but not under oxygenated conditions. Hypoxic EMT6 tumor cells were similarly sensitized in vivo. The action of diethyl maleate is synergistic with the effect of the electron-affinic radiosensitizer misonidazole, suggesting that the effectiveness of misonidazole in cancer radiotherapy may be improved by combining it with drugs that deplete intracellular glutathione. PMID- 7089582 TI - Adrenal medullary enkephalin-like peptides may mediate opioid stress analgesia. AB - Different patterns of fact shock activate opioid and nonopioid mechanisms of stress analgesia in the rat. Opioid, but not nonopioid, stress analgesia is reduced by adrenal demedullation and denervation and is potentiated by reserpine, a drug known to increase concentrations of adrenal medullary enkephalin-like peptides. It is suggested that adrenal enkephalins mediate opioid stress analgesia. PMID- 7089581 TI - Anatomical plasticity and sparing of function after spinal cord damage in neonatal cats. AB - Spinal cord damage in neonatal cats has different effects on different spinal pathways. Corticospinal projections exhibit anatomical plasticity, forming an aberrant pathway that bypasses the lesion. In contrast, brainstem-spinal pathways undergo massive retrograde degeneration. Neither of these responses occurs in adult cats. Sparing of motor function is found in cats operated on as neonates but not in cats operated on as adults, and appears to depend on the plasticity of the corticospinal tract. PMID- 7089583 TI - Sulfur emissions. PMID- 7089584 TI - New disease baffles medical community. PMID- 7089585 TI - Spiking local interneurons mediate local reflexes. AB - A local spiking interneuron in the locust is excited by particular sensory stimulation of a hind leg and forms an inhibitory connection with one hind leg motor neuron. Its behavioral effect is to mediate a local postural reflex. This interneuron is one of a population of interneurons with similar morphology and physiology that participate in the same local circuits as the better known nonspiking local interneurons. PMID- 7089586 TI - Force-sensitive interneurons in the spinal cord of the cat. AB - The input-output properties of interneurons mediating spinal reflexes were investigated by extracellularly recording the response of interneurons to excitation from muscle receptors in the ankle extensor muscles of decerebrated, spinal cats. A population ofinterneurons in the intermediate region ofthe spinal cord is potently excited by increases in muscle force. Unlike the discharge of Golgi tendon organs, which accurately encodes moment-to-moment variations in the force of a single muscle, the discharge of these interneurons depends in a dynamic and usually nonlinear way on the force in several muscles. Powerful input from unidentified mechanoreceptors in muscle, presumably free nerve endings, is at least partly responsible for these properties. These force-sensitive interneurons are more likely to mediate clasp knife-type inhibition than simple negative force feedback. PMID- 7089587 TI - Sex and handedness differences in cerebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity. AB - Cognitive activity resulted in increased flow of blood to the cerebral hemispheres. The increase was greater to the left hemisphere for a verbal task and greater to the right hemisphere for a spatial task. The direction and degree of hemispheric flow asymmetry were influenced by sex and handedness, females having a higher rate of blood flow per unit weight of brain, and females and left handers having a greater percentage of fast-clearing tissue, presumably gray matter. PMID- 7089588 TI - Radionuclide studies of esophageal transit and gastroesophageal reflux. AB - Esophageal scintigraphy is a sensitive test for evaluating esophageal emptying. Use of this test in combination with gastroesophageal scintigraphy should provide useful information about esophageal and gastroesophageal function, which should be of great clinical value to both the clinician and the investigator. Gastroesophageal scintigraphy is the most sensitive noninvasive test for detecting gastroesophageal reflux; its permits quantitation of reflux; the technique is simple and rapid, and can be completed in 5 minutes in any nuclear medicine section equipped with a gamma camera. It is the first quantitative test of reflux and is useful in measuring the effectiveness of various therapies. Variations of the technique have been applied to detecting reflux and pulmonary aspiration in infants and children. PMID- 7089589 TI - Scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying. AB - There has been recent, renewed interest in studies of gastric emptying due in part to the introduction of new therapies for peptic ulcer diseases and attempts to better understand gastric physiology. Of the methods available for studying gastric emptying patterns, nuclear medicine techniques are optimal due to their noninvasive character, reproducibility and quantitative ability. The modulation of gastric emptying is multifactorial, and includes motor control, electrical activity, hormonal influences, and the composition of the meal itself: liquid vs solid; protein, carbohydrate and fat content; fiber or particle size; osmolality; pH; and pharmacologic agents. Because of the ease of performing gastric emptying studies using radiolabeled physiologic meals, these tests are being employed with increasing frequency in the evaluation of patients with disorders such as diabetic gastroparesis, postgastrectomy gastroparesis or dumping syndrome, and in the study of normal gastric physiology in man. Present data suggests that combined liquid-solid, dual radionuclide studies afford the greatest information regarding simultaneous gastric emptying patterns of liquid and solid components of a meal, and that single radionuclide, solid tests of gastric emptying are the more sensitive technique for determining subtle abnormalities of gastric emptying, when only a single tracer is employed. PMID- 7089590 TI - Increased jaw radioactivity on bone imaging. PMID- 7089591 TI - Selenomethionine uptake in the thorax. PMID- 7089592 TI - Renal Parenchyma calcifications. PMID- 7089593 TI - Calculus disease in the upper urinary tract. PMID- 7089594 TI - Ureteral calculi. PMID- 7089595 TI - Urolithiasis in the lower urinary tract. PMID- 7089596 TI - Calcification in a renal mass. PMID- 7089598 TI - Innovation, ideology and innocence. AB - Innovative solutions are required to deal with the inadequacies of existing medical education programmes, in both the developed and developing countries, if we are to promote the evolution of more acceptable, more efficient and more effective health care. The newly formed Network of Community-oriented Educational Institutions for Health Sciences is attempting to promote a series of educational and organisational innovations, aimed at the preparation of health professionals who will be better equipped and better motivated to meet the real health needs of the populations they are to serve. Such innovations encounter many obstacles, of which ideologically-based inflexibility of thought is the most important. Ideologies are here defined, in Barnett's words, as "patterns of belief ... quasi conceptual, quasi-affective sets assumed to be true", having the power to prohibit "rigorous or experimental examination of novel experience." Such systems of thought have 'negative, restrictive and pathological effects' on the development of innovative solutions to complex problems. A particularly destructive and inhibiting stereotype has flowed from an ideological commitment to the achievement of 'international excellence'. A state of what in this paper is called 'innocence' is regarded as mandatory for the implementation of studies based on a commitment to the empirical approach, to the null hypothesis and above all to the evaluation of the process and outcome of educational and other interventions in the health care system. PMID- 7089597 TI - Genitourinary calcification: an overview. PMID- 7089599 TI - Comparative studies of health care systems. AB - This paper reveals the dynamics of hierarchical medical pluralism through a comparative analysis of the health care systems in three Chinese societies (the China mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong). It is argued that the hierarchical relationships among medical traditions within a national society should be studied in terms of structural superiority (power, prestige and wealth) and functional strength (distribution and utilization) and should be understood in the context of modernization. The world-wide movement of modernization through science has made scientific biomedicine become structurally superior to other medical traditions in virtually every contemporary society but its functional strength varies with the society's political-organizational and economic development. The national will to modernize through science has also resulted in many alternative traditions being increasingly absorbed into the scientific biomedical sector. The various efforts to revive alternative remedies may turn out to facilitate the process of both technical and organizational absorption by scientific biomedicine. PMID- 7089600 TI - Natural science and medicine: social science and medicine: some methodological controversies. AB - The paper is in five parts. A discussion of the flaws in social science as seen from the viewpoint of medical science is followed by a consideration of what they hold in common--the shared institutions and ideal programme of Science. The major differences that still remain are then characterized in two further sections; the first concentrates on the issues raised by the human species' distinctive place in evolution, while the second discusses the problems and advantages created for social science by its necessary closeness to lay thought. We conclude with a summary of the difficulties involved in scientific progress in social science and some speculation concerning disciplinary re-alignment. PMID- 7089601 TI - Methodological controversies between social and medical sciences. AB - If doctors find sociological methods unreliable, the results unsound, and the approach irrelevant, this is due to essential differences between the procedures and interests of the exact and the social sciences. When sociologists raise doubts concerning the one-sidedness of the medical approach, its exaggerated professionalism, lack of concern for the social context of cure, those are latent requirements which do not match the current paradigm of medical knowledge. It is assumed here that the difference between experimental method and the interpretive procedures of sociology has a basic character and cannot be overcome by the methodological refinement of the latter. Understanding sociological knowledge must be based only against a background of a special interest in practical social affairs. Doubts are raised whether such an interest can develop within the prevailing paradigm of medical practice. Nevertheless, some improvements in the presentation of sociological research and in its method, especially as related to conclusiveness and applicability, can enhance the chances of its effective use in medical practice. Possible postulates addressed to medical research do not have methodological consequences requiring a change in the organization of medical services in the relations with associated industry for the needs of the health care system. PMID- 7089602 TI - Primary health care in developing countries: the case of Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. AB - The country health programmes reviewed in this paper are aimed at meeting the World Health Organization's (WHO) target of providing basic health services for all by the year 2000. In accordance with the objective of the programme, each of the country health programme is expected to focus on the mechanisms for expanding health facilities and strengthening the health planning machinery in order to achieve an equitable distribution of health facilities in the foreseeable future as part of social development and in the spirit of social justice. Although there are marked differences in the approach to the realization of the objectives of the various country programmes reviewed in this paper, the primary aim is to bridge the widening gap between the health 'haves' and the health 'have-nots' in the respective countries. A substantial part of the resources of these countries are now being set aside for the implementation of the health care programmes so as to meet the health aspirations of their people. It is our belief that the health programmes of these countries are laudable and if properly implemented they will meet the health needs of the people of the various countries. A continuous evaluation of the programmes will enable each country to assess the successes and failures of the schemes and the organizational bottlenecks that may make the realization of stated objectives a well nigh impossible task. PMID- 7089603 TI - The optimum utilization and appropriate responsibilities of allied health professionals. AB - A number of issues related to the optimum utilization and appropriate responsibilities of allied health professionals are raised based upon the perspective of the experience of the U.S. in recent years. Various definitions and concepts related to these issues are presented in order to assess the state of both training and use of allied health professionals in diverse settings. It is suggested that idiosyncratic needs and solutions in specific cultural contexts do not allow a generalizable conclusion to be drawn, although several principles can be put forward. The experience in the development and training of allied health professionals in the U.S. is analyzed using a variety of frameworks, including structural-organizational models as well as an historical approach. An empirical example of the extent and level of responsibilities of a variety of types of allied health professionals is offered, and the role of associated practice characteristics is observed to impinge upon role performance, giving an insight into the problems and potentials of these manpower resources. Finally, a discussion of the western model as a paradigm for allied health professional training and utilization in the global context is considered, and various strategies and suggestions for the future are offered. PMID- 7089604 TI - Trends in psychotropic drugs dispensing 1967-1977: the impact of government controls in Australia. PMID- 7089605 TI - Statistical malpractice in drug promotion: a case-study from Brazil. AB - The advertising practices employed by some drug corporations in peripheral countries have been criticised on medical and ethical grounds, mainly for failing to disclose the dangers and for exaggerating the properties of the promoted products. This paper reveals how statistical and methodological fallacies have also been employed in advertisements directed at Brazilian physicians in recent years. A large fraction of such promotional materials not only fail to support with evidence the claims being made but also employ faulty experimental design, analysis and presentation of results in order to impress upon doctors the quality of the drugs being advertised. Such practices, since they are likely to influence doctors to prescribe inadequate products, may represent a hazard to their patients' recovery. PMID- 7089606 TI - Problems of clinical trials as evidence of therapeutic effectiveness. PMID- 7089607 TI - Psychological correlates of length of hospitalization and rehospitalization in patients with acute, severe asthma. AB - This study was designed to examine the relationship between emotions, attitudes and personality traits, and length of hospitalization and incidence of rehospitalization in patients with acute, severe asthma. For a group of 40 Dutch hospitalized asthma patients, length of hospitalization was significantly correlated with a personality dimension reflecting anxiety as a personality trait, feelings of stigma because of being an asthma patient, neuroticism, and hostility. No associations were found between length of hospitalization and the severity or duration of the disease. It was further found that patients who were rehospitalized within 6 months after their first admission were significantly more anxious, less optimistic, and felt more stigmatized than patients who were not rehospitalized. These findings point to the importance of the relationship between patterns of coping with asthma and medical outcome. Suggestions for interventions regarding maladaptive patterns of adjustment to asthma are formulated. These suggestions not only focus on interventions at the level of the individual patient, but also aim at the physician, and societal norms and values concerning asthma. PMID- 7089608 TI - The justification of medical paternalism. AB - This paper examines the moral justification of medical paternalism. It is shown that while there are sufficient grounds to justify the practice of medical paternalism in some instances, there are many instances of the practice which cannot be justified. The application of the utilization principle of paternalism is considered in detail. It is argued that the physician can justifiably apply the principle in a particular case only after he has determined both that there are no alternate non-paternalistic courses of action which will have the same results and that he is in the same privileged position with respect to any relevant non-medical considerations as he is in with respect to medical considerations. The moral constraints on paternalistic action flowing from the concept of personal autonomy are also examined. It is concluded that medical paternalism is justified only when utilitarian considerations apply and when they do not violate personal rights. This occurs only when the subject of paternalism is not fully competent, when he has explicitly or by implication given consent, or when it can be reasonably concluded, from the knowledge of his emotional and cognitive make up, that he would approve of such treatment. For the most part, only the physician with a more intimate knowledge of his patient than is possible in most modern medical practice is in the position to undertake medical paternalism with moral propriety. PMID- 7089609 TI - Ideology: social policy, health and health services: a field of complex interactions. AB - As in any area of socio-economic reality, ideological interpretations influence our understanding of matters to health and health policy. Ideologies simplify and fudge issues. Yet ideologies, social movements and social research relate to each other in complex ways, and there are also innovative and creative aspects to this relationship. After a brief general discussion of ideologies, the paper examines the significant insights gained from analysing the role of ideologies (dominant, radical and subordinate) in class societies: much of this is relevant, by analogy, to the field of health. Various explanations of health and ill-health are then discussed. While capitalist socio-economic organization has undoubtedly had negative health effects, capitalist societies are neither as uniform nor as unreformable as Marxist analysis (and ideology) suggests. Similarly, there is exaggeration in Illich's description of the ills of industrialism. Yet his concept of the medicalization of health helps to understand how the dominant conception of medicine and ideologies dominant among health professionals interact to create institutions--also in wider areas of health planning--that express the power of physicians and benefit elites. These effects are particularly acute in capitalist societies. As for the problems and achievements in health of so-called socialist countries, these are frequently presented through rose-coloured spectacles, thereby hindering a realistic assessment of alternative policies for moving towards Health for All by the Year 2000, WHO's current organizing make-shift and contradiction, especially with regard to the ideas of 'political will' and 'community participation'. The paper ends with a discussion of the latter concept. In practice this may mean little more than co option and contribution, or it may give people a genuine chance to influence what deeply affects them. It does not help to erase such fundamental differences by the ideological language of international compromise. PMID- 7089610 TI - A social scientific view on the development of pharmacy and therapeutics committees. PMID- 7089611 TI - Vascular reconstruction in the octogenarian. AB - The octogenarian has usually been considered too old to have resection of a 6 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm, which is as life-threatening as a carcinoma of the colon. Other vascular lesions can also be a threat to the mobility of the elderly person. Our approach to debilitating lesions such as these has been to offer reconstructive surgery if the patient's general condition warrants. Improvements in monitoring and patient care have allowed us to perform 174 primary vascular procedures in 144 patients with a hospital mortality of 5.5%. We believe the complication rate (13.8%) also to be acceptable. Cerebrovascular reconstruction was performed 52 times in 45 patients. Significant complications occurred twice and two patients died. Twenty-one aortic aneurysms were resected; five were ruptured. Death occurred in three patients. Lower extremity revascularization was performed 85 times in 65 patients. Embolectomy was done in 14 patients and upper extremity revascularization in two. Three patients in these last groups died. These results lead us to believe that, in a hospital with excellent support systems, an operative approach to debilitating vascular problems is justified. PMID- 7089612 TI - Thoracic aortic rupture in patients with multisystem injuries. AB - This report attempts to delineate management priorities in patients with thoracic aortic tears and severe multisystem trauma. Nineteen patients with a mean age of 40 years were treated after motor vehicle accidents. An average of five major systems were injured and the majority of patients sustained head injury, severe intra-abdominal injuries, and major fractures, in addition to aortic tears. Hypotension was present in 17 patients. Chest roentgenograms showed a widened mediastinum that subsequently led to angiography in 18 of the 19 patients. Of the 11 patients who required both an exploratory laparotomy for control of intra abdominal hemorrhaging as well as a thoracotomy for the transected aorta, only four survived. Ten of 19 patients died of combined aortic and severe multisystem injuries. Death was caused by exsanguination in five patients, contusion in two, and by sepsis, head injury, and acute tamponade, respectively, in the remaining three patients. This review documents the need for aggressive aortography in patients with suspected thoracic aortic injuries. Procedural priorities have been outlined for treatment of patients with severe combined injuries to the abdomen and chest. PMID- 7089613 TI - Natural history of the retained surgical sponge. AB - Retained surgical sponge is an infrequently reported condition that may be recognized incidentally during the early postoperative period, produce serious complications, or remain dormant for years. Clinical manifestations of the retained surgical sponge are a function of bacterial contamination and of the location of the sponge within the body cavity. Few sequelae follow external extrusion but internal erosion may lead to abscess, fistulas, and intestinal obstruction. Prevention requires constant sensitivity of the surgeon to this potential threat to the safe practice of surgery. The surgeon must account for an incorrect sponge count by adequate examination of the operative field and by roentgenographic studies when the issue remains in doubt. A correct sponge count does not fully preclude a retained sponge, however, and inspection of the operative field should be routine in all patients at risk. PMID- 7089614 TI - Hormonal status of patients with primary malignant melanoma: a review of 313 cases. AB - We studied 313 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma who presented to The University of Texas System Cancer Center between 1976 and 1980, to determine the relationship of endocrine status to the presentation of this tumor. There were 171 women and 142 men, a ratio of 1.20:1. Age, age range, race, and residence distribution were comparable for both sexes. The women married and had their first pregnancy at ages at least comparable to the population in general. They tended to have multiple pregnancies (average, 2.64), to nurse their children, to have an aggregate 32 years of menstrual activity, and to use exogenous hormones (73%). The female patients in this study had more favorable lesions than their male counterparts in all five microstaging categories: type of melanoma, location, level of invasion, thickness, and stage. Analysis of the hormonal subgroups among the women revealed the morphology of the primary tumor to be independent of menopausal status, parity, or the use of exogenous hormones. These findings suggest that hormonal background does not effect the acquisition of malignant melanoma, but may influence its subsequent spread. PMID- 7089615 TI - Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma: sometimes a form of pulmonary hamartoma. AB - Previous light and electron microscopic examinations of sclerosing hemangiomas of the lung have raised questions regarding their varying microscopic patterns and cells of origin. We describe two additional cases: one studied by light microscopy revealed the classic pattern of a sclerosing hemangioma of endothelial origin, and a second, studied by combined light and electron microscopy, had incomplete small peripheral airways and occasional alveolar-like spaces derived from epithelial and mesothelial cells. It is concluded that sclerosing hemangiomas of the lung may sometimes consist of admixtures of tissues of epithelial, mesothelial, and endothelial cell origins and thus represent a form of pulmonary hamartoma. PMID- 7089616 TI - Results of radiotherapy for stage I and II Hodgkin's disease. AB - Fifty-six patients with pathologically staged I and II (A and B) Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiation therapy. Three-year relapse-free survival, total survival, and complications were analyzed. Chemotherapy was valuable as rescue treatment and as part of the initial treatment in patients with stage IIB disease. Complications were minimal. PMID- 7089617 TI - Antrochoanal polyps. AB - Inflammatory polyps that arise in the maxillary antra may extend into the nasal cavity and result in nasal obstruction. In some instances a combination of roentgenographic findings is helpful in diagnosis. This combination includes diminished aeration of the involved maxillary antrum, expansion of the antrum, and a soft tissue mass within but not arising from the nasopharynx. PMID- 7089618 TI - Multiple cholesterol emboli syndrome. AB - Of four patients with the syndrome of multiple cholesterol emboli (MCES), three had acute renal failure. One patient recovered stable renal function. A radiocontrast study preceded three of the cases. All four patients exhibited the "purple toe" livido reticularis syndrome. Three had a previously unreported findings--necrosis of the scrotum and foreskin of the penis, suggesting that penile and scrotal necrosis may be additional clues to the presence of MCES. PMID- 7089619 TI - Mechanical bull syndrome. AB - Although the mechanical bull was originally designed to train cowboys for the rodeo, nearly 1,000 of these machines are in use in night clubs and amusement parks throughout the United States. We have treated 84 mechanical-bull-related injuries in our institution, the most common to the groin and the lower extremity (32%). A common fracture, which we have labeled the bullrider's thumb, involved the proximal phalanx of the thumb and occurred as the patient's body forced his thumb against the horn of the machine. We describe the mechanical bull, its mechanism of action, and the injuries possible while riding or falling from the bull. PMID- 7089620 TI - Incentive spirometer for bedside studies. AB - We evaluated an incentive spirometer (IS) for monitoring changes in lung function in hospitalized patients. Accuracy and reproducibility of IS measurements of known volumes were adequate (r = 0.87). Flow dependency was demonstrated but was not significant in the clinically useful range. Reproducibility of IS measurements in five normal subjects was good, with a small training effect uncovered. In 15 patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, change in IS values closely correlated with spirometrically measured changes in volume and flows (best correlation: IS versus FEV1/FVC%, r = 0.98) and in peak flow. The performance of the IS as tested and its availability in most hospitals outweigh its limitations. We advocate its use as an adjunct in monitoring progress of hospitalized patients with obstructive lung disease. PMID- 7089621 TI - Critical care medicine in a private hospital. AB - Technologic advances in the past ten years, coupled with the advent of a new specialty of critical care medicine, have made it possible for patients to survive major surgical procedures and critical illnesses which, ten years ago, would have resulted in certain death. In 1979, a group of emergency physicians, with training and experience in critical care medicine, initiated a program of critical care at Cedars of Lebanon Health Care Center, a private nonprofit hospital. This program provides critical care physician (intensivist) coverage similar to that presently available in emergency departments throughout the country. This program has completely changed the pattern of practice in the critical care area. Since its implementation, critical care procedures and aggressive therapy are provided around the clock. We believe that such coverage is essential and suggest that, just as the emergency department became fully staffed ten years ago, in the future, most intensive care units of private hospitals of 300 beds or more will be covered by intensivists working around the clock to provide care at the time it is needed. PMID- 7089622 TI - Automated neonatal hearing test in a community hospital. AB - A program to screen the hearing of newborn infants in a community hospital was instituted over a two-year period to determine if an automated program could function compatibly with a normal newborn nursery routine and still yield data as accurate as those reported in large-scale investigations done in academic medical centers with staffs operating under research grants. We describe the establishment and institution of the program, with particular attention to the administrative steps involved. Results of the study over a ten-month period revealed three confirmed hearing losses among 151 infants tested, a 2% incidence rate. The false-positive rate was 8% and the false-negative rate less than 1%. We conclude that an automated hearing screening program can be successfully instituted in a community hospital and that expected results compare favorably with those obtained in larger institutions. PMID- 7089623 TI - Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: a review. AB - Primary care physicians may encounter patients having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to combat experience before they come to the attention of the mental health system. Specific criteria for making the diagnosis of PTSD are now available. Effective psychiatric treatment, particularly group therapy and pharmacotherapy, is now available. Posttraumatic stress disorder can be an important diagnostic consideration in several problems that may be seen by primary care physicians, including multiple somatic complaints, sleep disturbance, substance abuse, and behavior disorders. It is important that such cases be recognized and referred for psychiatric treatment. PMID- 7089624 TI - Dementia: the search for treatable causes. AB - Of 100 consecutive cases of dementia, 23 were found to be of treatable or reversible causes. Many of these patients had been labeled as having "senile dementia" and some were en route to chronic care facilities. The implications of overlooking a treatable cause of dementia are obvious but cannot be overemphasized. An evaluation of dementia with emphasis on the potentially correctable causes is outlined. PMID- 7089625 TI - Hyperthyroid-induced urticaria. PMID- 7089626 TI - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. PMID- 7089627 TI - Sudden death in a young adult with anomalous origin of the posterior circumflex artery. AB - Sudden unexpected death occurred in an apparently healthy young adult during physical exertion. At autopsy the posterior circumflex artery was found to emerge at an acute angle from the right aortic sinus and course behind the great vessels to reach the atrioventricular groove. There was an old superior posterolateral infarct, and fibrosis and acute hemorrhage in the region of the atrioventricular node. PMID- 7089628 TI - Neonatal coronary thrombosis. AB - We have described a case of coronary thrombosis in a neonate. The diagnosis should be considered in a term infant who presents with a shock-like state with poor perfusion soon after birth. The chest roentgenogram may vary from a normal pattern to generalized cardiomegaly with pulmonary congestion. The electrocardiogram may show a pattern varying from severe right ventricular hypertrophy to anterior left myocardial injury. Prognosis is usually poor, and the infant may die within 24 hours after delivery. The etiology of the thrombus formation remains obscure. PMID- 7089629 TI - Gastrobronchial fistula 36 years after thoracic trauma. PMID- 7089630 TI - Pyarthrosis simulating ruptured rotator cuff syndrome. AB - A 50-year-old black man was admitted with a diagnosis of a ruptured rotator cuff syndrome two weeks after an injury to the right shoulder and treatment by intra articular steroid injection. At operation pus and necrotic debris were found in the shoulder joint, but the rotator cuff was anatomically intact. Surgical debridement, irrigation, and intravenous antibiotics resulted in good recovery with satisfactory function. The pyarthrosis apparently resulted from the preoperative intra-articular injection. PMID- 7089631 TI - Fungus ball of the sphenoidal sinus in an immunocompetent host. PMID- 7089632 TI - Secretory diarrhea in ulcerative colitis. AB - Severe secretory diarrhea developed in a 15-year-old girl with ulcerative colitis restricted to the distal 30 cm of the colon. No known hormonal or pathologic cause for the secretory diarrhea was discovered. Since the diarrhea subsided after colectomy, it appeared to be secondary to a factor(s) in the inflamed bowel. We believe this is the first report of secretory diarrhea secondary to ulcerative colitis restricted to the distal portion of the large bowel. PMID- 7089634 TI - Clindamycin-induced cardiac arrest. PMID- 7089633 TI - Treatment of refractory hypophosphatemia. AB - Profound hypophosphatemia developed in a patient with chronic alcoholism. Multiple causative factors were identified and were thought to account for the initial failure of phosphorus repletion. High-dose intravenous phosphorus was effective in restoring serum phosphorus to normal with no observable adverse effects. Because of the high degree of correlation between hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, we recommended that serum magnesium be determined in all hypophosphatemic patients. PMID- 7089635 TI - Meningitis caused by Streptococcus equisimilis (group C). PMID- 7089636 TI - Aortoesophageal fistula. PMID- 7089637 TI - Cure of anaerobic brain abscess with minimal surgical intervention. PMID- 7089638 TI - Gouty mammary tophus. PMID- 7089639 TI - Fecal impaction due to bubble gum bezoar. PMID- 7089641 TI - Gastrointestinal parasitic infection: an overlooked entity. PMID- 7089640 TI - Postsplenectomy sepsis from an unperforated appendix. PMID- 7089642 TI - Pancreatic carcinoma. AB - This retrospective review of 33 consecutive patients with cancer of the pancreas was undertaken to investigate epidemiologic factors, presenting symptoms, diagnostic methods, site and extent of cancer, treatment approaches, and survival data. The most frequent presenting complaint, reported by 23 patients (70%), was abdominal pain. Diagnosis was established by radiography or radionuclide scanning in 11 patients (33%). Nine patients (27%) were inoperable. One patient (3%) received resection in attempt for cure, 15 (46%) had palliative bypass procedures, and eight (25%) had laparotomy only. Eighteen patients (55%) received chemotherapy, with or without operation, and two (6%) had irradiation. The mean survival was 5.1 months. One third of the patients were dead a month after diagnosis. All patients died within 16 months of diagnosis, regardless of treatment method or extent of disease. PMID- 7089643 TI - Complex maxillofacial fractures: management and surgical procedures. AB - Complex maxillofacial fractures may be defined as combined, mixed, or unclassified. Adequate diagnostic technics must be used with the formulation of a plan for general management and sequential maxillofacial surgery. The basic principal of building from the stable mandible to the first superior stable bone must be adhered to. Exploration of all fracture sites with direct reduction and fixation is the most satisfactory technic for best cosmetic and functional results. The maxillary buccal vestibule incision in midfacial fractures provides exploration of the lateral walls of the maxilla, nasal aperture, zygomatic buttress, maxillary tuberosity and pterygoid area, maxillary antrum and roof (or orbital floor), and infraorbital rim. The extent of the injury can be determined and direct reduction and fixation obtained. Additional approaches for reduction and internal stabilization are used according to the findings. When direct wiring technics are inadequate, internal and external skeletal fixation must be used. PMID- 7089644 TI - Alcohol abuse: its implications in trauma care. AB - Alcohol abuse is the single most important aggravating factor in trauma and the severity of injuries sustained therefrom. The role of alcohol in fatal vehicular crashes is well recognized but is equally great or greater in falls, choking, drowning, burns, and assaults. Since the problem drinker is implicated in most serious highway crashes and since human behavior related to the use of alcohol tends to be constant across situations, persons who violate generally recognized norms of alcohol use in one context are likely to do so in others. The physician involved in the care of the acutely injured problem drinker has an obligation to the patient to save life and limb but also an obligation to society to prevent further injury to others. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) should be measured in all injured patients regardless of cause. The problem drinker warrants appropriate referral after injuries have been treated. Follow-up liaison with the local Alcohol Safety Action Program may enhance recognition of recidivism and sensitize local judicial agencies to the need for more aggressive rehabilitation and law enforcement. PMID- 7089645 TI - Preoperative hair removal: a random prospective study of shaving versus clipping. AB - We report the results of a random, prospective study of electrical clipping versus routine razor shaving in the removal of hair immediately before operation. Two hundred patients having elective inguinal herniorrhaphy according to strict protocol were included in this study. Unsatisfactory skin preparation, as evidenced by gross cuts made in the skin during hair removal, was noted in 7% of those shaved and 4% of those clipped. Two subcutaneous wound infections occurred in the shaved group (2%) and one in the clipped group (1%). This study indicates that preoperative clipping of hair with electric barber's clippers immediately before operation is a safe, well tolerated procedure that does not increase the risk of postoperative wound infection. PMID- 7089646 TI - Interval cholecystectomy: an appraisal. AB - Interval cholecystectomy (IC), the removal of a diseased gallbladder after drainage for acute infection, is considered an appropriate procedure in suitable patients. While increased technical problems can be expected, other potentially serious complications are frequently overlooked. This review, prompted by difficulties during IC, compares multiple parameters (eg, technical difficulties, morbidity, postoperative convalescence) between this group and "routine" gallbladder operations (RC). During the period between 1970 and 1979, 224 patients with gallbladder disease were operated upon at this Veterans Administration Medical Center. Included among these were seven patients who required cholecystostomy, five of whom were treated by subsequent IC. When compared to the RC group, IC was usually done in older patients and was technically more difficult, as evidenced by longer operating times and increased operative blood loss. In addition, this group's postoperative convalescent period was significantly prolonged because of an increased rate of complications, wound infections being the most common. These were believed to be responsible for the two deaths in this group (the only deaths in the entire RC-IC group. PMID- 7089647 TI - Human tympanic membrane homograft. PMID- 7089648 TI - Elevated cerebrospinal fluid prolactin concentration in women with pseudotumor cerebri. AB - When comparing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prolactin concentration in women having pseudotumor cerebri with men and women having other neurologic disorders, we found a significant increase in CSF prolactin in those subjects with pseudotumor cerebri. This finding suggest an active role for prolactin in CSF production and an etiologic role for prolactin in pseudotumor cerebri. PMID- 7089649 TI - Septic shock and the obstetrician/gynecologist. AB - Septic shock continues to be a serious problem with a mortality ranging from 11% to 82%, depending upon the cause, the time of diagnosis, and the type of treatment. The condition is seen in pregnant patients with postabortal or postpartal endometritis, chorioamnionitis, and pyelonephritis. In gynecology patients it is seen after severe pelvic infection and in immunosuppressed patients with gynecologic cancer. Prompt diagnosis, adequate monitoring and vigorous treatment are essential if deaths are to be reduced. Over the period July 1, 1959, to June 30, 1981, 91 patients were treated for septic shock with a mortality of 18%. Although medical treatment is important, the most important aspect of treatment for most patients is removal of the septic focus. PMID- 7089650 TI - Chronic traumatic trigeminal neuralgia. AB - Atypical facial pain or neuralgia and lower-half headache are confusing terms and should be discarded. Recurrent unilateral, throbbing, frontal headaches should be referred to as facial migraine. Patients whose trigeminal branches have been subjected to repeated surgical procedures and who have relentless unilateral face jaw pain should be classified as having chronic traumatic trigeminal neuralgia. Effective treatment is available provided surgical manipulations cease. PMID- 7089651 TI - How helpful is the radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of allergic disease? AB - We compared the results of clinical history, skin testing, and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) scores on 274 patients seen in an allergy clinic, using nine different allergens, namely ragweed, oak, Bermuda grass, redtop, Timothy, Alternaria, cat hair, house dust, and dust mite. More than 90% of patients who reported clinical allergy to pollens had a positive skin test to the respective allergen. Only two thirds of these patients also had a positive RAST, while only one patient in this group had a positive RAST and a negative skin test. Of the patients reporting allergy to cat hair, 60% had a positive RAST but only 46% had a positive skin test. For the case of dust allergy, there was poor agreement between test results and history, since more than half of the patients who reported symptoms from dust exposure had a negative RAST and negative skin test results. PMID- 7089652 TI - Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on renal function in the elderly. AB - The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on estimated creatinine clearance (ECC) was studied in a large ambulatory elderly population. ECC of participants using eight different NSAIDs and that of a control group using no drugs were compared. With one exception, ECCs of subjects using NSAIDs were lower than those of subjects using no medications. Results of this study suggest that long-term treatment with NSAIDs results in a decrease in renal function, and the effect on renal function may not be the same with all agents. PMID- 7089653 TI - Fractures of the femoral shaft: a prospective study of closed intramedullary nailing, modified open intramedullary nailing, and cast-bracing. AB - One hundred twelve consecutive fractures of the femoral diaphysis were treated in a prospective study at Grady Memorial Hospital, a designated trauma center, during the three-year period 1978 through 1980. Fifty of these were treated by closed intramedullary nailing; all united. Of the rest, 20 were treated by modified open intramedullary nailing, and 42 by cast-bracing. Closed intramedullary nailing offered a significant reduction in hospitalization and healing times compared to the other two methods; however, the high cost of equipment, along with the added cost of reoperation to remove the nail, rendered cast-bracing economically superior. Fractures treated by modified open intramedullary nailing developed no infections, but these patients lost significantly more blood during operation than those treated by closed nailing. Because of the decreased hospitalization and healing times, we prefer the closed intramedullary nailing technic for use in selected femoral fractures treated during the acute phase by an experienced surgical team. PMID- 7089655 TI - Hydrocarbon poisoning in children. AB - Hydrocarbons remain a significant cause of childhood poisoning. Aspiration of hydrocarbons into the lung causing a chemical pneumonitis is the most prominent feature of this poisoning. The symptoms of respiratory compromise occur shortly after the poisoning and may become more severe during the first 48 hours. Therapy is supportive, and prevention of further aspiration is very important. PMID- 7089654 TI - Effect of asphyxia on theophylline clearance in newborns. AB - The effect of asphyxia on theophylline clearance was studied in 30 newborns who were matched for gestational age, postnatal age, and the presence or absence of asphyxia. Asphyxiated newborns cleared theophylline at approximately half the rate of nonasphyxiated newborns. We found that, in order to achieve a steady state plasma concentration of 8 mg/L of theophylline, asphyxiated neonates should receive 2.1 mg/kg/day, while nonasphyxiated neonates should receive 3.9 mg/kg/day. PMID- 7089656 TI - Educating primary physicians in emergency surgical procedures. AB - While federal agencies explore ways to encourage physicians to enter primary care practice in underserved areas, they largely avoid the question of how well current training programs prepare physicians for the role. No systematic study has been made of skills in emergency procedures that may be needed in areas where a surgeon is not readily available. A survey of the literature and of our own primary care residents gives cause of concern. Only a third of the residents were confident of their ability to perform a set of procedures essential for stabilizing injured patients. A greater reliance on training in ambulatory clinics, as recommended by the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC), may further decrease opportunities for learning essential technics. PMID- 7089657 TI - Spontaneous laceration of the midesophagus. PMID- 7089658 TI - Duplication of the vermiform appendix: new variant of a rare anomaly. PMID- 7089659 TI - Glucose metabolism in the management of pheochromocytoma. PMID- 7089660 TI - Hematuria unrelated to hemophilia in a hemophiliac. AB - Whereas painless gross hematuria in the hemophiliac is usually secondary to the basic coagulation defect, it is not always so. An elderly man presented with this clinical situation which, after a protracted course, was ultimately proven to be associated with an infarcted kidney. In retrospect, the patient's age and the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm were clues that we were not dealing with hemophilic hematuria. PMID- 7089661 TI - Neonatal lacunar skull without neurologic disease. PMID- 7089662 TI - Occipital headache as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis. PMID- 7089663 TI - Office testing of pulmonary function in children. PMID- 7089664 TI - Fish bone perforation of Meckel's diverticulum simulating a leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 7089665 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the colon associated with benign appendiceal neoplasm. PMID- 7089666 TI - Symptomatic choledocholithiasis as the initial manifestation of sickle cell anemia in a male adult. PMID- 7089667 TI - Splenic torsion in the polysplenia syndrome. PMID- 7089668 TI - Double contrast barium enema. PMID- 7089670 TI - [Factors that affect the attendance of polyclinic-ambulatory facilities]. PMID- 7089669 TI - [Organization of the emergency health care service for the rural population]. PMID- 7089671 TI - [Teaching-research facility for the improvement of treatment and diagnosis]. PMID- 7089672 TI - [Teaching of social hygiene in the medical school]. PMID- 7089673 TI - [Supply of physicians in developing countries]. PMID- 7089674 TI - [Methodological approaches to defining the number of staff posts for health and hygiene specialists]. PMID- 7089675 TI - [Patient consultations with the female population of a rural community for obstetrical and gynecological care at different types of institutions]. PMID- 7089676 TI - [Index of mortality in chronic diseases and its importance for public health planning]. PMID- 7089677 TI - [Physical development of newborn infants in a rural locality in the western Ukraine]. PMID- 7089678 TI - [Role of pediatric polyclinics in primary disease prevention]. PMID- 7089679 TI - [Means of improving specialized medical care]. PMID- 7089680 TI - [Improvement in medical care quality at the prehospital stage]. PMID- 7089681 TI - [Patient rehabilitation in an agricultural district]. PMID- 7089682 TI - [Family social hygiene studies as 1 of the forms of student academic research work]. PMID- 7089683 TI - [Family dispensary care of the rural population in the Mongolian People's Republic]. PMID- 7089684 TI - [Developmental prospects of the epidemiological health service in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 7089685 TI - The treatment of spasticity by means of dorsal longitudinal myelotomy and lozenge shaped griseotomy. AB - This report describes the evolution of techniques of spinal surgery developed for the treatment of spasticity of varied etiology and further describes application of a T-shaped dorsal longitudinal myelotomy to five patients. Additionally, a losenge-shaped griseotomy was performed on three patients. Both techniques led to the elimination of hypertonicity and painful spasms, without producing sensory deficits. Although all procedures are performed at lumbar levels, some patients showed reduced spasticity in the neck or upper extremities as well. PMID- 7089686 TI - A new technique for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function: multichannel recording of spinal cord and subcortical evoked potentials. AB - A new technique for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function is described. Evoked potentials to peripheral nerve stimulation are recorded with interspinous ligament needles from below and from two or more levels above the surgery. Simultaneously subcortical potentials are recorded with scalp electrodes from cervical-scalp derivations. Simultaneous recordings from multiple levels (below and above the surgical procedure) permit reliable differentiation between technical problems and alteration of cord function due to the surgical procedure. The interspinous ligament technique for recording of spinal potentials has significant advantages over previous monitoring techniques. One case in which monitoring during surgery detected a reversible acute spinal cord dysfunction is described. PMID- 7089688 TI - The scanning electron microscopy of compressed vertebral bodies. AB - Scanning electron microscopy was used in this study to determine the effects of compression at different rates on the structure of trabecular bone in primate vertebral bodies. Rhesus monkey vertebral bodies were subjected to compressive loads at two different strain rates (8.89 x 10(-1) m/sec and 8.89 x 10(-5) m/sec). Each vertebral body was compressed to 50% of its original height. S shaped bending of trabeculae was present in bodies compressed at the lower strain rate, while fractures were more predominant at the higher strain rate. The percentage of recovered height following compression was greater at the lower strain rate. Recovery of compressed vertebral bodies probably occurs through an unfolding of bent trabeculae. The more severe the damage to the vertebral trabeculae, the less recovery occurs. PMID- 7089689 TI - Nerve irritation: a possible model of sciatic neuritis. PMID- 7089687 TI - Flexion creep deformation and hysteresis in the lumbar vertebral column. AB - Fresh lumbar vertebral columns from nine male subjects aged from six to 61 years were tested for creep deformation and hysteresis. The standard test applied a load of 3.5 kg for one hour through a weight and pulley circuit. Additional tests used 1 kg and 5.5 kg for varying periods of time. The four oldest columns showed a pronounced decrease in the range of flexion movement but a consistent increase in the flexion creep deformation. Hysteresis recovery on load removal was more prolonged and less complete in the older lumbar columns than in the young. PMID- 7089690 TI - The clinical spectrum of lumbar spine disease in achondroplasia. AB - A retrospective study was done to determine the entire clinical spectrum of lumbar spine disease in 47 adult patients, averaging 27.6 years of age, with achondroplasia. Five distinct clinical categories were defined. Twenty-eight percent of the patients were asymptomatic; 28% had only mechanical or degenerative lumbar pain; 6% had symptoms of a disc herniation; 21% had spinal claudication; and 17% had spinal claudication and objective neurologic deficits. Over 50% of the achondroplastic patients in this series had minor or no lumbar spine-related symptoms through the third decade. The number of symptomatic patients did not increase in the older age groups. Ninety-one percent of symptomatic patients were 30 years of age or younger at the onset of symptoms. The presence of a thoracolumbar kyphosis, regardless of its magnitude, an L1 interpediculate distance less than 20 mm, and L5 interpediculate distance less than 16 mm, and a large structural lumbar lordosis were found more frequently in patients with disabling symptoms. PMID- 7089691 TI - Combined vascular and neurogenic claudication. AB - Eight patients with combined vascular and neurogenic claudication were presented. In the adult with coexistent neurospinal and vascular disease, a careful history and examination often suggested the pathology more productive of symptomatology. Among patients presenting with predominately vascular claudication, six of six patients had calf pain as part of the pain pattern, and in three of six patients the pain was crampy. Five of six patients had a consistent exercise tolerance pain pattern and obtained relief of symptoms by resting the leg. Among patients presenting with mainly neurogenic claudication. Only four of eight patients had associated calf pain, and none experienced crampy pain. Five of eight patients had a variable exercise tolerance pain pattern and obtained complete relief of symptoms only by assuming the recumbent position. Doppler testing was very helpful as the initial step in the evaluation of the significance of an arterial lesion and in the follow-up assessment of these patients after vascular surgery. Lumbosacral-spine, cardiovascular, and neurologic examination was similar in the two groups of patients. PMID- 7089692 TI - Lumbar spine structural changes associated with leg length inequality. PMID- 7089693 TI - Lumbar disc excision in the second decade. AB - Of a series of 1200 consecutive cases of lumbar disc excisions from a general neurosurgical service, 1% of the patients were between the ages of 13 and 18 and 3.7% between 13 and 21. Differences in the clinical picture between adolescents and adults are emphasized. They include a higher ratio of males, a high frequency of radicular pain, a frequent history of trauma, and a lack of neurologic deficit, the latter being particularly striking among the younger patients. There was often a delay between the onset of pain and surgical treatment. This is attributed to a reluctance to consider this diagnosis in young people and to the frequent lack of neurologic deficit. Since the results are often excellent in this age group, early surgical treatment. is advocated. PMID- 7089694 TI - Lumbar apophyseal process excision and spinal instability. PMID- 7089695 TI - Spontaneous osteomyelitis complicating a compression fracture of the lumbar spine: a case report. PMID- 7089696 TI - Postnatal histogenesis of the cartilage plate of the spinal column: electron microscopic observations. AB - The cartilage plate in the vertebral columns in mice, from birth to 45 weeks of age, were examined by light and electron microscopy. At the day of birth, the intermediate part of the vertebral body consisted of bone, and its cranial and caudal parts were composed of thick cartilage. The cartilage was divided into an outer and an inner zone, according to the shape and arrangement of chondrocytes. In the deep portion of the outer zone, calcification developed from one week, and ossification appeared at eight weeks of age. The matrix in the superficial layer of the outer zone remained metachromatic during the development of the vertebral body. The inner zone of the cartilage showed columnar arrangements of chondrocytes and a metachromatic matrix like cartilaginous growth plates in long bones. Thus, vertebral bodies show development similar to that of long bones. The findings suggest that histogenetically the cartilage plate belongs to the vertebral body but not to the intervertebral disc and that age-related changes in the cartilage plate are concerned with age-related degenerative changes of the nucleus pulposus. PMID- 7089697 TI - Vertebral end-plate changes with aging of human vertebrae. AB - The present study describes the sequential age changes within the growth and articular layers of the cartilaginous end-plates of vertebrae from humans varying in age from birth to 73 years. There is a gradual reduction in the width of the growth cartilage up to 16-20 years of age. During adulthood and progressing into old age (60-73 years), the end-plates consist of only articular cartilage which undergoes calcification followed by resorption and replacement by bone. Age changes are observed in the arterioles, capillaries, and venules found in the nutrient canals or spaces of the bone adjacent to the cartilage or disc. The calcification of the articular cartilage and vascular changes seen in the older vertebrae would impede the passage of nutrients from the blood to the disc proper. Collagen fibers are observed arising from the older vertebral end-plates to course into the midregion of the disc. PMID- 7089698 TI - [Attitudes, opinions and trends of pre-graduate medical interns in a 2d-level general hospital]. PMID- 7089699 TI - [Possible injury to the health of an open community from chromium salts in the environment. IV. Study on the population of Lecheria-San Francisco Chilpan]. PMID- 7089700 TI - [Outbreak of macular hyperpigmentation caused by photosensitivity]. PMID- 7089701 TI - [Family planning in a suburban development of Mexico City]. PMID- 7089702 TI - [How health education can promote health for everyone through community participation in the urban milieu]. PMID- 7089703 TI - [Prevalence of intestinal parasitoses in a rural population of the Lagunera region]. PMID- 7089704 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome]. PMID- 7089706 TI - [Operational strategies for the process of state health planning]. PMID- 7089707 TI - [Delegation of powers to the incumbent of the Secretariat of Health and Welfare]. PMID- 7089705 TI - [Comparison of mortality from myocardial infarction in an intensive care unit and an internal medicine ward]. PMID- 7089708 TI - [List of omissions from the 1978 edition of the "Basic Profile of Drugs in the Public Sector"]. PMID- 7089709 TI - [Decentralization of coordinated public health services]. PMID- 7089710 TI - [Law creating the Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Nutrition]. PMID- 7089712 TI - [Clinical trials in mammography using film-foil combinations. 2. Results of a comparative study series]. PMID- 7089711 TI - [Abbreviated version of the National Contingency Plan for Combatting and Controlling Emissions of Hydrocarbons and Other Harmful Substances into the Sea]. PMID- 7089713 TI - [Description of an accelerator accessory part for easy checking of mechanical field parameters]. PMID- 7089714 TI - [Ultrasonic examination of kidneys in pregnancy]. PMID- 7089715 TI - [The kidney pelvis in ultrasonic diagnosis]. PMID- 7089716 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of the esophagus, stomach and intestinal tract in adults. New methods and contrast media]. PMID- 7089717 TI - [Nuclear medical diagnosis of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 7089719 TI - [Technical radiological problems and their solution as applied to invasive cardiac diagnosis]. PMID- 7089718 TI - [Value of conventional thoracic radiography for cardiac diagnosis]. PMID- 7089720 TI - [Quantitative radioaerosol scintigraphy in peripheral airway disease]. PMID- 7089721 TI - [X-ray study of the skull and cranial bones of anatomical skeletons and archeological discoveries]. PMID- 7089722 TI - [Treatment of adverse reactions to contrast media in urography and cholecystography]. PMID- 7089723 TI - [Myelography with water-soluble contrast media in the diagnosis of space occupying spinal lesions]. PMID- 7089724 TI - [Slot technic: improved picture quality with reduced radiation exposure]. PMID- 7089725 TI - [Extracorporeal oxygenation and oxygen transport by means of hemoglobin infusion solutions]. PMID- 7089726 TI - [The importance of monitoring cerebral cortex activity during artificial pulmonary ventilation and controlled deep hypotension in neurosurgery]. PMID- 7089727 TI - [Tramadol in general anesthesia]. PMID- 7089728 TI - [Epidural administration of a morphine preparation in the treatment of intractable pain]. PMID- 7089729 TI - [Acupuncture in relieving pain]. PMID- 7089730 TI - [Risk factors in immunosuppressive therapy during resuscitative care]. PMID- 7089731 TI - [Therapy of severe brain damage]. PMID- 7089732 TI - [Use of fluorescence angiography in the diagnosis of brain death]. PMID- 7089733 TI - [Pancreatic injuries in childhood]. PMID- 7089734 TI - [Children falling from heights]. PMID- 7089735 TI - [Skull fractures in children]. PMID- 7089737 TI - [Surgical treatment of aortic coarctation in children]. PMID- 7089736 TI - [Extracardiac conduits in the surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects]. PMID- 7089738 TI - [The etiology of severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage in newborn infants]. PMID- 7089739 TI - [Role of venous grafts in the femoropopliteal region]. PMID- 7089740 TI - [Modification of Palme's operation in the treatment of chronic venous postthrombotic occlusion in the ileofemoral region]. PMID- 7089741 TI - [Surgical treatment of priapism using venous connections]. PMID- 7089743 TI - [Detection of DNA anti-DNA immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus sera (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089744 TI - [Application of bone scintigrams in total knee replacement (Okayama MK-II type) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089742 TI - [Endocrinological studies on growth retardation in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089745 TI - [Familial pseudogout with destructive arthropathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089746 TI - [An autopsy case of secondary amyloidosis in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089747 TI - [Indication of surgical treatment for the rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089748 TI - [Morphology of acidic glycosaminoglycans (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089749 TI - [Rheumatoid wrist (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089750 TI - The effect of propranolol on parkinsonian tremor induced by peripheral trauma. PMID- 7089752 TI - The malignant phase of essential hypertension in Johannesburg Blacks. A prospective study. AB - During a 1-year period all Black patients admitted to two medical wards in the Johannesburg General Hospital were screened for malignant hypertension. Of the 62 patients eligible for inclusion in the study, 51 were thought to have essential malignant hypertension (hospital prevalence 2,2%). There was a striking absence of the cardiovascular and hypertensive risk factors usually described -- excessive smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity. The presenting features and complications were similar to those described in other series. Cardiac failure was present in 45% of the patients, neurological complications in 33%, and advanced renal failure in 47%. Twenty patients required dialysis. No evidence of ischaemic heart disease or atheromatous vascular disease was found. Red cell fragmentation was present in 25% of the patients. The hospital mortality rate was 25%. Only 24% of the patients had previously been diagnosed as having hypertension, although 43% had been examined by a doctor during the preceding 2 years. Of the patients discharged to the hypertension clinic, only 28% returned for short-term follow-up. Malignant hypertension is therefore a major medical and social problem in the Johannesburg Black community. PMID- 7089751 TI - The intra-uterine contraceptive device -- an attempt to prevent pain and expulsion with zomepirac sodium. PMID- 7089753 TI - Myocardial infarction in an intensive care unit for blacks. A review over 6 years. AB - Ischaemic heart disease seems to be on the increase in South African Blacks, and medical staff should be more conscious of this. Fifty-four Black patients with acute myocardial infarction are presented and their complications and management while in an intensive care unit reviewed. Epidemiological aspects of ischaemic heart disease in South Africa are discussed. PMID- 7089754 TI - Causes of fetal and neonatal mortality in a South African black community. AB - Little has been published about the underlying disorders responsible for the high perinatal mortality rates found in African cities. We searched for answers by identifying the causes of fetal and neonatal death in Blacks living in and around Durban. A 91% autopsy rate was achieved when 506 postmortem examinations were performed in 557 consecutive cases of fetal and early neonatal death. The perinatal mortality rates were 55/1000 for single births and 170/1000 for twins; 29% of the deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 9% to abruptio placentae, 5% to birth trauma, 4% to congenital syphilis, 4% to obstructed labour, 4% to major congenital malformations, 2% to umbilical cord compression and the rest to more than 20 other specific disorders. PMID- 7089755 TI - Real-time ultrasound in paediatric biliary ascariasis. Case reports. AB - Biliary ascariasis is not an uncommon paediatric problem in Cape Town. Real-time ultrasound examination offers a rapid method of diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In transverse scans, a 'triple echo' of gallbladder, dilated main bile duct and portal vein can be recognized. The worm gives an intense 'bull's eye' echo within the duct and its tubular structure can be followed ultrasonically. PMID- 7089756 TI - 'Crashing' the rugby scrum -- an avoidable cause of cervical spinal injury. Case reports. AB - Deliberate crashing of the opposing packs prior to a rugby scrum is an illegal but commonly practised manoeuvre which can lead to abnormal flexion forces being applied to players in the front row, with resultant cervical spine and spinal cord injury. Two cases of cervical spinal cord injury sustained in this manner are presented. The mechanism of injury, the forces involved and preventive measures are discussed. PMID- 7089757 TI - Free thyroxine or free thyroxine index? AB - Free thyroxine (FT4) values determined by direct radio-immunoassay and the free thyroxine index (FTI) determined by indirect calculation were compared in 431 consecutive sera from patients with suspected thyroid dysfunction . Sensitivity and specificity were similar for both tests in the thyrotoxic, hypothyroid and euthyroid ranges with appropriate thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations. However, FT4 was superior to FTI in the euthyroid group with high concentrations of TBG, FT4 is therefore a useful alternative to FTI as a screening test for thyroid dysfunction, and is likely to be a better discriminator of thyroid status in patients with high TBG levels. PMID- 7089759 TI - Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis--neurological complications. PMID- 7089758 TI - Aspects of hypertension among blacks. AB - The universal prevalence of arterial hypertension among Blacks is no longer disputed, although there still remain unanswered questions. Hypertension among Blacks is nearly always primary (85% of cases), while the secondary form is synonymous with some type of renal disorder. A few 'associations' of hypertension exist. Diet may be significant, especially potassium deficiency as a result of high starch intake, low intake of potassium and other practices. Enigmatic clinical aspects include: (i) the absence of symptoms generally, especially in the presence of established severe clinical disease with and without target organ damage; (ii) the clinically apparent selective target organ damage; (iii) labile blood pressure readings at any stage; (iv) cerebral thrombosis and frequent blood pressure normalization; (v) cardiomyopathy in relation to hypertension; (vi) the discordance of morbid events; (vii) dramatic isolated morbid events, which suggest special vulnerability. PMID- 7089760 TI - A comparison of cancer mortality rates in South Africa with those in other countries. AB - Standardized mortality rates for eight major types of cancer (as well as for all types of cancer considered together) in four South African population groups are compared with each other and with rates in selected countries. Wide differences among the races in South Africa are displayed, and several rates are shown to parallel those in other population groups abroad. This lends support to the belief that socio-economic factors (rather than solely genetic factors) play the major role in cancer causation. PMID- 7089761 TI - Permanent cardiac pacing in South African Blacks. AB - Fifty-seven Black patients received permanent cardiac pacemakers at Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, over a 7 1/2-year period. Most patients had established complete heart block (77%), while very few had intermittent conduction disorders or sinus node dysfunction. In most patients the cause of the conduction disease was unknown but was probably primary degeneration of the conducting pathways (Lenegre's disease); 2 patients underwent insertion of a pacemaker after myocardial infarction, 4 had congestive cardiomyopathy and 4 had valve disease and/or had previously undergone valve replacement. Seventeen patients (30%) were hypertensive. The results of cardiac pacing have been very good and the complication rate is low. Cardiac conduction disorders requiring insertion of a permanent cardiac pacemaker are not infrequent in South African Blacks, despite the absence or rarity of coronary artery disease in this population. PMID- 7089762 TI - Healing of fracturing-bone disease occurring in patients on dialysis. A prospective study. AB - Ten patients developed fracturing-bone disease (osteomalacia) while on dialysis against water with high levels of aluminium. Eight patients remained on dialysis, using de-ionized or reverse-osmosis water, and 2 received a renal transplant. Clinical improvement as regards bone pain and proximal muscle weakness occurred in 6 months and radiographic evidence of healing of the pseudofractures was seen at approximately 12 months. Associated osteopenia and hyperparathyroidism were found in most patients, but no significant change in either was noted during the study period. The serum parathyroid hormone levels rose significantly in the patients who remained on dialysis. The chest and pelvic deformities typical of healed osteomalacia were seen. This dramatic improvement can only be attributed to the removal of some water-borne element, either by changing the water used in the dialysis or by successful renal transplantation. Aluminium-containing phosphate binders were used throughout the study in the patients on dialysis, and hypophosphataemia was never a feature. PMID- 7089763 TI - [Philosophical perspectives of iatrogenic abortion]. AB - The doctor's task is to heal where possible, to relieve suffering and always to comfort. He attempts to prevent illness and to promote health, within the framework of primum non nocere ('do no harm'). Therapeutic abortion for fetal indications cannot be considered therapeutic, and should therefore be called iatrogenic abortion. The doctor has sufficient responsibilities of his own, and should not take over the responsibilities of other people or help them shirk their own. The philosophies of materialism, totalitarianism and hedonism are evil, and very dangerous for society. PMID- 7089764 TI - The South African window. AB - Southern Africa presents some fine opportunities to examine the relation of lifestyle to chronic disease. A cross-cultural comparison of disease is the only feasible way to study many of the chronic diseases. Biomedical scientists have an obligation to undertake this. If they do not, there is the dreadful expectation that the rising cultures will soon suffer the same diseases which the members of the highest socio-economic classes must now endure. PMID- 7089765 TI - Hypertension and ischaemic heart disease in Indian people living in South Africa and in India. AB - In a random house-to-house study of 1 000 Indians in Durban the prevalence of primary hypertension according to World Health Organization criteria was found to be 19% (females 22%, males 15%). This prevalence was higher than that in published data from India. Hypertension among Indians in South Africa was found to be closely associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity and to be more common in widows or separated people, in those from the lower socio-economic groups and in those with poor education. Hindu males were more commonly affected than Muslim males. Ischaemic heart disease was also found to be more common in Indians in South Africa than in those in India. Cardiovascular diseases are just as much an 'epidemic' among the Indians of South Africa as among the the Whites, and the 'epidemic' of ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and hypertensive disease is of more serious proportions in Indians than in Whites. It appears that emigrant Indian populations have a higher incidence of vascular disease than Indians in India. This is because of the combination of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7089767 TI - A comparison of neurological function in growth-retarded and appropriate-sized full-term newborn infants in two ethnic groups. AB - A comparative neurological study was undertaken of growth-retarded or small-for dates (SFD) and appropriately grown (AFD) full-term infants in a Cape Coloured and a White (London, UK) population. There were no associated complications of pregnancy or labour. Consistent differences were found between SFD and AFD infants in both ethnic groups. In the SFD infants there was an increase in visual and auditory orientation, alertness, startle reflexes, tremors and tone, and some reduction in habituation. The difference between our results and those of earlier authors can probably be accounted for by factor such as use of drugs in labour, perinatal events and different causes of growth retardation, all of which may influence neurological behaviour. PMID- 7089766 TI - Disease patterns in Indian South Africans. AB - Personal experience at the R. K. Khan Hospital in Durban, catering for the Indian population group, is reported. Observations are based on 31 101 case records of patients admitted over a 10-year period. Diagnoses on admission and their frequency, together with features of diseases of special interest, are presented. Compared with experience with Black patients, degenerative diseases are much more common than infections. PMID- 7089768 TI - Lymphocytic infiltration of pleural mesothelioma and its significance for survival. AB - Pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon but usually highly malignant tumour. A study has been made of 110 cases from the Mesothelioma Register of the National Centre for Occupational Health. Adequate information regarding survival was documented in 63 cases. In 5 of the latter there was insufficient tissue for accurate classification. Thirty-five patients were dead within 9 months of first presentation, and in 33 of these there was an insignificant or absent lymphoid reaction. Fifteen patients survived 18 months or more, and 10 of these had a significant lymphocytic infiltration in the original biopsies. In an intermediate group of 8 patients, who survived between 9 and 18 months, a variable lymphoid reaction occurred. We conclude that the presence of significant lymphoid infiltration indicates a better prognosis for longer survival in patients with pleural mesothelioma. PMID- 7089769 TI - The possible values of retinoic acid in the treatment of benoxaprofen-induced photosensitivity and onycholysis. PMID- 7089770 TI - Methotrimeprazine in acute porphyria. PMID- 7089771 TI - Trends with time of cardiovascular mortality rates in the populations of the RSA for the period 1968 - 1977. PMID- 7089772 TI - Biosocial factors and hypertension in urban and rural Zulus. AB - A study of 1,000 urban and 1,000 rural Zulus was carried out to determine the biosocial factors associated with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 25% in the urban Zulu (males 23%, females 27%) and 10.5% in the rural Zulu (males 10%, females 10.75%). The mean arterial pressure was higher in the urban Zulu than in the rural Zulu at all ages and for both sexes (greater in females than in males). In both the urban and the rural Zulu the following factors were found to be significantly associated with hypertension: age, sex, obesity, marital status, urbanization and number of dependents. In the urban Zulu other parameters absent in the rural Zulu were associated with hypertension: insomnia due to anxiety, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, conditions of work, educational status, income, number of children not working, lack of recreation or sport activity, and overcrowding. Likewise, in the rural Zulu other parameters absent in the urban Zulu were associated with hypertension: having a family member with hypertension and the educational status of the children. There was a relationship between hypertension and social variables which were observed to be stressful. Unlike the rural Zulu, the urban Zulu is exposed to a different lifestyle, acculturation, detribalization and various political ideologies. This could explain the difference in the prevalence of hypertension in urban and rural Zulus. PMID- 7089773 TI - The anatomy and movements of the pyloric sphincteric cylinder. AB - Disagreement about various aspects of the structure and function of the pylorus persists. Morbid anatomical, living anatomical, manometric and radiographic studies were done in an attempt to clarify some problems. It is shown that the pyloric ring (sphincteric ring) is not a separate anatomical structure, but that it constitutes the aboral end of the pyloric sphincteric cylinder, a muscular tube several centimeters in length. The ring does not function independently and conventional peristaltic waves do not proceed as far as the ring. Consequently the ring does not relax reciprocally with an oncoming peristaltic wave in the sense that a wave travels up to the ring, which relaxes upon its arrival. Each peristaltic wave stops on arrival at the oral end of the cylinder, simultaneously initiating a concentric or systolic contraction of the entire cylinder, including the ring. The cylinder, including the ring, is open at rest. PMID- 7089774 TI - The use of adenosine deaminase assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. AB - We describe a rapid method for the estimation of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids. Tuberculous effusions show significantly higher levels of ADA activity compared with effusions due to other underlying lesions such as neoplasms, bacterial and viral infections and simple transudates. Similarly, tuberculous meningitis results in raised ADA activity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when compared with the CSF from patients with other neurological disorders and from normal subjects. The results in 359 cases studied indicated the value of ADA assays in the diagnosis of tuberculous diseases. Levels above 30 IU/I in effusions and above 6 IU/I in the CSF indicate probable tuberculosis. PMID- 7089775 TI - Treatment of prolapsed submucous fibroids. AB - Prolapsed submucous fibroids are not uncommon, and patients present with a vaginal mass which is often necrotic and infected. This is a retrospective study of 41 such patients seen at the King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, over a 3-year period. Twenty-eight were treated by vaginal myomectomy and 13 by abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative morbidity was slightly higher with hysterectomy, but comparable to that for hysterectomy for unprolapsed fibroids. PMID- 7089776 TI - The results of chromosome examinations in an institution for mental retardates in the Cape Province. AB - The chromosomal status of 720 patients in a large hospital for mental retardates in the Cape Province is reported. Chromosomes 21 and X were involved in 127 and 7 patients respectively, while other autosomes were implicated in 14 patients. Chromosomes abnormalities were therefore noted in 20,5% of patients. Details are given of the ages and sexes of the patients and of the structural chromosome anomalies. PMID- 7089777 TI - Lesser curve shortening in gastric ulceration. AB - Benign or malignant gastric ulcers may influence the contour of the lesser curve. A normally acute incisura angularis (angulus) may become blunted or obliterated by an ulcer because of oedema, fibrosis or infiltration. At a later stage the fibrosis resulting from a chronic ulcer may cause scarring and lesser curve shortening, with displacement of the pylorus towards the fundus. Marked deformities may arise, causing gastric stasis. The radiological demonstration of an abnormal angulus of a shortened lesser curve may occasionally provide the first clue to the presence of a gastric ulcer or other lesion. PMID- 7089779 TI - Cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7089778 TI - Possible toxic shock syndrome in an 18-year-old girl. A case report. AB - An 18-year-old girl with fulminating disease and severe shock consistent with toxic shock syndrome, which resulted in multiple organ failure and death, is described. This very serious condition, which has a mortality rate of 10-15%, is discussed. PMID- 7089780 TI - The scarred uterus and subsequent pregnancy and delivery. PMID- 7089781 TI - Treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia with probucol. AB - Ten patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were treated with the recently introduced drug probucol (Lurselle; Mer-National) for 15-21 months. Xanthomas regressed or disappeared in most patients, angina lessened in two thirds of cases and the ECG improved in half of those with pretreatment abnormalities. The mean fall in serum total cholesterol levels after 18 months of therapy was 27%. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels fell transiently in the early months of therapy but then returned to the pretreatment range. Plasma probucol levels varied between 20 micrograms/ml and 90 micrograms/ml, indicating good compliance, but did not correlate with the clinical or hypocholesterolaemic responses. Probucol was well tolerated by child and adult patients. The effects of probucol in this therapeutically resistant disorder were better than expected. Considered in relation to efficacy, safety, tolerance and convenience probucol appears to be the most satisfactory treatment for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia currently available. PMID- 7089782 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to hydrocephalus. PMID- 7089783 TI - Exercise - the need for careful prescription. PMID- 7089784 TI - The treatment of craniosynostosis. PMID- 7089785 TI - The effect of tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate on the duodenal mucosa during ulceration. An ultrastructural study. AB - The manner in which tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (TDB) promotes duodenal ulcer healing is not known. Endoscopic biopsy specimens were taken from the edges of duodenal ulcers from 5 patients before and after treatment with TDB. Using the bismuth contained within this drug as an electron-dense marker, the mode of action of TDB was determined by transmission electron microscopy. TDB was found to promote ulcer healing by adhering to the ulcerative mucosa, thereby providing an effective barrier to the substances which cause and maintain ulceration. PMID- 7089786 TI - The popularity of penicillin in general practice. PMID- 7089787 TI - Determining the so-called moment of death in homicide victims. The significance of antemortem wounds and the postmortem interval. PMID- 7089788 TI - Meckel's diverticulum causing iron deficiency anaemia in adulthood. A case report. PMID- 7089789 TI - Anthocorid bug bites in a Transvaal goldmine. A case report. PMID- 7089791 TI - Ultrasonic diagnosis of a fetal cardiac malformation. A case report. PMID- 7089790 TI - Primary health care nurse training in Kwazulu. An evaluation of diagnostic flow charts versus a conventional training method. AB - Diagnostic flow charts have been adapted for the training of primary health care (PHC) nurses in a rural area of South Africa. We designed a randomized controlled trial to assess whether nurses' clinical competence differed if they were trained using flow charts or using conventional patient-centered teaching. Although clinical competence improved during the training programme, this improvement did not differ significantly according to which of the two training methods was used. The nurses in this trial had considerable earlier experience and some training in primary care. Before the trial they had a high level of clinical competence and may already have developed their own diagnostic strategies. We therefore cannot make inferences from our study about whether or not flow charts will be a valuable addition in PHC. Flow charts need to be adapted to take into account where, by whom, and for what purpose they will be used. They must then be tested to ensure that they only rarely result in incorrect diagnosis and treatment. A decision on the use of flow charts in the training of PHC nurses should be based on further educational trials and long-term follow-up of trained health workers. Nurses should participate in educational trials at the start of their careers in PHC. The additional value of flow charts in the auditing of competence and assessment of educational needs should also be explored. PMID- 7089792 TI - Hunger-strikes. PMID- 7089793 TI - Tardive dyskinesia--subjective discomfort from psychosocial stress. PMID- 7089794 TI - Reversible quadriplegia in a patient with giant-cell arteritis. PMID- 7089795 TI - Ultrasonic demonstration in utero of surgically correctable fetal small-bowel obstruction. PMID- 7089796 TI - An undergraduate Balint group in Cape Town--a follow-up report. AB - A further year's experience of a Balint group composed of undergraduate medical students (having completed their final year in 1981) and a general practitioner facilitator is reported. The students found that the extra year of participation in the group had increased their understanding of and effectiveness in their relationships with patients. The implications of this experience for undergraduate training are discussed. PMID- 7089798 TI - A method for demonstrating clinical trial principles to medical students. AB - Randomized clinical trials are necessary for the valid assessment of treatment efficacy. To expose medical students to trial aims, techniques and terminology, we developed a scheme for active student involvement without facing the ethical problem of drug administration or application of invasive methods to a captive group of subjects. As an active drug, coffee is used and compared with an identical placebo (decaffeinated coffee). The effects on heart rate and urine volume are determined. PMID- 7089797 TI - Whole-gut irrigation as a preparation for colorectal surgery. AB - Whole-gut irrigation was used to prepare 43 patients for colorectal surgery. Antibiotics were used pre-operatively in the first group and added to the irrigation fluid in the second. The condition of the bowel lumen was regarded as perfect or good in 87,2% of cases, and the total sepsis rate was 15,4%. The results are regarded as a significant improvement on conventional methods of bowel preparation. PMID- 7089799 TI - Conversion disorders in Zulu patients. PMID- 7089800 TI - Further correspondence between the BMA and the MASA, pertaining to the notice of intention to disaffiliate from the BMA. PMID- 7089801 TI - Selective posterior rhizotomy for the relief of spasticity in cerebral palsy. AB - Twenty children with increased muscle tone of cerebral origin have been subjected to selective posterior spinal rootlet section. A significant reduction in tone resulting in improvement in motor function was achieved in every case. The first 15 cases are reviewed in detail. The procedure is of value not only in the intelligent ambulant patient but also in the mentally retarded and severely spastic child because handling is facilitated and bladder and bowel control improved. Speech and hand function were improved in a number of patients in whom they had previously been major problems. PMID- 7089802 TI - Gangrenous erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis. Occurrence in elderly white women in the Pretoria area, with a study of some effects on blood coagulation. PMID- 7089803 TI - Breast reconstruction. PMID- 7089804 TI - Pancreatic insufficiency masquerading as kwashiorkor. A case report. PMID- 7089805 TI - The prolonged QT syndrome in childhood. Case reports. AB - Syncopal episodes in 5 children have been shown to be caused by the prolonged QT syndrome. The clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome are discussed, and the poor prognosis without treatment is stressed. The prolonged QT syndrome should be considered and an ECG performed in all cases of recurrent unexplained syncope in the paediatric age group. PMID- 7089806 TI - Development of an inflammatory synovitis following total-dose infusion of iron dextran. A case report. AB - Total-dose iron-dextran infusions have been reported to cause exacerbation of the disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A case of prolonged polyarthritis following a total-dose iron-dextran infusion in a patient with no evidence of rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis is reported. PMID- 7089807 TI - Peri-operative antibiotic cover in amputations using an amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination. AB - In a series of 64 patients requiring amputation for lower limb sepsis, the performance of a new antibiotic combination with beta-lactamase-inhibiting properties, amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid (A-CA) (Augmentin; Beecham) in the prophylaxis of postoperative wound sepsis, was compared with that of a combination of amoxycillin and ampicillin (A-A) (Suprapen; Bencard) and a control group. The sepsis rate following A-CA prophylaxis (12,9%) was significantly less than in the control group (x 2 = 18, 49; P less than 0,001). Although not attaining statistical significance (x 2 = 2, 12),, A-CA compared favourably with A-A (sepsis rate 35.3%) in the prevention of post-amputation wound sepsis. There was no statistically significant difference in the development of sepsis between wounds closed primarily and those left unsatured while under A-CA cover. It is concluded that peri-operative antibiotic cover for amputations in septic lower limb lesions is advisable and that A-CA is a valuable antibiotic in this situation. PMID- 7089808 TI - Intra-arterial diazepam. PMID- 7089809 TI - Hypertension in epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 7089810 TI - Vascular complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the young. AB - Of 85 Indian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the young, 16 (19%) were found to have vascular disease. Of these 16 patients 14 had diabetic retinopathy and 6 nephropathy. Five of the patients with nephropathy also had retinopathy, and the 6th had bilateral cataracts. Three patients had ischaemic heart disease associated with nephropathy and/or retinopathy. No patient had peripheral or cerebrovascular disease, and 15 (18%) were found to have hypertension; 5 (31%) of the patients with vascular disease had hypertension. PMID- 7089811 TI - Genito-urinary tuberculosis. A 4-year review. AB - The current pattern of genito-urinary tuberculosis was studied in 95 patients treated between 1977 and 1980. Presenting symptoms, organ involvement and forms of treatment are described. Involvement of the lower urinary tract with sinus formation was found to be common among the population of Natal. Three cases of primary genital tuberculosis were found. PMID- 7089812 TI - Gallbladder anomalies and cystic fibrosis. AB - Ultrasonography of the bladder was undertaken in 46 children suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) and 45 controls. In the groups over 3 years of age, there was a statistically significant difference in the size of the gallbladders. Micro gallbladders and macro-gallbladders were more common in children with CF. There was good correlation between the findings on cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography and ultrasonography when all three investigations were performed. There was no relationship between abnormal gallbladders and abdominal pain, steatorrhoea or the enzyme replacement dose required in the children with CF. PMID- 7089813 TI - The mixed antiglobulin reaction as a screening test for antispermatozoal antibodies. AB - The semen samples of 363 patients were investigated for the presence of antispermatozoal IgG antibodies on the spermatozoa during routine semen analyses. The results were obtained by means of the mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) test and the Friberg spermagglutination test. It was concluded that the MAR test should form a part of routine semen analysis on account of its reliability and the importance of the information it supplies to the clinician. PMID- 7089814 TI - Facial balance--the chin, lips and aesthetic rhinoplasty. PMID- 7089815 TI - Diagnostic problems in renal hypertension. A case report. AB - A case of severe hypertension due to fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery in a young adult woman is described. Several atypical features (both clinical and biochemical) are presented, and a guideline is suggested for investigations in younger adults with severe hypertension who are unresponsive to adequate drug therapy. Current concepts and features of fibromuscular dysplasia of arterial vessels are discussed. PMID- 7089816 TI - Transient neonatal hyperammonaemia. A case report. AB - A case of transient neonatal hyperammonaemia (TNH) is described. The entity of TNH has only recently been identified and awareness of the condition may reveal that it is, in fact, not exceedingly rare in premature infants. The presentation of TNH mimics the neurological damage associated with asphyxia, sepsis or intraventricular haemorrhage, all of which occur frequently in premature infants. However, while the latter conditions are associated with a poor prognosis, the outcome for infants with TNH appears to be favourable if aggressive treatment is instituted at an early stage. Treatment consists of dialysis and/or exchange transfusion. A brief review of the literature on TNH is included. PMID- 7089817 TI - Symposium on selected problems in venous and arterial disease. PMID- 7089818 TI - Management of chronic visceral ischemia. AB - The triad of postprandial pain, weight loss, and diarrhea are the hallmarks of abdominal angina. An anastomotic meandering mesenteric artery noted on frontal arteriogram is valuable in signaling significant disease, but lateral views are the sine qua non for diagnosis. Early surgical correction either by local endarterectomy or bypass of a stenotic or occluded segment and accurate selection of cases results in long-term correction of the intestinal ischemia. When advanced occlusive disease of the mesenteric arteries is noted on the preoperative arteriogram of patients selected for aortoiliofemoral, renal artery, or aortic aneurysm reconstructive surgery, concomitant reconstitution of the mesenteric vascular circulation is advisable. It is our opinion that such an approach can be a significant deterrent to subsequent catastrophic bowel infarction from mesenteric arterial occlusive disease. PMID- 7089819 TI - Management of vascular disease of the upper extremity. PMID- 7089820 TI - Venous bypass surgery. PMID- 7089821 TI - Venous reconstructive surgery. PMID- 7089822 TI - Transvenous vena caval filtration and pulmonary embolectomy. AB - The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism can be made accurately using angiographic and radioisotopic techniques. Utilizing hemodynamic data, it is possible to classify patients with pulmonary embolism into five groups, which is helpful for planning therapy and assessing prognosis. Surgery for pulmonary embolism has evolved to include intraluminal methods of vena caval filtration for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism and transvenous extraction of pulmonary emboli. Though the majority of patients surviving pulmonary embolism can be managed medically with anticoagulation, a significant number will require surgical intervention. The development of transvenous methods allows effective emergency management of major pulmonary embolism, even in hospitals that do not have the capability for cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7089823 TI - Popliteal entrapment and adventitial cystic disease. AB - Both popliteal vascular entrapment and adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery have been recognized with increasing frequency during approximately the past 20 years. A knowledge of these lesions, which were previously thought to be rare and unusual, is mandatory in evaluating patients, particularly the younger, nonsmoking, nonarteriosclerotic, athletic man who has the sudden onset of intermittent claudication. With the increasing interest in these lesions and increasing consideration of these diagnostic possibilities, it will probably be recognized that these lesions are more common than has been thought. PMID- 7089826 TI - Current status of noninvasive tests in the diagnosis of venous disease. PMID- 7089824 TI - Management of acute strokes. PMID- 7089825 TI - Current status of noninvasive tests in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. AB - In this review of the current status of the vascular laboratory, the major emphasis has been upon those tests that have become well-established and documented, including resting pressure, pulse volume measurements, velocity studies, and three stress measurements--exercise ankle pressure, postocclusive reactive hyperemia, and the toe pulse reappearance time. Additional technology that may have application to peripheral arterial disease includes photoplethysmography, transcutaneous oxygen tension, laser-Doppler velocimetry, fluorescein angiography, infrared thermography, and transcutaneous electromagnetic flowmetry. These techniques, which are currently in development and experimental trial, were not discussed but are likely to provide significant additional information. The future role of the vascular diagnostic laboratory in the area of peripheral arterial occlusive disease appears clear. It has already become a standard resource of the community hospital and tertiary referral center. Its functions will become more and more generally accepted with time as newly graduating physicians who have been exposed to this technology enter the practice of medicine. It should permit obtaining an evaluation of all patients at the expert level, aid in the education of all physicians concerned with peripheral arterial disease, and play an important part in guaranteeing a higher level of patient care than has heretofore been available. PMID- 7089828 TI - Prevention and management of infected prostheses. PMID- 7089829 TI - Effect of mono-octanoin on canine gastric mucosa. PMID- 7089827 TI - Current status of vascular grafts. PMID- 7089830 TI - Dynamic evaluation of long term patency of choledochoduodenostomy compared with sphincteroplasty. AB - In 44 patients who had been operated upon for benign obstruction of the biliary tract and had undergone sphincteroplasty or choledochoduodenostomy seven to 12 years previously, patency of the new stoma was evaluated. Dynamic studies of bile flow were done by radioisotopic cholangiography, using 99mTc-pyridoxal phenylalanine as an hepatobiliary imaging agent. Both surgical procedures seem to give equal results in the long term follow-up study regarding the patency of a new stoma. In view of the fact that choledochoduodenostomy involves less morbidity and mortality postoperatively, than does sphincteroplasty, the former is preferred unless a stone is impacted into the ampulla of Vater or if the common bile duct is less than 2 centimeters in diameter in instances of stricture. PMID- 7089831 TI - Prevention of vascular prosthetic infection by a benzalkonium-oxacillin bonded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. AB - Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were bonded to oxacillin using benzalkonium chloride. Grafts were then placed in the infrarenal aorta of dogs and contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. At death or sacrifice, bonded grafts were significantly superior to that for controls in the absence of bacteria histologically, negative cultures, patency and survival. Histologic evaluation of grafts by light and electron microscopy demonstrated normal healing and neointima formation of bonded grafts. The future role of antibiotic bonding in the prevention of vascular prosthetic infections is discussed. PMID- 7089832 TI - Hemodynamics and renal function following experimental suprarenal vena caval occlusion. AB - In this study, the cardiovascular and renal effects of acute suprarenal caval occlusion were investigated in dogs. Marked hemodynamic effects were noted, with an immediate 60 per cent reduction in cardiac output and a 26 per cent drop in mean systemic arterial pressure. In spite of these, there was only a transient disturbance of renal function which had resolved both biochemically and structurally by the end of two weeks. The relevance of these findings to acute occlusion above the renal veins in humans has been reviewed, and we conclude that the Greenfield filter may be inserted in the suprarenal vena cava when indicated with little likelihood of an increase in mortality from recurrent embolism. PMID- 7089833 TI - Choledochojejunostomy in the treatment of primary cholangitis. AB - Choledochojejunostomy was performed upon 128 patients with primary cholangitis with an operative mortality of 2.3 per cent. Evaluation of 106 patients at a median of eight years reveals that 78 patients or 73.6 per cent have good, 14 or 13.2 per cent have fair and 14 or 13.2 per cent have poor results. All 14 patients with poor results required reoperation, and the findings showed that the two most common causes of recurrent symptoms are the reformation of stones, despite a patent choledochojejunostomy and the stricturization of the choledochojejunostomy. When performed with the proper indications, choledochojejunostomy is a safe and effective procedure for managing patients with primary cholangitis. PMID- 7089834 TI - Isolated popliteal versus distal bypasses for limb salvage. AB - The results of 54 bypass procedures--22 to an isolated popliteal segment and 32 to an infrapopliteal major calf vessel for limb salvage--were evaluated. After a distal bypass, the elevation of systolic pressure at the ankle was greater than that observed following a bypass to an isolated popliteal segment. However, healing times for ischemic lesions of the foot were comparable for each procedure. Patency and limb salvage rates for saphenous vein and polytetrafluoroethylene isolated popliteal segment bypasses were similar to those obtained with vein bypass grafts to infrapopliteal major calf vessels. In contrast, when polytetrafluoroethylene was used for a distal bypass below the popliteal artery, the failure rate was higher in the first year, with subsequent limb loss. These data suggest that, when a bypass operation is undertaken in the lower extremity for limb salvage, a bypass to an isolated popliteal segment, using either saphenous vein or polytetrafluoroethylene, is preferable to a polytetrafluoroethylene infrapopliteal bypass. PMID- 7089835 TI - The place of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of nodules of the thyroid. AB - Fine needle aspiration cytology with an accuracy rate of 90.2 per cent confirmed by surgical specimens was found to be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of tumors of the thyroid but did not replace large needle core biopsy. Both methods offered information complementary to each other, and our data indicated that, when possible, they should be used together. Although both false-positive and false negative results were reported with fine needle cytology aspiration biopsy, it was the false-negative reports which limited its use as a definitive diagnostic tool. Fine needle aspiration biopsy, however, did constitute a safe and useful method of increasing diagnostic ability in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. PMID- 7089836 TI - Primary epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva. AB - During a 12 year period, 102 patients with invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva were treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinic. The over-all corrected three year survival rate was 65.5 per cent, or 67 of 102 patients. Those treated by radical vulvectomy and bilateral dissection of groin nodes had a three year survival rate of 76.9 per cent, or 40 of 52 patients, while those treated by radiotherapy had a survival rate of 10 per cent, or two of 20 patients. Those with Stage I disease lesions, less than 1 centimeter in diameter, had an excellent survival rate whether they were treated by vulvectomy only or by radical vulvectomy with groin node dissection. Our experience in this selected group of patients would indicate that a degree of individualization in the treatment of early invasive lesions of the vulva can give most satisfactory results. PMID- 7089839 TI - Postirradiation reconstruction of the rectum in a male. PMID- 7089838 TI - One solution to the dilemma of endoscopic requirements for general surgical residents. PMID- 7089840 TI - The Fogarty balloon technique for the removal of foreign bodies from the tracheobronchial tree. PMID- 7089842 TI - Conservative coloprotectomy for the sexually active woman. AB - The procedure described herein, capitalizes on a knowledge of the relationships between the pelvic viscera, its autonomic innervation and its tissue support. Operative time is shorter, not only because of the presence of a simultaneous second surgical team, but also because the improved exposure and use of bloodless planes facilitates dissection and reduces blood loss. The careful treatment of the cul-de-sac peritoneum helps protect the autonomic innervation of the pelvis, preserving the function of the bladder and sexual response. Preserving the perineal body and obliterating the dead space behind the posterior vaginal wall with the levator ani muscle provides a muscular cushion for the vagina, preserving maximum coital function. For the woman who is sexually active, these are important goals. Her improved sense of well-being following successful surgical therapy of the disease will result in increasing libido, and her successful adaptation to her new condition will be influenced favorably by her ability to function sexually. PMID- 7089841 TI - An improved technique for the construction of experimental pancreatic fistulas. PMID- 7089843 TI - Surgical excision of gastric ulcers near the gastroesophageal junction. PMID- 7089844 TI - Defective wound healing in patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia. AB - Patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia have a startlingly high incidence of healing problems in pressure protected wounds below the level of spinal denervation, suggesting clinically important defects in wound healing below the level of complete spinal neurologic loss. Healing of these wounds was, in fact, comparable with that of decubitus wounds in paraplegic patients in this study. Both groups of denervated wounds had significantly more complications of healing than did wounds above the level of spinal loss or wounds in nonparaplegic patients. Additional investigation is needed to explain and further delineate the apparently defective wound healing in these patients, which should not be attributed solely to pressure injury or chronic infection as it has in the past. PMID- 7089847 TI - Large brain abscesses treated by aspiration alone. PMID- 7089846 TI - Surgical extirpation of a venous angioma of the medulla oblongata simulating multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7089837 TI - Experience with malignant tumors of the thyroid gland in a private surgical practice. AB - A review of malignant tumors of the thyroid encountered in a noninstitutional, private surgical practice has been presented. Clinical judgment, coupled with radioactive iodine scanning, has given effective diagnostic direction. Subtotal thyroidectomy, as used by our group, has achieved satisfactory results in this relatively small number of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland. Hopefully, this experience has held up satisfactorily under scrutiny and will be meaningful to other surgeons in similar settings. PMID- 7089845 TI - Qualitative measurement of cerebral infarction using ultraviolet fluorescence. AB - A reliable method of macroscopically determining the volume of cerebral infarction using ultraviolet fluorescence was developed in an animal model. Cerebral infarction was induced in 40 dogs by occluding the distal internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. No barbiturates were administered. Intravenous sodium fluorescein was given before the animal was killed. Following fixation, 1 cm coronal sections were evaluated with ultraviolet light of 366 nm wavelength. The area of induced fluorescence for each section was determined using a grid overlay. Microscopic examination revealed that the areas of ischemic cell necrosis corresponded to areas of maximal fluorescence. This is an easily reproducible method to determine the volume of cerebral infarction. PMID- 7089848 TI - Extradural hemorrhage in the posterior fossa in neonates. AB - The case of a neonate with an extradural hemorrhage in the left posterior fossa, the result of trauma at birth, is reported. The routine axial transverse CT scan did not detect the exact preoperative location of the clots in the extradural space of the posterior fossa. Good recovery was achieved following the operation. PMID- 7089850 TI - Prediction of the needed level of sympathectomy for posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. AB - The course of 2 patients with posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy is presented and discussed. The importance of determining the exact level of sensory blockade in order to know the necessary level of the sympathectomy is emphasized. It is suggested that in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, the diagnosis should include the exact upper anatomical level of sympathetic truncus involvement, which can be easily achieved with sensory epidural blockade. PMID- 7089849 TI - Occipital condyle fracture associated with cervical spine injury. AB - Fracture of the occipital condyle is a rare sequela of craniocervical trauma; it has been reported in only 8 patients since 1816. In one-third of the cases, the fracture was associated with dislocation of the atlantooccipital junction, a uniformly fatal injury. We report a case of fracture of the occipital condyle associated with fractures of C6 and C7, a combination of injuries not previously reported to the best of our knowledge. PMID- 7089851 TI - Serial observations of brain stem function by auditory brain stem responses in central transtentorial herniation. AB - Changes in auditory brain stem responses were serially investigated in a patient with downward transtentorial herniation due to acute obstructive hydrocephalus to correlate the neurological signs with the results of computerized tomography. Neurological deterioration correlated highly with disruption of auditory brain stem responses, especially with that of the components of waves V to VII. A noninvasive technique, the measurement of auditory brain stem responses is thought to be useful in detecting the severity of downward transtentorial herniation and in estimating the recovery of brain stem function after surgical treatment of intracranial hypertension. PMID- 7089852 TI - Use of acrylic prosthesis for a giant-cell tumor of the cervical spine. PMID- 7089854 TI - Posttraumatic anterior spinal cord syndrome: pathological studies of two patients. AB - Two patients sustained acute anterior spinal cord injury associated with a posteriorly displaced bone fragment and herniated cervical disc. Postmortem examination of both spinal cords showed extensive destruction of the cord at the site of injury with sparing of the posterior portion of the dorsal columns; the anterior spinal artery was patent. We conclude that posttraumatic anterior spinal cord syndrome can be caused by damage to the anterior part of the cord without involvement of the anterior spinal artery. PMID- 7089853 TI - CT scan and metrizamide CT cisternography in arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: classification and pathophysiological aspects. AB - Thirty-one cases of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa were investigated by CT scan, 7 of them undergoing additional metrizamide CT cisternography. In this paper we analyze and correlate the different findings from these two examinations and propose a classification of arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa into three basic types. Pathophysiological and surgical implications are discussed. PMID- 7089855 TI - Intracranial double teratomas. AB - A case of double teratomas located in the pineal region and the fourth ventricle is presented. A simultaneous occurrence from nonmetastatic, separate origins seems rare in cases of mature teratomas. Computerized tomographic scans led to detection of another asymptomatic teratoma. Surgical treatment produced good results. PMID- 7089857 TI - Ultrastructure of capillaries. PMID- 7089856 TI - Spinal intradural arachnoid cyst. AB - A case of spinal intradural arachnoid cyst is presented, and the literature dealing with this rare lesion is surveyed. The etiological and pathological features are discussed; emphasis is placed on the importance of correct interpretation of clinical and radiological findings that may be diagnostically misleading. PMID- 7089858 TI - The treatment of postoperative hyphema by cyclodiathermy. AB - Penetrating cyclodiathermy, a technique first used for glaucoma, is presented as a means of controlling continuous, intermittent, or recurrent postoperative hyphema. A case is reported in which cyclodiathermy was successfully used to stop recurrent hemorrhage following cataract surgery. Details of the procedure are described. Causes of postoperative hyphema are discussed, and the advantages of penetrating cyclodiathermy over other forms of treatment are considered. PMID- 7089859 TI - Clinical results of suprarenal placement of the Greenfield vena cava filter. AB - Twelve patients have had Greenfield vena cava filter placement above the renal veins since 1975. The indication for placement was most commonly contraindication to anticoagulation or recurrent pulmonary embolism during treatment. The follow up consisted of physical examination, isotope phlebography-lung scan, venous Doppler evaluation, serum specimen evaluation of renal function, and abdominal roentgenograms. The follow-up averaged 16.9 +/- 6.2 months (range 5 weeks to 58 months) in 10 patients. Five patients died after filter insertion, but no death was attributable to filter placement or recurrent embolism. Renal function was unchanged in all patients. Recurrent embolism was documented postoperatively in one patient. Migration of the filter was not observed. The vena cava was demonstrated to be patent in all patients. Two patients had evidence of embolus trapped in the filter. PMID- 7089860 TI - Femoral artery pressure measurement to predict the outcome of arterial surgery in patients with multilevel disease. AB - Direct measurement of the femoral artery pressure before operation has been used to predict the postoperative change in ankle and toe pressure in 102 limbs (83 patients) that underwent aortoiliac surgery for the treatment of atherosclerotic occlusion or stenosis affecting both the aortoiliac and femoral artery segments. Rest pain or gangrene was present in 74 limbs. In 26 other limbs simultaneous aortoiliac and femoral artery reconstructions were performed. The changes in both toe and ankle pressures could be confidently predicted from the preoperative data. A predicted toe pressure of lower than 25 mm Hg was associated with a high probability that amputation would be required. The chances of an amputation were less than 3% if a toe pressure higher than 40 mm Hg was predicted. If the predicted ankle pressure index was lower than 0.56, there was a 90% chance that intermittent claudication would persist. Measurement of the femoral artery pressure allows prediction of the toe and ankle pressure response to surgery to be made with sufficient accuracy to permit a preoperative decision to be made between the need for a single-level or a two-level arterial reconstruction: no patients who had an aortoiliac reconstruction needed a subsequent downstream repair of the femoral segment. PMID- 7089862 TI - Multiple pancreatic pseudocysts: the principle of internal cystocystostomy in surgical management. AB - Multiple pseudocysts exist in 5% to 10% of all patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. No procedural recommendations have been previously offered for the elective treatment of coexisting mature pseudocysts. In 10 patients with large (greater than 5 cm in diameter) adjacent pseudocysts, a segment of the common wall was removed (internal cystocystostomy) to create a common chamber, which was then drained by an appropriate cystogastrostomy or cystojejunostomy Roux-en-Y. No recurrences have been observed during an average follow-up of almost 2 years. In each of two patients with two large pseudocysts that were not contiguous, both pseudocysts were drained into a single Roux-en-Y limb (double cystojejunostomy Roux-en-Y). Operative cystography was performed on all small pseudocysts (less than 5 cm in diameter). Simple operative aspiration was employed on five occasions when the small pseudocyst did not communicate with the pancreatic duct. The principle of internal cystocystostomy combined with internal drainage appears useful in the management of large contiguous pseudocysts. For noncontiguous large pseudocysts, multiple cystojejunostomy deserves wider trial, as does operative aspiration of small pseudocysts demonstrated not to be in continuity with the pancreatic ducts. PMID- 7089863 TI - Ideal arterial graft: an unmet challenge--scope and limitations. PMID- 7089861 TI - Vascular access for hemodialysis--new modifications for the difficult patient. PMID- 7089864 TI - Utility of wide and narrow blood pressure cuffs in the hemodynamic assessment of aortoiliac occlusive disease. AB - One hundred lower extremities were evaluated by measurement of common femoral intra-arterial pressure and high-thigh Doppler-derived segmental pressures using wide and narrow blood pressure cuffs to assess the accuracy of high-thigh pressures in the evaluation of aortoiliac disease. Sixty-four extremities were also studied by arteriography. The results were analyzed using the common femoral intra-arterial pressure as the standard. The accuracy was poor for both the wide (52%) and narrow (73%) cuff techniques. No significant differences between the two techniques were evident in regard to the incidence of false positive (wide cuff, 75%; narrow cuff, 65%) and false negative (wide cuff, 3%; narrow cuff, 8%) tests. Superficial femoral artery disease was found to be responsible for all false positive tests using the narrow cuff technique (20 of 20) and all but one of the false positive tests using the wide cuff technique (34 of 35). These data indicate that segmental high-thigh pressures are useful primarily as a screening technique (low false negative rate) to exclude hemodynamically significant aortoiliac occlusive disease at rest. PMID- 7089865 TI - Neutrophil function, serum opsonic activity, and delayed hypersensitivity in surgical patients. AB - The phagocytic function (e.g., phagocytosis, chemiluminescence, and chemotaxis) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), delayed hypersensitivity, and serum opsonic capacity were studied in 29 patients who underwent major surgical procedures, primarily abdominal surgery. The phagocytic capacity and chemiluminescence were normal in all patients as compared with healthy donors, and no difference in phagocytosis was found before or after operation. However, PMNs of 14 patients (48%) showed diminished chemotactic activity after surgery, but the influence of surgery on chemotaxis could not be demonstrated. About 30% of the patients had depressed delayed hypersensitivity after operation, as measured by skin testing using three recall antigens. The mean induration of the skin tests was 6.9 +/- 3.4 mm before operation and 3.6 +/- 2.9 mm thereafter (P = 0.006). The opsonic capacity of patient sera was measured as uptake by normal donor PMNs of staphylococci opsonized in patient serum. Eleven of 19 preoperative serum samples had an opsonic capacity comparable to that of normal control sera; the opsonic capacity of postoperative serum samples of the same patients was significantly decreased as compared with preoperative values. In seven patients the opsonic capacity of postoperative serum samples correlated with decreased levels of IgG in the sera but not with complement activity. PMID- 7089867 TI - Femoropopliteal composite bypass grafts: current status. AB - Controversy continues regarding the best arterial substitute for femoropopliteal reconstruction if an adequate length of autogenous saphenous vein is not available. To evaluate the role of composite grafts as an alternate vascular conduit, we have analyzed our experience with 39 femoropopliteal composite grafts as compared with a similar group of 79 below-knee prosthetic reconstructions. The 5-year cumulative patency rates for composite and prosthetic reconstructions to the distal popliteal artery were not statistically different (38 +/- 9% and 31 +/ 8%, respectively). The amount of vein relative to prosthesis did not appear to influence late patency. Both alternate reconstructive methods were significantly inferior to the 73 +/- 3% 5-year patency rate of autogenous vein bypass grafts. Based on this experience, we have abandoned the use of composite grafts for primary femoropopliteal reconstruction, since currently available prosthetic grafts appear to have similar long-term function. PMID- 7089866 TI - Blood-brain barrier derangement in uremic encephalopathy. AB - A disturbance of cerebral neurotransmitters and an accumulation of octopamine, a putative false neurotransmitter, have been found in patients with uremic encephalopathy who manifest disorientation, somnolence, asterixis, and coma- symptoms also seen in portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Altered plasma concentrations of the neutral amino acids (NAAs) and increased blood-brain NAA transport may play a role in PSE, and in the present study plasma amino acid concentrations and blood-brain barrier NAA transport were investigated in rats with acute and chronic uremia. Acute uremia was produced by unilateral nephrectomy and occlusion of the renal artery of the remaining kidney for 70 minutes; the animals were studied 24 hours later. Chronic uremia was produced by unilateral nephrectomy and 70% to 80% devascularization of the remaining kidney; these animals were studied 2 weeks later. Brain uptake was studied with the technique of Oldendorf, and blood and brain amino acids (AAs) were measured. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level in rats with acute uremia increased to 108 mg/dl, in rats with chronic uremic 54 mg/dl, and in sham-operated rats 22 mg/dl. In both uremic groups there was a decrease in plasma branched-chain AAs. In the brain these AA levels were normal, while levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine were increased in uremic rats. PMID- 7089868 TI - Real-time intraoperative angiosonography after carotid endarterectomy. AB - Real-time intraoperative angiosonography is a readily available and simple means of obtaining high-resolution imaging of the carotid vessels after endarterectomy. In an experience of 60 intraoperative scans, nine abnormalities (15%) were detected, or which 4 lesions were hemodynamically significant. Three of these abnormalities were in the external carotid artery, and one was in the common carotid artery. The detection of these defects, which usually were not obvious during palpation or inspection, enabled immediate reexploration and correction of the fault to be undertaken. The considerable advantages of the intraoperative method of scanning over the transcutaneous technique and operative angiography are discussed. Immediate intraoperative angiosonography is recommended for routine use after carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 7089869 TI - Early postoperative results with EEA stapler. AB - This study of 106 patients who had end-to-end anastomoses (EEA) performed by 26 surgeons in 11 hospitals reports the operative and postoperative complications of using the EEA stapling device. The complications are probably exaggerated, because this study involves the initial experiences of many surgeons. The 106 patients included 78 patients with colon anastomoses, 3 with small intestinal anastomoses, and 25 with gastric anastomoses. The mortality rate included two patients (1.9%) with low rectal anastomoses who died of problems associated with the EEA stapler. The anastomotic morbidity rate included 9 operative complications (9%), which were corrected at operation, and 12 postoperative complications (11%), which included leaks (4), fistula (4), and stenosis (4). Intra-abdominal abscess occurred in 3 and wound infections in 19 patients (18%). The EEA stapler requires practice and specific skills for its safe use. The EEA stapler makes a reliable, inverted anastomosis and can be used successfully throughout the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7089870 TI - Development of a transplantable model of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma. AB - We report here the first development of a continuous cell line in tissue culture of an animal pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma that is histologically similar to human pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma. A primary pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma, induced in a male Syrian golden hamster after 23 weeks of weekly subcutaneous injection of N-nitrobis (2-hydroxypropyl)amine, was minced and injected subcutaneously into three hamsters. After 8 weeks, a single tumor was apparent. Subsequent passages of fragments into the cheek pouches were performed at 3- to 4 week intervals. After five passages, minced fragments of a tumor were placed in tissue culture. Colonies appeared by 7 days; an epitheloid cell line, without fibroblasts, was established by 60 days. Single-cell suspensions, injected into hamster cheek pouches or subcutaneously, produced tumors in a dose-dependent fashion. Spent culture medium of tissue culture cells and saline extracts of freshly excised tumors contained pancreatic oncofetal antigen-like activity. PMID- 7089871 TI - Acute versus sustained hypoproteinemia and posttraumatic pulmonary edema. AB - We compared the effect of an acute protein depletion versus a sustained protein depletion on pulmonary edema formation. Acute hypoproteinemia was produced either by a rapid plasmapheresis or as the result of acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Sustained hypoproteinemia was produced by a 24-hour plasmapheresis or as the result of a 50% body burn. Unanesthetized sheep with lung lymph fistulas were used as the experimental model. In the acute depletion groups an early twofold to threefold increase in lymph flow was seen, reflecting an increase in fluid flux, across the microcirculation, with the increase in lymph flow after resuscitation from shock being identical to that seen in a nonshocked animal with a comparable protein depletion. With restoration of the plasma-lymph oncotic gradient, the lymph flow returned to baseline. The lymph protein content always exceeded 2 gm/dl. In the sustained depletion groups the lymph flow also increased twofold to threefold but remained elevated for over 48 hours despite a rapid restoration of plasma-lymph oncotic gradient. The increase in fluid flux after burn was identical to that after protein depletion alone. In these groups the lymph protein content was below 2 gm/dl, indicating a significant interstitial protein depletion. We conclude that a marked increase in fluid flux is seen after sustained protein depletion that is unrelated to oncotic pressure. This process appears to be related to the degree of washout of interstitial protein, possibly decreasing the viscosity of the interstitial matrix, leading to a more rapid edema formation. PMID- 7089874 TI - [Several methods of treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications]. PMID- 7089873 TI - [Chronic bronchitis: etiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 7089872 TI - Relationship of duration of postoperative ileus to extent and site of operative dissection. AB - Postoperative ileus has been thought to be related to intraoperative manipulation of the intestines and to the duration of operative procedures. In order to study the effect of these variables on the postoperative myoelectrical activity of the intestine, six stumptailed monkeys had strain-gauge force transducers and bipolar electrodes placed on gastric antrum, mid-small bowel, right colon, and sigmoid colon. The animals were then subjected to three operations in random order varying in extent and site of dissection: (1) midline incisions, mobilization of right colon and kidney, clamping of renal pedicle, and extensive blunt dissection of right retroperitoneum; (2) the same operation but done on the left side; and (3) midline incision and gentle digital manipulation of the intestines. The first two procedures involved much more intestinal handling and dissection and took five to six times longer than the minimal laparotomy procedure. Postoperative inhibition of bowel motility was most profound and persistent in the colon. The duration and pattern of postoperative ileus in these experiments were independent of the extent, site, and duration of the operative procedure. PMID- 7089876 TI - [Possibilities of x-ray examination in evaluation of the functional state of the stomach and duodenum in patients with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7089875 TI - [Clinical-morphological characteristics of nonconjugated hyperbilirubinemia syndrome]. PMID- 7089877 TI - [Ultrastructure of the microcirculatory network of the duodenal mucosa in duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7089878 TI - [Arthrography of shoulder joints in patients with humeroscapular periarthritis]. PMID- 7089879 TI - [Rheovasographic studies of the vascular tonus in primary arthrosis deformans and their use in work capacity evaluation]. PMID- 7089880 TI - [Improvement of the teaching of internal diseases at the department of therapeutics]. PMID- 7089882 TI - [Disorders of the cardiac rhythm and conduction in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7089883 TI - [Oxygen transport and physical endurance in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7089881 TI - [Nonglycoside drugs in the treatment of congestive circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7089884 TI - [Role of necrosis in physiopathological changes of the heart and in electrocardiographic indices characteristic for myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7089885 TI - [Volumetric test in evaluation of the function of the left ventricle in patients with acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7089886 TI - [Tolerance to physical exercise in patients with chronic coronary insufficiency treated with anticoagulants]. PMID- 7089887 TI - [Possibilities of differential diagnosis of heart pain]. PMID- 7089888 TI - [Relationship between central hemodynamics and kidney function during myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7089889 TI - [Noninvasive determination of hemodynamic variants of acute myocardial infarction (echocardiography and integral rheography)]. PMID- 7089890 TI - [Course of uncomplicated myocardial infarction depending upon the time of hospitalization]. PMID- 7089891 TI - [Prognosis of uncomplicated course of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7089892 TI - [Role of collateral circulation in the postinfarction cicatrix]. PMID- 7089893 TI - [Effect of smoking on microcirculation in the vessels of bulbar conjunctiva in young patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7089894 TI - [Approaches in the echographic examination of the heart]. PMID- 7089895 TI - [Reference standards for the systolic phases of the left heart ventricle]. PMID- 7089896 TI - [Functional state of erythrocytes in patients with rheumatic heart diseases and circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7089897 TI - [Pharmacological correction of immunopathological disorders in patients with chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 7089898 TI - [Variants of clinical manifestations and course of autonomic-dyshormonal myocardial dystrophy]. PMID- 7089900 TI - [Hemodynamic changes in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma with different severity of respiratory obstruction]. PMID- 7089899 TI - [Novocainamide in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and auricular fibrillation in premature ventricular excitation syndrome (relation between novocainamide dose, its blood level, and antiarrhythmia effect)]. PMID- 7089901 TI - [Skin changes caused by oral contraceptives. Interview with Dr. H. Zaun, Director of the University Skin Clinic, Homburg/Saar. Interview by M. Minker]. PMID- 7089902 TI - [Contraindications, side-effects and interactions of various groups of drugs]. PMID- 7089903 TI - [Questions and answers as technic for guiding patients]. PMID- 7089904 TI - [Photoreactions of the skin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089905 TI - [Polymorphous photodermatoses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089906 TI - [Cutaneous porphyrias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089907 TI - [Solar urticaria]. PMID- 7089908 TI - [Actinic chronic skin damages (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089909 TI - [Oral photochemotherapy of psoriasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089910 TI - [PUVA therapy of cutaneous diseases except psoriasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089911 TI - [Phototherapy and solaria (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089912 TI - [Solar protection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089913 TI - [Trial of vasopressin treatment of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 7089914 TI - [Methods of adverse drug reactions monitoring. II. Frequencies estimations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089915 TI - [Principal concepts of pharmacokinetics for use by the physician]. PMID- 7089916 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of minaprine in human after single oral dose (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089917 TI - [Specificity of methods for theophylline in biological samples: therapeutic consequences (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089918 TI - [Effect of oral verapamil on cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089919 TI - [The treatment of acute adrenocortical insufficiency by small dose of hydrocortisone infused by automatic pump (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089920 TI - [Acute carpipramine overdosage. Report of 26 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089922 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal scarlet fever]. PMID- 7089921 TI - [Thyroid function and amiodarone: difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089924 TI - [Mushroom poisoning]. PMID- 7089923 TI - [Job's syndrome]. PMID- 7089925 TI - [Posttraumatic carotid occlusion]. PMID- 7089926 TI - [Arterial insufficiency in lower extremities in polycythemia]. PMID- 7089927 TI - [Aneurysmal bone cyst]. PMID- 7089929 TI - [Philosophy of life for psychiatric patients. A pastoral clinical experience]. PMID- 7089928 TI - [The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid spectrophotometry in cerebrovascular disease]. PMID- 7089930 TI - [Health and disease in the elderly: a major field in Norwegian medicine?]. PMID- 7089931 TI - [Ultrasonically guided puncture]. PMID- 7089932 TI - [Proximal gastric vagotomy at a local hospital]. PMID- 7089933 TI - [Meningococcal infections. 6-year case material from Rana hospital]. PMID- 7089934 TI - [Legal aspects of preventive oophorectomy]. PMID- 7089935 TI - [Cerebrovascular complications following manipulation of the neck]. PMID- 7089937 TI - [Long-term results of the treatment of obesity in self-help groups]. PMID- 7089938 TI - [Treatment of cardiac arrest by ambulance personnel. Comparative study during 1967-1970 and 1980]. PMID- 7089936 TI - [Loss and grief. How should we treat them?]. PMID- 7089939 TI - [Accidental deep hypothermia]. PMID- 7089940 TI - [The immunosuppressive effect of anesthesia and surgery]. PMID- 7089941 TI - [The need for protective measures in the administration of injectable cystostatics]. PMID- 7089942 TI - [Acute encephalitis in mononucleosis]. PMID- 7089943 TI - [A review of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides]. PMID- 7089944 TI - [Avian heart disease in the Blijdorp Zoological Gardens; partial heart block in a nandu (Rhea americana) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089945 TI - [What is your diagnosis? Prostatic carcinoma with involvement of bony pelvis, lumbar vertebrae and os sacrum]. PMID- 7089946 TI - [Comparison of a number of parameters in the blood of lambs reared in normal conditions with those in the blood of lambs reared free from maedi on bovine colostrum (author's transl)]. AB - The results of examination of the blood in a group of lambs reared free from maedi on bovine colostrum were compared with those in a group of controls reared in normal conditions. Examination of the blood included determination of the concentration of haemoglobin, the haematocrit, white cell counts, platelet counts, the total lipid level, the concentration of protein in the serum and the protein pattern of the serum. The group of experimental animals and that of the controls were found to show only minor differences as regards these constituents. The studies showed that lambs are capable of adequately absorbing the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum. PMID- 7089947 TI - [Use of truss in canine perineal hernia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7089948 TI - [Two cases of tetany in the horse (author's transl)]. AB - Two cases of tetany in the horse are reported. The two patients were thoroughbreds. One was eight and the other thirteen years old. The mares were in heat and were brought to the service (stud) station to be mated. Both patients were nursing a foal. One was a four-week-old foal and the other was seven weeks old. The calcium level of the serum had dropped in the two patients, to 4.0 mg and 5.4 per ml. respectively. The magnesium level was 1.0 mg and 1.9 mg per 100 ml. respectively. The animals responded satisfactorily to intravenous infusion of calcium borogluconate and magnesium chloride. One of the mares was also give 10 1. of physiological saline a few times. PMID- 7089949 TI - [From the Veterinary Chief Inspection of Public Health and the Board of Veterinary Service. Proposal law veterinary practice]. PMID- 7089950 TI - [Veterinary drugs and the veterinarian]. PMID- 7089952 TI - [Inspiratory stridor due to vocal cord paralysis in children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus]. AB - Inspiratory stridor in combination with myelomeningocele and increased intracranial pressure is caused by bilateral vocal cord paralysis in children with Arnold-Chiari-deformation. The diagnosis of bilateral vocal cord paralysis can be established by direct laryngoscopy performed without general anesthesia. As emergency measures naso-tracheal intubation, tracheostomy and immediate ventricular puncture are recommended. Reduction of intracranial pressure has always to be performed within 24 hours. The bilateral vocal cord paralysis is totally reversible if the inracranial pressure is decreased timely. The bilateral vocal cord paralysis becomes irreversible when degeneration of the nucleus ambiguus occurs secondary to peripheral lesions of the nervus vagus. PMID- 7089951 TI - [Intracranial hemorrhage and asphyxia in newborn infants studied further with the Doppler ultrasonic method]. AB - The article discusses the results of an investigation by Doppler ultrasound on newborn infants, who were admitted at the neonatal intensive care unit of the 'Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis' at Amsterdam. The 'pulsatility index' (PI) of the Aa cerebri anteriores was measured in five groups of infants. The results of this investigation may contribute to a better understanding of the patho-physiology of asphyxia and intra-cranial hemorrhages in neonates. Further it appears that this method has a certain diagnostic and prognostic value concerning intra-ventricular hemorrhages. There is also evidence that increasing cerebral volume can be detected by this method. PMID- 7089953 TI - [A patient with Marfan's syndrome and a 9p tetrasomy]. PMID- 7089954 TI - [Screening for disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism]. PMID- 7089955 TI - HLA and longevity. AB - One hundred fifty-five healthy nonagenarians, 45 men and 100 women, all French Caucasians, were phenotyped for alleles of the A, B, C, DR loci of the HLA complex. The observed HLA antigen frequencies were compared to those of a control series of 133 males and 179 females whose ages ranged from 10 to 50 years. When comparing the total young and elderly series, no significant differences were observed with respect to HLA antigen distribution or heterozygosity at any of the loci. When taking sex difference into account, however, an excess of the Cw1 antigen was found in the group of elderly females (p less than 0.001) and an excess of the Cw7 antigen in the group of elderly males (p less than 0.001). Of particular significance was the fact that Cw7 belonged in this instance to a phenotypic combination (and most probably to the corresponding haplotype) A1/Cw7/B8/DR3 which was found significantly increased in male nonagenarians (p less than 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that certain HLA haplotypes are associated with survival advantage. PMID- 7089957 TI - Histocompatibility antigens in varicocele. PMID- 7089956 TI - Immunoglobulin A deficiency: genetic studies. AB - Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (less than 0.01 mg/ml) was demonstrated in 155 of 72,296 blood donors. Studies of families of 60 donors revealed IgA deficiency in other members of 12 families. No consistent pattern of inheritance of IgA deficiency was found. HLA typing of 62 unrelated IgA deficient blood donors showed a significant increase in the prevalence of HLA-B8 (p less than 0.005). PMID- 7089958 TI - HLA phenotypes in Dupuytren's contracture. PMID- 7089959 TI - The giant sperm of a minute beetle. AB - The mature sperm of Ptinella aptera is a helically coiled, flagellate gamete ca. 1.4 mm long-twice the length of the beetle itself. The rod-like acrosome, comprising the anterior part of the sperm, is 0.4 micrometer thick but is expanded as a flange around the nucleus and the base of the tail, increasing the diameter of the sperm to 2 micrometer. The bulk of the tail consists of a pair of bodies with a characteristic ultrastructure of longitudinal tubules beneath a lamellar cortical layer. These bodies are probably homologous with the mitochondria derivatives of other insect sperm. The axoneme is helically coiled and is flanked by a single accessory body. One of the 'structured bodies' is connected to the acrosome and the other to the accessory body. The sperm move actively in the female reproductive tract. The functional significance of this behaviour and of the evolution of the large gamete itself is discussed in relation to existing hypotheses. PMID- 7089960 TI - Recycling of mast cells following degranulation in vitro: an ultrastructural study. AB - Mature mast cells, isolated from the rat peritoneal cavity, were placed into suspension culture, either as resting or after degranulation by exposure to compound 48/80, and were maintained for up to 63 hr. No mitotic cells were observed, and cell number was conserved. The culture conditions did not cause spontaneous degranulation and cell survival was better than 80%. However, with time in culture, an increasing percentage of cells acquired a vesiculated appearance, characterized by a Golgi area with distended cisternae, the accumulation of lysosomal or autophagic-like vesicles, and enlarged, irregular or fused secretory granules. In the degranulated group, about one-fourth of the cells recovered the morphological appearance of resting cells by 63 hr, indicating that they are capable of 'recycling'. A cell type with a unique morphology, characterized by a large central vacuole containing secretory product, an eccentric nucleus, and mature secretory granules at the cell periphery appeared in the stimulated group after 22 hr of culture. In may be a possible intermediate stage in the mast cell regranulation process, based on its occurrence exclusively in the stimulated group, the correlation between its distribution and the recovery of mast cells to the resting state, and the morphological resemblance of its granule contents to stages in granule maturation in differentiating embryonic mast cells. PMID- 7089961 TI - Harderian glands in mice: fluorescence, peroxidase activity and fine structure. AB - The Harderian glands of albino mice are composed of tubulo-alveoli which contain two secretory cell types. The most common cell (type A) displayed a natural red fluorescence due to the presence of porphyrins. Lipid droplets in this cell and along its apical border were often intensely fluorescent. The less common cell (type B) did not fluoresce. The type B cell contained unusual lipid droplets surrounded by concentric layers of membranes, and sometimes displayed cylindrical organelles believed to be associated with the formation of pigment. A dense red brown pigment was observed in the lumens of a few tubulo-alveoli and it did not fluoresce, but areas where pigment formation was taking place fluoresced brightly. Myoepithelial cells, containing thick and thin filaments, were found underlying both secretory cell types. Fenestrated capillaries and adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings were abundant in the adjacent connective tissue. Endogenous peroxidase activity was identified in both secretory cell types and was found localized only within tubules and vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 7089963 TI - Microfibril formation in chick notochordal cells. AB - The central parts of the chick notochord at Hamburger and Hamilton's stages 20-22 were investigated by electron microscopy. Electron-dense bodies of various sizes and shapes and bounded by a limiting membrane were found in the central cells the notochord. These dense bodies contained fibrous material or microfibrils which ranged from 120 to 600 A in diameter. The large microfibrils often exhibited a typical repeating period with an interval of about 320 A. These dense bodies were always located near the cell membrane, which is rough or irregular in the central parts of the notochord at these stages. The fibrous core material of the dense body frequently shows striking similarities to amorphous fibrous material in the intercellular space of the central parts of the notochord, where they are situated at a considerable distance from the perinotochordal sheath space. From these results, it seems reasonable to suggest that the central cells as well as the peripheral cells of the notochord are capable of forming microfibrils similar to those observed in the perinotochordal sheath space. Moreover, they may play an important role in the total fibrillogenesis of the notochord. PMID- 7089964 TI - Association between mitochondria and gap junctions in mammalian myocardial cells. AB - In ventricular myocardial cells of mouse, guinea-pig, dog, and monkey, mitochondria frequently form close associations with gap junctions, the two structures being separated by a space of 20 nm or less. Similar appositions are found in both the mature atria and the developing myocardium of the mouse. The gap junctions assume a variety of configurations with respect to the apposed mitochondria. These include profiles in which the gap junctions conform closely to the contours of mitochondria, as well as profiles in which finger-like sarcolemmal evaginations, composed entirely of gap junctions, extend longitudinally or transversely into an adjoining cell to envelop mitochondria. In mouse ventricular wall, over 40% of the length of gap junctions is juxtaposed to mitochondria and strands of connecting material are often present in the interspace between the two structures. In addition, in freeze-fracture replicas, portions of mitochondria are found attached to areas of myocardial sarcolemma that contain gap-junction particles. Since mitochondria are known to sequester Ca2+ ion, it is possible that the close association between mitochondria and gap junction may function to buffer the intracellular Ca2+ concentration near the gap junctions, and thereby regulate the the ionic permeability of the gap junctions. PMID- 7089962 TI - Constant light exposure induces damage and squamous metaplasia in Harderian glands of albino mice. AB - Harderian glands from control albino mice kept in a cyclical light/dark environment had tubulo-alveoli comprised of lipid-filled glandular epithelial cells. The porphyrin content of the gland measured 122 microgram/100 mg gland. Constant light exposure for 24 hr caused exopthalmos grossly. Histologically most of the secretory cells were swollen and the lumens of many tubulo-alveoli were obliterated; a few areas of the gland showed damage. The porphyrin content had decreased to 116 microgram/100 mg gland. After 3 days of constant light exposure the tubulo-alveoli were markedly altered. Lipid and cellular debris filled the lumens, and lining cells were highly irregular, ranging in shape from columnar to squamous. The porphyrin content had decreased to 72 micro/100 mg gland and leukocytes and macrophages were abundant. Despite this extensive damage a number of tubulo-alveolar epithelial cells were observed under-going mitosis. After 7 days of constant exposure to light, some tubulo-alveolar epithelial cells had undergone squamous metaplasia, and the porphyrin content had dropped markedly to 50 microgram/100 gland. These pronounced cellular changes are believed to result from a direct effect of light on the gland. PMID- 7089965 TI - Intracellular water and dry mass content as measured in bulk specimens by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. AB - Intracellular water content (IWC) was measured in freeze-fractured biological bulk specimens by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The method is based on the concentration differences of certain elements (potassium and phosphorus) between frozen-hydrated and frozen-dried states of the tissues as applied formerly to sectioned material by others. A new mathematical formula has been derived giving rather precise figures for IWC. No elemental standards are necessary for the measurement: one has to obtain only the peak to background ratios in wet and dry states of the cells. the method is sensitive enough to reveal age-dependent as well as drug-induced changes of IWC in liver and brain cells. The values obtained are quite comparable with the theoretically expected one. Technical problems of the application of this method are discussed in detail. PMID- 7089966 TI - Growth of endothelial and HeLa cells on a new multipurpose microcarrier that is positive, negative or collagen coated. AB - A new cell culture microcarrier that can be covalently bonded by cell attachment proteins and can be thin-sectioned for electron microscopy was synthesized. It was easily made by sulfonating cross-linked polystyrene beads for a negative surface charge followed by covalent attachment of polyethylenimine for a positive charge. Cell attachment proteins, e.g. collagen was covalently bonded directly to the microcarrier using a carbodiimide or after activating the microcarrier surface with glutaraldehyde. HeLa-S3 cells attached, spread and grew to confluence more efficiently on the positive microcarriers and those coated with collagen than on the negative ones. Endothelial cells, grew best on those with a negative surface charge. The nature of the microcarrier surface was not the only aspect involved in cell adhesion but also the type of serum proteins absorbed. Qualitatively different proteins coated the microcarriers depending upon whether the carrier was negative, positive or coated with collagen. Comparison of various types of available microcarriers indicated that the modified cross-linked polystyrene beads used here were best for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Endothelial cells grown on the microcarriers had the same ultrastructure as cells grown in monolayers in culture dishes. Of a variety of microcarriers tested the modified cross-linked polystyrene beads were the only ones that could be used for both ultrastructural and biochemical techniques. PMID- 7089967 TI - Fertilization in a crab: I. Early events in the ovary, and cytological aspects of the acrosome reaction and gamete contacts. AB - Early events of fertilization were studied in Carcinus maenas by in vitro experiments and ultrastructural analysis; some were found to occur in the lumen of ripe ovaries. The acrosome reaction generally conformed to the usual. Reptantia Decapoda pattern. However, a prominent membrane system continuous with the nuclear envelope and located close to the base of the acrosome tubule characterized the type of spermatozoon observed in Carcinus maenas. Such complex anatomical connections linking the three parts of the reacted spermatozoon (acrosome tubule, membrane system and nucleus envelope) may be significant in relation to the membrane system's contribution to the acrosome reaction. The outer layer of the everted acrosomal vesicle was found to comprise tubular elements ending in bell-shaped corpuscles, deeply interdigitated with the oolemma microvilli during the establishment of the initial contacts between the reacted spermatozoon and the egg plasma membrane. At the site of contact, the oolemma formed in minute fertilization cone, locally depressed by the acrosome tubule. During these early fertilization events, the nucleus, like the other spermatozoon components, was seen to penetrate the egg coatings first, the later to be located near the oolemma. PMID- 7089968 TI - Uptake via the blood and elimination of 10 organic solvents following epicutaneous exposure of anesthetized guinea pigs. PMID- 7089969 TI - Effect of cadmium administration upon urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline in the rat. PMID- 7089970 TI - Comparative toxicity of gentamicin and tobramycin in rats at low multiples of the human therapeutic dose. PMID- 7089972 TI - Teratogenic activity of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude and fuel oil No. 2 in the chicken embryo. PMID- 7089971 TI - Therapeutics of monomethylhydrazine intoxication. PMID- 7089973 TI - The effects of bromobenzene and carbon tetrachloride exposure in vitro on the phospholipase C activity of rat liver cells. PMID- 7089974 TI - Inhalation toxicology of ammonium persulfate, an oxidant aerosol, in rats. PMID- 7089975 TI - Comparison of the teratogenic effects of the isomeric forms of aminophenol in the Syrian golden hamster. PMID- 7089976 TI - Comparison of metallothionein determination by polarographic and cadmium saturation methods. PMID- 7089977 TI - Nitrogen metabolism in o,p'-DDT-fed rats. PMID- 7089978 TI - Interactive hepatotoxicity of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 7089979 TI - Depletion of renal glutathione content and nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in rabbits, rats, and mice. PMID- 7089980 TI - Effects of ethanol on glycoprotein synthesis and secretion during inflammation induced stimulation of hepatic glycoprotein secretion. PMID- 7089981 TI - The induced synthesis of metallothionein in various tissues of rats in response to metals. II. Influence of zinc status and specific effect on pancreatic metallothionein. AB - Metallothionein (MT) of various tissues contains bound zinc (Zn) and any change in Zn status can alter its synthesis and tissue deposition. The changes in MT levels and its inducibility in Zn-injected and Zn-deficient (Zn-D) rats were studied. MT levels in 11 tissues (brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, testes and muscle) of control and rats injected with different doses of ZnSO4 (20 mg Zn/kg for 2, 4 or 7 times) were measured by the cadmium-hemolysate (Cd-hem) method. A dose dependent increase in MT levels was observed only in the pancreas, liver, small intestine and kidney after ZnSO4 injection--the highest level being in the pancreas. A positive correlation was found between Zn and MT concentrations and also the relative inducibility of MT was similar in these 4 tissues (slopes of regression equations were 12.6--15.5). In order to study the effect of Zn-D in MT induction, rats were fed a diet containing 1 ppm Zn for 18 days and CdCl2 (1 mg Cd/kg) was injected subcutaneously 3 times at 48-h intervals to control and Zn-D rats. Although the tissue distribution of Cd was similar in both the groups, MT concentrations in pancreas and kidney were significantly decreased in Zn-D. The plasma and tissue levels of Zn were also decreased in Zn-D rats injected with CdCl2. The decrease in both Zn and MT levels was more prominent in pancreas than other organs of Zn-D rats. The results suggest that of all the organs studied, the induction of pancreatic MT is sensitive to Zn status and Zn may be a primary inducer of MT. PMID- 7089982 TI - Nephrotoxicity following acute administration of N-(3,5 dichlorophenyl)succinimide in rats. AB - The acute renal effects of the fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. NDPS (50 mg/kg, i.p.) increased urine volume and decreased food intake and body weight at 24 h but not 48 h. No change in urine content or the accumulation by renal cortical slices of the organic anion p-aminohippurate (PAH) or the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) was observed with 50 mg/kg NDPS when compared to control animals. Rats receiving 100 or 200 mg/kg NDPS (i.p.) exhibited increased urine volume, proteinuria, glucosuria, decreased food intake and body weight, increased BUN and decreased accumulation of PAH and TEA at both 24 h and 48 h. These effects were generally more pronounced at the 200 mg/kg dose level. Pair-fed control experiments demonstrated that renal effects were NDPS-induced and not related to daily food consumption. NO change in water intake was observed with any dose of NDPS used. The results demonstrate that NDPS alters renal function in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, NDPS (50 mg/kg) is capable of producing diuresis without apparent nephrotoxicity while doses of 100 mg/kg or more produce diuresis and nephrotoxicity. PMID- 7089983 TI - Offspring mortality and maternal lung pathology in female rats fed hexachlorobenzene. AB - Female Sprague-Dawley CD rats were fed 0, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 ppm hexachlorobenzene (HCB) continuously in the diet and 2 successive litters raised. These doses were selected to range from approximately the no observable effect level to lethality in suckling offspring of treated dams. In the F1a generation, the 21-day mortality was 9.2, 19.8, 30.0, 45.4, 93.1 and 92.6% in offspring of dms fed 0, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 ppm HCB, respectively. In the F1b generation, a similar mortality of 18.5, 21.5, 19.5, 45, 100, and 94.1% was observed at these 5 dose levels, respectively. The neonatal lethality observed was related to both maternal dose of HCB and the cumulative lactational exposure. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were not observed and fertility and fecundity were unaffected. In the lungs of HCB treated dams, increased numbers f intraalveolar foamy histiocytes and hypertrophy and proliferation of the lining endothelial cells of pulmonary venules were observed. These microscopic findings of pulmonary effects of HCB confirmed findings of this laboratory. PMID- 7089984 TI - Effects of tobacco smoke compounds on the ciliary activity of the embryo chicken trachea in vitro. AB - The ciliotoxicity of 316 individual compounds representative of the gaseous and semivolatile phases of tobacco smoke has been investigated using chicken tracheal organ cultures. When examined at 5 mM concentration and measuring the time to complete ciliostasis, 36% of the compounds were found to cause ciliostasis within 15 min, while about 50% had no visible effect on the ciliary activity during a 60 min exposure. The majority of the ciliotoxic compounds were either alkylated phenylethers, benzonitriles, benzaldehydes, phenols, benzenes, naphthalenes and indoles, or alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes or C6-C10 aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and nitriles. Most of the compounds classified as benzoic acids, esters, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, amines and N-heterocycles, except indoles, were found to be inactive. PMID- 7089985 TI - Studies on the teratogenic effects of different oral preparations of caffeine in mice. AB - Caffeine in doses up to 250 mg/kg per day in drinking water or up to 150 mg/kg per day in sustained release pellets was administered to pregnant mice. Apart from a low incidence of cleft palate, in the 50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg caffeine pellet groups no gross abnormalities were observed which were attributable to caffeine treatment. The most important effect observed was a reduction in fetal weight. Retarded ossification particularly of the supraoccipital bones was observed in fetuses when caffeine (150 mg/kg) was administered in drinking water but not when the same dose was given as a sustained release pellet. Analysis of caffeine blood level data showed that the total exposure from the pellets was greater than from the drinking water. It would thus appear that the effect on the supraoccipital bones is an indirect one mediated through reduced food and water intake of the dams when caffeine is administered in drinking water. PMID- 7089986 TI - Study of toxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in pregnant gilts and their foetuses. AB - An embryotoxicity study on butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was carried out in SPF pigs (Danish Landrace). BHA was incorporated in the diet and administered to pigs in doses of 0, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt/day from mating (artificial insemination) to day 110 of the gestation period, when the foetuses were removed. Significant lower weight gain was observed in the dams dosed 400 mg/kg body wt/day. Absolute and relative organ weight for the liver and thyroid gland showed a dose-related increase, BHA neither affected the reproduction data nor the incidence of defects in the foetuses. PMID- 7089988 TI - Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation: a spin trapping study. AB - It has been suggested that the active species responsible for carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation is trichloromethyl radical ( . CCl3). Direct evidence for the existence of this reactive species can be obtained by spin trapping techniques, however, there are conflicting reports as to the identity of this free radical trapped. We have found that upon addition of carbon tetrachloride to a mixture of rat hepatic microsomes, NADPH and the spin trap, alpha (4-pyridinyl-1-oxide)-N-butyl nitrone (4-POBN) an electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectrum appeared. This spectrum was identical to that observed in the absence of carbon tetrachloride, except for enhanced rate of formation. We were able to identify this free radical, using model systems as a lipid peroxyl radical (LOO . ). PMID- 7089987 TI - Pneumotoxic effects of thiobenzamide derivatives. AB - Primary thiomides such as thiobenzamide (TB) are well known hepatotoxins in the rat. Among para-substituted TB derivatives relative hepatotoxicity varies in accordance with the electronic properties of the parasubstituent. In contrast, several N-substituted TBs have been found to be potent lung toxins in rats and mice. For N-methylthiobenzamide (NMTB) the LD50 was found to be 0.315 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.228-0.436) mmol/kg in the rat and 0.224 (95% CI 0.191- 0.264) mmol/kg in the mouse. The N-mono-substituted TBs produce alveolar and perivascular pulmonary edema, together with massive pleural effusions (hydrothorax). In this regard their toxicity resembles qualitatively that of the arylthioureas. Furthermore, pretreatment of rats with sub-lethal doses of NMTB was found to protect them against subsequent challenge with supra-lethal doses. N,N-Dimethylthiobenzamide (DMTB) also causes lung injury in the rat, but only at much higher doses than with the N-mono-substituted TBs. The similarity in toxic responses elicited by the N-mono-substituted TBs and the arylthioureas is paralleled by similarities in their chemical structures and their metabolic disposition which involves (among other things) S-oxygenation by the microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8). Thus, a possible role for S oxidized metabolites in the lung toxicity of these compounds must be considered. PMID- 7089989 TI - Comparison between sensitivity of a viscometric method and sensitivity of the alkaline elution assay for the determination of DNA damage induced by dimethylsulfate in vitro. AB - DNA damage induced by dimethylsulfate (DMS) was measured with a new oscillating crucible viscometer, having a U-shaped circular channel. Rat liver nuclei were treated in vitro. Viscosity was measured by lysing nuclei in an aklaline lysing solution (pH 12.5; 25 degrees C). Nuclei were lysed immediately in the viscometer and released DNA started to uncoil. In control samples the viscosity increased very slowly with time, reaching a maximum only after about 8 h. A progressively more rapid increase in viscosity was seen with increasing concentrations of DMS. The time of DNA disentanglement was sensitive to about 30 times less breaks than the alkaline elution assay. PMID- 7089990 TI - Skin absorption of aniline from aqueous solutions in man. AB - The skin absorption of aniline, aniline with 3% water content, and 1 and 2% aqueous aniline solutions was investigated in man. The time of exposure was 30 or 60 min. The absorbed amount of aniline was calculated on the basis of rho aminophenol excretion in 24-h urine. The rate of aniline absorption from aqueous solutions was approx. 0.20 to 1.22 mg/cm2/h. There was no significant difference between the mean rate of absorption of liquid aniline (3.0 mg/cm2/h) and that with 3% content of water (2.5 mg/cm2/h). PMID- 7089992 TI - Lack of cytotoxicity of ticrynafen in primary cultures of rat liver cells. AB - Primary cultures of hepatocytes obtained from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were grown in arginine-deficient, ornithine-supplemented medium to inhibit fibroblastic overgrowth and to selectively isolate relatively pure cultures of parenchymal hepatocytes. This system of primary hepatocytes was used to study the potential cytotoxicity of ticrynafen by measuring cytoplasmic enzyme leakage, cell viability,, and total protein per culture dish. Hepatic cultures were treated with the drug in concentrations ranging from 10(-3)M to 10(-6)M and for durations from 2 to 8 h. The results of the study indicate that ticrynafen was minimally toxic to the hepatocytes. PMID- 7089991 TI - Serum triglyceride and cholesterol contents in male rats receiving diets containing plasticizers and analogues of the ester 2-ethylhexanol. AB - Male rats were administered diets containing the plasticizers di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and di-(ethyl)phthalate,, 2-ethylhexanol, hexanol, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl aldehyde, and hexyl aldehyde for 3 weeks, and serum triglyceride and cholesterol values were determined. Only those compounds which had been found to produce a proliferation of hepatic peroxisomes produced a decrease in both serum lipids. PMID- 7089993 TI - Isolation and partial purification of phthalate ester hydrolyzing enzyme(s) from the brine shrimp, Artemia. AB - Isolation and 30-fold purification of a di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) hydrolyzing enzyme from synchronously hatched larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia, are reported. The activity of the enzyme increases during larval development simultaneously with the acute toxic action of DNBP on the larvae. The enzyme is not stimulated by 10 mM sodium cholate, is stable for days to weeks in solution at 4 degrees C, indefinitely stable at -70 degrees C and is distinct from the previously reported trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases [1]. PMID- 7089994 TI - Dissociation between renal gluconeogenesis and ammoniagenesis after acute liver intoxication. AB - Renal glucose and ammonia production as well as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphate-dependent glutaminase activities were measured for acute liver intoxication. Gluconeogenesis and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity increased, whereas ammonia production and phosphate-dependent glutaminase showed no changes with respect to the controls. The dissociation between gluconeogenesis and ammoniagenesis may be explained by the differential effect on the enzymes in these conditions. PMID- 7089995 TI - Conditioned taste aversion induced by inhalation exposure to methyl bromide in rats. AB - The toxic effect of methyl bromide vapor was assessed by a conditioned taste aversion regime. Rats kept under a water deprivation schedule for 7 days, were permitted access to 0.3% (w/v) sodium saccharin, and were exposed to methyl bromide at 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm for 4 h. 3 days after the exposure, saccharin preference tests were carried out, revealing dose-dependent saccharin aversion in the exposure group. This result suggests that the conditioned taste aversion method is effective for assessing the toxicity of gaseous substances such as methyl bromide. PMID- 7089996 TI - Cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase activity in rat nasal epithelial membranes. AB - Cytochrome P-450 was found in nasal epithelial membranes (NEM) of the rat. The quantity was 12% that of liver on a per mg of microsomal protein basis and 1.6 times that of lung on the same basis. Metabolism of p-nitroanisole was faster by microsomes from NEM than by microsomes from liver or lungs while the metabolism rate of aniline by microsomes from NEM was between that of microsomes from liver and lung. PMID- 7089997 TI - Fasting accelerates the in vivo metabolism of carbon tetrachloride in rats. AB - Exposure of fed and fasted rats to CC1(4) vapor (114 ppm) for 6 h in a closed system increased serum enzyme activities (GOT, GPT, SDH) only in fasted animals. The in vivo metabolism of CC1(4), studied in the same system, was accelerated by fasting; the half-life of the elimination phase being reduced by approx. 33%. The enhanced susceptibility to CC1(4) induced by fasting seemed to be due to the accelerated bioactivation of CC1(4) to the toxic trichloromethyl free radical. PMID- 7089998 TI - The effect of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate on bile secretion prior to and during the onset of cholestasis in the rat. AB - The effect of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) on bile flow, erythritol clearance, bile acid excretion and bilirubin excretion was studied in rats. The median time-to-effect (Et50) for the appearance of cholestasis was about 15 h. ANIT failed to exert a gradual effect on bile flow or erythritol clearance before the onset of cholestasis. However, 3 h before complete cessation of bile flow, a rapid decline in bile flow and bile acid excretion was observed. Bile acid independent flow was markedly reduced. However, the bile acid-dependent component was also affected. PMID- 7090000 TI - Spontaneous tumors in control F344 and charles river-CD rats and Charles River CD 1 and B6C3HF1 mice. AB - The incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in outbred, inbred and F1 hybrid strains was compared using the Charles River-CD rat and mouse, the F344 rat, and B6C3HF1 mouse. These strains are commonly used in carcinogenic studies. Each strain has a consistent pattern of tumor occurrence; testicular, pituitary and lymphoreticular neoplasms are common in F344 rats, mammary and pituitary neoplasms are common in Charles River-CD rats, liver neoplasms are uncommon in CD-1 mice, while hepatic tumors are frequent in male B6C3HF1 mice. There is considerable variation in tumor incidence in individual studies regardless of strain and there appeared to be greater variation in incidence between laboratories using the same strain than in the different laboratories using unlike strains. Therefore, the choice between these strains may be fortuitous or recommended by governmental agencies. Regardless of the strain selected, it is vital to develop sufficient historical tumor data on the strain used at the particular test laboratory. PMID- 7089999 TI - Urinary sulfur containing metabolites after administration of ethanol, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde to rats. AB - Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde react in vitro with cysteine to form a product, probably a thiazolidine derivative, which eluted as a single peak in cation exchange chromatography. The reactivity of formaldehyde was much higher than that of acetaldehyde. Rats were injected with single dose of 7.6, 6.2 and 2.5 mmol, respectively of ethanol, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, and urine was analysed for alkali-hydrolysable thiol groups. Acetaldehyde caused a significant increase in urinary alkali-hydrolysable thiols. Ethanol and acetaldehyde treatment stimulated the ability of the urine to catalyse the iodine-azide reaction suggesting the presence of an excess of compounds containing C-S-atoms. PMID- 7090001 TI - Effect of silybin on phalloidin-actin interactions in vitro. AB - The possible antagonism between silybin and phalloidin an F-actin has been examined in vitro. Phalloidin protects F-actin against denaturation by potassium iodine, cytochalasin B, DNase and pronase. Silybin does not counteract the effect of phalloidin on F-actin. However, silybin alone slowed the rate of polymerization of actin, but this effect was moderate and obtained with very high concentrations. These results indicate that the site of action in vitro of silybin is not actin. PMID- 7090002 TI - Effects of parenteral vanadium administration on pulmonary metabolism of rats. AB - Daily, intraperitoneal administration of either vanadium pentoxide (VP) or sodium vanadate (NaV) at a dose of 1 mg/kg for 14 days produced no marked change in pulmonary protein, glycogen and phospholipid (PL) levels of adult male rats. Increasing the VP dose to 4 mg/kg decreased lung PL content, while an equivalent NaV dose elevated tissue glycogen. Treatment with either dosage of NaV elevated the activities of pulmonary 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), pyruvate kinase (PK) and glutathione peroxidase (GP), and the higher dose increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione reductase (GR). The 1 mg/kg VP produced a significant rise in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6PGDH. while the higher VP dose in general failed to alter enzymic activity. Our data suggest that similar to intratracheal instillation, parenteral administration of vanadium exerts an effect on lung metabolism of rats. PMID- 7090003 TI - Structure-toxicity relationship of acrylates and methacrylates. AB - The structure-toxicity relationships of acrylates and methacrylates were analysed in mice. In all test compounds, the acute oral toxicity (LD), the partition coefficient (P), and the second order rate constant (K) with reduced glutathione were measured experimentally. The toxicities of both acrylates and methacrylates were found to be dependent significantly upon log P or log K, especially upon the former. The correlation coefficient between log (1/LD50) and log P, was -0.9909 for acrylates and -0.795 for methacrylates, both being statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between log P and log K was -0.935 for acrylates and 0.744 for methacrylates. PMID- 7090004 TI - Comparative effects of copper, cadmium and mercury on tissue glycogen of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossils (Bloch). AB - Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) at concentrations of 12.5 mg/l, caused a decline in the glycogen level of liver, muscle, brain and kidney of Heteropneustes fossilis. A significant increase in the glycogen content of brain was caused by low concentrations (5 and 7.5 mg/l) of both Cd and Hg 5 mg/l Cu raised the kidney glycogen level, while the same dose of Hg raised liver glycogen. It is suggested that heavy metals in low concentrations act through the endocrine system, creating hormone and/or enzyme imbalance. PMID- 7090005 TI - Species differences in the testicular toxicity of phthalate esters. AB - Oral administration of di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) produced uniformly severe seminiferous tubular atrophy in rats and guinea pigs but caused only focal atrophy in mice. Hamsters showed no testicular changes with DBP and only minor changes in response to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-pentylphthalate (DPP). The rate of intestinal monohydrolysis of DEHP was slower in hamsters than in rats and this may be important, as mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) did cause focal seminiferous tubular atrophy in hamsters. However, mono-n butylphthalate (MBP) had no such effect. The decrease in testicular zinc concentration and enhancement of urinary zinc excretion produced in rats by DEHP and DPP was not observed in hamsters. Thus, species differ widely in their sensitivity to the testicular toxicity of phthalate esters. PMID- 7090006 TI - Effect of diazepam on hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. AB - The promotion effect of diazepam on the hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by 3' methyl-4-(dimethyl-amino)azobenzene(3'-Me-DAB) in the rat was studied. Weanling rats were fed a diet containing 0.06% 3'-Me-DAB for 3 weeks, followed by either the basal diet or a diet containing 0.05% diazepam. The number and the size of enzyme-altered islands greater than 50 micrometers in diamter were scored at week 16. The feeding of diazepam did not increase the number and the size of enzyme altered islands significantly, in comparison with those scored in animals fed 3' Me-DAB alone. It was concluded that diazepam is not a promoter like phenobarbital in hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 7090008 TI - Toxic effects of chromium in a freshwater teleost fish, Channa punctatus. AB - The effect of in vivo exposure to a sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium for 30 days on blood glucose, blood liver and muscle lactic acid; haemoglobin, liver and muscle glycogen; and activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PHD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in liver, muscle, kidney, gills and brain has been studied. Blood glucose and lactic acid levels were elevated. Liver glycogen was depleted but muscle glycogen content increase. The activities of LDH and SDH in liver were elevate. Elevation was also observed in muscle LDH and PDH activities, showing that the rate of glycolysis is increased. No change was noted in haemoglobin content of blood or in the activities of the three dehydrogenases in kidney and gills. PMID- 7090007 TI - Carbon tetrachloride-mediated expiration of pentane and chloroform by the intact rat: the effects of pretreatment with diethyl maleate, SKF-525A and phenobarbital. AB - Measurements were made of pentane, a produce of lipid peroxidation, and chloroform (CHCl3), a product of the reproductive metabolism of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), expired by rats administered CCl4 plus either phenobarbital (PB), 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate hydrochloride (SKF-525A), or diethyl maleate (DEM). In rats fed a standard laboratory diet, treatment with PB prior to injection of CCl4 increased expiration of both CHCl3 and pentane. SKF 525A pretreatment decreased the metabolism of CCl4 and CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation. DEM, a depleter of intracellular glutathione, increased lipid peroxidation. In rats fed 10% corn oil diets that contained either 0 or 40 IU of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, oxidant stresses caused by glutathione depletion and CCl4-intoxication were found to be additive. PMID- 7090009 TI - Changes in the minute ventilation of rats exposed to different concentrations of cigarette smoke. AB - Measurements of tidal volume and breathing frequency were made in rats during a 30-min period of exposure to cigarette smoke, and were compared with those obtained during a 10-min pre-exposure period. All measurements were made in animals previously habituated to smoke exposure. Both tidal volume and breathing frequency were decreased by low-dose exposure to smoke, resulting in a 34% decrease in minute volume. At high-dose exposures (double the low-dose smoke concentration) tidal volumes showed a 23% increase over pre-exposure values with little change in breathing frequency, giving a net 20% increase in minute ventilation. This apparent inverse dose-relationship is discussed. PMID- 7090010 TI - Increase of adrenal weight in rats by the repeated administration of fenitrothion. AB - Adrenal weight and the concentration of corticosterone and glucose in plasma of male Wistar rats, dosed orally with fenitrothion (7.25 or 14.5 mg/kg/day) for 28 days were investigated. A significant increase in the relative weight of adrenals was observed 2 weeks after treatment commenced, but was preceded by an increase in plasma corticosterone and glucose levels, which reached a maximum within 7 days. These results indicate that the repeated administration of fenitrothion might produce changes in adrenal function in rats. PMID- 7090011 TI - Application of the in vitro embryo culture to the study of the mutagenic effects of nickel in male germ cells. AB - In vitro embryo cultures were utilized to determine the mechanism of preimplantation loss of embryos derived from matings 3 and 4 weeks after treatment of male Balb/c mice with 56 mg/kg nickel nitrate. Treated and control males were allowed to mate with superovulated females weekly for 5 weeks following treatment, and the number of cleaved eggs as well as development of embryos to blastocysts and implantation were determined. Controls included also males treated with a dose of 40 mg/kg nickel nitrate which previously had been shown to be ineffective in the dominant lethal test. Fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa as well as development of the cultured embryos were not influenced by a dose of 40 mg/kg nickel nitrate. A dose of 56 mg/kg significantly reduced, the fertilization rate 3 and 4 weeks after treatment but did not affect development of 2-cell embryos. These results demonstrate that the preimplantation loss induced by nickel treatment of males is due to toxic effect on spermatids and spermatogonia and not to a clastogenic action. PMID- 7090012 TI - Clearance and distribution of intratracheally instilled vanadium compounds in the rat. AB - Intratracheally instilled 48V2O5 was rapidly cleared from the lung into blood, liver and bone. Approx. 40% of the recovered 48V was excreted, primarily in urine by day 3, while the skeleton accounted for 30% by day 7. The behavior of instilled 48VO2Cl was similar to that of 48V2O5. Uptake of gavaged 48V2O5 was 2.6% of administered dose. Skeleton, lung, kidney and liver are primary targets for intratracheally instilled 48V with uptake being much greater via the intratracheal route than by the oral route. PMID- 7090013 TI - Morphological changes of isolated rat hepatocytes induced by imipramine. AB - Effect of imipramine on freshly isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Soon after the treatment of the cell with imipramine, marked changes in plasma membrane and mitochondria were found. Amitriptyrine, a structurally related drug, produced similar changes in the hepatocytes. On the other hand, Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant, damaged the cell surface but little influence the features of the organelles. PMID- 7090014 TI - Acute toxicity of propoxur on carbohydrate metabolism of Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). AB - Exposure of Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) to 5.20 ppm propoxur for 3, 6, 12, 48 and 96 h caused muscle glycogen depletion at 12 h and hepatic glycogenolysis at 3, 12, 48 and 96 h; hyperglycemia developed at all time intervals. Blood pyruvate levels increased significantly at 12 and 48 h. Hyperlacticemia was observed at 6 h but hypolacticemia resulted at 12, 48 and 96 h in pesticide-treated fish. The observed effects are explained in terms of acute stress syndrome; possible mechanisms underlying the effect of anticholinesterase action of propoxur on carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed. PMID- 7090015 TI - In vitro competition between calcium phytate and the soluble fraction of rat small intestine contents for cadmium, copper and zinc. AB - Calcium phytate precipitates were mixed with cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn); in each case most of the trace metal was found to bind to the precipitate. In the presence of some amino acids, picolinic acid or soluble contents of rat intestine, binding was reduced. The solubility effects were low for Cd and Zn, but much higher for Cu. The extent to which Cd was solubilized by intestinal extract was correlated with calcium concentration, but for Cu and Zn it appeared that the concentration of amino groups was the most important factor. PMID- 7090016 TI - Prevention of thioacetamide-induced liver necrosis by prior aminoacetonitrile or imidazole administration. AB - Prior administration of aminoacetonitrile (AAN) or imidazole but not isoxazole to rats, was able partially to prevent thioacetamide (TAC)-induced liver necrosis at 24 h. AAN and isoxazole did not prolong the pentobarbital sleeping time of the rats, while imidazole did. These and previous observations suggest a possible participation of non-cytochrome P-450 (P-450)-dependent aminoxidases in TAC activation to a necrogenic metabolite. PMID- 7090017 TI - Structure-neurotoxicity relationships applied to organophosphorus pesticides. AB - Phosphorofluoridates, phosphonofluoridates and phosphorodiamidofluoridates were used as model compound in studying quantitative structure-neurotoxicity relationships. The minimum dose (mg/kg i.m., hen) producing ataxia after 12 days was regressed against physiochemical parameters. It was shown by using the response surface optimization of the MASCA model, that the neurotoxicity depended on lipophilic and steric substituent properties. PMID- 7090018 TI - Mercurial toxicity in the liver of a freshwater teleost Channa punctatus. AB - Alterations in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, pyruvic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase in liver a teleost fish, Channa punctatus were examined after 7, 15 and 30 days treatments with 5 micrograms/l mercuric chloride. Observations have shown specific effects of Hg on these enzymes for a particular period. However, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase were progressively inhibited by this element. Greater accumulation of Hg in liver after a longer treatment and the respective change in enzyme activity clearly showed a dose response relationship. PMID- 7090019 TI - Changes in blood constituents of guinea pigs in lantana toxicity. AB - Lantana toxicity of guinea pigs elicited an increase in hematocrit, erythrocyte and leukocyte number, hemoglobin, urea-nitrogen and bilirubin contents in the blood of the affected animals. Most of the bilirubin was present in the conjugated form. Enzyme activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase in the blood plasma of affect animals exhibited a marked increase. Acid phosphatase activity was inhibited by tartrate. Enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase remained unchanged while that of glutamic pyruvic transaminase showed a marginal decrease. PMID- 7090020 TI - Effect of acute blood loss on hepatic xenobiotic oxidizing enzymes in the rat. PMID- 7090022 TI - Dexamethasone metabolism in the horse. PMID- 7090021 TI - Effect of benomyl on reproduction in the male rat. AB - Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats (65 days of age) received 10 daily treatments of 0, 200 or 400 mg benomyl/kg/day by gavage. Body weight, tissue weights, total epididymal sperm counts and sperm concentration from the vas deferens were measured 14 days after the last treatment. Testicular histology was evaluated in the 0 and 400 mg/kg/day groups. Significant findings included 35-48% depressions in the total epididymal sperm counts and in the vas deferens sperm concentrations in adult animals treated with 200 or 400 mg/kg/day. Histological evaluations of testicular sections from 6 adult animals in the 400 mg/kg/day group indicated a slight to moderately severe hypospermatocytogenesis in 2 animals and a slight to severe generalized hypospermatogenesis in 2 animals. Caudal epididymis weight were significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed with benomyl treatment. No treatment effects were found in body weight, liver, kidney, tests, or seminal vesicle weights. PMID- 7090023 TI - The specific binding of estradiol and estrone and the subsequent distribution of estrogen-receptor complexes within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. AB - We have examined the specific binding of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) within MCF-7 cells using both cytosol and whole cell suspension binding assay techniques. The results of these studies have revealed that each of these estrogens binds the high but different affinity to the same single class of cytosol receptor (ER). The incubation of intact cells with E2 at 37 degrees resulted in the rapid formation, nuclear binding, and nuclear processing of E2-ER complexes. Reduction of incubation temperature to 15 degrees C and 4 degrees C resulted in slowed but continued E2-ER formation and nuclear binding, and in a marked inhibition of nuclear receptor processing. The incubation of intact cells with E1 at 37 degrees also was associated with the formation, nuclear binding, and nuclear processing of estrogen-ER complexes. Interestingly, however, E2 rather the E1 represented the major species of specifically bound estrogen under these conditions. This observation suggests that the estrogenic action of E1 in MCF-7 cells may be mediated largely by the intracellular formation of E2. This phenomenon provides a likely explanation of the unexpected potency of E1 in this system previously observed by other workers. Furthermore, our results suggest that E1 may represent a major source of estrogenic stimulation for some hormone dependent human breast tumors. PMID- 7090024 TI - Identification of a unique Sertoli cell steroid as 3-alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20 one (3 alpha-dihydroprogesterone: 3 alpha-DHP). AB - An allylic steroid produced from progesterone by rat Sertoli cells and which does not appear to have been described previously as a product of gonadal or adrenal tissues has been isolated and identified as 3 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one (3 alpha-dihydroprogesterone; 3 alpha-DHP). 3 alpha-DHP appears to be a reactive molecule which is easily oxidized or dehydrated and its identification was possible by a combination of microchemical procedures, derivative formation, specific enzyme reaction, TLC, GC, HPLC, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. The biological functions of this Sertoli cell steroid are not known, but it is suggested that 3 alpha-DHP is more than a metabolic waste product because (a) its production rate varies with age and is highest at the onset of meiosis, and (b) there appear to be specific receptors for it in the testis. PMID- 7090025 TI - Synthesis of 3,4-13C2-steroids. AB - A-ring enollactones la, lb, or 9 derived from 4-cholesten-3-one, testosterone benzoate or 3-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-yl benzoate were condensed with [1,2 13C2]acetyl chloride to give intermediates 2a, 2b, or 10. 2a and 2b were cyclized by acid or base to give 3,4 13c-labeled 4-cholesten-3-one and testosterone, respectively. [3,4-13c2 14-Cholesten-3-one was converted via reduction of its trimethylsilyl enol ether to [3,4-13C2] cholesterol. Acetyl enollactone 10 was cyclized in acetic acid to [3,4-13c2] 3-oxo-4-estren-17beta-yl benzoate followed by aromatization and hydrolysis to produce ]3,4-13c2] estradiol-17 beta. Alternatively, cyclization of 10 with base afforded [3,4-13c2-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-ol directly, which was then oxidized and aromatized to yield ]3,4-13c2] estrone. Ozonolysis of progesterone, conversion to the diketal ester 16 and acylation followed by acid hydrolysis furnished [3,4-13c2] progesterone. PMID- 7090026 TI - Inactivation of delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase(s) from beef adrenal cortex by beta, gamma-acetylenic ketosteroids. AB - The beta, gamma-acetylenic ketosteroids, 5-10-seco-19-norpregn-5-yne-3,-10,20 trione approximately 1 and 5,10-secoestr-5-yne-3,10,17-trione approximately 2 irreversibly inactivate both the C19-and the C21-delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activities of beef adrenal cortex microsomes. At saturating concentrations of inhibitor half-lives of these enzyme activities vary from 45 to 240 s. It is uncertain whether the enzyme generates its own alkylating agent by isomerizing compounds approximately 3 and approximately 4 to the corresponding allenic ketones, namely (4R)-5,10-seco-19-norpregn-4,5-diene-3,10,20-trione approximately 3 and (4R)-5,10-secoestra-4,5-diene-3,10,17-trione approximately 4 since these are formed spontaneously in the buffer used to stabilize enzyme activity. In the presence of catalytic quantities of adrenal enzyme compound approximately 4 is a powerful competitive inhibitor for both 5-androstene-3,17-dione (Ki 8.0 microM) and 5-pregnene-3,20-dione (Ki 3.5 microM) indicating that the eventual alkylating event is active site-directed. The differences in Ki values and half-lives for inactivation support the view that the C19- and C21-delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activities do not reside at the same catalytic site in beef adrenal cortex microsomes. PMID- 7090027 TI - Thin-layer separation and quantification of bile acids. AB - A method has been developed for quantification of total free and conjugated bile acids separated on silica gel HR coated thin-layer chromatography plates. Aliquots of bile acid solutions are applied to channeled plates which are developed with either ethyl acetates: isooctane:glacial acetic acid 10:10:2 v/v for free bile acid separation, or chloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid:water 130:50:4:8 V/V for conjugated bile acid separation. Bile acids are determined directly in serial areas of silica gel by treating gel areas suspended in tris buffer with resazurin reagent. The method is quantitative and as little as 0.1 microgram of bile acid is readily determined. Application of the method to determinations of bile acids in crude fecal extracts is described. PMID- 7090028 TI - Synthesis and evaluation of 10 beta-substituted 4-estrene-3, 17-diones as inhibitors of human placental microsomal aromatase. PMID- 7090029 TI - Controlled alkaline hydrolysis of steroidal alpha-bromoketones: new conditions and synthesis of 2 alpha-hydroxy-3-ones. AB - Controlled alkaline hydrolysis of 16 alpha-bromo-17-keto steroids 1, 5 and 7 with potassium carbonate and tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (n-Bu4NOH) and synthesis of 2 alpha-hydroxy-3-ones 11, 13 and 16 by the controlled hydrolysis of the corresponding 2 alpha-bromo-3-ones 9, 12 and 15 are described. Treatment of the bromoketones 1,5 and 7 with potassium carbonate in aqueous acetone or with n Bu4NOH in aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF) gave 16 alpha-hydroxy-17-ones 3m 6 and 8 in 85-90% yield, respectively. 2 alpha-Hydroxy-3-ones 11, 13 and 16 were obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding bromoketones 9, 12 and 15 in high yields using the above conditions or sodium hydroxide in pyridine or DMF, respectively. Deuterium labeling experiments suggested that equilibration between the 2 alpha-bromoketone 9 and the 2 beta-bromo isomer 10 precedes the formation of the ketol 11 in which the true intermediate might be the 2 beta-isomer 10. However, rearranged androstane derivatives, 3 beta-hydroxy-2-one 18 and 20, were stereoselectively obtained by treatment of the bromoketones 12 and 15 with an excess amount of sodium hydroxide. PMID- 7090030 TI - A 'new' high frequency antigen Era. AB - Three examples of an antibody defining a 'new' high frequency red blood cell antigen, Era, are described. Family studies show Era to be inherited, but the mode of inheritance may not be straightforward. PMID- 7090031 TI - Characteristics of total platelet populations and of platelets isolated in platelet-rich plasma. PMID- 7090032 TI - Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by human platelets incubated in glycerol. AB - The active transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine was used to assess the effect of glycerol on human platelets. The amine is transported by a membrane-based process that requires energy. The initial rate of uptake was measured using low concentrations of tritium-labeled 5-hydroxytryptamine (0.25 to 2.0 mumol/l) and a short incubation time following exposure of platelets to 0.05 or 1.0 mol/l glycerol at 37 degrees C for 2, 15, or 30 minutes. Control values for Km and Vmax were 0.7 +/- 0.05 mumol/l and 24.0 +/- 1.2 pmol/10(8) cells/10 seconds, respectively. The kinetics of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake were not affected by incubation of platelets in 0.5 mol/l glycerol. However, 1.0 mol/l glycerol had a time-dependent effect on the uptake process. Initially, 5-hydroxytryptamine transport was noncompetitively inhibited, but this effect was reversed after 15 minute incubation in 1.0 mol/l glycerol. Continued exposure to 1.0 mol/l glycerol, however, increased Km. It was concluded that concentrations of glycerol above 0.5 mol/l might not be suitable as a cryoprotectant for platelet cryopreservation. PMID- 7090033 TI - Circulation and function of human platelets isolated from units of CPDA-1, CPDA 2, and CPDA-3 anticoagulated blood and frozen with DMSO. AB - Platelet concentrates (PC) were isolated by serial differential centrifugation from units of blood anticoagulated with one of the citrate-phosphate-dextrose adenine solutions (CPDA-1, CPDA-2, CPDA-2). The platelet concentrates were frozen with six percent dimethylsulfoxide at 2-3 degrees C per minute and stored in a 80 degrees C mechanical freezer in polyvinyl chloride or polyolefin plastic containers. After frozen storage at -80 degrees C for up to three months, the concentrates were thawed at 42 degrees C within 2.5 to 4.0 minutes, washed with autologous plasma, two percent dimethylsulfoxide and 10 percent acid-citrate dextrose solution, and then resuspended in plasma. The washed platelets were labeled with 51Cr and transfused back to the donor from whom they had been obtained. In vitro recovery from whole blood to platelet concentrate was 70.5 +/- 17 percent (mean +/- one SD). In vitro freeze-thaw-wash recovery determined by phase microscopy was 78.5 +/- 12.8 percent, in vivo 51Cr platelet recovery two hours after transfusion was 41.3 +/- 13.5 percent, and the platelets had a linear lifespan of about eight days. A single unit of previously frozen platelets shortened an aspirin-prolonged bleeding time two and 24 hours after infusion. Results were similar with platelets isolated from all three anticoagulants and stored in both plastics. The results also were comparable to previous findings in this laboratory with platelets isolated from ACD and CPD anticoagulated blood. PMID- 7090034 TI - Viability and function of red blood cell concentrates stored at 4 degrees C for 35 days in CPDA-1, CPDA-2, or CPDA-3. PMID- 7090035 TI - Computer simulation analysis of blood donor queueing problems. AB - A computer simulation model was used to study work flow and queueing problems in blood collection. Donor scheduling strategies, such as stream and block arrivals, were compared with random arrival at a constant hourly rate. Controlling donor queueing required keeping donor arrivals from exceeding the system capacity, rather than using any one type of scheduling strategy. However, widely uneven arrivals compared to even arrivals at the same input level caused protracted queueing. Because men have a shorter average phlebotomy processing time, time can be saved in some situations by scheduling mostly men at the beginning of a drive. Nursing utilization appears optimal at donor arrival rates at or near system capacity. Techniques may be available to modify the collection system to ameliorate or prevent queueing when donor arrivals appear to be excessive. PMID- 7090036 TI - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with predominance of IgA autoantibody. AB - A 71-year-old woman with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia had negative direct antiglobulin tests using commercial broad spectrum antisera. Her unwashed cells agglutinated spontaneously in the potentiating medium polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution or in hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) solution. A strongly positive direct antiglobulin test was obtained with specific antihuman IgA sea with or without PVP. In PVP solution, small amounts of IgG, IgM, and complement components were also detected on her cells. The findings illustrate the ability of anti-human IgA to detect autoimmune red blood cell sensitization when other immunoglobulin classes of autoantibody are below detectable levels or absent. Also illustrated is the value of PVP and Polybrene in detecting agglutination in the evaluation of "antiglobulin negative" hemolytic anemia. PMID- 7090037 TI - Thimerosal dependent agglutination, a newly described blood bank problem. AB - A number of ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and antibody identification problems are associated with chemicals in blood bank reagents. We describe a newly discovered agglutination phenomenon due to a thimerosal (Merthiolate)-dependent agglutinin found in the serum of a normal blood donor. Thimerosal is used as a preservative in several low-ionic strength reagents. This agglutination phenomenon is detected only in test systems (low-ionic-strength, albumin, saline, ficin treated test cells) in which test cells are incubated in the presence of thimerosal. Agglutination does not occur in the absence of thimerosal. The thimerosal-dependent agglutinin behaves like an IgG IgG autoantibody. There is no evidence that the thimerosal-dependent agglutinin is responsible for increased red cell destruction. PMID- 7090038 TI - Characterization of an anti-Dia antibody causing hemolytic disease in a newborn infant. AB - A case of hemolytic disease in a newborn infant caused by anti-Dia is described. The parents are Japanese. The antibody was an IgG of subclasses IgG1 and IgG3, did not bind complement, and gave a 27 percent phagocytosis rate when used to sensitize red blood cells for a macrophage binding assay. The antibody was not detected during antenatal serologic testing. This case suggests the need for reagent red blood cell panels selected to match antibody specificities likely to be encountered in a particular population. PMID- 7090039 TI - Subclinical hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with IgG anti-Lub. AB - An anti-Lub antibody with a titer of 128 to 256 was found in a pregnant woman. The antibody was IgG of the IgG1 subclass. Two newborns of successive pregnancies were free of clinical hemolytic disease of the newborn. The failure of this antibody to cause clinical hemolytic disease is ascribed to the weak expression of the Lub antigen on cord red blood cells. PMID- 7090040 TI - A simplified method for quality control of deglycerolized erythrocytes. AB - Quality control to detect inadequately deglycerolized red blood cells can be easily and inexpensively accomplished by suspending the deglycerolized cells in either recipient serum or normal saline in the same way in which the routine crossmatch is performed. In vitro hemolysis is readily and consistently apparent when the residual glycerol exceeds either 2.4% (in saline) or 2.5% (in serum). In contrast to generally held beliefs, the in vivo 24-hour survival of red blood cells with a residual glycerol concentration of up to 2.7% was demonstrated to be 76% of greater, a level which is well above what is usually accepted as adequate. PMID- 7090041 TI - U-variant blood in sickle cell patients. PMID- 7090042 TI - The formulation of volume of exchange and hematocrit of blood. PMID- 7090043 TI - Recruitment of unsensitized circulating lymphocytes to sites of allogeneic cellular interactions. AB - The recruitment of indium-111-labeled unsensitized lymphocytes (ULs) from the circulation into healed subcutaneous urethane sponge implants inoculated with specifically sensitized T lymphocytes (SSLs) and allogeneic target cells was studied in mice. Intravenously injected ULs were preferentially recruited to the site of specific effector-target interaction. Preferential recruitment was demonstrable within 1 hr of i.v. injection and was maximal at 4 hr. The recruitment of ULs was proportional to the number of SSLs or targets injected into the sponge. Effector cells capable of mediating the recruitment of ULs when presented with the sensitizing alloantigenic cells are detectable early in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) prior to the development of strong cytotoxicity. Furthermore, effector cells can be generated in MLC between H-2 identical but Mls disparate strains in which a proliferative response occurs, but few cytotoxic cells develop. Depletion of Lyt-2+ cells from day 5 MLC abrogates cytotoxicity, but the capacity of the remaining cells to mediate recruitment is not changed. In contrast, depletion of Lyt-1+ cells does not alter cytotoxicity, but significantly reduces recruitment mediated by the remaining sensitized cells. These results suggest that recruitment of circulating lymphocytes to the site of an allograft response is mediated by an immunologicaly specific interaction between SSLs and alloantigen. These SSLs may be proliferating noncytotoxic lymphocytes or cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The capacity of a specific immune interaction at the allograft site to recruit circulating lymphocytes may be a rapid and potentially important mechanism of immune amplification in allograft rejection. PMID- 7090044 TI - Xenografts of human ameloblastoma tissue and odontogenic mesenchyme to hypothymic mice. PMID- 7090045 TI - [Polyploidy in the human liver normally and in hepatitis]. AB - DNA contents in mono- and binucleated hepatocytes have been measured using cytofluorimetry on slides of isolated human liver cells. In all, 28 patients, with the mean age of 33.7 years (ranging from 17 to 50 years), were examined, including both healthy (normal) ones and those with chronical hepatitis. The normal livers were shown to include approximately 88% of mononucleated diploid hepatocytes, and 9% of binucleated hepatocytes with diploid nuclei, whereas mononucleated tetraploid cells, binucleated cells with tetraploid nuclei and mononucleated octaploid cells made all together only a bit slightly more than 3%. The patients with hepatitis displayed markedly increased numbers of binucleated hepatocytes with diploid nuclei; some of these having more than 40% of such cells. The number of mononucleated tetraploid hepatocytes, binucleated hepatocytes with tetraploid nuclei and of mononucleated octaploid hepatocytes was seen to increase very slightly not reflecting the degree of the liver disease. It has been proposed that the normal and the reparative growth of human liver is accomplished due mainly to mitotic divisions of mononucleated diploid hepatocytes; the role of polyploidy in these processes being insignificant. PMID- 7090046 TI - [Effect of acetate on Na+-independent organic acid transport in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney]. AB - At 20 degrees when active transport of an organic acid - fluorescein in superficial proximal tubules of surviving rat kidney does not depend on the external Na, the capability of acetate (as well as succinate and D,L-leucine) of stimulating the fluorescein uptake in the tubules was studied. As it turned out, acetate and leucine stimulated the fluorescein uptake at 120 mM of Na in the bath medium but had no effect at 10 mM of Na. Succinate has a biphasic effect on the fluorescein transport (stimulation at low succinate concentration), which does not depend on Na concentration in the medium. The effect of acetate disappears with the presence of ouabain in the medium. The stimulation of fluorescein uptake by acetate is accompanied by somewhat increased degree of reduction of cellular pyridine nucleotides. Pyridine nucleotides are reduced more markedly in the presence of ouabain or in the absence of Na from the bath medium. The disappearance of acetate effect on the fluorescein transport is explained by the fact of transition of cell mitochondria in the inactive state 4, due to the decrease in the level of cellular ADP when Na, K-ATPase is inhibited by ouabain or by diminution of tissue Na+ concentration. PMID- 7090047 TI - [Separation of rat thymocytes by fractions in the ficoll density gradient]. PMID- 7090048 TI - [Morphological changes in isolated metaphase chromosomes depending on the pH and ionic strength of the solutions]. AB - The morphology of isolated unfixed Chinese chamster chromosomes is described in relation to the composition of solutions used for chromosome isolation. The chromosomal morphology was studied with the aid of a flow-chamber and phase contrast microscopy. Changes in chromosome length and width in relation to pH values (ranging from 2.2 to 9.15) and ionic strength (ranging from 0 to 2.0 M) are detected. PMID- 7090049 TI - [Unusual transformation of myosin filaments in the frog skeletal muscle fiber]. AB - An ususual alteration of A-band of the frog fast skeletal muscle fiber in the course of the speading (Zenker's) necrosis in calcium-free medium is described, Myosin filaments in distal parts of A-band stick together to from ribbons approximately 0.5 mkm long. The ribbons separate from the central portion of A band and displace into I-bands up to Z-line. On transverse section, structure of I-bands looks similar to that of vertebrate smooth muscle as reported by Small and Squire (1972). PMID- 7090050 TI - [Ultraviolet fluorescence of rat thymocyte subpopulations isolated in a ficoll verografin density gradient]. PMID- 7090051 TI - [Inorganic and organic anion interrelations in the active transport system for organic acids in the proximal kidney tubules]. AB - A mechanism of inhibitory action of inorganic anions (SCN- and SO 2/4-) on the transport of an organic acid (fluorescein) into proximal tubules was investigated in slices of the rat's kidney outer cortex. The peritubular S14CN- is shown to be accumulated in the cortical tissue by means of simple diffusion, this accumulation not depending on the presence of fluorescein in the medium. The peritubular 35SO 2/4- is accumulated in the tissue against the gradient of its electrochemical potential. It is very likely that the peritubular sulphate penetrates via intercellular contacts into the tubular lumen to be then actively reabsorbed by the Na+-dependent transport system in the luminal membrane. The sulphate accumulation is not affected by fluorescein added to the medium. It is concluded that the inhibition of organic acid transport after replacement of Cl- in the medium by SCN- or SO 2/4- may not be considered as a competition for a common carrier between organic and inorganic anions. PMID- 7090053 TI - The absent pulmonary valve syndrome. PMID- 7090052 TI - Risk factors and causes of mortality after total correction for tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 7090054 TI - The incidence of fetal malnutrition in Turkey. PMID- 7090055 TI - A new, simple three-step method for determining gestational age. PMID- 7090056 TI - Risk of rubella in pregnancy. PMID- 7090057 TI - [Diving accidents in Denmark 1966-80]. PMID- 7090058 TI - [Barotrauma of the inner ear. A review with 2 characteristic case reports]. PMID- 7090059 TI - [Spinal cord lesions in the decompression syndrome]. PMID- 7090060 TI - [Primary angle-closure glaucoma in Greenlanders. A population study with a 10 year period of observation]. PMID- 7090061 TI - [Malignant eye tumors in Greenland 1945-1979]. PMID- 7090062 TI - [Goniodysgenesis in an Eskimo family in East Greenland]. PMID- 7090063 TI - [School of myopia in East Greenland]. PMID- 7090064 TI - [Alopecia and surgery]. PMID- 7090065 TI - [Hallux rigidus treated by dorsal-wedge osteotomy]. PMID- 7090066 TI - [The "hyper" principle in cases of near-drowning]. PMID- 7090067 TI - [Pregnancy and cancer of the ovary]. PMID- 7090068 TI - [Campylobacter jejuni infections]. PMID- 7090069 TI - [B vitamin deficiency in alcoholics]. PMID- 7090070 TI - [Blindness in Greenland]. PMID- 7090071 TI - [The disease pattern in hospitalized eye patients from Greenland]. PMID- 7090072 TI - High-resolution electron microscopy applied to chemical problems. Proceedings of a symposium, the American Chemical Society, New York, August 25-26, 1981. PMID- 7090073 TI - [Necrosis of the head of the femur as a complication of the medial fracture of the neck of the femur (author's transl)]. AB - In spite of the progress achieved in accident surgery, medial fractures of the neck of the femur still present a lot of problems. The rate of success achieved in most other cases of bone fracture is not obtained here. The necrosis of the head is the most frequent and most serious complication of the medial fracture of the neck of the femur. Its formation is influenced by different factors, such as fracture line, dislocation of the fragments, time and method of reposition, and method of osteosynthesis. A prognosis whether a necrosis of the head of the femur is to be expected or not can be made when these factors are taken into consideration. So, by means of a primary alloarthroplasty, it will be possible to spare the patient a later reconstruction. PMID- 7090074 TI - [Injuries in the Lisfranc joint (author's transl)]. AB - 132 injuries of the Lisfranc joint were reviewed in order to show methods of diagnosis and treatment. Injuries of this joint are rare. Almost one third are open fractures and/or dislocations, mostly comminuted lesions, associated with severe soft tissue trauma and so decreasing blood supply of the foot. Most dislocations and fractures can be treated conservatively by closed reductions and following fixation by means of Kirschner wires. In cases of minimal or moderate displacement closed reduction and plaster cast proved to be sufficient. Some cases of severely dislocated fractures or fracture dislocations need open reduction. Closed reduction should never be done when it probably disrupts the blood supply and so causes ischaemia. The methods of conservative or surgical treatment should guarantee best reduction and optimal stability of weight bearing areas of the foot. Operative treatment to achieve accurate reductions does not have definite advantages over conservative methods. Open reduction is recommended in all cases of delayed treatment, if blood supply is intact and the patient is young. Inveterate cases with poor results require special shoes or an orthosis and only sometimes osteotomies and other reconstructive operations. PMID- 7090075 TI - [Necessary information after choice of private treatment - critical remarks concerning a decision of the Oberlandesgericht Celle (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090076 TI - [Neurography: experimental positive visualization of peripheral nerves by x-rays (author's transl)]. AB - Blunt injuries of peripheral nerves as well as neural lesions following operations could be early differentiated by X-ray visualisation of nerve trunks. Water soluble and oily contrast mediums were injected into the epineural space of the sciatic nerve of rats and rabbits. A good opacification of the whole nerve up to the epidural space of the spinal cord was obtained. Similar results have been achieved by other authors. However, at present there is no standard method for neurography. PMID- 7090077 TI - [Luxation of the sternoclavicular joint (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090078 TI - [Arthroscopic diagnosis and therapeutical consequences concerning the hemarthros of the knee joint (authors' transl)]. PMID- 7090079 TI - [Technic and diagnostic value of so-called stress x-rays in injuries of the fibular ligaments (author's transl)]. AB - To allow a definite diagnosis in cases of rupture of the fibular ligaments of the ankle-joint, stress-x-rays of the upper ankle joint were taken in ap. and lateral view. The intraoperative findings in 150 patients with rupture of the fibular capsule/ligament were compared with the preoperative x-rays. The results justify the conclusion that stress-x-rays in ap.-view are sufficient. Additional information can be obtained about the different components of the capsule and the ligament. PMID- 7090080 TI - Central nervous system reactions during heliox and trimix dives to 31 ATA. AB - Two groups of divers were compressed to 300 msw (984 fsw) with heliox (n = 3) and trimix (n = 3). Neuropsychological/neurological testing was performed repeatedly during the compression and on reaching 250 (820 fsw) and 300 msw. On the second day the trimix group was tested before and after a gas change to heliox. For the heliox group there was a marked increase in tremor and EEG slow waves, and reduction of alpha band and in hand-grip strength. For the trimix group visuomotor coordination was impaired. In the cognitive performance tests the heliox group was most impaired at 250 msw, whereas the trimix group was most impaired at 300 msw. Before the gas change to heliox the trimix group showed impaired performance in some tests. After the gas change, performance returned to predive levels, except for perceptual speed. There was an increase in tremor immediately after the gas change. CONCLUSION: There was a marked HPNS effect during compression on heliox. This effect was not observed in the trimix group, but this group was mildly intoxicated on reaching saturation depth. The tests indicated slight narcotic effects also after 26 h, but this disappeared after the change in heliox. PMID- 7090081 TI - Remediable eustachian tube dysfunction in diving recruits: assessment, investigation, and management. AB - Many individuals who wish to become divers for either social or professional reasons are prevented from partaking in their chosen activity because they are unable to equilibrate their middle ear pressures when they are exposed to an increase in ambient pressure. Thirty-seven male subjects, serving members of the Royal Navy who wished to become divers but were unable to equilibrate their middle ear pressures when exposed to an increase in ambient pressure, were investigated clinically and underwent nasal septal surgery. Six weeks after operation, 34 subjects were able to to equilibrate their middle ear pressures at a depth equivalent of 10 m (33 ft) of water. PMID- 7090082 TI - Evaluation of different decompression schedules by an agarose gel bubble technique. AB - It is well known that diving decompression schedules vary according to country and that Navy schedules are often different from civilian ones. Furthermore, it is difficult to compare them effectively, because the bends incidence for each schedule is rarely known accurately. We have evaluated various decompression schedules by an agarose gel bubble technique in which the appearance of bubbles in a dry chamber at a controlled temperature was used, and we report this as a useful method of evaluating decompression tables. It is generally accepted that decompression sickness symptoms are due to bubble formation and the body's subsequent physiological reaction. Individual differences and physical conditions are also influential factors. However, bubble formation appears to be the most important factor in initiating symptoms. As the number of bubbles is influenced by the physical decompression ratio, it can be estimated which decompression schedule is more likely to minimize the number of bubbles. Nine decompression schedules were studied in this experiment: U.S. Navy Table, French Navy Table, Japanese Standard Decompression Schedule Numbers 1 and 2, Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory Table, French Ministry of Labor Table, Model 1 Table by Mano et al., Washington State Table, and Blackpool Table. PMID- 7090083 TI - Equations for predicting diver regional skin temperatures as a function of mean skin temperature. AB - A series of linear algebraic equations have been derived from those of Kerslake (Flying Personnel Research Committee Memo 213, R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, 1964) for predicting the regional skin temperatures of a quasi euthermic diver having pronounced vasoconstriction. The equations were developed by numerically analyzing twelve regional skin temperatures recorded from five resting subjects exposed to a hyperbaric chamber environment of 20 degrees C, 95% helium, and 5% oxygen pressurized to the equivalent of 200 msw (650 fsw). The independent variable of the basic correlation is an arbitrarily defined mean skin temperature; the empirical equations were developed for the purpose of assisting a designer in estimating regional supplementary heating requirements for a diver wearing a thermal protection garment of known composition. The developed equations were authenticated by comparing the predicted normalized regional temperature with the respective experimental normalized temperature obtained from several set of physiological data collected during the evaluation of the Naval Coastal System Center's diver thermal protecting garment (DTP). The results of these comparisons of nondimensionalized temperatures indicated that the derived correlations should accurately predict the skin temperature of the principal regions as a function of mean skin temperature with a normal error of no more than 15%. PMID- 7090084 TI - Successful therapy of cerebral air embolism with hyperbaric oxygen at 2.8 ATA. AB - A 60-year-old male patient suddenly developed blindness, agitation, and disorientation 36 h after coronary bypass surgery. Onset of symptoms followed efforts to clear an air-filled radial artery cannula. Seven hours after onset of symptoms, initial compression to 2.8 ATA (60 fsw), 100% oxygen (U.S. Navy Table 6), steroids, intravenous fluids, and antiplatelet drugs were used for therapy. The patient's agitation and disorientation dictated that we avoid initial compression to 6 ATA (165 fsw), contrary to conventional practice in therapy of air embolism, and instead immediately give oxygen at 2.8 ATA. After a second treatment with USN Table 6, given 6 h after the first, the patient's vision and mental state returned to normal. He subsequently had an uneventful recovery from surgery and cerebral air embolism. PMID- 7090085 TI - [A new classification of soft-tissue damage in open and closed fractures (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090086 TI - [Rare observation of a humerus head necrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090087 TI - [Measuring technique for determining load during external compression osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090088 TI - [Experimental examinations and clinical experiences with defect-osteosynthesis of the femur using a plate and neutralizing bracket fixator (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090089 TI - [Pathogenesis, classification and diagnosis of closed craniocerebral trauma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090090 TI - [Therapeutic guidelines for the acute phase of carniocerebral trauma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090091 TI - [Prognosis and rehabilitation after severe craniocerebral trauma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090093 TI - [Zygomatic fractures-frequently overlooked injuries (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090092 TI - [The evaluation of the long term sequelae of crainocerebral trauma (concussion and contusion) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090094 TI - [Malignant melanoma]. PMID- 7090095 TI - [The voice]. PMID- 7090096 TI - [Physiopathologic approach to current problems in nephrology. II: hyponatremia and hypernatremia]. PMID- 7090097 TI - [Pulmonary infections in the aged]. PMID- 7090098 TI - [Pregnancy in adolescence: a high risk pregnancy?]. PMID- 7090099 TI - [Method of estimating the coverage rate of vaccination in children]. PMID- 7090100 TI - [Parasitology: a healthy "boat person"]. PMID- 7090101 TI - [Perforation of the appendix in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]. PMID- 7090103 TI - [Becoming a psychiatrist]. PMID- 7090102 TI - [Nutritional aberrations of modern civilization in the Western Pacific]. PMID- 7090104 TI - Bacterial prostatitis caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. AB - Staphylococcus saprophyticus has been shown to be an important uropathogen in urinary tract infections in young women. Thirty-five isolates from 27 patients with staphylococci in the prostatic fluid of men with bacterial prostatitis were evaluated for the presence of S. saprophyticus. Three patients (11 per cent) with this organism were identified by novobiocin resistance (disk diffusion test), absence of hemolysis, and coagulase. These patients tended to be younger, more symptomatic, and more responsive to appropriate antibiotic therapy than those with staphylococcus epidermidis. S. saprophyticus appears to be an important pathogen in prostatic infections. PMID- 7090105 TI - Porcine sensitized lymph node cells (immunotherapy) and attenuated irradiation for infiltrative transitional cells carcinoma of bladder. AB - Thirty-four patients wih infiltrative bladder carcinoma, Stage B2C or higher were treated with immunotherapy and irradiation. Seventeen patients are alive, and 17 have succumbed to their disease. Eight patients underwent cystectomy after immunotherapy and irradiation; 6 of 8 are alive and well at the present time. The technique of immunotherapy is outlined. New methodology for sequential CT scans and scheduled bladder biopsies is mentioned. The 17 patients have survived twelve to sixty-nine months after immunotherapy and irradiation. Downstaging is demonstrated based on sequential CT scans of the bony pelvis and histologic biopsy. The biopsies reveal eosinophilia and multinucleated giant cells, a specific response to immunotherapy. A prospective randomized study will be initiated. PMID- 7090106 TI - Intraperitoneal spillage of formalin after intravesical instillation. PMID- 7090107 TI - Surgical results with artificial urinary sphincter. AB - From June, 1974, until January, 1977, eleven AMS 721 genitourinary sphincters were installed in 9 men and 2 females. Long term success was achieved in 2 men. Failures were encountered in 9 patients (82 per cent) with urethral erosions (3 patients), infection (1 patient), and mechanical failure (5 patients) accounting for the complications necessitating prosthetic removal. From January, 1979, until May, 1981, 15 males had the revised AMS model AS 742 (b) or (c) sphincter installed. Long term continence was achieved in 9 patients (60 per cent). Urethral erosion in 4 patients (27 per cent) and infection of the prosthesis in 2 men (13 per cent) accounted for fathers. An improved surgical technique involving the installation of the device in a defunctionalized state with secondary activation is anticipated to improve future results. PMID- 7090108 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord. PMID- 7090109 TI - Constant perfusion provocation in idiopathic hydronephrosis. AB - Twenty-two hydronephrotic units in 20 patients underwent preoperative pressure flow study in combination with electromyographic study of pelvic and ureteric peristalsis. Ten units had a continuous pressure rise during perfusion, whereas the rest had a stabilization of the intrapelvic pressure below 20 cm. of water. The high pressure group was identical with the low pressure group concerning degree of hydronephrosis judged by intravenous urography and function judged by the two-minute uptake of isotope on the renogram. The major difference was the presence of aberrant vessels which were present in 7 of 10 high pressure units and absent in 8 of 12 low pressure units. Long-term records prior to surgery were obtainable in only 1 patient who had spontaneous progression of hydronephrosis during a ten-year period. This unit had a low pressure response to perfusion. The investigation seems to indicate that pressure flow studies might reveal external obstruction, an obstruction which might not be fundamental to the course of the disease. More studies are needed before consequence are to be taken from urodynamic studies of the upper urinary tract. PMID- 7090110 TI - Nephrectomy in children for hypertension associated with unilateral renal parenchymal disease. PMID- 7090111 TI - High-dose tamoxifen in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. AB - The effectiveness of high-dose Tamoxifen in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was evaluated. Fifteen patients were treated for eight weeks with 80 mg of Tamoxifen daily. Side effect were minimal. Results showed progression of disease in 47 per cent of the patients, no change in disease was seen in 40 per cent, and 13 per cent showed a partial objective response. Twenty per cent of patients showed deterioration of performance status. High-dose Tamoxifen does not appear to be useful in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 7090112 TI - Epitheliuria: aid in early diagnosis of renal artery embolus. PMID- 7090114 TI - Further clinical experience with testis hypothermia for infertility due to poor semen. AB - Chronic scrotal hypothermia to 25 patients with infertility and elevated testis temperature resulted in varying degrees of improvement over their pretreatment poor semen in 16/25. Pregnancy occurred in 6/25 "hard core" infertile couples (mean period of infertility 6.0 years) after wearing an evaporative scrotal cooling device for sixteen hours daily for a mean of 14.5 weeks. The offspring of such hypothermia-treated fathers appear to be normal. Varicocele, failed varicocelectomy, and "idiopathic infertility" are conditions suitable for such noninvasive hypothermic treatment. Discontinuance of hypothermia resulted in a return to pretreatment poor semen. Elevated temperature plays a role in poor semen. PMID- 7090113 TI - Bladder reconstruction in rabbits with glutaraldehyde-stabilized amniotic membranes. AB - Glutaraldehyde-treated human amniotic membranes were used to repair rabbit bladders after supratrigonal cystectomies. The membranes maintained the integrity of the bladders until healing and reepithelialization occurred. There was no significant loss of bladder capacity or decreased renal function postoperatively. Calcification did not occur on the membranes but was noted on chromic sutures retaining the membranes in 7 of 27 bladders. These findings suggest that glutaraldehyde-stabilized amnion is well tolerated by the urothelium and may serve as a suitable material for replacement of genitourinary tissues. PMID- 7090115 TI - Varicocele in childhood and adolescence: implication in adulthood infertility? AB - Thirty boys eight to eighteen years of age had a clearly palpable left varicocele. The presenting complaint usually was either an asymptomatic scrotal mass or a scrotal ache after physical exercise. In 77 per cent of the patients the left testis was smaller than its male. All but one of the 17 boys between ages eight and fifteen had a smaller left testis. When the varicocele is symptomatic, presents as a prominent mass, or where growth of the left testicle lags behind that of its mate, surgical correction of the varicocele is recommended. PMID- 7090116 TI - Spontaneous urinary extravasation secondary to primary ureteric carcinoma. PMID- 7090117 TI - Torsion of testicle after inguinal herniorraphy. PMID- 7090118 TI - Ureteral transection secondary to lumbar disk surgery. PMID- 7090119 TI - Lasso tourniquet for artificial erection in hypospadias. PMID- 7090120 TI - Epidermoid cyst of testis: benign intratesticular tumor. PMID- 7090121 TI - Case profile: recurrent urinary tract infection due to rudimentary branched ureter. PMID- 7090122 TI - [Electrophysiological studies of auditory receptor function during the combined administration of kanamycin and lasix]. PMID- 7090124 TI - [Electron microscopic studies of the matrix of a cholesteatoma of the middle ear]. PMID- 7090123 TI - [Electrometric study of the human taste analyzer normally and in the modelling of weightlessness]. PMID- 7090125 TI - [Histo- and cytoarchitectonics of the median and distal sections of the human endolymphatic sac]. PMID- 7090126 TI - [Diagnostic method in central hearing disorders]. PMID- 7090127 TI - [Characteristics of endolaryngeal microsurgery in persons with a high degree of surgical risk]. PMID- 7090128 TI - [Prevalence of chronic upper respiratory tract and ear diseases among the adult and adolescent populations living in Moscow]. PMID- 7090129 TI - [Cholesteatoma of the ear spreading into the area of the mastoid process, temporal and occipital squama and penetrating into the posterior cranial fossa]. PMID- 7090131 TI - [Endoscopic methods for the maxillary sinus]. PMID- 7090130 TI - [Case of traumatic rupture of the auditory ossicle chain]. PMID- 7090133 TI - [Combined gunshot wound of the orbit, ethmoidal labyrinth and sphenoid sinus]. PMID- 7090132 TI - [Facial neuritis after tonsillectomy]. PMID- 7090134 TI - [Removal of a foreign body from the left pterygopalatine fossa under television x ray control]. PMID- 7090135 TI - [Malignant endothelioma of the root of the tongue in a 13-year-old boy]. PMID- 7090136 TI - [Facial neurinoma]. PMID- 7090137 TI - [Chronic suppurative labyrinthitis following an extensive cavitary operation on the ear]. PMID- 7090138 TI - [Repeated resections of the larynx for cancer performed after radiation therapy]. PMID- 7090139 TI - Light and electron microscopic pulmonary lesions associated with retained microfilariae in canine occult dirofilariasis. AB - Lungs from dogs infected with adult, gravid Dirofilaria immitis but without microfilaria circulating in systemic vessels were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Microfilariae were seen within the pulmonary microvasculature and in interstitial areas of interalveolar septa. An acute inflammatory reaction characterized by aggregates of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes was associated with intact microfilariae. Necrotic and fragmented microfilariae were surrounded by macrophages and epithelioid cells. Other lesions in interalveolar septa of dogs with chronic occult dirofilariasis included endothelial degeneration and hypertrophy, perivascular aggregates of plasma cells, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells, and interstitial fibrosis. The findings suggest that a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction is at least partially responsible for retention of microfilariae in pulmonary parenchyma of dogs with occult dirofilariasis. PMID- 7090140 TI - Age-related changes in peripheral nerves of the dog. I. A morphologic and morphometric study of single-teased fibers. AB - Incidence of lesions in single-teased myelinated fibers and the relationship between internodal length and fiber diameter were studied by morphologic and morphometric techniques on common peroneal and ulnar nerves of 28 dogs between three months and 15 years of age that were free of neuromuscular disease. Minimal lesions were seen in nerves of dogs under ten years of age, usually involving less than 3% of the teased fibers; however, in older dogs, the mean incidence of lesions that included axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination and remyelination, increased to 6% and 9% in ulnar and common peroneal nerves, respectively. A positive correlation (p less than 0.0001) between internodal length and fiber diameter was found in both nerves from immature and mature dogs, but slopes of regression lines were reduced in older dogs. PMID- 7090142 TI - The pathology of Gomen disease: a cerebellar disorder of horses in New Caledonia. PMID- 7090141 TI - Age-related changes in peripheral nerves of the dog. II. A morphologic and morphometric study of cross-sectional nerve. AB - Qualitative histologic studies and quantitative measurements were made on cross sectional preparations of common peroneal and ulnar nerves of 32 neuromuscular disease-free dogs from birth to 15 years of age, to provide normative data not available previously. Minimal lesions were seen in nerves of dogs from birth to seven years; however, in older dogs, the incidence of axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination and remyelination increased. Total fiber density of both nerves was over 40,000 fibers/mm2 at birth and declined rapidly during the first six to nine months to level off at about 10,000 fibers/mm2 by one year of age. Density of small (less than 5 micrometers) and large (greater than or equal to 5 micrometers) diameter fibers attained adult values by one year of age. The frequency distribution of the myelinated fibers was unimodal at birth and became bimodal between three and six months of age. The peak of the small and large fiber groups occurred at 3 micrometers and 6 micrometers, respectively. Larger diameter fibers (10 micrometers to 12 micrometers) reached adult values between nine months and one year of age. A 2.5 fold increase in mean fiber diameter occurred during the first year of life. There was no statistically significant change in any histometric parameter after maturity (approximately one year of age). PMID- 7090144 TI - Intestinal adenomatosis in a foal. PMID- 7090143 TI - Pulmonary emboli of nucleus pulposus accompanying degeneration of intervertebral disks in ranch mink. PMID- 7090145 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma in an African green monkey. PMID- 7090146 TI - Cutaneous and systemic porcine mastocytosis. PMID- 7090147 TI - Carcinoma of the mucosa of the ethmoid in the deer (Axis axis). PMID- 7090148 TI - Suspected outbreak of infection in calves caused by Salmonella bovis morbificans. PMID- 7090149 TI - Phenylbutazone in ponies. PMID- 7090150 TI - Low levels of Mycoplasma gallisepticum or M synoviae agglutination reactors. PMID- 7090151 TI - Control of bovine parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in a rotational grazing system using the morantel sustained release bolus. AB - Sixty cattle (12 first season and 48 second season grazing animals) were allocated to three groups according to age and bodyweight. Each group was divided into "control" and "treated" subgroups. Before turnout, a morantel sustained release bolus (MSRB) was administered to each animal in the "treated" category. The groups were moved from field to field according to the farmer's normal rotational grazing policy. Each field was, however, divided into two equal halves, one of which was reserved for the MSRB treated cattle, while the other was used exclusively for the controls. Severe parasitic gastroenteritis occurred in the first season controls during early September, while milder disease affected the untreated animals in the smaller of the second season groups. No gastrointestinal disease was apparent in the corresponding MSRB treated cattle. A mild outbreak of parasitic bronchitis occurred in the first year controls during October; there was evidence of less sever lungworm infection in the matching MSRB treated animals. The larger second season group showed no signs of parasitic disease. PMID- 7090152 TI - Tiamulin water medication in the treatment of swine dysentery under farm conditions. AB - The clinical efficacy of tiamulin given in the drinking water at levels of 0.0045 per cent for five days and 0.006 per cent for three days was evaluated for the treatment of swine dysentery in six clinical studies and compared with positive controls using tylosin at 0.02 per cent in the drinking water for five days and untreated controls. Efficacy was evaluated by assessment of the pigs' general appearance; the extent of diarrhoea and dehydration; performance, as measured by average daily gains and feed conversion efficiency; the presence or absence of Treponema hyodysenteriae in the faeces and mortality. As a result of statistical analysis of these parameters tiamulin medication was found to be an efficacious therapeutic regimen for naturally occurring swine dysentery when given at either level in the drinking water. PMID- 7090154 TI - Experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and cattle. PMID- 7090153 TI - Efficacy of clopidol as an anticoccidial for pheasants. PMID- 7090155 TI - Suspected vitelline duct cyst in a cat. PMID- 7090156 TI - Quality control of avian serological test reagents. PMID- 7090158 TI - The choleretic effect of menbutone and clanobutin sodium in steers. AB - Adult steers were given either clanobutin or menbutone intravenously and the effects on bile flow measured. Doses of 4.3 g of clanobutin or 3.0 g of menbutone had no effect on bile flow. However, when bile flow was previously reduced by reducing the total bile salts in the enterohepatic circulation both compounds were potent choleretics, increasing the volume of bile flow up to four-fold. PMID- 7090157 TI - Bovine nasal granuloma (atopic rhinitis) in Britain. AB - During three successive summer grazing periods, several young Friesian cross heifers developed an increasingly severe upper respiratory syndrome which improved soon after the animals were housed. The major clinical signs during the third summer episode were: ocular and nasal discharge; ulceration of the nasal mucosa, which was swollen, causing obstruction of the nasal passages; and the presence of large numbers of small, hard, white nodules in the nasal vestibules. From these clinical and epidemiological findings, a diagnosis of atopic rhinitis was made. PMID- 7090160 TI - Tibial hemimelia in a Bunaji calf. PMID- 7090159 TI - Multinodular splenic abnormality in a red patas monkey. PMID- 7090161 TI - [Transparietal drainage of the gallbladder under visual control and direct contrast study in pancreatic cancer]. PMID- 7090162 TI - [Electroradiography in radioendoscopic studies with contrast media of pancreatic and bile ducts in pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 7090163 TI - [Emergency angiography in the diagnosis of closed abdominal injuries in children]. PMID- 7090164 TI - [Application of angiohysterosalpingography to the diagnosis of gynecologic diseases]. PMID- 7090165 TI - [Recent contrast agents for angiography]. PMID- 7090166 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the contrast properties of iodamide and Uromiro (experimental study). Experience in their practical utilization]. PMID- 7090167 TI - [Experience in the practical use of radiotelevision pyeloureteroscopy with spot radiography and videotape recording]. PMID- 7090168 TI - [Radiologic signs serving to determine the nature of the growth of bladder neoplasms]. PMID- 7090169 TI - [Experimental bases for electroradiography of the digestive tract]. PMID- 7090170 TI - [Method of axillary subsegment radiography in the diagnosis of breast neoplasms]. PMID- 7090171 TI - [Application of ergonomic principles in x-ray diagnosis]. PMID- 7090172 TI - [Experience in the teaching of radiology at the II Moscow Medical Institute]. PMID- 7090173 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis]. PMID- 7090174 TI - [Case of a movable stomach neoplasm]. PMID- 7090175 TI - [Case of a neurogenic stomach neoplasm]. PMID- 7090176 TI - [Case of cicatricial stenosis of the colon]. PMID- 7090177 TI - [Case of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder]. PMID- 7090178 TI - [Case of a large fecalith in the sigmoid]. PMID- 7090179 TI - [Case of venous mesenteric thrombosis]. PMID- 7090180 TI - [Radioendoscopic studies in the diagnosis of mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 7090181 TI - Biogenesis of vaccinia: involvement of spicules of the envelope during virion assembly examined by means of conditional lethal mutants and serology. PMID- 7090182 TI - A new thymidylate biosynthesis in Xanthomonas oryzae infected by phage Xp 12. PMID- 7090183 TI - Phage P1 mutant with decreased abortive transduction. PMID- 7090184 TI - The core protein of the alphavirus Sindbis virus assembles into core-like nucleoproteins with the viral genome RNA and with other single-stranded nucleic acids in vitro. PMID- 7090185 TI - Biochemical studies on the entry of sindbis virus into BHK-21 cells and the effect of NH4Cl. PMID- 7090186 TI - Polypeptides encoded by transforming region E 1b of human adenovirus 2: immunoprecipitation from transformed and infected cells and cell-free translation of E 1b-specific mRNA. PMID- 7090188 TI - The postnatal development of monocular optokinetic nystagmus in infants. AB - Monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in 24 human infants aged 3-35 weeks using electro-oculography and moving vertical gratings. At a constant velocity of 25 deg/sec, infants display direction dependent slow phase asymmetries until approximately 5 months after birth. A comparison was made of the cumulative eye displacement during the slow phases of OKN for nasal and temporal movement. PMID- 7090187 TI - Studies on the helical nucleocapsid of influenza virus. PMID- 7090189 TI - Corrective saccades: effect of shifting the saccade goal. AB - A double step paradigm was used to investigate the saccade control, in particular the role of retinal feedback on correction saccades. The first target step eliciting the primary saccade had an amplitude of 10-15 deg and was followed by a second target step of 3 deg which occurred 0-300 msec after the onset of the primary saccade. The characteristics of the saccadic reactions were analyzed as a function of the time between the end of the primary saccade and the second target step. The data show that correction saccades can be modified when the second target step occurs earlier than 60 msec after the end of the primary saccade. Secondary saccades then are corrective, and their parameters show no differentiation between endogenous and exogenous refixation errors. In further experiments, additional blanking periods were inserted separating the visual system from reafferent information. Under this condition, the system is silent and starts the programming of the correction saccade only when the target is illuminated again. The data demonstrate that retinal feedback is a fundamental part in refixation. PMID- 7090191 TI - Perceived rate of movement depends on contrast. PMID- 7090190 TI - Simultaneous recognition of two spatial-frequency components. AB - A two-frequency two-response paradigm was employed. The stimulus on any trial was a compound grating containing two sinusoidal components of different spatial frequencies where the contrast in one or both components could be zero. The observer gave two responses each indicating confidence that one of the two components had been presented with contrast greater than zero. If these responses are assumed to be related to outputs of spatial-frequency channels according to specified recognition linking hypotheses, then channel properties such as bandwidth, negative influences, correlation of noise, and additivity can be inferred. Possible modifications of spatial frequency channel models are discussed. PMID- 7090192 TI - Fractional recording and component analysis of primate LERG: separation of photoreceptor and other retinal potentials. AB - The local electroretinogram, as obtained with a single micro electrode in the rhesus monkey fovea is known to be the sum of a number of components. This paper shows how the receptor component may be isolated from the LERG by using a bipolar micro electrode that records the potential across the outer segments of the foveal cones. A component analysis of the single electrode LERG, performed at a number of electrode depths in the retina, yields four components: a receptor-, b , dc- and slow component. The latter has not been reported previously in the monkey and it is proposed that this is the slow PIII of the primate retina. The amplitude-depth profiles of the four components show why the receptor component may be isolated by fractional recording. The recording area of a bipolar electrode is 10 times smaller than that of a monopolar electrode. Contribution of rods to the responses is often present in the dark adapted foveal LERG but is absent in fractional records from the central fovea. The infusion of sodium aspartate in the eye abolishes the b-component, but does not affect the slow component. Aspartate produces, however, such further complexities that the method seems not suitable for isolation of the receptor potential in the intact primate eye. PMID- 7090193 TI - Intraretinal recordings of slow electrical responses to steady illumination in monkey: isolation of receptor responses and the origin of the light peak. AB - The onset of steady illumination of the mammalian retina initiates a series of complex electrical responses. Corneal recordings in man show a relatively fast ERG, followed by a much slower "light response": a "light peak" followed by a series of damped slow oscillations that may last for 1 or 2 hr. The latter oscillations are a prominent feature of the EOG. We recorded the response to steady illumination with micro electrodes in the intact rhesus monkey eye. The intraretinal "light response" was analyzed by simultaneous recordings at different depths, using a bipolar microelectrode. We found that a steady photoreceptor component can be isolated by fractional recording across the cone outer segment layer in the fovea. Further, through simultaneous recordings at the retinal and choroidal sides of the retinal pigment epithelium, we found that this structure is most probably the generating site of the "light peak" and subsequent oscillations of the standing potential. PMID- 7090194 TI - Propagating inhibition as a function of flash diameter and duration. AB - Van der Wildt and Vrolijk (1981) Vision Res. 21, 1765-1771, detected propagation of inhibition with small and short flashes, separated in time and space. In this paper, the results measured with flashes of longer duration and/or larger diameter are described and discussed. A model, describing inhibition arising on the flanks of the stimulus; luminance distribution and acting at the top luminance of the probe flash, gives a good description of the results. When non identical flashes are used, the inhibition proves to be backwards. The propagating inhibition described also seems to give a possible explanation of metacontrast. PMID- 7090195 TI - Detectability of amplitude- and frequency-modulation of suprathreshold sine-wave gratings. AB - The detectability of amplitude- and frequency-modulation of sine-wave carrier gratings was measured for a number of carrier frequencies, modulation frequencies and carrier contrasts. The results show that for low modulation frequencies (spatial frequency components close together; separation less than 0.5 x carrier frequency) modulation thresholds are determined by both the amplitude and phase spectrum of the stimulus; for high modulation frequencies (frequency components more widely separated) they are determined by the amplitude spectrum only. The dependence of modulation thresholds on carrier contrast was found to be very similar, irrespective of the modulation frequency, carrier frequency and kind of modulation selected, and was in agreement with known results of contrast difference threshold measurements and of masking experiments. PMID- 7090197 TI - [Report on activities of the Czech Medical Society in 1978-1981]. PMID- 7090196 TI - Why the cortical magnification factor in rhesus can not be isotropic. AB - Using the data of Hubel and Wiesel (1974) J. comp. Neurol. 158, 295-306, on macaque, the shape of the operculum of striate cortex (area 17) is calculated from their magnification factor values assuming that the cortical magnification factor is locally isotropic with respect to displacement on the cortical surface (from a fixed point of origin). Using geometric considerations, the shape predicted from the isotropic assumption is inconsistent with the actual shape given by anatomical reconstruction by LeVay, Hubel and Wiesel (1975) J. comp. Neurol. 159, 559-576. Rather the true shape is more consistent with the hypothesis that on the average the magnification factor along a meridian is twice the value as orthogonal to it. Except in the region of the horizontal meridian, this is often the same as assuming that the magnification factor across ocular dominance columns is twice that going parallel to them. PMID- 7090198 TI - [20-year prognosis of closed mitral commissurotomy. II. Length of survival and postoperative embolism]. PMID- 7090199 TI - [Ischemic disease of the lower extremities in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7090200 TI - [Risk factors in ischemic heart disease in long-distance hikers between 40 and 60 years of age]. PMID- 7090201 TI - [The lymphocyte population and the total immunological profile in old age]. PMID- 7090203 TI - [Peroxidation capacity of the blood during hemodialysis]. PMID- 7090204 TI - [Analysis of the causes of death in treated and untreated chronic renal failure]. PMID- 7090202 TI - [Analysis of work disability and its significance in the care of stomach and duodenal ulcer, cholelithiasis and cholecystitis]. PMID- 7090205 TI - [Clinical classification of cardiomyopathies]. PMID- 7090206 TI - [Evaluation of myocardial infarct size using non-invasive methods]. PMID- 7090207 TI - [Acute industrial poisoning with arsine]. PMID- 7090208 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of nonpenetrating injuries and wounds of abdominal organs]. PMID- 7090209 TI - [Treatment of patients with complicated acute appendicitis]. PMID- 7090210 TI - [Efficacy of modern drugs during mixed circulation of influenza viruses type A]. PMID- 7090211 TI - [Major methodological approaches to the evaluation of the functional state of the body]. PMID- 7090212 TI - [Effect of ascorbic acid on the increase of resistance of humans to the cold]. PMID- 7090213 TI - [Use of active orthostatic test during medical preflight evaluation]. PMID- 7090214 TI - [Transfusion of blood and blood substitutes at sea]. PMID- 7090215 TI - [Management of multiple bone fractures]. PMID- 7090216 TI - [Combined use of acupuncture and drug therapy]. PMID- 7090218 TI - [medical rehabilitation following cholecystectomy]. PMID- 7090217 TI - [Acupuncture as an additional method of diagnosis of acute appendicitis]. PMID- 7090219 TI - [Transcutaneous catheterization of the trachea]. PMID- 7090220 TI - [Role of spiroergography in the diagnosis of early stages of cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 7090221 TI - [Psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis in modern conditions]. PMID- 7090222 TI - [Perforated stomach and duodenal ulcers in military personnel]. PMID- 7090223 TI - [Study of the combined effect of hormones and radioprotectors on animals subjected to ionizing radiation]. PMID- 7090224 TI - [Methodology of teaching military field surgery in a medical school]. PMID- 7090225 TI - [Surgical treatment of gunshot wounds]. PMID- 7090226 TI - [Primary surgical treatment of open fractures of the femur]. PMID- 7090227 TI - [Rare heart injuries]. PMID- 7090228 TI - [Primary prevention of acute pneumonia among servicemen serving for a fixed period]. PMID- 7090229 TI - [Principle trends in research on the rehabilitation of infectious patients]. PMID- 7090230 TI - [Medical supervision of the working conditions of personnel working with mercury]. PMID- 7090231 TI - [Analysis of the relation between working conditions and various parameters of morbidity among personnel]. PMID- 7090232 TI - [Prevention of maladaptive changes in sailors during a voyage]. PMID- 7090233 TI - [Gunshot wounds of the ureters]. PMID- 7090234 TI - [Surgical tactics in wounds of the extremities]. PMID- 7090235 TI - [Various atypical features of the clinical course of combined injuries]. PMID- 7090236 TI - [Current methods of transport immobilization]. PMID- 7090237 TI - [Rendering of ophthalmologic services at the dispensary of a military unit]. PMID- 7090238 TI - [Disinfection of bathrooms in the prevention of foot dermatophytosis in soldiers]. PMID- 7090239 TI - [Levels of high density cholesterol lipoprotein fraction in healthy subjects]. PMID- 7090240 TI - [Postoperative complications which are indications for early relaparotomy]. PMID- 7090241 TI - [The bicycle ergometry test in the detection of latent coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 7090242 TI - [Evaluation of the degree of injury to anatomical structures in gunshot fractures and their classification]. PMID- 7090243 TI - [The effect of Ditamin on vascular headache and associated neurovascular disorders]. PMID- 7090244 TI - [Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 7090245 TI - [Water-borne epidemic of viral hepatitis and bacillary dysentery]. PMID- 7090246 TI - [Effect of decimeter waves on the temperature of the brain and surrounding tissues (an experimental study)]. PMID- 7090247 TI - [Action of decimeter-range waves and of sinusoidal modulated currents on the nuclear DNA content of brain nerve cells (an experimental study)]. PMID- 7090248 TI - [Autonomic functions in hypertension as affected by decimeter-range waves in the area of the brain (an experimental study)]. PMID- 7090249 TI - [Decimeter-range waves in the combined treatment of cerebral circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7090251 TI - [Dynamics of the laboratory indices of rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing health resort treatment]. PMID- 7090250 TI - [Thalassotherapy: physiological mechanisms of its action and effectiveness]. PMID- 7090252 TI - [Effect of solar irradiation of various intensities on cardiovascular patients in a fluctuating weather system in western Siberia]. PMID- 7090254 TI - [Effect of decimeter waves on immunological reactivity in osteoarthrosis deformans]. PMID- 7090253 TI - [Intrahepatic hemodynamics of chronic cholecystitis in the process of combined treatment including ozokerite applications]. PMID- 7090256 TI - [Treatment of wounds, suppurative inflammatory and cicatricial sclerotic diseases using ozokerite]. PMID- 7090257 TI - [Morphological integument changes of the internal organs as affected by applications of ozokerite of various compositions (an experimental study)]. PMID- 7090255 TI - [Therapeutic swimming in a pool as a factor in the physical rehabilitation of chronic bronchitis patients]. PMID- 7090258 TI - [Effectiveness of the UV irradiation of printing industry workers at a sanatorium preventorium]. PMID- 7090259 TI - [Microwave therapy]. PMID- 7090260 TI - [Decimeter-wave therapy using a portable apparatus]. PMID- 7090261 TI - [Classification characteristics of mineral waters]. PMID- 7090262 TI - [Effect of decimeter-range waves on cardiovascular system function and on the biochemical and immunological indices of myocardial infarct patients in the recovery phase]. PMID- 7090263 TI - [Spontaneous blood serum chemiluminescence in detecting recurrences and metastases of cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach and esophagus]. AB - The report deals with the results of examination of 48 healthy donors and 261 patients suffering from malignant tumors of cardia and esophagus, 84 patients after radical surgery included. Spontaneous chemoluminescence (CL) of blood serum was shown to depend on the general condition of the patient and tumor involvement before treatment: there is a direct correlation between these factors and luminescence intensity. Therefore, CL may be used as a laboratory test providing necessary information for developing treatment modality for each individual case. Within 0.5-60 months after radical treatment, the rise in the intensity of blood serum CL (60-100% and more) was registered in cases of pyo-inflammatory complications (peritonitis, mediastinitis, pleural empyema, etc.) and recurrence and metastatic spreading. A rise in CL intensity by more than 50% and a steady tendency to further increase may be interpreted as a pointer to recurrence or metastasis development. PMID- 7090264 TI - [Economic aspects of the radical surgical treatment of stomach cancer]. AB - The mean cost of distal subtotal stomach resection is Rb. 403.7; extirpation - Rb. 452.3 and proximal stomach resection - Rb. 505.6. Unless postoperative complications develop, these figures amount to Rb. 394.6, 400.5 and 476.4, respectively. In cases of postoperative complications the costs rise to Rb. 487.4, 580 and 610, respectively. The average cost of preoperative preparation of patients for subtotal stomach resection is Rb. 105, extirpation - Rb. 114.5 and proximal stomach resection - Rb. 137.2. Sizeable saving in spending may be assured by cutting down the preoperative stay of patients in hospital and preventing postoperative complication development. PMID- 7090265 TI - [Blood plasma content of hormones and carcinoembryonic antigen in tumorous and nontumorous disease of the thyroid]. AB - Radioimmunological tests for carcinoembryonic antigen, antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyrotropin of pituitary, thyroxin and triiodothyronine were run in healthy subjects and patients suffering from cervical thyroid and extrathyroid neoplasms, e. g. nodular goiter, adenoma, cancer, chronic thyroiditis, lymphadenitis, neurinoma, hemangioma and thyrotoxicosis. The thyroid was scanned with 131I or 99mTcO4 in all cases. Scanning of thyroid in the first stage of screening for malignant tumors because "warm" or "hot" foci in scanograms of cases of malignant nodes are very rare. In patients with "cold" thyroid nodes, detection of thyroglobulin antibodies points to thyroiditis since such antibodies are not found in all other cases. None of the indices showed any differences in cases of nodular goiter and "cold" adenoma. Coefficient sTTH/bTTH (ratio of thyroliberine-stimulated level of pituitary thyrotropin to basal one) is decreased, while coefficient (Formula: see text) and blood plasma level of carcinoembryonic antigen are increased in patients with thyroid cancer as compared with benign tumors. PMID- 7090266 TI - [DNA content changes in the cell nuclei of throat cancer as affected by radiation therapy]. PMID- 7090267 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen content of human nontumorous tissues and biological fluids]. PMID- 7090268 TI - [Effect of pulsed laser radiation on the lysosomes of Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells]. AB - The results of a study on the effect of neodymium pulsed laser radiation on Ehrlich ascites tumor lysosomes are discussed. Tumor cell suspension was exposed in vitro to 10 pulses of laser irradiation with fluences of 10, 25 and 100 J/cm2, at a wavelength of 1.06 microns and a pulse duration of 1 microsecond. A rise in the free and total activities of acid phosphatase in the fraction of isolated lysosomes was registered one or four hours after exposure, particularly, at fluences of 10 and 25 J/cm2. However, laser radiation did not affect acid phosphatase activity in preparations of solubilized enzyme. Special experiments involving the use of detergents showed the increased activity of acid phosphatase in isolated lysosome fraction to be due to labilization of cytoplasmic membranes of tumor cells. PMID- 7090269 TI - [Mammary gland tumors of rats born to parents irradiated before conception]. AB - The effect of exposure of male or female rats to radiation 5 days before conception on the frequency of development of mammary tumors in their progeny is described. It was shown that mammary tumor incidence and the rate of their development increase in a population of female rats - descendants of one of parents exposed. Irradiation of would-be mothers produced a stronger blastogenic reaction in their progeny than that of fathers. PMID- 7090270 TI - [Results of the combined and radiation treatment of tongue cancer patients with various anatomical forms of the tumor]. PMID- 7090271 TI - [Immunity indices of patients with locally disseminated malignant neoplasms of the head and neck]. AB - The study is concerned with the functional state of lymphocytes, granulocytes and levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in blood serum of patients with local neoplasms of the pharynx, thyroid, oral cavity and tongue. Cancer patients revealed a considerable decrease in the levels of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes, plaque-forming cells and granulocytes, capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium, blood serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM being practically unchanged. There is a relationship between the type of clinical course of disease and severity of immunological disorders in advanced cancer of the pharynx. Immunologic response disturbances are most manifest, when immune surveillance is undermined by tumor process and metastasis development. PMID- 7090273 TI - [Role of aspiration and trephine biopsies in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer]. AB - The predictive value of aspiration and trepan biopsy is analysed in 247 cases of prostatic cancer. The diagnostic value of trepan biopsy is 90.1%; it is not determined by the degree of tumor differentiation. The value of aspiration biopsy varies with different degree of differentiation; it is 42.1% for well differentiated cancer, 81.2%--for moderately- and 97.4%--for poorly differentiated tumors. Aspiration biopsy is a safe procedure, while trepan biopsy may be followed by severe complications. PMID- 7090272 TI - [Cytoplasmic steroid hormone receptors in primary breast tumors]. AB - Receptors of steroid hormones (estrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids) were studied in 148 patients with primary tumors of the mammary gland at different stages. All three types of receptors were found in 40% of patients. Receptor levels were compared versus menstrual status, histological pattern of tumor and preliminary chemo-hormonotherapy. It was established that estrogen and progesterone levels depend on menstrual status. No significant correlation was found between the degree of tumor cell differentiation and level of estrogen receptors. A retrospective assessment of estrogen receptor level and chemo hormonotherapy results in 74 premenopausal patients with stage II tumor is given. PMID- 7090274 TI - [Randomized clinical trials]. PMID- 7090275 TI - [Lipid and protein metabolism in breast cancer]. PMID- 7090276 TI - [Giant neurilemmoma of the breast]. PMID- 7090277 TI - [Bladder cancer in patients with schistosomiasis of the urinary system]. PMID- 7090278 TI - [Criteria in the assessment of cancer control]. PMID- 7090279 TI - [Participation of Soviet oncologists in international cooperation]. AB - The Soviet specialists take an active part in the international cooperation on different aspects of experimental and clinical oncology. This cooperation is carried out with socialist countries (in the framework of CMEA), with capitalist countries (the USA, France, Italy, England, Sweden) and in the frame of international anti-cancer organization (Cancer Unit of the World Health Organization, International Union against Cancer, International Agency for Research of Cancer). PMID- 7090280 TI - [Prevention of malignant tumors based on epidemiological studies]. PMID- 7090281 TI - [Computerized tomography potentials in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms]. AB - The results of examinations of 3,500 cancer patients carried out at the Center since 1979 are discussed. Evidence on the role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the head, neck, lung, peritoneal cavity and retroperitoneal space is presented. The specific mode of identification of cancer and benign tumors of different sites by means of computed tomography as well as the resolving power of the method in detecting tumor are described. Particular attention is focused on differential diagnosis between malignant, benign tumors and inflammatory processes. PMID- 7090282 TI - [Modern radiation therapy in oncology]. PMID- 7090283 TI - [Deontological problems in the rehabilitative treatment of oncological patients]. PMID- 7090284 TI - [What the viral theory of tumor origin has contributed to oncology]. AB - The viral theory of tumor origin has proved to be an important factor of accumulation of fresh evidence and working out new methods and approaches. The paper contains a summary of this evidence and discusses the problem of the indirect co-carcinogenic effect of tumor-inducing agents. Sometimes it is due to their activation of specific oncogenic viruses. In other cases, as the author suggests, it may be caused by the activation of potential oncogenes (protooncogenes) or normal cells. There are viral and non-viral tumors and human tumors are apparently chiefly non-viral. The author suggests that it is an endogenous disease (protooncogenes and their endogenous activators). The author considers his hypothesis (1962) on the cellular origin of oncogenes and the similarity of their transmission by viruses to microorganism transduction. A similar suggestion was made by P. Vogt and A. D. Altstein ten years later and it has been supported by some findings ever since. The viral theory cannot be regarded as the sole fundamental theory of carcinogenesis. PMID- 7090285 TI - [Current diagnostic and treatment problems in thyroid cancer]. AB - The paper deals with a 10-year experience (1971-1980) of treating tumors of head and neck at the Institute. Different aspects of early diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma, its adequate therapy and organisational measures required for its prevention are discussed on the basis of 1,304 case histories of thyroid cancer. Up-to-date methods of early diagnosis of thyroid cancer (diagnostic puncture and thyroidlymphography), which can be integrated with general medical practice, are recommended. Causes of errors leading to failure to remove the whole malignancy are discussed. Recommendations how to obviate this difficulty are given and measures aimed at ensuring a 5-year survival in 98% of cases and adapted to different groups of cancer patients are suggested. PMID- 7090286 TI - [Medullary cancer of the thyroid]. AB - The paper deals with a study of 42 cases of medullary carcinoma which accounts for 12.6% of all forms of thyroid cancer. The female-to-male ratio was 1.3:1, mean age - 45 years. Medullary carcinoma occurs sporadically in cases of familial endocrine syndrome. A case of Sipple's syndrome is reported. Medullar carcinoma is a hormonally-active tumor which produces calcitonin, the latter serving as a tumor marker for this carcinoma. Medullary carcinoma is characterized by bilateral involvement of the thyroid, which is more frequent in cases of familial disease, and a high rate of incidence of regional metastases (82.5%). Apart from clinical diagnostic means, the disease is chiefly identified cytologically and by calcitonin assays in blood plasma. It is mainly treated by surgery; 5- and 10 year survival rates are 87.2 and 80%, respectively. PMID- 7090288 TI - [Determination of the labeling index in stomach tumors (preliminary report)]. AB - The results of measurement of labelling index in tumor tissues and the so-called "normal" gastric mucosa, used as a cell kinetics parameter, were compared in 21 cases of stomach cancer. A procedure of double labeling DNA-synthesizing cells with different concentrations of 3H-thymidine was applied. Tumor tissue samples and specimens of gastric mucosa obtained at a distance of 5-10 cm from the visible boundary of tumor were labeled simultaneously, and a significant difference in labeling index in the tissue samples was observed. Mean labeling index in tumor tissue was 29.66% +/- 1.32, while in normal mucosa - 5.76% +/- 0.76. The procedure may be recommended for early diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 7090287 TI - [Prognostic importance of determining steroid hormone receptors in breast tumors]. AB - The levels of receptors of estrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids were measured in the cytosols of 400 breast tumors at early (242) and advanced (158) stage of development. No significant differences were found in the receptor status of tumor in cases of early and advanced stage, untreated before surgery. Preoperative chemo- and chemohormonotherapy resulted in a lower percentage of tumors containing all three types of receptors and a higher percentage of tumors in which neither of the three types of receptors were found. Radiation therapy produced a similar effect. Relapse was observed in 53 cases (13%) during a follow up from 2 months to 3 years. Patients with tumors which contained estrogen receptors revealed a tendency for increased free interval, as compared with those in which receptors were not identified. This tendency was particularly pronounced in cases of advanced tumor, untreated before surgery. PMID- 7090289 TI - [New prospective trends in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer]. AB - The report deals with a 15-year long experience gained by the clinical staff of the Institute in treating more than 3,500 patients with gastro-intestinal tumors. In recent years, the research conducted by the staff has been focused on further improvement procedures for malignant tumors of this localization. Both surgical procedures and methods of combination and complex therapy have been improved. For example, since 1967 all operations for rectal tumors have been performed by two teams of surgeons working simultaneously. Most perineal wounds have been closed by sutures and vacuum-drained. Extraperitonization of enterstomy is considered to be an indispensable component of colon resection procedure. Lienal angle and distal third of transverse colon are being used on a large scale in performing abdominoanal resections. The results of treatment of more than 250 patients have demonstrated the advantages of preoperative radiation therapy application for rectal tumors. Extensive use has been made of endolymphatic chemotherapy in cases of stomach neoplasms and regional endovascular chemotherapy for malignant rectal tumors. PMID- 7090290 TI - [Morphological evaluation of the degree of the damage to the tumor in preoperative irradiation in esophageal cancer]. AB - Post-radiation changes were studied in 21 patients suffering from esophageal cancer who had undergone preoperative irradiation. The results of quantitative morphological analysis were compared with the data obtained from examination of 15 patients operated for tumors but unexposed to radiation. Tumor damage index proved to be 35.0% +/- 4. Mitotic index remained unchanged, while pathological mitoses in tumors increased four times after irradiation (62.0% +/- 5.8 as compared with 15.4% +/- +/- 4.4). They are mostly observed in the dispersion of chromosomes in metaphase. It is concluded that in order to adequately visualise radiation-induced damage to tumor, different morphological criteria should be used in its evaluation, depending on the length of post-irradiation period. PMID- 7090291 TI - [Effect of gamma therapy on liver function in the combined treatment of cancer of the cardia and esophagus]. AB - The effects of preoperative gamma-therapy and gastrostomy performed in Dobromyslov-Torek's operation on the function of the liver were studied by histological and histochemical examination of material obtained in biopsy of liver and biochemical assays of blood in a study group including 40 patients with cardial cancer and 9 cases of esophageal tumor. It was shown that both preoperative irradiation and gastrostomy-mediated nutrition cause pronounced morphological lesions of liver tissue. Although biochemical indices remain within norm, the compensatory capability of liver in such patients is lower than in unexposed ones. PMID- 7090292 TI - [Early oncological pathology of the stomach]. AB - The paper reports the results of a study of 586 gastrobioptical and cytological preparations obtained in the course of endoscopic examination of 223 patients with gastritis, polyps and gastric ulcers and resected material from 46 patients who had small-size malignant tumors of the stomach (up to 1 cm in dia). Gastrobiopsy revealed dysplasia-like changes in the epithelium in 33% of cases of chronic gastric diseases. Dysplasia in the mucosa surrounding tumor was identified in all cancer patients. Three degrees of dysplasia of gland epithelium -mild, moderate and severe--were distinguished, each allowing further division into two classes. It is suggested that patients with dysplasia of gastric mucosa epithelium, identified by gastrobiopsy, should be referred to a group at high risk and followed up closely. PMID- 7090293 TI - [Thermostable placental-type alkaline phosphatase in the malignantly degenerated endometrium]. AB - A comparative immunochemical study established that heat-stable placental alkaline phosphatase (HPAP) is contained only in malignant epithelium and is not present in the tissues of fetal and definitive uterus. The heterogeneity of HPAP was shown by means of electrophoresis. There is a direct correlation between HPAP level and the degree of tumor differentiation. Immunohistochemical and histochemical studies showed that HPAP occurs in areas of tumor where glandular structure is most pronounced. HPAP secretion in endometrial mucus was observed. An immunochemical test for HPAP is suggested which may be used in evaluating the degree of tumor differentiation and selecting a suitable scheme of treatment. Immunochemical assay of endometrial mucus for HPAP may offer good advantage in mass screenings of females at risk. PMID- 7090294 TI - [Use of liposome-bound x-ray contrast substances for the diagnosis of splenic lesions in generalized lymphoma in SJL/J mice]. AB - An X-ray procedure for diagnosis of splenic lesions in sjl/j mice with generalized lymphoma, using verographin contained in liposomes, is discussed. Intravenous injections of the preparation were followed by changes in X-ray pictures of the spleen in 9 out of 21 mice aged 11-13 weeks which were interpreted as total or local lesions. The X-ray diagnoses were confirmed by histological examination. Due to application of the method lesions with diameters down to 1 mm may be detected. PMID- 7090295 TI - [Carcinostatic action of synthetic polymers on transplantable tumors]. PMID- 7090297 TI - [Action of N-dinitrosopiperazine and N-nitrosodiethylamine on aquarium guppies]. AB - Tumors and precancerous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract were induced in aquarium fish guppy by dinitrosopiperazine and nitrosodiethylamine dissolved in aquarium water. Nitrosodiethylamine appeared to produce a stronger blastogenic effect than dinitrosopiperazine. Since tumors develop several weeks after exposure to carcinogens, this animal species may be used for express testing nitrosocompounds for blastogenicity. PMID- 7090296 TI - [Effect of a mixture of carminomycin and cyanoacrylates on experimental tumor growth]. PMID- 7090298 TI - [Treatment results in chordomas of the saccrococcygeal area]. AB - The influence of various factors on the survival of 40 patients with sacral chordoma is considered. Irrespective of type of therapy, the 5-year survival after treatment of malignant chordoma was 31.5 +/- 14.6%, while in cases of benign chordoma it was 73.9 +/- 10.0%. The 10 year survival rates were 31.5 +/- 14.6 and 34.2 +/- 10.8%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates increased 3-fold after ablastic removal of tumor and by 37.9% after combination therapy (surgery + radiation). The age and sex differences had no significant prognostic value. Radical ablastic removal of sacral chordoma is of great prognostic value since it ensures favorable prognosis, irrespective of morphological type of tumor. PMID- 7090300 TI - [Groups at high risk for stomach cancer morbidity and the effectiveness of dispensary care]. AB - The paper presents the results of the 10-year follow-up of 1,237 patients at high risk for stomach cancer. Among them, 669 patients suffered from chronic gastric ulcer, 78--polyps, 382--chronic gastritis and 108 underwent resection of the stomach more than 10 years ago. Repeated gastroscopic examinations, including biopsy, carried out within the last two years, revealed malignancies in 405 cases (32,7%): chronic ulcers--10.8, polyps--11.1 and chronic gastritis--0,6%. Malignancy of the gastric stump was observed in 5.0%. In chronic gastritis patients, cancer development was registered in cases of hyperplasia only (4.5%). No malignancy was found in cases of reorganization gastritis and atrophic gastritis. PMID- 7090299 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of thymus tumors]. AB - Data on treatment of 13 cases of thymoma of the mediastinum are considered. Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thymoma may be obtained in some patients by means of clinical, X-ray and laboratory examination. Thymomas should be removed lest they should become malignant and be aggravated by myasthenic and mediastinal syndrome. Removal of malignant thymoma should be followed by X-ray therapy. PMID- 7090302 TI - [Factors determining the probability of the development of late radiation injuries to adjacent organs in cervical cancer]. AB - Main factors of development of late-onset lesions of the urinary bladder and rectum caused by irradiation of cervical carcinoma are discussed. The results of radiation therapy of 616 patients with cancer of uterine cervix are analysed, and the rates of incidence of late-onset radiation injuries to adjacent organs are considered in relation to dosage, methods of irradiation and early-onset radiation reactions. It was found that the frequency of late-onset radiation injuries of the urinary bladder and rectum increases in proportion to absorbed dosage of radiation and as a result of remote irradiation of the small pelvis with open fields. The time that elapses before early-onset reactions of neighboring organs appear in the course of irradiation proved to be of primary importance in the development of late-onset lesions. It is suggested that the time of early-onset reaction development is characteristic of individual tolerance of normal tissues. PMID- 7090301 TI - [Results of the combined radiation therapy of cervical cancer using intracavitary gamma therapy]. AB - The study was concerned with the effectiveness of manual intracavitary gamma therapy (206 cases) and automated two-stage continuous administration of endostatic and radioactive substances. It was found that remote afterloading was followed by better end results than simple afterloading and the length of course of treatment may be decreased if the former method is used. Remote afterloading should be regarded as a method of choice in the complex radiation therapy of cervical carcinoma. PMID- 7090304 TI - [Sequence of the involvement of the intrathoracic lymph nodes and lungs in the tumor process in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 7090303 TI - [Morphometric ultrastructural analysis in laryngeal cancer]. AB - A comparative electron microscopy study of the ultrastructures of cancer cell and normal stratified squamous epithelium of human larynx was carried out in bioptical and resected material to identify characteristics of cataplasia development in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma. A morphometrical analysis showed the two following indices of quantitative evaluation of cellular ultrastructures of laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma to provide most information on the degree of cataplasia development: the development of an independent polyribosomal apparatus which points to the level of "intracelluar" protein synthesis and the level of total protein synthesis in cell cytoplasm. Cataplasia progression is accompanied by the advancement of the structural and functional organisation of both polyribosomal apparatus and ergastoplasm. PMID- 7090305 TI - [Functional activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system in breast cancer]. PMID- 7090306 TI - [Normal and pathologic human heart valves]. PMID- 7090307 TI - [Occurrence of rheumatic fever and streptococcal infection in the population of the Todzhinsk Region of the Tuva ASSR]. PMID- 7090308 TI - [Estimation of the activity of the rheumatoid process]. PMID- 7090309 TI - [Estimation of the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis characterizing its evolution. III. Method of estimating the morphological manifestations of synovitis from the data of puncture biopsies]. PMID- 7090310 TI - [Age-related changes in the synovial membrane of human knee joint]. PMID- 7090311 TI - [Immunoglobulins in the oropharyngeal secretion, synovial fluid and blood serum of children with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 7090312 TI - [Indications for surgery in mitral valve stenosis]. PMID- 7090313 TI - [Leukocyte migration inhibition test in the diagnosis of rheumatism and its activity in children]. PMID- 7090314 TI - [Diagnosis of mono- and oligoarthritis of different etiologies]. PMID- 7090316 TI - [Recurrent polychondritis with multiple involvement of organs]. PMID- 7090315 TI - [Hypercholesterolemic xanthomatosis]. PMID- 7090317 TI - [Development of an aplastic syndrome after chrysanol administration]. PMID- 7090318 TI - [Indices of central hemodynamics and myocardial contraction in early and late periods after mitral comissurotomy]. PMID- 7090319 TI - [Effect of diet therapy on the serum immunoglobulin level in chronic eczema]. AB - A group of 23 patients with acute chronic eczema received hypoallergenic diet providing for maximal exclusion of obligate allergens, extractive and aromatizing substances and food additives, with this diet being full value as to the chemical, vitamin and trace element content. In the diet applied, sugar was completely replaced by xylite, table salt was excluded and liquid restricted. The dietetic management was carried out under the control over the clinical picture of the skin status and the time course of changes in serum concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE. The results indicate that adequate dietetic management of patients with acute chronic eczema leads to a significant decrease in serum concentrations of IgE, stabilization and partial regression of skin manifestations. PMID- 7090320 TI - [Diet therapy of chronic digestive system diseases in children]. AB - The children with chronic alimentary tract diseases often show abnormalities in membrane digestion that manifest clinically by the development of the enteral syndrome of varying severity. Lactic sugar (lactose) cleavage distress is the most frequently encountered abnormality. Of 123 children with chronic gastrointestinal diseases examined on an inpatient basis, 65 (53%) showed lactose hydrolysis disorder. A milk-free diet was made use of in a complex of therapeutic measures received by the children. Thirty-five children were kept in such a diet. As a result, all the patients showed improvement, absence of dyspepsia, and good weight gain. PMID- 7090321 TI - [Specialized acidophilus products in the nutrition of athletes]. AB - The formula and technology of manufacturing 2 types of acidophilic dry products (ADP-1 and ADP-2) for nutrition of the athletes engaged in speed skating and weight lifting were designed. The authors examined the chemical composition and alterations in the content of nitrous fractions on ADP storage. Trials of the products in the athletes provided favourable results. PMID- 7090322 TI - [Essential nutrition and health status indices of schoolchildren of various heights]. AB - The nutrition pattern and disease incidence were studied in 9634 schoolchildren with varying body lengths. A direct correlation was established between the body length and energy value of nutrition, the content of basic food, macroelements and trace elements, vitamins A and B. Tall schoolchildren were shown to have a greater incidence of obesity, chronic tonsilitis, rheumatic fever, enuresis, abnormal posture and scoliosis. The biogeochemical provinces with endemic fluorosis and goiter were disclosed to have the increased number of children below medium height and of low height, which is accounted for by the deficient content of fluorine and iodine in the environment. PMID- 7090323 TI - [Energy requirements of railroad bridge assemblers]. AB - A study was made of energy losses in the assemblers engaged in the construction of a railway bridge. It was established that daily energy losses in this vocational group did not exceed 2900 kcal. Basing on the data obtained the authors calculated the requirements of the assemblers for the main foods, vitamins and mineral elements. PMID- 7090324 TI - [Experimental reproduction of food anaphylaxis]. AB - The guinea-pigs kept on standard diet given in animal houses and fed some soluble proteins of animal origin demonstrated circulating anaphylactic antibodies and developed anaphylactic sensitivity (to proteins of chicken eggs, normal equine serum and pasteurized cow's milk) marked by a considerable number of lethal outcomes upon intravenous resolution. The severity of anaphylaxis depends on the nature of allergenic proteins, the sensitizing dose and time of resolution. Allergenic properties of proteins correlate with period of the preservation of the antigenic determinants. Immune induction was found to be selective on animals' sensitization with a mixture of allergenic proteins. PMID- 7090325 TI - [Possibility of preventing muscular dystrophy in E avitaminosis with alpha tocopheronolactone and diludin]. AB - The efficacy of pharmacopeial alpha-tocopheryl acetate, alpha-tocopheronolactone and the antioxidant diludin was studied as to the possibilities of preventing E hypovitaminosis muscle dystrophy in rabbits. alpha-Tocopheronolactone action was similar to that of pharmacopeial alpha-tocopheryl acetate as regards E-vitamin activity that was manifested by an increase in the body mass, decrease in the urine creatine index and maintenance of normal ubiquinone content, as well as of succinate-ubiquinone-reductase, NADH-ubiquinone-reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle and heart mitochondria. On the contrary , as a result of the antioxidant administration, no direct correlation was found between ubiquinone content and activity of ubiquinone-dependent enzymatic systems of mitochondria. The data obtained attest to high E-vitamin activity of alpha-tocopheronolactone. The action of the latter was disclosed to be different from that produced by the antioxidant. PMID- 7090326 TI - [Effect of excess protein diets on lipid metabolic indices]. AB - During 6 months the rats of different groups received isocaloric semi-synthetic diets that contained 18, 23, 28, 33, 38 and 43% protein (as regards caloricity). The most optimal magnitudes of the test characteristics of lipid metabolism- insignificant level of total lipids, total cholesterol and glycerides, the proportion of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in the content of phospholipids, the esterification ratio, the proportion of pre- beta- and beta lipoproteins--were recorded in the groups given 18 and 23% protein in terms of caloricity. Further increase in the diet protein content produces a number of unfavourable shifts as regards lipid metabolism in white rats. PMID- 7090327 TI - [Interrelation of the changes in the lipid composition of the blood serum and of subcellular liver fractions as affected by an atherogenic diet]. AB - The blood serum of white rats kept on atherogenic diet for 7 days did not show any changes as regards the correlation of lipids separated by thin-layer chromatography. Significantly reduced was only the proportion of phospholipids. Liver cell mitochondria demonstrated an increase in the relative content of cholesterol esters but a lowering of the content of triglycerides and free cholesterol. The microsomes demonstrated an increase in the relative content of cholesterol esters with a decline in the content of free fatty acids. Of cholesterol esters, the rise in the percentage of cholesteryl oleate and cholesterol esters with saturated fatty acids was proportional both in the blood serum and subcellular fractions of the liver. Fourteen and 28 days after keeping the animals on the atherogenic diet these changes became more manifest. The blood serum showed a decrease in the content of cholesteryl arachidonate with no changes in the content of cholesteryl linoleate. At the same time there was no parallelism in the changes in the content of cholesteryl arachidonate and cholesteryl linoleate in the blood serum, mitochondria or microsomes of liver cells. It is concluded that the changes in the liver lipid composition may be characterized most precisely by the relative content of blood serum cholesteryl oleate and cholesterol esters with saturated fatty acids. PMID- 7090328 TI - [Physicochemical fat indices and the fatty acid composition of the lipids in mare's milk and shubath (sour camel's milk)]. AB - Physicochemical properties of fat and fatty-acid composition of mare's milk and shubath (sour milk product obtained from camel's milk) depend on the season. During summer these products show a higher content of fat and increased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly in mare's milk lipids. It has been shown that in mare's milk lipids 90% is due to acids with a carbon chain of C14 18, while shubath lipids contain almost 96% of such acids. PMID- 7090329 TI - [Vitamin content in groats before and after technological processing]. AB - Study into the content of vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin and niacin) in groats (whole buckwheat, millet, rice, semolina) and in viscous and friable cereals cooked from them has shown that vitamin losses upon cooking largely depend on the type of culinary treatment. The main factor that determines vitamin losses during cereal cooking is the duration of heat treatment. PMID- 7090330 TI - [Amino acid composition of yeasts used in the preparation of koumiss]. PMID- 7090331 TI - [Chemical composition of chick pea seeds]. PMID- 7090332 TI - [Permissible degree of reduction of diet caloricity for obese patients]. AB - A study was made of the effects of diets with varying degree of caloricity reduction at the expense of the decreased content of carbohydrates and fat (1200, 600, 300 kcal and calorie-free "zero" diet) on some indicators of lipid, carbohydrate, protein and mineral metabolism comparatively to the patients' clinical status. A group of patients receiving the diet with a caloricity of 1800 kcal served as control. It was shown that the diet with an average reduction of caloricity (1200 kcal) may be applied to the treatment of obese patients for a long period of time both on in- and outpatient basis. The decrease permissible and such a diet may be indicated for a short period of time (1-1 1/2) months), diets with extremely reduced caloricity (300 kcal, "zero" diet) is not advisable), since such diets exert an adverse action on metabolic processes in the body. PMID- 7090333 TI - Automation of cross-matching and red cell antibody screening. AB - This automatic system combines the major cross-match with screening for allo- and autoantibodies. Moreover, the detected antibodies can be identified on a panel of frozen and thawed red blood cells (RBC). The system is made up of two connected samplers, three channels working, respectively, with bromelin PVP, LISP and saline PVP at 4 degrees C, three colorimeters or three red cell autocounters and their recorders. The optimal speed is 50 samples/h and one whole test requires 19 min. Our experience indicates that this automatic system is appreciably more sensitive and much more rapid and efficient than manual techniques. In spite of increased sensitivity, the ratio of rejected bags does not exceed 2.7%. PMID- 7090334 TI - Complement in CPD-stored blood. AB - We studied complement functions, breakdown of C3 and aggregation of immunoglobulins in whole blood stored in citrate phosphate dextrose at 4 degrees C for up to 3 weeks from 10 normal blood donors. No significant changes in total haemolytic complement (CH50) and alternative pathway haemolytic complement activity were detected. However, the complement-mediated capacity of the sera to solubilise a pre-formed immune precipitate decreased significantly at 2 and 3 weeks (p less than 0.02 at 2 weeks, p less than 0.003 at 3 weeks). No C3 conversion could be detected by immunoelectrophoresis but alteration in C3 was attested by a significant increase in breakdown products of C3 by 1 week (p less than 0.002) and all were above the normal range after 3 weeks (p less than 0.0001). No aggregation of immunoglobulins could be detected using two immune complex assays. PMID- 7090335 TI - Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. IV. A comparison of HBV-associated serologic markers in HBsAg positive first-time and repeat blood donors. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine whether there were any differences in the distribution of hepatitis B virus-(HBV) associated serologic markers among hepatitis B surface antigen-(HBsAg) positive first-time and repeat blood donors. The markers examined in samples from 412 newly identified HBsAg-positive donors (254 first-time and 158 repeat) included HBsAg titer and subtype, HBeAg/anti-HBe, and anti-HBc. Repeat donors were more frequently HBeAg-positive (25.9%) than were first-time donors (17.7%). Anti-HBc and anti-HBe were observed more often among first-time (99.6 and 76%) than repeat (91.8 and 60.8%) donors. No differences were found in the mean HBsAg titer nor in the subtype distribution in the two populations. The frequency of HBeAg positivity and the mean HBsAg titer in blood were significantly lower among first-time donors aged 30 or older as compared to those younger than 30. Such age-related tendencies did not occur among the repeat donors. The profiles of HBV makers suggest that the HBsAg-positive first-time donor group consists predominantly of long-term HBsAg carriers who may have acquired HBV at an early age, while the HBsAg-positive repeat donors have newly acquired infections. PMID- 7090336 TI - Posttransfusion viability of rabbit erythrocytes preserved in a medium containing inosine, adenine, and isoosmotic sucrose. AB - A sucrose medium containing relatively great amounts of adenine and inosine (AIS CPD) was more effective for maintaining adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) levels of human erythrocytes for more than 35 days at 4 degrees C than control ACD-packed cells, sucrose medium (S-CPD), and sucrose medium containing a small amount of adenine. Then rabbit erythrocytes were used prior to in vivo test of human cells. (1) After storage for 5 weeks the ATP level (mumol/g Hb) was 3.25 in AIS-CPD, 2.65 in AISNa-CPD (AIS-CPD containing NACl plus sucrose instead of sucrose), 0.77 in S-CPD, and 0.42 in CPD (fresh: 5.39; n = 4 10). (2) The DPG level (mumol/g Hb) was AIS-CPD not equal to fresh greater than AISNa-CPD greater than S-CPD not equal to CPD. (3) The mean corpuscular volume decreased gradually in AIS-CPD. (4) The fragility of red cells decreased in AIS CPD. (5) The posttransfusion viability measured by the 51Cr method after storage of erythrocytes for 5 weeks was 84.5% in AIS-CPD, 70.6% in AISNa-CPD, 59.5% in S CPD, and 28.5% in CPD, 24 h after transfusion 14.9 in AIS-CPD, 9.9 in AISNa-CPD, 12.8 in S-CPD, and 8.4 in CPD (fresh: 14.0; n = 7-8). PMID- 7090337 TI - A simple method for isolating laboratory scale quantities of human serum albumin. PMID- 7090338 TI - [Level of antibodies to influenza viruses A and B in the blood sera of children under 13]. AB - The level of antibodies to influenza A (H1N1), A (H2N2), A (H3N2), and B viruses in the blood sera collected in October and November, 1980, from 224 children under 13 resident in Moscow and its suburbs was studied The results of the study showed convincingly the influenza A (H2N2) viruses did not circulate at that time among the population of Moscow and its suburbs. The 4 positive (not exceeding 1 : 40 findings in sera from younger children were due to the presence in them of the antibodies cross-reacting with A (H2N2) and A H3N2) viruses which could be completely eliminated from the sera by adsorption of the latter with A/USSR/174/79 (H3N2) virus. The A (H3N2) viruses were the main cause of ARD developing in children in July-September, 1980. These diseases appeared to be the closing part of the influenza A (H3N2) epidemic of 1979-1980. A high percentage of children with antibody titres of 1 : 40 or higher to A (H3N2) viruses indicated that these viruses could hardly cause an epidemic of influenza in children in 1980-1981. A low percentage of children with serum antibodies to influenza B virus (1-10%) in titres of 1 : 40 or higher indicated a possibility of occurrence of an epidemic of this etiology in Moscow in the season of 1980 1981. The occurrence of influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in this period was less likely because of higher levels of antibody to influenza viruses of this subspecies in the sera of children and particularly adults. PMID- 7090339 TI - [Abortive influenza virus infection of Ehrlich cells. Virion and subcellular fraction proteins]. AB - Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus produced noninfectious virus particles containing no M protein. Polypeptides P1, NP, and NS were synthesized in the infected ascites cells to the same concentration was in permissive cells (chick fibroblasts and MDCK cells); the synthesis of HA and M proteins was markedly disturbed, however. In the permissive cells, M protein was found in the fraction of the perinuclear martial and plasma membranes whereas in the ascitic cells M protein was detected only in perinuclear material but not in plasma membrane. Thus, nonpermissiveness of the ascitic cells appears to be due to disturbance of both synthesis and transport of M protein to the plasma membrane. PMID- 7090340 TI - [Course of influenza in cyclophosphane suppression of cellular and humeral immunity]. AB - Under conditions of immunosuppression of B- and T-cell functions with cyclophosphane, experimental influenza in mice infected with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) runs early in the infection a much milder course than in mice given no such treatment. The mortality among immunosuppressed mice was 5 times as low as in the controls; the virus could be isolated from the lung tissue earlier and in higher titres; cyclophosphane inhibited the synthesis of antibodies and nonspecific thermolabile and thermostable tissue and serum inhibitors. Hepatization of the lungs in immunosuppressed animals was considerably less marked. The effect of cyclophosphane appeared to depend on its antiinflammatory properties. PMID- 7090341 TI - [Cellular and humoral immunity studies after vaccination against influenza]. AB - The indices of cellular and humoral immunity (the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, T- and B cells, E- and EAC-RFC, blastogenic reaction of lymphocytes in response to treatment with phytohemagglutinin and influenza virus antigen in vitro, antihemagglutinin and influenza virus antigen in vitro, antihemmagglutinin titres) in humans vaccinated with different types of inactivated influenza vaccines produced in the USSR and the GDR were investigated. The immunogenic potency, general and immunological innocuity of the inactivated influenza vaccines under study and more marked stimulation of the B-system of immunity by them were demonstrated. PMID- 7090342 TI - [Mechanism of action of 2-(1'-aminoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane hydrochloride]. AB - The effect of 2-[1'-aminoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane chlorohydrate on the accumulation of hemagglutinating activity of chick embryo fibroblasts infected with influenza A/FPV/Rostock/34 (Hav1N1) and A/WSN/33 (H0N1) was studied. The drug inhibited hemagglutinines accumulation when added at various intervals after infection, the maximum effect having been observed upon its addition to the maintenance medium immediately after adsorption. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the drug to reduce the synthesis of virus-specific proteins of A/FPV and to inhibit considerably the transcriptase activity of A/FPV and A/WSN viruses in vitro. PMID- 7090343 TI - [Characteristics of the degree and spectrum of antiviral activity of 2-(1' aminoethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane hydrochloride]. AB - A high activity of a bicycloheptane derivative against influenza viruses, poor activity against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis and parainfluenza type 3 viruses, and the lack of activity against herpes simplex, vaccinia, ECHO 6, adenovirus type 3 replicating in tissue cultures were demonstrated. The efficacy of the drug in orthomyxovirus infection of tissue culture includes the viruses with the antigenic formula A (H3N2) and A (H1N1), is poor with the A/PR8/34 (H0N1) virus, and lacking with influenza B virus. The characteristics of antiviral activity of the drug obtained in tissue culture, chick embryos, and white mice were not inferior to that of remantadine. Animal experiments demonstrated its lower toxicity as compared with remantadine allowing it to be used in higher doses, thereby exceeding the effect of remantadine. PMID- 7090344 TI - [Use of preparative electrophoresis for isolating the light-chain hemagglutinin of the influenza virus]. AB - A two-step method for isolation of HA2 polypeptide, the light chain of influenza virus hemagglutinin, from influenza virions is described. The method consists in obtaining a preparation of surface glycoproteins by means of their solubilization from virions with a cation detergent (cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide) followed by fractionation of this preparation by preparative electrophoresis. Relative molecular weights of HA2 and other polypeptides comprising the virion have been determined. The method was used with a recombinant MRC-11 strain. PMID- 7090345 TI - [Isolation of preparative amounts of influenza virus neuraminidase by affinity chromatography]. AB - Synthesis of neuraminidase activity in an affinity column with an inhibitor para amino-phenyloxamine acid (PAPOA), immobilized on sepharose via tripeptide "spacer" (glycyl-glycyl-tyrosine) is described as well as the conditions of PAPOA synthesis. The column has been tested for isolation of neuraminidase types N1 and N2 from various influenza virus strains. The strain specificity of the action of the column in neuraminidase isolation was demonstrated. Neuraminidase free from admixtures has been isolated from the A/PR8/34, A/FM/1/47 and recombinant X-7 strains. PMID- 7090347 TI - [Parent and recombinant influenza virus A strains differing in the degree of remantadine sensitivity]. AB - The pattern of inheritance in recombination of various degrees of sensitivity of influenza viruses to remantadine was studied and the genes responsible for the manifestation of this character with regard to the degree of the strain sensitivity to the inhibitor were determined. The results suggest that resistance to 10 microgram/ml remantadine in most cases was determined by the inheritance of the gene coding for the membrane protein, whereas the sensitivity to 10 microgram/ml remantadine most frequently correlated with inheritance of hemagglutinin of the strain sensitive to this inhibitor. The resistance to high remantadine concentration was shown to have features of a polygenic marker as indicated by the occurrence of intermediate forms among the recombinants. Influenza A (H1N1) viruses and strains with the antigenic structure of A (H3N2) isolated in 1979-1981 were more resistant to remantadine, in some cases even to subtoxic concentrations of it. Influenza A (H2N2) and A (H3N2) as a rule were sensitive even to low concentrations of inhibitor. PMID- 7090346 TI - [Dynamics of 3H-remantadine accumulation of elimination in mouse tissues]. AB - The dynamics of remantadine accumulation in and elimination from mouse tissues were studied by a radioactive method after a single oral administration of the drug to mice. The maximum accumulation of remantadine in their organs was observed 30 min after administration, the half-elimination period did not exceed 2 hours. PMID- 7090349 TI - [Effectiveness of humoral and cellular protective factors in experimental influenza]. AB - The results of application of a new experimental approach proposed by A. A. Smorodintsev in investigations of a comparative defensive role of cellular and humoral factors of influenza immunity in the phenomena of recovery are presented. A more marked effect on the processes of recovery of cellular defence factors in infected mice than those of the sera of the same animal donors was observed. The effectiveness of the action of the cellular factors of immunity on the development of experimental influenza infection depended on the duration of the viral process to a lesser extent than the effect of homologous antibodies. The protective activity of lymphocytes and macrophages of inflammatory exudates was particularly high when the cells obtained early after immunization (4-5 days) were used. PMID- 7090348 TI - [Thermoactivation of poly(G).poly(C): a description of the effect and its hypothetical mechanism]. AB - Heating of poly(G).poly(C) complex solutions at a temperature about 100 degrees C was shown to overcome a decrease in the antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of the preparations which were obtained at relatively high concentrations of polynucleotides from poly(G) stored in solution, or were stored frozen themselves. These unfavourable conditions contributed to stabilization of the poly(g) secondary structure and decrease in the degree of regularity of the complex molecules. The results suggest that thermal activation of such poly (G). poly(C) preparations occurred in 2 stages by melting residual free regions of poly(G) and their subsequent interaction with poly(C) with formation of a more regular complex. PMID- 7090350 TI - [Transfection conditions for baculovirus DNA in an insect cell line]. AB - The following conditions were found to be necessary to achieve infection of a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line with purified DNA of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exempta (NPV): (1) cell monolayers shall be prepared one day before the experiment; the number of cells added to 35-mm wells of plastic clusters (Falcon) shall be 1.0 X10(6)-1.1X10(6), and the cells shall be in the stage of logarythmic growth; DNA shall be diluted in HeBS-buffer (pH 6.95-7.05); the volume of the mixtures added per well shall be 0.3 to 0.5 ml; (2) DNA calcium phosphate mixture shall be prepared for 20-30 min at 20 degrees C; (3) the cells shall be inoculated with the DNA-calcium-phosphate mixture for 45-60 min at 28 degrees C; (4) dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) shall be added 4 hours post-inoculation for 4 min; (5) the upper agarose layer (0.75% agarose) shall be added after 2 hours of incubation in the cell growth medium TC-100 after DMSO had been added. Under these conditions the specific activity of Spodoptera exempta NPHV DNA may achieve the value of 2.26 X 10(3) plaque-forming centres per 1 microgram. PMID- 7090351 TI - [Experience with the use of immunoglobulin prophylaxis of hepatitis A in the Lithuanian SSR. The prophylactic action of different doses of a commercial immunoglobulin in a pre-epidemic period]. PMID- 7090352 TI - [Experience with the use of immunoglobulin prophylaxis of hepatitis A in the lithuanian SSR. The prophylactic action of different doses of a commercial immunoglobulin depending on the epidemic situation]. PMID- 7090353 TI - [IS system for internists]. PMID- 7090354 TI - [Serotonin in arterial hypertension]. AB - Serotonine was determined in 67 patients, 39 with arterial hypertension and 28- with normal arterial pressure. The patients are grouped into three: first group- males and females with confirmed atherosclerosis without and with systolic hypertension; the second group covers males with atherosclerosis without and with systolic hypertension and the third group --males and females with hypertonic diseases, II stage, the basic disease being complicated by atherosclerosis. The highest serotonine values were found in the patient groups without and with systolic hypertension, hypertonic disease with systolic-diastolic hypertension in males with diagnosed atherosclerosis. Serotonine impressed to be relatively lower in the females with hypertonic disease and atherosclerosis. Some humoral factors in females are presumed to be probable causes for those differences but further studies are still necessary. PMID- 7090355 TI - [Indications for the stimulation and control of patients with an artificial pacemaker]. PMID- 7090356 TI - [Ultrasonic studies of the abdominal organs. II. Its diagnostic value in liver diseases]. AB - Five hundred fifty three patients with diffuse and focal liver processes were examined via ultrasound tomography, with confirmed diagnosis by punch biopsy according to Mengini (23), laparoscopy (437), laparotomy (58), at necropsy (30) and with clinical accurate diagnosis in liver stasis (5). Accurate echographic diagnosis was made in 65.9 per cent of chronic hepatitis (from 88 patients), in 68.9 per cent of liver cirrhosis (from 228 patients), in 81.8 per cent of liver steatosis (from 33 patients). In 71 patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites the accurate diagnosis was made in 89.3 per cent. The coincidence between ultrasound and morphological diagnosis in metastatic liver carcinomas in 80.2 per cent (from 91 patients), in primary--72.2 per cent (from 18 patients) and in echinococcus cysts--96,3 per cent (from 82 patients). Ultrasound tomography has undoubted diagnostic value in diffuse and focal solid and cyst formations of liver in particular. The results obtained, for the proper interpretation, are necessary to be compared with those from the other investigation methods and the clinical data in the process of making the final diagnosis. PMID- 7090357 TI - [Our experience with the diet treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias]. PMID- 7090358 TI - [Serum lipid studies of hyperlipoproteinemia patients during diet therapy with pectin preparations]. AB - Seventy one patients with nutritional-metabolic obesity (II--IV degree) were examined, with or without hyperlipoproteinemia, treated in hospitals or sanatoria for 25 days. The effect of the hypoenergy diet regimen (5,94 kJ = 1460 cal) was studied, that was combined with an average daily import of 11 g esterified, apple pectin (in fruit pastes and drinks) upon the level of 6 serum lipid indices. A decrease (less than 0,05) of total cholesterol, triglycerides and some other lipid indices was established both in the patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type II (IIa and IIb) and type IV, in those without hyperlipoproteinemia syndrome as well. Due to the hypolipidemic effect established the newly produced articles with high esterified apple pectin are recommended in the complex treatment of the patients with obesity (with or without secondary hyperlipoproteinemeia. PMID- 7090359 TI - [Biochemical characteristic of arteriosclerosis and obesity in the industrial and agricultural complex of Burgas]. AB - The following indices were determined in 444 subjects (healthy, patients with various forms of atherosclerosis and obese subjects) with the study of a representative population group from IAC--Burgas: total cholesterol, cholesterol in beta-lipoproteins, lecithin, cholesterol-lecithin index, total fats, beta lipoproteins, esterified fatty acids and uric acid. The biochemical syndrome of atherosclerosis is characterized by moderate (and not ebigatorily in each case) increase of lipid indices and uric acid in serum. The hyperlipidmic syndrome is more frequent and better manisfested in the patients with obesity. That syndrome in the patients with body overweight could be considered to increase the risk of early atherosclerotic complications. PMID- 7090360 TI - [Renal biopsy following ultrasonic localization of the kidney]. AB - Venous urography is the method most frequently applied in the localization of the kidney for percutaneous renal biopsy. It, however, cannot be applied to patients with acute or chronic renal insufficiency as well as to patients, hypersensitive to roentgen contrast media. The ultrasound localization of the kidney solves that problem. The results from 25 renal biopsies are reported, performed after ultrasound localization of left kidney. That mode is less harmful for the patients, avoiding the occasional side effects of venous urography, the examination being cheaper. PMID- 7090361 TI - [Intravenous "pulsed" methylprednisolone treatment of severe collagenic and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis]. AB - The results are reported from the "pulse" methylprednisolone treatment of seven patients with severe collagenic and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis. Good effect was obtained in six patients, manifested in increased and maintained relatively high diuresis, decreased proteinuria and erythocyturia, slowed down ESR, lower values of plasma creatinine, increased creatinine, normalization of the majority of immunologic deviations. The patients with good effect were in a good condition till the end of the follow up, with no complaints, afebrile, without edemas and no manifestations of hypercorticism. The "pulse" intravenous methylprednisolone treatment is concluded to be an effective therapeutic method in rapidlyprogressing, abruptly deteriorated collagenic glomerulonephritis, as well as those with no effect after a combined anticoagulant, immunosuppressive and oral corticosteroid treatment. PMID- 7090362 TI - [Results of the use of ultrasonic diagnosis in kidney diseases]. AB - The results are reported from application of ultrasound diagnostics (echography) of 400 patients with renal diseases. The diagnoses were confirmed by venous urography, isotope nephrography, scintigraphy and punch renal biopsy. One hundred eighty seven of the patients are with pyelonephritis with and without concretions and hydronephrosis, 50--with diffuse diseases, 34--with congenital diseases, 22- with focal alterations, 10--with diseases of the bladder and prostate, other diseases--88 patients. Out of all etiological entities--19 silent kidneys were diagnoses. Hydronephrosis proved to be the most frequent cause of the silent kidney. The results obtained stress upon the significance of echography as a diagnostic method. PMID- 7090363 TI - [Crescents in focal (mesangiopathic) glomerulonephritis]. AB - The main pathological alterations in focal glomerulonephritis are found in mesangium. The capillary walls are almost intact or slightly affected. In spite of that the epithelial crescents in that diseases are very frequent. There is no explanation available about that fact in literature. With the electron microscopic examination of punch biopsic material of a girl, aged 17, with focal glomerulonephritis a phenomenon not described so far, was observed. Laceration of the trunk and not capillary basal membrane was observed in the mesangial trank with numerous electron dense depositions and formation of a crescent, merging directly into the mesangial matrix. That finding, single and wanting a confirmation, is considered to be worth reporting. It could give an explanation of the fact why so many delineated crescents are so often found in focal glomerulonephritis, though the alterations in the peripheral capillary walls are relatively scarce and light. PMID- 7090364 TI - [Electron-dense deposits in membranous nephropathy: mode and site of the deposit]. AB - Some facts were established, with the electron microscopic studies on punch biopsy material from patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy, that cannot be explained by Karnowsky theory about the two filters of glomerular capillary wall--rough basal membrane and fine podocyte. Those facts are: I. Multilayer, one upon the other, build up of dense material; 2. Finding of fresh dense material upon the repeatedly thickened basal membranes with their filtration ability being preserved is hard to believe. The pathological alterations described in membranous nephropathy could have their explanation if proceeding from Farquhar theory (Caulifield and Farquhar, 1974; Farquhar, 1975) about the basal membrane as the only filter of glomerular capillary wall and the epithelial cell--as monitor. The antigen-antibody complexes formed and dissolved in blood are filtered through the capillary basal membrane, hance penetrating into the glomerular space. There they are taken up by podocyte and returned, being deposited at the site of attachment of its own podocyte pedicle. The spikes are formed by the withdrawing adjacent pedicle, originating from another neighbouring podocyte. The facts described about glomerular pathology are not only properly explained by the theory of the single filter of glomerular capillary and its monitor but are a proof of M. Farquhar theory as well. PMID- 7090365 TI - [Heterolateral renal dystopia (2 cases)]. AB - The authors observed two cases with crossed renal dystopia, to which venous urography, renal scintigraphy, echographic and gamma-chamber investigations were performed. The venous urography, in case of the appropriate symptomatics, is stressed to be able to establish the presence of heterolateral dystopia by as far as the distributional function of the anomaly is concerned--the gamma-chamber investigation is with the highest information value. PMID- 7090366 TI - [Case of vascular compression of the middle kidney calix (a variant of Fraley syndrome]. PMID- 7090367 TI - Risk of complications during intravenous heparin therapy. AB - The records of all patients to whom heparin was dispensed by the pharmacy of the University of California Medical Center, San Diego, during the year 1979 were reviewed. A total of 131 patients above age 15 met the inclusion criteria-they had received more than 10,000 units of heparin per 24 hours for at least 24 hours. All 131 patients were administered heparin by continuous intravenous infusion by peristaltic pump. All heparin was porcine heparin from a single commercial source. The daily mean minimum dose averaged 19,700 units, the maximum, 25,600 units. The activated partial thromboplastin time, usually measured once a day, was the only test used to monitor the dose. Major complicating events occurred in 13 patients (10 percent), and minor complicating events occurred in 10 patients (7.6 percent). All major complicating events occurred in patients with serious concurrent diseases. In subpopulations of 58 patients without concurrent disease, and of 24 in whom heparin was initiated for suspicion of thromboembolism that was not confirmed, no major complicating events occurred. These data indicate that continuous, intravenous administration of heparin is associated with minimal risk, and that risk is concentrated among older patients with serious concurrent disease. PMID- 7090368 TI - Cerebellar hemorrhage as evaluated by computerized tomography. AB - Nine patients with cerebellar hemorrhage were examined initially with computerized tomographic (CT) scanning. CT appearance in combination with clinical state determined therapy. The most common presenting symptoms were headache, ataxia and vomiting, usually with alterations in the level of consciousness. Three patients were comatose. In five patients surgical evacuation of the hematoma was done and one of these died. Two who were moribund at presentation were not operated on and succumbed. The remaining two did not require operation and recovered. Early investigation with CT scanning considerably aided decisions as to the appropriate method of treatment. PMID- 7090369 TI - Cosmetic surgical procedures for the aging face. AB - In the past decade there has been a remarkable increase in the number of patients having cosmetic operations to achieve a more youthful appearance. Demographic, social and economic factors in our society have contributed to this phenomenon, along with an increase in the number of trained plastic surgeons. Moreover, there recently have been major technical advances in aesthetic surgical procedures, including innovations in anesthetic techniques. The newer procedures for forehead plasty, blepharoplasty and face lift are based on improved understanding of the facial anatomy. The operations are more complex and extensive, but experience has shown that they can be done safely. Correction of the changes of facial aging has been enhanced and the duration of the result has been prolonged. PMID- 7090372 TI - The risks and benefits of heparin therapy. PMID- 7090371 TI - Malaria: a modern dilemma. AB - Malaria remains endemic in large areas of the world, from many of which the United States is receiving more and more immigrants. Because of this, and rapid intercontinental travel, American physicians are likely to again encounter this relatively unfamiliar and potentially rapidly fatal disease. Accurate diagnosis and quick intervention depend upon physician awareness of the pleomorphic clinical manifestations of malaria, its laboratory identification and therapeutic approaches. PMID- 7090370 TI - The menopause. AB - Hormone-replacement therapy for postmenopausal women has associated benefits and risks. The advantages of the administration of estrogen to postmenopausal women include preventing or reversing the atrophic changes of the genitourinary system, slowing of facial aging, relieving hot flushes and psychological symptoms, preventing atherosclerotic heart disease and retarding the development of osteoporosis. The disadvantages of the administration of estrogen to postmenopausal women include rare but serious clinical sequelae associated with the ingestion of the synthetic estrogen when it is one component of the combination oral contraceptives, increased risk of cancer developing in the estrogen-dependent organs and uterine bleeding. The benefits of long-term cyclic estrogen-gestagen therapy in preventing osteoporosis far outweigh the risks. PMID- 7090373 TI - Menopause--a medical challenge. PMID- 7090374 TI - T3 toxicosis due to nonmetastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 7090375 TI - 'Opening up' the health care system. Public protection and personal freedom. PMID- 7090376 TI - A program for breast cancer detection. PMID- 7090377 TI - Paralysis and rhabdomyolysis: a presenting feature of celiac disease. PMID- 7090378 TI - Lumpectomy and irradiation in the treatment of early carcinoma of the breast. AB - In the past two decades, the increasing ability of radiation to control local tumors in many organs, including the breast, has been well documented. In the past five years, the use of chemotherapy has also assumed a major role in treating micrometastases in breast cancer in selected premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. These two developments have forced a reappraisal of local modalities in the treatment of breast cancer. Even before the advent of chemotherapy it was known that mastectomy alone was not successful in providing local control and thus adjunctive irradiation when axillae were histologically positive has been used to substantially reduce local recurrence rate. Studies now show that excisional biopsy followed by definitive irradiation accomplishes essentially the same local control, stage by stage, as mastectomy with adjunctive radiation therapy in selected cases. Also, similar five- and ten-year survival rates have been obtained in all recent series. Irradiation appears to be at least comparable with mastectomy for control of cancer of the breast, but with better functional and cosmetic results. PMID- 7090380 TI - Clinical management conference. Interstitial lung disease in an elderly woman. AB - This is a Clinical Management Conference (CMC) presented at a community hospital. It differs from conventional teaching conferences in that (1) the focus of analysis is direct patient benefit and diagnosis is regarded as a secondary process, (2) it seeks to provide an understanding of logical approaches to patient management while confronted with numerous uncertainties caused by an inadequate scientific base, (3) there is no absolute answer provided and (4) the conference involves the entire audience of physicians as direct participants. PMID- 7090379 TI - Campylobacter enteritis in Denver. AB - To determine the relative importance of Campylobacter jejuni as a cause of diarrheal illness in patients coming to three hospitals in Denver, we cultured stool specimens from 2,670 patients over a two-year period. C jejuni was identified in the feces of 124 patients (4.6 percent), Salmonella from 90 (3.4 percent) and Shigella from 77 (2.9 percent). Most Campylobacter isolates were obtained in the summer months and from patients 10 to 29 years old. The illness usually lasted less than two weeks; predominant symptoms were diarrhea (98 percent), abdominal pain (88 percent) and fever (82 percent); patients with severe illness frequently had objective evidence of nonspecific colitis. Occult blood and leukocytes were present in stool specimens of 71 percent and 85 percent, respectively, of the patients tested. The duration and severity of illness led to antibiotic therapy in about half of the patients; erythromycin appeared effective. This study confirms the importance of C jejuni as a cause of enteritis; this microorganism should be sought routinely in fecal specimens from patients with diarrhea. PMID- 7090383 TI - Rising health care costs. PMID- 7090381 TI - Achromobacter pneumonia. PMID- 7090382 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis with polycythemia. PMID- 7090384 TI - Current problems in medical practice. As viewed by California physicians. PMID- 7090386 TI - Cytological diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. PMID- 7090385 TI - Major and minor segmentectomies "reglees" in liver surgery. PMID- 7090387 TI - Biliary scintiscanning in suspected acute cholecystitis. PMID- 7090388 TI - Operative procedures in the management of liver hydatidoses. PMID- 7090389 TI - Nonpalpable breast lesions: mammographic wire-guided biopsy and radiologic histologic correlation. PMID- 7090390 TI - Lymphography of the breast as an accessory in the early diagnosis and detection of carcinoma of the breast: lymphography as a prognostic tool. PMID- 7090391 TI - Simultaneous colostomy and ileostomy--ileostomy with an autonomically continent sphincter. PMID- 7090392 TI - Benign liver tumors. PMID- 7090393 TI - Surgical anatomy and anatomical surgery of the liver. PMID- 7090394 TI - Resection and embolization in the management of secondary hepatic tumors. PMID- 7090395 TI - Temporary liver dearterialization in patients with metastatic carcinoid disease. PMID- 7090396 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver: improvement in sight? PMID- 7090397 TI - Metastatic disease in the liver from colorectal cancer: an appraisal of liver surgery. PMID- 7090398 TI - The Aarhus County Vagotomy Trial: trends in the problem of recurrent ulcer after parietal cell vagotomy and selective gastric vagotomy with drainage. PMID- 7090399 TI - Low-risk thoracic vagotomy for anastomotic ulceration. PMID- 7090401 TI - Sepsis and asepsis in large bowel cancer surgery. PMID- 7090400 TI - Measurement of duodenogastric reflux with 99mTc-HIDA in duodenal ulcer patients. PMID- 7090402 TI - The effect of bowel preparation on colonic surgery. PMID- 7090403 TI - Intestinal antisepsis: rationale and results. PMID- 7090404 TI - The influence of antibiotics on infection and anastomotic recurrence after colon resection for cancer. PMID- 7090406 TI - Resection of liver metastases. PMID- 7090405 TI - Plasma clearance of bromsulphalein (BSP) in children with biliary atresia and other hepatobiliary disorders. PMID- 7090407 TI - Free perforation of the small bowel in Crohn's disease. PMID- 7090408 TI - Reconstruction of the pylorus. PMID- 7090409 TI - The value of revisional surgery for the treatment of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis. PMID- 7090410 TI - Motor and electrical activity of the gastroduodenal junction before and after submucosal pyloroplasty. PMID- 7090411 TI - Remote salmonella infections. PMID- 7090412 TI - Sarcoid polyradiculoneuropathy with myelographic confirmation. PMID- 7090413 TI - Long-term, ambulatory, continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma in the liver. PMID- 7090414 TI - Pneumococcal disease in a Wisconsin community hospital. PMID- 7090415 TI - Management of footling breech presentation. PMID- 7090416 TI - Species differences in the disposition and metabolism of 1-methyl-3-(3-pyridyl)-5 (2-hydroxy-methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole, a potential sedative-hypnotic compound. AB - 1. Disposition and metabolism of 1-methyl-3-(3-pyridyl)-5-(2-hydroxy methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole, a new sedative-hypnotic, were studied in rats (i.v. and p.o.), cats (i.v.) and human volunteers (p.o.) with 14C-labelled drug. 2. In rat and man, the compound is well absorbed, extensively metabolized, and excreted mostly through the kidney; it has short plasma half-lives, 0.6 h in rat, 0.9 h in man, and 1.9 h in cat. 3. In rat and man metabolism involves N-oxidation of the pyridine ring (Metabolite I), and in cat oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group (Metabolite II). Four other conjugated metabolites (III-VI) isolated from rat urine and bile, and from urine of cats and man, have been characterized. 4. The unchanged compound, but not its metabolites, crosses the blood-brain barrier in rat and cat. 5. The species differences in the disposition and metabolism of the compound are consistent with previous pharmacological data indicating a greater and more prolonged effect in cat. PMID- 7090417 TI - Hepatic microsomal metabolism and macromolecular binding of the antioxidant, N phenyl-2-naphthylamine. AB - 1. The hepatic microsomal metabolism of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (P2NA), an industrial antioxidant and suspected carcinogen, was studied in seven mammalian species to determine if N-dephenylation, reported to occur in vivo, could be demonstrated in vitro and if macromolecular binding occurs without an obligatory N-dephenylation. 2. The rate of hepatic microsomal metabolism decreased in the order: hamster much greater than mouse greater than rat congruent to monkey congruent to dog greater than human congruent to pig. Metabolism was increased by pretreatment with 3-methycholanthrene or phenobarbital and decreased by carbon monoxide or 2-[2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl)phenoxy]-ethylamine, which indicated the involvement of cytochrome P-450 rather than the flavoprotein mixed-function oxidase. 3. All seven species produced two major metabolites identified as 6 hydroxy-P2NA and 4-'hydroxy-P2NA. The carcinogen 2-naphthylamine was not detected in the microsomal incubations. 4. Incubations in the presence of 18O2 indicated that the oxygen incorporated in the products came from molecular oxygen. 5. There was a time-dependent linear increase in covalent binding of P2NA to microsomal protein and the extent of binding approximately paralleled the rate of metabolism. Thus, macromolecular binding of this aromatic amine appears to occur without an obligatory N-dephenylation and may be due to the metabolic formation of epoxides. PMID- 7090418 TI - The metabolism of pyrene by rat liver microsomes and the influence of various mono-oxygenase inducers. AB - 1. Pyrene metabolite g.l.c. profiles were recorded and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry. 2. Pyrene is metabolized by liver microsomes of untreated rats to 1-hydroxypyrene, 4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene, two different diphenols and a triol, tentatively identified as 1,4,5-trihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene. 3. Pretreatment with phenobarbital or polychlorinated biphenyls favours oxidation at the K-region, whereas cytochrome P-448 inducers stimulate oxidation at the non-K region of pyrene. 4. 1-Hydroxypyrene does not inhibit pyrene oxidation. 5. Pyrene diphenols are formed by secondary oxidation of 1-hydroxypyrene. 6. Triols are formed from dihydrodiols by secondary oxidation. PMID- 7090419 TI - Inhibition of microsomal drug oxidations by aliphatic halohydrocarbons: correlation with vapour pressure. AB - 1. The effects of 12 halogenated aliphatic compounds on microsomal N dealkylation, C-hydroxylation and N-oxidation of N-methylaniline and N hydroxylation of p-chloroaniline were determined in closed reaction vessels. 2. There is no correlation between the volatility of the agents investigated and their binding characteristics to oxidized or reduced microsomal cytochrome P-450. 3. High correlation was observed between inhibiton of cytochrome P-450-mediated drug oxidations and the boiling points (vapour pressure) of the individual compounds. The N-oxidation of N-methylaniline, which is not catalysed by cytochrome P-450, did not show this correlation. 4. Other factors e.g. ligand formation with reduced cytochrome P-450, lipid peroxidation and haem destruction, production of carbon monoxide, and alterations of microsomal cofactors, did not produce significant inhibition. 5. Many artefacts occur when reaction velocities, inhibition constants and optical affinities to microsomal cytochromes are determined for volatile chemicals under uncontrolled conditions. PMID- 7090420 TI - Identification of phenolic acids in human urine by ion monitoring. AB - 1. Two-different double derivatization techniques and two different g.l.c. systems were used to separate isomeric phenolic carboxylic acids in normal human urine. 2. Carboxylic acids were converted into n-butyl esters and phenolic functions into trifluoroacetic acid esters. 3. n-Butyl trifluoroacetoxybenzoates were separated by g.l.c. and detected by mass spectrometric single-ion monitoring. 4. Trifluoroacetates were hydrolysed under mild conditions, and liberated phenolic groups were subjected to flash methylation. 5. n-Butyl methoxybenzoates were separated by g.l.c. and detected by flame ionization. 6. All derivatives were identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic reference standards. 7. The urine of a normal vegetarian volunteer was examined. 8. The presence of meta- and para-hydroxybenzoic acids, vanillic acid and isovanillic acid was confirmed by unambiguous techniques. PMID- 7090421 TI - Metabolism in the rat of potassium DL-octan-2-sulphate, a secondary alkyl sulphate. AB - 1. The metabolism of potassium [2-14C]octan-2-sulphate and potassium octan-2 [35S]sulphate was investigated in the rat. Following oral administration, the bulk of the radioactivity was eliminated in the urine within 24 h. 2. Whole-body radioautography showed the liver to be the principal site of tissue accumulation of radiolabel following administration of 14C- or 35S-labelled DL-octan-2 sulphate. 3. Octan-2-sulphate was extensively degraded in vivo. The major urinary components are five sulphate estes, present in urine in essentially the same proportions regardless of label. The relative proportions of radioactivity associated with the urinary components showed considerable differences between male and female rats. 4. Three of the components have been identified as butanoate-3-sulphate, hexanoate-5-sulphate and octanoate-7-sulphate. The remaining metabolite was tentatively identified as an aldehyde derivative of octan-2-sulphate, a possible intermediate in the formation of octanoate-7 sulphate. PMID- 7090422 TI - Body residue and metabolism of adriamycin and daunorubicin in control and phenobarbital-pretreated mice. AB - 1. Metabolism of adriamycin (ADR) and daunorubicin (DR) was investigated in DBA/2Ha mice after i.p. injection and compared with that in phenobarbital pretreated animals. At 24 h after drug administration 83% of ADR and 67% of DR derived fluorescence were recovered from cadavers and excreta. Destruction of anthracyclines in excreta to non-fluorescent materials could be partly responsible for the low recoveries. 2. ADR was metabolized to a limited extent in mice. At 24 h 70% dose was detected as the unchanged drug and only 13% as its deoxyaglycones. 3. DR was metabolized more extensively. At 24 h 29% of the dose was as the unchanged drug, while 32% was present as daunorubicinol (DROL) and 16% as aglycones. Phenobarbital did not significantly affect these parameters. 4. In phenobarbital-pretreated mice there was a marked increase in the amount of ADR or DR aglycones in the liver, and a decrease in the levels of unchanged ADR or DR. PMID- 7090423 TI - Hepatic microsomal metabolism of 1,3-butadiene. AB - 1. In rat liver microsomes, 1,3-butadiene was metabolized to butadiene monoxide, which was subsequently transformed into 3-butene-1,2-diol by microsomal epoxide hydrolase. 2. In the metabolism of butadiene oxide in microsomes, four metabolites were detected, namely two stereoisomers of DL-diepoxybutane, and two stereoisomers of 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol. No meso-diepoxybutane was detected. PMID- 7090424 TI - Metabolism of paracetamol by the isolated perfused kidney of the homozygous Gunn rat. AB - 1. Isolated kidneys from homozygous Gunn rats were perfused with paracetamol in concentrations lower and higher than Km for paracetamol oxidation in the albino rat kidney. 2. Glucuronylation of paracetamol was not detected at either concentration. 3. An increase in oxidative metabolism at the higher concentration, similar to that seen with the Sprague-Dawley rat kidney, did not occur with kidneys from homozygous Gunn rats. 4. This finding does not support the hypothesis that the enhanced nephrotoxicity of paracetamol observed in the homozygous Gunn rat in vivo is due to increased intrarenal formation of reactive metabolites. PMID- 7090425 TI - Metabolism of lofepramine by rat liver microsomes. AB - 1. The metabolism of lofepramine in vitro by rat liver microsomes was studied. The enzyme system involved was dependent on cytochrome P-450 and the main metabolites were desmethylimipramine (DMI), formaldehyde and p-chlorobenzoic acid. 2. Microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital or 3 methylcholanthrene showed enhanced lofepramine metabolizing activity. The induction was reflected in increased Vmax values, whereas Km values were not changed. 3. Pretreatment of rats with lofepramine or DMI did not alter the rate of aniline hydroxylation, aminopyrine demethylation or lofepramine metabolism per mg microsomal protein. Nor was the amount of cytochrome P-450 changed. 4. Lofepramine, imipramine and DMI inhibited competitively the microsomal hydroxylation of aniline in vitro. Lofepramine was the most potent inhibitor, which probably reflects the higher lipophilicity of this compound. PMID- 7090426 TI - A comparison of the metabolism and elimination of benzanilide and salicylanilide in the rat. AB - 1. The metabolism and elimination of benzanilide and salicylanilide in rats were compared. 2. For both compounds, greater than 70% dose was excreted in urine with 20% in faeces, in 3 days. 3. With [14C]benzanilide and [14C]salicylanilide, 40% and 35% respectively of the 14C was excreted in the bile in 24 h. 4. Benzanilide was metabolized to 4'-hydroxybenzanilide (24%), 2-hydroxybenzanilide (salicylanilide, 19%) and 2'-hydroxybenzanilide (13%), with small amounts of 4 hydroxybenzanilide. 5. Salicylanilide was excreted unchanged (56%) with small amounts of the 5-hydroxy and 4'-hydroxy-derivatives. 6. All metabolites were present as glucuronide conjugates; the free aglycones were not found. PMID- 7090427 TI - [Effect of phosphate starvation on growth and macromolecular composition of Candida spec. H]. AB - With Candida spec. H during phosphate starvation the changes occurring in the macromolecular cell composition and growth parameters were studied. In the absence of exogenous phosphate, but in the presence of carbon source (n-alkanes or glucose) and nitrogen source, the cells exponentially grow some time, whereas cell composition undergoes several changes. Both the nucleic acid and protein levels of the yeasts decreased. At the same time lipids were accumulated, especially with n-alkanes as carbon source. The carbohydrate content increased only slight, although the carbon source was in excess. The results were discussed. PMID- 7090428 TI - [The biomechanics of the normal and prearthrotic hip joint]. PMID- 7090429 TI - [Stress fractures of the tibia, fibula and metatarsals--a result of increase in inappropriate strain]. PMID- 7090430 TI - [Epidemiologic examinations on the problem of the relation between degenerative diseases of the locomotor apparatus and the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 7090431 TI - [Diagnosis and course of femur head necrosis (analysis of 65 cases of femur head necrosis)]. PMID- 7090432 TI - [Diagnostic program in skeletal metastases of unknown primary tumors]. PMID- 7090433 TI - [Differential indications for operative interventions in coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis]. PMID- 7090434 TI - [Problems of operative therapy of disk prolapse beyond the 50th year of life]. PMID- 7090435 TI - [Senile osteoporosis]. PMID- 7090436 TI - [Senile changes in the area of the cervical spine]. PMID- 7090437 TI - [Determination of cyanide in soil and waste]. PMID- 7090438 TI - [Mycological study on the epidemiologic status of pedicure parlors]. PMID- 7090439 TI - [Evaluation of biological effects of hydrogen chloride]. PMID- 7090440 TI - [Room climate studies of nurseries in Hungary]. PMID- 7090441 TI - [Occurrence of the tropical beetle Ahasverus advena (WALTL, 1832) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) in modern apartment buildings]. PMID- 7090442 TI - [Lichen transplantation in small towns - possibility of hygienic air monitoring]. PMID- 7090443 TI - [Sensitization of children by brief fowl allergen exposure]. PMID- 7090444 TI - [Experimental examinations on total DDT residues (p,p'DDT + p,p'-DDE) in fetuses and placentas]. PMID- 7090445 TI - [Examination of shigella in ground meat and raw sausage]. PMID- 7090447 TI - [Studies on determination of Haemin -(x-) dependence in strains of genus Haemophilus based on porphobilinogen/porphyrin detection]. PMID- 7090448 TI - [Rehabilitation of handicapped children and adolescents in vacation camps]. PMID- 7090446 TI - [Tolerance test of DPT vaccine in the hexobarbital test]. PMID- 7090449 TI - [Experimental comparative studies on thin-layer chromatographic detection limits of parasubstituted phenol bonds in watery model solutions]. PMID- 7090450 TI - [Study on the biodegradation of monovalent and polyvalent phenol compounds in waters]. PMID- 7090451 TI - [Hygienic and technical conditions Berlin indoor pools 1979 - status report]. PMID- 7090452 TI - [Chlorine concentration in the swimmer's breathing zone]. PMID- 7090453 TI - [Experimental study on quantitative thin-layer chromatography of polyphenols using the extinction recording apparatus with intergrator ERI 65 m of VEB Carl Zeiss Jena - contribution to the analysis of phenol compounds in waters]. PMID- 7090454 TI - [Definitions of various technical terms used in waste disposal]. PMID- 7090455 TI - [Technical equipment of soil hygiene laboratories]. PMID- 7090456 TI - [Disposal of industrial waste - report on disposal of paint remnants on a common dump for harmful substances]. PMID- 7090457 TI - [Lead and cadmium in soil]. PMID- 7090458 TI - [New aspects of chronic occupational manganese poisoning]. AB - Wherever workers are professionally exposed to manganese and its compounds, but particularly in brown haematite mills, a chronic occupational manganese intoxication may appear with the picture of an expressed results of own investigations on 45 workers of a brown haematite mill in Thuringia who were exposed to manganic dust during 11 years as well as on manganese patients who were reported shall contribute to the clarification of the question of early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of a manganese intoxication. Attention is paid to functional diagnostic methods (EEG, EMG). On the basis of successes of treatment with the help of a substitution therapy of L-Dopa and amantine hydro chloride new aspects concerning the pathogenesis of this disease are reported and conclusions for practice are made. PMID- 7090459 TI - [Clinical studies with the new saluretic azosemide]. AB - It is reported on the clinical experiences with the new diuretic azosemid in 22 patients with oedemas of various genesis. Azosemid displays the characteristics of a very effective and well tolerated saluretic. After intensive treatment azosemid exerts similar side effects on the electrolyte (hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypochloraemia) and purine metabolism (hyperuricaemia) as furosemide. Since azosemid is a very effective and well tolerated diuretic with no serious side effects it seems that it is a valuable extension of the contemporary diuretic therapy. PMID- 7090460 TI - [Intravital diagnosis of left-atrial tumors--a clinical problem]. AB - It is reported on a myxoma of the left atrium in a 44-year-old female. A diagnosing of the tumors intra vitam was not successful, the patient died under the signs of the severe apoplectic insult. Autoptically the myxoma with multiple arterial embolisation was proved. The author deals with the difficulties of diagnosing in life-time, the clinical main symptoms of atrial tumours and differential-diagnostic viewpoints are mentioned. As a matter of principle a successful diagnosis and therapy in this disease are nowadays possible, the importance of thinking of that fact in adequate symptomatology is emphasized. PMID- 7090461 TI - [Ultrasonic spectroscopic examinations of pathologically altered testes]. AB - The sonographic differentation of solidly growing and displacing processes is discussed so far only with a high factor of insecurity. The ultrasonic spectroscopy makes it possible for an approximate differentation of the tissue in the experimental investigations in vitro by the reception of bioacoustic parameters. Certainly some questions are open in case of the different forms of neoplasia of the testes. The spreading of the impulse sound field in the tissue cannot be described exactly up to today, because of the indistinct acoustic qualities of the structure in the macroscopic and microscopic region. The clearing of the biophysical reciprocity between sound field and tissue stands in the foreground of the future investigations. The ultrasonic spectroscopy performs despite of the open problems a constructive share to the findings in pathological processes of the testes. PMID- 7090462 TI - [Functional ability of the ileo-ureter determined by camera function scintigraphy]. AB - The function of the ileo-ureter and the operated kidney was investigated by means of the camera functional scintigraphy in 23 dogs operated under different techniques. This non-invasive examination was carried out with two different radio-remedies (131I-Hippuran and 99mTc-DTPA) by a gamma camera microprocessor. The direct single-layered ileo-ureteric anastomosis showed the best urine transportation. This method has a great practical importance in the opinions of the authors. PMID- 7090463 TI - [Optimal histocompatibility testing in dogs]. PMID- 7090464 TI - The technique of ureterocystoneostomy in experimental renal orthotopic allotransplantation in the pig. AB - Experimental orthotopic renal allotransplantation performed in pigs allowed us to verify some techniques of ureterocystoneostomies from the urological point of view. For the reconstruction of the urinary pathways we employed anastomosis in 7 cases, and implantation of the ureter into the bladder in 3 cases, using the antireflux technique in 9 animals and the now common ureteral implantation with the terminal segment of the ureter placed in tunnel serosa in 24 animals. The results of our modification confirm the importance of peritoneal plasty of the terminal ureteral segment for the prevention of urinary fistulas. This technique seems to be applicable to reconstruction of urinary pathways in humans. PMID- 7090465 TI - [Biostimulating effect of laser beams]. AB - The biostimulatic effect of laser radiation was proved in animal investigations and also observed in 259 patients with disturbed wound healing. Laser rays can be applied without any risk in patients. The therapy was successful in over 90% of the patients. The duration of the therapy amounted to 10 to 12 weeks on an average. PMID- 7090466 TI - [Study of principles in pathogenesis and therapy of fat embolism. IV. In vivo studies of drug-induced mobilization of embolized lung fat]. AB - Pluronic F 108 added to serum in a concentration of 1 g/dl proved as the optimal means to increase the fat emulgatory capacity. Similar concentrations were achieved in living rabbits by infusing 4.5 g per kg body weight. In spite of this higher dosage we failed to mobilize 131 J labelled fat, embolized into the lungs of the animals. It is concluded that also in humans there exists no possibility to mobilize fat emboli from the lungs by the application of tensides (non-ionic detergents, lecithin-preparations, bile salts) or of organic solvents (alcohol, ether). All these agents are capable to emulsify fat in vitro, however, only under vigorous shaking.--Because of the side effects of those agents their application on patients, suffering from posttraumatic fat embolism seems not to be justified. PMID- 7090467 TI - [Intra-extracellular ion changes in heart and skeletal muscle in experimental hemorrhagic shock]. AB - An experimental shock model with rabbits and dogs was used (bleeding to an constant systemic pressure of 5.3-6.6 kPa) to investigate quality and time dependency of intra-extracellular gradients of Na+, K+ and Ca++ in skeletal and heart muscle. We found the ion gradient changes to be earlier and more pronounces in skeletal than in heart muscle, where strongest changes appear within the heart ears and significant smaller ones within ventricular and papillar muscles. Unexpectedly there was in heart and skeletal muscle the same two phasic ionic course, and a close correlation between ion gradient changes and shock duration in skeletal muscle. There is a good agreement between our results and the common clinical observations of ventricular arrhythmia caused by acute hypotonic circulatory situation and therefore the early restoration of the disturbed transcapillary exchange in the peripheral circulation is demanded. PMID- 7090468 TI - [Electrophysiological effects of flecainide on stimulus-inducible ventricular tachycardia]. AB - 13 patients (54 +/- 11.8 years) with either spontaneously occurring ventricular tachycardia (N = 12) or recurrent syncope (n = 1) probably due to ventricular tachycardia were studied electrophysiologically. In all patients, ventricular tachycardia could be initiated by programmed right ventricular stimulation during the control study. Ventricular tachycardia was sustained in eleven patients and non-sustained in the remaining two. After several days of oral administration of flecainide (400 to 500 mg per day) sustained ventricular tachycardia could still be initiated in seven cases that had to be interrupted by overdrive stimulation in five cases, and by cardioversion in the remaining two. In six cases, short, self-terminating episodes of ventricular tachycardia were induced. In four patients, induction of ventricular tachycardia was unchanged or made easier, whereas in seven cases ventricular tachycardia was more difficult to induce (i.e. later during the step-like stimulation program). The mean rate of induced ventricular tachycardia decreased from 215 +/- 59.4/min (+/- S.D.) to 169 +/- 44.1/min during flecainide (p less than 0.025). The interval between the tachycardia-initiating beat and the first beat of tachycardia increased from 323 +/- 61.1 ms to 438 +/-148.3 ms (P less than 0.02). The effective refractory period of the right ventricle was prolonged from 240 +/- 20.5 ms t 279 +/- 37.3 ms (P less than 0.005). The plasma concentration of flecainide at the time of stimulation was 995 +/- 238 ng/ml. Thus, flecainide exerts a marked effect on the rate of induced ventricular tachycardia, whereas the mode of induction did not change considerably. The prophylactic effect of long-term therapy with flecainide in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia needs further studies. PMID- 7090469 TI - [Complications of retrograde arterial catheterizations in infants and children (author's transl)]. AB - 550 retrograde arterial catheterizations, performed between 1974 and 1980, including 50 infants below the age of one year, 120 children between one and 5 years of age and 380 schoolchildren, were reviewed with respect to the rate of complications. Within this period the portion of open arteriotomies decreased from 41% during 1974-1977 to 7% during 1978-1980. Only 130 patients had systemic heparinization during the catheterization procedure, without preponderance of any age group. Complications occurred in 10% of the patients, 4% being major complications necessitating mostly thrombectomia or thrombolysis. The rate of major complications decreased from 6% during the first period (1974-77) to 3% during the second period (1979-80), which can partly be attributed to the decrease of open arteriotomies within the entire period. According to our results the open arteriotomy of the A. femoralis should be avoided as far as possible. The rate of arterial obstructions was highest in infancy, where it amounted to 14%, and did not change considerably between the first and second period of time in this age group. In schoolchildren, however, the rate of arterial obstruction diminished from 7% during the first period to 0.5% during the second period. Considering the entire period, systemic heparinization did not appear to influence significant the rate of complications. During the last 3 years, however, arterial obstruction was observed in none of 74 patients having undergone systemic heparinization, but in 8 of 228 patients without this measure, 7 of them being infants and children below the age of 6 years. We therefore conclude that systemic heparinization should be performed in infants and small children during retrograde catheterization. PMID- 7090470 TI - [Malpositions of the heart and the great vessels by CT (author's transl)]. AB - The CT-findings of the most important kinds of malpositions of the heart are described. The differentiation between the venous and arterial heart cavities is possible noninvasively using a rapid bolus injection of contrast medium. If there is a malposition of the heart, uncertain findings of the heart configuration in the plain chest film can be explained by CT. Anomalies of the great vessels are detectable. PMID- 7090471 TI - [Methodic studies of lysozyme determination in urine using a kinetic test]. PMID- 7090472 TI - [Quantitative roentgen diffraction urinary calculi analysis]. PMID- 7090473 TI - [Zinc and copper in serum of patients in shock]. PMID- 7090474 TI - [Lipid analysis of bile for determination of lithogeneity of bile and reproducibility of results with duodenal B bile]. PMID- 7090475 TI - [Chromatographic method for determination of hemoglobin A1]. PMID- 7090476 TI - [GKM 01: a new measuring system for enzyme electrodes]. PMID- 7090477 TI - [Microtitration of antistreptolysin O]. PMID- 7090478 TI - [Determination of salicylic acid in plasma]. PMID- 7090479 TI - [Electronic thrombocyte count following separation of erythrocytes and leukocytes by centrifugation]. PMID- 7090480 TI - [Kinetics of enzyme quotient LDH/GLDH in experimental and clinical shock]. PMID- 7090482 TI - [Combination of equipment for UV detection of elutions in liquid chromatography]. PMID- 7090481 TI - [Curriculum "Pathobiochemistry for Students of Stomatology" at the Medical Academy of Erfurt]. PMID- 7090483 TI - [Somatic fixation. Prevention by the general practitioner]. PMID- 7090484 TI - [Certification of illness and work morale]. PMID- 7090485 TI - [Learning from undesired drug effects]. PMID- 7090486 TI - [Therapeutic side effects. The role of pathologists in explaining them]. PMID- 7090487 TI - [Dermatological side effects. Therapeutic benefits gained from their observation]. PMID- 7090488 TI - [How do we learn from side effects?]. PMID- 7090489 TI - [Chronic appendicitis syndrome]. PMID- 7090490 TI - [Acute lumbar vertebrae syndrome/sciatica]. PMID- 7090491 TI - [Radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. PMID- 7090492 TI - [Therapy of various types of eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Effect and tolerance of diflorason diacetate (Florone)]. PMID- 7090493 TI - [Mycoses in internal medicine]. PMID- 7090494 TI - [Mycoses in gynecology]. PMID- 7090495 TI - [Psychologization or humanization of medicine?]. PMID- 7090496 TI - [Current status of bile duct surgery. Indication and postoperative morbidity]. PMID- 7090497 TI - [Clinical significance of whole body tomography]. PMID- 7090498 TI - [Recent lung diseases (legionnaires' disease, alveolar lipoproteinosis)]. PMID- 7090499 TI - [Bronchial asthma in childhood. (1) pathophysiological introductory observations]. PMID- 7090500 TI - [Bronchial asthma in childhood. (2) Diagnosis of allergy]. PMID- 7090501 TI - [Bronchial asthma in childhood. (3) Psychosomatic aspects]. PMID- 7090502 TI - [Bronchial asthma in childhood. (4) Drug therapy]. PMID- 7090503 TI - [Problems and new developments in the area of prophylactic immunization]. PMID- 7090504 TI - [Thorax deformities. Diagnosis and indication for operative correction]. PMID- 7090505 TI - [Amenorrhea. Favorable effect of Agnus castus (Agnolyt) on amenorrhea]. PMID- 7090506 TI - [Emergencies in general practice (10). Fractures]. PMID- 7090507 TI - [The head as the distinguishing feature of the individual]. PMID- 7090508 TI - [Consciousness and intelligence from the point of view of philosophy and medicine]. PMID- 7090509 TI - [Cancer of the oral cavity and its significance for clinical practice]. PMID- 7090510 TI - [Frontobasal fractures - their significance for the general practitioner]. PMID- 7090511 TI - [Headaches. Differential diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7090512 TI - [Trigeminal neuralgia - diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7090513 TI - [Conservative therapy of sinusitis]. PMID- 7090515 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine (13). Heart rhythm disorders. Part II. Bradycardia]. PMID- 7090514 TI - [Hearing tests in childhood. Using the new procedure of EEG audiometry]. PMID- 7090516 TI - [Multi-center study of Cetal retard. Results of 60 studies]. PMID- 7090517 TI - [Polyamine metabolism in malignant tumors]. PMID- 7090518 TI - [Disorders of purine nucleotide metabolism in the lymphoid and hematopoietic cells of tumor-bearing animals]. PMID- 7090519 TI - [Protein composition of the endoplasmic reticulum of normal rat liver cells and after exposure to the carcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine]. PMID- 7090520 TI - [Lipid component of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in rat liver during carcinogenesis induced by nitrosodiethylamine]. PMID- 7090521 TI - [Role of social and biological factors in pathology, and role of experimental disease models in animals]. PMID- 7090522 TI - [Development of a model of interaction of hierarchical levels of the living matter]. PMID- 7090523 TI - ["Health" and "disease" in the system of social values of man]. PMID- 7090524 TI - [Health, disease, and medicine]. PMID- 7090525 TI - [Methodological aspects of current theory of pathology]. PMID- 7090526 TI - [Methodological aspects of the theory of the disease]. PMID- 7090527 TI - [Several aspects of the cause-effect theory of the medicine]. PMID- 7090528 TI - [Problem of confidentiality]. PMID- 7090530 TI - [Physiologically active substances in pediatrics]. PMID- 7090529 TI - [Biodemographic aspect of scientific-industrial progress]. PMID- 7090531 TI - [New approach to contrasting of liver and spleen using water-soluble roentgenocontrast media incorporated into liposomes]. PMID- 7090532 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of mycosis fungoides during the treatment with prospidin in combination with corticosteroid hormones]. PMID- 7090533 TI - [Sensitivity of vascular receptors of the skin to the mediators of inflammatory reactions, and concentration of these substances in neurodermitis patients]. PMID- 7090534 TI - [Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of zooanthroponotic Microsporum infection]. PMID- 7090535 TI - [Use of sonicated Treponema antigen in the complement fixation reaction for syphilis]. PMID- 7090536 TI - [Pathogenesis and prophylaxis of pyoderma in agricultural workers (rice growers)]. PMID- 7090537 TI - [Treatment of refractory pyodermas with rifampicin in combination with diucifon]. PMID- 7090538 TI - [Use of reflected ultraviolet rays for the photorecording of dermatoses]. PMID- 7090539 TI - [2 cases of keloid diathesis in one family]. PMID- 7090540 TI - [Acupuncture in combined treatment of disseminated herpes zoster varioliformis]. PMID- 7090541 TI - [Case of multiple molluscum contagiosum]. PMID- 7090542 TI - [Association of psoriasis, skin basalioma and mycosis rubra]. PMID- 7090543 TI - [Hemocoagulation indices in patients with eczema and foot mycosis with allergic manifestations]. PMID- 7090544 TI - [Changes in fertility in men with urethritis and prostatitis of different etiology]. PMID- 7090545 TI - [Penile gangrene]. PMID- 7090546 TI - [Changes in serum immunoglobulins and the complement system in gonorrhea patients]. PMID- 7090548 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis of latent syphilis]. PMID- 7090547 TI - [Case of bipolar chancre]. PMID- 7090549 TI - [Effect of temporal factors on memorization and reproduction of cyclic series of stimuli]. PMID- 7090550 TI - [Mechanisms of the of perception of written speech]. PMID- 7090551 TI - [Signs of pre-tuning in the dynamics of evoked activity and reaction time in children]. AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials (EP) and reaction time (RT) in response to tactile signals proceeding in a fixed or random sequences were simultaneously recorded in ten to eleven year old children. The connection between the dynamics of sliding means of both parameters was analysed. It was found that a reduction of RT correlated with stabilization of electrical cortical responses. The change in the signals alternation produced an interrelated lengthening of RT and dispersion of EP amplitudes, particularly pronounced for its early phases. Distinct interconnection between RT shortening and reduction of dispersions of EP components reflects the organization of a representative system, which provides for the enhancement of the level of pre-tuning (readiness) for perception of the highly probable sequence of the signals. Hypothesis of reflection of reverberation processes in the EP waves permits a satisfactory explanation of EP variability in signals recognition. PMID- 7090552 TI - [Emotional tone of sensations resulting from cutaneous stimulation with an electric current in patients with lesions of the mediobasal structures of the temporal lobe of the brain]. PMID- 7090553 TI - [Determining role of experience (memory) in the organization of the transfer phenomenon]. PMID- 7090554 TI - [Participation of the caudate nucleus in the organization of a conditioned defense reflex]. PMID- 7090555 TI - [Evoked potentials of the sensomotor cortex upon formation of a conditioned reflex to electric stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus]. PMID- 7090556 TI - [Effect of lesions of the caudate nucleus on performance of simple and complex behavior in cats]. PMID- 7090557 TI - [Conditioned reflexes in the white rat during space flight]. PMID- 7090558 TI - [Analysis of the emotional component of a 2-way conditioned avoidance reflex]. PMID- 7090559 TI - [Visual recognition with early and delayed observer tuning to a specific set of images]. AB - It has been shown in psychophysiological experiments that re-tuning of the observer's visual system from a long set to a short one improves recognition to a greater extent after an anticipating signal about the set than after a delayed one. The change of the anticipating signal to a delayed one increases the number of "I don't know" responses, while the number of errors of confusing resembling figures remains unchanged. Temporal limitations of processing of the information about the stimulus increases the number of confusion errors. The degree of the observer's training reflects upon the number of errors; the number of "I don't know" responses does not change. The facts obtained attest that two processes are involved in recognition: one of them is sensitive to the position in time of the signal about the set and does not depend on training. The other process, on the other hand, does not depend on the signal position in time and changes depending on training. It is assumed that the first process is a complete element-to element description, while the second one is a classification process. PMID- 7090560 TI - [Effect of the motor cortex on heterogeneous afferent flows in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus]. AB - In experiments carried out on cats anaesthetized with Nembutal evoked potentials were recorded in the thalamic mediodorsal (MD) nucleus and in the projection and motor cortical areas with local cooling of the latter and the use of either single or paired stimuli of the same or different modalities. Visual and somatic excitatory inflows to the MD have been established, involving signals of specific and reticular genesis. Coming by separate ways they form isolated populations of neurones in the MD. A facilitating modulating influence of MD has been defined on the realization of afferent bursts produced in the motor cortex by visual and, particularly, somatic stimuli. It was found that in spite of its polyfunctionality, the motor cortex specifically influences heterogeneous inflows to the MD, exerting a more intensive and different action on the somatic afferentation as compared with the visual one. It is assumed that the specific and direct influence of the motor cortex on these impulses is exercised due to a functional subdivision of its corticofugal pathway into separate subsystems. PMID- 7090561 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin on septal neurons in vitro]. AB - Effects of Ach, NE and 5HT, introduced into the bath medium, were investigated in 75 units recorded extracellularly in slices of the guinea pig septum. Equally high reactivity to the all three substances was observed (86-88% of reactive units). Ach evoked slowly developing moderate increase of spontaneous activity in 63% of the units; in 24% it enhanced, accelerated, or evoked rhythmic bursts (1 3,5 per s). NE evoked higher and rapidly developing activation in 73% of the units; 5HT increased or decreased the level of activity in equal proportions of the cells (45% each). Both NE and 5HT neither provoked nor intensified rhythmic burst activity. Activatory and inhibitory effects of NE, 5HT and Ach were not blocked in the medium with high Mg2+ concentration. Burst activity disappeared in this condition in some units, but was preserved in the others. It is concluded that in some of the septal units transmitter substances modulate the activity of endogenous pacemaker mechanism. PMID- 7090562 TI - [Reproduction of sound duration after different periods of human adaptation to new climatogeographic conditions]. PMID- 7090564 TI - [Constancy of the composition of activated neurons when the parameters of purposeful movement are changed]. PMID- 7090563 TI - [Correlation between EEG driving responses and defensive conditioned reflex dynamics in the rabbit]. PMID- 7090565 TI - [Role of peptides and metabolic factors in motivational feeding behavior]. PMID- 7090566 TI - [Spike activity of cortical neurons in 2 different types of instrumental behavior in the rabbit]. PMID- 7090567 TI - [Effect of limitation of individual experience during early ontogeny on probabilistic characteristics of "open field" behavior in the rat]. PMID- 7090568 TI - [Generalized conditioned avoidance reactions in response to electric stimulation of the septum and hypothalamus in the rat]. PMID- 7090569 TI - [Multineuronal activity of the hypothalamus during self-stimulation]. PMID- 7090570 TI - [Command neuron participation in pneumostome response as a defense reflex component in Helix pomatia]. PMID- 7090571 TI - International development of health manpower policy. PMID- 7090572 TI - Rapid assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution. PMID- 7090573 TI - Health education for social change: a strategy for public health in the US. AB - Health education aimed mainly at changing individual behaviour and lifestyle faces growing challenges. Recent research suggests that broader economic, social and environmental forces are the determinants of many diseases and of behaviours that contribute to ill health. Furthermore, health education programmes seeking only to change behaviour have not been particularly effective in making significant improvements in morbidity or mortality. Finally, behavior change strategies locate the problem within the individual, leading to a tendency to blame the victim for the disease. This paper offers an alternative approach to health education, an approach which seeks to involve citizens in identifying and addressing social and environmental threats to health. From the practices of the women's health movement, the movement for occupational safety and health and the environmental movement in the United States in the last decade, an expanded foundation for health education is suggested. The following principles are illustrated: 1. Health education programmes must include informational, behavioural, political, legal and economic components; 2. Health education for social change recognizes the political character of health and disease; 3. Health education efforts can be rooted in popular struggles for a more just and humane society. 4. Health education activities should address people's day-to-day concerns about their lives and their health. The paper concludes with some specific recommendations on how health educators can include action for social change in their practice. PMID- 7090574 TI - The dimensions of health behaviour among young men in Finland. PMID- 7090575 TI - Profession-specific training in health education. AB - In 1975, the African Regional Health Education Centre (ARHEC) inaugurated two training programmes in health programmes in health education: a two-year postgraduate course leading to a master's degree, and a one-year course preparing for a non-graduate diploma. The purpose of the latter was to give advanced training and updating to experienced health personnel who had either received a diploma in health education some years before or had been functioning as health educators. This was intended to be a temporary course, to phase out in three years. However, due to its popularity, it was extended in spite of certain negative aspects, mainly the fact that new graduates often return to their former positions with little opportunity to utilize fully their new skills. Those who succeeded best tried to merge health education with their basic professional practice (for example, nursing with patient education). ARHEC decided therefore to modify the programme of its advanced diploma course, which now provides for the teaching of a basic core of health education subjects to all students, and includes three modules to which students are assigned according to their previous training and their future professional activities: community health education and primary health care; hospital-based patient and family health education; and school health education. The practical field work, which is an essential aspect of the course, is tailored to the interests of students in each module. Preliminary evaluation indicates that this programme provides a better response to the needs of students and their employers and eliminates the problem of two categories of health educators (diploma and masters level). It is intended to create other modules dealing with the media, occupational health, and so on. PMID- 7090576 TI - Smoking prevalence and beliefs among adult Scots: implications for health education. AB - Interviews conducted with two samples totaling 918 adults in two areas of Scotland have yielded five major patterns of findings. (1) It seems that the gap between male and female smokers is decreasing. Comparisons with previous findings indicate that this is due to a decrease in the proportion of male smokers, whereas among female little change has occurred. (2) There are more ex-smokers among males than among females. Although the proportion of ex-smokers among males increased with age, there were no age differences among females in this respect. Furthermore, the proportion of ex-smokers was lower than comparable estimates for the UK as a whole. It is suggested that these findings point to a need for detailed research in Scotland into the "natural history" of smoking. (3) There were proportionally more smokers in the Glasgow/Edinburgh areas. However, this was almost entirely due to differences between respondents in socio-economic groups D and E. (4) There were relatively more smokers among respondents in lower socio-economic groups; however, this was due to differences between respondents in the Glasgow/Edinburgh areas. It is suggested that the social class gradient of smoking prevalence may be attenuated in areas outwith the major conurbations. (5) Most of the respondents thought that there is a link between smoking and ill health. However, some groups differed with respect to the strength with which this belief is held. For example, respondent in the higher socio-economic groups tended to express this belief more strongly. This suggests that strategies in trying to reach lower socio-economic groups should be reconsidered. PMID- 7090577 TI - The complexities of health education in leprosy. AB - The authors describe in some detail the problems involved in establishing an educational diagnosis of leprosy patients-an area which is badly overlooked. The paper provides a comprehensive view on the sociological factors which have to be identified prior to the planning of the health education component. The paper also attempts to describe the steps to be followed in the integration of health education in leprosy control programmes. Since leprosy continues to be a public health problem in many of the developing countries, there is a pressing need for health professionals and especially health educators to focus attention on the importance of a systematic approach in developing health education programmes for the control and ultimately the elimination of this scourge. PMID- 7090578 TI - Evaluation of family planning communications in El Salvador. AB - During the 1970s, El Salvador had one of the most active communication programmes for family planning (FP) of any Latin American country. The current study, carried out nationwide among women of reproductive age in El Salvador, indicates that over 90% of women have been reached FP messages via mass or interpersonal channels. Levels of exposure were found to be relatively lower among women who live in rural areas, who work at home or not at all, who have little education, who are not married or live in union, and who are under 19 or over 40. The study was completed at a time of political stability in the country, and these data were to be used as a guideline for designing future communication programmes with respect to content, target population, and channels. With regard to communication research, this study yielded findings which usefully supplement those already recorded through a number of investigations of the subject. PMID- 7090579 TI - Parental opposition to sex education: pretext or reality? AB - A major obstacle to the development of a school family life and sex education (FL/SE) programme is a presumed lack of parental and community endorsement of this instructional area. The study investigated the views of 1,100 parents concerning the amount of instructional emphasis that should be given to FL/SE at four school grades. Two major findings were (1) parental support ranged from 48% to 60% indicating that FL/SE should receive major teaching emphasis; (2) not more than 12% at any one grade indicated that FL/SE should receive no instructional emphasis. These findings appear to concur with those of similar surveys in the U.S. The author concludes that schools should determine the degree of parental support before moving ahead in this area, and proposes that they undertake research similar to the survey he carried out. PMID- 7090580 TI - Dental health: testing the readability of educational materials. AB - Dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education literature. Unfortunately, this material is often of limited value because of its level of readability. This study covered two aspects of the problem: first, a group of 140 secondary school children were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words commonly used in dental education and second, the readability of some health education literature was assessed and compared with that of texts in magazines and newspapers. Many of the words were not understood by the children: for instance, over 80% were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. As for readability, the test showed that the material reflects the reading capacity of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. These findings pinpoint the need to ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and, for dentists, to take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology. The methods used in the study can easily be extrapolated to other areas of health. PMID- 7090581 TI - [Charakterisation of L-ascorbic acid oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3) from wheat flour (author's transl)]. AB - The Isoenzymes of L-Ascorbic Acid Oxidase, isolated and separated according to [1] exhibit a maximum activity with L-Ascorbic Acid in the pH range 5,4-6,0 with temperature optima of 30, 39 and 40 degrees C. Cu2+ inactivates the reaction. In this property the enzyme corresponds to other enzymes of different origin. The activating effect o NAC1 with optimum activity near 0,6 mol concentration has not been described previously. PMID- 7090582 TI - [Gunshot wound of the abdominal aorta with aortocaval shunt]. PMID- 7090583 TI - [Practical advice for verification and evaluation of arterial injuries of joints following blunt trauma]. PMID- 7090584 TI - [Arterial injuries as complication of knee joint trauma]. PMID- 7090585 TI - [Indication technic of microsurgical revascularization in the forearm and hand area]. PMID- 7090586 TI - [Primary treatment of brachial plexus and nerve trunk up to the elbow and including the knee]. PMID- 7090587 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of arterial injuries]. PMID- 7090588 TI - [Surgical management of arterial and nervous lesions in the framework of plastic surgery]. PMID- 7090589 TI - [Primary surgical management of arteries and veins in the framework of replantation surgery]. PMID- 7090590 TI - [Alexander's disease (author's transl)]. AB - A report on clinical course and morphological findings in a case of Alexander's disease is given in a boy aged 4 year and 6 months. The disease started in the second month with progressive retardation. At the age of 13 months, a ventriculo peritoneal shunt was performed because of dilatation of ventricles. Death occurred due to cerebral dysfunction. Microscopic investigation showed a considerable demyelination and the presence of numerous Rosenthal fibers. The results are compared with observations in the literature of Alexander's disease during early infancy. PMID- 7090591 TI - [Hodgkin's lymphoma in the biopsy material. A retrospective analysis (author's transl)]. AB - 112 cases of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed between 1967 and 1976 at the Institute of Pathology and the Department of ENT, Medical Academy of Erfurt, GDR, were reclassified according to the Rye classification. Age and sex distribution as well as frequency and survival are presented. The most frequency subtype is "mixed cellularity" (43.8%) followed by "nodular sclerosis" (40.2%). The age distribution of all cases shows 3 peaks with only small differences between the subtypes. The cases are distributed among 71 males and 41 females. The most frequent subtype in males is "mixed cellularity" (50.7%) whereas in females it is "nodular sclerosis" (61.0%) The survival of cases with "lymphocyte predominance" and "nodular sclerosis" is significantly better than that of case with "mixed cellularity" and "lymphocyte depletion". PMID- 7090592 TI - [Contribution to morphology of malignant histiocytosis (author's transl)]. AB - 9 cases of malignant histiocytosis (3 males, 6 females, age 30 to 83 years) have been observed in the biopsy and autopsy material of the Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Academy of Erfurt, GDR. Malignant histiocytosis which derives from tissue macrophages/histiocytes is characterized by a proliferation of non-cohesive atypical histiocytes mainly in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The tumor cells are large, pleomorphic and show an irregularly-shaped, cleaved and often kidney-like nucleus with 1-3 medium-sized nucleoli. The cytoplasm is moderately basophilic and grey blue when stained with azure B eosin or according to Pappenheim. Diffuse cytoplasmic activities of nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase are further properties. Another sign of malignant histiocytic cells should be stressed, i.e., the diffuse intracytoplasmic perinuclear PAS-positive spot which hitherto has not been mentioned in the literature. Morphological variants of malignant histiocytosis are fibrosing (2 cases) and erythrophagocytosing types (2 cases). Reactive histiocytosis, histiocytosis X and malignant non Hodgkin-lymphomas, esp. immunoblastic lymphomas, are to be taken into account in differential diagnosis. PMID- 7090593 TI - [On problems of the term "atypical adenoma" of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. AB - Besides a separation of reactive-hyperplastic nodules from true adenomas in the sense of autonomic tumours of the thyroid gland "follicular neoplasias" often make difficulties in the daily diagnostic work. This collective term integrates the follicular adenoma and the follicular carcinoma of the WHO-Classification of thyroid tumours (1974). The distinction between a benign "simple adenoma" and an even benign "atypical adenoma", between encapsulated well-differentiated follicular carcinoma and differentiated follicular carcinoma with wide infiltration of the capsule besides other less differentiated follicular carcinomas is very useful. In spite of the good prognosis of the atypical adenoma, clinicans should know the special problems of these tumours and provide a very careful post operationem control. PMID- 7090594 TI - [The extragonadal yolk sac tumor. Two case descriptions and survey of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090595 TI - [Multiple adenomas of Brunner's glands (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090596 TI - [A comparative morphological and chemical study of the ambroxol and chlorphentermine action on the lung phospholipid content (author's transl)]. AB - The influence of chronic administration of ambroxol on the phospholipid-(PL-) content and ultrastructure of lungs has been studied and compared with the effect of chlorphentermine (chlph.). Both drugs are amphiphilic substances. The causative factor of the well-known chlph. induced phospholipidosis-like alterations was suggested to be an inhibition of enzymatic degradation of PL. Rats were intraperitoneally treated five times per week for two weeks with chlph. (0,2 mMol per kg b.w.) and ambroxol (0.2 mMol per kg b.w.), respectively. Lung, heart, liver, kidney and spleen were light microscopically examined, and the lung was studied by electron microscopy. Furthermore, the PL-content of the whole lung tissue, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the lung weight/body weight ratio (LM/KM) as well as the dry weight/wet weight ratio (TM/FM) of the lung was calculated. The application of chlph, induced an excessive PL-storage in the lung as indicated by an increase of the PL-content, of the PC-proportion as well as of the LM/KM and TM/FM ratio. The accumulated PL are detectable by electron microscopy, mainly in the lysosomes of macrophages appearing as lamellar or crystalloid inclusions. On the contrary, chronic application of ambroxol does not cause any substantial changes especially no abnormal lysosomal PL-inclusions. Therefore, it is suggested that ambroxol does not interfere with the PL metabolism in a way comparable to that of the chlph. action. PMID- 7090597 TI - [Atypical symptoms in brain tumour cases. A contribution to their topography (author's transl)]. AB - By autopsy 38 brain tumour cases out of 207 (22.5%) showed atypical, i.e., psychical symptoms and were clinically found to be brain-organic syndromes. These changes most frequently occurred with glioblastomas and meningiomas; but principally they were found with all tumour types. All the tumours destroyed, respectively, touched parts of the limbic system. Emotional and menestic troubles emerged in these cases. It is suggested than an injury of the limbic system is responsible for an exclusive or prevailing psychical symptomatology. PMID- 7090598 TI - [CNS tumors of the perinatal period (author's transl)]. AB - 23.4% of CNS tumors which occur during the first year of life show a close time relationship to the perinatal period. These tumors are subdivided in 3 groups: neoplasm in stillbirths, those with histological verification in the first week of life, and those with symptoms since the first week of life and later on performed histological investigation. Most of the intracranial tumors are localized supratentorially. Teratomas predominate, their relative frequency decreases with increasing age. 36.2% of the spinal tumors in infancy are time related to the perinatal period, most of them are lipomas. PMID- 7090600 TI - [Neurocutaneous melanoblastosis (author's transl)]. AB - Primary melanomas, diffuse melanoses or melanoblastoses of the CNS are rare findings. The combination of such changes with giant hairy naevi on dysontogenetic base in known as neurocutaneous melanosis (melanose neurocutanee Touraine). A case of a 27-year-old man with giant pigment naevi is described, who died 7 months after first neurologic symptoms caused by diffuse progredient cerebrospinal leptomeningeal melanoblastosis. Difficulties of clinical diagnosis and morphological classification of leptomeningeal changes are discussed. PMID- 7090599 TI - [Lipomatous hamartoma of the brain. Contribution to the problemacy of intracranial lipomas (author's transl)]. AB - On the basis of an own observation of polyposis coli combined with lipomatous hamartoma of the corpus callosum problems of the genesis of lipomas of the central nervous system and its coverings are discussed. Colectomy was performed in a 37-year-old man because of polyposis coli. His sister suffers from the same disease. The patient died 25 d after the operation as a result of diffuse peritonitis. As an incidental finding, the autopsy revealed a lipomatous hamartoma with a diameter of approximately 1 cm. Histologically the growth showed the typical structure of a lipoma and contained a remarkably high number of blood vessels with proliferations of the intima and fibrosis of the walls. At the periphery small calcifications were demonstrated. In the adjacent brain tissue angiomatous proliferations of blood vessels were observed. Furthermore, disturbances of the gross structure of the gyri cinguli and other gyri of the median surface of the brain were found. The histological examination discovered marked irregularities of the single layers of the cerebral cortex. It is suggested that developmental and genetic factors might play a significant role in the genesis of lipomatous tumors of the CNS. PMID- 7090601 TI - [Metastases of the central nervous system. A prospective study. 1st Communication: frequency and origin of brain metastases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090602 TI - [Metastases of the central nervous system: A prospective study. 2nd Communication: site and distribution patterns of brain metastases]. AB - Among 737 malignant tumors, 93 (12.6%) cases showed metastases within the brain substance. There was no predominance for one of the both hemispheres. However, the cerebellum was a privileged site for metastases (48 out of 93 cases, 51.6%). Multiple metastatic nodules of the brain were found in 65 cases; single metastases occurred 18 times (ratio 3.6 to 1). 11 cases displayed a carcinosis of the leptomeninges and 5 a carcinosis of the brain (table 3). Within the cerebrum we observed 1,060 metastatic nodules (fig. 1). 210 secondary deposits, i.e. one sixth of all nodules, were localized in the cerebellum. Concerning the distribution patterns of the metastases, it is remarkable that an increasing frequency of nodules was seen from the frontal lobes (241) to the parietal (259) and occipital lobes (276), whereas the temporal lobes (146) were significantly less affected. 936 out of a total of 1,270 brain metastases (73.7%) showed a size of the nodules not larger than a pea (table 8.) The source of more than two thirds of all metastatic deposits (875/1,270 = 68.9%) was a carcinoma of the lung (bronchial carcinoma, resp.). With the exception of metastases in the pituitary gland, pineal gland and choroid plexus (compare with the 3rd communication on CNS metastases) 18.6 metastatic brain nodules were observed per lung carcinoma. However, the highest frequency per case with brain metastases was registered in thyroid cancer (40 nodules, table 8). PMID- 7090603 TI - [Metastases of the central nervous system: a prospective study. 3rd Communication: metastases in the pituitary gland, pineal gland, and choroid plexus (author's transl)]. AB - The following frequency of metastases was found among 737 systematically investigated malignant tumors: pituitary gland--26 cases (3.5%); choroid plexus- 19 cases (2.6%); pineal gland--13 cases (1.8%). Most of the metastases were only demonstrated by histological examination. Half of the cases with secondary deposits in the pituitary gland (13/26) were single metastases without any other settlements in the central nervous system, whereas about a quarter (3/13) of the pineal metastases were single deposits. Contrary to this, the choroid plexus displayed multiply metastases including carcinosis of the brain and leptomeninges, with the exception of one case (table 5). The age distribution revealed a peak in the old age (6th to 8th decade). Males (n = 35) were more frequently affected than females (n = 23). Carcinomas of the breast, however, showed the highest tendency of all tumors for secondary spread to pituitary gland (12,5%, table 4). PMID- 7090604 TI - [Agyria--a clinico-pathological study (author's transl)]. AB - Agyria is an extremely rare malformation of the brain caused by an arrest of neuronal migration towards the cortex. A case of nearly complete agyria is presented in a 2 8/12 year-old boy. The autopsy revealed complete absence of cerebral convolutions in the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes of both hemispheres and discrete convolutions in the temporal lobes. The cortex reached up to 22 mm and the central white matter was very thin, occipitally up to 2 mm. Additionally, hydrocephalus internus was observed. Clinical and pathoanatomical findings are presented and compared with other data published in the literature. The results are discussed in relation to a possible pathogenetic mechanism leading to this cerebral malformation. PMID- 7090605 TI - [A contribution to the problem of correlation between anomalous configuration (hypoplasia) of the circle of Willis and porencephaly (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090606 TI - [Neuropathological findings in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is commonly regarded as a metabolic disorder of the purine metabolism without specific morphological changes. In the present paper a report is given on a 13-year-old boy. The neuropathological investigation revealed PAS positive deposits in the ganglion cells of the nucleus olivaris. In HE preparations, the storage material appears as light foamy accumulations displacing nuclei to the cell border. The deposits are sudan-III-negative and there is no UV fluorescence. Electron microscopically the primarily formol fixed tissue of the nucleus olivaris shows circumscribed accumulations of a relatively homogeneous substance with medium density in the dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The diameter ranges from 476 to 850 nm. In this connection, it seems to be possible that the lack of cGMP might lead to disturbances of the protein metabolism of postsynaptic structures, the significance of which is discussed. It is suggested that further investigations of the CNS in Lesch-Nyhan patients should be focussed on the nucleus olivaris. PMID- 7090607 TI - [Mineralogical-petrographic investigation of possible causes of mesothelioma in Cappadocia/Turkey]. PMID- 7090608 TI - [Critical evaluation of pre-employment physical examinations based on quantitative results]. PMID- 7090609 TI - [Practical preventive measures for the plant physician]. PMID- 7090610 TI - [Job qualification and rehabilitation in the textile industry]. PMID- 7090612 TI - [Bill for a labor protection law]. PMID- 7090613 TI - [New regulation on working time laws]. PMID- 7090611 TI - [Results of occupational medical examinations in the outlying districts of an employment area]. PMID- 7090614 TI - [Exposition to vinyl chloride and mortality of German chemical workers as compared with the mortality of unexposed chemical workers and PVC workers]. PMID- 7090615 TI - [Medical aspects of shift work]. PMID- 7090616 TI - [Electronic data processing as an aid in occupational medicine documentation - methods, experiences, perspectives]. PMID- 7090617 TI - [Cancer of the air passages following occupational tar exposure; a gap urgently needing closing in the list of occupational diseases]. PMID- 7090618 TI - [Lung function and other health parameters in employees of an isocyananide plant (MDI production)]. PMID- 7090619 TI - [Work related energy expenditure while working at a steel plant]. PMID- 7090620 TI - [Health hazards of asbestos]. PMID- 7090621 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090622 TI - [Pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. AB - The essential processes and stages in the evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis include the primary tuberculosis forming the uncomplicated primary complex, and the progressive primary complex resulting in a bronchogenic or - more frequently in a haematogenic dissemination. The postprimary (secondary) tuberculosis of the adult develops from haematogenic apical lesions either immediately or after a prolonged interval. Generally, the postprimary tuberculosis is caused by reactivation, spreads bronchogenically in apicocaudal direction, thus leading to an isolated phthisis of the lung. PMID- 7090623 TI - [Pathogenesis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. AB - Extrapulmonary tuberculosis generally develops from the lymphonodular part of the pulmonary primary complex by early or late haematogenous dissemination. Its manifestation depends especially on the time of latency of metastases. At present tuberculosis of the peripheral lymphnodes, the genitourinary system, the skin as well as the bones and joints are most frequently found in our area. They mainly develop from reactivation or late haematogenous dissemination in older patients. PMID- 7090624 TI - [Osteoarticular tuberculosis. Review - current status of diagnosis and therapy]. AB - Osteo-articular tuberculosis has become now a relatively rare disease in civilized countries. This fact makes the recognition of this infectious disease more difficult. In comparison with the pre-chemotherapeutical era, the time of falling ill has shifted from childhood and youth to the adult age. In our own 804 cases (1970 to 1980) the mean age is now in the seventh decade. The localisation most common seen is the spine, followed by hip- and knee joint. As far as the best therapy is concerned, diagnostics is nowadays as important as formerly. The highly efficient tuberculostatic chemotherapy changed the therapeutic conception concerning osteo-articular tuberculosis. Lengthy immobilisation of the affected joints and bones, in former years the therapy of choice has now be replaced by functional treatment in combination with surgical procedures (radical cleaning of foci). PMID- 7090625 TI - [Tuberculosis of the skin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090626 TI - [Therapeutic results obtained from women with functional sterility. Third communication: gonadotrophin therapy (author's transl)]. AB - Gonadotrophin treatment was given to 81 patients with functional sterility. Individualised dosage proved possible, depending on close therapeutic monitoring. General input can be rationalised along with growing experience.--WHO Group I included 7.4 per cent of the patients reviewed. The pregnancy rate of this Group was 83 per cent. WHO Group II included 90.4 per cent. Their pregnancy rate was 37 per cent. Clomiphene failure was recorded from 79 per cent of the patients. The overall pregnancy rate amounted to 39.5 per cent, even with additional presence of tubal and andrological sterility factors. Overstimulation was recordable from 18.5 per cent of the probands. Multiple pregnancy occurred to 9.4 per cent. Rates of abortion could be kept as low as 9.4 per cent by early sick leave and progesterone substitution.--Young age of patient, short time of desire of children, and hypogonadotrophic normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea proved to be the most favourable set of indications for gonadotrophin therapy. PMID- 7090627 TI - [Radio-immunological testing of progesterone for diagnosis of corpus luteum insufficiency (author's transl)]. AB - Radio-immunological assay was used to determine progesterone concentrations in serum during the luteal phase in 34 patients with treated and untreated corpus luteum insufficiency. Twenty patients with normal menstruation cycles were used as controls. Progesterone levels were found to be in agreement with the histological pattern of the endometrium. Progesterone values obtained from serial radio-immunological assay thus are high-accuracy criteria for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of corpus luteum insufficiency. PMID- 7090628 TI - [Detection of synthetic sexual steroids in parotid saliva (author's transl)]. AB - Excretion of synthetic sexual steroids in parotid saliva was investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography. Oestrogens and gestagens were detectable, depending on doses, within one hour from application. PMID- 7090629 TI - [Detection of prostaglandins from decidua (author's transl)]. AB - PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were isolated from the decidua of an early pregnancy, following medical termination. The biosynthetic capacity for 6-keto-F1 alpha was tested by incubation, using 3H-labelled arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin concentrations in the decidua differed strongly from steroid hormones in plasma. Steroid hormone concentrations increased with continuity, whereas prostaglandin values remained extremely low. PMID- 7090630 TI - [Concentration of hormones in early pregnancy in response to prostaglandin induced abortion (author's transl)]. AB - Minprostin-F2 alpha was injected intravenously to 20 women, and 15(S)-15-methyl PG F2 alpha was intramuscularly injected to 19 women to induce abortion. All patients were in early pregnancy, none of them beyond the seventh week. The steroid hormones 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone were reduced to 75 per cent of their initial concentrations in all cases of successful induction. HCG levels in plasma dropped with some delay.--The results are likely to suggest that the above decline of steroid hormones in response to abortion induced in early pregnancy was attributable to secondary regression of corpus luteum. PMID- 7090631 TI - [Determination of HCG excretion for diagnosis of trophoblast vitality and assessment of age of early pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - A convenient technique for quantitative determination of human chorionic gonadotrophin in urine is described in this paper, Gravimun test kit reagents are used to establish inhibition of haemagglutination, using in glass tubes one tenth (Gravimun) or one fifteenth (Gravimun II) of the amounts of reagents which would be required for the original test. Erythrocytes undergo sedimentation as two longitudinal stripes in parallel on the bottom of the tubes. The spacing between them is taken as the measure of the HCG quantity added to the system and related to a specially prepared standard curve. The Second International Standard of HCG for Bioassay is used for comparison. - Relation c = t3 (c = HCG concentration, IU/L; t = days from nidation, 20 days from last menstruation) was established for this period of time from values which had been recorded from 500 normal early pregnancies up to the tenth week. That relation can be used as a rule of thumb by which to determine age of pregnancy or to calculate expected average HCG excretion up to the tenth week of pregnancy. PMID- 7090633 TI - [Oestradiol receptors in endometrial carcinomas (author's transl)]. AB - Tissue samples taken from endometrial carcinomas as well as from normal and hyperplastic endometria were tested for oestradiol receptors. Roughly one and the same amount of receptors was recordable from all three tissue groups. In premenopausal women, receptor levels were lowest in the advanced phase of secretion. All tumour patients so far have survived without recurrence. Therefore, no correlation has been established, as yet, between receptor level and prognosis, in a way similar to what has been found in cases of mammary carcinoma. PMID- 7090632 TI - [Radio-immune assay for determination of testosterone and representation of Y bodies - sufficiently dependable methods for prenatal diagnosis of sex (author's transl)]. AB - Results obtained from prenatal diagnosis of sex by radio-immunological determination of testosterone in amniotic fluid are compared with findings recorded by representation of Y-bodies and with results of chromosomal analysis. In no single case was a false result obtained from the two former methods, when used together. Hence, chromosomal analysis proved to be necessary only in something between five and eight per cent of all examinations. PMID- 7090634 TI - [Therapeutic results obtained from women with functional sterility. Second communication: clomiphene therapy (author's transl)]. AB - Reported in this paper are results obtained from treatment of 246 patients for sterility in WHO Group II to whom clomiphene had been applied. Some of these patients had been earlier treated without success, using combined oestrogen gestagen preparations. Primary sterility was manifest in 86 per cent of the cases, and biphasic cycle was recorded from 95 per cent of the probands.--The pregnancy rate was 30.1 per cent, but 22 per cent of pregnancies ended in abortion. Multiple pregnancy was observed in four per cent. Minor side effects occurred in 1.2 per cent of the cases.--Best results were 36 per cent in cases of secondary amenorrhoea and 32 per cent in cases of anovulation. Sixty-six per cent of all pregnancies occurred in the first three cycles of treatment. Eight per cent of the women grew pregnant six months within discontinuation of clomiphene medication. An unambiguous interdependence was found to exist between age of the patient, length over time of desire of children, and rate of conception. The pregnancy rate fell to 15 per cent in women beyond 30 years of age. A pregnancy rate of 35 per cent was achieved in 110 women in whom sterility had been solely caused by functional aspects, while 27 per cent were achieved for couples with additional fertility-depressing factors. Moderate increase of clomiphene doses, homologous insemination, and flanking HCG injections helped to improve success of the basic therapy to the order of 119 per cent.--Efforts in terms of monitoring and general therapeutic input are higher than those associated with ovarian hormone therapy of sterile couples, though justified by better results. PMID- 7090635 TI - [Genital tuberculosis of women (author's transl)]. AB - Genital tuberculosis of women, one of the extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis, has remained to be in existence, though morbidity and mortality of the disease are on a declining trend. Affected are women of all age groups. A general account is given of gynaecological and obstetric aspects relating to the clinical pattern of genital tuberculosis, with reference being made to the author's own findings recorded from 155 patients in ten years, on the basis of bacteriologically or histologically secured diagnosis. These results have reaffirmed the need for complex diagnosis, therapy, and aftercare for female patients with genital tuberculosis. It is a challenge which, together with the demand for thorough prophylaxis, cannot be met unless meaningful interdisciplinary cooperation is ensured. PMID- 7090636 TI - [Tubal gravidity--rare complication following vaginal uterus extirpation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090637 TI - [Autosomal translocation in gynaecology and obstetrics. 1. Reproduction behaviour and chance of chromosomal translocation carriers (author's transl)]. AB - Nineteen chromosal translocations (1.8 per cent) were recorded from 1,055 chromosomal analyses, between 1972 and 1980. Three translocations were unbalanced. Their carriers were no longer suitable for reproduction for the severity of their chromosomally caused disorders. Another three translocation carriers declined to have children of their own by voluntary decision or due to functional disorders, although they had been carriers of balanced translocations. Thirteen translocation carriers insisted on having children. With 41 pregnancies reviewed, abortion was the result of 58.5 per cent, birth of still malformations of 12.2 per cent, birth of living malformations in 7.3 per cent, and birth of clinically intact children in 22 per cent (three cases of balanced translocation). There were five D/G translocations and three D/D translocations. All the other translocations were singular. Only one in seven pregnancies of D/G translocation carriers (4 +/- 0.8) resulted in the birth of a clinically intact child. One in three pregnancies of other translocation carriers (2.6 +/- 0.3) yielded the same result. Female translocation carriers were 1.6 times as frequent as males. Their rates of abortion and malformation were twice as high as those of other women. -Clinically intact children were born only to nine of 13 couples, notwithstanding prenatal diagnosis. Handicapped children were recorded from 23 per cent of the couples reviewed. The need is emphasised for psychological guidance of such couples which should be offered by the attending gynaecologist. PMID- 7090638 TI - [Autosomal translocation in gynaecology and obstetrics. 2. Cytogenetic findings (author's transl)]. AB - Reported in this paper are cytogenetic findings obtained from 19 cases of translocation in gynaecological and obstetric patients which had been recorded from 1,055 chromosomal analyses. The translocations are defined in some detail. Twelve of them were of the Robertson type and three unbalanced, while the origin of one "de novo" 4p+ translocation was not elucidated. The breaks in reciprocally balanced translocations were related to various chromosomal sections, but A chromosomes were involved in four cases. The relevance of cytogenetic studies into gynaecologico-obstetric patients is discussed with reference to the above findings. PMID- 7090639 TI - [Action of oral contraceptives on circulating immune complexes (author's transl)]. AB - Three methods for immune complex detection were used on 85 women who took oral contraceptives and on 21 who took none to test their sera for circulating immune complexes. The methods were ammonium sulphate precipitation as proposed by Beaumont et al., polyethylene glycol precipitation, and the 125J-Clq fixation test. - Significant rise in precipitable proteins, in excess to anything recordable from women with no oral contraceptives, was established from the oral contraceptive group only by means of 25-per-cent ammonium sulphate precipitation. No significant difference between the two groups could be measured by the two other techniques. - Ammonium sulphate precipitation is not specific of immune complexes, and no difference between the two groups was recordable by means of the 125J-Clq fixation test, a technique more specific of immune complexes. The conclusion, therefore, was drawn that the proteins which had caused rise in ammonium sulphate precipitation had been proteins of unspecific precipitability rather than immune complexes. - Findings so far obtained are likely to suggest that administration of oral contraceptives will hardly induce formation of circulating immune complexes. PMID- 7090640 TI - [Results of sterility diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090641 TI - [Fat cyst-rare form of cystic mammary alteration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090642 TI - [Molestation of patients and personnel in noise-exposed gynaecological hospital (author's transl)]. AB - Noise levels were measured in the Gynaecological Hospital of the University of Rostock. Patients, medical doctors, and nurses were interviewed on their own molestation. The equivalent permanent sound level, Leq, was 63.5 dB (AI) on average in patient rooms on daytime, while the average night value was 59.8 dB (AI). Maximum sound pressures, Lmax, varied between 55 and 80 dB (AI) in patient rooms. An Lmax of 85 dB (AI) was measured on a ward corridor, when instruments were cleaned in the wash-basin of a service room. Molestation by outdoor noise was reported by 88 per cent of 85 patients interviewed, while 29 per cent felt disturbed by indoor noise. The noise was perceived as disturbing also by the personnel. While the gravest role for the hospital investigated by played by outdoor noise, greatest attention should be given also to the control of indoor noise. PMID- 7090643 TI - [Primary genital actinomycosis of women (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090644 TI - Some observations on the occurrence of lumpy skin disease in Nigeria. PMID- 7090645 TI - [Sectional classification of the toxicity of the paralysis-inducing female Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, during repletion]. PMID- 7090646 TI - [Hemagglutination inhibition: comparison between the macro- and micromethods (Newcastle disease and equine influenza viruses)]. PMID- 7090647 TI - [Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in southern Chile. VII. Seasonal distribution of plerocercoid infection in Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) in lake Calafquen]. PMID- 7090648 TI - Serological evidence for the intervention of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a respiratory disease outbreak in Moroccan cattle. PMID- 7090649 TI - Preliminary studies on the effect of fenbendazole and oxfendazole on Taenia saginata cysticerci in calves. PMID- 7090650 TI - [Antitoxic immunity in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi-paralysis in sheep]. PMID- 7090651 TI - [Coccidiosis of the placenta in a hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)]. PMID- 7090652 TI - Complement C 3 levels and haemolytic activity in normal and mastitic whey. PMID- 7090653 TI - [Several aspects of teaching of epidemiology as public health faculty]. PMID- 7090654 TI - [Epidemiology as a science and epidemiologic methods of knowledge]. PMID- 7090655 TI - [Properties and etiological role of Citrobacter 019 in acute intestinal diseases]. PMID- 7090656 TI - [Pesticinogenicity and pesticin sensitivity of Pasteurella pestis strains isolated in the Gornyi Altai region]. PMID- 7090657 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of Vibrio cholerae colonization and lymphocyte count in small intestine villi of rabbits immunized with vibrio and cholera toxin]. AB - The influence of parenteral immunization with live virulent vibrios and lipopolysaccharide-containing choleragen toxoid and oral immunization with liver avirulent vibrios on the interaction of V. eltor and the mucous membrane was studied on the ligated loops of the small intestine in 164 rabbits. Protection from enterotoxigenicity (the accumulation of fluid) was compared with the suppressive effect on the adhesion and colonization of vibrios. The coefficient of immunization efficacy was determined microbiologically, as the ratio of the adhesion index (i. e. the percentage of the number of vibrios in the media inoculated with the homogenized matter of the washed intestinal wall from the sum of this number and the amount of vibrios in the contents) in the control rabbits to the adhesion index in the immunized ones, and histologically, as the ratio of the average number of vibrios attached to the epithelial number of vibrios attached to the epithelial cells of one intestinal villus in the control rabbits to the corresponding number in the immunized animals. Protection from the enterotoxigenicity of vibrios resulted from the suppression of their adhesion and colonization, lipopolysaccharide being, probably, the factor of adhesiveness. Effective protection was accompanied by an increase in the number of lymphocytes (especially "granular" lymphocytes with lysosome-like granules) between intestinal villi and the number of lymphoid and plasmic cells in the lamina propria of the villi, which indicates the role of lymphocytes in cholera-induced immunity. PMID- 7090659 TI - [Clinical picture of acute poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (catamnestic findings)]. PMID- 7090658 TI - [Humoral and cellular immunity in patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis B]. PMID- 7090660 TI - [Pathogenesis of the syndrome of caudogenic intermittent claudication]. PMID- 7090661 TI - [Peripheral mechanisms of the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia]. PMID- 7090662 TI - [Treatment of patients with neurologic syndromes of cervical osteochondrosis by electrophoresis of papaverine and nicotinic acid using sinusoidally-modulated and diadynamic currents]. AB - The authors describe the time course of some biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in patients suffering from cervical osteochondrosis with neurological symptoms treated by electrophoresis of papaverine and nicotinic acid with sinusoidal modulated and diadynamic currents. Under treatment there were 124 patients aged 16 to 76 years. The electrophoresis was performed by the method developed by the authors. All the patients showed a reduction of the prothrombine, cholesterol and beta-lipoproteid levels and a rise of the lecithine cholesterol index. This pointed to a favourable effect of the treatment on lipid metabolism. An improvement of some central hemodynamic parameters and of peripheral circulation in the zone of the forearms was also noted. PMID- 7090663 TI - [Bulbar evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis]. AB - Clinical and electrophysiological examinations of 20 patients with disseminated sclerosis and 8 patients with disseminated encephalomyelitis were carried out. The data of the examinations were compared with those obtained from registering truncal evoked potentials. This comparison contributed to specifying the criteria for diagnostic differentiation between these two diseases. The changes of the truncal evoked potentials in disseminated sclerosis pointed to a process of demyelinization in the brain trunk. These changes, however, were not characteristic for disseminated encephalomyelitis. PMID- 7090664 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of pain in discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis by measuring electro-epidermal resistance]. AB - The authors performed a quantitative assessment of pain in 890 patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis using the method of electroepidermometric isoalgography (a graphic image of the "pain picture") based on measuring the epidermal electric resistance. The pain intensity and the shape of the "pain picture" were determined. It was found that the intensity of the inflicted pain was directly proportional to the lowering of the electric epidermal resistance within the zone of the pain infliction, while the shape of the pain picture in the direct anatomic projection repeated the shape of the organ that was the source of the pain. PMID- 7090665 TI - [Changes in peripheral hemodynamics in patients with vertebrogenic pain syndromes during reflexotherapy]. AB - The results of an analysis of circulation changes in the major vessels of the upper and lower extremities of 240 patients with vertebrogenic pain syndromes are reported. These changes were analyzed before and after treatment of the patients by the methods of acupuncture reflexotherapy (120 observations) and electron-ion reflexotherapy (the other 120 observations). Use was made of longitudinal rheovasography with contour analysis of the curves by the method of G. I. Enini (1965). It was found that the reflexotherapy produced a favourable effect on the peripheral circulation in patients with reflectory syndromes. In patients with spinal radicle compression no positive rheovasographic changes were noted. PMID- 7090666 TI - [Role of the muscle factor in the pathogenesis of painful forms of syringomyelia]. AB - On the basis of examining the disease histories of patients with syringomyelia it was found that in 68.7% of the cases the disease began from algic manifestations. Under observation there were 48 patients with syringomyelia who complained of pains in the neck and the upper extremities. A connection between the algic syndrome and the pathology of the vertebral column cervical division was noted. It was local myopathosis which was found to be the principle factor causing the algic manifestations. It was discovered even in patients who had no cervical osteochondrosis. When the deep was discovered even in patients who had no cervical osteochondrosis. When the deep sensitivity was affected the myopathoses could not be determined. The myopathoses were characterized electromyographically by the presence of constant bioelectrical activity registered by needle electrodes. In the spectrum of motor unit activity shortened and prolonged potentials were revealed simultaneously. The regional circulatory changes in the upper extremities were found to be connected to a considerable extent with the intensity of the algic manifestations in local myopathoses. Segmental message is an effective means for eliminating the local myopathoses. PMID- 7090667 TI - [Pseudotumor syndrome in venous pathology of the brain in pregnant women]. PMID- 7090668 TI - [Blockade of the antigenic activity of cerebral tissue in newborn animals during labor]. PMID- 7090669 TI - [Features of adaptive disorders in the auditory, visual and motor analyzers in atherosclerotic and presenile psychoses]. PMID- 7090670 TI - [Conforming delusions]. AB - A number of schizophrenic patients with the delusion homogeneous in its contents (conformant delusion) were examined. The results of the examination have shown that the delusion of this type can develop not only simultaneously, by the inter induction mechanism, but also by way of transfer, suggestion of the delusional idea, i.e. by the type of suggestive psychoses. The leading role in the mechanism of the conformant delusion formation belongs to endogenous factors, and namely, to the regularities of the basic disease development that determine the peculiarities of the time course and outcome of the conformant delusion. A slowly progressing course of the disease without gross negative changes, a tendency to formation of "worshipped" delusional ideas, and formation of acquired reactive lability are the peculiarities of a schizophrenic process which are the "grounds" for conformant delusion formation. PMID- 7090671 TI - [Problem of paranoia (based on follow-up data)]. AB - Post-treatment examinations of 210 patients with stable and long-lasting paranoia states who had been treated both as in- and outpatients at the Institute of Psychiatry, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1960 to 1966, have made it possible to differentiate 9 cases which corresponded in their clinical features to Kraepelin's paranoia. The long-term (for 14 to 20 years) catamnestic examinations showed that only in 2 patients signs of a slowly progressing schizophrenic process could be observed. In all other cases no signs of the progress of the negative changes were registered. Moreover, 5 patients showed a gradual reduction of the delusional disturbances. Data on hereditary aggravation are presented, and rightfulness of grouping paranoia with diseases of the schizophrenic spectrum is discussed. The results of the study point out that attempts at abolishing the problem of paranoia are premature. PMID- 7090672 TI - [Incidence of paranoid schizophrenia]. AB - The incidence of paranoid schizophrenia (the number of new cases per year) was examined in a population. The figure was found to be 0.17 per 10,000 of the population, being greatly dependent on the age and sex structure of the population examined. The method of the examination is presented in detail. It is shown, in particular, that the results are considerably influenced by the disease duration in the patients. With a short duration of the disease the results appear to be greatly underestimated because of the difficulties in making the correct diagnosis in many cases. The exact number of such cases can be determined by using the law of statistical distribution of the duration of the paranoid schizophrenia stages. PMID- 7090673 TI - [Typology of the final stages of juvenile malignant schizophrenia (clinical follow-up study)]. AB - Basing on follow-up studies (for 10 and more years) of the final stages of juvenile malignant schizophrenia (79 patients), a new principle of differentiating the final stages is advanced, suggesting that they should be divided into "psychotic" and "deficient" ones. The authors describe the features of dementia in patients with juvenile malignant schizophrenia, with these features being determined upon relative weakening of massive catatonic delusional hallucination disorders seen in the patients. Moreover, a special symptom-complex of ecmnestic character with a picture of the "life in the past" is reviewed. PMID- 7090674 TI - [Clinico-anatomic analysis of complications of endovascular procedures in vascular neurosurgery]. PMID- 7090675 TI - [Functional significance of the internal carotid arteries and collateral circulation in cerebral aneurysm surgery]. AB - The functional significance of the internal carotid artery was appraised in 18 patients with arterial, in 8 with arteriovenous aneurysms and in one patient with atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels. The appraisal was based on changes in the intracarotid pressure and regional cerebral blood flow (quantitative criteria) in temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery with a double lumen balloon catheter and on the change in the patients' clinical condition during temporary or stationary arrest of blood flow through the internal carotid artery that is studied. In large arteriovenous aneurysms, the collateral circulation ensures adequate blood supply to the brain tissue on the side of temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The functional importance of the internal carotid artery in patients with arterial aneurysms points to the possibility of reconstructive operations in aneurysms of the internal carotid artery which are inaccessible for direct intervention. However, it is expedient in every case to make sure that the operation is safe by preoperative appraisal by means of the suggested method. PMID- 7090676 TI - [Determination of the degree of severity of cerebral contusions]. AB - Three degrees of severity of the brain contusion are generally distinguished today for working out the most rational and purposeful treatment. It is quite difficult to judge the severity of the contusion from the neurological picture alone because neurological manifestations of the brain contusions are very diverse and dynamic in character. The authors analysed 630 case records of patients with contusion of the brain and disclosed signs most characteristic of each degree of contusion. In appraising the severity of the contusion, the authors recommend resorting to the laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods accepted currently in neurosurgical practice in addition to the neurological examination. The complex method of appraising the patients' condition makes the determination of the degree of severity of the brain contusion more trustworthy and objective. PMID- 7090677 TI - [Late results of the surgical treatment of the foci in crush injuries of the brain]. PMID- 7090678 TI - [Reorganization of cerebral hemodynamics after occlusion of the afferent vessels of arteriovenous aneurysms]. AB - The character of blood supply to the affected cerebral hemisphere was studied on the basis of angiography performed before and after occlusion of the afferent vessels of large arteriovenous aneurysms in 90 patients and study of cerebral circulation on a gamma chamber in 30 patients. It was established that the affected cerebral hemisphere is supplied with blood from the vascular basin of the same side. The importance of the regional blood flow is determined by the localization and the sources of blood supply to the aneurysm. Before the operation, the maximum decrease of regional blood flow was found in zones with contiguous blood supply, namely in the parietal and parieto-temporal areas. The occlusion of afferent vessels of the aneurysm leads to an increase in the flow of blood aneurysm is supplied with blood from the cortical arterio-arterial anastomoses in the zones of contiguous blood supply. PMID- 7090679 TI - [Probabilistic assessment of the severity of the condition of patients with craniocerebral injuries]. AB - The probability of a fatal outcome of the given case is taken for the index of the severity of the injury. The concept of the scale of conditions is introduced and the method for constructing the index of severity, total lethality and structure of the injury depending on the patient's condition is described. Some approaches to the construction of the condition scales are discussed (expert approach, Glasgow's coma scale, probability ratio logarithm scale). The method proposed may be used for individual prognostication of a fatal outcome, dynamic surveillance of patients who are in a grave condition, the formation of groups identical in fatality for comparing different methods of treatment, etc. Assessment of the effect of changes in the structure of a craniocerebral injury on fatality is given in illustration. PMID- 7090680 TI - [Prediction of pulmonary complications in skill and brain injuries]. PMID- 7090681 TI - [Model of epidural hematoma and an algorhythm for its development]. AB - Study of the development of intracranial hematomas by means of physical and mathematical models showed that the final volume of the hematoma depends on the diameter of the injured vessel, the strength and anatomical features of the fixation of the dura mater to the skull bones, the area of hematoma formation, and the formation of the draining tract along the veins of the dura mater. Examination of the hematoma mathematical model showed that the formation of lenticular hematomas is most likely in the region of the maximum curvature of the inner cranial surface. Stabilization of the physical parameters of the hematoma model is regulated by drainage through the venous system of the dura mater. PMID- 7090682 TI - [Heredo-familial arachnoiditis of the optic chiasm (clinical picture and results of neurosurgical treatment)]. AB - The authors report that Leber's optic atrophy is a familial hereditary optochiasmatic arachnoiditis: 70 patients from 44 families are analysed. In 17 families a medicogenetic analysis was conducted at least in three generations and a recessive type of heredity was determined in most cases. Fifty-five patients underwent operation after ineffective nonoperative treatment. Optochiasmatic arachnoiditis was found in all patients during surgery. Visual functions improved six months after the operation in half the patients. The similarity of the clinical picture of familial hereditary optochiasmatic arachnoiditis with that of infectious-allergic meningitis dictates the need for studying the familial medical history of all patients with retrobulbar neuritis. PMID- 7090683 TI - [Methods of teaching the topic of "craniocerebral injuries" in medical schools]. PMID- 7090684 TI - [A flexible spinal fluid manometer]. PMID- 7090685 TI - [A device for dissecting vertebral bodies]. PMID- 7090686 TI - [Arterial aneurysms of the petrous portion of the carotid artery]. AB - The authors report on 3 patients with arterial aneurysms of the petrous part of the carotid artery which in 2 of them were manifested by profuse recurrent hemorrhages from the external acoustic meatus. The aneurysm was caused by penetrating injury of the middle ear in one patient and injury inflicted during surgery on the middle ear for purulent otitis and mastoiditis in another. Hemorrhages in the third patient occurred during exacerbation of chronic purulent inflammation of the middle ear. The diagnosis of aneurysm was made by cerebral angiography in combination with the method of substruction of the temporal bone structures. In 2 patients with aneurysms of this localization which is difficult for access were completely excluded from circulation by the endovascular method using a balloon catheter. The third patient was not operated on because of spontaneous thrombosis of the cervical segment of the carotid artery. The authors analyse the pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis and methods for the management of such aneurysms. They claim that the endovascular method with use of a balloon catheter is most effective for arresting the flow of blood through aneurysms of such localization and for arresting profuse hemorrhages from the external acoustic meatus. PMID- 7090687 TI - [Plastic surgery]. PMID- 7090688 TI - [Microsurgery in 1982. Importance of the technique in the different surgical specialties and training possibilities (author's transl)]. AB - Recently microsurgical techniques have become standard procedures in microvascular surgery especially in plastic surgery and hand surgery and peripheral nerve surgery. In gynecology and urology microsurgery has improved the results of infertility surgery by two or three times. Microsurgical training in vascular and nerve repair should be undertaken by every fellow in plastic and reconstructive surgery of handsurgery. Gynecologists and urologists should be aware of the possibilities of microsurgery and have the opportunity during their training to participate on these procedures. They should however not need to have full knowledge of the technical details and refer patients to specialized infertility microsurgery centers. PMID- 7090689 TI - Evaluation of digital replantation. PMID- 7090690 TI - [Functional value of the hand after digital replantation (author's transl)]. AB - The absolute and relative indications and contraindications of fingerreplantation are exposed. The function of the replanted fingers depends on the level of amputation, the bone-joint and tendon lesions and the presence of protective sensibility. The range of joint movement of the replanted fingers is related to the amputation wound. The residual motion depends also on the level of amputation giving better results as the amputation is more distally situated. Limited range of movement in multiple amputations is not an obstacle to a useful grasp and pinch, which results in a more or less functional hand. The importance of sensory recovery in the use of replanted fingers is stressed. Assessment of the results is made upon the two-point discrimination rating, the range of motion of the fingers, the grip strength, and stereognosis, the absence of cold intolerance and return to employment. PMID- 7090692 TI - Muscle and myocutaneous flaps. An alternative to free flaps. AB - The evolution in the concept of flap transplantation is reviewed. Better knowledge of the vascular supply of skin and muscle has made possible the evolution from random skin flaps to axial skin flaps, muscle flaps, myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps and free flaps. Pedicled flaps remain a very valuable alternative to free flaps as they are easier and more expedient to execute. Our experience with 35 pedicled muscle flaps and 23 pedicled myocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of difficult defects all over the body is reviewed. The overall results have been very satisfactory as in this entire series only two partial necroses occurred in the muscle flaps, of which one in a distally based soleus muscle flap. Except for three superficial skin losses which healed spontaneously, no flap necrosis occurred in our series of myocutaneous flaps. In two crossleg myocutaneous flaps, two stages were necessary. In one myocutaneous pectoralis flap, the pedicle was sectioned in a second stage and also transferred to the face in order to bring in additional tissue. The other reconstructions were on stage operations. PMID- 7090691 TI - [The replantation of 71 totally amputated digits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090693 TI - [Direct microsurgical treatment of brachial plexus lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090694 TI - [Microsurgery of the facial nerve (author's transl)]. AB - The extent and importance of facial paralysis is established by means of the diagnosis of the etiologic factors, the level of the nerve lesions and the condition of the facial muscles. Treatment depends on the analysis of these different elements. A survey of the methods of treatment is given with special reference to the cross-face nerve grafting. The results of the varied methods are reviewed. The substitutional procedures are listed. PMID- 7090695 TI - [Surgical procedures in acute pancreatitis]. AB - The author points out the increased hepatobiliar intracanalicular pressure represents one of the factors responsible for the development of acute pancreatitis. Decompression of ductus choledochus by T-drainage or by reestablishment of the flow of pancreatico-biliary secretion through the Vater's papilla leads to the fall of the pressure in ductus choledochus, and probably to the decrease of intracanalicular pressure in the pancreas. They think that gastro jejunostomy plays a significant role in the decrease of reflectory mediatory gastro-antral-duodenal influence upon a pancreatic secretion as well as on gastric decompression. Further, they think that one should not wait for a progressive pancreatic tissue necrosis to happen before operation, since this increases the risks involved; but the patient with acute pancreatitis should be operated on, when conservative treatment has not give the expected results. The number of the operations performed in cases of acute pancreatitis, their postoperative course, as well as the absence of the common complications give hope, that by the mentioned surgical procedures the present high mortality rate of this severe disease will be decreased. PMID- 7090696 TI - [Treatment of perianal condylomata acuminata with cryosurgery]. AB - The author investigated the efficacity of the treatment of perianal condylomata by means of kriosurgery. As a kriogen he used Nitrogen oxydul by which is achieved a temperature of minus 75 degrees C. 20 patients was treated of minus 75 degrees C. During the postoperative period 2 of them experienced severe pains, 15 had mild pains, whereas 3 patients only were without pains. The pain lasted up to the fifth day following the surgery. In all patients a leakage of the perianal region was present. Three patients showed recidivation of the illness. The author conclude that by kriosurgical treatment condylomata can be treated effectively, especially if they are of the smaller size. PMID- 7090697 TI - [Healing of the laparotomy wound]. PMID- 7090698 TI - [Humeral fractures with radial nerve injuries]. AB - There are, predominantly, two methods in the operative treatment of a humerus's fracture accompanied by a lesion of a radial nerve, as discussed by the author in his paper. He points out that recently such traumas have become more frequent, and should be treated either by a reposition of fractured fragments by AO osteosynthesis, or by Kirschner's nail placed intramedullary (Hackethal's method). In all traumatized patients showing clinical signs of a radial nerve's lesion, this nerve must first be revised, intraoperatively well presented, and then a perineurolysis should be done. Finally, the nerve should be put in its correct anatomical position, on the muscle, or medially on the humerus. Following the surgery, a mobilization and rehabilitation should be done as soon as possible. In the postoperative follow-up, a callus formation should be monitored by X-ray, and re-innvervation monitored by electromyography. PMID- 7090699 TI - [Closed injuries of the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum]. AB - Closed injuries of retroperitoneal segment of the duodenum are very rare due to its small length and covering by the other organs. Almost half of these injuries are associated with injuries of the other organs. Pathoanatomical lesions are in the form of contusions, which may be overlooked by the surgeon if they are isolated, or as ruptures which require an operation. The author has treated four cases with ruptures which were most often located on the horizontal duodenal part and on the crossing from descending to the horizontal part. They were as consequences of kicks in the abdomen, traffic accidents and falls from heights. The mechanism of the injury involves hyperextension of the spinal column and sudden movement of the gastric and intestinal content. In the clinical picture dominate: pain irradiating to thorax, shoulder or flank, local tenderness and radiologically retroperitoneal and paravertebral collection of air. Because of quick deterioration of the signs, a clinical picture of peritonitis can develop, especially in association with the rupture of the other hollow-organs. In the injuries of the parenchimatous organs the signs of bleeding in the peritoneal cavity will dominate. Two of the four treated patients died. PMID- 7090700 TI - [Surgical treatment of central echinococcal cysts of the liver]. AB - While in the treatment of the peripheral Hydatic Cyst of the liver the complete extirpation of the cyst is today recognized as a curing method, at the Central Type of Hepatic Cyst, there are often suggested and performed surgical treatments which in today's phase could be appraised as incorrect. The Central Hepatic Cyst ought to be entirely removed (cyst and pericyst). All vascular and biliary elements, which go from the liver parenchym to the pericyst, must be exactly tied up. The remaining cavity at liver, is always primarily closed with the parenhymatic liver suture. In the case that there exists a wider communication with larger intrahepatic bile ducts or if there is already present the previously existing intermittent icterus, it is necessary to perform a choledochotomy, in order to prevent the appears of the biliary fistulas. The common bile duct ought to be explored, papilla of Vater dilated up to 20 to 22 Ch, the operative Cholangiography performed and an adequately thick T tube placed. PMID- 7090701 TI - [The value of intraoperative cholangiography]. AB - The 99 intraoperative cholangiography results from the last two years are analyzed. The indications are mentioned, as the intraoperative cholangiography was not used performing every one cholecystectomy. The authors think that the intraoperative cholangiography is necessary before the exploration of the common bile duct. The results are compared with the preoperative i.v./inf. cholangiography findings performed in 95 cases; the rule is, that we do not operate the bile tract without preoperative cholangiography. The diagnostic intraoperative cholangiography findings value that proves the common bile duct obstruction is 0,90, and 0,70 for the preoperative cholangiography. That two diagnostic values relation is 0,95:0,85 for the intraoperative cholangiography. The choledochotomy findings in this group (66%) were controlled by instrumental exploration and even by choledochoscopy. There were no complications in this group performing intraoperative cholangiography. PMID- 7090702 TI - [Primary ulcer of the small intestine]. AB - A Case was demonstrated of perforated primary ulcer of jejunum in a young man aged 19. The ulcer was located on the antimesenterial side of the first jejunal twisting about 8 cm. from the duodeno-jejunal flexure. Besides this perforated ulcer, there was another one on the lower part of jejunum, just close to the mesenterial root, about 20 cm. away from the flexure. It was a covered perforation. Clinically, there existed a picture of acute abdomen; this patient was successfully treated by urgent laparotomy. A resection was made of the altered segment of jejunum in length of 40 cm. along with the reestablishment of the continuity by T-T anastomosis. Careful washing of peritoneal cavity and drainage of the Douglas cavity were further procedures. PMID- 7090703 TI - [Peripelvic cyst of the kidney]. AB - There is discussion of a peripylonic cyst of the kidney as a very rare disease difficult to diagnose before operation. A cyst is most frequently as an expansive kidney process i.e. kidney tumor. Demonstrating the diagnostic procedures, the authors, by presentation of one of 3 cases, evaluate the value of each procedure separately and stress that the echotomographic procedure is the most reliable in the estimating of the parenchimal structure of the expansive process. However, an absolutely exact preoperative diagnosis is not yet possible, and remains to be established on the basis of the kidney changes in the course of the operation. The authors point out that the exact nature of disease in all their 3 cases was established only by operation. PMID- 7090705 TI - [Myositis ossificans of the perivascular area of the femur]. PMID- 7090704 TI - [Surgery of heart myxoma]. AB - Myxomas are the most common benign tumors of the heart. It is important that an exact diagnosis be made and radical surgical treatment effected. The clinical interest in them increased particularly in 1950 when Goldberg first established a diagnosis of intracardial myxoma by means of angiocardiography, and Grafford (1954) performed a successful operation in extracorporal blood flow. Our first successful operation was carried out in the above Clinic in 1961, and since then in about 4500 open heart operations 10 myxomas were extirpated. PMID- 7090706 TI - Congenital antithrombin III deficiency. A description of two Belgian families. Therapeutic implications. PMID- 7090707 TI - X-ray-fluorescence determination of stable iodine in the thyroid gland. A review. PMID- 7090708 TI - High titres of measles and rubella antibodies in chronic active hepatitis. PMID- 7090709 TI - Renal dysfunction and anephric patients: anesthetic considerations. PMID- 7090710 TI - Anesthetic considerations for major aortic surgery. PMID- 7090711 TI - Sterilization versus disinfection of anesthesia breathing circuits: safety and economic considerations. PMID- 7090712 TI - Hypnoanesthesia for office surgery. PMID- 7090713 TI - Update: nurse malpractice and the physician's order. PMID- 7090714 TI - AANA Journal course. 1. Respiratory system. The anesthetic management of the patient: a broad view of the anesthetic considerations necessary regarding the respiratory system. PMID- 7090715 TI - Hemaphysalis punctata Canestrini and Fanzago 1877, a tick of pastured seadunes on the island of Texel (The Netherlands). PMID- 7090716 TI - Dermatophagoides siboney SP. N. (Acarina : pyroglyphidae) a new house dust mite from Cuba. PMID- 7090717 TI - Influence of clonazepam and ethosuximide on ECoG pattern induced by metrazol during ontogenesis in rats. AB - Metrazol (80 mg/kg s. c.) elicited ECoG episodes of rhythmic activity the shape, frequency and localization of which depended on the age of rats. In 15- and 12 day-old animals there was a progression into sustained ictal activity. Clonazepam (1 mg/kg i. p.) exhibited excellent anti-metrazol action in adult, 25- and 12-day old rats. The results in 15-day-old animals were inconsistent. Ethosuximide (125 mg/kg i. p.) protected sufficiently only adult and 25-day-old rats. In younger age groups only ictal activity was blocked, while metrazol-induced episodes remained untouched. PMID- 7090718 TI - The role of psychosocial risks in patients with early myocardial infarction. AB - Results of a retrospective case-control study on 380 male patients with clinically documented first myocardial infarction (age 30-55) as well as findings of a follow-up over 18 months of 70% of this sample are presented. First, the presence of somatic risk factors and in a subsample of 53 patients, degree of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography are documented. Second, the role of possible additional risks due to higher nervous activity, and especially to neurohormonal imbalance, is explored by analyzing psychosocial risk constellations of the MI group vs. healthy controls. It is shown that significantly greater parts of MI subjects can be classified as simultaneously exposed to several chronic and acute social risks and that social stressors are related to the recurrence of cardiac symptoms in a follow-up after rehabilitation. Findings are discussed with reference to evidence from prospective studies, and the question of validity of reported data is addressed to by controlling for possible methodological bias such as the role of denial and neuroticism in patients under study and influences caused by interviewers. It can be demonstrated that findings basically remained stable after controlling for these biases. Finally, additional evidence for the validity of subjective stress rating is presented. PMID- 7090719 TI - Sympathetic activity in labile essential hypertension in young men. Part I. Plasma catecholamines after orthostatic and emotional stress test. PMID- 7090720 TI - Symphathetic activity in labile essential hypertension in young men. Part II. Influence of exercise on plasma catecholamines. PMID- 7090721 TI - Psychophysiological risk factors of cardiovascular diseases: Psychosocial stress, personality, and occupational specificity. PMID- 7090722 TI - Under what conditions does laboratory male rat initiate copulatory behaviour with passively receptive female. AB - Intact, adult male rats with a minimal copulatory experience acquired in interaction with fully proceptive (exhibiting ritualized dartings) female were tested at 1, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hour afterwards by means of passively receptive (responding with lordosis posture only) females. Only five males initiated copulations with lordotic females throughout the whole experiment. Because in the 192 hour test all the males copulated, the development of ability to initiate copulations could not be ascribed to the sexual experience only. Most probably, merely repeated exposition of the males to the passively receptive females resulted in the increase of the hormonal activity. The acquired ability of males to initiate copulations with thus behaviourally weak stimulus females persisted after sixty-four days of heterosexual abstinence. The observed variance in the latencies of the first intromission and in the number of incomplete mounts preceding the first intromission is interpreted in the sense of a parallel action of the processes of learning as well as of hormonal activation. PMID- 7090723 TI - Can inhaled anesthetics influence the breath analyser Alcotest? AB - An in vitro study was made to verify whether anesthetic vapours, exhaled after anesthesia can influence the breath analyser test used in Belgium by the prosecuting authorities. Of the exhaled anesthetic vapours halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane and diethyl ether, only diethyl ether will be able to produce a positive breath test. PMID- 7090724 TI - Epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia following abdominal surgery in elderly patients. AB - Postoperative pain relief obtained by the thoracic epidural injection of 5 or 10 mg morphine was assessed in two groups of elderly patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. In the first group of patients (n = 37, mean age 73.2 +/- 9.9 years), five epidural morphine provided a good and prolonged analgesia for an average duration of 24.5 hours. All patients showed a remarkable lucidity and remained fully cooperative when receiving chest physiotherapy. In the second group (n = 11, mean age 65.3 +/- 11.2 years), ten mg epidural morphine induced a more powerful analgesia lasting on average 38 hours. In this group however, fine patients developed a respiratory depression, often delayed in onset, associated with increased PaCO2 levels and/or bradypnea, requiring treatment with narcotic antagonists. Also an important degree of sedation was observed. These results emphasize the inherent dangers of ventilatory depression of high dose thoracic epidural morphine treatments in elderly patients. PMID- 7090725 TI - The use of labetalol in producing deliberate hypotension and its effects on intracranial pressure in dogs. AB - The use of effective and safe hypotensive agents in neuroanesthesia is a difficult and unanswered question. Most hypotensive agents produce an increase in intracranial pressure and as a result can not be used until the dura is opened. In experiments in dogs, Labetalol, a combined alpha and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, showed no increase in intracranial pressure and no change in intracranial compliance by producing hypotension. PMID- 7090726 TI - Use of chloroprocaine for obstetric analgesia. AB - The effects of low concentration chloroprocaine in continuous lumbar epidural analgesia during labor and delivery, were evaluated in 21 subjects. The final analysis was made on 18 parturientis, 9 receiving 1.5% (group A) and 9 1.33% chloroprocaine (group B), in a standard dose of 7-8 ml (first test dose 2-3 ml), and of 12 ml for the second stage of labor. Onset of analgesia occurred 7.4 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- S.D.) (group A) and 9.6 +/- 1.8 min. (group B) after injection (difference significant). Mean interval between first and second doses was 50.5 +/- 6.3 (group A) and 47.5 +/- 10.8 (group B) min. (difference N.S.). In group A 6 patients and in group B only 1 patient had a temporarily decrease in bloodpressure below 100 mm Hg. During routine monitoring, pathological F.H.R. patterns were recorded in 2 cases. Apgar scores and acid-base parameters were within normal limits in both groups (difference N.S.). PMID- 7090727 TI - The effects of serotonin-receptor blockade after cardiopulmonary by-pass. A pilot study. AB - Ketanserin (R 41468) blocks selectively the 5HT2 receptors. We studied the effects of 10 mg of Ketanserin i.v. in 11 patients after cardiopulmonary by-pass. A sudden decrease in arterial blood pressure and in filling pressures way observed. The heart rate stayed unchanged and the rate pressure product decreased significantly. Cardiac output increased. The observed effects were essentially those of vasodilation without increases in heart rate. This pilot study showed that the 5HT2 receptors blockade may be of clinical value in the quick reversal of hemodynamic instability after cardiopulmonary by-pass. PMID- 7090729 TI - Double superior venae cavae with bilateral inferior venae cavae. PMID- 7090728 TI - [A case of retroesophageal right subclavian artery--with special reference to the morphology of cardiac nerves (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090730 TI - Osteomalacic myopathy in a case of diffuse nodular lipomatosis of the small bowel. AB - The case of a 57-year-old woman is described with a two months history of proximal muscle weakness and pain, marked hypotrophy and brisk reflexes. Clinical investigation demonstrated normal serum CK, myopathic EMG and osteomalacia. Muscle biopsy showed type II fibre atrophy and mitochondrial alterations without inclusions. Further examinations including a jejunal biopsy revealed malabsorption accounting for osteomalacia. At autopsy diffuse nodular lipomatosis of the small bowel was detected (Acta neurol. belg., 1982, 82, 65-71). PMID- 7090732 TI - [Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech (author's transl)]. AB - The paper shows that the aphasic syndrome originally described by Paul Broca corresponds to what is now called anarthria or apraxia of speech rather than to the nosological entity which nowadays goes by the name of Broca's aphasia. The paper further endeavours to demonstrate that the output difficulties of anarthric patients are different from those of patients with Broca's aphasia, and it suggests a number of criteria to discriminate between anarthria and Broca's aphasia (Acta neurol belg., 1982, 82, 80-90). PMID- 7090731 TI - Pattern visual evoked potentials and brainstem auditory evoked responses in uremic patients. AB - With the improvement of dialysis therapy and subsequent increase in the average lifespan of uremic patients more interest has been directed towards neurological complications induced by chronic renal failure. Twelve uremic patients were selected on the basis of negative neurological and psychiatric examinations. Electroencephalogram, pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were recorded in all patients. Pathological latency increases of VEPs in six patients and of BAERs in three patients had been observed. These findings have been related by the authors to the action of toxic substances or to the presence of minimal demyelinating lesions of CNS. Since these pathological findings were observed in patients who were normal at the clinical examination, it has been suggested that the evoked potentials recording might be a sensitive index of initial early lesions of the CNS in uremic patients (Acta neurol. belg., 1982, 82, 72-79). PMID- 7090733 TI - Phrenic nerve conduction time measurement in pulmonary disorders. AB - Using surface electrodes over the lower chest wall, we have measured the phrenic nerve conduction time, i.e. the time interval between the stimulation of the phrenic nerve in the neck and the onset of the diaphragmatic muscle action potential, in 31 control subjects (bilaterally in 19 of them) and in patients in whom the phrenic nerve was at risk from intrathoracic disease. The data obtained from the patients showed that 1 degrees this technique, unlike fluoroscopic examination of the diaphragm, provides quantitative information on phrenic nerve function; in particular, it may detect partial impairment of the nerve by a neoplastic process; 2 degrees it allows an accurate assessment of phrenic nerve function even when lung collapse, pleural effusion, or pleural adhesions make it difficult to visualize the movement of the diaphragm; and 3 degrees it avoids the falsepositives seen on fluoroscopy. We suggest that measurement of phrenic nerve conduction time should be preferred to diaphragmatic fluoroscopic screening in the evaluation of phrenic nerve function (Acta neurol, belg, 1982, 82, 91-98). PMID- 7090734 TI - Tubular aggregates in skeletal muscle of chronic alcoholic patients. AB - The presence of tubular aggregates (TA) in type II muscle fibers in two of 20 alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease, and with no apparent neuromuscular disorder, is reported. The localization, histochemical reactions, and ultrastructural features of the TA are similar to those previously described in other conditions. In one of the two cases TA were demonstrated by E/M observations only and not by histochemistry. No correlations were found between the biochemical changes and the presence of tubular aggregates. We believe that TA are long-standing structures since the muscle biopsies were performed 12 and 13 days after the ingestion of alcohol had been discontinued. They may represent a non-specific response of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to compensate for the deficient calcium uptake reported in alcoholic patients. PMID- 7090735 TI - Comparative study on pathogenesis of selective cerebral lesions in carbon monoxide poisoning and nitrogen hypoxia in cats. AB - Since in a previous study hypoxia and subsequent hypotension were considered to be essential for the pathogenesis of carbon monoxide encephalopathy (CO encephalopathy), experiments were conducted to see whether a combination of nitrogen hypoxia and subsequent systemic hypotension of similar degree and duration as in the previous experimental CO poisoning could induce the same lesion in the CNS of cats. The partial pressure of blood oxygen was reduced to less then 26 mm Hg by increasing the concentration of nitrogen in N2/O2 gas to be inhaled in 1.5h and then the aortic blood pressure (BP) was reduced to 60-80 mm Hg by blood depletion and ganglion-blockage for 1h. In 11 of the 15 cats, lesions were produced in the CNS which were similar by light and electron microscopy to those in CO-encephalopathy. In control groups which were treated by hypoxemia only, hypotension only or a combination CO2-gas inhalation and hypotension without hypoxemia, such lesions were not found in the cerebral white matter. Considering the pathogenesis of lesions in the cerebral white matter in both nitrogen hypoxia and CO-poisoning, two factors i.e., hypoxemia and subsequent systemic hypotension, are common and essential. Further, the enormous vasodilatation in the cerebral white matter induced by hypoxemia and subsequent drop in BP seem to cause a more severe circulatory disturbance in the cerebral white matter than in the cortex. PMID- 7090736 TI - Nervous tissue injury induced by immune complexes. PMID- 7090737 TI - Demyelination in experimental canine distemper virus infection: immunological, pathologic, and immunohistological studies. PMID- 7090738 TI - Neuropathology of citrullinaemia. PMID- 7090739 TI - Ultrastructural study of three cases of encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia. Similarities of lesions with subacute spongiform encephalopathies. PMID- 7090740 TI - Peripheral nerve fibre degeneration in protein-deprived young rats. An ultrastructural study. AB - In a previous study the occurrence of nerve fibre degeneration with a distribution as in dying-back neuropathies was described in young rats subjected to severe protein deprivation (Oldfors 1981). In this study the ultrastructural appearance of the degeneration of the nerve fibres at different levels of the longitudinal tail nerve in severely protein-deprived rats has been investigated. Various structural changes were noted, the most common being bands of Bungner indistinguishable from those seen in Wallerian degeneration. In nerve fibres which were less severely affected the most common finding was shrinkage of the axon with concomitant folding of the myelin sheath. Other structural changes included axonal accumulation of 10 nm filaments or mitochondria and other cell organelles, areas of demyelination, and projections of axolemma and Schwann cell membrane into the axon. Signs of axonal regeneration occurred but were infrequent. The degenerative changes seen at various levels of the nerves support the view that the neuropathy is of distal axonal type, but the structural appearance differs from several of the toxic dying-back neuropathies. PMID- 7090741 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured meningioma cells. AB - The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in cultured human meningioma cells varies over a relatively wide range. There is no correlation between the levels of activity and the histological type of meningioma from which the cultures were derived. The enzyme is heat-labile and is strongly inhibited by L-homoarginine, levamisole, and 1-bromotetramisole, but unaffected by L-phenylalanine and L phenylalanyl-glycylglycine. These findings indicate that meningioma cells synthesize the liver/bone/kidney form of alkaline phosphatase. In contrast to cultures derived from pituitary adenomas, glioblastomas, and astrocytomas in which prednisolone and/or sodium butyrate elicit a manifold increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, with meningioma cells the hormone causes only a slight augmentation in specific activity, and the fatty acid is ineffective. As with other cells producing the liver/bone/kidney enzyme form, no increase in activity occurs in meningioma cells growing in hyperosmolar medium. PMID- 7090742 TI - Ultrastructural findings in so-called ependymal rat tumors induced by transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). PMID- 7090743 TI - Reconstruction of the contused cat spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique and cultured peripheral non-neuronal cells. AB - Previously, surgical reconstruction of the transected dog spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique has been shown to result in reinnervation of the nerve graft by axons. In the present study, we compared the results of surgical reconstruction of the severely contused cat spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique alone to those after reconstruction with a similar nerve graft plus cultured peripheral non-neuronal cells implanted between the grafted nerve and the spinal cord stumps. The spinal cord-nerve graft junction was examined by light and electron microscopy. The cultured cells were prelabelled with tritiated thymidine and their location after implantation determined by autoradiography. By 3 days after spinal cord reconstruction, the prelabelled cells were present at the junction and had migrated into the nerve graft and also into the spinal cord stumps where they were observed near axons. By 7 days, physical connections were observed bridging the junction between the spinal cord and nerve graft and axons ensheathed by Schwann cells had already penetrated at least 1 mm into the nerve graft. Wound healing took at least a week longer in animals repaired with a nerve graft alone. At one year or later after reconstructive surgery, in both groups of animals, the grafted nerve was reinnervated with myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Thus, the severely contused cat spinal cord could be reconstructed with the delayed nerve graft technique alone but the use of the cultured cells appeared to enhance wound healing and decrease the time required for axon elongation into the nerve graft. PMID- 7090744 TI - Oculopharyngeal dystrophy: ultrastructure of muscles distinct from the primary myopathy. AB - The pectoral and psoas muscles from a 72-year-old man afflicted with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were processed at autopsy for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analyses of the pectoral muscle showed myofibrils which exhibited Z line streaming and a general breakdown in the organization of the sarcomere. In addition, some of the myofibrils displayed sites of degeneration at the center of the A band. The changes in the psoas muscles which are distant from the primary myopathic loci of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were more extensive than that seen in the pectoral muscle. Control tissues showed intact myofibrils ad little postmortem alteration. PMID- 7090745 TI - Senile dementia of Alzheimer type: astroglial reaction to extracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus. An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study. AB - Two types of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles may be found in the hippocampus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Besides classical flame-shaped intraneuronal tangles, there are less compact tangles representing extracellular remnants of destroyed neurons with neurofibrillary change. Strong immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) was found in the second type of tangles, which was due to penetration of fine processes of fibrous astrocytes into bundles of paired helical filaments (PHF). PHF appear to be a strong stimulus for astrocytic reaction when they are not segregated from the neuropil by the neuronal cell membrane. PMID- 7090746 TI - Plasma and red cell folate in mothers and infants in normal pregnancies. Relation to birth weight. AB - Plasma and red blood cell folate concentrations (L. casei-activity) have been studied at term in 166 infants born after normal pregnancies, and in 139 of their mothers. Iron (but not folic acid) supplementation was given during pregnancy. The mothers did not develop folate deficiency during pregnancy as judged from their plasma and red blood cell folate concentrations and peripheral red blood cell pictures. A positive correlation was observed between the red cell folate concentrations in the mothers and the birth weights of the infants (r = 0.18, n = 136, p less than 0.05). A positive correlation was also observed between the red cell folate concentrations of the infants and the birth weights and lengths (r = 0.16, n = 147, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.22, n = 147, p less than 0.01, respectively). The present evidence is insufficient to settle whether these correlations are causal. Hematological parameters in the mothers were correlated to those of the infants. The results suggest a relationship between the maternal and infant erythropoiesis. PMID- 7090747 TI - Delivery and long-term outcome of very low birth weight infants. AB - The obstetric and the neonatal management of 72 infants weighing less than 1 500 g at birth were evaluated. Sixty per cent of the mothers were delivered by cesarean section. The neonatal mortality (27%) was equal in the cesarean section and the vaginally delivered groups, but intraventricular hemorrhage was a more frequent autopsy finding in the latter group. At follow-up, 88% of all surviving infants are neurologically normal at two years of age. Of the vaginally delivered infants, three suffered from cerebral palsy, but none in the cesarean section group. The present results reveal that an active management including cesarean section in the delivery of very low birth weight infants is justified and leads to a favorable prognosis. PMID- 7090748 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human myometrium during pregnancy and labor. AB - Myometrial lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were investigated in 32 pregnant women and in 21 women during labor. During pregnancy and labor the H-type LDH isoenzymes were found to preponderate in contrast to M-type LDH isoenzymes. Both H-LDH and M-LDH isoenzyme activities showed a tendency to increase in normal pregnancy. In severe pre-eclampsia and in chronic hypertension, the uterine M-LDH level decreased. In normal labor, M-LDH activity declined in both the uterine and the rectus abdominis muscles. PMID- 7090749 TI - An ominous undulating fetal heart rate pattern. AB - Three cases of severely compromised fetuses are reported in which a similar FHR tracing was observed: an undulating pattern describing a "sinusoidal" shape, a frequency of 0.5-1 cpm, amplitude of 10-15 bpm, and flattened baseline varying between 60-120 bpm. This pattern appears to differ significantly from the sinusoidal pattern described previously and appears to identify an agonal or pre agonal fetus that nonetheless may be salvageable and, therefore, requires maximal obstetric intervention. PMID- 7090750 TI - The clinical significance of blood-contaminated midtrimester amniocentesis. AB - In 706 midtrimester amniocenteses, 180 (25.5%) samples yielded blood-stained amniotic fluid (macroscopically and microscopically), 152 (21.5%) contained maternal blood, 28 (3.9%) fetal blood and 8 samples contained both maternal and fetal blood. In the 180 cases of bloody midtrimester amniocentesis, the abortion rate was 6.6% when maternal blood was found and 14.3% when fetal blood was aspirated, compared with 1.7% in controls. The amount of blood drawn did not alter pregnancy outcome. The percentage of blood amniotic fluid in amniocenteses performed before the 16th week of pregnancy was much higher (36.7%) than during and after the 16th week of pregnancy (22%). Midtrimester amniocentesis should therefore be avoided before the 16th week of pregnancy. PMID- 7090751 TI - Prediction of fetal growth deviation by ultrasonic biometry. I. Methodology. AB - Early information of impaired or accelerated fetal growth is of importance for antenatal care. The present study has produced a mathematical formula which in the 33rd week of pregnancy permits prediction of fetal weight deviation at birth. The prediction was based on two ultrasonic examinations: in the 17th week of pregnancy the biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured to assess the fetal gestational age; in the 33rd week of pregnancy, BPD and the abdominal diameter (AD) of the fetus were measured. Fetal growth deviation was then described by comparing the assessed BPD and AD with the expected mean values for the gestational age on the day of this measurement. For 872 fetuses the growth deviation found in the 33rd week was related to the fetal weight deviation at birth; multiple regression analyses were performed and a mathematical formula developed. For practical purposes this formula is expressed in a nomogram. PMID- 7090752 TI - Antibiotic treatment of acute salpingitis. A study of plasma concentrations of two tetracyclines (doxycycline and lymecycline). AB - A group of 782 patients with a diagnosis of acute salpingitis (a few of the patients because of other infection in the pelvis) were treated with the recommended oral dose of doxycycline (200 mg the first day and 100 mg once daily for at least the following 9-12 days) in combination with 1 g benzyl penicillin and 0.6 g procaine penicillin twice daily intramuscularly for 5-7 days. The plasma concentrations of doxycycline were determined on the third day of treatment before the next dose was given. In 26.5% of the patients the concentrations were below 1 microgram/ml plasma, considered as the minimum therapeutic level. The dose of doxycycline was increased to 200 mg a day in these patients and the plasma concentrations increased accordingly. In another group of 80 patients, 40 were treated with the standard doxycycline dose, and the other 40 patients with the standard lymecycline dose (300 mg twice a day). The plasma concentrations, determined before the dose on the third day, were below 1 microgram/ml in 35% of the patients treated with doxycycline, and in 5% of those treated with lymecycline. Since acute salpingitis in most cases is a serious complication to a lower genital tract infection, often a sexually transmitted disease caused by tetracycline-sensitive organisms, the importance of achieving and determining the therapeutic plasma concentrations of tetracyclines is stressed. PMID- 7090753 TI - Conservative treatment of uterine arteriovenous fistula. AB - A case of a uterine arteriovenous aneurysm in a 20-year-old woman is described. The patients's main symptom was copious uterine bleeding. The diagnostic difficulties are described and the importance of arteriography is emphasized. The aneurysm was occluded at laparotomy by introducing gel-foam into the uterine artery. The patient subsequently became pregnant and after an uneventful pregnancy was delivered of a healthy child. Thus, this type of conservative treatment seems to offer a possible means of avoiding hysterectomy in young patients with this rare condition who wish to retain their fertility. PMID- 7090754 TI - Constriction of the umbilical cord by an amniotic band after midtrimester amniocentesis. AB - Constriction of the umbilical cord by an amniotic band after previous midtrimester amniocentesis is an extremely rare entity. A case report of fetal asphyxia caused by partial occlusion of the umbilical cord by an amniotic band is presented. Clinical and experimental evidence strongly suggests that the pathogenesis of this defect is related to early rupture of the membranes during gestation with subsequent encirclement and ligation of fetal umbilical cord, or extremities. In this case, formation of the amniotic band caused by midtrimester amniocentesis is strongly suggested. Obstetricians should be aware of this hazardous complication during pregnancy and labor in women who had had a midtrimester amniocentesis. PMID- 7090755 TI - Giant condyloma acuminatum with focal malignant degeneration. PMID- 7090756 TI - Alkaline phosphatases in endochondral ossification of rats low in calcium and vitamin D deficient. AB - Young rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D deficient diet for 2 weeks developed hypocalcemia and increased alkaline phosphatase activity in serum. The serum alkaline phosphatase activity (pNPPase) was found to be of skeletal origin. In accordance, the total non-specific alkaline phosphatase (pNNPase) activity in the microsomal fraction of tibial epiphyseal cartilage and metaphysis increased in the deficiently fed group when compared to the normal group. An increased activity in the microsomal fraction of tibial epiphyseal cartilage and metaphysis was shown both for inorganic pyrophosphatase and total ATP-degrading enzyme activity in the deficient group. This was also found in the presence of R 8231, indicating an increased activity of Ca2+-ATPase, shown to be present in both the epiphyseal plate and the metaphysis. These increased enzyme activities were consistent with the known effects of hypocalcemia and/or parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone alkaline phosphatase activity. The increase in Ca2+-ATPase might, however, be a direct response to the hypocalcemia present in the deficient animals. Furthermore, the findings in the present study support the view that the same alkaline phosphatase iso-enzyme is present at different calcification loci. PMID- 7090757 TI - The effect of immobilization on collagen turnover in connective tissue: a biochemical-biomechanical correlation. AB - Immobilization of the knee joint for 9 weeks results in a reduction of the mechanical properties in the lateral collateral ligament. Specifically, ligament stiffness is reduced in this tissue. No statistical change in collagen mass was detected for the medial collateral ligament (MCL) or patellar tendon. An increase in collagen turnover (synthesis and degradation) was, however, found in the immobilized medial collateral ligament and patellar tendon. It is thus proposed that stiffness reduction is due to a change in the ligament substance itself, rather than a result of tissue atrophy. PMID- 7090759 TI - Non-sliding pins in traction absorbing wiring of fractures: a modified technique. AB - By using a newly constructed pin instead of Kirschner wires in the traction absorbing wire (TAW) technique, the clinically observed sliding of the Kirschner wires and resulting skin problems are avoided. The pins and the internal fixation technique are described. In order to demonstrate the simplicity and reliability of the technique a follow-up study 7 years after performed surgery is presented. The late results are given of a series comprising the authors' first 10 consecutive cases of closed transverse olecranon fractures treated by this new technique of internal fixation. PMID- 7090758 TI - Experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit: comparison of different periods of repeated immobilization. AB - The objective of this study was to compare the degree of osteoarthritis caused by different periods of repeated immobilization and mobilization. Existing knowledge of the pathogenic factors causing osteoarthritis is deficient, but it is well known that long-term immobilization produces degenerative joint changes. In this experimental study it is shown that short repetitive periods of immobilization also induce osteoarthritis. The results can be summarized as follows: immobilization, periodic or continuous, over more than 30 days will lead to progressive osteoarthritis. The range of motion after periodic immobilization depends more on the total immobilization time than on the duration of either the immobilization or mobilization periods. Even an immobilization period of 4 days had a cumulative effect in producing osteoarthritis. An interval of 4 weeks between immobilization periods did not prevent immobilization from causing osteoarthritis. It can be assumed that all situations which lead to the immobilization of a joint can cause osteoarthritis changes. Radiology, photography, and histology all showed some degree of degenerative changes also in the contralateral non-immobilized knee. PMID- 7090760 TI - Anatomical and biomechanical factors in the curve pattern formation of idiopathic scoliosis. AB - The maximum range of motion between two adjacent vertebrae without soft tissues was measured from C1-C2 down to L5-S and factors such as rotation, lateral bending, extension, and flexion, during surface contact movement of the facet joints, were investigated. Thirty human cadaveric spines were studied. It was found that the individual spines had a characteristic level-dependent difference in the capacity for elementary motions at the facet joints. Those segments with restricted motion capacity were termed "spinal nodes". The human spine usually has three to four spinal nodes between the skull and the sacrum. They are C7-T1, T4-T5, T8-T9, and T11-T12. This intrinsic structural character of the human spine is expressed as "nodal motion structure". We postulate that this structure plays an important role in the formation of curve patterns in idiopathic scoliosis and other spinal deformities. PMID- 7090761 TI - Treatment of patients with unstable fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a follow-up study of surgical and conservative treatment. AB - A follow-up study was made to compare the effect of surgical reduction and stabilization of unstable vertebral fractures with the results of conservative treatment. Twenty patients treated by conservative methods and 18 patients subjected to surgical stabilization were analyzed with respect to period of immobilization, healing time, degree of residual deformity, neurological restitution and incidence of complications. The wide variety of initial impairment did not permit any definite conclusions with regard to neurological restitution. In all other respects, however, surgical stabilization produced better results as reflected by shorter periods of immobilization, hospitalization and rehabilitation, less residual deformity, and a lower incidence of complications. It may be concluded therefore that surgical treatment of unstable vertebral fractures may be of benefit to both patients and society. PMID- 7090762 TI - Ultrasound in sciatica. AB - Investigation of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal by ultrasound has shown a relative stenosis in patients with sciatica. In this study 12 patients who had recovered uneventfully after being operated on for herniated lumbar discs were found to have a broader spinal canal than 10 patients treated in the same way but still suffering from pain. Moreover, more difficulty was experienced investigating this latter group with the described "B-scan" technique. It is suggested that a preoperative ultrasound investigation would be able to indicate a narrow spinal canal and thereby reduce the number of disc operation failures. PMID- 7090763 TI - Total hip replacement: a ten-year follow-up of an early series. AB - A 10-year follow-up study was made on a consecutive series of 93 patients who underwent hip replacement with a metal-to-metal prosthesis - Muller's so-called self-lubricating total hip prosthesis - during the years 1967-1970. Primarily 106 hips were operated on. One-third of the patients died within the 10-year period. Of the other two-thirds (63 patients/75 primarily operated hip joints), 38 (57 per cent) still had their primary prostheses and 29 had undergone reoperation. In 18 of the reoperations a new prosthesis was inserted and in 11 the extraction of the primary prosthesis was not followed by replacement. All 63 surviving patients could be traced at the 10-year follow-up. The majority attended for personal examination, including evaluation of pain, walking ability and range of hip movement, and for radiography. In the group who had retained their primary prosthesis there was on the whole a rather good hip function - nevertheless in 75 per cent of these patients signs of loosening of the prosthesis were visible radiographically. Of the patients who had undergone reoperation, those with an exchange prosthesis had a better functional capacity than those who were left with a so-called Girdlestone-hip. Deep infection occurred in 8 per cent of the primary 106 cases. There was no onset of infection later than 4 years after the primary surgery. PMID- 7090764 TI - Fractures of the proximal end of the femur in Goteborg, Sweden, 1940-1979. AB - A total of 3475 fractures of the proximal femur occurring in Goteborg. Sweden, in 1965, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1978 and 1979 were reviewed, and the information obtained was compared with earlier published epidemiologic data from Goteborg presented by Martensson (1962) for the years 1940-1959. A highly statistically significant age specific increase in fracture incidence was found for trochanteric as well as cervical fractures, and for both women and men. The fracture incidence increased from about 3 per 1000 in 1965 to 5 per 1000 in 1979, and the yearly number of fractures in this city from 104 in 1940 to 788 in 1979. With the present trend the fracture incidence will double over the next 20 years. PMID- 7090765 TI - Femoral neck fractures in young adults. AB - A total of 110 fractures of the neck of femur were studied in 108 patients 17 to 50 years old. The aims were to analyze why these fractures occur in young adults, and what results can be expected after internal fixation. Severe trauma caused about half of the fractures. In the remaining group chronic and disabling disorders were usually present at the time of injury. Seventeen patients were known to abuse alcohol. Aseptic necrosis with late segmental collapse occurred in 41 per cent of the hips (45/110), comparatively more often in patients who were 45 years or younger. Only 16 of the 73 patients who were seen at follow-up (22 per cent) had a perfect result. It is concluded that femoral neck fractures in patients younger than 45 years occur because of significant trauma in a healthy subject, or minor trauma in subject with predisposing disease. The incidence of late segmental collapse is greater than in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. A less satisfactory result can therefore be expected. PMID- 7090766 TI - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a study of lower extremity length discrepancies and skeletal maturation. AB - Lower extremity length discrepancies and skeletal maturation have been studied in 147 patients with unilateral Legg-Calve-Perthes disease followed by orthoroentgenograms for 5 or more years. At the time of initial assessment there was a marked delay in skeletal age as related to chronologic age in 83 percent of the patients. Standing height in the majority of patients both at disease presentation and at skeletal maturation was less than the mean. The average maximum total femoral and tibial discrepancy during the course of the disease was 2.14 cm. The maximum femoral discrepancy averaged 1.38 cm and the maximum tibial discrepancy averaged 0.93 cm. (The time of maximum discrepancy differed in the two major lower extremity bones). The extent of tibial discrepancy correlated well with the time of immobilization in the unilateral abduction ischial weight bearing brace. The discrepancies did not invariably increase with time and many corrected with the repair process. Four developmental patterns of the discrepancy were detected and classified. Epiphyseal arrest was resorted to in 21 percent of the patients. PMID- 7090767 TI - Patellar tendinitis: pathology and results of treatment. AB - Patellar tendinitis can be considered as an overload lesion in athletes. Anatomical pathology reveals focal degeneration and microtearing at predisposed areas near the insertion of the quadriceps or patellar tendon. Thie prognosis and treatment are dependent on the stage of the affection. A program of conservative treatment is effective in the early stages of the disease but it fails in a high proportion (16/38) of cases in the later stages. Surgery directed towards the tendon, rather than a bony procedure, yielded favourable results in 27 out of 29 patients. PMID- 7090768 TI - Hardness of the subchondral bone of the patella in the normal state, in chondromalacia, and in osteoarthrosis. AB - The hardness of bone is its property of withstanding the impact of a penetrating agent. It has been found that articular degenerative changes in, for example, the tibia (knee) are combined with a decrease in the hardness of the subchondral bone. In this investigation the hardness of subchondral bone in chondromalacia and osteoarthrosis of the patella has been analysed and compared with normal subchondral bone. Using an indentation method originally described by Brinell the hardness of the subchondral bone was evaluated in 7 normal patellae, in 20 with chondromalacia and in 33 with osteoarthrosis. A microscopic and microradiographic study of the subchondral bone was carried out simultaneously. Hardness was lowest in the normal material. The mean hardness value beneath the degenerated cartilage differed only slightly from that of the normal material, but the variation of values was increased. The hardness in bone in the chondromalacia area was lower than the hardness in bone covered by surrounding normal cartilage. The mean hardness value in bone beneath normal parts of cartilage in specimens with chondromalacia was higher than the mean hardness value of the normal material. In the microscopic and microradiographic examination it became evident that there was a relationship between trabecular structure and subchondral bone hardness; high values: coarse and solid structure; low values: slender and less regular structure. PMID- 7090769 TI - Through-knee amputations. PMID- 7090770 TI - Periosteal chondromyxoid fibroma of the tibia: a case report. PMID- 7090771 TI - Tibial fractures treated with Hoffmann's external fixation: a comparative analysis of Hoffmann bilateral frames and the Vidal-Adrey double frame modification. AB - The results after treatment of 50 open and comminuted tibial fractures with Hoffmann's external fixation were analysed. Half of the fractures were treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames, the other half with the Vidal-Adrey double frame modification. The groups were found to be comparable. The results of the study confirm that Hoffmann's external fixation is a safe method for treating the bone and soft tissue lesions in such fractures. There was only one case of osteomyelitis, no definite pseudarthrosis and no leg amputation. The considerably increased stability of the Vidal-Adrey double frame modification did not reduce the length of the healing period compared to fractures treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames. The duration of external fixation was on average 24 weeks, and the radiological healing time 27 weeks. A slightly greater number of residual deformities were found in the group treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames. Most of the deformities were so minor, however, that they were of little practical consequence for the patients. Thus it seems that the original Hoffmann apparatus, if duplicated, is a stable enough fixation in most cases. PMID- 7090772 TI - Oblique displacement osteotomy according to Crawford adams for hallux valgus. AB - Correction of hallux valgus by oblique displacement osteotomy ad modum Crawford Adams was carried out in 54 cases, of which all but 3 were examined clinically and radiologically 1 year or more after the operation. The median age was 32 years. Seventy-eight per cent were satisfied with the operation, and 64 per cent were totally free of pain. A feeling of stiffness in the first metatarso phalangeal joint and/or intermittent pain during walking was found in 22 per cent of the patients, all of whom were dissatisfied with the operation. Adams' osteotomy was found to give a satisfactory correction of the deformity of hallux valgus, but the length of the first metatarsal bone could not be maintained. PMID- 7090773 TI - Prevention and treatment of ulcerations of the foot in unilaterally amputated diabetic patients. AB - In unilaterally amputated diabetic patients the prognosis for the remaining leg is poor. Often the patients suffer from diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy and/or arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, the load pattern of the remaining foot is frequently abnormal. In order to assess the extent of the problem, as well as the possibility of preventive care, 20 patients in the outpatient clinic of the Steno Memorial Hospital were followed for a period of 17 months. Eighteen patients showed signs of peripheral neuropathy and 19 an abnormal load pattern. Following preliminary assessment the dynamic load pattern of the ambulant patients was recorded and their shoes were fitted with a corrective insoles made of Rubazote. In the presence of ulcerations the insoles were continuously modified according to the diminishing size of the ulcer. Supplementary local dressing and systemic antibiotics were administered according to need. Initially 11 patients had pedal ulcerations, 5 ischemic and 6 neuropathic. All of the neuropathic ulcerations healed during the period of observation and no new ulcerations were seen. Two of the ischemic ulcerations healed whereas the remaining 3 persisted. It is concluded that regulation of the pedal load pattern in unilaterally amputated diabetic patients has a considerable curative and preventive effect. PMID- 7090774 TI - The dorsalis pedis flap for lower leg reconstruction. AB - The dorsalis pedis pedicled island flap was used in 13 cases of soft tissue reconstruction of the distal third of the lower leg and heel. The intended purpose was achieved in 12 cases. Donor site morbidity was insignificant. The operative procedure is described with emphasis on the dissection of the flaps and the identification of important vessels. Meticulous donor site coverage is stressed. The indications for this flap procedure are outlined. PMID- 7090776 TI - [Arthrosis of the knee. Conservative surgical therapy]. PMID- 7090775 TI - A neurovascular flap for coverage of distal plantar defects. AB - Ulcers on the sole of the foot are very uncomfortable. A poor blood supply and a tendency to slow healing are common in these patients. Because of its weight bearing and unique sensory function the glabrous skin of the sole is very specialized. To obtain a functional skin coverage, glabrous skin with a good blood supply and an intact nerve supply may be superior to other methods of soft tissue reconstruction. A neurovascular axial or island flap from the fibular side of the great toe may fulfill this demand with minimal donor site morbidity. Three cases are reported and the literature on the subject is summarized. PMID- 7090777 TI - [Cylindrical femoral supracondylar varisation osteotomy in the surgical treatment of gonarthrosis]. PMID- 7090778 TI - [Osteotomy of the knee in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Apropos of a 12-year experience and more than 500 operations]. PMID- 7090779 TI - Long-term results of upper tibial osteotomy for degenerative arthritis of the knee. PMID- 7090780 TI - [Comparative study of 2 series of tibial osteotomies with blade-plate fixation or with compression frame]. PMID- 7090781 TI - [Surgical treatment of femoro-tibial arthrosis]. PMID- 7090782 TI - Displacement osteotomy of the tibial tuberosity. PMID- 7090783 TI - [Surgical treatment of patello-femoral arthrosis]. PMID- 7090784 TI - [Conservative surgical treatment of arthrosis of the knee]. PMID- 7090785 TI - [Kinematics of the knee]. PMID- 7090786 TI - Assessment of knee function. PMID- 7090787 TI - [Pathogenesis of gonarthrosis]. PMID- 7090788 TI - [Mechanical behavior of the tibio-fibular aspects of genu varum and valgum]. PMID- 7090789 TI - [Gonarthrosis and angular deviation of the knee in the frontal plane]. PMID- 7090790 TI - Tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee. PMID- 7090791 TI - [Curviplane osteotomy in the treatment of gonarthrosis]. PMID- 7090792 TI - [Medical aspects of myopathic children]. PMID- 7090793 TI - [Surgical treatment of the sequellae of myopathies]. PMID- 7090794 TI - [Problems of anesthesia for myopathies]. PMID- 7090795 TI - [Intermediate prostheses. Experimental and clinical studies]. PMID- 7090796 TI - [The intermediate SEM prosthesis for fractures of the femoral neck]. PMID- 7090797 TI - Role of articular incongruence and cartilage thickness in hip joint stresses distribution. A biphasic and two dimensional photoelastic study. PMID- 7090798 TI - Treatment of fractures with Ender's prebent flexible nails. PMID- 7090799 TI - [Isolated fractures of the tibial diaphyses]. PMID- 7090800 TI - [Comparative results of surgical treatment of 156 diaphyseal leg fractures. Respective indications for nailing and plate osteosynthesis]. PMID- 7090802 TI - [Thermometry. New approach in the treatment of cutaneous lesions of the lower extremity]. PMID- 7090801 TI - Applications of computerized tomography in orthopaedics and traumatology. PMID- 7090803 TI - The soleus accessorius muscle. Report of a case. PMID- 7090804 TI - Juxta articular tumor of the knee : resection and replacement by a mega prosthesis of carbon-fiber. PMID- 7090805 TI - Evaluation of the effect of naproxen in the treatment of traumatic injuries. Double-blind study of 368 patients. PMID- 7090806 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration in preterm and full term newborn infants. PMID- 7090807 TI - Fatal infectious mononucleosis. Report of a case with a review of the literature. PMID- 7090808 TI - A diagnostic survey of patients referred for chromosome analysis. AB - Out of 692 patients referred for chromosome analysis because of abnormal clinical features, 199 (28.7%) had chromosomal abnormalities. In addition, assessment of the abnormal phenotypic features and the data of other (laboratory, X-ray, etc.) examinations revealed 25 (3.6%) single gene disorders, 25 (3.6%) recognizable syndromes or associations of unknown aetiology, and in 4 cases (0.6%) environmental agents were established as possible aetiological factors. Altogether, of the 692 cases, 253 (36.5%) had a definitive diagnosis, while the remainder 439 were undiagnosed. These results suggest that (i) chromosome analysis is worthwhile if the patient has significant clinical abnormalities, and (ii) a request for chromosome analysis should be viewed as one step in syndrome identification, so that a normal karyotype should stimulate the physician to further efforts to establish a diagnosis. PMID- 7090809 TI - Normal chromosomes in liveborn neonates weighing less than 1000 g. AB - Cytogenetic investigations were performed in 37 phenotypically normal, liveborn immature neonates. Their mean birth weight was 758 g (range, 490-980 g), the mean gestational age was 24.2 weeks (range, 20-28 weeks). All the infants had normal karyotypes, no conspicuous structural aberrations and variants were found. It is presumed that while pregnancies with chromosomally abnormal zygotes are often terminated as fetal wastage or stillbirth, the phenotypically normal liveborn babies born even at a very early gestational age are likely to have normal chromosomes. PMID- 7090810 TI - Major anomalies of the genitourinary tract in the neonate. AB - Thirty-two neonates were investigated or operated upon for major anomalies of the genitourinary tract during the ten-year period up to June 1981. The infants ranged in age from 1 to 31 days. Obstructive uropathies and conditions which appear mainly in later infancy or childhood were excluded. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of renal dysplasia (multicystic kidney), infantile polycystic kidney disease, renal venous thrombosis, tumours, exstrophy of the bladder, combination of paediatric surgical and urological anomalies, and sex assignment in infants are discussed with some case reports. PMID- 7090811 TI - Energy cost of growth of premature infants. AB - The objective of this paper is to review approaches to the determination of the energy cost of growth in premature infants. Two approaches are compared: one based on the composition of weight gain, and one based on the determination of energy balance. Data are lacking on the composition of weight gained by the premature infant after birth, while the composition of fetal weight gain and its energy cost can be calculated from data on fetal body composition. These calculations show that energy storage amounts to less than 8.4 kJ/g weight gain below a body weight of 2 kg; the total energy cost of growth is less than 10.5 kJ/g. Estimates twice as high have been obtained from energy balance studies of growing premature infants and older infants. We conclude that the energy cost of growth in premature infants is still uncertain and requires further study. PMID- 7090812 TI - The histopathological substratum for atrial fibrillation in man. AB - Quantitative studies on the histological sections of the atria including sinoatrial (SA) node, SA junction and internodal preferential pathways in 12 hearts with long-term atrial fibrillation (Af group) and in 43 hearts with no arrhythmia (control group) have been carried out. The control group was subdivided into two age-groups, the younger and older over 50 years for the age matched comparison with the Af group. In the Af group, markedly impaired contiguity of the SA junction, severe fibrosis and lipomatosis of atria were common precipitating factors. Regarding the ratio of SA nodal cells to the area of SA node, and patency of SA node artery, there were no significant difference between the Af group and age-matched (older) control group. In comparison between the two control groups, decreased SA nodal cells, stenosis of SA node artery, impaired contiguity of the SA junction, fibrosis and lipomatosis of atria were more prominent in the majority of the older group than that of the younger. These findings suggest that the pathological lesions of the SA junction and the atrial myocardium in the Af group were the exaggerated aging changes, and these lesions may be the main anatomic substratum for Af. PMID- 7090813 TI - Pathology of experimental radiation pancarditis. II. Correlation between ultrastructural changes of the myocardial mitochondria and succinic dehydrogenase activity in rabbit heart receiving a single dose of X-ray irradiation. AB - Twenty-three rabbits were given a single dose of 3,000R X-irradiation over the heart to study the correlation between the ultrastructural changes of myocardial mitochondria and succinic dehydrogenase activity. The study was made from 1 hour until 1 month after irradiation. The myocardial mitochondria showed, at 1 hour, regressive changes such as irregular arrangement, swelling, vacuolation, decrease and disappearance of cristae, formation of giant mitochondria, and whorled myelin figures. These changes became maximum at 12 hours-2 days. Regeneration of mitochondria had begun at 2 days. At 4-7 days, structurally normal mitochondria had markedly proliferated accompanied by large mitochondria with concentrically arranged cristae and small mitochondria around the nuclei and beneath the sarcolemma of myocardial cells. The myocardial succinic dehydrogenase activity, on the other hand, showed the lowest value at 12 hours--2 days, and recovered almost to the normal value at 7 days. At 2 weeks--1 month when myocardial fibrosis developed, however, the value again mildly decreased. Cardiac death due to radiation therapy may be initiated by the mitochondrial hypofunction in radiation myocardial fibrosis, because the irradiation injures the mitochondrial membrane resulting in morphological and functional changes. PMID- 7090814 TI - Electron microscopic observations of experimental carbon monoxide encephalopathy in the acute phase. AB - The cerebral and cerebellar lesions of the cats that were exposed to 0.3% carbon monoxide gas under artificial respiration were examined by an electron microscope at different intervals. During the first few days, the most outstanding features were segmental empty axonal swelling, dilatation of the extracellular space, swelling and necrosis of astrocytes and oligodendroglias, and lamellar separation of the myelin sheath predominantly in the deep cerebral white matter. These changes subsided within one week. Instead, collapsed myelin increased in number and phagocytosis of disintegrated myelin was occasionally observed. Astrocytes and oligodendroglias became prominent in size and number. Changes suggestive of selective damage of myelin or oligodendroglia was not encountered. We proposed that CO-followed by Wallerian degeneration. The pathogenesis of CO-encephalopathy was also discussed. PMID- 7090815 TI - Chronic Masugi nephritis in the rat. An electron microscopic study on evolution and consequences of glomerular capsular adhesions. AB - Chronic focal glomerulonephritis was induced in the rat by using goat nephrotoxic IgG. In the later stage (6 to 15 months) a number of glomeruli were found to be attached to Bowman's capsule with variable segmental sclerosis and/or hyalinosis. The morphogenesis of the changes was studied by electron microscopy. It was found that partial cytoplasmic necrosis of podocytes was an initiating event of the capsular adhesion. When this occurred in the peripheral tufts, the denuded portion of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) became attached to the parietal epithelium, resulting in progressive thickening of the mesangium and GBM, deposition of hyaline or proteinaceous material, and desquamation of the endothelial sheet, the features being compatible with segmental glomerular sclerosis and/or hyalinosis. It seemed that these changes, in turn, accelerated podocyte desquamation and extension of the capsular adhesion, producing a progressive cycle that terminated in global glomerular hyalinosis. Such a sequence of events most often occurred in rats with massive proteinuria, suggesting that persistent, severe proteinuria caused the podocyte lesion which led to the development of segmental glomerular sclerosis and/or hyalinosis. PMID- 7090816 TI - Histopathological analysis of preneoplastic changes during N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. AB - Sequential microscopic alterations of the urinary bladder epithelium during carcinogenesis were examined in rats after oral administration of 0.01% or 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Simple hyperplasia appeared after 4 weeks of BBN administration. This regressed by 12 weeks after BBN discontinuation but reappeared focally in some areas after 20 weeks and persisted to the termination of the experiment. Preneoplastic papillary or nodular hyperplasia appeared earlier and more frequently in rats treated with 0.05% BBN than in those treated with 0.01%, but these lesions regressed gradually during a prolonged observation period after BBN was discontinued. These results suggest that 2 types of papillary or nodular hyperplasias exist, one reversible and the other irreversible. Tumors appeared earlier in rats treated with 0.05% BBN than in those with 0.01% BBN. PMID- 7090817 TI - A breast carcinoid tumor with special reference to ultrastructural study. AB - A case of a carcinoid tumor of the left breast of an 83-year-old male is reported. On light microscopy the tumor showed the classical pattern of a carcinoid tumor. Neurosecretory granules were verified ultrastructurally, membrane-bound, about 180 nm in diameter, and possessing electron-dense contents. Some tumor cells had long slender cytoprocesses with small clear round granules other than neurosecretory ones. PMID- 7090818 TI - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A case report and review of the literature. AB - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy developed in a 70-year-old man with hepatoma treated with oncostatica. The brain showed multiple demyelinated lesions in the upper half of the cerebral white matter. The lesions consisted of proliferation of hypertrophied astrocytes and glial cells with abnormally large nuclei. These nuclei were shown to be filled with DNA by DAPI staining and reacted specifically with anti-JC antibody by immunofluorescence. Papova-like virions were confirmed on both the sections and negatively-stained brain extract under electron microscopy. The sixteen cases so far reported in Japan were reviewed. PMID- 7090819 TI - Electron microscopy of liver lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis. II. A bile duct with chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis. AB - An 80 micrometers bile duct with typical features of chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis was examined by electron microscopy. Many inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells infiltrated among epithelial cells of the bile duct. Epithelial cells were compressed and deformed by infiltrating lymphocytes. These lymphocytes were in contact with epithelial cells at small points or large areas. The intercellular distance was about 10 or 20 nm at the contact areas. The mode of contact and intercellular distance coincided with the results of in vitro experiments on lymphocyte cytotoxicity against target cells. Some epithelial cells in contact with lymphocytes showed degenerative changes. Necrotic changes were observed in bile duct epithelial cells undergoing emperipolesis. The invading lymphocyte in the epithelial cell had osmiophilic substances on the surface. These sites of emperipolesis seem to be the areas of lymphocyte cytotoxicity against epithelial cells. PMID- 7090820 TI - [Review and prospect of gossypol research (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090821 TI - [Chemotherapeutic studies on schistosomiasis. XXV. Derivatives of substituted coumarin-3-carboxylic esters and amides (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090822 TI - [Synthesis of schizandrin C analogs. II. Synthesis of dimethyl-4, 4'-dimethoxy-5, 6, 5', 6'- dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2, 2'-dicarboxylate and its isomers (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090825 TI - [A new source of vincristine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090826 TI - [Experiments on suspension culture of ginseng callus, a preliminary report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090823 TI - [Studies on antimalarials. II. Synthesis of alpha-alkylaminomethyl-1, 6-dichloro 4-fluorenemethanols (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090827 TI - [Macro and microscopical identification of antelopes horn drugs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090828 TI - [Metabolism of quaternary salt of 14C-sinomenine A bismethyliodide in mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090830 TI - [The effect of polysaccharides of roots of panax ginseng on the immune function (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090829 TI - [Pharmacological actions of dehydrocorydaline on cardiovascular system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090831 TI - [A modification of the apparatus for screening antitussive agents (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090832 TI - [Studies on antimalarials synthesis of 4-arylamino-tert-butylaminomethyl phenols (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090833 TI - [The interaction of cardiac glycosides, tetrandrine and Ca2+ on the guinea pig heart (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090834 TI - Chloramine-T as a titrant for the determination of some selected antibiotics. PMID- 7090835 TI - [Kinetics of the hydrolysis of doxycycline in solution]. PMID- 7090836 TI - [Determination of some components of a lactulose isomer-mixture and syrup]. PMID- 7090837 TI - [Gas chromatographic separation of several barbiturates marketed in Hungary]. PMID- 7090838 TI - [Densitometric determination of the component ratio of gentamycin after visualization with ninhydrin reagent]. PMID- 7090839 TI - Quantitative analysis of natural drugs II. Quantitative TLC determination of digoxin and other glycosides in pretreated Digitalis lanata extracts. PMID- 7090840 TI - Pharmacognosy of Aegle marmelos (L) Correa. seed. A new protein source. PMID- 7090841 TI - The distribution and metabolism of 14C-labelled tamoxifen in spayed female mice. AB - The distribution and metabolism of 14C-tamoxifen (a non-steroidal triaryl ethylene anti-oestrogen) have been investigated in ovarieectomized mice. The autoradiograms showed accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and the bile as an indication of an excretory pathway, but a rapid and high accumulation was also seen in the lung and the adrenals, organs normally not considered as target organs for tamoxifen. The liver and sebaceous glands could be detected on the autoradiograms up to fourteen days after a single intravenous dose. However, in most organs the amount of retained radioactivity was very low after 24 hours. By using the autoradiograms as a guideline a metabolic study was performed. High concentrations of unmetabolized tamoxifen was detected in the lung and the adrenals as well as in the pancreas. Relatively high amounts of a compound tentatively identified as 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen were present in the pancreas and the liver and there were also indications for the presence of N-desmethyl tamoxifen in these tissues. These metabolites are considered to possess anti oestrogenic activity. PMID- 7090842 TI - The influence of physostigmine on respiratory and circulatory changes caused by overdoses of orphenadrine or imipramine in the rat. AB - Orphenadrine or imipramine were given intravenously as an infusion to spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized rats until respiratory arrest, the primary cause of death for both drugs. Intravenous injections of physostigmine did not prolong survival. Artificial ventilation prolonged survival for orphenadrine and imipramine by about a factor 3 and the rats died from cardiogenic shock. The cardiotoxic properties of orphenadrine and imipramine express themselves as a progressing disturbance in stimulus formation and conduction, a decrease in dP/dt max and increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a decrease in cardiac output caused by the progressing decrease of heart rate. An intravenous injection of physostigmine did not prolong survival and had no favourable effect on the cardiotoxicity caused by orphenadrine and imipramine. Although physostigmine may be useful in the treatment of the anticholinergic syndrome it has, at least in the rat, no favourable effect on the respiratory insufficiency, due to overdoses of orphenadrine and imipramine. Moreover it is not effective in antagonizing the cardiotoxic effects of orphenadrine or imipramine. PMID- 7090843 TI - Application of radioreceptor assay of benzodiazepines for toxicology. AB - A radioreceptor assay (RRA) for determining benzodiazepines (BZ) has been developed and applied to toxicological analysis of serum from 21 patients with acute BZ overdosage. The method was sensitive (e.g., lorazepam 17 nM, diazepam 41 nM), and specific for pharmacologically active BZ derivatives. The reproducibility of the results was good (intra-assay variation less than 8%, inter-assay variation less than 10%). Concentrations measured by the RRA showed a good correlation with those obtained by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the same samples. The quantitative results represent the sum of one or several parent substances and all biologically active metabolites, in proportion to their receptor binding affinities. PMID- 7090844 TI - The absorption and excretion of methyldopa ingested concomitantly with amino acids or food rich in protein. AB - Absorption and urinary excretion of 2-14C-L-alpha-methyldopa (alpha MD) were investigated in 5 healthy human volunteers. The drug was administered alone, with a mixture of amino acids and with a meal consisting of roast beef. The radioactivity in plasma and urine was not decreased significantly by either treatment, and it was concluded that the overall absorption of the drug was virtually unchanged. The amount of unconjugated alpha MD in plasma and urine, however, was significantly decreased following administration of the drug with roast beef. As the acid labile conjugates of alpha MD were practically unchanged an increased biotransformation to other metabolites owing to the protein rich meal was suggested more probable than competition between alpha MD and amino acids in the specific transport systems. PMID- 7090845 TI - Alterations in heart rate and rhythm at urography with sodium diatrizoate. AB - One hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients referred for urography were monitored electrocardiographically before, during and after injection of 60 ml Hypaque 45% (sodium diatrizoate 45% w/v) over 60 seconds. The injection produced a significant increase in heart rate, while venepuncture alone had no such effect. Twenty-nine (21%) patients developed minor arrhythmias and 6 (4.4%) major arrhythmias following the injection. Major arrhythmias occurred in the older age groups and were more frequent in males. An abnormal baseline rhythm strip had significant predictive value in determining the development of further arrhythmias. PMID- 7090846 TI - Effect of levomepromazine on EEG and on clinical side effects after lumbar myelography with metrizamide. AB - In patients with lumbago-sciatica levomepromazine is a potent supplement to analgetics in pain treatment. The hypothesis that neuroleptics increase the risk of epileptic seizures after metrizamide myelography was not confirmed in a series of 77 patients, 26 with and 51 without levomepromazine medication, before and after lumbar metrizamide myelography. No differences existed between the groups with regard to the appearance of EEG abnormalities such as slow waves or spikes. Mild side effects were more frequent in the levomepromazine group, except nausea and vomiting. Lumbar metrizamide epidurography in 30 patients did not cause any abnormal EEG. PMID- 7090847 TI - Arterial anatomy of the upper extremity. PMID- 7090848 TI - Malignant occlusion of the coeliac axis. PMID- 7090849 TI - Radiologic assessment of resectability of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. AB - Twenty-four patients with probably resectable carcinoma of the head of the pancreas were examined by means of CT, ERCP and US and supplemented with angiography to assess the resectability. Resection was possible in half of the patients. As the series consisted only of potentially resectable cases, those with obvious liver metastases at CT or US were not included. The 3 patients in whom CT or US revealed a tumour larger than 5 cm were inoperable. A distance less tan 5.5 cm between the hilum of the liver and the proximal margin of the tumour measured in the common bile duct at ERCP also meant inoperability. Invasion of the superior mesenteric or splenic vein at angiography as an indication of non resectability was confirmed at laparotomy in 12 of 13 cases. PMID- 7090850 TI - Diagnostic value of computed tomography in pancreatic carcinoma: a comparison with other radiologic methods. AB - Computed tomography (CT) performed on 54 patients with pancreatic carcinoma showed evidence of pancreatic disease in 44, but a definite diagnosis of an inoperable pancreatic carcinoma could be made in only 16 by revealing liver metastases. Differentiation between neoplastic and inflammatory disease was impossible in most patients, particularly in patients with resectable tumors. CT was found to be inferior to angiography, PTC and ERCP in diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma. CT was also significantly less sensitive than angiography in assessing operability. However, in patients where CT demonstrated liver metastases, angiography and ERCP may be avoided. PMID- 7090851 TI - Pyelorenal backflow in rabbits following clamping of the renal vein and artery: radiologic and microscopic investigation. AB - Retrograde pyelography was carried out in rabbits during and following temporary clamping of either the renal artery and vein together or the main renal vein alone. Pyelosinous backflow was observed in all kidneys and pyelovenous backflow in 16 of the 18 kidneys, occurring at intrapelvic pressures between 50 and 100 mmHg. During simultaneous complete renal artery and vein occlusion intrarenal backflow occurred in all 3 kidneys examined while it was observed in 3 of 6 kidneys when the pyelography was performed 5 min after removal of the clamp. During complete renal vein occlusion filling with contrast medium of the central intrarenal veins occurred in all 3 kidneys but only in 3 of 6 kidneys examined after the clamp had been removed. Microscopically, pyelosinous backflow was explained by vital tears in the fornix of the pelvic cavity. Tears extending into the kidney parenchyma were only observed in kidneys with intrarenal backflow at pyelography. PMID- 7090852 TI - Attenuation in human muscle and fat tissue in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 7090853 TI - Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography. VI. Distortion effects in sliding systems. AB - A mathematical model for calculating the form distortion in rotational panoramic radiographic systems with a sliding beam path and an elliptical form of the sharply depicted plane was developed. The distortion of a spherical model object was calculated for two different systems exemplifying properties of commercially available equipment. The spherical object was distorted toward an ovoid shape in the image. No marked deviations were found between this ovoid distortion and the ellipsoid distortion previously calculated for a theoretical system having a constant effective projection radius and a cylindrical form of the sharply depicted plane. Except for extremely displaced objects in the anterior region the form reproduction in sliding rotational panoramic systems seems to be satisfactory for clinical purposes. PMID- 7090854 TI - Boundaries in the radiographic image. II. Principles for the representation of the object as boundary circuits in the image. AB - The interpretation of images is mostly performed by effective intuitive mechanisms in the visual system. These mechanisms are well adapted for the interpretation of ordinary images but less capable of interpreting radiographic images. These contain boundaries of a type not found in ordinary images. The interpretive mechanism cannot utilize them and so a large part of the information contained in radiographic boundaries is not utilized. A simple analysis has been made of the geometric relations between the shape of an object and the boundaries in the radiographic image. These relationships are simple and regular. A knowledge of them enables a more complete extraction of the information contained in the boundaries. PMID- 7090855 TI - Vasodilator response in the lower extremity induced by contrast medium. I Canine model. AB - The vasodilator response induced by injections of contrast medium was observed in 11 dogs by electromagnetic flow technique. The experiments were performed to further understand video dilution technique (VDT) measurements in patients with arterial obstructive disease. Responses were observed with regard to the contrast dose relationship, time to peak flow, and abnormal flow produced up to 4 ml caused increasing magnitude of peak flow. The time to peak flow was relatively constant for all doses. Mechanical constrictions depressed th peak flow magnitude but did not affect the time to peak. Emboli produced both depression of the flow magnitude and a delay in time to peak flow. The data suggest that the VDT vasodilatory response curves obtained in patients should correlate with the degree of obstructive disease and delay in the peak flow implies outflow disease. PMID- 7090856 TI - Clinical experience of ioxaglate in femoral angiography. PMID- 7090858 TI - Mycosis fungoides: electron microscopic studies. PMID- 7090857 TI - Cytotoxic material released from Staphylococcus epidermidis. I. Effects on [3H]thymidine incorporation of human lymphocytes. AB - Incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) into tonsil lymphocytes was inhibited by native Staphylococcus epidermidis while Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I caused stimulation. The inhibitory effect of S. epidermidis was abolished by formalin treatment but not by heat killing. A toxic agent was released from S. epidermidis on gentle water extraction without lysing the bacteria. The extract contained protein and other UV-absorbing material, but did not exhibit haemolytic, lysozyme, catalase or protease activity. The heat-resistant, formalin-sensitive inhibitor present in the aqueous extract of S. epidermidis inhibited [3H]TdR incorporation of lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the viability of lymphocytes. PMID- 7090859 TI - Response of rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts to oestradiol treatment in vivo. Role of the cell tubulin system. AB - The fine morphological response was studied of rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts to oestradiol treatment in vivo. Fibroblasts from control rats revealed a well developed Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic microtubules. Golgi-related vacuoles, elongated and flattened rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns and microtubules associated with both these organelles were found in these cells. In contrast, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns mainly of the vacuolar type were a conspicuous finding in fibroblasts from oestradiol treated rats. The Golgi complex was less expressed, and these cells contained no microtubules. The cytoplasmic microtubules and/or membrane bound tubulin (rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternal membrane bound tubulin) are suggested to be the cell targets on which oestradiol exerts its primary, cholchicine-like effect, resulting in the cellular response of rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts, in a dilatation of the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 7090860 TI - Postnatal development of perisinusoidal cells in the porcine liver. AB - The ultrastructure of perisinusoidal (PS) cells was studied in the liver of young pigs 1-28 days after birth. In immature animals these cells have long cytoplasmic processes often surrounding almost the entire sinusoid. In their close vicinity newly formed collagen filaments are found. While in the adult pig the PS cell cytoplasm is almost totally occupied by a large lipid droplet, in the young animal it contained only a few small lipid droplets, accompanied by a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus, microtubules and filaments 5-6 nm in diameter. The latter formed bundles with patchy dark areas. Findings indicate that during early postnatal development the function of PS cells is protein synthesis, perhaps for the production of reticulum fibres rather than fat or vitamin-A storage. In addition, PS cells by containing contractile elements may regulate the width of the sinusoids. PMID- 7090861 TI - Effect of capsaicin on the nerve elements of the small intestine. AB - The effect of capsaicin treatment on the nerve elements of the small intestine has been investigated in newborn cats. Degeneration of numerous nerve processes could be observed after capsaicin treatment. Some of these nerve fibres were found in pre- and in postsynaptic situation. A few cell somata were also severely damaged after capsaicin treatment. No such degeneration was observed in the control animals. On the basis of the capsaicin effect is assumed that some of the degenerated nerve terminals might be responsible for the intrinsic sensory innervation of the small intestine. PMID- 7090862 TI - Experimental pneumoconiosis due to dusts of ore mines, I. AB - Male CFY rats were injected into their trachea with a suspension of dust of ore mine dead rock of high quartz content and mixed composition (particle size: 0-60 micrometers). Three and six months after treatment, foreign body granulation and after twelve months a non-fibrotic diffuse lung disease was seen in the animals. After twelve months of exposure, non-specific, mature sinus histiocytosis and small focal epitheloid cell reaction were found to develop in the cervical, lung hilar and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The histopathological changes were compared with those seen in experimental silicosis induced by DQ12 quartz. It is concluded that the hazardous effect of industrial dusts is not identical with their fibrogenic effect. PMID- 7090863 TI - Histochemical examination of alcoholic liver injury. AB - The histochemical changes in the rat liver induced by chronic alcohol treatment were investigated. A significant decrease in glycogen content was observed as the first sign of alcoholic liver injury. The change started at the periphery of the hepatic lobule. With the decrease of the glycogen content a fatty degeneration of the involved parts of the hepatic lobule occurred. Fatty degeneration of the liver is to be ascribed to an inhibition of glycogen metabolism. Alcohol in the organism transfers the glucose to the pyruvate-acetyl CoA-triacyl glycerol pathway. PMID- 7090864 TI - "Lipid storage myopathy" with muscle carnitine deficiency only. PMID- 7090865 TI - Progressive supranuclear palsy. Part I. Clinical study of 10 cases. PMID- 7090866 TI - Progressive supranuclear palsy. Part 2. Electro-oculographic and neuro-otological study. PMID- 7090867 TI - Children's cervical spine instability after posterior fossa surgery. PMID- 7090868 TI - Sex differences in adults' spatial and verbal serial learning tasks. PMID- 7090869 TI - A study of the jaw reflex in two cases of Raeder's syndrome. PMID- 7090870 TI - Clinical and computerized tomographic study of a case of Schilder's disease. PMID- 7090871 TI - Dolichomegavertebrobasilar anomaly: diagnosis by CT. PMID- 7090872 TI - Interstitial cells of Cajal: intestinal pacemaker cells? PMID- 7090873 TI - Seasonal spermatogenesis in the mute swan (Cygnus olor). PMID- 7090874 TI - The feeding system of the pigeon (Columba livia L.). PMID- 7090875 TI - Development of the cranial nerve ganglia and related nuclei in the rat. PMID- 7090876 TI - Teenage and older mothers and their infants: a descriptive comparison. AB - A multivariate comparison of the childbearing and childbearing experiences of teenage and older mothers was undertaken to investigate factors assumed to be responsible for developmental deficits experienced by children born to teenage mothers. The two groups of mothers and infants were compared on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, pregnancy and delivery experiences, neonatal status, maternal attitudes, infant temperament, and mother-infant interaction variables. The two groups were found to be quite similar on most of the variables studied. The present findings challenge much of the extant literature on teenage pregnancy and point out the need for a more detailed and objective examination of teenage childbearing and childbearing. PMID- 7090877 TI - Big sisters: an experimental evaluation. PMID- 7090878 TI - Alienation and ego identity in adolescents. AB - This study discusses alienation among youth in present day society and investigates the relationship between ego identity and alienation in adolescents. The subjects were 147 students from five high schools in southwestern Virginia. Each subject was administered the Adolescent Alienation Scale (Mackey, 1974) and Ego Identity Scale (Rasmussen, 1961). The data supported the hypothesis that as scores on the Ego Identity Scale increase, there tends to be a moderate decrease in alienation. The results imply that young people who have successfully resolved the Eriksonian crises and conflicts will feel a sense of mastery over their environments and control of their destiny. Seeming, all "significant others" share a responsibility in forming the social personality which determines the commitment youth will eventually make to society. PMID- 7090879 TI - Characteristics of teachers of emotionally disturbed adolescents. AB - The National Secondary Society School Survey was conducted to obtain information regarding the "state-of-the-art" in service delivery to learning disabled and emotionally disturbed adolescents. Volunteer teachers in all fifty states completed a survey instrument regarding their own characteristics and those of their students and educational programs. The results of analyses of the responses of 320 secondary level teachers of emotionally disturbed adolescents to questionnaire items regarding their personal and educational characteristics are presented and discussed. PMID- 7090881 TI - Premarital sexual opinions of undergraduate students at a midwestern university. AB - Opinionnaires were distributed to 130 single, undergraduate students in two Human Development courses offered at a midwestern university to elicit opinions concerning premarital sexual behaviors. Test of null hypotheses were utilized to determine whether or not there were statistically significant differences between the opinions of fraternity members and non-fraternity members; sorority members and non-sorority members; males and females; religious and non-religious subjects; subjects enrolled for the day-time course and subjects enrolled for the night-time class; subjects who were born and raised in a rural area and those born and raised in an urban area; and finally among subjects belonging to the three different socio-economic groups. The results indicate that fraternity membership and non-fraternity membership, sorority membership and non-sorority membership; day-time and night-time enrollment, place of birth and residence and socio-economic status did not predict the subjects' opinions concerning premarital sex. Statistically significant differences, however, were found between the opinions of males and those of females. In addition, significant differences were found between the opinions concerning premarital sexual behaviors of religious and non-religious subjects. Differences for both these variables were found to be significant at the .001 level. PMID- 7090880 TI - Characteristics of adolescents treated at six different treatment settings. AB - The following study was designed to compare characteristics of adolescents receiving treatment at six different treatment settings. These settings included a state hospital, a long-term private hospital, a short-term private hospital, a group home, a school-based day program, and a community mental health outpatient unit. Instead of diagnosis or lengthy indepth interviews, psychological tests were utilized to evaluate personality, current adjustment, and academic achievement. Short questionnaires were utilized to obtain demographic data regarding family and patient variables. Data were collected within two weeks of admittance into the treatment programs. Tests included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and the Children and Adolescent Profile. Using these measures, more similarities than differences were noted among the six groups. Implications for further research evaluating the measures utilized and admission policies are suggested. PMID- 7090882 TI - The adolescent girl and her female therapist. PMID- 7090883 TI - Evaluation of sex education outreach. PMID- 7090884 TI - Organizational change in an adolescent inpatient unit. AB - This paper describes a two-year process of evolution toward a more open, yet more structured therapeutic orientation in a large adolescent inpatient psychiatric unit. The rationale for alterations in structural organization, therapeutic modalities, and staff development are discussed. Issues of treatment team leadership, physical organization of the treatment center, integration of family, group and individual therapy, continuity of care and staff training are examined. Assessment of the impact of the changes were accomplished by administration of the Moos Ward Atmosphere Scale to clients and staff prior to and two years following the implementation of the changes. Adolescents perceived the ward environments as engendering more involvement, being more oriented toward personal problems, and encouraging less anger and aggressiveness. In addition, they saw the program as increasing in clarity, and the staff as being in greater control. Staff's perceptions, shifted in a more positive direction on nine of ten WAS subscales. Implications for the direction of change and its relationship to the organizational changes is discussed. PMID- 7090885 TI - Identity formation: pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents. PMID- 7090886 TI - Sexual activities of school-going adolescents in Nigeria. PMID- 7090887 TI - Feedback versus information concerning carbon monoxide as an early intervention strategy in adolescent smoking. AB - The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of several programs using feedback about carbon monoxide (CO) as strategies for deterring experimentation with cigarettes in sixth-grade children. All experimental subjects viewed a film depicting elevated CO levels in smokers' breath. Subjects in three conditions then viewed a live demonstration of the detection process using smoking and non smoking adult subjects, followed by personal monitoring with either immediate, delayed or withheld feedback. An additional group viewed only the film and the live demonstration, and one group viewed only the film. Compared to no-treatment controls, the only program to reduce experimentation with cigarettes was the information-only program. Contrary to what was predicted, several programs, including those using immediate and withheld feedback had increases in rates of experimentation. For young adolescent populations, the use of simple information about imminent consequences of smoking programs is advocated. PMID- 7090889 TI - Typical and atypical antidepressants. Clinical practice. PMID- 7090888 TI - Group meetings on an adolescent medical ward. AB - This report describes the development, functioning, content, and usefulness of patient group meetings on an adolescent medical ward. The meetings prove to be a useful technique in furthering the objectives of psychiatric consultation in such a setting. The meetings convinced the author that the threat to developing autonomy is the major focus of emotional conflict for the hospitalized adolescent. The meetings prove beneficial in helping the patients adjust to the experience of hospitalization. A diagnostic and educational function is also served. PMID- 7090890 TI - Experience with a new rapid-acting antidepressant: amoxapine. PMID- 7090892 TI - RDC endogenous depression as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy. PMID- 7090891 TI - Possible relationship between outcome in primary affective disorders treated with lithium and family history. PMID- 7090893 TI - Use of antidepressants in childhood: results of maprotiline (Ludiomil) treatment in 20 cases. PMID- 7090894 TI - Is urinary MHPG a real predictor of drug response in primary depression? PMID- 7090895 TI - Pharmaco-EEG profiles of typical and atypical antidepressants. AB - Utilizing quantitative analysis of the human electroencephalogram (EEG), the effect of typical and atypical antidepressants on the central nervous systems (CNS) was studied in several double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. At least two types of pharmaco-EEG profiles may be differentiated: 1) a thymeretic, desipramine-like pharmaco-EEG profile suggesting activating properties of the drug (desipramine, tranylcypromine, nomifensine, higher doses of pirlindol and to some extent of fluoxetine); 2) a thymoleptic imipramine- and amitriptyline-like pharmaco-EEG profile showing also sedative qualities (imipramine, amitriptyline, maprotiline, binodaline, danitracene and fluvoxamine). A small number of new compounds exhibit still another pharmaco-EEG profile which may reflect some activating properties different from the above-described ones (clovoxamine, ciclopramine, tandamine). Trazodon on the other hand, produced just opposite changes indicating sedative effects. Aside from determining the type of EEG changes, the pharmaco-EEG method seems to be of value in determining time- and dose-efficacy relations at the target organ--the human brain. The relationships between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics will be discussed. PMID- 7090896 TI - Tricyclic antidepressants and EEG sleep in depressed patients. PMID- 7090897 TI - Hormonal interference in experimental models of depression. PMID- 7090898 TI - Hormone therapy in depressive diseases. PMID- 7090899 TI - Neuroendocrine mechanisms in the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs: the "thyroid-axis" hypothesis. PMID- 7090900 TI - Long-term treatment with mianserin: a clinical study with plasma levels. PMID- 7090901 TI - The role of antidepressants in rapid cyclicity. PMID- 7090902 TI - Recognition of adverse drug reactions in depressed patients treated with viloxazine (Vicilan). PMID- 7090903 TI - The problem of side effects: cardiotoxicity. PMID- 7090904 TI - Overdose of selective antidepressants. PMID- 7090906 TI - Three types of granule formed in guinea pig and rat heterophil granulocytes. PMID- 7090905 TI - The development of numerical understanding. PMID- 7090907 TI - Studies on the recognition of xenogeneic cells by nonimmune macrophages. II. Separate signals triggered cytostasis and cytolysis. PMID- 7090908 TI - O2-independent killing of gram-negative bacteria by intact granulocytes. The role of a potent bactericidal membrane-perturbing protein. PMID- 7090909 TI - The extracellular stimulation of intracellular killing by phagocytes. PMID- 7090910 TI - The role of the cell membrane in the killing mechanism of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). PMID- 7090911 TI - Leptospires macrophage interactions. PMID- 7090912 TI - Relationship between the enhanced oxidative metabolism and the enhanced microbicidal activity of activated macrophages. PMID- 7090913 TI - Killing of Leishmania donovani. Amastigotes by murine macrophages. PMID- 7090914 TI - Selective depression of phagocytes intracellular killing activity. PMID- 7090915 TI - Synthesis and release of factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) by macrophages. PMID- 7090916 TI - Biochemical and biological characteristics of leucocyte proteinase inhibitors. AB - Pig leucocytes contain inhibitors of neutral and thiol proteinases. These proteins could be isolated from post-granule supernatant fraction as well as from nuclear extract using ion exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and affinity chromatography. Inhibitors differ in molecular weight, isoelectric point, immunologically and their inhibition ability against tested enzymes. PMID- 7090917 TI - The release of platelet-activating factor during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. PMID- 7090918 TI - The bovine neutrophil: separation and partial characterization of plasma membrane and cytoplasmic granules. PMID- 7090919 TI - Interaction between neutrophils and mediators of inflammation. PMID- 7090920 TI - Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The glucose metabolism in human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes was stimulated by latex particles, zymosan particles, gamma-G globulin and formylmet-leu-phe (FMLP) peptide. Maximum stimulation occurred when zymosan particles in amounts above 0.25 mg/ml per 4 X 10(6) leukocytes were used. Latex particles, gamma-G globulin and FMLP stimulated the glucose oxydation less than zymosan particles. The glucose oxydation increase in proportion to the amount of latex particles and gamma-G globulin in the measured range, while the dose response curve using FMLP shows maximum activity at a consentration of the peptide of 5 X 10(-5)M per 4 X 10(6) leukocytes. It is likely that FMLP and gamma-G globulin act on the glucose metabolism via cell surface receptors. The synthetic polystyrene particles (latex) do not occupy these receptors, but stimulate the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity of the PMN via intracellular mechanisms. Opsonized zymosan particles seem to act on the leukocyte glucose metabolism via cell surface receptors as well as via intracellular mechanisms. PMID- 7090921 TI - The nature and function of the microbicidal oxidase system of neutrophils. PMID- 7090922 TI - Superoxide dismutases and the oxidative burst in human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. PMID- 7090923 TI - Effect of ionophores on lymphocyte cellular metabolism. AB - The effect of valinomycin, nigericin, gramicidin S and D, A23187 and X537A on respiration and cellular ATP content of rat spleen lymphocytes is presented. It has been found that while valinomycin and nigericin interfere with mitochondrial functions gramicidin D does not show an appreciable effect. These results are explained in terms of different ability of ionophores to re-distribute among intracellular membranes. A23187 and X537A, added with Ca2+, strongly enhanced O2 consumption and reduced cellular ATP content. PMID- 7090924 TI - Characterization of the peroxidase in human eosinophils. AB - Human eosinophil peroxidase is a cationic protein with a higher content of arginine, the enzyme being poorly soluble in water. The purified enzyme is able to carry out the peroxidative chlorination of monochlorodimedon. Like myeloperoxidase the position of the pH optimum of this reaction depends on the ration of the concentrations of chloride and H2O2. Compared to myeloperoxidase the pH optimum is shifted by 0.8 pH unit to more acid pH values. The physiological consequences of the properties of the eosinophil peroxidase are discussed. PMID- 7090925 TI - Physicochemical surface changes on phagocytic cells during differentiation in relation to chemotaxis and phagocytosis. AB - During cell differentiation induced by DMSO, the HL-60 cells exhibit certain surface alterations such as increased hydrophobic interaction. Similar changes have been observed in activated alveolar macrophages, and granulocytes exposed to chemoattractant in vivo and in vitro. Whether these surface changes are directly linked to the enhanced chemotactic, oxidative and phagocytic responsiveness is unclear, although increased liability to hydrophobic interaction promotes phagocytic recognition in several systems. From the present data it is evident that oxidative and phagocytic responsiveness are acquired at different stages of differentiation. Detecting physicochemical differences in the surface properties of the HL-60 cells during differentiation may furthermore provide a useful tool for studying subpopulations of cells during differentiation and activation. PMID- 7090926 TI - The effect of hyaluronic acid on neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo. AB - HA affects neutrophil function both in vitro and in vivo at picomolar concentrations. The present data suggest that the activity of HA is directed against some very basic metabolic mechanisms in the cell involving the increased synthesis of ATP and increased glucose metabolization. A preliminary clinical trial suggests that subcutaneous injections of HA may be used in the therapy of patients with undue susceptibility to bacterial infections but firm conclusions as to this point has to await regular controlled clinical trials. PMID- 7090927 TI - Expression of Fc and C3b receptors and intracellular distribution of bacteria in rat macrophages. PMID- 7090928 TI - Monocyte activation by immune complexes of patients with SLE. AB - 1. IC precipitated by PEG from patients with SLE inhibit in vitro the FcR dependent reaction of normal monocytes with sSRBC, while the C3bR dependent reaction of the cells with sensitized yeast is reduced only by some of them. The monocytes were preincubated with the IC for 30 min at room temperature. 2. When the monocytes were incubated with the IC for 22 hours at 37 degrees C the reaction of FcR with sSRBC increased, while the C3bR dependent reaction did not altered. 3. Simultaneously with the increasing FcR dependent reaction, the secretion of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase of monocytes cultivated with IC is greater than those of the controls. PMID- 7090929 TI - Nucleotide concentrations in leucocytes and their use in controlling the quality of cell preparations. PMID- 7090930 TI - Resting and stimulated chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a clinical approach. PMID- 7090931 TI - Deficient phagocytosis secondary to breakdown of opsonic factors in infected exudates. AB - Pleural empyema, a clinical entity characterized by the simultaneous presence of large number of PMNLs and viable bacteria, is a biological paradox which has not been fully explained yet. Our preliminary studies suggest that receptor and bactericidal functions of PMNL isolated from purulent exudates, can be close to normal in this condition. Supernatants of these empyemas however have been shown to be low in heat labile opsonic activity and complement hemolytic activity. These observations have been extended by the demonstration of breakdown of IgG, C3 and factor B in infected pleural effusions as opposed to pleural fluids obtained under other conditions. The breakdown of Ig and C3 seems to be enzymatic and to occur, at least for C3, even in the absence of Ca and Mg ions: thus, direct cleavage of C3, possibly by PMNL enzymes, has to be postulated to explain these results. Present work in our laboratory is trying to explore this possibility. PMID- 7090932 TI - Congenital and acquired lactoferrin deficiencies in neutrophils. PMID- 7090933 TI - Enzymatic deficiency in monocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. PMID- 7090934 TI - Use and results of neutrophil function testing in pediatric immunology. PMID- 7090935 TI - The effect of influenza virus on oxygen-dependent metabolism of human neutrophils. PMID- 7090936 TI - Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: reactivity of peritoneal and bone marrow macrophages. PMID- 7090937 TI - Leucocyte activation and the assessment of leucocyte locomotion. AB - Leucocyte activation by different agents does not result in a uniform pattern of parallel responses. Some activities have synergistic and others antagonistic effects on directional locomotion in vitro. No reliable correlation between chemotaxis on the one hand and other leucocyte activities such as crawling movements, adhesion to solid substrata and chemokinesis has been firmly established. Therefore, the assessment of chemotaxis by measuring orientation is presumably the only reliable quantitative measure for chemotaxis. PMID- 7090938 TI - [Aging effects and some properties on the major & minor peaks associated with carbohydrate of the calf cortex and nucleus gamma crystallins (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090939 TI - [Aphakic retinal detachment. III. Age of cataract extraction and retinal detachment, and interval between two events (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090940 TI - [The hematocrit and the blood volume in the ocular circulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090941 TI - [Suppression of electroretinographic b-wave and oscillatory potential by aminoadipic acid (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090942 TI - [Mesopic vision: comparative studies by mesoptometer, Lavergne's methode and skotoptikometer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090944 TI - [The peak velocity of saccadic eye movements in abducens palsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090943 TI - [Anterior chamber angle melanocytization as a cause of secondary glaucoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090947 TI - [Fourier analysis of flicker VEP (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090945 TI - [A comparative study on the cataract disintegrating power of longitudinal and torsional ultrasonic waves (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090946 TI - [Studies on the nature of the oscillatory potential of the human electroretinogram. Effects of background and stimulus light intensities upon the implicit time (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090948 TI - [Spectral sensitivity of human visual pathway and its clinical application. Part I. Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity of the normal subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090949 TI - [Spectral sensitivity of human visual pathway and its clinical application. Part 2. Increment-threshold spectral sensitivity of the eyes with retinal detachment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090951 TI - [The "new aniseikonia tests" and its clinical applications (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090950 TI - [A B-scan ultrasonographic finding in the ciliary body regions in eyes with ocular contusion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090953 TI - [Clinical studies on heredity in high myopia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090952 TI - [Maximum entropy spectral analysis to the pupil dynamics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7090954 TI - Accidents in the elderly. PMID- 7090955 TI - Panic. PMID- 7090956 TI - Treating syphilis with tetracycline. PMID- 7090957 TI - Preventing heat stroke. AB - High temperature, mental status changes and anhidrosis constitute the classic triad of the heat stroke syndrome. Prevention should be the foremost concern. For athletes, this means gradual acclimation to a warm environment, liberal water replacement and use of the wet-bulb thermometer as a guide to activity. Other precautionary measures include preseason history and physical examination, records of pre- and post-exercise body weights, proper clothing and education. These principles are adaptable to nonathletes. PMID- 7090958 TI - Syringomyelia after spinal cord injury. AB - This sequela may be more common than is recognized. Because syringomyelia can progress to advanced stages without overt symptoms, awareness of this entity is vital for early diagnosis. Unexplained pain, numbness and ascending or descending anesthesia, followed by motor loss, point to the diagnosis. Other signs include neurotrophic arthropathy, Horner's syndrome, autonomic dysreflexia and manifestations of brainstem involvement. Computed tomography helps identify the cysts. Operative procedures to promote drainage of the fluid from the syrinx may cure or halt progression of the lesion. PMID- 7090959 TI - Step-care approach to improving hypertensive patient compliance. PMID- 7090960 TI - Idiopathic infantile intussusception. PMID- 7090961 TI - Hypersensitivity vasculitis. AB - This heterogeneous group of disorders is characterized by inflammation of small blood vessels. Hypersensitivity vasculitis may occur as a primary disease or in association with an underlying illness such as a connective tissue disorder or malignancy. Patients show any one of a number of different skin lesions; visceral organ involvement may also be present. The prognosis is generally good. Remission may be hastened by a brief course of corticosteroids. PMID- 7090962 TI - Screening for alcoholism. PMID- 7090963 TI - Indications for permanent cardiac pacing. PMID- 7090964 TI - Antiemetics. PMID- 7090965 TI - Hepatic porphyrias simulating typhoidal tularemia. PMID- 7090966 TI - Cyanocobalamin and cyanide toxicity. PMID- 7090967 TI - Comparison of single-plane and biplane contrast analyses of right ventricular function and size. AB - To evaluate the utility of single and biplane right ventricular (RV) contrast angiograms, we evaluated 25 canine RV casts and 31 cineangiograms performed in patients during standard contrast ventriculograms. Both standard single and biplane formulae were utilized. In the 25 canine RVs, absolute volume was determined by water displacement. Both biplane (r = 0.96) and single-plane (r = 0.86) volumes correlated well with cast data. These formulae were then applied to contrast ventriculograms in the 31 patients (30-degree right anterior oblique and 60-degree left anterior oblique projections). The ejection fractions (EFs) calculated from the single-plane technique provided fair correlation with EFs derived from the biplane data (r = 0.81, y = 0.81X + 0.05). Similar correlations were noted when end-diastolic volume results were compared (r - 0.78, y - 0.57X + 56.4). However, while single-plane contrast right ventriculograms correlate with estimates of global RV function and size by biplane methods, considerable scatter of the data may limit its application in individual cases. PMID- 7090969 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction: prospective analysis of what constitutes an adequate determination. PMID- 7090968 TI - Patterns of exercise treadmill test performance in patients with left main coronary artery disease: detection dependent on left coronary dominance or coexistent dominant right coronary disease. PMID- 7090970 TI - Noninvasive detection of ventricular aneurysm by combined two-dimensional echocardiography and equilibrium radionuclide angiography. PMID- 7090971 TI - Separate aortic ostium of the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries from the left aortic sinus of Valsalva (absent left main coronary artery). PMID- 7090972 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic features of ventricular septal aneurysm paradoxically bulging into the left ventricular outflow tract. PMID- 7090973 TI - Malfunction of mitral Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valve due to septal interference. PMID- 7090975 TI - Cardiac hydatid cyst diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7090974 TI - Additional observations on transvenous cardioversion of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7090977 TI - Electrophysiologic observations of concealed ventricular depolarizations due to amiodarone. PMID- 7090978 TI - Cold air exposure and angina pectoris. PMID- 7090976 TI - Sustained macroreentrant ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7090979 TI - Coronary artery disease and bovine milk-fat globule membrane. PMID- 7090980 TI - Renal dysfunction with sulphinpyrazone therapy. PMID- 7090981 TI - Transient appearance of Q waves in coronary disease during exercise electrocardiography: consideration of mechanisms and clinical importance. PMID- 7090982 TI - Left ventricular imaging with digital subtraction angiography using intravenous contrast injection and fluoroscopic exposure levels. PMID- 7090983 TI - Detection and assessment of severity of regional ischemic left ventricular dysfunction by digital fluoroscopy. PMID- 7090985 TI - Prediction of response to class I antiarrhythmic drugs during electrophysiologic study of ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7090984 TI - Protection of myocardium by the compensatory mechanism of coronary collaterals after total occlusion of major coronary arteries shown in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. AB - We report 11 in a group of 21 asymptomatic patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and progressive coronary artery disease to evaluate the role of compensatory mechanism(s), especially coronary collaterals, in providing adequate blood supply to the myocardium, following complete occlusion of one or more major coronary arteries. Diet-colestipol-nicotinic acid treatment decreased their plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl, mean +/- SEM) from 442.9 +/- 25.8 and 363.0 +/-24.1, respectively, to 231.2 +/- 11.8 and 185.3 +/- 14.2, respectively, for 6 to 9 years. The initially stenotic lesions of these 11 patients slowly progressed to complete occlusion, while the patients remained free of myocardial ischemia or infarction and exhibited no abnormality on 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring, exercise stress, and thallium 201 stress tests. We conclude that coronary occlusion can be retarded in FH patients by strenuous hypocholesterolemic therapy to allow the development of compensatory mechanism including coronary collaterals. Apparently, the angiographically visualizable collaterals combined with subendocardial anastomosis can give adequate myocardial blood supply to this series of FH patients following occlusion of one or more of their major coronary arteries. PMID- 7090986 TI - Objective evidence of occult myocardial dysfunction in patients with frequent ventricular ectopy without clinically apparent heart disease. AB - Eighteen asymptomatic persons without apparent cardiac disease were incidentally discovered to have frequent ventricular ectopic activity (VEA) (more than a mean of 100 b/hr during 24-hour ambulatory ECG examination) and were found by cardiac catheterization to have normal coronary arteriograms. Thirteen persons (72%) also demonstrated complex (multiform or repetitive patterns) VEA and eight persons were found to have undiagnosed hypertension. Examination of left ventricular (LV) angiographic and hemodynamic data of these persons showed elevated LV end systolic volume index in 10 persons (56%), elevated LV and end-diastolic volume index in 12 persons (67%) and elevated LV end-diastolic pressure in 11 persons (61%). Although ejection fractions of all but three persons were normal, impaired myocardial contractility, as measured by decreased mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (less than 1.0 circ/sec), was found in 10 persons (56%). Abnormalities of LV function were more prevalent in persons with higher mean frequencies of VEA (more than 300 b/hr), but did not seem related to the presence of complex VEA. Etiologic mechanisms of the frequent and complex VEA could not be defined. We conclude that subclinical evidence of myocardial dysfunction is present in some persons without apparent cardiac disease who have frequent VEA as evidence by subtle abnormalities of increased LV volumes and end diastolic pressure and decreased mean velocity of myocardial circumferential fiber shortening. PMID- 7090987 TI - Left ventricular relaxation, mitral valve prolapse, and intracardiac conduction in myotonia atrophica: assessment by digitized echocardiography and noninvasive His bundle recording. AB - Myotonia atrophica, a neuromuscular disease marked by autosomal dominant transmission and delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle, has been associated with cardiac failure, conduction abnormality and mitral prolapse (MVP). In order to determine the relaxation rate of cardiac muscle, left ventricular (LV) size and function, and the presence of MVP, 30 patients with myotonia atrophica were studied using digitized M-mode echocardiography (MME). Intracardiac conduction intervals were determined by noninvasive His bundle recording (HBR) from surface electrodes using a high-resolution, R-wave triggered, signal averaging computer. Neurologically unaffected first-degree relatives of the patients with myotonia atrophica were also studied to determine if cardiac abnormalities may be present in the absence of neurologic manifestations of the disease. Peak normalized diastolic endocardial velocity in patients with myotonia atrophica (3.7 +/- 0.8 sec-1) did not differ from unaffected first-degree relatives (3.8 +/- 0.8 sec-1) or normal subjects (3.6 +/- 0.8 sec-1). Systolic LV function and LV dimensions on MME were normal in both groups. However, MVP was present in 7 of 24 (29%) of patients who could be evaluated, but not in unaffected first-degree relatives. Despite normal LV systolic and diastolic function, infranodal intracardiac conduction was prolonged in patients with myotonia atrophica (average HV interval 50 +/- 5 SD msec) but not in neurologically unaffected relatives (average HV interval 40 +/- 5 msec). Delay in proximal intracardiac conduction was also found in patients with myotonia atrophica (average PH interval 140 +/- 20 msec) but not in neurologically unaffected relatives (average PH interval 115 +/- 6 msec). Hence cardiac findings in myotonia atrophica include proximal and distal conduction delay by external HBR even in the absence of abnormality of the standard 12-lead ECG. There may also be an increased frequency of MVP; however, early diastolic relaxation of the LV is unimpaired, and cardiac manifestations of myotonia are not transmitted independently of neurologic abnormality. PMID- 7090988 TI - Cardiac response to exercise in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. AB - Rest and exercise measurements of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and volumes were obtained by radionuclide angiocardiography (RNV) in 30 patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR). The ratio of peak systolic pressure to end systolic volume was used as an index of contractility. Volumetric cardiac output (CO) averaged 11.7 +/- 3.8 L/min at rest and 18.4 +/- 5.6 L/min during exercise. Much individual variation occurred in LVEF and end-diastolic volume (EDV) responses to exercise, and there was no consistent change in these measurements. Resting hemodynamic parameters and clinical history correlated poorly with changes observed during exercise. An increase in heart rate was one mechanism used by all 30 patients to increase CO during exercise. An inverse relationship was defined between the change in myocardial contractility and the change in EDV during exercise. Patients with the greatest increase in contractility during exercise showed the greatest decrease in EDV. Less use of an exercise increase in contractility was associated with an exercise increase in EDV to meet the demand for greater CO. Therefore, exercise measurements of LV function provide unique information regarding the degree of impairment of the LV myocardium in these patients with chronic AR. PMID- 7090989 TI - Radionuclide angiographic evaluation of left ventricular function by resting ejection rate during the first third of systole in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. PMID- 7090990 TI - Formaldehyde induced symptoms in day care centers. AB - A questionnaire study among 70 employees at seven mobile day care centers where urea formaldehyde glued particle board has been used for indoor paneling and among 34 employees at three control institutions selected at random where no particle board has been used as building materials, showed a significantly higher frequency of the following symptoms among the staff at the mobile institutions: mucous membrane irritation, headache, abnormal tiredness, menstrual irregularities and use of analgetics (p less than 0.01). As there was no difference in the age distribution or smoking habits of the two groups working in day care institutions from the same geographical locations, we are, therefore, of the opinion that the differences in the frequency of symptoms discovered must be attributed to the differences in the indoor climate conditions prevalent in the institutions. The median concentration of formaldehyde in the mobile institutions was 0.43 mg/m3 in contrast to a concentration in the control institutions of about 0.08 mg/m3. We assume, therefore, that the higher concentration of formaldehyde in the mobile institutions was a cause of the increased frequency of symptoms among the staff. The National Health Service should be aware of the fact that non-specific symptoms such as headache and abnormal tiredness can be the result of unfavorable indoor climate conditions due to the presence of formaldehyde in building materials. PMID- 7090991 TI - Ventricular activation during ventricular endocardial pacing: I. Electrocardiographic patterns related to the site of pacing. AB - The QRS configuration produced by pacing at multiple left ventricular endocardial sites was evaluated in eight patients with (group 1) and six patients without (group 2) left ventricular wait motion abnormalities. Pacing was performed at a total of 122 sites, 4 to 13 sites in each patient. The QRS configuration resulting from apical pacing locations was compared with that at basal, septal to lateral and inferior to superior locations. Significant differences in QRS configuration during pacing from apical and basal locations were observed in electrocardiographic leads I, V1, V2 and V6 (probability [p] less than 0.01). Specifically, a QS pattern in leads I, V2 and V6 was more characteristic of an apical pacing location (p less than 0.001), and a monophasic R wave in leads V1 and V2 was more characteristic of a basal pacing location (p less than 0.01). Significant differences in leads V1 and V2 were observed when septal and lateral pacing sites were compared (p less than 0.001). A monophasic R wave in leads V1 and V2 was more characteristic of a lateral pacing location (p less than 0.01); a QS complex in lead V2 was more characteristic of a septal pacing location (p less than 0.001). Pacing at superior sites usually produced an inferior axis and vice versa (p less than 0.001). The electrocardiographic patterns produced by pacing at similar sites in patients in group 1 were less consistent than those in patients in group 2. The QRS complex during ventricular pacing was wider in patients in group 1 (159 +/- 30 ms) than in patients in group 2 (132 +/- 18 ms) (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that the QRS configuration recorded with 12 lead electrocardiography during endocardial pacing can help locate the region of the pacing site in patients with and without organic heart disease, although precise localization is not possible. PMID- 7090992 TI - Radionuclide evaluation of postextrasystolic potentiation of left ventricular function induced by atrial and ventricular stimulation. AB - Postextrasystolic potentiation of left ventricular function induced by ventricular and atrial stimulation was compared in 10 patients using radionuclide ventriculography. After insertion of pacing wires, a preliminary radionuclide ventriculogram was obtained and then ventricular and atrial trigeminy was induced in random order, each with identical R-R coupling intervals, each for 6 to 10 minutes. During the stimulation studies, radionuclide data were acquired in electrocardiographic gated list mode format. Left ventricular ejection fraction and relative end-diastolic and end-systolic volume changes were measured for each reformatted composite sinus, atrial and ventricular premature beat and potentiated beat. The volume changes were normalized to the count-based values obtained for the sinus beat of the appropriate study. Postextrasystolic potentiation induced by either ventricular or atrial stimulation was characterized by similar significant increases in left ventricular ejection fraction (mean +/- standard deviation 7 +/- 3 percent, p less than 0.01 versus 7 +/- 5 percent, p less than 0.01; difference not significant [NS]) and decreases in relative end-systolic volume (-12 +/- 12 percent, p less than 0.01 versus -12 +/- 8 percent, p less than 0.01; NS) but little change in relative end-diastolic volume (+5 +/- 10 percent, NS versus +4 +/- 7 percent, NS; NS). This was despite a longer compensatory pause (1,120 +/- 220 versus 1,050 +/- 190 ms, p less than 0.01) after the ventricular premature beat. It is concluded that there is no difference in the postextrasystolic potentiation induced by atrial or ventricular premature stimulation. PMID- 7090994 TI - Evaluation of normal variations in S-T segment patterns by body surface isopotential mapping: S-T segment elevation in absence of heart disease. AB - S-T segment elevation is commonly observed in the electrocardiogram of normal persons. To study the possible origins of such patterns, 45 normal volunteers were examined. Electrocardiographic potentials were registered from 150 torso electrodes and processed to construct isopotential maps at 2 ms intervals throughout the QRS-T interval. The maximal potentials recorded from any of the 150 electrodes were 198 +/- 76.4 and 272.1 +/- 84.2 microV at instants 40 and 80 ms into the S-T segment, respectively. Maximal voltages recorded by the six standard precordial V leads at these respective time points were 109.7 +/- 57.0 and 163.6 +/- 66.9 microV. Torso maximal potentials were significantly stronger than were those sensed by V leads; the two were significantly correlated but predictability was limited. The duration of overlap between the onset of ventricular recovery and the end of the excitation was determined from isopotential maps and ranged rom 4 to 16 ms. There was no significant correlation (p greater than 0.05) between these values and either torso or V lead potentials at either 40 or 80 ms into S-T segment. These data suggest that (1) standard precordial leads do not accurately predict maximal torso potentials during the S T segment, and (2) the degree of overlap between repolarization and depolarization is not a major determinant of precordial voltage. Hence, the rationale for use of the term "early repolarization" to describe this clinical condition is not substantiated. PMID- 7090996 TI - Cardiac and coronary arterial involvement in infants and children from New England with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease). Angiocardiographic-echocardiographic correlations. AB - Forty-four patients, aged 6 months to 11 years, meeting the clinical criteria for mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) were studied from March 1980 to March 1981. A protocol was designed for evaluation of cardiac involvement including electrocardiogram, chest X-ray film, cardiac enzyme determinations and M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms. Aspirin was given during the acute febrile period as an anti-inflammatory agent in a dosage of 100 mg/kg per day; followed by 30 mg/kg per day for 10 weeks or longer if platelet counts were elevated. Angiocardiography was performed in 38 patients. Twenty-one patients (48 percent) showed abnormal M mode echocardiographic findings (flat or greatly decreased ventricular septal motion, pericardial effusion or decreased left ventricular function) during the acute febrile stage. Coronary artery disease developed in seven patients, all of whom had abnormal M mode echocardiographic abnormalities in the acute stage. Five patients had coronary aneurysms and two patients had dilated coronary arteries. Two dimensional echocardiograms identified coronary arterial lesions accurately if present proximally but failed to detect aneurysms beyond 1.5 cm from the aortic root. The study shows that serial M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms provide sufficient information to rule out cardiac involvement in Kawasaki disease. Echocardiograms should be obtained every 3 to 4 days during the acute febrile stage because all patients with coronary artery disease detected with angiography had abnormal echocardiographic findings during that period. PMID- 7090997 TI - Long-term follow-up study after closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children: an echocardiographic study. AB - Serial echocardiography was performed in 51 children with isolated secundum atrial septal defect before and after surgery to measure the effects of chronic right ventricular overload on ventricular function. Right ventricular dilation increased dramatically with growth and with size of the left to right shunt only in the youngest children (body surface area less than 0.5 m2). A lesser effect of growth and no significant effect of shunt size were noted in older children. Although an initial decrease in right ventricular size occurred in the first 3 months after operation, persistent right ventricular dilation remained up to 5 years after closure of the interatrial defect in more than 80 percent of patients. Preoperatively, the ratio of the right ventricular preejection period to ejection time was significantly less than that of normal children. This ratio increased dramatically after operation, exceeding normal values early in the postoperative period in 18 of 48 children and persisting in 6 of 22 after 3 months. Left ventricular dimensions were normal early and late after operation. Left ventricular function was apparently normal, although an exceptionally high shortening fraction was noted in 22 (44 percent) of 51 children after operation. Aortic systolic time interval ratios decreased after operation from high normal to low normal values. It is hypothesized that the persistent enlargement of the right ventricle after operation may be due to the chronic preoperative dilation secondary to chronic interatrial shunting. The abnormally high shortening fraction after operation may result from an abnormal left ventricular geometric configuration or abnormality of filling. It is suggested that surgical closure of the atrial defect in the first 3 years of life may prevent these abnormalities. PMID- 7090995 TI - Myocardial injury in infants with congenital heart disease: evaluation by creatine kinase MB isoenzyme analysis. AB - Total creatine kinase (CK) and the myocardial isoenzyme CK MB activity were prospectively determined in 282 children hospitalized for cardiac catheterization and evaluation for suspected congenital cardiac abnormalities and compared with a hospitalized control group of children without such abnormalities. The percent CK MB and CK MB activity were abnormally elevated in symptomatic children with a large left to right shunt due either to a large ventricular septal defect (n = 22; p less than 0.001) or to complete atrioventricular canal (n = 10; p less than 0.001). Serum CK MB activity and percent CK MB were significantly related to the size of the shunt and the age of presentation with clinical symptoms of congestive heart failure in infants with a ventricular septal defect. CK MB activity was abnormally elevated in infants with symptomatic coarctation of the aorta, either with or without a ventricular septal defect (n = 15; p less than 0.001), and in infants with symptomatic aortic stenosis (n = 4; p less than 0.02). In contrast, CK MB activity was normal in asymptomatic children with coarctation of the aorta (n = 14) or aortic stenosis (n = 8) despite comparable systolic pressure gradients. CK MB activity and percent CK MB were abnormally elevated in those children with the cyanotic congenital cardiac abnormalities of either transposition of the great arteries (n = 32; p less than 0.001) or right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (n = 31; p less than 0.001). These results suggest that children with congenital cardiac abnormalities may have significant myocardial cell injury and release of CK MB that may be detected by the determination of serum CK MB activity. Cell injury may be secondary to arterial desaturation or acute pressure-volume overload, or both, as manifested by clinical symptoms of heart failure and measured hemodynamic variables. PMID- 7090993 TI - Ventricular activation during ventricular endocardial pacing. II. Role of pace mapping to localize origin of ventricular tachycardia. AB - Intraoperative pace-mapping has been proposed as a method of identifying the origin of ventricular tachycardia; however, both epicardial activation and electrocardiographic configuration have limitations in localizing the origin of ventricular tachycardia. Because most ventricular tachycardias associated with ischemic heart disease appear to arise near the endocardium, this study evaluated the ability of bipolar catheter endocardial pacing at or near the endocardial site of origin of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia to mimic the QRS configuration of the spontaneous tachycardia. Twelve patients were studied who had ventricular tachycardia whose origin was determined with catheter endocardial mapping. Three patients had ventricular tachycardia with two distinct configurations. The electrocardiogram of ventricular tachycardia was compared with the electrocardiogram produced by pacing at the site of origin (10 patients) and at multiple (two to nine) additional sites in 8 patients. It was observed that (1) pacing at the known site of origin of ventricular tachycardia produced an electrocardiogram and activation sequence similar to those produced by the ventricular tachycardia; (2) pacing at sites in close proximity to the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia produced either a similar or a grossly different electrocardiographic pattern from that during ventricular tachycardia. It is concluded that catheter endocardial pace-mapping (1) is a corroborative method of identifying the origin of ventricular tachycardia; (2) may be useful in patients with noninducible ventricular tachycardia or rapid ventricular tachycardia who cannot undergo catheter or intraoperative mapping; and (3) is neither easier, more accurate nor quicker than direct localization by mapping during ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7090998 TI - Changes in R wave amplitude during aerobic exercise stress testing in hypertensive adolescents. AB - The change in R wave amplitude during progressive aerobic exercise was studied in hypertensive adolescent boys. A comparable control group consisted of normotensive adolescent boys matched for age, body size and race. Twenty-four normotensive and 22 hypertensive subjects exercised to exhaustion on a treadmill utilizing the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during exercise and recovery. The change in R wave amplitude in a lead V5 electrocardiogram was determined at each level of exercise. The normotensive group demonstrated a progressive increase in systolic pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product (heart rate x systolic pressure) during exercise and a progressive decrease in R wave amplitude with a significant correlation of R wave change versus the cardiac response variable (p less than 0.001). Hypertensive subjects manifested a greater increase in systolic pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product during exercise with no decrease in R wave amplitude until the exercise end point. The difference in R wave response to progressive exercise in the two groups was significant (p less than 0.01). A variation in myocardial function in hypertensive adolescents as demonstrated by a difference in R wave response to exercise may reflect a level of peripheral vascular resistance greater than that of normotensive control subjects. PMID- 7090999 TI - Effect of isoproterenol on the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - To evaluate the effect of beta adrenergic stimulation on the duration of the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway, isoproterenol was infused in seven patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In two patients the effect of isoproterenol was studied during long-term oral amiodarone administration. To avoid rate-related changes induced by isoproterenol, the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway was determined using the single test stimulus method at identical basic cycle lengths. Isoproterenol shortened the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway in six of the seven patients studied. In two of the three patients with an initial anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway of equal to or less than 290 ms, shortening measured 30 ms. In three patients having an anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway of more than 290 ms, isoproterenol abbreviated these values by 30, 60 and 80 ms, respectively. The greatest amount of shortening was observed in patients having the longest initial values for the anterograde refractory period of their accessory pathway. In the two patients receiving oral amiodarone therapy, isoproterenol shortened the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway by 180 and 60 ms, respectively, indicating that the effect of isoproterenol can not be prevented by long-term oral amiodarone administration. Our observations may be of importance in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation. They suggest that beta adrenergic stimulation induced by hypotension or anxiety may result in shortening of the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway, leading to increased ventricular rates during atrial fibrillation. PMID- 7091000 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of M mode echocardiographic signs of mitral valve prolapse. AB - To assess the sensitivity and specificity of previously described M mode echocardiographic signs of mitral valve prolapse, 100 subjects with a mobile mid systolic click and 100 matched normal control subjects were prospectively studied. Late systolic posterior motion and holosystolic hammocking of the mitral leaflets were common, highly specific signs of mitral valve prolapse. When these signs were combined as a single criterion, sensitivity was 85 percent and specificity was 99 percent. Other signs, including systolic echoes in the mid left atrium, systolic anterior motion, early diastolic anterior motion of the posterior mitral leaflet and shaggy or heavy cascading linear diastolic echoes posterior to the mitral valve, were highly specific but uncommon. They occurred only in combination with late systolic posterior motion or holosystolic hammocking. The remaining signs tested did not differentiate subjects with mitral valve prolapse from normal persons. PMID- 7091001 TI - Detection of left ventricular aneurysm on two dimensional echocardiography. AB - The differentiation of left ventricular aneurysm from diffuse left ventricular dilation and hypokinesia may have important therapeutic consequences. Thus the diagnostic accuracy of wide angle two dimensional echocardiography for the detection of left ventricular aneurysm was evaluated in a prospective study of 26 consecutive patients with the clinical suspicion of left ventricular aneurysm referred over a 10 month period. Every patients was examined with two dimensional echocardiography and left ventricular cineangiography, and findings were interpreted by two independent observers. A dilated hypokinetic left ventricle without aneurysm formation on cineangiography in nine patients was identified in all with two dimensional echocardiography. A left ventricular aneurysm on cineangiography in 17 patients was correctly identified in 14 with the two dimensional study, as were the site and extent of the lesion (apical in 12, anterior in 1 and inferior in 1). One apical aneurysm was interpreted on the two dimensional study as apical dyskinesia; one anterior and one posterobasal aneurysm were missed with this technique. Mural thrombi were correctly identified with two dimensional echocardiography in seven of seven patients. It is concluded that two dimensional echocardiography is an accurate noninvasive method that allows differentiation of left ventricular aneurysm from diffuse left ventricular dilation in the majority of patients. It provides information regarding the resectability of the aneurysm and may obviate cineangiography in many cases. PMID- 7091002 TI - Sudden death in Prinzmetal's angina with coronary spasm documented by angiography. Analysis of three necropsy patients. AB - Clinical and necropsy findings are described in three patients who had angina pectoris at rest, S-T segment elevation on electrocardiography during chest pain, coronary arterial spasm on angiography and sudden death. Although significant "fixed" coronary narrowing (that is, narrowing due to atherosclerotic plaques) was appreciated by angiography in only one of the three patients, necropsy disclosed in all three patients severe fixed coronary narrowings involving particularly the artery in which spasm had been demonstrated during life. Additionally, examination of each 5-mm long segment of the coronary artery that had been spastic during life (two patients) disclosed several focally spastic segments at necropsy, indicating that spasm persisted after death. Although most previously described necropsy patients with Prinzmetal's angina had some fixed coronary narrowing, underlying fixed narrowing may be difficult to identify angiographically as demonstrated by the three patients in this study. PMID- 7091003 TI - Nifedipine therapy for small vessel disease of the heart. PMID- 7091004 TI - Intracoronary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: correlations among serum enzyme, scintigraphic and hemodynamic findings. PMID- 7091005 TI - Noninvasive assessment of myocardial contractility in asymptomatic patients with sever aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular ejection fraction at rest. AB - In 14 asymptomatic patients with isolated aortic insufficiency the slope k of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was determined noninvasively with equilibrium radionuclide angiography. The results were compared with changes in left ventricular ejection fraction during maximal physical stress. Nine normal volunteers served as a control group. Patients with aortic insufficiency did not differ significantly from the control group with respect to left ventricular ejection fraction at rest (aortic insufficiency 62 + 8 percent, control 65 +/- 6; probability [p] = not significant [NS]), physical work capacity (aortic insufficiency 113 +/- 32 watts, control 117 +/- 25; p = NS) or age (aortic insufficiency 40 +/- 10 years, control 47 +/- 7; p = NS). The slope (k) of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was found to be significantly lower in the group with aortic insufficiency (3.1 +/- 1.1) than in the control group (4.1 +/- 0.5; p less than 0.05). Patients with aortic insufficiency could be classified into two subgroups with respect to the slope k. In subgroup A (n = 7) the slope fell within the normal range (4.0 +/- 0.6) as defined by the control group, and the left ventricular exercise reserve was normal (6 percent +/- 1). In subgroup B (n = 7) the slope was significantly lower (2.2 +/- 0.6, p less than 0.01), indicating depressed myocardial contractility, and all patients experienced left ventricular dysfunction during exercise (left ventricular exercise reserve -5 +/- 5 percent). Thus, noninvasive determination of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation identified two subsets of asymptomatic patients with aortic insufficiency, one with impaired myocardial contractility and normal left ventricular exercise reserve and a second group with depressed myocardial contractility and left ventricular dysfunction during exercise. Therefore, an abnormal baseline contractile state in asymptomatic patients with aortic insufficiency may be uncovered by noninvasive determination of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation or by assessing the left ventricular exercise reserve. Serial studies in a larger group of patients undergoing surgical correction of the valve lesion are indicated to determine whether this information will be helpful in evaluating when to operate on asymptomatic patients with aortic insufficiency. PMID- 7091007 TI - Spatial distribution of [14C]-lidocaine and blood flow in transmural and lateral border zones of ischemic canine myocardium. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of lidocaine relative to blood flow in ischemic, normal and border zone canine myocardium. Ischemic zone tissue was distinguished from normal zone tissue by a special microsphere technique in adjacent sections 4 to 5 mm wide from the center to the lateral border of the ischemic region in 14 open chest dogs. Gamma-labeled microspheres were separated by a special technique from carbon-14 ([14C]) lidocaine in the same tissue sample. Blood flow (mean value +/- 1 standard deviation) was reduced to 46 +/- 25 percent of normal in the ischemic subepicardium and 17 +/- 18 percent of normal in the subendocardium. [14C] lidocaine was 0.56 +/- 0.12 microgram/g in normal myocardium 10 minutes after bolus injection of [14C]-lidocaine; it was reduced to 91 +/- 15 percent of normal in ischemic subepicardium and 58 +/- 12 percent of normal in the subendocardium. Blood flow and lidocaine concentration were uniformly lowest in gross samples from the central and intermediate ischemic zones, and highest in the gross samples from the border normal zone (p less than 0.05). The values for flow and lidocaine in samples from the border ischemic zone were intermediate, that is, higher than values from central ischemic (p less than 0.05) and lower than values from border normal zone samples (p less than 0.05). However, the labeling technique for normal zone tissue revealed that the values of blood flow and lidocaine in the gross samples from the lateral border of the ischemic zone were intermediate between those of adjacent ischemic and normal samples because of the mixture of overlapping normal and ischemic tissues components--not because of a unique mildly ischemic region. Both blood flow and lidocaine concentration were lower in the subendocardial third than in the subepicardial third of the ischemic zone (p less than 0.05) even after the contribution of normal zone tissue was subtracted, suggesting a gradient of ischemia across the transmural border zone. In conclusion, lidocaine is distributed uniformly in ischemic components from the center to the lateral border of the ischemic zone, but there is an endocardial to epicardial gradient. Both lateral and transmural border zone distributions must be considered to understand the mechanisms of drug effects in myocardial ischemia. PMID- 7091008 TI - Effect of changes in perfusion pressure on the position of the electrophysiologic border zone in acute regional ischemia in isolated perfused dog and pig hearts. AB - In isolated, Langendorff perfused hearts, 60 direct-current extracellular electrograms were simultaneously recorded from the left ventricular epicardium. In each experiment, the left circumflex branch and the left anterior descending coronary artery were successively occluded for 15 minutes, each occlusion separated by a long reperfusion period. During the occlusion, perfusion pressure to the nonoccluded arteries was changed from a high to a low value and vice versa, and the position of the electrophysiologic border (the zone where T-Q segment potentials became negative) was determined. In some experiments tissue biopsy samples were taken from recording sites and analyzed for lactate and creatine phosphate. In all experiments the metabolic border correlated well with the electrophysiologic border. In other experiments, the coronary arteries were injected with barium sulfate; epicardial collateral channels were found in dogs hearts, but not in pig hearts. In seven of eight dog hearts, the border could be shifted by changing perfusion pressure; in seven of eight collateral channels, changes in perfusion pressure could enlarge or reduce the area showing ischemic changes. Despite species differences, not all hearts within one species behaved the same: One pig heart behaved as a dog heart, one dog heart as a pig heart. PMID- 7091006 TI - Hemodynamic determinants of the frequency and amplitude of a musical murmur produced by a regurgitant mitral bioprosthetic valve. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the hemodynamic determinant of the amplitude and frequency of a musical murmur produced by a regurgitant degenerated bioprosthetic valve in the mitral position. The prosthetic valve, obtained at surgery, was studied in the mitral position of an in vitro pulse duplicating system. In vitro, the valve produced a musical murmur that was caused by flutter of a flail leaflet. When the peak pressure difference between the left ventricle and left atrium was increased from 95 to 150 mm Hg, the fundamental frequency of the musical murmur increased from 91 to 187 hertz and the amplitude increased from 2,080 to 11,420 dynes/cm2. The fundamental frequency of the musical murmur was linearly related to the peak systolic pressure difference between the left ventricle and the left atrium (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.99). Similarly, the fundamental frequency of the musical murmur was linearly related to the magnitude of regurgitant flow across the valve (r = 0.99); and the regurgitant flow as expected was linearly related to the systolic pressure difference between the left ventricle and left atrium. The amplitude of the musical murmur was also related to both the peak systolic pressure difference between the left ventricle and left atrium (r = 0.99) and the magnitude of regurgitant flow (r = 0.99). These results indicate that the magnitude of regurgitant flow, determined by the systolic pressure difference between the left ventricle and left atrium, was a determinant of both the amplitude and the frequency of the musical murmur. PMID- 7091010 TI - Phase image characterization of ventricular contraction in left and right bundle branch block. AB - The phase image is a computer-derived functional image, based on the analysis of the time versus radioactivity curve in each pixel location of the multiple gated blood pool scintigram. Within the ventricular regions of interest, the phase angle is roughly equivalent to the time of onset of counts reduction or to the time of onset of ventricular contraction and is expressed in degrees from 0 to 360 degrees. A gray scale-coded image of such a regional phase angle, the phase image, can be looked on as a map of sequential contraction. This method was applied in 33 patients without severe contraction abnormality including 16 patients with normal conduction, 9 with right bundle branch block and 8 with left bundle branch block. In patients with normal conduction the pattern of phase angle distribution, representing the pattern of ventricular contraction, was homogeneous and symmetric in both the left and right ventricles. Analysis in this normal group indicated a slight but significant difference between the mean (+/- standard deviation) phase angle of the left ventricle (8.5 +/- 11.8 degrees) and that of the right ventricle (13.6 +/0 12.9 degrees, p = 0.01). There was a slight, but nonsignificant difference between mean intrapatient left and right ventricular phase angle onset (1.9 +/- 6.5 degrees). The mean phase angle of the right ventricle in patients with right bundle branch block (27.6 +/- 14.2 degrees) and of the left ventricle in those with left bundle branch block (21.9 +/- 14.0 degrees) was delayed compared with that in patients with normal conduction (p less than 0.05 for both). The mean intrapatient difference between left and right ventricular mean phase angles in patients with normal conduction ( 5.2 +/- 6.8 degrees) was significantly different from that in patients with right (-21.8 +/- 10.3 degrees, p less than 0.001) or left (21.8 +/- 6.8 degrees, p less than 0.001) bundle branch block. The mean intrapatient difference between onset of left and right ventricular phase angles was also significantly different from normal in patients with right (-10.6 +/- 7.5 degrees, p less than 0.005) or left (18.7 +/- 8.3 degrees, p = 0.01) bundle branch block. Although phase imaging is not without artifactual error, this study demonstrates that the phase image can characterize familiar conduction abnormalities. It presents the potential for application as a general noninvasive tool in the investigation of the timing and sequence of ventricular contraction in patients with normal or abnormal ventricular activation. PMID- 7091009 TI - Pathogenesis of left ventricular aneurysms: an experimental study in the rat model. AB - Left ventricular aneurysms, convex protrusions at sites of transmural scar, are clinically recognized late after myocardial infarction because of their hemodynamic or arrhythmic complications. Whether aneurysms develop from dilation of freshly infarcted myocardium early after myocardial infarction or from late dilation of scar is not known. To investigate this question, the time course of changes in shape of the left ventricle early and late after myocardial infarction was studied. One hundred forty-one myocardial infarcts were produced in rats by coronary ligation, and the animals were killed at time periods of up to 6 weeks. True aneurysms developed as early as 2 weeks and only in rats with a transmural infarct. The percent of rats that manifested "aneurysmal shape changes" (defined as a protrusion of the full thickness of the left ventricular wall) increased from day 1 to day 5, but did not change significantly thereafter. The extent of left ventricular dilation in hearts with early aneurysmal shape changes did not progress significantly up to day 42. Accordingly, in the rat, regional aneurysmal shape alterations are due not to late dilation of scare tissue, but rather to "expansion" of freshly necrotic myocardium within the first 5 days of infarction. Thus, early changes in shape appear to determine late aneurysm formation. PMID- 7091011 TI - The pelvic epithelium of the rat kidney: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. AB - The renal pelvis of the rat is characterized by extensions called specialized fornices that penetrate into the outer zone of the outer medulla (a type II as classified by Pfeiffer, 1968, 1970). The renal pelvic epithelium, therefore, covers areas of the kidney from the inner medulla, the inner and outer stripe of the outer medulla, and the cortex. The renal pelves of seven rats were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The transitional epithelium on the nonparenchymal surface of the pelvis was three to four cell layers thick (zone 0 1). This epithelium became thinner where it covered the renal cortex (zone 1-2) or the outer medulla. Although the apical cells of the epithelium retained the asymmetric luminal unit-membrane plaques, the number of cytoplasmic fusiform vesicles decreased as one studied the epithelium progressing over the zones from cortex toward papilla. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a small number of surface cells of a different morphology that were characterized by apical microvilli. The number of these microvillous lining cells increased as the epithelium covering the outer (zone 2-3) and inner (zone 3-4) stripe regions of the outer medulla was viewed, until the inner medulla was entirely covered by this cell type. In a reciprocal manner, the cells with the asymmetric apical plaques decreased in numbers and in their morphologic specialization in each successive region. The epithelium surrounding the inner medulla (zone 6-7) was completely devoid of this transitional cell type. Judging from the morphologic characteristics of the epithelia, one could surmise that little exchange of urea, water, and salts would occur with the extrarenal connective tissue or the cortical parenchyma. Recycling of urea might become more important physiologically with the outer stripe parenchyma, and even more so with the increased surfaces of the inner stripe parenchyma that lined the secondary pyramid, as well as with the epithelium lining the medulla. PMID- 7091012 TI - Advanced pulmonary development in newborn guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). AB - Morphological and morphometric evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that lung growth is advanced in mammals born at a relatively mature stage. The lungs from fetal and postnatal guinea pigs ranging in age from gestational age 56 days (normal gestation is 68 days in this species) through 16 days postpartum were fixed in situ by intratracheal glutaraldehyde. Morphometry included measurements of lung volume (VL), tissue and air-space volumes, fraction of respiratory parenchyma, alveolar (SA) and capillary (SC) surface areas, and the arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue barrier (tau t). VL, SA, and SC all increased monoexponentially versus body weight (W) from birth to adulthood; the lungs appeared to be in the equilibrated growth phase, with no postnatal period of pronounced tissue proliferation as reported in the newborn rat and mouse. The prepartum value of tau t was 1.96 micrometers; this value decreased by parturition of 1.27 micrometers and did not change significantly with additional age. At the light-microscopical level, respiratory bronchioles could be visualized giving rise to alveolar ducts by a gestational age of 58 days (10 days preterm) with well-developed alveolar septal partitioning evident. Structures resembling the primitive pre-alveolar saccules of newborn rats were never seen in even the youngest fetal animals. Elastin fibers were also evident at this age, both in bronchiolar and duct walls, as well as in alveolar septa. Using electron microscopy, the air-blood barrier appeared mature by a gestational age of 61 days and thereafter, double capillary layers were only rarely seen in septal walls. PMID- 7091013 TI - Response of tanycytes to aging in the median eminence of the rat. AB - Age-related changes in tanycytes of the median eminence were observed at both the light and electron microscopic level in male and female rats at ages 4 weeks to 14 months. The most obvious changes involved a marked progressive increase in number and size of droplets identified histochemically as neutral lipid and the development of complex degenerate bodies in the perivascular contact zone. These degenerate bodies consisted of large multiple complexes of myelin figures containing intercalated channels and pools of electron-dense material. They often occurred interspersed among large lipid droplets. The degenerate bodies (myelin figure complexes) and associated lipid droplets occupied much of the contact zone in the older animals. Evidence of axonal degeneration and tanycytic phagocytosis of deteriorating neural elements was also present. These age-related changes occurred independent of sex and were not affected by gonadectomy. This tanycyte response to aging in the median eminence is very similar to the response of neurohypophysial pituicytes to axonal degeneration, suggesting a phagocytic glial role for tanycytes. PMID- 7091014 TI - Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the fox. AB - The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the fox was examined and compared with that of other mammals. The pineal gland of the fox is composed of two different populations of pinealocytes (I and II). The pinealocytes I were distributed homogeneously throughout the parenchyma, while pinealocytes II were located generally near blood vessels. A Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, and cilia were present in both cell populations. A characteristic feature of pinealocytes I was the presence of dense core vesicles, presumably of Golgi origin; whereas glycogen deposits and pigment granules were common features of pinealocytes II. In addition to the pinealocytes, the parenchyma contained fibrous astrocytes. The capillaries of the pineal gland of the fox consisted of a nonfenestrated endothelium. Numerous never fibers, presumably adrenergic, were observed throughout the parenchyma. PMID- 7091015 TI - Arterial branching in various parts of the cardiovascular system. AB - Angiographic pictures of vascular beds in various parts of the cardiovascular system were analyzed to study the geometrical structure of arterial bifurcations. The sites of arterial bifurcations were enlarged individually, and measurements were made of the branching angles and branch diameters at each site. Results from various parts of the cardiovascular system of man, and some from rabbit and pig, were compared with each other. The measurements were also compared with "optimum" values of branching angles and branch diameters which have been predicted by various theoretical studies. In general the measurements were found to give support to the theoretical premise that branching angles and branch diameters in the cardiovascular system are dictated by certain optimality principles which aim to maximize the efficiency of the system in its fluid-conducting function. In some parts of the system, however, the measured angles and diameters were found to be decidedly lower than those predicted by theory. PMID- 7091016 TI - Microvasculature of the mouse testis and excurrent duct system. AB - The microvascular architecture of the mouse testis and excurrent duct system was examined by a casting method with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and by sectioning techniques for light and transmission electron microscopy. Two fundamental types of peritubular capillary arrangements were noted in relation to the tubules. The first type most typically appeared in the testis. In this type, peritubular capillaries interconnected intertubular blood vessels to form a rope ladder-like structure. The length of the individual peritubular capillaries was short, and a number of the capillaries encircled each tubule. Adjacent tubules shared a single layer of capillaries. The vascular organization of the ductuli efferentes and of the middle segment of the epididymis was also of this type, but the number of peritubular capillaries was much fewer compared with that of the testis. In the second type, the peritubular capillaries formed a network encircling each tubule in its subepithelial layer. The capillary organization in the initial and terminal segments of the epididymis and the ductus deferens belonged to the second type. In the distal part of the ductus deferens, a prominent venous plexus was formed in the most peripheral subepithelial layer. PMID- 7091017 TI - Development of intraosseous fibers of the mouse periodontium: a high-voltage electron microscopic study. AB - Development of intraosseous fibers was studied in mandibles of Swiss white mice, age 17 days to 45 days. Light microscopic (LM) and high-voltage electron microscopic (HVEM) techniques were used. In LM, Wilder's reticular stain revealed intraosseous fibers throughout the interdental septum by day 17. fibers were composed of unit collagen fibrils with abundant interfibrillar matrix. As development proceeded, fibers exhibited less interfibrillar matrix. Channels surrounding the intraosseous fibers became evident. Anchoring fibers attached the intraosseous fiber to bone. Fibroblasts appeared to be absent, suggesting that maintenance of the intraosseous fiber might be the function of the osteocyte. The presence of intraosseous fibers suggested a reevaluation of the fibrous attachment of teeth to bone. The concept of intraosseous fibers may simplify concepts of tooth movement and approximal drift. PMID- 7091018 TI - Sensory components in the terminal innervation of the ovine cardiac conduction system. PMID- 7091019 TI - Temporal patterns of neurogenesis in avian cranial sensory and autonomic ganglia. AB - Avian cranial sensory ganglia are embryonically derived from neural crest and epidermal placodes. Cells from these two populations interact with each other and with other components of their environment to influence the complex structural and functional organization of the ganglia. To help understand these processes, the times of terminal mitosis of cranial sensory neuroblasts were established. Birthdate patterns within each ganglion are described with particular attention given to the structural organization of the VII-VIII ganglionic complex. Birthdate information on cranial autonomic ganglia is also included. Chick embryos ranging in age from 1 to 8 days of incubation were treated with 3H thymidine and sacrificed on embryonic day 8, 10, or 18. Large, placode-derived neurons are generated between days 2 and 5 of incubation. Embryonically smaller, neural crest-derived cells leave the proliferative pool between days 4 and 7. Neurons of the acoustic ganglion cease their mitotic activity in an apical to basal fashion and are the only placodal neurons to form later than day 5. Of the cranial autonomic ganglia, the period of neuron production is best defined for the ciliary ganglion, where it is 2.5-5.5 days of incubation. Most later-dividing neuroblasts in the ciliary ganglion belong to the choroid cell population. Temporal patterns of neurogenesis are discussed in relationship to other aspects of sensory gangliogenesis including embryonic origin of neurons, condensation of ganglionic anlagen, cell degeneration, and cytological characteristics of mature ganglia. PMID- 7091021 TI - Carnitine metabolism in Macaca arctoides: the effects of dietary change and fasting on serum triglycerides, unesterified carnitine, esterified (acyl) carnitine, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. AB - Serum triglycerides and serum total, esterified, and free (unesterified) carnitine were measured in 21 male Macaca arctoides that were switched from a low fat (5.2% w/w), high carbohydrate diet to a high fat (15.9% w/w), low carbohydrate diet for 90 days and then returned to the original low fat diet for a subsequent 76-day period. Serum triglycerides and total carnitine levels fell significantly (p less than 0.05) during the initial 2 wk of feeding the high fat diet and the ratio of esterified/unesterified carnitine rose significantly (P less than 0.05) on the high fat diet. A return to the low fat diet reversed these changes; triglycerides rose significantly (p less than 0.05) within 3 days and the ratio of esterified/unesterified carnitine fell significantly (p less than 0.05) within 3 days and the ratio of esterified/unesterified carnitine fell significantly (p less than 0.05) during the same period. A return of total carnitine levels to those initially observed on the low fat diet was slower to develop. Fasting for 24 to 48 h resulted in increases of 65 to 75% in total serum carnitine. This increase reflected elevations of both the esterified and unesterified carnitine fractions but was largely attributable to increases in esterified carnitine which rose from 10 to 41 nmol/ml by 48 h while unesterified carnitine rose from 55 to 72 nmol/ml during the same period. In addition, the ratio of esterified/unesterified carnitine ratio rose from 0.183 +/- 0.023 to 0.583 +/- 0.069 (n = 8) with a 48-h fast and was significantly correlated with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels at both 24 and 48 h. PMID- 7091020 TI - The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants. AB - Human milk, or one of two formulas that derive their fat from vegetable oil, was fed to infants from birth until 4.5 to 6 months of age. Infants fed human mild received 2% of total fatty acids as 20 to 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids which are not found in vegetable oils, are synthesized by animals from the essential vegetable-derived fatty acids, linoleic and alpha linolenic acids. Enfamil (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN) contained three times as much linoleic acid as human milk or SMA (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA); however, the ratios of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid were 9.0, 18.8, and 11.7 for Enfamil, human milk, and SMA, respectively. Erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in infants fed human milk had significantly more 20 to 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids than did those infants consuming only vegetable fat. Concentrations of 20 to 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of SMA and Enfamil-fed infants were similar despite very significant differences in the amount of dietary 18 carbon precursor. The degree of unsaturation of both erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was highest with the feeding of human milk compared to the formulas, but the relative concentration of the four major erythrocyte phospholipids, and the ratio of membrane phosphorus/cholesterol were not affected by these diets. PMID- 7091022 TI - Vitamin D of human milk: identification of biologically active forms. AB - Human milk has been found to contain 40 to 50 IU/l of vitamin D activity. This was determined by measuring stimulation of intestinal calcium transport in the rat, an assay not subject to the errors inherent in the rat line test or calcification assay. Five vitamin D metabolites were then isolated using a combination of conventional chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and Lipidex 5000 followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured using binding protein assays and were found to be present at very low levels. These dihydroxylated metabolites do not contribute significantly to the total vitamin D activity. Vitamins D2 and D3 were found to be present at concentrations of 338 and 41 ng/l, respectively. This is equivalent to 14 to 16 IU/l of vitamin D activity. Human milk contains 163 ng/l of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which gives about 33 IU/l of vitamin D activity. Thus 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 accounts for about 75% of the biological activity observed in the calcium transport assay. Vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 are responsible for more than 90% of the total vitamin D activity present. This fails to support the idea that vitamin D-sulfate or any other unknown metabolites of vitamin D provide significant vitamin D activity in human milk. PMID- 7091023 TI - Biochemical composition of muscle in normal and semistarved human subjects: relevance to anthropometric measurements. AB - Anthropometric methods aimed at assessing muscle size in undernourished subjects assume a constant proportionality between the mass (i.e., size) and composition (specifically protein-energy content) of this tissue. This assumption was examined in three autopsy groups: controls (n = 11, sudden traumatic death), early semistarvation (n = 6), acute preterminal disease), and chronic semistarvation (n = 34, severe weight loss over time). Results of semistarved groups were expressed relative to respective control value. Early semistarvation produced no detectable change in muscle mass, protein, or total energy content (per gram wet weight), although RNA and glycogen were -50 to -70% of control value (p less than 0.05). Chronic semistarvation caused muscle atrophy (-54.2%), but not all measured constituents were reduced to the same degree. The results were H2O--52.9%, collagen--46%, noncollagen proteins--65.3%, total lipids--40%, DNA--54.1%, RNA--81.7%, glycogen--90.3%, and total energy--59.6%. Muscle per unit mass in chronic semistarvation thus reflects relatively more H2O and less protein and energy when compared to normal tissue. About 85 to 95% of muscle protein energy loss can be detected by anthropometric measurements of muscle size; the remaining 5 to 15% depletion of protein and energy is masked by muscle compositional changes. Proper interpretation of anthropometric data requires an understanding of these unmeasured but important compositional differences in normal and semistarved muscle. PMID- 7091025 TI - Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in pregnant women: comparative assays in primates and other animals. AB - The influence of pregnancy on blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was studied in women. Whole blood and plasma selenium levels decreased whereas erythrocyte and plasma GSH-Px activities increased with the progress of pregnancy. The ratio of erythrocyte GSH-Px activity to whole blood selenium levels was 4- to 5-fold higher in rats and sheep than in primates (humans and monkeys), suggesting that more selenium is associated with GSH-Px in erythrocytes from rats and sheep than from primates. In assays of blood with low GSH-Px activity such as that from humans or selenium-deficient animals, a component of the erythrocyte other than GSH-Px was found to contribute more to the peroxidase activity. Evidence was obtained to indicate that t-butyl hydroperoxide is a better substrate than hydrogen peroxide for the assay of low GSH-Px erythrocyte activity. The length of time that the blood was stored before assay was found to have an effect on erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, and the storage patterns may be dependent on the species of animal from which the blood is drawn. PMID- 7091024 TI - Plasma amino acid responses in humans to evening meals of differing nutritional composition. AB - The effect of a carbohydrate or a 20% protein (HP) or a carbohydrate + 0.4% tryptophan (TRP) evening meal on plasma amino acids and on plasma neutral amino acid (NAA) ratios was studied in eight healthy men. After consumption of the protein meal, plasma amino acids rose after 1 h and remained at the same level at 2 h. The dietary profile of the essential amino acids, except for TRP, was retained in the plasma. The plasma profile of nonessential amino acids was not related to the dietary pattern. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid increased several fold less and alanine several-fold more than would be expected from their dietary concentrations. The tyrosine/NAA and phenylalanine/NAA ratios were not altered by any of the meals and the TRP/NAA ratio was increased only by the carbohydrate + 0.4% TRP meal. The leucine/NAA and isoleucine/NAA ratios were decreased by the carbohydrate and carbohydrate + TRP and increased by the 20% protein meals, while valine/NAA was decreased by the carbohydrate + TRP and HP but increased by the carbohydrate meal. From these data it is concluded that if brain neurotransmitter synthesis is controlled by the same mechanisms as in rats, then the evening meal containing added TRP was the only one of the meals likely to affect brain neurotransmitter (serotonin) synthesis. PMID- 7091027 TI - Assessment of abdominal fat content by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomography (CT) produces thin cross-sectional radiographs that may prove very useful in body composition research. CT images of the abdomen allow computerized measurement of total fat area, and also enable the differentiation of subcutaneous fat from intraabdominal fat. The preset investigation examines whether a single CT scan of the abdomen provides an accurate indication of overall abdominal adiposity. Graphs of measurements from seven sequential scans of the abdomen in eight patients showed that rankings of total abdominal area, total fat area, subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat area are relatively consistent no matter which abdominal level is chosen. Correlations of 0.89 to 0.99 between single scans and the average values for all scans show that a single CT image contains the same information on adiposity as a series of scans. These results suggest that future CT studies of body composition can limit radiation exposure by using single scans at different anatomical sites. If only a single scan at one site can be obtained, the level of the umbilicus may be the most useful, because it contains the largest percentage of fat in the body, and best allows differentiation of intraabdominal from subcutaneous fat. PMID- 7091026 TI - Subcutaneous fat distribution in males and females from 1 to 39 years of age. AB - Subcutaneous fat thicknesses measured in two longitudinal studies, the Denver Growth Study and the Melbourne Growth Study, were examined to determine 1) if one site of subcutaneous fat measurement is more representative than another of the body's subcutaneous fat layer, 2) if some measurements of subcutaneous fat from specific body areas are more representative of the subcutaneous fat layer than others, and 3) if there are sex and age differences in intersite relationships. Data from the Denver Study include skinfold thicknesses from 10 sites measured serially at annual ages from 4 to 39 yr and radiographic fat thickness measured at five sites at annual ages from 1 to 18 yr. In the Melbourne Study, five skinfold thicknesses were measured serially in children from 2 to 15 yr of age. Relatively low intersite communalities during the prepubertal years suggest a tendency in each sex for considerable site-to-site variation during this period. However, immediately before puberty and throughout adolescence, high communalities indicate that the thickness of subcutaneous fat at any site is highly related to thickness at all other sites. After puberty and into the mid 20's, there is a reoccurrence of greater site-to-site variability. This higher degree of variation continues into early middle age only in women, implying that more changes occur in their subcutaneous fat, that differentially affect various parts of the body, than in men. PMID- 7091029 TI - Toxicity of 25,000 IU vitamin A supplements in "health" food users. PMID- 7091028 TI - Adiposity indices in children. AB - On the basis of a longitudinal study of growth in French children, we attempted to find a valid index for estimating adiposity, and to specify the optimal conditions for its use. The Quetelet index was found suitable for application to children, but as with all methods, a certain lack of precision proved unavoidable because of the different stages of growth observed at a given age. For use by clinicians, we provide charts, based on the Quetelet index and on age, permitting estimation of adiposity in any child on the basis of longitudinal study measurements. For use by epidemiologists, we give standard values for studying groups of subjects, even when a reference population is not available. Body adiposity may be expressed independently of age and sex. PMID- 7091030 TI - Hemoglobin and meat iron absorption. PMID- 7091031 TI - The effect of fatness on hemoglobin levels. PMID- 7091032 TI - Accuracy of self-reported weights. PMID- 7091033 TI - Effect of prolonged supplementation with daily supplements of selenomethionine and sodium selenite on glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand residents. AB - Glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9, GSH-Px) activities and selenium (Se) concentrations in blood of 12 New Zealand residents were followed during prolonged supplementation with physiological doses (100 microgram Se) of sodium selenite (selenite-Se) or selenomethionine (Semet-Se). GSH-Px activities increased in all subjects but at 17 wk the mean increase was not significantly greater for Semet-Se (6.2 +/- SD 3.2 units/g Hb) than for selenite-Se (3.7 +/- 1.8 units/g Hb). After dosing ceased, GSH-Px activities for most subjects returned to predosing values in 17 to 40 wk, but in some subjects activities remained high. Increases in Se concentrations in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma were greater after Semet-Se than after selenite-se. Se concentrations tended to plateau after selenite-Se while after Semet-Se they continued to rise as long as dosing continued. Enzyme activity of one of four subjects supplemented daily with 500 microgram selenite-Se was unchanged, despite a great increase in plasma Se. Blood Se and GSH-Px of 23 New Zealand residents who ingest regular large doses (0.5 to 3 mg Se) mainly of selenite-Se showed that those who dosed weekly had greater values than the less frequent dosers. Three subjects showed extremely high values. It is suggested that each individual might have an optimal level of GSH-Px activity, so that the level reached is a balance between Se intake and other factors, including possible stressor effect of selenite. PMID- 7091034 TI - Effect of small doses of aluminum-containing antacids on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. AB - The effect of small doses of four commercially available aluminum-containing antacids on calcium and phosphorus metabolism was investigated in adult males in 20 studies. During the use of these doses of antacids, urinary and fecal calcium increased significantly during a low calcium intake averaging 252 mg/day, and the calcium balances became distinctly more negative. There was a reversal of the normal pattern of phosphorus excretions, namely, the fecal phosphorus was high and the urinary phosphorus was low. During a normal calcium intake of 800 mg/day, these doses of antacids did not result in significant changes of the calcium excretions or balance. Despite the decrease in net intestinal absorption of calcium, the average 47Ca absorption remained unchanged, irrespective of the type and dose of antacid used. In three patients who received large therapeutic doses of antacids, 240 to 450 ml/day, the changes of calcium and phosphorus metabolism were intensified. PMID- 7091035 TI - Alcohol-induced alterations in calcium metabolism in the pregnant rat. AB - The effect of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy on maternal calcium metabolism was investigated by allowing pregnant rats to ingest Purina Rat Chow ad libitum along with 20% ethanol in their drinking water from day 6 to 19 of pregnancy. Ethanol constituted 50% of the caloric intake and resulted in blood levels of 98 mg/dl on day 19 of gestation. Control rats were pair-fed with rat Chow and dextrimaltose was isocalorically substituted for ethanol in the drinking water. Alcohol consumption was attended by decreased serum levels of calcium (7.3 +/- 0.5 versus 9.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, p less than 0.01), and phosphorus (5.7 +/- 0.5 versus 7.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, p less than 0.01), as well as by lowered tubular reabsorption of phosphate (88.6 +/- 4.6 versus 95.0 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05). The fasting urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (Ca/Cr), an index of bone resorption, was increased in the alcohol-consuming rats (0.41 +/- 0.08 versus 0.24 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.05). In contrast, alcohol administered to nonpregnant female rats for the same time period and resulting in blood levels of 129 mg/dl had no effect on serum calcium, phosphorus, tubular reabsorption of phosphate, or fasting urinary Ca/Cr. The data suggest that alcohol ingestion during pregnancy, a time of increased calcium requirement, produces biochemical changes consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 7091036 TI - Worker productivity and the nutritional status of Kenyan road construction laborers. AB - The effects of energy supplementation (group I received 200 kcal/day and group II received 1000/kcal day) were examined on road workers in Kenya. Anthropometric, dietary, worker productivity, clinical hematology, and parasitology data were collected from 224 workers of both sexes or, subsamples of these workers at base line, midpoint, and final measurement periods. Sixty-seven percent of the work force was less than 85% of weight for height. Females tended to be better nourished than males. Multiple regression analysis showed that increases in arm circumference and Hb levels were associated with significant productivity gains of about 4%. At the midpoint, group II males gained 1.10 kg (p less than 0.0003) while group I males showed no change. Weight loss during the latter part of the study resulted in no significant final weight change for males. "Successful" supplementation was weakly associated with a productivity increase for group II workers of 12.5% (p less than 0.10). PMID- 7091037 TI - Effect of periodic antiascaris and antigiardia treatment on nutritional status of preschool children. AB - One hundred fifty-nine children aged 24 to 61 months with 60% ascariasis prevalence and 21.5% giardiasis prevalence in rural Guatemala were studied prospectively for 1 yr. They were divided into four groups comparable for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and past growth experience as judged by slopes of height and weight on age. Each group was randomly assigned to the following 2 monthly treatment regimens: group I, placebo, group II, piperazine, group III, metronidazole; group IV, piperazine and metronidazole. Height and weight were measured every 3 months and stools were examined for parasites every 4 months. Piperazine administration decreased the prevalence of ascariasis to 33.8% at the end of the study but growth remained unaltered. Metronidazole administration decreased the prevalence of giardiasis to 2.5% at the end of the study and was accompanied by increased growth as judged by delta weight, delta % weight for age, slope of weight on age, delta height, delta % height for age and slope of height on age. It is suggested that failure of antiascaris treatment to enhance growth in this study may be because of 1) absence of severe malnutrition in the subjects, 2) adequacy of dietary protein, 3) possible low worm load, and 4) failure to eradicate ascariasis. The findings suggest that giardiasis is associated with reduced growth in preschool children. PMID- 7091038 TI - The effect of vitamin A fortification of sugar on iron metabolism in preschool children in Guatemala. AB - The effect of improvement in vitamin A nutriture on biochemical indicators of iron nutrition during national vitamin A fortification of sugar was investigated longitudinally. Four "paired-comparison-subgroups" of preschoolers were studied before fortification (survey I) and, respectively, at 6 months (survey I versus II), at 1 yr (survey I versus III), at 1 1/2 yr (survey I versus IV), and at 2 yr (survey I versus V) after fortification began. Comparing I versus II gave a positive correlation (p less than 0.001) between changes in serum retinol or retinol-binding protein and changes in iron, total iron binding capacity, and percentage transferrin saturation. In contrast, changes in serum ferritin correlated negatively (p less than 0.05). Comparing V with I, retinol, retinol binding protein, iron, and percentage transferritin saturation increased, but ferritin also increased (p less than 0.05). Consequently, the distribution of serum iron and ferritin values of the children improved (p less than 0.05). Because dietary iron did not change through the study period, the results suggest that vitamin A fortification had a favorable effect on iron metabolism and nutritional status. PMID- 7091039 TI - Effect of dietary eggs and ascorbic acid on plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy young men. AB - The effects on plasma lipid levels of increased ingestion of whole eggs and of ascorbic acid (AA) were investigated in 40 healthy, free-living men, aged 21 to 35 yr. Ten subjects were assigned to each of four groups which included the following regimens in combination with the usual daily diet: EGGS group, 3 eggs + placebo; AA group, 2 g ascorbic acid; EG AA group, 3 eggs + 2 g ascorbic acid; CONTROL group, placebo only. Fasting blood was sampled at 2-wk intervals during a 6-wk experimental period and during a 4-wk postexperimental period. Dietary cholesterol intake increased from a mean (+/-SD) of 412 (+/-200) mg/day during the preexperimental period to 975 (+/-134) mg/day on the experimental egg diet (p less than 0.001). Mean changes in plasma lipids in the eGGS and AA groups were not statistically significant. Considerable variability in individual responses was observed. In the EGAA group, significant increases in total cholesterol (18.3 +/- 6.4 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10.0 +/- 6.4 mg/dl) at 4 wk were observed. Analysis of variance indicated significant interaction between the effects of eggs and AA. A possible synergistic relationship between these two dietary factors is suggested. PMID- 7091040 TI - A phase II study Nolvadex: tamoxifen citrate in the treatment of advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma. AB - Prostatic Carcinoma is known to be a hormonally responsive neoplasm which contains both estrogen and androgen receptors. Sixty-three heavily pretreated patients with Stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma received tamoxifen (Nolvadex) at a dose of 20 mg twice a day. Patients were examined every 4 weeks at which time they also had a white count, hemoglobin and platelet count, acid phosphatase, SMA 12, and recording of the status of their measurable or evaluable disease. If the evaluable disease was metastatic to bone, the relevant x-rays were repeated every 8 weeks. The median age of the patients was 66. The Karnofsky status of the patients for whom this information was known was 40% (6), 45% (1), 50% (1), 60% (8), 70% (11), 80% (6), 90% (5), and 100% (2). Forty-one patients were eligible for response evaluation; the majority had evaluable bone disease. No serious toxicity was encountered; two patients withdrew from the protocol because of nausea and vomiting and one patient had hot flashes. One complete response was seen in measurable nodal disease which is continuing after 13+ months, 1 minor response was seen in evaluable bone disease, and 4 patients had long (more than 10 months) stability of bone disease with subjective improvement. We conclude that although the response rate was low, patient acceptability was excellent and that tamoxifen may warrant further trial in a less heavily pretreated patient population. PMID- 7091041 TI - Advanced breast cancer with bone-only metastases: a chemotherapeutically responsive pattern of metastases. AB - Twenty-one patients, presenting with metastases only to bone from a primary adenocarcinoma of the breast having previously undergone mastectomy, tolerated aggressive cytotoxic chemotherapy (CAF--cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, Adriamycin 50 mg/m2, 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 q 3 weeks) without significant clinical morbidity. Sixteen of the 21 achieved total clinical symptomatic improvement (pain, performance status). Eleven of these 16 patients tolerated and received between 75% and 100% of the original prescribed dose every 3 weeks, completing a total cumulative course dose of 450 mg/m2 of Adriamycin within 36 weeks, and remained clinically free of disease for an average of 26 months despite cessation of therapy. Their median survival is greater than 3 1/2 years. Those patients tolerating and receiving a dose of 50% or less developed early progression and had a relatively short survival. In general, patients with metastatic disease limited to bone have a relatively good prognosis and are tolerant of and benefit from aggressive cytotoxic therapy. In these patients an excellent clinical response can be achieved with a prolonged disease-free treatment-free period of life. PMID- 7091042 TI - Importance of predisposing factors in the development of enteric damage. AB - The importance of risk factors in the development of radiation-related enteric damage has been demonstrated. Ninety-two women with ovarian tumors received 2000 rads to the abdomen, followed by an additional 2975 rads to the pelvis. By analyzing the development of small bowel obstruction in these women and in other series from the literature, it appears that more than half of enteric complications can be attributed to factors such as prior surgery, thin physique, and preexisting vascular damage. These constitutional factors often will have a greater effect on the development of small bowel damage than will radiation dose, volume, or time. By taking such factors into account and by substituting alternative forms of therapy when feasible, morbidity secondary to radiotherapy can be substantially reduced. PMID- 7091043 TI - Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities. XIX. Tumor cure rates and tumor control following sequential administration of radiation and cyclophosphamide. AB - Tumor cure rates greater than 50% have been realized by the administration of three and four series of 1500 rads radiation and 150 mg/kg (0.9 g/m2) cyclophosphamide which were separated by 1, 7. or 11 days. Increasing the time between treatment modalities from 1 to 7 and 11 days provided a 2- to 3-week recovery period for each treatment modality without a reduction in cure rates. However, the mean time for complete response increased from 24.8 +/- 17 days for 1 day, 30.7 +/- 3.0 days for 7 days, and 38.3 +/- 4.8 days for 11 days between treatment modalities. Giving the second series of radiation and cyclophosphamide on days 16 and 17 resulted in a cure rate of 50%. Increasing this interval to 21 22 days resulted in no cures. The results of giving each modality alone at 11-day intervals have been compared with results of altering administration of the two modalities at 11-day intervals. Comparing the three regimens where a treatment was given every 11 days, the numbers of animals with cures were 0 of 10 for cyclophosphamide alone, 2 of 10 for radiation alone, and 5 of 9 for alternation of the two treatments every 11 days. Well-defined periods of accelerated growth occur between 10 and 20 days after administration of single doses of either radiation or cyclophosphamide. The increased effectiveness of alternate utilization of the two modalities suggests that prior treatment by one modality increases tumor sensitivity to the second modality. PMID- 7091044 TI - Cancer patient accessions into clinical trials: a pilot investigation into some patient and physician determinants of entry. AB - This study investigated the external validity (or generalizability of results) of randomized clinical trials in cancer. Tao ECOG lung cancer chemotherapy protocols active in the early 1970s were studied using a case-control design. All lung cancer patients of the four specified cell types resident in Monroe County during the ECOG study period were identified from the Rochester Regional Tumor Registry. All of the patients entered into either protocol ("ECOG cases") and a random sample of the nonprotocol cases were examined by medical records review. Thirty seven percent of the nonprotocol cases were determined to have been eligible for either of the two ECOG protocols, but not entered ("eligible controls"). A comparison of the ECOG cases (n = 65) and the eligible controls (n = 109) revealed that (1) ECOG cases were more likely than eligible controls to have been diagnosed at a hospital which participated in the University of Rochester Cancer Center's medical oncology program; (2) ECOG cases were of higher occupational status than eligible controls; (3) duration from diagnosis to protocol entry for ECOG cases was longer than duration from diagnosis to earliest date of eligibility for eligible controls. The implications of these findings for the conduct of cancer clinical trials are discussed. PMID- 7091045 TI - Carcinoma of the endometrium. IV. Mixed adenosquamous carcinoma. A clinical pathological study of 68 cases with long-term follow-up. AB - In a histologic review of 989 cases of invasive endometrial carcinomas there were 68 mixed adenosquamous carcinomas. Sixty were followed for at least five years, or until death. The other eight were diagnosed in 1976 and were ineligible for five-year status evaluation. Twenty-eight of the 60 patients or 46.7% were alive at five years. Twenty-five or 41.7% died of their cancer. Stage of disease, depth of myometrial invasion, vascular invasion, age, and method of treatment all had an impact on end results. By comparison, the absolute five-year survival rate for 200 women with adenocanthoma was 87.0%. Thirty patients with atypia of the squamous portion of the adenoacanthoma had an identical survival rate as those without atypia. Combined irradiation and hysterectomy end results were superior to hysterectomy only, or to radiation therapy only. Although one examination of time trends revealed a significant increase in the percentage of all tumors that were diagnosed as adenoacanthoma, there was no increase in the relative frequency of mixed adenosquamous carcinoma. PMID- 7091046 TI - The desmoid tumor. I. Incidence, sex-, age- and anatomical distribution in the Finnish population. AB - We have (1) estimated the incidence of desmoid tumor (DT) in the Finnish population, and (2) defined statistically four major age components of the DT with different biological properties. The incidence of the DT, based on admissions to four separate hospitals and on the number of pathological biopsy specimens analyzed at the Central Pathological Laboratory of Helsinki University, is 2.4-4.3 new cases per 10(6) inhabitants per annum. Statistical analysis demonstrated four major age components where the site of the tumor and/or sex of the patient were non-randomly distributed: "juvenile" DT, a predominantly extra abdominal desmoid tumor of the female sex; "fertile" DT, a nearly exclusively abdominal DT of fertile females; "menopausal" DT, a predominantly abdominal tumor where the sex ratio approaches one:one; and "senescent" DT, where abdominal and extra-abdominal varieties are equally frequently encountered and where the sex ratio of the affected patients is one:one. PMID- 7091047 TI - The desmoid tumor. II. Analysis of factors possibly contributing to the etiology and growth behavior. AB - Eighty histologically verified cases of the desmoid tumor (DT) have been analyzed with regard to factors possibly contributing to the etiology and/or growth behavior of this uncommon neoplasm. Considering the four statistical age components, the "fertile" female and "menopausal" varieties of the DT grew distinctly faster (0.1 less than P greater than 0.05 and less than 0.05), and the female "juvenile" variety distinctly slower (0.1 less than P greater than 0.05) than the male DTs. In a visual estimate, the fertile female patients had a significant (P less than 0.01) predisposition to estrogen predominance, while fewer patients than expected displayed progesterone predominance or were at balance (P = NS and less than 0.01, respectively). Thirty-two per cent of the patients with an abdominal DT had been previously operated in the region of subsequent tumor growth. Significantly more pregnancies were observed in patients with abdominal DT than with extra-abdominal DT (P less than 0.05). On only one occasion did sigmoideoscopy reveal colonic polyposis (Gardner's syndrome). The most striking observation was, however, that up to 80% of the affected patients (compared with less than 5% in the normal control population, P less than 0.05) had multiple minor bone anomalies demonstrable by x-ray screening of the mandible, chest, and long bones. We suggest that a generalized (inherited or mutant) defect in growth regulation of connective tissue is the most important underlying cause for the DT. However, the other factors, including hormonal effects, trauma, and pregnancy contribute to the growth behavior of the tumor. PMID- 7091048 TI - The desmoid tumor. III. A biochemical and genetic analysis. AB - We have carefully examined four patients with desmoid tumor (DT) and their 31 relatives. In three of four cases, biopsies of the DT demonstrated low yet significant amounts of estrogen but not progesterone receptors in the tumor cytosol. In the fourth case, where the receptors were not demonstrable, the affected patient was a menopausal woman and the receptors may have been blocked by endogenous estrogen. Fourteen of their 31 relatives demonstrated multiple minor bone malformations in x-ray screening of the skeleton. The inheritance of these malformations was compatible with an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance. These findings are compatible with our suggestion that the basic underlying cause for DT is an inherited defect in growth regulation of the connective tissue. When a trauma is superimposed on such an individual, a DT may result. The growth of the tumor is, however, controlled primarily by sex hormones, estrogen predominance over progesterone being inducive to tumor growth. PMID- 7091049 TI - Blood group precursor T-antigen expression in human urinary bladder carcinoma. AB - Tumor deletion of the ABH blood group antigens (BGAg) heralds an unfavorable prognosis in human bladder cancer. The T antigen (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: TAg), a precursor of other BGAg, has previously been found in malignant but not most normal cells, in which the TAg is cryptic but can be unmasked with neuraminidase (NMD). We investigated the prognostic significance of TAg expression in bladder cancer by staining paraffin sections with a T-specific lectin (peanut agglutinin [PNA]) immunoperoxidase technic. Seventy-two cases of low grade, low stage bladder cancer, 21 cases of high grade bladder cancer, and 68 controls were studied. All normals expressed the TAg only after NMD treatment (Cryptic TAg+). The Grade III cancers, all invasive, either expressed the TAg (TAg+)(67%) or lacked T even after NMD (Cryptic TAg-) (29%), indicating that the T structure was lost rather than masked as in normal tissue. Thirty-nine per cent of 23 Grade I and II cancers which were TAg+ or Cryptic TAg- subsequently became invasive (Stage B), compared with 10% of 49 Cryptic TAg+ cancers. For 32 Grade I and II, ABH BGAg negative cancers, 64% of TAg+ or Cryptic TAg- cancers became invasive, compared with 17% of cancers which had Cryptic TAg+. Thus, the TAg may be a prognostically useful immunohistochemical tumor marker in bladder cancer, especially for tumors negative for ABH BGAg. PMID- 7091050 TI - Diagnostic utility of carboxyl-terminal and intact parathyroid hormone immunoassays in hospitalized patients. AB - In a university-affiliated community hospital, medical records of 58 patients on whom the intact parathyroid hormone immunoassay (I-PTH) and 29 patients on whom both the carboxyl terminal PTH(C-PTH) and I-PTH ordered by physicians were reviewed to determine the reasons for requesting these tests. Reasons for ordering the PTH tests include (1) the evaluation of hypercalcemic patients (25/58 I-PTH); (2) the evaluation of hypocalcemic patients (2/58 I-PTH); (3) to rule out primary hyperparathyroidism in normocalcemic stone formers (4/58 I-PTH, 4/29 C-PTH) and in those with abnormal skeletal x-ray (3/48 I-PTH 1/29 C-PTH); (4) to follow patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis (11/58 I-PTH, 9/29 C-PTH); (5) to rule out ectopic hyperparathyroidism in patients with cancer (2/58 I-PTH, 3/29 C-PTH); (6) to satisfy physicians' intellectual curiosity of patients with diabetes mellitus (3/58 I-PTH, 3/29 C-PTH) and obesity (5/58 I-PTH; 6/29 C PTH); (7) to evaluate acute renal failure (1/29 C-PTH). In 3/58 patients on whom I-PTH tests were ordered, reason(s) could not be determined. The C-PTH was elevated in 9/9 patients with chronic renal failure, 4/6 obese patients, 2/3 patients with cancer, 1/3 diabetic patients, 1/4 stone formers, 2/2 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients with chronic renal failure had the highest C-PTH. Based on well established indications for ordering the PTH immunoassays, 25 out of 58 (43%) of I-PTH and 9 out of 29 (31%) of C-PTH ordered are inappropriate. PMID- 7091051 TI - Microcomputer assisted interpretative reporting of protein electrophoresis data. AB - A microcomputer based system for interpretative reporting of protein electrophoretic data has been developed. Data for serum urine, and cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoreses as well as immunoelectrophoresis can be entered. Patient demographic information is entered through the keyboard, followed by manual entry of total and fractionated protein levels obtained after densitometer scanning of the electrophoretic strip. Protein patterns are coded, interpreted, and final reports generated. In most cases, interpretation time is less than one second. Computer misinterpretation is uncommon and easily corrected by edit functions within the system. Discrepancies between computer and pathologist interpretation are automatically stored in a separate data file for later review and possible program modification. Any or all previous tests on a patient may be reviewed, with graphic display of the electrophoretic pattern. The system is well accepted by the laboratory staff, and allows rapid storage, retrieval, and analysis of protein electrophoretic data. PMID- 7091052 TI - Urinary tract infection due to coagulase-negative staphylococcus. AB - One hundred and fifty-six urine specimens with a pure culture of coagulase negative Staphylococcus were studied. One hundred and eighteen charts were reviewed for clinical evidence of urinary tract infections. Twenty-four cases of urinary tract infection were found. The younger females in the study tended to have infection due to novobiocin resistant Staphylococcus in contrast to males and older females. PMID- 7091053 TI - A microagglutination test for human Brucella canis antibodies. AB - A microagglutination test for the detection of Brucella canis antibodies in humans is described. The use of safranin-dyed B. canis organisms as antigen gave easily interpretable settling patterns and reproducible endpoints. The finding of 18 of 1,147 sera with titers greater than or equal to 1:160 resulted in a presumed false-positive rate of 1.6%. Repeat testing of these positive sera in diluent to which 0.6 m NaCl had been added showed a decrease in titer to less than or equal to 1:40 in eight. Conversely, the increased salt concentration permitted detection of blocking antibodies in two sera which were originally thought to be negative. The test provided serologic evidence for B. canis infection in four patients with otherwise undiagnosed febrile illness. The disease is underdiagnosed due to general lack of serologic testing facilities and misconceptions concerning its prevalence. PMID- 7091054 TI - Functional hyposplenism, a diagnostic clue in amyloidosis. Report of six cases. AB - Six cases of functional hyposplenism associated with amyloidosis are presented. This association has been infrequently reported. Typical erythrocytic changes were found at initial presentation in five patients, and provided an early clue to the correct diagnosis. Extensive amyloid effacement of the splenic cords was the anatomic basis of the functional hyposplenism. Comments are made on the etiology and infective consequences of adult-acquired functional hyposplenism. A more sensitive method of screening peripheral blood for changes of functional hyposplenism is discussed. PMID- 7091056 TI - Cytogenetic studies of peripheral myeloblasts and bone marrow fibroblasts in acute myelofibrosis. AB - Chromosome analysis with giemsa-trypsin banding was performed on circulating myeloblasts and cultured bone marrow fibroblasts from a patient with acute myelofibrosis. Major karyotypic abnormalities were found in the myeloblasts involving chromosomes #1, 3, 5, 13, and 16; no chromosome abnormalities were detected in the fibroblasts. In addition, a pericentric inversion of number 7 was present in the circulating blasts but not the fibroblasts. Pericentric inversions have not previously been associated with acquired abnormalities of malignant cells. These findings support the concept that acute myelofibrosis is a primary malignancy of hematopoietic cells associated with secondary marrow fibrosis. The entity of acute myelofibrosis is discussed and the results of cytogenetic studies of previous reports are reviewed. PMID- 7091055 TI - Yersinia enterocolitica in Kansas. Attempted recovery from 1,212 patients. AB - An attempt was made to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica, by cold enrichment, from the stool of 1,212 patients seen at the Wesley Medical Center in Wichita, Kansas. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 5 (0.4%) of the patients. Shigella was isolated from 36 (3.0%) patients while either Salmonella or Campylobacter were each isolated from 15 (1.2%) patients. Two of our five Yersinia isolates were from patients admitted to the hospital with diarrhea. One was from a patient who developed transient diarrhea while in the hospital, and the other two were from patients without diarrhea. In our opinion, the data do not justify the routine examination of stool specimens for Y. enterocolitica. PMID- 7091057 TI - Five-year follow-up of a man with subcutaneous mycetomas caused by Microsporum audouinii. AB - A black man with subcutaneous mycetomas caused by Microsporum audouinii was treated by a combination of griseofulvin, 18.5 g of amphotericin B, excisional surgery, and later, ketoconazole, resulting in a satisfactory arrest or cure of the clinical illness. Complications of therapy included residual impaired renal function and a change in hair color from black to a rust brown color. The continued use of the term mycetoma to describe such lesions is justified. PMID- 7091058 TI - Anti-dsDNA in SLE: a specificity myth. PMID- 7091059 TI - Primary pulmonary abscess. PMID- 7091060 TI - Primary lung abscess in childhood: the long-term outcome of conservative management. AB - Fourteen cases of primary lung abscess in childhood were treated with antibiotics alone. The only organism discovered was Staphylococcus aureus. All the children recovered. Roentgenographic abnormalities took from six weeks to more than five years to resolve. Recently, follow-up of 11 of the 14 children was performed an average of nine years after treatment of the abscess. In all children, the clinical status, lung volumes, and expiratory flow rates were normal, except in two with asthma. A conservative approach to the management of primary lung abscess in children is recommended. PMID- 7091061 TI - Epidemiology of childhood injuries. II. Sex differences in injury rates. AB - The development of sex differences in children's injury rates was explored by analyzing data from 197,516 consumer product-related injuries reported in 1978. The results indicated that sex differences in injury rates appear within the first year of life for most types of injuries. Burns, ingestions, and poisonings were important exceptions. The sex differences were not completely explained by differences in exposure to risk. Sex differences in behavior begin to appear at the same age as the differences in injury rates and correlate with injury type. Injury prevention efforts should take these developmental differences into account and focus attention on the high-risk child. PMID- 7091062 TI - Preschool assessment of infants with a patent ductus arteriosus: comparison of ligation and indomethacin therapy. AB - We report the preschool growth and development of preterm infants with problematic patent ductus artferiosus requiring either surgical ligation or indomethacinn treatment in the neonatal period. Of 60 who completed longitudinal growth assessments, no differences in growth to 3 years could be demonstrated except for four cases of regressed retinopathy of prematurity among the ligated infants. Developmental tests (Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) showed no group differences at preschool ages. Although psychomotor performance on the Bayley Scales in the first 1 1/2 years was significantly lower among the surgically treated infants, later analysis showed that a similar number in both treatment groups scored within the normal range. No selective short- or long-term adverse effects of indomethacin treatment could be demonstrated. PMID- 7091063 TI - Nonoliguric acute renal failure in the newborn: a prospective evaluation of diagnostic indexes. AB - Fifteen newborn babies with azotemia without oliguria were studied. Group A infants had increased BUN levels and decreased creatinine clearance (Ccr) for gestational and postnatal age, and were compared with group B infants, who had increased BUN levels and normal Ccr. The Ccr was 0.35 mL/min in group A and 0.76 mL/min in group B. Urine volume during the same period was 2.45 mL/kg/hr in group A and 4.66 mL/kg/hr in group B. No significant differences in fractional sodium excretion; urine to plasma ratios of creatinine, osmolality, and sodium; and renal failure index were present between the two groups. The results suggest that nonoliguric acute renal failure is a diagnostic entity in the newborn. The Ccr is the most useful indicator for defining renal function in the presence of azotemia and normal urine volume. PMID- 7091064 TI - Transient neonatal pustular melanosis. PMID- 7091065 TI - Body position and esophageal sphincter pressure in infants. AB - Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was measured in infants in the supine, prone, right lateral, left lateral, and upright positions; 14 had gastroesophageal reflux and 16 did not. Position had no significant effect on pressure in either group. However, patients with reflux had significantly lower pressures in each position. The rationale for postural therapy in infants with reflux cannot be based on alterations in sphincter pressure but is more likely related to the effect of gravity on the gastric pool. Compared with roentgenograms of the upper gastrointestinal tract or esophageal manometry the one- and 24-hour pH probe tests best identified reflux in those patients who were first seen with symptoms compatible with this diagnosis. PMID- 7091066 TI - Coronary artery fistula causing heart failure in a newborn: successful surgical management. PMID- 7091067 TI - Vertebral agenesis: comprehensive care and outcome. AB - There is little information concerning long-term outcome of vertebral agenesis. In this series of eight patients with variable severity of vertebral agenesis, three died during infancy, two of associated congenital anomalies involving the cardiorespiratory system and one of unknown causes. The remaining five have had no life-threatening problems. They have normal intellect, and the developmental achievements are adequate for their age. The five patients with the highest lesions were those born to diabetic mothers. We also discuss current concepts of comprehensive team management of such infants. PMID- 7091068 TI - Childhood lead poisoning and inadequate child care. AB - Sixteen caretakers of children hospitalized for their first episode of lead poisoning and 16 caretakers of children with normal lead levels were interviewed in their homes to determine if caretakers of children with lead poisoning provided more inadequate child care than the comparison group of caretakers. Children were matched according to age, race, and sex. Correlations were found between children's lead levels and caretakers' scores on the measures of inadequate child care. Differences were evident in the overall physical and cognitive emotional care provided to these children. No differences were found in the caretakers' ages, number of years of education and family monthly income, number of occupants in the household, and family mobility. Implications of the intertwined roles of inadequate child care, subclinical lead poisoning, and later developmental sequelae are discussed. PMID- 7091069 TI - Clinicopathologic characteristics of septicemia in sickle cell disease. AB - Bacterial septicemia occurred in 22 of 210 pediatric patients with sickle cell disease over a nine-year period, an attack rate of 10.5%. Children less than 2 1/2 years old with hemoglobin SS were at greatest risk; Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen. Although sudden febrile illness developed in nine patients, in 13 a gradual prodrome was associated with symptoms for more than 24 hours before evaluation. Both initial body temperature and WBC count were highly variable. In all six fatal cases, autopsy disclosed adrenal hemorrhagic necrosis, which in three was diffuse and typical of that seen in the Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome. Recommendations in patients with sickle cell disease and fever, even if only of moderate degree, include the rapid initiation of antibiotic therapy and the use of corticosteroids at the first sign of circulatory insufficiency. PMID- 7091070 TI - Neonates with seizures attributable to perinatal complications: computed tomographic evaluation. PMID- 7091071 TI - Radiological case of the month. PMID- 7091073 TI - Gower's sign in diskitis. PMID- 7091072 TI - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, hot tubs, and skin infections. PMID- 7091074 TI - Accidental injury in a spa. PMID- 7091075 TI - Zipper injury of the foreskin. PMID- 7091076 TI - Acute epiglottitis caused by beta-hemolytic group C Streptococci. PMID- 7091077 TI - Infant formula controversy. PMID- 7091078 TI - Familial complete precocious puberty affecting both sexes. PMID- 7091079 TI - Hyperexplexia: not hereditary stiff-baby syndrome. PMID- 7091080 TI - Human milk and the small baby. PMID- 7091081 TI - The noninvasive determination of bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry. PMID- 7091082 TI - Calcium and phosphate supplements in breast milk-related rickets. Results in a very-low-birth-weight infant. AB - Rickets developed in a very-low-birth-weight infant fed exclusively human milk. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was normal, and serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D level was elevated; parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels were normal. Rickets responded to supplements of calcium and phosphate, as determined by roentgenograms and measurement of bone mineral content by direct photon absorptiometry. Human-milk feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants requires observation for hypophosphatemia and clinical and radiological signs of rickets. In such infants, it may be necessary to supplement breast-milk feeding with calcium and phosphate. PMID- 7091083 TI - Prepubertal gynecomastia caused by an adrenal tumor. Diagnostic value of ultrasonography. AB - Prepubertal gynecomastia is a rare disorder that may be associated with adrenal or testicular tumors. An adrenal tumor causing a mixed feminizing-virilizing syndrome in a 6-year-old boy was identified by ultrasonography, whereas excretory urography failed to show any abnormality. Highly elevated estrone concentrations were found in the plasma, as were more modestly increased levels of estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione, and 11-deoxycortisol. After removal of the tumor, all hormonal concentrations returned to normal prepubertal levels. PMID- 7091084 TI - Prepubertal gynecomastia associated with estrogen-containing hair cream. AB - Gynecomastia associated with high plasma estrogen levels was observed in a prepubertal boy. The family initially denied ingestion or application of any medications despite careful review of the history, but endocrinologic findings were not consistent with endogenous estrogen production. Persistent inquiry discovered the use of a hair cream containing substantial amounts of estrogen. After discontinuation of its use, breast tissue regressed and estrogen levels returned to normal. To our knowledge, scalp inunction has not hitherto been reported as a cause of prepubertal gynecomastia. PMID- 7091085 TI - Ventricular dilation after neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Natural history and therapeutic implications. AB - Infants with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH) were followed up with weekly ultrasound sector scans to define the natural history of late ventricular dilation (ie, dilation in excess of that seen at the time of diagnosis of PV-IVH). Infants fell into two groups: (1) posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), dilation that produced an increase in occipitofrontal circumference greater than 2 cm per week and/or clinical symptoms of increased intracranial pressure; and (2) ventriculomegaly (VM), dilation that stabilized or reversed without producing these effects. The former was directly related to the severity of hemorrhage. The diameter of the lateral ventricle was significantly greater in PHH. In 26 of 48 infants at risk, late dilation developed: 14 had VM and 12 had PHH. Thus, late ventricular dilation stabilized or resolved spontaneously in 54%. Only three infants eventually required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Clinical changes in addition to ventricular size should be used in assessing the need for treatment of ventricular dilation after PV-IVH. PMID- 7091086 TI - Male-to-male transmission of Robinow's syndrome. Its occurrence in association with cleft lip and cleft palate. AB - The inheritance of Robinow's syndrome has been thought to be autosomal dominant. However, since no cases of male-to-male transmission have been reported, it has been impossible to rule out X-linked dominant inheritance. We studied a case of male-to-male transmission in a father and son with Robinow's syndrome and cleft lip-cleft palate, confirming autosomal dominant inheritance in at least some cases. PMID- 7091087 TI - Encephalopathy and fatal myopathy in two siblings. Their association with partial deficiency of muscle carnitine. AB - Two brothers had intermittent episodes of muscle weakness, lethargy, hyperammonemia, rhabdomyolysis, and elevated activities of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase, and SGOT in serum associated with low muscle carnitine but normal serum carnitine concentrations. These siblings represent a "mixed" form of carnitine deficiency with the elements of both systemic and myopathic carnitine deficiency. The older sibling died suddenly after a 24-hour fast. The younger boy has received carnitine for three years. During this period, serum CPK activity has remained elevated and increased further during illnesses, but no clinical symptoms of encephalopathy or myopathy have appeared. PMID- 7091088 TI - Cushing's syndrome in infancy secondary to pituitary adenoma. PMID- 7091089 TI - Prolonged EEG and videotape monitoring in children. AB - Prolonged frequency modulation (FM) radiotelemetry EEG and videotape monitoring (TEEG-VR) have been used together extensively to study patients with epileptic seizures. This technique was used to differentiate epileptic seizures from other episodic behavior in 45 children referred to our epilepsy center in whom the diagnosis could not be made by history, standard EEGs, or observation alone, in 40 children, the behavior in question was recorded during TEEG-VR. In 15 patients, this behavior was found to represent epileptic seizures. Although not indicated in all children with suspected epileptic seizures, TEEG-VR can be a useful diagnostic test in selected children. PMID- 7091090 TI - Use of urinary indexes in renal failure in the newborn. AB - Causes of renal failure and urinary indexes were recorded in 45 neonates with oliguria and uremia. Twenty (44%) had ischemic renal damage; nine of these infants recovered and 11 died. Eight infants (18%) had various other causes of renal insufficiency. Determination of serum BUN or creatinine concentrations did not differentiate between these groups. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and renal failure index (RFI) determined on serum and first-voided urine samples were statistically different between the neonates with prerenal uremia and the neonates with ischemic renal damage, although there was overlap between the groups. A neonate with an FENa less than 2.5% and an RFI less than 2.5 is said to have prerenal uremia. An FENa greater than 2.5% or an RFI greater than 2.5 in a neonate suggests ischemic renal disease; however, some neonates with prerenal uremia may have values in this range. PMID- 7091091 TI - Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in the absence of pneumatosis intestinalis. AB - Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) may be diagnosed radiologically when pneumatosis intestinalis or hepatic-portal gas are present on abdominal roentgenograms. Of 136 patients with strictly documented NEC, 19 (14%) never demonstrated specific roentgenographic evidence of NEC. The diagnosis in these 19 patients was, however, confirmed by a histopathologic examination of tissue obtained at the time of laparatomy or autopsy. In 13 of these infants gastrointestinal (GI) perforation developed 12 hours to eight days following the onset of symptoms, while in five patients ascites developed as the only roentgenographic sign of potential intra-abdominal disease. We do not suggest that the vast majority of infants with mild abdominal distention or positive for occult blood have NEC. However, differentiating NEC from these other more common GI problems (such as feeding intolerances) is presently difficult in the absence of definitive roentgenographic evidence of pneumatosis intestinalis or histologic examination of the involved tissue. PMID- 7091092 TI - Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus in half sisters. A sequel. AB - This is a sequel to a previous report of two half sisters with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. In 1970, the same syndrome developed in a third half sibling, a boy, born of the same father by his third wife. It followed essentially the same neonatal clinical course as that of his two half sisters. The firstborn sibling, aged 19 years, is reported to be free of signs and symptoms of diabetes; the third born was clinically well with no glycosuria at 9 years 3 months of age, and was reported to be in good health at 11 years of age. In 1978, at age 15 years diabetic ketoacidosis and coma developed in the second-born sister and she has had insulin-dependent diabetes since that time. These cases present a unique genetic pattern and, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of cases of transient neonatal diabetes becoming full-blown type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus later in life. PMID- 7091093 TI - Partial absence of the left pericardium. Diagnosis by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - The partial absence of the left pericardium is an unusual cause of syncope and chest pain in children. The identification of this lesion is important because of potential herniation of the left side of the heart through the defect, resulting in fatal strangulation. Initial suspicion of the diagnosis should be raised by the typical cardiac contour on the chest roentgenogram. Two-dimensional echocardiography and cineangiography at cardiac catheterization are additional helpful studies in identifying partial pericardial defects. PMID- 7091094 TI - Factors affecting the practice of circumcision. AB - In 1975, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) stated that there is "no medical indication for routine circumcision of the newborn." A survey was conducted among Chicago-area pediatricians, obstetricians, and family practitioners to determine what impact this statement had on their approach to circumcision. Hospitals were also surveyed to determine whether the AAP's statement had caused a change in the frequency of circumcision in area hospitals. Only 49% of the physicians were aware of the AAP's position. Forty-one percent recommended routine circumcision; 15% recommended against the practice. Age, medical specialty, religious customs, and concerns about hygiene and cancer all appeared to influence the physicians' approach to circumcision. The frequency of routine circumcision. The frequency of routine circumcision was 70% to 90% and remained unchanged in the three years following the AAP's statement. PMID- 7091095 TI - Radiological case of the month. Syndrome of caudal regression: sacral agenesis in an infant of a diabetic mother. PMID- 7091096 TI - Picture of the month. Short-rib polydactyly dwarfism: Saldino-Noonan type. PMID- 7091097 TI - Maple syrup urine disease with increased intracranial pressure. PMID- 7091098 TI - Neonatal withdrawal symptoms associated with 'T's and blues' (pentazocine and tripelennamine). PMID- 7091099 TI - Ticarcillin-associated granulocytopenia. PMID- 7091100 TI - Morbidity due to exchange transfusion with heat-hemolyzed blood. PMID- 7091101 TI - Cerebral edema in maple syrup urine disease. PMID- 7091102 TI - Niemann-Pick disease: report of a case with skin involvement. PMID- 7091103 TI - Childhood depression and diet. PMID- 7091105 TI - Hidden asthma and cough. PMID- 7091104 TI - Blood transfusion in the neonatal intensive care unit. PMID- 7091106 TI - Disseminated aspergillosis. PMID- 7091107 TI - A computer-based analysis of injuries sustained by victims of a major air disaster. AB - A computer-based analysis of the injury patterns sustained by victims in the DC 10 aircraft that crashed into Mt. Erebus, Antarctica, On November 28, 1979, is presented. The distribution of these injury patterns supports the hypothesis that at impact the plane was in a nose-high attitude with respect to the slope and the impact point was the underside of the rear section of the fuselage. PMID- 7091108 TI - The psychiatrist and violent death investigation. AB - The role of the psychiatrist in supporting law enforcement investigation of violent deaths is discussed and illustrated with a case of the death of a woman and the injury of her husband. The question of whether this was a suicide or a homicide was posed by the investigating officers. The review of the background of the marriage and the information about the circumstances of the case is presented by the author so that one can have an insight into the value of the psychiatric evaluation of a case such as this. PMID- 7091109 TI - Blunt force lesions related to the heights of a fall. AB - Patterns of traumatic injuries due to fall from height certainly have an association with the amount of impact involved. A study of 63 medicolegal autopsies with the history of falls has been carried out during the period January 1974-July 1980. The injuries found were caused either by the direct impact, i.e., at the site of impact, or in a region distant from the site of impact of force as a result of transmitted force or indirect force. An attempt has been made to evaluate, generalize and correlate the characteristic pattern of the injuries to the various parts of the body with respect to various heights of fall. Stress has also been laid on the mechanism of production of these injuries in order to create a composite picture to help determine the most likely traumatic force in falls from height. PMID- 7091110 TI - Videocamera superimposition and facial reconstruction as an aid to identification. AB - Three videocameras were used to perform superimpositions of a skull (on which the facial features had been reconstructed) and an x-ray of this skull upon a photograph said to be that of the deceased. The resulting videofilm, together with still pictures taken from this film, were viewed by the Auckland City Coroner, who was satisfied that the superimpositions could be taken as corrobative evidence to establish identity. PMID- 7091111 TI - Fatal air embolus associated with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. AB - A case of fatal air embolism caused by pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is presented. To our knowledge, there has been no previous report of fatal air embolism associated with this disease. The underlying pathology was not known premortem and the finding of air both in the mesenteric venous bed and in the right side of the heart is consistent with a collateralizing phenomenon due to portal vein obstruction. PMID- 7091113 TI - A new casting material for forensic use. PMID- 7091112 TI - Occurrence of pulmonary fat and bone marrow embolism. AB - The lungs of 136 persons dying as a result of road traffic accidents were studied retrospectively for the presence of fat and bone marrow emboli. Comparable investigations were made in 54 cases of acute myocardial failure reported to the medicolegal authorities and in 50 cases of fatal drug overdose. A further 50 cases of myocardial failure dying in hospital were studied for the presence of bone marrow embolism only. It was considered that despite occurrence of an occasional anomalous case, both fat and bone marrow emboli are related to injury but that the incidence and severity of bone marrow embolism in particular depends greatly upon the conditions of the accidental death. The occurrence of pulmonary embolic phenomena in cases of natural death was attributed to resuscitative measures rather than the underlying condition. The results indicated that the medicolegal significance attached to the findings should, by themselves, be limited to the positive identification of injuries sustained before or at the time of death in the individual case. PMID- 7091114 TI - The National Safety Council: a resource of accident information. PMID- 7091115 TI - Penile spherules. PMID- 7091116 TI - Forensic drug analysis: scientist versus instrument. AB - There has been a major expansion of the use of high-technology instrumentation and computers in the field of forensic science during the past decade. Along with this, forensic scientists have developed a reliance on such equipment to perform their analytical work. Although the new technology provides a means to work more efficiently and accomplish extremely difficult assignments, it also requires a thorough knowledge of its capabilities and limitations. Unless the forensic scientist is thoroughly trained and educated, unsound conclusions can be drawn. A discussion of some difficulties is provided. PMID- 7091117 TI - Improvement in esophageal motor dysfunction with treatment of reflux esophagitis: a report of two cases. AB - We report two patients with reflux esophagitis who had decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressures and marked decreased frequency of peristaltic response to swallowing and peristaltic amplitude on pretreatment esophageal motility tracings. Both patients responded to medical therapy of reflux esophagitis with symptomatic clinical improvement, increased lower esophageal sphincter pressures, and increased frequency of peristaltic propagation and amplitude of peristalsis. Measures to treat reflux esophagitis may be effective in some cases, in part, because they permit healing of esophageal inflammation to improve esophageal motor activity, the latter which results in improvement of esophageal acid clearing. PMID- 7091118 TI - Spontaneous intramural perforation of the esophagus: case report and review of the literature. PMID- 7091119 TI - Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate to the esophagus. PMID- 7091120 TI - Gastric emptying and dumping after proximal gastric vagotomy. AB - One hundred dumping provocation tests were performed on patients who had had proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage in the pre- and postoperative period. Other than monitoring the symptoms of dumping on test, various other objective criteria, i.e., plasma volume fall, gastric emptying, and blood sugar changes were also measured simultaneously. Whether dumping was assessed clinically or on test, it seemed to be equally prevalent after proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage compared to vagotomy with drainage or partial gastrectomy. Although the pattern of gastric emptying after proximal gastric vagotomy alone was not significantly different from that before operation in those patients who had dumping symptoms on test, the half-life of the emptying were much faster. The plasma volume fall was also significantly greater and blood sugar was rise steeper in these patients. The objective measurements have not only helped in determining the incidence of dumping after proximal gastric vagotomy but have also proved to be of value in categorizing patients with doubtful symptoms and have given some insight into the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome. PMID- 7091121 TI - Gastric carcinoma in patients with unoperated duodenal ulcer disease. AB - Gastric cancer may develop in the presence of active or chronic duodenal ulcer disease in the unoperated stomach. This association is considered rare, especially since the presence of a duodenal ulcer is believed to protect against the development of a gastric malignancy. In this review, we describe two patients in whom gastric cancer was diagnosed after a long history of duodenal ulcer disease. Also presented is a review of 236 additional cases from the literature Patients with gastric cancer associated with duodenal ulcer disease tended to be younger than patients who develop gastric cancer not associated with duodenal ulcer. When compared to patients with gastric remnant (stump) cancer, the latency from onset of ulcer symptoms to the diagnosis of gastric cancer was shorter than the latency for stump cancer development, but the risk of developing stump cancer appears to be greater. The natural history and prognosis of this entity is otherwise similar to gastric cancer unassociated with duodenal ulcer and to stump cancer. A change in ulcer symptoms is an insensitive clue to the presence of gastric cancer in this group. The diagnosis may be delayed in some individuals whose gastric cancers respond to cimetidine or other agents. PMID- 7091122 TI - Pseudo and true Hirschsprung's disease in one family. AB - A case of a 35-yr-old woman with the characteristics of pseudo-Hirschsprung's disease is presented. The diagnosis was based on the following criteria: a history of chronic constipation since early infancy, a largely distended abdomen and an adynamic distal colon. The patient had a normal anosphincteric relaxation reflex and normal rectal myenteric ganglion cells. Resection of the distended large bowel failed to relieve the symptoms and was followed by distention of the entire small bowel. Complete cure was achieved after a Duhamel procedure. This patient is an adult, unlike the previously reported cases. Of special interest is the occurrence of true Hirschsprung's disease in one of her children. PMID- 7091123 TI - Collagenous colitis: an abnormal collagen table? Two new cases and review of the literature. AB - Two patients with "collagenous colitis" characterized by abdominal pain and chronic watery diarrhea are described. Colorectal biopsies showed a marked, band like collagenous deposit under the surface epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy showed an abnormally thickened collagen table under a thickened basal lamina. Immunofluorescence showed no specific lesions. Radioimmunoassay of several gastrointestinal hormones revealed no abnormality. Examination of colorectal biopsies of a large control series (564 patients) did not show a comparable diffuse thickening of the collagen table in various types of inflammatory bowel diseases. Furthermore, no obvious age-related change of the collagen layer was found. The clinical history of our two patients is compared with three analogous cases, previously described. From our findings and those of others it can be concluded that collagenous colitis is a separate entity. PMID- 7091124 TI - Clinical characteristics and natural history of colitis in the elderly. AB - The clinical behavior and course of ischemic, ulcerative, and Crohn's colitis in the elderly are analyzed. Fifty-two patients with ischemic colitis, 11 with ulcerative colitis, and four with Crohn's colitis composed the study group. Patients with ischemic colitis were older and had a higher incidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease than those with inflammatory bowel disease. A potentially obstructing colonic lesion was present in 12% of those with ischemic colitis. Spontaneous rapid resolution occurred in 42% of those with ischemic colitis, but in no patient with ulcerative or Crohn's colitis. Of the 31 remaining patients with ischemic colitis, 20% had recurrent disease and 80% required operation. Almost 10% of patients with ischemic colitis died postoperatively. Of those patients with ulcerative colitis, two developed toxic dilitation, three required operation, and three died on the first admission. All patients with Crohn's colitis required operation. The prognosis for colitis in elderly patients, regardless of type, is worse than in young patients. PMID- 7091125 TI - Hepatotoxicity associated with ticrynafen--a uricosuric diuretic. AB - Herein, we describe a patient who had ticrynafen-associated acute hepatitis. This complication has been reported in 57 patients (52 to the manufacturer, four to the Food and Drug Administration, and the current patient) in this country. The mechanism of hepatocellular injury is not known, but from the data to date it seems most likely to result from a hypersensitivity reaction rather than a direct hepatotoxic effect. The histopathological findings are difficult to differentiate from acute viral hepatitis. Removal of this drug from the market resulted from the prompt action of physicians in reporting the complications to the manufacturer and the rapid response of the pharmaceutical firm once the risks became known. PMID- 7091126 TI - Histological and histometric examination of the intrahepatic portal vein branches in primary biliary cirrhosis without regenerative nodules. AB - Histometric examination, based on the assumption that ratios of the sizes of portal vein branches to the sizes of the accompanying hepatic arterial branches in the portal tracts are relatively constant in normal livers, indicated that in primary biliary cirrhosis without regenerative nodules, lumens of the intrahepatic portal veins were narrowed and phlebosclerosis was frequent in patients with esophageal varices. Thus, each of these lesions of the intrahepatic portal veins might be related to the development of the presinusoidal portal hypertension that occurs in primary biliary cirrhosis without regenerative nodules. However, the exact causal relationship of this portal venopathy and the development of portal hypertension remains unknown. Damage to the intrahepatic bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis, associated with portal and periportal inflammation, may contribute to the development of the morphological lesions of the intrahepatic portal veins. Furthermore, spongiomatous vasculatures found around the larger portal veins, but not those around the smaller veins, appear to be related to the presence of esophageal varices. PMID- 7091127 TI - The cholesterol/dry weight ratio: a simple substitute for lithogenic index. AB - The limiting solubility of cholesterol in bile has been defined by several lithogenic indices which all require determination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salt concentrations. These technically demanding assays are not widely available and restrict general application of lithogenic index studies while the indices in use do not accommodate differences in water content of bile. Consequently, a simple index that requires only measurement of biliary cholesterol concentration and bile dry weight has been assessed by comparison with a commonly used lithogenic index. This simple index correlates well with the conventional sophisticated lithogenic index and is not influenced by use of bile obtained by direct aspiration or by duodenal drainage. Similarly, division into patient groups based on various clinical parameters does not influence the correlation. This simple index will allow routine laboratories to assess bile lithogenicity. PMID- 7091128 TI - Serum amyloid P-component as a marker of liver disease. AB - The P-component of amyloid is a normal serum protein designated SAP. In view of recent in vivo experiments that suggested a possible role for the liver in the synthesis of SAP, we decided to evaluate the usefulness of its serum level as a marker of liver involvement. The study included 198 healthy adults, 154 patients with liver diseases, and 27 HBsAg carriers. Normal serum level of SAP was 66.12 micrograms/ml for males and 57.17 micrograms/ml for females. Patients with liver disease had a significantly decreased level of SAP. The mean serum level of SAP in cirrhosis was 30.15 in chronic active hepatitis--37.16 and in acute hepatitis- 44.86 micrograms/ml. Asymptomatic HBsAg carriers had a normal SAP level (mean 65.48 micrograms/ml). Thirty-two patients with acute hepatitis were tested during the acute stage of the disease and after complete recovery. In all but three patients, a significant increase in SAP level, from a mean of 35.8 to 58.48 micrograms/ml, was observed. These results suggest a close correlation between serum levels of SAP and the degree of disease activity and hepatic impairment in patients with liver diseases, especially in those with acute hepatitis. Repeat determinations of SAP in patients with liver diseases could possibly help in their routine management. PMID- 7091129 TI - Colonic lipomatosis. PMID- 7091130 TI - Common bile duct carcinoid. PMID- 7091131 TI - The relationship of hepatitis B e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and titer of hepatitis B surface antigen with ongoing liver injury in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the association of circulating viral markers with ongoing liver disease in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was significantly more likely to be associated with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity than was anti-HBe in a group of 102 HBsAg carriers (p less than 0.0001). Within this group, 57 carriers were analyzed for HBeAg, DNA polymerase, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titer, and the relation of each with abnormal ALT was determined. Both HBeAg and elevated DNA polymerase were much more likely to reflect abnormal ALT (p less than 0.00001 and 0.0006, respectively) than did HBsAg titer. Unlike previous studies, higher titers of HBsAg would not be demonstrated in healthy carriers when compared to HBsAg carriers with chronic elevation of ALT; nor were differences in titer appreciated between chronic active and chronic persistent hepatitis. The potential significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7091132 TI - Oropharyngeal dysphagia in Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans): response to calcitonin. PMID- 7091133 TI - Synchronous ulcerating adenocarcinoma and malignant lymphoma of the stomach. PMID- 7091134 TI - Critical determinants of a successful gastric bypass: reservoir versus stoma. AB - Most investigators have emphasized that both a small reservoir and a narrow stoma are critical to the success of a gastric bypass. This prospective study was performed to test this clinical hypothesis. All patients had a similar 30-45 ml proximal gastric reservoir created; however, stoma size was determined by the lumen of the jejunum, averaging 3.2 cm in cross-sectional diameter. We found that stoma size had little effect on the success of the gastric bypass if a tiny (less than 45 ml) reservoir was consistently created and a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was used for reestablishing intestinal continuity. The avoidance of a small stoma virtually eliminates postbypass emesis as a major complication. PMID- 7091135 TI - An unusual case of the trichobezoar: the Rapunzel syndrome. PMID- 7091136 TI - Effect of intraduodenal load of endogenous acid on secretin release in patients with peptic ulcer. AB - In order to explore secretory mechanisms in peptic ulcer, the plasma secretin response to an intraduodenal load of gastric acid stimulated with tetragastrin was studied in 10 patients with duodenal ulcer, nine with gastric ulcer, and five young healthy volunteers. After the injection of tetragastrin plasma secretin level was significantly increased in all subjects. The integrated incremental secretin output significantly correlated with the incremental acid output in the duodenal ulcer group as well as the gastric ulcer group. THere was no significant difference in the integrated incremental secretin output among the three groups. However, the integrated incremental secretin output per unit amount of gastric acid loaded in the duodenum was significantly lower in the duodenal ulcer group than in the other two groups. These results suggest that in patients with duodenal ulcer the secretin release in response to an intraduodenal load of endogenous acid is impaired. PMID- 7091137 TI - Fibroma in Meckel's diverticulum: a case associated with axial and ileal volvulus. PMID- 7091138 TI - Celiac disease: case report with an associated arthropathy. AB - A case is presented of a patient with biopsy documented celiac disease who presented with an acute arthropathy along with symptoms of malabsorption. The etiology of the arthropathy could not be determined; however, the temporal relationship of the presenting manifestations (i.e., malabsorption and the arthropathy) as well as lack of further gastrointestinal of joint symptoms after 2 yr of follow-up suggest that in this case the arthropathy was related to the patient's celiac disease. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms for this heretofore unreported relationship are also presented. PMID- 7091139 TI - Anorectal manometry: a new simplified technique. AB - Several noninvasive techniques using anal balloons or catheter systems to measure anal sphincter function associated with rectal balloon distention have been used in differentiating functional constipation from aganglionic megacolon. We have developed a simplified method for anorectal manometry that uses a microtip pressure transducer to record anal sphincter responses. Seventy-three patients (51 children and 22 adults) with constipation have been studied with this technique. Normal responses of internal anal sphincter relaxation to rectal distentions were obtained in 60 patients (40 children and 20 adults), consistent with the diagnosis of functional constipation. Abnormal responses-no internal anal sphincter relaxation-were recorded in 13 patients (11 children and two adults), consistent with the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. The manometric diagnosis was confirmed in all 21 patients biopsied. There were no false-positive or false-negative results. The technique is a simple, well tolerated, and rapid method for assessing anal sphincter function. PMID- 7091140 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the exocrine pancreas of experimental pancreatolithiasis in dogs. AB - Histological changes in the pancreas at an early stage of pancreatolithiasis were observed using a canine model in which obstruction was induced by partial ligation of the major pancreatic duct. Light micrographs demonstrated pancreatic lesions similar to those in humans. Electron micrographs revealed dilated lumens of small ducts and degenerated ductal cells 3 months after the ligation. These changes became more severe and appeared more often when the period of ligation was prolonged up to 1 yr. Acinar cells demonstrated dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, swelling of the mitochondria, and increase in the number of prezymogen granules. Microfilamentous substance appeared in markedly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the intercellular space as acinar cell lesions progressed and the basal membrane became disrupted. The substance might be involved in calculous formation, the incidence of which reached a plateau after 6 months of ligation, coinciding with the peak in appearance of the substance. PMID- 7091141 TI - Plasma lipoprotein pattern in relation to liver histology after toxic hepatitis and experimental biliary obstruction in rabbits. AB - Plasma lipoproteins were studied in relation to liver histology in rabbits in the course of toxic hepatitis and compared to those after experimental biliary obstruction. The lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern became deeply abnormal during the acute phase of toxic hepatitis and correlated with the degree of liver injury, improving during recovery. Liver damage was more severe after carbon tetrachloride than after alcohol and milder after allylo-isopropyl-acetamide, a porphyrinogenic substance. Lipoprotein abnormalities were not followed by significantly reduced levels of cholesterol esters in the plasma. In comparison, animals with biliary obstruction developed milder liver damage presented gross abnormalities of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, followed by relative deficiency of cholesterol esterification. It is concluded that lipoprotein changes in acute liver injury, although non-specific, are a sensitive index of liver damage and recovery. Serious acute liver injury can exist without significant fall in cholesterol esters. PMID- 7091142 TI - Relation of blood pressure to stature in healthy young adults. PMID- 7091143 TI - Jackknifing functions of multinomial frequencies, with an application to a measure of concordance. PMID- 7091144 TI - Blood pressure of young mothers and their children after hypertension in adolescent pregnancy: six- to nine-year follow-up. AB - To determine if gestational hypertension during adolescent pregnancy is associated with subsequently elevated blood pressure, blood pressures were measured in young mothers 3-6 years and again at 6-9 years after their first pregnancy. Follow-up study groups were selected from an original study population of 409 pregnant adolescent women followed at the university of Kentucky Medical Center between 1971 and 1974 in a specially designated Young Mothers' Program. Blood pressures measured during the first and second follow-up surveys were highly correlated. Compared to matched control subjects who remained normotensive throughout pregnancy (n = 54), women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy (n = 70) were heavier, maintained higher blood pressure, and had a greater incidence of hypertension in subsequent pregnancies. At the second follow up survey, systolic blood pressure and body weight of male children born to women who experienced gestational hypertension were greater than respective values in males born to women with normotensive pregnancies. Blood pressures of female children of the two groups of young mothers did not differ. Overall, blood pressures and body weights of young mothers correlated with blood pressures and body weights of both their children and their own mothers. The results suggest that gestational hypertension may unmask a tendency for hypertension. PMID- 7091145 TI - Induced abortion and ectopic pregnancy in subsequent pregnancies. AB - In a prospective study the rate of ectopic pregnancies of women with prior induced abortion was contrasted to two sets of comparison groups: a large set of unmatched observations and a smaller subset of matched and refined data. The crude rates of ectopic pregnancy among 4004 abortion and 98,316 control pregnancies, excluding repeat pregnancies of the same women, were 0.57% and 0.49%, respectively. No significant association was detected between history of induced abortion and ectopic pregnancy based on the chi 2 analysis on unmatched data stratified by maternal age and marital status (relative risk = 1.18, 95% confidence limits (CL) 0.57-1.79) or the multivariate logistic regression analysis on the smaller set of data (relative risk = 1.34, 95% CL 0.66-2.72). Within pregnancies of the induced abortion group the risk of ectopic pregnancy was not related to abortion procedure, use of laminaria, number of prior induced abortions, or length of gestation at time of abortion. However, there was a clear association between the presence of post-abortion infection or retained secundines and ectopic pregnancy with a fivefold increase for those pregnancies of women with a history of these complications over those without these complications within the induced abortion cohort. PMID- 7091146 TI - A community study of alcohol and other factors associated with the distribution of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in older vs. younger men. AB - High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is independently and inversely correlated with the risk of coronary artery disease. In order to determine whether factors that correlated with HDL-C are similar in younger and older men, 311 men from a community sample were dichotomized into younger (30-59) and older (60-89) age groups. Older men had significantly higher HDL-C levels and were leaner and less likely to smoke cigarettes, but did not differ significantly from younger men with regard to exercise or reported alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, in univariate and multivariate analysis, alcohol was the strongest behavioral correlate of HDL-C in both younger and older men. In both younger and older men aspartate aminotransferase levels within the normal range were strongly associated with HDL-C and with alcohol intake, suggesting that the higher HDL-C levels reported in social drinkers reflect an alcohol-induced liver aberration in lipoprotein metabolism. PMID- 7091147 TI - Acculturation and coronary heart disease among Japanese men in Hawaii. AB - A cohort of 4653 men of Japanese ancestry living in Hawaii, with traditional Japanese social and cultural lifestyles, were studied for the association of the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease (Honolulu Heart Program, 1971 1979). Two of four scales of acculturation were significantly associated with coronary heart disease prevalence independently of 11 other risk factors, but none of the acculturation scales were associated with incidence appeared to be mostly due to the inclusion of fatal cases in the incidence data, although other explanations are possible. Measures of acculturation were also significantly associated wih many of the other coronary heart disease risk factors in such a way that the more traditional Japanese men had lower serum cholesterol and uric acid, were less obese, more physically active, and smoked fewer cigarettes than the more westernized men. A comparison of bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that some of acculturation scales were indirectly associated with coronary heart disease because of the confounding association with the other risk factors. PMID- 7091148 TI - Ethnic patterns of salt purchase in Houston, Texas. AB - Dietary sodium may play a contributory role in the development of hypertension, but difficulties in defining the "usual" sodium intake of individuals prevent any stronger statement on the nature of the diet-disease relationship. The prevelance of hypertension is greater in black than in white populations of the United States, and there is speculation that dietary sodium intake may also be greater in black individuals. A significant proportion of dietary sodium is derived from table salt added to food during its preparation and consumption. In an attempt to identify whether purchase of table salt was sufficiently increased in black communities to support the hypothesis of an etiologic role in hypertension, the scales of table salt in supermarkets located in predominantly black, Hispanic and white census tracts of Houston, Texas, were compared. The mean ratio between sales of salt and a series of 20 staple food commodities in predominantly black and Hispanic census tract supermarkets were 148% and 202%, respectively, of that in predominantly white census tracts. The elevated ratios were not due to reduced sales of the food commodities. The authors conclude that sales of table salt, in relation to the series of food commodities, are 50-100% higher in Houston's black and Hispanic census tract supermarkets than in those of white census tracts. Whether the increased sales of table salt have causal relationship to the prevalence of hypertension in these communities can only be determined by further studies. PMID- 7091149 TI - Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to obesity and dieting in Mexican Americans and Anglos: the San Antonio Heart Study. AB - An epidemiologic study was carried out on Mexican Americans and Anglos residing in two socioeconomically and culturally distinct target areas in San Antonio: a middle income, ethnically integrated area ("transitional") and an upper income, predominantly Anglo area ("suburbs"). Although suburbanite Mexican Americans were leaner than their lower income counterparts, they were still more overweight than suburbanite Anglos. Even after adjusting for these differences in relative weight, however, Mexican Americans were still more likely than Anglos to express the opinion that Americans are too concerned about losing weight. Expressed as a per cent of the maximum score, Mexican American women in the transitional neighborhood scored 77% on this attitude item compared with 60% for Angle women (p less than 0.0005). Comparable ethnic differences on this attitude item were found in men in the transitional neighborhood and in suburbanites of both sexes. In the transitional neighborhood Mexican American women scored lower than Anglo women on a "sugar avoidance" and a "dieting behavior" scale: 23% for Mexican Americans and 45% for Anglos (p less than 0.0005) on the "sugar avoidance" scale. Comparable ethnic differences on this scale were found for men in the transitional neighborhood and for both sexes on the "dieting behavior" scale. Although no ethnic differences on these behavioral scales were found in the more affluent suburbs, these results nevertheless have public health relevance because the majority of Mexican Americans in the United States are of low socioeconomic status. PMID- 7091150 TI - Skin infections and immunoglobulin A in serum, sweat, and saliva of patients recovered from poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis or acute rheumatic fever and their siblings. AB - Differences in hygienic habits and base-line secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A which might have contributed to the prevalence of skin infections and/or absence of increased serum IgA values were sought in patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (nephritis) in contrast to patients with acute rheumatic fever in Trinidad by studying patients and their siblings after the patients had recovered from these diseases. The overall history of skin infections was similar at this time in all groups, although they had been much more common in patients with nephritis and their families at the time of acute illness. The recovered nephritis patients bathed slightly less often than the other individuals, used a cream or lotion after bathing rather than coconut oil, and tended to sweat less than the others, but none of these differences was statistically significant. Neither were significant differences demonstrated in amounts of IgA and IgG in serum and saliva of recovered nephritis patients and their siblings compared to recovered rheumatic fever patients and their siblings, while only small amounts of IgA and IgG were present in any sweat, and probably had been transuded rather than secreted. These studies suggest that the lower serum IgA titers in patients with nephritis compared to patients with rheumatic fever in Trinidad do not reflect basic differences in serum IgA or secretory IgA as measured in saliva, and that IgA is not secreted by the eccrine glands. PMID- 7091151 TI - Natural history of "silent" lupus nephritis. AB - Twenty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but without evident renal involvement previously underwent percutaneous renal biopsy. Findings revealed almost universal pathologic evidence of nephritis. Included were three patients who had diffuse proliferative changes and five who had subendothelial electron dense deposits. Only four patients developed clinical renal disease during the follow-up period while no patient died or required dialysis. Using the Life Table Method, the cumulative percentage of patients free from any clinical renal disease was over 60% at 10 yr from the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus, and at 8 yr from the time of the original biopsy. It is concluded that silent lupus nephritis, regardless of histologic subtype, has a favorable prognosis. These data may not be applicable to patients with similar biopsies who have evidence of clinical lupus nephritis. PMID- 7091152 TI - Membranous nephropathy: the treatment dilemma. PMID- 7091153 TI - Corticosteroid therapy is beneficial in adults with idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. PMID- 7091154 TI - Membranous glomerulonephropathy: there is no significant effect of treatment with corticosteroids. PMID- 7091155 TI - Legislative arena: definition of death. PMID- 7091156 TI - Response to the living will furor: directives for maximum care. PMID- 7091157 TI - Diagnosis of pituitary tumors by hormone assays and computerized tomography. AB - One hundred and seventy patients with endocrine abnormalities, 29 males and 141 females, were studied by computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the pituitary and by pituitary hormone assays including basal and stimulated hormone concentrations in the blood. Pituitary macroadenoma was observed in 40 of the 170 patients, microadenoma in 49, primary empty sella in 46, secondary empty sella in 25, including 20 of the 40 patients with macroadenoma after surgical removal or radiation therapy of the tumor. Suprasellar tumor was present in four patients. In 23 women with menstrual abnormalities and 3 men with impotence and hyperprolactinemia, the results of CT scanning were normal. Of the 40 patients with macroadenoma, 24 presented with a hyperfunctioning syndrome (acromegaly or hyperprolactinemia). Among the 49 patients with microadenomas, 46 had the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, one male presented with acromegaly and one with Cushing's disease, and one female also had Cushing's disease. Primary empty sella was associated with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome in females and impotence in males. Only four female patients demonstrating an empty sella were asymptomatic. Distinctive biochemical findings were identified in certain groups of patients with different pituitary pathologic features. CT scanning was found very useful in the assessment of the size of the tumor, its suprasellar or parasellar extension and response to therapy, and in differential diagnosis of tumor and empty sella. Disappointing results were obtained in patients with endocrine abnormalities and normal results of CT scanning, and in patients following surgical treatment for a pituitary tumor, when the identification of recurrent tumor was impossible from a single examination. It is concluded that CT scanning is the most advanced technique in the diagnosis of anatomic pituitary abnormalities and it should replace the traditional invasive diagnostic procedures. PMID- 7091158 TI - A prospective study of Raynaud phenomenon and early connective tissue disease. A five-year report. AB - To define features of patients with Raynaud phenomenon that predict the evolution of connective tissue disorders, a prospective study was initiated. Patients with history or physical evidence of Raynaud phenomenon without causal or associated disorders underwent initial multisystem evaluation. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) of less than five years' duration was included for comparison. Patients were classified as having Raynaud phenomenon "only," undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome or scleroderma. Nailfold capillary microscopy was performed, and patterns were scored blindly from coded photographs. Of 91 patients with Raynaud phenomenon entered (Raynaud phenomenon only, n = 49; undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome, n = 22; scleroderma, n = 20), abnormal "scleroderma pattern" capillaries were noted in seven of 49, 19 of 22 and 19 of 20, respectively (p less than 0.005). Of 39 patients with Raynaud phenomenon only followed (mean duration, 23.7 months) undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome developed in three. Of 17 patients with undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome followed (mean duration, 27.6 months), six patients had transitions (four scleroderma; one scleroderma-systemic lupus erythematosus overlap; one SLE). Nailfold capillary abnormalities best identified transitional patients in both groups (eight of nine) and were more sensitive than ANA (six of nine), presence of digital ulcers (four of nine) or decreased esophageal motility (two of nine). This prospective study documents a useful role for capillary examinations in evaluating Raynaud phenomenon. Abnormal capillaries indicate an increased risk for connective tissue disease; normal capillaries favor idiopathic Raynaud phenomenon. PMID- 7091159 TI - Cholesterol reduction by a high-glucose diet in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. A preliminary report. AB - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is refractory to standard dietary or drug therapy. Recent studies, however, suggest that a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet may reduce circulation cholesterol levels in normal or hyperlipidemic subjects. In this regard, we treated a nine year old boy with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with a liquid formula diet containing 82 to 90 percent of total calories as glucose. The diet was given as a constant nasogastric infusion or as intermittent daytime drinks followed by a nighttime infusion. Plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell from basal levels of 719 mg/dl and 676 mg/dl to 456 mg/dl and 434 mg/dl, respectively, after one week of therapy. After approximately 14 weeks of treatment, plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 311 mg/dl and 277 mg/dl, each representing approximately a 58 percent decrease from basal levels. The fall in circulating cholesterol levels was accompanied by a regression of xanthomatous skin lesions, a rise in plasma insulin levels and no change in plasma glucose or glucagon concentrations. No adverse effects of therapy occurred. We conclude that high carbohydrate diets may be a safe and effective adjunct in the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 7091160 TI - Clinical correlations in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular thrombus detected by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Eleven of forty-nine patients with acute myocardial infarction had left ventricular thrombus identified by two-dimensional echocardiography. The patients with thrombi had a greater incidence of transmural infarction, high-grade ventricular ectopy on ambulatory monitoring and lower radionuclide ejection fractions than the patients without thrombi. Most of the patients were receiving full-dose heparin and/or warfarin anticoagulation from the time of admission to the hospital. Thus the thrombi either developed prior to hospital admission or developed during anticoagulation therapy. Two patients with thrombi had peripheral emboli complicating their infarction. One of these patients was undergoing anticoagulation at the time of his embolus. PMID- 7091161 TI - Management of atrial fibrillation in the post-thyrotoxic state. AB - This study was designed to investigate the appropriate timing for cardioversion in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation who had been rendered euthyroid from a thyrotoxic state. We carried out a retrospective study of 163 patients with thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation, with a mean follow-up of 34 months. With control of thyroid function alone, 101 patients had spontaneous reversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and 62 patients had persistent atrial fibrillation. In those with spontaneous reversion, the longest duration of atrial fibrillation prior to the euthyroid state was 13 months. In those with persistent fibrillation, the shortest duration of atrial fibrillation prior to the euthyroid state was eight months. Almost three-quarters of those with spontaneous reversion had conversion to sinus rhythm within three weeks of becoming euthyroid. No spontaneous reversion occurred if atrial fibrillation was still present after the patients had been in a euthyroid state for four months. This study suggests that spontaneous reversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm is highly unlikely if the duration of atrial fibrillation before the euthyroid state is achieved exceeds 13 months, or if it is still present after the patient has been in a euthyroid state for four months, Cardioversion should be performed at about the 16th week after the euthyroid state is achieved. PMID- 7091162 TI - Parallel adrenal and renal abnormalities in young patients with essential hypertension. AB - To determine whether the previously described abnormalities in adrenal secretion and renal blood flow in essential hypertension are associated, we examined the responses to the relevant systems in 18 patients with essential hypertension. Young patients, under 30 years of age, were studied to minimize the likelihood that the phenomena were secondary to long-standing hypertension. To achieve a wide span of sodium balance, studies were performed during a high (200 mEq) sodium intake, a restricted (10 mEg) sodium intake and a restricted sodium intake supplemented by a further short-term diuretic-induced volume deficit (furosemide, 180 to 300 mg, to reduce body weight by 1 to 1.5 kg). The indexes measured included cardiac output (indocyanine green indicator dilution), plasma volume (125 I albumin space), renal blood flow (radioxenon transit), plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels and aldosterone secretory rate. All of these variables, with the exception of blood pressure and total peripheral resistance, were within the normal range during the two diets. However, the aldosterone secretory response to diuretic-induced volume depletion on a low-sodium diet was clearly blunted in nine subjects. These nine subjects (abnormal responders) had a virtually absent aldosterone increment (23 +/- 34 micrograms per 24 hours) compared with the normal responders (502 %/- 70 micrograms per 24 hours). In addition, renal blood flow was significantly higher in these same nine subjects during both a high sodium intake (434 +/- 19 versus 342 +/- 26 ml/100 g per minute) and a restricted sodium intake /446 +/- 11 versus 285 +/- 39 ml/100 g per minute). Yet, there were no significant differences between these two groups in sodium or potassium balance, blood pressure, plasma volume, cardiac index or plasma renin activity during a high or low sodium intake. Normally, control of both aldosterone release by the adrenal and renal perfusion is dominated by angiotensin; an apparently blunted response of both systems suggests that there may be a generalized abnormality in the way angiotensin interacts with its target tissues in many young patients with essential hypertension. PMID- 7091163 TI - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and eosinophilic inflammation: a cause and effect relationship? AB - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is described in eight patients 26 to 47 years of age. Six died suddenly, and two died after the onset of chest pain. All had normal heart weights and all had dissection of left anterior descending coronary artery, which occurred mainly in the outer one third of the media. The adventitial of the dissected artery contained inflammatory infiltrates which were predominantly eosinophilic granulocytes. Forty-six cases previously published in 32 reports are reviewed. It is suggested that adventitial eosinophilic infiltrate may be responsible for spontaneous coronary artery dissection. PMID- 7091164 TI - Massive edema and shock in a 73 year old man. PMID- 7091165 TI - Treatment of hemodialysis-related porphyria cutanea tarda with plasma exchange. AB - A patient with hemodialysis-related porphyria cutanea tarda was treated with plasma exchange. A rapid clinical response occurred coincidentally with a significant fall in the plasma porphyrin level. The level fell further over the following few months without additional therapeutic intervention, whereafter a slow rise occurred without recurrence of skin disease. We suggest that this form of treatment may be ideal for the patient with porphyria cutanea tarda and chronic renal failure in whom no alternative therapy is available for the cutaneous problem. PMID- 7091166 TI - Asthenia in cancer. PMID- 7091167 TI - Diffuse follicular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine without primary immunoglobulin deficiency. AB - Three cases of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia extending to the whole length of small intestine are reported in three young adult patients of low economic status. The disease was revealed by chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and/or protein-losing enteropathy. In one patient, all transitional patterns were found between the hyperplastic follicles and a small intestinal multicentric centrocytic-centroblastic lymphoma. No abnormalities in humoral or cellular immunity were found in the three patients. In particular, serum immunoglobulins (except IgG in one case) and plasma cell populations of small intestinal lamina propria were normal. Diffuse follicular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine in the absence of primary immunoglobulin deficiency appears to be a rare condition associated with (or leading to) intestinal malignant lymphoma in most cases. Patients usually belong to the same populations as those suffering from alpha-chain disease. PMID- 7091168 TI - Pericardial tamponade, a new complication of amyloid heart disease. AB - With advancing age of the population and with echocardiographic means of diagnosis, amyloid disease of the heart is of increasing clinical interest. Advanced age, restrictive myocardiopathy, arrhythmias, and conduction disorders are familiar features of this disease. A 92 year old man with past history of hemiblock followed by complete heart block and transvenous pacemaker was admitted to the hospital because of increasing fatigue and the abrupt development of dyspnea. Examination revealed paradoxic pulse, markedly elevated central venous pressure, and echocardiographically demonstrated large pericardial effusion. Shortly after admission signs of tamponade developed; 1,000 ml of pericardial fluid was removed with prompt relief of dyspnea dna disappearance of paradoxic pulse and return of central venous pressure to normal. However, dyspnea soon recurred and subsequent hemodynamic measurements indicated increased right ventricular and left ventricular filling pressures. Echocardiography revealed no recurrent effusion or ventricular hypokinesis. Left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide ventriculogram was 64 percent. Echocardiography revealed ventricular wall thickening, normal chamber size, and glittering, sparkling myocardial echoes. On postmortem examination, there was extensive myocardial amyloidosis. There was no evidence of constrictive pericarditis or recurrent effusion. The unique aspect of this case was the combined presence of restrictive myocardiopathy and pericardial tamponade. To our knowledge, no previous case of tamponade due to amyloid heart disease had been reported. PMID- 7091170 TI - Evaluation and outcome of emergency room patients with transient loss of consciousness. AB - We identified 198 patients who presented to our emergency room with transient loss of consciousness. Seizures (29 percent of patients) and vasovagal/psychogenic episodes (40 percent of patients) were the most common presumptive causes of loss of consciousness, but the cause of loss of consciousness remained uncertain even at follow-up in 11 +/- 6 months in 13 percent of the patients. The history and physical examinations were sufficient for diagnosis in 85 percent of the patients in whom a diagnosis could be established. These data guided inpatient and outpatient with potentially dangerous causes of loss of consciousness except for one patient who had pulmonary embolism. In selected patient, diagnostic tests such as blood chemistries (three patients), electrocardiograms (four patients) electroencephalograms (three patients), and Holter monitoring (four patients) provided crucial information, and CT scans identified new brain tumors in four patients with focal neurologic presentations. At the time of follow-up, 7.5 percent of patients had suffered either major morbidity or death related to the cause of the index episode of loss of consciousness. Patients with cardiac causes represented a high risk (33 percent) group for such poor outcome, whereas patients who were under age 30, or who were under age 70 and had loss of consciousness on a vasovagal/psychogenic or unknown basis, constituted a low risk (1 percent) subgroup. PMID- 7091169 TI - Surreptitious diuretic ingestion and pseudo-Bartter's syndrome. AB - A patient with profound hypokalemia satisfied the criteria for Bartter's syndrome, including hyperreninemia, aldosteronism, normal blood pressure, and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Two screening tests of urine and one of plasma for diuretic agents gave negative results. A third urinary sample gave negative results for thiazide but positive for furosemide; the fourth and fifth samples gave negative results for furosemide but positive for thiazide. Urinary prostaglandin excretion was normal. We conclude that this apparent case of Bartter's syndrome was caused by long term surreptitious diuretic ingestion and suggest this may occur more frequently than is generally appreciated. PMID- 7091171 TI - Cardiovascular alterations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - We reviewed the hemodynamic data of 27 patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and found significant elevations in heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance and depressions of stroke index and left ventricular stroke work index. Altered left ventricular performance was suggested by a left ventricular stroke work index lower than expected for the level of wedge pressure in 19 patients and decreased slopes in nine of 11 ventricular function curves. Hemodynamic values in a subgroup receiving 0 to 5 cm H2O of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were similar to those in the overall group (mean PEEP 12.5 +/- 7.9 cm H2O). Improvement in pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics occurred in survivors. Eight of 11 patients who underwent postmortem examination had cardiac abnormalities. The findings in this study suggest that changes in cardiovascular performance commonly occur in severe ARDS and that several mechanisms may contribute to the alterations. PMID- 7091172 TI - Liver disease in Felty's syndrome. AB - Eighteen patients with Felty's syndrome were examined prospectively for the presence of hepatic abnormalities. Twelve patients had abnormal liver histologic features: five with nodular regenerative hyperplasia and seven with portal fibrosis or abnormal lobular architecture. Only seven of the 12 had abnormal liver chemistry results. Four of the 12 had portal hypertension, and three bled from esophageal varices compared with one of six with normal histologic features. When patients with normal and abnormal liver histologic findings were compared, there was no difference in clinical, serologic, or extra-articular manifestations between the two groups, although there was a tendency for the patients with abnormal findings to have a higher incidence of vasculopathy. All patients with Felty's syndrome should be screened for hepatic abnormalities and portal hypertension as they have an increased likelihood of bleeding from esophageal varices. PMID- 7091174 TI - Trigeminal neuropathy in progressive systemic sclerosis. AB - Trigeminal neuropathy was identified in 16 (4 percent) of 442 consecutive patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) who were first evaluated during the period between 1972 and 1980. These cases, together with 25 others that are adequately documented in the literature, were reviewed and compared with the 426 cases of PSS (96 percent) without trigeminal neuropathy. Trigeminal neuropathy occurred most frequently in young women with PSS in overlap with other disorders, particularly the mixed connective tissue disease syndrome with clinical evidence of myositis. Serum antibodies to ribonucleoprotein were identified in nine (45 percent) of 20 PSS patients with trigeminal neuropathy as compared to 25 (8 percent) of 329 PSS patients without trigeminal neuropathy. Leukopenia, hypothyroidism, and Sjogren's syndrome were also found to be associated with trigeminal neuropathy. PMID- 7091173 TI - Scientific versus commercial sources of influence on the prescribing behavior of physicians. PMID- 7091175 TI - Atrioventricular valve replacement in the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. AB - Three patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome and the associated endocardiopathy are described who underwent atrioventricular valve replacement after intractable congestive heart failure secondary to valvular dysfunction developed. Following valve replacement, all three patients sustained striking improvement in exercise tolerance and control of congestive heart failure. Thus, atrioventricular valve replacement may be beneficial to selected patients with congestive heart failure associated with the endocardial process of the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. PMID- 7091176 TI - The impact of an educational program on gentamicin use in a teaching hospital. AB - We evaluated the effectiveness of a structured educational program in improving the gentamicin prescribing pattern of physicians in the hospital. Predetermined criteria for acceptable use were based upon the specific indications for initiating the drug therapy, the dosage regimen, and the precautions taken to avoid toxicity. In the preeducation review period, 57 of 109 courses of gentamicin (52 percent) were found acceptable. Following the educational program, 93 of 120 courses (78 percent; p less than 0.001) were acceptable; indications for gentamicin use that were found unacceptable decreased from 11 percent to 5 percent (p less than 0.005) and the incidence of excessive doses declined from 21 to 7 percent (p less than 0.005). We conclude that a structured educational program may improve the prescribing pattern of physicians. PMID- 7091177 TI - Persistent hypertension after resection of a pheochromocytoma. AB - Stenographic reports of weekly clinicopathologic conferences held in Barnes and Wohl Hospitals are published in each issue of the Journal. Members of Departments of Internal Medicine, Radiology, and Pathology of the Washington University School of Medicine participate jointly in these conferences. Kenneth M. Ludmerer, M.D., and John M. Kissane, M.D., are the editors of this feature. PMID- 7091178 TI - Mini course: hemostasis. Unit four: hemostasis--thrombosis. PMID- 7091179 TI - Clinical laboratory science in the coming decades: an AJMT special report. PMID- 7091180 TI - The 1980s--what looms ahead. PMID- 7091182 TI - Hereditary angioedema: an appraisal of 104 cases. AB - One hundred and four patients affected by hereditary angioedema belonging to 31 families have been studied. Twenty-two percent had the variant form related to the deficiency of the functional activity of serum C1 esterase inhibitor. The remaining 78% of patients had the predominant form, characterized by low antigenic levels and low functional activity of serum C1 esterase inhibitor. Attacks of swelling affected the subcutaneous tissue in 86% of patients; the upper airways in 76% of patients, and the bowel mucose in 75% of patients. Before treatment was available the mortality rate was 56%. One or more attacks a month were present in 46% of cases. The infusion of C1 inhibitor concentrate promptly reversed 14 severe attacks without any side effect. Twenty-nine patients were given long term prophylactic treatment with androgen derivatives with full success. Tranexamic acid reduced the frequency of swelling of 70% of the patients. PMID- 7091181 TI - Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by bile acids in hamsters. AB - We previously reported a hamster model for cholesterol gallstone formation and prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to validate a model for dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by testing bile acids used in patients. Sixty hamsters were allocated to six groups of ten; Group I received the standard diet (.8mg cholesterol/gram food) and Groups II-VI received the lithogenic regime (2.4 mg cholesterol/gram food and 15 micrograms ethinyl estradiol) for twelve weeks. During the next eight weeks, Group I remained on the standard diet, Group II on the lithogenic regime, while Group III switched to the standard diet. Groups IV VI remained on the lithogenic regime, and received 20 mg/kg/d of CDC (Group IV), UDC (Group V) or cholic acid (Group VI). Cholesterol gallstones were found in 90% of hamsters on the lithogenic regime, even after return to the standard diet, in 80% of those receiving cholic acid, and in none receiving the standard diet, CDC or UDC. CDC and UDC but not cholic acid inhibited hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity (p less than 0.01) and desaturated bile (p less than 0.01). The highest HMG-CoA reductase (p less than 0.02) occurred after return from the lithogenic regime to the standard diet. CONCLUSIONS: 1) A new model for cholesterol gallstone dissolution has been validated; 2) CDC and UDC, in contrast to cholic acid, decreased HMG-CoA reductase, desaturated bile and dissolved gallstones as in patients; and 3) Return from the lithogenic regime to the standard diet did not desaturate bile or dissolve gallstones, but did increase HMG-CoA reductase as found in gallstone patients. PMID- 7091183 TI - Absence of the cerebellar granular layer, mental retardation, tapetoretinal degeneration and progressive glomerulopathy: an autosomal recessive oculo-renal cerebellar syndrome. PMID- 7091184 TI - The nasopalpebral lipoma-coloboma syndrome: a new autosomal dominant dysplasia malformation syndrome with congenital nasopalpebral lipomas, eyelid colobomas, telecanthus, and maxillary hypoplasia. AB - We describe a new autosomal dominant dysplasia-malformation syndrome from eight affected individuals in three generations of a Venezuelan family. It is characterized by congenital symmetrical upper lid and nasopalpebral lipomas, bilateral symmetrical upper and lower palpebral colobomas located at the junction of the inner and middle thirds of the lids, telecanthus, and maxillary hypoplasia. Affected individuals have a broad forehead, window's peak, abnormal pattern of eyebrows and eyelashes, and maldevelopment of the lacrimal punctae. Interorbital distance is normal, but interpupillary distance is increased due to divergent strabismus originating from visual interference from inner canthal masses. Persistent epiphora, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal (and less frequently lens) opacities are a secondary consequence of the defect of the lacrimal punctae and the inability to close the lids completely. The syndrome has complete penetrance and a rather narrow range of expressivity. The primary defect could involve a dysplasia of adipose tissue leading to nasopalpebral and upper lid lipomas during embryogenesis, with the rest of the malformations being secondary to interference of morphogenesis of the mid-upperface developmental field from the lipomatous hamartomas. Alternatively, a central rather than a peripheral mechanism of malformation might be considered, such as defective migration of neural crest cells. PMID- 7091185 TI - Phenylalanine levels in PKU following minor surgery. AB - Serum phenylalanine values were measured in 10 PKU patients who had minor operations. No individual value exceeded 17 mg/dl and the interpolated mean did not exceed 10 mg/dl on any postoperative day. These data confirm the consensus that minor surgery does not cause major and long-lived perturbations of serum phenylalanine levels in PKU and requires no special dietary measures. PMID- 7091186 TI - Upper limb involvement in the Klein-Waardenburg syndrome. AB - Upper limb involvement in the Klein--Waardenburg (K--W) syndrome is documented in two affected sibs and in four other previously reported patients. In addition to the key facial and auditory findings observed in the Waardenburg syndrome type I, these patients have such bilateral upper limb defects as hypoplasia of the musculoskeletal system, flexion contractures, fusion of the carpal bones, and syndactyly. The cause of the K--W syndrome is not known although there is some evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance, but further documentation is needed before this can be considered conclusive. PMID- 7091187 TI - The conditions manifesting taurodontism. AB - Taurodontism is a trait that has captured the interests of evolutionists and clinical geneticists. This paper reviews the reported cases of taurodontism as an isolated trait and as a component of malformation syndromes. Because of the nature of the syndromes with which it is associated and its frequency in the general population, it is concluded that taurodontism is the result of an ectodermal defect and may be useful as an indicator of development instability. PMID- 7091188 TI - The Angelman ("happy puppet") syndrome. AB - We report studies of six patients with the Angelman "Happy Puppet" syndrome and compare the data with those from previous reports. The results confirm the classic findings of severe mental retardation, "puppet-like" gait, characteristic craniofacial abnormalities, and frequent episodes of laughter and suggest that this syndrome is more common than previously thought. Computerized axial tomographs of the brain demonstrating unilateral cerebellar atrophy in one patient constitute the first direct evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in this syndrome. PMID- 7091189 TI - Genetic counseling in adult polycystic kidney disease. AB - We evaluated 22 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) to assess their knowledge of the hereditary nature of the condition and to determine whether they received adequate genetic counseling. Patients were evaluated by means of a questionnaire and a review of their medical records. Only 5 of 22 (23%) knew their disorder was hereditary at the time of diagnosis, and in only 4 (18%) was genetic counseling suggested. In no instance had proband and spouse received genetic counseling together. Diagnostic studies of children at risk were rarely suggested. We also evaluated the children of 9 probands for APKD. Of 26 children evaluated, 17 had APKD (65%). Sixteen had no children at the time of testing. All but two of the 26 were less than 25 years old. Of the probands' children over 15 years of age, 55% knew the name of the condition in the family but only 9% knew they should be tested. Our study demonstrated inadequacy of genetic counseling and follow-up in this group of patients; we suggest that referral for counseling become a routine part of their management. Early diagnosis and effective counseling has the potential benefit for the individuals of making rational reproductive decisions appropriate for their situation. Counseling may have to be repeated during the course of the patients' disease, as their perception of risk may change with time. With advances in dialysis and transplantation, ESRD may not be as devastating in years to come as it is now. PMID- 7091190 TI - The genetic analysis of monilethrix in a large inbred kindred. AB - The gene for monilethrix was segregating in a large inbred kindred. Pedigree analysis reaffirms an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Expressivity appears equally variable within and between sibships while penetrance, in contrast to previous studies, seems to be complete. PMID- 7091191 TI - Three cases of exstrophy of the cloaca. PMID- 7091192 TI - Almost synchronous appearance of bilateral retinoblastomas. PMID- 7091193 TI - Brief cytogenetic case report: a 4.5-year-old girl with deletion 4q syndrome--de novo, 46,XX, del(4) (pter leads to q31:). PMID- 7091194 TI - Ring chromosome 6: case report and review. AB - A ring chromosome 6 was identified in an apparently healthy girl with short stature and microcephaly. Of 100 peripheral lymphocyte metaphases analyzed, chromosome 6 was replaced in 73% by a monocentric ring chromosome, in 10% by a dicentric, in 1% by a tricentric, and 3% by two rings. Thirteen other cells were 45,XX,-6, which may represent 46,XX,r(6)/45,XX,-6 mosaicism. The breakpoints were located on bands p24 or p25 and q26 or q27. Eight other patients with a ring chromosome 6 have been reported. The most characteristic findings in subjects with a ring chromosome 6 are mental retardation and eye and ear abnormalities, none of which were present in our patient. PMID- 7091195 TI - Duplication (5p13 leads to pter): prenatal diagnosis and review of the literature. AB - We describe a patient with a reciprocal translocation t(5,13) and her three offspring. The chromosome anomaly was ascertained after the birth of her first child, who had the cri-du-chat syndrome. Amniocentesis demonstrated the presence of a dup(5p). The anomalies affecting that fetus are described and compared with the reported phenotypes of dup(5p). The extent of clinical findings in the reported cases depends on the length of the duplicated portion. The larger the duplication (p11 leads to pter), the more pronounced are the clinical signs. Physical signs are nearly absent when 5p14 leads to ter is involved. Also, translocations affecting chromosome 5 have an increased abnormal outcome when compared to D/D Robertsonian translocations. This is the first instance of antenatal diagnosis of trisomy 5p. PMID- 7091196 TI - Genetic aspects of retinitis pigmentosa in China. AB - We analyzed 151 pedigrees (209 cases) of retinitis pigmentosa in Shanghai, China. Of the 209 cases, the proportion of autosomal recessive (AR), autosomal dominant (AD), X-linked recessive (XR), and simplex cases is 33.1, 11, 7.7, and 48.3% respectively. The average age of onset was 24.7 years in the AD type, 22.9 years in the AR and five years in the XR type. The average refractive errors were -1.88 D in the AD type, -2.37 D in the AR type, and -5.72 D in the XR type. In addition, 24,100 persons were screened and six cases of retinitis pigmentosa were found. The gene frequencies of the AR (including simplex cases), AD, and XR types as calculated from the disease prevalence were 0.0142267, 0.0000137, and 0.0000384, respectively. The gene frequency of the AR type as calculated from the frequency of consanguinity (15.9%) was 0.00389, which is much less than that calculated from the prevalence. The probable explanation is that the AR type of retinitis pigmentosa really consists of several different disease entities, with each entity representing a separate gene mutation. The number of different mutations within the AR group is estimated to lie between 11 and 41. PMID- 7091197 TI - Ullrich-Turner syndrome (45,X/46,X,i[Xq]) in a child with a familial inversion of chromosome 3. AB - We report a girl with shortness of stature and minor anomalies representing a mild form of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Cytogenetic studies showed 3 distinct anomalies: 1) a familial pericentric inversion, inv(3) (p25q21)pat, in all cells examined; 2) monosomy X (45,X) in 70% of cells; 3) isochromosome X (46,X,i(Xq)) in 30% of cells. The karyotype designation is: 45,X,inv(3) (p25q21)pat/46,X,i(Xq), inv(3) (p25q21)pat. The pedigree, which was originally interpreted as representing the segregation of a 2;3 translocation, is corrected and updated. Reproductive risks in families with pericentric inversions are discussed. PMID- 7091198 TI - A maximum likelihood test of the two locus model for coeliac disease. PMID- 7091199 TI - 3:1 meiotic disjunction in a mother with a balanced translocation, 46,XX,t(5,14)(p15;q13) resulting in tertiary trisomy and tertiary monosomy offspring. PMID- 7091200 TI - Heterogeneity in nonsyndromal congenital glaucoma. PMID- 7091201 TI - Survey of tampon use and toxic shock syndrome, Tennessee, 1979 to 1981. AB - Thirty-eight cases of toxic shock syndrome were reported in Tennessee between January 1, 1979, and March 31, 1981. Thirty-one of these cases (82%) occurred in white women less than 30 years of age; none occurred in black women. We suspected that age and racial differences in tampon use could contribute to the relatively high risk of toxic shock syndrome in young white women. In March, 1981, we surveyed 1,136 Tennessee women regarding their past and current used of tampons. Age and race were related, not only to whether or not tampons were used but to the way tampons were used. "Continuous" tampon use during the most recent menstrual period was most common among young white women (61%), less common among older white women (42%), and least common among black women (23%). On the other hand, the brands, absorbency types, numbers, and usage patterns did not vary greatly with respect to age or race. Comparing each woman's tampon habits in March, 1981, with her usual habits in June, 1980, suggested a striking effect of publicity about the toxic shock syndrome. We estimate that 23% to 39% of the women surveyed changed their tampon habits in an attempt to reduce their risk of toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091202 TI - Developmental and periovulatory changes of ovarian norepinephrine in the rat. AB - Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) contained in the rat ovary were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Concentration of ovarian NE reached adult levels around 5 weeks of age, when the first ovulation occurs. During induction of ovulation, the ovarian NE contents increased slightly during the preovulatory phase, followed by a significant decrease in the postovulatory phase, whereas the turnover of ovarian NE decreased during the preovulatory phase. These results suggest that ovarian noradrenergic nerves were in a somewhat inactivated state during the preovulatory phase. Therefore, ovarian sympathetic nerves are considered to participate in mechanisms of the onset of puberty and ovulation. PMID- 7091203 TI - Cesarean delivery in nulliparous women for failed oxytocin-augmented labor: route of delivery in subsequent pregnancy. AB - Fifty-eight patients experienced cesarean section for termination of their first term pregnancy subsequent to a failed trial of oxytocin therapy. Cephalopelvic disproportion and "failure to progress" were the sole indications for the initial cesarean section. All 58 women returned to our hospital for a subsequent trial of labor during the years 1977-1979 inclusive, and 40 of the 58 were able to have a vaginal delivery. Parameters investigated included first and subsequent pregnancy birth weights; birth weight difference; duration and maximal dose of oxytocin; status of the cervix at admission, prior to oxytocin, and before cesarean section; and the clinical and/or radiologic estimation of pelvic dimensions. Subsequent birth weight less than 3,500 gm was the only statistically significant factor associated with a high rate of vaginal delivery. PMID- 7091204 TI - Elevated serum iron in toxemia of pregnancy. AB - The records of 144 women with toxemia of pregnancy were evaluated retrospectively for clinical course and clinical laboratory parameters. A striking elevation of serum iron was noted when patients were most seriously ill. There was a prompt return to normal iron values with improved clinical status. The toxemia associated rise in iron is out of proportion to the increase in other parameters, such as uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and hematocrit. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are offered. PMID- 7091205 TI - Cerebral ischemia associated with parenteral terbutaline use in pregnant migraine patients. AB - Two pregnant patients with a history of migraine each developed evidence of cerebral ischemia while being treated with subcutaneous terbutaline, for asthma in one case and for tocolysis in the other. The evidence for cerebral ischemia as well as the occurrence of strokes associated with pregnancy or migraine is discussed. Mechanisms by which a selective beta 2 agonist could affect cerebral vasculature are unknown. Until more is known we recommend that pregnant patients with migraine or vascular headache not be given terbutaline. PMID- 7091206 TI - The effects of marijuana use during pregnancy. I. A preliminary epidemiologic study. AB - We conducted a prospective study of the effects of marijuana use in 35 pregnancies. Thirty-six age-and parity-matched nonuser pregnancies were selected for comparison. (Users of other illicit drugs were excluded from study.) Users and nonusers were similar with respect to most potentially confounding prenatal risk factors, although users tended to come from lower income and educational backgrounds. Most adverse outcomes of pregnancy were too infrequent to allow reliable comparisons between the groups, but the infants born to users exhibited significantly more meconium staining (57% versus 25% in nonusers). Significant differences in duration of labor were also observed. The findings were not altered by statistical adjustments for various prenatal differences between the groups. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. We also address the implications of these findings for further research. PMID- 7091207 TI - Changes in red blood cell oxygen transport in diabetic pregnancy. AB - Parameters of red cell oxygen transport were studied in 23 nonsmoking, insulin dependent diabetic women and 20 nonsmoking healthy women late during pregnancy. In the pregnant diabetic women, arterial oxygen saturation (SAT) and arterial oxygen tension were significantly decreased. SAT correlated inversely with hemoglobin Alc (Hb Alc) (diabetic women: r = -0.43, p less than 0.05; total material: r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). Red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was significantly increased in the pregnant diabetic women (p less than 0.01), but the 2,3-DPG-induced change in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity was impaired. P50 (oxygen affinity, i.e., Po2 at 50% oxygen saturation) at actual pH correlated inversely with Hb Alc of the diabetic women (r = -0.45, p less than 0.05). The suggestion is made that, in diabetic pregnancy, particularly in poorly regulated cases, fetal hypoxia may be an important factor of the increased risk of intrauterine fetal death. PMID- 7091208 TI - Four- to seven-year evaluation in two groups of small-for-gestational age infants. AB - Fifty-five small-for-gestational age neonates were tested for intellectual and neurologic development at 4 to 7 years of age. When infants of mothers who had hypertensive disease (Group A) were compared with those who had no such disease (Group B), it was found that Group A scored generally better on developmental testing than Group B. Within Group B, it was found that heavier neonates of more advanced gestational ages tested higher unlike Group A where lighter neonates delivered earlier tested better, indicating terminal compromise in this group. Major neurologic problems were found more commonly in Group A than Group B, indicating a greater intrapartum vulnerability. It is concluded that in Group A, earlier delivery after the establishment of lung maturity followed by fully monitored delivery would result in better long-term outcome. PMID- 7091209 TI - Fetal heart rate and tissue pH changes associated with repetitive aortic occlusion in the pregnant dog. AB - Variations in fetal heart rate (FHR) and tissue pH (tpH) were studied simultaneously in 10 pregnant dogs at term during experimental fetal distress produced by subjecting the fetuses to short episodes of acute anoxia, which was produced by occlusion of thr maternal aorta. The fetal response to these anoxic episodes dependent on the initial value of the tpH. With tpH higher than or equal to 7.20, the tpH and FHR showed minimal or no response. With tpH between 7.20 and 7.10, the FHR showed a "delayed" deceleration and there was a sharp decline in tpH. With lower tpH, the variations in FHR and tpH were less accentuated. Also noted were unusual variations, such as "transient" or "irregular" FHR decelerations, and tpH "reactive alkalosis." In this acute experimental situation, tpH seemed to be a very sensitive indicator of fetal anoxia. The combined continuous monitoring of FHR and tpH for the diagnosis of fetal distress deserves further investigation. PMID- 7091210 TI - Maternal and cord blood background mercury levels: a longitudinal surveillance. AB - Fifty-seven prenatal patients with no known exposure to the element mercury, or any of its compounds, were observed for change in whole blood total mercury concentration from the initial prenatal clinic examination through delivery and postpartum hospitalization. On hospital admission for labor and delivery, whole blood total mercury averaged 1.15 parts per billion (ppb), compared to 0.79 ppb from the first prenatal clinic visit; these levels represent a 46% increase and significant difference in maternal concentration of a substance previously recognized for its peculiar ease at crossing the placental barrier. Previous stillbirths, as well as history of birth defects, exhibited significant positive correlation with background mercury levels. Search of the literature of the last 5 years revealed no other report of cohort heavy metal surveillance throughout pregnancy. PMID- 7091211 TI - The regulation in vitro of placental release of human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, and prolactin: effects of an adrenergic beta-receptor agonist and antagonist. AB - An experimental model for the study of placental tissue release of hormones has been explored. It has been shown that the trophoblast in Ringer-glucose solution releases human placental lactogen (hPL) and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a time- (10 to 180 minutes) and temperature- (4 degrees and 37 degrees C) dependent manner. The adrenergic beta-receptor agonist terbutaline caused an increase in hCG secretion but did not affect hPL. With a mixed trophoblast/decidua preparation, prolactin release was not found to be time and temperature related. Terbutaline increased prolactin release and timolol decreased it. The data suggest tha adrenergic mechanisms are involved in hCG and prolactin secretion from the placenta. PMID- 7091213 TI - Postpartum toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091212 TI - Synthetic laminaria for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in midtrimester pregnancy. PMID- 7091214 TI - Fetal femur length: equations for computer calculation of gestational age from ultrasound measurements. PMID- 7091216 TI - Prolactin concentration in the fetal membranes in pregnancies with premature rupture of the membranes and control pregnancies. PMID- 7091215 TI - Randomized trial of one versus two days of laminaria treatment prior to late midtrimester abortion by uterine evacuation: a pilot study. PMID- 7091217 TI - Fetal movements in response to sound stimulation. PMID- 7091218 TI - Clinical staging of acute bacterial salpingitis and its therapeutic ramifications. AB - The use of single-drug therapy results in an overall 13% to 17% failure rate, and even this figure is misleading, because of the high prevalence of patients with uncomplicated disease. In patients with polymicrobial peritonitis, the failure rate varies between 30% and 60%, depending upon whether Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be concomitantly isolated from the cul-de-sac and the criteria used to define therapeutic cure. THe complexity of disease as we now understand it requires a corresponding degree of therapeutic individualization. In the Gainesville staging, acute salpingitis is subdivided into five stages. Stage I is acute endometritis-salpingitis without peritonitis. Stage II is salpingitis with peritonitis. Stage III is acute salpingitis with superimposed tubal occlusion or tuboovarian complex. Stage IV is where a tuboovarian abscess has ruptured. Stage V is a repository category for different etiologic agents which may emulate acute salpingitis, i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Each stage of disease differs by virtue of its therapeutic goal and the means by which this goal is achieved. PMID- 7091220 TI - The development of an index of high-risk pregnancy. AB - Presented is a scheme by which an index of high-risk pregnancy can be evaluated. The proposed scheme is applied to a risk index developed for the purpose of illustration. The usefulness of risk indices (or any other predictive measure) can be judged in clear statistical terms. The illustrative model developed here behaves similarly with each of the two sets of data on which it is tested, except to the extent that it is influenced by the incidence in the test population of the outcome to be predicted. The conclusion reached is that unreasonable demands are made of high-risk indices, that no index can satisfy all requirements. However, if the requirements are reasonably stated in advance, indices of high risk pregnancy can be extremely useful. PMID- 7091219 TI - Ten-year experience of intrapartum fetal monitoring in Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. AB - During the 10-year period from 1970 to 1979, a total of 115,096 deliveries occurred at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. Of these, 47,567 patients (41.3%) were monitored during labor and delivery. The intrapartum monitoring technique was initially introduced in late 1969. The monitoring rate increased gradually from 18% in 1970 to 74% in 1979. The perinatal mortality rate during this 10-year period was 24.4/1,000. The perinatal mortality rate decreased in an inverse proportion to the monitoring rate. The main portions of the decrease in perinatal mortality rate were in the intrapartum and neonatal death rates. Both the fetal death rate and the neonatal death rate were significantly lower in the monitored patients than in those who were not monitored. This was irrespective of the fact that most high-risk patients were included in the monitored group. The cesarean section rate during this period increased slightly from 9.3% in 1970 to 12.3% in 1979. The primary cesarean section rate increased from 6.4% in 1970 to 8.7% in 1979. These findings suggest the beneficial role of intrapartum fetal monitoring and its association with diminished perinatal losses. PMID- 7091221 TI - Psychological reactions to amniocentesis: a controlled study. AB - Fifty women who underwent amniocentesis and a matched control group of pregnant women were administered the Symptom Questionnaire to evaluate changes in distress. Anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms had significantly decreased after the results of amniocentesis were communicated to the patient, but the decrease was similar in the normal control women. Hostility was higher in the amniocentesis group and decreased to normal levels after amniocentesis was performed, even before the results were communicated to the patient. PMID- 7091222 TI - Responses of lymphocytes from human colostrum or milk to influenza antigens. AB - Paired samples of peripheral blood and colostrum or milk were obtained from women 1 to 6 days after delivery. After Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and colostrum or milk lymphocytes (COL) were examined for surface membrane characteristics and in vitro proliferative reactivity. As determined by sheep red blood cell rosetting and by immunoglobulin-coated beads, PBL showed an average of 54% T and 12% B lymphocytes, whereas COL showed 33% T and 22% B rosettes, respectively. Paired samples of PBL and COL were used for lymphocyte transformation with three distinct strains of influenza virus: A/USSR, A/Victoria, and B/Hong Kong. Of COL from nine subjects tested against all three strains of influenza virus, five samples (56%) gave positive responses to at least one. These studies indicate that COL contain cells responsive in vitro to several influenza antigens. Such sensitized cells may provide a mechanism for the transfer of antigen responsiveness and protection from the mother to the neonate. PMID- 7091223 TI - Growth of the birth canal in adolescent girls. AB - The growth and development of four dimensions of the pelvic birth canal are analyzed from a longitudinal sample of 9 well-nourished girls aged 8 through 18. Compared with stature, the pelvic basin grows more slowly and continuously through late adolescence. Similarly, size of the birth canal is smaller the first 3 years past menarche than at age 18. At low gynecologic ages, a significantly greater percentage of growth to adult size is required in the pelvis as compared to stature, and growth of the birth canal continues beyond the asymptote for statural increase. The pelvis is smaller and less mature among girls with early menarche than among girls with late menarche at the same menarcheal ages. These results indicate that immaturity of the birth canal of the pelvis may have significance for obstetric risks among young teenage primiparous girls. PMID- 7091224 TI - Very low-birth weight infant. I. Influence of place of birth on survival. AB - In order to assess the influence of place of birth on the survival of the very low-birth weight (VLBW) infant, premature deliveries that occurred at hospitals located in an urban county were studied. All premature infants born alive during the years 1977 through 1979 whose birth weights ranged from 500 to 1,250 gm were included. The outcome for the VLBW infants born at the Ohio State University Regional Perinatal Center (OSU-RPC) was compared to that for VLBW infants delivered at the other five community hospitals with maternity services. Thirty eight percent of the 270 VLBW neonates born at the community hospitals and 53% of the 186 VLBW premature infants delivered at the OSU-RPC survived. These differences are statistically significant at the p less than 0.01 level. Delivery at a perinatal center where comprehensive maternal-fetal-neonatal services are available improves survival for the VLBW infant. PMID- 7091225 TI - Longitudinal studies of fetal growth with the use of dynamic image ultrasonography. AB - To characterize the growth of individual fetuses, serial measurements of the crown-rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), and abdominal circumference (AC) were made at specified intervals of 2 to 3 weeks (between 6 to 8 weeks [conceptual age] and delivery) in 20 normal fetuses with known dates of conception. Values for the HC-AC ratio and the estimated fetal weight were also obtained from these data. Measurements of CRL were similar to those reported previously, except in those cases in which the follicular phase was prolonged or the fetal growth potential was reduced. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that the linear-cubic model was optimal for the BPD and HC growth curves, the linear model for the AC, and the linear-quadratic model for fetal weight. The HC-AC ratio could not be modeled adequately because of significant individual variability. Optimal models for average longitudinal growth curves were determined for the BPD, HC, AC, and fetal weight from individual growth curves. These average longitudinal curves were similar in shape, mean values, and variability to those obtained in previous cross-sectional studies. Statistical analysis indicated that the coefficients of the average longitudinal curves are not likely to change by more than 5% to 15% if the size of the sample is increased very significantly. These results indicate that the average longitudinal growth curves are good estimators of the true population growth curves. PMID- 7091226 TI - Midtrimester intrauterine exchange transfusion of the fetus. AB - Thirty-seven fetuses, 15 to 23 weeks' gestation, were subjected to intrauterine exchange transfusion under direct vision with a fetoscope prior to therapeutic abortion. A maximum of 30 ml of blood was exchanged, so that as much as 95% of the blood in the fetoplacental circulation was of donor origin. The technique clearly has potential value in the management of severe rhesus-hemolytic disease of newborn infants. PMID- 7091227 TI - Fluoride tablet supplementation during pregnancy for caries immunity: a study of the offspring produced. AB - Evidence continues to accumulate that the fetal nutritional need for the mineral fluoride begins early in pregnancy and that tablet supplementation is required during the last two trimesters to supply that need, since fluoridated water alone during pregnancy is not sufficient. This study of 492 children confirms the safety and efficacy of using a sodium fluoride tablet supplement, by means of which the obstetrician can help his pregnant patients produce children with superior teeth that are immune to decay. PMID- 7091228 TI - Survival among women with endometrial cancer: a comparison of estrogen users and nonusers. AB - In order to determine the role of postmenopausal estrogen use in survival of patients with endometrial cancer, we identified, through a population-based tumor registry serving the area, all white women in King County, Washington, aged 50 to 74, who developed endometrial cancer between January, 1975, and April, 1976 (N = 363). Estrogen use prior to diagnosis and survival status were ascertained through personal interview, medical records of private physicians, and registry follow-up data. The 4-year relative survival ratio in estrogen users was 1.05 compared to 0.898 in nonusers. Overall, after adjustment for age, the survival in estrogen users was significantly better than in nonusers (chi 2 = 30.5; p much less than 0.0001). While estrogen use may predispose to an increased incidence of endometrial cancer, it appears that such use does not lead to increased mortality from this condition. PMID- 7091229 TI - Primary surgical treatment in one hundred ninety-five cases of stage IB carcinoma of the cervix. AB - Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix may be treated primarily by either radiotherapy of operation. A primary surgical approach was used in 95 patients for the following indications: young age with desire to retain ovarian function (124), pelvic inflammatory disease (33), pregnant or post partum (15), refusal of radiotherapy (11), anatomic problems contraindicating radiotherapy (10), undiagnosed pelvic mass (seven), verrucous tumor (three), mucus-secreting tumor (two), syphilis (one), and previous radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (one). Twelve patients had two indications. The surgical procedures were radical abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection (191) and Schauta-Amreich (radical vaginal) hysterectomy (4). Fourteen patients had serious postoperative complications. The uncorrected 5-year survival rate (95.1% follow-up) was 91.1%. The rationale for recommending a primary surgical approach to selected patients with Stage IB cervical carcinoma is presented. PMID- 7091230 TI - The relationship of genital tract actinomycetes and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - As a corollary to a case-control study evaluating the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among users of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), Papanicolaou smears were studied to detect the presence of actinomycetes. Forty six PID case patients and 108 control patients were included in the corollary study. The presence of actinomycetes was noted only among current or past wearers of an IUD. Women with actinomycetes present on Papanicolaou smear had a 3.6-fold risk of hospitalization for PID, as compared to women without actinomycetes. This trend persisted when only IUD users were evaluated. Of patients with PID who had actinomycetes noted on the Papanicolaou smear, 87 1/2% had a tuboovarian abscess, compared to 28.9% of patients without actinomycetes. In addition, patients with actinomycetes present had PID treated surgically more frequently. PMID- 7091231 TI - Adnexal abscess as a delayed complication of vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 7091232 TI - A documented case of amniotic fluid embolism presenting as acute fetal distress. PMID- 7091233 TI - Benign intracranial teratoma--prenatal diagnosis influencing early delivery. PMID- 7091234 TI - Pelvic mass in late-pregnancy sonography of uterine duplication: report of two cases. PMID- 7091235 TI - Population-based lipoprotein lipid reference values for pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women classified by sex hormone usage. PMID- 7091236 TI - Breast cancer and estrogen replacement therapy. AB - Concern over the possible effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the subsequent development of breast cancer prompted us to compare 199 postmenopausal breast cancer patients with 451 hospital control subjects and 852 community control subjects on their prior use of estrogens. Estrogen use did not increase the breast cancer risk for women with a surgical menopause. Among women with a natural menopause, estrogens administered by all routes were associated with breast cancer risks of 1.7 of 1.8. There was no coherent pattern of changing risks with varying durations of use, different daily dosages, years since first use of estrogen, or years since most recent use. When women who usually received estrogen by injection were excluded, the risk estimates for oral estrogens were 1.3 (case subjects compared to community control subjects) and 1.2 (case subjects compared to hospital control subjects). These increases were not statistically significant. Use of injectable estrogens produced a fourfold increase in breast cancer risk among naturally postmenopausal women. PMID- 7091237 TI - Reproductive outcome following amniocentesis for genetic indications. PMID- 7091238 TI - Variations in the mechanical behavior of the rabbit cervix with endocrine state and anatomic site. AB - The mechanical test of stress-strain and stress-relaxation were done on excised cervical strips from New Zealand rabbits in estrus, less than 10 hours after luteinizing hormone (LH), 10 to 18 hours after LH, 18 to 50 hours after LH, 30 days pregnant, and castrate. The stretch moduli obtained from these tests indicated that a significant softening of the cervix occurred at 10 to 18 hours after LH and during pregnancy. Normally, the internal os is stiffer than the external os, but this difference disappears at 30 days of pregnancy, and both values are lower and identical. The changes in the stretch modulus are not thought to be due to smooth muscle, particularly in the external os, because of the low contractility of this tissue. The conclusion reached is that the rabbit cervix is a good model to use in the investigation of the mechanical behavior of the cervix and may be comparable to the human cervix in physiologic responses. PMID- 7091239 TI - Effects of the tocolytic agent fenoterol on body weight, urine excretion, blood hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum protein, and electrolyte levels in nonpregnant rabbits. AB - Infusion of an isotonic solution and increasing doses of the beta 2 sympathomimetic agonist fenoterol (0.6, 20, or 80 micrograms/kg/min) into female rabbits led to a reduction in urine excretion and a concomitant dose-dependent increase in body weight. Although an infusion at 2.5 ml/hr of an isotonic solution that contained 0.6 or 20 micrograms/kg/min of fenoterol did not significantly change the hematocrit, hemoglobin, or serum protein levels, they were significantly decreased by a similar infusion that contained 80 micrograms/kg/min of fenoterol and by giving 20 ml/hr of an isotonic solution that contained 0.6, 20 or 80 micrograms/kg/min of fenoterol. The central venous pressure remained unchanged in animals that received 2.5 ml/hr of an isotonic solution alone or in combination with 0.6 to 80 micrograms/kg/min of fenoterol. It was significantly elevated in animals treated with 30 ml/hr at similar doses. These data support our hypothesis that the development of pulmonary edema which has been reported with the use of tocolytic therapy is mainly due to hypervolemia related to the antidiuretic effect of the beta 2-sympathomimetics. The intravascular hypervolemia leads to an increased fluid content of the lung and may explain the development of pulmonary edema. PMID- 7091240 TI - The variability of viability: the effect of physicians' perceptions of viability on the survival of very low--birth weight infants. AB - Physicians who deliver babies in Alabama were surveyed to determine their level of knowledge about the survival of low--birth weight/early gestational age infants. These estimates of neonatal survival were compared to the actual neonatal survival rates at local hospitals and at the regional perinatal centers in Alabama. In addition, the physicians' knowledge of survival rates was correlated with their management decisions in hypothetical cases of premature labor. Our findings indicate that physicians who perform deliveries tended to underestimate the potential for neonatal survival in premature infants. Equally as important, the range of responses varied markedly. In the hypothetical cases, management decisions often appeared to be based on incorrect information about neonatal survival. These decisions, including not electronically monitoring fetuses, not performing a cesarean section for fetal distress, and not transferring women in premature labor to a perinatal center, if made in actual cases, would result in potentially viable fetuses receiving less than optimal management. PMID- 7091241 TI - Breast milk magnesium and calcium concentrations following magnesium sulfate treatment. PMID- 7091242 TI - Respiratory distress following elective repeat cesarean section. AB - The clinical course and chest radiographs of 47 infants with respiratory distress after elective cesarean section were reviewed. The mean difference between the gestational age determined prenatally and that postnatally was 2.6 +/- 1.6 weeks. However, 14 of the infants were delivered at term. All 47 infants required more than 40% oxygen, and 18 infants required a respirator. Fifteen infants developed a pneumothorax; one, a pneumopericardium; one, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; and one infant died. Chest radiographs and the clinical course were consistent with hyaline membrane disease in 17 patients; respiratory distress syndrome type II in 24; and in three the radiographic findings were normal. These data suggest that some of the respiratory morbidity subsequent to elective repeat cesarean section is not secondary to iatrogenic delivery of a premature infant, and that much of it is not due to hyaline membrane disease. These data emphasize that respiratory distress in an infant delivered by elective cesarean section does not necessarily suggest poor prenatal care in regard to the timing of delivery. PMID- 7091243 TI - The prognostic significance of postnatal growth in very low--birth weight infants. AB - To examine the relative importance of intrauterine growth failure, extrauterine growth failure before or after term, and the prognostic significance of catch-up growth, 192 very low--birth weight infants (less than 1.5 kg) were followed prospectively to 8 months corrected age. One hundred fifty-four appropriate--for- gestational age (AGA) and 38 small--for--gestational age (SGA) infants were categorized into normal and subnormal (less than -2 SD) weight for age groups at term (40 weeks) and at 8 months corrected age. By term, 71 AGA infants had subnormal weight; 41 of these caught up by 8 months, and an additional 13 AGA infants failed to thrive between term and 8 months. Of the SGA infants, three caught up in weight by term, and an additional 16 caught up by 8 months. Significant correlates of subnormal weight included neonatal risk score, incidence of chronic disease, and extended hospitalization. The AGA and SGA infants who failed to thrive or failed to catch up in weight by 8 months had lower mean Bayley developmental quotients (p less than 0.005), smaller head circumferences (p less than 0.005), and a higher rate of neurosensory impairment (p less than 0.01) than the AGA infants with normal fetal and postnatal growth. Intrauterine and/or postnatal growth failure prior to term was not of sinister prognostic significance if catch up occurred thereafter. PMID- 7091244 TI - A comparison of morphine and methadone disposition in the maternal-fetal unit. AB - The extent of fetal exposure to a drug is a function of placental and fetal clearances of the drug. We have compared the placental and fetal clearances of morphine and methadone under steady-state conditions in the chronic pregnant ewe preparation. Morphine and methadone were infused at constant rates to the mother and fetus, and steady-state maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by radioimmunoassay. At steady state after maternal infusion of the drugs, the maternal: fetal free drug concentration ratios were 7.6 +/- 0.6 for morphine and 2.9 +/- 0.6 for methadone. The clearance of morphine from mother to fetus (24.9 +/- 3.0 ml/min) was fifteenfold less than that of methadone (390.3 +/- 92.8 ml/min). Fetal nonplacental clearance of methadone (381 +/- 89.1 ml/min) was higher than that of morphine (125.6 +/- 15.3 ml/min). Fetal clearance accounted for 67.4 +/- 3.9% of total morphine clearance from the fetal compartment, but only 42.8 +/- 4.9% of total methadone clearance. Fetal clearance of methadone increases with age in the early third trimester. The lower extent of fetal exposure to morphine compared to methadone is due primarily to a slower clearance of morphine across the placenta from mother to fetus rather than a more rapid clearance of morphine by the fetus. PMID- 7091245 TI - Structural, mechanical, and material properties of fetal cranial bone. AB - The structural stiffness of 20 parietal bones from 10 fetal cadavers were tested under controlled laboratory settings. The slope at the onset of the load deflection curve dictated the stiffness of the bone. These values were correlated with the bone's modulus of elasticity, mineral content, and bone density, as well as with anthropometric data. The stiffness exhibited as much as a Anthropometric factors correlated more with the change in stiffness than did material factors, such as changes in modulus, mineral content, and bone density. The bone exhibited a pronounced fiber orientation which significantly affected the modulus of the test specimens. The results are discussed in terms of obstetric management of preterm and term labor. PMID- 7091246 TI - Prolonged intrauterine retention of fetal bones after abortion causing infertility. PMID- 7091247 TI - Rabies vaccination in pregnancy. PMID- 7091248 TI - Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of umbilical cord laceration. PMID- 7091250 TI - Massive pulmonary embolism following delivery of a patient with sickle cell trait. PMID- 7091249 TI - Recurrence of ureteral obstruction caused by endometriosis after danazol therapy. PMID- 7091251 TI - Magnesium sulfate and uterine inversion. PMID- 7091252 TI - Phospholipid content of lung fluid of fetal lambs. PMID- 7091253 TI - Pharmacology and clinical effects of danazol. PMID- 7091254 TI - Prostaglandins in stimulation of labor. PMID- 7091255 TI - Obstetrics and gynecology in the 1980s. PMID- 7091256 TI - The relationship between visual acuity, pupillary defect, and visual field loss. PMID- 7091257 TI - The visual-evoked potential in the diagnosis of congenital ocular motor apraxia. PMID- 7091258 TI - Obtaining auricular cartilage for reconstructive surgery. AB - The cartilage in the scaphoid fossa between the helix laterally and the antihelix medially provides excellent underlying support for soft-tissue eyelid and nasal reconstruction. After subcutaneous infiltration anesthesia is administered through both the anterior and posterior auricular skin, an incision is made along the posterior rim of the helix. A dissection plane between the perichondrium and skin exposes the cartilage. The cartilage is removed without incising the anterior skin surface. This technique is particularly useful in cicatricial entropion, upper or lower eyelid retraction, eyelid reconstruction, and socket reconstruction. PMID- 7091260 TI - Possible relationship of ethylene oxide exposure to cataract formation. PMID- 7091259 TI - Presumed autoimmune corneal endotheliopathy. AB - Two men (58 and 19 years of age) had an unusual recurrent, bilaterally symmetric disease process involving the cornea. It is characterized by stromal edema progressing centrally from the periphery in otherwise normal eyes. The corneal edema in each instance was closely associated with slowly moving linear keratic precipitates accompanied by the destruction of the endothelium, with minimal anterior chamber reaction. There was no history of herpetic keratitis or trauma, and serologic tests for syphilis were negative in both cases. A similar pattern of linear endothelial destruction has been reported heretofore only in association with corneal allograft rejection. This clinical pattern, the cytologic findings for the aqueous humor (macrophages and lymphocytes), and the rapid response to corticosteroid therapy suggested that an autoimmune process was the underlying cause of this disease. PMID- 7091261 TI - The frequency of posterior subcapsular cataract in the hereditary retinal degenerations. AB - I analyzed the frequency and severity of posterior subcapsular cataracts in 291 patients with various forms of hereditary retinal degeneration, including typical retinitis pigmentosa (rod-cone degeneration), cone-rod degeneration, Usher's syndrome, and choroideremia. The overall frequency of posterior subcapsular cataract was 41%, less than generally thought. Posterior subcapsular cataracts were least common in cone-rod degeneration, and most common in the group with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Only in the group with sporadic retinitis pigmentosa was a significant sex preference noted; females were affected more often (P less than or equal to .002). Severity was related to age of the patient and duration of disease in those affected. Posterior subcapsular cataract formation is unlikely to be an intrinsic expression of the various genes of hereditary retinal degeneration. PMID- 7091263 TI - Clinical features of idiopathic macular cysts and holes. AB - Of 52 patients (39 women and 13 men; mean age, 65 years) with idiopathic macular cysts or holes, 17 had bilateral involvement. During a mean follow-up period of 28 months, 50% of the macular cysts progressed to holes. Eight of nine eyes with cysts and visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or worse at the initial examination developed holes. No holes developed in eyes that had not had cysts at the initial examination. This demonstrated the importance of examining the fellow eye when making a prognosis. Posterior vitreous detachment was present in all the eyes with macular holes and absent in all the eyes with macular cysts at the initial examination. Whenever a cyst progressed to a hole, posterior vitreous detachment also developed. Twenty-five patients had systemic hypertension, 31 had undergone a hysterectomy, taken systemic estrogen, or both, three had adult-onset diabetes mellitus, and 12 smoked cigarettes. PMID- 7091264 TI - Ophthotechnology. PMID- 7091262 TI - Epiretinal membrane formation after vitrectomy. AB - Our experimental model of epiretinal membrane formation in the rabbit eye after lensectomy and vitrectomy provides a way of studying pharmacologic and surgical approaches to inhibiting epiretinal cellular proliferation and contraction in the eye that has undergone vitrectomy. We injected 400,000 tissue-cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells onto the retinal surface of rabbit eyes that had undergone lensectomy, vitrectomy, and fluid-gas exchange. By one week, a funnel shaped detachment of the medullary rays had occurred in 100% of the injected eyes. Histologically, the cells formed an epiretinal membrane by six hours after injection and caused major wrinkling of the inner retina after 24 to 48 hours. The percentage of tritiated-thymidine-labeled epiretinal cells increased dramatically 24 hours after injection and then declined. Cellular membranes bridging the optic nerve, followed by growth and contraction of the epiretinal cells on the detached internal limiting membrane, were responsible for the closed funnel appearance of the medullary rays. PMID- 7091265 TI - Ocular pathology and the American Board of Ophthalmology. PMID- 7091266 TI - Palinoptic visual allesthesia. PMID- 7091268 TI - Epiphora after irradiation of medial eyelid tumors. PMID- 7091267 TI - Fixed dilated pupil resulting from transdermal scopolamine. PMID- 7091270 TI - Herpes keratitis after radial keratotomy. PMID- 7091269 TI - Effect of retrobulbar anesthesia on ocular tension. PMID- 7091271 TI - Intraocular lenses, axial length, and retinal detachment. PMID- 7091272 TI - Double Maddox rod test in superior oblique muscle palsy. PMID- 7091273 TI - Chemotherapy for choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma. PMID- 7091274 TI - Congenital lacrimal sac mucoceles. AB - Seven infants had tense, blue-gray swellings inferior to the medial canthal tendon with otherwise normal-appearing eyelids and puncta. All lacrimal sacs transilluminated and A-scan ultrasonography performed in one case demonstrated a nonloculated cystic cavity. Four (57%) infants had uncomplicated mucoceles. One was treated with massage, and has remained asymptomatic for 14 months. The other three were cured with a single probing and irrigation of the entire lacrimal system. Three (43%) infants had developed erythema of the tissues overlying the swollen lacrimal sacs by the time of referral. Because none of the mucoceles could be decompressed by massage, prompt probing and irrigations were performed in each case. Cultures from the aspirates of all three sacs yielded Staphylococcus organisms. In contrast to the uncomplicated cases, two patients developed recurrences that necessitated additional treatment. PMID- 7091275 TI - Surgical drape support. AB - This modified surgical drape support is affixed to the patient's nose and face with self-adhesive pads or sterile surgical tape. The disposable support is flexible and keeps the surgical drape away from the nasal and oral passageways, facilitating observation of the patient by operating room personnel and relieving the patient's anxiety and the breathing problems that often occur during ophthalmic procedures. PMID- 7091276 TI - Unidirectional gaze paretic nystagmus induced by phenytoin intoxication. PMID- 7091277 TI - Correction of presbyopia accompanied by alternating exotropia. PMID- 7091278 TI - Retinal irradiance from vitrectomy endoilluminators. AB - We compared the maximum light output of selected 19- and 20-gauge continuous fiber and detachable-tip endoilluminators to the retinal damage threshold for intravitreal fiber-optic light in the owl monkey. Because of cumulative light toxicity to the retina there is a substantial risk of retinal damage from endoillumination when the endoilluminator is close to the retina (for example, during membrane peeling procedures) and especially when the continuous-fiber endoilluminator with high light output is used. PMID- 7091279 TI - Pseudohypopyon in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. AB - We examined ten eyes with pseudohypopyon in seven patients with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. Fluorescein angiography showed hyperfluorescent defects in the retinal pigment of the superior half of the lesion in all ten eyes. The electro-oculographic findings were abnormal in all four patients who underwent this test. The fluid shifted slightly in two of six patients whose heads were turned to the side for an hour or longer, indicating that the material was probably located between the retinal pigment epithelium and the sensory retina. The volume of the hypopyon increased in one eye. PMID- 7091280 TI - Crowding of the peripheral nasal isopters in glaucoma. AB - We studied 300 visual fields of 153 consecutive patients who had glaucoma or increased intraocular pressures. All the visual fields were plotted with the same technique on a Goldmann perimeter. Crowding of the peripheral nasal isopters was said to be present when the nasal isopter, outlined with the peripheral threshold target, was less than 55 degrees from fixation and within 5 degrees of the nasal isopter plotted with the V4e (largest, most intense) target. This finding was detected in 65 visual fields; in 12 of these it was the only abnormality. Crowding of the peripheral nasal isopters is important in the early detection of glaucoma; the V4e target, or equivalent, is useful in examining the nasal periphery in screening protocols for glaucoma. PMID- 7091281 TI - Idiopathic preretinal gliosis. AB - Of 89 patients with idiopathic preretinal gliosis examined between 1970 and 1978, 52 were examined within six months of the onset of symptoms. Forty-seven patients were men and 42 were women; 83 (93%) were more than 50 years old. Initial visual acuities were 6/12 (20/40) or better in 60 of 98 eyes (61%). Nine patients had initial bilateral involvement, and the second eye became involved in one other patient during the follow-up period. Posterior vitreous detachment was present in 59 of the 64 eyes (92%) for which the state of the vitreous had been recorded; 16 of 74 eyes (21%) had fluorescein leakage into the macula. During a mean follow-up period of 31.1 months, the appearance of the fundus remained unchanged in 65 of 72 eyes (90%). Fifty-one of the 72 eyes (71%) had final visual acuities within one line of those recorded at the first examination. Spontaneous improvement of two lines or more occurred in only two patients, accompanied in both cases by an apparent decrease in the severity of the retinal wrinkling. Although these data indicated that idiopathic preretinal gliosis is generally a nonprogressive condition that does not cause serious visual loss, those patients followed up for more than three years did have a small overall decline in visual acuity. PMID- 7091282 TI - Retinal phlebitis with chorioretinal emboli. AB - Emboli to the eye may cause retinal vascular occlusive disease with a wide range of clinicopathologic manifestations including arteriolar occlusion, retinal ischemia and infarction, and retinal neovascularization. Clinical observations of a progressive obliterative arteriolitis in patients with systemic embolic disease have led to the speculation that retinal vasculitis may be a feature of ocular embolic disease. A postmortem examination of the enucleated eyes of two elderly female patients disclosed gross and histopathologic features of retinal periphlebitis associated with many chorioretinal calcific emboli. These patients also had premortem and postmortem manifestations of systemic thromboembolic disease originating from the heart and great vessels. One patient had a progressive decrease in visual acuity, paracentral scotoma, and midperipheral perivascular sheathing. These findings suggest that ocular embolism may sometimes be a factor in the development of retinal phlebitis. PMID- 7091283 TI - Lysosomal hyaluronidase in the subretinal fluid of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. AB - A biochemical analysis of 66 samples of subretinal fluid from patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment showed that 46 contained hyaluronic acid. Seventeen samples that did not contain hyaluronic acid disclosed hyaluronidase activity. Hyaluronidase activity in the subretinal fluid increased with the duration of the detachment but there was no correlation between enzyme activity and the age of the patient or the extent of the retinal detachment. PMID- 7091284 TI - Enlargement of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. PMID- 7091285 TI - Fungal flora of the conjunctival sac. AB - We studied the fungal flora of the conjunctival sac in 919 eyes and air-borne fungi between November 1979 and February 1980. Fungi were cultured from 39 of 587 swabs (6.6%) from healthy conjunctivas. This incidence fluctuated with the number of air-borne fungi. The incidence of positive cultures was significantly higher in diseased eyes (32 of 184 eyes; P less than .005). Under ordinary conditions, it may be difficult for a fungus to remain or proliferate in the conjunctival sac. Most (97 of 103) positive cultures yielded only one colony and the same fungus was seldom cultured more than once from the same eye. We found 49 strains of yeast among the 107 isolated conjunctival fungi, including 15 Mycelia sterilia, 12 Cladosporium, and several Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia species. THe air-borne fungi were mainly the filamentous types, especially Cladosporium and Alternaria. PMID- 7091286 TI - Prosopagnosia. AB - Three patients with prosopagnosia, and acquired inability to recognize familiar faces usually resulting from cerebrovascular insufficiency, had left-sided visual field defects and color vision abnormalities of central origin. Prosopagnosia, although clinically associated with posterior right hemispheric disease in most cases, represents a disconnection of both occipital poles from the final processing center for facial recognition in the right temporal lobe. This problem can profoundly affect everyday activities requiring visual recognition. PMID- 7091287 TI - Paresis and restriction of the inferior rectus muscle after orbital floor fracture. AB - Six patients had both restriction and paresis of the inferior rectus muscle after blowout fracture of the inferior orbital floor. All six were orthophoric in the primary position but had a severely constricted field of single binocular vision with troublesome diplopia on upgaze and downgaze. Recessing both the inferior rectus muscle and the superior rectus muscle in the injured eye greatly increased the field of single binocular vision. The symptoms improved in all six cases. PMID- 7091288 TI - Obtaining a high-quality retinal image with a biconvex intraocular lens. AB - We investigated the quality of the retinal image provided by a conventional, plano-convex intraocular lens by calculating the point spread function using a wide-angle model of the eye. We then calculated the ratio of the front and back curvatures for a biconvex lens with the conventionally used refractive index (1.491) using Seidel's aberration formulas. The point spread function for this intraocular lens was better than that of the conventional plano-convex lens. THe calculated ratio, which depends on the refractive index and the depth of the anterior chamber, was 3.16 (refractive index, 1.491; anterior chamber, 3.5 mm). As the depth of the anterior chamber decreases, the best ratio increases whereas the total power of the intraocular lens decreases. If an asymmetric intraocular lens is used, the greater curvature must face the cornea. PMID- 7091289 TI - New visual acuity charts for clinical research. AB - Three new visual acuity charts facilitate quantitative use of visual acuity test results. The charts have high-contrast lettering on washable white polystyrene. Each line has five Sloan letters; the lines are of equal difficulty and there is a geometric progression in letter size from line to line. This provides a similar task for each line on the chart with the letter size being the only variable. Charts with different letter sequences are used for testing right and left eyes. PMID- 7091290 TI - Standardized illumination for visual acuity testing in clinical research. PMID- 7091291 TI - Occupational role history: a screening tool for psychiatric occupational therapy. AB - Psychiatric hospitalization has become telescoped, thus focusing on short-term acute care. Since discharge plans are needed on admission, occupational therapists must evaluate the patient quickly and succinctly. A screening tool was developed as a preliminary device to identify critical information in two major areas: patterns of skills and achievement or patterns of dysfunction in past and current occupational role; and the degree of balance or imbalance between leisure activities and those activities associated with occupational role. The screening tool, the Occupational Role History, was used in a pilot study on 20 adult inpatients at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. The results of the pilot study suggest that this tool is useful in establishing treatment priorities from an occupational therapy perspective. PMID- 7091292 TI - Sponsorship: developing leaders for occupational therapy. AB - Professional sponsorship is a helping relationship aimed at a career advancement. It includes the hierarchical association between the mentor and protege, and the collegial associations between peer mentors, among "peer pals," and in support networks. Sponsors serve as advocates, emotional supporters, and information givers for those they sponsor. The adoption of sponsorship as a leadership development strategy for occupational therapy is recommended, and illustrations of initiating and using sponsorship are given. PMID- 7091293 TI - Visuospatial deficits after right hemisphere stroke. AB - The influence of visuospatial deficits on functional status after right hemisphere stroke was investigated in 34 patients. Correlation coefficients between visuospatial deficits and other factors--age, sex, vocabulary, educational level, hemiparesis, hemianopia, left-sided extinction, length of stay on a rehabilitation unit, and time lapse between onset of stroke and admission to the rehabilitation unit--were also computed. Little correlation was found between the severity of the hemiparesis and the severity of the visuospatial deficits, yet both motor and visuospatial deficits proved to be important predictors of functional status at the time of discharge from the stroke rehabilitation unit. We conclude that visuospatial deficits are an important independent factor governing functional outcome and should be given as much attention as hemiparesis during discharge and rehabilitation planning for the right hemisphere stroke patient. PMID- 7091294 TI - Ecological systems model for occupational therapy. AB - This article presents a conceptual model for occupational therapy: the ecological systems model. The developing individual is viewed as an open system interacting with the environment. Both humans and their environment are interconnected, joined in shaping each other. States of health and illness can be seen as reflections of ecological adaptation. Function or dysfunction is evaluated in terms of persons' effectiveness in achieving their own goals, for their own quality of life, in their interactions in the ecosystem. If performance of necessary tasks ane roles is effective in achieving those goals and in harmony with the needs and goals of the external systems, then behavior is functional. PMID- 7091295 TI - Mini-councils: a solution to fieldwork supervision. AB - In 1977, the Occupational Therapy faculty at San Jose State University, with support from a Special Improvement Grant, embarked on a 3-year curriculum revision. One issue of particular concern was the need to devise a system for involving the clinical faculty in the revision process regardless of geographic relationship to the university. The system that evolved became known as Mini Councils, regional groups consisting of students and clinical and academic faculty who participate in fieldwork experience at the University. Mini-Councils replaced the on-site visit system and shifted the emphasis from supervision of individual students to discussion groups focusing on general educational issues of mutual concern to faculty and students. The Mini-Councils have also strengthened the relationship between academic and clinical educators by providing a practical, efficient means of maintaining contact with students in fieldwork, and by helping integrate academic and clinical education. PMID- 7091296 TI - The spoon plate: a self-feeding device. PMID- 7091297 TI - The evolution of morphologic changes in the gallbladder before stone formation in mice fed a cholesterol-cholic acid diet. AB - Mice were fed a lithogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid, and the sequence of morphologic changes in the gallbladder was followed. Histologic changes were studied with light microscopy and cell proliferation with autoradiography. Mucus glycoprotein production was studied with a spectrum of glycoprotein histochemical stains and electron-microscopic morphometry of membrane-bound mucus secretory granules. There was a rapid and early increase in cell proliferation of the epithelial cells and an increase in mucus production, which took place long before any observable cholesterol crystal precipitation. The gallbladder epithelial cells showed early focal pseudostratification and large numbers of degenerative cells. These changes culminated in glandular metaplasia and the formation of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses later in the gallstone induction phase. These observations clearly indicated that gallbladder epithelial injury had taken place before gallstone formation. The authors hypothesize that the consequences of these cellular changes play a contributory role in causing gallstone formation. PMID- 7091298 TI - Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy: clinical, pathologic, and biochemical delineation of a syndrome affecting both males and females. AB - We describe the detailed clinical, pathologic, and biochemical features of brother and sister with the neonatal onset form of adrenoleukodystrophy, together with evidence of the biochemical defect. When compared with reports of previous cases, it becomes clear that this is a newly described clinical entity with remarkable uniformity of signs and very different from the usual childhood form. Some pathologic features are shared, including the morphologic abnormality of the adrenal in both neonatal and childhood forms, but deposition of abnormally metabolized lipids is more systemic and widespread in the neonatal form. The biochemistry of the disease is presented in both children and parents. Plasma values of long-chain fatty acid C26:0 are 0.328 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml in a control population and 0.381 +/- 0.312 micrograms/ml in the father and mother. Values for C26:0 in the plasma of childhood adrenoleukodystrophy are 1.62 +/- 0.87 micrograms/ml and in our two cases, 2.79 micrograms/ml in the male, 1.83 micrograms/ml in the female. The basic biochemical defect appears to be a diminished capacity to oxidize these fatty acids leading to accumulation in cholesterol esters. Fatty acid oxidation to CO2 by cultured skin fibroblasts was 51% of control value for stearic acid, 5% for lignoceric acid in the male, and 39% of control value for stearic acid, 5% for lignoceric acid in the female. The genetics of this disease is different; whereas childhood adrenoleukodystrophy is X-linked, the neonatal onset form affects males and females equally and is most probably autosomally recessive in inheritance. PMID- 7091299 TI - Generation of a complement-derived chemotactic factor for tumor cells in experimentally induced peritoneal exudates and its effect on the local metastasis of circulating tumor cells. AB - A chemotactic factor for tumor cells was found in inflammatory exudate fluids induced by giving intraperitoneal injections of glycogen to Sprague-Dawley rats. The quantity of chemotactic activity and the period of time during which it could be detected correlated with the inflammatory reaction, measured by the cellular composition of the exudates and their content of protein and lysosomal enzymes. In gel filtration the chemotactic factor behaved mainly as a molecule having a molecular weight of approximately 6000 daltons. Its biologic activity was blocked by antiserums directed against C5 but not by antiserums against C3 or C4. In these two respects, the factor generated in vivo has the same properties as a previously described chemotactic factor that can be generated in vitro by proteolysis of purified C5 or C5a. Chemotactic activity was not detected in the glycogen-induced peritoneal exudates of rats depleted of serum complement by cobra venom factor. Intravenously injected Walker tumor cells arrested and formed metastases in the mesenteries of rats with peritonitis in greater numbers than in normal controls, animals depleted of complement during the experimental period, or animals given intraperitoneal injections of the vasopermeability agent, histamine. The growth of tumor cells in vitro was not promoted by peritoneal exudate fluids, nor was the number of metastases on vivo greater than in negative controls, in animals in which peritonitis was induced 24 hours after the intravenous injection of tumor cells. It is argued that chemotactic mechanisms can contribute to the formation of metastases at sites of tissue injury. PMID- 7091300 TI - Melanoma: Sinclair swine melanoma. PMID- 7091301 TI - Pulmonary intravascular sequestration of activated neutrophils: failure to induce light-microscopic evidence of lung injury in rabbits. AB - Rabbits were injected intravenously with glycogen-elicited allogenic peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNs) for the study of the light microscopic effects of acute and chronic sequestration of PMNs in the pulmonary vascular bed. Infusion of 51Cr-labeled PMNs demonstrated that approximately half of the cells were sequestered in the lung, with no difference observed between PMNs incubated with 10% normal rabbit serum and PMNs incubated with 10% zymosan activated serum (ZAS) prior to infusion. Quantitative histologic studies demonstrated that the number of ZAS-activated PMNs present in the alveolar walls at 4 hours rapidly declined over the ensuing 20 hours and was back to buffer control values by 48 hours. No PMNs, red cells, or signs of edema were visible in the alveolar spaces. In rabbits injected chronically (twice weekly for 8 weeks) with 2 x 10(8) PMNs (ZAS-stimulated and unstimulated), no qualitative or quantitative (mean linear intercept) evidence for damage to alveolar walls was observed. These studies indicate that acute and chronic pulmonary sequestration of PMNs activated in vitro, infused in the absence of activated serum products, does not cause light-microscopic evidence of lung injury. PMID- 7091302 TI - Interactions between macrophagelike cells and Leishmania braziliensis in vitro. AB - The interaction between macrophagelike cells (P388D murine tumor cells) and Leishmania braziliensis panamensis promastigotes was studied in vitro under various conditions by light and electron microscopy. When the macrophagelike cells and L braziliensis promastigate were incubated together for 2 minutes, 90% of the promastigotes were attached to the macrophagelike cells by the tip of the flagella. The macrophagelike cells did not form pseudopods or aggregated microfilaments around the inserted flagellum. After a 5-minute incubation period, the parasites attached to the macrophagelike cells did not show preferred orientation. At this time, numerous pseudopods and aggregated microfilaments of the macrophagelike cells were seen around the invading parasites. When the relationship between the cytochalasin B-treated promastigotes and the macrophagelike cells were examined, no interaction of the promastigote flagella with macrophagelike cells was observed at 2 minutes. After a 5-minute incubation period, 50% of the attached parasites adhered to a macrophagelike cell without any particular orientation. When the interaction between the promastigotes and cytochalasin B-treated macrophagelike cells were examined, the cytochalasin B treated cells showed fewer pseudopods than the untreated cells, and the number of parasites attached to them was reduced considerably after a 5-minute incubation period. This data demonstrated, for the first time, that the mode of entry by Leishmania promastigotes into macrophagelike cells is dependent on the activation of the macrophagelike cells following the attachment of Leishmania promastigotes. PMID- 7091303 TI - Testicular atrophy in the spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar rat. AB - Complete gross and microscopic postmortem examinations were performed on 100 BB Wistar diabetic rats, 27 BB Wistar nondiabetic siblings, and 41 Wistar rats, and the incidence of testicular lesions was tabulated. Testicular atrophy was the predominant finding in all three groups of rats, but atrophy occurred at a much younger age in the diabetic rats. There was a strong relationship between the duration of diabetes and the presence of atrophy, which was stronger than the relationship between age and atrophy. The testicular atrophy observed in the diabetic rats was morphologically similar to the senile testicular atrophy in the nondiabetic rats. Histologic findings that were associated with increasing severity of atrophy were multinucleated giant cells in the lumens of seminiferous tubules, increased interstitial connective tissue, Leydig cell hyperplasia, and thickening of the tunica albuginea. Testicular atrophy has also been reported in human diabetics. Therefore, the BB Wistar rat may be a useful model for investigating this aspect of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7091304 TI - Connective tissue turnover in quadriplegia. PMID- 7091306 TI - Experimental gastric ulcer produced by electrocoagulation. PMID- 7091305 TI - The Pennsylvania horseback riding program for cerebral palsy. PMID- 7091307 TI - Amoebiasis of small intestine an unusual presentation. PMID- 7091308 TI - The role of enzymology in different conditions of colon and rectal mucus. PMID- 7091309 TI - Effect of exercise on rates of oxidation, turnover, and plasma clearance of leucine in human subjects. AB - We have previously hypothesized that increased muscle oxidation of leucine in starvation is an adaptive response to fuel deficiency in this tissue. To investigate this hypothesis further, we have measured the rates of oxidation, turnover, and plasma clearance of [1-14C]leucine in six obese subjects at rest and during 2 h of mild leg exercise. This experimental design was based on the fact that exercise has the greatest impact on energy expenditure in muscle, the principal site for leucine oxidation. Exercise produced a fourfold increase in oxygen consumption. The rate of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine was increased twofold by leg exercise, whereas there were modest decreases (13%) in the rates of turnover and plasma clearance of this amino acid. The plasma concentrations of lactate and alanine increased twofold during exercise, but plasma concentrations of leucine and other amino acids, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and insulin remained unaltered. Our data suggest that during exercise oxidation of leucine as an energy source increases, whereas the utilization of this amino acid as a substrate for protein synthesis decreases. PMID- 7091310 TI - Osmolal effects on vasopressin secretion in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. AB - To determine the relationships between serum levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and serum osmolality and sodium in diabetic rats, we measured these variables in streptozotocin-diabetic and normal animals treated with water, isotonic saline, or hypertonic saline. Serum osmolality was higher and sodium lower in untreated diabetics than in controls; these variables increased in both groups after hypertonic saline. Serum AVP levels (measured by radioimmunoassay in Amberlite extracted serum) were 2.3 +/- 0.5 and 9.8 +/- 1.7 pg/ml in control and diabetic rats, respectively, injected with isotonic saline. AFter injection of hypertonic saline, serum AVP levels rose to 14.5 +/- 2.3 pg/ml in controls and 18.7 +/- 1.7 pg/ml in diabetics. Water injection decreased serum AVP in diabetics (as in normals), but only to 5.8 +/- 1.0 pg/ml. To assess indirectly whether the chronically high levels of AVP in serum had an impact on kidney function, diabetic rats were studied after passive immunization with an anti-AVP serum. This treatment increased urine flow and decreased urine osmolality in dehydrated diabetic rats. Taken together, these data affirm in diabetic rats, as in humans, the occurrence of 1) elevated steady-state levels of AVP in serum; 2) abnormal sensitivity of AVP secretion to changes in serum sodium and osmolality; and 3) an apparently intact end-organ responsiveness to AVP. PMID- 7091311 TI - Muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxygen supply, and work capacity during dietary iron deficiency and repletion. AB - Relationships between muscle oxidative capacity, anemia, endurance, whole-body maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max), and VO2 max work load (maximal treadmill speed at 15% grade, rat weight constant) were investigated in iron deficiency and during dietary iron repletion. Young rats were made severely iron deficient by a diet containing 2 mg iron/kg. Control animals received the same diet but with 50 mg iron/kg. Blood hemoglobin was decreased to 3.6 +/- 0.5 g/dl compared to 13.7 +/- 0.6 in control animals. The combination of decreased mitochondrial enzyme specific activities and a 30% reduction in the mitochondrial content of muscle resulted in 60-85% decreases in muscle oxidative capacities. VO2 max and VO2 max work load were both 50% lower in deficient rats, whereas endurance capacity was 90% lower in deficient animals than controls. The iron sufficient control diet was then given to deficient rats and the course of dietary repletion followed. Hemoglobin increased substantially within 3 days in parallel with VO2 max and VO2 max work load. No significant improvements in mitochondrial bioenergetic functions, mitochondrial content of muscle, muscle oxidative capacity, or endurance capacity occurred until the 5th day. We conclude that VO2 max and VO2 max work load capacity were not limited by muscle oxidative capacity. Conversely, endurance capacity was not restricted by oxygen supply, but was primarily determined by the oxidative capacity of muscle. PMID- 7091312 TI - In vivo proximal tubular fluid-to-plasma chloride concentration gradient in the rabbit. AB - It has been reported that the concentration of chloride in the proximal tubule is greater than that in plasma in several mammalian species. Much of the theory concerning fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the proximal tubule is based on data taken from in vitro isolated proximal tubules of the rabbit nephron. This study measured in vivo the rabbit proximal tubule fluid-to-ultrafiltrate chloride concentration ratio [(TF/UF)Cl] and its relationship to proximal tubule length as estimated by the tubule fluid-to-plasma inulin concentration ratio [(TF/P)In]. From six rabbits, 19 random proximal tubules were micropunctured and analyzed for inulin and chloride concentrations, the latter being measured by microelectrometric titration. Plasma ultrafiltrate was determined by correcting plasma chloride concentration for protein concentration. The average single nephron filtration rate was 20.2 +/- 0.8 nl/min. The (TF/UF)Cl ratio was 1.10 +/- 0.03, which was significantly different from unity. Furthermore, regression analysis yielded no significant correlation between the (TF/UF(Cl and (TF/P)In ratio. This study demonstrates that a tubule lumen-to-plasma chloride concentration gradient exists in the in vivo proximal tubule of the rabbit that is apparently established early and is not correlated with proximal tubule length. PMID- 7091313 TI - Evidence for altered glomerular hemodynamics during acute nephron obstruction. AB - The stop-flow technique has been used to estimate mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC). This technique involves complete obstruction of fluid flow in single proximal tubules, thereby altering the formation of glomerular filtrate as well as the delivery of fluid to more distal segments of the same nephron. To determine whether tubule obstruction affects PGC, pressures were measured in capillaries of accessible glomeruli before and during proximal tubule obstruction in hydropenic Munich-Wistar rats. The results were compared with estimates of PGC obtained for these same glomeruli by the stop-flow technique. When glomerular filtration was unhindered, blockade of fluid flow into the loop of Henle did not alter directly measured PGC values. When glomerular filtration was stopped by proximal tubule obstruction, directly measured PGC values increased by approximately 7 mmHg. Stopping glomerular filtration also increased postglomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, suggesting that acute single nephron obstruction and cessation of filtration substantially affects these pressures by diverting fluid to the postglomerular capillary bed. Indirect stop-flow estimates of PGC did not differ from direct measurements of PGC in the same glomeruli during stopped flow. Thus, in the normal hydropenic condition, stop-flow estimates of PGC accurately measure PGC. However, the PGC value prevailing under the stop-flow condition is substantially elevated over the PGC existing when filtration is proceeding normally. PMID- 7091314 TI - Atrial receptor modulation of renal nerve activity in the nonhuman primate. AB - Experiments were done in the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis to determine the extent to which low-pressure receptors modulate renal nerve activity (RNA). Left atrial pressure (LAP) was increased either by inflating a balloon in the left atrium or by intravascular volume expansion. Arterial pressure (AP) was increased by the administration of epinephrine. Balloon inflation produced variable changes in RNA when all reflexes were intact. In the bilateral vagotomized animal, balloon inflation significantly increased RNA. Compared with the intact state, neither carotid sinus denervation nor sinoaortic denervation had a significant influence on RNA during balloon inflation. The response of both baroreceptor-denervated groups, however, was significantly less than that of the vagotomized group. Vagotomy plus sinoaortic denervation essentially prevented any effect of balloon inflation on RNA. Volume expansion produced a greater inhibition of RNA per increase in AP than did epinephrine. However, this difference was abolished after bilateral cervical vagotomy. These experiments demonstrate a significant influence and interplay of low- and high-pressure receptors on RNA in the nonhuman primate. PMID- 7091315 TI - Relationship between plasma potassium concentration and renal potassium excretion. AB - To study the relationship between extracellular potassium concentration and renal excretion of potassium, seven chronically adrenalectomized dogs were maintained on a constant intravenous infusion of aldosterone (50 micrograms/day), and constant sodium intake (30 meq/day ) while they received four levels of potassium intake--10, 30, 100, and 200 meq/day--for 7-10 days each. At the conclusion of each level of intake, plasma potassium and renal excretion as well as other variables known to influence potassium excretion were measured. There were minimal changes in arterial pH, mean arterial pressure, extracellular fluid volume, or glomerular filtration rate at any level of potassium intake. The values for plasma potassium and renal potassium excretion attained at each level of intake were: 3.13 +/- 0.24 and 10 +/- 2; 4.18 +/- 0.18 and 21 +/- 6; 4.31 +/- 0.11 and 66 +/- 10; and 4.75 +/- 0.10 meq/liter and 170 +/- 16 meq/day, respectively. Under these experimental conditions in which the levels of aldosterone, sodium intake, arterial pH, arterial pressure, extracellular fluid volume, and glomerular filtration rate remain constant, plasma potassium concentration appears to have a week effect on renal potassium excretion below the normal level of plasma potassium (approx. 11 meq/day change in excretion for each milliequivalent per liter change in concentration). Above the normal level, however, plasma potassium concentration has a powerful effect, 260 meq/day per milliequivalent per liter. The characteristics of the relationship between plasma potassium and renal potassium excretion make it ideally suited for controlling potassium excretion in response to greater than normal potassium intake. PMID- 7091316 TI - Aldosterone and corticosterone binding and effects on Na+ transport in cultured kidney cells. AB - A continuous line of cells (A6) derived from toad kidney has been shown to form epithelia in culture that manifest aldosterone-stimulatable transepithelial sodium transport. In this study an efficient filtration assay for nuclear binding of [3H]aldosterone was validated. Specific high-affinity aldosterone and corticosterone binding sites in the particulate (nuclear-enriched) fraction were characterized in intact epithelia. Despite metabolism of both steroids, two high affinity binding sites for each were demonstrable: aldosterone, K'd1 = 0.85 (+/- 0.19) X 10(-10) and K'd2 = 1.6 (+/- 0.42) X 10(-8) M; corticosterone, K'd1 = 0.5 (+/- 0.31) X 10(-10) and K'd2 = 0.32 (+/- 0.19) X 10(-8) M. Analogue competition binding studies indicated a qualitative difference in the two sites and co occupancy of both sites by the two steroids. The sodium transport response to aldosterone and corticosterone approximated a linear function of occupancy of the lower affinity sites. Although the lower affinity sites resemble mammalian glucocorticoid receptors in terms of relative binding affinities for analogues, we conclude that they are the receptors which mediate the aldosterone and corticosterone stimulation of Na+ transport in these epithelia. PMID- 7091317 TI - Dopamine decreases fluid reabsorption in straight portions of rabbit proximal tubule. AB - The effects of DA and DA blockers on fluid transport, transepithelial potential difference (PD), and Na fluxes were studied in straight portions of the rabbit proximal tubule by the technique of microperfusion in vitro. DA (10(-6) M) added to the bath (rabbit serum) produced a significant decrease in fluid reabsorption (Jv, nl.min-2.mm-1) from 0.53 +/- 0.05 to 0.19 +/- 0.06 (n = 7, P less than 0.005). PD decreased from -2.7 +/- 0.5 to -1.2 +/- 0.4 mV (P less than 0.01). Drugs active on DA receptors were used to characterize the action of dopamine. Haloperidol (10(-8) M), lisuride (1.5 X 10(-9) M), and metoclopramide (10(-7) M) did not modify Jv by themselves but prevented the action of dopamine. Agonists of DA, Epinine and A 6,7 DTN, produced smaller or shorter decreases in Jv. A 6,7 DTN was active in the presence of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. The serotonin antagonist methysergide decreases Jv by itself by 15%; in its presence DA was not effective. The effect of DA was accompanied by reductions of net Na flux and unidirectional lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen Na fluxes by approximately 25%. It is concluded that DA exerts a direct inhibitory effect on fluid transport by the pars recta. The evidence for the existence of DA receptor sites is not conclusive. The mechanism of action is uncertain, but an impairment of transcellular salt transport can be suggested. PMID- 7091318 TI - Renal responses to prolonged central volume expansion in conscious primates. AB - Urinary and hormonal responses to prolonged central vascular volume expansion induced by 4 days of continuous lower body positive air pressure (LBPP) were examined in conscious, chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys. The initial 12 h of exposure to LBPP (20 mmHg) induced a marked natriuresis, diuresis, kaliuresis, and decrease in urine osmolality. During the subsequent 4 days of LBPP stimulation, the acute natriuresis gradually declined by 75%, whereas potassium excretion completely returned to control rates after 24 h. In contrast, the diuresis and decrease in osmolality persisted, although there were significant circadian variations in urine flow (as well as sodium and potassium excretion) produced by a marked nocturnal suppression of renal responses to LBPP. Plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration both decreased acutely following LBPP initiation; however, aldosterone levels subsequently returned to normal range during continued LBPP exposure, whereas plasma potassium remained low until the pressure stimulus was terminated. These results indicated that prolonged central volume expansion induced both a sustained natriuresis and diuresis; however, chronic adaptation limited net fluid and electrolyte losses through the first 24 h of LBPP exposure. The loss of potassium appeared to be a consequence of the initial diuresis and natriuresis induced by LBPP, rather than being directly mediated by aldosterone. PMID- 7091319 TI - Water reabsorption by papillary collecting ducts in the remnant kidney. AB - Water transport by terminal papillary collecting ducts was examined by micropuncture of the renal papilla in 15 rats with a solitary remnant kidney (RK) and in 27 normal rats, 10 of which had undergone sham operation. Before papillary exposure, urinary osmolality was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower in RK rats (685 vs. 1,722 mosmol/kg H2O in normal rats). After papillary exposure, urinary osmolality decreased by 50% in normal rats but did not change in RK rats. In RK rats, a greater percentage of filtered water was delivered to (5.74% vs. 2.29% in normal rats, P less than 0.001) and reabsorbed by (1.94% vs. 0.94% in normal rats, P less than 0.005) the terminal millimeter of papillary collecting ducts. Fractional water reabsorption by terminal papillary collecting ducts correlated directly (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001) with fractional water delivery, suggesting load dependence of water reabsorption. Estimated absolute water reabsorption by terminal collecting ducts was equivalent for remnant and normal kidneys and increased two-to fourfold in remnant kidneys when analyzed per functioning papillary collecting duct. There was an inverse relationship between urinary osmolality and fractional water delivery to papillary collecting ducts (r = 0.65, P less than 0.001). Although the data do not exclude functional alterations of papillary collecting ducts, the events underlying the reduction of urinary osmolality in remnant kidneys appear to involve physiological processes based on a high delivery and reabsorption of water. PMID- 7091320 TI - Na+ transport properties of the peritubular membrane of cortical collecting tubule. AB - The effects of varying endogenous aldosterone levels on the passive and active properties of the peritubular membrane were studied. Rabbits that were fed either a low Na+ (normal K+) diet or a high Na+, low K+ diet increased or decreased plasma aldosterone, respectively. Tubules were dissected, filled with oil, and incubated in 0 K+ medium to increase intracellular sodium. Cellular sodium and potassium content was measured by helium-glow photometry. The degree to which cells accumulate sodium and lose potassium is a function not only of time of exposure but also of diet. Tubules from animals on a low Na+ diet are about 6 times more permeable to sodium than those from animals fed a high Na+ diet. When tubules were loaded with sodium and returned to a normal (5 mM K+) bathing medium, net sodium efflux and potassium influx occurred. The rate of sodium efflux by cortical collecting tubules dissected from animals on the low Na+ diet was 2.3 times greater than the efflux rate of tubules from animals on the high Na+ diet. These data suggest that high levels of endogenous aldosterone enhance sodium transport measured in vitro across the peritubular membrane of cortical collecting tubule. PMID- 7091321 TI - Impaired energy metabolism in rat myocardium during phosphate depletion. AB - The effects of phosphate depletion (PD) of 4, 8, and 12 wk duration on myocardial energy metabolism were studied in rats fed a phosphate-deficient diet and compared with rats pair-fed a normal phosphate diet. Myocardial biopsies were examined for high-energy phosphate bonds. The results show that PD causes a significant reduction in myocardial concentration of inorganic phosphorus at 4 wk of PD and creatine phosphate at 8 wk of PD, while adenine nucleotides were significantly reduced only after 12 wk of PD. The changes in cellular inorganic phosphorus and creatine phosphate displayed a significant correlation with serum phosphorus levels. Mitochondrial respiration was impaired early in PD. Total cellular, mitochondrial, and myofibrillar creatine kinase activities were significantly reduced at 4 wk of PD and fell further at 8 and 12 wk. These data show that chronic PD is associated with reduced mitochondrial capacity to produce ATP, impaired transport via the creatine phosphate shuttle, and reduced myofibrillar ability to utilize ATP. These abnormalities indicate that all steps of myocardial energetics are impaired in PD and provide the molecular basis for the altered myocardial function seen in PD. PMID- 7091322 TI - Tubular handling of Pi in young growing and adult rats. AB - The tubular transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is controlled by a parathyroid hormone-independent mechanism that responds to variations in the Pi intake. This adaptation mechanism could also respond to growth-mediated variation in the utilization of Pi by the organism. In the present work we have determined the maximal net Pi reabsorption per volume of glomerular filtrate (max TRPi/ml GF) in the young growing (2-mo) and adult 8- to 9-mo) rats. Max TRP[i/ml GF was significantly lower in intact adult (1.44 +/- 0.06 mumol/ml) compared with intact young growing animals (2.22 +/- 0.12 mumol/ml GF). This difference was maintained after removal of the thyroparathyroid glands; adult, 2.89 +/- 0.25, young, 4.56 +/- 0.25 mumol/ml. It was not associated with a difference in the urinary excretion of cAMP, GFR, renal handling of sodium, plasma calcium, or acid-base status. Administration of growth hormone preparations to adult rats did not raise max TRPi/ml GF to the level observed in young intact animals. With regard to the tubular Pi adaptation to Pi restriction, lowering the phosphorus content in the diet from 0.8 to 0.2 g/100 g resulted in an attenuated and delayed enhancement in max TRPi/ml in adult as compared with the response observed in young growing rats. These results show that the decrease in tubular reabsorption of Pi that occurs when rats become adult in a parathyroid hormone-independent phenomenon. It is suggested that this change is an adaptation of the tubular Pi transport to a reduction in the utilization of Pi in relation to the diminished growth rate of the animals. PMID- 7091323 TI - 2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport in dog kidney. AB - Osmotically active brush border membrane (BBM) and antiluminal membrane (ALM) vesicles prepared from dog kidney cortex were used to investigate transport of 2 deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). A parallel in vivo study was carried out using the pulse injection multiple indicator-dilution technique. Single-pass indicator-dilution experiments demonstrate both luminal and antiluminal interactions for 2DG. The antiluminal interaction is blocked by large systemic doses of phlorizin (100-200 mg/kg). With plasma glucose concentration in the range of 4-5 mM fractional luminal extraction of 2-[14C]DG relative to simultaneously filtered creatinine is 25 +/- 2%. This luminal extraction can be inhibited by raising plasma glucose concentration to approximately 30 mM and by administration of low systemic doses of phlorizin (6-8 mg/Kg). 2DG uptake into BBM vesicles equilibrates into the same intravesicular volume as D-glucose. A definite Na+ component of 2DG uptake can be defined which is more sensitive to inhibition by phlorizin than by phloretin and is also inhibited by D-glucose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside but not by L-glucose. But compared with D-glucose, the Na+-dependent BBM uptake of 2DG is greatly reduced. 2DG uptake into ALM vesicles is independent of Na+, is more sensitive to inhibition by phloretin than by phlorizin, and is also blocked by cytochalasin B but not by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside. Influx of 2-[14C] DG into ALM vesicles is increased by preloading with unlabeled D-glucose. Conversely influx of D[14C]glucose into ALM vesicles is accelerated by preloading with unlabeled 2DG. ALM influx of radiolabeled 2DG is accelerated by D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-galactose, and unlabeled 2DG but not by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside. The specificity of inhibition and countertransport results from in vivo and in vitro experiments are consistent with the proposal that 2DG shares a common carrier mechanism with D-glucose at each of the opposing membrane surfaces. PMID- 7091324 TI - Role of vasopressin in hypertension: studies using the Brattleboro rat. AB - Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were elevated in both one-kidney, one clip [1K-1C) and two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) hypertensive Long-Evans rats. Homozygous Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI), which are completely devoid of vasopressin, were made hypertensive using the 1K 1C Goldblatt models for renal hypertension. The 2K-1C DI rats developed hypertension at the same rate and to the same degree as normal 2K-1C hypertensive Long-Evans rats. The development of hypertension in 1K-1C DI rats was similar to the normal 1K-1C hypertensive Long-Evans rats. However, the absolute levels of systolic blood pressure reached were significantly less in the vasopressin deficient rats. Treatment with 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), the synthetic analogue of arginine vasopressin that has high antidiuretic but low pressor potencies, was associated with restoration of water balance in the volume depleted DI rats and also restored blood pressure to hypertensive levels equivalent to the 1K-1C Long-Evans rats. These studies suggest that vasopressin is not essential for the development of experimental renal hypertension in rats but may contribute to the absolute levels of systolic blood pressure reached through its properties as an antidiuretic hormone. PMID- 7091325 TI - Role of vasopressin in fetal homeostasis. AB - The role of vasopressin (VP) and the kidney in the maintenance of solute and volume homeostasis was studied in chronically instrumented fetal lambs during the third trimester. Plasma VP, urine and plasma osmolality, and urine output were measured in 74 simultaneous samples. The results show a strong positive nonlinear correlation between plasma VP and osmolality when a latter is higher than 290 mosmol/kg (r = 0.803, P = 0.03) and between plasma VP and urine osmolality (r = 0.806, P = 0.05). No correlation was found between fetal and maternal plasma VP. However, linear correlations were found in plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations between mother and fetus; mean maternal-fetal gradients were 4 mosmol/kg and 3.1 meq/liter, respectively. The highest values for plasma VP and osmolality found in our study were 7.0 pg/ml and 317 mosmol/kg, respectively. There values corresponded to urine output of 0.02 ml.kg-1.min-1 and osmolality of 517 mosmol/kg. In conclusion, there studies demonstrate that the relationship among plasma osmolality, plasma vasopressin concentration, and urine osmolality in the lamb fetus are qualitatively similar to those of the adult. The results suggest that the fetal neurohypophysis and kidney may participate in the maintenance of fetal osmolar and volume homeostasis. PMID- 7091326 TI - Molecular charge of horseradish peroxidase. PMID- 7091327 TI - Stimulation of ammonia production from glutamine by intraluminal glucose in small intestine of dogs. AB - Previous studies have shown that the quantity of ammonia derived from the small intestinal metabolism of arterial glutamine was equal to ammonia released by the colon. Little is known, however, about processes that may alter small intestinal glutamine metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraluminal, nonnitrogenous compounds on ammonia release into mesenteric venous blood and glutamine uptake from arterial blood by in situ intestinal segments in anesthetized, fasted dogs. In paired luminal perfusion studies, either 50 mM glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, or 3-hydroxybutyric acid was compared with a control perfusate containing 50 mM mannitol. In the jejunum, glucose perfusion significantly increased ammonia release into mesenteric venous blood by 21 +/- 5 nmol.min-1.g intestine-1 or 32 +/- 7% and glutamine uptake from arterial blood by 21 +/- 3 nmol.min-1.g intestine-1. Perfusion of ileum with glucose also significantly increased ammonia release by 8 +/- 1 nmol.min-1.g intestine-1 or 12 +/- 2% and glutamine uptake by 11 +/- 4 nmol.min-1.g intestine-1, although the increments were less than in the jejunum. Perfusion of the jejunum with 3 hydroxybutyric acid or nonmetabolizable 3-O-methylglucose caused no increase in ammonia release, even though glucose, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and 3-O methylglucose were absorbed at similar rates and there were similar increments in water absorption. The results indicated that glucose absorbed from the lumen of both the jejunum and ileum stimulated glutamine uptake from arterial blood and ammonia release into mesenteric venous blood. These effects were quantitatively greater in the jejunum. Stimulation of intestinal glutamine metabolism was probably related to cellular metabolism of glucose and could not be attributed to a stimulation of solute or water absorption. PMID- 7091328 TI - Horseradish peroxidase transport across adult rabbit jejunum in vitro. AB - Quantification and functional characteristics of intact protein uptake, metabolic behavior, and transmission across the intestinal wall were examined using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport through adult rabbit jejunum. Transepithelial HRP fluxes were determined with a modified Ussing apparatus. In Ringer solution, no significant difference was found between intact HRP fluxes from mucosa to serosa (JHRPm leads to s) and those from serosa to mucosa (JHRPs leads to m) (3.12 +/- 0.58 and 3.48 +/- 0.45 pmol.h-1.cm-2, respectively). In the presence of 10 mM glucose, slight net secretion was noted. The transport mechanism was shown to be sensitive to metabolic inhibitors, colchicine, and ammonia. Intracellular transfer and catabolism were estimated by measuring transepithelial fluxes of tritiated horseradish peroxidase (J[3H]HRP). Net absorption of 3H equivalent HRP (91 +/- 32 pmol.h-1.cm-2) occurred chiefly in the form of tritiated degraded catabolites of 2-4 kilodaltons. Comparison of the transepithelial fluxes of intact and 3H equivalent HRP made it possible to estimate that 97% of the HRP was degraded while crossing the tissue from mucosa to serosa and 88% while crossing from serosa to mucosa. The saturable absorption observed for JHRPm leads to s became a nonsaturable process for J[3H]HRPm leads to s. These results fit the existence of at least two functional pathways for intestinal protein transport. The main route seems to involve endocytosis, with striking intracellular degradation, possibly during passage through the lysosomal system. The HRP that escapes metabolic degradation is transported by an alternative route requiring the structural and metabolic integrity of the epithelial cells. Although this route only accounts for a small fraction of HRP transport, it may be of immunological importance. PMID- 7091329 TI - Regulation of oxygen uptake in resting and pentagastrin-stimulated canine stomach. AB - The relation between oxygen uptake and blood flow in the isolated dog stomach was investigated under resting conditions and during intra-arterial infusion of isoproterenol or pentagastrin. Blood flows above and below control values were achieved by pump perfusion and partial arterial occlusion, respectively. In the resting stomach oxygen uptake increased from 0.4 to 1.5 ml.min-1.100 g-1 as blood flow increased from 4 to 40 ml.min-1.100 g-1 and then remained constant for blood flows up to 100 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Isoproterenol did not significantly alter the relation between oxygen uptake and blood flow. In pentagastrin-stimulated stomachs oxygen uptake was maintained at 2.5 ml.min-1.100 g-1 at blood flows between 40 and 100 ml.min-1.100 g-1 and decreased at blood flows below 40 ml.min 1.100 g-1. The results indicate that pentagastrin increases oxidative metabolism in the stomach. Despite this increase in oxygen consumption with pentagastrin, the general shape of the relation between blood flow and oxygen uptake remained the same and was simply displaced vertically above the control data. PMID- 7091330 TI - Role of exchange vessels in the regulation of intestinal oxygenation. AB - The contribution of changes in capillary exchange capacity to local regulation of oxygen uptake was assessed in the cat small intestine. Oxygen extraction, oxygen uptake, and the capillary filtration coefficient (KF,C) were measured at blood flows ranging between 4 and 70 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Blood flow was altered via pump perfusion or partial arterial occlusion. Both oxygen extraction and capillary exchange capacity (KF,C) increased progressively as blood flow was reduced in a stepwise fashion. Oxygen uptake remained constant between blood flows of 30 and 70 ml.min-1.100 g-1, yet it decreased progressively as blood flow was reduced below 30 ml.min-1.100 g-1. These findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic modulation of intestinal oxygen extraction is mediated by vascular elements that govern capillary exchange capacity. PMID- 7091331 TI - Mechanism of cycling of migrating myoelectric complexes: effect of morphine. AB - Morphine was injected intravenously at various phases of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) cycle to study the oscillatory characteristics of MMCs by the premature initiation of phase IIIs. All injection timings were represented as a percentage of the normal MMC period at the most proximal duodenal electrode. During the initial 20% of the MMC cycle, the mechanism of initiation of MMCs was in an absolutely refractory state in the sense that a supramaximal dose of morphine (200-300 micrograms/kg) did not initiate a premature phase III. During the remainder of the MMC cycle, the control mechanism was in a relatively refractory state. As this state progressed, premature phase III activity was initiated with diminishing doses of morphine. This was called the relatively refractory state. The initiation of a premature phase III by morphine did not affect the phase III already in progress, except that its propagation velocity was increased. Truncal vagotomy did not affect the refractory characteristics of MMCs or the action of morphine. Only large doses of naloxone (2 mg/kg) blocked the above action of morphine. The study shows that the MMC cyclic phenomenon has the characteristics of relaxation oscillators that may result from enteric neural biological clocks. The period of these oscillators can be altered by stimulants such as morphine. PMID- 7091332 TI - Pancreatic circulation: intrinsic regulation. AB - The purpose of the present study was to characterize the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the regulation of blood flow and oxygenation in the totally isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Arterial pressure, venous outflow pressure, blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and capillary filtration coefficient were measured during graded arterial pressure reductions and venous pressure elevation. Reductions in arterial pressure caused pancreatic blood flow and vascular resistance to decrease, whereas venous pressure elevation resulted in a decreased blood flow and increased vascular resistance. The reductions in blood flow produced by arterial and venous pressure alterations were associated with increases in oxygen extraction and capillary filtration coefficient. During the same pressure perturbations, oxygen uptake remained constant between blood flows of 40-100 ml.min-1.100 g-1, yet decreased progressively as blood flow was reduced below 40 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Arterial occlusion resulted in a postocclusive reactive hyperemia, the magnitude of which was related to the duration of occlusion. The findings of this study suggest that intrinsic regulation of pancreatic blood flow can be attributed to both metabolic and myogenic mechanisms. Resistance and exchange vessels both appear to play a role in the regulation of oxygen delivery to the pancreatic parenchyma. PMID- 7091333 TI - Duodenogastric reflux in the dog. AB - Duodenogastric reflux, gastric emptying, and gastric secretion were measured simultaneously by a double-marker technique after instillation of a liquid lipid meal (300 ml Intralipid) or a protein meal (300 ml Bactopeptone) in five trained mongrel dogs. A lipid meal was emptied slower and elicited less volume secretion than a protein meal. Duodenogastric reflux rate and intragastric accumulation of duodenal contents were similar with both meals. Intravenous infusion of atropine slowed gastric emptying and inhibited gastric volume secretion only in the case of protein meal. Atropine increased duodenogastric reflux rate and gastric accumulation of duodenal contents with both protein and lipid meals. The percentage of duodenal contents inside the stomach increased continuously during gastric emptying; it did not exceed 20% with both meals given alone and 40% with both meals given together with atropine. It is concluded that duodenogastric reflux and gastric accumulation of duodenal contents are common phenomena during gastric digestion of a meal. The degree of such accumulation does not depend on the type of meal. Intragastric accumulation of duodenal contents is increased when duodenogastric reflux rate is stimulated and when gastric emptying rate is inhibited simultaneously. PMID- 7091334 TI - Effects of atropine on the action and release of secretin in humans. AB - Using two groups of volunteers, we investigated the effects of atropine on pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate, protein, and trypsin stimulated by secretin. Secretin given intravenously in graded doses of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.125 clinical units.kg-1.h-1 produced significant increases in pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate in a dose-related manner. Pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein was significantly suppressed by intravenous atropine, despite the dose of secretin infused. Intrajejunal perfusion of HCl at a rate of 3.3 mM/h, producing plasma secretin concentration comparable with that of the postprandial state, resulted in significant increases in the pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate. The increase in the pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and trypsin was significantly suppressed by atropine. However, atropine did not affect the increase in the plasma secretin concentration produced by jejunal acidification or intravenous secretin. These studies indicate that atropine inhibits the pancreatic effect but not the intestinal release of secretin. PMID- 7091336 TI - Chloride transport by intact rat liver and cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - Chloride is the predominant inorganic anion in bile, and it has been proposed that active chloride transport, possibly via a sodium-coupled mechanism, may contribute to that portion of canalicular bile formation not directly related to bile acid transport (bile acid-dependent bile formation or BAIBF). We have therefore examined the anion specificity of BAIBF using the isolated perfused rat liver and have studied sodium-chloride flux coupling and the sodium dependence of intracellular chloride content using 22Na and 36Cl transport by cultured rat hepatocytes. BAIBF by the isolated rat liver was unaltered by replacement of chloride with nitrate or benzenesulfonate but was significantly reduced by replacement of chloride with sulfate or thiocyanate. In cultured hepatocytes, sodium entry rate was reduced when chloride in the incubation medium was replaced by cyclamate, benzenesulfonate, or sulfate and mannitol but was unaffected when chloride was replaced by nitrate, gluconate, or thiocyanate. Conversely, chloride entry rate was decreased when sodium was replaced with choline but was unaffected when sodium was replaced by lithium or when ouabain was added to the medium. Thus no consistent evidence of sodium-chloride flux coupling was observed. Steady state exchangeable intracellular chloride in the cultured hepatocytes was unaffected by ouabain or by replacement of sodium with choline and was increased when sodium was replaced by lithium. These findings indicate that basal BAIBF exhibits no specific chloride requirement. Although they do not exclude the possible existence in rat liver of sodium-coupled chloride transport, they provide no evidence that such a mechanism accounts for a major portion either of chloride transport by individual rat hepatocytes or of basal BAIBF by intact rat liver. PMID- 7091337 TI - Glucose absorption by in vitro perfused ileum of the fetal rat. AB - In vitro intraluminal perfusion of the fetal rat ileum at 19 and 20 days of gestation was employed to measure the rate of glucose absorption and the unidirectional fluxes of 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG). Fetal ileum was mounted on pipettes within an oxygenated bath and perfused with a solution containing glucose or 3-O-MG and polyethylene glycol with average molecular weight of 4,000 (PEG) as a marker substance. We verified that the PEG was not transported and did not diffuse across the fetal ileum. Scanning and electron microscopy before and after perfusion demonstrated preservation of mucosal anatomy. The rate of glucose absorption was 200 +/- 17 mumol.h-1.g-1 at 19 days and increased significantly to 378 +/- 12 mumol.h-1.g-1 at 20 days. The absence of sodium abolished this process. The flux of 3-O-MG from lumen to bath was 88 +/- 10 mumol.h-1.g-1 at 19 days and 160 +/- 16 mumol.h-1.g-1 at 20 days. Bath-to-lumen flux was -17 +/- 2 mumol.h-1.g-1 and did not vary with age. Active, rapidly developing transport of glucose and 3-O-MG is demonstrated by in vitro luminal perfusion of the fetal rat ileum at 19 days. PMID- 7091338 TI - Minute rhythm of electrical spike bursts of the small intestine in different species. AB - Electrical activity of propagating spike bursts recurring at minute intervals was recorded from the small intestine by chronically implanted electrodes in the rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, and pig. This "minute rhythm" has been recorded previously from the intact human small intestine. It occurs in the jejunum with a period duration of 0.5-2.0 min in all species examined. The minute rhythm was accompanied by pressure waves propagating over a short distance, and the activity was most prominent before the onset of phase III of the myoelectric complex. The minute rhythm was activated by the infusion of saline in the jejunum, and it may possibly reflect a normal mechanism for the transport of fluid content. PMID- 7091335 TI - Evidence for electrogenic Na-Cl symport in the in vitro frog stomach. AB - The transmucosal potential difference (PD) response to step changes in Na+ (choline or Mg2+ for Na+) in the nutrient fluid was studied. Decreasing the Na+ concentration in the nutrient fluid decreased the positivity of the nutrient side, and increasing the Na+ concentration increased the positivity. This effect is anomalous because it is opposite to that of a simple Na+ conductive pathway but right for a choline or Mg2+ conductive pathway. The lack of linearity of delta PD versus the log of the choline concentration ruled out a choline conductive pathway. An approximate linear relation was obtained for Na+. The anomalous PD response for Na+ was reduced but not abolished in 1) K+-free bathing fluids and 2) 10(-3) M ouabain in nutrient fluid. Changing the Cl- concentration in nutrient fluid gave normal PD responses, which were reduced in the absence of Na+. These results are attributed to a passive electrogenic Na-Cl symport. Theoretical considerations, for p Na+ and q Cl- transported per cycle (with q greater than p), predict an anomalous delta PD for Na+ concentration changes and a normal delta PD for Cl- concentration changes. PMID- 7091339 TI - Continuous measurement of intestinal mucosal blood flow by laser-Doppler velocimetry. AB - To measure blood flow in the intestinal mucosa we built a laser-Doppler flowmeter that consists of a helium-neon laser, an electronic circuit, and a pair of fiber optic light guides that conduct laser light to the tissue and carry the backscattered light to a photodetector. Because light scattered by moving red blood cells experiences a shift in its frequency, we measured blood flow by detecting the mean Doppler frequency. In isolated loops of canine small bowel, we raised perfusion pressure and found the increases in laser mucosal blood flow were significantly correlated with total blood flow measured by an electromagnetic probe. During infusions of isoproterenol (a selective vasodilator of the mucosa), laser mucosal blood flow increased before total flow increased. Similarly, adenosine (a selective dilator of the muscularis) increased total flow, whereas local mucosal blood flow fell or was unchanged. In addition, reactive hyperemia was sometimes observed in the mucosa but not in the muscularis. These observations indicate that the laser-Doppler technique measures blood flow in the surface tissue and does not reflect blood flow throughout the other tissues of the bowel wall. Instrumental problems identified in this study were 1) the difficulty of calibrating the laser mucosal blood flowmeter in absolute units, 2) the uncertainty of the volume of tissue in which local mucosal blood flow is measured, and 3) the problem of maintaining contact between the optical probe and the tissue. Nevertheless, the method holds great promise because it can detect small ischemic areas, because it could be used in combination with endoscopy, and because it yields a continuous measurement of blood flow in either the muscularis or mucosa. PMID- 7091340 TI - Active hepatic capacitance responses to neural and humoral stimuli in dogs. AB - Active changes in hepatic capacitance were studied in pump-perfused dog livers during hepatic nerve stimulation or during intrahepatic arterial infusion of histamine (0.01-1 mg/l) or epinephrine (0.05 mg/l). Hepatic nerve stimulation at 5 pulses/s (pps) reduced hepatic blood volume by 76 +/- 39 (SD) ml/kg tissue and decreased the apparent hepatic compliance 36% from a control value of 25.6 +/- 9.3 ml.kg-1.mmHg-1, with constant flow perfusion. With a constant hepatic arterial pressure, 5 pps stimulation decreased hepatic arterial flow to 16% of control; the volume expelled was 91 +/- 33 ml/kg. Epinephrine caused hepatic artery constriction, the active expulsion of 71 ml/kg of blood, and a decrease of about 30% in hepatic compliance. Histamine dramatically reduced the hepatic vascular compliance, decreased the portal venous conductance, increased hepatic arterial conductance, and caused the apparent hepatic blood volume to double. Increased hepatic venous pressure, hepatic nerve stimulation, epinephrine, and, especially, histamine caused a significant filtration of fluid from the hepatic vasculature. We conclude that significant active capacitance changes and transsinusoidal fluid filtration can be induced in the canine liver by neural and hormonal stimuli. PMID- 7091341 TI - Contracture of isolated rat heart cells on anaerobic to aerobic transition. AB - Adult rat heart myocytes prepared by collagenase perfusion show a progressive loss of adenylate energy charge and total adenine nucleotide as a function of time of anaerobic incubation in the absence of glucose. Re-aeration of the rod shaped anaerobic cells produces a population of viable rounded cells in hypercontracture. The round cells show extensive morphological dislocations but remain metabolically competent in that they 1) restore adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels to the extent permitted by the depleted adenine nucleotide pool: 2) reestablish a low Na+-K+ ratio; and 3) restore creatine phosphate to 73% of control. The hypercontracture on re-aeration of anaerobic myocytes closely resembles an analogous contracture of heart cells in situ produced when hypoxic perfused hearts are reoxygenated, the so-called "oxygen paradox." Both processes are eliminated by inclusion of glucose during the anaerobic phase and by inhibitors of respiration and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation added before reoxygenation. Mitochondria in the hypercontracted myocytes retain high acceptor control ratios. Contracture on re-aeration occurs to nearly the same extent in the presence of either mM Ca2+ or 0.1 mM EGTA. Contracture appears related to dislocations in intracellular Ca metabolism that result from the declining energy charge and depleted nucleotide pool produced during anoxic incubation. PMID- 7091342 TI - DNA synthesis in coronary collaterals after coronary artery occlusion in conscious dog. AB - With [3H]thymidine, DNA synthetic activity in coronary collateral arterioles was assessed in dogs subjected to progressive stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery for different periods (36 h-5 days). Coronary flow, reactive hyperemia, and pressure gradient (aortic pressure, peripheral coronary pressure) were measured. Normal animals and animals with sham operations served as controls. Labeling of nuclei was seen in seven of the constricted dogs. Proliferative activity was highest at the level of the smallest diameters of the collateral vessels (midzone). There was heavy labeling in intima and media. Adventitial and myocardial mesenchymal cells also incorporated [3H]thymidine. No radioactive DNA was found in control animals. The data suggest that the active growth process in collaterals after constriction of the left circumflex coronary artery appears early, as there is evidence of collateral growth after 36 h of constriction. Peak growth as evidenced by [3H]thymidine incorporation was reached when the occlusion period was 4 days. PMID- 7091343 TI - Effects of increased venous pressure on albumin- and IgG-excluded volumes in skin. AB - The effect of increased venous pressure on the exclusion of plasma albumin and gamma-immunoglobulin G (IgG) in skin interstitium was studied in anesthetized rabbits. In eight rabbits, venous pressure in the left leg was increased from 7 to 26 mmHg, while the right leg served as a control. Samples of plasma and prenodal popliteal lymph were collected for 4 h before taking samples of heel skin. The extracellular and plasma spaces in the tissue samples were measured using 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 125I-labeled human serum albumin, respectively. The protein spaces were calculated from measurements of endogenous albumin and IgG concentrations using rocket electroimmunoassay. For control skin, albumin and IgG were both excluded from 50% of the interstitial space. The interstitial space after venous congestion was increased 1.4 times control. There was a washout of interstitial albumin and no change in the albumin excluded volume fraction. For IgG, there was no change in the extravascular mass and a decrease in the excluded volume fraction. Changes in the interstitial gel matrix of skin were different from those in visceral organs and consistent with a greater amount of collagen. PMID- 7091344 TI - Effects of increased venous pressure on albumin- and IgG-excluded volumes in muscle. AB - The effect of elevated venous pressure on the extravascular distribution space of albumin and gamma-immunoglobulin G (IgG) in muscle was studied in anesthetized rabbits. In nine rabbits, venous pressure in one leg was increased from 8 to 28 mmHg while the other leg served as a control. Samples of plasma and prenodal muscle lymph were collected for 4 h before taking samples of the gastrocnemius muscle. Lymph was collected from a femoral lymphatic after ligating the popliteal efferent lymphatic. The extracellular and plasma spaces in the tissue samples were measured using 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 125I human serum albumin, respectively. The protein spaces were calculated from measurements of endogenous albumin and IgG concentrations using rocket electroimmunoassay. Albumin and IgG were both excluded from 50% of the interstitial space at lymph concentration. After venous congestion, the interstitial volume was twice that of control. Lymph flow increased from 0.82 +/- 0.18 to 4.44 +/- 0.64 microliters/min. The extravascular mass of albumin and IgG increased. There was no change in the excluded volume fraction for albumin but a decrease in that for IgG. Changes in interstitial protein exclusion in skeletal muscle after pressure elevation may not be important in oncotic buffering of the edema. PMID- 7091345 TI - Response of large hindlimb veins of dog to aortic arch chemoreceptor stimulation. AB - Experiments were performed in chloralose-anesthetized dogs to examine the reflex effects on tone in the saphenous vein of stimulating the aortic arch chemoreceptors. The saphenous vein was perfused with cooled (30 degrees C) aortic blood at constant flow, and perfusion pressure was measured. In 13 animals the aortic arch chemoreceptors were stimulated by injection of cyanide (0.1 mg/kg) into the root of the aorta. Cyanide caused a decrease (20 +/- 2 mmHg) in saphenous vein perfusion pressure and an increase (44 +/- 4) in aortic pressure. These changes that occurred subsequent to aortic root cyanide injections were abolished by vagotomy or section of the aortic nerves (afferent pathway); section of the lumbar sympathetic chain at L4 and L5 abolished the dilator response of the vein (efferent pathway) but did not alter the increase in aortic pressure. Four dogs were prepared for cardiopulmonary bypass and separate perfusion of the systemic circulation and the isolated aortic arch. Delivery of hypoxic hypercapnic blood to the isolated aortic arch caused a dilation of the saphenous vein and an increase in systemic arterial perfusion pressure. From these results we conclude that cutaneous venomotor tone can be reflexly reduced through the aortic chemoreflex. PMID- 7091346 TI - Effects of left atrial stretch in cardiac-denervated and intact conscious dogs. AB - We monitored cardiovascular and renal function in conscious dogs with surgically denervated hearts during two experimental procedures: 1) inflation of a balloon in the left atrium and 2) intravascular volume expansion. The results obtained were compared with results from identical experiments on sham-operated control dogs. Left atrial balloon inflation in the sham-operated dogs produced an increase in left atrial pressure, heart rate, urine flow, and sodium excretion; central venous pressure decreased. These changes were absent in the cardiac denervated dogs. Infusion of 6% dextran in isotonic saline (16% of estimated blood volume) increased the heart rate significantly in the control dogs but not in the cardiac-denervated dogs; other hemodynamic measurements were comparable in the two groups. Urine flow and sodium excretion increased significantly in both the cardiac-denervated and control dogs; the responses did not differ significantly between the two groups. These experiments demonstrate that inflation of a balloon in the left atrium of a conscious dog elicits diuretic and natriuretic responses that are dependent on intact cardiac neural pathways, presumably specifically dependent on afferent neural impulses from left atrial receptors. On the other hand, an increase in circulating blood volume induced by the intravenous infusion of an isotonic, isoncotic solution elicits diuretic and natriuretic responses in the cardiac-denervated dog that are similar to the renal responses produced in a control dog. Thus, although cardiac receptors are capable of eliciting reflex changes in both hemodynamics and renal function, it is not clear what role they play in mediating the renal responses evoked by increases in blood volume. PMID- 7091347 TI - Effect of ischemia on mechanical function and high-energy phosphates in rabbit myocardium. AB - This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on myocardial mechanical function and high-energy phosphates in the neonate. All studies were performed utilizing the isolated arterially perfused septal preparation of newborn and adult rabbit hearts that were maintained at 27, 33, or 37 degrees C and paced at 90 beats/min. After mechanical function had been stabilized, 60 min of global ischemia was induced and was followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The muscle was kept in a humidified, warm, oxygen-poor atmosphere. During ischemia, developed tension (DT) and maximal rate of tension development (+dT/dtmax) declined at the same rate in the newborn and the adult, and the values at the end of ischemia were not significantly different from 0. The resting tension (RT) increased significantly in the two age groups during ischemia, but the increase in the newborn was significantly less than that in the adult. After 60 min of reperfusion, the recovery of +dT/dtmax in the newborn was significantly greater than that in the adult at each temperature. Tissue ATP content in the newborn was significantly greater than that in the adult, both at the end of ischemia and after reperfusion. Importantly, a significant correlation (r = 0.90) between the recovery of +dT/dtmax and tissue ATP content was found. These data indicate that 1) the newborn myocardium is more resistant to ischemia than the adult myocardium and 2) this resistance might be explained by less depletion of myocardial ATP levels during ischemia. PMID- 7091349 TI - Fluid dynamics of the mitral valve: physiological aspects of a mathematical model. AB - This paper presents a computational method that can be used to study the fluid computational method that can be used to study the fluid dynamics of the natural or prosthetic mitral valve in a computer test chamber with contractile muscular walls that model the left side of the heart. Having solved the equations of motion and predicted the performance of the valve, the computer presents the results in terms of flow patterns (streamlines), pressure-contour plots, and graphs of velocity, pressure, flow, tension, and distance as functions of time. Predicted echocardiograms and phonocardiograms are also generated by the computer. These predictions are compared with the results of animal experiments, and the method is used to study the diastolic role of the chordae tendineae, the pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse syndrome, and the fluid dynamics of pivoting disc valves. Our results support the hypothesis that the chordae have a functional role during diastole. The results also establish a computer model of mitral prolapse, which should be useful in functional studies of that condition, and show that the position of the pivot point and the curvature of the occluder can have a profound effect on the angle of opening of pivoting disc valves. These studies illustrate the applications of the method in physiology, pathophysiology, and prosthetic valve design. PMID- 7091348 TI - Endogenous triacylglycerol metabolism in diabetic heart. AB - The metabolism of endogenous triacylglycerols (TG) was studied in perfused working hearts of control and 12-day-old streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. TG synthesis was assessed by the incorporation of exogenous [9,10(-3)H]palmitate. TG lipolysis was assessed by the following two methods: 1) measurement of the decrease in [14C]TG after prior in vivo isotopic prelabeling with [1 14C]palmitate and 2) calculation of the change in TG content as TG synthesis minus TG lipolysis. Control and diabetic hearts were perfused with buffer containing substrate concentrations characteristic of the in vivo state [normal: 9 mM glucose, 0.5 mM free fatty acid (FFA); diabetic: 27 mM glucose, 1.2 mM FFA]. Diabetic hearts were also perfused under normal substrate conditions. In diabetic hearts perfused under diabetic conditions elevated TG levels were maintained, lipolysis was reduced or unchanged (depending on the method of determination), and synthesis was enhanced. Oxidation of TG fatty acids (TGFA) was not impaired. Control hearts showed net lipolysis coupled with lower rates of exogenous FFA uptake and TG synthesis. In diabetic hearts perfused under normal substrate conditions lipolysis and TGFA oxidation were markedly enhanced. Thus we suggest that the basis of TG accumulation seen in the diabetic heart is due to both inhibition of lipolysis and enhancement of synthesis resulting from high levels of exogenous FFA and glucose. PMID- 7091350 TI - Measurement of coronary sinus blood flow by fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometry. AB - The Doppler shift of a laser has been used to measure the velocity of blood in the coronary sinus of the dog. The laser was delivered along a fine fiber-optic probe, which was also used to receive the reflected light. The Doppler shift was measured from the output of a digital spectrum analyzer. This measurement, proportional to the velocity of blood, was correlated with the blood flow measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter. Studies were performed on 112 successful maneuvers in eight consecutive anesthetized dogs. In the minimally damped electromagnetic flow traces, the correlation between coronary sinus blood flow velocity and coronary sinus blood flow was high (r greater than 0.95). This measurement will give absolute flow values only if the exact dimensions of the coronary sinus are known. The linear relationship of coronary sinus velocity and flow supports the postulate that coronary sinus dimension remains similar during normal and high flows. This technique, fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometry, is an accurate measure of relative coronary sinus blood flow. It is suitable for use in human coronary sinuses, especially to monitor the effect of interventions. PMID- 7091351 TI - Detection of takeoff potential from intracellular recordings. AB - The measurement of takeoff potential from intracellular recordings of the cardiac action potential may be useful in the study of the cardiac action potential may be useful in the study of spontaneous automaticity and of the effects of cardioactive drugs on active propagation. We describe a circuit capable of detecting and storing the membrane potential at a point where the slope of the membrane potential exceeds a preset value. The capability of this circuit to track the takeoff potential was tested using intracellular recordings from cardiac Purkinje fibers during spontaneous automaticity as well as during electrical stimulation. PMID- 7091352 TI - Beat-by-beat control of cardiac output in awake dogs with atrioventricular block. AB - In dogs with atrioventricular block and implanted ascending aortic flow probes, cardiac output can be controlled on each beta. The procedure is implemented through on-line use of a digital computer. The algorithm has three steps: 1) aortic flow is measured and integrated to give stroke volume; 2) at the end of ejection, the program computes how long the current beat must be to keep cardiac output at a target level; and 3) the ventricle is stimulated at the proper time. Cardiac output can be controlled over a range of 60-110% of normal in a resting dog. This range can be expanded by combining hemorrhage or volume infusion with the control procedure. PMID- 7091353 TI - Mechanism of higher oxygen consumption rate: pressure-loaded vs. volume-loaded heart. AB - The greater cardiac oxygen consumption (VO2) under pressure than under volume load has been accounted for by the greater ventricular wall force under pressure load. We cannot fully agree with this because the wall force has not always been uniquely correlated with VO2. We attempted to account for the greater VO2 under pressure load by the ventricular systolic pressure-volume area (PVA), which we previously showed uniquely correlated with VO2. In isolated supported canine hearts, we produced servo-controlled ejecting contractions the stroke work (SW) of which was doubled from control by doubling ejection pressure (P) with comparable stroke volume (SV) and by doubling Sv with comparable P. Despite comparable increments in SW from 370 to 680 mmHg.ml under two different loads, VO2 and PVA increased significantly more under pressure load (from 0.033 ml O2/beat and 800 mmHg.ml to 0.0560 and 1,800, respectively) than under volume load (increasing to 0.038 and 1,200, respectively; P less than 0.01). These results suggested to us a new mechanism underlying the greater VO2 under pressure load. PMID- 7091355 TI - Reflex cardiovascular depression induced by capsaicin injection into canine liver. AB - Capsaicin was injected into the portal circulation of 29 dogs after a blood delay pathway was constructed between the liver and right heart, through which capsaicin-contaminated blood could be replaced while systemic hemodynamics were maintained constant. Capsaicin (500 micrograms) rapidly decreased left ventricular systolic pressure (-10%), mean arterial pressure (-12%), heart rate ( 4%), renal vascular resistance (-7%), maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dtmax) (-12%), and dP/dt at 25 mmHg developed left ventricular pressure (-15%) in animals with paced hearts. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure did not change. Vagus nerve interruption at the level of the diaphragm did not alter hemodynamic changes occurring during capsaicin injections, but anterior hepatic nerve interruption eliminated the changes, suggesting that the cardiovascular responses were reflex in origin and that the principal afferent pathway traverses the hepatic nerve. This study demonstrates that activation of afferent fiber receptors within the liver tissue can contribute to neural regulation of the cardiovascular system, but the natural stimulus for these receptors is not known. PMID- 7091354 TI - Lack of influence of potassium or osmolality on steady-state exercise hyperemia. AB - Hyperkalemia, hyperosmolality, and hypoxia are known to have synergistic vasodilatory effects on resting skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of hyperkalemia and hyperosmolality in the hyperemia accompanying steady-state muscle exercise. Denervated dog gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles were perfused at constant pressure. Blood flow (Q), oxygen consumption (VO2), and venous potassium ion concentration ([K+]), osmolarity (OSM), and oxygen tension (PO2) were measured during steady-state exercise at rates between rest and 6 Hz. In control experiments the transition from rest to 6-Hz exercise resulted in large increases in VO2 and Q but modest increases in venous [K+] (+0.7 +/- 0.2 meq/l) and OSM (+6.1 +/- 1.2 mosmol/kg). Increasing venous [K+] by 2.3 meq/l by intra-arterial infusion of isotonic KCl had no steady-state effect on resting Q, nor did it alter the relationship of Q to VO2 or PO2 during exercise. Similarly, increasing venous OSM by 13 mosmol/kg by hypertonic saline infusion produced no alterations in steady-state exercise hyperemia. These findings indicate that neither local hyperkalemia nor hyperosmolality plays a significant role in sustaining the hyperemia of steady-state exercise. PMID- 7091356 TI - Segmental renal vascular resistance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Renal hemodynamics were studied during different stages of development of hypertension in unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In SHR at 4 wks of age mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher than in age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY); however, renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were not different between these two groups. Mean values of RVR and MAP in 8- and 12-wk-old SHR were significantly greater than those of age-matched WKY. Both RBF of 8- and 12-wk-old SHR were significantly lower than the corresponding values of WKY. Afferent arteriolar diameter (AAD) was measured with a microsphere method. AAD was not different between 4-wk-old SHR and WKY; however, the AAD of 8 wk-old (16.3 +/- 0.23 micrometers, n = 5) and 12-wk-old (17.4 +/- 0.48, n = 5) SHR were significantly smaller than those of respective control WKY (17.3 +/- 0.34, n = 4, P less than 0.05; 19.3 +/- 0.12, n = 5, P less than 0.01). Calculated preglomerular (Rpre) and postglomerular resistances (Rpost) of 12-wk old SHR were increased 96 and 129% when compared with respective segmental resistances of the control WKY. The decrease in AAD of 12-wk-old SHR was sufficient to account for a 33% increase in Rpre. After the rats were treated with hydralazine (0.5 mg/kg iv), MAP, RBF, and RVR of SHR were not different from the control WKY values. Rpre and Rpost of SHR were substantially decreased; however, vasodilation occurred at vessels proximal and distal to the afferent arteriole because AAD was not altered. Our results indicate that increased RVR in SHR involves increases in Rpre and Rpost. PMID- 7091357 TI - Effect of tetrodotoxin on membrane potentials and active tone in vascular smooth muscle. AB - The suitability of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for studies of the neural control of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone in the microcirculation was evaluated by determining 1) whether TTX blockade of neural input to adrenergically innervated VSM is reversible and 2) whether TTX depresses active VSM tone directly. Diameters of rat mesenteric veins and third- and fourth-order arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch were measured by image splitting. VSM transmembrane potentials (Em) were measured with microelectrodes in rat mesenteric veins. In the veins TTX suffusion (10(-6) g/ml) resulted in dilation and reversible Em hyperpolarization. TTX also reversibly blocked the venoconstrictor response to perivascular nerve stimulation. TTX had no effect on the resting tone of hamster arterioles or on arteriolar constriction in response to increased oxygen availability. TTX did not affect the response to norepinephrine in either preparation. This study indicates that TTX specifically and reversibly blocks VSM responses to neural activation but that it has no direct depressant effect on resting VSM tone or active constriction in response to nonneural activation. PMID- 7091358 TI - Regional myocardial function and metabolism during acute coronary artery occlusion. AB - Regional changes in myocardial function and oxidative metabolism during acute coronary artery occlusion were recorded spectrophotometrically by incorporating fiber optics in the isolated rat heart perfused by Langendorff's procedure. Oxygen saturation of myoglobin, reduction of cytochrome aa3, and the dynamic wall thickness of the left ventricle were continuously and concurrently measured from absorbancy increments at 581-592 nm, 605-630 nm, and 568-592 nm, respectively. In contrast to a gradual decrease in the extent of systolic wall thickening in anoxia, observed decreases in both the extent and the duration of systolic wall thickening and the appearance of a late systolic bulge occurred within 5 s after the onset of regional ischemia. After 10 s of both anoxia and regional ischemia, oxygen saturation of myoglobin decreased by 50%, but fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide remained at aerobic level which indicated that mitochondrial oxidative energy production might still be maintained. Thus early and pronounced dysfunction of the ischemic region appeared to precede a substantial loss of ATP production. PMID- 7091359 TI - Regional blood flows measured in Mongolian gerbil by a modified microsphere method. AB - Regional blood flow to major organs and regional cerebral blood flow were determined in seven anesthetized male gerbils by a modified microsphere method. Carbonized microspheres, 15 micrometers in diameter and labeled with 85Sr or 141Ce, were injected into the left ventricle by cardiac puncture through the closed thorax, and reference samples of known volume were withdrawn from tail artery cannula. No significant hemodynamic alterations were observed during microsphere administration, and extraction of 15-micrometers microspheres by the pulmonary or systemic capillary beds was nearly 100%. The adequacy of mixing of microspheres in the left ventricle was also validated. The absolute regional blood flow to various organs and regional cerebral blood flow were expressed in terms of milliliters per minute per gram tissue weight, and the values mostly agreed with those reported previously in rats. The results indicate that the reference sample method can be applied to the gerbil. This method should allow the gerbil, which is an animal widely used in stroke research, to be conveniently used for hemodynamic studies when organ blood flow and regional cerebral blood flow are necessary. PMID- 7091360 TI - Effect of GABA and isogabaculine on ornithine decarboxylase and putrescine metabolism. AB - Isogabaculine (3-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienyl carboxylic acid; RMI 71,932), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, when added to mouse neuroblastoma cells in spinner culture at the time of induction of cell proliferation, increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity threefold above that of normal control cells and twofold above that of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-treated cells. Isogabaculine did not affect ODC activity of rat glioma (C6) or rat hepatoma (HTC) cells. As determined by half-life measurements of ODC and intracellular GABA concentrations, isogabaculine apparently has a direct stabilizing effect on ODC in neuroblastoma cells that is unrelated to the accumulation of GABA due to GABA transaminase inhibition. Putrescine metabolism to GABA or spermidine was determined in C6, HTC, and neuroblastoma cells in the presence or absence of isogabaculine and/or GABA. Neither GABA nor isogabaculine treatment dramatically altered the metabolism of putrescine to GABA or spermidine in neuroblastoma, C6 glioma, or HTC cells. However, the appreciable amount of labeled GABA formed from putrescine indicated that this metabolic route may be more important than was previously thought. PMID- 7091361 TI - Placental amino acid uptake. VI. Regulation by intracellular substrate. AB - Amino acid uptake by human placental tissue is regulated by intracellular amino acids. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake was reduced at intracellular AIB concentrations of 0.8 mM. The magnitude of reduction increased sharply between 1 and 3 mM and reached a maximum of 45% at 5 mM. Suppression was specific to the "A" system. It occurred only when both the amino acid used for preloading and that used as an uptake substrate were active with that system. In the "L" system, facilitation apparently occurs, and in the "ASC" system there is no apparent effect. The system specificity as well as other evidence indicated that suppression is caused by substrate present intracellularly rather than by dilution of extracellular substrate. Suppression was independent of inhibitors of protein synthesis and was not seen in membrane vesicles prepared from preloaded tissue, indicating that intracellular substrate interacts directly with the carrier (transinhibition) rather than altering its synthesis or degradation. The A system transinhibition has the potential to regulate syncytial uptake in vivo and limit variation due to changes in maternal plasma amino acid concentration. PMID- 7091362 TI - Influence of hypothermia on intracellular pH during anoxia. AB - Among the biochemical processes initiated by anoxia or ischemia that play a central role in cellular injury during deprivation is an alteration in cellular hydrogen ion concentration. In this study, the rate of exchange of intracellular hydrogen ion concentration in canine brain was compared with that in liver, using the 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione method during anoxia at 37 and at 20 degrees C. The intracellular pH of brain decreased more rapidly than it did in liver anoxia at 37 degrees C. The intracellular pH of neither brain nor liver changed substantially during 30 min of anoxia at 20 degrees C. Although the ratio of tissue to plasma water did not change, the calculated extracellular-to intracellular volume ratio increased during 30 min of anoxia at 37 but not at 20 degrees C. PMID- 7091363 TI - Acetylcholine receptor turnover in myasthenia gravis. AB - Humoral antibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor are present in most patients with myasthenia gravis. These antibodies accelerate receptor degradation and thus cause a decrease in receptor level and impaired neuromuscular transmission. The stimulus that triggers and sustains the formation of the antibodies has not been identified, but it is possible that the primary antigen may be located on the cell surface of thymic lymphocytes. In some situations the clinical state in myasthenia gravis does not correlate with the antibody titer, suggesting that other factors also influence receptor amount and/or function of other potential regulators that have been investigated. Calcium and agents that increase cyclic AMP appear to increase the formation of the receptor and thus might serve to mitigate the effects of the circulating antibodies. In contrast, cholinergic agonists may cause a further decrease in receptor number, providing an explanation of why myasthenic patients may become resistant to therapy. PMID- 7091365 TI - Flow-dependent transport processes: filtration, absorption, secretion. AB - To define aspects common to different flow-dependent renal transport processes, four examples of such transport processes are considered: glomerular filtration, distal potassium secretion, ascending limb sodium absorption, and proximal fluid absorption. For each example the phenomenon of flow dependence is documented and the mechanism underlying this behavior is explored. Two general types of flow dependence are recognized: dissipative and generative. The first three processes are examples of dissipative flow dependence. In each a flow-sensitive component of the driving force for transport is generated upstream from the site of transport, the transport process tends to dissipate its driving force, and higher flow rates tend to maintain the driving force. The fourth process considered is an example of generative flow dependence. In this case the flow-sensitive component of the driving force is generated within the transporting segment. Flow affects the transport process by preventing dissipation of the driving force, as in the first three cases. Both types of processes can be expected to be more flow dependent in some lower range of flow rate and to be less flow dependent in some higher range of flow rate. This is because the proximate cause of a change in transport, a flow-dependent change in driving force is larger for a given change of flow rate when flow rates are relatively slow. PMID- 7091364 TI - Cardiac uptake and secretion of catecholamines during adrenergic stimulation in vivo. AB - Cardiac uptake and secretion of epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied at rest and during the response to systemic vasodilation with dipyridamole in conscious dogs. Chronically implanted catheters in the left atrium and anterior great coronary vein allowed simultaneous measurement of arterial and venous levels of NE and Epi across the segment of myocardium perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery. Arterial Epi was greater than coronary venous Epi both at rest and during vasodilation. Arterial and venous NE levels were similar at rest. However, arterial NE rose more than venous NE during dipyridamole. Thus, there was net cardiac uptake of NE as well as Epi when systemic plasma catecholamine levels increased in response to vasodilation. Fractional extraction [(A-V)/A X 100)] of Epi by the heart was 50% and was not affected over a sevenfold range of coronary artery flow. Fractional extraction of NE (5-15%) was significantly lower than that of Epi, most likely due to cardiac secretion of NE. Cardiac NE secretion was estimated to increase fourfold during dipyridamole. Thus, cardiac tissue of trained dogs avidly takes up circulating catecholamines. Despite an apparent increase of NE secretion by the heart during the systemic adrenergic response to dipyridamole, the heart remained an organ of net NE uptake and therefore did not contribute to the observed increase of systemic NE levels. PMID- 7091366 TI - Segmental analysis of sodium reabsorption during renal vein constriction. AB - Clearance and micropuncture studies were performed in rats to identify the nephron site(s) of altered sodium reabsorption during partial renal vein constriction in the presence and absence of volume expansion. Renal vein constriction increased fractional deliver of sodium to the late proximal tubule from 52 +/- 3 to 61 +/- 4% in euvolemia and from 59 +/- 3 to 65 +/- 3% in volume expansion. In euvolemia, fractional delivery of sodium to the early distal tubule was 13 +/- 3% before and 24 +/- 6% after renal vein constriction. In volume expansion, fractional delivery of sodium to the early distal tubule decreased from 15 +/- 3 to 9 +/- 2% in response to renal vein constriction. We conclude that renal vein constriction decreases sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule both in euvolemia and in volume expansion but that it increases sodium reabsorption by the superficial loop of Henle only in the presence of volume expansion. PMID- 7091367 TI - Effect of luminal bicarbonate concentration on proximal acidification in the rat. AB - The effect of luminal bicarbonate concentration on proximal tubular acidification was studied. Rat proximal convoluted tubules were perfused in vivo with solutions of varying bicarbonate concentration, and bicarbonate absorption was measured using microcalorimetry. Bicarbonate absorption was found to increase linearly with mean luminal bicarbonate concentrations up to 45 mM, but above this level it showed evidence of partial saturation. Bicarbonate permeability was measured and found to be 2.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(-7) cm2/s. Using this permeability, net bicarbonate absorption could be divided into two parallel components, both sensitive to luminal bicarbonate concentration: 1) proton secretion and 2) a passive bicarbonate leak. Proton secretion, when examined as a function of luminal bicarbonate concentration, exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 16 mM and a Vmax of 200 pmol . mm-1 . min-1. PMID- 7091368 TI - Ionic conductive properties and electrophysiology of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. AB - The Na, K, and Cl conductive properties and the electrophysiological variability of the rabbit isolated cortical collecting tubule were assessed by evaluating the effect of single-ion substitutions on the transepithelial potential difference, Vte, and the transepithelial conductance, Gte. The Na permeability (and conductance) of the tight junction and basolateral cell membrane appeared to be low. However, a significant but variable amiloride-sensitive Na conductance was identified at the apical cell membrane. Although this Na conductance accounts for less than 10% of the Gte, variations in this conductance caused major alterations in the active transepithelial Na current and the Vte. A highly variable K permeability (and conductance) was also identified at the apical cell border and may account for some of the variability in Vte and Gte. This probably provides a pathway for K secretion from cell to lumen. The K permeability of the tight junction and basolateral cell membrane appeared to be relatively low. In contrast, the Cl permeability (and conductance) of the tight junction, and perhaps of the basolateral cell membrane, appeared to be high but variable and to account for the major fraction of the Gte and its variability. It is concluded that variations in the Na and K conductance of the apical cell membrane and the Cl conductance of the tight junction and basolateral cell membrane predominantly account for the variations in the electrophysiological properties of the cortical collecting tubule. PMID- 7091369 TI - Effects of saline on continuously recorded filtration fractions in cat kidney. AB - The radioactivity of [51Cr]EDTA and [125I]albumin in arterial and in deep and superficial renal venous blood was continuously measured in an extracorporeally recirculating system. The filtration fraction of plasma in the superficial (FFs) and in the deep (FFD) venous drainage area was computed every 100 s. Following infusion of Ringer fluid a decrease in the FFD/FFs ratio was observed--mainly due to a fall in FFD. The decrease in the FFD/FFs ratio was more pronounced with infusion of Ringer fluid directly into the renal artery than with infusion at the same rate (1.0-1.5 ml . min-1) into a jugular vein, showing that a direct renal effect is involved. The sensitivity of the FFD/FFs reaction is high, as the fluid loads given were moderate. The fall in FFD may be due to a preferential increase in medullary blood perfusion, which, by wiping out the medullary hyperosmolality, promotes diuresis. PMID- 7091370 TI - Calcium dependence of basal electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum. PMID- 7091371 TI - Simulation and analysis of hepatic indicator dilution curves. AB - The "multiple-indicator dilution method" of measuring hepatic transport kinetics is subjected to simulation analysis. The objective is to examine the errors that may arise from treating the nonexchanging vasculature as a simple delay and to study the information content of simulated venous outflow curves. We find that the method cannot be counted on to provide consistently reliable estimates of either the transport rate constants or the sinusoidal volume. Estimates of the rate constant for irreversible solute removal from within liver cells are especially likely to be wrong. We suggest an alternative formulation of the governing differential equations that can substantially improve the estimates of the uptake parameter. These estimates may otherwise be subject to large systematic errors. Finally we discuss why the steady-state extraction fraction computed from the fitted parameters should be checked against a model-independent estimate obtained directly from the areas under the outflow curves. A method for making this comparison is at hand and should prove useful as a minimum criterion of internal consistency in animal experiments. PMID- 7091372 TI - Helical fibers in myocardium of dogs change their pitch as they contract. AB - We have investigated the dynamic relationship between fiber structure and deformation of the epicardium in the canine right ventricle. We have reconstructed this deformation as the motion undergone by groups of three radiopaque markers implanted close together in small epicardial regions. As reported earlier, this motion has a stretch and a rotation component. The stretch relates to shortening in the epicardial segment, whereas the rotation describes how this segment changes orientation during the heart cycle. If one postulates this segment as attached to a myocardial spiral, then one can interpret the systolic shortening of the ventricular axis as a compression of the spiral with decrease in pitch and the diastolic lengthening as an extension with increase in pitch. If one further postulates that the epicardial segment is attached to a right-hand spiral, then decreases in pitch imply local clockwise segment rotations, and increases, local counterclockwise rotations. From the motion of the implanted markers, we have found that a small segment ion the midfree wall of the right ventricle twists first locally clockwise as the ventricular axis shortens and later counterclockwise as the axis lengthens. We conclude that deformation of the epicardium is the result of a helical fiber arrangement that is characteristic of the endocardial half of the wall. Near the apex we observed the segment rotation to be reversed: counterclockwise during systole and clockwise during diastole. This observation implies a left-hand helix, which is the path of the apical epicardial fibers, suggesting that the endocardial half of the wall is no longer predominant here. PMID- 7091373 TI - Vasodilation or altered perfusion pressure moves 15-micrometers spheres trapped in the gut wall. AB - To determine whether the microsphere method for measuring the intramural distribution of intestinal blood flow is affected by perfusion pressure or vasodilation, we infused radioactive 9- and 15-micrometers spheres into adjacent segments of isolated canine small bowel. After sphere infusion the blood supply of the control loop was occluded, and the vasculature of the experimental loop was either dilated by infusing isoproterenol or was subjected to increased perfusion pressure. Intestinal segments were dissected into mucosal, submucosal, and muscularis samples. Venous blood was collected during sphere infusions and experimental perturbations. Accumulations of spheres in tissue samples and venous blood were assessed in a gamma radioactivity counter. Isoproterenol caused previously infused spheres to leave submucosa and redistributed them primarily to mucosa with few additional spheres reaching venous blood. An increase in perfusion pressure also dislodged spheres from submucosa, but these did reach venous blood. The combined estimate of mucosal plus submucosal blood flow was relatively unaffected by isoproterenol infusion but was significantly altered by increased perfusion pressure. These results have the following implications for microsphere studies of the intramural distribution of intestinal blood flow: 1) tissue must be sampled after each sphere infusion unless the possibility of sphere migration has been experimentally eliminated and 2) even a two-compartment fractionation of blood flow into muscularis and mucosal-plus-submucosal compartments is not valid under some experimental conditions. PMID- 7091374 TI - Utilization of endogenous lipid, glycogen, and protein by rabbit aorta. AB - The utilization of endogenous stores by rabbit aorta in vitro was measured. In substrate-free medium glycogen disappearance may account for less than 20% of the tissue O2 consumption during incubations of less than 2-3 h. At longer times (or in the presence of glucose) glycogen catabolism is negligible. Calculations from the rate of proteolysis suggest that oxidation of endogenously generated amino acids accounts for less than 7-10% of the oxygen consumption. Furthermore, the presence of amino-oxyacetate, a transaminase inhibitor, did not alter the ATP-ADP ratio. By contrast, measurements of the disappearance of tissue triglyceride indicate that endogenous lipid could meet the fuel requirements of the aorta. Direct measurement of intracellular fatty acid oxidation was obtained by measuring acyl carnitine specific activity and 14CO2 production from [1 14C]palmitate. Fatty acid oxidation could account for at least 90% of the total O2 consumption, and 83% of the fatty acids consumed were derived from endogenous tissue stores. Octanoate was found to inhibit both exogenous and endogenous fatty acid oxidation. These findings may indicate that shorter-chain fatty acids may be preferentially utilized by the aorta. PMID- 7091375 TI - Changes in intracellular Ca2+ activity with stimulation in sheep cardiac Purkinje strands. AB - One hypothesis to explain increased contraction strength with increased stimulation rate in heart muscle requires that stimulation increase intracellular Na+ activity(aiNa). This is proposed to increase intracellular Ca2+ activity (aiCa) via the Na-Ca exchange mechanism. Several indirect studies have supported the idea that aiNa is increased with stimulation, and more recently we have directly demonstrated aiNa elevation with Na+-sensitive microelectrodes. We now report aiCa to be elevated after trains of stimuli at different rates in sheep cardiac Purkinje strands. The resting level of aiCa in six strands was 93 +/- 15 (SE) nM, and it increased to 162 +/- 20 nM after stimulation at 3 Hz. The recovery of aiCa was exponential, and the time constants of 80-120 s were similar to those previously found for aiNa. A positive force-frequency relation was found in sheep Purkinje fibers that correlated with the increased aiCa. The results support the hypothesis that the Na-Ca exchange system plays an important role in the force-frequency phenomenon. PMID- 7091376 TI - Functional significance of reduced cardiac sympathetic innervation in the newborn dog. AB - The functional significance of anatomically reduced cardiac sympathetic innervation in the newborn is not known. This problem was investigated by examining ventricular contractile responses to repeated maximal left stellate ganglion stimulation in adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized newborn (4-12 days of age) and adult dogs. At the end of five periods (5 min/period) of stimulation, sham-adrenalectomized puppies were still able to augment left ventricular force 13.0 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05) above control values. However, adrenalectomized puppies did not maintain their ability to enhance left ventricular force after the first period of stimulation. Similar results were obtained with measurements of the first time derivative of left ventricular force (dF/dt), right ventricular force, right ventricular dF/dt, and peak left ventricular pressure. Adult dogs were able to augment these measurements of cardiac function significantly throughout five stimulation periods whether or not their adrenal glands were intact. After five stimulation periods, adrenalectomized newborn dogs responded to isoproterenol, indicating that their cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors remained functional. We conclude that the known sparse ventricular sympathetic innervation in the newborn dog is associated with inability to maintain significant cardiac functional responses after repeated sympathetic stimulation and that adrenal integrity is required in the newborn to maintain appropriate ventricular responses to sympathetic stimulation. PMID- 7091377 TI - Bicarbonate ion modulation of cerebral blood flow during hypoxia and hypercapnia. AB - The relative importance of changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) pH in mediating increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during hypoxia and hypercapnia was assessed by varying [HCO(-3)]ECF in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Blood flow to one caudate nucleus (CNBF) that was bathed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of varied [HCO(-3)] was compared with CNBF (measured by radiolabeled microspheres) on the contralateral side, which received a normal-[HCO(-3)]CSF perfusate. Raising [HCO(-3)]CSF from 25 to 60 meq/l for 150 min lowered CNBF by 16% and suppressed the slope of cNBF response to hypercapnia by 61% but suppressed the slope of CNBF response to hypoxia significantly less (22%). Lowering [HCO(-3)]CSF to 8 meq/l increased CNBF by 71% and augmented the response to hypercapnia by 126% but did not alter the slope of the response to hypoxia. These data indicate that changes in [H+]ECF can account for the increased CBF during hypercapnia but not for the entire hypoxic response. The increase in lactic acid production that would be necessary to solely account for the increase in CBF during hypoxia is much greater than what has been reported in the literature. PMID- 7091378 TI - Structure and function of specific regions in the canine atrioventricular node. AB - The functional subregions of the rabbit atrioventricular (AV) node have been examined in detail, but it has not been possible to subject the normal canine AV node to such rigorous scrutiny. Arterial perfusion and beveled microelectrodes have now allowed us to explore the anatomic and functional regions of the isolated canine AV node. The atria and AV junctional tissues of 20 young dogs were excised and selectively perfused with physiological solution through the nutrient arteries to the sinus node, AV node, and His bundle. AV node action potentials had shapes similar to those of the rabbit AV node and were conducted slowly (56 +/- 7 mm/s); slowest conduction (16 +/- 14 mm/s) was observed in the distal AV node where diastolic depolarization was always recorded and where maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential was slowest. From subsequent anatomic studies of the same preparations we found that the proximal region of the canine AV node was predominantly composed of interwoven slender transitional cells and that the distal region contained bundles of transitional cells and small but conspicuous aggregations of P-cells. The proximal portion of the canine AV node appeared to be organized for triage of atrial input during sinus rhythm. Electron microscopic examinations revealed numerous relatively long (greater than 1.0 micrometers) gap junctions between proximal AV node cells. The large gap junctions may provide an anatomic basis for electrotonic interaction during summation and conduction of AV node inputs. The distal AV node is the site of slowest AV conduction and also where most forms of AV junctional rhythm originate. PMID- 7091379 TI - Microvascular response to blockade of prostaglandin synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. AB - The contribution of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) to the control of arteriolar diameter in the microcirculation is incompletely defied and has only been studied in drug-anesthetized animals. To test the possibility that endogenous PGs are tonically released to exert a net dilator influence at certain levels in the microcirculation, television microscopy was used to quantitate the arteriolar responses in the rat cremaster muscle to local blockade of PG synthesis with indomethacin. Rats were decerebrated by a midcollicular transection and were allowed to recover from surgical anesthesia. The cremaster muscle with intact circulation and innervation was suspended by sutures in a temperature-controlled Krebs bath. Diameters, vasomotion frequency, and vasomotion amplitude of arterioles at several anatomic levels were measured before and after local inhibition of PG synthesis in the presence and absence of alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. Inhibition of PG synthesis produced marked constriction (42 66% of control) at all arteriolar levels, with greater responses occurring in the smaller arterioles. PG synthesis blockade increased vasomotion frequency in arterioles that exhibited spontaneous vasomotion during control periods, and blockade induced vasomotion in vessels lacking spontaneous vasomotion. Pretreatment with phentolamine significantly attenuated the constriction and augmentation of vasomotion. These data indicate that dilator PGs participate in the moment-to-moment regulation of arteriolar tone and local blood flow in skeletal muscle. Further, their mechanism of action may involve alterations in neuronal norepinephrine release or alpha-receptor sensitivity. PMID- 7091380 TI - Voltage and time dependence of restitution in heart. AB - Between beats, cardiac muscle gradually recovers the ability to contract in response to a stimulus. We examined the time and voltage dependence of this "restitution" process using sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers that were voltage clamped by the two-micro-electrode technique. The rate and time course of restitution depended on the voltage and duration of preceding conditioning depolarizations. As the voltage of a conditioning depolarization was made less negative, the early rate of restitution increased, the process reached a greater peak value, and oscillations in the time course of restitution became more likely. When conditioning depolarizations were to voltages near or above the normal action potential plateau, increasing their duration had much the same effect as increasing voltage. However, with conditioning depolarizations to -40 or -50 mV, prolongation had little or no effect on the subsequent rate of restitution. The voltage during restitution affected both the time course and final extent of restitution. Steady-state restitution was an approximately sigmoid function of voltage. The early rate and peak value of restitution increased as the voltage during restitution was made more negative. Oscillations of restitution were dramatic at voltages between -70 and -50 mV. The behavior of restitution confirms that most of the calcium that activates contraction comes from intracellular stores. The complex time and voltage dependence of restitution suggests that the process reflects the time course of calcium reaccumulation in an internal store. PMID- 7091381 TI - Membrane currents, contractions, and aftercontractions in cardiac Purkinje fibers. AB - We examined relationships between isometric tension and membrane currents in sheep Purkinje fibers voltage clamped by the two-microelectrode method. Oscillatory restitution of contractility was accompanied by a small oscillation in membrane current and by an aftercontraction. The membrane current oscillation resembled the transient inward current (TI) others have reported in the presence of strophanthidin. Twitches produced by voltage clamp depolarizations did not correlate with net outward current in normal solution, but when the early outward current was blocked by 0.5 mM 4-aminopyridine, the residual outward current did correlate with twitches elicited by strong depolarizing clamps, particularly in solutions containing higher than normal calcium concentrations. The results illustrate important similarities and differences between membrane current behavior in sheep Purkinje fibers and behavior others have reported in calf fibers. Correlations between restitution, aftercontractions, and TI's, and between twitch tension and a component of outward current, may arise because of calcium regulation of membrane conductance, electrogenic Na-Ca exchange, or a combination of these and other mechanisms. PMID- 7091382 TI - Internal capacitance and resistance allow prediction of right ventricle outflow. AB - The relationship between right ventricle afterloading pressure (P) and outflow (Q) was studied in three isolated canine right ventricle (RV) preparations. Right atrial pressure was held constant while graded elevations in P were induced with stepwise occlusions of the right and left branches of the pulmonary artery. P and Q signals were collected and analyzed using a digital computer system. Data were analyzed by assuming a model structure for the RV and comparing resultant model predictions of Q with actual observations. The model structure was modified in accordance with the discrepancy between prediction and observation to improve the model's predictive capability. The initial model tested was the time-varying linear relationship between ventricular volume and pressure. Utilizing this model, accurate predictions of RV outflow in the face of varying pressure afterloads could not be made. The addition of a series resistance to this elementary model resulted in marked improvement in predictive performance. The addition of greater complexity to the model gave only marginal improvement to the model's predictive capability. It was concluded that a time-varying capacitance and series resistance adequately model internal properties of the RV that relate outflow to afterloading pressure. PMID- 7091383 TI - Noncompartmental vs. compartmental analysis: some bases for choice. AB - The physical conditions that govern the applicability of noncompartmental analysis methods apparently are not all completely appreciated in the user community. This increasingly popular approach to kinetic analysis is not "model independent," as it is often called, and if it is used, for example, for substances synthesized in pools not accessible to direct test-input probes, or substances metabolized in pools inaccessible to direct measurement, results will be more or less in error. STrictly speaking, all endogenous sources (e.g., secretions) and all sinks (e.g., catabolism) each must be uniquely associated with the same (central) pool(s) into which test inputs are introduced, the same pool(s) where all measurements must be made. The consequences of not meeting these conditions are explored by evaluating the errors committed in estimating distribution volumes VD, plasma (metabolic) clearance rates PCR, and mean residence or transit times t, in mammillary-connected systems of arbitrary size (as an example), in which sources and sinks exist in one or more noncentral pools. It is shown that noncompartmental analysis always underestimates VD and t under any such conditions, and PCR is underestimated if there are noncentral sources. Formulas for the errors are given, which could be large or small depending on several complex factors not easy to discern without additional information about the system. PMID- 7091384 TI - Increased left atrial pressure does not alter renal function in the conscious primate. AB - To study the functional role of the atriorenal reflex in the nonhuman primate, we chronically instrumented six Macaca fascicularis with left atrial snares and left atrial and aortic catheters. After inserting a bladder catheter, we determined hemodynamic and renal responses of the conscious chair-restrained monkey to increased left atrial pressure. In 23 snare experiments, no significant changes in renal or cardiovascular function were observed even though left atrial pressure increased from 6.5 +/- 3.3 to 16.2 +/- 3.4 mmHg. The animals were subjected also to blood volume expansion with isoncotic isotonic dextran solutions (+15% of calculated blood volume). They responded normally to this volume stimulus. Conscious dogs prepared in the same manner as the nonhuman primate exhibited diuresis in response to elevations of atrial pressure. We conclude that left atrial stretch receptors are not importantly involved in volume homeostasis in the nonhuman primate. PMID- 7091385 TI - Transient response of the calcium homeostatic system of the conscious pig to bolus calcium injections. AB - Calcium injection in the pig elicits a fast transient response which reinstates the calcium concentration to within normal limits between 30 and 40 min after injection. Although the fate of the calcium that disappeared is not known, the present experiments eliminate the kidneys and the bone remodeling cells as the main short-term regulators. The fast response is independent of parathyroid hormone but is greatly dependent of calcitonin. Further experiments are being performed to discover the nature and site of the regulating mechanisms. PMID- 7091386 TI - Neural control of vasomotion in rabbit ear is impaired during desynchronized sleep. AB - In a warm environment the skin vessels of the rabbit ear, dilated during synchronized sleep (SS), reduce their caliber during desynchronized sleep (DS). In a cold environment the ear skin vessels, constricted during SS, increase their caliber during DS. These vascular changes contrast with thermoregulatory homeostasis. They can be accounted for by the decrease in both local transmural pressure and sympathetic vasoconstrictor discharge accompanying the DS phase. A decrease in local transmural pressure prevails in a warm environment and a decrease in sympathetic discharge in a cold environment. Accordingly, the vessel caliber decreases in the heat and increases in the cold. The results of the sympathetic denervation of the ear and of the alpha-receptor blockade confirm the passive nature of vascular changes in the rabbit ear during DS. PMID- 7091387 TI - PAH secretion in the urinary bladder of a crab Cancer borealis. AB - Uptake of 10 microM p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) by sections of Cancer borealis urinary bladder was concentrative, saturable (Km 67 microM, Vmax 1.7 nmol.mg tissue-1.h-1), inhibitable by other organic anions, and dependent on medium Na and glycolytic metabolism. Bladders mounted in flux chambers exhibited net secretory transport of PAH, with serosa-to-lumen fluxes (Js leads to l) being about 4 times lumen-to-serosa fluxes (Jl leads to s). In 60-min flux chamber studies, tissue-to-medium ratios exceeded unity with serosal, but not luminal, PAH. Initial (10 min) fluxes and tissue accumulations (Ac) were measured in the absence and presence of 1-5 mM BCG (bromocresol green; competitor organic anion). With serosal PAH, serosal BCG (1 mM) reduced serosa-to cell flux (Js leads to c), Ac, and Jc leads to l by 60-75%. With luminal PAH, luminal BCG (1 mM) had no effect on Jl leads to c, Ac, or Jc leads to s; increasing the luminal BCG concentration to 5 mM reduced Jl leads to c, Ac, and Jc leads to s by 40-50%. The data are consistent with a model featuring an inwardly directed pump on the serosal membrane, cellular accumulation, and a facilitated carrier on the luminal membrane. PMID- 7091388 TI - Increased cardiac output following occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta in dogs. AB - Occlusion of the thoracic aorta (AO) in dogs with a constant volume right ventricular extracorporeal bypass increased cardiac output (Q) by 43% and mean arterial pressure by 46%, while mean systemic pressure (MSP) was unchanged. We compared AO with occlusion of the brachiocephalic and left subclavian arteries (BSO) which decreased cardiac output by 5%, increased mean arterial pressure by 32%, and increased MSP by 11%. We feel these results confirm that AO elevates preload by transferring blood volume from the splanchnic veins to the vascular system drained by the superior vena cava. If the heart is competent to keep right arterial pressure at or near zero, this increase in preload will elevate Q above control levels. Comparing our data with results of other authors who have not controlled right atrial pressure, emphasizes the importance of a competent right ventricle in allowing venous return to determine Q. PMID- 7091389 TI - Breath-to-breath variations in rate and depth of ventilation in sleeping infants. AB - Ventilatory measurements were made noninvasively over 2- to 3-h periods during sleep in each of nine normal infants at 1 mo of age. To assess the changes that occur in ventilation on a breath-to-breath basis, we 1) examined the variations of each of tidal volume (VT), respiratory cycle time (Ttot), expiratory time (TE), and inspiratory time (TI) and 2) studied their interrelationships. We found that the variations of VT, Ttot, and TE but not of TI were significantly greater in rapid-eye-movement (REM) than in quiet sleep. In addition, on a breath-to breath basis, VT had a positive linear relationship and strong correlation with TI; however, the correlation between VT and TE was weak in both sleep states. VT/Ttot was found to be moderately and negatively correlated with Ttot in both REM and quiet sleep. VT was weakly correlated with Ttot in REM sleep and was, on the average, more correlated with Ttot in quiet sleep. We suggest that in infants 1) on a breath-to-breath basis, VT/Ttot is likely to drop if respiratory frequency is decreased and 2) VT is nonlinearly related to Ttot during sleep; this lack of linearity depends on the lack of constancy of VT/Ttot, which is in turn closely related to the variability of the "on-switching" of inspiratory activity. PMID- 7091390 TI - Baroreflex control of heart rate in humans during nitroprusside-induced hypotension. AB - The baroreflex control of heart rate was investigated on 10 informed human subjects during light halothane anesthesia (0.3-0.5%, inspired concentration). The relationship of systolic pressure (SP) to the succeeding pulse interval (PI) was evaluated on a beat-to-beat basis during the entire course of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) depressor test. The initial slope of SP-PI plot (dPI/dSP) was used as an index of the sensitivity of baroreflex control of heart rate. Following an injection of SNP (4-6 micrograms/kg), dPI/dt was related directly to dPI/dSP, whereas the latter was inversely correlated with dSP/dt. The recovery of PI lagged behind that of SP, and there was a hysteresislike loop on the SP-PI plot. The time lag of PI recovery and the loop of SP-PI plot were markedly decreased by propranolol treatment and significantly increased by atropine. The slopes of SP-PI plot were significantly decreased by atropine but relatively unaffected by propranolol. These results indicate that SNP-induced hypotension in man during halothane anesthesia is associated with a withdrawal of parasympathetic inhibition and an enhancement of sympathetic activity. The autonomic control of heart rate in response to rapid changes in arterial pressure induced by SNP is dominated by parasympathetic influence; the more persistent sympathetic activity only becomes evident when the parasympathetic influence subsides quickly as the arterial pressure stays relatively constant at a new level. The slope of SP-PI plot (dPI/dSP) and the ratio of dPI/dt to dSP/dt during the decreasing pressure phase of SNP test can be used as indices for the sensitivity of baroreflex control of heart rate. PMID- 7091391 TI - Coulometric microrespirometry. AB - Capacitive coulometry is based on the automatic quantitative replacement of O2 consumed by an animal in a closed system with electrolytic O2, produced by discharging a capacitor through a CuSO4 solution. The sensitivity of the device is better than 0.1 nl. The unit volume of O2 produced (1 nl) is both accurate and precise within 1% in a temperature range from 2.8 to 40 degrees C. The upper limit of recordable O2 consumption is 1 ml/h. The microrespirometer can be autoclaved, making the technique ideally suited for metabolic studies in microbiology, cell and organ cultures, and comparative physiology. PMID- 7091392 TI - Fastigial nucleus stimulation and excitatory spinal sympathetic activity in dog. AB - To locate the cerebellar-activated descending sympathetic pathways in the dog the fastigial nucleus (FN) was electrically stimulated in chloralose-anesthetized dogs while recording from sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Physiological interventions included lesions in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord, myelotomy, arterial pressure changes, bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries, and administration of clonidine. Multiunit activity at the T2 on T3 white ramus communicans was recorded on-line during rest and FN stimulation. Descending sympathetic activity (averaging 3.5 m/s) in the DLF was increased in response to FN stimulation but was significantly reduced by ipsilateral and eliminated by bilateral FN lesions. When testing for the effects of baroreceptor reflexes on the sympathetic pathway phenylephrine-induced hypertension decreased, but moderate hemorrhage increased the amount of preganglionic activity at rest and during FN stimulation. During hypertension and simultaneous carotid artery occlusion the amount of sympathetic activity that could be evoked was comparable to that evoked during normotensive states. Clonidine (IV) reduced the FN sympathoexcitation, but direct stimulation of the DLF indicated that clonidine had sympathoinhibitory activity at both medullary and spinal sites. In summary, rostral FN primarily excited ipsilateral descending sympathetic pathways in DLF, and this sympathoexcitation was partially inhibited by baroreceptor intervention. PMID- 7091393 TI - Effect of Na+ and ATP on peritubular Ca transport by the marine teleost renal tubule. AB - Ca uptake rates and efflux rate coefficients were determined in isolated renal tubules of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Na-free medium and 10(-4) M ouabain depressed while 0.2 mM dinitrophenol stimulated Ca efflux. The effects on Ca movement appeared to be associated with the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration of the tubular fluid space (TFS), rather than the bath-to tissue Na gradient. Elevation of the ATP concentration of TFS by incubation of tissue in external ATP more than doubled Ca uptake rate. Inhibition of Ca uptake by lanthanum and stimulation by Ca ionophore A23187 suggested that ATP altered plasma membrane Ca transport. Incubation in external phosphate had no effect. Plasma membrane vesicles (PMV) prepared from flounder tubules showed saturable Ca uptake inhibited by Mg, unaffected by Na gradients, and stimulated by intravesicular but not extravesicular ATP. ATP appeared to stimulate PMV Ca uptake by increasing membrane Ca binding. We concluded that Ca uptake across the peritubular membranes was not directly linked to the serosal Na gradient but was greatly influenced by the intracellular ATP concentration. PMID- 7091394 TI - High sensitivity of Xenopus gustatory receptors to amino acids and bitter substances. AB - The gustatory nerve responses of the aquatic toad Xenopus laevis to salts, acids, amino acids, and bitter substances were recorded. 1) The gustatory receptors were sensitive to amino acids and bitter substances. The thresholds were 10(-7) M for Arg, 3 X 10(-9) M for strychnine, and 3 X 10(-8) M for quinine, 200-20,000 times lower than the thresholds for the respective stimuli in the bullfrog. 2) The basic and the neutral amino acids were effective whereas the acidic ones were not. Relations between the responses and log stimulus concentrations for the basic amino acids were linear in a wide concentration range whereas those for the neutral ones were of S shape. Cross-adaptation did not occur among pairs of a basic amino acid and a neutral one. 3) Responses to the basic amino acids and the basic bitter substances were suppressed by the addition of salts to the stimulating solutions, while those to the neutral and the acidic substances were not suppressed. PMID- 7091395 TI - Classification of raphe neurons with cardiac-related activity. AB - The cardiac-related component of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) results from entrainment of a rhythm of brain stem origin by the baroreceptor reflexes [Gebber, Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 8): H143-H155, 1980]. As a consequence, changes in heart rate are accompanied by shifts in the phase relations between SND and the arterial pulse wave. This observation presented us with the opportunity of distinguishing brain stem neurons whose discharges are locked to SND from other neuronal types that exhibit cardiac-related activity. Raphe neurons in the cat medulla with cardiac-related activity were identified using post-R wave interval analysis. The discharges of one group of these neurons remained locked to inferior cardiac SND during changes in ventricular rate which shifted the phase relations between SND and the arterial pulse wave. Most importantly, the lag between unit spike occurrence and the peak of the cardiac related component of SND was unchanged during ventricular pacing (as demonstrated with cross-correlation analysis). It is suggested that these neurons were contained in brain stem networks which control SND. The discharges of two additional types of raphe neurons remained locked to the arterial pulse wave during ventricular pacing. Neurons of the first type exhibited an increase in discharge probability in late diastole and early systole. Neurons of the second type exhibited a period of reduced activity time-locked to systole. PMID- 7091396 TI - Appetite suppressant activity in plasma of rats after intestinal bypass surgery. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats with a jejunoileal bypass ate 32% less in the 1st h of refeeding after an overnight fast than did sham-bypass rats. Fasted recipients injected intraperitoneally with 6-7 ml of bypass plasma also ate 32% less (P less than 0.001) during the 1st h of refeeding than did recipients of sham-bypass plasma, but subsequent intake was not significantly different. Rectal temperature, hematocrit, white blood cell count, and percent polymorphonuclear leukocytes were not different between bypass and sham-bypass rats. A test for aversive conditioning suggested that the effect of bypass plasma was not due to illness or discomfort. These data suggest that intestinal bypass produces a transferable humoral factor that suppresses food intake and that the effect is not due to illness or discomfort. If the decreased food intake in humans after intestinal bypass is due to a similar mechanism, the possibility exists that this humoral appetite-suppressant factor may be clinically useful in the treatment of morbid obesity. PMID- 7091397 TI - Model of the kinetics of ketone bodies in humans. AB - The kinetics of ketone bodies was studied in normal humans by giving a combined bolus intravenous injection of labeled acetoacetate ([14C]AcAc) and D(--)-beta hydroxybutyrate (beta-[14C]-OHB) to seven subjects after an overnight fast, on two different occasions, and by collecting frequent blood samples for 100 min. Kinetic data were analyzed with both noncompartmental and compartmental modeling techniques. A four-compartment model, representing AcAc and beta-OHB in blood and two equilibrating ketone body compartments, inside the liver and extrahepatic tissues, was chosen as the most reliable mathematical representation; it is physiologically plausible and was able to accurately fit the data. The model permitted evaluation of the in vivo rate of ketone body production in the liver, the individual plasma clearance rates of AcAc and beta-OHB, their initial volumes of distribution, and the transfer rate parameters among the four ketone body compartments. Moreover, the model provided estimates of the components of the rates of appearance of AcAc and beta-OHB in plasma due to newly synthesized ketone body from acetyl-CoA in the liver, and to interconversion and recycling in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. The model also was used to evaluate other methodologies currently employed in the analysis of ketone body turnover data: the conventional approach based on use of the combined specific activity of AcAc and beta-OHB required assumptions not satisfied in vivo, leading to substantial errors in key parameter estimates. PMID- 7091398 TI - Increased heat loss in ovariectomized hypothyroid rats treated with estradiol. AB - The role of the thyroid in the mediation of an estrogen-associated change in thermal balance was studied in thyroidectomized and in propylthiouracil-treated ovariectomized rats. Prior to propylthiouracil treatment, estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats and intact female rats had higher rates of heat production and dry heat loss at -5 degrees C than ovariectomized rats. Heat production of estrogen-treated and intact female rats was well below their rates of dry heat loss without an alteration in the absolute rate of heat loss in the hypothyroid condition. Heat production exceeded heat loss only in the hypothyroid ovariectomized group not receiving estrogen. Ovariectomized rats without estrogen maintained thermal balance, whereas rectal temperatures fell in both intact and estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats during cold exposure. Increased heat loss unbalanced by heat production was also observed in surgically thyroidectomized estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats tested at -5 degrees C. These results suggest that an estrogen-induced increase in heat loss, which is compensated by an increase in heat production in the euthyroid but not the hypothyroid condition, is one mechanism responsible for estrogen-associated changes in thermal balance during cold exposure. PMID- 7091399 TI - Prediction of plasma amino acid concentration from diet amino acid content. AB - The level of each plasma amino acid in male weanling rats was examined in relation to their intake from gluten, casein, synthetic amino acid, or zein diets. Plasma levels of valine, leucine, and isoleucine were found to be linearly related to the intake per gram diet regardless of the dietary source. Although levels of most other amino acids were not linearly related to intake, they were predictable if both the concentration of the amino acid in the diet and chronic level of protein intake were known. That is, a relationship, which applied to all diets, was found between the concentration of amino acid in the plasma, the concentration in the diet, and the total protein or amino acid nitrogen in the diet. PMID- 7091400 TI - Effect of length of inpatient treatment for chronic schizophrenia. AB - Brief hospitalization policies have accompanied the deinstitutionalization movement, yet length of inpatient stay in facilities under state and local administration remains quite varied. A 1-year study of 119 chronic schizophrenic patients hospitalization in New York City between 1977 and 1979 revealed that length of inpatient stay bore no relationship to subsequent hospitalization, treatment compliance, or clinical or social functioning in the community. Rather, a patient's postdischarge experiences with treatment and significant others in the community were critical in determining subsequent use of inpatient services. This finding points to the need for wider application of briefer hospitalization policies for the dischargeable chronic schizophrenic patient. PMID- 7091402 TI - Federal Employees' experience as a guide to the cost of insuring psychiatric services in the various states. AB - The two largest plans in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program-Blue Cross and Blue Shield and Aetna - have reported benefit payments and the number of people who have used psychiatric services on a state-by-state basis for two decades. The author translates this experience into per capita utilization rates in a constant dollar terms and compares the benefit costs of the two plants over a 4-year period (1976-1979). Within each state, utilization rates did not change much over the 4 years, and the rank ordering among states by rate of utilization was quite similar for both plants. The author believes that the consistency noted can be useful in estimating costs of psychiatric coverage at the state level. PMID- 7091401 TI - Comparison of the effects of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy on hopelessness and self-concept. AB - The authors examined the effects of cognitive therapy and imipramine on hopelessness and self-concept in 35 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed outpatients who were treated with either modality over approximately 11 weeks. Compared with imipramine, cognitive therapy resulted in significantly greater improvements in hopelessness and more generalized gains in self-concept. Thus, cognitive therapy may offer a particular advantage in reducing hopelessness and improving low self concept in depression. PMID- 7091403 TI - Forced silence: a neglected dimension of trauma. AB - The author describes one specific facet of the psychological trauma attendant upon physical violence - the implications of the victim's forced silence about the event. This prohibition of communication, enforced by some implicit or explicit threat, constitutes a secondary trauma of enormous import and has been ignored in the literature. Exploration of this concept can sensitize therapists and point the way toward empathetic and effective intervention. PMID- 7091404 TI - Assessment of reliability in multicenter collaborative research with a videotape approach. AB - The authors, as part of the ongoing NIMH Collaborative Study on the Psychobiology of Depression, used an analysis of variance design and videotaped interviews to explore the effects of sources of variance on the reliability of the measures being used by the NIMH study. In spite of substantial differences among interviewers in background or orientation, the authors found that diagnoses and symptom ratings were made with a high level of reliability. These results suggest that the use of structured interviews and diagnostic criteria, when combined with a careful and systematic training program, can lead to good levels of diagnostic reliability. PMID- 7091405 TI - Racial and geographic differences in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. AB - The authors compared the psychopathology of black and white and of rural and urban schizophrenic patients. Using a structured interview, psychiatrists rated 273 schizophrenic patients consecutively admitted to seven hospitals and mental health centers over 3 1/2 years. Results indicate that important symptoms were more severe in black than in white schizophrenic patients: black patients were more angry, impulsive, hallucinating, dysphoric, and asocial. A greater number of important symptoms were found to be more intense in rural than in urban schizophrenic patients: rural patients were more angry, aggressive, silly, negativistic, and uncooperative, but urban patients were more anxious, rigid, ambivalent, and asocial. PMID- 7091406 TI - Detention and rearrest rates of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity and convicted felons. AB - The authors compared 42 men and 8 women who had been found not guilty by reason of insanity with a group of subjects who had been convicted of a felony (matched in criminal offenses, age, education, marital status, previous arrests, and sex). They found that the acquitted subjects spent significantly less time in the hospital than the matched subjects spent in prison. They also found that about the same number of acquitted subjects who had been released from the hospital were rearrested as were control subjects who had been released from prison. Many more acquitted subjects were rehospitalized than were released control subjects. There appears to have been a change in detention patterns after a switch to the American Law Institute rule and a greater role for the Department of Mental Hygiene in acquittees' hospitalizations. PMID- 7091407 TI - The acute administration ward as a therapeutic community. AB - The authors evaluated six acute short-stay admission wards in a community mental health center using the sociometric Ward Atmosphere Scale. There was an attempt to run three of the six wards as therapeutic communities. No differences were found on Ward Atmosphere Scale dimensions between the therapeutic communities and other types of programs, nor did the therapeutic communities conform to an empirically derived therapeutic community program dimension profile. Possible reasons for this failure and its implications for community mental health centers are discussed. PMID- 7091408 TI - The growth of investor-owned psychiatric hospitals. AB - The number of investor-owned (proprietary) psychiatric hospitals in the United States has increased substantially in the past decade: these facilities now account for well over half of the nation's nongovernmental psychiatric hospitals. One of the reasons for this development has been the growth of multihospital chains, and another factor has been the economic advantages enjoyed by all investor-owned hospitals. These factors are likely to bring about further growth among investor-owned psychiatric hospitals in the future. Investor-owned hospitals in general, however, have become a subject of considerable controversy. Investor-owned psychiatric hospitals warrant specific consideration with respect to this controversy, particularly with respect to questions about quality of care. PMID- 7091409 TI - Toward the definition and delivery of appropriate care. PMID- 7091410 TI - Depressive symptoms and the diagnosis of affective disorder in a clinic population of low socioeconomic status. AB - The authors used the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale to measure the level of depressive symptoms in a self-referred clinic population whose socioeconomic status was low. They found that the population suffered a high degree of depression and that the diagnosis of major affective syndrome predominated. The depression scale used was found to be a good indicator of probable depression in this population. The authors suggest further investigation of the linkage between socioeconomic status and affective disorder. PMID- 7091411 TI - Impact of DSM-III on clinical practice. AB - The authors compared criterion-based diagnoses (DSM-III) with clinical diagnoses (DSM-II) for 102 psychiatric inpatients. The introduction of specified diagnostic criteria represented a refinement of existing diagnostic practices rather than a qualitatively different approach to diagnoses; however, in the schizophrenia and affective disorder categories, nonwhites and women were more often assigned to worse prognostic category by the DSM-II system than were white men with similar symptoms. The authors suggest that the introduction of DSM-III criteria may ensure more appropriate diagnosis and treatment for nonwhites and women. PMID- 7091412 TI - Are hysterical seizures more than hysteria? A research diagnostic criteria, DMS III, and psychometric analysis. AB - In a double-blind study the authors compared severity of psychopathology and personality organization in three groups of patients: those with organic (neurogenic) seizures alone (N = 11), those who exhibited both neurogenic and psychogenic ("hysterical") seizures (N = 13), and those with pure psychogenic ("hysterical") seizures (N = 13). Patients with neurogenic seizures were found to have alcoholism, anxiety disorder, and minor affective disorder. Patients with mixed and psychogenic seizures had more severe psychopathology, including major affective disorders and major character pathology. Patients with mixed and psychogenic seizures also had a markedly higher incidence of suicide attempts and past history of psychiatric treatment. PMID- 7091413 TI - Violent and suicidal behavior in psychotic adolescents. PMID- 7091414 TI - Platelet MAO in children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: a pilot study. AB - The authors examined platelet MAO activity in 8 hyperactive and 18 control children who were admitted to a clinical research center and placed on a low monoamine diet. After 5 days, their blood was analyzed; the hyperactive children were discharged on day 7, placed on d-amphetamine for 2 weeks, and readmitted for repeat blood analysis. The hyperactive children initially had significantly lower levels of platelet MAO than the controls. After the hyperactive children were treated with d-amphetamine for 2 weeks, their platelet MAO levels were comparable to those of the control children. The authors suggest an association between low platelet MAO activity and a behavioral state of overactivity, short attention span, and impulsivity. PMID- 7091415 TI - Preliminary report on the dexamethasone suppression test in adolescents. PMID- 7091416 TI - Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. PMID- 7091418 TI - Case reports of L-triiodothyronine potentiation. PMID- 7091417 TI - Questions about L-triiodothyronine and depression. PMID- 7091419 TI - Standard versus individual treatment for research subjects. PMID- 7091420 TI - Lithium dosing guide. PMID- 7091421 TI - Medical students' evaluation of psychiatry: a cross-country comparison. AB - The authors reviewed studies of attitudes toward psychiatry held by 368 medical students at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and 204 senior medical students from two schools in Washington, D.C. They found that the attitudes of all these students were remarkably similar: they viewed psychiatry as a worthwhile medical specialty but one of low prestige and low precision and thought that most psychiatric patients could be adequately managed by non physicians. On the basis of their findings the authors offer recommendations for teaching basic psychiatric skills and for improving psychiatry's image and attractiveness. PMID- 7091422 TI - Changes in children's behavior after a natural disaster. AB - Five months after a severe winter storm, a survey of children whose behavior had been assessed by means of a parent rating scale during a Head Start program 6 months before the disaster showed that some problem-behavior scores had increased significantly. The subgroups of children at higher risk were boys, whose Anxiety scale scores increased, and children accepted for Head Start only because their parents said they had special needs, whose Aggressive Conduct scale scores increased. For the entire group of children, school behavior improved. The findings support previous impressions that parents deny their children's problems after a natural disaster. PMID- 7091423 TI - A modest proposal for consultation/liaison psychiatry in the 1980s. AB - The authors discuss how consultation/liaison psychiatry has promoted closer cooperation between primary care and psychiatry in the general hospital setting and has increased physician concern for psychosocial issues while at the same time creating financial and organizational problems for consultation/liaison programs. To remedy these difficulties, the authors propose that all general hospitals that have more than 350 beds have fully staffed consultation/liaison services and that these services be funded through third-party reimbursement formulas as an integral hospital-based service. They outline six potential benefits of their proposal and suggest that action must be taken now if consultation/liaison psychiatry is not to suffer the same fate as the community mental health center movement. PMID- 7091424 TI - Definitions of depression: concordance and prediction of outcome. AB - Using patient samples in London hospitals, the authors compared three methods of diagnosing and subdividing depressive illness in terms of their ability to predict outcome. The Catego class D+ selected patients who continued to suffer from episodes of psychotic depression. The Research Diagnostic Criteria selected patients with schizoaffective depressions whose outcome a completely different from that of major depressive disorder. DSM-III had advantages over the other systems, since it divides depression into three subtypes that differ from each other and from schizophrenia. Patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of mood incongruent psychotic depression had persistent schizophrenic psychopathology, but their outcome differed from that of both schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients. PMID- 7091425 TI - Medical education and recruitment in psychiatry. PMID- 7091426 TI - Tracking: an answer to psychiatry's recruitment problem? AB - Part of psychiatry's recruitment problem stems from large-scale defections among students who were planning careers in psychiatry when they entered medical school. The authors present data indicating that University of Maryland freshmen who preferred psychiatry were more than four times as likely to enter psychiatric residency training if they participated in the Combined Accelerated Program in Psychiatry, a continuous 4-year medical school track, than if they pursued the regular undergraduate psychiatry program. The authors believe that an enthusiastic psychiatric faculty intimately involved with students over an extended period of time was the crucial factor neutralizing antipsychiatric socialization experiences in medical school. PMID- 7091427 TI - Medical school factors and career choice of psychiatry. AB - Using questionnaires sent to training directors, the author examined the relationships between 35 medical school variables and selection of psychiatry by students. The results indicate that there are complex but significant relationships between medical school factors and choice of psychiatry. Variables most strongly predictive of recruitment are the academic rank of the director, the in-house prestige of the department of psychiatry, and the receipt of a teaching award by the director. These findings suggest that the role of the director is crucial for recruitment and that departmental efforts which augment the prestige of the department should enhance recruitment. PMID- 7091428 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in panic disorder and agoraphobia. AB - Reports that imipramine and phenelzine prevent panic attacks in agoraphobia suggest the possibility that agoraphobia and/or panic disorder might be a clinical manifestation of underlying depression. To test this hypothesis, dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs) were performed in 10 patients meeting DSM III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks, 6 for panic disorder, and 4 whose diagnosis could have been either panic disorder or agoraphobia except that another axis I disorder precluded such a diagnosis. Abnormal DSTs were observed in only 3 patients and appeared to be attributable to causes other than panic attacks or agoraphobia. The results suggest that panic attacks and endogenous depression are separate disorders and that the antipanic properties of imipramine and phenelzine are separate from their antidepressant actions. PMID- 7091429 TI - MMPI profile of DSM-III borderline personality disorder. AB - The authors compared the MMPI profile of 26 patients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder with than of 19 patients with dysthymic disorder. The clinical scales on which the borderline patients scored highest were psychasthenia and schizophrenia, but discriminant function analyses indicated that the L and F validity scales provided the model that best discriminated between the borderline and dysthymic groups. PMID- 7091430 TI - Driving phobia in the city of Houston: a pilot study. AB - To study the fear of driving phenomenon the authors contacted 48 subjects who, in response to a newspaper article, had expressed an intense fear of driving in the city of Houston and compared them with an age- and sex-matched control group. The information elicited from the subjects suggested the existence of a driving phobia. No significant differences emerged between the phobic subjects and the controls on relevant driving history and background. Although the phobic subjects reported significantly higher levels of anxiety while driving in normal and difficult situations, most of them reported anxiety of phobic intensity only about difficult driving situations, such as driving on freeways and in congested traffic. PMID- 7091431 TI - Psychotherapy in Poland. PMID- 7091432 TI - RBC and plasma levels of haloperidol and clinical response in schizophrenia. AB - The authors conducted a fixed-dose study of haloperidol blood levels and clinical response in schizophrenic in patients and found that those with steady-state RBC haloperidol levels in the range of 2.4--5.4 ng/ml showed greater improvement than those with lower or higher levels. They found a similar , although nonsignificant, curvilinear relationship between plasma haloperidol levels and clinical response. These findings suggest that the relationship between haloperidol blood levels and clinical response fits a therapeutic window for the treatment of schizophrenia. PMID- 7091433 TI - An indication for use of imipramine in attention deficit disorder. AB - Many children with attention deficit disorder also meet DSM-III criteria for separation anxiety disorder, the symptoms of which cluster in four of the nine criteria. In a study of 14 boys with both diagnoses, the attention deficit disorder of every boy responded to imipramine. PMID- 7091434 TI - Response of panic disorder and resistance of depression to imipramine. AB - The authors present the cases of two patients with panic disorder and major depression whose panic responded to imipramine but whose depression did not. PMID- 7091435 TI - Preliminary report on the dexamethasone suppression test for psychiatrically disturbed adolescents. AB - Of 100 adolescents who showed evidence of a depressive disorder and were given the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 42% had abnormal results. Several had mixed or contradictory symptoms and the DST helped in diagnosis of an affective disorder and in treatment planning. PMID- 7091436 TI - ECT use for a patient with malignant hyperthermia. AB - The authors used dantrolene as a prophylactic during ECT with a depressed patient susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Succinylcholine and tricyclic and MAO inhibiting antidepressants can precipitate malignant hyperthermia and were thus avoided. PMID- 7091437 TI - Nonphysician professionals' view of psychiatrists. PMID- 7091438 TI - Responses to overview of narcissism. PMID- 7091439 TI - More on maprotiline-induced seizures. PMID- 7091440 TI - DST during drug-induced switch from depression to mania. PMID- 7091441 TI - Associating smoking cessation with improved health. PMID- 7091442 TI - Diagnosis of blacks with affective disorder. PMID- 7091443 TI - Lithium-hydrochlorothiazide interaction? PMID- 7091444 TI - Hypnosis for urinary retention. PMID- 7091445 TI - Side effects of clonidine. PMID- 7091446 TI - Epistaxis in hypertensive patients taking thioridazine. PMID- 7091447 TI - Human ecology and mental illness. AB - Psychiatrists and others in the mental health field have long been aware that forces within the surrounding social network effect both favorably and unfavorably the individual psyche and the course of mental illness, but the systematic use of such factors in therapy and prevention has awaited a model. The authors identify a beginning yet workable approach to what an APA task force termed "ecopsychiatry"; the model proposed is not that of traditional linear or cause-and-effect perspectives but is based on a systemic model derived originally form biological ecology. PMID- 7091448 TI - d-Amphetamine-induced heterogeneous changes in psychotic behavior in schizophrenia. AB - In this placebo-paired, double-blind study, 13 of 45 schizophrenic patients showed an acute improvement in schizophrenic symptoms following d-amphetamine infusion (20 mg). The 18 patients who worsened tended to have higher CSF 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels than did those who improved. d-Amphetamine blood levels and clinical descriptors of schizophrenic subgroups did not differentiate patients who improved from those who worsened; however, patients who improved had been significantly more psychotic before the infusion. Patients who worsened had been more psychotic than those who did not change. The authors suggest that those who did not change. The authors suggest that sensitivity to dopamine stimulation in schizophrenia is state-dependent rather than trait dependent and that the simple, undirectional hypothesis of schizophrenia needs to be reformulated. PMID- 7091449 TI - Predictors and correlates of adaptation to conjugal bereavement. AB - The authors interviewed 162 widows 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after bereavement to determine which sociodemographic, prebereavement, and response variables and circumstances of the husband's death were related to distress level, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The most important variable associated with high distress at 1 month was the woman's perception that she was seeing old friends less than before her husband's death. At 2 years it was possible to predict distress levels with 86% accuracy by means of a multiple regression analysis using 10 variables, including 1-month GHQ score, short final illness of the husband, and satisfaction with available help. PMID- 7091450 TI - Dentistry at the crossroads: a study of professionalism. PMID- 7091451 TI - Dentistry at the crossroads: the future is uncertain: the challenges are many. PMID- 7091452 TI - Competition in health care. PMID- 7091453 TI - Traditional and emerging forms of dental practice. Cost, accessibility, and quality factors. AB - The traditional and predominant manner of delivering dental care is through a fee for-service, private practice system. A number of alternative dental care delivery systems have emerged and are being tested, and others are just emerging. These systems include department store practices, hospital dental services, health maintenance organizations, the independent practice of dental hygiene, and denturism. Although it is too soon to draw final conclusions about the efficacy and effectiveness of these systems, we examine them for their potential to compete with and change the way dental care is currently delivered. Using the parameters of cost, accessibility, and quality, we compare these systems to traditional dental practice. Some of these emerging forms clearly have the potential to complete favorably with traditional practice. Other seem less likely to alter the existing system substantially. The system which can best control costs, increase accessibility, and enhance quality will gain the competitive edge. PMID- 7091454 TI - Traditional and emerging forms of dental practice: another view. AB - Rovin and Nash suggest that alternate dental delivery systems are more competitive and will eventually capture a large share of the dental market presently held by traditional practices. The potential advantages of alternate delivery systems, mainly advertising and capitation payment, have not received careful evaluation. It is therefore premature to conclude that alternate delivery systems are structurally more competitive. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:662-664.) PMID- 7091455 TI - A political economic theory of the dental care market. AB - A theory of the dental care market is introduced which proposes that the vertically integrated (local/state/national) structure of the profession services as an organizational vehicle both for intra-professional debate and for developing provider-oriented dental care policy. We suggest that a special relationship exists between professionalism and professional regulation. Such regulation has functioned simultaneously to limit competition and to foster a prized consumption commodity for providers: professionalism and professional esteem. The organized pursuit of this commodity inherently dampens competition. Professionalism itself plays a crucial role in: 1) securing for organized dentistry a form of state regulation in which the providers themselves are the principal decision-makers; and 2) influencing provider and consumer market behavior in several significant respects, the net result being the formation of maintenance of a type of "leadership cartel" in the local market. Thus, a political-economic theory of the dental care market formally acknowledges professionalism as valued by established dentists and recent graduates as a central determining influence. Traditional models of pure competition and monopoly emerge as special, extreme cases of the general theory. Hypotheses are offered regarding consumer and provider behavior, market dynamics, and health policy and regulation. PMID- 7091456 TI - Toward a theory of the dental care market: a critique. PMID- 7091457 TI - Institutional change in delivery of dental services: a marketing perspective. AB - The recent appearance and growth of new delivery systems for dental services is examined from a marketing perspective. Analysis reveals that the growth of low priced, high throughput operations is consistent not only with marketing principles, but with the development of American retail institutions in general. Options for independent dentists in the face of this new competitive environment are discussed. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:679-683.) PMID- 7091458 TI - Pressures on the dental care system in the United States. AB - A number of significant pressures are creating tensions in the dental profession and the dental care delivery system. These pressures may be categorized in five major areas: 1) regulation and deregulation pressures involve changes in the state dental practice acts, court decisions concerning antitrust and advertising, and the inclusion of consumers on State professional regulatory boards; 2) cost of services includes factors involving the out-of-pocket cost of dental care and the growth of dental insurance; 3) dentist-related factors include the increased number of dentists and the indebtedness of dental graduates; 4) the pressures of changes in the American populations include the decline in population growth and the increase in proportion of elderly people; 5) changes in the distribution of dental care are based on new epidemiologic data concerning dental caries and progress in the prevention of periodontal disease. Many of these pressures are inducing competition in the dental care system. It is clear that the dental care system is in the process of change as it responds to these complex pressures. PMID- 7091459 TI - Increasing efficiency in evaluation research: the use of sequential analysis. AB - This paper describes Wald's sequential analysis and briefly reviews the history of its applied use. Two public health applications are presented as examples of how the method helped overcome two common problems associated with evaluation research. In one case, the sequential technique reduced dramatically the workload in an evaluation project where hospital records were being reviewed. In the second case, prompt feedback of data to a breast screening program was facilitated by the sequential method allowing program administrators to refocus their efforts on problem areas before the end of the funding period. On the average, Wald's sequential method results in a savings of 50 per cent in observations as compared to classical sampling procedures. The sample sizes will always terminate with a finite number and will rarely exceed three times the average sample size for any single sample. PMID- 7091460 TI - Addict death rates during a four-year posttreatment follow-up. AB - Mortality rates were examined among 3,324 Black and White daily opioid drug users for a four-year period following treatment in community-based agencies located across the United States. A total of 179 of these addicts died during this follow up period, yielding a death rate of 15.2 per 1,000 person-years at risk. When adjusted for age, addict death rates were found to be three to 14 times higher than those in the general US population. Life table analysis was also used to examine these rates in relation to client demographic, background, and treatment variables obtained prospectively, both prior to and during treatment. Age, alcohol use, and criminal history were positively associated with higher death rates. With regard to causes of death, age proved to be the only significant predictor; older addicts (over 30) had the highest percentages of deaths due to "natural" causes, while over three-fourths of the deaths among younger addicts were drug related or involved violence. PMID- 7091461 TI - Rubella susceptibility in inner-city adolescents: the effect of a school immunization law. AB - In order to improve the immune status of girls in our medical clinic, we conducted a prospective sero-survey to identify susceptibles and developed a system for vaccinating non-immune girls. Over an 18-month period, 481 inner-city adolescents were screened. Susceptibility rate defined by a titer less than 1:8 was 12 per cent and did not differ significantly with regard to age or race. Nine months into the study period, the State of Wisconsin enacted a "no immunization no school" law. The susceptibility rate dropped from 22 per cent prior to the enactment of the law, to 5 per cent after. Of the 60 girls identified as susceptible, 54 (90 per cent) kept their follow up appointments for vaccinations. Enforced state immunization laws appear to be effective in lowering rubella susceptibility. PMID- 7091462 TI - Cancer control in India: a multinational approach involving the USA and the USSR. AB - Based on a long-standing cooperation in medicine and public health between the United States and the Soviet Union, and on the potential contributions to be made by scientists from both of these countries, the World Health Organization invited an American-Soviet collaborative team to recommend a cancer control program for the Government of India. The consultants defined the importance of cancer of the cervix uteri and of the oral cavity, which comprise one-half of India's cancer cases, as the basis for a cancer control program. They recommended incorporation of cancer control functions into the organizational structure of the Ministry of Health as well as specific recommendations in education, prevention, and early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiologic studies. The mission underscores the value of multinational cooperation on health care problems that are faced in common by the United States, the Soviet Union, and other countries of the world. In addition it serves as a basis for international friendship and understanding in the context of mutually productive activities which may provide a benefit for all nations. PMID- 7091463 TI - Community health planning from an interorganizational perspective. AB - Planning agencies do not have control over health care resources in the community. Resources are concentrated in a number of provider organizations, associations, and government agencies, which have common goals as well as a diversity of individual objectives, and therefore enter into networks of relationships to accomplish their overlapping service missions. Interorganizational research shows that it is important to enhance the interdependence and benefits of cooperation between organizations and at the same time maintain the identity and distinctive qualities of each organization. Thus, in addition to the important role to provide information for decisions, planners have a role to manage the interdependencies and identities among organizations in the health system. Research shows that in situations where only methods, data, and analysis were emphasized by health planners, they had less impact on community decisions than in situations where planners also emphasized the development of the interorganizational system of decision-making. In a neutral position with respect to competing forces, planners can more effectively use their leverage from their information processing role and from their regulatory powers to facilitate the balancing of interorganizational interests and to enhance cooperative benefits to the community. PMID- 7091464 TI - A study of carboxyhaemoglobin levels of cigarette and sheesha smokers in Saudi Arabia. AB - A single carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) estimation of late evening blood sample among non-smokers, cigarette smokers, and sheesha smokers was evaluated among Saudis. The COHb level in smokers of 15 to 40 cigarettes a day ranged between 0.7 and 10.3 with a mean value of 6.1 +/- 2.58 COHb. Values among sheesha smokers ranged between 6.5 and 13.9 with a mean value of 8.8 +/- 1.83, significantly higher than those of cigarette smokers (P less than 0.001) for a given degree of exposure to tobacco smoke. PMID- 7091465 TI - Attitudes and health promoting behavior of medical and law students. AB - An entering class of medical students is compared with an entering class of law students on attitudes toward self-responsibility for health and reported health behaviors. Students' health behavior patterns are contrasted with those of practicing physicians and lawyers. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Results indicated that medical students were stronger on self responsibility and also reported more often engaging in health promoting behavior than law students. The same pattern of differences was reported for practicing physicians and lawyers. PMID- 7091466 TI - Chiropractic use: a test of several hypotheses. AB - Several hypotheses concerning the use of chiropractic services were examined using data on health attitudes and health care utilization collected in central Wisconsin. The analyses indicate that the major differences between users and non users of chiropractic services are that users are older, report more chronic health problems, have used physicians relatively frequently, but report difficulty in getting doctors' appointments. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:727 730.) PMID- 7091467 TI - A comparison of height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness of children ages 5 12 in Michigan (1978), Forsyth County North Carolina (1978), and HANES I (1971 1974). AB - Height, weight, and triceps skinfold measurements were made on 1,668 Forsyth County, North Carolina students ages 5-12 during 1978. These data were compared to a representative sample of Michigan children taken during the same year and to their United States counterparts in HANES I (1971-74). The North Carolina children more closely resembled their US counterparts than did the Michigan group, casting doubt on the secular trend toward heavier children suggested by the Michigan researchers. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:730-733.) PMID- 7091468 TI - Differences in trends of postneonatal mortality by birthweight in upstate New York, 1968-1979. AB - Postneonatal mortality among neonatal survivors and the distribution of age at death among infant deaths were examined for births occurring in upstate New York, 1968-1979. Postneonatal mortality rates increased among infants weighing 501-1500 grams. Infants weighing 1501-2000 grams experienced an increase in postneonatal mortality during the mid-1970s, later returning to the level of 1968. Among infants 2001+ grams, postneonatal mortality declined throughout the study period. Among all levels of birthweight, the proportion of infant deaths occurring as postneonatal deaths increased. PMID- 7091469 TI - Is smoker/nonsmoker segregation effective in reducing passive inhalation among nonsmokers? AB - Using expired carbon monoxide (CO) and a test of coordination as measures of tobacco smoke exposure in a natural environmental setting where smokers and nonsmokers were segregated, results indicate that by comparison to a control group, subjects seated in adjacent smoking/ nonsmoking environments were not only exposed to similar ambient levels of CO, but also show similar physical and physiological reactions to their exposure in the form of coordination test scores, expired CO, and blood carboxyhemoglobin. While the results may not be generalized to other tobacco smoke constituents or other environmental settings, they raise questions about the health benefits of smoker segregation which future research must address. PMID- 7091470 TI - Completeness of infant death registration for very low birthweight infants: Washington State 1978-79. AB - Washington State hospitals were queried about the fate of 507 infants born in 1978-79 for whom no linked death certificate existed. Only ten previously unregistered deaths were discovered, raising mortality for this group by 2.5 per cent. In addition, 13 previously unmatched death records were linked to birth records, providing more accurate calculation of birthweight-specific mortality rates. Washington State infant death registration is more complete that that found in either Georgia or North Carolina. PMID- 7091471 TI - Pregnancy outcomes of Indochinese refugees, Santa Clara County, California. AB - Birth certificates and a sample of hospital obstetric records for Indochinese refugees in Santa Clara County, CA, 1979-1980, were reviewed. Among 542 live births, the overall median birthweight of 3175 gm and 5.7 per cent rate of low birthweight were favorable; it is our impression that the more recent arrivals, especially Cambodians and Laotians, present at greater risk, lacking prenatal care, and have more infants of low birth rate and more pregnancy complications. PMID- 7091472 TI - Are bottled beverages safe for travelers? PMID- 7091473 TI - Health status and survival needs of the elderly. PMID- 7091474 TI - A nutritional analysis of the Food Stamp Program. AB - Conflicting claims made both for and against the Food Stamp program have never been based on empirical evidence of its effects on the adequacy and the quality of diets of poor people. In this study, individual diets are measured against dietary standards appropriate for individuals and models of nutritional adequacy are constructed which make possible a determination of the program's impact on many different components of human nutrition. Two types of multiple regression models of nutrient sufficiency--ratios of dietary intake to standard as well as nutrient densities--were developed with dietary recall data from 181 and 195 subjects, respectively. These subjects were selected in a random, probability sample of a low-income area of Tulsa. Oklahoma in 1978 and all had annual household incomes which placed them at or below the poverty level. Separate models were developed for each of six nutrients, calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C, and a large number of covariates were included in these models to isolate the effects due to program participation. The results suggest that the effects of food stamps are not uniformly positive nor are they similar to the effects which could be expected under a less expensive system of direct cash payments. PMID- 7091475 TI - Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly. AB - Data from the Manitoba Longitudinal Study on Aging (MLSA) were used to test the hypothesis that self-rated health (SRH) is a predictor of mortality independent of "objective health status" (OHS). Subjects were a random sample of non institutionalized residents of Manitoba aged 65+ in 1971 (n = 3,128). A single item measure of SRH was obtained during a survey conducted in 1971; a baseline measure of OHS was derived from physician and self-reported conditions and health service utilization data. Occurrence and date of death during the years 1971-1977 were known. Analyses of the data revealed that, controlling for OHS, age, sex, life satisfaction, income and urban/rural residence, the risk of early mortality (1971-1973) and late mortality (1974-1977) for persons whose SRH was poor was 2.92 and 2.77 times that of those whose SRH was excellent. This increased risk of death associated with poor self-rated health was greater than that associated with poor OHS, poor life satisfaction, low income and being male. These findings provide empirical support for the long held, but inadequately substantiated, belief that the way a person views his health is importantly related to subsequent health outcomes. PMID- 7091476 TI - Race-specific patterns of abortion use by American teenagers. AB - Between 1972 and 1978, as legal abortion became more widely available nationally, abortion rates (abortions per 1,000 women) and ratios (abortions per 1,000 live births) increased for all American teenagers; from 1972 to 1975, the rates and ratios for teenagers for Black and other races increased faster than those for White teenagers. For all seven years, abortion rates were higher for teenagers of Black and other races than for white teenagers. This reflected both higher proportions of sexually active teenagers of Black and other races and a greater risk of pregnancy in these teenagers compared with White teenagers. Race-specific differences in legal abortion ratios narrowed during the seven-year interval, as did differences in alternative outcomes of teenage premarital pregnancies (term births, illegal abortions). PMID- 7091477 TI - Never-pregnant adolescents and family planning programs: contraception, continuation, and pregnancy risk. AB - Four hundred urban Black teenagers enrolling in a family planning program before pregnancies occurred were followed for one year to assess factors influencing continuation of contraceptive use. Over half the follow-up respondents claimed to always use contraception. Program discontinuers were less likely to use contraception, but nearly half had no sex activity when contacted at follow-up. Sex frequency reported in the sample was low. Background factors of age, grade, and household were associated with contraceptive use and with pregnancy. Girls who had pregnancies were significantly more likely to live in a single-parent household, to have sex more frequently, and to have stated at enrollment that they wanted their first child before age 20. A majority of the sample, nearly all of whom obtained oral contraception, did not know at the one year follow-up how to use any alternative methods for preventing conception, hence many would again be at risk of pregnancy when sex activity resumed. PMID- 7091478 TI - Do quantity-frequency data underestimate drinking-related health risks? AB - Identifying health impairment related to ethanol consumption is one of the major objectives of public health research. The most frequently used method for assessing drinking behavior in public health surveys and related research has been estimation formulae, like the Quantity-Frequency (QF) method which derives an estimate of typical/average levels of daily consumption. In recent years, questions have arisen as to whether the QF method can accurately reflect actual drinking patterns. This study compares a QF method of assessing daily drinking behavior with a newer, more quantitative method (Time-Line, TL) of assessing daily drinking. The QF and TL methods yielded similar mean daily ethanol consumption levels; however, in contrast to the TL method, the QF method seriously masked subjects' actual drinking patterns by failing to identify certain types of ethanol consumption days, especially those thought to be associated with health risks. These findings, while provocative, were obtained with a small number of subjects (N = 40). Extrapolation to populations other than problem drinkers, while likely, awaits further empirical validation. PMID- 7091479 TI - Characteristics of patients referred for treatment of end-stage renal disease in a defined population. AB - We studied the incidence of referral for treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (KFHP) in northern California from 1972 through 1977. In this population of over 1 million persons, we found an age adjusted annual incidence of 44.9 per million after 1973, when the Federal ESRD Program went into effect. Age-specific incidence was highest in in men greater than 70 years of age and in women in the 50- to 59-year age group; the male/female ratio was 1.4:1. The most common diagnoses of patients referred with ESRD were glomerulonephritis (11.4 per million per year), diabetic nephropathy (5.0 per million per year), primary hypertensive disease (3.1 per million per year), and polycystic kidney disease (2.4 per million per year). Estimated rates of referral for ESRD were highest for Blacks, lowest for Whites, and intermediate for Asians. Incidence varied by geographic area within the health plan service area and was highest where the percentage of the Black population was highest. PMID- 7091480 TI - The impact on breastfeeding and pregnancy status of household contraceptive distribution in rural Haiti. AB - This paper presents data from an experimental project which distributed oral contraceptives, foam, and condoms to households in three rural areas of Haiti between January 1978 and March 1980. The contraceptive distribution had little apparent impact on traditional, prolonged breastfeeding patterns, and the percentage of women pregnant after eight months of field operations declined over 35 per cent in the two areas where contraceptive acceptance and use were highest. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:825-838.) PMID- 7091481 TI - Bottled beverages and typhoid fever: the Mexican epidemic of 1972-73. AB - A chloramphenicol resistant strain of S. typhi which caused a very large epidemic of typhoid fever in Mexico in 1972-73 survived in opened bottles of one carbonated drink with a pH of 4.6 for two weeks and in another such drink with a pH of 5.1 for six months. Bottled beverages are potential sources of large outbreaks of enteric disease, and deserve the same type of standards sand monitoring as comparable fluids such as milk. PMID- 7091482 TI - Trends and patterns in characteristics of local health administrators. AB - A survey of 1251 local health departments in 1980-81 (response rate 54 per cent) revealed that 74 per cent of those responding were healed by males, 96 per cent by Whites, 16 per cent by directors 60 or over. Forty per cent of the directors were physicians, a substantially lower percentage than that reported a decade ago. Physicians and males were most prevalent in large departments. Two-thirds of the smallest departments were headed by women, usually nurses. PMID- 7091484 TI - Excess mortality from traffic accidents among elderly pedestrians living in the inner city. AB - Age-specific death rates for pedestrian-car accidents among the populations living in four contiguous areas of a large city, one being the downtown area and the others gradually more removed from it, were compared. The rates are highest downtown and decrease progressively in the outlying areas, the absolute differences between areas being largest above age 65. These data suggest that pedestrian accident prevention efforts should take into account the specific needs of the elderly living in the inner city. PMID- 7091483 TI - Impact on retention: comparison of two CPR training programs. AB - CPR trainees who completed 8-hour, 3 session and 4-hour single session courses were studied for skill and cognitive retention one year after certification. Knowledge and performance scores were significantly higher for trainees from the long course, but performance skills for both groups were below certification level when compared to American Heart Association standards. The findings suggest the need for further evaluation of course components which could improve retention levels for all trainees. PMID- 7091485 TI - Rubella immunization of male health personnel. PMID- 7091486 TI - Mandatory rubella immunity program among New Mexico Health staff. PMID- 7091487 TI - What are the total costs of nuclear power disasters, and who shall pay? PMID- 7091489 TI - Cell-mediated immune response of the mammary gland in guniea pigs. I. Effect of antigen injection into the vaccinated and unvaccinated glands. AB - The leukocytic response of the mammary gland in the locally vaccinated guniea pigs to challenge with specific antigen during lactation was investigated. The response was measured by enumerating cells in milk collected at various times prior to and following antigenic challenge. A significant leukocytosis was observed in milk from vaccinated animals. The maximum cellular response by vaccinated animals was observed at 16 h to 30 h after challenge. The majority of leukocytes collected at that time did not form EA rosettes. Differential cell counts showed that the polymorphonuclear leukocytes were the major cell type until 30 h postchallenge while the mononuclear leukocytes predominated later. The delayed cellular response to challenge and the predominancy of leukocyte type at various times after challenge are discussed. It is proposed that the leukocyte response of the mammary glands in vaccinated animals was a cell-mediated immune reaction. PMID- 7091488 TI - Immunoglobulin classes, secretory component, and sperm agglutinins in semen after vasovasostomy. AB - The immunoglobulin classes of the sperm-agglutinating antibodies in the seminal fluid and serum from four vasovasostomized men, as well as in operatively obtained testis-epididymis fluid from two of them, were investigated by specific solid-phase absorption of IgG, IgM, and IgA. In two patients the major part of the seminal agglutinins was IgA, and in one IgG, indicating that both local production and diffusion of sperm agglutinins from serum to the testis-epididymis compartment may take place. The total levels of immunoglobulins in seminal fluid generally increased after the operation, and IgM was present in two postvasovasostomy samples. This suggests a pathotopic potentiation effect of the vasectomy on the epithelial lining of the testis-epididymis compartment. Comparison of the results of solid-phase absorption with anti-IgA and anti secretory component (SC) pointed to the presence of "free" SC in postvasovasostomy seminal fluid. PMID- 7091490 TI - Effect of anti-HCG sera on purified syncytiotrophoblast from full-term human placenta. AB - Heterologous anti-HCG and anti-beta-HCG sera failed to effect complement dependent lysis of purified 51chromium-labeled syncytiotrophoblast in vitro. The progesterone synthetic activity of syncytiotrophoblast was also preserved in the presence of the anti-HCG sera. Binding of the anti-HCG antibodies to the syncytiotrophoblast was demonstrated in an immunofluorescence test. The potential of the anti-HCG sera to participate in complement dependent lysis of other HCG bearing cell types was revealed using BeWo cells as the targets; 53%-68% of the latter were killed by exposure to anti-HCG sera and complement. The possible mechanism(s) whereby syncytiotrophoblast resists damage by the anti-HCG sera are considered. PMID- 7091491 TI - Effect of immunomodulating factors present in ascitic fluids and sera from cancer patients on the responses of cultured mononuclear cells from normal subjects. AB - Ascitic fluids and sera from patients with malignant tumors were tested for their ability to modulate the mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of normal subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. The addition of either ascitic fluid or serum to cultures of normal blood cells greatly enhanced the blastogenic response of cells to phytohemagglutinin P, and markedly depressed the responses to concanavalin A and succinyl-concanavalin A. The blastogenic response of the cells to pokeweed mitogen was unaffected by the addition of serum and depressed by the addition of ascitic fluid. Autologous normal serum also enhanced the response to phytohemagglutinin P but had no effect on the response to the other mitogens. These activities were concentration-dependent and heat-stable (56 degrees C, 60 min) and could be detected even if the ascitic fluid or serum was added as late as the second day of culture. Cells that had been preincubated with serum or ascitic fluid and washed well before culturing with the mitogens responded in the same manner as cells cultured in the presence of serum or ascitic fluid. The mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of mononuclear cells were not affected by the addition of autologous cells that had been preincubated with either serum or ascitic fluid, washed, and treated with mitomycin C. Indomethacin (2 X 10(-7)M) did not prevent the ascitic fluid-mediated depression of blastogenic responses of normal cells. The ascitic fluid and serum of these cancer patients appeared to contain a specific immunoinhibiting substance which exerted its effects by a direct action on the responding mononuclear cells and not by the induction of suppressor cells. PMID- 7091492 TI - Morphologic correlates of host response in endometrial carcinoma. AB - Cases of endometrial carcinoma reviewed for this study were divided into two groups: 1) Premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal patients in whom a history of anovulation, obesity, ovarian hyperthecosis (including Stein-Leventhal syndrome) or feminizing tumors, and/or exogenous estrogen intake were found; and 2) post menopausal, elderly patients, without known hormonal or metabolic disturbances and without any history of estrogen therapy. In the first group, frequent associated findings were precursor stages of endometrial carcinoma, such as adenomatous and atypical hyperplasia. In the majority of cases, the cancer was confined to the endometrium, rarely infiltrating the myometrium. In the second group, the cancer was associated most often with an inactive, atrophic endometrium and frequently diffusely infiltrated through the myometrium, with lymphatic and vascular involvement. The lymphatic and plasma-cell infiltrate was evaluated in both groups. It was found to be more abundant in the first group, but at the tumor-host interface and perivascularly, than in the second. As reported in other malignancies of the female reproductive system, the presence or absence of a lymphocytic infiltrate as a morphological expression of local cellular immune response of the host correlates well with the biological behavior of the tumor. A challenging question is the relationship, if any, between hormonal factors and immune mechanisms in tumors arising in tissues such as the endometrium that, even normally, are targets of hormonal stimulation. PMID- 7091493 TI - Antibodies of ovarian antigens in different diseases of the ovary. AB - Using the test of antiglobulin serum consumption against the human ovarian antigen, investigations were conducted on the presence of antiovarian antibodies in the blood serum of 432 women with different diseases of the ovary and 50 healthy women as control group. Autoantibodies were found in 12 of 172 patients with inflammatory lesions of the ovary (7.0%), in 18 of 118 patients with ovarian failure (15.3%), and in 21 of 65 patients with malignancies of the ovary (32.3%). No autoantibodies were detected in any of the healthy women from the control group, in any of the 10 patients with tuberculosis of the adnexa, or in any of the 67 women operated upon for benign neoplasms of the ovary. The authors formulate the suppression that there may be a correlation between the occurrence of autoantibodies, lesions of the ovarian tissue, and the malignancy of the neoplastic process. PMID- 7091494 TI - Oral contraception, circulating immune complexes, antiethinylestradiol antibodies, and thrombosis. AB - Circulating immune complexes were detected in women on oral contraceptives (OC) by a simple antigen nonspecific method using precipitation of serum in 25% saturated ammonium sulfate (CIC-AS). A significant correlation was found between the presence of CIC-AS and the OC vascular risk. A radioimmunoassay with tritiated ethinylestradiol indicated that CIC-AS contained antiethinylestradiol antibodies (anti-EE Ab) in a number of OC users, but indicated also that 1) anti EE Ab may be found in cases with no detectable CIC-AS, 2) CIC-AS containing no anti-EE Ab are found in nonusers, and 3) even in OC users the CIC-AS may contain antibodies to other ligands than EE. The study demonstrated also that, in OC users with a vascular complication, anti-EE Ab were more frequently detected (78% of cases) than CIC-AS (60%). Moreover, among OC users with CIC-AS, anti-EE Ab were found in 95% of women with a vascular complication and only 37% of current healthy users. The detection of anti-EE Ab appears to be more predictive, with regard to the vascular risk of OC, than the detection of CIC-AS. PMID- 7091496 TI - Papers of the Lyman A. Brewer III Cardiothoracic Symposium. PMID- 7091495 TI - Environmental selection and physician supply. PMID- 7091497 TI - Medical education in China: historical background, present status, and further development. PMID- 7091498 TI - When and how to invade for the diagnosis and staging of primary lung cancer. AB - In search of perspectives pertaining to the selection of invasive procedures for evaluating patients with lung cancer, data from other centers were considered, and our recent consecutive experience with 40 lung cancer patients was reviewed. Cost estimates for the least and the most complete use of invasive procedures were done. An average of three procedures per patient was used. Information judged beneficial was obtained from 94 for 120 procedures (78 percent). By retrospective analysis, 15 procedures (0.38 per patient) provided no useful information. An approach to the use of invasive procedures in the management of patients with suspected lung cancer is proposed. PMID- 7091499 TI - Computed tomography in lung cancer. AB - Computed-assisted tomography produces a cross-sectional image of the body using x ray absorption measurements. Density differences are much more apparent than on conventional radiographs, although spatial resolution is not so fine. Lung cancer, can be evaluated accurately with regard to size, location, and whether regional or mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged. Although enlarged granulomatous nodes generally tend to be dense, histologic specificity is not available. Computed tomography is recommended as a screening technique in lung cancer staging for patients whose routine radiographs are normal but whose primary lesions fulfill criteria for mediastinoscopy. If findings on computed tomography are normal, thoracotomy should then be performed; if enlarged nodes are detected, then a biopsy is needed to exclude operability. This strategy presumes that computed tomography has high sensitivity, although it remains to be proven by further experience whether the false-negative rate of computed tomography is an acceptable 10 to 15 percent. Computed tomography has been shown to be of considerable value in optimizing radiation therapy of lung cancer, and in diagnosing pleural complications of the cancer or its treatment. PMID- 7091500 TI - Surgical results and surgical adjuvant therapy for lung cancer. AB - Careful intraoperative surgical staging should be considered routine for all patients undergoing thoracotomy for lung cancer. In addition, conservative resection is indicated for T1N0 lesions. Surgical adjuvant immunotherapy has not proved as effective as originally hoped. However, the advent of more effective combination chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer has led to the evolution of these agents as adjuncts to surgery. The preliminary results are promising. PMID- 7091501 TI - Management of the patient with emphysema, coronary artery disease, and lung cancer. AB - Coronary artery disease, emphysema, and lung cancer often occur together and have cigarette smoking as a common etiologic contributor. The management of the patient with lung cancer, coronary artery disease, and emphysema is complex. The patient with significant coronary artery disease should undergo coronary artery bypass before or concurrently with pulmonary resection. Only proven carcinomas should be resected at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting because immunosuppression secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass can result in the life threatening spread of fungal or other infections if biopsy is performed at the time of cardiopulmonary bypass. The risk of pulmonary resection is increased in the patient with emphysema because of decreased efficiency of the lungs and chest wall. Likewise, emphysema results in greater risk in the patient with coronary artery disease because of increased demands on the heart. PMID- 7091502 TI - The role of limited resection in carcinoma of the lung. AB - Thirty years ago lobectomy was considered inadequate excision for carcinoma of the lung. In 1982 we are at the same point in comparing lobectomy with lesser resections. Limited pulmonary reserve and second carcinomas, as well as evidence of control by wedge and segmental resection, indicate that the need for lobectomy should be reappraised in carcinomas limited to smaller portions of the lungs. PMID- 7091503 TI - Heparin prophylaxis: room for improvement. PMID- 7091504 TI - Diagnosis of papillary stenosis by calibration: follow-up 15 to 25 years after sphincteroplasty. AB - In 178 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy for biliary colic, the papilla was calibrated with a no. 10 French catheter through the cystic duct. The catheter passed through the papilla into the duodenum in 94 patients. Six (6 percent) had common duct stones. No postcholecystectomy colic occurred. In 37 patients the catheter was obstructed by papillary stenosis and sphincteroplasty was done. Common duct stones occurred in 17 patients (46 percent), jaundice in 7 and dilatation of the common duct in 6. Cholangiograms failed to detect small stones in seven patients and were of minimal value in positively identifying stenosis. In 49 control patients the papilla was not calibrated. Cholangiograms were normal. Postcholecystectomy colic occurred in seven patients, two of whom underwent subsequent sphincteroplasty. It is concluded that calibration is a worthwhile adjunct to cholangiography. Sphincteroplasty permits passage of small stones that may not be apparent on cholangiograms and are retained by papillary stenosis, and prevents colic (dyskinesia) of stenosis that also may not be apparent on cholangiograms. PMID- 7091505 TI - Artificial sphincters as surgical treatment for experimental massive resection of small intestine. AB - A modification of the technique of Schiller, DiDio, and Anderson was adopted by extending removal of the longitudinal layer of the muscular coat to the entire perimeter of a segment of the small intestine in dogs, resulting in the construction of artificial sphincters, to assist animals undergoing enterectomy. The creation of one or two artificial sphincters prolonged the survival of dogs undergoing massive resection of the small intestine (87.5 percent of the total length). PMID- 7091506 TI - Intraabdominal abscess in Crohn's (ileo) colitis. AB - Operations for intraabdominal abscess were performed in 46 (20 percent) of 230 patients with Crohn's colitis and ileocolitis treated at the Mount Sinai Hospital during the decade 1964 to 1974. Internal and external fistulas, intestinal obstruction, and abdominal mass occurred significantly more often in patients with intraabdominal abscess, while only overt bleeding was significantly less common. Abscesses were equally divided between 23 patients who had undergone previous surgery and 23 cases of spontaneous onset. IN ileocolitis, the most frequent site of origin was the terminal ileum with right lower quadrant abscess, as opposed to a sigmoid origin in colitis with presentation in the left lower quadrant. There was no mortality among 24 patients treated with simple drainage, usually for superficial abscess, but enterocutaneous fistulas persisted in 5 of these patients (21 percent). Four of 11 patients (35 percent) died after undergoing bypass or ileostomy diversion. Among the 31 patients surviving either of these procedures, 18 (60 percent) required subsequent resection of the diseased bowel. By contrast, among 11 patients treated with primary en bloc resection plus drainage, there was only 1 death (9 percent) and no abscess recurrence or chronic enterocutaneous fistula formation during a follow-up period of 1 to 4 years. The high mortality rate after bypass may be explained by the more serious nature of the disease and the preexisting deep intraabdominal abscess and postoperative sepsis. Simple extraperitoneal drainage is a safe procedure associated with an extremely low mortality; however, when feasible, resection of the diseased bowel seems to be the treatment of choice for abscess in patients with Crohn's colitis and ileocolitis. PMID- 7091507 TI - Current role of intravenous cholangiography. AB - One hundred consecutive intravenous cholangiograms were reviewed. In terms of bile duct and gallbladder visualization, 20 were of excellent quality, 40 were of adequate quality, and 40 were of poor quality or did not visualize. In retrospect, 12 of the studies were originally misinterpreted. Among the 29 patients who were eventually proven to have biliary tract disease, intravenous cholangiography was helpful in making the diagnosis in only 17 (59 percent). In 20 patients the study was performed to establish or rule out a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; the test was helpful in only 9 (45 percent). It is concluded that intravenous cholangiography frequently results in marginal visualization that is subject to interpretive error. With the current variety of available tests that are able to visualize the biliary tree with a high degree of resolution, intravenous cholangiography has become a diagnostic anachronism. PMID- 7091508 TI - The case against routine operative cholangiography. AB - We reviewed 500 consecutive cholecystectomies during which operative cholangiography was performed only when there were clinical indications for common duct exploration. Negative operative cholangiograms obviated the necessity for exploration in a substantial number of cases. Cholecystectomy without operative cholangiography was performed in 438 patients. From the average experience of those employing routine cholangiography (6 percent incidence of unsuspected stones), we presumably missed common duct stones in about 26 patients, but those stones either passed spontaneously or caused no problems. A single patient requiring reoperation for a retained stone was not a candidate for cholangiography at the original operation. No common duct injuries occurred in the series. We conclude that routine operative cholangiography is unnecessary for either finding unsuspected common duct stones or detecting ductal anomalies. PMID- 7091509 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder. AB - One hundred ten cases of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder occurring over a 25 year period were reviewed. Except for anemia and weight loss, the signs, symptoms, laboratory, and roentgenographic studies were of little value in the preoperative diagnosis of the disease. Most patients presented with advanced disease with extension to the liver and metastases to the common bile duct nodes. In nine patients the tumor was not clinically apparent at the time of cholecystectomy, the diagnosis being made postoperatively by the pathologist. By the end of the first postoperative year, 85 percent of the patients had died. Only two patients survived more than 5 years, for an overall 5 year survival rate of 2 percent. Usually the only survivors are patients with lesions resected early that were not apparent to the operating surgeon and without deep invasion of the gallbladder wall. The best hope for reducing the mortality from this disease lies in earlier cholecystectomy in patients with benign gallbladder disease and in extending the limits of resection when small, and presumably early, lesions are encountered. PMID- 7091510 TI - Survival after surgery for advanced carcinoma of the stomach other than the cardia. AB - The survival of 103 patients operated on for advanced carcinoma of the stomach other than the cardia was assessed. The median duration of survival for patients subjected to palliative partial gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, gastrojejunostomy, and biopsy only was 24, 22, 11, and 10 weeks, respectively. All of these patients had definite residual tumor. In the 27 patients with preoperative signs of incurable tumor, the high operative mortality rate (19 percent), the low rate of resectability (26 percent), and the short duration of survival in the patients who had resection (median 11 weeks) combined lead to the conclusion that exploration for the possibility of resection is not worthwhile. PMID- 7091511 TI - Acute abdominal disease in the elderly: experience from two series in Stockholm. AB - Two series from greater Stockholm consisting of 726 (1960 to 1968) and 1,000 (1977 to 1978) patients over age 70 years with acute abdominal complaints are presented. Almost two thirds were women. Acute cholecystitis dominated both series, but its incidence decreased from 40.8 to 26 percent in the later series. The incidence of malignant disease increased from 3 to 13.2 percent. About one third of the patients were operated on; 50 percent had postoperative complications. Some frequently occurring aberrations of the usual symptoms and signs in acute appendicitis, ileus, and perforated gastric duodenal ulcer are discussed. The overall therapeutic results improved, as judged by postoperative mortality (series I, 23.1; series II, 16 percent) and mortality associated with individual diseases (except for acute pancreatitis). However, total mortality only decreased from 14 to 11.3 percent due to the large number of malignant diseases in series II, which were associated with a mortality of 37.9 percent. In series II the median duration of stay was 10.5 days and 75 percent of the patients were discharged home. PMID- 7091512 TI - Prospective randomized study of concomitant lumbar sympathectomy with aortoiliac reconstruction. AB - Ninety-three consecutive patients for aortofemoral bypass grafting were studied to determine the effect of sympathectomy on early and late patency, the need for subsequent distal procedures, amputation rate, and ankle-brachial Doppler systolic pressure indexes. Sixty-seven patients completed the study. Fifty-three limbs were randomized to receive sympathectomy and 81 no sympathectomy. The mean length of follow-up postoperatively was 11 +/- 2.53 months (maximum 24). Five grafts occluded, two early and three late. Both early occlusions occurred in the nonsympathectomy group and all three late occlusions ensued in the sympathectomy group. Subsequent distal procedures were necessary early (within 30 days) in five limbs, all in the nonsympathectomy group. Nine limbs required distal procedures late, four (5 percent) in the nonsympathectomy group and five (9.5 percent) in the sympathectomy group (p greater than 0.05). Altogether, distal bypass was required in 11 percent of the patients in the nonsympathectomy group versus 9.4 percent in the sympathectomy group (p greater than 0.05). Five limbs were amputated 4 to 14 months after aortofemoral bypass, four (5 percent) in the nonsympathectomy and one (2 percent) in the sympathectomy group (p greater than 0.05). The ankle-brachial pressure index increased significantly after aortofemoral bypass in both groups (p less than 0.05). The mean increase after aortofemoral bypass was more marked in the sympathectomy group (p greater than 0.05). Thus, at a mean follow-up time of 11 months after aortofemoral bypass, there was no significant difference in graft patency, need for subsequent distal bypass, or amputation rate between the sympathectomy and nonsympathectomy groups. PMID- 7091513 TI - Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis: evaluation of the effect and mode of action of steroids in experimental pancreatitis in dogs. AB - Three experiments were performed to evaluate the effects and hemodynamic changes brought about by steroids in experimental pancreatitis in dogs. The results show (1) a significant improval in survival in steroid-treated groups, (2) no difference in cardiac output or mean blood pressure between groups, (3) a decrease in relative pancreatic arterial blood flow in the untreated animals, and (4) an increase in arterial flow to the pancreas after steroid therapy. The experiments suggest that the reversal of reduced pancreatic flow may be important in improving the prognosis. PMID- 7091514 TI - Modification of the Haemonetics Cell Saver for optional high flow rate autotransfusion. AB - Intraoperative autotransfusion is a technique well-suited to major vascular surgery. It is most effective when salvage and reinfusion of shed blood can be accomplished at flow rates compatible with the degree of hemorrhage encountered in both elective and emergency procedures. Appropriate equipment modifications can render commercially available autotransfusion devices safer and more effective in the management of intraoperative blood loss. The Cell Saver, a device which concentrates and washes salvaged red blood cells, is limited in its potential as an autotransfusion device because of its slow reinfusion rate. A modification was devised which expands the flow capabilities of the Cell Saver and allows rapid reinfusion of autologous whole blood. The modified blood circuit has been employed in 10 major vascular cases with favorable results, thus demonstrating its efficacy in the management of massive hemorrhage during vascular repair. Guidelines for the safe and effective use of the modified unit are stressed. PMID- 7091515 TI - A simple method to determine the resolution of operative cholangiograms. AB - A cholangiographic technique which facilitates visualization of the catheter itself permits the surgeon to measure the resolution of the roentgenographic technique used. When the wall of the catheter is visible, the surgeon can be confident that the resolution of the technique is in the 0.3 mm range. It is unlikely that stones greater than 0.3 mm in diameter will be missed using this technique. PMID- 7091516 TI - Maintenance of ligature tension by a single operator with simultaneous removal of a hemostatic clamp. AB - Two new techniques that enable a single operator to maintain ligature tension while removing a hemostatic clamp are described. With the first technique a needle holder is used to grasp one tail of the ligature and maintain tension while the hemostatic clamp is removed with the opposite hand. The second technique loops one end of the ligature over the flexed index finger while fixing both tails with the remaining fingers. By extending the finger, tension is maintained. PMID- 7091517 TI - New instrument for rapid hemostasis and division of small vessels. AB - A new, finely machined surgical instrument is now available for use in placing two hemostatic metal clips at the same time. The instrument eliminates the need for reloading and handling of a second instrument by the surgeon. This instrument, a new version of the classic, clinically proven Weck Hemoclip clips, should revolutionize the technique of ligation and division of small, fragile blood vessels. PMID- 7091518 TI - Usefulness of diagnostic tests for biliary obstruction. AB - We studied the value of tests commonly used in diagnosing obstructive jaundice in 188 patients operated on for biliary obstruction. Ultrasonography had a diagnostic accuracy of 87 percent for gallbladder stones, 82 percent for dilated ducts, and 80 percent for pancreatic masses. Computed tomography was 93 percent accurate in diagnosing dilated ducts, and 93 percent accurate in diagnosing a pancreatic mass. Intravenous cholangiography gave useful information in only 4 of 21 patients. Among 45 patients, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was technically successful in 91 percent and gave accurate diagnostic information in 86 percent and partially diagnostic information in 7 percent; it detected all cases of common duct stones and had a 91 percent sensitivity for detecting pancreatic cancer. Among 75 patients, transhepatic cholangiography was technically successful in 95 percent and provided accurate diagnostic information in 90 percent and partially diagnostic information in 3 percent; it detected all cases of common duct stones and 95 percent of cases of benign strictures. With persistent jaundice, ultrasonography should be the first test because it is less costly than computed tomography and provides similar information. If more information is needed, transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are equally accurate; transhepatic cholangiography more often opacifies the proximal biliary tree and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provides direct access to the ampulla of Vater and the pancreatic duct. PMID- 7091519 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AB - The ERCP report in the patient's chart was compared with findings on common duct exploration or cystic duct cholangiography in 72 patients and found to have a sensitivity of 90.4 percent, a specificity of 98 percent, and an accuracy of 95.8 percent. Factors having the potential to influence the accuracy of ERCP were errors in interpretation by the surgeon and the radiologist and the operative technique of cholecystectomy. Also, the interval between the performance of the procedure and operation was particularly important in the patient with multiple small gallstones or small common duct stones. Small gallstones may spontaneously pass from the gallbladder to the common duct, or small common duct stones may spontaneously pass into the duodenum; therefore, the longer the interval between ERCP and operation, the greater the likelihood of a discrepancy. At operation, gallstones may be squeezed into the common duct during manipulation of the gallbladder unless the cystic duct is obstructed before manipulation of the gallbladder. We found ERCP sufficiently accurate to make cystic duct cholangiography unnecessary in most patients with cholelithiasis having a preoperative ERCP examination. PMID- 7091520 TI - Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - One hundred thirty-six patients meeting our criteria for one or more of eight clinical conditions were prospectively observed for the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. A high risk population was identified, including those with sepsis syndrome (38 percent), documented aspiration of gastric contents (30 percent), multiple emergency transfusions (24 percent), and pulmonary contusion (17 percent). The risk from multiple major fractures appeared low but contributed to the risk from other factors. The risk associated with just one factor (25 percent) was compounded by the presence of two (42 percent) and three (85 percent) simultaneous factors, and this finding was more predictive of ARDS than the injury severity score or initial arterial oxygenation. Of the ARDS cases, 76 percent occurred in the initial 24 hours after meeting the criteria. ARDS did not occur after 72 hours unless there was late development of sepsis (3 of 136 patients). PMID- 7091521 TI - Risk factors for the development of distant metastases in patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic cancer. AB - Sixty-two patients with clinically localised prostatic cancer underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy between 1972 and 1975. Thirty-one patients had concomitant total prostatectomy. The objectives of this study included determination of the relation of findings at lymphadenectomy, with and without total prostatectomy, to subsequent clinical course, identification of histologic parameters related to the subsequent appearance of distant metastatic disease, and determination of the vital status of patients initially having a staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. Follow-up of at least 5 years was obtained for 52 patients, including 28 who had concomitant total prostatectomy. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Fifty-four percent are alive with metastatic disease 10 percent have died with metastatic disease, 10 percent have died with metastatic cancer, and 12 percent have died without prostate cancer. Metastases have developed in 11 (37 percent) of 30 patients with negative pelvic lymph nodes, reflecting either seminal vesicle or transcapsular invasion. Minimal lymph node involvement (one or two pelvic nodes) alone may not be as poor a prognostic sign as originally thought. Metastases have developed in 22 percent of nine patients with tumor considered stage B2. No recurrences or metastases were noted in the seven patients with stage B1 disease. Patients with high grade lesions were at no increased risk for distant metastases, although they constituted a relatively small segment of our series. Thus the extent of local disease correlates with the subsequent development of distant metastasis. Adjuvant systemic treatment (endocrine manipulation, chemotherapy, or both) has a rational basis in patients with one or more of these identifiable risk factors. PMID- 7091522 TI - Factors influencing outcome in patients with postoperative biliary strictures. AB - We reviewed our experience from 1955 to 1979 with benign postoperative biliary strictures to determine which factors were associated with a favorable outcome. Patients operated on from 1970 to 1979 were significantly more likely (p less than 0.01) to achieve a good result (86 percent) than were patients undergoing surgery between 1955 and 1969 (68 percent). An inverse correlation (r = -0.96, p less than 0.05) was present between the number of previous repairs and the percentage of good results. Patients referred without a previous repair were most likely to achieve a good result (86 percent). Roux-Y jejunal reconstructions were associated with the best results (p less than 0.01). In recent years Silastic transhepatic stents were used in 20 patients with hilar strictures; 18 (90 percent) achieved good results. Patients stented for the shortest period (less than 1 month) were less likely to achieve a good outcome than those stented for longer periods (p less than 0.025). Patients with difficult hilar strictures who were stented for more than 9 months were more likely to have a good result if a changeable Silastic transhepatic stent was employed (p less than 0.01). This analysis suggests that early referral, Roux-Y jejunal reconstruction, judicious use of Silastic transhepatic stents, and prolonged stenting of hilar strictures will improve the outlook in patients with postoperative biliary strictures.U PMID- 7091523 TI - Management of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during pregnancy. AB - Despite venous stasis and a hypercoagulable state during pregnancy, the reported incidences of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are remarkably low, about 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 10,000 cases, respectively. Mortality from antepartum thromboembolism has been reported in about 15 percent of untreated patients and less than 1 percent of treated patients. Adequate anticoagulant therapy significantly reduces maternal mortality and decreases postpartum morbidity. The proper anticoagulant agent for use during pregnancy has been widely debated. Coumarin compounds pass through the placenta and into the fetus. Hemorrhagic complications in the fetus are uncommon if prothrombin times are carefully controlled and if the drug is discontinued before delivery. However, coumarin during the first trimester has the teratogenic hazard of producing chondrodysplasia punctata. Heparin, in contrast, does not cross the placental barrier and is considered more effective treatment for deep venous thrombosis; however, long-term intravenous administration during pregnancy has been considered both impractical and possibly hazardous due to the risk of osteoporosis after 6 months of therapy. In our study, a combined regimen of intravenous and subcutaneous heparin was used successfully in four women with deep venous thrombosis. One patient who had recurrent embolization while on adequate intravenous heparin underwent vena caval clipping and had an uneventful Cesarian section at term with a normal infant. Another patient also underwent Caesarian section with a normal infant, while the other two women had normal vaginal deliveries at term. Miniheparin therapy was continued for 3 months postpartum, followed by long-term aspirin and Ascriptin therapy. Carefully controlled heparin therapy in a pregnant woman with deep venous thrombosis both safe and beneficial for mother and fetus. PMID- 7091524 TI - Effects of ethanol ingestion on the severity and outcome of trauma. AB - Review of 1,198 patients with regard to outcome and the presence or absence of detectable ethanol in the blood as determined in the emergency room demonstrated no difference in the severity of injury in those who had been drinking and those who had not. Mortality was significantly lower in those who had been drinking. There were no other significant differences in the two groups. The mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood but may be related to an augmentation of the catecholamine response normally seen after injury. PMID- 7091525 TI - Modification of the Smeloff mitral prosthesis. AB - The simplicity of the ball valve with its random seating capabilities coupled with its durability, reliability, and predictability has made it the attractive choice of many surgeons. A low incidence of embolic phenomena with the Smeloff full-orifice, double-caged, bare-strutted ball valve has made us reluctant to alter the design over 17 years. Recent evaluation of the reasons for reoperation on the Smeloff mitral valve implantation in 376 cases revealed 16 cases in which development of fibrous subvalvular pannus with signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis occurred. The mean occurrence time was 7.5 years for adults and 4.6 years for children under age 8 years. No such problem has been encountered with the valve in the aortic position. Many of these patients are maintained on aspirin and Persantine alone. Valve design was explored as a possible cause of mitral subvalvular stenosis. Alterations of the design were examined in the engineering laboratory and in dog implantations by catheterization, electrophysiologic evaluation, and echocardiography. The results were encouraging. PMID- 7091526 TI - Operative mortality in general surgery. AB - The operative mortality in over 7,000 consecutive cases at a Veterans Administration Medical Center is defined. The mortality in elective procedures is low by most standards and is usually associated with a malignant disease. Older patients appear to have an increased operative mortality. Sepsis is the major factor in death after elective and emergency procedures. Age is a critical factor associated with mortality in this population. Preexisting disease (pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, and malignant) plays a role in determining outcome. Despite these factors it is possible to achieve excellent operative mortality results in a hospital with a commitment to resident training. An aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is considered reasonable to support these patients with multisystem disease. This often includes the extensive use of expensive resources such as preoperative hospitalization with nutritional support and prolonged stays in the surgical intensive care unit postoperatively. PMID- 7091527 TI - Esophageal replacement in infants and children bv colon interposition. AB - Colon replacement for the esophagus was used successfully in 20 of 21 pediatric patients. Intrathoracic placement of the colon segment was done in 18. Careful preparation and operative experience combined to reduce operative morbidity and mortality in an unfortunate group of patients. Satisfactory long-term results have been achieved. Careful technique, attention to detail, and perfection of a single technique may be more important than performing new surgical techniques when they are reported. Colon interposition performed by the Waterston technique utilizing the transverse colon is an effective means of substitution for a diseases esophagus in children. PMID- 7091528 TI - Technical accuracy and clinical efficacy of thoracic computed tomography. AB - The technical accuracy and clinical efficacy of thoracic CAT scans in 302 surgical patients were retrospectively reviewed. We conclude that thoracic CAT scans should be ordered selectively since the technical accuracy of existing radiographic studies in detecting disease is equally high (greater than 90 percent) and the clinical efficacy does not differ substantially (less than 16 percent). The accuracy of CAT scans in staging carcinoma (the extent of the lesion or nodes) is only 58 percent. The technical limitations of these scans include (1) a lack of specificity because of the high incidence of false-positive lymph nodes, (2) a low or unreliable yield from needle aspiration, and (3) unreliable findings due to altered anatomy by previous treatment or associated disease. Surgical treatment regarding operability and resectability should not be solely based on CAT scans. These scans appear to be a useful screening test for chronic vascular disease and localization of obscure thoracic infections. PMID- 7091529 TI - Liposarcoma of the leg. AB - Forty-eight patients with liposarcomas of the leg were reviewed. Patients were treated by three approaches: wide local excision, amputation, and regional hyperthermic perfusion. Deaths from distant metastases occurred at a similar rate in all groups. The local recurrence rate was 43 percent in the wide excision group and 29 percent in the amputation group. No perfused patient had a local recurrence. This study demonstrates that hyperthermic regional perfusion and excision are superior to wide excision or amputation in preventing local recurrence for a liposarcoma of the leg and allow salvage of a functional limb. PMID- 7091530 TI - Autologous blood retrieval in thoracic, cardiovascular, and orthopedic surgery. AB - A significant amount of red blood cells were conserved with use of the Cell Saver in cardiac surgery patients and in some orthopedic and vascular surgery patients. No major complications have been associated with its use in our cases. Our results are similar to those of others who have reported on the use of this device. In the cardiac surgery patients we observed significant serum protein losses which had to be replaced. We recommend the use of intraoperative albumin to help maintain adequate urinary output and hemodynamic stability. PMID- 7091531 TI - Should aortography be used routinely in the elective management of abdominal aortic aneurysm? AB - Until recently aortography was performed routinely for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm at our institution. A death resulting from this procedure prompted us to evaluate this policy by a retrospective study of 105 elective aneurysm patients. These studies identified 21 renal artery stenoses, 2 renal artery aneurysms, 2 cases of multiple renal arteries, 8 celiac stenoses, 6 superior mesenteric artery stenoses or occlusions, and a number of peripheral occlusive processes and associated iliac aneurysms. However, the impact of these findings on surgical management was limited to six renal artery reconstructions: one for reimplantation of a renal artery arising from the aneurysm, one for serious hypertension, and four in normotensive patients with severe arterial stenosis. No celiac or mesenteric reconstructions were undertaken, and no visceral complications ensured. In only one patient, the one with renal artery reimplantation, was the angiographic information unsuspected and significant for operative management. This did not appear to justify the risk and expense involved in routine preoperative aortography. PMID- 7091532 TI - Gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux. Effects of surgery and correlation with esophageal motor function. PMID- 7091533 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of retained foreign bodies in the hand. AB - A retrospective review was conducted of 200 consecutive patients with foreign bodies in the hand seen between 1976 and 1982. Wood, glass, and metal accounted for 95 percent of the foreign bodies seen. The duration of follow-up ranged from 1 week to 3 years (average 6 weeks). Approximately 70 percent of the foreign bodies could be removed in either the office or the emergency room. The foreign bodies were removed anywhere from the day of injury to 20 years later. In 38 percent of the patients the diagnosis was missed by the initial treating physician, in many cases because a roentgenography of the injured area was not taken. Metal was visible in all of the radiographic studies obtained, glass in 96 percent, and wood in just 15 percent. PMID- 7091534 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of peripheral vascular disease using transcutaneous oxygen tension. AB - Transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2) was used for noninvasive determination of blood supply in 25 patients evaluated for peripheral arterial disease. PtcO2 values were compared with segmental Doppler pressure, pulse volume recording, pulse reappearance time, and angiography in patients being evaluated for wound healing problems, amputations, and peripheral bypass procedures. PtcO2 was measured using a heated (45 degrees C) Clark polarographic electrode to quantitate the oxygen which diffuses from the dermal capillaries to the skin surface. Control PtcO2 values recorded over the chest or shoulder taken while patients were breathing room air were 78 +/- 8 mm Hg. PtcO2 values greater than 50 mm Hg predicted success for levels of amputation and for wound healing without reconstructive procedures; values of 40 mm Hg or less were associated with continued wound problems and complication after amputation. Increased PtcO2 values after vascular reconstruction of the legs predicted improved clinical status on follow-up examinations up to 6 months. PtcO2 predicted the extent of vascular disease as well as the other noninvasive tests and angiography. We conclude that (1) PtcO2 tension is a simple, accurate, noninvasive method to determine the appropriate level of amputation, wound healing potential, and effectiveness of bypass procedures, and (2) PtcO2 values correlate well with angiography and noninvasive evaluations. PMID- 7091535 TI - Endorectal ileal pullthrough with ileal reservoir for ulcerative colitis and polyposis. AB - Total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and endorectal ileal pullthrough operations were performed in 29 patients (mean age 16.8 years) with ulcerative colitis or polyposis during the past 10 years. The immediate and long-term results achieved after use of a lateral internal ileal reservoir 25 to 30 cm long in 15 patients were superior to those after construction of an S-shaped reservoir (5 patients) or when no ileal reservoir was used (3 patients). A completely diverting ileostomy was used for approximately 4 months to minimize complications. A mean of four continent bowel movements per 24 hours has been achieved within 4 weeks in patients with lateral reservoirs; all have returned to school or work within 4.5 weeks. The absence of mortality and the low morbidity suggest that the endorectal pullthrough with ileal reservoir should be the primary operation early in the course of ulcerative colitis refractory to medical therapy. PMID- 7091536 TI - Morbidity and mortality in hepatic trauma. A 5 year study. AB - The records of 443 cases of liver trauma operated on at San Francisco General Hospital from 1976 to 1981 were reviewed. Forty-two percent of the injuries were due to blunt trauma, 32 percent to stabbings, and 26 percent to gunshot wounds. Seventy-two percent of the patients were treated by simple repair and only 8 percent of patients had to undergo major resection. Infections and pulmonary problems were the most common complications, and the overall morbidity was 38 percent. Associated injuries occurred in 84 percent of patients. Our overall mortality was 9 percent; mortality for blunt trauma was 14 percent, for gunshot wounds 8 percent, and for stab wounds 2.8 percent. Most deaths were intraoperative (58 percent), with the primary cause of death being exsanguination. Multiple organ failure accounted for most of the postoperative deaths. Our 5 years study and comparison with previous studies reaffirms our belief in a conservative approach to the traumatized patient with liver injury. Utilizing the aforementioned principles, we have managed to show a continual decrease in mortality in spite of treating a more severely traumatized group of patients. We believe that continued improvement in mortality and morbidity is possible through the prevention of trauma, adherence to our basic guidelines, and the implementation of new technological advances now on the horizon. PMID- 7091537 TI - Modern management of anastomotic leak after esophagogastrectomy. AB - From 1970 to 1981, 167 patients, aged 35 to 84 years (mean 61), underwent resection of 94 adenocarcinomas and 73 squamous cell cancers. The operative mortality was 8.9 percent. Anastomotic leaks occurred in 19 patients (11.3 percent), including 18 of 72 (25 percent) after operations for palliation and 1 of 95 (1 percent) after procedures with curative potential (p less than 0.01). The leakage rate after esophagogastrostomy was 8.5 percent, compared with 43 percent after interposition operations. No leak is attributed to cancer in anastomotic margins. In contrast to previous reports of greater than 50 percent mortality from leaks, only 21 percent of our patients died in the past decade. Four of 19 contained leaks (sinus tract or upper gastrointestinal) were treated nonoperatively; esophagostomy was used only once. Factors responsible for improving results include early diagnosis with routine contrast studies on the fifth to seventh postoperative days, mandatory use of total parenteral nutrition, nonoperative management of contained leaks, accurate, aggressive use of adjuvant chest tubes, and selective esophagostomy for anastomotic disruption. PMID- 7091538 TI - Effects of pure-tone sound, impulse noise, and vibration on visual orientation. AB - Eye movements and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded in intact rabbits during an optokinetic test when the animals were exposed to pure-tone sound (85 dB at 4,000 Hz), impulse noise (159 dB), and vibration directed to the abdomen (at an amplitude of 0.9 mm at frequencies of 40 to 140 Hz). The frequency and velocity of optokinetic nystagmus significantly increased in response to these stimuli. The increase seen with vibration was greater than that resulting from sound, and the response was strongest when sound and vibration were combined. The increase of optokinetic nystagmus seen with induced vibration was progressive and dependent on the frequency. The increase was weakest during vibration at 40 Hz and strongest during vibration at 140 Hz. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of the amygdaloid complex, dorsal hippocampus, midbrain reticular formation, and frontal motor cortex all were activated during exposure to sound and vibration, but activation of the hippocampal EEG was most closely related to the increase of optokinetic nystagmus. During optokinetic tests, impulse noise regularly triggered nystagmic beats. When the rabbits were not in the test apparatus, nystagmus was produced in response to about 18 per cent of the presentations of impulse noise, while activation of the EEG was constant. Thus, vibration and noise, when excessive, may interfere with visual orientation and hence disturb equilibrium. These findings can be related to the nonspecific dizziness that occurs in aerospace or industrial workers exposed to excessive noise and vibration. PMID- 7091539 TI - Assessment of tympanometry abnormalities of the tympanic membrane. AB - Isolated abnormalities of the tympanic membrane have been postulated to affect tympanometry. The authors tested 33 abnormal tympanic membranes in 19 patients with tympanosclerosis and/or thin membranes (having no middle or fibrous layer) against a control group of 32 normal ears in 16 age- and sex-matched patients. All selected patients were free of middle ear disease on the basis of normal hearing, normal pneumatic otoscopic findings, and the presence of crossed acoustic reflexes or normal findings at paracentesis. All patients in the control group had normal type A tympanograms, while 20 (61 per cent) of the tympanic membranes in the experimental group produced abnormal tympanograms. Of the 20 abnormal tympanic membranes, 35 per cent were type As, 35 per cent were type Ad, 5 per cent were type B, and 25 per cent were type C. The tympanosclerotic membranes were more likely to have increased stiffness on the tympanogram, such as As, or B, while the thin membranes had an Ad configuration. The greater the extent of the abnormality within the tympanic membrane, the more abnormal was the tympanogram. This study has demonstrated that isolated abnormalities of the tympanic membrane, such a tympanosclerosis and thin membranes, can alter the tympanogram in the absence of middle ear disease, and that the type of tympanogram can be predicted from the nature and extent of the abnormality. Therefore, an abnormal tympanogram may indicate middle ear disease, abnormality of the tympanic membrane, or both. The presence of an acoustic reflex is important in this differentiation. PMID- 7091540 TI - Lateralization of bone-conducted sounds. AB - Lateralization of bilaterally applied bone-conducted signals could be accomplished by variation of time (delta t) or intensity (delta I) differences between signals. The task was relatively easy with clicks and with tone pips with short rise times. When rise times were made longer than 1 msec the ability to localize deteriorated, indicating that it depended, within limits, on the steepness of the signal wavefront. Consequently, localization of continuous, pure tone signals was much more difficult. It improved, with training, after subjects noticed small loudness increments on the side of the leading signal as soon as the phase between signals (delta phi) deviated from zero. Thus, localization of pure-tone signals was aided both by delta phi and delta I. The loudness increments were found to be caused by mechanical interference of ipsi- and contralateral signals at each cochlea, a type of interference peculiar to bone conducted signals. There were also indications of slight degrees of neural interaction (mutual masking) so long as delta t between short-lasting signals was near zero. The tactile input at the point of contact between vibrators and skin did not significantly contribute to lateralization of bone-conducted signals. PMID- 7091541 TI - Otolaryngologic manifestations of sickle cell disease. AB - Sickle cell disease is a common hereditary hematologic disorder characterized by the presence of a structurally abnormal hemoglobin molecule. Physicochemical properties of sickle hemoglobin result in a chronic hemolytic anemia and in vaso occlusive episodes with ischemic injury of many tissues. In patients with sickle cell disease the otolaryngologist may be confronted with lesions affecting the ear, the bones and soft tissues, and the nervous system. Surgery and anesthesia also present special problems. An outline and discussion of these clinical concerns are presented. PMID- 7091542 TI - Laryngectomy for chronic aspiration. AB - Most laryngectomies are performed for neoplastic disease. Recently, the authors have managed four patients with chronic aspiration who ultimately required laryngectomy to control leakage of food and saliva into the tracheobronchial tree. Various surgical procedures have been devised to conserve the larynx and protect the lower airway. Although potentially reversible, these procedures are fraught with complications, and the patients seldom recover sufficiently to justify repair of the larynx. The authors feel that those patients with poor prognoses, associated medical problems, and evidence of impaired wound healing should undergo laryngectomy. This approach removes doubt about the cause of the aspiration and spares the patients additional surgical procedures should a more conservative approach fail. PMID- 7091543 TI - Patients' perception of the otolaryngologist. AB - A study of patients' perceptions regarding the scope of services provided by selected head-and-neck and other health specialists was completed. Data were collected by having 403 patients complete a questionnaire during their first visit to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The findings suggest that the public's knowledge of the scope of services provided by otolaryngologists may be limited. If the participants in the study are somewhat representative of the general population, then the hypothesis of the public's limited knowledge should be examined in more details. Attention should be given to the possibility of providing educational opportunities for the enhancement of the public's knowledge of the service provided by otolaryngologist. PMID- 7091544 TI - Pathology of neuroepithelial suprastructures of the human inner ear. AB - Neuroepithelial suprastructures in abnormal human inner ears were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The most common abnormality was calcification, which selectively affected the gelatinous membranes (otoconial, cupular, and tectorial) and the secretory tissues (stria vascularis and utricular dark cells). The structures most frequently affected were the otoconial membranes. The minerals involved were apatite, octacalcium phosphate, and vaterite, replacing the normal layer of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite crystals. The first two of these substances were sometimes mixed with calcite. In the saccule such abnormal otoconial deposits were usually associated with a collapsed saccular wall. Formation of abnormal otoconia is characterized as primary (no pre-existing normal calcite otoconia) or secondary (formed after the destruction of normal otoconia). Such deposits probably depend upon an abnormal composition of the endolymph, especially upon an elevated concentration of phosphate ions. It is inferred that a normal endolymphatic microhomeostasis is necessary to maintain the functional state of the neuroepithelial suprastructures. PMID- 7091545 TI - Current status of laryngectomee rehabilitation: III. understanding of esophageal speech. AB - To assess those aspects of esophageal speech that contribute to effective communication, a series of measures were applied to the esophageal speech of a prospectively studied group of recent laryngectomees (n = 20) six months following completion of their cancer therapy and to that of a second group (n = 27) studied retrospectively 6.6 years postoperatively. Ages of the two groups did not differ, but there were more whites and more males in the group studied retrospectively. The technical proficiency of the subjects studied prospectively was slightly but significantly less than that of those studied retrospectively. Measures of technical proficiency correlated well with other measures of quality of esophageal speech and were much easier to perform. The understandability of the esophageal speech of the group studied retrospectively was significantly superior. For both groups, understandability was enhanced significantly during audiovisual compared with audio-only presentations. Naive judges had great variability in understanding esophageal speech. PMID- 7091547 TI - [Liver status of pregnant women suffering from alimentary-metabolic obesity]. PMID- 7091546 TI - Current status of laryngectomee rehabilitation: IV. attitudes about laryngectomee rehabilitation should change. PMID- 7091548 TI - [Blood coagulability, fibrinolysis and the state of humoral immunity in pregnant women with nephropathies]. PMID- 7091549 TI - [Detection of immune complexes circulating in the blood in late pregnancy toxicosis]. PMID- 7091550 TI - [lipid content in pregnancy complicated by nephropathy of varying degrees of severity]. PMID- 7091551 TI - [Placental morphometric changes in toxicoses in the 2d half pregnancy]. PMID- 7091552 TI - [Protein-synthesizing apparatus of the human placenta in the dynamics of normal and prolonged pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by late toxicosis]. PMID- 7091553 TI - [Early diagnosis of the edema syndrome in pregnant women by the conductometry of small volumes of blood]. PMID- 7091554 TI - [Combined evaluation of the hemodynamic state in certain types of obstetrical pathology based on whole body rheographic data]. PMID- 7091555 TI - [Characteristics of the hemostatic system in term newborn infants]. PMID- 7091556 TI - [Pregnancy and labor in uterine myoma]. PMID- 7091557 TI - [Dermatoglyphic characteristics in abortion]. PMID- 7091559 TI - [Immuno status characteristics of the newborn infants of mothers with late pregnancy toxicosis]. PMID- 7091558 TI - [Potential use of placental extract for studying the allergic component in the mechanism of the occurrence of pregnancy pathology]. PMID- 7091560 TI - [Prevention of bacterial contamination of the milk of puerperae with the use of film-forming antiseptics]. PMID- 7091561 TI - [Treatment experience with isthmus-cervix incompetence during pregnancy]. PMID- 7091562 TI - [Treatment of experience in lactation mastitis]. PMID- 7091563 TI - [Infusion therapy of hypoxic and posthypoxic states in term newborn infants]. PMID- 7091564 TI - [Modern methods of anesthesia during labor and in "minor" obstetrical operations]. PMID- 7091565 TI - [Obstetrical procedure in acute fatty hepatosis in pregnant women]. PMID- 7091566 TI - [Immunochemical study of the liver protein-synthesizing function in pregnancy complicated by late toxicosis]. PMID- 7091567 TI - Menkes' kinky hair disease. I. Comparison of classical and unusual clinical and biochemical features in two patients. AB - Two patients with Menkes' kinky hair disease were examined. Both showed the characteristic clinical features of this disease in combination with a low plasma copper level. However, for one of them, studies with 64Cu provided clues that the copper was handled in a way unusual for a Menkes patient, viz., incorporation of 64Cu into ceruloplasmin during an oral 64Cu-loading test and abnormal behavior of skin fibroblasts in in vitro experiments. A comparison with brindled mice and some clinical aspects, viz., the age at death, the quality of the hair and the macrocephaly, of both patients are discussed. PMID- 7091568 TI - Menkes' kinky hair disease. II. A clinicopathological report of three cases. AB - The neuropathologic abnormalities in three new cases of Menkes' kinky hair disease are described. Principally the three cases were the same. Hypoplasia of the cerebellum, with a basal arachnoidal cyst, was present in all three cases. The cysts were not described before in Menkes' disease. There was nerve cell loss and gliosis in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and thalamus. The reduction of myelinated axons was widespread and the disease does not belong to the leukodystrophies. Cortical lamination disturbances were present indicating that the disease develops as early as the sixth fetal month. Abnormal arborization of Purkinje cells with swelling of dendrites was present and thought not to be identical with the Purkinje cell abnormalities seen in amaurotic idiocy. The difference in severity of the copper deficiency in 2 patients is compared with the situation in "brindled" and "blotchy" mutant mice. PMID- 7091569 TI - Developmental changes of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in normal human subjects from infants to young adults. AB - BAEP has been found to be useful for assessment of subcortical maturation. However, the precise maturational changes of the peripheral and central transmission in normal human subjects are still open to controversy. We obtained a total of 200 BAEPs from 165 normal human subjects ranging from infants to young adults. Electrodes were placed at both mastoids and the reference at the vertex. 85 dB SL click stimuli were presented binaurally at a rate of 13/sec and 2,048 responses were summated on line with an averager. Investigation of the maturation of the transmission time indicated that the peripheral auditory apparatus attains functional maturity during the first 2 months of life, whereas the central transmission time shortens up to the age of 5 to 8 years. III-II and V-IV interpeak latencies (IPLs) showed maturational changes similar to those of V-I IPLs, in contrast II-I and IV-III showed little changes. A clear increase of the amplitude of peak V up to 4 years of age and a subsequent decreasing tendency was observed. The V-I IPLs of males were longer than those of females in each age group. Females also displayed larger BAEPs for wave V than males after 2 years of age. These data indicate that it is worthwhile to have separate latency and amplitude norms for males and females from infants to adults for attaching diagnostic significance to BAEP measures. PMID- 7091571 TI - Adverse effects of cancer therapy. Risk of secondary neoplasms. AB - Due to the long latency period for solid tumor induction (median 12-13 years), the radiation-induced malignancies now being observed are mostly related to the era of kilovoltage irradiation. Some tumors, such as thyroid cancer, have very low, if any, threshold dose for tumor induction. Sarcomas appear to require higher doses (approximately 100 rads) for induction. Controversy exists as to whether high doses of irradiation are less carcinogenic than lower doses due to greater cell killing at high doses. Acute leukemia has been induced by either irradiation alone or chemotherapy alone. Current intensive therapy protocols using combinations of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or prolonged chemotherapy, are more leukemogenic, with the 4-year actuarial risk of leukemia in the range 4 17%. Immunosuppression due to various disease states or treatments had been accompanied by malignant tumors, often lymphomas in unusual sites such as the central nervous system. Unusual non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have recently been observed in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease, suggesting that some secondary neoplasms in cancer patients are related to immunosuppression. PMID- 7091570 TI - Familial lissencephaly with extreme neopallial hypoplasia. AB - Two siblings, male and female, with identical lethal brain malformation are described. Their anomaly is characterized by very low brain weight, lissencephaly, wide ventricles and thin neopallium (colpocephaly) varying in thickness between 0.2 and 3 mm. The neocortex is four layered as in classic lissencephaly. Brainstem and cerebellar anomalies are more extensive than in cases hitherto described in detail. No extracranial malformation is found. The parental karyotypes are normal. The relationship to previously reported familial cases of lissencephaly and several inherited syndromes featuring lissencephaly is discussed. The present family may represent a severe expression of previously described autosomal recessive lissencephaly without extracranial anomaly or may represent a new genetic lissencephaly syndrome. PMID- 7091572 TI - Hodgkin's diseases in adolescents presenting as a primary bone lesion. A report of four cases and review of literature. AB - Bone involvement of Hodgkin's disease usually occurs late in the course of the illness, together with extensive nodal involvement. In the past 5 years, we have seen four adolescents with Hodgkin's disease who presented with primary bone lesions. All had disseminated lymphoid involvement when the final diagnosis was made 3-11 months later. A review of the literature showed 13 more cases of similar presentation. The patient characteristics are discussed and the diagnostic difficulties are emphasized. Hodgkin's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary osseous malignancies. PMID- 7091573 TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization of children with sickle cell disease. I. Clinical reactions to immunization and relationship to preimmunization antibody. AB - Vaccine reaction data were obtained from 154 patients with sickle cell disease immunized with tetradecavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. There was a high rate (70%) of mild reactions, primarily at the site of injection. Fever over 100 degrees F was uncommon and precipitation of symptoms similar to sickling crisis was rare. Development of local reactions was associated with the level of preimmunization pneumococcal antibody titer. PMID- 7091574 TI - Pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization of children with sickle cell disease. II. Serologic response and pneumococcal disease following immunization. AB - One-hundred seventy-four children with sickle cell disease (SCD) were immunized with a single dose of tetradecavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Preimmunization and postimmunization antibody against 13 of the 14 pneumococcal capsular antigens was measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA). The ability of each antigen to stimulate antibody following immunization was characterized by one of three types of responses: (1) poor antibody response regardless of the age at immunization (capsular types 6A, 14, and 19F); (2) improving antibody response with advancing age at immunization (capsular types 1, 4, 9N, 12F, 18C, and 23F); and (3) good antibody response regardless of age at immunization (capsular types 2, 3, 7F, and 8). An increase in antibody following immunization was significantly correlated (P less than 0.0005) with an increasing level of preimmunization antibody titer for all 13 antigens. Through the first 24 months of study, two episodes of pneumococcal sepsis caused by group 23 pneumococci were documented in two children immunized prior to 24 months of age (incidence rate, 4.40/100 patient years in children less than 5 years of age), and one additional episode caused by a group 23 pneumococcus occurred in a 5 7/12-year-old child (incidence rate, 0.66/100 patient-years in children greater than 5 years of age). These observations suggest that anamnestic immune response significantly contributed to the enhanced antibody response observed in older children and adults. Only modest vaccine efficacy may be expected among children with SCD who receive a single dose of pneumococcal vaccine. PMID- 7091575 TI - Problems and complications in the adolescent with sickle cell disease. AB - The period of adolescence in the patient with sickle cell disease seems to be a period of relative calm, medically speaking. The current 5-year prospective Cooperative Study of the Clinical Course of Sickle Cell Disease should demonstrate the actual spectrum of disease in this age group. The recent literature documents with significant relationship between retardation of growth and sexual maturation in the child with sickle cell disease, an effect which seems independent of the severity of the disease. Several other major problems in the adolescent are discussed, including psychological disturbances, leg ulcers, aseptic necrosis, pulmonary disease, priapism, stroke, cholelithiasis, and birth control. A retrospective series of 76 cases of sickle cell disease is briefly presented and the complication occurring during the second decade of life are reviewed. PMID- 7091576 TI - Problems related to the management of sickle cell disease in Nigeria. AB - Sickle cell disease, a disease prevalent among the negroes all over the world, is discussed first from the historical point of view. Its geographical occurrence which is highest in the African subcontinent and lowest in the United States depends on the prevalence of malaria in the environment and intermarriage of races. The sociocultural background of Nigeria is discussed along with its existing health and education problems. These are related to the profound clinical manifestation of sickle cell disease. Some pitfalls in the diagnosis and manifestation of sickle cell disease are mentioned. The problems to the use of certain drugs are highlighted. In solving some of the problems of sickle cell disease attention should be focused on continuous health education, establishing sickle cell clinics, and research aimed at improving the environment of patients in the underprivileged situation of the world where sickle cell disease poses problems. PMID- 7091577 TI - Growth and development in sickle cell anemia. Preliminary report. AB - Historically, adults with sickle cell anemia were described as being short, thin, and eunuchoid in appearance with a particular body habitus. More current investigations in children have suggested decreased height, weight, and hypogonadism although Jamaican studies suggest supranormal heights in adolescence. All studies to date have evaluated children at one point in time. We evaluated children with sickle cell anemia longitudinally at six monthly intervals over 3 years to assess somatic growth and the development of sexual maturation. Our data support reduced height and weight as compared to National Health Statistic norms, with normal skin fold thickness. Bone ages were significantly retarded. When a patient's chronological age was replaced by his bone age and tanner staging was done, sexual development was appropriate for bone age, suggesting delayed sexual maturation. In addition, menarche was significantly delayed. Pituitary gonadotropins showed an appropriate increase with puberty. Gonadal end organ hormones supported normal responsiveness, although an occasional patient showed depressed levels. Longitudinal data is necessary to assess children with suspected delay in somatic and sexual development. Hormonal replacement does not seem warranted in the majority of patients. PMID- 7091578 TI - Sickle cell disease in childhood. Strategies for early diagnosis. AB - Early diagnosis of hemoglobin diseases means the identification of a molecular phenotype at a stage when there is opportunity to prevent, minimize, or more adequately adapt to an anticipated health burden. Such diagnosis is presently possible in early childhood, in the neonatal stage, and in fetal stage. A benefit of early diagnosis at all of these stages is the provision of additional options to parents for making informed decisions regarding prevention or for coping with the anticipated hemoglobin disease. PMID- 7091579 TI - Polyamines and globin binding in sickle cell disease. AB - Erythrocytes obtained from patients with sickle cell anemia contain five to ten times more spermine than controls. The preferential binding of beta s globin to red cell stroma may be mediated by spermine and may account in part for the membrane abnormalities found in sickle cell disorders. PMID- 7091580 TI - Functional alterations in the membrane of motile polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - We have applied microdocumentary techniques to the study of movement of human PMN's and their behavioral response to a chemoattractant. We discuss here findings which suggest a different interpretation from currently accepted theory. Videotape recordings were made on the movement of human PMN's. A slide modified from previous descriptions was designed to predict a straight-line gradient which could be maintained for periods up to 60 minutes. PMN suspensions were placed on the bridge of the slide with the chemoattractant N-formylmethionylleucyl phenylalanine (F-Met-Leu-Phe) placed in one wall and PMN suspension medium in the well on the other side of the bridge. Videotapes were traced on the monitor screen at 15-second intervals. A lack of consistent orientation and "head-tail" polarity of any individual PMN was observed. Apparent polarity was observed less than 10% of the time. The net movement of cells in a given field was always toward the direction of the approaching and maintained gradient, but any individual cell failed to show a sustained directional orientation or movement toward the gradient. Individual cells constantly reoriented. Analysis of time dependent characteristics of the chemotactic response is essential to the ultimate understanding of PMN motility. PMID- 7091581 TI - Membrane defects in inherited disorders of platelet function. AB - Recent biochemical and ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that membrane defects are common in abnormal cells from patients with inherited hemorrhagic disorders due to platelet disfunction. Thrombasthenia is a classic example of the defect in platelet-platelet adhesion. The inability of thrombasthenic platelets to stick to one another or to sites of vascular injury appears due to a marked deficiency or absence of specific surface membrane glycoproteins. The abnormal platelets of patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome are capable of adhering to one another, but fail to stick to the sites of vascular injury. Defective platelet function in this disorder appears related to a marked deficiency or absence of a surface membrane glycoproteins missing in patients with thrombasthenia. The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a mild bleeding disorder in which the platelets are markedly deficient in the storage pool of adenine nucleotides and serotonin. These products are normally stored in a specific type of storage organelle, the dense body. HPS platelets appear unable to form these organelles or cannot concentrate the products in them due to an organelle membrane defect. The Gray-platelet syndrome is another example of an organelle membrane abnormality. Gray platelets develop normal numbers of dense bodies and lysosomes, but appear selectively unable to form the membranes necessary to enclose alpha-granules. Giant cytoplasmic granules are the hallmark of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. In addition to a high frequency of giant granules, platelets from most patients with this disorder are deficient in the storage pool of adenine nucleotides and serotonin and the dense bodies in which these products are contained. Thus, membrane defects of various types are common in inherited disorders of platelet function and should also be looked for in all patients with acquired platelet defects. PMID- 7091582 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of hemophilic pseudotumor of the pelvis. AB - Hemophilic pseudotumors are a rare complication of chronic bleeding disorders. Invasive diagnostic procedures such as angiography, needle biopsy, or laparotomy carry a high risk in this group. Computerized tomography (CT) and ultrasound are safe alternative methods of evaluation. We report the computerized tomography and ultrasound characteristics of one such pelvic lesions. PMID- 7091583 TI - Ultrastructure of lymphocytes in a case of pertussis syndrome. AB - A case of an 11-month-old black male with pertussis syndrome is described. He manifested a lymphocytic leukemoid reaction characterized by marked lymphocytosis and the presence of lymphoblasts in his circulation. A bone marrow examination did not reveal any evidence of acute leukemia. Electron microscopic examination of peripheral blood lymphoid cells revealed the presence of lymphoblasts and immature plasma cells, as well as unusual intramitochondrial and intranuclear bodies. The significance of these structures is discussed. PMID- 7091584 TI - Biobehavioral changes in prolonged competitive stress observations of Iditarod trail sled dog mushers. PMID- 7091585 TI - The demography and health consequences of violence in an emergency room setting. PMID- 7091586 TI - [Persistent coma following reposition of a tibial fracture under general anaesthesia -- anesthetic consideration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7091587 TI - [Use of FEP teflon indwelling venous catheters 24 or 22 gauge in newborns and infants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7091588 TI - [Deliberate hypotension during rhinosurgery using labetalol, a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (author's transl)]. AB - In 70 patients undergoing rhinosurgical operations, the applicability of labetalol, a drug that blocks both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, to intraoperative deliberate hypotension was studied. Anaesthesia was induced with diazepam/fentanyl or thiopental/fentanyl and maintained with N2O/O2 (2:1) and enflurane. Additionally, in combination with 0.3-0.5 mg/kg labetalol intravenously, enflurane was used for lowering arterial blood pressure. The average concentrations of enflurane needed to decrease the systolic pressure to values between 75 and 90 mm Hg in normotensive patients, ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 vol. % (mean 0.92 +/- 0.28). The heart rate was virtually stable throughout the operating procedure. After discontinuation of enflurane and administration of 0.01 mg/kg atropine, the blood pressure promptly returned to its preanaesthetic level and then remained constant during the postoperative period. From the results of this study it may be concluded that, combined with small amounts of inhalational anaesthetics, e.g. enflurane, labetalol (0.5 mg/kg) can safely be used for achieving hypotensive blood pressure levels during operations lasting 90 minutes maximum. Impending major blood losses and contraindications for the use of beta-blockers have to be excluded. PMID- 7091589 TI - [Neostigmine and dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses (author's transl)]. AB - In a study from 1968, anastomotic leakage was reported to be nine times as frequent if neostigmine was used for reversal of curare action than in control patients. Subsequent studies did not confirm this finding although it is not disputed that neostigmine activates bowel peristalsis. Both animal experiments and clinical observations indicate that anastomoses in undamaged bowel, if properly done, withstand all kinds of hyperperistalsis. However, it cannot entirely be excluded that coincident pathologic conditions (cachexia, damaged bowel, chronic steroid medication, anaemia etc.) may occur, in which neostigmine administration is unsafe. Appropriate anaesthesiological techniques to avoid the need for neostigmine include titration of the individual relaxant requirement by means of a peripheral nerve stimulator, preference of intermediate or short acting nondepolarizing muscle relaxants and primary postoperative mechanical ventilation. If nevertheless reversal of residual nondepolarizing block is decided, it should be performed with deep halothane anaesthesia still maintained and by means of an anticholinesterase agent with little muscarinic side effect such as edrophonium (0.5-1.0 mg/kg). PMID- 7091591 TI - [Pulmonary gas exchange during ligation of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7091590 TI - [New aspects of the shock lung (author's transl)]. AB - Using intravital lung biopsies and a shock model, which is based on preceding ultrastructural studies in humans, we could detect leucostasis and swelling of endothelial cells as a sign of the "lung in shock". These events are responsible for the resulting irreversible lung deterioration, though they are not accessible to clinical diagnosis. Therefore one must perform prophylactic treatment such as artificial ventilation, pharmacological influence on granulocyte functions including the release of lysosomal enzymes und oxygen radicals. In this way ARDS must be avoided, because there is still a mortality of about 60% with this syndrome. PMID- 7091592 TI - [Intraoperative epidural opiate analgesia for pain treatment after spine surgery (author's transl)]. AB - The intraoperative epidural opiate application seems to solve the problem of postoperative pain treatment after surgery of the vertebral column. For this purpose 2 mg of morphine in 1,0 ml NaCl-solution are placed epidurally in the root region, just prior to wound closure. 35 patients were treated in this manner and all of them, that means 100%, needed no analgetic in the first 16--24 hours after the operation. The patients feel remarkably better and nursing is facilitated. Intensive supervision however is essential during this time to prevent the risk of ascending diffusion of the morphine to the medullary regulating centers. PMID- 7091593 TI - [Giant-cell tumor of the maxillary sinus. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 7091595 TI - [Maxillary bone cysts]. PMID- 7091594 TI - [Morbidity and etiology of deaf-mutism in the province of Cadiz]. PMID- 7091596 TI - [Behavior of the stapedial reflex and the Luscher test in Meniere's patients before and after the glycerol test]. PMID- 7091597 TI - [Evaluation of the wave interval (I-V) of brainstem potentials. Statistical study]. PMID- 7091598 TI - [Radiographic diagnosis of nasal fractures]. PMID- 7091599 TI - Awareness under anesthesia. PMID- 7091600 TI - Cardiac output changes during Caesarean section. Measurement by transcutaneous aortovelography. AB - A non-invasive technique of measuring cardiac output changes is described and studies of its accuracy and reproducibility are reviewed. Cardiac output changes in 11 patients undergoing Caesarean section under general anaesthesia were measured with this technique. Increases in cardiac output after induction and commencement of surgery (mean 19%, p less than 0.05), and after delivery (mean 19%, p less than 0.05) were found. PMID- 7091602 TI - Fluorine compounds in anaesthesia (9). Examination of six aliphatic compounds and four ethers. AB - Six heavily fluorinated aliphatic compounds and four heavily fluorinated derivatives of diethyl ether have been examined as anaesthetics, using mice. Two compounds are felt to be worth further examination. These are 1,1,1,-trifluoro 2,2-dichloroethane (halothane with the bromine atom replaced by a second chlorine) and 1,1,2,2,4,5,5-heptafluoro-3-oxapentane (ordinary diethyl ether with seven hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine). PMID- 7091601 TI - Pre-operative starvation in children. The role of alanine in blood glucose homeostasis. AB - Ninety-two children aged between 8 months and 8 years were fasted overnight prior to surgery. Plasma glucose and alanine concentrations were measured after the induction of anaesthesia. Of 30 children under four years, 23% had plasma glucose concentrations less than 3.3 mmol/litre. Underweight children were particularly at risk. The mean plasma alanine was low (0.17 mmol/litre) indicative of a shortfall in this essential substrate for gluconeogenesis. This probably reflects the greater obligatory glucose need of young children relative to their body protein mass. PMID- 7091603 TI - Nitrous oxide analgesia and altitude. AB - The analgesic effectiveness of 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen or oxygen-enriched air, measured by variations in pain threshold, was studied at an altitude of 1460 m and simulated altitudes of sea level and 3300 m. At sea level pressures, 50% nitrous oxide exerted a similar analgesic effect to that found for morphine, raising the pain thresholds by a mean of 71.5%. At 1460 m, the increase in pain threshold produced was 40% and at 3300 m the increase in pain threshold was only 19%. The difference between the analgesic effects of nitrous oxide at each altitude was statistically significant. It is concluded that moderate altitudes significantly reduce the effectiveness of nitrous oxide in a manner directly related to the partial pressure of nitrous oxide at each altitude. PMID- 7091604 TI - Continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl. A comparison of epidural fentanyl with intramuscular papaveretum for postoperative pain. AB - A prospective open trial was conducted to compare the analgesic and side-effects of continuously infused fentanyl into the thoracic epidural space with those of intramuscular papaveretum given 4 hourly as required. It was demonstrated that during the first 24 hours after upper abdominal surgery thoracic epidural fentanyl produced better analgesia with less sedation than intramuscular papaveretum. However, the epidural group suffered more nausea. Likewise, postoperative respiratory function tests were statistically significantly better in those patients who received epidural fentanyl. Despite a significantly greater volume of nasogastric aspirate during the period of study, the epidural fentanyl group also had a significantly greater urine output than did the patients receiving papaveretum. Hypotension and respiratory depression were not problems, but pruritus occurred in two patients given fentanyl. It is concluded that epidural fentanyl delivered by continuous infusion offers significant advantages over a conventional intramuscular narcotic regime. PMID- 7091605 TI - Reduced plasma cholinesterase following haemodilutional cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7091606 TI - Iatrogenic facial nerve paresis. PMID- 7091607 TI - Open heart surgery in a patient with homozygous sickle cell disease. AB - A child in heart failure with homozygous sickle cell disease underwent corrective surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. The use of early intra-operative exchange transfusion produced a rapid fall in the level of HbS. Postoperatively she developed falciparum malaria which responded to treatment. She was eventually discharged home to Nigeria 8 weeks after her operation. PMID- 7091608 TI - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid barbiturate levels during prolonged continuous thiopentone infusion. AB - During an infusion of thiopentone to control status epilepticus secondary to hypoxic brain damage, thiopentone and pentobarbitone levels were measured in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Pentobarbitone was found to be present in the serum between 7.8 and 11.1% of the thiopentone levels. There was a prompt response in serum levels of thiopentone to changes in the infusion rate. The CSF thiopentone varied between 15 and 40% of the serum levels. The CSF anticonvulsant threshold for thiopentone for this patient was between 5 and 15 mg/litre. PMID- 7091609 TI - An alternative visual analogue scale. PMID- 7091610 TI - Analgesia after balanced narcotic anaesthesia. PMID- 7091611 TI - The rapid induction technique for Caesarean section. PMID- 7091612 TI - Cimetidine in elective Caesarean section ineffective again. PMID- 7091613 TI - Intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5% for Caesarean section. PMID- 7091614 TI - An unusually high block following intrathecal bupivacaine. PMID- 7091615 TI - A failed spinal following an epidural block. PMID- 7091616 TI - Chloroprocaine. PMID- 7091617 TI - Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine. PMID- 7091618 TI - Preservative free epidural morphine denatures in a plastic syringe. PMID- 7091620 TI - Blood gas studies using spontaneously respired halothane in ambient air. PMID- 7091619 TI - Pain reduction with etomidate injection. PMID- 7091621 TI - Music sedation for local analgesia. PMID- 7091622 TI - Is there an optimal P50 of haemoglobin? Considerations about the significance of a left- or right-shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. AB - The effect a permanent change in the oxygen-haemoglobin affinity would have on the oxygen transport system is considered theoretically. The calculations were based on Hill's equation and its derivative. It was demonstrated that in normoxia and at normal oxygen consumption the position of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve of the human adult (P50 3.53 kPa) differs from the optimal position calculated and that a right-shift (increase in P50) would be favourable. However, the higher the oxygen consumption and therefore the saturation change, and/or the more pronounced the hypoxia, the more the P50 found in vivo coincides with the theoretical optimum. PMID- 7091623 TI - Minimal haemolytic effects from 0.8% chlormethiazole infusion in volunteer subjects. Chlormethiazole infusion and haemolysis. AB - A solution of 0.8% chlormethiazole ethanedisulphonate was infused into the antecubital vein of 14 healthy volunteers for periods ranging from 60 to 120 minutes to examine any haemolytic effects in vivo. Plasma haptoglobin and haemopexin concentrations were measured before, during and after infusion. No evidence of intravascular haemolysis of any clinical significance was found. PMID- 7091624 TI - A new anaesthetic record. AB - Record-keeping is part of the proper practice of anaesthesia and a record should be able to be quickly and easily completed. Two types of information need to be recorded: clinical, for use both immediately or subsequently and epidemiological, for detailed study of a large number of anaesthetics. A design which answers both these aims is described. PMID- 7091625 TI - Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. The influence of hypotension on neonatal outcome. AB - The effect upon the neonate of a short period of maternal hypotension sustained during the initiation of spinal analgesia for Caesarean section was studied. Babies born to mothers with hypotension were significantly more acidotic than controls although acid-base levels were still within normal limits. Neurobehavioural studies were found to be normal in both groups at 4 and 24 hours. It was concluded that a short period (less than 2 minutes) of hypotension was not harmful to the neonate. PMID- 7091626 TI - Hypoxia due to air in the oxygen pipeline. A case for oxygen monitoring in theatre. AB - A patient received an hypoxic anaesthetic gas mixture and made an uneventful recovery. The fault was traced to an air-oxygen mixer valve in the Intensive Care Unit. An oxygen monitor in theatre would have detected the fault before the patient was anaesthetised. PMID- 7091628 TI - The anaesthetist and intensive care. AB - The author retired from active practice as a consultant anaesthetist in the British National Health Service during 1980 at the age of 60. He kept a detailed diary for the last full year as a consultant. One of the Editors suggested that the diary, augmented by his considered views culled from the experiences of a professional lifetime, could form the basis of a series of essays on various aspects of the life and practice of a consultant anaesthetist during the second half of the twentieth century. This essay considers the present and future role of the anaesthetist in intensive care and the need for proper policies of organisation and training in that discipline. PMID- 7091627 TI - Diazepam and suxamethonium muscle pain (a dose-response study). AB - Postoperative muscle pain occurred in 17.2% of patients given diazepam intravenously 5 minutes prior to suxamethonium. The incidence of muscle pain was 48% in those patients who were not given diazepam before suxamethonium. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Five mg diazepam reduced the incidence of pain but not significantly (p = 0.30); 10 mg diazepam significantly reduced the incidence (p less than 0.05); while 15 and 20 mg diazepam showed better effects (p less than 0.01). Diazepam pretreatment also reduced the severity, frequency and duration of muscle pain. The incidence of fasciculations was significantly reduced but there was no correlation between the incidence of fasciculations and the occurrence of muscle pains. PMID- 7091630 TI - Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block. PMID- 7091629 TI - A rise in serum potassium after suxamethonium following brachial plexus injury. PMID- 7091631 TI - Delayed respiratory arrest after bupivacaine. PMID- 7091632 TI - Nerve root irritation from an epidural catheter. PMID- 7091633 TI - Unexpected events during patient transfer. PMID- 7091634 TI - Maintaining the airway. Was Guedel wrong? PMID- 7091636 TI - [Alterations of blood gases during sleep and consciousness in surgical patients (author's transl)]. AB - Measurements of blood gases and respiratory rate were made in 63 surgical patients during consciousness and sleep. Sleep-induced hypoventilation results in significant alteration of arterial PO2 and PCO2. The therapeutic possibilities to avoid critical postoperative hypoxaemia are intermittent positive pressure ventilation, mobilisation of the patient and O2 insufflation. PMID- 7091635 TI - Decrease of basal plasma histamine levels by application of atropine in man. AB - The influence of atropine sulfate on plasma histamine levels was studied in 28 oral surgery patients with no history of allergy. 11 patients were given atropine sulfate for premedication (atropine group), and 17 patients were not (non atropine group). The measurement of histamine in blood plasma was made using high speed liquid chromatography which was available for quantifying the trace elements. The concentration of histamine of the atropine group was 0.32 +/- 0.17 ng.ml-1 and that of the non-atropine group was 0.68 +/- 0.20 ng.ml-1, showing that atropine sulfate can suppress the release of histamine into human blood. PMID- 7091637 TI - [A new method to estimate blood alcohol concentration from the breath of unconscious subjects (author's transl)]. AB - The method of rebreathing and its particular importance to the estimation of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) are described. A face mask with an accompanying valve chamber to which a collection bag was attached proved to meet the requirements arising from the physiological exchange processes in rebreathed air. Practical tests in the laboratory revealed excellent agreement between the values obtained by direct measurements of breath alcohol by means of an IR Spectrophotometer and those from stored samples. The application of the method described is of particular importance in cases of unconscious and benumbed patients, of sleeping and uncooperative patients and those with collapsed veins suspected of heavy alcohol intoxication. It has been proven to be an essential aid in differential diagnosis since it allows instantaneous determination and continuous monitoring of the BAC-level which aids in the observation of the reduction of this level. This was demonstrated in practice with 9 patients at the alcohol emergency clinic in Mainz on the carnival "Rosenmontag". PMID- 7091638 TI - [Domperidone after ether anaesthesia. Prevention of postoperative hyperemesis (author's transl)]. AB - In catastrophe situations ether is an important alternative to the usual anaesthetics being easy to manage and economical. We wanted to study the effects of the new antiemetic Domperidone on vomiting after either anesthesia. Two groups of patients were anaesthetized for general surgical procedures by means of the EMO (Epstein-Macintosh-Oxford) Vaporizer. Half an hour before the end of the operation one group received 0.2 mg/kg domperidone while the randomized control group received no prophylactic antiemetic medication. The domperidone group showed better, statistically significant, results (p less than 0.05). Domperidone proved to have a good prophylactic antiemetic effect which does not cause side effects or circulatory alterations. In preparation for catastrophe situations ether anesthesia under improved conditions was again included in the regular training programme. PMID- 7091639 TI - [Nosocomial infections in an operative intensive care unit. Results of a four year prospective study (author's transl)]. AB - The average nosocomial infection rate during a four year prospective study period was found to be 26.4%. Most common hospital acquired infections were urinary tract infections, pneumonia, septicemia, infections of the skin and wound infections. The most common isolated organisms were: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infection control programs reduced the infection rate by 32%. PMID- 7091640 TI - [Case of an obstructive defect of a spiral tube, independent of the blocking system]. PMID- 7091642 TI - [Damage of silk latex tracheal tubes in the use of laughing gas]. PMID- 7091641 TI - Induced hypotension and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - A case is presented of a female patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in whom controlled arterial hypotension was required for the clipping of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm. The anaesthetic management is described, and the authors discuss the use of diverse drugs, based on the data provided by the electrophysiological study. PMID- 7091643 TI - [Halothane and spontaneous motility of human taenia coli in vitro]. PMID- 7091644 TI - A central low vacuum pipeline system for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases. AB - An independent low vacuum pipeline system for scavenging waste anaesthetic gases is described. The pipeline system has terminal points in several operating and induction rooms. At each terminal point a connection box is installed, eigher in the wall or in a ceiling pendant. Excess gases from the anaesthetic apparatus or the patient ventilator are collected in a reservoir and subsequently sucked through the pipeline system, together with a surplus of air, extracted from the room via openings in the terminal box. The total suction rate is 100 1/min at each terminal box. Once connected, the system needs no looking after by the anaesthetist. Sub-atmospheric and positive pressures, measured at the point of connection to the anaesthetic apparatus are always between -11 Pa and +60 Pa, complying with the current standards. PMID- 7091645 TI - [Securing the ABO-identity by serafol before blood transfusions (author's transl)]. AB - With the Serafol bedside card the ABO identity can be checked before transfusion in a very quick and simple way. The new bedside card is made from polyester film with a special surface coating indifferent to sera, which absorbs the anti sera to well when it begins to dry, that it contains no intermediatory labile additives. The antisera are applied in four circular areas which are spatially separated from each other and dyed in order to avoid additional labelling mistakes. It is not necessary to dissolve the test sera in water. A drop of the patient's blood and the conserved blood respectively are mixed with the antisera and the result can be read within a minute. PMID- 7091647 TI - A procedure for resolving overlapping curves suitable for use with a microcomputer. PMID- 7091646 TI - [Additional air-inlet on an anaesthesia apparatus for newborn anaesthesia (author's transl)]. AB - A new device for air admixture in an anaesthesia apparatus is described. An alternating switch from air to N2O, which precludes a simultaneous flow of both gases, is effected by a lever. Retrolental fibroplasia and toxic lung effects of 100% O2 in the premature and newborn infant are hopefully prevented. PMID- 7091648 TI - Complexometric determination of iron in heme proteins with 4-(2 pyridylazo)resorcinol. PMID- 7091650 TI - Nonuniform field gel electrophoresis. PMID- 7091649 TI - A method of resuspending small vesicles separated from suspension by protamine aggregation and centrifugation. PMID- 7091651 TI - High-pressure spectrometry at subzero temperatures. PMID- 7091652 TI - Specific 14C labeling of sialic acid and N-acetylhexosamine residues of glycosphingolipids after hydrazinolysis. PMID- 7091653 TI - The specific assay of heparin by its chemical properties. PMID- 7091654 TI - A novel synthesis of 3,5-diiodotyrosine with iodic acid. PMID- 7091655 TI - A new cap device for sample recovery from density gradients. PMID- 7091657 TI - A general method for studying homogeneous and/or heterogeneous associations by sedimentation equilibrium. PMID- 7091656 TI - Zonal rate centrifugation of proteoglycans in sucrose gradients. PMID- 7091658 TI - Tritiated 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a probe for cell membrane permeability studies. PMID- 7091659 TI - Rapid one-step purification of ferritin from cell-free translation systems. PMID- 7091660 TI - Microsequence analysis of peptides and proteins. II. Separation of amino acid phenylthiohydantoin derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography on octadecylsilane supports. PMID- 7091661 TI - Determination of the phosphate content of purified proteins. PMID- 7091663 TI - Solid-phase synthesis of fluorescent heparin. PMID- 7091662 TI - A reflectance spectrophotometer-surface fluorometer suitable for monitoring changes in hemoprotein spectra and fluorescence of flavins and nicotinamide nucleotides in intact tissues. PMID- 7091664 TI - Assay of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity with S-(2-benzothiazolyl)cysteine as the substrate. PMID- 7091665 TI - Isolation of the trypsin inhibitors in Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum using affinity chromatography. PMID- 7091666 TI - Rapid analysis of cobalamin coenzymes and related corrinoid analogs by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7091667 TI - A water-miscible, nonhazardous liquid scintillation cocktail. PMID- 7091671 TI - A method for obtaining high recovery of purified subcellular fractions of rat liver homogenate. PMID- 7091670 TI - Rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of methotrexate and its metabolites 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 2,4-diamino-N(10)-methylpteroic acid in biological fluids. PMID- 7091668 TI - Construction and operation of a novel pneumatically controlled solid-phase sequencer. PMID- 7091669 TI - A convenient and highly sensitive spectrophotometric assay for tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase. PMID- 7091672 TI - Spectrofluorometric analysis of the dissociation of oligomeric macromolecules: correction for the absorption of exciting and emitted light in a side-bottom type fluorometer. PMID- 7091673 TI - Enzymatic assay for subnanomole amounts of L-fucose. PMID- 7091674 TI - A simultaneous assay system for n-acetylgalactosamine and N acetylgalactosaminitol using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PMID- 7091675 TI - Fluorescamine and fluorescein: a new energy-transfer pair and its application to the binding of histone H5 to nucleosomes. PMID- 7091676 TI - Macroporous high-performance anion-exchange supports for proteins. PMID- 7091677 TI - A rapid colorimetric method for 3-methylhistidine in urine. PMID- 7091678 TI - Azodipyrroles of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin using diazotized ethyl anthranilate in dimethyl sulfoxide. PMID- 7091680 TI - Protein determination on an automatic spectrophotometer. PMID- 7091681 TI - A simple and rapid method for the isolation of peptides from sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels. PMID- 7091679 TI - Gas-liquid chromatography of free amino acids in the hyaloplasm of rat liver and kidney cells. PMID- 7091682 TI - Chemical ionization-mass spectrometric approach to structure determination of an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis. PMID- 7091683 TI - Improved quantitation of picomolar amounts of valine extracted from muscle cell cultures. PMID- 7091684 TI - Filter assay method for the estrogen receptor protein: detection of both filled and unfilled estrogen binding sites. PMID- 7091685 TI - The complete separation of the base, nucleoside, mono-, di-, and triphosphonucleosides of uracil and cytosine by polyethyleneimine cellulose thin layer chromatography. PMID- 7091686 TI - A differential AC Calorimeter for biophysical studies. PMID- 7091687 TI - In situ protamine release: a versatile sample preparation method for the electrophoretic analysis of nuclear proteins on acid/urea-based gels. PMID- 7091688 TI - A new method for the preparation of solid-phase immunoadsorbents. PMID- 7091689 TI - A microtechnique for the rapid determination of the glycosaminoglycans of vascular tissues. PMID- 7091690 TI - Determination of enantiomer-labeled amino acids in small volumes of blood by gas chromatography. PMID- 7091691 TI - Determination of ultratrace levels of fluorine in water and urine samples by a gas chromatographic/atmospheric pressure helium microwave induced plasma emission spectrometric system. PMID- 7091694 TI - Determination of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate in animal feeds using high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7091693 TI - Determination of lead and antimony in urine by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomisation. PMID- 7091692 TI - Optimization of a tissue-based membrane electrode for guanine. PMID- 7091695 TI - Critical evaluation of a multi-element scheme using plasma emission and hydride evolution atomic-absorption spectrometry for the analysis of plant and animal tissues. PMID- 7091696 TI - Determination of mercury in pharmaceutical products by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a carbon rod atomiser. PMID- 7091697 TI - Assay of hydrazine in isoniazid and its formulations by difference spectrophotometry. PMID- 7091698 TI - The growth of the rabbit skull in 3 dimensions --a radiographic cephalometric appraisal. AB - A 3 dimensional radiographic cephalometric technique has been devised to study form changes in the rabbit's skull during post-natal growth. Analysis of serial growth radiographs of individual Dutch and New Zealand breed animals demonstrates precise and ordered patterns of change in skull form. The cohesive nature of these changes indicates that the entire skull should be viewed as an entity in which the cells must act in concert during growth. Strong associations are present between size attained at 7 weeks and that ultimately arrived at in each adult animal. The consistency of these growth processes suggest that rabbit skull growth can be predicted with substantial accuracy. Comparison of variation in groups of adult laboratory and wild species of lagomorphs supports the view that variation in adult skull form is dominated by genetic factors. Similar comprehensive 3 dimensional studies of form changes in man could lead to better diagnosis and treatment of incipient structural abnormality. PMID- 7091699 TI - [A pilot study to the differentiating morphogenesis on the skull (author's transl)]. AB - The evolution of man rests, so to speak, upon a differentiation into neuro- and splanchnocranium. We separate a superior cranium from an inferior cranium. The skulls of the highmedieval cemetery in the sphere of the Barbarossa castle in kaiserslautern (FRG) are divided in 2 groups, in a rock and in a sand population to be subdivided moreover in an ancient and in a young stratum each. Within a totality of 157 univariate traits are found out 53 variables resulted from 5 t tests in a hierarchic arrangement. Our concretionary theory of the differentiating morphogenesis is valid as a pendant to Heberer's (1948, 1957, 1974) synthetic theory of the additive typogenesis. PMID- 7091700 TI - [Regio hypothalamica intermedia in Ovis aries L. III. Nucleus tuberomamillaris (author's transl)]. AB - Nucl. tuberomamillaris was studied in 9, 6, and 2 month sheep and in new-born lambs of Merino breed. The gained results wer compared with some other mammals, mainly with the till now investigated farm animals. NTM was divided according NAV (1968) into pars supramamillaris and pars caudalis. The following findings were stated: 1. the rostral length of both NTM parts varies from the birth day til the 9th month of age, 2. till the 9th month of age the cytoplasma content in neurons is decreased and the Nissl substance content is increased. During the same time period the nerve cells, esp. in PC become till the 9th month clearly "tipped" often with the almost undefinitable form. 3. according the ageing the PSM cells begin to look like the PC neurons and these changes are mostly significant in the lateral connection to PC, 4. the glia cells and the blood capillaries number in PSM and in PC is changed only unsignificantly. PMID- 7091701 TI - Changes in the visceral fat bodies associated with haematopoiesis and lipid metabolism, in relation to tail regeneration in the scincid lizard, Mabuya carinata: a histomorphological analysis. AB - In order to understand the role of visceral fat bodies in regeneration, a histomorphological analysis of the fat bodies in Mabuya during its tail regeneration was undertaken. The investigation revealed 2 interesting aspects; a visible shrinkage of the fat bodies and a fall in the histosomatic index (HSI), as well as an enhancement in haemopoietic activity and infiltration of lymphocytes in the fat bodies during the 1st 7 days of tail regeneration. These observations are taken to indicate the involvement of visceral fat bodies in the regenerative mechanics. The appearance of lymphocytes on the 5th and 7th days and their subsequent disappearance together with lipid depletion are construed from the functioning of lymphocytes in lipid transport during their passage to the wound site. PMID- 7091702 TI - [Transversus nuchae muscle: two observations of hitherto unknown deviations of its nerve supply (author's transl)]. AB - The transversus nuchae muscles were dissected at a male specimen of 81 years on both sides and also the different nerve supply were investigated precisely. On the right side we found a muscle with 2 bellies 125 mm in length and 2 mm in width. The fibers extended from the external occipital protuberance to the parotid fascia. The right muscle was supplied by the doubled parts of the anterior branches of the great auricular nerve with an anastomosis to the inferior buccal branch of the facial nerve. The left transversus nuchae muscle occured with a total length of 93 mm and also a width of 2 mm. Course and attachment proved the same as on the right side. The left muscle was supplied by a short part of an anastomosis between the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve and the occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve of the facial nerve. The investigated, hitherto unknown, nerve anastomoses had not been stated in the anatomical literature since yet. PMID- 7091704 TI - [Increase functions of the type DW/DT = K(T + T0)P (E - W)N and their integrals (author's transl)]. AB - In a series of systematical investigations into increase functions the type dW/dt = ktp (E - W)n and the resulting integrals with asymptotic growth for n = 1 and finite growth time for 0 less than n less than 1 were treated (Sager 1978). The growth function was tested for several species of fishes yielding good results generally but always implying horizontal tangent at the beginning for t = 0. This is of minor importance when the birth value W0 is only a small fraction of the final value E but becomes eventually intolerable when W0/E increases. In this case the increase function must be generalized to dW/dt = k(t + t0)p (E - W)n. The consequences of this step are followed up in this paper illustrated by graphs of the behaviour of the gained growth functions. PMID- 7091703 TI - [The length growth of the north sea sole (Solea vulgaris Quensel) and the problem of annual variations (author's transl)]. AB - In spite of the small number of 8 averaged length values for the North Sea sole nonlinear regressions yield remarkable results for 18 out of 21 functions of organic growth. Functions implying finite growth times give rise to the assumption that length growth of Solea vulgaris theoretically comes to rest between 20 1/2 and 23 years of age. Taking up early experiences by Buckman (1934) detailed considerations are given to annual variations of growth. For this purpose the gained functions are modified to the cases of reduced or stagnating development in low temperatures. PMID- 7091705 TI - A freeze-fracture electron microscopic study of tight junctions of epithelial cells in the human uterus. PMID- 7091706 TI - The development of the diencephalon in Xenopus. An autoradiographic study. PMID- 7091707 TI - The human thyrocervical trunk: configuration and variability reinvestigated. AB - Reinvestigation of the configuration of the human thyrocervical trunk revealed, that in the presently investigated specimens the dorsal scapular artery is a direct branch of the subclavian artery in approximately 75% of the cases, whereas in the remaining 25% it is derived from the thyrocervical trunk, either directly or via the transverse cervical artery (Nomina anatomica 1977). The internal thoracic artery participates in the thyrocervical trunk in more than 10% of the observed cases. Thus, both dorsal scapular and internal thoracic artery have to be considered as facultative branches of the thyrocervical trunk. According to our results, the subclavian artery must be considered as the most common site of origin of the dorsal scapular artery. This vessel may be replaced by another artery in about one fourth of the cases. A survey of studies on the origin of the dorsal scapular artery clearly demonstrates that it is not warranted to give an overall numerical proportion for the main modes of branching. As yet no satisfactory explanation for the high degree of variability of these subclavian branches has been given. Especially the widely held notion of differences related to race, which is based on Adachi's (1928) work, has turned out to be invalid. Interpretation of variability may rather be based, as a general concept, on the late acquisition of a thyrocervical trunk in phylogeny as well as in ontogeny. PMID- 7091708 TI - The bovine allantoic and amniotic epithelia. SEM and TEM studies. AB - The ectodermal and endodermal coverings of the allanto-amniotic membrane in cattle fetuses of various gestational ages have been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We have observed that the allantoic and amniotic epithelia have rather similar cells which are rich in filaments but poor in organelles. Neither epithelium reflects its different origin nor the differences in the composition of the two fetal fluids. Maturation changes occur in the pattern of the various surface specializations until midterm. Coral-like luminal outgrowths, which also contain organelles, were observed in both epithelia, whereas microplicae had formed only on fully differentiated amniotic cells. Interspersed smooth-surface cells in the allantoic epithelium that differ also in nuclear shape, glycocalyx, and mitochondria are regarded as a second cell type. Besides fluid-filled blisters and cornified pustules, the most typical feature of the amniotic epithelium is a rather regular lateral cell interdigitation with tongue-like lamellae of even thickness. Micropinocytotic vesicles are more frequent than in the allantois. Both epithelia possess similar tight junctions; no morphological or histochemical indications of an active sodium transport were evidenced. PMID- 7091709 TI - Optic fiber development between dual transplants of retina and superior colliculus placed in the occipital cortex. PMID- 7091710 TI - Acetylcholinesterase Histochemistry of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in the rat and the effects of electrolytic and kainic acid lesions. AB - The histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway of normal rats and after electrolytic and kainic acid lesions of the habenular nuclei. From these combined observations it appears that the AChE-rich projection to the interpeduncular nucleus derives from both the medial and the lateral habenular nuclei. The lateral nucleus of the habenula is the main source of AChE-rich fibres in the fasciculus retroflexus, and a number of stained fibres also derive from the stria medullaris. While total habenular lesion completely deprived the fasciculus retroflexus of AChE-stained fibres, a direct effect on the enzyme distribution in the interpeduncular nucleus was only apparent as its rostral pole. In the remainder of the nucleus the AChE distribution did not undergo obvious changes in comparison with the normal pattern, except for a moderate decrease in overall reaction intensity in cases with subtotal habenular lesion bilaterally. The above results are consistent with the observation derived from experiments involving kainic acid injection into the habenula. The neurotoxic effect of kainic acid was highly selective for specific types of neurons in the lateral habenula, while the neurons of the medial habenula were completely unaffected. The existence of an AChE-rich projection from the lateral habenula to the interpeduncular nucleus was supported by a corresponding decrease in enzyme activity in the lateral habenula and fasciculus retroflexus after kainic acid treatment. PMID- 7091711 TI - Neuronal types in the claustrum of man. AB - Neuronal types of the human claustrum have been investigated by means of a transparent Golgi technique which enables one to study the characteristics of not only the cellular processes but also the marking features of the nuclei, the cellular organelles, and the paraplasmic substances of various types of nerve cells. Five varieties of neurons have been distinguished: Type I represents a class of spiny nerve cells varying to a certain extent in size and shape. These cells contain fine and widely dispersed lipofuscin granules which can only faintly be tinged by aldehydefuchsin. Type II cells are large aspiny neurons. Their cell bodies contain a great number of deeply stained coarse pigment granules. Type III cells are large aspiny neurons devoid of pigment deposits. Type IV is a small pigment-laden aspiny neuron. Type V is a small aspiny neuron devoid of lipofuscin granules. The pattern of pigmentation revealed by the different types of nerve cells turns out to be highly characteristic. It can well be used for classification of the various types of nerve cells which occur within the reaches of the claustrum. PMID- 7091712 TI - Observations on the development of descending pathways from the brain stem to the spinal cord in the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. AB - Anurans such as the clawed toad Xenopus laevis offer a unique opportunity to study the ontogeny of descending pathways to the spinal cord. Their transition from aquatic limbless tadpole to juvenile toad occurs over a protracted period time during which the animal is accessible for experimental studies. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles the development of descending pathways has been studied from early limb-bud stage on (stage 50) with the aid of HRP slow-release gels. In stage 50, cells of origin of descending supraspinal pathways were already present throughout the reticular formation (including the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis) and in the vestibular nuclear complex. Also the giant Mauthner cells project to the cord at this stage. A spinal projection from the anuran homologue of the nucleus ruber of higher vertebrates does not appear before stage 58, i.e., when the hindlimbs are used for locomotion. Hypothalamospinal projections appear for the first time at stage 57. These observations in Xenopus laevis tadpoles suggest that reticulospinal and vestibulospinal projections innervate spinal segments very early in development, whereas the anuran red nucleus projects spinal ward definitely later in development. PMID- 7091713 TI - The monocular and binocular segment of the cat's visual cortex. A cytoarchitectonic study with stereological procedures. PMID- 7091714 TI - Endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with postoperative and chronic pain. AB - The authors measured endorphin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 patients with chronic pain due to lumbar disc syndrome and eight patients with acute postoperative pain. These were compared with CSF endorphin levels in 20 control patients with no history of pain. Endorphins were extracted by adsorption to a synthetic resin (Amberlite XAD-2), eluted with methanol, and assayed using the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens. Results were expressed as methionine-enkephalin (Met-E) equivalents, which was the standard in the bioassay. The CSF endorphin level was 0.42 +/- 0.07 pmol/ml (mean +/- SE) in the postoperative group, 1.44 +/- 0.2 pmol/ml in the chronic pain group, and 4.36 +/- 0.89 pmol/ml in the control group. CSF endorphin levels in the two pain groups differed significantly from both the control group and each other. These results suggest a correlation between pain levels and endorphin concentration in the CSF; however, in the acute postoperative pain group the influence of other factors such as anesthesia or surgical stress cannot be evaluated. PMID- 7091716 TI - Effects of droperidol on left ventricular performance in humans. AB - The action of droperidol on left ventricular (LV) performance was examined before angiography in nine unpremedicated patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for stable uncomplicated coronary artery disease. Using local anesthesia, catheters were placed in the left ventricle, thoracic aorta, and pulmonary artery. Cardiac output (CO) and LV pressure derivatives were measured before and 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after intravenous administration of 0.15 mg/kg droperidol. Droperidol administration induced a time-dependent decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) (significant at 2, 10, 15, and 20 min) and of cardiac index (CI) (significant at 15 and 20 min) with maximal changes observed at 20 min (-14 per cent for MAP and -15 per cent for CI). in addition, the following changes occurred in variables related to LV performance: 1) a transient increase in both heart rate (HR) (2, 5, and 10 min) and maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure/instantaneous left ventricular pressure (dP . dt-1 max . IP 1) (+ 15 per cent for HR and + 14 per cent for dP .dt-1 max . IP-1); 2) an early (2 min) and sustained (5, 10, 15, and 20 min) decrease of left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximum at 5 min (-30 per cent); 3) no change in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). This study shows that the fall in MAP which occurs after intravenous administration of clinical doses of droperidol is primarily due to decreased CO, secondary to decreased LVEDP and not to changes in cardiac contractility and in SVR. PMID- 7091718 TI - Densities of liquid halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane between 0 degrees and 35 degrees C. AB - The authors determined the densities of liquid halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane over the temperature range of 0 to 35 degrees C. The measurements were undertaken because detailed information of this type is useful in, for example, the preparations of chromatography standards, and no previous comparable study has been published. The densities of the liquid agents at different temperatures were described by regression equations. Calculated values using these equations compared favorably with isolated values reported in the literature. PMID- 7091717 TI - Altered neural conduction with epidural bupivacaine. AB - The sites and magnitude of evoked potential response alterations induced by varying masses and concentrations of epidurally administered bupivacaine were assessed from electrodes positioned along the conducting pathways of the monkey. The mass of bupivacaine was the major factor in determining the level and degree of response alterations. At the lower levels of total drug mass, effects were limited to the dorsal root entry zone, whereas higher levels of mass not only increased the response attenuation at the gray matter level but resulted in additional changes in those responses recorded from the spinal cord white matter tracts. With all other factors stable, increasing concentration was associated with a greater degree of response attenuation, especially at the lower levels of total mass. These findings indicate that the mass of the drug is the major factor in determining the magnitude and level of bupivacaine-induced epidural analgesia. Increased concentration influences the local anesthetic's penetration at the dorsal root entry zone and, to a lesser degree, at the white tracts of the spinal cord. PMID- 7091715 TI - Reduction in resting end-expiratory position of the respiratory system with induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular paralysis. AB - Resting end-expiratory position (REEP) of the respiratory system was monitored continuously using spirometric recording in eleven patients during transition from consciousness to thiopental hypnosis and following subsequent administration of succinylcholine. REEP decreased following thiopental and was little affected by subsequent relaxant in most patients. A fall in REEP was observed within 30 s after thiopental, and a lower, stable level of REEP was attained within approximately 15-45 s. Mean volume of gas expelled from the lungs was 189 (SE 32) ml BTPS. It is concluded that the previously extensively documented decrease in functional residual capacity associated with anesthesia occurs immediately on induction and requires a short, but finite, time for apparent stabilization. PMID- 7091719 TI - The effectiveness of sodium citrate as an antacid. PMID- 7091720 TI - Causalgia of vascular etiology following an abdominal injury. PMID- 7091721 TI - Weight, pseudocholinesterase activity, and succinylcholine requirement. PMID- 7091723 TI - Central venous access in children via the external jugular vein. PMID- 7091722 TI - Isoniazid-induced enflurane defluorination in humans. AB - Serum inorganic fluoride (F-) levels were measured in 20 surgical patients treated with 300 mg isoniazid per day for periods of up to one year, prior to anesthesia with enflurane. Thirty-six control patients anesthetized with enflurane, but taking no drugs, also were studied. Regression lines for peak serum fluoride were plotted against enflurane exposure in MAC-hours. Nine isoniazid-treated patients had fluoride levels significantly (P less than 0.001) higher (y = 22.2x + 12.0) than either the 11 other isoniazid-treated patients (y = 5.0x + 8.2) or the 36 control patients (y = 5.4x + 6.3). Peak serum fluoride values in three patients exceeded 100 microM but in no patient did values exceed 10 microM by 48 h after anesthesia. It was concluded that isoniazid treatment resulted in enzyme induction in the nine patients with high peak fluoride levels. This pattern, i.e., induction occurring in approximately one-half the patients, probably is related to the genetically determined bimodal distribution of rapid and slow acetylation of isoniazid. PMID- 7091724 TI - Pulmonary embolism during spinal anesthesia: angiographic diagnosis via a flow directed pulmonary artery catheter. PMID- 7091725 TI - Nitrous oxide plays a direct role in the development of tension pneumocephalus intraoperatively. PMID- 7091726 TI - An unusual cause for increased resistance to injection during administration of spinal anesthesia. PMID- 7091728 TI - A procedure for measuring the length of the catheter in the epidural space. PMID- 7091727 TI - Balloon catheter increases air capture. PMID- 7091729 TI - ASA PS classification is not risk classification. PMID- 7091731 TI - Oxytocic drugs have different cardiovascular effects. PMID- 7091730 TI - Mechanical aids for fiberoptic endoscopy. PMID- 7091732 TI - Pulmonary vascular responses to nitrous oxide in patients with normal and high pulmonary vascular resistance. AB - The pulmonary vascular responses to 50 per cent nitrous oxide were studied in 32 anesthetized patients ventilated to maintain normal PaCO2. One group consisted of sixteen patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and normal pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) about to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery. A second group consisted of 16 patients with markedly elevated PVR values due to chronic mitral valve stenosis (MVS). CAD patients showed a significant increase in PVR irrespective of whether halothane or fentanyl was used as background anesthetic. Individual changes, however, did not exceed the upper limit of normal and therefore are not considered to be of clinical importance in these patients. In patients with MVS subjected to fentanyl anesthesia, N2O caused a marked increase in PVR from 357 to 530 dyn . s. cm-5. Halothane anesthesia did not significantly attenuate the effect of nitrous oxide on the pulmonary vasculature as mean PVR increased from 351 to 451 dyn . s. cm-5. These results suggest that the preexisting PVR value is of more importance for the pulmonary vascular response to N2O than the influence of background anesthesia. We conclude that nitrous oxide should be used with caution in patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, particularly in the presence of right ventricular dysfunction and/or right coronary artery disease. PMID- 7091733 TI - Chronic potassium depletion and sensitivity to tubocurarine. AB - The effect of low potassium diets with and without deoxycorticosterone (DOCA), furosemide, chlorothiazide, or ethacrynic acid on sensitivity of isolated guinea pig lumbrical nerve-muscle preparations to d-tubocurarine was examined. The ED50 of d-tubocurarine was found to fall as the potassium level was lowered by dietary restriction. Addition of DOCA or furosemide was without effect while chlorothiazide reduced and ethacrynic acid enhanced the effect of diet alone. Acute restoration of potassium levels of 5.9 mM reversed considerably, but not completely, the effect of chronic depletion. Thus, a patient suffering from chronic potassium depletion would be expected to require a decreased dose of d tubocurarine, and although acute replacement of potassium preoperatively would tend to return the dose requirement toward normal, such reversal might not be complete. PMID- 7091734 TI - Laryngeal web: a cause of difficult endotracheal intubation. PMID- 7091735 TI - Physostigmine reversal of midazolam-induced sedation. PMID- 7091737 TI - Anesthesia for the patient with pulmonary lobar torsion. PMID- 7091736 TI - Low-dose enflurane does not increase blood loss during therapeutic abortion. PMID- 7091738 TI - One-lung anesthesia in morbidly obese patients. PMID- 7091739 TI - Precipitation of local anesthetic drugs in cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 7091740 TI - Functional anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk. PMID- 7091741 TI - Further considerations regarding the components of an effective test dose prior to epidural block. PMID- 7091744 TI - A modified uterine displacement device. PMID- 7091742 TI - Relaxant resistance in disuse atrophy: pharmacokinetics vs. pharmacodynamics. PMID- 7091743 TI - A simple method for mixing air and oxygen. PMID- 7091745 TI - Support versus illumination: trends in medical statistics. PMID- 7091746 TI - Barbiturates for brain resuscitation: yes and no. PMID- 7091747 TI - The neurologic effects of thiopental therapy following experimental cardiac arrest in cats. AB - To define the utility of high-dose barbiturate therapy following an episode of complete global cerebral ischemia, we investigate the effects of 60 mg/kg of thiopental given to cats five minutes after resuscitation from 12, 14, or 16 min of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation (VF). All aspects of the arrest, resuscitation, with post-arrest care were carefully controlled, with the EEG becoming isoelectric 20-25 s after the onset mean resuscitation time of 2.5 +/- 0.2 (SEM) min. For any given duration of VF, there were no differences (control vs thiopental) in any pre- or post-arrest parameters (blood pressure, blood gases, electrolytes, etc.) A total of 68 resuscitated cats were entered into various treatment and control groups, and all but one group received 20-24 h of post-resuscitation paralysis, mechanical ventilation, and ICU support before being extubated. Cats received an additional six days of aggressive nursing care, and daily examinations were performed with the assignment of a neurologic deficit score (NDS) between 0 (normal) and (brain dead). Autopsies were performed to determine the cause of death in animals which died before the end of the seven day observation period. The early post-arrest period was marked by the occurrence of repetitive, rhythmic bursts of high-frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) activity (? seizures) in 38 per cent of control animals (16/42, all arrest times combined). Ten of these animals died as a result of severe neurologic injuries. By contrast, only 12 per cent of treated cats (3/26) developed similar EEG patterns (P less than 0.05) and there were no neurologic deaths in the thiopental groups. The differences in the incidence of neurologic deaths (control vs. thiopental) was significant (P less than 0.02). The change in overall mortality did not quite reach significance (36 per cent vs. 21 per cent), and treatment had no effect on the incidence of deaths due to cardiovascular causes (e.g., myocardial infarctions). In spite of the effects on mortality, treatment had no effect on the neurologic function of survivors (assessed by NDS). These findings suggest that thiopental improved survival rates by suppressing an unusual post arrest EEG pattern (? anticonvulsant effect), but had no additional cerebral protective effects. PMID- 7091748 TI - Additive effects of pentobarbital and halothane to inhibit synthesis of lung proteins. AB - The effect of pentobarbital on synthesis of lung proteins was investigated, both when administered alone and in combination with halothane. When rat lungs perfused in situ with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing plasma levels of 19 amino acids, 690 microM phenylalanine, 5.6 mM glucose, and 4.5 per cent fraction V bovine serum albumin were exposed to pentobarbital, a dose-related inhibition of [14C]phenylalanine incorporation into protein was observed, with a maximal inhibition (74 per cent) at a pentobarbital concentration of 324 micrograms/ml. Halothane (1-4 per cent equilibrated with O2/N2/CO2, 4:15:1) also rapidly inhibited synthesis of lung proteins in a dose-dependent manner. At the maximally effective concentration of pentobarbital, exposure of the lungs to halothane enhanced the inhibition of protein synthesis; halothane concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 per cent were equally effective. Furthermore, when lungs were exposed to a combination of pentobarbital (100 micrograms/ml) and halothane (1 per cent) at doses which had no effect when given alone, protein synthesis was inhibited 35 per cent (P less than 0.001). Thus, the metabolic effects of the anesthetics were potentiated when the drugs were administered in combination. The inhibition of protein synthesis by pentobarbital (324 micrograms/ml), with or without 4 per cent halothane, was fully reversible. A similar inhibitory effect of pentobarbital was observed in perfused rat hearts. PMID- 7091749 TI - Halothane biotransformation in obese and nonobese patients. AB - Serum levels of inorganic fluoride, trifluoroacetic acid, and bromide ion were measured at various time intervals following two hours of halothane anesthesia in 17 morbidly obese and eight nonobese patients. Ionic fluoride, a marker of reductive halothane metabolism, increased in the obese but not the nonobese patients. This is of concern since reductive halothane metabolism is associated with hepatoxicity in animals. In addition, serum bromide levels were higher after 48 h in the obese patients compared to the nonobese patients (mean +/- SE, 1,311 +/- 114 vs. 787 +/- 115 microM, P less than 0.01). Sedative levels of bromide were not attained in any patient. Peak trifluoroacetic acid levels were similar in the two patient groups. Sex age, medication intake, and smoking history had no influence on the halothane metabolite levels found in this study. PMID- 7091750 TI - Site of origin of halothane--epinephrine arrhythmia determined by direct and echocardiographic recordings. AB - A constantly coupled bigeminal arrhythmia was induced in dogs anesthetized with thiopental-halothane by infusion of epinephrine (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1). The site of origin of the abnormal beat was localized to the interventricular septum by bipolar recordings from the left and right ventricular epicardium and two sites in the septum. Simultaneous echocardiograms showed early movement of the septum with a pattern similar to that seen in the left bundle branch block. Simulation at the recording sites resulted in movement patterns which indicate that assessment of septal and posterior left ventricular motion can be helpful in localization of the origin of ventricular arrhythmias, although only with left ventricular arrhythmias is there potential for anatomic localization to a small area of muscle. PMID- 7091751 TI - [Changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain during electroacupuncture]. PMID- 7091752 TI - [Cortisol secretion in patients with lung and mediastinal tumors during surgery and in the postoperative period]. PMID- 7091753 TI - [Mathematical models of volumetric disorders in children's surgery]. PMID- 7091754 TI - [Calibrated apex cardiography - a noninvasive method of dynamic control of myocardial contraction]. PMID- 7091755 TI - [Wave structure of heart rhythm in the early postoperative period after vagotomy]. PMID- 7091756 TI - [Training at a department of anesthesiology and resuscitation]. PMID- 7091757 TI - [Causes of variability of oxygen consumption during artificial circulation]. PMID- 7091758 TI - [Blood replacement]. PMID- 7091759 TI - [Experimental basis for the use of blood chemiluminescence during hyperbaric oxygenation as an indicator of the changes in lipid peroxidation activity]. PMID- 7091760 TI - [Evaluation of various ventilation regimens during perfusion of isolated lungs]. PMID- 7091761 TI - [Liver circulation in patients with diseases of the extrahepatic bile ducts and the effects of various methods of postoperative therapy]. PMID- 7091762 TI - [Effect of oxygen therapy, breathing exercises and chest massage on gas exchange and the mechanics of breathing during the postoperative period]. PMID- 7091764 TI - [ECG changes in freezing]. PMID- 7091765 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of impairment of the motor-evacuatory function of intestine after reconstructive surgery on the aortoiliac segment in patients with Leriche's syndrome, and its prevention by local anesthesia]. PMID- 7091766 TI - [Electrophysiological analysis of the stimulation of the central grey substance during electroacupuncture]. PMID- 7091768 TI - Pattern of arterial occlusion in Buerger's disease. AB - The pattern of arterial occlusion in Buerger's disease was analyzed by simultaneous bilateral femoral arteriography in 210 limbs of 105 patients with Buerger's disease. In 55 limbs of 42 patients, the femoropopliteal segment was affected in addition to the infrapopliteal arterial obstructive lesion. The pattern of crural arterial occlusion was similar in about 40% of both the patients with femoropopliteal occlusion and the patients with crural occlusion. Toes were ulcerated in 4 of 58 limbs with continuous arterial flow, and ulceration occurred in 86 of 152 limbs with a discontinuous flow. The rate of occurrence of bilateral trophic lesion in the group with an arteriographically similar occlusion pattern was not significantly higher than that in the group with a different pattern. The pattern of arterial occlusion in Buerger's disease seemed to be fixed mainly within 1 year after the onset of symptoms, and the skip lesion in the main artery was favorable to proximal progression of the disease. PMID- 7091763 TI - [Electrometric determination of the position of venous catheters]. PMID- 7091767 TI - Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary microcirculation, and thrombolytic therapy. PMID- 7091769 TI - Arterial grafting through the obturator foramen in secondary hemorrhage from the femoral vessels. AB - Secondary hemorrhage from the groin is a life-threatening situation with a high risk of amputation if the limb is not revascularized after controlling the bleeding. Three cases are described in which grafting via the obturator foramen was used to achieve iliofemoral bypass in patients with secondary hemorrhage from the femoral vessels. Obturator bypass has previously mainly been used in the management of infective complications in the groin after arterial grafting procedures. The previously reported cases are reviewed with special reference to the indications for the procedure in situations unrelated to previous reconstructive vascular surgery. PMID- 7091770 TI - Effect of coronary vasodilating drug on myocardial work. AB - The purpose of this paper is to show, by noninvasive measurements, previously undocumented effects on cardiac work of the nitrate coronary vasodilator Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (Peritrate). The chew-and-swallow 40-mg tablets of this drug were given to 10 patients of type II AHA classification. The Diastolic Time Tension Index/Systolic Time Tension Index Ratio increased significantly from 1.15 (+/- 0.11 SEM) to 1.46 (+/- 0.13), p less than 0.05. The Double Product decreased significantly from 9813 (+/- 606) to 8336 (+/- 497), p less than 0.01. The Triple Product also decreased significantly from 3223 (+/- 235) to 2425 (+/- 206), p less than 0.01. The percent diastole of the R-R interval increased significantly from 65% (+/- 2.44) to 70% (+/- 1.73) p less than 0.05, while no significant change in heart rate occurred (63.2 bts/min to 62.4 bts/min). Correspondingly, there was a decrease of systolic time interval, from 0.33 second (+/- 0.2) to 0.29 second (+/- .01) p less than 0.01. A significant decrease in blood pressure was also noted. Systolic BP dropped from 155 (+/- 8.0) to 134 (+/- 7.2), p less than 0.01. Diastolic BP dropped from 89.2 (+/- 2.8) to 79.2 (+/- 2.2), p less than 0.01. This study shows that Peritrate produced significantly favorable changes in all the cited indicators of cardiac work. PMID- 7091771 TI - Status of platelets in complicated and uncomplicated diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7091773 TI - The support of the venous circulation. PMID- 7091772 TI - Measurement of blood pressure in all toes in arterial occlusive disease of the leg. AB - In the present study, systolic blood pressure in all toes was measured by using a bladder-free cuff in 20 normal limbs and 106 limbs with arterial occlusive disease, and the clinical significance of blood pressure measurement in all toes was studied. In 97 of 106 limbs with arterial occlusion, all 5 toes showed a significantly decreased blood pressure, indicating that any toe can be used for the purpose of diagnosis of arterial occlusions. However, 41% of cases showed the difference in blood pressure of more than 15 mm Hg between any 2 toes. Great variations of blood pressure among 5 toes were observed especially in limbs with gangrene or with other skin ischemic symptoms such as cold sensitivity, numbness, or history of gangrene in the toes. In these cases, evaluation of hemodynamics in each toe is considered to be of use for prognostic study of gangrene, selection and evaluation of treatments, and follow-up study. In limbs with intermittent claudication, however, blood pressure measurement in all toes may have little value in clinical practice because of small variation among blood pressure values of 5 toes. In comparison of blood pressure values in each toe from limbs with gangrene, toes with gangrene showed a significantly lower blood pressure than toes without gangrene. However, even in these toes without gangrene, a significantly lower blood pressure was observed than in toes from limbs without gangrene. These findings indicate that severe damage to digital circulation due to an occlusive process proximal to the toes is a primarily indispensable condition for development of gangrene in arterial occlusive disease. PMID- 7091774 TI - Abdominal ultrasonography for assessment of patency of the inferior vena cava after clipping. PMID- 7091776 TI - The effect of age, blood pressure and gender on the incidence of premature ventricular contractions. AB - In order to study the effect of age, blood pressure and gender on premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography was performed on 338 apparently normal subjects (Group I; 209 men, 129 women, age 17 to 69, mean 48.5 +/- 11.7) and on 100 subjects with normal hearts proven by extensive invasive and noninvasive testing (Group II; 51 men, 49 women, age 16 to 68, mean 48.8 +/- 10.2). Apparently normal subjects (Group I) had a higher prevalence of PVCs (61.8% vs. 39.0%, p less than 0.001) and of complexity (16.3% vs. 4.0%, p less than 0.003) than subjects with normal hearts (Group II). The distribution of subjects according to PVC frequency was bimodal in Group I and unimodal in Group II. PVC prevalence increased with age in both the apparently normal group (p less than 0.001), and in the group with normal hearts (p less than 0.025). On the contrary, apparently normal (Group I) men had almost twice the PVC prevalence (74.6% vs. 41.1%, p less than 0.001) and complexity (20.1% vs. 10.1%, p less than 0.25) than apparently normal women, while gender had no effect on PVC prevalence in subjects with normal hearts (Group II). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with PVC prevalence (p less than 0.001) and complexity (p less than 0.02) in apparently normal subjects (Group I) but not in subjects with normal hearts (Group II). These data indicate: that apparently normal subjects have higher prevalence of PVCs and of PVC complexity than subjects with normal hearts, probably because of undetected cardiac disease; that the increase in PVC prevalence with age is not necessarily due to cardiac disease; and that PVC complexity in apparently normal subjects should raise the suspicion of cardiac disease especially in men, in subjects with hypertension and in the older age group. PMID- 7091775 TI - Update on quinidine and procainamide. PMID- 7091777 TI - Automated blood pressure recording: the phenomenon of blood pressure elevations during speech. AB - The recent development of automatic non-invasive blood pressure devices has allowed the rapid and repeated assessment of both the blood pressure and pulse rate in the clinical setting. The development of this technology has allowed us to observe a striking relationship between human communication and blood pressure. Talking produces rapid increases in their systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures as well as pulse rate in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. This phenomenon has been obscured by the conventional assessment techniques of blood pressure measurement. Ignoring the pattern of verbal communication during the assessment of blood pressure can result in marked differences in recorded blood pressure and its interpretation. PMID- 7091779 TI - Bronchial asthma following exposure to ECG ink. PMID- 7091778 TI - A comparative study of the incidence of indoor and outdoor mold spores in Bangkok, Thailand. AB - The culture plate method was used in this survey of the indoor and outdoor incidence of the atmospheric molds in Bangkok Metropolis in the year 1977. The over-all sampling showed the prevalence of yeasts, Aspergillus, Hermodendrum and non-sporulated white fungi as the frequency of occurrence; each of them was over 50%. In general the incidence was high in the winter months and low in the rainy season except for Aspergillus, Fusarium and Curvularia which did not decline during the rainy period. Observations indicated that there are only slight differences between the incidence and the types of airborne fungi recovered from the exposed plates in the bedrooms and outside the houses in and around Bangkok Metropolis. PMID- 7091780 TI - Acute non-haemolytic anemia after short administration of L Dopa plus Benserazide. PMID- 7091782 TI - The micro-computer as an aid to allergy investigation. PMID- 7091783 TI - Pathogenesis of asthma. PMID- 7091784 TI - Beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol in adult patients with ragweed seasonal rhinitis. PMID- 7091781 TI - Using the RAST and PRIST with an overview of clinical significance. PMID- 7091785 TI - Ragweed pollen distribution in the U.S.A.: utilization of graphic maps. PMID- 7091786 TI - In-home fungal studies: methods to increase the yield. PMID- 7091787 TI - An evaluation of childhood rhinorrhea. PMID- 7091789 TI - You can write a medical paper. PMID- 7091788 TI - Report of the American College of Almlergists', Committee on Standardization of Allergenic Extracts. PMID- 7091790 TI - Giving a medical talk. PMID- 7091791 TI - The immunogenetics of IgE provides predictive value for the development of allergy. PMID- 7091794 TI - Use of an observation ward in a community hospital. AB - A six-bed observation ward has been an integral part of our community hospital emergency department for 10 years. During a recent 4-month period, 574 patients were admitted with 65 different clinical presentations. Length of stay, treatment, complications, and disposition were evaluated. An estimated 1.7 hospital admissions per day were avoided at an annual cost savings of $240,000. Guidelines have been developed which avoid most potential pitfalls in the use of an observation ward. Significant flexibility is gained and improved patient care is possible with the addition of an observation ward to the emergency department. PMID- 7091792 TI - Leukocytosis in peritoneal lavage effluent after selected abdominal organ injury in an experimental model. AB - Elevation of the corrected leukocyte count (Cwbc) in peritoneal lavage effluent has been reported by us in association with colon perforation. We have extended this study in order to investigate systematically the nature of the stimuli to, and the timing, magnitude, and consistency of this response in the presence of other occult abdominal injuries associated with trauma. This has been done by subjecting an anesthetized canine model to a variety of isolated intra-abdominal injuries and then measuring sequential peritoneal lavage leukocyte counts up to six hours after injury. A rising lavage leukocyte count gave Cwbc-positive lavages in 94% of animals with jejunal, ileal, and colonic wounds by six hours. In animals with isolated peritoneal penetration alone, or simple liver or spleen wounds, an elevated Cwbc count was unusual. In stomach, gallbladder, and urinary bladder perforation, a positive lavage was an inconsistent finding. Peritoneal lavage leukocyte counts corrected on the basis of red cell count can enhance the accuracy and utility of lavage for abdominal trauma, especially when gastrointestinal perforation is present as an isolated injury, by detecting an early peritoneal inflammatory response which appears independently from simple hemorrhage. [Mueller GL, Burney RE, MacKenzie JR: Leukocytosis in peritoneal lavage effluent after selected abdominal organ injury in an experimental model. PMID- 7091793 TI - Poison center operations: the necessity of follow-up. AB - A retrospective study of 2,526 calls made to a regional poison center demonstrated the value of telephone follow-up of poison exposures. Further treatment recommendations were required in 21.2% of follow-up calls, more than 25% of which were made to physicians. Poison prevention education and data collection were accomplished in more than 95% of cases. Twenty-four telephone follow-up calls corrected major treatment errors, corresponding to a dramatic change in patient management more than twice each week. This study delineates the functions and value of the follow-up call in the treatment and prevention of poisonings and in toxicologic research. Because the effective use of this procedure is limited to comprehensive poison centers with vast resources and full time staff, this study further supports regionalization to promote maximal utilization of this and other elements of poison control. PMID- 7091795 TI - The esophageal obturator airway: a reassessment of use by paramedics. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of failures and complications of EGTA. The life history of 31 airways was followed. Ten failed prior to 5 usages. Paramedics successfully intubated 88% of the patients but experienced difficulties maintaining adequate airways in 15%. While the EGTA is a valuable tool in prehospital care, its utilization to the exclusion of endotracheal intubation should be carefully considered. PMID- 7091797 TI - Colloid cyst of the third ventricle and sudden death. AB - Patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle may complain only of severe headache. The threat of sudden death makes these patients a special diagnostic problem to the emergency physician. There may be only a few intermittent and nonspecific signs and symptoms associated with this tumor. A discussion of two such cases and an abstract of similar cases drawn from the literature is included in this report. PMID- 7091798 TI - Supraglottitis following gasoline ingestion. PMID- 7091796 TI - Cricothyrotomy in the emergency department. AB - Thirty-eight emergency cricothyrotomies were performed over a 3-year period. This was the first airway control maneuver attempted in 5 patients, 3 of whom had facial and/or neck injury, one apneic with upper airway hemorrhage, and one with aortobronchial fistula. The remaining 33 procedures were performed only after other airway management failed. Five indications were identified among these cases: 1) excessive emesis or hemorrhage (11), 2) possible cervical spine injury with airway compromise (9), 3) technical failure (7), 4) clenched teeth (5), and 5) masseter spasm following succinylcholine administration (1). Fourteen immediate complications occurred in 12 patients (32%). The most frequent was incorrect site of tracheostomy tube placement (5), with 4 of 5 misplaced through the thyrohyoid membrane. Others included execution time greater than 3 minutes (4), unsuccessful tracheostomy tube placement (3), and significant hemorrhage (2). Twelve of the 38 patients were long-term survivors. There was one long-term complication, a longitudinal fracture of the thyroid cartilage during forceful placement of an oversized tube (8 mm inner diameter) through the cricothyroid membrane. This required operative repair and left the patient with severe dysphonia. PMID- 7091800 TI - Tourniquet syndrome caused by metallic bands: a new tool for removal. AB - Reported are two cases of metallic constricting devices presenting to our emergency department. A 40-year-old man was unable to remove a steel ring from his engorged penile shaft after autostimulation, and a 22-year-old man riveted a metallic nut onto his right index finger proximal to his distal interphalangeal joint. Both metallic devices were successfully removed by a new, easily managed, and readily available tool called the "Dremel Moto-Tool Kit" Cat. #280. Constricting devices around digits or the penis are not uncommon problems. Because of the inherent dangers and sequelae of delay in treatment, it is imperative that the removal of these devices is expedited. PMID- 7091799 TI - Subcutaneous and retropharyngeal emphysema following dental restoration: an uncommon complication. AB - A case of subcutaneous and retropharyngeal emphysema following a dental restoration is presented. The patient complained of swelling, tenderness, and a "crackling feeling" of her right face and neck, as well as pain in the back of her throat. Radiographs confirmed the diagnosis of interstitial air emphysema. The etiology of this unusual complication was the compressed air used in modern dental drills and syringes. Treatment consists of reassurance, observation, and prophylactic antibiotics. [Bavinger JV: Subcutaneous and retropharyngeal emphysema following dental restoration. PMID- 7091801 TI - Reye's syndrome. PMID- 7091802 TI - Medical control of prehospital emergency medical services. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 7091803 TI - Poison centers and emergency departments: friends or foes? PMID- 7091804 TI - Oxygen for all asthmatics on bronchodilators. PMID- 7091805 TI - Cocaine intoxication, delirium, death in body packer. PMID- 7091806 TI - Toxicologic study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur- Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletor. AB - Male rats (10 rats/group) were treated with phenobarbital (PB), phenylbutazone (PBZ), stanozolol (3 inducers of cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes), piperonyl butoxide (PBO; a P450 inhibitor), cobaltous chloride (CoCl2; an inhibitor of hemoprotein synthesis), 5,6-benzoflavone (BNF; an inducer of cytochrome P448 dependent enzymes), cysteine [CYS; a glutathione (GSH) precursor], or ethyl maleate (EM; a GSH depletor). The rats were then given a calculated LD50 dosage (13.5 mg/kg of body weight) of carboxyatractyloside (CAT) intraperitoneally. Clinical signs of toxicosis, duration of illness, lethality, gross lesions, and hepatic and renal histopathologic lesions were recorded. Seemingly, (i) CAT toxicosis has independent lethal and cytotoxic components (PBZ decreased lethality and cytotoxicity; CoCl2 decreased cytotoxicity but not lethality; BNF decreased duration of illness, and perhaps lethality, but not cytotoxicity); (ii) CAT cytotoxicity could be partly due to an active metabolite formed by de novo synthesized, P450-/P448-independent hemoprotein (PBZ and CoCl2 had anticytotoxic effects, but PB, stanozolol, PBO, and BNF did not); (iii) CAT detoxification may occur partly through a hemoprotein-independent, PBZ-inducible enzyme, and partly through a P448-dependent (BNF-inducible) enzyme; and (iv) CAT detoxification apparently is not P450 or GSH-dependent because PB, stanozolol, and CYS had no beneficial effects, and PBO, CoCl2, and EM did not enhance toxicosis. Metabolism of CAT may have a role in its cytotoxic and lethal effects. PMID- 7091808 TI - In vitro depression of the mitogenic response of lymphocytes from turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. AB - A depression in the mitogenic response of lymphocytes was demonstrated in turkeys inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Blood samples were collected (in heparin) once a week, beginning 1 week after the turkeys were inoculated. The whole blood assay was used to study lymphoblastogenesis. Concanavalin-A and phytohemagglutinin were the mitogens used: the radioisotope used was (125I)deoxyuridine (125IudR; 125I, sp act 5 Ci/mg). Suppression in the lymphocyte response in vitro was seen up to 5 weeks after the inoculations were done, after which there was a gradual recovery from suppression in the lymphocyte blastogenesis. PMID- 7091807 TI - Distribution of oxytetracycline in the genital tract of cows. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of oxytetracycline (OTC) were investigated in healthy cycling dairy cows after a single IV dose of 22 mg/kg of body weight. The biological half-life of OTC was 6.5 hours. These data were used to predict an IV priming dose and a rate of constant IV infusion of OTC sufficient to approach steady-state equilibrium of the drug between a plasma concentration of approximately 5 microgram/ml and a uterine tissue concentration. After 8 hours' constant IV infusion, the mean plasma concentration of OTC was 4.86 +/- 0.68 microgram/ml and the mean uterine tissue concentration of OTC was 4.50 +/- 0.45 microgram/ml. The mean ratio of plasma-to-uterine tissue OTC concentrations was 1.08. Computer-stimulated IV multiple doses of OTC at 11 mg/kg every 12 hours and 11 mg/kg every 24 hours suggested that the former dosage regimen could provide uterine tissue concentrations greater than 5 microgram/ml during the dosage interval, whereas the latter could provide such concentrations for only the first 12 hours of a 24-hour dosage interval. PMID- 7091809 TI - Influences of sequences of environmental factors on the response of chickens to fasting and to Staphylococcus aureus infection. AB - Weight gain of chickens following fasting was influenced by interactions between habituation to persons (socialization), stress (drinking water withheld) early in the life of the bird, and sex. Fasting affected socialized birds less than unsocialized birds. Body weight changes following Staphylococcus aureus infection were influenced by interactions between sex, stress early in life, socialization, and fasting. These 4 factors may also influence the occurrence of disease outbreaks in poultry farms. PMID- 7091810 TI - Experimental Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis in sheep: light and electron microscopic studies. AB - A sheep infected intranasally with Naegleria fowleri of human origin died 7 days after inoculation. The olfactory lobes were distinctly soft and friable. Histologic findings indicated suppurative leptomeningitis and hemorrhagic necrosis in the olfactory lobes. Protozoa were disseminated in the necrotic areas, particularly in perivascular locations; vasculitis was also observed. Meningitis and perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes were evident in the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and cervical spinal cord. Electron microscopy disclosed trophozoites only in the olfactory lobes. The amebae contained a central nucleus with a distinct, electron-dense nucleolus. The cytoplasm contained myelinated figures, lipid-like vacuoles, open vesicles, electron-dense granules, mitochondria, numerous free ribosomes, scant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and occasionally a phagocytized erythrocyte. Trophozoites were grouped close to arterioles, except when phagocytized by a neutrophil or endothelial cell. PMID- 7091811 TI - Toxic Bermuda grass tremor in the goat: an electroencephalographic study. AB - Tremorgenic Bermuda grass hay harvested during the 1971 Louisiana outbreak of toxicosis and kept in cold storage until 1979 was fed to a female Nubian cross goat. Cortical EEG from chronically implanted screw electrodes was recorded daily during hay consumption. Typical clinical signs of toxicosis were manifested as ataxia on day 8 and tremor on day 11. Motor activity returned to normal 2 days after reinstitution of nontoxic Bermuda grass hay. Changes in EEG amplitudes, frequency content, or wave-forms were not seen during the development or after the appearance of toxicosis. The administration of diazepam at the height of toxicosis suppressed the tremor for several hours. PMID- 7091812 TI - Erythrocyte volume distribution analysis in healthy dogs, cats, horses, and dairy cows. AB - Erythrocyte volume distribution curves (erythrograms) were determined on a total of 300 blood samples from healthy dogs, cats, horses, and cattle (dairy cows). An index of anisocytosis was determined for these animals. Erythrograms were highly reproducible, and the mean corpuscular volumes determined from erythrograms compared well with those determined from hemograms. Bovine and equine erythrocyte volumes were found to be stable after the blood was stored at 4 C for 24 hours. Under the same conditions, canine and feline erythrocytes increased slightly in volume. After incubation of blood diluted in isotonic cell counting solution, bovine erythrocytes had stable cell volume, whereas feline, equine, and canine erythrocytes had greater volume. PMID- 7091813 TI - Feline population dynamics: a study of the Manhattan, Kansas, feline population. AB - Analysis of the age-specific birth and survival rates and the age distribution in the pet population of cats in Manhattan, Kansas, revealed that the rate of population change (lambda) was about 1.18. This means that under present birth and death rates, the cat population can increase by about 18% per year. In reality, the increase may not be as high since pet ownership may not increase by as much. The frequency of spayed females of reproductive age in the Manhattan population was about 59%. This may not be sufficient to curb population growth. With the present age-specific survival rates, about 88% of the females should be spayed if the population is to remain stable. The ratio of people to cats in Manhattan was estimated to be 5.2:1. The average number of cats per household was 0.508. The percentage of households with cats was 28 with an average of 1.74 cats per household. In comparison, the average number of dogs per household was 0.43 and the percentage of households with dogs was 43 with an average of 1.36 dogs per household. The methods used in this study are useful for collecting and analyzing data to be used by governmental bodies and veterinarians concerned with proposals to regulate pet population growth and reproduction. PMID- 7091814 TI - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovine immunoglobulin G2. AB - Spleen cells from Balb/cJ mice inoculated with bovine immunoglobulin (Ig)G were hybridized with hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine-sensitive nonsecreting cell line SP-2/0, and the hybrid cell culture fluid was tested for specificity. Hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies to bovine IgG were isolated and recloned. The monoclonal antibody DAS 2 was specific for bovine IgG2 by an indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay. This clone was adapted for growth as antibody-secreting neoplasms in Balb/cJ mice, the sera from which contained high titers (1:128,000) of anti-bovine IgG2 antibodies. Antibody specific to bovine IgG2 was isolated by affinity chromatography. This antibody was shown by Ouchterlony analysis to be mouse IgG1 with the kappa light chain. On isoelectric focusing, this antibody gave a pattern that was consistent with monoclonality. PMID- 7091815 TI - Influence of increased temperature on Anaplasma marginale Theiler in the gut of Dermacentor andersoni stiles. AB - Three splenectomized dairy calves were inoculated with a Virginia isolate of Anaplasma marginale Theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory reared Dermacentor andersoni Stiles nymphs. One month after molting, groups of adult ticks were incubated at 37 C for 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 days. Gut homogenates were made from ticks representing each incubation period. Twenty-four susceptible, splenectomized dairy calves were each inoculated IV with a gut homogenate extracted from 50 adult ticks and monitored for patent A marginale infection. The prepatent periods were determined and used as a measure of infectivity. Gut homogenates made from ticks that had been incubated for 2.5 days produced infections with the shortest prepatent periods, an average of 28.5 days among 3 trials. PMID- 7091816 TI - Malignant catarrhal fever in an Indian gaur and greater kudu: experimental transmission, isolation, and identification of a herpesvirus. AB - Herpesviruses were isolated in bovine cell cultures from buffy coat cells obtained from an Indian gaur (Bos gaurus) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) with clinical signs of the head and eye form of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Both animals were from herds housed in a zoologic park in Oklahoma. Serial transmission of the head and eye form of MCF was accomplished by using whole blood from the gaur into a Hereford-Angus heifer, then whole blood from the heifer into a Holstein calf, and finally, whole blood from the calf into a white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A herpesvirus was isolated in bovine cell cultures inoculated with buffy coat cells from the heifer, and 2 deer inoculated with this herpesvirus developed the head and eye form of MCF. A deer inoculated with whole blood from the greater kudu also developed clinical signs of MCF, and a herpesvirus was subsequently recovered from the deer. Clinical signs of MCF included a mucopurulent catarrh, pyrexia (38.8 to 42.1 C), anorexia, and corneal opacity, and death occurred between postinoculation days 15 and 21. PMID- 7091817 TI - Correct occlusive bladder width for indirect blood pressure measurement in horses. AB - The influence of occlusive bladder width on blood pressure, measured indirectly using a doppler ultrasound technique at the middle coccygeal artery, was studied in 6 anesthetized horses. The relationship was investigated on tails with and without hair, and the optimum bladder width (BW)/tail girth (TG) ratio was determined for systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP), with the data grouped as unclipped tails (TT-1), clipped tails (TT-2), and both unclipped and clipped tails collectively (TTB). The optimum BW/TG ratios for SP and DP were 0.296 and 0.866 for TT-1, 0.376 and 1.156 for TT-2, and 0.339 and 0.983 for TTB, respectively. Despite the differences in optimal BW/TG ratios between TT-1 and TT 2, their regression equations were not significantly (P less than 0.05) different and therefore, data could be considered as TTB. The regression equations for TTB showed that a BW/TG ratio of 0.482 underestimated SP and overestimated DP by approximately 8.8%. In mature Thoroughbreds (mean TG 21.5 cm), this value corresponded to a BW of 10.4 cm. Blood pressure measured directly in the greater metatarsal artery was significantly different from that measured directly in the middle coccygeal artery in individual horses, but when averaged over all horses, there was no significant difference between the 2 sites. PMID- 7091818 TI - Radiologic observations of gastric and small intestinal motility in suckling pigs. AB - The passage of a single oral dose of barium sulfate through the stomach and small intestine of 18 pigs (1 to 21 days of age) was studied. In a series of lateral radiographs, the stomach had a smooth oval appearance, filling the cranial third of the abdomen. Barium mixed rapidly with the milk clot in the stomach immediately after swallowing and became distributed throughout the stomach (except for the diverticulum, which contained gas). Barium passed into the duodenum by postdosing minute (PDM) 3 in 1 pig, and by PDM 10 in 11 pigs. In 32 experiments in 17 pigs, gastric emptying of barium was complete by PDM 100 in 91% of the experiments, whether or not the pigs had suckled the sow. Suckling also did not influence the time taken for barium to reach the large intestine (by PDM 360 in 12 pigs). When a hyperosmolar contrast medium (diatrizoate meglumine) was given instead of barium sulfate to 10 pigs, gastric emptying was delayed (it was not complete by up to PDM 218), but the small intestine filled rapidly (the contrast medium reached the cecum by PDM 218). PMID- 7091819 TI - Changes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of the small intestine of eight-week old pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. AB - The responses of the interepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and aggregated lymph nodules (ALN; Peyer's patches) of the small intestines of 8-week-old pigs to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection were characterized at 12, 18, and 24 hours after pigs were inoculated. There was no significant difference in numbers of IEL between control and TGEV-infected pigs at 12 and 18 hours. However, in pigs examined at 24 hours, there was a significant decrease in the number of IEL in the duodenum and cranial portion of the jejunum and an increase of IEL numbers in the nuclear level of the intestinal epithelium. Number and distribution were unchanged in the middle portion of the jejunum and the ileum. Microscopic changes in TGEV-infected pigs included microulceration of the dome epithelium (DE) over the ALN, especially in the cranial portion of the intestine, and villous atrophy in the entire length of the small intestine. Generally, TGEV was found by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining in areas where microscopic lesions occurred. Electron microscopy revealed that M cells and ordinary microvillus-covered epithelial cells in the DE embraced one or more lymphocytes, and formed a specialized cell complex or DE complex. Most of the lymphocytes in the DE complex possessed many organelles indicative of an active cell state. The TGEV was found between microvilli, in the cytoplasmic vesicles of M cells and microvillus-covered epithelial cells in the DE, and in the cytoplasm of macrophages and lymphocytes and some degenerated cells of unidentified origin in the domes of the ALN. The virus was also commonly found in cytoplasmic vesicles of macrophages and degenerated cells in the intestinal lumen near the base of the dome of the ALN. PMID- 7091820 TI - Recovery cycle of the reflex-evoked muscle potential (H reflex): excitability of spinal motor neurons in the healthy dog. AB - The recovery cycle for a reflex-evoked muscle potential has been demonstrated in the healthy dog, using the ulnar nerve-interosseous muscle preparation. The amplitude of a test response, at various time intervals (2 to 1,000 ms) after a conditioning response, was compared with the amplitude of the unconditioned response. The resulting ratio was plotted as a function of interstimulus interval. The curve was shown to consist of 3 distinct phases. The 1st phase, called the phase of early responsiveness, lasted from 2 to 20 ms and was characterized by a rapid decrease in amplitude of the test response. The 2nd phase, the phase of unresponsiveness, was characterized by a reduced response, and eventually no response which occurred between 20 and 80 ms. The 3rd phase, the phase of late responsiveness, began with a small test reflex amplitude at 80 ms and increased to 200 ms where it plateaued thereafter. Between 200 and 1,000 ms, there was no significant change in amplitude. Only at 2 ms, where the conditioning and test responses were so close together that they fused, did the mean amplitude of the test response exceed the mean unconditioned response. The reflex-evoked muscle potential recovery curve provides additional proof that the reflex is the equivalent of the H-reflex, and it provides a quantitative measure of spinal cord lower motor neuron excitability in the dog. PMID- 7091821 TI - Developing coxal joint of the dog: gross morphometric and pathologic observations. AB - The growth and development of the proximal parts of femurs and the acetabula were studied in 32 English Pointers. The dogs were allotted to 8 age groups, birth through 9 months of age. Dogs were euthanatized, and at necropsy, 6 linear measurements were made on the proximal part of each femur: the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters of the femoral head, and the widths of the articular surface of the head from the center of the fovea to the cranial, caudal, dorsal, and ventral articular margins. Also 7 linear measurements were made on each acetabulum, including the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters, the length and width of the acetabular fossa, and the width of the lunate surface from the acetabular lip to the acetabular fossa in 3 places. All of the linear values increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks of life and slowly thereafter, and most of them increased simultaneously and proportionately. By 9 months of age, average body weight had increased by a factor of 52 (from initial 0.4 kg to 20.9 kg) and the diameter of the femoral heads and acetabula had increased by a factor of 4.5. Other coxal joint features were also evaluated, including the relative thickness of the joint capsule, the presence of fraying or disruption of the ligament of the femoral head, and the smoothness and regularity of the articular surfaces. Coxal joints in the younger dogs were free of grossly detectable pathologic changes. However, abnormalities of various joint components were present in 1 of the 6 dogs in the 5-month age group, in 2 of the 6 dogs in the 7-month age group, and in 4 of the 6 dogs in the 9-month age group. PMID- 7091822 TI - Interepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of conventionally reared dogs. PMID- 7091823 TI - Large-segment tracheal resection and interannular anastomosis with a tension release technique in the dog. AB - Tracheal resection and anastomosis were done on 7 dogs, and a modified procedure to provide optimum first-intention healing, minimum connective tissue proliferation, and optimum epithelialization was used. To test the integrity of the technique at high incision-line tensile forces, 15 to 17 tracheal rings were excised. Excessive tracheal manipulation resulted in an increased amount of lamina propria and submucosa collagenous tissue, increased size and number of blood vessels, and increased leukocytic invasion. Criteria for a successful anastomosis were minimum postoperative coughing, good mucosal apposition and epithelialization, and tracheal lumen diameters that were at least 80% of the preoperative measurement. PMID- 7091824 TI - Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: pathologic studies. AB - Nineteen 4-week-old, colostrum-deprived lambs were transtracheally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1, or RSV and P haemolytica. Pneumonic lesions were more frequent, more extensive, and more severe in lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica than in lambs inoculated with either agent alone. Lesions were seen in 2 of 4 lambs inoculated with P haemolytica alone, in 3 of 4 lambs inoculated with RSV alone, and in 11 of 11 lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica. Grossly, lambs given P haemolytica alone had fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonic lesions with hemorrhagic and necrotic centers which involved approximately 14% of the lung surface. Lambs inoculated with RSV alone had multifocal areas of consolidation and hemorrhage that involved 5% of the lung surface. Lambs in 2 groups inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica had lesions characteristic of both agents over 15% to 21% of the lung surface. Histologically, P haemolytica alone caused acute fibrinous pneumonia with necrosis of the lung parenchyma and fibrinous pleuritis; RSV alone caused interstitial pneumonitis, bronchiolitis, and hemorrhage. In combination, the agents caused interstitial pneumonitis and severe exudative pneumonia with focal necrosis and hemorrhage. Lesions seen in lambs given RSV and P haemolytica or in lambs given P haemolytica alone were grossly and histologically similar to those seen in naturally occurring cases of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis. Seemingly, the virus caused a lesion that compromised the lungs and thus permitted P haemolytica to become established and to produce a more severe pneumonic lesion than it could produce alone. PMID- 7091825 TI - Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: clinical and microbiologic studies. AB - Four-week-old lambs were inoculated transtracheally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Pasteurella haemolytica, or RSV and P haemolytica. When given in combination, RSV administration preceded P haemolytica by 3 or 5 days. Lambs inoculated with P haemolytica or RSV developed a mild respiratory tract disease accompanied by a transient pyrexia in a few lambs. By 24 hours after inoculation of bacteria, all lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica were listless, reluctant to move, and exhibited hyperpnea and dyspnea. Most lambs had pyrexia and a few coughed and had serous nasal discharge. These clinical signs persisted for 3 to 4 days and were more pronounced in those inoculated with P haemolytica 5 days after RSV than in those inoculated with P haemolytica 3 days after RSV. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from 8 of 15 inoculated lambs and P haemolytica was isolated from 12 of 15 inoculated lambs. All lambs responded serologically to RSV, but none responded to P haemolytica. PMID- 7091826 TI - Abnormal spermatozoa, testicular degeneration, and varicocele in a ram. AB - A 4-year-old Corriedale ram, with a history of infertility, had 50% abnormal acrosomes in the ejaculate resembling knobbed spermatozoa. Electron microscopic profiles of the apical segment of the affected acrosomes revealed a membrane enclosed inclusion or cyst filled with particulate matter. The abnormal acrosomes were combined with a high prevalence of other degenerative changes such as head abnormalities, proximal droplets, and loose heads. Spermatozoa were examined from 9 ejaculates collected over an 8-month period. Abnormal acrosomes decreased to 5% after 4 months, but increased to 83% a month later. Examination of the testes after castration revealed bilateral varicocele and degeneration of seminiferous epithelium. PMID- 7091827 TI - Toxicity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to goats. PMID- 7091828 TI - Cytotoxic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired production of chemotactic factors by Pasteurella haemolytica-infected alveolar macrophages. AB - Pasteurella haemolytica exerted a cytotoxic effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. This effect was less than that seen with cultured alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes. When alveolar macrophages were cultured with Pasteurella haemolytica, macrophages produced less chemotactic factors for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than did noninfected controls. This effect was reversible, in that removal of the bacteria permitted remaining macrophages to elaborate more chemotactic factors than was seen in controls. The possible consequences of this impairment of function of alveolar macrophages are discussed. PMID- 7091829 TI - Trace elements status of fetuses from ewes fed a copper-deficient ration. AB - Tissue samples were taken from 130-day-old fetuses from ewes fed a synthetic diet low in copper (Cu), a Cu-supplemented synthetic diet, or a roughage diet adequate in Cu content. The fetal liver and kidney Cu concentrations were substantially lower when the dams were fed the Cu-deficient ration than when they were fed the Cu-supplemented ration or natural diet. Differences between dams' rations in Cu concentrations for the other 3 fetal tissues (spleen, heart, and lung) were small. Differences among groups in fetal tissue iron concentrations were not significant at the P greater than 0.05 level. Concerning zinc concentrations, there were significant interactions between dams' diets and fetal tissues, mainly attributable to differences between rations in liver, heart, and kidney zinc levels. For manganese, the difference among dams' rations and among fetal tissues were significant at the 1% level, but the interactions of ration x tissue were also significant. Heart and spleen manganese concentrations were substantially higher in the fetuses from dams given Cu-deficient diet than in fetuses from dams fed Cu-adequate diet. PMID- 7091830 TI - Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle vaccinated and medicated against Moraxella bovis before parturition. AB - A vaccination and prophylactic treatment study for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) was conducted on selection line purebred Hereford and recombination mixed-breed cattle. In February, prepartum cows were allotted to 4 groups: group 1--mixed-breed cows vaccinated with a formalin-killed trivalent Moraxella bovis bacterin; group 2--Hereford cows vaccinated and treated with tylosin; group 3--Hereford cows treated with tylosin; and group 4--mixed-breed cows neither vaccinated nor treated (controls). Groups 2 and 3 were pastured together greater than 3 km for other cattle; cattle added to groups 2 and 3 were treated before being added. Groups 1 and 4 cattle were pastured together; cattle added to groups 1 and 4 were not treated. Cows, and subsequently their calves, were observed cursorily for clinical signs of IBK during the spring and early summer. The eyes of calves were examined in September and October 1979, and their eye secretions were examined for M bovis. The first clinical signs of IBK were seen in the herds in late July, and the largest percentages of acute disease were seen in mid-August. There were no significant differences (P = 0.18) in the percentages of calves that developed IBK, regardless of whether (or not) their dams were vaccinated. A larger percentage of the calves from tylosin-treated cows developed IBK than did calves from nontreated cows. The smallest percentage of disease was seen in calves of cows that were vaccinated only, but the differences were not significant (P greater than 0.10). The percentages of isolations of M bovis were similar (P = 0.23) among the 4 groups of calves. When compared on the basis of breed, the percentage of Hereford calves (62%) that developed IBK was greater than that of the mixed-breed calves (47%). When compared on the basis of color pattern, the percentages with IBK were significantly different (P less than 0.001). The percentages of IBK in calves were: red white-face (70%), black white face (52%), black black-face with some white on body (40%), black (34%), and others (all color patterns not conforming to the 4 other groups; 21%). When compared on the basis of sire, the percentages of IBK in Hereford calves were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The percentages of affected calves ranged from 80% to 31%; the percentages of affected eyes ranged from 67% to 22%. When compared on the basis of sire, the percentages of IBK in mixed-breed calves were significantly different from each other (P less than 0.001). The percentages of affected calves ranged from 63% to 27% and the percentages of affected eyes ranged from 49% to 16%. PMID- 7091831 TI - Effect of diethylcarbamazine on Strongylus vulgaris infection in ponies. AB - Shetland ponies (n = 4) were given diethylcarbamazine orally at a dose level of 22 mg/kg/day for 1 week before they were inoculated with 800 third-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. Treatment was continued for 86 (1 pony) or 200 days (3 ponies) after the inoculation. As compared with the changes seen in a similarly inoculated group of ponies (group 2) which were not treated, diethylcarbamazine did not prevent the clinical or pathologic changes due to the migrating larvae. Fewer adult parasites were recovered at necropsy from treated ponies than from nontreated (group 2) ponies, even when treatment was discontinued 86 days after inoculation. Treatment appeared to have a detrimental effect on 4th-stage larvae either in the arteries or their intestinal wall, but not until after arterial lesions resulted. PMID- 7091834 TI - Concentrations of methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide in veterinary operating rooms. AB - The surgical rooms of 14 private veterinary practices were monitored to determined methoxyflurane (MOF) concentrations during surgical procedure under routine working conditions. The average room volume for these 14 rooms was 29 m3. The average MOF value for all rooms was 2.3 ppm, with a range of 0.7 to 7.4 ppm. Four of the 14 rooms exceeded the maximum recommended concentration of 2 ppm. Six rooms which had 6 or more air changes/hr averaged 1.1 ppm, whereas 8 rooms with less than 6 measurable air changes/hr averaged 3.2 ppm. Operating rooms that had oxygen flows of more than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 4.4 ppm, whereas those with flows of less than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 1.5 ppm. The average time spent during a surgical procedure using MOF, for all 14 facilities, was 2 hours. Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were determined in 4 veterinary surgical rooms. The average N2O concentration for 3 rooms without waste anesthetic gas scavenging was 138 ppm. Concentration of N2O in the waste anesthetic gas-scavenged surgical room was 14 ppm, which was below the maximum recommended concentration of 25 ppm. PMID- 7091832 TI - Concentrations of plasma C-terminal immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in the standardized research beagle. PMID- 7091835 TI - Preservation of lyophilization of anaplasmosis capillary tube-agglutination test antigen. AB - An antigen for anaplasmosis capillary tube agglutination test was lyophilized, using different stabilizers. The lyophilized and control (suspension) antigens were maintained at 4, 18, and 37 C and tested for reactivity with known positive and negative sera once every 7 days for a period of 28 days and then once every 2 weeks for a grand total of 154 days. Both the lyophilized and control antigens retained their antigenicities during the entire test period. PMID- 7091833 TI - Stability of the canine shoulder joint: an in vitro analysis. AB - The stability of the canine shoulder joint was assessed with and without the restraining effects of selected supporting structures. Shoulder joints from medium-sized (15 to 30 kg) canine cadavers were dissected, and all soft tissues were removed except for the 4 cuff muscles (supraspinous, infraspinous, teres minor, subscapular), the biceps muscle (m biceps brachii) and the joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments. The humerus was fixed in position, and with the shoulder extended, the joint was stressed into abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. The range of motion was measured from transverse pins placed above and below the joint. Measurements were made before and after severance of the cuff tendons and joint capsule. In selected joints, medial and lateral luxations were created. The biceps tendon was then transposed medially or laterally, respectively, to aid joint stability. Selected medial luxations were stabilized by transferring a portion of the insertion of the supraspinous tendon to a medial location. All joints were stressed as just described, and the range of motion was measured before and after tendon transfer. The joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments was an important restraint of joint motion. Lateral transfer of the biceps tendon partially corrected lateral joint instability by imposed marked rotational constraints on the joint. Medial transfer of the biceps tendon or the supraspinous tendon partially corrected medial joint instability, but did not resolve rotational abnormalities. PMID- 7091836 TI - Effect of monensin pretreatment on tryptophan-induced acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema. PMID- 7091837 TI - Development of pharmacokinetic models for sulfonamides in food animals: metabolic depletion profile of sulfadiazine in the calf. PMID- 7091838 TI - Delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact sensitivity, and phytohemagglutinin skin test responses of heat- and cold-stressed calves. AB - Three-week-old Holstein bull calves were used to investigate the effect of a 2 week chronic heat (35 C) or cold (-5 C) exposure on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to purified protein derivative after sensitization with heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, contact sensitivity (CS) reactions to 1-fluoro 2,4-dinitrobenzene, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin tests. Heat exposure reduced expression of DTH reactions by 42% and CS reactions by 38% at 24 hours after elicitation of the responses. The PHA-induced skin tests were not affected after 1 week of heat exposure, but this reaction was reduced by 20% after 2 weeks of heat exposure. The immune response of calves exposed to cold air temperatures was more complex. Cold exposure suppressed CS reactions by 39% at the end of both the 1st and 2nd weeks. The PHA response was reduced by 39% after 2 weeks of cold exposure. The DTH response depended on duration of cold exposure. The DTH reaction was increased by 42% after 1 week, but was reduced by 14% after 2 weeks. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental stressors alter host resistance by affecting the immune system. Furthermore, these stress-induced changes in immune events depend on the type of immune response, the nature of the environmental stressor, and the length of time that calves are exposed to the stressor. PMID- 7091840 TI - Light microscopic and ultrastructural evidence of epithelial phagocytosis of sperm in the rete testis and ductuli efferentes in the bull. AB - Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations were made in the bull rete testis and the ductuli efferentes with emphasis on the presence of sperm in the epithelium. Phagocytosed sperm in various stages of degeneration were found in the epithelial cells lining the rete testis and in the nonciliated cells of the ductuli efferentes. Phagocytosis was more prevalent in the rete testis than in the ductuli efferentes. Besides the epithelial cells, degenerating sperm components and residual bodies were in the luminal macrophages of the rete testis. The degeneration of sperm heads presumably progressed in the following order: (i) disruption of the cell membrane, (ii) aggregation of small vesicles, probably of Golgi origin, between the disrupted cell membrane and an outer acrosomal membrane, (iii) loss of the acrosomal matrix, and finally (iv) disintegration of the nuclear chromatin. These degenerative changes probably resulted from increased lysosomal activity of phagocytosing cells. The possible importance and causes of spermiophagy are discussed. PMID- 7091839 TI - Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup. AB - The clinical and pathologic implications of leptospirosis caused by organisms of the Hebdomadis serogroup were tested on 8 pregnant cows. The animals were inoculated after their 5th month of pregnancy, 2 with serovar szwajizak and 6 with serovar hardjo. During the acute phase of the infection, the cows had mild signs of clinical illness; however, mastitis was observed in all cows that calved. One cow aborted, and 2 delivered premature and weak calves. By bacteriologic cultural examination, a short leptospiremic phase was observed. Leptospires were isolated from milk of 5 cows during early phases of mastitis; these isolations were obtained only when using solid media. Leptospiruria was determined by culture and direct examination. Only hardjo-inoculated cows had detectable urinary shedding which was observed to extend past 450 days in 1 cow. Leptospires were isolated from tissues of all cows and from 2 calves at necropsy. Interstitial nephritis was observed in all cows necropsied. Histologically, leptospires were demonstrated in silver-stained sections of kidney, liver, and lung of most calves. Leptospires were also observed in sections of kidney of all cows necropsied and in the cotyledons, placenta, and liver of some. Agglutinating titers were detected in the serum of cows as early as 4 days after inoculation and reached maximum titer (81,920) after 20 days. Significant serum titers persisted for the duration of the experiment only in hardjo-inoculated cows. At birth, all calves had no detectable agglutinins, but seroconverted within 24 hours; the serum titers were similar to those found in the dam's milk. PMID- 7091841 TI - Prevalence and distribution of Haemophilus somnus in the male bovine reproductive tract. AB - "Haemophilus somnus' was isolated from 77% of 31 reproductive tracts of bulls from an Ontario slaughterhouse. Identification of H somnus was based on morphologic and cultural characteristics and on fluorescent antibody and immunodiffusion tests, using antisera prepared against a known pathogenic encephalitic isolate of H somnus. The infection rate and distribution of H somnus within the tract were as follows: preputial orifice--71% preputial cavity--71%; urinary bladder--26%; accessory sex glands--19% and ampulla of ductus deferens- 10%. Isolates were not obtained from the testes or epididymides. On 2 occasions, H somnus was isolated in pure culture from the preputial cavity. A higher prevalence of infection was found in young bulls. There were no differences found in infection rates between breeds. Differences in hemolytic activity and minor antigenic variation between isolates indicated that a series of biotypes within the species H somnus may exist. The study indicates that organisms presently identified as H somnus may normally form part of the flora of the bovine prepuce and that dissemination from the male bovine reproductive tract is one possible means of infection in H somnus-associated diseases. The pathogenic significance of genital isolates of H somnus awaits further study. PMID- 7091842 TI - Observation on the morphology of contagious equine metritis bacterial colonies isolated from infected pony mares. AB - In uterine or cervical specimens obtained from pony mares infected with streptomycin-resistant contagious equine metritis bacteria, several colonies of the bacteria which differed in morphologic characteristics were recognized during their primary isolation on Eugon chocolate agar and tryptose chocolate agar plates. The differences were usually not observed until plates were incubated 10 to 15 days. On Eugon chocolate agar plates, smooth colony, sandy colony with rings, and colony with blebs were recognized. On tryptose chocolate agar plates, only a round smooth convex colony was observed. By scanning electron microscopy, colonies consisted of coccal, coccobacillary, and bacillary forms. Only one type of colony was isolated from any mare. PMID- 7091843 TI - Effect of glucose administration on equine fasting hyperbilirubinemia. AB - The effects of several treatments and their routes of administration on the reduction of hyperbilirubinemia in 9 pony mares after a 3-day fast were studied. Treatments were as follows: glucose given at doses of 1.2, 2.4, and 3.7 mg/min/kg of body weight; refeeding the base-line diet; feeding straw; and IV administration of taurocholic acid at a dosage of 0.07 mumol/min/kg. The 3 glucose dosages were each given by 3 different routes: IV, intraduodenal, and intragastric. The smallest dosage of glucose given by IV route reduced the plasma bilirubin concentration only 7%, even though other measured values associated with fasting returned toward their base line; increased free fatty acid concentration was reduced by 50%; plasma insulin increased above base-line values. Except for the smallest glucose dose given by IV route, the effects of the routes of administration (IV less than intraduodenal less than intragastric) and of the doses of glucose were not significantly different. Taurocholic acid (given IV) was ineffective in reducing the plasma fasting bilirubin concentration. Refeeding the base-line diet reduced the hyperbilirubinemia by 66% in 12 hours, which was a significantly greater reduction than the effect of all other treatments except the largest dose of glucose given by intragastric route. Feeding straw was less effective than refeeding, causing only about a 30% reduction. PMID- 7091844 TI - Isolation of a retrovirus from cultured equine sarcoid tumor cells. AB - A virus with the morphologic and biochemical properties of the family Retroviridae has been isolated from cultured cells explanted from a malignant tumor induced by intradermal inoculation of equine sarcoid cells into a combined immunodeficient Arabian foal. By electron microscopy, intracytoplasmic, extracellular, and budding particles measuring 89 to 120 nm with electron-lucent cores were seen. Virus purified from the medium of cultured cells had a buoyant density of 1.15 g/cm3 in isopycnic sucrose-gradient centrifugation, incorporated radiolabeled uridine but not thymidine, and had constitutive RNA-dependent DNA polymerase which required Mn2+ for optimal endogenous activity. PMID- 7091845 TI - Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves arising from the canine brachial plexus. AB - The spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves arising from the brachial plexus were investigated in 10 babiturate-anesthetized dogs by stimulating dorsal roots C5 to T2 and recording from each cutaneous nerve. Upon completion of the experiment, the contributions of the spinal nerve ventral branches to the brachial plexus were verified by anatomic dissection. The brachial plexus was formed by the ventral branches of C6 to T2 in 8 dogs, C6 to T1 in 1 dog, and C5 to T1 in 1 dog. The cutaneous branch of brachiocephalicus nerve was formed primarily by contributions from the C6 dorsal root. The cranial lateral cutaneous brachial nerve, a branch of the axillary nerve, was formed predominantly from C6 to C7. The median nerve received contributions primarily from C7, C8, and T1, and the communicating branch from the musculocutaneous to the median nerve contained fibers primarily from C7 and C8. The medial and lateral branches of the superficial branch of the radial nerve arose from C6, C7, C8, and T1, with the medial branch generally arising 1 segment craniad to the lateral. The palmar and dorsal branches of the ulnar nerve arose predominately from C8 and T1, and the caudal cutaneous antebrachial nerve of the ulnar arose predominately from T1 and T2. PMID- 7091846 TI - Biometric study of the canine eye, using A-mode ultrasonography. AB - A biometric study, using A-mode ultrasonography, was done on 32 eyes in 17 clinically normal dogs in vivo. A ringstand technique, using a saline bath supported by a plastic membrane, was used for applying ultrasound to the eye. Four intraocular dimensions were measured, including the distance from the anterior cornea to the anterior lens surface, the lens thickness, the distance from the posterior lens surface to the retina, and the distance from the anterior cornea to the retina. Statistical difference was not found between the total axial length of the right eye compared with the length of the left eye. There was, however, a significant increase of the total axial length of the eye in the male over that in the eye in the female dog (P less than 0.05). Tissue velocities for ultrasound in the canine aqueous and vitreous were equated to the velocity of ultrasound in distilled water at 38.6 C. The tissue velocity of the canine lens was determined experimentally to be 1,710 m/s and was shown to be greater than was the lens velocities in other species. Seemingly, adverse effects from ultrasound exposure were not seen. PMID- 7091847 TI - Leptospiral vaccines in dogs: immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope vaccines prepared in protein-free medium. AB - The immunogenicity of leptospires cultivated in modified bovine albumin polysorbate 80 medium and those cultivated in protein-free medium were quantitatively evaluated in the dog. Vaccine preparations, whole cell or outer envelope, prevented leptospiremia; however, kidney culture data revealed that 1 of 4 dogs vaccinated with 0.1 to 1 mg of whole cell prepared from leptospires cultivated in the modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium was positive for Leptospira, whereas dogs vaccinated with whole cells prepared in protein-free medium were not. Dogs vaccinated with greater than or equal to 0.5 mg of outer envelope were refractory to infection after challenge exposure. PMID- 7091848 TI - Effect of peripheral anosmia in dogs trained as flavor validators. AB - The importance of olfaction in perception of flavor by flavor-validating dogs was studied. The flavor-validation technique is widely used by pet food manufacturers to determine if a given formula is perceived by dogs as having the flavor of a specific meat. Five Beagles were trained as flavor validators; 2 dogs were trained to select beef and 3 to select lamb from a panel of 4 meats. When the dogs had been trained to select the correct meat on 100% of the trials, they were made anosmic. Reversible peripheral anosmia was produced in the dogs by inflating a cuff on a surgically implanted tracheostomy tube. When the cuff was inflated, air entered the trachea via the tracheostomy tube, rather than via the nasal cavity, and the percentage of correct choices on the flavor-validating test fell to 62 +/- 14%. When the tracheostomy tubes were removed, performance returned to 100% correct. The nasal cavities of 3 dogs were infused with zinc sulfate to produce a more complete and longer-lasting anosmia. The percentage of correct choice on the flavor-validation test fell to 24 +/- 5%. These findings indicate that the flavor-validation test is based primarily on one sensory modality, that of olfaction; therefore, formulas selected by flavor-validating dogs may smell similar to the specific meat, but do not necessarily taste similar to that meat. PMID- 7091849 TI - Amounts of twelve elements required to induce selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings. AB - Mortality and myopathy of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) deficiency was produced, in a concentration-dependent pattern, during a 4-week study of 750 ducklings fed a commercial duck starter mash that contained adequate amounts of Se and E, and supplemented with multiple amounts of Ag (50 to 3,000 mg/kg of feed, as acetate), Zn (3,000 to 6,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), Cd (10 to 500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Te (25 500 mg/kg, as tetrachloride), Co (100 to 1,000 mg/kg, as chloride), Cu (500 to 1,500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Hg (200 to 400 mg/kg, as chloride), and Sn (1,000 mg/kg, as chloride). Also, feeding supplements of Pb (500 mg/kg, as acetate), As (600 mg/kg, as sodium arsenilate), Fe (5,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), and S (5,000 mg/kg, as sodium sulfite) produced a low-to-medium frequency of lesions of Se-E deficiency. In ducklings with muscle lesions, the gizzard was most often affected (84.2%), followed in decreasing order by skeletal muscles (69.7%), intestine (34.9%), and heart (23.0%). The frequency of skeletal muscle lesions was high in birds fed Ag, and myocardial necrosis was frequent in ducklings fed Te and Hg. Ducklings affected with myopathy were reluctant to stand. Subcutaneous edema, with or without hemorrhages, and pale areas of myonecrosis in gizzard, skeletal muscles, intestine, and heart were seen at necropsy. Birds fed Te and Hg often had hydropericardium and hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis. Seemingly, addition of many elements to a Se-E adequate commercial diet will increase the requirement for Se-E. In our duckling model, minimal amounts shown to induce Se-E deficiency were 50 mg of Ag/kg, 3,000 mg of Zn/kg, 10 mg of Cd/kg, 25 mg of Te/kg, 1200 mg of Co/kg, 500 mg of Cu/kg, 200 mg of Hg/kg, 1,000 mg of Sn/kg, 500 mg of Pb/kg, 600 mg of As/kg, 5,000 mg of Fe/kg, and 5,000 mg of S/kg. PMID- 7091850 TI - Proliferative colitis in ferrets. AB - During a 4-month period, 31 of 156 ferrets (Mustela putorius) in a biomedical research program developed protracted diarrhea. Clinical signs were green mucohemorrhagic fecal material, partially prolapsed rectum, anorexia, body weight loss, and dehydration. Nine of the affected animals were necropsied. On gross examination, the descending colon was grossly thick and histologically characterized by marked proliferation of the mucosa, relatively few goblet cells, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, and penetration of the mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa and tunica muscularis. Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni was isolated from 6 of 9 ferrets with proliferative colitis. Warthin-Starry stained sections of hyperplastic colon revealed large numbers of organisms in the apical portion of epithelial cells, and organisms similar to Campylobacter spp were observed by electron microscopy in hyperplastic colonic epithelium. The proliferative colitis in the ferret is compared with the pathologic and bacterial features of similar intestinal proliferative diseases in swine and hamsters. PMID- 7091853 TI - EFficacy of albendazole for treatment of naturally acquired fasciola hepatica in calves. AB - In calves given various doses of albendazole as a 4.55% (w/v) drench suspension, removal efficacies against mature Fasciola hepatica were 77.5% with the dose of 7.5 mg/kg; 92.3%, with 10 mg/kg; and 85.9%, with 15 mg/kg. Against immature F hepatica, drug efficacies with these doses were 32.7%, 20.0%, and 36.7%, respectively. Reductions in length and width measurements of mature and immature flukes recovered from the bile ducts correlated with the larger doses reflected a greater efficacy against mature flukes or a possible inhibiting effect of the drug on fluke size or growth. Numbers of eggs recovered in bile at necropsy were reduced by 87.8% with the dose of 7.5 mg/kg; 91.8%, with 10 mg/kg; and 95.6%, with 15 mg/kg. PMID- 7091852 TI - Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). AB - Ketamine HCl was evaluated as a general anesthetic alone and in combination with chlorpromazine HCl on the basis of sedative and cardiovascular effects in 40 buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Calves were rapidly immobilized after IV administration of ketamine HCl (2 mg/kg of body weight). Preanesthetic treatment of calves with chlorpromazine increased the duration of analgesia, standing and recovery times, and the degree of muscle relaxation. The duration and degree of analgesia obtained were adequate for short-term surgical procedures. All animals survived the anesthetic trials, and recovery was smooth and rapid. Hemodynamic studies revealed increases in heart rate, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance during maximal depth of anesthesia. The venous pressure decreased initially and then increased progressively. Increases and decreases in these measurements were transient, and the measurements returned to base-line values within 30 minutes after ketamine administration. Definite trends were not seen on ECG tracings, except for elevations and depressions of ST segment, T-wave changes, and wandering pacemaker in a few animals, and sinus tachycardia in all animals. PMID- 7091851 TI - Live temperature-sensitive equine influenza virus vaccine: generation of the virus and efficacy in hamsters. AB - Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortants of an equine influenza virus, subtype A 1, were produced by mating a human influenza ts donor virus with an equine influenza A/Cornell/16/74 wild-type virus and by isolating a ts reassortant virus possessing the equine hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Two equine its reassortant clones, 8B1 and 71A1, were produced which had an in vitro shutoff temperature for plaque formation of 38 and 37 C, respectively. The human ts donor virus had ts mutation(s) on the polymerase 3 (P3) and nucleoprotein genes so that a ts equine reassortant virus could have either or both of these ts genes. It was found by complementation analysis that reassortant clone 8B1 had a ts lesion on the P3 gene and clone 71A1 had ts lesions on the nucleoprotein and P3 genes. An analysis of the parental origin of the genes in each ts equine reassortant virus indicated that clone 8B1 received 6 of its 8 genes and clone 71A1, 3 of its 8 from the equine parent virus, the remainder genes being from the human ts donor virus. The growth of both clones was restricted in the lungs of hamsters, but similar to that of the equine wild-type virus in the nasal turbinates. Each virus isolate obtained from the hamster's lungs or nasal turbinates retained the ts phenotype. These findings form the basis for further evaluation of the equine ts reassortant viruses for their level of attenuation and immunogenicity in horses. PMID- 7091854 TI - Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: clinical parasitism and resistance. PMID- 7091855 TI - Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves maintained under feedlot conditions: protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes--changes over time. AB - Mean concentrations for total serum protein and serum protein fractions, and mean activities for total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isoenzymes were determined in 114 crossbred yearling cattle during a 56-day feeding trial. These values were to be used as predictors of performance (weight gain). The mean total serum protein concentration on day 0 was high (7.27 g/dl), reached a low on days 7 and 14 (6.47 and 6.50 g/dl), and then equilibrated toward the end of the study. The mean concentration for the albumin fraction also reached a low on days 7 and 14 (2.83 and 2.84 g/dl) and then increased, remaining steady until termination of the feeding trial. The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions fluctuated throughout the study. The mean for total LDH activity peaked on day 21 (1,363 IU) and then remained relatively constant through day 56. Mean serum activities for the LDH3 activity peaked on day 7 (27%) and then decreased progressively to day 56 (17%). The overall trend for LDH4 and LDH5 activities seemed to be a steady increase. PMID- 7091856 TI - Anthelmintic efficacy of oxibendazole in ponies: comparison of methods. PMID- 7091857 TI - Organ blood flow and distribution of cardiac output in nonanesthetized swine. AB - Organ blood flow and distribution of cardiac output (CO) were determined in awake resting swine, using radionuclide-labeled 15-micrometer diameter microspheres. Absolute values of blood flow (per 100-g basis) were determined for various organs and peripheral tissues. Internal organs of the swine, which constituted 8.25 +/- 0.79% of the total body mass, received 45.46 +/- 2.64% of the resting CO. The fraction of CO received by brain, heart, kidneys, liver (via hepatic artery), and gastrointestinal tract was 1.13%, 3.04%, 12.95%, 4.27%, and 18.71%, respectively. PMID- 7091859 TI - Persistent truncus arteriosus in a lamb. PMID- 7091858 TI - Carotid artery exteriorization for percutaneous catheterization in sheep and dogs. AB - Summary and reliable physiologic or pharmacologic investigation in animal models often requires arterial catheterization in awake animal subjects. This can be facilitated by surgical exteriorization of the carotid artery for subsequent percutaneous catheterization. A simplified surgical procedure is described that has been demonstrated to have limited morbidity and excellent applicability for multiple use, as well as to ensure high blood flow rates when needed. The surgical technique involves transfer of the carotid artery from a deep paratracheal position to a ventrolateral neck subcutaneous position, protected from the underlying mattress sutures by the sternomastoid muscle. PMID- 7091860 TI - Hemostatic changes in dogs with experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection. PMID- 7091861 TI - Measurements of the bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry of the Beagle. PMID- 7091862 TI - Ultrastructural alterations in the fibrous sheath, endocardium, and myocardium of dogs shocked with chronically implanted automatic defibrillator leads. AB - Catheter-mounted automatic implantable defibrillator leads were implanted in 10 dogs for 11 to 21 months (mean 15.0 months). Single shocks of 10 A, 20 A, or 30 A (peak current) were then delivered through the chronically implanted leads. Two days after the shock, the dogs were euthanatized and necropsied. The intracardiac segment of the lead was covered by a fibrous sheath, the endocardium in contact with the lead was thickened by fibrous tissue, and shock-induced myocardial necrosis was present surrounding the distal pair of electrodes, with the largest amount of damage found in the dogs given the large shocks. Ultrastructurally, the fibrous sheath was covered by endothelium and contained numerous spindle cells and identified as smooth muscle cells by their prominent cytoplasmic filaments and external laminae or myofibroblasts with prominent endoplasmic reticulum. The spindle cells were surrounded by abundant collagen fibrils but not by elastic fibers. The thickened endocardium contained numerous fibroblasts, abundant collagen fibrils, and a few small elastic fibers. The shock-induced myocardial alterations included necrosis of cardiac muscle cells with prominent mitochondrial mineralization, interstitial edema, and infiltration of macrophages. PMID- 7091863 TI - Removal of total organic carbon from marine mammal pool water by polymeric resins. AB - Chlorinated organic compounds comprise a portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) of marine mammal pool water. The long-term effects of these substances on the health of captive marine mammals are unknown, but good husbandry practices should include maintaining TOC at low concentrations. Two polymeric resins (trade names XAD-2 and XAD-4) were tested for their capacity to adsorb TOC from the water of a saline, closed-system marine mammal pool. At a concentration of 588 mg of XAD-2/L, TOC was reduced by approximately 9% after 96 hours; 630 mg of XAD-4/L reduced TOC concentrations by approximately after 77 hours. Equilibrium was not approached in any of the experiments. The 2 materials tested are ineffective in this particular application, but ion exchange resins may perform better. PMID- 7091864 TI - Parent-child interaction, television violence, and aggression of children. PMID- 7091865 TI - Adolescent development and public policy. PMID- 7091866 TI - The biosynthesis of mammalian melanin. PMID- 7091867 TI - Anyone for the beach? PMID- 7091868 TI - Effect of the oronasal breathing route on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in exercising asthmatic subjects. AB - We undertook a study to determine how the oronasal breathing route affects the bronchoconstrictor response to sulfur dioxide (SO2) inhaled by asthmatic subjects during exercise. In 6 subjects, we compared the changes in specific airway resistance (SRaw) caused by breathing humidified air through a mouthpiece during 5 min of exercise on a bicycle ergometer (550 kpm/min) to the changes caused by breathing humidified air plus 0.5 ppm of SO2, (a) through a mouthpiece (oral breathing), (b) by facemask (oronasal breathing), and (c) by facemask with the mouth occluded (nasal breathing) during exercise. Breathing humidified air plus 0.5 ppm of SO2 through a mouthpiece or by facemask during exercise significantly increased SRaw in all 6 subjects, and breathing humidified air plus 0.5 PPM of SO2 by facemask with the mouth occluded significantly increased SRaw in 5 of 6 subjects. The increase in SRaw caused by breathing humidified air plus 0.5 PPM of SO2 through a mouthpiece was not significantly different from the increase caused by breathing SO2 by facemask (p greater than 0.05), but was significantly greater than the increase caused by breathing SO2 by facemask with the mouth occluded (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that although nasal breathing partially protected against SO2-induced bronchoconstriction in our subjects, both oral and oronasal breathing of low concentrations of SO2 during exercise can cause significant bronchoconstriction in people with asthma. PMID- 7091869 TI - Validation of respiratory inductive plethysmography using different calibration procedures. AB - We devised a new calibration procedure [least squares method (LSQ)] for respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) and compared it with our previously reported simultaneous equation method (SEQ) of analyzing data in 2 body positions and with the method of Stagg and associates using the analysis of individual breaths in a single body position. The values from RIP were compared with simultaneous spirometry (SP) in 20 normal subjects placed in the standing (STD), supine (SUP), sitting, prone, semi-recumbent, right lateral decubitus, and left lateral decubitus postures. The LSQ gave the most accurate results followed closely by SEQ. In addition, LSQ was compared with the isovolume angle maneuver (ISV) calibration procedure in supine (ISV-SUP) and standing (ISV-STD) postures. Each of the 10 normal subjects breathed at tidal volumes of 250, 750, and 1,250 ml in the SUP and STD postures. Of the values obtained by the LSQ method, 93% were within +/- 10% of SP in SUP and STD positions. Without a change in the posture in which the calibration was made, 83% of values with ISV-SUP and 90% of values with ISV-STD were within +/- 10% of SP. When body position was changed, 65% of the values obtained with ISV-SUP and 38% of the values obtained with ISV STD were within +/- 10% of SP. With the LSQ, 45% of isovolume angles in SUP and STD position were within 45 +/- 3 degrees; 40% of isovolume angles with ISV-SUP and 60% with ISV-STD were within 45 +/- 3 degrees when body position was changed from position calibrated. In estimating fractional contribution of rib cage and abdominal compartments. LSQ was comparable to ISV in the standing posture but generally gave lesser values for the rib cage contribution in the supine posture than ISV. The optimal calibration procedure for respiratory inductive plethysmography in terms of accuracy and ease of subject performance is the least squares calibration procedure. PMID- 7091870 TI - Respiration in newborns: development of the control of breathing. AB - The pattern of breathing has been studied in human infants at 10, 60, and 90 min, and at a few days after birth. The major characteristics of the pattern of breathing in the immediate period after birth is a marked variability that decreases progressively with time. Interruptions of expiration and peak expiratory flows occurring late in expiration are common findings at 10 to 90 min of age but are infrequent at a few days. From 10 to 90 min to a few days of life the tidal volume increases and respiratory rate decreases with no changes in minute ventilation. The decrease in respiratory rate is due to proportional increases in both inspiratory and expiratory time. Infants born vaginally behave similarly to those delivered by cesarean section except with regard to tidal volume, which at 10 min is closer to the value measured at a few days; this may be the result of the mechanics of the vaginal delivery, which results in less fluid to be absorbed from the lung at birth. Vagal respiratory reflexes are present at birth and the prolongation of inspiratory time during occlusion at end expiration appears to decrease from 10, 60, and 90 min to a few days of age. Values of mouth pressure at 0.1 s after an occlusion at end expiration are higher at 10 min after birth than at 60 and 90 min. Because mean inspiratory flow is similar in this time period it could indicate a progressive increase in the compliance of the respiratory system, possibly reflecting the absorption of pulmonary fluid. PMID- 7091871 TI - Short-term respiratory effects of 0.12 ppm ozone exposure in volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Twenty-five volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of mild to moderately severe degree underwent 1-h exposures to 0.12 ppm ozone (O2) in purified air with intermittent mild exercise. Their responses were assessed in terms of forced expiratory performance, ear oximetry, and reported symptoms. Control studied consisted of similar exposures to purified air alone. Control studies were separated from O2 exposures by 1 month, and the order was randomized. All studies took place in a controlled-environment chamber, and were preceded by approximately 1 h of rest in a purified-air environment. No significant disturbances in forced expiratory performance or symptoms attributable to O2 exposure were found. A slight but significant tendency to decreased arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) during exercise in O2 was observed. The decrement in SaO2 with O2 relative to clean air (mean 1.3%) was near the limit of resolution of the ear oximeter test and was detected by signal averaging, thus its physiologic or clinical significance is uncertain. PMID- 7091873 TI - Iron and host resistance in histoplasmosis. AB - Factors modulating host resistance to Histoplasma capsulatum are only partially understood. The role of iron-binding proteins in infectious diseases has been an area of recent in-depth investigation. The present study reaffirmed the necessity of iron for growth of H. capsulatum. Transferrin saturation was found to be of importance in withholding iron, and antigen-specific antibody had no added effect. Serums of patients with various clinical classes of histoplasmosis were found to exhibit abnormalities in iron metabolic parameters. However, based on transferrin saturation data, iron withholding by transferrin does not appear to be a significant host defense mechanism in vivo. Further studies presented herein suggest a protective effect of phagocytosis and sequestration by the macrophage phagocyte system. PMID- 7091874 TI - Rifampin-containing chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis associated with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. AB - The outcomes of 20 anthracite miners with coal workers' pneumoconiosis and culture-proved pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampin-containing chemotherapeutic regimens were determined by a retrospective review. Their mean age was 65 yr, and the duration of underground dust exposure averaged 27 yr. Nine miners had simple pneumoconiosis, 11 had progressive massive fibrosis, and 13 had cavitary disease; 3 also had extrapulmonary disease. All patients were given rifampin (mean, 12 months in survivors) plus one or more other effective agents; the mean duration of treatment with 2 or more drugs was 17 months. Follow-up averaged 46 months in those surviving more than 1 yr. Sputum cultures became negative and remained so within 3 months in 17 patients and within 5 months in the remainder. Eighteen patients survived more than 1 yr after completing chemotherapy. No clinical, radiologic, or bacteriologic relapses were observed during follow-up, but 5 patients died of nontuberculous causes. These results are superior to those reported previously in patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis treated for pulmonary tuberculosis with regimens not containing rifampin. They suggest that treatment of tuberculosis in coal workers, even in the presence of progressive massive fibrosis and cavitary disease, can yield results as favorable as in nonpneumoconiotic patients provided the initial treatment regimen includes rifampin plus one or more other effective agents. PMID- 7091872 TI - Effects of growth on the diffusion constant for carbon monoxide. AB - To investigate factors determining the diffusion constant for carbon monoxide (KCO) in normal children, we used the single breath method in 33 healthy children and young adults, 6 to 30 yr of age. In the sitting position, KCO decreased with increasing height (r = -0.59, p less than 0.001), suggesting greater recruitment of pulmonary vascular bed at the apexes in the shorter subjects. Increase in the KCO after taking the supine position was significantly less in the shorter subjects (8% at 120 cm) than in the taller subjects (27% at 170 cm), confirming this mechanism. Ten subjects with pulmonary involvement from cystic fibrosis had normal supine KCO but did not show a normal decrease in the upright position. From an analysis of present and previous data we conclude that (1) decrease in the conventionally measured KCO during childhood reflects a gravity-dependent decrease in recruitment of the pulmonary vascular bed and a decrease in the ratio of alveolar surface area to alveolar volume during growth and (2) diseases associated with hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction tend to recruit the pulmonary vascular bed at the apexes, increasing the conventionally measured KCO. PMID- 7091876 TI - Effect of orally administered cimetidine on histamine- and antigen-induced bronchospasm in subjects with asthma. AB - Previous studies concerning the effect of cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, on histamine- or antigen-induced bronchoconstriction have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, we examined the effects of cimetidine on sensitivity to both histamine- and antigen-induced bronchospasm in 12 subjects with mild asthma (baseline FEV1 greater than 70% predicted). Bronchial challenges with inhaled histamine or antigen were performed 2 h after a single dose of 300 mg cimetidine or placebo orally administered in a random, double-blind manner on separate days. The provocative concentration of antigen or histamine that produced a 20% decline in FEV1 from the postdiluent control value (PC20) was determined and log transformed. Plasma cimetidine concentrations 2 h after oral administration (mean, 1.5 microgram/ml; range, 0.9 to 2.4 mirograms/ml) were above the minimal concentration required for suppression of gastric acid secretion. No difference was noted in FEV1, specific airway conductance, or partial expiratory flow rates after cimetidine compared with that after placebo, indicating the lack of any bronchospastic effect of cimetidine in the absence of histamine or antigen challenge. However, mean log PC20 of histamine (but not of antigen) was significantly less after cimetidine than after placebo (p less than 0.05), indicating that cimetidine augmented histamine-(but not antigen-) induced bronchospasm. Four of 12 subjects exhibited a significant (greater than or equal to fourfold) decline in PC20 for histamine after cimetidine compared with that after placebo but no subject demonstrated a significant (greater than or equal to tenfold) decline in PC20 of antigen. No relationship was apparent between baseline sensitivity to histamine and cimetidine effect on histamine sensitivity in individual subjects. We conclude that in subjects with mild asthma, cimetidine in the usual recommended orally administered dose can increase sensitivity to bronchospasm induced by histamine but not by antigen. These findings suggest that cimetidine in this dose has a blocking effect on H2 receptors in airway smooth muscle but that this effect is not sufficient to alter the net impact of immunologic release of mediators on the airways. PMID- 7091875 TI - Effect of cigarette tar content and smoking habits on respiratory symptoms in women. AB - Standardized respiratory disease questionnaires (ATS-DLD-78) were administered to 5,686 adult women. Risk factors were evaluated by logistic analysis that adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors. Among current smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was consistently the strongest risk factor for chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, and dyspnea. The odds ratios for these symptoms in a smoker of 25 or more cigarettes per day relative to a smoker of 1--14 cigarettes per day were 4.74, 4.21, 2.05, and 3.71, respectively. Ex-smokers showed risks between those of current and never smokers. Cigarette tar content was a significant independent risk factor for chronic cough (p = 0.005) and of borderline significance for chronic phlegm (p = 0.077). High tar cigarette smokers in this population (average, 22 mg) had an odds ratio of 2.01 for chronic cough and 1.59 for chronic phlegm relative to low tar cigarette smokers (average, 7 mg). The effect of cigarette tar was linear and independent of cigarettes smoked per day. Smoke inhalation was a significant risk factor for chronic cough (p = 0.029) and for chronic phlegm (p = 0.038). Tar content and smoke inhalation were not significant risk factors for wheeze or dyspnea. Cigarette particulate content (tar) appears to be causally linked to cough and phlegm production., but the association of cigarette smoking and symptoms of wheeze and dyspnea may be more strongly related to the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. PMID- 7091877 TI - Inhibition of human lung fibroblast growth by mononuclear cells. AB - We examined in vitro the effect of supernatants from unstimulated, mitogen stimulated and antigen-stimulated blood mononuclear cells on the growth of fibroblasts from normal adult lungs. Supernatants prepared from mononuclear cells in the absence of mitogen or antigen had no consistent effect on fibroblast growth. Supernatants from mononuclear cells incubated with antigens to which the donor was not sensitive (stimulation index, less than 5) also had no effect on fibroblast proliferation. In contrast, mitogen-stimulated (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) and antigen-stimulated (purified protein derivative, beryllium sulfate) mononuclear cells (stimulation index greater than 5) inhibited log phase fibroblast growth. The inhibition was mediated by a soluble factor (or factors) that was elaborated within 24 h of initiation of mononuclear cell cultures. The factor was nondialyzable, partially heat labile, and its effect on fibroblast growth may be mediated in part by fibroblast prostaglandin production. The results suggest that inhibition of fibroblast growth by stimulated mononuclear cells may be an important mechanism regulating fibrosis in the lung. PMID- 7091878 TI - Effects of hydrocortisone acetate on pulmonary alveolar macrophage colony-forming cells. AB - We investigated the effect of prolonged monocytopenia induced by daily injections of hydrocortisone acetate on the number of alveolar cells and alveolar macrophage colony-forming cells (AL-CFC) in mice. We did not observe an appreciable reduction in the number of either alveolar macrophages of AL-CFC under this experimental condition, which markedly inhibited the blood monocyte concentration over 10 days. These results suggest the existence of a mechanism by which the number of alveolar macrophages, including AL-CFC, can be maintained without a continuous migration of blood monocytes into alveolar spaces. PMID- 7091879 TI - Constrictor effect of cotton bract extract on isolated canine airways. AB - Tissue bath techniques were used to examine the effects of cotton bract extract (CBE) on isolated canine airways. The CBE elicited strong contractions that were abolished by the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist, methysergide (3 x 10(-6) M), but were only slightly affected by atropine (5 x 10(-7) M) and pyrilamine (3 x 10(-6) M) Desensitization to repeated exposures to CBE was not observed, and maximal contractions were equal in force to those produced by supramaximal electrical stimulation (15 V, 25 Hz, 0.5 ms pulse duration). Responses to exogenous 5-HT were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those produced by CBE. Partial purification of CBE by Amicon ultrafiltration yielded a bronchoactive fraction containing low molecular weight compounds (less than 500). Analysis of the 5-HT concentration in this fraction by high-pressure liquid chromatography, fluorescence, and column chromatography indicated that the amount of 5-HT present accounted for only 8 to 25% of the smooth-muscle-contracting activity of CBE. We conclude that cotton bracts contain a potent 5-HT receptor agonist that appears to be distinct from 5-HT. PMID- 7091880 TI - Permeability of the blood-air barrier to antiperoxidase antibodies and their fragments in the normal rat lung. AB - The permeability of the blood-air barrier to antiperoxidase (HRP) IgG antibodies (160,000 daltons), F(ab')2 fragments (100,000 daltons) and Fab fragments (50,000 daltons) was studied in the normal rat. The use of isologous and heterologous immunoglobulin G or IgG fragments injected intravenously allowed a sequential study. It was shown that these proteins transfer from the vascular bed towards to interstitium. Evidence was obtained that these proteins crossed the endothelium through interendothelial spaces or structures suggesting transendothelial channels. The alveolar epithelium was found to be an efficient barrier for heterologous and isologous proteins, raising the question of the origin of serum proteins found in the alveolar surface material. Heterologous anti-HRP IgG antibodies and their Fab fragments were also administered intraalveolarly. The alveolar epithelium was found permeable to Fab fragments but not to IgG molecules, suggesting that some serum proteins present in the alveolar lining fluid can be transepithelially reabsorbed. PMID- 7091882 TI - Glottis narrowing in lung disease. AB - We measured the separation of the vocal folds, the glottis chink, on inspiration and expiration during quiet breathing in 34 patients with varying degrees of airflow obstruction as measured by forced expired volume in one second, Width of the glottis chink was calculated from photographs of the vocal folds taken via a fiberoptic bronchoscope. To adjust the differences in photographic image size caused by variations in instrument position, we predicted the internal anteroposterior (A.P) diameter of the glottis in each patient. This was made possible by the observed high correlation (r = 0.79) between A.P diameter of the glottis and height demonstrated in a separate study in 49 adult cadavers. In patients with airflow obstruction, the glottis chink was narrowed during quiet breathing, particularly on expiration. Such differences in glottis width between patients could not be attributed to frequency of breathing or tidal volume. Indeed, during high frequency breathing (panting) at 1 to 3 Hz studied in 18 patients, further glottis narrowing was commonly observed in those with airflow obstruction. Furthermore, when 13 patients performed a maximal exhalation, in those with airflow obstruction, the glottis remained narrowed, whereas in patients with FEV1 greater than 80% predicted, the glottis opened to an inspiratory width.l These observations suggest that narrowing of the glottis potentially plays an important part in controlling airflow in patients with airway obstruction. PMID- 7091883 TI - Bronchocentric granulomatosis: roentgenographic manifestations. AB - The roentgenographic manifestations of bronchocentric granulomatosis were reviewed in 15 patients. Nine patients had mass lesions. Four had alveolar infiltrates and 2 presented with reticulonodular infiltrates . Correlation of these radiographic patterns with the pathologic findings helps explain the varied morphologic appearance of this disease on the chest radiographs. Upper lobe involvement and unilateral disease were predominant. Seven of 15 patients (47%) presented with solitary mass lesions. Pleural reaction was occasionally noted. Hilar adenopathy and cavitation were infrequent. There was little correlation between radiographic pattern and clinical presentation. PMID- 7091881 TI - Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. PMID- 7091884 TI - Recurrent "suppressed" goiter causing upper airway obstruction. PMID- 7091885 TI - Concurrent legionnaires' disease and active pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - A 68-yr-old man was admitted to the hospital with severe Legionnaires' disease, which was serologically confirmed by a 6-fold increase in antibody titers to Legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1. The patient improved dramatically with intravenously administered erythromycin therapy but was discharged from the hospital with residual debility and pulmonary complaints later recognized as being caused by active pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnostic and therapeutic confusion engendered by the concurrence of these pulmonary infections is discussed. PMID- 7091886 TI - Candida lung abscess: successful treatment with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. PMID- 7091887 TI - Aspergillus terreus, a pathogen capable of causing infective endocarditis, Pulmonary mycetoma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. AB - Aspergillus terreus is a rarely reported pathogen in humans, Recovery of this organism from the sputum may therefore be discounted as representing contamination this report describes 3 patients--1 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 1 with aspergilloma, and 1 with infective endocarditis-- in whom A. terreus was proved to be the etiologic organism. Together, these 3 cases span the spectrum of disease usually associated with A. fumigatus. Detection of serum precipitins against Aspergillus is essential to a diagnosis of both ABPA and aspergilloma. In our 2 patients with these syndromes, serum precipitins were specific for A. terreus ane did not cross-react with A. fumigatus or mixed Aspergillus antigens. This finding suggests that screening of serum for precipitins were specific for A. terreus and did not cross-react with A. fumigatus or mixed Aspergillus antigens. This finding suggests that screening of serum for precipitins should be carried out with A. terreus antigen in patients suspected of harboring this organism. PMID- 7091888 TI - Beneficial effect of oxygen in primary alveolar hypoventilation with central sleep apnea. AB - A 58-yr-old man with primary alveolar hypoventilation, central sleep apnea, and secondary polycythemia failed to improve when treated with respiratory stimulant medications, including oxtriphylline, acetazolamide, and medroxyprogesterone. In contrast, after institution of treatment with low-flow nocturnal oxygen, there was a marked decrease in the number and duration of sleep apneas, and an increase in the level of ventilation during sleep. These changes were sustained during 5 months of nocturnal oxygen therapy. The improvement produced by oxygen may have been due to the fact that the patient had no demonstrable ventilatory response to hypoxia during wakefulness, and therefore may have developed hypoxic brainstem depression during sleep. The findings suggest that oxygen therapy during sleep may be beneficial in patients with primary alveolar hypoventilation and central sleep apnea who demonstrate no ventilatory response to hypoxia during wakefulness. PMID- 7091890 TI - Inhibition of bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig by a calcium channel blocker, nifedipine. PMID- 7091889 TI - Tuberculosis and lung cancer risk in nonsmoking women. AB - We ascertained prior pulmonary tuberculosis infection in 211 non-Caucasian female lung cancer patients and 419 sex, race, ape, smoking history and birthplace matched control subjects by searching the Hawaii State Tuberculosis Branch patient records. Among never-smokers we found a significant increase in risk associated with prior tuberculous infection (odds ratio, 8.2; 95% confidence limits = 1.3 to 54.4). No such association was found among smokers. Prior tuberculous infection was identified in only 5.5% of never-smoking lung cancer patients, however, suggesting that this factor is a relatively unimportant contributor to the etiologic aspects of lung cancer in persons who have never smoked. PMID- 7091891 TI - More on the vibrating footpad. PMID- 7091892 TI - Is normal throat flora causing pneumonia in your patients? PMID- 7091893 TI - The analysis of statistical methods. PMID- 7091894 TI - Ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxemia in sleep. PMID- 7091895 TI - Measurements of transepithelial electric potential differences in the trachea and bronchi of human subjects in vivo. AB - We measured in vivo in human subjects the airway transepithelial electric potential difference (PD), a parameter that reflects passive ion permeabilities and active ion transport across respiratory epithelia. A high impedance voltmeter was used to measure PDs between a fluid-filled and perfused recording bridge located on the airway surface and a reference bridge in the subcutaneous space. Tracheal PD was a relatively high 32 +/- 5 mV (lumen negative) in subjects younger than 35 yr of age (n = 23). Tracheal PD declined after 35 yr of age at a rate of 6 mV per decade. The PDs in bronchi were lower than in the trachea in subjects of all age groups. Neither the magnitude nor the regional variation of the PD appeared influenced by the chemical agents used in general anesthesia. However, superfusion of the airway surface with a pharmacologic inhibitor of Na+ absorption, amiloride, significantly reduced PD in the trachea (-38.5 +/- 7.2%, n = 7) and bronchi (-37.6 +/- 6.3%, n = 6). Both cigarette smoking and tracheostomy appear to reduce tracheal PD when the patients were compared with age-matched control subjects. We conclude that (1) the tracheal PD in young human subjects is relatively high, (2) substantial regional variations in the magnitude of human airway PDs can be demonstrated, (3) active Na+ absorption contributes to the generation of airway PD, and (4) measurements of PD in vivo may help detect early epithelial dysfunction. PMID- 7091896 TI - Serum IgD in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a previous finding restudied. AB - A previous study of matched pairs of subjects with and without COPD showed higher geometric mean values of serum IgD among the affected subjects. In an attempt to replicate this finding in another sample a cooperative study was undertaken to measure IgD in subjects from an epidemiologic study of airway obstructive disease from a different geographic region. The relationship between serum IgD (Ine scale) and % FEV1, was identical in the 2 samples. The lack of statistical significance when analyzing the Arizona sample in a matched pair fashion is attributed to an underrepresentation of subjects with very low % FEV1, and smaller sample size. PMID- 7091897 TI - Recognition of added resistive loads in asthma: the importance of behavioral styles. AB - The wide range of recognition thresholds to added resistive loads previously observed in asthmatic patients was hypothesized to be at least partially dependent on psychologic factors. Therefore, we compared thresholds to added inspiratory and expiratory resistive loads obtained on each of 2 days for (1) 12 asthmatic and 12 normal subjects, while equating for behavioral styles related to anxiety and dependency, and (2) behavioral styles when the presence and absence of asthma was controlled. The threshold values for inspiration and expiration did not differ between asthmatic and normal subjects; on contrast, anxious, dependent subjects had significantly greater threshold values for inspiration and expiration than adaptive or rigidly independent subjects. Thresholds were unrelated to baseline airway resistance. In addition, inspiratory threshold was not reproducible across days of the study (r = 0.34, ns), and the expiratory threshold was only moderately reproducible across days (r = 0.48, p less than 0.05). There was a good relationship between inspiratory and expiratory threshold values within Day 1 (r = 0.68, p less than 0.001) and Day 2 (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001). The results suggest that behavioral style and time of testing are more important determinants of the recognition of added resistive loads than the presence or absence of asthma. PMID- 7091898 TI - Effect of chest physiotherapy on the removal of mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - We studied the effectiveness of some of the components of a physiotherapy regimen on the removal of mucus from the lungs of 6 subjects with cystic fibrosis. On 5 randomized study days, after inhalation of a 99mTc-human serum albumin aerosol to label primarily the large airways, the removal of lung radioactivity was measured during 40 min of (a) spontaneous cough while at rest (control), (b) postural drainage, (c) postural drainage plus mechanical percussion, (d) combined maneuvers (postural drainage, deep breathing with vibrations, and percussion) administered by a physiotherapist, (e) directed vigorous cough. Measurements continued for an additional 2 h of quiet rest. Compared with the control day, all forms of intervention significantly improved the removal of mucus: cough (p less than 0.005), physiotherapy maneuvers (0.005 less than or equal to p less than 0.01), postural drainage (p less than 0.05), and postural drainage plus percussion (p less than 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between regimented cough alone and therapist-administered combined maneuvers, nor between postural drainage alone and with mechanical percussion. We conclude that in cystic fibrosis, vigorous, regimented cough sessions may be as effective as therapist-administered physiotherapy in removing pulmonary secretions. Postural drainage, although better than the control maneuver, was not as effective as cough and was not enhanced by mechanical percussion. Frequent, vigorous self directed cough sessions are potentially as useful as more complex measures for effective bronchial toilet. PMID- 7091899 TI - Experimental diffuse alveolar damage in baboons. AB - Lung repair after diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) may be modified by supportive therapy or the occurrence of complications. To provide a clinically relevant model of DAD, we studied the feasibility of long-term respiratory support of 5 normal baboons and 20 baboons with oleic-acid-induced lung injury. Oleic acid caused DAD, which evolved through exudative and reparative phases similar to those seen in human disease. Fibrotic residuals were present at 1 month but resolved by 6 months. Pulmonary function abnormalities, including reduction in total lung capacity and diffusing capacity, and hypoxemia occurred with DAD but resolved within 1 month. Bronchopulmonary infection with gram-negative bacilli was a common and frequently fatal complication. Revisions in management of the upper airway and the use of topical polymyxin B prevented this complication. Other complications included hemorrhagic gastritis, postextubation, upper airway obstruction, and pulmonary embolism. This model simulates many features of DAD in humans and should provide a valuable resource for future study. PMID- 7091900 TI - A simple procedure for the isolation of pulmonary parenchyma free of major blood vessels and airways for biochemical studies. AB - A new method of preparation of lung parenchyma free from small and medium sized airways and blood vessels is described. The lung is frozen in the inflated state and cut into thin slices to facilitate visualization and separation of large blood vessels and airways. With the aid of a special steel brush mounted on a kitchen blender most of the smaller as well as medium sized blood vessels and airways are easily shaved off and subsequently separated from the parenchyma by sieving through a 20-mesh sieve. The fall-through portion consists almost entirely of alveoli. Amino acid analysis of elastin separated from the sieved fragments is similar to lung parenchymal elastin isolated and dissected from fresh lung tissue. PMID- 7091903 TI - Pulmonary arterial hypertension in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) PMID- 7091902 TI - Relation between tracheal size and forced expiratory volume in one second in young men. AB - Maximal expiratory flow-volume curves and spirometry were measured in 49 white, nonsmoking, asymptomatic men 19 to 23 yr of age and 179 to 184 cm tall. Because of the uniformity of sex, age, height, and ethnic group, conventional predicted values for these men were virtually identical. Nevertheless, the between-subject coefficient of variation in spirometric and maximal flow results varied from 10% for vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to 29% for maximal flow when 25% of VC remained to be expired. Confirming previous results, between-subject coefficient of variation was not reduced by expressing flow as VC/s instead of L/s. Eighteen of these men had standard posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs to measure tracheal diameters at total lung capacity. Both tracheal cross-sectional area and anteroposterior diameter were positively related to FEV1 (r = 0.73, p = 0.001), the relationship being slightly stronger than with peak expiratory flow. There was a trend for VC also to be related to tracheal dimensions. As 50% of residual between-subject variation in FEV1 in these men was accounted for by variation in tracheal size, predicted values of FEV1 in an individual subject might be usefully refined by measuring tracheal size in epidemiologic surveys, thus allowing interpretation of small deviations from mean predicted values. Further studies are required on the variation in tracheal size in a more heterogeneous population. PMID- 7091901 TI - Chronic cough: bronchoscopy or pulmonary function testing? AB - To determine how frequently bronchoscopic examination and pulmonary function testing are useful in establishing a diagnosis in patients with chronic cough as an isolated clinical symptom, we reviewed the records of all patients referred to pulmonary specialists at 3 community hospitals for evaluation of cough over a 6 yr period. There were 109 patients with the isolated symptom of chronic cough and a normal or stable chest roentgenogram. Bronchoscopy was performed in 51. All patients but 1 were followed until the cough disappeared or for a minimum of 1 yr. Carcinoma was established as the cause for cough in 1 patient. Spirometry and/or bronchial inhalation challenge was performed in 87 patients. Previously undiagnosed asthma was discovered in 39 patients by these means. Pulmonary function testing has diagnostic value in this population, but bronchoscopy is of limited value in determining the cause of isolated chronic cough. PMID- 7091904 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage in beagle dogs. PMID- 7091905 TI - Radioimmunoassay determinations of prostaglandin E in pleural effusions of varying causes. AB - The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PgE) were measured in pleural fluid samples from 26 consecutive patients with pleural effusions of varying causes. The PgE concentrations were significantly increased in exudates when compared with transudates and provided a single measurement to separate these 2 classifications of pleural fluid. The highest concentrations of PgE were found in exudates associated with tuberculous pleuritis and metastatic lung cancer. Simultaneous measurement of pleural fluid and plasma PgE concentrations in patients with malignant effusions revealed that pleural fluid concentrations did not reflect plasma concentrations. PMID- 7091906 TI - Serial changes in pulmonary functions in children hospitalized with cystic fibrosis. AB - Pulmonary functions were serially measured in 17 children hospitalized with cystic fibrosis (CF) to determine how much and when pulmonary functions improved during 14 days of inpatient treatment. Absolute lung volumes and forced expiratory flows were recorded every other day while patients received chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, and bronchodilators. Vital capacity first improved after the fifth hospital day coincidentally with a reduction in residual volume and an increase in peak expiratory flow rate. Significant improvements in other pulmonary functions developed later in the hospitalization. Improvement in most pulmonary functions continued throughout the hospitalization and was maintained 2 wk after discharge. Improvement was less and uniformly developed later in those children with severe lung disease on admission (NIH score less than 50) compared with those with moderate respiratory involvement (NIH score greater than 50). Pulmonary function measurements may prove useful in determining the optimal duration of treatment for patients who are hospitalized with CF. PMID- 7091907 TI - The relationships between noninvasive explorations in pulmonary sarcoidosis of recent origin, as shown in bronchoalveolar lavage, serum, and pulmonary function tests. PMID- 7091908 TI - The effect of aminophylline on inspiratory muscle contractility. AB - The effects of aminophylline on diaphragmatic muscle contractility were studied in 8 dogs. The relationships of the electromyographic signal from the diaphragm and the pressures developed by this muscle were compared before and after the administration of aminophylline in doses of 6, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg. Measurements were made during occluded inspiratory efforts at functional residual capacity. In a second group of 4 dogs the relationships were compared while the rib cage expansion was limited by a plaster cast. Finally, in a third group of 4 dogs after the diaphragm had been paralyzed by phrenicotomy, the relationship of pleural pressure to the electromyographic signal of the intercostal muscles was assessed before and after administration of aminophylline. In all cases, aminophylline progressively shifted the electromyographic pressure relationship up and to the left. This effect became significant (p less than 0.01) at a dose of 20 mg/kg, reached a peak at 80 mg/kg, and then declined at a dose of 120 mg/kg. The amount producing blood concentrations closest to the human therapeutic blood concentration was 20 mg/kg. The peak increase in pressure compared with the control values were 58% in the first group, 27% in the second group, and 52% in the third group (p less than 0.01). We conclude that aminophylline increases respiratory muscle contractility in a dose-related manner. This may have important therapeutic and pathophysiologic implications. PMID- 7091910 TI - Position may stop pneumothorax progression in dogs. AB - We attempted to see what the effect of position was on the rate of pneumothorax formation. In 6 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs in the left decubitus position, a chest tube was inserted into the right hemithorax. A right-sided pneumothorax was induced by percutaneous transthoracic insertion of a 20-gauge needle into the lung. Once a constant rate of pneumothorax formation occurred, the dogs were alternated between 3 min of no evacuation by the chest tube with the puncture site up (left decubitus) or down (right decubitus). The pneumothorax that accumulated was always evacuated immediately thereafter with the chest tube in the highest position (left decubitus). In every case, the rate of pneumothorax formation decreased with the puncture site down rather than with it up. Furthermore, this maneuver caused the site of leak to completely seal 11 of 21 times in which the puncture site was placed dependent. There was, however, no significant change in the rate of pneumothorax formation with the puncture site kept in the nondependent position. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that placing the site of pleural gas leak in the most dependent position causes a reduction in alveolar size as well as the alveolar to pleural pressure gradient in the region surrounding the leak. Both of these factors would tend to slow the rate of pneumothorax formation and allow sealing of the puncture site. PMID- 7091909 TI - Respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in undernourished patients. AB - To assess the effect of chronic debilitation on respiratory muscle function, we studied 16 poorly nourished (PN) patients without pulmonary disease, and 16 well nourished (WN) subjects matched for age and sex. Body weight, vital capacity (VC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax) were measured and expressed as percent predicted. Respiratory muscle strength (RMS) was calculated as (% PImax + % PEmax)2. Body weight was 71% predicted in the PN group and 104% in the WN group. The RMS, MVV, and VC were 37%, 41%, and 63%, respectively, of the values in the WN group (p less than 0.001). The 60% reduction in RMS was shared almost equally among inspiratory and expiratory muscles, and PEmax was linearly related to body weight. Because malnutrition reduces both respiratory muscle strength and MVV, it may well impair respiratory muscle capacity to handle increased ventilatory loads in thoracopulmonary disease. PMID- 7091911 TI - Exponential analysis of the lung pressure-volume curve as a predictor of pulmonary emphysema. AB - To compare the predictive value of different pulmonary function tests in the diagnosis of morphologic emphysema, we performed measurements of subdivisions of lung volume, gas exchange, maximal expiratory flow rates, and static deflation pressure-volume curves on 55 subjects prior to surgery for removal of an isolated peripheral pulmonary lesion. Emphysema was graded on the resected lung specimen and the pressure-volume data were fitted to an exponential equation (V = A - Be KP). By chi-square analysis, K was the best predictor of emphysema in individual subjects and it was the only test that distinguished subjects with moderate emphysema from subjects with mild or without emphysema, but K did not distinguish those with mild emphysema from those without emphysema. As a group those with mild emphysema were distinguishable from predicted normal with K and elastic recoil pressures at 90 and 60% of predicted total lung capacity. We conclude that minimal emphysema may be detected by exponential analysis of the lung pressure volume curve. PMID- 7091912 TI - Modification of phrenic nerve output to hypoxia after two hours of hypercapnia and increased cerebrospinal fluid [HCO3-]. AB - Decreased ventilatory response to hypoxia has been reported in patients with CO2 retention. The CO2 retention increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [HCO3-], which could modify the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In order to evaluate the effect of increased CSF [HCO3-] as a consequence of hypercapnia on the response to hypoxia, phrenic nerve output during 5 min of progressive hypoxia was measured in anesthetized vagotomized and mechanically ventilated dogs when their acid-base was normal and when CSF [HCO3-] had increased. Peak phrenic nerve activity (PPNA), inspiratory time (TI), and expiratory time (TE) were recorded in 2 groups of dogs. Two hypoxic tests were conducted 2.5 h apart in each group. One group had normal acid-base status and the second group after the first hypoxic challenge breathed 10% CO2 for 2 h, and then ventilation was adjusted to bring CSF pH back to normal. The CSF [HCO3-] then had increased by 5.2 mEq/L and CSF PCO2 was 14.6 mmHg higher. With CSF [HCO3-] elevation, PPNA activity in response to hypoxia was significantly depressed, compared with that in animals with normal acid-base balance, TI was increased indicating slowing of nerve discharge, and TE was minimally increased indicating lessening of frequency of neural bursts. We conclude that the metabolic component of acid-base balance in the central nervous system can influence the neural output of the respiratory centers in response to hypoxia as manifested by phrenic nerve output, and increased CSF [HCO3-] seen with hypercapnia is associated with depressed hypoxic response. PMID- 7091913 TI - The local and systemic IgA and IgG antibody responses of rabbits to a soluble inhaled antigen: measurement of responses in a model of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - We evaluated local and systemic humoral responses to inhalational challenges with ovalbumin (OA) by measuring IgA and IgG isotypic antibodies to OA in serum and bronchoalveolar wash fluids (BAW), and by quantitating cells containing IgA, IgG, and anti-OA in lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and gut. Rabbit models of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis and chronically-challenged "desensitized" animals were studied along with appropriate control animals. Systemic (via a toe pad) immunization or acute aerosol challenge with OA resulted in only trace amounts of IgG anti-OA antibodies in BAW and no apparent anti-OA-containing cells in the lung itself. Acute aerosol challenge of systemically immunized rabbits caused alveolitis, increased IgG anti-OA-containing cells in mediastinal and popliteal lymph nodes, and increased IgG anti-OA in BAW attributable to transudation from serum. Thrice-weekly inhalational challenge with aerosolized OA resulted in waning alveolitis, elevated concentrations of IgA and IgG anti-OA in BAW and serum, and increased concentrations of IgG and IgA anti-OA cells in the lung, but not in other tissues, including the gut. We conclude that these experiments have implicated IgG as well as IgA antibodies in local humoral responses to inhaled antigen, have not substantiated the notion of a common mucosal immune system involving lung and gut, have failed to demonstrate humoral tolerogenesis after inhalation of antigen, and have shown an effect of systemic priming on subsequent pulmonary immune responses in the models examined. PMID- 7091914 TI - The oxygen cost of breathing in patients with cardiorespiratory disease. AB - We measured the oxygen cost of breathing (VO2resp) in 13 patients with cardiorespiratory disease requiring artificial ventilation as the difference between the oxygen consumption during spontaneous respiration (VO2tot) and that during artificial ventilation (VO2nonresp). Average VO2tot was 312 +/- 90 ml/min (mean +/- 1 SD), whereas VO2nonresp was 246 +/- 38 ml/min (p less than 0.01). Average VO2resp was 75 +/- 82 ml/min (range, 8 to 286), representing 24% of VO2tot or 8.7 +/- 8.9 ml O2/L ventilation. In normal resting adults, VO2resp in 5 to 10 ml/min, about 1 to 3% VO2tot, or 0.25 to 2.5 ml O2/L ventilation. The VO2resp had an exponential relationship with FEV1 (r = 0.97) in 6 patients who had had prior spirometry. Because minute ventilation was normal in our patients (8.8 +/- 2.2 L/min), the elevated VO2resp represented an increase in the work of breathing as well as a decrease in the efficiency of the respiratory muscles. These results suggest that, where O2 transport is compromised, artificial ventilation may release substantial quantities of oxygen for use by other body systems. PMID- 7091915 TI - Neutrophil and monocyte function in pediatric patients with recurrent pneumonias: a longitudinal study. AB - Peripheral neutrophil and monocyte function was studied in 24 pediatric patients with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections referred to the University of New Mexico Pediatric Pulmonary Center. The age range of the patients was 4 months to 12 yr with a mean of 32 months. Depressed neutrophil chemiluminescence activity was observed in 46% of the 24 patients studied, depressed neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness was observed in 27% of 22 patients, depressed monocyte chemiluminescence was observed in 31% of 16 patients, and depressed monocyte chemotaxis was observed in 45% of 20 patients. Of the 11 patients with abnormal neutrophil chemiluminescence, 56% also had abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis. Eight of the 11 patients with depressed neutrophil chemiluminescence were retested 9 months to 1 yr after initial testing, and in 5 of the 8, chemiluminescence had returned to normal, whereas in the other 3, it had remained depressed. The 3 whose neutrophil chemiluminescence remained depressed continued to have repeated pneumonias as did one patient whose values had returned to normal. The estimated probability of return to normal for the neutrophil chemiluminescence after 1 yr was 0.625. These findings suggest that because the ability to move functionally intact neutrophils and monocytes into the lung is important for effective lung defense, that the defective phagocytic cell function defined here may be directly related to the recurrent pneumonias found in these pediatric patients. PMID- 7091916 TI - Effect of progressive hypoxia on breathing during sleep. AB - We examined the effects of progressive hypoxia on breathing during wakefulness and quiet (NREM) sleep in 17 healthy young adults (11 males and 6 females). Ventilation was determined from quantitative measurements of abdominal and rib cage excursions using magnetometers or inductive plethysmography. Hypoxia was induced by blending N2 into the inspiratory line of a loose-fitting mask while O2 saturation was monitored with an ear oximeter. No attempt was made to maintain isocapnia. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia were depressed in 2 male subjects by sleep, but were unchanged or increased in the others. Thus on the average, sleep produced no change in ventilatory responses to hypoxia. There was no consistent difference in the frequencies or tidal volumes attained at a given level of ventilation during hypoxia awake and asleep. During sleep there was relatively more rib cage than abdominal movement. Relief of hypoxia was followed by periodic breathing during sleep in 12 subjects but in only 2 subjects when awake. In two thirds of the trials, hypoxia failed to produce arousal even though arterial O2 saturation was allowed to fall below 75%. The results suggest that (1) sleep potentiates apnea producing effects of O2 changes but has inconsistent effects on ventilatory responses to hypoxia, and (2) hypocapnic hypoxia is not an invariably potent stimulus for arousal. PMID- 7091917 TI - Learning styles and the prospective surgeon. AB - There has recently been a surge of interest in medical education and specialty training. For many years, medical school curricula and residencies were guided mainly by tradition. Educators have now begun to reassess their methods in order to improve teaching efficiency and to better meet the needs of the trainee. Social psychologists and industry have led the way in mapping out the specific needs and learning styles of the adult student. Following this lead, many medical schools and training programs are adapting some of these techniques to evaluate the learning styles and needs of their students and residents. Learning style refers to the way one acquires and uses information. Application of the data may point out ways to better match the learning environment to the individual learning needs. This review outlines briefly the experimental learning theories of Kolb. It reviews current available data on learning styles in prospective surgeons and finally makes some correlation between these two fields of study. We hope to provide an introduction to learning style theories in relation to the surgical trainee that will stimulate further active pursuit of this important topic. PMID- 7091918 TI - Increasing the efficacy of gastric operations for the control of morbid obesity. AB - Based upon observations with double application of the TA90 surgical stapler in a stapled-in-continuity gastroplasty, we recommend a double application of gastric partitioning in the treatment of morbid obesity. The staple application should be closer than 0.5 cm or at least 2.0 cm apart to prevent necrosis of the intervening stomach. Division of the stomach between two staple applications with oversewing of the cut edges would preclude either staple line disruption or the danger of necrosis in the stomach intervening between stapler applications. PMID- 7091919 TI - Intra-abdominal mesenteric desmoid tumors. PMID- 7091921 TI - Pseudocysts of the pancreas involving the spleen. AB - Three case reports of direction extension of pancreatic pseudocysts into the spleen are presented. This unusual complication can occur in both emergent and nonemergent settings. The most useful diagnostic procedures to assess whether there is an intrasplenic pseudocyst are sonograms, CAT scans, splenic scan, and occasionally angiography. The best treatment for this condition is a prompt distal pancreatectomy. PMID- 7091920 TI - The unnecessary laparotomy for appendicitis-can it be decreased? AB - There has been no decrease in the incidence of negative appendectomies in the adult population over the past two decades. Review of 484 appendectomies over a five-year period revealed that females between the ages of 13 to 40 have the lowest appendiceal perforation rate and the highest diagnostic error rate. More thorough preoperative assessment is indicated in this group. A program utilizing intensive observation, diagnostic barium enema, and laparoscopy may produce a reduction in negative laparotomies for appendicitis. PMID- 7091922 TI - Predicting the risk of cancer at the time of breast biopsy. Variation in the benign to malignant ratio. AB - The benign to malignant ratio (B:M ratio) among breast biopsies (number of benign breast lesions divided by number of breast cancers) is widely believed to be around 4:1 or 5:1. This belief appears to be based upon experience from the 1950's and 1960's. We investigated possible reasons for the current wide variability of the B:M ratio. A straight line relationship between the log B:M ratio and age exists in our data. The B:M ratio is sensitive to racial differences between patient groups but in only minimally affected by varied histologic inclusion criteria. The overall B:M ratio should not be used to counsel women about their breast cancer risk at the time of biopsy. Age-specific B:M ratios provide a more realistic risk assessment. PMID- 7091923 TI - Femoral artery cuff plethysmography in arterial occlusive disease. AB - Pulse volume recorder (PVR) measurements are similar to arterial pressure contour tracings and have proved valuable in determining the degree of arterial obstruction in the lower extremity. However, with the standard PVR tracing with thigh, calf, and ankle cuffs, differentiation between high superficial femoral or common femoral artery lesions and combined iliac and superficial femoral artery lesions is extremely difficult. Because the operative approach will vary, depending on whether the disease is primarily in the iliac arteries (and thus intra-abdominal) or in the femoral arteries (and thus extra-abdominal), we have devised a noninvasive method for measuring pressure and flow in the femoral artery with a special cuff. With the addition of the measurement obtained by this method of the standard PVR tracing, the noninvasive differentiation between iliac and high superficial femoral lesions has proved possible. PMID- 7091924 TI - Common femoral artery atherosclerotic occlusion. Difficult to diagnose but easy to treat. AB - Common femoral artery atherosclerotic occlusion in the absence of significant aorto-iliac stenosis is unusual. It commonly presents by history and physical examination and noninvasive testing as aorto-iliac disease, and thus the diagnosis is usually made by arteriography. In this article, we describe seven patients with this lesion who underwent revascularization because of ischemia. The six patients who had endarterectomy and patch angioplasty were treated successfully. PMID- 7091925 TI - Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery. Clinical aspects and etiology. AB - Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery is a rare and benign disease. The appearance of claudication in a young male nonsmoker and the typical angiographic findings usually confirm the pathology. The treatment of choice is incision evacuation of the cyst. Long-term follow-up of two cases proved to be excellent with this therapy. A saphenous bypass graft provides a good alternative if incision evacuation fails to restore good peripheral pulses. The etiology of this lesion proves to be similar to a ganglion and is well demonstrated in two cases. PMID- 7091926 TI - Strokes in children. Their relationship to intrinsic pathology of the carotid artery. AB - Vascular insufficiency of the child's brain is a serious problem because perfusion can be disturbed sufficiently enough to cause permanent brain changes with extensive neurological deficit resulting in some. The insufficiency in the seven cases presented in this article is caused by carotid artery changes including: 1) congenital kinking, 2) post-traumatic changes with thrombosis, aneurysm, and embolism, and 3) inflammatory thrombosis. We have attempted to indicate that aggressive treatment is necessary in these cases of post-traumatic changes which are progressive and lead to extensive neurological deficit. PMID- 7091928 TI - Selective surgical management of penetrating neck trauma. 15-year experience in a community hospital. AB - The management of penetrating neck trauma continues to generate disagreement in the surgical literature. Current publications of the subject advocate selective surgical intervention only if facilities and manpower are adequate. This review of a 15-year experience in the setting of a community hospital shows unquestionably that if surgeons with clinical experience evaluate this type of trauma, more than 50 per cent of patients are spared necessary operations. On the other hand, if patients are selected to undergo surgery because of strong clinical indications and the decision is carried out promptly, unnecessary and costly diagnostic studies are avoided. By following this policy of selective surgical management, our mortality rate of 3 per cent compares favorably with reports in the literature. No increased morbidity was noted in those patients managed nonoperatively. PMID- 7091927 TI - The left paramedian extraperitoneal approach for aortic reconstructive surgery. AB - Seventy-five consecutive aortic reconstructive procedures were performed via a left paramedian extraperitoneal approach. These operations included abdominal aortic aneurysmectomies in 28 patients and aortobifemoral grafts in 43. These were combined with aorto-left-renal bypass in four patients and removal of infected aortic prostheses in four other patients. This modified technic obviated the need for excessive retraction by combining the benefits of a paramedian approach with a full-length abdominal incision. Distinct advantage include decrease postoperative abdominal discomfort, minimal paralytic ileus, as well as a shortened convalescence. This extraperitoneal approach is not only suitable for routine aortic reconstructive procedures, but has proven to be especially valuable in cases where increased morbidity is likely with infringement of the peritoneal cavity, such as patients with extensive bowel adhesion, previous colostomy, or infection aortic grafts requiring removal. PMID- 7091929 TI - Mental patient status, work, and income: an examination of the effects of a psychiatric label. PMID- 7091930 TI - The effect of wives' employment on the mental health of married men and women. PMID- 7091932 TI - Relations between individual life cycles and population characteristics. PMID- 7091931 TI - Testing the theory of status integration and suicide rates. PMID- 7091933 TI - Wage and status effects of employment on affective well-being among ex-felons. PMID- 7091934 TI - Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers. A report of Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. PMID- 7091935 TI - The information content from renal biopsy in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - We analyzed data for the 12-month period after renal biopsy was done in 130 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus to examine whether renal biopsy provides useful information on the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus beyond that clinically available. A stepwise linear regression analysis was used to construct a linear before biopsy model that predicted the change in renal function 12 months after biopsy. The model included serum creatinine, patient age, 24-hour urine protein, a laboratory index of renal activity, antibodies to DNA, urinalysis protein, change in inverse creatinine from 6 weeks before biopsy, and urine light chain protein, and had a squared multiple correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.246. Four prospectively chosen renal biopsy variables (glomerular cell counts, percent of sclerotic glomeruli, percent of glomeruli with crescents, and interstitial fibrosis) resulted in a 0.079 improvement in R2 (p less than or equal to 0.012). Both the percent glomerular sclerosis (p less than or equal to 0.0032) and subendothelial deposits shown by electron microscopy (p less than or equal to 0.0026) added significantly to the predictive power of the before biopsy model. Histologic classification did not add significantly to the before biopsy model. The renal biopsy information increased the power of a linear regression model to predict the effect of 12 months of treatment of active lupus nephritis. PMID- 7091937 TI - Nonsurgical management of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice. AB - Surgical decompression of extrahepatic biliary obstruction carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality, depending on both the cause of the obstruction and the underlying medical status of the patient. Because of this risk, a number of nonsurgical therapies have been developed that offer an alternative to conventional surgical procedures. These new and still-evolving techniques, including endoscopic papillotomy, biliary stenting, balloon dilation, endoprosthesis insertion, and various T-tube manipulations, have become viable alternatives for decompressing the biliary tree in certain jaundiced patients. With the increasing use and dissemination of such procedures, primary care physicians should become aware of their availability as well as their indications and limitations. PMID- 7091936 TI - Recognition of information in renal biopsies of patients with lupus nephritis. AB - To evaluate the informational value of renal biopsy in nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus, we selected the records of 30 patients who had a renal biopsy done and also had a known clinical outcome. Detailed case histories were prepared, and three distinct randomly chosen cases were given to 197 academic rheumatologists. The rheumatologists estimated the probability of future clinical events (worsened serum creatinine, worsened urine protein, renal death, and aggressive therapy) at 3 and 12 months after the biopsy. Biopsy results were given in detail, and probability estimates were made of the same clinical events using the additional information. The accuracy of each probability estimate was measured using a scoring function that depends on the estimates and the actual outcomes. Knowledge of the renal biopsy failed to improve predictive accuracy scores of estimates of future serum creatinine levels, urine protein levels, and renal death at 3 and 12 months (p less than 0.0001), and for estimates of the probability of the use of aggressive therapy at 12 months (p less than 0.007). The renal biopsy information improved only the accuracy of predictions concerning the use of aggressive therapy at 3 months (p less than or equal to 0.0003). Knowledge of the renal biopsy results failed to add important prognostic information about the future course of treated lupus nephritis to information already obtained from history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. PMID- 7091940 TI - Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. PMID- 7091938 TI - Diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Prospective evaluation of 69 patients. AB - From 1974 to 1980, 69 patients with ith diffuse malignant mesothelioma were prospectively evaluated. The initial site of involvement was the pleura in 57 patients and the peritoneum in 12. Previous asbestos exposure was found in 53 patients (77%), with a shorter period of latency for peritoneal (mean, 28 years) than for ith pleural mesothelioma (mean, 35 years) than for pleural mesothelioma (mean, 35 years). Other associated exposure or diseases included talc, mica, familial Mediterranean fever, and diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma (one patient each). Thrombocytosis was common, as were thromboembolic episodes. Survival was significantly better for patients with an epithelial subtype, with pleural versus peritoneal mesothelioma, and for those under 65 years of age. Surgery was never curative, but its extent was correlated with survival and earlier diagnosis. Results of chemotherapy with doxorubicin and 5-azacytidine yielded a somewhat better survival rate than a combined program with doxorubicin and radiotherapy. Survival after chemotherapy was correlated with performance status, response to chemotherapy, and extent of previous surgery. PMID- 7091939 TI - The resident leaves the patient: another look at the doctor-patient relationship. AB - The clinics of primary care training programs face the annual problem of residents leaving their patients. The responses of the resident physician and the patient can be understood in terms of the grieving process. Feelings of anger, guilt, anxiety, and fear may complicate this phase of the resident-patient relationship and threaten continuity of care. Maladaptive behaviors may result if negative responses to separation go unacknowledged. An appreciation of the range of both patient and resident responses will aid in establishing rational guidelines for ending relations and transferring patient care. PMID- 7091941 TI - Toxic shock: problems in definition and diagnosis of a new syndrome. PMID- 7091942 TI - The syndrome of Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections: an epidemiologically restricted disorder of immunoregulation. PMID- 7091943 TI - Edema in the ectopic ACTH syndrome. PMID- 7091944 TI - Cimetidine and allergy skin testing. PMID- 7091945 TI - Meralgia paresthetica and large abdomens. PMID- 7091947 TI - The causative organism in Fort Bragg fever. PMID- 7091948 TI - Disseminated histoplasmosis and asplenia. PMID- 7091946 TI - Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease and 6-thioguanine. PMID- 7091949 TI - Unwitting heparin abuse in a drug addict. PMID- 7091950 TI - Plasma exchange or leukapheresis in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. PMID- 7091951 TI - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and the myeloproliferative syndrome. PMID- 7091952 TI - Granulocytosis and a sulindac overdose. PMID- 7091953 TI - The toxic shock syndrome. A conference held 20-22 November 1981, sponsored by the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. PMID- 7091954 TI - Toxic shock syndrome: a perspective through the looking glass. AB - Toxic shock syndrome associated with Staphylococcus aureus was first described in 1978, although cases of patients with similar findings were reported as far back as 1927. Various strict clinical definitions for toxic shock syndrome have been proposed that still should include exclusionary data (titers, cultures) when possible. Epidemiologic studies of toxic shock syndrome confirm that it occurs in males and nonmenstruating females, but more commonly in menstruating females, especially those using tampons. Microbiologic studies have identified phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus strains associated with toxic shock syndrome but none have been shown to be causally related. The attentiveness of the lay press to toxic shock syndrome research should not divert investigators from an orderly scientific process and appropriate critical review. PMID- 7091955 TI - Toxic shock syndrome: management and long-term sequelae. AB - Little information is available on the optimal management of toxic shock syndrome and on its sequelae. The most appropriate antibiotic treatment, the efficacy of colloid infusions, and the potential role of gamma globulin preparations have not yet been completely ascertained. Coagulase-positive staphylococci associated with toxic shock syndrome had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.06 microgram/mL or less to rifampin, 0.25 microgram/mL or less to gentamicin, and 0.50 microgram/mL or less to both nafcillin and clindamycin. In the 36 patients studied abnormal chest roentgenograms were commoner in those who had received albumin than in those who had not. Radioimmunoassay showed antibody titers to staphylococcal enterotoxin F, a marker protein in toxic shock syndrome, of 1:4000 or more for intravenous gamma globulin (12/15 lots) and 1:40 000 or more for intramuscular gamma globulin. Major sequelae of toxic shock syndrome include late onset rash, compromised renal function, cyanotic extremities, and prolonged neuromuscular abnormalities. PMID- 7091956 TI - Pathologic findings in twelve fatal cases of toxic shock syndrome. AB - Pathologic changes in 12 fatal cases of toxic shock syndrome occurred in the vagina, cervix, lung, liver, and kidney. Desquamation and ulceration of the cervical and vaginal mucosa were seen in all six cases where adequate specimens were submitted. Hyaline membrane formation characteristic of "shock lung" was found in all lung tissues. Periportal inflammation was found in all liver specimens and acute tubular necrosis was seen in eight of the 12 kidney specimens. Although not specific for toxic shock syndrome, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the illness is caused by a staphylococcal toxin. PMID- 7091957 TI - Toxic shock syndrome: clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in nine fatal cases. AB - Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in nine of the 12 patients who died from toxic shock syndrome in Minnesota are reported. All patients met the toxic shock syndrome case definition except for desquamation, which occurred in only one patient. Eight were menstruating and at least four were wearing tampons at the time of the acute illness. One patient was using napkins only. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was the only clinical development that could be used to predict a fatal outcome. Specific pathologic findings included various degrees of fatty metamorphosis of the liver; pronounced hemophagocytosis by reticuloendothelial macrophages; and a characteristic vaginal lesion consisting of mucosal separation beneath the basal layer with ulceration, severe vasodilatation, inflammation and thrombosis, but with minimal bacterial invasion. This vaginal lesion was noted in two tampon users, but an identical lesion was found in a menstruating patient who used only napkins. PMID- 7091958 TI - Persistent neuropsychological sequelae of toxic shock syndrome. AB - Twelve women, aged 16 to 29 years, were interviewed and examined for possible neuropsychological sequelae 2 to 12 months after they recovered from toxic shock syndrome. Six of the 12 women had symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, headache, recent memory lapses, inability to compute, and loss of other higher integrative functions. Eight patients were found to have electroencephalographic abnormalities. All six symptomatic patients but no asymptomatic patients had abnormal neurologic findings. Abnormalities such as impaired memory and calculation and poorly sustained concentration were found in five of six symptomatic patients but in no asymptomatic patient. Six control subjects, all asymptomatic women aged 17 to 29 years, were interviewed and examined 2 to 12 months after they recovered from postpartum endometritis; these subjects were normal in all parameters tested. A direct effect of the staphylococcal toxin on the central nervous system may be the cause of these sequelae. PMID- 7091959 TI - Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: a review of 130 cases. AB - One hundred and thirty cases of toxic shock syndrome not associated with menstruation have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control, including 57 with onset in 1981 (12% of reported cases in 1981). These cases show that the syndrome occurs in a wide range of clinical settings and is associated with Staphylococcus aureus infections at a variety of sites: focal cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, surgical-wound infections, postpartum infections, adenitis, bursitis, deep abscesses, and "primary" bacteremia. Although the clinical characteristics of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome are identical to those for menstrual toxic shock syndrome, the epidemiologic and demographic features are different. Of particular interest is the contrast in the racial distribution of the menstrual and nonmenstrual cases. Toxic shock syndrome can occur in persons of any age, race, or sex and must be considered in the differential diagnosis for any patient with a compatible illness. PMID- 7091960 TI - Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981. AB - Between 1 January 1980 and 18 October 1981, investigators from the Centers for Disease Control collected information on 1407 cases of toxic shock syndrome using a nationwide passive surveillance system. Ninety-two percent of the reported cases were associated with menstruation. Information available on the type of menstrual device used shows that 99% of the cases occurred in tampon users. Menstrual cases occurred predominantly in whites (98%) under the age of 25 (65%). The case/fatality ratio for menstrual toxic shock syndrome was 3.1% for cases with onset in 1981. The distribution of reported cases by date of onset showed a gradual increase in the number reported before the summer of 1980, a sharp increase during the summer and early fall of 1980, a marked decrease in the late fall of 1980, and a subsequent gradual decrease. Factors affecting the incidence and reporting of toxic shock syndrome during these periods include changes in the number of tampon users, changes in the availability and usage patterns of tampons, changes in the prevalence of toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus, improved recognition of the syndrome, and publicity. PMID- 7091961 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in Canada. AB - Fifty-three cases of toxic shock syndrome were reported in Canada from 1976 to 31 October 1981. Three of the 50 women with this syndrome died. Thirty-seven cases were associated with menstruation and all but one of these cases were in tampon users. Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from eight patients, and enterotoxin was found in seven. The Canadian government has asked tampon manufacturers to print a warning statement on tampon boxes and to include a package insert informing users about toxic shock syndrome. Generally, the incidence of communicable disease in Canada is one tenth that of the United States, reflecting the population differential of 1:10 between the two countries. This ratio has not been found with respect to toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091962 TI - Surveillance of toxic shock syndrome in Minnesota: comments on national surveillance. AB - In January 1980, the Minnesota Department of Health began the surveillance of toxic shock syndrome with epidemiologically defined active and passive components. The intensity of surveillance has been constant since its inception. As of 30 June 1981, 197 confirmed cases of toxic shock syndrome, 15% of all cases nationwide, have been identified in Minnesota. During the 18 months of active surveillance, the total cases reported per calendar quarter ranged from 20 to 24 cases, and the number of tampon-associated cases ranged from 15 to 21. There was no difference in the quarterly distribution of total (p greater than 0.2) or tampon-associated (p greater than 0.2) cases of toxic shock syndrome during the six quarters. Fifty-five tampon-associated cases had onset of illness during the 9 months of surveillance in which Rely tampons (Proctor & Gamble) were on the market; 59 tampon-associated cases had onset of illness during the 9 months after Rely tampons were removed from the market. PMID- 7091963 TI - Epidemiologic comparisons of incidence of toxic shock syndrome. AB - Despite many imperfections in the nationwide reporting of toxic shock syndrome, the available data provide some useful information. The crude toxic shock morbidity rate has been estimated as approximately 0.50 per 100 000 United States population per year. This morbidity rate exceeds those for paralytic poliomyelitis, tetanus, tularemia, diphtheria, and typhoid fever, and is about one half of the rate for meningococcal infections and pertussis. The estimate of 8.9 cases of toxic shock syndrome per 100 000 menstruating women is similar to the crude rates for primary and secondary syphilis and mumps. From these comparisons, the incidence of toxic shock syndrome does not appear as low as some might suppose. PMID- 7091965 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in Utah: a case-control and surveillance study. PMID- 7091964 TI - Toxic shock syndrome: a critique of the 1980 Wisconsin case-control study. AB - Seven cases of toxic shock syndrome has been reported to the Wisconsin Division of Health by 6 January 1980; all seven cases were in female patients, six of whom had onset of illness during active menstruation. Through passive reporting of cases by physicians and patients themselves, a total of 38 patients with confirmed cases of toxic shock syndrome had been identified by the Division of Health by 30 June 1980. Thirty-five patients with menstrual toxic shock syndrome were each age-matched to three menstruating control subjects as part of a case control study to identify potential risk factors associated with menstrual toxic shock syndrome. Statistically significant findings included increased tampon usage by patients as compared with controls, and fewer patients than controls were using any method of birth control. Numerous other health and hygiene variables were examined and found not to be statistically significant. We critically review the potential biases inherent to the study design. The conclusions and experience gained in this study were crucial to the designing of later case-control studies. PMID- 7091966 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in Oregon: epidemiologic findings. AB - To ascertain the risk factors associated with toxic shock syndrome in Oregon a retrospective questionnaire was given to 18 patients (cases) and to two sets of age- and sex-matched controls. One set of controls consisted of friends (friend controls) chosen by each patient. The second set of controls was selected from women attending a family planning clinic (clinic-controls). Patients were more likely to have used Rely (Procter & Gamble) tampons than friend-controls who were tampon users (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between cases and friend-controls with respect to birth control methods. There were no significant differences between cases and controls for history of sexually transmitted diseases or vaginal infection, frequently of intercourse, intercourse during menstruation, or frequency of tampon change. PMID- 7091967 TI - Statistical methods in the study of toxic shock syndrome. AB - Analysis of statistical methods used in matched case-control studies of toxic shock syndrome shows that matching has implications for validity and precision of the studies and for the choice of analysis techniques. The studies considered accounted for the matching in the analysis, either by the Mantel-Haenszel or Miettinen-Pike-Morrow approach to 1-to-M matched designs, or by the use of conditional maximum likelihood fitting of logistic regression models. Methods of dealing with confounding and effect modification in the (matched) logistic regression model are presented in the context of studies of toxic shock syndrome. The varied statistical techniques used in these studies were generally appropriate to the matched design except that nonmatching variables were not thoroughly considered as effect modifiers or confounders. PMID- 7091969 TI - Variations in the vaginal bacterial flora: a preliminary report. AB - Fourteen women had specimens collected from their nares, hands, vaginal vestibule, and vagina. Samples were taken the week before, during, and the week after menstruation during three menstrual cycles for a total of nine specimens from each location. Qualitative and quantitative studies were done on the vaginal specimens; the other specimens were examined specifically for Staphylococcus aureus. The premenstrual specimens averaged the highest number of bacteria (approximately 10(9)/mL) but the lowest number of different species (approximately 11). The menstrual specimens averaged the lowest total number of bacteria (approximately 4.0 x 10(7)/mL) but the highest average of different species (approximately 14). The highest rate of positive cultures was for the nares, 34%; followed by vaginal vestibule, 20%; vagina, 19%; and hands, 4%. The nine sequential location samples showed the following percentages of S. aureus: nares, 57%; hands, 29%; vaginal vestibule, 57%; and vagina, 64%. PMID- 7091970 TI - Possible mechanisms for vaginal infection with Staphylococcus aureus: inferences drawn from studies of nosocomial infection of newborn infants and surgical patients. AB - Previous epidemiologic studies of staphylococcal infections in newborn infants and surgical patients provide clues to the method of infection in toxic shock syndrome. In newborn infants, staphylococci were shown to be transmitted most often by the hands of nursery personnel to the umbilical stump, which afforded a warm, moist milieu for bacterial growth. Studies indicated that many surgical wound infections were due to the patients' own organisms, which were carried into the operating room on the patient's skin. It is hypothesized that in toxic shock syndrome the tampon becomes contaminated with a staphylococcal strain from the woman's own hands or skin during the process of insertion. With menstrual blood retained by the tampon in the warm vagina acting as a culture medium, the organism multiplies and elaborates toxin. PMID- 7091968 TI - A review of the epidemiologic studies of toxic shock syndrome. AB - In response to case reports of toxic shock syndrome, six case-comparison studies were done in 1980. Early cases were predominantly in menstruating women, and the use of tampons was strongly associated with the onset of illness. Because of the widespread publication of this finding, the case-comparison studies had problems due to differential ascertainment and recall bias. However, the number of cases among women was so great and the relation with tampon use so marked that unreasonable assumptions are necessary if the results are to be attributed to these biases. The studies show the power of epidemiologic methods, even given the unfavorable circumstance of an uncommon condition, associated with a common practice. Although the absolute risk of toxic shock syndrome is small, tampon users have more than a tenfold excess risk of the condition over women not using tampons, and the use of tampons is an adequate explanation for the excess risk of women over men. PMID- 7091972 TI - Nasal and vaginal Staphylococcus aureus in young women: quantitative studies. AB - On quantitative cultures using media selective for staphylococci, 15 of 145 healthy women (10.3%) had Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the vagina; numbers of staphylococci ranged from 3 x 10(1) to 7.3 x 10(7) per swab. Nine of 15 women who were S. aureus vaginal carriers were also nasal carriers, but only 30 of 130 of women without vaginal S. aureus also had coagulase-positive staphylococci in the nose (p = 0.002). Among women with S. aureus at both sites, the numbers of vaginal and nasal staphylococci isolated were not correlated. No association was found between the presence of vaginal staphylococcal colonization and the use of tampons compared to napkins. Cultures taken during menstruation from which S. aureus were isolated contained significantly higher numbers of coagulase-positive staphylococci (mean log +/- SE of 4.0 +/- 0.3) than positive cultures after menstruation (3.3 +/- 0.2) (p less than 0.02). PMID- 7091971 TI - Toxin and enzyme characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with and without toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091973 TI - Toxic shock syndrome: relation to catamenial products, personal health and hygiene, and sexual practices. AB - In 1980, the discovery of an association between vaginal tampon use and toxic shock syndrome affected the lifestyles of menstruating women and the catamenial products industry. It made both the general public and the medical community more aware of all aspects of menstruation. The relation between developing toxic shock syndrome and tampon use is unclear; tampon fluid capacity (absorbency) remains the best predictive measure of that risk. No unique aspect of tampon use other than absorbency seems to increase the risk of developing toxic shock syndrome, and numerous hygiene and medical history factors do not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa indicate that 70% to 75% of women between the ages of 15 and 24, the group with the highest risk of developing menstrual toxic shock syndrome, continued to use tampons after news media attention in 1980 on the association of the syndrome with tampon use. This rate of use is higher than the rate found for the general population by recent tampon market research. PMID- 7091974 TI - In-vitro studies of interactions between tampons and Staphylococcus aureus. AB - In-vitro studies were done to investigate the role of tampons and Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome. Tampons did not enhance the growth of S. aureus in nutrient broth or human blood. Intrinsic contamination of tampons with S. aureus was not found among the 504 tampons cultured (95% confidence limits of fraction contaminated; 0 to 0.007). Toxin-producing S. aureus persisted significantly longer on artificially contaminated Rely tampons (Procter & Gamble) than on the other brands tested. The proportion of clinical isolates of S. aureus capable of producing toxin increased from two of 36 in 1960 to eight of 20 in 1979 (p = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). This general increase in the proportion of toxin-producing strains may partially explain the increase in cases of toxic shock syndrome in recent years. PMID- 7091975 TI - Psychological correlates of tampon use in adolescents. AB - Six hundred and nineteen adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 were surveyed regarding catemenial product use patterns and the relation of tampon use to reports of symptoms, attitudes, and family beliefs about menstruation. Napkin use decreased and tampon use increased from elementary to senior high school. Tampons were used by 23% of the 5th and 6th grade girls and 75% of the 11th and 12th grade girls. The majority of adolescents learned how to use tampons from their mothers, although the source of explanation varied by age. Tampon users were less self conscious about themselves and more comfortable talking about menstruation. A positive family atmosphere was reported by girls who learned how to use tampons from their mothers rather from others. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for adolescent health and particularly toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091976 TI - Predictors of tampon use in adolescents after media coverage of toxic shock syndrome. AB - Adolescents who use tampons represent the population most susceptible to toxic shock syndrome. We surveyed 714 adolescents from two high schools and three hospital-based clinics to examine patterns of tampon use before and after media coverage on toxic shock syndrome. Predictors of behavior change in adolescent users of tampons were examined in the context of a theoretical model of preventive health behavior. Subjects were 168 adolescents, ages 13 to 19 (mean age, 15.19; mean gynecologic age, 3.4); 50% of the subjects were white; 19%, Asian; 16% black; 7%, Hispanic; and 6%, other. After extensive publicity on toxic shock syndrome, 33.9% of the subjects changed their habits of tampon use; 27.5% stopped using tampons and 6% decreased their use of tampons. Linear logistic regression analyses identified two factors that distinguished adolescents who decreased or stopped use of tampons after publicity on toxic shock syndrome from those who did not: greater likelihood of Rely tampon (Procter & Gamble) use before publicity (p = 0.014) and the belief that they were especially susceptible to toxic shock syndrome (p = 0.013). PMID- 7091978 TI - Epidermal toxin production by Staphylococcus aureus strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7091977 TI - An enterotoxin-like protein in Staphylococcus aureus strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome. AB - An enterotoxin-like protein, tentatively labeled enterotoxin F, was isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strains taken from patients with toxic shock syndrome. Antibodies specific for enterotoxin F were prepared in rabbits. Use of these antibodies showed that 130 (91.5%) of 142 S. aureus strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome produced enterotoxin F. Strains from toxic shock patients in eight other countries were identified as enterotoxin F producers. Only a small number of S. aureus strains from sources other than patients with toxic shock syndrome were found to produce enterotoxin F. Twenty-one of 111 controls had low antibody titers (less than 1:100) to enterotoxin F whereas 86 of 92 toxic shock patients had low acute phase antibody titers (less than 1:100) to enterotoxin F. Eight of 52 patients had serum conversion as shown by an increase in antibody titer to enterotoxin F in sera taken 21 to 60 days after onset of the illness. It may be possible to identify persons susceptible to toxic shock syndrome by measuring their antibody titer to enterotoxin F. PMID- 7091979 TI - Staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: further characterization. AB - Staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C was purified by differential precipitation with ethanol and resolubilization in water followed by thin-layer isoelectric focusing. The purified toxin migrated as a homogeneous protein when re-electrofocused in polyacrylamide (isoelectric point, 7.2), when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (molecular weight, 22,000 daltons), and when reacted against hyperimmune antisera in an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. A 2200-fold purification of the toxin could be obtained. Pyrogenic exotoxin C was elaborated by all of 44 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with toxic shock syndrome when the strains were tested in a blind manner, but five of 37 control isolates produced toxin (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, all of 91 additional isolates from patients with toxic shock syndrome from diverse geographic locations were positive for toxin. In contrast, 158 of 609 (26%) S. aureus isolates not associated with toxic shock syndrome and one of 22 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were positive for pyrogenic exotoxin type C. The biological properties of pyrogenic exotoxin C included pyrogenicity, enhancement of susceptibility to endotoxin shock, enhancement of skin reactivity to give a positive Dick reaction, suppressions of IgM synthesis, and nonspecific T-lymphocyte mitogenicity. PMID- 7091980 TI - Personal characteristics of house staff candidates: a quantitative analysis of relative weights. AB - We surveyed the faculty, fellows, and residents of a department of medicine to determine the relative importance of each of eight personal characteristics evaluated during the interview of house staff candidates. A booklet containing all possible pairings of the eight characteristics was distributed to 219 participants who were asked which member of each pair should have greater weight for assigning an overall interview grade. Usable data were returned by 172 persons (79%) and analyzed by the psychometric scaling method of paired comparisons. The four characteristics with the greatest relative weights were professional attitude, maturity, enthusiasm and energy, and knowledge. The faculty, fellows, and residents were highly consistent in their judgments. However, three of the characteristics (motivation for clinical practice, knowledge, and verbal skill) significantly distinguished the three departmental groups. These results show that utility of the paired comparison method for identifying a department's weighting of variables for selection of house staff. PMID- 7091981 TI - Occupational asthma: coming of age. PMID- 7091982 TI - Asthma and the home environment. PMID- 7091983 TI - The role of infection during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 7091985 TI - Research and training programs in general internal medicine. PMID- 7091984 TI - Training in ambulatory-patient care. PMID- 7091986 TI - Esophageal burn and the microwave oven. PMID- 7091987 TI - Cholestatic jaundice and aminoglutethimide. PMID- 7091988 TI - Hypersensitivity to cimetidine. PMID- 7091989 TI - Metoclopramide and gastric stasis. PMID- 7091990 TI - Pancreatitis and sulindac. PMID- 7091991 TI - Megaloblastic anemia in China. PMID- 7091992 TI - Survival with end-stage renal disease. PMID- 7091993 TI - Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 7091994 TI - Hypercalcemia in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 7091995 TI - Torsades de pointes and nifedipine. PMID- 7091996 TI - The normally functioning prosthetic valve. PMID- 7091997 TI - Gram-negative bacillary meningitis. PMID- 7091998 TI - Campylobacter and pelvic inflammatory disease. PMID- 7092000 TI - Swine-influenza vaccine. PMID- 7091999 TI - Pleural effusion in toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7092001 TI - Lidocaine and psychotic reactions. PMID- 7092002 TI - Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A controlled study using tetracycline. AB - We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 40 patients to evaluate the need for antibiotics in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. All patients were sufficiently ill to require hospitalization although none needed ventilatory support; the presence of pneumonia was excluded. Treatment consisted of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and either tetracycline, 500 mg, or placebo by mouth every 6 hours for 1 week. Arterial blood gases, spirometric tests, bacteriologic evaluation of sputum, and patient and physician evaluation of the severity of illness were assessed at the beginning and end of the study. All patients improved both symptomatically and by objective measures of lung function. At the end of the study period there were no differences between those patients receiving tetracycline and those receiving placebo. We conclude that antibiotic therapy is not needed in moderately ill patients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 7092003 TI - Colonic polyps in patients with acromegaly. AB - Seventeen patients with acromegaly were prospectively studied with barium enemas and colonoscopy to investigate the possibility that acromegaly is associated with an increased frequency of colonic polyps and colon cancer. Polyps were identified in nine patients and were removed and examined in eight. In five patients the polyps were adenomatous, and in four of the five there were multiple polyps. The presence of polyps closely correlated with the presence of skin tags (p = 0.041) and also with the age of the patient (p less than 0.01). No new cases of colonic cancer were discovered; however, reviewing the records of 44 patients with acromegaly, four cases were previously diagnosed with colon carcinoma. This study identifies a unique group of patients that are at risk for the development of colonic polyps and perhaps colon cancer. PMID- 7092004 TI - Calcium oxalate microcrystalline-associated arthritis in end-stage renal disease. AB - Chronic renal failure is known to be associated with secondary hyperoxalemia and the deposition of calcium oxalate in visceral organs, bones, and cartilage. We report the identification of calcium oxalate crystals in the synovial fluid of three patients with chronic renal failure. In one patient, calcium oxalate crystals were also identified within synovium and cartilage. Crystals were pleomorphic and bipyramidal. Some crystals were rod-like and had positive birefringence, thus tending to be confused with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate when observed with only compensated polarized light microscopy. In one patients asymptomatic effusions were associated with joint capsule calcification, but otherwise normal knee radiographs. The other two patients had bilateral knee pain, one having coexistent features of osteoarthritis and the other chondrocalcinosis. Samples of proliferative synovium, joint capsule, and cartilage from the patient with chondrocalcinosis showed abundant calcium oxalate crystals, and not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate or calcium hydroxyapatite. Thus, radiographically typical chondrocalcinosis may be due to calcium oxalate. Joint disease in chronic renal failure may be associated with calcium oxalate as well as the previously recognized apatite deposition. PMID- 7092005 TI - Mumps arthritis: unusual presentation as adult Still's disease. AB - The clinical spectrum of Still's disease suggests disseminated infection. Although the cause of this syndrome remains unknown, recent case reports have noted its association with various viruses. Increased antiviral titers to rubella, coxsackieviruses, and adenovirus have been noted in patients with syndromes similar to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. We describe a patient with apparent adult Still's disease in whom a significant rise in mumps antibody titers was observed. Arthritis in association with mumps infection is a relatively rare condition. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mumps virus infection related to a disorder similar to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7092006 TI - Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood and Chromobacterium violaceum infections in the southeastern United States. AB - Patients with chronic granulomatous disease are predisposed to infections by catalase-positive organisms in the environment. Chromobacterium violaceum is a catalase-positive bacterium whose saprophytic source in this country is the subtropical soil and water of the southeastern United States. Two patients with chronic granulomatous disease, followed at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, acquired C. violaceum infections in Florida. All 10 cases previously reported were acquired in Florida and Louisiana, and reports for which dates were available showed that all infections were acquired from June to September. Seven of 10 patients died; one patient was studied and found to have chronic granulomatous disease. Thus, at least three of the 12 known patients have had underlying chronic granulomatous disease. We suggest that C. violaceum infections occur with unusual frequency in patients with a common underlying predisposing disorder; C. violaceum poses a potential threat to patients with chronic granulomatous disease living in or visiting the endemic states. PMID- 7092007 TI - Scintigraphic thyroid abnormalities after radiation. A controlled study with 99mTc pertechnetate scanning. AB - We did 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy on 99 subjects with no history of therapeutic irradiation to the head or neck. They were compared with 198 irradiated patients selected from a group of over 1700 who were evaluated because of radiation treatment for benign head and neck conditions during childhood. The two groups were similar with respect to age and sex distribution. There were significantly more abnormal scintigrams in the irradiated group (55 of 198 patients versus one of 99 controls). Even after patients and controls with palpable nodules were excluded from the analysis there were still more abnormal scintigrams in the irradiated group (16 of 150 irradiated versus one of 97 control subjects). We conclude that thyroid nodules, including the smaller, nonpalpable nodules discovered by scintigraphy, are related to previous radiation therapy. For persons at substantial risk, such as those who received high-dose treatment (greater than 700 R) during childhood, the data support the use of screening scintigraphy, even with normal findings on palpation. PMID- 7092008 TI - Pulmonary disposition of cortisol. AB - High-dose corticosteroid therapy is used in various lung diseases, yet it is not known if the drug enters the alveolar acinus. Cortisol levels, expressed as a function of albumin concentration, were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 12 patients with lung disease. There was a linear relation of cortisol concentration between blood level and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid level when expressed in relation to the albumin concentration (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001). Incremental doses of intravenous hydrocortisone reach alveolar structures in a concentration directly related to the circulating blood levels. PMID- 7092009 TI - Cyclophosphamide hepatotoxicity in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7092010 TI - Clay ingestion: a rare cause of hypokalemia. PMID- 7092011 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of dimethyl formamide, methylene bisphenyl isocyanate and methylene bisphenyl amine in air samples. PMID- 7092012 TI - The reduction of fumecupboard running costs. PMID- 7092013 TI - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ontario foundry environments. PMID- 7092014 TI - Measurement of cadmium in liver and kidney using in vivo techniques. PMID- 7092015 TI - Industrial trials with the Vickers M88 rapid asbestos fibre counter. PMID- 7092017 TI - Visibility of fine fibres of asbestos during routine electron microscopical analysis. PMID- 7092016 TI - Volumetric method for the determination of carbon disulphide in air using personal sampling and adsorption by active charcoal. PMID- 7092018 TI - Industrial noise-induced hearing loss in Hong Kong--a comparative study. PMID- 7092019 TI - Experience with an occupational exposure data recording system. PMID- 7092020 TI - Stargardt's type macular dystrophy associated with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - A case is presented in which Stargardt's macular dystrophy was found together with the peripheral changes of retinitis pigmentosa. The association of these two conditions, along with their occurrence in a 16-year-old patient, is rare. PMID- 7092021 TI - Ophthalmomyiasis. AB - Ophthalmomyiasis refers to the invasion of the eye by the larval form of the Diptera order fly. The cases reported to date have often displayed rather typical subretinal migratory tracks that are hypopigmented but show hyperfluorescence with angiography. A 37-year-old soldier had been entirely asymptomatic but displayed unilateral subretinal migratory tracks with areas of pigment clumping in the periphery. PMID- 7092022 TI - Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the upper eyelid. AB - Desmoplastic melanoma is a rare and unusual variant of malignant melanoma. Its occurrence has not been previously reported in the ophthalmological literature, nor has an occurrence previously been shown to arise from mucosal melanosis. A case is reported of a patient who appeared to have a recurrent chalazion. The clinician should be alert to this entity when evaluating nodular eyelid lesions especially in the presence of acquired melanosis. PMID- 7092023 TI - Common presentations of sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid. AB - Carcinoma of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid is a malignant lesion bearing a close resemblance to other less aggressive lid lesions. A long period of time often elapses between initial presentation and correct diagnosis and treatment. Three cases are presented to illustrate common presentations of sebaceous gland carcinoma. PMID- 7092024 TI - Migraine optic neuropathy. AB - Transient visual symptoms associated with migraine are a well-described feature of this disease, but permanent visual loss is seen relatively infrequently. Three patients are discussed who experienced permanent visual defects following migraine attacks. Recognition of this syndrome may allow the physician to defer doing an extensive neurological examination of an otherwise neurologically intact patient. PMID- 7092025 TI - Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoidal sinus manifesting as proptosis. AB - We report an aggressive cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoidal sinus that initially manifested as proptosis and was misdiagnosed as meningioma after a frozen section was tested. Fibroosseous lesions containing cementum are considered to be of periodontal membrane origin and are most common in the mandible and maxilla. With the exception of the gigantiform cementoma, they are usually small, innocuous lesions following a benign course and are easily removed surgically. On rare occasions, the cemento-ossifying fibroma attains a large size, behaves aggressively, destroys bone, and requires radical surgery for complete excision. Such behavior appears likely when is is located in unusual sites such as the ethmoidal sinus. To our knowledge, our case is the third report of a cemento-ossifying fibroma arising in the ethmoidal sinus. Aggressive behavior has been a feature in all three instances. PMID- 7092026 TI - Initial observations on the ocular microcirculation in man: the choriocapillaris. AB - The three-dimensional angio-architecture of the human infant choroid is studied using gold-palla-dium-coated plastic corrosion casts and scanning electron microscopy. Anatomic identification of choroidal arterioles and venules allows these vessels to be traced into the choriocapillaris. The characteristic arrangement of endothelial cell nuclear indentations clearly differentiate arterioles from venules. These vessels can be pictured with the use of microdissection techniques. PMID- 7092027 TI - Tension pneumocephalus from orbital roof fracture. AB - Despite the detection and treatment of an extensive orbitocranial fracture in an 18-year-old man following a motor vehicle injury, the persistent leakage of CSF and trapping of air within the intracranial cavity resulted in fulminant neurologic deterioration due to the mass effect of air when tension pneumocephalus developed. The ethmoidal defect closed spontaneously, and the patient recovered neurologically when the tension pneumocephalus was relieved with a ventriculoatrial shunt. Orbitocranial injuries, which may be unsuspected despite careful orbital, neurologic, and conventional roentgenographic examination, have a considerable mortality. The presence of intracranial penetration. The CT scans, which detect as little as 0.5 mL of intracranial air, can be used to document serial changes in amount or position of air and detect shifts of the brain. tension pneumocephalus following orbitocranial injury and management with ventriculoatrial shunting have not been previously reported. PMID- 7092028 TI - Radiation therapy in amyloidosis of the eyelid and conjunctiva: a case report. AB - Many questions about amyloidosis are still unanswered. Etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Diagnosis is difficult to prove without a biopsy. Several approaches have been tried, but no effective cure has been documented. Russian authors report the use of cobalt therapy for a patient with local laryngeal amyloidosis. This paper presents a case report of a patient with local amyloidosis of the conjunctiva. Superficial radiation therapy was used, and resulted in some shrinkage of the lesions. Surgical excision was later utilized to remove the remaining amyloid deposits. PMID- 7092029 TI - Histopathologic examination of a globe containing an intraocular implant. AB - A patient had both cataracts removed and a Copeland pseudophakos was implanted in one eye. Both globes were retained at autopsy for histopathologic study. The globe containing the implant did not show evidence of acute or chronic inflammation of the anterior segment, nor did it display signs suggesting secondary glaucoma. Some erosion of the iris pigment epithelium was present. In general, the globe appeared to tolerate the implant. PMID- 7092030 TI - Screening for glaucoma. PMID- 7092031 TI - Central serous choroidopathy misdiagnosed as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. AB - Visual loss secondary to macular disease can be differentiated from optic nerve lesions relatively easily in the office by simple and reliable noninvasive means. The diagnosis of a medically or surgically treatable lesion can obviate for the patient the often unnecessary anxiety and expense of more extensive studies. PMID- 7092033 TI - Causes of refraction changes: a classification. AB - This classification of refraction changes suggests new and early approaches to the treatment of complications of myopia. By appreciating the ultrasonic work on accommodation by Coleman, The field is opened for a fresh study of such diseases as macular degeneration; diseases of the vitreous, even glaucoma; cataracts; and retinal detachments. Other diseases of the retina for which the causes are obscure may be viewed for possible help, if not a cure. PMID- 7092032 TI - Clinical evaluation of direct and photosensitized ultraviolet radiation damage to the lens. AB - We are reporting a new, objective, and quantitative method for monitoring age related molecular changes in the human ocular lens in vivo, as expressed by increases in at least two (nontryptophan) fluorescence wavelengths. These fluorescence wavelengths appear to be caused by photochemically induced changes in the lens, and they reflect the ultraviolet (UV) filtering capacity of the patients' ocular lenses. These data correlate with previously reported in vitro lens fluorescence changes that are associated with the aging process. This method will also detect alterations in lenticular fluorescence caused by photosensitized as well as direct UV radiation damage. PMID- 7092034 TI - Vitreous variation in vitreous fluorophotometry. AB - Clinical vitreous fluorophotometry is a technique used to evaluate the early breakdown of the blood-retina barrier, which is often seen in diabetic retinopathy. However, the test does not take into account the possibility of individual variations of fluorescein diffusion in the vitreous body. This study undertook to follow the diffusion of a fluorescein solution in 20 different bovine vitreous bodies in a laboratory setting. The results showed a broad distribution of fluorescein diffusion in the sampled population. By statistical analysis, at least three subgroups, differing with respect to the fluorescein dye diffusion pattern, were identified. Further experiments suggest that variation in hyaluronic acid structure in vitreous bodies might account for these differences. PMID- 7092037 TI - Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. AB - The causes of 653 cases of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage were evaluated. The four most common causes, accounting for over 84% of the cases, were diabetic retinopathy (34.1%), retinal break without retinal detachment (22.4%), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (14.9%), and retinal vein occlusion (13.0%). Other diagnoses accounting for a significant number of cases of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage included posterior vitreous detachment, retinal vasculitis, senescent macular degeneration, intraocular tumor, and retinopathy of prematurity. The remaining, uncommon, diagnoses accounted for less than 5% of the cases. PMID- 7092036 TI - Von Hippel tumors in siblings with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - The conditions of three siblings with concurrent retinitis pigmentosa and von Hippel tumors were evaluated. Their eyes showed the characteristic arteriolar attenuation expected in retinitis pigmentosa, except in the retinal sectors containing von Hippel tumors, where large feeder vessels supplied each tumor. Two of the siblings suffered further loss of vision as a result of large exudative retinal detachments associated with the von Hippel tumors. Both patients had satisfactory resolution of the retinal detachments following cryotherapy and laser therapy of their retinal tumors. The third sibling has a small retinal detachment that should te amenable to therapy. Visually handicapped patients require routine follow-up examinations to detect new diseases that may result in low of the remaining vision. PMID- 7092035 TI - Cryosurgery in palpebral vernal catarrh. AB - In nine labeled as resistant palpebral vernal catarrh (keratoconjunctivitis), the upper eyelids were treated by cryosurgery. Eight patients (16 eyelids) showed dramatic and encouraging symptomatic and anatomic results. Cryosurgery has been shown to be an effective, simple, and inexpensive treatment of palpebral vernal catarrh. PMID- 7092038 TI - Temporal contrast sensitivity in central serous choroidopathy. AB - Temporal contrast sensitivity (TCS), a function of foveal sensitivity to sinusoidally modulated stimuli, was measured in 35 patients with central serous choroidopathy. Attenuation of the sensitivity at high temporal frequency was observed even when visual acuity was not impaired. In patients whose visual acuity was impaired, attenuation of the sensitivity of middle and/or low frequency as well as at high frequency was observed. In many cases TCS recovered to various degrees as the condition improved, even when little recovery of visual acuity was observed. PMID- 7092039 TI - Corneal edema as a result of ischemic endothelial damage: a case report. AB - In a 79-year-old woman with temporal arteritis, an attack of corneal edema coincided with an ischemic attack of the anterior eye segment. Specular microscopy 17 months after the acute attack demonstrated a 72% endothelial cell loss on the side with previous edema as compared to the other side without corneal involvement. The development of endothelial damage is assumed to be caused by ischemia of the endothelial cells during the acute phase, which, in turn, caused the corneal edema. PMID- 7092041 TI - The giant apical air cell syndrome. A new entity. AB - A new entity, the giant apical air cell syndrome, is presented and its surgical management is described. The syndrome triad consists of a giant apical air cell, spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea, and recurrent meningitis. Constant pounding of the brain against the dura overlying the giant air cell eventually, cause dural rupture and CSF leak. The giant apical air cell communicates with the eustachian tube creating a direct route for CSF to leak from the subarachnoid space into the nasopharynx. The syndrome is best diagnosed by polytomography of the petrous apex, surgical exploration, and careful dissection using the operating microscope. Dye or contrast studies are no longer necessary. Extracranial surgical management is preferable to the intracranial approach. Tympanomastoidectomy is performed with obliteration of the eustachian tube, middle ear, and mastoid. In this manner, the subarachnoid space is separated from the nasopharynx, preventing further episodes of meningitis. A detailed knowledge of the regional anatomy and the application of basic surgical principles should enable the temporal bone surgeon to accurately diagnose and manage most CSF fistulae. PMID- 7092040 TI - Cell surface variations of the human upper tarsal conjunctiva. AB - Fifteen specimens of the upper tarsal conjunctiva were obtained from subjects with biomicroscopically normal conjunctivae. Ten specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and five by transmission electron microscopy. This examination was performed to examine cells with variant surface morphologic appearance that may be signs of the initial changes typical of those seen in the diseased conjunctiva. Although most specimens had cells with a characteristic uniform distribution of microvilli, seven specimens had cells with nonuniform microvillar patterns. In these seven specimens, less than 5% of the cells showed these changes. Cell surface variations marked by reduced cell diameters and alterations in the microvillar distribution were categorized into two groups: cells with microvilli that were grouped together to form tufts of varying height and number, and cells with a single, centralized group of microvilli. These variations were seen with increased frequency in disease, and it is postulated that the microvillar changes described in this study represent a continuum of adaptive responses of cells to insult and disease. PMID- 7092042 TI - The price of preservation of hearing in acoustic neuroma surgery. AB - Translabyrinthine surgery for acoustic neuroma was introduced in Denmark in 1976, and the results of the first 100 operations are presented. Two deaths occurred, unrelated to the translabyrinthine surgery. Postoperatively, 75% of the patients had normal facial function, while function was reduced in 15% and abolished in 10%. The series represents 85% of all acoustic neuromas operated in Denmark, with 30 new neuromas being diagnosed each year, derived from a population of 5.1 million. The overall postoperative results are compared with the available results from suboccipital removals of acoustic neuromas, and are clearly in favor of the translabyrinthine approach. It is concluded that centralization of acoustic neuroma surgery is necessary, that all acoustic neuromas regardless of size can be removed by the translabyrinthine approach and that the discussion about the hypothetical preservation of hearing by applying the suboccipital approach is being made without solid grounds. To adduce the theoretical chance of preserving hearing in a very small percentage of patients as an argument in favor of the suboccipital approach appears quite irrelevant, and the price of attempting this with the suboccipital approach is too high. PMID- 7092043 TI - Warthin's tumor, a multifocal disease. AB - Of all salivary gland neoplasms Warthin's tumor is the only lesion which is truly multicentric. The most common presentation of these multiple lesions is bilateral solitary masses. We present the first reported case of bilateral multiple tumors occurring simultaneously. The embryology of the salivary glands as it relates to the pathogenesis of this tumor is discussed. The differential diagnosis of the multinodular parotid gland is reviewed. PMID- 7092044 TI - Deafness in cryoglobulinemia. AB - We present a histopathological study of 44-year-old female with essential cryoglobulinemia. She had suffered from purpura and ulcer in winter, bilateral tinnitus and progressive hearing loss. An audiogram taken a week before her death showed bilateral total deafness. In the cochlea of the left temporal bone, the organ of Corti was either missing or present as a mound. The stria vascularis was atrophic throughout the cochlea. The tectorial membrane showed drooping and encapsulation. Reissner membrane was in the normal position. Eosinophilic precipitate was noted in the scala media at the site where Reissner membrane bulged. The spiral ganglion cells were well preserved. In the lower basal turn, there was fibrosis and ossification intermingled in the scala tympani. Ossification was most marked near the basal end. The semicircular canals and vestibule were almost totally ossified and fused with surrounding bone. There was a small, cyst-like structure in the vestibule containing eosinophilic fluid. Our findings indicate that the deafness was the result of circulatory disturbance due to cryoglobulinemia. To our knowledge, this is the first cryoglobulinemia case in which temporal bone findings are reported. PMID- 7092045 TI - Occurrence of additional primary neoplasms in patients with laryngeal carcinoma in Israel (1960-1976). AB - One thousand-six-hundred and sixty cases of laryngeal cancer were diagnosed in Israel during the years 1960-1976. In 98 of these cases another primary cancer accompanied the laryngeal carcinoma. Patients whose second primary cancer was basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin were not included in this study. Therefore, the results reported here deal with 84 patients. The prevalence of multiple primary cancer in patients with laryngeal carcinoma was found to be 5%. Lung cancer is the other primary tumor accompanying laryngeal carcinoma most frequently (29% of the additional tumors) followed by colorectal and bladder cancers. Most of the additional tumors (83%) appeared in a metachronic form with an average time interval of six years. In most metachronic tumors laryngeal carcinoma appeared as the first tumor (86%). Eighty percent of the patients were dead by August 1978. The majority (74%) succumbed due to the additional tumor and only 4% died of laryngeal carcinoma. PMID- 7092046 TI - Accuracy of auditory brainstem evoked response with hearing level unknown. AB - We reported a comparison of auditory brainstem response (ABR)-estimated hearing levels with hearing levels by pure-tone audiogram for 84 ears of 42 children. Their average age was 34 months at the time of ABR and 73 months for the audiogram. Thus, all of these children were managed clinically on the basis of their ABR results. The ABR accurately predicted the pure-tone average (PTA) in 76% and was in error by no more than about +/- 10-12 dB in another 18%. PMID- 7092047 TI - Early- and middle-aer components to clicks as response indices for neonatal hearing screening. AB - Early- and middle-component-averaged electroencephalic responses (AER) to monotic clicks at 60, 40 and 20 dB normal hearing level were elicited from 18 carefully selected normal neonates. Grand-composite AERs of the responses from all 18 babies showed stimulus-related configurations at all three stimulus levels. AERs for individual babies were more frequently identified as stimulus-related when poststimulus activity beyond 10 ms was included in response-identification procedures than when only the first 10 ms was observed. PMID- 7092048 TI - Vocal quality, articulation and audiological characteristics of children and young adults with diagnosed allergies. AB - This study details vocal quality, articulation errors, and hearing disorders in 80 children and young adults with diagnosed allergies. Results indicated that almost 50% had abnormalities in vocal quality and/or articulation and 13% had reduced auditory acuity. Vocal quality disorders showed a significant relationship to bronchial asthma in association with other allergic reactions. All subjects with diminished hearing had allergic rhinitis either singly or in combination with another disorder. Findings suggest that bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis are related to the development of vocal quality disorders and that allergic rhinitis is associated with misarticulations and diminished hearing. The presence of speech sound omissions in allergic rhinitis patients above age 8 may predict the presence or previous history of fluctuating hearing loss. PMID- 7092049 TI - Malleus handle probe: a middle ear diagnostic procedure. AB - Manual probing of the malleus handle (MH) of 477 patients suggests a protective middle ear reflex with a variable tonic contraction of the tensor tympani muscle (TTM). The degree and type of MH retraction suggests three stages of progressive middle ear inflammation. Prediction accuracy of 250 myringotomy findings was 60% with impedance audiometry and 92% with MH probing. Mechanical pressure gauge readings (grams) of 202 ears correlated with finger pressure estimations. The TTM tendons were sectioned in ten children with persisting otitis media with effusion (OME) and seven obtained benefit. The three diagnostic methods, pneumatic otoscopy, impedance audiometry and MH probing, assess similar and separate perimeters and are complementary. Malleus handle probing alone detects attic loculation of OME, 54 of 954 ears (5.6%). it extends the diagnostic range to the TTM activities. PMID- 7092050 TI - Effectiveness of middle ear electrical stimulation for activating central auditory pathways. AB - Electrical stimulation of afferent auditory elements through electrodes placed in the middle ear was investigated in acute guinea pig preparations. Thresholds for auditory activation were current dependent for low frequencies (less than 1 kHz) and charge-dependent at higher frequencies. Threshold currents were 3-5 times those for intracochlear stimulation. Mechanisms of activation were examined with removal of cochlear fluids and injection of neomycin, Xylocaine, saline, and artificial perilymph with different calcium concentrations. Neurons of the spiral ganglion are indicated as mediators of this stimulation. PMID- 7092051 TI - Monophasic extraskeletal mandibular fixation in head and neck surgery. AB - Stabilization, reconstruction, and rehabilitation of certain mandibular fractures or continuity defects may be facilitated by external skeletal fixation. The utilization of a convenient and inexpensive monophasic extraskeletal fixation appliance in select instances of mandibular trauma or head and neck surgery is described herein and illustrated with case reports. PMID- 7092053 TI - Effects of conductive hearing loss on auditory brainstem response. AB - The purpose of this paper is not to propose that auditory brainstem response (ABR) be utilized for the assessment of conductive losses, but to define the effects of conductive hearing loss on the ABR when such a complication occurs. Conductive losses attenuate cochlear stimulation. Since wave V latency is inversely related to stimulus intensity, the magnitude of the conductive loss should be a predictor of the wave V latency delay. In this study, ABR wave V latencies from patients with known conductive losses due to canal occlusion, middle ear effusion, ossicular fixation and chain interruption were compared with latency values calculated from the magnitude of the loss. In those patients with occlusion of the external auditory canal and middle ear effusion, the shift of the wave V latency-intensity function correlated well with the air-bone gap. This correlation was poor for patients with ossicular chain disorders. In mixed hearing losses, the increased wave V latency due to the conductive component may totally mask an increase in latency caused by a retrocochlear component. PMID- 7092052 TI - Hair-clip type piston artificial stapes and the safety auger. AB - A hair-clip artificial stapes prosthesis was used in the surgical treatment of otosclerosis in 22 ears. In nine patients followed an average of 15 months the air-bone gap stabilized at 6-7 dB. Further advantages of the prosthesis design and technique are that they minimize the risk of ischemic necrosis and perilymphatic fistula formation. PMID- 7092054 TI - Cortical, subcortical, and brainstem dysfunction: a correlation in dyslexic children. AB - A group of dyslexic students was examined by a central auditory test (CAT) battery including competing sentences, binaural fusion, filtered speech, and compressed speech. Auditory evoked brainstem responses (BSER) were measured in conjunction with the CAT data. The auditory tests indicate a high degree of failure in those areas requiring sophisticated integration, coordination, and identification of the modified speech stimuli. The BSER did not identify a significant abnormality. The cortical and subcortical areas of integration are proposed as the multicentric sites of impairment in the hearing function found in dyslexic students. PMID- 7092055 TI - Alexander's law: a model and resulting study. AB - Recently we developed an analog model to simulate Alexander's law in nystagmus secondary to dysfunction of a semicircular canal. Alexander's law is based on the observation that the amplitude of the nystagmus grows with increasing gaze in the direction of the fast phase and diminishes with gaze in the opposite direction. To investigate the assumptions made in the model, we conducted quantitative experimental studies on the effect of gaze on caloric-induced nystagmus in human subjects. A weak stimulus (water at 26.5 degrees C and 240 ml/min) was administered for several minutes which caused the development of jerk nystagmus. Both the average slow phase velocity and frequency reached a steady state at about three minutes after the start of irrigation and remained stable until the flow of water was stopped. To investigate the effect of gaze, each subject was asked to hold gaze at various positions from center, to the right, to the left, and to repeat the cycle. Results indicated that the slow phase velocity of the nystagmus was greatest in the direction of the fast phase and decreased approximately linearly with gaze in the other direction in accordance with Alexander's law. Frequency was not a function of gaze. We speculate as to the biological advantages of the brainstem neural circuitry responsible for Alexander's law. PMID- 7092056 TI - Familial laryngeal abductor paralysis with presumed autosomal dominant inheritance. PMID- 7092061 TI - Hypertelorism in nasal and paranasal sinus polyposis. PMID- 7092057 TI - Tracheoesophageal fistula. A complication of foreign body. AB - The case presented is one in which a coin in the esophagus resulted in a tracheoesophageal fistula. It is of interest not only because the occurrence is unusual, but also because the coin remained in the esophagus for an extraordinarily long period before the condition became symptomatic. The various factors responsible for the delay in getting medical help, including the nonavailability of medical services in many parts of Nigeria, are discussed. PMID- 7092064 TI - [Photo-onycholysis induced by doxycycline]. PMID- 7092062 TI - [Spontaneous blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and of mononuclear cells in the dermal infiltrates of atopic dermatitis (author's transl)]. AB - A negative relationship between levels of spontaneous blastogenesis of mononuclear cell infiltrates of the superficial dermis and of lymphocytes circulating in the peripheral blood has been found in a small group of patients with atopic dermatitis. While lymphocytes extravasate into the interstitial spaces of the skin, they come under the influence of a wide variety of mediators some of which may have significant effects on their cellular function. Subsequently troubled lymphocyte traffic backwards to the circulating blood lymphocyte pool via the lymphatics may be of unexpected importance to understand transient depression of cell mediated immunity in patients with severe atopic skin disease. PMID- 7092058 TI - Conditioned middle ear muscle tinnitus a case report. PMID- 7092065 TI - [Chromonychia and anticancer chemotherapy]. PMID- 7092059 TI - Intrinsic malignant schwannoma of the larynx. A case report. AB - The first case of an intrinsic laryngeal malignant schwannoma is reported. The diagnosis of a malignant schwannoma is difficult to establish without gross evidence of its origination in a nerve. Although surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, a combination of surgery and radiotherapy appears promising. The prognosis in most cases is poor, with death usually resulting from persistent or locally recurrent disease. PMID- 7092063 TI - [O'Brien's actinic granuloma, Three cases (author's transl)]. AB - We report three cases of 54, 58 and 65-year-old patients presenting annular lesions with centrifugal migratory extension. They occur exclusively on sun exposed areas. In two cases, the lesions were multiple. In the third case, the lesion was single and mimicked an erythema annulare centrifugum. The past history ranged from 18 months to 8 years. Microscopic examination of the central part showed a disappearance of elastic fibers in upper reticular dermis. Examination of the ring showed in upper reticular dermis an histiocytic granulomatous infiltration with many giant cells, lymphocytes and patterns of elastic fibers phagocytosis. Similar features were found by electronmicroscopy. These three cases illustrate the typical features of O'Brien's actinic granuloma. Relationship between this actinic granuloma and granuloma annulare occurring on sun-exposed areas on one side, and necrobiosis lipoidica, Miescher's granuloma and granuloma multiforme on the other side, are discussed. On the basis of some clinical and histological patterns, the autonomy of O'Brien's actinic granuloma appears to be established. PMID- 7092060 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the sphenoid in a child. AB - The aneurysmal bone cyst is a vascular lesion which destroys and expands bone. We report a case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the sphenoid sinus which resulted in loss of vision due to compression of the optic chiasm. Staged intracranial and extracranial procedures were used to remove the lesion. Aneurysmal bone cysts are very rare in the sphenoid sinus, and this is the first reported case occurring at that site in a child. PMID- 7092066 TI - [Iron deficiency anemia. The pediatrician's point of view (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092067 TI - [Iron deficiency anemia. The hematologist's point of view (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092068 TI - [Folic acid deficiencies in pediatrics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092070 TI - [Immunodeficiency in nutritional anemias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092069 TI - [Anemias from dietary vitamin B12 deficiency and inherited disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism in pediatric patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092071 TI - [Rare nutritional anemias: copper and vitamin E deficiencies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092072 TI - [Geophagia and related syndromes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092074 TI - [Severe anemia in infants and children living in tropical Africa (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092075 TI - [Experimental study of bacteriostatic activity of some lipoaminoacids and their derivatives (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092076 TI - [Diaminobenzidine leukocyte cytochemistry: influence of fixation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092073 TI - [Maternal iron and folate deficiencies. Incidence on the newborn (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092077 TI - [Synthesis and pharmacological study of hindered beta-amino-alcohols (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092078 TI - [Colorimetric determination of total mercury with di-beta-naphthylthiocarbazone. Application to fish control (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092079 TI - [Pharmacological interest of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092080 TI - [Synthesis and reactivity of arylalkynylsulfones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092082 TI - Lateral osteotomy through existing alar base incision. PMID- 7092083 TI - Free serratus anterior muscle and myocutaneous flaps. PMID- 7092084 TI - The significance of distal arteriovenous shunting on skin flap survival an experimental study in pigs. AB - Skin flap survival was studied experimentally in porcine flaps of constant width and varied lengths. No significant differences in flap surviving lengths were noted between 4 by 12 cm and 4 by 18 cm flaps. The concept that arteriovenous shunting in the distal portion of the flap adversely affects flap survival leads to the expectation longer flaps will have shorter surviving lengths than shorter flaps of the same width. Results of this study contradicted this hypothesis. If skin flap survival is determined by a progressive decrease in perfusion pressure as distance from the base of a flap increases, then vascular demand distal to the line of capillary perfusion should be of no consequence. Results of this study are consistent with this hypothesis. PMID- 7092081 TI - [Quantitative procedure for determination of sinapine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092085 TI - Updating reduction and flap procedures for baldness. AB - Corrective surgery for baldness now includes scalp reduction, hair-bearing flaps, and punch autografts. When baldness is mild to extreme in the vertex or anterior vertex, scalp reduction is usually indicated. By reducing the bald area of patient with extreme alopecia, a dense back-ground of hair is provided for implants in both the anterior vertex and frontal regions. Hair-bearing flaps are recommended for those with a marginal outline pattern of excessive baldness and for those with very fine, sparse hair who wish to attain strong and dense frontal growth. Using these advancements results in immediate or "instant" hair. All available adjuncts should be considered for adequate coverage and a natural appearance in the extremely bald patient. PMID- 7092086 TI - Short flaps-their use and abuse in the treatment of male pattern baldness. PMID- 7092087 TI - Lower extremity replantation-two and a half-year follow-up. AB - Successful replantation of the lower extremity at the above-knee level in an 11 year-old girl is reported with a two and a half-year follow-up. The patient has nerve regeneration and protective sensation to her foot. She is fully ambulatory and uses a brace to stabilize her ankle with a 51/2 cm lift on her shoe. Scanograms have revealed a growth of the severed extremity and the initial 10 cm discrepancy between the two legs is now approximately 51/2 cm. Lower extremity replantation is advocated in children and young adults where nerve regeneration is probable. Short ischemia time, probably less than seven hours, is essential for survival. PMID- 7092088 TI - Robert Jones Lecture, 1979. The reconstructive surgery of flaccid paralysis. AB - A flaccid paralysis results from damage to any part of the lower motor neurone, from destruction of the anterior horn cell by poliomyelitis to injury of the peripheral axon by trauma or disease. Reconstructive surgery can do much to alleviate the residual paralysis. The indications and timing for surgery are considered. Certain well-tried operative techniques are described, from tendon transplantation to arthrodeses of joints, and the relative merits of each procedure are evaluated and placed in perspective. PMID- 7092090 TI - Minimal surgery for chronic obstruction in patients with extensive or universal Crohn's disease. AB - Patients with extensive chronic Crohn's disease of the small bowel, who may have had repeated excisional surgery, sometimes develop intestinal obstruction due to the development of a stricture. Surgery is usually thought to be contraindicated since further resections would leave the patient with insufficient small intestine to maintain a normal state of nutrition. Nine such patients have been treated since 1979 by operations which have been designed simply to relieve the obstruction. After careful preparation with intravenous alimentation, clearing the intestine of its contents, and the use of prophylactic antibodies the strictures were treated with minimal excisions, enteroenterostomies, and 'strictureplasties' according to their length and the degree of inflammation. In spite of the apparent danger of carrying out the operations through active Crohn's inflammation there have been no fatalities or major complications and the long-term results have been good. PMID- 7092089 TI - Revision operations after primary gastric surgery. AB - A single surgeon working in a district general hospital gives his experience over 31 years of 179 reoperations after a primary gastric operation has failed to relieve symptoms of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 7092091 TI - Primary gastric lymphoma. Review of 32 cases from Iraq. AB - The clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of 32 patients with primary gastric lymphoma are reported. These tumours constitute about 9% of gastric neoplasms in Iraq. As a group our patients seem to present at an earlier age and with more extensive disease at the time of diagnosis than those with other gastric neoplasms. Surgical excision with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy seems to offer the best chance of long symptom-free survival. PMID- 7092092 TI - Sequential grafts for limb salvage in the presence of widespread occlusive vascular disease. A review of twenty patients. AB - Twenty patients with widespread occlusive vascular disease received sequential bypass grafts for lower-limb salvage. In 16 patients an isolated common femoral or profunda segment was perfused by a proximal graft and run-off was augmented by femoropopliteal bypass. In 4 a femoropopliteal bypass constituted the proximal component perfusing an isolated popliteal segment, run-off being increased by a popliteal-to-tibial graft. Dacron, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Gore Tex), and autogenous vein grafts were used. The mean period of follow-up was 10.6 +/- 7 months and 70% of the limbs were salvaged. Thirteen graft systems remain currently patent, 4 have thrombosed, 2 patients died with patent grafts, and 1 required amputation despite graft patency. PMID- 7092093 TI - Impotence: relevance and assessment in the surgical patient. AB - Two simple methods of assessing the presence and likely cause of impotence are described. The mechanism of sexual dysfunction is discussed with particular relevance to the surgical patient. PMID- 7092094 TI - Respiratory failure after chest injury: the development of effective treatment. AB - The development of methods of treatment of severe chest injury over the years is reviewed and the contribution made by the introduction of intensive care units is assessed. A comparative analysis of the results of treatment in large series of patients reported during the period 1946-78 shows that, despite the risk of complications, the addition of artificial ventilation to conservative methods of treatment reduces mortality in patients with respiratory failure associated with chest trauma. PMID- 7092095 TI - The Kirschner operation for cancer of the oesophagus. AB - In 1920 Kirschner described an operation to bypass oesophageal strictures. In this operation the stomach is brought to the neck by the subcutaneous route and the fundus anastomosed to the proximal end of the divided cervical oesophagus. The distal cervical oesophagus is closed and the intra-abdominal oesophagus is drained into a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum. This paper reports the performance of this operation on 15 African patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus invading the tracheobronchial tree. There were no operative deaths and all the patients could eat a normal diet after the operation. Ten patients also received radiation therapy to the tumour. The technique of the operation and the late results of treatment are discussed. PMID- 7092096 TI - Facial expression in acute appendicitis. AB - Gentle pressure over the abdomen in some cases of acute appendicitis produces a characteristic facial expression which may be useful in diagnosis. PMID- 7092097 TI - Address to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee by sir Alan Parks, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, on Tuesday 27th April 1982. PMID- 7092098 TI - Anaesthesia for microsurgery of the larynx. PMID- 7092099 TI - Cholecystokinin in diagnosis of biliary pain. PMID- 7092100 TI - Chest injuries in a district general hospital. PMID- 7092103 TI - [Colonic involvement in systemic mastocytosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092105 TI - [Role of the radiological examinations in the evaluation of nodular hyperplasia and adenomas of the liver. A report of fifteen cases in adults (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092101 TI - Appendicitis in external herniae. PMID- 7092102 TI - Ischaemic colitis and volvulus of the sigmoid colon. PMID- 7092104 TI - [A giant cell tumor of the mandibular condyle (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092106 TI - [Cineangiography in Budd-Chiari investigation. Flowsheet in the angiographic technics (Eight patients) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092107 TI - [Benign pleural mesothelioma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092108 TI - [Acute cholecystitis diagnosed by ultrasound. A critical study of fifty surgically proven cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092109 TI - [Percutaneous transhepatic internal biliary drainage using choledocal endoprosthesis. Preliminary experience on eleven cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092110 TI - [Tumoral recurrence in carcinoma of the lip: salvage retreatment by curietherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092113 TI - [Hernia through the foramen of Winslow. Report of a cecal hernia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092112 TI - [Symphalangism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092111 TI - [Intravenous pyelography in children comparative study: ioxitalamates - ioxaglates (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092114 TI - [The surgical management of deep venous thrombosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092115 TI - [Osteotomy of the os calcis in children. Technique, indications and results. Discussion of sixty-nine cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092116 TI - [The surgical management of cholelithiasis in patients of over seventy-five years of age (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092117 TI - [The surgical management of unsuspected cholelithiasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092118 TI - [Treatment of old unreduced anterior dislocations of the shoulder by open reduction and a reinforced rib graft. Discussion of three cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092119 TI - [The early stages of Henderson-Jone's disease of the knee (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092120 TI - [Malposition of the gall bladder under the left lobe of the liver. A case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092121 TI - [Cancer of the breast and linitis metastasis or coincidence? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092122 TI - Osteosynthesis in digital replantation surgery. PMID- 7092123 TI - Secondary operations after replantation. AB - 104 secondary operations after 76 successful replantations in the upper limb in 49 patients have been evaluated. Of 150 successful replantations in 106 patients this represents an incidence of secondary procedures of 50.6%. 28.5% for skin cover, 18.6% on nerves, 17.6% on joints, 7.4% on bones and 3.9% on vessels. 1.5% of secondary operations were for removal of materials used for bone fixation. The most frequent operations on the individual structures in relation to level of amputation and the interval after replantation have been described. The inference that the number of reconstructed vessels influences the number of secondary operations can at least be drawn from the figures for skin cover for the finger as a whole, but not for the other structures. From the metacarpus proximally, no relationship could be demonstrated between vessels anastomosed and secondary procedures. An association between type of injury and incidence of secondary operations could be demonstrated. The so-called "unfavourable" slicing injuries. It was remarkable that circular saw and crush injuries, usually regarded as "unfavourable", necessitated fewer further operations than slicing injuries. Equally unexpected was the finding that secondary operations were most frequent not in the oldest age groups but in the group aged between 10 and 20. The type of injury can be excluded as a reason for this. No satisfactory explanation can be given. PMID- 7092124 TI - Traumatic amputations and the need for a replantation service in Finland. AB - The authors review a series of 290 upper extremity amputee patients injured between 1974-79 from a 400,000 population area of one central hospital. Among these amputation injuries were 55 cases which were considered "serious", i.e. effecting seriously the function of the hand. Calculations were extrapolated to obtain reliable numbers for the need of a replantation service in Finland within a population of 5 million. According to the available data 90-160 patients annually would need a replantation service for their amputation injuries inthe country. Some conclusions were also drawn about the results obtained with or without replantation surgery among the "seriously injured" group. The results obtained with the replantation service were clearly superior to the results achieved without replantation. PMID- 7092125 TI - Toe to hand transfer. AB - Nine patients received a toe-to-finger transfer after accidental amputation and one after a congenital defect. One led to secondary amputation due to arterial thrombosis. Seven of the 9 patients would have the operation again if needed. Five transplants were great toe-to-thumb transfers which the authors feel superior to second toe to thumb transplantations. The method seems to be useful in reconstructive hand surgery. PMID- 7092126 TI - Transposition of pedicled skin flaps in the hand. AB - A series of 28 neurovascular island flaps are presented together with a series of three radial innervated pedicled flaps. The former method gave superior results compared to the latter. The mean follow-up period was 4.3 years. All the flaps survived and 21 of the neurovascular flaps were classified good to excellent, 4 cases gave fair results and in three cases the result was classified poor. Only one of the neural pedicled radial innervated flaps could be classified as fair whereas both of the others gave poor results. The neurovascular island flap method is regarded a valuable alternative to a tree vascularized composite tissue graft. PMID- 7092127 TI - Microsurgery of peripheral nerves. PMID- 7092128 TI - Microneurovascular free muscle reconstruction for long established facial paralysis. PMID- 7092129 TI - Cross-face nerve transplantation in facial palsy. AB - A two-stage technique of cross face nerve transplantation in facial palsy is presented. This operation is regarded a substitutional procedure with the mose physiological basis, but beyond the age of 50 other easier operations should be performed unless favourable conditions prevail. The results in 35 patients are reviewed. The cross face nerve transplantation never attain the quality of ipsilateral facial nerve repair, but in case of regeneration the operation is superior to all other substitution operations. PMID- 7092130 TI - Microlymphatic surgery of secondary lymphoedema of the upper limb. AB - Out of 79 patients with upper limb lymphoedema 73 developed it following radical mastectomy. The ages of the patients ranged from 32 to 75. Direct upper lymphography and phlebography was carried out in 73 cases. Two factors have turned out to be important when microlymphatic surgery is considered: the level of blockade of the lymph trunks and the condition of the lymphatic trunks. 83 patients have been subjected to microsurgical intervention. Postoperative good results were seen in 30% and fair results in 56%. PMID- 7092131 TI - Microsurgery for tubal and ovarian disease. AB - The use of microsurgery has been responsible for improvements of various aspects of the management of tubal and ovarian disease. Microsurgery has not merely been a vital experimental tool in the study of tubal physiology and pathology, but has been of proven value in alleviating infertility following pelvic inflammatory disease and for reversal of sterilization. The most dramatic advance has been in the treatment of cornual damage but microsurgery also has a place for salpingostomy and for the preparation of the pelvis before attempts are made at egg recovery for in vitro fertilization. PMID- 7092132 TI - Elective splenectomy - a comparison of management in children and adults. AB - Elective splenectomies were performed on 39 children and 366 adults at the same hospital from 1969 to 1979. Sex distribution, extent of operative blood loss, drainage routines and length of hospital stay were similar in both groups. However, differences were observed concerning the type of incision, early ligature of the splenic artery and postoperative complications. Subcostal and transrectal incisions were most frequently used, and can be recommended. Ligature of the splenic artery above the pancreas facilitated the extirpation of large spleens. Drainage can be omitted, provided that haemostasis is complete. The necessity of removing accessory spleens and pneumococcal vaccine administration are stressed. PMID- 7092133 TI - Small bowel and liver pO2 during intravenous vasopressin infusion. AB - It has been suspected that vasopressin infusion may cause small bowel necrosis and liver ischaemia. In this study a direct method of measuring the oxygen tension of these organs during intravenous vasopressin infusion was used for the first time. Vasopressin in a dose of 2.75 mU/kg/min was infused during a 45 minute period in ten dogs. Both intestinal and liver pO2 decreased to a hypoxic level. This level was observed within a mean time of 25 minutes in both organs. After discontinuing the vasopressin infusion the oxygen tension was noted to return to normal in 45 minutes. It is concluded that vasopressin causes definite ischaemia of the small bowel and the liver parenchyma, and consequently this vasoactive drug should be used with care. The exact time of onset and duration of intestinal hypoxia could be of great value in planning vasopressin induced hypoxia for radioprotection. PMID- 7092134 TI - Changing aetiology of acute pancreatitis. AB - A retrospective study was undertaken in two groups of patients admitted due to acute pancreatitis in order to obtain information of the relative importance of the main aetiological factors. The first group, consisting of 97 patients, was admitted during 1967--68; the second group of 163 patients during 1977--78. Biliary disease was the main causative factor (53.4%) in the first group of patients with a first-attack of pancreatitis, and alcoholism accounted for only 15.9%. In the second group, ten years later, alcoholism assumed a leading role accounting for 57.5% of the first attack victims as compared to biliary disease with 22.5%. In the total material alcoholism was the aetiological factor in 80.8% of patients with relapsing acute pancreatitis. The absolute and proportional increase of alcohol-induced pancreatitis might be a consequence of a 2.5 fold rise of the consumption of alcohol in Finland during the period of study. Acute alcoholic pancreatitis affected mostly young men and showed a mortality of 7.2% as compared to that of biliary pancreatitis with 13.5% mortality. PMID- 7092135 TI - Lead poisoning after a shotgun femoral fracture. PMID- 7092136 TI - The value of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole as prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy. AB - 131 patients from 158 appendicectomies were randomly divided before the operation into two groups: a single intravenous dose of metronidazole, and a physiological saline placebo group. The overall infection rate was 8.4%. In the non-perforated cases the infection rates were 3.4% in the metronidazole and 7.9% in the placebo group. In cases with perforated appendix the infection rate was 40%. There was no statistically significant difference in the infection rates between the groups. Our results give no clear indication of the benefit of metronidazole prophylaxis and we propose, therefore, to concentrate on the technical aspects of appendicectomy in infection prophylaxis. PMID- 7092137 TI - Prediction of phenytoin dosage in epilepsy using multiple linear regression. AB - Analysis of plasma phenytoin in a group of patients treated for epilepsy showed that only 36% had values in the therapeutic range. The relationship between plasma phenytoin, body weight, and daily dosage of the drug were explored, and the data were analysed by multiple regression. The resultant equation, relating all three factors, were used to optimise drug dosage, and the importance of using the body weight of the patient before starting a phenytoin regimen is emphasised. An increase in the number of patients with plasma phenytoin in the therapeutic range was achieved, and the clinical value of being in that range is shown. PMID- 7092139 TI - Determination of total and direct bilirubin in plasma by means of a bichromatic method on a centrifugal analyser. AB - A bichromatic method is described for the determination of both total and direct reacting bilirubin using a miniature centrifugal analyser. Bilirubin was coupled with diazotised sulphanilic acid in strongly acidic reaction conditions, and sodium dodecyl sulphate was used as accelerator for the measurement of total bilirubin. The inclusion of dyphylline as a haem-binding agent greatly reduced interference, even in the presence of extreme haemolysis. The method was shown to be precise, to be more sensitive and less affected by haemolysis than alternative methods, and to allow the estimation of total and direct bilirubin within the same run. PMID- 7092138 TI - Precocious pseudopuberty due to a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Biochemical investigation and pitfalls in interpretation of hormone assays. AB - The biochemical investigation is described of a boy who presented with precocious puberty at the age of 3 years 9 months due to a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Serum androgen levels were grossly elevated (17 hydroxyandrogens 10 nmol/l, androstenedione 129 nmol/l), 17 hydroxyprogesterone was modestly elevated (21 nmol/l), while serum gonadotrophins were low and testes were prepubertal in size. The major differential diagnosis was between an androgen-producing tumour and CAH. Initial serum and urine corticosteroid concentrations and their responses to dexamethasone were diagnostically misleading, later found to be due to lack of specificity of the radioimmunoassays and fluorimetric methods employed. Elevated basal plasma ACTH levels and suppression of androgen and ACTH levels by dexamethasone strongly suggested CAH. Definitive diagnosis of an 11 beta hydroxylase defect was established by capillary column gas liquid chromatography of urine which demonstrated excess androgen and 11-deoxycortisol metabolites but no cortisol metabolites. The diagnosis was confirmed by specific serum assays of 11-deoxycortisol, deoxycorticosterone, and cortisol. The contribution of hormone assays and a protocol for their use in the diagnosis and monitoring of precocious puberty is discussed. PMID- 7092141 TI - Use of an enzyme standard in the measurement of enzymes in a Clinicon reaction rate analyser. AB - Measurement of enzyme activity in a Clinicon reaction rate analyser was carried out in two ways: one method was based on absolute calibration and the other used an enzyme standard which involved adjustment of results according to the value for the standard obtained in each batch. Batch calibration significantly improved long-term precision and reduced differences between results obtained in different instruments. PMID- 7092140 TI - A simple automated colorimetric method for determination of N-acetyl- beta-D glucosaminidase. AB - An automated method for the determination of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in serum or plasma using p-nitrophenol (pNP) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine as substrate and a Pye Unicam AURA system is described. Normal samples had activities of 853 +/- 146 (SD) nmol pNP liberated/ml/h, with intra-assay coefficient of variation 1.2% and inter-assay coefficient of variation 1.6%. Inhibition of enzyme activity by heparin in plasma samples can be reversed by the addition of calcium chloride to the buffer. PMID- 7092142 TI - Salivary cortisol determination: adaptation of a commercial serum cortisol kit. AB - The determination of cortisol levels in saliva offers a number of significant advantages as compared with plasma or serum measurements, and radioimmunoassay is the technique of choice because of the greater sensitivity required. To date, the assay of salivary cortisol has been limited to only a few centres employing 'in house' reagents. We describe some simple modifications of a commercial kit, designed for the assay of cortisol in serum and urine, which allow direct and rapid determination of the steroid in saliva. These modifications enable any laboratory with access to a gamma counter to perform large numbers of salivary cortisol assays at relatively low cost. PMID- 7092143 TI - Effect of favourable treatment of samples on indices of performance in external quality assessment schemes. AB - This study was carried out to examine the effect on performance, as assessed by external quality assessment schemes, of (a) replicate analysis of external quality assessment samples, and positioning of external quality assessment samples immediately after the calibrants, and (b) alteration of results on the basis of previous performance in order to bring them closer to the method mean values obtained from all laboratories participating in the external quality assessment scheme. Indices of performance were then compared with those obtained from our normal practice where external quality assessment samples were treated as patient samples. Using these methods we were unable to improve significantly our precision or league ranking based on precision over the six-month period of study. We were able to reduce our bias from method means but at the expense of making precision and league ranking worse. PMID- 7092144 TI - Effect of recent food on estimation of high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol in normal subjects. AB - Magnesium/phosphotungstic acid was confirmed as specific for precipitation of chylomicrons, low-density and very low density lipoprotein particles in serum from healthy volunteers who were either fasting or who had eaten egg yolks or a salmon sandwich containing Flora margarine 2 hours previously. In eight subjects who ate salmon sandwiches that contained butter or Flora margarine, neither the total cholesterol nor the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol differed significantly from the fasting level over 7 hours. In eight subjects, egg yolks also did not alter significantly either the total serum cholesterol or the HDL cholesterol at 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2, 5, and 7 hours after eating. Patients may be screened for HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol estimation when not fasting. However, individual subjects showed variation in their total cholesterol and, particularly, HDL cholesterol over a three-month period. Replicate analysis of HDL cholesterol may be required for its complete assessment. PMID- 7092145 TI - A column chromatographic method for the removal from 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol of impurities that inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity. AB - The selective removal from 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol solutions of impurities that inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity by means of Amberlite chromatography is described. The effects of buffer concentration, column dimensions, adsorbent type, and zinc sulphate addition were investigated. The method was found to improve greatly the quality of commercial 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol solutions and to have several advantages over alternative purification methods. PMID- 7092146 TI - Minimisation of salicylate interference in the Glynn and Kendal paracetamol procedure. AB - The Glynn and Kendal technique for plasma paracetamol assay was investigated in an attempt to eliminate its susceptibility to interference from salicylate. Modification of the nitrating reaction so as to produce milder conditions by omission of hydrochloric acid, reduction of nitrite concentration, and limiting the time of reaction to 2 minutes resulted in far less interference. A further improvement was achieved by reading at 450 nm. The proposed modification reduces the interference from a salicylate concentration of 100 mg/dl to the equivalent paracetamol concentration of 12 mg/l, compared with about 70 mg/l in the unmodified method. PMID- 7092147 TI - An ELISA procedure for detecting human anti-endotoxin antibodies in serum. AB - We report an ELISA method suitable for the large-scale screening of blood bank stores to identify those blood units containing high concentrations of antiendotoxin antibodies. In Natal, 8.3% of total units collected had antiendotoxin antibodies at concentrations greater than 40 micrograms/ml, values that may be therapeutically useful. We found that one technician could screen enough samples per year to produce 800 litres of such high-titre plasma. PMID- 7092149 TI - [Reconstruction of the internal surface of the cheek. Current surgical concepts]. PMID- 7092148 TI - Acid phosphatase after examination of the prostate. PMID- 7092150 TI - [Use of pectoralis major cutaneomuscular flaps in cervicofacial reconstruction. Apropos of 22 cases]. PMID- 7092152 TI - [Repair of lower lip excisions with double naso-genial flaps]. PMID- 7092151 TI - [Review of 52 sliding island flaps on the cheek]. PMID- 7092153 TI - [Surgical repair in the treatment of cancer of the lips. Technics and indications]. PMID- 7092154 TI - [Value of musculocutaneous flaps in the repair of the buccal and pharyngolaryngeal mucosa]. PMID- 7092155 TI - [Cancers of the anterior portion of the mouth floor. Repair with nasogenal flaps after excisional surgery]. PMID- 7092156 TI - [Technics of plastic surgery of the breast in breast cancerology]. PMID- 7092157 TI - [Reconstructive surgery of the breast and bilateral cancers]. PMID- 7092158 TI - [Side effects of cortisone in prostheses used for breast reconstruction]. PMID- 7092159 TI - [The shaping of the nipple with a cartilage graft from the concha of the auricle in mammary reconstruction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092160 TI - [Surgical management of upper limb defects due to chemonecrosis. Reflections on a short series of six cases(author's transl)]. PMID- 7092161 TI - [Subcutaneous angiomas of the hand]. PMID- 7092162 TI - [The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092163 TI - [The club-shaped deltopectoral flap (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092164 TI - [Tonsural bald spot reduction, an adjunct to transplantation in common baldness]. PMID- 7092166 TI - [Malignant melanoma in children. Anatomoclinical review of 12 cases]. PMID- 7092165 TI - [Pitfalls of surgery of the parotid region]. PMID- 7092167 TI - [Lower lid cosmetic surgery techniques. (An interview of D. Marchac and J.P. Lalardrie (by V. Mitz) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092169 TI - Necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn. AB - The clinical presentation, diagnostic features, therapeutic measures, and results of treatment of 29 infants with the firmly established diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis are reviewed. A cohort of control patients are studied in an attempt to identify risk factors which may predispose infants to develop this serious complication of the newborn period. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in our series is 1.2 per 1000 live births, similar to that reported by other investigators. The prognosis is particularly grave in infants of very low birth weight and among those who exhibit radiographic evidence of portal venous air or who develop disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 7092168 TI - Fibronectin in rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluids and in synovial fluid cryoproteins. AB - Concentrations of fibronectin, immunoglobulins G, M, and A, and C3 and C4 components of complement, and other plasma proteins were determined in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other diseases (non-RA). Fibronectin concentrations were two to three times greater in all synovial fluids than in plasma, and RA synovial fluids had a significantly higher mean concentration than non-RA fluids (883 microgram per ml vs. 588 microgram per ml, respectively, p less than 0.01). The mean concentrations of other synovial fluid constituents were less than their mean plasma concentrations. These results suggest that unlike other plasma constituents, either plasma fibronectin is concentrated in synovial fluids or that a substantial portion of synovial fluid fibronectin may be derived from synovial tissue cells. Both the C3 and C4 complement components were present in lower concentrations in RA than in non-RA synovial fluids. The C3 contents showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the fibronectin contents. Fibronectin was also found in all synovial fluid cryoprotein fractions tested, although its content varied greatly as a percent of the total cryoprotein protein (0.01 to 43 percent). The data show that fibronectin is a consistent constituent of synovial fluid cryoproteins in agreement with our previously reported finding that fibronectin is found in all serum cryoglobulin fraction tested. PMID- 7092171 TI - Nutrition and health. A survey of young men and women in Heidelberg. PMID- 7092170 TI - Transient reticulocytopenia in viral illness. AB - Infection resulting in transient reticulocytopenia and anemia, the so called "aplastic crisis," has frequently been documented in patients with congenital hemolytic anemia. However, this association with hematologically normal patients has been less well recognized. Its occasional severity is illustrated by this report of two cases of marked reticulocytopenic anemia in association with probable viral infections. These were previously health children whose anemias could be explained only by a temporary interruption of erythropoiesis. These patients recovered spontaneously and were in good health one year later. A subsequent separate survey of leukopenic patients with a wide variety of viral infections demonstrated significant reticulocytopenia in seven of 35 patient (20 percent). It is concluded that in addition to the more widely appreciated neutropenia and thrombocytopenia of viral infections, reticulocytopenia is a common manifestation of many viral infections and may occasionally result in profound anemia. PMID- 7092172 TI - [Evolution of splenic lympho-reticular populations during the immune response "in vitro" in the chick (author's transl)]. AB - The different types of cell population in organotypic cultures of spleen from chicken immunized with Salmonella paratyphi B were enumerated. The kinetics of immunoglobulin and of antiflagellar antibody synthesis followed the cellular variations observed. Two phases were generally observed: one was characterized by a considerable decrease in small and medium-sized lymphocytes by a lytic process and the appearance, by transformation and/or multiplication, of a large population of hyperactive macrophages. The IgM and IgG synthesized between the 2nd and 9th days only partially consisted of antiflagellar antibodies; some were synthesized probably by large basophilic cells and others by the few plasma cells which were observed, generally isolated on the prints. The second phase, from the 11th to the 21st day, manifested a narrower antibody specificity in that all the IgG, the only immunoglobulin synthesized during this period, might be entirely absorbed by the antigen and corresponded to the proliferation of a new lymphoreticular population. A close cellular cooperation seemed to occur at this stage between these two types of population, the macrophages appearing to stimulate lymphopoiesis. Colonies of plasma cells, characteristic of this phase, appeared from the 13th day. These two phases were separated around the 9th day be a brief period of cellular depression. Although the transformations, the contacts and the islets observed among the lympho-reticular populations indicated their plasticity and their capacity for change during the reaction, it must be noted that there was no in vitro example of antibody synthesis occurring without the simultaneous presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and pyroninophile cells. PMID- 7092174 TI - [Anti-tumour cytostatic and cytotoxic properties of peritoneal exudate cells of conventional and germ-free mice, stimulated or not by "Corynebacterium parvum" (author's transl)]. AB - The treatment by Corynebacterium parvum induced an increase of peritoneal cell number in conventional mice but no modifications in germ-free mice. Against YC8 tumoral target cells, cytostatic properties of peritoneal cells were of the same intensity in conventional and germ-free after C. parvum treatment. Against K.BALB cells, C. parvum treatment induced an increase of cytostatic properties from 9 to 93% in conventional mice and from 51 to 84% in germ-free mice. Cytotoxic properties were increased by C. parvum in conventional mice but were unchanged in germ-free mice. The bacterial flora could play a role in the cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of peritoneal cells in conventional mice. PMID- 7092173 TI - [Inflammation and host resistance against tumours. III.--Early effect of a distant inflammation on the Lewis carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092175 TI - Protection against Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. I.--Vaccination of mice with merozoites and Freund's adjuvants. AB - Rodent malaria can be a useful experimental model for preliminary studies of some of the variables of a future malaria vaccine (e. g. optimal doses of merozoites to be used for immunization, nature of adjuvant, etc.). The present study shows that a partial protection can be achieved in outbred OF-1 mice after vaccination with isolated Plasmodium chabaudi merozoites and Freund's complete adjuvant. These results show the relative importance of parasite virulence, number of merozoites used for immunization and size of challenge inoculum. The optimal conditions for using such a model in vaccination experiments are discussed. In these conditions the major effect of immunization is to transform an acute lethal infection into an acute self-curing infection, which is subsequently followed by a solid state of protection against a secondary challenge. PMID- 7092176 TI - Regulation of lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide by normal serum. AB - Lymphocyte blastogenesis of guinea-pig spleen cells induced by various doses of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (conA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assayed in the absence or in the presence of normal guinea-pig serum, foetal calf serum or heterologous albumin or gamma-globulins. Opposite effects of diluted and of concentrated sera were observed on blastogenesis induced either by PHA or by ConA: high concentrations inhibited blastogenesis whereas low concentrations enhanced mitogenesis. Homologous serum inhibited LPS-induced blastogenesis whatever the concentration used. These results could be explained by the interaction of serum with the membrane of lymphocytes stimulated by ConA, PHA or LPS. Furthermore sera could interfere with ConA. The implications of these experiments are discussed. PMID- 7092177 TI - Local cerebral glucose metabolism in newborn dogs: effects of hypoxia and halothane anesthesia. AB - Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in 36 neuroanatomical structures of normal awake, halothane-anesthetized, and hypoxic newborn puppies by the autoradiographic 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method. In normal animals, LCGU was highest in the vestibular nucleus and in other gray matter nuclei of the brainstem and declined in a caudal-to-rostral progression through the neuraxis (i.e., LCGU of cerebellum greater than thalamus approximately equal to caudate putamen greater than cerebral cortex). Lowest rates of glucose metabolism were detected in white matter structures. Halothane anesthesia (1.5% inspired) caused few changes in local glucose metabolism, the most notable being decreased LCGU among structures of the auditory system (cochlear nucleus, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus) and increased LCGU in the interpeduncular nucleus. Acute systemic hypoxia (arterial oxygen tension of approximately 12 mm Hg) produced markedly heterogeneous effects on local glucose metabolism: LCGU was increased in some gray matter structures, decreased in the thalamus, and substantially increased in the subcortical white matter and corpus callosum. In puppies whose brains were frozen in situ after 55 minutes of hypoxia, the concentration of lactate was increased ten- to elevenfold in cortical gray and subcortical white matter, but the concentrations of glucose, adenosine triphosphate, and phosphocreatine declined to a greater extent in the white matter. The results suggest that during hypoxia the high rate of glycolysis in white matter exceeded substrate supply so that glucose availability became the limiting factor for local energy production. Such a mechanism may contribute to the white matter injury that often develops following hypoxic-ischemic insults in the perinatal period. PMID- 7092178 TI - Taurine and hyperexcitable human muscle: effects of taurine on potassium-induced hyperexcitability of dystrophic myotonic and normal muscles. AB - Progressively increasing concentrations of potassium chloride in Evans blue saline were administered to patients affected with myotonic dystrophy and to healthy volunteers before and after parenteral treatment with taurine. Excitability changes of thenar eminence muscles were related to the venous potassium and chloride concentrations. The actual electrolyte concentrations were compared to those to be expected if no infused electrolytes had been transported into cells. The expected concentrations were calculated by means of Evans blue dilution. This method permitted quantification of changes of muscle-excitability in terms of the potassium chloride concentration capable of disturbing the electrical activity of the studied muscles. The method also provided an indirect evaluation of electrolyte movements across muscle membrane in vivo in humans. Dystrophic myotonic muscles appeared highly sensitive to extracellular potassium and, unlike normal muscles, were unable to accumulate potassium-induced muscle hyperexcitability and favored electrolyte accumulation in dystrophic myotonic muscles. The stabilizing effect of taurine is discussed in relation to its ability to increase intracellular potassium concentration, membrane conductance, or both. PMID- 7092179 TI - Cerebral blood flow after experimental basal ganglia hemorrhage. AB - The effect of cerebral hemorrhage on regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) in awake, unrestrained rats was studied by comparing intracaudate injections of whole blood (N = 14), centrifuged blood (N = 2), and inert plastic (N = 1). RCBF was measured by the polarographic hydrogen clearance technique using chronically implanted electrodes in the cortex and caudate bilaterally. After hemorrhage, animals became comatose and flows diminished 23 to 30% (p less than 0.01) below baseline values. Recovery of RCBF to prehemorrhage values was accompanied by awakening and survival while persistently low RCBF in all regions occurred only in the 2 animals died, suggesting that physiological changes which lower RCBF in after hemorrhage may be harmful. Transient hyperperfusion of the contralateral cortex occurred in 6 of 10 animals during the first 10 minutes after hemorrhage. In all 8 animals tested daily there was significant hyperperfusion of one or both cortical regions during the second or third day after hemorrhage (mean increase in right cortex RCBF, 30%, p less than 0.05; left, 45%, p less than 0.01). Injection of an identical volume of plastic was not accompanied by hyperperfusion, suggesting that destruction of the caudate or addition of an intracerebral mass was not responsible for the increase in blood flow. However, injection of centrifuged blood components caused immediate hyperperfusion, which persisted in some cortical regions on the following day. A substance in cerebral hemorrhage clot may cause increased cortical RCBF. PMID- 7092180 TI - Shortening reaction in patients with cerebellar ataxia. AB - During passive extension of the elbow, the triceps muscle normally shows a burst of electromyographic activity. This shortening reaction (SR) is known to be exaggerated in extrapyramidal disease states, but the effects of cerebellar disease are unknown. The SR was measured in both arms of a patient with hemiataxia, the unaffected arm serving as a matched control. In the ataxic arm, the SR was significantly larger and did not show the normal increase during "reinforcement." In a patient with bilateral ataxia, the SR was grossly exaggerated as compared with the SRs in a group of normal subjects. The present findings indicate an unexpected point of similarity between cerebellar and extrapyramidal disease states, which is discussed in terms of the anatomical connections of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. The techniques used in this work provide a quantitative approach to disorders of movement and muscle tone. PMID- 7092181 TI - Complex partial seizures on closed-circuit television and EEG: a study of 691 attacks in 79 patients. AB - Automatisms of 691 complex partial seizures in 79 patients were studied on closed circuit television (CCTV) and by electroencephalography. Simple stereotyped perseverative automatisms such as chewing, swallowing, and fumbling with clothes or sheets followed an initial motionless stare and lapse of consciousness in type I attacks. Ambulatory automatisms, bilateral arm and leg perseverative movements, and tonic adversive head or eye movements (or both) characterized type II attacks, in which a motionless stare was not observed. Type III started with a drop attack followed by confusion, amnesia, and gradual recomposure. Some type II and III attacks are suspected to begin in areas outside the temporal lobe, while type I attacks are thought to originate from the temporal lobe. Further studies using CCTV and depth electrode recordings are necessary to verify these suspicions. PMID- 7092182 TI - Neurons in human epileptic cortex: correlation between unit and EEG activity. AB - A total of 90 neurons were recorded extracellularly from 17 awake patients undergoing craniotomy for excision of epileptogenic cortex. Relationships between single-unit activity and gross epileptiform spikes recorded locally by the microelectrode or from the immediate overlying cortical surface by electrocorticography (ECoG) were examined. Similar relationships were also sought between interictal bursts from nearby cells when action potentials from several neurons had been recorded simultaneously by the tungsten electrodes. Although 40 single units fired action potentials in some relation to ECoG spikes, the relationships were variable between units and, often, for the same unit. For many units, action potentials were more consistently related to one phase of the local field potential recorded through tungsten microelectrodes than to the ECoG recorded from the overlying cortical surface. Synchronous firing between single units recorded simultaneously by the same microelectrode was rarely seen except at the onset of an ictal event. In addition, a high degree of synchrony between unit firing and local ECoG spikes was recorded in a few patients, but these patients had frequent focal spontaneous seizures. The data imply that in human epilepsy, unlike some animal models of the disorder, relationships between surface epileptiform events and single-unit burst firing are not easily found in interictal recordings. The data also suggest that synchrony between unit and surface events requires a high degree of synchrony among neurons within the epileptogenic focus. PMID- 7092183 TI - Carbamazepine and hematological monitoring. PMID- 7092184 TI - Biochemical findings in a case of parkinsonism secondary to brain tumor. AB - Neuropathological and biochemical studies were performed in a patient with craniopharyngioma and a long history of parkinsonism. Morphological examination revealed atrophy of the substantia nigra without Lewy bodies. Both th caudate and putamen nuclei showed moderate loss of large cells with glial proliferation. There was a notable decrease in dopamine and its metabolites and a reduction in norepinephrine content in both the caudate and putamen nuclei. Less consistent changes were found in serotonin and amino acid levels. Dopamine receptors, evaluated as 3H-spiperone binding sites, were unchanged in the putamen but decreased to 30% of control values in the caudate. The findings suggest that parkinsonism was caused by the brain tumor, which damaged both the presynaptic dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and the postsynaptic dopamine receptors. PMID- 7092185 TI - Multiple sclerosis: trial of a synthetic polypeptide. AB - A synthetic polypeptide, copolymer I (COP I), composed of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and tyrosine, has been demonstrated to be nonencephalitogenic and nontoxic in laboratory animals, yet it is capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A preliminary open trial examined the ability of COP I to alter the course of disease in 12 patients with chronic progressive and 4 with exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). After therapy for as long as two years or more, no undesirable side reaction was noted in any patient. Three patients with chronic progressive MS and 2 with exacerbating-remitting disease are better. These results, which may represent simply a placebo effect or may be a significant response, are now being examined in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trials. PMID- 7092186 TI - Seizures associated with a new combination "pick-me-up" pill. PMID- 7092187 TI - Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 7092188 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of Canavan's disease. PMID- 7092189 TI - Prognostic indicators in optic neuritis. PMID- 7092190 TI - [Induction of bacteriocin synthesis in Erwinia cells]. AB - The effect of UV light and mitomycin C as inductors of bacteriocins biosynthesis by Erwinia was studied. 46 strains of Erwinia were tested and the synthesis of bacteriocins was induced by irradiation with UV light only in 14 of them. The irradiation dose providing the highest increase of the bacteriocin titer was different for every strain. The survival of the strains ranged within 0.06 to 11.3 per cent. The time course of the bacteriocin synthesis induced by UV light in 9 strains of Erwinia was studied and it was shown that the process had common similar characteristics: gradual increasing of the bacteriocin titer immediately after exposure to UV light, reaching the maximum level 5-7 hours after incubation and its persisting for the subsequent observation period. Mitomycin indices bacteriocin production by the Erwinia strains tested only in individual cases, the character of the effect being dependent on the drug concentration and exposure time. PMID- 7092191 TI - [Bacitracin formation in lysogenic and nonlysogenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis]. PMID- 7092192 TI - [Effect of tetracyclines on bile formation in the liver]. PMID- 7092193 TI - [Effect of streptomycin on antigenic properties of serum beta-lipoproteins]. AB - The antigenic properties of streptomycin compounds with heterologic beta lipoproteids (beta-LP) of the donor blood serum were studied. beta-LP were isolated and then mixed with streptomycin sulfate in a dose of 10,000 and 50,000 micrograms/ml. 30 rabbits were immunized with such compounds. The control animals were treated with solutions of beta-LP and streptomycin alone. THe antisera collected from the animals were used in the reaction of precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis. Some physico-chemical properties of the preparations, such as pH and electrokinetic characteristics were studied. The comparative study with the use of the precipitation reaction showed that the immunochemical characteristics of heterologic beta-LP changed under the effect of streptomycin: the precipitation bands of the experimental antisera to the compounds of streptomycin with beta-LP differed from those of the control antisera to beta-LP in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics; in particular in the experiments with the antisera depletion a separate antigen was detected in beta LP which formed under the effect of the antibiotic. The characteristic features of the reaction of precipitation were confirmed on the immunoelectrophoregrams. Addition of streptomycin to the solution of beta-LP induced no significant changes in pH of the compounds and their electrophoretic properties. The studies showed that the compounds of streptomycin with beta-LP had pronounced antigenic properties and their immunochemical characteristics significantly changed under the effect of the antibiotic. PMID- 7092194 TI - [Certain parameters of kinetics of proliferation of small intestine epithelium after administration of carminomycin]. PMID- 7092195 TI - [Effect of levorin on transport of neutral amino acids into cancer cells]. PMID- 7092196 TI - [Microbiological substantiation of the use of erycycline in the therapy of chronic pyoderma]. AB - Sensitivity to tetracycline, erythromycin and erycycline was studied in 60 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from the foci of chronic pyoderma and nasopharynx of 30 patients suffering from chronic relapsing pyoderma for 2-5 years. The isolates were 2.6 and 3.2 times more sensitive to erycycline than to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. This substantiated the advisability of erycycline use in combined therapy of patients with chronic pyoderma. The staphylococcal strains isolated from the nasopharynx were less sensitive to the antibiotics than the strains isolated from the foci of the skin affection which must explain prolonged persistence of staphylococci in the nasopharynx in spite of the antibiotic use in a dose sufficient for elimination of the microorganism affecting the skin. This might be also the cause of pyoderma relapses. It is concluded that the dose of the antibiotic used for sanation of the nasopharynx in patients with chronic pyoderma should be higher than that for elimination of the pustulous process on the skin. PMID- 7092198 TI - [Polyene antibiotics stability, study of the rate of the heterogeneous destruction of the hepataene antibiotic levorin by an "accelerated aging" method and the possibility of predicting the shelf life of levorin]. AB - The data on stability of levorin of various purity levels stored under natural conditions and under conditions of thermic rapid inactivation are presented. When the ratio of oxygen to the antibiotic was 1 mole/1 mole the kinetic inactivation curve was of a multistage character with periods of active destruction and quasistatic state. The use of thermic inactivation as a method of accelerated aging is substantiated. A procedure for calculation of the expiry date of the antibiotic is described. PMID- 7092197 TI - [Antibiotic formation from a pyrimidine base group and an aminoglycoside group by a Streptomyces coeruleoaurantiacus sp. nov. culture]. AB - An actinomycete strain 4009 was isolated from a soil sample collected in Volgograd. The strain showed a broad antibacterial spectrum. It produced antibiotics belonging to 2 different groups of chemical compounds, i.e. amycetin from the group of pyrimidine bases and nebramycin from the group of aminoglycosides. The antibiotic-producing organism is described as a type strain of Streptomyces coeruleoaurantiacus sp. nov. The new species is characterized by spiral spore chains, wart-like spore surface, blue aerial mycelium and dark yellow, orange-yellow or brown-orange-yellow substrate mycelium, the absence of soluble pigments on synthetic media and secretion of melanin pigments on the Tresner medium. Various conditions for submerged production of the antibiotic were studied. PMID- 7092199 TI - [Characteristics of membrane activity of triterpene glycosides]. AB - The membrane activity of 6 triterpenic glycosides was studied with respect to ionic permeability of the liposomes and flat bilayer lipid membranes. It was shown that the rate of the glycoside effect depended on both the sterol level in the membrane and the sterol type (cholesterol, ergosterol). The activity of cauloside C, a plant glycoside markedly depended on pH of the medium. The carbohydrate chain played an important role in the membrane activity of the glycosides. Correlation in the effect of triterpenic glycosides on the model lipid and cell membranes was noted. PMID- 7092200 TI - [Elaboration of the procedures for the pharmacokinetic interpretation of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: the experimental evaluation of the safety of repeated gentamycin administration]. AB - Nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were studied on rats treated with the antibiotic for 30 days in doses of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg administered daily. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and the time course of changes in the urea nitrogen levels of the blood serum were studied after the 1st, 5th, 8th and 30th injection. The analysis of the respective curves was used for calculation of the average integral values of the concentrations of the antibiotic (C) and urea nitrogen (E). After that the average integral values of these parameters ((CAVG and EAVG respectively) within the whole treatment couse with the use of every dose were calculated in the same way by using the curves of the dynamics of C and E changing. Comparison of the diagrams of E dependence on C for gentamicin and sisomycin showed that nephrotoxicity of sisomycin was 1.48 times higher than that of gentamicin. PMID- 7092201 TI - Reactivity versus flexibility in thiobacilli. AB - The results of ecophysiological studies on obligately and facultatively chemolithotrophic thiobacilli performed over the past years clearly show that the two types of organisms occupy different ecological niches. Chemostat experiments with cultures of the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus and the facultative chemolithotroph Thiobacillus A2 have been carried out to explain the competitiveness of T. neapolitanus under conditions of strongly fluctuating substrate supply. Thiobacillus neapolitanus appeared to be very resistant to starvation periods whereafter it could oxidize sulfide (or thiosulfate) almost instantaneously at the original rate. Under alternate supply of 4 h sulfide and 4 h sulfate (or acetate which does not support growth of the organism either) to a chemostat culture of T. neapolitanus (D=0.05h-1) the sulfide concentration in the growth vessel never reached levels higher than 4 micrometers. This strategy is aimed at maximal reactivity. In contrast to T. neapolitanus the facultative chemolithotroph T.A2 appeared to be very flexible with respect to its energy generation. Under alternate supply of 4 h sulfide and 4 acetate (D=0.05h-1) T.A2 was able to grow continuously since it directed its metabolism to either heterotrophy or autotrophy by rapid induction-repression mechanisms. This flexible strategy seems to be incompatible with a reactive strategy within one organism, since the oxidation capacity for sulfide decreased during the acetate period resulting in accumulation of sulfide during the sulfide period. It is concluded that T.A2 needs a continuous supply of an inorganic and an organic substrate to thrive whereas T. neapolitanus needs only a continuous supply of a reduced inorganic sulfur source but also will persist in environments with interrupted addition of sulfide provided that the starvation period does not last too long. PMID- 7092202 TI - Yeasts in the intertidal sediments of a polluted estuary in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AB - Yeasts were found concentrated at the sediment surface and with the highest counts at the most polluted site. Candida krusei, Pichia membranaefaciens and similar species typically forming rugose colonies with radiating ridges were the prevalent yeasts in these sediments, and species like Rhodotorula rubra related to basidiomycetous fungi were found in relatively low numbers. PMID- 7092203 TI - The nature of the competitive ability of spontaneous staphylocoagulase-negative mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with respect to growth of the parent strains in continuous culture. AB - During prolonged cultivation of S. aureus strains 104 and NCTC 8178 in continuous culture, staphylocoagulase-negative mutants arose and accumulated progressively in increasing proportions. The resulting loss of production of staphylocoagulase was accompanied by a simultaneous loss of production of alpha-haemolysin and PV leucocidin. Characterization of the strains revealed no further difference in biotype, exoenzymes phage pattern and plasmid content. Cultivation in batch cultures showed that the maximal specific growth rates and specific oxygen consumption rates of the mutant strains were slightly higher than those of the parent strains, whereas the production of total extracellular protein of the mutant strains had decreased significantly. From competition experiments between parent and mutant strains in chemostat cultures at different dilution rates and cultivation temperatures, it was concluded that the underlying mechanism of accumulation of staphylocoagulase-negative mutants in the chemostat is based on differences in affinity for the limiting substrate(s) rather than on differences in the production rates of total extracellular proteins. The complete repression of three exoenzymes, an partial repression of the total extracellular protein production, and an increased affinity for the limiting substrate(s) suggested that a mutation in a regulatory gene is involved. The possible role of a transposon in this mutation is discussed. PMID- 7092204 TI - Host specificity of Salmonella weltevreden typing phages. AB - The host range of the six S. weltevreden typing phages was studied on 1469 strains belonging to 37 different Salmonella serotypes. In addition to S. weltevreden, only S. nchanga, S. give, S. lexington and S. anatum, all belonging to O group E, showed varying degrees of susceptibility to the action of some of the typing phages. Typing phage VI lysed only one strain other than S. weltevreden. All serotypes tested other than S. weltevreden were resistant to phages III and IV even at 1000 times the routine test dilution. Thus, typing phages III and IV were specific for S. weltevreden. The sensitivity patterns of S. weltevreden typing phages were not found to bear much correlation with either somatic of flagellar antigens of Salmonellae. PMID- 7092205 TI - Properties of microsomal acyl coenzyme A reductase in mouse preputial glands. PMID- 7092206 TI - Regulation of acyl coenzyme A reductase by a heat-stable cytosolic protein during preputial gland development. PMID- 7092207 TI - Human liver acid phosphatases: purification and properties of a low-molecular weight isoenzyme. PMID- 7092208 TI - Biosynthetic mechanism of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum. II. Biosynthesis of constituent subunits. PMID- 7092209 TI - The effect of anions on the reaction catalyzed by lupine-nodule glutamate dehydrogenase. PMID- 7092210 TI - A calorimetric comparison of structural transitions of erythrocytic ghosts from normal individuals and from patients with muscular dystrophy. PMID- 7092211 TI - Metabolism of cytokinin: phosphoribosylation of cytokinin bases by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from wheat germ. PMID- 7092213 TI - Rat hepatic uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase: purification, properties, and inhibition by metal ions. PMID- 7092214 TI - Evidence for restricted oligosaccharide mobility at the erythrocyte membrane surface: a fluorescence study. PMID- 7092216 TI - Chain elongation in the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by brain: some properties of the microsomal system. PMID- 7092215 TI - Assay and purification of a solubilized membrane receptor that binds the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase. PMID- 7092212 TI - Regulation of concentrations of glycolytic enzymes and creatine-phosphate kinase in "fast-twitch" and "slow-twitch" skeletal muscles of the chicken. PMID- 7092217 TI - Structure and mechanism of action of riboflavin-binding protein: small-angle X ray scattering, sedimentation, and circular dichroism studies on the holo- an apoproteins. PMID- 7092218 TI - Cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells in monolayer culture. VI. Metabolism of high-density lipoprotein. PMID- 7092219 TI - Identification of the sites of IgG catabolism in the rat. PMID- 7092220 TI - Metal-deficient copper-zinc superoxide dismutases. PMID- 7092221 TI - Simultaneous measurements of sedimentation and diffusion coefficients using photon correlation spectroscopy. PMID- 7092222 TI - A thermodynamic description of the binding of iron to ferrioxamine B in aqueous solutions. PMID- 7092223 TI - High-activity heparin: chain length, affinity for antithrombin, and anticoagulant activity. PMID- 7092224 TI - The intracellular localization and properties of carnitine acetyltransferase from ram spermatozoa. PMID- 7092225 TI - The activation of bovine factor X by bovine factor Xa. PMID- 7092226 TI - Resonance raman studies on 8-mercaptoriboflavin. PMID- 7092227 TI - Conversion of type II procollagen to collagen in vitro: removal of the carboxy terminal extension is inhibited by several naturally occurring amino acids, polyamines, and structurally related compounds. PMID- 7092229 TI - Nicotinamide cofactors (NAD and NADP) in glyoxysomes, mitochondria, and plastids isolated from castor bean endosperm. PMID- 7092228 TI - Exercise bioenergetics following sprint training. PMID- 7092230 TI - Binding of naphthalene dyes to the N and A conformers of bovine alpha lactalbumin. PMID- 7092233 TI - The use of crystallography, graphics, and quantitative structure--activity relationships in the analysis of the papain hydrolysis of X-phenyl hippurates. PMID- 7092232 TI - Bovine liver glucose dehydrogenase: isolation and characterization. PMID- 7092231 TI - Electron transport in glyoxysomal membranes. PMID- 7092234 TI - Carnitine uptake and fatty acid utilization by diploid cells aging in culture. PMID- 7092235 TI - Hydrogen peroxide release by rat peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of tumor cells. PMID- 7092236 TI - Immunochemical studies on blood groups: The internal structure and immunological properties of water-soluble human blood group A substance studied by Smith degradation, liberation, and fractionation of oligosaccharides and reaction with lectins. PMID- 7092237 TI - Activity and subunit functions of immobilized bacterial luciferase. PMID- 7092238 TI - Oxygen-18 studies on the oxidative deamination mechanism of alicyclic primary amines in rabbit liver microsomes. PMID- 7092239 TI - Cell-free synthesis of precursor forms of mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase enzymes of the bovine adrenal cortex. PMID- 7092241 TI - Conversion of dietary N-Ethylguanidinoacetate by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and animal tissues to a functionally active analog of creatine phosphate. PMID- 7092242 TI - Light-dependent chemical modification of thylakoid membrane protein with carboxyl directed reagents. PMID- 7092243 TI - A comparative study of the binding of aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the human erythrocyte membrane. PMID- 7092240 TI - Inhibition of wheat germ RNA polymerase II by 2, 6-dibromobenzoquinone and related compounds from Aplysina fistularis. PMID- 7092244 TI - Lipid composition of transverse tubular membranes from normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle. PMID- 7092245 TI - Proenkephalin: a general pathway for enkephalin biosynthesis in animal tissues. PMID- 7092246 TI - Adnexal carcinoma masquerading as a granuloma fissuratum. PMID- 7092247 TI - Adverse systemic reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene. PMID- 7092248 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 7092249 TI - Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Eight cases of a new variant of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa (EB), generalized atrophic benign EB, are reported. This is a junctional form of EB that, in contrast to EB letalis of Herlitz, has a good prognosis. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and the clinical picture is monotonously similar in all patients observed so far, with generalized blister formation, atrophic alopecia, and dystrophic nail changes. Blisters on the skin and mucous membranes heal without scarring or dystrophy but often result in notable atrophy. There is a definite tendency for amelioration of symptoms as the patients age, but therapy has, so far, been ineffective. PMID- 7092250 TI - Long-term continuation of psoralen and ultraviolet-A treatment of psoriasis. AB - We studied the continued reliance on psoralen and ultraviolet-A (PUVA) radiation in 1,172 patients. After an average treatment period of 1.8 years, 937 (80%) patients were still receiving PUVA therapy or planned to use PUVA if their psoriasis flare. We defined both groups as patients who continue to rely on PUVA. Patients with the most extensive disease were least likely to continue receiving therapy. Among 1,079 patients with less than 70% involvement, 890 (82%) patients continued to rely on PUVA after 1.8 years. Factors associated with decreased continuation in this group included the following: age older than 60 years, fair or poor general health, multiple previous hospitalizations for treatment of psoriasis, and unusual reactions to sun exposure. Thus, the ability of PUVA to meet long-term treatment needs varies according to demographic and certain disease factors. PMID- 7092251 TI - Annual rate of psoralen and ultraviolet-A treatment of psoriasis after initial clearing. PMID- 7092252 TI - Steatocystoma simplex. A solitary steatocystoma. AB - Steatocystoma simplex, an entity not previously described, to my knowledge, occurred in 16 women and 14 men. Eleven cysts were situated on the face, six on the limbs, and five on the chest. The clinical diagnosis was usually some type of cyst. The lesions contained yellow fluid. Microscopic findings showed a partially collapsed, thin-walled cyst lined by stratified squamous epithelium with a thick, undulating hyaline cuticle and sebaceous glands in or near the wall. When compared with steatocystoma multiplex and dermoid cysts, the differential features of steatocystoma simplex included its solitary nature, occurrence in adulthood, lack of family history, and intracutaneous location. Just as other dominantly inherited syndromes of multiple benign adnexal tumors, such as cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and trichilemmomas, have their counterparts in nonheritable solitary tumors, so steatocystoma multiplex has its parallel in steatocystoma simplex. PMID- 7092253 TI - Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and prognostic examination of 62 patients. AB - Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a common condition. Sixty-two patients with biopsy-proved, active DLE were observed and their conditions were analyzed for clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data. Fifty-six patients had disease limited to the skin-26 localized and 30 widespread (above and below the neck). At the time of follow-up examination, active disease was present in 32 patients, 28 of whom had widespread DLE. Six patients had DLE as a manifestation of systemic LE (SLE). In four patients, the DLE preceded the development of SLE. Laboratory abnormalities were substantially more common in patients with widespread DLE than in patients with localized DLE. An analysis of therapeutic results in this series confirmed the beneficial effects of intralesional corticosteroids and antimalarial agents and demonstrated relatively poor responsiveness to topical or oral corticosteroids. PMID- 7092254 TI - Familial occurrence of pemphigus vulgaris. AB - Two families with pemphigus vulgaris were observed. In one family, cutaneous and mucous membrane pemphigus developed in a mother and daughter within a nine-year interval. In the other family, pemphigus developed in a brother and sister simultaneously. The diagnosis was confirmed immunopathologically in all four patients. Clinical disease did not develop in the other family members. Studies in families with pemphigus can provide further understanding of genetic and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. PMID- 7092255 TI - Feline sporotrichosis. Transmission to man. PMID- 7092256 TI - Hyperlactatemia associated with pustular psoriasis and leukocytosis. PMID- 7092257 TI - Severe osteolytic arthritis mutilans in pustular psoriasis. PMID- 7092258 TI - Third International symposium on Psoriasis. An overview. PMID- 7092259 TI - Dermal melanocytosis associated with cleft lip. PMID- 7092260 TI - Bowen's disease mimicking melanoma. PMID- 7092261 TI - Trichophyton rubrum. Infection of the diaper area. PMID- 7092262 TI - Large vulvar lipoma. PMID- 7092263 TI - A new sexually transmitted disease or an old disease uncovered? PMID- 7092264 TI - Fluorescent dye for marking patch test sites. PMID- 7092266 TI - Adrenal axis suppression caused by a small dose of a potent topical corticosteroid. PMID- 7092265 TI - Stability of carmustine for topical application. PMID- 7092267 TI - Generalized rash form whirlpools and hot tubs. PMID- 7092268 TI - Porphyria cutanea tarda. PMID- 7092269 TI - Treatment of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris with oral doses of colchicine. AB - The effect of oral doses of colchicine on pustule formation was studied in 32 patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris without associated psoriasis. Oral administration of colchicine, 1 to 2 mg daily, was started during periods of disease exacerbation, and the dosage was gradually decreased to 0.5 to 1 mg daily in responsive patients. Thirteen patients showed complete clearing of pustulation, and 14 patients showed a remarkable reduction in pustule formation after two to eight weeks of treatment. One patient did not respond and four discontinued treatment because of nausea or diarrhea. During a three-month follow up evaluation after treatment was stopped, relapse occurred in eight cases. Colchicine appears to be effective in the suppression of acute exacerbations of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. PMID- 7092270 TI - Topical methoxsalen followed immediately by long-wave UV irradiation. A preliminary report on the treatment of psoriasis. AB - In the treatment of psoriasis with topically applied methoxsalen, the patient is exposed to long-wave UV (UV-A) energy two hours after the application of methoxsalen. Using the guinea pig as an experimental model, we found that UV-A irradiation given immediately after the topical application of methoxsalen resulted in the notable suppression of tritiated thymidine incorporation into epidermal basal cells. This finding suggests that the rate of suppression of epidermal DNA synthesis by PUVA (methoxsalen plus UV-A light) may not correlate with the interval between methoxsalen application and UV-A irradiation. This modified method of PUVA therapy (immediate irradiation) was successfully used in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 7092271 TI - Enhanced percutaneous penetration with 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one. AB - 1-Dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone) is a new agent that enhances the percutaneous absorption of a number of different chemicals. This report delineates the enhancement of penetration of clindamycin phosphate, erythromycin base, fusidate sodium, fluorouracil, desonide, amcinonide, and triamcinolone acetonide. For this purpose 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one can be used in concentrations as low as 1%. It is colorless, relatively odorless, nontoxic, and can be applied neat to human skin without any irritation. PMID- 7092272 TI - Histopathologic diagnosis of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and its clinical correlation. AB - To assess the specificity of the histopathologic features in the diagnosis of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA), we reviewed the clinical manifestations and courses of 42 patients for whom this diagnosis was suggested in the pathology report. The histologic diagnosis of PLEVA was clinically substantiated in 16 of these 42 cases. Of the 26 cases in which PLEVA was erroneously diagnosed histologically, the correct clinical diagnosis was suggested before biopsies were done in 21 instances. In the five remaining cases, both the prebiopsy clinical diagnosis and the pathologic diagnosis proved to be incorrect. Pityriasis rosea, insect bites, and eczematous dermatitis accounted for the majority of the cases that histologically mimicked PLEVA. The constellation of histologic findings described in PLEVA (presence of intraepidermal lymphocytes and erythrocytes, dermal hemorrhage, and so-called lymphocytic vasculitis) is not specific and may be seen in a variety of dermatologic disorders. PMID- 7092273 TI - Protection against UV-B by UV-A-induced tan. AB - Suntan is known to be protective against sunburn resulting from medium-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Protection against UV-B by UV-A-induced pigmentation was studied by the evaluation of the erythema produced and by histologic alterations in the epidermis, including sunburn cell counts. Six subjects were deeply tanned with UV-A (mean cumulative dose, 700 joules/sq cm). The minimal erythemal dose to UV-B (300 +/- 5 nm) was established for each subject in normal skin and in UV-A tanned areas. The UV-A tan provided measurable protection against UV-B-induced erythema. Following UV-B irradiation, 36 to 93 sunburn cells were counted per 10 mm of epidermal surface length in histologic sections of untanned skin as compared with four to seven sunburn cells in UV-A-tanned skin. PMID- 7092274 TI - New coal tar extract and coal tar shampoos. Evaluation by epidermal cell DNA synthesis suppression assay. AB - Coal tar therapy has been used for many years in the treatment of scaling skin diseases, including psoriasis and eczema. Previous studies of the potential effectiveness of tar have utilized phototoxic erythema assays with long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A). However, in clinical use, coal tar is rarely used with UV-A, particularly for scalp disease. Therefore, we investigated a nonphototoxic approach to evaluate different coal tar products. Coal tar was found to suppress epidermal cell DNA synthesis in the hairless mouse model, and this is the basis for the assay presented. Using the epidermal cell DNA synthesis suppression assay, we observed that crude coal tar and a new extract of crude coal tar were equally effective and that a concentration gradient effect was achieved. In addition, four commercial coal tar shampoos assayed varied greatly in their ability to suppress epidermal cell DNA synthesis. One shampoo was washed after ten minutes and no significant alteration of suppressive effect was seen. PMID- 7092275 TI - Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures. Case reports and genetic investigation. AB - Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures is a pigmented macular disease characterized by punctate, hyperpigmented macules on the flexural areas. Histopathologic findings include acanthosis, keratinization of the follicular infundibulum, and filiform downgrowths of epidermal cells. Examination of a family has revealed the presence of the disease in six members. Analysis of these data suggests that reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with possibly variable penetrance, variable expressivity, and delayed onset. PMID- 7092276 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum. Occurrence with altered cellular immunity and a circulating serum factor. AB - Aberrations of cellular immune functions in pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) may lead to nonspecific activation of inflammatory cells or to an imbalance of suppression leading to autoaggression (chronic ulceration). A patient with severe unremitting PG had anergy to a battery of seven skin test antigens. Mixed lymphocyte reactions, autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions, lymphocyte proliferative responses to antigens, and the production of leukocyte inhibitory factor were substantially suppressed, while the lymphocyte responses to mitogens were unaffected. Quantitative immunoglobulin and complement levels were normal. The inhibition of cellular immune functions was mediated by a factor in the patient's serum. This factor also inhibited lymphocyte functions of normal unrelated control subjects. Preliminary studies demonstrated that the factor is nondialyzable, heat stable, and not adsorbed by Staphylococcus A protein. Pulse therapy with large doses of corticosteroids resulted in dramatic clinical improvement. PMID- 7092279 TI - Cutaneous metastatic adenocarcinoma of gallbladder origin. AB - Cutaneous metastases developed in a 74-year-old woman from an adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. A biopsy specimen of a cutaneous nodule showed the presence of systemic cancer. Results of a histopathologic examination, along with the autopsy findings, established that the cutaneous metastasis was of gallbladder origin. This article reports the extreme rarity of metastases from a cancer of the gallbladder to the skin. PMID- 7092280 TI - Recent developments in ophthalmology. Advances in correction of the optical problems of the postoperative cataract patient. PMID- 7092278 TI - Malignant angioendotheliomatosis proliferans treated with doxorubicin. AB - An 84-year-old man was examined for progressive pain, edema, and infiltrating skin lesions on his lower extremities. A skin biopsy specimen confirmed the suspected diagnosis of angioendotheliomatosis proliferans. The clinical course and histologic changes suggested the malignant form of this disease. Treatment with intravenous doxorubicin hydrochloride caused a complete clinical remission. PMID- 7092281 TI - Pathology quiz case l. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. PMID- 7092282 TI - The dapsone syndrome. PMID- 7092277 TI - Seroma of the auricle. AB - A 35-year-old man had the insidious onset of an asymptomatic cyst-like swelling of the auricle. Serous fluid was evacuated but continued to reaccumulate. Application of a pressure dressing resulted in resolution without deformity. Distinguishing features of seroma, pseudocyst, and hematoma are discussed. PMID- 7092283 TI - Heparin liberation in urticaria pigmentosa. PMID- 7092284 TI - HLA antigens and contact sensitivity. PMID- 7092285 TI - Acute otitis media--then and now. PMID- 7092286 TI - Outcome of treatment for neonates referred to a supraregional cardiac centre 1976 78. AB - The clinical course and outcome of treatment for 322 consecutive neonates referred to a supraregional paediatric cardiac unit are reviewed. Two hundred and forty-eight (77%) had structural congenital cardiac defects. The remaining 74 (23%) presented with arrhythmia, nonstructural cardiorespiratory problems, or problems unrelated to the cardiovascular or respiratory system. Transposition of the great arteries and coarctation of the aorta were associated with a good prognosis. Infants with cyanotic cardiac defects associated with a low pulmonary blood flow who required early palliation were found to have a poorer outlook. PMID- 7092287 TI - Outcome for newborn babies declined admission to a regional neonatal intensive care unit. AB - Between July 1979 and June 1980 the regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, received 170 requests from maternity units for the transfer of ill newborn babies. Most of the babies were suffering from respiratory failure. The initial request was declined in 65 babies because of overcrowding or lack of facilities at the NICU (n = 59), or because transfer was not justified on medical grounds (n = 6). Forty-two of the 65 babies were compelled to remain in the maternity unit because they could not be accommodated at hospitals with facilities for ventilating newborn babies. The neonatal survival rate of babies with respiratory failure who were transferred to the NICU was 66% whereas the survival rate of similar babies who were declined transfer was 30%. Our findings support the efficacy of intensive care for ill babies with respiratory failure and suggest that such facilities need to be more widely developed. PMID- 7092288 TI - Early rise in the "pitted" red cell count as a guide to susceptibility to infection in childhood sickle cell anaemia. AB - "Pitted" red cell counts (pit counts) were performed serially during a period of 18 months in 130 Jamaican children with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease aged 0-4 years. Raised pit counts, defined as 10% or more "pitted" red cells, were present in 23% of the children at age 12 months, in 42% at age 24 months, and in 52% at age 36 months. Radioactive colloid spleen scans showed no splenic uptake in 11 children with palpable spleens and raised pit counts. Eight episodes of severe bacterial infection occurred in 7 children, all of whom had raised pit counts before (n = 6) or at the time of infection (n = 1). Of the 52 children with pit counts followed from age 12 months or younger, all 4 who developed severe infections had raised pit counts at or before age 12 months. Pit counts are a guide to susceptibility to severe infections in SS children. Children whose pit counts rise before age 12 months are at greater risk of subsequent infection; this may be related to loss of splenic function before first encounter with the infecting organism. PMID- 7092290 TI - Cigarette smoking among secondary schoolchildren 1975-79. AB - A questionnaire relating to smoking habits, respiratory symptoms, and health attitude was administered to schoolchildren aged between 11 and 17 throughout a defined geographical area in both 1975 and 1979, with a valid response from 10498 and 12002 young people respectively. Each cohort was almost entirely different. The results suggest that although the prevalence of regular smoking has decreased in boys from 16 to 13% it has increased in girls from 13 to 14% and that at all ages more girls smoke more than boys. However despite the fall in the prevalence of regular smoking in boys there has been an overall increase in cigarette consumption. Young people who are regular smokers predominantly smoke middle tar cigarettes while among experimental smokers there is a high incidence of low tar smoking, which might suggest that such cigarettes facilitate the taking up of the habit in children. The previously described relationships between smoking and respiratory symptoms was confirmed. During the 4-year study period young people's knowledge of the associated links between smoking and heart disease and stroke has increased appreciably. It is suggested that specific health education during the years 1975-79 has not been successful, and there is the need for research. PMID- 7092289 TI - Defective yeast opsonisation and functional deficiency of complement in sickle cell disease. AB - Opsonisation of heat-killed baker's yeast, functional activity of the total alternative pathway of complement, and factor B detected functionally and immunochemically were significantly reduced in 72 children with sickle cell disease compared with 40 age-matched black control children. There was significant correlation between functional activity of the total alternative pathway and functionally measured factor B, but not between factor B measured functionally and immunochemically. The opsonisation defect could be corrected in vitro by normal serum, and factor B-depleted serum, and was qualitatively similar to that seen in patients with primary yeast opsonisation deficiency. Serial studies showed that these serum defects were persistent. Reduction in the activity of components of the alternative pathway of complement and opsonisation was found in 4 patients who had recovered from pneumococcal meningitis and in one who developed osteomyelitis. Defects of yeast opsonisation and complement which are common in patients with sickle cell disease, may partly explain the children's increased susceptibility to infection, and might help to identify individuals especially at risk. PMID- 7092291 TI - Bone mineral homeostasis, bone growth, and mineralisation during years of pubertal growth: a unifying concept. AB - Serum calcium, magnesium proteins, phosphate, and immunoparathyroid hormone were measured in 338 normal children and adolescents aged between 7 and 20 years and in 123 normal adults aged between 21 and 50 years. Protein corrected serum calcium and magnesium remained stable throughout the study. Despite hyperphosphataemia protein corrected calcium exceeded the concentrations of normal adults. Serum phosphate and the Ca X P product greatly exceeded adult values and fell rather slowly towards adult levels after the pubertal growth spurt. Serum immunoparathyroid hormone tended to exceed normal adult values and was judged high for the level of serum calcium. Similarities between mineral metabolism in childhood an adolescence and in acromegaly were striking. On this basis in the light of studies demonstrating stimulatory actions of gonadal hormones on growth hormone and of growth hormone on the secretion of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a unifying concept is developed. This concept places growth hormone in the unique position of being the main driver and co-ordinator during childhood and adolescence of bone growth an mineralisation on the one hand, and of blood mineral homeostasis on the other. Gonadal hormones probably express some of their actions through stimulation of growth hormone secretion and others by different mechanisms. According to this concept growth hormone is maintaining th Ca X P product at a suitable high level as long as growth hormone and gonadal hormones deliver bone matrix for mineralisation at a high rate. PMID- 7092292 TI - IgE screening in 1701 newborn infants and the development of atopic disease during infancy. AB - IgE screening was done using the Phadebas IgE PRIST technique on the cord blood of 1701 newborn infants. Of these 8.3% developed obvious or probable atopic disease, predominantly atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma, during the first 18 months of life. Of infants with a family history of atopic disease 10.5% developed such illness; the corresponding figure for infants with an initially high IgE concentration was 70%. Atopic disease developed in 73% of infants with a high IgE concentration in cord blood and a family history, but in only 3% of infants with a low IgE and no family history. A high IgE concentration in cord blood was associated with a high IgE and a positive radioallergosorbent test at between ages 18 and 24 months more often than was a low initial IgE level, indicating that in man as in animals there are high and low IgE responders already genetically coded at birth. IgE screening in cord blood is recommended if there is obvious atopy in both parents or if severe atopic disease if present in a sibling or in one parent. PMID- 7092293 TI - Milk antigen absorption in the preterm and term neonate. AB - The concentrations of beta-lactoglobulin was measured in the sera of 47 preterm an term neonates during the first few days of life under standardised conditions after feeding with a cows' milk'based formula. Preterm neonates, particularly those of less than 33 weeks' gestation, had higher serum concentrations of beta lactoglobulin than term neonates given an equivalent mild feed. Prior feeding with breast milk did not diminish the amount of beta-lactoglobulin absorbed. Our results suggest tha te ability of the gastrointestinal tract to exclude antigenically intact food proteins increases with gestational age and that gut closure occurs normally before birth in man. PMID- 7092294 TI - Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in rickets of prematurity. AB - Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in 349 infants aged between 5 and 10 days to establish a normal range for different gestational ages. Significant differences were observed between term and preterm infants, the highest values being associated with the shortest lengths of gestation. Plasma calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured sequentially in 51 preterm infants less than 1500 g at birth. A significant correlation was found between raised plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and radiological changes of osteoporosis, metaphyseal change, and periosteal reaction. Plasma alkaline phosphatase appears to be of value in screening for and monitoring rickets of prematurity. PMID- 7092295 TI - Value of computerised tomography in children with non-specific mental subnormally. AB - Seventy-six children had computerized tomography scans as part of an investigation of mental subnormality; most of them are severely retarded and all those over age 5 years attend special schools. Seventy-two per cent of the children had normal scans. Twenty per cent showed cerebral atrophy and in only 8% was there a specific abnormality (agenesis of corpus callosum, arachnoid cyst, communicating hydrocephalus). None of these findings had any positive prognostic implication. Sedation or general anaesthesia was required for all except one child. Injection pethidine compound was used for children under age 5 years or less than 30 kg in weight, and trimeprazine orally was used for older children. The radiation exposure was high--5.6 rad per scan, which is 100 times greater than that from a posteroanterior and lateral chest x-ray film. For these reasons computerised tomography scans cannot be recommended as a routine part of the investigation of children with non-specific mental subnormality. PMID- 7092296 TI - Evaluation of an objective structured clinical examination. AB - An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was introduced at the end of the fourth year undergraduate paediatric training. We have compared the results obtained with those of our traditional method of assessment. We feel that the OSCE is a valid and reliable assessment; it provided good feedback and was well received by the students. PMID- 7092298 TI - Response of bedwetting to the enuresis alarm. Influence of psychiatric disturbance and maximum functional bladder capacity. AB - Fifty-four children with nocturnal enuresis were managed with the pad and bell system. Their maximum functional bladder capacity was estimated before they began treatment, and a Rutter A questionnaire was completed by the mothers. If an average of less than one wet night a week is taken as a criterion of success, then 63% of them responded in the last month of treatment; neither the Rutter score nor the maximum functional bladder capacity predicted outcome. However 26% failed to persist with treatment to the end of the project and were considered to have dropped out. If they are excluded, the initial response rate is 73%. In these cases a Rutter total score of at least 18 was found to be associated with failure to respond, but the maximum bladder capacity was not related to outcome. PMID- 7092297 TI - Pneumococcaemia complicated by meningitis. AB - Meningitis developed in 3 of 14 children with occult pneumococcaemia; in 2 of them it developed while they were being treated with low doses of intravenous penicillin, in the third child it developed at a time when he was not being treated. All children with occult pneumococcaemia should be treated with intravenous penicillin as are those with pneumococcal meningitis. PMID- 7092299 TI - Collection methods and contamination of bank milk. AB - Bank milk collected by manual expression was less likely to be contaminated than milk collected by other methods. Contamination with coliforms and gentamicin resistant Gram-negative rods was related to the pumps used by donors in their homes. Stringent precautions reduced but did not eliminate contamination. PMID- 7092300 TI - Child health services after re-organisation. PMID- 7092301 TI - Fifth day fits. PMID- 7092302 TI - Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome and allergy. PMID- 7092303 TI - The place of birth. PMID- 7092304 TI - Risk factors in the development of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm neonate. AB - One hundred and forty-six infants of 34 weeks' gestation or less were repeatedly scanned by means of real-time ultrasound to diagnose the presence of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), its severity, and the timing of onset of the condition. We describe a new method for grading the extent of the IVH which does not depend on ventricular size. IVH was clearly present in 52 (36%) of the 146 infants and in 32 (50%) of the 64 infants of 30 weeks' gestation or less. Repeated scans accurately timed the onset of IVH in 41 infants, and 32 (78%) had the first sign of IVH before 72 hours of age. Thirty-two clinical factors were analysed for possible correlation with the development of IVH: outborn compared with inborn, administration of sodium bicarbonate, hypothermia, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, continuous positive airways pressure, hypercapnia, severe acidosis, and respiratory distress syndrome all reached statistical significance. Analysis of variance showed that respiratory distress syndrome was the most important factor, but severe acidosis had some independent action on the development of IVH. Seventeen (81%) of 21 infants with hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 6 kPa) together with severe acidosis (pH less than 7.1) developed IVH, of which more than half was moderate or severe in degree. PMID- 7092305 TI - Pulmonary sequelae of neonatal respiratory distress in very low birthweight infants: a clinical and physiological study. AB - Twenty infants, mechanically ventilated in the neonatal period for respiratory distress syndrome, were compared with 15 healthy controls, matched for birthweight(less than 1501 g) but greater in mean gestational age. Clinical features and lung mechanics (by whole body plethysmography) were recorded at 6 monthly intervals until about one year. THe neonatal course of the mechanically ventilated infants was commonly complicated by tracheobronchial hypersecretion and the later course by a fairly high incidence of lower respiratory tract illness. In this group, thoracic gas volume, dynamic compliance, pulmonary and airways conductance were all abnormal during the middle 4 months of the first year and reverted towards normal towards the end of the first year. The control group had normal lung mechanics. Early lung function tests were of limited value in predicting later lower respiratory tract illness, which was more common in boys, after neonatal mechanical ventilation for longer than 24 hours or raised ambient oxygen for longer than 5 days. There were few predictive physical signs. In this group of very low birthweight infants, respiratory distress syndrome of sufficient severity to require mechanical ventilation led to significant physiological and clinical disturbances of lung function which lasted into the second 6 months of life and which were particularly severe in those who had recurrent lower respiratory tract illness. PMID- 7092306 TI - Acute renal failure complicating cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. AB - Acute renal failure developed in 24 (5.3%) of 456 children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery during a 2-year period. It was more common in younger children, in those with complex cardiac lesions, and in those with long overall bypass times. Fourteen (58%) recovered renal function; renal failure was responsible for death in only two. Early vigorous peritoneal dialysis is advocated after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery if there is oliguria (less than or equal to 1.0 ml urine/kg per hour) resistant to volume repletion, dopamine infusion and diuretics, intractable fluid overload, or hyperkalaemia. PMID- 7092307 TI - Necrotising enterocolitis after neonatal cardiac catheterisation. PMID- 7092308 TI - Stage II neuroblastoma. Adverse prognostic significance of lymph node involvement. AB - Thirty-three children aged between 1 month and 16 years (median 1 year, 7 months), were treated for stage II neuroblastoma with surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, alone or in combination. After 3 years 70% were living, 6 children had died from the disease, and 4 had died as a result of treatment. Patient characteristics (age, gender) and tumour characteristics primary site, presence of lymph node involvement, catecholamine excretion, histology) were reviewed in an attempt to determine prognostic features. While age under 1 year at diagnosis was, as expected, favourable in this series, the most important prognostic variable was the presence or absence of regional lymph node involvement. No patient with uninvolved nodes died of neuroblastoma and the difference in the 3 year survival rate between these patients and those with positive nodes was statistically significant. Although this study of patients treated between 1970 and 1977 provided no clear evidence that either postoperative radiotherapy or contemporary chemotherapy was of benefit, our findings suggest that subclassification of stage II patients into 'node-positive' and 'node-negative' groups will help to define those who might benefit from improved adjuvant postsurgical treatment. PMID- 7092309 TI - Resistance to airflow through bedding materials used in infancy. AB - Various bedding materials used in infancy, including duvets (or continental quilts), were tested for airflow using the British Standards Institution tests for pillows or fabrics. Resistance was also measured when the items were placed on a dummy infant face. Measurements were made on washed and unwashed garments, which were tested both dry and wet. Results suggest that all the bedding materials tested are safe for use even in the newborn period. The duvets produced slightly lower resistance to breathing than conventional blankets and sheets. In view of the wide variety of infant bedding fabrics it seems desirable for standard airflow performance requirements to be introduced. PMID- 7092312 TI - Sleep apnoea in acute bronchiolitis. AB - Three- to 4-hour polygraphic sleep studies were carried out in 16 infants aged between 1 and 6 months during and after recovery from acute bronchiolitis. During bronchiolitis 35% of total sleep time was active sleep compared with 31% after recovery. Respiration rate was increased during bronchiolitis and was higher in active sleep and quiet sleep irrespective of the stage of the illness. Apnoeic pauses were invariably shorter than 15 seconds, the mean duration for active sleep and quiet sleep being similar during infection and after recovery. Apnoeic episodes were central in type and generally initiated by a sign or body movements. Preapnoea heart rate was significantly higher than during or after apnoea. Apnoea index (the percentage of time the baby spends apnoeic), apnoea attack rate (the number of episodes of apnoea per unit time), and apnoea percentage (the distribution of episodes of apnoea while in a given sleep state) were increased significantly in quiet sleep during the index illness. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was significantly reduced during the course of infection, but comparable values were obtained in active sleep and quiet sleep during initial and recovery periods. These results show that the main changes in respiration pattern during the course of acute bronchiolitis occur in quiet sleep. PMID- 7092313 TI - Growth retardation in asthma: role of calorie deficiency. AB - Height and weight were recorded and nutrient intake assessed during a 1-year period in 8 short asthmatic children who subsequently received energy supplements for a further year. None received systemic steroids. Total energy intakes in 6 of the children were reduced but no relationship between intakes and linear growth was found. Linear growth performance did not improve despite the fact that energy intake was normalised by supplementation, although some children showed an accelerated weight gain. We suggest that calorie supplementation is not effective for promoting optimal linear growth in short asthmatic children. PMID- 7092314 TI - Effect of a rocking bed on apnoea of prematurity. AB - We describe a rocking bed for use in incubators. Its effect was studied in 12 preterm infants with idiopathic apnoea, using each as his own control. All but one had less apnoea when the bed was rocking than when it was still. Apnoea associated with a significant fall in transcutaneous PO2 was less frequent, and fewer interventions were needed to terminate apnoeic attacks. PMID- 7092311 TI - Intestinal absorption of food antigens in coeliac disease. AB - Serum concentrations of ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and antigen-antibody complexes were measured after jejunal administration of milk and raw egg in 6 children with active coeliac disease and in 4 controls. The results did not support the hypothesis of a generalised increase in absorption of antigens from the intestinal lumen in coeliac disease. PMID- 7092315 TI - Percutaneous alcohol absorption and skin necrosis in a preterm infant. AB - A 27-week gestation infant developed severe haemorrhagic skin necrosis on the back and buttocks after umbilical arterial catheterisation. Before catheterisation the skin was cleaned with methylated spirits. A blood alcohol level taken 18 hours after catheterisation showed a blood ethanol level of 259 mg/100 ml and a blood methanol level of 26 mg/100 ml. We conclude that the methylated spirits caused this extensive skin damage and that percutaneous absorption via the readily permeable skin of this immature baby resulted in the dangerously high alcohol levels. PMID- 7092310 TI - Comparative growth of primary schoolchildren from one and two parent families. AB - Data drawn from the National Study of Health and Growth enabled an examination to be made of the attained height, weight for height, and triceps skinfold of children from one and two parent families. Children from one parent families were shorter than children from two parent families; however, once heights had been adjusted for birthweight, number of siblings, mother's height, father's height, and mother's education this was no longer the case. An examination of the adjusting factors showed that low birthweights and shorter parents accounted for the shorter stature of the one parent family children. An examination of weight for height and triceps skinfold measurements indicated an increased tendency towards obesity in the one parent family children, although this difference was not statistically significant. The higher prevalence of low birthweights and shorter parents that account for the shorter stature of one parent children are factors that cannot be ignored in a consideration of the health and growth of this group of children and obesity may be a potential health problem among the one parent family children. PMID- 7092317 TI - Hypernatraemic dehydration. PMID- 7092318 TI - Hydrocarbons in Victorian coastal ecosystems (Australia): chronic petroleum inputs to Western Port and Port Phillip Bays. AB - This study was undertaken to assess the impact of current land use practices, to provide data on which to base recommendations for petroleum discharge regulations, and to develop reliable methods for monitoring hydrocarbon pollution in Victorian coastal waters. Analyses of sediments and mussels were used to identify areas of chronic contamination and probable sources. A mussel transplant experiment detailed the movement of major industrial effluents. petroleum hydrocarbons varied from non-detectable to maximum values of 30 mg/g lipid in areas near points of continuous discharge. Problem areas were identified where tissue levels of hydrocarbons in mussels consistently exceeded 4 mg/g lipid and petroleum buildup was evident in sediments. Differences in chemical composition of hydrocarbons in various ecosystem components reflected biogeochemical processes acting to disperse, degrade, and transport hydrocarbons discharged into coastal waters. Results showed Port Phillip Bay is subject to much larger and more complex discharges of petroleum-containing wastes than Western Port from both discrete ship and shore-based inputs and from diffuse urban/industrial inputs, including surface run-off and atmospheric precipitation. PMID- 7092316 TI - Debendox does not cause the Poland anomaly. AB - The suggestion that Debendox may cause the Poland anomaly is refuted by a study of the antenatal drug exposure in 46 cases of the Poland anomaly and 32 cases of isolated absence of the pectoralis major. Debendox had been prescribed in one case of the Poland anomaly and in one case of isolated pectoralis absence, but in neither was the compound given during organogenesis. In none of the 78 cases could Debendox be causally implicated. PMID- 7092320 TI - Ingestion of petroleum by breeding mallard ducks: some effects on neonatal progeny. PMID- 7092321 TI - Accumulation of 14C-Naphthalene in the tissues of redhead ducks fed oil contaminated crayfish. AB - Crayfish, artificially contaminated with 14C-naphthalene-5% water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil, were force-fed to one-year-old redhead ducks to determine the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The relative distribution of carbon-14 activity in the gall bladder containing bile, and fat were similar, and significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the activity in the blood, brain, liver, and kidney. There was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm/g) in the blood, brain, kidney, and liver between days 1 and 3 of feeding, indicating a progressive accumulation of carbon-14 activity (naphthalene and presumably its metabolites). There was no significant effect of sex or the interaction of the duration of feeding and sex on carbon-14 activity in any of the tissues. The low daily dose of petroleum hydrocarbons (a total of approximately 1.25 mg/day) received by the ducks from the crayfish and the relatively short feeding regimen did not cause any overt signs of toxicity in the ducks. PMID- 7092322 TI - Chlorflurenol-methyl in soil: degradation, leaching, and effects on microbiological processes. AB - Tests were conducted with the synthetic growth regulator chlorflurenol-methyl to investigate its rate of degradation in soil, leaching behavior, and possible side effects on the soil microflora and on soil physiological processes. With two sandy soils (Ct = 1.0 and 2.58%) which were treated with 11.35 mg kg-1 chlorflurenol-methyl (congruent to 2.8 kg a.i. ha-1), over 90% of the compound disappeared within 4 to 8 days. The degradation products were 2-chloro-9 hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid and 2-chlorofluorenone, which undergo further decomposition. In leaching tests with three sandy soils (Ct = 0.69, 1.0 and 2.58%), chlorflurenol-methyl was not washed from the soil; however, with one soil (0.69% C), very small residues were observed in the effluent identified as 2 chlorofluorenone. In side-effects experiments with a parabrown (Ct = 1.26%) and a chernozem soil (Ct = 2.3%), which were treated with 1 and 10 mg kg-1 chlorflurenolmethyl, no persistent inhibition of anaerobic or aerobic nitrogen fixation (C2H2-reduction) was detected. Ammonification, nitrification, and mineralization of soluble starch were also not influenced. The mineralization of cellulose in compost soil (Ct = 13.59%) was temporarily delayed; however, this delay was later compensated for by a higher mineralization rate. The colonization density of fungi on soil particles and the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were not negatively influenced. Chlorflurenol-methyl does not significantly influence these microbiological processes and populations in the soil. PMID- 7092319 TI - Induction of mixed function oxidases by petroleum in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. AB - American eels, Anguilla rostrata, were exposed to crude oil by ingestion of a 10, 100, or 500 microliters/kg fish dose per day for five days. Depuration was followed for an additional twelve days. All oil doses caused an induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes, maximally by three days of exposure. Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (BaPH) showed a dose related response, with greater induction at 100 microliters/kg than at the other doses. The highest dose was hepatotoxic. Cytochrome P-450 induction was dose independent, and remained induced maximally for the entire experimental period, in contrast to BaPH which declined in activity. Reaction optimum for BaPH was at pH 7.5 and 27 degrees C. A study of tissue distribution showed the liver to account for nearly all BaPH activity. A significant increase in the protein content of the hepatic postmitochondrial fraction of oil-exposed fish was also observed. PMID- 7092324 TI - Impact of hexazinone on invertebrates after application to forested watersheds. AB - The impact of the herbicide, hexazinone, was assessed on aquatic macrophytes, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate communities within forested watersheds in the Piedmont region of Georgia. Four replicate watersheds received hexazinone on April 23, 1979, and were subsequently monitored for eight months. Residue levels in terrestrial invertebrates were a maximum of two orders of magnitude greater than comparable levels (0.01 to 0.18 ppm) found in forest floor material. Aquatic organisms in a second order perennial stream were exposed to intermittent concentrations of hexazinone (6 to 44 ppb). Hexazinone and its metabolites were generally not detected (less than 0.1 ppm) in aquatic invertebrates and macrophytes. No major alterations in species composition or diversity were detected in the aquatic macroinvertebrate community. Terrestrial microarthropod samples collected near the end of the study period revealed no major community changes. PMID- 7092325 TI - Exposure of pesticide applicators and support personnel to O-ethyl O-(4 nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate (EPN). AB - Applicator personnel were monitored during aerial and ground applications of EPN to cotton in Mississippi and Arizona. Respiratory exposure based on an 8-hr workday averaged 11 micrograms for pilots,, 15 micrograms for loaders, and 39 micrograms for ground applicators. Respiratory exposure of flagmen, monitored during a complete application cycle, averaged 317 micrograms/8 hr. Mean 8-hr dermal exposures were 2.1 mg for pilots, 6.3 mg for loaders, 117.7 mg for flagmen, and 7.5 mg for ground applicators. The levels of exposure were affected by route of exposure, body region, method of application, job function, attitude and experience, duration of exposure, weather conditions, and accidents. Recommendations are made to reduce the exposure of pilots, loaders, and ground applicators by modification of procedures and use of personal protective equipment. Because flagmen had the greatest exposure, a recommendation is made to substitute their function with fixed landmarks; if this is not possible, flagmen must wear the proper protective equipment. PMID- 7092323 TI - Embryotoxicity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,3',4,4' tetrachloroazoxybenzene in the chick embryo. AB - The toxicity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3',4,4' tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) to chick embryos was examined. TCAB or TCAOB was dissolved in corn oil and injected into the air cell of fertile chicken eggs. The time of injection had a major effect on embryo mortality as eggs injected with TCAB or TCAOB on the fourth day of incubation had a higher incidence of embryo mortality than eggs injected on days 11-13. Both TCAB and TCAOB were more toxic than all other chemicals that have been tested in the chick embryo with the exception of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Comparing the potency of the two compounds, TCAOB was more potent than TCAB in the chick embryo with an estimated LD50 of 12 ng and 44 ng respectively. Rump edema was the major abnormality observed in embryos treated with either TCAB or TCAOB. Other malformations included altered feather pattern and lack of down, hemorrhage, external viscera, reduced body size, failure to withdraw the yolk sac, beak malformation, dilation of blood vessels, and monomicropthalmia. The results of this investigation suggest that both TCAB and TCAOB are teratogenic in the chick embryo. PMID- 7092327 TI - Use of blood levels to infer carcass levels of contaminants. AB - Inferences may be made about the carcass levels of a contaminant based on the contaminant level in blood samples. A method is given for comparing such populations that utilizes bivariate normal distributions and their principal axes, thereby avoiding a dilemma arising from the use of regression techniques. Confidence intervals and power calculations are given. Data from captive barn owls provide partial justification for the use of this method. PMID- 7092326 TI - Loss of pesticides from patches used in the field as pesticide collectors. AB - Patches of fabrics exposed to pesticide spray formulations lost substantial quantities of the chemicals within four to six hours. Fabrics were cotton or 1:1 cotton-polyester blends, knitted or woven, unfinished or finished. Pesticides used were parathion, malathion, and dicofol. Parathion loss following exposure to spray formulations was dependent on fabric type, finish and their interaction, while a less extensive loss of dicofol depended on none of these. Deposition and retention of pesticide-bearing particulates appeared to depend on mechanical restrictions related to fabric weave and on the electrokinetic potential of fabric surfaces. PMID- 7092328 TI - Distribution and clearance of 63Ni administered as 63NiCl2 in the rat: intratracheal study. AB - Microgram amounts of nickel as 63NiCl2 were administered intratracheally to male rats. Regardless of time after instillation, the lungs and kidneys retained the greatest concentration of 63Ni, and 21 days after dose administration they were the only organs where 63Ni was still measurable. Urinary excretion was the main excretion route with 72% of the initial body burden eliminated by the urine at one day. By day 21, almost all 63Ni was excreted in the urine (96.5% of the initial body burden). The lungs retained 29% of their initial (35 min) burden at day 1, decreasing to 0.1% on day 21. PMID- 7092329 TI - Selenium in human tissues from New Zealand. AB - Selenium concentrations were measured in tissue samples obtained at autopsy from 45 New Zealand residents aged 4 months to 74 yr. Materials included liver, kidney cortex, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, and spleen. Samples of liver and brain were obtained from 16 fetuses (gestational ages, 27-42 wk). Except for kidney cortex, which contained high levels, concentrations of selenium were similar to those reported in other low-selenium areas, and lower than values obtained in selenium adequate localities. PMID- 7092330 TI - Effects of submicronic sulfuric acid aerosol on human pulmonary function. AB - The effects of a 4-hr exposure in an environmental chamber to an average 108 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4 (MMAD, 0.5 micrograms)] on pulmonary function were examined in healthy young men. Subjects were randomly assigned to either experimental (N = 18) or control (N = 17) groups. All subjects were exposed to clean air on the first day. On the second day, experimental subjects were exposed to H2SO4 while control subjects were re-exposed to air. Subjects exercised for 15 min at 1.5 and 3.5 hr of exposure at an intensity equivalent to 75% of predicted maximal heart rate. Ventilation was monitored during the initial 14 min of each exposure. Pulmonary function was assessed prior to, and 2 hr and 4 hr of each exposure. Exposure to H2SO4 had no significant effect on minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, or tidal volume, nor did it affect pulmonary function as assessed by measures of airway resistance, specific airway conductance, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow in 1 sec (FEV 1.0), FEV 1.0/FVC, mean expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% FVC, and expiratory flow rate at 50% and 25% FVC. It was concluded that no changes in pulmonary function resulted from exposure to H2SO4 under the above conditions. PMID- 7092331 TI - Blood lead stability. AB - Blood lead levels, the single most useful and authoritative index of lead toxicity, has heretofore been faulted for the following weaknesses: (1) it is too responsive to evanescent environmental changes, thereby putting its stability into question; (2) it does not provide sufficient insight into a total body burden; and (3) it may be normal at a time when toxicity is still occurring or has occurred recently. Each "weakness" is addressed herein, and hopefully, put into a useful perspective, i.e., at a clinical research and treatment level, none of the above is severe enough, if extant at all, to outweigh its manifold usefulness. PMID- 7092332 TI - The effects of indoor pollution on Arizona children. AB - The respiratory health of a large group of Arizona school children who have been exposed to indoor pollutants--tobacco smoke and home cooking fumes--is reported. A significant relationship was found between parental smoking and symptoms of cough, wheeze, and sputum production. Also, children in homes where gas cooking fuel was used had higher rates of cough than children in homes where electricity was used. No differences in pulmonary function or yearly lung growth rates occurred among subjects grouped by exposure to tobacco smoke or cooking fuel. Thus, parental smoking and home cooking fuel affected cross-sectional respiratory symptom rates in a large group of Arizona school children. Study of pulmonary function, however, revealed no lung function or lung growth effects during 4 yr of study. PMID- 7092333 TI - Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children. AB - Hair cadmium and lead content were related to intelligence tests, motor impairment assessments, and school achievement scores from 149 children aged 5 to 16 yr enrolled in rural Maryland public school systems. Hair cadmium and lead were significantly correlated with both intelligence scores and school achievement scores, but not motor impairment scores. Significant relations with I.Q. were obtained after regressing out demographic factors and were observed, even in children within a normal I.Q. range. Evidence of different effects of cadmium and lead on cognitive development was obtained. Hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cadmium has a significantly stronger effect on verbal I.Q. than does lead and that lead has a stronger effect on performance I.Q. than does cadmium. PMID- 7092335 TI - Radiological study of the sacroiliac joints in vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. AB - A radiological study of the sacroiliac joints was undertaken in 54 patients (32 males, 22 females) with vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis (VAH) and in 46 control patients (24 males, 22 females) matched for age and sex. The ages ranged from 38 to 90 years. The radiographs were taken in anteroposterior, oblique, and craniocaudal projections. The films were read for cranial, ventral, and caudal capsular ossifications, for ventral and caudal osteophytes, and for bone sclerosis. Cranial and/or ventral capsular ossifications were found in 28 (87.5%) males with VAH and in 4 (16.6%) control males (p less than 0.0005), but only in 2 females with VAH and no control female. Sacroiliac capsular ossifications in males with VaH are frequent from the onset, but complete bridging of the joint is not reached before the sixth decade. Women, either VAH or control, have more sacroiliac osteophytes than men. There were 11 out of 22 control women with osteophytes versus 4 out of 24 men (p less than 0.025). The incidence of osteophytes does not seem to increase with age after 50 years. Our findings support the idea of VAH being a distinct entity and not a major form of osteophytosis. PMID- 7092334 TI - Modes of lubrication in human hip joints. AB - Cadaveric hip joints were tested in a hip function simulator which subjected the femoral head to a cycle of loading and oscillation similar to that experienced during walking and measured the frictional torque transmitted to the acetabulum. Silicone fluids with viscosities from 10-2 Pa s (pascal second) to 30 Pa s were used as lubricants and the transition from mixed to full fluid film lubrication was observed around 5 x 10(-2) Pa s. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions were also tested at the lower viscosities. Hyaluronidase digestion of samples of synovial fluid caused a significant increase in friction over the control samples. Trypsin digestion had no significant effect. No correlation between compliance of the cartilage and the frictional values was observed. PMID- 7092336 TI - Spondylitis erosiva: report on 9 patients. AB - Nine patients (5 male and 4 female) are described with mild pain in the lumbar and thoracolumbar spine, early morning pain, morning stiffness, and moderately reduced mobility of the spine. Initial x-ray examination of the spine revealed sclerosis of one or several vertebral bodies and erosions in various parts of the vertebral bodies. In the further course of the disease squaring, sacroiliitis, and arthritis of the apophyseal joints was found. Seven of the 9 patients had the histocompatability antigen HLA B27. On the basis of these observations it is considered that 7 of these 9 patients had ankylosing spondylitis, the erosive lesions of the vertebral bodies being the first visible signs of the disease. PMID- 7092338 TI - C-reactive protein in juvenile chronic arthritis: an indicator of disease activity and possibly amyloidosis. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to be particularly high early in the course of those cases of juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) with a systemic onset, the mean level being 12 mg/dl (120 mg/l). It was also raised in cases with a polyarticular onset, mean level 6 mg/dl, while in cases with a pauciarticular onset it was associated with only a modest increase up to 1.5 mg/dl (15 mg/l). At the onset of disease there was a good correlation with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Regression of systemic disease was associated with a steady fall in C reactive protein, but those patients who developed amyloidosis within 5 years from onset had persistently high values until cytotoxic therapy was introduced. Patients who developed amyloidosis later tended to have high CRP levels in the months or even years before diagnosis. In a few patients with polyarthritis the CRP appeared to reflect severe disease more closely than their relatively low ESR. PMID- 7092337 TI - Family study of lipid and purine levels in gout patients. AB - A family study was performed to determine whether the hypertriglyceridaemia associated with gout is present in families of gout patients or due to the life style of the patient himself. The study revealed the expected hypertriglyceridaemia in gout patients; this was reflected by elevated serum levels of prebetalipoproteins and with reduction in the proportion of beta lipoprotein. None of these abnormalities were seen in the first-degree relatives. Furthermore, the proportion of high-density lipoproteins was not significantly raised in gout patients. PMID- 7092340 TI - Serum uric acid levels among thirty-four thousand people in Japan. AB - During 1978 a survey was carried out on 34 036 people in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, in an epidemiological study of hyperuricaemia; 15 713 males and 18 324 females were examined by means of our health examination car. The subjects of the survey were all volunteers. The results have shown that the serum uric acid (SUA) levels were related to sex and age. The male group had a mean SUA level of 5.82 mg/dl (range 0.9 to 11.8 mg/dl, standard deviation 1.14 mg/dl) (0.35, range 0.05 0.7, SD 0.07 mmol/l), and the female group had a mean of 4.33 mg/dl (range 0.5 to 9.7 mg/dl, standard deviation 0.91 mg/dl) (0.26, range 0.03-0.58, SD 0.05 mmol/l). The distribution curve for SUA was almost normal in both sexes. Lower levels of SUA were found in males from the 2nd to the 6th decade, but they increased again after the 7th decade. In females they gradually decreased and were at the lowest in the 4th and 5th decades, and then increased again. The values were always lower in females than males with the difference ranging from 1.84 to 0.81 mg/dl (0.11-0.05 mmol/l). PMID- 7092339 TI - Relationship between urinary sialylated saccharides, serum amyloid A protein, and C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The urinary excretion of sialic-acid-containing oligosaccharides, total sialic acid, serum amyloid A protein (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) has been studied in 48 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Linear regression analysis revealed a close positive correlation between serum SAA and CRP levels in both RA (r = 0.71, p less than 0.001) and SLE (r = 0.86, p less than 0.001). The urinary excretion of sialyl lactose showed a positive correlation with the serum levels of SAA and CRP in RA (r = 0.45 and r = 0.45, respectively, p less than 0.01) but not in SLE (r = 0.05 and r = 0.10 respectively). Changes in serum total sialic acid levels paralleled those in CRP and SAA in RA as well as in SLE. Patients with very active RA had higher urinary sialyl oligosaccharide excretion (p less than 0.001), higher CRP levels (p less than 0.01), and higher SAA levels ( p less than 0.05) than those with moderately active disease. PMID- 7092343 TI - Arthritis associated with hairy cell leukaemia. AB - We report the case of a 65-year-old patient with a 15-year history of intermittent asymmetrical oligoarthritis, who subsequently developed splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and episodic leucopenia and thrombocytopaenia. Investigations revealed hairy cell leukaemia, and 'hairy cells' were detected in the synovial fluid. No other cause for this arthritis was found, and we consider the blood dyscrasia to be the likely cause. This case demonstrates a hitherto unreported association between arthritis and hairy cell leukaemia. PMID- 7092342 TI - Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and reactive arthritis. AB - A further case of reactive arthritis following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis is reported. The interim results of a small prospective study are discussed. It may be desirable to do serological studies for campylobacter infection in the investigation of mono- or polyarthritis of acute onset. PMID- 7092341 TI - Cell division in the synovial lining in experimental allergic arthritis: proliferation of cells during the development of chronic arthritis. AB - The synovial tissue in experimentally induced immune arthritis induced in the rabbit has been used as a model of rheumatoid arthritis to determine which cells may contribute to the growth of this tissue. Tissue from the challenged and from the unchallenged knee joints was taken, after the intra-articular injection of a small amount of tritiated thymidine, from rabbits up to 3 months after the arthritis was induced. DNA synthesis, as a measure of cell proliferative activity, was assessed firstly by measuring the labelling index in autoradiographs of sections of such tissue, and secondly by the DNA synthetic index obtained by Feulgen cytophotometry. These measurements were made separately on synoviocytes, on the structural cells of the stroma, on the cells lining the small blood vessels, and on the infiltrating inflammatory cells. The DNA synthetic activity of the synoviocytes, and of the stromal noninflammatory cells, was maximal between 3 and 7 days after challenge. The activity in the synoviocytes, in particular, remained raised for up to 84 days after the challenge. Thus these cells appear to be capable of contributing to the hyperplasia, but the contribution of other cells, deeper in the stroma, cannot be excluded. PMID- 7092344 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis and adenocarcinoma of the lung. AB - A man with long standing and severe ankylosing spondylitis, treated with radiotherapy, developed a primary adenocarcinoma of the lung in an area of apical fibrosis. The significance of this is discussed and the literature reviewed. PMID- 7092345 TI - The incidence and natural history of thrombus in the portal vein following distal splenorenal shunt. AB - The incidence of thrombus formation in the portal vein following distal splenorenal shunt was 4% occlusive and 14% nonocclusive from 1974 to 1977, and 6% occlusive and 22% nonocclusive in 1980. The increased incidence was probably due to more aggressive ligation of collaterals on the portal vein. Ten patients with this complication were evaluated prospectively with clinical and biochemical parameters, angiography, and nutrient hepatic perfusion. In this group, one thrombus was occlusive immediately after operation, and nine were nonocclusive: eight of the latter resolved by six months, but one progressed to total thrombosis. There were no demonstrable adverse clinical or biochemical sequelae. Angiography showed continuing portal perfusion in the face of nonocclusive thrombus, but at six months there was increased collateral formation and significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in portal vein diameter, from 20 +/- 4 mm to 14 +/- 5 mm. Nutrient hepatic perfusion at six months, 896 +/- 257 ml/min, was not significantly different from that seen prior to operation, 848 +/- 92 ml/min. It is concluded that the natural history of nonocclusive portal vein thrombus after distal splenorenal shunt is resolution, and management should be expectant. PMID- 7092346 TI - The reaction of the dura to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in repair of skull defects. AB - Trephine defects in the adult rat skull 0.8 cm in diameter, which do not spontaneously heal, were filled with a bovine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) fraction. The defects healed not only by bony ingrowth from the trephine rim, but also by proliferation of pervascular mesenchymal-type cells (pericytes) of the dura mater. Under the influence of BMP, dural pericytes differentiated into chondroid and woven bone. Between three and four weeks postimplantation, sinusoids formed and the woven bone remodelled into lamellar bone. Concurrently, blood-borne bone marrow cells colonized the bone deposits, and the diploe were restored. Demonstrating that it is soluble in interstitial fluid, and diffusible across a nucleopore membrane (which isolated the bony margins of the skull), BMP induced new bone formation in the underlying dura and complete repair of the defect. The response of the dura to the BMP fraction produced more new bone than the response to allogeneic bone matrix. The BMP-induced repair was dose dependent; the quantity of new bone was proportional to the dose of the implanted BMP. PMID- 7092348 TI - Gastric mycosis following gastric resection and vagotomy. AB - In a prospective five-year follow-up study of 289 consecutive patients subjected to antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy, 130 patients underwent gastroscopy. Gastric mycosis was present almost exclusively in patients subjected to combined antrectomy and vagotomy (36%). Gastric acidity seemed to be of only minor or no importance in the development of the mycosis. The residual volume in the gastric remnant was significantly higher in patients with gastric mycosis. The impaired emptying of the gastric remnant is most likely a vagotomy effect and may be the main reason for the development of gastric mycosis. A simple but effective method was developed to evacuate gastric yeast cell aggregates. Gastric mycosis seems to give rise to only slight symptoms, mainly nausea and foul-smelling belching, whereas the reflux of duodenal contents that often occurred in combination with gastric mycosis was more likely to cause gastritis and substantial discomfort. PMID- 7092347 TI - Operative management of stress ulcers in children. AB - The operative management of stress ulcer in children is controversial. Between the years 1969 and 1981, ten children were operated on at the Babies Hospital for stress ulcer. Their illnesses included connective tissue disorders (3), sepsis (2), Reye's syndrome (1), hemolytic uremic syndrome (1), leukemia (1), closed head injury (1), and renal failure (1). In those with bleeding (8), aggressive conventional medical management was attempted prior to operation. Four children also received intravenous cimetidine. Four patients underwent embolization of a feeding artery and/or selective vasopressin infusion. In those patients who perforated (2), operation was performed after a brief period of resuscitation. Ten patients underwent 11 operations. In those who bled, multiple ulcerations were the most common finding. Operative procedures consisted of partial gastrectomy and vagotomy (4), partial gastrectomy alone (2), and vagotomy and pyloroplasty (2). One child who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty required partial gastrectomy for recurrent bleeding. Of the two children who perforated, one was managed by plication and the other by partial gastrectomy. There were two deaths (20%), both occurring in patients who had undergone gastrectomy. One survivor has mild dumping. This experience suggests that in children (1) stress ulcers are commonly multiple when associated with major medical illnesses; (2) partial gastrectomy with or without vagotomy affords maximum protection against recurrent bleeding; (3) lesser procedures are effective for solitary bleeding duodenal ulcers or perforation; and (4) selective arterial embolization or vasopressin infusion are unreliable methods for controlling bleeding. PMID- 7092349 TI - Extraperitoneal sphincteroplasty for residual stones: an update. AB - Sphincteroplasty was done via the extraperitoneal transduodenal approach in 42 patients. The indications were residual stones in 34 patients, stricture at Oddi's sphincter in seven patients, and relapsing pancreatitis in one patient. Seven patients suffered operative complications, with one death. Sphincteroplasty was successfully performed in all patients, and the residual stones were removed in 31. Thirty-three of the 36 patients followed up for a mean of seven years were asymptomatic. Extraperitoneal sphincteroplasty has a role in supplementing endoscopic papillotomy and percutaneous extraction through the T-tube tract in the treatment of patients with residual stones. PMID- 7092350 TI - Carcinoid syndrome from gastrointestinal carcinoids without liver metastasis. AB - Although patients with bronchial and ovarian carcinoid tumors can develop the carcinoid syndrome (diarrhea and/or flushing) in the absence of hepatic metastasis, it is believed that development of the carcinoid syndrome in patients with carcinoid tumors of gastrointestinal origin occurs only after the patient has hepatic metastasis. This is explained by hepatic inactivation of most of the serotonin in the portal circulation or by the fact that hepatic metastases are larger than the primary tumor in the gastrointestinal tract. Three patients with ileal and jejunal carcinoid tumors who developed the carcinoid syndrome without obvious hepatic metastasis are described. Two of the patients had intra abdominal, but extrahepatic, metastasis that probably drained directly into the systemic circulation. The third patient had an ileal carcinoid with clinical involvement limited to adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes. Following resection of her tumor, her urinary 5-HIAA excretion and platelet serotonin level returned to normal, and her attacks of carcinoid flushing virtually ceased. She has occasional spells of "blushing" that are thought to be benign; however, further close follow-up study will be needed to be certain that she is free of disease. It is suggested that each patient with the carcinoid syndrome be evaluated with CT and technetium-99 pertechnetate liver scans. If there is no liver involvement detected with these studies, one should consider hepatic arteriogram or laparotomy to determine if the patient's tumor might be totally resectable. PMID- 7092351 TI - Effect of methionine-enkephalin and naloxone on bombesin-stimulated gastric acid secretion, gastrin, and pancreatic polypeptide release in the dog. AB - In four dogs with chronic gastric fistulae, bombesin infusion was used to stimulate the release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) as well as rates of gastric acid secretion. Neither methionine-enkephalin (met-enkephalin) nor naloxone alone or the combination of these agents altered bombesin-stimulated gastrin release. met-enkephalin alone (but not naloxone) significantly inhibited the gastric secretory response to bombesin, but this inhibitory effect was not influenced by the simultaneous infusion of naloxone; the data suggested that the effect of met-enkephalin was indirect, and perhaps modulated by another inhibitory mechanism. Whereas PP release induced by bombesin was not affected by naloxone, it was significantly suppressed by met-enkaphalin; since this inhibition was virtually totally reversed by naloxone, the data suggested that the effect of opiate peptides on the release of pancreatic polypeptide was direct and mediated by a specific opiate receptor. PMID- 7092352 TI - Increased incorporation of an infused labelled amino acid into plasma proteins as a means of assessing the severity of injury or activity of disease in surgical patients. AB - Following injury there is increased synthesis of several plasma proteins. During a constant rate infusion of 1-(1-14C) leucine some of the labeled amino acid became incorporated into plasma proteins, the amount being readily determined after precipitation with perchloric acid. This value was correlated with the clinical state of the patient to see if an index of severity of injury could be derived. Before operation 6.7 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SD, n = 16) of the infused labeled amino acid was incorporated in asymptomatic patients, irrespective of their dietary intakes, while in the presence of symptomatology this value rose, correlating with tumor staging in patients with colorectal neoplasia (r = 0.988, p = 0.001). It returned to normal following tumor resection, but was elevated in the presence of recurrence or residual disease. After operation it also rose, being maximal in the early postoperative period and following the more major surgical procedures, the increase correlating with the change in cortisol level in patients following cholecystectomy (r = 0.84, p less than 0.01; n = 8). The pattern of distribution of the label among the plasma proteins did not change with increased incorporation. The increase in incorporation of 1-(1-14C) leucine into plasma proteins would appear to offer a good index for severity of injury of activity of a disease state. PMID- 7092353 TI - Carotid endarterectomy under regional (conductive) anesthesia. AB - Carotid endarterectomy is reliable in the prevention of strokes due to arteriosclerotic disease at the carotid bifurcation. This is a retrospective review of 314 carotid endarterectomies performed at the University Health Center of Pittsburgh. The objectives of the study were to determine if regional anesthesia was a safe technique for carotid endarterectomy and to determine whether the neurologic complications that occurred were embolic or ischemic in origin. In patients who were neurologically intact before operation, the perioperative mortality was 0.88% and the incidence of neurologic complications was 3.1%. This is comparable to the current literature. Observations of the awake patient suggested that half the neurologic deficits that occurred in this series were due to embolization rather than to cerebral ischemia. Further more, the incidence of non-neurologic complications under general anesthesia was 12.9%. Under regional anesthesia, the incidence of non-neurologic complications was 2.8%. The data supports carotid endarterectomy under regional block as safe and reliable method. PMID- 7092354 TI - Arteriovenous vertebral fistulae: cure by combination of operation and detachable intravascular balloon. AB - The direct surgical treatment of vertebral arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) presents serious difficulty and risk. Techniques for intravascular occlusion or embolization have made the treatment of AVF safer and effective. However, the occlusion of an AVF involving the segment where the vertebral vein becomes a single vessel may result in pulmonary emoblization by the occluding material. A combined procedure involving ligation of the vertebral vein and detachable balloon occlusion of the fistula was used in two instances without complications and with complete cure of the AVF. PMID- 7092355 TI - Factors prognostic for survival in patients with malignant melanoma spread to the regional lymph nodes. AB - To establish clinical and histologic determinants of survival, records of all UCLA patients with resectable melanoma metastatic to the lymph nodes during the years 1954-1976 were reviewed. These 150 patients were treated first with wide excision, lymphadenectomy, and with radiation/chemotherapy and/or additional surgery only if further recurrences developed. None received adjuvant immunotherapy or chemotherapy. In 97 of 139 patients with identified primary tumors, slides of the primary lesion were reviewed. Putative prognostic factors included age, sex, parity, site of primary tumor, presence of satellitosis, clinical status of nodes, histologic characteristics of primary lesion (Clark's level, thickness of tumor, presence/width of ulceration, and number of mitoses/HPF), time from biopsy of primary tumor to lymphadenectomy, and number of positive nodes. kaplan-Meier estimates of survival for the entire group at one, two, five, and ten years were 73, 55, 37, and 33%, respectively. Median follow-up period of survivors was four years. Univariate analyses using the log-rank test showed that thickness of the primary lesion (p less than 0.001), width of ulceration (p = 0.003), absence of ulceration (p = 0.024), and number of positive nodes (p = 0,.033) were prognostic for survival. In multivariate analysis by the Cox procedure, thickness of the primary (p = 0.001) and number of melanoma containing nodes (p = 0.043) were prognostic for survival. Location of the primary tumor became marginally significant (p = 0.12) in the multrivariate model. These findings demonstrate the prognostic importance of characteristics of both the primary lesion and extent of regional dissemination. Future prospective randomized trials for (adjuvant) therapy of Stage II melanoma should be stratified by these variables. PMID- 7092356 TI - Estimation of postoperative fluid requirements in infants and children. AB - A quadrant scheme is presented for estimating postoperative fluid volumes for replacement of internal fluid shifts (third space losses) in pediatric surgical patients undergoing major intraabdominal surgery. The benefits derived from using a prescribed postoperative fluid management program that includes this quadrant scheme are determined by analyzing a series of 50 consecutive patients managed by five senior general and thoracic surgical house officers. Although the program tended to overestimate the fluid needs of the patients relative to a predetermined optimal urine output level, all but two patients with septic complications were hemodynamically stable and none had complications due to the fluid administration program. PMID- 7092358 TI - The management of locally recurrent soft-tissue sarcoma. AB - Thirty-eight patients with locally recurrent soft-tissue sarcomas of various histologic types and grades but with no evidence of distant metastases were studied. Twenty-five patients had more than one local recurrence. Most primary lesions had been initially treated by simple or "wide local" excision with removal of little or no surrounding normal tissue. The most common site for recurrence was the extremity. Sixteen patients received preoperative intra arterial Adriamycin (30 mg/day X three days) and radiation therapy (3500 R over ten days) followed by wide resection of the recurrence and the previous operative field. Tumor-free margins were confirmed microscopically. There were no subsequent local recurrences in this group. In five patients, no preoperative therapy was used, and the resection was incomplete because of proximity to vital structures. In these patients, postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy could not prevent continued local tumor progression. Amputation for control of local recurrence was necessary in only three patients. the remaining patients underwent either resection alone or resection in combination with postoperative radiation and/or chemotherapy. Life-table analysis of these 38 patients shows an unexpectedly high predicted five-year survival of 76% (87% for patients whose local recurrence could be completely resected). This high salvage rate clearly justifies aggressive treatment of patients with local recurrences alone and warrants attempts to salvage functional extremities. PMID- 7092357 TI - The role of surgery in the management of American Burkitt's lymphoma and its treatment. AB - Ninety-two patients with American Burkitt's lymphoma were studied retrospectively to elucidate the role of surgery in the complications of treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma. All of the patients reviewed had been treated with at least one chemotherapeutic agent. Seventy-five percent of the patients had predominantly abdominal disease that required a laparotomy for diagnosis and treatment when possible. The postoperative complications, such as infections, were not more frequent when compared with other elective surgical procedures. Ten percent of all the patients had episodes of significant gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to disease or to the chemotherapy. One patient was treated surgically, and two patients had fatal hemorrhages. Further abdominal complications that required surgery included intussusception, cholelithiasis, small bowel obstruction, and bowel perforation. The incidence of renal failure because of electrolyte imbalance from tumor lysis syndrome was 30%. One third of these patients required access for dialysis. Ten percent of patients developed hemorrhagic cystitis, but none required surgery. Surgery was necessary in five patients with life threatening pericardial effusion. Other surgical treatments are also reviewed. It is concluded that Burkitt's lymphoma has a significant cure rate with the appropriate medical and surgical therapies, and that the surgical approach to the disease and its complication should be optimistic and appropriately aggressive. PMID- 7092359 TI - Tumor immunity in rat lymph nodes following transplantation. AB - Inguinal lymph nodes in the Buffalo rat were autotransplanted to the popliteal fossa by an intact vascular pedicle or by microvascular anastomosis. These revascularized nodes had normal histology and made spontaneous afferent and efferent lymphatic reconnection with surrounding lymphatic vessels, as documented by ink and silicone rubber injection studies. Lymphoscintigraphy with 99mTc antimony sulfide colloid correctly predicted the 44 of 120 node transplants that had made afferent reconnection. To demonstrate immunologic activity of lymph nodes following transplantation, a cellular adherance assay was employed to detect cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymph node cells isolated from rats sensitized to an allogeneic gliosarcoma. Cytotoxicity was detected in nontransplanted regional nodes sensitized to tumor (p less than 0.01) and in nodes transplanted by vascular pedicle and then sensitized to tumor (p less than 0.001). This study demonstrates that lymph nodes can be transplanted with restoration of functional lymphatic anatomy, and that following transplantation, lymph nodes retain the ability to mount an immune response against tumor. PMID- 7092361 TI - Aspiration cytology is superior to Tru-Cut needle biopsy in establishing the diagnosis of clinically suspicious breast masses. AB - Eighty-one consecutive patients with breast masses clinically suspicious for malignancy were evaluated prospectively. There were 31 benign lesions and 50 malignancies. Clinical diagnosis was correct in 85% (2.5% false negative, 12.5% false positive). Mammography was diagnostic in 52.8% (31.5% false negative, 15.7% false positive). Needle biopsy was accurate in 78.9% (21.1% false negative, 0% false positive). Aspiration cytology was diagnostic in 96.2% (3.8% false negative, 0% false positive). Statistical comparison of all four tests revealed that aspiration cytology was slightly more accurate than physical examination for all lesions (p = 0.07), but significantly more accurate for benign lesions (p = 0.005). Overall, aspiration cytology was significantly more accurate than mammography (p = 0.000001) and needle biopsy (p = 0.008). Only one minor complication, a superficial infection, occurred with aspiration cytology and needle biopsy. Thin-needle aspiration cytology is a benign procedure that appears to be superior to physical examination, mammography, and needle biopsy in establishing the diagnosis of clinically suspicious breast masses. PMID- 7092360 TI - A prospective study of thymectomy and serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. AB - Forty-seven consecutively presenting myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with generalized weakness were treated according to a standardized prospective protocol. All patients underwent a sternal splitting "total" thymectomy. Medical status before surgery was optimized by plasmapheresis without immunosuppression. Medications were avoided or discontinued whenever possible. All patients were improved. At the time of latest follow-up 83% were free of generalized weakness and 61% were on no medications. There was no significant change in Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (AChR-AB) titer. The following conclusions were made: (1) thymectomy is an effective therapy for MG, (2) additional medications are not necessary in the majority of patients, and (3) a reduction in the AChR-AB titer is not essential for clinical benefit. PMID- 7092362 TI - Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a heterogenous disease. AB - The clinical, radiologic and pathologic features of 37 patients diagnosed as having primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were reviewed. Sixty-two per cent were men, and 35% had ulcerative colitis. The patients demonstrated considerable variability in their natural history and pathology. It appeared that they could be divided into four fairly distant groups (1) sclerosing cholangitis affecting primarily the distal common bile duct; (2) sclerosing cholangitis occurring soon after an attack of acute necrotizing cholangitis; (3) chronic diffuse sclerosing cholangitis; and (4) chronic diffuse sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. It is suggested that the patients in these groups may have different etiologies, may respond to different treatment regimes, and may have different prognoses. PMID- 7092363 TI - Selection of patients for dissolution of retained common duct stones with mono octanoin. AB - Mono-octanoin is effective in the dissolution of retained common duct stones. Some of the failures of this solution to dissolve retained common duct stones are attributed to the low cholesterol content of the stones. This assumption was evaluated by analyzing gallbladder stones from 58 patients following cholecystectomy. Each stone was also incubated in mono-octanoin, and the composition of the stone was compared with the rate of dissolution. Stones containing 10% or less cholesterol did not appreciably dissolve in mono-octanoin. Stones 40% or greater in cholesterol content dissolved within an average of 3.3 days, which was significantly faster than those low in cholesterol (p less than 0.001). Following common duct exploration, stones should be saved for analysis or in vitro determination of the rate of dissolution in mono-octanoin. The use of mono-octanoin is recommended only for retained stones that are high in cholesterol or dissolve rapidly when incubated in mono-octanoin and should be effective in 91% of the cases. PMID- 7092364 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bile duct. AB - Three patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bile duct are described. In two patients the tumor arose from the common hepatic duct. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct has not been previously reported. The clinical features and pathologic behavior of this rare type of tumor are similar to the usual biliary adenocarcinoma. The coexistence of Clonorchis sinensis infestation and primary pyogenic cholangitis raises the possibility of an etiologic association. PMID- 7092365 TI - Long-term results of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy and hepaticojejunoduodenostomy. AB - The results of the long-term follow-up of 202 patients with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (Roux-en-Y HJ) and 19 with hepaticojejunoduodenostomy (HJD) are reported. The mortality, morbidity, and the incidence of postoperative anastomotic stenosis were comparable in both groups. One hundred forty patients with Roux-en-Y HJ and 19 with HJD were followed with barium meal and endoscopy. An incidence of 5% postoperative duodenal ulcer was noted in the first group, while no ulcer was seen in the patients with HJD. Preoperative and postoperative gastric acid secretion (basal acid secretion and maximal acid secretion) and serum gastrin levels (basal and after protein meal) were measured in 25 cases with Roux-en-Y HJ and 19 with HJD. The serum gastrin levels were similar initially and remained unchanged after surgery in both groups. However, the mean levels of basal and maximal acid output, which was similar before surgery in both groups, increased significantly only in patients who had Roux-en-Y HJ (p less than 0.001). In conclusion, HJD should be adopted as the preferred type of anastomosis in patients with benign pathology and long-life expectancy. PMID- 7092366 TI - Hepatic blood flow after canine portasystemic shunting. AB - Effects of portasystemic shunting on total hepatic blood flow (THBF) were evaluated in mongrel dogs with 35 and 50micro radioactive microspheres. THBF was measured prior to shunting and 1 hour and 3 weeks after surgery. Using systemic and pulmonary artery catheters, pertinent hemodynamic variables were also measured. In sham-operated dogs (n = 5), there were no significant changes in the hemodynamic parameters or the components of THBF during the experiment. After end to-side shunting (n = 7), animals experienced a significant, permanent fall in hepatopetal portal blood flow (HABF). In contrast, dogs with side-to-side shunts (n = 7) exhibited a transient, significant increase in HABF 1 hour after surgery. Although the shunt eliminated HPBF, the rise in HABF prevented a significant, immediate fall in THBF. Three weeks after surgery, however, HABF had returned to the baseline range, and THBF was significantly lower than the preshunt value. Dogs with H-graft mesocaval shunts (n = 5) also exhibited a transient, significant rise in HABF 1 hour after surgery. Since HPBF did not fall substantially, THBF at this time was significantly higher than the baseline value. Three weeks after surgery, HABF had fallen to the baseline range, but THBF was not significantly different from the preshunt level. In animals with distal splenorenal shunts (n = 11), there was no significant change in HABF after shunting. Both HPBF and THBF were transiently, significantly reduced immediately after surgery, but three weeks later neither parameter was significantly lower than the preshunt values. There were no significant, persistent changes in the systemic perfusion pressures or flows in the shunted groups. These experiments demonstrate that the reported increase in HABF following portasystemic shunting is dependent on the type of shunt and, if it occurs, is a transient phenomenon. Hence, immediate postoperative changes in hemodynamic variables or hepatic blood flows do not necessarily reflect long-term patterns. In the normal dog, total portasystemic shunting produces a permanent, significant decrease in THBF, whereas selective shunting maintains THBF in the near-normal range. PMID- 7092367 TI - Impact of cancer, type, site, stage and treatment on the nutritional status of patients. AB - This study analyzed the nutritional status of cancer patients in relation to type and site of origin of the tumor, stage of disease, and previous chemical or radiation therapy. The analysis was performed on 321 patients (280 with cancer and 41 controls). The nutritional parameters included per cent of weight loss, anthropometric indices (arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference), creatinine-height index, serum protein, albumin, total iron binding capacity and cholinesterase, C3 and C4 components of complement, total peripheral lymphocytes, and skin tests. The statistical comparison between patients with different tumors and controls, between patients with different stages of the same tumor, and between patients treated with or without previous chemical or radiation therapy led to the following conclusions: 1) malnutrition is mainly related to the type and site of origin of the tumor and, in the early stages of disease, is more pronounced in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach; 2) except in patients with breast and cervix cancer, malnutrition gets more severe as the disease becomes advanced; 3) chemical or radiation therapy has a variable impact on the nutritional status, but in selected patients it causes a drop in body weight, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, and peripheral lymphocytes; 4) body weight, cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity and serum albumin are the most commonly altered parameters. PMID- 7092368 TI - Results of ilioinguinal dissection for stage II melanoma. AB - Eighty-two Stage II melanoma patients with inguinal lymph node metastases have undergone ilioinguinal node dissections at UCLA during the past 10 years. Twenty four (29.3%) patients had involvement of both inguinal and iliac nodes, whereas 58 (70.7%) patients had only inguinal metastases. The frequency of iliac metastases did not relate to location, Clark's level or thickness of the primary tumor or interval from diagnosis of primary tumor to lymphadenectomy, but was related to the number of inguinal nodes involved with metastases, rising from 14.6% with one positive inguinal node to 50% with four or more inguinal node metastases. Twenty of 24 (83.3%) patients with inguinal and iliac node metastases developed recurrent disease, whereas 32/58 (55.2%) patients with only inguinal node metastases and no tumor in the iliac nodes recurred. The time to recurrence was much shorter if iliac nodes were diseased (median disease-free interval 5.8 months versus 25.6 months). Three of five patients with clinically negative but histologically positive inguinal and iliac nodes survived 5 years, while only 1/18 patients with clinically positive inguinal nodes and diseased iliac nodes lived 5 years. Those with clinically negative but histologically positive inguinal nodes and iliac metastases had recurrence and survival rates similar to those with clinically negative but histologically positive inguinal nodes and no iliac metastases. Ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy provides significant prognostic information for Stage II patients with inguinal metastases and may be therapeutic for those with iliac metastases. Therefore, ilioinguinal dissection is the operation of choice for melanoma patients with regional metastases to the inguinal area. PMID- 7092369 TI - Seasonal changes in the distribution of Biomphalaria sudanica sudanica (Martens) in Lake Zwai, Ethiopia. PMID- 7092372 TI - Reproductive statistics of a natural population of Glossina morsitans centralis Vand. (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia. PMID- 7092370 TI - Mebendazole and alveolar hydatid disease. PMID- 7092371 TI - On distinguishing the female of Psychodopygus wellcomei, a vector of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, from other squamiventris series females. I. Characterization of Ps. squamiventris squamiventris and Ps. s. maripaensis stat. nov. (Diptera: psychodidae). PMID- 7092373 TI - Inheritance of susceptibility to Trypanosoma congolense infection in Glossina morsitans. PMID- 7092374 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and ELISA tests in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. PMID- 7092375 TI - Additional data on an inland focus of Venezuelan onchocerciasis. PMID- 7092376 TI - Insecticide particle size in Simulium control. PMID- 7092377 TI - In vitro cultures of infective-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi. PMID- 7092379 TI - When should the esophagus be lengthened? PMID- 7092378 TI - Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project XVIII. The programme for blindness and ophthalmic disease. PMID- 7092380 TI - The combined Collis-Nissen operation: early assessment of reflux control. AB - This report summarizes the clinical experience with 155 patients who underwent the Collis-Nissen operation and have been followed by personal interview, esophageal manometry, barium swallow examination, and acid reflux testing for up to three years (average, 24 months). There has been 1 postoperative death. Major complications have included gastroplasty tube leak (2 patients), stricture perforation during dilation (1 patient), and splenic injury (3 patients). Subjectively, among 135 patients followed for a minimum of 6 months, reflux has been eliminated in 89% (120 patients), remains mild in 6% (8 patients), and is severe in 5% (7 patients). Early satiety ("bloats") of varying degree has occurred in 19% (26 patients), and dysphagia requiring dilation in 15% (20 patients). The overall objective recurrence rate, as documented with the intraesophageal pH probe and the standard acid reflux test, is 13% (18 patients). Among 32 patients with peptic strictures treated with dilation and the Collis Nissen operation, reflux symptoms have recurred in 3%, and 6% have had abnormal reflux demonstrated with the pH probe. These results substantiate excellent early reflux control with the Collis-Nissen procedure and justify its continued use in appropriately selected patients with gastroesophageal efflux and its complications. PMID- 7092381 TI - Gastroplasty with partial or total plication for gastroesophageal reflux: manometric and pH-metric postoperative studies. AB - From January, 1975, to December, 1980, 83 patients with sliding hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, or both were treated using a modified Collis gastroplasty associated with either partial or total gastric application. When partial plication was used, the five-year clinical results were considered satisfactory in 27 out of 35 patients (77%). When total plication was used, the results were satisfactory in 41 out of 46 patients (89%) after follow-up ranging from 12 to 60 months (average, 36 months), but no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux reappeared in any patient. In patients undergoing partial plication, the mean preoperative high-pressure zone of 11.20 +/- 8.19 mm Hg increased after operation to 17.31 +/- 10.50 mm Hg, but in the second postoperative studies the value decreased to 13.69 +/- 7.24 mm Hg. When 360 degrees plication was used, the preoperative value of the high-pressure zone--9.36 +/- 4.80 mm Hg--increased after operation to 17.70 +/- 7.53 mm Hg but did not decrease significantly in the second postoperative studies: 16.46 +/- 7.99 mm Hg. When partial plication was used, the positivity of the abdominal compression test was 9 and 28% in the early and late postoperative studies, respectively. Using total plication, the percentage of positivity in the early and late postoperative periods was 0 and 2%, respectively. Concerning the acid reflux test, when partial plication was used, the test was positive in 3 out of 27 patients (11%) in the early postoperative studies and in 7 out of 30 (23%) one year later. For the total plication procedure, the percentage of positive tests was null in the first control and 3% in the second postoperative studies. PMID- 7092382 TI - Late follow-up of the Braunwald-Cutter valve. AB - A retrospective review has been made of 234 patients who received 239 Braunwald Cutter valves (109 aortic, 130 mitral). For the aortic valve, the thromboembolic rate was very high (10.3 per 100 patient-years). This was associated with severe strut cloth wear in 94.5% of valves and with long strands of fibrin attached to the worn cloth in 58% of valves studied at reoperation or postmortem examination. The aortic poppet showed a mean decrease in volume of 4%, and poppet escape was recognized in 4 patients. The actuarial incidence of poppet escape was less than that predicted in earlier reports. There was a 4% incidence of stenosis of the valve. The hospital mortality associated with removal of the aortic Braunwald Cutter valve and replacement with another device was 4%. Performance of the mitral Braunwald-Cutter valve appears satisfactory to date (mean follow-up, 42 months). Its electric removal is not recommended. PMID- 7092383 TI - Aortic valve replacement with Starr-Edwards valves over 14 years. AB - Three hundred thirteen patients underwent aortic valve replacement with 319 Starr Edwards caged-ball prostheses and have been followed for 1 to 14 years. Hospital mortality (24.8%) and first-year mortality (4.8%) suggest that this is a high risk group. Overall postoperative patients survival was 37.1%, with 18.8% free from any event, at 14 years. Thromboembolism was the most significant single event (a probability of 18.7% at 14 years), and the Series 2300/2320 valves were associated with a probability of hemolysis of nearly 80% over 13 years. Patients who underwent valve replacement before 1973 had a significantly greater probability of late death (31.1%) and of complications (47.1%) during the first 5 years. Those patients undergoing replacement after 1973 had a significantly greater probability of thromboembolic episodes (15.4%). Starr-Edwards cage-ball prosthesis provide an acceptable valve replacement for high-risk patients. However, the overall complication rate of 81.2% over 14 years, compared with 78% for homograft valves for the same period, does not support the adoption of this prosthesis as the valve of first choice at this hospital. PMID- 7092384 TI - Inflow occlusion for semilunar valve stenosis. AB - Twenty-nine patients have had valvotomy with inflow occlusion since 1975 at our institution: 7 for aortic stenosis and 22 for pulmonary stenosis. All patients with aortic stenosis and 11 with pulmonary stenosis were neonates. Six patients died, 3 with aortic stenosis and 3 with pulmonary stenosis. All of them were less than 2 days old. Two newborns with critical pulmonary stenosis required reoperation with an outflow patch at age 22 and 25 months. To determine morbidity and expense of inflow occlusion versus cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with pulmonary stenosis, we compared the 11 patients who were not infants and who had inflow occlusion (age range, 3.5 to 26.8 years) with 10 patients who were operated on concurrently and who required bypass to correct associated minor intracardiac lesions (age range, 2.6 to 26.4 years). Significant differences (p less than 0.01) were as follows (inflow occlusion versus bypass): operating room time, 2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 3.6 +/- 0.8 hours (mean +/- standard deviation); blood utilized, 0.3 +/- 0.5 versus 1.7 +/- 1.7 units; and total expense, $4,600 +/- 800 versus $7,000 +/- 1,600. Thus, inflow occlusion is safe in patients more than 2 days old, with early and late results similar to bypass, and is an attractive alternative for patients with isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis and for newborns with aortic stenosis. PMID- 7092385 TI - Carcinoma of the lung: evaluation of histological grade and factors influencing prognosis. AB - The results in 96 patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy were analyzed. In reviewing the case histories of these patients, it became apparent that those with poorly differentiated tumor (grade 3) have an increased likelihood of positive lymph node metastases compared with those with well-differentiated (grade 1) or moderately differentiated (grade 2) tumor. Poor differentiation of the tumor, vascular invasion, and lymph node metastases appear to represent poor prognostic indices in patients undergoing operation. Compared with patients with grade 1 and grade 2 tumors, patients with a grade 3 adenocarcinoma had more local recurrences, while those with grade 3 squamous cell carcinoma had more distant metastases. The findings suggest that histological grading is an important adjunct to the clinical evaluation of and planning of treatment for patients with lung cancer. PMID- 7092386 TI - Pleural fibromas: a clinical review and report of six patients. AB - Localized pleural fibromas are a definite clinical entity. Their origin is much debated. Though most arise from the mesothelial cell, occasionally some arise from the pleural fibroblast. The former retain the potential to become malignant. Distinguishing between the two origins can aid prognosis after treatment. The characteristic cell is a spindle-shaped fibroblast. Slits or clefts lined by flattened cells are often present in the tumor. Clinically, pleural fibromas are usually asymptomatic, space-occupying lesions. Chest symptoms are nonspecific. Extrathoracic symptoms, especially arthritis, are not uncommon and occur only in the benign variety. Excision is the treatment of choice, but long-term follow-up is essential, for recurrence is not unknown and is often heralded by the region of arthritic symptoms. Recurrences may be benign or malignant, the latter having a poor prognosis, with most patients dying within 2 years. Experience with benign pleural fibromas seen in 6 patients over a 25-year period is presented. PMID- 7092387 TI - Severity of intrathoracic injuries associated with first rib fractures. AB - The benign condition of isolated first rib fracture is compared with the severity of intrathoracic injuries resulting from first rib fracture associated with multiple rib injuries. Seventy-five patients with 90 first rib fractures were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 13) included those with isolated first rib fractures and Group 2 (n = 62), those with first-rib fractures associated with multiple rib injuries. In Group 1 patients, intrathoracic injuries were mild with no major vascular injuries. Conversely, Group 2 patients sustained severe intrathoracic injury, 58% of them with aortic injury. Stress is placed on early diagnosis, assigning of priority to associated injuries, and early operative intervention. PMID- 7092389 TI - False aneurysm of the pulmonary artery: a complication of pulmonary artery catheterization. PMID- 7092388 TI - Use of the rhomboid major muscle flap for esophageal repair. AB - A 16-year-old boy sustained vehicular blunt trauma with delayed esophageal rupture that resulted in empyema and an esophagopleurocutaneous fistula. Diverting esophagostomy, gastrotomy, and transpyloric jejunostomy were performed, and these procedures permitted satisfactory nutritional support of the patient. Staged direct closure of the esophagus buttressed by a rhomboid muscle flap preserved normal esophageal function. Both clinical application and cadaver dissections have demonstrated that the rhomboid flap has an excellent blood supply and that it can be used to repair lesions on either side in the upper half of the esophagus. Because this flap is extrathoracic, it is not usually distorted by intrathoracic sepsis or previous thoracic incisions. The rhomboid major muscle flap is an excellent alternative to conventional autogenous grafts for esophageal repair. PMID- 7092390 TI - Bilateral renal artery thrombotic occlusion: a unique complication following removal of a transthoracic intraaortic balloon. AB - An intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was inserted through the ascending aorta during a coronary artery bypass operation. Five days later, after removal of the IABP and ligation of the end-to-side Dacron graft, the patient became acutely anuric. Abdominal aortography demonstrated a large "trapeze-shaped" thrombus which occluded both renal arteries. Following thrombectomy the patient recovered, with eventual return of renal function to the preoperative state. PMID- 7092392 TI - The human touch. PMID- 7092391 TI - Fracture of polypropylene suture. PMID- 7092393 TI - Critical coronary artery obstruction. PMID- 7092394 TI - Tissue valves. PMID- 7092395 TI - Porcine cardiac xenograft valves: analysis of survival, valve failure, and explantation. AB - Porcine cardiac xenografts were used for cardiac valve replacement in 1,093 patients. Hospital mortality for aortic valve replacement (AVR) was 3.7%; for mitral valve replacement (MVR), 7.8%; and for AVR + MVR, 4.7%. Total follow-up was 2,036 patient-years; maximum, 7.3 years; and mean, 1.89 years. Actuarial survival (+/- standard error of the mean) for AVR was 84% +/- 2% at 56 months; for MVR, 84% +/- 3% at 56 months; and for AVR + MVR, 86% +/- 4% at 30 months. Nonfatal thromboembolism occurred in 8 of 1,030 patients (0.78%). Anticoagulation was not routinely employed. Fifty hospital survivors (4.8%) experienced valve dysfunction; 18 of the survivors (1.7%) died; and 32 of the survivors (3.1%) underwent reoperation. The rate of dysfunction increased slowly until the sixth year when an increased rate was observed (p less than 0.0001). Patients less than 34 years old had a higher incidence of dysfunction (p less than 0.01). Thirty-two hospital survivors (3.1%) underwent explantation of the porcine valve for late dysfunction. Valve dysfunction secondary to endocarditis and paravalvular leak occurred early, while leaflet deterioration or thrombosis was more gradual in onset and was noted later. The porcine valve has functioned well for 1 to 7 years with a low incidence of valve related morbidity and mortality without routine anticoagulation in patients older than 34 years of age. PMID- 7092396 TI - The clinical life history of explanted prosthetic heart valves. AB - This report analyzes 118 prosthetic heart valves obtained from 97 patients at reoperation (96) or at postmortem examination (22). The number obtained from the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid positions were 78, 32, and 8, respectively. Duration of implant ranged from one day to 12.3 years. Valves showing the least long-term wear were the Starr-Edwards metal strut-silicone bell and the Bjork Shiley. Moderate long-term durability was provided by the Beall and Starr-Edwards cloth-covered composite-seat prostheses while short-term durability was given by Hancock and Carpentier valves. Reoperation for valve-related causes was performed for 46 of 47 Beall valves, which demonstrated stenosis, hemolysis, and incompetence from component wear, 6 of 27 Bjork-Shiley prostheses for valve thrombosis or thromboembolism or both, and 11 of 17 porcine prostheses because of calcification (4) or cusp perforation or rupture. Analyses of wear and fatigue of mechanical valves demonstrated that use of ultrahard materials (pyrolyte carbon, titanium, stellite 21) provided superior durability in contrast to polymeric solids or fabrics with poor abrasion and impact characteristics. Further, cloth and disc wear were evident as early as 0.5 year after implant and appeared to be complete by 4 years. Completeness of healing after 24 months was not related to the type of fabric material used or its construction. This study suggests that mechanical valves made from hard materials have long durability when properly implanted and require fastidious prophylaxis against infection and thromboembolism. The findings of early cusp perforation or rupture in the aortic position and leaflet calcification, stiffening, or disruption in the mitral position for porcine prostheses suggest that frequent and careful examinations of patients with these prostheses are required to detect early signs of stenosis or incompetence and that early reoperation is required before catastrophic valve failure necessitates emergency prosthetic valve replacement. PMID- 7092397 TI - Carcinoma of the lung in women. AB - The 5-year survival of 293 men and of 78 women undergoing pulmonary resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection is compared. These patients were broken into two age groups: Group 1, 40 through 49 years of age, and Group 2, 50 years of age and older. They were subdivided further according to clinical stage, cell type, and sex. Of the 25 men in Group 1, 15 (60%) survived 5 years, while 98 (37%) of the 268 men in Group 2 survived 5 years. Among the 31 women in Group 1, 5 (16%) survived for 5 years, while 15 (32%) of the 47 women in Group 2 survived for that length of time. The survival among women in the younger age group was significantly lower than for both groups of women in the older age group (p = 0.0335) and men in the younger age group (p = 0.0033). This is believed to be due to the higher incidence of both Stage III disease and adenocarcinoma in the younger women. Twenty-two of the younger women (71%) were classified Stage III compared with 14 (30%) of the older women. Fourteen younger men (56%) had reached Stage III, and 101 older men (38%) were classified as Stage III. These data suggest that sex is an important factor in determining survival because there appears to be a relationship between it and the stage of the disease, and cell type. Overall, women had a poorer 5-year survival than men. Younger women have a strikingly lower survival than any other group, which is explained by their higher incidence of both Stage III classification and adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7092398 TI - Pericardiectomy: current indications, concepts, and results in a university center. AB - During a 7 1/2-year period, 102 patients underwent pericardiectomy in the Emory University Affiliated Hospitals for a wide variety of pericardial disease. Seventy-six patients had predominantly effusive pericardial disease, and 26 patients had constrictive pericarditis. Nineteen cases of constrictive pericarditis developed in patients who had undergone previous open-heart operations. Hospital mortality at six weeks was 8.8%. The surgical approach was a left anterior thoracotomy in 72 patients; median sternotomy in 26 patients; and a subxiphoid approach in 4 patients. Only 2 patients required cardiopulmonary bypass. A detailed discussion of each subgroup of patients with pericardial disease requiring pericardiectomy is given. PMID- 7092399 TI - Critical pulmonary stenosis in infants less than three months of age: a reappraisal of closed transventricular pulmonary valvotomy. AB - Sixteen patients less than 3 months of age underwent closed transventricular pulmonary valvotomy for critical pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum. There were 14 survivors; the 2 deaths were unrelated to the technique. Early and late results reveal good hemodynamics in all but 1 patient who underwent open valvotomy four years later for restenosis. We have used this technique exclusively, as it is safe, requires little preparation for operative relief in the very sick infant, and the early and late results are excellent. PMID- 7092400 TI - The hemodynamic response to dopamine and nitroprusside following right atrium pulmonary artery bypass (Fontan procedure). AB - Cardiac output is critically dependent upon pulmonary vascular resistance after right atrium-pulmonary artery bypass (Fontan procedure), since there is no pulmonary ventricle in the circulation. Inotropic agents, including dopamine, may increase pulmonary vascular resistance and, therefore, might have an adverse effect on cardiac output. The present study determined the hemodynamic responses to dopamine and nitroprusside of 9 patients following right atrium-pulmonary artery bypass. Particular attention was given to effects on cardiac output (CI), pulmonary vascular resistance, and right atrial pressure (RAP). Baseline hemodynamic data were measured without drugs, with dopamine at 7.5 micrograms/kg/min, with sodium nitroprusside up to 5.0 micrograms/kg/min, and with a combination of dopamine, 7.5 micrograms/kg/min, and sodium nitroprusside, 1.0 micrograms/kg/min. Right and left atrial pressures (LAP), mean arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and CI were measured. Stroke volume index and pulmonary arteriolar resistance index were calculated. The increase in CI from baseline (1.98 +/- 0.86 liters per minute) was significant for infusions of dopamine (2.75 +/- 1.05, p less than 0.001), sodium nitroprusside (2.57 +/- 0.78, p less than 0.001), and both drugs (2.74 +/- 0.84, p less than 0.001). The increased CI was achieved primarily by a significant increase in HR with dopamine and by an increase in stroke volume index with sodium nitroprusside. With a similar increment in CI, the RAP was significantly decreased from baseline (21 +/ 4 torr) with sodium nitroprusside (15 +/- 3, p less than 0.001) but was unchanged with dopamine. Pulmonary arteriolar resistance index decreased significantly from baseline (375 +/- 230 dynes sec cm-5/m2) with sodium nitroprusside (169 +/- 132, p less than 0.001), and, interestingly, with dopamine as well (273 +/- 165, p less than 0.05). Both dopamine and sodium nitroprusside in these dosages have favorable effects on CI and pulmonary arteriolar resistance index in patients after right atrium-pulmonary artery bypass. Whenever feasible, sodium nitroprusside is preferred for increasing CI after such a bypass procedure, since lower RAP decreases the severity of fluid retention, ascites, and chest tube drainage. PMID- 7092402 TI - The subxiphoid approach to pericardial disease. AB - During the 36-month period from July, 1978, through July, 1981, 25 patients underwent a subxiphoid pericardial window procedure for diagnosis and therapy. Twelve patients were operated on for uremic pericarditis, 6 for malignancy, and 7 for etiological diagnosis of the pericarditis. All 12 patients with renal failure had enlarging effusions, despite aggressive dialysis. Eleven of the 12 are alive, free from recurrence, 3 to 36 months postoperatively. Six patients were operated on for suspected pericardial malignancy with hemodynamic compromise. Histological diagnosis was made from the pericardial tissue in all patients; only 1 patient lived more than 43 days following the procedure. In the group of 7 patients operated on for diagnosis, 4 were thought preoperatively to have tuberculous pericarditis. All 4 were treated with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy and are asymptomatic, without evidence of calcification, 12 to 31 months postoperatively. This diverse group of patients demonstrates that the subxiphoid pericardial window is an effective approach for relief of uremic effusions and may adequately treat effusive tuberculous pericarditis when combined with multidrug chemotherapy. Patients with suspected malignant pericardial disease and hemodynamic compromise need to be carefully studied before an operative procedure is considered as a means of diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 7092401 TI - Functional and metabolic preservation of the immature myocardium with verapamil following global ischemia. AB - This study investigated the effects of the calcium antagonist verapamil on the functional and biochemical recovery of the immature heart following 30 minutes of normothermic ischemia. Verapamil (0.2 mg per kilogram of body weight) was infused into the aortic root in 5 puppies (8 to 10 weeks of age) prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Five additional puppies received saline solution as a control. Left ventricular developed pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), left ventricular endsystolic pressure-diameter relationship (emax), compliance, and water content were assessed before and after bypass. Serial myocardial biopsies for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate were obtained. Puppies pretreated with verapamil recovered more than 80% of the preischemic left ventricular developed pressure, dP/dt, and emax in contrast to 50% recovery in the controls (p less than 0.05). The ATP content declined 40% during the interval of ischemia in the control puppies, versus 14.6% in the verapamil-treated puppies (p less than 0.05). Myocardial compliance was preserved in the verapamil-treated puppies and was associated with significantly less myocardial water content (78% versus 80.1% in the controls)(p less than 0.01). This study demonstrates the protective effects of verapamil on the immature heart during ischemic arrest. These results suggest that verapamil may be a useful adjunct to current methods of protecting the infant heart during cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7092403 TI - Clinical staging and the tendency of malignant pleural mesotheliomas to remain localized. AB - Thirty-two patients who had been treated for diffuse, malignant pleural mesotheliomas were retrospectively staged according to the system of Butchart. Nineteen of the 26 patients who were seen with disease confined to one hemithorax have died. Twelve patients died without progression to a higher clinical stage, and only 1 patient died of systemic metastases. Nineteen of the 32 patients died of local tumor invasion. Regimens containing Adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) appeared to prolong the survival of patients with epithelial-type tumors. Combination chemotherapy, designed to treat soft-tissue sarcomas, produced partial responses in a small number of patients. PMID- 7092404 TI - Methylene blue to visualize washed-out coronary arteries. PMID- 7092405 TI - Dual effect of naloxone on drinking behaviour of rats. AB - Naloxone, administered to rats subcutaneously or by i.c.v. route, produces a dose dependent inhibition of water intake elicited by angiotensin II or water deprivation. However, doses of the drug which do not affect drinking inhibit the antidipsic effect of subcutaneous morphine. The larger is the dose of morphine, the larger is the antimorphinic effect evoked by naloxone. These data would suggest that, at least in respect to the effects of narcotics on water intake, naloxone is a partial agonist of the nalorphine type, but the slopes of naloxone and of morphine dose-response regression lines are not in keeping with this hypothesis. Thus, the mechanism of the anti-morphic effect elicited by naloxone on drinking behaviour remains to be clarified. PMID- 7092406 TI - Biochemical cardiac risk factors during diuretic therapy. AB - The effects of six weeks of treatment with fixed doses of the diuretics chlorthalidone and ticrynafen on serum total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and other biochemical parameters were studied in 24 hypertensive patients. Chlorthalidone increased total serum cholesterol by 40 +/- 11 (SEM) mg/dl (P less than 0.01) and triglycerides by 80 +/- 30 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). The increase of 16 +/- 12 mg/dl in low density lipoproteins and the decrease of 5 +/- 6 mg/dl in high density lipoproteins induced by this drug were not significant. An investigational uricosuric diuretic, ticrynafen, caused no significant changes in any of the serum lipid concentrations measured. Fasting blood glucose levels were elevated, but not significantly, by both diuretics. Serum uric acid concentrations tended to increase in patients given chlorthalidone while ticrynafen treatment decreased uric acid levels by 2.9 +/- 1.4 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). The elevations induced by chlorthalidone in serum lipid levels may partially counteract the potential benefits of its antihypertensive effects. PMID- 7092408 TI - Gastric relaxation by intravenous and intracerebroventricular administration of apomorphine, morphine and fentanyl in the conscious dog. PMID- 7092409 TI - L-tyrosine and adrenergic neuroeffector interaction in the canine saphenous vein. PMID- 7092407 TI - Postnatal development and behavior in offspring of enflurane exposed pregnant rats. AB - Sperm positive (day zero gestation) Fischer 344 rats were exposed to air or to 1500 ppm enflurane by inhalation for 6 hr a day for 21 consecutive days. Enflurane exposed females and their controls were allowed to deliver and raise their offspring. Offspring were studied for evidence of abnormal development as two day, 4, 8, 14 and 80 to 90 week old animals. Thorough gross and histopathological examinations, organ/body weight ratios, clinical chemical and hematological, and overall growth and behavioral examinations were carried out in various aged animals. Sex differences were seen in many parameters as expected, but statistically significant treatment related effects were observed only in the food maze learning behavior and in the pentobarbital sleeping time in the puberty aged male offspring. From our data we can conclude that offspring of pregnant female rats exposed to enflurane at 1500 ppm throughout gestation show minimal, if any, significant clinical or behavioral pathological effects. PMID- 7092410 TI - Release of newly synthesized 3H-noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings in the canine saphenous vein. PMID- 7092411 TI - Voltage clamp analysis of the pacemaker current in single Purkinje cells of the cow heart. PMID- 7092413 TI - Hypotension and bradycardia by intravenous apomorphine in the anaesthetized cat: no evidence for a central mechanism. PMID- 7092412 TI - An unusual prostaglandin-mediated response of rat stomach strip to anaphylatoxin. PMID- 7092414 TI - Inotropic effect and binding sites of ouabain to rat heart. PMID- 7092416 TI - Vernolepin and platelet aggregation. PMID- 7092415 TI - Yohimbine inhibits the potentiation by moderate cooling of norepinephrine-induced contractions of canine blood vessels. PMID- 7092417 TI - Centrally induced cardiovascular effects and kinetic behaviour of isoarecaidine propyl ester in the cat. AB - The present investigation deals with effects of isoarecaidine propyl ester (IAPE) on blood pressure and heart rate of the anaesthetized cat. The kinetic behaviour of the drug in plasma and various brain tissues was also studied. The results indicate that the ester (4 mg.kg-1) induces a depressor effect and bradycardia after i.v. administration. Injection of IAPE (up to 60 micrograms.kg-1) into the left vertebral artery lowers blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. When administered simultaneously into the left and right vertebral artery, low doses (6 micrograms. kg-1) produce a substantial fall in blood pressure. Although the fall in blood pressure after i.v. injection lasts for more than 60 min, plasma half life is extremely short (t1/2 = 6.3 sec). The possible metabolism of the ester was studied in the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Thirty min after the injection into the left vertebral artery, IAPE is almost entirely hydrolyzed in the pontomedullary region. This degradation is prevented by pretreatment with paraoxon, that abolishes the depressor action of IAPE. It is suggested that accumulated isoarecaidine in the pontomedullary region is responsible for the depressor response to IAPE. Since IAPE does not seem to influence blood pressure and heart rate via a peripheral mechanism and lowers blood pressure and cardiac frequency by a central action, this drug is considered to be of pharmacological interest. The mechanism of action is discussed. PMID- 7092419 TI - Effects of vagal stimulation and carotid body chemoreceptor stimulating agents on phrenic nerve activity in vagotomized rabbits. AB - Effects of vagal stimulation and carotid body chemoreceptor stimulating agents on phrenic nerve activity were studied in vagotomized rabbits. The decreases of TI and IPA were proportional to the increase of stimulus frequency and these inhibitory effects were rapidly reversed after vagal stimulation was discontinued. The continuous vagal stimulation at low frequency resulted in a marked potentiation of TI accompanied by a decrease of IPA. The prolongation of TI caused by subthreshold vagal stimulation which failed to terminate the inspiration may probably be due to the inhibition of the PC phasic activity. An intracarotid injection of NaCN led to a decrease of TI and it showed a marked potentiation of IPA. DA and 5-HT showed apneustic respiratory patterns in phrenic responses associated with a slight increase of IPA. Therefore, it may be suggested that the afferent inputs from carotid body chemoreceptor by DA and 5-HT are projected to the I beta neurons in the NTS whereas the input from NaCN stimulated carotid body chemoreceptor is projected into the I alpha neurons. PMID- 7092421 TI - The ECG in normal pregnancy. PMID- 7092420 TI - The care of the patient, revisited. PMID- 7092418 TI - Diltiazem and contraction in cat ventricular muscle during experimentally induced right ventricular systolic hypertension. AB - The effects of diltiazem (2.2 X 10(-7) and 2.2 X 10(-6) M) on isometric contraction and K+-induced contracture (Pc) were determined for right ventricular muscles from normal cats and cats with right ventricular systolic hypertension (RVSH) monitored 4-15 days after partial pulmonary artery obstruction. Muscles obtained from cats with RVSH had significantly decreased maximum isometric force (Po) and maximum rate of force development (dF/dt). Diltiazem (2.2 x 10(-7) and 2.2 x 10(-6) M) significantly reduced Pc of both normal and pressure-overloaded muscle. Po of normal muscle was decreased only by 2.2 X 10(-6) M, while Po of pressure-overloaded muscle was significantly reduced at a lower concentration (2.2 X 10(-7) M0. The effect of diltiazem was reversed by increases to [Ca2+]0. These results demonstrate that contractile function of pressure-overloaded ventricular myocardium is more sensitive to diltiazem. PMID- 7092422 TI - Urolithiasis. PMID- 7092423 TI - The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project: Long-term psychosocial outcome. AB - Six hundred fifty-one men who suffered at least one myocardial infarction eight weeks to 36 months earlier were randomly assigned to participate for at least two years as control subjects or subjects in a prescribed, supervised exercise training program. Psychosocial results at baseline and at the sixth-month, one year, and two-year follow-ups are presented. With minimal exception, no differences were noted between the control and exercise groups at any of the testing periods. Several explanations for the lack of exercise-induced psychosocial benefit are provided. PMID- 7092425 TI - Diet and hyperlipidemia: a justifiable debate. AB - The current debate regarding a national "diet-heart" policy has many roots: questions regarding the effectiveness of a "prudent diet" in reducing plasma lipid levels, whether such reductions will decrease cardiovascular mortality, and whether there are potential long-term side effects of such a diet remain unanswered. These uncertainties are amplified by the fact that individual patients vary markedly in their responses to dietary management of hyperlipidemia and by our ignorance of the relative frequencies of these responses in the general population. Considering the uncertainties, it would seem that specific dietary rules for the American public are premature at this time in our search for the causes of cardiovascular disease and the discovery of safe and effective preventive measures. PMID- 7092424 TI - Teaching psychiatry in medicine: the development of a unique clinical course. AB - The authors describe the development of a course that systematically incorporates psychiatric and psychosocial concepts into the teaching of clinical medicine. Weekly two-hour seminars with patient presentations are given as an integral part of the required clerkships in six disciplines and have the overall goal of preparing students to meet the psychosocial as well as the biomedical needs of their patients. This course has had a significant impact on student-physicians' attitudes as they relate to comprehensive patient care. Efforts to improve teaching skills and to integrate the seminars into the host clerkships have contributed to the success of the course. Careful planning and evaluation also were crucial to its development. PMID- 7092426 TI - Primary sclerosing cholangitis. AB - Recent investigations have clarified the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of primary sclerosing cholangitis, a chronic fibrosing disorder affecting the biliary tree. This progressive, cholestatic biliary disease is diagnosed when an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level and stricturing and beading of bile ducts on cholangiography are found in a patient with jaundice, bouts of cholangitis, and, frequently, ulcerative colitis. The disease results in a spectrum of hepatic changes characterized by periductal and portal fibrosis, bile ductular proliferation, diminished numbers of normal bile ducts, piecemeal necrosis, and copper accumulation. The clinicopathologic features of primary sclerosing cholangitis, hypotheses on its pathogenesis, and possible forms of therapy are examined. PMID- 7092427 TI - The serial sevens test. PMID- 7092428 TI - Disseminated brucellosis initially seen as sternoclavicular arthropathy. PMID- 7092429 TI - Analgesic nephropathy. PMID- 7092430 TI - Contrast echocardiography in a patient with suspected cardiomyopathy. PMID- 7092431 TI - Mitral valve prolapse: association with bizarre behavior, a confusional state, and aphasia. AB - A 30-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a history of sudden onset of bizarre behavior and difficulty in speaking that initially was attributed to drug intoxication. Examination disclosed a confused young man with receptive and expressive aphasia. A late systolic murmur was heard in the mitral area and echocardiography confirmed the presence of mitral valve prolapse. A computed tomographic scan of the head and cerebral angiography showed abnormalities consistent with an infarct of the left temporo-occipital region. Since no other predisposing factors were present, this patient's stroke was probably related to mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7092432 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare HLA combination. AB - The condition of a 43-year-old man fulfilled the strict diagnostic criteria for both ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. To our knowledge, this is the fist verified report of the concurrence of these rheumatic diseases. An unusual combination of genetically determined markers seems to have caused an increased risk for the development of both disorders. PMID- 7092433 TI - Pericarditis in a patient with Legionnaires' disease. AB - Pericardial involvement with legionnaires' disease is rare. Pericarditis with legionnaires' pneumonia developed in a patient with previous mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Subsequently, the patient had progressive symptoms of pericardial constriction that required pericardiectomy. Acute infection with agents such as legionnaires' bacillus may precipitate the late appearance of pericardial disease in patients with previous mediastinal irradiation. PMID- 7092435 TI - The forgotten PPD. PMID- 7092434 TI - IgA nephropathy in leprosy. PMID- 7092437 TI - Influenza-related morbidity and mortality. PMID- 7092436 TI - Blood pressure in sickle cell disease. PMID- 7092439 TI - The third-generation cephalosporins: a plea for restraint. PMID- 7092441 TI - Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. PMID- 7092440 TI - Diabetic nephropathy is a hyperglycemic glomerulopathy. PMID- 7092438 TI - Decreasing M spike with increasing tumor burden in multiple myeloma. PMID- 7092442 TI - Bacterial infections in patients with chronic renal failure: occurrence with spinal cord injury. AB - The available data were examined from 43 patients with spinal cord injuries and end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. All but one patient had a chronic urinary tract infection, which was characterized by persistence of the same organisms for prolonged periods, high prevalence of mixed infections, scarcity of symptoms, lack of fever of leukocytosis, and a considerable prevalence of cross infection with the decubitus ulcers. Staphylococcus aureus and various Gram negative organisms were responsible for most of the vascular access infections in our patients. Decubitus ulcers were common and were frequently infected. Cross contamination between infected decubitus ulcers, the urinary tract, and vascular access seemed to have occurred on several occasions. The recorded respiratory infections were preponderantly caused by Gram-negative organisms. Urinary tract, vascular access, and decubitus infections seemed to be the source of septicemia in most of the recorded instances. Septicemia was the immediate cause of death in half of the patients. PMID- 7092443 TI - March myoglobinemia: a hazard to renal function. AB - Serum muscle enzyme levels, myoglobin levels, and renal function were measured in a group of 20 army recruits who had volunteered for a prolonged period of primary, specially designed, gradual training. Blood samples were taken before training and before and after each hike. Levels of serum myoglobin, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and SGOT indicated muscle injury. Levels of urea creatinine, and uric acid and creatinine clearance evaluated renal function. Substantial elevation of muscle enzyme levels and persistent myoglobinemia were observed throughout the study. A highly significant decrease in creatinine clearance was demonstrated. After the last hike, the mean creatinine clearance was 70.41 mL/min, which is notably lower than the value at the beginning of the study. Prolonged physical exercise induces muscular damage, as evidenced by a rise in myoglobin and enzyme levels. Continuous muscle injury induces persistent myoglobinemia, a probable hazard to renal function. PMID- 7092445 TI - Hyperthyroidism caused by inappropriate thyrotropin hypersecretion: studies in patients with selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. AB - We have identified the condition of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH])-induced hyperthyroidism secondary to selective pituitary insensitivity to thyroid hormone in three patients. Each patient was clinically hyperthyroid, with elevated serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and detectable levels of serum TSH before therapy. After therapy each patient had notably elevated TSH levels at a time that peripheral levels of thyroid hormones were in the hyperthyroid range. Before and after therapy, serum levels of TSH were suppressed by therapy with liothyronine sodium and were stimulated by protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) both before and after liothyronine and dexamethasone treatment. Dexamethasone therapy decreased the levels of TSH, protirelin-stimulated TSH, and circulating T4 and T3. Serum levels of glycoprotein alpha-subunit were 0.6 to 2.4 ng/ml, values considerably lower than found in patients with TSH-secreting pituitary tumors. We suggest that the frequency of TSH-induced hyperthyroidism secondary to pituitary insensitivity to thyroid hormone may be higher than presently indicated in the medical literature. PMID- 7092444 TI - alpha-Thalassemia: prevalence and hematologic findings in American Blacks. AB - alpha-Thalassemia is common in southeast Asia and the Mediterranean, where the predominant lesion seems to be a deletion of one or more of the four gene loci responsible for alpha-globin chain production. In the United States, the prevalence of alpha-thalassemia in blacks was once thought to be low, but more recent studies show that the prevalence of alpha-thalassemia is high. We measured the globin chain synthetic rations in 144 black Americans to determine the prevalence and hematologic manifestations of alpha-thalassemia in this population. There were 120 subjects with a mean synthetic ration of 0.986 +/- 0.04, with a range of 0.90 to 1.06; these were classified as normal. Five subjects were found to have beta-thalassemia; 19 subjects had mild alpha thalassemia. The overall gene frequency for alpha-thalassemia was estimated to be 0.07 in this population. The hemoglobin values of subjects with mild alpha thalassemia were not statistically significantly different from normal black or white control subjects of the same sex, but there was a significant decrease in the mean corpuscular volume and in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin value. PMID- 7092446 TI - Daily spirometric variability: normal subjects and subjects with chronic bronchitis with and without airflow obstruction. AB - To determine the daily variability of spirometry, we performed spirometry on five consecutive days on 15 normal subjects and on 24 patients with chronic bronchitis. The patients with chronic bronchitis were divided into the following two groups: 13 with chronic airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] 80%, FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio less than 75%) and 11 without airflow obstruction (FEV1 and FVC greater than 80%0. We attempted to control most of the factors known to affect spirometric variability. Our results indicate that the day-to-day FEV1 has to change by 17% and the FCV by 15% in patients with airflow obstruction before the change should be considered significant. In patients with nonobstructive chronic bronchitis or in normal subjects, a greater than 5% change should occur in FEV1 and FVC before considering the change to be significant. PMID- 7092447 TI - Osteoporosis in young men: a syndrome of hypercalciuria and accelerated bone turnover. AB - Five young men had a similar syndrome of osteopenia and hypercalciuria, probably resorptive and absorptive, with histomorphometric data suggesting decreased bone mass with increased rate of bone formation. A search for causes of osteopenia, either primary or secondary, was unrewarding. PMID- 7092448 TI - Endocarditis during Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in a population of non-drug addicts. AB - We examined 76 patients suffering from Staphylococcus aureus septicemia, from 1976 to 1979, none of whom were drug addicts. In contrast to other studies, we found a significant incidence of S aureus endocarditis in patients with a demonstrable portal of entry, a relatively high incidence of metastatic foci in patients without endocarditis, and endocarditis possibly as frequent in patients with hospital-acquired infection as in those with community-acquired infection. These findings suggest caution in determining the length of therapy for S aureus septicemia based on clinical grounds alone. PMID- 7092449 TI - Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis with ventricular fibrillation. AB - Electrocardiographic conduction disturbances and nonspecific interval changes are not uncommon during hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Although premature ventricular contractions may occur during the paretic episodes associated with hyperkalemic, normokalemic, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis, ventricular tachycardia is rare; to my knowledge, ventricular fibrillation has not been previously reported. In 1977 a 40-year-old man of Puerto Rican descent was resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation and subsequently received a diagnosis of thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Following thyroid suppression the patient has been asymptomatic; ambulatory ECG monitor, maximal exercise stress test, and echocardiograms have been normal. This case documents the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. PMID- 7092450 TI - Spurious elevations in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. AB - Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) is frequently helpful to clinicians in treating patients with diabetes, since a number of studies show that this reflects a reliable index of diabetic control over time. There are several methods of measuring HbA. The chromatographic method is the most frequently used and is the standard method for large demand. We recently encountered a patient with diabetes mellitus who had substantial lactescent plasma secondary to hypertriglyceridemia that falsely raised the HbA1 level. We examined the patient in detail and determined that triglyceride concentrations greater than 1,750 mg/dL would falsely raise the HbA1 levels. In vitro studies performed by adding lipemic plasma to a control sample confirmed this. Thus, spurious elevations in HbA1 can occur in patients with lactescent plasma. This would further complicate the already existing interrelationship between glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. PMID- 7092452 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the lung causing ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. AB - A patient with a left lower lung mass had muscle weakness, generalized hyperpigmentation, metabolic alkalosis, and profound hypokalemia. His elevated serum cortisol, corticosterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were not suppressed after midnight dexamethasone administration. Light and electron microscopic sections of the lung mass fitted the pathological criteria for adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical analysis of the tumor demonstrated specific staining with antibody to beta-endorphin, suggesting that the tumor cells made the common precursor molecule of ACTH, beta-lipotropin, and endorphin. This is, to the best of our knowledge, only the second case report of pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with the syndrome of ectopic ACTH. PMID- 7092451 TI - Myelosuppression in Legionnaires' disease. AB - A patient undergoing examination for moderately severe renal insufficiency had fulminant five-lobed pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila. Her clinical course was complicated by granulocytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration showed notable inhibition of myelopoiesis, involving all stages of maturation. The presence of a serum inhibitor of granulopoiesis was demonstrated by in vitro bone marrow culture. Normal bone marrow cultured in the presence of serum from two normal control subjects yielded 69 +/- 5.2 (mean +/- SE) and 61 +/- 5 granulocyte colonies. When the patient's serum was substituted for normal human serum only 14.3 +/- 2.3 colonies were formed. Each of the drugs to which she had been exposed was tested in the in vitro system, using therapeutic concentrations, and none showed significant suppression of granulocyte colony formation. These observations indicate that legionnaires' disease was associated with a serum factor that notably inhibited the growth of granulocyte colonies in this patient. PMID- 7092454 TI - Nonketotic hyperglycemia. PMID- 7092453 TI - Tricuspid regurgitation and acute myocardial infarction. AB - A 71-year-old man had a right ventricular infarct complicated with hypotension and transient complete atrioventricular block. The patient was found to have tricuspid regurgitation, which was corrected with a prosthetic tricuspid valve. After correction, there was dramatic improvement in his clinical status, with correction of persistent hypotension and weakness and early discharge home to full activity. Tricuspid regurgitation is a mechanical defect of acute myocardial infarction that benefits greatly from surgical correction. This therapy should be considered in any individual in whom tricuspid regurgitation complicates acute right ventricular infarction. PMID- 7092455 TI - Use and abuse of diuretics. PMID- 7092456 TI - Rheumatology. PMID- 7092457 TI - Blindness induced by double-blindedness. PMID- 7092458 TI - Gallium scan v indium 111-labeled oxyquinoline WBC scan. PMID- 7092459 TI - [Experimental studies of nonsuture microvascular anastomosis using soluble PVA tube and plastic adhesive (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092460 TI - Analysis of conjugated bile acids in bile by high-pressure liquid chromatography. II. Clinical application in bile of patients with gallstones. PMID- 7092461 TI - [Experimental studies on resectability of the liver in hemorrhagic shock (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092462 TI - Mitral regurgitation due to a calcified myxoma. PMID- 7092463 TI - Surgical repair of tetralogy of fallot associated with unilateral anomaly of the pulmonary artery. PMID- 7092464 TI - Malignant duodenocolic fistulae. A report of three cases. PMID- 7092465 TI - Histochemical elucidation of hamster pancreatic carcinogenesis induced by N nitroso-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) amine. PMID- 7092467 TI - [The regional differences of catecholaminergic neuron systems in experimental hydrocephalus of rabbits (authors transl)]. PMID- 7092466 TI - [Hemodynamic stress and development mechanism in experimental cerebral aneurysms in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092468 TI - [Mechanical property of canine basilar artery in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092469 TI - [Experimental study of cerebral vasospasm -biochemical analysis of vasoconstrictor in the red blood cell hemolysate and the mechanism of action (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092471 TI - [Assessment of gonadotropic value of preparations produced from pregnant mare's serum (PMSG). 1. International comparability]. PMID- 7092470 TI - [Effective management of piglet production by lowering the 1st insemination age or increasing 1st farrowing results following the biotechnical induction of puberty]. PMID- 7092472 TI - [Comparative studies of deepfreeze preservation of boar sperm]. PMID- 7092475 TI - [Blood hormonal activity of local Mongolian mares]. PMID- 7092474 TI - [Transplantation of deep frozen sheep embryos]. PMID- 7092473 TI - [In vitro and in vivo studies of low temperature preservation of ram sperm]. PMID- 7092477 TI - [Pregnancy diagnosis in swine by progesterone determination]. PMID- 7092476 TI - [Selection of parameters for the assessment of mixed gonadotropic preparations for their biological effects on female fattening swine]. PMID- 7092481 TI - [Surgical technic and results of obtaining and transfer ring cattle embryos]. PMID- 7092479 TI - [Superovulation and fertilizability of cattle ovocytes depending on gonadotropin preparations (PMSG)]. PMID- 7092483 TI - [Quality of bovine ova for transplantation]. PMID- 7092478 TI - [Transplantation of cattle embryos in the USSR]. PMID- 7092480 TI - [Surgical and nonsurgical methods of embryo transfer in cattle]. PMID- 7092482 TI - [Cytological bases of ovum transplantation: interim preservation and cultivation of fertilized bovine ova]. PMID- 7092485 TI - High correlation of norepinephrine and its major metabolite excretion rates. AB - Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion rates of norepinephrine, normetanephrine, 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and (vanillylmandelic) acid were repeatedly measured in 12 depressed patients. High (greater than. 83) positive correlations were found between the excretion rates of these four substances. Based on these findings, the conclusion was reached that in depressed patients the 24-hour urinary excretion rates of norepinephrine and any of its three major metabolites reflect total norepinephrine production in the body. PMID- 7092484 TI - [Use of the suisynchron and PMSG systems for the control of the reproductive function in swine under industrialized conditions on the "60th BSSR Anniversary" state farm]. PMID- 7092487 TI - Selective and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors: behavioral disturbances during their administration to depressed patients. AB - The occurrence of behavioral disturbances during four-week treatment of depressed patients with the nonselective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, phenelzine sulfate (N = 14), the selective MAO-type A inhibitor, clorgyline (N = 12), and the partially selective MAO-type B inhibitor, pargyline hydrochloride (N = 13), was studied. Behavioral disturbances were encountered during treatment with each of the MAO-inhibiting drugs, with an overall incidence of 15% (six of 39 patients). All but one episode met criteria for mania or hypomania. Patients with bipolar illness experienced significantly greater incidences of behavioral disturbances in comparison with patients with unipolar illness (35.3% v 4.5%, respectively). The earliest latency to onset of a behavioral disturbances was 18 days, whereas the mean latencies were 22 to 26 days. Episodes of hypomania were observed after discontinuation of drug treatment in individual patients with unipolar and bipolar illness. Repeated MAO-inhibitor treatment, as part of a crossover study of clorgyline and pargyline, produced an increased severity of behavioral disturbances and a significantly shortened latency to onset. PMID- 7092486 TI - Atypical depression. AB - The term atypical depression generally indicates either depression accompanied by severe anxiety (type A) or by atypical vegetative symptoms, ie, increased appetite, weight, sleep, or libido (type V). Early age at onset, predominance in women, outpatient status, mild intensity, rarity of attempted suicide, nonbipolarity, nonendogenicity, and minimal psychomotor change are common to both types. Some types of bipolar depression may be considered as atypical if accompanied by reversed vegetative change. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are more effective than placebo in treating atypical depression, but their reported superiority to tricyclic antidepressants awaits confirmation, for which the development of appropriate operational criteria would be helpful. Atypical depression is a term that covers several types of depressive disorder and can, for the most part, be better defined using the standard nomenclature. PMID- 7092488 TI - Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. AB - Sixty adolescents, aged 13 to 16 years, hospitalized for major depression were studied prospectively, for three to four years to determine the utility of clinical, genetic, and pharmacologic response variables in predicting a bipolar course of illness. Bipolar outcome was observed in 20% of the cohort. Statistical analyses showed that bipolarity was predicted by (1) a depressive symptom cluster comprising rapid symptom onset, psychomotor retardation, and mood-congruent psychotic features; (2) a "loading" of affective disorder in the family pedigree, a family history of bipolar illness, and the presence of illness in three successive generations of the pedigree; and (3) pharmacologically induced hypomania. All predictors were shown to have high specificity for bipolar outcome, whereas pharmacologic hypomania and symptom cluster permitted the highest confidence of prediction, 100% and 80%, respectively. Even in juvenile depression, careful attention to clinical and biologic variables may aid in the predictive differentiation of meaningful diagnostic subtypes. PMID- 7092489 TI - Application of automated REM analysis in depression. AB - Application of automated rapid-eye-movement (REM) analysis can characterize individual REM periods in depressed patients. Average REM count for the individual REM periods generally demonstrated considerable decreases in the second half of the REM period and differentiated patients who subsequently did not respond well to tricyclic antidepressants. These findings suggest that, even as late as six hours into a night of sleep, significant differences among depressed patients are present, based on treatment responder groups. Furthermore, a reevaluation of the previous emphasis on REM abnormalities in the first hour or two of the night may be indicated. PMID- 7092490 TI - Effort and cognition in depression. AB - Motor performance and cognitive function were examined in depressed patients and controls. Increasing severity of depression was strongly associated with decrements in performance in both motor and memory tasks. Greatest depression related impairment was found on those cognitive and motor tasks that required sustained effort. We discuss these results in terms of a generalized deficit in the central motivational state of depressed individuals. PMID- 7092491 TI - Life events and symptoms: Fourier analysis of time series from a three-year prospective inquiry. AB - In a three-year prospective study in which life events and psychiatric symptoms were assessed every two months, Fourier analyses led to the classification of event-symptom relationships into five typologies. Only one event-symptom typology, representing 9% of subjects, was consistent with the commonly held causal model. The results indicate that further progress in life-events research will require prospective designs, more sophisticated methods for gathering life events data than the Schedule of Recent Experiences, focus on qualitative features of events (eg, undesirability or threat), and identification of personal characteristics and coping styles that might augment or attenuate the health impacts of life happenings. PMID- 7092494 TI - Tribute to a word: neurosis. PMID- 7092492 TI - Assessment of life events: retrospective vs concurrent strategies. AB - The relationship of life events to different disorders continues to be of great interest. Most communications, however, have been based on self-report data gathered retrospectively over lengthy intervals (eg, one to ten years). While recent studies have attempted to ascertain the degree of distortion associated with such procedures, none has provided an appropriate basis for estimating absolute decrements of event reporting over time. This study compares the traditional retrospective procedure with a concurrent assessment procedure covering shorter recall periods (one month). The findings indicate as much as 60% of events may be underreported for even the most recent four-month retrospective period. Additionally, particular types of events (eg, desirable events) may be relatively more susceptible to such reporting distortion. Implications of these results for life events assessment and conceptualization of event-disorder associations are discussed. PMID- 7092493 TI - Multiaxial problem-oriented system for sexual dysfunctions: an alternative to DSM III. AB - In a multiaxial system for classifying the sexual dysfunctions, the axes specify sexual problems associated with the desire, arousal, and orgasm phases of the sexual response cycle, as well as types of coital pain, dissatisfaction with the frequency of sex, and certain other information relevant to sexual functioning. In contrast to DSM-III and other existing diagnostic systems for sexual dysfunctions, this new multiaxial system is based on highly specific empirical descriptions of sexual behavior. There are no inferences made about the cause of the dysfunctions. PMID- 7092496 TI - An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia. IV. The relationship between major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. AB - Genetic investigations offer one approach at evaluating the validity of Kraepelin's division of the functional psychoses into two major groups, schizophrenia and affective illness. In this study, DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) were blindly applied to the interviews with relatives from the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of MDD in the biological relatives of the control adoptees and the biological relatives of all the schizophrenic or only the chronic schizophrenic adoptees. Furthermore, no difference in the prevalence of MDD was found in the adoptive relatives of the schizophrenics and control subjects. These results support neither a genetic nor a familial-environmental link between schizophrenia and MDD and support the validity of the diagnostic division between them established by Kraepelin. PMID- 7092495 TI - Hyperactivity and the Feingold diet. PMID- 7092497 TI - Schizophrenia with premorbid inferiority feelings. A distinct subgroup? AB - This study examines whether the presence of premorbid inferiority feelings (PIFs) defines a distinct subgroup of schizophrenia. Of 122 clinically diagnosed schizophrenics, 93% of whom met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenic disorder, 31 were found to have PIFs. By family history, schizophrenia was significantly less common in first-degree relatives of schizophrenics with (1.5%) than without (9.1%) PIFs, while affective disorders were equally common in both groups of relatives. Compared with schizophrenics without PIFs, schizophrenics with PIFs were significantly more likely to have been in a stressful environment at the onset of their disorder, to have an embarrassing physical handicap, to be less severely thought-disordered, and to have a lower rate of relapse on follow-up. From a genetic, etiologic, symptomatic, and prognostic perspective, the presence of PIFs may define a distinct subgroup of schizophrenia. PMID- 7092498 TI - Antipsychotic properties of Des-enkephalin-gamma-endorphin in treatment of schizophrenic patients. AB - Animal experiments have shown that the gamma-endorphin fragment des-enkephalin gamma-endorphin (DE gamma E; beta-lipotropin 66-77) is the shortest sequence with neuroleptic-like activity with potency comparable to des-tyrosine-gamma endorphin. We postulated that DE gamma E may be an endogenous peptide implicated in psychopathologic disease, particularly schizophrenia. To investigate the purported antipsychotic action of DE gamma E, 23 patients with different types of relapsing schizophrenia were treated with DE gamma E dissolved in saline or placebo. Neuroleptic medication was continued during the experimental period. In the first single-blind trial, two patients were treated with 1 mg of DE gamma E and two with 10 mg of DE gamma E intramuscularly (IM) daily for ten days. In the second double-blind placebo-controlled trial 13 patients were treated with 3 mg of DE gamma E IM daily for ten days and six received placebo. Of the 17 patients treated with DE gamma E, two did not respond, 11 had a slight to moderate effect, and four responded markedly. No side effects were observed. The response to DE gamma E appeared to be negatively correlated with the dosage of neuroleptic medication and the duration of the last psychotic episode. These results support the hypothesis that disturbances in gamma-endorphin fragmentation might contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenic psychoses. PMID- 7092499 TI - Behavioral precursors of schizophrenia spectrum. A prospective study. AB - In a prospective longitudinal study of children of severely schizophrenic mothers, premorbid behavioral data on individuals diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder were compared with the same data on individuals diagnosed as not suffering from any mental disorder. Future schizophrenia spectrum individuals were passive babies who exhibited short attention spans. In school, they experienced interpersonal difficulties and displayed disturbing behavior, reflecting poor affective control. From clinical assessments at a mean of 15 years of age, formal cognitive disturbance and defective emotional rapport emerged as premorbid characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. These results seem to indicate that signs of defective emotional contact and formal thought disorder are important for the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the premorbid similarity of borderline schizophrenia and schizophrenia suggests a basic relationship between these two disorders. PMID- 7092500 TI - A comparison of two interview schedules. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime and the National Institute for Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. AB - Two structured interviews, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Lifetime (SADS-L) and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS), were compared as methods of reducing information variance in the diagnostic process. Forty-two patients newly admitted to an alcohol treatment unit were randomly selected and were independently interviewed using the SADS-L and NIMH-DIS. The order of the interviews was random and they were separated by three to four days. Interrater reliability for each interview schedule was calculated using the kappa statistic and was found to be high. The degree of diagnostic concordance between the two interview schedules for several diagnostic categories was also found to be high. PMID- 7092501 TI - Random number generation, psychopathology and therapeutic change. AB - In two studies, 145 psychiatric inpatients were each asked to say 100 numbers in random order, using the numbers 1 through 10. Compared with normative data, patients with personality disorders and neuroses were not impaired on the random number generation (RNG) task and patients with chronic alcoholism and primary affective disorder, depression, were significantly imparied, but not as much as those with schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome. The relationship between RNG performance and psychiatric diagnosis may reflect severity of disturbed cognitive functioning. The Randomization Index was sensitive to changes in symptoms during hospitalization. The RNG task provides a brief objective measure of those components of attention, cognitive capacity, and short-term memory that are affected by severity of psychopathology. PMID- 7092502 TI - Panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Developmental antecedents and precipitants. AB - Seventeen subjects with panic disorder (PD) and 16 subjects with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were interviewed to obtain their developmental and psychiatric histories. The groups reported a similar incidence of early separation, separation disorder in childhood, and separation causing exacerbation of symptoms. The groups differed significantly in that those with PD had a higher incidence of a grossly disturbed childhood environmental and major depressive episodes. The results of this preliminary study support the validity of the DSM III distinction between PD and GAD. PMID- 7092503 TI - Excess mortality in panic disorder. A comparison with primary unipolar depression. AB - We located 113 former inpatients with panic disorder 35 years after index admission. According to age- and sex-specific Iowa population figures, patients with panic disorder had significant excess mortality due to death by unnatural causes. Other studies suggest that secondary depression and alcoholism may have had a role in these deaths. Men with panic disorder also exhibited excess mortality due to circulatory system disease. In an age- and sex-matched patient group with primary unipolar depression, both men and women showed excess mortality. Suicide accounted for 20.0% and 16.2% of deaths in the panic disorder and primary depression groups, respectively. We conclude that panic disorder accounted for much of the excess mortality formerly noted in the "neuroses." PMID- 7092504 TI - Public judgments of information in a diazepam patient package insert. AB - As part of a larger study of the effects of giving patients written take-home information with prescription medications, a "patient package insert" (PPI) for diazepam was prepared based on content determined by "experts." This report compares the experts' judgments of what information should be included with judgments obtained from the public. Information judged to be most important for inclusion in a PPI was identified by having subjects sort cards containing facts about diazepam. Subjects who had previously used diazepam were no different in their judgments than inexperienced subjects. In general, there was a high degree of concordance between public and expert judgments and also a remarkably strong consensus across very different demographic samples. In those few instances of disagreement, the public attached even greater importance to warnings and "bad news" about diazepam than to information providing reassurances, benign general education, and "good news." To what extent patients would effectively use this information--whether conveyed by PPIs or alternative educational routes--must await empirical evaluation. PMID- 7092505 TI - Mass hysteria among schoolchildren. Early loss as a predisposing factor. AB - On May 21, 1979, an outbreak of illness spread swiftly among elementary school students in a Boston suburb. Of 224 boys and girls attending an assembly, 34 were hospitalized with severe dizziness, weakness, hyperventilation, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. Sudden remission of symptoms, preponderance in girls, and failure of an extensive epidemiological investigation to detect an organic cause indicated mass hysteria. To test the hypothesis that previous loss influenced a child's vulnerability to current loss and predisposed that child to mass hysteria, we compared the incidence of family disruption in the hospitalized children with that in the nonhospitalized children. A significantly higher rate of parental divorce (P less than .00005) and death within the family (P less than .0005) occurred among the hospitalized children. These findings suggest a relationship between childhood loss and susceptibility to mass hysteria. PMID- 7092507 TI - Secondary mania. PMID- 7092506 TI - Reactions of psychiatric patients to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. AB - The reaction of patients in the community mental health system to the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island (TMI), Middletown, Pa, were assessed. The sample was composed of 151 patients from the TMI area and 64 patients from a comparison site where a similar nuclear plant is located. Mental health status was determined for the period immediately after the accident, nine to ten months later, and one year later. No significant differences were found between the TMI group and the comparison group. To isolate risk factors within the TMI group, patients who were most distressed were compared with patients with the least distress. The results showed that quality of network support and viewing TMI as dangerous were significantly associated with mental health. PMID- 7092509 TI - Skull-roentgenographic screening of psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 7092508 TI - Possible toxic interaction between disulfiram and amitriptyline. PMID- 7092510 TI - Synthesis of some new thiosemicarbazides, thiadiazoles, triazoles and their derivatives as potential antiviral agents. PMID- 7092511 TI - [Theoretical investigation of structure-activity relationships for ring substituted verapamil derivatives (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092512 TI - Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 5-nitrofuran derivatives. PMID- 7092513 TI - [5-(Amidinobenzyl) barbituric acids that are analogous to 3-(4-amidinophenyl) pyruvic acid (author's transl)]. PMID- 7092515 TI - Synthesis of some new 4(3H)-Quinazolinones as potential CNS depressants. PMID- 7092514 TI - Indolyl compounds as antiinflammatory agents. PMID- 7092517 TI - The Lund drill guide. An instrument for repair or reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments. AB - A new drill for cruciate ligament repair is described. It is a modification of a French drill guide (Landanger). The guide allows for the possibilities of free adjustment in all planes and good stability during the drilling procedure. The instrument has been used in 22 patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries and five patients with injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament. With this instrument it is sufficient with only an anterior approach for a posterior cruciate ligament repair. It is concluded that the Lund cruciate drill guide is simple and manoeuvrable for surgery of the ligaments of the knee joint. In all cases correct drilling was possible and in no instance the instrument has failed. PMID- 7092516 TI - Cementless fixation of polyethylene acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty. AB - A new concept of cementless fixation of a polyethylene acetabular component for total hip arthroplasty is presented. The spherical cup is fixed directly to the subchondral bone of the acetabulum by means of two pegs and screws. The polyethylene in direct contact to the bone adjusts to the deformation of the pelvis (Isoelasticity). Bone grows into the indentations of the outer surface of the implant. The elastic cup does not interfere with the physiological stress patterns of the hip joint so that a stable "biomechanical incorporation" of the implant is achieved. A follow-up of the first 250 cementless fixed polyethylene cups with an observation period of six months to four years with an average of 19 months is reported. So far no aseptic loosening of the implant has occurred. PMID- 7092518 TI - Experiences with the resection of the femoral head as a treatment of bilateral coxarthrosis. AB - Between 1971 and 1974 we resected 16 femoral heads in 14 patients and followed the results after 6-9 years. The surgical indication was a bilateral elevated trochanter with severe acetabular and pelvic dysplasia. In these cases we are not only confronted with the well known complication in endoprosthetic replacement using bone cement but additionally with a difference in leg length. The resection resulted into pain elimination during the night in all cases and during daily weight bearing in all but 4 patients. The patients' walking ability and their range of motion could also be improved at least to a certain extent. PMID- 7092519 TI - Postoperative results of Yoshino total knee prosthesis. A report of 264 arthroplasties performed between 1974 and 1980. AB - A review was made of 264 Yoshino total knee arthroplasties performed on 154 patients between February 1974 and July 1980. The average duration of the follow up was 3 years and 2 months. Eighty-six percent were rheumatoid patients. Complications occurred in seven patients. The evaluation results indicated excellent relief of pain and improvement in walking ability. However, pain of the patellofemoral joint was noted in a number of osteoarthritic patients. This implies that a patella implant is necessary in the case of osteoarthritis. In addition, a new surgical technique was performed on "stiff" knees to improve their degree of movement; the average range of movement achieved in these patients was 70 degrees. PMID- 7092520 TI - Hypoxic alterations of tenocytes in degenerative tendinopathy. AB - The authors examined 34 tendons under the electron microscope, excised within 48 h after rupture of the tendons. The tendons did not exhibit any signs of inflammation or lipomatosis, but fine-structurally marked hypoxic alterations in the tenocytes could be seen. The degenerative (hypoxic tendinopathy appears in three phases, and the hypoxic lesions of the tendon occur at multiple foci or diffusely, and the various phases can exist simultaneously. PMID- 7092521 TI - Pathogenesis, clinic, and treatment of ganglion. AB - In clarification of various theories on the pathogenesis of the ganglion, histopathologic examinations indicate that the ganglion develops from connective tissue by myxoid degeneration and disintegration of collagen fibers. Increasing amounts of mucinous fluid accumulate by the progressive liquefaction of collagen fibers and are surrounded by densifying collagen bundles which form a delimiting capsule. In view of the inadequacy of conservative treatment and the shortcomings of excision, the subcutaneous (s.c.) discission of the ganglion with a tenotome is recommended. Of 184 patients treated this way, 151 displayed full healing, six underwent a successful repetition of the procedure, nine underwent an excision of the recurrent ganglion, and 18 rejected further treatment. PMID- 7092522 TI - Gentamycin-PMMA bead chains in the treatment of posttraumatic osseous and tissue infections. AB - Forty cases of posttraumatic osseous or soft tissue infections (34 : 6) which were treated by implantation of Gentamycin-PMMA bead chains are presented. Three patients died early during treatment. From the remaining 37 patients, 34 stayed free of relapse after the initial course of treatment, two suffered intercurrent relapse, but a second intervention proved to be successful. One patient still is not completely free of infection and the bead chains are still in place. The overall success rate seems to be in favor of this new form of treatment. The rationale and the advantages are discussed. PMID- 7092523 TI - Repair of experimental bone defect with a collagen block containing synthesized apatite. AB - Collagen solution extracted from the adult steer hide was mixed with the synthesized hydroxyapatite and after cross linking lyophilized. Small blocks of this sample were filled in bone defects of rabbit fibula. Two control groups were made, of which one was filled with the collagen block contained no apatite and the other group left as a sham operation. The experimental group showed more active bone formation than control groups. PMID- 7092524 TI - Effect of internal fixation on the strain environment of the canine femur. AB - Strain gauge technology and telemetric transmission were utilized to investigate the dynamic strain patterns along the cortical surface of bone and the response to internal fixation, in vivo. Application of a tension band plate resulted in conversion of normal tensile strain into compressive strain which verified the tension band principle of internal fixation. Creation of a transverse osteotomy did not alter this response, provided that the fragments were rigidly fixed. The plate caused an appreciable decrease in normal surface strain measured from the lateral and medial cortices, illustrating the concept of stress protection. PMID- 7092525 TI - Luxatio erecta of the hip. A case report and review of the literature. AB - Luxatio erecta of the hip is an exceptional injury. This is the report of one such case in a 10-year-old boy, and a review of 7 other cases collected from the literature. Luxatio erecta seems to result of an injury forcing the hip in extreme flexion together with further trauma displacing the femur in caudal direction. The femoral head is dislocated below the acetabulum. Reduction is to be achieved by cephalad traction, though internal rotation may have to be added in certain cases. Post-reduction treatment, as well as the incidence of complications, are not different from those concerning the other topographic varieties of traumatic hip dislocation. PMID- 7092526 TI - Salmonella osteomyelitis in total hip replacement. A case report of hematogenous infection from gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 7092527 TI - Recurrent volar carpal perilunate subluxation. AB - Recurrent volar carpal perilunate subluxation (RVCPS) is a rare injury (Linschied 1972). Reviewing the literature we found only 5 reported cases of this condition. Four of them were due to congenital ligamentous laxity, two described by Suturo (1946), and the rest by Linschied and Dobyns (1972). Stark reported on a post traumatic case (Stark 1970). The purpose of this paper is to present an additional case of post traumatic RVCPS. PMID- 7092528 TI - Diabetic neuropathy: a clinical, laboratory and electrodiagnostic study. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and hyperglycemia and to assess the extent of NCV changes in adult-onset diabetic patients before and after diabetic treatment. Twenty-five diabetic males (mean age = 50.9 years) were tested twice prior to beginning diabetic treatment. Eighteen of these 25 were also tested at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation of therapy. Both groups were compared to 23 age matched controls. Each test session consisted of NCV and clinical sensory and blood chemistry testing. The findings revealed that, before treatment average NCVs of the median, peroneal sural, and tibial nerves and H-reflex latency results were all significantly impaired in diabetic subjects (p less than 0.025). No difference was found between right and left NCVs of the same nerve (p less than 0.05) and NCVs in the lower as well as the upper extremities were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05). Thus, it appears that the neuropathy in these patients was symmetrical and diffuse. Peroneal and median motor nerves showed the greatest amount of NCV slowing when compared to normal values. Furthermore, median, peroneal, and tibial motor NCVs and H-reflex latencies correlated significantly with the degree of hyperglycemia in diabetic subjects before treatment. After initiation of diabetic treatment, median motor NCVs after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months showed significantly improvement when compared to baseline NCV values (all p less than 0.05). Also, the improvement in median NCVs after 3 and 13 months and peroneal NCV after 3 months directly correlated to decreased fasting plasma glucose levels (p less than 0.05). PMID- 7092529 TI - Compound nerve action potentials of the medial and lateral plantar nerves through the tarsal tunnel. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine and standardize an easy and convenient method of studying the orthodromic latencies of the medial and lateral plantar nerves for clinical purposes using conventional equipment. Forty-one able-bodied adult subjects ranging in age from 20 to 76 years were tested orthodromically to establish normal values over fixed distances. The temperatures of the feet ranged from 26C to 32C. A standard TECA bipolar surface electrode fixed in a plastic mount was placed on the posterior tibial nerve proximal to the flexor retinaculum. The medial plantar nerve was stimulated with a bipolar surface stimulator at a distance of 10, 14, and 18cm, and at the great toe. The lateral plantar nerve was stimulated at a distance of 14 and 18cm, and at the little toe. Orthodromic latencies for the medial plantar nerve for distances of 10, 14 and 18cm, and the great toe were 2.4 +/- SD 0.15msec, 3.2 +/- SD 0.26msec, 4.0 +/- SD 0.22msec, and 5.0 +/- SD 0.38msec, respectively. Lateral plantar nerve latencies for 14 and 18cm segments were 3.2 +/- SD 0.25msec and 4.0 +/- SD 0.27msec, respectively. These standard values should allow more accurate assessment of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) and peripheral neuropathies because the orthodromic method involves a mixed motor and sensory nerve action potential and should be more sensitive to early changes than a pure motor nerve action potential. PMID- 7092531 TI - Reinnervating rat skeletal muscle: effect of 35% grade treadmill exercise. AB - To determine the effect of 35% grade treadmill running on reinnervating rat skeletal muscle, adult rats were exercised for 1 hour on a 35% grade motorized treadmill, at a speed of 27m/min, once and twice daily, 5 days a week from the 3rd to the 6th week after sciatic nerve crush. Compared to the crush denervated control, the crush-denervated-twice exercised group decreased in the content of sarcoplasmic proteins (15.2%, p less than 0.05), and in the contraction time of the soleus (8.9% p less than 0.05). The percentage of type II fiber types in the plantaris increased 15% (p less than 0.05) in the once and 10% (p less than 0.05) in the twice daily exercised group. The findings of this study suggest that treadmill training performed during reinnervation did not cause muscle damage and may have increased the "fast" type muscle properties in the rat skeletal muscle. PMID- 7092530 TI - Activity patterns of married and single individuals after stroke. AB - This was an exploratory study in the social-leisure activity levels of married and single individuals after stroke. A 60-item behavioral frequency scale was administered to 42 married and 31 single subjects. Single persons showed higher levels of participation in performing personal care, home management and social interaction activities. Both groups participated in social activities and recreational events outside the home. It might be hypothesized that married persons participate less often in social interaction activities because they can rely on their spouses for social interaction. Many questions must be resolved before full confidence can be placed in activity pattern descriptions of a stroke population. PMID- 7092532 TI - Electromyographic findings in the intrinsic muscles of normal feet. AB - Four intrinsic muscles were studied with electromyography (EMG) in asymptomatic feet in 70 individuals to ascertain the percentage having abnormal potentials (positive sharp waves and/or fibrillation potentials). The number having positive sharp waves ranged from 6(8.6%) in the 1st dorsal interosseous to 11(15.7%) in the extensor digitorum brevis. The number showing fibrillation potentials ranged from 0 for the abductor hallucis to 4(5.7%) for the abductor digiti minimi. The authors concluded that using positive sharp waves as a diagnostic criterion in using EMG of intrinsic foot muscles in the evaluation of certain neuromuscular problems such as radiculopathy and tarsal tunnel syndrome may be misleading, but using the presence of fibrillation potentials as a criterion may be useful. Differences in the pattern of abnormalities in males and females are also discussed. PMID- 7092533 TI - Rehabilitation management of muscular dystrophy and related disorders: I. The role of exercise. AB - When evaluating the effect of a modality such as exercise, maturation in children, the rate of progression of the disease, and the degree of weakness should be considered. The two major factors critical in producing overwork weakness are the degree of weakness at the time the exercise program is started and the intensity of the exercise training program. Exercise therapy is apparently not harmful and may be beneficial in patients with motor unit diseases if it is started early in the course of the diseases when muscle fiber degeneration is minimal, and is carried out at submaximal levels. PMID- 7092534 TI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: two automated forms. AB - Two automated forms of the MMPI have been developed which are of particular utility in a rehabilitation setting with some individuals who have impairment of upper extremity functioning or mild visual problems. One form involving the sorting of IBM punch cards with printed questions into true and false piles, has been adapted and improved for scoring, profile generation and storage using a high speed campus computational facility. The 2nd form utilizes a small microcomputer for individual administration, scoring, profile generation and storage of information. PMID- 7092535 TI - Self-care skills: behavioral measurement with Klein-Bell ADL scale. AB - A scale for measuring activities of daily living (ADL) functioning is described and reviewed. Teh Klein-Bell ADL Scale has been empirically constructed to yield a score of independent functioning for research and clinical purposes. Interrater reliability is 92%, even without extensive training in the use of the scale. Validity was measured by correlating ADL scores at discharge with hours/weeks of assistance (physical, verbal cueing, and type) received 5 to 10 months postdischarge; correlation was -0.86 (p less than 0.01), indicating that persons with low ADL scores receive much assistance, and that the amount of assistance received decreases steadily as the ADL score increases. Further research applications are suggested. PMID- 7092536 TI - Golf club holder for upper-extremity amputee golfers. AB - A device which permits an upper-extremity amputee person to play golf is described. The device is interchangeable with a hook or hand, fits into a standard prosthetic arm, and can be used by a right or left above-elbow amputee golf player. It is inexpensive, weights under a pound, and can be readily made in a machine shop. PMID- 7092537 TI - Transduodenal papillostomy as a routine procedure in managing choledocholithiasis. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of transduodenal papillostomy as a routine procedure in managing choledocholithiasis in treating common bile duct (CBD) stones. From 1973 to 1978, 117 patients underwent transduodenal papillostomy for CBD lithiasis. The operation was carried out in standard manner, and all patients had preoperative telecholangioscopy, cholangiography, and biliary manometry. The mean age of patients was 53.7 years, and women predominated in a ratio of 4.5:1.0. Papillostomy was performed together with cholecystectomy for CBD stones in 111 patients (group 1). In five patients, we had to perform a choledochotomy to remove the stones after an unsuccessful papillostomy (group 2). Eight patients who previously had cholecystectomies underwent papillostomy for retained or recurrent stones (group 3), and three patients had a choledochoduodenostomy for recurrent stones after a previous cholecystectomy and papillostomy (group 4). Complications included two deaths in group 1 (1.9%). No mortality was observed in groups 2 and 4. Moreover, the overall morbidity was due to six cases of wound infection, one case of postoperative bleeding, one case of phlebitis, and three cases of cholangitis. The mean length of hospital stay was 12.9 days, considering all the groups. Lack of confidence with this procedure may explain the different results reported in the literature for transduodenal papillostomy, which on the basis of this study has been shown to ba a valid alternative to supraduodenal choledochotomy in treating CBD stones. PMID- 7092539 TI - Diagnosis and management of nonspecific colon ulcer. AB - This report describes seven cases of nonspecific colon ulcers and analysis of the additional 120 cases reported in the literature through 1980. The total current series is compared with the two earlier reviews. Our findings showed that nonspecific colon ulcers occur in all age groups, predominantly 40 to 60 years, with slight predilection to female sex. The man clinical manifestations include abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis (50%), lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (33%), perforation (19%), and abdominal mass (16%). The usual location of the ulcers is the cecum and ascending colon (67%), then transverse, hepatic, and splenic flexures (18%), and descending and sigmoid colon (15%). The diagnosis is best established by colonoscopy. The nonoperative conservative management is probably indicated in the uncomplicated cases with follow-up colonoscopic studies to ensure complete healing. The etiology of this condition is still unknown. PMID- 7092540 TI - Postoperative deterioration in muscular function. AB - To clarify the postoperative fatigue state, we analyzed some components of muscular function before and after surgical procedures. Eleven subjects undergoing elective surgery were studied for test periods of up to 35 days. Significant impairment of muscular functioning, particularly muscle endurance, developed postoperatively. Maximum deterioration was noted on postoperative days 8 and 9. Isometric strength was affected more than isokinetic strength. Changes in muscular functioning in two young volunteers undergoing bed rest were surprisingly similar to those observed in postoperative patients. PMID- 7092538 TI - Chemotherapy before and after mastectomy in stage III breast cancer. AB - Seventeen patients with stage III breast cancer were treated by modified radical mastectomy preceded and followed by multiagent cytotoxic chemotherapy. The preoperative treatment resulted in a decrease in size of the primary tumor, facilitating the subsequent surgical procedure. There were no serious surgical complications. Wound healing was uneventful. Median disease-free survival time was 29 months and median survival time was 40+ months. Six of the 17 patients are living free of recurrence from more than 33 to more than 79 months after initial therapy. PMID- 7092541 TI - Causes and evaluation of tumor-induced hypoglycemia. AB - We treated four patients who had hypoglycemia and nonpancreatic tumors. Two had pleural mesothelioma, one had primary fibrosarcoma of the liver, and one had pheochromocytoma metastatic to the liver. We propose four mechanisms for this syndrome: (1) insulin or insulin-like activity produced by the tumor, (2) decreased gluconeogenesis, (3) disruption of glucagon metabolism, and (4) increased utilization of glucose by the tumor. The local effects of the tumor in hepatic parenchyma may also play an important role. The important diagnostic tests are an insulin-glucose ratio, to rule out insulinoma, and fasting glucose levels. An assay of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity can be performed and is of investigative interest, but does not aid in individual patient therapy. Treatment consists of control of the tumor. PMID- 7092542 TI - A second look at colonoscopy: indications, failures, and costs. AB - Results of colonoscopy and colonoscopic polypectomy in 599 patients have been reviewed. Added experience has not decreased the number of failures--failure to examine the entire colon, polyps not retrieved for histological examination ("lost polyps"), undetected ("missed") lesions, and false-negative biopsy specimens. The incidence of invasive carcinoma in polyps measuring under 1 cm is less than 1%; polypectomy should be reserved for larger lesions or demonstrated growth of small polyps. Diagnostic colonoscopy in selected patients (those with persistent gross or occult rectal bleeding but normal results from sigmoidoscopic and barium enema studies) demonstrates a causative lesion in greater than 25% and detects a cancer in 5% to 10% of patients. PMID- 7092543 TI - Primary melanoma thickness correlated with regional lymph node metastases. AB - We studied 119 patients with stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma, who were undergoing regional lymph node dissection, to determine the relationship of lymph node metastases to thickness of the primary lesion. The lymph nodes in the dissection specimen were each evaluated by serial sections. None of the patients with lesions less than 1.0 mm thick had nodal micrometastases. When lesions exceeded 1.0 mm in thickness, there was no appreciable increase in the incidence of nodal metastases until a thickness greater than 4.0 mm was reached, in which cases the incidence of metastases was 50%. Predictive variables were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. Only lesions that were at least 4.0 mm thick and were not located on the upper extremities were significant predictors of lymph node metastases; within this category there was a 64% incidence of lymph node metastases. PMID- 7092545 TI - Modified human umbilical vein arteriovenous fistula for maintenance hemodialysis: a 31/2-year experience. PMID- 7092544 TI - Renovascular hypertension in the patient with severe atherosclerosis. AB - From 1976 to 1981, 22 patients were treated for atherosclerotic renovascular disease and with widespread atherosclerosis. The average age was 56 years. Preoperatively, the average blood pressure (BP) was 211/123 mm Hg. The standard operation was aortorenal bypass, associated with resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in three cases. Four patients had nephrectomy. Most patients were referred after failure of a previous renal revascularization procedure. In three patients, most of the renal arterial system was thrombotic. All patients had preoperative Swan-Ganz catheter placement for monitoring of fluid balance, filling pressure, and cardiac output. Intravenous vasodilators were used to control BP and to reduce the afterload on the left ventricle. There were no operative deaths. The average postoperative BP was 136/81 mm Hg. Three patients had improvement in renal function, and one was able to stop hemodialysis after operation. Because of a low mortality and overall satisfactory results, patients with atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension should be considered for vascular reconstruction. PMID- 7092546 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder and cholecystostomy. AB - Seven cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder after cholecystostomy were seen at the University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, between 1926 and 1979. These cases represented 6.7% of all cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder treated at that institution during that period. The interval between cholecystostomy and diagnosis of carcinoma ranged from three months to 40 years. Five patients had "gallbladder" symptoms intermittently during the interval, and two patients did not. One of the patients had a confirmed calcified or porcelain gallbladder five years before the development of carcinoma. At operation, none was found to have localized disease, and most had extensive metastatic disease. There were no survivors. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder is an aggressive disease and difficult to diagnose. Few specific characteristics are available to the clinician and surgeon to detect this disease in its early stages. Patients who undergo cholecystostomy or have undergone cholecystostomy, with or without symptoms, should have elective cholecystectomy if they are acceptable operative risks. Such a policy would prevent a small, but substantial, number of cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder. PMID- 7092550 TI - Cervical auricle. PMID- 7092547 TI - Intra-abdominal hemorrhage from ruptured varices. AB - Three patients with Laennec's cirrhosis were initially seen with anemia, abdominal pain, and increased abdominal girth. Hemoperitoneum was diagnosed by paracentesis, and laparotomy revealed ruptured intraperitoneal varices. The two patients with more severe depletion died. The other patient, who was initially normotensive but had orthostatic changes, survived. A review of 11 previously reported cases is presented. Abdominal pain, hypotension, and increased abdominal girth were common initial findings, and should lead to early abdominal paracentesis. Suture ligation of the bleeding varix gives the greatest likelihood of survival. PMID- 7092549 TI - Ectopic pregnancy months and years after hysterectomy. PMID- 7092548 TI - Crohn's disease in a Nigerian. PMID- 7092552 TI - Use of titanium surgical clips to avoid artifacts seen on computed tomography. PMID- 7092553 TI - Esophageal perforation. PMID- 7092551 TI - Arterial spasm complicating distal vascular bypass procedures. PMID- 7092554 TI - Chronic pancreatitis and splanchnicectomy. PMID- 7092555 TI - General surgery. PMID- 7092556 TI - Long-term portal perfusion following distal splenorenal shunt. PMID- 7092557 TI - Mutagenicity of 4,4'-methylenedianiline derivatives in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay. AB - 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its derivatives were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay develop by Ames. A specificity to revert strain TA98 suggests a mechanism of frameshift mutagenesis. Liver microsomal preparations (S-9) from rats induced with phenobarbital were most effective for metabolic activation. Alkyl substitution of 4,4'-methylenedianiline did not alter its mutagenic activity; however, substitution of both positions ortho to the amino group eliminated mutagenic activity. Substitution with alkoxy-carbonyl groups eliminated mutagenic activity, whereas halogen substitution (chlorine, fluorine) enhanced the mutagenic activity. The results presented here show the use of structure-activity studies as predictive tools for the assessment of genotoxic properties of industrial chemicals. PMID- 7092558 TI - Comparison of hydroxylamine, 4-dimethylaminophenol and nitrite protection against cyanide poisoning in mice. PMID- 7092559 TI - In vivo effect of methylmercury on protein synthesis in peripheral nervous tissues of the rat. AB - The in vivo rates of protein synthesis in the peripheral nervous tissues of methylmercury-treated rats (10 mg/kg/day, for 7 days) have been estimated with improved methods by the injection of a large amount of [1-14C]valine of low specific activity. Protein synthesis activity in the dorsal root ganglia was inhibited to the extent of 60% of the control as early as day 5 and this continued to the symptomatic period (day 15) on which crossing of hind limbs, a typical sign of organomercurial poisoning, was observed in the animals. The sciatic nerves and dorsal roots increased protein synthesis by 56% at the symptomatic period. These increases in protein synthesis may be due to the stimulation of reactivity of Schwann's cells. On the contrary, the protein synthesis in the ventral roots showed a gradual decrease as the intoxication proceeded and decreased to 73% of the control at the symptomatic period, being similar to the case of brain. The double-labeling studies with sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis exhibited that methylmercury inhibited the synthesis of the dorsal root ganglion proteins non-uniformly in various apparent molecular sizes, especially on day 10. PMID- 7092560 TI - Changes of the activities of superoxide dismutase after exposure to the fume of heavy metals and the significance of zinc in the tissue. AB - Pathological changes induced by cadmium aerosol had features common to the changes evoked by oxidants. Female rats were exposed to fumes of lead, antimony, zinc and cadmium (15-100 nmoles/m3). One hour after termination of exposure, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes of the exposed rats lowered by 15-40%. SOD activity of lung lavage fluid also lowered by 20-35% and the 2nd day after the exposure. The inverse value of SOD activity (l/SOD) in erythrocytes and of lung lavage fluid were proportional to the molar exposure level adjusted by the particle size (Dixon plot), irrespective of the difference of the exposed substance. The ratio of dry weight to wet weight of the lung was 4.3-26% lower than the control value on the later period after the exposure. With the heavy metal exposure, the uptake of the exposed metal was found to be proportional to the endogenous zinc concentration, which was correlated well with the change of SOD in the lung and in erythrocytes. Cadmium decreased the zinc concentration after the exposure. PMID- 7092561 TI - Bone marrow cells of mice under the influence of low lead doses. AB - The influence of lead on the number of nucleated bone marrow cells and pluripotent stem cells in femur bone marrow was investigated in mice. It was found that neither a single nor 10 days' oral administration of lead at doses of 10-1,000 micrograms PbAc/kg b.w. led to any change in the bone marrow cellularity. After 1 month's oral administration of 1,000 micrograms PbAc/kg b.w., on the other hand, there was a significant reduction of nucleated bone marrow cells and pluripotent stem cells in the femur bone marrow of up to 20% in comparison with controls. Within 14 days after completing the lead administration, however, normal values in the bone marrow cellularity were found again. Three months' oral administration of lead at doses of 100 and 1,000 micrograms PbAc/kg b.w. led to a significant reduction in nucleated bone marrow cells and pluripotent stem cells in the femur bone marrow of up to 28% compared with the controls. In contrast to the experiments with 1 month's oral administration of lead the regeneration of the bone marrow was not completed 14 days after completing the administration of the lead. These results show that lead at doses above 100 micrograms PbAc/kg b.w. causes on long-term administration a clear reduction of the nucleated bone marrow cells combined with a depressed regeneration ability of the pluripotent stem cells. PMID- 7092562 TI - Endogenous metal binding proteins in relation to the differences in absorption and distribution of mercury in newborn and adult rats. PMID- 7092563 TI - Ontogenic changes in selenite metabolism in rats. AB - Radioselenium concentration and excretion was studied after administration of 75SE-labelled selenite to male rats during ontogeny. The concentration of radioselenium in individual organs decreases with increasing age. The largest differences between young and adults were in the quantity and quality of excreted substances. During 2 h after the administration of 20 mumol selenite/kg young rats excreted 2.4% of the dose, essentially in the urine only, whilst adults excreted a total of 11%, distributed equally in breath and urine. The part excreted as methylated metabolites was 0.1% of the administered dose in young and 6.3% in adult rats. These results support the hypothesis that the differences in the sensitivity to the toxic action of selenite between young and adult rats can be due to ontogenic differences in selenium metabolism. PMID- 7092564 TI - Metabolic interaction between m-xylene and ethanol. AB - Ingestion of a moderate dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) by volunteers prior to 4-h inhalation exposure to m-xylene (6.0 or 11.5 mmol/m3) caused marked alterations in xylene kinetics. After ethanol intake the blood xylene level rose about 1.5 2.0-fold and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion declined by about 50% suggesting that ethanol decreased the metabolic clearance of xylene by about one half during xylene inhalation. This effect was noticeable up until a few hours after completed xylene exposure. Urinary excretion of 2,4-xylenol, the minor m xylene metabolite, was generally not decreased by ethanol and sometimes the reverse seemed to be the case. The disturbance of xylene kinetics can be hypothesized to be caused mainly by ethanol-mediated inhibition of microsomal metabolism. When four volunteers who ingested ethanol prior to m-xylene inhalation at the higher concentration were monitored for blood acetaldehyde, transiently raised levels were found without notable effects on ethanol elimination. This observation may explain why some individuals experienced dizziness and nausea during the combined ethanol-xylene exposure. PMID- 7092565 TI - Lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes measured by ethane and n-pentane formation. AB - Isolated rat hepatocytes (1 X 10(7) cells/ml) were aerobically incubated in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium which contained 2.0% albumin. As potential parameters of lipid peroxidation ethane and n-pentane formed were measured in samples obtained from the gas phase above the incubation mixture. 15-30 nmol ethane or n-pentane were produced by 10(7) hepatocytes within 90 min. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or ADP-complexed ferrous ions stimulated ethane and n pentane formation considerably, depending on the concentrations of the compounds. With CCl4 10(7) cells formed max 180 nmol ethane and 140 nmol n-pentane within 90 min incubation, whereas with Fe(II) max 130 nmol ethane and 220 nmol n-pentane could be detected. When n-pentane was added to the gas phase above the incubation mixture containing either medium or medium plus hepatocytes its amount decreased by 30% within the first 5 min of incubation. However, afterwards only minor amounts of n-pentane disappeared, even in the presence of hepatocytes. This indicates that n-pentane equilibrates with the cells suspension under the conditions used. Cell viability, as determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium and by the uptake of trypan blue by the cells, and the recovery of the cells decreased only in presence of relatively high concentrations of CCl4, or Fe(II) respectively. However, a maximal effect on ethane and n-pentane formation was reached already with lower concentration. PMID- 7092567 TI - Reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase. Phenylhydroxymethyl and cyclohexylhydroxymethyl substituted bis-pyridinium monooximes. AB - Eleven isomeric phenylhydroxymethyl and cyclohexylhydroxymethyl derivatives of 1 (2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinio)-3-(1-pyridinio)-2-oxapropane diiodide and 1-(4 hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinio)-3-(1-pyridinio)-2-oxapropane diiodide were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods and pKa values. The inhibitory power (I50) of the investigated oximes was determined on purified bovine erythrocyte AChE and human erythrocyte AChE. Percentage of reactivation after 30 min was estimated after inhibition of human erythrocyte AChE by sarin, VX, and paraoxon. The in vitro protective index against inhibition by soman has been calculated using bovine erythrocyte AChE. Their I50 for human erythrocyte AChE varied in the range of 9-61(10(-4) mol. dm-3) and for purified bovine erythrocyte AChE in the range of 11-57 (10(-5) mol . dm-3). With 2 X 10(-5) mol . dm-3 of oximes the percent of reactivation was: 0-63% for paraoxon inhibited AChE, 12-73% for sarin inhibited AChE and 11-80% for VX inhibited AChE. With the exception of 1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinio)-3-(4-phenylhydroxymethyl-1 pyridinio) -2-oxapropane diiodide (6) the derivatives of 4 hydroxyiminomethylpyridine are by far better reactivators. None of the compounds could protect purified bovine erythrocyte AChE from inhibition by soman. PMID- 7092568 TI - Dimethylphosphorothioates. Reaction with malathion and effect on malathion toxicity. AB - Five dimethylphosphorothioates were tested for their toxicity to rats, potentiation of malathion toxicity in rats, inhibition of carboxylesterase in vitro, and reaction with malathion in vitro. The compounds were: potassium salts of (CH3S)2P(O)O-(I), (CH3O)(CH3S)P(O)S-(II), (CH3O)2P(O)S-(III), (CH3O)2P(S)S (IV), and (CH3O)(CH3S)P(O)O-(V). The dimethylphosphorothioates are not toxic to rats (up to 1 g/kg, orally), they do not potentiate malathion toxicity in rats, and do not inhibit carboxylesterase activity in vitro (up to 1 mM concentrations). However, when the S-acid diesters (II, III, IV) are incubated with malathion for serveral days at room temperature or for several hours at 50 degrees C they become methylated forming the trimethylphosphorothioates OSS trimethyl phosphorodithioate, OOS-trimethyl phosphorothioate and OOS-trimethyl phosphorodithioate respectively, which potentiate malathion toxicity. Furthermore, these same acid diesters increase the rate of isomerization of malathion into OS-dimethyl-S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) phosphorodithioate (isomalathion) particularly, diester IV. The formation of the trimethylphosphorothioates and isomalathion from the interaction of the S-acid diesters with malathion was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and could be detected by in vitro inhibition of carboxylesterase. TLC methods can detect 1 mg of the trimethylphosphorothioates and isomalathion per gram malathion. PMID- 7092566 TI - Toxicokinetics of chloroethanol in the rat after single oral administration. AB - The excretion and tissue distribution of 14C-labelled chloroethanol were studied in rats following single oral administration of 5 and 50 mg/kg body weight. At both dose levels, the radioactivity was rapidly eliminated, mainly in the urine. On the first day after application of 5 mg/kg body weight, 77.2% of the dose were found in the urine, 1.7% in the faeces, and 1.0% as carbon dioxide in the expired air. Only 2.8% were excreted by these routes during the following 3 days. The residual radioactivity remaining in the tissues after 4 days was almost equally distributed and amounted to about 0.4% of the dose in the liver and 3% in the whole organism. At the higher dose level, excretion rates and tissue concentrations were similar. Examination of the urine by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex revealed two metabolites which were identified by GC/MS analysis as thiodiacetic acid and thionyldiacetic acid. These metabolites represented almost the whole urinary radioactivity. They were excreted in approximately equal amounts at the low dose whereas the thiodiacetic acid predominated with about 70% of the urinary radioactivity at the high dose. Unchanged chloroethanol, chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethylcysteine and sulphonyldiacetic acid were not found in the urine. PMID- 7092569 TI - Experience with activated carbon-bead haemoperfusion columns in the treatment of severe drug intoxication. A preliminary report. AB - Five patients who were severely poisoned with hypnotic drugs, paracetamol, or theophylline were treated by charcoal haemoperfusion. The device contained 160 g of activated carbon beads with a polyester coating. Four patients made a significant improvement; one subsequently died from a cerebral haemorrhage which had occurred prior to haemoperfusion. Platelet losses were minimal and no fibrinolysis was observed. No significant biochemical abnormality occurred as a result of haemoperfusion, although one patient, who presented with hypocalcaemia, required intravenous calcium throughout the procedure. PMID- 7092570 TI - The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin. AB - Amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-gentiobioside) is a cyanogenic glycoside claimed to show anti-cancer activity, sold under the incorrect name "Laetrile". For a sensible discussion of its alleged activity and its established toxicity it is necessary that its fate in the organism is known. The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin have been investigated in the Beagle dog after both intravenous and oral administration. The excretion of amygdalin has also been studied in the rat. Amygdalin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in plasma ultrafiltrate and urine. The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin after intravenous administration were compared with those of diatrizoate, a model substance for extracellular volume and glomerular filtration. The amygdalin clearance is significantly larger than that of diatrizoate. The volumes of distribution of both substance are the same. After oral administration only a few percents of the amygdalin dose are systemically available. A part of the oral dose is recovered from the urine as prunasin (D mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside). PMID- 7092571 TI - Isolation and identification of mercapturic acid metabolites of phenyl substituted acrylate esters from urine of female rats. AB - The urinary mercapturic acid excretion by female rats of methyl atropate (alpha phenyl methyl acrylate) and methyl cinnamate (beta-phenyl methyl acrylate) has been studied. On the basis of the structures of these mercapturic acids the conclusion can be drawn that these compounds arise from a conjugation of glutathione with the acrylic esters in a Michael fashion. Previous administration of (tri-orthotolyl) phosphate (TOTP), a carboxy esterase inhibitor, enhances the capacity of the acrylate esters to alkylate glutathione in vivo. The amount increased from 1.5 to 22.8% of dose (1.0 mmol/kg) for methyl cinnamate and from 10.4 to 14.8% of dose (0.2 mmol/kg) for methyl atropate. Upon inhibition of the esterase activity the major actual mercapturic acid is a conjugate of the acrylate in which the ester function is retained. In the absence of an esterase inhibition the excreted mercapturic acid is a formal conjugate of the free acrylic acid (Fig. 1). No mercapturic acids could be detected which might arise from glutathione conjugation of a, beta-epoxyesters. Such epoxides are potential primary metabolites of unsaturated esters. They were not detected by in vitro experiments. Therefore, the intermediacy of glycidic esters in the biotransformation of these acrylic esters may be considered as highly unlikely. PMID- 7092573 TI - Transformed cell lines derived from progressor Sarcoma virus (Moloney) induced tumors. I. Differences in pathogenicity between C type viruses from producer and helper virus infected nonproducer cells. PMID- 7092572 TI - A comparative analysis of measles virus RNA by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. AB - Isolates from two cases of acute measles, one case of acute measles encephalitis and three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were compared. This comparison was based upon the electrophoretic analysis of T1 oligonucleotides from single-stranded, full-length RNA isolated from cytoplasmic nucleocapsids. Although all viruses have oligonucleotides in common, each isolate generated a unique pattern of oligonucleotides. However, no group of oligonucleotides was observed which would allow a differentiation between viruses isolated from acute infections and those isolated from CNS diseases; indicating that probably all measles viruses differ in their nucleotide sequence, regardless of origin. PMID- 7092575 TI - Effect of probucol on bile composition in man. PMID- 7092574 TI - Clinical experience with probucol with special emphasis on mode of action and long-term treatment. PMID- 7092576 TI - Experience with probucol in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 7092577 TI - Effects of probucol on the cholesterol content of skin in type II hyperlipoproteinemias. AB - 500 mg of probucol were given twice a day for 6 months to 20 type II hyperlipoproteinemic patients, 14 men and 6 women, including 10 type IIb and 10 type IIa cases. Tendon xanthomas were present in 11 and xanthelasma in 4. Their mean blood cholesterol level was 435 +/- 100 mg/100 ml and triglycerides 210 +/- 138 mg/100 ml. A normal diet was maintained during the treatment period. Skin biopsies were made on the forearm, before and after the 6 month treatment. After lyophilization of the skin fragments, the free and esterified cholesterol contents were measured by gas chromatography after preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The free and esterified cholesterol contents of the skin both appear to be significantly increased when the values found before treatment in these patients are compared with those of skin analysis in 10 normal controls: 2.25 to 1.58 micrograms/mg freeze-dried skin, p less than 0.001 for the esterified fraction. After 6 month probucol treatment the free cholesterol does not change significantly (2.25 to 2.16) and the esterified cholesterol increases (0.44 to 0.66, p less than 0.01). This effect is suggestive of an interaction of probucol with the synthesis and transport of cholesterol at the tissue level. It may be significant for the understanding of the effects of this drug and others on xanthelasma, tendon xanthomas, and atherosclerosis. In one of the cases studied here, the xanthelasma was greatly reduced during the treatment. PMID- 7092578 TI - The effect of diet on the transport of probucol in monkeys. PMID- 7092579 TI - Ultracentrifugal study of metabolic effects of probucol: plasma lipoproteins in patients with proven coronary artery disease. AB - The primary metabolic effect of probucol is characterized by significant lowering of plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL2) (p less than 0.01), frequently connected with a decrease in concentration of very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL) (p less than 0.05). This main effect is correlated (r = 0.84-0.75) with a decrease of chylomicrons (CHY) and macromolecular very, very-low density lipoproteins (VVLDL). High density lipoproteins (HDL2,3) tended to decrease in the majority of cases, although a restoration of their levels was observed after the therapy. The strong significance of probucol's lowering action of LDL2 does not statistically relate to any other metabolic phenomenon, confirming its relative independence on remaining pathways. PMID- 7092580 TI - Correlative design of electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal investigation of metabolic effects of probucol. AB - Probucol demonstrated a profound metabolic effect on the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins by lowering the levels of circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL). This main metabolic phenomenon was usually accompanied with other substantial events in lipoprotein patterns. Their significance ought to be confirmed by more than one analytical method. Our primary analytic system used for the basic analysis of plasma lipoproteins consisted of analytical ultracentrifugation, highly standardized agarose-gel electrophoresis and molecular separation of lipoproteins according to their molecular sizes. This paper refers to an attempt to endorse electrophoresis as a supporting technique for ultracentrifugal studies. Correlation between corresponding ultracentrifugal classes and electrophoretic fractions, declared by their coefficients, were therefore studied in order to further examine the usefulness and applicability of agarose-gel electrophoresis in the research, as well as in determining and monitoring patient therapy. Close correlations were found between the group of chylomicrons (CHY), very-very-low-density lipoproteins (VVLDL), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), their remnants and the entire pre-beta-electrophoretic complex of plasma lipoproteins (r=0.91). CHY, VVLDL and VLDL were also well related to the alpha 2- and pre-beta 2 electrophoretic fraction (r=0.95). However, if we consider concentration units for comparison of the relation between pre-beta 1- and beta-electrophoretic fractions versus all sub-classes of LDL, such correlation was found weaker (r=0.77); results were similar when such correlation was made with HDL2,3 classes versus alpha electrophoretic fractions (r=0.78). On the contrary, when the relative percentage in the spectra of the same classes and fractions were correlated, the correlation coefficients were different: CHY and all subclasses and remnants of VLDL, versus the entire pre-beta-electrophoretic complex demonstrated r=0.87, versus the alpha 2- and pre-beta 2-electrophoretic fraction r=0.73. The electrophoretic pre-beta 1-beta-complex correlated weakly (r=0.50) with low and medium density lipoproteins (MDL). Unexpectedly tight (r=0.89) was the correlation between relative percentages of the electrophoretic alpha 1 fraction and the high-density lipoproteins (HDL). PMID- 7092581 TI - Probucol: effects on the metabolism of low density and high density lipoproteins in moderate hypercholesterolaemia. AB - Seven patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia (baseline levels 7.5 to 13.1 mmol/l), and with no evidence of xanthomas, were treated with probucol 1 g daily. Plasma LDL-cholesterol decreased by 20% due to reduced LDL apo B synthetic rate. HDL-cholesterol also decreased; this fall was confined to the HDL3 subclass, while HDL2-cholesterol was unchanged. PMID- 7092582 TI - Effects of probucol on lipoprotein protein kinetics. AB - The effects of probucol on the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were studied in five hyperlipidaemic subjects. Kinetics of LDL-B protein and HDL-AI protein were determined by two-pool analysis after reinjection of 131I labelled LDL and 125I labelled HDL at the end of placebo and treatment periods. Probucol increased the fractional removal rate of LDL in four, though plasma cholesterol levels fell significantly in only three. The synthesis of HDL-AI protein fell in all and was probably responsible for the uniform reduction in plasma apo-AI levels. Thus, probucol enhances LDL-B protein removal and bile acid excretion but inhibits AI protein formation. PMID- 7092583 TI - Probucol further lowers the serum cholesterol of colestipol-treated patients with hypercholesterolemia. AB - When probucol in therapeutic doses is added to the therapeutic regimen of patients previously treated with colestipol and diet, total and HDL cholesterol levels fell. LDL-C/apo B and apo AI/apo AII ratios also fell. One can conclude from these findings that probucol works by different mechanism than does colestipol, and that in addition to lowering levels of lipoproteins it also produces changes in the compositions of both LDL and HDL. The significance of these findings for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis is unknown. PMID- 7092586 TI - [Structure and physicomechanical properties of the human dura mater from the age aspect]. AB - The reconstructive surgery embracing a wide range of operations, when the dura mater is used as plastic material, requires a profound study of its physico mechanical and structural properties. The dura mater obtained from 150 human corpses of persons at the age of 1 month of embryogenesis up to 90 years has been studied by means of morphological, histochemical methods and using the device for mechanical testing of various biological materials. In ontogenesis of the dura mater three states are arbitrary distinguished: development, stabilization of morphological structures and involutional-degenerative changes. Specific feature of each stage are described. Owing to the investigations performed, it is possible to state optimal time range for taking transplants and widening the limits for choosing for plastic material with the reference to the required strength, thickness,, stretching and elasticity. PMID- 7092585 TI - [Examination on human anatomy conducted with standard questions]. PMID- 7092588 TI - [Arterial nerve cells of the base of the brain in the Peking duck]. AB - Neural cell of the arteries in the Peking duck basis cerebri have been studied by means of Koelle's method. Multipolar effector neurocytes 21X26 mcm in their size have been revealed possessing a high acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as bipolar sensitive neural cells of Dogeal' II type 8X10--11X17 mcm in their size possessing a low enzymatic activity. The cells are distributed separately, but more often--in small groups, 3--8 cells in each. Their greatest amount is concentrated in the wall of large arteries--the internal carotid artery and its cranial branch, as well as at the places where the blood vessels branch. Presence of the effector and sensitive neurocytes in the cholinergic neural plexus of the cerebral arteries testifies to a possibility of local reflective arcs existence ensuring a quick response of the cerebral blood vessels to certain changes in the environment. PMID- 7092584 TI - [Formation of connections between the raphe and hippocampal nuclei in tissue culture (intravital functional and morphological studies)]. AB - A combined cultivation in vitro of the hippocampal and raphe nuclei explants have been performed. Certain conditions and mechanisms on connections formed between them have been analysed. Vital observations by means of a phase-contrast microscope makes it possible to reveal three types of connections between the explants which differ by the degree of development and differentiation. The base of the earliest diffuse type of connection is presented by a fine network of flat multipressed and intercontacting gliocytes. The intermediate type of connection is characterized by aggregation of glial elements and formation of loose cords with anastomoses. Reduction of the fine network results from reduction of the glyocytic processes. The most differentiated type of connections is presented by raphe-hippocampal tracts. They are always rectilinear and develop along the shortest way between the explants. When the explants from the hippocamp and cerebellum, which have no natural intercerebral connections, are cultivated together, no formation of any magistral or intermediate types of connection is observed. An important factor in differentiation of the magistral tracts is the reactive kinetics of the glial cells. Strict straightness of the tracts and selectivity in formation of connections between various explants demonstrate also an important role of the neuro-neuronal mechanisms of chemotaxis. The direction of the connections formed can be correlated by means of some artificial guides threads. PMID- 7092589 TI - [Morphometric characteristics of the development of the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic center in the rat during postnatal ontogeny]. AB - Neurosecretory cells has been studied in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei and in the additional anterocommissural group in rats at 17 80 days of the postnatal development. The cellular functional activity is estimated according to neurosecretion contents in the pericaryon and according to the state of the nucleolar apparatus (volume, amount and position of the nucleoli in the nucleus). The neurosecretory cells complete their formation only by the end of the second postnatal month. The neurosecretory cells of the three hypothalamic centers studied differ by the character of their development. The development of the neurosecretory cells of the anterocommissural group differs considerably from that of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclear neurosecretory cells, that supports the suggestion about their independent functional role. During the investigation performed especially sharp shifts in the state of the neurosecretory system are noted in the young rats at the age of about 30 days. PMID- 7092587 TI - [Functional restructuring of the ultrastructure of the giant neuron (Retzius') in the medicinal leech and the possible role of Ca++ ions in these processes]. AB - As it has been demonstrated in the giant (Retzius') neuron of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), at the synaptic activation for 5 sec. and 10 min., ultrastructural changes in the neuron are accompanied with an increasing number of Ca++ ions in hyaloplasm, mitochondria and cytosomes. After activation, the ultrastructural changes increase, and the number of Ca++ ions returns to the initial level. A suggestion is made on a trigger function of Ca++ ions when the neuronal ultrastructure changes under conditions of the synaptic activation. PMID- 7092591 TI - [Effect of high-frequency ultrasound on the adaptive changes of cell resistance]. AB - Reparative and protective properties of the high frequency ultrasound (880 kgHz, 0.4--0.6 W/cm2) have been studied in the experiment performed on rabbits before and after actinomycin D administration (0.2-1.2 mg/kg). RNA and total protein contents have been estimated in cytoplasm of ganglionic cells and in nuclei of photoreceptors. A positive effect of the ultrasound on actinomycin D-induced disorders in metabolic processes of the retina are proved to be weakly manifested. If the antibiotic is used in low concentrations, its inhibiting action can be eliminated or reduced with a subsequent ultrasound treatment of the eye. Simultaneous administration of the ultrasound and increased concentrations of actinomycin D enhances considerably development of certain degenerative changes in the retina. Preliminary ultrasound treatment (especially repeated) of the eye increases metabolic resistivity of retinal cells against the damaging effect of actinomycin D. It is manifested in less amount of cytochemical disorders, and when the inhibitor is applied in small doses-in their absence. PMID- 7092590 TI - [Functional and morphological characteristics of rat liver microvessels in hypokinesia]. AB - The investigation was carried out on 86 white non-inbred male rats. Hypokinesia was produced by putting the animals into pencil-boxes for 1,2 and 4 weeks. The changes in specific volumes of various hepatic microvessels under hypokinesia and under hypokinesia combined with metyrapone administration were studied sterologically. NAD-diaphorase activity in hepatocytes and in the interlobular connective tissue was estimated photometrically. hypokinesia produces certain changes in the specific volume of all the hepatic microvessels studied, but the degree and character of the volumetric relations revealed between these microvessels are different. At metyrapone administration, the volumetric changes in various microvessels occur with greater regularity. The changes in NAD diaphorase activity under the same conditions occur slower and by the end of the experiment the enzymatic activity returns to the initial level. PMID- 7092592 TI - [Mechanism of folliculogenesis in the rat thyroid in long-term hypercalcemia]. AB - Two types of folliculogenesis specific for the peripheral and central zones of the rat thyroid gland under prolonged hypercalcemia are described. The folliculogenesis is realized via fragmentation of a large follicle into several small ones penetrated with cords of the connective tissue. The new follicles are formed with various intensity. When the folliculogenesis is intensive, a distinctly seen desquamation of the follicular epithelium is observed. Thyrocalcitonin secreted by C-cells is probably the initiative factor of the folliculogenesis. A suggestion is made on a leading role of C-cells in pathogenesis of the goiter. PMID- 7092593 TI - [Morphology of 2 cardiomyocyte populations in the papillary muscles of the rat heart]. AB - A light optic and quantitative electron microscope investigation has been performed in order to study papillary muscles in the rat heart. Certain quantitative differences have been revealed in the structure of the conducting and working myocardium. Innervation of the papillary muscles has been characterized. A new type of the conducting cardiomyocytes (IV) has been revealed which had not occurred in the composition of the sinuatrial and atrioventricular ganglia of the atrioventricular (His') bundle and its peduncles, their differences from other three types of the conducting cells revealed before are described. The data obtained are compared to morphological characteristics of the papillary cardiac muscles in other mammalian species. PMID- 7092594 TI - [Morphological characteristics of the cardiac myocytes of the frog (Rana ridibunda) in the cardiogenesis process]. AB - An investigation has been performed on formation of the cardiac muscle tissue and ultrastructuraluralural organization of the cardiac myocytes in the frog (Rana ridibunda) at the age of an embryo and larva, as well as in young and mature species. A principle similarity in processes of ultrastruct differentiation of the cardiac myocytes has been revealed in lower and higher Vertebrata. Observations on dynamics of the proliferative activity in poorly differentiated cardiomyocytes demonstrate that certain asynchronity in the development of various parts of the frog heart appears rather early. Owing to the quantitative ultrastructural analysis performed, it is possible to conclude that the material of yolk plates is used for organelle synthesis that ensures the specialized function of the developing cardiac myocytes. PMID- 7092599 TI - Pneumatic counterpressure. PMID- 7092596 TI - Diagnostic uses and pitfalls of computed tomography and ultrasound in the abdomen and pelvis. PMID- 7092597 TI - Language impairment in dementia. PMID- 7092598 TI - Management of premalignant esophagogastric lesions. PMID- 7092600 TI - Medical and developmental outcomes among Navajo infants from high-risk social environments. PMID- 7092601 TI - Ventricular septal rupture in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7092602 TI - The first decade: a survey of graduates of the University of Arizona College of Medicine. PMID- 7092595 TI - [Differentiation of the pancreatic endocrine cells of the white rat in the composition of the epithelium of excretory ducts]. AB - Endocrine cells of beta and alpha types have been revealed in the ductal epithelium of the pancrease in rats from 1 to 20 days of the postnatal development by means of electron microscopy. Owing to various degree in differentiation of insulocytes, transitory forms existing between the ductal cells and the endocrinic elements, it is possible to consider the ductal epithelium as one of the sources for formation of the pancreatic islets and to think about the entodermal origin of the endorcrine part of the pancreas. PMID- 7092603 TI - Pattern shift visual evoked response: application in neurology. AB - The technique that we use for pattern shift visual evoked response (PSVER) is described. PSVER is a non-invasive, practical and reliable clinical test in detecting anterior visual pathways lesions even when asymptomatic. The ability to find unsuspected lesions in multiple sclerosis, making possible an early diagnosis, is underscored. We also discuss some pathophysiologic aspects and the findings of the PSVER in some neurologic disorders with visual system involvement. PMID- 7092604 TI - Brainstem auditory evoked response: application in neurology. AB - The technique that we use for eliciting brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) is described. BAERs are a non-invasive and reliable clinical test when carefully performed. This test is indicated in the evaluation of disorders which may potentially involve the brainstem such as coma, multiple sclerosis, posterior fossa tumors and others. Unsuspected lesions with normal radiologic studies (including CT-scan) can be revealed by the BAER. PMID- 7092605 TI - [Infections in neurosurgery]. AB - The incidence of infection in neurological surgery is analysed by the author due to an almost epidemic occurrence of wound contamination by staphylococcus aureus in the year 1977. A brief review of the literature data is presented concerning the factors related to the patient's own immunity, the operative wound and the hospital environment, that may cause infection. Based on 733 operations done in a period of 50 months the author exposes the modifications installed for avoiding the infective sources. Antiseptic technic and surgical tactic were modified during the three steps of this study. In the first two periods, each of one lasting 17 months, the infection rates for clean surgical procedures were 10,3 and 6,7% respectively. By the last 15 months, when topical oxacyllin powder was added, the infection rate dropped to 0,6%. The general infection rates for clean, clean with implants, clean-contaminated and contaminated operations, during the three periods were 7,08, 6,8 and 3,4%. A critical review of the data concerning to systemic and topical prophylactic antibiotic therapy is followed by comments on the basis of the technical changes made in this clinical study. Shaving close to the operation, dry preparation of the scalp flap and muscle, use of only bipolar coagulation, restrict use of serum irrigation during the epidural stages of the operation an topical use of oxacillin powder before wound closure were the main technical modification introduced. PMID- 7092606 TI - [The muscular lesion in myasthenia gravis: study of 17 cases with muscular histochemistry]. AB - A study of 17 muscle biopsies from patients with myasthenia gravis was done, using freshfrozen section and histochemistry tecnics. It was found 15 abnormal muscle biopsies. The most common abnormality were small dark angular fibers, excess of lipids droplets outside the muscle membrane, changes in fiber size and type II fiber atrophy. These findings suggested denervation in 11 biopsies, type II fiber atrophy in 7, linfocyte infiltration in 4, fiber necrosis with fagocitosis in 1 and 2 were normal. Was noted a direct correlation between the disease duration and the severity of the histological abnormality. Two patients had tymoma. Congenital myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, intersticial hypertrophic neuritis, Hashimoto tireoiditis and concomitance of myasthenic syndrome was found once in different patients. PMID- 7092607 TI - [Effect of corticoids in the acute phase of neurocysticercosis: preliminary note]. AB - Neurocysticercosis is a major public health problem in the developing countries. Previous to the CT scan era its diagnosis was very restricted and conventional diagnostic methods were unreliable. It was also frequently necessary to submit patients to costly and dangerous surgical procedures to confirm the precise nature of the disease. The most striking type of neurocysticercosis diagnosed by CT is the acute or edematous type (Table 1). Patients with this type of neurocysticercosis are referred for examination with intracranial hypertension, in general with suspicion of space-occupying lesion. In the authors' experience it is possible to obtain a dramatic reduction of the brain edema in the acute stages of neurocysticercosis using corticosteroids, the use of which completely changes the clinical picture and the CT images. PMID- 7092608 TI - [Uveomeningoencephalitis: report of 2 cases]. AB - The uveomeningoencephalitic syndromes are inflammatory diseases, more prevalent in oriental patients, without sexual predilection and with mean age of 30 years. From the clinical point of view they affect the uvea, retina, meninges, the central nervous system and skin and in most cases the onset is followed by three phases: the meningoencephalitic phase, the acute ophthalmic phase and the dermatologic phase. These includes the Harada disease, the Vogt-Koyanagi disease, the Behcet disease and the idiopathic forms. The Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome is a chronic and severa bilateral exudative uveitis associated with whitening of the hair and eyelashes and varying signs of meningeal irritation, less frequent than in Harada's disease. The Harada syndrome is a posterior uveitis accompanied by signs of meningeal irritation, increased protein levels and pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid. The Behcet's disease is a relapsing illness, characterized by oral and genital aphtous ulcers and ocular inflammation. In many cases there are additional features; in 10 to 25 percent of the cases there are neurologic involvement, and any portion of the nervous system may be affected. The authors studied two cases of uveomeningoencephalic syndrome, one case of Vogt-Koyanagi Harada disease (case 1) and another of Behcet disease (case 2). The case 1 was a white Brazilian forty-five year-old man, with a acute headache, mental confusion and signs of meningeal irritation. The cerebrospinal fluid was a inflammatory one, with increased lymphocytes and monocytes, the one month after the patient developed bilateral uveit. The patient complicated with amblyopia of the left eye and a Korsakoff syndrome. There was no correlation in the literature of the Korsakoff syndrome and the uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome. The case 2 was a white Brazilian, twenty-four year-old man, with two episodes of meningitis, genital recurrent aphtous ulcers and uveitis in the right eye, with latter blindness of this eye. Some considerations about the etiopathogenic aspects are done and about the controversial use of corticoids in the treatment of these syndromes. PMID- 7092609 TI - Symmetry and asymmetry in the human posterior thalamus. II. Thalamic lesions in a case of developmental dyslexia. AB - The cytoarchitecture of the brain of a patient with developmental dyslexia was analyzed. The cortical abnormalities, consisting of micropolygyria encompassing most of posterior temporoparietal area and ectopic cell collections elsewhere have been described previously. In this study, the posterior thalamus was likewise analyzed, and a bilateral disruption of cytoarchitecture was noted in the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateralis posterior nucleus, a nuclear group of probable relevance to language found to be asymmetric. PMID- 7092610 TI - Factors associated with a rapid course of multiple sclerosis. AB - A cohort of 886 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) who had onset between Jan 1, 1960, and Dec 31, 1969, and who were resident in 1970 in either a low-prevalence area (Los Angeles County, California, 560 cases) or in a high-prevalence area (King and Pierce Counties, Washington, 326 cases) were followed up for changes in disability status through Dec 31, 1979. Cases had to meet the modified Schumacher criteria for definite/probable MS and to have had a diagnosis of MS or equivalent by a physician. Onset year of disease was determined by onset of the earliest reported symptom. Disability status was determined at intake by an interviewer administered questionnaire and in subsequent years by an annual mailed questionnaire (self-reported disability status). Progression to a nonambulatory status or death was significantly greater among (1) patients with an older age at onset, (2) patients with a rapid early course, (3) males, and (4) residents of Los Angeles County. PMID- 7092612 TI - A normative study of postural tremor of the hand. AB - In a normative study of amplitude, frequency, and variability of postural tremor of the hand in 97 normal subjects, 15 to 80 years old, tremor was transduced using accelerometers and characterized by power spectral analysis. Tremor amplitude ranged from a 0.0015- to 0.035-g peak at the dominant frequency. The modal tremor amplitude was 0.01-g peak, and the threshold for "visible tremor" was 0.007-g peak. The modal tremor frequency was constant at about 7 Hz in those subjects up to 70 years old and thereafter decreased to about 6 Hz. The mean range of variability of the dominant frequency was 2.5 Hz. The tremor pattern, characterized by the shape of spectra, varied greatly from a single finely tuned peak to multiple broad peaks. More than two thirds of normal subjects showed complex spectral patterns with more than one peak of significance. Passive resonance of the hand tissues was an important factor in determining dominant tremor frequencies in most subjects. Many subjects showed a strong, albeit variable , cardioballistic component. The results provide baseline data for studies of the effects of drugs on tremor, particularly in cases of "essential" tremor, and provide warnings that such studies require objective recording methods for adequate evaluation and need recourse to measurement of several factors of the tremor to elucidate the component of tremor affected by a drug. A scaling of tremor can be used in terms of reference to the strength of gravitational acceleration (1.0 g), which provides simple numerical relationships. PMID- 7092611 TI - Complications of plasma exchange in neurological patients. AB - Complications occurred during 154 plasma exchanges performed in 17 patients for a variety of neurological disorders. Mild, self-limited, toxic reaction to citrate was the most frequent complication (7.8%), followed by transient hypotension (2.6%) and visual scotomata (1.3%). More serious complications, occurring on one occasion each, were cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and gross hemolysis. There were no infections. The spectrum and frequency of complications in these plasma exchanges were compared with those in other series dealing with both neurological and nonneurological patients. Several risk factors for development of complications were identified, one of the most important being the nature of the illness being treated. The incidence of two of the most serious complications, severe infection and bleeding diathesis, appeared to be higher in patients with renal insufficiency or hematologic disorders, respectively, than in neurological patients. PMID- 7092613 TI - Distal myopathy: histochemical and ultrastructural studies. AB - In three familial cases and one sporadic case of late-onset distal myopathy, muscle wasting started in the distal portions of the lower extremities. The most striking change seen by light microscopy was the appearance of rimmed vacuoles. These were presumed to be autophagic, because they were found by electron microscopy to contain membranous lamellar structures and other heterogenous materials enclosed by a limiting membrane. On the other hand, lysosomal activity was markedly increased in skeletal muscle. In 6% to 22% of affected muscle fibers there were acid phosphatase-positive granules deep in the sarcoplasm, whereas control muscles had no such granules. The degenerative process in distal myopathy may be different from that in other muscular dystrophies. PMID- 7092614 TI - Cardiovascular response to rapid phenytoin infusion during seizures in paralyzed rats. AB - The maximum rate at which phenytoin may be safely administered without inducing hypotension has been evaluated in nonconvulsing animals and man; no comparable information during convulsions of either animals or man is available. Comparison of blood pressure and ECG responses to rapid phenytoin infusion in nonconvulsing rats and in rats during bicuculline-induced status epilepticus suggests that the hypertensive response of convulsions may protect against phenytoin-induced hypotension, thus indicating that more rapid administration of phenytoin during convulsions might be possible with careful monitoring. PMID- 7092616 TI - Dystonia musculorum deformans: implications of therapeutic response to levodopa and carbamazepine. AB - Sporadic, autosomal recessive and dominant forms of dystonia musculorum deformans have been recognized. This communication reports the results of treatment of six patients with this condition. Two patients with the recessive form responded to levodopa therapy. Three patients who responded to carbamazepine therapy probably have the dominant form. In one patient, response to carbamazepine therapy was equivocal. It is suggested that such therapeutic responsiveness may reflect underlying biochemical differences in the recessive and dominant forms of the disease. PMID- 7092617 TI - Progressive muscle disease in a young woman with family history of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. AB - A 16-year-old girl with an extensive family history of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) had clinical and laboratory evidence of progressive muscle disease in preadolescence. Other female members of the kindred had exceptionally high creatine phosphokinase levels, and her mother was also symptomatic. Although manifesting carriers of DMD are common, they usually demonstrate a mild and static myopathy. This patient is unusual because her muscle disease was progressive and disabling. PMID- 7092615 TI - Life-threatening migraine. PMID- 7092618 TI - Eosinophilic meningitis and hydrocephalus in an infant. AB - Central nervous system invasion by helminths is the most frequent cause of eosinophilic pleocytosis in the CSF. Although CSF eosinophilia is an unusual finding in the continental United States, it is not an uncommon observation in cases of meningitis in Hawaii and the South Pacific. The rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been implicated as the causal agent responsible for cases of eosinophilic meningitis in these areas. The diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis secondary to A cantonensis is generally an indirect one, based on the characteristic clinical findings, documented eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF, and history of consumption of food likely to contain infected larvae. Hydrocephalus developed in a 9-month-old infant from Samoa with absolute eosinophilia and an eosinophilic pleocytosis of the CSF. PMID- 7092619 TI - Olfactory hallucination in migraine. PMID- 7092620 TI - Antifibrinolytic therapy. PMID- 7092621 TI - Cluster headache after herpes zoster ophthalmicus. PMID- 7092622 TI - Epilepsy and episodic aggression. PMID- 7092623 TI - Cyclical migraine headache. PMID- 7092624 TI - Ciguatera poisoning. PMID- 7092626 TI - Amitriptyline in the management of progressive supranuclear palsy. PMID- 7092625 TI - Opsoclonic cerebellopathy: spontaneous remission. PMID- 7092627 TI - CSF beta-endorphin and meningeal carcinomatosis. PMID- 7092628 TI - Antibiotic administration in bacterial keratitis. PMID- 7092629 TI - Argon laser peripheral iridotomies in the treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma. Long-term follow-up. AB - We analyzed the long-term results after argon laser peripheral iridotomy in 98 eyes of 54 patients with primary angle closure glaucoma. During a mean follow-up period of about five years, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, medication changes, and the need for filtration surgery or cataract surgery were used to evaluate the amount of possible damage that had resulted from laser iridotomy. Eyes treated with the argon laser did not appear to differ significantly from those of similar patients, described in other series, in which surgical iridectomy had been used as the therapy of choice. Argon laser peripheral iridotomy appears to be a laser peripheral iridotomy appears to be a safe and effective means of treating primary angle closure glaucoma. PMID- 7092630 TI - Hyphema complicating laser iridotomy. AB - Hyphema resulting from a laser iridotomy (iridectomy) occurred in a patient with chronic subclinical angle closure glaucoma. This complication has been described previously in patients with rubeosis iridis and uveitis and in patients receiving anticoagulant drugs, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of a hyphema resulting from a laser iridotomy in a patient having no known predisposing pathological condition, either ocular of systemic, While no complications of hyphema were encountered in this patient, we recommend that this rare complication be kept in mind whenever a laser iridotomy is contemplated. PMID- 7092631 TI - Helium ion therapy for choroidal melanoma. AB - Forty patients with choroidal melanomas received radiation therapy with helium ion-charged particles. Thirty-six of 30 patients either remained stable or demonstrated tumor shrinkage. Seventeen of 18 patients followed up for at least one year after therapy demonstrated tumor regression, with a mean tumor shrinkage of approximately 40%. The most effective method of choroidal melanoma management is unclear. Charged-particle external-beam irradiation may be more applicable and have less ocular morbidity than either radioactive plaques or photocoagulation. PMID- 7092632 TI - The incidence of metastases from untreated ciliary body and choroidal melanoma. AB - A large survey was conducted to identify patients with choroidal and ciliary body melanomas in whom preoperative evaluation for the presence of metastases was performed. Twenty-nine (2.47%) of 1,214 patients were found to have metastases prior to surgical manipulation of the globe. Liver function enzymes combined with liver-spleen scanning is the most effective means for screening for the presence of metastases in these patients and should be performed in all cases in which surgical manipulation of the globe is anticipated. PMID- 7092633 TI - Timolol and acetazolamide. A study of concurrent administration. AB - A five-week clinical trial of the concurrent administration of topical timolol maleate and oral acetazolamide was conducted to determine the additivity of the ocular hypotensive effects of the two drugs. One drop of 0.5% timolol maleate, every 12 hours, produced a mean reduction in outflow pressure from baseline of 36.0%. When added to an eye pretreated with oral acetazolamide, timolol caused an additional mean decrease in outflow pressure of 27.6%. Acetazolamide, 500 mg orally every 12 hours, produced a mean reduction in outflow pressure from baseline of 48.6%. When added to an eye receiving topical timolol, oral acetazolamide caused an additional mean decrease in outflow pressure of 43.2%. Concurrent administration of oral acetazolamide and topical timolol reduced outflow pressure only slightly less than the predicted reduction assuming full additivity of the drugs. This study supported the clinical usefulness of concurrent administration of acetazolamide and timolol to lower intraocular pressure. PMID- 7092634 TI - Arden contrast sensitivity testing in glaucoma. AB - Two hundred sixteen eyes (164 patients) were studied with the Arden printed contrast gratings to test Arden's hypothesis that an abnormal score would distinguish between eyes with and without glaucoma. Ninety-five eyes were normal and 75 eyes were glaucomatous; 46 eyes suspected of being glaucomatous were also studied to determine whether such eyes would score differently than eyes with normal intraocular pressures. No age-dependent trend in scoring was found in the different diagnostic categories, except with the age group younger than 40 years, which had consistently better contrast sensitivity. The tests were demonstrated to be reproducible over time and showed little or no intertester variability. Decreased contrast sensitivity was found in the glaucomatous eyes compared with normal eyes. The scores of the eyes suspected of being glaucomatous fell between the scores of the glaucomatous and normal eyes. Overlapping distributions among the three groups, however, limit the diagnostic value of the test. PMID- 7092635 TI - Conjunctival appearance in corneal xerophthalmia. AB - We studied the appearance of conjunctiva in 50 consecutive cases of vitamin A responsive conjunctival xerosis (X1) and 162 consecutive cases of nutritional keratopathy (corneal xerosis [X2] and stromal loss [X3]). conjunctival xerosis, most extensive at or shortly after the onset of frank corneal involvement, was present in 101 (95%) of 106 eyes of cases of X2 but in only 99 (64%) of 155 ulcerated/necrotic eyes (X3A and X3B). Forty-four percent of involved eyes were inflamed, the percentage increasing with the severity of corneal disease. In 20 patients with nutritional keratopathy, conjunctival xerosis was monocular: inflammation was more prevalent and corneal involvement more severe in the nonxerotic eyes. In patients with precipitous deterioration of vitamin A status, clinically recognizable alterations of the cornea sometimes developed before any changes appeared in the conjunctiva. PMID- 7092636 TI - Asteroid hyalosis. Biomicroscopy, ultrastructure, and composition. AB - The vitreous in 16 patients (average age, 65 years) with asteroid hyalosis was studied and photographed using a preset lens (El Bayadi-Kajiura) and slitlamp. Asteroid hyalosis was bilateral in one patient (6%) and unilateral in 15 patients (94%). The gel was biomicroscopically normal in 13 patients (81%) and showed moderate liquefaction in three patients (19%). In ten (63%) of the 16 patients, there was no posterior vitreous detachment, in four patients (25%), there was partial vitreous detachment, and in two patients (12%), there was complete vitreous detachment. The preponderance of complete vitreous detachment was lower than expected for patients in this age group, probably because of a reduced preponderance of vitreous liquefaction in patients with asteroid hyalosis. A vitreous aspirate from one of these patients was studied using phase-contrast microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Asteroid bodies were enmeshed within normal vitreous collagen fibrils and some were attended by macrophages or multinucleated epithelioid cells. Transmission electron microscopy disclosed irregular calcific material and complex lipids within the asteroid bodies. X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated calcium and phosphorus. PMID- 7092637 TI - Vitreous asteroid bodies. Ultrastructural characteristics and composition. AB - Ultrastructural studies were performed on five cases of asteroid hyalosis of the human vitreous. The large asteroid bodies were composed if intertwined ribbons of multilaminar membranes with a 6-nm periodicity characteristic of complex lipids, especially phospholipids, lying in a homogeneous background matrix. Clumps of dense material were interspersed throughout the asteroids, and swirls of thin membranous strands often surrounded them. The structure of small asteroid bodies suggested that the lipid ribbons resulted from deposition of successive lipid layers on the thin membranes, so that bodies with variable degrees of lipidization occur. By energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, calcium and phosphorus were the main elements detectable in asteroid bodies of all sizes. Electron diffraction structural analysis showed that calcium hydroxyapatite and, possibly, other forms of calcium phosphate crystals were present in the focal densities. Calcium may also be bound to phosphate groups in the phospholipids. The large quantity of complex lipids and calcium in asteroids bodies suggests a derivation from sources exogenous to the vitreous. PMID- 7092638 TI - Source of subretinal fluid on the basis of ascorbate analyses. AB - Biochemical analyses of subretinal fluid revealed a consistently high ascorbate level in the subretinal fluid of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The average values and SDs of ascorbate in anterior chamber aqueous humor, subretinal fluid, and blood were 14.7 +/- 1.8, 27.4 +/- 2.1, and 1.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dL, respectively. The ascorbate concentration in subretinal fluid was always higher than that in aqueous humor. The high ascorbate level in subretinal fluid led to the hypothesis that aqueous humor contributes to the formation of subretinal fluid. Presumably and constant absorption of subretinal fluid by the choroid directs a portion of the aqueous humor from the posterior chamber into the subretinal space. The posterior movement of aqueous humor causes reduced ascorbate concentration in the anterior chamber and relative hypotony of eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Closing the retinal break results in an interruption of the posterior movement of aqueous humor and rapid absorption of the remaining subretinal fluid by the choroid. PMID- 7092639 TI - Ultrasonography of vitreal foreign bodies in eyes obtained at autopsy. AB - A- and B-scan ultrasonography was done on phakic human eyes obtained at autopsy. Various foreign bodies had been placed separately in the vitreous. The results suggest that both object shape and composition are of major importance in determining specific ultrasonographic patterns. PMID- 7092642 TI - Normal human corneal epithelium. In vivo microscopic observations. AB - A new contact wide-field specular microscope was used to examine and photograph the normal in vivo appearance of human superficial corneal epithelium. The cells were polygonal in structure and were divisible into bright and dark groups on the basis of their appearance. Intracellular detail, including the nuclear outline, was often discernible along with microscopic debris in the overlying tear film. PMID- 7092640 TI - The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. AB - An anatomical study was performed to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of eyebrow ptosis. Through cadaver dissection, we sought to establish the anatomy of the normal eyebrow, to determine why the temporal part of the eyebrow becomes ptotic earlier than the medial portion, and to locate precisely the regional nerves and vessels to aid the eyebrow surgeon. a fat-pad exists beneath the eyebrow. Dense attachments on the underside of the eyebrow fat pad secure the eyebrow to the supraorbital ridge. Because the supraorbital ridge extends only over the medial one half to two thirds of the orbit, the lateral part of the eyebrow lacks deep support and droops with the frontal skin and muscle relaxation seen in age. Vertical lateral orbicularis fibers are consistently seen in the cadaver. Because of their location, they may play a role in producing "laugh lines." PMID- 7092641 TI - In vitro characteristics of uveal malignant melanomas. AB - During a 17-month period, 33 histologically proved posterior uveal melanomas were prepared for in vitro cultivation in our laboratory. Nine of these remained in culture from five to 12 passages. Four tumors histologically classified as heavily pigmented spindle B cell type remained as pigmented spindle cell tumors in primary culture. During subcultivation one culture lost pigmentation and exhibited mixed cells. Three other tumors, classified histologically as lightly pigmented spindle B cell type, appeared as amelanotic mixed cells in primary culture and grew as epithelioid cells during subcultivation. Two tumors classified as mixed cell type grew as spindle cells in primary culture. One of these last cultures reverted to mixed cell type on subcultivation. One cell culture has shown pigmentary and morphologic changes with variations in carbon dioxide level and media composition. PMID- 7092643 TI - Tinting of intraocular lens implants. AB - Intraocular lens (IOL) implants of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) lack an important yellow pigment useful as a filter in the visual process and in the protection of the retina from short-wavelength radiant energy. The ability to produce a yellow pigment in the PMMA used in IOL implants by exposure to near ultraviolet (UV) light was tested. It was found that the highly cross-linked material in Copeland lens blanks was tinted slightly because of this exposure. The absorptive properties of lens blanks treated with near-UV light in this way approached that of the absorptive properties of human lenses. This finding shows that it is possible to alter IOL implants simply so as to induce a pale-yellow pigment in them to improve the visual process and to protect the retinas of IOL users. PMID- 7092644 TI - Best's macular dystrophy. PMID- 7092645 TI - Visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma. Comparison of defects in low tension glaucoma and chronic open angle glaucoma. AB - In a study of the visual fields of 160 eyes with low-tension glaucoma (LTG) and 154 eyes with chronic open angle glaucoma with the same degree of optic nerve change, no differences in the qualitative or quantitative characteristics were found. The field defects in those eyes with LTG in which a major hemodynamic crisis had occurred were not different from those in which no crisis had been documented. PMID- 7092646 TI - Ciliary block glaucoma in retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 7092647 TI - Pseudoexfoliation, intraocular pressure, and senile lens changes in a population based survey. AB - The prevalence rate of pseudoexfoliation among persons in the Framingham Eye Study, a population-based survey, increased from 0.6% for ages 52 to 64 years to 2.6% for ages 65 to 74 years to 5.0% for ages 75 to 85 years. Age-adjusted rates showed a statistically significant 2.3 to 1.0 female to male ratio. Pseudoexfoliation was associated with higher intraocular pressure levels and more frequent senile lens changes, but the latter relationship was not statistically significant. The age-specific prevalence rates for the Framingham population are similar to those reported from a mass screening of subjects in Norway, where the condition is thought to be especially common. Some of the previously reported geographic variations in prevalence rates may be due to differences in disease definitions, subject selection, and examination conditions. PMID- 7092648 TI - Application of xenon gas to clinical retinal detachment. AB - Xenon gas was used as an intravitreal tamponade in four cases of retinal detachment. The rapid disappearance of the gas could be predicted by experiments with an animal model, and there was no notable hypotensive phase. The brief presence of the gas was sufficient to press out retinal folds and effect reattachment. The uveal response was less than with air or with the longer lasting gases. The time the patient had to be in a prone or bent position was reduced to a few hours. PMID- 7092649 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry in patients with fundus flavimaculatus. PMID- 7092652 TI - Ischemic optic neuropathy in migraine. AB - Two patients with histories of migraine had ischemic optic neuropathy develop during an episode of migraine. Clinical and radiologic studies excluded other causes of visual loss. Fluorescein angiography confirmed as ischemic process involving the optic dis. In both cases, visual loss was permanent. No further visual disturbance has occurred in either patient during a two-year period of follow-up while taking oral doses of propranolol hydrochloride. PMID- 7092650 TI - Leber's congenital amaurosis. Is mental retardation a frequent associated defect? AB - Thirty-one patients had Leber's congenital amaurosis. Only one was severely retarded, and three demonstrated hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis on computed tomographic scanning. These findings are in contrast to those of previous investigators, who have emphasized the high incidence of psychomotor retardation associated with Leber's amaurosis. Much of the psychomotor retardation that has been reported is probably secondary to the sensory deprivation and not necessarily a sign of structural CNS dysfunction. The diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis does not, therefore, portend severe intellectual impairment and poor educability. PMID- 7092653 TI - Ocular features of Kawasaki's disease. PMID- 7092651 TI - Plagiocephaly causing superior oblique deficiency and ocular torticollis. A new clinical entity. AB - Unilateral coronal suture stenosis provokes a shortening of the orbital roof of one side. It is argued that the effectiveness of the superior oblique muscle is reduced because of reduced length of its unreflected part and because of the increased angle between the reflected part of the tendon and ocular axis. This condition causes a clinical picture of superior oblique palsy, with ocular torticollis. We report four cases of this newly described clinical entity with various degrees of involvement of ocular motility. PMID- 7092654 TI - Histopathology of Best's macular dystrophy. AB - The pathogenesis of Best's macular dystrophy (BMD) is poorly understood. Previous histopathologic descriptions of BMD have been published in the literature; however, all were from elderly persons who clinically exhibited late manifestations of the disease. In this article, light and electron microscopic observations of an earlier stage of BMD are reported. Both globes were from a 28 year-old patient who had a "scrambled egg" lesions in the macula with some features of a pseudohypopyon. Our studies indicate that BMD is a generalized retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) abnormality that results in an abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin granules. Lipopigment accumulates within the RPE, within macrophages in the subretinal space, and within the choroid. These observations help to explain the clinical appearance as well as the fluorescein angiographic and electrophysiologic findings of this conditions. PMID- 7092656 TI - Lip droop following contralateral ptosis repair. AB - Following successful uniocular ptosis repair, measurable drooping of the fellow upper lid was noted in 11 (9.6%) of 115 cases. the original ptosis was due to a variety of causes. Methods of surgery included levator shortening, frontalis sling, and tarsoconjunctival resection. The droop of the eyelid not operated on was measured before and after ptosis surgery on the fellow eye. This contralateral phenomenon may be explained on the basis of Hering's law regarding yoke muscles. Surgical repair of the secondarily drooped lid was successful in five such cases. PMID- 7092655 TI - A histopathologic study of Best's macular dystrophy. AB - Light and transmission electron microscopic examinations of two postmortem eyes from an 80-year-old woman with clinically well-documented Best's macular dystrophy disclosed striking abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and sub-RPE area. The RPE cells were flattened, with displacement of the nuclei toward the apex and diffuse deposition of abnormal lipofuscin and pleomorphic melanolipofuscin granules. A PAS-positive, acid mucopolysaccharide-negative, electron-dense, finely granular material was deposited in the inner segments of the degenerating photoreceptors and the Mueller cells. An abnormal fibrillar material was present underneath and in close association with the RPE cells, just beneath the area of photoreceptor cell loss. The choriocapillaris was normal. Breaks in Bruch's membrane and neovascularization were noted in the foveolar region. There is evidence that the sensory-retinal changes are primary and that the RPE changes are secondary. PMID- 7092657 TI - Ophthalmology and philately: V. The diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases- indirect opththalmoscopy. PMID- 7092658 TI - Ophthalmology and philately: V. The diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases. Examination with the slit lamp. PMID- 7092659 TI - Experimental retinal detachment. I. Effect of subretinal fluid composition on reabsorption rate and intraocular pressure. AB - Retinal detachments (RDs) were produced in rhesus monkeys by a 1-ml subretinal fluid injection combined with simultaneous vitreous aspiration. Four groups of five eyes each were studied according to type of fluid injected: autologous serum, glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution (GBR), silicone oil, or no fluid (sham operation). Retinal detachments created with GBR reattached within two to seven days; RDs created with serum decreased in volume at a rate ten times slower than that of eyes detached with GBR; RDs created with silicone oil and sham operated eyes remained unchanged during three weeks of observation. Active transport of fluid out of the subretinal space best explains these findings. Transient hypotony developed in all eyes in association with postoperative inflammation and reduced aqueous humor formation. Eyes with persistent detachment (serum and silicone oil) retained mild hypotony three weeks after operation, suggesting a pressure-lowering effect of the detachment itself. PMID- 7092660 TI - Experimental retinal detachment. II. Role of the vitreous. AB - The role of the cortical vitreous in persistence of experimental retinal detachments was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys. Detachments were created by subretinal injection of 20% autologous serum in Ringer's solution. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed on selected eyes with a Douvas vitrectomy instrument before creation of the detachment. Retinal holes were created from the subretinal side with a hooked needle or from the vitreal side with the vitrectomy instrument. The rate of reattachment of the retina was rapid and independent of retinal holes size if cortical vitreous covered the retinal hole. If no cortical vitreous covered the retinal hole, the retina remained detached indefinitely (longer than three months). A spontaneous reduction in the size of the retinal hole occurred in many eyes in association with star-fold formation. It is concluded that cortical vitreous is capable of obstructing fluid movement through the retinal hole. PMID- 7092661 TI - Plasma binding of fluorescein in normal subjects and in diabetic patients. AB - The penetration of systemically administered fluorescein sodium into the eye depends on several factors. One important variable is the unbound plasma fluorescein concentration. We measured the in vitro plasma binding of fluorescein in 200 persons using fluorescence polarization. We demonstrated considerable variability in the degree of plasma binding and also found significant differences between normal persons and diabetic and nondiabetic patients. PMID- 7092662 TI - Herpes simplex virus. PMID- 7092663 TI - Postcataract extraction ischemic optic neuropathy. PMID- 7092664 TI - Traumatic retinal dialyses. PMID- 7092665 TI - Nature of the endocochlear dc potential in kanamycin-poisoned guinea pigs. AB - The endocochlear dc potential (EP) was measured in normal guinea pigs and in a group poisoned with kanamycin sulfate for 60 minutes after the administration of furosemide intravenously (IV) or by perfusion into the scala tympani. The EP decreased rapidly and developed a large negative potential after IV administration of furosemide, but the EP decreased more slowly and did not develop a negative potential in kanamycin-poisoned animals. With perfusion of the scala media, the EP declined slowly and did not develop a large negative potential in either group. With perfusion of the scala tympani, the EP declined slowly in the kanamycin-poisoned animals and did not develop a large negative potential, while in the normal animals the EP declined rapidly and developed a large negative potential. PMID- 7092666 TI - Effects of hyperbilirubinemia on the hearing and vocal development in Gunn rats. AB - Jaundiced rats do not differ from normal rats in the development of frequency specific startle responses to sound in spite of the auditory brainstem damage in the affected rats. Jaundiced rats do show a vocal motor abnormality. Behavioral auditory results support the concept of neural involvement in early vocal development; however, the site of involvement in hearing development is still ambiguous. PMID- 7092667 TI - Teach us so we may see. PMID- 7092670 TI - Management of ear-canal collapse. AB - Thresholds were measured at 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 Hz in 20 normal adult ears and in ten ears from adults with varying amounts of ear-canal collapse. To alleviate the attenuation caused by ear-canal collapse, ear-canal inserts, postauricular pads, or circumaural cushions (Telephonics 510 020) were used with earphones (TDH-49). The circumaural cushions provided the lowest thresholds for the listeners with ear-canal collapse. Although thresholds with the ear-canal inserts were comparable to those with the circumaural cushions for many of the listeners, the ear-canal inserts were not suitable for listeners with more severe ear-canal collapse because the insert was displaced when the supra-aural cushion was placed on the pinna. Thresholds with the postauricular pinna pads were higher than with the circumaural cushions for most individuals. PMID- 7092668 TI - The right-angle laryngeal telescope in undergraduate medical education. PMID- 7092669 TI - Detection v discrimination of brief-duration tones. Findings in patients with temporal lobe damage. AB - Based on earlier experiments with cats, we have developed two new hearing tests to evaluate the ability of patients with temporal lobe damage to discriminate tones of short temporal duration. Earlier published studies suggested that patients exhibit notably increased thresholds for detecting tone pulses shorter than 200 ms in length when the signals are presented to the ear located contralateral to the damaged hemisphere. Our experiments with cats indicated that auditory cortex lesions had no effect on the cats' ability to detect brief tones but did impair their ability to discriminate small changes in the frequency of such signals. In giving the brief-tone tests to seven patients with temporal lobe damage, we found a similar behavioral dissociation. All patients exhibited normal detection thresholds in conjunction with substantially elevated frequency difference limina. PMID- 7092671 TI - The surgical approach to bilateral choanal atresia. Analysis of 14 cases. AB - Bilateral choanal atresia presents as neonatal respiratory distress and suckling difficulty. Definitive repair of this anomaly by both transpalatine and transnasal approaches had been effective in young children. The transnasal procedures are preferred in infants because of the shorter operative time, low morbidity, and minimal potential for damage to developing structures. Fourteen children were treated for bilateral choanal insufficiency. PMID- 7092674 TI - Computed tomography in frontal sinus fractures. PMID- 7092672 TI - Preservation of the orbital contents in cancer of the maxillary sinus. AB - Tumor invasion of the periorbita, posterior ethmoid cells, or orbital apex is considered an absolute indication for orbital exenteration. Preservation of the orbital contents in selected cases can be applied safely to the treatment of primary maxillary sinus cancer. Patient complaints relating to the preserved eye were more commonly associated with radiation therapy than the method of reconstruction used. Reconstruction of the orbital floor with a skin graft, even when combined with radiation therapy, gave a functional eye in the majority of cases while not compromising the oncologic safety or the procedure. PMID- 7092673 TI - Excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia. AB - Twenty-five adults with a deviated nasal septum, who complained about excessive daytime sleepiness, chronic fatigue, and nocturnal insomnia, were studied for one to two nights in a sleep laboratory. Recordings disclosed disordered breathing during sleep in the form of pronounced periodic breathing of alternating hypopneas and hyperpneas, isolated hypopneic episodes and central apneas and periodic sighs, all combined with electrophysiologic "microarousals," and a mixture of alpha and delta EEG wave activities. Surgical treatment of the deviated septum in 14 patients resulted in a subjective improvement in the level of diurnal alertness and in the quality of nocturnal sleep in 12 patients. Follow up sleep recordings in seven of the patients who reported subjective improvement in sleep disclosed notably less waking and abnormal breathing during sleep. These results suggest that increased upper airway resistance can cause nonapneic breathing disorders in sleep and, consequently, sleep disturbances. PMID- 7092675 TI - Nasal septal abscess of dental origin. AB - A nasal septal abscess can be a serious complication of trauma or surgery. Dental infections that lead to this condition are rarely mentioned in the dental literature, and no report was found in the English otorhinolaryngological literature. As septal suppuration causes destruction of the cartilaginous septum, saddle-nose formation, and severe intracranial complications, immediate treatment is necessary. Two patients had septal abscesses as a complication of dental infection. Development of the condition, possible complications, and treatment are discussed. PMID- 7092677 TI - Warty dyskeratoma of the vocal cord. First reported case. AB - Warty dyskeratoma is a tiny, nodular lesion with a characteristic histologic picture that resembles that of Darier's disease. Until now, these changes have been described only on the skin and the mucosa of the oral cavity. To our knowledge, our case includes the first description of this lesion on the vocal cord. This study presents clinical and histologic features in detail, dealing also with the differential diagnosis, which is very important for distinguishing the warty dyskeratoma from the squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 7092676 TI - Secondary syphilis of the facial nerve. AB - A 37-year-old woman had peripheral facial palsy. It took nearly two weeks to establish the syphilitic origin. This rare disease is discussed with reference to nine cases reported in the literature since 1945. The prognosis is good with early antibiotic therapy. PMID- 7092679 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1: aggressive (desmoid-type) fibromatosis. PMID- 7092678 TI - Pathologic quiz case 2: Trabecular carcinoma. PMID- 7092680 TI - Intraoral masseter muscle transposition: use with reconstruction of regional facial paralysis. AB - The treatment of regional facial paralysis of the lips and commissure by masseter muscle transposition is well accepted and usually accomplished by an external approach. The intraoral transfer demonstrates distinct advantages for the rehabilitation of midfacial regional paresis. The procedure is performed totally intraorally, which exposes the masseter muscle before transposing the anterior portion in a subcutaneous tunnel to the upper and lower lips. The effects of this transposition are direct support and immediate contraction, with eventual myoneurotization of the surrounding perioral musculature. The indications, operative considerations, and results in 22 cases are reported. This technique considerably advances the procedural approaches of the reconstructive surgeon and in used either in conjunction with other reconstructive modalities or as a primary procedure in selected cases. PMID- 7092683 TI - Alternate innervations of facial musculature. AB - There have been several case reports in which spontaneous return of facial function has occurred without grafting or other surgical intervention. This implies that there may be alternate pathways to explain this phenomenon. Using the technique of retrograde axonal transport with chromogens tagged to the marker enzyme horseradish peroxidase, selected facial muscles of the monkey were injected to demonstrate CNS representation. The facial nucleus was identified, exhibiting topographic arrangement in the CNS. More importantly, in several specimens, nuclear cells of the mesencephalic tract also were stained. This is part of the trigeminal system, normally associated with proprioception, whose axons travel with other fifth cranial nerve branches. The trigeminal motor nucleus did not exhibit any pickup of the enzyme marker, indicating that there was no contamination from facial musculature innervated by the fifth cranial nerve. This finding suggests that the facial musculature, normally innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, has an additional nerve supply. PMID- 7092682 TI - Venous drainage of the lateral trapezius musculocutaneous island flap. AB - The transverse cervical artery (TCA) and the transverse cervical vein (TCV) form the dominant vascular pedicle for the lateral trapezius musculocutaneous island flap. The experience of others described previously leaves little doubt as to the reliability of this flap. The anatomy of the TCA is such that we have encountered no difficulty in maintaining arterial flow through wide arcs of flap transfer. The TCV, on the other hand, is variable, and maintaining venous drainage may be difficult. After reviewing the available literature and finding little detailed guidance, we studied the anatomy of the TCV in nine patients undergoing surgery and in six fresh cadavers. PMID- 7092681 TI - External dacryocystorhinostomy. A prospective study comparing the size of the operative and healed ostium. AB - This study compares the size of the operative anastomosis with the size of the healed intranasal ostium resulting from 22 external dacryocystorhinostomies. The area of the healed intranasal ostium was approximately 2% of the area of the surgical anastomosis. No correlation was found between the size of the surgical anastomosis and the size of the healed ostium. In all cases, excellent functional results were obtained, regardless of the size of the healed ostium. This study suggests the size of the surgical anastomosis is not directly related to the success of the procedure, although it must be large enough to technically perform the procedure. PMID- 7092684 TI - Microsurgical approach to the temporomandibular joint. A new horizon. AB - The operating microscope has revolutionized many surgical procedures. To my knowledge, this article records for the first time, pioneering microtechniques for exploring and reconstructing the temporomandibular joint. Determination of pathologic conditions and observation of temporomandibular joint function dysfunction are dramatic and rewarding. Precision surgery using microinstruments, microneedles, microdrills, and bipolar cautery allows accuracy of technique that previously was impossible. Two representative case presentations illustrate patient treatment, microsurgical technique employed, and clinical results obtained. PMID- 7092685 TI - Silastic alar-columellar prosthesis in conjunction with rhinoplasty. AB - A Silastic alar-columellar prosthesis, designed by Lawrence Birnbaum, MD, is commercially available. Used as an implant in the columella and overlying the domes and lateral crura of the alar cartilages, it can aid in obtaining and maintaining tip projection and in reshaping the lobule. Its use is limited and should be reserved only for special cases, ie, those patients in whom there is substantial loss of nasal tip projection, or notable asymmetry, or absent alar cartilages and in patients in whom there is a lack of autogenous grafting material. I have used this prosthesis in 19 patients and have found it to be a valuable adjunct. PMID- 7092686 TI - Reconstruction for large septal perforations. AB - Reconstruction of large nasoseptal perforations is often dismissed as surgically unfeasible. The insertion of polymer prostheses for amelioration of symptoms has substituted for surgical repair. Despite the important progress that has recently been made, troublesome defects, eg, the repair of 2 x 4-cm losses, are considered surgically unapproachable. One of us (M.S.K.), during the past seven years, has treated these defects with techniques developed in skull base surgery and, more recently, in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. The wide exposure achieved has permitted the use of large intranasal flaps for one-step repair. Photographs, graphic illustrations, and cadaver dissections are used to present the techniques. The literature is reviewed. Clinical material is reviewed, and special consideration is given to the problems of intranasal scarring and flap blood supply. The techniques used represent an evolutionary synthesis and implementation of surgical principles rather than a new technique. Nevertheless, the tools are now at hand for all to approach these large perforations with confidence. PMID- 7092689 TI - Laryngeal keratosis preceding laryngeal carcinoma. A report of four cases. AB - Detailed descriptions of the laryngeal mucosal changes that precede squamous cell carcinoma are infrequent. The criteria for identification of epithelial changes that are considered "premalignant" vary widely among pathologists. Presented herein are the histological details and clinical findings of four patients with biopsy-proved laryngeal keratosis in whom laryngeal carcinoma subsequently developed over intervals ranging from ten months to six years. The epithelial changes are variable but generally consist of a thickened mucosa with prominent alterations in the pattern of maturation. These maturation abnormalities range from proliferation of immature "basal-like" cells with little or no surface keratinization (classic form of atypia or dysplasia) to markedly thickened mucosa with prominent keratinization, both on the surface and in individual cells in the deep portions of the mucosa. Multiple recurrence in two of the patients with mucosal thickening and extensive individual cell and surface keratinization suggest that not only this histopathologic change, but the propensity for recurrence, may both be indicators of premalignant epithelial change. PMID- 7092687 TI - Low-dose ketamine and diazepam. Use as an adjunct to local anesthesia in an office operating room. AB - I evaluated the response of 200 patients undergoing office surgery to low-dose ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam as an adjunct to local anesthesia. In most patients, there was a slight increase in pulse rate and BP, but this was relatively mild. In almost all patients, there were no unpleasant recollections of the operative procedure, and I concluded that combination low-dose diazepam and ketamine is an effective and safe adjunct to local anesthesia in an office operating room facility. PMID- 7092688 TI - Augmentation malarplasty. AB - The well-defined prominent high cheekbone is classically a sign of beauty in Western culture. Based on discussions with (1) representatives of Heyer-Schulte, Goleta, Calif, a leading manufacturer of malar implants regarding the demand for these implants, (2) other facial plastic surgeons, and (3) patients who are aware and request this procedure compared with other procedures in my practice, malar implants, available for the past few years, while effective, have not received universal acceptance and usage. The design limitations of the available implants and the bony resorption under the implant similar to what has been described in mentoplasty are discussed, as well as the long-term results using the standard implants, including photographic and radiographic findings. A modification in the shape of the malar implant and its advantages also will be discussed. PMID- 7092690 TI - Value of computed axial tomography in severe laryngeal injury. AB - Two cases of severe laryngeal injuries were evaluated by computed axial tomography (CT). Results of these studies correlated well with surgical findings and were helpful in planning structural repair. Axial views obtained by laryngeal CT were distinctly superior to the bidimensional picture obtained by polytomography. In addition, the method proved more advantageous than contrast laryngography, which is often impossible to perform in the presence of massive swelling. PMID- 7092692 TI - A flexible cryoprobe for cryosurgery. PMID- 7092691 TI - Congenital osteolipoma of the skull. AB - A unique case of congenital osteolipoma of the skull occurred. A 27-year-old woman had multiple hard tumors affecting the frontal and parietal bones, the rim of the orbit, the maxilla, the base of the skull, and the horizontal part of the mandible on the right side. The slowly growing tumor was first noticed in the right parietal bone when she was born. The partially excised right frontoparietal lesion was composed of deformed and sclerotic trabeculae of bone and mature adipose tissue that formed an osteolipoma, which was regarded as hamartomatous. Its pathogenesis was suggested as associated with maldifferentiation of the mesenchyme or its derivatives toward the osseous and adipose tissue at the early development of the cranium. PMID- 7092693 TI - Facial nerve paralysis in the presence of a benign parotid tumor. PMID- 7092694 TI - A form to show extension of tumors in the nose and sinus. PMID- 7092695 TI - A new surgical technique for facial hyperkinesia. PMID- 7092696 TI - Use of povidone-iodine. PMID- 7092697 TI - X-ray microanalysis of inner ear fluids in the embryonic and newborn guinea pig. AB - In energy-dispersive histograms, changes in the relative peak intensities were followed, especially C1 and K, which indicate the maturation of endolymph. The maturation of endolymph in the guinea pig occurs prior to birth. In X-ray histograms, distinct peaks for C1 and K, but also for Na, were observed approximately 20 days before (DBB). The lesser relative peak intensities for C1 and K as compared with mature endolymph indicate an immature endolymph composition at this stage of development. The relative peak intensities of C1 and K increased at approximately the 10-DBB stage and showed similar values as at birth. PMID- 7092698 TI - Actin in cochlear hair cells-implications for stereocilia movement. AB - The distribution and polarity of actin in chinchilla cochlear hair cells was determined by decoration of actin filaments with myosin subfragment S1. Actin is present in the stereocilia above the cuticular plate and there are actin filaments randomly oriented within the cuticular plate. These results in chinchilla cochlear hair cells agree with the findings in the frog, guinea pig, and alligator lizard inner ears. In the cross-striated region at the base of the cuticular plate of inner hair cells there are actin filaments which label with S1. These decorated filaments appear closely associated with the dense bands but the thin filaments perpendicular to the dense bands appear unlabeled. The presence of actin filaments in this cross-striated region at the base of the cuticular plate supports a mechanism that has been suggested for actin-myosin mediated movement of stereocilia [10], which would cause the stereocilia of inner hair cells to fan out into the endolymph. PMID- 7092699 TI - Effect of nicotinic acid on cochlear blood flow. AB - Effects of nicotinic acid on cochlear blood flow were studied in rats by the microsphere method. One measurement was performed before drug administration and the second after i.v. injection of the nicotinic acid 25 mg/kg body weight. No measurable effect on cochlear blood flow was observed in normal animals. In one group of animals the cervical sympathetic trunks were cut and the distal part on one side was electrically stimulated during the measurements. On the unstimulated side the cochlear blood flow was significantly higher than in intact animals, but uninfluenced by nicotinic acid. On the sympathetically stimulated side a significant increase of the cochlear blood flow occurred after nicotinic acid administration. PMID- 7092700 TI - Cochlear nerve fiber populations in 25 patients with profound deafness due to Meniere's disease or sudden deafness. AB - Surgical biopsy specimens of the cochlear nerve from 19 patients with Meniere's disease and six patients with sudden deafness were studied. The total number of myelinated nerve fibres in the transverse fascicular area of each nerve were counted and the results were correlated with the clinical and preoperative audiological data. The total number of cochlear neurons in patients with Meniere's disease ranged from 5,760 to 27,722 and in patients with sudden deafness from 8,500 to 22,714. The long duration of the disease or absent speech discrimination appeared not to be connected with lower numbers of neurons than preserved speech discrimination or short history of the disease. PMID- 7092704 TI - Influence of tetraiodothyronine on hearing maturation in rats. AB - Thyroid hormones are essential to the maturation of the central nervous system and sensory organs. Hypothyroidism induced various kinds of neural retardation, including hearing deficits. Despite careful attention to replacement therapy in human neonatal hypothyroidism, psychological disorders and cerebellar malfunction may occur in later life and may be related to overdoses. Brain stem response audiometry (BSRA) is used in this study as an indicator of acoustic pathway maturation in newborn rats. Normal litters are compared to tetraiodothyronine (T4)-overtreated rats from birth to day 12 of life. Onset of hearing and acoustic maturation are accelerated in treated animals as compared to controls (p less than 0.0001). Differences between groups progressively vanish after cessation of T4 administration. However, as long as 4 months later, small differences are still present, leading one to suspect a permanent change in the functioning of the acoustic pathways. PMID- 7092703 TI - The influence of a chronic vitamin A deficiency on the rat cochlea. AB - Rats were fed a vitamin-A-free diet and the cochleas of these animals were studied under the light and electron microscope. The cochlear function was tested by means of the electrocochleography. No pathologic changes could be found in the organ of Corti; the stria vascularis and the cochleas showed normal development. The recordings of the deficient rats are identical in configuration to controls, but they are shifted to higher intensities due to an otitis media found in the tested animals. These findings suggest that vitamin A does not have an important function in the inner ear. PMID- 7092701 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the cochlear sensory epithelium following damage to the organ of Corti. AB - The repair pattern of the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti was studied after idiophatic hair-cell loss and ototoxic damage. The present report examines the repairing capacities of the inner and outer pillars of Corti and Deiters' cells in guinea pigs that received aminoglycosides for 21 days. By means of scanning electron microscopy, the defects of the reticular lamina, the hypertrophic processes of the supporting cells, and numerical increase of microvilli were observed. PMID- 7092705 TI - Comparison of auditory single fiber responses during acoustic and electric stimulation of the intact cat cochlea. PMID- 7092702 TI - The influence of chronic vitamin A deficiency on human and animal ears. AB - After feeding young rats a diet deficient in vitamin A, we examined the inner ear with the electron microscope. There were changes in the cuticle of the outer and inner hair cells. Furthermore, there were changes in the reticular system of the intermediate zone and massive degenerative changes in the ganglion cells of the VIII nerve. In a second experiment with older animals we found no significant changes in the sensory cells, though there was new bone formation in Rosenthal's canal and damage to the ganglion cells, of a lesser extent than was evident in the first experiment, however. In a further clinical study, we carefully chose human subjects suffering from alcoholic liver disease who also had a negative history of ear infection, noise exposure, head injury and use of streptomycin. Normal auditory function in the family was also a criterion. A decreased auditory function associated with low vitamin A levels was found in these patients. Those with liver disease showed not only a significant auditory dysfunction in the higher frequencies, but as well a poorer performance in the tone decay test. They were compared to a control group with normal hepatic, renal and thyroid status. PMID- 7092706 TI - Group delay measurements from spiral ganglion cells in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Measurements of group delay were made extracellularly from spiral ganglion cells in the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea, using sinusoidally amplitude modulated tones, with constant modulating frequency and modulation depth at the microphone input. Threshold cochlear tuning was accompanied by a frequency dependent group delay, with relative peak proportional to Q10. For sensitive units with steep intensity functions, the group delay decreased with increasing sound pressure level above threshold, without a significant change of Q10. PMID- 7092709 TI - Quantitative investigation of temperature effects in primary auditory fibers in Caiman crocodilus. AB - Characteristic frequencies (CF) of primary auditory afferents in the caiman depend upon body temperature. In the range tested (11 degrees C - 34 degrees C), the change is in the order of 1.5 octaves. Low temperature leads to low CF. PMID- 7092707 TI - The influence of the effect system on adaptation, temporary and permanent threshold shift. AB - As it was still not possible to elucidate sufficiently the function of the efferent acoustic system or the tractus olivocochlearis (OCB), and as it is still not known whether this system possibly has the function of providing protection against noise-induced trauma, the vestibular nerve was severed in the guinea pig, and the threshold shift was compared with that of a control group. On day 8 after exposure to noise, both the temporary threshold shift (TTS) and the permanent threshold shift (PTS) were significantly lower in the control group than in the group with severed OCB. Thus, it does indeed seem possible to ascribe a protective function to the efferent system. PMID- 7092710 TI - Cochlear mechanisms at low frequencies in the guinea pig. AB - The study of the cochlear microphonic and of the intracochlear sound pressure in guinea pigs shows that the behavior of the cochlea at very low frequencies is controlled by three discrete elements: (a) the compliance of the whole basilar membrane; (b) the acoustic resistance of the helicotrema; (c) the compliance of the round window. The part of each of these elements has been established. The compliance of the whole basilar membrane produces constant amplitudes at frequencies lower than the minimum frequency at which a travelling wave is present (130 Hz). In fact, this constant amplitude range is limited by connection of the two cochlear scalae through the helicotrema resistance. This protecting mechanism produces an attenuation slope for frequencies lower than 80 Hz. The compliance of the round window does not modify the slope of the cochlear microphonic, but it induces a constant sound pressure in scala tympani up to 200 Hz. Decreasing of the sound pressure in the scala vestibuli is, therefore, limited for frequencies less than 30 Hz by this constant value of the sound pressure in scala tympani. PMID- 7092708 TI - Interactions of adaptation and masking in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Fast cochlear adaptation and masking phenomena, expressed as percent inhibition of the summed action potential, are studied from the guinea pig cochlea responses to click trains and tone bursts given previously or simultaneously to the click sequence. After preceding tone bursts, the click responses are superposed by inhibitory aftereffects dependent on the tone frequency. With interposed tone bursts, the click sequence response is masked, dependent on tone frequency. PMID- 7092711 TI - Inhibition of endothelial cell regrowth. Cessation of aortic endothelial cell replication after balloon catheter denudation. AB - Aortas of male rabbits (2.0 to 2.5 kg body weight) were denuded of endothelium with a 4F balloon catheter and killed 7, 14, 60, 90, and 180 days later. Aortic endothelial cells regrowth was determined using Evans blue dye and scanning electron microscopy. Early endothelial outgrowth was rapid, but by 14 days the regrowth slowed markedly so that no further increase of endothelial outgrowth was detected at other time periods. Another group of animals received 3H-thymidine 1 hour before death and were killed 4, 14, and 42 days later. The endothelial cells replication in the aortas of these animals was measured from Hautchen preparations. Endothelial cells replication was observed 4 days after balloon injury but was markedly reduced by 14 and 42 days. Intimal smooth muscle cell replication, however, was observed at both these later times. These result demonstrate that in vivo endothelial cells replication stops long before the aorta is repopulated and suggest that some mechanism other than contact between endothelial cells can prevent endothelial cell replication. PMID- 7092712 TI - Atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a low cholesterol diet for five years. AB - Rabbits were fed a low cholesterol atherogenic diet for up to 5 years. Arterial lesions during the first 12 months consisted of smooth muscle cell and lipid accumulation in the intima, with smaller amounts of elastin and collagen. By 24 months, considerable degeneration and necrosis of smooth muscle foam cells had occurred, lipid had decreased in relative proportion, and collagen was predominant. These trends continued during the final 3 years. By 48 months most plaques were calcified and a few had hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis was extensive in rabbits with serum cholesterol concentrations greater than 300 mg/100 ml and minimal in rabbits with concentrations consistently less than 150 mg/100 ml. Thicker lesions tended to have more atheromas while thinner ones were more fibrous and less fatty. Significant regression of fatty streaks occurred in a group of rabbits fed the atherogenic diet for 2 years and a stock diet during the third year but more advanced lesions did not regress. This study illustrates the importance of time as a variable in atherogenesis, and demonstrates that modest hypercholesterolemia can lead to atherosclerosis in rabbits that is qualitatively unlike atherosclerosis induced in rabbits by cholesterol rich diets and that resembles several stages of human atherosclerosis. PMID- 7092713 TI - Microscopic morphometry of abdominal aorta from men in New Orleans and Guatemala. AB - Morphometric light microscope measurements were made on 154 abdominal aortas from 77 Guatemalan Indian-white (ladinos) men and from 77 new Orleans white men, aged 15 to 54 years. In each case, means were derived from 12 points measured independently. A progressive increase in intimal lipid with increasing age was observed in men from both countries. Extracellular intimal lipid was consistently higher in men from New Orleans than in those from Guatemala, although not always significantly so. Intimal thickness followed a similar pattern to intimal lipid regarding age and geographic location. Foam cells and leukocytes (mainly monocytes) did not follow a consistent pattern. The smooth muscle cell count was the only variable that was significantly greater in New Orleans men than in Guatemalans aged 15 to 34 years. Morphometric microscopic measurements were significantly correlated with unaided visual estimates of atherosclerotic lesions and with chemical determinations of lipid fractions in the arterial intima. All three methods, gross grading, microscopy, and chemistry, agree in revealing little or nor measureable difference between new Orleans men and Guatemalans younger than 35 years, but an accelerated divergence of the populations over age 35. PMID- 7092715 TI - Systemic arterial compliance in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Observations on the effect of intravenous propranolol. AB - Hemodynamic parameters and systemic arterial compliance were measured in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs before and after acute administration of propranolol. Arterial compliance was evaluated from a simple viscoelastic model, enabling the calculation of diastolic drainage and diastolic blood flow as indices of the reservoir role of the larger arteries in overall circulation. In comparing basal conditions with normal subjects of the same age, patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans exhibited a significant decrease in arterial compliance (p less than 0.01) and heart rate (p less than 0.02) with a significant increase in systolic pressure (p less than 0.001). Diastolic drainage was increased (p less than 0.01) and was positively correlated with diastolic time (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). Diastolic blood flow remained within normal ranges (52 +/- 2 vs 49 +/- 3 ml/m2/sec). After acute propranolol intravenous administration, heart rate and stroke volume decreased (p less than 0.001), while total peripheral resistance increased (p less than 0.001). Systemic arterial compliance and diastolic blood flow significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). The study provided evidence that in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, the diastolic blood flow was maintained in basal conditions despite the observed reduction in arterial compliance, and that intravenous propranolol administration decreased systemic arterial compliance and diastolic blood flow. PMID- 7092714 TI - Characteristics of the aortic intima in young and old cebus and squirrel monkeys. AB - To document naturally occurring aortic intimal changes with age in squirrel and Cebus monkeys, the aortic lipid class composition, histology, and fine structure were quantitatively compared in the two species at birth and in old age. The aortic intima plus inner media in the young squirrel monkey contained more lipid, particularly in the phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions than in young Cebus. The lipid class composition of the old Cebus monkey aorta resembled that of the young Cebus. In the old squirrel monkey aorta, cholesteryl ester, and to a lesser extent, free cholesterol were increased over young levels, while the phospholipid concentration tended to be lower. The aortic cholesteryl ester:phospholipid ratio increased with age in both species, but the old Cebus monkey aorta maintained the ratio below unity at 0.3, whereas the old squirrel monkey aorta ratio was 2.5. The abdominal aorta of the old squirrel monkey tended to have more lipid in each class than the thoracic segment. Morphologically, the old Cebus monkey aortic intima was similar to the young Cebus in terms of the intima:media ratio, intimal cellularity, and the distribution of intimal components determined by points in electron micrographs. In both age groups the Cebus monkey aorta was characterized by diffuse intimal thickening without lipid deposits. In contrast, that old squirrel monkey aorta had a much greater intima:media ratio, especially in the abdominal aorta, and a greater intimal cellularity than the young squirrel monkey. The distribution of intimal components in electron micrographs of the old squirrel monkey aorta shifted to a predominance of extracellular lipid, smooth muscle cells, and collagen. Deposits of small dense granules, presumably the products of cellular breakdown, were observed in aortic intimas and medias of both species in old age. Thus, differences between Cebus and squirrel monkey aortic intimas were evident at birth. By old age, the Cebus monkey aortic intima remodeled without accumulating lipid, whereas the squirrel monkey developed aortic intimal lesions resembling human atherosclerosis. PMID- 7092718 TI - A craniothoracopagus associated with a normally developed newborn infant in uniovular triplets: a case report with autopsy findings. PMID- 7092716 TI - Cancer of the endometrium. PMID- 7092719 TI - Risk factors affecting case fatality rate of respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 7092717 TI - Endocrinological studies and clomiphene therapy of luteal insufficiency. PMID- 7092721 TI - Non-stress antenatal cardiotocography in high risk pregnancy. PMID- 7092722 TI - Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of delta 4-3 ketonic free steroids in human plasma and amniotic fluid. PMID- 7092720 TI - The incidence and the outcome of retained second twin in Benin City. PMID- 7092724 TI - Follow-up of 40,000 infants screened for hearing defect. AB - During a 7-year period beginning in 1967, approximately 40,000 infants born in Jerusalem were screened for hearing impairment. The hearing of all infants who visited the well-baby clinics at the age of 7-9 months (85% of the child population) was tested and a set of selective criteria was applied to them to detect the children at risk of hearing impairment. Those children suspected of having a hearing impairment were followed up at the Speech and Hearing Center of the Hadassah University Hospital. 69 children were identified as having substantial hearing impairment (moderate to profound); the distribution of risk factors among them is presented. Rehabilitation was carried out from infancy to preschool age, at which time the children were enrolled in suitable educational frameworks. The role of the parents was crucial. At the age of 6 years, many of the hearing-impaired children were integrated into the elementary school system; others attended the School for the Deaf or special institutions. The distribution of the hearing-impaired children in the various school systems is discussed. PMID- 7092723 TI - Diagnosis and communicative ability in deaf children in the European Community. AB - The survey of Childhood deafness carried out during 1977 in the nine countries of the European Economic Community (EEC) provided data on the age at which diagnosis is achieved, the patterns of hearing aid provision, the types of school environment, speech and reading abilities, and the use of manual communication. PMID- 7092725 TI - Location-specific components of the gross cochlear action potential: an assessment of the validity of the high-pass masking technique by cochlear nerve fibre recording in the cat. AB - The auditory high-pass masking technique has been used in attempts to define the origin, along the cochlear partition, of the gross cochlear action potential (CAP) and the gross brain stem potential. Theoretically, the high-pass masking paradigm should be frequency and location specific at the cochlear level, and some indirect evidence does point to this specificity. However, this hypothesis has not yet been directly substantiated. In the present experiment, click-evoked cochlear nerve activity was recorded simultaneously from the round window and from single fibres of the cochlear nerve, with and without high-pass maskers spaced in octaves from 0.5 to 16 kHz, at three intensities, in the anaesthetized cat. The "derived' CAPs were computed and compared with the mapping of single cochlear fibre responses under the same conditions. With one main exception, the conclusions drawn on the origin of the frequency components of the "derived' potentials were found to be valid in the normal cat. The exception concerned fibres with characteristic frequencies below 1-2 kHz, where the substantial spread towards the high frequencies of their frequency threshold curves, and the effects of lateral suppression or of other "remote masking' phenomena rendered the high-pass masking less location specific. From these results and certain assumptions, we would predict the high-pass masking technique to be valid in electrophysiological investigations in normal humans for frequencies down to 0.5 1 kHz. PMID- 7092726 TI - Comparison between AP and SP parameters in trans- and extratympanic electrocochleography. AB - Results of the comparison of action potential (AP) and summating potential (SP) parameters in trans- (TT) and extratympanic (ET) methods in 2 normal-hearing ears and 20 hearing-impaired ears with various etiologies and audiogram shapes are reported. In normal and impaired ears the TT/ET ratio of N1 amplitude was intensity dependent and was greater at higher intensities than at lower intensities. N1 latency was identical in both methods. The AP waveform was almost identical in both methods in ears except in a noise-induced hearing loss: N1/N2 ratio was greater in the TT method than in the ET method. In the TT method +SP at high frequency tone bursts and -SP at low frequency tone burst were recorded in Meniere's disease and progressive sensorineural hearing loss, while in the ET method only -SP was recorded at a tone burst of each frequency. Origins of N1 and N2 and a clinical value of -SP and +SP are discussed. PMID- 7092727 TI - Maximum length sequences -- a fast method for measuring brain-stem-evoked responses. AB - A technique is described which allows faster evaluation of brain-stem-evoked responses (BER) than the conventional method. It is based on a pseudorandom arrangement of the click stimuli in "maximum length sequences' (MLS). In this way, the responses to each click stimulation can overlap with the responses to other clicks. A simple deconvolution of the averaged response to MLS leads to a click response pattern which is in good agreement with the responses obtained by conventional BER audiometry (BERA). Thus, the procedure for the assessment of BER can be accelerated by a factor of about 6. Repetition rates up to 856 Hz were tested. Even for high repetition rates, the main features of the BER are preserved, although the latency of wave V increases by as much as 1.3 ms. PMID- 7092728 TI - Amplification bandwidth and speech intelligibility for two listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. AB - The intelligibility of speech as a function of its bandwidth was measured for two listeners with similar, moderately severe sensorineural hearing losses. The shape of the speech spectrum was adjusted to approximate the individual listener's contour of most comfortable listening levels (MCLs) and the overall level was set so that the levels in each band were below (-7 dB), near to (+3 dB), or above (+13 or +18 dB) the MCLs. At each level, nine pairings of three low-frequency and three high-frequency cutoffs (266, 375 and 530 Hz; 3,000, 4,242 and 6,000 Hz) were used. These conditions were achieved by passing the speech through a Limiting Master Hearing Aid (LMHA) which allows independent control of gain and maximum output in each of nine, half-octave bands. It was found that the wider the bandwidth, the higher the score, and the greater the amount of speech energy above threshold, the higher the score. Listeners' ability to understand the test material, after adjustment for listener differences, was correlated (0.7 and 0.8) with the articulation index. PMID- 7092730 TI - The effect of dopamine on human gastric smooth muscle. AB - Dopamine had inhibitory effects on contractions of human gastric smooth muscle strips. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions occurred at high concentrations only, the mean maximum inhibition being 17% at a concentration of 4.7 X 10(-4) M. It was unaffected by haloperidol (10(-5) M) or tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) but was abolished by a combination of phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M) and propranolol (10(-5) M). Isoprenaline caused a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions with mean maximal inhibition at a concentration of 4.6 X 10(-6) M. These results suggest that there are no specific dopamine receptors in human gastric smooth muscle and that dopamine-induced inhibitory effects are due to stimulation of adrenergic receptors. PMID- 7092731 TI - Toxicity studies of the toxins isolated from annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) infected by Corynebacterium rathayi. AB - Estimates of the LD50's of 7 glycolipid toxins (corynetoxins) isolated from toxic annual ryegrass varied in the range 0 . 1-1 . 3 mg/kg in 2-week-old rats. The delay in onset of neurological signs in rats and sheep was independent of dose rate and could be the result of inhibition of protein biosynthesis. In sheep, no influence of the route of administration on the delay in onset of neurological signs was demonstrated. The relationship between the partial structures of the two major corynetoxins and their toxicity is discussed. PMID- 7092729 TI - A mechanism for the thiamin-sparing action of dietary xylitol in the rat. AB - The changes induced by dietary xylitol in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat were investigated in relation to the phenomenon of vitamin-sparing. Within 18 days of consuming a synthetic diet, deficient in thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine, rats ceased to grow and began to lose weight rapidly. If xylitol was then included in the diet (10% w/w), the effect of the vitamin-deficient diet on growth was reversed. Moreover, within 3 days of the rats ingesting xylitol, the metabolism of this sugar polyol by the caecal microflora was increased 17-fold and the caecal concentrations of thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate were increased 5-fold. Increases were also observed in the caecal size, the weight of the caecal contents, and the weight of the caecal wall. In contrast to the rapid changes observed within the caecum, liver thiamin pyrophosphate levels did not rise until 6-12 days after the feeding of xylitol, at which time the rats had begun to gain weight. The caecal contents were shown to contain facultative bacteria which have the ability to metabolise and grow on xylitol and which can, at the same time, synthesise thiamin. Species of the genera Klebsiella, Serratia and Micrococcus which have this ability were isolated from the caecal contents of rats. It is assumed that coprophagy is the means by which the thiamin and other vitamins synthesised by enteral bacteria become available to the host, although some absorption from the caecum cannot be excluded. PMID- 7092733 TI - Wound contraction. The effects of scab formation and the nature of the wound bed. AB - The effects of scab formation and the nature of the wound bed on the contraction of wounds have been investigated. Rabbit paraffin gauze dressed flank wounds with the panniculus carnosus intact and rat paraffin gauze dressed full skin thickness back wounds had constant linear rates of movement of the wound margins throughout the time of contraction. Rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus carnosus retained or excised and rat undressed wounds showed phases of rapid movement, no movement and normal movement of the wound margins during the course of contraction. These were effects of scab formation, they were transient and had little or no effect on the overall rate of wound contraction. The behaviour of rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus excised was similar to that of comparable wounds with the panniculus intact, except that healing was delayed by approximately 3 days. Very variable behaviour was observed with rabbit paraffin gauze dressed wounds with the panniculus excised. PMID- 7092732 TI - Two anti-tumour cytotoxic cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats: natural occurrence, augmentation and partial characterization. AB - Mononuclear cells cytotoxic to methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells were detected in the peritoneal cavities of normal rats by means of 16 h 51Cr release and 48 h 125IUdR release assays. Carriage of a tumour which induces concomitant immunity, or intraperitoneal injections of Corynebacterium parvum or proteose peptone, led to increases in mononuclear cell numbers. Injections of C. parvum and proteose-peptone led to increases in cytotoxicity in 51Cr release assays. Carriage of an immunogenic tumour led to an increase in cytotoxicity to homologous tumour cells in the 125IUdR release assay. Cells were separated by sedimentation velocity, metrizamide density gradients and adherence to glass or plastic. Small cells were more active than large cells in 51Cr release assays. Larger cells tended to be more active in 125IUdR release assays. Generally, low density cells were more active in both assays, except that high density cells induced by C. parvum were most active in 125IUdR release. Adherent cells from C. parvum-injected rats were more active than non-adherent cells in both assays. On the basis of differential stimulation and separation by sedimentation velocity it is suggested that two cell types, possibly NK cells and macrophages, are operative. 125IUdR-labelled fibrosarcoma cells were lysed after intraperitoneal injection into normal and concomitantly immune rats, more rapidly extensively in the latter case. These cytotoxic cells may be important in both natural and acquired resistance of rats to tumour growth. PMID- 7092734 TI - Effects of dietary aflatoxin and ammonia-inactivated aflatoxin on Newcastle disease antibody titers in layer-breeders. AB - Corn containing aflatoxin and the same corn ammoniated to inactivate aflatoxin was incorporated into layer diets to supply 500 ppb and 2.3 ppb aflatoxin, respectively, to determine whether such diets interfere with immunity to Newcastle disease vaccination. Control diets containing uncontaminated corn, both with and without ammoniation, were also fed. A trial 3 months long with 12 birds per treatment was conducted. Vaccination treatments included no vaccination, a single vaccination at the initiation of each trial, and monthly vaccinations for three months. Serum samples, for determination of Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers by the microtiter method, were collected just before vaccination and seven days postvaccination, as well as at trial termination. Birds receiving a single initial vaccination and fed a diet containing 500 ppb aflatoxin showed a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in HI titers, whereas birds similarly vaccinated and fed a diet containing inactivated (ammoniated) aflatoxin showed no reduction in titers regardless of dietary treatment. PMID- 7092736 TI - Detection of inhibitors in chicken tracheal washings against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - A chicken tracheal ring tissue-culture system was used to demonstrate that specific and nonspecific substances in chicken tracheal secretions inhibit the cilia-stopping effect (CSE) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). In chickens less than six weeks old, specific inhibitory substances were found in tracheal washings from chickens inoculated with MG. Nonspecific inhibitory substances were found in tracheal washes from untreated chickens seven weeks or older. Complement may play a role in the inhibition of CSE. Secretory immunoglobulin A was not detected in the tracheal washes. PMID- 7092737 TI - Characterization of isolates of Newcastle disease virus from migratory birds and turkeys. AB - The susceptibility of wild birds to infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has resulted in speculation about the role of these free-flying birds in the origin and transmission of the virus infection. Since several NDV isolates from free-flying waterfowl and turkey flocks in the Midwest were avirulent for chickens and had thermostable hemagglutinins, isolates were collected from both waterfowl and turkeys over a seven-year period, 1974-1980, for comparison. Strains from both waterfowl and turkeys were avirulent, based on mean death times in chicken embryos, and could be differentiated from licensed vaccine strains with similar mean death times by in vitro markers. Waterfowl strains were generally thermostable, were slow to elute from chicken red blood cells, and produced plaques in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Some of the turkey isolates were similar to the waterfowl strains in thermostability, elution, and production of plaques in chick embryo fibroblasts. However, in the latter years of the study, there was a tendency toward isolation from turkey flocks of vaccine-like strains that did not produce plaques without additives and whose hemagglutinin was thermolabile. The appearance of these strains reflects either a selection for this virus type by the host or replacement of field strains by vaccine strains as the result of an increased usage of vaccines by producers. PMID- 7092739 TI - Bone density and ash studies in avian osteopetrosis. AB - Bone density and ash were measured in diaphyses of osteopetrotic and normal chicken tibiotarsi. In lesions of less than one year's duration, osteopetrotic bone was less dense than disease-free bone. The new osteopetrotic bone yielded approximately the same ash content per unit bone dry weight, as did disease-free bone of comparable age, but there was consistently less ash per unit bone wet volume in the diseased bones. This indicates that, in its early stages, osteopetrosis is characterized by spongy bone that lacks dense mineral deposition. PMID- 7092740 TI - Use of gonococcal agar medium for preparation of antigen of Haemophilus paragallinarum hemagglutinin. AB - Some solid media for antigen preparation of Haemophilus paragallinarum (HPG) hemagglutinin (HA) were studied. When HA activities of HPG strain 221 cultivated on chicken meat infusion (CMI) and gonococcal (GC) agar media were compared, the titer of the GC agar medium appeared faster and was higher than the titer on the CMI agar medium. For both agar media, the HA titer and growth increased with the concentration of the chicken serum added. In addition, HA activity on GC agar medium showed a higher titer than activity on other media, such as brain-heart infusion, Trypticase soy, blood, and Kato's agar media. When various HPG strains were inoculated onto GC agar medium, HA titers in strains 0083 and F were equal to that in strain 221. These results confirm that the GC agar medium is useful for preparation of HA antigen of HPG. PMID- 7092735 TI - Hematological parameters and iron metabolism in pigeons and chickens with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. AB - A single phenylhydrazine injection (1.8 mg/kg body weight in chickens and 2.2 mg/kg body weight in pigeons) was administered intramuscularly to different lots of animals. The modification of hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte number, reticulocyte concentration, plasma iron, and total iron-binding capacity was monitored versus time. Depression of the hematological parameters in chickens was greatest on the second day (27-40%), and the values returned to normal by day 7. The drop in pigeons was greater (28-51%) and took longer to return to normal (day 22). The highest percentage of reticulocytes was 35-37%. A plasma iron increase was concomitant to cell destruction and decreased later. The plasma iron clearance values showed a double slope line as a result of the presence of reticulocytes. A high correlation existed between iron uptake by red blood cells at 5 min and the reticulocyte concentration. The responses of the two species to the phenylhydrazine were similar, and differences were more quantitative than qualitative. Reticulocytes were present in normal pigeons, which introduces an important variant in iron metabolism in birds. PMID- 7092738 TI - Correction in identification of a coronavirus-like agent isolated from parrots. PMID- 7092741 TI - Outbreaks of fowl cholera in quail. AB - Acute fowl cholera causing high mortality was diagnosed in three flocks of quail, one involving pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnix) and two involving bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). The causative organism, Pasteurella multocida, was identified as type 3. PMID- 7092742 TI - Chlamydia psittaci infection in companion birds examined in Florida. AB - Over a two-year period, companion birds, submitted mostly by small-animal practitioners to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Kissimmee, Florida, were examined for chlamydia. Chick embryo yolk sac and mouse brain inoculations were used for isolation. Chlamydiae were isolated in 58 (20%) of 287 birds examined. Although twice as many birds were examined in 1980 as in 1979, the percentage of positive isolations was 20% for each year. This suggests a constant level of chlamydial infection in companion birds. Most of the isolations were made in psittacine birds; the only positive isolations in passerine birds were in finches. PMID- 7092743 TI - Studies on the dissemination of Salmonella in nine broiler-chicken flocks. AB - The salmonella status of nine different broiler-chicken flocks was studied from the day before the chickens were placed in the house until their sixth week of age. The presence of salmonella serotypes in dust, litter, feces, water, and feed was investigated. Dust from different sites was sampled and appeared to be contaminated with salmonellae even after six of the nine houses were disinfected. Defects in the cleaning and disinfection of air inlets and fans seemed to be an important factor for the recontamination of the house. Chickens were often contaminated at the hatchery, and in two houses the percentage of contamination had increased to as much as 82 7% and 88 8% at six weeks of age. Swabbing of intact and fresh feces appeared to be a more reliable technique than culturing the litter for evaluating the shedder state of the flock, and it appeared also to be more rapid and simple than the collection of cloacal swabs. PMID- 7092744 TI - Toxicosis of mirex for chick embryos and chickens hatched from eggs inoculated with mirex. AB - Mirex, a hydrocarbon, was mixed with corn oil and injected into chick embryos to test its toxic effect. At a concentration of 0 05 mg mirex/egg, embryo mortality was 40%, at 0.5 mg/egg, mortality was 49%, and at 5.0 mg/egg, mortality reached 81%. Mortality of control eggs injected with corn oil alone was 36%. The body weights of newly hatched chickens and of 4-week-old chicks were not different from those of controls. No clinical signs of disease were seen during the 4 weeks of observation. However, liver weights were increased at all 3 dosages when the birds were killed at 4 weeks, but spleen and bursal weights were not. The results support the decision to discontinue the use of mirex as a pesticide in the environment for controlling the fire ant (Solenopsis sp.) until a better means of presenting it can be found. PMID- 7092745 TI - Oosporein-toxicosis in the turkey poult. AB - Turkey poults were fed diets containing oosporein at concentrations of 0, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 micrograms/g from hatching until three weeks of age. Low feed consumption resulted in poor growth rates at every dietary level of oosporein; however, a dose-related increase in water consumption was observed. The most significant effect of dietary oosporein was severe visceral and articular gout, with death ensuing in 24 and 52% of the poults at the 1,000 and 1,500 micrograms/g levels, respectively. Gout and mortality were absent at 0 and 500 micrograms/g. In addition to tissue urate deposition, necropsies revealed dehydration, swollen pale kidneys, hemorrhagic proventriculitis with mucosal necrosis, gizzard enlargement and lining discoloration, an increase in gall bladder size, and focal hepatic necrosis. The relative weights of the kidney, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, and pancreas were increased in a dose-related fashion; spleen and bursa weights were unaffected. Among plasma constituents, uric acid, urea, and the activities of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated in response to dietary oosporein; albumin, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium were decreased. The toxin had no effect on plasma total protein, sodium, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, or creatine phosphokinase. These data substantiate the original classification of oosporein as a nephrotoxin and etiologic agent of gout in avian species. PMID- 7092747 TI - Critical neurohistopathologic evaluation of clinically healthy commercial single comb White Leghorn hens. AB - A neurohistopathologic study was conducted to determine the types and incidence of spontaneous lesions of the nervous system in healthy adult hens. Tissues examined were brain, three levels of spinal cord, and sciatic nerves from 92 healthy commercial hens from a single commercial egg-production flock judged above average in health. These hens represented negative controls (untreated or given corn oil) in 9 separate toxicologic studies. Minimal to mild focal proliferative or degenerative microscopic changes were detected at all levels of the nervous system. More than 50% of the hens had lymphocytic perivascular cuffing and focal gliosis in the central nervous system. Similarly, lymphocytic foci (in nerve sheaths or within fasciculi) and Schwann cell hyperplasia were commonly seen in sciatic nerves. The spinal cord exhibited neuronal swelling and chromatolysis frequently; axonal degeneration (in brain and spinal cord) and swelling or degeneration of nerve fibers in sciatic nerves were observed sporadically. Most changes were rare or mild. A few chickens had mild or moderately severe perivascular cuffing and focal gliosis. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the use of the adult hen in neurotoxicologic evaluations. PMID- 7092746 TI - Relationship of communicability of a Newcastle disease virus to its resistance to a respiratory inhibitor. AB - Newcastle disease virus resistant to a nonspecific inhibitor in nasal mucus of normal chickens differed in several important properties from the inhibitor sensitive virus stock from which it was derived. Aerosols from chickens infected with the inhibitor-resistant virus were infectious for susceptible chickens, and those from chickens infected with the inhibitor-sensitive virus were not infectious. PMID- 7092750 TI - Human tracking performance changes during combined +Gz and +/- Gy stress. AB - An experiment has been conducted on the centrifuge to examine roll-axis tracking performance in both static and stress environments. The stress environments were +5 Gz from 95 s and combined +5 Gz/+/- 1 or +/- 2 Gy for 95 s. Compared to the static condition, performance decrements of 19% were measured at +5 Gz, 45% at combined +5 Gz/+/- 1 Gy, and 70% at combined +5 Gz/+/-2 Gy. Heart rate increases were noted during the stress environments but no significant heart rate differences were noted between the +5 Gz and the combined +5 Gz/+/-2 Gy conditions. The conventional lap belt and shoulder harness restraint system, while not optimum, was adequate for these G environments. PMID- 7092748 TI - Role of thymus-dependent immune system in HVT protection against Marek's disease. PMID- 7092749 TI - Acceleration-induced atrioventricular dissociation: hemodynamic consequences. AB - A rest, compensatory mechanisms are able to make up for the loss of a properly timed atrial systole. At maximal stress or in a severely compromised patient, however, proper atrial function may be crucial for maintaining optimum cardiac output. We report a case of an apparently healthy male subject who developed A-V dissociation during +Gz stress and subsequently could not maintain vision at the higher (+7 Gz) levels. Anatomic, geometric, and physiologic considerations suggest that the loss of atrial function is probably associated with the loss of roughly 30 torr in arterial pressure during high +Gz stress. Since the subject was an avid jogger, the etiology of the A-V dissociation was considered to be due to physiologically enhanced vagal tone. This case, therefore, suggests that special attention should be given to the physical fitness programs designed for individuals in a unique profession, such as piloting single-seat high-performance fighter aircraft. PMID- 7092753 TI - Discomfort judgements of translational and angular whole-body vibrations. AB - In a previous series of experiments the subjective intensities of translational (Z-axis) and angular (roll, pitch, and yaw) vibrations were compared, using a psychophysical matching technique. To test the validity and generality of the matching results, an independent set of similar data was obtained in the present experiment, using the method of category production. Seated subjects set levels of translational vibrations, in the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, and angular vibrations, in roll and pitch, that they judged to be "uncomfortable" on a scale of vibration discomfort. Frequencies of 2.5, 3.15, 4.0, 5.0, 6.3, and 8.0 Hz were presented in each vibration direction. As frequency increased the mean acceleration judged to be uncomfortable increased for Y-axis and roll vibrations, decreased for Z-axis vibrations, and was essentially constant for X-axis and pitch vibrations. The Y- and Z-axis results correspond well to equal intensity contours in existing vibration exposure criteria, and the roll results show good agreement with data from the roll matching experiment. The X-axis and pitch results are similar to the results from the pitch matching experiment and indicate the importance of the backrest in determining the effects of X-axis translational vibrations and angular vibrations in pitch. PMID- 7092751 TI - Mechanism of vertebral fracture in the F/FB-111 ejection experience. AB - A review of the accident investigation reports of all non-fatal F/FB-111 ejections which occurred from 19 October 1967 to 26 March 1980 was conducted. The available spinal radiographs of the ejectees were also reviewed. The overall rate of vertebral compression fractures among the survived ejectees in a properly functioning module is 29.5% (23 of 78). The general mechanism of vertebral injury is a combined mechanism involving both axial compression and flexion. There is no evidence to indicate a hyperextension injury mechanism during retraction, nor is there evidence to support the presumed efficacy of the crossed-arms bracing procedure recommended for landing impact in modifying the vertebral injury rate. It appears that a significant reduction in the rate of vertebral fractures among F/FB-111 ejectees will require decreasing the acceleration stresses imposed on the crewmembers during landing impact. PMID- 7092754 TI - An analysis of civil aviation propeller-to-person accidents: 1965-79. AB - The interest of manufacturing, governmental, and safety personnel in using paint schemes on propeller and rotor blades is based on improving the visual conspicuity of those blades when they are rotating. While propeller and rotor paint schemes may serve to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries due to contact with a rotating blade, there is little information about the circumstances surrounding such accidents. Brief reports provided by the National Transportation Safety Board of all "propeller-to-person" accidents from 1965-79 were examined and analyzed in terms of airport lighting conditions, actions of pilots, actions of passengers and groundcrew, phase of flight operations, weather conditions, and others. Analyses based on 319 accidents showed a marked drop in the frequency of "propeller-to-person" accidents from 1975 through 1978. Several types of educational efforts directed toward pilots and groundcrew, both prior to and during that 4-year period, were examined as possible factors contributing to the accident rate decline. Accident patterns provide a basis for assessing the probable efficacy of various recommendations, including propeller conspicuity, for further reducing "propeller-to-person" accidents. PMID- 7092752 TI - Reducing motion sickness: a comparison of autogenic-feedback training and an alternative cognitive task. AB - Eighteen men were randomly assigned to three groups matched for susceptibility to Coriolis motion sickness. All subjects were given six Coriolis Sickness Susceptibility Index (CSSI) tests separated by 5-d intervals. Treatment Group I subjects were taught to control their own autonomic responses before the third, fourth, and fifth CSSI tests (6 h total training). Group II subjects were given "sham" training in an alternative cognitive task under conditions otherwise identical to those of Group I. Group III subjects received no treatment. Results showed that Group I subjects could withstand the stress of Coriolis acceleration significantly longer after training. Neither of the other two groups changed significantly. PMID- 7092755 TI - Effect of different runway sizes on pilot performance during simulated night landing approaches. AB - Both anecdotal reports from pilots and theories of visual cues would predict lower approaches to narrow or long runways than to wide and short runways. Similar, practice approaches made by pilots to a particular width of runway should lead to an increase in subsequent approach angles flown to wider runways and a decrease in approach angles flown to narrower runways. Two experiments with instrument-rated pilots made quantitative tests and these predictions. In Experiment I, three pilots flew simulated approaches and landings in a fixed-base simulator with a computer-generated image visual display. Practice approaches were flown with an 8,000-ft long runway that was either 75, 150, or 300 ft wide; test approaches were to runways with widths or 75, 100, 150, 200, and 300 ft. In Experiment II, 40 pilots controlled the slant of a moving model runway during simulated night visual approaches. Five different models simulated runways from 100 to 300 ft wide and 3,000 to 9,000 ft long. As predicted, training on a wide runway in Experiment I lowered approach angle in approaches to narrower runways; a narrow practice runway also raised approach angles to wider runways. The magnitude of these practice effects increased as distance from runway threshold decreased. There was also a general tendency for approach angles to decrease as runway width decreased. The latter effect was corroborated in Experiment II; in addition, generated approach angles decreased with increasing runway length. Giving half the pilots information about runway size prior to each approach had no effect on responses. These findings add to the quantitative evidence of danger in night visual approaches due to visual illusions and large variability in the visual perception of approach angle. PMID- 7092757 TI - Visual acuity in color contrast on cathode ray tubes: role of luminance, hue, and saturation contrasts. AB - Three experiments were conducted on 90 flying personnel to determine the role of luminance, hue, and saturation contrasts on angular visual acuity measured on a CRT system. A Snellen E test object was displayed under various visual acuity conditions on a TV screen, in color contrast, using red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, white, and black. The response system gives response times and quality. The three photocolorimetric parameters are classified through data processing. All other things being equal, the best visual acuity is obtained under a luminance contrast. Two groups of colors can be differentiated under a hue contrast. The first group (red, blue, purple) is better perceived than the second (green, cyan, yellow, white) whatever the other color in simultaneous contrast may be. Higher saturation enhances visual acuity. A curve of mean response time vs. test object sizes is established for the various color couples. The obtained results are of interest for aerospace ergonomics. PMID- 7092758 TI - Sex differences in cardiac responses to successive apnea periods. AB - Cardiac response to breath-holding is generally described as a bradycardia, which is explained by a two-fold mechanism involving the pulmonary mechanoreceptors and the arterial chemoreceptors. This study was conducted to determine the cardiac effects of five successive apnea periods separated by 1 min of free ventilation (FV). Heart rate (HR) and ventilation (V, VT, f) were measured during this protocol in 12 young subjects (6 men, 6 women). Ventilatory responses during FV periods were similar in both sexes, but HR responses were different during the apnea periods. The mean exhibited a bradycardia and the women a tachycardia. Although the statistical significance of the results was weak, they showed a clear tendency which was interpreted as differences in central cardioventilatory interactions. Sex difference in the cardiac consequences of static work from respiratory muscle is also evoked. PMID- 7092756 TI - Women at altitude: cardiovascular responses to hypoxia. AB - Six women mountaineers, 23-43 years of age, participated in a series of physiological tests prior to and during an expedition to Bhrigupanth (6798 m) in the Indian Himalayas. During a three-phase step test at sea level, carrying 0, 4.5, and 9.0 kg backpack weights, oxygen requirements represented 49.5-54.8% VO2 max. Recovery heart rates (HR) at 5-15 s were linearly related to exercise HR. At 4250 m, 5-15 s postexercise HR's were significantly higher than those at SL but returned to SL values after 3 min of rest. At 5000 m, HR's remained higher than those at SL throughout recovery. On returning to 4250 m after 3 weeks at higher altitudes, all postexercise HR's were back to SL levels. Supine HR's, higher at altitude than at SL during the ascent, returned to SL rates on return to 4250 m. Hemoglobin and hematocrit increased from 13.7 mg% and 42.4% at SL to 16.4 mg% and 52.6% after the climb. Resting blood pressure was significantly elevated at 4250 m during ascent but returned to SL values on the descent. During the cold pressor test, systolic pressure was unaffected by altitude; diastolic pressure increased less at altitude. While HR was unchanged at SL, a significant increase in HR was observed in postclimb CPT tests, even though perceived discomfort decreased. PMID- 7092759 TI - The pathophysiology, presentation, and triage of altitude-related decompression sickness associated with hypobaric chamber operation. AB - Decompression sickness following excursions to low atmospheric pressures has recently been a topic of confusion and concern. This article provides a reference for management of decompression sickness occurring after exposure to a reduction in ambient pressure in a hypobaric chamber. The pathophysiology, recognition, classification, initial management, definitive treatment, and eventual disposition of these cases are presented in a form which is applicable to all flight surgeons and flight physiologists, especially those with responsibility for utilization of hypobaric chambers. PMID- 7092760 TI - Herbicide orange health effects. PMID- 7092761 TI - Boulder Symposium on Behavioral Pharmacogenetics. PMID- 7092763 TI - Increasing the writing productivity of "blocked" academicians. PMID- 7092764 TI - Dry-bed training for childhood bedwetting: a comparison of group with individually administered parent instruction. PMID- 7092766 TI - Evaluation of a home-based language training programme with severely mentally handicapped children. PMID- 7092765 TI - Exposure and communications training in the treatment of agoraphobia. PMID- 7092767 TI - Visual and verbal modes of information processing and their relation to the effectiveness of cognitively-based anxiety-reduction techniques. PMID- 7092768 TI - The expression of feelings as assertive behavior: a factor analytic extension of PRI. PMID- 7092762 TI - Regulation and inheritance of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. AB - Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is unique among the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in that release from sympathoadrenal cells during neurotransmission is an integral part of the enzyme's physiology. Because of this unique attribute, the metabolic pathways regulating DBH cannot depend solely upon intraneuronal processes. This manuscript summarizes evidence relating to the regulation of DBH metabolism in the rat. Levels of DBH in the circulation, which derive from release of sympathoadrenal cellular enzyme stores, are genetically determined; even though inherited, circulating DBH levels bear no apparent consistent relationship to cellular enzyme levels or to sympathoadrenal function. These findings suggest that processes regulating neuronal release of DBH are separate from other processes regulating disposal of the circulating enzyme. We have evaluated the circulating DBH disposal pathways by standard metabolic techniques. Our data strongly suggest that clearance of DBH from the circulatory compartment is a main, and perhaps the primary, disposal mechanism for cellular enzyme stores. PMID- 7092769 TI - Evaluation of a smoking typology by use of a specific behavioural substitution method of self-control. PMID- 7092770 TI - Primary obsessional slowness: a nursing treatment programme with a 13-year-old male adolescent. PMID- 7092771 TI - Clinical validation of a sleep assessment device. PMID- 7092772 TI - A geometric model of anorexia and its treatment. AB - Anorexia is a severe psychological disorder in which a person's dieting turns into compulsive fasting. Some victims develop, after a time, a bulimic phase; their fasting is interrupted at intervals by bouts of indiscriminate gorging. One successful treatment makes use of a naturally occurring trance state, in which the anorexic's obsession with food recedes temporarily, to offer reassurance and rebuild a personality free of the obsession. The proposed model is catastrophe theoretic. It assumes (a) that the bifurcation of eating attitudes typical of anorexia can be modeled by a cusp whose controls are hunger and eating regimen; and (b) that the normal cycle of falling asleep and waking up can be modeled by a hysteresis loop controlled by alertness. Catastrophe theory predicts two additional controls, and a larger model organized by the E6 singularity. The new controls are identified with loss of self-control and insecurity, and anorexia is correlated with high insecurity. The model makes the following predictions. First, under moderate levels of self-control and eating regimen, an anorexic has access to balanced, nonobsessive attitudes toward food at a reduced level of wakefulness. This is the trance state. Second, a healthy individual has two distinct sleep modes, dominated by cerebral and somatic elements, respectively. Third, with increasing insecurity the distinct modes fuse together, so that an anorexic's sleep patterns are abnormal. The model is geometric because the connection between behavior and controlling factors is made by graphs of certain standard form. PMID- 7092775 TI - Effect of myocardial oxygen consumption on infarct size in experimental coronary artery occlusion. AB - The influence of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) at the moment of coronary occlusion on the size of the ensuing necrosis was investigated in 12 anaesthetised dogs. A two-infarction model was used with a sequential occlusion of two distant coronary branches in the same heart, however under different levels of MVO2. One group of occlusions was produced at a high MVO2 of 21.6 +/- 3.0 ml O2 . min-1 . 100 g-1. This group was compared with a second in which necrosis proceeded at a low MVO2 estimated to be 5.9 +/- 1.5 ml O2 . min-1 . 100 g-1 averaged over a 90-min occlusion period. Infarct size expressed as percentage of perfusion area was 43 +/- 28% in group 1 and 11 +/- 11% in group 2 (p less than 0.005). The mass of the perfusion area was equal in both groups (17 +/- 4 g, 19 +/- 6 g). The amount of myocardial necrosis, which after a 90-min occlusion depends on the acute collateral blood flow, was in every case greater under high MVO2. Thus a low MVO2 at the moment of occlusion can postpone myocardial necrosis. PMID- 7092774 TI - The influence of myocardial edema formation on the energy consumption of the heart during aerobiosis and hypoxia. AB - Isolated rat and guinea pig hearts show, during perfusion with aequeous salt solutions, myocardial edema formation of different degree. The extent of tissue fluid accumulation is dependent on the species, the osmolality, and the oxygen partial pressure of the perfusion medium. With increasing edema formation there is, in both species, an increasing energy requirement for the same hemodynamic state. Addition of 50 mM mannitol to the perfusion medium can diminish edema of the hypoxic perfused rat heart and improves the myocardial function during hypoxia. The beneficial effect of hyperosmolality in the isolated hypoxic rat heart is discussed in terms of an improvement of myocardial energy balance and coronary microcirculation. PMID- 7092776 TI - Ineffectiveness of methylprednisolone to reduce infarct size in experimental coronary occlusion. AB - Two medium-sized branches of the left coronary artery were prepared in each of 10 anesthetized open chest dogs for later occlusion. The first artery was occluded during 90 minutes and reperfused thereafter. This occlusion produced the control infarct. Methylprednisolone (50 mg/kg i.v.) was injected and the second artery was occluded also for 90 minutes and reperfused thereafter. Both infarcts were made visible by staining left ventricular rings with p-nitrobluetetrazolium. Infarct size was compared with the size of the perfusion area, which we obtained from the postmortem angiogram. Both infarcts were equal in size and comprised 50% of the area of perfusion of the occluded artery. Methylprednisolone in a single high dose given prophylactically did not influence infarct size nor any of the measured parameters. PMID- 7092773 TI - Effects of chloroquine and Nifedipine on the phospholipid content and enzyme activity in the subcellular fraction of ischemic rat liver. PMID- 7092777 TI - Metabolic and haemodynamic responses to adrenaline in normal dogs. AB - The metabolic and haemodynamic effects of adrenaline were investigated in 6 intact anaesthetized dogs, which were subjected to an infusion of adrenaline. The dose given was similar to the endogenous production rate of adrenaline in experimental myocardial infarction. Adrenaline infusion (0.8, 1.17 ot 1.05 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1) over two hours led to a variable rise in blood level of this amine, regardless of the rate of infusion. Dogs with high blood adrenaline (over 3.5 ng . ml-1) exhibited haemodynamic deterioration, i.e. a rise in peripheral vascular resistance together with a fall in cardiac output and external cardiac work. Dogs with low blood adrenaline showed little change in peripheral vascular resistance, a rise in cardiac output and external cardiac work. The myocardial consumption of each of the substrates lactate, pyruvate, glucose and FFA was measured, and its equivalent oxygen consumption expressed as a percentage of the total myocardial oxygen consumption. No relationship was found between myocardial utilisation of individual substrates and the type of haemodynamic response. Thus in intact dogs exposed to adrenaline excess, similar to that found in acute myocardial infarction, the different types of haemodynamic response cannot be attributed to the type of substrate utilization by the myocardium, but to different rates of clearance of adrenaline. Low clearance rates lead to high blood adrenaline levels and an unfavourable response of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 7092779 TI - Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the wall of cardiac blood vessels in the baboon, dog and vervet monkey. AB - Histochemical methods were used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase in the wall of cardiac blood vessels in the baboon, dog and vervet monkey. To remove cholinesterase-containing sympathetic nerves, some of the animals were treated with guanethidine for four weeks prior to being sacrificed. In cardiac muscle from the dog and the vervet monkey, cholinergic nerves were histochemically visualized in both small and large vessels. On the other hand, in cardiac muscle from baboons, cholinergic nerves were not seen in branches of the coronary artery with diameters between 0.6 mm to 1 mm and very few fibres were seen around smaller vessels of diameter less than 0.3 mm. The few fibres seen did not appear to penetrate the media of the vessels. These results support physiological findings that the baboon coronary vasculature is not innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic nerves. PMID- 7092778 TI - Mechanocardiographic assessment of systolic time intervals in normal children. AB - Systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in 469 normal children, aged 5.0 to 16.9 years, using simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and an external carotid pulse tracing. The data were analyzed to define the influence of sex, age, cardiac cycle length, body weight (BW), body length (BL), and body surface area (BSA) on the left ventricular STI. Regression, equations were evaluated for the calculation of normal standards for the following STI: electromechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP) systolic quotient (PEP/LVET), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), electroacustical delay (QS1), and additionally for the so-called tension time (TT), upstroke time (UT), and the ascending index (UT/LVET) of the carotid pulse wave. Heart rate was found to influence all of the STI but the ratio UT/LVET, which revealed to be independent of any variable. Besides heart rate, BSA proved to be a second relevant independent variable for QS2 and LVET, respectively BL for PEP, PEP/LVET and QS1. These findings are in accordance to the results of comparable echocardiographic studies but disagree previous mechanocardiographic studies in smaller groups of children in whom age and not the above-mentioned parameters of the individual development seemed to influence the STI. A second set of equations was evaluated for the calculation of 95%-prediction intervals for the particular STI permitting to define abnormalities of the STI in individual children. PMID- 7092780 TI - [Pressures acting on the bone in the gradual lengthening of the lower leg]. PMID- 7092783 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of fresh acromioclavicular dislocations]. PMID- 7092781 TI - [Changes in the synovial membrane and the articular cartilage after treatment with osmic acid]. PMID- 7092782 TI - [Cryogenic surgery of the bone--examinations of hemodynamics and tissue temperature]. PMID- 7092785 TI - [Bone metastases to the extremities. Analysis of 242 cases]. PMID- 7092784 TI - [Endernailing of the hip joint near femoral fractures--treatment and results]. PMID- 7092786 TI - [Economic losses in farm animals due to ectoparasitic infestations]. PMID- 7092787 TI - Supernumerary teats in Ghanaian livestock. I. Sheep and goats. AB - In 1068 sheep of the Forest type, the sudan type, the Nungua Black Head type and their crosses, and in 145 doses of the West African dwarf breed in locations near Legon/Accra, the udders were studied for the occurrence of supernumerary teats. In sheep a frequency of 4.3% was found, in goats of 29.7%. In sheep and goats the supernumerary teats were always cranial to the main teats, and they were found more often on the left half of the udders than on the right half. Because of the high heritability, the relatively high occurrence of supernumerary teats in the goats investigated is attributed to inbreeding. PMID- 7092788 TI - The effect of direct solar radiation during pregnancy on the postnatal growth of rabbits. AB - 36 doses of the Balady breed- in three groups-were exposed to solar radiation for different periods of time during 10 successive days, beginning with the 5th day of pregnancy. Six hours of exposure to direct solar radiation led to a mortality rate of 37.5%. With increasing exposure to heat, the average number of litters and the average litter wight decreased. The results can contribute towards explaining the low reproductive efficiency of livestock exposed to a high degree of direct solar radiation. PMID- 7092791 TI - [The medical cave school of Cheiron]. PMID- 7092790 TI - [Fundus photography in laboratory rats]. PMID- 7092789 TI - [Arteriography of the equine digit in the standing horse]. PMID- 7092792 TI - [Significance of mycoplasma in the genital organs of cattle, horses and swine]. PMID- 7092793 TI - [Food deprivation as preparation for anesthesia and aftercare--effect of fasting on the acid-base status and glucose concentration in the blood of rabbits of different body weight]. PMID- 7092794 TI - [Construction of an electronic sheep birth guard device]. PMID- 7092795 TI - Isozyme expression in F1 hybrids between carp and goldfish. AB - Interspecific genetic differences in malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and esterase (EST) isozymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to examine the allelic expressions in the hybrid between these species. A unique liver SOD and muscle LDH phenotype unambiguously identifies all presumed hybrid individuals. There was no evidence of F2 or backcross phenotypes in hybrid individuals. Liver MDH and EST phenotypes in hybrids show a preferential expression of goldfish isozymes. Variation in the levels of carp liver MDH isozymes may result from the polymorphism of a regulatory mutation effecting isozyme expression, leading to gene silencing after duplication. PMID- 7092796 TI - Phosphoglycerate kinase isozyme profile in reproductive cells and tissues of cattle: sperm specificity of PGK-B1. PMID- 7092797 TI - Identification of eleven human hemoglobin variants by high-performance liquid chromatography: additional data on functional properties and clinical expression. AB - Eleven abnormal hemoglobins were detected in the course of cord blood screening or in the evaluation of evident hematological problems in individual cases. Identification of the variant in each case was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); HPLC provides a rapid, sensitive means for the examination of abnormal hemoglobins. Some of the 11 variants that were identified have been described repeatedly and are included to provide information on the HPLC behavior of tryptic peptides. Others are much rarer. Additional information is provided about the hematological and clinical expression as well as ethnic and geographical distribution of the abnormal hemoglobin. PMID- 7092798 TI - Genetic control of the quantitative variation of erythrocytic glyoxalase-1(GLO-1) in mice. PMID- 7092799 TI - Genetic variants of the Bombyx mori silkworn encoding sericin proteins of different lengths. AB - A variant sericin polypeptide originally found by acid gel electrophoresis in the Nd-s mutant strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been analyzed genetically. The variant polypeptide (called S-2v) is encoded by a gene which behaves as a codominant allele of the gene encoding the standard S-2 sericin polypeptide. Linkage analysis locates these alleles at 0.0 map unit on chromosome 11. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the molecular weight of the S-2v variant polypeptide is lower by approximately 62,500 than that of the S-2 polypeptide. Amino acid analysis indicates that the two sericin polypeptides have similar compositions. These results are consistent with the idea that the variant allele arose by deletion within the S-2 coding sequence in the Src-2 gene locus as the result of unequal recombination. PMID- 7092800 TI - The primary structure of genetic variants of mouse hemoglobin. AB - The primary structures of the alpha globins from CE/J, DBA/2J, and a stock of Potter's mice were determined to identify the amino acid substitutions associated with the unique isoelectric focusing patterns of these hemoglobins. In addition, the primary structures of the alpha globins from MOL III and PERU mice were studied in search of amino acid substitutions that may not be detected by isoelectric focusing. CE/J hemoglobin contains a unique kind of alpha globin called chain 5. It differs from the single kind of alpha globin (chain 1) in C57BL/6 by having alanine rather than glycine at position 78. DBA/2J hemoglobin has two kinds of alpha globins: one half is like chain 5 and the other half is like chain 1. The hemoglobin from Potter's stock of Mus musculus molossinus also contains chains 1 and 5, but they are expressed at different levels i.e., 80% chain 1 and 20% chain 5. MOL III hemoglobin has a single kind of a alpha globin identical to that in C57BL/6, and PERU hemoglobin contains approximately 40% chain 1 and 60% chain 4. Chains 1 and 4 have different amino acids at positions 25, 62 and 68. These studies confirm that mouse hemoglobins separable by isoelectric focusing, but not by other means of electrophoresis, have substitutions of neutrally charged amino acids in their alpha chains. PMID- 7092802 TI - Erythrocyte glyoxalase I polymorphism in the owl monkey, Aotus. AB - Three erythrocyte glyoxalase I phenotypes were observed in a sample of 235 karyotypically defined New World owl monkeys, Aotus. The selective distribution of glyoxalase I allele (GLO1, GLO2) is related to the karyotype of each animal. Owl monkeys with a karyotype VI had an equal distribution of GLO1 and GLO2 genes in the population. Aotus with karyotype II, III, IV, or V had, exclusively, the GLO2 allele (expressed as the fast electrophoretic phenotype), in contrast with monkeys with karyotype I or VII, which had only the GLO1 allele (expressed as the slow electrophoretic phenotype). PMID- 7092803 TI - Characterization of two new electrophoretic variants of human triosephosphate isomerase: stability, kinetic, and immunological properties. AB - Two new electrophoretic variants of human triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) have been partially purified and characterized. The TPI Manchester variant, a cathodally migrating electrophoretic allozyme identified in an individual with the phenotype TPI 1-Manchester, is associated with a normal level of enzyme activity in erythrocytes and normal kinetic properties. It is very thermolabile at 55 and 57 degrees C, although it is not uniquely sensitive to either guanidine HCl or urea denaturation. The TPI Hiroshima-2 variant is an anodally migrating allozyme (the phenotype of proband is TPI 1-Hiroshima-2) with normal activity and kinetic properties and also normal stability characteristics. It is inactivated less by antisera raised against normal human TPI than either the normal or the Manchester allozyme. Dissociation-reassociation experiments utilizing these allozymes have confirmed that normal human red blood cell TPI isozymes are produced by a sequence of reactions (presumably deamidations) involving alternating subunits. PMID- 7092801 TI - Joint segregation of biochemical loci in salmonidae. III. Linkage associations in Salmonidae including data from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - The results of 107 pairwise examinations of joint segregation of biochemical and skin color loci in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, are presented. Three examinations revealed significant nonrandom assortment: Idh-3 with Me-2, Ada-1 with G3p-3, and Mdh-3, with Mdh-4. We believe the first two instances to be cases of classical linkage and the latter instance to reflect pseudolinkage based on similar findings in Salvelinus. All known salmonid linkage associations are reviewed. The results of this summary indicate a high degree of genome conservatism among genera within the Salmonidae, which would seem to be in contrast to the highly plastic genome of this family based on karyotypic data. Data are presented which negate the view that Robertsonian fusion of homologous acrocentric chromosome arms was the preferred mode of metacentric formation in salmonid evolution. PMID- 7092804 TI - Biochemical characterization of propionyl CoA carboxylase deficiency: heterogeneity within a single genetic complementation group. AB - Liver tissues and fibroblasts from patients with propionic acidemia assigned to the pcc BC genetic complementation group have previously been shown to contain normal or near-normal quantities of structurally altered propionyl CoA carboxylases (PCC). Biochemical comparisons of PCCs from extracts of three livers and one placenta belonging to the pcc BC complementation group revealed that the Km values for the enzyme's major substrates, propionyl CoA, bicarbonate, and ATP, and its monovalent activator, potassium, were similar to those of normal PCC. PCC in extracts of one of the livers, however, had an altered isoelectric point (pI = 5.4) compared to that of PCC from normal and other PCC-deficient tissues (pK = 4.6-4.7). Thermostability in the presence of sucrose or ATP differed among several of the mutant PCCs, including the PCC with an altered pI, and from that of normal PCC. To confirm these results and to determine whether valid inferences may be derived from comparisons of mutant and normal PCC in crude extracts, PCC was purified from normal liver and from one of the PCC-deficient livers. The biochemical parameters of the purified carboxylases were similar to those observed in liver extracts. These studies furthermore confirmed that, whether purified or in extracts, PCC from the pcc BC group reflects structural mutations. Nevertheless, the abnormal enzyme structure appears to have no corresponding effect on the clinical features of the disorder in various affected individuals. Moreover, there is biochemical heterogeneity within the pcc BC complementation group that probably represents different interallelic gene mutations. PMID- 7092805 TI - Evolutionary genetics of birds. V. Genetic distances within Mimidae (mimic thrushes) and vireonidae (Vireos). AB - Genetic distances (D's) between five species within each of the families Mimidae and Vireonidae were estimated from frequencies of protein electromorphs at 23 loci. For three mimid species in the genus Toxostoma, D equals 0.084 (range, 0.069-0.104); and among three mimid genera, D equals 0.223 (0.167-0.278). These distances typify values previously reported in other birds at comparable levels of taxonomic recognition. In sharp contrast, the mean genetic distance among five congeneric species of Vireonidae is far higher, D = 0.360 (0.027-0.578). One possible explanation for these results is that Vireo species are considerably older, on the average, than are species of Toxostoma or than are members of several other avain genera assayed to date. Conventional thought about the origin and relative age of the Vireonidae appears compatible with this explanation. Although genetic distances in the Vireonidae are large by "avian standards," they remain modest or even small in comparison with distances between many nonavian vertebrate congeners. Results for the Mimidae and the Vireonidae are directly contrasted with genetic distances in well-known genera of Amphibia and Reptilia. PMID- 7092806 TI - Slow structural changes shown by the 3-nitrotyrosine-237 residue in pig heart [Tyr(3NO2)237] lactate dehydrogenase. AB - 1. The pKa of the phenolic hydroxy group of the Tyr(3NO2)-237 residue in pig heart [Tyr(3NO2)237]lactate dehydrogenase is 7.2 in the apoenzyme, 7.4 in the enzyme-NADH complex and 7.8 in the enzyme-NADH-oxamate complex. The alkaline shift from apoenzyme to ternary complex is ascribed to the approach of the Glu 107 residue during the movement of the polypeptide loop residues 98-110. 2. The affinities of the nitrated enzyme for NADH and for oxamate (in the presence of NADH) are slightly less than those of the native enzyme. The turnover number for the nitrated enzyme in the pyruvate-to-lactate direction is about 0.75 of the value for the native enzyme. 3. Temperature-jump relaxation experiments of the enzyme saturated with NADH but fractionally saturated with oxamate are interpreted to show that the pKa of the nitrotyrosine residue responds to a protein rearrangement after oxamate binds to the binary enzyme-NADH complex. 4. Transient-kinetic experiments show the environment of the Tyr(3NO2)-237 residue in the enzyme-NADH-pyruvate complex of the steady state to be similar to that in the enzyme-NADH-oxamate inhibitor complex. PMID- 7092809 TI - The effect of salt concentration on the iron-binding properties of human transferrin. AB - The salt dependence of the iron-binding properties of transferrin was studied by urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The distribution of iron between the N terminal and C-terminal binding sites under equilibrium conditions and the rates of release of iron from the two sites were studied. It was found that salt increases the thermodynamic stability of iron binding in the N-terminal site relative to the C-terminal site. Similar behaviour is observed for the kinetics of iron release, where salt retards the rate of removal of iron from the N terminal site but facilitates removal from the C-terminal site. PMID- 7092807 TI - Biosynthesis of dermatan sulphate. Assay and properties of the uronosyl C-5 epimerase. AB - During biosynthesis of dermatan sulphate D-glucuronate (GlcA) residues are converted to L-iduronate (IdoA) residues via the reaction [Formula: see text]. The reaction occurs on the polymer level and is catalysed by a C-5 uronosyl epimerase. The reversible release of the C-5 hydrogen was utilized as a measure of the enzyme activity with 5-3H-labelled chondroitin as a substrate. 3H released during incubation was distilled and quantified by liquid-scintillation counting. The epimerase has a low pH optimum (5.6) and requires divalent cations, Mn2+ being the most efficient for activity. The Km for chondroitin is 1.2 x 10(-4) M. The epimerase is largely associated with the microsomal fractions (90%). Two thirds of the activity can be solubilized by detergents. Microsomes from cultured fibroblasts contain two different uronosyl epimerases, one for the biosynthesis of heparan sulphate and one for that of dermatan sulphate. The two epimerases have different cofactor and pH requirements. PMID- 7092808 TI - Separation of intermediates in the refolding of reduced erabutoxin b by analytical isoelectric focusing in layers of polyacrylamide gel. AB - Isoelectric focusing in a thin layer of polyacrylamide gel is shown to be a suitable method for the resolution of intermediates trapped during the refolding process of reduced cystine-containing proteins. The method has been applied to the well-characterized snake neurotoxin erabutoxin b. An explanation is offered for the relatively low rate of refolding of this polypeptide. PMID- 7092810 TI - Physicochemical properties of avian tracheal mucus. AB - Dual-radiolabelled avian tracheal secretions were obtained by giving Na235SO4 and D-[1-3H]glucosamine simultaneously into the lumen of the trachea in preparations in vitro. These secretions comprised fibrillar, gelatinous and soluble-phase mucins. These were eluted as single components in the non-retarded fractions from Bio-Gel A-15m. Although no evidence of the presence of subunit structure was found, chemical and radiolabelling analyses showed a high degree of internal inhomogeneity among the three types of mucins. The differences among these mucins could be attributed to the chemical nature of their constituent glycoproteins. Glycoprotein fractions separated by ion-exchange chromatography were found to contain sulphate and N-acetylneuraminic acid residues in differing amounts. The overall acidic properties appeared to be correlated with ester sulphate content. A close similarity in the carbohydrate composition and a reciprocal relationship between the total ester sulphate residue contents and 35S- and 3H-labelling suggested that, in addition to stepwise glycosylation and sulphation, some pre existing sulphated oligosaccharides might have been utilized for the synthesis of acidic glycoproteins. PMID- 7092811 TI - Isolation, characterization and N-terminal sequences of the CNBr-cleavage peptides from human complement Factor B. Localization of a free thiol group and a sequence defining the site cleaved by factor D. AB - Nine CNBr-cleavage peptides from Factor B (a component of the alternative pathway of complement) were isolated. Each was characterized by amino acid analysis and automated Edman degradation. One peptide contained a methionyl bond resistant to cleavage by CNBr. The number of CNBr-cleavage peptides is in agreement with the results of amino acid analysis of Factor B and the fragments Ba and Bb. A total of 358 unique residues were identified from the N-terminal sequences of the CNBr cleavage peptides. These represent approx. 50% and 60% of the total residues of Factor B and fragment Bb respectively. Alignment of two CNBr-cleavage peptides (CB-VIc and CB-IV) provided a continuous segment of 140 residues. This sequence contained the site cleaved by Factor D to generate the Ba and Bb fragments during the activation of complement. Peptide CB-IV contained a free thiol group at a position corresponding to residue 33 of fragment Bb. Amino sugar analyses of Factor B and of fragments Bb and Ba indicated that all the carbohydrate structures of factor B are N-linked to asparagine through N-acetylglucosamine. The two carbohydrate-attachment sites of the Bb fragment were identified. PMID- 7092812 TI - Mechanistic studies on C-19 demethylation in oestrogen biosynthesis. AB - Mechanistic aspects of the biosynthesis of oestrogen have been studied with a microsomal preparation from full-term human placenta. The overall transformation, termed the aromatization process, involves three steps using O(2) and NADPH, in which the C-19 methyl group of an androgen is oxidised to formic acid with concomitant production of the aromatic ring of oestrogen: [Formula: see text] To study the mechanism of this process in terms of the involvement of the oxygen atoms, a number of labelled precursors were synthesized. Notable amongst these were 19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (II) and 19-oxo-4-androstene-3,17-dione (IV) in which the C-19 was labelled with (2)H in addition to (18)O. In order to follow the fate of the labelled atoms at C-19 of (II) and (IV) during the aromatization, the formic acid released from C-19 was benzylated and analysed by mass spectrometry. Experimental procedures were devised to minimize the exchange of oxygen atoms in substrates and product with oxygens of the medium. In the conversion of the 19-[(18)O] compounds of types (II) and (IV) into 3-hydroxy 1,3,5-(10)-oestratriene-17-one (V, oestrone), it was found that the formic acid from C-19 retained the original substrate oxygen. When the equivalent (16)O substrates were aromatized under (18)O(2), the formic acid from both substrates contained one atom of (18)O. It is argued that in the conversion of the 19 hydroxy compound (II) into the 19-oxo compound (IV), the C-19 oxygen of the former remains intact and that one atom of oxygen from O(2) is incorporated into formic acid during the conversion of the 19-oxo compound (IV) into oestrogen. This conclusion was further substantiated by demonstrating that in the aromatization of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (I), both the oxygen atoms in the formic acid originated from molecular oxygen. 10beta-Hydroxy-4-oestrene-3,17-dione formate, a possible intermediate in the aromatization, was synthesized and shown not to be converted into oestrogen. In the light of the cumulative evidence available to date, stereochemical aspects of the conversion of the 19-hydroxy compound (II) into the 19-oxo compound (IV), and mechanistic features of the C-10 C-19 bond cleavage step during the conversion of the 19-oxo compound (IV) into oestrogen are discussed. PMID- 7092813 TI - Lipid accumulation in liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys of miniature-pigs after chloroquine treatment. AB - Chronic chloroquine treatment of type-Gottingen miniature-pigs induced lipid accumulation in the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys. The lipid analyses showed marked quantitative and qualitative differences between the organs. In the liver the lipids affected most were cholesteryl esters and glucosylceramides, which were increased at the most 20 times. Cholesterol and ganglioside concentrations were also increased, though less markedly. The concentration of acidic phospholipids was slightly increased but that of the neutral phospholipids was unaffected. There was a considerable inter-individual variation in the lipid changes. Spleen and lung showed significant increases of all the major lipids. Glucosylceramide was increased more than the other lipids, namely 6-fold in the spleen and 10-fold in the lung. The concentration of acidic phospholipids as well as that of gangliosides was increased by 50% in the spleen and by 100% in the lung. The organ affected least was the kidney, in which only the glycolipids, both acidic and neutral, were significantly increased. Common to all the organs of the chloroquine-treated pigs was the large increase of glucosylceramide, ganglioside CM2 and bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate. The ganglioside increase affected all the individual gangliosides and, except for the increased proportion of ganglioside GM2, there were not remarkable changes in the ganglioside pattern in any of the organs. PMID- 7092815 TI - The identification of protected tyrosine residues in iron-ovotransferrin. AB - Tetranitromethane reacts with essentially all 21 tyrosine residues of iron-free ovotransferrin. In iron-ovotransferrin, 7 mol of tyrosine/mol of protein are unreactive. Peptides containing the unreactive tyrosine residues were isolated from digests of nitrated iron-ovotransferrin. By comparing the structures of the peptides with the amino acid sequence of ovotransferrin it is found that there are ten protected residues occupying positions 42, 82, 92, 188, 319, 415, 431, 521 and 524 in the polypeptide chain. The problem of identifying the tyrosine residues that form bonds with the metal atoms is discussed. PMID- 7092816 TI - Reconstitution of purified Wistar rat liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase into Gunn-rat liver microsomes. AB - 1. Reconstitution of purified bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase from Wistar-rat liver into Gunn-rat liver microsomes provides a better environment than phosphatidylcholine liposomes, such that the final specific activity of the Wistar-rat liver enzyme was increased up to 85 units/mg of protein. 2. Gunn- and Wistar-rat liver microsomes were equally effective for reconstitution of the purified enzyme. 3. The transferase activity does not appear to be fully expressed in the more rigid environment of foetal Wistar-rat liver microsomes. 4. These reconstitution experiments reveal a final specific activity for the purified bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase consistent with the capacity of the whole rat liver to glucuronidate bilirubin and indicate that the absence of this enzyme activity in Gunn-rat liver microsomes is not due to an abnormal microenvironment. PMID- 7092814 TI - A continuous spectrophotometric determination of hepatic microsomal azo reductase activity and its dependence on cytochrome P-450. AB - 1. A continuous spectrophotometric determination of rat hepatic microsomal anaerobic azo reductase activity has been developed. 2. The addition of soluble flavins (riboflavin, FMN or FAD) greatly increased this NADPH-dependent activity towards a number of azo substrates. 3. Investigations with amaranth as substrate gave an apparent Km of 34 microM and Vmax. of 4 nmol/min per mg of microsomal protein. The inclusion of a fixed concentration of FMN increased Vmax. and greatly decreased Km, the magnitude of these changes reflecting the concentration of flavin present. 4. Investigations using a fixed amaranth concentration over a range of flavin concentrations gave biphasic double-reciprocal plots with two apparent Km and Vmax. values. 5. Pretreatment of animals with cobaltous chloride, 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, phenobarbitone and 3 methylcholanthrene altered azo reductase activity in parallel with changes in cytochrome P-450 content. 6. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the electron-transfer components present in the hepatic microsomal fraction. PMID- 7092817 TI - Binding with lysozyme of antibodies against surface-simulation peptides representing the lysozyme antigenic sites. AB - Previously it had been shown that native lysozyme has three discontinuous antigenic sites (comprising spatially adjacent residues that may be distant in sequence) that were mimicked by surface-simulation synthetic peptides that had the capacity to bind the bulk (97-99%) of the antibody response against native lysozyme. In the present work these three surface-simulation synthetic peptides were coupled to succinoylated bovine serum albumin, and the conjugates were injected into rabbits. Antibodies against each peptide reacted, as expected, only with that peptide, but it was also found that the antibodies could bind with lysozyme, and the complete specificity of this binding was rigorously established. The advantages of these findings in conformational and immunological investigations are outlined. PMID- 7092819 TI - 3-Hydroxy-4-sulphonyloxybenzoic acid. PMID- 7092818 TI - Evidence for a single enzyme in rat liver catalysing the deiodination of the tyrosyl and the phenolic ring of iodothyronines. AB - The enzymic 5'-deiodination of 3',5'-di-iodothyronine and 5-deiodination of 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine by rat liver microsomal fractions were found to be characterized by apparent Km values of 0.77 and 17.4 microM respectively, 3',5' Di-iodothyronine was a competitive inhibitor of 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine 5 deiodination (Ki 0.65 microM) and 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine was a competitive inhibitor of 3',5'-di-iodothyronine 5'-deiodination (Ki 19.6 microM). In addition, several radiographic contrast agents and iodothyronine analogues inhibited both reactions competitively and with equal potencies (r = 0.999). These results strongly suggest the existence of a single hepatic deiodinase acting on both the tyrosyl and phenolic ring of iodothyronines. PMID- 7092821 TI - Uptake of aspartate aminotransferase into mitochondria in vitro depends on the transmembrane pH gradient. AB - 1. The effects of various inhibitors of electron transport and of oxidative phosphorylation and the effects of ionophores on the uptake of native aspartate aminotransferase into mitochondria were investigated. 2. Both antimycin and cyanide completely inhibited the uptake of the enzyme. On the other hand, uptake was stimulated to ATP and by oligomycin; however, the stimulation by ATP is inhibited by oligomycin. 3. The effects of ionophores of the valinomycin type in media containing K+ ions depended on the conditions used. Valinomycin alone stimulated the uptake of the enzyme, but in the presence of phosphate ions uptake was abolished. Nonactin was without effect at a low K+ concentration, but was stimulatory at 100 mM-KCl. Gramicidin also stimulated the uptake process. 4. Nigericin completely abolished uptake of aspartate aminotransferase into mitochondria. 5. The uptake of te enzyme was decreased by 18% in the absence of inhibitors or ionophores when the external pH was increased from 6.9 to 7.6. 6. These results indicate that ATP is not directly involved in the uptake of aspartate aminotransferase into mitochondria, neither is there a requirement for a cation gradient. Rather the uptake depends on the maintenance of a pH gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. PMID- 7092820 TI - The role of lysosomes in exercise-induced hepatic protein loss. AB - Previous reports have shown that exercise causes a loss of liver protein. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of this exercise induced protein loss. Exercise caused: (1) an increase in mechanical and osmotic lysosomal fragility; (2) a significant loss of hepatic water, glycogen, protein, phospholipid and RNA; (3) loss of protein from the soluble, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions: (4) loss of mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic, but not lysosomal, enzyme activity; (5) an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles; (6) an increase in the lysosomal size. Taken together, these results suggest that the autophagolysosomal system is responsible for the exercise induced hepatic protein loss. PMID- 7092822 TI - Carnitine acyltransferase activities in rat liver and heart measured with palmitoyl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA. Latency, effects of K+, bivalent metal ions and malonyl-CoA. AB - 1. Liver carnitine acyltransferase activities with palmitoyl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA as substrates and heart carnitine palmitoyltransferase were measured as overt activities in whole mitochondria or in mitochondria disrupted by sonication or detergent treatment. All measurements were made in sucrose/KCl-based media of 300 mosmol/litre. 2. In liver mitochondria, acyltransferase measured with octanoyl CoA, like carnitine palmitoyltransferase, was found to have latent and overt activities. 3. Liver acyltransferase activities measured with octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA differed in their response to changes in [K+], Triton X-100 treatment and, in particular, in their response to Mg2+. Mg2+ stimulated activity with octanoyl-CoA, but inhibited carnitine palmitoyltransferase. 4. The effects of K+ and Mg2+ on liver overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity were abolished by Triton X-100 treatment. 5. Heart overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity differed from the corresponding activity in liver in that it was more sensitive to changes in [K+] and was stimulated by Mg2+. Heart had less latent carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity than did liver. 6. Overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase in heart mitochondria was extremely sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. Triton X-100 abolished the effect of low concentrations of malonyl-CoA on this activity. 7. The inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA on heart carnitine palmitoyltransferase could be overcome by increasing the concentration of palmitoyl-CoA. PMID- 7092824 TI - Observations on the phosphate status and intracellular pH of intact cells, protoplasts and chloroplasts from photosynthetic tissue using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - Individual pools of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) can be observed in the dark in intact cells, protoplasts and chloroplasts from photosynthetic tissue by using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.). Estimates for the pH of vacuolar and extravacuolar compartments are reported although it is shown that intracellular pH is determined by the pH of the suspending medium. Mannose treatment of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cells and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) protoplasts results in the inhibition of photosynthesis. The mechanism of mannose phosphate sequestration of free Pi is supported by the 31P n.m.r. spectra of mannose-treated tissue. There is a fundamental difference in 31 P n.m.r. spectra of mannose-treated spinach protoplasts and asparagus cells, reflecting a difference in the availability of vacuolar Pi for cellular metabolism in these species. The 31P n.m.r. spectrum of intact spinach chloroplasts is reported. PMID- 7092823 TI - Studies on the interactions of Ca2+ and pyruvate in the regulation of rat heart pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Effects of starvation and diabetes. AB - 1. Previous studies showed that the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase within intact rat heart mitochondria of pyruvate is much diminished in mitochondria from starved or diabetic animals [see Kerbey, Randle, Cooper, Whitehouse, Pask & Denton (1976) Biochem. J. 154, 327-348]. In the present study, diminished responses to added Ca2+ and ADP were also found in these mitochondria. 2. Starvation or diabetes did not affect the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio of the ATP content. Moreover, starvation and diabetes did not alter the response of the intramitochondrial Ca2+-sensitive enzyme, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, to changes in the extramitochondrial concentration of Ca2+ and 2-oxoglutarate, thus indicating that there were no appreciable changes in the distribution of Ca2+ and H+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane. 3. Pyruvate, Ca2+ and ADP were found to have synergistic effects on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, particularly in mitochondria from starved and diabetic rats. 4. The results suggest that the effects of diabetes and starvation on pyruvate dehydrogenase are not brought about by changes in the distribution of these effectors across the mitochondrial inner membrane or by changes in the intrinsic sensitivity of the kinase or phosphatase of the pyruvate dehydrogenase system to pyruvate, Ca2+ or ADP; rather it is probably that there is an increase in the maximum activity of kinase relative to that of the phosphatase. 6. The results also lend further support to the hypothesis that adrenaline may bring about the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the rat heart by an increase in the intramitochondrial concentration of Ca2+. PMID- 7092825 TI - Control of adenine nucleotide metabolism in hepatic mitochondria from rats with ethanol-induced fatty liver. AB - Male rats developed fatty liver after being fed on an ethanol-containing diet for 31 days. Liver mitochondria from these animals catalysed ATP synthesis at a slower rate when compared with mitochondria from pair-fed control rats (control mitochondria), and demonstrated lowered respiratory control with succinate as substrate, owing to a decrease in the State-3 respiratory rate. Respiration in the presence of uncoupler was comparable in mitochondria from both groups of rats. Translocation of both ATP and ADP was decreased in mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats, with ADP uptake being lowered more dramatically by ethanol feeding. Parameters influencing adenine nucleotide translocation were investigated in mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats. Experiments performed suggested that lowered adenine nucleotide translocation in these mitochondria is not the result of inhibition of the translocase by either long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives or unesterified fatty acids. Analysis of endogenous adenine nucleotides in these mitochondria revealed lowered ATP concentrations, but no decrease in total adenine nucleotides. In experiments where the endogenous ATP in these mitochondria was shifted to higher concentrations by incubation with oxidizable substrates or defatted bovine serum albumin, the rate of ADP translocation was increased, with a linear correlation being observed between endogenous ATP concentrations and the rate of ADP translocation. The depressed ATP concentration in mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats suggests that the ATP synthetase complex is replenishing endogenous ATP at a slower rate. The lowered ATPase activity of the ATP synthetase observed in submitochondrial particles from ethanol-fed animals suggests a decrease in the function of the synthetase complex. A decrease in the rate of ATP synthesis in mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats is sufficient to explain the decreased ADP translocation and State-3 respiration. PMID- 7092827 TI - The subcellular distribution of rat liver serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. AB - 1. The subcellular distribution of L-serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity in rat liver was investigated. About 80% was recovered from cell-free homogenates in a 'total-particles' fraction and the remainder in the cytosol. 2. Subfractionation of the particles by differential sedimentation and on sucrose density gradients showed a distribution for serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity closely matching that observed for mitochondrial marker enzymes. 3. A study of the solubilization of enzymes from combined subcellular particles by digitonin at various concentrations also indicated a common subcellular location for serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and established mitochondrial enzymes. 4. The increase in liver serine-pyruvate amino-transferase activity induced by glucagon injection was accounted for as an increased mitochondrial activity. PMID- 7092826 TI - Preparation and characterization of muscarinic-acetylcholine-receptor-enriched membranes from pig atria. AB - A procedure was developed for the large scale preparation of membranes from pig atria which are enriched 10-13 fold in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The procedure involved differential centrifugation and sucrose-gradient centrifugation in solutions containing 150 mM-NaClO4 and 5 mM-EDTA to minimize membrane aggregation. The final membrane preparation bound about 1.1 pmol of L quinuclidinyl benzilate/mg of protein. Comparable results were obtained with either fresh or frozen tissue. About the same yield (120 pmol of L-quinuclidinyl benzilate sites/100 g of tissue) and specific activity of membranes were obtained from different regions of the atria. The final preparation was stable at -80 degrees C in buffered sucrose solutions. The membranes appeared mostly as sheets or fragments and partly as closed vesicles in the electron microscope and were heterogeneous in isopycnic Percoll gradients. Marker enzyme studies showed that the receptor was enriched in parallel with the plasma membrane markers guanylate cyclase (particulate form) and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. Some contamination by mitochondrial outer and endoplasmic reticulum membranes was evident from the distribution of monoamine oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity, but the preparation was largely free of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial inner, and lysosomal membranes. PMID- 7092828 TI - Effect of excessive vitamin A intake on muscle protein turnover in the rat. AB - 3-Methylhistidine excretion in vivo and in vitro was monitored in hypervitaminotic and pair-fed control rats. Feeding with excess of retinyl palmitate (40 000 i.u./day per 100 g body wt.) significantly increased urinary 3 methylhistidine and creatinine output during a 4-day treatment interval. 3 Methylhistidine release from perfused rat hindquarters was also elevated after 5 days of vitamin treatment. To determine whether the adrenals were involved in mediating the above response, a study was conducted on adrenalectomized and sham operated rats. Excessive vitamin A intake stimulated 3-methylhistidine excretion in vivo and in vitro in both adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals, thus suggesting that the vitamin A-induced acceleration in myofibrillar protein breakdown was not mediated by the adrenals. In both groups of rats, vitamin A treatment had no effect on the rate of protein synthesis, on the basis of incorporation in vitro of [3H]phenylalanine into muscle protein. Additional studies revealed that the addition of excess retinol to the perfusion medium (10 i.u./ml) had no significant effect on the rates of 3-methylhistidine release or [3H]phenylalanine incorporation in vitro. Finally, high doses of cortisol (7 mg/day per 100g body wt.) administered to intact rats for 5 days significantly increased rates of 3-methylhistidine excretion, both in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 7092829 TI - Evidence for the existence of regulatory sites for Ca2+ on the Na+/Ca2+ carrier of cardiac mitochondria. AB - The Na+-induced efflux of Ca2+ catalysed by the Na+/Ca2+ carrier of cardiac mitochondria is strongly inhibited by extramitochondrial Ca2+. The nature of this inhibition was investigated as follows. (a) The apparent association of external Na+ and the Ca2+ analogue Sr2+ with substrate-binding sites (i.e. those sites involved in cation translocation) is promoted markedly by K+. The inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange by external Ca2+ is affected little by K+. (b) There is a competitive relationship between the binding of external Na+ and external Ca2+ to substrate-binding sites, whereas at low concentrations (less than 4 microM) extramitochondrial Ca2+ is a partial non-competitive inhibitor with respect to external Na+. (c) This inhibiton by external Ca2+ is characterized by a maximal decrease of about 70% in the Vmax of Na+/Ca2+ exchange and by cooperative binding of external Ca2+ to sites that are half saturated by 0.7-0.8 microM free Ca2+. The binding of Ca2+ and Sr2+ to substrate-binding sites shows no co-operativity. These criteria suggest that the Na+/Ca2+ carrier may contain regulatory sites that render the carrier sensitive to changes in extramitochondrial [Ca2+] within the physiological range. PMID- 7092830 TI - Progesterone therapy results in partial reversibility of uterine abnormalities of the adult anovulatory rat. AB - The effects of progesterone therapy (5 mg, administered subcutaneously daily for 6 days) on the abnormal uterus of adult anovulatory Wistar rats have been studied. These rats, rendered anovulatory by neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate or clomiphene citrate, displayed severe hyperplasia and metaplasia of the uterine luminal epithelium and a disproportionately high content of nuclear oestrogen receptor, as a result of constant oestrogen stimulation unrelieved by progesterone [White, Moore, Elder & Lim (1981) Biochem. J. 196, 557-565]. Progesterone therapy resulted in the virtual elimination of the hyperplasia and metaplasia and a corresponding decrease in the content of nuclear oestrogen receptor with the proportion of the unoccupied nuclear receptor being increased to values exhibited by normal cyclic females. There was also a decrease in the content of progestin receptors, a putative index of oestrogenic stimulation. Further, in the testosterone-treated group, progesterone therapy resulted in the restoration of oestrogen receptor translocational responses to oestradiol stimulation. Progesterone treatment of these anovulatory rats thus provides a model system for investigating the biochemical mechanisms underlying progestin antagonism and regulation of oestrogen-stimulated cell proliferation. PMID- 7092831 TI - A p.m.r. isotope-exchange method for studying the kinetic properties of dehydrogenases in intact cells. AB - A method to determine the activity of dehydrogenases in an intact-cell system is described. The method involves the use of n.m.r. to monitor bulk isotope exchange. The approach is illustrated by application to the isotope equilibration of pyruvate and lactate as catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in intact erythrocytes. Particular problems peculiar to bulk isotope exchange and its observation by n.m.r. are considered. PMID- 7092832 TI - Studies of lactate dehydrogenase in the purified state and in intact erythrocytes. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase in intact erythrocytes was studied by observing isotope exchange between lactate and pyruvate by p.m.r. The inhibition of the enzyme in intact cells by both oxalate and pyruvate was found to be similar to that of the purified enzyme. The activity of the enzyme in intact cells indicates that the free solution NAD+ + NADH concentration in erythrocytes is about 10 microM whereas the total extractable NAD+ + NADH is about 80 nmol/ml of cell water. PMID- 7092833 TI - A 1H n.m.r. study of isotope exchange catalysed by glycolytic enzymes in the human erythrocyte. AB - The exchange of hydrogen and deuterium atoms between the C-2 position of lactate and solvent was monitored in suspensions of human erythrocytes by using a non invasive spin-echo p.m.r. method that permits continuous assessment of the rate and the extent of exchange. Exchange rates were measured in cells suspended in buffers made in 2H2O and 1H2O after the addition of L-[2-1H]lactate and L-[2 2H]lactate respectively. The rate of exchange is dependent on the activities of four glycolytic enzymes (fructose bisphosphate aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase) and on the concentrations of their substrates. The dependence of the exchange on the following substrates was studied: (1) lactate, (2) the triose phosphates and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and (3) pyruvate. Observation of the exchange in vitro, in a system produced by mixing the isolated enzymes, permits determination of the individual isotope-exchange equilibrium velocities of the enzymes. The dependence of the equilibrium velocity of human erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase on NAD+ + NADH concentration was measured. Possible applications of these methods are discussed. PMID- 7092834 TI - Polyamine degradation in foetal and adult bovine serum. AB - 1. Using protein-separative chromatographic procedures and assays specific for putrescine oxidase and spermidine oxidase, adult bovine serum was found to contain a single polyamine-degrading enzyme with substrate preferences for spermidine and spermine. Apparent Km values for these substrates were approx. 40 microM. The apparent Km for putrescine was 2 mM. With spermidine as substrate, the Ki values for aminoguanidine (AM) and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) were 70 microM and 20 microM respectively. 2. Bovine serum spermidine oxidase degraded spermine to spermidine to putrescine and N8-acetylspermidine to N-acetylputrescine. Acrolein was produced in all these reactions and recovered in quantities equivalent to H2O2 recovery. 3. Spermidine oxidase activity was present in foetal bovine serum, but increased markedly after birth to levels in adult serum that were almost 100 times the activity in foetal bovine serum. 4. Putrescine oxidase, shown to be a separate enzyme from bovine serum spermidine oxidase, was present in foetal bovine serum but absent from bovine serum after birth. This enzyme displayed an apparent Km for putrescine of 2.6 microM. The enzyme was inhibited by AM and MGBG with Ki values of 20 nM. Putrescine, cadaverine and 1,3-diaminopropane proved excellent substrates for the enzyme compared with spermidine and spermine, and N-acetylputrescine was a superior substrate to N1- or N8-acetylspermidine. PMID- 7092835 TI - Amino acid transport by resealed ghosts from pigeon erythrocytes. AB - Resealed ghosts from pigeon erythrocytes were shown to haemolyse during incubation in isotonic media with pH values greater than about 7 and high concentrations of Na+ inside the ghosts seemed to enhance this effect. At lower pH values the ghosts were stable but still highly permeable to Na+ and K+, and moderately permeable to sucrose. Under the latter conditions the ghosts transported amino acids in a way qualitatively but not quantitatively similar to intact erythrocytes. The Na+-dependent transport of serine and alanine by the ghosts consisted essentially of an exchange of extracellular for intracellular amino acids, with no significant net flux. In contrast, net fluxes of glycine in the direction of the Na+-concentration gradient across the ghost membrane were demonstrated. However, under one condition a small net influx of glycine occurred against the prevailing Na+-concentration gradient. Unlike Na+-dependent glycine uptake, the uptake of six other amino acids by intact pigeon erythrocytes was not influenced by the nature of the anion present. The significance of these findings in relation to previous work on the Na+-gradient hypothesis of membrane transport is discussed. PMID- 7092837 TI - Endocytosis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme M4 in rats in vivo. Experiments with enzyme labelled with O-(4-diazo-3,5-di[125I]iodobenzoyl)sucrose. AB - 1. Pig lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme M4 was labelled with O-(4-diazo-3,5 di[125I]iodobenzoyl)sucrose and injected intravenously into rats. Previous work has shown that this label does not influence the clearance of the enzyme (half life about 26 min) and that it is retained within the lysosomes for several hours after endocytosis and breakdown of the protein [De Jong, Bouma & Gruber (1981) Biochem. J. 198, 45--51]. 2. The distribution of the radioactivity over a large number of tissues was determined 2 h after injection. A high percentage of the injected dose was found in liver (41%), spleen (10%) and bone including marrow (21%). 3. Autoradiography indicated uptake of the enzyme mainly by Kupffer cells of the liver, by spleen macrophages and by bone marrow macrophages. 4. Liver cells were isolated 1 h after injection of the enzyme. Kupffer cells, endothelial cells and parenchymal cells were found to endocytose the enzyme at rates corresponding to 4230, 35 and 25 ml of plasma/day per g of cell protein, respectively. 5. Previous injection of carbon particles greatly reduced the uptake of the enzyme by liver and spleen, but the uptake by bone marrow was not significantly changed. PMID- 7092836 TI - Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Characterization of intestinal explants in organ culture and evidence for the existence of pro-forms of the microvillar enzymes. AB - Explants of pig small intestine were maintained at 37 degrees C in organ culture for periods up to 24 h in a system using Trowell T-8 medium supplemented with 10% foetal-calf serum. The mucosal morphology was well preserved during culture, as judged by light and electron microscopy. The explant contents of protein and two brush-border enzymes, microvillus aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5), were not significantly modified during culture compared with controls, but a moderate, continuous release of both protein and enzyme activities into the medium was observed. Continuous labelling with [35S]methionine resulted in an even incorporation of radioactivity in the protein components, and the rate of labelling only moderately decreased over the 24 h period. The polypeptide compositions of sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48)--isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10), maltase--glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20) lactase (EC 3.2.1.23)--phlorizin hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.62), microvillus aminopeptidase and aspartate aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.7) synthesized during culture were studied, and some were found to be similar to those of the pro-forms of the enzymes isolated from animals that had had their pancreatic duct disconnected 3 days before being killed. These results confirmed earlier findings of the existence of pro-forms of some of the microvillar enzymes and thus indicate a low activity of pancreatic proteinases in the culture system. PMID- 7092840 TI - Interactions between platelet-surface glycoproteins. Identification of glycoproteins capable of binding to platelet surfaces. AB - 1. Platelets have been isolated from plasma and their surface glycoconjugates radioactively-labelled using galactose oxidase and NaB3H4. 2. Conditions have been defined for optimal labelling of glycoproteins and a membrane fraction enriched in plasma membrane has been prepared and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 3. Desialylated glycoproteins that act as receptors to peanut agglutinin and lentil lectin have been purified from a detergent extract of plasma membrane. 4. Two glycosylated polypeptides that are able to bind to the surfaces of platelets have been identified and some characteristics of the binding have been investigated. PMID- 7092839 TI - Evidence for the origin of the unoccupied oestrogen receptor in nuclei of a human breast-cancer cell line (MCF-7). AB - The origin of the unoccupied nuclear oestrogen receptor (R(n)) was studied. Three working hypotheses were investigated. (a) R(n) is a dissociation product of the oestrogen occupied nuclear receptor (ER(n)). (b) ER(n) is only partially occupied, so that additional binding may occur at 0 degrees C (the temperature at which oestradiol saturates unoccupied sites). (c) R(n) is derived from the penetration of unoccupied cytoplasmic receptor (R(c)) into the nucleus. The MCF-7 cell line was used as a model in the present investigation. The amount of unoccupied receptors was measured by saturation with 7.5nm-[(3)H]oestradiol at 0 degrees C, whereas the occupied receptors were measured by exchange at 30 degrees C. The cells at preconfluency were exposed to a medium fortified with 10nm [(3)H]oestradiol for 1h, washed and cultured up to 5 days in fresh growth medium. The distribution of oestradiol receptors was determined before exposure and during the following 5 days. After 1h exposure only ER(n) was found in the nuclear fraction. Thereafter ER(n) declined continuously so that on day 5 it approached 15% of its value measured 1h after exposure. Although after 3 days about 80% of ER(n) disappeared no R(n) appeared, which contradicts hypotheses (a) and (b). On day 4 R(n) and R(c) appeared simultaneously. The appearance of R(n) and R(c) was not prevented by culturing the cells in an oestrogen-free medium, supporting hypothesis (c). Exposure of cells to increasing concentration of [(3)H]oestradiol (0.1-10nm) for 1h resulted in a parallel increase in ER(n) without increasing the amount of unoccupied binding sites, which contradicts hypothesis (b). The present study supports the hypothesis (c), i.e., R(c) may also penetrate the nucleus without binding to oestradiol. PMID- 7092841 TI - The breakdown of phosphatidylinositol in myoblasts stimulated to fuse by the addition of Ca2+. AB - 1. The fusion of chick-embryo myoblasts to produce myotubes was studied. The myoblasts were grown for 50 h in medium containing 10--20 microM-Ca2+; during this period they achieve fusion competence. 2. A rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol is also observed on addition of 1.4 mM-Ca2+ to these cells. This Ca2+ concentration also stimulates rapid myoblast fusion. 3. The breakdown is complete within 15 min and shows the same dependence on Ca2+ concentration as the fusion process. 4. Fusion-incompetence myoblasts and cells where fusion is inhibited by sodium butyrate exhibit no phosphatidylinositol breakdown on Ca2+ addition. 5. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 inhibits the Ca2+-stimulated breakdown by about 50%, but has no effect on fusion. 6. A concomitant increase in 1,2 diacylglycerol labelled and fall in phosphatidylinositol labelling was observed when the lipids were labelling with [14C]glycerol on increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the medium to 1.4 mM. 7. We propose that the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol with a resultant increase in 1,2-diacylglycerol content of the cell membrane promotes myoblast fusion. PMID- 7092838 TI - pH-dependency of iodothyronine metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver. AB - 1. Isolated livers from fed male rats were perfused for 2 h with T4 (L thyroxine), T3 (L-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine) or rT3 (L-3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine) at different pH values (7.1--7.6) in a fully synthetic medium, whereby normal metabolic functions were maintained without addition of rat blood constituents or albumin. 2. T3 output into the medium and net T3 production reached a maximum at a pH of the medium of 7.2 and significantly decreased with alteration of the pH when livers were perfused with T4 as a substrate. 3. However, the net T4 and T3 uptake by the liver, as well as the hepatic T4 and T3 content after perfusion, were not dependent on the pH of the perfusion when livers were offered T4 or T3 as substrates respectively. 4. Determination of intracellular pH by the analysis of the distribution of the weak acid dimethyloxazolidinedione allows the conclusion that the pH optimum of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in the intact perfused liver corresponds to the maximum determined in vitro for the membrane bound enzyme localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. 5. The rapid 5'-deiodination of rT3 to 3,3'-T2 (L-3,3'-di-iodothyronine), the fast disappearance of 3,3'-T2, and the fact that no net rT3 production from T4 could be detected, supports the hypothesis that in rat liver iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity seems to predominate over iodothyronine 5-deiodinase activity. 6. Thus the rat liver can be considered in normal physiological situations as an organ forming T3 from T4 and deiodinating rT3 originating from extrahepatic tissues, whereby the cellular iodothyronine 5'-deiodination rate is controlled by the intracellular pH. PMID- 7092842 TI - Deoxycholic acid degradation by a Pseudomonas species. Acidic intermediates from the initial part of the catabolic pathway. AB - The microbial catabolism of deoxycholic acid by a Pseudomonas species was studied, and three acidic products were isolated as their methyl esters. Evidence is presented that the compounds are methyl 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-23,24-dinor 5 beta-cholan-22-oate, methyl 12 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oate and methyl 12 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-23,24-dinor-5 beta-cholan-22-oate. PMID- 7092844 TI - Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase during development of the rat. AB - The isoenzymic forms of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase in mitochondria of rat tissues were compared with the better-known cytosolic forms in order to find any regular pattern of expression of these isoenzymes during development. Mitochondria of all tissues examined except brain contained only a type-I isoenzyme differing from the cytosolic type-I isoenzyme in heat stability and activation by mercaptoethanol. Foetal and adult brain mitochondria contained isoenzymes type III as well as type I. The large excess of type-I isoenzyme in foetal liver was localized in mitochondria, apparently of haematopoietic cells. The activity of this isoenzyme declined precipitously (by 80%) from day 19 of gestation at the same period and rate as does the volume fraction of haematopoietic cells that are then leaving the liver. Cortisol treatment accelerated the loss of these cells, and proportionally accelerated loss of the mitochondrial isoenzyme I. A development succession of type-I isoenzyme by the unique type II of liver parenchymal cell cytosols could not be demonstrated, since small, about equal, amounts of types I and II were always present in cytosols of foetal and adult liver. Developmental succession of isoenzymes within tissues was limited to cytosols and was demonstrated by the presence of cytosolic isoenzyme III in foetal and newborn skeletal muscle and kidney, organs which contain only isoenzyme I in the adult. PMID- 7092843 TI - Reduction of membrane-bound dopamine beta-hydroxylase from the cytoplasmic surface of the chromaffin-granule membrane. AB - Resealed bovine chromaffin-granule 'ghosts' were used for assaying the membrane bound form of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Hydroxylation of the substrate tyramine is dependent on its accumulation within the 'ghosts', where the active site of the enzyme is located. Free tyramine in the medium is at a low concentration, low ionic strength and a relatively high pH (7.0), so that even in the presence of a reducing agent (co-reductant) the unaccumulated amine is hydroxylated at a negligible rate. 'Ghosts' contain an endogenous co-reductant, which is shown to be catecholamine remaining in the membrane itself after granule lysis. Catecholamine that is free in solution in the medium or in the interior of the 'ghosts' is not effective as co-reductant, nor is ascorbate, in contrast with the situation with soluble dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Ferrocyanide is an active co reductant, however, giving a hydroxylation rate approximately equal to the tyramine accumulation rate: it does not enter the 'ghosts', nor does the enzyme appear to utilize ferrocyanide sealed inside the 'ghosts'. A mechanism must therefore exist for transferring electrons across the membrane from the cytoplasmic surface to the matrix surface. NADH is not an electron donor for the enzyme, nor is cytochrome b-561 involved. PMID- 7092845 TI - Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation in rat lacrimal gland. AB - Ca2+, in homogenized lacrimal glands, enhanced phosphorylation of several peptides. Phosphorylation of two of these peptides was further stimulated by addition of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin and decreased by trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of Ca2+--calmodulin-dependent activity. Thus, Ca2+--calmodulin dependent protein kinases and their substrates are present in lacrimal gland and could have an important role in lacrimal-gland function. PMID- 7092846 TI - Glucagon inhibits triacylglycerol synthesis in isolated hepatocytes by lowering their glycerol 3-phosphate content. AB - Triacylglycerol synthesis by glycogen-depleted hepatocytes from fed rats that have low glycerol 3-phosphate contents was stimulated by the addition of glycerol 3-phosphate precursors. Glucagon decreased triacylglycerol synthesis only when it also lowered glycerol 3-phosphate content. The hyperbolic-like relationship between glycerol 3-phosphate content and rates of triacylglycerol synthesis was identical in the absence or presence of glucagon, indicating that the glucagon effect on triacylglycerol synthesis was not mediated through changes in enzyme activities of the esterification pathway but through changes in cellular glycerol 3-phosphate content. PMID- 7092849 TI - Metabolism of sphingomyelin by intact cultured fibroblasts: differentiation of Niemann-Pick disease type A and B. PMID- 7092848 TI - Amino acid composition of cytochrome P-450scc from bovine corpus luteum. PMID- 7092850 TI - Alterations in cell surface membranes in Chinese hamster lung cell resistant to adriamycin. PMID- 7092847 TI - Evidence against involvement of cytochrome P-450 haem in the regulation of synthesis of mammalian liver 5-aminolaevulinate synthase. PMID- 7092851 TI - Cell cycle phases of the novel human neural cell line and the effect of exogenous gangliosides. PMID- 7092852 TI - Identity of peroxy radical produced from vitamin K in oxygenated solutions as studied by pulse radiolysis technique. PMID- 7092853 TI - Membrane association and some characteristics of the ethylene forming enzyme from etiolated pea seedlings. PMID- 7092854 TI - The phototransformation of phytochrome probed by 360 MHz proton NMR spectra. PMID- 7092856 TI - The inhibition of insect chitin synthesis by tunicamycin. PMID- 7092857 TI - Cholesteryl ester hydrolase in gallbladder mucosa: evidence for the presence of an inhibitor protein in the cytosol. PMID- 7092855 TI - Transport of 5-oxoproline into rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles. PMID- 7092858 TI - Identification of metabolites of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) formed on incubation with isolated rat hepatocytes. PMID- 7092859 TI - Nerve growth factor rescues clonal PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells from "inositol less death". PMID- 7092860 TI - Myelosomes: the osmotically sensitive myelin particles. PMID- 7092861 TI - Cell-free translation and partial characterization of proenkephalin messenger RNA from bovine striation. PMID- 7092862 TI - Selective binding of chicken progesterone receptor A subunit to a DNA fragment containing ovalbumin gene sequences. PMID- 7092863 TI - Beta sheet of alpha helix transition in the binding subunit of cholera toxin. PMID- 7092864 TI - Abrupt induction of GDP-fucose: asialo GM1 fucosyltransferase in the small intestine after conventionalization of germ-free mice. PMID- 7092865 TI - In vitro synthesis of precursor forms of pig heart aspartate aminotransferase isozymes. PMID- 7092866 TI - Targeting of the antiviral protein from Phytolacca americana with an antibody. PMID- 7092867 TI - Inhibition of in vitro sickling by liposome-mediated transport of amino acids into intact human red blood cells. PMID- 7092868 TI - An approach to lignification in plants. PMID- 7092869 TI - Evidence for two classes of rat plasma fibrinogen gamma chains differing by thier COOH-terminal amino acid sequences. PMID- 7092870 TI - Lipid peroxidation in hemolysate of rabbit erythrocytes. PMID- 7092871 TI - Studies on the Limulus coagulation system: inhibition of activation of the proclotting enzyme, by dimethyl sulfoxide. PMID- 7092872 TI - Enzymatic release of nitric oxide from L-alanosine, an antineoplastic antibiotic. PMID- 7092873 TI - Reconstitution of the turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase sensitivity to 1 epinephrine upon re-insertion of the Lubrol solubilized components into phospholipid vesicles. PMID- 7092875 TI - 13c-NMR evidence for the pathway of chlorophyll biosynthesis in green algae. PMID- 7092874 TI - The activation of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase requires the binding of 3 Ca2+ per delta subunit. PMID- 7092876 TI - Strongly basic polypeptides among microtubule associated proteins. PMID- 7092877 TI - A stereoselective pentobarbital binding site in cholinergic membranes from Torpedo californica. PMID- 7092879 TI - Fluorescent cholesteryl esters in the core of low density lipoprotein. PMID- 7092878 TI - The effects of cell-released protease nexin on the measurement of thrombin binding to mouse cells. PMID- 7092881 TI - Is direct spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll in pigment extracts of tissues under different physiological conditions valid? PMID- 7092880 TI - Distribution of gangliosides in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of rat liver. PMID- 7092883 TI - Limulus anti-LPS factor: an anticoagulant which inhibits the endotoxin mediated activation of Limulus coagulation system. PMID- 7092882 TI - Multiple phosphorylation of rat liver 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. PMID- 7092884 TI - Molecular forms of biliverdin reductase from rat liver with different reduction rates for biliverdin-IX. PMID- 7092886 TI - Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in colon and liver by starvation and refeeding: a comparison of effects on total and holoenzyme. PMID- 7092885 TI - Monensin inhibits the conversion of proalbumin to serum albumin in cultured rat hepatocytes. PMID- 7092887 TI - Evidence that phosphatidylserine and inorganic phosphate may mediate calcium transport during calcification. PMID- 7092889 TI - Glycan uniformity within molecular variants of transferrin with distinct affinity for concanavalin A. PMID- 7092888 TI - Rapid synthesis of double-stranded cucumber mosaic virus-associated RNA 5: mechanism controlling viral pathogenesis? PMID- 7092890 TI - Binding of nucleotides to parvalbumins. PMID- 7092891 TI - Amino acid sequence of galactosamine-containing glycopeptides in the hinge region of a human immunoglobulin D. PMID- 7092892 TI - Actin-polyamines interaction : relationship between physicochemical properties and cytokinesis induction. PMID- 7092893 TI - Comparison of the in vivo clearance of des-AA and des-AABB rat fibrin monomers prepared by different methods. PMID- 7092894 TI - Interaction of proflavine with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylated papain. PMID- 7092895 TI - Nucleosomal distribution of thymine photodimers following far- and near ultraviolet irradiation. PMID- 7092896 TI - Induction of hepatic microsomal propranolol N-desisopropylase activity by 3 methylcholanthrene and Sudan III. PMID- 7092898 TI - Tubulin microheterogeneity during mouse liver development. PMID- 7092897 TI - Alterations in DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I from rat liver accompanying ethionine administration. PMID- 7092899 TI - Specific and saturable binding of albumin to rat adipocytes: modulation by epinephrine and possible role in free fatty acid transfer. PMID- 7092900 TI - Aggregation of low density lipoproteins with unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles. PMID- 7092902 TI - Free calcium concentrations in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer: effects on 45Ca- and 32P-transport across the perfused guinea pig placenta. PMID- 7092901 TI - Glycolipid toxins from parasitised annual ryegrass: a comparison with tunicamycin. PMID- 7092903 TI - Conformational studies on the enkephalin releasing peptides. Tyr-Arg and Tyr-D Arg. PMID- 7092904 TI - Inhibition of respiration by a phorbol ester tumor promoter in murine cultured cells. PMID- 7092905 TI - Cortisol induces (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase in cultured chick embryo tendon fibroblasts. PMID- 7092906 TI - Griseofulvin: association with tubulin and inhibition of in vitro microtubule assembly. PMID- 7092908 TI - Lysosomotropic agents ammonium chloride and chloroquine inhibit both the synthesis and secretion of procollagen by freshly isolated embryonic chick tendon cells. PMID- 7092907 TI - The primary structure of the monoxygenase cytochrome P450CAM. PMID- 7092909 TI - Kinetic study of myoglobin. Effect of external ligands on acidic denaturation. PMID- 7092910 TI - Identification of extrachromosomal DNA in hematolymphoid cells of chickens and mice. PMID- 7092911 TI - Evidence for the transcriptional inhibition by heme of the synthesis of delta aminolevulinate synthase in rat liver. PMID- 7092912 TI - Isolation of micro glutamic acid-rich protein from bovine brain. PMID- 7092913 TI - Solubilized receptors for [3H]dopamine (D3 binding sites) from canine brain. AB - The objective of the present study was to solubilize the D3 site which binds [3H]dopamine, using the same digitonin method that had been successful in solubilizing the D2 dopamine receptor. Canine brain striatal membranes were solubilized by a final concentration of 1% digitonin. The specific binding of [3H]dopamine to the soluble D3 binding sites was measured using Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. The density of D3 sites was identical in the membrane and soluble preparations (82-90 fmoles/mg protein), although the dissociation constant (KD value) went from 1.2 nM in the membranes to the value of 3.4 nM in the soluble material. The concentrations of various drugs which inhibited the binding of [3H]dopamine were similar in the two preparations. The agonists [dopamine, apomorphine and (+/-)-6,7-dihydroxy-2-aminotetralin (ADTN)] all inhibited the binding of [3H]dopamine by 50% at concentrations between 2 and 20 nM in both the intact and soluble preparations. The neuroleptics were all equally weak in inhibiting the binding of [3H]dopamine, with IC50 values in the micromolar concentration range, values typical for the D3 site. Approximately 36% of the D3 sites were recovered from the original tissue. Since the densities and recoveries of the D2 and D3 sites differed upon digitonin solubilization, this provided further indirect evidence that these two sites are distinct and separate entities which might ultimately be separated. PMID- 7092914 TI - Histamine synthesis in intact and disrupted rat mast cells. AB - Histamine production by purified intact rat peritoneal mast cells, as measured by formation of [beta-3H]histamine from [beta-3H]L-histidine or by release of 14CO2 from 14C-carboxyl-labeled histidine, was ten to thirty times greater than that of disrupted cells of soluble extracts of these cells. Loss of activity was evident whether cells were disrupted by sonification, freezing and thawing, or lysis, both in the absence and presence of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes and agents known to preserve enzyme responsible for histamine formation in both the intact cells and cell extracts. In the presence of subsaturating concentrations of histidine, various histidine analogs and glutamine inhibited histidine data indicate that, at physiological concentrations of histidine, blockade of histidine transport (through system N) may limit histamine synthesis in the intact cell and that measurement of histidine decarboxylase activity in tissue homogenates or cell extracts may not reflect actual histidine decarboxylase activity in vivo. PMID- 7092916 TI - A biochemical study of the cotton pellet granuloma in the rat. Effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin. AB - The subcutaneous implantation of a cotton pellet into a rat results in the formation of a granuloma at the site of the implant. The early events comprise an accumulation of fluid and protein-aceous material together with an infiltration of neutrophils. The granuloma formed by day 7 is characterized by the formation of a vascularized fibrous capsule containing fibroblasts and infiltrating mononuclear cells which are rich in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Granuloma development was quantitated by dry weight measurements, and its cellular content was measured by assaying activity of NAG and total nucleic acid content. Nucleic acid determinations showed that cell infiltration into the granuloma took place at a virtually constant rate over a 7-day period. In contrast, the NAG activity did not change significantly until after day 5 when a large increase in the amount of enzyme extractable from the granuloma was seen. Systemic treatment of the animal with dexamethasone or indomethacin resulted in an inhibition of granuloma weight gain, NAG activity and nucleic acid levels. The data suggest that the two drugs acted during the early phase of granuloma development at the level of cell infiltration. Both drugs given on days 0-3 alone suppressed granuloma formation, whereas treatment on days 4-7 was without effect. PMID- 7092917 TI - Initial inhibition and recovery of protein synthesis in cycloheximide-treated hepatocytes. AB - Previous studies conducted with intact rats had demonstrated that protein synthesis was reversibly inhibited by cycloheximide. Polysome aggregation occurred during inhibition with a return to normal during recovery. Suggesting that the block of translational activity involved termination and release of polypeptides. This study involving freshly isolated hepatocytes was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of the biphasic response to cycloheximide. Cycloheximide at 1 microM inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation into both cellular and secreted proteins by at least 86%, without having deleterious effects on membrane integrity as indicated by trypan blue uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (EC 1.1.1.27) release. After removal of cycloheximide, incorporation of labeled amino acids into cellular protein and protein secreted into the medium returned to control levels. Kinetically, incorporation into secreted protein exhibited a lag of 30-45 min, indicating that a longer recovery period for restoration of proteosynthetic ability is required for membrane-bound polysomes. During the first 100 min of the recovery period, 30% of the cellular protein, which had been prelabeled during cycloheximide inhibition, was secreted into the medium; treated cells, however, secreted prelabeled protein at a lower initial rate. To elucidate the mechanism of action of cycloheximide, the content of the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes (RPC), polysome size classes, and the distribution of radioactivity among the various ribosome classes were determined during inhibition and recovery. Larger size class polysomes (7+) were increased by cycloheximide treatment and remained increased during recovery. During inhibition, there was enhanced [3H]leucine labeling with increasing polysome size, implicating termination as the rate-limiting step, whereas during the recovery phase the labeled nascent polypeptides were removed from the ribonucleoprotein complex at a 3- to 4-fold greater rate than control, indicating an accelerated release of completed proteins. PMID- 7092918 TI - Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by eseroline, an opioid agonist structurally related to physostigmine (eserine) and morphine. AB - The action of eseroline--(3aS,8aR)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8 trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indo l-5-ol--salicylate was tested on preparations of ChE from different sources and on the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig ileum. While eseroline is eseroline is extremely weak-acting on horse serum BuChE (Ki = 208 +/ 42 microM), it is a rather strong competitive inhibitor of AChE's, its Ki being 0.15 +/- 0.08 microM, 0.22 +/- 0.10 microM and 0.61 +/- 0.12 microM in electric eel, human RBC and rat brain, respectively. Eseroline inhibitory action in AChE in independent of the duration of pre-incubation and appears fully developed in less than 15 sec. This action is also rapidly reversible; after pre-incubation followed by dilution, maximum enzymic activity is regained within 15 sec. The electrically-evoked contractions of the longitudinal strip were inhibited by concentrations of eseroline in the range 0.2-15 microM, while they were increased by concentrations over 20 microM. In the same preparation, without electrical stimulation, but in the presence of naloxone, eseroline induced contractions at concentrations higher than 5 microM. This effect was antagonized by atropine. The inhibitory activity of eseroline parallels, as regards selectivity, potency and kinetics, that of the phenolic anticurare agent edrophonium, while it differs markedly from that of physostigmine. PMID- 7092915 TI - Hypothermia as a mechanism for drug-induced resistance to hypoxia. AB - A linear regression line relating the logarithm of survival time in a standard hypoxia survival test (4.6% oxygen) with hypothermia was obtained upon cooling mice by exposure to either a graded hypoxia or a cold environment. When S/BT values (log minutes survival versus body temperature) of drug-treated animals were compared with this regression line, values for many drugs lay on the line, indicating that their effects upon hypoxic survival were no greater than those expected from the concomitant hypothermia. Among the drugs whose anti-hypoxia effects were explained by their production of hypothermia were adenosine, diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, pentobarbital and physostigmine. The anti-hypoxia activity of each drug had been reported previously by other investigators and ascribed to numerous mechanisms. The present observations relating hypothermia with increased survival in hypoxia provide a rationale for the protective effect of the above drugs in animals suddenly exposed to lethal hypoxia. PMID- 7092919 TI - Induction of microsomal dimethylnitrosamine demethylase by pyrazole. AB - Pyrazole, a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, was found to be a potent inducer of the activity of low Km dimethylnitrosamine demethylase (DMN-d). One injection of pyrazole (200 mg/kg body wt) to weanling Wistar rats changed the microsomal DMN demethylase activity by 1.7, 1.9 and 2.5 times the control values at 6, 12 and 24 hr after the injection respectively. Pyrazole administration reduced arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. When animals were injected with pyrazole (200 mg/kg body wt) for 1, 2, 3 or 4 consecutive days, the values for DMN-d activity were 277, 297, 306 and 319% of the control values. The corresponding values for AHH were 91, 67, 57 and 45% for 1, 2, 3 and 4 injections respectively. pyrazole-induced DMN-d activity was NADPH dependent and was inhibited by CO; n-butanol gave a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 2 X 10(-3) M. The corresponding value for metyrapone was 1 X 10(-2) M. Cytochrome P-450 was slightly increased by pyrazole and its CO-complex gave an absorption maximum around 451 nm. When the microsomal proteins were separated using sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a large increase in a band at about 51,000 daltons was found in the liver microsomes of pyrazole treated animals. PMID- 7092920 TI - Inhibition of rat liver monoamine oxidase by alpha-methyl- and N-propargyl-amine derivatives. AB - The inhibition of rat liver monoamine oxidase by a number of N-propargyl and alpha-methyl amine derivatives has been examined. The results indicate that alpha methyl-substituted primary and secondary amine derivatives tend to show selectivity as reversible inhibitors towards the A-form of the enzyme. The structural features that result in selectivity in irreversible inhibitors are less easy to define and substitution of an N-propargyl group into a compound that is a selective reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase will not necessarily result in retention of that selectivity. Replacement of the acetylenic group in a B-selective irreversible inhibitor by an ethylenic group resulted in a compound that was a reversible inhibitor showing slight selectivity for the A-form of the enzyme. PMID- 7092921 TI - HI-6: reactivation of central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase following inhibition by soman, sarin and tabun in vivo in the rat. AB - HI-6, ([[[(4-aminocarbonyl)pyridino]methoxy]methyl]-2-] (hydroxyimino)methyl] pyridinium dichloride), is an oxime which, when combined with atropine, is an extremely effective therapy against organophosphate poisoning. It was found that, following soman (287 micrograms/kg) poisoning, HI-6 reactivated acetylcholinesterase in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles but not in the brain. At a lower dose of soman (110 micrograms/kg), HI-6 reactivated sarin inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the brain and in the respiratory musculature but did not reactivate tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. It was also found that soman produced a differential inhibition of diaphragm and intercostal muscle acetylcholinesterase in vivo, whereas the in vitro I50 for soman was the same in both areas. HI-6 was capable of reactivating soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase when administered up to 30 min post-soman, indicating that the rate of aging of the soman-acetylcholinesterase complex is slower than previously reported. The above results suggest that, in severe soman poisoning, the primary lesion occurs in peripheral acetylcholinesterase in the respiratory musculature (specifically the diaphragm). PMID- 7092922 TI - Prolonged hypolactatemia and increased total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by dichloroacetate. AB - Dichloroacetate (DCA) given gastrically as a single dose to healthy, fed rats caused transient lowering of blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate. Chronic daily dosing caused lowering of these metabolites and a delay in the return of lactate to basal levels for 48 hr after the final dose. DCA caused activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), with acute multiple dosing or chronic daily dosing. The elevated active PDHC persisted for 12 hr following the final dose. In addition, total PDHC activity was increased with chronic dosing and persisted for 48 hr following the final dose. This increase was not blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors. DCA increased isolated hepatocyte [14C-1]pyruvate oxidation and activated hepatocyte PDHC. Glyoxylate and oxalate, hepatic metabolites of DCA, were inhibitory at similar concentrations. PMID- 7092923 TI - The relationship between binding to cytochrome P-450 and metabolism of n-alkyl carbamates in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The binding constants of an homologous series of n-alkyl (C2-C10) carbamates (see formula in text) to the cytochrome P-450 of suspensions of isolated, viable rat hepatocytes have been measured. All the carbamates except ethyl and propyl carbamate produced type I difference spectra and their binding affinities (1/Ks) were found to be directly dependent upon their lipophilicity. These binding affinities were similar to those determined in rat liver microsomes. Maximum development of the binding spectrum in hepatocytes was always within one second of the addition of each carbamate, indicating that for these carbamates membrane permeability was not rate limiting for access to, and metabolism by, cytochrome P 450 and that much of the cells' cytochrome P-450 was unoccupied by endogenous substrates. Th major metabolites of C4-C8 carbamates were unconjugated omega-1 oxidation products. Below hexyl carbamate only the omega-1 hydroxylated metabolite was observed but for the more lipophilic carbamates the keto metabolite was also a major product. The same products were found in blood after i.p. dosing of rats with hexyl carbamate. A direct relationship was observed between the affinity constant of the carbamate for cytochrome P-450 and the total rate of oxidative metabolism in the omega-1 position. Hydrolysis of the carbamate group was a minor metabolic pathway in contrast to the in vivo situation. PMID- 7092925 TI - The assay of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in normal and pathological human liver. AB - Samples of normal and pathological human liver were assayed for microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity using the chlorinated epoxide HEOM as substrate. The enzyme activity in liver samples from normal patients was 72.3 +/- 9.8 nmoles mg protein-1.min-1, which is comparable to the highest values recorded in mammals, and much higher than those found in rats and mice. A microassay procedure was developed to enable the estimation of activity in needle biopsy samples (5-20 mg), obtained from patients with normal and diseased livers. Three epileptic patients who had received regular doses of phenobarbitone and/or phenytoin showed activities significantly higher than those found in all other samples (P less than 0.01). These appeared to be examples of enzyme induction. Assays were also performed on samples from six patients with alcohol-related liver disease and one patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of epoxide hydrolase in the metabolism of carcinogenic epoxides is discussed in relation to these findings. PMID- 7092924 TI - The relationship between the binding of 2-n-alkylbenzimidazoles to rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the inhibition of monooxygenation. AB - The binding of a homologous series of 2-n-alkylbenzimidazoles to rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 has been examined. Type I, Type RI and mixed Type I/RI spectra were observed with control, phenobarbitone or 20-methylcholanthrene induced microsomal preparations. In general short chain (C1-C4) substituted compounds elicited Type RI spectra, whereas C5-C9 substituted benzimidazoles gave rise to Type RI/I or Type I spectra. The type of binding spectrum observed was dependent upon the substrate concentration, the source of microsomes and the length of the substituent alkyl chain. As the lipophilic character of the substituent was increased a corresponding increase in Type I nature was noted. However, an optimal chain length of C7-C8 carbon atoms was observed for Type I binding; compounds with longer side chains showed a decreased affinity for the Type I site. The apparent spectral binding constants (Ks values) for the Type I site (but not the Type RI site) were closely associated with the Ki and I50 values for the inhibition of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenation. From their inhibition properties it seems that even the short chain (C1-C4) substituted benzimidazoles also bind toi the Type I site and thus compete for the substrate binding site of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 7092926 TI - Biliary excretion of green pigments produced by norethindrone in the rat. PMID- 7092928 TI - Inhibition of lymphoproliferation by dipyridamole. AB - Dipyridamole (DP, Persantin) was examined for its effects on the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and L1210 leukemia cells. In keeping with its reported activity as an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, DP inhibited incorporation by lymphoid cells of labeled thymidine and uridine ino macromolecules. That this inhibition resulted from activities in addition to suppression of nucleoside transport was verified by measured decreases of cellular DNA and viable cell numbers. In addition, protein synthesis was also decreased as indicated by labeled valine incorporation and total protein content of the cells. The rapid accumulation of cAMP in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated splenocytes in the presence of DP may provide an explanation for the anti proliferative effect of DP on lymphoid cells. PMID- 7092930 TI - In vitro and in vivo inhibition by benserazide of clorgyline-resistant amine oxidases in rat cardiovascular tissues. AB - Bernserazide (D,L-serine 2-[2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl]-hydrazide) as been shown to inhibit the clorgyline-resistant amine oxidase (CRAO) activities which metabolize benzylamine in homogenates of rat aorta, heart and brown adipose tissue. In vitro studies showed a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of CRAO in heart and aorta which was reversed by dialysis for 18hr. At high concentrations (10(-4) 10(-3)M) benserazide appeared to increase enzyme activity towards and occasionally above control value. These increases became more prominent after long periods of preincubation (especially in the presence of saturating benzylamine concentrations) and remained after dialysis of those homogenates preincubated with benserazide. The administration of benserazide for one or seven days in daily doses of 5-150 mg/kg also inhibited CRAO activity in vivo in a dose dependent manner, with greater inhibition after seven days treatment. Reversal of inhibition, by dialysis of tissue homogenates from benserazide-treated rats, was much slower than was found with homogenates incubated in vitro with the drug. After benserazide administration to rats, MAO-A activity towards 5 hydroxytryptamine was generally not inhibited, and in fact was significantly increased in some cases. The administration of L-DOPA (250 mg/kg) together with benserazide (40 mg/kg) resulted in a similar degree of CRAO inhibition in aorta and heart to that seen after benserazide alone. These findings are discussed with regard to the use of these drugs in the therapy of Parkinson's Disease, although the paucity of information about the physiological function of CRAO makes the significance of its inhibition by benserazide unclear. PMID- 7092929 TI - (+)-4-Dimethylamino-2,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine (FLA 336(+)), a selective inhibitor of the A form of monoamine oxidase in the rat brain. AB - (+)-4-Dimethylamino-2,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine (FLA 336(+)) and its N demethylated secondary amino derivative FLA 788(+) were examined for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory effects in the rat brain. They were found to be reversible and very selective inhibitors of the A form of monoamine oxidase in vitro and in vivo after oral administration. FLA 788(+) was 2-6 times more active than FLA 336(+) in vitro depending on the assay technique employed but the two compounds had similar potency after oral administration. Both compounds inhibited competitively the deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine by hypothalamic mitochondria. Although the irreversible inhibitor clorgyline was 60 times more potent than FLA 336(+) in vitro, it was equipotent with FLA 336(+) and FLA 788(+) in the rat brain after oral administration. There was a high correlation between the log plasma concentration of FLA 788(+) and the MAO inhibition in hypothalamic slices. The plasma concentration of the metabolite FLA 788(+) exceeded that of FLA 336(+) after oral administration of the latter compound. Thus, the MAO inhibition produced by FLA 336(+) in vivo, appears in part to be due to the metabolite FLA 788(+). PMID- 7092927 TI - Effect of hypoxia on the conversion of angiotensin I to II in the isolated perfused rat lung. AB - Acute hypoxia in the intact animal and in cultured endothelial cells has been shown to be associated with a decrease in conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII). Alterations in capillary surface and in contact time resulting from hemodynamic changes have been shown to influence the rate of pulmonary AI conversion. The dependency of AI conversion on hemodynamics complicates the interpretation of experiments showing changes in AI conversion in intact animals. We studied the effect of acute hypoxia on AI conversion in the isolated rat lung perfused at constant flow without recirculation of perfusate. Three levels of oxygenation were produced by ventilating lungs and equilibrating perfusate with a range of hypoxic gas mixtures. AI (1 microgram) was injected into the pulmonary artery, and the effluent was collected for measurement of AI and AII. Instead of the expected hypoxic inhibition, percent conversion of AI to AII increased slightly but significantly from 69.3 +/- 3.1 (mean +/- S.E.M.) at normal oxygenation to 74.4 +/- 3.0 at moderate hypoxia (P less than 0.005, paired t) and to 73.5 +/- 3.9 at severe hypoxia (P less than 0.01, paired t). Decreasing mean transit time of substrate through the lung (by increasing perfusate flow rate from 5 to 20 ml/min) resulted in a significant decrease in conversion of AI from 88.7 +/- 2.9 to 73.4 +/- 2.1% (P less than 0.001, paired t). These data confirm the effect of contact time on the rate of AI conversion in the lungs. The isolated rat lung preparation does not exhibit the phenomenon of hypoxia induced inhibition of AI conversion. The authors speculate that hypoxia-induced inhibition of AI conversion in vivo may be secondary to the effects of hypoxia on hemodynamics. PMID- 7092931 TI - Inhibition of DNA synthesis and alteration to DNA structure by the phenacetin analog p-aminophenol. AB - p-Aminophenol a structural analog and minor metabolite of phenacetin has previously been shown to be a potent nephrotoxic agent. In this report we have shown that p-aminophenol has a marked effect on DNA function and structure. DNA synthesis was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in human lymphoblastoid cells after exposure to p-aminophenol. Results suggest that DNA synthesis is inhibited by the action of p-aminophenol on DNA structure. At low concentrations of p aminophenol a reduction in the degree of supercoiling of cellular DNA is observed, as determined by sedimentation under neutral conditions. However at higher concentrations an increase in sedimentation of nucleoids (supercoiled molecules) is obtained which is indicative of an increased level of supercoiling or a more compact structural form of DNA due to folding or aggregation. The number of single strand breaks in DNA, when determined by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, increases with increasing dose of p-aminophenol. The increase in strand breakage observed at lower concentrations of p-aminophenol agrees with the reduced sedimentation rate obtained under neutral conditions. At higher concentrations of p-aminophenol the extent of breakage of DNA increases under alkaline conditions but an increase in sedimentation occurs under neutral conditions. PMID- 7092934 TI - Lack of effect on glutamate dehydrogenase activity after in vivo administration of pharmacological doses of haloperidol. PMID- 7092932 TI - Uptake of quaternary ammonium compounds into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism by which quaternary ammonium compounds are transported across the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane, the transport of five quaternary ammonium compounds through rat hepatocyte plasma membrane vesicles was investigated. Transport is only observed when the organic cations possess a high lipophilicity. Uptake appeared to be a passive process and was not stimulated by a transmembrane electrical potential difference nor by the presence of an excess of anions like I-. Taurocholate decreased the uptake. However in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetraphenylborate a transmembrane electrical potential difference (inside negative) stimulated the uptake. PMID- 7092935 TI - On the interaction of diazepam with human, rat and mouse plasma proteins and erythrocytes. AB - Binding of diazepam to the blood fractions (erythrocytes and plasma proteins) in man, rat and mouse was studied. Only little dependence of binding on total drug concentration was found. The main binding fraction of plasma in studied species is albumin, but interspecies differences are both in the amount of diazepam bound to albumin and in that bound to other components of plasma. The determination of the binding of diazepam with erythrocytic mass and with blood plasma demonstrates the proportion of these bonds in total distribution of the drug under study in blood and the importance of thus experimentally followed interspecies comparison. PMID- 7092936 TI - Effect of alcohol on tumor folate supply. PMID- 7092937 TI - 1,1-Dichloroethylene inhibition of liver endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump function. AB - This study shows that 1,1-DCE promptly inhibits a calcium homeostatic function of liver ER. The correlation with GSH depletion and the effect of MFOS induction on calcium pump inhibition suggest that this is a direct effect of a 1,1-DCE metabolite on the calcium pump. As a result of calcium pump inhibition, calcium released from the ER may serve to trigger changes that result in a massive influx of extracellular calcium and, ultimately, cytotoxicity. PMID- 7092938 TI - Carbon disulfide hepatoxicity and inhibition of liver microsome calcium pump. AB - This work has shown that CS2 promptly inhibits the liver ER calcium pump only in those animals that subsequently develop hepatic necrosis. In this respect, inhibition of the ER calcium pump by CS2 resembles the actions of chlorinated hydrocarbon hepatotoxins. This lends further support to the suggestion that disruption of calcium homeostasis is an important early step in the action of at least some hepatotoxins [1-5]. CS2 appears to be the first example of a hepatotoxin other than chlorinated hydrocarbons that inhibit the liver ER calcium pump early in the course of intoxication. Finally, studies by others [17,18] suggest a mechanism by which CS2 can interact with and inhibit the liver ER calcium pump. PMID- 7092939 TI - Interaction of phencyclidine with mouse neuroblastoma cells. AB - Growth of mouse neuroblastoma (Nb) cell (clone M1) was not affected by phencyclidine (PCP) concentrations of 10(-6)M up to 2 x 10(-4)M, whereas 10(-3)M PCP caused a 100% inhibition of cell growth. Several PCP analogs, including the quaternary PCP methiodide, exerted effects similar to those of PCP. The uptake of [piperidyl-3,4-3H]PCP ([3H]PCP) by the Nb cells was studied using cell monolayers in Petri dishes. Non-specific entry of PCP into the cells was linear with added substrate but specific uptake exhibited saturation kinetics. The concentration for half-maximum specific uptake was 2 x 10-(5)M, and the capacity of the cells at saturation was 2-3 nmoles [3H]PCP/mg protein, at 22 degrees. The uptake rate constant was 0.2 +/- 0.05 x 10(5) (M-1 min-1) and the dissociation constant was 0.25 +/- 0.05 (min-1). Uptake was temperature dependent and was inhibited by 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP). This may indicate that this binding represents (at least in part) an active uptake process of PCP into the cells. PMID- 7092940 TI - Preparation and characterization of subcellular fractions from the liver of the Northern Pike, Esox lucius. AB - The present study was designed to prepare and characterize subcellular fractions from the liver of the Northern pike (Esox lucius), with special emphasis on the preparation of microsomal fractions suitable for studying xenobiotic metabolism. The purity of the different fractions obtained by differential centrifugation, as well as the recovery of different organelles, was determined using both enzyme markers and morphological examination with the electron microscope. Attempts were also made to increase the recovery of fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum in the microsomal fraction. Finally, the subcellular distribution of several drug metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P-450, benzpyrene monoxygenase, epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferases) were determined. With the exception of the subcellular distribution of epoxide hydrolase, the results obtained here resemble closely those reported fo rat liver and the microsomal fraction prepared is highly suitable for further studies of drug metabolism in pike liver. PMID- 7092933 TI - Noncompetitive inhibition by aluminum, scandium and yttrium of acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus. AB - Measurements of altered activity of soluble acetylcholinesterase from E. electricus electric organ by the inorganic cations aluminum, scandium and yttrium demonstrate that these ions are noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors. Al3+ inhibited enzyme activity at all substrate and inhibitor concentrations studied. Inhibition by Al3+ did not appear to be sensitive to the active site-specific, competitive ligand physostigmine or to calcium, a peripheral site-binding activator cation. Inhibition by another peripheral site-binding noncompetitive inhibitor, decamethonium, was not altered by Al3+. Al3+ appears thus to have interacted with a class of peripheral anionic sites on AChE distinct from the beta- or P1 peripheral anionic sites that bind Ca2+ and C-10 and may be a useful probe of a subclass of gamma- or P2-4 peripheral anionic sites. A possible mechanism for Al3+ neurotoxicity, via alterations of the enzymes of cholinergic neurotransmission, is also suggested. PMID- 7092941 TI - Studies on 5,5-diphenylhydantoin irreversible binding to rat liver microsomal proteins. AB - 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin irreversibly binds to rat liver microsomes and the process requires NADPH and O2. Proteins binding was significantly enhanced when experiments were carried out with liver microsomal preparations from beta naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated animals whereas pretreatment with phenobarbital significantly reduced it. Carbon monoxide, beta diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate and glutathione inhibited drug covalent binding to microsomal proteins. In contrast, enhanced drug binding was observed when trichloropropene oxide and cyclohexene oxide, two epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, were added to the incubation mixture. 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin in vitro metabolism was quantitatively determined by gas liquid chromatography with selected ion monitoring. A good correlation seems to exist between drug covalent binding and the microsomal process of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin hydroxylation to 5-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. The results presented support a previous hypothesis on the intermediacy of arene oxides in the biotransformation of this drug. PMID- 7092942 TI - Binding and deamination of various substrates by types A and B monoamine oxidase in bovine brain mitochondria. PMID- 7092943 TI - Decrease of phenylalanine hydroxylase during hepatocyte proliferation. AB - In partially hepatectomized rats, the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase decreased in the regenerating liver but not in the kidneys. The concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of hepatectomized rats increased, and phenylalanine hydroxylase, despite being cortisol inducible, decreased in these as well as simultaneously adrenalectomized rats, showing lack of correlation between the changes of the steroid and the enzyme during the regeneration process. The decrease in the enzyme activity could be prevented by administering, during hepatic regeneration, only noradrenaline and adrenergic blocking agents, among the many hormones and phenyl compounds tested. A decrease in hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase was also observed during two other conditions of hepatocyte cell proliferation obtained after giving chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. PMID- 7092944 TI - Further studies stereospecificity at carbon 6 for membrane transport of tetrahydrofolates. Diastereoisomers of 5-methyltetrahydrofolates as competitive inhibitors of transport of methotrexate in L1210 cells. AB - The unnatural d diastereoisomer at carbon 6 of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was only slightly less effective than the natural 1 diastereoisomer as a competitive inhibitor of the carrier-mediated membrane transport of [3H]methotrexate into L1210 murine leukemia cells. The apparent Ki for a mixture containing equal amounts of both natural and unnatural diastereoisomers was not significantly different from that found for the unnatural form. These results show that the reduced folate carrier system in these cells has a strong affinity for the unnatural stereoisomer, a finding in contrast to that obtained with the corresponding diastereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. PMID- 7092945 TI - Hepatic drug transport in the rat. A comparison between isolated hepatocytes, the isolated perfused liver and the liver in vivo. AB - The hepatic transport of three different drugs, the organic anion dibromosulphophthalein, the organic cation d-tubocurarine and the uncharged compound ouabain was studied in vivo in the isolated perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes. The respective clearances by uptake were determined for the various substrates and corrected for differences in hepatic blood flow and extracellular protein binding in the three liver preparations. The corrected uptake values in the intact organ, in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver were highly comparable; for dibromosulphophthalein a clearance of 2.1 ml/min per 10(6) hepatocytes was found in vivo, whereas in perfusion a value of 2.4 ml/min per 10(6) cells was calculated. For d-tubocurarine, the values were 34 x 10 (-4) and 55 x 10(-4) ml/min per 10(6) cells obtained in vivo and in the isolated perfused organ, respectively. With ouabain as the substrate, the in vivo clearance amounted to 5.1 x 10(-2), whereas in the isolated perfused liver a value of 4.8 x 10(-2) ml/min per 10(6) cells was calculated. The clearance by uptake obtained for dibromosulphophthalein was ouabain in the isolated hepatocytes appeared to be a factor of 2-3 lower than in the intact organ. In the case of d-tubocurarine however the clearance was identical to that in vivo and the isolated perfused liver. The rate of secretion from isolated hepatocytes was, for dibromosulphophthalein identical to, and for d-tubocurarine and ouabain lower than that in the intact organ, especially as compared with the in vivo preparation. It is concluded that transport function is well preserved in the isolated perfused liver and isolated hepatocytes. For certain substrates freshly isolated hepatocytes may exhibit a somewhat lower uptake and/or secretion rate, in spite of a good cell quality as judged by generally accepted criteria for cell viability. Whether this is due to changes in membrane composition (not detected by our viability tests) or a selection of a subpopulation of hepatocytes, is discussed.U PMID- 7092946 TI - Effect of pentobarbital on the noradrenaline release induced by drugs and field electrical stimulation from cerebral and femoral arteries of the cat. AB - The present studies showed that field electrical stimulation, high potassium (K+), tyramine and ionophore X537A induced tritium release from cerebral and femoral arteries of cat prelabelled with [3H]noradrenaline. The secretion caused by K+ or field stimulation was CA2+-dependent and was antagonized by high concentrations of pentobarbital (10(-4) and 10(-3) M), whereas that induced by the rest of the drugs was unchanged in the same situations. The noradrenaline uptake by these arteries was reduced by pentobarbital (10(-3) M and 10(-4) M). These results suggest that this barbiturate interferes with Ca2+ entry to the adrenergic nerve endings, and therefore antagonizes the noradrenaline release by Ca2+-dependent processes (exocytosis). PMID- 7092947 TI - Protective role of endogenous pulmonary glutathione and other sulfhydryl compounds against lung damage by alkylating agents. Investigations with 4 ipomeanol in the rat. AB - Because endogenous glutathione is known to participate in the detoxification of highly reactive, hepatotoxic drug metabolites, we studied the role of this substance in the pulmonary toxicity of 4-ipomeanol [1-(3-furyl)-4 hydroxypentanone] in rats. 4-Ipomeanol was an appropriate model for these studies since previous investigations have indicated that an alkylating metabolite, formed in situ, is responsible for selective lung damage by 4-ipomeanol. Toxic doses of 4-ipomeanol preferentially depleted rat lung glutathione. Pretreatment of animals with piperonyl butoxide, an inhibitor of the metabolic activation of 4 ipomeanol, prevented both the depletion of lung glutathione and the pulmonary toxicity of 4-ipomeanol. Prior depletion of lung glutathione by diethylmaleate increased both the pulmonary covalent binding and the toxicity of 4-ipomeanol, whereas administration of cysteine and cysteamine decreased both the covalent binding and the toxicity. These in vivo studies, in conjunction with previous in vitro studies which showed inhibitory effects of sulfhydryl compounds on the covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol, are consistent with the view that pulmonary glutathione plays a protective role against pulmonary alkylation and lung toxicity by 4-ipomeanol, probably by reacting with the toxic metabolite(s) to form nontoxic conjugate(s). Pulmonary glutathione may similarly provide protection against other electrophilic drugs or metabolites that can damage the lungs. PMID- 7092948 TI - Distribution and metabolism of the pulmonary alkylating agent and cytotoxin, 4 ipomeanol, in control and diethylmaleate-treated rats. AB - Diethylmaleate (DEM), an agent which depletes tissue glutathione (GSH), increased the covalent binding and toxicity of 4-ipomeanol [1-(3-furyl)-4-hydroxypentanone] in rats. The distribution of unmetabolized 4-ipomeanol-[5-14C] and its metabolites were studied in tissue extracts by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in control and DEM-treated rats. At all time periods examined, DEM treatment produced no significant effect on the tissue distribution of unchanged 4-ipomeanol. In both groups, the relative tissue concentrations of unmetabolized 4-ipomeanol were in the order blood greater than lung greater than liver. In control rats, the relative tissue concentrations of nonbound, solvent extractable 4-ipomeanol metabolites (hereafter referred to simply as "4-ipomeanol metabolites"), as well as the covalently bound 4-ipomeanol metabolites (hereafter referred to as "covalently bound 4-ipomeanol equivalents" to distinguish from all other metabolites) were in the order lung greater than liver greater than blood. The pulmonary levels of both the covalently bound 4-ipomeanol equivalents and the 4-ipomeanol metabolites were increased markedly by DEM treatment at all time periods examined. The total pool of urinary 4-ipomeanol metabolites was significantly decreased by DEM treatment, but the total amounts of excreted ipomeanol-4-glucuronide, the major metabolite of 4-ipomeanol in rats, were not significantly different in the control and DEM-treated rats. These data are consistent with the view that the increased pulmonary covalent binding and toxicity of 4-ipomeanol produced by diethylmaleate treatment in rats are due to the depletion of pulmonary GSH by the DEM and not a major DEM-induced alteration in the tissue distribution of the parent 4-ipomeanol. PMID- 7092950 TI - Stimulation of drug and carcinogen metabolism by prolonged oral tobacco consumption. AB - Oral administration of tobacco to rats for 21 days caused remarkable stimulation of the metabolism of phenacetin, aniline and benzo[a]pyrene, a carcinogen, by hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases (MFO). Such treatment for 6 days resulted in a small increase in the activities of phenacetin O-dealkylase and aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) without affecting aniline hydroxylase activity. Nicotine given orally was found to be a relatively weak inducer of phenacetin O-dealkylase and aniline hydroxylase, and elicited a maximum increase in their activities within 6 days which remained unchanged even after 21 days of continuous administration. However, these two enzyme systems were not affected following only one or two doses of tobacco and nicotine. Both tobacco and nicotine inhibited these biotransformations in vitro. PMID- 7092951 TI - Kinetics of [3H]choline and [3H]acetylcholine metabolism in several regions of rat brain following intracerebroventricular injection of [3H]choline. Effects of haloperidol. AB - Intracerebroventricular (icv.) injection of [3H]choline in conscious rats produced a rapid, efficient labeling of brain choline and acetylcholine (ACh) stores without altering steady-state levels of endogenous ACh. The kinetics of [3H]choline and [3H]ACh metabolism were measured in seven brain regions for up to 10 min following icv. administration of [3H]choline. The initial rate of formation of [3H]ACh varied in different brain areas, being greatest in the striatum and least in the hypothalamus. In contrast, the rate of [3H]choline metabolism was similar in all regions of the brain. Pretreatment of rats with haloperidol resulted in an increase in the apparent synthesis rate of ACh only in the striatum and rostral hypothalamus, pointing to possible dopaminergic cholinergic interaction in these regions. PMID- 7092949 TI - Effect of large doses of ascorbic acid on the mixed function oxidase system in guinea pig liver. AB - Reports of the beneficial effects of large doses of ascorbic acid have stressed its water solubility and non-toxic properties. In this study male guinea pigs, dosed with 150 mg twice daily, ascorbic acid, demonstrated no differences in effect on liver weight, body weight or hepatic total protein when compared with controls. The activities of NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase, N-demethylase (Type I) and O-de-ethylase enzymes (Type II) remained unaffected, but the activity of the Type I hydroxylating enzyme, biphenyl-4-hydroxylase, and the amounts of cytochromes P-450 and b5 were significantly reduced. Total microsomal haem proteins were reduced and mirrored the effects in cytochromes P-450 and b5. The rate-limiting enzyme in haem synthesis, delta-amino-laevulinic acid synthetase, rose in the ascorbic acid group and this was associated with a fall in activity of the haem degrading enzyme, microsomal haem oxygenase. Thus, large amounts of ascorbic acid have similar effects to those found in scorbutic animals and appear to interfere with the construction of the cytochrome P-450 molecule. PMID- 7092952 TI - Induction of porphyria in the rat by chronic versus acute exposure to 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. AB - Chronic oral administration of 1 microgram . kg-1 . week-1 of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to female rats for 16 weeks resulted in hepatic porphyria. In contrast, administration of single oral doses as high as 30 micrograms/kg did not produce porphyria, either acutely or 16 weeks later. Activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes [aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and glucuronyl transferase] were increased by chronic oral doses of TCDD as low as 0.01 microgram . kg-1 . week-1. When animals were dosed with TCDD chronically and then allowed to recover for 6 months, AHH and glucuronyl transferase activities returned toward normal (98 and 86% recovery). However, animals showed only partial recovery from TCDD-induced porphyria. Hepatic porphyrin levels did decrease during this period, but urinary porphyrins and the rate-limiting enzyme in porphyrin synthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, remained maximally elevated during the 6-month recovery period. It is concluded that single doses of TCDD do not produce porphyria in the rat, but that TCDD is porphyrogenic when given chronically. Moreover, when TCDD administration is stopped, recovery from the porphyrogenic effects of TCDD is very slow and does not correlate with the biological half-life of TCDD in the rat. PMID- 7092953 TI - Macromolecular interactions of [14C-ring]melphalan in blood. AB - The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of [14C-ring]melphalan (L PAM) in blood were studied in rats following a single oral dose (20 mg/kg, 0.1 mCi/kg). Radioactivity levels were monitored in blood over a period of 72 hr. The highest levels of radioactivity were observed at 2 hr. The decline of radioactivity from the blood was biphasic with T1/2 alpha = 7 hr and T1/2 beta = 75 hr. The radioactive species in plasma corresponded to unchanged L-PAM and its two known hydrolytic products 4,2-hydroxyethyl 2-chloroethylamino-L-phenylalanine (L-MOH) and 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine (L-DOH). In addition, four other major, previously unknown, metabolites of L-PAM were detected in plasma. At 72 hr, most of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecular components, 26% to plasma macromolecules and 62% in red blood cells. Covalent binding to blood cells was mainly to membrane proteins. Binding to hemoglobin and other soluble components of the red cells was also observed, with a 5000-fold greater affinity for membranes. These studies suggest extensive interaction of melphalan, or its metabolites, with membrane and soluble proteins of red blood cells. PMID- 7092955 TI - Increase in hepatic mixed disulphide and glutathione disulphide levels elicited by paraquat. AB - Paraquat (1 mM), when added to isolated haemoglobin-free perfused rat liver, leads to an increase of intracellular mixed disulphides from 1.3 mumole GSH equivalents per g wet weight in the controls to 2.5 mumole/g. This raises the proportion of mixed disulphides to total glutathione equivalents from about 0.2 at the beginning of the perfusion to about 0.4. The mixed disulphides are predominantly protein-bound, with low molecular weight compounds being quantitatively negligible. The content of intracellular glutathione disulphide (GSSG) is increased from 17 nmole/g in the controls to 38 nmole/g in the presence of paraquat. In addition, there is an increased rate of release of GSSG into the extracellular (biliary) space, reported previously. It is suggested that, in a reaction catalysed by thioltransferase(s), the rise in GSSG is correlated with the rise in mixed disulphides (reaction 1). Occupancy of potential cellular mixed disulphide sites is about 1/2 in the controls, and rises to about 2/3 in the presence of paraquat. THe ratio of cellular contents, NADPH/NADP+, is decreased from 5.1 in the controls to 2.3 in the presence of paraquat, while the sum of NADPH plus NADP+ remains unaltered. The perturbation in the glutathione status may be related to metabolic effects such as the stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway activity, and possibly also to the expression of toxic effects. PMID- 7092954 TI - Regulation of NADPH-dependent mixed-function oxidation in perfused livers. Comparative studies with sorbitol and ethanol. AB - Sorbitol and ethanol were shown to have opposite effects on p-nitroanisole O demethylation in perfused livers from fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats. Sorbitol (2 mM) stimulated drug metabolism by 50% while ethanol (20 mM) caused 80% inhibition. Both sorbitol and ethanol infusion decreased the NAD+/NADH ratio and increased fluorescence of pyridine nucleotides monitored from the liver surface; however, the NADP+/NADPH ratio was decreased by sorbitol but tended to be increased by ethanol. Stimulation of drug metabolism by sorbitol was abolished by pretreatment of fasted rats with 6-aminonicotinamide, an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate shunt, but was not affected by aminooxyacetate, a transaminase inhibitor. These results indicate that sorbitol stimulated p-nitroanisole metabolism by providing NADPH via the pentose phosphate shunt. Ethanol and sorbitol caused changes in intracellular concentrations of NADPH in livers from fasted rats which correlated directly with changes in hepatic levels of citrate and aspartate. Furthermore, aspartate infusion reduced the inhibition of p nitroanisole O-demethylation by ethanol. This inhibition was also reversed partially by sorbitol in livers from 6-aminonicotinamide-treated rats. It is concluded that ethanol inhibits mixed-function oxidation primarily by decreasing the concentrations of citric acid cycle intermediates which leads to depletion of cytosolic NADPH. PMID- 7092956 TI - Effect of chronic clofibrate feeding on the activities of enzymes involved in glycerolipid synthesis and in peroxisomal metabolism in rat liver. PMID- 7092957 TI - Effect of the opioid analgesic tramadol on inactivation of norepinephrine and serotonin. PMID- 7092959 TI - Elevated serum cholesterol in drug-oxidation-deficient rats. PMID- 7092958 TI - Specific 5-hydroxytryptamine binding to rat platelets as a system to evaluate tricyclic antidepressants in plasma. PMID- 7092960 TI - A multicenter study of outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Entry variables as predictors of prognosis. AB - A retrospective study of factors influencing survival in 1,103 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was carried out at 9 university centers diverse in geographic, socioeconomic, and racial characteristics. The mortality and disease characteristics of the patients at study entry varied widely among centers. The survival rates from the time patients with a diagnosis of SLE were first evaluated at the participating center was 90% at 1 year, 77% at 5 years, and 71% at 10 years. Patients with a serum creatinine greater than 3 mg/dl at study entry had the lowest survival rates: 48%, 29%, and 12% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Survival rate also correlated independently with the entry hematocrit, degree of proteinuria, number of preliminary American Rheumatism Association criteria for SLE satisfied, and source of funding of medical care. When data were corrected for socioeconomic status, race/ethnic origin did not significantly influence survival. Survival rates varied widely at different participating institutions, generally due to differences in disease severity. Place of treatment was independently associated with survival only in the second year after study entry. Disease duration before study entry did not account for the differences in disease severity. PMID- 7092961 TI - Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Since harmful effects of estrogens in murine lupus are well established, we studied the influence of oral contraceptive therapy on systemic lupus erythematosus activity in 26 female patients with lupus nephropathy. Combined preparations containing either 50 micrograms (14 patients) or 30 micrograms (7 patients) of ethinyl-estradiol were used in 21 courses in 20 patients. Initial manifestations or exacerbations of systemic lupus activity appeared within 3 months of beginning hormonal therapy in 9 patients, an overall incidence of lupus flare-up of 43%; there was major renal involvement in 4 patients. Conversely, evidence of lupus exacerbation did not develop in any of 11 patients who received pure progestogen oral contraceptive therapy with either continuous low-dose norsteroids (6 patients) or discontinuous progestogens at normal dosage (5 patients). These patients were followed for 5--30 months. Our data indicated that oral contraceptive therapy that used estrogens, even at low doses, often induced exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Pure progestogens, which were effective and devoid of such unfavorable effects, may be preferred in these patients. PMID- 7092962 TI - Studies of repeat skin biopsies of nonlesional skin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7092963 TI - Specificity in systemic lupus erythematosus of antibodies to double-stranded DNA measured with the polyethylene glycol precipitation assay. AB - Recently, a new radioimmunoassay--the polyethylene glycol (PEG) assay--was introduced to measure antibodies to double-stranded (ds) DNA. In this method, polyethylene glycol precipitation of formed 3H-DNA/antiDNA complexes is used instead of the ammonium sulfate precipitation used in the Farr assay. In contrast to the Farr assay, with which only high-avidity antibodies to dsDNA are detected, the PEG assay also reportedly measures anti-dsDNA of relatively low avidity. We studied whether this gain in antibody measurement results in loss of specificity for systemic lupus erythematosus. When the PEG assay was applied to a selected panel of 440 sera from patients with various well-defined autoimmune diseases and to a group of 197 normal human control sera, matched sex and age to the patients, the method was found to be fairly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus, although the sera from some patients with myasthenia gravis and some with autoimmune liver disease were also found positive. Screening of 352 additional serum specimens, sent to our laboratory for diagnostic reasons, revealed that, with the PEG assay, an extra population of relatively low-avidity antibodies to dsDNA--missed by the Farr assay--was detected. Upon clinical evaluation, we found that the patients in whom such antibodies were detected generally fulfilled a number of the preliminary criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for systemic lupus erythematosus, but that this diagnosis often was not made. We claim that the presence of low-avidity antiDNA characterizes a milder form of the disease in which patients often show only a single clinical feature of the disease. We conclude that results of the PEG assay add valuable diagnostic and clinical information to results obtained by the Farr assay. PMID- 7092964 TI - Adult-onset Still's disease. Twenty-year followup and further studies of patients with active disease. AB - Eleven female patients with adult-onset Still's disease were followed for 7-36 years (mean 20.2 years) after the onset of their illness. Ten of these patients had a chronic course characterized by remissions and exacerbations of arthritis associated with fever and rash. Five patients had terminal interphalangeal involvement, and carpal ankylosis was demonstrated on x-ray film in 10. Two patients developed a widespread polyarthritis, and renal amyloidosis was diagnosed 10 years after disease onset in the most severely affected patient. In 4 patients studied during an exacerbation of the disease, circulating immune complexes were detected by the staphylococcal A binding assay, but not by the C1q binding assay. Synovial fluid analysis in 1 patient revealed a low C3 level and total hemolytic complement (CH50) together with immune complexes and IgG rheumatoid factor. Immune complexes were not identified in the characteristic Still's rash by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy, although mast cell degranulation, neutrophil lysis, and perivascular fibrin deposition were reminiscent of immune complex--mediated vascular injury. The clinical and laboratory features as well as the long-term course of adult- and juvenile-onset systemic Still's disease are similar, but further studies of genetic markers and immunopathology are required to establish a common pathophysiology. PMID- 7092965 TI - Modulation of chondrocyte synthesis by lymphokine-rich conditioned media. PMID- 7092966 TI - Vascular changes in psoriatic synovium. A light and electron microscopic study. AB - Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on the synovial membranes from the large joints of 12 patients with psoriatic arthritis. The most significant histopathologic findings were vascular changes that were characterized by endothelial cell swelling accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and marked thickening of the vessel wall. Fibrosis of the subsynoviocyte tissue was also prominent, especially in patients with chronic disease. Villi were not prominent, and the lining layer was not thickened. Both type A and B cells were seen; none had significant abnormalities. No electrondense deposits were observed. These findings lend further support to the theory that microvascular changes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its related arthritis. PMID- 7092968 TI - Ahpa: past, present, future. PMID- 7092967 TI - Post-mammoplasty connective tissue disease. PMID- 7092969 TI - Interphalangeal joint involvement in Gaucher's disease, type I, resembling juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7092970 TI - Eosinophilic synovial effusions complicating chronic urticaria and angioedema. PMID- 7092971 TI - Amyloid deposition in intervertebral discs of senescence-accelerated mouse. PMID- 7092972 TI - Depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in steroid-treated rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7092973 TI - Coexistent gout and systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7092974 TI - Treatment of Behcet's disease with levamisole. PMID- 7092975 TI - Giant cell arteritis associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. PMID- 7092977 TI - Clearance of subcutaneous implants of cholesterol in the rat promoted by oxidation products of cholesterol. A postulated role for oxysterols in preventing atherosclerosis. AB - Cholesterol in crystalline form cannot be readily cleared from tissue and in this form it is sclerogenic. Phospholipids can solubilise cholesterol, promote its clearance and reduce the sclerosis. The phospholipids accompanying cholesterol deposited in atherogenesis are not adequate to solubilise all the cholesterol. It has been found that some oxidation products of cholesterol act synergistically with phosphatidylcholine to enhance the solubility of cholesterol in vitro. The effect of these oxysterols on solubilisation and clearance of cholesterol in vivo was examined in rats by implanting subcutaneously tablets made of cholesterol, cholesterol plus oxysterols and both with phosphatidylcholine. Tablets containing oxysterols went into solution rapidly, were cleared completely and allowed regression of the initial fibrosis promoted by the sterol without needing exogenous phospholipid. Solubilisation and clearance seem to have been affected by endogenous phospholipid, possibly high density lipoproteins, and by macrophages. Tablets without oxysterols showed no clearance at all but were cleared in part when phosphatidylcholine was added. Oxidation products of cholesterol form readily in foods of animal origin when suitably exposed to light and air. It is suggested that technology designed to prevent spoilage of foods has inadvertently resulted in the elimination from the Western diet of compounds which prevent the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall. PMID- 7092976 TI - Long-lived labeling of phagocytic cells with analogs of atheroma lipids. AB - [3H]Trioleyl glyceryl ether and [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether were bound to Intralipid and injected intraperitoneally into mice. About 20% of the injected label was recovered from peritoneal macrophages up to 2 weeks after injection, and there was a gradual appearance of the label in the liver. Following injection of acetylated low density lipoprotein, labeled with [3H]trioleyl glyceryl ether, into rats, about 90% of the label appeared in the liver shortly after injection and all label was retained up to 73 days. The findings indicate that [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether and [3H]trioleyl glycerol can serve as non degradable analogs of atheroma lipids, which are readily taken up by macrophages when presented in the form of appropriate substrates. These preliminary results serve as basis for experiments designed to study the role of macrophages in the transport of atheroma lipids. PMID- 7092980 TI - The effect of vitamin C deficiency on the aorta of the guinea pig. PMID- 7092978 TI - Yucatan miniature swine as a model for diet-induced atherosclerosis. AB - Nine female Yucatan miniature swine, a breed not previously evaluated for their potential usefulness as a model for experimental atherosclerosis studies, were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 10-12 months. These swine and 4 control (low-fat, low-cholesterol-fed) swine underwent a complete necropsy at the end of this period to characterize the atherosclerosis both by gross and microscopic examination. Cholesterol feeding led to elevated serum cholesterol levels and the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. Control animals on a low-cholesterol diet had little gross or microscopic atherosclerosis. All of the cholesterol-fed swine had more extensive atherosclerosis than any of the controls by gross inspection of the Sudan-stained arterial tissue. There was individual variation suggesting the interaction of factors in addition to the plasma cholesterol which determine the extent and severity of atherosclerosis. However, it was possible to show a positive correlation between hypercholesterolemia and (1) intimal thickening in the terminal abdominal aorta and mesenteric artery, and (2) increased fat deposition in the mesenteric artery. The cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis was characterized by the deposition of lipid in and around cells. Complicated atherosclerotic lesions similar to human atherosclerosis were characterized by marked animal proliferation, necrosis, cholesterol crystal deposition, and calcification. It is concluded that the Yucatan miniature swine represent an important additional animal model in which to study certain aspects of atherosclerosis. PMID- 7092979 TI - Effect of danazol on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in normal women. AB - Prior studies of lipid and lipoprotein levels alterations associated with the administration of danazol, a testosterone derivative, in patients treated for endometriosis have been conflicting. We administered danazol to 7 normal menstruating women and measured plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels prior to and 2 months after treatment. Small, non-significant decreases in total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were seen, largely due to a dramatic decline in one woman with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. No significant change in low density or very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was seen. However, a marked (40%) reduction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the mean was found. These findings have implications for the atherogenic potential of danazol, the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and the relationship between gonadal hormones and lipoprotein levels. PMID- 7092981 TI - Discrepancies between data on atherosclerotic involvement of human coronary arteries furnished by gross inspection and by light microscopy. AB - Intimal areas located at centimetre intervals from the points of origin of the anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary arteries, as well as intimal areas located at the main branching points of the coronary tree, were compared on macro- and microscopic levels, irrespective of the presence or absence of atherosclerotic lesions in the regions selected. The study, carried out on 606 subjects aged 1-70 years, revealed important discrepancies between data furnished by gross inspection and by light microscopy. These discrepancies occurred in the recorded character of atherosclerotic lesions; the meaning of the terms 'fibrous plaque', 'fatty streak' and 'normal intima'; the age period in which the first atherosclerotic lesions were detected; the features of these early lesions and their sequence of development; and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the main branch vessels. The fibromuscular and mucoid plaques, intimal necrotic areas and incorporated microthrombi, occurring as early stages of atherosclerotic involvement, were visualized only by light microscopy. In mature adults and elderly people the intimal surface of many coronary artery samples had a different appearance from the basal intimal regions. PMID- 7092983 TI - Atherosclerotic involvement of human intracranial arteries with special reference to intimal necrosis. AB - In a population sample aged 1-70 years where the cause of death was violent accident, the prevalence of intimal necrosis varied between 31.5 and 95.1% of cases in the basilar artery and between 10.5 and 59.6% of cases in the anterior cerebral arteries. In both basilar and anterior cerebral arteries the first areas of intimal necrosis occurred one or two decades earlier than the first fibromuscular plaques and the first fatty streaks. In each age group investigated the percentage of subjects with intimal necrosis appearing as an independent lesion was consistently greater than the percentage of subjects with atherosclerotic plaques, fatty streaks or incorporated microthrombi. Successive observations of similar topographic points placed in sequence according to age showed that many areas of intimal necrosis may represent the first stage in the development of atheromas or fibronecrotic plaques. On the other hand, using the same material and method, we were unable to reveal in intracranial arteries of subjects aged 31-70 years the conversion of fatty streaks to fibrous plaques. PMID- 7092982 TI - Lipid metabolism in arteriosclerotic arterial wall of rats. AB - Arteriosclerotic lesions were formed in rat aorta by the administration of vitamin D2, a high-fat diet and a thyroid suppressing agent. This treatment increased the serum total cholesterol level to 12 times the control level. In the arteriosclerotic lesions that were induced the activities of lysosomal enzymes, such as acid phosphatase and acid lipase, were higher than in controls, that of acid cholesterol esterase was decreased, those of microsomal lipid-synthesizing enzymes--such as acyl-CoA synthetase and cholesterol ester synthesizing activity- were increased and that of neutral cholesterol esterase was decreased. These data suggest that lipid metabolism in arteriosclerotic lesions was changed, resulting in the accumulation of cholesterol esters in the aorta. Administration of high fat diet and thyroid suppressing agent also increased the serum cholesterol levels to 12-fold the control level, but did not induce arteriosclerotic lesions. After this treatment the activities of hydrolyzing enzymes, such as acid and neutral cholesterol esterase and lipase, in the aorta increased, but the activities of lipid synthesizing enzymes also increased. These data suggest that lipid metabolism in the aorta in this condition changed to compensate for the large influx of serum lipids and to prevent arteriosclerosis. The roles of the serum lipid level, cell injury and lipid metabolism in the aorta in forming arteriosclerotic lesions are discussed on the basis of these results. PMID- 7092984 TI - A new model for arteriosclerosis. An electron-microscopic study of the lesions induced by i.v. administered fat. AB - Lesions in the arterial wall induced in rats by means of intravenous injection of Lipofundin-S were studied by electron microscopy. The morphological changes in this model are the enlargement of the subendothelial space, proliferation of smooth muscle and accumulation of basement membrane-like material. These changes are a closer model for the fibro-proliferative aspects of human atherosclerosis than those seen in short-term (2-3 month) cholesterol feeding. Moreover, such changes are produced in 8 days rather than 2-3 month. These factors indicate that the Lipofundin-S model may be of value in testing anti-atherosclerotic drugs. PMID- 7092985 TI - The concentration of cholesterol in serum and in various serum lipoproteins in macrobiotic, vegetarian and non-vegetarian men and boys. AB - The concentrations of total and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol have been examined in groups of non-vegetarian, semi-lactovegetarian, lactovegetarian and marcobiotic men aged 30 39 years and boys aged 6-11 years. In the men, the concentration of total cholesterol ranged from 3.8 mmol/l in the macrobiotics to 5.5 mmol/l in the non vegetarians, while the concentration of HDL-cholesterol varied between 1.2 mmol/l and 1.4 mmol/l. The ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol varied from 0.23 in the non-vegetarian men to 0.31 in the macrobiotics and it was negatively related to the body mass index (ratio of weight to height2). In the boys the concentration of total cholesterol ranged from 3.4 mmol/l in the macrobiotics to 4.3 mmol/l in the semi-lactovegetarians, while the concentration of HDL cholesterol varied between 1.2 mmol/l to 1.4 mmol/l. The ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol was similar in the four groups (0.33-0.35). The concentration of cholesterol in various lipoprotein fractions separated by ultracentrifugation was also estimated in subsamples of the populations. The variation between groups in the concentration of HDL-cholesterol appeared to be largely due to variations in the concentration of cholesterol in the HDL2 fraction (1.063 less than rho 20 less than 1.125). PMID- 7092986 TI - Solubility of cholesterol in vitro promoted by oxidation products of cholesterol. AB - Compounds promoting the solubility of cholesterol could have a role in preventing its crystallisation and accumulation in tissue and in body fluids. A small quantity of phosphatidylcholine added to a supersaturated solution of cholesterol in a triglyceride oil has limited capacity to maintain solubility of cholesterol. Small quantities of oxidation products of cholesterol (oxysterols) have no material effect on the solubility of cholesterol in this system. However, the combination of phosphatidylcholine and oxysterols effectively maintains cholesterol in stable solution. In aqueous medium, the capacity of phosphatidylcholine to solubilise a molar excess of cholesterol is greatly increased by oxysterols. Oxidation products of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine acting synergistically enhance enormously the solubility of cholesterol both in supersaturated solution in a triglyceride oil and in aqueous medium. PMID- 7092988 TI - [Adrenal gland cyst]. AB - The authors present a case with a large pseudocyst (20 x 10 x 10 cm.) of the suprarenal gland containing tho liters of clear yellow liquid. It had pushed the right kidney entirely to the left retroperitoneum. On IVU there can be observed a crossed ectopia of the right kidney as well as the shadow of the tumorous formation in the right half of the abdomen. On angiography the right renal artery origins from its normal place, from the right side of aorta, but later it bands medially, crosses aorta over its front side and enters the right kidney, which is now placed under the left kidney. The left renal artery has a normal course. The branches of both arteries inside the kidneys are normal. The right suprarenal artery comes out together with the phrenical artery; it is pushed back in an arc like form and ramifies over the avascular formation - the cyst. The operation confirmed the diagnosis. The suprarenal gland cyst was removed by a partial resection of the right suprarenal gland and nephropexy of the right kidney to the twelfth rib was done. IVU following the operation demonstrated a normal situation. There are also mentioned the difficulties in classification, pathohistology and pathogenesis of this illness. PMID- 7092987 TI - Percutaneous intrahepatic chemotherapy via indwelling portal vein catheter and subcutaneous injection reservoir. PMID- 7092989 TI - [Combined therapy of patients with sepsis resulting from peritonitis]. PMID- 7092992 TI - [Intermittent peridural anesthesia in treating arthrosis deformans of the lower extremities]. PMID- 7092994 TI - [Indices of overall physical work capacity as criteria of the adequacy of rehabilitative measures for children with chronic pneumonia]. PMID- 7092993 TI - [Etiological role of bacterial and nonbacterial infection in pyelonephritis in children]. PMID- 7092990 TI - [Effect of combination treatment with preoperative gamma-therapy on the functional state of gastrin-producing cells in gastric cancer]. PMID- 7092997 TI - [Differential diagnosis of mechanical and intrahepatic jaundice using an ultrasonic gray scale imaging]. PMID- 7092996 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of radioprotective agents judged from their protection of bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 7092991 TI - [Lipid granules: 1 of the compartments of lipid synthesis in the yeast cell]. PMID- 7092995 TI - [Results of immunological and morphological examination of patients with tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes]. PMID- 7092998 TI - [Skeletal neoplasms (study experience of 1483 cases)]. AB - An evaluation of 1,483 case histories (245 benign tumors and tumor-like lesions, 180 giant cell tumors and 1,058 bone sarcomas) furnished by the 1952-1980 registry of the Center for Oncology Research is presented. Brief descriptions of certain skeletal neoplasms are given. It is suggested that the use of information available at specialized registries and reference centers may be instrumental in a wide-range study of bone tumors. PMID- 7092999 TI - [Relative strength of complex unconditioned reflexes in the rat]. PMID- 7093000 TI - [Ability of Corvidae to operate with the empirical dimensions of figures after destruction of the Wulst and archicortex]. PMID- 7093002 TI - [Genetic correlation analysis of schizophrenia based on different clinico diagnostic classifications]. PMID- 7093001 TI - [Serological types of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from humans and from environment]. AB - A total of 1061 Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from patients with different clinical manifestations of yersiniosis (acute intestinal disease, hepatitis, generalized infection, meningitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic intestinal disease), from foodstuffs, from animals and from open water reservoirs have been studied. This study has revealed that the strains of serovars 09 and 03 are mainly isolated from humans (66% and 30.5% of cases, respectively). The strains of serovar 05B occur in 3%, and serovar 08 in 0.5% of cases. The clinical manifestations of infection have not been found to depend on the serovar of the strain causing this infection. All Yersinia serovars produced infections in children and adults with equal frequency. Y. enterocolitica strains belonging mainly to serovars 09, 03 and, less commonly, 05B and 08 circulate in different areas of our country. The same serovars of Yersinia have been isolated from foodstuffs (milk, meat, vegetables) and washings obtained from various objects of the environment, which indicates their role as the factors of infection transfer. PMID- 7093004 TI - [Participation of the myocardium in the formation of the pulmonary vein wall of small mammals (a quantitative study)]. AB - The thickness of the layer of cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the pulmonary veins was studied and quantitatively evaluated. The thickness of the intrapulmonary myocardial layer in the tunica adventitia of the venous wall depends on the body mass of the animal. This relation can be expressed by a hyperbola. In animals with the body mass of approximately 50-400 g, the venous pulmonary myocardium can be observed only as a continuous coat in the intrapulmonary veins up to the diameter of 170 mcm. In animals with the body mass of approximately 3--50 g, the myocardial layer reaches all branches of the pulmonary veins up to the diameter of 50--100 mcm. PMID- 7093005 TI - [Nature of the autoimmune process in rabbits with chronic exposure to the dispersant HF]. PMID- 7093006 TI - [Method of studying leukocyte function in physiological hygiene experiments]. PMID- 7093003 TI - [Electroacupuncture as the method of preanesthesia management in gynecological surgery]. PMID- 7093007 TI - [Reduction of the vibration of hand drills]. PMID- 7093008 TI - [The "Abris" multisensor contourograph in preradiation topometry]. PMID- 7093010 TI - [Roentgenkymography in the complex diagnosis of subacute and chronic forms of pulmonary artery thromboembolism]. PMID- 7093009 TI - [Problems in the conservative treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 7093011 TI - [Population study of periodic endogenous psychoses (demographic data and comparative features of the clinical course)]. AB - Prevalence and regularities of the course of affective and schizoaffective psychoses (969 observations) were studied. The studies have shown that the intensity of the clinical manifestations of manic-depressive psychoses becomes greater in senior age groups, while in cases of schizoaffective psychoses the patients of those groups show a simplification of the clinical picture and a transition of the disease course to a subclinical level. Studies of some characteristics of the premorbid social adaptation demonstrated that in patients with the affective psychoses the respective indices were higher than in patients with recurrent schizophrenia. The data obtained give one grounds to believe that the hyperadaptation of patients with the affective psychoses is associated with the patients' specific personal turn of mind. PMID- 7093012 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of praziquantel and chloxyl in experimental opisthorchiasis in golden hamsters]. PMID- 7093013 TI - [Clinical, radiological and genetic characteristics of various types of short limb dwarfism in the newborn infant]. PMID- 7093014 TI - [Gaucher's disease]. PMID- 7093015 TI - [Distal tubular acidosis with bicarbonate loss]. PMID- 7093016 TI - [Aberrant ascariasis]. PMID- 7093017 TI - [Holt syndrome: an autosomal dominant, heterogeneous, acral malformation]. PMID- 7093018 TI - [Chronic diarrhea]. PMID- 7093020 TI - [The child, his physician and how to educate him]. PMID- 7093019 TI - [Primary nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 7093021 TI - [Causes of readmission to an oral rehydration service]. PMID- 7093022 TI - [Nature and prognosis of nephrotic syndrome in the 1st year of life]. PMID- 7093023 TI - [Endocrine physiology of the infant]. PMID- 7093024 TI - [Hepatic mesenchymatous hamartoma in children]. PMID- 7093026 TI - [Type I trichorhinophalangeal syndrome]. PMID- 7093025 TI - [Gilbert's disease. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 7093027 TI - [Acute tumor lysis. A problem in pediatric oncology]. PMID- 7093028 TI - [Necrotizing enteritis and mucoviscidosis]. PMID- 7093029 TI - [Scientific medical journals: high-risk patients?]. PMID- 7093030 TI - [Renal function in the fetus and the newborn infant]. PMID- 7093033 TI - [Rapid test for the diagnosis of onchocercosis]. PMID- 7093032 TI - [Effect of the administration of adsorbents on the bacterial flora of the rat intestine]. PMID- 7093031 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid in premature newborn infants during the neonatal period. I. Biochemical aspects]. PMID- 7093035 TI - [Post-pneumonia pleural empyema in children]. PMID- 7093034 TI - [Significance of fever in systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood]. PMID- 7093036 TI - [Complications of venous catheterization. Radiology and ultrasound in the diagnosis and evolution of a case]. PMID- 7093037 TI - [Faciodigitogenital (Aarskog-Scott) syndrome]. PMID- 7093038 TI - [Malignant dysgerminoma of the ovary]. PMID- 7093039 TI - [Human communication in the child]. PMID- 7093040 TI - [Psychological and behavioral aspects of arterial hypertension: current status in the USA (summary of the report of the Scientific Commission)]. PMID- 7093041 TI - [New data on the state of the sympathetic-adrenal system in hypertension]. AB - Levels of catecholamines in blood, excretion of DOPA, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined in 99 hypertensive patients and 22 healthy persons. Walking for an hour and intake of L-DOPA in a dose of 3 mg/kg of body mass were used as functional tests. There was noted an increase in activity and reactivity of the sympathoadrenal system at early stages of the disease with its gradual reduction in the courses of the disease. In all the patients, with the exception of stable hypertensive patients with crisis, there was noted an increase in the biosynthesis of dopamine which is considered as a possible compensatory protective mechanism opposing pressor actions. An increase in the biosynthesis of noradrenaline was found at early stages of the disease in people with hyperreactivity and, in particular, in hypertension with crisis. Stable hypertension was characterized by the tendency to a decrease in the biosynthesis of noradrenaline, more expressed in patients with crisis. PMID- 7093043 TI - [Prognostic significance of the physical loading test for detecting persons with a risk of developing arterial hypertension (a prospective epidemiological study)]. AB - The analysis of data of the prospective epidemiologic survey of the male population aged 40-59 of one of the Moscow districts determined relative limits of normal values of the BP reaction during the exercise test on the treadmill. The incidence was found of different BP reaction types to exercise in the examined population. There was determined prognostic significance of the exercise test on the treadmill for detection of persons at risk of the development of arterial hypertension. PMID- 7093042 TI - [Role of hereditary factors in producing elevated arterial pressure in children with adolescents (International Cooperative Study on Juvenile Arterial Hypertension)]. AB - In 1977 in the cooperating centres (Moscow, Budapest, Berlin, Habana) 17,628 schoolchildren born in 1964, were examined, and a group was distinguished with increased BP (1862 children) and 10% random samples of the examined schoolchildren with normal BP. All the parents of the examined schoolchildren, including grandparents, were mailed questionnaire which concerned the family anamnesis, in particular, cases of cardiovascular diseases. The mailed questionnaires were answered by 74% of parents which permits one to judge about a high authenticity of the obtained results. The analysis of the results obtained by that questionnaire affirmed a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases found in relatives of the children with increased BP than in relatives of the children with normal BP. PMID- 7093044 TI - [Combined renal forms of symptomatic arterial hypertension]. AB - In high arterial hypertension conditioned by main renal arteries stenosis of different genesis, 21.1% of patients were found to have a combination of renovascular hypertension with parenchymatous renal diseases, most often chronic pyelonephritis. The incidence of development of the malignant hypertension syndrome in combined lesions was noted to be 1.5 times higher than in isolated renovascular hypertension and makes 38.8% of patients. The described features of the clinical course, laboratory, radiological and radionuclide data as well as morphologic state of kidneys make it possible to distinguish this form of symptomatic hypertension as a special one, that is renovascular-parenchymatous hypertension. PMID- 7093046 TI - [Fluorescein angiographic studies of the perilimbal conjunctiva and limbus in hypertension]. AB - Seventeen patients with vegetovascular dystonia with hypertensive reactions, 19 patients with essential hypertension at IB-IIA stages, and 26 hypertensive patients at IIB stage of the disease underwent fluorescein-angiographic study of the perilimbal conjunctiva and limb. The advantage of this method as compared to the biomicroscopic one, is that it allows one to obtain objectively documented information on the state of vessels and velocity of blood flow in them. It was established that by the method of fluorescein-angiography of the perilimbal conjunctiva region and limb there may be detected pathologic changes in the microcirculation of the field under study not only at early stages of essential hypertension but also in vegetovascular dystonia patients with hypertensive reactions, when changes on the fundus of the eye were absent. PMID- 7093047 TI - [Clinical laboratory analysis of the course of malignant symptomatic arterial hypertension]. AB - The work delineates the experience in diagnoses and treatment of 230 patients with the malignant arterial hypertension syndrome that made 7.37% of all hypertensive patients treated in the USSR Research Centre of Cardiology. The analysis is presented of the data on the frequency of arising of this syndrome in different forms of symptomatic arterial hypertensions as well as essential hypertension, on characteristics of its clinical course and complications. PMID- 7093045 TI - [131I-cholesterol scintigraphy and computerized tomography of the adrenals in the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome]. AB - Thirty patients with severe arterial hypertension of supposedly adrenal genesis underwent computer tomography (CTG) and scintigraphy of the adrenal glands by I131-cholesterol. Fifteen patients were not found to have hypertension of adrenal genesis. According to the CTG and scintigraphy data, 10 patients were found to have adenomas in one or two adrenal glands, the diagnoses in 8 of them being verified during operations. In 3 patients with normal CTG of the adrenal glands, hyperplasia of their glomerular zone was revealed. In 2 patients with changed CTG and normal scintigraphic picture of the adrenal glands, operations revealed cystic degeneration. Disparity of CTG and the adrenal glands scintigraphy data was observed in two cases: in incapsulated adenoma and in hyperplasia of the adrenal glomerular zone. Both of those methods, were, evidently, valuable equally inthe diagnosis of aldosteronomas of the adrenal glands, and in a number of cases they were mutually complementary. PMID- 7093048 TI - [Continuous long-term treatment with diuretics of hypertension and the status of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]. AB - One hundred fifty eight patients with essential hypertension (both in- and out patients) at stages IIA and IIB were treated with diuretics: furosemide (120 mg/day) during three days followed by hydrochlorothiazide in the doses that allow maintaining the renal sodium and water transport of the changed level. Criteria developed for prognosis of the efficiency of diuretic therapy according to the degree of reduction of the mean BP and plasma renin activity after 3-day furosemide intake; indications were worked out for a simultaneous prescription of the potassium-sparing drug amiloride. A good hypotensive effect was noted (reduction of the mean BP by 10 mm Hg) during the first month of treatment in 60 and 70% of in-patients, and in 22 and 40% out-patients with IIB and IIA stages of the disease, respectively. During 6 months of prolonged treatment with diuretics (1-2 years) the sensitivity of the patients to the therapy was increased that permitted the dose of hydrochlorothiazide to be reduced to 25 mg a day or every other day. Patients with good hypotensive effect of therapy were noted to have less pronounced degree of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, than that in patients with ineffective treatment. PMID- 7093049 TI - [Results of the active detection and 2-year treatment of arterial hypertension at a polyclinic]. AB - Patients with arterial hypertension (AH) in one of out-patient clinics (group I) were actively treated and supervised during two years according to a special programme, the elements of which had been adjusted to the conditions and possibilities of an out-patient clinic. Patients with arterial hypertension in another clinic (group II) were treated in a conventional way by district physicians. This work proves the possibility of taking a complex of active measures against AH in a municipal out-patient clinic, which allows one to improve significantly the aid to patients with AH and to increase the number of patients treated and receiving an adequate treatment. PMID- 7093051 TI - Photooxidation of epinephrine sensitized by methylene blue as an assay for the evaluation of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine as a free radical scavenger. AB - Free radicals, which are instable intermediates of some biochemical reactions, are produced everywhere in the living matter. They may induce cell membrane lipid peroxidation, with non reversible letal effects. Alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine capability of scavenging free radicals has been tested. H2O2 has been used as a free radical donor under actinic light, epinephrine oxidation to adrenochrome as a revealing system and methylene blue as sensitizing agent. alpha-MPG at 6 mM concentration showed the maximal inhibition of free radical formation in our system. Higher concentrations were unable to produce further inhibition. PMID- 7093052 TI - Cardiac output and cardiac load during isometric exercise in man. AB - Cardiac output, heart rate, arterial pressure and indirect left ventricular oxygen consumption have been measured in three subjects during isometric contractions (50-170 kg) of the plantar flexors until fatigue was reached and during walking on a treadmill. Cardiac output was linearly related to VO2 for both exercises. However, for the same VO2, Q was four times higher during isometric effort than during walking. In the last 15 s of static tasks, HR was linearly increasing to VO2 and AP reached values of 160 and 125 Torr (systolic and diastolic respectively) independently of VO2. For comparable VO2 in static and isotonic exercises myocardial O2 uptake was doubled during isometric rather than during the isotonic exercise. PMID- 7093050 TI - [Late treatment results in arterial hypertension due to renal artery lesion in nonspecific aortoarteritis]. AB - Results of conservative and operative treatment were evaluated in 34 patients with renovascular hypertension conditioned by non-specific aorta-arteritis with lesion of the renal arteries. There were noted late results of surgical treatment in 67% of patients in which the disease was elucidated at early stages and preliminary anti-inflammatory and hypotensive therapy was applied. A prolonged dispensary supervision for prevention and treatment of the disease exacerbation and recurrences of arterial hypertension was noted to be indicated for patients with non-specific aorta-arteritis. PMID- 7093053 TI - [Rapid method for the identification of esterase-positive cells in suspensions of mononuclear cells separated by a Ficoll-Paque gradient]. AB - Cytochemical staining for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity is widely used for identifying monocytes in mixed cell populations; esterase staining is usually performed on slide prepartions of whole blood, buffy coat or Ficoll-Paque separated mononuclear cells (MC). In this paper we propose a method for staining MC while they are in suspension, which utilizes, with slight modifications, the same reagents used in the procedure for esterase staining on smears. Suspension method is rapid and costless; furthermore, it overcomes the loss of esterase stainability observed in slide preparations of Ficoll-Paque separated MC.U PMID- 7093054 TI - [Percentage of monocytes in preparations of mononuclear cells from normal subjects: evaluation by a new rapid method for the identification of esterase positive cells]. AB - A rapid suspension method for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining has been utilized to evaluate monocytes percentages in Ficoll-Paque separated mononuclear cells (MC) from normal individuals. In MC preparations from 24 normal subjects a mean percentage of 8% monocytes has been found, with a range from 2% to 20%. Cell fractions depleted of T-lymphocytes by rosette sedimentation showed 43% of esterase positive cells (range 31-53%), while very few monocytes (2%) appeared to contaminate the preparations of E-rosetting cells. The method for esterase staining of monocytes while they are in suspension is very simple and permits a rapid and accurate evaluation of monocyte percentages in mixed cell preparations. PMID- 7093055 TI - [Morphometric method for the calculation of photographic areas]. AB - The investigation shows that, superimposing a transparent size unit known squared Reticle on a photographic image while printing, it's possible to calculate the area of image (directly) counting the reticle's squares taken up from image, or (indirectly) calculating the difference between the whole number of squares in the photographic field delimited by the major axes of image and one of squares free from image. PMID- 7093056 TI - [Stomach distension in the acute vagotomized cat and gastric motor responses evoked by stimulation of excitatory vagal fibers before and after splanchnicectomy]. PMID- 7093057 TI - [Stomach distension in the acute vagotomized cat and gastric motor responses evoked by stimulation of inhibitory vagal fibers, before and after splanchnicectomy]. PMID- 7093058 TI - [Neuro-histological study on the innervation of the utero-vaginal tract in Gallus gallus]. AB - The authors studied the nervous component present at the level of the utero vaginal tract in the chicken using the tecniques of Ruffin's gold impregnation and the specific histologic stains (Bodian and Holmes method). A vast vegetative nervous network was also described which acts as a mechanical support for numerous gangliar formations of various size disposed along nerve fasciculi as well as a cospicuous sensory contingent represented by Ruffini and Pacinian (similar to those of Herbst) corpuscles and free nerve endings. PMID- 7093060 TI - [In vitro analysis of the adsorbent capacity of activated charcoal versus polyamines in a recirculating circuit]. PMID- 7093059 TI - [Inhibition of fructose-induced hyperuricacidemia by pretreatment with phosphates]. AB - To test the hypothesis that intravenous injections of fructose rapidly decreases liver ATP and Pi and results in the rapid degradation of adenine nucleotides and hyperuricemia, fructose was administered intravenously to a group of normal and gouty subjects; 4 gouty patients were treated with a phosphate solution prior fructose loading. The results obtained show that fructose administration plus phosphate solution prevents Pi depletion and inhibits fructose-induced hyperuricemia. PMID- 7093061 TI - [Effect of pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin on sodium taurolithocholic acid induced cholestasis]. PMID- 7093062 TI - [Monitoring system of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism. Part II. Relationship between internal jugular O2 tention and cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. AB - Changes of PjO2 values of internal jugular vein were monitored in patients with various types of cerebrovascular disease. The significance of PjO2 monitoring was evaluated. 1) Control value of PjO2 in thirteen normal control cases was 36.7 +/- 1.9 mmHg (mean +/- SD). 2) Limit of brain hypoxia showing no neurological sign and symptom in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease was studied by the stepwise reduction of arterial blood pressure, using drip infusion of trymetaphan camsylate, under the careful monitoring of signs and symptoms and monitoring of PjO2 and EEG. Appearance of signs and symptoms of brain hypoxia were checked by yawning and EEG slowing. At the time of the appearance of brain hypoxia PjO2 was 28.6 +/- 3.2 mmHg. 3) CO2 reactivity of CBF was studied in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Relation between PaCO2 and PjO2 was as follows; PjO2 = 0.68 . PaCO2 + 7.55 4) Within 24 hours after the onset of stroke, ipsilateral PjO2 of the cases with disturbance of consciousness was lower than that of the cases without disturbance of consciousness, which might indicate the significant decrease of CBF in the former cases. During 3rd to 7th day after the onset the cases with disturbance of consciousness showed the significant elevation of PjO2, which might indicate the reduction of cerebral metabolism. 5) The elevation of ipsilateral PjO2 were well correlated to the degree of hemispheric brain swelling. 6) During general convulsion, high level of PjO2 values were observed. 7) PjO2 values were inversely correlated to the hemoglobin values after blood transfusion, which was mainly due to the decrease of CBF by high content of hemoglobin. PMID- 7093063 TI - [Anatomical asymmetries of the frontal and parietal lobes (author's transl)]. AB - The anatomical asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres were described by several investigators. These evaluations were done in postmortem condition. With the introduction of the CT scan, the cytoarchitecture of the human brain in vivo are well appreciated. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the functional and anatomical asymmetries on the frontal and parietal lobes. PMID- 7093066 TI - [Scotomatous defects in the central visual field, associated with pituitary tumor -a case report (author's transl)]. AB - A rare case which showed scotomatous defects in the left central visual field was presented. A 51 year-old man was admitted to our clinic because of the visual deterioration. In neuroradiological examinations the left carotid angiography showed elevation of both A1 portions and CT suggested pituitary tumor. On February 5, 1980 radical operation was carried out, in which it was confirmed that part of the optic nerve was concave and split longitudinally with a compression of the pituitary adenoma. Postoperative course was uneventful and recovery from the defects in the central visual field was quickly. In this case longitudinal splitting of unilateral optic nerve, caused by gradual compression of supra- or parasellar tumor, was considered as one cause of scotomatous defects in the central visual field. In addition, visual status of forty six cases of pituitary adenoma which had been operated at our clinic during the past fourteen years was analysed both pre- and post-operatively, compared with the case described above. PMID- 7093064 TI - [Congenital Minamata disease accompanied by arachnoid cyst (author's transl)]. AB - A male, born on December 8, 1956, during the period when many Minamata diseases broke out in a district. His parents who ate much fish and shell fish taken in Minamata Bay suffered from the light, incomplete Minamata disease showing sensory disturbance, the constriction of the visual field, muscular weakness, etc. He weighed 3,225 gr. upon the normal birth given 10 months after pregnancy. His abnormalities were noted since his head was not stabilized on the neck even six months after the birth. Because of the delay in the development of the motor function, he became barely able to sit, stand up and begin walking at the ages of 3, 5 and 6 respectively. In 1962 (at the age of 6), his congenital Minamata disease was diagnosed in view of his clinical symptoms and epidemiological conditions. The mercury value in the hair and blood upon the birth is not known because a considerable time had elapsed after the birth when his mercury poisoning was discovered. However, the clinical symptoms included intelligence disturbance, character change, dysarthria, primitive reflexes, strabismus, hypersalivation, ataxia and hyperkinesia, indicating a typical congenital Minamata disease. Until he became 13 years old (1969) or so, his mental and motor function developed, both gradually. In the same year, he was admitted to a special class for the handicapped. EEG examination revealed that there was a slow alpha activity in the basic pattern and that 6 Hz positive spike was found in the sleep EEG. The constriction of the visual field was classified through examination.2+ PMID- 7093065 TI - [Effect of interferon inducer (poly ICLC) in the treatment of malignant brain tumor (author's transl)]. AB - Interferon inducing activity, antitumor activity and toxicity of poly ICLC (poly IC stabilized with poly L-Lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose) in rodents were studied. SD strain rats were injected intravenously with poly IC or poly ICLC. Interferon in rat plasma was assayed by a plaque reduction method using stomatitis virus. The peak level of plasma interferon of the poly ICLC injection rat was as high as that of poly IC injection rat, and in the former, high level of plasma interferon persisted for 4-12 hours. Next, brain tumor-bearing rats were treated intravenously with poly ICLC and observed for death daily. Weekly treatment with 1 mg/kg of poly ICLC increased the mean survival time although no antitumor effect was observed with poly IC. The LD 50 value of poly IC was 33.5 mg/kg, and that of poly ICLC was 18.6 mg/kg and as to poly ICLC administration, no remarkable side effect was recognized below the dose of 1.5 mg/kg. In clinical trials, poly ICLC was given intravenously at the dose of 0.05-0.2 mg/kg to 9 patients with malignant brain tumor. (6 patients were glioblastoma, 1 was astrocytoma, and 2 were ependymoma.) In 2 patients, poly ICLC was administered once, in 2 patients twice, in 2 patients 3 times, and in 3 patients more than 5 times. The interval of each administration was 7 days. Poly ICLC induced high level of serum interferon (more than 100 reference unit/ml) in all patients and over 100 unit/ml of interferon was maintained for 24 hours. The highest interferon titer induced was 875 unit/ml. The most frequently encountered toxic reaction was fever, which occurred in all cases. The mean peak temperature elevation was 1.9 degrees C, which usually occurred 4-8 hours after drug administration. Modest hypotention was detected in one case. Leucopenia was detected in 3 cases. These abnormalities were all modest, and improved in a few days. As to the effect of poly ICLC, neurological improvement was recognized in 3 cases, and in one of them, remission on CT scan was also recognized. PMID- 7093067 TI - [Late vascular effects in irradiated mice brain: in relation to experimental radionecrosis (author's transl)]. AB - The whole brains of mice were irradiated with 250 kVp X-ray at 120 rad min-1 (1.6 mm Cu HVL, TSD 50 cm) and a histological study was done. The dose range of X irradiation was from 1300 to 2500 rads. i.e., 1300, 1500, 1750, 2000, and 2500 rads. In the microscopic examination, the mice were killed at the regular postirradiation intervals of between 15 and 20, 31 and 40, 41 and 50, 51 and 60, 61 and 70, 71 and 80, 81 and 90, 139 and 177 weeks. A histological examination was performed by a morphometric estimation of vascular lesion in which the degree of the damage to the arterial system was scored through whole serial brain sections. Necrosis (encephalomalacia), atrophy, cell infiltration, and telangiectatic vascular change of the brain, caused as a result of the fibrinoid necrosis of the large artery were observed. Incidence of the fibrinoid necrosis increased dose dependently between 41 and 87 weeks after irradiation. Mean score of fibrinoid necrosis increased dose dependently approximately 60 weeks after irradiation. It is suggested that scores of large vessel damage do relate to dose at 41-87 weeks and can be used to quantify the vessel injury and a fibrinoid necrosis of the large vessels may relate to the incidence of radionecrosis. PMID- 7093069 TI - [Neuropathological study of Menkes' kinky hair disease: on the mechanism of development of cerebrovascular lesions (author's transl)]. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of development of cerebrovascular lesions in Menkes' kinky hair disease (MKHD), the authors examined the brain and its vasculature of an autopsied case of this disease in light and electron microscopy. The gross and light microscopic examinations revealed that focal degeneration including pseudolaminar necrosis of cerebral cortices roughly concentrated on the gyri in and around the Sylvian fissures where tortuous vessels with congestion and dilatation were most prominently present. Despite their conspicuous irregularity in shape of the lumens and in thickness of the walls, the vessels were devoid of significant changes in elastic lamina and intima. In contrast, mitochondrial disease manifested by enlargement and/or rounding of mitochondria with tubular cristae and dense body as well as vacuolar degeneration were noted in various sizes of vessels in endothelial cells, pericytes and medial muscle cells, which exhibited various degrees of degeneration. On the other hand the preliminary observation had disclosed the mitochondrial changes of the same character in the neurons in various structures of this brain, such as Purkinje cells, granule cells, and neurons in cerebral cortex, thalamus and globus pallidus, and even in glial cells. Therefore it seemed reasonable to consider that the mitochondrial disease in MKHD might be ubiquituous in the brain including its vasculature. The observations of various degrees of degeneration of vessel wall cells due to mitochondrial disease and of irregular proliferation of reticulin fibrils in the spaces among degenerated muscle cells of the tunica media may be the evidences responsible for the tortuosity, dilatation and congestion of vessels, which eventually give rise to the vascular lesions in the brain parenchyme in MKHD. The findings of increased numbers of enlarged specific granules in the endothelium of dilated vessels, and dense material accumulation in their perivascular spaces with proliferation of basal lamina may have something to do with dilatation of small vessels and alteration of their blood brain barrier. PMID- 7093068 TI - [Computed tomographic measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by xenon enhancement (author's transl)]. AB - The present study was conducted to overcome some of disadvantages of cerebral blood flow study by radionuclide, such as poor regionality of flow values and errors involved in pathological brains. Serial CT scanning was carried out during and after inhalation of 50 to 70% non-radioactive xenon in humans. Diffusible gas with high atomic number enhanced gray matter first 19 +/- 4 HU (mean +/- SD) on an average in Hounsfield unit (HU) and later white matter 24 +/- 4 HU. In seven normal subjects, blood flow in gray matter was 82 +/- 11 and that in white matter 24 +/- 5 ml/100 gm/min. Partition coefficient which is not readily obtainable by radionuclide study was 0.9 +/- 0.1 in normal gray matter and 1.4 +/- 0.2 in normal white matter. Two cases were presented to show k-map (clearance rate), lambda-map (partition coefficient) and CBF map, which displayed images of values calculated automatically, in black and white or color on CRT. The first case was a patient with metastatic brain tumor from lung in the left parietal region. The blood flow of the tumor was close to that of gray matter, whereas blood flow of edematous white matter surrounding the tumor was decreased to below 10 ml/100 g/min with partition coefficient ranged from 0 to 0.9. The second case was presented to demonstrate the resolution of the blood flow map obtained by this method. Multiple lacunar infarcts of the basal ganglia and white matter in the size of 1 to 3 mm, which were hardly identified on regular CT picture, were well visualized on CBF map. This method appeared to have several advantages over conventional isotope method and to provide useful clinical and research informations. PMID- 7093070 TI - [Electrokinetic property of brain tumor cells by the aid of free flow electrophoresis (author's transl)]. AB - Malignant transformation in tumors is characterized by changes in cell surface components such as glycolipids and glycoproteins and is determined by the sialic acid content of the glycoconjugates. Our purpose was to investigate whether or not a similar change occurred in the brain tumor cells during malignant transformation. Change in the electrical charge of the cell surface was studied by means of cell electrophoresis. Experimental cell lines of rat gliomas and fibroblasts were cultured and compared for electrical charge by cell electrophoresis. Four various grade gliomas and three meningiomas from human subjects were cultured and compared for electrical charge by cell electrophoresis. Free flow electrophoresis (Elphar Vap 5) was used because it characteristically does not interfere with the use of the cells for biochemical and biological studies following electrophoresis and because it also allows the possibility of subsequent cell culture. The rat glioma cells had lower electrical charges than the fibroblasts, and the human malignant brain tumor cells exhibited lower electrical charges than the benign tumor cells. These findings suggest a lower sialic acid content in malignant than in benign tumors and agree with theories which postulate a decrease in sialic acid content accompanying malignant transformation. This differentiation between benign and malignant tumors was made on the basis of the cell surface electrical charge and could be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 7093071 TI - [Vasculo-Behcet's disease with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis--case report (author's transl)]. AB - The patient is a 30-year-old man who has suffered from recurrent attacks of tonsilitis, oral aphthae and scrotal ulcerations, erythema nodosum and thrombophlebitis. In April, 1980, he gradually developed headache and visual disturbance. On April 14, 1980, he was pointed out remarked bilateral choked disc by an ophthalmologist and then admitted to the Miyazaki Medical College Hospital. On admission to our service, he showed atypical symptoms of Behcet's disease, namely, oral aphthae and scrotal ulcerations, erythema nodosum and bilateral choked disc. Laboratory data demonstrated hyperimmunoglobulinemia, increased clotting factors and decreased fibrinolytic activity. Immunogenetically, HLA BW51 type was demonstrated. The angiograms showed complete obstructions of the superior sagittal sinus and the common trunk of the femoral artery. Histological examination of the skin lesion demonstrated atypical chronic inflammation and thrombophlebitis. A diagnosis of atypical Vasculo-Behcet's disease was made. The response to the steroid therapy was dramatic, though the fibrinolytic drugs, anticoagulants and vasodilators were not effective. Thrombophlebitis is a well recognized complication of Behcet's disease occurring in major vessels, however thrombosis of the dural sinus has rarely reported. This case may be the first one which had superior sagittal sinus thrombosis with Vasculo-Behcet's disease in literature. We discussed the mechanism of the thrombogenesis, the relationship to HLA, the coexistence of Neuro-Behcet's disease and the therapy of Vasculo Behcet's disease. PMID- 7093073 TI - [Multiplane postmortem cerebral computed angiotomography--Part I. Normal anatomy of cerebral vessels on the axial plane (author's transl)]. AB - Cranial computed tomography has been mainly used for detection of the parenchymal space-occupying lesion, and has had the limitation of detection of the cerebrovascular lesion itself because of low CT resolution. However, high resolution CT scanners have recently brought us the possibility of definition of fine cerebral vessels on CT images using an appropriate injection method of contrast agents (cerebral computed angiotomography). This paper concerns the normal anatomy of the cerebral vasculature on CT images using 9 fresh cadavers with normal intracranial structures. They received the postmortem injection of contrast agents through bilateral common carotid and vertebral arteries, and were undertaken the multiplane CT scanning with the axial, modified coronal, Towne (half-axial) and the semisagittal projections using GE-CT/T 8800 (9.6 sec scanning time, 320 x 320 matrices). The normal anatomy of cerebral vessels on the axial plane, obtained at the levels 10 to 90 mm above the canthomeatal line, is presented in this paper. Main visualized vessels in the posterior fossa were the basilar artery, the cranial loop of the PICA, the AICA from the origin to the hemispheric branches including the meatal loop in the cerebellopontine angle cistern, and the SCA from the ambient and quadrigeminal segments to the lateral marginal and superior hemispheric branches. The circle of Willis and other main cerebral arteries were clearly visualized with their small branches, for example, the posterior communicating, the anterior choroidal and the lenticulostriate arteries. Deep cerebral veins were also visualized at the levels of the midbrain, the middle and the roof of third ventricle, and the body of lateral ventricle. Postmortem cerebral computed angiotomography provided us not only the precise anatomy of the cerebral vasculatures, but also their anatomic relations with the surrounding structures such as cerebral parenchyma, ventricles, cisterns and other subarachnoid spaces. On the clinical point of view, cerebral computed angiotomography can be applied to the screening system of vascular lesions themselves such as asymptomatic aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and Moyamoya disease. PMID- 7093072 TI - [The influence of pentobarbital and Y-9179 on regional cerebral blood flow and infarction size in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model in cats (author's transl)]. AB - Following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in cats, the effect of delayed administration of pentobarbital (PBT) and a novel imidazole derivative (Nizofenone or Y-9179) on the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied. The rCBF was measured for one week by the hydrogen clearance technique without anesthesia. The overall effects of these drugs on histological changes were also assessed. Twenty-four animals, in which platinum electrodes were chronically implanted in the ten predetermined positions, were divided into following three groups. The control, PBT and Y-9179 groups received the vehicle, PBT (25 mg/kg/day) and Y-9179 (6.25 mg/kg/day), respectively. Drug administration was started 30 min after MCA occlusion and continued for three days. In the affected hemisphere of the animals which survived for one week, histological examination revealed ischemic lesions composed of the marginal, reactive and central zones. The infarction ratio calculated as the ratio of the damaged area to the whole hemispheric area was significantly smaller in the drug treated groups than in the control. In the Y-9179 group, the reduction of the area comprizing the central and reactive zones was particularly prominent. There were no apparent differences in the time-course of the rCBFs between the control and Y 9179 groups. Each channel showed reduction of the rCBF following MCA occlusion. Although slight fluctuations of the rCBF were seen during the first three to four hours, the initially dropped rCBF remained stable in both groups. In the PBT group, on the other hand, an increase of the rCBF took place following the administration of the drug in the area where the rCBF was initially reduced less than about 40 ml/100g/min after MCA occlusion. Most of the electrodes showing such an increase in the rCBF topographically corresponded to the reactive or boundary zone. In the control group, vasogenic edema characterized by the perivascular exudation of plasma fluid was prominent in the periphery of the central zone as well as in the inner layer of the reactive zone. Such changes were almost absent in the Y-9179 group, whereas it was more evident and close to the control in the PBT group. So far as the correlation between the course of the rCBF and the final histological outcome was examined, there was no evidence indicating the beneficial effect of the redistribution of the rCBF by PBT. Y-9179 had no significant action on the course of the rCBF but its anti-edema effect might be related to its cerebral protective action. The mechanism of cerebral protection by PBT or Y-9179 needs further clarification. PMID- 7093074 TI - [Effects of lidocaine upon CCK-PZ and secretin producing paraneurons in the canine duodenum responding to luminal chemical stimuli (author's transl)]. AB - Amino acid solution (50 mM tryptophan and 50 mM phenylalanine in saline) introduced into the canine duodenal loop causes an increased enzyme output from the pancreas, whereas administration of 0.1 N HCl into the duodenal loop causes an increased juice flow from the organ. Local anesthetic, lidocaine, introduced into the duodenal lumen suppressed the pancreatic enzyme releasing response to the intraluminal amino acid without affecting the juice flow response to the hydrochloric stimulus. Intravenously administered lidocaine did not block the pancreatic response to the intraluminal amino acid stimulus, suggesting that lidocaine affects the chemoreceptive, apical part of the endocrine cell or paraneuron which releases cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ). Neither was the pancreas responding to an intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (5 Ivy Dog Units) suppressed by intravenously administered lidocaine even when its arterial concentration exceeded the convulsion level. This indicates that lidocaine affects the duodenal paraneurons recognizing the luminal stimuli but not the pancreatic cells responding to the hormones released by them. The results further suggest that in paraneurons as well as in neurons there seems to be a spectrum with regard to the susceptibility to anesthetics; thus the secretin releasing paraneuron is much more resistant to lidocaine than the CCK-PZ producing one. PMID- 7093075 TI - [Relationship between focal cerebral ischemia and cerebral water content (author's transl)]. AB - The correlation between the local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) and the specific gravity (SG) of the topographically corresponding cortical area was examined using a model of regional cerebral ischemia by means of transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in cats. Cats were divided into the following experimental groups. Group A: two hours MCA occlusion followed by two hours recirculation; Group B: two hours MCA occlusion; Group C: four hours MCA occlusion. The lCBF and the SG were measured by the use of hydrogen clearance method and gradient column, respectively. Two hours MCA occlusion resulted in a moderate drop in SG in the cortical areas where the lCBF decreased below 20 ml/100g/min during ischemia (Group B). Four hours MCA occlusion in Group C resulted in a similar drop in SG. Two hours recirculation following two hours MCA occlusion in Group A, however, caused a remarkable drop in SG which was significantly greater than those in Group B and C. There was no correlation between the drop in SG and the level of post-ischemia lCBF (reactive hyperemia) in Group A. Thus, the present study revealed i) that the development of cerebral edema as evidenced by the drop in cortical SG was associated with an extreme reduction in lCBF, ii) that recirculation exerted a detrimental influence on the post-ischemic brain injury and iii) that the edema aggravation during recirculation was not necessarily dependent on the magnitude of reactive hyperemia. Based on the above results, it was suggested that the cause of edema aggravation following recirculation, namely the development of vasogenic edema, might reside in some chemical mechanism such as lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7093076 TI - [Changes of natural killer activity following local 60Co irradiation in intracranial tumor-bearing mice (author's transl)]. AB - Changes of natural killer activity (NK activity) by local 60Co irradiation in intracranial tumor-bearing mice were studied by the method of 51Cr release assay. Local irradiation was administered 10 days after intracranial transplantation of 203-Glioma which had been originally induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in C 57 BL mice. Irradiation suppressed the growth of tumor and prolonged the mean survival time. The 50% survival time of untreated mice was about 2.5 weeks but that of mice treated by a single dose of 1000 rad and 1500 rad of irradiation was about 4.5 weeks and 6.5 weeks respectively. NK activity of spleen cells in these mice was serially examined. NK activity was gradually increased in mice treated by local irradiation, while it was gradually decreased in mice without treatment. On the other hand, NK activity remained unchanged in non-tumor-bearing control mice. Mice treated with 1000 rad and 1500 rad of irradiation showed 44.0% and 47.6% of % specific 51Cr release respectively 11 days after irradiation while normal mice showed 18.0%. The increased NK activity after local irradiation suggested that local irradiation might have enhanced the immunological defence mechanism against the tumor in the tumor-bearing hosts. Some characteristics of effector cells in this assay system were examined. The cytotoxicity of spleen cells was removed by the treatment of anti-BAT serum and complement but was not removed by the treatment of anti-Thy-1. 2 serum and complement. Since NK activity reflects the immunological resistance to tumors to some extent, it is felt important to clarify the significance of changes of NK activity in patients with brain tumors in relation to various treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the next step. PMID- 7093077 TI - [Estrogen receptors in meningiomas and neurinomas (author's transl)]. AB - In the brain tumors hormone dependency has long been suggested from the evidence that meningiomas and neurinomas are frequently seen in female and that they enlarge during pregnancy presumably as a result of hormonal change. Recently the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) in meningiomas, neurinomas and pituitary adenomas were documented in some preliminary reports. In this report we estimated the ER in the tissue of 15 patients with meningiomas (13 females and 2 males) and 5 with neurinomas (2 females and 3, males). The estrogen receptor level was determined by Scatchard analysis. The results were obtained as follows: In meningiomas, 80% (4/5) of premenopausal females, 25% (2/8) of postmenopausal females and 0% (0/2) of males had receptor activity. Maximal binding sites (Bm; fmol/mg cytosol protein) and dissociation constant (Kd; x 10(-10)M) are as follows: Bm=20.8+/-12.2 (premenopause; n=4) or 22.8 (postmenopause; n=2) and Kd=2.8+/-0.7 (premenopause) or 6.9 (postmenopause). In neurinoma, 33% (1/3) of males and 0% (0/2) of females had receptor activity. Bm and Kd are as follows: Bm=25.0 and Kd=2.3. The ER detectable rate in meningiomas was much higher in premenopausal females. There was a suggestion that some brain tumors are responsible to estrogen via cellular estrogen receptor. PMID- 7093078 TI - [Anomalous ophthalmic artery-case reports and review of literature (author's transl)]. AB - Case reports and review of literature were performed concerning anomalous or normal variant ophthalmic arteries discovered by angiography. In five cases, we recognized three types of the variation of the ophthalmic artery on serial magnification carotid angiograms. In the first type (case 1, 2), the middle meningeal artery originated from the ophthalmic artery. In the second type (case 3, 4) the ophthalmic artery originated from the middle meningeal artery. In the third type (case 5), double ophthalmic arteries originated from the cisternal portion and the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The ophthalmic artery originating from the cavernous portion of the ICA entered the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and had a small branch to the foramen rotundum. In the first and second type, the stapedial artery was considered to play an important role in the formation of anomalous ophthalmic arteries. In regard to the third type, Lasjaunias called the ophthalmic artery from the cavernous portion of the ICA as the deep recurrent ophthalmic artery or the inferolateral trunk of the ICA. It's artery was the dorsal ophthalmic artery in a fetal period which had migrated caudally from the cisternal portion of the ICA to the cavernous portion. But Padget gave another explanation. She described that the inferolateral trunk of the ICA called by Lasjaunias was the primitive maxillary artery and the dorsal ophthalmic artery did not migrated to the cavernous portion. The origin of the ophthalmic artery originating from the cavernous portion of the ICA in the third type should be further analysed embryologically. PMID- 7093079 TI - Isolated anterior mitral cleft. Two dimensional echocardiographic assessment and differentiation from "clefts" associated with atrioventricular septal defect. AB - Five patients with isolated clefts in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, unassociated with atrioventricular septal defects, are described. All had significant mitral regurgitation, with the cleft being the only abnormality in three. Two patients had an associated ventricular septal defect, one with a straddling right atrioventricular valve. Angiocardiography in four showed moderate regurgitation, but was not able to delineate the aetiology. Two dimensional echocardiography showed a constant defect in the anterior leaflet, pointing towards the left ventricular outflow tract. This differed from 30 cases with atrioventricular septal defects where the "cleft" pointed towards the interventricular septum and was situated between the anterior and posterior bridging leaflets. All cases with isolated clefts had surgical correction, with minimal residual regurgitation on follow-up examination in two cases. Our current policy in patients with uncomplicated isolated cleft involves non-invasive assessment of these children and surgical correction if the regurgitation is significant. PMID- 7093080 TI - Mitral valve replacement in children. Comparative study of pre- and postoperative haemodynamics and left ventricular function. AB - Haemodynamic variables and left ventricular function were studied before and after mitral valve replacement in 44 children age 3 to 17 years (mean 11.9 years). Thirty-nine Starr-Edwards prostheses and five Hancock prostheses were used; postoperative study took place two to six months (mean 3.9 months) after operation. Pulmonary hypertension was present preoperatively in most patients, with mean pulmonary artery pressures of 18 to 75 (mean 46.5 mmHg). Postoperatively there was a pronounced drop in pressure to a mean value of 25.6 mmHg, partially explained by a decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Pulmonary arteriolar resistance, however, also decreased conspicuously from an average of 590 dynes s cm-5 m-2 preoperatively to 282 dynes s cm-5 m-2 postoperatively. A return to normal resistance was seen in every case when preoperative resistance did not exceed 650 dynes s cm-5 m-2; above this threshold some degree of pulmonary hypertension often persisted. The residual gradient across the prosthetic valve was slightly higher for the Hancock than for the Starr-Edwards prosthesis (mean 8.7 mmHg, vs mean 6.9 mmHg). The left ventricular end-diastolic volume was much increased before surgery, with a mean value of 190 ml/m2; it decreased conspicuously after operation to 103 ml/m2. The left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 40% to 76% (mean 57%) before operation; there was no significant change after operation, with values ranging from 40% to 73%. This left ventricular dysfunction is probably the result of myocardial injury caused by a chronic volume overload and the sequelae of rheumatic carditis. PMID- 7093081 TI - Exercise testing in mitral valve prolapse before and after beta blockade. AB - Exercise electrocardiograms must be interpreted with the understanding that not every positive test is indicative of coronary artery disease. Mitral valve prolapse mimics coronary heart disease clinically and often in the electrocardiographic response to exercise. Twelve patients with mitral valve prolapse in whom exercise testing was positive underwent a repeat study after beta blockade. All tracings returned to normal after adequate blockade, evidenced by 17 to 22% reduction of resting and exercise heart rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report in the English literature. The results of this study suggest that an exercise test after beta blockade should become part of the routine procedure in such patients. The elimination of false positive electrocardiographic responses by beta blockade should help improve the specificity of the exercise test. Moreover, similar responses should lead to the suspicion of mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7093084 TI - Role of the Frank-Starling mechanism during maximal semisupine exercise after oral atenolol. AB - Reproducible left ventricular dimensions were found by M-mode echocardiography in eight healthy men in the semisupine position during two maximal bicycle exercise tests, performed with four hours interval. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension did not increase during maximal exercise, while fractional shortening increased by a decrease in end-systolic dimension. Twelve men studied by the same procedure were given 100 mg atenolol orally just after the first test which conspicuously reduced their heart rate response to exercise. End-diastolic dimension increased significantly from rest to peak exercise after the administration of atenolol in contrast to that before beta blockade, and fractional shortening at maximal exercise increased compared with the preceding control test. We conclude that atenolol changes the left ventricular response to maximal semisupine exercise in normal man, with dilatation and a concomitant increase in systolic myocardial shortening. This suggests that atenolol during maximal exercise reveals the part played by the Frank-Starling mechanism in cardiac reserve. In addition to that mechanism, the increased ventricular emptying is probably also the result of reduced afterload after administration of atenolol. PMID- 7093082 TI - Effect of heparin on plasma free fatty acid concentrations after acute myocardial infarction. AB - Free fatty acid concentrations in plasma measured after in vivo heparinisation are often overestimated because of ex vivo lipolysis of variable degrees. A new method has been developed using immediate extraction of blood which obviates this and shows that the true rise in plasma free fatty acid concentration after heparin in ambulant ward patients and in patients with acute myocardial infarction is less than previously reported. The small rise in plasma free fatty acid concentration after heparin is unlikely to have adverse metabolic effects in most patients during acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7093083 TI - Acute electrophysiological effects of flecainide acetate on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in man. AB - The electrophysiological effects of flecainide acetate (2 mg/kg as an intravenous infusion over five minutes) were assessed in 47 patients undergoing electrophysiological study. Seven patients had normal electrophysiology, 16 had a direct accessory atrioventricular pathway, 12 had dual atrioventricular nodal (AH) pathways, five had paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, six had conduction system disease, and one patient had a left atrial tachycardia. No significant change occurred in sinus cycle length. The PA interval, AH interval, and HV interval were all significantly prolonged. The QRS complex duration increased significantly. The QT interval showed slight prolongation due entirely to the increase in QRS duration. Refractoriness of the atrial and ventricular myocardium was slightly prolonged, but was significant only at ventricular level. No significant change occurred in refractoriness of the normal atrioventricular node. Pronounced prolongation of retrograde "fast" AH pathway refractoriness was observed in those patients with dual AH pathways. Anterograde and retrograde accessory pathway refractoriness were both greatly increased. These electrophysiological properties strongly suggest that flecainide will be useful in the management of a wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias. It should be administered, however, with caution to patients with pre-existing conduction system disease. Because repolarization is not delayed flecainide is unlikely to induce ventricular arrhythmias related to prolongation of the QT interval. PMID- 7093085 TI - Influence of R wave analysis upon diagnostic accuracy of exercise testing in women. AB - Exercise electrocardiography in women with chest pain is associated with a high incidence of false positive ST segment depression. The recent observation that changes in R wave amplitude during exercise can also be used diagnostically may improve the value of stress testing in women. The results of 12 lead treadmill exercise and coronary angiography were reviewed in 62 women, mean age 51 years, presenting with "angina" without previous myocardial infarction. These were compared with exercise results in 14 healthy asymptomatic volunteers with a mean age of 26 years. In addition to conventional ST analysis, R wave amplitude changes during exercise, measured in leads II, III, a VF, and V4 to 6, were examined. While the sensitivity and specificity of ST and R wave changes were similar at about 67%, their combined interpretation was helpful. If both ST and R wave criteria were negative the predictive accuracy for normal coronary angiography was 94% (17/18). Alternatively, in tests showing both ST depression and an abnormal R wave response, coronary angiography was always abnormal (13/13). None of the normal volunteers developed ST segment depression and 93% (13/14) had a normal R wave response. If both were positive, however, coronary angiography was always abnormal (13/13). Although stress test interpretation in women is difficult, R wave analysis is a useful adjunct to ST change and can improve the predictive accuracy of the test in a significant number of patients. PMID- 7093087 TI - Large calcified right atrial myxoma in a newborn. Rare cause of neonatal death. PMID- 7093088 TI - Unusual vascular ring in infant with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. AB - A 3-day-old infant investigated for cyanotic heart disease was found to have partial DiGeorge syndrome and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. The only source of pulmonary blood flow was a right-sided persistent ductus arteriosus which originated from an aberrant right subclavian artery. Such a vascular ring has not been described previously. Surgical treatment included a left-sided prosthetic shunt in infancy followed by resection of the ligamentum arteriosum and right subclavian artery during the second year of life. PMID- 7093086 TI - Computerised cardiological case notes. AB - Optical Mark Reader forms have been used by the Cardiac Department at St Thomas's Hospital for six years to store clinical and haemodynamic data by computer. Forms are completed by clinical staff in outpatients and also for those patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Three documents are used to record the symptoms and signs at the clinical consultation, the results of relevant investigations, and the important findings at cardiac catheterisation. These documents are fed into a computer and data from them, together with a limited quantity of types information, are used to produce full clinical reports for our colleagues and the case notes. There reports have saved much secretarial and medical time. A variety of analyses is available for research and management purposes. PMID- 7093090 TI - Two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of situs. AB - At present there is no reliable method of recognising atrial isomerism by two dimensional echocardiography. We therefore used two dimensional echocardiography to examine 158 patients including 25 with atrial isomerism and four with situs inversus. Particular attention was paid to the short and long axis subcostal scans of the abdomen. Using the position of the inferior vena cava and the aorta with respect to the spine it was possible to separate those with situs solitus from the others. Two false positives for abnormal situs had exomphalos. In situs solitus the aorta lay to the left of the spine and the inferior vena cava lay to the right. One patient with situs solitus and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava also had inferior vena cava to right atrial connection. In the four patients with situs inversus the mirror image of the normal pattern was present. In nine patients with right isomerism the inferior vena cava and aorta ran together on one or other side of the spine. The inferior vena cava, anterior to the aorta at the level of the diaphragm, received at least the right hepatic veins (normal or partial anomalous hepatic venous connection). Of the 16 patients with left isomerism, 14 had azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava which was visualised posterior to the aorta in all but two. All patients with left isomerism had total anomalous hepatic venous connection to one or both atria via one or two separate veins. Two dimensional echocardiography therefore provides the means of detecting abnormal atrial situs and of diagnosing right or left isomerism in the great majority of patients, if not all. PMID- 7093089 TI - Severe subpulmonary obstruction caused by an aneurysmal tissue tag complicating an infundibular perimembranous ventricular septal defect. AB - A case of severe right ventricular obstruction caused by a huge aneurysmal tissue tag is described associated with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect with an infundibular extension. Angiograms and surgical inspection clearly showed that the ventricular septal defect extended into the outlet septum. The distinctive features of this case was the severity of the gradient related to the peculiar position of the aneurysmal tissue in the outlet portion of the ventricle. We presume that such an aneurysm, however small it is, developing in association with a ventricular septal defect with an infundibular extension may be a potential cause of severe obstruction and should therefore be carefully followed in the ensuing years. PMID- 7093091 TI - Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Labetalol. PMID- 7093093 TI - Role of labetalol in acute myocardial infarction. AB - 1 The role of labetalol in managing acute myocardial infarction is reviewed. 2 After intravenous infusion labetalol lowers blood pressure in patients with increased blood pressure associated with acute myocardial infarction. 3 Although average heart rate was decreased, cardiac index fell only slightly and stroke index was substantially unchanged. 4 In patients whose pretreatment pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressures were increased, labetalol induced decreases, whereas in the presence of normal pressures, these were unchanged. 5 It is concluded that labetalol infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction is unlikely to precipitate heart failure and is likely to be of value in reducing myocardial oxygen requirement. PMID- 7093092 TI - Effects of combined alpha- and beta-blockade by labetalol in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - 1 The effect of labetalol 100 mg orally twice daily on exercise tolerance has been compared with placebo in 19 normotensive subjects with angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. 2 Labetalol, at the same work load as during placebo exercise, significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as heart rate and rate-pressure product. 3 Similarly, ST segment depression was reduced by labetalol from 2.0 +/- 0.4 to 1.36 +/- 0.6 mm (P less than 0.001), thus enabling an increase in exercise tolerance from a control value of 83.7 +/- 18 to 95.3 +/- 19 W (P less than 0.005). 4 In seven other patients, also with coronary artery disease, the haemodynamic effects of a single 0.6 mg/kg intravenous dose of the drug was evaluated during exercise. 5 Compared with conditions during control exercise, labetalol induced a significant reduction in rate-pressure product from 17228 +/- 2375 to 13445 +/- 2404 mmHg/min (P less than 0.005) and in peripheral vascular resistance from 612.0 +/- 61.2 to 512.7 +/- 36.2 dyn cm-5 m-2 (P less than 0.0025). These events were not accompanied by any change in cardiac index and in dP/dT left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) ratio. 6 These data suggest that labetalol may induce reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption, thereby increasing exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease, without impairment of left ventricular performance. PMID- 7093094 TI - Alternatives to beta-blockade in therapy of hypertension with angina pectoris: role of nifedipine or of labetalol. AB - 1 Patients with combined hypertension and angina pectoris may represent a therapeutic dilemma, with the angina being refractory to conventional beta blockade. 2 The added benefit of peripheral vasodilation in control of blood pressure is documented in the case of nifedipine. 3 Improved blood pressure control by added nifedipine may not be accompanied by decreased severity of angina pectoris, emphasizing the complex causation of the angina in such patients. 4 The clinically proven added alpha-blocking activity of labetalol distinguishes labetalol from other beta-blockers. However, the suggested benefits of the added alpha-activity in patients with hypertension and angina remain to be proven by further trials in patients. PMID- 7093095 TI - Renal haemodynamics after chronic treatment with labetalol and propranolol. AB - 1 Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured in two groups of 12 patients both at rest and during sub-maximal cycloergometer exercise while on placebo and after 3 months of treatment with either labetalol or propranolol. 2 ERPF increased and renal vascular resistance decreased both at rest and during exercise after labetalol treatment, compared with placebo; the opposite was observed after propranolol treatment. 3 GFR increased after labetalol and decreased after propranolol both at rest and during exercise, compared with placebo, but these changes were not statistically significant. 4 Labetalol and propranolol resulted in the same decrease in blood pressure and a comparable incidence of side effects. PMID- 7093096 TI - The evaluation of labetalol in the treatment of hypertension complicating pregnancy. AB - 1 Eighty-five women with severe hypertension complicating pregnancy were treated with oral labetalol (Trandate). Six of these had a twin pregnancy and 54 had proteinuria. 2 Effective control of the blood pressure was achieved in all but six patients. The maximum dose of labetalol prescribed was 1200 mg daily. There were no significant maternal or foetal side-effects. 3 Foeto-placental function was carefully monitored in all patients. Twenty-four of the 89 infants born alive showed evidence of intra-uterine growth retardation, the highest incidence occurring in the group of patients with essential hypertension complicated by pregnancy induced hypertension. 4 The low perinatal mortality of 4.4% was a reflection of the meticulous control of the blood pressure. 5 There were no congenital malformations or evidence of oculotoxicity in any of the infants delivered. 6 The efficient hypotensive action of orally administered labetalol together with the absence of maternal and foetal side effects and consequent improved perinatal mortality confirms that it is an eminently suitable drug for the treatment of hypertension complicating pregnancy. PMID- 7093097 TI - The use of labetalol in anaesthesia. AB - 1 Observed and possible roles for the use of labetalol in anaesthesia are reviewed. 2 When used together with halothane inhalation anaesthesia, satisfactory conditions are achieved for safe hypotensive anaesthesia: (a) Labetalol and halothane have additive hypotensive effects. (b) The usual dose of labetalol is 25 mg intravenously together with 1% halothane. (c) The duration of hypotension can be controlled in the presence of halothane; withdrawal leads to rapid recovery of pre-surgery blood pressure. (d) High doses of halothane (3%) with labetalol predispose to the myocardial depressant effects of halothane and undesirable reductions in myocardial performance. 3 As it is now seen to be important to reduce the blood pressure before anaesthesia and surgery in hypertensive patients, then labetalol is likely to be satisfactory either by the intravenous route for immediate reduction or for less urgent reduction of raised arterial pressure by the oral route. 4 It is known that anaesthesia (for example, laryngoscopy) and surgery provoke hypertensive responses which are particularly undesirable in the patient with pre-existent myocardial ischaemia. In such cases it is likely that previous treatment with labetalol will satisfactorily modify unwanted hypertensive and cardiovascular responses. PMID- 7093098 TI - Labetalol: the nineteen-eighties. PMID- 7093099 TI - A review of the haemodynamic effects of labetalol in man. AB - 1 Labetalol at a dose of 800 to 1600 mg daily inhibited isoprenaline-induced tachycardia and phenylephrine-induced elevation in arterial pressure in hypertensive subjects. The beta-adrenoreceptor effect was four times more potent than the alpha-adrenoreceptor effect. 2 Isoprenaline-induced tachycardia was more effectively blocked than isoprenaline-induced inotropism, thereby raising the possibility of a subselective effect on cardiac beta-adrenoceptors. 3 Labetalol reduced blood pressure in hypertensive subjects with no change in cardiac output in the supine or upright position and with marked inhibition of the heart rate and blood pressure response to treadmill exercise. 4 Labetalol administered in single doses to patients with stable, treated congestive heart failure impaired blood pressure support during exercise. 5 The unique adrenoceptor and haemodynamic effects of labetalol make it a potentially attractive drug for management of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. PMID- 7093100 TI - Blood pressure response to labetalol in twice and three times daily administration during a 24-hour period. AB - 1 The anti-hypertensive effect of labetalol given twice or three times daily was evaluated in ambulant subjects with essential hypertension by recording blood pressure directly for 24 h before and after 15 d of labetalol administration (daily dose 600-1800 mg). 2 Labetalol reduced 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressures by about 20%. The reduction was evident throughout the whole 24 h period, although it was less marked during sleep. The hypotensive effect was similar when the drug was given twice or three times daily. 3 The 24 h heart rate was reduced during labetalol treatment. However, this effect was less marked than the hypotensive effect and was not present in all subjects. 4 There was a reduction in the standard deviations of blood pressure and heart rate values. However, in neither case was the coefficient of variation altered, indicating that labetalol did not have any significant effect on the shape of the 24 h blood pressure measurements. PMID- 7093101 TI - Labetalol in general practice: a review. AB - 1 The results of the treatment of 8573 hypertensive patients with labetalol in general practice, for periods between 1 month and 5 yr, are reviewed. 2 The data reviewed were obtained from the published literature together with our own published (Kane et al., 1976; Kane et al., 1979) and more recent (unpublished) work. 3 Between 60% and 80% of severe (diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mmHg) and previously uncontrolled hypertensives responded satisfactorily to the drug, as did up to 88% of mild to moderate hypertensives. 4 The anti-hypertensive effect of labetalol was not dependent on the frequency of administration, twice and three times daily treatment regimes being equally effective. 5 The withdrawal rate attributable to side-effects was between 6% and 13%. Tiredness, dizziness, headache and upper gastro-intestinal symptoms were the four principal side effects, but they were usually transient when labetalol treatment was continued. 6 No drug interactions or adverse haematological or biochemical changes were seen. PMID- 7093102 TI - Labetalol steady-state pharmacokinetics in hypertensive patients. AB - 1 During chronic treatment of hypertensive patients observed mean steady-state plasma labetalol levels in ten patients were consistently and significantly higher than predicted from initial acute pharmacokinetic analysis. 2 Mean steady state levels varied from 36 to 183 ng/ml on a chronic dose of 200 mg twice daily. 3 Patients with lower steady-state levels on a fixed dose of labetalol usually required higher maintenance doses to control blood pressure. PMID- 7093103 TI - Elimination kinetics of labetalol in severe renal failure. AB - 1 The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered labetalol were studied in four patients with severe renal failure and in three normal subjects. 2 A new and sensitive method for the assay of plasma labetalol concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography is described. 3 Labetalol has a relatively large apparent volume of distribution (3.3-7.9 l/kg, two-compartment open model) and a relatively high plasma clearance (0.3-1.6 1 h-1 kg-1). 4 There were no significant differences between the patients with severe renal failure and the controls for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured. 5 In the presence of renal functional impairment, no modification of labetalol dosage is required. 6 In another study of 31 patients, glomerular filtration rate was measured at 3 month intervals for 3-18 months. In ten patients there was no change, in ten there was an improvement and in 11 there was deterioration, but in only three was this attributable to treatment. 7 In our experience with over 300 patients, we conclude that labetalol plus diuretic treatment is efficacious and safe in all grades of hypertension including those with all degrees of renal insufficiency. PMID- 7093104 TI - The acute and chronic hypotensive effect of labetalol and the relationship with pretreatment plasma noradrenaline levels. AB - 1 Labetalol 100 mg was given intravenously to 27 patients with essential hypertension (12 males, 15 females; WHO I-II; age range 30-66 yr; on average, a significant reduction of blood pressure was observed within 5 min (P less than 0.001). Average heart rate was also reduced significantly (P less than 0.01). 2 In 18 patients haemodynamic measurements were performed (dye-dilution or thermodilution technique): blood pressure reduction was related to peripheral vasodilatation, as cardiac index remained unmodified. 3 The absolute and percentage decrease of blood pressure, heart rate and total peripheral resistance after labetalol 100 mg intravenously, was significantly greater in the patients with higher baseline plasma noradrenaline concentration values. 4 In 12 out of 27 patients labetalol was given orally for 2 months (dose range 300-1200 mg); the pattern of blood pressure and heart rate changes after oral therapy were comparable to those observed after acute administration of the drug. 5 The degree of blood pressure and heart rate reductions after oral labetalol was also significantly related to pretreatment basal noradrenaline concentration. PMID- 7093106 TI - Intravenous labetalol in severe hypertension. AB - 1 Labetalol was administered by intravenous infusion or by the combination of intravenous bolus injection plus infusion to 15 patients with severe essential hypertension and to one with phaeochromocytoma. 2 With the infusion alone the reduction of arterial pressure was slow to develop and limited in degree, but with the combination of the bolus injection plus the infusion the reduction in pressure was more prompt, more pronounced and longer lasting. Apart from an uncomplicated syncopal attack in one patient, no serious side--effects were encountered. 3 Subsequent treatment with oral labetalol usually required the addition of a diuretic to control the blood pressure probably due to sodium and fluid retention during treatment with labetalol alone. PMID- 7093107 TI - Measurement in clinical trials. PMID- 7093105 TI - Intravenous labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension. AB - 1 We have compared, in patients with severe hypertension, the administration of intravenous labetalol by single rapid injection, by repeated bolus injections, and by incremental infusion. 2 Incremental infusion was the most consistently (albeit not invariably) effective method, and that least prone to cause side effects. 3 An occasional very marked decrease in blood pressure was seen with all these techniques but least often with incremental infusion. Thus close and continuous supervision is mandatory. 4 All three methods produced slight but significant decreases in heart rate, and in plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone. 5 Intravenous labetalol was also effective in controlling hypertensive crises of phaeochromocytoma and those following the withdrawal of clonidine. 6 In a total of 70 severely hypertensive patients given intravenous labetalol, none showed adverse neurological or cardiological sequelae. PMID- 7093108 TI - Bioavailability of dihydroergotamine in man. AB - 1 The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine (DHE) in plasma were examined in six normotensive subjects after single acute doses of dihydroergotamine, 10 micrograms/kg i.v. and 10, 20 and 30 mg orally. 2 The mean apparent half-time of elimination was 2.37 +/- 0.29 h and plasma clearance of dHE was 1002 +/- 169 ml/min. 3 Mean apparent absorption of DHE determined from the 10 mg dose was 26.6 +/- 10% and ranged from 8.9 to 60.3%. The oral bioavailability after the 10, 20 and 30 mg doses averaged 0.47 +/- 0.07%, 0.59 +/- 0.13% and 0.52 +/- 0.14% respectively. Inter-patient variability in bioavailability was 6-fold. 4 The results indicate that pre-systemic 'first-pass' extraction of DHE is the main determinant of its oral bioavailability. Oral doses of the drug up to 30 mg do not saturate this extraction process resulting in apparently linear kinetics for the drug. PMID- 7093109 TI - Studies of the haemodynamic effects of creatine phosphate in man. AB - 1 The haemodynamic effects of intravenous creatine phosphate 1000 mg have been studied. 2 During the first 60 min following drug administration heart rate and blood pressure did not change but cardiac output fell significantly by approximately 18%. Calculated total peripheral resistance showed a corresponding significant rise, the maximum increase being approximately 24%. All these changes were beginning to diminish within 90 min after the injection. 3 Total limb blood flow measured in both arm and leg (using venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography) showed no appreciable changes following injection of creatine phosphate. 4 There was a progressive reduction in leg muscle blood flow (Xe133 clearance method) following injection which was statistically significant with respect to the initial level and reached a minimum (46% reduction) 50 min after the injection. 5 Skin blood flow, estimated by infra-red photoplethysmography, showed changes complementary to those seen with muscle flow. There was a progressive and significant rise to a peak (73% increase) 30 min after the injection. 6 No adverse reactions to the injections were noted. 7 Reduced cardiac output in the absence of altered total limb blood flow presumably reflects a reduction in visceral blood flow, which was not measured in this study. Within the limbs, creatine phosphate appears to result in a redistribution of blood flow from muscle to skin. Thus, these preliminary results suggest that intravenous creatine phosphate could be clinically useful in situations where short term improvement in skin blood flow would be advantageous and that further controlled studies would be justified. PMID- 7093110 TI - Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of aspirin in post-operative dental pain. AB - 1 Soluble aspirin, 600 mg and 1200 mg, and placebo were compared in a double blind, cross-over study in 12 patients with post-operative pain following removal of impacted lower third molars. 2 Significant analgesia after 600 mg aspirin occurred only at 45 min after administration, whereas significant analgesia after 1200 mg aspirin occurred from 45 to 240 min. The 1200 mg dose produced greater analgesia than the 600 mg dose and is to be recommended in clinical practice. 3 Plasma concentrations of salicylate and acetylsalicylate were measured after both doses. A significant correlation (rs = 0.876, P less than 0.01) was observed between analgesia and plasma salicylate concentration after 1200 mg aspirin. PMID- 7093111 TI - The effect of fever on antipyrine metabolism in children. AB - 1 The elimination of antipyrine from saliva was measured in six children aged 5 months to 5 years during fever and during a control period 2-4 weeks after the cessation of fever. 2 The mean (+/- s.d.) saliva antipyrine clearance during fever, 32 +/- 13 ml kg-1 h-1, was nearly 50% less than that when the children were afebrile, 50 +/- 22 ml kg-1 h-1 (P less than 0.02). The mean saliva antipyrine half-life during fever, 15.20 +/- 5.40 h, was almost twice as long as that found when body temperature was normal, 9.18 +/- 2.49 h (P less than 0.01). The apparent volume of distribution of antipyrine was not significantly affected by fever. 3 These findings indicate that drug metabolising ability in children is impaired during fever. PMID- 7093112 TI - The short term effects of propranolol, atenolol and labetalol on antipyrine kinetics in normal subjects. AB - 1 The effects of three day courses of propranolol 40 mg three times daily, atenolol 100 mg twice daily and labetalol 100 mg three times daily on antipyrine kinetics were examined in 13 normal subjects. 2 The mean antipyrine clearance initially was 41.3 +/- 12.4 ml/min (mean +/- s.d.) and fell to 35.0 +/- 12.1 ml/min following propranolol (P less than 0.025), 34.5 +/- 9.5 ml/min following atenolol (P less than 0.01), and 35.2 +/- 8.6 ml/min following labetalol (P less than 0.05). 3 The prolongation in antipyrine half-life was significant only following atenolol. Propranolol only caused a significant reduction in the volume of distribution of antipyrine. 4 These adrenoceptor antagonists appear to decrease antipyrine clearance in normal subjects. The reduction in antipyrine clearance was similar with all three drugs and appeared to be independent of the differing lipid solubilities and pharmacological profiles of the adrenoceptor antagonists examined. PMID- 7093113 TI - Alinidine pharmacokinetics following acute and chronic dosing. AB - 1 Alinidine (N-allyl clonidine) pharmacokinetics were investigated in healthy volunteers following acute administration of 40 mg orally and intravenously (i.v.) and chronic administration of 40 mg daily and twice daily for 8 days. 2 After acute oral administration the following values were obtained; Cmax -- 166.5 +/- 18.5 ng/ml at 1.8 +/- 0.7 h (mean +/- s.d., n = 5); AUC -- 1122.9 ng ml-1 h; VdSS -- 190.71 and T1/2 -- 4.2 h, and after i.v. administration: AUC -- 1046.7 ng ml-1 h; VdSS -- 190.71 and T1/2 4.2 h. 3 Clonidine was identified in plasma and urine samples following oral and i.v. administration; clonidine Cmax was 0.26 +/- 0.06 ng/ml at 8.4 +/- 2.2 h and 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml at 4.8 +/- 2.5 following oral and i.v. alinidine respectively. Urinary excretion of clonidine represented 0.1% of the administered dose of alinidine. 4 During administration of alinidine 40 mg daily for 8 days, peak and trough plasma levels reached steady state after day 2 (223.1 +/- 123.9 and 9.03 +/- 6.7 ng/ml respectively). During alinidine 40 mg twice daily for 8 days peak and trough plasma levels on day 2 were 356.2 +/- 92.0 and 80.0 +/- 35.8 ng/ml respectively, these levels did not change (P greater than 0.05) between days 2 and 8. Urine elimination of alinidine did not change (P greater than 0.05) between days 5, 6, 7 and 8. 5 Clonidine plasma concentration following alinidine 40 mg daily and twice daily were 0.47 +/- 0.18 and 0.84 +/- 0.21 ng/ml respectively 2 h after administration on day 2 and did not change (P less than 0.05) between days 2-8. 6 It is unlikely that clonidine formed from alinidine contributes to the pharmacological action of alinidine. PMID- 7093115 TI - Duration of effect of single daily dose methyldopa therapy. AB - 1 Methyldopa has a short plasma half-life, but longer duration of antihypertensive effect. A single bedtime dose of methyldopa has been recommended to improve compliance and decrease side effects. 2 This double-blind crossover study was designed to determine the duration of antihypertensive effect of methyldopa by comparing hourly supine and standing blood pressures, throughout the day during placebo, single morning dose, and single evening dose methyldopa therapy in 10 patients. The major side effects, drowsiness and dry mouth were assessed by visual analogue scale. Exercise blood pressures were measured 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the dose. 3 The antihypertensive effect of methyldopa peaked after 6-9 h and declined thereafter with a half-life of approximately 10 h. Little antihypertensive effect remained 24-26 h after the dose. The time course of the reduction in blood pressure during exercise and of the major side effects paralleled the antihypertensive effects. 4 The results suggest that the duration of antihypertensive effect of methyldopa is long enough to permit twice daily dosing, but that single daily dosing cannot be recommended for most patients. The study illustrates the importance of knowing the time of the last methyldopa dose when assessing blood pressure measurements in patients taking the drug. PMID- 7093114 TI - The effect of renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of diethylcarbamazine in man. AB - 1 The pharmacokinetics of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) were studied in twelve patients with chronic renal function impairment. 2 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma half-life (T1/2), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination rate constant (Kel) and 24 h urinary excretion were regressed versus parameters indicative of renal function. 3 Significant negative correlations were observed between creatinine clearance and both plasma T1/2 and log10 T1/2. 4 Significant positive correlations were obtained between (a) creatinine clearance and elimination rate constant of DEC and (b) reciprocal serum creatinine and l/T1/2. Creatinine clearance was significantly and positively correlated with 24 h urinary excretion of DEC. 5 No significant correlations were observed between age, sex or weight and renal function but DEC excretion did appear to decrease with increasing urinary pH. 6 Plasma half-life, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve were increased and 24 h urinary excretion of DEC was significantly reduced in patients with chronic renal function impairment, compared with normal volunteer subjects receiving an identical dosage of DEC at acidic urinary pH. PMID- 7093116 TI - Prazosin first dose phenomenon during combined treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor blocker in hypertensive patients. AB - 1 The antihypertensive effect of prazosin has been studied in three groups of hypertensive patients. 2 The drug caused a significant reduction of blood pressure both as monotherapy and combined with alprenolol. 3 The effect of prazosin on blood pressure was more marked at the first dose and especially in combination with alprenolol. 4 No pharmacokinetic interaction between prazosin and alprenolol was observed. 5 Prazosin exhibits an exaggerated first dose effect together with alprenolol. Smaller starting doses of prazosin in combination therapy with beta-adrenoceptor blockers are warranted. PMID- 7093118 TI - Density/volume analysis in the study of cellular heterogeneity in human ovarian carcinoma. AB - A method is presented for the description of a heterogeneous cell population with respect to the volume and density of its cellular components, based on computer analysis of the cell-volume spectra of density-gradient fractions. Display programmes were developed to produce either a perspective plot or an isofrequency contour plot ("fingerprint") of the two-parameter data. The use of sequential density and velocity gradients permitted the separation and study of the properties of any subpopulation. We describe the results of an analysis of cellular heterogeneity in an ovarian carcinoma cell line and in 2 cases of ascites cells from human ovarian carcinoma. The proliferative state (labelling index) and growth potential (culture clonogenicity) of cells from one malignant ascites have been "mapped" in terms of density/volume parameters. The results are discussed in terms of their impact on the view of human ovarian carcinoma as a stem-cell system. PMID- 7093117 TI - Limitations of the clonal agar assay for the assessment of primary human ovarian tumour biopsies. AB - 114 biopsy specimens from 70 patients with ovarian carcinoma at all stages of disease were submitted for assessment of clonogenic capacity in agar. A highly significant correlation was found between agar clonogenicity and patient survival after biopsy. However, problems related to inherent tumour heterogeneity, quality of sample and tissue disaggregation indicate that this technique may have limited applicability in the routine assessment of patients. Only 41 biopsy specimens (36%) from 31 patients (44.3%) complied with the prerequisite criteria for agar clonogenic assessment, namely: (a) the confirmed presence of malignant cells in the biopsy, (b) the ability to prepare a single-cell suspension, and (c) adequate viable cell numbers for assay. Furthermore, although the dominant patterns of agar clonogenic growth could be identified and correlated with stage of disease, the heterogeneity in both initial clonogenic capacity and "self-renewal" capacity assessed by the ability of primary clones to propagate in liquid culture and reclone in agar was too inconsistent for the assay to be used as a prognostic index for the individual patient. PMID- 7093119 TI - Increased therapeutic efficiency of a lipid-soluble alkylating agent incorporated in liposomes. AB - A highly hydrophobic alkylating agent, 1-N,N-bis(beta-bromoethyl) amino-3 methylnaphthalene, given as the free drug in oil, cured a substantial proportion of mice bearing the PC6 myeloma in the dose range 2-7 mg/kg. However, these doses were toxic, and the LD50 was 6-7 mg/kg. When incorporated in liposomes, similar curative effects were obtained at doses of 10-41 mg/kg without material toxicity, even at the highest dose. Liposome entrapment therefore greatly increases the therapeutic efficiency of this agent. PMID- 7093121 TI - Skin sensitization by misonidazole: a demonstration of uniform mild hypoxia. AB - Skin reactions on irradiated mouse feet were used to measure the radiosensitization of normal tissues by misonidazole (MISO). Fractionation schedules of 1, 2, 5 and 10 daily doses of X-rays were combined with either 100 mg/kg or 670 mg/kg MISO. When unanaesthetized mice were irradiated in air, significant sensitization was observed with both the high and low drug doses, in all fractionation schedules. There was no decrease in sensitization with fractionation, even using fractions as small as 5 Gy. This indicates that many of the cells in mouse skin may be marginally hypoxic, and that sensitization at low doses is possible. Irradiation in O2 without MISO rendered the skin more sensitive to X-rays than in air. MISO given 30 min before single doses of radiation further sensitized the skin, but for 10 fractions in O2 no MISO sensitization was detected. There was little evidence for cytotoxic killing in skin by MISO. Repair of radiation damage was slightly reduced when MISO was present, during or after irradiation. PMID- 7093120 TI - Five years' experience with ChlVPP: effective low-toxicity combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. AB - Since 1975, 191 patients with Hodgkin's disease have been treated with a combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (ChlVPP). Complete remission rates were 73% for previously untreated patients, 91% for patients previously treated with radiotherapy and 55% for patients previously treated with chemotherapy. In 59 patients with advanced disease who received no other treatment, a 5-year survival rate of 66% was comparable with that achieved by more toxic mustine-containing combinations. ChlVPP has few side effects, is easily given to outpatients, and can be combined with elective radiotherapy in selected patients. PMID- 7093122 TI - DNA content of human kidney carcinoma cells in relation to histological grading. AB - Ploidy and cell-cycle stage were determined by flow cytometry (FCM) in 46 human renal carcinomas. Cell populations with aneuploid DNA were detected in 46% of these. In the investigated samples, the fraction of cells with abnormal DNA content varied from 8 to 100%. The proliferative activity was generally low as indicated by the small fractions of cells in S and (G2 + M) phases. This was confirmed by the labelling indices on autoradiographic slides. The fraction of cells in phases S and (G2 + M) for tumours that were pre-irradiated with 15 or 25 Gy before nephrectomy was only slightly less than in unirradiated tumours. Comparison of the FCM ploidy with the results of histological grading showed that all cases classified as the most malignant grades IV or IIIB (according to the nuclear and to the combined grading system of Syrjanen and Hjelt (1978) were hyperdiploid. On the other hand, 45% of the hyperdiploid and 89% of the diploid tumours were of the low grades I and II. After a follow-up for 6 months to 2 years, 8/17 patients with hyperdiploid and only 1/14 patients with diploid tumours have died or relapsed with multiple metastases. The results indicate that the aneuploidy of tumours, measured by FCM, might provide useful additional information for prognosis. PMID- 7093123 TI - Anaemia in patients with myelomatosis. AB - Twenty-four untreated patients with myelomatosis were studied in order to characterize their anaemia, using standard haematological and ferrokinetic techniques, together with measurements of circulating erythropoietin, erythropoietin sensitivity of marrow cultures and in vitro measurements of haem synthesis. There is a reduction in total erythroid output by the marrow, together with a minor degree of plasma expansion. In patients with normal renal function there is an appropriate increase in erythropoietin in response to anaemia, but in a few cases there may be reduced response of CFU-E to the hormone in vitro. No abnormality of iron status or haem synthesis was found. One case of folate deficiency was discovered. PMID- 7093124 TI - Must initiators come first? Tumorigenic and carcinogenic effects on skin of 3 methylcholanthrene and TPA in various sequences. AB - Groups of hairless mice were treated with 4 skin applications of 470 nmol 3 methylcholanthrene (MCA) in benzene and 4 of 20 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) in various sequences, twice a week, together and separately. Three days after the last application, cell kinetic investigations were made comprising the counting of basal and suprabasal cells, the assessment of hyperplasia, the mitotic rate by the stathmokinetic method, the labelling index and the specific activity of DNA after injection of a dose of [3H]dT, and the determination of percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase by flow cytometry. These studies showed that various treatment schedules with 4 applications stimulated proliferation and caused epidermal hyperplasia, but there was no significant difference between the groups in degree of growth stimulation. There was a significantly higher tumour production by all the combinations than by MCA alone. It was of no significant importance for the tumour production whether the 4 applications of MCA came before or after the 4 of TPA. Alternating treatment (MCA TPA, etc.) seemed to give a higher tumour risk than the other treatment sequences. The consequences of these results for the two-stage theory of carcinogenesis (stating that initiation must come first) are discussed, and it is concluded that (at least under the experimental conditions used here) initiation does not need to come first for a good tumour yield. PMID- 7093126 TI - Human breast tumour cytosol oestrogen receptor binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. PMID- 7093125 TI - Effects of dietary and in vitro 2(3)-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-anisole and other phenols on hepatic enzyme activities in mice. AB - Six phenols [2(3)-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2-t-butylphenol, 4 methoxyphenol, 4-methylmercaptophenol, t-butylhydroquinone and 2,6-di-t butylphenol] previously shown to be inhibitors of benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia, were examined for their ability to induce in vivo changes in hepatic mono-oxygenase and detoxication enzyme activities, and to act as mono-oxygenase inhibitors when added in vitro. (1) Generally it was found that cytochrome P450 levels were depressed, only 2,6-di-t-butylphenol caused a 2-fold induction (2) Mono-oxygenase activities were significantly altered; BHA and 2,6-di-t butylphenol caused microsomes to show substantial increases in aniline hydroxylase and peroxidase activities. These microsomes, along with 4 methoxyphenol microsomes, also showed a substantial reduction in DNA binding of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) metabolites relative to metabolism. (3) Detoxication enzymes glutathione S-transferases and epoxide hydratase were readily induced, the order of effectiveness being: BHA approximately 2,6-di-t-butylphenol greater than 4 methoxyphenol greater than 2-t-butylphenol approximately t-butylhydroquinone (4 methylmercaptophenol failed to induce). (4) In vitro ability to inhibit BaP metabolism and DNA-binding ability was: 2,6-di-t-butylphenol greater than or equal to BHA approximately 2-t-butylphenol greater than t-butylhydroquinone greater than 4-methylmercaptophenol greater than 4-methoxyphenol. (5) Ability in vitro to discharge the activated oxygen complex of cytochrome P450 was: 2,6-di-t butylphenol approximately 2-t-butylphenol greater than BHA greater t butylhydroquinone greater than 4-methylmercaptophenol greater than 4 methoxyphenol. The results are consistent with the theory that inhibition of neoplasia is related to inducibility of detoxication enzymes, though alterations in cytochrome P450 could play a significant role in some cases. PMID- 7093128 TI - Does the lung work? 4. What does the transfer of carbon monoxide mean? PMID- 7093129 TI - The use of a micro-computer system in a lung function testing laboratory. AB - This report describes the use of a relatively inexpensive micro-computer, floppy disk drive and printer, now costing about 2000 pounds, in a routine lung function testing laboratory in a district general hospital. The computer calculates and types the results of lung function tests and calculates normal values and percentages. In addition it automatically generates a typed commentary on the results, files the current results on the disk and searches and tabulates previous results. The computer can produce lists of patients with particular characteristics and can also be used for other purposes. PMID- 7093127 TI - Delayed-hypersensitivity skin testing and childhood cancer. PMID- 7093131 TI - Responses to cigarettes of various tar contents. AB - Specific conductance was measured before and within ten minutes of smoking a cigarette in 36 smokers on 210 occasions. Five types of cigarette were used including the equivalent of a 1956 unfiltered cigarette. Cigarettes were smoked in the smokers' usual fashion. Significant decreases in specific conductance occurred on only 19 occasions in 13 subjects and were most frequent with the cigarette with the highest tar content currently available. Examining the overall results the only significant change was an increase in specific conductance in the control, non-smoking period. We conclude that irritant qualities of tobacco smoke increase with tar content but airway narrowing lasting up to ten minutes is an uncommon event when cigarettes are smoked normally. Most smokers adapt to or avoid any sustained acute airway response to tobacco smoke whatever its tar content. PMID- 7093130 TI - The effects of nebulized salbutamol on lung function and exercise tolerance in patients with severe airflow obstruction. AB - The effects of 10 mg of nebulized salbutamol on lung mechanics and exercise tolerance in 10 patients with severe airflow obstruction are described. All patients were previously considered to have irreversible airflow obstruction as demonstrated by little or no improvement in expiratory flow rates either during a corticosteroid trial or after inhalation of 100 micrograms of isoprenaline. There was a small improvement in expiratory flow rate after nebulized salbutamol but the greatest increases were seen in slow vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, inspiratory flow rates, dynamic compliance during tidal breathing, mid inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary resistance and exercise tolerance. The mechanism of these effects and their therapeutic significance is discussed. PMID- 7093132 TI - Blunted sympathoadrenal response to exercise in asthmatic subjects. AB - Six asthmatic subjects and six matched controls performed a standardized exercise test in which resting and post-exercise blood samples were assayed radioenzymatically for catecholamines. Plasma adrenaline one minute after exercise rose over threefold in the controls whereas in the asthmatic subjects there was no increase. Plasma noradrenaline increased to five times the basal concentration in the controls, but to less than half this level in the asthmatic subjects. These results agree with a recent study (Barnes et al. 1981) and suggest there is a marked abnormality of the sympathoadrenal response to exercise in asthmatic subjects. PMID- 7093133 TI - Complications of intrapleural BCG in the treatment of operable non-small-cell bronchial carcinoma. AB - Seventy-eight patients entered a randomized study of postoperative intrapleural BCG in the treatment of bronchial carcinoma. 39 patients received BCG (Tice strain), of whom 17 took isoniazid, and there were 39 controls. There was a high rate of complications related to the use of intrapleural BCG, in both isoniazid and non-isoniazid treated groups. Postoperative infections occurred in eight BCG treated patients and one control; seven BCG treated patients but only one control developed prolonged postoperative chest pain. Empyema developed six months postoperatively in three of the BCG treated group. Furthermore BCG conferred no survival advantage at one year. We considered the complications to be of sufficient severity and incidence to discontinue the study. PMID- 7093134 TI - The speed of onset and severity of acute severe asthma. AB - The speed of onset of attacks of acute severe asthma was prospectively studied in a total of 261 consecutive episodes. 82% of these episodes involved patients with 'extrinsic' asthma and 28% involved children. The speed of onset of an attack was rapid (defined as less than 24 hours) in 46% of episodes and was less than one hour in 13%. Rapid-onset attacks occurred more frequently in younger patients and were no more or less severe than attacks of slower evolution. Comparison of different measures of severity in our patients showed statistically significant but low correlations. Objective measures seemed no better than simple clinical assessment with the Jones index. We discuss the significance of these correlations and the place of emergency admission services for attacks of acute severe asthma of rapid speed of onset. PMID- 7093135 TI - Diaphragmatic breathing training and walking performance in chronic airways obstruction. AB - Eight patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and moderate disability entered a pilot study of the effects of controlled diaphragmatic breathing. They received three weeks of placebo physiotherapy (shoulder exercises) followed by three weeks of instruction on controlled diaphragmatic breathing. No beneficial effects were observed on exercise performance or the perceived strain of exercise. PMID- 7093137 TI - Congenital lobar emphysema: a case with bronchial atresia and abnormal bronchial cartilages. AB - An infant with congenital left upper lobe emphysema presenting with respiratory distress and failure to thrive, which necessitated lobectomy, is described. Careful pathological examination revealed two defects in association with the emphysema: bronchial atresia and defective bronchial cartilage in the affected lobe. Whilst congenital lobar emphysema is the term usually employed to describe this clinical presentation of respiratory distress in infancy, 'panlobular emphysema of infancy' would be a more accurate description. Congenital defects in the airways may account for the development of emphysema, but there may be a more fundamental congenital tissue abnormality at alveolar level. PMID- 7093139 TI - Bronchocentric granulomatosis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - We describe a case of bronchocentric granulomatosis in a young woman with several unusual features. She developed spontaneous pneumothoraces, diffuse interstitial infiltrates and the adult respiratory distress syndrome during the course of her illness. A pathological diagnosis was not made until treatment with corticosteroids had led to a marked improvement in the patient's condition and an open lung biopsy was performed. PMID- 7093138 TI - Transitory ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia. AB - We report a patient with chronic respiratory tract disease and ultrastructural abnormalities of nasal cilia at first interpreted as being consistent with a primary ciliary defect. Subsequent sampling of nasal ciliated epithelium from the same area failed to reveal the defects of structure. Abnormalities of ciliary ultrastructure found on a single occasion, especially in the presence of acute inflammation, should be interpreted with caution. PMID- 7093140 TI - Restrictive pattern of lung function following psittacosis treated with corticosteroids. PMID- 7093136 TI - Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume in one second in histamine challenge studies in children. AB - The difficulty in performing FEV1 in young children prompted us to assess whether PEFR could be used to measure the response to inhaled histamine. In 123 children with recurrent respiratory symptoms we found a highly significant correlation (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001) between the percentage fall from base-line of FEV1 and PEFR. We also performed histamine challenge tests using PEFR alone on 56 children too young to manage spirometry and found our procedure reliable. PEFR is an adequate measurement in histamine provocation studies and can be used interchangeably with FEV1. The criterion for a positive test is a 20% fall in either PEFR or FEV1. PMID- 7093141 TI - The effect of uranyl acetate on human lymphoblastoid cells (RPMI 6410) and HeLa cells. AB - RPMI 6410 cells and HeLa cells were exposed to uranyl acetate. In RPMI 6410 cell cultures this produced single-membrane-bound presumably lysosomal bodies (called "uraniosomes") containing electron-dense crystals in the cultured cells and crystalline deposits in extracellular locations. Neither uraniosomes nor extracellular uranium deposits were found in HeLa cell cultures. All uraniosomes and extracellular uranium deposits analysed by electron-probed X-ray analysis were found to contain uranium, potassium and phosphorus. Traces of sulphur were detected in some but not all uraniosomes and extracellular uranium deposits. Traces of calcium were found in all extracellular uranium deposits and in some uraniosomes also. PMID- 7093142 TI - The central-nervous-system toxicity of long-term oral administration of L tryptophan to porto-caval-shunted rats. AB - In a previous paper we have reported that the oral long-term administration of 200 mg/kd of L-tryptophan to rats with a porto-caval shunt causes significant loss of body weight, muscular hypertonicity and aggressivity, as well as marked alteration of the liver structure. We now report that tryptophan administered at the same dosage for the same length of time also induces significant alteration of the central nervous system. These results further demonstrate that high plasma levels of tryptophan are quite well tolerated by control animals but are quite toxic to rats with a porto-caval shunt. We also claim that the brain alterations observed in such animals are not secondary to liver dysfunction but to high levels of plasma tryptophan per se. PMID- 7093143 TI - Ferret foetal infection with influenza virus at early gestation. PMID- 7093144 TI - Experimental viral arthritis. AB - An early, acute arthritis was observed in 8 of 22 mice experimentally infected with respiratory syncytial virus. No abnormalities were found in the joints of the 12 control mice. The pathological changes in joints of the infected animals included pannus formation and erosion, resembling changes that occur in arthritis in man, including rheumatoid arthritis. It is proposed, therefore, that viruses may play an aetiological role in acute and chronic arthritis in man. These investigations provide a model for studying pathology of arthritis in mice produced by a virus which also infects man. PMID- 7093145 TI - Incidence of ketamine-induced emesis in cynomologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used for staphylococcal enterotoxin bioassay. AB - Ten (24%) of 41 cynomologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) showed emetic response to 2.5-20 mg/Kg of ketamine injected i.m. Reduction of the levels of ketamine to one half or less of the emetic level resulted in faster recovery from sedation yet provided adequate time for intubation and subsequent intragastric feeding of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) in only 6 of the 10 monkeys without emesis. The onset of the first emetic episode with ketamine was similar to that induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Cynomologus monkeys showing emetic response to ketamine could still be used for SE bioassay if an experimentally determined non-emetic dose for individual monkeys is employed for sedation. PMID- 7093146 TI - The effect of staphylocoagulase in the mammary gland of the mouse. AB - Purified coagulase from a strain of S. aureus was inoculated into the mammary glands of mice which were examined at 4-hourly intervals over 28 h. Coagulase induced a neutrophil response at 4 h which was sustained throughout the experiment, and was accompanied by hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium. There was no evidence of intravascular clotting. The response of the gland to coagulase was compared with the response following inoculation of 3 different strains of viable staphylococci. PMID- 7093149 TI - Evaluation of respiratory effects in miners and millers exposed to talc free of asbestos and silica. AB - Miners and millers of talc ore, free from asbestos and silica, were examined for respiratory effects. A study of 116 subjects included the modified British Medical Research Council respiratory symptom questionnaire, simple spirometry, chest radiography, and limited examination of the chest. A one-year follow-up evaluation was performed on 103 subjects. Of the 12 subjects whose chest radiographs showed small round or irregular opacities (perfusion 1/0 or greater), five had never smoked cigarettes. Pulmonary function values at the time of the initial study were less than predicted and the rates of loss of FEV1 and FVC greater than expected. These differences were in part attributed to cigarette smoking but were greater than predicted from that source alone. There was evidence of an exposure effect after adjusting for cigarette smoking and we conclude that these workers have been affected by their exposures. No clear interaction between smoking and exposure could be identified. Populations such as this will need to be studied for longer periods to determine what current dust levels are safe. PMID- 7093147 TI - Cancer mortality in the British rubber industry. AB - Although it is over 30 years since an excess of bladder cancer was first identified in British rubber workers, the fear has persisted that this hazard could still be affecting men working in the industry today. Furthermore, suspicions have also arisen that other and hitherto unsuspected excesses of cancer might be occurring. For these reasons 33 815 men, who first started work in the industry between 1 January 1946 and 31 December 1960, have been followed up to 31 December 1975 to ascertain the number of deaths attributable to malignant disease and to compare these with the expected number calculated from the published mortality rates applicable to the male population of England and Wales and Scotland. The findings confirm the absence of any excess mortality from bladder cancer among men entering the industry after 1 January 1951 (the presumed bladder carcinogens were withdrawn from production processes in July 1949), but they confirm also a statistically significant excess of both lung and stomach cancer mortality. A small excess of oesophageal cancer was also observed in both the tyre and general rubber goods manufacturing sectors. American reports of an excess of leukaemia among rubber workers receive only limited support from the present study, where a small numerical excess of deaths from leukaemia is not statistically significant. A special feature of the study is the adoption of an analytical method that permits taking into account the long latent period of induction of occupational cancer. PMID- 7093148 TI - Occupational exposure and 12-year spirometric changes among Paris area workers. AB - A follow-up study over 12 years was conducted among 556 men aged 30 to 54 in 1960 and working at that time in factories around Paris (France). Various occupational exposures were recorded at the time of the 1960 survey after a technical study of each workplace. The annual rate of decline of FEV1 during 12 years was estimated for each subject from the measurements in 1960 and 1972. This rate (the FEV1 slope) was related independently of FEV1 level (which reflects the loss since the beginning of adult life) and of smoking habits to occupational exposure to dust, gases, and heat. FEV1 slope was significantly related to inhalation of mineral dust (even in the absence of silica) as well as to grain dust, and the slope was steeper with increased intensity of exposure to dust. Analysis of job changes showed that among heavily exposed subjects, those who changed jobs had a less steep slope than those who did not. Our results support the hypothesis of a causal role of exposure to dust in the development of chronic airflow obstruction and of a benefit when exposure to dust ceases. Exposure to dust, gas, and heat usually occurred together so data on gas and heat were analysed after taking account of exposure to dust. The influence of heat on FEV1 decline showed a clear trend. Results suggest that exposure to gases associated with exposure to dust or heat or both had a deleterious effect. After adjusting for age, smoking, and FEV1 level (ASLA) the following average slopes were obtained: 44 ml/a (for exposure to none or to only a slight amount of dust, or to gases alone), 51 ml/a (heat), 53 ml/a (noticeable dust), 55 ml/a (noticeable dust and heat), 60 ml/a (noticeable dust, heat, and high concentration of gases). Independently of the occupational exposures, ASLA FEV1 slopes among manual workers were related to skill, being 44 ml/a for skilled and 51 ml/a for unskilled men. Independently of social class and occupational exposures recorded, there were differences in FEV1 slopes by factory, suggesting that one should not rely on using one factory as the control of studies of occupational exposure to another. PMID- 7093150 TI - Respiratory illness caused by overheating of polyvinyl chloride. AB - On 9 August 1979, 62 (30.8%) of 201 workers and one of 60 management personnel in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabricating plant developed acute upper and lower respiratory irritation, headache, nausea, and fainting. All were taken to hospital; none died. Sixty of the patients were women. Interviews two weeks later with 57 affected and 14 unaffected workers disclosed that illness had followed exposure to fumes from an overheated (362 degrees C) PVC extruding machine. Fumes were emitted from 1100 until 1150; cases occurred from 1100 until late afternoon. All workers who became ill worked west of the overheated extruder, and the affected manager had visited that area. The earliest cases occurred closest to the machine, and incidence decreased (from 53.3% to 15.4%) with distance westward. This pattern was consistent with plant ventilation. Incidence rates in men and women did not differ (p greater than 0.1). At two and 14 weeks, pulmonary function testing of workers with persistent pulmonary symptoms showed abnormalities in 13 of 16 and in 9 of 11 respectively; the group with persistent symptoms contained an excess of non-smokers and of those with previous respiratory illnesses. One kilogram of PVC heated to 300 degrees C releases an estimated 12.9 g of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 4.9 g of carbon monoxide (CO). We attributed the outbreak to exposure to toxic HCl and CO and rejected the hypothesis of mass psychogenic illness. PMID- 7093151 TI - Role of infective, immunological, and chronic irritative factors in the development of silicosis. AB - The effect of infective, immunological, and irritative factors on the onset and development of silicosis after intratracheal inoculation with 50 mg of tridymite was investigated on 220 specific pathogen free (SPF) female Sprague-Dawley rats. Even after 12 months the rats, always kept in SPF conditions after intratracheal injection of the dust, showed mainly granulomas with little tendency to confluence or to fibrohyalinosis. Chronic infective stimulation was obtained by keeping groups of SPF animals injected with tridymite for three, six, or 12 months in a conventional animal house, where they were exposed to the endemic bacterial flora. In these animal silicosis developed much more rapidly and produced much more severe confluent lesions than in rats always kept in SPF conditions. Horseradish peroxidase and ferritin given by intratracheal injection and by inhalation were histochemically shown mainly in the dust granulomas but did not accelerate the development of silicosis. Exposure to ozone increased the prevalence of lung infections and thus enhanced the silicosis in conventionally kept animals, without modifying the evolution of silicosis in SPF animals. These experiments showed that the presence of bacterial flora, and particularly bronchopulmonary infections, accelerated the development of silicosis and led to the suggestion that individuals subject to frequent bronchopulmonary infections are unfit for occupations necessitating exposure to silica dust. PMID- 7093153 TI - Are coalminers, with low "risk factors" for ischaemic heart disease at greater risk of developing progressive massive fibrosis? AB - Coalminers with "A" shadows (the first stage of progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)) have a similar standardised mortality ratio (SMR) to those without PMF, and those with A shadows have a much higher specific mortality from pneumoconiosis. It is therefore argued that either A shadows confer immunity against some other disease(s) or that those developing A shadows are selected on the basis of increased life expectancy. These two hypotheses were investigated and as the selection hypothesis appeared promising further studies were made to discover which specific cause of death might be associated with this selection. This, surprisingly, appeared to be ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 7093152 TI - Theoretical basis of alveolar sampling. AB - The conditions under which the partial pressure of a solvent in the alveolar gas is likely to provide a valid index of its partial pressure in the mixed venous blood, and thus of whole-body exposure, is explored on a theoretical basis. Under steady-state conditions, providing the solvent's blood/gas partition coefficient exceeds 10, its mixed venous and alveolar pressures will agree within 10% and become virtually identical during the prolonged expiration necessary to obtain an alveolar sample. With less soluble solvents, however, this is not necessarily so, and when the partition coefficient is less than three alveolar sampling is unlikely to provide a valid index of mixed venous levels. Abnormalities of pulmonary function, particularly ventilation/perfusion imbalance, are unlikely to alter these conclusions significantly. PMID- 7093154 TI - Lung cancer mortality among residents living near the El Paso smelter. AB - Occupational exposure to arsenic has been associated with cancer of the lung, but epidemiological studies of cancer of the lung and environmental exposure to arsenic have produced conflicting results. Case-control studies about point sources of pollution have been useful in identifying environmental hazards. This technique was used to evaluate the risk for lung cancer near a smelter in El Paso, Texas, that uses an arsenic-containing ore and has been in continuous operation since 1887. A comparison of 575 cases of lung cancer with 1490 breast and prostate controls collected from 1944 to 1973 found no significant associations with distance using 2-km concentric circles out to 20 km from the smelter. PMID- 7093155 TI - Further follow-up study of workers from an asbestos cement factory. AB - A further follow-up traced 1970 workers employed at an asbestos cement factory for at least six months between 1936 and 1977. At the beginning of this period some crocidolite was used in the factory but by the end of 1936 chrysotile had become the only type of asbestos in use. Only 378 women were employed during the period concerned, and of the 30 who had died, none had a cause of death that is generally associated with exposure to asbestos. The mortality experience of the men was examined separately for all workers, all workers alive after 15 or more years after first exposure, and a smaller group of workers who were employed in 1935-6 and may have been exposed to crocidolite. In none of the three groups was there an appreciably raised standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for the causes of death investigated. These were: all causes, all neoplasms, cancers of the lung and pleura, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. An excess of lung cancers noted in the first follow-up study in 1964 was not found in this study. Two pleural mesotheliomas were identified but in both cases the men had worked at the factory before 1936 and therefore had been exposed to crocidolite. No cancers of the larynx were found. PMID- 7093156 TI - Ethnic differences in certified sickness absence. AB - The certified sickness absence of 4482 employees in one plant of a large manufacturing company in South-east England was studied for 12 months. The absences in the principal ethnic groups, Caucasian, Asian, and West Indian were compared. After standardisation for age and job grade in each department the Asians had twice the spells per man and nearly twice the days lost per man compared with the Caucasians. Compared with the Caucasians there was slightly more absence in West Indians. Various factors affect absence, and one reason for these differences may be that the three ethnic groups appreciate painful or unpleasant stimuli to a different degree. PMID- 7093158 TI - Effect of lead in vitro on water metabolism and osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes. AB - The addition of lead to normal human blood was previously found to cause a decrease in erythrocyte osmotic fragility in vitro. The mechanism of the decreased osmotic fragility caused by lead has not been completely clarified, but the following hypothesis has been proposed. Lead causes a leakage of water from erythrocytes, thus more water can enter the cell before haemolysis occurs. There has been no report, however, of the direct measurement of the intracellular water content of erythrocytes treated with lead. This study has tried to clarify the relation between intracellular water and the osmotic fragility of lead-treated erythrocytes in vitro. The results showed that 0.05 microM/ml of lead decreased the osmotic fragility, the intracellular water content, and intracellular potassium and mean corpuscular volume, increased the plasma water content and trapped water content, and contracted the erythrocyte shape. These changes corresponded well with each other, and close coincidence of the osmotic fragility and the intracellular water content was also observed. PMID- 7093157 TI - Occupational lead exposure of storage battery workers in Korea. AB - Two hundred and thirty-four lead workers employed in a storage battery factory in Korea were examined for lead in blood (PbB) and urine (PbU). delta aminolaevulinic acid in urine (ALAU), coproporphyrin in urine (CPU), and haemoglobin. The dose-response relationship between PbB and ALAU suggested that a PbB below 50-60 micrograms/dl is a proper practical limit of biological monitoring for lead workers. The inter-relationship between PbB and ALAU or PbU was better explained by a segmental straight function than by a curvilinear function. Inclusion of data from workers whose PbB was below 30-40 micrograms/dl, if they comprise a relatively large proportion of the whole, seems to have a role as a dummy effect on the overall regression function causing the curvilinear trend. At a given blood lead concentration, the ALAU of lead workers increased with an increase in the duration of exposure. This could be explained by the chronic effect of lead on haem precursors. Semi-quantitative measurement of CPU still played an important part in the screening of lead workers due to its simplicity, showing high sensitivity (97.8%) in detecting lead workers with PbB of 60 micrograms/dl or over. PMID- 7093159 TI - Thermocamera studies of gases and vapours. AB - Most gases and vapours with a bipolar molecular structure absorb infrared energy. If such a gas is interposed between an object emitting infrared radiation and a thermocamera the gas will absorb some of the infrared radiation and thus cast a shadow on the thermocamera picture. In this assay it is possible to visualise the gas. This method had been used to study pollution with anaesthetic gases and vapours in operating theatres. The vapours of other chemicals used in hospitals and other places of work also have been studied. The method permits the study of dispersion and flow patterns of polluting gases and vapours during work. PMID- 7093163 TI - Body weight, exercise and menstrual status among ballet dancers in training. AB - A prospective study of the menstrual pattern and weight changes was made in the first year of training of 29 new female entrants to a professional ballet school. Seventy-nine per cent of the student girls had menstrual disturbances at entry: primary amenorrhoea, four; secondary amenorrhoea, 11; irregular menses, eight. The incidence of secondary amenorrhoea increase substantially by the end of the year (20), but was not associated with any significant change in body weight. Only three students menstruated regularly during the year. Menstrual regularity improved during periods of injury and long vacation and it appears that deterioration of the menstrual pattern during dancing periods was related to strenuous physical exercise rather than to any change in body weight. PMID- 7093160 TI - Sodium azide poisoning in five laboratory technicians. PMID- 7093161 TI - Amenorrhea in athletes. PMID- 7093164 TI - Oxytocin-stressed and unstressed cardiotocograms for the prediction of fetal compromise. AB - The results of unstressed and oxytocin-stressed cardiotocograms recorded in 222 high-risk pregnancies within 48 h of delivery were compared with signs of fetal distress in labour and Apgar scores. Thirty-nine (18%) developed a late deceleration pattern in labour and 18 newborn (8%) had Apgar scores of less than 7 at 1 min. A direct comparison of the predictive value of unstressed and stressed cardiotocograms, using Fisher's exact test, showed a very significant difference in favour of the stressed cardiotocogram for the prediction of both fetal compromise and fetal well-being. The exclusion, or very selective use, of the oxytocin-stressed cardiotocogram and reliance on the unstressed cardiotocogram for the antepartum investigation of high-risk pregnancies sacrifices accuracy for convenience. PMID- 7093162 TI - Rotational delivery of the fetus: Kielland's forceps and two other methods compared. AB - A retrospective comparison was undertaken of 552 cases in which Kielland's forceps were used for rotation and delivery, 95 cases in which other forceps were used for rotation and delivery, and 160 cases in which manual rotation and forceps were used. There was no significant difference in maternal or fetal morbidity between the three groups, regardless of whether the indication for delivery was delay in the second stage of labour or fetal distress. When Kielland's forceps were used by junior staff, significantly more vaginal and cervical lacerations and primary postpartum haemorrhage occurred, but there was no increase in fetal morbidity. PMID- 7093165 TI - A scoring system for antenatal identification of fetal growth retardation. AB - A scoring system for selection of pregnancies at risk of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is presented. It is based on eight weighted items which include information from previous pregnancies and from the current one including the increment of fundal height and of maternal weight. With a risk population of 7% all IUGR infants were included. The IUGR infants constituted 34% of the risk group. PMID- 7093166 TI - Fetal growth delay in threatened abortion: an ultrasound study. AB - Out of 255 patients with threatened abortion 67 gave a regular menstrual history and at ultrasound examination had a live fetus with a crown-rump length (CRL) of 10-65 mm, equivalent to a gestational age of 7-13 weeks. The CRL of these fetuses was smaller than expected from their menstrual age (P less than 0.01). For this phenomenon we suggest the term early fetal growth delay. Seven patients aborted and one experienced intrauterine fetal death. These eight fetuses had on average smaller CRL than the remainder 59 fetuses (P less than 0.05). Fetal growth delay may therefore be considered a risk factor in threatened abortion. PMID- 7093168 TI - Human chorionic gonadotropin levels in maternal blood in late pregnancy: relation to birthweight, sex and condition of the infant at birth. AB - A total of 527 blood samples was obtained from an unselected population of women between 36 and 40 weeks gestation. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were measured using a specific radioimmunoassay for the beta 1-subunit of hCG. Serum hCG levels were higher in primigravidae and in women carrying female fetuses. They were also related to the birthweight of the child and to the occurrence of fetal distress. PMID- 7093167 TI - Amniotic fluid volumes and concentrations of C-peptide in diabetic pregnancies. AB - Amniotic fluid (AF) volumes were determined by sodium p-aminohippurate (PAH) dilution in a consecutive series of 24 diabetic women at 34-35 weeks gestation. AF and maternal venous blood samples were analysed for C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR). When the patients were subgrouped according to the presence (n = 17) or absence (n = 8) of neonatal morbidity, AF volumes (1340 +/- 236 ml vs 807 4/- 130 ml; mean +/- SEM), AF concentrations of CPR (1.38 +/- 0.54 nmol/l vs 0.61 +/- 0.14 nmol/l) and maternal blood glucose levels (5.3 +/- 0.2 nmol/l vs 4.8 +/- 0.3 nmol/l) during the last trimester of pregnancy were not different. The total content of CPR was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in pregnancies with neonatal complications (1.25 +/- 0.31 nmol/ compared with that in pregnancies without neonatal complications (0.54 +/- 0.18 nmol). AF volumes were significantly (P less than 0.02) larger in pregnancies where feeding problems occurred (1546 +/- 307 ml, n = 9) compared with that in pregnancies without such problems (957 +/- 188 ml, n = 16). These findings indicate an impact of fetal hyperinsulinism on the functional maturation of the fetus. When the patients were subgrouped according to the presence or absence of detectable maternal plasma CPR, i.e. greater than 0.05 nmol/l, and to insulin dependent and gestational diabetes no differences of AF volumes, AF concentrations of CPR or total AF contents of CPR were found. PMID- 7093170 TI - Potential for cure in metastatic ovarian teratomas and dysgerminomas. AB - Between 1977 and 1981 21 patients with metastatic ovarian germ cell tumours received sequential combination chemotherapy; 18 had malignant teratomas and three dysgerminomas. Thirteen patients with malignant teratoma have had no treatment for up to 45 months (mean 27.5 months) and one patient is still having treatment. Life table estimate of survival on 1 July 1981 projects a survival of 71% in those with malignant ovarian teratomas. Four patients with malignant teratoma have died. Two of these had received extensive treatment before referral and a third achieved complete remission but relapsed and did not subsequently respond fully to further treatment. A fourth patient had an undifferentiated tumour compatible with an embryonal carcinoma which proved refractory to all treatment. The three patients with advanced dysgerminomas are all in remission and have had no treatment for 5, 14 and 33 months respectively. The majority of metastatic germ cell tumours of the ovary now appear to be curable provided that effective treatment is begun early. PMID- 7093169 TI - Evidence against oral contraceptives as a cause of neural-tube defects. AB - Information on oral contraceptive (OC) use, collected at the first antenatal visit, was abstracted from the medical notes in respect of 107 index pregnancies resulting in the delivery of an infant with a neural-tube defect (NTD) and 214 unaffected controls. The relative risk of having an NTD infant for women who had at any time used OCs was 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.52, 1.32) compared with that in women who had never used OCs. For women who stopped OC use less than 3 months before becoming pregnant or who continued in early pregnancy, the relative risk was 1.18 (95% confidence interval 0.70, 1.98) compared with women who had used OCs at any other time. An analysis restricted to those women who had at any time used OCs did not suggest an association between NTD risk and the interval between stopping OC use and becoming pregnant. None of our analyses therefore provided any evidence that OCs cause NTDs and if a risk exists it can only be small. PMID- 7093171 TI - Progestogen therapy for ovarian carcinoma. PMID- 7093172 TI - Incidence and prevalence of preclinical carcinoma of cervix in a British population. AB - Quantitative knowledge of the natural history of cancer of the cervix is essential to the design of optimal screening programmes. We have estimated the incidence and prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a population of women receiving cytological examinations, and compared the results with those from other series. Relative risk of disease is reported in relation to easily identified variables (marital status, parity, contraceptive use, symptoms) which are likely to be of practical value in defining selective screening policies. PMID- 7093175 TI - Enlargement of a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma during bromocriptine treatment. PMID- 7093174 TI - Female hypospadias. Case reports. PMID- 7093177 TI - Sex ratio of live-born Hausa infants. PMID- 7093173 TI - Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 'wary' atypia: a study of colposcopic, histological and cytological characteristics. AB - Colposcopic, histological and cytological characteristics of 168 consecutive patients attending a colposcopy clinic were reviewed. A group of patients demonstrated a cluster of histological features previously related to possible human papilloma virus infection of cervical epithelium, including particularly koilocytosis, double nucleation and dyskeratosis. These patients had a significantly greater occurrence of colposcopic 'finger-like' lesion outline and colposcopic impression of warty change, but not of other specific colposcopic features. Over two-thirds of patients with histological warty features did not show these colposcopic changes. Cytological changes previously related to warty lesions did not occur commonly, and appeared to underestimate the histological occurrence of such changes. Histological changes considered to represent CIN were uncommon in patients who said that they had begun sexual activity less than 10 years ago, whereas patients with warty characteristics on histology showed no such bias. PMID- 7093176 TI - The influence of maternal analgesia on neonatal behaviour. PMID- 7093178 TI - On the heredity of retinitis pigmentosa. AB - The aims of this study are: (1) to determine the frequencies of the various genetic forms of retinitis pigmentosa; and (2) to perform segregation analysis on autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked families. The families studied consisted of 2 series of patients at Moorfields Eye Hospital: (1) 426 families seen in the Genetic Clinic; and (2) 289 families seen in the Electrodiagnostic Department. Comparison between the 2 series identified biases of ascertainment, and it was estimated that the combined series included 53% of simplex cases and a minimum of 15% of X-linked families. Segregation analysis of the Genetic Clinic series showed good agreement with expectation in autosomal dominant and X-linked families, but indicated that no more than 70% of all simplex cases were autosomal recessive. The rest of the simplex cases were mildly affected and may represent fresh autosomal dominant mutations, autosomal dominant transmission with reduced penetrance, the heterozygous state of X-linked disease in some of the females, and phenocopies. PMID- 7093179 TI - Absence of abnormal erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, copper, or zinc levels in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - Blood samples obtained from 22 patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 6 unaffected family members, and 8 unrelated controls showed serum copper and zinc to be in the normal range, contrary to the results in earlier reports. Likewise no significant variation of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels was found between the 3 groups or when the patients were grouped by sex, age, or genetic distribution. The SOD proteins from controls and retinitis pigmentosa patients had identical mobilities on gel electrophoresis, isoelectric points, and heat stabilities. Our studies do not support the use of copper, zinc, or SOD in the diagnosis or treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 7093180 TI - Tapetoretinal degeneration in the cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger's) syndrome. AB - Electrophysiological and histopathological study of a baby suffering from Zellweger's syndrome and presenting progressive retinal dysfunction showed this to be related to degenerative changes in the photoreceptor cells and pigment epithelium and to defective myelination of the optic nerve. Disturbances of bile acid and lysine metabolism were also demonstrated, lending support to the concept that Zellweger's syndrome is attributable to a widespread inadequacy of intracellular oxidative function. PMID- 7093181 TI - Factors in the exfoliation syndrome. AB - The study cohort consists of 459 subjects over 60 years of age. Intraocular pressure and degrees of exfoliation, lens changes, and pigment were recorded and their interrelationships investigated. A raised intraocular pressure was found to be associated with exfoliation, as also was increased pigmentation and the development of lens changes. An original observation is that the exfoliated males had a significantly higher IOP than their female counterparts. PMID- 7093182 TI - Galactose intolerance and the risk of cataract. AB - Cataracts may arise in association with various major and minor disorders restricting galactose metabolism, and the risk is broadly associated with the degree of galactose intolerance. A family is described in which a girl presented at the age of 7 3/4 years with cataracts, galactosuria, and partial deficiencies of the enzymes galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. Galactose intolerance as determined by an oral test was impaired and fluctuated with variation in activity of the above galactose enzymes. Minor defects were also present in the parents and a maternal half-brother. The child has a compound disorder of galactose metabolism differing from those previously described. Assessment of galactose tolerance may be useful in the investigation of families with an incidence of cataract. PMID- 7093186 TI - Glaucoma patients not compliant with their drug therapy: clinical and behavioural aspects. AB - The pattern of drug self-administration among 15 patients not compliant with their pilocarpine therapy was studied with an electronic medication monitor. Recording the date and the hour every time the medication bottle was opened, the monitor gives detailed information on the medication behaviour. The results indicate different types of medication errors; inadequate spacing of doses during the day with long intervals during the night, frequently missed doses at noon, and long interruptions in the medication, sometimes lasting for several days. Improvement in their compliance was seen in patients who were given instruction and taught to relate their medication to specified events in the day. PMID- 7093185 TI - Congenital tumours of the anterior visual system with dysplasia of the optic discs. PMID- 7093183 TI - Effect of a nonsteroidal gametic factor linked to DNA on senile cataract in man. PMID- 7093184 TI - Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the palpebral conjunctiva. AB - A 63-year-old man had a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the conjunctiva for several years with no history of ocular inflammation or systemic abnormalities. Immunoperoxidase staining was consistent with a neoplastic lesion. This is the only well documented such case in the recent literature to the best of our knowledge. This rare condition is contrasted with reactive plasma cell granuloma, a benign inflammatory condition, which comprises most of the cases previously reported as plasmacytomas. Since extraskeletal plasmacytomas may be the first manifestation of multiple myeloma, these patients deserve appropriate diagnostic evaluation and close follow-up. PMID- 7093187 TI - Quantitative trabeculectomy. PMID- 7093188 TI - Structural heterogeneity and subunit composition of horse ferritins. AB - Structural, spectroscopic, and immunological properties of horse ferritins extracted from spleen, liver, and heart were studied to test the hypothesis that the different tissue ferritins are hybrids composed of variable proportions of two subunit types. The weight-average molecular weights determined by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration increase from 460 000 for spleen to 480 000 for liver and to 515 000 for heart apoferritin; moreover, the diffusion coefficients prove that each tissue-specific ferritin consists of a population of hybrid molecules. The intrinsic fluorescence and the near-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra change as a function of the subunit composition of the three ferritins. The fluorescence emission maximum, which occurs at a very low wavelength (315 nm) in horse spleen apoferritin, is shifted to increasingly higher wavelengths in the liver and heart proteins (320 and 325 nm, respectively), indicating that the tryptophan and tyrosine residues become less rigidly immobilized with an increase in the H-subunit content. The tryptophan residues behave as fully solvated in the monomeric subunits at acidic pH values. In accordance with the fluorescence data, the near-UV CD spectra show that the tryptophan environment is highly asymmetric in spleen apoferritin, progressively less so in liver and heart apoferritins, and completely relaxed in the dissociated subunits. Moreover, they show that the environment of tyrosines and phenylalanines differs markedly in the spleen and heart apoproteins. The ferritins studied appear to have immunogenic sites which are specific for the H and L subunits on the basis of enzyme-linked immunoassay and double-diffusion experiments. PMID- 7093189 TI - Reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin with 4-(trifluoromethyl)-alpha-bromoacetanilide. AB - 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-alpha-bromoacetanilide is structurally similar to a large number of compounds that inactivate alpha-chymotrypsin by alkylating the methionine-192 residue or occasionally serine-195. Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments suggest that this material reacts with the enzyme at two distinct loci. One of these involves alkylation of methionine while reaction at a second site, which does not appear to be near the active site, diminishes the proclivity for reaction at methionine. Solvent effects (H2O/D2O) and fluorine proton Overhauser experiments indicate that the reporter group attached to methionine closely contacts the protein surface and is thereby shielded from solvent while the CF3 group at the second site is more accessible to solvent. PMID- 7093190 TI - Infrared spectroscopic study of the secondary structure of melittin in water, 2 chloroethanol, and phospholipid bilayer dispersions. AB - The conformations of melittin, an amphipathic polypeptide consisting of 26 amino acid residues, and its hydrophobic (residues 1--19) and hydrophilic (residues 20- 26) fragments were examined in various solvent systems, including H2O, 2H2O, 2 chloroethanol, and 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multilayers, by infrared spectroscopy. Water and 2-chloroethanol were used as reference solvents for characterizing the amide I and II vibrational frequencies of the polypeptide in systems reflecting unordered, beta-structure, or alpha-helical forms. In DMPC bilayer assemblies both melittin and its hydrophobic fragment F1 exhibit alpha helical conformations. In contrast, infrared spectra for the hydrophilic F2 fragment are suggestive of a beta conformation with perhaps spectral contributions from random-coil configurations. The alpha-helical conformation of intact melittin in DMPC multilayer dispersions remains unchanged as the bilayer passes from the gel to liquid-crystalline state. For melittin-water solutions the infrared spectra monitor changes in population of specific conformations as the temperature is varied. Thus, for melittin concentrations in which tetramers are dominant high temperatures (31 degrees C) favor the alpha-helical form, while low temperatures (8 degrees C) lead to populations of both beta and alpha-helical structures. At lower melittin concentrations for which monomers persist, high temperatures favor an unordered polypeptide form, while low temperatures induce an alpha-helical conformation. Although peak-height intensity ratios AII/AI for the amide I and II regions are difficult to interpret rigorously, values of this parameter for aqueous solutions of melittin suggest a sensitivity to structural changes involving the aggregation properties of the polypeptide. PMID- 7093192 TI - Nucleotide sequence of Dictyostelium discoideum 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid: evolutionary and secondary structural implications. AB - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Dictyostelium discoideum 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The sequence has relatively low homology with other 5.8S rRNAs and is further distinguished by its lack of modified nucleotides. The homology data indicate that D. discoideum diverged from the mainstream of eukaryotic descent at the earliest branch yet characterized by molecular phylogeny. Taking advantage of the considerable divergence of the D. discoideum 5.8S rRNA sequence from those of other eukaryotes, we have concluded that there is very little phylogenetically conserved, intramolecular secondary structure. This conclusion is discussed in the light of the variety of evidence for a highly ordered structure of 5.8S rRNA in vitro. We also offer comparative evidence in support of a specific model for the base pairing between the 3' end of 5.8S rRNA and the 5' end of eukaryotic 28S rRNA. PMID- 7093191 TI - Enzymatic and chemical structure mapping of mouse 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid contacts in 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. AB - Secondary structure mapping experiments using S1 nuclease, RNase T1, and diethyl pyrocarbonate as conformational probes have identified those regions in mouse 5.8S rRNA containing major sites of interaction with 28S rRNA. One site encompasses the 3'-terminal 20 nucleotides and corresponds to the region identified previously as a component of an RNase-resistant 5.8S/28S rRNA junction complex. A second site, located at the 5' terminus, has not been defined precisely but is believed to involve approximately 20--30 nucleotides. The existence of these sites of interaction is supported by comparing sequences of eukaryotic 5.8S and 28S rRNA with those of the prokaryotic 23S rRNA. Evidence for the occurrence of at least three helical regions in the central portion of the mouse 5.8S rRNA molecule is also presented. PMID- 7093193 TI - On the mechanism of de novo polymerization by form I polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus. AB - The diastereomers of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiodiphosphate) (ADP alpha S) have been tested as substrates for the polymerization reaction of primer-independent polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus. The preferred substrate is ADP alpha S(Sp), which has a similar Km and a greatly reduced Vmax when compared to the natural substrate ADP. The other diastereomer, ADP alpha S(Rp), is preferentially cleaved by a polyphosphate kinase activity (present with the phosphorylase) that may be responsible for the removal of the 5'-beta-phosphate during de novo polymerization, leading to the observed 5'-phospho-poly(A). Inhibitor studies suggest that the kinase and de novo polymerization sites are not coincident. During de novo polymerization of the diastereomeric mixture, ADP alpha S(Rp) is selectively used to form 5' termini, whereas ADP alpha S(Sp) serves to support the chain elongation. Thus there are two stereochemically distinct subsites for initiating polymerization. ADP beta S functions as a substrate for polynucleotide phosphorylase with kinetic properties similar to those of ADP, indicating that removal of the beta-phosphate (a thiophosphate) is not a kinetically important step and probably occurs after polymerization is complete. The average chain length of the polymeric product is considerably smaller for ADP alpha S vs. ADP beta S or ADP, suggesting that the degree of processivity of the polymerization is determined by competition between the rate of polymerization and the rate of dissociation of the growing chain. PMID- 7093194 TI - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cyanocobalamin and several of its analogues. AB - The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of cyanocobalamin in aqueous solution has been interpreted. The assignments are based on the earlier biosynthetic studies with carbon-13-enriched precursors and on the present systematic analysis of the spectra of cyanocobalamin, cyanocobalamin lactone, cyanocobalamin lactam, cyanoepicobalamin, and several cyanocobalaminmonocarboxylic acids. The interpretation of the spectrum of cyanocobalamin greatly simplifies the structure determination of new corrinoids and should prove very helpful in future studies of these compounds. The structures of two cyanocobalamindicarboxylic acids and a cyanocobalaminmonocarboxylic acid lactone have been determined by comparing their carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra with that of cyanocobalamin. PMID- 7093195 TI - Effect of colchicine binding on the reversible dissociation of the tubulin dimer. AB - The reversible subunit-dissociation equilibria of the tubulin alpha beta dimer and of the colchicine-tubulin dimer complex have been examined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation at 4.6 degrees C. The dissociation constants (KD) of tubulin from bovine brain and from flagellar outer-doublet microtubules of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were 7.4 x 10(-7) M and 15.2 x 10(-7) M, respectively. In contrast, both brain and outer-doublet colchicine-tubulin complexes dissociated less readily into their alpha- and beta-tubulin monomers; KD = 2.7 x 10(-7) M for the brain complex and KD = 5.0 x 10(-7) M for the outer doublet colchicine-tubulin species. Podophyllotoxin (2 x 10(-4) M), tropolone (10(-4) M), or both podophyllotoxin and tropolone (2 x 10(-4) and 5 x 10(-4) M, respectively) had no effect on the dissociation constant of brain tubulin. Under these experimental conditions, the initial colchicine-binding capacities of brain and flagellar tubulins were 0.87 +/- 0.05 and 0.70 +/- 0.07 mol/mol, respectively. The colchicine-binding activities of free tubulins decayed at 4 degrees C according to first-order kinetics with half-times of 37 h for brain tubulin and 26 h for flagellar tubulin. However, colchicine-tubulin complexes (brain or flagellar) showed no decay of binding activity when stored at 4 degrees C for periods up to 4 days. These results strongly support the following conclusions: (1) colchicine binding induces or stabilizes a conformational isomer of tubulin that dissociates into its alpha and beta monomers less readily than free tubulin; (2) the conformational change in tubulin is specific for binding of the intact colchicine molecule and does not occur when ligands specific for the trimethoxyphenyl subdomain (i.e., podophyllotoxin) or tropolone subdomain of the colchicine-binding site bind singly or simultaneously to tubulin; and (3) bound colchicine stabilizes tubulin against loss of colchicine-binding activity at 4 degrees C. This altered conformation of tubulin may be involved in the substoichiometric poisoning of microtubule assembly produced by the addition of colchicine-tubulin complexes to the ends of microtubules. PMID- 7093197 TI - Lipid domains in the crystalline lipovitellin/phosvitin complex: a phosphorus-31 and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study. AB - The crystalline lipovitellin/phosvitin complex has a molecular weight of 456 000 and contains nearly 100 molecules of bound phospholipid. Earlier work using electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction methods established the symmetrical dimeric nature of this lipoprotein, but the organization of the lipid was unknown. Under conditions where the lipoprotein is in solution, the high-resolution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra contain two well-resolved peaks which can be assigned to phosphoserine moieties in both lipovitellin and phosvitin and to the phospholipid microdomains. The spin lattice relaxation times, T1, for the phosphoserines and the phospholipid head groups are distinctly different, with the serine phosphates having faster reorientation rates. 31P NMR spectra of crystalline lipoprotein contain a broad symmetric component with a chemical shielding anisotropy of about -50 ppm. By obtaining 31P MNR spectra from several modified forms of the lipoprotein as well as from the extracted lipids, it is shown that the chemical shielding anisotropy is characteristic of phospholipid in a bilayer arrangement. As a further check on 31P NMR results, samples of the lipovitellin/phosvitin complex containing deuterium-labeled 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were studied by 2H NMR methods. The resulting spectrum has characteristics similar to those obtained from model lipid systems in a lamellar state. The results of the 31P and 2H NMR experiments correlate with the low-resolution model of the crystalline lipovitellin complex obtained by diffraction studies. It is proposed that each subunit of lipovitellin contains a microdomain of phospholipid in a bilayer-like arrangement. PMID- 7093198 TI - Qualitative and comparative nature of mitochondrial translation products in mammalian cells. AB - A method has been described for the efficient incorporation of [35S]methionine into isolated mitochondrial particles from various mammalian tissues. The method involves the incubation of digitonin-treated mitochondrial particles (mitoplasts) in a low sucrose medium. Electrophoretic analysis of 35S-labeled products on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions shows that mitoplasts from Ehrlich ascites cells, mouse liver, and rat liver synthesize 19 24 polypeptide species including some high molecular weight components in the size range of 1.0 X 10(5). The polypeptide species synthesized in the mitoplast system resemble the cycloheximide-resistant products synthesized in the intact cells with respect to size distribution and total number, although significant quantitative differences between the two systems are observed. Experiments on pulse--chase analysis of 35S-labeled mitochondrial products and the effects of protease inhibitors on the electrophoretic profiles suggest no significant proteolytic degradation during the incubation or analysis. Further, control experiments with nuclease-treated mitoplasts and use of specific protein synthesis inhibitors show that all of the labeled polypeptides are the intramitochondrial translation products. Extensive comparison between the products synthesized in Ehrlich ascites and mouse and rat liver mitochondria, using one- and two-dimensional gels under denaturing conditions, shows striking variations, suggesting possible heterogeneity. PMID- 7093199 TI - Studies on the chirality of sulfoxidation catalyzed by bacterial flavoenzyme cyclohexanone monooxygenase and hog liver flavin adenine dinucleotide containing monooxygenase. AB - The stereochemical outcome of oxygen transfer to the sulfur moiety of aryl alkyl sulfides catalyzed by two flavoenzyme monooxygenases has been determined by resolution of sulfoxide product enantionmers on a high-pressure liquid chromatography column [Pirkle, W. H., Finn, J. M. Schreiner, J. L., & Hamper, B. C. (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 3964-3966] containing a 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-D phenylglycine chiral stationary phase. With 4-tolyl ethyl sulfide as substrate, cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter produces predominantly the (S)-(-) sulfoxide (82% S, 18% R), a modest enantioselectivity. In contrast, the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) containing a monooxygenase purified from hog liver microsomes carries out sulfoxidation to yield the (R)-(+)-sulfoxide enantiomer as major product (95% R, 5% S). The presence of the minor sulfoxide enantiomer in each case appears to be due to incomplete chiral processing by each enzyme and not to a competing, achiral, nonenzymic sulfoxidation process. The mammalian FAD containing monooxygenase also oxygenates the divalent sulfur of the antiarthritic drug sulindac sulfide to yield a single dextrorotatory isomer of the sulfoxide prodrug. Analysis of the chiral outcome of sulfoxidation catalyzed by rat liver microsomes indicated that phenobarbital treatment increases the capacity for S-( )-oxygenation of 4-tolyl ethyl sulfide, suggesting that the phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes catalyze formation of the (S)-(-)-sulfoxide preferentially, a surmise validated in the following paper [Waxman, D. J., Light, D. R., & Walsh, C. (1982) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)]. With sulindac sulfide as substrate, though, both control and phenobarbital-induced microsomes catalyze sulfoxidation to yield the same (+)-sulfoxide enantiomer generated by the purified FAD-containing monoxygenase, suggesting a low degree of participation by the cytochrome P-450 isozymes in sulfoxidation of this compound. PMID- 7093196 TI - Mechanism of initial reaction of phenylhydrazine with oxyhemoglobin and effect of ring substitutions on the biomolecular rate constant of this reaction. AB - Phenylhydrazine in the presence of oxygen causes the oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin. The initial step in this process is a bimolecular reaction, probably a two-electron transfer from phenylhydrazine to oxyhemoglobin. The product of this reaction is neither methemoglobin nor deoxyhemoglobin. Superoxide dismutase and catalase eliminate side reactions that increase the apparent rate of this reaction as measured spectrophotometrically at 577 nm; scavengers for the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen do not affect this rate either in the presence or in the absence of these enzymes. Halogen atoms and alkyl groups decrease the rate when ortho and increase the rate when meta or para to the hydrazino group. Chlorine atoms at both ortho positions or the carboxylate group at the ortho or the para position block the reaction. In the presence of phenylhydrazine under air, methemoglobin is converted to the same complex as that produced when phenyldiazene is added to methemoglobin anaerobically. Under N2 or CO, phenylhydrazine reduces methemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin or carbonmonoxyhemoglobin. PMID- 7093200 TI - Chiral sulfoxidations catalyzed by rat liver cytochromes P-450. AB - The chirality of sulfoxidation catalyzed by two cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from phenobarbital-induced rat liver was studied by using 4-tolyl ethyl sulfide as a substrate. Both P-450 isoenzymes, termed PB-1 and PB-4, when reconstituted with purified rat liver NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome b5, generated 4-tolyl ethyl sulfoxide which was predominantly in the S (-) configuration. In the case of isozyme PB-1, the sulfoxide was 79 +/- 1% S and was formed with a turnover of 41 min-1; with isoenzyme PB-4, sulfoxide, 84 +/- 1%, S, was formed at 31 min-1. In addition, PB-1-1 catalyzed oxygen transfer to the p-methyl group of the sulfide substrates to yield the (ethylthio)benzyl alcohol with a turnover of 6.8 min-1, corresponding to a sulfur:carbon oxygenation partition ratio of 6:1. Isozyme PB-4 was approximately 80-fold less efficient at catalyzing this carbon hydroxylation, giving a sulfur:carbon ratio of approximately 375:1. In the absence of cytochrome b5, turnover numbers were reduced to approximately 15% and 67% of the above values for PB-1 and PB-4, respectively, with no change in sulfoxide chirality. This fact, and the lack of improvement in chirality upon inclusion of scavengers for reactive oxygen species, suggests that the approximately 79-84% chirality observed for the sulfoxide product reflects an intrinsic lack of complete stereospecificity in these cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reactions. The enantiomeric composition of 4 tolyl ethyl sulfoxide generated in rat liver microsomal incubations was shown to reflect the relative contribution of cytochrome P-450 isozymes, which generate the S-(-) enantiomer preferentially, and of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) containing monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8), which as we have shown catalyzes (R)-(+) sulfoxide formation [Light, D. R., Waxman, D. J. & Walsh, C. (1982) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. Thus, the chirality of microsome-catalyzed sulfoxidation is shown to be modulated by factors which alter the relative participation of these by factors which alter the relative participation of these two liver monooxygenases, such as phenobarbital induction, inclusion of inhibitors or activators (metyrapone and n-octylamine), and variation in sulfide substrate concentration. PMID- 7093201 TI - Heavy metal ion interactions with Callinectes sapidus hemocyanin: structural and functional changes induced by a variety of heavy metal ions. AB - Hemocyanins are oligomeric proteins that reversibly bind oxygen. The oxygen binding site is a binuclear copper center bound to the protein by amino acid side chains. The hemocyanin of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, occurs in vivo as a mixture of 25S dodecamers and 16S hexamers, whose oxygen binding properties are identical. Four heavy metals have been used as probes of structure and function in this hemocyanin system. Divalent cations of cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc induced an indefinite self-association of the hemocyanin molecule. These higher ordered association states can be dissociated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Callinectes oxyhemocyanin possesses at least three mercury binding sites: (1) a sulfhydryl group which forms a mercaptide bond with a single mercuric ion, (2) a tryptophanyl side chain which forms a noncovalent 1:1 complex with mercuric ions with an association constant of 5.7 X 10(15) M-1, and (3) lower affinity site(s) involved in the self-association process also observed with cadmium, copper, and zinc. Sites 1 and 2 are most likely also involved in the binding of cadmium. Upon removal of oxygen from the active site of hemocyanin, an additional binding site becomes available for the reaction with mercury. Binding of mercury to this site leads to loss of one of the coppers from the binuclear oxygen binding site. Both the binuclear copper center and allosteric sites on the hemocyanin are affected by heavy metal binding. Cadmium and zinc ions increase the oxygen affinity; mercury and copper ions have the opposite effect. All four heavy metal ions decrease the degree of cooperative oxygen binding. The mercury-induced changes in oxygen binding by 25S Callinectes hemocyanin appear to be the result of that metal's interaction with the high-affinity tryptophan binding site. Mercury binding to the available sulfhydryl group in oxyhemocyanin occurs without functional consequences. Heavy metal, hydrogen, and chloride ions affect the affinity of the first or last oxygen molecules bound to the hemocyanin, which results in the appearance of multiple T (low oxygen affinity) and R (high oxygen affinity) states. Additionally, these ions shift the equilibrium between the low and high oxygen affinity states. The appearance of additional R states at high pH is accompanied by the cleavage of a tyrosine hydrogen bond. PMID- 7093203 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of human brain calmodulin. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of calmodulin from human brain has been determined by using peptides derived from digests with trypsin. Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and cyanogen bromide. The peptides were purified by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed with a sequenator. The protein contains 148 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 16792. As in other calmodulins, the amino-terminal residue of the protein is blocked by an acetyl group, and a trimethyllysine residue is located at position 115. The only difference between this sequence and those fully determined in other species is the assignment of amide groups. PMID- 7093202 TI - Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis in permeable human fibroblasts. AB - We have extended our permeable cell system for measuring DNA excision repair [Roberts, J. D., & Lieberman, M. W. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 4499-4505] so that steps of the repair process, beginning with incision and extending at least through the "rearrangement" of repaired nucleosomes which follows repair synthesis, all take place in permeable cells. In the revised protocol, human fibroblasts are made permeable, damaged with UV or chemicals in suspension, and incubated with a reaction mix containing ATP and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, one of which is labeled with 32P. By reducing the exogenous dNTP concentration to 3 microM and including 15 mM KCl in the reaction mixture, we have greatly reduced background incorporation in undamaged cells without significantly reducing repair synthesis. This permits us to measure repair synthesis without separating it from replicative synthesis by isopycnic centrifugation. Repair synthesis in this system is very similar to that occurring in intact cells: in response to DNA damage, nucleotides are incorporated into DNA of parental density (when analyzed by the BrdUrd density shift technique), incorporation increases with increasing DNA damage, synthesis is dependent on the presence of all four dNTPs, and the system accurately reflects the genetic UV repair deficiency of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells. Furthermore, as has been observed in intact cells, repair-incorporated nucleotides in these permeable cells are initially overrepresented in staphylococcal nuclease sensitive regions of chromatin and are subsequently redistributed to give a nearly uniform distribution between nuclease-sensitive and -resistant regions. The UV dose curve of permeable cells differs somewhat from that of intact cells; however, the dose differs somewhat from that of intact cells; however, the dose curve for permeable cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea is very similar to that of intact cells. Repair synthesis in UV-damaged, permeable normal and XP cells is stimulated by addition of Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease, indicating that the damaged DNA is accessible to exogenous repair enzymes and suggesting that incision, or an obligatory preincision step, is rate limiting for excision repair in these permeable cells. Repair synthesis in this system is inhibited by aphidicolin, but not by high levels of dideoxy-TTP, suggesting involvement of DNA polymerase alpha in excision repair. Novobiocin is also inhibitory alpha and the HeLa cell type II DNA topoisomerase. PMID- 7093205 TI - Effect of subunit composition on quaternary structure of isopod (Ligia pallasii) hemocyanin. PMID- 7093204 TI - Stereochemical course of nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by bacteriophage T7 induced DNA polymerase. AB - The bacteriophage T7 induced DNA polymerase, consisting of the phage specified gene 5 protein associated with Escherichia coli thioredoxin, catalyzes the copolymerization of SP-dATP alpha S with dTTP, producing the alternating of polymer poly[dTs-A)] by a mechanism involving inversion of configuration at P alpha. Degradation of poly[d(5s-A)] by the nucleolytic action of E. coli DNA polymerase produced the dinucleotide pdTps-dA, whose configuration at the phosphorothioate diester was assigned as R by comparison of the phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift (55.0 ppm downfield from H3PO4) with that of an authentic sample. Further degradation by alkaline phosphatase to Rp dTps-dA (55.6 ppm downfield from H3PO4) confirmed the configuration. The stereochemistry provides no evidence of a double displacement mechanism. PMID- 7093206 TI - Role of aromatic residues in the structure-function relationship of alpha bungarotoxin. AB - The conformation of alpha-bungarotoxin and its cyanogen bromide cleaved and nitrated derivatives was studied by circular dichroism (CD). Native toxin contains no helices but some beta forms and possibly beta turns. Its ordered conformation is little affected when the peptide bond between Met-27 and Trp-28 is cleaved; however, the CD due to Trp-28 is abolished. The CNBr-cleaved derivative retains its immunoaffinity toward anti-toxin sera but loses its neurotoxicity toward the acetylcholine receptor. On the basis of both CD and fluorescence spectra, Trp-28 is probably stabilized by a short-range interaction with the carboxylate group of Asp-30. The ordered conformation of the toxin is also unaltered when one of the two tyrosine residues, identified as Tyr-54, is nitrated with tetranitromethane. This Tyr(NO2)-54 derivative possesses both immunoaffinity and neurotoxicity. However, the toxin is denatured and loses its activities when the other tyrosine residue, Tyr-24, is also nitrated in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, even after the denaturant is removed. Spectrophotometric titration of the toxin indicates that Tyr-54 has a normal apparent dissociation constant (pKa = 9.7) and Tyr-24 ionizes at pH above 11.2. Both tyrosine residues are in a polar environment, but Tyr-24 is not readily accessible to reagents and is stabilized by long-range interactions, probably involving Glu-41. PMID- 7093209 TI - Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the complexation of valinomycin with calcium. AB - Complexation of valinomycin (VM) with the divalent cation Ca2+ in a lipophilic solvent, acetonitrile (CH3-CN), has been studied by using circular dichroism and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). From analyses of the spectral data, it is concluded that VM forms a 2:1 (peptide-ion peptide) sandwich complex with Ca2+, at low concentration of VM. At moderate concentrations of the salt, in addition to the sandwich complex, an equimolar (1:1) complex different from those observed for potassium and sodium is also observed. At very large concentrations of the calcium salt, the data suggested a complex with a conformation similar to that of the free VM in polar solvents. Possible conformations for the sandwich and the equimolar VM-calcium complexes are proposed. PMID- 7093207 TI - Quantitation of aromatic residues in proteins: model compounds for second derivative spectroscopy. AB - The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of proteins in 6 M guanidine is approximately that of the sum of the spectra of the constituent aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, plus contributions from light scattering and disulfides. A multicomponent analysis of the spectrum would theoretically permit simultaneous quantitation of each aromatic amino acid in the protein. In practice, this has not been possible, because of the similarities of the spectra of the amino acids, large differences in molar absorptivity, variable absorption by the disulfides, light scattering, and wavelength shifts which occur when the amino acids are incorporated into proteins. We describe a method for the simultaneous quantitation of the aromatic amino acids in purified proteins. We used second-derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy coupled with a statistically weighted multicomponent analysis. Use of the second derivative virtually eliminated interference from light scattering and from cystine. Empirical selection of model compounds obviated the problem of wavelength shifts. The models are N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester in 6 M guanidine for phenylalanine, N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester in 55% methanol for tyrosine, and mellitin in 6 M guanidine for tryptophan. This method permits accurate, rapid quantitation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in intact, denatured proteins. PMID- 7093208 TI - Physicochemical and optical studies on calcium- and potassium-induced conformational changes in bovine brain S-100b protein. AB - The brain-specific S-100 protein is a mixture of two components, S-100a and S 100b, with a subunit composition of alpha beta or beta 2, respectively. S-100b, isolated by using hydroxylapatite chromatography in its final purification, is homogeneous by the criteria of gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) and ultracentrifuge studies. Molecular weight studies by both sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 15% NaDodSO4 gels indicated the subunit molecular weight to be 10 500, and since a molecular weight of 21 000 was obtained in native solvents, the protein exists as a dimer in benign medium. The two subunits are held together by noncovalent forces. The S-100b protein undergoes a conformational change upon binding calcium, as revealed by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) studies in the aromatic and far-ultraviolet (UV) range. Far-UV CD studies indicated the apparent helical content drops from approximately 58 to 52% in the presence of Ca2+. The effect of K+ on the protein was antagonistic to Ca2+, and the proteins affinity for calcium was lowered by the presence of K+. The conformational state of the protein is very much dependent upon the metal ions (Ca2+, K+) present, suggesting that changing conformation may be the way S 100 responds to local changes in ionic parameters. Fluorescence studies indicate the presence of an abnormal tyrosine in the protein with the emission maximum centered between 327 and 330 nm when the protein is excited at 280 nm. PMID- 7093210 TI - High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of conformational properties of biosynthetic actinomycin analogues. AB - High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been used to study the conformation and dynamics of biosynthetic analogues of actinomycin D that have been substituted at one or both of the 3'-amino acids with azetidine-2 carboxylic acid, pipecolic acid, or 4-ketoproline for one or both of the prolines. The results of measurements made in organic solvents indicate that the amino acid residues on the alpha and beta pentapeptide lactone rings experience different magnetic environments in all the analogues studied. Analysis of the J alpha NH coupling constants and temperature coefficients for the valine and threonine amide protons indicates that substitution at the 3' position has little effect on the conformational and hydrogen-bonding properties of the amino acids at the 1' or 2' position. Examination of the low-field position of the H alpha proton of the 3'-amino acid reveals that the biosynthetic substitutions were made at a unique site on either the alpha or the beta pentapeptide ring and that only one conformation of proline, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, or pipecolic acid is observed. In D2O, the dynamics of the prolines appear to differ; one remains in a preferred conformation while the other fluctuates at a rate that is intermediate on the NMR time scale. A possible relationship between the conformational and dynamic properties and the DNA binding and kinetic properties is discussed. PMID- 7093211 TI - Role of actinomycin pentapeptides in actinomycin-deoxyribonucleic acid binding and kinetics. AB - Results are reported on equilibrium and kinetic experiments probing the DNA binding properties of a series of actinomycin analogues differing at the 3'-amino acid position. While the parent compound, actinomycin D, contains proline at this position on both pentapeptide lactone rings, the analogues under consideration here contain either azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, pipecolic acid, or 4-ketoproline on one or both pentapeptide rings. This study extends our earlier results on doubly substituted analogues [Shafer, R.H., Burnett, R. R., & Mirau, P.A. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 1121]. DNA binding constants were determined from Scatchard plots constructed from visible absorption data and covered the range of (0.3-9) X 10(6) M-1 for the whole series of analogues. The thermal denaturation temperature of calf-thymus DNA was increased by 3-17 degrees C. DNA dissociation kinetics, along with enthalpies and entropies of activation, were also determined. The time constant for the slowest dissociation process ranged from 278 to 10 900 s. The strongest DNA binding analogue, in terms of the largest binding constant, the largest increase in DNA thermal denaturation temperature, and the slowest DNA dissociation rate, was actinomycin V, which has 4-ketoproline in the beta peptide ring, while the weakest DNA binding analogue has pipecolic acid on both peptide rings. Evidence is presented for one peptide ring exerting a greater influence than the other in the interaction with DNA. Also, the possible role of cis-trans isomerization about one or two peptide bonds in determining the slow DNA binding kinetics is discussed. PMID- 7093212 TI - Polyamines alter the substrate preference of nuclear protein kinase NII. AB - When investigating the effects of polyamines on substrate specificity of adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) independent nuclear protein kinase NII, we found that the substrate preference of NII was drastically altered in the presence of polyamines. When casein was used as a substrate, spermine stimulated the enzyme activity 7.3-fold at 2 mM, and a 6.5-fold stimulation was observed with 6 mM spermidine. Putrescine was also slightly effective at higher concentrations. With phosvitin as the substrate, however, 2 mM spermine and 4 mM spermidine strongly inhibited the activity by 93% and 80%, respectively, while putrescine showed a weak stimulatory effect. Steady-state kinetics and binding studies suggested that both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of polyamines on NII enzyme activity are probably due to substrate protein-polyamine interactions. The circular dichroism spectrum of phosvitin was apparently altered by spermine, whereas no significant change was observed with casein. PMID- 7093213 TI - Stereochemical studies on the hydration of monofluorofumarate and 2,3 difluorofumarate by fumarase. AB - Stereochemical and product analyses have been studied in our continuing work on the bioprocessing of fluorinated substrate analogues. The hydration pathways of the fumarase-catalyzed reaction on fluorofumarate lead to a product distribution of L-threo-beta-fluoromalate to oxalacetate of 1 to 16. The beta-fluoromalate product has not been previously reported. Oxalacetate formation from the initial product, alpha-fluoromalate, an alpha-fluorohydrin, proceeds by way of a direct nonenzymic decomposition path (as opposed to collapse to the enol of oxalacetate with subsequent tautomerization). Difluorofumarate is hydrated to an alpha fluorohydrin, alpha, beta-difluoromalate, which decomposes to 3(S) fluorooxalacetate trapped by in situ malate dehydrogenase mediated reduction to L threo-beta-fluoromalate (2R,3S). L-threo-Fluoro[2-3H]-malate is a slow substrate for the reverse reaction as measured by labilization of 3H while the erythro isomer is barely detectable. The pathways responsible for this volatilization are discussed. Acetylenedicarboxylate hydration stereochemistry was also determined where the initial product of the reaction, the enol of oxalacetate, tautomerized and was trapped by enzymic reduction to L-malate. PMID- 7093214 TI - Mechanistic studies on cyclohexanone oxygenase. AB - The bacterial flavoprotein monooxygenase carries out an oxygen insertion reaction on cyclohexanone, with ring expansion to form the seven-membered cyclic product epsilon-caprolactone, a transformation quite distinct from the phenol leads to catechol transformation carried out by the bacterial flavoprotein aromatic hydroxylases. Cyclohexanone oxygenase catalysis involves the four-electron of O2 at the expense of a two-electron oxidation of NADPH, concomitant with a two electron oxidation of cyclohexanone to epsilon-caprolactone. NADPH oxidase activity is fully coupled with oxygen transfer to substrate. Steady-state kinetic assays demonstrate a ter-ter mechanism for this enzyme. Pre-steady-state kinetic assays demonstrate the participation of a 4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate during catalysis. In addition to its ketolactonizing activity, cyclohexanone oxygenase carries out S-oxygenation of thiane to thiane 1-oxide, a reaction which represents a nucleophilic displacement by the sulfur upon the terminal oxygen of the hydroperoxide. This is in contrast to cyclohexanone oxygenations where the flavin hydroperoxide acts as a nucleophile. In addition, a stable apoenzyme form is accessible and can be reconstituted with various FAD analogues with up to 100% recovery of enzyme activity. The accumulated results presented here support a Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement mechanism for the enzymatic oxygenation of cyclohexanone. PMID- 7093215 TI - Dimerization of the myosin heads in solution. AB - It is shown, by means of analytical ultracentrifugation, that skeletal myosin S-1 exists in the form of a monomer-dimer mixture, in rapid reversible equilibrium, sensitive to the hydrostatic pressure, the temperature, and the composition of the buffer (at least, pH, ionic strength, presence or absence of a Mg-(phosphate compound), and presence or absence of Mg2+). The dimer is predominant at high pH, at low ionic strength, in the presence of a Mg-(phosphate compound), at high pressure, and at low temperature. The monomer is predominant in the reverse conditions. At atmospheric pressure and at room temperature, in a buffer having a composition close to that of the physiological medium, but containing no Mg (phosphate compound), the monomer is largely predominant (more than 90% at 1 mg/mL S-1). At atmospheric pressure and at room temperature, in a buffer containing a Mg-(phosphate compound) and having a composition close to that of the physiological medium, S-1 exists in the form of a monomer-dimer mixture, with a noticeable proportion of dimer (more than 25% at 1 mg/mL S-1 in the presence of 2 mM MgADP and 3 mM Mg2+). In such buffers, the monomer:dimer ratio is extremely sensitive to both the pH and the ionic strength. The sedimentation coefficients of the monomer and the dimer are respectively 5.05 +/- 0.05 S and 6.05 +/- 0.05 S. The two protomers making up the dimer are stuck together in an end-to-end arrangement. Both the monomer and the dimer are highly hydrated (about 0.9 g of water/g of protein for the monomer and probably more for the dimer). PMID- 7093216 TI - Solubilization and reconstitution of an amiloride-inhibited sodium transporter from rabbit kidney medulla. AB - An octyl glucoside extract has been formed from rabbit kidney medulla microsomes from which reconstituted proteoliposomes can be formed by lipid addition and dialysis to remove detergent. These proteoliposomes are capable of amiloride inhibited 22Na+ transport. The amiloride-inhibited Na+ transport process is complete within 10 min and directly proportional to the vesicle protein concentration. Sodium accumulation by the proteoliposomes has been proven to represent transport by the demonstration that all Na+ taken up by the vesicles can be removed by the ionophore nigericin. The process has been shown to be specific for amiloride by the demonstration that the effect of amiloride on Na+ transport could not be reproduced by the similar compound sulfaguanidine nor by pyrazine, 2-pyrazinecarboxamide, 2-pyrazinecarboxylate, or 3-amino-2 pyrazinecarboxylate. The relationship between Na+ uptake into proteoliposomes and Na+ concentration was similar to the relationship between Na+ uptake and concentration observed with medulla microsomes. The concentration of amiloride required for half-maximal inhibition of Na+ uptake into either proteoliposomes or medulla microsomes was also the same. The evidence seems clear that the protein responsible for amiloride-inhibited Na+ transport into rabbit kidney medulla microsomes has been extracted from the membranes and incorporated into purified lipid vesicles. PMID- 7093217 TI - RNA polymerase: correlation between transcript length, abortive product synthesis, and formation of a stable ternary complex. AB - In order to investigate the relationship between the stability of the ternary complex RNA polymerase-T7 D111 DNA-RNA product and the length of the bound RNA product, we have developed a protocol for the production of stable ternary complexes of known length and composition. The assembly of the ternary complex is achieved by utilizing a dinucleotide tetraphosphate (pppApU) as a selective primer, which is augmented by one or more appropriate nucleotides. The labeled products were characterized by autoradiography of gel electrophoresis patterns, which were then quantified. The criterion for stability is the protection from perturbations (a salt-jump or a rifampicin challenge), which effectively inhibit initiation. The formation of a bound ribotetranucleotide ternary complex confers stability and terminates abortive product synthesis. PMID- 7093218 TI - Fluorinated nucleic acid constituents: a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of adenosine, cytidine, uridine, and their fluorinated analogues. AB - Adenosine, cytidine, uridine, and their fluorinated analogues 2-fluoroadenosine, 5-fluorocytidine, and 5-fluorouridine have been analyzed by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All carbon resonances of the sugar and base moieties are assigned. The carbon-fluorine coupling constants of the base and the carbon-proton coupling constants between carbons of the base and protons of the base and the anomeric proton of the sugar have been assigned. Effects of the fluorine atom on carbon chemical shifts of the nucleoside are expressed as delta delta F values [delta delta F = delta (fluorinated nucleoside) - delta (normal nucleoside)]. Theoretical charge density calculations (CNDO/2) of the fluorinated and non-fluorinated base carbons are compared [delta ET = E (fluorinated nucleoside) - E (normal nucleoside)]. The delta delta F and delta ET values are shown to correlate very well, except where a nitrogen atom is situated beta to the fluorine atom. This apparent deviation is attributed to a lone-pair electron (LPE) effect of the nitrogen. Contributions of the LPE effect appear to vary 1JC,H and 1JC,F values in a predictable way. Long-range (four- and five bond) carbon-fluorine coupling constants are obbserved in the base moiety. At these experimental conditions, indroduction of the fluorine atom has no measurable conformational effect on the sugar-base torsion angle. PMID- 7093219 TI - A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of aortic lesions and cholesteryl ester rich lipoproteins from atherosclerotic rabbits. PMID- 7093221 TI - Inhibition and inactivation of estrogen synthetase (aromatase) by fluorinated substrate analogues. AB - 19,19-Difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (1) and 19-fluorcandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (2) have been synthesized, and the interaction of these compounds with the estrogen synthetase (aromatase) activity of human placental microsomes has been studied. 1 has been found to cause time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of this enzyme (Ki = 1 micron, kinact = 0.023 min-1). A possible mechanism of this process is enzymatic generation of an acyl fluoride through oxidation of 1. Compound 2 does not cause inactivation, and this substrate analogue has been shown to be converted to estrone in high yield by this enzyme system. PMID- 7093222 TI - Inhibition of chorismate mutase activity of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from Aerobacter aerogenes. AB - Inhibition data (I50 values) have been obtained for inhibitors of the chorismate mutase activity of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from Aerobacter aerogenes. Several 1-substituted adamantane derivatives were investigated; the order of decreasing inhibitory activity with the various substituents was -PO32- much greater than -P(OCH3)O2- greater than -CO2- greater than -CH2CO2- greater than -SO2- greater than SO3-. 3-Chloroadamantane-1-acetic acid was slightly less effective than adamantane-1-acetic acid. 2-(1-Carboxy-1,4-dihydrobenzyl)acrylic acid (19), an analogue of prephenate, was an effective inhibitor. Other substances investigated, including 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane-1-acetic acid (15), 5 enolpyruvylshikimic acid (20), and 1-(carboxyethyl)-1,4-dihydrobenzoic acid (18), failed to inhibit chorismate mutase activity under the conditions investigated. PMID- 7093220 TI - Cellular and enzymic synthesis of sphingomyelin. AB - The synthesis of sphingomyelin was studied in baby hamster kidney cells and in subcellular fractions derived from rat liver. During pulse-chase experiments with [3H]choline in tissue culture cells, the specific radioactivity of sphingomyelin continued to increase after the specific activities of phosphocholine and cytidine 5'-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) had declined by a factor of 10. The addition of [3H]methionine to cells that were grown in 1 mM dimethylethanolamine efficiently radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine (by methylation of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine) and sphingomyelin but not phosphocholine or CDP choline. Thus, the proximal donor of the phosphocholine moiety of sphingomyelin was not CDP-choline but probably phosphatidylcholine. These in vivo results prompted investigation of the enzymic synthesis using phosphatidyl[3H]choline or [3H]ceramide as substrates. With both substrates the subcellular fraction with the highest specific enzyme activity was the plasma membrane. When phosphatidyl[3H]choline was used as the substrate, phospholipid exchange proteins were included in the reaction to effect the transfer of the labeled phospholipid from liposomes into the membrane bilayer in which the enzyme resided. Under these conditions the synthesis of sphingomyelin was almost completely dependent upon the addition of phospholipid exchange proteins. When [3H]ceramide was used as the substrate, the addition of detergents was necessary for sphingomyelin synthesis. The use of phospholipid exchange proteins to introduce lipid substrates to membrane-bound enzymes may have much broader applicability. PMID- 7093223 TI - Synthesis and characterization of diastereomers of guanosine 5'-O-(1 thiotriphosphate) and guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate). AB - The synthesis and characterization of guanosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (GTP alpha S) and guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiotriphosphate) (GTP beta S) using chemical and enzymatic methods are described. GTP alpha S A (SP diastereomer) can be prepared enzymatically from a chemically synthesized mixture of the diastereomers of guanosine 5'-O-(1-thiodiphosphate) (GDP alpha S) with phosphoglycerate kinase. GTP alpha S B (RP diastereomer) can be similarly synthesized with succinyl-CoA synthetase and by back-digesting the small amounts of GTP alpha S A formed with phosphoglycerate kinase. Guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S) serves as the precursor for both GTP beta S A (SP diastereomer), prepared with pyruvate kinase and by back-digesting with glycerol kinase, and GTP beta S B (RP diastereomer), obtained with acetate kinase and by back-digesting with myosin. These analogues can be gamma-32P labeled by 32Pi exchange with either phosphoglycerate kinase-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase or succinyl-CoA synthetase. Finally, the interaction of these four nucleotides with acetate kinase, RNA polymerase, and succinyl-CoA synthetase is described. PMID- 7093224 TI - Binding of a glucagon photoaffinity label to rat liver plasma membranes and its effect on adenylate cyclase activity before and after photolysis. AB - The concentration-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase by the photoaffinity reagent 2-[(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)sulfenyl]-Trp25-glucagon (glucagon-NAPS) and also its binding characteristics were compared with those of the native hormone. The derivative was found to be slightly more potent in stimulating adenylate cyclase than glucagon, in the presence of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP). 125I Labeled glucagon-NAPS or 125I-labeled glucagon bound rapidly to receptors and was competitively displaced by unlabeled glucagon or glucagon-NAPS. Glucagon-NAPS displaced bound radiolabeled hormone at a lower concentration than did glucagon in the absence of GTP. Scatchard analysis of the binding data obtained from displacement of bound radiolabeled ligand with unlabeled peptide demonstrated a heterogeneous population of saturable glucagon binding sites. Glucagon-NAPS displayed a higher affinity (0.7 nM) for the high-capacity sites (80-90% of total binding sites) than glucagon (4.0 nM) in the absence of GTP. In the presence of the nucleotide, both ligands had approximately the same affinity (0.5-0.6 nM). Hill plot analysis of the binding data suggested noncooperative interactions. Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membranes with glucagon-NAPS resulted in an irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase with a reduced response to further stimulation by glucagon, glucagon-NAPS, and NaF. PMID- 7093225 TI - Collagen metabolism in rat incisor predentine in vivo: synthesis and maturation of type I, alpha 1 (I) trimer, and type V collagens. AB - Collagen synthesis and deposition in the predentine of the continuously erupting rat incisor was analyzed in vivo following a single intraperitoneal injection of [14C]glycine. Newly synthesized collagen was extracted from the dissected predentine with a solution of 1.0 m sodium chloride containing proteolytic enzyme inhibitors. Mature, cross-linked collagen was solubilized by limited pepsin digestion following extractions with 0.5 M acetic acid or 0.1 M penicillamine. Analysis of the radiolabeled collagens by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography showed that over 97% of collagen synthesized migrated in the alpha 1 (I) and alpha 2 positions following pepsin digestion; the remaining 3% migrated in the positions of alpha 1 (V) and alpha 3 (V) collagens. However, from the ratio of the alpha 1 (I): alpha 2 it was estimated that approximately 30% of the salt-extractable collagen was alpha 1 (I) trimer. The presence of this collagen was confirmed by salt-fractionation and cyanogen bromide digestion patterns. Type I, alpha 1 (I) trimer, and type V collagens were also found in the salt-insoluble tissue residue. In this fraction the alpha 1 (I) trimer comprised 10-15% of the collagen measured as radioactivity but was difficult to discern colorimetrically. Type III collagen could not be detected in any of the fractions analyzed. From the profiles of isotope incorporation into collagens and collagen precursors, it was evident that collagen synthesis and processing was rapid. Processing of type I collagen and probably also alpha 1 (I) trimer proceeded almost entirely through procollagen intermediates. Rapid maturation of the types I and V collagens in the salt-insoluble fraction and the appearance of beta and gamma chains as early as 30 min after isotope administration. Radiolabeled procollagens were also extracted with acetic acid and penicillamine, indicating that cross-linking of collagen precursors may be involved in fiber formation. PMID- 7093226 TI - Ligation and quaternary structure induced changes in the heme pocket of hemoglobin: a transient resonance Raman study. AB - The extent to which ligation and quaternary structure modify the heme-heme pocket configuration is determined by generating and analyzing transient resonance Raman spectra from various photolyzed and partially photolyzed hemoglobins (Hb). From small frequently shifts in Raman band I (approximately 1355 cm-1) it is determined that ligation induces a configurational change about the heme. The extent to which ligation modifies the heme pocket is influenced by the quaternary structure. With respect to the structural parameter responsible for variations in the pi orbital electron density of the porphyrin, the degree of alteration of the heme pocket configuration relative to deoxy-Hb(T) follows the sequence: liganded Hb(R) greater than liganded Hb(R) + IHP greater than liganded Hb(T) [alpha chain greater than beta chain] greater than deoxy-Hb(R). This progression of configurations also forms a sequence with respect to the "retentiveness" of the heme pocket as reflected in the ligand dynamics associated with geminate recombination. The results indicate that the heme-heme pocket of the R-state Hb's, relative to those of the T-state species, favors ligand retention in a dynamic, as well as thermodynamic, sense. The analysis of these and other related data implicates a ligation and quaternary structure modulated electronic and/or electrostatic interaction between the pi system of the porphyrin and the surrounding heme pocket as the basis for this variation in ligand dynamics as well as for the energetics of cooperativity. PMID- 7093227 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of porcine heart citrate synthase. AB - The detailed proof of the 437-residue amino acid sequence (Mr 48,969) of porcine heart citrate synthase (EC 4.13.7) is described. The S-carboxymethylated protein has been cleaved at methionine (cyanogen bromide) and arginine (trypsin digest of citraconylated enzyme) residues to yield 14 and 17 major peptides, respectively. Peptides were initially fractionated by gel filtration, and those useful for sequence analysis were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Sequence analyses were performed on these primary peptides and on subpeptides generated by cleavage with the bromine adduct of 2-[(2-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl]-3 methylindole, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, or acid. The overall sequence was confirmed by analyzing products of cleavage by hydroxylamine, acid, and subtilisin. A novel feature of the sequence is the identification of trimethyllysine at residue 368. PMID- 7093228 TI - Analysis of an allosteric binding site: the nucleoside inhibitor site of phosphorylase alpha. PMID- 7093229 TI - Amino acid sequence of chick skin collagen alpha 1(I)-CB8 and the complete primary structure of the helical portion of the chick skin collagen alpha 1(I) chain. PMID- 7093230 TI - Novel pyrene-containing organophosphates as fluorescent probes for studying aging induced conformational changes in organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 7093232 TI - Molecular characterization of small polydisperse circular deoxyribonucleic acid from an African green monkey cell line. AB - Several size classes of small polydisperse circular (spc) DNA from the African green monkey cell line BSC1 have been cloned into the bacterial plasmid pBR322. Analysis of the cloned spc DNA fragments as well as total spc DNA reveals that (a) most or all cloned spc DNAs share homologies with chromosomal sequences, (b) both unique and repetitive chromosomal sequences are represented in spc DNA, (c) the repetitive sequences in spc DNA include two known major repeat families (the alpha and the Alu) as well as a third, as yet unidentified, set of interspersed repetitive sequences, and (d) the alpha-like sequences are present in an oligomeric series of circular DNA molecules within the spc DNA population. The organizational features of repetitive DNA sequence-carrying circles suggest a mechanism for their generation. PMID- 7093233 TI - Phospholipid vesicle aggregation: effect of monovalent and divalent ions. PMID- 7093231 TI - Interaction of aromatic imides with deoxyribonucleic acid. Spectrophotometric and viscometric studies. PMID- 7093234 TI - Effect of lipid mixing on the permeability and fusion of saturated lecithin membranes. AB - The effect of phospholipid mixing on the permeability properties of multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) was studied. In the solid state, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC/DPPC) vesicles exhibit ideal lipid miscibility; dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC/DSPC) vesicles exhibit nonideal lipid miscibility at low DSPC molar fractions; dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/dibehenoylphosphatidylcholine range of DBPC molar fractions. The rates of K+, ethylene glycol, and water diffusion from these vesicles in the solid state were measured by photometric and electrometric techniques. The following results were obtained: (1) The rate of solute diffusion, which is decreased monotonically, in DMPC/DPPC MLV, by increasing the molar fractions of DPPC, exhibits maxima at 0.2 molar fraction of DSPC in DMPC/DSPC MLV and at 0.4 molar fraction of DBPC in DMPC/DBPC MLV. (2) The activation energy of the solute diffusion process abruptly decreases in approximately the same range of lipid molar fractions where nonideal lipid miscibility is present. (3) The membrane pore radius is increased by increasing the lipid nonideal miscibility. The rate of vesicle size increase, measured by absorbance changes, is decreased monotonically in DMPC/DPPC monolamellar vesicles [small unilamellar lipid vesicles (SUV)] by increasing the molar fraction of DPPC. It, however, exhibits a maximum in DMPC/DSPC SUV at 0.15 molar fraction of DSPC. A model was suggested in which the solute diffusion and the membrane fusion processes are controlled by fractures. The average width of the fractures is increased by increasing the lipid immiscibility. PMID- 7093235 TI - Glycosylation of intracellular Sindbis virus glycoproteins. AB - Oligosaccharides of purified intracellular Sindbis virus glycoproteins have been examined by high-resolution Bio-Gel chromatography. The array of glycopeptides from cellular E1 and E2 appeared similar to the glycopeptides (S1, S2, S3, and S4) found in mature virus glycoproteins described previously [Hakimi, J., & Atkinson, P. H. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5619]. However, compared to its viral counterpart, intracellular E1 glycoprotein also contained larger sized mannosyl oligosaccharides. B and PE2 proteins were found to contain an array of primarily large mannosyl oligosaccharides (8-10 hexose units). No sialyl glycopeptides were found on these proteins regardless of labeling time. By contrast, the products of PE2 cleavage (E2 and E3) contained sialyl glycopeptides similar to those found in mature virus (S1, S2, and S3). E2 also contained smaller mannosyl oligosaccharides (8-5 hexose units) similar to its viral counterpart. Current evidence shows that sialyl and galactosyl transferases are in or near the Golgi region. Thus we conclude that cleavage of PE2 with a Man8 oligosaccharide structure occurs in the Golgi region and not in the plasma membrane as suggested by others. PMID- 7093236 TI - Asymmetry of lipid dynamics in human erythrocyte membranes studied with permanent fluorophores. AB - The fluorescence anisotropy and mean excited-state lifetime of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene, 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearate, 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearate, and pyrenedecanoic acid in the membranes of intact human erythrocytes, lysate suspensions, and ghost membranes were compared. The excited-state lifetime of each lipid fluorophore, estimated by single photon counting, is significantly shorter in the intact erythrocytes as compared to the lysates, owing to nonradiative energy transfer from the lipid fluorophore donors in the membrane to heme acceptors at the endothelial surface of the intact cell. The fluorescence observed in intact cell suspensions is thus weighted in favor of outer leaflet fluorophores, and estimates of the fluorescence anisotropy by steady-state fluorescence polarization indicate that all four fluorescent probes experience greater motional freedom in the outer as compared to the inner membrane leaflet. The results are in accord with prior studies of impermeant pyrene derivatives, which also indicate that the outer leaflet lipids have greater motional freedom. PMID- 7093237 TI - Evaluation of structural interdependence of membrane-spanning and cytoplasmic domains of band 3. PMID- 7093239 TI - Modification of catalytic groups in lysozyme with ethylenimine. AB - The reaction of lysozyme with ethylenimine has been studied at neutral and acidic pH. At least four singly modified lysozyme derivatives have been isolated. From the product analyses, only carboxyl groups in the protein were found to react. One of the derivatives, 1, was very labile and reverted back to native lysozyme during the isolation procedure. Its formation was markedly inhibited by the presence of tri(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), indicating that the modified carboxyl residue in 1 is at or close to the binding site of lysozyme for the trisaccharide. Two other derivatives were identified as 2-aminoethyl esters of Glu-35 (2) and Asp-52 (3). At pH 10 and room temperature, these derivatives rearranged to the corresponding 2-hydroxyethylamide derivatives (5 and 6). A fourth derivative (4) did not contain an ethanolamine moiety; nevertheless, its Glu-35 was found to be modified by sequence analysis. Lysozyme derivatives modified at Glu-35 and Asp-52 were inactive toward glycol chitin but retained high affinity for tri(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Thus, Glu-35 and Asp-52 are essential for enzyme activity. A mechanism for the selective modification of these carboxyl residues in lysozyme has been proposed and related to the metal binding ability of lysozyme. PMID- 7093240 TI - Size of acetylcholine receptors in the membrane. An improved version of the radiation inactivation method. AB - The radiation inactivation method was used to study the size of acetylcholine receptors in the intact membrane-bound state. This technique was reinvestigated, and modifications were made which remove substantial difficulties affecting previous applications of it to such proteins. The molecular size was deduced here by reference to a set of protein standards: an inactivation ratio was defined relative to a given internal enzyme molecular weight standard, and a linear calibration plot for the inactivation ratios of the protein standards was constructed and applied. The acetylcholine receptor in Torpedo electric organ, cat denervated muscle, and chick embryonic muscle was found by this method to exist in the membrane as a homogeneous population of the same size in each case. This receptor, when identified thus by the alpha-neurotoxin-binding target structure, has an apparent molecular weight of 300000 or a molecular volume of about 350 nm3. In comparison, the molecular weight of the cat muscle receptor when solubilized, as analyzed by gel electrophoresis after extensive cross linking, was found to be 270000 +/- 20000. These two values are thought to be equivalent by virtue of the situation and structure of the receptor protein in the cell membrane. If a disulfide-bridge dimeric receptor exists in the membrane (as other evidence has indicated for Torpedo), each monomer acts independently there in binding alpha-neurotoxin, since the monomers can be inactivated independently by irradiation in the Torpedo membrane. In the muscle membrane no evidence for the existence of receptor dimers, of any kind, has been found. PMID- 7093238 TI - Affinity labeling of a guanosine 5'-triphosphate site of glutamate dehydrogenase by a fluorescent nucleotide analogue, 5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,N6 ethenoadenosine. PMID- 7093241 TI - Association between lumazine protein and bacterial luciferase: direct demonstration from the decay of the lumazine emission anisotropy. PMID- 7093242 TI - Interaction of oleoyl coenzyme A with phospholipid bilayers. PMID- 7093243 TI - Cholesterol biosynthesis and modulation of membrane cholesterol and lipid dynamics in rat intestinal microvillus membranes. AB - Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that cholesterol biosynthesis in the rat ileal enterocyte, the major absorptive cell lining the distal epithelium of the small intestine, can modulate the cholesterol content and the motional freedom of the plasma membrane lipids. Decreased sterol biosynthesis in vivo was elicited by feeding sodium taurocholate or by fasting the rats, whereas increased synthesis was induced by biliary ligation or feeding cholestyramine, a bile salt binding resin; these effects were monitored by assay of mucosal 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. After each procedure, isolated microvillus membranes were examined to determine the lipid composition and the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The results demonstrate that variations in cholesterol biosynthesis in vivo can modulate the cholesterol content and the motional freedom of the lipids of the microvillus membrane; similar effects were not observed on the basolateral membrane. The observations suggest that the normal pattern of decreased lipid motional freedom in microvillus membranes of the distal as compared to the proximal small intestine of the rat results from higher rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in the distal mucosa. PMID- 7093244 TI - Studies on the activity of brown adipose tissue in suckling, pre-obese, ob/ob mice. AB - The properties and activity of brown adipose tissue have been investigated in suckling, pre-obese, ob/ob mice in order to determine whether decreased thermogenesis in the tissue precedes the development of obesity in this mutant. At 14 days of age there was no difference between the ob/ob and normal animals in the total amount of interscapular brown adipose tissue, and the DNA content, protein content, and cytochrome oxidase activity of the tissue were similar in the two groups of mice. Respiration rates of brown adipose tissue mitochondria in the presence of albumin were, however, greater in the normal than the ob/ob animals, although after the addition of GDP to recouple the mitochondria there was no difference between the two groups. The mitochondrial membrane potential, measured with [3H]methyltriphenylphosphonium, was less affected by exogenous GDP in ob/ob mice than in normal animals. GDP binding to brown adipose tissue mitochondria, an index of the proton conductance pathway, was much greater in normal than in ob/ob mice at both 10 and 14 days of age; the decreased GDP binding in the mutant animals was found to result from a reduction in the number of binding sites. It is concluded that brown adipose tissue mitochondria of pre obese ob/ob mice are more tightly coupled than those of normal siblings, and that the activity of the 'thermogenic' proton conductance pathway is lower in the mutant animals. A decrease in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is therefore an early event in the development of the ob/ob mouse and precedes the appearance of obesity. PMID- 7093245 TI - Inhibition of anion transport in the red blood cell by anionic amphiphilic compounds. II. Chemical properties of the flufenamate-binding site on the band 3 protein. AB - Flufenamate is a powerful inhibitor of anion exchange in red blood cells. It binds to the band 3 protein involved in the transport as discussed in the preceding paper (Cousin, J.-L. and Motais, R. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 687, 147-155). The present study is concerned with the chemical properties of the inhibitory binding site. Structure-activity studies were performed with two sets of compounds derivated from anthranilate (considered as the basic structure of flufenamate). The molar concentrations required to produce 50% inhibition (I50) varied over more than a 10(4) range. The inhibitory activity was quantitatively correlated with the hydrophobic character of the molecules and the electron withdrawing capacity of the substituents. Comparison between the inhibitory potency of flufenamate analogs made a definition of the contribution of each part of the molecule in the binding to the receptor possible. The results suggest that anionic inhibitors bind to a site which presents a positively charged groups at the water-protein interface whereas the hydrophobic part of the molecule is inserted into an hydrophobic and electron-donor region of the protein. The specificity of amphiphilic compounds towards anion transport is discussed. PMID- 7093246 TI - Stable biomembrane surfaces formed by phospholipid polymers. AB - Phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines) with diacetylene in each acyl chain have been deposited in Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers on a variety of substrates. Upon irradiation the diacetylene groups polymerise and link the phospholipid molecules together with a conjugated chain made up of alternating single, double and triple bonds. Advantage has been taken of this polymerisation process to increase the stability of these lipids layers and to produce stable biomembrane hydrophilic surface. These surfaces may be useful for studies of blood coagulation and protein adsorption. In addition they could also have medical application. PMID- 7093247 TI - Mechanisms of inhibition of glycylglycine transport by glycyl-L-leucine and L leucine in guinea-pig small intestine. AB - Inhibition of glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) transport by glycyl-L-leucine (Gly-Leu) and L-leucine was studied in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Kinetically, inhibition by Gly-Leu of Gly-Gly influx across the mucosal border was found to be mixed type, whereas the inhibition by leucine was "pseudo-competitive'. Kinetics of Gly-Leu inhibition, which could be defined as linear mixed type, suggests that Gly-Gly transport carrier has a high-affinity binding site for Gly-Leu besides the site for Gly-Gly, and that binding of Gly-Leu to its own site is inhibitory to Gly-Gly transport but independent of Gly-Leu transfer, Gly-Leu hydrolases at the brush border membrane had high-affinity component, but this did not seem to be related to the inhibitory binding of Gly-Leu, since bestatin (0.3 mM) completely suppressed the high-affinity component of the enzymes but little affected Gly-Gly transport. The "pseudo-competitive' type of inhibition by leucine suggests that the Gly-Gly carrier has another binding site to which leucine can bind, that leucine binding to this site is inhibitory to Gly-Gly transport and that leucine is partly transported by the Gly-Gly carrier system. PMID- 7093248 TI - Calcium uptake in mastocytoma P-815 cells. AB - Kinetic data of 45Ca2+ exchange in exponentially growing mastocytoma P-815 cells at 37 degree C indicated the presence of at least two calcium compartments, fast and slowly exchangeable. The fast phase of calcium exchange at the cell surface had a rate constant of 36.1 min-1 and a compartment size of 8.27 nmol/10(6) cells, while the slow phase, the intracellular calcium exchange, showed a rate constant of 2.4 min-1 and a compartment size of 0.53 nmolS/10(6) cells. The fast phase comprised two calcium binding sites of high and low affinities with dissociation constants of 0.59 and 4.88 mM, respectively, and binding maxima of 5.15 and 34.4 nmol/10(6) cells, respectively. The calcium uptake at both binding sites was inhibited by 80% on the addition of ruthenium red (0.4 mM) or lanthanum chloride (0.5 mM), but not by tetracaine (5 mM). The high-affinity site had two negative reaction enthalpy changes, delta H 0 = -1.55 (from 0 to 22 degree C) and -4.27 (from 22 degree C to 37 degree C) kcal . mol-1, while the low-affinity site showed two positive reaction enthalpy changes, delta H0 = +6.53 (below 22 degree C) and +2.05 (above 22 degree C) kcal . mol-1, suggesting the effect of membrane fluidity on calcium binding. The slow phase of calcium exchange was also inhibited by ruthenium red and lanthanum chloride resulting in a decrease of the Hill's coefficient from 1.70 to 1.28 and 1.13, respectively, but was not affected by tetracaine. Calcium efflux from 45 Ca-loaded cells was also inhibited by ruthenium red and lanthanum chloride and was also temperature sensitive. The efflux rate constant was reduced by 80% and 100% at 20 degree C and 0 degree C, respectively. As calcium uptake fluctuated during the cell cycle of synchronous mastocytoma P-815 cells with a peak at the mid S phase and the lowest level during the late M phase, the compartment size of fast phase also fluctuated, being highest at the S phase and lowest at the M phase. In contrast, the compartment size of the slow phase was highest at the G1 phase and lowest at the M phase. In parallel with these changes, the binding maximum of the high-affinity site was highest at the S phase and lowest at the M phase, while that of the low affinity site fluctuated little throughout the cell cycle. PMID- 7093249 TI - Solvent-free lipid bimolecular membranes of large surface area. AB - The formation of a solvent-free lipid bimolecular membrane of large surface area (approx. 2 mm2) by the successive transfer of two monolayers upon an aperature of a closed chamber has been demonstrated. The electrical parameters of the membrane appear to be similar to the conventional Montal-Mueller solvent-free membrane. The use of a closed chamber greatly increases the stability of the membrane to mechanical disturbances and produces hydrostatic equilibrium necessary for electrical measurements. PMID- 7093252 TI - The phospholipid packing arrangement in small bilayer vesicles as revealed by proton magnetic resonance studies at 500 MHz. AB - Proton magnetic resonance spectra of saturated phospholipids in small unilamellar vesicles has been recorded at 500 MHz on a Bruker WM500 spectrometer. The additional spectral dispersion reveals new structure in the acyl chain resonances. At temperatures near the thermal phase transition, the chain methylene and methyl peaks are split, both showing a broad and a relatively sharp component. Magnetization transfer experiments together with studies in the presence of manganese ions inside or outside the vesicles indicate that the sharp component is to be assigned to the protons from the acyl chains in the inner half of the bilayer and the broad component to chains in the outer monolayer. These experiments demonstrate unambiguously that the extreme surface curvature intrinsic to small unilamellar vesicles induces a profound asymmetry in the packing arrangement of the hydrocarbon chains in the two leaflets of the bilayer and causes the two monolayers to exist in markedly different motional states. PMID- 7093250 TI - A rat brain cytosol protein which accelerates the translocation of galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide and glucosylceramide between membranes. PMID- 7093253 TI - Glucose transport in nongrowing yeast. AB - The inducible, nonenergy-requiring glucose transport system of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is inactivated upon starving cells of glucose by (1) transferring logarithmic phase glucose-grown cells to synthetic medium containing a nonglycolytic carbon source, and (2) upon transition of logarithmic phase glucose-grown cells to stationary phase. The steady-state accumulation of nonmetabolizeable 6-deoxyglucose and the apparent Km of transport of 6 deoxyglucose is the same in stationary phase cells and in logarithmic phase cells. The rate of transport is lower in the nongrowing cells. Restoration of activity requires energy and protein synthesis as well as inducer. PMID- 7093254 TI - Thermal and 13C-NMR study of the dynamic structure of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-oleyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in aqueous dispersions. AB - Mixed-acid monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines containing palmitate and oleate chains have been synthesized by phospholipase A2 digestion of the appropriate single-acid phosphatidylcholine, followed by reacylation of the lysophosphatidylcholine with the desired fatty acid anhydride. The positional isomers 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-oleyl-2-palmitoyl sn-phosphocholine have been thus obtained. The thermotropic behavior of these lipids dispersed in excess water has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Positional isomers of mixed-acid monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines are found to have different gel to liquid-crystalline transition temperatures and enthalpies. It was found that mixtures of 1-palmitoyl 2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine exhibited inmiscibility in the phosphatidylcholine gel state. The dynamic structure of 1 palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-oleyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero 3-phosphocholine bilayers has been investigated by measuring the 13C nuclear spin lattice relaxation times of sonicated aqueous dispersions. No difference was found between the two systems, suggesting that above the thermal transition the presence of the unsaturated acyl group in the 1 or 2 position does not affect significantly the dynamic structure of the bilayer. PMID- 7093251 TI - Cell calcium in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the effect of mitogen. AB - The apparent cell concentration of calcium in human peripheral blood lymphocytes is 143.3 +/- 17.7 microM, as measured by two different techniques using 45Ca. The steady-state level of accumulation, and possibly the rate of uptake, are increased in the presence of succinyl-concanavalin A. Initiation of the mitogen induced alteration of cell calcium occurs within 1-2 min and the change is complete within 5-10 min. Determinations of cell calcium in cells suspended in low Na media indicate that (1) there is no difference in cell calcium between cells incubated in 142 mM extracellular Na and cells incubated in 63 mM extracellular Na, and (2) the mitogen-induced increase in cell calcium is unaffected by a decrease in extracellular sodium concentration (to 63 mM). PMID- 7093255 TI - Solubilization and electrophoretic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus membrane proteins. AB - The protein composition of homogeneous Staphylococcus aureus 6538P cytoplasmic membranes was examined under denaturing electrophoretic conditions. A comparative analysis on the effectiveness of a variety of membrane solubilizing agents revealed the membrane protein extracts to be qualitatively similar as determined electrophoretically but different in the quantity of protein released; Zwittergent-314, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40, and sodium deoxycholate all proved to be effective solubilizing agents under the conditions examined. Fifty-five to sixty protein components were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from homogeneous late-exponential phase membranes. The profile was unaffected when phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was included during membrane isolation and solubilization. Analysis of the solubilized membrane proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated in excess of 100 membrane protein components in a pH gradient between 3.5 to 7.7. The profile consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of mostly acidic components with isoelectric points between pH 4 and 5 and relative molecular weights between 158,000 and 35,000. Periodic acid-Schiff staining following sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis revealed six to ten reactive bands with two of these bands also exhibiting a reaction with concanavalin A. PMID- 7093256 TI - Asymmetric synthesis followed by transmembrane movement of phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. AB - Studies with phospholipase C have indicated that two-thirds of the phosphatidylethanolamine of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum is located in the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer. Phosphatidyl[14C]]ethanolamine is synthesised in microsomes incubated with CDP[14C]ethanolamine. Using phospholipase C as a probe we have observed that the labelled phospholipid is initially (1-2 min) concentrated in the "outer leaflet' of the membrane bilayer. The specific activity of this pool of phosphatidylethanolamine was 3.5 times that of the inner leaflet. If, however, the microsomes were opened with 0.4% taurocholate or the French pressure cell to make both sides of the bilayer available to phospholipase C, the phosphatidylethanolamine behaves as a single pool for hydrolysis. On longer incubation, up to 30 min, with CDP[14 C]ethanolamine the specific activity of the outer leaflet phosphatidylethanolamine becomes close to that of the inner leaflet. In chase experiments, in which microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine was labelled by incubation with CDP[14 C]ethanolamine for 1 min, the reaction stopped by addition of calcium, and the microsomes isolated by centrifugation and reincubated, labelled phosphatidylethanolamine was transferred from the "outer leaflet' to the "inner leaflet', so that both were equally labelled. These observations suggest that phosphatidylethanolamine is synthesised at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transferred across the membrane to the cisternal leaflet of the bilayer. Transmembrane movement is apparently temperature-dependent and independent of continued synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. PMID- 7093257 TI - Hexose transport in L6 muscle cells. Kinetic properties and the number of [3H]cytochalasin B binding sites. AB - (1) Myoblasts in culture (L6 cell line) were used as an in vitro model system, to study the kinetic and pharmacological properties of hexose transport in skeletal muscle tissue. (2) Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose into L6 cells grown in monolayer culture was judged rate limiting since: (2) The time course of sugar uptake extrapolated to zero, (b) a parallel inhibition of hexose uptake and phosphorylation was caused by cytochalasin B, and (c) very little backflow of the hexose was detected. (3) Uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose by cells in monolayers was linear for at least 20 min and it was stimulated by countertransport. The Kt value was 0.83 mM. Cytochalasin B inhibited uptake non-competitively, and half maximal inhibition was achieved at 0.3 microM. Cytochalasin E (up to 5 microM) did not affect 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose uptake. (4) L6 myoblasts, detached by trypsinization, retained the hexose transport activity. Kt in detached cells was 0.96 mM. V was 3.2 nmol/min per mg protein, and half maximal inhibition was observed with 0.25 microM cytochalasin B. (5) [3H]Cytochalasin B binding to detached cells showed saturable and non-saturable components. The former could be further separated into cytochalasin E-sensitive binding (probably associated to cytoskeletal proteins) and cytochalasin E-insensitive binding, a fraction of which was inhibited by D-glucose. The D-glucose sensitive sites amount to 16.3 pmol/mg protein, and showed a Kd of 0.49 microM, which is in close agreement with the Ki of cytochalasin B inhibition of hexose uptake. These sites probably are equivalent to the hexose carrier molecules, and are present at a density of 6.8 . 10(6) sites/cell. PMID- 7093258 TI - Effects of energization on membrane organization in mycoplasma. AB - Fluorescence polarization and ESR experiments using various probes demonstrated that addition of glucose to resting Mycoplasma capricolum and Mycoplasma mycoides subs capri had, if any, a very limited effect on the physical state of their membrane lipids. Under the same conditions the degree of exposure of primary amino groups of membrane proteins to the aqueous surrounding, estimated from fluorescence labeling by fluorescamine and the cycloheptaamylose-fluorescamine complex was significantly increased. This energy dependent increase was blocked by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), an inhibitor of the membrane bound Mg2+ stimulated ATPase of mycoplasma and by carbonyl cyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) which, in mycoplasma, only affects the chemical component of the proton-motive force. Variations in the proton activity gradient across the membrane induced by changing the pH of the labeling medium resulted in parallel variations in the ratio of relative intensities of labeling of energized to resting cells. The values taken by this ratio were up to two for a maximal proton gradient of 0.9 pH unit and tended to unity when the intracellular and extracellular pH tended to equalize. It is concluded that, upon mycoplasma cell energization, membrane proteins undergo a conformational change resulting in the exposure of new free amino groups. This conformational change is primarily dependent on the existence of a delta ph across the membrane and occurs in the absence of important modifications in the physical state of membrane lipids. PMID- 7093260 TI - Use of a density modification technique for isolation of the plasma membrane of rod outer segments. AB - The external surface of rod outer segments contains receptors for the Jack Bean lectin, concanavalin A. Using isolated intact bovine rod outer segments, we have modified the density of the outer segment plasma membranes by means of polystyrene beads carrying covalently linked concanavalin A. After hypotonic lysis the bulk of the disk membranes can be removed and a plasma membrane fraction is isolated. The plasma membrane preparation contains 1.5% of total outer segment rhodopsin and 2.7% of total outer segment protein. it shows very little contamination with inner segment plasma membrane. Contamination with disk membranes appears to be low as well. Fatty acid analysis reveals that the plasma membranes are more saturated than the highly unsaturated disk membranes. Gel electrophoresis shows the presence of at least six additional polypeptides besides besides rhodopsin. PMID- 7093261 TI - Variable homeoviscous responses of different brain membranes of thermally acclimated goldfish. AB - The effects of thermal acclimation of goldfish upon the bulk fluidity of synaptic, mitochondrial and myelin membrane fractions of brain was determined using steady-state and differential polarised phase fluorimetry. Membrane fluidity decreased in the order, mitochondria greater than synaptic membranes greater than myelin. in each case membranes from cold-acclimated goldfish were more fluid than the corresponding membranes of warm-acclimated goldfish, though the adjustment of fluidity in each case was insufficient to compensate for the direct effects of the temperature difference. The extent of fluidity compensation was greatest in the mitochondrial fraction and least in the myelin fraction, indicating heterogeneous responses in different membrane-types. Steady-state and dynamic fluorimetric techniques provided identical estimates of the homeoviscous responses, indicating that despite its short-comings, the steady-state technique provided as good a measure of adaptive responses as the more complex and sophisticated technique. PMID- 7093262 TI - HPLC separation and comparative toxicity of saxitoxin and its reaction products. AB - A chromatographic method was developed that was used to purify saxitoxin and separate it from its chemically modified products and the reagents used in the reactions. The separation time is about 10 minutes. Using differential-refractive index detection, quantitation of the products (+/- 10%) can be done on 30-100 microgram of toxin. A simple bioassay with crab leg nerves in vitro was used in conjunction with the chromatography to determine, within a factor of two, the inhibition binding constants of saxitoxin and its products. The binding constant for saxitoxin at ambient temperature, 18-21 degree C, is Ki approximately 80 nM. The acid-hydrolysis product has Ki approximately 8 microM under the same conditions. The chemistry of saxitoxin was investigated using the chemical and bioassays. PMID- 7093259 TI - Kinetics of glutamine-efflux from liver mitochondria loaded with the 14C-Labeled substrate. AB - Glutamine transport across the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria was studied by the method of loading the organelles with [14C]glutamine and by measuring efflux of the metabolite at 0 degree C. The release of [14C]glutamine from loaded mitochondria was prevented by mersalyl, whereas the efflux was started by the addition of glutathione. The rate of glutamine efflux from the mitochondria was measured by the inhibitor stop technique with mersalyl plus N ethylmaleimide. It was found that up to 10 mM glutamine there is no significant activity of glutaminase, whereas at about 20 mM of the substrate the enzyme is activated. The rate of the efflux measured after the addition of the optimal amount of glutathione was 10 nmol glutamine/min per mg protein. This is 5-times faster than the rate of glutaminase activity at 0 degree C. The pH optimum of glutamine carrier is between 6.5 and 7.0. Low concentration of succinate inhibits the efflux due to formation of pH gradient in coupled mitochondria, whereas a higher concentration of succinate inhibits the carrier directly. 2-Oxoglutarate and glutamate strongly inhibit the rate of glutamine efflux, the inhibition by glutamate being very pronounced at its physiological concentration. D-Glutamine does not inhibit the rate of the efflux, indicating that the transport of L glutamine is stereospecific. PMID- 7093263 TI - Kinetics of pretransition in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle. X-ray diffraction study. AB - The time course of transformation between P' beta phase ad L' beta phase in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle containing 50% water was followed by small-angle X-ray diffraction. The transformation of P' beta leads to L' beta was 90% complete at 7 min after the temperature jump, although imperfections remained for a long time. Transformation in the opposite direction was fast as compared with P' beta leads to L' beta. PMID- 7093264 TI - The effect of sodium on depolarization-induced calcium uptake and acetylcholine release by synaptosomes. AB - The influence of external sodium concentration on potassium (depolarizing agent) stimulated calcium uptake and Ca+-dependent acetylcholine release by rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes has been studied. It was found that increased sodium concentration decreased both the Ca2+ uptake and the acetylcholine release, whereas a low external sodium concentration is stimulatory. PMID- 7093265 TI - Intestinal electrogenic HCO3- absorption localized to villus epithelium. AB - Isolated segments of jejunum from Amphiuma absorb HCO3+ electrogenically by a process sensitive to acetazolamide. Using a tissue chamber of special design which permits isolation of villus or intervillus epithelium the transepithelial electrical potential (psi ms) of each region was measured. The serosa-negative psi ms generated by the villus epithelium was more negative than that of the intervillus and exhibited greater sensitivity to acetazolamide. Both regions were responsive to other agents which alter epithelial ion transport. The results indicate that intestinal HCO3- absorption is localized predominantly within cells lining the villus epithelium. PMID- 7093266 TI - Specific heats of lipid dispersions in single phase regions. AB - Differential scanning calorimetry has been used for the first time to measure the specific heat, Cp, as a function of temperature in the single phase regions above and below the main phase transition temperature, Tm, for dispersions of saturated phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. Within error limits Cp, when expressed per gram, does not vary in any systematic way with chain length or headgroup. Its temperature dependence in both single phase regions qualitatively resembles that of n-alkanes. Contributions to Cp from intrachain vibrations and interchain van der Waals' interactions have been calculated and account for nearly all the measured Cp at temperatures above Tm. However, these contributions do not yield the observed temperature dependence below Tm. It is conjectured that such a temperature dependence arises from the unhindering of chain vibrations as the lipids undergo thermal expansion, and the result of a preliminary calculation which supports this conjecture is presented. PMID- 7093269 TI - Modification on ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes by the insecticides DDT and DDE. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of organochlorine insecticides on the ion transport in biological membranes, we have studied the effect of DDT and its analog DDE on the structural parameters of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) planar bilayers. DDT and DDE increases the conductance induced by the hydrophobic ions tetraphenylarsonium (TPhAs+) and tetraphenylborate (TPhB-) in lipid bilayers. Neither DDT nor DDE alters the surface potential of PE monolayers. On the other hand, these organochlorine compounds increase only slightly the electric capacitance of the bilayers. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that these insecticides increase the fluidity of the membrane. PMID- 7093267 TI - Red blood cell [14C]cholesterol exchange and plasma cholesterol esterifying activity of normal and sickle cell blood. AB - The present study performed on density fractions of sickle and normal erythrocytes prepared on Stractan density gradient shows that dense erythrocytes have consistently decreased uptake of [14C]cholesterol from plasma in comparison to young, less dense erythrocytes. Plasma of sickle cell patients also shows a reduction in cholesterol-esterifying activity in comparison to normal controls. A possible effect of these processes in the increased cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio of irreversibly sickled cells has been suggested. PMID- 7093270 TI - Phase separation induced by melittin in negatively-charged phospholipid bilayers as detected by fluorescence polarization and differential scanning calorimetry. AB - Interactions between melittin and a variety of negatively-charged lipid bilayers have been investigated by intrinsic fluorescence, fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene and differential scanning calorimetry. (1) Intrinsic fluorescence of the single tryptophan residue of melittin shows that binding of this peptide to negatively-charged phospholipids is directly related to the surface charge density, but is unaffected by the physical rate of lipids, fluid or gel, single-shell vesicles or unsonicated dispersions. (2) Changes in the thermotropic properties of negatively-charged lipids upon melittin binding allow to differentiate two groups of lipids: (i) A progressive disappearance of the transition, without any shift in temperature, is observed with monoacid C14 lipids such as dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and -serine (group 1). (ii) With a second group of lipids (group 2), a transition occurs even at melittin saturation, and two transitions are detected at intermediate melittin content, one corresponding to remaining unperturbed lipids, the other shifted downward by 10-20 degrees C. This second group of lipids is constituted by monoacid C16 lipids, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and -serine. Phosphatidic acids also enter this classification, but it is the net charge of the phosphate group which allows to discriminate: singly charged phosphatidic acids belong to group 2, whereas totally ionized ones behave like group 1 lipids, whatever the chain length. (3) It is concluded that melittin induces phase separations between unperturbed lipid regions which give a transition at the same temperature as pure lipid, and peptide rich domains in which the stoichiometry is 1 toxin per 8 phospholipids. The properties of such domains depend on the bilayer stability: in the case of C16 aliphatic chains and singly charged polar heads, the lipid peptide domains have a transition at a lower temperature than the pure lipid. With shorter C14 chains or with two net charges by polar group, the bilayer structure is probably totally disrupted, and the new resulting phase can no longer lead to a cooperative transition. PMID- 7093268 TI - Fusion and lipid exchange in vesicles containing lipophilic spin labels. AB - Lipophilic non-electrolyte spin labels greatly accelerate the fusion of unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine when the system is maintained below the lipid phase transition. Differential scanning calorimetry and centrifugation measurements show that the transformed vesicles are large and probably unilamellar. Differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence depolarization measurements were also carried out on mixtures of labeled dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles and of vesicles composed of pure dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. A mixing of the membrane components is observed when the vesicles are incubated above the transition temperature of the two constituent lipids. However, the process does not involve a real fusion of the entire vesicles. An exchange of lipid and label monomers between the two lipid phases seems to occur. These observations are discussed in view of the molecular organization of the spin label within the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine matrix below and above the lipid transition temperature. PMID- 7093271 TI - Temperature-induced transitions of porcine intestinal brush border membranes. AB - Thermotropic transitions of the membrane components in porcine intestinal brush border membranes were studied by means of fluorimetry using a fluorogenic thiol reagent, N-[7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl]maleimide (DACM), and a lipophilic fluorescent probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). 1. The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of the membrane proteins with DACM was dependent on temperature, with a transition point at about 33 degrees C. A conspicuous transition was also observed in the relation between temperature and the fluorescence intensity of DACM-labeled membranes at 35 degrees C. 2. Temperature dependence profiles of the solubilization of DPH in the membranes and of the fluorescence polarization of DPH-membrane complex suggested that the phase transition of the lipid from gel to liquid-crystalline state occurs over a temperature range of 30 to 35 degrees C. 3. Efficient fluorescence energy transfer was observed from tryptophan residues of the membrane proteins to DPH located in the lipid phase of the membranes, and its efficiency was extremely enhanced, dependent on temperature, above 35 degrees C. The intensity of the tryptophan fluorescence of the membrane proteins decreased with increasing temperature and a discontinuity was observed at about 33 degrees C. Based on these results, it may be concluded that there are co-operative interactions between proteins and lipids in the membranes and that the temperature-induced conformational changes of the membrane proteins are closely related to the dynamics of the hydrocarbon cores of the lipid. PMID- 7093273 TI - Structural preferences of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol phosphatidylethanolamine model membranes. Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. AB - The structural preferences of soya phosphatidylinositol in isolation and in mixtures with soya phosphatidylethanolamine, and the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on these preferences, have been examined employing 31P-NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. It is shown that phosphatidylinositol assumes the bilayer organization on hydration both in the presence and absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. In mixed systems with (HII phase) phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol induces lipidic particle structure at low (less than 10 mol%) concentrations and bilayer structure at higher levels. In systems containing 15 or 20 mol% phosphatidylinositol, Ca2+ (but not Mg2+) can induce HII phase structure. The results indicate that phosphatidylinositol is a more effective agent than other acidic phospholipids for stabilizing bilayer structure, particularly when high levels of divalent cations are present. These findings are discussed in terms of functional roles of phosphatidylinositol and mechanisms whereby Ca2+ induces structural reorganizations in mixed systems containing acidic phospholipids and phosphatidylethanolamine. PMID- 7093272 TI - The effects of general anaesthetics on glucose and phosphate transport across the membrane of the human erythrocyte. AB - A study has been carried out into the effects of clinically important general anaesthetics, althesin, thiopentone and propanidid, on the transport of glucose and phosphate across the membrane of the human erythrocyte. In general these three substances all inhibit both transport processes but with characteristic inhibition profiles and varying degrees of efficacy. Glucose transport was more sensitive to the hydrophobic steroids and phosphate transport to propanidid. Some hydrophobic agents, e.g., iodobenzene and its azide, were not inhibitory. Removal of cholesterol to some extent augmented the inhibitory effects of most of these compounds (not propanidid). It is argued that these effects are due to the penetration of the anaesthetics into the lipid bilayer and either subsequent disruption of the lipid annuli surrounding the integral membrane proteins and/or direct anaesthetic-protein interaction. PMID- 7093275 TI - Effects of cholesterol on the orientational order of unsaturated lipids in the membranes of acholeplasma laidlawii. A 2H-NMR study. AB - We have investigated by 2H-NMR the effects of the incorporation of cholesterol on the orientational order of unsaturated lipid acyl chains in the membranes of acholeplasma laidlawii B. This is the only 2H-NMR study to date of the influence of cholesterol in a biological membrane using specifically labelled fatty acids. We observed the characteristic condensing effect of cholesterol on the lipid acyl chain order in the liquid crystalline phase. In terms of the percentage increase in the quadrupolar splittings, the presence of cholesterol has its greatest effect on the methyl end of the labelled oleoyl chains, with a maximum at the C 14 segment. In absolute terms, the perturbation is greatest in the carboxyl end of the chains. The temperature dependence of the 2H spectra for the cholesterol containing membranes is very similar to that for the cholesterol-free membranes. The broad phase transition of the membrane lipids, which is characteristic for the samples lacking cholesterol, is apparently little affected by the presence of up to 27 mol% cholesterol. In addition, the temperature of onset of the phase transition is not significantly depressed by the presence of cholesterol. PMID- 7093274 TI - Vitamin D-mediated intestinal calcium transport. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency and spin label studies of enterocyte membrane lipid fluidity. AB - Vitamin D-3 and its metabolites regulate the transport of calcium across the intestinal epithelial cell via a mechanism which is as yet unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an essential fatty acid deficiency on vitamin D-stimulated intestinal calcium transport as measured by both in vivo and in vitro techniques. We also describe in this report a procedure for the isolation of chick intestinal epithelial cell brush border and basal lateral membranes and an assessment of the effect of dietary vitamin D on the lipid fluidity of these membranes. An essential fatty acid deficiency in both vitamin D replete and deficient chicks resulted in a decrease in intestinal mucosal levels of linoleic acid, with a compensatory increase in the levels of the short chain fatty acid, myristic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic and eicosatrienoic acids. An essential fatty acid deficiency did not affect the ability of vitamin D-deficient chicks to respond to vitamin D with a 2-fold increase in serum calcium and a 4-5-fold increase in intestinal calcium transport, measured in vivo. However, an essential fatty acid deficiency resulted in an inability of vitamin D to increase calcium efflux in vitamin D-deficient chick ileum as measured under in vitro conditions. Dietary vitamin D resulted in no detectable change in the protein composition in either the brush border or basal lateral membranes as evidenced by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. In addition, vitamin D did not alter the levels of brush border membrane cholesterol or lipid phosphorus (0.27 +/- 0.03 and 0.19 +/- 0.01 mumol/mol protein, respectively). Brush border and basal lateral membranes were labeled with the 5 nitroxide stearate spin probe I(12,3). The polarity of the environment of the probe in the brush border membranes is much greater than that of the basal lateral membranes. In addition, the lipid environment of the brush border membrane is much less fluid (S = 0.650) that that of the basal lateral membrane (S = 0.583). The data concerning membrane lipid fluidity is qualitatively similar to fluorescence polarization studies of rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes and confirms the concept that a given cell may contain plasma membrane regions having discrete lipid structures/fluidities. Dietary vitamin D had no detectable effect on the lipid fluidity or polarity in either the brush border or basal lateral membranes. The results do not support a role for an alteration in essential fatty acid composition or gross changes in the lipid fluidity of the brush border or basal lateral membranes as mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates intestinal calcium transport. PMID- 7093277 TI - The effect of pH on Ca2+ extrusion mechanisms in dialyzed squid axons. AB - The effect of internal and external pH, on the components of the Ca2+ efflux have been investigated in internally displayed squid axons. (1) Internal pH: a fall in intracellular pH (below 7.3) inhibited both the ATP-dependent uncoupled (Ca2+ pump) (50% at pHi 6.3) and the Na+o-dependent Ca2+ efflux (forward Na+/Ca2+ exchange) (50% at pHi 6.8). Internal alkalinization of pH 8.8 had no effect on the uncoupled component but markedly increased (4-fold) the Na+o-dependent Ca2+ efflux. (2) External pH: altering the external pH from 7.3 to 9.0 had no effect on the Na+o-dependent Ca2+ efflux mechanism. In the absence of Ca2+o, alkalinization to pHo 8.8 caused a reduction in the magnitude of the uncoupled Ca2+ pump. This inhibition is markedly enhanced by the presence of Ca2+ in the external medium. As for the case of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, this combined inhibitory effect of high pHo and Ca2+o is most probably related to a reversal of the cycle of the ATP driven Ca2+ pump. The marked differences in the pH dependence of the components of the Ca2+ efflux support the model of two separate mechanisms of Ca2+ extrusion in squid axons: Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchange. PMID- 7093276 TI - Functional membrane vesicles from the nervous system of insects. I. Sodium- and chloride-dependent gamma-aminobutyric acid transport. AB - (1) A synaptosomal fraction obtained from locust nervous tissue has been shown to possess an active gamma-aminobutyric acid transport mechanism. This activity is preserved and even enriched by the membrane vesicles derived from osmotically shocked synaptosomes. (2) Electron-microscopy examination indicates that the above membrane vesicles are derived predominantly from the neuronal plasma membrane and are devoid of any internal cellular organelles and components. Active transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid into these vesicles has been demonstrated with artificially imposed ion gradients as the sole energy source. (3) gamma-Aminobutyric acid transport can be driven by an Na+ gradient (out greater than in) and/or by a gradient of Cl- (out greater than in). This process is absolutely dependent on the simultaneous presence of both types of ion in the external medium. The stimulation of the process by valinomycin indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid transport is an electrogenic process which is stimulated by a membrane potential (interior negative). PMID- 7093278 TI - Membrane potentials of differentiating enterocytes. AB - A positional analysis of enterocyte membrane potential has been carried out using in vitro preparations of rabbit distal ileum. Young enterocytes were found to possess a microvillar membrane potential significantly less than that seen in older enterocytes. The length of enterocyte microvilli was also found to be significantly less in younger enterocytes. It is suggested that developmental changes in membrane potential, occurring during the early stages of enterocyte differentiation, probably reflect a changed permeability to ions associated with the establishment of a fully developed microvillar membrane. Other explanations for the observed findings are also considered. PMID- 7093279 TI - The rate of fusion of phospholipid vesicles and the role of bilayer curvature. PMID- 7093281 TI - Differential effects of environmental chemicals on liposomal bilayers. Fluorescence polarization and pesticide-lipid association studies. AB - The thermal dependence of the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene was recorded upon interaction of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and some other pesticides with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. Differential effects on the gel-crystalline phase were observed. Most substances decreased probe polarization; pentachlorophenol caused an increase of this parameter. The DDT-induced change of polarization was also dependent on the vesicle concentration thus indicating the influence of light scattering. The amount of DDT and pentachlorophenol residing in the lipid bilayer was determined to confirm the localization in the membrane. Correlation with the effects on probe polarization was obtained. The difference in response of the fluorescent probe to the presence of foreign molecules in the lipid bilayer may reflect different modes of interaction. PMID- 7093280 TI - The simultaneous preparation of basolateral and brush-border membrane vesicles from guinea-pig intestinal epithelium, and the determination of the orientation of the basolateral vesicles. AB - A rapid method is described for the simultaneous preparation of both membranes of guinea-pig enterocytes, using simple differential centrifugation techniques. Basolateral membranes were purified on a Percoll gradient and the final yield of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was 12.4% of the original activity with an enrichment factor of 12.6-fold. Purification of the brush-border fraction was achieved by a calcium precipitation technique. The yield of alkaline phosphatase was 18.9% of the original activity with an enrichment of 17.5-fold. Both fractions could be obtained within 3 h of the original homogenization. The characteristics of the preparations were checked by negative-staining electron microscopy and by the determination of glucose uptake. The orientation of the basolateral vesicles was determined by measuring the Mg2+-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities and the [3H]ouabain binding before and after treatment of the preparation with a mixture of deoxycholate and EDTA which transforms the vesicles into sheets. There was a 60% rise in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and ouabain binding, but no change in Mg2+ ATPase activity. It was therefore concluded that 60% of the original preparation consisted of inside-out vesicles and 40% of membrane sheets. PMID- 7093282 TI - The effect of dichloromethane on the oxygenation of hemoglobin. PMID- 7093284 TI - Pressure dependence of trypsin-catalyzed hydrolyses of specific substrates. AB - The effects of pressure on the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolyzed hydrolyses of three specific substrates, N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BzArgOEt), amide (BzArgNH2) and p-nitroanilide (BzArgNA), have been examined. The volume of the activation (delta V++) for kcat was -2.4 ml/mol for BzArgOEt and +3 - +6 ml/mol for BzArgNH2. Because of different rate-determining steps in the steady-state kinetics, the delta V++ value for BzArgOEt would indicate the activation volume of the deacylation step, whereas that for BzArgNH2 the delta V++ for the acylation step. The activation volumes were accounted for in terms of the difference in the mechanisms on the formation and decomposition of the tetrahedral-like intermediates during the acylation and deacylation steps. The delta V values for the formation of BzArgNH2- and thionine-trypsin complexes were several ml/mol, consistent with the fact that the main driving force of the substrate binding to this enzyme is electrostatic interaction, and in contrast to the delta V values of alpha-chymotrypsin complex formation with indole (approximately 0 ml/mol) or 2-furylacryloyl-D-tryptophan methyl ester (approximately 0 ml/mol), for which the hydrophobic interaction is the dominant force of the substrate binding. For the hydrolysis of BzArgNA, which showed a distinct substrate activation at high substrate concentrations, the pressure dependence of the four parameters, ks, Ks, (the catalytic rate and dissociation constant of the normal enzyme-substrate complex, respectively), Kss and Kss (those of the complex activated by the binding of the second substrate molecule), were measured at 1 atm and 1000 atm (25 degrees C). All of the four parameters increased with increase in pressure. PMID- 7093285 TI - Reaction pathways of substrate degradation by an acidic endo-1,4-beta-xylanase of Aspergillus niger. AB - An acidic endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) of Aspergillus niger catalyzes degradation of linear 1,4-beta xylooligosaccharides by multiple reaction pathways analogous to those catalyzed by lysozyme and alpha-amylases. Quantitative product analysis of enzyme-substrate mixtures using 1-3H-reducing end-labeled xylooligosaccharides and [U 14C]xylotriose led to the following conclusions: (1) bond cleavage frequencies of xylotriose, xylotetraose and xylopentaose are strongly dependent on substrate concentration; (2) at relatively low concentration of the oligosaccharides the enzyme catalyzes transglycosylic reactions leading to products larger than the substrates; (3) xylobiose and to a low extent also xylose, are utilized as glycosyl acceptors in the transfer reactions; (4) the enzyme-glycosyl intermediates effective in the transfer reactions are formed only from the non reducing part of oligosaccharides, since no evidence was obtained for condensation of two molecules of oligosaccharides; (5) the enzyme does not catalyze degradation of xylobiose and aryl beta-xylosides at an appreciable rate. PMID- 7093283 TI - Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiencies in human males. Kinetic and immunochemical classification. AB - Enzymatic activities and kinetics of liver ornithine transcarbamylase (carbamoylphosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase) were studied in 16 human males with ornithine transcarbamylase mutations. In the same liver fragments, cross-reactive material was measured with specific anti-ornithine transcarbamylase antibody. These studies allowed us to describe five groups of mutations. Two of them were similar on the basis of their enzymatic properties and cross-reactive material amounts to two mouse ornithine transcarbamylase mutations:sparse-fur (spf) and sparse-fur with abnormal skin and hair (spf-ash). PMID- 7093286 TI - C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), a marine teleost, are homologous with their human counterparts. AB - C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component were isolated from serum of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), a murine teleost. The isolation was based on their calcium-dependent binding affinity for pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and for agarose, respectively. These specificities are the same as those of human C reactive protein and serum amyloid P component, respectively, and we have previously reported that the plaice molecules resemble human C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component in their electron microscopic appearance. We describe here estimation of the molecular weights of plaice C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component and their subunits, and analysis of their amino acid composition, glycosylation and partial amino-terminal amino acid sequences. The results establish that plaice C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component are homologous with each other and with their human counterparts and indicate that there has been stable conservation of this protein family throughout vertebrate evolution. PMID- 7093287 TI - Chemical structure of rat liver cytochrome b5. Isolation of peptides by high pressure liquid chromatography. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of rat cytochrome b5 has been determined. Isolation of this species of cytochrome b5 in its native form from microsomes by means of detergent solubilization required the inclusion of the protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, throughout the isolation steps. Omission of the protease inhibitor yielded a 97-residue heme-containing peptide without the membranous segment. The primary structure of the intact molecules was deduced from automated sequence analysis of peptides generated by proteolytic or chemical cleavage and isolated exclusively by reversed-phase HPLC. The blocked amino terminus of cytochrome b5 was identified as N-acetylalanine. The hexosamine content of the cytochrome preparation was less than 0.1 mol/mol protein, indicating an absence of asparaginyl linked oligosaccharide. PMID- 7093288 TI - Purification and properties of a mitogenic lectin from Lathyrus sativus seeds. AB - A mitogenic lectin has been isolated from saline extract of Lathyrus sativus by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and subsequent affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The lectin has a molecular weight of 49,000, as determined by ultracentrifugation, and consists of heavy (Mr 19,000) and light subunits (Mr about 4,400). The amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence of both subunits are given. The lectin agglutinated human erythrocytes of different ABO groups equally well, and the agglutination is inhibited best by D-mannose and D-glucose and their alpha-methyl-glucosides. High concentrations of the lectin were needed for optimal stimulation of human lymphocytes. PMID- 7093289 TI - Kinetics of acetylthiocholine binding to electric eel acetylcholinesterase in glycerol/water solvents of increased viscosity. Evidence for a diffusion controlled reaction. AB - Steady-state kinetic studies were made on the very efficient enzyme hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine by electric eel acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in glycerol/water solvents of increased viscosity. Determinations of the very fast minimum substrate association rate constants kmin, (2 . 10(8) M-1 . s-1 at I approximately 0.1 M and 25 degrees C) from the Michaelis parameters, V/(Km[E0]), were made at low substrate concentrations in order to obtain kmin directly. kmin was shown to be strongly dependent upon viscosity, which is characteristic of a diffusion-controlled reaction. kmin is as large or larger than plausible models for a simple diffusion-controlled reaction between a charged enzyme and substrate would suggest. Enhancement of the diffusion-controlled reaction through nonspecific binding of substrate to the highly negatively charged acetylcholinesterase followed by two-dimensional surface diffusion in a random walk to the active site may be a factor in this enzyme mechanism. Evidence for this comes from the viscosity dependence of kmin. Using the surface diffusion model it is estimated that the binding-site target area on acetylcholinesterase is effectively increased a minimum of 8-fold. PMID- 7093290 TI - Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain P.J. 874 the enol tautomer of the substrate. AB - Progressive inactivation of purified 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4 hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating), EC 1.13.11.27) from Pseudomonas sp. strain P.J. 874 by enol-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate was initially pseudo-first-order with respect to the remaining enzymic activity, as measured with an enol-borat assay at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. No inhibitory product was detected. Saturation kinetics suggests formation of a reversible complex prior to an inactivation event at the active site of the enzyme. The initial concentration of enol-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which gave half-maximum inactivation, varied linearly with the assay concentration of ascorbate from 30 microM at zero (extrapolated value) to 0.8 mM at 20 mM ascorbate. The limiting rate constant for the inactivation increased linearly from 0.01 to 0.02 s-1 in this interval. Inhibition by ascorbate present during preincubations was partially relieved by enol-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Inhibition by 1,2 dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid present during preincubations was prevented by ascorbate but not reversed by enol-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. The reductively activated enzyme used keto-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate as substrate for formation of 14CO2 and homogentisate. enol-4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate was a noncompetitive inhibitor vs. keto-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate with an intercept inhibition constant of about 40 microM when a 14CO2 assay was used. It is suggested that interaction of enol-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate with enzyme-bound Fe3+, formed by autooxidation, caused the substrate inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, long known to be relieved by a variety of reductants. The possible role for the inhibition mechanism in the regulation of tyrosine catabolism in vivo is discussed. PMID- 7093292 TI - Phospholipase activities of rat brain cytosol. Occurrence of phospholipase C activity with phosphatidylcholine. AB - 21-day-old rat brain contains a soluble phospholipase C with the ability to hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine. This enzyme has an alkaline pH optima. The results of the DEAE-cellulose fractionation, the pH profile and the Ca2+-dependency suggest that the enzyme may be the same as that responsible for phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. The activity of the phospholipase C is associated closely with a diacylglycerol lipase. The two enzyme activities could be separated by DEAE-cellulose fractionation, resulting in greater than 100% apparent recovery of the phospholipase C acivity. This phospholipase C activity is not the result of the back reaction of choline phosphotransferase. PMID- 7093291 TI - Further characterization of the changes occurring in the plasma lipoprotein spectrum in the European badger (Meles meles L.) during winter. AB - The plasma lipoprotein pattern in the European badger has been shown previously to undergo marked and complex quantitative and qualitative seasonal modifications (Laplaud, P.M. et al., 1980, J. Lipid Res., 21, 724-738). However, the conventional ultracentrifugal techniques then in use in our laboratory were of insufficient discriminating power with regard to the numerous lipoprotein fractions whose presence was suggested by our analyses. In the present study, a new density gradient ultracentrifugation procedure was applied to the more detailed determination of the distribution of plasma lipoproteins. The first series of analyses was performed in early December and the second in March, i.e. at the dates when the maximum and minimum, respectively, of lipidemia occur in this species. The fractions thus obtained, each of which corresponded to a narrow density interval, were analyzed subsequently for chemical composition, appearance upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and for their content of tetramethylurea soluble apolipoproteins in alkaline-urea gels. Changes occurring from December to March included a large decrease in the plasma concentration of the 1.015-1.065 g/ml lipoproteins, chemical analysis of this material being compatible with the presence of at least two lipoprotein populations. On the other hand, high-density lipoproteins (1.065-1.162 g/ml) appeared less variable in chemical composition, although the proportion of those with lower density decreased considerably in early spring. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native fractions showed multiple bands in most of them; the tetramethylurea-soluble apoprotein profile remained similar at the two dates considered with an apolipoprotein A-I-like component present in large amounts throughout the entire low- and high-density ranges. PMID- 7093293 TI - SDS-glycerol polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma apolipoproteins. PMID- 7093295 TI - Branched fatty acids from Mycobacterium aurum. AB - New methyl-branched fatty acids were isolated from the lipids of Mycobacterium aurum, belonging to both saturated and non-saturated series. The most abundant component of the former series was identified as a C22-mycosanoic acid (2-L, 4-L dimethyleicosanoic acid). The unsaturated fraction contained a mixture of 2-L, 4 L-dimethyl-11-eicosenoic acid and 2-L, 4-L-dimethyl-14-eicosenoic acid. The biosynthetic precursors of these, according to the hypothesis of elongation by propionate units, were found in the non-branched hexadecenoic fraction. The lipidic fraction containing mycosanoic acid was a partially acylated oligosaccharide devoid of sulfate or phosphate groups. PMID- 7093294 TI - Cholesterol homeotasis in rats fed a purified diet. AB - The rate of whole bodyb cholesterol synthesis was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a standard chow, cereal-based diet or a semi-synthetic purified diet consisting of casein, sucrose and lard. The purified diet significantly decreased daily fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols, the specific acitvity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the bile acid pool size, and total daily cholesterol synthesis in the rat, while increasing plasma cholesterol concentrations and the total body content of cholesterol. The increased body content of cholesterol occurred primarily in muscle and connective tissue and not in the liver. The data demonstrate the importance of quantitating the net tissue accumulatin of cholesterol for accurate measurement of daily sterol synthesis in growing animals when sterol balance measurements are used. Tissue accumulation accounted for 7% of total daily cholesterol synthesis in rats fed the cereal diet, and 20% of daily synthesis in animals fed the purified diet. PMID- 7093296 TI - Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate on glycerolipid metabolism in cultured myoblasts. AB - We recently reported that treatment of differentiated chick embryo myoblasts in culture with the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) caused a 2-fold increase in the level of 1,2-diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane fraction within 15-30 min (Grove, R.I. and Schimmel, S.D. (1981) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 102, 158-164). This system has been characterized further and the metabolic origin and fate of the stimulated diacylglycerol have been investigated. The stimulation of 1,2-diacylglycerol was insensitive to alterations of Ca2+ concentration in the medium and to the presence of inhibitors of Ca2+ flux, protein synthesis and prostaglandin synthesis. The fatty acid composition of the newly formed diacylglycerol was similar to that of phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the glycerol moiety of the diacylglycerol was shown to be derived from a lipid with metabolic turnover similar to that of phosphatidylcholine. The tumor promoter was also found to stimulate rapidly synthesis of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. A possible model is proposed, therefore, in which the tumor promoter stimulates a membrane-associated phospholipase C which generates 1,2-diacylglycerol via the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. The newly formed diacylglycerol is then metabolized back to phosphatidylcholine or to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. PMID- 7093297 TI - Stimulatin of phospholipid and cholesterol ester synthesis by platelet-derived growth factor in normal and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia human skin fibroblasts. AB - Pure human platelet-derived growth factor at nanogram levels stimulates cholesterol ester, phospholipid and DNA synthesis in normal and familial hypercholesterolemia mutant human skin fibroblasts. Stimulation of DNA synthesis did not begin until 15-24 h after addition of platelet-derived growth factor to quiescent normal and FH mutant fibroblasts, In contrast, stimulation of [3H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester and phospholipid was evident 3-6 h after the addition of platelet-derived growth factor. In the normal cells, the rate of cholesterol ester synthesis was maximal at 24 h, then rapidly declined. Compared to the normal cells, cholesterol esterification was much lower in the FH cells; however, platelet-derived growth factor stimulated the rate of [3H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester by 5-fold, 31 h after addition of the growth factor. The stimulation of [3H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester by platelet-derived growth factor was inhibited in both normal and FH mutant skin fibroblasts by progesterone, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. The rate of cholesterol ester synthesis in the normal cells increased as the concentration of platelet-poor plasma or low density lipoprotein (LDL) was increased, especially in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor. Linearization of the LDL dose-response curve indicated that platelet derived growth factor increased the rate rather than the affinity of the overall cholesterol esterification system. The rate of cholesterol esterification in the FH mutant cells was highest in the absence of LDL or at low levels of platelet poor plasma. Consequently, platelet-derived growth factor can stimulate cholesterol ester synthesis by LDL- and non-LDL-mediated processes. PMID- 7093299 TI - Evidence that two synthetic pathways contribute to the apolipoprotein B pool of the low density lipoprotein fraction of rabbit plasma. AB - The plasma specific activity of apolipoprotein B was determined in normal rabbit injected with homologous radioiodinated very low and intermediate density lipoproteins (VLDL and IDL). The specific activity was followed in the same density range of the injected lipoproteins and in two low density lipoprotein subfractions (LDL1 and LDL2). VLDL B (d less than 1.006 g/ml) is cleared from plasma mainly in IDL (d = 1.006-1.019 g/ml), with minor radioactivity recovery in LDL1 (d = 1.019-1.040 g/ml) and LDL2 (d = 1.040-1.063 g/ml) fractions. The main catabolic product of IDL B is, on the other hand, LDL1 B. LDL2 B, which represent more than 20% of the whole LDL B plasma pool in this animal species, is not derived to a significant extent from either VLDL or IDL and, conceivably, is synthesized independently. PMID- 7093298 TI - The relative deacylation of different molecular species of endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver microsomes by phospholipase activity. AB - The relative deacylation of the 1-palmitoyl and 1-stearoyl homologues of different molecular species of endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine in rat liver microsomes via phospholipase activity was studied. For this purpose, the various molecular species of microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine were labelled specifically in the 1-position by incubation of rat liver microsomes with [14C]palmitoyl-CoA or [14C]stearoyl-CoA plus 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphorylethanolamine containing 18:1, 18:2, 20:4, 22:6, etc. followed by resuspension of the microsomal pellet. The loss of radioactivity from the total 1 [14C]palmitoyl and 1-[14C]stearoyl homologues of phosphatidylethanolamine amounted to 31 and 29%, respectively, when these microsomal preparations were incubated for 1 h in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) containing 10 mM Ca2+. Regardless of whether palmitate or stearate resided in the 1-position, the susceptibility of the phosphatidylethanolamines to deacylation was not influenced significantly by the nature of the unsaturated fatty acid in the 2-position, as judged by selectivity indices for the relative disappearance of radioactivity from the individual classes (monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic, tetraenoic, pentaenoic and hexaenoic). A moderate discrimination against 1-stearoyl 2-saturated species was indicated. The findings indicate that fatty acid selectivity in the microsomal deacylation of phosphatidylethanolamine cannot account for the unique fatty acid and molecular species composition of this phospholipid in rat liver. PMID- 7093301 TI - Studies on the catalytic hydrogenation of biomembranes. Hydrogenation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes by two water-soluble rhodium-phosphine catalysts. AB - The reactions of two water-soluble amphiphiolic rhodium-phosphine hydrogenation catalysts, chlorotris(sodium diphenylphosphinobenzene-m-sulfonate)rhodium(I) and chlorotris(bissodium diphenylphosphinoundecylphosphate)rhodium(I), with aqueous dispersions of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines have been studied. Under mild reaction conditions (pH2 = 1.2 atm, 37 degrees C, pH 6.9) hydrogenation of aqueous dioleoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, prepared by sonication, was achieved. This reaction was not affected by the presence of high salt concentrations. The rate of hydrogenation was independent of catalyst concentration. The reaction with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, prepared by the ethanolic injection method, was preceded by a lag period of about 5 h. The reaction with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions, obtained by vigorous shaking, was rather slow, suggesting the presence of a penetration barrier. The reaction with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine proceeds via the isomerisation of the oleoyl to the elaidoyl moiety, followed by hydrogenation of the elaidoyl moiety. The possible interactions of the catalysts with the bilayer are considered and the implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7093302 TI - Evidence for aldehydes bound to liver microsomal protein following CCl4 or BrCCl3 poisoning. AB - Since it has been demonstrated in previous studies that peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids leads to the production of aldehydes provided with cytopathological activities--namely 4-hydroxyalkenals--evidence was searched for aldehydes bound to microsomal protein in in vivo conditions (CCl4 and BrCCl3 intoxications) in which peroxidation of lipids of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum had been demonstrated previously. The spectrophotometric analysis of 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine-treated non-lipoidal residues of liver microsomes from the intoxicated rats shows absorption spectra similar to those observed for the dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the reaction of alkenals with -SH groups of proteins or low molecular weight thiols. Similar spectra, although magnified from a quantitative point of view, were obtained either with liver microsomes allowed to react with synthetic 4-hydroxynonenal or with liver microsomes peroxidized in the NADPH-Fe-dependent system. A time-course study of microsomal lipid peroxidation shows that the amount of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-reacting groups in the non-lipoidal residue of liver microsomes increases with the incubation time and is correlated to the amount of thiobarbituric acid-reacting products formed in the incubation mixture. In both the in vivo conditions (CCl4 and BrCCl3 intoxications) the amount of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-reacting groups in the non-lipoidal residue of liver microsomes increases from 15 min up to 2 h after poisoning and is higher, in every instance, in the BrCCl3-intoxicated animals compared to the CCl4-poisoned ones. Experiments carried out to ascertain the reliability of the spectrophotometric detection of protein-bound alkenals showed that in the in vitro system in which liver microsomes are allowed to react with 4 hydroxynonenal there is a good agreement between the binding value that can be calculated from the absorption spectrum and the binding value obtained by using labelled 4-hydroxynonenal. PMID- 7093300 TI - Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the activity and content of fatty acid synthetase in mouse liver. PMID- 7093303 TI - Synthesis of enzyme-inhibitory phospholipid analogs. III. A facile synthesis of N acylaminoethylphosphorylcholines. AB - A facile and efficient synthesis of N-aceylaminoethylphosphorylcholines, a series of inhibitory substrate analogs of phospholipase A2, is described. The procedure consists of a three-step sequence including: (1) N-acylation of ethanolamine with fatty acid chloride, followed by (2) phosphorylation of the alcohol function using 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane and (3) nucleophilic ring opening of the cyclic phosphate triester (IV) with anhydrous trimethylamine. The resulting isosteric amide analogs of glycol-lecithins have been isolated in high yields. The synthesis is illustrated by the preparation of the compounds containing palmitoyl, stearoyl and lauroyl fatty acid side-chains. The N acylaminoethylphosphorylcholines have been shown to function as reversible phospholipase A2 inhibitors. They are likely to become a new series of useful substrate analogs and an attractive replacement for the n-alkylphosphorylcholines commonly used as single-chain-carrying phospholipase inhibitors. PMID- 7093305 TI - Fractionation of the rat ventral prostate with respect to isolation and exocytosis of the prostatic secretion protein. AB - The ventral prostate was fractionated into one mitochondrial and three microsomal fractions. The different fractions were characterized morphologically and chemically. An interesting finding was that upon homogenization the endoplasmic reticulum membranes often turned 'inside-out' giving rise to microsomes with ribosomes attached to the inside of the vesicles. The secretion of the prostatic secretion protein was studied by means of isotopic pulse labeling using radioactive leucine. Peak radioactivity in the microsomal fraction was obtained at 2 h after injection with a relatively rapid fall. The radioactivity in the secretory fluid displayed a continuous increase up to 8 h followed by a plateau. When prostatic secretion protein was purified from secretory fluid and microsomes using a Con A-Sepharose column it showed a typical precursor-product relationship with an early peak at 60 min in microsomal prostatic secretion protein followed by a peak in secretory fluid at 4 h. Vinblastine blocked the release of labeled secretion protein into the secretory fluid, a phenomenon characteristic for secretory proteins which are exocytosed by means of fusion between secretory granules and the plasma membrane. Following intravenous injection of [3H]estramustine, accumulation was seen in the secretory fluid. Some estramustine probably binds to newly synthesized prostatic secretion protein and follows the same route of intracellular transport and extracellular discharge as does prostatic secretion protein. PMID- 7093304 TI - The inhibition of the serum-stimulated increase of ornithine decarboxylase by ionophores and local anesthetics. AB - The addition of fresh serum-containing growth medium to L1210 mouse leukemic cells in culture resulted in a 5-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase (L ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity. The presence of microtubule disrupting agents (colchicine, vinblastine) or cations (5-10 mM K+, Na+ or Mg2+) abolishes this increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity. (Chen, K.Y., Heller, J.S. and Canellakis, E.S. (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70, 212-219). Based on these observations we proposed that fluctuation in cellular cation concentrations may act as a link between the membrane structure and ornithine decarboxylase. To test this proposal, we studied the effects of selective membrane perturbing agents such as ionophores and local anesthetics, on the serum stimulated increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity in L1210 cells. Among the six ionophores tested, valinomycin was the most potent one, with I50 value (concentration that gives 50% inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity) of 6.10(-9) M. Dibucaine and tetracaine were also effective inhibitors at 10(-4)-10( 5) M. The I50 values of valinomycin on the protein synthesis and RNA synthesis, however, were greater than 1.10(-6) M. These results substantiate the notion that ornithine decarboxylase activity can be regulated at plasma membrane level and such regulation is related to the perturbation of cellular cation pools. PMID- 7093307 TI - Characterization of antibody covalently coupled to liposomes. PMID- 7093308 TI - Purification, properties and regulation of the level of bovine S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase during lymphocyte mitogenesis. AB - S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was purified from the livers of calves treated with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) to elevate the level of the enzyme. Purified bovine S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was similar in specific activity and subunit molecular weight (32,000) to the enzymes previously isolated from rat and mouse. The bovine liver enzyme immunologically crossreacted with S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from resting and mitogenically activated bovine lymphocytes. The rate of enzyme synthesis in activated lymphocytes was determined by labeling the cells with [3H]leucine and isolating the radioactive decarboxylase by affinity chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The rate of enzyme synthesis was increased 10-fold by 9 h after mitogen treatment, which accounts for the initial increase in cellular enzymatic activity. There was no further increase in the rate of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase synthesis that correlated with a second elevation of activity occurring at approx. 24 h after mitogenic activation. It was concluded that the second increase in enzyme activity was due to lengthening the intracellular half life of the enzyme by 2-fold. PMID- 7093309 TI - The distribution of the glycosaminoglycans in the anatomic components of the lung and the changes in concentration of these macromolecules during development and aging. AB - The glycosaminoglycans of the normal human and bovine lungs and of the major structural components of these organs (pleura, 'alveoli', peripheral and central bronchi, arteries and veins) were investigated. To carry out this study, a micromethod for the separation and quantitative determination of these macromolecules, namely two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates, was employed. This procedure made it possible to measure the content of each glycosaminoglycan present in the mentioned anatomic components. In the human lung the distribution of the glycosaminoglycans varies considerably from one component to another: dermatan sulfate was the predominant mucopolysaccharide of the pleura, chondroitin 6-sulfate that of the central bronchi, and heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate those of the alveoli. Heparin and keratan sulfate were not detected in any of the structural components. Significant changes in the mucopolysaccharide levels were found during maturation and aging. Further age related changes were noted between 22 and 39 years. In the bovine lung significant changes in the glycosaminoglycan levels were also observed during growth and aging. Heparin appeared in the lung at an age between 1 and 16 months. Similarities and differences in the total contents and compositions of the glycosaminoglycans between the human and bovine lung were noted. PMID- 7093310 TI - Encapsulation of immunoadjuvant [14C]peptidoglycan monomer into liposomes. Effect on metabolism and immune response in mice. AB - 14C-labeled peptidoglycan monomer was encapsulated into negatively charged, multilamellar liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate. Excretion and tissue distribution of the label in mice were studied after intravenous injections. Encapsulation of peptidoglycan monomer into liposomes as compared to free peptidoglycan monomer, resulted in increased retention of the label, particularly in the liver and to a lesser extent in spleen. The excretion was drastically reduced and delayed even after 4 days when cholesterol-rich (phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 7:5 molar ratio) liposomes were used for encapsulation of peptidoglycan monomer. Peptidoglycan monomer and liposomes, when tested separately, stimulate the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in mice. However, there was no significant additive or synergistic effect when peptidoglycan monomer was encapsulated into liposomes. PMID- 7093306 TI - Inhibition of steroid-mediated induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase by 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF 525-A). AB - The inhibition of the steroid-mediated induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic porphyrin-heme biosynthesis, by 2 diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF 525-A) as studied in cultured chick embryo liver cells. The formation of porphyrins in response to cyproterone, a synthetic steroid, was inhibited in a time-dependent manner by SKF 525-A, an inhibitor of several drug metabolizing enzyme systems. This action is a result of an inhibitory effect of SKF 525-A on the cyproterone-mediated induction of delta aminolevulinate synthase; SKF 525-A also inhibited the induction of the enzyme by the naturally occurring 5 beta-H steroids, etiocholanolone and pregnanolone. Employing [3H]etiocholanolone, we provide evidence that this inhibition is not associated with either decreased uptake or an altered metabolism of the steroid. Moreover, approx 4-6-fold more radioactivity was associated with [3H]etiocholanolone-treated cells cultured in the presence of SKF 525-A. Alternative mechanisms for the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthase by steroids are proposed which do not require the interaction of steroid-receptor complex with the genome. PMID- 7093311 TI - Failure of metallothionein to bind iron or act as an iron mobilizing agent. PMID- 7093312 TI - [Kinetics of primary photocycle stages of bacteriorhodopsin at low temperatures]. AB - According to the changes of absorption spectra kinetics of two primary stages of bacteriorhodopsin photochemical cycle was studied in the temperature range 160 +/ 300 degrees K. It has been found that for K610-L550 transition in the range under study the rate-temperature relationship is described by Arrhenius law with the activation energy Ea = 0.68 eV. For L550-M412 transition Ea = 0.69 eV. The character of temperature relationship, of the rate and amplitude for this transition indicates that at T less than or equal to 270 degrees K a phase transition is possible. PMID- 7093313 TI - [Influence of monovalent cations on the ATP activity and superprecipitation of actomyosin]. AB - Dependence of ATP activity and superprecipitation of reconstructed actomyosin on ionic strength, pH and ionic radius of the monovalent cations at different temperatures has been investigated. It is established that the optimum of ATP activity and superprecipitation of synthetic actomyosin at the presence of different monovalent cations was in the ionic strength range 0.09-0.1, in the pH range--7.5-8.0. The monovalent cations according to their efficiency are arranged in the following order: Na+ greater than or equal to K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Li+ and Cs+. PMID- 7093316 TI - [Temperature relationship of the NMR 1H spectrum of hydrated collagen]. AB - It is shown from temperature relationship analysis of spin-spin interaction constant (alpha) that at temperature below 265K the donor and acceptor adsorptive sites probability occupation in collagen surface accounts for P(S+) less than or equal to 1/10, P(S-) = 0, but at temperature 265-283K it is P(S+) less than or equal to 1/30, P(S-) = 0. If the temperature is above 283K, fine structure NMR 1H spectrum diminishes which may be explained by the clathrate--like structure collapse of protein hydrate shell. PMID- 7093317 TI - [Conformational dynamics of proteins and the simplest molecular "machines"]. AB - A mathematical model is developed for conformational motions of proteins. The mechanism is shown to be by local jump diffusion via conformational substrates. The model is analysed in terms of experimental data obtained by Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. From comparative analysis the validity of a continual model is deduced. The correlation between electron transport activity and protein conformation motions is discussed within the local jump mechanism. An equation is established to describe the relationship between electron tunneling rate and correlation time of conformational movement. PMID- 7093314 TI - [18O-exchange reactions in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle myosin]. AB - 18O-exchange reactions of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle myosin were studied. All investigated preparations of myosin catalyse two types of 18O exchange--intermediate and direct exchanges in the presence of Mg2+. The dependence of 18O-exchange extent on divalent cations have appeared to be similar for different muscle types. This supports the hypothesis of similarity of ATP hydrolysis molecular mechanisms by myosin of different origin. PMID- 7093315 TI - [Effect of urea and heating on lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity]. AB - Stability of lactatedehydrogenase (LDG) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G 6-PhDG) to the action of heating and urea on the muscle and on the enzymes isolated from muscle was studied. By the stability to the thermal agent in the system of the muscle and out of it LDG and G-6-PhDG exceed creatine kinase and aldolase; the most thermostable enzyme is G-6-PhDG. According to the action of urea on the muscle G-6-PhDG is the most stable enzyme, LDG is the most labile one among the studied enzymes. Under the action of urea on the isolated enzymes G-6 PhDG is the most labile one. PMID- 7093318 TI - [Thermodynamic parameters characterizing interaction between ligand molecules adsorbed on a polymer]. AB - Procedure was elaborated for recognizing potentials of paired interactions between ligand molecules adsorbed on the polymer. A method is proposed for describing such interactions by means of the potentials of simplest shapes, rectangular and trapezoidal ones. It is shown that when the interactions cover the distances much larger than the mean ones between the adsorbed molecules, the adsorption is described by the expression specific for noncooperative binding of the ligands. On this basis the method for analysing the experimental isotherms of adsorption is developed. It permits estimation of the interaction energy between the ligand adsorbed molecules and specific distance to which these interactions are distributed. This method is applied for analysing experimental isotherms of adsorption of antibiotic distamycin A on poly (dG) . poly (dC). PMID- 7093319 TI - [Defect structures of phospholipid lyotropic phases]. AB - The relation between defect structures and peculiarities of relaxation processes at the formation of lyotropic phases in various phospholipid systems was studied. It is shown that both the structure faults and kinetics of textural transitions and cristallization depend on the saturation of fatty acid residues of lipids. It is established that the time range of lipid mesophases is increased while adding dimethylsulphoxid in all the systems studied. PMID- 7093320 TI - [Recurrent relationship for the characteristic polynom of a system of enzymatic catalysis of nonbranched monomolecular reactions]. AB - A new mode is proposed to represent the characteristics equation for the system of monomolecular reaction on the basis of directed graphs method. A characteristic equation can be represented as a sum of weights of spanning trees derived from some graph which is connected with the initial graph of reaction. The recurrent relationship for the characteristic polynom of the system of nonbranched monomolecular reaction was obtained on the basis of this representation. A new proof on the matrix theorem about trees formulated by Volkenstein and Goldstein was established. PMID- 7093321 TI - [Photosynthesis light curves under flash illumination]. AB - Light curve of the multicentral model of photosynthetic unit (PSU) has been obtained. The shape of the curve depends on the efficiency of energy migration between PSU--for the unicentral PSU, and on the number of traps for multicentral PSU. The criteria distinguishing between the two models are proposed. If the efficiency of energy migration between PSU is no more than 0,7, then, there exist ony unicentral and bicentral PSU. PMID- 7093323 TI - [Conjugation variants of chemical and chemiosmotic mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation]. PMID- 7093324 TI - [Content of intracellular ATP and structural state of proteins in the erythrocyte membrane]. AB - Effects of depletion and resynthesis of intracellular ATP on the properties of human erythrocytes (deformability, osmotic fragility) and on the structural parameters of their membranes (U. V. fluorescence spectra, protein aggregation) were studied. Incubation of the erythrocytes in the absence of glucose at 37 degrees C was shown to result in a number of consequent alterations: crenating and decrease in deformability of erythrocyte cells--a change in relative contents of membrane proteins--aggregation of membrane proteins and reversible shift of their fluorescence spectra. The evidence is considered in favour of the spectra shift due to dephosphorylation of membrane proteins. PMID- 7093325 TI - [Modeling of tetrodotoxin-sensitive structures of passive transport with planar phospholipid membranes]. AB - Conductance of artificial phospholipid bilayers modified by membrane fragments of brain cortex was studied. For incorporation of the membrane fragments into bilayer the method of fusion of planar membrane with liposomes modified by the brain microsome fraction (proteoliposomes) was used. Artificial phospholipid membrane conductance increased during their interaction with proteoliposomes. Current-voltage curves of planar bilayers show that their permeability for sodium is promoted by the action of veratrine and inhibited by the action of tetrodotoxin. PMID- 7093326 TI - [Conformational stability of immunoglobulin G in monomolecular layers at aqueous NaCl solution-octane interfaces]. AB - Resistance to surface denaturation of human and horse immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules at aqueous NaCl solution--octane interface as a function of aqueous phase pH and NaCl concentration has been studied by monomolecular layer method. Higher conformational stability of these proteins at oil--water interface as compared to that at air-water interface has been demonstrated. At aqueous solutions of 0.15 M NaCl concentration and pH range from 2.8 to 8.0 units no conformational changes were fixed. With the change of NaCl concentration in aqueous phase from 0.15 to 2.0 M at neutral pH horse IgG molecules did not lose their native conformation. Human IgG molecules were only slightly undergoing denaturation process under the same conditions. PMID- 7093328 TI - [Conductance of model proteolipid membranes]. AB - Artificial membranes were reconstructed from differently purified proteolipids (PL) of cattle brain white matter. The related lipids had different quantitative (72, 50-45 and 15-8%) and qualitative content. Conductance of the artificial membranes of all three types of PL in 0.1 M solutions of alkaline metal chlorides were 2-3 orders above that of bilayer membrane of lecithin and brain phospholipids. In all the cases the PL membranes with 85-92% protein content had the highest conductance, and those with 28% protein content--the lowest. Introduction of liposomes of PL and lecithin mixture to one side of the bilayer lecithin membrane brought about a gradual increase of its conductance up to a definite high level. The membranes made of all three types have specific conductance to monovalent cations which are arranged in the following order: Na+ greater than K+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+. PMID- 7093327 TI - [Inclusion of erythrocyte membranes into planar lipid bilayers]. AB - Planar lipid bilayer membranes (PM) were modified by membrane vesicles prepared from rabbit erythrocytes. Vesicles contained amphotericin B and tetraethylammonium. Voltage-current relationships of modified PM were investigated. Semi-fusion, the inclusion of sealed vesicles into PM with formation of contact bilayer consisting of one lipid monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane and another monolayer of PM, was shown to appear some minutes after the contact of vesicles with PM. Some tens of minutes later fusion of the erythrocyte membranes with PM was observed. Fusion occurred either by opening out of vesicles or by incorporation of sealed vesicles into PM. The temperature rise increased the fusion probability. Sealed vesicles were incorporated in PM asymmetrically: the contact area was always smaller than the noncontact vesicle surface. PMID- 7093322 TI - [Interaction between the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate and chloroplasts]. AB - Interaction between fluorescent probe 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) and chloroplasts was studied. Parameters of ANS binding with membranes and weakly bound proteins of chloroplasts were determined. It has been shown that at all pH values the increase of quantum yield of ANS fluorescence with the addition of chloroplasts is mainly determined by the interaction between the probe and weakly bound chloroplast proteins. PMID- 7093329 TI - [Thermoinduced structure reconstructions in lysosomal membranes and lipids during experimental carcinogenesis]. AB - Thermoinduced structural transitions in lyzosome membranes and lipids during experimental cancerogenesis were considered. Unlike lipid aqeous systems the structural transitions in lipids were investigated in inside out turned with hydrophobic side vesicles in apolar and aproton solvent. Relationship between the structure change and the function of lyzosome membranes is discussed. PMID- 7093330 TI - [Measurement of dimensional distribution of plasma lipoproteins in human blood]. AB - Possible application of optical mixing method to the investigations of distribution of lipoprotein (LP) particles according to their dimensions is shown. Sensitivity of the method for discovering changes in these distributions at the incubation of lipoprotein particles under different conditions was revealed. It has been shown in particular that when incubating low density lipoproteins (LDL) with erythrocytes the donor properties of LDL in relation to cholesterol, and when incubating high density lipoproteins (HDL) with these cells a more complicated picture is observed. HDL isolated from hypercholesterolemic plasma show the donor properties, and those isolated from the plasma with normal cholesterol level--the acceptor ones. In both cases a high level of aggregatability for total HDL fraction is observed. PMID- 7093331 TI - [Possible mechanism of oscillations of the bilayer lipid membrane reflectivity induced by electrostriction]. AB - A mechanism of oscillations of the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) reflectivity obtained in the paper (3) is proposed for two different light polarisations (R parallel, R perpendicular). The measurements of BLM capacity show inphase R parallel and R perpendicular oscillations appearing with lag time some msec after application of the electric voltage to BLM not connected with bilayer thickness. These oscillations are possibly generated with ripple waves spreading from torus to BLM center and changing BLM curvature. The curvature changes can be registered during BLM reflectivity measurements in the case of special apparatus arrangement and interpreted as seeming R parallel and R perpendicular in phase changes. PMID- 7093332 TI - [Theory of electric clamp of lipid bilayer membranes. Splitting of the energy barrier]. AB - Various approaches to the investigation of bimolecular membranes are as a rule based on the notions of membrane structural defects. Usually such defects are presented as through hydrophylic pores. Relationship between free energy of the system and the defect size which is differently calculated in different concrete models (1-4) plays a principal role in the kinetic stability theory (5, 6). In the work (7) devoted to the theory of BLM electric clamp the free energy was calculated assuming low conductance of the defect. Refusal of this assumption leads to a significant change of the system free energy in relation to the defect radius. PMID- 7093334 TI - [Initiation of kinetic and thermodynamic effects in cells]. AB - Conditions of initiation of thermodynamic and kinetic isotope effects of carbon in metabolic processes were investigated. Major role of kinetic effects appearing in the branching sites of metabolic pathways was substantiated. The kinetic isotope effect in piruvate decarboxylation reaction was shown to be the principal element of the mechanism of isotope fractionation of carbon in the cell. PMID- 7093335 TI - [Temperature characteristics of ouabain-insensitive sodium flux in frog muscle]. AB - Temperature influence on ouabain-insensitive non-diffusion sodium efflux from the frog skeletal muscle loaded by sodium was studied. It is puzzling that the up gradient sodium efflux supplied by enzymatic reaction is characterized by low temperature coefficient (Q10 = 1.3). This contradiction was overcome by an introduction of diffusion channel in the sodium transport scheme. It is supposed that the enzymatic reaction occurs at inner membrane boundary and the sodium ion is translocated into the channel. Afterwards the sodium ions come out by diffusion. According to our calculation the energy needed for the ion translocation approximately 13 kkal/mol and its value does not depend on temperature. But temperature affects the sodium diffusion through the channel and thus the low temperature coefficient of sodium extrusion is explained. PMID- 7093333 TI - [Active transport of triphenylmethylphosphonium in mitochondria]. AB - Energy-dependent accumulation of triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) in rat liver mitochondria at 0 degree C is only 30-50% less than that observed at room temperature, while the rate of TPMP+ penetration drastically decreases enabling accurate studying of transport kinetics. Potassium diffusion potential accelerates the influx of TPMP+ and decreases the efflux rate in agreement with the expected behaviour of penetrating cations diffusing along or against an electric field. On the contrary, energization of mitochondria supposed to generate the metabolic membrane potential increases only the influx rate of TPMP+ without affecting the efflux of the cation. The data are clearly inconsistent with the presence of a metabolically dependent membrane potential. Energy dependent accumulation of TPMP+ appears to be an active process transporting lipophilic cations against their electrochemical gradient. Stationary-state distribution of TPMP+ between energized mitochondria and medium cannot be used for the membrane potential determination. PMID- 7093336 TI - [Fe2+ ion effect on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell conductivity and ion permeability]. AB - It is shown that incubation of EAT cells in the presence of Fe2+ ions caused the threshold decrease of active and capacitance constituents of cell suspension impedance and rate of ion efflux from cells to the isotonic sucrose media, and decrease extent rose with an increase of Fe2+ ion concentration and temperature. A discrepancy between the results described and experimental model system data is discussed. PMID- 7093337 TI - [Change in concentration of microelements in denervated muscles]. AB - Concentration of Zn, Br, and Rb in intact and denervated rat muscles was estimated by X-ray fluorescent analysis. Differences in the content of these elements at different times after denervation were found. Concentration of microelements (microgram/g dry weight) in denervated muscles was shown to increase by the end of the third week, while that in the intact muscle decreased. The analysis of microelement content in the intact muscle revealed two steps of postdenervational changes: hypertrophic and atrophic ones. Differences between the above changes in microelement concentrations and their content in the intact muscle suggest a hypothesis that protein dissociation and utilization of microelements in muscle cells after denervation proceeds with different rates. PMID- 7093338 TI - [Mechanisms of differences of the cycle length of excitation spiral waves in atrial and ventricular tissues]. AB - Ectopic spiral wave sources--reverberators--were produced in pieces of rabbit atrium and ventricle by an induction of a single properly timed premature impulse. It was found that the cycle length (T) of the ectopic source gradually increased immediately after its appearance in atrial and changed a little bit after its appearance in ventricular tissue. Relationship between changes of T and refractorines of the heart tissues was investigated. The model is proposed which explains these changes of T by the cycle length dependence on the value of fast inward sodium current. PMID- 7093339 TI - [Dynamic structures and nonlinear spectral transformations based on structure interaction reactions]. AB - A notion of dynamic excitation structure (DES) is introduced. Such structure is a mobile picture which adequately reflects external nonstationary excitation spectra. The stimulated structure transitions are possibly caused by DES generation if the substrate structure has space-time polimorphism. The stimulated associative transitions can be a basis of structure-holographic information processing in biological systems. Possibility of associative transformations of nonstationary processes is discussed and elements of associative structure logic are given. The model of semantic organization of nonequilibrium cooperative systems is discussed. This model may be useful for explaining the gnosiological activity of biological objects. PMID- 7093340 TI - [Stochastic oscillations in a dynamic system modeling macroscopic activity of neuronal tissue]. AB - A stochastic behaviour can be exhibited by dynamic systems with a simple organisation and in which the sources of uncontrolled noises are absent. This is the case of the system Zk+1 = (1 + exp (V-HZk))-1(mod I) which differs from Amari system suggested for description of macroscopic activity of neuron nets by addition of the term mod I with I less than 1. We have found that the sequence Z1, Z2, ..., Zk, ... corresponds to the oscillations of the postsynaptic potential of excitatory neurones and operation mod I is due to regulation functions of the inhibitory ones. PMID- 7093341 TI - [Change of constant electric field in man in the course of adaptation to hypokinesia]. AB - A study was carried out of change kinetics of man's constant electric field in the course of adaptation to hypokinesia from normal physical load and vice versa. It has been shown that adaptation, a transitional regime from one physiological state to another, involves similar values of the electric potential difference between the fixed points of human skin. PMID- 7093344 TI - [Comparison of protonophore and uncoupling functions of weak diacids]. PMID- 7093346 TI - [Effects of ionic composition of the environment on quenching of 9-aminoacridine and atebrin fluorescence in chloroplasts]. PMID- 7093348 TI - [Free and bound iron in normal and tumor cells]. PMID- 7093343 TI - [Attribution of macroscopic fluctuations in water solutions of proteins and other substances to the class of flicker-noises]. PMID- 7093342 TI - [Determination of blood lipoprotein dimensions by optical methods]. PMID- 7093345 TI - [Flavin-dependent oxygen uptake in mitochondria under illumination]. PMID- 7093347 TI - [Influence of phthalophos on the permeability of artificial lipid membranes to water]. PMID- 7093349 TI - [Why is the time of proton magnetic relaxation retarded in tumor cells?]. PMID- 7093351 TI - A rapid and reliable method for determination of colipase and total lipase in pancreatic tissue. PMID- 7093350 TI - Mixed micelle properties and intestinal cholesterol uptake. AB - The solubilizing powers of taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate and tauroursodeoxycholate for monoolein and cholesterol, and the size of the bile salt-monoolein-cholesterol micelles have been determined. For the three bile salt species, the micellar size depends on the saturation with monoolein. As a result, for a given bile salt to monoolein ratio, the taurochenodeoxycholate micelles are smaller than those of taurocholate and both are smaller than those of tauroursodeoxycholate. Intestinal cholesterol uptake has been studied in vitro as a function of the micellar size and the saturation degree with cholesterol. For a given bile salt to monoolein ration and 1) for low cholesterol concentrations, taurocholate leads to the greatest rates of uptake ; 2) for high cholesterol content, taurochenodeoxycholate induces the largest uptake. The specific micellar characteristics of the tauroursodeoxycholate micelles clearly demonstrate why this bile salt is of so little help in the intestinal uptake of cholesterol. PMID- 7093354 TI - The persistence and transfer of voluntary hand-warming in natural and laboratory cold settings after 1 year. AB - Hayduk (1980) used a classical conditioning-biofeedback overlap (CBO) design to teach six volunteers to warm their hands in an ambient temperature of - 14 degrees C. He found voluntarily warmed hands to be more dexterous, more sensitive, and less painful in the cold laboratory setting than unwarmed hands. The present paper reports a 1-year follow-up of five of Hayduk's original six volunteers. Ability to hand-warm was reevaluated, both at room temperature and at - 14 degrees C and was found to be essentially unchanged from post-training performance of the previous year. The effects of hand-warming on performance, sensation, and cold pain were remeasured in the cold laboratory and found to be essentially unchanged from the effects following training the previous year. Finally, the volunteers were asked to describe the degree to which they had used their hand-warming, and the circumstances under which they had used it, in natural settings throughout a Canadian winter. The volunteers reported only minimal use of hand-warming, primarily to reduce cold pain. PMID- 7093352 TI - Effect of Eu3+ on the lipid biosynthesis in rat liver. AB - The influence of Eu3+ on lipid biosynthesis of female rat liver was studied. 24 hours after the intramuscular injection of europium chloride an infiltration of triacylglycerols on the liver was observed but cholesterol content was unaffected. These results demonstrate that europium produces the same effect as other lanthanides with a lower atomic number ; those lanthanides with a higher atomic number have no effect [1]. The specific radioactivity of triacylglycerols obtained from [1-14C] acetate by liver slices of rats injected with this ion 18 24 hours before decreases but there is an increase of the incorporation of the same precursor into cholesterol 12-24 hours after the administration of the lanthanide ion. PMID- 7093353 TI - The factor structure of self-reported physical stress reactions. AB - A self-report questionnaire tapping 98 frequently reported physical stress reactions was subjected to factor analysis. The instrument was given to 1,210 subjects (593 males, 520 females, and 97 who failed to indicate their gender). The final factor solution identified 18 interpretable factors for the combined sample. Some of the more notable findings are: (a) Gastric Distress (Factor 1) is by far the most prominent factor and accounts for .491 of the total variance; (b) the factor solutions for males and females are highly similar, although Cardiorespiratory Activity (Factor 2) is defined by a greater diversity of noncardiac reactions for females than for males; and (c) six independent striated muscle tension factors can be identified for the entire sample. Results are discussed in terms of a behavioral conceptualization of psychosomatic symptoms. Clinical implications are noted. PMID- 7093356 TI - The comparative effectiveness of heart rate biofeedback, speech skills training, and a combination of both in treating public-speaking anxiety. AB - Forty-two speech-anxious undergraduate students (21 female, 21 male) were administered either heart rate biofeedback training, speech skills training, or a combination of both to aid in the alleviation of speech anxiety. Physiological (heart rate, tonic skin conductance level, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure), overt motor, and self-report measures of anxiety were assessed during a pretreatment speech and two posttreatment speeches. Results indicated that all treatments were effective in lowering overt motor and self-report components of anxiety. However, only the biofeedback and combined group subjects demonstrated significantly less heart rate increase while speaking before an audience during the posttreatment assessment. Two individual difference variables examined in this study--cognitive/autonomic focus of anxiety and subjective confidence in treatment--were not found to significantly influence treatment effectiveness. Finally, factor analyses of the physiological data suggested that heart rate changes play a large role in the physiological component of anxiety. PMID- 7093355 TI - The role of challenging incentives in feedback-assisted heart rate reduction for coronary-prone adult males. AB - Three experiments were performed to study the influence of challenging incentives on feedback-assisted heart rate reduction for coronary-prone (Type A) and non coronary-prone (Type B) males. In the first experiment, when subjects were given a competitive instructional set, Type As were significantly more successful relative to Type Bs in reducing their heart rate; with a noncompetitive set, Type Bs were significantly more successful than were Type As. In the second experiment, when told that heart rate reduction was a scarce ability, Type As reduced heart rate significantly better than did Type Bs; when told that heart rate reduction was a common ability, Type Bs achieved significantly greater heart rate reduction than did Type As. In the third experiment, when heart rate reduction was described as being instrumental to time-urgency (i.e., getting more done in less time), Type As reduced heart rate significantly better than did Type Bs; when heart rate reduction was described as being instrumental to relaxation, Type Bs were significantly better able to reduce heart rate. In all three studies, the incentives had no effect on heart rate when feedback was not provided. The results are discussed as support for the notion that Type A behavioral pattern characteristics can be exploited to reduce Type A symptoms. Implications for how coronary-prone individuals may be challenged to modify symptoms within the clinical setting are discussed. PMID- 7093357 TI - Skin temperature biofeedback for Raynaud's disease: a double-blind study. AB - The lack of control procedures inherent in most of the experiments conducted to assess the effectiveness of skin temperature biofeedback in the treatment of Raynaud's disease renders the results inconclusive. In this study, control groups and a double-blind approach are adopted. Thirty-six patients, carefully screened for a diagnosis of primary Raynaud's disease, were assigned to a skin temperature increase group (N = 12), to an EMG relaxation control group (N = 12), or to a notreatment control group (N = 12). All patients kept records of their symptoms for the duration of the study. Each subject in the two training groups received 20 sessions, the last 2 conducted under cold stress. data analysis according to original group assignment, as well as following regrouping of subjects according to several learning criteria, showed that while all patients reported a marked decrease in the number of vasospastic attacks, no significant differences were found among the three groups on the clinical measures used to assess symptomatic relief. The general improvement reported must therefore be attributed to nonspecific factors. PMID- 7093358 TI - Model of bidirectional interaction between myocardial pacemakers based on the phase response curve. AB - As a basis for the study of sinus rhythm determination, a model is proposed of bidirectionally-coupled oscillators as a system of difference equations based on the phase response curve of sinoatrial pacemaker cells. Solutions corresponding to the one-to-one synchronization of the two pacemakers are obtained, and the relation among those solutions is examined: It is revealed that two different solutions with different cycle length coexist, and the synchronized frequency can be higher or lower than the original intrinsic frequencies of the two pacemaker cells. The experimental results of the cultured cells of cardiac pacemakers are interpreted by the analytical result of the model. PMID- 7093359 TI - The induction of periodic and chaotic activity in a molluscan neurone. AB - During prolonged exposure to extracellular 4-aminopyridine (4 AP) the periodic activity of the somatic membrane of an identified molluscan neurone passes from a repetitive regular discharge of greater than 90 mV amplitude action potentials, through double discharges to less than 50 mV amplitude oscillations. Return to standard saline causes the growth of parabolic amplitude-modulated oscillations that develop, through chaotic amplitude-modulated oscillations, into regular oscillations. These effects are interpreted in terms of the actions of 4 AP on the dynamics of the membrane excitation equations. PMID- 7093360 TI - Synthesis of nonlinear control surfaces by a layered associative search network. AB - An approach to solving nonlinear control problems is illustrated by means of a layered associative network composed of adaptive elements capable of reinforcement learning. The first layer adaptively develops a representation in terms of which the second layer can solve the problem linearly. The adaptive elements comprising the network employ a novel type of learning rule whose properties, we argue, are essential to the adaptive behavior of the layered network. The behavior of the network is illustrated by means of a spatial learning problem that requires the formation of nonlinear associations. We argue that this approach to nonlinearity can be extended to a large class of nonlinear control problems. PMID- 7093361 TI - Theory of spatial position and spatial frequency relations in the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex. AB - Striate cells showing linear spatial summation obey very general mathematical inequalities relating the size of their receptive fields to the corresponding spatial frequency and orientation tuning characteristics. The experimental data show that, in the preferred direction of stimulus motion, the spatial response profiles of cells in the simple family are well described by the mathematical form of Gabor elementary signals. The product of the uncertainties in signaling spatial position (delta x) and spatial frequency (delta f) has, therefore, a theoretical minimum value of delta x delta f = 1/2. We examine the implications that these conclusions have for the relationship between the spatial response profiles of simple cells and the characteristics of their spatial frequency tuning curves. Examples of the spatial frequency tuning curves and their associated spatial response profiles are discussed and illustrated. The advantages for the operation of the visual system of different relationships between the spatial response profiles and the characteristics of the spatial frequency tuning curves are examined. Two examples are discussed in detail, one system having a constant receptive field size and the other a constant bandwidth. PMID- 7093362 TI - Recursive features of circular receptive fields. AB - The distribution of excitability in retinal receptive fields may be well approximated by functions with recursive features. Physiological data do not exclude an implementation of recursive structures in the visual system. It is the most remarkable advantage of a recursive visual system, that cortical receptive fields tuned to different spatial frequencies will have an identical neuronal circuitry. Structural consequences for retina, LGN and visual cortex are discussed. PMID- 7093363 TI - A two compartment model of the stepping generator: analysis of the roles of a stage-setter and a rhythm generator. AB - Recent studies on locomotion of the mesencephalic cat demonstrated that activation of the spinal stepping generator and the postural control system are dependent phenomena (Mori et al., 1978, 1980). This has motivated the construction of a new model of the stepping generator to account for interactions with the postural control system. The present model consists of two main compartments, the rhythm generator and the stage-setter. The rhythm generator generates rhythmic bursting discharges of extensor and flexor alpha motoneurons. The function of the stage-setter is to set and reset the excitability of extensor alpha motoneuron to a number of desired levels. This study analyzes interactions in this model between rhythm generating and postural control system. By adding a concept of "stage-setting" to the rhythm generator model, we succeed in simulating a variety of locomotor patterns observed in the mesencephalic cat, including "stepping automatism" (Mori et al., 1979). PMID- 7093364 TI - Response analysis of vertebrate retina. AB - In a recent work (Oguztoreli, 1980) a mathematical model for studying the neural activities in a vertebrate retina has been investigated, where the basic network contains five interconnected neurons: a receptor cell, a bipolar cell, a horizontal cell, an amacrine cell, and a retinal ganglion cell. More recently, in (Oguztoreli and O'Mara, 1980) the basic network has been extended to a larger network containing twelve neurons, In both of these works, the performances of the basic and extended models were discussed under different structural and processing conditions with constant inputs by using the results of one of our earlier work (Oguztoreli, 1979). In the present paper we investigate by simulations the responses of the basic retinal network to piecewise constant and periodic inputs. The step snd frequency responses of the extended retinal network will be discussed in a forthcoming paper. PMID- 7093366 TI - Cooperation between different spatial frequencies in binocular rivalry. AB - In binocular rivalry, stimuli made up of any limited spatial frequency (sf-) range are perceived for a shorter time than patterns consisting of the whole sf spectrum. This finding indicates a non-linear summation of primarily independent sf-channels in the human visual system. PMID- 7093365 TI - An EMG-level muscle model for a fast arm movement to target. AB - A model of human muscle action is presented for a maximally fast, large-amplitude forearm movement to target. The inputs to the model are approximately the biceps and triceps EMG envelopes over a single movement. The model's output gives the corresponding displacement angle of the forearm about a fixed elbow position as a function of time. The idea of the model is to conceive of both EMG input drives as successions of millisecond input pulses, with each pulse resulting in a muscle tension twitch. Every twitch is amplitude-scaled, parametrically-shaped, and duration-limited as a function of the muscle's contractile history thus far in the movement. The muscle tension at any time t is the sum of the residual tension levels of all twitches begun before t. The model was developed and tested with special reference to two subjects: one, according to the model dynamics, was a comparatively slow-twitch type and the other modelled as a fast-twitch type. Good agreement was found between model output and subject response data whenever the subject's EMG's were "synchronous". The model can be used to characterize each subject's responses by a suite of twitch characteristics. This will enable us to check the accepted but now suspect correlation between muscle biopsy- and performance-determined muscle twitch type. PMID- 7093367 TI - Apparent motion path composed of a serial concatenation of translations and rotations. AB - Foster's two schemes with respect to preferred paths in visual apparent motion were tested in conditions in which large differences in orientations and symmetry between the inducing stimuli resulted in large differences in the predicted apparent motion paths. The results showed that under these conditions the measured apparent motion paths were far apart from the separate theoretical curves of the two schemes, especially in describing the dependence of object orientation on horizontal position. The present evidence seem to suggest that Foster's two schemes may be applied to the description of the apparent motion between objects differing greatly in orientation and positional symmetry, provided that the two schemes are concatenated serially: i.e. translations first, then rotations. PMID- 7093368 TI - The mechanical behavior of the human forearm in response to transient perturbations. AB - Static and dynamic components of mechanical impedance of human forearm were evaluated by applying two kinds of perturbations: 1) large viscoelastic loads, and 2) small pseudo-random perturbations. When the task involved the active resistance of the perturbations, both stiffness and viscosity increased relatively to their values in the passive task, the increment in stiffness being larger than that in viscosity. The time course of such changes was investigated during the transition between the two operating points defined by the instructions "do not resist" and "resist" the applied perturbations. The changes in stiffness and viscosity were relatively slow, those in the latter lagging behind those in the former. PMID- 7093369 TI - A model of the early stages of the human visual system: functional and topological transformations performed in the peripheral visual field. AB - A model of the early stages of the visual system is presented, with particular reference to the region of the visual field outside the fovea and to the class of retinal and lateral geniculate nucleus cells which are most active in the processing of patter information (X-cells). The main neuroanatomical and neurophysiological properties taken into account are: the linear increase of the receptive fields diameter with eccentricity, the constancy of the overlap factor and the topological transformation operated upon the retinal image by the retino cortical connection. The type of filtering taking place between the retina and the visual cortex is analyzed and some simulations are presented. It is shown that such a filtering is of a bandpass space variant type, with center frequencies that decrease from the center (i.e. the fovea) toward the periphery of the visual field. This processing is "form invariant" under linear scaling of the input. Moreover, considering the properties of the retino-cortical connection, it is shown that the "cortical images" undergo simple shifts whenever the retinal images are scaled or rotated. PMID- 7093370 TI - Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement. AB - Movement of multiple segment limbs requires generation of appropriate joint torques which include terms arising from dynamic interactions among the moving segments as well as from such external forces as gravity. The interaction torques, arising from inertial, centripetal, and Coriolis forces, are not present for single joint movements. The significance of the individual interaction forces during reaching movements in a horizontal plane involving only the shoulder and elbow joints has been assessed for different movement paths and movement speeds. Trajectory formation strategies which simplify the dynamics computation are presented. PMID- 7093371 TI - The effects of beta motor stimulation on the interpretation of signals from muscle spindles. AB - A previously proposed method for the interpretation of the signals in sensory nerve fibres is extended to incorporate beta activation of muscle spindles. simulations, based on previous experimental observations, of muscles spindles subjected to ramp and hold stretches are used as input to an "interpreter", where the simulated trains of action potentials are reconverted to a length change interpretation. The interpreted signals are compared with the original length change inputs to observe the effects of beta-stimulation and stochastic variability. PMID- 7093372 TI - [Products of limited proteolysis of chromatin core particles]. AB - Limited proteolysis of chromatin and its derivatives with trypsin results in stable fragments of histones containing up to 75% of the original number of amino acid residues. The protein moiety of trypsin-treated core particles from chicken erythrocyte chromatin was characterized. The amino acid analysis of purified histones fragments H2A, H2B and H4 revealed that they are similar to the corresponding products of proteolysis of erythrocyte chromatin histones, whose primary structure has already been established. The sequences 28--135 and 50--135 of histone H3 were identified within the trypsin-treated cord particles and their primary structure was established by peptide mapping. Data from amino acid analysis of the protein moiety of trypsin-treated core particles suggest that the bulk of the low molecular weight products of proteolysis corresponding to the N terminal parts of histones is removed under conditions which facilitate the maintenance of nucleosomal structure of DNA in trypsin-digested core particles. PMID- 7093373 TI - [Probing of the linear distribution of nucleosomes in chromatin]. AB - The binding of the antibiotic dyes to chromatin fragmented by various ways and to preparations of "complete" (MH3, 206 DNA base pairs) and "minor" MH1, 155 DNA base pairs) nucleosomes was studied. The latter were obtained from the total hydrolysate of nuclear chromatin hydrolysis by Ca-Mg-dependent endonuclease, using preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. In liver chromatin of different vertebrate species the actinomycin D binding is decreased by 70% as compared to DNA binding, while that of ethidium bromide is reduced only by 40%. The splitting of part of internucleosomal DNA by Ca-Mg-dependent endonuclease further decreases the number of binding sites for ethidium bromide, but not for actinomycin D. MH3 bid 24 molecules of actinomycin D per 10(3) of nucleotides; their DNA contain 43.4% of GC-pairs. The GC content in MH1 is 47.7%; they bind 28 dye molecules per 10(3) of nucleotides. The data obtained are discussed in terms of possible predominant localization of nucleosomal cores in GC-pair-rich DNA sites. PMID- 7093374 TI - [Peculiarities of the regulation of adrenal oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by NADH and adenosine diphosphate]. AB - It was demonstrated that NADH inhibits both the lipoamide dehydrogenase and the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase components of the bovine adrenal complex. NADH increases the region of 2-oxoglutarate concentrations, in which the signs of cooperative binding of the substrate are observed in the absence of phosphate ions. The rate of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed reaction versus NADH curve in not hyperbolic. The coefficient q equivalent to the Hill coefficient exceeds 1 within the range of low concentrations of NADH. The value of q increases at a higher concentration of the substrate and in the presence of ADP. The plot of v0 versus ADP at low substrate concentrations gives a S-shaped curve. Hence the presence of positive homotropic cooperativity of the activator binding sites can be postulated. The changes in the activity of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex at various pH values in the presence and absence of NADH and ADP as well as the loss of sensitivity to ADP at pH 6.0 substantiate the allosteric type of action of the effectors. The effects of NADH and ADP on the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase component of the complex do not involve association dissociation processes. ADP to some extent hampers NADH inhibition, but does not prevent the process even at high concentrations, which is indicative of isolation of binding sites of each one of the effectors. PMID- 7093376 TI - [Effect of cycloheximide on the alkaline and acid DNAse activity in rat cells]. AB - Using spectrophotometric and viscosimetric techniques, the effects of cycloheximide on the activity of alkaline and acid DNAses in the homogenate cells of thymus, mesenterial lymphatic node, spleen, liver and in blood serum of the rat were studied. Using these two methods, it was demonstrated that cycloheximide inhibits the activity of alkaline DNAase in the spleen, lymphatic node and liver cells by 70% without changing that of acid DNAase in all the organs tested but has no inhibiting effect on the activity of alkaline endonuclease in the thymocytes. Cycloheximide inhibits the activity of alkaline DNAase in rat blood serum by 85%. It can thus be concluded that in the spleen, lymphatic node and liver cells there occurs a practically constant synthesis of alkaline DNAase, the bulk of which is released into the blood stream. PMID- 7093375 TI - [Enzymatic system transforming chlorophyllide into chlorophyll in etiolated leaves using exogenous substrates]. AB - The substrate specificities of the enzymatic system, which transforms chlorophyllide into chlorophyll in etioplasts of whole leaves and of the chlorophyllase enzyme, which performs the inverse reaction, i. e. chlorophyll hydrolysis, were compared. Infiltration of chlorophyllide a of b into the excised etiolated leaves of rye results in a formation of chlorophylls a and b in the dark, whereas pheophorbide a or b does not cause pheophytin to appear under the same conditions. Consequently, for the in vivo esterification reaction to occur, substitution of the methyl group by the formyl one in position 3 of the tetrapyrrole ring is not essential, but the presence of the central magnesium atom in the molecule is necessary. On the other hand, chlorophyllase from the same etiolated leaves equally hydrolyzes both chlorophylls and pheophytins. It is concluded that the enzymes present in etioplasts which catalyze chlorophyllide esterification and chlorophyll hydrolysis are not identical. The optimal temperature of the in vivo esterification of exogenous chlorophyllide to chlorophyll (37 degrees) was determined and the ability of this chlorophyll to be hydrolyzed by chlorophyllase was established. PMID- 7093377 TI - [Lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria in aging and in hyperthyroidism]. AB - The rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver mitochondria induced by the Fe++ + ascorbate system was considerably reduced in 1--12-month-old rats, remained unchanged thereafter up to the 24th postnatal month and was decreased in hyperthyroid rats aged 1- and 3 months. The rate of NADPH-dependent LPO was also sharply decreased up to the 12th month of age, showing a further rise in 24-month old animals, i. e. thus remained lower than in 1- and 3-month-old rats; under hyperthyroidism the LPO rate was increased in more highly 12-month-old animals. A reverse correlation between the level of reducibility of matrix pyridine nucleotides and the rate of enzymatic LPO in mitochondria was established. A physiological role of LPO is postulated. PMID- 7093378 TI - [Subunit interactions in luciferase from the firefly Luciola mingrelica. Their role in the manifestation of enzyme activity and during thermoinactivation]. AB - It was shown that the dimers of the firefly luciferase possess the catalytic activity, whereas the monomers do not. The dissociation constant (Kd) for active dimers was determined at pH 7.0--8.4 within the temperature range of 15--35 degrees and at MgSO4 and Na2SO4 concentrations varying from 37 to 370 mM and 49 to 490 mM, respectively. Under variable conditions the Kd value changed only insignificantly and made up to 13 nm. The substitution of Na2SO4 for MgSO4 decreased Kd 2.5 times. The effective rate constant for the enzyme inactivation (kin) was increased more than 5-fold, when the luciferase concentration was decreased from 200 down to 3.5 nM in the presence of 37 mM MgSO4. When the concentration of the latter was increased up to 185 mM, the value of kin ceased to depend on the enzyme concentration. The decrease of kin was also observed at an increase in Na2SO4. An inactivation pattern for the enzyme in solution was determined both for the monomer and for the dimer of the enzyme. The equations allowing to calculate the inactivation constant for the monomer (Ki) and dimer (k2) at different pH values, temperatures and salt concentrations were obtained. The enzyme was found to be stabilized by salts more than 10-fold, the stabilizing effect being far more pronounced for the enzyme monomer than for the dimer. The dependence of the effective kin value on pH and temperature was primarily influenced by the dependence of the inactivation rate constant for the dimer. PMID- 7093379 TI - [Effects of various factors on the formation and properties of sheep haptoglobin hemoglobin complexes]. AB - The effects of pH, urea, Na-DS and various ions on the hemoglobin-binding capacity of haptoglobin (Hp) of sheep and on the properties of the Hb-Hp complex were studied. It was found that the optimal conditions for the Hb-Hp complex formation are pH values within the range of 4.5--7.0. The peroxidase activity of the complex has its maximum at pH 4.3. A comparative study of the stabilizing effects of Hp from sheep and other species on the hemoglobin molecule was carried out. It was suggested that the properties of the Hm-Hp complex depend on specific differences of haptoglobin within the complex. Urea, Na-DS and sulfate ions produce an inactivating effect, while tetraborate anions--an activating effect on the formation and stability of the complex. This is probably due to the interaction of these compounds with the Hp molecule which changes Hp reactivity and the properties of the Hb-Hp complex. PMID- 7093380 TI - [Effects of cryoprotectors on the properties of the mitochondrial membrane surface as determined by distribution in biphasic aqueous systems]. AB - The effects of various cryoprotectors, e. g. dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO), glycerol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide (PEO, m. w. 400) on the distribution of rat liver mitochondria in a biphasic polymeric PEO 4000-Dextrane 500 system were studied. The type of criss-cross distribution of cryoprotector-treated mitochondria suggests that the isoelectric point for the organelles is shifted towards the acidic values of pH. The effects of these agents decrease in the following order: Me2SO greater PEO-400 greater than glycerol greater than ethylene glycol. The alteration of the distribution coefficient for the mitochondria after their incubation in aqueous polymeric systems in the presence of cryoprotectors is also indicative of a decrease of their surface charge. PMID- 7093381 TI - [Activation of trypsin by the substrate N-acetyl-L-norvaline methyl ester]. AB - The kinetics of the N-acetyl-L-norvaline methyl ester (non-specific substrate) hydrolysis by trypsin was studied within a wide substrate concentration range (0.02 mM--25.5 mM). The dependence of the initial reaction rate on the substrate concentration obeyed the Michaelis--Menten equation only at low (less than 0.3 mM) concentrations of the substrate. At higher substrate concentrations the reaction rate considerably exceeded the maximal rate determined from the Michaelis--Menten equation. The reaction kinetics at high substrate concentrations was in good agreement with the scheme for the substrate activation of the enzyme proposed by Trowbridge et al. The reaction product, N-acetyl-L norvaline, did not activate the substrate hydrolysis by trypsin. The kinetic and activation parameters of the reaction (kcat = 0.0184 s-1, Km = 0.08 mM and kcat = 2.97 s-1 and Km = 56 mM, respectively, pH 8.0, 25 degrees) were determined. PMID- 7093382 TI - [Trypsin inhibitor from Gleditsia triacanthos L. seeds]. AB - The trypsin inhibitor from Gleditsia triacanthos (L.) seeds was purified by affinity chromatography on a column with trypsin-Sepharose 4B. The isolated inhibitor is a single-chain protein with molecular weight of about 20 000. The inhibitor suppresses bovine trypsin at a molar rate of 1 : 1, but weakly inhibits chymotrypsin in a non-stoichiometric manner. Some properties of the isolated inhibitor closely resembled those of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz). PMID- 7093383 TI - [Stereospecificity of active centers of acylcholinesterases]. AB - The stereospecificity of the active center of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase from horse blood serum (BuChE) in reactions with enantiomers of irreversible organophosphorus inhibitors (OPI) with asymmetrical central phosphorus atom and different structure of the leaving moiety: C2H5O(CH3)P(O)SR, where R = C2H7; C6H13: C4H4SC2H5; C2H4SC2H5 and C2H4S(CH3)C2H5, was studied. The strongest inhibiting effect with respect to cholinesterases was exerted by (-)-isomers of the OPI tested. The differences in the inhibiting activity of (-) and (+)-isomers were especially well-pronounced for OPI with R = C3H7 and C4H4SC2H5. The differences in the inhibiting activity of the enantiomers suggest that the stereospecificity of the active center of AChE was the highest and that of BuChE was considerably lower. After treatment by N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium ions which specifically and irreversibly modify the anionic groups on the active surface of AChE, the stereospecificity of the latter is decreased and is approximated to that of BuChE. The differences in stereospecificity of AChE and BuChE are probably due to the considerable differences in the spatial structure of the enzyme active centers. PMID- 7093384 TI - [Interrelationship between the level of natural antioxidants and lipid oxidation in the normal mouse liver and after injection of alpha-tocopherol]. AB - The changes in the level of natural antioxidants and lipid oxidation in normal mouse liver and after injection of the natural antioxidant alpha-tocopherol were studied. The level of natural antioxidants and lipid oxidation were increased 1- 2-fold within 24 hrs; after alpha-tocopherol injection these parameters were increased 37- and 39-fold, respectively. A direct correlation between the amount of natural antioxidants and lipid oxidation in normal mouse liver and after alpha tocopherol injection was established. PMID- 7093385 TI - [Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses of fragmented microsomal membranes]. AB - Treatment of membranes of rat liver microsomal ghosts in a homogenizer with a Teflon pestle results in fragments strongly differing in their protein--lipid ratios. The fragments obtained can be separated by ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradient into light and heavy fractions. The light fraction contains predominantly phospholipid vesicles devoid of intramembrane particles on the hydrophobic surfaces of the membrane. The heavy fraction is represented by proteolipid complexes which contain all proteins typical for original ghost membranes and are enriched with neutral lipids. The proteolipid complexes appear as globular particles of the same diameter as the intramembrane particles of microsomal ghosts. It is assumed that the intramembrane particles of microsomes are represented by large polyenzyme proteolipid complexes rather than by individual proteins. The former can be isolated in a pure state. PMID- 7093386 TI - [Polynucleotide phosphorylase from rat liver: isolation and regulation of its activity by growth hormone]. AB - Using ion-filtration chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25, a homogeneous polynucleotide phosphorylase having specific activity of 350--360 u./mg and containing no admixtures of nucleases or phosphatases was obtained. Injection of 32P phosphate to hypophysectomized animals was accompanied by the label incorporation into the enzyme molecule. The data obtained indirectly indicate that the enzyme is activated by phosphorylation and is inactivated by dephosphorylation, both processes being mediated by some factor found in liver cytosol of intact animals. PMID- 7093387 TI - [Comparative study of the interaction between different forms of estrogen receptors and cell nuclei]. AB - A comparative in vitro study of interaction of estradiol (E2) complexes with different forms of cytosol estrogen receptors (ER) from rat liver, kidney and uterus, and cell nuclei was carried out. It was shown that complexes of E2 with ER of whole liver and kidney cytosol of female rats as well as complexes of E2 with forms I and II of liver ER separated from one another and partially purified can be translocated into cell nuclei, similar to the estrogen-receptor complexes (ERC) of uterine cytosol. ERC, which contain an unusual estrogen-binding protein of male rat liver cytosol, do not bind to the nuclei in vitro. The translocation into the nuclei of high molecular weight ERC from liver and uterus has some common features, e. g. the necessity of activation by various factors, similar kinetics, absence of marked organ specificity, non-saturation of nuclear binding sites for ERC, etc. In terms of these criteria (with the exception of kinetic patterns) the translocation of forms I and II of female rat liver ER appears to be identical. The kinetic patterns and the level of translocation into the nuclei and the binding to DNA-cellulose of forms I and II of liver ER at low ionic strength reveal some differences, i. e. form II is characterized by faster kinetics, but by a lower level of interaction with the nuclei and DNA-cellulose. These differences disappear as the ionic strength of solution rises. The fast kinetics of ERC translocation into the nuclei at low ionic strength is also typical for kidney cytosol ER which are similar to those of form II of liver ER. The data obtained suggest that various forms of ER are involved in initiation of a broad spectrum of hormonal effects of Er both in the cells of different tissues and in homologous cells of the same tissue. PMID- 7093388 TI - [Calcium ion yield from calcium-loaded rabbit erythrocyte ghosts as affected by lectin from charophyte cells]. PMID- 7093391 TI - The circadian covariation of fatigue and urinary melatonin. AB - Twelve healthy male subjects were kept under constant conditions (no sleep, isolation from time cues, controlled activity, etc.) for 64 hr. Urinary melatonin values, self-rated sleepiness, and vigilance performance scores were obtained every 3 hr. All variables showed a pronounced circadian rhythmicity. Vigilance performance and self-rated sleepiness showed, in addition, a gradual decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing sleep deprivation. The correlation of melatonin with performance and ratings was highly significant, high melatonin levels being associated with reduced performance and increased sleepiness. Aligning self-ratings and behavioral data with respect to the melatonin troughs and peaks showed that the former coincided with performance and alertness peaks and the latter with the troughs. It was concluded that under these conditions there is a strong circadian covariation between melatonin and indices of fatigue/sleepiness. PMID- 7093389 TI - Minister for the development of intelligence. PMID- 7093390 TI - Nortriptyline and EEG sleep in depressed patients. AB - The effect of nortriptyline was assessed on the EEG sleep of 20 inpatients with major depressive syndrome. While 25 mg of nortriptyline had an immediate effect on REM sleep variables, relatively little influence on sleep continuity measures was noted. Subsequent administration of 75 and 100 mg of nortriptyline produced continued REM sleep suppression over several weeks. In summary, nortriptyline altered EEG sleep in a pattern similar to that of amitriptyline. REM latency and REM sleep time were consistently reduced by drug administration, while REM activity was only transiently altered as with amitriptyline. The comparison with amitriptyline showed, for the most part, similar influences on REM sleep without the sedative effects of amitriptyline. PMID- 7093392 TI - A comparison of peripheral and central human muscarinic cholinergic receptor affinities for psychotropic drugs. AB - A peripheral model offers a valuable research tool for the investigation of central cholinopathic disorders. The in vitro affinities of several psychotropic drugs for the muscarinic cholinergic binding sites of human caudate and erythrocyte were compared in competition with a tritiated antagonist (quinuclidinyl benzilate). The relative affinities of the drugs for both tissues were strikingly similar. Thus, the erythrocyte muscarinic receptor may represent an accessible in vitro assay for the characterization of central cholinopathic states. PMID- 7093393 TI - Cerebellar vermal atrophy in psychiatric patients. AB - Our findings indicate that a notable number of patients who have functional psychosis (50%) or seizures (38%) show cerebellar vermal atrophy on visual inspection of CAT head scans, in contrast to 0.5% to 3.7% of patients with other disorders. In addition to the visual reading of 1700 scans in the present study, we used two methods to demonstrate cerebellar vermal atrophy objectively: (i) low density measurements of the posterior fossa in relationship to total brain area, and (ii) sagittal reconstruction of the vermis. We postulate that cerebellar vermal atrophy reduces the cerebellum's inhibitory influences on activity of the rostral forebrain structures where unit overactivity has been correlated with emotional dyscontrol and clinical seizures. We further postulate that cerebellar vermal atrophy reduces facilitory activity of the brain's pleasure system (septal region). PMID- 7093394 TI - Handedness and EEG correlation in autistic children. PMID- 7093395 TI - A preliminary attempt to relate individual differences in EEG test dose response to clinical effect. PMID- 7093396 TI - REM sleep abnormalities in depression: a test of the phase-advance hypothesis. PMID- 7093397 TI - Interference by carbamazepine with the dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 7093399 TI - Li-Na counterflow in families of schizo-affective patients. PMID- 7093398 TI - Variation in thermal stability of human plasma dopamine--beta--hydroxylase. PMID- 7093400 TI - Kinetic study of fatty acid composition of day 7 to day 14 cow embryos. AB - Day 7 to Day 14 cow embryos were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for their fatty acid content. The total amount per embryo does not change between Day 7 and Day 10, but then increases sharply between Days 11 and 13, suggesting that it is related to blastocyst volume or weight. With increasing embryonic age, there is an increase in the fatty acid elongation and desaturation. Arachidonic acid is present in significant amounts on Day 14 which may indicate that prostaglandin synthesis has started. The composition of the fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) is similar to that for embryos. Therefore, this macromolecule may be of special value for adding lipids in culture media for mammalian embryos. PMID- 7093401 TI - Separation of bovine spermatozoa by density on water insoluble Newtonian gels and their use for insemination. AB - Bovine spermatozoa were separated into different density subpopulations utilizing water insoluble hydrocarbon and silicone gels of defined specific gravity. Sperm density profiles were generated for 13 bulls. The separations were found to be repeatable and characteristic of the bull examined. Considerable density variation among animals was demonstrated. Analysis of the separated spermatozoa, before and after freezing, demonstrated that good motility and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa were maintained. When the least dense fraction of spermatozoa was used for insemination, conception rates were similar to those obtained routinely by artificial insemination with unfractionated spermatozoa. Therefore, this system may be useful in separating spermatozoa of various densities and for removing extraneous matter from semen. However, the sex ratio, among 51 60-day-old fetuses recovered from heifers inseminated with the lowest density fraction of spermatozoa, was 26 males:25 females. PMID- 7093402 TI - Influence of estrogen-treated females on sexual behavior and male testosterone levels of a social group of rhesus monkeys during the nonbreeding season. AB - The effect of the sequential estradiol benzoate treatment of each of 6 ovariectomized (OVX) females on a social group of rhesus monkeys was examined during the period from May to August. The group was housed outdoors and was composed of 7 adult males and 5 intact females, in addition to the 6 OVX animals. Social behavior was observed and male testosterone levels were monitored before, during and after estrogen treatment of the OVX females. Behavior of an unmanipulated group was also examined, and no sexual behavior occurred in this control group from May through August. In contrast, the sexual behavior of both males and gonadally intact females of the experimental group increased when estrogen-treated females were present. Sexual behavior remained elevated after the estrogen-treated females had been removed and continued so into the breeding season. The sexual behavior of the untreated females was displayed in cycles about 26 days in length. Male testosterone levels increased to values typical of the breeding season. Aggressive and submissive behavior also increased during the treatment. These results confirm previous findings about the influence of estrogen-treated females on male sexual behavior, and present the first direct evidence of increased testosterone levels in this situation. In addition, the data suggest that the presence of estrogen-treated females can induce sexual behavior in the other females of the same social group. PMID- 7093403 TI - Placental and fetal composition during the last trimester of gestation in the rat. AB - The composition of rat placentae or fetuses at Days 14, 17, and 21 of gestation and of 1-day-old pups was determined by measuring water, lipid, nonlipid, inorganic substances, and free amino acids. Placental weight significantly increased (P less than 0.05) from Day 14 to Day 21. The concentrations of amino acids in the placenta were as follows: 1) glutamic and aspartic acids decreased as gestation proceeded; 2) leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and isoleucine reached a minimum on Day 17, while there were no differences between Days 14 and 21; 3) glycine, methionine, and phosphoserine attained a maximum on Day 14, followed by lower and constant concentrations on Days 17 and 21; and 4) serine, lysine, threonine, ethanolamine, valine, arginine, and ornithine remained constant. Fetal weight increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the last week of gestation; no changes in body weight were observed from Day 21 of gestation to 24 h after birth. Fetal water concentration decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) and nonlipid concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.05) as gestation progressed; after birth, increased lipid and decreased water contents were observed. The concentration of each amino acid in the fetuses increased significantly (P less than 0.005) as gestation advanced except for alpha-aminobutyric acid which significantly decreased (P less than 0.001). There were no differences in the concentrations of amino acids between Day 21 fetuses and 1-day-old pups. The total amount of free amino acids in the rat fetuses increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after Day 17 of gestation. The measured changes in placental weight and composition were not correlated with the observed changes in the fetus. The amino acids measured at term in the rat placentae were present in the same relative amounts as reported for human placentae. PMID- 7093404 TI - Infertility in superovulated immature rats: role of ovarian steroid hypersecretion. PMID- 7093407 TI - Luteal vascularization in the European badger (Meles meles L.). PMID- 7093408 TI - Effects of ovarian hormones on endocytosis at the basal membranes of rat uterine epithelial cells. AB - Ovariectomized rats treated with progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in sequences that prepared the uterus for implantation showed marked increases in the number of endocytotic invaginations in the basal membranes of luminal epithelial cells and in the amount of intravenously administered horseradish peroxidase taken into the cells. Tight junctions between the epithelial cells blocked the direct passage of horseradish peroxidase into the uterine lumen. The number of basal pinocytotic invaginations in glandular epithelial cells was relatively small and did not increase following hormonal stimulation. The probable occurrence of a pathway for the transepithelial transport of macromolecules from the blood or stroma into the uterine lumen, and its sensitivity to stimulation by ovarian hormones, suggests a likely mechanism for altering the molecular environment of the embryo during the implantation period. PMID- 7093411 TI - [Device for recording the slow potentials of the eye from the electro-oculogram (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093406 TI - Culture of principal cells from the rat caput epididymidis. PMID- 7093412 TI - [Cellular vessel wall trigger mechanisms in the microcirculation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093409 TI - Estrogen and progesterone secretion by isolated cultured porcine thecal and granulosa cells. PMID- 7093410 TI - Surface morphology of uterine and vaginal epithelia in mice during normal postnatal development. AB - Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate postnatal development of uterine and vaginal epithelia in the mouse. Animals were killed on postnatal Days 1 or 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21, and luminal surfaces of the Mullerian vaginal canal, vaginal fornix and uterus were examined. Vaginal canal and fornix: On Days 1 and 2 cell apices were round or oval, convex, and devoid of microvilli and cilia. Cytoplasmic protrusions ("blebs") were prevalent. During the first 2 weeks cell apices gradually acquired microvilli, lost blebs, and became relatively flat. On Day 21 cell apices were irregular in size and shape and amorphous, possibly secretory, material was present. These changes are consistent with a gradual differentiation of the Mullerian epithelium lining the neonatal mouse Mullerian vagina into a secretory epithelium. Uterus: On the day of birth the luminal surface showed signs of morphologic differentiation. Two types of cells were detected: cells with small, round, convex apices and those with larger, flatter apices; microvilli were present on both types. During the first postnatal week, the round apices became localized into slightly recessed clusters. On Day 14 two discrete cell types were no longer apparent. The luminal epithelium was then composed of cells with round or oval, moderately convex apices that differed from each other primarily in size. Orifices resembling gland pits were present. On day 21 the luminal surface was similar to that of the adult uterus. PMID- 7093413 TI - Homomorphic deconvolution applied to foetal heart rate signals. PMID- 7093405 TI - Deterioration of the capacity for sexual arousal in aged male mice. AB - This experiment queried the frequency with which sexual inactivity in aged male mice is caused by a specific failure to arouse. Level of arousal was assessed in 30-month-old CB6F1 males by measuring each individual's willingness to walk on a treadmill in order to stay close to a receptive female and, in a separate test, by determining the amount of corticosterone secreted in response to a female. Sexual capacity was examined in a third test by challenging each male with a series of receptive females. Absolute time spent near a female on a treadmill, a measure of both endurance and arousal, correlated strongly (0.82) with the frequency with which an old male achieved ejaculation in its test of sexual capacity. Another treadmill measure, the proportion of a male's time spent near a female, correlated less well with ejaculation frequency (0.45) but this measure probably underestimated the importance of arousal. The magnitude of the corticosterone response to a test female also correlated significantly with ejaculation frequency (0.44). When viewed in toto, these results suggest that specific variation in the capacity of aged male mice to experience arousal accounts for 20% to 67% of the variation in their total sexual performance. PMID- 7093414 TI - [Development of a double mass spectrometer for the determination of metabolism and inert gas concentrations in blood at two parts of the body (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093416 TI - Dipole moment of alamethicin as related to voltage-dependent conductance in lipid bilayers. AB - The dipole moment of alamethicin, which produces voltage-dependent conductance in lipid-bilayer membranes, was measured in mixed solvents of ethanol and dioxane. The value of the dipole moment was found to increase from 40 to 75 DU (Debye units), as the concentration of ethanol increased from 0 (pure dioxane) to 40%. The relaxation frequency of alamethicin also changes from 10 to 40 MHz, depending upon the concentration of ethanol in mixed solvents. The length of alamethicin was calculated by using the relaxation time and was found to range from approximately 40 to 20 A. The dipole moment was independently calculated from voltage-dependent conductance and compared with the measured value. The calculated value was found to be larger than the value of direct measurements, indicating that several alamethicin molecules are required to form a conducting pore and that their dipole moments are oriented parallel to each other. PMID- 7093417 TI - Fibrin aggregation before sol-gel transition. AB - Fibrinogen solutions (concentrations 2 mg/ml, 0.15-M Tris-NaCl buffer, pH 7.4) were incubated at 20 degrees C with quantities of reptilase or thrombin that were so small that the polymerization process could be followed for several hours by means of static and dynamic light scattering. The scattered intensity and its correlation function were recorded at scattering angles between 30 degrees and 150 degrees. The measured data were compared with model calculations based on the Flory-Stockmayer distribution, which predicts a sol-gel phase transition. This distribution is characterized by a parameter, lambda, that indicates the extent of aggregation. lambda = 0 corresponds to the monomeric solution, and lambda = 1 indicates the sol-gel transition. Good agreement was found for monomeric units of 75-nm length aggregating (a) end-to-end in the early stage (0 less than or equal to lambda less than or equal to 0.3), and (b) in a staggered overlap pattern for the progressing polymerization (0.3 less than or equal to lambda less than 1). Before the gel point was reached, no systemic difference was observed between the data obtained after activation with thrombin which releases both fibrinopeptides A and B from fibrinogen, and reptilase, which exclusively releases the fibrinopeptides A. This confirms that the release of the fibrinopeptides A is the essential prerequisite for the aggregation process. PMID- 7093415 TI - The British-Norwegian migrant study--analysis of parameters of mortality differentials associated with angina. AB - The prevalence of selected cardiorespiratory symptoms was ascertained by a common mail questionnaire for 73,884 men and women in the United States, Great Britain and Norway. The study groups were identified in the early 1960's and included 30,033 British and Norwegian migrants to the United States and 43,851 non migrants who resided in Great Britain and Norway. The main study objectives were to contrast the morbidity and mortality experience of the migrant and non-migrant groups in the light of known national differences in mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in the early 1960's. At that time, the U.S. had the highest death rates from coronary heart disease while Great Britain had the highest rates for lung cancer and for chronic non-specific lung disease. Norway had the lowest rates for all three rubrics. The prevalence of "angina" and other symptoms was ascertained for each of the study groups. Contrary to expectation, angina was reported much more frequently by persons remaining in Britain and Norway than by migrants to the United States. Mortality rates during the five years and responding to the symptoms questionnaire were determined and mortality patterns were evaluated according to the presence or absence of angina. Angina was found to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. In the absence of angina, it was observed that migrants had similar mortality rates to non-migrants regardless of country of origin. However, the British had higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and from non-cardiovascular causes than the Norwegians. The primary determinant of angina prevalence was found to be migration status. It is believed that this differential was determined primarily by selection of those who migrate, with the migrants to the U.S. being a healthier group than their counterparts remaining in the native country. PMID- 7093418 TI - Facilitated transport of oxygen in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path. AB - Most of the experimental observations on facilitated transport have been done with millipore filters, and all the theoretical studies have assumed homogeneous spatial properties. In striated muscle there exist membranes that may impede the diffusion of the carrier myoglobin. In this paper a theoretical study is undertaken to analyze the transport in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path. For the numerical computations physiologically relevant values of the parameters were chosen. The numerical results indicate that the presence of membranes tends to decrease the facilitation. For the nonlinear chemical kinetics of the reaction of oxygen with the carrier, this decrement also depends on the location of the membranes. At the higher oxygen concentration side of each membrane the flow of combined oxygen is transferred to the flow of dissolved oxygen. The reverse process occurs at the lower concentration side. Jump discontinuities of the concentration of the oxygen-carrier compound at each membrane are associated with these transfers. The decrement of facilitation is due to the cumulative effect of these jump discontinuities. PMID- 7093420 TI - Procedure for testing kinetic models of the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. AB - Given some simple kinetic models of the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and data taken at many wavelengths and under conditions that avoid photoselection and steady-state cycling complications, it is shown how to extract the apparent rate constants and the spectra of the intermediates. Special consideration was given to establishing the range of error of these results. There are many criteria, which we explicitly discuss, that the spectra should satisfy in order that the kinetic model be acceptable. New data for the photocycle of purple membrane fragments in dilute buffer at pH 7.0 has been obtained at 15 measuring wavelengths and four temperatures. The procedure, which can be generalized to more complex models, has been applied to these data to test two kinds of kinetic models: the unidirectional unbranched model and the undirectional model with simple branching straight back to bR from any intermediate. In these models the spectrum of the O intermediate is highly temperature sensitive, even with branching, and/or has two broad maxima. Moreover, the spectrum of the M intermediate has a secondary maximum and two M-like states appear to be required. Thus, neither model satisfies the physical criteria. PMID- 7093419 TI - Flow permeation analysis of bovine cervical mucus. AB - Geometrical properties of the microstructure of whole bovine cervical mucus were studied. An experimental technique was developed for measuring the flow of fluid through the mucus microstructure in response to application or a prescribed external pressure gradient. The data obtained were analyzed in conjunction with a mathematical model of the hydrodynamics of the flow-permeation process. The sizes of typical interstices within the microstructure were calculated to be of the order of 1 micrometer, with typical macromolecular filament diameters being of the order of 100 A. These dimensions were interpreted as representative of an equivalent network giving rise to measured flow permeability. The values of filament size showed a strong experimental correlation with the solids content of the mucus. PMID- 7093422 TI - Donnan potential measurements in extended hexagonal polyelectrolyte gels such as muscle. AB - In this paper we reconsider the theoretical and practical aspects of using KCl filled microelectrodes in extended polyelectrolyte gels such as muscle to measure Donnan potentials, and then calculate protein fixed-charge concentrations. An analytical calculation of the electrical potential function between muscle filaments shows that whether the microelectrode averages the ionic concentration or the local potentials the results are indistinguishable in the practical regime. After consideration of this and other possible sources of error, we conclude that the charge-concentrations measurements that have appeared in the literature are legitimate. PMID- 7093423 TI - Average electrostatic potential between the filaments in striated muscle and its relation to a simple Donnan potential. AB - An approximate analytical solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for a cylindrical particle was used to calculate the relationship between the charge on the filaments and the average electrostatic potential. Both thick and then filaments were considered in the muscle lattice with a filament charge ratio of 4 to 1. Comparing this with a similar relationship obtained using simple Donnan theory showed a discrepancy at high charge where the Poisson-Boltzmann equation leads to saturation of the average potential. However, using two separate experiments from the literature, we have shown that at pH 7.0 muscle must not be close to saturation and thus is in a region of the curve where the two approaches agree. PMID- 7093424 TI - A note on T/n scaling of dynamic light-scattering spectrum. PMID- 7093421 TI - Stretch-induced increase in resting metabolism of isolated papillary muscle. AB - A mathematical model of oxygen diffusion into quiescent papillary muscles in vitro is developed. The model incorporates a continuous sigmoidal function relating the rate of oxygen consumption and the partial pressure of oxygen within the tissue. The behavior of the model is explored over a wide range of external oxygen partial pressures, oxygen consumption/partial pressure relations, oxygen diffusivities, muscle dimensions, and resting metabolic rates, while the muscle is subjected to stimulated stretches of various extents in order to test the assertion that the stretch-induced increase in basal metabolic rate observed experimentally implies the existence of an anoxic core region of papillary muscles in vitro. The model predicts the existence of an oxygen diffusion mediated stretch response of resting papillary muscle metabolism, but one which is quantitatively insignificant compared with experimentally observed values. The classic Hill diffusion model which explicitly predicts an anoxic core, likewise predicts stretch effects of magnitudes smaller than those frequently observed. It is concluded that the increment in basal metabolism of papillary muscles subjected to stretch in vivo cannot be taken as evidence of oxygen diffusion limitation in unstretched preparations. PMID- 7093426 TI - On the nanosecond mobility in proteins. Edge excitation fluorescence red shift of protein-bound 2-(p-toluidinylnaphthalene)-6-sulfonate. AB - The fluorescence of 2-(p-toluidinylnaphthalene)-6-sulfonate associated with beta lactoglobulin, beta-casein, and bovine and human serum albumins are shown to depend on excitation wavelength. A long-wave shift of the spectra is observed at the long-wave edge excitation, reaching 10 nm and above. A similar phenomenon is found in glucose glass and in glycerol at +1 degrees C, i.e., in systems with delayed dipolar solvent relaxation, but not in liquid solutions. This phenomenon is proposed to be based on relaxation processes in the excited state. There exists a distribution of chromophore microstates with different interactions with surrounding groups which results in heterogeneous broadening of the electronic spectra and allows photoselection of a part of this distribution, being characterized by a low transition energy. The fast structural relaxation results in an altered distribution and, if this is the case, the effect of edge excitation of fluorescence spectra is not observed. If the structural relaxation during the excited state lifetime is absent, this effect is maximal. This interpretation is in agreement with results on the influence of red edge excitation on the low-temperature fluorescence spectra of dyes and with the data on time-resolved nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of this work strongly support the significant dye fluorescence spectral shifts on protein binding, being determined not only by polarity changes in their environment, but also by relaxation properties of protein groups in this environment. These results also indicate that on the nanosecond time scale, the structural relaxation around the excited chromophore in proteins may be incomplete. PMID- 7093427 TI - On the environment and the rotational motion of amphiphilic flavins in artificial membrane vesicles as studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. AB - This paper continues the studies of vesicle-bound flavins ('anisotropic flavin chemistry'). It is possible to anchor the flavin nucleus in various modes within the lipids/water interface by means of long aliphatic chains and using different saturated lipids, thereby mimicking the specific binding of the coenzyme to the apoprotein in flavoproteins. Based on absorption spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy studies we explored the rotational mobility and the microenvironment of membrane-bound amphiflavin radicals. N(5)-unsubstituted amphiflavin radicals exhibit a similarly high disproportionation constant as known from isotropic flavin chemistry. However, reasonable stabilization of the radical was achieved by introduction of an alkyl group in position 5 in the reduced state prior to the one-electron oxidation. Adopting the fine structure of the corresponding EPR spectra as assay for the mobility of the semiquinone, we determined rotational relaxation times ranging from 60 ns in the crystalline state down to 10 or 15 ns in the liquid-crystalline state of the membrane. The solvatochromic effect shown by absorption spectra of the membrane-bound flavin radicals reflects a dielectric constant of the microenvironment of c = 30-40, corresponding to the lipid/water interface region. The results obtained in this study are consistent with those obtained previously, from fluorescence analyses, supporting our former conclusions. PMID- 7093425 TI - Linear network representation of multistate models of transport. AB - By introducing external driving forces in rate-theory models of transport we show how the Eyring rate equations can be transformed into Ohm's law with potentials that obey Kirchhoff's second law. From such a formalism the state diagram of a multioccupancy multicomponent system can be directly converted into linear network with resistors connecting nodal (branch) points and with capacitances connecting each nodal point with a reference point. The external forces appear as emf or current generators in the network. This theory allows the algebraic methods of linear network theory to be used in solving the flux equations for multistate models and is particularly useful for making proper simplifying approximation in models of complex membrane structure. Some general properties of linear network representation are also deduced. It is shown, for instance, that Maxwell's reciprocity relationships of linear networks lead directly to Onsager's relationships in the near equilibrium region. Finally, as an example of the procedure, the equivalent circuit method is used to solve the equations for a few transport models. PMID- 7093428 TI - A theoretical model of the temperature- and pressure-induced phase transition of phospholipid bilayers. AB - A statistical thermodynamic model of phospholipid bilayers is developed. In the model, a new concept of a closely packed system is applied, i.e., a system of hard cylinders of equal radii, the radius being a function of the average number of gauche rotations in a hydrocarbon chain. Using this concept of a closely packed system, reasonable values are obtained for the change in specific volume at the order-disorder transition of lecithin bilayers. In addition to interactions between the lipid matrix and water molecules, between the head groups, themselves and between hydrocarbon chains, as well as the intramolecular energy associated with chain conformation, the Hamiltonian of the membrane also includes the energy of the pressure field. Thus, the phase transition of phospholipid membranes induced not only by temperature but also by hydrostatic pressure is described by this model simultaneously. In accordance with the experimental results, a linear relationship is obtained between the phase transition temperature and phase transition pressure. The other calculated phase transition properties of lecithin homologues, e.g., changes in enthalpy, surface area, thickness and gauche number per chain are in agreement with the available experimental data. The ratio of kink to interstitial conduction of bilayers is also estimated. PMID- 7093429 TI - Aging of the erythrocyte. V. Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in red cells. AB - In contrast to situation found in other cell types, no linear dependence of product fluorescence vs time is observed when fluorescein diacetate (FDA) is hydrolysed by erythrocytes and hemolysates. The rate of hydrolysis is increased by high concentrations of sucrose suggesting a positive effect of viscosity on the rate of the reaction. These peculiarities can be explained by assumption of a two-step hydrolysis of FDA. The FDA-hydrolytic activity decreases with increasing cell density (age). PMID- 7093430 TI - The contribution of pigment transitions to sensitivity changes in the barnacle photoreceptor and the correlation with the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential. AB - A conditioning light can cause a decrease (adaptation) or an increase (facilitation) in the sensitivity of barnacle photoreceptors, as measured by the amplitude of the late receptor potential (LRP). We show that a net transfer of visual pigment from the rhodopsin (R) to the metarhodopsin (M) state induces a large facilitation whereas the reverse transfer results in a much smaller facilitation or even an adaptation. These effects were not due to the response to the conditioning light but to the pigment reactions. When the conditioning light did not alter the pigment population (i.e., M leads to M, R leads to R) it was followed by an intermediate degree of facilitation. These conclusions are correct for cells which have relatively low sensitivity. In sensitive cells, all pigment transitions produce adaptation. LRP facilitation and the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) show several common characteristics with respect to pigment transitions: 1. Their magnitude increases with the amount of pigment transferred from R to M. 2. Both are depressed by the M leads to R transition. 3. Their production is impeded by the M leads to R transition. 4. The PDA itself is facilitated by the R leads to M transition and this facilitation decays with a time course comparable to that of LRP facilitation. These results suggest that there may be an underlying process common to LRP facilitation and PDA. PMID- 7093431 TI - Sensitivity changes of photoreceptor cells of Hirudo medicinalis caused by changes in extracellular calcium concentration. AB - Extracellular recordings from the vacuole of photoreceptor cells of Hirudo medicinalis L. were performed using microelectrodes. The cells were adapted by white light flashes given at constant intervals (20 s). Response height versus relative intensity curves obtained from the same cell in physiological saline (PS) and in bathing solutions of either a) lowered calcium contents (2 micron/1 or less) or b) raised calcium contents (15 mM/1) were compared. The cells' adaptation state in PS was operationally defined by the ratio Q = hA/hs where hA is the response height evoked by the adapting flashes, and hs is the corresponding saturation response height. Sensitivity changes were measured by the half saturation intensity shift. Lowering extracellular calcium resulted in: 1. The response height increased and the shape of the response became more rounded and prolonged. 2. The total resistance between the vacuole and outside decreased from 8.2 +/- 1.4 Momega (n = 6) in PS to 4.6 +/- 0.4 Momega (n = 5). The resistance was independent of the cells' adaptation state. 3. A change of the cells' sensitivity occurred either in direction to light adaptation or in direction to dark adaptation. It depended functionally on the ratio Q: a) if Q was less or equal to about 0.6 the cells' sensitivity increased. b) if Q was greater than 0.6 the cells' sensitivity diminished. Raising extracellular calcium decreased the sensitivity of all cells tested independent of their adaptation states in PS. The results can be interpreted under the assumptions that 1. the sensitivity of leech photoreceptor cells is inversely proportional to the intracellular free calcium concentration and 2. intracellular calcium can interact with extracellular calcium in relatively dark adapted cells whereas in relatively light adapted cells the raise of intracellular free calcium is mainly effected by a release from intracellular stores. It is assumed that a Q value of about 0.6 separates relatively light adapted cells from relatively dark adapted cells. PMID- 7093433 TI - Polydispersion in the diameter of fibers in fibrin networks: consequences on the measurement of mass-length ratio by permeability and turbidity. PMID- 7093434 TI - Kinetics of thermal denaturation of met-hemoglobin in perturbed solvent: relevance of bulk-electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. PMID- 7093432 TI - On the rise time of the R1-component of the "early receptor potential": evidence for a fast light-induced charge separation in rhodopsin. AB - The rising phase of the R1-component of the early receptor potential from isolated cattle retinas was measured with high time resolution. When the measuring capacitance was 133 pF, a latency of about 200 ns was observed. A rise time of about 0.8 mus at 0 degrees C and 1.6 mus at 37 degrees C (extrapolated to ideal measuring conditions) was found. The negative temperature dependence indicates that the rise is not directly related to the production and decay of photolysis products of rhodopsin since the latter have positive temperature coefficients. An increase of the external measuring capacitance caused a slower rise time. The analysis of this effect allowed the determination of the source impedance of the R1-component. The experimental results can be described with a model in which it is assumed that a fast charge separation (ns or ps) takes place in the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, and spreads passively to the inner segment via the resistance of the interconnecting cilium. The "inner" relaxation could be circumvented by using isolated rod outer segments which lack the passive inner segments, i.e., a rise time of 90 ns could be measured when isolated rod outer segments were attached to Millipore filters. The results suggest that the molecular event leading to the R1-component is an early charge separation which may be as fast as the cis-trans isomerization of the retinal chromophore. PMID- 7093435 TI - Binding of ligands to a one-dimensional heterogeneous lattice. III. Kinetic model and relaxation study of the interaction of tilorone with DNA and polynucleotides. PMID- 7093436 TI - Backbone conformations in nucleic acids: the occurrence of g+g+ internucleotide phosphodiester conformation. PMID- 7093437 TI - Lipid-induced conformational changes in glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. PMID- 7093438 TI - The amino acid sequences of eleven tryptic peptides of papaya mosaic virus protein by electron ionization mass spectrometry. AB - Eleven of the fourteen tryptic peptides of papaya mosaic virus protein have been sequenced by electron ionization mass spectrometry using chemical and enzymic hydrolyses and mixture analysis as required. Mid-chain cleavages of N-C bonds produced secondary ion series which allowed up to 16 residues to be sequenced without further hydrolysis. Mixture analysis on hydrolysis products enabled a 24 residue tryptic peptide to be sequenced from the data recorded in a single mass spectrum. PMID- 7093439 TI - Identification and quantitative determination of m-hydroxyphenylglycol in mammalian urine. AB - m-Hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) has been identified in mammalian urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring. (2H0) MHPG and (2H5) MHPG were synthesized for use as authentic sample and internal standard, respectively. After acid hydrolysis or treatment with sulfatase, the glycol was extracted from urine with ethyl acetate, converted to its tris pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) derivative and identified by comparison of the retention times and relative intensities of the characteristic ions, m/z 592, m/z 428 and m/z 415, with those from the authentic sample. Using the internal standard the following quantitative results were obtained: 10 normal human adults excreted 7 ng MHPG mg-1 creatinine (range 2-18) as a sulfate conjugate. Ten rats excreted 0.8 micrograms day-1 (range 0.5-1.1) of MHPG also in the conjugated form. Urinary m-hydroxymandelic acid (MHMA) was also measured quantitatively. The ratio MHMA:MHPG was 1:1 in the rat and 6:1 in the human. This indicates that the overall reductive pathway of m-octopamine and m-synephrine metabolism is more important in the rat than in the human. o-Hydroxyphenylglycol (OHPG) and the three isomeric monomethoxy phenylglycols could not be detected in human or rat urine by these techniques. PMID- 7093440 TI - A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay for plasma trifluoperazine concentrations following single doses. AB - A gas chromatography mass spectrometric assay using selected ion monitoring is described which permits the determination of trifluoperazine in plasma at concentrations ranging from 0.078 to 5.0 ng ml-1. It relies on the extraction of trifluoperazine and the internal standard, prochlorperazine or the tetradeuterated analogue of trifluoperazine, from basified plasma with a n pentane/2-propanol solvent mixture. Following the evaporation of organic solvent, the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of methanol. Suitable aliquots were analysed by the combined technique of gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry with a data system. The described procedure is specific and enables the quantitation of 78 pg ml-1 of the drug with a coefficient of variation less than 7%. The method has demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to permit pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies after a single 5 mg oral dose. PMID- 7093441 TI - Simultaneous determination of phenobarbital and p-hydroxyphenobarbital and their stable isotope labeled analogs by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. AB - A method suitable for pulse dosing studies is described for the quantitation by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of phenobarbital (5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid), p-hydroxyphenobarbital (5-ethyl-5(4-hydroxyphenyl)barbituric acid) and, simultaneously, their (13C15N2)-labeled analogs in serum and urine. Differently labeled analogs are used as internal standards (5-ethyl-5(2,3,4,5 tetradeuterophenyl)-2-(13C)barbituric acid for quantitation of phenobarbital, and 5-ethyl-5(4-hydroxy-3,5-dideuterophenyl)2-(13C)-1,3-(15N2)barbituric acid for p hydroxyphenobarbital). In the procedure, the chemical work-up of the samples (1.0 ml for serum, 0.5 ml for urine) is based on an extractive methylation technique for the generation of the permethylated derivatives. The mass spectrometric measurement technique consists of repetitive scanning over a preselected mass region of the permethylated derivatives of the analytes as they elute from the gas chromatograph. The method is evaluated for serum concentrations ranging from 0.1-30.0 micrograms ml-1 for phenobarbital and 0.1-10.0 micrograms ml-1 for p hydroxyphenobarbital, and for urine concentrations of both phenobarbital and p hydroxyphenobarbital of 1.0-50.0 micrograms ml-1. Application of the method to determination of the pharmacological equivalence of phenobarbital and (13C15N2) labeled phenobarbital in man is also demonstrated. PMID- 7093442 TI - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the angiotensin peptides. PMID- 7093444 TI - Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Biorheology Tokyo, Japan 27 July - 1 August 1981. PMID- 7093443 TI - The structure of junctions between lens fiber cells. AB - Junctions which have been isolated from bovine lens may correspond to the tongue and groove interdigitations observed between intact cells. These junctions have an overall thickness of 13-14 nm, a striking undulating surface topology, and contain protein subunits of congruent to 27 000 daltons which are arranged in a 6.6-6.7-nm square lattice in the plane of each membrane. A similar square-lattice structure has been observed in junctions from fragments of intact rate lens. Junctions from both sources are structurally different from "typical' gap junctions. PMID- 7093445 TI - The mechanics and thermodynamics of separation flow through porous, molecularly disperse, solid media - the Poiseuille Lecture 1981. AB - Steady flow of a multicomponent, incompressible fluid through a connected, solid like network is considered. The network acquires a finite deformation, bears the extra stresses required for mechanical balance, but does not flow. It constitutes at least one thermodynamic component and, in terms of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the simplest case of the flow of a binary solution through the network creates a three-component system with three independent cross coefficients to be determined. The number of coefficients to be determined in the case of more than three components tends to become prohibitive. Hence, the formalism, developed for three components, is often applied, justifiably and unjustifiably, to practical problems in biology, where the system is much more complex. The conditions under which this is permissible are given and discussed. For such a case, the questions of volume and separation flows is also considered. Relationships are given in terms of the friction coefficients between the components. The important biorheological and thermodynamic role of the matrix is stressed throughout. PMID- 7093446 TI - Blood rheology near a stagnation point. AB - Blood rheology at a stagnation point is studied in views of microhemorheology. Special emphasis is put on the effect of both non-Newtonian and unhomogeneous properties of blood on the fine structure of blood flow impinging on the wall. It is shown that "non-flow" region exists just at the stagnation point due to the non-Newtonian viscosity when its yield stress is large enough, compared with the viscous stress far from the wall. When the yield stress becomes negligibly small, RBC and plasma behave individually near the stagnation point; RBC is deviated from the plasma streamline and impinges on the wall. Finally, a microhemorheological factor of legional metabolic disorder is discussed on basis of the fine structure near a stagnation point. PMID- 7093447 TI - Shapes of red blood cells during micropipette aspiration. AB - The principle of minimum energy of deformation is used to determine the shapes of red cells during micropipette aspiration. Both bending and shear stresses are included in the analysis. The red cells shapes are described by equations with adjustable parameters. The parameters are then used to satisfy the geometrical and mechanical constraints. The geometrical constraints are that the surface area and volume have specific values. The mechanical constraint is that the red cell satisfy the equilibrium criterion that the total energy of deformation is a minimum. A numerical procedure is used to find a variety of shapes satisfying the geometrical constraints. The total energy of deformation, which is the sum of bending and shear energies, is calculated for each of these shapes. An optimization procedure is then used to determine the shape which has the least energy of deformation. PMID- 7093448 TI - The horseshoe vortex: a secondary flow generated in arteries with stenosis, bifurcation, and branchings. AB - In order to elucidate the fluid dynamic feature of arterial blood flow, the present flow visualization study was carried out with various transparent blood vessel models having a protuberance, a bifurcation, or branchings. The observed flow patterns could be understood in terms of occurrence of a secondary flow, named the horseshoe vortex. The mode of generation of the horseshoe vortex in a tube with a protuberance projecting into the boundary layer was explained as follows. A radial pressure gradient toward the tube wall was produced along the upstream surface of the protuberance because of the interaction between the viscous sheared flow and the wall. This pressure gradient made fluid particles turn round downward directly before the obstacle. Then they curled round on themselves and formed a bound vortex tube, the horseshoe vortex, which in turn passed round the front of the protuberance in both directions. In a tube with a Y shaped bifurcation or rectangular side branch, the flow divider at the branching site acted in place of the protuberance to produce a vortex tube similar in pattern to the horseshoe vortex. The vortex tube extended from the high pressure region, i. e. the apex of the flow divider, to the low pressure region, i. e. the lateral margin of the branch orifice, and generated swirling secondary flows in the main and branched tubes. These results suggested that the following mechanical factors might initiate or facilitate athero- and thrombogenesis: collision of blood cells captured by the horseshoe vortex with blood vessel walls, the interaction of the walls and blood cells due to turbulence, and the occurrence of localized high wall shear stresses. PMID- 7093451 TI - Erythrocytes sedimentation profiles under gravitational field as determined by He Ne laser. II. Influence of erythrocyte shape. AB - The erythrocyte sedimentation profiles under gravitational field, by scanning the sample holder along the height and width, containing the blood samples with normal and crenated erythrocytes, are determined. The normal shape of erythrocytes has been altered by the controlled He-Ne laser exposures and this change, as observed microscopically, is similar to that as produced by other methods. At low exposure the erythrocytes have normal appearance, whereas, at 400 mJ/cm2, the percentage of crenated cells is 25 +/- 5 percent. It is observed that the modification of the shape influences the sedimentation characteristics of the erythrocytes. The erythrocytes tend to move faster after being exposed to lower exposure and slower after being exposed to higher exposure compared to that of normal erythrocytes. The possible mechanism associated with this change is discussed. PMID- 7093450 TI - Wall-shear-stress relaxation due to the compliant motion of arterial walls. PMID- 7093449 TI - Electrical phenomena in biorheology. AB - Electric polarization is important in various subjects in biorheology. Piezoelectricity, that is, stress-induced polarization and electric field-induced strain, is demonstrated in a variety of biological materials including polysaccharides, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid. Complex piezoelectric constant depends on measuring frequency, temperature and water content. Piezoelectric relaxation is related to microscopic internal strain. Stress induced potential in bone is produced by shear piezoelectricity in collagen fibers and/or streaming potential in conaliculae. The growth of bone is regulated to best resist external force. The controlling signal seems to be the electric potential. Application of small d.c. current or piezoelectric polymer film stimulates the formation of bone in femur of animals. Various techniques of electrical stimulation are clinically used for healing bone fracture. Pulsing electromagnetic field enhances the proliferation of cell culture. PMID- 7093452 TI - Whole-blood viscosity, as determined by plasma viscosity, haematocrit, and shear. AB - The viscometers used were: (a) a proprietary rotational coaxial-cylinder instrument; and (b) a Harkness capillary-tube viscometer. In (a), the mean shear rate is selected by the choice of rotational speed. In (b), the wall shear-stress is selected by the choice of driving-pressure. If the viscosity is varied, the mean shear-rate varies, at constant wall shear-stress. The present paper attempts to show how, in principle, a complete family of "constant-rate" (rotational) curves can be computer-plotted from two suitably-spaced capillary-tube measurements. The reverse process, involving the correction of "playback" errors, is touched upon. A variable "Einstein coefficient" is derived from the principal parameters in the computer solution; and the basic problems of compatibility in "rates of shear" are discussed. PMID- 7093453 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the endothelial surface of the canine carotid artery induced by wall shear stress load. AB - To study the morphological changes in the endothelial surface of the artery induced by wall shear stress load, an arterio-venous shunt was constructed between the common carotid artery and the external jugular vein in 21 dogs. The ultrastructural changes in the endothelial surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy after the measurement of the hemodynamic parameters. In acute experiments (3 days or 1 week postoperative), the clear ultrastructural changes, such as the disturbance of the smooth folds, the find transverse wrinkles, the small spindle swellings, the splitting of the intercellular junction of the endothelial cells and occasionally the desquamation of the endothelial cells, were significantly observed as proportional to the elevated flow rate ratio (fs/fc, fs: flow rate of the shunted artery, fc: flow rate of the control artery). In subacute experiments (2 or 4 weeks postoperative), the small spindle swellings were observed in the shunted artery with high flow rate ratio. In chronic experiments (5 or 6 months postoperative), these changes were less proportional to the flow rate ratio. These morphological changes were significant in the disturbance of the endothelial barrier in acute experiments and they were significant in adaptive regulatory change in the chronic experiments. These support our previous observation (Am. J. Physiol. 239, H14-21, 1980). The possibility of the wall shear stress for atherogenesis was discussed. PMID- 7093454 TI - Modifications of the erythrocyte deformability alter the effect of temperature on the relative viscosity of human blood. AB - The relative viscosity of normal red cell suspensions is independent of temperature at high shear rates. The relative viscosity of suspensions with normovolemic sphered erythrocytes having a reduced deformability, however, is higher at 37 degrees C then at 20 degrees C. It is concluded that the changes of the lipoprotein configuration within the erythrocyte membrane which are proposed to be involved in the disc-sphere-transformation of the red cell, depend on temperature and are responsible for the increased relative viscosity at 37 degrees C. PMID- 7093455 TI - Hemorheological characteristics of blood in various disease: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, acute infection, ischaemic heart disease & attempted suicide. AB - The hemorheological characteristics of the blood samples, obtained by venepuncture from various groups of patients, are determined. Shear stress-shear rate relationship were determined by capillary viscometer at various shear rates ranging from 1 sec-1 to 30 sec-1. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined by Westergren method. The results indicate that at constant hematocrit, the slope of the line representing shear stress-shear rate relationship, and ESR of blood samples change, depending on the clinical conditions of the individuals. For various values of the hematocrits, the variation of the above mentioned parameters along with fibrinogen level & blood viscosity, in various diseases are given. PMID- 7093456 TI - Surface interactions of leukemia and red cells passively moving in a quiescent fluid. AB - Adhesion to glass and silicone-coated surface of leukemia cells (L1210 and L5222) and their motion on an inclined plane have been investigated. The cells in quiescent fluid are subjected to the action of gravitational force; its component parallel to the surface ranges from 4.0 x 10(-14) N to 4.5 x 10(-13) N. The prolonged action of the gravitational force at 45 degrees (3.3 x 10(-13) N) causes the separation from the substratum of numerous cells which have adhered on a horizontal plane. When the cells passively move on the slope they are frequently arrested by adhesion which is partly short-lived. The analysis of the leukemia cell velocity reveals good agreement with the theory describing the motion of a sphere in quiescent fluid. The translation movement of nucleated cells on an inclined plane is not, however, accompanied by rotation. On the other hand, the cells flowing in mid-stream rotate with an angular velocity predicted by the theory. PMID- 7093457 TI - Physiological significance of blood rheology. AB - The apparent viscosity (n) of blood is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (Hct), cell deformation and cell aggregation. The optimum Hct for oxygen transport varies with shear conditions and shows regional differences. In circulation in vivo, the complex geometry causes inertial, in addition to viscous, losses. Microvessels have low Hct and correspondingly low n. Hydrodynamic interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) may contribute to WBC adhesion to the endothelium. Entry of WBC into diverging branches may cause redistribution of RBCs. There is some understanding of the relation between in vitro and in vivo blood rheology, but further investigations are needed. PMID- 7093458 TI - Studies on prestress in bone. PMID- 7093459 TI - The hydrodynamic resistance of hyaluronic acid and its contribution to tissue permeability. AB - An experimental system was developed to measure flow rates and pressure drops across hyaluronic acid solutions. The solutions were contained by membranes in a test cell, and solvent was perfused through the cell at flow rates comparable to physiological conditions. The pressure drop was found to be proportional to a steady flow rate for concentrations up to 1.5%, confirming that Darcy's Law for porous media is valid for hyaluronic acid solutions (and indicating that the polymer chains did not pile up at one end of the test cell). From the flow data, the hydrodynamic permeability of each solution was calculated and found to be 50 times higher that whole tissue having the same hyaluronic acid concentration; hyaluronic acid on its own, therefore, is not the source of resistance to flow in tissue. The results for hyaluronic acid were then used to show that all the glycosaminoglycans together cannot cause the high resistance of ground substance in tissue, and it is argued that mucoproteins are the most likely source. A hydrodynamic model of the polymer chains was developed to predict solution permeability; the theoretical values agree closely with the experimental data. PMID- 7093461 TI - The effects of vibration upon blood-viscosity and red-cell mobility: a study in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 7093460 TI - About the importance of account of some microcirculation parameters dispersion in modelling oxygen transport. AB - During the recent years various investigators have developed the technique of kryophotometric measurements of oxyhemoglobin saturation with oxygen (psi) in small vessels. In this paper, on the basis of the statistical model of the organ developed by the authors, a theoretical relationship is established between the distributions of measured in various groups of experiments in the capillaries and the distributions of psi in the arterioles and venules. It is shown that for the description of the distribution of psi in a separate multicapillary unit, lying between the arteriole and the venule, it is possible to introduce a special distribution function. In some cases this function may be determined analytically. Statistical distributions of other microcirculation parameters may be included into the statistical model of the organ using the similar procedure described in this paper for the parameters psi a' psi v- arteriolar and venular psi. PMID- 7093462 TI - Hemorheological and biochemical parameters in the "fatty" rat. AB - The essential part played by rheological factors in genesis of thrombosis and atherosclerosis has often been mentioned. Thus the authors have carried out a study of rheological and biochemical parameters on a genetic animal model with modifications in plasma lipids (homozygous obese "Fatty" rat) compared to the non obese heterozygous animal. The results obtained for the evolution of biochemical parameters (blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides) over a 16 months period confirm those published earlier. Further, a significant increase in fibrinogen level was observed in homozygous animals, and correlated with plasma viscosity. There results are also connected with changes in apparent blood viscosity which is considerably increased in homozygous rats, particularly at low shear rates (gamma less than 20 s-1). These results show the value of this animal model and the authors suggest the application of such a genetic animal model and of its heterozygous control population to both theoretical rheological and pharmacological studies on atherogenesis and hyperlipoproteinaemia. PMID- 7093463 TI - Determination of yield point: methods and review. AB - The question whether blood exhibits pseudoelastic behavior i.e. if it behaves like a solid under negligible external forces, is of great theoretical interest for ths clarification of stasis phenomena in the microcirculation. The determination of yield point, that is the change from the solid to the fluid phase, was at first only of abstract scientific importance for blood. In the diagnosis and treatment of patients with flow anomalies this phenomenon is increasingly important, as numerous possibilities now exist to modify the flow behavior of blood by therapeutical changes of composition. Therefore it seems to be of high priority to review and discuss the numerous methods for the quantification of a yield shear stress. PMID- 7093464 TI - Biorheology in the analysis of the lung. PMID- 7093465 TI - Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. AB - Atherosclerosis is an ubiquitous disease effecting degenerative, proliferative and atrophic changes in the vessel wall. Preoccupation with intramural lipid accumulation has been at the expense of studies concerning other aspects of atherosclerosis including the complications. The current view of the lipid hypothesis fails to explain the localization or the complications. They can be accounted for by the thesis that atherosclerosis is due to hemodynamically induced engineering fatigue. In animal models, in which gross disturbances of flow occur, the disease morphologically similar to atherosclerosis in man, together with the complications, can be reproduced at an accelerated rate, thus substantiating the fatigue hypothesis. Moreover, hemodynamics appears to govern dietary-induced lipid accumulation, but these two factors acting in concert will not reproduce atherosclerosis as it occurs in man. PMID- 7093467 TI - [Effect of electroacupuncture on the integration of nociceptor and non-nociceptor afferent pathways in the second somatosensory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere]. AB - It was shown in acute experiments on cats tha auricular electroacupuncture (EA) at a frequency of 3 Hz for 15-30 minutes produces an inhibition of evoked potentials (EP) in response to nociceptive stimulation of the dental pulp in the second somatosensory zone of the large hemispherical cortex (C2) up to 40% of the control level. The effect lasts 50-60 minutes. The inhibitory effect is abolished by intravenous injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg). Along with inhibition of nociceptive EP, EA facilitates EP by 75% upon non-nociceptive stimulation of the lower lip for 15-20 minutes. Direct stimulation of C2 produces an inhibition of nociceptive EP in the parafascicular complex of the thalamus. It is suggested that EA stimulates the neuronal populations of C2, which enhances the modulating effects of this zone of the cortex on the transmission of nociceptive information at various levels of the CNS. PMID- 7093466 TI - [Endocrine function of gonads and adrenal glands in athymic and thymectomized mice]. PMID- 7093469 TI - [Electron microscope study of pinocytosis of low density lipoproteins by pericardial macrophages in patients with atherosclerosis]. PMID- 7093468 TI - [Changes in the internal organs after hemodilution under hyperbaric oxygenation]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on dogs that following blood replacement with a plasma substitute up to 0.5-2.5 g/100 ml Hb at an oxygen pressure of 3 at. abs., the morphological changes seen in the cerebral hemispheres, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs assume an adaptation character and are rapidly reversible. Microcirculatory disorders were found to play the leading part in the genesis of cellular changes recorded. The blood analysis data revealed the relationship between the degree of hemodilution and microvascular permeability and overall shifts in energy formation. To reduce the functional tension in the organ tissue systems, it is advisable to exercise the correction of the plasma substitute composition by which the permeability of the histohematic barrier could be stabilized. The hemodilution technique may be applied under hyperbaric oxygenation both in surgery and other fields of medicine with on object of replacing donor's blood by hemodynamic plasma substitutes. PMID- 7093470 TI - [Phospholipid composition and ultrastructure of the myocardium during assisted circulation after combined cold cardioplegia]. PMID- 7093471 TI - [Changes in body weight and skeletal muscles in hypokinetic animals]. PMID- 7093472 TI - [Changes in the ultrastructure of the myocardium during the treatment of experimental cardiogenic shock with artificial left ventricle]. PMID- 7093473 TI - [Method of the intravital examination of lung microvessels in experimental animals]. PMID- 7093474 TI - [Effect of stretch of the electric activity of human myocardial cells]. AB - The effects of cyclic deformation (0.03-0.3 mm/S) on electrical activity was examined on an isolated myocardium of patients suffering from mitral stenosis and congenital septal heart diseases. The muscle deformation was shown to decrease prepotential (the first component) and spike (the second component) amplitudes of double component action potentials which were specific for the pathological myocardium under study. It was also found that appearance of the second component was delayed in the course of deformation and almost ceased after deformation reached certain level. The delay of appearance of the second component was followed by the emergence of the second twitch that was similar to the extrasystolic one. Disappearance of the second component produced a decrease in contractility. When action potentials recorded were typical of the normal myocardium, they manifested no changes even upon a significant stretch. It is suggested that high sensitivity to stretch of the double component action potentials depends on conduction disturbances seen in the pathological myocardium. PMID- 7093476 TI - [Analysis of the microviscosity of a subfraction of high density lipoproteins in human blood plasma]. PMID- 7093475 TI - [Effect of anabolic steroids on the rabbits with cholesterol atherosclerosis]. PMID- 7093477 TI - [Properties of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase from human muscles in atherosclerosis]. PMID- 7093478 TI - [Activation of lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria of rabbits with hyperthyroidism]. AB - Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver mitochondria of normal and hyperthyroid rabbits was studied by recording chemiluminescence of mitochondrial suspensions, induced by Fe2+. It was shown that in mitochondria of the hyperthyroid animals, there takes place an increase in the "slow flash" amplitude of chemiluminescence and reduction in the latent period of the luminescence development, as compared to the similar phenomena in normal animals. Characteristic changes were also seen upon recording chemiluminescence of suspensions of the lipids isolated from mitochondria of normal and hyperthyroid animals. These data attest to LPO activation in liver mitochondria during hyperthyrosis. LPO activation is not the result of a direct action of thyroxine on the mitochondria, since the addition of the hormones to organelles in different concentrations (3.25 x 10(-8)- 1.6 x 10( 7) mol/mg protein) did not alter the chemiluminescence parameters. It is suggested that LPO activation seen in liver mitochondria during hyperthyrosis is determined by an increase in the unsaturated index of fatty acids of mitochondrial lipids. PMID- 7093479 TI - [Increase of the breakdown potential of liposomes created from the lipids of liver mitochondria of rabbits with hypothyroidism]. AB - Stability of the membranes of liposomes obtained from liver mitochondrial lipids of normal and thyroidectomized rabbits was examined by the electric breakdown method. It was examined by the electric breakdown method. It was discovered that in hypothyrosis, the breakdown potential increases, while the net negative charge on the surface of liposomes diminishes as compared to the samples of mitochondrial lipids obtained from normal animals. The changes in question returned to normal approximately 40 hours after a single administration of L thyroxin (300 micrograms/kg bw). Addition of thyroxin in vitro (10(-5)-10(-7) M) exerted no effect on the test characteristics of liposomes, but at a concentration of 10(-4) M the hormone increased the breakdown potential and reduced the magnitude of the net negative charge on the surface of lipid vesicles. It is assumed that the changes seen in the electrical parameters of liposomes during hypothyrosis are associated with modifications in the index of fatty acids unsaturation and in the phospholipid spectrum of mitochondria. PMID- 7093480 TI - [Decrease of lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria isolated from rabbits with hypothyroidism]. AB - A study was made of chemiluminescence of mitochondria and liposomes formed of mitochondrial phospholipids obtained from the liver of normal and thyroidectomized rabbits. The Fe2+-induced chemiluminescence of mitochondria was characterized by a decrease in the amplitude of "slow flash" and by an increase in the latent period of this parameter occurrence under hypothyrosis. This is accounted for by the decreased rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in mitochondria, caused by the deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body. Forty-one hours after a single administration of L-thyroxine (300 micrograms/kgbw) to the rabbits the intensity of chemiluminescense of mitochondria and liposomes not only returned to that of the preparations obtained from the normal animals but even exceeded it approximately 1.5-fold. Apparently, such an abrupt intensification in LPO reactions is consequent on the increased rate of unsaturation of fatty acids in mitochondrial lipids, caused by the hormone administered. PMID- 7093481 TI - [Effect of pyrroxan and butyroxan on the concentration and release of norepinephrine in the brain of albino rats]. PMID- 7093483 TI - [Reflex changes in the function of the cerebral cortex and central gray matter after electroacupuncture]. AB - It was shown in acute experiments on cats exposed to single stimulation of different areas of the large hemispheric cortex that the second somatosensory zone (SP) has the most marked corticofugal connections with the central gray matter (CG). Electroacupuncture stimulation (EAS) in the area of the cat auricular basis (1.2 ms, up to 16 mA, 1-3 pulse/sec, 15-30 min) inhibited the evoked nociceptive responses in the P and facilitated them in the CG. The non nociceptive evoked responses were facilitated by EAS both in the SP and CG. Upon SP cooling EAS did not facilitate the evoked non-nociceptive responses in the CG. It is suggested that the SP may play an important part in the activation of one of the main antinociceptive structures of the CG under EAS. PMID- 7093484 TI - [Role of inflammation mediators in the etiology of hypersensitivity to strophanthin in various experimental heart diseases]. AB - Effects of histamine and serotonin on strophanthine cardiotoxicity were examined in experiments on 312 cats. It was shown that inflammation mediators exert sympathomimetic action on the myocardium and potentiate strophanthine cardiotoxicity. These effects can be prevented by premedication with the beta blocker alprenolol, antihistaminic, steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It was disclosed that premedication with diphenhydramine, analgin and hydrocortisone might correct strophanthine tolerance decreased as a result of coronary artery occlusion. The conclusion is made that inflammation mediators play a role in the genesis of strophanthine hypersensitivity in experimental myocardial infarction. PMID- 7093482 TI - [Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on the blood supply and activity of the normal and ischemic myocardium]. AB - It was shown in experiments on cats anesthesized with nembutal that sodium hydroxybutyrate given in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg increases the coronary blood flow in the intact myocardium. At the same time oxygen consumption by the heart rises to a far less degree. The drug provokes negligible hypertension, raises the systolic and cardiac outputs, and enhances myocardial contractility. It was discovered in experiments on dogs with the ischemized heart that sodium hydroxybutyrate in a dose of 200 mg/kg increases the blood supply both to the intact and ischemized myocardium areas. Changes in myocardial ischemia duration and in the hemodynamics produced by sodium hydroxybutyrate are similar to those caused by the drug in experiments with the intact heart. PMID- 7093486 TI - [Effect of different degrees of saturation with glucocorticoids on CFUs levels in peripheral blood]. PMID- 7093485 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effect of bradykinin and angiotensin II on hemodynamics in normotensive rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with renovascular hypertension]. AB - It was shown in experiments on anesthetized normotensive, spontaneous hypertensive rats and in those with experimental renovascular hypertension (NR, SHR and RVR, respectively) that intravenous injection of bradykinin (10 micrograms/kg) produces a decrease in arterial pressure and general peripheral vascular resistance. Intra-aortal administration of bradykinin causes hypotension as well. The degree of arterial pressure lowering in hypertensive rats is far greater than in NR. It was recorded that the cardiac component of the baroreflex to short-term aorta occlusion increases in SHR by 133% and RVR by 173%, while NR manifest its reduction by 6%. Angiotensin II (05. micrograms/kg) raises arterial pressure and general peripheral resistance, enhances pressor-reactions and potentiates reactive hyperemia. Activation of the baroreflex is recorded only in NR. PMID- 7093487 TI - [Effect of Mycoplasma arthritidis on the recovery of erythropoiesis in mice treated with 5-fluorouracil]. AB - M. arthritidis injected into B6AF1 hybrid mice 24 hours after 5-FU administration was shown to promote rapid erythropoiesis recovery in the spleen as measured by 59Fe incorporation M. arthritidis injected 4 hours after the drug or 4 hours before it was less effective. When inoculated 24 hours before 5-FU, M. arthritidis caused retardation of erythropoiesis recovery. The splenic 59Fe incorporation rise in all the cases paralleled the increase in cellularity with an overshoot at day 10-15 after 5-FU administration. In the femoral bone marrow, 59Fe incorporation was decreased in the mycoplasma-infected mice compared with the mice which received the drug alone. The results indicate that M. arthritidis is likely to trigger the resting hemopoietic precursor cells into the proliferative cycle. Another possible mechanism of M. arthritidis action might involve the increased migration of erythroid cell from the bone marrow to the spleen. The mode of M. arthritidis action on hemopoiesis in mice is different from that of bacterial endotoxin and erythropoietin. PMID- 7093490 TI - [Dystrophic and repair processes in the hippocampus after long-term exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation]. PMID- 7093488 TI - [Effect of prospidin on the ultrastructure of experimental tumor cells]. PMID- 7093489 TI - [Coat pigmentation and effect of the ocular retardation gene in the eye of chimeras between or/or and AKR mice]. AB - Twenty-five chimeric adult mice were obtained by aggregating 8-cell embryos of or/or and +/+ genotypes (AKR mice), according to the Tarkovsky and Mints method. The coat color and pigmentary epithelium of the eyes were evidence of chimerism. The coat colour of chimeras varied from a small white to a remarkable gray. The weight of the newborn chimeric mice did not differ from normal. The gene or in homozygotes suppressed the retinal anlage. It was noted that variability of the eye size was dependent on the number of or/or cells in the populations that formed the eyes in chimeras or/or in equilibrium AKR. In 18 animals the eye size did not differ from normal. The pigmentary epithelium of the eyes contained from 32 to 40% or or/or cells. Seven chimeras showed microphthalmos. Asymmetric eye abnormality was recorded in three cases. The pigmentary epithelium of such eyes contained from 63 to 84% or or/or cells. PMID- 7093491 TI - [Cellular composition of taste buds of the rat tongue after denervation and application of colchicine to the nerve]. AB - The decrease of the dark cell content and increase of the relative content of the intermediate type cells were observed in the foliate papillae taste buds after denervation or application of colchicine to the nerve. These characteristics were compared with those in the intact animals. Similar changes were found on the contralateral side. Upon colchicine application to the nerve they were most pronounced on the homolateral side. The absence of destruction of the nerve fibers under similar experimental conditions suggests that the blockade of axonal transport may be responsible for the changes under consideration. Variations in the cell content of the taste buds on the contralateral side depend on the presence of cross innervation of the foliate papillae or changes in the impulsation pattern in the efferent nerve fibers. PMID- 7093492 TI - [New approach to the study of erythrocyte aggregation]. AB - A study was made of the possibility of inducing red cell aggregation with the substances that change the shape of the cells. It was established that crenate agents stimulate red cell aggregation and substantially increase the viscosity of their suspension. A distinct correlation was shown to exist between the changes in the red cell shape and intensity of changes in the rheological properties. It was found that the recovery of the red cell shape altered by crenate agents to the discoid one effected with the aid of chlorpromazine diminishes the aggregation of blood cells as well. Basing on the studies a hypothesis is advanced of the determining role of changes in the cell shape in the mechanism by which the cells aggregate. This hypothesis enables a new approach to the problem of intercellular interactions. PMID- 7093493 TI - [Experimental model with the additional source of endogenous serotonin]. AB - The only experimental approach to the increase in the body serotonin level is a pharmacological one that has a number of shortcomings. The authors suggest an experimental model with additional source of endogenous serotonin (ASS-model) which occurs after embryonal gastrointestinal tract transplantation beneath the skin of adult syngeneic mice. The developing transplants showed significant amounts of serotonin and serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells. The ASS model provides long-term and selective increase in the blood serotonin content (by 40% on the average) with no changes being detected in the brain. This model may be used for studies on the role of serotonin in peripheral regulation of the physiological systems. PMID- 7093495 TI - [Separation of mouse bone marrow cells by preparative electrophoresis]. AB - Free-flow electrophoresis was used to separate mouse bone marrow cells. From five to eight fractions with an amount of cells sufficient for morphofunctional analysis could be obtained in different experiments. Granulocyte precursors were found in fractions with low electrophoretic mobility (EPM), whereas erythrocyte precursors in fractions with high EPM. CFUs were detected both in low and in high EPM fractions. In individual fractions the concentration of these cells was 4 times greater than in the initial cell suspension. PMID- 7093496 TI - [Perfusion of the isolated heart using ftoksilol, an emulsion of perfluorocarbons]. AB - The coronary vessels of the rat isolated heart were perfused with ftoxycol containing 10 v% of tetrafluoromethane and with isotonic salines used as control. It was shown that ftoxycol is capable of adding, transporting and liberating oxygen. However, oxygen consumption did not differ from control in spite of the fact that oxygen amount in ftoxycol was 2 times greater as compared to control. Perfusion with ftoxycol was found not to change contractility of the rat isolated heart. PMID- 7093494 TI - [Cholinergic nature of hypothalamo-cortical excitatory effects]. AB - Excitatory effect of electric stimulation of the ventro-caudal area of the lateral hypothalamus on the neurons of the rabbit optic cortex was seen mainly in the cells whose activity increased under the influence of acetylcholine applied microiontophoretically. Meanwhile atropine applied microiontophoretically decreased or completely blocked the hypothalamic excitatory effect as well as that of acetylcholine. Atropine did not change the depressing influence of the rostral region of the lateral hypothalamus on the neuronal cortical activity. It is concluded that the hypothalamo-cortical excitatory relationships are M cholinergic in nature. PMID- 7093497 TI - [Effect of the blood flow rate in the carotid artery on the hematocrit of the blood distributed to the brain]. AB - The red cell count and hematocrit were determined in the blood distributed to the rabbit brain through the carotid artery. Both parameters were found to be far greater than those in the blood distributed to the hind limb through the femoral artery. The decrease in the blood flow velocity in the carotid artery (caused by local luminal narrowing and increase in the flow resistance) brought about a proportional diminution of both red cells and hematocrit in the blood inflowing to the brain. Meanwhile these parameters remained unchanged in the control arteries (femoral and contralateral carotid ones). Hence the separation of red blood cells from the blood plasma in the vascular system occurs in the arterial branchings and depends on the blood flow velocity in the appropriate branches. PMID- 7093498 TI - [Improved setup for venous occlusion plethysmography]. PMID- 7093499 TI - [Role of the central gray substance in activating the analgesic systems of the rat bran under stress]. AB - Electrolytic lesions of central gray matter (CGM) were induced in rats. The analgesia produced by stress (foot shock) tested by the hot-plate and tail-flick method was significantly and substantially reduced in the lesioned rats. The baseline pain threshold measured by the hot-plate method was significantly longer in CGM-lesioned rats. The baseline tail-flick latency was unaffected by the lesions. The role of CGM in the regulation of pain sensitivity in rats is discussed. PMID- 7093502 TI - [Dynamics of local brain blood flow in experimental ischemic stroke]. AB - The changes in the local cortical blood flow in different areas of the large hemispheres were examined in cats at varying times after cerebral ischemia. It was shown that the decreased blood flow (after occlusion of the cerebral artery) in one of the brain areas is accompanied by various changes in different parts of the large hemispheres. PMID- 7093500 TI - [Neuronal pulse activity of the nodose ganglion in acute hemodynamic and respiratory disorders]. AB - Activity of nodosal ganglion neurons was recorded extracellularly in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with nembutal upon affecting the cardiovascular and respiratory system receptors. Two types of the cells were found: some of the cells changed their activity on stimulation of the receptors pertaining only to one system (cardiovascular or respiratory), and other ones that changed their activity pattern upon affecting both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. This appears to provide rapid inclusion of the central nervous regulation into the mechanism of compensatory reactions that arise in acute hemodynamic and respiratory distress. PMID- 7093503 TI - ["Protective" role of anterior sections of the brain in relation to pathological heart reflexes]. AB - A study was made of the character of hypothalamic modulating influences in frogs on the adaptive cardiocardiac reflexes and the pathological patterns of the viscerocardiac reflexes. The number of the facilitating effects on the viscerocardiac reflexes was discovered to be less as compared to that of the effects on the cardiocardiac reflexes. This was particularly manifest in the after-action. The cases of the reversal response were recorded: transformation of appreciable bradycardia to tachycardia. The pathological forms of the cardiocardiac reflexes in cats that are manifested in appreciable bradycardia experience, in all the cases, only the inhibitory effect on the part of the large hemispheres, thus suggesting a physiologically advisable control of the higher "centres" over lower ones. PMID- 7093501 TI - [Changes in the rhythm of cardiac activity in hyperactivation of the anterior amygdaloid nucleus]. AB - It was shown in experiments on random-bred rats that the creation of the generator of pathologically enhanced excitation (GPEE) in the anterior amygdaline nucleus causes abnormalities of cardiac rhythm (bradysystole). These effects are realized via the vagus nerves. Discharges of the epileptic activity in the GPEE correlate with breaks of electric activity in the vagus (the central terminal) and cardiac complex loss. Coagulation of the GPEE area in the amygdala and brain cooling which entails the disappearance of GPEE activity lead to the recovery of normal cardiac rhythm. The data obtained are discussed from the standpoint of the general concepts of the role of the central hyperactive determinant structures in the pathology of visceral function regulation. PMID- 7093504 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the myocardium in chronically sympathectomized rats]. AB - Experiments on rats weighing 110 g exposed to sympathectomy induced by guanethidine injections during 4 weeks after the birth were made to examine the morphological characteristics of cardiomyocytes, ultrastructure of heart tissue mitochondria, heart contractility under relative physiological rest, and the pressure in the ascending aorta. It was shown that the chronic absence of the sympathetic system leads to changes in the structure of the heart tissue proved by hypertrophy of the left ventricle and disturbances of the cell mitochondrial system. Under continuous high pressure the sympathectomized rats manifest suppression of the heart contractile function. It is suggested that the changes discovered are a consequence of the disorders in the myocardial energy balance in the sympathectomized animals. PMID- 7093505 TI - [Comparative evaluation of systemic hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats]. AB - Experiments on narcotized normotensive Wistar rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with one-kidney spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with one kidney Goldblatt hypertension were made to compare the main parameters of systemic hemodynamics and baroreceptor reflex function. It was shown that elevated blood pressure in hypertensive rats mainly depends on the elevation of peripheral resistance. Cardiac output determined by impedance cardiography did not differ significantly in all the three groups of rats. Sensitivity of the cardiac component of the baroreceptor reflex was inhibited in both groups of hypertensive animals compared with normotensive rats. PMID- 7093506 TI - [Kinetics of hematopoietic stem cell migration in mice after severe mechanical injury]. AB - Experiments on mice have shown that severe mechanical trauma brings about phasic changes in the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cell migration. Within the first four days after the trauma the migration of stem cells gets intensified and returns to normal by day 8. This reaction is regarded to be a defence one, since it guarantees the function of the most important component of immunity, namely the organs where stem cells differentiate as T and B lymphocytes. PMID- 7093507 TI - [Collagen metabolism in chronic electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex]. AB - The content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, free and bound hydroxyproline in the peripheral blood of rabbits and collagen metabolism in the aortal wall were studied under chronic electrostimulation of the amygdaloid complex. Electrostimulation of the lateral nucleus of the amygdaloid was shown to induce definite shifts in the content of adrenocortical hormones and leads to collagen metabolism activation that results in collagen accumulation by the aortal wall. PMID- 7093508 TI - [Effect of monovalent cations on calcium transport in the mitochondria]. AB - Radioisotope exchange was used to study the effect of the Na+/K+ ratio on Ca2+ absorption and release from mitochondria of the rat myocardium, brain and fatty tissue. The increase in Na+ concentration in the incubation medium containing ATP and succinate leads to a 8-fold reduction of the Ca-accumulating capacity of brain mitochondria (K0,5 for Na+ 7 and 30 mM, respectively). A mechanism is suggested that explains the possibility of the Na-dependent regulation of the Ca accumulating capacity of mitochondria of the tissues under consideration. PMID- 7093509 TI - [Blood plasma lipids, lipoproteins and the cholesterol esterification index of the American mink. Mustela vision]. AB - The concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins and the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase in the plasma of the American mink were studied. It was shown that at a concentration of total cholesterol averaging 232 mg/dl, about 80% of the substance was contained by high density lipoprotein fractions. The magnitude of the atherogeneity index of the lipoprotein spectrum of the mink blood plasma is close to the appropriate magnitudes in the animals which are resistant to spontaneous and experimental atherosclerosis as well. PMID- 7093511 TI - [Proteins and the functional properties of the chromatin fractions from the nuclei of the normal liver and of experimental hepatomas]. AB - Chromatin fragments generated in normal liver and solid hepatoma nuclei due to the action of endogenous nucleases and in ascites hepatomas nuclei treated with micrococcal nuclease differ in the ability to be released from the nuclei into a medium of low ionic strength. It is suggested that such a fractionation is based on different solubility of DNP fragments attached to the nuclear skeleton and of those that are not bound with it. DNP fragments extracted in a low-salt buffer contain all five histones with a negligible admixture of nonhistone proteins having the protein/DNA ratio about 1.1. No endogenous RNA-polymerase activity could be detected in these DNP fragments. The bulk of the RNA-polymerase activity is found in the matrix-associated DNP fragments that appear to be enriched in nonhistone proteins (their protein/DNA ratio amounted to 2.5). The possibility that transcribable DNP fragments are associated with the matrix through low-salt stable linkages like those in the DNA-(RNA-polymerase-RNA or RNP)-matrix seems to be confirmed by the data obtained. PMID- 7093510 TI - [Enzymes of the detoxication of active forms of oxygen and lipoperoxides in experimental ischemia and myocardial infarct]. AB - Variation in the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (tretbutyl hydroperoxide as a substrate) and glutathione-S-transferase (1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate) was studied in rat ischemia and in coronaro occlusion myocardial infarction. The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase drastically reduced 2-15 minutes after ligation of the coronary artery and remained at the decreased level during the observation period (14 days). The activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the infarcted zone of the myocardium significantly decreased only by day 3 of the experiment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in the blood of patients with acute myocardial infarction rose more than 1.5-fold. PMID- 7093513 TI - [Propranolol beta-blocker decrease in the concentration of high-affinity binding sites for calcium ions by sarcolemma membranes of the rat heart]. AB - In vivo administration of propranolol considerably inhibits the isoproterenol stimulated increase in 45Ca accumulation by the myocardium and completely eliminates the potentiation of isoproterenol effect by hydrocortisone. A significant lowering of the concentration of high affinity binding sites for calcium in the sarcolemmal membranes can be produced by propranolol in vitro. Under these conditions, the glucocorticoids do not change the sarcolemmal Ca2+ binding parameters or modulate the propranolol effect. Therefore, for the manifestation of glucocorticoid action to be brought about, the integrity of the cells is apparently required, while propranolol seems to change calcium binding by direct interaction with the sarcolemmal membranes. It is suggested that in vivo propranolol inhibition of catecholamine effect on calcium ion accumulation by the myocardium depends on the interaction with the beta-receptors and direct modulation of the concentration of high affinity binding sites for calcium ions on the surface of the sarcolemma. PMID- 7093512 TI - [Effect of arecoline and m- and n-cholinolytics on 22Na incorporation into the neurons of various sections of the rat brain]. AB - Experiments on rats were made to study the effect of cholinolytics and cholinomimetics on 33Na neuronal incorporation in different regions of the brain. Amizyl and glipin increased 22Na incorporation into the neurones of the hypothalamus and striatum and lowered membrane permeability of brain cortex neurones. Diphacil (trasentine) and tropacin inhibited 22Na neuronal incorporation in the brain cortex and did not change membrane permeability of the nerve cells of other structures. Arecoline increased membrane permeability of the neurones of all the brain regions studied. It is suggested that the neurotropic substances have selective action on membrane permeability of neurones in different regions of the rat brain. PMID- 7093514 TI - [Activity of di-N-hydroxyquinoxaline and depot-sulfanilamide derivatives in experimental NAG infection]. AB - In experiments in vitro dioxidineeee was highly effective as regards all the test cultures of NAG-vibrios. The MTC ranged within 1 to 62 micrograms/ml. Bactericidal action of the drug became manifest at concentrations from 4 to 250 micrograms/ml. The derivatives of di-N-oxide quinoxaline, dioxidin and quinoxidine exerted a chemotherapeutic effect and sterilizing action in experimental NAG-infection. The action of the drugs was potentiated upon combined use with lysozyme. As far as depo-sulfanilamides are concerned, sulfalenee was little active, while sulfamonomethoxine ineffective in experimental NAG infection. PMID- 7093515 TI - [Spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in cultured African green monkey cells]. AB - The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were studied in primary kidney cell culture, diploid cell line 5018, pseudodiploid spontaneously transformed cell line 4647 and hypotetraploid cell line 455 of the African green monkey. Bromodeoxyuridine was used at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. The slides were stained with acridine orange and Giemsa for sister chromatid differentiation. In the first three cases, SCE were scored in 100 metaphases of each culture. The distribution of cells from the number of SCE differs from the normal law and was approximated fairly well by the lognormal distribution pattern. The geometrical means of SCE per cell were 6.90 for cells in primary culture, 9.26 for cells of diploid line 5018; 4.50 for cells of pseudodiploid transformed line 4647 and 9.76 for cells of hypotetraploid transformed line 455. PMID- 7093516 TI - [Passage through the mitotic cycle of ascitic hepatoma 22A cells under unfavorable artificially created conditions]. AB - The author studied the changes in the mitotic cycle of ascites hepatoma 22A cells under artificially created unfavourable conditions. It was shown that as a result 3 tumors of 6-day development united. In the early stage of such a union there was a blockade in passage from G1 in S period and from G2 in mitosis. The cells which were in S period at the moment of union accumulated in G2 period and passed to the irreversible resting state. In the course of the union the cells in G1 period completely preserved the ability to complete the mitotic cycle. PMID- 7093517 TI - [Annual cycle of the changes in the mitotic activity of gastric mucosal epithelium in hibernating rodents]. AB - It was shown that mitotic activity of the gastric mucosa epithelium in Citelius erythrogenus Br. is characterized by pronounced seasonal changes. The highest mitotic index was recorded 3-4 days after the arousal from hibernation, while the lowest one during summer time (May-June). The mitoses are blocked during winter torpor. The circadian peak of the mitotic activity in summer was recorded at 10 p.m. The mitotic cells were discovered not only in the generative zone but also at all the levels of the fundal and pyloric glands. Radioautography with 3H thymidine administration in vivo is not fit for studying the synthesis of DNA in sousliks. PMID- 7093518 TI - [Ultrastructure of the small intestine mucosa of gnotobiotic rats with a Vibrio cholerae carrier state]. AB - Ultrastructure of the small intestinal mucosa of gnotobiotic rats, carriers of Vibrio eltor or V. Cholerae was studied. The cytoplasm of enterocytes manifested an increased number of lysosome-like structures and hypertrophy of the Golgi complex. Unlike V. eltor, V. cholerae induced more intensive extrusion of enterocytes and appreciable infiltration of the epithelial layer with lymphocytes. It is concluded that chronic vibrio-carrier state in gnotobiotic rats is not associated with pathological alterations. PMID- 7093520 TI - Persistent macrocytosis assessed by erythrocyte subpopulation analysis following erythrocyte regeneration in cats. AB - Serial erythrocyte volume distribution curves were used to characterize changes in erythrocyte subpopulations following the induction of Heinz body hemolytic anemia in cats. Macrocytes produced in response to hemolysis were observed after loss of reticulum. After recovery from hemolysis, a gradual reduction in mean cell size resulted from a combination of macrocyte remodeling and production of normocytic cells. The mean apparent prehemolysis half-survival time for chromium 51-labeled erythrocytes was 13.7 days. There were two components to the posthemolysis survival curve. An initial accelerated loss of label was due to either destruction of posthemolysis macrocytes or loss of cell contents associated with remodeling. The second survival curve component reflected an increased mean apparent half-survival time of 20.2 days. After correction for isotope elution, the latter component reflected cohort-like labeling of relatively young erythrocytes having normal survival for the duration of the experiment. At the beginning for this latter component, 42% of the erythrocytes were macrocytic (mean of 3.3 x 10(6) macrocytes/microliter). Since the number of macrocytes gradually declined during the period of normal survival, it was concluded that these cells entered the normocytic size range. Recognition of persistent macrocytosis is important in the concept of the regenerative response and should be considered in the interpretation of erythrocyte volume distribution curves. PMID- 7093519 TI - Ferrioxamine excretion in iron-loaded man. PMID- 7093521 TI - Role of membrane lipids in cold agglutination of human erythrocytes. AB - The membrane lipid fluidity of normal human erythrocytes was modified by enrichment and depletion in cholesterol, and the expression of I and SP1 antigens was assayed by quantitative hemagglutination from 4 degrees to 24 degrees C by use of a continuous flow system. Below 16 degrees--18 degrees C, cholesterol enrichment increased and cholesterol depletion decreased percent agglutination. As temperatures approached approximately 18 degrees--20 degrees C, differences in agglutination between modified and unmodified erythrocytes became insignificant despite marked differences in lipid fluidity at that temperature. Thus, fluidity changes alone cannot be responsible for the effect of membrane cholesterol on cold agglutination. In an additional study, the temperature dependence of a relative equilibrium association constant, estimated by probit analysis of percent agglutination at various antisera concentrations, was biphasic with a sharp break at 16 degrees C. Our studies are consistent with the hypothesis that I and Sp1 antigens preferentially partition into a lipid domain that forms during lateral phase separation of membrane lipid developing at low temperature. A resulting increase in antigen density would then become responsible for augmented agglutination by specific antibody. PMID- 7093524 TI - Comparison of 125I-fibrinogen kinetics and fibrinopeptide A in patients with disseminated neoplasias. AB - To provide more information on the pathways of fibrinogen catabolism in generalized cancer, the effect of heparin on fibrinopeptide A (fpA) and on 125I fibrinogen kinetics was studied in 15 patients with disseminated neoplasia. Three patients had evidence of venous thrombosis and in 2 additional patients a low fibrinogen level together with increased amounts of FDP/fdp and a positive ethanol test indicated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The plasma levels of fpA were grossly elevated (4.6--20, mean 11.4 ng/ml, normal values 1.01 +/- 0.45 ng/ml) in patients with thrombosis or DIC, and normal to grossly elevated (0.4--10.4, mean 6.1 ng/ml) in the other patients. Intravenous heparin bolus lowered the fpA level in 11/11 patients, and continuous heparin treatment led to an impressive suppression or complete normalization of the plasma fpA in 5/6 patients. This finding is thought to reflect heparin suppression of thrombin activity on fibrinogen. In some cases, the fpA fall after heparin bolus was slow and/or incomplete, suggesting fpA generation at sites not easily accessible to heparin or insufficient heparin dosage. The 125I-fibrinogen kinetics were characterized by a significantly shorter half-life (t1/2: 2.5 days), increased catabolic rate constant (j: 0.44 days-1), and increased absolute turnover (68.9 mg fibrinogen/kg/day) as compared to 4 normal subjects (t1/2: 4.2 days; j: 0.26 days-1; turnover 21.7 mg fibrinogen/kg/day). As estimated from the fpA generation rates, intravascular thrombin action on fibrinogen contributed only in minor part to increase the turnover of 125I-fibrinogen. In particular, the turnover was greatly accelerated in heparin-treated patients despite impressive suppression or normalization of the fpA levels in 5/6 cases. PMID- 7093523 TI - Clonal assay of mouse mast cell colonies in methylcellulose culture. AB - When mouse marrow and spleen cells were cultured for over 12 days in methylcellulose containing media conditioned by pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated spleen cells, colonies containing mast cells and blast cells were observed. The characteristic morphology of the colonies and the time course of their development allowed in situ identification of the mast cell colonies. Identification of the mast cells was confirmed by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue and alcian blue, transmission electron microscopy, and by demonstration of the membrane receptors for IgE. Coculture studies with male and female marrow cells strongly indicated the single cell origin of individual colonies. Detailed cytologic analyses of mixed hemopoietic colonies and replating experiments of individual mixed hemopoietic and mast cell colonies clearly established the hemopoietic origin of mast cells. In replating experiments of individual mast cell colonies, those without blast cells did not yield secondary mast cell colonies. This result strongly indicated that morphologically recognizable mast cells have lost their self-renewing capabilities. The quantitative nature of the mast cell colony assay was supported by linearity studies and provides a method for studies of the progenitors of mouse mast cells. PMID- 7093522 TI - Effect of modulators of erythropoiesis on the hemoglobinization of human erythroid cell cultures. AB - A rapid spectrophotometric assay capable of detecting the hemoglobin content of 1000 mature erythrocytes has been utilized to quantitate the total hemoglobin synthesized by the progeny of circulating human erythroid progenitors in both the plasma clot and methylcellulose culture systems. The pronounced variation in the effect of different erythropoietin preparations on the hemoglobin content of cultured human peripheral blood bursts, previously described in a subjective manner, has been objectively quantitated. Further experiments demonstrated that both lymphocyte conditioned media and dexamethasone substantially increased the total hemoglobin synthesized by the progeny of cultured erythroid progenitors. The elevated amount of hemoglobin present in erythroid cultures containing either lymphocyte conditioned media and/or dexamethasone was due to both increased colony numbers and colony size. Assay of the total hemoglobin content per erythroid culture is an accurate, sensitive, measure of erythropoiesis in vitro and should be a valuable adjunct to the enumeration of BFU-E-derived erythroid colonies. PMID- 7093525 TI - Correlation of occupation and karyotype in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - Seventy-four adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were classified retrospectively as to whether or not they had had occupational exposure to insecticides, chemicals and solvents, or petroleum products. Fifty eight patients were considered nonexposed and 16 were considered exposed. The chromosome banding pattern was abnormal in 37 of the 74 patients (50%). Twenty five of the 58 (43%) nonexposed patients had a clonal chromosome abnormality, compared with 12 of the 16 (75%) exposed patients (p = 0.02). Only 2 of 23 (8.7%) females with an abnormal karyotype were exposed, whereas 10 of 14 (71%) males with an abnormal karyotype were exposed. Either a -5/5q- or a -7/7q- was present in 67% of the exposed patients with a chromosome abnormality, compared to 28% of the aneuploid nonexposed patients. The -7/7q- abnormality was present in 7 of the 12 (58.3%) exposed patients, versus 5 of the 25 (20%) nonexposed patients with abnormal karyotypes (p less than 0.05). The -5/5q- anomaly was observed in 4 of the 12 (33%) exposed patients and in 4 of the 25 (16%) nonexposed abnormal patients. Our study supports the observation that a subset of patients with ANLL de novo have a history of occupational exposure and a unique pattern of chromosome abnormalities. PMID- 7093526 TI - Erythroid Fc-IgG and complement receptor expression: a study of normoblastic and megaloblastic human bone marrows. AB - Using a standardized rosetting technique with IgG-coated ox erythrocytes, avid IgG (Fc) receptors were demonstrated on red cell precursors. The proportion of receptor-positive cells in normal marrows was highest in early precursors and appeared to be lost with maturation. In megaloblastosis, the absolute percentage of early precursors increase, but there is an even greater increase in the proportion of receptor-positive cells. It is proposed that this reflects the degree of maturation arrest. The specificity of the receptor was confirmed by inhibition studies with aggregated human IgG. In contrast, the expression of the C3b "immune adherence" receptor, assessed by IgM-C3b-coated ox erythrocytes, was seen to increase with erythroid maturation. Early megaloblasts, especially in severe megaloblastosis, showed a marked decrease in C3b receptor activity, again in proportion to the level of maturation arrest. The significance and possible function of these receptors is discussed. PMID- 7093527 TI - Fibronectin enhances in vitro monocyte-macrophage-mediated tumoricidal activity. AB - Control of neoplastic proliferation reflects in part monocyte/macrophage destruction of target cells--destruction that evidently requires cell-cell interaction. We herein show it to involve the natural plasma opsonin, fibronectin. With two cultured human tumor lines--Malme melanoma and CAK-I renal carcinoma cells--addition of fibronectin, purified to homogeneity, enhances macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity 2--4-fold (p less than 0.01). Both fresh human monocytes or the U-937-cultured macrophage line become more lethal to tumor cells with added fibronectin. The fibronectin-enhanced monocyte and U-937 tumoricidal activity occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Specificity of fibronectin's action was validated by use of affinity-purified rabbit antifibronectin antibody, which completely abated its enhancement of tumoricidal activity. Enhancement of tumoricidal activity did not occur when monocytes or U-937 were exposed to fibronectin-coated plates. However, the addition of soluble fibronectin to fibronectin-coated plates was then capable of enhancing cytocidal activity. These studies demonstrate that human fibronectin is capable of increasing both fresh and cultured human monocyte tumor-directed cytotoxicity. Fibronectin appears to be a potentially important circulating molecule that may favorably influence human monocyte tumor cell cytotoxicity. PMID- 7093528 TI - Effects of neuraminidase on O2 consumption and release of O2 and H2O2 from phagocytosing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Neuraminidase type X (NMD-type-X, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.), which is obtained from a further purification of neuraminidase type V (NMD-type-V, Sigma), markedly enhanced the release of O2- and H2O2 from phagocytosing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In contrast, O2 consumption by NMD-type-X treated PMN was identical to that of untreated PMN. Morphological observations suggested that the enhancement of O2- and H2O2 release was caused by excessive release of the oxygen metabolites into the extracellular medium from incompletely formed phagocytic vacuoles as was observed with cytochalasin-B-treated cells. Our observations are in contrast to the previous reports of Tsan et al. that showed complete inhibition of both O2- and H2O2 release from phagocytosing PMN by the treatment with NMD-type-V. PMID- 7093529 TI - Presence of mixed colony-forming cells in long-term hamster bone marrow suspension cultures: response to pokeweed spleen conditioned medium. AB - In contrast to the murine system, long-term hamster bone marrow suspension cultures maintain proliferation of both pluripotent and committed stem cells in the absence of an adherent layer and without addition of exogenous factors, such as hydrocortisone. Addition of pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated hamster spleen conditioned medium (SCM) to these long-term suspension cultures produces an increase in the number of mixed colonies assayed in soft-agar, These mixed colonies, which contained four cell lineages--granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and macrophage--could be generated from cells grown in suspension for over 6 mo. Addition of SCM also induces an initial rapid expansion of the myeloid compartment, and this expansion results in 70% of the cells being terminally differentiated granulocytes. In contrast, addition of SCM to hamster bone marrow cultures containing both adherent cells and hematopoietic stem cells produced no change in the number of mixed colonies generated in the culture. This system allows the in vitro study of the process of stem cell proliferation and differentiation and also provides a means to examine the relationship of adherent and supernatant bone marrow populations. PMID- 7093530 TI - Alpha-thalassemia in two Mediterranean populations. AB - We used restriction endonuclease analysis to determine the incidence of alpha thalassemia in two Mediterranean islands. In a random population sample, the gene frequency of deletion-type alpha-thalassemia-2 (-alpha) was 0.18 in Sardinians and 0.07 in Greek Cypriots. All cases were the rightward crossover type. From these frequencies and the known incidence of hemoglobin-H disease in these populations, we calculated the frequency of the alpha-thalassemia-1 genotype (--) and determined that it was low. We also found that beta-thalassemia homozygotes in sardinia have a higher incidence of alpha-thalassemia than normals and beta thalassemia heterozygotes because a significantly greater number of these homozygotes are also homozygous for the alpha-thalassemia-2 lesion. These findings support the theory that coinheritance of alpha-thalassemia mitigates the severity of beta-thalassemia and suggest that the protection is most pronounced when two alpha-globin genes are deleted. PMID- 7093532 TI - Long-term disease-free survivors of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia treated either by chemotherapy or by chemoradiotherapy and marrow transplantation. PMID- 7093531 TI - Hemin enhances the in vitro growth of primitive erythroid progenitor cells. AB - Since exogenous hemin has been shown to exert a variety of stimulatory effects on erythroid cells, including the augmentation of hemoglobin synthesis, we determined its effect on early stages of erythroid development by employing clonal cells assays. The addition of hemin at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4) M to cultures of normal murine marrow substantially increased the observed number of primitive BFU-E, which was in contrast to its lack of an effect on more mature erythroid colony-forming cells. This cell-specific enhancement of primitive BFU-E resulted in marrow frequencies equivalent to or exceeding those reported in the presence of "burst-promoting activity." In the presence of hemin, the number of BFU-E was also observed to be linearly related to the number of cells plated at very low plating densities, and the cell titration curve was observed to extrapolate to the origin. The evidence suggests that hemin may be a primary growth regulator of early developmental stages of erythroid progenitor cells. PMID- 7093533 TI - Use of algal fluorescence for an automated biological monitoring system. PMID- 7093534 TI - Relationships between raw water quality, treatment, and occurrence of organics in Canadian potable water. PMID- 7093535 TI - Trihalomethanes in chlorinated cooling waters of nuclear reactors. PMID- 7093536 TI - Evaluation of the stress exerted by a polluted environment to a marine organism by comparative toxicity tests. PMID- 7093537 TI - Mutagenic potential of water concentrates from the effluent of a waste oil storage pond. PMID- 7093538 TI - Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine: chemical characterization and effects on hatching success of duck eggs. PMID- 7093540 TI - Effect of selected environmental pollutants and other chemicals on the activity of urease (in vitro). PMID- 7093539 TI - Examination of interaction of trypanosome infection and crude oil exposure on hematology of the longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus). PMID- 7093541 TI - Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to fungi. PMID- 7093542 TI - Metal concentrations in oysters from the Southern African coast. PMID- 7093543 TI - Heterogeneous hydrodechlorination of chlordan. PMID- 7093544 TI - Methoxychlor residues in treated irrigation canal water in southcentral Idaho. PMID- 7093545 TI - A simple spectrophotometric technique for the determination of pentachlorophenol in water. PMID- 7093546 TI - Persistence of formulated fenitrothion in distilled, estuarine, and lake water microcosms in dynamic and static systems. PMID- 7093547 TI - Damaging effect of detergents on human lymphocytes. PMID- 7093548 TI - Application of nuclear double resonance technique for detection of pesticides in water at low concentrations. PMID- 7093550 TI - Acute metabolic responses of lotic epilithic communities to total residual chlorine. PMID- 7093549 TI - Malignant melanoma and drinking water contamination. PMID- 7093551 TI - Accumulation and elimination of [9-14C]phenanthrene in the calico clam (Macrocallista maculata). PMID- 7093552 TI - Analysis for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Thermaikos gulf, Greece. PMID- 7093554 TI - Peripheral effects of cadmium on the blood and head kidney in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). PMID- 7093553 TI - Effects of toluene on cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxygenase and glutathione-S transferase activities in rat brain and liver. PMID- 7093556 TI - Lead concentrations in white-tailed deer mandibles and teeth. PMID- 7093555 TI - Cadmium accumulation by earthworms inhabiting municipal sludge-amended soil. PMID- 7093557 TI - Bioaccumulation kinetics and organ distribution of nickel in the marine clam (Protothaca staminea). PMID- 7093558 TI - Sorption of pentachlorophenol by unbleached wood pulp fibers. PMID- 7093559 TI - Chlordane and heptachlor in the ambient air of houses treated for termites. PMID- 7093560 TI - Determination, distribution, and adsorption of fluoride in atmospheric-polluted soils. PMID- 7093561 TI - Ototoxic effects of salicylates on the responses of single cochlear nerve fibres and on cochlear potentials. AB - Anaesthetized cats were given 400 mg/kg sodium salicylate i.v. producing blood levels in excess of 300-400 mg/kg. Within 10 min of injection, thresholds of fibers had risen by values ranging from 13 to 21 dB. The elevation in thresholds progressed rapidly over the subsequent 5 or so hours, reaching a plateau in about 10 h. The Q10 dB values for tuning of the cochlear fibres decreased by a factor of 3-4 on average over the same period. Likewise, the dynamic range of response was significantly reduced. These effects on the cochlear fibres were reflected in the elevation of the gross cochlear action potential thresholds. In contrast to the findings with other types of cochlear pathology, the mean discharge rate of the subpopulation of cochlear fibres having discharge rates above 20 sp/s was significantly increased by an average of 10-20 sp/s. There was a tendency for this increase to be more marked for fibres with higher characteristic frequencies and to be inversely related to threshold. In addition, 63% of fibres had anomalous temporal patterns of spontaneous activity. In view of the relevance of these data on the ototoxic effects of salicylates for our understanding of tinnitus, the effects of direct electrical current stimulation via the round window have been studied. Positive currents up to at least 600 microA suppressed the spontaneous and evoked activity of all cochlear fibres studied in the normal cochlea. These findings are consistent with the effects of such current stimulation in patients with tinnitus of peripheral origin and support the hypothesis that the neural correlate of such tinnitus is hyperactivity at the cochlear nerve level. PMID- 7093562 TI - Ultrastructural and electrophysiological studies of acute ototoxic effects of furosemide. AB - Previous studies of the effects of ethacrynic acid on the inner ear following intraperitoneal injection of the diuretic have shown a progression of reversible changes occurring in the stria vascularis. The time course of these changes approximately parallels alterations in endolymphatic potential (EP). In this report, some preliminary findings concerning the effects of furosemide after intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg are described. EP declined over a longer time course than that recorded with intravenous injection. Cochlear microphonic (CM) and compound action potential (CAP) also declined but to differing degrees. In the stria vascularis a progression of changes was apparent. In general, the changes were similar to those observed following ethacrynic acid intoxication and affected marginal cells, intermediate cells and strial capillaries. The upper basal turn of the cochlea was affected first and the damage spread apically. In the organ of Corti, stereocilia on the outermost row of outer hair cells were disorganized. This was apparent in approximately the same region as initial strial effects and was only observed when strial derangement was quite marked. PMID- 7093563 TI - Chronic effects of loop diuretics on the guinea-pig cochlea. AB - Groups of pigmented guinea pigs (weighing 480 to 650 g at the start of the experiment) were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 16 mg/kg bumetanide or 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg furosemide over a period of 4 weeks. Two weeks following the last diuretic dose the animals were anaesthetized with urethane and the responses of single auditory nerve fibres to pure-tone and click stimuli were recorded. The tuning of individual units, as measured by Q10 dB values of frequency threshold curves, tended to be more affected than threshold at characteristic frequency by both loop diuretics. Light microscope examination of treated cochleas suggested greater effect of the drugs on the organ of Corti than on stria vascularis. PMID- 7093564 TI - Patterns of cochlear degeneration following gentamicin administration in both old and young guinea pigs. AB - This study aims to compare experimentally the effect of gentamicin administration on the cochleae of guinea pigs of different ages. While it is frequently cited that age may represent a predisposing factor towards aminoglycoside ototoxicity in clinical reports, little experimental work has been carried out on this topic. Two groups of albino guinea pigs, either 4 weeks or 24 weeks old, were used. Animals were injected subcutaneously for 10 consecutive days with gentamicin at a dose of either 50 or 125 mg/kg/day, or with an equivalent volume of saline to act as controls. The survival period after the last injection was either 4 or 12 weeks. On being killed, both bullae were removed and fixed in osmium tetroxide, and prepared of phase-contrast microscopy by the surface preparation technique. The entire hair cell population of one cochlea from each animal was recorded onto cochleograms, enabling detailed graphical and statistical analysis. Both age groups display extremely similar patterns of outer and inner hair cell loss at the higher dose; the lower dose of gentamicin was not ototoxic in this study. Hair cell loss is predominantly basal, and tends to be maximally concentrated in two areas of the base of the cochlea. While mortality is much higher in the older animals, there is no difference in the response of the two age groups to the ototoxic effects of gentamicin. PMID- 7093565 TI - The use of pure-tone audiometry in the assessment of gentamicin auditory toxicity. AB - The results of previous studies of gentamicin auditory toxicity have depended largely on the criteria set for a significant change in hearing threshold. This paper proposes a design for future studies of aminoglycoside toxicity based on an investigation of factors other than aminoglycoside therapy which may influence the measurement of hearing threshold. Audiometry can be performed reliably in a ward but a patient's condition has both temporary and permanent effects on hearing threshold. Ototoxicity cannot be detected by assessing hearing after aminoglycoside therapy. However, an audiogram taken at the start of treatment may be misleading if the patient is seriously ill. Permanent hearing loss may be due to factors other than aminoglycoside therapy so that future studies must be controlled. PMID- 7093566 TI - Some historical aspects of ototoxicity. AB - From a historical standpoint, the problems of ototoxicity came in two major stages. The first, in the nineteenth century, indirectly resulted from the chemical extraction, purification and, sometimes later, synthesis of the active components of traditional drugs, which led to their use in larger doses. The second stage, in the twentieth century, derived from the drive to find more and more effective antibacterial agents, which often had damaging side effects on the inner ear. These effects were highlighted by the development of more sophisticated techniques to detect and measure the ototoxic actions of drugs. The present brief account traces some early reports of ototoxicity from the time of Richard Morton (1692) onwards. PMID- 7093567 TI - The pharmacology of ototoxic drugs. AB - This article briefly reviews the nature of the toxic effects of drugs on the inner ear and the incidence of ototoxic side effects in man. There follows a more detailed discussion of the most important groups of ototoxic drugs which are identified as the aminoglycoside antibiotics, the "loop" diuretics, quinine and chloroquine, the salicylates and some antitumour drugs. Attention is drawn to the synergistic interaction between aminoglycoside antibiotics and "loop" diuretics and the predisposition to ototoxicity if the drugs are given to subjects with renal impairment. The comparative ototoxicological potential of individual aminoglycosides is discussed and their toxic effects on the kidney and the neuromuscular junction summarized. The importance of an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides both in relation to toxicity and the rational control of therapy is emphasized. PMID- 7093569 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7093570 TI - Preliminary criteria for clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7093568 TI - Analysis of the phamacokinetics of ribostamycin in serum and perilymph of guinea pigs after single and multiple doses. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ribostamycin in serum and perilymph of guinea pigs was studied after a single s.c. injection of 400 mg/kg or 14 daily injections of the same dose. The repetitive administration of ribostamycin did not produce functional impairment of the kidney and ototoxicity was slight. The pharmacokinetic data were analysed by non-linear least mean squares regression. Ribostamycin did not accumulate in either serum or perilymph after multiple dosing. The half-life of the drug in perilymph was 15.8 h after a single injection, but 7.6 h after the last of 14 injections. The area under the ribostamycin concentration in perilymph against time curve was also reduced after multiple dosing. These changes were found to be due to a marked increase in the rate of transfer of the drug from perilymph to serum after multiple dosing. PMID- 7093571 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease and malignancy. PMID- 7093573 TI - Surgery for Crohn's disease. PMID- 7093572 TI - Surgery for ulcerative colitis. PMID- 7093574 TI - The digital honeymoon. PMID- 7093575 TI - ESR. AB - The ESR is a long-established, simple, and reliable test. Results must be interpreted in the context of its known limitations. It is a preliminary sorting test in which an abnormal result may prompt further consideration and investigation. Normal results do not exclude serious physical disorders. During treatment it may provide some objective assessment of improvement or deterioration. PMID- 7093576 TI - Sensitizers in radiotherapy. PMID- 7093577 TI - Mania. PMID- 7093578 TI - Late paraphrenia. PMID- 7093579 TI - Stupor: its diagnosis and management. PMID- 7093580 TI - Medical management, culture, and mental illness. PMID- 7093581 TI - Equipping a standard ambulance. PMID- 7093582 TI - Psychiatric aspects of Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 7093583 TI - Torsion of the testis. PMID- 7093584 TI - Benztropine-induced prolongation of responses to vasodilator nerve stimulation in the canine paw pad. AB - After blockade of noradrenergic transmission with guanethidine in anaesthetized dogs, stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut tibial nerve (1 Hz, 10 pulses) produces a vasodilator response which is localized to the circulation of the paw pads. The time course of the response is considerably prolonged after systemic administration of the dopamine-uptake blocking drug, benztropine (1 mg/kg). This effect is not due to inhibition of Uptake 1, as benztropine, unlike desmethylimipramine, does not prolong responses to noradrenergic vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation. The results support previous evidence suggesting that the dilator response to tibial nerve stimulation involves neural release of dopamine. PMID- 7093585 TI - The action of porcine glucagon on the motility of the canine duodenum and jejunum. AB - 1 Intravenous bolus doses of porcine glucagon of 0.001-0.05 mg kg-1 caused intense stimulation of the duodenum and jejunum of the dog. 2 Intravenous infusion of porcine glucagon at 0.025-0.05 mg kg-1 h-1 caused similar stimulation. In both cases the stimulation was phasic in nature. 3 Stimulation of the duodenum and jejunum following glucagon was accompanied by a decrease in frequency of the intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER). No change was seen in the intervals between successive periods of phase III motor activity. PMID- 7093586 TI - Inhibitory actions of catecholamines on electrically induced contractions of the submucous plexus-longitudinal muscularis mucosae preparation of the guinea-pig oesophagus. AB - 1 The submucous plexus-longitudinal muscularis mucosae preparation of the guinea pig oesophagus was used to study the actions of catecholamines on the twitch responses to electrical stimulation.2 When the preparation was stimulated coaxially (0.1 Hz, 0.5 ms, supramaximal voltage), stable twitch-like contractions were obtained. These were abolished by tetrodotoxin (0.1 muM) and atropine (0.1 muM), potentiated by physostigmine (0.1 muM), and were mediated presumably by stimulation of intramural cholinergic nerves.3 The twitch contractions of the muscularis mucosae were inhibited by catecholamines, in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency was isoprenaline > adrenaline > noradrenaline > dopamine.4 The inhibitory actions of noradrenaline (1 muM) and adrenaline (1 muM) were partly reversed by phentolamine (1 muM) or by propranolol (1 muM), and completely abolished by both antagonists together. The inhibitory effect of dopamine (300 muM) was largely reversed by phentolamine (1 muM), but not by propranolol (1 muM), while the inhibitory action of isoprenaline was competitively antagonized only by propranolol (pA(2) of 7.6).5 The contraction of the muscularis mucosae to exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh, 20 nM) which was comparable in magnitude with that to electrical stimulation was also inhibited by isoprenaline (0.1 muM), adrenaline (1 muM) and noradrenaline (1 muM), but not by dopamine (300 muM). In the presence of propranolol (1 muM), noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine potentiated the ACh-induced contraction, while the effect of isoprenaline was mainly antagonized. The potentiating effects were antagonized by further treatment with phentolamine (1 muM).6 Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine but not isoprenaline, produced a weak contraction of the longitudinal muscularis mucosae in the presence of propranolol (3 muM). The contractile responses were completely inhibited by phentolamine (3 muM). Tone in the muscularis mucosae induced by carbachol (3 muM) in the presence of phentolamine (10 muM) was inhibited by catecholamines, in a concentration dependent manner, an effect that was competitively antagonized by propranolol.7 In the submucous plexus-longitudinal muscularis mucosae preparation of the guinea pig oesophagus there are three types of adrenoceptor, inhibitory prejunctional alpha-adrenoceptors, excitatory postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors and inhibitory postjunctional beta-adrenoceptors, and cholinergic neurotransmission is inhibited by catecholamines acting at both prejunctional alpha- and postjunctional beta adrenoceptors. PMID- 7093588 TI - Electrophysiological and other effects on rabbit hearts of CCI22277, a new steroidal antiarrhythmic drug. AB - 1 CCI22277 (methyl 2 beta-ethoxy-2 alpha-hydroxy-11 alpha-(3-methylbutylamino)-5 alpha-androstane-17 beta-carboxylate hydrochloride) is an aminosteroid with antiarrhythmic properties in animal models. 2 It slowed significantly conduction velocity and spontaneous frequency. 3 CI22277 was a local anaesthetic on frog nerve, 62 times more potent than procaine. It greatly reduced the maximum rate of depolarization (MRD) in atria, Purkinje cells and ventricles, and reduced the overshoot potential. The effects were frequency-dependent and it was concluded that the drug probably delayed recovery from inactivation of fast inward current. 4 CCi2277 had no anti-adrenergic actions, nor did it prolong action potential duration (APD) in any cardiac tissues. 5 The drug was negatively inotropic, and depressed the positive inotropic responses of atria to increased extracellular calcium. 6 At high concentrations and at rapid pacing frequency, the action potential plateau disappeared and APD became very short. 7 It was concluded that CCI is primarily a class I antiarrhythmic drug at low concentration, with additional class IV action at higher concentrations. PMID- 7093587 TI - Stereochemical requirements for central and peripheral muscarinic and antimuscarinic activity of some acetylenic compounds related to oxotremorine. AB - 1 The enantiomers of some analogues of the central muscarinic agent, oxotremorine, were prepared and investigated for tremorogenic and tremorolytic activity in intact mice and for muscarinic and antimuscarinic activity on the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. 2 The R-isomers were more potent than the S isomers both in vivo and in vitro regardless of whether the compounds are agonists, partial agonists or competitive antagonists. 3 It is suggested that in the oxotremorine series, agonists and antagonists interact with a common receptor site, in contrast to classical muscarinic antagonists which are believed to bind also to accessory receptor areas, located close to the agonist binding site. PMID- 7093590 TI - The effect of treatment on the melancholias (depressions). AB - The results described are based on data from 47 male and 83 female patients randomly assigned to treatment with imipramine or phenelzine in an open trial. All were fresh (untreated) cases diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness (melancholia). They were rated before treatment and 2 and four months later. Imipramine did not give results which were significantly better than phenelzine. With both drugs it was found that patients had done either very well or very poorly at follow-up, i.e. the distribution of scores was U-shaped (or bimodal at the least). The 55 men and 90 women who were unsuitable for treatment with drugs or who had failed to respond to such treatment were given a course of ECT and followed-up at corresponding intervals. The improvement after ECT was better than with drugs and the distribution of scores is quite different. An earlier series of male patients treated with ECT in the pre-drug days did not show as good a response to the treatment. PMID- 7093591 TI - Psychiatric morbidity and time zone changes: a study of patients from Heathrow airport. AB - In a two-year period, 186 patients were admitted from Heathrow Airport to the nearest psychiatric hospital. Affective illness was related to time zone change. Depression was diagnosed significantly more often on flights from east to west (P less than 0.012 east to west versus west to east; P less than 0.015 north to south combined with south to north versus east to west, Fisher's exact probability test, two tailed). Hypomania was inversely related to depression in an east to west comparison (P less than 0.025). No other associations with direction of travel were seen in other diagnoses. Ninety-three (50 per cent) were diagnosed as schizophrenic; 24 of these had been aimlessly wandering. Twenty patients had been admitted at least once before under similar circumstances. Schizophrenic patients from Heathrow constituted 20 per cent of the total number of schizophrenic patients admitted to the hospital during that period. PMID- 7093589 TI - Lidoflazine in the early stages of acute myocardial ischaemia. AB - 1 Pretreatment of anaesthetized rats with intravenously administered lidoflazine (an antianginal agent) reduced the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias which resulted from acute coronary artery ligation. Ventricular fibrillation was completely prevented by doses of 50 micrograms/kg and 2 mg/kg and no animal so treated died ( contrast 50% incidence of fibrillation in the controls and 30% mortality). 2 In anaesthetized greyhound dogs, lidoflazine (2 mg/kg) administration resulted in transient reductions in systemic arterial pressure, LV dP/dt max and cardiac output. Coronary sinus Po2 was markedly increased, indicating pronounced coronary vasodilatation. 3 Lidoflazine pretreatment inhibited the increase in epicardial ST-segment elevation which resulted, in dogs, from short (3 min) occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery. This effect was especially marked at sites where, in control occlusions, ST-segment elevation was most pronounced. 4 Lidoflazine greatly reduced the number of ventricular ectopic beats which usually resulted from more prolonged (30 min) periods of acute coronary artery occlusion. There was no ventricular fibrillation in these dogs (contrast 25% incidence in the controls). 5 Lidoflazine did not modify the ventricular fibrillation which results from reperfusion of a previously ischaemic area of the left ventricular wall. PMID- 7093592 TI - Psychoses of epilepsy: a radiological evaluation. AB - Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning was carried out on 57 patients who had received a hospital diagnosis of psychoses associated with epilepsy, and 78 epileptic patients with psychiatric illness other than epilepsy. Abnormal scans were reported in approximately half of the cases in both groups. An excess of left hemisphere abnormality was noted in the psychotic group, but this was not significant. These findings failed to provide firm support for the hypothesis that lateralized structural damage to the cerebral hemispheres plays a major part in determining the specific pattern of associated psychotic illness. PMID- 7093593 TI - Cluster analysis of symptoms in elderly demented patients. PMID- 7093594 TI - Prediction of outcome in senile dementia--a computed tomography study. AB - Forty patients suffering from senile dementia who had been subjected to detailed clinical and psychological assessment and computed tomography (CT) were followed up for a mean period of 28.78 months. All but one were traced. The deceased (27) were compared with the survivors (12). All males had died at follow-up. The mean age was not statistically significant, but the survivors differed significantly from the deceased in having performed better on a number of clinical and psychological tests, particularly those involving speech functions and constructional ability. Measures of ventricular size and cortical atrophy were not of predictive value, but a new technique of measuring radiological density showed that this was significantly lower in the right parietal region in the original CT scans of those who subsequently died. The study confirms that clinical involvement of the parietal lobes is an indication of poor prognosis and reports the first radiological support for this view. It also suggests that a more directly quantitative approach to computed tomography may yield results which are more useful than those obtained from visual reconstructions. PMID- 7093596 TI - Once weekly pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. AB - In a double blind trial, 28 male chronic schizophrenic in-patients received either pimozide, given once weekly, or fluphenazine decanoate, given mostly once fortnightly. There was no difference in relapse rates over nine months. However, three-quarters of the patients on pimozide who completed the trial developed at least mild tardive dyskinesia. All patients on pimozide lost weight, the average loss being 5.4 kg (12 lbs). Plasma pimozide levels suggested satisfactory drug compliance. Plasma prolactin levels confirmed that in the pimozide group there was fluctuating dopamine receptor antagonism, while in the fluphenazine group average plasma prolactin levels throughout most of the interval between injections were at the upper limit of normal. PMID- 7093598 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia. AB - Melancholia is thought by many investigators to have a biological basis, and biological research, particularly on abnormalities of the neuroendocrine system and of the sleep electroencephalogram, is now beginning to yield results which can help in the differential diagnosis of depressive illness. This review will focus on the most widely studied neuroendocrine disturbance: disinhibition of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) system as revealed by the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). PMID- 7093597 TI - A controlled comparison of flupenthixol decanoate injections and oral amitriptyline in depressed out-patients. AB - Sixty-eight depressed out-patients were allocated to treatment with either oral amitriptyline (75-225 mg/day) or intramuscular flupenthixol decanoate (10-30 mg every 14 days) in flexible dosage for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures. Various observer- and self-rating scales were applied before and after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four patients completed the course of amitriptyline and 20 the course of flupenthixol. All variables improved over time, but there were no significant differences between the two drugs. The Newcastle scores pre-treatment were not related to drug response suggesting that both drugs were similarly effective across a wide spectrum of depressive disorders. Patients on amitriptyline tended to complain of dry mouth; those on flupenthixol had a higher incidence of extrapyramidal signs, the majority receiving anti-parkinsonian drugs at some time during the treatment. Flupenthixol decanoate in low dose is a useful anti-depressant, but should be restricted to short courses of treatment, to patients refractory to other treatments, and to patients suspected of poor compliance. PMID- 7093595 TI - Plasma prolactin and growth hormone levels in manic patients treated with pimozide. AB - During two weeks' treatment of 11 manic patients with pimozide there was close correspondence between the timecourse of improvement in clinical ratings and the rise in plasma prolactin between the second and fourteenth day. There were no significant differences in growth hormone levels during the manic episodes compared to recovery. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of dopamine in the release of prolactin and growth hormone, and in the pathogenesis of mania. PMID- 7093600 TI - Unfavourable left-right asymmetries of the brain and autism: a question of methodology. AB - Thirty-six patients with infantile autism and various neurological disorders underwent computerized tomographic (CT) scanning of the brain. All CT scans were assessed blindly and independently by a diagnostic radiologist. Two techniques modified from two previous studies were used for measuring parieto-occipital asymmetry. The frequency of reversed asymmetry in autistic patients was the same as that in patients with various neurological disorders, and there was no significant association between reversed asymmetry and delayed language development. The study does not support the concept that unfavourable morphological asymmetries of the brain near the posterior language zone may contribute to the difficulties autistic children experience in acquiring language. Methodological difficulties and the design of new studies are discussed. PMID- 7093602 TI - Placebo-controlled studies of ECT. PMID- 7093599 TI - Is there a syndrome of pure hyperactivity? AB - A comparison of hyperactive boys with and without associated conduct disorder was made to determine the validity of a narrowly defined concept of pure hyperactivity. Although clinical differences between the two sub-groups supported the diagnostic distinction, few differences appeared with respect to various possibly causal background factors. A small group of boys with pure hyperactivity was separated, however, on the basis of subnormal IQ scores. In contrast to the hyperactive boys with normal IQ, these boys showed a more serious history of developmental disturbances which appeared to be linked to organicity. It was concluded that pure hyperactivity is an elusive concept and probably defines a heterogeneous group of children whose primary problems are cognitive in nature. PMID- 7093601 TI - Cardiac arrest in a young woman treated with amitriptyline combined with levopromazine. PMID- 7093604 TI - Propranolol in schizophrenia. PMID- 7093603 TI - Benzodiazepines and effectiveness of ECT. PMID- 7093605 TI - Seasonality of schizophrenic births: harmful effects or genetic morphism? PMID- 7093607 TI - The concept of somatic anxiety. PMID- 7093606 TI - Daytime enuresis. PMID- 7093608 TI - Alcoholism in Iraq. PMID- 7093609 TI - Hysterectomy and psychiatric disorder: I. Levels of psychiatric morbidity before and after hysterectomy. AB - One hundred and fifty-six women with menorrhagia of benign origin were interviewed before hysterectomy, and re-interviewed six months post-operatively (n = 147), and again 18 months post-operatively (n = 148). Levels of psychiatric morbidity were significantly higher before the operation than after. On the Present State Examination, 58 per cent of patients were psychiatric cases before surgery, as against 29 per cent at the 18-month follow-up. Similar post-operative improvements were found on measures of mood (POMS), and of psychosexual and social functioning. Most of these improvements had occurred within three to six months after the operation. Both before and after hysterectomy, levels of psychiatric morbidity were high by comparison with women in the general population, but lower than in psychiatric patients. The pre-operative psychiatric morbidity had been mainly of long duration. PMID- 7093610 TI - Men and women who do not have orgasms. AB - In the well-known condition of primary complete anorgasmia in women, the glandipudendal ('bulbocavernosus') reflex is often absent, and this is strongly correlated with failure of treatment. From these facts, and from properties of the glandipudendal reflex, we argue that organic abnormalities in the spinal cord contribute to causing the condition in some cases. We report nine cases of complete primary anorgasmia in men, two of whom lacked glandipudendal reflexes. The condition need not imply sterility; in all these nine (as also in three incomplete cases) we were able to obtain semen by electroejaculation or vibratory stimulation, and the wife of one patient is now pregnant. PMID- 7093611 TI - Children who set fires: the clinical picture and a follow-up. AB - The study concerns 46 children who had set at least one fire and had been admitted to a psychiatric ward. Their firesetting behaviour has been related to variables such as age, IQ, and psychiatric disorder in parents, and to the distinction between children who present with firesetting as their chief problem and those in whom it is a secondary complaint. Thirty subjects were followed up after one to five years. Seven, all boys and all less than 13 years old, were still setting fires, but these were less serious than the ones set before treatment. The persistent firesetters may have come from less stable homes and they tended to be more antisocial at follow-up than children who no longer set fires. PMID- 7093612 TI - Compulsive gamblers in treatment. AB - Twenty-six male compulsive gamblers were seen in one hospital over the last 8 years. Five were single, and only 5 had stable marriages. In most cases the compulsive gambling preceded their marriage. The majority had criminal records arising out of their gambling debts. All were offered treatment based on behavioural principles, but only 5 gained and maintained control over their gambling, 7 lapsed intermittently, and the remaining 14 were gambling when last seen. The problems in treatment are discussed, and modifications suggested. PMID- 7093613 TI - Anxiety management training for anxiety states: positive compared with negative self-statements. AB - Twelve patients complaining of chronic free-floating anxiety, usually also with panic attacks, were assigned at random to treatment by six hour-long sessions of anxiety-management training, either with positive or with negative self statements, given over six weeks. Patients in both treatment conditions improved, with a small trend favouring positive over negative self-instruction, especially at follow-up. It is unclear how much self-instruction, rather than therapeutic attention or mere passage of time, accounted for the bulk of the modest improvement obtained. PMID- 7093614 TI - Psychiatric illness after leaving university: a five-year follow-up of students. AB - Ninety-one undergraduates who had been referred to the Southampton University psychiatrist and matched controls who had not sought psychiatric help were followed up yearly for five years by questionnaire. The response rate for cases and controls was poor, but the difference in psychiatric morbidity was large. At least 26 of the patients subsequently consulted a doctor for emotional problems as against five of the controls; 17 of the patients were again referred to a psychiatrist, but none of the controls. It is concluded that students who are referred to a psychiatrist during their University course have a much higher rate of psychiatric morbidity in the five years after they leave University than do students who have not been so referred. PMID- 7093615 TI - On evaluating the severity of depression: an experimental study of psychiatrists. AB - This study extends earlier work on the evaluation of depression by general physicians, and compares the results obtained with that group with those from a group of experienced psychiatrists. Differences within each group were larger than those between them. In neither group were individuals able to describe their own diagnostic processes with great accuracy, but psychiatrists were, as expected, somewhat more consistent than general physicians. They became even more so when allowed to select their own cues; of which, however, they made use of a smaller number. These tended to be of a specific rather than (as with the physicians) of a general nature. PMID- 7093616 TI - Separation of subtypes of depression using discriminant analysis. I. Separation of unipolar endogenous depression from non-endogenous depression. AB - We derived a discriminant function based on clinical features to classify patients with endogenous depression ('melancholia') and non-endogenous ('neurotic') depression. The difference between the groups was not one of overall severity of illness alone. Bipolar melancholic patients were classified less well than were unipolars, supporting previous findings of clinical differences between these groups. The discriminant function (DF) was reduced to a discriminant index (DI) which classified a separate group of unipolar melancholic and non-endogenous patients with comparable accuracy. Approximately 80 per cent of all cases received a definite classification by the DI. The agreement between the 105 definite DI classifications and the clinical diagnoses was 90 per cent when results from the derivation and validation groups were combined. The DI classification was then validated against an objective biological marker, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The diagnostic discriminant index predicted the DST result with the same accuracy as the clinical diagnoses. The discriminant index can serve as an operational definition of the patients diagnosed as endogenous or nonendogenous unipolar depression in future studies by ourselves and other groups of investigators. PMID- 7093617 TI - Field dependence and the factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire in normal subjects. AB - The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was investigated in a non-clinical sample in relation to the role of field dependence (assessed by the Hidden Figures Test) in influencing the extent to which different aspects of psychoneurotic disturbance are differentiated. Greater differentiation was achieved by the field independent (FI) group than by the field dependent (FD) group, as shown by: (i) the proportion of variance accounted for by the general factor in the principal components analysis of the 60-item GHQ data was lower (17 per cent) in the FI group than in the FD group (33 per cent); (ii) the factor loadings in the FI group, but not the FD group, corresponded closely with the four subscales of the 28-item scaled GHQ; (iii) the interscale correlations were significantly lower in the FI group than in the FD group. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly their relevance to 'unitary' and 'distinct-syndrome' models of minor anxiety and depressive disorders, and the greater probability of occurrence of mixed states in field dependent subjects. PMID- 7093618 TI - Twelve blood markers and measures of temperament. AB - This project tested the association of 12 blood marker systems with the Eysenck Extraversion-Introversion/Neuroticism forms and the Buss-Plomin Temperament forms. The sample was about 400 males and 470 females who were given medical examinations during the Tecumseh Community Health Study (Michigan). ANOVA and Scheffe tests were used to test for significant differences; personality traits were adjusted for age. The Lewis red blood cell phenotypes were significantly associated with Anger and Impulsivity for males and Sensation-seeking (a subscale of Impulsivity) for females. It is suggested that these temperament factors merit further exploration. PMID- 7093619 TI - Season of birth in high and low genetic risk schizophrenics. AB - Hypotheses which have been proposed to account for the unusual seasonal birth pattern observed in schizophrenic populations are discussed. These competing hypotheses were tested by retrospectively studying season of birth in 975 schizophrenics divided according to family history of psychiatric illness. Information was obtained from case notes, item sheets, and questionnaires sent to general practitioners. The results were inconclusive, but there was a trend for high genetic risk cases to be born less often in the first quarter of the year. Although no clear support could be provided for one or other season of birth hypothesis, it is tentatively suggested that a seasonal constitutional damage factor may be responsible for the excess of births described in schizophrenic populations in the early months of the year. PMID- 7093620 TI - Perinatal complications and clinical outcome within the schizophrenia spectrum. AB - In a prospective study of offspring of schizophrenic mothers, perinatal complications reported in midwife protocols were analysed for those offspring who, as adults, were diagnosed as schizophrenic, borderline schizophrenic or as not suffering from mental illness. The schizophrenics were found to have had the most complicated births, and the borderlines, the least complicated births. This difference is interpreted in terms of a 'diathesis-stress' model. It is proposed that birth complications can decompensate borderline individuals towards schizophrenic breakdown. PMID- 7093622 TI - The corpus callosum and brain function in schizophrenia. PMID- 7093621 TI - The present status of first-rank symptoms. PMID- 7093623 TI - Prolactin response to neuroleptic challenge. PMID- 7093624 TI - Capgras syndrome in a 14-year-old. PMID- 7093625 TI - Thyrotoxicosis presenting as depression. PMID- 7093626 TI - Pimozide: adverse reaction and prolonged half-life. PMID- 7093628 TI - Piaget: issues and experiments. PMID- 7093627 TI - Trilingualism. PMID- 7093629 TI - Treatment of alcohol dependence: the alcoholic patient. PMID- 7093630 TI - Treatment of alcohol dependence: long-term treatment of the psychological effects. PMID- 7093631 TI - Histocompatibility antigens in alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 7093632 TI - Ethanol metabolism. PMID- 7093633 TI - Alcohol and nutrition. PMID- 7093634 TI - Epidemiology of alcohol use and its hazards: with a note on screening methods. PMID- 7093635 TI - Alcohol and cancer. PMID- 7093636 TI - Sex and alcohol. PMID- 7093638 TI - Alcoholic muscle disease. PMID- 7093637 TI - Alcohol and the developing fetus. PMID- 7093639 TI - Alcohol and the pancreas. PMID- 7093641 TI - Alcohol-related liver disease: clinical aspects and management. PMID- 7093640 TI - The morphology of alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 7093642 TI - Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7093643 TI - Alcohol and the heart. PMID- 7093644 TI - Haemopoiesis and alcohol. PMID- 7093646 TI - Syndromes of alcohol-related brain damage. PMID- 7093645 TI - Alcohol-related structural brain changes. PMID- 7093647 TI - Objective psychological changes in alcoholics after the withdrawal of alcohol. PMID- 7093650 TI - A note on the vertebral formula of the donkey. PMID- 7093648 TI - Alcohol dependence and withdrawal. PMID- 7093649 TI - Hormonal induction of lactation in the cow. PMID- 7093651 TI - Induction of parturition in cattle with cloprostenol. PMID- 7093653 TI - Factors affecting levels of passive immunity in dairy calves. PMID- 7093652 TI - Sperm transport, storage and release in the sheep oviduct in relation to the time of ovulation. PMID- 7093654 TI - Clinico-pathological studies on naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in India. PMID- 7093655 TI - Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of the White Leghorn chicken in the Sudan. PMID- 7093656 TI - Experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium and tetracycline therapy. PMID- 7093657 TI - Effect of nerve growth factor on regeneration of goldfish optic axons. AB - Axonal outgrowth following a crush of the goldfish optic nerve was enhanced if nerve growth factor (NGF) was administered by intraocular injection or by local application to the lesion site. Various forms of NGF (beta, 2.5S and 7S) were effective, producing a 20-40% decrease in the time required for recovery of the startle reaction to a bright light. A corresponding increase in axonal outgrowth was revealed by histological examination of the optic nerves. The effect produced by a single intraocular injection given at the time of the lesion was not further increased by subsequent injections. Up to 14 days after the lesion, the size of the retinal ganglion cell bodies and the incidence of nucleoli detectable by light microscopy were not affected by the NGF treatment. PMID- 7093659 TI - Interconnection of subsurface cisterns in mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells. PMID- 7093658 TI - Distribution of cerebellar fiber terminals in the midbrain visuomotor areas: an autoradiographic study in the cat. AB - Cerebellar fibers to the midbrain visuomotor areas were traced in the cat auto radiographically after injections of tritiated amino acids into individual cerebellar nuclei. Fibers from the dentate (DN), anterior interpositus (AIN) and posterior interpositus (PIN) nuclei were distributed contralaterally, while those from the fastigial nucleus (FN) bilaterally. The FN fibers appeared to arise mainly from the caudal half of the FN. In the superior colliculus (SC), the FN or DN fibers were more numerous than the PIN fibers, and the areas of termination of the FN fibers were located more medially than those of the DN and PIN fibers. These cerebellotectal fiber terminals were in the intermediate and deep SC layers; clustering of terminal silver grains was noted in the FN and DN fibers recipient areas in the intermediate gray layer. In the pretectum, the DN fibers terminated ventrally in the reticular part of the anterior pretectal nucleus and the posterior pretectal nucleus. THe AIN fibers terminated ventrally in the compact part of the anterior pretectal nucleus and the posterior pretectal nucleus. The nucleus of the posterior commissure received cerebellar fibers chiefly from the DN, and additionally from the FN. The nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal received fibers from all cerebellar nuclei. No cerebellar fibers terminated in the extraocular motor nuclei and the Edinger Westphal and anteromedian nuclei. PMID- 7093660 TI - Sex difference in the regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve in rats. PMID- 7093661 TI - Ultrastructure of the regenerating growth cones of catecholamine nerve terminals in rat hypothalamic nuclei after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine administration. AB - Ultrastructure of the regenerating growth cones of catecholamine axons is examined in the paraventricular nucleus and median eminence of the rat. Growth cones are observed during 1 to 4 months, and most frequently at 2 months, after the administration of 300 microgram of 5,7-DHT in the lateral ventricle. The growth cones of catecholamine axons are characterized by an accumulation of branching smooth endoplasmic reticula which contain dense material. PMID- 7093662 TI - The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat. AB - The dopamine containing mesencephalo-cortical pathway was studied in the rat by means of a combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and catecholamine histofluorescence technique. After large injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Evans blue, into the frontal cortex, many neural somata of the ventral midbrain tegmentum were retrogradely labeled; most of the retrogradely labeled neurons also showed catecholamine fluorescence. However, some labeled cells (10 15%) did not show any catecholamine fluorescence. The present findings confirm the existence of a non-dopaminergic (DA) mesencephalo-cortical pathway and describe the topographical interrelationships between its DA and the non-DA cell bodies of origin. PMID- 7093663 TI - The projection from the nucleus of the posterior commissure to the superior colliculus of the cat: patch-like endings within the intermediate and deep grey layers. AB - The nucleus of the posterior commissure projects to the intermediate (SGI) and deep (SGP) grey layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus throughout its rostral-caudal dimension. This projection terminates in a patchy, discontinuous, manner. The patches form a tier in the dorsal half of SGI, and are smaller medially than laterally. These results are discussed in relation to other patchy projections to SGI and in relation to a possible modular organization of the superior colliculus. PMID- 7093664 TI - Projection of brain stem neurons to the perigeniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. AB - Small horseradish peroxidase injections in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) or the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) gave retrograde labeling of many cells in the pontomesencephalic reticular formation (RF), the nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis linearis, locus coeruleus, nucleus of the optic tract and nucleus parabigeminalis. Antidromic stimulation was used to identify neurons in the RF projecting to the PGN-LGN complex. Threshold mapping through the PGN and the LGN shows separate projection from the reticular formation to the PGN and the LGN. PMID- 7093665 TI - Initial hypertrophy of cells in undeprived laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey following early monocular visual deprivation. AB - Comparisons of mean cell area in the lateral geniculate nucleus between normal and monocularly deprived Rhesus monkeys show that closure started in the first few days of life produces an initial hypertrophy of up to 25% affecting undeprived parvocellular cells. Hypertrophy is maximal at 4 weeks. Following this there is later shrinkage affecting both deprived and undeprived parvocellular cells so that ultimately undeprived parvocellular cells are about 10% smaller and deprived parvocellular cells about 35% smaller than corresponding cells in normal animals. PMID- 7093666 TI - Ambiguus motoneurons discharging closely associated with ultrasonic vocalization in rats. AB - Unitary discharges closely associated with ultrasound were recorded from the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and adjacent medullary regions in rats. Two main types of units were distinguished: one firing in tonic bursts against little or no background activity prior to ultrasound emission, and the other remaining silent during ultrasound. Tonic burst units in NA are considered as motoneurons which are essential for ultrasound vocalization since lesions including NA completely abolished its production. PMID- 7093668 TI - Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit. AB - Using a Pavlovian heart rate conditioning paradigm, a rapid development of short latency increases in the multiple unit activity of the amygdala central nucleus were observed in response to a tone conditioned stimulus. In some cases the increase in multiple unit response showed a parallel development with the conditioned decelerative heart rate response and were significantly correlated with it. These results suggest a direct role for the central nucleus in the expression of conditioned heart rate responding in rabbit. PMID- 7093667 TI - Changes in acid phosphatase activity in the substantia gelatinosa in response to pain. AB - Two-day and 15-day-old offspring of capsaicin-pretreated Wistar rats were given subcutaneous injections of a 5% formalin solution to the dorsal aspect of the right forepaw. One hour after injection, acid phosphatase activity of the substantia gelatinosa of formalin/capsaicin cervical sections was significantly greater bilaterally than in saline/capsaicin 15-day-old animals. In 2-day-old animals the formalin/control right cervical sections had significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than saline/control. These results are further support for a direct functional relation between activity in the substantia gelatinosa and chemogenic pain stimulus. PMID- 7093669 TI - [3H]Haloperidol labels brain dopamine receptors after its injection into the internal carotid artery of the rat. AB - Pulse injection of [3H]haloperidol (0.2 microCi; 0.003 microgram) into the internal carotid artery of the rat specifically labelled dopamine receptors in striatum and olfactory tubercle, as indicated by the kinetics of, and the effects of neuroleptic drugs on, the ligand disposition. The described method may prove useful for labelling brain receptors with ligands which readily cross the blood brain barrier but which do not selectively mark their receptors if injected systemically. PMID- 7093670 TI - Response of rat brain to calcitonin alteration. AB - Endogenous calcitonin was altered in rats by thyroparathyroidectomy, followed by supplementation with thyroxine and calcium. As a result, a reduction in the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain together with an increase in the concentration of tryptophan in the plasma were observed. The changes were accompanied by a diminution in the activity of both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the cerebral hemispheres. The results are consistent with those produced by exogenous hormone and suggest that calcitonin probably plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain. PMID- 7093671 TI - Cholecystokinin in the rat spinal cord: distribution and lack of effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment and rhizotomy. AB - The distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin-like immunoreactivities in rat spinal cord and spinal roots was studied with two sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. No gastrin was found in the cord or in spinal roots or sensory ganglia, however CCK was present at all levels of the cord and was concentrated in the dorsal horn. No CCK was found in sensory roots. Neonatal capsaicin treatment had no effect on ventral cord CCK and caused a small increase in dorsal cord levels. Neither dorsal rhizotomy nor combined dorsal and ventral rhizotomy affected CCK levels in either dorsal or ventral cord. These results indicate that most of the CCK in the rat spinal cord is not present in the terminals of primary afferent fibers. PMID- 7093673 TI - External ions and membrane potential of leech neuropile glial cells. AB - In ion-substitution experiments supplemented by measurements of the membrane conductance, the membrane potential of neuropile glial (NG) cells in the CNS of th medicinal leech has exhibited a dependence of the external concentration of both potassium and chloride. The membrane potential was largely dependent on the external potassium concentration, as may be inferred from the change in potential as the potassium concentration of the bathing solution was changed. The external potassium concentrations had been corrected to allow for the discrepancy between intra- and extraganglionic levels found with ion-selective electrodes. A transient membrane depolarization was recorded when the chloride in the bathing medium was replaced by sulphate or glucuronate. The restoration of the normal membrane potential following the return to chloride-based saline was preceded by a transient hyperpolarization. After transfer to low-chloride solutions, the transient depolarization of the NG cell membrane was followed by a steady-state hyperpolarization. The amplitude of the steady-state hyperpolarization depended on the concentration of chloride in the bathing medium. The membrane conductance decreased in low-chloride solutions. PMID- 7093672 TI - Cerebral arterio-venous difference for hypoxanthine and lactate during graded asphyxia in the fetal lamb. AB - Hypoxanthine (HX) and lactate are degradation products from energy-rich intracellular substrates (ATP and glycogen), and their concentration will increase during anaerobic conditions, such as fetal asphyxia. In this study the accumulation of the two metabolites in blood during asphyxia was studied in 7 acutely exteriorized fetal lambs. The arterio-venous difference of HX and lactate over the brain was related to the function of the fetal brain as reflected by the somato-sensory evoked electroencephalogram potentials (SEP). Increased concentrations of HX in plasma and lactate in blood occurred simultaneously with deterioration of the SEP and the 3 variables correlate highly significantly. During normoxia, a net cerebral influx was found for HX, which in combination with severe asphyxia gradually changed to a net efflux. A linear correlation was found between the cerebral arterio-venous differences of HX and the impairment of the SEP. No such correlation existed for lactate. The results suggest, that the fetal brain has a high threshold for degrading its energy-rich intracellular purines. PMID- 7093674 TI - The effect of glucocorticoid treatment on denervated rat hemidiaphragm. AB - The degenerative process in phrenic nerve motor nerve terminals following nerve section was analyzed in rats that had previously been subjected to an intensive short term regimen of the steroid preparation triamcinolone. Morphological studies indicated that the onset time of degeneration was similar to that of untreated rats but less severe, and the time for maximal degenerative changes was increased. Concurrent to the preservation of motor nerve terminal structure under conditions of denervation, triamcinolone also induced myopathies in the diaphragm, the white muscle fibers being predominantly affected. Due to the structural aberrations of muscle, the indirect and direct twitch response of hemidiaphragms in triamcinolone treated rats was depressed. Data obtained from indirect post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) responses, however, did express the anatomical preservation of motor nerve terminals. These findings may add support to previous observations for the basis of effectiveness of the glucocorticoids in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. PMID- 7093676 TI - Compartmentalization of clathrin in synaptic terminals. AB - Immunofixation of sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS)-acrylamide gels has been used to study the distribution of the major protein (clathrin) of coated vesicles in various compartments of synaptic terminals. Synaptosomal subcellular fractions were isolated and purified from pig brain homogenates by the procedure of Ueda et al. and lysed in 6 mM Tris-Cl buffer at pH 6.6, 7.8, and 8.1. The synaptosomal particulate and soluble fractions were separated by centrifugation. The synaptic junctional complex (SJC) and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions were obtained by detergent treatment of the synaptic plasma membrane (SPM). The synaptosomal subcellular fractions and purified coated vesicle (PCV) fractions were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis (7.5%). The resulting slabs were divided vertically into 4 segments which were stained with Coomassie blue dye, or immunofixed with preimmune and anti-clathrin serum, or affinity labeled with concanavalin A (Con A)-peroxidase. The Comassie blue stained gel indicated the presence of 180,000 molecular weight band in gels of most synaptosomal subcellular fractions. However, immunofixation of an identical gel revealed positive staining of the 180,000-molecular weight protein in PCV, synaptosomal (SF), SPM and synaptoplasmic (SS) fractions only. These findings not only support the contention that a pool of cytosolic-coated vesicle protein is localized at synaptic terminals, they also indicate that clathrin appears highly unlikely to contribute to the structural frameworks of the SJC and PSD of mature synapses. PMID- 7093675 TI - Bradykinin induces hyperpolarizations in rat glioma cells and in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. AB - The effect of the nonapeptide bradykinin on the membrane potential of permanent cell lines from neural origin was studied. A hyperpolarizing response of 10-30 s duration was produced when bradykinin was iontophoretically applied onto polyploid rat glioma cells (clone C6-4-2). Starting from the resting membrane potential the peak value of the hyperpolarizing response was reached within 0.5 1.5 s. Then the potential returned more slowly to the original value. The hyperpolarization was associated with an approximately 50% decrease in membrane resistance. Neither Na+ nor Cl- seemed to be important for the hyperpolarizing response, since bradykinin elicited similar hyperpolarizations in cells exposed to media in which Na+ or Cl- were replaced by choline or isethionate, respectively. Ca2+ fluxes are unlikely to be involved, since the addition of D600 did not affect the hyperpolarizations induced by bradykinin. However, a 10-fold increase in the concentration of K+ in the medium reduced the amplitude of the hyperpolarization by 40 mV. Thus, the hyperpolarization induced by bradykinin is associated with decrease in membrane resistance which is likely to be caused by an increased K+-conductance. The glioma cells showed a desensitization upon repeated application of bradykinin. However, the sensitivity of the cells to bradykinin was restored after 3-8 min of incubation in the absence of bradykinin. Since an antagonist of bradykinin is not known, the specificity of the action of bradykinin is difficult to assess. Nevertheless, the hyperpolarizing response to bradykinin appears to be specific insofar as other peptides, i.e. lutoliberin, thyroliberin, neurotensin, substance P and apamin, exerted no effect on the membrane potential of the glioma cells. Bradykinin-elicited hyperpolarizations with characteristics similar to those described above could also be demonstrated in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells, but not in multinucleated fibroblast cells. PMID- 7093677 TI - Effects of ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the medial preoptic area and the lateral hypothalamic area on sexual behavior in the male rat. AB - It is well known that electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) seriously impair masculine sexual behavior in the rat. We here report that bilateral infusions of the neurotoxin, ibotenic acid (IBO), in the MPOA were as effective as electrolytic lesions in eliminating copulation whereas no behavioral effects were detected following similar infusions in the LHA. Histological examination of MPOA and LHA following IBO exposure revealed extensive degeneration of neuronal cell bodies with little evidence of non-specific damage. Also, immunohistochemical studies suggested that the serotonergic innervation of the MPOA remained largely intact in spite of IBO treatment; similarly, the damage inflicted by IBO in LHA on tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in the medial forebrain bundle was insignificant. These data suggest that: (i) the functional integrity of MPOA nerve cell bodies is necessary for the expression of sexual behavior, and (ii) disruption of mating produced by electrolytic LHA lesions is due to disruption of medial forebrain bundle fiber systems. Behavioral observations of non-copulating males suggested that the MPOA injury did not interfere with all aspects of their sexual interaction with the estrous female; rather, they appeared specifically unable to perform the reflexive pelvic thrust pattern normally associated with mounting. We here report, however, that the ability to perform mounts with pelvic thrusts was temporarily restored in the vast majority of MPOA-injured males by the i.p. administration of the ergot derivative, lisuride. About 50% of these MPOA-damaged males even ejaculated, often after a low number of intromissions and short ejaculation latencies. On the other hand, injections of naloxone (an opiate receptor antagonist) failed to activate mounting in MPOA-lesioned or castrated rats. On the basis of these findings the possible ways in which steroid hormone sensitive brain areas might interact with monoamine-containing pathways are discussed.U PMID- 7093678 TI - A comparison of hypothalami of rats and mice: lack of gross sexual dimorphism in the mouse. AB - Anterior hypothalami from 10 male and 10 female CBA/j type mice were sectioned serially and examined histologically for possible sexual dimorphisms in appearance and size of neuronal aggregations. Measurements of volumes of suprachiasmatic nuclei and an adjacent cell aggregation, designated as the medial portion of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHm) and similar in appearance and position to the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat, were made. In contrast to known sexual dimophism present in the rat, no sex differences in volumes of mouse hypothalamic structures were found. This lack of gross sexual dimorphism in the mouse could be explained by (a) insensitivity of dividing and developing AHm neurons to androgens, or by (b) a possible influence of androgens upon overall AHm morphology in both sexes, due to transfer of androgens from males to females in utero. PMID- 7093680 TI - Spinal afferents for peripheral osmoreceptors in the rat. AB - Superfusion of the hepatic portal vein with hypertonic saline solutions increases the electrical activity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract. Bilateral cervical vagotomy had no effect on this response in all rats studied. Section of the hepatic branch of the vagus abolished the hypothalamic response in only two animals, but injection of xylocaine into the spinal cord at thoracic levels abolished the response in all remaining animals. The results suggest that peripheral osmoreceptors of the portal vein activate the hypothalamo neurohypophysial system through a spinal afferent pathway. PMID- 7093679 TI - The role of the flocculus in vestibular compensation after hemilabyrinthectomy. AB - Unilateral lesions of the cerebellar flocculus were made in two groups of cats chronically implanted for eye-movement recording. In the first group (3 cats), the floccular lesion preceded by 40-70 days a unilateral labyrinthectomy on the contralateral side. In the second group (5 cats), the serial order of the two lesions was reverted, the unilateral flocculectomy following unilateral labyrinthectomy by about 60 days in 2 animals and by 16-27 months in the other 3. The effects of the unilateral labyrinthectomy on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (spontaneous nystagmus and asymmetrical responses) were extensively tested by using natural vestibular stimulations. It was found that recovery from these effects was severely delayed in animals from the first group (flocculectomy prior to labyrinthectomy), although in animals from the second group the flocculectomy secondary to the labyrinthectomy only produced a transient asymmetry of vestibulo ocular responses. It is concluded that the flocculus is required for initiating (not for maintaining), the compensatory process following peripheral lesions of the vestibular system. PMID- 7093681 TI - Divergent strabismus following neonatal callosal section is due to a failure of convergence. AB - Eye alignment was measured in neonatal callosum-sectioned cats that were 1-3 years old. Alignment was measured from photographs of the cat's corneal reflex when alert, anesthetized and paralyzed, and by plotting to optic disc separation during paralysis. The callosal alignment was equally divergent when alert and paralyzed and was identical to the control alignment under paralysis. Therefore, the alert callosal divergence results from a failure to converge the eyes. PMID- 7093683 TI - Neonatal capsaicin does not affect unmyelinated efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system: functional evidence. AB - Visceral nociceptive thresholds, viscero-visceral reflexes and the effects of efferent stimulation of autonomic nerves has been studied in adult rats treated at birth with capsaicin. These animals showed visceral analgesia and depressed visceral reflexes. However, stimulation of unmyelinated efferent fibers in autonomic nerves produced normal effects. It is concluded that neonatal treatment with capsaicin destroys selectively unmyelinated afferent fibers. PMID- 7093684 TI - Thalamic bursting mechanism: an inward slow current revealed by membrane hyperpolarization. AB - Hyperpolarization of the ventrolateral thalamic cell membrane reveals a slow inward current which is not normally observed at the resting membrane potential. The response evoked by depolarizing synaptic potentials or depolarizing current pulses from a hyperpolarized potential consists of a burst of action potentials superimposed upon a slow voltage response, in contrast to the single active response evoked without the background polarization. We propose that such behavior is caused by a slow inward current that is activated at subthreshold potentials and inactivated or masked at resting potential. PMID- 7093682 TI - Electrophysiological evidence for branching nigral projections to pontine reticular formation, superior colliculus and thalamus. AB - Neurons of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra were activated antidromically by stimulating pontine reticular formation, superior colliculus and thalamus. Many nigral neurons (42.6%) were activated antidromically from pontine reticular formation ipsilaterally and about a half of them had branching axons to superior colliculus and/or thalamus. PMID- 7093685 TI - Pipecolic acid: a new type of alpha-amino acid possessing bicuculline-sensitive action in the mammalian brain. AB - Using unit recording and electrophoretic techniques, pharmacological properties of pipecolic acid (PA) were studied in the brain neurons of rats. PA response was blocked by bicuculline more effectively than GABA response but not blocked by strychnine. Stereochemical findings obtained using the HGS-model demonstrated that PA structure is almost the same as a part of bicuculline structure. The present results suggest that PA might be a new type of substance possessing bicuculline-sensitive action. The site of the action of PA was also discussed. PMID- 7093686 TI - Intracortical kainic acid induces an asymmetrical behavioral response in the rat. AB - Five nanomolar doses of kainic acid injected into the right frontal cortex of rats produced a significantly greater spontaneous hyperactivity than identical injections into the left hemisphere. Hyperactivity began one week after injection and slowly continued to increase throughout the 30 day postoperative period. These results taken with our previous studies suggest that the neural asymmetry which leads to hyperactivity following right hemisphere lesions may be postsynaptic to cortical noradrenergic terminals. PMID- 7093687 TI - Studies on the accessibility of prolactin and growth hormone to brain: effect of opiate agonists on hormone levels in serial, simultaneous plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples in the rhesus monkey. AB - The accessibility of prolactin and growth hormone to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated in rhesus monkeys fitted with reservoirs connected to catheters placed in the fourth ventricle. Simultaneous blood and CSF samples were collected after opiate agonists. There was a brisk, marked rise in plasma prolactin following i.v. morphine sulphate which was followed by a slower, lesser rise in CSF prolactin. After i.v. D-Ala2,MePhe4,Met-O-(ol)-enkephalin (DAMME, FK 33-824, Sandoz) two animals responded similarly but the third showed a much smaller plasma and absent CSF response. Growth hormone showed inconsistent plasma patterns after morphine but a late rise following DAMME; however, CSF growth hormone did not change. Infusion of exogenous human prolactin produced plasma and CSF prolactin levels of similar magnitude and time-course as following opiate agonists. Infusions of larger amounts of purified human growth hormone greatly elevated plasma levels but only led to modest increases in CSF growth hormone. It is concluded that prolactin has relatively ready access to CSF, especially in comparison to growth hormone. The possible significance and mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 7093688 TI - Opioid peptides decrease calcium-dependent action potential duration of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in cell culture. AB - We investigated opioid peptide actions on somatic calcium-dependent action potentials of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grown in primary dissociated cell culture. We report that leucine-enkephalin decreased the duration and amplitude of DRG somatic calcium-dependent action potentials. The opioid peptide action was dose-dependent over 20 nM to 5 microM and was antagonized by naloxone, consistent with mediation by opiate receptors. Thus, DRG neuron membranes have opiate receptors which act to decrease calcium influx. It is more likely, therefore, that opiate receptors on the somata of DRG neurons in culture are functionally similar to opiate receptors on primary afferent terminals. PMID- 7093689 TI - Depressive effect of high frequency peripheral conditioning stimulation upon the nociceptive component of the human blink reflex. Lack of naloxone effect. AB - High frequency (100 Hz) low intensity (2 mA) peripheral conditioning stimulation of either segmental or heterosegmental cutaneous nerves induced non-naloxone reversible depression of the nociceptive component of the human blink reflex. Electrophysiological studies suggest that this depression is due to a local synaptic inhibitory mechanism involving convergence interactions between several cutaneous afferents onto a same internuncial pool in the trigemino-facial path. PMID- 7093690 TI - Perikaryal routing of newly synthesized proteins in regenerating neurons: quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography. AB - Intracellular transport of newly synthesized proteins through organelles in the perikarya of regenerating goldfish retinal ganglion cells was studied using electron microscopic autoradiography. Retinas were removed 14 or 30 days after optic tract cut or sham operation, pulse-labeled in [3H]proline-containing medium for 5 min, and then chase-incubated in medium containing unlabeled proline for various times up to 55 min before fixation. Fourteen days after axotomy, during rapid growth of the regenerating axons, the time course of change of relative grain density (% grains/% area) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum in regenerating cells was almost identical to that in control cells. However, the grain distribution analysis revealed an increased delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus, perikaryal plasma membrane and nucleus in regenerating cells. Thirty days after axotomy, during synaptogenesis, Golgi apparatus labeling in the regenerating cells became significantly higher than control, but the increase was delayed compared to the increase seen 14 days after axotomy. Labeling of the plasma membrane and nucleus did not rise above control in 30-day regenerating cells chase-incubated for up to 55 min. Thus the pattern of intracellular transport of newly synthesized proteins varies with the stage stage of axonal regeneration. PMID- 7093691 TI - Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia. AB - In the CA1 subfield of the gerbil hippocampus, an unusual series of changes were noticed after ischemia. Mongolian gerbils were subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion for 5 min. Perfusion fixation was performed 3, 6 and 12 h or 1, 2, 4, 7 and 21 days afterwards. Specimens obtained from the dorsal hippocampus were processed for light and electron microscopy. Three different types of changes were observed in the CA4, CA2 and CA1 subfields. In CA4, the change was rapid and corresponded to ischemic cell change. The alteration in CA2 was relatively slow, and identical to what has been called reactive change. On the contrary, the change in the CA1 pyramidal cells was very slow, only becoming apparent by light microscopy 2 days following ischemia. The CA1 subfield was selected for electron microscopic observation. The lamellar alignment of proliferated cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum was the most conspicuous finding in these cells. Four days following ischemia, almost all of the pyramidal cells in CA1 were destroyed. In the CA1 neuropil, numerous presynaptic terminals remained without being apposed to normal postsynaptic sites. These changes in CA1, called here 'delayed neuronal death', may differ from those thought to be typical of ischemic neuronal damage. It was unlikely that the disturbance of local blood vessels was the cause of these changes. PMID- 7093693 TI - Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site. AB - Bilateral pontine tegmental lesions in cats release a state of paradoxical sleep (PS) without atonia that possess all other electrographic criteria of PS. PS without atonia has been previously considered as a unitary phenomenon, but the present work demonstrates that different behavioral syndromes result from different lesion placements. Five of 25 cats exhibited the minimal syndrome of increased proximal limb and head movements. The head was not raised; and coordinated behavior was not seen. The nuchal electromyogram (EMG) showed tone for 25-100% of such an episode. Selective destruction of the origin (n = 2) or caudally projecting fibers (n = 1), of the tegmentoreticular pathway released this minimal syndrome of unorganized limb and head movements. This pathway had previously been proposed to mediate atonia, but the present work demonstrates that additional damage is necessary to release tone completely as well as the elaborate behaviors discussed below. Eight cats raised their heads, righted their forequarters, and moved head, neck and forelimbs in movements resembling orienting, staring, reaching and attempting to stand. The lesions releasing such behavior were centered at P = 3.0, H = 2.0, V = -4.0, and damaged a region projecting to the superior colliculus. Two cats with slightly more ventral lesions did not exhibit the orienting behavior. Six cats demonstrated violent phasic behavior resembling attack punctuating tonic periods of quiet staring or searching movements. Attack resulted from damage extending rostroventrally into the midbrain at P = 2.0, H = 2.5, V = -4.5 (4/6) or from unilateral damage to a lateral pathway arising in the central amygdalar nucleus (2/6). In 4 cats, coordinated fore- and hindlimb activation resulted in locomotion during PS. Walking resulted from larger, more ventral lesions centered at P = 3.0, H = 2.0, V = -5.5. Considering the anatomy of the lesions in relationship to brain stem systems known to play a role in orienting, attack and locomotion, we conclude that inhibitory systems were damaged by these lesions and that PS without atonia is not simply a state during which neural activity of normal PS can be expressed behaviorally. PMID- 7093694 TI - Deficiency of corpus callosum varies with strain and supplier of the mice. AB - Six inbred strains of adult mice either obtained from commercial suppliers or bred in the author's laboratory at Waterloo were assessed for size of body, brain and corpus callosum (CC) at a wide range of ages. Because almost all measures varied significantly with age, a simple regression procedure was used to minimize age effects statistically. The strains A/J, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J differed substantially in brain size and size of CC, but none of these animals ever showed severe deficits of CC fibres crossing the midsagittal plane. For these 3 strains the sizes of body, brain and CC were larger when bred at the Jackson Laboratory than at Waterloo. Two BALB/c strains obtained from different suppliers had over 30% of mice with defective CC, ranging continuously from total absence of transcortical fibres to slightly reduced CC size. For these two strains bred at Waterloo, brain sizes were larger and CC defects were much less frequent than when bred by commercial suppliers. The strain 129/J had a 71% frequency of CC defects when reared at the Jackson Laboratory but 38% defects when bred and reared at Waterloo. However, bodies of 129/J mice bred at Jackson were larger than those bred at Waterloo. These results show that relatively small differences in rearing conditions can have relatively large effects on certain aspects of brain development. PMID- 7093692 TI - The calculation of the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH][H+] ratio in brain: effect of electroconvulsive seizure. AB - This study is an investigation into the validity of calculating the mitochondrial redox state in brain in vivo using models of seizure and anoxia in rats. At six intervals following electroconvulsive seizure (0.5-10 min) and after 5 min of complete anoxia, multiple metabolites were measured in freeze-blown or freeze clamped brain. From substrate ratios, the apparent changes in the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH] [H+] ratio were calculated from the L-glutamate dehydrogenase reaction [EC 1.4.1.3] and compared with shifts in the oxidized to reduced ratio of total ubiquinone (a component of the mitochondrial phosphorylation chain). During complete anoxia the calculated mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH] [H+] ratio and the ubiquinone redox ratio both became more reduced by a factor of approximately 7. In contrast, following seizure the two indicators of the mitochondrial redox state moved in opposite directions. Mainly because of a large increase in tissue NH4+, the calculated mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH] [H+] ratio paradoxically became more oxidized, plateauing between 2 and 10 min post seizure at a value approximately double that of the control. At the same time, however, the ubiquinone redox state fell to one-half the control value at two min and moved back towards normal between 5 and 10 min after the onset of the seizure. The results have been taken to be evidence against the applicability of the calculation of the mitochondrial free [NAD+]/[NADH] [H+] ratio from the L glutamate dehydrogenase reaction in brain at least under conditions of rapid change. The results also suggest the possibility that the NH4+ produced during seizure is extra-mitochondrial and has relatively little tendency to diffuse into the matrix. PMID- 7093695 TI - Quantitative ultrastructural changes in rat cortical synapses during early-, mid- and late-adulthood. AB - Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of rat parietal cortex was undertaken to determine the nature of the synaptic changes occurring in the molecular layer over a series of ages in early- (3 months), mid- (6 and 10 months) and late- (17 months) adulthood. The total number of synapses remained constant until 10 months of age, but decreased significantly by 17 months. Asymmetrical synapses on dendritic shafts were lost earlier (by 6 months) than asymmetrical synapses on dendritic spines (by 17 months). Symmetrical axodendritic synapses remained constant throughout adulthood. Analysis of synaptic terminal parameters revealed the following. Both individual and total presynaptic terminal areas decreased over the age range studied. Individual and total postsynaptic terminal areas, however, remained constant over the 3--17-month period. Positive correlations were obtained for the relationships between presynaptic terminal area and both age and synaptic vesicle number. The presynaptic terminal area was largest and contained the greatest number of vesicles at 3 months of age. This age was, in addition, characterized by the least numbers of mitochondria in the presynaptic terminal and spine apparatus in the postsynaptic terminal. The vacuolar and tubular cisternae of the presynaptic terminal were considerably reduced at 17 months. These data suggest that in the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex the period of adulthood is characterized by a diversity of synaptic changes. The 3 month age may reflect the end of the developmental phase and may be marked by changes in synaptic functional activity. The asymmetrical axodendritic synapses may constitute an intermediate form of synapse, capable of being transformed into axospinous synapses as dendritic spines continue to be formed in the adult. PMID- 7093696 TI - Autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies of areas of spinal cord occupied by Schwann cells and Schwann cell myelin. AB - Schwann cells, peripheral-type myelin and connective tissue elements develop within the dorsal portion of the X-irradiated spinal cord in immature rats. Factors controlling the distribution of these elements within the irradiated site are not fully understood. In the present study [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to examine proliferative activities of cells in these areas occupied by peripheral nervous system components, and correlative ultrastructural evaluations were made. At 15 and 20 days post-irradiation (P-I), the Schwann cells occupied the dorsolateral portions of the dorsal funiculi, and heavily labeled cells occurred throughout these areas. By 25 days P-I the Schwann cells extended ventrally into the depths of the dorsal funiculi and into the dorsal gray matter, and labeled cells were concentrated in the deeper portions of these areas. Ultrastructurally, the Schwann cells and peripheral-type myelin were more mature in the superficial portions where proliferative activity was diminished. In contrast, much less mature, peripheral-type myelin occurred in the depths where the labeled cells were concentrated. At 30 and 45 days P-I, labeled cells were much less frequent but usually occurred in the depths when observed. Similarly, a dorsal-ventral gradient in maturity of peripheral-type myelin was evident ultrastructurally. By 60 and 90 days P-I, labeling was rare, and mature Schwann cell myelin was present throughout the areas. Astrocytes and their processes were less numerous in regions invaded by Schwann cells, as compared to controls, and studies are in progress to evaluate the relationships between these glial elements and intraspinal peripheral nervous system components. PMID- 7093697 TI - Afferents to the cortical larynx area in the monkey. AB - In 3 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cortical larynx area within the lower sensorimotor face cortex. Retrogradely labeled cells were found in a continuous band extending all along the upper bank of the Sylvian fissure from Broca's area rostrally to the parietal association cortex (area 7) caudally. In addition, labeled cells were found in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, orbital cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, supplementary motor area, insula and inferior temporal gyrus. Subcortically, labeled neurons were situated in the substantia innominata, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, lateral and posterior hypothalamus, the thalamic nuclei ventralis lateralis, ventralis posteromedialis, medialis dorsalis, centralis lateralis, centralis inferior, parafascicularis and pulvinaris, the periventricular gray, reticular formation, nucl. annularis, nucl. centralis superior (Bechterew) and locus coeruleus. Many of these structures are connected with the cortical larynx area reciprocally. The possible phonatory role of some of them is discussed. PMID- 7093698 TI - Differences in the distribution of specific glycoproteins among the regions of a single identified neuron. AB - Neurons are highly differentiated cells whose various regions must differ in macromolecular composition. This is demonstrated in the present study which shows that specific membrane glycoproteins are routed to particular sites in the cell. When [3H]fucose of [3H]N-acetylgalactosamine are injected into R2, the giant neuron of Aplysia, they are incorporated into relatively few glycoproteins, several of which can be readily identified from cell to cell. Because R2's cell body is so large, its surface membrane can be isolated 94% free of cytosol by manual dissection. The purity of the membrane was assessed by checking the distribution of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. R2's axon can also be analyzed separately from the cell body. At 24 h after injection, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that glycoprotein-I (mol. wt. 180,000) is the major labeled component of the external membrane where it is enriched relative to the content of the other cytosolic membranes. In contrast, glycoprotein-V (mol. wt. 90,000) predominates among the membranes of the axon. The disposition of glycoprotein-I in the external membrane was indicated by exposing R2 to low concentrations of pronase in situ 24 h after injection. Labeled glycopeptides were released from R2's surface and gel filtration and high voltage electrophoresis indicated that some of these were derived from glycoprotein-I. Examination of the isolated surface membrane after proteolysis showed a reduced amount of labeled glycoprotein-I. Consistent with these findings, a glycoprotein of similar molecular weight as component-I was labeled when R2 was treated with galactose oxidase and potassium borotritide. These results indicate that the carbohydrate moieties of glycoprotein-I extend from R2's surface. PMID- 7093699 TI - Calcium-binding protein distribution in the rat brain. AB - The distribution in the rat brain of a protein with properties similar to vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) was measured using a radioimmunoassay developed for mammalian brain CaBP. The cerebellum contained very high levels of CaBP in agreement with reports of CaBP distribution in the chick brain. The protein was distributed in large and unequal concentrations in different regions of the brain. Microdissection of the hippocampus revealed that, within a particular region, CaBP can have a marked differential distribution, suggesting that it is found in specific cell types. The significance of this protein is discussed in relation to the important functions of calcium in the CNS with particular emphasis being placed upon the possible role of CaBP as an intraneuronal calcium ion buffering system. PMID- 7093700 TI - Suppression of egg-laying during starvation in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by inhibition of the ovulation hormone producing caudo-dorsal cells. AB - Starvation inhibits egg-laying in the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. In starved animals the neurosecretory Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC), which produce the egg-laying hormone, are hyperpolarized as compared to the CDC of controls. However, they are more responsive to repetitive intracellular stimulation, which induces the hormone releasing discharge. Hyperpolarization is not found in the non neurosecretory Cerebral Giant Cells, which indicates that the effect is specific for the CDC. It is also a characteristic effect of starvation as compared to another treatment (dirty water) inhibiting egg-laying. PMID- 7093701 TI - Growth hormone (GH) immunoreactivity in the rodent and primate CNS: distribution, characterization and presence posthypophysectomy. AB - Using a specific sensitive radioimmunoassay, the distribution of growth hormone (GH) immunoreactivity in the rodent and primate central nervous system (CNS) was determined. Highest levels of extractable growth hormone-like materials were obtained from the rat amygdaloid nucleus, although other areas including cortex, hippocampus and the thalamus, contained immunoreactive material. Primate hypothalamus showed the highest levels of growth hormone immunoreactivity but it was also detectable in all regions examined. Forty-eight days posthypophysectomy, levels of GH immunoreactivity did not change in most rodent CNS areas studied. Moreover, levels in the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus, although demonstrating an initial fall, actually rose above control levels several weeks following hypophysectomy. Dispersed CNS cells from both intact and hypophysectomized rats continuously released a GH-like material into the growth medium during a 20-day period of tissue culture. This phenomenon was suppressed with the addition of somatostatin to the growth medium. Characterization of this readily extractable GH-like material using column chromatography, parallel displacement curves, and biologic assay in the hypophysectomized rat showed a similarity between the CNS growth hormone-like material and its pituitary counterpart. The blood-brain barrier was found to be most likely intact to circulating pituitary growth hormone lending further support to the CNS origin of this biologically active and immunoreactive GH-like material in the brain. PMID- 7093702 TI - Thyroxine treatment and recovery of hypothyroidism-induced pyramidal cell damage. AB - We have previously shown that changes occur in pyramids of area 17 of the rat visual cortex both after thyroidectomy (T) at 10 and at 40 days of age. To assess the effects of thyroxine treatment, instituted at different ages after T, two series of experiments were performed. A : rats were T at 10 days of age and either left untreated, or injected once daily with 1.5 micrograms thyroxine (T4)/100 g body weight. Treatment was started at 12, 15, 20, 30 or 40 days of age. Groups of untreated and T4-treated T rats and of age-paired intact controls were killed at different ages, ranging from 40 to 80 days. B : rats were T at 40 days of age, a group being treated with the same T4 dose starting 30 days after T. These animals, solvent-treated T rats and intact age-paired controls were killed at 90 days of age. The number and distribution of spines along the shaft of Golgi-stained pyramidal cells of the visual cortex were measured and fitted by a mathematical model developed previously. Body weights, pituitary growth hormone contents, plasma thyrotropic hormone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels were measured to assess the degree of hypothyroidism. It was found that treatment with T4 of rats T at 10 days of age prevented the alterations of pyramidal cells, provided treatment was started by 12 days of age and euthyroidism was maintained. In rats T at 40 days of age, treatment with T4 had an ameliorating effect despite a delay in onset of treatment of 30 days after T. Whatever the mechanisms which are involved, the present results stress once more the importance of very early treatment of hypothyroid newborns, if permanent cortical brain damage is to be prevented. PMID- 7093703 TI - Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and parabrachial nuclei: ultrastructural demonstration by degeneration and axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. AB - An ultrastructural analysis of the connections of the amygdala with the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) was carried out after electrolytic lesions or injections of horseradish peroxidase in the amygdala. Degenerating and labeled terminals originating from the amygdala formed axosomatic and axodendritic synapses in the PBN. In some instances, anterogradely labeled terminals synapsed with retrogradely labeled neurons. These results demonstrate that the amygdala and PBN have close reciprocal synaptic connections. PMID- 7093705 TI - Preservation of central auditory function in the deafness mouse. AB - Deafness mice are profoundly deaf from birth as a result of genetically determined cochlear dysfunction. Evoked potentials in response to direct electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve can readily be recorded in the inferior colliculus of deafness mice, and such responses are larger in amplitude than those in control mice. These observations indicate that at least some central connections become functional in the deafness central auditory pathway in the absence of peripheral stimulation, and are relevant to the general problem of restoring function by direct nerve stimulation in the profoundly deaf. PMID- 7093704 TI - Kolliker-Fuse nucleus: the principal source of pontine catecholaminergic cells projecting to the lumbar spinal cord of cat. AB - Using retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye Evans Blue (EB), in combination with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence, the ponto-spinal catecholaminergic pathways were investigated. The cells which contain catecholamine and project to the lumbar spinal cord of the cat are most densely concentrated in the Kolliker Fuse nucleus. Locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus area, and the parabrachial nuclei were found to have relatively few cells that both contain catecholamine and project to the lumbar spinal cord. PMID- 7093706 TI - Axon reflexes in spinal dorsal roots. AB - The existence of branching of myelinated dorsal root axons has been shown with electrophysiological techniques. The point at which the axons branch is several mm proximal to the ganglion. This observation may be relevant to the interpretation of studies which use spike-triggered averaging to investigate the pattern and the extent of the distribution of sensory information from primary afferent fibers to second-order neurons. PMID- 7093707 TI - Intracranial osmoreceptors control evaporation in the heat-stressed cat. AB - During heat stress, most mammals regulate body temperature by evaporating body water. Dehydrated mammals reduce their evaporative water losses and allow body temperature to rise. The physiological mechanism underlying this inhibition of evaporative cooling in dehydration have remained unclear. We now report that the rate of evaporation in dehydrated, heat-stressed cats is controlled by intracranial osmoreceptors and suggest that these receptors are part of a common central neural osmoreceptive mechanism regulating evaporative heat loss, renal water loss and thirst. PMID- 7093708 TI - Swimming as a method for assessing motor cortex integrity in the rat. AB - Rats were tested on 6 measures of swimming behavior 1, 2 and 4 weeks after sham operations or bilateral motor cortex lesions that damaged the forelimb areas and axons controlling the axial musculature. Rats with lesions performed more forelimb kicks and showed larger body angles than control animals. Number of hindlimb kicks and speed were within normal limits. Thus, some measures of swimming can be affected by small motor cortex lesions that spare the hindlimb projections. PMID- 7093709 TI - Decreased serotonin turnover in the dorsal hippocampus of rat brain shortly after adrenalectomy: selective normalization after corticosterone substitution. AB - Pargyline-induced accumulation of serotonin (5-HT) was used as an index of 5-HT turnover rate in the dorsal hippocampus. One hour after bilateral removal of the adrenals, 5-HT turnover was significantly reduced when compared to that of the sham-operated controls. A low dose of corticosterone given immediately after adrenalectomy restored the 5-HT response, while the same dose of dexamethasone was ineffective. Pretreatment with dexamethasone blocked the 5-HT response to corticosterone in the acutely adrenalectomized rat. The specificity of the 5-HT response in the hippocampus corresponds to the properties of the glucocorticoid receptor system in rat hippocampal neurons. PMID- 7093710 TI - Effects of sodium cyanide, dopamine and acetylcholine on the resting membrane potential of glomus cells in the rabbit. PMID- 7093711 TI - Glucocorticoid effects on the electrical properties of spinal motor neurons. AB - The effects of an intensive 7 day glucocorticoid (e.g. methylprednisolone) regimen have been studied on the electrical properties of cat lumbar spinal motor neurons via intracellular recording. The results reported in this paper have shown that glucocorticoid dosing produces numerous effects on motor neuron excitability and impulse generation and conduction. These include a resting hyperpolarization, a slowed conduction of an antidromic action potential through the initial axon segment and an increased threshold, a slowed rate of depolarization and a prolonged refractoriness of the soma-dendritic portion of the neuron. On the other hand, the excitability of the initial axon segment, where the nerve impulse is physiologically triggered, is increased as demonstrated by a decrease in the rheobasic current and an increased slope of the current-frequency relationship for repetitive discharge. An additional effect of the steroid is to augment the action potential after-depolarization. These results suggest a complex glucocorticoid action on specific ionic mechanisms which is discussed along with possible neurological and psychiatric implications. PMID- 7093712 TI - Ganglion cells and (dye-coupled) amacrine cells in the turtle retina that have possible synaptic connection. PMID- 7093713 TI - Corpus callosum lesions increase cholecystokinin concentrations in cortical areas with homeotopic connections. PMID- 7093714 TI - The effects of successive lesions on the time course of the sprouting response in the hippocampus of the rat. PMID- 7093715 TI - Effect of microwave irradiation on monoamine metabolism in dissected rat brain. AB - The effect of 5 kW microwave irradiation on monoamine metabolism was investigated in dissected regions of rat brain. Concentrations of intracerebral monoamines and their metabolites were simultaneously determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced by a 0.5 s irradiation in comparison with those of decapitated animals. When the duration of irradiation was prolonged by 1.5 s, on the other hand, the levels of monoamines were increased. The changes of metabolite concentrations were generally opposite direction for those of parent transmitters. These findings suggest that the microwave irradiation affects those concentrations and that a 1.5 s irradiation is recommended in order to completely inactivate the corresponding enzyme prior to the simultaneous determination of monoamines' related substances in dissected brain regions. PMID- 7093716 TI - Enkephalin immunoreactive stalked cells and lamina IIb islet cells in cat substantia gelatinosa. AB - Neurons in lamina II of the lumbar spinal cords of colchicine-pretreated cats were stained immunocytochemically for enkephalin. Two morphological types were found. The most common type had the light microscopic characteristics of stalked cell. The other type was found in the deep part of the lamina and had the light and electron microscopic characteristics of the lamina IIb islet cell. PMID- 7093717 TI - Acute effects of intravenous glucocorticoid on cat spinal motor neuron electrical properties. AB - The acute effects of a single large intravenous dose of methylprednisolone were examined on the resting membrane potentials and the antidromic action potentials characteristics in cat lumbar spinal motor neurons via intracellular recording. A 30 mg/kg glucocorticoid dose was found to cause a 3.5 mV hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. An examination of the effects of the single dose on the conduction and generation of an antidromic action potential revealed an increased conduction velocity along the myelinated motor axon, a decreased conduction rate through the unmyelinated initial axon segment, an increased threshold for antidromic soma-dendritic activation, a decreased action potential zero overshoot and a faster repolarization. All of these effects were greatest after the 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone dose except for the increase in the antidromic soma-dendritic threshold which was even greater after 60 mg/kg. The 30 mg/kg dose also caused a stimulus-bound repetitive discharge in a third of the motor neurons which appeared to arise in the myelinated motor axon or initial axon segment. The neurophysiological implications of these acute glucocorticoid actions are discussed. PMID- 7093718 TI - Vomeronasal and olfactory pathways to the amygdala controlling male hamster sexual behavior: autoradiographic and behavioral analyses. AB - Previous studies suggest that the rostral corticomedial amygdala (CMA), particularly the medial nucleus, is an important site where vomeronasal and olfactory stimuli critical to male hamster copulatory behavior are processed. To test the possibility that mating deficits seen after lesions of the rostrally placed medial nucleus may be due to the interruption of chemosensory afferents to more caudal areas, we injected tritiated amino acids into the accessory and main olfactory bulbs of male hamsters in which we had first produced bilateral electrolytic lesions or sham lesions in either the rostral CMA or basolateral amygdala, and then observed mating behavior. Autoradiographic analysis of "vomeronasal' projections from the accessory olfactory bulb and "olfactory' projections from the main bulb, revealed that rostral CMA lesions which damaged the medial nucleus and extended to the ventral surface of the brain (ventral lesions) interrupted vomeronasal input to the more caudally-placed posteromedial cortical nucleus, but spared olfactory inputs to adjacent caudal areas of the amygdala and piriform lobe. In contrast, lesions which damaged a major portion of the medial nucleus but left its ventral surface intact (dorsal lesions) spared both vomeronasal and olfactory inputs to more caudal areas. Animals with both dorsal and ventral lesions failed to mate postoperatively, whereas animals bearing sham lesions of basolateral amygdaloid lesions, which, like dorsal lesions, spared caudally-directed chemosensory afferents, continued to mate normally. We conclude that mating deficits seen after rostral CMA lesions are due primarily to destruction of the medial nucleus. PMID- 7093719 TI - Organization of the habenulo-interpeduncular connections in cats: a horseradish peroxidase study. AB - The afferent fiber connections to the interpeduncular (IP) complex were demonstrated by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cats. The HRP was injected into each nucleus of the IP complex, that is the central nucleus (IPC), the paramedian nucleus (IPP), the apical nucleus (IPA), and the posterior nucleus (IPN) including the outer division (IPO) and the inner division (IPI), and surrounding areas of the IP complex, using a ventral or dorsal surgical approaches. Most of the labeled neurons were in the medial habenular nucleus (MH) and each of the sub-nuclei of the IP complex was related to a specific part of the MH. Thus, the mediodorsal part of MH projected to the IPC, the medioventral part of MH projected to the IPI, the laterodorsal part of MH projected to the IPA, and the lateroventral part of MH projected to the IPP and the IPO. There were a few labeled cells in the accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD), the nucleus centralis superior, the nucleus of the locus coeruleus, the gray matter of the floor of the fourth ventricle, and the nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, but there were no obvious patterns in the projections of these nuclei to the different sub-nuclei of the IP complex. When the area of the HRP injection involved the midbrain reticular formation adjacent to the IP complex and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (RT) but not the IP complex itself, there were many labeled cells in the lateral habenular nucleus and the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei, but there were no labeled cells in the medial habenular nucleus. PMID- 7093720 TI - Alteration of the electrophysiological activity in sympathetic ganglia infected with a neurotropic virus. I. Presynaptic origin of the spontaneous bioelectric activity. AB - The bioelectric activity of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) was examined in vitro 30-38 h after inoculation. Simultaneous intra- and extracellular recordings on the internal (ICN) and external carotid nerves (ECN) revealed a synchronized spontaneous activity. This synchronization can be ascribed either to the functional organization of the ganglion or to the mechanism of initiation itself. In the infected ganglia two categories of cells were observed: cells displaying abnormal spontaneous discharges, and silent cells whose electrophysiological behavior was similar to control cells. Spontaneously active cells showed intermittent spiking and bursting activity. The discharge pattern was associated with the firing rate of the emitting cell: sporadically active cells emitted single spikes whereas highly active cells fired bursts of action potentials (APs). Long lasting intracellular recordings demonstrated that the cells undergo gradual changes evolving from sporadic on to high activity. Spontaneous APs usually rode on prepotentials similar to the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). A comparative study of spontaneous prepotentials and orthodromically evoked EPSPs in the same cell demonstrated that the spontaneous prepotentials are real synaptic potentials. No pace-maker potentials were observed. The passive and active electrical membrane properties of spontaneously active neurons were not different from those of silent cells or control cells impaled in uninfected ganglia. D-Tubocurarine abolished the spontaneous activity in the whole ganglion. Ortho- and antidromic electrical stimulations of suprathreshold intensity elicited an evoked response in neurons displaying spontaneous activity, followed by a delayed burst whose shape was similar to the spontaneous burst of the cell. Stimuli of subthreshold intensities induced this delayed burst independently from the evoked response. We conclude that the spontaneous bioelectrical activity is of presynaptic, but not necessarily of preganglionic origin. The possible existence of a cholinergic intraganglionic pathway revealed by the viral infection is discussed. PMID- 7093721 TI - Brain barrier systems in the lamprey. I. Ultrastructure and permeability of cerebral blood vessels. AB - It is unclear whether the lamprey (class: cyclostomes) has a blood-brain barrier as in other vertebrates. Therefore, the present study re-examined the lamprey blood-brain barrier. Brain capillaries in the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), and their permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP; molecular weight 40,000) and microperoxidase (MP; molecular weight 2000) were studied in the electron microscope. All brain vessels were capillaries. Each capillary formed a single hairpin-like loop. Their endothelia contained vesicles and tubules which often opened to the surface, preferentially the abluminal. Tubules creating transendothelial channels were not observed. Adjacent endothelial cells interdigitated extensively. The intercellular cleft was obliterated by 2-7 punctate appositions or fusions of the membranes. Intravenously injected HRP and MP, which were allowed to circulate for up to 30 and 20 min, respectively, did not permeate the brain endothelium. Few endothelial vesicles or vacuoles were labelled by the tracers. In the intercellular clefts, reaction product was only observed in their luminal part. HRP injected into the brain ventricles permeated the ependyma and diffused into the brain intersitium. The tracer permeated the pericapillary sheath of glial cells and the endothelial basal lamina of the capillaries within this diffusion profile. Labelling of the cleft between adjacent endothelial cells was confined to their abluminal part. It is concluded that the lamprey has an endothelial blood-brain barrier to macromolecules. PMID- 7093722 TI - Brain barrier systems in the lamprey. II. Ultrastructure and permeability of the choroid plexus. AB - The lamprey choroid plexus was studied by electron microscopic techniques and the composition of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma compared as part of a characterization of the lamprey blood-brain barrier. It was shown that the ultrastructure of the lamprey choroid plexus is very similar to that of the mammalian plexus. A blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier to horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight 40,000) and microperoxidase (molecular weight 2000) was localized to apical tight junctions between the choroidal epithelial cells. Pinocytic uptake of the tracers took place particularly at the apical surface of the epithelium (after intravenous and intraventricular administration). Absorbed tracer-molecules were found in vacuoles presumably belonging to the well developed lysosomal apparatus of the epithelial cells. Extended Golgi-complexes, dense bodies and some multivesicular bodies were reactive for acid phosphatase activity. Measurements of protein, potassium and sodium in plasma and CSF revealed the same concentration differences previously observed in higher vertebrates. The present study lends further support to the view that the lamprey blood-brain barrier is similar to that of higher vertebrates. PMID- 7093723 TI - Postnatal changes in [3H]fucosyl glycopeptides of hamster optic nerve synaptosomal membrane. AB - Axonally transported glycopeptides of the optic nerve synaptosomal membrane were labeled in neonatal and adult hamsters by intraocular injection of [3H]fucose. A prominent polypeptide in the 50,000 molecular weight region was heavily labeled after eye-opening in 16-day-old and adult hamsters, but not in 5- or 12-day-olds. The data suggest that either synthesis or fucosylation of a major synaptosomal membrane glycopeptide is under developmental control and expressed primarily after the eye-lids open. PMID- 7093724 TI - Development of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in rat and effects of acoustic deprivation. AB - Patterns of normal development of the rat dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (DCN, VCN) and the changes induced in the adult by postnatal acoustic deprivation were examined using volumetric determinations. VCN and DCN showed striking increases in size during the interval from postnatal days 10 to 16 which includes meatus opening. Sound deprivation from postnatal day 10 resulted in the most pronounced reduction in both DCN and VCN. The findings suggest a sensitive period during which structural development in the cochlear nuclei is influenced by acoustic stimuli. PMID- 7093725 TI - Retinotopic organization of the striate cortex (area 17) in the reeler mutant mouse. PMID- 7093726 TI - Distribution of fucosyl-conjugates in rat cerebellar cells in vitro: binding patterns of Lotus tetragonolobus and Ulex europeus lectins. AB - Light microscope radioautographic procedures were employed to investigate the binding patterns of lectins derived from Lotus tetragonolobus (Lotus A) and Ulex europeus (UEA I) to the surfaces of rat cerebellar cells maintained in dispersed cell culture. Lotus A bound extensively to the surfaces of neuronal cell somata and neuronal processes at all time points investigated; the lectin also bound to nonneuronal cell surfaces, but to an extent much less than that for neurons. Lectin binding was completely inhibited by the presence of 0.1 M alpha-L-fucose in the reaction medium. Conversely, UEA I did not appear to bind to any significant extent to the surfaces of cerebellar cells in vitro at any stage of maintenance. The incorporation of [3H]fucose into fucosyl-conjugates by cerebellar neurons in culture was investigated using light microscope radioautography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods. Radioautographs indicated that the fucose came to be distributed throughout neuronal cell somata and processes and that, with increasing time, the grain density appeared to be highest over areas of neuropil and fascicles of cellular processes. The electrophoresis data demonstrated that, among others, the label was incorporated into prominent classes of polypeptides having nominal molecular weights of 400,000, 125,000, 91,000 and 46,000 daltons. PMID- 7093727 TI - Effects of oral administration of nerve growth factor and of its antiserum on sympathetic ganglia of neonatal mice. AB - When NGF is orally administered to neonatal mice at the daily doses of 10 micrograms/animal for a 1-week period, a marked volume increase of para- and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and neuronal hypertrophy are produced. Conversely oral administration of NGF antiserum to NGF for the same length of time, produces destruction of sympathetic nerve cells. The NGF effects correlate with the appearance in blood of this molecule in a biologically active form. PMID- 7093728 TI - The time of genesis, embryonic origin and differentiation of the brain stem monoamine neurons in the rhesus monkey. AB - Neurogenesis of the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigra (SN) and raphe nuclei (RN) was analyzed in autoradiograms prepared from postnatal rhesus monkeys that had been exposed to a pulse of [3H]thymidine on selected embryonic (E) days of the 165-day gestational period. Heavily labeled monoamine (MA) neurons were present only in monkeys exposed to the isotope between E27 and E36 with the peak around E30-E33. The majority of neurons generated on E30 eventually become situated in the medial part of the LC, whereas most cells of the lateral portion are generated on E32 and E33, indicating the existence of a mediolateral spatiotemporal gradient. Proliferation of neurons destined for the compact portion of the LC peaks around E32, whereas production of subcoeruleus cells proceeds more evenly throughout the E30-E33 period. SN neurons are generated between E36 and E43, with peak labeling around E38-E40, and no appreciable spatiotemporal gradients. Neurons of the ventral tegmental area are also generated between E38 and E43. Neurogenesis of the RN occurs between E28 and E43 with only a moderate rostrocaudal spatiotemporal gradient. Neurons of raphe dorsalis and centralis superior undergo final mitosis between E28 and E35, with the peak on E30, whereas cells of raphe magnus, pontis, obscurus and pallidus are produced between E35 and E43, with the peak between E38 and E40. In general, MA neurons that project to different targets may be produced simultaneously within each nucleus irrespective of any spatiotemporal gradients. Examination of another series of fetuses sacrificed at various short intervals after exposure to [3H]TdR revealed that all MA neurons arise in the ventricular zone with each MA nucleus being generated at a specific level of the brain stem. Postmitotic MA cells migrate to their final location along specific pathways, and settle in patterns corresponding to the sequence of their genesis. Morphometric analysis indicated that after reaching their final destinations, the somas and nuclei of all MA neurons grow according to the same tempo and sequence irrespective of the developmental schedules of their synaptic targets. PMID- 7093729 TI - Nerve growth factor stimulates neurite outgrowth from goldfish retinal explants: the influence of a prior lesion. AB - Goldfish (Carassius auratus) retinal explants, whose ganglion cells were 'primed' in vivo by an optic nerve crush at varying intervals prior to culture, were found to respond by enhanced neurite outgrowth to low (ng/ml) concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF). This in vitro response was dose-dependent and specific for NGF. The spontaneous fiber outgrowth which normally occurs in vitro in response to optic nerve lesion without exogenous NGF in the medium could be reduced by approximately 80% with administration of NGF antiserum. These observations strongly indicate the formation of an NGF-like molecule in the goldfish retina. The magnitude and sensitivity of the NGF response was dependent on the post-crush interval, referred to as days post-axotomy (DPA). Without a prior crush there was no response unless explants remained in culture 1-2 weeks before NGF treatment. NGF elicited the greatest increase in neurite outgrowth when administered to 7 DPA explants. With increasing intervals after axotomy the response decreased until by 35 DPA none could be elicited. PMID- 7093730 TI - Kindling in developing rats: persistence of seizures into adulthood. AB - The effects of kindling induced in developing rat pups were re-examined when the rats reached maturity. Eighteen-day-old rats, implanted with bipolar electrodes, were separated into the following 4 groups: the fully kindled group consisted of pups that developed generalized convulsions; the partially kindled group of pups that consistently displayed afterdischarges and occasionally behavioral focal seizures; the afterdischarge group of pups in which the afterdischarge threshold was measured and the non-stimulated group of pups implanted but not stimulated. Subsequently, the electrodes were removed and the rats were allowed to grow. At 65-70 days, the surviving rats and age matched controls were rekindled. The vulnerability to kindled convulsions at maturity, as expressed by the kindling rates, correlated directly with the severity of previous kindled seizures, but did not correlate with the presence of long standing gliotic lesions. These findings suggest that the neural alterations evoked by kindling persist and are not modified by the dynamic changes that occur with growth. PMID- 7093731 TI - An anterograde HRP study of retinal projections to the hypothalamus in the rat. AB - Retinal projections to the hypothalamus in the rat were examined using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After intraocular HRP injections, retinohypothalamic fibers were histochemically visualized by a highly sensitive HRP procedure using benzidine. Light microscopic evaluation of HRP labeling in the hypothalamus confirmed a retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the rostral part of the SCN labeling was observed in the ventromedial, ventral and the ventrolateral regions and was heavier on the contralateral than the ipsilateral site to the injected eye. In the most caudal part of the SCN labeling was observed in the medial region and was almost equal in amount bilaterally. Further, this study clearly demonstrates a new retinal fiber trajectory to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Some labeled retinal fibers were segregated from the dorsolateral margin of the main optic tract and continued into the LHA, supporting the notion of direct retino LHA projections. PMID- 7093733 TI - Changes in dendritic spine density in the preoptic area of the female rat at puberty. AB - Preoptic area (POA) neurons stained by a modification of the Golgi-Kopsch method were studied in developing female rats. Particular attention was focused on dendritic spine densities as they might be altered in relation to the onset of puberty. Neurons in the anterior superior and posterior superior portions of the POA showed an increase in mean spine density at the age of vaginal opening. The increase in dendritic spine density in the posterior inferior quadrant of POA occurred prior to vaginal opening. The entire posterior POA maintained peak levels of spine numbers through 55 days of age, but then exhibited a dramatic drop at 75 days. Thus, modification of the neuropil may well continue at least to this age. The increases in spine densities at vaginal opening for the superior POA quadrants, followed by relatively stable values, appear to implicate these areas in the timing of the onset of puberty. PMID- 7093735 TI - Junctions in rat neocortical explants cultured in TTX-, GABA-, and Mg++ environments. AB - The occurrence of various cell-to-cell contacts and membrane specializations was quantitated in neocortical explant cultures prepared from 18-day-old rat embryos and exposed continuously to tetrodotoxin (TTX), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and an elevated level of magnesium ions (Mg++), respectively. Chronic TTX treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of synapses, paired neuronal membrane thickenings and nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles; the area of the neuronal compartment also decreased. By contrast, the gap junctions between glial cells increased, although the glial paired membrane thickenings decreased in number per unit area. Long-term GABA and Mg++ exposures did not alter significantly the occurrence of any of the cell contacts and membrane specializations analyzed when compared to control values. The results suggest an inhibitory effect of TTX on neuronal maturation and synapse formation in explant cultures of rat neocortex; this may lead secondarily to an increased demand for glial cell-to-cell communication. PMID- 7093732 TI - Plasma LH levels in the long term ovariectomized rat after anterolateral deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus and lesions in the medial preoptic area. AB - This study was designed to investigate the effect of anterolateral hypothalamic deafferentiation (ALHD) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) lesions on plasma LH levels in the long term ovariectomized rat. The deafferentations were carried out with a Halasz-Pupp knife (radius of 1.5 mm and height of 2.0 mm) and the MPOA lesions with a platinum electrode. Sham treated and an intact group served as controls. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein under light ether anesthesia before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after brain surgery. After the sixth week sample all rats were treated with 50 micrograms of estradiol benzoate (EB) and two days later blood samples were collected during the morning and afternoon. Hypothalamic deafferentation resulted in a more significant (p less than 0.01) drop in plasma LH levels in one half of the group (ALHD-1) than in the other half (p less than 0.05) (ALHD-2) when compared to the controls. Treatment of the controls with EB resulted in a significant (p less than 0.01) depression of LH levels in the morning and an LH surge during the afternoon. EB also resulted in a suppression (p less than 0.01) of LH levels during the morning in all of the ALDH rats; however, only the ALHD-1 group had an LH surge during the afternoon following EB. Plasma LH levels in the ALHD-2 remained suppressed during the afternoon after EB treatment. Lesions in the MPOA had no effect on plasma LH levels at 1 to 6 weeks when compared to controls. Treatment of the MPOA lesion group with EB resulted in a significant (p less than 0.01) drop in plasma LH levels during the morning as well as the afternoon. These data suggest that the fibers that are critical for the control of tonic and phasic LH secretion enter the medial basal hypothalamus laterally and that the deafferentations carried out here were selective in interrupting fibers involved with tonic LH secretion in some rats and those involved with the phasic secretion in others. These data also suggest that the MOPA components involved with tonic LH secretion are separate from those controlling phasic LH secretion. PMID- 7093734 TI - Greater splanchnic nerve activity in the rat. AB - The greater splanchnic nerve trunks in the rat, unlike in other experimental animals, do not join celiac plexus directly. These nerve trunks join small ganglia, the cardiac ganglia, on either side. The cardiac ganglia are located about 1 cm rostro-lateral to unpaired celiac ganglion. The greater splanchnic nerve activity immediately proximal to celiac ganglion is predominantly post ganglionic in the rat. On the other hand, the activity of the greater splanchnic nerve proximal to the celiac ganglion is predominantly preganglionic in other experimental animals, (e.g., cat), In the rat, preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity is predominant in the segment of the greater splanchnic nerve proximal to the cardiac ganglion. PMID- 7093736 TI - Localization and acetylcholinesterase content of vagal efferent neurons. AB - The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) content of rat vagal efferent neurons was studied. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by cut vagal axons provided a means for localizing efferent cell bodies; tissue sections were then processed for the simultaneous visualization of HRP and AChE. A dorsal vagal efferent column contained the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, as a primary component, and extended caudally into the upper cervical spinal cord. A ventral column contained neurons in the nucleus ambiguus and the surrounding reticular formation. Although most of the vagal efferent neurons stained with moderate to heave intensity for AChE there were some HRP-labeled cells that contained little AChE and a small percentage in which AChE was absent. In spite of the fact that AChE has been demonstrated in certain non-cholinergic neurons, it has also been found in all cholinergic neurons. Therefore, the presence of AChE has been regarded as a necessary (but not sufficient) component for identifying cholinergic neurons. The absence of AChE in a small percentage of the vagal efferent neurons indicates that some preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerve are not cholinergic. PMID- 7093737 TI - Gustatory functions of the nucleus tractus solitarius in the rabbit. AB - Multiunit analysis revealed a rostral region of NTS containing cells responsive to taste stimulation of rostral tongue. Using representative stimuli for the 4 basic types of taste, maximal incidence and magnitude of response was found to NaCl, followed by HCl, sucrose and QHCl. Further analysis of temporal patterns of response to the tastants revealed differences among stimuli in latency and time course. A principal components analysis indicated that time course, apart from magnitude of response, could contribute to neural differentiation of tastants. Information was also derived on neural intensity functions for these basic types of tastants. Additional observations with sodium saccharin revealed minimal neuronal responsivity despite reported evidence of behavioral preference for this tastant by rabbits. PMID- 7093738 TI - Ultrastructural axonal pathology in experimentally diabetic and aging control rats. AB - Electron microscopic examination of tibial nerves from streptozotocin-diabetic, alloxan-diabetic and age-matched control rats was undertaken at two weeks and two, four, eight, and twelve months following the induction of diabetes. Many myelinated axons of both diabetic and control rats contained glycogen-like granules, axon-Schwann cell networks and fingerlike intrusions of myelin. These axonal changes were observed more frequently with advancing age and duration of diabetes, suggesting that they are related to aging or repeated injury. A larger proportion of diabetic axons than control axons were affected at early time periods, but by eight and twelve months the control axons were as frequently (or more frequently) involved as diabetic axons. Thus, experimental diabetes may confer upon peripheral myelinated axons an increased susceptability to aging or repeated injury. Specific morphologic abnormalities in peripheral myelinated axons associated uniquely with streptozotocin or alloxan diabetes in the rat were not noted. PMID- 7093739 TI - Hypothalamic microinjection of norepinephrine (NE) elevates and prolongs basal efflux of unmetabolized NE from injection site. AB - The effect of a microinjection of norepinephrine (NE) into the diencephalon of the rat was examined in terms of the subsequent endogenous activity of this amine. A push-pull guide cannula was first implanted stereotaxically with the tip resting in the rat's hypothalamus. Several days later, NE in a dose of 20 ng, 95 ng or 3.2 micrograms was microinjected in a volume of 0.5 microliters into the perifornical region. After a 30 min interval, the injection site was perfused, by means of push-pull cannulae with an artificial CSF at a rate of 25 microliters/min. The samples of perfusate collected one hour after the microinjection were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The results indicate that an unexpectedly high level of unmetabolized NE can be detected at the perfusion site. This NE is greater than the picogram quantities of NE present endogenously in the rat's hypothalamus. The persistent presence of the exogenously applied amine within a microinjection site could explain the longevity of a given pharmacological effect of an amine often seen with this injection procedure. Also, it suggests that the local metabolic degradation of the amine is not as rapid as one would expect. PMID- 7093740 TI - Quipazine has a biphasic effect on slow wave sleep and reduces REM sleep rebound in REM sleep deprived rats. AB - Rats implanted with electrodes for polygraphic recording were deprived of REM sleep for 24 hr. Following REM sleep deprivation animals were injected with quipazine maleate (7.5 mg/kg IP) and were polygraphically recorded for 48 hr. The results show that quipazine reduces REM sleep rebound and that it has a biphasic effect on slow-wave sleep: initial 6 hr suppression is followed by a delayed increase in the second 24 hr recording period. The initial suppression of slow wave sleep we attribute to the stimulation of central serotonergic receptors while the effect on REM sleep rebound may result from quipazine's action on central catecholamines. PMID- 7093741 TI - Associative and non-associative changes in unit activity of the rat hippocampus. AB - Two main types of neurons of the dorsal hippocampus were recorded in chronic rats during the classical conditioning of an arousal phenomenon (neocortical EEG desynchrony). The relative importance of the associative and non-associative factors was assessed by a differentiation procedure. In naive rats, during the "acquisition" session most type-I neurons rapidly acquired an "inhibitory" response closely parallel to the EEG response. Neither of these responses showed differentiation. Some type-II neurons acquired an "excitatory" response which was independent of the EEG response and which had a significant tendency to differentiation. These data were confirmed in rats submitted to several "retention" sessions. All the type-I neurons were undifferentiated while 11 out of 41 type-II neurons were differentiated. Type-I neurons were characterized by a bursting mode of discharge. Their activity was higher during slow wave sleep (SWS) than during wakefulness (W) or paradoxical mode of discharge. Most of the differentiated type-II neurons were more active during W and/or PS than during SWS. PMID- 7093742 TI - Age-related changes in the neuropil in the rat inferior olive nucleus: quantitative electron microscopic study. AB - Age-related ultrastructural changes in the neuropil in the rat inferior olive nucleus were examined at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months old. The profiles of axon terminals, dendrites and astroglial processes from random samplings within the neuropil were traced. Subsequently, the percentages of these profiled areas in relation to the area of neuropil (relative volume fraction) were examined using the image analyzer system. The relative volume fractions of both axon terminals and dendrites in relation to the neuropil were found to have decreased in the aged rats, while the relative volume fraction of astroglial processes had progressively increased with aging. PMID- 7093744 TI - Tryptamine modifies cortical neurone responses evoked by stimulation of nucleus raphe medianus. AB - Electrical stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) containing cell bodies in the nucleus raphe medianus (NRM) evoked complex responses on most cortical neurones. The predominant response pattern was biphasic, a short latency inhibition being followed by a long latency excitation. Occasional cells showed a third phase, a very long latency weak inhibition. When tryptamine was applied iontophoretically with ejecting currents which did not alter cell firing rate the excitatory effects of NRM stimulation were profoundly reduced. The initial inhibition of cell firing was not altered by tryptamine but some evidence suggested that the long latency inhibition could be potentiated. The results may suggest that tryptamine can modify the neuronal effects of synaptically released 5-hydroxytryptamine. PMID- 7093743 TI - Studies on 125I-alpha bungarotoxin binding sites in rat brain. AB - The distribution and properties of 125I-alpha bungarotoxin (125I-alpha BTX) binding in rat brain using micropunched tissue homogenates were examined with a binding technique. Highest level of 125I-alpha BTX binding was observed in the hypothalamus, followed by hippocampus, cortex, globus pallidus, nucleus caudatus and nucleus accumbens. Although high levels of 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H QNB) binding in the striatum were found at dorso-lateral sites and low levels in the central regions, the level of 125I-alpha BTX binding within the striatum was almost equal. There was no significant correlation between 125I-alpha BTX binding and choline uptake which could be useful as a marker for functional cholinergic nerve terminals. The inhibition of specific 125I-alpha BTX binding to the hippocampal homogenates by nicotine, d-tubocurarine and other nicotine drugs was studied. The results of these studies suggest that alpha BTX binding sites in the brain are not likely the binding sites of nicotine or the physiological ACh R sites. PMID- 7093745 TI - Behavioral effects of systemic injection of ibotenic acid manifested without neuromorphological correlates. AB - Behavioral and neuromorphological effects of intraperitoneally injected ibotenic acid (IBO) were investigated in rats. These injections led to a number of marked behavioral disturbances which ultimately resulted in the death of 6 of the 13 IBO treated rats. Despite marked changes in behavior, no morphological changes could be detected in the brain tissue of the surviving rats. PMID- 7093746 TI - A device enabling single unit recordings during head movements in cats. AB - An inexpensive light weight head restraint device enabling horizontal rotational head movements is described. The restrainer provides sufficient stability to allow prolonged single unit recording and is compatible with conventional recording techniques. PMID- 7093752 TI - [Extreme hemodilution and pulmonary lymph production (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093747 TI - [Response of regional vascular beds to adrenaline administration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093751 TI - [Contribution to the possibility of detailed follow-up of the heart atria activation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093749 TI - [Normal areas of end points of vectorcardiographic vectors QRS and T (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093750 TI - [Supraspinal control of changes of the H-reflex induced by light stimulation in hemiparetic patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093748 TI - [Accuracy of saccadic eye movements to visual and nonvisual stimuli (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093753 TI - [Examination of serum oxytocinase activity and estriol in 24-hour urine in prolonged gestation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093754 TI - [Evaluation of vascularization of immature and mature glomeruli (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093755 TI - [Methodical study concerning the possibility to follow up the electrical activity of the myometrium during pregnancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093756 TI - [Screening of problem alcoholism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093760 TI - [Tasks of biomedical research and health care after the 16th Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party]. PMID- 7093759 TI - [Expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid space and a study of its dynamics]. PMID- 7093757 TI - [The method of electric stimulation as a psychotherapeutic means (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093758 TI - [Tuboovarian actinomycosis in women using contraception by means of intrauterine devices of the type Dana (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093761 TI - [Group hierarchy and vegetative control of cardiac function in Macaques (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093762 TI - [Phonography of voluntary cough under pathological conditions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093765 TI - [Effect of ischemia on mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase activity in the myocardium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093763 TI - [Pharmacologic removal of guanethidine-induced blockade of neurogenic contractions of the veins (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093766 TI - [Protective effect of the antioxidant Dibunol on the function of the isolated ischemic heart (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093764 TI - [Effect of alpha-adrenergic block on minute cardiac output after 2 hours of intra aortic balloon counterpulsation]. PMID- 7093767 TI - [Relationship between the ultrastructure of the myocardium and survival time in patients with heart valve replacement. Evaluation of biopsies and clinical picture of patients who survived up to 10 years following operations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093768 TI - [Effect of increased intrapulmonary pressure on defense reflexes of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093770 TI - [The relation between cerebral blood flow and pressure changes in the cerebrospinal fluid space]. PMID- 7093769 TI - [Respiratory insufficiency in surgery of the elderly]. PMID- 7093771 TI - [The automatic perimeter octopus in clinic and research. Possibilities for using the new Octopus programs: F-series, SARGON, DELTA and SAPRO]. PMID- 7093772 TI - [Automation and recent technology in ophthalmology]. PMID- 7093773 TI - [Computer tomography, its principle and possibilities]. PMID- 7093775 TI - A new method of subjective refraction. PMID- 7093774 TI - [Significance of standardized echography in the diagnosis of orbital and periorbital lesions]. PMID- 7093776 TI - [Combined evaluation of echography and computed X-ray tomography in orbital diseases]. PMID- 7093777 TI - [Computer tomography of the orbit]. PMID- 7093778 TI - [Computer tomography of the orbit]. PMID- 7093779 TI - [Findings of axial and vertical computer tomography in changes in the intracranial visual pathways]. PMID- 7093780 TI - [Possibilities in the differentiation of orbital changes using early computer tomography]. PMID- 7093781 TI - [Using computer tomography in ophthalmology - examination with a body scanner somatome]. PMID- 7093782 TI - [Automated perimetry in diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 7093783 TI - [Computerized examination of light-induced response of the visual system with data storage and presentation in medical record form]. PMID- 7093785 TI - [Apparatus with microprocess controlled lens carriers for subjective determination of eyeglasses]. PMID- 7093784 TI - [Automatic determination of objectively measurable characteristic parameters - black vertex power of spectacle lenses and refraction of the eye]. PMID- 7093786 TI - [Comparative study of the autorefractor]. PMID- 7093787 TI - [Determination of spectral sensitivity of the visual system by Fourier interferometric stimulation]. PMID- 7093788 TI - [Skiascopy]. PMID- 7093789 TI - [Gullstrand's fundus microscopy - present developments]. PMID- 7093790 TI - [Computerized measurements of morphologically distinguishing features of the fundus oculi]. PMID- 7093792 TI - [Objective determination of visual acuity using visual evoked cortical potentials]. PMID- 7093791 TI - [Computer tomography in ophthalmological diseases]. PMID- 7093794 TI - An experience of hen-egg membrane as a biological dressing. PMID- 7093793 TI - Early vascular grafting to prevent upper extremity necrosis after electrical burns. AB - Presented in this paper are the surgical considerations in the management of 8 electrically injured patients, with special reference to the care for wrist damage associated with impaired blood flow, and the prospect for effective recovery. Sound surgical principles, such as early diagnosis and repair of artery damage, complete debridement of dead tissue and affective wound closure, in conjunction with intensive general treatment and overall planning, are necessary for maximally rehabilitated limbs. The electrically injured seem to have benefited a great deal from the procedures outlined, with a lowered incidence of amputation and a better functional recovery. PMID- 7093795 TI - Burn appearance and spontaneous healing: a prospective study. AB - In a prospective study to correlate initial burn wound appearance with burn wound appearance after 21 days of conservative wound care, it was found that all burn appearances (except the presence of thrombosed capillaries and charred, "leathery" skin) were associated with a high probability of spontaneous healing. These findings emphasize the difficulty of selecting those burn wounds likely to benefit from early excision and grafting unless, of course, the burn is obviously full-thickness. PMID- 7093796 TI - Changes in the microvasculature of skin subjected to thermal injury. AB - Guinea-pigs were anaesthetized and the caudal 50 per cent of the animal was scalded by immersion in boiling water (100 degrees C) for 3 seconds. Skin samples were obtained from 15 minutes to 24 hours after scalding. The microvascular alterations characteristic of experimentally-induced severe inflammatory responses were studied by electron microscopy. Large intercellular gaps were present in venule endothelium by 15 minutes after injury and in capillary endothelium by 30 minutes after injury. These were detectable for at least 24 hours after the burn. Extensive destruction was observed in peripheral nerves 15 minutes after injury. These were detectable for at least 24 hours after the burn. Extensive destruction was observed in peripheral nerves 15 minutes after injury and in endothelial cells 4 hours after scalding. No morphological evidence of a biphasic pattern of increased vascular permeability was detected in this material. The standardized, reproducible conditions of this study could be used to evaluate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory procedures of burn treatments of skin. PMID- 7093798 TI - Urine cortisol levels after burn injury. AB - The urinary level of cortisol has been assayed in 19 patients with burn injuries of varying severity over a 10-day period. Urine cortisol was increased in all patients over the initial days post burn when compared to normal health volunteers. In patients with the more severe burns mean cortisol levels correlated with the percentage body surface area of the burn. The overall pattern of cortisol excretion was similar in extent and duration to the changes in the levels of serum cortisol described in a previous study (Batstone et al., 1976). Further, urine cortisol excretion correlated with the levels of urine creatinine, magnesium, potassium and the sodium: potassium ratio lending further evidence to an important role of cortisol in peripheral tissue (particularly muscle). Cortisol output was still significantly raised at the end of the study period emphasizing the duration of the cortisol-induced catabolic drive after burn injury. PMID- 7093797 TI - A silicone-nylon laminated dressing (IP-758) for closure of excised or debrided burn wounds. AB - A synthetic dressing (IP-758) consisting of a silicone membrane with a laminated layer of nylon fabric was evaluated in patients as a substitute for biological materials to cover excised areas of burn wounds. During a 3-day interval, the tissue developed a tightly adherent bond to the synthetic dressing. The IP-758 conformed to irregularly-shaped regions and stretched with the movements of the wound surface. Seventeen burned children from 3 to 12 years of age and 1 adult are included in this study. In 12 cases, the mean area covered with the synthetic ranged from approximately 39 to 118 cm2. The average dressing remained in place for 3 days and was replaced once. Microbiological sampling (wet swab technique) of the area under the IP-758 after application of second dressing was compared with open control sites treated with topical antibiotics. The results with Staphylococcus aureus, a frequent contaminant, were similar for the two test areas. The IP-758 site in 6 patients contained an average of 10 3 S. aureus per swab test. Immediately following removal of the adherent IP-758 and control of local bleeding, the wounds in most patients provided excellent sites for autografts. The IP-758 dressing is well-tolerated, elastic and adherent to the burn wound permitting maturation of the wound to readily accept autografts. PMID- 7093799 TI - Treatment of burned hands. AB - One hundred and thirty-five cases of burned hands were reviewed retrospectively. These consisted of 80 acutely burned hands, and 55 burned contractures. Treatment for the acutely burned hands included initial plastic-bag coverage and early tangential excisions and skin graftings. No skin grafting was required for all the first-degree and some second-degree superficial burns while some second degree, all third-degree and deep superficial burns required early tangential excisions and skin resurfacing. The results were invariable satisfactory. The burned contractures were classified into four categories: the mild type; the claw type; the severely distorted type and the mutilated type. Treatment for the mild types consisted of release and different forms of skin grafting, Z-plasties and local flap repairs. Distant flaps were required for the claw and severely distorted types whilst the mutilated type was treated by amputation. The operative techniques to achieve satisfactory functional restorations were discussed. PMID- 7093801 TI - Studies on the serum levels of iron, copper and zinc and the urinary excretion of zinc after burn injury. AB - The levels of iron, copper and zinc in the serum of patients suffering burn injuries were measured. It was observed that serum zinc and copper did not change significantly after burn injury; values lying outside the laboratory's own normal range were rarely observed. There was a considerable increase in the output of zinc in the urine after burn injury. Raised levels of zinc in the urine were not observed until about a week after injury, but after that time highly significant changes occurred. The considerable day-to-day variation in zinc output suggests that a variety of causes give rise to the increased zinc excretion. PMID- 7093803 TI - [Psychological study of drug-prescribing behavior]. PMID- 7093800 TI - Repigmentation after burn injury in the guinea-pig. AB - The normal process of repigmentation of small partial- and full-thickness burn wounds in the guinea-pig has been studied visually, and by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of biopsy material, at various stages of healing. Repigmentation proceeded apace with re-epithelialization and occurred progressively from the periphery to the centre of the wound or scar. There was an initial lag period of 1 to 2 weeks post burn during which the melanocytes and melanin content of the regenerated epithelium were below or around normal control levels. Thereafter, the melanocytes and melanin were above normal levels and correlated with hyperpigmentation of the scar epithelium. Electron microscopy at 6 and 7 weeks post burn also confirmed the increased melanogenic and cytochrine activity of the melanocytes during this phase of burn healing. PMID- 7093802 TI - Behavioural changes in burned adult patients during their stay in hospital. AB - Using regular weekly interviews and entries on special record cards, the authors were able to study behavioural changes and psychological disorders in 53 adults patients with moderately severe burns admitted to a burns unit in a large Paris hospital. The changes observed followed a distinctive pattern and could be divided into four phases corresponding to admission, stabilization, recovery, and pre-discharge. The results of these studies may help to institute timely chemotherapy or psychotherapy and to provide the nursing staff with a better understanding of these patients. PMID- 7093804 TI - [The problem of the composition of health care teams]. PMID- 7093805 TI - [Multidiscipline aspects and approach to the evaluation of care for diabetics]. PMID- 7093806 TI - [Therapeutic innovations in ambulatory care]. PMID- 7093807 TI - Selection for feed efficiency in mice under AD libitum and restricted feeding terminated by fixed time or quantity of intake. AB - Mass selection for feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in mice was practiced for six generations in two lines fed ad libitum (AL) and two lines restricted to 80% of ad libitum (R). In one line of each pair of selected lines and test period was terminated after a fixed time (14 days) (TAL and TR) and in the second line of the pair after consumption of a fixed time (14 days) (TAL and TR) and in the second line of the pair after consumption of a fixed quantity of feed (WAL and WR). A random mating control line (C), also fed ad libitum was maintained throughout the study. Correlated traits measured were initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed consumption and litter size. A significant response in FCE was found in the TR and WR lines, the regression of response on generation number being -1.36 +/- 0.31 and -1.09 +/- 0.39 respectively. There was a significant decrease in initial weight on test in the TR and WAL lines and in those lines mature body weight was significantly lower than in the C line when measured in the sixth generation. Heritability of FCE was higher in the restricted line (0.31 +/- 0.12 for TR and 0.37 +/- 0.29 for WR) than in the ad libitum lines (0.13 +/- 0.20 for TAL and 0.13 +/- 0.25 for WAL). Heritability of FCE was 0.17 +/- 0.31 in the C line. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between FCE and weight gain were high and negative in all lines. Progeny from each line were tested in each of the other feeding regimes each generation to measure lin X feeding regime interaction. This interaction was statistically significant. PMID- 7093809 TI - Evaluation of the Cornell-Wisconsin centrifugal flotation technique for recovering trichostrongylid eggs from bovine feces. AB - Several variables in the Cornell-Wisconsin centrifugal flotation technique were studied using helminthologically sterile bovine feces to which known numbers of Haemonchus contortus eggs had been added. Neither mode of mixing (levigation versus conventional), volume (15-60 mL) of water used for making the feces water suspension nor specific gravity (1.20-1.33) of the sucrose flotation solution affected egg recovery. Optimal times for centrifugation at 264 x g of first the feces water and then the feces sucrose suspension were three and five minutes respectively. Under these conditions 62.6% of the eggs were recoverable and there was a linear relationship between the number of eggs recovered and those added to the feces. About 30% of the unrecovered eggs were found in the fecal debris retained on the strainer. About 5% of the unrecovered eggs were found in the supernatant discarded after the feces water centrifugation and also in the matrix of the viscous sucrose solution. Addition of the detergent Triton X-100 caused a decrease in egg recovery. False negatives were not encountered between 3 to 70 epg; at 1.44 epg there was only one in 14 samples. Optimum procedures for the technique are presented. PMID- 7093808 TI - Echocardiographic study of the anesthetized cat. AB - Echocardiographic parameters were recorded, measured and statistically analyzed on a population of normal cats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Results of the study are similar to those obtained by previous investigators. However, this investigation demonstrates the depressant effect of pentobarbital anesthesia on cardiac contractility and the percent change in the left ventricular minor diameter. Analysis by correlation indices shows a positive relationship between the left ventricular diastolic and systolic dimensions, the left ventricular diastolic dimension and the E to F slope of the anterior mitral valve, the left ventricular systolic dimension and the E to F slope, the percent change in left ventricular minor diameter and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening of the left ventricle and the left atrial dimension and body weight. A negative correlation exists between the left ventricular dimension at systole and the percent change in minor diameter of the left ventricle and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening. PMID- 7093810 TI - The kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes in normal calves given Corynebacterium parvum. AB - Two groups of calves, three in each group, were used to determine the kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes in normal calves and in calves given Corynebacterium parvum intravenously, using tritiated thymidine as an in vivo deoxyribonucleic acid label. In normal calves, the mean production time of labelled monocytes in the bone marrow was 36.4 +/- 2.04 hours. The turnover rate of labelled monocytes from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood was 5.4 +/- 0.3% per hour and the disappearance rate of labelled monocytes from the circulation was 0.9 +/- 0.3%. The half lives of labelled blood monocytes were 22.5 hours for cells with 16-30 grains and 19.5 hours for cells with 31-50 grains. Alveolar macrophages were derived from peripheral blood monocytes. In calves given C. parvum, the production time, turnover rate and half lives of labelled monocytes did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from the values in normal calves. PMID- 7093811 TI - Estimation of antemortem serum electrolytes and urea concentrations from vitreous humor collected postmortem. AB - Electrolyte and urea levels of vitreous humor collected from bovine eyes at various times postmortem, were compared with serum levels in the same animals. Provided the vitreous humor was filtered immediately after collection, measured levels of total calcium (Ca), potassium ions (K+), sodium ions (Na+) and urea nitrogen were very consistent. For 24 hours postmortem the concentrations of Ca, Na+ and urea nitrogen remained stable, while K+ increased to approximately 55% more than the immediate postmortem level. A small study using anesthetized dogs indicated that urea nitrogen levels of vitreous humor take several hours to equilibrate with elevated blood levels. Analysis of vitreous humor may be a useful adjunct to diagnosis in cases where antemortem clinical chemistry is absent or inadequate. PMID- 7093812 TI - Effect of stress on myocardial cells and blood levels of catecholamines in normal and amygdalectomized pigs. AB - The effects of restraint stress on heart activity, blood catecholamines and the development of myocardial necrosis were studied in five unoperated and five unsuccessfully amygdalectomized (sham-operated) pigs and compared with six bilaterally amygdalectomized pigs. In the sham-operated and the nonoperated animals, restraint stress often provoked intense tachycardia, as well as considerable elevations of blood catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline, associated with more or less widespread foci of myocardial necrosis. In contrast, the same restraint produced only minor heart rate increase in the six completely amygdalectomized animals; their blood noradrenaline levels were significantly lower and no myocardial necrosis could be detected, either macro- or microscopically. The results indicate that the amygdaloid part of the limbic system and the sympathoadrenal system are of importance in the induction of myocardial necrosis often noted in pigs when exposed to situations of severe mental stress. PMID- 7093813 TI - Characterization of strains of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. AB - Twenty-five strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in goats were examined for their biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phospholipase D activity. The strains were uniform in biochemical reactions, cultural characteristics, and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Presence of urease and phospholipase D and absence of pyrazinamidase were valuable criteria in the identification of C. pseudotuberculosis. PMID- 7093815 TI - Factors affecting the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of beef cow milk. AB - This paper reports the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of milk from Shorthorn cattle during the five month calf nursing period as well as the effect of prepartum administration of a single intramuscular dose of vitamin D3 or of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 on the milk mineral constituents. The colostrum of the group which received 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found to contain a higher percentage of calcium on the second and third day than the colostrum of control cows or those receiving D3. No differences occurred in colostrum magnesium or phosphorus contents due to prepartum treatment. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were all high in the first day of lactation, but declined until the third day after parturition. Milk calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of individual cows was not uniform throughout the lactation and the variation was different for different cows. PMID- 7093814 TI - Cell mediated immune response in miniature Sinclair swine bearing cutaneous melanomas. AB - Miniature Sinclair swine bearing cutaneous melanomas and nonmelanoma bearing littermate controls were tested for lymphocyte blastogenic response in a microculture assay. Lymphocytes were assayed for 3H-thymidine incorporation following stimulation with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. Treatment with all mitogens revealed a significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced proliferative capacity in melanoma swine as compared to littermate controls. These results lend further support for the use of miniature Sinclair swine as a research model for human melanoma. PMID- 7093816 TI - Occurrence of "Haemophilus somnus" in bovine semen and in the prepuce of bulls and steers. AB - Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 40 of 79 unprocessed bovine semen samples, 14 of 23 preputial washings of bulls and three of eight preputial washings of steers. The results indicate nonvenereal colonization of the male urogenital tract. It is suggested that dissemination of H. somnus from the urogenital tract may be of significance in the epizootiology of H. somnus associated diseases. PMID- 7093817 TI - Porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia. AB - An acute afebrile paretic condition was diagnosed in 16 of 100 feeder pigs between eight to ten weeks of age. Nine pigs died acutely and seven pigs were euthanized. Macroscopic lesions in the ventral horns of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord consisted of focal, bilateral, grey depressed areas. There was a bilateral symmetrical focal poliomyelomalacia histopathologically characterized by microcavitation, endothelial and glial cell proliferation and infiltration of eosinophils. Clinical and pathological findings resemble spontaneous and experimental lesions associated with acute nicotinamide deficiency and selenium toxicosis in swine. PMID- 7093818 TI - The cell surface of Propionibacterium acnes: effect of specific chemical modifications on the ability of vaccines to produce splenomegaly in mice. AB - The surface of Propionibacterium acnes, VPI 0009, was studied using microelectrophoresis following chemical treatments intended to modify specific charged groups. The effect of specific modifications on ability of cells to induce splenomegaly, an indicator of stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system, was also determined. There was little difference between pH mobility curves of P. acnes VPI 0009 and other strains of propionibacteria which were not able to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system. Amino and carboxyl groups were found to be the sole ionizable groups at the cell surface and modification of these groups caused a substantial decrease in the ability of cells to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system. No phosphate groups were detected. Evidence for two types of amino groups was found: one type was present on protein moieties and their modification did not affect ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system, whereas modification of the other type, which was present on carbohydrate moieties, caused a loss of ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system. Mild oxidation with sodium metaperiodate caused abolition of reticuloendothelial system stimulation, but had no effect on surface charged groups, indicating it was acting on the unsubstituted linkages of sugar residues. Treatments with strong acids caused abolition of ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system and this was accompanied by release of polysaccharide material. PMID- 7093819 TI - Electron microscopic study of bluegill virus. AB - Bluegill virus (BGV) grown in BF-2 cells was studied by negative staining and ultrathin sections of infected cells. Although BGV resembles bunyaviruses in gross physical appearance, it differs from this group in several important aspects. Thus, BGV cannot be classified as a member of the Bunyaviridae family and could be a representative of a novel family of enveloped RNA viruses. PMID- 7093820 TI - Antibodies to Francisella tularensis in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus struthopus) populations of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island and in the moose (Alces alces americana Clinton) population of Nova Scotia. PMID- 7093821 TI - Changes in protein and RNA during asexual differentiation of Physarum polycephalum. AB - Some of the events during the growth and asexual differentiation of Physarum polycephalum amoebae are described. Encysted amoebae contain low levels of protein and RNA. When these cells are mixed with bacteria and inoculated onto agar plates, there is an increase in cellular RNA content followed by an increase in protein content. The cellular RNA and protein contents of all strains tested decrease during the subsequent cell divisions. In nondifferentiating cells (strain Cl at 30 degrees C and strain LU648), RNA and protein contents continue to decrease, and the cell eventually encyst. In the asexually differentiating strain Cl grown at 26 degrees C, the cellular RNA and protein contents stop decreasing and begin to increase when the first amoebae become committed to form plasmodia. At early stages of differentiation a new 36,000 molecular weight polypeptide appears. In fully formed plasmodia another polypeptide of 38,000 molecular is observed. These two plasmodial-specific polypeptides are among the most abundant plasmodial proteins. PMID- 7093823 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid and blood thiamine concentrations in phenytoin-treated epileptics. AB - Thiamine and folate levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by microbiological assays in 23 control subjects and 11 phenytoin-treated epileptics. There was no significant difference between the two groups for serum and CSF folate levels. There was, however, a statistically significant difference between the groups for both whole blood thiamine and CSF thiamine levels. Epileptic patients being treated with phenytoin had lower values than control subjects. PMID- 7093822 TI - Heterotopic growth of dysplastic cerebellum in frontal encephalocele in an infant of a diabetic mother. AB - An infant of a diabetic mother lived 13 days after birth. She had a small dysplastic 12.6 gm. brain, partly forming a frontal encephalocele. The uncleaved forebrain contained a mass of poorly organized heterotopic cerebellar cortex. The cerebellum itself had normal lamination, but was small and continuous with the dysplastic tissue. The ventricular system was absent except for a few midline ependymal rosettes, and the cerebral cortex was not developed. The cerebellar dysplasia resembled a proliferative and invasive lesion by its rostral extension. PMID- 7093825 TI - Familial benign intracranial hypertension and depression. AB - Two sisters developed benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) two weeks following the resolution of a major depressive episode. The association of BIH and a major affective disorder in genetically related individuals has not been previously reported to our knowledge. Both conditions are associated with disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Falling corticosteroid levels in a resolving depression may result in impaired cerebrospinal fluid absorption and subsequent BIH. PMID- 7093824 TI - [Mollaret meningitis]. PMID- 7093826 TI - Extramedullary hematopoiesis simulating parasagittal meningioma. AB - We report a patient with polycythemia vera and myeloid metaplasia of nine years duration who developed raised intracranial pressure related to a mass obliterating the sagittal fissure. Although clinically and radiologically simulating a meningioma, biopsy revealed extramedullary hematopoiesis involving the falx cerebri. Although uncommon, this case illustrates that myeloproliferative disease can present with symptomatology and radiologic features similar to primary intracranial tumours. PMID- 7093828 TI - Parallel processing of cutaneous information in the somatosensory system of the cat. PMID- 7093827 TI - New data on the genetics of Parkinson's disease. AB - We investigated the clinical and metabolic characteristics of Parkinsonian patients whose illness started before the age of 40. A pilot study of 32 of our own such cases revealed the existence of 3 subgroups: 1. Post-Encephalitic, 2. Onset and course with predominant tremor, 3. Onset and course with akinesia and rigidity. In this early onset group of patients, there was a 46% incidence of familial cases (as opposed to 10-15% in the general Parkinson populations). The cases with tremor onset had a high prevalence of essential tremor in their families, while those with an akineto-rigid onset had a high familial incidence of other cases of Parkinson's Disease. Familial grey hair, hypertension, diabetes and thyroidopathies appeared to be in higher than expected frequency. PMID- 7093829 TI - Vascular surgery: the unanswered questions. AB - In summary, definitive answers to the many questions regarding femoropopliteal and femorodistal bypass grafting are not available. The results vary widely for many reasons. Although many aspects of vascular surgery do not lend themselves to scientific investigation by randomized, controlled, prospective studies, some of these questions can be answered by such studies. Since large numbers of patients may be required for prolonged follow-up, multicentre cooperative studies can provide meaningful data. There is also a need for standardization of follow-up techniques. The classification of vascular disease by symptoms and presentation such as claudication, rest pain, ischemic ulcers pregangrene and gangrene is inadequate and highly subjective. A more objective classification is essential, perhaps using the current techniques of the vascular laboratory or newer techniques that are sure to be developed. The national and regional vascular societies must be the leaders in these efforts. A start has already been made and it is hoped that progress will be rapid. PMID- 7093830 TI - Blood substitutes--a misnomer, nevertheless a promise. PMID- 7093831 TI - Knee ligaments revisited. PMID- 7093833 TI - Wound volume: measurement and radiology of casts. PMID- 7093832 TI - Management of malignant pseudomyxoma: can anyone help? PMID- 7093837 TI - Aortoiliac reconstruction for occlusive disease: comparison of end-to-end and end to-side proximal anastomoses. AB - Between 1968 and 1979, 192 aortofemoral bifurcation grafts were placed for aortoiliac occlusive disease. The proximal anastomosis was end-to-end in 101 and end-to-side in 91 patients. Anastomoses were end-to-end in 38 (37%) of 104 patients from 1968 to 1976 and 63 (72%) of 88 patients from 1977 to 1979. Embolization occurred intraoperatively in four end-to-end and five end-to-side anastomoses. The grafts became occluded in the early postoperative period in two patients with end-to-end proximal anastomoses. There were two aortoduodenal fistulas, both associated with end-to-side proximal anastomosis. The cumulative patency rate at 5 years was 87% for end-to-end and 85% for end-to-side anastomoses. An end-to-end proximal anastomosis is indicated for associated aneurysmal disease or in the presence of aortic occlusion, while an end-to-side anastomosis is indicated when there are low-lying accessory renal arteries or in the presence of occlusive disease in the external iliac arteries. The author's experience suggests that there is no difference in the incidence of intraoperative embolization or late occlusion between end-to-side and end-to-end proximal anastomosis. The incidence of aortoduodenal fistula appears to be lower with end-to-end proximal anastomosis possibly because of better tissue apposition at the anastomosis. PMID- 7093835 TI - Celiac compression syndrome. AB - The authors present their experience at the Hopital St-Luc in Montreal with seven patients who had celiac compression syndrome. All underwent section of the median arcuate ligament to free the celiac axis and resection of the connecting nerve fibers of the solar plexus (periarterial neurectomy). At a mean follow-up of 36 months all patients were asymptomatic. In some cases, extrinsic compression of the celiac axis by the arcuate ligament can explain upper abdominal plain. An epigastric bruit in the presence of a normal digestive tract is an indication for lateral aortography to detect extrinsic compression. The pain in this syndrome cannot be explained solely on hemodynamic grounds; surgical treatment should include release of the celiac axis and complete periarterial neurectomy. PMID- 7093836 TI - Polytetrafluoroethylene and bovine grafts for vascular access in patients on long term hemodialysis. AB - A 4-year retrospective chart review of patients whose vascular access for hemodialysis was via a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) or a bovine graft revealed that cumulative patency differed little between the two groups. The average graft life was 27 months. Those with vascular access through the forearm, particularly with a loop type of graft, fared the best. Recurrent thrombosis was a serious problem. For this the authors recommend elective graft replacement followed by a "rest period" of 2 to 3 weeks. Failing grafts should be repaired as directed by fistulographic findings. Polytetrafluoroethylene seems to be safer, if not more reliable, than the bovine graft. Rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage did not occur with PtFE. PMID- 7093839 TI - Walter C. Mackenzie Research Day Proceedings. PMID- 7093834 TI - Arterial embolectomy in the modern era. AB - The introduction of the Fogarty catheter heralded a new era in the management of patients with arterial embolism. In the 15 years from 1966 to 1980, the authors managed, operatively, 148 separate episodes of arterial embolization in 134 patients. Excluded from the series were patients who had visceral emboli and those who were managed nonoperatively. The emboli occurred in the upper extremities in 22 patients who had 24 embolic episodes and in the lower extremities in 112 patients who had 124 separate embolic episodes. The source of the embolus was the heart in 106 patients and in the remaining 28 patients a proximal aneurysm or atherosclerotic artery, a prosthetic graft or an unknown source. Most operative procedures were performed under local anesthesia using a transverse arteriotomy. The limb was saved in all 24 episodes of upper extremity embolism and in 115 (87%) of 132 lower limbs at risk (seven patients had emboli in both lower extremities simultaneously and one had emboli in an upper extremity and lower extremity simultaneously). The mortality for the 148 embolectomies was 20% an included all deaths occurring within 30 days after operation or during the same hospital admission. An analysis of our results indicates that embolectomy may not be successful when the delay between the occurrence of the embolus and its removal is excessively prolonged (more than 48 hours), when the patient is elderly and when the source of the embolus is unknown. PMID- 7093840 TI - Hirschprung's disease: long-term follow-up of 65 cases. AB - The author reviews 65 cases of Hirschsprung's disease seen and treated in Saskatoon between 1951 and 1981. The annual incidence of this disease is 1/4000 live births. Overall mortality was 25% and related to two factors: (a) delay in diagnosis and surgical treatment with a high incidence of enterocolitis in the earlier years of the series; (b) a mortality of 83% in patients with small bowel aganglionosis. Thirty-five resections were done for colonic aganglionosis; there was one death that occurred 20 years ago, indicating that surgery is safe in this disease, but delay in treatment is not. Of six patients with small bowel aganglionosis, only three had resection and only one of these survived. The two patients who died had very high small bowel aganglionosis, probably incompatible with survival. The Rehbein type of procedure proved useful in high colonic aganglionosis where, by necessity, anastomosis was done at up to 7 cm above the white line of the pelvis, with excellent end results. There was a 35% incidence of Hirschsprung's disease in females; 37% had high aganglionosis (above the sigmoid). Low (white line) anastomosis was done in three patients available for 12-year follow-up. All have some degree of incontinence. PMID- 7093838 TI - Fate of the limb after failed femoropopliteal reconstruction. AB - Sixty-eight occluded femoropopliteal bypass grafts were studied to determine the fate of the limb after graft occlusion. There were 25 reversed saphenous vein grafts and 43 polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Thirty-five limbs required amputation and the timing of amputation after graft thrombosis ranged from 1 day to 24 months. Twenty of the amputations occurred following an unsuccessful revision of the thrombosed graft and an additional 15 limbs were amputated without further attempts at revascularization. In 17 of the patients there were no disabling signs or symptoms after graft occlusion. Twenty-two grafts were successfully revised to avoid amputation. The need for amputation and the level of amputation were analysed with respect to the age of the patient, the indication for the original procedure, inflow and outflow status, the type of graft and the level of distal anastomosis. In 26 patients with intermittent claudication only four amputations resulted from graft occlusion and these were all below the knee. There was a weakly significant (P less than 0.1) correlation between poor outflow and the need for amputation after occlusion of the graft. In particular, patients with femorodistal bypass faired poorly, four of five occluded saphenous vein grafts and all six PTFE grafts requiring amputation. There was no significant age difference with respect to the level of amputation or the need for amputation and there was a wide range from the time of thrombosis to amputation. The authors conclude that amputations are infrequent after bypass grafting for claudication. The level of distal anastomosis, poor inflow and run off and gangrene before the bypass procedure all correlate with the need for amputation in thrombosed grafts initially placed for limb salvage. Vigorous attempts at revision of failed grafts may prevent or constructively delay amputation. PMID- 7093841 TI - Clostridium difficile: epidemiology and clinical features. AB - To determine the epidemiologic features of Clostridium difficile in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the authors studied two groups of hospitalized patients, one group of outpatients and a fourth group of 54 healthy subjects. The first group consisted of 29 patients with diarrhea, whose stool was found to contain C. difficile or its cytotoxin, or both. Twenty-two underwent sigmoidoscopic examinations; of these, 18 had abnormal colonic mucosa and 6 of the 18 had pseudomembranous colitis. In the second group of 127 patients on general medical wards, 22 (17%) carried C. difficile. Thirteen of the 22 had diarrhea, and 3 had pseudomembranous colitis. Clustering of patients with C. difficile was evident. In vitro production of toxin by isolates of C. difficile from these patients was more likely if antibiotics had been given. Only 1 (4.5%) of the 22 outpatients with various gastrointestinal disorders (group 3) and none of the 54 healthy subjects (group 4) carried C. difficile. The clinical spectrum of infection with C. difficile extended from asymptomatic patients to those with nonspecific colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 7093843 TI - Urinary calculi in pregnancy. AB - Between January 1975 and March 1980, 19 pregnant patients with urinary calculi were admitted to hospital, they constituted 0.23% of all women delivered at the Hopital St-Luc during that period. The symptoms were characteristic: pain in the flank and right lower quadrant, hematuria, frequency and dysuria. Noninterventional therapy was successful in 14 patients. Two patients were operated upon during pregnancy without complications. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic procedure during the first trimester. Pyelography should be considered only after adequate time has elapsed to allow spontaneous elimination of the calculi and, if used, one exposure before and one 30 minutes after injection of the contrast material well ensure the radiation dose is low enough to avoid causing any fetal abnormality. The authors believe that treatment must be individualized depending on the location and size of the calculus, the degree of obstruction, presence of infection, age of the fetus and condition of the patient. Spontaneous elimination after hydration and analgesia is the ideal, lumbar ureterolithotomy or basket extraction can be considered, although surgical procedures are best postponed until the postpartum period. PMID- 7093842 TI - Phagocytic and bactericidal functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from anergic surgical patients. AB - Neutrophil adherence and polymorphonuclear chemotaxis are altered in anergic patients, but the phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of their polymorphonuclear neutrophils are not known. Nineteen healthy control subjects, 6 reactive patients and 37 anergic patients were studied. Patients were classified as reactive, relatively anergic or anergic if they responded to two, one or none, respectively of five recall antigens injected intradermally. Polymorphonuclear chemotaxis (Boyden chamber assay, leading front method) was measured simultaneously with phagocytosis and killing capacity of Staphylococcus aureus 502A labelled with tritiated thymidine (suitably opsonized with 10% pooled normal serum) in a serum-free medium. Phagocytosis appeared increased in the nonreactive patients. There was a significant correlation between phagocytosed bacteria and depressed polymorphonuclear chemotaxis (r = 0.472, p less than 0.001). Although normal polymorphonuclear neutrophils had lower phagocytosis than those from anergic patients, their killing capacity was significantly (P less than 0.05) better at the first sampling (10 minutes). The polymorphonuclear neutrophils of anergic and reactive patients had similar bactericidal function after 10 minutes up to 160 minutes. The authors conclude that there exist subtle defects in bactericidal function of chemotactically inhibited polymorphonuclear neutrophils from anergic patients, manifested by (a) increased survival of S. aureus within polymorphonuclear neutrophils (increased "phagocytosis") and (b) decreased bactericidal capacity for the first 10 minutes of neutrophil-bacterial contact. PMID- 7093845 TI - Pancreatic abscess. AB - Pancreatic abscess, although an uncommon complication of pancreatitis, is a serious cause of morbidity and death. During the 5-year period beginning in March 1976, 19 patients with pancreatic abscess were seen at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. Abdominal pain, mass, fever and leukocytosis were common; the serum amylase value was usually normal. twelve patients underwent external drainage; in 6 the abscess was drained internally through the posterior wall of the stomach. The overall mortality was 16%. Morbidity was high; 7 (37%) of the 19 patients required reoperation for recurrent sepsis. Differentiation of pancreatic abscess from phlegmonous pancreatitis or pseudocyst can be difficult. Ultrasonography may be useful but computerized axial tomography is the the diagnostic method of choice. Prompt debridement and external drainage are the mainstays of surgical treatment but internal drainage may be appropriate in selected patients. PMID- 7093844 TI - A computerized study of knee-ligament injuries: repair versus removal of the torn anterior cruciate ligament. AB - A retrospective review of 202 patients with acute injury to knee ligaments was carried out by chart review, scored questionnaire and scored physical examination. Of 62 patients with complete midsubstance injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, repair was attempted in 46, while 16 had complete excision of the ligament without replacement or augmentation. Computer analysis revealed that these groups were similar with respect to mean age of the patients, sex distribution, incidence of meniscectomy and distribution of associated injuries. At 4-year follow-up, there was no advantage of primary repair over excision for these injuries. In fact, repair seemed to be subjectively and objectively worse than excision, being associated with increased pain and decreased range of motion. The high rate of signs and symptoms of deterioration in both groups suggests a need for better alternatives in the acute phase of anterior cruciate ligament injury. PMID- 7093846 TI - [Hydatid cysts of the lung treated surgically]. AB - Pulmonary echinococcosis is still widespread in Tunisia as in most countries of North Africa. The segment of population affected is young; 198(74%) of 268 patients studied by the authors were less than 30 years old. There were no symptoms in 8% of patients and 92% presented with some complication. The treatment of choice is surgical but conservative pericystectomy was performed in 204 (76%) patients and resection in 64 (24%). Operative mortality was 1.5% and postoperative complications were noted in 8% of patient with an infected cyst. If it is impossible to prevent the disease, the authors recommend early detection, permitting surgical treatment without complications. PMID- 7093847 TI - Chance association? PMID- 7093848 TI - Herpes simplex encephalitis. PMID- 7093849 TI - Cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. PMID- 7093850 TI - Compression-sclerotherapy for varicose veins. PMID- 7093851 TI - Propranolol in psychiatric illness. PMID- 7093852 TI - Managing psychologic crises in children and their families. PMID- 7093853 TI - Posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. PMID- 7093854 TI - Storing amniotic membrane in silver sulfadiazine suspension. PMID- 7093855 TI - Emergency medicine in perspective. PMID- 7093856 TI - Double-blind trial of perioperative intravenous metronidazole prophylaxis for abdominal hysterectomy. AB - A double-blind trial of perioperative intravenous metronidazole treatment to prevent infections at the operative site and unexplained fever after abdominal hysterectomy was conducted in 106 patients. Metronidazole prophylaxis reduced the rate of recovery of anaerobes from vaginal swabs for several days and prolonged the high rate of vaginal carriage of enterococci and aerobic gram-negative bacilli following hysterectomy. Although the fever index, calculated from the duration of a temperature above 37.3 degrees C, was significantly lower in the metronidazole-treated group than in the placebo-treated group, the frequency of postoperative infections, the proportion of patients requiring antibiotic treatment and the average duration of hospital stay were similar in the two groups. These results do not support the reported value of perioperative metronidazole prophylaxis in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. PMID- 7093857 TI - Fragile X chromosome and X-linked mental retardation. AB - A family is described in which three normal females transmitted to seven males X linked mental retardation associated with macro-orchidism and a fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome -- fra(X)(q27). The affected males also had minor clinical features in common: a large forehead, long face, large ears, a long upper lip and large extremities. PMID- 7093858 TI - Age at time of first intercourse v. chronologic age as a basis for Pap smear screening. AB - The Walton Report on cervical cancer screening programs recently recommended a new program for screening for cervical cancer based on chronologic age, calling for 3- and 5-year intervals between examinations. It recommended that such examinations be discontinued after 60 years of age. In a group of 232 routinely examined women (aged 18 to 47 years) in whom cervical intraepithelial neoplasia developed the timing of onset of the disease and the implications for screening were studied. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 30 years; in 20% of the patients the diagnosis had been made after age 35. The screening program recommended in the Walton Report would have been effective in diagnosing most cases (80%) in this sample by age 35 and all by age 60. However, when the patients were grouped according to age at the time of first intercourse, the diagnosis had been made after age 35 in only 13% of those who started having intercourse at age 15 to 17 years, 20% of those who started at age 18 to 19 years and 33% of those who started at age 20 years of later. When the times of diagnosis were expressed by number of years of intercourse the distributions became uniform in the same three groups; in 72% of all the patients the diagnosis had been made within the first 15 years of intercourse, in 88% it had been made within 20 years and in 100% it had been made by 30 years. These data suggest that a program based on number of years of intercourse may be more uniform and more efficient than one based on chronologic age, and that cytologic examinations should be concentrated during the time when most cases develop -- 6 to 20 years after the time of first intercourse. PMID- 7093859 TI - Amputating gangrene in Kawasaki disease. PMID- 7093861 TI - How complete is cancer registration in Alberta? PMID- 7093862 TI - Briquet's syndrome (hysteria) and the physician. PMID- 7093863 TI - Medicine and mammon. PMID- 7093860 TI - [Dermatophytes isolated at a pediatric hospital in Montreal from 1954 to 1979]. PMID- 7093865 TI - Involuntary admission in Ontario. PMID- 7093864 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome? PMID- 7093866 TI - Pseudomonas folliculitis in a resort whirlpool. PMID- 7093867 TI - Steady-state plasma levels of salicylate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effects of dosing interval and tablet strength. AB - Forty patients who were admitted to hospital with rheumatoid arthritis received a total of 3.9 g/d of enteric-coated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (Entrophen) according to one of four dosing schedules: group 1 (n = 13), three 325-mg tablets four times daily; group 2 (n = 11), two 650-mg tablets three times daily; group 3 (n = 10), three 650-mg tablets twice daily; and group 4 (n = 6), two 975-mg tablets twice daily. Five to seven days after the start of therapy, when steady state plasma salicylate levels had been achieved, 10 blood samples, 1 per hour, were collected. Three healthy volunteers who received plain ASA formed a control group. There was little fluctuation in the salicylate levels over the sampling period, regardless of the dosing interval, and no significant difference in the fluctuations between the five groups. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the mean salicylate levels at each sampling time, regardless of the dosing interval or tablet strength. These results suggest that different tablet strengths of enteric-coated ASA and different dosing intervals produce comparable plasma salicylate levels. Less frequent dosing may improve patient acceptance of salicylate therapy in the treatment of arthritis. PMID- 7093868 TI - Measuring surgical decision-making with hypothetical cases. AB - Hypothetical clinical cases were used to investigate surgical decision-making in relation to surgical rates across Ontario. Six procedures were studied (cholecystectomy, colectomy, inguinal herniorrhaphy, hysterectomy, cesarean section and tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy), and substantial differences of opinion regarding the choice of surgical or nonsurgical treatment were recorded. The decision to operate, however, was not made more frequently in Ontario counties with high operative rates, and none of the demographic variables studied were correlated with the decision to operate. Other variables that might have affected operative rates were not taken into account. There were also differences of opinion in referral decisions, but generally internists and pediatricians were less likely to refer the hypothetical cases to surgeons than were family physicians. PMID- 7093871 TI - Arson: a clinical study. AB - Psychiatric, psychosocial and medicolegal issues related to 34 arsonists and 50 controls are described. Arson was most frequently committed by males who suffered from personality disorder, mental retardation or depressive neurosis. Poor school and work records also characterized their background when compared to the control forensic psychiatric patients. The offence more frequently occurred within a one mile radius of their own home in residential property. Revenge or a "cry for help" was the most frequent motivation for the firesetting activity. PMID- 7093870 TI - What do occupational health physicians do? PMID- 7093872 TI - [Psychiatric exam under court order apropos of patients who refuse to submit to a psychiatric exam]. AB - In this retrospective study 52 patients who had not committed any offence were examined against their will by Court order in the emergency department of a psychiatric hospital. They were compared with a control group of patients reflecting the usual clientele attending without compulsion the emergency department of the same hospital. This research reveals it is the immediate family rather than medico-social agencies that took the initiative in arranging the Court-ordered psychiatric examination. Such patients were no different than the usual patients seen in the emergency department as to age, sex, marital status and past psychiatric history. It was at the level of symptomatology and diagnosis that such patients differed from patients in the control group. The patients refusing to submit to a psychiatric examination not only were more agitated and aggressive, but they were more disorganized, more delusional, and had more hallucinations than the patients in the control group. They were in fact grossly psychotic patients with paranoid and manic features dominating the clinical picture. Our study demonstrated that as far as Montreal is concerned flagrant abuse of civil rights is far more the exception than the rule. Furthermore, if society had to abandon compulsory measures in some cases, it would be the seriously mentally ill who would suffer. PMID- 7093869 TI - Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Saskatoon. AB - In an epidemiologic survey based on a search of all available medical records for 1955 to 1980 at the city's three general hospitals the prevalence in Saskatoon of probable multiple sclerosis was found to be 111/100,000 and that of combined probable and possible multiple sclerosis 134/100,000 on Jan. 1, 1977. The average annual incidence over the three decades was 4.8/100,000. These prevalence and incidence rates were two to three time greater than those reported for other Canadian cities. Of the 150 individuals with probable multiple sclerosis 87 were living in Saskatoon at the time of onset of the disease; thus, the prevalence of the disease among residents was 64/100,000. The prevalence was 77/100,000 among Saskatchewan-born residents, including those born in Saskatoon, and 48/100,000 among immigrants from other provinces and outside Canada. PMID- 7093873 TI - Depressive syndromes in grossly obese women. AB - Seventy-three consecutive female candidates for intestinal bypass surgery because of gross obesity, were evaluated for the presence or history of affective disorder. Fourteen patients gave a history of depressive disorder fulfilling Feighner et al. (1) criteria, giving treated expectancy (age 15-60) of about 28%, much higher than that found in the general population. A second syndrome of depressed moods of short duration, carbohydrate craving and weight gain was found in fifty-seven (78%) of the patients. This syndrome is similar to the carbohydrate craving and weight gain found in patients suffering from depressed mood and premenstrual fluid retention. PMID- 7093874 TI - A trouble in the brain-mind: self-description of a depressive episode. PMID- 7093875 TI - Psychotherapy practice and research: the interface. AB - The study of the psychotherapeutic process presents special problems to clinicians and clinician investigators. In the absence of supportive, working relationships between the therapist, patient and investigator, important data about therapeutic transactions cannot be obtained. In addition, we are lacking methodologies for isolating the significant therapeutic factors which explain variations in the outcome of psychotherapy. These problems need to be jointly addressed by clinicians and investigators if we are to advance the theory and practice of psychotherapy. PMID- 7093876 TI - Key aspects of the oral examination. PMID- 7093878 TI - Inter-generational transmission of incest. AB - The majority of reported incest cases involve sexual relations between one generation and another, the most common being father-daughter incest. The increased availability of clinical data on incest has revealed an aspect of the problem that has received little attention in clinical literature. Incest can involve three generations in a family rather than two. It is possible for incest to be "transmitted" from one generation to the next through several patterns. In some cases, the mother in a family of father-daughter incest has herself been a victim of incest with her own father. With a history of unresolved incest with their own fathers, these women are unable to prevent an incest relationship between their husbands and daughters. Another pattern involves situations where the father in the father-daughter incest relationship has been the victim of father-son incest in his youth. The psychodynamics of these patterns of intergenerational transmission of incest are described, with clinical examples from the authors' work, as well as from the literature. PMID- 7093879 TI - The professional woman as patient: a review and an appeal. AB - The unique problems that the professional woman brings to therapy are presented here. It is the author's contention that the career woman's difficulties are not adequately realized or understood by many male therapists. Many of these patients are disappointed with or highly critical of their therapy with male psychiatrists. Two sub-groups of professional women are described: the married professional woman and the unattached professional woman. There are critical sex role relate issues and countertransference problems which arise with the male therapist: professional woman patient dyad. Other implications for male psychiatrists are outlined and suggestions offered toward therapist enlightenment. PMID- 7093877 TI - The gaslight syndrome. AB - The Gaslight Syndrome, a scenario in which one partner of a conjugal unit attempts to have the other labelled insane and institutionalized, is probably more prevalent than is commonly realized. The essential features are: the presence of a sado-masochistic marital relationship, underlying themes of sexual jealousies and the deliberate attempt by the aggressive partner to terminate the relationship by having the spouse declared mentally ill and hospitalized. Psychiatric identification of the phenomenon should allow earlier recognition of it and hopefully prevent possible infringements of a patient's rights. PMID- 7093880 TI - Study of homicide. PMID- 7093881 TI - Familial manic depression, phenylketonuria and acromegaly. PMID- 7093883 TI - Detection and follow-up of carcinoma of the urinary bladder by flow cytometry. PMID- 7093884 TI - A case of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis responding to oxymetholone. AB - A 63-year-old man presented with fever, easy bruisability, splenomegaly and pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration was unsuccessful, and marrow biopsy revealed crowding by sheets of mononuclear cells; a diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) was made and the patient underwent splenectomy. There was no hematologic improvement, and the patient continued to have a significant requirement for erythrocytes and platelet transfusions. Within two months of beginning oxymetholone therapy (50 mg orally three times a day) the patient's platelet count had normalized, followed by improved erythrocyte and leukocyte counts. When the drug was discontinued, the peripheral blood counts deteriorated drastically; he again demonstrated hematologic improvement when oxymetholone therapy was reinstated. We feel that by demonstrating a hematologic response to oxymetholone, relapse when it was withdrawn, and another remission upon readministration, that we have provided stronger evidence than previously reported for the efficacy of this drug in LRE. PMID- 7093882 TI - Psychodynamics and aging. PMID- 7093885 TI - Metastatic thymoma with myasthenia gravis: complete remission with combination chemotherapy. AB - A 29-year-old male developed myasthenia gravis 29 months after resection of a "benign" mediastinal thymoma. Metastatic thymoma was found in the pleura 45 months after the initial surgical resection. Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin produced a complete remission of the metastatic thymoma which has continued for 13 months. Concurrently, there has been a marked increase in neuromuscular function. PMID- 7093886 TI - Phase II trial of vinblastine sulfate for metastatic urothelial tract tumors. AB - Vinblastine sulfate 0.10-0.15 mg/kg IV every week, was given to 37 patients with bidimensionally measurable, metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. Twenty-eight patients, the majority of whom had received extensive prior chemotherapy, had an adequate trial and five (18%; 95% confidence limits, 3-33%) achieved a partial remission (greater than 50% decrease in tumor size) of 2-5 months' duration. Responding sites included lung and nodal metastases. Toxicity, primarily leukopenia, was mild to moderate. The 18% response rate obtained in heavily pretreated cases suggests that vinblastine sulfate has some efficacy in the treatment of patients with advanced urothelial tract tumors. PMID- 7093889 TI - Microcystic ganglioglioma treated by partial removal and radiation therapy. AB - A 35-year-old woman presented with visual hyperacuity and seizures. Radionuclide and CT scans revealed a frontal lobe mass lesion consistent with an astrocytoma. Subtotal removal was necessary due to proximity of the tumor to the motor strip. Initial histopatho logic interpretation was malignant glioma (astrocytoma Grade 2 or 3). Megavoltage irradiation was delivered to a midsagittal dose of 6300 rad in seven weeks. Subsequent review of the slides revealed the tumor to be a microcystic ganglioglioma. The patient is well five and one-half years after treatment. It is important to separate these low grade neoplasms from the more ominous astrocytomas in regard to prognosis after resection and irradiation. PMID- 7093890 TI - Combination hyperthermia and radiation therapy for malignant melanoma. AB - Since 1975, clinical studies have been carried out to determine whether radiation when combined with localized hyperthermia evokes improved tumor control compared to that achieved with radiation alone. Local tumor hyperthermia was achieved using radiofrequency inductive heating at 27.12 MHz. In bulky lesions (greater than 100 cm3), radiofrequency conductive heating at 13.56 MHz was also used. More than 100 lesions in 38 patients were treated with radiation alone and hyperthermia in combination with radiation. Most lesions were treated either twice a week or once a week, depending on radiation dose fractionation scheme used. The overall result of tumor control rate of the combined therapy is superior to radiation therapy alone (75% versus 46%; P less than 0.01). No enhanced normal tissue morbidity was seen following the combined therapy. The detailed analysis of the treatment results shows that the tumor control rate is dependent on dose per fraction, the total dose, and the initial tumor volume. The radiation alone, at high doses per fraction, was effective in controlling 80% of the lesions, if the tumor volume was less than 10 cm3, compared to 30% when the tumor volumes were larger. The combination therapy, on the other hand, effected 80% local tumor control regardless of the tumor volume. The importance of good thermal distribution within the tumor volume, selective heating of the tumor tissues and the sequence and time interval between the combined therapy is discussed. PMID- 7093888 TI - Prediction of remission in adult acute leukemia: development and testing of predictive models. AB - Logistic regression methods were applied to derive a set of models relating achievement of CR to prognostic characteristics in a group of 300 adult acute leukemia patients treated with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone combined with adriamycin (ADOAP) or rubidazone (ROAP). These models were tested prospectively in an independent group of 107 subsequent patients treated with ADOAP or ROAP therapy, by comparing observed outcomes to predictions of response based on the models. Several models were able to identify subgroups of patients with good, intermediate, and poor prognoses. A model regarded as clinically useful and which provided a good fit to both the population from which it was derived and the test population included the pretreatment factors age, history of an antecedent hematologic disorder, temperature, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, and liver size. PMID- 7093891 TI - Indomethacin sensitive suppressor cell activity in head and neck cancer patients pre- and postirradiation therapy. AB - The effects of the addition of indomethacin to PHA or Con A stimulated lymphocytes from patients with untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or from patients with the disease who have just finished irradiation therapy from the disease was quantitated and compared to those of the control group. Lymphocytes from eight of 26 patients with untreated carcinoma were significantly augmented by the addition of indomethacin. The remaining eighteen patients were equal to the controls. For all 17 patients who had just finished extensive field irradiation therapy, significant enhancement of PHA and Con A reactivity by indomethacin was found, which did not appear to be solely a function of low baseline mitogen reactivity. In additional studies, stimulated lymphocytes of irradiated patients were tested for their sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of PGE2. The mitogen treated lymphocytes from all patients that had just finished irradiation therapy were found to be significantly more sensitive to the inhibition by PGE2 as compared to the normal lymphocyte response. This effect was also found not to be related merely to a low PHA or Con A reactivity of the lymphocytes. In both patient groups there was a striking correlation between the percent augmentation of indomethacin and the percent inhibition of PGE2 in that when the percent augmentation values were low so were percent inhibition values and when the degree of augmentation by indomethacin was elevated so was the inhibition by PGE2. This data suggests that increase sensitivity of stimulated lymphocytes to PGE2 may be responsible, at least in part, for the depressed mitogen response and the significant augmentation of this immune response by indomethacin in about 1/3 of the untreated patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma and in those patients who have just finished irradiation therapy. The results of this study support the hypothesis that perhaps patients receiving irradiation therapy may benefit by the oral administration of indomethacin, an approach that needs further consideration. PMID- 7093887 TI - A prognostic factor analysis for use in development of predictive models for response in adult acute leukemia. AB - The pretreatment characteristics of 325 adults with acute leukemia who were treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1973 and 1977 have been evaluated to assess their value as prognostic indicators. The patient population includes all patients treated with an anthracycline (Adriamycin or rubidazone), cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone during the time period. Most patients had one of the variants of acute myelogenous leukemia (75%), and the remaining patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (16%) or undifferentiated leukemia (8%). Twenty-one factors were found to be significantly associated with probability of obtaining a complete response. In addition to characteristics previously known to provide prognostic information such as age, temperature status at the start of treatment, morphology, the presence of Auer rods, sex, and hemoglobin level, we identified the presence of a documented antecedent hematologic disorder and the finding of insufficient metaphases on cytogenetic analysis using the squash technique as being major prognostic variables. In addition, the pretreatment biochemical characteristics of hypoalbuminemia and elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were found to adversely influence prognosis. The prognostic significance of factors such as the leukocyte count and platelet count, identified in earlier studies, was not confirmed in this group of patients. From this natural-history analysis predictive models for response have been developed using multivariate logistic regression techniques. One of these models has been used to evaluate the effect of morphology, treatment, and cytogenetic pattern on response to the combination of drugs used. PMID- 7093892 TI - Cytotoxicity of cancer patient's macrophages for tumor cells. AB - Monocyte derived macrophages were isolated from the peripheral blood of 66 patients with either breast, colon, gynecological or hematological cancers. The macrophages from the breast and gynecologic cancer patients generally did not acquire enhanced cytotoxicity for human tumor cells after incubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, when the macrophages isolated from colon and hematologic cancer patients were studied, more than 50% of these patients possessed cytotoxic macrophages. LPS induced macrophage mediated cytotoxicity was also found to be inhibited by factors present in many cancer patient's plasma. Twenty-three of the 50 cancer patients studied possessed a plasma inhibitor capable of suppressing macrophage mediated cytotoxicity by more than 50%. Furthermore, of these 50 patients, 47 were incapable of killing the tumor cells in vitro either because they possessed nonresponsive macrophages and/or they possessed a plasma inhibitory factor. Thus, although macrophage cytotoxic function may be normal in some patients with cancer, cytotoxicity may be inhibited in some patients by factors in autologous plasma thereby rendering the macrophages ineffective in vivo. PMID- 7093893 TI - Evidence supporting neural crest origin of an alveolar soft part sarcoma: an ultrastructural study. AB - A case of an alveolar soft part sarcoma was studied electron microscopically. This showed tumor cells separated by external lamina that incorporated desmosome like structures. Well defined basal lamina separated several cells from underlying endothelial cells by a zone of tissue composed predominantly of fibrous long-spacing collagen. A unique finding was the presence within several tumor cells of well defined myelin sheaths and myelinated axons. Apart from various other intracellular organelles some of the cells contained closely aggregated fine filamentous structures: the so-called "angulate bodies." All these findings are interpreted as evidence for a tumor showing marked Schwann cell differentiation, and therefore, it is suggested that alveolar soft part sarcoma is histogenetically a neoplasm of the neural crest. PMID- 7093894 TI - The origin of invasive carcinoma of the bladder. AB - One-hundred and four consecutive cases of invasive bladder carcinoma were studied. Twenty of the 104 cases had a history of papillary neoplasms of the bladder while the remaining 84 cases did not. Further, 22 of the 104 cases had cystoscopies, months to years prior to the diagnosis of invasive bladder carcinoma, which documented the absence of previous papillary neoplasms of the bladder. Therefore, this study suggests that papillary neoplasms of the bladder may not be the most common precursor of invasive bladder carcinoma. Consequently, vigorously attacking the highly visible papillary neoplasms of the bladder may not be as fruitful in preventing invasive bladder carcinoma as attempting to identify the presence of other less visible nonpapillary lesions which may be the most frequent precursors of invasive bladder carcinoma. PMID- 7093895 TI - Effect of bile acids on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. AB - The effects of intercepting a part of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by ileal resection or bypass on the quantitative and qualitative changes of fecal bile acids were investigated in rats, and the relationship of these changes to the development of DMH-induced colon cancer was studied. The daily fecal total bile acid level was increased in all intercepted groups, especially those with long resection and exclusion. Total bile acid levels played a greater role in the development of DMH-induced colon cancer than did primary or secondary bile acid levels individually. Our findings suggest that bile acid acts as a promoter in the development of colon cancer. PMID- 7093897 TI - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. AB - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is an unusual locally aggressive neoplasm that is important to recognize since it may be confused with benign adnexal neoplasms, particularly desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, trichoadenoma, and syringoma. Six cases are described all of which displayed benign histological features on initial biopsy. Most often these neoplasms presented as solitary flesh-colored indurated plaques on the upper lip. All patients were white, five were women, and the average age was 44-years-old. Islands of basaloid keratinocytes, some of which contained horn cysts and abortive follicles, were embedded in a desmoplastic stroma. In other foci, ducts and gland-like structures lined by a two-cell layer predominated. In deep components individual and thin strands of cells dissected collagen bundles and skeletal muscle and invaded perineural spaces. Despite this, cytologic atypia and mitotic figures were rare. The cell of origin is considered to be a pluripotential adnexal keratinocyte which is capable of both follicular and sweat gland differentiation. PMID- 7093896 TI - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer in Black Americans: Correlation of receptor data with tumor differentiation. AB - It has been observed that 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptors (ER) and that nearly two-thirds of such patients respond favorably to endocrine therapy. Cytosolic ER and progesterone receptors (PgR) have been evaluated in the current study, among 146 black women with breast cancer in order to determine whether the distribution of ER and PgR differs from the national norm. The results showed following trends that were similar to reports from other institutions: (1) postmenopausal patients and primary tumors showed higher ER positivity than premenopausal patients and metastatic sites, respectively; (2) a significant correlation between the ER positivity and tumor grade; and (3) a higher PgR positivity in ER-positive patients than in ER-negative patients. However, statistically significant differences were observed in three parameters when compared to reports from other institutions on white patients: (1) a low incidence of ER-positive (46%) and high incidence of ER-negative (42%) tumors; (2) a higher incidence of poorly differentiated (55.5%) and a lower incidence of well differentiated (5.5%) tumors; tumor grade was independent of age, menopausal status, histopathology and stage; and (3) a higher percentage of patients discovered at a more advanced stage of the disease. The clinical implications of these results in explaining the relatively poorer survival of black women with breast cancer compared to whites is discussed. Whether this high incidence of PD tumors and thus a high incidence of ER negativity is due to ethnic differences and/or environmental and other factors remains to be elucidated. PMID- 7093898 TI - Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma: a comparative study of cellular DNA content and clinicopathologic features. AB - In a retrospective study of 45 surgically treated chondrosarcomas, the prognostic significance of the cellular DNA content and different clinicopathologic factors was analyzed with separately and in combination. The relationship between these parameters was also investigated. Diploid (normal DNA content) chondrosarcomas were associated with as significantly (P less than 0.001) higher ten-year survival rate than hyperploid (abnormally increased DNA content) chondrosarcomas. Apart from ploidy, factors such as tumor size, tumor location and tumor grade also proved to be of prognostic importance. However, patients with diploid tumors had a better prognosis than those with hyperploid tumors, almost regardless of location, size, grade or even treatment. Nevertheless, additional prognostic information could be obtained by combining ploidy with size, location and grade of the tumors. Ploidy and treatment were significantly related to the ten-year recurrence rate. No statistical relationship could be demonstrated between ploidy and other prognostic factors. A strong correlation (P less than 0.001) was, however, found between location and size of the tumors. Thus, distal tumors were significantly smaller and, moreover associated with a better prognosis than axial tumors. The results indicate that ploidy probably is the best predictor of the clinical course in chondrosarcoma. While tumor location and size may be assumed to determine the conditions for radical surgery, ploidy and grade seem to reflect the inherent biological malignancy in chondrosarcoma. Consideration of these factors seems to provide not only valuable prognostic information, but also guidelines for treatment. PMID- 7093899 TI - Cat-scratch disease simulating malignant lymphoma. AB - A six-year-old girl with induration, swelling and discoloration of the lower eyelid, a temporal mass, preauricular adenopathy and enlarged parotid gland, underwent biopsy, She was initially diagnosed as having a malignant disorder of histiocytic origin. All lesions resolved without therapy. Further evaluation revealed that the child had oculoglandular cat-scratch disease. Cat-scratch disease should be added to the list of nonmalignant disorders which may simulate a malignant neoplasm in its clinical and histologic appearance. Recognition of this fact is important in order to avoid erroneous diagnosis, unnecessary procedures and hazardous therapy. PMID- 7093900 TI - Pelvic and ovarian extramedullary leukemic relapse in young girls: a report of four cases and review of the literature. AB - Currently attention is focused on the testicle as a site of leukemic relapse. Leukemic involvement of the ovary has been described in several autopsy series with an incidence of 11-50% in patients with bone marrow relapse, but has rarely been reported during the clinical course of leukemia. In this report, four girls with childhood acute lymphocyte leukemia (ALL) who relapsed with a pelvic mass are presented. Three had marked ovarian infiltrates and the fourth had a presacral mass without ovarian disease. Involvement was also present in abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes, mesentery, omentum, and serosal surfaces. Two patients had infiltrates of the fallopian tubes and one had uterine involvement. Two patients had central nervous system disease and one patient has renal involvement at the time of relapse. Relapse occurred late in the course of disease. All patients had been in complete continuous remission prior to relapse. Retreatment was instituted in all patients and follow-up ranges from 18-135 months from the time of pelvic relapse. All patients have maintained continuous bone marrow remission from the time of initial diagnosis, and one patient died 18 months after ovarian relapse with significant extramedullary disease but no marrow involvement. This represents the first series of pelvic extramedullary leukemic relapse in females, an area of involvement that may be encountered more frequently in the future. PMID- 7093901 TI - Chronic lymphatic leukemia developing in a patient with multiple myeloma: immunologic demonstration of a clonally distinct second malignancy. AB - A patient with multiple myeloma who subsequently developed chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported. Initial studies demonstrated clinical and hematological features of multiple myeloma with an IgM lambda paraprotein. Skeletal disease was a significant presenting feature, although relapse occurred in extraosseous sites, particularly the pleura. He developed chronic lymphatic leukemia 31 months later and immunological studies showed the malignant lymphocytes to have kappa (Kappa) light chain surface immunoglobulin, demonstrating separate clonal origin of this patient's two B-cell malignancies. PMID- 7093902 TI - Prostate cancer with an unusual presentation: polymyositis and mediastinal adenopathy. PMID- 7093903 TI - Estrogen receptor assays on tumor removed from mastectomy specimens. PMID- 7093904 TI - Nonseminomatous germ-cell cancer of the testis. AB - Fourteen previously untreated patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell cancer of the testis (NSGC) were treated with a modified VAB-4 regimens that was designed to reduce treatment-related morbidity. Nine of ten patients with minimal disease and the only patient with advanced pulmonary disease achieved a complete response (CR) with chemotherapy alone. Two of three partial responders with advanced abdominal disease were converted to CR status with radiotherapy and/or surgery. None of the 12 CRs has had a relapse (median duration of follow-up, 28+ months). We observed no granulocytopenic fever or permanent renal insufficiency. These results indicate that NSGC patients with a low tumor burden can be spared substantial toxicity without the complete response rates being adversely affected. PMID- 7093905 TI - Morphologic types of diffuse large-cell lymphoma. AB - One hundred eighty-seven patients with confirmed diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were selected from a consecutive series of 391 patients who were evaluated and treated at Stanford University Medical Center. Lymphomas with any degree of nodularity and diffuse lymphomas of "well-differentiated" and "poorly differentiated" lymphocytic type were excluded from this study. Each of four observers identified cases of diffuse large-cell lymphoma from the 187 cases and further subdivided these cases into six morphologic types in accordance with criteria proposed by Strauchen et al. Initial intraobserver and interobserver agreement was relatively low but was greatly enhanced when the initial six morphologic types were grouped as either follicular center-cell or nonfollicular center-cell types. When individual observer results were pooled, statistically significant differences were seen between survival of patients in these two groups, with the patients in the nonfollicular differences were seen between survival of patients in these two groups, with the patients in the nonfollicular center-cell group having a worse prognosis (P = 0.04). This effect of morphologic type appeared to be independent of pathologic stage. Mitotic counts did not correlate with survival. PMID- 7093907 TI - Abnormal fatty acid breath tests in cancer patients, with nutritional correlation. AB - In a group of cancer patients selected to exclude common causes of abnormal lipid absorption, we have examined this function using a breath test. Abnormal breath tests of fatty acid absorption (FABT) are found in most cancer patients, as has been previously claimed. These tests are abnormal in both quality (delayed peak in nine of ten patients, and quantity (reduced maximum peak in five of ten patients) of fatty acid absorption. In many patients abnormal FABT is not due to chemotherapy. Our preliminary results indicate no definite malabsorption mechanism but more stringent tests of absorption need to be applied. Malnutrition is common in cancer patients, even in those with little or no weight loss, and some of the malnutrition may be related to abnormal lipid absorption or to other disturbed aspects of lipid metabolism. PMID- 7093908 TI - Intramedullary spinal cord astrocytoma versus glioblastoma: the prognostic importance of histologic grade. PMID- 7093906 TI - Ultrastructural analysis of colonies growing in a human tumor cloning system. PMID- 7093909 TI - Cell proliferation in fibrocystic disease and postmenopause breast ducts measured by thymidine labeling. AB - The thymidine labeling indice (TLI) of normal and abnormal epithelium in the human breast was measured in 108 surgical specimens. The mean values for various histologic entities were: normal lobule (0.91%; normal postlobular duct 0.71%; lobular hyperplasia 0.82%; ductal hyperplasia, lobular cell type 0.74%; intraductal hyperplasia 0.79%; papillary intraductal hyperplasia 1.02%; blunt duct adenosis 0.68%; cyst 0.56%; infiltrating carcinoma 6.82%; carcinoma in situ 5.53%. The TLI of the normal lobule declined significantly with increasing age, but that of the normal postlobular duct did not. Before the menopause, the mean TLI of the normal lobule was 1.01%, and that of the normal postlobular duct was 0.75%. After the menopause the values had declined to 0.26% and 0.41%, respectively. These findings indicated that the lobules are more sensitive to stimulation by sex steroids than the postlobular ducts. The TLIs of the various benign proliferative entities were not significantly correlated with age, and like the normal lobule and postlobular duct were near the low end of the range of TLI of breast carcinoma. Benign proliferative entities with TLIs in the high part of the breast carcinoma range were not encountered. PMID- 7093910 TI - Endodermal sinus tumor of the mediastinum. AB - Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) of the mediastinum is a rare germ-cell neoplasm affecting mainly young adult males. Ten patients with EST were treated with a multimodality approach that included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. All patients had relapses after achieving a transient response except one who is still in complete remission more than five years following the diagnosis of the disease. Optimal therapy for this neoplasm has yet to be discovered. The disease is a subset of extragonadal germ cell tumors which appears to be lethal in most cases, particularly when the primary tumor is unresectable. The first case of five-year disease-free survival is described. PMID- 7093911 TI - Changes in the location and type of gastric adenocarcinoma. AB - To document our impression of major changes in aspects of gastric adenocarcinoma, we reviewed and compared 62 consecutive cases from 1975 through 1978 and 31 cases from 1938 through 1942. The average age at diagnosis increased from 58 to 68 years, the male to female ratio decreased to approximately 1:1, and carcinomas composed predominantly (50% or more) of signet-ring cells (SRC) increased from 9 to 39% of the total cases. In the recent series, carcinomas with SRC (compared with those without SRC) occurred nine years earlier, were more frequent in women, were located distally, and had an infiltrative growth pattern. Carcinomas originating in the proximal stomach (cardia) were not noted in the old series but formed 27% of the recent cases. These tumors showed a male predominance, contained SRC less often, and were less commonly associated with chronic gastritis. The implications of these observations are discussed. PMID- 7093912 TI - A suction-abrasive cytology tube for the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma. AB - A simple, easily constructed, and inexpensive suction-abrasive cytology tube was developed to study esophageal cytology. The reliability of this method for the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma was evaluated in 101 patients. Of 47 patients with esophageal carcinoma, 93% were diagnosed correctly on exfoliative cytology. There were no false diagnoses of cancer. The cytology tube was well tolerated by all patients and provided a rapid and reliable method of diagnosis. As a screening procedure, this method may be applicable for widespread use to detect early esophageal cancer in high-risk populations. PMID- 7093913 TI - A rational approach to cervical neuroblastoma. PMID- 7093914 TI - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and bilateral breast carcinoma. PMID- 7093917 TI - Development of Cushing's syndrome and virilization after presentation of a nonfunctioning adrenocortical carcinoma. AB - Adrenocortical carcinoma is traditionally divided into functioning and nonfunctioning tumors. However, a case is presented of a 50-year-old woman with a clinically nonfunctioning adrenocortical carcinoma who later developed a Cushingoid appearance and symptoms of virilization with laboratory evidence of marked steroid hormone hypersecretion. The metabolic behavior and the rationale for division of these tumors into two categories (functioning and nonfunctioning) are discussed. It is suggested that such a division may be misleading and may not reflect the true state of the tumors. PMID- 7093915 TI - Quantitative estrogen receptor values and growth of carcinoma of the breast before surgical intervention. AB - Quantitative estrogen receptor (ER) values in patients with breast carcinoma were correlated with the natural history of the disease before surgical intervention. The natural history was expressed as an index of growth. This was determined as a ratio between tumor size (centimeters) and duration of symptoms (weeks). An inverse correlation was found between amount of ER and growth. Tumors with high positive (above 101 fmol/mg/protein) ER values has grown significantly slower (P less than 0.05) than tumors with low positive (below 50 fmol/mg protein) or negative ER values. These two latter groups had a similar natural history. Recognition of the fact that there is slow growth in carcinomas with high ER as well as of the fact that growth is as rapid in carcinomas with low ER levels as it is in carcinomas with negative ER values, demonstrates the importance of quantitative ER determinations, their prognostic value, and their usefulness in planning therapy. PMID- 7093916 TI - Multiple squamous-cell carcinomas in Fanconi's anemia. AB - Fanconi's anemia is one of the chromosome instability syndromes that may predispose to the development of cancer. A 20-year-old woman is reported in whom microinvasive squamous-cell carcinomas of the vulva and tongue developed sequentially. The clinicopathologic findings of 13 other cases of Fanconi's anemia associated with squamous-cell carcinomas are reviewed. Anogenital and oral mucosal surfaces appear to be sites of predilection for these cancers. Patients with relatively mild bone marrow problems or the preanemic phase of the illness who are able to survive several decades appear to be at greatest risk for the development of squamous-cell carcinoma. PMID- 7093918 TI - The thin malignant melanoma: changing patterns of epidemiology and treatment. AB - In the past few years a change has been noticed in the behavior of cutaneous malignant melanoma, with higher cure and survival rates. A retrospective review of all cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma during the years 1970-1979 in Chaim Sheba Medical Center reveals a possible explanation for this. The microscopic findings were reevaluated, diagnosis confirmed, and thickness of the tumor measured in millimeters. The number of cases diagnosed rose from eight in 1970 to 45 in 1979. A constant rise in number of thin melanomas (less than 0.75 mm in depth) was noticed. The percentage of thin melanoma rose from 11.1% of all melanomas in 1970 to 57.7% in 1979. Greater public and medical awareness of the danger of pigmented cutaneous lesions has probably triggered an earlier diagnosis of melanoma. Each suspected lesion is completely excised with a 1-cm free margin. No further excision is undertaken if a thin melanoma is diagnosed (excluding the more malignant regressing melanoma) on frozen section. Of the patients seen in 1979, 57% were spared wide excision and general anesthesia. PMID- 7093919 TI - An evaluation of automated flow cytometry (FCM) in detection of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. AB - Among a series of more than 500 urologic patients studied by automated flow cytometry (FCM), there were 123 who proved to have carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Eighty had flat carcinoma in situ and 43 had papilloma with foci of carcinoma in situ or diffuse noninvasive papillary carcinoma. Of those with papillary carcinomas and papilloma with carcinoma in situ, 88% were positive by FCM, as were 98% of the cases of flat carcinoma in situ. The overall false negative rate was 6%. A statistically significant (P less than 0.02) difference in the proportion of cases with aneuploidy was found in papillary CIS (42%) compared with flat CIS (86%). The presence of aneuploidy (cell populations with DNA content other than normal diploid (2c) or tetraploid amount (3.9c-4.1c) as opposed to tetraploidy is thought to imply a more aggressive, less well differentiated tumor. PMID- 7093920 TI - Primary lymphoma of bone: the relationship of morphologic diversity to clinical behavior. AB - Since primary lymphoma of bone (PLB) exhibits morphologic diversity and variability in individual survival, we analyzed the relationship between histopathologic features and biological behavior in 33 patients treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Three major histologic subgroups were identified, based on a variety of criteria, the most important of which were the predominance of cells with or without nuclear clefts and the degree of pleomorphism. The probability of NED survival at five years was 64% for patients with tumor predominantly composed of cleaved cells, 13% for those with tumors classified in the noncleaved cell tumor group, and 0% (no survivors) for the pleomorphic subgroup. When tumors were subclassified according to the size of the predominant cell (small versus large), this parameter was found to be of no value in preceding NED survival. Factors that could have potentially influenced the results were analyzed. Since this is a retrospective review, the questions addressed in this study should be further studied in a prospective way. PMID- 7093922 TI - Factors contributing to emotional distress during cancer chemotherapy. AB - Recent studies have demonstrated that patients receiving cancer chemotherapy are more likely to have a successful treatment outcome if they receive optimal doses of drug continually. The current study was designed as a first step toward discovering factors that are associated with emotional distress during treatment and subsequent decisions by patients to delay, reduce, or terminate treatment. Interviews were conducted with 61 patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma. Patients reported on side effects of treatment and their efforts to control them, their knowledge and beliefs about their illness, their strategies for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, and the extent to which they had been prepared for the experiences of chemotherapy. Ratings of emotional distress were obtained on an 11-point self-report scale, and information about treatment schedules was obtained from medical records. The number of side effects experienced, but not the duration or severity, was positively correlated with distress. Vague, diffuse side effects such as tiredness and pain were more likely to be associated with distress than were acute, specific side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Patients who reported either unsuccessful attempts to cope with side effects or no attempts at all had greater distress than those who were coping successfully. Patients who developed conditioned nausea during treatment reported higher distress than those who did not. PMID- 7093921 TI - Cholelithiasis and carcinoma of the colon. AB - Cholelithiasis and carcinoma of the colon have similar geographic distributions and common dietary and chemical pathogenetic factors. A study was done to test whether an association between cholelithiasis and colonic cancer existed in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. During the period from 1950-1969, 2413 new cases of cholelithiasis were identified in this population. Because the age- and sex-specific prevalence rates of colorectal cancer in this population were also available, the authors calculated the expected number of cases of colorectal cancer at the time of diagnosis of cholelithiasis. The relative risk (observed/expected) of colonic cancer among persons of all ages and both sexes with cholelithiasis was 1.52 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.0). Although the association seems significant, there is a potential bias in that the identification of asymptomatic cases of cholelithiasis might be facilitated in patients who have an operation or frequent follow-up examinations for colonic cancer. When the analysis was repeated separately for symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of cholelithiasis, all the excess (and statistical significance) was confined to the asymptomatic group, and apparent confirmation of the suggested bias. Therefore, the authors believe that no real association exists between cholelithiasis and carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 7093923 TI - Secondary treatment of polycythemia rubra vera with 6-thioguanine. AB - 6-thioguanine, an antimetabolite not potentiated by allopurinol, has been used in the treatment of 29 patients with polycythemia vera. All but two of the patients had been treated previously by venesection and/or radioactive phosphorus (32p) and/or alkylating agents. The usual dose was 40-160 mg daily alternate weeks according to individual response. The treatment period varied from 6-66 months (mean, 31 months). Of 27 evaluable patients 24 (89%) responded to treatment and at one year there was a significant fall in all blood count parameters. Seven patients relapsed while on treatment and four were withdrawn because of side effects. 6-thioguanine merits further evaluation in the management of polycythemia vera, particularly in those patients who have received large cumulative doses of 32p and/or alkylating agents and in whom an alternative mode of therapy is desirable. PMID- 7093925 TI - Methotrexate used for psoriasis and the risk of noncutaneous or cutaneous malignancy. AB - Using case-control methods, we separately evaluated the risk of noncutaneous and cutaneous malignancy associated with exposure to methotrexate as it is used in the treatment of severe psoriasis. An analysis of 26 cases of noncutaneous cancer and 104 matched controls revealed no association between the development of noncutaneous malignancy and exposure to methotrexate (relative risk = 0.96; upper bound 95% confidence interval = 2.0). An analysis of 80 cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer and 297 matched controls revealed a relative risk of 1.2 for the development of cutaneous malignancy among those with exposure to methotrexate (upper bound 95% confidence interval = 1.9). Our data suggest that methotrexate, as it is used in the treatment of severe psoriasis, does not increase the risk of noncutaneous or cutaneous malignancy. PMID- 7093926 TI - The effects of radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease in a child with ataxia telangiectasia: a clinical, biological and pathologic study. AB - Stage I lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed in a 44-month-old girl. Although immune deficiency was suspected and IgA deficiency demonstrated, the diagnosis of an ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)-like syndrome was not confirmed until eight weeks later when results of studies on the radiosensitivity of cultured skin fibroblasts were available. The child had none of the usual physical stigmata of AT. Severe acute radiation damage followed the treatment of this child with standard doses of radiation therapy. Clinical, pathologic, and radiobiologic correlations are drawn. The diagnosis of a malignant lymphoma disorder in children under the age of five should alert clinicians to the possibility of immune deficiency and, even in the absence of classical physical signs, to AT in particular. Suggestions for the management of future similar cases are put forward. PMID- 7093924 TI - Benefits of polychemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - The benefits of polychemotherapy in advanced (Stage III) non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma remain uncertain. In attempt to answer the important question whether treatment improves well-being and survival in these patients, we did a prospective, randomized, single-blind study to compare polychemotherapy to a placebo. Thirty-nine consecutive patients were enrolled. Twenty received a drug combination consisting of: methotrexate, doxorubicine hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, and lomustine (CCNU) (MACC). The other group (19 subjects) received a placebo physically comparable to MACC. The two groups were initially comparable in terms of age, sex, clinical status, and tumor burden. In the treated group, seven patients had a radiologic response (more than 50% reduction in the tumor size), and the tumor stabilized in an additional five subjects. There were no responders in the placebo group. Median survival was 30.5 weeks for the MACC group compared to 8.5 weeks in the placebo group (P less than 0.0005, Gehan-Wilcoxon). We conclude that polychemotherapy (in this case MACC) significantly benefits patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. PMID- 7093928 TI - Computed tomography in the evaluation and treatment of endometrial carcinoma. AB - Since patients with endometrial carcinoma tend to be elderly, diabetic and hypertensive, individualization of treatment is very important. The therapy for each patient with endometrial carcinoma should be individualized and determined by the stage and factors predisposing to extrauterine spread of the tumor. Such risk factors include the grade of the tumor and depth of myometrial invasion. Unfortunately, staging based on pelvic examination is inaccurate in endometrial carcinoma and the depth of myometrial invasion cannot be assessed preoperatively. In order to assess its uses in the staging and treatment planning of endometrial cancer, CT was performed in 28 previously untreated patients with endometrial cancer. Twenty patients subsequently underwent surgery and the CT findings were correlated with the surgical and pathologic findings. CT proved to be useful in determining the depth of myometrial invasion and whether cervical involvement is present or not. Such information provided by CT helps to plan treatment more adequately and accurately for the individual patients. PMID- 7093927 TI - The effect of in vitro irradiation on mitogenic responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and non Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 7093929 TI - Utility of radionuclide liver/spleen scanning and serum enzyme level in detecting hepatic metastases from ovarian carcinoma. AB - One hundred-five patients with ovarian carcinoma had radionuclide liver/spleen scanning done at the time of staging. Of the 105 initial scans, eight were interpreted as having hepatocellular dysfunction. Seven of these eight had abnormal liver function studies. One patient had a hepatic cyst but had elevated liver function studies. Six patients demonstrated hepatic metastases (at the time of staging). All but one of these occurred in Stage IV tumors of epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma). No hepatic metastases were demonstrated in Stage I or II tumors, and only one Stage III epithelial carcinoma had hepatic metastases. Three patients developed hepatic metastases during the course of treatment. All nine patients with hepatic metastases had abnormal concurrent liver function studies. It is suggested that screening for liver metastases in patients with ovarian carcinoma is of limited value in patients with normal liver function studies. PMID- 7093930 TI - Blood vessel invasion and axillary lymph node involvement as prognostic indicators for human breast cancer. AB - Blood vessel invasion and axillary lymph node involvement were examined in 175 breast cancer patients. The incidence of blood vessel invasion was 35%. The presence of blood vessel invasion was highly associated with early disease recurrence. The association of poor prognosis with blood vessel invasion was independent of clinical stage, menopausal status, node status, tumor size, or postsurgical treatment. Those patients with blood vessel invasion and two or more positive nodes were at extremely high risk for early recurrence (70% recurrence by two years compared with 15% recurrence in the remainder of the patients). Thus, blood vessel invasion is a useful indicator of early recurrence in patients with primary breast cancer and, in combination with node status, is a prognostic indicator with high discriminatory power. PMID- 7093933 TI - Characterization of the steady-state population of the poly(adenylic acid) sequences in a rat hepatoma and in normal liver. AB - In steady state conditions, the content and size distribution of the poly(A) segments obtained by nuclease digestion of the total RNA from normal liver and a fast growing hepatoma (H 3924 A) are different. Evidence is presented for: an increase of the amount of poly(A) in the hepatoma; a more heterogeneous sedimentation profile of the poly(A) extracted from hepatoma, for the presence of segments of larger size; a different distribution pattern of the poly(A) associated to messengers of various size in the two tissues. These findings suggest an enhanced stability of the poly(A) sequences in the hepatoma, probably correlated to a reduced utilization of its messengers. PMID- 7093932 TI - Alterations of bioelectric potential in primary hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide or diethylnitrosamine. AB - Primary hepatocellular carcinoma(s) (PHC) induced in rats by N-2 fluorenylacetamide (AAF) or diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were examined for their bioelectric potential (EP). N-2-Fluorenylacetamide-induced PHC differed from age matched normal livers by a mean of -12.9, which is significant at p less than 0.001. They also differed from non-PHC-bearing surrounding liver by -4.75 mV, significant at p less than 0.05. Diethylnitrosamine-induced PHC differed from normal liver by -13.5 mV and from background liver by -9.95 mV, both significant at p less than 0.001. To determine the contribution of cell division to these differences, regenerating livers were examined. The levels of mixed function oxidases in PHC and in regenerating livers reported in the literature appeared to correlate with the measured EP. We, therefore, studied the effects of chemical inhibitors and an inducer of this enzyme system. The alterations of mixed function oxidase were demonstrated to parallel those of EP. PMID- 7093931 TI - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a vascular tumor often mistaken for a carcinoma. AB - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a unique tumor of adult life which is characterized by an "epithelioid" or "histiocytoid" endothelial cell. Forty-one cases of this rare tumor have been recognized at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. They may occur in either superficial or deep soft tissue, and in 26 cases appeared to arise from a vessel, usually a medium-sized or large vein. They are composed of rounded or slightly spindled eosinophilic endothelial cells with rounded nuclei and prominent cytoplasmic vacuolization. The latter feature probably represents primitive lumen formation by a single cell. The cells grown in small nests or cords and only focally line well-formed vascular channels. The pattern of solid growth and the epithelioid appearance of the endothelium frequently leads to the mistaken diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma. The tumor can be distinguished from a carcinoma by the lack of pleomorphism and mitotic activity in most instances and by the presence of focal vascular channels. Ultrastructural study in four cases confirmed the endothelial nature of the tumor in demonstrating cells surrounded by basal lamina, dotted with surface pinocytotic vesicles, and occasionally containing Weibel-Palade bodies. Follow-up information in 31 cases indicated that 20 patients were alive and well following therapy; three developed local recurrences and six metastases. It is suggested the term epithelioid hemangioendothelioma be used to designate these biologically "borderline" neoplasms. The significance of the epithelioid endothelial cell is not entirely clear. Since it may be observed in both benign and malignant vascular lesions, its presence alone does not define a clinicopathologic entity. PMID- 7093934 TI - Conditions for the generation of high serum levels of C3DP. AB - High titers of C3DP, a DNA-binding derivative of complement C3, have been reported to occur in the sera of individuals with active malignant disease. The mechanism of generation of C3DP remained obscure. We report here that C3DP is not generated in vitro under the conditions required for its isolation and subsequent assay. However, under certain storage conditions, all sera (normal and malignant) produce C3DP. This severely limits the usefulness of the assay for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. PMID- 7093935 TI - Steric crowding and conformer stability of the diol-epoxides of benzo(c)phenanthrene. AB - The relative stabilities of conformers of the syn and anti-diastereomers of the fjord and bay-region diol-epoxides of benzo(c)phenanthrene (BCP) and benzo(a)anthracene (BA) have been calculated. Steric crowding in the fjord-region of BCP is shown to stabilize the syn-diequatorial and anti-diaxial conformers of BCP. In contrast, the most stable conformers of the bay-epoxides of BA are found to be the syn-diaxial and anti-diequatorial. PMID- 7093936 TI - Selective alkylation of nucleic acids by carcinogens may cause miscoding in DNA. A theoretical study. AB - The CNDO/II method was used to study the pairing abilities of various alkylated nucleic acids. On the basis of these results, a mechanism for mutation (carcinogenesis) is proposed. Our calculations suggest that O-(6) alkylated guanine and/or O-(4) alkylated thymine could cause miscoding during the replication of DNA. PMID- 7093938 TI - High frequency of in vivo sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow cells of mice bearing mammary adenocarcinoma dbrB. PMID- 7093937 TI - Feedback control of cholesterol biosynthesis in mice fed the liver carcinogens benzidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene. AB - Dietary feedback control (DFC) of hepatic cholesterol synthesis is absent or defective in hepatomas of trout, mouse, rat and man. DFC has also been shown to be defective in rats fed several liver carcinogens including 2 acetylaminofluorene (AAF). These studies have led to the hypothesis that loss of normal DFC is an early and consistent event in the development of liver cancer. To determine whether DFC was defective in "precancerous" mouse livers, we fed the liver carcinogens AAF (0.05% in chow) and benzidine (0.02% in drinking water) to male BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice for 3 or 6 weeks. We measured sterol synthesis as incorporation of 2-14C-acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols by liver slices. DFC was tested by adding 2% cholesterol to the diet for 3 days prior to sacrifice. Benzidine (but not AAF) treatment enhanced sterol synthesis in C57BL/6, but not in BALB/c, mice. However DFC was normal in both strains with either carcinogen. The results indicate that defective DFC is not a consistent early finding in animals fed liver carcinogens. Since defective DFC has been a consistent finding in AAF-fed rats, additional research is needed to determine whether the same genetic factors which determine susceptibility to chemically induced neoplasia are also important in influencing DFC in carcinogen-fed animals. PMID- 7093939 TI - C-banding studies in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - C-Banding studies were performed on cells of 100 acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) patients. No differences were found among patients in regard to age or sex. When compared to 70 healthy controls, an excess of a symmetrical distribution of 9qh was found, mainly due to an increased incidence of changes at level 2 according to the Patil and Lubs classification. PMID- 7093940 TI - Identification of human acinar cell carcinoma by monoclonal antibody and in vitro differentiation. AB - Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced carcinomas in organ-cultured human pancreas when injected into nude mice produced subcutaneous carcinomas none of which recognizable as being of acinar cell origin. Both monoclonal antibody to acinar cell surface marker produced by hybridoma, and in vitro tumor cell differentiation were used to detect tumors of acinar cell origin. Only 1 out of 14 tumors, a highly undifferentiated carcinoma, proved to be of acinar origin. This tumor was composed of cells devoid of zymogen granules but with abundant acinar cell surface marker. The acinar origin of this tumor was also confirmed by its differentiative features after 7 weeks of culture. PMID- 7093941 TI - The presence of aflatoxin and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human foods. AB - An analysis of several common food items (fish, meat, crops and spices) as sold in the Nigerian markets has shown the presence of (a) benzo[a]-pyrene and benz[a]anthracene in fish and meat samples, and (b) aflatoxin in crops and spices. These results are discussed in relation to the relatively high incidence of cancer in tropical Africa. PMID- 7093942 TI - Effect of selenium on growth rate of canine mammary carcinoma cells in athymic nude mice. AB - A canine mammary tumor cell line established from a carcinoma of the solid type was used in this study. In 2 separate experiments, athymic nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 5 x 10(6) viable tumor cells. All tumor-bearing mice received subcutaneous injections thrice weekly of 2 micrograms/g body wt of selenium as sodium selenite or phosphate buffered saline. Control, non-tumor bearing mice were injected with either selenium or buffer. Selenium administration did not significantly alter the growth of non-tumor-bearing mice. However, body weight of tumor-bearing mice was reduced approximately 10%. The average volume of tumors in selenium treated mice was reduced 76% in experiment I and 74% in experiment II. PMID- 7093943 TI - The main photosensitizing components of hematoporphyrin derivative. AB - Commercial hematoporphyrin (Hp) and the tumor-localizing and photosensitizing agent hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) were analysed by means of high pressure lipid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, their efficiencies in sensitizing the photoinactivation of human cells in vitro were compared. The comparison showed that the least polar components of Hpd played the major role in this sensitization. In Hpd solutions used for injection in photochemotherapeutic treatment of cancer, these active components seem to be present as aggregates. PMID- 7093944 TI - General inhibition of embryonic cell aggregation by neoplastic cells. AB - The presence of small numbers of cancer cells cause an inhibition in the aggregation of embryonic chick neural retina cells. Experiments were made to investigate the inhibitory action of malignant mouse and virus-transformed chick neural retina cells on the aggregation and adhesion of several embryonic cell types. Malignant mouse cells, and their conditioned medium, inhibited the aggregation and adhesion of embryonic skeletal muscle heart and liver cells. The transformed retinal cells inhibited the aggregation of neural retina cells. These results suggest that the effect of cancer cells on the behavior of embryonic cells is a general one not related to the origin of the cancer cells. PMID- 7093945 TI - Proliferation in low calcium medium as a marker for malignancy: an apparent exception among human carcinoma cells. AB - The proliferative capacity of 2 human carcinoma cell lines, C-4I and C-4II which have a reduced ability to form colonies in low calcium (0.02 mM) medium, was compared with that of other tumor cells (C-33) which were characteristically calcium-independent, and with non-tumorigenic cells. In low calcium medium the C 4 lines continued to incorporate [3H]thymidine but few cells reached metaphase. Under the same conditions DNA synthesis of non-tumorigenic cells was reduced, while C-33 cells proliferated as efficiently as in standard medium. These results indicate the possibility of multiple sites for proliferation arrest in low calcium medium, and the necessity to follow-up colony-forming assays with [3H]thymidine incorporation tests when proliferation in low calcium medium is used as a marker for malignancy. PMID- 7093946 TI - Inhibition of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell growth by Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin in vivo. AB - Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia I (GS I) seeds contain a family of alpha-D galactopyranosyl-binding isolectins which strongly agglutinate Ehrlich ascites tumor cells due to the presence of this determinant sugar on their cell surface glycoproteins. Administration of GS I lectin (100 micrograms/day or 300 micrograms on alternate days, i.p.) inhibits the growth of Ehrlich tumor cells in vivo. Mice given injections of only Ehrlich cells lived an average of 36 +/- 13 (S.E.) days with no mouse surviving longer than 53 days. Mice given injections of Ehrlich cells and 100 micrograms GS I lectin daily or 300 micrograms GS I lectin on alternate days showed 75 and 62% survival, respectively, after 60 days. Lectin dependent, macrophage-mediated tumor cell lysis may be the mechanism whereby the GS I lectin exerts its cytotoxic effect. PMID- 7093947 TI - Zinc-induced resistance to alkylating agent toxicity. AB - Suspension cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells and three derived cadmium resistant variants were exposed to 100 microM ZnCl2 prior to treatment with the alkylating agent, melphalan, and cytotoxicity was then determined by measuring colony-forming ability. A 10-fold or greater enhancement in survival of all zinc pretreated cultures subsequently exposed to melphalan was observed which was unrelated to metallothionein induction capacity. Although the maximum achievable protection afforded by zinc occurred in cultures receiving 100 microM ZnCl2, concentrations of zinc only slightly in excess of levels found in human serum were shown to provide a 4.5-fold enhancement of protection, indicating that the phenomenon can also be induced at physiologically reasonable levels. These results suggest the existence of a novel zinc-inducible mechanism which protects cells against the toxic effects of alkylating agents. PMID- 7093948 TI - Induction of spermidine N1-acetyltransferase by dialkylnitrosamines. AB - Treatment of rats with dimethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg) or diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg) produced a rapid increase in the activity of spermidine N1 acetyltransferase which peaked at values 7-fold greater than did control at 48 hr after exposure. This increase led to a small accumulation of N1-acetylspermidine in the liver but produced a more striking effect on putrescine which increased 30 to 40-fold after 2 days. Most of this increase appeared to be due to the conversion of N1-acetylspermidine into putrescine which is catalyzed by polyamine oxidase. Treatment with the nitrosamines also increased the conversion of spermine into spermidine which replaced the spermidine converted into putrescine. Spermine levels were therefore significantly depressed by treatment with these carcinogens. These results indicate that these hepatocarcinogens bring about an increase in putrescine and in the spermidine/spermine ratio in the liver not only by enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase but also by induction of the spermidine N1-acetyltransferase activity which is the rate-limiting step in the acetylase oxidase pathway for interconversion of the polyamines. PMID- 7093949 TI - Trapping of DNA-reactive metabolites of therapeutic or carcinogenic agents by carbon-14-labeled synthetic polynucleotides. AB - Many substances which do not react with DNA directly are metabolized into important DNA-modifying intermediates. We have devised a method for trapping these intermediates with 14C-labeled nucleosides contained in a synthetic polynucleotide. The polynucleotide structure protects the labeled nucleoside from metabolism; thus, it is unaltered when the polymer is incubated with a drug metabolizing system. However, when the polymer is incubated with this system and a compound which can be metabolized into a reactive species, these intermediates are trapped by the 14C-labeled nucleoside and subsequently are detected as new peaks of radioactivity in a digest of the labeled polynucleotide. This system has been used to detect reactive intermediates of cyclophosphamide generated by a liver homogenate. PMID- 7093951 TI - Toxicity of diethylaminoreserpine to a transplantable tumor: the significance of the presence of hypoxic cells. AB - The survival of clonogenic cells from two transplantable mouse tumors has been measured following i.p. injection of diethylaminoreserpine (DL-152) to the tumor bearing mouse. Reduction of surviving fraction was seen for both tumors following injection of the drug, minimal numbers of surviving cells being seen from 24 to 48 hr after injection. Greater cell kill was observed for the KHT fibrosarcoma (surviving fraction = 3 x 10(-2) at 48 hr) than for the EMT6 mammary carcinoma (surviving fraction = 2 x 10(-1) at 48 hr). Reduction in surviving fraction of the KHT tumor was already observed at 1 hr after injection of the drug, and survival at that time was reduced if tumor cells were acutely hypoxic prior to excision of the tumor. Results also indicated that chronically hypoxic radioresistant cells were more sensitive to the drug than were aerated cells. Significant reduction in surviving fraction was seen for doses of DL-152 as low as 5 mg/kg. Using KHT tumors growing as lung nodules, it was shown that toxicity of DL-152 was not apparent until 11 to 14 days after initiation of the tumor and that subsequent sensitivity of cells to DL-152 increased with increasing age of the lung tumor. Hypoxic cells were detectable in 10-day-old lung tumors, a time at which the tumors were still resistant to the toxic effects of DL-152. In vitro experiments using KHT cells in suspension showed that a high concentration of DL 152 was toxic to both hypoxic and aerated cells but that hypoxic cells were more sensitive to lower concentrations than were aerated cells. PMID- 7093950 TI - Chemical quantification of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes as an assay for the rapid screening of potential chemical carcinogens. AB - Technical modifications of the quantitative determination of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes are described which allow for the rapid identification of potentially carcinogenic chemicals on a large-scale screening basis. The test is based on the biochemical quantification of [methyl 3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in the presence of hydroxyurea following isolation of nuclei from hepatocytes treated with the agent under study. This procedure ("nuclei procedure") eliminates most of the background radioactivity which otherwise obscures the stimulation of DNA repair synthesis by agents that induce a relatively weak response. By combining the nuclei procedure with a double-labeling technique, test results can be obtained within a few hr after exposure of hepatocytes to the test agents. A test series involving 41 agents confirmed the reliability of the nuclei procedure for the assay of DNA repair synthesis. In addition, chemicals which had yielded conflicting results previously in the autoradiographic hepatocyte DNA repair test, such as 4 acetylaminofluorene, or which had passed unrecognized in previous in vitro tests, such as the potent liver carcinogen methapyrilene hydrochloride, scored clearly positive in our test protocol. PMID- 7093952 TI - Dietary influence of tyrosine and phenylalanine on the response of B16 melanoma to carbidopa-levodopa methyl ester chemotherapy. PMID- 7093953 TI - Cell specificity in hepatocarcinogenesis: preferential accumulation of O6 methylguanine in target cell DNA during continuous exposure to rats to 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. AB - Concentrations of the major methylated DNA purines were determined in two liver cell cell populations of Fischer 344 rats during administration of 30 ppm 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in the drinking water for periods of up to 4 weeks. Quantitation of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine (O6MG) was achieved by highly sensitive optical methods following separation of DNA bases by high performance liquid chromatography. Overall alkylation as indicated by the concentration of 7-methylguanine was near maximum in both hepatocytes and liver nonparenchymal cells by the third day of SDMH administration. Similar amounts of 7-methylguanine were present in the two liver cell populations at seven of nine time points during 4 weeks of exposure. In contrast, dramatic differences in the cumulative concentrations of O6MG were seen in the two cell populations. Nonparenchymal cells accumulated O6MG during the first 8 days of exposure and had up to a 30-fold greater concentration of this product than did the corresponding hepatocytes. In the hepatocytes, a rapid decline in O6MG concentration was observed between 1 and 3 days of exposure to SDMH. Thereafter, only low levels of this promutagenic lesion were present in hepatocytes. Exposure of rats to the same regimen of SDMH for up to 10 months caused angiosarcomas in the livers of over 90% of the animals, while hepatocellular carcinomas occurred in only 40%. Thus, a strong correlation exists between the inability to repair O6MG and cell specificity for carcinogenesis. PMID- 7093954 TI - Formation of the cross-link 1-[N3-deoxycytidyl),2-[N1-deoxyguanosinyl]ethane in DNA treated with N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. AB - The cross-linked dinucleoside, 1-[N3-deoxycytidyl],2-[N1-deoxyguanosinyl]ethane, has been isolated from DNA which has been exposed to N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N nitrosourea. It is probable that this structure is responsible for the interstrand cross-linking observed previously by physical methods. The modification is unique in that it cross-links DNA through two base-pairing positions and probably arises through the transfer of a chloroethyl group to one of the bases followed by a second reaction of this group with the other strand of DNA. Initial attack could be at the N3 position of deoxycytidine, the N1 position of deoxyguanosine, or possibly the O6 position of deoxyguanosine. Attack at the O6 position of deoxyguanosine would require an internal cyclization with the N1 position of deoxyguanosine before secondary reaction with the N3 position of deoxycytidine but would explain resistance to N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N nitrosourea in cells capable of removing substituents on the O6 position of guanine. PMID- 7093955 TI - Growth characteristics of human colonic adenocarcinomas propagated in the Rowett athymic rat. AB - Two human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines were propagated in the Rowett athymic rat. Line LoVo displayed a well-differentiated morphology and exhibited progressive growth over a 70-day observation period with a doubling time of 8.5 days throughout. No metastatic involvement was noted. Xenografts of SW 620 cells were undifferentiated and highly necrotic. These tumors grew progressively for approximately 30 days with a doubling time of 5.5 days, but over 90% of the animals exhibited a spontaneous regression with a mean time to total regression of 51 +/- 3 (S.E.) days. Animals which had rejected the SW 620 xenografts would not support the growth of either the SW 620 or LoVo xenografts when challenged a second time with inocula producing a 100% tumor incidence in control rats. No metastatic involvement was noted for the SW 620 xenografts, but the tumors frequently invaded the underlying musculature and protruded into the peritoneal cavity without producing ascites or tumor nodules at sites distant from the primary. PMID- 7093957 TI - A qualitative and quantitative assay for cells lacking postconfluence inhibition of cell division: characterization of this phenotype in carcinogen-treated Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture. AB - We have developed a qualitative and quantitative assay system for detecting cells lacking postconfluence inhibition of cell division (contact insensitivity, CS-) in golden Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture by measuring the number of cells able to form colonies on a lethally irradiated, confluent monolayer of a contact sensitive established cell line. A subpopulation in normal low-passage cultures of golden Syrian hamster embryo cells temporarily exhibits this CS- phenotype at very low frequency (approximately 4 x 10(-3)) but quickly loses the property within a few passages in vitro. This phenotype is invariably exhibited by various tumorigenic cell lines at very high frequency (7 to 50 x 10(-2)) and appears to correlate with the anchorage-independent growth phenotype. The temporal acquisition of the CS- phenotype by tertiary-passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells following exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was examined. Cells with a stably heritable CS- phenotype are detected after approximately 20 posttreatment population doublings. In contrast, anchorage-independent cells are not detected until 35 to 95 posttreatment population doublings. These CS- cells appear to be preneoplastic cells, since clonally isolated CS- cells did not exhibit anchorage-independent growth until further passaging in vitro. The results suggest that acquisition of the CS- phenotype represents an early stage in neoplastic progression. PMID- 7093958 TI - Unusual androgen sensitivity of the androgen-independent Dunning R-3327-G rat prostatic adenocarcinoma: androgen effect on tumor cell loss. AB - Shessel et al. (Invest. Urol., 17: 529-533, 1980) have reported previously that the serially transplantable Dunning R-3327-G rat prostatic, adenocarcinoma grows faster in intact versus castrated male rats. The present study has demonstrated that this is because the G tumor is composed of androgen-independent but sensitive prostatic cancer cells. The inclusion that G tumor cells are androgen independent is based upon the observations that these cells are capable of growing following inoculation into castrated male rats and that castration of intact male rats bearing established G tumors induces neither regression of tumor volume nor cessation of the continuous growth of the tumor. The G tumor cells, while being androgen independent, are, however, highly sensitive to androgen for their maximal rate of tumor growth. This androgen sensitivity is demonstrated by the fact that the G tumor cells can be reversibly shifted to a faster or slower growth rate simply by manipulation of the host androgen status. The androgen sensitivity of G tumor growth rate is unusual in that it is not due to androgenic stimulation of cell division but to androgen-induced inhibition of G tumor cell loss (i.e., the rate of G tumor cell loss is reduced by over 50% when androgen is present). The androgen sensitivity of G tumor cell loss is also unusual in that, due to the low level of 5 alpha-reductase activity of the G tumor, the predominant intracellular androgen responsible for this inhibition in untreated intact hosts appears to be testosterone and not dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In castrated rats, however, exogenous treatment with DHT is equally as effective as exogenous testosterone in inhibiting G tumor cell loss. These results suggest that G tumor cells are sensitive to either testosterone or DHT but that in untreated intact hosts little DHT is formed by the tumor cells. PMID- 7093960 TI - Esophageal and hepatic microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and N nitrosodimethylamine in the rat. AB - The metabolism of the rat esophageal carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) was studied using microsomes prepared from liver and esophageal mucosa of untreated male Sprague-Dawley rats. NMBzA was extensively metabolized to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and formaldehyde by hepatic microsomes. The rate of metabolism at the benzyl moiety was 10-fold higher than that at the methyl moiety. Mucosal microsomes metabolized NMBzA to benzaldehyde and formaldehyde at rates one-fifth and one-sixtieth of those in the liver, respectively; benzyl alcohol formation was undetectable. Esophageal metabolism of NMBzA was exclusively located in the mucosa, preferentially in the microsomal fraction, was reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dependent, and was inhibited by CO and 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate. A low level of cytochrome P 450 was detected in the mucosal microsomes. Whereas hepatic metabolism of NMBzA was inducible by phenobarbitone pretreatment, mucosal metabolism was not altered by either phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment. The hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine was extensively metabolized by hepatic microsomes to formaldehyde, but demethylation was not detected in the microsomes from esophageal mucosa, a nontarget tissue. The results indicate that rat esophageal mucosa contains an enzyme system which metabolizes NMBzA at a high rate and exhibits properties typical of cytochrome P-450. This enzyme may play a role in determining which compounds induce tumors in rat esophagus. PMID- 7093956 TI - Quantitative analysis of the cytokinetic response of KHT tumors in vivo to 1-beta D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. AB - Quantitative estimates of cytokinetic perturbations induced over a 30-hr interval in KHT tumor cells in vivo by a single dose of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) were inferred from measurements of DNA distribution sequences, tritiated thymidine incorporation into tumor cell DNA, and radioactivity of cells labeled with tritiated thymidine prior to treatment with ara-C. These data were analyzed collectively to produce a mathematical model describing the effects of ara-C on tumor cell cycle kinetics. During analysis, we postulated that ara-C produced a transient block at the a G1-S-phase boundary, that ara-C killed all cells in S phase, and that the cells killed by ara-C did not cycle after treatment. The analysis showed that the duration of the G1-S-boundary block was 5.5 hr, that cells were recruited from G0 into cycle beginning 5.5 hr posttreatment, and that the G1, S, and G2M phase durations of the clonogenic cells which were initially 2, 11.5, and 2 hr, respectively, changed to 0.8, 4.6, and 0.8 hr at 14 hr posttreatment. Cells killed by ara-C were removed from the tumor beginning 10 hr posttreatment. We then used the mathematical model to predict clonogenic tumor cell survival following a second dose of ara-C administered at time intervals ranging from 1 to 30 hr after the first treatment. Clonogenic tumor cell survival following the second dose of ara-C was then experimentally determined and agreed well with the model predictions. PMID- 7093959 TI - Development of a new melanoma model in C57BL/6 mice. AB - In the present study, we induced melanomas in C57BL/6 mice by a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to the scapular region of 4-day-old mice, followed by twice-weekly applications of croton oil. Of 20 mice treated, melanomas arose in two female littermates. The first melanoma (JB/MS) arose 16 weeks after initiation of treatment, and the second melanoma (JB/RH) arose 23 weeks later. The melanomas maintained their melanotic appearance after s.c. transplantation to normal C57BL/6 mice and metastasized spontaneously in the transplant recipients. To our knowledge, these are the first melanomas to have been induced in C57BL/6 mice since the B16 melanoma arose spontaneously in 1954. We feel that the JB/MS and JB/RH melanomas provide an excellent comparative system for studies done with the B16 melanoma. These melanomas of recent origin will also facilitate the investigation of biological, immunological, and biochemical parameters that influence the growth and metastasis of malignant melanomas. PMID- 7093961 TI - Clonal growth of carcinogen-induced enzyme-deficient preneoplastic cell populations in mouse liver. PMID- 7093962 TI - Placental alkaline phosphatase as a tumor marker for seminoma. AB - A sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay was used in a retrospective study of serum levels of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in testicular cancer. Sixteen of 28 men with active seminoma had elevated PLAP levels, and 71% had elevated levels of either PLAP, human chorionic gonadotropin, or both. Only four of 22 men with active nonseminomatous cancer had elevated PLAP levels, and the levels were normal in all control patients, including 33 men apparently cured of testicular cancer. In six of ten serial studies, PLAP levels provided information not otherwise available that would have been useful clinically, and the levels never were elevated inappropriately. Our data suggest that PLAP is a clinically useful serum tumor marker for seminoma. PMID- 7093963 TI - Further evidence for the use of polyamines as biochemical markers for malignant tumors. AB - One hundred ninety patients with a variety of tumor presented within a specified time period and fit a specified protocol. Multiple serial urinary putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels were obtained in these patients, and their disease activity over time, defined as either active or nonactive, was determined by clinical examination, the results of laboratory tests, and radiological criteria. Twenty-four-hr urine collections were used for analysis of polyamine levels. A linear mixed-effects model and the method of maximum likelihood estimation were used for statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences were found in polyamine levels between patients with active or nonactive disease for tumors of the breast, stomach, prostate, female genital tract, and a variety of metastatic carcinomas of unknown origin. There were 105 patients with these tumors; 319 polyamine determinations were obtained from this subset of patients. Our results suggest that serial determination of polyamine levels in urine may have clinical utility for monitoring the disease states for these tumors. PMID- 7093964 TI - Organ site specificity for cancer in chromosomal instability disorders. AB - DNA rearrangement rather than point mutation is an emerging hypothesis for human carcinogenesis. Although there is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, indirect evidence is provided by cancer cytogenetics and genetics. It has been suggested that patients with Bloom's syndrome, a disorder of spontaneous chromosomal rearrangement, develop the common fatal internal cancers and thus that genetic rearrangements, rather than chemical mutagens, cause most internal human cancers. To test this observation, we have derived age- and sex-adjusted cancer incidence rate ratios for specific organ sites in patients with three chromosomal instability disorders (Bloom's syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, and dyskeratosis congenita) and have found that the increased incidence of cancer in all three disorders is limited to specific and often uncommon organ sites. We conclude that chromosomal instability disorders do not predispose patients to the common fatal internal cancers. Although DNA rearrangement remains a promising concept in human carcinogenesis, the organ site specificity of cancers associated with Bloom's syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, and dyskeratosis congenita cannot be used as evidence to implicate this mechanism. PMID- 7093965 TI - The course of nausea and vomiting after high-dose cyclophosphamide. AB - We studied the course of nausea and vomiting after high-dose cyclophosphamide (50 75 mg/kg) in 25 patients. Nausea was assessed with a visual analog scale and vomiting by patient report. The reliability and validity of these methods of assessment were established in separate studies of oncology patients. Nausea and vomiting developed between 6 and 12 hours after the start of a 1-hour cyclophosphamide infusion in about two thirds of the patients. Peak symptoms were at 12 hours. Vomiting had subsided in most of the patients by 24 hours, but nausea persisted. Although there was significant individual variation in the course of nausea and vomiting, we could identify no demographic, disease, drug, or treatment factors which were associated with more significant nausea and vomiting. Some of the variability in the onset, severity, and duration of nausea and vomiting may be related to individual differences in the metabolism of and susceptibility to cyclophosphamide. The visual analog scale may provide information about nausea not obtained by the more frequently employed categoric verbal rating scales. Suggestions for the treatment of nausea and vomiting after high-dose cyclophosphamide are made on the basis of the findings. PMID- 7093966 TI - Phase I study of indicine N-oxide in patients with advanced cancer. AB - Indicine N-oxide is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from Heliotropium indicum, one of the widely used herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Thirty-seven patients with solid tumors received the drug: 15 men and 22 women (mean age, 53 years). All had had prior chemotherapy, and 25 had had prior radiotherapy. Eighty-four percent had a performance status of 0-3 (Cancer and Leukemia Group B criteria). The drug was given as a short infusion over 15 minutes and repeated with a median interval of 4 weeks. Doses were escalated from 1 to 9 g/m2. A total of 55 courses were evaluable. Dose-limiting toxic effects were leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and the toxicity was cumulative with repeated doses. Other toxic effects included nausea and vomiting, anemia, and hepatic dysfunction. The hematologic toxicity tended to be more pronounced in patients with hepatic dysfunction, poor marrow reserve, and heavy prior chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There were no complete or partial responses. One patient with skin melanoma and another with ovarian carcinoma had improvement lasting 2 months. The maximally tolerated dose is 9 g/m2 in our population. A recommended dose for therapeutic study is 7 g/m2. High risk patients should be started at a dose of 5 g/m2. The treatment may be repeated at 4-week intervals with close monitoring of wbc and platelet counts. Dose reductions may be necessary for repeated courses. PMID- 7093967 TI - Phase I clinical evaluation of 9,10-anthracenedicarboxyaldehyde[bis(4,5-dihydro 1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone]dihydrochloride (bisantrene). AB - 9,10-Anthracenedicarboxyaldehyde[bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-y1)-hydrazone ]dihydrochloride (bisantrene) is one of a series of anthracenedicarboxyaldehyde compounds that has significant antitumor activity similar to that of doxorubicin in experimental mouse tumor systems. A phase I clinical study was conducted using a weekly x 3 schedule. Twenty-six patients with a wide variety of advanced malignant solid tumors received a total of 39 courses of the drug at doses ranging from 40 to 180 mg/m2/week x 3. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxic effect. Other toxic effects included malaise, which was observed in 49% of the courses, nausea and vomiting in 36%, fever in 21%, and phlebitis in 21%. No responses were observed in this study. For phase II studies, using this schedule, a starting dose of 150 mg/m2/week x 3 repeated every 4-5 weeks is recommended. In patients who have received minimal or no therapy, the starting dose should be 180 mg/m2. PMID- 7093968 TI - Cyclophosphamide-induced cardiomyopathy in the rat. AB - Cyclophosphamide given to ACI inbred rats produced histologic evidence of cardiomyopathy and degenerative vascular changes beginning as early as 4 days after the first of three 150-mg/kg doses (0.9 g/m2). The interval between doses was 14 days to allow bone marrow to recover after each treatment. Twofold increases in heart weight and DNA content were observed 56 days after initial treatment; compensatory hypertrophy and a marked infiltration of the myocardium by lymphocytes were observed histologically at that time. Heart weight and DNA content were again at control levels on Day 126. Hydroxyproline content, which increased along with DNA and weight, did not decrease until after Day 196, confirming a morphologic finding of increased fibrosis after cyclophosphamide which eventually decreased in severity. These data re-emphasize the necessity for considering both the acute and chronic toxic effects, as well as recovery, when developing treatment schedules employing therapeutically effective chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 7093969 TI - Development and characterization of a cyclophosphamide-resistant mouse plasmacytoma cell line. AB - Murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma is sensitive to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY), and animals bearing this tumor in advanced stages can be cured with doses as small as 60 mg/kg. With repeated transfer of LPC-1 cells followed by subcurative CY therapy, we have developed from this CY-sensitive parent line (CY-S) a stable CY-resistant subline (CY-R) that is unaffected by doses as large as 250 mg/kg. Stability of this induced CY resistance in the absence of CY treatment has been demonstrated for greater than 14 transfer generations. The CY-R subline has been compared to the CY-S parent line and shown to be similar with respect to morphology, growth kinetics, survival time, synthesis of IgG 2a kappa M component, and DNA content and distribution. The CY-S parent line responds in vivo to CY analogs (ifosfamide and trofosfamide), as judged by decreased tumor mass and increased survival; the CY-R subline is resistant to the CY analogs. The response to carmustine (BCNU) was tested, and resistance to CY did not predict for response to this alkylating agent since the effect on both CY-S and CY-R lines was equal. The significance of the development of this CY-resistant subline and the implications for future research into the mechanisms of such resistance are discussed. PMID- 7093970 TI - Modification of radiation damage in rat spinal cord by mitotane. AB - Modification of the paralytic response in rats after 6-MV photon irradiation of the spinal cord with either single or split exposures (two equal fractions given in a 24-hour period) by mitotane was investigated. Mitotane was administered as a suspension in physiologic saline (300 mg/kg/day) for either 5 days prior to or 5 days after irradiation. For rats receiving split doses of 6-MV photons, either the last two doses of mitotane were given 2 hours prior to each radiation fraction or mitotane was begun 2 hours after the second fraction and continued for 5 days. The data to 6 months after irradiation indicate that, in rats given mitotane for 5 days prior to single-dose photon irradiation, the paralytic response (as defined by the dose needed to produce paralysis in 50% of the irradiated groups of rats) was enhanced by a dose-enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.40. The DEF in the group of rats given mitotane after single doses of 6-MV photons was 1.15. In the split-dose irradiation experiments, the DEF for the groups of rats given mitotane prior to each radiation fraction was 1.36; while the DEF for the group of rats receiving mitotane beginning after the second fraction was 1.18. These data indicate that mitotane can potentiate the effects of 6-MV photon irradiation to the central nervous system, with mitotane administered prior to irradiation being the most effective sequence. PMID- 7093971 TI - Neurologic and cardiac toxicity following iv application of methotrexate. AB - The case of a 61-year-old female patient with metastatic breast cancer is reported. She developed neurologic symptoms and supraventricular extrasystoles when she received iv methotrexate. These symptoms were reproducible and were not found with other drugs. The cause for this event is not clear. PMID- 7093972 TI - Phase II study of sequential methotrexate-5-FU therapy in advanced measurable colorectal cancer. AB - Eighteen patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer were treated with a sequential methotrexate-5-FU regimen. One of 16 evaluable patients achieved a partial response. The results of this and other clinical and laboratory investigations reported to date suggest that further study of different doses and schedules of sequential methotrexate-5-FU is warranted. PMID- 7093973 TI - Phase II trial of combination methyl-GAG and vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic renal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7093974 TI - Phase II evaluation of gallium nitrate in breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. PMID- 7093975 TI - Phase II evaluation of maytansine in refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. PMID- 7093976 TI - The synthesis of alpha and beta-(1 less than 2) and-(1 less than 3)-linked glucopyranose disaccharides and their protein conjugates. AB - 2,3,4-Tri-O-benzyl-6-O-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-1-O-tosyl-D-glucopyranose and 3,4,6 tri-O-benzyl-2-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-1-O-tosyl-D-glucopyranose were allowed to react with partially blocked 2-[4-p-toluenesulfonamido) phenyl]ethyl alpha- and beta-D glucopyranosides. Disaccharides having the structure alpha-D-Glcp-(1 goes to 2) alpha-D-Glcp, alpha-D-Glcp-(1 goes to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp, beta-D-Glcp-(1 goes to 2) beta-D-Glcp, and beta-D-Glcp-(1 goes to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp were synthesized. The oligosaccharides were debenzylated with sodium in liquid ammonia to give disaccharides having a free primary aromatic amino group, which were converted into isothiocyanate derivatives and then coupled to various proteins to give the corresponding conjugates. PMID- 7093977 TI - Structure of a branched tetrasaccharide from marsupial milk. PMID- 7093978 TI - Dermatology in the 1980s. PMID- 7093979 TI - Effects of fluorocarbon infusion on microcirculation during cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - A pulsatile pump was used to effect a three-hour cardiopulmonary bypass in 15 mongrel dogs. During the bypass, Fluosol-DA (35%) infusion was used in lieu of homologous blood transfusions. The greater omentum was chosen as a model of extraorganic microcirculation, and its reaction to the infusion was observed. The omentum's microcirculation was not adversely affected by the Fluosol-DA (35%): no sludging, microthrombi, arteriovenous fistulas, plasma skimming, stasis, or other adverse findings were observed. The animals' oxygen consumption did not decrease, and the resistance of the systemic blood vessels, did not increase during the experiment, suggesting that the fluorocarbon infusion had no untoward effects on the microcirculation. PMID- 7093980 TI - Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of asthma in steroid independent adults. AB - A total of 128 corticosteroid-independent adults with chronic allergic asthma were treated for six weeks with 400 micrograms/day of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Most patients (114 or 89%) had a good to excellent response, characterized by a marked improvement in the signs and symptoms of asthma. Substantial improvement in respiratory function, as evaluated by spirometry, was seen in 86 (67.2%) patients; 31 (24.2%) patients exhibited some improvement; and in 11 (8.6%) patients, respiratory function decreased. Overall, mean FEV improved by 57.2%; mean VC, by 53.5%; and mean FEV%, by 25%. Patients also were able to eliminate completely or reduce by half their use of cromolyn sodium, bronchodilators, and/or other antasthmatic drugs. With one exception, early morning plasma cortisol levels in patients with normal pretherapy levels were not adversely affected by the dosage used. No signs of oral candidiasis developed. PMID- 7093981 TI - Pharmacokinetic behavior of S-carboxymethylcysteine-Lys in patients with chronic bronchitis. AB - A mass fragmentographic technique was used to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of SCMC-Lys in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and with dense expectoration. Serum and urine levels, as well as bronchial mucus levels and their correlations, were determined. The data suggest that SCMC-Lys diffuses well into bronchial mucus, a useful feature for a mucolytic drug. PMID- 7093984 TI - [Urinary steroids ad glycaemia in diabetics and non-diabetics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093983 TI - Rosoxacin (Win 35,213) in the treatment of uncomplicated acute gonococcal infection. AB - The results of this open multicenter trial with 100 patients of both sexes show that a single 300-mg dose of rosoxacin (Win 35,213) was effective in achieving a 94% cure rate, both clinical and bacteriological, on the seventh day after treatment in patients with uncomplicated acute gonococcal infection. The cure rate in men was 94% (86/92) and in women 100% (8/8). All isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were susceptible to rosoxacin, as determined by 5-micrograms sensitivity disks. Adverse effects were seen in 14 patients--13 men and one woman. Twelve patients reported dizziness, one drowsiness, and one visual changes. It is concluded that rosoxacin can be of great usefulness in the epidemiological control of acute gonococcal infection, because of the lack of in vitro resistance to it, its minimal adverse effects, the low dose requirements, and the effectiveness of a single dose. The drug does not appear to have any treponemicidal action. PMID- 7093986 TI - [Thoughts on medical research and its perspectives]. PMID- 7093982 TI - Comparative absorption of theophylline following multiple doses of a sustained release formulation and an elixir in humans. AB - This multiple-dose, crossover study in 18 healthy adult men compared the oral absorption of theophylline from Theolair-SR sustained-release tablets (TSR) given two times a day with that from a reference elixir given four times a day. No difference in the extent of absorption of theophylline from either formulation was seen. At steady state (day 5), the ratio of the AUC for TSR over a 12-hour dosing interval to the AUC for the elixir over a six-hour dosing interval, was 0.944 +/- 0.191 (mean +/- SD). Thus the extent of theophylline absorption from TSR is equivalent to that from the reference elixir (P greater than 0.25). TSR has the advantage of allowing less frequent dosing intervals than are necessary for the elixir. PMID- 7093985 TI - [Nitrogen balance estimation in patients in critical condition (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093987 TI - [10 immunochemically determined blood serum and CSF proteins in children with the aseptic meningitis syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093988 TI - [Serum lipid concentrations in familial hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa. Treatment with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093989 TI - [The conflict between the new and the out-dated in medical science]. PMID- 7093990 TI - [Computer search of Excerpta Medica in the Czechoslovak medical services]. PMID- 7093991 TI - [Etiroxate treatment for hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa and IIb (author's transl)]. PMID- 7093992 TI - Retrograde axon reaction following section of asynaptic nerve fibers. AB - The asynaptic spinal neurons of the gymnotid teleost Sternarchus albifrons show several distinct characteristics of the retrograde reaction of the perikaryon (which corresponds to chromatolysis in mammals) following axotomy. Nuclei of affected cells are characteristically eccentric. Large bundles of neurofilaments, never seen in normal perikarya of these cells, become prominent following axotomy. There is a marked increase in the number and size of dense bodies in the affected perikarya. Large arrays of parallel rough endoplasmic reticulum, never seen in normal cells, are frequent in the axotomized neurons. These results demonstrate that disconnection from synaptic terminals is not a necessary condition for the retrograde reaction of the perikaryon following axotomy. PMID- 7093993 TI - Axial and radial filamentous components of the neurofilamentous network. PMID- 7093994 TI - Fine structural studies on the reabsorption of colloid and fusion of colloid droplets in thyroid glands of TSH-treated mice. PMID- 7093995 TI - Cell types in the adenohypophysis of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (Cyclostomata). AB - The anterior pituitary of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The cells of the adenohypophysis are arranged in follicles surrounded by connective tissue. Five cell types containing granules and one agranular cell type were identified. At the present state of the study the function of these cells remains open to discussion. PMID- 7093996 TI - Enzyme histochemical studies on acid phosphatase in the cerebellum of young Gunn rats. AB - Cerebella from 20-day-old homozygous (jj) and heterozygous (j+) Gunn rats were tested histochemically for the presence of acid phosphatase. The j+ rat cerebellum as well as the jj rat cerebellum with wet weights over 120 mg showed a strong acid phosphatase activity in the pia mater and in endothelial cells. A strong acid phosphatase activity was also recognized in small cells with a diameter of about 8 micrometers and large cells with a diameter of about 25 micrometers in the hypoplastic cerebellum of jj rats. The small cells were present in the lingula, centralis, culmen, declive, tuber, pyramis, and dorsal part of the uvula of the jj rat cerebellum with wet weight below 120 mg. The large cells were observed only in severely damaged lobes. Neither small cells nor large cells were found in the nodulus even in a cerebellum with a high degree of hypoplasia. Slightly damaged cerebella with wet weight of 100 to 150 mg showed hypoplasia mainly in the anterior lobe including the lingula, centralis, and culmen as well as in the declive and tuber, where no small cells were detected. PMID- 7093998 TI - Effects of experimental hypo- or hypernatremia on the fine structure of the pars intermedia of the murine pituitary. A morphometric study. AB - Quantified ultrastructural observations of the pars intermedia (PI) of the murine hypophysis enable evaluation and kinetic study of relatively fine secretory changes in the gland. Changes in volume of rER and newly formed dense secretory granules (Golgi granules) appear to best translate functional variations in the PI, as shown by the morphological effects of drugs affecting the dopaminergic control of the gland. Our morphometric results show that the PI is stimulated, but only briefly (no longer than 8-12 days), by both salt-loading and Na deprivation. However, the PI displays different secretory patterns in salt-loaded and Na-deprived mice; moreover, bromocriptine, which abolishes PI stimulation in Na-deprived mice, has only a slight inhibitory effect in salt-treated animals. Thus, it appears that the stimulation of the PI under both experimental conditions is triggered by different mechanisms. These results underline the plurifactorial control of the PI and show that the gland may have complex effects on hydromineral regulation. PMID- 7093997 TI - Heterogeneity of tight junctions along the collecting duct in the renal medulla. A freeze-fracture study in rat and rabbit. PMID- 7093999 TI - Migration of Merkel cells in the labial mucous epithelium of adult rabbits following mental nerve resection. AB - Merkel cells in the lower labial mucosa of adult rabbits were studied electron microscopically, 9, 21, 28, and 50 days after resection of the mental nerves. By day 9, nerve fibers were completely retracted from the epithelial layer of the mucosa. On and after day 21, Merkel cells were located not only in the basal layer but also in the prickle or more superficial cell layers. The ultrastructure of the migrating Merkel cells was unchanged, both as to the amount and location of the specific cored granules in the cytoplasm, until the cells reached the granular cell layer. The position of the migrating Merkel cells differed from cell to cell, and migration continued for at least 50 days. A remarkably large number of immature Merkel cells was observed in the basal and suprabasal cell layers of the denervated epithelium even by day 50. Therefore, the possibility of the reproduction of Merkel cells exists. The migrating Merkel cells, as well as the keratinocytes in the same cell layer, had degenerated drastically in the parakeratinized cell layer. This seems to indicate that the Merkel cells belong to the line of keratinocytes. PMID- 7094000 TI - Actin organization and fibrin-clot retractile activity of cultured mouse fibroblasts. AB - It is known that human and animal fibroblasts are able to induce the retraction of a fibrin clot. In the present study the correlation between (i) fibrin fibroblasts during growth, (ii) the number of actin stress-lines in mouse fibroblasts during growth in culture, and (iii) the sensitivity of actin stress lines to a powerful actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), present in plasma and serum of humans and laboratory animals was investigated. Fibroblasts at early passages (2-4) were tested for these parameters at various intervals after seeding (24, 96, and 168 h). The number of actin stress-lines was progressively higher, while the sensitivity to ADF action was progressively lower in cells cultured from 24 to 168 h; the FCR capacity was significantly decreased at 168 h. These data suggest that cells containing weakly polymerized and/or stabilized actin are more active than those containing highly polymerized and/or stabilized actin in triggering fibroblast contraction. PMID- 7094001 TI - Analysis of rat adrenal cells in primary culture separated by velocity sedimentation. AB - Cell separation was used to follow the fate of the cortical cells of the adrenal gland in primary culture, and to assess some of the changes that occur as cells adapt to culture conditions. Primary cultures of rat adrenal gland were dissociated with trypsin and separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. After two days in culture, cells showed a reproducible sedimentation profile consisting of two classes of cells with mean sedimentation rates of 5.8 and 2.1 mm/h, and a third sedimentation peak consisting mainly of nuclei at 0.5 mm/h. All populations continued to incorporate 3H-thymidine in relatively constant proportion throughout the culture period, but the relative number of cells in the 2.1 mm/h peak increased two-fold in the last few days of primary culture. Cells labelled in primary culture, but separated after an additional 5 days in secondary culture had lost proportionately more labelled cells from the 5.8 mm peak. The results suggest that cells of the 2.1 mm peak survive longer in culture in a post-replicative condition. PMID- 7094003 TI - The effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia on amine-containing cells in the tracheal epithelium of young rabbits. AB - Endogenously fluorescent, singly occurring amine-containing cells in tracheal epithelium were examined in 3-, 10-, and 28-day-old rabbits. These cells are pyramidal in shape with the apex projected toward the tracheal lumen. The cytoplasm exhibits a yellow fluorescence which is predominantly supranuclear. Occasional, infranuclear, fluorescent cytoplasmic processes project from the cells. The numbers of fluorescent cells per unit length of trachea increase with age. Acute exposure of 10-day-old rabbits to 13% O2 decreases the number of detectable fluorescent cells in the tracheal compared to controls exposed to room air. Similarly, exposure to 750 ppm carbon monoxide decreases the number of fluorescent epithelial cells appearing in tracheas of 10- and 28-day-old rabbits. These results suggest that the amine-containing epithelial cells of the trachea respond to tissue hypoxia and that decreased airway pO2 is not necessary to elicit a response. PMID- 7094004 TI - Factors controlling the time of onset of the migration of neural crest cells in the fowl embryo. AB - Transmission electron microscopy of fowl embryos during the 7-10 h preceding migration of trunk-level neural crest (NC) cells revealed extracellular material near the NC-cells. In contrast to the cells of the neural tube, the basal surfaces of NC-cells possessed projections, and were neither contiguous nor covered by a complete basal lamina. The apical zones of NC-cells showed intercellular junctions at the stage of neural-fold fusion, but such junctions were absent in some NC-cells 5 h before migration. The basal laminae of the neural tube and the ectoderm were fused lateral to the NC before migration. In vitro, NC-cell migration commenced immediately when neural anlagen were explanted onto fibronectin-rich matrices, but only when the neural anlagen were from a level where migration had commenced in vivo. Migration was delayed 4-8 h when premigratory-level explants were used. Short-term cell-adhesion assays showed that NC-cells of both premigratory and migratory levels could adhere to fibronectin-rich matrices and to collagen gels, but only migratory NC-cells could be detached from the neural anlage. The results suggest that the precise schedule of the onset of NC-cell migration correlates with a decrease in the intercellular adhesion of NC-cells. PMID- 7094005 TI - Subcellular localization of calcium in the coronet cells and tanycytes of the saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. AB - The intracellular localization of calcium in the saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, was studied by means of ultracytochemical and X-ray microanalytical techniques. Using a variant of the glutaraldehyde/potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide method, Ca was detected in mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and primary vesicles of coronet cells, and in mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of tanycytes. Mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in both cell types are considered as general Ca-stores. The primary vesicles in the ciliary globules of coronet cells are viewed as additional Ca-reservoirs. Possible roles of these Ca-stores in the regulation of transport activities of coronet cells in the homeostasis of the CSF are discussed. PMID- 7094002 TI - Ultrastructural immunocytochemical characterization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin neurons in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish. AB - We describe the ultrastructural localization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish. With the aid of immunocytochemical techniques, we see staining both in classical neurosecretory granules and in diffuse agranular form throughout somata and processes. Signs of cellular and synaptic interactions between chemically identified neurons include axon terminals which contain vasotocin immunoreactivity and membrane specializations (puncta adhaerentia) between adjacent somata. Our investigations provide an anatomical basis for neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter-like functions of peptidergic neurons in the teleost preoptic nucleus. PMID- 7094006 TI - Modified axonemes and ciliary membranes in three polychaete species. AB - In living Ophryotrocha puerilis, Polyophthalmus pictus and Dinophilus gyrociliatus no modified cilia are present. Treatment with hyper- and hypotonic magnesium chloride solutions leads to the formation of either cilia with dilated tips or discocilia (paddle cilia). Discocilia show axoneme loops within distal swellings of the ciliary membranes. Both types of modified cilia regain their normal appearance if they are allowed to recover in seawater. The total number of discocilia and the diameter of the loops are inversely related to the osmolarity of the magnesium chloride solution used. Even isotonic solutions of magnesium chloride, which are usually used to anaesthetize marine worms, readily induce modified cilia. This indicates that the effect is not merely due to osmotic conditions. Glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide may act in the same way to induce modified cilia, a fact which may account for the numerous TEM and SEM documentations of modified cilia in various marine invertebrates. Which cilia in a particular species are modified varies from one specimen to another. PMID- 7094007 TI - Transport of horseradish peroxidase by processes of radial glia from the pial surface into the mouse brain. AB - The transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to exposed pial surfaces of the brain was studied in newborn, 4-, 7- and 12-day-old, and adult mice. In the telencephalon the cell bodies of radial glia were found to accumulate the tracer. Labeled cells occurred in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle during the first postnatal week; they became gradually restricted to an area around the stria terminalis (ventrolateral ventricular corner) by day 12. At later stages no HRP transport could be traced from the surface of the telencephalon. In the cerebellum, HRP was transported from the surface to the cell bodies of Bergmann glia in all age groups studied including adult animals. It is concluded that radial glia and their derivatives share the capacity of transporting material between various cerebrospinal fluid compartments. PMID- 7094008 TI - The pinealocyte nucleolus. Ultrastructural and stereological analysis of twenty four-hour changes. AB - An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis was made of the nucleolar components in pinealocytes of 40 male Fischer rats sampled at eight times in an LD 12:12 photoperiod cycle. Comparisons of results from the eight times showed variation in estimated mean volume of the granular component of +/- 29%, and of the fibrillar component +/- 11%, in relation to daily means. Peaks in mean volume of total nucleolus and its granular component occurred at 1 h of light. Near maximal and minimal mean volumes of the fibrillar component both occurred during both light and dark. Fibrillar centers (nucleolar organizer regions) of different sizes were found at all sampling times. It is concluded that temporal patterns in 24-h changes in the nucleolar components are most prominent in the granular component, and are more complex than suggested by changes in total nucleolar size or mean dimensions, and than represented by a simple biphasic circadian rhythm. Examples of different stages in the migration of the granular component, and of possible sites of nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of nucleolar material, are described. PMID- 7094009 TI - Neuronal and synaptic organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. AB - The ultrastructural study of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) revealed two types of neurons: (1) a large thalamocortical relay cell (TCR), which may bear cilia, and (2) a small Golgi type-II interneuron (IN) with an invaginated nucleus. The narrow rim of pale cytoplasm of the IN contains fewer lysosomes and fewer Nissl bodies than the cytoplasm of the TCR. The IN perikarya, which in some cases establish somatosomatic contacts, frequently contain flattened or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. The ratio of TCR to IN is 3:1. Three types of axon terminals were observed in the LGN. Two of them contain round synaptic vesicles but differ in size. The large RL boutons undergo dark degeneration after enucleation; they are the terminals of retino-geniculate fibers. The smaller RS boutons show dark degeneration after ablation of the visual cortex; they are the terminals of the cortico-geniculate fibers. The third type of bouton (F1) does not degenerate after either intervention. The boutons of this type are filled with flattened vesicles and are believed to be intrageniculate terminals. F2-profiles were interpreted as presynaptic dendrites of the IN. The characteristic synaptic glomeruli found in the LGN contain in their center an optic terminal. These optic terminals establish synaptic contacts with dendrites or spine-like dendritic protrusions of TCRs as well as with presynaptic dendrites. Synaptic triads were also seen. The distribution of the individual types of synaptic contacts in layers 3 and 4 were determined. Layer 4 contains only one third of the retino-geniculate synapses and of the synaptic contacts of F1-terminals. PMID- 7094010 TI - Scanning electron-microscopic study of lens fibers of the pig. AB - Whole pigs lenses were fixed, critical-point dried and fractured, and the internal surfaces examined with a scanning electron microscope. At various locations from the equator to the center of the lens four types of fibers can be distinguished. The superficial fibers have small interdigitations. Cortical lens fibers, which are hexagonal in shape exhibit well developed "ball-and-socket" junctions. Other cortical fibers appear slightly undulated and show fine granulations. The core lens fibers are characterized by microplicae on the cell surfaces and by a more rounded or rectangular form. Results are discussed in relation to previous electron-microscopic studies of other species. PMID- 7094012 TI - The influence of noradrenaline on the process of protein/peptide secretion in the mammalian pineal organ. Comparative in vitro studies. AB - From studies conducted with the pineal organ of the mouse, it was ascertained that for the in vitro investigation of secretory processes (synthesis and release) of proteic/peptidic compound(s), a culture time of 5 to 14 days is optimal. A 5-day organ culture was therefore chosen to study the effects of noradrenaline on these secretory processes. Addition to noradrenaline to the culture medium provokes, in pineal explants of the normal mouse and the "eyeless" mouse, an inhibition of the secretory process, characterized by the formation of granular vesicles. In the hamster and rat, however, opposite results were obtained. Moreover, it appears that noradrenaline, at least in the rat, may also be involved in the regulation of the ependymal-like secretory process. The present results indicate clearly that noradrenaline (thus, the sympathetic innervation) is implicated in the regulation of the production of proteic/peptidic hormonal agents, but that the effect of this neurotransmitter is species-specific. This could explain the numerous contradictory results reported in the literature. PMID- 7094015 TI - In vitro approaches to hemopoiesis. PMID- 7094011 TI - Distribution of IgM- and IgG-containing cells during the primary immune response in the rat spleen. AB - The morphology and localisation of IgM- and IgG-containing cells in the spleen of rats immunized with sheep red-blood cells (SRBC) were studied by combining immunohistochemical reactions with routine histological and histochemical methods. It was shown that IgM cells occur only in the outer periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS), whereas IgG cells are present throughout the whole PALS. It has been concluded that these cell types have different routes of migration. Both IgM- and IgG-containing cells were found in the germinal center in close relation with the extracellular immune complexes. The significance of this localisation is discussed. PMID- 7094014 TI - Structure and composition of the oral mucous membrane on the lips and cheeks of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. AB - In seven monkeys (6 Macaca fascicularis, 1 M. mulatta; 2.4 +/- 0.6 kg in weight) the labial and buccal mucosae were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Following fixation by perfusion, the upper and lower lips and entire cheeks were dissected free and processed for light-, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Established programs (HISTOMEP, MUMANA II) and appropriate morphometric techniques were used to estimate, at the light-microscopic level, the epithelial thickness, the width of the combined lamina propria/submucosa, and the volumetric composition of the gland-containing portions of lip and cheek mucosae. The cheek epithelium was more than twofold thicker than the lip epithelium, on the average 0.46 +/- 0.04 and 0.21 +/- 0.02 mm, respectively, with no differences related to sex or topographical sites. The combined lamina propria/submucosa was 1.32 +/- 0.19 and 1.50 +/- 0.26 mm in width in cheeks and lips, respectively. The main mucosal constituents at both sites were glandular and connective tissue, and lymph follicles associated with secretory ducts. In lips, the volume of plasma cells around gland acini correlated positively with the amount of lymphoid tissue present around topographically related ducts. It is suggested that the duct/lymph follicle assembly may serve as a local antigen recognition system. PMID- 7094013 TI - Effect of electrical stimulation of the testis on the nucleus praeopticus pars magnocellularis of the frog, Rana tigrina. AB - The changes in the nucleus praeopticus (NPO) pars magnocellularis of the frog Rana tigrina were studied after electrical stimulation of the left testis. After a 3-min stimulation, the neurones of the nucleus showed a statistically significant increase in the nuclear and cellular diameters. The lateral neurones in particular showed a complete loss of Nissl substance and other acute chromatolytic changes. In the aldehyde fuchsin stained preparations, however, the perikarya appeared filled with clumps of intensely stained neurosecretory material (NSM) and disintegrating cell nuclei. The NSM was discharged in the axons, resulting in an increase in number and size of the Herring bodies. These changes were abolished in frogs whose testes had been pre-anaesthetized with xylocaine. Based on these observations, the possible existence of an afferent pathway from the testis to the NPO pars magnocellularis is suggested. PMID- 7094016 TI - Identification of a phosphoprotein specifically induced by the transforming DNA of rat neuroblastomas. AB - DNAs from nitrosoethylurea-induced rat neuroblastomas transform NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts in a transfection assay. DNAs of such transformed cells can be used in a subsequent cycle of transfection to generate secondary foci that contain virtually no foreign genetic material besides the sequences carrying the rat neuroblastoma transforming function. These secondary neuroblastoma transfectants were injected into young mice and grew out into fibrosarcomas. Sera from these mice were examined for reactivity with any proteins which were induced specifically by the neuroblastoma transforming sequence. These sera precipitate a polypeptide of about 185,000 daltons from 35S-methionine-labeled cell lysates of the rat neuroblastoma cells that served as DNA donors and in all transfection derived primary and secondary foci. This protein is present in high levels in all neuroblastoma transfectant clones, but was not detectable in a variety of other transformed cells. Antisera were prepared from mice bearing tumors induced by transformed cells derived by transfection of DNAs from various tumor cell types unrelated to rat neuroblastoma. These antisera failed to immunoprecipitate the 185,000 dalton protein. These data indicate that the synthesis of the 185,000 dalton protein is specifically induced by the neuroblastoma transforming sequence. The protein may be encoded by the transforming sequence and may mediate transformation in this chemically induced tumor. PMID- 7094018 TI - Target cells infected by avian erythroblastosis virus differentiate and become transformed. AB - Transformation in vitro of bone marrow cells by avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) gives rise to rapidly growing cells of erythroid nature. Target cells of neoplastic transformation by AEV are recruited among the early progenitors of the erythroid lineage, the burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E). They express a brain-related antigen at a high level and an immature antigen at a low level. We show that AEV-transformed cells express low levels of the brain antigen and high levels of the immature antigen. Their response to specific factors regulating the erythroid differentiation indicates that they are very sensitive to erythropoietin. Furthermore, cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of AEV differentiate into hemoglobin-synthesizing cells 4 days after being shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. All these properties are similar to those of late progenitors of the erythroid lineage, the colony-forming units erythroid (CFU-E). These results indicate that the AEV-transformed cells are blocked in their differentiation at the CFU-E stage. PMID- 7094019 TI - Temperature-sensitive changes in the structure of globin chromatin in lines of red cell precursors transformed by ts-AEV. AB - Chicken bone marrow cells infected in vitro with a temperature-sensitive avian erythroblastosis virus fall to produce hemoglobin at 36 degrees C. When the product or products of the transforming gene (erb) are inactivated by a temperature shift to 42 degrees C in culture, several different cloned lines of cells infected with the temperature-sensitive avian erythroblastosis virus begin to make hemoglobin. This shift in phenotype correlates with an increase in hemoglobin mRNA specific to both adult and embryonic alpha and beta globin. The switch is accompanied by the acquisition of DNAase I-hypersensitive sites in one cell line (clone 2); however, a hypothetically more mature line (clone 3) has already acquired globin DNAase-hypersensitive sites but does not express hemoglobin until the temperature shift. Several (but not all) specific restriction sites associated with both the alpha and beta domains become unmethylated after the switch from 36 degrees C to 42 degrees C. The magnitude of these methylation switches is small compared with changes that occur in these genes during normal avian erythropoiesis. The results suggest that changes in chromosomal structure precede transcription and are not a consequence of transcription. Since (presumptive) precursor cloned lines can be established with some, but not all, of the structural properties of active globin chromatin, it is likely that many of these properties can be independently established and are not obligatorily related. PMID- 7094017 TI - A cellular protein is immunologically crossreactive with and functionally homologous to the Fujinami sarcoma virus transforming protein. AB - We obtained a regressing-tumor antiserum specific for the unique sequence of the transforming protein P140 of Fujinami sarcoma virus by injecting Fischer rats with syngeneic embryo cells transformed with Fujinami sarcoma virus. This serum is capable of immunoprecipitating a protein of 98,000 daltons from cell extracts of normal, uninfected chicken bone marrow cells. This normal cellular protein (NCP98) was shown to be structurally related to P140, sharing the majority of 35S methionine-labeled tryptic peptides with the viral gene product P140. NCP98 is a phosphoprotein in vivo, with an associated in vitro protein kinase activity, capable of phosphorylating specifically at tyrosine residues of NCP98 itself and alpha-casein, an externally added substrate. This kinase activity is biochemically indistinguishable from the kinase activity associated with P140 by all criteria tested. Moreover, in vitro-phosphorylated NCP98 and P140 shared the same phosphopeptides. The expression of NCP98 is tissue-specific. It is readily detectable in bone marrow cells and detectable to a lesser extent in liver and lung cells from 6--18 day old chickens. PMID- 7094022 TI - Biochemical and ultrastructural studies of surface modifications in the development of dorsal root ganglia. PMID- 7094020 TI - Porcine alveolar macrophages discriminate between self and nonself in lectin mediated cellular cytotoxicity. PMID- 7094021 TI - Gibberellin metabolism in plants. PMID- 7094023 TI - PMA-induced biosynthetic changes in differentiating muscle cells in culture. PMID- 7094024 TI - Differential effect of dexamethasone on Friend leukemia cells induced to differentiate by hexamethylenebisacetamide or butyric acid. PMID- 7094025 TI - Cation-dependent lysis of chromaffin granules - an alternative hypothesis fro osmotically-driven exocytosis. PMID- 7094026 TI - Extracellular fusion of macrophage phagosomes with lysosomes. PMID- 7094027 TI - Exit of human diploid cells from low serum quiescence. PMID- 7094028 TI - Coated microvesicles in central nervous system myelinated axons. PMID- 7094029 TI - Gap junctions on nerve-like structures in the human dental pulp, as demonstrated by freeze-fracturing. PMID- 7094031 TI - Regulation of polypeptide synthesis in endothelial cells and hybridoma cells by the copper ionophore disulfiram. PMID- 7094032 TI - The lack of histone H1 in the peripheral chromatin of rat liver nuclei. PMID- 7094033 TI - Putrescine as a regulator of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide production and the proliferative state. PMID- 7094030 TI - Glucose utilization by growing mouse oocytes mediated in vitro by follicle cells. PMID- 7094034 TI - Coated vesicle heterogeneity in some cryptophycean flagellates. PMID- 7094035 TI - A novel method to establish primary cultures of bovine corneal endothelial cells. PMID- 7094036 TI - [Fluorimetry in pharmaceutical analysis. II. Fluorimetric determination of aspartic acid]. PMID- 7094037 TI - [Fluorimetry in pharmaceutical analysis. III. Fluorimetric determination of alpha L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester hydrochloride (aspartame)]. PMID- 7094038 TI - [The effect of temperature on the stability of lyophilized hemoglobin solutions]. PMID- 7094039 TI - [2 years in Iraq]. PMID- 7094043 TI - [Perioral dermatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094040 TI - [Skin leishmaniasis in Slovakia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094044 TI - [A case of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with clinical diagnosis promptly confirmed by electron microscopy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094041 TI - [Lymphoid hamartoma of the skin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094046 TI - [Langerhans' cell of the epidermis, its origin and significance for immune reaction in the skin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094045 TI - [Multiple spinocellular carcinomas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094042 TI - [Serum antitrypsin activity level in some dermatoses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094047 TI - [The delusive parasitosis syndrome (acarophobia) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094048 TI - [11 May Hepatology Seminar in honor of the founding of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and the 16th Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, Stary Smokovec, 13-15 May 1981. Abstracts]. PMID- 7094049 TI - [Results of research on nutrition at the Research Institute for Human Nutrition during the 6th 5-year-plan]. PMID- 7094050 TI - [Surgical problems of malignant diseases of the oesophagus and the cardia in advanced age (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094051 TI - [Cellular hypersensitivity towards gastric antigens in pernicious anemia and atrophic gastritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094052 TI - [Recent data on H2-antihistaminics in clinical pharmacology and gastroenterology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094053 TI - [Is aging a problem?]. PMID- 7094054 TI - [Oxytocinase and HCG in imminent premature delivery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094055 TI - [Acute renal failure during gravidity and puerperium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094056 TI - [Subjective feelings during the stress provoked by hysterectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094057 TI - [Circulating immunocomplexes in the serum of female patients suffering with cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094058 TI - [Brenner's ovarian tumour. Synopsis of clinical facts, and histological findings (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094059 TI - [Prostanoid synthesis inhibitors in the treatment of menorrhagia]. PMID- 7094060 TI - [Treatment of mastodynia and mastopathy]. PMID- 7094061 TI - [Colposcopy - its development and contributions during the past 20 years]. PMID- 7094062 TI - [Cesarean section from the viewpoint of modern obstetrics]. PMID- 7094063 TI - [Indications for cesarean section]. PMID- 7094064 TI - [Preventive administration of antibiotics in gynecologic and obstetrical surgery]. PMID- 7094067 TI - [Choice of operations for retinal detachment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094068 TI - [Retinal detachment. Results of operation according to Schepens performed at the Ophthalmologic Clinic in Brno, in the period 1965-1979 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094065 TI - [New in vitro models of physiological processes]. PMID- 7094066 TI - [Central nervous system adaptation to oxygen insufficiency in early postnatal ontogenesis]. PMID- 7094070 TI - [Long-term changes of ERG in retinal detachments(author's transl)]. PMID- 7094069 TI - [Cryosurgery with the use of silicone implants for retinal detachment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094071 TI - [Cortisol levels in plasma and aqueous of patients operated for glaucoma or cataract (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094073 TI - [Our experience with ophthalmic anesthesia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094072 TI - [Physical exertion and athletic participation in patients with eye diseases]. PMID- 7094075 TI - [General anesthesia in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094074 TI - [Importance of preoperative care and mode of anesthesia used during cataract surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094077 TI - [Scleral plasty with silicone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094076 TI - [Bilateral rupture of sclera caused by automutilation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094079 TI - [Ultrasonic biometry in bilateral anterior and posterior lenticonus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094080 TI - [Our experiences with trabeculectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094081 TI - [Hemangioma of the facial nerve]. PMID- 7094082 TI - [Hearing protective devices]. PMID- 7094083 TI - [Modification of Grahe's table and its use]. PMID- 7094078 TI - [Ocular involvement in Kaposi's herpetiform eruption (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094084 TI - [Factors inhibiting ciliary movement in the serum of patients with nasal polyps]. PMID- 7094085 TI - [Microforms of respiratory tract diseases in families with nasal polyps]. PMID- 7094086 TI - [Retromyringeal cholesteatoma]. PMID- 7094089 TI - [Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung]. PMID- 7094087 TI - [Double-inlet left ventricle]. AB - A rare malformation--double inlet left ventricle--has been found in a two and half month-old boy. Both right as well as left atrioventricular orifice communicated solely with the left ventricle, even when the right ventricle even though being hypoplastic contained all its components. This feature differentiates reported cases from the group of cardiac malformations with common ventricle, previously labelled as mixed transposition, in which, according to the prevailing opinions, the inflow portion of the right ventricle is lacking. PMID- 7094088 TI - [Congenital aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva]. AB - In a 25-years-old man following a virus of short duration, cardiac dyspnea developed and within ten days following the onset of the disease, the patient died with manifestations of heart failure. A congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva was found at the post-mortem accompanied by a double perforation into the right atrium. In accordance with the literature, this finding is considered to be rather rare. The malformation was associated with a fenestration of the aortic and the pulmonary valves. PMID- 7094090 TI - [Parvovirus enteritis and myocarditis in a confined colony of beagles. (The 1st detection of parvovirus infection in Czechoslovakia]. AB - A description of the findings in a parvoviral epizooty, having occurred in a confined colony of 250 Beagle dogs in the autum and winter 1979-1980 and in 1981, is presented. 5 of the four month-old and older dogs perished in the course of an enteritic form of infection; 5 puppies, younger than 3 months, belonging to a group of 12 puppies derived from two infected litters, died in consequence of a parvoviral myocarditis. The simultaneous occurrence of myocarditis and enteritis was observed in a 9 day-old puppy. Among the seven remaining animals, two dogs were sacrificed at the ages of 18 and 23 months, respectively. Scars were found in the wall of the left ventricle of both of them. Parvoviral enteritis preceded the occurrence of parvoviral myocarditis. Characteristic intramuscular inclusions were demonstrated both in the enterocytes and in the myocardial cells. Electronmicroscopically particles of the size of the parvoviruses could be demonstrated in the nuclei of the myocardial cells, on one hand, and regressive changes of the nuclear components observed on the other hand. PMID- 7094091 TI - [Acute viral enteritis in dogs]. AB - The results of a post-mortem examination of 15 dogs suffering from acute viral infection probably of parvoviral etiology, are described. The characteristical finding was an acute catarhally hemorrhagic or even a hemorrhagically necrotic enteritis, eventually a colitis with isolated intranuclear inclusions in the epithelium of the crypts, there was also a marked depletion of lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs and some atrophy of the bone marrow. PMID- 7094092 TI - [The relationship of centrocytoma and centroblastoma in malignant lymphoma]. AB - In a complex of 33 multiparametrally verified lymphomas of centrocytic and centroblastic types, the interrelationship of the tumor cells was studied. The ratio between the centrocytes and the centroblasts was independent in many aspects being mostly topical. The centrocytoma regularly showed a tendency to produce a folicular type of organization which manifested a definite polarity even in the cytologically pure variants. The polarity of the follicular structures, however, was given by the transition of the small cohesive centrocytes into the large centrocytes lacking cohesion. The polar follicular organization is probably generally contiguous to the transition of the small centrocytes into the large ones. The extrafollicular regions of the follicular centrocytoma are usually formed by second generation lymphocytes with a cleaved nucleus, the leukemization of which is usually the expression of an "atypical CLL". The centroblastoma never manifested, not even in its nodular variants, any truly follicular configuration. The relation between the centroblasts and the centrocytes was less constant than that concerning the immunoblasts and the lymphoplasmoid cells, which, in the case of leukemization, were close to the typical CLL (composed of cells having round nuclei). The centroblast, as a whole, appears to be an element more or less just "cooperating" with the centrocyte, while being independent otherwise, without any direct or obligatory participation in the succession during the blastic transformation of the B lymphocytes. PMID- 7094093 TI - [Prognostic significance of reactive changes in regional lymph nodes in stomach and breast carcinoma]. AB - The regional lymph nodes have been examined in 80 cases of carcinoma of the stomach and in 70 cases of cancer of the breast, and their reactive type has been determined and correlated with the duration of survival of the patients. A prognostically favorable sign in both groups appeared to be the finding of a predominance of lymphocytes combined with a sinus histiocytosis, in the case of cancer of the stomach, then also a reaction of the type of prevalence of germinae centers together with sinus histiocytosis. Prognostically unfavorable was apparently the finding of a depletion of lymphocytes, especially if sinus histiocytosis was also lacking. The isolated finding of a single lymph node metastasis, in itself, if we do not take into account the reactive type, could not be interpreted in the sense of a worse prognosis from the viewpoint of survival time. PMID- 7094094 TI - [Intracisternal crystalloid tubules in tumor cells]. PMID- 7094095 TI - [Biochemical and clinical changes in heterozygotes for Wilson's disease]. PMID- 7094096 TI - [Neurological and psychological interpretation of brain damage]. PMID- 7094098 TI - [Results of long-term therapy of Wilson's disease]. PMID- 7094097 TI - [Sporadic appearance of the Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]. PMID- 7094099 TI - [Extraneural metastases of a cerebellar medulloblastoma diagnosed during life]. PMID- 7094100 TI - [Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and polyneuropathy as manifestations of an unusual form of Guillain-Barre syndrome]. PMID- 7094102 TI - [Development of the central nervous system and damage during the prenatal period. Part I]. PMID- 7094101 TI - [Foix-Alajouanine angiodysgenetic myelomalacia]. PMID- 7094103 TI - [Primitive locomotion test for infants and preschool children and its significance]. PMID- 7094104 TI - [Postal development in infants]. PMID- 7094106 TI - [Diagnostic significance of stapedius reflexometry in children with myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 7094105 TI - [Levels of serum immunoglobulins in children with epilepsy]. PMID- 7094108 TI - [Disorders of heart rhythm after physiologic correction of uncorrected transposition of the great arteries using Mustard's technic]. PMID- 7094107 TI - [The fate of children with vesicoureteral reflux]. PMID- 7094109 TI - [Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni - another cause of childhood diarrheal disease]. PMID- 7094111 TI - [Study of transplacentally transmitted rubella antibody levels in children during their 1st year of life]. PMID- 7094110 TI - [Pneumonia in children hospitalized at the 4th pediatric clinic in Prague during 1980]. PMID- 7094112 TI - [Relapsing viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7094113 TI - [A case of congenital nephrotic syndrome detected during screening for congenital hypothyroidism]. PMID- 7094114 TI - [Pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 7094115 TI - [Development and function of the complement system in the fetus and newborn infant]. PMID- 7094116 TI - [Care of under-age and adolescent mothers in an infant institute]. PMID- 7094117 TI - [Activity of the Commission for Functional Pharmacotherapy in pediatrics]. PMID- 7094118 TI - [Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and possible means of influencing its activity in newborn infants]. PMID- 7094120 TI - [Small defects in the intraventricular septum in a long-term study]. PMID- 7094119 TI - [Genetic aspects of changes in immunologic reactivity]. PMID- 7094121 TI - [The effect of acid-base equilibrium, partial oxygen pressure and blood sugar on the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in low-birth weight newborn infants]. PMID- 7094122 TI - [The effect of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia on the morphology of lymphocyte nucleoli]. PMID- 7094125 TI - [Child health care in the South Bohemia Region during the 6th 6-year plan and the outlook through 1985]. PMID- 7094123 TI - [Transcutaneous monitoring of oxygen tension (TcPaO2) in newborn infants with a critical heart defect]. PMID- 7094124 TI - [Pharmacology of salicylates in children. VII. Effect on the acid-base equilibrium]. PMID- 7094126 TI - [Personality of adolescent drug addicts]. PMID- 7094127 TI - [Treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]. PMID- 7094128 TI - [Standardized concentration test in school children using Adiuretin Spofa]. PMID- 7094129 TI - [Latent paranasal sinus inflammation in children - its significance and treatment]. PMID- 7094130 TI - [Somatic symptoms and the health status of medical students in Charles University in Prague]. PMID- 7094131 TI - [A modern and orientational model of the structure of the physician's working time in selected hospital departments]. PMID- 7094132 TI - [The teaching of social medicine in the 3d year of study in general medicine according to the new study program]. PMID- 7094134 TI - [Do homes for the aged have a perspective?]. PMID- 7094136 TI - [Non-contact thermographic method in the diagnosis of diseases of the mammary gland (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094133 TI - [Trends in the morbidity and accident rate associated with work disability in the Ostrava and Karvina Region from 1974 to 1978 as compared to the rest of the working population in northern Moravia]. PMID- 7094135 TI - [Intraspinal meningocele (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094137 TI - [Evaluation of the native x-ray examination of heart and lungs in neonates and infants with congenital heart diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094138 TI - [Phenotypic variability of the appearance of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094139 TI - [Low dose rat - therapy and the concept of CBE (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094140 TI - [Standardization of medical beams of gamma 60Co radiation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094141 TI - A uridine adduct with an ester of the carcinogen 3-hydroxy-1-methylxanthine. AB - The structure of the uridine adduct with the acetate ester of the carcinogen 3 hydroxy-1-methylxanthine has been determined. Covalent binding is between C-8 of xanthine and O-2 of uracil. This was determined from studies of the NMR spectrum, mass spectra and solvolysis in liquid hydrogen sulfide. The nucleoside adduct, formed with uridine, is identical with the adduct with polyuridylic acid after enzymatic hydrolysis. Treatment with aqueous ammonia or pH 7 at 100 degrees C leads to the loss of ribose. Thymidine also forms an adduct with 3-acetoxy-1 methylxanthine in a similar yield. Model studies with a space-filling model suggest that the methylxanthine moiety can fit into the major groove of DNA and cause minimal helix distortion if the thymine base is rotated into the unnatural syn conformation. PMID- 7094142 TI - Effects of potassium dichromate on ATP content of mammalian cells cultured in vitro. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of the cytotoxic activity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), the alterations of intracellular ATP levels induced by potassium dichromate in cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK line) have been studied. Two kinds of treatment procedures were adopted: (1) BHK cell suspensions were exposed to 0.05--1.00 mM K2Cr2O7 in Hanks' balanced salt solution (BSS) for up to 180 min and ATP concentrations were determined immediately after the exposure to Cr(VI). A decrease of ATP content was observed with 0.25--12.00 mM K2Cr2O7 but only in the case of the highest dose was it related in a linear fashion to the duration of the treatment. (2) Cells were preincubated in BSS for 30 min with 0.05--1.00 mM dichromate. They were then reincubated in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) for up to 180 min and ATP was measured at different time points. Immediately after the exposure to chromium all the treated cultures showed a depletion of ATP content. However while the cells treated with 0.25--0.25 mM dichromate rapidly resumed ATP levels very similar to that of the control, no recovery was detected in cells treated with 0.50 and 1.0 mM K2Cr2O7, even after 180 min. The observed effects have been attributed to the oxidizing activity of Cr(VI), which subtracts electrons from electron donors involved in metabolic pathways producing ATP, and to the ability of Cr(III), deriving from Cr(VI) reduction, to form stable coordination complexes with ATP precursors and enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. PMID- 7094143 TI - Pharmacological properties of Dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives isolated from Fructus Schizandrae Chinensis III. Inhibitory effects on carbon tetrachloride induced lipid peroxidation, metabolism and covalent binding of carbon tetrachloride to lipids. AB - Fructus Schizandrae, a traditional Chinese tonic, has been shown to lower the elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of patients with chronic viral hepatitis and several of its components decrease the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in animals. This paper deals with the mechanism of protection against CCl4-hepatotoxicity of these compounds as well as of DDB, a synthetic analogue of Schizandrin (Sin) C. Of the seven components, Sin B and C, Schizandrol (Sol) B, Schizandrer (Ser) A and B, as well as dimethyl-4,4' dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB) were shown to inhibit CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation and [14C]Cl4 covalent binding to lipids of liver microsomes from phenobarbital(PB)-treated mice. The compounds also decreased carbon monoxide (CO) production and cofactor (NADPH, oxygen) utilization during CCl4 metabolization by liver microsomes. It may be postulated, therefore, that the hepatoprotective effect of certain components isolated from Fructus Schizandrae as well as DDB is due to their inhibitory effect on CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation and the binding of CCl4-metabolites to lipids of liver microsomes. PMID- 7094144 TI - Studies on hypolipidemic agents. I. Synthesis of 1,3-dioxolanes and 1,3-dioxanes. PMID- 7094145 TI - Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of N-(mercaptoacyl) thiazolidinecarboxylic acids. PMID- 7094147 TI - New antihypertensive agents. II. Studies on new analogs of 4 piperidylbenzimidazolinones. PMID- 7094146 TI - New antihypertensive agents. I. Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some 4 piperidylbenzimidazolinone derivatives. PMID- 7094148 TI - A new class of nitrosoureas. III. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 3,3 disubstituted-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureas having an arabinopyranosyl, xylopyranosyl or ribopyranosyl moiety. PMID- 7094150 TI - Mixing of pharmaceutical powders and granules. II. Mixing degree of granules and various kinds of powders. PMID- 7094152 TI - Effect of lubricant on die wall friction during the compaction of pharmaceutical powders. PMID- 7094151 TI - Biopharmaceutical studies on the clinical inequivalence of two carbutamide tablets. PMID- 7094149 TI - [Metabolism of 27-nor-24,25-dihydrolanosterol and 23,24,25,26,27 pentanordihydrolanosterol by rat liver homogenate preparations]. PMID- 7094153 TI - Reactivity and stability of microencapsulated placental alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 7094155 TI - Influence of the administration of bursa of Fabricius extract and anti-bursal extract serum on antibody formation. PMID- 7094157 TI - New hypotensive agents. PMID- 7094156 TI - Dissolution behavior and gastrointestinal absorption of sulfamethoxazole from sulfamethoxazole-polyvinylpyrrolidone coprecipitates. PMID- 7094154 TI - Antitumor activity of Rabdosia and Teucrium diterpenoids against P 388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. PMID- 7094158 TI - The substituent entropy constant sigma so used in the QSAR investigation of dihydrofolate reductase inhibition by Baker triazines. PMID- 7094159 TI - Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from ginger. PMID- 7094161 TI - The inactivation profile of rabbit muscle creatine phosphokinase in biological fluids. PMID- 7094160 TI - Effects of pH, albumin and urate on the inactivation profile of rabbit muscle creatine phosphokinase. PMID- 7094164 TI - Studies on LM protein appearing in submandibular glands of isoproterenol-treated rats. III. Some aspects of its formation. PMID- 7094163 TI - Human chorionic gonadotropin. VII. Preparation and immunocharacteristics of carboxyl-terminal peptides of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. PMID- 7094165 TI - Studies on LM protein appearing in submandibular glands of isoproterenol-treated rats. IV. Size and shape determination. PMID- 7094162 TI - Mode of action of 5-fluorocytidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in L5178Y cells in vitro. PMID- 7094167 TI - Rectal delivery of antiinflammatory drugs. III. Effect of basic amino acid salts of diclofenac on the rectal absorption of ampicillin sodium. PMID- 7094168 TI - Influence of blood proteins on biomedical analysis. V. Effect of ethyl alcohol on gliclazide-binding with bovine serum albumin. PMID- 7094166 TI - Antitumor activity of an immunomodulating material extracted from a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa. PMID- 7094169 TI - Synthesis and selective activity of cholinergic agents with rigid skeletons. IV. PMID- 7094170 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of pyridazinooxazines. PMID- 7094172 TI - Effects of derivatives of hydroxypyruvaldehyde phenylosazone on bovine erythrocyte membrane. I. Influence on the osmotic fragility and morphology. PMID- 7094171 TI - Studies on fluorinated pyrimidines. II. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5 fluoro-6-substituted-5,6-dihydrouracil-5-carboxylic acid derivatives. PMID- 7094174 TI - Mass fragmentographic determination of ferulic acid in plasma after oral administration of gamma-oryzanol. PMID- 7094173 TI - Isolation and preliminary characterization of two glycophorins from rabbit erythrocyte membranes. PMID- 7094175 TI - Mucosal dosage form of lidocaine for toothache using hydroxypropyl cellulose and carbopol. PMID- 7094176 TI - Effects of water-soluble polymers on the crystalline conversion of prednisolone in oil-in-water type ointment bases. PMID- 7094177 TI - The influence of drugs on the physical stability of fatty suppositories. PMID- 7094178 TI - Molecular interactions in ordered lipid systems. PMID- 7094179 TI - [Urinary tract infections in abdominal surgery]. PMID- 7094180 TI - [Biliary drainage by a transhepatic-percutaneous route. 4 years' experience]. PMID- 7094181 TI - [Non-hypertensive pheochromocytoma. Description of 2 clinical cases]. AB - The Authors describe two cases on non hypertensive ppheochromocytoma, one malignant and one benign. These types of heochromocytoma are generally considered to be nonsecreting tumours, tumours characterised by long periods of inactivity. More recent studies have evidenced, however, that at least in a certain percentage of cases this type of tumour can secrete catecholamicen precursors or metabolites having low activity and hence incapable of causing appreciable pressure alterations. Diagnosis of these forms is always difficult and cannot be done purely on the basis of assay of the urinary catecholamines, but also requires assay of VMA, HVA, metadrenaline and Normetadrenaline. Treatment of this pheochromocytoma is surgical and resolves the hypertensive symptoms in 80% of the benign forms. On the other hand, it rarely leads to cure in the malignant types. PMID- 7094182 TI - [Total gastrectomy with indirect esophagoduodenostomy with interposed jejunal loop: (Longmire-Mouchet method) (clinical case)]. PMID- 7094184 TI - [Biliary ileus: case report]. PMID- 7094186 TI - [The inguinal cutaneous crease as an anatomical reference line for approach to the sapheno-femoral junction]. PMID- 7094185 TI - [Postoperative hyperhistaminemia: study of a selected sample of patients]. PMID- 7094183 TI - [Surgical treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis]. AB - A series of 38 cases of superficial thrombosis occurring during the period 1-12 1979 to 1-12-1981 was examined. The series included 10 cases of iatrogenic thrombophlebitis of the upper limbs, one case of Mondor's thrombophlebitis, and 27 cases of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs in subjects with essential varices of the legs. A particular predilection for women and for advanced age was noted, as well as particular frequency in the area of distribution of the Great versus and Small Saphenous Vein, and a sharp prevalence of segments below the knee as compared with the thigh. Treatment was always surgical, mainly directed to preventing any thromboembolic complications, shortening the healing times and eliminating the Varicose Disease, which is well known to constitute the basic aetiopathogenetic moment of superficial thrombophlebitis. In all cases where it was possible to follow this schedule the result was excellent, and no effects on the deep venous system or thromboembolic complications occurred. The 5 patients treated with simple ligature of the Saphenous Vein according to Cross had a recurrence of varicose disease in a period varying from 6 months to 1 years; two of them also had a relapse of the thrombophlebitic process. PMID- 7094188 TI - Peripheral factors as limitations to exercise capacity. AB - The paper focuses on two aspects of the peripheral limitations to exercise: (a) intracellular and extracellular substrates used for energy transduction and (b) the metabolic potential of muscle. The major substrates used to support contractile activity have been discussed in reference to high-intensity, short term exercise and moderately-intense, long-term exercise. It has been suggested that substrate availability is a prime candidate as a limiting factor to prolonged exercise, whereas, it is clearly not a limiting factor in short-term maximal efforts. Consideration of the metabolic potential of muscle as a possible limiting factor to exercise has been divided into anaerobic metabolism, aerobic metabolism and regulatory factors. It appears that the enzymatic capacity of the energy transducing pathways is not a limiting factor to any type of exercise. PMID- 7094187 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary and secondary aseptic necrosis of the femur head in adults]. PMID- 7094189 TI - The effect of acute oral glucose administration on high intensity work in fasted rats. AB - The effect of oral glucose administration prior to high intensity work performance was evaluated in fasted rats. Twenty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups receiving either, neither or both of glucose and sprint exercise treatment to exhaustion. The mean running time of the glucose treated animals was greater than the non-treated group although this difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). The blood glucose decreased to 65 +/- 40 mg % in the untreated exercised animals. The respective values in the glucose treated, exercised group were 109 +/- 13 mg % and 167 +/- 33 mg %. The skeletal muscle and liver glycogen concentration was decreased in all animals and more so in the exercised groups. The same pattern was apparent by PAS staining intensity in all three fiber types of the plantaris and soleus muscle. The percent of the glucose does appearing as lactate was greater in exercised animals, however the percent of the lactate derived from the dose was not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the non-exercised group. The data suggest that the glucose administration to these animals tends to offset the lowering of blood glucose and directly or indirectly contributes to the substrate pool during interval sprint running. PMID- 7094190 TI - [Determination of the effectiveness of certain physical conditioning apparatuses for development of muscle quality]. AB - This study attempted to compare on twenty male subjects the intensity of muscular activity during selected exercises executed with and without physical fitness gadgets. Each subject executed two exercises with or without the Total Body Shaper, three exercises with or without the Power X and one exercise with or without the Prone Cycle. The electrical activity of four muscles was studied for each exercise; theoretical data and the publicity of the manufactures were utilized to select the muscles. The statistical analysis showed that exercises executed with the Total Body Shaper are generally less solicitating than similar exercises executed without the gadget, that the Power X has evident advantages for the muscle groups that it activates but that its manufacturers tend to generalize its effects to muscle groups that it does not solicitate and, finally, that the Prone Cycle is the least valuable of the gadgets tested. The results enlighten the need for consumer protection agencies to look more carefully at the publicity utilized to promote the benefits of physical fitness gadgets. PMID- 7094191 TI - Total body fat content in a group of professional football players. AB - A hydrostatic weighing method coupled with a closed-circuit helium dilution technique was applied to twenty-nine professional football players of a successful Canadian Football team to obtain body density values. From these results, it was hoped that values for percent body fat could be calculated for each player using Siri's (1956) formula. Unfortunately, the values for body density were so high that for some players negative values for percent body fat were obtained. It has been suggested that these results reflect large skeletal deposits in response to the heavy exercise routines undertaken by the players. Skinfold measurements of the players suggest that there are more fat deposits than their body density values indicate. This casts serious doubt on the use of Siri's (1956) formula with the extremes of body form found in the population and also suggests restricted use of equations based on skinfold measurements for estimating body fat percent. PMID- 7094192 TI - Plantar fasciitis in runners. PMID- 7094193 TI - [Comparative study of the performance of leather and plastic skate boots]. AB - The authors have tried to demonstrate the influence of leather skate boots and plastic boots on the performance of Atome hockey players. Speed tests and joint flexibility tests by means of rotentgenograms showed that besides the speed tests where the leather boot appeared to perform a little better than the plastic boot, no significant difference could be found between both types of boots. It seems to be more a matter of individual choice and adaptation. PMID- 7094194 TI - Suppressing response initiation in a choice RT task. PMID- 7094195 TI - A bicycle ergometer for high altitude investigations. AB - The basic Monark bicycle ergometer was machined into twelve pieces which allowed it to be transported in backpacks to high altitudes. The machining, reassembly and calibration of the adapted ergometer are discussed. To determine whether the functional characteristics of the bicycle ergometer had been affected by the modifications, 18 subjects randomly pedalled a standard bicycle ergometer or the modified model at workloads of 300, 600 and 900 kpm at 50 rpm for 6 minutes at each level, while their heart rates and oxygen uptake values were collected. Subsequent analysis revealed no significant differences between bicycles for either heart rate or oxygen uptake. This adapted ergometer proved to be very functional for carrying out high altitude investigations in which a controlled work load is required. PMID- 7094196 TI - Pharmacology of mitoxantrone in cancer patients. AB - Radioactive mitoxantrone was administered at doses of 1-12 mg/m2 by rapid IV infusion to 11 patients. Of the 11 patients, six had normal liver and kidney function tests while the remaining five had abnormal third space and/or hepatic dysfunction. In the former group, the initial t1/2 was 13.7 min and terminal t1/2 was 37.4 h. The apparent volume of distribution was 13.8 l/kg. The total clearance rate was 230.7 ml/kg/h. The recovery of unchanged mitoxantrone from urine was 6.8% at 24 h and 7.3% at 72 h, while the corresponding recovery of total radioactivity was 9.4% at 24 h and 11.3% at 72 h. In the five patients with abnormal liver function or third space the initial t1/2 was variable and ranged from 11.5-63.6 min, and the terminal t1/2 ranged from 53.3-173.2 h, whereas the total clearance rate varied from 52.7-170.2 ml/kg/h. However, the cumulative urinary excretion of unchanged mitoxantrone was similar to that of patients with normal hepatic function: 3.9 at 24 h and 5 at 72 h. Biliary excretion was studied in one of these patients, who had jaundice and hepatic impairment; only 2.3% of 14C was excreted in 24 h and 2.7% in 96 h, of which 39% and 41%, respectively, were unchanged mitoxantrone. Our results suggest that mitoxantrone is taken up rapidly by tissue from which it is released slowly. Reduction of mitoxantrone dose is therefore advisable in patients with liver dysfunction or abnormal third space. PMID- 7094197 TI - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine and 6-thioguanine in man. AB - Resistance to the antileukemic agent 6-thioguanine (TG) inevitably develops in animal tumors. However, a new agent, beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine (beta-TGdR) can overcome TG resistance in animal tumor models and is therefore of potential clinical use. The pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled TG were compared with those of beta-TGdR in patients with cancer after intravenous administration. [35S]-beta TGdR (5.4 mg/kg, 200 mg/m2, 200 microCi total) was administered to five patients; the radiolabel in the plasma declined with an initial half-life (t1/2) of 14 min and a terminal t1/2 of 19.3 h. Within 24 h, 65% of the radiolabel was excreted in the urine. In contrast, after administration of [35S]-6-TG (3.4 mg/kg, 125 mg/m2, 200 microCi total) the average initial t1/2 was 40 min while the terminal phase t1/2 was 28.9 h. Urinary excretion of the radiolabel was 75% of the dose 24 h after administration. Both thiopurines were rapidly and extensively degraded and excreted as 6-thioxanthine, inorganic sulfate, S-methyl-6-thioxanthine, and 6 thiouric acid in addition to other products. Small amounts of unchanged drug were also excreted. These studies suggest that beta-TGdR is merely a latent form of TG. PMID- 7094199 TI - Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks after busulphan. A possible mode of resistance. AB - The technique of alkaline elution has been used to study the interaction between the antineoplastic drug busulphan and the DNA of cells derived from the transplantable rodent Yoshida sarcoma. A dose-dependent proteinase-resistant filter retention was observed after drug treatment, which indicated the presence of DNA interstrand cross-links. Such cross-links were removed after 6 h in cells resistant to busulphan but not in the busulphan-sensitive parent cells, even after 24 h. Such temporal differences in DNA cross-linking could be correlated with cell survival and also with the level of anaphase chromosome aberrations, which was found to be four-fold higher in the sensitive line than in the resistant line. PMID- 7094198 TI - Chemotherapeutic approaches to brain tumors. Experimental observations with dianhydrogalactitol and dibromodulcitol. AB - Dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) or its active cell-killing moiety has a relatively long biological half-life in 9L cells cultured in vitro. The shape of the DAG dose response curves was similar to that of those observed for most oncolytic agents. The prominent shoulder on the 24-h dose-response curve indicates that 9L cells can accumulate a reasonable amount of DAG-induced sublethal damage before they are killed. The appearance of 9L colonies in petri dishes was delayed 3-5 days after a DAG treatment that killed more than 99% of the cells, an observation not previously made with radiation, hyperthermia, the nitrosoureas, or other chemotherapeutic agents. Comparison of the in vitro exposure integral and the in vivo tumor tissue integral indicated that DAG would have to be administered at a dose in excess of its LD10 to achieve an in vivo 2 log cell kill. The lack of a significant increase in lifespan after a LD10 dose confirmed this prediction. While DAG alone is active against IC ependymoblastoma, it had very limited activity against IC glioma 26; however, the combination of DAG with BCNU was curative in 85%-100% of animals at 120 days. BCNU alone achieved no more than 4% 16% survival at 120 days. The combination of DBD and BCNU was not consistently better than BCNU alone against IC glioma 26. It appears that DAG may have a limited place in CNS chemotherapy for specific kinds of tumors. BCNU-DAG combination studies suggest that we may, under the right conditions, enhance the antitumor activity of the hexitol epoxides by drug combination therapies, although the mechanism for this enhanced antitumor activity is presently unknown. PMID- 7094202 TI - Peptichemio induction therapy in myelomatosis. AB - Fifteen patients with multiple myeloma, two of whom had plasma cell leukemia, were treated between May 1974 and December 1978. Peptichemio was administered intravenously at doses of 40-80 mg/48 h, courses including 4-17 administrations in association with moderate doses of prednisone (15-50 mg/day) and androstanes at high dosages (250 mg weekly). In two patients PTC was associated with vincristine (VCR) administered on the first day of the course. Eight patients were previously untreated, four had been resistant to melphalan (MPH) and/or cyclophosphamide (CTX), and three had been treated irregularly with one or both of these alkylating agents. The criteria of response to therapy are reported. Out of a total of 15 PTC courses administered we obtained 13 responses, eight complete and five partial; no response was achieved in the other two patients. In the four patients who were resistant to MPH and/or CTX we obtained three responses, which were maintained with the same alkylating agent to which they had been resistant previously. The time needed to obtain a response in 90% of the patients was 6 weeks. Peptichemio was shown to be effective in patients in an advanced stage of the disease, in patients with light-chain myeloma and in those with plasma cell leukemia. The association of VCR potentiated the antitumor effect, but also increased the myelotoxicity. The PTC treatment was well tolerated. It is suggested that PTC be used in induction treatment of myelomatosis and in patients resistant to traditional alkylating agents. PMID- 7094203 TI - Allopurinol kinetics and bioavailability. Intravenous, oral and rectal administration. AB - Six normal, healthy adult males received a single dose of allopurinol intravenously, orally in the form of a commercial tablet, and rectally in the form of an extemperaneously prepared suppository (either in a cocoa butter or in polyethylene glycol base). Plasma allopurinol and oxipurinol concentrations were measured over a period of at least 60 h. The following mean (+/- SD) values were obtained from the intravenous allopurinol experiment: clearance, 9.62 +/- 3.49 ml . kg-1 . min-1; Vd, 1.61 +/- 0.74 l/kg; t1/2, 1.62 h. Oxipurinol had a mean t1/2 of 16.90 h. The absolute systemic bioavailability of the oral tablet was 67% +/- 23%, while the allopurinol rectal suppositories produced no measurable plasma concentrations of allopurinol or oxipurinol in any of the subjects. Current use of rectal dosage forms as an adjunct in cancer chemotherapy should therefore be re-examined. PMID- 7094200 TI - Combined adjuvant therapy of radically operated colorectal cancer patients. (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and MER-BCG). AB - Seventy-three patients with Dukes' B2 and C colorectal cancer were randomized to adjuvant therapy after radical surgery. One group was treated with chemotherapy either alone or in combination with radiotherapy (RC). The second group was treated by chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy) plus MER/BCG (RCM). In patients with Dukes' C disease, the survival at 54 months and the disease-free interval up to 24 months were significantly better in the RCM than in the RC subgroup. There were no significant differences in the survival and disease-free interval between RC- and RCM-treated patients with Dukes' B2 disease. Entry of additional patients and further follow-up are needed before we can decide whether the combination of RCM increases the cure rate in Dukes' C cancer or merely delays recurrence and prolongs survival. PMID- 7094201 TI - Modulation of 5-FU metabolism in human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. AB - We have previously demonstrated a highly significant relationship (P less than 0.0001) between the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) into total cellular RNA and loss of clonogenic survival of the human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line. The present studies explore the applicability of this relationship to MCF-7 cells exposed to 5-FU and modulating agents such as PALA, MTX, and MMPR. PALA treatment produces a minimal increase in the absolute amount of 5-FU incorporated into total cellular RNA, but it results in a three-fold enhancement of the [3H]FU/32P ratio, which measures 5-FU misincorporation into newly synthesized RNA. MTX and MMPR increase intracellular PRPP levels up to four-fold; nevertheless these agents result in only minimal increases in absolute (5-FU)RNA formation. In contrast, the relative incorporation of 5-FU into newly synthesized RNA of MTX- or MMPR-treated cells is increased 2.5-fold. The combination of PALA/MMPR results in a two-fold absolute increase in (5-FU)RNA formation and a nine-fold enhancement of the [3H]FU/32P ratio. Combinations of modulating agents with 5-FU result in more than additive decreases in MCF-7 clonogenic survival. The relationship between 5-FU incorporation into RNA and loss of clonogenic survival was highly significant (P less than 0.0002) when corrected for newly synthesized RNA, while the correlation with absolute amounts of (5-FU)RNA formation was less significant (P less than 0.05). These studies demonstrate that the relationship previously established between (5-FU)RNA formation and loss of clonogenic survival should be corrected for the amount of newly synthesized RNA when 5-FU is combined with modulating agents that alter rates of RNA synthesis. PMID- 7094204 TI - Promoting effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the development of thyroid tumors in rats treated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine. AB - 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) promoted the development of thyroid tumors in rats treated with a subeffective dose of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) for thyroid tumorigenesis. The incidences of thyroid tumors at the end of the 20-week experiment were 91% in rats injected s.c. once a week for four weeks with 70 mg DHPN per 100 g body weight and then given diet containing 2000 p.p.m. AT for 12 weeks, 100% in rats injected s.c. once a week for eight weeks with 70 mg DHPN per 100 g body weight and then given diet containing 2000 p.p.m. AT for 12 weeks, and 58% in rats injected s.c. once a week for 8 weeks with 70 mg DHPN per 100 g body weight. Rats only injected s.c. once a week for four weeks with DHPN or only given diet containing AT for 12 weeks had no thyroid tumors at the end of the experiment. PMID- 7094207 TI - High skin tumour initiating activity of the metabolically derived trans-3,4 dihydro-3,4-diol of the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11 methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one. AB - Eight main metabolites of the parent carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11 methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17-one (I) were assayed for their ability to initiate skin tumours in T.O. mice after topical application in two-stage experiments with croton oil used as the promoter. All were less active than 1 with the exception of the trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-diol which was more than ten times as active. This diol is therefore confirmed as the proximate carcinogen, a conclusion reached previously on different evidence. PMID- 7094208 TI - Metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine by cultured rat esophagus. AB - The metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), an esophageal carcinogen, by organ cultured F-344 rat esophagus was investigated. The major metabolites were separated by h.p.l.c. and were identified by comparison to standards as 4-hydroxy 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and 4-oxo-4-(3 pyridyl)butyric acid from 2'-hydroxylation of NNN and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) butyric acid from 5'-hydroxylation of NNN. These results demonstrate that alpha hydroxylation, which leads to electrophilic diazohydroxides, is the major pathway of metabolism of NNN in cultured F-344 rat esophagus. The extents of formation of the metabolites increased with time and the ratio of products resulting from 2' hydroxylation to those resulting from 5'-hydroxylation was 4.3 after 1 h, 3.9 after 6 h, 3.4 after 24 h and 3.1 after 48 h. F-344 rat liver slices from the same animals produced metabolites of NNN with a 2'/5'-hydroxylation ratio of 1.4. The 2'/5'-hydroxylation ratio in cultured Syrian golden hamster esophagus was 0.3. These results, together with those of parallel studies of NNN metabolism in A/J mouse lung and Syrian golden hamster trachea indicate that among these tissues, F-344 rat esophagus has a unique ability to preferentially hydroxylate the 2'-position of NNN. The results suggest that 2'-hydroxylation is the key step in the metabolic activation of NNN in rat esophagus. PMID- 7094206 TI - Ethionine inhibits in vivo methylation of nuclear proteins. AB - Nuclear protein methylation was studied in regenerating rat liver by giving [methyl-3H]methionine 45 h after partial hepatectomy. Ethionine, a liver carcinogen, has been shown to alter the methylation patterns in a basic protein (histone) fraction, as well as an acidic protein (non-histone) fraction present in a 0.25 N HCl nuclear extraction. The proteins present in the 0.25 N HCl extraction were separated by chromatography using a Bio-Rex 70 cation exchange column. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and total amino acid analysis showed the first protein fraction contained acidic large molecular weight non-histone proteins, while the second fraction contained basic small molecular weight histone proteins. Both fractions were then hydrolyzed, and the amino acids chromatographed on an Aminex A-5 cation exchange column. The histones were found to contain epsilon-N-mono, di and trimethyllysine derivatives; whereas the non histone fraction contained these lysine derivatives and additional basic amino acid identified as NG,NG-dimethylarginine. Ethionine (0.5 mg/g body weight) was found to inhibit in vivo methylation of lysine to form epsilon-N-mono, di and trimethyllysine, 46, 52 and 68%, respectively. The formation of NG,NG dimethylarginine was inhibited by 85%. Ethylation of these proteins was also studied by giving [ethyl-3H]ethionine. After hydrolysis, the non-histones were found to contain a labeled lysine and arginine derivative, but in the histone fraction only labeled lysine was found. PMID- 7094205 TI - The induction of SCE and chromosomal aberrations with relation to specific base methylation of DNA in Chinese hamster cells by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and dimethyl sulphate. AB - Chinese hamster cells (V79) were treated, either as exponentially proliferating cultures or under conditions where they were density-inhibited, with various doses of the potent carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or the relatively weak carcinogen dimethylsulphate (DMS). The colony forming ability of these cells and the induced frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations were assayed. Following the exposure of density-inhibited cells to radio-labelled methylating agents (labelled in the methyl group) these phenomena were related to the levels of 7-methylguanine (7-meGua), O6-methylguanine (O6 meGua) and 3-methyladenine (3-me-Ade) in the DNA. At equitoxic doses MNU and DMS induced similar frequencies of SCEs and chromosomal aberrations. Since, at equitoxic doses, MNU produces approximately 20 times more O6-meGua in V79 cell DNA than does DMS, this indicates that the formation of O6-meGua in DNA is not a major cause of SCEs and chromosomal aberrations. DMS-induced SCEs may be mediated via the production of both 3-meAde and 7-meGua in the DNA; these two methylated purines may also be responsible for MNU-induced SCEs. Therefore, no one specific methylated purine was identified as being solely accountable for the formation of SCEs. Also, the repair of lesions in the DNA of non-replicating V79 cells leads to a reduction in the SCE frequency on their subsequent release from the density inhibited state, suggesting that repair is not intimately responsible for their formation. No association was discernable between chromosomal aberrations and any of the three methylated purines studied. PMID- 7094209 TI - Relationship of site-specific cancer mortality rates to altitude. AB - Mortality rates for all malignant neoplasms (combined) and for 34 site-specific cancer categories for selected high and low altitude populations are compared using two related techniques: confidence interval overlap for strictly descriptive purposes and analysis of standardized mortality ratios using lower and upper 95% statistical significance factors for the ratio of an observed value of a poisson variable to its expectation. Techniques are employed to minimize confounding due to industrialization, urbanization or selected cultural characteristics. Cancer mortality data for U.S. counties averaged over the 20 year period, 1950--1969, were used. For most comparisons a deficit in cancer mortality in high altitude counties was observed. The largest differences between the low and high altitude groups were found for cancers of the tongue and mouth, esophagus, larynx, lung and melanoma. Some limitations of ecologic studies are discussed. PMID- 7094213 TI - Sensitive radioimmunoassays for O6-n-butyldeoxyguanosine, O2-n-butylthymidine and O4-n-butylthymidine. AB - Radioimmunoassays have been developed using monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas raised against bovine serum albumin conjugates of O6-n-butylguanosine, O2-n butylthymidine riboside and O4-n-butylthymidine riboside. The assays showed 50% inhibition of binding of specific (( 3H]butyl-deoxynucleosides by 0.044, 0.069 and 0.45 pmole of cold O6-n-butyldeoxyguanosine, O2-n-butylthymidine and O4-n butylthymidine respectively, corresponding to affinity constants of 2.7 x 10(10), 1.1 x 10(10) and 8.8 x 10(8) respectively. In competitive radioimmunoassays a similar degree of inhibition required approximately 10(7)-fold higher concentrations of normal deoxynucleotides. From the relative inhibitions produced by a wide range of alkylated and normal nucleosides and bases we conclude that each antibody primarily recognises butylation, as compared to other alkylations, at the sites specified by the immunogen. The radioimmunoassays should be suitable for the detection of these potentially promutagenic lesions in digests of DNA exposed to low (biological) levels of butylation. PMID- 7094210 TI - Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic carcinogenesis. V. Changes in differentiation of acinar cells during chronic treatment with N-nitrosobis(2 hydroxypropyl)amine. AB - An electron microscope study was carried out on changes in the pancreatic acinar tissues of male Syrian hamsters during the course of induction of pancreatic neoplasia by lifetime weekly injections of N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP). The dominant process observed was a loss of differentiation of the acinar cells, leading to the development of a new population of cells that closely resemble centro-acinar or ductular cells. During this process, the original centro-acinar and ductular cells appear to be relatively unaffected by exposure to BHP. Thus, acinar cell de-differentiation appears, in this experimental model, to be an important preliminary stage in neoplastic development. It is argued that these findings may have implications for the histogenesis of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, considered hitherto to be ductal in origin. PMID- 7094212 TI - Sequential 2-acetylaminofluorene--phenobarbital exposure induces a cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - A significant change in hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity has been observed in normal Sprague-Dawley rat liver during the promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by brief feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) followed by tumor promotion using dietary phenobarbital (PB) exposure. Animals receiving only 2-AAF or PB do not possess this new aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The phenotype is characterized by the appearance of a new cytosolic isozyme kinetically, electrophoretically and immunochemically distinct from the normal liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes and from aldehyde dehydrogenases inducible in 2-AAF-induced hepatomas. The new isozyme is NAD-dependent, disulfiram-sensitive and cross-reacts with antiserum to a normal liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inducible in several lines of rats by PB. However, the population of animals used in this study has been shown previously to be non-responsive to aldehyde dehydrogenase induction by dietary PB. Since no animals receiving only PB express this new isozyme, the carcinogen must play a significant role in its induction. Moreover, that not all animals receiving carcinogen and promoter possess the phenotype suggests this carcinogen/promoter interaction has a genetic basis. PMID- 7094215 TI - Oxidized metabolites of 7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene. PMID- 7094219 TI - Changes in sodium, potassium, and adenosine triphosphate contents of red blood cells in sepsis and septic shock. AB - Sepsis and septic shock were induced in fifteen awake rabbits by the infusion of live Escherichia coli. Sodium K+, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) and plasma were measured during the control, septic, and septic shock periods. The significant elevations of Na+ content in RBC during sepsis appeared to be primarily a function of increased cell membrane permeability. The significantly decreased intracellular K+ concentrations, accompanying the high Na+ levels of RBC later in shock, were consistent with progressive failure of the energy-dependent transport mechanism (Na+-k+ pump). Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia were apparent in the late stages of sepsis, these alterations reached statistically significant levels in the shock period. The electrolyte derangements associated with sepsis and septic shock could not be related to energy depletion. The continuous significant accumulations of ATP, observed in RBC and plasma, were interpreted as a result of decreased energy utilization and attributed to the diminished active ion transport by the impaired Na+-K+ pump. PMID- 7094217 TI - The Meldreth dribble control project reassessed. AB - An experiment was devised whose primary aim was to assess whether task concentration affected dribble control with eight ESN(S) cerebral palsied children who had been trained to associate an auditory cue with swallowing. The investigation was inconclusive as far as its main objective was concerned. The results indicate that previous researchers were measuring dribble production using an inherently unreliable sampling procedure. Also their claims for the effectiveness of the method can perhaps be considered rather over-optimistic in regard to its clinical use for long term dribble control. PMID- 7094216 TI - Decreased levels of S-adenosylmethionine in the livers of rats fed phenobarbital and DDT. AB - Chronic feeding of the liver tumour promoters phenobarbital (PB) and 1,1-bis(rho chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) to male weanling rats at levels of 0.05% in the diet for 1, 3 and 5 weeks reduced the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) contents by approximately 50%. Such reductions were inhibited by the simultaneous feeding of choline chloride and were completely prevented by the dietary administration of methionine. AdoMet levels greater than 100 mug/g liver were noted in rats receiving PB + methionine for 1 week, DDT + methionine for 1 week or methionine alone for 5 weeks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the liver tumour promoting activities of PB and DDT may occur in part through a hepatic methyl insufficiency. PMID- 7094211 TI - Elimination of metabolic co-operation and the induction of sister chromatid exchanges are not properties common to all promoting or co-carcinogenic agents. AB - High densities of wild-type, 6-thioguanine sensitive V79 cells reduce the recovery of 6-thioguanine resistant (6TGR) cells when they are co-cultivated. This metabolic co-operation effect has been reported previously to be eliminated by the tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and the accompanying enhancement of 6TGR colony recovery has been postulated as a rapid assay for tumour promoters. Elimination of metabolic co-operation, however, does not appear to be a characteristic of either the promoting agents anthralin, iodoacetic acid, oleic acid and delta-haemolysin or the co-carcinogenic/carcinogenic agents griseofulvin, diethylstilboestrol and stilboestrol diproprionate. Moreover, with the exception of stilboestrol diproprionate, none of these agents induce sister chromatid exchanges, but are all, with the exception of delta-haemolysin, associated with limited numerical chromosome changes and in four cases low level aberration induction. None of the agents were mutagenic. PMID- 7094214 TI - Measurement of O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2 aminofluorene in DNA by high-sensitive enzyme immunoassays. AB - Antibodies raised in rabbits against the bovine serum albumin conjugates of O6 ethylguanosine and N-(guanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene have been used to develop a high-sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HS-ELISA) for the quantification of adducts in DNA modified by ethylating agents and N-acetyl-2 aminofluorene. Linear dose-response relations were obtained in the non competitive HS-ELISA between 0.5 fmol and 50 fmol O6-ethyldeoxy-guanosine per 2.8 microgram DNA, and between 0.1 fmol and 20 fmol N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2 aminofluorene per 0.8 microgram DNA. The sensitivity of an ultrasensitive radioimmunoassay was in the same order of magnitude. Modification levels as low as 0.1 mumol of adduct/mol DNA-nucleotides (1: 10(7)) can be detected by each assay. PMID- 7094218 TI - The effectiveness of parent workshops in mental handicap service. AB - Workshops designed to help parents teach their mentally handicapped children new skills and new habits were offered for 4 years as part of a wider service. This was the first time such a service had been available to any family within an area, population 250 000, and all families with mentally handicapped children under age 8 were invited to join the workshops. Workshops objectives were to teach parents skills in observation, selection and teaching of new skills and new behaviour, and to provide parents with confidence and support from other parents as well as professionals. workshops ran one evening/week for between 8 and 12 weeks, and nine workshops were held with a total of 40 families attending. Attendance was high and success was considerable with the problems tackled during the workshops. Nevertheless, the original objectives of the workshops were only fulfilled in part, as it is uncertain how much the methods taught during the workshop were applied to subsequent problems. The paper discusses the value of such workshops as a way of providing both practical help and support to families. PMID- 7094222 TI - Blood lactate as prognostic indicator of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. AB - Serial measurements of arterial blood lactate were compared with established hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic measurements as prognostic indicators of survival or fatality in 28 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure and/or cardiogenic shock. Measurements were compared at the time of admission, at the time of maximal response to therapy, and 4 h prior to discharge or the onset of the agonal period. Blood lactate was the only measurement which consistently separated survivors from fatalities. The accumulation of lactate served as a sensitive and specific quantitative indicator of the severity of the oxygen dept and anaerobic metabolism. No patient survived in whom the arterial blood lactate was greater than 4 mmol/L for more than 12 h, regardless of the magnitude of the stroke volume, the left ventricular filling pressure, or the cardiac work. We regard the measurement of arterial blood lactate as a consistently useful prognostic indicator of survival or fatality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and myocardial failure. PMID- 7094220 TI - Extracorporeal perfusion without exogenous anticoagulation: its protective role in endotoxin shock. PMID- 7094221 TI - Impairment of reticuloendothelial function following thermal injury and its restoration with ATP-MgCl2 administration. AB - It is well known that reticuloendothelial system (RES) function is depressed following thermal injury. Since previous studies have shown that adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-MgCl2 restored the depressed RES function following hepatic ischemia, the present study was undertaken to determine whether administration of ATP-MgCl2 following thermal injury would have any beneficial effects on the RES function. Thermal injury in rats was produced by immersing 30% of the skin surface area in 95 degrees C H2O for 12 sec. Immediately following this, the rats received saline s.c. and 0.25 ml of ATP-MgCl2 (12.5 mumol each) or an equivalent volume of saline i.p. RES function was evaluated by measuring the intravascular clearance of 131I-triolein-labeled gelatinized test lipid emulsion. The intravascular half-time (t/2) in the burned saline-treated rats was double that of control rats at 1 and 3 days post-burn, suggesting that significant depression in RES function occurred following thermal injury. At 5 days post-burn, although the t/2 was lower than at 3 days post-burn, it was still significantly higher than controls. Administration of ATP-MgCl2 following burn injury resulted in a t/2 and phagocytic index values similar to controls, indicating the impairment of phagocytic activity of the RES function following thermal injury was reversed with treatment. PMID- 7094223 TI - Cardiac dynamics following shock: role of circulating cardiodepressant substances. AB - This article seeks to answer the questions "Is cardiac function depressed in shock states, and if so, what is the mechanism for this depression?" The behavior of cardiac contractile function in shock states covers two broad areas of investigation: cardiac function and the cardiovascular response to shock. The major techniques used to examine cardiac function in shock have included pump function vs. end diastolic volume, indices of cardiac work and efficiency, parameters of shortening rate, and the end systolic pressure-volume relationship. The results obtained from these studies, especially those which employed the former three technologies, have yielded divergent results. The main thesis of this article is that the confusion concerning the effects of circulatory shock upon cardiac dynamics is due in large part to the failure of most technologies to distinguish between shock-induced alterations in peripheral vascular function and shock-induced alterations in cardiac dynamic function. However, recent evidence obtained from the end systolic pressure volume relationship, which appears to be sensitive to changes in cardiac dynamic function but independent of changes in peripheral vascular function, indicates that cardiac dynamic function is indeed depressed following endotoxin administration. Several possible mechanisms for this depression are reviewed. PMID- 7094224 TI - Calcium depletion in rabbit myocardium. Ultrastructure of the sarcolemma and correlation with the calcium paradox. AB - The ultrastructure of the Ca-depleted myocardial sarcolemma (via Ca-free and Ca free plus EGTA perfusion at 28 degree C and 37 degree C) was studied in the vascularly perfused interventricular septum of the rabbit. Thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used. Two major structural defects in the sarcolemma were found. (1) Ninety percent of the Ca-depleted cells have between 30 and 40% of their glycocalyx separated from the bilayer. With tannic acid staining, the separation is seen to occur between the external lamina and the surface coat. (2) Freeze-fracture data showed an apparent decrease in intramembrane particles on the P face of unidirectionally shadowed replicas. Quantitation of rotary-shadowed replicas showed no decrease in density of intramembrane particles. It was concluded from this that there was no loss of intramembrane particles, but rather a reorientation in the plane of the bilayer after Ca depletion. Both glycocalyx and bilayer changes were present after perfusion of the heart for only 5 minutes (37 degree C) with Ca-free perfusate. With low temperature and Cd substitution, separation of the glycocalyx occurred in less than 1% of the cells. After Ca depletion at 18 degree C, the density of intramembrane particles on the P face was not significantly different from controls. Cd substitution did not prevent the decrease total intramembrane particles per square micron, but the larger intramembrane particles had similar densities (154/micrometer2) as control (181/micrometer2), and as Ca-depletion with hypothermia (180/micrometer2). These findings indicate that structural changes in the glycocalyx and the bilayer can be totally prevented by hypothermia. Cd, on the other hand, prevents glycocalyx separation and affords protection only to the large intramembrane particles. Upon reperfusion with Ca, the intramembrane particles undergo the further alteration of aggregation, while numerous vesicles can be seen in the fracture plane of the membrane. PMID- 7094225 TI - Calcium depletion in rabbit myocardium. Calcium paradox protection by hypothermia and cation substitution. AB - The purpose of this study was to define further the basis of control of myocardial membrane permeability by further examination of the "calcium paradox." To this end, the protective effect of hypothermia and addition of micromolar amounts of divalent cations during the Ca-free perfusion period were studied. Damage during Ca++ repletion to the isolated arterially perfused, interventricular rabbit septum was assessed by contracture development, loss of developed tension, and loss of 42K and creatine kinase. Progressive hypothermia prolongs the time of Ca-free perfusion needed to cause similar 42K, creatine kinase and developed tension losses upon Ca++ repletion. Complete protection against the Ca-paradox after 30-60 minutes Ca-free perfusion is seen at 18 degree C. The inclusion of 50 microM Ca++ during 30 minutes "Ca-free" perfusion also provides complete protection during Ca++ repletion i.e., there was full mechanical recovery with no 42K or creatine kinase loss. Other divalent cations perfused in 50 microM concentrations during the Ca-free period exhibited variable ability to protect when Ca++ was reperfused. The order of effectiveness (Ca++ greater than Cd++ greater than Mn++ greater than Co++ greater than Mg++) was related to the crystal ionic radius, with those cations whose radii are closest to that of Ca++ (0.99 A) exerting the greatest protective effect. The cation sequence for effectiveness in Ca-paradox protection is the same sequence for potency of excitation-contraction uncoupling. The mechanism of hypothermic protection is likely a phase transition in the membrane lipids (from a more liquid to a less liquid state) which stabilizes membrane structure and preserves Ca++ permeability characteristics during the Ca-free period. The mechanism of protection via cation addition is perhaps a cation's ability to substitute for Ca++ (dependent on unhydrated crystal ionic radius) at critical sarcolemmal binding sites to preserve control of Ca++ permability during the Ca-free period. PMID- 7094226 TI - Ventricular activation patterns of spontaneous and induced ventricular rhythms in canine one-day-old myocardial infarction. Evidence for focal and reentrant mechanisms. AB - We studied isochronal maps of ventricular activation during spontaneous multiform ventricular rhythms (rates 120-190/min) and pacing-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias (rate 230-450/min) in dogs 1 day after myocardial infarction. Recordings were obtained from the entire epicardial surface and from selected endocardial and intramural sites utilizing a computerized multiplexing technique. Spontaneous ventricular rhythms had a focal origin from the surviving subendocardial Purkinje network underlying the infarction and showed frequent shift of the pacemaker site. On the other hand, fast ventricular tachyarrhythmias were consistently induced in the same dogs by bursts of rapid ventricular pacing or programmed premature stimulation and had a tendency to degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. Pacing-induced rhythms were due to reentrant activation that developed mainly in the surviving, electrophysiologically abnormal, epicardial layer overlying the infarction. The last stimulated heat that initiated reentry resulted in a continuous arc of functional conduction block and two slowly circulating activation fronts around both ends of the arc of block. The activation fronts rejoined on the distal side of the arc of block before breaking through the arc to reactivate an area proximal to the block. This resulted in splitting of the initial single arc of block into two separate arcs. Reentrant activation subsequently continued as two synchronous circuits which conducted in clockwise and counterclockwise directions, respectively. Reentry spontaneously terminated when the leading edge of both reentrant circuits encountered refractory tissue and failed to advance. The presence of two synchronous circuits was the hallmark of a stable reentrant activation. The development of three or more asynchronous circuits resulted in an activation pattern that was "prefibrillatory." This pattern was seen to develop during pleomorphic ventricular rhythms and ventricular tachycardias of the torsades de pointes type that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation was maintained by continuously changing multiple asynchronous circuits. The transition from a stable reentrant activation pattern to that of ventricular fibrillation was probably related to nonhomogeneous shortening of refractoriness in different parts of the myocardium. PMID- 7094227 TI - The role of calcium in overdrive suppression of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. AB - The role of calcium in the electrical and mechanical changes induced by overdrive was studied in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. The following results were obtained: (1) hyperpolarization and pause induced by a "short" (1-minute) overdrive are smaller in a low and larger in a high calcium solution; (2) overdriving at a constant ratio of overdrive to spontaneous rate only reduces the difference in pause duration in different calcium concentrations; (3) after overdrive, the initial diastolic depolarization is flatter and the late diastolic depolarization is steeper the control in low calcium and the opposite changes occur in high calcium; (4) the threshold for the first beat after overdrive is more negative in low than high calcium; (5) with "long" (2-minute or more) overdrives, hyperpolarization of comparable magnitude is seen during overdrive in low and high calcium; (6) the decline of hyperpolarization after overdrive is faster in high calcium unless the fiber is driven at slow rate ("postdrive"); (7) the contractile force after overdrive is greater than before overdrive in low and normal calcium and smaller than before overdrive in high calcium, and this difference is less during postdrive; (8) hyperpolarization and pause are reduced in a low sodium solution. It is concluded that calcium modifies overdrive suppression in several respects (hyperpolarization, slope of diastolic depolarization, duration of the pause and threshold), but is only one of the several factors involved in determining overdrive hyperpolarization and suppression. PMID- 7094228 TI - Inosine: a protective agent in an organ culture model of myocardial ischemia. AB - Fetal mouse hearts in organ culture provide a model of ischemic-like injury in which the myocardial protective effect of pharmacological agents can be studied independent of blood flow. To investigate the potential protective effect of a diffusable purine under ischemic-like conditions, we used 4 mM inosine in fetal mouse heart organ cultures deprived of oxygen and oxidizable substrates for 1-10 hours. We studied hearts (n = 258) immediately after simulated ischemia (early) and after a 20-hour recovery period (late), by utilizing three indices of myocardial viability. Thallium-201 accumulation is an early marker of myocardial viability during injury, whereas the percentage of lactic dehydrogenase release from hearts to culture medium and the percentage of irreversibly injured myocytes assessed by planimetry of midventricular histological sections are late markers, used after recovery from injury. At 10 hours of injury, thallium-201 accumulation was 38% greater in inosine-supplied hearts, 3.50 +/- 0.16 vs. 2.54 +/- 0.08 (counts/min per mg wet weight)/(counts/min per microliter medium) (mean +/- SEM) (P less than 0.001). After recovery from 10 hours of injury, lactic dehydrogenase release was 29% less in inosine-supplied hearts, 35 +/- 3% vs. 49 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001). After recovery from 8 hours of injury, the percentage of histologically irreversibly injured tissue was 23% less in inosine-supplied hearts, 60 +/- 7% vs. 78 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that inosine has a protective effect on fetal mouse myocardium during simulated ischemia and suggest that inosine deserves further evaluation. PMID- 7094229 TI - Transmural right ventricular blood flow during acute pulmonary artery hypertension in the sedated dog. Evidence for subendocardial ischemia despite residual vasodilator reserve. AB - Right ventricular failure during acute pressure overload has been attributed to ischemia which occurs when maximal coronary vasodilation is achieved so that further increases in myocardial blood flow cannot occur. To test the hypothesis that coronary vasodilator reserve is exhausted during acute right ventricular pressure overload, right and left ventricular myocardial blood flow was measured in 14 awake dogs during progressive pulmonary artery occlusion; coronary vasodilator reserve was tested by infusion of adenosine (4 microM/kg per min) before and during pulmonary artery occlusion. Right ventricular myocardial blood flow rose from 0.77 +/- 0.09 ml/min per g (mean +/- SEM) during control conditions to 1.69 +/- 0.27 ml/min per g during moderate pulmonary artery occlusion (P less than 0.01). With further pulmonary artery occlusion to cause increased right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased aortic pressure, a selective decrease in myocardial blood flow to the right ventricular subendocardium was observed, and the right ventricular subendocardial-to subepicardial blood flow ratio fell from 1.36 +/- 0.14 to 0.77 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.05). With restoration of mean aortic pressure to control levels, right ventricular systolic pressure increased, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased, and the right ventricular subendocardial-to-subepicardial ratio increased to 1.36 +/- 0.18 (P less than 0.01). Adenosine infusion during pulmonary artery occlusion in five dogs caused an increase in mean right ventricular blood flow (1.11 +/- 0.10 to 2.25 +/- 0.30; P less than 0.05). This increase was most marked in the outer layers but, nevertheless, was also significant in the subendocardium. These data indicate that acute severe right ventricular pressure overload may be associated with right ventricular subendocardial hypoperfusion, even when coronary vasodilator reserve is not exhausted. PMID- 7094231 TI - The release of endogenous norepinephrine from the coccygeal artery of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. AB - The potassium (K+)-induced release of endogenous norepinephrine from the coccygeal artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats has been studied as a function of the development of hypertension. The absolute amount of norepinephrine released by potassium was greater in spontaneously hypertensive rat than the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat, regardless of age or blood pressure. However, the %-fractional release was elevated only in the rats with chronic hypertension. Preincubation of tissues with the alpha 2-antagonist, yohimbine, significantly enhanced norepinephrine overflow in all tissues studied. Young hypertensive animals demonstrated an enhancement equal to the Wistar-Kyoto rat controls. In the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat, however, there was a significantly lesser enhancement produced by yohimbine. Levels of norepinephrine in the nerves supplying the artery were greater in the prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat than the age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rat. The norepinephrine content in arteries from adult animals was equivalent. The explanation for the attenuation of the yohimbine effect of chronic hypertensive animals is unclear. Although several explanations are possible, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that spontaneously hypertensive rats with chronic hypertension have subsensitive prejunctional alpha 2-receptors as evidenced by an increased %-fractional release of norepinephrine and a decreased enhancement of overflow in the presence of yohimbine. Clearly, further studies are needed to answer this provocative question and to understand the complex interactions of adrenergic neurotransmission in hypertensive animals. PMID- 7094230 TI - The effects of atrial fibrillation on atrial pressure-volume and flow relationships. AB - To study whether atrial fibrillation might produce local changes in the atrium which could facilitate the tendency of this arrhythmia to become chronic and self perpetuating, we compared the effect of atrial fibrillation, atrial pacing, and acute volume loading on the perfusion and oxygen consumption of the atrium in anesthetized dogs. Measurement of atrial perfusion with microspheres indicates that during atrial fibrillation, atrial blood flow increases 2- to 3-fold. Right atrial pacing is a significantly less potent metabolic stimulus for atrial vasodilation. Using Doppler velocity recordings of sinus node artery blood flow velocity, a marked increase in velocity is observed within 5 seconds after the initiation of atrial fibrillation. During atrial fibrillation, the sinus node artery reactive hyperemia response is markedly attenuated. Atrial fibrillation acutely decreases atrial distensibility; atrial pressure increased 81 +/- 19% with only a small increase (9.7 +/- 3%) in atrial diameter measured by echocardiography. During sinus rhythm, volume expansion to equivalent levels of atrial pressure as seen during atrial fibrillation increased atrial diameter 21 +/- 5% P less than 0.05. Atrial oxygen consumption determined by the microspectrophotometric method markedly increases during atrial fibrillation, compared to control conditions (12.3 +/- 2.8 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.6 ml O2/min per 100 g, respectively) P less than 0.05. Atrial O2 extraction was 5.5 +/- 0.4 ml O2/ml blood in the control state, and did not change with interventions. There was a linear relationship between left atrial O2 consumption and blood flow in all experimental conditions. Atrial fibrillation therefore alters atrial hemodynamics and metabolism by increasing atrial blood flow and oxygen consumption and decreasing atrial distensibility. Since atrial perfusion during atrial fibrillation is high and atrial flow reserve is limited, it is possible that additional atrial metabolic requirements might lead to atrial ischemia, fibrosis, and, thereby, perpetuation of the arrhythmia. PMID- 7094232 TI - Optimal hematocrit for oxygenation of canine intestine. AB - To determine the direct effects of hematocrit on intestinal oxygen consumption and to determine whether an optimal hematocrit exists for intestinal oxygenation, we perfused isolated canine gut loops at a constant pressure (120 mm Hg) and varied hematocrit from 80% to 10%. As hematocrit fell, blood flow rose while arterial oxygen content fell. The regression of blood flow on hematocrit was linear, whereas the relationship between oxygen uptake and hematocrit was parabolic, showing a maximal oxygen uptake at an hematocrit of 48.7%. To determine whether the optimal hematocrit for intestinal oxygenation could be altered by changes in vasomotor tone, we performed two other series of experiments. Raising perfusion pressure to 180 mm Hg did not significantly alter the optimal hematocrit for oxygen uptake. However, when we increased the oxygen demands of the gut by placing transportable solutes within the intestinal lumen, the optimal hematocrit for oxygen uptake increased markedly. We conclude that the optimal hematocrit for intestinal oxygenation is slightly higher than the normal range, a finding that could possibly be explained by the plasma skimming known to occur in the intestinal mucosa. Our experimental design and method of data analysis could be used to determine the optimal hematocrit in other organs. PMID- 7094234 TI - Long-term results after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries in early infancy. AB - Fifty-two patients younger than age 100 days who had an intact interventricular septum or a small ventricular septal defect underwent atrial repair of d transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). No patient died. To assess long-term results, we evaluated all 36 patients who had been followed for at least 1.5 years (mean 2.7 years) after surgery. The physical findings, chest roentgenograms, ECGs and echocardiograms were reviewed. Catheterization was done 6-60 months (mean 15 months) after surgery in 28 patients. Growth was normal in all but three patients. Neurologic development was abnormal in six patients (delayed speech in one patient, learning disability in three patients and preoperative cerebral infarction in two patients). The ECG showed sinus rhythm in 24 patients, minor abnormalities in nine and major dysrhythmias in three. Catheterization showed a normal cardiac index in all 28 patients. No intracardiac shunt was detected in 19 of 24 patients in whom complete oximetry data were available. One patient required reoperation for persistent atrial shunt and subsequent pacemaker placement. Two patients required baffle revision for symptoms related to superior vena caval obstruction. Right ventricular end diastolic pressure was less than 15 mm Hg in all of 18 patients evaluated. We conclude that atrial repair of d-TGA in early infancy can be performed with a low mortality rate and a low incidence of late complications. PMID- 7094233 TI - Rapid resetting of low pressure vagal receptors in the superior vena cava of the rat. AB - The discharge characteristics of mechanoreceptors located in the left superior vena cava were determined in an in vitro preparation developed from the rat. Two classes of receptors with afferent fibers in the vagus were identified on the basis of their response to steps of pressure. Slowly adapting receptors (n = 18) discharged as long as pressure was above threshold and exhibited a biphasic decline in discharge frequency in response to a pressure step. There was a rapid, initial decline in discharge frequency, complete within 15 seconds, followed by a slow, gradual decline complete within 5 minutes. Rapidly adapting receptors (n = 15) discharged irregularly or ceased firing after 5-10 seconds of a step increase in pressure. Following a 15-minute increase in perfusion pressure from 0 to 5 mm Hg, the threshold pressure of the slowly adapting receptors was increased and maximal discharge frequency and slope were decreased, whereas, in the rapidly adapting receptors, the threshold pressure was increased but maximal discharge frequency and slope were unchanged. Additional perfusion of the vessel at 5 mm Hg for up to 60 minutes produced no further increase in the degree of resetting. The resetting was reversible with discharge returning to control levels after a 15- to 25-minute return to 0 mm Hg. To determine whether the resetting of discharge following the acute pressure increase reflected a change within the receptor or an alteration of the vessel wall due to sustained distension, we examined the passive mechanical properties of the superior vena cava. Pressure-radius relationships were determined with an ocular micrometer. A 15-minute increase in pressure had no significant effect upon the mechanical properties of the vessel. Rapid resetting in these low pressure mechanoreceptors occurs with no discernible alteration in the vessel wall. PMID- 7094235 TI - Blade atrial septostomy: collaborative study. AB - During the past 4 years, five institutions have collaborated in evaluating the efficacy of blade atrial septostomy. The procedure was performed in 52 patients, including 31 with transposition of the great arteries, 10 with mitral atresia, five with tricuspid atresia and six with miscellaneous anomalies. The patient's ages ranged from 1 day to 12 years (mean 13 months). Improvement occurred in 41 of 52 patients (79%). Four patients had an intact interatrial septum, and blade atrial septostomy was successfully performed by a transseptal technique. One patient died from a lacerated left atrial wall; other complications occurred in four patients. Blade atrial septostomy is an effective palliative procedure, even when the interatrial septum is thickened or intact. PMID- 7094236 TI - Pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: a revised classification. AB - The dismal outlook for patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum may be related to associated right ventricular hypoplasia. Study of 32 autopsy specimens and 46 angiocardiograms of neonates with this lesion suggested that the cavitary hypoplasia was related to massive hypertrophy of the right ventricular wall. This hypertrophy was sufficient to obliterate the trabecular and/or infundibular portion of the ventricular cavity entirely in one-third of the cases; this observation forms the basis for a revised classification of these hearts. Three autopsies and 14 angiograms of neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis were examined. Hearts with obliterated infundibular and trabecular cavities had thicker walls and smaller tricuspid valves, as estimated angiographically or at autopsy, than those in which the normal three portions of the ventricular cavity were represented. PMID- 7094237 TI - Pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: surgical management based on a revised classification. AB - Sixty patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA:IVS) presenting from 1970 to 1980 are reviewed. Three groups of patient are discussed: those with tripartite right ventricles, those with no trabecular portion to the cavity, and those with neither trabecular nor infundibular portions. The decrease in early mortality for neonates with PA:IVS since 1977 (one death in 15 patients) supports our current management policy of preoperative prostaglandin E1 infusion with transpulmonary valvotomy (for patients with an infundibular cavity) combined with a left modified Blalock-Taussig shunt using a Gore-Tex prosthesis. Tricuspid valve growth, estimated by serial angiograms in 12 patients, was greater if right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery continuity was established. Later definitive repair was attempted in nine patients, with two early deaths; five underwent right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and four had modified Fontan procedures. Neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis are also discussed. Their neonatal mortality (nine deaths in 20 patients) was similar to that of comparable patients with PA:IVS, but their actuarial survival at 5 years (55%) was superior (36% at 5 years). PMID- 7094238 TI - Foramen ovale/atrial septum area ratio: a marker of transatrial blood flow. AB - We examined 51 cardiac specimens to test the hypothesis that the size of the foramen ovale is directly proportional to the relative volume of transatrial blood flow during cardiac morphogenesis. Included in the study were 18 normal specimens, five with tricuspid atresia, four with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, nine with secundum atrial septal defect, eight with simple coarctation of the aorta and seven with aortic stenosis. The areas of the foramen ovale and atrial septum were measured and the ratio of foramen ovale to atrial septum was calculated. The area of the atrial septum did not differ significantly among the six groups. Normal specimens had a ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.07. Specimens with tricuspid atresia and pulmonary atresia had ratios of 0.43 +/- 0.01 and 0.38 +/- 0.10, respectively (p less than 0.05). The ratio in specimens with coarctation of the aorta was 0.15 +/- 0.07 (NS). Specimens with aortic stenosis had a ratio of 0.11 +/- 0.06 (p less than 0.05). Specimens with secundum atrial septal defects had a ratio of 0.37 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.05). These data indicate that the foramen ovale is a marker of transatrial blood flow in utero. Secundum atrial septal defects may be a consequence of increased transatrial blood flow. PMID- 7094239 TI - Partial atrioventricular canal defect in adults. AB - Between March 1955 and March 1981, 52 adult patients (age 20 years or older) with partial atrioventricular canal (PAVC) were examined at the Mayo Clinic. Forty patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. The ECG showed right bundle branch block with left-axis deviation in 48, first-degree atrioventricular block in 33 and atrial fibrillation in nine. Preoperative catheterization was done in 37 patients; the mean pulmonary resistance index was 2.8 U.m2, and the mean pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio was 3.0. Forty-seven patients underwent operation; two required mitral valve replacement. There were three operative deaths (6.4% operative mortality) and two late deaths. All surviving patients were in NYHA class I or II. No patient required subsequent permanent pacemaker implantation. We conclude that repair of PAVC in adults may be performed at low risk and may improve patient longevity and functional status. PMID- 7094240 TI - Relative lack of coronary blood flow during closed-chest resuscitation in dogs. AB - Recent studies have shown that blood flow during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) results primarily from generalized changes in intrathoracic pressure rather than direct compression of the heart. Since ascending aortic and right atrial pressures rise and fall synchronously and to comparable levels during CPR, we hypothesized that the absence of a pressure difference across the coronary vascular bed during CPR precludes coronary blood flow. To test this hypothesis, we compared high-fidelity ascending aortic and right atrial pressures and carotid and coronary blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeters) during closed chest CPR in 12 fibrillating dogs. Chest compression force was increased from 40 to 140 pounds in 20-pound increments using a pneumatic chest compression device. Although ascending aortic and right atrial pressures were always similar, high compression-force CPR produced small mean pressure differences across the coronary vascular bed (5.6 +/- 0.8 mm Hg [+/- SEM] at 140 pounds). These pressure differences were accompanied by low levels of coronary blood flow. However, coronary flow was less than 1% control (prearrest) values whenever chest compression force was less than 100 pounds, and carotid flow exceeded coronary flow under all conditions (carotid and coronary flows at 140 pounds = 26.2 +/- 6.4% and 4.3 +/- 2.0% of prearrest values, respectively, p less than 0.01). We conclude that generalized changes in intrathoracic vascular pressures during closed-chest CPR promote carotid but not coronary blood flow. High-compression force CPR produces small pressure differences across the coronary vascular bed, allowing low levels of coronary flow. However, even high-compression-force CPR is over six times more effective in maintaining carotid flow than coronary flow. PMID- 7094241 TI - Native collaterals in the development of collateral circulation after chronic coronary stenosis in mongrel dogs. AB - The response of native collateral circulation to chronic stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) was studied in 17 mongrel dogs. Stenosis restricted reactive hyperemia of the LCx without affecting resting flow. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured by the tracer microsphere technique. Coronary collateral blood flow to the LCx was determined during maximal reactive hyperemia of the left anterior descending branch before and 5 weeks after implantation of a fixed LCx stenosis in the open-chest preparation. The protective effect of collaterals was tested by LCx ligation 5 weeks after implantation of stenosis. Presence of acute myocardial infarction was determined by nitroblue tetrazolium staining. Eleven dogs had a myocardial infarction (group A), but six dogs showed no evidence of infarction at autopsy (group B). In group A, collateral flow and minimal coronary resistance of the LCx bed changed little after LCx stenosis, from 12 to 15 ml/min/100 g and from 10.5 to 10.0 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g, respectively (both p less than 0.05). In contrast, collateral flow in group B increased from 22 to 102 ml/min/100 g (p less than 0.05), and minimal coronary resistance of the LCx bed decreased from 4.8 to 1.4 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g (p less than 0.01). Group A had lower native collateral flow (p less than 0.05) and higher native minimal coronary resistance of the LCx bed than group B (p less than 0.05). Postobstructive LCx pressure correlated well with blood flow data. The LCx risk region was of comparable size in groups A and B, 36.4% vs 39.0% of total left ventricle (p greater than 0.05). Two responses of collateral circulation to chronic stenosis were documented: lack of collateral growth in group A, but significant collateral growth in group B. The natural variation of collateral circulation was the major determinant of the different responses that were important with stenosis of a major coronary artery. PMID- 7094242 TI - Coronary collateral function during exercise. AB - A totally occluded coronary vessel subtending a noninfarcted, entirely collateral dependent myocardial region (NIECDMR) provides an opportunity to assess collateral perfusion during exercise stress. Collateral function was determined by analysis of exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images from 31 patients who had at least one NIECDMR (total 41 NIECDMRs) documented during catheterization. Twenty-two of 41 NIECDMRs manifested exercise-induced perfusion defects and 19 were normally perfused. The exercise-negative NIECDMRs were further categorized: Group 1 NIECDMRs (n = 13) were associated with defects in other myocardial regions supplied by diseased vessels and were considered negative relative to other jeopardized regions; group 2 NIECDMRs (n = 6) were not associated with exercise-induced defects in other myocardial regions, which suggests that collateral perfusion was adequate during maximal exercise. Regions supplied by a diseased left anterior descending coronary artery manifested exercise defects regardless of collaterals, possibly because these regions were larger and required more perfusion. Angiographic indexes of collateral function did not clearly predict exercise results. PMID- 7094243 TI - Significance of the angiographic morphology of localized coronary stenoses: histopathologic correlations. AB - Postmortem coronary angiographic morphology was correlated with histologic sections of 73 localized subtotal coronary artery stenoses (50-99% reduction of luminal diameter) to determine whether complicated or uncomplicated atherosclerotic lesions could be detected angiographically. Lesions were divided into two types, according to angiographic morphology: Type I stenoses had smooth borders, an hourglass configurations, and no intraluminal lucencies; type II stenoses had irregular borders or intraluminal lucencies. Histologic sections were also divided into two types: "uncomplicated" stenoses had fatty or fibrous plaques with intact intimal surfaces and no superimposed thrombus; "complicated" stenoses manifested plaque rupture, plaque hemorrhage, superimposed partially occluding thrombus, or recanalized thrombus. Among 35 lesions with type I angiographic morphology, four (11.4%) were complicated lesions histologically. Among the 38 stenoses showing type II angiographic morphology, 30 (78.9%) were complicated lesions. Postmortem angiography thus had a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 79% for detecting complicated stenoses on the basis of irregular borders or intraluminal lucencies. Pathologic studies have shown that acute occlusive thrombosis of a coronary artery is usually associated with complicated atherosclerotic stenoses. Thus, complicated lesions represent a greater risk factor for acute myocardial infarction or sudden death than do uncomplicated lesions. This study suggests that coronary stenoses characterized angiographically by irregular borders or intraluminal lucencies are probably the clinically more dangerous "complicated" type. PMID- 7094244 TI - Microvascular spasm in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster: a preventable cause of focal myocardial necrosis. AB - The cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster develops focal myocardial necrosis beginning at 1 month of age, which leads to eventual ventricular failure within 1 year. The pathogenesis of this myocytolytic necrosis is unknown. Based on the nature of the cell necrosis, cytochemical evidence of vascular alterations, and the sensitivity of the hamsters to catecholamines and other vasoactive substances, we believe that the cardiomyopathy may be mediated by abnormalities of the microcirculation. Nonetheless, until the present study, no significant changes have been observed in these vessels. To elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease, we perfused living cardiomyopathic hamsters with silicone rubber solutions, which revealed numerous areas of microvascular constriction, diffuse vessel narrowing and luminal irregularity. Fixed structural lesions in these vessels could not be demonstrated. Pretreatment of young hamsters with verapamil during the period when they normally develop myocardial necrosis prevented myocytolytic lesions and abolished microvascular hyperreactivity. We believe that focal, transient spasm of small blood vessels, probably secondary to vasoactive substances, may cause myocytolytic necrosis (a form of reperfusion injury) in this model. This may also be a multifactorial disease with myocellular as well as vascular abnormalities leading to myocardial degeneration. The similarity of this disease to human and experimental cardiomyopathy suggests that microvascular spasm may be a common denominator of many different cardiomyopathic syndromes. PMID- 7094245 TI - Quantitative effect of early coronary artery reperfusion in baboons. Extent of salvage of the perfusion bed of an occluded artery. AB - We examined the extent to which ischemic myocardium was salvaged by reperfusion using a method that allowed expression of the volume of infarction as a percentage of the volume of the perfusion bed of the occluded artery (region at risk of infarction). In eight baboons, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for 2 hours, after which perfusion was restored. A control group of eight baboons underwent an identical protocol, but perfusion was not restored. Twenty-four hours after occlusion, microvascular dyes were injected into the LAD and adjacent arteries to delineate the perfusion bed of the occluded artery. The volume of infarction and volume of the perfusion bed were determined planimetrically. The mean percentage of the perfusion bed infarcted in the control baboons was 94.2 +/- 3.5% and 50.1 +/- 5.8% in the reperfused baboons. Hence, the mean percentage of the perfusion bed infarcted was reduced by 44.1% in the reperfused group compared with the control group (p less than 0.001). In reperfused baboons, hemorrhage occurred in the region of infarction but did not result in infarct extension. We conclude that reperfusion after 2 hours of coronary occlusion results in substantial salvage of ischemic myocardium in the baboon. PMID- 7094246 TI - Divergent effects of inotropic stimulation on the ischemic and severely depressed reperfused myocardium. AB - Mechanical function remains depressed for hours and days after even brief periods of ischemia. To determine whether the depressed function of the reperfused myocardium could be improved y inotropic stimulation, we studied segmental function during ischemia and after reperfusion using mercury-in-Silastic length gauges in 15 dogs. During coronary artery occlusion, segmental function could not be improved by inotropic stimulation with dopamine. Release of occlusion after 30 minutes of ischemia resulted in only slight improvement in segmental function (systolic shortening at 20% of control). After reperfusion, segmental function could be markedly enhanced by inotropic stimulation. The response to inotropic stimulation was similar after reperfusion after 3 hours of ischemia if the myocardium remained viable (nine dogs). When the myocardium was necrotic (five dogs), there was no improvement after reperfusion, either spontaneously or in response to inotropic stimulation. If applicable to humans, these results suggest that intractable pump failure caused by extensive but reversible ischemia could be effectively treated by reperfusion and inotropic stimulation. PMID- 7094247 TI - The natural history of coronary heart disease: prognostic factors after recovery from myocardial infarction in 2789 men. The 5-year findings of the coronary drug project. PMID- 7094248 TI - Recurrent myocardial infarction: clinical predictors and prognostic implications. PMID- 7094249 TI - Improved electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction. AB - New electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for the diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) are proposed. The criteria are based upon the relationships between portions of the vectorcardiographic (VCG) QRS loop in the frontal plane and the corresponding portions of the ECG QRS complexes recorded in leads II and III. The application of the proposed criteria requires that the tracings be obtained with three-channel ECG machines so that the temporal relationships between the QRS complexes in lead II and those in simultaneously recorded lead III can be inspected. This type of analysis of the ECG permits important features of the contour of the VCG QRS loop to be predicted. The proposed ECG criteria for the diagnosis of IMI are: in the absence of counterclockwise rotation in the frontal plane, (1) Q waves of 30 msec or longer in lead II or (2) regression of initial inferior forces from lead III to lead II. The proposed ECG criteria were evaluated in an initial series of 333 patients and, using a blind experimental design, in a confirmatory series of 94 patients. The performance of the proposed criteria was statistically superior to that of two sets of ECG Q-wave criteria and comparable to that of the VCG criteria of Starr et al. PMID- 7094251 TI - The relationship between ventricular ectopic beat frequency and heart rate. AB - We examined the relationship between the frequency of premature ventricle complexes (PVCs) and underlying heart rate in 24 patients with frequent PVCs using 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings. Plots of PVC frequency vs heart rate were made at 1-beat/min intervals for all heart rates that were recorded for at least 5 minutes of the 24 hours. Heart rates during 24 hours ranged from 56 +/- 10.0 to 102.2 +/- 15.4 beats/min. Twenty-three of the 24 patients had a distinct relationship between PVC frequency and heart rate. Patterns included an approximate log-linear increase in PVCs at higher heart rates in 12 patients, a log-linear decrease (overdrive suppression) in one patient, flat curves in three patients, and a complex relationship (e.g., more PVCs at low rates and suppression at high rates) in seven patients. Patterns were reproducible in 21 of the 24 patients on repeat ambulatory ECG monitorings done 1 day to 2 months later. We conclude that most patients with frequent PVCs have a characteristic relationship between PVC frequency and heart rate over the range of heart rates achieved during routine daily activity. The most frequent relationship is a marked increase in PVC frequency with increasing heart rate. These observations may in part explain such phenomena as "spontaneous" variability of PVC frequency, sleep suppression of PVCs and suppression of PVCs by beta-blocking drugs. PMID- 7094250 TI - Comparison of techniques for measuring baroreflex sensitivity in man. AB - Because discrepancies about baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertension may have resulted from the use of different measurement techniques, we assessed the extent to which the results of different techniques agree in the same subjects. The eight techniques studied were the change in RR interval per unit change in systolic pressure during the Valsalva maneuver, upon release of the Valsalva maneuver, after injection of phenylephrine and after injection of nitroglycerin; the changes in RR interval and in systolic pressure per mm Hg externally applied neck suction; and the changes in RR interval and systolic pressure per mm Hg externally applied neck pressure. The average intercorrelation among these measures in 30 subjects was statistically significant (r = 0.36, p less than 0.01), but suggests that variance in one measure accounted for an average of about 13% of the variance in other measures. Standard deviations among subjects were often as large as the mean, indicating important interindividual variability as well. These findings demonstrate that baroreflex sensitivity varies widely among subjects and that different techniques for measuring baroreflex sensitivity probably measure different aspects of baroreflex function. PMID- 7094252 TI - The cardiac effects of d- and l-disopyramide in normal subjects: a noninvasive study. AB - Commercially available disopyramide is a racemic mixture of equal parts of dextrorotatory (d-) and levorotatory (l-) optical isomers. We studied the cardiac effects of i.v. administration of each isomer and the racemic mixture (dl-) in six normal males by digitized echocardiography, systolic time intervals and ECG. Both isomers and the racemic mixture produced equally marked dose-dependent negative inotropic effects (28.1 +/- 11.8% mean maximal reduction in fractional shortening of left ventricular dimension) and diastolic effects (28.6 +/- 24.1% mean maximal reduction in peak left ventricular filling rate). However, only the d-isomer prolonged QTc duration (by 13.6 +/- 5.2% at maximum, p less than 0.001 vs l-isomer). We conclude that disopyramide, in the doses used, produces marked adverse effects on left ventricle systolic and diastolic function in normal subjects independent of optical rotation. The production of these effects by the l-isomer without affecting QTc duration suggests different subcellular mechanisms for the myocardial depressant effects and some of the electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide. PMID- 7094253 TI - Modulation of parasystolic activity by nonparasystolic beats. AB - We studied 12 patients with ventricular parasystole in whom pacemaker activity could be modulated by nonparasystolic beats (NPBs). In six patients (group 1) in whom the intrinsic parasystolic cycle length (XX interval) was obtained without interposed NPBs, we found that NPBs falling during the first half of the cycle prolonged the XRX interval (containing one NPB) and that NPBs falling during the second half of the cycle abbreviated the XRX interval; both effects were maximal when NPBs fell close to the middle of the cycle and were separated by a reversal point. However, because of mutual interference between parasystolic beats and NPBs, only 13.2-43.4% of the parasystolic cycle could be effectively scanned. We also found that the XRX and RX intervals were linearly related. This relationship served to establish that in six patients in whom the XX interval was not obtained (group 2), modulation showed a similar behavior, although neither the reversal point nor the sense of the modulation could be determined. In this report, we suggest diagnostic criteria of parasystolic modulation. PMID- 7094254 TI - Effect of heart rate and autonomic tone on the QT interval. PMID- 7094255 TI - Pulsus alternans. PMID- 7094256 TI - AHA diet recommendations. PMID- 7094257 TI - Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Choices that must not be made. AB - Throughout our professional lifetimes, we are conditioned by the need to choose; among careers, among treatments for our patients, among health habits and lifestyles. After detailing the extent to which a choice-making orientation has dominated our lives, our society, our health system, our science, this paper describes areas in which it is crucial that choices not be made. These include the choice between basic and applied research, between targeted and investigator initiated research, between prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, and between the need to know (research on mechanisms of disease) and the need to take action (intervention in the individual and the community to control disease). In each of these areas, a decision to emphasize either alternative at the expense of the other is undesirable and defeats the basic goals of understanding and controlling heart and vascular disease. In discussing these sets of alternatives, the three major cardiovascular risk factors are discussed: cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and diet. Examples are chosen from research investigations on risk, intervention, treatment, prevention and community control. PMID- 7094258 TI - James B. Herrick Lecture. The present state and future of academic cardiology. PMID- 7094259 TI - Effects of physical training on myocardial vascularity and perfusion. AB - Physical training is thought to be a stimulus for coronary vascular growth and coronary collateral development. This report is a summary of knowledge in the area. Studies in experimental animals with normal hearts indicate that physical training promotes increased myocardial capillary density and also causes enlargement of the surface coronary vessels. The physiologic effect of these changes on coronary vascular reserve and protection of segments of the heart against myocardial ischemia has not been established. Physically trained dogs and pigs do not appear to be protected against the effects of coronary occlusion, in that the ischemic area appears to be as large in trained animals as in untrained animals for any given coronary lesion. One study in physically trained rats appears to show protection against myocardial infarction, but whether this is related to coronary vascular changes has not been established. Experiments in dogs subjected to chronic narrowing or gradual occlusion demonstrate that physical training in these models does promote collateral blood flow as measured by retrograde flow in open-chest experiments. Studies using the microsphere technique in closed-chest animals confirms increased collateral flow to ischemic areas in some animals, but the magnitude of the increases appears to be small and varies greatly from animal to animal. Studies in athletes suggest that myocardial blood flow is lower at any submaximal level of training in athletes than in sedentary persons. Studies in patients with coronary artery disease have generally failed to show an increase in coronary blood flow or in perfusion of ischemic areas after physical training programs, but the techniques used might not have been sensitive enough to detect changes. The evidence in the experimental animals is sufficiently promising to indicate that the search should be continued to define physical training programs that will most stimulate myocardial vascularity and coronary collaterals in humans. PMID- 7094260 TI - The QT interval throughout the first 6 months of life: a prospective study. AB - A prospective electrocardiographic study was designed to establish baseline values for electrocardiographic measurements, with specific reference to the QT interval during infancy, and to test the "QT hypothesis" for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In this ongoing study, ECGs are recorded on the fourth day of life and in the second, fourth and sixth months. The state of health at 1 year is ascertained by a phone call. So far, 4205 newborns have been enrolled. The mean QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) was 397 +/- 18 msec (+/- SD) at the fourth day, 409 +/- 15 msec (p less than 0.0001) at the second month, and 406 +/- 15 msec at the fourth month; by the sixth month, it returned to 400 +/- 14 msec. In 88 newborns, the QTc increased by over 40 msec at the second month. Among the 2000 infants checked at 1 year, there have been three sudden and unexpected deaths. The QTc of one of the victims at the fourth day was 563 msec, which exceeded the mean by more than 9 standard deviations, while the QTc of the other SIDS victims exceeded the mean by more than 2 and 3 standard deviations. These results are consistent with the "QT hypothesis," but more data are necessary before any conclusion on the potential relationship between QT interval prolongation and SIDS can be drawn. This study provides definitive waking normal values for QT interval in infancy and indicates that the QT interval lengthens physiologically and temporarily during the first months of life. In some infants, this lengthening may transiently impair cardiac electrical stability. PMID- 7094261 TI - The QT interval and sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 7094262 TI - The pressor effect of moderate alcohol consumption in man: a search for mechanisms. AB - Thirty pairs of drinking and nondrinking men, matched for age and weight, were drawn from a working population in which a close relationship between alcohol consumption and blood pressure had been demonstrated. In this smaller sample, men who drank an average of 408 ml of ethanol/week had higher supine (126.9 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) and standing (113.3 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) systolic and supine diastolic blood pressure (75.5 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) than nondrinkers (117.5 +/- 2.0, 107.4 +/- 2.2 and 68.9 +/- 1.8 mm Hg, respectively). Resting plasma concentrations of free and sulfated norepinephrine and epinephrine, renin activity, angiotensin II, aldosterone and cortisol were similar in drinkers and nondrinkers. To investigate differences that may arise when sympathoadrenal activity was stimulated, the subjects underwent a series of standardized physiologic stresses: isometric hand grip, mental arithmetic, cold pressor testing, standing and bicycle exercise. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were similar in drinkers and nondrinkers, although the differences in blood pressure between the two groups tended to become smaller after certain stresses. No differences in the plasma levels of free or conjugated catecholamines were apparent after these stresses. Plasma renin activity increased only after bicycle exercise, and this was similar in both groups. Plasma cortisol levels did not increase. The higher blood pressure in drinkers, therefore, cannot be explained by increased activity of the sympathoadrenal and renal pressor mechanisms. PMID- 7094263 TI - Dietary intake and serum total cholesterol level: their relationship to different lifestyles in several Japanese populations. AB - Serum total cholesterol level and dietary intake were surveyed 1975--1977 in six Japanese population groups with different lifestyles, including groups in both rural (Akita and Kochi) and urban (Osaka) areas. Clerical workers in Osaka, who had the most westernized lifestyle of all the study groups, had the highest mean serum total cholesterol level (202 mg/dl for men ages 40--49 and 50--59 years), while farmers in Akita had the lowest mean serum total cholesterol level (163 mg/dl for men 40--49 years old, 159 mg/dl for men 50--59 years old, 165 mg/dl for men 60--69 years old). Nutrient intake data for mean ages 40--59 years showed 23% of calories from fat for clerical workers in Osaka, the highest among the study groups, whereas farmers in Akita showed a low level of 14%. The ratio of dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was over 1.1 for all groups. Cholesterol intake was 339--487 mg/day. Total carbohydrate as a percentage of calories was 53 -65%; 75--80% of carbohydrate energy was ingested from cereals. Sugar accounted for less than 3.5% of total calories. In the cross-group correlation analysis between dietary lipid intake and serum total cholesterol, a significant strong positive correlation was found between the dietary lipid factor (phi) of Keys et al. and the mean serum total cholesterol level. A weak but significant correlation was observed between the dietary lipid factor and serum total cholesterol for individual inhabitants of Osaka. PMID- 7094264 TI - Prognostic value of exercise testing, coronary angiography and left ventriculography 6--8 weeks after myocardial infarction. AB - This study provides data on a consecutive series of 179 survivors of acute myocardial infarction (MI) who had symptom-limited treadmill exercise testing, coronary angiography and left ventriculography within 6--8 weeks after infarction. No patient died. The prevalence of multivessel disease was higher in the symptomatic survivors (79%) (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of multivessel disease in inferior MI was 63% and in anterior MI 42% (p less than 0.001). Left ventricular impairment was more severe in anterior and preexisting MI than in inferior and nontransmural MI (p less than 0.005). During a mean follow-up of 28 months, 11 cardiac deaths and 12 reinfarctions occurred. The total mortality rate was 22% (10 of 46) in patients with an ejection fraction less than 30% or three-vessel disease and 1% (one of 133) in patients with an ejection fraction greater than or equal to 30% and one- or two-vessel disease (p less than 0.001). A group at high risk of mortality is thus identified by angiography. The total reinfarction rate was 9% (11 of 121) in patients with an exercise tolerance of less than 10 minutes (Bruce protocol) and 2% (one of 58) in patients with an exercise tolerance of 10 minutes or more (p less than 0.1). The 58 patients who had an exercise tolerance of 10 minutes or more had a very low risk for cardiac death or reinfarction. PMID- 7094265 TI - Left ventricular myocardial blood flow in multivessel coronary artery disease. AB - The relationship between resting left ventricular (LV) myocardial blood flow (MBF) and hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption was investigated in 15 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 10 patients with normal coronary arteriograms. Mean LV MBF per unit mass of tissue was measured with a multicrystal scintillation camera from the regional clearance rates of xenon-133 injected into the left main coronary artery. Peak LV wall stress, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf), rate of ejection during the first third of systole (1/3 SV), LV ejection fraction (EF), and the ratio of peak LV systolic pressure to LV end-systolic volume were measured by contrast left ventriculography. Mean LV MBF per unit mass was significantly reduced (48 +/- 11 vs 67 +/- 12 ml/100 g.min; p less than 0.01) in patients with multivessel CAD. However, none of the patients with CAD experienced chest pain or had electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia during the resting MBF measurements. Ejection phase indexes were lower in the patients with CAD: LVEF (56 +/- 10% vs 64 +/- 7%, p less than 0.05); 1/3 SV (35 +/- 3 vs 44 +/- 4%, p less than 0.05); and mean Vcf (1.05 +/- 0.30 vs 1.19 +/- 0.27 circ/sec, NS). LV wall thickness (9.8 +/- 1.9 vs 7.5 +/- 1.4 mm, p less than 0.01) and LV mass index (94 +/- 32 vs 64 +/- 17 g/m2, p less than 0.05) were significantly increased in the patients with CAD, accounting for the reduction in peak LV wall stress (276 +/- 73 vs 373 +/- 91 dyn-cm-2 x 10(-3), p less than 0.05) observed in these patients. Multiple regression analysis indicated that indexes of three of the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption explained 65% of the variation in MBF in patients with CAD: peak LV stress, mean Vcf and heart rate. After adjustment for these three indexes, the average LV MBF rates were not significantly different in the two patient groups (54.8 +/- 1.8 vs 57.6 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g.min). In both groups, resting LV MBF/beat correlated most highly with peak LV wall stress (r = 0.79). Thus, the reduction in LV MBF per unit mass observed in patients with multivessel CAD at rest is related to lower levels of hemodynamic variables that determine myocardial oxygen consumption. Peak LV wall stress is the most important hemodynamic variable determining the level of resting MBF in patients with and without CAD. PMID- 7094266 TI - Pharmacologic modification of myocardial ischemia. AB - The value of three agents in reducing the area of myocardial ischemia in rabbit hearts perfused with crystalloid solution was examined. Ten hearts received crystalloid solution with methylprednisolone (M), 0.25 mg/ml; 18 with hyaluronidase (H), 4 U/ml; and 10 with propranolol (P), 1 microgram/ml. Thirty six hearts served as controls. The mitral valves were excised, the hearts were paced at 240 beats/min and a coronary artery was ligated. The ischemic area was evaluated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide autofluorescence photography, an intrinsic, high-resolution display of anoxic tissue. The ischemic area was determined by computer from standardized photographs. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) was determined and photographs were taken before and at 10 minute intervals after ligation. At 60 minutes, each heart was perfused with rhodamine dye and quick-frozen. In hearts treated with M and H, coronary blood flow increased by 151% (51.7 +/- 3 to 77.9 +/- 3 ml/min) and 150% (48.3 +/- 2 to 72.3 +/- 2 ml/min), respectively (p less than 0.001), whereas in hearts treated with U and P, coronary flow decreased at 60 minutes. In the control hearts, the ischemic area did not change between 5 and 40 minutes of ischemia. The ischemic area of H-treated hearts decreased from 136 +/- 4 mm2 to 110 +/- 9 mm2 between the postligation control and the end of the experiment (p less than 0.01). The ischemic area of M-treated hearts decreased from 131 +/- 5 mm2 to 113 +/- 5 mm2 (p less than 0.05). P produced no change in ischemic area (p greater than 0.4). There was no change in the oxygen-diffusion zone of P-treated or control hearts (439 +/- 13 vs 383 +/- 12 mu, p greater than 0.1). The oxygen-diffusion zone between perfused and anoxic tissue in the M and H hearts increased from 383 +/- 12 mu to 861 +/- 76 mu and 681 +/- 62 mu, respectively (p less than 0.001). We conclude that significant volumes of myocardium remain normoxic within nonperfused areas of M-, P- and H-treated hearts. PMID- 7094268 TI - Clinical characteristics associated with sudden death in patients with variant angina. AB - After hospital discharge, 114 patients with variant angina were followed for a mean period of 26 months. Six died suddenly and 13 others were resuscitated from sudden cardiac death. The extent of coronary disease and the prevalence of left ventricular dysfunction in these 19 "sudden death" patients were similar to those in the patients who did not experience sudden death ("survivors"). During spontaneous episodes of ST elevation recorded in hospital, 56 of the 114 patients had serious arrhythmias: ventricular fibrillation in two, ventricular tachycardia in 28, ventricular couplets or bigeminy in 17, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block in six and asystole in three. Patients with and those without these arrhythmias during attacks were similar with respect to extent of coronary disease, left ventricular function and most other clinical variables. The maximal ST elevation, however, was higher in the arrhythmia group (7.5 +/- 5.7 vs 3.3 +/- 2.3 mm, p less than 0.01). Serious arrhythmias were detected in 16 of the 19 sudden death patients, compared with 36 of the 86 survivors (p less than 0.01). Sudden death occurred during follow-up in 15 of the 36 patients (42%) with ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, high-degree atrioventricular block or asystole during attacks, compared with only four of 69 (6%) without these arrhythmias (p less than 0.001). We conclude that variant angina patients with serious arrhythmias during spontaneous attacks differ from other variant angina patient only in the degree of ischemia during attacks, as reflected by maximal ST elevation, but are at a much higher risk for sudden death. PMID- 7094267 TI - Myocardial lactate and adenosine metabolite production as indicators of exercise induced myocardial ischemia in the dog. AB - To determine the value of lactate and the adenosine metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as indicators of myocardial ischemia, we measured the levels of these metabolites in arterial and coronary sinus blood of nine chronically instrumented dogs subjected to exercise stress before and during reversible circumflex coronary artery occlusion. The degree of circumflex bed hypoperfusion was measured by 15-mu microspheres and the reduction in circumflex coronary flow was measured with a proximal flow probe. Adenosine metabolites, although below the level of accurate detection in our laboratory in arterial blood (i.e., 0.5 microM/l), were detected in coronary sinus blood (range 2.7--18.7 microM/l) in 26 of 33 studies with partial circumflex occlusion when circumflex flow was reduced to less than 80% of that seen during exercise without occlusion and when only subendocardial perfusion was reduced. Global left ventricular flow and transmural flow in nonischemic beds did not correlate with positive studies. Myocardial lactate extraction was a less accurate test for determining circumflex bed hypoperfusion. Thus, myocardial production of adenosine metabolites is a sensitive qualitative test of exercise-induced ischemia responding to a modest fall in coronary flow when only subendocardial hypoperfusion is present. PMID- 7094270 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in experimental coronary stenosis. I. Sensitivity and specificity in detecting transient myocardial dyskinesis: comparison with sonomicrometers. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of two dimensional echocardiography in detecting ischemia-induced transient myocardial dyskinesis. We prepared an open-chest dog model of severe coronary stenosis (90% reduction of circumflex coronary artery diameter) and induced ischemia by acutely raising myocardial oxygen requirements with i.v. isoproterenol and acute aortic constriction. The changes observed with echocardiography were compared with those obtained by intramyocardial sonomicrometers placed side by side or in an endocardial-epicardial orientation. Ischemia was defined as systolic wall expansion or thinning on sonomicrometers and two-dimensional echocardiography. We found complete agreement between sonomicrometers and two-dimensional echocardiography in all control tracings and after ischemia was induced; whenever dyskinesis occurred it was seen by both techniques. Although there was qualitative agreement between echocardiographic and sonomicrometric techniques, there were quantitative differences in the assessment of wall thickening. Such differences may be related to malalignment of the sonomicrometers, echocardiographic resolution limitations or other technical factors. We conclude that two-dimensional echocardiography is a sensitive and specific technique for detecting transient myocardial ischemia, and therefore should be useful for demonstrating exercise-induced ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 7094269 TI - The effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in the presence of coronary artery stenosis in patients with unstable angina. AB - To determine whether a reduction in myocardial oxygen demand or an increase in coronary blood flow or both are responsible for the salutory effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) in relieving medically refractory angina, we assessed these variables in six patients in whom IABP was required for relief of myocardial ischemia. IABP decreased the rate-pressure product and aortic end-diastolic pressure, and the peak systolic aortic pressure and regional myocardial oxygen consumption declined in all but one patient. Peak and mean aortic diastolic pressures increased. Changes in regional coronary blood flow paralleled changes in peak systolic aortic pressure (r = 0.92, p less than 0.007). Thus, relief of angina during IABP could not be ascribed to an increase in regional coronary blood flow. Reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption is the most likely mechanism by which IABP relieves myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina pectoris. PMID- 7094271 TI - A new two-dimensional echocardiographic technique for evaluating right ventricular size and performance in patients with obstructive lung disease. AB - To compare two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic estimates of right ventricular size and performance to similar determinations from equilibrium radionuclide angiography (RNA) before and after isosorbide dinitrate, we evaluated 19 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The end-diastolic and end systolic volumes estimated from subcostal 2-D echocardiographic views of the right ventricle correlated with the RNA end-diastolic and end-systolic counts (r = 0.76 and 0.82, respectively). The 2-D echocardiographic and RNA right ventricular ejection fraction (EF) estimates also correlated (r = 0.80), and the average right ventricular EF measures of 42 +/- 11% and 40 +/- 12%, respectively, did not differ significantly. Nitrate administration produced a significant increase in heart rate (99 +/- 11 to 108 +/- 14 beats/min, p less than 0.001) and a decrease in systolic arterial pressure (139 +/- 23 to 120 +/- 22 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Nitrates also significantly decreased the average 2-D echocardiographic end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (22 +/- 16% and 18 +/- 12%, p less than 0.001), as well as RNA end-diastolic and end-systolic counts (33 +/- 17% and 32 +/- 22%, p less than 0.001), but did not significantly decrease the average right ventricular EF values (4 +/- 12% and 4 +/- 24%, respectively). Nevertheless, after isosorbide dinitrate, the 2-D echocardiographic right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume estimates continued to correlate with the corresponding RNA count measures (r = 0.76 and 0.79, respectively), as did the 2-D echocardiographic and RNA right ventricular EF values (r = 0.75). We conclude that 2-D echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular size and performance is feasible in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and that 2-D echocardiographic measures of right ventricular size and performance compare favorably with similar determinations by RNA at rest and after nitrate administration. PMID- 7094272 TI - Postural changes in pulmonary blood flow in pulmonary hypertension: a noninvasive technique using ventilation-perfusion scans. AB - To determine whether postural changes in ratio of upper to lower (U:L) zone pulmonary blood flow reflect pulmonary arterial pressures, we used pulmonary perfusion photoscintigraphy to study 12 normal subjects and 10 patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (eight classified as "primary" and two as thromboembolic). All patients underwent right-heart catheterization and measurement of pulmonary arterial systolic, diastolic, mean and capillary (wedge) pressures. The distribution of perfusion was then assessed in the supine and erect positions after i.v. injection of technetium-99m-labeled, macroaggregated albumin. Perfusion distribution was corrected for lung volume by xenon-133 equilibrium ventilation scans. In normal subjects, the U:L lung zone perfusion ratio decreased by 70.7 +/- 12.2% with the change in position. The patient group differed (p less than 0.0001) from normal subjects in that there was only a 19 +/ 17.4% shift of U:L ratio with the postural change. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure in the patient groups was 50 +/- 24.2 mm Hg. The postural change in U:L zone ratio correlated significantly with the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = -0.84, p less than 0.01) pulmonary arterial systolic (r = -0.83, p less than 0.01) and diastolic pressures (r = -0.72, p less than 0.05) and with the pulmonary vascular resistance (r = -0.74, p less than 0.02). No correlation was found with other hemodynamic, spirometric or blood gas data. We conclude that the postural shift in U:L ratio warrants further exploration as a noninvasive approach for detecting and quantifying pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 7094274 TI - Effect of exercise on erythrocyte count and blood activity concentration after technetium-99m in vivo red blood cell labeling. AB - We studied the effect of exercise on blood radiotracer concentration after technetium-99m in vivo red blood cell labeling. After red blood cell labeling, 13 subjects underwent maximal supine bicycle exercise. Radioactivity, analyzed with a well counter, was measured in heparinized venous blood samples drawn at rest and during peak exercise. Changes in activity were compared with changes in erythrocyte count. Activity and erythrocyte counts increased during exercise in all 13 subjects. Percent increase in activity correlated with percent increase in erythrocyte count (r = -0.78), but did not correlate with either duration of exercise or maximal heart rate. Twenty minutes after termination of exercise, activity and erythrocyte count had decreased from peak exercise values but remained higher than preexercise values. In nine nonexercised control subjects, samples drawn 20 minutes apart showed no change in activity or in erythrocyte count. We conclude that exercise increases blood activity, primarily because of an increase in erythrocyte count. During radionuclide ventriculography, blood activity must be measured before and after any intervention, particularly exercise, before a change in left ventricular activity can be attributed to a change in left ventricular volume. PMID- 7094273 TI - Indium-111-labeled platelets: effects of heparin on uptake by venous thrombi and relationship to the activated partial thromboplastin time. AB - The goal of heparin therapy in deep vein thrombosis is to prevent thrombus extension. The relationship between thrombus extension and the results of coagulation tests used to monitor heparin therapy is unclear. To explore this relationship, we studied the effect of several heparin regimens on the accretion of indium-111-labeled platelets on fresh venous thrombi, as detected by gamma imaging, and monitored the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Six dogs were treated with a 300-U/kg bolus of heparin followed by a 90-U/kg/hour heparin infusion, a dose of heparin sufficient to increase the APTT to levels greater than eight times baseline (APTT ratio); platelet accretion (thrombus imaging) occurred only after the heparin effect was reversed with protamine sulfate. Nineteen dogs were treated with a 150-U/kg bolus of heparin followed by a 4-hour, 45-U/kg/hour heparin infusion; a thrombus was demonstrated only after protamine injection in 12 (mean APTT ratio 1.3 +/- 0.19) and before protamine injection in seven. In thirteen of these 19 dogs, 30 minutes separated the platelet injection from heparin therapy, while in six this duration was less than 30 minutes. In four of these six dogs, thrombi were demonstrated before protamine therapy and at APTT ratios greater than 3.0. Finally, 10 dogs were treated with a 100-U/kg bolus followed by a 3-hour, 50-U/kg/hour heparin infusion, after which the APTT was allowed to return to baseline values spontaneously. In all 10 dogs, a thrombus was demonstrated only after cessation of the heparin infusion, and at a mean APTT ratio of 1.4 +/- 0.15 times baseline. These results suggest that, except with very early platelet injection, platelet accretion by thrombi is consistently inhibited by heparin at APTT ratios greater than 2.5. Platelet accretion by venous thrombi occurs within narrow limits of heparin effect as reflected by the APTT. PMID- 7094275 TI - Ejection fraction response to exercise in patients with chest pain, coronary artery disease and normal resting ventricular function. AB - We studied the ejection fraction (EF) response to upright exercise using first pass radionuclide angiography (RNA) in 281 patients with chest pain, significant coronary artery disease and normal resting ventricular function. A wide range of resting function (heart rate and EF) and exercise function (heart rate, EF and peak work load) was measured in this population. The EF response to exercise (delta EF) varied widely, ranging from a decrease of 36% to an increase of 26%. Twenty-eight clinical, catheterization and RNA variables were examined to determine their relationship to delta EF. Considered individually, the variables showing the strongest relationship were resting pulse pressure, positive exercise ECG changes and adequate exercise. Multivariable analysis identified resting pulse pressure, adequate exercise, resting EF, the change in end-diastolic volume index with exercise, positive exercise ECG changes and, to a lesser degree, the number of diseased vessels as variables that were significant independent predictors of delta EF. These observations indicate that delta EF is a complex response that is influenced by many pathophysiologic variables in the presence of coronary artery disease. Several of these variables are not related to the extent of coronary artery disease. PMID- 7094276 TI - Serial thallium-201 myocardial imaging after dipyridamole infusion: diagnostic utility in detecting coronary stenoses and relationship to regional wall motion. AB - After a 4-minute i.v. dipyridamole infusion, 0.14 mg/kg/min, serial thallium-201 scans were obtained in 60 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Forty patients had significant (greater than or equal to 50% stenosis) coronary artery disease (CAD), and 20 patients had normal coronary arteries or trivial lesions. The images were graded qualitatively for thallium activity by three observers. Sensitivity was 93% (37 of 40) and specificity was 80% (16 of 20). The sensitivity and specificity of the thallium-201 study were not affected by the extent of CAD, the presence of Q waves, or propranolol therapy. Twenty-seven of 37 patients who had initial defects (73%) had complete thallium redistribution of one or more defects. Patient-by-patient analysis using a regression model of all patients showed that the fate of a segmental thallium defect predicted abnormal wall motion by angiography better than ECG Q waves. The presence of propranolol therapy or collaterals did not significantly affect the thallium redistribution results. We conclude that qualitative interpretation by multiple observers of thallium images after dipyridamole infusion is a highly sensitive and specific test for CAD. After dipyridamole, as with exercise stress, the extent of thallium redistribution is related to the degree of myocardial wall motion abnormality. PMID- 7094277 TI - Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction using intracoronary streptokinase: assessment by thallium-201 scintigraphy. AB - Twenty-one patients with acute myocardial infarction, admitted to the hospital within 4 hours after the onset of symptoms, were studied by seven-pinhole thallium-201 scintigraphy before and 1 hour and 24 hours after intracoronary fibrinolysis using streptokinase. The size of the thallium-201 perfusion defect was assessed from myocardial cross sections reconstructed from the original seven pinhole data and expressed as a fraction of left ventricular circumference. Recanalization was achieved in 16 patients within 3.9 +/- 1.6 hours after onset of symptoms (group A). In these patients, the size of the perfusion defect had decreased from 36 +/- 17% to 19% +/- 15% (p less than 0.001) at 24 hours. No significant change was detected by redistribution at 1 hour after the intervention. In five patients, intracoronary fibrinolysis was unsuccessful, and the vessel remained occluded (group B). The thallium-201 perfusion defect affected 40 +/- 15% of the left ventricular circumference before the intervention; it remained virtually unchanged at 1 hour (37 +/- 16%) and at 24 hours (41 +/- 15%) after fibrinolysis. The perfusion defect was most reduced in patients with extensive collaterals supplying the ischemic area or with subtotal occlusion of the affected coronary artery. We conclude that successful intracoronary fibrinolysis may reduce the size of the thallium-201 perfusion defect in many patients with acute myocardial infarction. One important factor in the final result may be the presence of residual coronary flow supplied by extensive collaterals or by subtotal occlusion of the affected coronary artery when reperfusion is achieved around 4 hours after the onset of symptoms. PMID- 7094278 TI - The tricuspid valve annulus: study of size and motion in normal subjects and in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. AB - The tricuspid valve leaflets and their annular attachments were recorded by two dimensional echocardiography from a view of the right ventricular inflow tract obtained by placing the transducer at an intermediate position between the left ventricular apex and the left lower sternal border. The transducer was rotated, and recordings were made at 30 degrees rotational intervals around the circumference of the tricuspid valve annulus. The cyclical pattern of variations in tricuspid annular size was studied with 12 measurements made during the cardiac cycle in five normal subjects. Annular areas and circumferences were measured. The overall motion pattern was similar to that reported in normal mitral valve annular study. Subsequently, in 16 normal subjects and 18 patients with tricuspid regurgitation, the maximum and minimum tricuspid annular sizes and their percent reduction were measured. The mean maximum annular circumference and area were 11.9 +/- 0.9 cm (mean +/- SD) and 11.3 +/- 1.8 cm2 in normal subjects. They were significantly greater in tricuspid regurgitation (14.0 +/- 0.7 cm and 15.8 +/- 1.8 cm2, respectively). The mean minimum annular sizes were much larger in tricuspid regurgitation (12.5 +/- 0.6 cm and 13.0 +/- 1.4 cm2) than in normal subjects (9.6 +/- 0.9 cm, 7.6 +/- 1.4 cm2). Thus, the percent reduction of annular circumference and area were significantly decreased in tricuspid regurgitation. For anatomic correlations, measurements of the tricuspid annular circumference were made at autopsy in 18 hearts without underlying valvular disease. The annular circumference was measured in the fresh and fixed states. The measurement in the fresh state was 13.5 +/- 0.8 cm and in the fixed state was 12.0 +/- 0.8 cm. The values measured in the fixed hearts were more similar to measurements obtained by echocardiography in a group of normal subjects. Thus, tricuspid annular reconstruction by the new two-dimensional echocardiographic method provides additional information about normal and abnormal size and function of the tricuspid valve annulus. PMID- 7094279 TI - Preoperative angiographic diagnosis of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery. PMID- 7094280 TI - Atrial septal aneurysm and midsystolic click. PMID- 7094281 TI - Ergonovine and coronary spasm. PMID- 7094282 TI - An improbable criterion of normality. PMID- 7094283 TI - Sinus node in SIDS. PMID- 7094284 TI - A fully automated method for determining total serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity using a Technicon AA-II AutoAnalyser system. AB - A colorimetric method is described for determining total serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) of serum using Technicon AutoAnalyzer II equipment. The determination of UIBC has been fully automated by means of a simple modification to the Sampler II module, whereby 2 double probes permit the simultaneous aspiration of a sample and of a measured volume of the iron saturating solution. No manifold changes are needed when changing from serum iron to UIBC. PMID- 7094285 TI - Polycytidylate hydrolysing ribonuclease variants of human pancreas. AB - Human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) comprises three variants with isoelectric points at pH 4.8, pH 9.3 and pH 9.7. These variants are not artifacts of the purification procedure, since they can be demonstrated in crude pancreatic extracts obtained with mild procedures (4). Although these RNase variants differ in their isoelectric points, they are similar in all the other properties so far studied. With polycytidylic acid as a substrate, their activities are optimal in 0.05M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. Of the several buffers tested, sodium phosphate buffer yielded maximal enzyme activity, but the concentration of phosphate is highly critical. Borate concentrations of 0.05M and 0.1 M respectively brought about 25% and 50% reductions in enzyme activity. Presence of phosphate in the reaction mixture obviates to a great extent the borate inhibition. These RNase variants are highly specific for the secondary phosphate esters of cytidine 3'-phosphate. They have no measurable activity on polyadenylic and polyguanylic acids and their activity on polyuridylic acid is less than 2% of that on polycytidylic acid. These RNase variants could serve as distinctive biochemical markers for the pancreas. PMID- 7094287 TI - A note of caution on the use of the LD ratio in myocardial infarction. AB - Different LD1/LD2 ratios for both normal and pathological samples were obtained with two different reagent kits. These ratio differences are due to the substrate formulation and not to the electrophoresis separation technique. In 45 patients with abnormal serum "cardiac" enzymes, results obtained by the two kit methods showed 17% and 50% "flipped ratio" abnormalities as against 78% and 67% abnormalities when the ratios were compared against appropriate reference ranges. The improper use of the LD ratio test is probably the main cause for its diminished diagnostic usefulness. PMID- 7094286 TI - A "one-minute" direct bilirubin determination using the Abbott ABA-100 Bichromatic Analyser. AB - We describe a "one-minute" direct bilirubin procedure using the ABA-100. The procedure correlates well with the manual Jendrassik-Grof method and gives good precision at a relatively low direct bilirubin level. In comparison with certain other Abbott ABA-100 direct bilirubin methods, the proposed procedure appears to be the least affected by the presence of high unconjugated bilirubin levels. PMID- 7094289 TI - Some faults with external and internal quality control programs. PMID- 7094288 TI - Ticarcillin associated hypokalemia. AB - We evaluated the presence and degree of hypokalemia associated with ticarcillin disodium (ticarcillin) therapy in 16 patients. Four of these patients who received less than 10 grams of ticarcillin did not develop significant hypokalemia, but this condition developed in 6 of 9 patients receiving a daily dose of greater than 18 grams of this drug, and the mean urinary potassium was elevated in this group (mean = 78 mEq/24 hrs). The degree of hypokalemia was correlated with the volume status of the patient as judged by the serum urea nitrogen: creatinine ratio. A positive correlation (r = 0.66, p less than 0.05) was obtained between the two parameters. Hypokalemia did not develop in three patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone who were receiving more than 18 grams of ticarcillin daily, indicating the absence of a stimulus for sodium conservation. Aggressive potassium and fluid replacement should be considered in patients with hypokalemia associated with ticarcillin therapy. PMID- 7094290 TI - Measurement of placental lactogen in undiluted serum by radioimmunoassay utilizing polyethylene glycol as separating agent. Values obtained in pregnancy. AB - We describe a simple and reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the measurement of human placental lactogen (hPL) in undiluted serum. Standard curves, in serum, cover the range of 0.015 to 1 mlU/L for early pregnancy monitoring (7 to 15 weeks, referred to as Procedure I), and 0.531 to 17 mIU/L for mid and late pregnancy monitoring (16 to 40 weeks, referred to as Procedure II). In a typical assay, 0.05 mL of serum are incubated with constant amounts of antiserum and 125I-hPL for 1 hour (in Procedure I), or 30 minutes (in Procedure II). At the end of the incubation, a 260g/L polyethylene glycol solution is added, in order to bring the polymer concentration in the assay tube to 130g/L. The tube contents are mixed and centrifuged. The supernatant is removed and the precipitate counted. The antiserum dilution for both procedures was chosen after classical titration without and with addition of 0.531 mIU/L of unlabelled hPL; the titration was performed with the desired incubation time of 30 minutes. This technique showed a good correlation with a solid phase second antibody RIA (r = 0,95; n = 215). PMID- 7094291 TI - Some observations on the interpretation of hair analysis data. PMID- 7094293 TI - A multi-stage Gaussian transformation algorithm for clinical laboratory data. AB - We have developed a multi-stage computer algorithm to transform non-normally distributed data to a normal distribution. This transformation is of value for calculation of laboratory reference intervals and for normalization of clinical laboratory variates before applying statistical procedures in which underlying data normality is assumed. The algorithm is able to normalize most laboratory data distributions with either negative or positive coefficients of skewness or kurtosis. Stepwise, a logarithmic transform removes asymmetry (skewness), then a Z-score transform and power function transform remove residual peakedness or flatness (kurtosis). Powerful statistical tests of data normality in the procedure help the user evaluate both the necessity for and the success of the data transformation. Erroneous assessments of data normality caused by rounded laboratory test values have been minimized by introducing computer-generated random noise into the data values. Reference interval endpoints that were estimated parametrically (mean +/- 2 SD) by using successfully transformed data were found to have a smaller root-mean-squared error than those estimated by the non-parametric percentile technique. PMID- 7094292 TI - New method for hemoglobin determination by using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). AB - We have developed a new method for hemoglobin determinations using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a surfactant. The detailed action of SLS is still unknown, but presumably SLS will convert hemoglobin into methemoglobin in the order of oxyhemoglobin, hemochrome and methemoglobin, and its oxidative activity. Therefore, unlike others, this method does not need oxidative reagents and does not generate toxic wastes such as KCN and NaN3 which cause environmental pollution. The proposed method is applicable for the manual and Hemalog-8/90 procedures often used in clinical laboratories. Tentatively we have designated it as the "SLS-methemoglobin (SLS-Hb) method." PMID- 7094294 TI - A simple, fully enzymic bioluminescent assay for triglycerides in serum. AB - In this fully enzymic bioluminescent assay, triglycerides are cleaved by lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1), and the glycerol obtained is phosphorylated with ATP and glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30). The ATP consumed in the latter reaction is determined by the firefly luciferin-luciferase reaction, and corresponds to the concentration of triglycerides. All the enzymic reactions and the bioluminescent reading can be performed in the same test tube. The precision (CV) of the assay varied between 1 and 7% at different concentrations with a fully enzymic method based on spectrophotometry (r = 0.98). PMID- 7094295 TI - Homologous radioimmunoassay for human parathyrin (residues 53-84). AB - We describe a sequential saturation double-antibody radioimmunoassay for carboxyl terminal fragments of human parathyrin (hPTH) in serum. Standards are prepared with synthetic hPTH (residues 53-84) in hPTH-free serum. Antisera are obtained by immunizing guinea pigs with partly purified hPTH extracted from adenomatous glands. Tracer is prepared by labeling hPTH (53-84), presumably at the histidine residue, with 125I by the Chloramine T method at pH 8.6. Dilution curves for hPTH extracted from adenomas are superimposable on dilution curves for the synthetic 53-84 fragment. Dilution of sera from hyperparathyroid patients showed linearity of response with concentration in the present assay, but non-linearity in the heterologous radioimmunoassay. In contrast to the heterologous system, which discriminated 28 of 32 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from 32 normals (normal range: undetectable to 54 pmol/L, omitting the highest and lowest values from controls), the present assay separated these groups without overlap. PMID- 7094296 TI - Free amino acid content of lymphocytes nd granulocytes compared. AB - For extracting free amino acids from human leukocytes, we find that disruption of the cells by ultrasonication is more reliable than freezing and thawing. The amount of free amino acids extracted by the latter method depends on the temperature and duration of thawing. We extracted free amino acids from leukocytes of healthy men by ultrasonication and compared their concentrations in lymphocytes and granulocytes. The amino acid content of granulocytes significantly (p less than 0.001) exceeded that of lymphocytes. Of the amino acids extracted from granulocytes, 76% was taurine; for lymphocytes taurine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were predominant, respectively composing 44%, 17%, and 26% of the total. Taurine is proposed as an index of cell disruption. PMID- 7094297 TI - Enzymic and chemical-extraction determinations of free fatty acids in serum compared. AB - We compared an enzymic test kit for determination of free fatty acids in serum (NEFA C-test, WAKO) with two modifications of a chemical extraction procedure, I (Clin. Chim. Acta 43: 317-320, 1973) and II (Clin. Chim. Acta 80: 327-332, 1977). All three procedures are specific for long- and medium-chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids, some keto acids, and phospholipids did not interfere. Added fatty acid was quantitatively accounted for in all methods. Results obtained with the enzymic method and II did not differ significantly, whereas the results by I were about 10% lower. The concentration of NaCl in the copper reagent, but not the kind of solvent used to dissolve the standard, influenced the accuracy of the chemical methods. In the enzymic procedure, hydrolysis of triglycerides during incubation is unlikely to be the reason for too-high values. The precision of all three procedures is acceptable for use in clinical laboratories. PMID- 7094298 TI - Liquid-chromatographic determination of pentobarbital in plasma with use of a resin column and an alkaline mobile phase. AB - We describe a liquid-chromatographic method involving a new, nonsilica column (XAD-2, Hamilton Co.) for pentobarbital in plasma. Plasma is extracted with chloroform after addition of the internal standard, 5-ethyl-5-p-tolyl-barbituric acid. Acidic drugs are back-extracted into alkali, then chromatographed on the resin-base reversed-phase column. The use of alkaline mobile phase allows enhanced sensitivity and detection of barbiturates at 240 nm. The within-run CV for 10 samples was 1.9%, the between-run CV 1.8%. Ten commonly used barbiturates are separated isocratically in less than 15 min. Other commonly prescribed acidic drugs do not interfere with determination of pentobarbital. PMID- 7094299 TI - Evaluation of three minicolumn procedures for measuring hemoglobin A1. AB - We have evaluated three commercially available column-chromatographic methods (Isolab, Helena, and Bio-Rad) for the determination of "fast" hemoglobin (HbA1). All three methods correlated with HbA1c measurements by "high-performance" liquid chromatography for 121 samples from diabetic patients, with the Isolab method showing the highest correlation (r = 0.921). The Isolab and Helena methods gave results that were linear with proportions of HbA1 as great as 30%; results by the Bio-Rad method were slightly nonlinear at values greater than 15%. The Isolab method showed better within- and between-assay precision (CV) than the other two methods and was considered the simplest to perform by each of four different technologists. We recommend use of the Isolab method over the other two tested and believe that this procedure will be valuable for monitoring long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients. PMID- 7094300 TI - Liquid-chromatographic measurement of cyanocobalamin in plasma, a potential tool for estimating glomerular filtration rate. PMID- 7094301 TI - Improved direct determination of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in plasma and platelets by liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection. AB - Tocopherols extracted from plasma with methanol or from platelets with chloroform/methanol were injected in methanol on a reversed-phase (C18) "high performance" liquid-chromatographic column and eluted with water/methanol (2/98, by vol) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/min. A "high-performance" spectrophotofluorometer was used for detection. Analytical recoveries ranged from 89 to 106%. The response was linear to at least 0.3 micrograms of either tocopherol (alpha- or gamma-) applied to the column, and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng. The method was used to measure tocopherols in plasma and platelets from human subjects, and some values are presented. PMID- 7094304 TI - Immunoglobulin-bound creatine kinase BB in serum with electrophoretic migration between MM and MB isoenzymes. PMID- 7094303 TI - Idiopathic hemochromatosis: serum ferritin concentrations during therapy by phlebotomy. AB - We report the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with symptoms of idiopathic hemochromatosis, an inherited disorder involving regulation of iron absorption. These symptoms usually do not appear until total body iron content reaches 15 g, about threefold normal. Therapy involves mobilization and removal of excess stored iron through weekly or twice-weekly phlebotomies of 500 mL, until the hemoglobin concentration becomes less than 110 g/L and remains there for several weeks, or until serum ferritin concentrations indicate that almost all the stored iron has been removed (ferritin less than 12 micrograms/L). Here, concentrations of ferritin in serum were used as an index to iron overload and removal of stored iron. We report changes in hemoglobin, serum ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity during the course of removing by phlebotomy more than 20 g of iron from a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis. PMID- 7094305 TI - Amniotic fluid squalene and gestational age. PMID- 7094302 TI - Immunofixation electrophoresis and electrofocusing. PMID- 7094306 TI - Creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissue from the thyroid and from follicular adenomas of the thyroid. PMID- 7094307 TI - Commercially prepared bilirubin standards may not be valid for use with direct spectrophotometric assay. PMID- 7094308 TI - Furosemide and increased serum alkaline phosphatase (hepatic isoenzyme) PMID- 7094309 TI - Further examination of clinical chemical indexes to the severity of coronary artery disease. PMID- 7094310 TI - Influence of pH on the activity of enzymes in urine at 37 degrees C. PMID- 7094311 TI - Dialyzable calcium measured in 60 micro L of routinely processed serum by continuous-flow analysis with CO2/air segmentation. PMID- 7094312 TI - Routine biochemical tests in the terminal stages of chronic alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 7094313 TI - Comments on the proposed selected method for parathyrin. PMID- 7094314 TI - Blood gas proficiency-testing materials: a multilaboratory comparison of an aqueous solution and a fluorocarbon-containing emulsion. PMID- 7094315 TI - Effect of duration and temperature of storage on nephelometry of five proteins. PMID- 7094316 TI - Fluorometry of urinary histidine. PMID- 7094317 TI - Sample interaction (carryover) on the aca when glycol-stabilized serum is used. PMID- 7094319 TI - Source of error in beta-choriogonadotropin determinations. PMID- 7094318 TI - A simple quantitative rubella RIA. PMID- 7094321 TI - Phosphate ion and combined phosphorus in urine. PMID- 7094322 TI - Unexpected creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns: isoenzyme electrophoresis may yield ambiguous results. PMID- 7094320 TI - A lower reference interval for hemoglobin A1. PMID- 7094323 TI - NAD+-Dissociable macromolecular lactate dehydrogenase. PMID- 7094324 TI - Sufficiency of one control: a survey of three small chemistry analyzers. PMID- 7094325 TI - More on lactate dehydrogenase in myocardial infarction. PMID- 7094326 TI - Temperature conversion factors for total and isoenzyme 1 activities of lactate dehydrogenase. PMID- 7094327 TI - Modified inorganic phosphorus reagent for use with centrifugal analyzers. PMID- 7094332 TI - The use of drains in abdominal surgery. PMID- 7094328 TI - Experiences and opinions on CEA assay. PMID- 7094330 TI - Comparison of the clinical features of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with onset in childhood or adolescence. PMID- 7094329 TI - Fatal myocardial infarction following peripheral vascular operations. A study of 951 patients followed 6 to 11 years postoperatively. PMID- 7094331 TI - Opportunistic infections in patients with ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors. PMID- 7094333 TI - Fast fluctuations of glycosylated hemoglobins. I. Implications for the preparation and storage of samples for hemoglobin A1c determinations. PMID- 7094334 TI - Fast fluctuations of glycosylated hemoglobins. II. Hemoglobin A1c determination and oral glucose tolerance test. PMID- 7094337 TI - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase: assay using high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method is described for the estimation of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase using high performance liquid chromatography. The inosine monophosphate (IMP) generated from hypoxanthine is determined, after separation on a C18 reversed phase silica column with a buffer-methanol gradient, by the absorbance at 254 nm. Simultaneous reciprocal measurement of hypoxanthine consumption is made. The assay is suitable for screening red cell lysates for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency; the results being expressed as nmol inosine monophosphate . h-1. mg-1 haemoglobin. The normal range found was 94 +/- 15 nmol IMP . h-1 . mg-1 haemoglobin and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activities down to 1% of normal can be assayed accurately. PMID- 7094336 TI - Critical evaluation of serum uric acid levels in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Serial measurements of serum uric acid were performed on patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. Nearly 80 percent of the cases demonstrated a fall in uric acid concentrations during the first two days of hospitalization and a subsequent return to initial levels within six to eight days. There was a relationship between the decrease in uric acid levels and the serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. No evidence could be found that male patients were hyperuricemic as compared to control subjects. However, female patients between 40 and 60 years of age demonstrated significantly higher uric acid levels than healthy women of corresponding ages, even after adjustment for diuretic use. PMID- 7094338 TI - Analysis of neutral steroid sulfates by glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from blood of a patient with paraquat poisoning. AB - The chemical analysis of neutral steroid sulfates by glass capillary gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from the blood of a young girl with acute suicidal paraquat poisoning is described. The steroids had been extracted from an XAD-filter used for immediate hemofiltration treatment of the patient. The steroids analyzed were isomers of known blood and urine components without unusual substituents. It can be concluded that oral intake of paraquat in even large amounts does not cause significant disturbances of steroid metabolism, at least not in the acute state of intoxication. PMID- 7094335 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase: specific activity and turnover number in headache. AB - Monoamine oxidase turnover numbers (molecules of substrate converted to product per minute per active site) have been calculated for the human platelet enzyme using [3H]pargyline. Headache patients with high and low monoamine oxidase specific activities relative to controls were found to have turnover numbers very close to those for controls. This finding suggests that their specific activities vary because of differences in the concentration of active monoamine oxidase molecules, rather than differences in the ability of those enzyme molecules to catalyse the deamination reaction. PMID- 7094339 TI - The heterogeneity of human serum transferrin and human transferrin preparations on isoelectric focusing gels; no functional difference of the fractions in vitro. PMID- 7094341 TI - Microchromatofocusing of hemoglobins. Increased hemoglobin A2 percentage in sickle cell trait. PMID- 7094340 TI - Enzymatic determination of L-ornithine in serum. PMID- 7094343 TI - The purification and characterization of radiolabelled parathyroid hormone for radioimmunoassay. AB - An improved method for the purification of 125I-labelled PTH is presented. Following iodination of the hormone by the chloramine-T method, the reaction mixture is transferred directly to a 0.9 x 9 cm column of carboxymethyl cellulose. Two major peaks emerge with the ammonium acetate gradient. Peak I represents labelled intact bPTH, Mr 9600, of good quality, i.e. a high B0 and a low NSB in the radioimmunoassay. Peak II, Mr approximately 12000-18000, gives a high B0, but also a high NSB and is less suitable for RIA. Peak II is not the result of iodination damage, as it is also present in the unlabelled PTH (Inolex); it is suggested that it represents either a pre-prohormone or an aggregate of PTH. The label produced is usable for up to 3 months. Trasylol and benzamidine protect the label against proteolytic degradation equally well; the latter, however, is considerably cheaper. PMID- 7094342 TI - Determination of endotoxin using fluorescent probe. AB - Bacterial endotoxin induces gel-formation of amebocyte lysate. This gelation test, the limulus test, was first described by Levin and Bang [1]. The limulus test has been widely used for the detection of endotoxin, not only in fundamental bacteriological research but also in clinical diseases [2]. Although the technique of the limulus test is simple, the endotoxin level can not be determined quantitatively. We developed a method to determine the endotoxin in physiological saline solution and glucose solutions using a fluorescent probe, fluorescamine. PMID- 7094344 TI - Prenatal enzymic diagnosis in 24 pregnancies with risk of Krabbe disease . AB - In 24 pregnancies at risk for Krabbe disease (KD) monitored by amniocentesis in the 15th to 18th week, the amniocytic galactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase activity was either lower than 11% (n = 12) or higher than 28% (n = 12) of the mean control amniocytic activity (n = 27). For the low activity group, prenatal KD diagnoses were made and the fetuses aborted. In the tissue material available from 11 of them the diagnoses were confirmed enzymatically. Three fetuses were studied electron microscopically and typical tubulo-spicular inclusions were found in the 'pre-globoid cells'. In the children already born from the group with more than 28% of amniocytic lipid beta-galactosidase activity no signs of KD were detectable. In two of the families at risk of KD, four pregnancies followed the monitored ones, but, for obscure reasons, it came to our knowledge only after the birth of these four children; enzymic studies revealed one KD patient and three unaffected children (two of them possibly heterozygous). When comparing the total sample of 12 + 1 KD cases and 12 + 3 unaffected with the theoretical 7:31 ratio for affected/unaffected offspring, a significant prevalence of affected (chi 2 = 6.86; alpha = 0.01) was found. PMID- 7094345 TI - Fluorimetric assay for prolinase and partial characterisation in cultured skin fibroblasts. PMID- 7094348 TI - Effect of charring temperature on observed L/S ratio. PMID- 7094347 TI - The effect of humidity on the determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol by thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 7094346 TI - A routine method for alkaline phosphatase assay in pregnancy serum. PMID- 7094350 TI - An improvement of the Coomassie Blue dye binding method allowing an equal sensitivity to various proteins: application to cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 7094349 TI - Separation of the apoprotein components of human serum high density lipoprotein: chromatofocusing, a new simple technique. PMID- 7094351 TI - Compliance for anticonvulsant medication in an institution for mentally retarded. AB - The compliance in a large institution for mentally retarded was evaluated using the results of the plasma levels of anticonvulsant medications that were routinely requested for the management of the patients living there. Because these tests are part of the routine work-up, the study could be done at no extra cost for the institution and no hazard for the patients involved in the study. In this particular case, the compliance for antiseizure medication was considered to be good. Once the compliance for a medication that is widely used throughout the institution is established, it is reasonable to extend the conclusions to other medications prescribed in the same place. PMID- 7094352 TI - An EEG-psychological study of a family. PMID- 7094353 TI - The origins of the subcortical component of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - Short latency median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were studied in two patients presenting with well localized unilateral pontine lesions producing hemisensory deficits. Both the early subcortical (N11-N13) and the later cortical component (N19-P22) of the SEP were abnormal in the patient whose lesion involved the medial lemniscus, while they remained unaffected in a second case of lateral inferior pontine infarction in which the medial lemniscus was spread. These results suggest that the N11-N13 component of the scalp recorded SEP emanates from the brain stem medial lemniscal pathway. PMID- 7094354 TI - Electroencephalograms in patients with progressive dialytic encephalopathy. AB - We compared the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 17 patients with progressive dialytic encephalopathy with 17 chronic renal failure patients who did not have dialytic encephalopathy and who had been matched for age, type and duration of dialysis. The EEGs were analyzed in a semiquantitative fashion by counting the number of paroxysms of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity and frontocentral spike-waves, and by grading the amount of diffuse theta and delta waves during waking EEG on a 4-point scale. The two most important EEG predictors of dialytic encephalopathy in the present study consisted of synchronous and symmetrical frontal intermittent rhythmic delta waves and frontocentral spike waves, confirming our previous observations. PMID- 7094355 TI - How to read EEGs. PMID- 7094356 TI - Correlation of evoked potentials (SEP and VEP), EEG and CT in the diagnosis of brain tumors and cerebrovascular diseases. AB - In studying evoked potentials, EEG and CT in 29 patients with cerebral lesions (25 brain tumors and 4 with cerebrovascular diseases), a pathological EEG was found in 24 cases, pathological CT in 26 cases, pathological VEP in 10 of the 25 cases, pathological SEP in 10 cases out of 19. - Patients with pituitary tumors (chiasmatic tumors) showed pathological VEP and normal SEP due to compression of the visual pathway, and this correlated with the clinical site of the lesion, EEG and CT. - One patient with thalamic tumor showed pathological SEP and VEP due to affection of the somatic relay nucleus and the lateral geniculate body, this correlated with EEG and CT. - Patients with supratentorial tumors showed pathological SEP (absent cortical response), when there was cortical sensory loss and delayed conduction between N14-N20 when the posteior columns was affected. - Cases with infratentorial tumors showed pathological SEP only when there was affection of the ascending sensory pathway or the visual pathway. These cases showed pathological EEG and CT. - Cases with cerebrovascular disease showed pathological SEP when the lesion is at the thalamic level or affecting the thalamo-cortical pathway, evidenced clinically by cortical sensory loss or posterior column affection. PMID- 7094357 TI - Brainstem dysfunction in infants responsive to thiamine disulfide: preliminary studies in four patients. PMID- 7094358 TI - EEG in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). PMID- 7094359 TI - Triphasic delta waves in a case of hyperthyroidism with psychotic symptoms. PMID- 7094361 TI - Naloxone increases the nicotine-stimulated rise of vasopressin secretion in man. AB - Intravenous nicotine was administered to a group of six subjects during the concurrent intravenous infusion of either the opiate antagonist naloxone, or of saline. Nicotine stimulated vasopressin secretion in all subjects. Naloxone infusion increased both the plasma vasopressin response to nicotine and the resulting rise in urine osmolality. PMID- 7094362 TI - Steroidogenesis in vitro by human ovarian follicles during the process of atresia. AB - Slices of each of the six antral follicles at different stages of atresia isolated from ovaries of six patients with or without pretreatment with HCG before laparotomy, were incubated with [1-14C] acetate. Incorporation into progestins, androgens and oestrogens was assessed by the reverse dilution technique with recrystallization to constant specific activity. The greatest incorporation into androstenedione without any incorporation into progesterone was commonly observed throughout the morphologically defined three stages of atresia. In the first stage atretic follicles, characterized by coexistence of normally developed thecal cells with degenerating granulosa cells, a minute incorporation into oestradiol was identified. In the second state atretic follicles, showing hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thecal cells without granulosa cells, an increased incorporation into androgens was shown. Treatment with HCG induced similar but much pronounced changes in function and morphology. In the third stage atretic follicles, with subsiding thecal cells, a diminished incorporation into androstenedione was observed with 17-hydroxyprogesterone being the only other steroid formed in this stage. The observed qualitative and quantitative changes of steroidogenesis in vitro may be functional reflections of structural changes during the atretic process. PMID- 7094364 TI - Self reports on alcohol use and compliance with antihypertensive medication. AB - Adverse effects of alcohol drinking were investigated in 240 hypertensive patients. Perceived interaction between alcohol and antihypertensive medication was reported by 9.9% of patients but the symptoms were rather mild. Except for the fact that the patients who perceived drug-alcohol interaction had higher diastolic blood pressure than the rest of the patients there was no evidence that alcohol use decreased compliance with antihypertensive treatment. Most heavy alcohol users believed that they should take their antihypertensive medication while drinking and reported doing so. Indiscriminate emphasis on avoidance of drug-alcohol combination might decrease blood pressure control of these patients. PMID- 7094363 TI - Dexamethasone suppression tests: usefulness of simultaneous measurement of plasma cortisol and dexamethasone. AB - The effect of oral dexamethasone on the plasma content of cortisol and dexamethasone was investigated in 175 patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and dexamethasone were measured by specific radioimmunoassays at 08.00 h following administration of either a low low (0.5 mg), low (1.0 mg), high (4.0 mg) or high-high (8.0 or more mg) dose of dexamethasone at midnight. All seventeen patients with documented Cushing's syndrome exhibited resistance to the action of low-low and/or low dose dexamethasone on suppression of 08.00 h plasma cortisol content. Nine of twelve patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome had plasma cortisol values of less than 166 nmol/l following high-high dose testing. In 157 patients with suspected Cushing's syndrome, standard dexamethasone testing was considered unsatisfactory in at least 20%. After low-low or low dose tests 11% had supranormal cortisol values, but plasma cortisol content overlapped with values observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome only when plasma dexamethasone content was less than 5.6 nmol/l. Twelve per cent of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome had sufficient elevation of plasma dexamethasone values after low dose testing so that marked reduction of plasma cortisol might be expected even in patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome. Four patients receiving anticonvulsants had subnormal plasma levels of dexamethasone for the dose administered, but all exhibited normal suppression when plasma levels of dexamethasone and cortisol were correlated simultaneously. In summary, there is considerable variation in the plasma content of dexamethasone following oral doses. Simultaneous measurement of both plasma levels of dexamethasone and cortisol has proved most useful in identifying patients with unsatisfactory dexamethasone suppression tests. PMID- 7094360 TI - Calcium and parathyroid hormone behaviour after exogenous secretin infusion in man. AB - The response of serum calcium, PTH, CT and gastrin to an infusion of secretin (3 CU/kg/h) over a period of 90 min was studied in ten healthy males and two female patients with hypoparathyroidism. In the healthy males serum calcium, after a transient fall, significantly increased at 45 min after the onset of the infusion (P less than 0.001). Serum iPTH rose significantly within 5 min whereas serum CT and gastrin concentrations did not change. The two hypoparathyroid patients did not show any variations in either serum iPTH or calcium. These findings suggest that infusion of pharmacological doses of secretin into normal subjects modifies serum calcium, and that this change is due to PTH release. PMID- 7094365 TI - Baroreflex sensitivity changes during the reversal of Goldblatt two-kidney one clip hypertension in rats. AB - The time-course of changes in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity during the reversal of Goldblatt two-kidney one-clip hypertension was studied in male Wistar rats. Groups of animals were studied before and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 25 days after removal of a left renal artery clip of 0.18 mm internal diameter. Normotensive rats of comparable ages were included as controls. Baroreflex sensitivity increased from 0.299 +/- 0.072 ms/mmHg (n = 8) in 25 day hypertensive rats to 0.657 +/- 0.155 and 0.786 +/- 0.093 ms/mmHg (n = 8) in 1 day and 3 day declipped animals respectively. Baroreflex sensitivity in the 1 day declipped rats was inversely related to the level of blood pressure. Baroreflex sensitivity is restored early when renovascular hypertension is reversed. This is unlikely to be due solely to regression of structural vascular adaptation. PMID- 7094366 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094367 TI - [Cytologic diagnosis of the thyroid disease by fine needle aspiration biopsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094368 TI - [Surgical technique of differentiated thyroid cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094369 TI - [A case of diabetic oculomotor paralysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094370 TI - [Effect of gamma-oryzanol on indefinite complaints in the gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic gastritis--studies on the endocrinological environment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094372 TI - [Technical and clinical evaluations of gamma Dab prolactin kit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094371 TI - [Fundamental studies of Phadebas ferritin PRIST kit and clinical application in malignant tumors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094375 TI - [Primary aldosteronism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094376 TI - [Hypertension and steroid hormone producing adrenal tumor (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094373 TI - [Fundamental evaluation of T-3 RIA kit III (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094374 TI - [Effect of synthetic eel calcitonin on hypercalcemia, mainly on fractional excretion of calcium of the kidney (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094377 TI - [Current concepts of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094378 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis and calcitonin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094379 TI - [Effect of beta-adrenergic blocking agent (alprenolol) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094380 TI - [Studies on the radioenzymatic assay of catecholamines (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094381 TI - [Measurement of plasma aldosterone by 125I-aldosterone radioimmunoassay kit without extraction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094382 TI - Congenital abnormalities of the ear in perinatal deaths. AB - A study of temporal bone history was carried out on 15 cases of perinatal deaths. Specimens included cases of general abortion, abortion due to rubella, still births and postnatal deaths. In one case that survived for 7 years with congenital hearing loss the clinical and audiological findings were available as well as the temporal bone histology. Ten of the cases had abnormal stapes and 5 had a cochlear duct abnormality ranging from absence of one turn to complete distortion of the normal configuration. The possible role of maternal factors in the production of these abnormalities is discussed. PMID- 7094384 TI - Myringoplasty. PMID- 7094383 TI - Noli me tangere. PMID- 7094385 TI - The Mondini defect in Turner's syndrome. A temporal bone report. AB - The histopathology of the right temporal bone of a 47 year old deaf woman with Turner's Syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis) is described. The appearances are of the Mondini deformity, the cochlea consisting of a single basal turn with a bulbous apical dilatation. The organ of Corti was absent. The remainder of the bony labyrinth save for the cochlear aqueduct was normal. The patient's death was due to a cerebral astrocytoma. Previous reports concerning the co-existence of gonadal dysgenesis, congenital deafness and non-gonadal neoplasia are discussed. PMID- 7094386 TI - Bacteriological studies after obliterative mastoid operations. AB - This study evaluates the post-operative bacteriology and the clinical state of postoperatively infected ears which were operated on using obliterative techniques and relates these bacteriological findings with the disease present. Out of the 85 ears with post-operative infection, the discharge was mucous in nine ears, mucopurulent in 18 ears, and seropurulent in 34 ears. Twenty-four ears were moist. Epitympanal or antral cholesteatoma was noticed in seven ears and meso- or hypotympanal cholesteatoma in 12 ears. The post-operative Valsalva-test was positive in 61 ears and negative in 24 ears. The types of bacteria did not significantly depend on the quality of the post-operative discharge, existence of post-operative cholesteatoma, or clinical function of the Eustachian tube (estimated by the Valsalva test). This study indicates that the bacteriology of the post-operatively moist or discharging ear does not significantly depend of the clinical state of the ear, nor can it be predicted on the basis of the clinical picture of the ear. A bacteriological examination of the ear seems to be the only way to control chemotherapy properly. PMID- 7094387 TI - Congenital nasal masses: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7094389 TI - Paediatric endocrinology. PMID- 7094388 TI - Predisposing factors in Bell's palsy: a clinical study with reference to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, clotting mechanism and lipid disturbance. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of risk factors for vascular disease like hypertension, lipid disturbances and diabetes mellitus in a group of patients with Bell's palsy. These patients were compared to patients with a peripheral facial paralysis of known origin. We did find a statistically significant difference between the Bell's palsy patients and their controls for cardio-vascular variables only. Hypertension proved to be by far the most important single discriminating variable. PMID- 7094391 TI - Use of anabolic agents in treatment of short children. AB - As indicated in previous sections of this review, all anabolic steroids produce acceleration in linear growth in children with short stature. However, the rapid masculinization induced by testosterone and other anabolic steroids and especially the disproportionately rapid epiphyseal maturation produced by these compounds have brought this form of therapy for short stature into disrepute. Not all investigators concur that testosterone therapy inevitably results in reduction of eventual adult height attainment and, depending on the age of onset of therapy and the dose employed, it has been reported that adult height attainment equals or exceeds the adult height prediction at the time of instituting therapy. Attempts to synthesize anabolic steroids with improved anabolic/androgenic ratios have been continuing for many years. Among currently available anabolic steroids it appears that the best separation of anabolic and androgenic properties has been attained with oxandrolone. This is reflected by the fact that most recent studies of growth promotion by anabolic steroids have employed this compound. From the results of these studies, it appears that doses of this drug capable of significant stimulation of growth generally do not cause excessive masculinization or unacceptably rapid acceleration of epiphyseal maturation and do not compromise eventual height attainment. Certain studies mentioned above suggest that it might be possible to devise therapeutic programmes employing other anabolic steroids which would produce equally satisfactory results. However, because of the more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio of oxandrolone it seems likely that the increasing trend toward use of this drug for growth promotion will continue. PMID- 7094390 TI - Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism in childhood. AB - Although relatively uncommon, the conditions of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism in childhood provide an exciting diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Knowledge of calcium-phosphate homeostasis has progressed rapidly over the past few years so that our understanding of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms has increased tremendously. However, further clinical and basic scientific research will, no doubt, unravel further variations of the various disease entities described. PMID- 7094392 TI - Further evidence for an autosomal dominant form of oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia. PMID- 7094393 TI - An unusual connective tissue disease in mother and son: a "new" type of Ehlers Danlos syndrome? AB - A 23-year-old woman and her 2 1/2-year-old son both had large hernias, positional foot deformities, abnormal thoracic shape, asthma, and severe eczematoid dermatitis. Their facial appearance was quite similar and included asymmetry with prominent nasal bridge and small jaw. In addition, the mother had severe thoracolumbar kyphoscolosis and "cigarette paper" scars over her legs. She died after rupture of a a thoracic aortic aneurysm and was found on postmortem examination to have cystic medionecrosis of the aorta and myxomatous degeneration and elongation of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The family history was otherwise negative; there was no consanguinity. The connective tissue disease in this mother and her son appears to be a previously unrecognized dominantly inherited disorder with some similarity to classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. PMID- 7094396 TI - International Registry of Abnormal Karyotypes. A repository of chromosomal variants and anomalies in man: current status. PMID- 7094395 TI - Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) associated with paragonadal cysts. PMID- 7094397 TI - The Prosser-White oration 1980. Skin reactions to balsams and perfumes. PMID- 7094398 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 7094394 TI - Familial reciprocal translocation, t(2;10)(p24;q26), resulting in duplication 2p and delection 10q. AB - We describe a familial reciprocal translocation between the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 2 and the long arm of chromosome 10. Five individuals in two generations had multiple congenital anomalies. Their karyotypes were 46,XX or XY, -10, + der(10), t(2;10)(p24;q26). Seven persons were balanced translocation carriers whose karyotypes were 46,XX or XY,t(2;10)(p24;q26). Common manifestations included mental retardation, strabismus, narrow high-arched palate, wide alveolar ridges, other facial abnormalities, genital abnormalities and mutism. The phenotype of the unbalanced individuals is compared to that of previously published cases of the syndrome of partial duplication 2p and to reported patients with partial deletion of 10q. PMID- 7094399 TI - Juvenile elastoma and osteopoikilosis (the Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome). PMID- 7094400 TI - An ultrastructural study of the mononuclear cell infiltrate of mycosis fungoides and poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare. PMID- 7094401 TI - Sarcoidosis presenting with hypopigmentation. PMID- 7094402 TI - Lipid profile of dermal nodules in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: 14C and 32P incorporation. PMID- 7094403 TI - The efficacy of sunscreening agents: protection factors and transmission spectra. PMID- 7094405 TI - A monoclonal antibody technique to demonstrate an increase in Langerhans cells in cutaneous lesions of mycosis fungoides. PMID- 7094404 TI - Skin oxygen tension and blood flow changes in response to respiratory manoeuvres. PMID- 7094406 TI - Keratosis lichenoides chronica is synonymous with lichen planus. PMID- 7094408 TI - Current treatment of epitheliomas of the skin. PMID- 7094409 TI - Topical cytostatic drugs in the treatment of skin cancer. PMID- 7094410 TI - The management of cutaneous malignant melanoma. PMID- 7094411 TI - Acute hemodynamic effects of Brescia-Cimino arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. AB - In ten uremic patients, who were not yet undergoing periodic hemodialysis and in whom we were creating a 1 cm, distal, side-to-side arteriovenous fistula of Brescia-Cimino type for hemodialysis, the acute hemodynamic changes of the systemic and pulmonary circulations were studied immediately after the opening of the fistula. An increase in cardiac output (Q) was observed in one patient, the other patients showing either no change or a slight reduction. In the four patients in whom the Q decreased there was a significant reduction of total blood volume (TBV) and stroke volume (SV) and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01 respectively). At the level of pulmonary circulation, in these patients a decrease in pulmonary blood volume (PBV) (mean = 20%) and a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were also observed. In five patients who had been on chronic hemodialysis and who presented the clinical picture of cardiac failure, the acute hemodynamic changes following temporary closure of the fistula (by a sphygmomanometer) were studied: a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in Q, TBV and SV was observed. The difference between the two values of Q (i.e. fistula open and closed) was considered to indicate the magnitude of the flow across the fistula. PMID- 7094407 TI - The specific dermatoses of pregnancy: a reappraisal with special emphasis on a proposed simplified clinical classification. PMID- 7094412 TI - Compartmental syndrome following subclavian vein hemodialysis. AB - Compartmental syndrome occurred in a patient when the subclavian vein was used for hemodialysis. This complication has not yet been reported in subclavian vein hemodialysis. Compartmental syndrome has been more commonly reported as affecting the lower extremities. Increased edema formation due to venous congestion in a tight compartment is the cause for this syndrome. Prompt recognition and treatment can prevent serious complications. The incidence of compartmental syndrome will increase, as both the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein area used more frequently for hemodialysis. PMID- 7094413 TI - Dialytic support of dogs with clinically occurring renal failure: a realistic model of acute renal failure in man. AB - In canine veterinary medicine, both acute and chronic renal failure occur relatively frequently, from a variety of causes similar to those in man. However, the normal dog has a very high protein catabolic rate and high endogenous kidney function, and, therefore, requires frequent and highly efficient dialysis, for maintenance during renal failure. We have developed techniques to support the uremic dog with hemodialysis. An experimentally anephric dog, and two dogs with clinically occurring acute renal failure (caused by ethylene glycol intoxication and heat stroke) have been supported with frequent use of hollow fiber dialyzers, using a carotid artery to jugular vein shunt. Patency of shunts was maintained by administration of oral aspirin. A very high urea and creatinine generation rate necessitated daily dialysis during much of the clinical course of renal failure. The experimentally anuric animal was supported for 35 days. The ethylene glycol induced renal failure animal was euthanized on the 21st day, and the heat stress induced renal failure animal recovered sufficient intrinsic renal function after 16 days of dialysis for maintenance of life without dialysis. PMID- 7094415 TI - High output cardiac failure on maintenance hemodialysis secondary to a post biopsy renal arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 7094416 TI - Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in C.A.P.D. AB - The peritoneal elimination of digoxin during C.A.P.D. was studied in five patients. The plasma half life of digoxin varied from 54 hours to 141 hours. Only 7 to 24 micrograms was eliminated via the peritoneal route during 3 to 4 days C.A.P.D. treatment. The total urinary elimination during the same period ranged from 11 to 57 micrograms. It is concluded that adjustment of dose is not necessary when starting C.A.P.D. PMID- 7094414 TI - Evaluation of low flow long dwell chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis. AB - TWelve patients on chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis for end-state renal disease were followed a total of eight months on high dialysate flow rate (four liters/hour) and low dialysate flow rate (two liters/hour). Creatine, blood urea nitrogen, serum electrolytes, albumin, calcium and phosphorous were recorded weekly. Interdialytic weight gain and intradialytic weight loss were recorded with each dialysis. No significant differences were noted when the mean values were compared for the two trail periods. The two liter/hour dialytic flow rate is less expensive, more convenient for the patients, and could result in a decreased risk for peritonitis when compared to the four liter/hour flow rate. For chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis, the two liter/hour flow rate should be the preferred mode of therapy. PMID- 7094417 TI - Lack of inter-animal cross-reaction of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies at the receptor-binding site as demonstrated by heterologous anti-idiotype antisera: implications for immunotherapy of myasthenia gravis. AB - Anti-idiotype antisera were raised in rabbits by immunization with purified sheep anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies. The antisera were able specifically to block the binding of receptor to the inducing antibodies but not anti-Torpedo antibodies from other animals of the same, or other, species. Rabbits producing the anti-idiotype sera were not protected from experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The implications of these observations for the potential use of anti-idiotype antisera in the treatment of myasthenia gravis are discussed. PMID- 7094418 TI - Failure to detect brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxins in cerebral lupus. AB - Lymphocytotoxic activity (LCA) was examined in the sera of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including eight with cerebral involvement. LCA was elevated in 80% of samples and was significantly higher in the group with cerebral disease (P less than 0.001). No correlations were observed between LCA and immune complexes or complement components. Sera from 10 patients (six with cerebral SLE) were absorbed with homogenates of normal human frontal cortex and liver using protein standards to control for dilutional effects. No serum sample showed selective depletion of LCA following incubation with brain homogenate. It is concluded that no single parameter, including brain absorption of LCA, is effective in monitoring disease activity in cerebral lupus. PMID- 7094420 TI - Monocyte function in Hodgkin's disease. AB - Monocyte functions were studied in 16 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 11 untreated and five in unmaintained complete remission. Eleven untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and 21 healthy persons were used as controls. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and enriched to greater than 90%. Lymphoma monocytes showed normal ability to lyse human RBC coated with anti-D IgG antibodies as evaluated by a 51Cr-release assay. The ability of monocytes to augment or suppress concanavalin A stimulation of lymphocytes purified to greater than 98% was studied by incubation of a number of lymphocytes with increasing amounts of purified monocytes. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine was potentiated by a factor of 10 in the presence of equal amounts of monocytes. There was no difference between monocytes from Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin or healthy controls to augment patients' autologous or normal lymphocytes. Patient monocytes also suppressed the response at the same monocyte-lymphocyte ratio as normal monocytes. Stimulation of patient lymphocytes without the addition of monocytes was usually lower than that of normal control lymphocytes. The difference between patient and control lymphocyte stimulation was preserved in the presence of monocytes. It is concluded that monocytes from patients with active Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have normal helper and suppressor effects on patient or normal lymphocytes stimulated by Con A and normal antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. PMID- 7094419 TI - Age-related effects on the number of human lymphocytes in culture initially responding to an antigenic stimulus. AB - Lymphocyte transformation responses to the antigen streptokinase-streptodornase were evaluated in a group of 14 healthy elderly subjects by enumeration of antigen-responsive cells, first-generation responding lymphocytes and progeny generated per responding cell. Peak lymphocyte transformation responses to the antigen were diminished in the elderly subjects when compared to a group of young adult subjects. Antigen-responsive cells were found by limiting-dilution analysis to be significantly decreased in the elderly subjects (geometric means of antigen responsive cells per 10(5) mononuclear cells = 4.35 in the elderly versus 14.79 in the younger group, P less than 0.001). The number of cells recruited into the first-generation lymphocyte response per antigen-responsive cell were equivalent in the two groups. Also, the proliferation into progeny of each first-generation lymphocyte was of the same magnitude for the elderly and young subjects within the six to eight cell divisions required for this response. Therefore, in this system the diminished total lymphocyte transformation responses to the antigen streptokinase-streptodornase of cells from elderly humans can be accounted for by a reduction in the number of lymphocytes initially responsive to the antigen. PMID- 7094421 TI - Kinetic studies of phagocytosis. IV. Cellular defects and humoral inhibition as causes of impaired neutrophil phagocytosis in sarcoidosis. PMID- 7094422 TI - Decreased levels of circulating lytic anti-T in the serum of patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer: a correlation with disease burden. AB - Using a cytotoxicity assay, we have shown that all of 40 normal human sera tested contained antibodies cytotoxic for neuraminidase-treated red blood cells in the presence of complement. The antibodies were shown to be specific for the T disaccharide by studies using a synthetic T antigen (formula: see text). Certain patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer were found to have depressed serum levels of anti-T when compared to normal controls. There was a correlation between depression of circulating anti-T and disease burden in that 83% of patients with extensive disease had lower than normal levels of cytotoxic anti-T as compared to 45% of patients with moderate disease and none with minimal disease. There was no correlation between the concentration of cytotoxic anti-T and the age of the patients, time since surgery or the type of therapy the patient was receiving. Patients with low levels of cytotoxic anti-T had normal levels of cytotoxic anti-sheep red blood cell antibody. Measurement of circulating anti-T in the serum of certain cancer patients may prove valuable in the monitoring of disease progression. PMID- 7094423 TI - Dual action of leucocyte dialysates and of thymosin on the recovery of sheep-cell rosetting capacity in trypsinized human lymphocytes. AB - Trypsinization of human blood lymphocytes abolishes their capacity to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes) and this is regained in part on incubation of the cells at 37 degrees C for 3 hr. The recovery of rosetting capacity was found to be accelerated in the presence of dialysable extracts of human leucocytes (DLE) or bovine thymosin fraction 5 (THFV). For both DLE and THFV two types of effect were demonstrated. At lower concentrations the stimulation of recovery was dependent on the presence of the agent during incubation and it presumably comes about through an effect on the metabolic process required for regeneration of the E-receptors. At higher concentrations another mechanism is apparent since the agents were now effective when added after incubation. This last phenomenon is wholly dependent on prior incubation of the trypsinized lymphocytes in medium alone and it probably involves attachment of components of DLE and THFV to incompletely recovered cells, thereby providing a more favourable charge environment for E-rosette formation. A similar process of adhesion-promotion may be occurring in certain in-vitro tests with THFV which are carried out on lymphocytes from immunodeficient patients. On the other hand, it is the other mechanism, that of metabolic action, which is likely to be the predominant consideration in relation to treatment of such patients with DLE or THFV. PMID- 7094424 TI - C3b inactivator deficiency with immune complex manifestations. AB - We report a complete C3b inactivator deficiency in a 28-year-old patient referred for bronchiectasis and recurrent pneumonia. In addition to these recurrent infections, previously described with this deficiency, he also had several immune complex manifestations (rheumatoid factor, circulating immune complexes and one episode of serum sickness). The consequences of C3b inactivator deficiency on complement activation, chemotaxis and opsonization, clearance of immune complexes, and on red blood cell sensitization are discussed. The study of the parents showed an autosomal dominant transmission. PMID- 7094426 TI - The role of the thymus in the eosinophil response of rats infected with Fasciola hepatica. AB - The blood eosinophil response of normal and congenitally athymic nude rats was studied following infection with the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica. A marked eosinophilia was evident irrespective of the presence or absence of a thymus in the infected rats, suggesting that thymus-dependent mechanisms are not essential for the induction of eosinophilia in the rat. PMID- 7094425 TI - Human immune responses to oral micro-organisms. I. Association of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) with serum antibody responses to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. AB - The association between periodontal disease in humans and serum and salivary antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 was determined. An Elisa was used to examine anti-Y4 antibody of the IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE isotypes in serum from 127 individuals and IgA in parotid saliva. Patients diagnosed as having localized juvenile periodontitis (n = 37) had significantly higher levels and frequency of serum IgG antibodies to Y4 than all other groups. Serum and salivary IgA and serum IgE antibody levels were significantly increased in patients with both localized and generalized types of juvenile periodontitis (n = 48) when compared to all other patient groups. Specificity studies suggested that the antigenic determinants that were differentiating the group responses were unique to the Y4 organism. These results indicate that serum antibodies to Y4 may reflect an infectious process with this micro-organism and that these responses may provide some diagnostic value in delineating different types of periodontal diseases. PMID- 7094428 TI - Liposome carrier vehicle for triiodothryonine. AB - 1. Liposomes (multilamellar vesicles, MLV) were prepared which entrapped triiodothyronine (T3). The MLV were composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate as DMPC alone, DMPC:Chol (7.2 molar ratio) and DMPC:Chol:DCP (7:2:1 molar ratio). 2. The optimal T3 entrapment was within MLV composed of DMPC: Chol:DCP. The entrapped concentrations of T3 was 63.1%. 3. The MLV composed of DMPC:Chol:DCP did not leak T3 from the MLV into buffered saline but did leak T3 into serum (42.5% after 4 h). 4. The MLV composed of DMPC:Chol:DCP exhibited a distribution of T3 between membrane associated and membrane entrapped of 42.58%. PMID- 7094427 TI - The production of ventricular arrhythmias in the guinea-pigs isolated heart using hypoxic perfusion fluids containing adrenaline. AB - 1. The effects of hypoxia, adrenaline perfusion, and their combination on cardiac rhythm were studied in the isolated perfused heart of the guinea-pig. 2. Hypoxia or adrenaline perfusion (5.5 mumol/l) produced a low incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (26% and 33%, respectively); however, the changes were not statistically significant. 3. A combination of hypoxia and adrenaline perfusion produced ventricular arrhythmias in each of twenty-three preparations: there were frequent ventricular premature contractions in eighteen preparations, and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in five preparations. The mean times of onset of these arrhythmias after hypoxia were 33.3 min (s.e.m. = 5.2) and 57.6 min (s.e.m. = 4.7), respectively. 4. The responsiveness of the frequent ventricular premature contractions to the antiarrhythmic effects of quinidine and lignocaine was tested in twelve preparations. Both drugs produced dose-dependent reductions in the percentage of ventricular ectopic beats. 5. These results suggest that a combination of hypoxia and adrenaline perfusion is a simple but reliable method of inducing ventricular arrhythmias in the isolated heart of the guinea-pig, and this provides a model that may be useful for the experimental evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 7094429 TI - The effects of derangement of cell membrane structure and inhibitors on transferrin and iron uptake by reticulocytes. AB - 1. Compounds which are believed to cause derangement of the structural components of the plasma membrane and of microtubular function were preincubated with reticulocytes to study their effects on transferrin and iron uptake by the stroma and cytosol fractions of the cell. 2. Proteolytic enzymes, chelating agents (EDTA, EGTA), neuraminidase, concanavalin A and primaquine all inhibited iron binding in the cytosol fraction. Thus, their mode of action may be on the cell membrane, probably resulting in a loss of transferrin receptors or a reduced ability for the protein to interact with the receptor. 3. Pharmacologic agents known to interfere with endocytotic activity of the cell produced both inhibitory and stimulating effects on iron building by the cell. Nicotine reduced iron binding in the stroma and cytosol while colchicine and hydrocortisone enhanced cytosol-bound iron. 4. The inhibitory action of metabolic inhibitors on iron uptake by reticulocytes was accompanied by an accumulation of transferrin and ion in the stroma suggesting that a block in the iron release from transferrin occurs at the stroma level. As the stroma included some mitochondria, the possibility that such blockage may occur in these organelles cannot be ruled out entirely. PMID- 7094430 TI - Verapamil, prostaglandins and pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 7094431 TI - Direct action of 4-aminopyridine on the contractility of a fast-contracting muscle in the cat. AB - 1. The effects of 4-aminopyridine on the contractility of the fast-contracting tibialis anterior and the slow-contracting soleus muscles of cats under chloralose anaesthesia have been studied. 2. 4-Aminopyridine, in doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above, produced a slowly developing increase in the twitch tension of directly stimulated chronically denervated and of indirectly stimulated innervated tibialis anterior muscles, but had little or no effect on twitches of soleus muscles. The effect of innervated tibialis anterior muscles was more pronounced than that on chronically denervated muscles, but it was nevertheless concluded that the whole effect on innervated muscles was the result of a direct action on the muscle fibres. The simultaneously occurring facilitatory action on neuromuscular transmission, which is manifested in the anti-curare action of 4 aminopyridine, had a faster time-course and occurred in both the tibialis anterior and the soleus muscles. 3. 4-Aminopyridine antagonized dantrolene sodium on on the tibialis anterior muscle but not on the soleus muscle. The antagonism could be described as physiological antagonism since it simply reflected the opposing actions on contractility of the two drugs. 4. 4-Aminopyridine was without effect on maximal tetanic tension of either the tibialis anterior or the soleus muscle. 5. It seems clear from the literature that a species difference exists with regard to the ability of 4-aminopyridine to increase muscle contractility. The results described in this paper show that muscle differences within the same species also exist. PMID- 7094432 TI - Uptake of 1:2-14C-choline by the guinea-pig lung in vitro: and the effects of p terphenyl hemicholinium-3. AB - 1. The perfused guinea-pig lung in vitro released a total of 290 +/- 24 nmol choline after 65 min. At the end of perfusion, there were 525 +/- 36 nmol choline and 11.6 +/- 0.5 mg lecithin per g of lung tissue. 2. When perfused with 1:2-(14) C-choline at 20 nmol (20 nCi)/ml for 70 min, the level of choline in the perfusion fluid remained at 20 nmol/ml; but 65% of radioactivity was abstracted by the lung. 21% of the sequestered radioactivity was in choline phospholipids, chiefly lecithin. 3. The p-terphenyl analogue of hemicholinium no. 3 (TPHC-3), when added into the perfusion fluid at concentration 30 nmol/ml, increased significantly both the 14C-choline uptake and the conversion of 14C-choline to 14C-lecithin in the lung. However, it did not change the total tissue concentration of choline and lecithin in the lung. 4. The lung seems to have separate uptake and release mechanisms for choline and these are in equilibrium. 5. The effects of TPHC-3 on the lung in this study may be secondary to its respiratory depressant action. PMID- 7094433 TI - Estimation of lecithin in rabbit tissues. AB - 1. A simple method for lecithin estimation was developed. Phospholipids in rabbit tissues were extracted with chloroform and methanol. 2. The samples were chromatographed with eluting solvent system; chloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid:water (100:25:8:1.1). Lecithin was identified by the spray reagent as blue spots and the intensities were quantitated with a densitometer. 3. The concentration of lecithin in the various rabbit tissues varied from 2.8 to 10 mg/g tissue. The sequence of increasing lecithin concentration was heart less than kidney less than lung less than liver less than brain. 4. Recovery experiments of added lecithin into the tissues showed a recovery of 91-104%. PMID- 7094434 TI - Static versus dynamic techniques for characterizing the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in conscious rabbits. AB - 1. We have studied in conscious rabbits the dynamic (AC) characteristics of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex by effecting sinusoidal pressure changes across the all of the carotid sinus of 28, 55 and 103 mmHg amplitude at frequencies of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.01 Hz. 2. The amplitudes of the reflex oscillations of blood pressure and heart rate were dependent on both input frequency and amplitude. The output amplitude for blood pressure was maximal at 0.005 Hz, for heart rate at 0.02 Hz: i.e. blood pressure output exhibited frequency attenuation, heart rate output frequency amplification. 3. AC gain was similarly dependent on input frequency, and was inversely associated, for both blood pressure and heart rate, with input amplitude. 4. Phase lag for heart rate behind carotid transmural pressure was small (3-4 degrees), suggesting that vagal efferent mechanisms predominated. For blood pressure it was positively associated with input frequency, and was much larger (30 degrees, 19 degrees and 12 degrees). 5. The reflex was also elicited by intermittent static (DC) input. The AC and DC output amplitudes were similar at high input amplitudes, but DC gain was always greater than AC except for the case of heart rate at high input frequency and low input amplitude. 6. The AC characteristics of the reflex were satisfactorily reproducible over 2-15 days. AC output amplitude provides a measure of the performance limits of the reflex, AC gain of its capacity to buffer rapidly changing disturbances, while phase lag reflects the inertia of the reflex. PMID- 7094435 TI - The effect of chlorpromazine pretreatment on the narcotic antagonistic potency of naloxone in mice. AB - 1. Morphine pretreatment (8.0 mg/kg s.c.) induced no overt tolerance to its antinociceptive effect in mice 4 h later, but enhanced by the antagonistic potency of naloxone. 2. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine hydrochloride (0.5 2.0 mg/kg s.c.) potentiated the antinociceptive effect of morphine measured 4.5 h later. The antagonistic effect of naloxone was also enhanced. 3. The observed effect of chlorpromazine on naloxone potency was augmented when naloxone hydrochloride 0.2 mg/kg was administered in the pretreatment regime. 4. The enhanced naloxone potency induced by morphine pretreatment was inhibited by chlorpromazine administered 0.5 hr before the morphine pretreatment. 5. These results indicate that pretreatment with either morphine or chlorpromazine increased the antagonistic potency of naloxone. However, it appears that these two drugs act by different mechanisms. PMID- 7094436 TI - Initiation and inhibition of shivering in the rat: interaction between peripheral and central factors. AB - 1. Unanaesthetized, female white laboratory rats were subjected to almost square wave changes in ambient temperature, from 20 degrees C to 35 degrees C, in a small climatic chamber. 2. Intracerebroventricular injections of serotonin and methysergide were made in shivering, unanaesthetized rats. 3. The integrated electromyogram of m. suprascapularis was recorded as a quantitative measure of shivering activity to monitor the effects of the above procedures. 4. Both warm transients and serotonin inhibited shivering, but methysergide blocked only the effect of serotonin. PMID- 7094437 TI - Evidence for antibody-dependent binding of the terminal complement component to alveolar basement membrane. PMID- 7094438 TI - Effects of extracts of Onchocerca cervicalis from horses on the lytic activity of human, rat, and equine complement. PMID- 7094439 TI - The effect of oral aluminium therapy on plasma aluminium levels in patients with chronic renal failure in an area with low water aluminium. AB - In a low water aluminium area ( less than or equal to 0.4 micromoles/1) plasma aluminium levels were normal in 31 non-dialyzed and 7 peritoneally-dialyzed patients unless oral aluminium hydroxide was prescribed. Plasma aluminium levels were above normal in 26 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, but when aluminium hydroxide intake stopped there was a decrease in pre-dialysis plasma aluminium. Poor compliers (indicated by plasma phosphate levels) showed no change. Oral aluminium hydroxide can make a major contribution to plasma aluminium levels in patients with renal failure and should be treated with the same caution as high dialyzate aluminium. Post-dialysis plasma aluminium levels were always higher than pre-dialysis levels both on and off aluminium therapy despite the low dialyzate aluminium concentration. This rise may be due to tissue redistribution. PMID- 7094440 TI - The nephrotic syndrome in adults aged over 60: etiology, evolution and treatment of 76 cases. AB - A study of the clinical, etiological and histological features of the nephrotic syndrome occurring in 76 adults aged over 60 was performed. Membranous nephropathy was the most frequent type (40%). 32% of the cases of membranous nephropathy were associated with another disease which was a malignant one in 22% of the cases. In 2 cases a renal vein thrombosis was associated with the malignant disease. Amyloidosis appeared to be the most frequent cause of the secondary nephrotic syndrome (13%), and was often associated with plasma cell dyscrasia. The study also showed the importance of lipoid nephrosis among elderly patients with the nephrotic syndrome (20%). Amongst these cases it is necessary to consider the association of minimal changes with a systemic disease, and the histological diagnosis of focal hyalinosis. Indeed the presence in elderly patients of arteriolar, interstitial and glomerular lesions of hyalinosclerosis makes interpretation difficult. With corticosteroid therapy complete remission was frequent in patients with lipoid nephrosis. PMID- 7094441 TI - In vitro cytotoxic properties of plasma samples from uremic patients. AB - The effect of uremic plasma on the growth of cultured cells was compared to that of control and of nonuremic plasma. Multiplication of D98 and 3T3 cells was measured by cell counting and by 3H-Thymidine incorporation. Uremic plasma was taken from severely uremic children (plasma creat. greater than 0.45 mM) and from hemodialyzed (HD) patients; plasma samples from HD patients were obtained at the beginning and the end of dialysis sessions. The 3H-Thymidine incorporation in the presence of uremic plasma (3665 +/- 520 cpm, n - 23) was lower than in the presence of control plasma (7700 +/- 1.080 cpm, n = 14) (P less than 0.01). The rate of 3H-Thymidine incorporation decreased regularly in the presence of increasing amounts of uremic plasma. 3H-Thymidine incorporation in post dialysis plasma was greater than in predialysis plasma (3902 +/- 664 cpm vs 9430 +/- 1540 cpm, n = 8) (P less than 0.01). To investigate the properties of the cytotoxic material, studies were performed with plasma ultrafiltrate (UF) and ultrafiltrate fractions obtained by G-15 Sepadex filtration. Uremic UF and fractions displayed no cytotoxic properties when cultured alone. Preincubation of uremic UF and the "middle molecular" fraction with control plasma restored a cytotoxic effect which, for total ultrafiltrate, was similar to that observed with uremic plasma. Thus, uremic plasma displays cytotoxic properties related to ultrafiltrable molecules which are not cytotoxic by themseleves but which are cytotoxic in the presence of plasma macromolecules. PMID- 7094443 TI - Non oliguric acute renal failure after treatment with sulfinpyrazone. AB - Two cases with acute reversible renal failure while receiving sulfinpyrazone after acute myocardial infarction are presented. Sulfinpyrazone 200 mg q.i.d. was started a few days after the myocardial infarction. In both patients BUN and creatinine rose significantly, and returned to previous values when the drug was discontinued. No other known causes of renal failure were present in either of the patients. PMID- 7094444 TI - Computer enhanced digital angiography. AB - A new computer image enhancement technique was employed on cardiac images of 10 dogs and 7 patients to demonstrate the feasibility of an on-line automatic delineation of the left ventricular endocardial silhouette with a peripheral venous injection of contrast material while simultaneously reducing the x-ray dosage. This technique employs a very fast analog-to-digital conversion system capable of digitizing on-line video frames. By storing and continuously updating the first 30 video frames and then subtracting each incoming frame from this memory, most of the background is eliminated leaving only the contrast filled ventricle. Using calibrated densitometric measurements, we found that iodine concentrations in the human left ventricle following venous injection of 40 ml Renografin-76 (25 ml/s), peaked at 4.3 +/- 0.3 mg/ml (mean +/- SD) compared to 14.8 +/- 0.8 mg/ml following direct injection of 40 ml at 13 ml/s (p less than 0.001). The computer enhanced venous-injected images had an optical contrast 14 times greater than that of the unenhanced direct left ventriculogram. This increase in optical contrast provided unambiguous subjective definition of the endocardial borders. This technique is applicable to both central and peripheral contrast injection whereby high quality images can be obtained at approximately 98% reduction in radiation (5 mA, 65-85 kV), allowing performance of serial studies. PMID- 7094442 TI - Antibiotic concentrations in the urine from kidneys of unequal function. AB - Little attention has been given to whether an effective concentration of an antibiotic is obtained in the urine of a patient without azotemia who has one poorly functioning kidney and a contralateral normal kidney. This study was undertaken to measure the concentration of various antibiotics in the urine from both kidneys of 20 patients with unilateral renal disease and a radiologically and functionally normal contralateral kidney. Prior to ureteric catheterization each patient received a single parenteral dose of an antibiotic. The peak urinary drug concentration from the damaged kidney per unit of its creatinine clearance exceeded that for the normal kidney for 11/13 patients treated with an aminoglycoside and 6/7 given a cephalosporin. The most severely damaged kidney had a creatinine clearance of 0.6 ml/min. This patient received sisomicin and the peak urinary concentration was only 1.8 micrograms/ml. If a damaged kidney has a creatinine clearance less than 10-15 ml/min it would seem more appropriate to use a cephalosporin rather than an aminoglycoside antibiotic. PMID- 7094446 TI - Hemodynamics before and after physical endurance training in patients with myocardial infarction under various physical and psychomotor stress tests. AB - This hemodynamic study was done in 23 post myocardial infarction patients. The peripheral and central hemodynamics were examined by repeated ergometer tests, heart volume estimations, and heart catheterizations under various provocative techniques such as dynamic bicycle ergometer load, static hand grip load, volume load, atrial pacing, and psychomotor stress. After a 5-week period of endurance training we found a marked and statistically significant increase (40%) of maximal work tolerance and a significant decrease (10%) in heart rate and atrial blood pressure at rest and on equal levels of work load. No significant influence was seen on central (pulmonary) pressure readings at rest or on equal levels of work load beside the higher venous oxygen extraction. These peripheral effects of physical training were seen for all provocative tests, and also for those which were not trained as static and volume load and psychomotor stress. PMID- 7094445 TI - The acute electrophysiological effects of intravenous metoprolol. AB - The cardiac electrophysiological effects of metoprolol were studied in ten patients (pts) aged 22-51 years undergoing intracardiac stimulation studies for paroxysmal palpitations. The following measurements were made: (1) basic sinus cycle length (SCL); (2) sinus node recovery time (SRT) following overdrive pacing; (3) atrio-His (A-H) and His-ventricular (H-V) conduction intervals during regular atrial pacing; (4) effective refractory periods of the atria (AERP), A-V node (AVERP) and ventricular myocardium (VERP); and (5) A-V nodal functional refractory period (AVFRP). All measurements were repeated 10-20 min after a slow bolus intravenous injection of metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight). Results were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Highly significant increases in: SRT (932 +/- 166 to 1107 +/- 225 ms, p less than 0.001) and A-H (72 +/- 14 to 103 +/- 14 ms, p less than 0.001) were observed. There were also small increases of lesser significance in SCL (794 +/- 160 59 898 +/- 190 ms, p less than 0.01), AVERP (308 +/- 46 to 341 +/- 66 ms, p less than 0.02), and AVFRP (376 +/- 43 to 416 +/- 59 ms, p less than 0.01). Metoprolol did not affect the H-V interval, the AERP, or the VERP. These results are similar to those of other beta blockers. PMID- 7094447 TI - Propranolol effects on autonomic function in hypertensive men. AB - Beta blocker antihypertensive effects are incompletely understood, and may involve alterations in the autonomic nervous system. We studied autonomic function in 12 essential hypertensive men during treatment with placebo and chronic oral propranolol. Propranolol reduced blood pressure and heart rate (both p less than 0.01) with an associated increase in baroreflex sensitivity during phenylephrine testing (p less than 0.02), though amyl nitrite-tested baroreflex sensitivity was unchanged; blood pressure decrement did not correlate with baroreflex enhancement. Response to the cold pressor test and the blood pressure decrement to phentolamine alpha blockade were unaltered by propranolol, suggesting unchanged efferent sympathetic function; nor were several biochemical indices of sympathetic nervous activity influenced by propranolol. Propranolol does perturb autonomic function in man, but the perturbations do not correlate with blood pressure decrement; nor are physiologic or biochemical indices of efferent sympathetic activity reduced by propranolol. PMID- 7094448 TI - Thrombolytic therapy for a thrombosed Bjork-Shiley tricuspid valve prosthesis. AB - A 67-year-old mand in whom mitral and tricuspid Bjork-Shiley tilting disc prostheses had been implanted 68 months previously presented with thrombotic obstruction of his tricuspid prosthesis. Initial cardiac catheterization demonstrated a significant transprosthetic tricuspid diastolic gradient (9.5 mmHg) with a calculated prosthetic valve orifice area (0.62 cm2) indicating a critical degree of stenosis. The resting cardiac index was markedly reduced (1.5 l/m2/min). Following an intravenous infusion of streptokinase for 66 hours, repeat cardiac catheterization revealed a 50% reduction in transprosthetic diastolic gradient across the tricuspid valve (4.7 mmHg), a greater than fourfold increase in prosthetic valve orifice area (2.87 cm2) with a normal resting cardiac index (3.1 l/m2/min). PMID- 7094451 TI - Asthma--mechanisms and management. PMID- 7094450 TI - The cavitary lung enigma. PMID- 7094449 TI - Chronic lung disease associated with Mycobacterium chelonei in an Indochinese refugee. PMID- 7094452 TI - Irreducible posterior fracture--dislocations of the hip. The role of the iliofemoral ligament and the rectus femoris muscle. PMID- 7094453 TI - Primary endoprosthetic replacement for acute femoral neck fractures. A review of 150 cases. AB - A review of 150 consecutive endoprosthetic replacements for acute displaced femoral neck fractures was undertaken to investigate the following serious criticisms of the method. The first is excessive hospital mortality and morbidity, especially in comparison to internal fixation procedures retaining the femoral head. The second is pain, derived from the "unphysiologic" nature of placing a metal prosthesis against otherwise normal acetabular cartilage. In the first instance the procedure is condemned as too major an operative procedure, poorly tolerated by elderly patients. In the second, it is a poor procedure if it requires revision in a patient incapable of withstanding more than one operation. A detailed follow-up shows that the in-hospital mortality in patients averaging 79.8 years of age, was 4%, lower than published mortality for either hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation. Close postoperative monitoring, antibiotic and antiembolic prophylaxis (2.0% infection, 6% embolic complications), and rapid mobilization contributed significantly to the increased survival. Painful endoprostheses, the most frequent complication, occurred in 16.7% of the 125 patients available for follow up at an average of 21 months. The causes of pain were considered technical problems judging prosthetic neck length, head size, sinking and loosening. Dissolution of the medial femoral neck was associated with a narrow stem prosthesis in five of six of these failures. The above statistics suggest that primary endoprosthetic replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures carries with it neither the excessive mortality and morbidity nor the pain induced potential for early reoperations that have been suggested by the recent literature. PMID- 7094454 TI - Hip fracture recurrence. A population-based study. AB - In a large population-based study of hip fracture recurrence in Rochester, Minnesota, the overall risk of any recurrence, ipsilateral or contralateral, was estimated to be 29% by 20 years after initial fracture, 1.6 times greater than expected. The risk of recurrence was greater in patients who had initial fractures associated with moderate trauma and in younger patients. The increased risk among women compared to men was eliminated when the degree of trauma was considered. Ipsilateral recurrence at the same fracture site was less frequent than expected, and the overall increased risk was primarily due to contralateral fractures at the initial fracture site (cervical or intertrochanteric). There was no difference in recurrence rate with respect to site or side of the initial fracture, and no concentration of recurrences was observed for any particular time interval following the first hip fracture. PMID- 7094455 TI - A method for radiographically measuring true femoral rotation. PMID- 7094456 TI - The part-time Milwaukee brace treatment of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. Long term follow-up. AB - A long-term follow-up in 15 patients who had juvenile idiopathic scoliosis was instituted to determine the efficacy of a part-time Milwaukee brace program. The patients were divided into two groups. In Group I patients, part-time bracing was successful in controlling the scoliosis. The average curvature at the onset of bracing was 32 degrees, and the final curvature was 28 degrees. None of the final curvatures increased more than 7 degrees from the initial curvatures. In Group II patients, following six years of part-time bracing, the patients ultimately were treated by posterior fusion and Harrington instrumentation. All of these patients had curvatures greater than 35 degrees at the onset of part-time bracing. All patients who had curvatures less than 35 degrees at the onset of part-time bracing and whose rib--vertebrate angle difference (RVAD) remained less than 20 degrees were successfully treated without surgery. All patients who had curvatures of greater than 45 degrees at the onset of bracing and whose RVAD exceeded 20 degrees eventually underwent spinal fusion. A consistent finding of vertebral body half-wedging was noted on the side of the concavity. The persistence of this finding appeared to correlate well with the patients clinical response. PMID- 7094457 TI - The histopathology of camptomelia (bent limbs). A dyschondrogenesis. AB - Camptomelia is well established syndrome in which the most prominent osseous feature is bowing of the long bones. Although several patients have died, usually due to respiratory insufficiency caused by defects of the cartilage of the tracheal rings and lower respiratory tract, histologic studies of the bone in camptomelia have led to conflicting conclusions about pathogenesis. A complete autopsy of a neonatal case, including serial sections of the long bones, revealed normal enchondral growth sequences of the epiphyseal plate. In the diaphysis, centering around the angle of the bend, the cylinderization process was markedly abnormal. Extensive new secondary trabeculae formed on the concave (posterior) surface of the bone during resorption on the convex (anterior) surface. A cone of dense new bone formed at the apex at the convex anterior angle of the bend. These findings supported previous suggestions that bone formation and remodeling processes were normal. With the variation of bone involvement in different patients, these features indicate that camptomelia is the result of an abnormality of cartilage anlage formation, probably owing to a transient exogenous teratogen. Camptomelia is the preferred term. Basically, the syndrome is a dyschondrogenesis. PMID- 7094459 TI - Dysphagia due to hypertrophic cervical osteophytes. PMID- 7094458 TI - Congenital arterial malformations associated with clubfoot. A report of two cases. AB - Arteriograms were examined in three limbs of two patients who had talipes equinovarus. An abnormal arterial pattern characterized by severe diminution in the size of the anterior tibial artery and diminution or absence of the dorsalis pedis artery was evident. Inasmuch as one of these patients was preambulatory, the arterial malformation is congenital and would not have been acquired in walking. The relationship between the abnormal arterial and bony pattern in talipes equinovarus is comparable to that previously described for congenital absence of the fibula. A possible etiologic relationship between TEV and embryonic arterial accidents is suggested. PMID- 7094460 TI - An impacted dens fracture in an elderly woman. PMID- 7094461 TI - Morphological bone changes in shin splints. PMID- 7094462 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of the anterior musculofascial compartment of the leg following exercise. AB - An ultrasonic method is described to measure changes in width of the anterolateral leg compartment in its lower third following exercise. In 20 normal subjects, compartment widths increased an average of 8.6% following exercise, with joggers' compartments increasing 10.1%, as compared to 7.4% in nonjoggers. Control measurements of the compartment width in a cadaver leg showed excellent correlation with the ultrasound measurement. Following exercise, vascular responses and fluid transfers caused an increase in volume of the compartment contents, which is reflected in compartment widening. Because the compartment contents are usually contained by a complete but only moderately compliant wall, intracompartmental pressure will normally rise, and symptoms of a compartment syndrome will result. Diagnosis of exertional compartment syndrome in the leg has usually been made at clinical examination. Measurement of compartment width increase is intended to complement intracompartmental pressure and aid in differentiating the diagnosis of exertional compartment syndrome from shin splints, stress fracture, and tendonitis. Additionally, muscle atrophy, hypertrophy and growth can be recorded by the ultrasound technique. PMID- 7094463 TI - Nonunion of the tibia treated with Kuntscher intramedullary nailing. AB - Nonunion of the tibia was treated by Kuntscher intramedullary nailing un 48 patients. Thirty patients were treated with a completely closed intramedullary nailing and 18 required an open tibial osteotomy to realign the fracture. Bone grafting was not performed. The average time elapsed from injury to surgery was 15 months and the average healing time, as determined roentgenographically, was nine months following surgery. Three postoperative infections cleared with debridement and antibiotic therapy and subsequently united. There were two failures with persistent nonunion. Closed intramedullary nailing is an effective method of managing nonunion of the tibia in properly selected cases. PMID- 7094464 TI - Posterior heel pain associated with a calcaneal step and Achilles tendon calcification. AB - Factors are examined which may be associated with chronic posterior heel pain of nonrheumatologic and nonmetabolic etiology. The charts of patients in whom Haglund's disease retrocalcaneal bursitis, or "pump bumps" was diagnosed during the period from 1963-1978 at The Hospital for Special Surgery, were reviewed. Nineteen patients met the criteria of symptomatic patients. The radiographs in 12 of these patients were available for review. These cases and 104 control cases were evaluated for the presence of calcaneal spurs, Achilles tendon calcifications and a posterior calcaneal step. In addition, Fowler-Philip measurements were obtained from the radiographs and compared with Fowler and Philip's results. Although the Fowler-Philip angles of the two groups were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05), the symptomatic heels had a significantly longer horizontal calcaneal length (p less than 0.05). The incidences of Achilles tendon calcification (p = 0.004) and of a posterior calcaneal step (p less than 0.001) were higher in patients who had chronic posterior heel pain as compared to a control population. An increased horizontal length of the calcaneus and the presence of a posterior calcaneal step appeared to cause chronic posterior heel pain and degenerative lesions of the Achilles tendon. Although a posterosuperior calcaneal prominence is theoretically important, it was not in this series. A posterior calcaneal step may alter the tension within the tendon, resulting in microscopic tendon injury, decreased vascularity and loss of strength, with subsequent calcification or rupture. PMID- 7094465 TI - Acute osteomyelitis of the metatarsal sesamoid. PMID- 7094466 TI - Morton's metatarsalgia due to intermetatarsophalangeal bursitis as an early manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Of 50 patients in whom Morton's metatarsalgia was diagnosed during an 18-year period, 12 (24%) had rheumatoid arthritis at the time of presentation. After conservative management had failed, 20 patients had subtotal excision of the intermetatarsophalangeal bursa and associated digital nerve; in two patients, only the nerve was excised. During the follow-up period ranging from two months to 15 years, an additional eight patients developed sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, a total of 20 patients (40%) presenting with Morton's metatarsalgia had rheumatoid disease at initial presentation or later developed this disease. Histological changes in the intermetatarsophalangeal bursa consistent with rheumatoid arthritis were found in ten patients. Of these, two were known already to have rheumatoid arthritis, three subsequently developed rheumatoid arthritis, and five do not yet have other evidence of the disease. The evidence suggests that Morton's metatarsalgia is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and is the basic etiology in a significant number of patients. PMID- 7094467 TI - Osteoblastoma: classification and report of 16 patients. AB - In 16 patients who had osteoblastoma treated within the last eight years, the lesions can be classified as vertebral (four cases), central "benign" (seven cases), "aggressive" (three cases) and periosteal (two cases). The radiographic features were highly variable except for the consistent shell of reactive periosteal bone. None of the lesions resembled osteoid osteoma or osteosarcoma. The histological pattern was typical, showing sheets of osteoblasts forming irregular, poorly ossified bone trabeculae in a fibrovascular stroma. The three "aggressive" lesions had a distinctly more ominous histologic pattern, a more destructive radiographic appearance and recurred promptly following local curettage. Treatment varied, but for the vertebral, benign "central," and periosteal osteoblastomas, curettage or marginal resection was generally curative. Local wide resection was required for individual aggressively growing tumors. PMID- 7094468 TI - Enchondroma of the proximal clavicle. An unusual cause of pathologic fracture dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint. PMID- 7094469 TI - Plaster uses and misuses. PMID- 7094471 TI - Antibiotic loaded plaster of Paris pellets: an in vitro study of a possible method of local antibiotic therapy in bone infection. AB - Plaster of Paris is an effective ancillary treatment in the surgery of infected cavities in bone. It is well tolerated and spontaneously absorbed over a period of weeks to months, being replaced by bone of normal architecture. It effectively obliterates much of the dead space, leaving little room for hematoma formation. It would appear logical to treat local infection, especially involving rigid walled cavities, by a locally diffused antibiotic. When incorporated into plaster of Paris pellets, two antibiotics, Fucidin and gentamicin, are capable of prolonged local release in bacteriocidal concentrations. On the basis of in vitro observations on bacterial cultures, it is proposed that antibiotic-plaster of Paris pellets might be a simple adjuvant technique to good surgical debridement in the treatment of bone infection. Plaster of Paris has the practical advantage over acrylic cement beads containing antibiotics in that it is resorbed and would not need a subsequent operation to be moved. PMID- 7094470 TI - Tardy ulnar nerve palsy associated with the isolated dislocation of the head of the radius. PMID- 7094472 TI - Nonossifying fibroma. Electron microscopic examination of two cases supporting a histiocytic rather than a fibroblastic origin. AB - Nonossifying fibromas appear to be histiocytic lesions. On the basis of light and electron microscopic studies, as well as behavior, they are identical to benign fibrohistiocytomas found in soft tissues. The fibroblastic appearance of some of these lesions by light and electron microscopy, especially in older lesions, reflects the ability of histiocytes to behave as facultative fibroblasts. Final data of the cell of origin for these lesions must await more definitive studies by other methods, perhaps using immunologic, immunoperoxidase and/or surface markers techniques. PMID- 7094473 TI - Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field on a mixed chondroblastic tissue culture. AB - A mixed tissue culture predominantly composed of chondroblastic tissue was perturbed by a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Some cultures were nonconfluent, and purposely retarded in growth to resemble an atrophic nonunion, while others were grown to confluence in about one-half the time as a model for a hypertrophic nonunion. These two groups tested the effect of growth rate upon the products of cell proliferation and differentiation. The slowly growing cultures were stimulated to synthesize hydroxyproline. The rapidly growing cultures showed a large increase in lysozyme activity, and increase in hyaluronate and DNA, and a decrease in glycosaminoglycan. Exogenous lysozyme further decreased the glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the presence of PEMF. Chitotriose, a specific lysozyme inhibitor abolished this effect. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, did not abolish the activation of lysozyme found in the matrix. Thus lysozyme appears to be activated by PEMF. These observations of the rapidly growing confluent cultures are consistent with events described in the normal healing of a bone fracture or endochrondral growth. Thus, PEMF appears to promote normal healing, probably by altering cartilaginous lysozyme activity in the matrix, and possibly the sequence of events leading to calcification. PMID- 7094474 TI - An in vitro study of the release of nickel from two surgical implant alloys. PMID- 7094475 TI - Analysis of the type of collagen present in osteoarthritic human cartilage. AB - Abnormal synthesis of type I collagen by fibrocartilage has been suggested as a mechanism involved in degenerative arthritis. Samples of normal and osteoarthritic adult femoral head cartilage were thus studied for histology and collagen composition. The electrophoretic analysis of the cyanogen bromide derived peptides showed the sole presence of type II collagen in all normal and in all osteoarthritic samples, except those in which fibrocartilage was present. The sensitivity of the technique would not permit, however, the detection of a minute amount (less than 3%) of type I collagen in the samples. The results show that massive deposition of type I collagen occurs only when fibrocartilage is formed. It is suggested that this fibrocartilage is formed when the subchondral bone is damaged. PMID- 7094477 TI - An arthroscopic method for lateral release of subluxating or dislocating patella. AB - Arthroscopically controlled lateral release for subluxating and dislocating patellae was reviewed in 93 knees (79 patients) at an average of 48.7 months follow-up. Of the patients, 92 % reported significant subjective improvement. Eighty-nine per cent of males and 69% of females were rated good or excellent by objective criteria. Failure to maintain good quadriceps muscle strength was the major reason for fair and poor results. Of 14 knees with dislocations, none had a recurrence after surgery. Patellar shaving was not done in any of the knees. The results of lateral release did not correlate with the severity of chondromalacia patellae. Complications and morbidity were significantly reduced by this outpatient procedure. Experience in endoscopic techniques is an important prerequisite. In the properly selected and motivated patient, this procedure offers an effective alternative to major patellar realignment procedures. PMID- 7094476 TI - The three-dimensional rotational behaviors of the carpal bones. AB - The rotational behaviors of the carpal bones of ten fresh cadaver forearms were determined using a three-dimensional sonic digitizer, as the hands were passively moved through planar constrained motions. Changing forearm orientation from supination to pronation results in an increase in the magnitudes of extension of the proximal and distal carpal row bones and a reduction in the magnitudes of flexion of the distal carpal row bones. The included angles between each carpal bone screw displacement axis (SDA) and third metacarpal SDA for corresponding intervals of motion are significantly greater than zero, regardless of forearm orientation. The included angles of the proximal carpal row bones are significantly greater than those of the distal carpal row bones during third metacarpal radial-ulnar deviation. The carpal bone rotation magnitudes are significantly attenuated relative to the prescribed rotation magnitudes of the third metacarpal, with the exception of the trapezoid during third metacarpal extension. The rotational attenuation is greatest in the proximal carpal row bones and is most pronounced during third metacarpal flexion-extension motion and ulnar deviation. Evidence from this investigation favors a carpal row concept of wrist motion, as opposed to a carpal column model. PMID- 7094478 TI - The femoral head remnant in resurfacing arthroplasty. AB - The femoral head remnant was examined in six patients after Indiana resurfacing arthroplasty. Four hips failed by femoral neck fracture and two by acetabular loosening. Three of the four specimens that failed by fracture had total osteonecrosis, as assessed by histological criteria. The tissue did not evidence foreign body response to methyl-methacrylate, suggesting that osteonecrosis may have occurred at the time of resurfacing arthroplasty. Bony remodeling at the site of fracture indicates that fracture may have occurred through a weakened zone at the junction of viable and necrotic bone. In contrast, examination of the femoral specimens removed owing to acetabular loosening revealed viable bone, membrane formation and a foreign body reaction. The small number of specimens and lack of tetracycline labeling prohibit firm conclusions. These observations nevertheless suggest that resurfacing arthroplasty may, in some cases, cause osteonecrosis of the femoral head remnant, which may play a role in femoral neck fracture. Efforts should be made to obtain the femoral head remnant at autopsy and at revision surgery when indicated so that the state of the femoral head remnant after resurfacing arthroplasty and its role in the success or failure of the various procedures could be better understood. PMID- 7094479 TI - [Ultrastructural observations of target fibers and their motor end-plates in tourniquet paralysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094480 TI - [Three cases of autosomal recessively inherited neuropathy with cerebellar ataxia, optic atrophy and hyperlipidemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094481 TI - [Juvenile variant of adrenoleukodystrophy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094482 TI - [A study of carrier detection of Duchenne type progressive muscular dystrophy by serum myoglobin measurement (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094483 TI - [Optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094487 TI - [New accompaning signs and symptoms of adrenoleukodystrophy. - Adrenoleukomyeloneuropathy with hypoparathyroidism, cerebral calcification, and frequent yawning--(author's transl)]. PMID- 7094486 TI - [Generalized chorea associated with chronic subdural hematoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094485 TI - [Presumption of the prognosis of cerebral infarctions by computed tomography in acute stage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094484 TI - [Neoplastic angioendotheliosis of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094488 TI - [A case of familial muscular atrophy mainly due to neurogenic origin with external ophthalmoplegia, baldness, cataract and myxovirus-like inclusion bodies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094489 TI - [An autopsy case of Alzheimer's disease accompanied with periodic synchronous discharge and myoclonus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094491 TI - [The prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Guam and Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094492 TI - [An analysis of clinical characteristics and their chronological change on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094490 TI - [Quantitative and qualitative assessment of plasma fibrinogen in patients with cerebral thrombosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094493 TI - Radiocolloid studies of the regression of intrasplenic lesions. AB - Five cases are presented in which intrasplenic defects, noted on Tc-99m sulfur colloid imaging, had at least partially regressed on follow-up studies. One, representing splenic trauma, reinforced the concept of the ability of the spleen to "heal" itself. A second case involved splenic invasion by direct extension of a soft tissue sarcoma. Improvement was noted after the patient was treated with chemotherapy. Three cases were related to splenic manifestations of lymphoma. Of these three patients (one each with lymphocytic, histiocytic, and mixed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma plus nodular), two showed improvement after treatment with chemotherapy alone and the third after combined chemotherapy and external radiation treatment. Return of splenic reticuloendothelial function to previously involved regions within the spleen occurred for all five patients. Comments were made as to the apparent rate of return of function. PMID- 7094495 TI - Radionuclide assessment in nocturnal asthma. PMID- 7094494 TI - Disparate images in acute hepatitis using E-HIDA and sulfur colloid. PMID- 7094496 TI - Ventilation-perfusion mismatch in tumor embolism. AB - An unusual case of extensive tumor embolism is reported on which the lung scan was instrumental in demonstrating the underlying pathophysiology. Pulmonary arteriography failed to demonstrate vessel occlusion and the need to perform this study with special care is re-emphasized. A brief review of the literature indicates that tumor embolism occurs much more frequently than is clinically suspected. PMID- 7094498 TI - Demonstration of a large left breast mass on a perfusion lung scan. PMID- 7094499 TI - Perfusion scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a self-assessment quiz. AB - The authors present ten case reports with lung scintigrams in a format suitable for a self-assessment quiz. The first seven cases include perfusion scintigrams and the final diagnosis was established by postmortem examination. The last three studies include ventilation images (using nebulized Tc-99m tin colloid) and the final diagnosis established by nonradionuclide studies. The authors believe this quiz demonstrates the necessity for ventilation studies when using lung scintigraphy for a positive diagnosis. PMID- 7094502 TI - The quantification of pain: an analysis of words used to describe pain and analgesia in clinical trials. AB - In this study 116 subjects were asked to quantify the descriptive pain terms commonly used in analgesimetry by using the visual analog scale as a tool. The results showed highly variable responses. Several words that have been assigned the same value on an ordinal scale do not convey the same meanings as on the visual analog scale. The words some and terrible are probably the least useful terms to quantify pain. The word complete for describing pain relief showed the least variation. The data on global ratings varied greatly; 10% of the participants gave the same values to the terms very good and excellent. The unequal differences between descriptive terms that are commonly considered equidistant on an ordinal scale are clearly demonstrated. We propose an approach to quantifying pain that takes into account the interindividual variations in interpretation of descriptive pain terms. PMID- 7094500 TI - Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, Part III: pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of ketobemidone. AB - The effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the pharmacokinetics of ketobemidone were studied in 12 patients. Plasma ketobemidone concentrations were assayed with a mass-fragmentographic method. The peroperative Vd(area) was 5.9 +/- 2.6L/kg and the terminal half-life was 3.9 +/- 1.7 h. In the postoperative period Vd(area) decreased to 3.7 +/- 0.4L/kg and the terminal half-life to 2.1 +/- 0.4 h. Plasma clearance (Clp) did not change significantly, peroperative Clp being 18 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg and postoperative Clp being 22 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg. The pharmacokinetics of ketobemidone were not influenced by the addition of a spasmolytic agent in the commercial combination ketobemidone preparation 'Ketogin'. Postoperative pain was relieved in 15 patients by patient-controlled intravenous administration of ketobemidone by means of a programmable drug injector. The mean ketobemidone consumption was 2.3 +/- 0.8 mg/h, which produced a mean plasma concentration of 28 +/- 11 mg/ml. Pseudosteady-state plasma concentrations of ketobemidone were established with a mean minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 25 +/- 11 ng/ml. Ketobemidone 'plain' and 'Ketogin' did not differ significantly in these respects. Analgesia was considered by all patients to be satisfactory. PMID- 7094497 TI - Soft tissue extremity abscess: an atypical appearance on Ga-67 scan. PMID- 7094501 TI - Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, Part IV: pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine. AB - The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on the pharmacokinetics of morphine was studied in 10 patients. Plasma concentrations of morphine were assayed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. All patients were studied on the day of surgery and again 3 to 7 days later. Mean +/- SD for peroperative Vd(area) was 6.3 +/- 3.6 L/kg and for the terminal half-life was 3.8 +/- 2.3 h. In the postoperative period, Vd(area) decreased to 3.7 +/- 1.4L/kg and the terminal half life to 2.2 +/- 1.1 h. Plasma clearance (Clp) remained constant, peroperative Clp being 20 +/- 7.0 ml/min/kg and postoperative Clp 21 +/- 6.0 ml/min/kg. Postoperative pain was relieved by patient-controlled administration of intravenous doses of morphine by means of a programmable drug injector. The mean morphine consumption was 2.6 +/- 1.2 mg/h, which produced a mean plasma concentration of 21 +/- 12 ng/ml with a calculated mean minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 16 +/- 9 ng/ml. In 1 patient, temporary hypercapnia was seen during a period of hypovolaemia. Analgesia was considered satisfactory by all patients. PMID- 7094503 TI - Prazosin and propranolol in preoperative management of pheochromocytoma. AB - Combined use of prazosin and propranolol was effective in preoperative management of three patients with norepinephrine(NE)-secreting pheochromocytoma (PHEO). On admission, all were symptomatic and had moderate to severe hypertension despite treatment with diuretics, propranolol, and sympatholytics. Optimal symptomatic and blood pressure (BP) control was achieved with 6 to 10 mg/day prazosin and 120 to 480 mg/day propranolol every 6 hr in equally divided doses. With this therapy, BP and hematocrit were reduced to levels similar to those found in the postoperative period. The daily urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites was not modified during therapy with prazosin and propranolol. There was a drop in supine systolic (40 to 64 mm Hg) and diastolic (32 to 52 mm Hg) BP in all patients 1 to 2 hr after the first dose of prazosin (1-mg tablet); in two subjects this was accompanied by a larger orthostatic fall (74 and 92 mm Hg systolic; 65 and 78 mm Hg diastolic BP). The high incidence of first-dose effect suggests that a single oral dose of 1 mg of prazosin could aid in the diagnosis of PHEO. The effectiveness of prazosin in controlling the hypertension induced by NE-secreting PHEO suggests that, in man, pressure responses to augmented levels of NE are mediated solely through alpha 1-receptors. PMID- 7094504 TI - Prediction of steady-state verapamil plasma concentrations in children and adults. AB - With data on adults from two previous articles it was found that the average steady-state plasma concentration of verapamil in subjects on long-term oral therapy of 80 mg every 6 hr (Y) correlated strongly with the area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-x/6 (X) where the area refers to that for a single oral dose of 80 mg (Y - 2.41X, n - 15, r - 0.923, P less than 0.001). Steady state concentrations are predictable from the single-dose data, with an average absolute deviation of 11.1%. We gave seven children (7 to 19 yr old) an initial intravenous bolus dose of 0.1 mg/kg, followed by a 20-min constant rate infusion of 0.007 mg/kg/min. Twenty-four hours after the bolus dose they were put on oral therapy (40 to 80 mg every 6 hr) and 1 mo later the minimum steady-state verapamil plasma concentration (Cminss) was measured. Plasma concentration-time data obtained after the infusion were fitted to biexponential (two sets) or triexponential equations (five sets). The coefficients of the postinfusion polyexponential equations were converted to those for the 0.1-mg/kg bolus dose alone. Mean parameters estimated were: plasma clearance 0.500 l/min, steady-state volume of distribution 279 l, V beta 394 l, half-life 9.17 hr, and mean residence time 10.0 hr. Many correlations were made between the oral Cminss values and functions obtained from the intravenous data. The best correlation was that between Cminss and the predicted steady-state concentration at 3 hr after dosing when bolus doses would be given at 6-hr intervals based on the single-dose intravenous date (r = 0.985, P less than 0.001); this correlation allowed Cminss to be predicted with an average absolute deviation of 10%. Norverapamil was measured in plasma after oral dosing, but was not detectable after intravenous dosing. PMID- 7094505 TI - Benoxaprofen kinetics in renal impairment. AB - To establish therapeutic guidelines, benoxaprofen kinetics were examined in 26 adult subjects with normal and decreased renal function. Mean peak plasma concentrations after a single 600-mg dose ranged from 58 to 72 mg/l, independent of renal function. Elimination half-life and benoxaprofen plasma clearance correlated with creatinine clearance. Hemodialysis did not remove benoxaprofen from plasma. A dosage nomogram was derived from which a dose one half of the normal maintenance dose was suggested for patients with severe renal failure. PMID- 7094506 TI - Microsomal hydroxylation as measured by pentobarbital elimination in patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A mechanism postulated for drug- or chemical-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is that the chemical is covalently bound to nuclear macromolecules increasing the immunogenicity of the macromolecule. This may require metabolic activation by oxidation. There are many similarities between drug-induced and idiopathic SLE. Twelve patients with idiopathic SLE and 12 normal subjects were given 100 mg pentobarbital orally to evaluate their microsomal hydroxylating activity. Plasma pentobarbital concentration was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Mean plasma pentobarbital half-life was 24 +/- 10 (mean +/- SD) hr in the SLE patients, which is only slightly shorter than the 26 +/- 12 hr in the control subjects. The mean apparent volume of distribution in the patients was 1.28 +/- 0.30 l/kg, which is slightly above the 1.00 +/- 0.37 l/kg in the normal subject (P less than 0.05). Mean metabolic clearance rate in the SLE patients was 0.045 +/- 0.022 l/hr/kg, which is more than the 0.028 +/- 0.008 l/hr/kg in the normal control subjects (P less than 0.02). Since the metabolic clearance rate of a drug is the proper value for evaluating metabolism rate, we conclude that patients with SLE hve an increased elimination rate for drugs or other foreign compounds that are biotransformed by microsomal oxidation and may more rapidly bioactivate chemicals to reactive compounds. PMID- 7094507 TI - Plasma steady-state concentrations of hydroxylated metabolites of clomipramine. AB - Plasma clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine, 8-hydroxyclomipramine, and 8 hydroxydesmethylclomipramine concentrations were measured in nine obsessive compulsive outpatients. The mean dose of clomipramine at steady state was 237.5 +/- 51.8 (SD) mg/24 hr. The mean concentrations at steady state were: clomipramine, 147.5 +/- 57.5; desmethylclomipramine, 313.0 +/- 170.0; 8 hydroxyclomipramine, 56.1 +/- 20.9; and 8-hydroxydesmethylclomipramine, 152.7 +/- 83.2 ng/ml. In vitro, the hydroxymetabolites of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine exhibited serotonin reuptake potency of the same order as that of the parent compounds. PMID- 7094508 TI - Decreased protein binding and thiopental kinetics. AB - Thiopental kinetics and protein binding were determined in seven surgical patients with chronic renal failure and a thiopental free fraction of 28.0 +/- 6.5% (SD) and in seven age- and weight-matched normal surgical patients with a thiopental free fraction of 15.7 +/- 2.4%. Thiopental clearance, based upon total plasma concentrations, rose from 3.2 +/- 0.6 ml/kg/min in the normal group to 4.5 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min in the chronic renal failure group. Volume of distribution at steady state, also based on total drug concentrations, rose from 1.9 +/- 0.5 l/kg in the normal group to 3.0 +/- 1.0 l/kg in the chronic renal failure group. These changes in clearance and volume of distribution at steady state are secondary to changes in free drug distribution and elimination. When kinetics were calculated from free drug concentrations, the intrinsic clearance, unbound volume of distribution at steady state, and free fraction in tissues in the normal and renal failure groups did not differ substantially. These data suggest that the kinetic changes based on total drug concentrations are secondary to changes in free fraction in plasma. In chronic renal failure patients, the underlying rate and extent of thiopental distribution and elimination are much the same as in normal patients. PMID- 7094509 TI - Codeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. AB - The bioavailability of codeine and extent of its transformation to morphine were stated in 12 smoking and 11 nonsmoking subjects after single doses 60 mg IM codeine and 60 mg codeine sulfate orally, given 1 wk apart. Codeine and morphine plasma concentrations over the 12-hr period after drug were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). No differences were found between smokers and nonsmokers with respect to maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of codeine, time to attain this concentration (tmax), codeine plasma half-life (t1/2), or areas under plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for codeine or morphine. There was a faster, but clinically unimportant, mean apparent plasma clearance in smokers (52.8 +/- 2.3 (SEM) ml/min/70 kg) than in nonsmokers (45.0 +/- 2.1 ml/min/70 kg) after intramuscular injection only. Mean oral codeine bioavailability in smokers (54.8 +/- 4.9%) and in nonsmokers (50.2 +/- 2.1%) did not offer. Plasma morphine AUC values were higher after oral doses than after intramuscular injections, suggesting a first-pass O-demethylation of codeine. For six of these subjects plasma morphine AUC values were very low after both routes of administration, suggesting less O-demethylation of codeine in these than in the remaining 17 subjects. The observation of higher morphine AUC values after oral codeine, coupled with clinical reports of greater analgesic potency with intramuscular codeine, does not support the hypothesis that the analgesic properties of this drug are mediated entirely by biotransformation to morphine. PMID- 7094510 TI - Plasma binding variations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. AB - The importance of variation in plasma binding in the uncertain correlation between total plasma concentration and the antidepressive effect of amitriptyline (AT) and its active metabolite nortriptyline (NT) was examined. Plasma binding of AT and NT in 131 plasma samples from 87 patients was analyzed by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees for 3 hr. There was a twofold variation in percent unbound AT and NT (range 3.5% to 8.6% and 5.4% to 11.3%) and there was no correlation between percent and unbound drug and total drug concentration (range 54 to 6910 nmol/l and 77 to 3420 nmol/l for AT ant NT). The correlation coefficient relating unbound drug concentration of AT and NT to total concentration in plasma was 0.99 for the whole group and 0.16 for the NT therapy control patients, with total plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range. At therapeutic concentration AT was 66.6% and 63.5% bound to purified isolated orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) and albumin, at physiologic concentrations. The binding to isolated lipoproteins was not examined, but no correlation was found between percent unbound AT and NT and plasma concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, or orosomucoid. PMID- 7094511 TI - Hemodynamic effects of the antiarrhythmic drug pirmenol. AB - We examined the hemodynamic effects of pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic drug, for the first time in man. Right and left heart pressures, Fick cardiac output, and radionuclide ejection fraction were measured before and during infusion of pirmenol in 10 patients with coronary artery disease who were undergoing routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Pirmenol was given as a 50-mg IV injection over 2 min followed by a constant infusion of 2.5 mg/min for up to 36 min. Plasma pirmenol levels were within or near the previously determined therapeutic range in all patients. There were no significant changes in systolic blood pressure or cardiac output. Diastolic blood pressure rose from a mean (+/- SD) 78 +/- 7 during the control period to 82 +/- 6 during the infusion, heart rate rose from 66 +/- 6 during the control period to 75 +/- 7 during infusion and ejection fraction fell from 60 +/- 8 during control to 55 +/- 12 during infusion. Although the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose from 6 +/- 2 during control to 8 +/- 3 during the infusion, the left ventricular stroke work index fell and the left ventricular work index per minute did not change. The fall in ejection fraction did not correlate with the control ejection fraction, plasma pirmenol levels, or the change in heart rate. The decline in ejection fraction and the failure of the left ventricular work index per minute to rise despite a small rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure may indicate a potential myocardial depressant effect of pirmenol. PMID- 7094512 TI - Influence of sex and oral contraceptive steroids on antipyrine metabolite formation. AB - Our study was undertaken to determine the influence of sex and the use of oral contraceptive steroids on antipyrine clearance and metabolite formation. Our subjects were eight men (M), eight women (F), and eight women who had been using oral contraceptive steroids (OC) for at least 6 mo; all were healthy. The groups were matched for age and smoking and drinking habits. Antipyrine elimination half life (t1/2) was longer in the OC than in the F group (12.9 +/- 2.0 and 9.7 +/- 1.7 hr) and clearance was lower (2.0 +/- 0.1 and 2.8 +/- 0.5 l/hr), while volume of distribution (Vd) was essentially the same (37.1 +/- 5.7 and 38.5 +/- 4.6 l). The M group had longer t1/2s than the F (11.8 +/- 1.2 and 9.7 +/- 1.7 hr) and greater Vds (47.1 +/- 5.4 and 38.5 +/- 4.6 l), but clearance values were the same (2.8 +/- 0.5 and 2.8 +/- 0.5 l/hr) in the two groups. Compared to the F, the three metabolic pathways of antipyrine appeared to be inhibited in the OC group. Partial clearances for production for the F and OC groups were (l/hr); norantipyrine (NORA) 0.70 +/- 0.13 and 0.42 +/- 0.12, 4-hydroxyantipyrine (OHA) 1.19 +/- 0.37 and 0.83 +/- 0.25, and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA) 0.45 +/- 0.10 and 0.33 +/- 0.09. Partial clearance for production in the F group was higher than in the M for OHA (1.19 +/- 0.37 and 0.78 +/- 0.15 l/hr) and NORA (0.07 +/- 0.13 and 0.56 +/- 0.13 l/hr), but not for HMA (0.45 +/- 0.10 and 0.40 +/- 0.05 l/hr). In the F group, total metabolite recovery was higher than the M. We conclude that sex and OC steroids have differential effect on the several metabolic pathways of antipyrine. PMID- 7094513 TI - Kinetics of osmotically controlled indomethacin delivery systems after repeated dosing. AB - Two osmotically driven, controlled-release dosage forms of indomethacin were evaluated in a multiple-dose crossover study in 12 healthy subjects. Following equivalent daily doses, less frequent dosing of both controlled-release forms resulted in plasma concentration profiles that are more uniform than those following capsule regimens. After the first day, morning predose plasma levels wer significantly higher for the controlled-release treatments. Renal clearances were similar between days and among treatments. Total urinary recoveries were comparable for all regimens. PMID- 7094514 TI - Symposium on one-stage reconstructions. PMID- 7094515 TI - Reconstruction of the vagina with sensory function. PMID- 7094516 TI - Anal reconstruction by a modified Pickrell procedure. PMID- 7094518 TI - Corrective treatment of the Mandarin bound foot. PMID- 7094517 TI - The longitudinal cross-leg flap. PMID- 7094519 TI - The forearm flap. PMID- 7094521 TI - Symposium on one-stage reconstructions. Preface. PMID- 7094520 TI - The upper arm free flap. PMID- 7094522 TI - One-stage reconstruction of the nose. The island frontal flap and the "conjoined" frontal flap. PMID- 7094523 TI - Treatment of blepharoptosis. Direct transplantation of the frontalis muscle to the upper eyelid. PMID- 7094524 TI - Reconstruction of the external ear. PMID- 7094525 TI - Repair of unilateral cleft lip with the "inverted Tennison method". PMID- 7094526 TI - Repair of the unilateral congenital cleft palate. PMID- 7094527 TI - The "uplift operation" for repair of cleft palate. PMID- 7094528 TI - Reconstruction of the cheek and lips. PMID- 7094529 TI - Repair of large mandibular defects with vascularized rib grafts. PMID- 7094530 TI - Experiences with the Krukenberg plastic operation. PMID- 7094531 TI - Breast reconstruction without a silicone implant. PMID- 7094532 TI - Hypospadias repair. PMID- 7094533 TI - Total reconstruction of the male genitalia. PMID- 7094534 TI - Effects of serum from patients with fulminant hepatic failure on leucocyte sodium transport. AB - 1. Serum from patients with fulminant hepatic failure inhibits the ouabain sensitive sodium efflux in leucocytes. A 1 : 100 dilution of the serum was necessary before the inhibition became undetectable. 2. Dialysates of the serum through cuprophane in vitro and polyacrylonitrile haemodialysis in vivo were inhibitory in small amounts. 3. Ultrafiltrates ( less than 10 000 daltons) of serum were chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 and the elution profile obtained from patients with fulminant hepatic failure was both qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of normal controls. Material from peaks 3, 4, 5 and 7 in patients with fulminant hepatic failure inhibited leucocyte sodium transport. 4. dialysate from haemodialysis with the polyacrylonitrile membrane contained most peaks, particularly peaks 4 and 5. Adsorption of serum with polymer coated charcoal in vitro largely removed peaks 5-8. PMID- 7094535 TI - Determination of true specific activity of superoxide dismutase in human erythrocytes. AB - 1. Activities, contents and true specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in human erythrocytes of 105 normal healthy subjects. 2. The mean SOD activity assayed by the inhibition of xanthine autoxidation was 11.0 x 103 units/g of haemoglobin (Hb). 3. The mean SOD content assayed by an immunochemical method was 456 micrograms/g of Hb. 4. Both activity and content of SOD showed normal distributions, and no significant variations with regard to sex and age were detected. 5. A highly positive correlation between activities and contents of SOD was observed in normal healthy subjects (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001). 6. True specific activity was calculated from levels of activity and content of SOD. The mean true specific activity of SOD in human erythrocytes was 23.7 units/micrograms of SOD. 7. There was no significant difference in true specific activity between young and old subjects. PMID- 7094536 TI - Exchangeable sodium in rats with Goldblatt two-kidney one-clip hypertension. AB - 1. Exchangeable sodium (NaE) was measured serially in rats given a sodium-free diet to eat with sodium chloride solution (85 mmol/l) containing 22Na to drink. 2. After 15 days, nine rats had a left renal artery clip applied; nine had a sham operation. 3. There was no significant difference in NaE between the two groups during the 6 week period after clipping, at the end of which blood pressure was 189 +/- 8 mmHg (mean +/- SEM) in the clipped group and 150 +/- 2 mmHg in the sham operated group (P less than 0.001). 4. When the clips were removed blood pressure in the hypertensive group fell to 144 +/- 4 mmHg. 5. On the first day after removal of the clip NaE was significantly lower in the clipped group than in the sham-operated group, but there were no significant differences thereafter. 6. Total body sodium (TBNa), measured at death, was consistently higher than NaE by a mean of 1.25 +/- 0.08 mmol, in hypertensive and control rats alike. 7. We conclude that changes in sodium balance are not a necessary accompaniment of of the development of hypertension in this two-kidney one-clip rat model. PMID- 7094537 TI - Ca2+ binding and membrane fluidity in essential and renal hypertension. AB - 1. Ca2+ -binding ability and membrane structure of red blood cells of patients with essential and renal hypertension were studied. 2. Ca2+ -binding ability of the erythrocyte membrane of patients with essential hypertension was found to be reduced by 30% compared with that of normotensive controls. 3. The rate of lateral diffusion of pyrene in the erythrocyte membrane of patients with essential hypertension was reduced both in the lipid bilayer and in the region of annular lipid compared with that of normotensive patients. 4. There are no differences either in Ca2+ -binding ability or in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane of patients with chronic renal hypertension compared with that of normotensive individuals. PMID- 7094538 TI - Defective reflex control of heart rate in dialysis patients: evidence for an afferent autonomic lesion. AB - 1. To localize the site of autonomic abnormality in patients undergoing haemodialysis, tests of overall autonomic function based on either changes in blood pressure (posture, sustained handgrip) or heart rate (Valsalva manoeuvre, 30 : 15 ratio, deep breathing test) were used. Integrity of the sympathetic efferent arc was examined by using the cold pressor test and the parasympathetic efferent arc by the atropine test. Eighteen patients and 12 control subjects were studied. 2. Changes in blood pressure in standing, sustained handgrip and in the cold pressor test were the same in the two groups. 3. In contrast, 11 patients had abnormal results in at least two of the three heart-rate-based tests. 4. Three of the 11 dialysis patients with evidence of autonomic involvement showed abnormal responses to atropine, indicating an efferent parasympathetic lesion, whereas the majority had a normal response to the atropine test, suggesting an afferent lesion only. 5. Evidence of autonomic involvement was not associated with hypertension nor confined to patients with dialysis hypotension. PMID- 7094539 TI - Metabolic response in different muscle types to reduced blood flow during exercise in perfused rat hindlimb. AB - 1. In peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg blood flow during exercise is reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic response in different muscle types during exercise at reduced versus normal exercise blood flow. 2. A modified rat hindlimb perfusion model was used. Muscle metabolites and distribution of labelled microspheres were analysed in the soleus and the gastrocnemius muscles during exercise induced by sciatic nerve stimulation. 3. Blood flow distribution between the soleus and the gastrocnemius muscles (per unit weight) was 1.7:1 at rest, and this ratio did not change significantly during exercise at reduced flow. 4. There was a more pronounced decrease in the [phosphocreatine], the [glycogen] and the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio as well as a more pronounced increase in the [lactate] and the [lactate]/[Pyruvate] ratio in the gastrocnemius muscle during exercise at reduced blood flow as compared with values obtained at normal exercise flow. In the soleus muscle the difference between the two conditions was confined to an increased [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio. 5. The results show that a muscle composed mainly of fast-twitch fibres with a high glycolytic and low oxidative capacity is much more susceptible to a reduced exercise flow than a muscle composed of slow-twitch, oxidative fibres. It is suggested that claudicating pain is related to these metabolic changes and it is concluded that pain most probably originates in type II fibers. PMID- 7094540 TI - Studies on aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II during clinical variations in calcium metabolism in normal man. AB - 1. Angiotensin II was infused at stepwise increasing dose rates (2, 4 and 10 pmol min-1 kg-1) in 12 normal subjects. Infusions were performed in the presence of normocalcaemia, mild hypercalcemia induced by concomitant calcium gluconate infusion, and after 2 weeks of treatment with nifedipine. 2. Pre-infusion plasma levels of angiotensin II, renin or aldosterone were not altered by acute mild hypercalcaemia or administration of nifedipine. The angiotensin II-induced increases in plasma aldosterone were also similar under the three study conditions. 3. Variations in calcium metabolism occurring under clinical conditions appear to play a minor role in modulating the angiotensin II-dependent pathway of aldosterone regulation in normal man. PMID- 7094541 TI - Study on chiropractic practice. Committee on Alternative Health Care Ideologies. PMID- 7094542 TI - The emerging alternatives to nursing homes. PMID- 7094543 TI - [Corticoid interaction]. PMID- 7094544 TI - [Multicenter research on the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of an antibacterial drug. Results of 1063 cases]. PMID- 7094545 TI - [Clinical study of difenpiramide in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory arthropathies]. PMID- 7094547 TI - [Multicentric study of the effectiveness of bromopride in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: comparison with metoclopramide and placebo]. PMID- 7094546 TI - [Topical therapy of musculo-articular diseases with a drug combination]. PMID- 7094548 TI - [Therapy of brucellosis today]. PMID- 7094549 TI - [Clinical experience with a natural high-titer cortical extract in the field of pneumonology]. PMID- 7094550 TI - [Clinical evaluation of antihypertensive treatment with alpha-methyldopa in patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7094551 TI - [Treatment of acid-base imbalance in acute post-traumatic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 7094553 TI - Symposium on recent advances in lung cancer. PMID- 7094552 TI - [Prazosin: clinical use in the treatment of arterial hypertension and cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 7094554 TI - The Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasms Research Project. PMID- 7094555 TI - Lung cancer staging. A critical evaluation. PMID- 7094557 TI - Pulmonary nodules: solitary and multiple. PMID- 7094556 TI - The role of mediastinoscopy and mediastinotomy in lung cancer. AB - Mediastinoscopy and mediastinotomy have a major role in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. In some instances, they lead to a histologic diagnosis of a tumor of unknown cell type seen by chest roentgenogram, when other diagnostic methods have failed to do so. By far the most important role of these procedures is to stage the mediastinum for better selection of patients for surgery. Thoracotomy has a low morbidity and mortality; nevertheless, it is a formidable operation. If thoracotomy is used indiscriminately in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma who are referred for surgical treatment, many of these patients "lose, just through the operation, one or two of the best months they have left to live." In the five categories of patients described, mediastinoscopy and mediastinotomy are the most effective and economic methods for predicting who will benefit from thoracotomy and resection. PMID- 7094558 TI - Penetrating wounds of the abdomen. PMID- 7094559 TI - Initial treatment of chemical skin and eye burns. PMID- 7094561 TI - The hyperkinetic child: current status. PMID- 7094560 TI - Drug therapy in renal failure. PMID- 7094562 TI - Aluminum as a cause of senile dementia. PMID- 7094563 TI - The surgical treatment of gunshot wounds to peripheral arteries. PMID- 7094564 TI - Beneficial aspects of computer-controlled blood replacement in cardiac surgical patients. PMID- 7094565 TI - Penetrating wounds to the chest and abdomen. PMID- 7094566 TI - A new self-anchoring endocardial electrode. PMID- 7094567 TI - Platelet preservation with adenosine during in vitro cardiopulmonary bypass simulation. PMID- 7094568 TI - Contact urticaria artefacta (witchcraft-syndrome). PMID- 7094569 TI - Concomitant sensitization to hydroquinone and P-methyoxyphenol in the guinea pig; inhibitors in acrylic monomers. AB - Concomitant sensitization to hydroquinone and p-methoxyphenol occurred in sensitization experiments with acrylic monomers in guinea pigs. No relation between the concentration of the inhibitor in the monomers and the incidence of these concomitant sensitizations could be detected. Concomitant sensitization did not influence the cross reaction pattern of the acrylic monomers. The sensitizing potential of acrylic monomers is not influenced by the inhibitors, but some acrylic monomers seem to interfere with the sensitizing potential of the inhibitors. PMID- 7094570 TI - The Scandinavian standard photopatch test procedure. AB - Recognizing the growing need for international standardization of photopatch testing techniques, a standard procedure has been used by Scandinavian dermatological clinics since January 1980. The set-up includes a standardized patient examination scheme, including phototest evaluation of the patient's UVA- and UVB-sensitivity, a standard photopatch tray containing 19 substances, and uniform techniques and criteria for the application and evaluation of the tests. Although modifications may be necessary in the future, preliminary experience with the Scandinavian photopatch set-up has been encouraging, and several positive reactions to most of the substances used have been recorded in the first 350 patients tested. PMID- 7094571 TI - Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens. PMID- 7094572 TI - Propylene glycol: irritation or sensitization? AB - Irritation and sensitization patch test studies were conducted using propylene glycol in an attempt to ascertain the nature of the cutaneous response to this commonly employed topical excipient. A total of 10 and 203 subjects completed standard irritation and sensitization protocols, respectively. A provocative use test was conducted on subjects reacting to propylene glycol. Results indicate that propylene glycol is at least a minimal irritant. Fleeting evidence suggestive of sensitization was observed during patch testing but was not substantiated upon provocative use testing. Interpretation of these results is presented; however, the nature of the cutaneous response to propylene glycol remains obscure. PMID- 7094574 TI - An anatomo-clinical study of delayed skin allergic reactions to nickel following intradermal injections of lidocaine with a Dermo-jet. AB - 10 women allergic to nickel developed skin reactions at injection sites with a Dermo-Jet (Krantz model) of (a) 2% lidocaine solution and (b) 0.9% saline solution. 10 women (age-matched) not allergic to nickel were selected as controls and submitted to the same injections; they had no positive reactions. Various controls (including injections with a needle and patch tests) were made in both groups. Nickel was leached into fluids from the metallic internal parts of the Dermo-Jet. The positive reactions were allergic and due to nickel. Histology showed changes of an allergic contact dermatitis with particular features, probably due to the intradermal injection of nickel. Some practical implications regarding the quality of medical instruments are discussed. PMID- 7094573 TI - Acute photosensitivity from the sunscreen 2-ethoxyethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. PMID- 7094576 TI - Flare-up of DNCB test induced by lepra reaction. PMID- 7094575 TI - D & C Yellow Nos. 10 and 11: delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. AB - D & C Yellow No. 11 was found to be a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs at an elicitation concentration of 10.0% in ethanol but not at 1.0 and 3.0%. Sensitization was induced with a 50% suspension in ethanol. D & C Yellow No. 10, the disodium salt of the mono- and disulfonic acids of D & C Yellow No. 11, was not a skin sensitizer nor was it capable of eliciting a response in the D & C Yellow No. 11-sensitized guinea pigs even at a challenge concentration of 10%. Two commercial products, a soap containing 0.015% D & C Yellow No. 11 and a shampoo containing 0.002% D & C Yellow No. 10 did not elicit a reaction in the D & C Yellow No. 11-sensitized guinea pigs. PMID- 7094577 TI - Unusual response to DNCB contact sensitivity in an atopic patient with alopecia areata. PMID- 7094578 TI - Contact allergy to styrene with cross reaction to vinyltoluene. PMID- 7094580 TI - Abbreviations for names of plastics. PMID- 7094579 TI - Nickel sensitization from ear piercing. PMID- 7094581 TI - "Nickel itch" from a blow-dry hair brush. PMID- 7094582 TI - Dry feet syndrome or juvenile plantar dermatosis. PMID- 7094583 TI - Dermatitis from an azo-dye in industrial leather protective shoes. PMID- 7094584 TI - Cardiac arrest during exercise training after myocardial infarction. PMID- 7094585 TI - Achalasia following esophageal surgery. PMID- 7094586 TI - Fatal splenic rupture associated with histiocytic medullary reticulosis. PMID- 7094587 TI - Tuberculous Addison's disease complicating dialysis. PMID- 7094590 TI - Rape, counseling and confidentiality. PMID- 7094588 TI - Uniform determination of Death Act. PMID- 7094589 TI - Terminology in insurance company communications. PMID- 7094591 TI - The usefulness of multipoles in electrocardiography. PMID- 7094592 TI - Models of ventricular contraction based on time-varying elastance. PMID- 7094593 TI - Principles and methods of clinical urodynamic investigations. PMID- 7094594 TI - Evaluating outcome from intensive care: a preliminary multihospital comparison. AB - To contrast mortality for groups of ICU patients treated in different hospitals, we surveyed 795 consecutive ICU admissions in 5 ICUs using a general severity of illness classification system. After obtaining information from the medical record on age, sex, indication for ICU admission, and severity of illness, we used a logistic multiple regression equation to project death rates for each ICU based on data from a sixth reference hospital. There were substantial differences in severity of acute illness among the hospitals which accounted for most of the variation in death rates. In all ICUs, however, projected death rates were quite similar to observed deaths. These findings suggest that the use of a general severity of illness index and multivariate statistical techniques could, after further refinement and validation, improve interhospital comparisons of the outcome of acutely ill patients. PMID- 7094595 TI - Assessment of pediatric intensive care--application of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System. AB - There are few reports analyzing the results of intensive care for children. We evaluated quantitatively the amount of care required in our multidisciplinary pediatric ICU using the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) and assessed qualitatively the severity of illness using the Clinical Classification System (CCS). Over a 6-month period, there were 323 patients (99 CCS Class II, 83 Class III, 141 Class IV) whose overall mortality at 1-month follow-up was 10% (Class II, 0%; Class III 2%; Class IV, 23%). A strong association was obtained between CCS and TISS admission scores (Class II-TISS, 11 +/- 0.6; Class III-TISS, 20 +/- 0.8; Class IV-TISS, 38 +/- 1.0). Class IV patients had a highly significant difference between survivors (S) and nonsurvivors (NS) for admission TISS (S = 36, NS = 47, p less than 0.001) and highest TISS (S = 38, NS = 54, p less than 0.001), as well as slopes of the regression of TISS points versus days of care (S = -4.2 vs. NS = +2.3). The mortality of our Class IV patients was lower than a comparable adult population with similar TISS scores; however, the TISS regression slopes for Class IV patients were similar. We conclude that CCS and TISS are both useful for describing the pediatric intensive care patient population. TISS is particularly helpful in assessing the amount of care received as well as providing a means of evaluating severity of illness. PMID- 7094596 TI - CPR with simultaneous compression and ventilation at high airway pressure in 4 animal models. AB - CPR with simultaneous chest compression and ventilation at high airway pressure (SCV-CPR) improves blood flow in some studies but not in others, perhaps because of differences in the animal models employed. To resolve such discrepancies, we compared SCV-CPR to standard CPR in 4 mechanically different canine models, using both small and large dogs and small and large compression pads. The 4 groups were: large dogs receiving chest compression through a large pad (model A), large dogs receiving chest compression through a small pad (model B), small dogs receiving chest compression through a large pad (model C), and small dogs receiving chest compression through a small pad (model D). Cardiac output (CO) during CPR was determined by a specially modified indicator dilution method. Models A, B, and C all had similar mean COs of 14 ml/min . kg body weight during standard CPR, and 27 ml/min . kg during SCV-CPR. However, in model D, there was no significant difference during standard vs. SCV-CPR, and the mean output was 33 ml/min . kg. We conclude that in models A, B, and C, little direct heart compression occurred and the higher intrathoracic pressure pulses produced by SCV CPR improved blood flow. However it seems likely that there was effective cardiac compression in model D. In the absence of direct cardiac compression, SCV-CPR provides an alternative means of generating satisfactory flow in a mechanically appropriate animal model. PMID- 7094597 TI - Failure of one method of simultaneous chest compression, ventilation, and abdominal binding during CPR. AB - Some modified methods of CPR improve carotid blood flow, but there are no studies to show that these modified techniques improve survival, Accordingly, an experimental CPR technique using simultaneous chest compression, ventilation (SCV CPR), and abdominal binding was compared to standard CPR in beagle dogs. The modified technique utilized a broad-based bellows device that was mechanically compressed, producing chest compression, delivering a volume of air to the endotracheal tube, and pressurizing an abdominal binder. The duration of ventricular fibrillation and CPR was 5 min. Five of the 6 dogs could be resuscitated with standard CPR. None of 6 dogs could be resuscitated using this modified method of SCV-CPR and abdominal binding. The aortic diastolic pressure and the diastolic gradient between the aorta and right atrium was significantly different between the 2 groups. Because these pressures relate to the coronary perfusion pressure, they may explain the discrepancy in the survival rate. This study suggests increasing carotid blood flow during CPR will not necessarily improve survival. PMID- 7094598 TI - Effects of conventional and high frequency jet ventilation on lung parenchyma. AB - Despite the increasing acceptance of high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), very little work has been done to determine if lung damage results from its use. We performed an experimental study to compare the effects of conventional ventilation with those of HFJV on the lung parenchyma of anesthetized dogs. Thirteen animals were studied for periods ranging from 2-24 h. Using a double lumen Carlen's endotracheal tube, each animals's lungs were ventilated simultaneously but independently, one with conventional ventilation, the other with HFJV. No gross or microscopic evidence of atelectasis or barotrauma was noted in either group. Less hyperaeration was seen in the majority of jet ventilated lungs compared to the conventionally ventilated. In no case did the jet ventilated side show more damage than the control. We concluded that it is possible to use HFJV for 24 h without apparent parenchymal lung damage. Reduced hyperaeration is identified as a possible advantage of HFJV over conventional methods. PMID- 7094599 TI - Measurement of esophageal pressure in newborn infants using an esophageal balloon gastric catheter. AB - This report describes a new standard technique for the measurement of esophageal pressure (Pes) in mechanically ventilated neonates. A neonatal esophageal balloon was positioned in the distal esophagus and inflated with a volume of air determined by static pressure volume curves. Different waveforms demonstrating cardiac contractions, mechanical inspiration, spontaneous breathing, and myoclonic jerks were observed. Measurements made in the supine position were higher than those made in either the right or left lateral position (p less than 0.005). Pes measurements increased notably with barotrauma (p less than 0.025). PMID- 7094600 TI - An evaluation of incentive spirometry in the management of pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery in a pediatric population. AB - Changes in pulmonary function and the development of atelectasis in the postoperative period have been well documented in the adult population. The use of incentive spirometry has been shown to be effective in the prevention of these postoperative complications. At the Hospital of Sick Children, we studied 17 children (8 control and 9 study) to determine if the same trends occurred. Baseline and follow-up roentgenograms and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were documented for both groups. In addition, the study group followed the protocol for incentive spirometry. There was significantly less atelectasis in the study group (33%) than in the control group (88%). There was a significant loss of pulmonary function postoperatively in both groups. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups either in the degree of pulmonary function loss postoperatively or in the recovery baseline pulmonary function to discharge. We conclude that incentive spirometry is as effective in reducing the incidence of atelectasis in children undergoing cardiac surgery as in adults. PMID- 7094601 TI - Oxygen wash-in method for monitoring functional residual capacity. AB - Atelectasis, pulmonary edema, fibrosis, pneumothorax, and mucous plug airway obstruction all result in reduced lung volume. The oxygen (O2) wash-in method provides a way to monitor routinely the functional residual capacity (FRC) in the ICU without disconnecting the patient from the ventilator and without additional personnel or instrumentation. This method is a modification of an open-circuit nitrogen (N2) wash-out procedure and requires a computer-based respiratory monitoring system with a fast response O2 analyzer and respiratory flowmeter. FRC is computed after a 20% or greater change in the ventilator FIO2 setting. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method were evaluated using artificial lungs, normal subjects, and postcardiac surgery patients. FRC estimates by O2 wash-in and helium dilution were highly correlated, with r = 0.97 and a regression slope and zero intercept of 1.06 and -0.13, respectively. The FRC difference between 23 repeated trials in 18 postcardiac surgery patients was 70 +/- 160 ml (mean +/- SD). PMID- 7094602 TI - Bronchofiberscopic placement of a double-lumen endotracheal tube. PMID- 7094604 TI - Measurement of patient illness severity. PMID- 7094605 TI - Pulmonary vascular resistance in acute respiratory failure. PMID- 7094603 TI - Prolonged toxicity of organophosphate poisoning. AB - A case of poisoning with a new organophosphate (fenthion) is reported in which the initial cholinergic crisis was delayed 5 days and recurred 24 days after ingestion. Psychosis was a persistent and sometimes singular manifestation. Because of the high lipid solubility of this pesticide, toxin analysis of repeated fat biopsies was an essential component of the management of this patient. PMID- 7094606 TI - Modification of the infant Laerdal resuscitation bag to monitor airway pressure. PMID- 7094607 TI - Computed tomography of orbital trauma. AB - Ten cases of trauma to the orbit and orbital region are presented to illustrate the efficacy of computed tomography in the radiologic evaluation of these injuries. CT was able to detect subarachnoid hemorrhage, retrobulbar hematoma, orbital cellulitis, foreign bodies, intraglobal and intraorbital air, dislocated lens, blowout, and tripod fractures in these patients. PMID- 7094608 TI - CT findings in chronic post-thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava. AB - Four patients suffering from chronic post-thrombotic inferior vena caval obstruction were examined by CT scan. The CT appearance of the various venous collateral channels is presented. Other findings observed were bulky seminal vesicles and bilateral compressed bladder. Two unique findings for this entity were observed: 1) the disappearance of the long-since thrombosed IVC, or as we refer to it, the "lonely aorta" sign; and 2) absence of the posterior low-density area of the liver on the unenhanced cuts, representing the hepatic segment of the IVC. This noninvasive method facilitates differentiation among chronic post thrombotic occlusion of the IVC, acute thrombosis, tumor thrombosis, and occlusion by tumor compression. PMID- 7094609 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of a false left ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 7094610 TI - The computed tomographic appearance of colloid cysts. AB - Three cases of colloid cysts are described, each having a different density. The relative frequency of occurrence of low-density colloid cysts is discussed. The correlation between the CT appearance and the composition of the cyst contents is discussed. PMID- 7094611 TI - CT appearance of adrenal myelolipoma. PMID- 7094612 TI - CT appearance of intracranial hemangiopericytoma. PMID- 7094613 TI - Calcifications of cerebral medullary veins associated with carotid-jugular fistula. AB - Unusual calcification of the cerebral medullary veins is noted in a 34-year-old mentally retarded female who had a right carotid-jugular anastomosis 30 years earlier. The patient was hospitalized because of a right neck mass, proptosis, and the recent onset of left flaccid hemiplegia. Arch aortography and CT of the head and neck were performed. Surgery to oblate the fistula provided dramatic relief of venous engorgement in the orbits and face. The finding of medullary vein calcification is emphasized because it is a hitherto unreported entity. PMID- 7094615 TI - CT, including sagittal and coronal reconstruction, in the evaluation of pancoast tumors. AB - Seventeen patients with histologically proved bronchogenic carcinoma involving the superior pulmonary sulcus (Pancoast tumors) were evaluated by computed tomography (CT), including sagittal and coronal image reconstruction. Compared to conventional radiography, axial transverse CT images provided, in all cases, additional information regarding local tumor extension and metastatic spread. Mediastinal involvement either by lymphangitic spread or direct tumor extension was present in 11 cases. In 4 patients plain films clearly showed mediastinal disease; however, CT more clearly delineated overall tumor extent, thus facilitating improved therapy planning. In a further 4 cases CT showed mediastinal involvement after plain films had been read as normal, and in an additional 3 instances metastatic involvement was either greatly underestimated (2 patients) or overestimated (1 patient) on the plain films. Reconstructed images in sagittal and coronal planes lacked detail but facilitated a three dimensional concept of tumor extent and relationship of tumor to adjacent structures, particularly major blood vessels. PMID- 7094616 TI - Basal ganglia calcification in the neonate. AB - Calcification of the basal ganglia developed following intracranial hemorrhage in a neonate recovering from severe perinatal asphyxia. Cranial computed tomography is useful in demonstrating the anatomic distribution of dystrophic calcification in regions previously involved by hemorrhage. The demonstration of hemorrhage or hemorrhagic infarction with CT may help to verify the association of basal ganglia calcification with birth anoxia. PMID- 7094617 TI - CT demonstration of cervical spinal cord compression--cause of reversible itching and burning in the lower extremities. AB - Cervical spinal cord compression is easily and accurately demonstrated by CT. Isolated atypical sensory symptoms in the saddle area and lower extremities may be the earliest and only manifestations of cervical spinal cord compression from cervical spondylosis. A case is presented manifesting such symptoms, which were reversed completely by surgical decompression of the cervical spine. PMID- 7094614 TI - CT-guided biopsy: a simplified approach. AB - A technique of CT-assisted biopsy using the grid reference system and light lasers is described. Ten lung and 13 abdominal biopsies were performed. Advantages of the method include simplicity, speed, and reproducibility. The advantages of CT thoracic biopsy over conventional fluoroscopy are discussed. PMID- 7094618 TI - The Carman-Kirklin ulcer revisited: computed tomographic correlation. AB - A patient with ulcerating gastric adenocarcinoma presented with the classic features of a Carman-Kirklin meniscus sign on an upper GI series. Clinical staging with computed tomography (CT) provided an opportunity to examine the anatomic appearance of this often confusing finding. PMID- 7094620 TI - Evaluation of the fetus during labor. PMID- 7094619 TI - Diseases of paranasal sinuses in children. PMID- 7094622 TI - Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery: an appeal for more standardized reports. PMID- 7094621 TI - Reye's syndrome. PMID- 7094623 TI - A comparative analysis of the mesocaval H graft versus the distal splenorenal shunt. PMID- 7094624 TI - The role of cytologic studies in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 7094625 TI - Intra-abdominal sepsis and perfluorocarbons: mechanism of protection. PMID- 7094627 TI - Ataxia telangiectasia and immotile cilia syndrome: what do these disorders have in common? PMID- 7094626 TI - A noninvasive scintigraphic method for assessing the patency of portasystemic shunts. PMID- 7094628 TI - Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa of the ears. PMID- 7094629 TI - Porokeratosis associated with basal cell carcinoma. PMID- 7094630 TI - Primary endophytic nodular basal cell carcinoma. PMID- 7094631 TI - An unusual case of chancroid. PMID- 7094632 TI - Recurrent herpes simplex sciatica and its treatment with amantadine hydrochloride. AB - Seven patients with recurrent herpes simplex and sciatic neuralgia are presented. All were premenopausal women, and six had premenstrual onset. Amantadine hydrochloride taken at the first sign and symptoms of herpes simplex vesiculation prevented or aborted neuralgia in the six patients given this medication. Recognition of the herpes simplex sciatica syndrome is important because the signs and symptoms associated with this condition may lead to unnecessary myelography. Herpes simplex radiculitis, including herpes simplex sciatica, may occur more frequently than recognized. PMID- 7094633 TI - Allergic reaction to tertiary butyl alcohol in a sunscreen. PMID- 7094634 TI - Hot nail factitial dermatitis. PMID- 7094635 TI - Hypereosinophilic syndrome. PMID- 7094636 TI - Power and time factors in electrocautery and diathermy. PMID- 7094637 TI - The use of 0.1 percent halcinonide cream in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 7094638 TI - Some observations on nucleolar heterochromatin labeling with H3-thymidine. PMID- 7094639 TI - Crystalline inclusions within rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space of human lymphocytes. PMID- 7094640 TI - Tuberculosis in refugees from Southeast Asia. PMID- 7094641 TI - Assessment of density dependent flow-volume parameters in nonsmokers and smokers. Measurement with spirometry, body plethysmography and respiratory inductive plethysmography. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to assess the density-dependent flow-volume components of the forced vital capacity using simultaneous spirometry, respiratory inductive plethysmography, and body plethysmography in the detection of small airway disease. The forced vital capacity was measured during air, helium-oxygen and sulfur-hexafluoride breathing to provide a range of gas density influences. Combining flow measured at the mouth with volume referenced to change in alveolar gas volume as measured by body or respiratory inductive plethysmography during helium-oxygen breathing accentuated the differences between nonsmokers and smokers because of the variable degree of alveolar gas compression occurring over the second half of FVC. The volume of isoflow obtained when comparing the helium and oxygen mixture to air also effectively separated nonsmokers from smokers. The utilization of the high density gas mixture, sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen during the FVC maneuver did not provide useful diagnostic information. Therefore, density-dependent flow-volume information using helium as a test gas alone or compared to air with a variety of analyses is a good approach to detection of early lung disease in smokers. PMID- 7094642 TI - Histamine blocking agents in healthy and asthmatic subjects. AB - We compared the effects of two histamine receptor blocking agents, chlorpheniramine (H1) and cimetidine (H2) on the airways of healthy and asthmatic subjects. Eleven healthy subjects and ten asthmatic patients underwent histamine aerosol challenge. A threshold dose (T) for response to histamine was determined for each subject using maximal expiratory flow rates on partial expiratory flow rates on partial expiratory flow volume curves (MEF40 %[P]). On subsequent study days, the subjects were pre-treated with 8 mg of chlorpheniramine, 300 mg of cimetidine or a lactose placebo. Histamine challenge was performed two hours later with the individual's own T dose and doses one dilution below (T-1) and one dilution above (T+1) that dose. In both asthmatic and healthy subjects chlorpheniramine significantly reduced the bronchoconstrictor responses to histamine (p less than 0.02 and 0.05, respectively) as measured by MEF40 percent (P) at the T dose. When treated with cimetidine asthmatic patients displayed significantly more bronchospasm at T than with placebo (p less than 0.035). By contrast, pretreatment with cimetidine did not alter airway responses to histamine in healthy subjects when compared to placebo. We conclude that H2 receptors mediating bronchodilatation can be demonstrated in asthmatic patients but not in healthy subjects. PMID- 7094643 TI - Noninvasive cardiac evaluation in chronic alcoholic patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. AB - Cardiac function was evaluated by noninvasive techniques in 50 patients hospitalized during acute alcohol withdrawal treatment. All patients had ingested large amounts of alcohol for at least five years, but discontinued alcohol intake 24 to 72 hours prior to admission. There was no clinical history of heart disease in any of the patients. Our study employed 12-lead electrocardiograms (daily) and 24-hour Holter monitoring. M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals were evaluated in 24 patients. The results indicate that marked electrical irritability of a depressed myocardium during the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal indicates the need for close cardiac observation of such patients in order to avoid potential life-threatening arrhythmias. PMID- 7094644 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve calcification. Sensitivity and specificity. AB - The effectiveness of two-dimensional echocardiography in assessing mitral valve calcification was compared to radiography of the surgically excised valves in 43 patients affected by rheumatic disease of the mitral valve. Mitral valve calcification was graded as absent or present if single thin or multiple dense conglomerate echoes defined the valvular orifice in short axis view, provided the sensitivity of the instrumentation was adequately optimized. The radiograph of the excised valve was similarly graded. The interobserver reproducibility for both two-dimensional echocardiography and radiography was 100 percent. There were 14 true positives, 19 true negatives, 10 false positives and no false negatives, thus giving, for two-dimensional echocardiography, a sensitivity of 100 percent and a specificity of 65 per cent. It is concluded that two-dimensional echocardiography is an extremely sensitive method for assessing mitral valve calcification, and is prospectively useful also in planning reconstruction versus replacement in mitral valve surgery. Nevertheless, the consistent number of false positives affecting two-dimensional echocardiography represents a definite limit to the specificity of the technique. PMID- 7094645 TI - Thoracic mass lesions in immuno-incompetent patients. AB - An aggressive surgical approach was used in the diagnosis and treatment of seven immuno-incompetent patients who presented with focal thoracic mass lesions. In five of the seven patients, minor diagnostic procedures had failed to provide a diagnosis. All seven patients were subjected to exploratory thoracotomy with resection and/or drainage of the involved area. Two patients had parenchymal masses, two had lung abscesses, two had empyemas with trapped lung, and one had a bronchial fistula. An accurate diagnosis and full resolution of the intrathoracic process was obtained in all patients. There was little morbidity and no operative mortality in this series. Resection of focal thoracic lesions in immuno incompetent patients combines accurate diagnosis with precise therapy and is well tolerated in this high risk group of patients. PMID- 7094647 TI - The interstitial lung diseases. PMID- 7094646 TI - Paragonimiasis in the United States. A report of nine cases in Hmong immigrants. AB - Nine cases of paragonimiasis have been encountered in Laotian Hmong immigrants from Camp Ban Vinai in Thailand. Symptoms included cough, hemoptysis, and fever. Chest x-ray films showed segmental infiltrates and pleural effusions, often bilateral. The clinical presentation mimics tuberculosis. All Hmong patients with chronic infiltrates and pleural disease in whom tuberculosis has not been proven should have parasitologic and serologic evaluation to exclude paragonimiasis. PMID- 7094648 TI - Roentgenogram of the month. Sudden consolidation of upper lobe. PMID- 7094649 TI - Variant angina culminating in coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction. PMID- 7094651 TI - Intralobar sequestration. Demonstration of collateral ventilation by nuclear lung scan. PMID- 7094650 TI - Adverse effects of atropine on the sinus node in familial amyloid polyneuropathy. PMID- 7094652 TI - Massive hemoptysis and recurrent tricuspid infective endocarditis in a heroin addict. Successful treatment by bronchial artery embolization and valvulectomy. PMID- 7094653 TI - Endobronchial necrobiotic nodule antedating rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7094654 TI - Pulmonary, chest wall, and lung-thorax elastances in acute respiratory failure. PMID- 7094656 TI - Abstracts: XIV World Congress on Diseases of the Chest and the 48th Annual Scientific Assembly, American College of Chest Physicians. Toronto, October 10 15, 1982. PMID- 7094655 TI - Erythromycin-induced digoxin toxicity. PMID- 7094657 TI - Levels of amoxycillin in the liquor during continuous intravenous administration. PMID- 7094658 TI - Pharmacokinetics of a new, microencapsulated erythromycin base after repeated oral doses. AB - Pharmacokinetics of a new preparation of microencapsulated erythromycin base was studied in 16 healthy subjects. They received 250 mg base 6-hourly or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. The mean maximal serum peaks (+/- SD) after morning doses on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 were 1.4 +/- 0.9, 3.2 +/- 1.1, 3.6 +/- 0.6, 3.5 +/- 1.2 mg/l after the 250-mg dose and 3.2 +/- 1.5, 3.7 +/- 2.1, 3.6 +/- 1.8, and 3.0 +/- 2.0 mg/l after the 500-mg dose. The mean 24-hour urine recoveries were 1.8 and 1.2%, the serum half-lives were (days 1-7) 1.4-2.1 h and 1.9-2.8 h for the 250-mg and 500-mg doses. The mean areas under the serum concentration curves (+/- SD) were 5.8 +/- 2.2, 11.9 +/- 2.2, and 15.3 +/- 5.1 mg . h . 1(-1) after 250 mg and 14.2 +/- 4.9, 16.4 +/- 7.6, and 14.3 +/- 9.0 mg . h . 1(-1) after 500 mg on days 1, 2, and 7. The inter- and intrasubject variability was larger after the 500-mg dose. The pharmacokinetic results indicate that both dosage alternatives are suitable and result in similar steady-state peak levels, but the initial dose should be 500 mg. PMID- 7094659 TI - Penetration of alafosfalin and ampicillin into tissue cage fluid in rabbits. AB - The pharmacokinetics of alafosfalin and ampicillin were studied in rabbits. Serum concentrations were compared to levels in subcutaneous tissue fluid obtained from implanted tissue cages. The concentrations of alafosfalin exceeded those of ampicillin and the drugs were eliminated at similar rates from serum and tissue fluid. PMID- 7094661 TI - Induced resistance in leukaemia L1210 to adriamycin and its cross-resistance to vincristine and bouvardin. AB - The induction of complete resistance to adriamycin in L1210 leukemia was accomplished after 10 transplant generations. The adriamycin-resistant subline showed cross-resistance to vincristine and bouvardin. It was sensitive to methotrexate; this was observed by a 50% increase in life span compared to the life span of untreated control animals. PMID- 7094660 TI - Biliary excretion of cefaclor. Experimental and clinical study. AB - Biliary excretion of cefaclor, a new orally active cephalosporin, was studied in vitro using an isolated rabbit liver preparation perfused for 3 h (n = 5). Under these conditions, bile recovery amounted to 2.3% of the cefaclor dose added to the circulating blood (10 mg). In humans, after oral administration of a 1-gram dose of cefaclor to cholecystectomized patients provided with a T tube (n = 10), a mean biliary peak concentration of 7.6 +/- 2.4 microgram/ml was observed at the 3rd hour. Cumulative biliary excretion amounted to 0.05% of the administered dose. Assays performed on samples collected during cholecystectomy in 10 patients 1 h after intake of a 1-gram dose of cefaclor showed mean concentrations of 13.7 +- 1.2 micrograms/ml in serum, 8.1 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml in common duct bile and 5.9 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml in gallbladder bile. These results were compared with the data obtained after administration of seven other cephalosporins studied under identical conditions. PMID- 7094662 TI - A new model of experimental Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice and rats. AB - We describe a method, based on Selye's granuloma pouch, for establishing reproducible Bacteroides fragilis infections in both mice and rats starting from rather low inocula. The infected pouches resemble abscesses and phlegmons. This model is promising for studies of antibiotic therapy in that both bacterial kinetics and antibiotic levels can be followed in the exudates. PMID- 7094663 TI - Cefamandole in the treatment of soft tissue infections. AB - 27 male adult patients with acute soft tissue infections including cellulitis, abscesses, ulcers and wound infections were treated with a dose of 2-4 g/day of cefamandole nafate by the intravenous route for a minimum of 10 days. Most patients were seriously ill with underlying conditions like diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and congestive heart failure and required hospitalization and parenteral antibiotics. Gram-positive cocci (predominantly Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacilli were recovered on pretreatment cultures from 81% of the patients. Clinical and bacteriologic response was excellent. Disappearance of the signs of infection occurred by the 7th day of treatment, by day 3 of treatment fever was down to normal, and by day 5 of treatment the WBC count was below 8,000. There were very few side effects noted, and there was excellent tolerance to the intravenous drug administration. Cefamandole nafate is a safe, effective and well-tolerated agent in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections of adult patients caused by susceptible organisms. PMID- 7094664 TI - Parenteral rifampicin in tuberculous and severe non-mycobacterial infections. Clinical data on 237 patients. AB - A parenteral formulation of rifampicin (Rimactan i.v., Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) was administered to 237 critically ill or comatose patients, or patients with gastro-intestinal or absorption problems. There were 160 patients suffering from tuberculosis, 77 suffering from non-tuberculous (non-tb) infections including 30 cases of sepsis, 8 cases of bacterial meningitis and/or cerebral abscess and 9 patients with Legionnaires' disease. The usual daily dose of rifampicin was 450-600 mg, administered in most cases by i.v. bolus (122 cases) or i.v. drip infusion (79 cases) for a period of 1-113 days. Rifampicin was in all cases combined with one or more antimicrobial drug(s). The physicians considered the therapy as successful when the treatment with oral rifampicin could be instituted soon after parenteral administration or when the patients markedly improved their clinical condition. Of a total of 123 tuberculous patients for whom assessment of efficacy was possible, 100 (81.3%) showed favourable clinical results. Of 40 non-tb patients who could be analysed for clinical progress, 32 (80.0%) had a favourable outcome. Special attention should be drawn to the 11 patients with proven staphylococcal infections, of whom 10 were cured clinically and/or bacteriologically. Thrombophlebitis occurred in 10 out of the 237 (4.2%) patients, almost always in patients who were treated for more than 30 days. Systemic unwanted effects occurred in 14 (5.9%); the relationship to the treatment was not always established. Treatment was withdrawn due to unwanted effects in 5 (2.1%) of the 237 patients. Taking into account the severe, life-threatening infections reported, the results suggest that i.v. rifampicin is useful and in some critically ill patients even life-saving. Tolerability was good, even in long-term i.v. administration, although there seems to be the possibility that thrombophlebitis might develop if treatment is continued over 30 days. PMID- 7094665 TI - Report: from the Task Force on Health Enhancement of the Denver Medical Society. PMID- 7094667 TI - Combining prevention and remediation services in a church-related agency. PMID- 7094666 TI - Differences between foster care and adoption: perceptions of adopted foster children and adoptive foster parents. AB - Foster parents who were once discouraged from adopting children placed in their care are now encouraged to do so. This has changed practice in both foster care and adoption, and has blurred the distinctions between the two services. The author discusses how foster care and adoption are viewed by adoptive parents and children, and draws implications for permanency planning from their perceptions. PMID- 7094668 TI - Improving rural foster care services through cross-county cooperation. AB - Both the financial problems of social service agencies and the service needs of communities are increasing. Foster Care Services of Northeast Indiana is assisting six small rural counties with this dilemma by providing foster homes, foster home studies, foster parent education classes, and coordination of cross county child placement. PMID- 7094669 TI - Parents anonymous and the private agency: administrative cooperation. PMID- 7094670 TI - Toward reducing recidivism in foster care. PMID- 7094671 TI - Posterior fossa subdural hemorrhage in the newborn as a result of birth trauma. AB - During the past 19 years, 229 autopsies of intracranial hemmorrhages were performed at the Department of Pathology, and 23 cases of posterior fossa subdural hemorrhages were discovered (10.0%). 25 cases of posterior fossa subdural hemorrhages (2 of our own treated surgically and 23 untreated found at autopsy) are described in detail. 2 cases treated surgically responded favorably to surgical treatment. The mechanism of hemorrhage into posterior fossa subdural spaces is investigated and reconsidered following a review of the literature. The necessity for CT is emphasized for early diagnosis of posterior fossa subdural hemorrhage. PMID- 7094672 TI - Giant cerebral capillary telangiectasis in an infant. AB - The authors describe an unusual and unique case of a giant capillary telangiectasis of the right frontal lobe encountered in a 10-month-old child. The patient presented with progressive neurologic symptoms mimicking a brain tumor. The lesions was resected in toto with good clinical results. PMID- 7094673 TI - Excision, repair and corrective surgery for fronto-ethmoidal meningocoele. AB - This presentation deals with our experience of surgery on 8 patients with fronto ethmoidal meningocoele. 7 of these patients had an intracranial repair of the meningocoele, coupled with or followed by an orbital osteotomy, to correct the associated hypertelorism. We feel that an orbital osteotomy done at the time of meningocoele repair improves the results of surgery, without adding to its risk. The osteotomy practised by the authors includes resection of a central wedge of bone and a medial shift of the roof and medial wall of the orbit. PMID- 7094674 TI - Fatty acid of cerebrospinal fluid in arrested hydrocephalus. AB - The fatty acids composition of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalic patients was analyzed by gas chromatography and fatty acid content was determined using arachidic acid as an indicator. In 40 cases of congenital hydrocephalus, total fatty acid values were found to be significantly higher than normal in the preoperative period. After shunt operation, hydrocephalus came to a standstill in 6 cases. They were not dependent on the shunting system. Their quantitative fatty acid composition was maintained within normal limits after removal of the shunting system. PMID- 7094675 TI - Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. AB - 3 studies are reported which assess the nature and limits of a known bias on the part of aggressive boys to overattribute hostile intentions to peers. The first study determined that this bias is restricted to attributions of a peer's behavior toward an aggressive boy, and not to attributions of a peer's behavior toward a second peer. Biased attributions were implicated as a direct precedent to aggressive responses. The second study assessed the role of selective attention to and recall of hostile social cues in the formation of a biased attribution. It was found that selective recall of hostile cues did lead to a biased attribution, but that selective recall did not fully account for the attributional differences between aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Also, specific deficits in recall by aggressive boys were identified. The third study involved naturalistic observation of the peer-directed aggressive behaviors of boys in a controlled setting. It was found that the biased attributions of aggressive boys may have some basis in their experience, in that they were frequently the targets of peers' aggressive behavior. Their own aggressive behavior toward peers, however, occurred at a much higher rate than the rate at which they were the targets of aggression. These findings led to the formation of a social-information-processing model of aggressive behavior. PMID- 7094677 TI - Regional obstetric anesthesia and newborn behavior: a reanalysis toward synergistic effects. AB - The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was administered to 54 term, healthy infants on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10. Infants were divided into 8 groups of maternal obstetrical medication. A separate drug factor score was computed from 4 variables: time from (1) first and (2) last drug administration to delivery, (3) number of different drugs, and (4) drug administrations. In order to determine the additive effects of drug and other obstetric factors on neonatal behavior, the drug group and drug factor score plus length of labor, parity, and the ponderal index were used in a series of multiple regression analyses to predict Brazelton scale cluster scores on each day. In a second set of multiple regressions, these variables were used to predict the infant's rate of behavioral change as estimated by the slopes of the Brazelton scale cluster scores across the 7 days. The results indicated that the combined effect of the predictor variables significantly explained 10%-28% of the variance in neonatal behavior. It was hypothesized that the effects of low levels of medication are subtle but may be unmasked when medication effects are studied in combination with other factors that may potentiate drug effects. PMID- 7094679 TI - Classification in young and retarded children: the primacy of overall similarity relations. AB - Previous studies have shown that young normal children use similarity relations as a predominant basis for classification, whereas older children use dimensional relations. Experiment 1 shows that similarity relations are systematically used by normal preschoolers and by retarded preadolescents for classification. Experiment 2 suggests that their tendency to use similarity relations is not merely a matter of preference, but that these children have difficulty learning to use dimensional relations. Still, experiment 3 demonstrates that dimensional relations have some psychological reality for preschoolers and for retarded children despite the dominance of overall similarity and despite the relative inaccessibility of dimensional relations. The research affords a finer specification of the development of classification skills and highlights the relation between intelligence and psychological stimulus structure. PMID- 7094678 TI - Specific differences in motor performance between Gusii and American newborns and a modification of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. AB - Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) exams were performed on 24 Gusii (Kenya) newborns during their first 10 days of life. Their scores were compared to those of a low-risk white American sample. The Gusii showed unique motor tone requiring an expansion of the NBAS General Tone Scale. There were few significant differences between the Gusii and American samples. The Gusii scored better on motor maturity and had fewer tremors and startles. There were trends indicating better visual orienting and better habituation to light in the American sample, and better habituation to pinprick and more state changes but less irritability and better self-consoling by the Gusii sample. Both groups performed well and had relatively flat recovery curves. The results are discussed with regard to the influences of newborn behavior on caregiving activities and later development, and the genetic, intrauterine, and perinatal influences on newborn behavior. The need for culture-specific models of development is stated. PMID- 7094676 TI - The cries of infants of differing levels of perceived temperamental difficultness: acoustic properties and effects on listeners. AB - The meaning of mother perceptions of their infants' temperamental difficultness was explored in 3 ways. (1) Subjective ratings were elicited from unrelated mothers of infants (N = 45) who listened to the cries of 4-6-month-old infants perceived by their own mothers as having difficult, average, or easy temperament (N = 4 per category). Subjects rated the difficult- and average-group cries as more irritating and spoiled sounding than the easy-group cries, and more likely to be due to emotional or psychological causes. However, there were no differences in the subjects' hypothetical interventions. (2) The meaning of the difficultness designations was also tested by measuring the acoustic properties of the cries of the 12 infants using sound spectrographs. The clearest difference was that the more difficult groups showed increased amounts of pausing within and between cry sounds, which is interpreted as adding a sense of urgent demand to the cry communication. (3) The study also considered the effects of a variety of listener background, personality, and attitude variables. The listener's perception of the difficultness of her own 4-6-month, firstborn infant was not related to ratings of the cries, but her prior experience with infants and level of self-described empathy were related to the ratings. For example, the more experienced the listener, the less the easy and average infants' cries were rated as spoiled, and the more the difficult infants' cries were seen as spoiled. PMID- 7094680 TI - Effects of encoding and retrieval conditions on infants' recognition memory. AB - The present study investigated the effect of the relation between conditions at encoding and retrieval on infants' performance on a paired-comparison recognition test. 64 9-month-old infants were given 40 sec to visually or visually and haptically explore a 3-dimensional object. Subsequently, during a 10-sec recognition trial infants were presented with the familiar object and a novel object and their response to each was monitored. Half of the infants from each familiarization condition were permitted to inspect the test-trial stimuli visually, while the other half inspected the stimuli visually and haptically. Thus, in the present study the infant's mode of exploration was either the same during encoding and retrieval or different. Infants demonstrated recognition of the familiar object (via novelty preference) only when mode of exploration was constant across the encoding and retrieval trials. The relation between the conditions at encoding and retrieval is thus an important determinant of the infants' performance on a paired-comparison recognition test. PMID- 7094682 TI - Biological properties of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom and its fractions. AB - Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom was separated into two principle fractions by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Fraction I (FI) contained the main part of lethal and hemorrhagic activities and minor part of proteolytic activity on casein. The lethal dose of FI determined by the i. v. injection was significantly smaller than that of the i. p. injection, while the result of fraction II (FII) was reversed. The venom was susceptible to heat, pH and cysteine-HCl but not to albumin, sodium glutamate, sorbitol and glycine. PMID- 7094681 TI - The McCollough effect in children. AB - In experiment 1, children between the ages of 6 and 9 years binocularly viewed red vertical and green horizontal gratings for several minutes. This would, in adults, produce a reliable orientation-specific McCollough effect, and it was present in the children. In experiment 2, a second group of children viewed the adaptation patterns with only 1 eye, the other eye being occluded. The McCollough effect was present when the adapted eye viewed the test pattern, but, as in adults, no interocular transfer was found. PMID- 7094683 TI - [Eosinophil response in albino rats to infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (author's transl)]. AB - Five male Wistar rats (200 grams each) were infected with 100 third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis by gastric intubation. After 42 days of infection, a large number of first stage larvae was found in the feces of all infected rats. Blood examination revealed that the number of eosinophil increased substantially, when compared to controls, at 6, 36, and 46 days after infection. The percentages of eosinophils in blood obtained at day 6, 36, and 46 was about 4 to 6-fold of control group. However, the total number of white blood cells increased only at the late period or after 36 days of infection. PMID- 7094685 TI - [Helminth and pinworm control for primary school and kindergarten children by periodical mass-examination and treatment in Suan-Yuan District, Taipei (author's transl)]. AB - The mass pre-control survey was done in fall semester 1978 by both methods that Kato's thick smear for helminthic infection and cellophane tape perianal swab for pinworm infection. There are about 19,000 primary school children and around 5,000 kindergarten children in Suan-yuan District, being the subjects. The helminthic positive rates (%) obtained were 5.18 and 3.81, respectively. The rates for pinworm were found 28.68% former and 29.00% for the latter. Drug was given to the egg-positive persons after mass examination, in each semester, for three consecutive years. Two broad-spectrum anthelmintics, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole were used. The children who harbored Ascaris, hookworm or pinworm were given pyrantel tablet as a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, and whipworm positives were given a standard course of 100 mg of mebendazole twice daily for three days. After three-year operation, in accordance with the results of examination in Spring semester 1981, the egg positive rates were sharply dropped to 0.56% for the primary school children and 0.50% for the kindergarten. The pinworm infection rates for the above-mentioned group were also reduced to 13.05% and 18.68%, respectively. PMID- 7094684 TI - [Clinical experience in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. AB - Thirty-four cases of SLE treated during the past seven years (1974-1981) in Taipei Municipal Jen-Ai Hospital are reported and analyzed. Diagnosis of SLE was based on ARA preliminary criteria and Hahn's preliminary criteria. There were 32 females (94.2%) and 2 males (5.8%). The mean age at diagnosis was 28.5 years (range 14-51). Clinical manifestations were as follows: facial erythema 24 cases (70.6%), Raynaud's phenomenon 4 cases (11.4%), oral or nasopharyngeal ulceration 7 cases (20.6%), arthritis without deformity 22 cases (64.7%), proteinuria 21 cases (61.8%), pleural or pericardial effusions 13 cases (38.2%), psychosis or convulsions 9 cases (26.5%), hematological abnormalities 25 cases (73.5%). Laboratory findings were as follows: positive ANA test 33/34 (97.0%), hypocomplementemia 10/13 (76.9%), direct Coombs' test 4/18 (22.2%), indirect Coombs' test 1/13 (7.6%), LE cell 19/34 (55.9%), RA Latex 7/17 (41.7%), polyclonal gammopathy 15/17 (88.2%), anemia 25/34 (73.5%), leukopenia 12/34 (35.3%), thrombocytopenia 10/34 (29.4%). Three cases were complicated by herpes zoster, one by hyperthyroidism, and one by autoimmune thyroiditis. Ten cases died, including 4 renal failure, 2 heart failure, 2 cases of committed suicide and 1 case of CNS involvement. PMID- 7094686 TI - Writing scientific papers in English. PMID- 7094687 TI - [Premarital health care in Shanghai (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094688 TI - [Cesarean section and the reduction of perinatal mortality in breech delivery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094689 TI - [The exploration of assessment of gestational age in newborn (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094690 TI - [Detection of umbilical coils around the fetal neck by Doppler's ultrasound technic (report of 112 cases) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094691 TI - [Clinical application of plasma-free estriol radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094692 TI - [Obstetrics causes of neonate's cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094693 TI - [Gynecological operation in the elderly (clinical analysis of 85 cases) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094694 TI - [Construction of vagina with peritoneum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094695 TI - [Evaluation of the results of treatment of ovarian epithelial carcinoma mainly by operation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094697 TI - A pachytene analysis of two male-fertile paracentric inversions in chromosome 1 of the mouse and in the male-sterile double heterozygote. AB - Meiotic studies have been made at pachytene on two paracentric inversions in chromosome 1 of the mouse. Surface-spread preparations of primary spermatocytes have been analysed at the light microscope level in males heterozygous for the inversions In (1) 1 Rk and In (1) 12 Rk and in the double heterozygote In (1) 1 RK/In (1) 12 Rk. In singly heterozygous form, neither inversion produces any serious effect on male fertility. In the double heterozygote, spermatogenesis is arrested in the majority of cells at the spermatocyte stage and males are rendered totally sterile by azoospermia. In the double heterozygote, a complex loop, indicating the inversion bivalent, is found in 90% of pachytene cells analysed. In the In (1) Rk/+ heterozygote, a looped bivalent was seen in 47 per cent of pachytene cells but in In (1) 12 Rk/+ no cells containing loops could be found. -- 80% of pachytene spermatocytes from the In (1) 1 Rk/In (1) 12 Rk double heterozygote showed apposition of the inversion bivalent to the sex bivalent. Such an association was rarely seen in pachytene cells of either of the fertile single heterozygotes. Spermatogenic failure in the double heterozygote may be related to interference, by the inversion bivalent, with X chromosome inactivation at meiotic prophase. PMID- 7094696 TI - Asynchronous replication of constitutive heterochromatin on X chromosomes in female Mus dunni. Possible influence of facultative heterochromatin on the adjacent constitutive heterochromatin. AB - Euchromatin DNA of one X chromosome in mammalian females, which becomes facultatively heterochromatinized, is known to replicate asynchronously late in S phase compared to its active homologue. In the females of a pygmy mouse species Mus dunni, which has prominent segment of constitutive heterochromatin as the short arm of its submetacentric X chromosome, we have observed asynchronous replication of c-heterochromatin arm as well, predominant number of cells showing the segment associated with the facultatively heterochromatic X to be terminating later. The preferential later termination of replication of the c-heterochromatic arm on the "lyonized X" appears to be due to the influence of facultative heterochromatin on the adjacent constitutive heterochromatin. PMID- 7094698 TI - Spontaneous cell fusion and PCC formation in Bloom's syndrome. AB - Corresponding to 4,633 diploid lymphocytes 64 tetraploid or near-tetraploid (including one octoploid) metaphases were found in two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. Eight of the polyploid cells had resulted from cell fusion with half the chromosomes representing PCC. One similar fibroblast was also observed. In 13,584 untreated cells from persons without a chromosome-breakage syndrome no such cells were encountered (P = 0.0000176). This seems to be the first description of spontaneous fusion of nonmalignant cells. The extended segments in the G2 type PCC which correspond to the Q-bright, late-replicating chromosome parts are less tightly spiralized than other chromosome regions which renders the chromosomes similar to those which have incorporated BrdU late in the S period. Obviously the chromosome segments which replicate last also are the last to spiralize. PMID- 7094699 TI - The chromosomes of two Drosophila races: D. nasuta nasuta and D. n. albomicana. I. Distribution and differentiation of heterochromatin. AB - Heterochromatin distribution and differentiation in metaphase chromosomes of two morphologically identical Drosophila races, D. nasuta nasuta and D. n. albomicana, have been studied by C- and N-banding methods. -- The total heterochromatin values differ only slightly between these races. However, homologous chromosomes of the two Drosophila forms show striking differences in the size of heterochromatin regions and there is an alternating pattern in D. n. nasuta and D. n. albomicana of chromosomes which contain more, or respectively less heterochromatin than their counterparts in the other race. -- Three different N-banding patterns could be obtained depending on the conditions of the method employed: One banding pattern occurs which corresponds to the C-banding pattern. Another pattern is the reverse of the C-band pattern; the euchromatic chromosome regions and the centromeres are stained whereas the pericentric heterochromatin regions remain unstained. In the Y chromosomes of both races and in chromosome 4 of D. n. albomicana, however, the heterochromatin is further differentiated. In the third N-banding pattern only the centromeres are deeply stained. Furthermore, between the races, subtle staining differences in the pericentric heterochromatin regions can be observed as verified in F1 hybrids. On the basis of C- and N-banding results specific aspects of chromosomal differences between D. n. nasuta and D. n. albomicana are discussed. PMID- 7094701 TI - [A study of the defense mechanism of white cell series in favism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094700 TI - [Report of 5 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus with complicating increase of intracranial pressure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094702 TI - [A preliminary report of a quick method for determining drug sensitivity of leukemic cells in vitro (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094703 TI - [A preliminary study of the change of plasma sex hormones in male diabetics and its clinical significance (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094704 TI - [Dehydration-pitressin test for the diagnosis of mild and severe types of diabetes insipidus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094705 TI - [Report of 2 cases of primary hypothyroidism with accompanying scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094706 TI - [Fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid nodular lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094707 TI - [The incidence of diabetes mellitus in 40,000 population in Beijing with discussion on difference criteria of its diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094708 TI - [The cytotoxic effect of the lymphocytes of viral hepatitis on rabbit liver cells in vitro (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094709 TI - [The relationship between the change of QT interval and the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094710 TI - [The therapeutic effect of aprindine in treating 9 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with auricular fibrillation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094711 TI - [Hypercoagulative state in glomerular diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094712 TI - [Chronic cor pulmonale complicated by alkalosis---with analysis of 86 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094713 TI - [Hemodynamic monitoring in 13 cases of chronic cor pulmonale with right heart failure treated with sodium nitroprusside (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094714 TI - [The reasonable selection of myocardial enzyme indices in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094715 TI - [Infective endocarditis complicated by valvular rupture (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094716 TI - [Diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094718 TI - [A study of the mechanism of platelet genesis in leukemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094717 TI - [Primary carcinoma of gastric stump--with analysis of 12 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094720 TI - [The problems of diagnosis and treatment of patients with respiratory failure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094721 TI - [Clinical analysis of 1,925 cases of acute cerebrovascular diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094719 TI - [Clinical analysis of 10 cases of thrombasthenia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094722 TI - [Bacterial intracranial aneurysm---report of 5 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094723 TI - [A long-term follow-up study of internal carotid artery occlusion with radionuclide cerebral angiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094726 TI - [Preliminary observation on intracerebral hematoma in the region of internal capsule due to hypertension treated with simple aspiration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094725 TI - [Some problems concerning indications of surgical treatment of hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094727 TI - [A long-term follow-up study on radiotherapy of tumors in the region of pineal gland (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094724 TI - [A study on the treatment and pathogenesis of chronic subdural hematoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094730 TI - [The psychotherapy of child anorexia nervosa---a follow-up study of a case for 23 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094728 TI - [A preliminary study of short-term memory in patients with temporal and frontal lobe tumor (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094729 TI - [A survey for 20 years on the death of discharged patients of schizophrenia from hospitals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094731 TI - [The pathological and clinical studies of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094732 TI - [Determination of plasma fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in 100 normal persons and 32 cases of acute cerebrovascular disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094734 TI - [Puberty in the youth amateur physical training school boys (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094733 TI - [On the room temperature standard of new rural housing in Jilin District (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094735 TI - [Nutrition problems of weight-lifters in training (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094736 TI - [Reducing the speed of decomposition of dilute peracetic acid solution by neutralization with NaOH (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094737 TI - [Studies on the maximum permissible concentration on tetrachlorovinphos in surface water (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094738 TI - [The energy expenditure and labor intensity of pitmen in underground coal cutting and drilling (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094739 TI - [Experimental studies on disinfection of drinking water with chloraminegypsum brick (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094740 TI - [Treatment of Badd-Chiari's syndrome through the thoraco-retroperitoneal route (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094741 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of carcinoma of liver: report of 181 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094742 TI - [Chronic giant hypertrophic gastritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094743 TI - [Microsurgical anatomy of cortical branches of middle cerebral artery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094745 TI - [Giant size tumor in thoracic cage: a case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094744 TI - [Reconstruction of traumatic bronchial rupture and result of its treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094746 TI - [On regeneration of urinary bladder (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094748 TI - [Percutaneous poking reduction and internal fixation for fractures of ankle joint (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094749 TI - [Sleeve resection of endothoracic trachea and bronchi: an appraisal and observation of effect (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094747 TI - [Observations on effectiveness of combined vaccine of Staphylococcus aureus cell proteins and its toxoid in treatment of burn-wound infection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094750 TI - [Resection and reconstruction of trachea, carina and bronchus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094751 TI - [Bronchoplastic lobectomy in treatment of lung carcinoma: experience in 50 patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094752 TI - [Pneumonectomy and resection of carina for cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094754 TI - [Rupture of intracranial berry aneurysm complicated with hematoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094753 TI - [Reconstruction of carina (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094756 TI - [Biliary tract perforation: an analysis of 37 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094758 TI - [Hypopotassemia after extracorporeal circulation with hemodilution technic (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094755 TI - [Mesocaval end-to-side shunt in the management of postoperative bleeding in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094757 TI - [Ileal conduit diversion: clinical analysis of 133 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094759 TI - [Use of free scalp flap to correct alopecia of temporo-frontal region (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094760 TI - [Results of operative treatment for burn contractures of perineal region (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094761 TI - [Horizontal split fractures of the spine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094762 TI - [Closed reduction for old dislocation of the shoulder joint (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094763 TI - [Early management of firearm injury of the spine complicated with paraplegia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094764 TI - [Investigation on the etiology of spondylolysis: a study of its morphology and mechanism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094765 TI - [Infratentorial supracerebellar approach for removing tumors of the pineal region in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094766 TI - [A discussion on the principle of clinical judgement on acid base disturbance in cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094767 TI - [Lung cancer associated with inspissated mucus impactions--a report of 8 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094768 TI - [A roentgenologic study of large pulmonary tuberculoma in 75 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094769 TI - [The analysis of 30 cases of infrapulmonary pleural effusion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094771 TI - [Problems of emergency operation for massive hemoptysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094770 TI - [Effect of chemotherapy on infectiousness of initially treated smear positive tuberculous patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094772 TI - [A modified single breath method for measuring residual lung volume (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094773 TI - [Measurement of lung diffusing capacity and its clinical application (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094774 TI - [Nocardiosis--a report of 3 cases and a review of literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094775 TI - [Intralobar pulmonary sequestration--a report of 5 cases and a review of literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094776 TI - Effects of low-dose preoperative irradiation on low anterior anastomosis in dogs. AB - Twenty mongrel dogs underwent preoperative radiation therapy to the colon and rectum using the Nominal Standard Dose Equation to simulate treatment with 2000 rads. Each dog then underwent anterior resection of the rectosigmoid, and reconstruction was randomized into two groups consisting of either handsewn or EEA-stapled anastomoses. Anastomoses were examined digitally and radiographically on the day of surgery and on the seventh postoperative day. There were three radiographic leaks among the ten dogs having the handsewn anastomoses and one radiographic leak among the ten dogs having the EEA-stapled anastomoses. There was one clinically significant leak which occurred in a dog having an EEA-stapled anastomosis and was associated with peritonitis and death. The overall leak rate was 30 per cent among dogs having handsewn anastomoses and 20 per cent among dogs with stapled anastomoses. The data suggest that an anterior resection in low colorectal anastomosis can be done safely after low-dose radiation using either handsewn or stapling techniques. PMID- 7094777 TI - Effects of high-dose and low-dose preoperative irradiation on low anterior anastomoses in dogs. AB - Twenty mongrel dogs underwent preoperative irradiation to the colon and rectum, receiving 4000 rads according to the Nominal Standard Dose Equation. Each dog then underwent anterior resection of the rectosigmoid, and reconstructive technique was randomized into two groups consisting of either handsewn or EEA stapled anastomoses. Anastomoses were examined digitally and radiographically at the time of surgery and on the seventh postoperative day. There were four radiographic leaks among the handsewn anastomoses, but only one was clinically significant and associated with peritonitis. There were no leaks among the ten EEA-stapled anastomoses. The data suggest that low anterior resection and anastomosis can be done safely after 4000 rad irradiation and that the EEA stapled anastomosis may be preferable. PMID- 7094779 TI - Distribution of large-bowel cancers detected by occult blood test in asymptomatic patients. AB - A randomized, controlled study on occult blood in stool was conducted in 48,000 asymptomatic participants, ages 50 to 80 years. Those with positive hemoccult test results underwent a complete colonic workup including colonoscopy and, in some cases, an air-contrast barium-enema examination when total colonoscopy could not be accomplished. From April 1976 to December 1980, 113 patients (62 men and 51 women), with an average age of 66 years, were found to have invasive carcinomas of the large bowel: right colon--25 per cent, transverse colon (included both flexures)--9 per cent, descending colon--10 percent, sigmoid and rectosigmoid--42 per cent, rectum--12 per cent, anal canal--2 per cent. The stages of the cancers were: Dukes' A--57 per cent, Dukes' B--21 per cent, Dukes' C--19 per cent, Dukes' D--3 per cent. The findings suggest that a complete colonic workup is required for the detection and diagnosis of large-bowel cancers in asymptomatic patients. PMID- 7094780 TI - Distribution of malignant polyps in the colon. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the distribution of malignant polyps of the colon is the same as the distribution of all polyps in general. A consecutive and unselected series of 1226 endoscopically removed polyps was analyzed; the analysis indicated a strong preponderance of malignant polyps to be located in the left side of the colon. Ninety-five per cent of the malignant polyps were taken distal to the splenic flexure, whereas that segment of the colon produced only 72 per cent of all of the polyps in general. It is not possible to determine the reason for this from the present study, but the importance of removing these polypoid lesions continues to be emphasized by these data. PMID- 7094781 TI - Colorectal carcinoma--trends and results over a 30-year period. AB - The experience of Karolinska Hospital with colorectal carcinoma over a 30-year period, 1950 through 1979, was reviewed and analyzed. Altogether, 1061 patients were seen; 69 per cent were resected with the intention of cure. The proportion of curative resections did not change with time. Operative mortality decreased from 12 to slightly over 1 per cent. Five-year survival rates were 34 per cent overall and 47 per cent in curable cases. After correction for operation mortality, the latter rate increased from 47 to 58 per cent over the study period (no significance). Sex and age were not correlated with survival. Of tumors resected for cure, 28 per cent were Dukes' A, 39 per cent Dukes' B, and 33 per cent Dukes' C. Corresponding five-year survival rates were 82, 44, and 21 per cent. Though the proportion of Dukes' A tumors increased from 23 to 33 per cent over the 30-year interval, the impact on overall prognosis was insignificant. A possible over-diagnosis of Dukes' A is discussed. The proportion of sphincter saving procedures for rectal carcinoma increased moderately; excisional and restorative procedures were equal with respect to mortality and survival. Some patients underwent local excisions for Dukes' A rectal carcinomas with a close to 90 per cent five-year survival. PMID- 7094782 TI - Comparative study of familial polyposis coli and nonpolyposis coli on the histogenesis of large-intestinal adenoma. AB - The entire length of the large intestine resected from six patients with familial polyposis coli (FPC) was step-sectioned, and microscopic adenomas composed of one to several glands were prepared into complete serial sections. Histopathologic comparison of these microscopic adenomas was made between FPC and nonpolyposis coli (those not included in the special disease group of FPC). The histogenesis of adenomas in FPC and nonpolyposis coli was considered as follows. (1) In nonpolyposis coli, adenomas arise from basal cells of the deep layer of the mucosa. (2) In FPC, most of the adenomas (81.2 per cent) arise in the same manner as described above, although there are some (18.8 per cent) that appear to have arisen in the middle or superficial layer of the mucosa. (3) Therefore, it is believed that the morphologic difference of the large-intestinal mucosa between FPC and nonpolyposis coli comes not from the difference in the number of adenomas present but from the difference in the position and/or timing of appearance of adenomas. PMID- 7094778 TI - Invasive necrotizing infection secondary to anorectal abscess. AB - During a six-year period, six patients were treated for invasive necrotizing infection secondary to anorectal abscess. The delay in definitive diagnosis and treatment ranged from three to 14 days. All patients had significant concomitant diseases. The number of operative procedures for each patient ranged from one to nine. Antibiotics, as well as nutritional supplementation by the parenteral or enteral route, were used on all patients. Each patient had three or more complications attributable to this infection. Hospital stay ranged from 30 to 76 days. All patients survived. Factors contributing to the development of this condition are delay in diagnosis, inadequate and inappropriate treatment, and concomitant disease. Factors associated with a satisfactory outcome are examination under general or conduction anesthesia by an experienced examiner, prompt and definitive operation therapy (including drainage and removal ov all necrotic tissue), antibiotics, frequent reexamination under general anesthesia, nutritional support, and close attention to concomitant disease. PMID- 7094783 TI - Use of ureteral catheters in colonic and rectal surgery. AB - Injury to the ureters is a serious complication of colonic and rectal surgery. The experience of the authors with routine use of ureteral catheters to minimize this complication is reviewed. It was found that there are minimal complications associated with their use. Injuries to the ureters were not completely avoided. However, unrecognized injuries (except ischemia) did not occur. PMID- 7094784 TI - Cancer of the colon and rectum in high-risk patients. AB - The experience with colorectal cancer at the Denver Veterans Administration Hospital was retrospectively reviewed to characterize the high-risk population with this disease and to determine what impact, if any, screening high-risk patients might have on overall survival rates. The high-risk patients comprised 12 per cent of the overall population with colorectal cancer and did not differ from the latter in terms of age of onset, distribution of tumors, type of symptoms at diagnosis, or survival with a given stage of disease. They did, however, have more stage A and B lesions and a better overall survival than did the general population with colorectal cancer, as a result of screening. The findings suggest that surveillance of high-risk groups is beneficial. Until ways are found to increase the number of patients eligible for inclusion in this group, however, these benefits are unlikely to lead to improved survival of the general population with colorectal cancer. PMID- 7094785 TI - Factors influencing the morbidity of colostomy closure. AB - In a series of 80 colostomy closures, a total complication rate of 26 per cent was found, with a wound infection rate of 14 per cent and an anastomotic leak rate of four per cent. Patients having preoperative systemic antibiotics had fewer wound infections than those who did not (eight per cent versus 19 per cent). Delayed primary skin closure or closure by secondary intention was associated with less wound morbidity than was primary closure (ten per cent versus 17 per cent). However, the use of preoperative systemic antibiotics decreased the incidence of wound infection in those having primary skin closure (five per cent versus 27 per cent). Patients having diverticular disease had more wound infections (40 per cent) and greater overall morbidity (70 per cent). Older patients had a higher incidence of complications (24 per cent if less than 40 years and 45 per cent if greater than 50 years). Closure of left-sided colostomies was associated with a higher infectious complication rate (26 per cent versus 13 per cent). The time interval to colostomy closure was found to alter subsequent morbidity with a waiting period of one to two months associated with zero complications. PMID- 7094786 TI - Preoperative radiation therapy for rectal carcinoma. AB - Preoperative irradiation was given to 58 selected patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum to decrease local recurrence and to improve survival. The irradiation was well tolerated without increasing operative complications. At a median follow up of 25 months, the local failure rate appeared to be improved. Evaluation of increased length of survival will require longer follow-up. Results suggest that preoperative irradiation can safely decrease local recurrence of rectal carcinoma in patients believed to be at higher risk for local recurrence. PMID- 7094787 TI - Toxic megacolon secondary to pseudomembranous colitis. AB - Toxic megacolon has rarely been reported in the course of antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis. We have been able to collect 20 cases from the literature and add one new case. The mortality in the collected series was 33 per cent. The critical factor in improving survival is early recognition of the pseudomembranous colitis. Most patients can be managed medically by removal of the offending antibiotic, bowel rest, vancomycin, and steroids. If toxic megacolon develops in the face of appropriate medical management, an aggressive surgical approach is indicated, as with ulcerative colitis. Subtotal colectomy appears to be the procedure of choice. PMID- 7094788 TI - Primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 7094789 TI - Rectal involvement in sarcoidosis. PMID- 7094790 TI - Oxygen uptake as a determinant of gastric blood flow autoregulation. AB - Autoregulation of blood flow in the denervated, autoperfused dog stomach was studied before and during local intraarterial infusion of histamine. Histamine caused an increase in gastric blood flow and oxygen uptake. The increased oxygen uptake was due entirely to an increased blood flow, ie, oxygen extraction was not altered by histamine infusion. When oxygen uptake by the stomach was less than 2.0 ml/min/100 g, there was no evidence of blood flow autoregulation, while an oxygen uptake greater than 4.0 ml/min/100 g was consistently associated with blood flow autoregulation. The data indicate that histamine enhances the ability of the stomach to autoregulate its blood flow. This effect appears to be due to histamine's influence on gastric oxygen uptake. PMID- 7094793 TI - Adult celiac disease and recurrent pericarditis. AB - Three patients presented with acute pericarditis. No cause was found and, in each case, the pericarditis was recurrent. Investigation revealed evidence of malabsorption due to adult celiac disease. Two of the patients responded to a gluten-free diet and cortiscosteroid therapy. The third patient responded to a gluten-free diet alone and remains well. Celiac disease is a multisystem disorder in which extraintestinal involvement is common. Recurrent pericarditis may be such a manifestation. PMID- 7094792 TI - Cardiovascular lesions in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective study. AB - We prospectively investigated fifty-four consecutive patients with proven chronic pancreatitis and 54 control subjects for the presence of cardiovascular lesions. Clinical and laboratory evidence of arterial involvement was found in 18 patients (33%) and in five controls (9%) (P less than 0.01). Electrocardiographic alterations indicating coronary heart disease were found in eight patients and in three controls, and peripheral symptoms and signs indicating obliterative atherosclerotic disease of the lower extremities were found in 12 patients (two had associated electrocardiographic changes) and in two controls. No significant differences in the prevalence of the major vascular risk factors were observed between patients with vascular lesions and those without, and between patients and control subjects. It is concluded that patients with chronic pancreatitis have more frequent cardiovascular lesions which tent to develop at an earlier age, compared to the general population. The possibility that chronic pancreatitis may favor the development of these lesions is discussed. PMID- 7094791 TI - Gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of lipids in man. A new scintigraphic method of study. AB - We measured gastric emptying of fat and water from a solid-liquid meal in healthy volunteers using a tubeless scintigraphic method. Selenium-75 glycerol triether, incorporated in butter, was the lipid-phase marker, and technetium-99m, ingested with 250 ml water, the non-lipid phase marker. In seven of these subjects we also measured the gastric emptying of solids and liquids with technetium-99m bound to cooked egg whites as the solid-phase marker and indium-111 ingested with 250 ml water as the marker of the solid and aqueous phases. Emptying and intragastric repartition of each marker were measured by detection of radioactivity changes over the abdominal area using a gamma-camera. The stability and the specificity of the labeling was checked for each marker. Mean gastric emptying rate (expressed as percentage ingested marker emptied per hr) of lipids (17.4 +/- 2.4) was much lower than that of the rest of the meal (34.2 +/- 1.8) and slightly, but significantly, lower than that of solids (22.8 +/- 1.8). An intragastric layering of fat above nonlipids was observed only after the first postprandial hour and remained moderate. Thus, lipids are emptied more slowly than any other component of an ordinary meal, and this is not due only to layering of fat above water. PMID- 7094794 TI - Fulminant onset of Crohn's disease of the colon (CDC). An observation of six cases. AB - Six female patients are described with a fulminant onset of Crohn's's disease involving the whole of the colon. The initial picture resembled that of an acute infectious diarrhea, but rapid clinical deterioration with pronounced weight loss, major anal complications, toxic megacolon, and erythema nodosum necessitated reappraisal of the diagnosis. Extensive endoscopy and multiple biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of pancolitis in all patients. Only one patient needed resection. Recognition of such fulminant onset as a distinct clinical modality in Crohn disease of the colon and starting treatment immediately upon diagnosis is probably important in preventing the development of a critical clinical situation. PMID- 7094795 TI - Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis. part I. PMID- 7094796 TI - Follicular carcinoma of the human thyroid gland: an ultrastructural study with emphasis on scanning electron microscopy. AB - Previous ultrastructural studies on follicular thyroid carcinomas present conflicting results, in particular with regard to the surface features of the neoplastic cells. The present study of 9 cases with varying degrees of differentiation is the first comprehensive investigation by concurrent transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In the well-differentiated tumours we found a slightly increased number of microvilli and a decreased number of cilia per cell as compared to the normal thyroid follicles, while moderately differentiated tumours had a smaller number of microvilli and no cilia. The cells in anaplastic foci had unimpressive surfaces with only scattered clusters of short microvilli. Neither scanning nor transmission electron microscopy seem to be of major importance in the diagnostic evaluation of the individual case of follicular thyroid carcinoma or in the assessment of prognosis. Scanning electron microscopy presents a wealth of information on the three dimensional surface arrangement of the neoplastic cells. However, in a tumour where surface alterations may reflect both changes in endocrine function and malignant potential, the interpretation of isolated morphological findings is extremely difficult. PMID- 7094798 TI - [Studies on "lace" cells in effusions of serous cavity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094799 TI - [Induction of lung cancer in rats by intratracheal instillation of arsenic containing ore dust (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094800 TI - [Computerized tomography (CT) in the evaluation of bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094801 TI - [Surgical treatment of pleural mesothelioma--a report of 7 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094802 TI - [Lymphography in gynecologic cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094803 TI - [Gastroesophageal anastomotic leakage following resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia--an analysis of 159 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094797 TI - [Surgical treatment of 4,310 cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094804 TI - [Experiences in prevention of anastomotic leakage after excision of carcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094805 TI - [Esophageal carcinoma with polypoid pseudosarcoma--a report of 7 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094806 TI - [Intracavitary irradiation of esophageal carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094807 TI - [Analysis of 37 operated cases misdiagnosed as carcinoma of esophagus or cardia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094808 TI - [A new technique of esophago-gastrostomy--intraluminal elastic circular ligation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094809 TI - [Pathomorphologic study of C cell carcinoma of the thyroid--a report of 28 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094810 TI - [Radiation therapy for malignant tumors of tonsil--an analysis of 100 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094811 TI - [Roentgenologic manifestations of leiomyosarcoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094812 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094813 TI - [Pathologic classification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the skin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094814 TI - [Necrotizing sialometaplasia--a case report and review of literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094815 TI - [Surgical treatment of a large ganglioneuroblastoma of thoracic cavity--a case report and review of literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094816 TI - [Morphological and histochemical properties of transplantable breast adenocarcinoma of mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7094817 TI - The preoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis. AB - The charts of 46 patients between the ages 30-50 years having a hysterectomy for a fibroid uterus were reviewed. The diagnosis of adenomyosis was correctly made preoperatively in four patients. The diagnosis was not made preoperatively in 13 patients in whom adenomyosis was demonstrated on pathologic examination of the surgical specimen. The preoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis is difficult. Pain and abnormal bleeding are frequent symptoms. There is uterine enlargement which is demonstrated on pelvic ultrasound. Occasional characteristic findings may be noted on hysterogram. Adenomyosis and fibroids often coexist. The treatment of choice is hysterectomy. PMID- 7094818 TI - The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin in preeclampsia. AB - Fasting vein blood samples were drawn from 12 women with an early, and from 14 women with a late, onset of preeclampsia and, in addition, from 21 normal pregnant women at comparable gestational length. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin was an analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. There seemed to be more pronounced fatty acid changes between early and late start of preeclampsia than between severe and mild preeclampsia as defined in terms of maternal symptoms. In the preeclamptic groups, palmitic acid increased and stearic acid decreased as among the normal pregnant women, suggesting a similar amount of lecithin synthesized along pathway. 1. Linoleic acid was reduced in preeclamptic patients as compared to normal pregnant women. This finding seems to be associated partly with the increased incorporation of longer polyunsaturated fatty acids and partly with the increased incorporation of nonessential monoenoic fatty acids. The increased content of longer polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum lecithin might indicate a further reinforcement of the deacylation-reacylation cycle in preeclampsia. Linoleic acid reduction may be associated with intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 7094820 TI - Squamous papilloma arising in cervical ectropion associated with intrauterine diethylstilbestrol exposure. PMID- 7094819 TI - The value of colposcopy in evaluating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during pregnancy. AB - Two hundred eighty-three patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears of the cervix underwent colposcopic examination during pregnancy. Two hundred fifty-six were biopsied and 27 patients were not. Forty-five patients had cone biopsies done during the postpartum period. Despite previous reports which have shown colposcopy as a safe and accurate method of investigating an abnormal Pap smear during pregnancy, this study advocates colposcopy and biopsy as complementary procedures without serious complications. PMID- 7094823 TI - Intrauterine growth retardation: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7094821 TI - Antepartum spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 7094822 TI - Value of bone scanning in detecting occult skeletal metastases from adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. AB - Bone scans were obtained in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus in order to search for occult skeletal metastases. Radiological studies in 350 patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center were reviewed. All patients studied in Stage 1A, Stage 1BG1, and Stage G2 were negative. Bone scans performed since 1973 were reviewed. One out of 11 patients studied with G3 lesions had a positive scan. Four out of 41 patients with Stage 2 lesions had positive scans, seven out of 18 in Stage 3, and two out of nine in Stage 4 disease. Four out of 71 patients with recurrent tumor had positive scans. In general, all positive scans were associated with significant symptoms in the patients studied. The results correlated well with x-ray findings as evaluated by conventional radiologic studies. PMID- 7094825 TI - Fetal blood analysis. II. Effect of delayed assay on pH and lactate. AB - Fetal umbilical artery blood was analyzed for pH and lactate at intervals over a 3-hour period. No significant change occurred in pH over the first 30 minutes, despite a progressive rise in plasma lactate. The pH changes paralleled the lactate in an inverse relationship, but remained within the error of the method for the first hour. Lactate analysis should be considered for clinical use, for confirmation of pH observations. Also pH assays may be used in any hospital with a blood-gas capability, since a 30-minute delay within the assay does not materially alter the results. A laboratory in the delivery room area is not essential to proper use of fetal blood pH analysis. PMID- 7094826 TI - [Low-temperature disturbance of plasma membrane permeability related to dehydration]. PMID- 7094824 TI - Fetal blood analysis. I. Effect of delayed collection. AB - Umbilical blood was analyzed for pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess, and plasma lactate to evaluate possible errors of fetal scalp blood analysis. Two studies to determine the effect of delayed collection and exposure to air on fetal blood acid-base measurement analyzed anaerobically collected umbilical blood in syringe and capillary samples. In the first study, 37 samples were analyzed and then placed in small droplets on a glass slide and exposed for 30 seconds and 60 seconds respectively. These samples were then collected and reanalyzed. No significant change was noted through 1 minute of exposure in any of the acid-base parameters measured. In the second study, 34 samples were again analyzed and then exposed in droplets for a full 5 minutes. Differences in measurement of pO2, base excess, and plasma lactate remained insignifiicant even up to 5 minutes. The results of this study demonstrate that the occasional slow scalp blood collection or admixture with air do not present a significant obstacle to proper use of fetal acid-base analysis. PMID- 7094828 TI - [Alpha-chymotrypsin binding of spin-labelled concurrent inhibitor at different pHs]. PMID- 7094829 TI - [Sexual dimorphism and the evolution of the duration of ontogeny and its stages]. PMID- 7094830 TI - [Role of gangliosides in influenza virus reception and penetration into the cell]. PMID- 7094832 TI - [Evoked potentials in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized cats to stimulation of the pelvic nerve]. PMID- 7094831 TI - [Feedback inhibition in the motor neurons of the avian spinal cord]. PMID- 7094827 TI - [Liquid-crystal state of nucleic acids in solution]. PMID- 7094833 TI - Over-reports of recent alcohol consumption in a clinical population: a validity study. AB - Decisions concerning appropriate treatment in alcoholism programs are often based on the self-reports of the clients. However, few programs have incorporated validation procedures (such as breath tests) since it is generally assumed that alcoholics will deny the extent of their drinking and their subsequent alcohol problems. The self-reports of recent alcohol consumption of sixty-five new entrants to an alcoholism treatment program were validated with breath tests. Five estimates of blood alcohol concentrations were derived by varying elimination rates. For all five estimates, over-reporters comprised a substantial proportion of the total sample (23%-57%) and exceeded the percentage of consistent reporters for those people who had a positive breath test. Correlations between self-reports and breath tests were not significant which indicates that the amount of alcohol consumed does not necessarily relate to reporting behavior. It is concluded that despite the widely held notion that alcoholics deny the extent of their drinking, errors in the direction of over reporting should be taken seriously and examined more closely. On an individual level, over-presentation of a client's condition may be related to subsequent behavior in a treatment program; on an aggregate level, over-reports may bias the findings of evaluation studies by inflating success rates. PMID- 7094834 TI - Biofeedback treatment of narcotic addiction: a double-blind study. PMID- 7094835 TI - Changes in the frequency of alcohol intoxication associated with mortality. AB - The associations between mortality and changes in the frequency of intoxicating drinking were studied among 2050 males interviewed in 1953 about their drinking in 1949 and 1952. When age, marital status, social class and the frequency of intoxication in 1949 were controlled for, Weibull survival models indicated that, over a 12-year follow-up period, change in the frequency of intoxication from 1949 to 1952 was associated with mortality from diseases of the digestive system (p = 0.05), and over a 23-year follow-up period with mortality from injuries (p = 0.06). PMID- 7094836 TI - A preliminary report: nutritional levels and cognitive performance in chronic alcohol abusers. AB - The relationship between vitamin levels, alcohol intake and cognitive status was examined in a group of 19 chronic alcoholics who had just begun to withdraw from alcohol. The results indicate that during this stage of detoxification levels of folic acid are the best predictors of cognitive performance. Alcohol intake, as measured by either total life consumption or years of alcohol abuse, was only weakly associated with neuropsychological tests scores. It is suggested that the cognitive recovery that occurs during the first weeks of abstinence may be related to nutritional variables, whereas the longer-lasting neuropsychological impairments of alcohol abusers may be related to the direct neurotoxic effects of alcohol. PMID- 7094837 TI - Seven year follow-up of heroin addicts: life histories summarised. AB - Data from a seven-year follow-up study of heroin addicts were analysed to show group trends. Time spent in various activities was quantified for each person for each year of the follow-up period and used to provide a composite life history. Time spent by the sample using drugs has decreased over the follow-up period. The most marked decrease appeared in the use of heroin, but the analysis suggests that a hard core of heroin users still used heroin several years after coming to the clinic. There seems to be an overall congruence between abstinence and non clinic attendance. For this sample the use of illegal opiates without attending a clinic was relatively rare, and total time spent in hospitals and in prisons was rather small. Death occurred randomly during the follow-up period. PMID- 7094838 TI - Drinking and drug use among Ontario Indian students. AB - From the sample of Ontario students in grades 7 through 13 surveyed during 1979, 64 students of Native Indian parentage were successfully matched with 64 non Indian students on five demographic variables. A comparison of alcohol and drug use among the two groups suggested that Indian students use alcohol and drugs in a manner similar to that of their peers in the same geographical locale and socio economic background. PMID- 7094839 TI - Reasons adduced by high school students for not using drugs. PMID- 7094840 TI - A possible role of antithrombin III in venous thrombosis among alcoholics. PMID- 7094841 TI - Plasma urea and creatinine status in chronic alcoholics. AB - Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were estimated by Auto-Analyzer in 128 chronic alcoholics (103 males, 25 females; mean age +/- SD = 42.73 +/- 6.53; age range 20-60 years). Plasma levels of both urea (mean +/- SD = 3.46 +/- 1.31; normal range 2.0-6.5 mmol/l) and creatinine (mean +/- SD = 87.86 +/- 15.45; normal range 60-120 mumol/l) were found to be within normal limits. It is concluded from our observations that chronic ethanol ingestion per se is not nephrotoxic. The kidney seems to be the only vital organ generally spared in chronic alcoholics without advanced alcoholic liver disease or hepato-renal syndrome. PMID- 7094842 TI - The critically ill or injured patient: priorities in management. PMID- 7094843 TI - An evaluation of clinical services: a case study. AB - The success of evaluation research rests largely in its usefulness. If the sponsors of an evaluation find the data meaningful, then the limitations that the problems of evaluation invariably impose on a study's scientific origin should not be given undue emphasis. In the case of MHMC, the evaluation results were used for program planning in the hospital and for explicating the content of testimony to the California legislature about pharmacy practice in the state. Of course, it would be unthinkable to advocate weak studies and unreliable data. The evaluator must assume the responsibility of determining if and when the balance between what can be done well is tipped in favor of unsound methods. The evaluator is also responsible for judging just how important the data from the study are. How many people will be affected? Are other data available to illuminate or be used with the evaluation?. As clinical pharmacy becomes more concerned with program evaluation, it will need to address ethical and political questions like these at the same time that it answers methodological ones. PMID- 7094844 TI - Combined phenytoin and phenobarbital overdose. AB - A 32-year-old female attempted suicide by consuming large quantities of both phenytoin (P) and phenobarbital (Pb). On hospital admission, serum drug concentrations (SDC), measured by immunoassay, were 46 micrograms/ml for P and 86 micrograms/ml for Pb. The patient remained unconscious, requiring mechanical ventilation, for the next two weeks. Serial SDC demonstrated: (1) continued P absorption over the next five days; (2) different elimination patterns for the two drugs (Pb exhibited first-order elimination while P elimination represented Michaelis-Menten kinetic); and (3) the limited effectiveness of forced alkaline diuresis in lowering Pb serum concentration, though resulting in an episode of pulmonary edema. The patient's clinical status subsequently improved and correlated well with SDC decline into the usual therapeutic range. PMID- 7094847 TI - [Perinatal listeriosis]. PMID- 7094845 TI - Hepatitis and hemolytic anemia associated with methyldopa therapy. AB - The reported incidences of methyldopa-induced hepatitis and hemolytic anemia is notably small; however, practitioners should be aware of its association with these disorders. The mechanisms responsible for these adverse reactions have not been fully explained, but possible multisystem involvement is being recognized. Although the number of reported cases of hepatitis and AIHA seen concurrently in patients on methyldopa is few, one should recognize that the potential for such association does exist. The presence of a single system disorder should alert the practitioner to monitor for other disorders that may result from methyldopa therapy. PMID- 7094848 TI - [Prediction of survival and mortality of polycythemia vera patients in Finland]. PMID- 7094846 TI - Painful edema, erythematous rash, and burning sensation due to nifedipine. PMID- 7094851 TI - The heat balance of small babies nursed in incubators and under radiant warmers. AB - The heat balance of 12 healthy preterm babies (mean birth weight 1.58 kg, gestation 32 weeks, age 7 days) was studied first in an incubator and then under a radiant warmer during normal nursing. Heat production and heat loss by radiation, convection and evaporation were measured in presumed thermoneutral conditions. Although rectal and mean skin temperatures were normal and the same in both environments, there were important differences. Radiation was the major source of heat loss in the incubator and convective losses were low. Under the radiant warmer convection was the major source of heat loss and heat was gained by radiation. A small rise in metabolic heat production occurred under the radiant warmer. Respiratory water loss was low in both environments. Skin water loss was significantly higher under the radiant warmer. The most immature baby (gestation 28 weeks) could not be kept warm in the incubator despite high air temperature, because the evaporative heat loss from her skin was very high. Her body temperatures were normal under the radiant warmer. It is concluded that both devices provide acceptable thermal environments for most preterm babies but that incubators without humidification may be inadequate for immature babies with a high skin water loss. PMID- 7094850 TI - Absence of bilirubin binding competitors during phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. AB - Bilirubin-albumin binding was quantitated (peroxidase method) before, during, and after phototherapy in 21 jaundiced infants. Binding was analyzed at two different serum dilutions (1:1.8 and 1:57) to determine whether binding competitors are present during phototherapy. No significant changes in binding were found at either dilution during phototherapy, regardless of birthweight, gestational age, or illness. Serum binding of bilirubin does not appear to be altered during phototherapy. PMID- 7094849 TI - Growth of the adrenal gland of the normal human fetus during early gestation. AB - The weights of 182 adrenal glands obtained from presumably normal human fetuses delivered by elective abortion between 6 and 17 weeks post-conceptional gestational age were measured. There was little increase in adrenal weight between 6 and 12 weeks gestation. Thereafter, the rate of increase in adrenal weight was rapid. There were no significant differences between the adrenal gland of male and female abortuses of similar gestational ages. PMID- 7094852 TI - Zinc, copper and iron content of milk from mothers of preterm and full-term infants. AB - Complete 24-hour expressions of milk were collected over the first month of lactation from mothers giving birth at term (FT) and prematurely (PT). Samples were analyzed for Cu, Fe and Zn concentration. Composition of PT and FT milks was similar during the first 4 weeks of lactation, but the concentrations of each mineral were higher during the first week than during the fourth week. From these data, the intakes of premature infants fed their own mother's milk were estimated and the proportion which must be absorbed and retained in order to accumulate the amounts laid down in utero were predicted. On the basis of these estimates, preterm infants who retain 25% of the Zn and 35% of the Cu in PT milk would approximate in utero accumulations. However, the Fe content of PT milk is unlikely to provide for in utero accretion rates, even if 100% absorption as achieved. PMID- 7094854 TI - Returning to the suckled breast: a further test of Hall's hypothesis. PMID- 7094855 TI - Distribution of NAD+-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity among human fetal tissues. AB - In the present investigation the activity of NAD+-dependent 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was measured in the cytosolic fractions prepared from various tissues of the human fetus. Among the different tissues studied the specific activity of this enzyme varied widely. The specific activities of prostaglandin dehydrogenase were greatest in the adrenal gland, placenta, and ureter, while moderate levels were found in kidney, lung, and testis; low or undetected levels were found in other tissues including heart, intestine, and brain. The finding of wide variations in the specific activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase among tissues of the human fetus is supportive of the possibility that this enzyme has an important role in the regulation of the levels of prostaglandins in these tissues. PMID- 7094853 TI - The relative efficacy of four methods of human milk expression. AB - In view of the current trend toward increased breast-feeding, both of normal term infants as well as sick or premature infants, a successful means for milk expression in order to establish and maintain lactation is of major importance to the mother. The present study was designed to evaluate four methods of milk expression, measuring the amount as well s the fat content of milk expressed by each method during a 10-min period. The four methods included the Egnell electric pump, the Loyd B pump, the Evenflo system, and manual expression. The electric pump enabled mothers to express significantly more milk with adequate fat content during the expression period than any of the other methods tested. No significant differences were found between the other three methods. The Egnell or similar electric pump may be a preferred method for milk expression for some mothers, particularly those anticipating a prolonged need for pumping. PMID- 7094858 TI - Sleep states development in the first year of life assessed through 24-h recordings. AB - Sleep measures have been evaluated in 13 normal infants aged between 2 weeks and 11 months 3 weeks, with 24 h polygraphic records. Values over the whole 24 h period show that quiet sleep (QS) increases with age while paradoxical sleep (PS) and ambiguous sleep (AmbS) decrease; however, when the 24 h period is split into two periods (day-time, night-time) it can be seen that QS increases only during the night-time while PS and AmbS decrease only during the day-time. The QS in older subjects becomes mainly located at the beginning of the night-time period, when particularly long phases take place. The distribution during the night-time of PS (in terms of the amount and of the mean duration of the phases) does not change with age. PMID- 7094856 TI - Are there behavioural states in the human fetus? AB - The aim of this study was to search for the existence of behavioural states in the human fetus and to describe their developmental course. In a longitudinal study, 14 low-risk fetuses were studied at 2-week intervals from 32 weeks of gestation onward. Fetal body movements as well as fetal eye movements, visualized by means of real-time ultrasonic imaging, and fetal heart rate patterns, recorded by means of a cardiotocograph, were used as state variables. At 38 and 40 weeks, four distinct behavioural states, named states 1F through 4F and corresponding respectively to states 1 through 4 of the neonate, could be identified. That these constellations of parameters represented true behavioural states was demonstrated by the stability of association of parameters for prolonged periods and by the simultaneity of change of parameters at state transitions. There is evidence for episodes of wakefulness in the fetus. Before 36 weeks, cycles were present in each of the state variables and combinations of parameters typical of particular states were observed. However, the relatively short durations of these combinations and the lack of simultaneity of change in the three state variables support the conclusion that these periods of coincidence occurred by chance and did not represent organized behavioural states. PMID- 7094857 TI - The effect of early contact on maternal perception of infant behavior. AB - The effect of extra maternal-infant contact during the first postpartum hour on maternal perception of infant behavior one month after delivery was measured by the Broussard Neonatal Perception Inventories and the attachment questions of Klaus and colleagues. All mothers were indigent primiparas who vaginally delivered normal, term infants. 60 mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned to either an extra contact or routine contact group. 49 mothers were available 1 month later for home visits. Scores on the Neonatal Perception Inventories were not significantly affected by either degree of contact or the sex of the child. There was also no difference between contact groups in the maternal response to the attachment questions. Infant behaviors recorded by 24 mothers during the 4 days following home visits were similar in the 2 contact groups. Mothers reported significantly more negative behaviors for female than for male infants. Any effects of extra contact during the first hour after birth on maternal-infant interaction are unlikely to result from changes in maternal perception of infant behavior. PMID- 7094859 TI - [Changes in the brain content of lipids and the fatty acid composition after treatment with carbachol, arecoline, and nicotine]. PMID- 7094860 TI - [C-polymorphic chromosome variant in the paternity proof]. PMID- 7094861 TI - [Use of highly effective liquid chromatography for the analysis of cloxasepin succinate resorption in experimental animals]. PMID- 7094862 TI - [Gastric secretion and serum gastrin in albino rats subjected to thymectomy]. PMID- 7094863 TI - [Inhibitory effect of beta blockader propranolol on demethylating activity of liver microsomes]. PMID- 7094865 TI - Activity of single motor units during prolonged muscle activity at various levels of contraction performed by nontrained persons and by highly specialized athletes. PMID- 7094867 TI - Study of simulated motor unit action potential shape. PMID- 7094866 TI - Diagnostic yield of single fiber electromyography and other electrophysiological techniques in myasthenia gravis. I. Electromyography, automatic analysis of the voluntary pattern, and repetitive nerve stimulation. PMID- 7094868 TI - [Use of haloperidol in high doses in schizophrenia. Clinical, biochemical and pharmacokinetic study]. AB - The effect of high doses of haloperidol on the clinical status, plasma neuroleptic and prolactin concentrations as well as on CSF HVA and GABA levels was investigated in 3 paranoid schizophrenic patients over a 6 weeks period. When the study was initiated patients had been on haloperidol (10 mg a day) for 4-10 weeks. Oral doses were increased at weekly intervals from 10 (day 0) to 100 (day 7) and 200 (days 14 to 28) mg a day and then reduced to 100 (day 35) and 10 (day 42) mg/day. A linear relationship was observed between plasmatic levels and daily doses of haloperidol. In neither patient, the increase in haloperidol dosage affected paranoid symptoms. Neurological side effects were slightly increased in 2 cases and moderately reduced in one case. Prolactin plasma levels, already high at the onset of the study rose when increasing the dose to 100 mg a day but did not increase further despite increment in the haloperidol dosage. CSF levels of HVA and GABA rose from day 0 to day 7 but were back to the initial values on day 28 in 2 patients and were decreased from day 0 to day 28 in one patient. For the 3 patients a close correlation was observed between changes in CSF HVA and GABA levels. It is concluded that high doses of haloperidol, although causing biochemical changes compatible with the occurrence of dopamine target cell supersensitivity, do not lead to any clinical improvement in the 3 studied schizophrenic patients. PMID- 7094869 TI - [Post traumatic schizophrenic bouts: with regard to 6 cases of traumatic schizophrenia (author's transl)]. AB - The authors describe 6 cases of post-traumatic schizophrenia and make a critical review of the literature concerning this unusual post-traumatic personality disturbance. Various schizophrenic manifestations are observed: they principally consist of delusion, hallucination, paranoid and mystical ideas, autism, psychomotor instability, fugues. Post-traumatic schizophrenia occurs mostly in young men, before thirty years. The severity of traumatic brain injury appears irrelevant in its genesis. Temporal lobes are more often involved (one third of the cases). Pre-traumatic personality disturbances are the main factor as demonstrated by the anamnesis and by the results of Rorschach test. PMID- 7094864 TI - Myopathy of deltoid muscles in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (computerised electromyography). PMID- 7094870 TI - [A qualitative study of clinical change in population of salbutamol-treated hospitalized depressives (author's transl)]. AB - On the basis of pharmacological and clinical findings, salbutamol, a beta adrenergic stimulant, is used in the treatment of depression. The day by day evolution of each of the most commonly evaluated symptoms in depressed patients is presented as observed during 10 days in 13 patients who were administered this treatment. Improvement appears to be global: it concerns all symptoms. However: - improvement of psychomotor retardation is early and is often observed before mood recovery; - and anxiety seems to variate independently from other factors. Responding patients were those who presented a frank depressive state with no associated psychiatric pathology. Tolerance was satisfactory in all cases. PMID- 7094873 TI - Conformational effects of ether bridge substitution in thyroid hormone analogues. AB - It has been suggested that the oxygen bridge linking the two iodophenyl rings of the thyroid hormones at an angle of 120 degrees promotes electron transfer between the rings or establishes the proper stereochemical relationship between the rings. To determine the effects of oxygen bridge substitution on conformation, an analysis of the X-ray crystal structures of a number of oxygen bridge analogues (NH, CO, CHOH, S) was undertaken and the results compared with the thyroid hormone structures. The 3,5-iodine substituents cause the two phenyl rings to adopt a skewed or twist-skewed conformation. The phenyl rings of all bridge substituted analogues can adopt these hormone conformations. There is a correlation between the bridging bond length and the bridging angle that tends to keep the overall diphenyl ring conformation constant. The results of sulfur bridge substitution have further structural implications with regard to the design of novel hormone analogues. PMID- 7094872 TI - Effects of some typical and atypical antidepressants on GAD activity in various brain regions. AB - The AA. have investigated the effects of acute or chronic injection of typical and atypical antidepressants on the activity of the GABA--synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) in discrete brain regions. Very significant changes in GAD activity were only observed with sulpiride and nomifensine, two atypical antidepressants that selectively influence dopaminergic transmission and, in turn, prolactin secretion. PMID- 7094874 TI - The biological half-life of human growth hormone and a biologically active 20,000 dalton variant in mouse blood. AB - We compared the disappearance rate of hGH and hGH20K injected into groups of mice. Radioactivity measurements and RIA were used to determine the amount of hormone in blood collected at various times after injection. The results indicate that the T1/2 value for hGH and hGH20K are equal. We conclude that there is no apparent relationship between the equal rates of disappearance, the dissimilar binding characteristics that have been shown for the hormones and their equipotent growth promoting activities. PMID- 7094875 TI - Prolactin secretion after hypophysial stalk transection in pigs. AB - Hypothalamic regulation PRL secretion was investigated in 13 7-month-old Yorkshire gilts by comparing the effects of hypophysial stalk transection and sham operation. Ovariectomized gilts were fitted with an indwelling cannula in the anterior vena cava to determine sequential serum profiles of PRL secretion before, during, and 190 h after cranial surgery. A nylon disc was inserted between severed ends of the hypophysial stalk to prevent vascular and tissue regeneration; sham operations included all surgical procedures with exception of stalk transection and insertion of the disc. During a preoperative period of 120 min, PRL concentrations in peripheral serum remained consistently low [2.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM)] in all gilts. During 105 min of anesthesia (induced by thiamylal sodium and maintained by halothane and oxygen), PRL increased (8.2 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) in all gilts. Peak PRL values averaged 10.7 ng/ml at hypophysial stalk transection or sham operation and then declined steadily in both groups during the last 105 min of surgery. PRL remained elevated (P less than 0.002) in hypophysial stalk-transected gilts compared with sham-operated controls throughout a postoperative period from 6-190 h (3.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). These results indicate that basal secretion of PRL in the pig is inhibited by the hypothalamus. PMID- 7094871 TI - [Imipramine and neuro-psychiatry. Retrospective study of 557 out-patients treated in a neuro-psychiatric unit (author's transl)]. AB - A retrospective study of 557 outpatients who had been treated with imipramine has been undertaken in a neuro-psychiatric unit. The usual dose was 75 mg per day, most often associated with other psychotropic drugs. The main indication was a depressive state for 75 p. c. of the patients: in that case the efficacy reached 65 p. c. The achievement of such results with moderate doses might indicate a possible relationship between the optimal dosage of the antidepressive drug and the intensity of the mood disorder. 12.5 p. c. of the patients were treated for a post-contusional syndrome. The best results have been obtained with early treatment when patients didn't have any loss of consciousness at the time of their contusion. The other successful indications of imipramine were phobic and hypocondriacal neurotic symptoms and functional headaches which were resistant to the usual treatments, raising the problem of a possible masked depression. PMID- 7094876 TI - Pinealectomy abolishes 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion by male rats. PMID- 7094877 TI - Thyroxine-5'-deiodinase of rat thyroid, but not that of liver, is dependent on thyrotropin. PMID- 7094878 TI - Facilitative interactions between estradiol and luteinizing hormone in the regulation of progesterone production by cultured swine granulosa cells: relation to cellular cholesterol metabolism. AB - Well differentiated swine granulosa cells in monolayer culture were employed to investigate the mechanisms by which estradiol amplifies the stimulatory actions of LH in the later stages of follicular maturation. The facilitative interaction between estradiol and LH could not be attributed to altered rates of catabolism of progesterone to 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. Moreover, estradiol, LH, and estradiol combined with LH clearly stimulated pregnenolone production, measured in the presence of trilostane, to inhibit 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta-5-4-isomerase activity. Thus, at least one component of the synergism between estradiol and LH must reside at or proximal to the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system. In the absence of lipoproteins, the magnitude of the synergism between estradiol and LH was significantly reduced. However, the facilitative interaction between estradiol and LH could still be observed in lipoprotein deficient and serum-free medium and after the administration of ML-236B to suppress the de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol. In contrast, estradiol alone and LH alone significantly augmented progesterone production in the presence of the oxygenated sterol 5-cholesten-3 beta,25-diol, which can serve as an effective substrate for cholesterol side-chain cleavage. In addition, in the presence of 5 cholesten-3 beta,25-diol, the magnitude of the synergism between estradiol and LH was increased markedly. Thus, the present studies demonstrate that estradiol and LH significantly stimulate progesterone production, at least in part, by augmenting pregnenolone biosynthesis, but not by inhibiting progesterone catabolism. Studies with 5-cholesten-3 beta-25-diol further suggest that estradiol and LH increase cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity. These observations delineate important mechanisms by which estradiol and LH prepare well differentiated granulosa cells for the high rates of steroidogenesis that are ultimately required in the corpus luteum. PMID- 7094880 TI - Short term nuclear retention and early cytosol replenishment of estradiol receptors in uteri of ovariectomized diabetic rats after intraperitoneal injection of 17 beta-estradiol: evidence for decreased hormonal activity on protein synthesis. PMID- 7094881 TI - Triiodothyronine stimulation of in vitro growth and maturation of embryonic chick cartilage. AB - We studied the direct effect of T3 on cartilage growth and maturation in vitro. Pelvic cartilages from 9-day-old chick embryos were incubated in a serum-free organ culture system which supported cartilage growth over a 5-day interval. The addition of T3 (15 nM) to the medium increased cartilage wet weight (approximately 100%), dry weight (77%), length (35%), and total soluble protein (67%) over 3 days compared to cartilage incubated in medium alone. The DNA content was only slightly increased (2%) by T3 over the interval. T3 stimulated the same parameters of growth similarly after 5 days of incubation. In addition, T3 increased the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein (82%) and 35SO4 into proteoglycan (53%). A dose-dependent increase in cartilage wet weight was seen with T3 (0.0015-15 nM) over 3 days of incubation. Cartilage incubated with T3 demonstrated microscopic changes in maturation, with development of large numbers of hypertrophied chondrocytes, and biochemical evidence of maturation, with increased alkaline phosphatase activity (130%). The dose-response range for T3 stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity (0.015-0.15 nM) was considerably more restricted than that for stimulation of growth (0.0015-15 nM). These studies demonstrate that T3 in physiological concentrations directly affects cartilage growth and maturation, primarily through stimulating chondrocyte hypertrophy. PMID- 7094882 TI - Hormonal control of uterine growth: temporal relationships between estrogen administration and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. AB - Administration of a single injection of estradiol (E2) causes a maximum increase in DNA synthesis of all major uterine cell types approximately 24 h later. Animals given a second injection of E2 6-12 h after the first show an apparent increase in DNA synthesis in the luminal epithelium. Animals receiving a second injection of E2 15-18 h after the first show an apparent decrease in DNA synthesis at 24 h, which is most prominent in the luminal epithelium. This apparent decrease in DNA synthesis is most apparent if the second injection of E2 is given 18 h after the first, and is due to a shift of 10-12 h in the time course of DNA synthesis rather than to an absolute decrease in this parameter. This shift in the time course of uterine DNA synthesis is a dose-dependent phenomenon and displays a dose-response curve similar to that for the stimulation of DNA synthesis by a single injection of E2. A third injection of E2, 28 h after the initial hormone treatment, again causes a shift of 10-12 h in the time course of DNA synthesis relative to that in animals receiving two injections of hormone. These results suggest that nuclear levels of estrogen receptor, which initially increase after hormone administration, must decrease before the onset of uterine DNA synthesis. PMID- 7094879 TI - Adrenalectomy decreases the sphingomyelin and cholesterol content of fat cell ghosts. AB - Adrenalectomy produces a significant fall in the sphingomyelin and cholesterol content of ghosts isolated from rat epididymal fat cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated an effect of dexamethasone in vitro to increase the sphingomyelin content of fat cell ghosts obtained from adrenalectomized animals. The present study demonstrates that adrenalectomy influences the membrane lipid content. Dexamethasone, in vitro, was found to increase the sphingomyelin of epididymal fat cell ghosts isolated from intact animals, as it previously had been shown to affect epididymal fat cell ghosts obtained from adrenalectomized animals. Incubation with dexamethasone for 3 h had no effect on the cholesterol content of the ghosts. Adrenalectomy, on the other hand, resulted in a significant decrease in the cholesterol content of the fat cell ghosts. PMID- 7094883 TI - Pineal melatonin in the Djungarian hamster: photoperiodic regulation of a circadian rhythm. AB - The pineal melatonin rhythm has been proposed to represent a physiological signal which mediates the effects of photoperiod in a variety of seasonal breeding mammals. Studies in other species have led to the hypothesis that an endogenous circadian mechanism controls pineal melatonin content and can adapt the melatonin rhythm to reflect shifts in the prevailing light-dark schedule. In this report, photoperiodic regulation of the pineal melatonin content was investigated in the male Djungarian hamster, a species that is a long day breeder and photo-periodic from early life. In the first study, a daily pineal melatonin rhythm persisted after 6-8 weeks of constant dark conditions in a specific phase relationship to the onset of wheel running activity. Pineal melatonin levels increased around the time of activity onset, and high values persisted for 14-17 h. In subsequent studies, adult males [previously maintained under long days (16 h of light and 8 h of darkness)] were subjected to one of three conditions: 1) a 3-h advance in the onset of darkness, 2) a delay in the time of light onset, or 3) both alterations in the photoperiod. The acute 3-h advance in onset of the dark period caused an earlier rise in pineal melatonin production by approximately 1.5 h compared to that in controls. In contrast, the falling phase of the pineal melatonin rhythm was not altered by extension of the dark period. Therefore, aspects of the pineal melatonin pattern, i.e. the rising phase and peak duration, reflected changes in the photoperiod, while the falling phase anticipated the onset of the light period predicted by the previous light-dark schedule. These observations support the hypothesis that melatonin production by the pineal is an endogenous circadian rhythm and, as a physiological signal, may convey information about the daylength. PMID- 7094884 TI - Responsiveness of dispersed rat luteal cells to luteinizing hormone and prolactin during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy. PMID- 7094885 TI - Changes in aromatase activity in the rat brain during embryonic, neonatal, and infantile development. AB - We assessed the activity of the aromatase enzyme complex in slices of brain from rats by measuring the release of 3H2O from [1 beta-3H]testosterone. In hypothalami from 12-day-old rats, the rate of aromatase activity was linear with time and amount of tissue. The reaction was saturated at a substrate concentration of 0.1 microM, and the apparent Km of the reaction was 27 nM. The production of 3H2O was inhibited by 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, with an apparent Ki of 20 nM. Aromatase activity was first detected in the diencephalon of 16-day-old fetuses and reached maximum rates in hypothalamic tissue between days 18 and 20 of gestation. The highest rate of activity per mg protein (approximately 4.8 pmol h-1 mg protein-1) was observed in the preoptic area (POA) on the 20th day of embryonic development. However, when expressed as a rate per tissue fragment, aromatase activity was as high in the medial basal hypothalamus as in the POA. After day 20 of gestation aromatase activity rapidly decreased in the POA and medial basal hypothalamus of both males and females. The lowest levels were observed between postnatal days 16 and 20. Aromatase activity was not detectable in cerebral cortex and cerebellum at any age studied. Since serum testosterone was higher in males than females during the first 4 days of postnatal life, and since aromatase activity is elevated in the hypothalamus at this time, our results support the current concept that local formation of estrogen mediates testosterone-induced masculinization of the brain during the neonatal period. However, our results also indicate that failure of the rat brain to undergo complete sexual differentiation before birth cannot be due to an inability of the fetal hypothalamus to aromatize androgens, since aromatase activity was higher in the hypothalamus than in any other fetal tissue. PMID- 7094887 TI - Hormone dependency in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors. AB - The majority (87%) of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors regressed within 1 week after hypophysectomy (hypox). After a hypox-induced tumor regression, ovine PRL (oPRL), and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) were administered separately or in combination in order to define the individual role of these hormones in regulating tumor growth and influencing estrogen (E), progesterone (Pg), and PRL receptor (R) levels. Administration of E2 (2.5 micrograms twice daily) or oPRL (20 IU daily, started 5 days after hypox and continued for 10 days, resulted in stabilization of tumor growth. Simultaneous administration of E2 and oPRL resulted in a synergistic effect and reactivation of tumor growth. ER levels in mammary tumors were significantly lower than those in the control 15 days after hypox (P less than 0.01). Treatment with E2, oPRL, or both simultaneously had no significant effect on ER levels. A significant decline in PgR levels was noted at both 5 and 15 days after hypox. Whereas treatment with oPRL had no significant effect on PgR levels, E2 administration either alone or in combination with oPRL restored PgR levels to control values. PRLR levels were unchanged from control values at 5 days, but significantly declined (P less than 0.005) 15 days after hypox. Treatment with E2, oPRL, or both hormones simultaneously partially maintained PRLR and prevented the decline to the extremely low level noted in the untreated group. We conclude that the growth of nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors is dependent on both E2 and PRL. There was a synergistic effect between E2 and PRL on tumor growth but not on ER, PgR, or PRLR. Neither E2 nor PRL had any significant effect on ER after hypox. PgR is under E2 control. Either E2 or PRL or both hormones were able to maintain PRLR in mammary tumors after hypox. PMID- 7094886 TI - Radioimmunoassay of pro-gamma-melanotropin, the amino-terminal fragment of proopiolipomelanocortin. AB - A RIA has been developed for natural porcine pro-gamma MSH, the 103-amino acid peptide that represents the amino-terminal part of proopiolipomelanocortin. Rabbits were immunized with the purified peptide polymerized with glutaraldehyde. The antiserum is directed against the amino-terminal end of the antigen and does not cross-react with corticotropin, beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin, gamma 3MSH, or gamma 2MSH. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.15 ng/ml standard pro gamma MSH (15 pg/tube). Pro-gamma MSH-like immunoreactivity was detected in plasma and extracts of the hypothalamus and pituitary of pigs. Gel chromatography of these extracts revealed at least three immunoreactive peaks in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the pituitary, whereas two immunoreactive peaks were found in extracts of the hypothalamus. PMID- 7094888 TI - The same region of human growth hormone is involved in its binding to various receptors. AB - The Fab fragments of three monoclonal antihuman GH (anti-hGH) antibodies, among five tested, inhibited the binding of the hormone to the receptors of the human lymphoid cell line IM-9 and liver membranes of the pregnant rabbit. The results were similar for the receptors of human lymphocytes and rabbit liver, suggesting that both receptors reacted with the same region of the hormone. The Fab fragments of the most inhibitory antibody also inhibited the down-regulation by the hormone of the receptors on human lymphocytes. The fragments of this antibody completely blocked the binding of the hormone to the receptors of the rabbit liver, despite the fact that this carries two or more classes of receptors. Therefore, all of these various receptors apparently interact with the same region of the hormone. Three synthetic peptides extending from residues 19-128, 73-128, and 98-128 failed to inhibit the binding of hGH to its lymphocyte or liver receptors however, these peptides reacted significantly with the monoclonal antibody, which was the strongest inhibitor of the interaction of hGH with the cellular receptor, confirming that the receptor-binding site of the hormone is in the amino-terminal part of the molecule and suggesting indirectly that the short sequences 98-128 participates in the constitution of the receptor-binding site of the hormone. PMID- 7094889 TI - Potent in vivo and in vitro prolactin inhibiting activity of sauvagine, a frog skin peptide. AB - The effect of sauvagine (SAU), a frog skin peptide, on prolactin (PRL) levels was studied in vivo and in vitro. Subcutaneous administration of SAU (20 micrograms/kg) reduced plasma PRL levels in normal adult male rats and suppressed the suckling-induced rise of PRL in lactating rats even at doses of 1 and 5 micrograms/kg. Perfusion of isolated and dispersed rat pituitary cells in vitro with increasing doses of SAU (from 5 x 10(-10) to 1.7 x 10(-8)M) induced a significant dose-related decrease of PRL secretion in the eluate. These results indicate that SAU is a potent PRL inhibiting factor and that its action is exerted at the pituitary level. If SAU or a SAU-related peptide is present in the mammalian brain, it can be tentatively hypothesized that this peptide plays an important role in the control of PRL secretion. PMID- 7094891 TI - Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis prevent TSH-induced morphological changes in the thyroid gland. PMID- 7094890 TI - Binding of 3H-Sertoli cell factor to rat anterior pituitary in vitro. AB - The binding characteristics of Sertoli Cell Factor (SCF) to the anterior pituitaries were examined using tissue homogenates and cultured cells. Tritium labeled SCF (3H-SCF), synthesized by rat Sertoli cells in vitro in the presence of 3H-leucine and partly purified by Sephadex gel chromatography, was used to the ligand. The binding of 3H-SCF to the pituitary homogenates or cultured cells was considerably greater (3-6X) compared to homogenates of brain, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. The pituitary binding at 37 C occurred after approximately 60 time dependent, and directly related to the receptor concentration. Maximum binding at 37 C occurred after approximately 60 min of incubation. Over 90% of the bound 3H-SCF was competitively inhibited by an excess of unlabeled SCF, but not by other substances. There was a good correlation between the binding of 3H SCF and its biological activity, as evidenced by a selective suppression of basal FSH release in pituitary cell cultures. These data indicate that, in analogy to other protein hormones, specific binding to target cell receptors may represent an initial step of SCF action in the pituitary. The binding should also prove valuable in the development of a rapid radio-receptor assay for SCF and possibly for other inhibin preparations. PMID- 7094892 TI - Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on blood serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentration in the rat. PMID- 7094893 TI - [Radioimmunological determination of progesterone using its derivative substituted at 12 alpha position]. PMID- 7094895 TI - The operated stomach--still a precancerous condition? PMID- 7094894 TI - [Type of adrenal pathology and the biochemical and clinical status of patients with the primary hyperaldosteronism syndrome]. PMID- 7094896 TI - Intra-arterial dye method with vasomotors (PIAD method) applied for the endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer and the side effects of indigo carmine. AB - Forty patients with stomach cancer, including 25 patients with early carcinoma, were examined endoscopically during the perfusion of Indigo carmine dye into the celiac artery in association with vasomotors. In all of these patients the diagnosis had been established definitively by aimed biopsies before the procedure. This new endoscopic examination is useful not only to determine the margin of the superficial carcinoma, even when it is covered with regenerative epithelium, but also to detect small lesion less than 10 mm in diameter. Liver function tests in 31 patients who underwent the examination have negated the possibility of acute toxicity of the dye. But this new method should be employed with caution in hypertensive or high-risk patients. PMID- 7094898 TI - Antibiotic-associated colitis: always pseudomembranous? AB - Among the 14 cases of antibiotic-induced colitis, endoscopic features were: in 9 cases typical pseudomembranes, in 4 cases petechiae or ecchymosis or suggillation like redness with near-to-normal surrounding mucosa. In one case induced by Spiramycin, a macrolide that had never been previously indicated as being responsible for the disease, the endoscopic picture was 'atypical' and directed us towards a severe ulcerative colitis. These forms are very rare and usually limited to the right or transverse colon which suggests, if possible, a total colonoscopy. The nosographic picture of these cases is not quite clear, since they could represent both the most severe stages within 'non-pseudomembranous' antibiotic-induced colitis and autonomous forms whose evolution does not contribute in any way to the formation of pseudomembranes. PMID- 7094897 TI - Coloscopic polypectomy in diagnosis and management of cancerous adenomas: an individual and multicentric experience. AB - Of 1696 endoscopically removed polyps in the authors' series 62% were adenomas and 31 showed invasive carcinoma. 8 patients were not available for follow-up, and 7 underwent surgical resection with negative findings. There was no evidence of recurrent cancer in the remaining 16 over a 1-6 year span of follow-up, although one unrelated rectal carcinoma and an adenoma were found. By combining the data of 10 Italian Centres, 44 further patients were available, who had had endoscopic polypectomy as the only management of cancerous adenomas, adding no additional example of recurrent carcinoma. It is concluded that endoscopic polypectomy can, providing strict histological criteria are satisfied, provide definitive resection of some cancerous adenomas. A detailed follow-up regime including physical examination, occult blood testing, repeated endoscopy, paired tumour antigen levels and ultrasonography has been used to confirm the absence of recurrence in our series. PMID- 7094899 TI - "The evolution of the solitary ulcer of the rectum"--an endoscopic and histopathological study. AB - A follow-up study of fourteen out of twenty-seven cases of solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum was performed at one year's interval from the previous endoscopic and histologic examination. Most of the lesions consistently changed their aspect, resulting in incomplete irregular narrowings, polypoid protrusions or linear ulcers. The symptoms remained unchanged or slightly diminished. A striking difference was found in the histological pattern of the "evolved" ulcer in comparison to the active one, the former showing features of hyperplastic (metaplastic) colonic polyps as well as of the so called "transitional mucosa". It is suggested that chronic ischemia occurring in solitary ulcer of the rectum leads to "transitional mucosa" as an exaggerated regenerative phenomenon, hyperplastic (metaplastic) mucosa representing a later maturative phase. Possibly "transitional" mucosa may undergo dysplastic changes under the influence of environmental factors. PMID- 7094900 TI - Endometrial pathological changes after Fallopian ring tubal ligation. AB - Endometrial biopsy was used to study the luteal phase in patients with Fallopian ring (Yoon ring) tubal ligation. Luteal phase insufficiency was found in 9.3% of patients in the study group and in 3.4% of patients in the control group. THe differences are statistically not significant (p = 0.5). The patients with histological evidence of poor luteal phase after tubal ligation presented with oligomenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. These results exclude the possibility of some interference with the utero-ovarian circulatory system caused by Fallopian rings. PMID- 7094902 TI - ERC demonstration of biliary fistula and subphrenic abscess. PMID- 7094901 TI - Gastric plasma cell granuloma (report of a case). PMID- 7094903 TI - Granulomatous hepatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a case. AB - Liver disease is rarely present in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nevertheless, a recent retrospective study has found a broad spectrum of hepatic pathology in patients with SLE. It is, however, open to question whether this association is fortuitous, or whether any particular form of liver disease represents a manifestation of SLE. The following observation may provide an answer. In a patient granulomatous hepatitis appeared and subsided simultaneously with an exacerbation of SLE. This time course suggests that granulomatous hepatitis may represent a manifestation of SLE. PMID- 7094905 TI - Anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital, diazepam, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin in the electroshock test in mice after lesion of hippocampal pyramidal cells with intracerebroventricular kainic acid. AB - The electroshock test-taking hind limb tonic extension as the end point-was carried out on the fifth day after the intracerebroventricular injections of kainic acid (KA; 0.2 microgram per mouse). The following antiepileptics were tested for the anticonvulsant effects both in naive and KA-lesioned mice: phenobarbital (20 mg/kg), diazepam (8 mg/kg), carbamazepine (15 mg/kg) and diphenylhydantoin (10 mg/kg), all drugs being injected intraperitoneally 60 min before electroconvulsions. It was found that the protective effects of phenobarbital and diazepam were distinctly reduced in KA-lesioned animals when compared to naive mice. However, both carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin protected KA-injected and control animals to a similar degree. Further, intracerebroventricular injections of KA resulted in the substantial loss of pyramidal cells in the whole CA3 field of the hippocampus. It is suggested that the intact hippocampus is necessary for the development of the full anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital and diazepam, whilst the site of action of carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin is independent of the hippocampus. PMID- 7094906 TI - CT measurements of mesial temporal lobe herniation in epileptics. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative method for describing preoperatively herniation of the mesial temporal lobe structures in epileptic patients. This was done by opacifying the CSF of the basal cisterns with metrizamide and measuring the position and contour of the mesial temporal lobe. The measurements were fitted to complex polynomial curves, which were then analyzed. The shapes of the curves, the surface area between the curves and the x axis, and the angles at which the curves intersected the x axis were all found to be reliable indicators of the presence or absence of herniation of the mesial temporal structures. In the 18 patients studied, chronic herniation of the mesial temporal lobe was found at the time of surgery in 13 cases and had been assessed correctly preoperatively with the aid of the polynomial curves in each instance. PMID- 7094904 TI - Phenytoin influence on human lymphocyte mitogen response: a prospective study of epileptic and nonepileptic patients. AB - The results of this prospective study fail to confirm previously reported phenytoin suppression of lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens. Our data show a significantly greater than expected percentage (p less than 0.0001) of patients requiring phenytoin treatment have low lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens prior to phenytoin therapy. Analysis of changes in each individual's response during phenytoin treatment as compared with their pre-phenytoin responses shows a consistent trend to increased responsiveness to concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin. This trend was most pronounced for patients whose serum IgA concentration was decreased while taking phenytoin, whereas there was no such trend for individuals whose serum IgA levels were not decreased. This phenomenon was not related to neurological disease classification. Phenytoin added directly to lymphocyte cultures depressed lymphocyte responses to all mitogens in a small (less than 20%) but significant degree, confirming similar in vitro studies by other investigators. Because of limited serum proteins for phenytoin binding in culture medium, these in vitro studies have little application to possible phenytoin effects on lymphocytes of patients taking it to prevent seizures. Thus, the suggestion that phenytoin causes depressed lymphocyte responses to mitogens in epileptic patients appears unwarranted. PMID- 7094909 TI - Annual meeting of the American Epilepsy Society. New York, New York, December 3, 1981. Abstracts. PMID- 7094907 TI - Comparison of phenytoin and phenobarbital effects on far-field auditory and somatosensory evoked potential interpeak latencies. AB - Far-field somatosensory and auditory evoked potential (EP) interpeak latencies were measured in normal controls, epileptics not receiving medications, and epileptics receiving phenytoin, phenobarbital, or both. Phenytoin, but no phenobarbital, was associated with a prolongation of EP interpeak latencies at serum level concentrations over 20 micrograms/ml. Neither carbamazepine nor primidone in smaller series were associated with prolongation of EP interpeak latencies. PMID- 7094908 TI - Mouse fetal hydantoin syndrome: effects of maternal seizures. AB - To test the effect of maternal seizure disorders on prenatal structural development, the mouse neurological mutant quaking (qk) was used. Administering phenytoin in the drinking water of females homozygous for the quaking allele reduced the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures typical for this mutant from a background rate of 2.06 to 0.34 seizures per mouse day. As the seizure frequency decreased, the percentage of fetuses exhibiting abnormalities associated with the mouse fetal hydantoin syndrome increased from 0 to 77. As in previous studies with the mouse syndrome, the increase in malformations was associated with increased maternal serum phenytoin levels. The results of this study indicate that the maternal serum phenytoin level, and not the maternal seizure disorder, is the etiologic agent responsible for the malformations observed in this syndrome. PMID- 7094910 TI - Restitution of chromatid and isochromatid breaks induced in the G2 phase by actinomycin D. AB - Although actinomycin D (AMD) appears to cause chromatid breakage, it has been suggested that it merely weakens the chromosomal proteins, causing breaks to occur during the stress of fixation. To determine if this was true, we examined lymphocytes treated with AMD (3.5 micrograms/ml) for 90 min prior to harvesting for evidence of DNA repair. Besides single chromatid breaks, we observed a high frequency of chromatid exchange figures (translocations, inversions, rings) and closed isochromatid breaks, indicating that a type of DNA repair leading to chromosome aberration had occurred prior to cell fixation. Therefore, at least some of the breaks observed after AMD treatment in G2 represented true DNA damage and were not merely artifacts of fixation. PMID- 7094913 TI - IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Nomenclature of vitamin D. Recommendations 1981. PMID- 7094912 TI - A note on the utility of repair-deficient st mus302 Drosophila females in detecting chromosome loss and sex-linked recessive lethals induced in the male genome by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). PMID- 7094911 TI - Structure-activity studies on the mutagenicity of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) and its metabolites in Salmonella. AB - A series of methylated metabolites of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella, along with the parent chemical and other structurally related chemicals. The metabolites produced a gradient of mutagenic responses in TA1535 in the same dose range and up to the same magnitude as the Tris-BP response. None of the metabolites tested appeared to be the ultimate mutagen, since they all required S-9 for their mutagenic activity. PMID- 7094914 TI - Two aspects of DNA polymorphism and microheterogeneity: molecular electrostatic potential and steric accessibility. AB - Polymorphism and microheterogeneity of DNA appear today as being capable of having important biological consequences. This paper presents a synthetic view of two major properties of the main known forms of DNA (A, B, alternating B, C, D and Z), namely their molecular electrostatic potentials and steric accessibilities. Variations in these properties are explained in terms of the conformational changes involved and deductions are drawn concerning their influence on the interactive properties of DNA with external agents. PMID- 7094915 TI - Transport of N-acetylglutamate in rat-liver mitochondria. AB - The permeability properties of the rat-liver mitochondrial membrane for N acetylglutamate, the activator of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia), were studied. 1. Transport of N-acetylglutamate into the mitochondria was only observed in partially or fully de-energized mitochondria and when the extramitochondrial concentration was unphysiologically high (in the mM range). However, even under these conditions the intramitochondrial concentration of N acetylglutamate was much lower than that outside. 2. Mitochondrial N acetylglutamate efflux only occurs when the mitochondria are in an energized state. At 25 degrees C, at an intramitochondrial N-acetylglutamate concentration of 0.7-1.0 nmol/mg protein, efflux proceeds at a rate of about 0.05 nmol X min-1 X mg protein-1. This is 10-fold lower than the maximal rate of N-acetylglutamate synthesis in the mitochondria. 3. Homologous exchange between intramitochondrial N-[14C]acetylglutamate and extramitochondrial unlabelled N-acetylglutamate could not be demonstrated. 4. It is concluded that transport of N-acetylglutamate in vivo is effectively unidirectional, out of the mitochondria. This behaviour is in accordance with the physiological requirement for efflux of N-acetylglutamate from the mitochondria in order to be degraded in the cytosol. PMID- 7094916 TI - Nucleomeric organization of chromatin. AB - In the nuclei fixed in situ, as well as in nuclei in low-ionic-strength solutions containing magnesium ions, chromatin is represented by globular nucleomeric fibrils 20-25 nm in diameter. Staphylococcal or endogenous nucleases cleave chromatin fibrils to nucleomers and multinucleomers. On removal of firmly bound magnesium, the nucleomers unfold into chains of four, six or eight nucleosomes. Mild staphylococcal nuclease digestion of nuclear chromatin releases mononucleomers, dinucleomers and trinucleomers that sediment in the sucrose density gradient in the presence of EDTA as 37-S, 47-S and 55-S particles, respectively. The mononucleomers in the sucrose density gradient with MgCl2 sediment as 45-S particles. The determination of the length of staphylococcal nuclease-digested DNAs contained in the chromatin fragments showed that a nucleomer is composed of 8, and a dimer and trimer of 14-16 and 21-24 nucleosomes, respectively. When deprived of Mg2+ ions, the monomers lose their compactness (45 S) and become loose particles (37 S). This transition is completely reversible if nucleomers contain histone H1. Removal of this histone or dialysis of the nucleomer against EDTA at low ionic strength results in the complete unfolding of the nucleomer into a chain of nucleosomes. A structural model of a nucleomer fibril is suggested where the helicity of the nucleosome chain in a nucleomer (two turns of four nucleosomes each) is periodically discontinued. Such an organization of chromatin apparently provides additional hindrances for site-specific recognition of DNA in chromatin but permits local changes (within a single nucleomer) in chromatin when a hindrance is abolished. PMID- 7094917 TI - Low level chemiluminescence of liver microsomal fractions initiated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Relation to microsomal hemoproteins, oxygen dependence, and lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7094919 TI - Photoincorporation of tetracycline into rat-liver ribosomes and subunits. AB - [3H]Tetracycline was covalently incorporated into rat liver ribosomes and isolated 40-S and 60-S subunits on irradiation at 254 nm. The antibiotic was almost exclusively incorporated into ribosomal proteins. At least some of these proteins are assumed to be involved in ribosomal function, since photoincorporated tetracycline was found to inhibit the activity of 40-S and 60-S subunits in the poly(U)-directed protein-synthesizing system as well as that of the 40-S subunit in the poly(U)-mediated [14C]Phe-tRNA binding. The results from simultaneous one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses showed a small distribution of label among ribosomal proteins in 60-S subunits and in 80-S ribosomes, L10 being the most radioactive protein. As non-acylated tRNA partly competed with this labeling, it is likely that tetracycline interaction with these proteins occurred at a functional site. L10 has already been found to interact with puromycin [Reboud, A. M., Dubost, S., Buisson, M. & Reboud, J. P. (1981) Biochemistry, 20, 5281-5288]. In the case of feed 40-S subunits the label distribution was wider among ribosomal proteins. No particular role has yet been found for the most labeled protein, S12, but protein S3a, which was also highly labeled, has already been reported to be involved in subunit function. PMID- 7094918 TI - Metabolic consequences of affinity labeling of cystathionase and alanine aminotransferase by L-propargylglycine in vivo. PMID- 7094920 TI - Isolation of granulocytes and labelling with indium 111-oxine sulphate. AB - The isolation of granulocytes from whole blood and labelling with Indium 111 oxine sulphate are described in detail. To isolate the cells a two-step method was used: (1) removal of the red blood cells by methyl cellulose-Ronpacon and (2) separation of the leucocyte-rich plasma with a double gradient (1077, 1097) technique. 111In-oxine sulphate was prepared by adding 111In-chloride to a buffered solution of oxine sulphate. The labelling of the granulocytes with 111In oxine sulphate was done by incubation at room temperature for 5 min. PMID- 7094921 TI - Evaluation of bedside myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Bedside myocardial scintigraphy was performed on 149 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU), after IV injection of 74 MBq 201Tl, using a mobile gamma camera (Dynamo). The study was displayed on Polaroid pictures, without any image treatment, and read by two independent readers. Clinical history, findings, and final diagnosis were assessed by an independent clinician. The following conclusions were reached: 1) The sensitivity of the study for the detection of a recent myocardial infarction (MI) was 0.84 with a specificity of 0.87. 2) There was a good correlation between scintigraphic and ECG localization. 3) No firm correlation was found between scintigraphic and enzymatic estimates of infarct size. 4) Abnormal visualization of the right ventricle was probably associated with more extensive infarction. PMID- 7094922 TI - Evaluation of a miniature CdTe detector for monitoring left ventricular function. AB - A miniature CdTe probe interfaced to a microcomputer was used to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in 25 patients. LVEF obtained with the CdTe module, in the beat-to-beat mode, or the integrated gated mode agreed well with LVEF obtained with a gamma camera (r = 0.80; r = 0.82 respectively). Similarly, LVEF by CdTe probe agreed with LVEF obtained by gated equilibrium studies performed with a computerized NaI probe. The CdTe probe can provide comparable measurement of LVEF at a fraction of the cost of a camera-computer system and, being small and lightweight, the CdTe probe is adaptable for monitoring patients in intensive care facilities. PMID- 7094923 TI - 99mTc-imidodiphosphate--a better tracer for infarct-avid imaging. PMID- 7094924 TI - Estimation of 99mTc-diethyl-IDA liver clearance. PMID- 7094925 TI - Adrenal scintigraphy in primary aldosteronism. Spironolactone as a cause of incorrect classification between adenoma and hyperplasia. AB - In primary aldosteronism the type of adrenal lesion was correctly identified in 28 of 40 patients (70%) by standard adrenal scintigraphy. Suppression scintigraphy did not improve the validity of the method. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery (unilateral adenoma n = 32; bilateral adrenal hyperplasia n = 11). False classification of the adrenal lesion(s) by standard scintigraphy was mostly due to a bilateral adrenal isotopic uptake in patients with an unilateral aldosteronoma. However, a substantial number of these patients (6 of 11 patients) received long-term spironolactone treatment prior to the examination. Thus, in primary aldosteronism adrenal changes induced by chronic spironolactone administration are probably a major cause for incorrect differentiation between adenoma and hyperplasia by adrenal scintigraphy. PMID- 7094926 TI - External radiation exposure of personnel working with 99mTechnetium. AB - Radiation from 99mTc was measured at typical locations in those areas of a nuclear medicine department where approximately 50 Ci 99mTc is used per year. In addition, measurements of shielded and unshielded syringes containing 99mTc labelled radiopharmaceuticals were carried out. From these data radiation exposure of hands and of the whole body of personnel was calculated, taking into consideration the mean working times in the areas and the times of direct and indirect handling of 99mTc. They were compared with the mean values obtained by personnel dosimetry through quartz fibre pocket dosimeters and TLD finger ring dosimeters. The whole body radiation calculated from local measurements for technicians (163 +/- 15 mR/year) (mean +/- SE) and for physicians (260 +/- 15 mR/year) was very low judged by the maximum permissible dose of 5,000 mrem/year and correlated well with those of personnel dosimetry (165 +/- 15 R and 265 +/- 15 R/year respectively). Although local radiation was rather high during generator elution and while preparing radiopharmaceuticals (13 +/- 1.2 mR/h) the radiation exposure to the hands of the radiochemists measured by the TLD finger ring dosimeter was low (2.6 +/- 0.2 R/year). This was attained by consistently using long distance tools in order to avoid direct contact with 99mTc-containing vials and syringes. The most critical point of radiation exposure in our investigation were the finger tips during injection of 99mTc, when syringe shielding was not used (80-130 mR/injection of 10 mCi). Under our conditions this amounts to 330-560 R/year when a total of 40 Ci is injected by the same physician. This by far exceeds the maximum permissible dose of 60 rem/year. The dose can be reduced extensively to only 2-3 R/year when tungsten shielding of the syringe is consistently used. PMID- 7094928 TI - Composition of 99mTc-HIDA as a function of time after kit preparation. PMID- 7094927 TI - Unusual bone marrow visualization with 99mTc-damaged erythrocytes. AB - A visualization of the bone marrow beside that of the spleen was obtained with 99mTc-labeled N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) damaged erythrocytes in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. This phenomenon could be produced both with autologous and homologous red cells. The patient's NEM-damaged erythrocytes given to a healthy patient did not produce a visualization of the marrow. Such an observation was not present in a series of healthy persons and patients with different disorders to whom labeled and damaged erythrocytes were administered, and has not been reported in the literature so far. PMID- 7094929 TI - Atypical phenylketonuria with defective biopterin metabolism. Monotherapy with tetrahydrobiopterin or sepiapterin, screening and study of biosynthesis in man. AB - Administration of a single dose of tetrahydrobiopterin dihydrochloride, 10--20 mg/kg orally, to a patient with dihydrobiopterin deficiency led to disappearance of clinical symptoms for 4 days, normalization of urinary phenylalanine and serotonin and decrease of elevated neopterin for 2--3 days. A dose-dependent stimulation of serotonin production was observed. A similar effect was noted with even lower doses of L-sepiapterin. The patient is now under monotherapy with tetrahydrobiopterin . 2 HCl, 2.5 mg/kg daily. Other patients with this disease may not respond as well. Results of screening for tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in 228 cases with hyperphenylalaninemia, including 140 newborns, are reported. There is evidence that biopterin biosynthesis in human kidney and liver proceeds via a dioxo compound and L-sepiapterin. PMID- 7094930 TI - Liver necrosis in the new-born infant: analysis of some precipitating factors in neonatal care. PMID- 7094931 TI - Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: diabetes mellitus and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. AB - In 1972, Wolcott and Rallison described three siblings with a combination of infancy-onset diabetes mellitus and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. We have observed a brother and sister with the same disorder. The chondro-osseous lesions are those of a spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia. The diabetes mellitus is relatively mild. Histologic and electron microscopic studies of chondro-osseous tissue show findings similar to those in other epiphyseal and spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasias. In addition, however, atypical collagen-like fibres are found inside and outside chondrocytes. Collagen production seems to be normal in cultured fibroblasts. From the available data it appears that the association of characteristic chondro osseous and endocrine abnormalities is non-random and that the lesions are independent manifestations of a pleiotropic gene. We propose to call this disorder the Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome. PMID- 7094932 TI - Sideroblastic anaemia. A review of seven paediatric cases. AB - Sideroblastic Anaemias are characterised by a) chronic hypochromic anemia, b) ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, c) an increase in total body iron, d) ineffective erythropoiesis and e) often abnormal concentrations of F.E.P. A classification of Sideroblastic Anaemia is given and the pathophysiology of Sideroblastic Anaemia is discussed. A series of seven paediatric cases with Sideroblastic Anaemia is presented and the results of studies of the iron, vitamin B6 and porphyrin metabolism are discussed. In two cases arguments for an ALA-synthetase deficiency are given. All five males were diagnosed as hereditary X-linked Sideroblastic Anaemia, one female as I.R.S.A. and the other female, who showed the features of the X-linked type, as congenital Sideroblastic Anaemia. PMID- 7094933 TI - Plasma glutathione peroxidase after selenium supplementation in patients with reduced selenium state. PMID- 7094934 TI - Fat-derived fuels during a 24-hour fast in children. AB - We examined the availability of fat-derived fuels in 23 normal children aged 1.9 to 16.7 years who fasted for 24 h. We found a rapid and progressive rise in the blood concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and ketones. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the concentrations of beta hydroxybutyrate (beta OHB) and glucose and also between beta OHB and age. With time, the ratio of beta OHB to acetoacetate (AcAc) progressively increased. We briefly review the vital role of ketones in the adaptation to fasting and point out that qualitative tests of ketones can be misleading. Our results indicate that quantitative determinations are essential in the evaluation of suspected disorders of fuel metabolism and that the results must be interpreted according to the age of the child, the duration of fasting, and the concomitant concentrations of glucose. PMID- 7094937 TI - Early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis in childhood. Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological studies. AB - In the initial phase of HSE the clinical symptomatology is more variable and insidious in babies and young children than in older children and adults. Combined clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological studies have been carried out in 12 children with proven HSE. Ten patients had the first EEGs taken during the acute phase of the illness and all showed large amplitude irregular slow activity, sharp waves and often spikes with variable distribution; in 7 cases periodic phenomena were recognisable. At a later stage localised low amplitude EEG activities were found in children with focal neurological symptoms. Areas of low attenuation were seen in the CT scans of the 7 children who had this investigation done at an early stage of their illness. Such low density regions persisted at follow-up and eventually cerebral atrophy with irregular features became obvious. Prompt EEG investigations combined with CT scans provide an early diagnostic clue for treatment. Follow-up EEG studies (including VEP) and CT scans may help assess the severity of residual cerebral damage in the survivors. PMID- 7094935 TI - Statistical evaluation of respiratory control in infants to assess possible risk for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). PMID- 7094938 TI - Serum 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH)2 levels in childhood nephrosis under different therapeutic regimens of steroid administration. AB - The effect of prednisone therapy on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] was investigated in 16 children with nephrotic syndrome. These serum levels were significantly lower in patients before prednisone therapy than in age- and season-matched normal subjects. Patients receiving daily prednisone therapy had lower serum levels than those receiving alternate-day prednisone therapy at the time when the total amounts of the steroid administered attained 1,500 or 2,000 mg/m2 of body surface area. Daily doses of 40 mg/m2 of prednisone for 3 days caused a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels. Withdrawal of the steroid for 4 consecutive days was followed by a significant recovery of the serum levels. These results suggest that alternate-day prednisone therapy rather than daily treatment should be used in clinical practice to help maintain normal vitamin D metabolism. PMID- 7094939 TI - Sputum penetration of fusidic acid in patients with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 7094940 TI - Potentiation of hyperammonemia by sodium benzoate in animals. A note of caution. PMID- 7094936 TI - Variability of serum indomethacin concentrations after oral and intravenous administration to preterm infants. AB - Fifteen preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory distress syndrome were given indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg) at 12 h intervals up to three times, either orally or intravenously, in an uncontrolled, non-randomized study. Serum indomethacin concentrations were determined in blood samples taken 12 h after dosing. There was considerable variability in the serum indomethacin concentrations, especially after oral administration, although the mean concentrations after each of the three doses were similar after both oral and intravenous administration. The frequency of closures and transient closures of the ductus arteriosus was also similar for both routes of administration. There was, however, no relation between concentration and effect in individual patients. The sustained exposure to indomethacin which appears to be necessary for ductal closure can sometimes be attained by oral administration. PMID- 7094942 TI - Spontaneous perforation of a choledochal cyst. PMID- 7094941 TI - Congenital microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: report of a Japanese girl. AB - A 4-year-old Japanese girl had hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, distorted and fragmented red cells in the peripheral blood, and megakaryocytosis in the bone marrow from the newborn period. These features were temporarily relieved and prevented by the infusion of fresh frozen plasma from healthy donors. This would indicate a deficiency in the patient's plasma of factor(s) that inhibit platelet aggregation in the blood vessels. An attempt to demonstrate possible in vitro deficiency of the platelet aggregation-prohibiting factor in the patient's plasma was unsuccessful. Laboratory examinations ruled out red cell fragility, abnormalities of red cell enzymes, abnormal hemoglobins, or immune reaction as underlying mechanisms. Our patient, together with three other patients in the literature with similar clinical features, may constitute a clinical entity that could be called "congenital microangiopathic hemolytic anemia". PMID- 7094943 TI - Clinical and cytogenetic spectrum of duplication 3p. AB - An eight months old child with duplication 3p (p21 leads to 3pter) [karyotype: 46,XX,-6,+t(3;6)(6pter leads to 6q27::3p21 leads to 3pter)] resulting from a maternal balanced translocation (3;6) is described. The major clinical findings include congenital heart defects (several ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and double outlet right ventricle), and multiple dysmorphic features, such as brachycephaly, frontal bossing, square shaped face, hypertelorism, epicanthus, short prominent philtrum, and short neck. The motor development is retarded. The size of the duplicated segment of 3p is compared to 12 cases reported in the literature. Although the size of the duplicated segment differs in most of the patients, all show a similar pattern of developmental defects. It appears that the region 3p25 leads to 3pter is responsible for the phenotype of duplication 3p syndrome. PMID- 7094944 TI - Hypophosphatasia congenita letalis. AB - Hypophosphatasia is a serious enzymatic defect, where the serum alkaline phosphatase is considerably diminished or completely absent. The urine or serum contain excessive quantities of phosphoethanolamine.. The illness manifests itself with severe disorder of mineralisation in the skeletal system. We report a child with extremely severe manifestations. There was no bony cranial vault and all the extremities were shortened and thick. The alkaline phosphatase was extremely low and the secretion of phosphoethanolamine and proline was considerably increased. The differential diagnosis and the prenatal diagnostics will be mentioned in this case report. PMID- 7094946 TI - Capillary morphology and muscle blood flow in diabetic neuropathy. AB - 21 diabetic patients were examined neurologically and neurophysiologically and were divided into two groups: one with neuropathy (10 patients) and the other without neuropathy (11 patients). Ultrastructural dimensions and density of capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle were examined in 11 patients. Capillary basement membranes were significantly thicker in patients with neuropathy (p less than 0.05), whereas there was no difference in endothelial, luminal or pericytial fractions of the total capillary area. No difference was found in capillary densities of capillary/fiber (C/F) ratios. Muscle blood flow was estimated using the 133Xe clearance method in all the patients, and was found to be reduced in the 4 patients with the most severe neuropathy (p less than 0.01) even though there was no difference on the whole between the groups with or without neuropathy. The results suggest that the development of diabetic neuropathy is associated with basement membrane thickening. The causes of the basement membrane thickening are discussed. PMID- 7094945 TI - Obstetrical lesions of the brachial plexus. Natural history in 34 personal cases. AB - 34 subjects with 36 obstetrical paralysis of the brachial plexus were studied. The diagnosis was made immediately after birth in the great majority. 5 pareses of the lower plexus, however, were only recognized later. All subjects were first seen by us under the age of 13 years, 25 during the first year of life. At follow up the age of the 34 subjects varied between 3 and 24 years. 32 patients had undergone daily physiotherapy, in 5 electrotherapy had also been applied. There was no correlation between these treatments and the outcome. Of the 20 cases of paresis of the lower plexus 3 were severely handicapped after the age of 3. This was the case for 9 of the 12 patients with total paresis. Everyday activities of these patients are influenced by the motor deficit. Even subjects with relatively serious sequelae apparently enjoy an almost normal life and have a good self image. A significant improvement generally occurred as early as the first 3 years of life. PMID- 7094948 TI - Computer tomography in transient global amnesia. AB - 16 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) have been investigated by computer tomography. 3 had a completed stroke associated with the TGA. The findings of computer tomography were normal in 7 patients. Atrophy alone was seen in 2 patients. A single hypodense lesion was found in 6 patients; a bilateral lesion in 1 patient. All 3 patients with amnesic stroke showed a hypodense lesion in the CT. PMID- 7094947 TI - A skin test for autonomic neuropathy. AB - Intradermal injection of 0.5 microgram histamine produced equal skin reactions in normal individuals (n = 15) and in diabetic patients with (n = 10) or without (n = 9) evidence of autonomic neuropathy as well as in patients after lumbar sympathectomy (n = 5). Addition of noradrenaline (0.1 microgram) resulted in a significantly smaller skin reaction (mean +/- SEM) in normal (101.9 +/- 10.1 vs. 136.3 +/- 6.5 mm2, p less than 0.005) and in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy (101.8 +/- 8.4 vs. 123.9 +/- 8.7 mm2, P less than 0.05), but remained unchanged in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy (131.0 +/- 9.0 vs, 130.7 +/- 8.2 mm2, n.s.) and after lumbar sympathectomy (135.2 +/- 17.5 vs 130.2 +/- 19.6 mm2, n.s.) when compared with the reaction to histamine alone. Addition of terbutaline produced similar results as observed with noradrenaline. These findings suggest a defect at the adrenoceptor level in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy and in patients with lumbar sympathectomy. Thus, the combined intradermal injection of histamine and the adrenoceptor agonists noradrenaline or terbutaline represents a simple and useful test for identifying patients with impaired adrenergic function. PMID- 7094950 TI - Myasthenic neuromyopathy. An unusual neuromuscular disorder. AB - 4 cases with an identical neuromuscular disorder are presented. The disorder was characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of the proximal muscles together with either ocular or bulbar symptoms, fatigability, positive tensilon test, myasthenic response on repetitive nerve stimulations, elevated serum creatine phosphokinase, and neuropathic and myopathic muscle pathology. All the patients showed a fairly good response to anti-ChE medications and steroid administration. Serum creatine phosphokinase levels returned to normal values after steroid therapy. Myasthenia, polymyositis or other neuromuscular disorders were discussed in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 7094949 TI - Transverse myelitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. AB - 43-year-old man developed transverse myelitis following an infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Among the uncommon neurological complications following infection with this organism, transverse myelitis has been reported rarely but may be more frequent than previously thought. Posterior spinal column involvement might result in a permanent neurological deficit despite the usually good prognosis. PMID- 7094951 TI - Experimental basis for a neurophysiological understanding of hypnoid states. AB - We postulate the hypnoid state of the human organism to be a third possible state besides waking and sleeping. This state can be equally induced by heterohypnotic and by autohypnotic means, by various techniques for meditation, relaxation and psychotherapy as well. It forms a basal status of the organism with partial deprivation of external stimuli. Out of this deprivation derives the possibility of stronger concentration on special stimuli (such as hypnotic suggestions) which would hence be able to act stronger in this state than in the waking state. Thus, it is possible to change external stimuli within their subjective perception (probably by ways of a subcortical modulating effect derived from the hypnotic suggestion). However, within their bioelectric parameters the stimuli pass unchanged through the peripheral receptor up to the cortex, which is measurable. If somebody produces actions within the hypnoid state these actions will have the same neurophysiological correlate as in the waking state, which means desynchronization. This does not exclude such actions (by concentration in the hypnoid state) having a stronger effect than in the waking state and/or having a different subjective perception. PMID- 7094953 TI - Bilateral optic nerve meningioma. Case report. AB - A case of bilateral optic nerve meningioma is reported. The onset of the clinical symptoms, at age 27, resembled unilateral optic neuritis with papilledema, leading to bilateral amaurosis with optic atrophy 4 years later. Skull X-ray revealed a "blistering' type of bone reaction. In the carotid angiogram, the ophthalmic artery appeared quite enlarged and displaced. The CT scan showed a fusiform enlargement of both optic nerves. Pathological diagnosis was based upon an optic nerve biopsy. Including the present case, only 12 instances of bilateral optic nerve meningioma have been reported. PMID- 7094952 TI - Amiodaron neuropathy: further arguments for human drug-induced neurolipidosis. PMID- 7094954 TI - CT evaluation of epidural scars following multiple operations for lumbar disc arthrosis. PMID- 7094955 TI - Progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood (Fazio-Londe disease) with deafness. Case report with clinicopathologic correlation. PMID- 7094957 TI - Dementia and confusional state in patients with cerebral infarcts. A clinicopathological study. PMID- 7094956 TI - Ecchordosis physaliphora as a cause of fatal pontine hemorrhage. PMID- 7094958 TI - Cranial computerized tomography in carotid artery transient ischemic attacks. AB - 32 of 45 (71.1%) patients with carotid artery distribution transient ischemic attacks had normal cranial computerized tomography (CCT). 9 (20%) had cerebral atrophy. Incidental abnormalities were found in 3 (6.6%) patients, while a hypodense lesion corresponding to the site of neurological dysfunction was seen in only 1 (2.2%) patient. The latter showed a persistent abnormality in follow-up studies on the 8th and the 23rd day after the initial event. Our clinical CCT correlation did not demonstrate the frequency of hypodense lesions reported by some authors. Furthermore an increased incidence of cerebral atrophy was found compared to the one reported previously. PMID- 7094959 TI - Bilateral Cohen's antireflux procedure with a single submucosal tunnel. PMID- 7094960 TI - Nonrefluxing colonic conduit: efficiency and complications of ureterocolic anastomosis. AB - The efficiency of and complications in 65 cases of colonic conduit have been studied (64 cases of bladder exstrophy and 1 case of cloacal exstrophy). For the ureterocolic reimplantation, we employed the Leadbetter technique and a modified kelalis technique. The results after 1-12 years in 128 renoureteral units showed 28 complications (21 obstruction and 7 refluxing units). Other types of complications have been observed and reported in this work. The high incidence of obstruction was probably due to the long submucous tunnel in the ureterocolic reimplantation. We believe that the sigmoidal conduit is an adequate method for temporary or permanent diversion. PMID- 7094961 TI - Polyp of the posterior urethra. PMID- 7094962 TI - Intravesical instillation with adriamycin + tween 80 in patients with superficial bladder tumors: a preliminary report. PMID- 7094963 TI - Perioperative noninvasive recognition of the TUR-syndrome in transurethral resections. AB - Easily manipulable, noninvasive techniques for the immediate recognition of absorption of irrigating solution in transurethral prostate resections have not previously been available. For this reason, a way was sought to bring about an improvement in this situation: changes in the thoracic ground impedance were studied perioperatively by use of impedance cardiography during 16 transurethral resections. Furthermore, measurement of central venous pressure and arterial blood gases was done simultaneously as well as registration of myocardial function by systolic time intervals. Most important among the changes caused by absorption of irrigating solution which were registered with impedance cardiography are a significant increase in cardiac output and a considerable decrease in arterial oxygen pressure. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between the increase of central venous pressure and the decrease of thoracic ground impedance. The relation of the preejection period to the left ventricular ejection time showed a significant increase due to impairment of myocardial function. The results show that impedance cardiography can monitor the time and extent of absorption of irrigating solution exactly and immediately and thus allows immediate therapy. This noninvasive technique can thus be used for perioperative supervision of the patient during transurethral prostate resections. PMID- 7094964 TI - Subrini penile implants: surgical, sexual and psychological results. PMID- 7094966 TI - Percutaneous litholapaxy of renal calculi with ultrasound. PMID- 7094965 TI - Computed tomography findings in the diagnosis of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of four cases. PMID- 7094967 TI - Determination of urinary mutagens in patients with urinary tract cancer. PMID- 7094969 TI - 10,000 analyses of urinary calculi using X-ray diffraction and polarizing microscopy. AB - To make qualitative as well as semiquantitative analyses of 10,000 urinary calculi of large city population, a combined crystal-optical X-ray diffractometric method proved to be very useful. This combination goes to complement the advantages of polarization microscopy (with its minimal substance requirements, its proof limits of less than 1%, and its insight into stone texture) with those of X-ray diffraction (with its fast semiquantitative analysis and simple differentiation of all the stone components). About 30% of the calculi were found to have a monomineral composition. The most frequent types of calculi in our examination were: 33.2% whewellite/weddellite, 24.9% whewellite, 13.5% whewellite/weddellite/apatite, 7.0% struvite/apatite, and 3.9% uric acid/uric acid dihydrate. PMID- 7094968 TI - Influence of bladder distention on absorption of yag and argon laser beams: an experimental study in dogs. PMID- 7094970 TI - Preclinical toxicological testing and safeguards in clinical trials. PMID- 7094972 TI - Effect of neomycin sulphate alone and in combination with D-thyroxine on serum lipoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. AB - Treatment with neomycin sulphate 1.5 g/d for 8 weeks significantly lowered total serum cholesterol by an average of 19% in 15 out of 19 patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia and LDL-cholesterol by 21%, without significantly changing the corresponding triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Combined treatment with neomycin sulphate 1.5 g/d and d-thyroxine 6 mg/d for 8 weeks lowered total serum cholesterol in the same patients by an average of 30%, LDL cholesterol by 27% and serum triglycerides by 18%, without significantly changing the HDL-cholesterol concentration. Continued treatment for 10 patients with neomycin sulphate 1.5 g/d for up to 13 months did not further change the reduced serum cholesterol level. 10 of 19 patients complained of side effects after 4-8 weeks of treatment with neomycin: 8 of recurrent diarrhoea, abdominal pain or poor appetite, and 4 of acute attacks of vertigo with nystagmus. All side effects were reversed a few days after stopping the neomycin treatment. No additional serious side effects due to d-thyroxine were observed. These serious side effects of neomycin sulphate limit its use to selected high risk patients with hypercholesterolaemia, who have failed to respond successfully to other LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs. They stress the necessity for frequent monitoring for the side effects described. PMID- 7094971 TI - Relationship between the plasma concentration of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in depressive patients and the clinical response. AB - Thirty one in-patients suffering from depression were treated orally with clomipramine (C1) at various dosage, for 28 days, after a "wash-out" period of three days. In 17 patients receiving 75 mg per day of C1, steady state plasma levels of C1 were reached at Day 14, and steady state plasma levels of its active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine (DMC1), were reached at Day 21. In contrast, in 7 other patients receiving a dosage increasing to 150 mg per day at Day 7, mean plasma levels of C1 and DMC1 continued to rise during the entire treatment period. At the steady state, a correlation was found between C1 dosage expressed as mg kg body weight and the plasma concentration of C1 and DMC1. Factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption seem to modify the C1/DMC1 ratio. A comparison of clinical response with plasma levels of C1, DMC1 and C1 + DMC1 showed a significant negative linear correlation. PMID- 7094973 TI - Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in neonates. AB - The pharmacokinetics of furosemide was evaluated in 12 newborns who received the drug transplacentally, and in 21 neonates who received it directly for therapeutic reasons. In the first group, the apparent plasma half-lives ranged from 96 to 6.8 h with a significant inverse relationship (p less than 0.01) between the gestational age and the elimination rate. In two cases a clear effect on diuresis was also observed. In the neonates receiving the drug i.v. for therapeutic reasons, the elimination kinetics appeared to follow a two compartment open model, with a significant difference in the therminal plasma half-life between premature (26.8 +/- 12.2 h) and full-term newborns (13.4 +/- 8.6 h). In this group no relationship was observed between elimination rate and either gestational or conceptional age. In the case of repeated administration, an increase in plasma clearance and reduction in t1/2 beta was noticed. PMID- 7094975 TI - Transfer of mepindolol to newborns by breast-feeding mothers after single and repeated daily doses. AB - The concentrations of mepindolol in plasma and milk of five breastfeeding mothers were determined after 1 and 5 daily doses of mepindolol sulphate 20 mg. In the newborns plasma levels were measured once on the first and fifth days of the study. The mean maternal plasma concentration of mepindolol 2 h after administration was 52 ng/ml both after 1 and 5 doses; in the milk 18 and 22 ng/ml the corresponding concentrations were. The average plasma/milk drug concentration ratio was 2.6 +/- 1.6. Plasma levels in the newborn were below the detection limit of 1 ng/ml, except for one baby in whom 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively, were found 4 h after one and five maternal doses. PMID- 7094974 TI - Pharmacokinetic aspects of caffeine in premature infants with apnoea. AB - The pharmacokinetics of caffeine was examined in 13 premature infants (gestational age 25-34 weeks, birth weight 920-2060 g, postnatal age 1-42 days) who received the drug for treatment of apnoea. Caffeine (1% aqueous solution) was given i.v. in single doses: guided by the clinical response infants received between one and seven (mean 2.6) doses of 15 mg/kg. Mean (+/- SE; range) Clb was extremely slow - 8.5 ml/kg/h (+/- 0.4; 5.8-12.2), t1/2 was prolonged - 65.0 h (+/ 3.7; 48.2-87.5 h) and Vd was 0.781/kg(+/- 0.04; 0.47-1.01). No significant correlation was found between Clb, t1/2 and postnatal age in the whole group or in individual infants. Effective plasma concentrations varied over a wide range (12-36 micrograms/ml) and overlapped with subtherapeutic concentrations (less than or equal to 24 micrograms/ml). Single doses of 15 mg/kg i.v. or p.o. prevented apnoea in most cases, if necessary followed by additional doses. Monitoring the blood level of caffeine in infants receiving frequent repeated doses is necessary to prevent toxicity. PMID- 7094976 TI - Gastric emptying and absorption of acetylsalicylic acid administered as enteric coated micro-granules. AB - Enteric-coated and uncoated microgranules of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), labelled with 51Cr, were administered orally to six healthy male volunteers in a cross over study. Gastric emptying was studied using a profile scanning radiation technique. Absorption of ASA was followed by measuring the plasma concentration of salicylate. Gastric emptying both of uncoated and enteric-coated granules varied considerably between individuals, but in most cases was gradual and extended over a period of several hours. The median time until 50% and 90% were emptied from the stomach was 1 and 3-3.5 h, respectively, for both the uncoated and enteric-coated granules. The absorption of ASA from the uncoated granules occurred in parallel with the gastric emptying. However, with the enteric-coated granules, absorption was delayed for about 3 h after gastric emptying. It was concluded that the slow absorption of ASA from enteric-coated granules could be explained partly by gradual gastric emptying and partly by slow dissolution of the ASA granules in the intestine. PMID- 7094977 TI - Kinetics of allopurinol after single intravenous and oral doses. Noninteraction with benzbromarone and hydrochlorothiazide. AB - An high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was used to measure allopurinol and oxipurinol in plasma and urine in 6 healthy volunteers after a single intravenous or oral dose of allopurinol. The influence of coadministered benzbromarone and hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxipurinol was also investigated. After intravenous injection of allopurinol 300 mg the plasma disappearance was biexponential, with a mean distribution half-life of 2.32 +/- 1.08 min (mean +/- SD) and an elimination half-life of 47.8 +/- 10.6 min. The total clearance of allopurinol was 11.37 +/- 2.70 ml/min/kg, whereas its renal clearance was only 1.73 +/- 0.79 ml/min/kg. Oxipurinol disappeared monoexponentially from plasma with a mean half-life of 12.2 +/- 2.6 h. Its renal clearance was 0.42 +/- 0.091 ml/min/kg. After oral administration of allopurinol 300 mg the peak plasma concentration of 2.1 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml (1.5 x 10(-5) M) was reached within 30 to 120 min. The peak level of oxipurinol of 5.8 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml (3.8 x 10(-5) M) was found within 2 to 5 h after intravenous and oral allopurinol. The bioavailability of oral allopurinol computed from plasma data was 90.4 +/- 8.7%. The total recovery from urine was 77% (allopurinol 8%, oxipurinol 69%) after oral and 88% after i.v. administration. It was concluded that about 10% of the oral dose was not absorbed and that 12% was eliminated by an unknown mechanism, presumably as riboside. The pharmacokinetics of allopurinol and oxipurinol were not significantly influenced by coadministration of benzbromarone or hydrochlorothiazide. PMID- 7094978 TI - Prediction of bioavailability for drugs with a high first-pass effect using oral clearance data. AB - For drugs with a high hepatic clearance, bioavailability is low due to the so called "first pass effect". Prediction of the bioavailability for these drugs has been only loosely tested. It is proposed that by plotting the reciprocal of bioavailability versus the oral clearance, a straight line with intercept of unity and slope of reciprocal of hepatic blood flow should ensue. For lignocaine and verapamil, this relationship was found to be strong and gave good predictability, whereas for propranolol this relationship was weak and gave poor predictability. The proposed method may be of value in determining whether the low bioavailability of a drug is due to hepatic first pass metabolism. PMID- 7094979 TI - Aminoglycoside dosage adjustment in renal failure: a hand-held calculator program. AB - Several problems occur when devising dosage guidelines for aminoglycoside antibiotics in patients with renal failure. To rationally address these problems, dosage guidelines require several steps involving complex calculations, use of graphic charts and/or use of sophisticated computer systems. We describe a practical program for modifying doses of aminoglycosides using a programmable hand-held calculator; this program is based both on pharmacokinetic theory and on applicability to varied clinical settings. The program compiles a series of equations to provide recommended doses, dosing intervals and predictions of serum concentrations of aminoglycosides at various times after a dose. It is hoped that patient care can be improved by using this simple, convenient and low-cost approach which retains efficiency and accuracy as a bed side method of dosage adjustment for aminoglycosides. PMID- 7094981 TI - Pharmacodynamics of a single dose of quinidine during chronic digoxin treatment. A randomized double blind placebo and sparteine--controlled crossover study. PMID- 7094980 TI - Haemodynamic and metabolic effects of diazoxide during rest and forearm exercise. AB - The immediate haemodynamic and metabolic effects of acute dose of diazoxide 300 mg i.v. were studied in six healthy subjects at rest and during dynamic forearm exercise. Control periods of rest, exercise and recovery were compared with corresponding periods after drug administration. Resting forearm blood flow was almost doubled after diazoxide, and during forearm exercise it increased by about 24%. Systolic blood pressure did not change significantly, but diastolic blood pressure was moderately decreased (5-10 mm Hg). The mean heart rate increased from 57 to 92 beats/min immediately after diazoxide administration and remained about 20% higher throughout the study. There was a sustained increase in arterial blood glucose of almost 1 mmol/l. The arterial concentration of free fatty acids increased transiently just after diazoxide and then returned to the pre-drug level. The arterial concentration of triglycerides after diazoxide was decreased by about 15% throughout the study. Arterial blood lactate remained unchanged. Forearm uptake of oxygen and glucose tended to increase during the exercise and recovery periods, whereas lactate release remained unchanged. PMID- 7094982 TI - The long-term effect of verapamil on plasma digoxin concentration and renal digoxin clearance in healthy subjects. AB - Single-dose investigations in healthy subjects have demonstrated substantial impairment of renal and extrarenal clearance of digoxin during coadministration of verapamil. A longitudinal study has been performed to assess the changes in digoxin disposition during long-term verapamil therapy. After one week of verapamil 240 mg/d mean plasma digoxin had risen from 0.21 +/- 0.01 ng/ml (SE) to 0.34 +/- 0.01 ng/ml(p less than 0.01), and renal digoxin clearance had fallen from 197.57 +/- 17.37 ml/min to 128.20 +/- 10.33 ml/min (p less than 0.001). These changes gradually subsided, and after six weeks, renal digoxin clearance had normalized and plasma digoxin had declined to 0.27 +/0 0.02 ng/ml (NS). The 24-h urinary recovery of digoxin increased from 46.46 +/- 3.23% before to 69.78 +/- 3.69% (p less than 0.001) after six weeks of verapamil co-administration, and this elevation persisted throughout the study. The verapamil-induced suppression of renal digoxin elimination disappears over a few weeks of drug exposure, whereas the inhibition of the extrarenal clearance of digoxin seems to persist. PMID- 7094983 TI - Extracorporeal pump assistance--novel treatment for acute lidocaine poisoning. AB - Accidental bolus administration of lidocaine ranging in dosages from 1000 mg to 2000 mg has caused death in humans. Because lidocaine clearance depends upon hepatic blood flow, drug clearance in a hypotensive overdosed patient is poor so that a drug overdose is likely to be irreversible. Traditional approaches to drug removal include hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion. Neither treatment would be effective for lidocaine overdose because the drug is a myocardial depressant and because the clearance rates of these techniques are 100-200 ml/min. Hepatic clearance of lidocaine is 1000 ml/min in a human with normal cardiac output. We have tested a new concept for removal of high clearance drugs that are associated with myocardial depression. Cardiac bypass support was used in a dog experiment to demonstrate that restoration of cardiac output could restore high clearance of lidocaine. Sixteen anesthetized dogs were given 30 mg/kg boluses of lidocaine. In one group of eight dogs, toxicity was treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, pressor drugs and cardioversion. Six out of eight of these animals died within 30 min after lidocaine infusion. In the second group of eight dogs, an extracorporeal bypass pump was used for 90 min after the lidocaine injection. None of these assisted animals died. Drug clearance in dogs treated with the extracorporeal pump was compared to drug clearance in eight dogs that received non-toxic lidocaine doses of 3 mg/kg. Drug clearance was 39.75 +/- 4.16 ml/kg/min in the overdosed animals compared to 38.29 +/- 8.6 ml/kg/min in the non-toxic animals. Thus, drug clearance was normal in dogs treated with the extracorporeal pump. These experiments suggest that short-term support of the circulation with an extracorporeal pump could theoretically be effective in reducing patient mortality from acute massive lidocaine overdose. PMID- 7094984 TI - Gastric potential difference as a model in clinical pharmacology: assessment of gastric mucosal response to aspirin. AB - Gastric potential difference in 16 healthy subjects (GPD) was measured on three different days to assess baseline variability. The effect of three different doses of aspirin on PD in 19 additional subjects was determined. Several new parameters are suggested for better description of the GPD changes following ingestion of known gastric irritants. From these parameters, a Reiz Index (RI) was calculated as a single term representing the extent and severity of the GPD response to aspirin. One-way Anova followed by Scheffe comparisons showed significant differences between the mean RI values resulting from the administration of aspirin 250, 500 and 1000 mg. PMID- 7094985 TI - Diazepam plasma binding in the perinatal period: influence of nonesterified fatty acids. AB - The plasma binding of diazepam was determined serially in 24 women undergoing either elective induction of labour (vaginal or emergency caesarean delivery) or elective caesarean section at term and in 5 nonpregnant women requiring abdominal surgery. In the majority of pregnant patients, a marked increase in diazepam percentage free was observed during labour or prior to caesarean section, reaching a maximum, 1.6 to 3.2 fold increase at delivery or within 4 h postpartum; by the fifth day postpartum, diazepam percentage free was lower than on admission to hospital. In contrast, little change in diazepam percentage free was observed during the perisurgical period in nonpregnant patients. In parturient and surgical patients, the time courses of diazepam percentage free and plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration were parallel. Bivariate regression analyses of pooled data demonstrated a strong correlation (r = 0.642, p = less than 0.010 between diazepam percentage free and corresponding NEFA concentration and a weaker correlation between diazepam percentage free and both albumin (r = 0.319, p less than 0.02) or total protein (r = 0.438, p less than 0.01). From multiple linear regression it was demonstrated that 54% of the variability in diazepam percentage free could be attributed to plasma NEFA and albumin concentrations. NEFA displacement of plasma bound diazepam was substantiated using crystalline human serum albumin. An approximate 65% increase in plasma alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels was observed posttrauma in both parturient and surgical patients but was unrelated to diazepam binding events. A relationship between diazepam plasma binding changes and concurrently altered disposition of diazepam during parturition is postulated. PMID- 7094987 TI - Influence of food intake on bioavailability of theophylline in premature infants. AB - 16 premature infants suffering from neonatal apnoea received orally an aqueous solution of theophylline 5 mg/kg bodyweight under fasting conditions and immediately before a milk feed. Bioavailability up to 7 h after administration was determined from the serum concentration-time course. The rate of absorption was significantly decreased if the drug was given with food; mean maximum serum concentrations were reached after 4.7 h instead of 1.6 h under fasting conditions. The area under the curve did not differ between the two patient groups which indicates that only the rate but not the amount of absorption was affected by food intake. The influence of feeding on the rate of absorption of theophylline by premature infants, which is more pronounced than in adults, can be related to particular functional factors in the gastrointestinal tract during the neonatal period. PMID- 7094986 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics of high dose mebendazole in patients treated for cystic hydatid disease. AB - The plasma concentrations of mebendazole and its metabolites have been monitored in twelve patients after receiving a 10 mg/kg dose for cystic hydatid disease. The mebendazole plasma concentration-time profiles differed considerably between patients; elimination half-lives ranged from 2.8-9.0 h, time to peak plasma concentration after dosing ranged from 1.5-7.25 h and peak plasma concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 500 ng/ml. The mean peak plasma concentration of mebendazole after an initial dose (69.5 ng/ml) was lower than found in patients during chronic therapy (137.4 ng/ml). The plasma AUCTS for the major metabolites of mebendazole (methyl 5-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate and 2-amino 5 benzoylbenzimidazole) were about five times the plasma AUCT found for mebendazole in patients on chronic therapy. It is suggested that the slower clearance of these polar metabolites relative to mebendazole results from enterohepatic recycling. Since mebendazole is also highly plasma protein bound, caution should be observed in administering mebendazole to patients with liver disease. Concentrations of mebendazole found in the tissue and cyst material collected from two patients during surgery ranged from 59.5 to 206.6 ng/g wet weight. PMID- 7094989 TI - The influence of blood collection technique on serum and plasma protein binding of disopyramide. AB - Serum and plasma disopyramide (D) protein binding was compared after blood was collected from four normal subjects in various Vacutainer tubes. The fraction of disopyramide bound to proteins in control serum and plasma was drug concentration dependent and correlated well with the capacity factor (N) associated with a high affinity protein binding site. D free fraction increased 60% at a postequilibrium concentration of 2 micrograms/ml in plasma following exposure of blood to green top Vacutainer stoppers due to a 60% reduction in the affinity constant associated with the high affinity protein binding site. Heparin and EDTA had no effect on the plasma protein binding of D. These results suggest a competitive inhibition of disopyramide binding to alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein following contact of blood with rubber Vacutainer stoppers. PMID- 7094988 TI - Comparative disposition of pethidine and norpethidine in old and young patients. AB - Pethidine was given as a single intravenous dose for premedication before minor surgery. Two groups of subjects were studied, old patients aged more than 65 years, and young patients aged 18-30 years. Blood samples were taken at fixed intervals for 30 h after the injection, and the plasma concentrations of pethidine and its major metabolite norpethidine were analyzed by gas chromatography. In comparison with the young the old patients had a lower plasma clearance for pethidine (9.13 +/- 2.50 versus 16.18 +/- 5.15 ml/min/kg), slower elimination rate beta (0.101 +/- 0.036 versus 0.211 +/- 0.146), and a larger AUC (1935 +/- 554 versus 1092 +/- 277 h . ng/ml) but a similar volume of distribution (5.69 +/- 1.54 versus 5.38 +/- 1.75 l/kg). Norpethidine appeared later and reached its peak concentration later in the old patients than in the young. In several old patients it was still present at a plateau level after 30 h. The present study emphasizes that both parent drug and active metabolite must be taken into consideration when drug therapy is evaluated. The data do not provide pharmacokinetic support for a reduction in the dose of pethidine if it is given as a single intravenous dose. However, when repeatedly administered, it is advisable to reduce the total daily dose. PMID- 7094990 TI - The relation of idiotype expression to isotype and allotype in the anti-p azobenzenearsonate response. AB - The distribution of idiotype-positive plaques in mice of various strains injected with T-independent (TI) and T-dependent conjugates of p-azobenzenearsonate (Ars) has been investigated. With maturation of the responses there is a progressive loss of dominance of the major cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) in A/J and C.AL-20 mice. The extremes are represented by the predominantly CRI+ IgM plaque response to a single injection of the TI antigen, Ars-coupled Brucella organisms (Ars-Br), and the low frequency of CRI+ plaques in the polyisotypic response elicited by Ars-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) in adjuvant. The secondary response to Ars-Br was characterized by an intermediate display of idiotype-positive plaques in IgM, the IgG subclasses and IgA. Detailed analyses of the distribution of CRI+ plaques between isotypes in 60 mice hyperimmunized with Ars-KLH revealed that the expression of idiotype in any of the IgG subclasses and IgA was constant and independent. This is interpreted to indicate random assembly of VH with C gamma and C alpha genes during the switch. BALB/c and C3H mice also express a predominant idiotype during primary and secondary responses to Ars-Br as detected by our heterologous anti-A/J CRI serum. These strains only very rarely maintain the idiotype after hyperimmunization with Ars-KLH. We conclude that hyperimmune responses which probably involve multiple modes of regulation give a poor indication of the germ-line V gene repertoire. PMID- 7094991 TI - An immunoglobulin V gene polymorphism in the rat. AB - Anti-phenyloxazolone (phOx) antibodies of different AVN rats (primary response) share several isoelectric focusing bands. These bands were not shared by antibodies of some other rat strains, including DA. An anti-idiotype reagent was prepared (in rabbits) that bound radioactive anti-phOx antibodies of AVN rats but not normal AVN immunoglobulin. This binding was strongly inhibited by AVN anti phOx antisera, but not by AVN anti-BOC-p-azobenzene arsonate-tyrosine antisera or DA anti-phOx antisera. Anti-phOx antisera of (AVN X DA)F1 rats were also strongly inhibitory indicating the presence of the idiotype (Ox-r1). Antisera of backcross rats (AVN X DA) X DA either resembled F1 hybrid sera (31 rats) or DA sera (23 rats). The data suggest that the presence of idiotype Ox-r1 is controlled by one gene, or genes linked to each other. The gene(s) is not linked to the Ig kappa chain locus. It may be a V gene of the Ig H chain. PMID- 7094993 TI - Quantitative studies of the secretion of complement component C3 by resident, elicited and activated macrophages. Comparison with C2, C4 and lysosomal enzyme release. AB - To quantitate the secretion of complement component C3 by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed. C3 secretion was studied in resident, elicited and activated macrophages and compared with release of hemolytically active C2 and C4, as well as the lysosomal enzyme beta-D-2 acetamido-2-deoxyglucosidase. Resident macrophages secreted about 6 ng C3/10(6) cells/h into culture supernatants over a period of 12 h. Corynebacterium parvum activated cells were found to secrete 3 times that amount at nearly constant rates. There was a stepwise increase in secretion of functional C2 and C4 when comparing resident, elicited and activated macrophages; secretion was 2--4 times higher in activated than in resident cells. PMID- 7094992 TI - Independent segregation of NZB immune abnormalities in NZB x C58 recombinant inbred mice. AB - The study of NZB x C58 recombinant inbred mouse strains has revealed independent segregation of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibody and Coombs' anti erythrocyte autoantibody. The lack of concordance of either of these autoantibodies with known heavy and light chain markers suggests that the autoantibodies are produced as a result of regulatory gene defects rather than alterations of antibody structural genes. Further, lack of concordance of the various autoimmune traits with each other or with H-2 or virus expression suggests that the autoimmune phenotype is not the result of a single "autoimmunity' gene but rather the outcome of faulty regulation of a number of independently segregating genes. PMID- 7094995 TI - Effects of verapamil on conduction delay and potassium efflux induced by global ischemia in isolated rabbit hearts. AB - The effects of verapamil on the conduction delay and potassium efflux induced by global ischemia were evaluated in 40 isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts under constant ventricular pacing. Global ischemia of 7 min duration, which was produced by stopping the perfusion flow, prolonged the intramyocardial conduction time by 86.5 +/- 9.6% of the pre-ischemic values in 10 non-treated control hearts. Verapamil, when perfused in various concentrations (10-1000 ng/ml) in Tyrode solution for 15 min prior to the global ischemia, significantly and concentration-dependently reduced the ischemia-induced conduction delay. However, the increased potassium content of the coronary effluents collected during ischemia and 1 min after reperfusion, which was assumed to reflect the extracellularly accumulated potassium during ischemia, was not significantly reduced by verapamil. These results suggest that the favorable effect of verapamil on the ischemia-induced conduction delay is a direct action on the ischemic myocardial cells, being independent of its vasodilating action. It also seems unlikely to be mediated by reduction of extracellular potassium accumulation in the ischemic myocardium. PMID- 7094994 TI - Biphasic effects of acetylstrophanthidin on automaticity in guinea pig ventricular muscle. AB - The effects of acetylstrophanthidin (AS) on depolarization-induced automaticity and contractility of guinea pig papillary muscle were studied in a single sucrose gap chamber with microelectrode and current-clamp techniques. The concentration used, 1.4-1.8 microM, never induced automaticity in preparations at their normal resting potential. Twenty min after superfusion with AS, action potential duration (APD) was prolonged and the force of contraction increased. These were associated with an increase in slope of phase 4 depolarization and an increase in the membrane resistance (Rm) of muscles depolarized with small constant current pulses. With longer (50-80 min) periods of AS superfusion, APD became shorter, Rm decreased to less than predrug values, and in depolarized preparations, the slope of phase 4 decreased. Contractility remained unchanged throughout this second phase. All of these effects were fully reversible upon 60 min of superfusion with AS-free Tyrode solution. We suggest that the biphasic effects of AS on the automaticity of depolarized ventricular muscle cells are caused by an initial decrease followed by a later increase in transmembrane potassium conductance. PMID- 7094996 TI - Intracellular analysis of a postsynaptic action of adenosine in the rat hippocampus. AB - The effects of topical or iontophoretic application of adenosine (AD) were studied by means of intracellular recording techniques in rat hippocampal slices. AD applied in a microdrop containing up to 0.1 nmol of AD produced a 7 +/- 0.7 mV hyperpolarization associated with a 30% decrease in input resistance of the recorded neurons. The hyperpolarization was dependent on the resting membrane potential and had an apparent reversal potential of about -90mV. These effect were still present when synaptic activity was blocked. AD also caused a marked reduction in the magnitude of synaptic potentials in the recorded neurons. Iontophoretic application of AD in dendritic regions caused a suppression of EPSP without affecting resting membrane potential ionotophoresis of AD onto somata produced both hyperpolarization and decreased EPSP. It is suggested that AD produces both presynaptic depression of transmitter release and postsynaptic increase in K+ conductance. PMID- 7094998 TI - The analysis of post-tetanic potentiation in guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle strip. AB - The effect of tetanus on the twitch responses of the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation of the guinea-pig ileum to electrical stimuli was investigated in the presence of naloxone and indomethacin. Naloxone was used to prevent post-tetanic twitch inhibition due to the release of endogenous opiate ligands, and indomethacin to diminish pretetanic twitch height. Twitch contractions following tetanus were potentiated in the presence of both drugs. The optimal stimulation parameters for the manifestation of post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) were determined; tetanic stimulation: 30 Hz for 25 s. supramaximal impulse intensity; twitches: 0.04 Hz, low impulse intensity. PTP was also obtained when indomethacin was replaced by noradrenaline or adenosine, i.e. by drugs whose mechanism of action also includes a presynaptic effect. Postsynaptic changes in contractility cannot fully account for the observed PTP of twitches judging from the smaller effect of tetanus on acetylcholine-evoked contractions. The hypothesis of a presynaptic origin of PTP at this muscarinic synapse was corroborated in the experiments where acetylcholine stores were labelled with [3H] choline and the release of the label was increased during PTP. Furthermore, a bioassay showed that the output of endogenous acetylcholine in the post-tetanic interval was increased in the presence of naloxone plus indomethacin but not in their absence. The fact that PTP was also observed in the absence of any drug, if the tetanic stimulation was short (10 s) and of low impulse intensity, suggested its possible physiological significance. PMID- 7094997 TI - Origin of adenosine released from rat vas deferens by nerve stimulation. AB - After labelling of vasa deferentia from intact rats with [3H] adenine there was a spontaneous outflow of labelled purines, mainly as adenosine inosine and hypoxanthine. There as a spontaneous outflow of endogenous adenosine and inosine amounting to 6 and 2 pmol/min from a single vas. The uptake inhibitor dipyridamole increased the rate of outflow to 27 and 28 pmol/min. respectively. Transmural nerve stimulation of vasa from intact and castrated rats increased the rate of purine release but with a different time course than for the release of [3H] noradrenaline ([3H]NA). Phentolamine (3 microM) increased [3H] NA release, suggesting the presence of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in castrated vasa, but almost abolished purine release. Adenosine (1 microM) decreased [3H] NA release without affecting [14C] purine overflow. Dipyridamole (1 microM) had a opposite effect. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on noradrenaline release was similar in intact and castrated vasa. In the subcellular distribution studies ATP was detected in the small, dense-cored vesicle fraction, but the ratio ATP:NA was only 1.20-1.60. Labelling of the vesicle fraction by [3H] adenine was usually found, but the degree of labelling was small. The results indicate that endogenous adenosine is released from rat vas deferens in amounts that may be sufficient to cause pre- and postjunctional effects. In particular the amounts of ATP released together with NA are suggested to be quantitatively insignificant. PMID- 7094999 TI - The interaction of pancuronium with cardiac and ileal muscarinic receptors. AB - The activity of pancuronium as a muscarinic antagonist was compared in atria from several species and in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Pancuronium had a 20 fold greater affinity for muscarinic receptors mediating the negative inotropic response to carbachol (CCh) in the guinea-pig left atrium (pKB = 6.96) than for muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle (pKB = 5.65). The greater affinity of pancuronium in the atria was not due to an interaction with noradrenergic neurones as pretreatment of atria with propranolol (3 microM) or of guinea-pigs with 6-hydroxydopamine (400 mg/kg total dose) failed to modify the degree of inhibition exhibited in atria. The affinities of pancuronium for muscarinic receptors mediating negative inotropic responses in the kitten left atrium or negative chronotropic responses in guinea-pig or rabbit right atria were not significantly different from that in the guinea-pig left atrium (P greater than 0.05) but the affinity of pancuronium for muscarinic receptors in ileal longitudinal muscle was significantly different (P less than 0.05) from all values obtained in the cardiac preparations suggesting differences in the binding of the antagonist in smooth and cardiac muscle. The A-S plot for pancuronium (0.27 microM-0.20 mM) as an antagonist of negative inotropic responses to CCH was non-linear, showing a flattening at the higher concentrations of pancuronium. This was not apparent in the A-S plot for the inhibition of tonic responses to CCh in ileal longitudinal muscle. PMID- 7095000 TI - Lack of effect of 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on depolarization-induced release of ATP fron rat brain synaptosomes. AB - Pretreatment of rats with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine produced considerable destruction of noradrenergic and dopaminergic nerve terminals as indicated by depletions in synaptosomal catecholamine contents. However, 6 hydroxydopamine pretreatment did not result in diminished release of ATP during depolarization of synaptosomes with either elevated extracellular K+ or veratridine. These findings suggest that most of the ATP released during the depolarization of rat brain synaptosomal preparations is not co-released with noradrenaline or dopamine but must originate from other sources. PMID- 7095002 TI - Opiate antagonists improve survival in anaphylactic shock. PMID- 7095001 TI - Beneficial effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, FR 34235, in a chronic coronary occlusion model. AB - Administration of FR 34235 reduced aortic blood pressure and increased cardiac output in anesthetized dogs with an ameroid-induced coronary artery occlusion. Following FR 34235, there was an increase in perfusion within normal myocardium and ischemic subepicardium. Ischemic zone flow to subepicardium and subendocardium were both significantly increased when aortic pressure was held at control levels. The data demonstrate marked enhancement in oxygen supply to an area distal to a chronic coronary occlusion by a new calcium antagonist, FR 34235. PMID- 7095003 TI - Relaxation of the guinea-pig trachea induced by platelet-activating factor and by serotonin. AB - Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether), a known platelet stimulant and bronchoconstrictor (in vivo), is a potential mediator of inflammation and thrombosis. However, all smooth muscle effects of PAF-acether described to date are indirect, relying upon intravascular platelet activation. Novel actions of PAF-acether and serotonin (5-HT) are presented here; these actions may lead to the development of a practical bioassay for PAF-acether and contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action for both substances. PAF-acether, when added to a spiral cut guinea-pig trachea suspended in a tissue bath containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer, produced a dose-dependent loss of active tissue tension. The ED50 for this effect of PAF-acether was 75 ng/ml. PAF-acether produced a maximal relaxation which was 68% of that produced by PGE1 and the effect could not be modified by aspirin or propranolol pretreatment. 5-HT, alone, contracted the guinea-pig trachea strip in a dose-dependent manner, but caused relaxation instead when methysergide was present. Aspirin, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol did not alter this loss of active tissue tension. A similar observation was made in vivo using the guinea-pig bronchoconstriction model, in which PAF-acether as well as 5-HT given to methysergide-treated animals caused a decrease in intratracheal pressure. This action of PAF-acether may yield a suitable bioassay method which could facilitate routine measurements of the substance. Furthermore, the similarity in action of PAF-acether and of 5-HT on methysergide-treated animals leads one to speculate about the relationship between the two substances and their mechanism of action in smooth muscle. PMID- 7095004 TI - Detection and comparative evaluation of aldosterone antagonists in glucocorticoid treated, adrenalectomized rats. AB - An improved method for the evaluation of aldosterone antagonists in adrenalectomized, glucocorticoid-treated rats is described. The method involved assessing the pharmacological effects of spironolactone and potassium canrenoate and comparing them with the action of prorenone and potassium prorenoate, respectively. Adrenalectomized rats were pretreated with fluocortolone caproate (10 mg/kg s.c.), a long-acting glucocorticoid, immediately after surgery. Fluocortolone (1.25 mg/kg s.c.), a short acting preparation, was administered 4 days after this treatment. On the 5th day after adrenalectomy, the actual diuresis experiment was performed. The rats received a continuous i.v. infusion of aldosterone [1 microgram/(kg x h)] for 10, 15 or 20 h. Spirnolactone or prorenone (6.7, 13.4 or 26.8 mg/kg of each steroid) were administered in single oral doses 1 h before or 4 h after the start of the i.v. infusion. Potassium canrenoate and potassium prorenoate (1.9, 3.8, or 6.7 mg/(kg x h) of each compound) were infused intravenously over 10 or 15 h. Urine was collected in 1 h fractions and the anti-aldosterone activity was assessed by the ability of the compounds to reverse the aldosterone effect on the Na/K ratio. The anti aldosterone activity of the steroids studies was clearly detectable with the method described. Prorenone was as potent as spironolactone and potassium prorenoate was on the average 3.9 times as potent as potassium canrenoate. The method appears suitable for the characterization of the time course and duration of anti-aldosterone activity and for the calculation of relative potencies in comparison to standard compounds. PMID- 7095005 TI - Investigation of relaxations of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle by nerve stimulation and ATP using the ATP antagonist ANAPP3. AB - When tone was raised by histamine (10(-6) M), field stimulation (0.2-8 Hz) induced relaxation of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle in the continuous presence of guanethidine (10(-5) M) and atropine (10(-6) M). Similar relaxations could be induced by ATP and adenosine, which were approximately equipotent, but the non hydrolyzable analogue beta-gamma-methylene ATP was less potent and produced relaxations which were slower. Although PGE2 was a potent relaxant in this muscle, release of endogenous prostaglandins does not appear to mediate the response to ATP since indomethacin (2 x 10(-5) M) pretreatment did not reduce responses to ATP. The specific ATP receptor antagonist, ANAPP3 (10(-4) or 10(-3) M) did not reduce responses to nerve stimulation and only slightly reduced those of exogenous ATP. The results indicate that responses to ATP could be mediated partly by the products of its hydrolysis and do not support the proposal that ATP is the inhibitory transmitter in this muscle. PMID- 7095007 TI - Comparison of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in normal and mature cataractous human lenses. PMID- 7095008 TI - Fluorescent age pigment in insect lysosomes. AB - Fluorescent pigment accumulates in the lysosomal fraction of spodoptera sixth instars. It was purified by silicic acid chromatography. The fluorescent fraction was characterized by conjugated unsaturation, reactivity with thiobarbituric acid, and lability in alkali; all reminiscent of age pigment. The phosphorus content of the purified fraction was negligible and nitrogen was not detected. It is suggested that the material is degraded, perhaps polymerized lipid fragments. PMID- 7095006 TI - Heterogeneity of human cataractous and normal lens gamma-crystallins. PMID- 7095010 TI - Skin temperature gradient in the lower limbs of old women. PMID- 7095009 TI - Age related changes in morphology of the thymus of the fish, Oryzias latipes. AB - The thymus of the teleost fish Oryzias latipes is a paired structure found at the dorsoposterior part of the gill chamber. In 3-month-old fish, the thymus shows a great development. The thymus displays atrophy during aging, and the thymus involution continues until 5 years of age. Male thymus shows heavier involution than female thymus of the same age. Emigration of thymus cells takes place at all ages but increases with age. PMID- 7095011 TI - Age-related changes in pyridinoline content of rabbit collagen. AB - The age related changes in the content of pyridinoline were followed for collagen from rabbit muscles. Pyridinoline content of the muscle collagen in 2-week-old rabbits is very low and increases markedly with growth of the animals. However, it decreases after maturation in cardiac muscle but not in red & white muscle. Pyridinoline may serve as an interesting index for aging in connective tissue. PMID- 7095012 TI - Aging of membrane transport mechanisms in the central nervous system. GABA transport in rat cortical synaptosomes. AB - A kinetic study of sodium dependent GABA transport has been made in synaptosomes from 30-month old Long-Evans rats and compared to results from 2-month old animals. Initial velocity of uptake was measured as a function of both sodium and GABA concentration, and these data were than fitted to the model which was found to give best fit for the 2-month data. An excellent fit was also obtained for the 30-month data. Thus there has been no change with age in the fundamental mechanism by which carrier, sodium, and GABA interact in the process of transport. However, quantitative changes were found to occur with age both in initial velocity of uptake and in those constants which quantitate the model. The rate equation for the model was utilized along with the best fit constants to define and calculate certain parameters which were then used to quantitatively compare the transport mechanism in young and aged animals. PMID- 7095013 TI - The relative roles of the spleen and bone marrow in platelet production in mice. AB - The relative importance of the spleen and bone marrow in platelet production is not known. In an attempt to delineate these roles in mice, the spleen was removed by surgical excision or the bone marrow was ablated with an injection of strontium-89 (89Sr). Platelet production in these mice was compared with that in untreated mice, 88Sr (nonradioactive strontium)-treated mice, sham-splenectomized mice, and whole-body irradiated mice. Platelet production, platelet counts, and platelet sizes were similar in strontium-89 marrow-ablated mice and whole-body irradiated mice, as were RBC counts, WBC counts and hematocrit values, until the spleens of the 89Sr-treated mice became larger (150% of normal by day 9) and apparently began to produce platelets to compensate for the thrombocytopenia that resulted from the loss of the bone marrow. Splenectomy did not affect the ability of mice to maintain normal platelet production and platelet counts, or RBC counts, WBC counts, and hematocrit values. Therefore, under normal conditions the spleen appears to contribute little or nothing to platelet production in mice, but after bone marrow removal, platelet production by the spleen may occur as a compensatory mechanism. The platelets produced by the compensating spleen resemble in size those platelets that are normally produced by the marrow after thrombocytopenia, with above average sizes. After splenectomy, platelets were were smaller than normal indicating that older, smaller platelets were being retained in the circulation; loss of the spleen could also cause a temporary deregulation of the bone marrow resulting in the production of small platelets. PMID- 7095014 TI - Study of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFUc) preservation after slow freezing of bone marrow in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen. AB - Storage of human hematopoietic stem cells has been made possible through effective preservation of viability by freezing technique. We have studied the quantitative and qualitative aspects of granulocyte-macrophage precursor (CFUc) recovery from 29 bags of frozen bone marrow stored at - 160 degree C in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen for several months or years. it has been shown that with the freezing and preservation technique used, over 75% of the proliferative capacity of the cryopreserved CFUc was recovered. The influence of various factors on the quality of bone marrow preservation was studied and showed that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) appeared to cause substantial loss of CFUc at 4 degree C. Evaluation of CFUc in vitro is essential for determining the quality and richness of cryopreserved bone marrow with a view to using such marrow for autologous grafting intensive chemotherapy or total body irradiation in patients with hematological malignancies or solid tumors. No correlation was found between the number of nucleated bone marrow cells and CFUc content. PMID- 7095015 TI - "Stromal" and hemopoietic stem cell abnormalities in long-term cultures of marrow from busulfan-treated mice. PMID- 7095017 TI - Glycerolization of the human neutrophil for cryopreservation: osmotic response of the cell. AB - The human neutrophil probably requires a very high intracellular concentration of cryoprotectant to avoid cellular injury during cryopreservation. Accordingly, new techniques were developed so that high concentrations of protectant could be safely used. To accomplish that, it was necessary to overcome the osmotic limitations of the neutrophil as well as problems with cytotoxicity and membrane permeability. To reduce complications from toxicity, glycerol was selected as the protective agent. To minimize osmotic stress, the protectant concentration was changed slowly and gently by a system combining cross-flow filtration and exponential gradient glycerolization. With that system, it was possible to introduce and remove high concentrations of glycerol with little loss of neutrophil viability. For both ascending and descending gradients, calculations were used to follow the changes in intracellular glycerol concentration. Similar calculations were used to determine the relationship between cell volume, gradient slope, and medium osmolality. From those data, guidelines were formulated for the glycerolization and deglycerolization of the human neutrophil. PMID- 7095018 TI - Radiosensitivity of stromal cells responsible for in vitro maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells in continuous, long-term marrow culture. AB - Marrow stromal cells are generally thought to be radioresistant. However, when the marrow was irradiated in vivo or in vitro before its use for the continuous long-term marrow culture, doses of radiation as low as 500 rad interfered with the establishment of the adherent stromal layer. Moreover, when the stromal layer was permitted to establish, similar doses of radiation interfered with its potential to support the proliferation and maintenance of the hemopoietic stem cell. Thus, marrow stromal cells appear to be more radiosensitive than hitherto thought. The type of damage may vary, however, according to the dose of radiation. Small doses may interfere with such functions as adhesion or cell division while larger doses may completely destroy the cell. PMID- 7095016 TI - Glycerol permeation of the human granulocyte. AB - This communication presents a study of the glycerol permeability of the human granulocyte. The study was undertaken to facilitate the use of glycerol as a cryoprotective agent. Granulocytes were purified by centrifugation-elutriation and permeability measured both in monolayer and suspension. Cell permeability was determined by following the passage of 3H-glycerol across the cell membrane. Glycerol efflux was measured at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 1750 mM (2100 mOsm) under isosmotic and hypotonic conditions. Influx was determined at concentrations between 1 and 100 mM. The monolayer and suspension assays yielded similar kinetics for efflux. Both influx and efflux kinetics were biphasic. The permeability coefficient for efflux was independent of concentration. Since the kinetics were curvilinear, they could not be completely described by a single permeability coefficient. However, "average" values were computed and found to be 1.7 x 10(-5) cm/min for efflux, and 2.8 x 10(-5) cm/min for influx. PMID- 7095020 TI - In vivo studies on hemopoietic stem cells and target cells for Friend virus infection in vitro. AB - Friend virus replicating target cells have been characterized by in vitro infection of bone marrow cells from DBA/2 mice after multiple injections of hydroxyurea (HU), after bleeding and/or hypertransfusion and after busulfan treatment. The concentration of CFUS, BFUE and CFUE in the cell suspension was correlated with the number of infectious centers (IC) induced after infection. HU treated mice were also infected in vivo. The results demonstrate that there is almost no target cell 4 h after the last of 4 HU injections. The number of IC induced could correlate with the numbers of CFUS in the HU experiment, but this possibility can be rejected based on the busulfan experiments. All results, including those after bleeding and/or hypertransfusion are compatible with a target cell between BFUE and CFUE, as suggested by other in vitro infection methods and also in vivo experiments. PMID- 7095019 TI - The regulation of hemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. III. The role of burst forming activity. AB - The addition of burst forming activity (BFA) from mouse spleen conditioned medium (MSCM) to serum-free long-term cultures induced the formation of day 4 BFUE demonstrating that MSCM has an erythropoietin-independent activity on erythroid development. Conditioned medium (CM) from long-term mouse marrow cell cultures was inhibitory to burst formation at concentrations as low as 0.01% when bone marrow cells were used as the external source of BFA, whereas significant levels of inhibition were apparent only at 100-fold greater concentrations of CM in cultures containing MSCM. CM did not inhibit erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis in liquid subcultures of long-term culture cells nor did it stimulate erythroid maturation in the absence of erythropoietin. Adherent cells from the long-term cultures, used as feeder cells, were more active than normal bone marrow cells in enhancing erythroid burst formation. PMID- 7095022 TI - Formation of lipid peroxides in the subcellular fractions of silicotic lungs in rats. PMID- 7095021 TI - The influence of age and sex on erythropoietin titers in the plasma and tissue homogenates of hypoxic rats. AB - Experiments were performed to determine the erythropoietin (Ep) content of homogenates of kidneys and livers of male and female rats of various ages. In all studies, homogenates were adjusted to a concentration of 4 g of tissue per 12 ml of phosphate-buffered-saline, and the stimulus to Ep production consisted of exposure to 0.42 atmosphere for 4 h. The concentration of Ep in kidneys of male rats was about three times that found in those of females and was contained predominantly in the cortical portion of the kidneys. Ep was not detectable in kidneys of rats younger than 3 weeks of age, and reached a maximum concentration after 4 weeks of age. The Ep content of the liver was barely detectable regardless of the age of the rat or its plasma Ep titer; and did not increase significantly by administering angiotensin II or CCl4 (substances which increase extrarenal Ep production). PMID- 7095023 TI - Pulmonary infiltrates as first sign of infection by Fasciola hepatica. PMID- 7095024 TI - Theophyllines three times daily - when are the doses actually taken? - Pharmacokinetic ideals versus clinical practice. AB - We asked patients "At what times of the day do you usually take your medicine?" In contrast to compliance interviews dealing with missed doses, this question was previously shown to give valid information. Here we present results from 126 patients on theophyllines three times daily, the most common dosage schedule for these drugs in Sweden in 1978. Only 2% of the patients stated the ideal 8-h intervals between all doses, while 72% had confined all their doses within 12 h. The first and second intervals ranged from 0 to 11 h with a mean of 5.5 and 6.1 h respectively. The third interval varied from 7 to 18 h with a mean of 12.4 h. Patients might benefit more from their therapy by even-spacing of their intake of theophylline. PMID- 7095026 TI - Exercise-induced asthma after swimming and bicycle exercise. AB - Eleven adult patients with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) were subjected to swimming and bicycle exercise under controlled conditions regarding temperature and relative humidity of the inhaled air, the respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation and the accumulated ventilation. Swimming for 6 min was performed on the first day, and the next day the patients performed bicycle exercise. On both days the temperature of the inhaled air was 23% C and the relative humidity 15%. The average accumulated ventilation for the 6 min of exercise was 404 l for bicycle exercise and 419 l for swimming. The decrease in pulmonary function was 31% after bicycle exercise and 30% after swimming. It is concluded that the stimuli for EIA are equally effective whether exercise is performed in the form of swimming or bicycling. PMID- 7095025 TI - Influence of temperature and relative humidity of inhaled gas on exercise-induced asthma. AB - The decrease in pulmonary function, expressed as peak expiratory flow, which is seen in some asthmatics after exercise (exercise-induced asthma (EIA)), has been studied under conditions standardized with regard to ventilation during exercise, room temperature and relative humidity of the inhaled air. Exercise was performed under four different conditions. 1) temperature (T) 15 degrees C and relative humidity (RH) 30%, and 2) T 15 degrees C and RH 70%, 3) T 30 degrees C and RH 30% and 4) T 30 degrees C and RH 70%. Treadmill running was performed on four succeeding days at the same time of day with the four different combined conditions. Identical ventilation during the exercise was secured on each day by monitoring respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation and accumulated ventilation. A significantly smaller decrease in pulmonary function occurred when both T and RH were high, whereas the decrease in pulmonary function after exercise was identical when either temperature or relative humidity, or both, were low. It is concluded that the water concentration of the inspired air is negatively correlated to the decrease in pulmonary function after exercise in asthmatics. PMID- 7095027 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). IgM-, IgA- and IgG- anti-PPD antibodies in active pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies against purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). PPD antibodies of 44 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were measured at admission to hospital. The control material consisted of 35 healthy blood donors. The mean antibody levels in all three immunoglobulin classes correlated to the extent of the tuberculous infection, i.e. the severer the disease the higher the mean antibody level. The mean antibody levels also were significantly higher in the tuberculosis patients than in the controls, the only exception was specific IgA antibodies in the patients with minimal disease. ELISA-positivity of the patients, i.e. positive result in at least one immunoglobulin class was as follows: 33% of the grade I, 64% of the grade II and 100% of the grade II patients. PMID- 7095028 TI - Orientation sensitivity of cat LGN neurones with and without inputs from visual cortical areas 17 and 18. AB - Orientation sensitivity was tested, using moving bars as stimuli, in 136 LGN cells in normal cats and 82 LGN cells in cats with areas 17 and 18 lesioned. The responses of most neurones showed some dependence on the orientation of the line stimulus. The orientation bias was more pronounced for long, narrow bars moving at rather slow velocities. Length-response curves revealed less end-inhibition along the optimum orientation than along the non-optimum orientation. Thiry-two percent of the cells in the normal cats and 50% in the lesioned animals responded best to orientations within 10 degrees of the vertical or horizontal. The oblique orientations were represented poorly in the lesioned group. Thus the corticogeniculate feedback may serve to confer a more uniform distribution of orientation preferences on the LGN. It is suggested that the orientation biases of LGN neurones may play a role in building orientation-selective cells in the visual cortex. Further, the preferences for horizontal and vertical orientations in the LGN may explain the preferences for these orientations reported for visual cortical cells. PMID- 7095030 TI - "Synaptic" ribbons and spherules of the rat pineal gland: day/night changes in vitro? AB - In the present study pineal glands of rats aged 69-71 days were studied in vivo and in vitro with respect to day/night changes of "synaptic" ribbons and spherules. It was found that ribbons outnumber spherules by a factor of 3. In vivo, both ribbons and spherules show a roughly 3-fold increase in number at 1 a.m. when compared to 1 p.m. Up to 39 h in vitro, the two structures in question did not reveal day/night differences in amount, suggesting that diurnal rhythmicity of the gland did apparently not persist in organ culture. After 3 h in organ culture, the spherules, but not the ribbons, showed a striking increase in number, showing that ribbons and spherules may be governed by different mechanisms. PMID- 7095029 TI - An anatomical investigation of projections from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortical areas 17 and 18 in newborn kitten. AB - The presence of projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortical areas 17 and 18 in newborn kitten was examined using the method of retrograde axonal transport. An injection of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) was made into area 17 on one side of the brain and area 18 on the other side. The results were not unlike those from experiments on adults. Area 17 injections label a relatively high proportion of cells in laminae A and A1 and the distribution of sizes of labelled cells is almost the same as that for the total cell population. Area 18 injections label only a small percentage of the total cell population in laminae A and A1 and most of the labelled cells are large. Cells in the C layers are labelled after an injection into either area 17 or 18. It was concluded that the formation of organized thalamocortical projections in the kitten does not rely on visual experience as the projections are already present at birth. PMID- 7095031 TI - Mesencephalic and bulbar reticular control of skin potential responses in kittens. AB - Reticular command of Skin Potential Responses (SPRs) was investigated in 30 kittens between 1 and 30 days of age which had been acutely implanted under chloralose anaesthesia (40 mg/kg). The results show that (a) SPRs can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in kittens as early as a few hours after birth. As in the adult cat, these SPRs consist of a monophasic negative wave. Up until the age of 10 days SPRs recorded from the forepaws are significantly larger than those from the hindpaws. There is not difference in amplitude between ipsilateral and contralateral responses, relative to the stimulation site. (b) The first of a pair of MRF stimuli is followed by a subnormal period of 50 s, during which a second MRF stimulus of the same intensity evokes SPR of lower amplitude. (c) Stimulation of certain parts of the bulbar reticular formation (BRF) inhibits the SPRs evoked through MRF stimulation. The average percentage of inhibition was 65% in 10 kittens aged from 1 to 15 days. These results suggest that the reticular centers which control electrodermal activity are functional at birth and that certain characteristics of electrodermal activity are subject to post-natal maturation. PMID- 7095032 TI - The superior colliculus neurons which project to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei in the cat. AB - Cells in the cat superior colliculus which project to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (VLG and DLG) has been labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We studied the depth, area, and morphology of each labeled neuron quantitatively. Our measurements show that the projection neurons to both VLG and DLG vary in laminar position, size, and morphology. Labeled cells projecting to both nuclei were concentrated within the superficial gray layer, but were also scattered through the optic layer and, after DLG injections, in the intermediate gray layer as well. Labeled cells in both groups varied greatly in size, ranging from 49-344 micrometer2 cross-sectional area (mean 143 micrometer2) for the VLG group and from 31-398 micrometer2 (mean 165 micrometer2) for the DLG group. The labeled cells also varied in morphology after both VLG and DLG injections. The majority had a granule or vertical fusiform morphology. There were fewer with a stellate morphology and almost none with a horizontal morphology. At least three types of superior colliculus cells thus appear to project to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. These cell types likely give rise to distinct functional channels to these nuclei. PMID- 7095033 TI - Axonal patterns and sites of termination of cat superior colliculus neurons projecting in the tecto-bulbo-spinal tract. AB - Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the somata or axons of neurons located in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. A group of 34 neurons with physiologically identified projection in the predorsal bundle (tectobulbo-spinal neurons, TBSNs) and two commissural tecto-tectal neurons were characterized with regard to soma-dendritic profiles, axon trajectories, collateral branching, and terminations. TBSNs belong to the class of large, multipolar, wide field neurons. They send axons through the deep white layer without generating local collaterals. Prior to decussation, all TBSNs bifurcate into an ascending branch which reaches the caudal diencephalon, and a main axon descending to the medulla or spinal cord. Regularly spaced collaterals supply a variety of structures at all rostro-caudal levels. In the midbrain, preterminal and terminal ramifications are present in the medial and lateral reticular tegmentum, in the central grey (including its supraoculo-motor zone), in the nuclei of Cajal and Dark-schewitsch and in the medial aspects of the prerubral area and the fields of Forel. Rhombencephalic targets of TBSNs include the medial pontine and bulbar reticular formation, the abducens nucleus, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. An increased density of terminal ramifications was found in several brain stem regions related to the control of eye and head movements. The widespread connections of each individual TBSN suggest that neurons of this type may provide a spatio-temporal pattern of facilitation which promotes rapid orientation of eyes, head and body towards the contralateral hemifield but does not specify the details of movement to be executed. PMID- 7095035 TI - Visuotopic organization of the superior colliculus of the opossum. AB - The representation of the visual field in the upper layers of the opossum's superior colliculus was studied by recording the response of multi-units to visual stimulation. Overall, the visual topography is similar to that of other non-primate mammals. Along the horizontal meridian and magnification factor decreases assymetrically about the vertical meridian, falling more abruptly in the region of the representation of the ipsilateral hemifield. The colliculus may be divided into three parts on the basis of the projections from the retina: a rostral region that does not receive any ipsilateral retinal afferents, a region that receives binocular retinal projections and a monocular region that receives only contralateral retinal input. Electrophysiological recording revealed that the rostral region contains a representation of 40 degrees of the ipsilateral field. The representation of the vertical meridian forms the border between the rostral region and the binocular region and the representation of the 40-45 degrees longitude meridian forms the border between the binocular and monocular regions. PMID- 7095037 TI - The coordination of eye, head, and arm movements during reaching at a single visual target. AB - The time of occurrence of eye, head, and arm movements directed at the same visual target was measured in five human subjects. The latency of activation of the corresponding neck and arm muscles was also measured. It appears that although the overt movements are sequentially ordered (starting with the eye movement, then the head and finally the arm) the EMG discharges are synchronous with respect to the eye movement onset. In addition, eye movement latency appears definitely (though weakly) correlated with either neck or arm EMG latencies. Neck and arm EMG latencies are also mutually correlated. These results indicate a clustering of segmental motor programs for target oriented actions. PMID- 7095038 TI - Limitation of jaw movement by antagonist muscle stiffness during unloading of human jaw closing muscles. AB - The unloading reflex in the jaw closing muscles in man was investigated with a view to correlating the jaw closing movement with the timing of the electrical activity of the agonist and antagonist muscles. When the resistance to the forceful isometric bite was suddenly and unexpectedly withdrawn, the closing movement of the mandible was always arrested before the teeth came together. The rapid arrest of the jaw closing movement was not adequately accounted for by the timing of the inhibition of the jaw closing muscles and reflex excitation of the jaw opening muscles. It was observed that the jaw opening muscles, as well as the jaw closing muscles, were always active during the phase of isometric biting on an object between the teeth. It is therefore concluded that the resulting stiffness of the antagonist muscles is the mechanism which is principally responsible for limiting the jaw closing movement after unloading of the agonist muscles. PMID- 7095036 TI - Organization of climbing fiber input from mechanoreceptors to lobule V vermal cortex of the cat. AB - The somatotopic organization of the climbing fiber (CF) projections to the vermal cortex of lobule V of the cat was revealed by low threshold natural stimulation of mechanoreceptors. Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from 554 Purkinje cells in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Forty-nine percent of the CF responses were elicited by cutaneous stimulation of the forelimb (62%), hindlimb (25%), or upper back and neck (13%). The topographical arrangement consisted of a 1 mm wide medial zone and a 1-1.5 mm wide lateral zone. In the medial zone, the CF responses were mainly nonresponsive to any cutaneous stimulation except in the caudomedial portion of the lobule where the upper back, neck or ears were represented in a narrow parasagittally oriented strip. The lateral zone contained a mixture of CF responses representing projections from different portions of the ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb. Although CF responses connected with the forepaw or hindpaw predominated throughout all parts of the lateral zone, the more medial portions of this zone contained larger receptive fields involving the more proximal areas of the limb whereas the lateral part of the zone had smaller receptive fields representing the distal regions, particularly the ventral forepaw surface. Cells with similar receptive fields were often grouped together, but adjacent skin areas were not necessarily represented in adjacent cortical patches. Thus, the cutaneous projections to this lobule terminated in a patchy or mosaic fashion. PMID- 7095034 TI - Single unit receptive fields in rabbit primary binocular cortex. AB - The receptive fields of 125 single units recorded from the binocular region of rabbit primary visual cortex have been analysed. The population of 43% radially symmetric, 23% directional, and 23% orientation selective units is similar to that of rabbit monocular visual cortex. The relative scarcity of orientation selective units and the absence of orientation columns differentiates rabbit from cat primary visual cortex. However, the majority of binocular units had similar receptive fields in each eye and very unconventional receptive fields were not encountered. Tested binocular units demonstrated summation upon simultaneous stimulation of both receptive fields. In conjunction with findings reported elsewhere, these results suggest that rabbit and cat possess a similar provision for binocular vision in spite of some differences in their cortical organisation. PMID- 7095039 TI - Somatosensory properties of globus pallidus neurons in awake cats. AB - The somatosensory properties of globus pallidus (GP) neurons were assessed in awake restrained cats. Forty-two percent of GP units responded to stimulation of the face. Receptive fields were typically bilateral (49%) or contralateral and 75% included perioral tissues. Responsive units showed little ability to encode force. In contrast, cells were sensitive to changes in stimulus location within the receptive zone. The majority of cells so tested showed enhanced responding to stimuli applied within the perioral zone. Many (42%) of the cells which responded to brushing of the guard hairs or vibrissa were directionally sensitive. Of those, 89% showed enhanced responding to stimuli which moved toward the front of the mouth. These data were discussed in relation to a role of the GP in feedback regulated head positioning movements. PMID- 7095041 TI - Visual and graviceptive influences on lower leg EMG activity in humans during brief falls. AB - Human subjects were suspended in a safety harness 28 cm above the floor by a steel cable connected to a computer controlled force generator (electromagnetic brake). After the subjects were unexpectedly released, various controlled patterns of downward acceleration (less than 1 g) could be produced. During the falls, EMG activity was recorded simultaneously from the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris, along with knee and ankle joint angle in one leg. Subjects were tested eyes closed and also eyes open, both in darkness and in light using a wide field visual display. The display scene could be moved downwards at exactly the same velocity as the moving subject, left fixed with respect to the laboratory ("normal" visual field), or moved upwards at a speed equal to the subject's falling speed (upward moving visual field). Ten vestibularly normal subjects each underwent a total of 45 drops, experiencing three replications of each vision/motion combination used. Under normal visual field conditions, both short and long latency postural responses were seen, which were dependent on the magnitude of the acceleration stimulus. Several of the visual conditions significantly altered both the short and the long latency responses in most of the muscles tested. Effects were particularly prominent in the gastrocnemius and soleus, and were also more pronounced during slow (0.5 g) falls. The upward moving visual field condition increased the short latency EMG reaction in gastrocnemius and soleus for 0.5 g falls. A preliminary scheme for visual-vestibular interaction in short latency EMG responses is presented. Long latency responses are more variable and not conducive to a simple interpretation. PMID- 7095040 TI - Changes in the total number of dentate granule cells in juvenile and adult rats: a correlated volumetric and 3H-thymidine autoradiographic study. AB - The total number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus was estimated in 17 male rats, four each aged 30, 120, and 200 days, and five aged 365 days. There is a substantial 35-43% linear increase between 1 month and 1 year. Two parameters of the granular layer are involved in the numerical change. First, total granular layer volume grows linearly with age. Second, average volume of a single granule cell nucleus in the ventral dentate gyrus decreases with age. Older rats tend to have a larger granular layer filled with more and smaller cells. In another group of 21 male rats, 3H-thymidine injections were given on four consecutive days during juvenile (30-33, n = 6) and adult life (60-63, n = 5; 120-123, n = 6; 180 183, n = 4). All animals survived to 200 days of age. The proportion of labeled mature granule cells and labeled presumptive granule cell precursors were determined in anatomically-matched slices. With older ages at injection, there is a decline in labeled mature granule cells and a concurrent increase in labeled precursors. These data are compatible with the constant level of granule cell increase determined volumetrically. Most of the late granule cells originate nearly simultaneously along the base of the main bulk of the granular layer; very few are found in the dorsal tip (septal extreme) and ventral tip (temporal extreme). This study is the first demonstration of a net numerical gain in a neuronal population during adulthood in the mammalian brain. Since the granule adulthood in the mammalian brain. Since the granule cells play a pivotal role in hippocampal function, these data suggest that their influence grows with age. PMID- 7095043 TI - A time-course analysis of attentional tuning of the auditory evoked response. AB - This study examined the time course of attentional tuning of the N1 and P3 components of the auditory evoked potential. Human subjects were presented with two concurrent sequences of pure tone stimuli, one sequence delivered to each ear. They were instructed to listen to the tones in one ear and count randomly embedded target stimuli, identified by pitch, while ignoring concurrent and physically equivalent stimuli in the other ear. Attention was then allocated to other ear-pitch combinations in subsequent runs. The rate of stimulation was rapid, an average of three stimuli per second per channel, to maximize N1 differences between channels. Evoked potentials were sampled at various times during each experimental run, to determine the time course of amplitude change in each auditory channel, as the subject tuned his neural response to the selected stimuli. The results indicated that N1 took 30-45 s to emerge as significantly larger in the attended channel, whereas P3 was instantly larger in the attended channel upon presenting the first rare stimulus of a run. The N1 effect disappeared for standard stimuli after about 7 min of stimulation, despite a continuously high rate of target identification. However, for the rare target stimuli, N1 and P3 remained at a higher level in the attended channel throughout the typical 15 min run. The study concludes that neural selectivity proceeds in a "top-down" manner, with the longer-latency P3 component showing a selective response sooner than N1. In addition, there is evidence that the selectivity of N1 tuning increases over time, with the continued focussing of attention. PMID- 7095045 TI - Multiple connections of medial hypothalamic neurons in the rat. AB - The responses of 700 single neurons in the hypothalamus to electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, limbic structures, and midbrain were studied to determine the location of neurons with multiple inputs and to identify by antidromic activation the projection areas of those neurons. Converging excitatory inputs, observed in 134 responsive hypothalamic neurons, were principally derived from the preoptic, limbic, and midbrain areas. Inputs from separate nuclei of the amygdala were noted in the response of individual hypothalamic neurons. Two classes of short latency transsynaptic responses to amygdala stimulation were defined, indicating either separate pathways from the amygdala to the medial hypothalamus or two types of fibers conducting at different velocities. Stimulation of single or multiple sites in the preoptic and limbic areas, as well as in the arcuate nucleus and medial forebrain bundle produced inhibition of hypothalamic neuronal activity. Most antidromically identified medial hypothalamic neurons projected to the preoptic area, median eminence (tuberoinfundibular neurons), or midbrain. Evidence is presented for collateral projections of tuberoinfundibular neurons to the preoptic area and reticular formation. Medial hypothalamic neurons received inputs from the preoptic area, lateral septal nucleus, amygdala, ventral hippocampus (subiculum), and fornix. These findings illustrate a pattern of reciprocal connections between the medial hypothalamus and limbic and midbrain structures. It was concluded that the hypothalamus contains a type of neuron that is equipped to perform complex integrations and to coordinate directly the behavior of neurons in a diversity of anatomical regions. PMID- 7095042 TI - Divergent axon collaterals from rat cerebellar nuclei to diencephalon, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and cervical cord. A fluorescent double retrograde labeling study. AB - The existence of divergent axon collaterals of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei has been investigated in rat by means of the fluorescent retrograde double labeling technique. The results have led to the following conclusions. A. Many of the neurons in the lateral, the interpositus as well as the caudal half of the medial nucleus project to the diencephalon. Some of these neurons distribute divergent axon collaterals to the superior colliculus, but few neurons project only to the latter structure. B. Some of the deep cerebellar neurons located laterally, i.e. in the dorsomedial part of the lateral nucleus, as well as some others located medially, i.e. in the medial part of the interpositus nucleus and the adjoining part of the medial nucleus, distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and the spinal cord. C. Deep cerebellar neurons located laterally: in the cell group of the dorsolateral hump (Dlh) and in the adjoining lateral part of the interpositus nucleus, as well as some other located medially, i.e. in the dorsolateral part of the median nucleus (Mdlp), distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and to the medulla oblongata, probably primarily its medial reticular formation. However, only few of the neurons, which distribute descending collaterals to the spinal cord or the medulla oblongata, distribute ascending collaterals to the superior colliculus. D. After injections in the medulla oblongata a population of small sized single labeled neurons was encountered especially in the lateral and interpositus nuclei. On the basis of other findings in rat they were assumed to represent cerebello-olivary neurons. PMID- 7095044 TI - Retinotopic organization of extra-retinal saccade-related input to the visual cortex in the cat. AB - Single unit activity of 842 cells has been recorded in cat visual cortex and analyzed with respect to vestibular induced, and spontaneous saccadic eye movements performed in the dark. This study has been done in awake, chronically implanted cats, subsequently placed in "acute" conditions to achieve the precise retinotopic mapping of the cortical areas previously investigated. In areas 17 and 18, respectively, 27% and 24% of the cells tested were influenced by horizontal saccadic eye movements in the dark (E.M. cells). In the Clare-Bishop area, the proportion of E.M. cells was 12%, while only 2% of such cells were found in areas 19 and 21. The distribution of E.M. cells in areas 17 and 18 with respect to retinotopy showed that E.M. cells were more numerous in the cortical zones devoted to the representation of the area centralis (38% in area 17, 27% in area 18) than in the zones subserving the periphery of the visual field (17% and 12%, respectively). Two of the characteristics of E.M. cell activations appear dependent on the retinotopic organization. First, larger number of E.M. cells presenting an asymmetry in their responses to horizontal saccadic eye movements in opposite directions (directional E.M. cells) were encountered in the cortical representation of the peripheral visual field. 53% of E.M. cells recorded in area 17 and 71% in area 18 were directional in the cortex corresponding to the peripheral visual field. This percentage was of 23% and 25% respectively in the cortex devoted to area centralis. Second, E.M. cells were found to have a latency from the onset of the saccade systematically larger than 100 ms (i.e., they discharged at, or after the end of the eye movement) if they were located in the cortical representation of the area centralis, while E.M. cells related to the peripheral visual field displayed a wider range of latencies (0-240 ms). Results obtained in Clare Bishop area, although limited to the representation of the peripheral visual field, were quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those observed in the homologous retinotopic zones of areas 17 and 18. It is concluded that an extra-retinal input related to oculomotor activity is sent to the cat visual cortex and is organized, at least in areas 17 and 18, with respect to the retinotopic representation of the visual field. These data support the hypothesis of a functional duality between central and peripheral vision and are discussed in the context of visual-oculomotor integration. PMID- 7095046 TI - Physiological properties and pattern of projection of cortico-cortical connections from the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus to the motor cortex, area 4 gamma, in the cat. AB - The physiological properties of neurons in the postsigmoid gyrus lying along the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus and the pattern of projection of these neurons to the motor cortex, area 4 gamma, were investigated in the cat and the following results were obtained. (1) Neurons lying along the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus receive somatotopically organized afferent input from the skin and deep structures on the contralateral side of the body. (2) Short latency antidromic responses were recorded from all regions along the bank of the sulcus following intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) of area 4 gamma. (3) The projection of neurons to area 4 gamma was topographically organized. Neurons in the lateral portions projected to more lateral parts of 4 gamma, whereas neurons in the medial region of the postsigmoid gyrus sent axons to the more medial regions of the motor cortex. (4) In 50 cases, receptive fields were recorded from both the antidromically identified postsigmoid gyrus neuron and from neurons around the activation site in area 4 gamma. In 62% of these instances, both cortical sites received afferent input from within the same part of the periphery. PMID- 7095050 TI - Orientation selectivity in the cat's striate cortex is invariant with stimulus contrast. PMID- 7095048 TI - Interlimb coordination in cat locomotion investigated with perturbation. I. Behavioral and electromyographic study on symmetric limbs of decerebrate and awake walking cats. AB - During locomotion of decerebrate and awake walking cats, perturbation (mechanical tap) was applied to the paw dorsum of the left forelimb (LF), and the responses of both forelimbs were recorded cinematographically and electromyographically (EMG). When the tap was applied during the LF stance phase, the duration of the ongoing LF stance was shortened by 10%; in the right forelimb (RF), the duration of the concomitant swing was shortened by 32%. A tap during the LF swing phase prolonged the duration of the ongoing LF swing phase and the concomitant RF stance phase by 55 and 15%, respectively. Analysis of RF joint angle excursions showed that the shortening of the RF swing phase was related mainly to acceleration of extension movement in the late swing phase; the prolongation of the RF stance phase was related to prolonged extension movement in the late stance phase. While EMG activities were relevant to these limb movements, a notable observation was that, by tapping the LF during the LF stance phase, EMG activity in the RF extensor started well before onset of the elbow extension movement to place down the limb; without the tap, the extensor activity started shortly after onset of the extension. Closely related to changes in phase durations of each forelimb, the period of bisupport phase where both forelimbs were in stance, was retained for more than 40% of that of unperturbed steps, even when the RF or LF made the first touchdown after the tap. The rostrocaudal level at RF touchdown after the tap was comparable to unperturbed steps. These findings on interlimb relation suggest that neural control ensures coordinated movements between symmetric limbs during locomotion. PMID- 7095052 TI - Secondary ion microanalysis in the study of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. PMID- 7095047 TI - Visual receptive field properties of cells innervated through the corpus callosum in the cat. AB - The present experiment examined the receptive field (R.F.) properties of cortical cells which receive part of their input from the contralateral hemisphere via the corpus callosum. Two groups of cats were used to recording unit activity: a normal control group, and an experimental group consisting of cats which had their optic chiasmas split across the midline prior to the recording sessions. Acute recordings were carried out in the conventional manner using tungsten microelectrodes and N2O: O2 anaesthesia. The recording site was the 17-18 border. The stimulus consisted of a thin bar generated on an oscilloscope screen by a computer. The bar, whose orientation was varied automatically from 0 degrees to 345 degrees in 15 degrees steps, was swept across the screen at constant speed orthogonal to the orientation. Various R.F. properties were studied using both quantitative and qualitative criteria. Thus, in the normal cat, simple, complex and hypercomplex type R.F.'s were found, whereas no callosally activated cell was of the simple type. The ocular dominance distribution found in the split chiasma cat was skewed towards the ipsilateral eye, although a fairly large number of cells could be driven with the two eyes. The R.F.'s of the callosally activated neurons were all situated close to the vertical neurons were all situated close to the vertical meridian, which they sometimes straddled. Both in the normal and in the chiasma sectioned cats, the complex cells had larger R.F.'s than the other cell types. However, the R.F.'s determined through the ipsilateral eye was essentially of the same dimensions as those obtained through the indirect interhemispheric pathway, and this irrespective of cell type. Orientation specificity was similar for the two eyes in the split chiasma cats as it was for the normal cats although in the former the orientation tuning curve was narrower for the callosal pathway than for the more direct thalamo-cortical pathway. The results are interpreted within the context of the different functions ascribed to the corpus callosum in vision. PMID- 7095053 TI - Increased branching of basal dendrites on pyramidal neurons in the occipital cortex of homozygous Brattleboro rats in standard and enriched environmental conditions: a Golgi study. PMID- 7095049 TI - Interlimb coordination in cat locomotion investigated with perturbation. II. Correlates in neuronal activity of Deiter's cells of decerebrate walking cats. AB - The effects of mechanical stimulation (tap) on single unit activity of Deiter's neurons were analysed in walking cats decerebrated at the premammillary level. Deiters' neurons projecting to the ipsilateral cervical, but not to the lumbosacral, spinal cord (C-Deiters' neurons) were identified by antidromic activation, cerebellar stimulation, and localization of the neurons. During each unperturbed cycle of quadrupedal locomotion, most C-Deiters' neurons showed two frequency modulation peaks in their impulse discharges: one (A peak) in the late swing (E1) or the early stance (E2) phase, the other (B peak) in the late stance (E3) or the early swing (F) phase, of the ipsilateral forelimb. The A peak started to rise shortly before the ipsilateral forelimb was placed. When mechanical perturbation was applied during locomotion to the paw dorsum of the left forelimb (LF) in its stance phase, the ongoing LF stance phase shortened and the simultaneous swing phase of the right forelimb (RF) shortened. Accordingly, in the RF, extensor activity in the swing phase to place down the limb occurred earlier than in unperturbed step cycles. The same LF tap induced a marked enhancement of impulse discharges in C-Deiters' neurons on the right side (with a magnitude of 20-100 imp/s, and the shortest latency of 25 ms). This enhancement was more pronounced than that induced when the perturbation was applied to the LF during its swing phase. The latency manifested a close time relation to the RF extensor activity supporting the postulate that the increased C-Deiters' activity in the RF swing phase contributes to the earlier onset of RF extensor activity which plays an important role in maintaining alternating footfalls after perturbation. PMID- 7095051 TI - Inhibition of periaqueductal gray neurons by the arcuate nucleus: partial mediation by an endorphin pathway. PMID- 7095054 TI - Fine-structure differences of unit firing patterns in penicillin-induced primary and secondary epileptogenic foci. PMID- 7095055 TI - Kindling in sensory systems: neocortex. PMID- 7095056 TI - Peripheral nerve stimulation for producing the suppressive effect on the tooth pulp-evoked jaw opening reflex in rat: relation between stimulus intensity and degree of suppression. PMID- 7095057 TI - Intracranial transection of the optic nerve in adult mice: preliminary observations. PMID- 7095058 TI - Nerve regeneration in silicone chambers: influence of gap length and of distal stump components. PMID- 7095059 TI - Trophic effects of sympathetic ganglia on normal and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscles in tissue culture. PMID- 7095060 TI - Comparison of adenylate cyclase activity in segments of rat sciatic nerve with a condition/test or test lesion. PMID- 7095061 TI - Velocity-dependent suppression of cutaneous sensitivity during movement. PMID- 7095062 TI - An ultrastructural study of the effects of adriamycin on the dorsal root ganglia of young and adult rats. PMID- 7095063 TI - Reinstatement of festinating forward locomotion by antiserotonergic drugs in rats partially recovered from damage in the region of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. PMID- 7095064 TI - Cooperativity in brain function: assemblies of approximately 30 neurons. PMID- 7095065 TI - Muscle allograft survival after cyclosporin A immunosuppression. PMID- 7095066 TI - Role of the thalamus in generalized penicillin epilepsy: observations on decorticated cats. PMID- 7095067 TI - Effects on somatosensory deafferentation of spectral characteristics of the sensorimotor EEG in the adult cat. PMID- 7095068 TI - Hymenolepis diminuta: source of protective antigens as determined by irradiation and chemical elimination of immunizing worms. PMID- 7095071 TI - Angiostrongylus cantonensis: biogenic amines in the lungs of infected rats. PMID- 7095070 TI - Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: female incubation, release of pheromone, fractionation of incubates. PMID- 7095072 TI - Trypanosoma congolense: thrombocyte survival in infected steers. PMID- 7095069 TI - Hymenolepis nana: immunogenicity of a lumen phase of the direct cycle and failure of autoinfection in BALB/c mice. PMID- 7095073 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: splenic lymphocyte responses of mice after initial exposure to highly irradiated cercariae. PMID- 7095074 TI - Trypanosoma vivax: courses of infection with three stabilates in inbred mouse strains. PMID- 7095075 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: role in vivo of complement in primary infection of mice. PMID- 7095077 TI - Hymenolepis diminuta: partial characterization of the membrane-bound and solubilized alkaline phosphohydrolase activities of the isolated brush border plasma membrane. PMID- 7095078 TI - Effect of irradiation on the proliferation kinetics of thyroid follicular cells in infant rats. AB - Changes in the 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI), cell cycle time (TC) and growth fraction (GF) of the thyroid follicular cells were studied in 10 days old rats irradiated in the neck region with a single dose of 3 Gy X-rays. During the first 2 days after irradiation the number of proliferating follicular cells sharply increased, followed between the 2nd and 6th days by a phase of sharp decrease. Later, between the 10th and 16th days again an increase in the LI was observed. During the cell proliferation phase, the cell cycle was shortened from 79 hours in the control animals to 30.9 hours in irradiated animals. The GF was decreased from 40% in the former to 25% in the latter. S-phase duration (TS) was 1.6 hours longer in irradiated animals than in controls. The shortening of the cell cycle of irradiated animals is predominantly a result of diminishing G1-phase duration. PMID- 7095076 TI - Caenorhabditis elegans: decay of isocitrate lyase during larval development. PMID- 7095080 TI - Variability of mitotic activity in chicken embryo tissues. AB - On testing antimitotic substances in chicken embryos the authors encountered considerable changes in the mitotic activity which were difficult to explain. Mitotic indexes (MI) of several tissues sampled during a 24 hour period were measured and compared. The statistical significance of the results was verified by the U- and t-tests. Marked changes in mitotic activity dependent on daytime were found in all cases. Maximum MI values were measured around the 12th, minimum between the 2nd and 6th hours. These variations cannot be explained by the facts known so far. The question arises whether this time regulation of mitotic activity is typical only for embryonic or bird tissues, or whether it may be a general biological phenomenon. PMID- 7095079 TI - Decrease of carbon tetrachloride liver toxicity in rats given dipyridamole. AB - The influence of Dipyridamole on acute hepatotoxicity has been studied in male SD JCL rats doses with carbon tetrachloride. High single oral doses of Dipyridamole lowered the serum enzyme activity and reduced significantly the area % of hepatic necrosis and hydropic degeneration, but not of steatosis. Dipyridamole was effective from 1 hr before through 6 hrs after the oral administration of CCl4. Doses below 1,000 mg/kg Dipyridamole were less effective. No delay in the onset of CCl4-induced liver damages was observed. Dipyridamole was also effective when CCl4 toxicity was enhanced by isopropanol. PMID- 7095082 TI - Renal fumarase-activities during experimental and chronic human pyelonephritis. AB - In chronic experimental and human pyelonephritis (PN) renal enzyme and phosphatide analyses as well as quantitative histological examinations were performed simultaneously. The results reported in this study only refer to fumarase (FUM) activities. Glomerular FUM-activities initially increased steeply up to 31 days, thereafter the values decreased, but being still elevated till 212 days. Only in the 261-days series the FUM-activities were absolutely decreased. In the cortical tubules of the rabbit kidneys the enzyme activities also steeply increased until 64 days, in the 100-days-series they were already depressed. After 212 and 261 days the tubular FUM-activities were extremely depressed. In the medulla the FUM-activities similarly showed steeply increasing values till 31 days. Thereafter a decrease was stated in the 64-days-series persisting up to 100 days. Finally, the values were pathologically depressed in the 212- and 261-days series. In the "spontaneously healed up" tissue the glomerular FUM was slightly increased, the cortico-tubular one was more increased whereas the medullar activities were decreased. The human samples of pyelonephritic nephrocirrhosis showed about half than the normal FUM-activities in the glomerula. In the cortical tubules they were still more depressed. Also in the medulla the values were decreased. The significance calculations (universally applied t-test) showed an overwhelming majority of values with significance (p less than 0.001). The measured enzyme activities well correlate with the results of quantitative histological examinations. PMID- 7095081 TI - Image processing in pathology. XII. Automated morphometry of tumour cell nuclei in hypernephroma: comparison between renal tumour and late metastases. AB - Changes of nineteen features of tumour cell nuclei in hypernephroma and three following late metastases were investigated by use of the automated image system. Histograms of nuclei features from primary tumours and metastases were compared. They showed objectively an increased cellular dedifferentiation during metastases. Various aspects of the capability of automated morphometry for investigation of tumours are discussed. PMID- 7095083 TI - Characteristic features of the smooth muscle cell migration in vascular wall injury. AB - Characteristic features of the smooth muscles cell migration and ghost body formation observed in vascular lesions induced by intravenous administration of Lipofundin-S (Braun, Melsungen) were studied and compared to lesions seen in other models. Phenomena revealed can be explained by alterations of the cell environment. The cell, producing ghost body looses a part of the cytoplasm and complies with the new environment. Thus ghost bodies play an active part in maintaining the equilibrium between the cell and its environment. PMID- 7095085 TI - Catalase in free-living and parasitic platyhelminths. PMID- 7095086 TI - Essential arginine residues occur in or near the catalytic site of L-amino acid oxidase. AB - Butanedione in borate buffer irreversibly inactivates L-amino acid oxidase. L Phenylalanine and L-methionine, which are good substrates for the enzyme, protect against inactivation but glycine, which is a very poor substrate, and D phenylalanine which is neither substrate nor inhibitor, do not provide significant protection. These results are consistent with the modification by butanedione of one or more arginine residues located in or near the catalytic site of L-amino acid oxidase. PMID- 7095084 TI - Substrate induced alterations in tryptophan pyrrolase activity in two mouse strains. AB - Total hepatic L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity was studied in 2 mouse strains receiving i.p. injections of L-tryptophan. After a single injection, enzyme activity was increased in albino but not pigmented mice. After 3 injections, enzyme activity was reduced in both strains. PMID- 7095088 TI - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths (V). Effects of niclosamide on the motility of various parasitic helminths. PMID- 7095089 TI - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths (IX). Effects of praziquantel on the motility of various parasitic helminths and isolated host tissues. PMID- 7095087 TI - 5-bromodeoxyuridine induced sister chromatid exchange frequencies in primate lymphocytes. PMID- 7095090 TI - Depth perception by means of ambient sounds in a small mammal. AB - Golden hamsters placed on a jumping stand from which they can descend onto a shallow or deep landing platform prefer to descend on to the shallow platform, even when tested under IR-light without tactile cues. This preference disappears for subjects with plugged ears. The simultaneous recording of the animal's behaviour and possible emission of ultrasound as well as experiments in which the external acoustical conditions or the sound-reflecting properties of the jumping apparatus were altered suggest that the animals use certain parameters of the ambient sound field for depth perception. PMID- 7095091 TI - Spatial distribution of signal and adaptive sensitivity in the receptive field surrounds of cat retinal ganglion cells. AB - A comparison was made between adaptive and signal sensitivity profiles of the surround response mechanism of cat retinal ganglion cells. The 2 profiles were found to be similar for X cells but the surrounds of Y cells appear to pool adaptation over a smaller retinal region than they pool signals. PMID- 7095093 TI - Cold-induced changes in fatty acid composition of rat brown fat during the perinatal period. PMID- 7095092 TI - Absorption of iron from gut into blood: sex- and time-related studies in rats. AB - As judged from 2-h blood level curves, adult female rats absorbed more FeII per cm2 of gross duodenal mucosa than adult male rats. By contrast, the 2-h blood level curves per cm2 of mucosa of proximal jejunum did not differ significantly in male and female rats although in both sexes, iron was absorbed more efficiently from the duodenum. PMID- 7095096 TI - Effect of prolonged hypokinesia on thiamine phosphoric esters content in rat myocardium. PMID- 7095094 TI - Voltage transients during ionic substitution in renal cortical tubules. AB - A voltage transient is described which is found during proximal tubular perfusion with impermeant cation or anion salt solutions in the rat. It was shown that the magnitude of transepithelial diffusion potentials depended on luminal hydrostatic pressure, suggesting that the observed transients might be the consequence of the enlargement of ionic pathways by tubular dilatation. Thus, when reporting PD values, care should be taken to define the pressure levels at which measurements were performed. PMID- 7095097 TI - Compensatory hypertrophy of the Leydig cells in hemiorchidectomized adult rats. PMID- 7095095 TI - Central influence of vasopressin on baroreceptor reflex in normotensive rats and its lack in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). PMID- 7095099 TI - Nicotine and ascorbic acid effects on cold-restraint ulcers in rats. AB - Rats were orally administered 1-ascorbic acid, nicotine 1-ascorbic acid and nicotine, or distilled water for 10 days. Following this treatment they were fasted for 24 h and then restrained in a cold environment for 2 h. Nicotine alone produced significantly more gastric ulcers than any other treatment. 1-Ascorbic acid increased ulceration relative to controls. The combined effects of 1 ascorbic acid and nicotine resulted in reduced ulcer incidence and severity. It appears that l-ascorbic acid and nicotine do not act synergistically to augment stress-induced gastric ulcer. PMID- 7095098 TI - Sister chromatid exchanges induced by methylxanthines contained in coffee, tea and cocoa. PMID- 7095102 TI - Effect of acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) inhibition on the accumulation of pp' DDT in various brain regions of rats. AB - The concentration of pp' DDT given intraperitoneally in rats was determined in different brain regions. Maximum accumulation of pp' DDT was found in the corpus striatum, followed by cerebellum and cerebral cortex in that order; following pretreatment with paraoxon the concentrations of pp' DDT were increased in all brain regions studied PMID- 7095103 TI - A scanning electron microscopic study of the air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). AB - Air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl constitute the functional gas exchange units. They anastomose profusely and interlace with each other in 3 dimensions. Air capillaries are not blind-ending tubules as has occasionally been suggested. PMID- 7095101 TI - The effect of activated dimethicone, other antacid constituents, and kaolin on the absorption of propranolol. AB - A study was made of the effect of 6 commonly used gastrointestinal preparations on the absorption of propranolol using an in vitro experimental model. The constituents examined were activated dimethicone, aluminium hydroxide gel, bismuth carbonate, kaolin, magnesium carbonate, and magnesium trisilicate. A slight decreased propranolol absorption was given by kaolin (-13.0%), the other components showed smaller effects ranging from -6.8% to +6.6%. None of the results were statistically significantly different from control absorption values. PMID- 7095100 TI - Effect of topically applied phenobarbital on O-dealkylase activity in mouse skin. PMID- 7095105 TI - Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the glycogen body (sinus rhomboidalis) of common brown dove, Streptopelia senegalensis and house sparrow, Passer domesticus. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was studied in the glycogen bodies of the spinal cords of 2 birds namely Streptopelia senegalensis and Passer domesticus. A possible functional significance of AChE in the light of relative enzymatic localization especially in Hoffmann-Kolliker nuclei (motor cell groups), substantia gelatinosa and other regions of gray matter of 2 avian glycogen bodies has been discussed. PMID- 7095104 TI - Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by embryonic fibroblasts is age-dependent and modulated by environmental factors. PMID- 7095106 TI - Prolactin and growth hormone do not interfere with the response of mouse testes to hCG in vitro. PMID- 7095108 TI - Abortion and the public opinion polls. 2. Women who have had abortions. PMID- 7095110 TI - Infertility after age 30: a false alarm. PMID- 7095109 TI - Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors. PMID- 7095107 TI - Abortion and the public opinion polls. 1. Morality and legality. PMID- 7095115 TI - [Arginine thiazolidine carboxylate and liver protein synthesis. Studies in animals with depressed protein synthesis]. PMID- 7095114 TI - [Optimization of the separation of soluble vitamins in an aqueous medium by HPLC with an amino-bound phase]. PMID- 7095111 TI - The risk of myocardial infarction in former users of oral contraceptives. PMID- 7095113 TI - Pharmacologic studies in vitro on thymostimulin: effects in immunologically depressed elderly subjects. PMID- 7095112 TI - Contraceptive use, pregnancy intentions and pregnancy outcomes among U.S. women. PMID- 7095116 TI - [Interference of alkali metals in the determination of sulfur in beta-lactam antibiotics and sulfonates]. PMID- 7095117 TI - [Coccidiostats in animal feeds. II. New HPLC method for the determination of pyrimethamine in medicated feeds]. PMID- 7095118 TI - [Variability of isoniazid pharmacokinetics]. PMID- 7095119 TI - [Kinetics of dihydralazine]. PMID- 7095120 TI - [Relation between pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics of anti-arrhythmia agents]. PMID- 7095121 TI - [Effect of stress on blood level of prostaglandins in students during exams]. PMID- 7095122 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and effect of furosemide in patients with impaired kidney function]. PMID- 7095123 TI - [Socio-pharmacological aspects of clinical pharmacology]. PMID- 7095125 TI - [Drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children]. PMID- 7095124 TI - [Extrapolation of experimental data on the methods for the clinical evaluation of drugs]. PMID- 7095126 TI - [Clinico-pharmacological aspects of the side effects of drug therapy]. PMID- 7095127 TI - [Clinico-pharmacological characteristics of combined administration of tranquilizing agents and other psychotropic drugs]. PMID- 7095128 TI - [Pharmacodynamics of the interaction of neuroleptanalgetics]. AB - The authors carried out a quantitative assessment of pharmacodynamic effects of droperidol (5 and 25 mg/kg) and phentanyl (0.5 and 1 microgram/kg). The effects of the drugs on sensitivity and pain were studied by the "tail jerking" test. The electrophysiological studies included spectral analysis of the EG of the following central nervous system structures: head of the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, central gray of the midbrain. The quantitative characteristics of the analgesic effect of phentanyl and hyperalgetic effect of droperidol, as well as the potentiation of the antinociceptive effect of phentanyl combined with droperidol were demonstrated. Studies on the EG recorded the appearance of local extremes on the spectrograms within the range of 7 Hz. The use of the method of least squares for comparing the curves of the relationships between the effects of droperidol and phentanyl and their concentrations in the brain enabled deriving the equations that quantitatively characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of interaction of the drugs in question. PMID- 7095129 TI - [Possibilities of clinical pharmacology in the evaluation of anti-arrhythmia and anti-angina drugs]. PMID- 7095130 TI - [Effect of small doses of amitriptyline on the cardiovascular system of patients with myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7095131 TI - [Clinico-pharmacological and clinical evaluation of pengitoxin]. PMID- 7095134 TI - [Therapeutic effect of locally administered phenytoin]. PMID- 7095133 TI - [Effect of potassium orotate on the metabolism of various vitamins in patients with long bone fractures]. PMID- 7095135 TI - [Attempt at a classification of "the pharmacokinetic abilities of patients"]. PMID- 7095132 TI - [Effect of dioxidine on polyresistant flora isolated from cancer patients]. PMID- 7095136 TI - [Fluoracizine pharmacokinetics in animals and humans]. PMID- 7095137 TI - [Correlation between the blood concentration of cholesterol and the equilibrium concentration of carbamazepine in human blood]. PMID- 7095139 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of phenobarbital in experimental animals and in epilepsy patients]. PMID- 7095138 TI - [Effect of artificial circulation on clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine used as the main anesthetic during heart surgery]. PMID- 7095140 TI - [Relations between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of digoxin]. PMID- 7095142 TI - [Antimycotic effect of diaryl sulfides with open chains and ring systems containing pyridine and thiadiazole units]. AB - A series of diaryl sulfides containing pyridine or 1,3,4-thiadiazole units was prepared. All the products were tested in vitro against the following strains: Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformas and Trichophyton rubrum. Some of the compounds synthesized showed marked antifungal activity. PMID- 7095141 TI - [Syntheses designed to produce 8-amino ellipticine. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 8-nitro ellipticine]. AB - The synthesis of 8-nitro ellipticine starting from 6-nitro indole is reported. It is the first derivative of ellipticine substituted in position 8 obtained by total synthesis. In contrast to 9-nitro ellipticine the 8-nitro derivative could until now not be reduced to 8-amino ellipticine. To obtain the latter it was intended to arylate an enamine of the 2,5,8-trimethyloctahydroisoquinolone-6 by 1 chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by a reductive cyclization and N demethylating aromatization. Since the yield of the arylation step was low, the isoquinolone was replaced by 2,5-dimethyl cyclohexanone and the synthesis would have to be completed by addition of a pyridine ring. In the case the yield of the aromatisation was 37%, but the carbazole derivative resisted all formylation attempts. 8-Nitro ellipticine was investigated for its DNA affinity, its cytotoxic activity on L 1210 tumors cells and its toxicity in the mouse. The results obtained were compared with those for 9-nitro ellipticine and in regard to cytotoxicity, with those for the 8- and 9-hydroxy ellipticines. PMID- 7095143 TI - [Stereochemistry of fencibutirol. Preparation and choleretic activity of its geometric isomer]. PMID- 7095145 TI - Synthesise and neuropharmacology of butyrylureas. PMID- 7095144 TI - [Microbiological hydroxylation of fencibutirol. Isolation and choleretic activity of a metabolite]. PMID- 7095146 TI - Inhibition of mitochondrial nucleotide transport and phosphorylation by Cibacron blue 3G-A. PMID- 7095147 TI - Promotion by Mg2+ of guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido) triphosphate activation of adenylate cyclase in rat lung and heart membranes. PMID- 7095149 TI - Uridine phosphate binding proteins in the plasma membrane of rat liver. PMID- 7095148 TI - 1H NMR evidence for flexibility in microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule protein oligomers. PMID- 7095150 TI - The N-terminal sequence of human plasma histidine-rich glycoprotein homologous to antithrombin with high affinity for heparin. PMID- 7095151 TI - Quantitative determination of in vivo endocytosis by rat liver Kupffer and endothelial cells facilitated by an improved cell isolation method. PMID- 7095152 TI - Evidence for circadian rhythms in the serum levels of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein and in the activity of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-alpha hydroxylase in the chick: studies on the mode of action of calciferol. PMID- 7095153 TI - Isolation and characterisation of 4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-2-acetamido- 2-deoxy D-glucose from the urine of a patient with mucolipidosis II and its occurrence in normal and pathological urine. PMID- 7095154 TI - Carnitine stimulates ATP synthesis in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. PMID- 7095155 TI - Rapid proline uptake in cultured tobacco cells and inhibition by a proline analog. PMID- 7095157 TI - Human cervical mucus contains large amounts of prostaglandins. PMID- 7095156 TI - Prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesions with ibuprofen. PMID- 7095159 TI - Cigarette smoking and semen quality. PMID- 7095158 TI - Abnormalities of sperm morphology in cases of persistent infertility after vasectomy reversal. PMID- 7095162 TI - Bilateral aseptic necrosis of femoral heads following intermittent high-dose steroid therapy. PMID- 7095161 TI - The teaching of andrology in the United States and Canada. PMID- 7095160 TI - Terminology and core curricula in natural family planning. PMID- 7095163 TI - Basal body temperature. PMID- 7095164 TI - Classification of operations for tuboperitoneal factors causing infertility. PMID- 7095165 TI - The program for in vitro fertilization at Norfolk. AB - Several aspects of the program of in vitro fertilization (IVF), or, as it is called in Norfolk, the program for the Vital Initiation of Pregnancy (VIP), have been or are in the process of publication. However, because there has been no overall account, it seems appropriate to give a brief report of a general nature covering the period from the beginning of the effort in late February 1980 through December 31, 1981. Although minor changes were constantly made in the protocol, there were two major revisions. Therefore, a discussion of the program during three distinct periods, i.e., 1980, 1981-Phase I, and 1981-Phase II, is necessary. During 1980 and 1981 all patients had either no fallopian tubes or irreparable tubes. PMID- 7095166 TI - Clinical features of eight pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. AB - In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) have resulted in the birth of nine babies, including twins. One of the twins had a congenital cardiac malformation and seven of the nine babies were girls. Labor occurred preterm in two pregnancies; and in six delivery was by cesarean section. Plasma human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone (P), and estriol (E3) measurements and ultrasonic scans showed no obvious differences from pregnancies resulting from natural conception. Cytogenetic studies from cord blood and histologic examination of the placentas were unremarkable. The theoretic risks of pregnancy following IVF and ET are discussed. Definite conclusions cannot be drawn until a large number of babies are delivered and a long-term follow-up is completed. Initial results from the current small sample are encouraging. PMID- 7095167 TI - Plasma gonadotropins, prolactin, and steroid hormone concentrations in female runners immediately after a long-distance run. AB - Six normally menstruating women who regularly run participated in a 10-mile race. Blood samples were collected within 20 minutes after the completion of the race (group 1). Samples were analyzed, and the results were compared with plasma hormonal concentrations in the same runners in samples collected between 12 and 24 hours after a previous practice run (group 2) and with our nonathletic female controls. Plasma concentrations of the following hormones in group 1 were significantly elevated when compared with group 2: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione (delta 4A), testosterone (T), cortisol (F), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). Levels of 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were comparable in groups 1 and 2. However, DHAS in group 1 was elevated when compared with controls, as were HDA, delta 4A,T,F,LH, and PRL. In group 1, but not in group 2, a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was observed between plasma LH and PRL concentrations but not between FSH an PRL. We conclude that the immediate effect of running is reflected in increased levels of the adrenal androgens, F, LH, and PRL. However, concentrations of these hormones revert back to baseline within 12 to 24 hours after the race. PMID- 7095169 TI - Laser light-scattering study of the effect of washing on sperm motility. AB - The effect of washing on human sperm motility was measured by means of dynamic laser light-scattering spectroscopy. Semen samples from 24 fertile donors were diluted with Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham (BWW) medium and subsequently centrifuged at one of the following forces: 235 x g, 325 x g, 400 x g, 470 x g, 500 x g, 600 x g, and 800 x g. The duration of centrifugation was 8 minutes for the first wash, 6 minutes for the second wash, and 3 minutes for the third wash. Sperm motility was evaluated in terms of the root mean square swimming speed of the spermatozoa and the mean migration rate of washed spermatozoa in estrous bovine cervical mucus (BCM). It was found that sperm motility and viability were improved when semen samples were washed at 235 x g, even after three washes. However, washing at forces of 600 x g or more reduced sperm motility and also their ability to penetrate cervical mucus in vitro. Repeated washing at forces between 300 x g and 500 x g had little deleterious effect on sperm motility. PMID- 7095168 TI - Identification of antisperm antibodies on sperm of infertile men. AB - An indirect radiolabeled antiglobulin test for plasma antisperm antibodies was modified so that sperm-associated antibodies could be identified. Ten of 16 (63%) infertile men with plasma IgG antisperm antibodies were found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgG. Two of these men with an elevated sperm-associated IgG also had an elevated sperm-associated IGA; one other man with plasma IgG antisperm antibodies, but no detectable sperm-associated IgG, was noted to have an elevated sperm-associated IgA. Eighteen infertile men with a history that suggested antibody-mediated infertility did not have plasma IgG antisperm antibodies; one (6%) of these men was found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgG; none of these 18 men were found to have an elevated sperm-associated IgA. No patient was found to have sperm-associated IgM. PMID- 7095170 TI - Testicular reserve of testosterone precursors in primary testicular failure. AB - To explore the abnormal steroidogenesis in subjects with primary testicular failure, we measured serum levels of testosterone (T) and its precursors androstenedione (delta 4A) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in the basal state and after stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for 4 hours (acute reserve) or 72 hours (chronic reserve). Subjects with primary testicular failure had decreased mean basal serum T, decreased mean chronic T reserve, and absent mean acute T reserve. In contrast, these subjects had normal mean basal serum 17 OHP and delta 4A, normal chronic 17-OHP reserve, and non-zero mean acute 17-OHP and delta 4A reserve, although mean chronic delta 4A reserve was reduced. Heterogeneity of biochemical abnormalities depending on the etiology of testicular failure was apparent. In primary testicular failure, the testicular reserves of the T precursors 17-OHP and delta 4A are better maintained than is the reserve of T itself, raising the possibility that this disorder might be associated with biochemical blocks in conversion of T precursors to T. PMID- 7095172 TI - [Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on blood acid-base balance in dogs]. PMID- 7095173 TI - [Significance of individual-typological properties of the nervous system in training high quality sportsmen]. PMID- 7095171 TI - Sperm-agglutinating and -immobilizing antibody formation following vasectomy prevented with dexamethasone in cynomolgus monkeys. AB - Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were treated with 1.5 mg/kg dexamethasone (DEX) before (4 to 2 days) and after (0, 2, 4, and 7 days) vasectomy. Of the four monkeys treated with DEX, only one developed sperm antibody as measured by sperm-agglutinating and sperm-immobilizing assays. All six of the vasectomized monkeys not given DEX developed both agglutinating and immobilizing sperm antibodies. In this study, DEX given before and after vasectomy blocked sperm-agglutinating and -immobilizing antibody formation. We conclude that the major antigenic exposure to sperm responsible for sperm agglutinating and -immobilizing antibody comes at the time of vasectomy. PMID- 7095174 TI - [State of cardio- and hemodynamics in the prolonged crush syndrome]. PMID- 7095176 TI - [Changes in cardiodynamics in dogs resuscitated after electric trauma]. PMID- 7095175 TI - [Changes in hemodynamics and efferent activity in the renal nerve in acute hypoxic hypoxia in conditions of stabilization of perfusion pressure in the carotid sinuses]. PMID- 7095177 TI - [Orthostatic effects on baroreflex regulation of hemodynamics (mathematical model study)]. PMID- 7095178 TI - [Dynamics of biochemical indices in peripheral-type experimental congestive circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7095179 TI - [Pulmonary vascular resistance as a factor limiting the duration of functioning of a heart-lung preparation]. PMID- 7095180 TI - [Characteristics of microcirculatory hemostasis, hemocoagulating and fibrinolytic properties of blood and activity of the antioxidant system in various ABO blood groups]. PMID- 7095181 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the intramural microcirculatory bed in different sections of the digestive tract of albino laboratory rats]. PMID- 7095182 TI - [Physicochemical properties and structure of hemoglobin in the dynamics of acute radiation sickness]. PMID- 7095184 TI - [Effect of mineral water from Spring No. 4 of Morshin health resort on water metabolism and diuretic function of the kidneys in laboratory animals]. PMID- 7095183 TI - [Sodium and potassium metabolism in dogs and albino rats during prolonged intake of mineral water from Spring No. 4 of Morshin health resort]. PMID- 7095186 TI - [Characteristics of the hemodynamic changes during physical exertion at high altitudes]. PMID- 7095187 TI - [Device for measuring and recording the magnitude of human sensorimotor reactions]. PMID- 7095185 TI - [Combined and separate effects of the vagus nerves on the heart]. PMID- 7095188 TI - [Natural beta-radioactivity of the blood in donors and in systemic blood diseases]. PMID- 7095189 TI - [Dorsal root antidromic effects on the absorption process in the small intestine]. PMID- 7095190 TI - [Modification of the single sucrose gap method]. PMID- 7095191 TI - [Rhythmic activity of the brain induced by the local administration of carbocholine into the subcortical nuclei]. PMID- 7095192 TI - [Effect of acute hypoxia on the EEG and neuronal pulse activity of various brain structures in rats]. AB - The initial phase of hypoxia effect involves activation of the EEG (2000---6000 m) and unit impulse activity (7500--10 000 m). The 7500--10 000 m induced a change towards a predominant slow rhythm of the delta-type while the unit impulse activity gradually diminished, the cortical neurons displaying a higher hypoxia sensitivity and an earlier suppression than the cells of the hypothalamus and the medulla. In all phases of the hypoxia effect the EEG waves showed a greater sensitivity to the rapid peripheral signals than the unit impulse activity of the cortex and other brain structures. PMID- 7095193 TI - [Sympathetic tonus of the cerebral vessels]. AB - The bilateral cervical sympathectomy in anesthetized cats with initial arterial pressure (AP) 80--115 mm Hg increased the total blood flow while decreasing the local cerebral blood flow. In initial AP 116--135 mm Hg no effect on the total cerebral blood flow occurred while the local cerebral blood flow diminished insignificantly. If the AP was 136--180 mm Hg, the sympathectomy effect was only revealed after preliminary activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of the sympathectomy depends on initial cerebral vascular tone, the perfusion pressure being one of the major factors. PMID- 7095194 TI - [Effect of adrenoreceptor blockade and stimulation on the resistance and capacitance of intestinal vessels]. AB - Resistography and extracorporeal venous flow in cats revealed that i. a. administration of noradrenaline (NA) increased the intestine vascular resistance, adrenaline (A) decreased it and novodrine (N) sharply decreased it in all the experiments. After the alpha-adrenoreceptors blockade with dihydroergotoxin, NA as well as A decreased the vascular resistance whereas N exerted just the same dilator response as before blockade. Blockade of B-adrenoreceptors with obsidan augmented the NA constriction of the arterial vessels, sharply decreased their N dilatation and induced obvious constrictor responses to A. The vascular resistance after the alpha-blockade decreased by 7% whereas after the beta blockade it increased by 26%. The venous outflow from the intestine increased after A and N disregarding the alpha-blockade but being prevented with the beta blockade. Irregular changes of the venous outflow in response to NA preserved after the blockade of both types of adrenoreceptors. PMID- 7095195 TI - [Importance of the receptors in the chest wall for regulating diaphragmatic excitation in the early stages of postnatal ontogeny]. AB - Extravagal responses to trachea occlusion, lungs expansion and sucking off the air from lungs in decerebrated vagotomized kittens of 1--12-day age were as uncertain and irregular as in growing cats. Intensity of the extravagal responses is much weaker than the reflexes to stimulation of the lung receptors. No changes of character or obviousness of effects of the thoracic walls receptors on the diaphragm motoneurons seem to occur in the course of postnatal ontogenesis. PMID- 7095196 TI - [Linear differences in the reactivity of the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system in rats]. PMID- 7095197 TI - [Action of enkephalins and their analogs on gastric secretion]. AB - The gastric secretion induced by histamine increased under the influence of enkephalin analog Tyr--D--Ala--Gly--Phe(NO2)NH2. The enkephalin analog Tyr--Gly- Gly--Phe--Leu--D--Arg increased the amount of gastric juice and pepsin, but the debit of hydrochloric acid was lower than in perfusion of histamine alone. Another analog of enkephalin Tyr--D--Ala--Gly--Phe--D--Leu--Arg administered together with histamine decreased the gastric juice secretion only within 90--105 min after the beginning of the perfusion. PMID- 7095198 TI - [Gastrin concentration in the blood and stomach tissue and the number of gastric endocrine cells after secretin administration]. PMID- 7095201 TI - [Morphological basis of gastric acid-forming function normally and in pathology]. AB - The histologically normal gastric mucosa in superficial gastritis causes a high intragastric acidity in an empty stomach as well as after excitation of the stomach receptors. Even the initial but particularly the moderate and severe atrophy of fundal gastric glands leads to the areceptive anacidity: the fundamental disorder of the acid forming function. PMID- 7095199 TI - [Effect of exogenous peptides on the endocrine cells of the antral portion of the rat stomach]. PMID- 7095200 TI - [Results of measuring the blood flow in the gastric mucosa of dogs by the 99mTc-4 methylaminophenazone clearance method]. AB - In anesthetized dogs, a good correlation was found between the [99mTc]-4 methylaminophenazone and aminopyrine clearances measured in the same animal after administration of gastric secretory stimulants vasopressin or glucagon. A similarly good correlation was observed between the [99mTc]-4 methylaminophenazone and [14C]-aminopyrine clearance during histamine administration. The clearance values were always corrected by the actual degree of dissociation of the radioactive molecules. The results suggest that [99mTc]-4 methylaminophenazone is suitable for the study of the circulatory changes in human gastric mucosa. It has the advantages of a much lower absorbed dose of radiation for the patient and his surroundings, a simplified measurement technique and considerably reduced expenses. PMID- 7095204 TI - [Functional interdependence in the secretory activity of the gastric glands]. PMID- 7095202 TI - [Gastric secretory and motor activity and the electrical potential of the mucosa]. AB - Different types of stomach sontractions (enhancement of muscle tone, rhythmic and digestive activities, periodic activity) have their own specific reflections in the electrogastrogram (EGG). No contractile activity of the stomach easily differentiated by the EGG from the gastric secretion, interferes with the electrophysiological analysis of the latter which is particularly important in study of the initial period of gastric glands functioning. PMID- 7095203 TI - [Analysis of the cortical EEG spectral characteristics in activation of the serotonin-reactive structures of the neocortex]. PMID- 7095205 TI - The induction by gamma-rays of chromosome aberrations in spermatogonial stem cells of the mouse at low dose rates. PMID- 7095207 TI - Inhibition of entry into S phase and DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells of mice by repeated injections of gentamycin. AB - The effect of gentamycin on bone marrow cells in unirradiated and irradiated mice was investigated by 3H-dTh incorporation into DNA using microautoradiography. Gentamycin was injected in vivo at 20 mg base/kg body weight at 8-h intervals during three days. In mice exposed to 4.78 Gy the injections of gentamycin were started on the 7th day after irradiation. In granulopoietic and erythropoietic cells the inhibition of entry of cells into S phase and the retardation of DNA replication was about 20%. The roughly 30% inhibition of entry of cells into S phase observed when the bone marrow cell population has been evaluated as a whole is discussed in terms of increased sensitivity of the young blast-like cells. PMID- 7095208 TI - Complexity of the genetic control of a structural marker in the CH1 homology region of pig IgG. AB - The occurrence of two variant peptides P1 and P2 originating in the vicinity of the heavy-light chain disulphide bridge in the CH1 homology region was examined in IgG samples prepared from 36 randomly selected pigs. The peptides labelled with 35S at the half-cystine residues were separated on two-dimensional peptide maps and their ratio was quantitatively evaluated by a non-destructive automated method using semiconductor detectors. Fourteen individuals were found to yield only the peptide P1, the remaining 22 individuals yielded both P1 and P2 with a mean ratio of 69.4: 30.6. A model of genetic determination of the amino acid interchange, serine-leucine, distinguishing the peptides P1 and P2 was suggested. It has been assumed that the gene for one gamma-chain subclass exists only in the form coding for the peptide P1 whereas the gene for another gamma-chain subclass exists in two allelic forms coding for either P1 or P2. PMID- 7095206 TI - Human lymphocyte culture in semi-solid medium. AB - We pointed out some sources of variations in the results obtained by the method of human peripheral lymphocyte culture in semi-solid medium. The influence of changes in five important parameters of the two-layer method was studied: agar concentration in the upper layer, cell concentration, mitogen dilution, type of culture medium and serum. We found that the optimal conditions for lymphocyte culture and for the evaluation of the results were 0.3% agar concentration in the upper layer, the concentration of 5 x 10(5) cells/ml, and a double dilution of phytohaemagglutinin. Of the culture media tested, MEM with 0.2% Bactotryptose supplemented with 20% inactivated mixed human serum proved most appropriate. Cells in lymphocyte colonies were characterized morphologically, cytochemically and by means of basic membrane features. The possibilities of using the method in clinical work are shown and the necessity of standardizing the culture technique is emphasized. PMID- 7095210 TI - [Monodeiodination of thyroxine to 3,3', 5-triiodothyronine and 3,3', 5' triiodothyronine in human kidney homogenate (author's transl)]. AB - The renal cortex, later proved by histology to be free of carcinoma, was obtained from the kidneys of 9 patients undergoing nephrectomy for hypernephroma or ureteral carcinoma. The cortex was homogenized in a cold 50mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, and centrifuged at 800 X g. Supernatants (1.8 mg protein, referred to as "homogenate") were enriched with 2 micrograms of T4 and were incubated for varying periods at different temperatures. The T3 and rT3 formed were extracted into ethanol and measured by RIA. Reaction mixtures contained 5mM dithiothreitol, without which formation of T3 and rT3 from T4 was negligible. The production of T3 and rT3 from T4 was abolished by prior heating of the homogenate to 56 degrees C for 30 min. In fresh homogenates, the production of T3 and rT3 increased with an increased concentration of homogenate (0.2-1.8 mg protein), increased incubation temperature up to 37 degrees C, increased incubation time up to 60 min, and increased T4 concentration up to 8 micrograms/tub. T3 production from T4 was near maximal at pH 6.5 and rT3 production at pH 10. At the standard pH of 7.5, rates of net T3 and rT3 production were 58 and 45%, respectively, of those at the optimum pH. Degradation of rT3 was rapid, while degradation of T3 was negligible. Both T3 and rT3 production from T4 were inhibited in a dose dependent manner by ipodate, propylthiouracil and salicylate. The apparent Km values for monodeiodination of T4 to T3 was 10 microM. Among the usual subcellular fractions of the kidney homogenate, microsomes were most potent in deiodinating T4 to T3 and to rT3. These results indicate that the human renal cortex contains the enzymes generating T3 and rT3 from T4. PMID- 7095209 TI - [A measurement of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in human serum (author's transl)]. AB - A radioimmunoassay using specific antisera against 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta diol-11 alpha-succinoyloxy-BSA was developed, and serum concentrations of 5 androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (AD) in normal men and women (maternal vein during pregnancy and cord blood at delivery) were measured. The reliability of the method was assessed by means of the recovery rate (97-109%) and the co efficient of variation of inter- and intra assay (10-14%). The concentrations in serum samples obtained from various sources were as follows (ng/ml of free steroid mean +/- SD): spermatic vein, 48.57 +/- 50.64, peripheral vein in men aged 57-84, 1.24 +/- 0.47; ovarian vein during follicular phase, 3.81 +/- 3.27, peripheral vein, 1.03 +/- 0.44; maternal vein at delivery, 3.03 +/- 0.77, umbilical artery, 6.58 +/- 3.00, umbilical vein, 6.32 +/- 2.82. Plasma AD levels in the spermatic and ovarian vein were significantly higher than in the peripheral vein, suggesting the gonadal secretion of this steroid. Maternal serum AD concentration increased as pregnancy advanced, and AD levels in cord blood at delivery were significantly higher than that in maternal blood. These results also indicate that AD is one of the products of the feto-placental unit. PMID- 7095211 TI - [Effect of sulpiride on plasma TSH secretion in various hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (author's transl)]. AB - It is commonly accepted that hypothalamic dopamine has an inhibitory role not only on prolactin but also on TSH secretion. To study the hypothalamic dopaminergic participation in TSH secretion in various hypothalamo-pituitary disorders, we examined the effect of sulpiride, a dopamine antagonist. Using a commercially available human TSH radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit and improving it, we developed a high sensitivity RIA for human TSH (assay sensitivity: 0.15 micro Units/ml, 50% B/B0 values: 3.47 micro Units/ml). In 18 normal controls, plasma TSH increased significantly after intramuscular injection of sulpiride of 1.01 +/ 0.17 micro Units/ml (Mean +/- SEM). In 61 patients with pituitary adenoma, plasma TSH responses to sulpiride were significantly greater than those of normal controls, and the mean maximal increments were as follows: 1.65 +/- 0.24 micro Units/ml in acromegaly (n = 21), 2.63+/- 0.55 micro Units/ml in non-functioning pituitary adenoma (n = 23), and 4.49 +/- 0.70 micro Units/ml in prolactin producing pituitary adenoma (n = 17), respectively. The maximal TSH responses to sulpiride in prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma were significantly greater than those in non-functioning pituitary adenoma (p less than 0.05) and those in acromegalic patients (p less than 0.001). On the other hand, we could observe no TSH responses to sulpiride in 9 cases of hypothalamic tumor with hyperprolactinemia. These results suggest that the dopaminergic inhibitory influence on TSH secretion is increased in patients with pituitary adenoma, and that it is especially dominant in patients with prolactin producing pituitary adenoma. It is concluded that hypothalamic dopaminergic tone can be evaluated indirectly by the sulpiride test, and that the test is useful in the differential diagnosis of hypothalamo-pituitary disorders. PMID- 7095212 TI - [Progress in the studies on hypophyseal portal vessels]. PMID- 7095213 TI - Individual mobility, population growth and labor force participation. AB - Trends in labor force participation rates and the age of retirement are shown to be important of upward mobility. Reductions in age specific participation rates increase the speed of movement through the employment hierarchy. In conjunction with economic development, the falling labor force participation of older men acts to offset the adverse effects of slowing population growth on promotional prospects. These conclusions are reached by extending a model of employment status developed by Keyfitz to limit employment competition to only those actually in labor force. PMID- 7095215 TI - Women's sex preferences in the United States: 1970 to 1975. AB - This analysis examines the potential effect of sex preselection technology in the United States. The results suggest that controlling the sex of offspring is not the desire of most American women; that if it were employed, there would be a significant increase in sons as first-born and daughters as second children; that the overall sex ratio would be little changed from that occurring naturally except at very low fertility levels with universal use of such technology; and that fertility is only minimally influenced by gender preferences. PMID- 7095214 TI - A macrosimulation approach to the investigation of natural fertility. AB - This paper is part of a long-term investigation known as the Mormon Historical Demography Project. It examines the capability of a simulation model, originally proposed by John Bongaarts (1976), to fit the natural fertility pattern which characterized the mid-nineteenth century Mormon population. Application of this model permits estimates to be made of the historical timing and age-incidence of fertility limitation. A sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters demonstrates that simple changes in the model's proximate determinants of fertility, excluding contraceptive practices, would be insufficient to account for later transition effects. Thus the results successfully capture the dynamics underlying the Mormon natural fertility pattern as well as offer a framework for future modeling of the transition away from natural fertility. PMID- 7095216 TI - Confidence intervals for postcensal state population estimates. AB - This paper develops a methodology for constructing confidence intervals around postcensal state population estimates. Using regression equations, forecast intervals are derived around the average age-specific death rates over the postcensal estimation period. These results, combined with the number of postcensal deaths and the most current census counts, are translated into confidence intervals for the age structure. Two approaches are offered for constructing total population confidence intervals. One examines a simulated distribution while the other focuses on the mathematical derivation of population means and variances. The methodology is illustrated by deriving statistically defensible confidence intervals around the July 1, 1975 population of Florida. PMID- 7095217 TI - The transition to nonmetropolitan population deconcentration. AB - A major aim of this study is to address our lack of understanding of rural-urban population change within nonmetropolitan counties of the United States. Specifically, we (a) examine trends between 1950 and 1975 in differential rural and urban growth rates within nonmetropolitan countries, and (b) examine the relationship between county location/function and within-county deconcentration. We show that the post-1970 period has not simply marked the net shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas, but has also ushered in a pattern of population deconcentration within most nonmetropolitan areas. It is also clear that traditional ecological base variables have been of diminishing utility in explaining deconcentration during the 1970s, suggesting that deconcentration is now evident in nonmetropolitan counties characterized by a broad spectrum of economic and sociodemographic traits. PMID- 7095218 TI - The use of mortality time series data to produce hypothetical morbidity distributions and projects mortality trends. AB - It is difficult to obtain direct empirical estimates of chronic disease prevalence in the U.S. population. The available estimates are usually derived from epidemiological studies of selected populations. In this paper we present strategies for estimating morbidity distributions in the national population using auxiliary biomedical evidence and theory to estimate transitions to morbidity states from a cohort mortality time series. We present computational methods which employ these estimates of morbid state transitions to produce life table functions for both primary (morbidity) and secondary (mortality) decrements. These methods are illustrated using data on stomach cancer mortality for nine white male cohorts, aged 30 to 70 in 1950, observed for a 28-year period (1950 to 1977). PMID- 7095219 TI - Intermediate variables and educational differentials in fertility in Korea and the Philippines. AB - This analysis compares the effects of contraceptive use and infant and fetal mortality on the pace of fertility in Korea and the Philippines and explores the mediating effects of these intermediate variables on educational differentials in childspacing. For both intervals initiated in a recent period before a sample survey, second, third and higher-order intervals are examined. Transitions within successive segments of interval exposure (qx values) are examined rather than cumulative transitions (1 - lx values). This methodological choice is substantively important because breastfeeding should primarily affect early segments of exposure and because it allows empirical examination of the timing of the effects of other variables such as contraceptive use. Further, this choice allows multivariate analysis within the structure of the life-table perspective. The results show substantial differences in patterns between Korea and the Philippines, indicate clearly the effect of each intermediate variable, and illustrate how educational differentials in fertility are affected by contraception and infant and fetal mortality. PMID- 7095220 TI - Prolidase deficiency: an inborn error of metabolism with major dermatological manifestations. PMID- 7095221 TI - [Scleroderma-like alterations after PUVA therapy in vitiligo: two case reports (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095222 TI - Irritancy of low concentrations of soap and synthetic detergents as measured by skin water loss. AB - The irritancy of low concentrations of commercially available soaps and detergents (surfactants) in bar form was determined by means of measurements of water loss of the skin. The percentage of increase of vapor (water) loss after application of the soap solutions was taken as a measure of skin irritancy. The tests were performed in 19 human volunteers with 1% solutions of Sporex, Devela, Lux, Lactacyd and Aveenoderm. Devela and Lactacyd were found to provoke marked effects, Lux was less harmful whereas Sporex and Aveenoderm did not lead to a considerable increase of skin vapor loss. Longitudinal studies showed that the irritant properties of soap solutions are additive. The results suggest that the influences of the pH of a soap solution on the skin-damaging effort is less important than assumed thus far. PMID- 7095223 TI - Atypical angioma serpiginosum: a case report. PMID- 7095224 TI - The 'half and half nail' phenomenon in chronic hemodialysis patients. PMID- 7095225 TI - Contact dermatitis to bufexamac. PMID- 7095226 TI - The water cushion in dermatological diagnostic ultrasound. A new method. PMID- 7095227 TI - Impetigo herpetiformis with lowered serum level of vitamin D and its diminished intestinal absorption. PMID- 7095228 TI - The specificity of Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing (Arizona lethal scorpion) hemolymph agglutinins. AB - C. sculpturatus sera agglutinate human erythrocytes independently of the ABO blood group, enzyme treatment, incubation temperature or sex of the scorpions. Tested with human lymphocytes and reptile and bird erythrocytes, C. sculpturatus serum reacts like an anti-sialic acid agglutinin. With leukemic lymphocytes, titers are higher than with normal lymphocytes. Mammalian erythrocytes show characteristic agglutination patterns for C. sculpturatus for Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) that suggest different receptors for agglutinins of both species. Cross absorption and elution experiments indicate the presence of at least two specific agglutinins in C. sculpturatus serum. Agglutination is inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolyneuraminic acid, for all erythrocytes tested. Calcium is required for optimal activity of C. sculpturatus agglutinins. C. sculpturatus agglutinating activity is destroyed at 65% degrees C for 20 minutes. Titers are decreased by 2-mercaptoethanol, and more so after alkylation with iodoacetic acid suggesting that disulfide bonds are present in C. sculpturatus agglutinin molecules. PMID- 7095230 TI - Studies on colony specificity in the compound ascidian, Botryllus primigenus Oka. II. In vivo bioassay for analyzing the mechanism of "nonfusion" reaction. AB - Fusion experiments with three colonies (AC-BC-BD) by Tanaka and Watanabe indicated that the mixture of blood from two nonfusible colonies induced a "nonfusion" reaction (NFR)-like responses. Thus, artificial mixture of the blood from two nonfusible colonies is expected to result in NFR-like reactions. The present study deals with an in vivo bioassay using syngeneic and allogeneic blood injections. Syngeneic injection of whole blood induced no response, while allogeneic injection of whole blood induced inflammatory responses indicating recognition of allogeneic tissue. Syngeneic injection of blood plasma or blood cells induced no response. On the other hand, allogeneic injection of blood cells resulted in a response similar to that of whole blood injections. Allogeneic blood plasma induced only weak responses. It is hypothesized that NFR is initiated by the mutual interaction between blood cells and blood humoral factor(s). PMID- 7095229 TI - Regulatory effects of temperature and hemolymph on inhibition and enhancement of attachment and filopodia function of phagocytic granular cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. AB - The effect of temperature on the adhesiveness and filopodia elongation of granular cells was examined in the presence or absence of hemolymph. The incubation in hemolymph remarkably increased the number of adherent cells almost irrespective of temperatures. Marked inhibition of attachment was seen in incubation media without hemolymph or with 20% hemolymph but at much lower temperatures. Filopodia elongation was markedly inhibited at a low temperature even when the cells were incubated in hemolymph alone. However, the number of filopodia-elongated cells was increased by raising the temperature even without hemolymph. These results show that hemolymph of B. mori is suggested to contain at least two kinds of humoral factors which affect the initial phases of cellular reactions to foreign materials. One is to promote attachment and the other to activate filopodia function. Moreover, it is shown that attachment is a temperature-independent process in the presence of hemolymph unlike filopodia elongation. However, since both attachment and filopodia elongation were increased by raising the temperature, temperature is considered to be another important cofactor in enhancement of foreignness-recognition and binding ability. PMID- 7095231 TI - Allogeneic cellular reactions between intra-specific types of a solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. AB - Coelomic cells from a solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, exibit a nonphagocytic cellular reaction against coelomocytes from different species and another individuals of the same species. The reaction was denoted contact reaction. While xenogeneic contact reactions were always observed, allogeneic reactions were observed in most but not all combinations of individuals. Three variant types of H. roretzi (Type A, B, C) inhabit the coast of northern Japan. They are reproductively isolated under natural conditions. Non-reactive combinations exist between the different types, in all possible combinations. The paterns and frequencies of reactivities between different variants are almost the same to those observed within a single type. The results of the alloreactivity suggest that the three types of H. roretzi became separate from each other very recently and still remain intra-specific variants. PMID- 7095232 TI - Rainbow trout macrophages in vitro: morphology and phagocytic activity. AB - The properties of macrophages from the pronephros of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were studied in vitro. We found that phagocytes obtained from the pronephros constitute a non-homogeneous cell population. Three populations with different adherence properties were examined with special emphasis on morphology and phagocytic capacity. The differentiation of the three populations in culture was similar morphologically, and their phagocytic activity showed only small variations. The methods for cell separation and culture reported here are a useful tool for gaining better understanding of how Rainbow trout macrophages function in the immune response. PMID- 7095233 TI - Lack of lipopolysaccharide response of inbred strains of Syrian hamsters. AB - A variety of culture conditions were used to assess the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response of spleen cells from several strains of Syrian hamsters. The cells failed to respond to LPS while good responses were obtained with Concanavalin A and poke week mitogen. Stimulation of macrophages with LPS failed to induce tumor cell destruction unless the macrophages were primed by immunization with BCG. The results indicated that hamsters are unresponsive to LPS. PMID- 7095234 TI - "Hemogenic endothelium" of the embryonic aorta: Does it exist? AB - Aggregates of intravascular, presumably endothelial-derived, undifferentiated cell were found in the aorta of 14-15 day Mongolian gerbil embryos, in several 10 mm pig embryos, in one 10 day mouse embryo and in one 9.5 mm human embryo. As in other species in which they have been identified, these "aortic cell clusters" generally occurred in groups of 25-100 cells and were typically observed adherent to the ventral luminal wall of the abdominal aorta during a brief period in gestation. The present electron microscopic study shows that these cells possess many characteristics in common with undifferentiated primitive blood cells of the yolk sac blood island. Their in situ origin is supported by ultrastructural similarity to underlying endothelium as well as the presence of numerous intercellular junctions among themselves and with subjacent endothelium. It is suggested that they may be morphologically undifferentiated hemopoietic precursor cells. Hypotheses are proposed for the mechanism of their origin from aortic endothelium. PMID- 7095237 TI - An improved method for the isolation of leucocytes from Xenopus laevis blood. PMID- 7095236 TI - The thymus gland in the loricariidean catfish Harttia sp. PMID- 7095235 TI - Lectin-induced mitogenesis of cytotoxic amebae (Nuclearia) isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca:Gastropoda). PMID- 7095238 TI - Kearns-Sayre syndrome: primarily a mitochondriopathy? AB - Histopathological changes of the external eye muscles and of the peripheral skeletal muscles of 2 patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome are demonstrated histochemically and electron microscopically. In one case the progression of the mitochondrial anomalies in this disease was documented through ultrastructural investigations of muscle biopsies over a period of 17 years. By freeze-fracture the membrane fracture faces of the transformed mitochondrial were examined in both patients. Biochemical results of one patient show that energy production by glycolysis is distinctly decreased with respect to oxydation. Clinical, morphological and biochemical results support the hypothesis that the Kearns Sayre syndrome is caused by a primary mitochondriopathy which is not limited to the musculature. PMID- 7095239 TI - [Prognostic relevance of the P32 test in malignant melanoma of the uvea]. PMID- 7095240 TI - Facial and sublingual temperature changes following intravenous glucose injection in diabetics. AB - Facial and sublingual temperatures were measured in 61 diabetics undergoing intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Within 2 minutes of starting glucose injection, 58 patients felt warm in the face and trunk, 56 showed a rise in cheek temperature and 23 had visible facial reddening. The most important determinant of cheek temperature rise was initial cheek temperature. Cheek temperature rise was a unimodally distributed variable and was significantly larger in patients with fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 6.1 mmol/l than in those with lower glucose (despite similar initial cheek temperatures). Initial cheek temperature correlated with ambient temperature in men with fasting glucose greater than or equal to 6.1 mmol/l but not in those with fasting glucose less than or equal to 6.0 mmol/l nor in women. Initial tongue temperature was also related to ambient temperature in men but not in women and fell following the glucose injection. Although the glucose flush differs from the the chlorpropamide alcohol flush in its unimodal distribution and relatively small temperature rise, some of the factors which influence reaction could well be considered with benefit in analysis of the chlorpropamide-alcohol flush, in particular the initial cheek (and ambient) temperatures, sex and fasting plasma glucose concentration. PMID- 7095244 TI - Effect of angiotensin infusion during pregnancy on fetal heart rate and on fetal activity. AB - The angiotensin sensitivity test is of value in predicting patients at increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Studies on the effects of angiotensin II on uterine blood flow in various species showed contradicting results. In the present study, 15 pregnant women were monitored by cardiotocography before, during and after an infusion of angiotensin II-amide (maximal infusion rates 6.3--23.2 ng . kg-1. min-1). No remarkable changes in fetal heart rate, oscillatory frequency and amplitude, as well as in the number of accelerations and fetal movements could be observed. It may be concluded from these results that the fetal condition is not compromised by an angiotensin sensitivity test. PMID- 7095243 TI - Hypertensive crisis associated with ritodrine infusion and betamethasone administration in premature labor. AB - A case is reported of hypertensive crisis associated with treatment of premature labor with intravenous ritodrine hydrochloride and betamethasone. Ritodrine has been in clinical use for over 10 yr in Europe, and recently also in the U.S.A. The drug has proved to be efficient and relatively safe. Yet, a few cases of severe side effects, all related to its effect on the cardiovascular system, have already been reported. The pathophysiology of this episode is unclear, but it is most likely related to the treatment, and should be added to the list of reported side effects of treatment with ritodrine and betamethasone. PMID- 7095241 TI - Kinetic behaviour of the glucose-hemoglobin labile adduct in normal and diabetic erythrocytes. PMID- 7095242 TI - [Effect of obesity on the elevation of renal glucose threshold. Studies during oral glucose tolerance tests (author's transl)]. AB - To estimate the renal glucose threshold, we measured glucosuria in 546 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) (glucose oxidase method). The subjects, with normal renal function, presented during OGTT one or several peak plasma glucose levels between 10 and 13.4 mmol/l. The renal glucose threshold was thus higher than 10 mmol/l in the 43% of this population who were a glucosuric (normal renal threshold was between 8.8 and 10 mmol/l). The frequency of raised threshold was higher in obese patients than in subjects of normal body weight: indeed from 34% in non obese patients rates rose respectively at 37%, 50% and 68% in obesity groups (10 to 30%, 30 to 50% and 50% over ideal body weight (respectively). This trend was found regardless of the type of glucose tolerance response (ie. normal, IGT, non diagnostic, NIDD). PMID- 7095245 TI - Increased occurrence of ovarian pregnancy. AB - Forty-one cases of ovarian pregnancies diagnosed during 1946 and 1980 were analysed clinically and histologically. All of the pregnancies were terminated during the first trimester. The average duration of amenorrhea was 36.4 +/- 28.6 days; fifteen of the patients (37%) had no amenorrhea. The gestational sac was implanted at the ovarian surface in 30 cases and deeper in the cortex in 11 cases. A close connection with the corpus luteum was noted in 26 cases, with 8 cases showing placental tissue inside the corpus luteum. Endometriosis was found in the affected ovary in 2 cases and acute or chronic inflammatory changes in 4. During the 1970's the number of ovarian pregnancies diagnosed was four times as great as in the 1960's. The share of ovarian pregnancies out of all ectopic pregnancies in this decade was 5.4% and that for the 1960's was 1.5%. Of the patients with an ovarian pregnancy diagnosed in the 1970's, 61% had an IUD in situ at the time of the operation. In addition 61% of these patients had a history of a gynecological operation during a previous pregnancy. PMID- 7095246 TI - Sella 'erosions' in a series of 50 normal women: the place of tomography in the diagnosis of prolactin secreting pituitary microadenoma. AB - The following paper assesses the results of pluridirectional tomograms in 50 normal females of reproductive age, as reflected by the opinions given by 4 different radiologists with major interest in the pituitary fossa. Only 16 of the 50 tomograms were uniformly read as normal. The study has merit in highlighting the 'abnormalities' of the pituitary fossa in what appear to be a group of normal controls, and to stress the phenomenon of observer variations. It is suggested, therefore, that sella tomograms alone are incapable of diagnosing with sufficient accuracy the presence of pituitary microadenoma in a young woman and, therefore, should not be performed as a routine in the evaluation of patients suspected of prolactin secreting microadenoma. PMID- 7095247 TI - Tumor-promoting diterpene esters prevent macrophage activation and suppress macrophage tumoricidal capacity. AB - The efficacy of varied diterpene ester type tumor promoters in suppressing the acquisition as well as the manifestation of cytolytic activity by macrophages was investigated. These mechanisms, believed to be basic to natural antitumor resistance, were markedly suppressed not only by the phorbol ester, TPA, but also by several other tumor promoters of the polyfunctional diterpene ester type covering tigliane, ingenane, and daphnane derivatives. The promoters were particularly effective in preventing the lymphokine-induced enhancement of natural cytolytic activity in resting macrophages. Moreover, the same promoters suppressed the manifestation of cytotoxicity by previously activated macrophages. Their influence on the effector phase was less pronounced than on the activation phase. In sharp contrast, typical solitary carcinogens of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon type exerted little or no activity in the macrophage test systems. Since TPA had already been shown to suppress the natural killer activity in vitro and to abrogate host tumor resistance in vivo, the present findings lend further support to the interpretation that tumor promoters, apart from directly stimulating the outgrowth of transformed cells, may function via interference with natural antitumor effector systems. PMID- 7095248 TI - Histopathologic changes in the peripheral lymphoid organs of athymic nude mice transplanted with human tumor. AB - Lymph nodes of tumor-bearing nude mice were evaluated histologically and were found to differ significantly from those of nontumor-bearing control animals. Microscopically, the observed changes wee classified into three patterns, namely histiocytosis, plasmacytosis and formation of germinal centers. The majority of tumor-bearing (63%) showed marked histiocytosis which was either diffuse or nodular involving primarily lymph nodes draining the site of the tumor. Plasmacytosis, affecting lymph nodes at various anatomical sites, was evident in 43% of mice, and in 37% of animals formation of germinal centers was observed. Germinal center formation was always associated with plasmacytosis and markedly increased IgG, IgM and IgA serum levels. There was no repopulation of the thymus dependent areas by lymphocytes and graft-versus-host reaction was absent. PMID- 7095249 TI - Transplantation and metastasis of NB rat prostate neoplasia in congenitally athymic (nude) mice, nude mice treated with antilymphocyte sera and congenitally athymic rats. AB - The androgen-dependent NB rat prostate adenocarcinoma 2PR 129 and the autonomous tumor 102PR were transplanted into groups of both male and female nude mice, nude rats, and NB rats. Significant growth of the 2PR 129 tumor at the site of transplantation was noted in male but not female nude mice, nude rats or NB rats. Indeed, successful transplantation of 2PR 129 was not achieved in female nude mice even with usage of antilymphocyte sera. In contrast, the autonomous tumor 102PR grew at a significant rate at the local site of transplantation in mice and rats of both sexes. Although significant tumor masses were found at the injection site of male nude mice transplanted with 2PR 129 and in both male and female nude mice injected with 102PR, metastasis was not found. Further, antilymphocyte sera increased the rate of growth of both tumors in nude mice but did not change the apparent metastatic potential. Nonetheless, metastasis was readily observed in male nude rats transplanted with 2PR 129 and nude rats of both sexes transplanted with 102PR. Such metastatic lesions of nude rats were found in lung, liver and kidney with a similar frequency and histologic profile as NB rats. These results suggest that the nude rat, at least for this rat tumor system, is a more versatile and biologically relevant system than nude mice and further cautions against use of xenotransplants as models of tumor natural history. Moreover, it suggests the possible relationship between host recognition of species-determined genetic loci and metastatic potential. PMID- 7095250 TI - Inhibitory effect of cytochalasin H on cell reaggregation of the fresh water sponge, Ephydatia meyeni Carter. AB - Cytochalasin H (CH) has been shown to inhibit the reaggregation of dissociated cells of a fresh water sponge. The effect is dose-dependent and reversible. Even after 24 h of CH treatment, the cells show the formation of pseudopodia suggesting that the effect of CH may not be due to arrested cell motility. Exogenously added alpha-D-glucosamine, a precursor of complex carbohydrates, brings about reaggregation of CH-treated cells. Fluorescent Con A binding, both patching and capping, is shown by untreated as well as CH-treated cells. It is likely that CH, like cytochalasin B, may interfere with the production, release or binding of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules important in cell aggregation. PMID- 7095251 TI - Experiences with L-tryptophan in a child and family psychiatric department. PMID- 7095254 TI - Clonal analysis of vertebrate myogenesis. VII. Heritability of muscle colony type through sequential subclonal passages in vitro. PMID- 7095253 TI - Control of cell migration in atrioventricular pads during chick early heart development: analysis of cushion tissue migration in vitro. PMID- 7095252 TI - Effects of intravenous indoprofen on bleeding time and other haemostatic parameters. AB - The influence of i.v. administration of indoprofen on template bleeding time and other haemostatic parameters was investigated in ten elderly subjects with osteoarthritis. The drug was given first as a single dose (400 mg bolus) and then, after an appropriate interval, as a short-term treatment (200 mg bolus t.i.d. for 7 days). Platelet count, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were never affected, whereas a significant, though moderate, lengthening of bleeding time and a parallel reduction of platelet aggregation were observed in both trials. In the acute one these changes were seen at the first hour following administration and waned in all patients within 96 hours. In the subacute test the bleeding time was steadily prolonged throughout the week of treatment, being slightly still above the baseline value 7 days later, at which time no residual effects were noticeable in platelet aggregation. PMID- 7095255 TI - Isolation and characterization of terminally differentiated chicken and rat skeletal muscle myoblasts. PMID- 7095256 TI - Transition of DNA polymerase-alpha and endoplasmic reticulum during gastrulation of the sea urchin. PMID- 7095257 TI - Fibronectin expression during the processes leading to axis formation in the chick embryo. PMID- 7095258 TI - Dual origin of mesenchymal tissues participating in mouse mammary gland embryogenesis. PMID- 7095259 TI - 5-bromodeoxyuridine inhibition of the epiblast competence for primitive streak formation in the young chick blastoderm. PMID- 7095260 TI - Dissociated limb bud cells of chick embryos can express lens specificity when reaggregated and cultured in vitro. PMID- 7095261 TI - Developmental patterns of cytoplasmic transcript prevalence in sea urchin embryos. PMID- 7095263 TI - Distribution of latex beads and retinal pigment epithelial cells along the ventral neural crest pathway. PMID- 7095264 TI - Ectodermal interactions during neurogenesis in the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis. PMID- 7095262 TI - Effects of cholera toxin and actinomycin on synthesis of [35s]methionine-labeled proteins during progesterone-induced maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. PMID- 7095265 TI - Distribution and density of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on innervated and noninnervated Xenopus muscle cells in culture. PMID- 7095266 TI - Migratory behavior of cardiac cushion tissue cells in a collagen-lattice culture system. PMID- 7095267 TI - Changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation during meiosis reinitiation in starfish oocytes. PMID- 7095269 TI - Mammary gland morphogenesis in vitro: formation of branched tubules in collagen gels by a cloned rat mammary cell line. PMID- 7095268 TI - The role of transcription-dependent priming in nerve growth factor promoted neurite outgrowth. PMID- 7095270 TI - Cell-cell interaction by mouse limb cells during in vitro chondrogenesis: analysis of the brachypod mutation. PMID- 7095271 TI - The presence of gap junctions during early Patella embryogenesis: an electron microscopical study. PMID- 7095273 TI - Modifying effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the development of abnormal body patterns in centrifuged insect embryos (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera). PMID- 7095274 TI - A gene product of the mouse t complex with chemical properties of a cell surface associated component of the extracellular matrix. PMID- 7095272 TI - Synthesis of steroids in postimplantation mouse embryos cultured in vitro. PMID- 7095275 TI - Specific reduction of development of the Mauthner neuron lateral dendrite after otic capsule ablation in Brachydanio rerio. PMID- 7095276 TI - Skeletal muscle fibers of newborn rats are coupled by gap junctions. PMID- 7095278 TI - Effects of early environmental enrichment upon open-field behavior and timidity in the domestic chick. AB - Early environmental enrichment was evaluated by its effect on the behavior of 7 day-old male and female domestic chicks in an open field or novel environment and in a hole-in-the-wall test of timidity. The chicks were housed in same-sex groups of 10. The bare environments contained wood litter, food, and water, whereas the enriched boxes also contained various objects. In the open field, immobility was lower while feeding, walking, jumping and vocalization were higher in the enriched birds than in those reared in the bare environment. Enrichment also decreased emergence latencies in the hole-in-the-wall box. The increased stimulation provided by environmental enrichment may decrease fearfulness in subsequent fear-inducing situations and may enhance the ability of animals to adapt to novelty. PMID- 7095277 TI - Formation of pigment cell patterns in Triturus alpestris embryos. PMID- 7095280 TI - Environmental effects on the ontogeny of exploratory and escape behaviors of Mongolian gerbils. AB - Mongolian gerbils reared in standard laboratory cages and gerbils reared in cages containing a burrowlike shelter did not differ in their rate of development of escape responses to sudden visual stimulation. The presence of shelter in the rearing environment did, however, markedly slow the development of adult-like patterns of exploration. Reduced exposure to illumination, experienced by shelter reared subjects, proved responsible for this retardation of development. The effect of shelter-rearing on the development of exploratory behavior is interpreted as demonstrating an environmentally induced maintenance of an adaptive juvenile pattern of behavior. PMID- 7095279 TI - Selective resistance to approach: a precursor to fear responses to an alarm call in great tit nestlings Parus major. AB - The reactions of 10-day-old great tit nestlings to 3 auditory stimuli were studied. The stimuli, presented on a series of feeding occasions, were (1) the species' "sweet" alarm call, (2) a song strophe of the great tit, and (3) a song strophe of the tree-creeper (Certhia familiaris). In contrast to earlier findings in studies of older nestlings, these younger nestlings did not respond to the alarm call with cessation of begging. However, a significant differential effect of the alarm call was demonstrated when the conditioning rates for the nestling' begging response to each of the 3 stimuli were determined. Thus, conditioning was significant slower to the alarm call than to the other stimuli. The results agree with the general conception that responses to species-specific calls develop gradually during early ontogenesis. Thus fear responses to the alarm call, such as cessation of begging and "freezing," which are elicited in newly fledged young, are preceded by weaker aversive tendencies that are not obvious from observations of the nestlings' behavior in nature. It is suggested that the nestlings' exposure to contrasting auditory stimulation-their own begging call and the parental feeding call-constitutes the experiential base for withdrawal responses to the "sweet" call. PMID- 7095281 TI - Olfactory development in gerbil pups. AB - In a 2-choice situation, Mongolian gerbil pups show a preference for home-cage bedding oder that appears during the 2nd postnatal week and is consistently high between Days 8 and 14. Pups show responses to certain nonanimal odors as early as Day 4, indicating that the motor capacity to orient to odors precedes in emergency of nest odor preference. Increases in pups' nest odor preference appear to parallel increases in the frequency of maternal nest-building, an activity which can eject pups from the nest. This coincidence suggests that olfaction helps displaced pups to return to their nests. PMID- 7095282 TI - The lactation-blocking drug bromocriptine and its application to studies of weaning and behavioral development. AB - An experimental method for blocking maternal lactation is reviewed and the possible application of this technique for experimentally manipulating weaning is considered. Maternal milk production can be inhibited using the prolactin suppressing drug bromocriptine. The suitability of bromocriptine for use in behavioural experiments is considered. The pharmacology of bromocriptine (CB 154) is briefly outlined and a compilation of the reported lactation-inhibiting doses for various species is presented. The possible endocrine and behavioral side effects and the toxicity of the drug are discussed. It is concluded that, in most species studied so far, the drug is relatively free from significant side-effects at the low doses needed to suppress lactation. Guidelines for the practical use of bromocriptine are suggested. Finally, some ideas about the possible application of the drug to the study of behavioral development and parent offspring relationships are discussed. PMID- 7095284 TI - Brainstem-evoked responses of guinea pigs exposed to high noise levels in utero. AB - Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to loom room noise at 115 dB A for 7.5 hr/day for various periods during the last one-third of pregnancy. When the hearing of their offspring was tested by auditory brain stem-evoked response techniques at 6 dB intervals, peak IV latencies of exposed pups were found to be significantly longer than those of otherwise similar control pups. The latency differences corresponded to a 5-dB increase in stimulus at medium stimulus levels and 10-12 dB near threshold. The results indicate that it is possible for noise-induced loss to occur in utero in mammals whose auditory maturation process is complete, or nearly so, before birth. PMID- 7095283 TI - Generalization after form discrimination in light-reared and dark-reared rats. AB - In 2 experiments the performance of 90- and 150-day-old light-reared and dark reared rats was compared under appetitive reinforcement conditions on rigorous tests of form discriminative abilities. Although early stimulatory history had little impact on either the ability to discriminate shapes on the basis of contour orientation or to generalize from that initial experience to lines in other orientations lack of visual experience did have significant consequences with respect to a comparable task in which the relationship between lines was the significant feature. Little change in the initial deficits was observed with exposure to a normal light environment for 60 days following the period of early visual deprivation in the case of this 2nd complex pattern discrimination task. PMID- 7095285 TI - Cortical depth changes in enriched and isolated mice. AB - The occipital cortical depth was determined in laboratory mice at both 14 and 20 days of age and after various periods of postweaning exposure to enrichment or isolation. The depth was found to be maximal at 20 days of age. It declined thereafter, irrespective of environment, but the isolate cortical depth decreased faster than the enriched. The postweaning depth of the occipital cortex appears to be determined by an inevitable age-related decrease whose rate of decline may be attenuated by sensory stimulation. The postweaning cortical depth may reflect the extent of cortical neuronal development and associated metabolic activity. PMID- 7095286 TI - Brood patch function for the ventral scent gland of the female Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. AB - Infants of gerbil mothers whose ventral scent gland has been excised were compared on a number of developmental indices with pups of mothers who had had an equivalent section of lateral skin removed. The removal of the mother's ventral scent gland retarded the offsprings' pattern of ultrasounding during the 1st 21 days of development. In addition, infants from such mothers showed a retarded righting reflex. Inhibitions in the developmental behavior of gerbil pups might have resulted from less effective heat transfer during mother-pup contact. Indeed, excision of the gland resulted in lower ventral temperatures. The duality of function of the gland as an odor source for communication and as a heat source for offspring development suggests integrated communicative and thermoregulatory processes. PMID- 7095287 TI - Intense rapid eye movements during active sleep: an index of neurobehavioral instability. AB - Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Storms, intense REM bursts during Active Sleep (or REM Sleep), were investigated as an expression of the neural mechanisms involved in overall control of the sleep and waking states. Twenty normal full-term infants were observed in their homes for a 7-hr period when they were 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks old. Sleep and waking states, and co-occurring behaviors of the mother, were recorded at 10-sec intervals throughout the observation day. During each 10 sec epoch of Active Sleep a rating was made of the infant's rapid eye movements, as follows: No REM, Light REMs, Moderate REMs, or intense REMs (REM Storms). REM Storm rates were related to a measure of stability in the distribution of the sleep and wake states over weeks, derived separately for time the infant was alone and for time the infant was with its mother. REM Storm rates were negatively correlated with state stability in each of these contexts. The results demonstrated a commonality between the incidence of REM Storms and overall sleep wake state regulation. PMID- 7095288 TI - Temporal organization of ultrasonic vocalizations in infant mice. AB - The number of ultrasonic cells produced per minute by infant mice in response to room temperature increases during the 1st week after birth and decreases during the 2nd. These vocalizations show a distinct bout organization that changes with age. The initial increase in call production is due to an increase in the number of bouts whereas the subsequent decline is primarily due to bouts of fewer calls. The rate of calling within bouts, however, increases steadily with age. These findings are discussed in terms of maturational and motivational changes. PMID- 7095289 TI - Control of sleep-wake states in the infant rat by features of the mother-infant relationship. AB - A series of experiments in 2 strains of Wistar rats explored which aspects of maternal separation were responsible for the sleep disturbance of the young. Neither their own mother, after mammary duct ligation, nor constant intragastric infusion of nutrient during the day of separation were found to ameliorate significantly the changes in sleep-wake state organization. However, a periodic nutrient delivery schedule and a formula closely resembling rat milk each ameliorated, and together entirely prevented, the sleep-wake disturbance. Decreased ambient temperature during separation tended to exaggerate the disturbance and periodic tactile-vestibular stimulation tended to reduce it. These findings suggest that the infant rat's normal sleep-wake pattern is maintained by the rhythmicity and composition of the milk delivered to it by its mother, although her warmth and behavioral interaction with it may play subsidiary roles. Separation produces its effects by removing these regulating features of the relationship. PMID- 7095290 TI - Preflight development of bilateral wing coordination in the chick (Gallus domesticus): effects of induced bilateral wing asymmetry. AB - The performance of bilaterally synchronous wing-flapping by chick hatchlings suggests but does not prove the existence of a bilateral coordinating mechanism. The present research tests for bilateral coordination by using the technique of induced asymmetry. The onset of bilateral wing coordination was defined as the age when induced bilateral asymmetry produced by right wing amputation, immobilization, or weighting influenced the drop-evoked flapping rate of the left wing. Unilateral right wing immobilization or weighting immediately before testing reduced the flapping rate of the contralateral left wing of 3-5 day chicks, the youngest examined. Weighted and unweighted wings flapped synchronously. Therefore, a mechanism which acts across the body midline to synchronize wing-flapping by slowing the rate of the more rapidly flapping wing to match that of its slower contralateral partner was present by 3-5 days. This is several days before the onset of flight. The flapping rate of the left wing of chicks that had their right wing amputated on Day 1 was similar in rate to that of intact chicks when tested at 7 and 13 days. "Wing-flapping" on the amputated side of some unilateral amputees was made visible by a prosthesis attached to the stump of the amputated wing. Bilaterally coordinated flapping in the unilateral amputees indicated that the sensory and trophic periphery of a given wing and flight-related adaptive significance are not necessary for the postnatal production of bilaterally synchronized wing-flapping. However, the slowed flapping produced by unilateral wing weighting or immobilization indicates that wing-flapping rate is modulated by sensory feedback, even at preflight stages. PMID- 7095292 TI - Communication disorders. PMID- 7095291 TI - Contact-promoting behavior, social development, and relationship with parents in sibling juvenile degus (Octodon degus). AB - This study describes infant socialization in captive parent-young units of the caviomorph rodent Octodon degus. Types of parent-young contact (huddling or squatting) and social interaction (body nosing and accompanying behaviors) are described and their ontogenetic trends examined between postnatal Days 1 and 46. Fathers spent less time than mothers in contact with the young. Mother-young contact decreased postnatally, whereas the amounts of mother-young and father young social interaction, measured in terms of body-nosing exchanges, showed a continuous increase postnatally; sibling interactions also showed a continuous increase. Father-young interactions tended to be dominated by the father. Young reared with the father cohabiting huddled less with their mother, and engaged in less body-nosing, than young reared in the father's absence. Observations suggested that paternal control of the young may curb juvenile interactions. Young observed without their parents in an unfamiliar enclosure did not groom or "play" as in their home cage with parents present, but engaged in relatively more vocalizing, neck-nosing and forepaw-clasping. PMID- 7095293 TI - Temporary regression during language acquisition: a linguistic analysis of a 2 1/2-year-old child with epileptic aphasia. AB - A 2 1/2-year-old child suffered a brief and temporary regression of speech, with complete recovery, on two separate occasions. During the second episode, clinical evaluation and electroencephalographic data led to the diagnosis of epileptic aphasia. The child's conversations at home were tape-recorded by the mother during the acute phase of the disorder and the recovery period, and transcripts of the conversations were analysed by means of a linguistic profile. These analyses confirmed the clinical improvement in the child's language abilities, which occurred within a few days. This case illustrates the remarkably specialised and localised cerebral function which underlies speech production at an early age. It indicates that this function can be interfered with selectively and temporarily, without any significant effect on general behaviour. PMID- 7095294 TI - Clinical application of evoked EEG responses in infants. III: congenital hypothyroidism. AB - Previous studies have shown a close relationship between maturation of the central nervous system and development of evoked EEG responses. In this study, 13 infants with congenital hyperthyroidism were examined between the ages of one week and 17 weeks in an attempt to evaluate the degree of developmental retardation and the influence of hormonal treatment. It was found that visual evoked responses were abnormal in 12 of the patients, the most common abnormality being an immature abnormal response pattern. Latency was increased significantly in 10 of the 11 patients who were diagnosed before the age of six months, but was normal in the remaining two who were diagnosed later. A significant reduction of photic driving occurred in only two patients; it was the sole abnormality in one of them. Both the response pattern and latency became normal during treatment. The authors conclude that recording visual evoked responses is a simple and useful method of evaluating cerebral function in congenital hypothyroidism, both before and during treatment. PMID- 7095295 TI - Rhombencephalosynapsis: a Viennese malformation? PMID- 7095296 TI - The current status of remedial intervention for children with reading problems. PMID- 7095297 TI - Total hip replacement in young people with neurological disease. PMID- 7095299 TI - Annual meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral palsy and Developmental Medicine, 1981. Abstracts. PMID- 7095298 TI - Abnormal head circumference and learning disability. PMID- 7095301 TI - Infantile Myositis. PMID- 7095300 TI - Lesch-Nyhan disease: clinical experience with nineteen patients. AB - The clinical phenotype in Lesch-Nyhan disease has been analyzed in 19 patients studied in hospital. In each case the diagnosis was made on the basis of inactivity of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in erythrocyte lysates. All had hyperuricemia, and the presence of 'orange sand' in the diaper was a prominent early complaint. All had self-mutilative behavior, of which the most characteristic form was biting the fingers or lips. All had the neurological syndrome of spasticity and choreoathetoid involuntary movements. All but one had less-than-normal intelligence. PMID- 7095302 TI - A prospective study of three postural reactions. AB - In order to assess the evolution of postural reactions in the prone position, a group of 149 normal infants were followed from birth to two years of age. The Landau reflex was present in 44 per cent of two-month-old infants, and in 95 per cent at four months. The tonic labyrinthine response (grades 2 to 4) was seen in 80 per cent of infants at two weeks, with a marked diminution by the age of 24 months. In contrast, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex was detected in fewer than 30 per cent of the infants: the maximum prevalence was at four to six months of age. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the Landau is an early righting reflex which emerges after, and is independent of, the tonic labyrinthine response in prone and the symmetrical tonic neck reflex. PMID- 7095303 TI - Intraventricular hemorrhage in full-term neonates. AB - The neuropathological and general pathological features of intraventricular hemorrhage are described in 32 neonates who had been born at term. Although the most common site of bleeding was the choroid plexus, a significant minority occurred in the subependymal germinal matrix. Associated neuropathological findings included meningeal venous congestion, periventricular white-matter necrosis and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Pulmonary hemorrhages, hyaline membranes and congenital heart-defects were common. Most of the infants had low Apgar scores at birth and lived for less than two days. Significant neurological findings included hypotonia, hyporeflexia, decreased activity level and seizures. Clinical signs had not been reliable enough to differentiate distressed neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage from those without. Intraventricular hemorrhage should be considered in both term and premature neonates who sustain perinatal asphyxia or who later develop evidence of neurological deterioration. PMID- 7095304 TI - Proximal femoral focal deficiency: a 50-year experience. AB - The case histories of 91 patients (54 male, 37 female) with proximal femoral focal deficiency identified measurements which allow the physician to predict ultimate growth and pelvo-femoral stability early in the patient's life. For unilateral patients, the classification correlated with percentage of femoral inhibition, acetabular index, shelf index and acetabular dysplasia, enabling prediction to be made within the first two years of life. A constant percentage of femoral inhibition was confirmed in both unilateral and bilateral patients, and the effects of classification and associated anomalies were determined. Bilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency occurred twice as frequently among males, and function at maturity was primarily dependent upon leg-length differential, foot position and associated anomalies, and secondarily upon absolute leg-length and pelvo-femoral stability. PMID- 7095305 TI - Growth in the first year of life: effects of sex and weight for gestational age at birth. AB - Fifty-five small-for-dates (SFD), 56 average-for-dates (AFD) and 55 large-for dates (LFD) babies were weighed and measured at regular intervals from birth to 12 months. Within the SFD and AFD groups weight gain was greater for boys than for girls so that by one year there were highly significant differences between the two sexes. Within the LFD group the sex difference was slight at all ages. Gain in length was similar to that for weight within each group; but head circumference showed a different pattern. Absolute increase in head circumference respectively for boys and girls between birth and one year was greatest in the SFD group and least in the LFD group. Within all three groups it was greater for boys than girls. By the age of six months AFD boys had larger heads than LFD girls and SFD boys had larger heads than AFD girls. At 12 months the head circumference values for LFD girls and SFD boys did not significantly differ. PMID- 7095308 TI - Neurosonology of the infant and newborn. PMID- 7095307 TI - The causes of severe mental handicap. PMID- 7095309 TI - Prevalence of anencephalus in the United Kingdom. PMID- 7095306 TI - Spinal arteriovenous malformations in an infant: unusual symptomology and pathology. PMID- 7095310 TI - Acute spinal cord diseases in childhood. PMID- 7095311 TI - Factors determining the occurrence of serum agglutinins to eubacterium and peptostreptococcus species in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. AB - Recently, the demonstration of serum agglutinins to Eubacterium and Peptostreptococcus strains has been found to be useful as a diagnostic test for Crohn's disease. Therefore, conditions determining the occurrence of these antibodies were studied in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Localization of Crohn's disease in the colon, the presence of fistulae and serum levels of immunoglobulins were found to be contributory determinants for the occurrence of the agglutinins. PMID- 7095312 TI - Lower esophageal sphincter pressure before and after paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with intractable ascites. AB - Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was measured in 7 cirrhotic patients with massive ascites, before and after paracentesis. The mean LES pressure was 19.8 +/- 2.2 SEM mm Hg before and 16.3 +/- 1.4 SEM mm Hg after paracentesis (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that cirrhotic patients with massive ascites are protected from reflux esophagitis by having an increased LES pressure. PMID- 7095313 TI - Inhibition of gastric emptying by bombesin in man. AB - Bombesin, administered by intravenous infusion (5 ng . kg-1 . min-1) for 60 min, significantly delayed gastric emptying of solids in man and strongly potentiated the gastrin response to food. However, no correlation was found between the difference in the integrated gastrin response (to meal and to meal plus bombesin) and the degree of delay in emptying. The effect of the peptide is most likely connected with the strong contraction of the gastroduodenal junction pinpointed in previous investigations. PMID- 7095314 TI - Removal of bile acids from the blood by hemodialysis with a polyacrylonitril membrane: treatment of pruritus of cholestatic disease. AB - Hemodialysis with a polyacrylonitril membrane is evaluated as a possible method to alleviate pruritus accompanying severe prolonged cholestasis. To that extent results of a series of 30 dialysis sessions of a patient with advanced primary biliary cirrhosis are reported. Efficacy is measured with a pruritus score, kept by the patient herself, as well as with pre- and postdialysis plasma bile acid concentrations and bile acid concentrations in dialysates. Bile acid removal can then be calculated in three different ways: (a) From the decrease of the plasma bile acid concentration by dialysis a figure of 300 mumol bile acid removed is estimated. (b) Measurements of bile acid concentration in the dialysates results in a figure of 666 +/- (SD) 87 mumol bile acid removed. (c) From the mean pre- and postdialysis plasma bile acid concentrations together with an effective clearance rate of 8 ml/min for the bile acid mixture, calculated from ultrafiltration experiments, a removal of 589 +/- 100 mumol bile acid is calculated. These figures compare favorably with figures reported in the literature for the alternative techniques used, plasmapheresis and plasma perfusion over activated charcoal. PMID- 7095316 TI - Lymphoma risk in coeliac disease of later life. AB - From 314 patients with coeliac disease, 20 patients were found to have developed a lymphoma. The incidence of lymphoma was much greater in the 6th, 7th and 8th decades of life than in the previous two decades. In 12 patients, the lymphoma was diagnosed within 4 years of the diagnosis of their coeliac disease and there were significantly more of these lymphomas appearing in coeliacs diagnosed between 51 and 80 years, who made up 23% of the series, than in those diagnosed between 21 and 50 years. We conclude that lymphoma is particularly a complication of older coeliacs and that coeliacs newly diagnosed at more than 50 years of age should be more closely followed up for they have a 1 in 10 chance of harbouring a lymphoma. PMID- 7095315 TI - Bile acid transformation by the intestinal flora and cholesterol saturation in bile. Effects of Streptococcus faecium administration. AB - In 8 normal subjects the daily administration for 30 days of at least 750 X 10(6) Streptococcus faecium, a bacteria producing substances acting against Clostridia and other intestinal microorganisms reduced the cholesterol saturation and the molar percentage of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in bile. The percentage of cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (DCA) increased significantly in feces, whereas lithocholic acid (LCA) decreased from 49.2 to 40.5%. In vitro fecal samples of subjects taking S. faecium transformed more slowly CA to DCA and CDCA to LCA. Moreover, 7-ketolithocholic seems an intermediate step in the biotransformation of CDCA to LCA. During SF administration, the anaerobic bacteria count of feces decreases, whereas aerobic bacteria increase; the changes of fecal flora may reduce the degradation of primary bile acids influencing the bile acid composition in both the bile and the intestine. PMID- 7095317 TI - Hearing status of ambulatory senior citizens. AB - The objective of this paper is to provide some current data on the hearing sensitivity for pure-tone stimuli for a population of ambulatory, noninstitutionalized Caucasian males and females 60 years and older. Data pertaining to four areas of hearing status are reported, i.e., the average puretone audiometric characteristic, sex differences, changes with age, and a comparison with institutionalized persons of similar age. Our results indicate that the typical audiometric configuration is a symmetrical gradual roll-off in the higher audiometric frequencies rarely averaging in the speech range more than 55 dB regardless of age. Hearing levels for men and women differ somewhat between 60 and 80 years and then become quite similar. Hearing sensitivity does decrease with age and between 70 and 80 years it decreases about 1.5 dB per year. Finally, as one might expect, active ambulatory older people have better hearing sensitivity than those of the same age who are in nursing homes. PMID- 7095318 TI - Aging and auditory site of lesion. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine and quantify the functional auditory problems of presbycusis through a battery of recently developed diagnostic tests and to evaluate the usefulness of these tests with an elderly population. Diagnostic measures used were impedence measures, speech discrimination tests, synthetic sentence identification, compressed speech, two measures of tone decay, the short increment sensitivity index, a digit span test, and auditory brain stem response audiometry. Significant differences were found between scores for elderly subjects and those of young subjects who had similar audiograms. Use of the Metz test as an objective measure of recruitment yielded results suggesting a higher incidence of recruitment than evidenced by previous studies using loudness balancing procedures. The Olsen-Noffsinger procedure of quantifying tone decay revealed a greater difference between age groups than did the Suprathreshold Adaptation Test. Synthetic sentence identification revealed the most consistent age effect among the tests of central auditory function. Auditory brain stem response audiometry revealed several examples of abnormally long interpeak latencies. It is concluded that there is both behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of central and peripheral auditory disorder frequently accompanying senescence. PMID- 7095319 TI - Staggered Spondaic Word Test performance in a group of older adults: a preliminary report. AB - The upper age limit for the norms on the Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) Test in older adults has not been defined. Current suggested age norms are 11 to 60 years with interpolation for performance of children 7 to 11 years. In the present study, the SSW Test was administered to a group of older adults (N = 156) with no history of central auditory problems and compared with the performance of a group of younger adults (N = 86) with bilateral cochlear hearing loss. Corrected SSW scores increased as a function of age consistent with the "central aging effect" reported in the literature for older populations. With hearing loss held constant, no change in corrected SSW scores was noted until 40 to 50 dB hearing level. This result was observed for all age groups. Finally, comparison of each older group's performance with the young cochlear group suggested that the current age norms might be extended to include 60- and 70-year-olds with hearing loss less than 40 dB hearing level. Because 80-year-olds showed the greatest differences, their SSW performance needs to be viewed with great caution. PMID- 7095320 TI - Temporal factors and the aging auditory system. PMID- 7095321 TI - The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly: a new tool. AB - This report describes the development and standardization of the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE). This self-assessment tool is designed to assess the effects of hearing impairment on the emotional and social adjustment of elderly people. The inventory is comprised of two subscales: a 13-item subscale explores the emotional consequences of hearing impairment; a 12-item subscale explores both social and situational effects. The inventory was administered to 100 elderly subjects (mean age = 75 years) with hearing threshold levels in the better ear ranging from normal to severe. The reliability of the HHIE was evaluated by assessing its internal consistency through the computation of Chronbach's alpha. Alpha values ranged from 0.88 (social/situational subscale) to 0.95 for the entire inventory. Split-half reliabilities were equally high. The validity of the HHIE was not directly evaluated. Certain aspects of the data, however, support the construct validity of the instrument, while analysis of the questions themselves appears to attest to its content validity. Possible uses of the inventory were described and suggestions were made regarding future research on the instrument. The reliability and validity of the HHIE as well as its brevity, simplicity, and ease of administration and interpretation all recommend its use in assessing hearing handicap in the elderly. PMID- 7095322 TI - Communication screening profile: use with elderly clients. PMID- 7095323 TI - Comprehensive evaluation of the older adult for audiological reconditioning. PMID- 7095326 TI - Success of hearing aid fitting in nursing homes. AB - A program is described for providing aural rehabilitation and hearing aid services in nursing homes. Results are summarized for these activities in one 55 bed nursing home during a two-year period. During that time, 25 residents were identified as potential hearing aid candidates, but only four from this group would participate in a hearing aid trial. Only two of the four ultimately became regular hearing aid users. Implications of these findings are discussed and positive benefits are described. However, it is recommended that unless better results can be obtained with other methods, then hearing professionals may be well advised to devote the majority of their efforts in attempts to help the large number of hearing-impaired persons who are not residing in nursing homes. PMID- 7095324 TI - A community hearing conservation program for senior citizens. AB - A commnity hearing conservation program for more than 1000 senior citizens is described. Seminars about hearing loss, hearing aids were conducted. Results of hearing tests under various conditions are drawn from a population of more than 500 senior adults. Information about hearing aid use and self-awareness regarding hearing impairment was also collected. It is concluded that senior citizens arae very interested in learning more about hearing loss and treatment, but as a group they are reluctant to seek out remediation voluntarily. Thus, it appears that outreach programs are important considerations for serving the ambulatory senior population. It is concluded that it is highly feasible to obtain dependable pure tone audiometric data in field locations with some minor precautions. In our opinion, audiological services should be taken to populations of senior citizens, provided they can be cost effective. Some suggestions are offered for improving the type of program described in this paper. PMID- 7095327 TI - An approach to rehabilitation with amplification. AB - Our purpose is to present an approach to rehabilitation of the elderly with amplification that is sensitive to their unique biopsychosocial characteristics. The relatively small percentage of hearing-impaired elderly seeking remediation via amplification suggests the need for new strategies in attracting and clinically managing this growing segment of the population. Stereotypical description of the elderly cannot accurately reflect the large individual differences within this highly heterogeneous group that affect rehabilitation outcome. Audiological and nonaudiological aspects of aging are considered as they pertain to rehabilitation management, including specific amplification requirements. Conventional and extended programs are discussed relative to the particular needs of the elderly client. The program that has been used for 10 years has been extremely effective and offers the audiologist an alternate approach in the rehabilitative management of the elderly individual. PMID- 7095325 TI - Rehabilitation of hearing-handicapped elderly adults. AB - This paper describes procedures used in the development and implementation of an aural rehabilitation program for hearing-impaired elderly adults. Program emphasis is directed toward meeting the self-perceived needs of this population. Suggestions for ways to enhance the elderly adult's interest in self-management of hearing problems are gleaned from consumer workshop reports as well as clinical observations. Suggestions for identification of program candidates were offered with emphasis on dissemination of informational literature. Intake procedures were described with mention of the client's possible expectations from the program, as well as the program's expectations from the participants. Finally, program goals and procedures were described. Emphasis was directed toward three interrelated goal areas: amplification, communication remediation, and counseling-education. The role of the hearing aid as a critical tool in the rehabilitation process was highlighted. A controlled approach toward communication assessment was described, along with a scheme for determining remediation goals. Topics for personal and family counseling or education were listed along with suggestions for facilitating individual and group discussion. PMID- 7095329 TI - Changes in metabolism of rat kidney and liver caused by experimental diabetes and by dietary sucrose. AB - Two groups of rats were fed diets in which the carbohydrate components was either starch or sucrose. A third group was fed on a stock diet. Half of the animals in each group were made diabetic by injection of either streptozotocin, in two of the groups, or alloxan, in the third group. Both diabetes and sucrose-feeding increased renal gluconeogenesis as indicated by increased activities of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Sucrose-feeding increased fatty acid synthesis both in the liver and kidney. However, the effect of diabetes on fatty acid synthesis was different at the two tissue sites. Diabetes, whether induced by streptozotocin or alloxan, decreased fatty acid synthesis in the liver but increased the rate in the kidney. The latter response was obtained for each diet but was additive with the effect of sucrose. We conclude that the effect of diabetes on renal lipid metabolism may reflect, in part, the accelerated glucose flux. The response to both diabetes and sucrose-feeding is also possibly associated with the increased lipid required for the membrane synthesis reported previously. PMID- 7095328 TI - Comment on "hearing loss in graduates of a tertiary intensive care nursery". PMID- 7095331 TI - HLA and retinopathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in Iceland. PMID- 7095330 TI - The incidence of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in Toronto. AB - An incidence of 9.0 out of 100,000 children under 19 years of age with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes was detected in Toronto during a 2 year prospective study. An increased number of cases occurred in the winter months of one of the years but not of the other during the study. The annual incidence was the same in each year. There were slightly more boys than girls but this was not significant. The diabetic children were significantly younger than their non-affected siblings. The incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Toronto is similar to other North American studies. PMID- 7095333 TI - Metabolic control and serum hormone levels in relation to retinopathy in diabetic pregnancy. AB - The occurrence and progression of retinopathy were related to the mean blood glucose levels and the serum concentrations of prolactin, human placental lactogen, oestradiol and progesterone in 57 pregnant insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Fifteen patients had frank retinopathy, of whom eight showed a marked increase in retinopathy. The initial blood glucose levels were significantly higher in patients whose retinopathy progressed, whereas during the second and third trimester similar blood glucose levels were achieved in all groups. Serum concentrations of progesterone and human placental lactogen were significantly increased in diabetic patients during the last trimester when compared with those in normal pregnancies, and during the second trimester, patients with retinopathy showed significantly higher concentrations than those without, but no significant difference was found in oestradiol values. The eight patients with progressive retinopathy showed progesterone, human placental lactogen and oestradiol levels at or above the upper limit of the normal range. Throughout gestation, serum prolactin concentrations were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. No correlation was found between serum prolactin values and the occurrence of retinopathy. PMID- 7095332 TI - Haemodynamic changes during graded exercise in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy. PMID- 7095334 TI - Kidney function and size in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients before and during growth hormone administration for one week. AB - Kidney function and size were studied in seven well-controlled male Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients before and after administration of highly purified human growth hormone for one week. Glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow (steady state infusion technique with urinary collections using 125I iothalamate and 131I-hippuran), kidney size (ultrasonic scanning) and urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta-2-microglobulin were measured. Highly purified growth hormone was injected subcutaneously, 2 IU in the morning and 4 IU in the evening. The growth hormone dosage applied induced an elevation in plasma growth hormone concentration from the normal level seen in these very well controlled diabetics to levels within the range previously demonstrated in normally controlled Type 1 diabetic patients. During the week of growth hormone administration, glycaemic control was maintained unchanged by increasing the insulin dose by 79 +/- 9% (mean +/- SEM). Glomerular filtration rate increased from 122 +/- 3 to 131 +/- 3 ml/min X 1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05) and renal plasma flow increased from 535 +/- 10 to 569 +/- 22 ml/min x 1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05). Kidney size changed from 128 +/- 5 to 133 +/- 5 ml/1.73 m2 (NS). Urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta-2-microglobulin were unchanged. The present findings suggest that the growth hormone elevation typically found in Type 1 diabetic patients with reasonable clinical control, contributes to the enhanced glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow present in that disease. PMID- 7095335 TI - Early arteriolar and capillary changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and intraperitoneal hyperglycaemic rats. AB - Comparison of intestinal arteriolar characteristics in vivo were made in normal rats, normal rats injected intraperitoneally twice daily with either 0.15 mmol/l saline or 16.6 mmol/l glucose in 0.15 mmol/l saline (total value 5% of body weight), and in streptozotocin treated rats (plasma glucose greater than 22.2 mmol/l). Each regimen was continued for 4-5 weeks before the study. Interperitoneal injection of glucose increased the plasma glucose concentration by 0.8-1.6 mmol/l for 2-2.5 h. The microvascular characteristics of normal and saline injected rats were identical. Results obtained in glucose-treated and diabetic animals were very similar and included: 1) resting arteriolar vasodilation, 2) subnormal dilation at removal of all vascular control with adenosine, 3) total arteriolar vessel wall, including smooth muscle, cross sectional area and wall to lumen ratio one-third to one-half less than normal, and 4) capillary separation distances increased above normal by 40%-50%. The results indicate that the morphological and functional changes in intestinal arterioles and capillaries found in diabetic rats after 4-5 weeks can be reproduced in the intestinal tissues of a normal animal exposed to intermittent increases in intraperitoneal glucose concentration. PMID- 7095337 TI - [Do selective deficits of digestive immunity exist?]. PMID- 7095338 TI - [Effects of fundoplication on the lower oesophageal sphincter; pre- and post operative manometric studies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095339 TI - [A heater-probe hemostasis of experimental ulcer haemorrhage in the dog (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095336 TI - Increased glycosylated haemoglobin A1 in opiate addicts: evidence for a hyperglycaemic effect of morphine. PMID- 7095341 TI - [Selection of the timing of blood D-xylose determination during the D-xylose oral test. Correlation between the 30th min xylosemia and D-xylose gastric emptying (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095342 TI - [Ultrasonography and pancreatic diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095343 TI - [Primary liver cystadenocarcinoma associated with cystadenoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095344 TI - [Isolation and culture of sinusoidal cells from human and murine liver: a new approach for the study of the viral infections of the liver (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095340 TI - [Diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the adult small intestine without detectable systemic or digestive immunodeficiency (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095345 TI - [Diagnosis of cholestasis]. PMID- 7095346 TI - [Pseudomembranous rectocolitis and rifampicin]. PMID- 7095347 TI - [Massive, painful hepatomegaly, sinusoidal dilatation and prolonged use of estroprogestational agents]. PMID- 7095348 TI - [Diagnosis by duodenal intubation of a pigmented microlithiasis not visible by cholecystography and echotomography]. PMID- 7095349 TI - [Dietary regulation of oligosaccharidase activity in intestinal brush border]. PMID- 7095350 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux and pregnancy: an unresolved physiopathological enigma]. PMID- 7095352 TI - [Influence of pregnancy on lower oesophageal sphincter pressures (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095353 TI - [Protein-losing enteropathy and inflammatory process. Resolution after intravenous methylprednisolone "pulses" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095351 TI - [Comparative study of cimetidine plasma kinetics and gastric acid output in patients with healed and unhealed duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095354 TI - [Polyethylene glycol for peroral preparation of the colon to endoscopy and surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095356 TI - [Colonic necrosis and acute necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 7095355 TI - [Fulminant idiopathic ulcerative colitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and pyoderma gangrenosum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095357 TI - [Esophageal ulcer following treatment with doxycycline]. PMID- 7095358 TI - [Hepatic resection in Caroli's disease limited to the left lobe of the liver]. PMID- 7095359 TI - [Horton's disease and hepatic involvement simulating secondary cancer of the liver]. PMID- 7095360 TI - Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. AB - To understand the disorders of bowel motility, it is important to know the range of bowel patterns in the general population. We have devised a brief self administered questionnaire which, when used among a group of 789 students and hospital employees, disclosed that 94.2% had stool frequencies between three per day and three per week, and that 17.1% had bowel dysfunction. When compared with the remaining sample, the bowel dysfunction group was predominantly female. This group also reported more often that stress influenced their bowel function, and more often used laxatives and visited physicians for bowel complaints. Further medical evaluation to characterize this subgroup is needed. We believe that selection, for psychologic and physiologic study, of subjects with bowel dysfunction not seeking health care will provide a needed comparison group in our understanding of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 7095362 TI - (Gln4)-neurotensin changes the motility pattern of the duodenum and proximal jejunum from a fasting-type to a fed-type. AB - The effect of (Gln4)-neurotensin on the motor activities of the duodenum and small proximal jejunum was investigated in 8 healthy volunteers who fasted for at least 8 h. Motor activity was monitored by measuring the intraluminal pressure at three levels. The proximal site for pressure recording was in the first part of the duodenum, the middle was at the angle of Treitz, and the distal was 25 cm further down. Under control conditions the median time between the migrating motility complexes was 106.3 min. (Gln4)(-Neurotensin, 3 or 6 pmol/kg . min, infused intravenously for 200 min inhibited the migrating motor complexes for 220.4 min (median time) and they were replaced by irregular pressure waves with a frequency of 4-7 waves/min. The plasma concentration of neurotensinlike immunoreactivity increased from 13 +/- 2.8 pM to 131 +/- 6 pM and 231 +/- 16 pM, respectively. Ingestion of fat (55 ml 20% Intralipid) inhibited the migrating motor complex for 196.1 min (median time) and the migrating motor complexes were replaced by irregular pressure waves. The data show that (Gln4)-neurotensin alters the motility pattern in the duodenum and proximal jejunum in man from a fasting- to a fed-type. They further support the contention that neurotensin may function as an endocrine hormone participating in the postprandial regulation of intestinal motility. PMID- 7095361 TI - Gastric mucosal hemodynamics after thermal or head injury. A clinical application of reflectance spectrophotometry. AB - In order to elucidate the role of mucosal blood flow in stress ulceration in critically ill patients with thermal or head injury, we applied reflectance spectrophotometry to the human gastric mucosa. During gastrofiberscopy, the spectra of the corpus and antral gastric mucosa were taken using a flexible coaxial optic bundle and a computer-equipped spectrophotometer. The subjects were 27 patients with thermal or head injury, and they were compared with 8 young healthy volunteers and 9 age-matched patients who had GI symptoms but showed no gastric lesion endoscopically. In 8 patients whose gastric mucosal blood volume at the time of admission decreased to about 27% of the level of young healthy volunteers or 36% of that of age-matched controls, the acute gastric mucosal lesions appeared in the corpus mucosa mostly within a few days after the measurement of mucosal blood volume. In contrast, in cases with thermal or head injury and without acute gastric mucosal lesions, the mucosal blood volume did not decrease significantly as compared with that of the young healthy volunteers and age-matched controls. In conclusion, analysis of mucosal has revealed that ischemia in the gastric mucosa is the main cause of the acute gastric mucosal lesions in patients with thermal or head injury. Further, this study represented noninvasive methodology for the measurement of the gastric mucosal blood volume in patients with gastric diseases. PMID- 7095363 TI - Influence of respiration on recordings of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in humans. AB - Respiratory-related fluctuations in lower esophageal sphincter pressure recording were examined by evaluating both axial respiratory motion and inspiratory compression of the high pressure zone in 20 volunteers. High-pressure zone length measurements were made by motorized slow and rapid pull-through techniques. Further studies were done using the hand withdrawn station pull-through technique with simultaneous quantitation of inspiratory depth. During quiet respiration, there was 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm axial motion in the abdominal portion and 0.4 +/- 0.1 cm movement in the thoracic portion of the high-pressure zone. A hypothetical waveform was constructed based upon this calculated axial motion. There was good agreement between hypothetical and actual pressure profiles except for the distal segment of the high-pressure zone where deep inspiration increased peak pressures to levels 2-3 times those of quiet respiration. It is concluded, therefore, that both axial motion and inspiratory compression contribute to the high-pressure zone waveform. PMID- 7095365 TI - Microscopic analysis of ethanol damage to rat gastric mucosa after treatment with a prostaglandin. AB - The striking reduction or absence of macroscopic necrotic lesions in rat stomachs exposed to necrotizing agents after treatment with prostaglandins has been described as "cytoprotection." However, the morphologic features of this effect have not been published. We have quantitatively evaluated in semithin sections the amount and depth of gastric mucosal damage to rat stomachs exposed to absolute ethanol with and without prostaglandin (16,16-dimethyl PGE2) pretreatment. Our findings are: (a) Control rats given prostaglandin or 5% ethanol (vehicle) had less than 5% of the mucosal surface damaged and the disruption was limited to superficial, luminal cells. (b) All rats receiving absolute ethanol, with or without prostaglandin treatment, had about 78% of their stomach surface damaged. (c) Prostaglandin treatment reduced the depth of damage by about 20% and virtually eliminated necrotic lesions. (d) Necrotic lesions were found to be regions with deep gland damage accompanied by hemorrhage and hyperemia. PMID- 7095364 TI - Relationship of fasting gastroduodenal motility to the sleep cycle. AB - The cyclical pattern of fasting gastroduodenal contractile activity, termed the "migrating myoelectric complex," was studied during sleep in 9 healthy human subjects over 41 nights. Power spectral analysis revealed that peaks in the region of 11-16 cycle/day were present for sleep stage changes, duodenal contractile activity, and body movements during sleep. Gastric contractile activity, however, peaked between 7 and 11 cycle/day. Average coherence values between sleep stage changes and duodenal contractile activity were significant (p less than 0.05) and indicated an interrelationship between these two patterns of activity. This was most clearly demonstrated at frequencies below 14 cycle/day. Average coherence values between body movements during sleep and duodenal contractile activity were also significant (p less than 0.05) at approximately 18 cycle/day. These results support the concept of an oscillator, external to the gut and possible central in location, that influences several functions including migrating myoelectric complex periodicity. PMID- 7095366 TI - Metabolism of carbon monoxide by the colonic flora of humans. AB - The metabolism of carbon monoxide by the colonic flora was investigated using human fecal homogenates. During anaerobic incubation, these homogenates rapidly consumed added carbon monoxide reducing the PCO level to a minimum of about 0.2 ppm. In the presence of glucose, carbon monoxide consumption averaged about 0.7 ml/h . g feces and without glucose about 0.2 ml/h . g feces. This consumption was not observed if the homogenates were autoclaved, passed through a bacterial filter, or cultured aerobically, indicating that the carbon monoxide was removed by the metabolism of fecal anaerobes. Aerobic incubation of fecal homogenates resulted in slow but definite release of carbon monoxide. While bacterial carbon monoxide consumption probably does not play an appreciable role in the turnover of carbon monoxide that is inhaled or exogenously produced, it is possible that carbon monoxide uptake by colonic flora protects other fecal organisms and possibly the host from carbon monoxide liberated in the gut. PMID- 7095367 TI - Mechanism of increase in steatorrhea with calcium and magnesium in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: an animal model. AB - We used a rat model to investigate the phenomenon of increased steatorrhea associated with administration of calcium or magnesium containing antacids in humans with pancreatic insufficiency. Adult male rats with bile and pancreatic duct ligation were fed test meals containing 56 mumol [14C]triolein (0.5 ml), synthetic human bile (1.0 ml, 100 mumol bile salts, 75% glycine and 25% taurine conjugates, and 14.5 mumol lecithin), pancreatic enzymes (0.5 ml), and antacids (1.0 ml). The percent lipid malabsorbed when antacids were fed in addition to the test meal was: control 19.3 +/- 1%, NaHCO3 15.3 +/- 1% (P less than 0.05 vs. control), Al(OH)3 18.3 +/- 2%, Mg(OH)2 38.2 +/- 2% (p less than 0.001 vs. control), and CaCO3 42.4 +/- 1% (p less than 0.001 vs control). With NaCl, Al(OH)3, and NaHCO3 the malabsorbed fat was primarily triolein, whereas with Ca++ or Mg++ the majority of the lipid recovered was oleic acid. Calcium or magnesium administration was associated with precipitation of glycine-, but not taurine-, conjugated bile salts in the small intestine. When calcium was administered to animals in which the bile consisted entirely of glycine-conjugated bile salts, the lipid recovered (64.0 +/- 3% malabsorption) was almost entirely triolein suggesting reduced lipolysis. These studies suggest that these divalent cations exert their deleterious effect on replacement enzyme therapy by formation of poorly soluble calcium or magnesium soaps and precipitation of glycine conjugated bile salts. PMID- 7095368 TI - Interdigestive gallbladder bile concentration in relation to periodic contraction of gallbladder in the dog. PMID- 7095369 TI - Induction of coma in normal dogs by the infusion of aromatic amino acids and its prevention by the addition of branched-chain amino acids. PMID- 7095371 TI - Gastric stasis and vomiting: behavioral treatment. AB - A patient is described in whom gastric stasis and vomiting of 28-yr duration were successfully treated with behavior therapy. Failure of conventional medical treatment in the face of continued vomiting led to consideration for surgery. The need for surgery was obviated by the successful application of exposure and response prevention, which resulted in a complete elimination of vomiting. Changes were produced, not only in the overt behavioral manifestation (vomiting) but in gastrointestinal motility as well. Although there was a lag, gastric emptying returned to normal. The improvements were maintained at over 1-yr follow up study. PMID- 7095370 TI - Cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy, and cancer: a case-control study in Sweden. AB - To study the relationship between gallstone disease (cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy) and cancer, a case-control study was performed in two Swedish hospitals comparing the prevalence of gallstone disease discovered at necropsy in 1422 subjects who died of cancer and 1205 subjects who did not die of cancer. Gallstone disease was more prevalent in the group of 131 women less than 50 yr of age who died of various cancers: odds ratio = 2.2, p less than 0.01. When the analysis was restricted to 89 younger women who died of cancers that have been suggested to be related to diet (breast, reproductive system, gastrointestinal), the results became more significant: odds ratio = 3.3, p less than 0.001. No such relationship was detected in older women or in men of any age. It seems likely that gallstone disease and several common cancers in younger Swedish women share similar epidemiologic and perhaps metabolic features. PMID- 7095372 TI - Haloperidol-induced chronic cholestatic liver disease. AB - A 15-yr-old patient with chronic cholestatic liver disease associated with haloperidol therapy is presented. Emphasis is placed on the pattern of biochemical abnormalities and on the histologic features observed in the four serial biopsies which demonstrated a pronounced injury to the bile duct epithelium, correlating well with the clinical and biochemical abnormalities. During the early stage of illness, the clinicopathologic features simulated obstructive jaundice, whereas a resemblance to chronic chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis or primary biliary cirrhosislike syndrome was striking as the chronicity developed. Comparison is made of the features in our patient with those in 2 patients with biopsy-documented, acute haloperidol-induced liver disease reported for the first time in 1977. Despite the lack of concrete evidence, both the clinical and morphologic features, and the close temporal relationship between the medication and onset of illness in this patient led to the reasonable inference that haloperidol was responsible for the chronic cholestatic reaction on a hypersensitivity basis. PMID- 7095373 TI - The first olive. PMID- 7095374 TI - Cholestatic lipoproteins--their pathogenesis and significance. PMID- 7095375 TI - Domestic support for research in digestive diseases. PMID- 7095376 TI - Cancer-associated mucin. PMID- 7095377 TI - Abdominal examination in peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 7095378 TI - Collagenous colitis. PMID- 7095379 TI - More on "Golytely". PMID- 7095380 TI - [Structure and evaluation of the paramedian side of thalamus]. AB - The adhaesio interthalamica in humans as apposed to animals is formed only by the nucleus reuniens which is of very variable size and which is conspicuously small if there is no adhaesio interthalamica. It is larger than in animals and is probably of special importance for humans. Its fliber connections have not been elucidadat and its effects on other parts of the brain cannot be determined with certainty. As the adhaesio interthalamica may be enlarged under certain condition and is frequently preserved in sensecence, so it is probably of special significance for humans. Similar findings have been obtained for the adacent paramedian part of the thalamus the cells of which are irregularly distributed. PMID- 7095381 TI - [Critical thoughts on parameter-free statistics]. PMID- 7095382 TI - [Liver glycogen of the Wistar rat in experimental chronic cadmium intoxication under seasonal conditions]. AB - Male Wistar-rats were used to investigate the liver glycogen pattern quantitatively under normal conditions and after oral application of CdCl2 (dosage: 50 ppm or 150 ppm) solved in drinking-water. The duration of the experiment was 1,3,6, or 12 month. The control animals have the lowest liver glycogen content at the beginning of the spring. During the summer, the liver glycogen content is increased and reached the highest level at the ending of the year. Under cadmium influence the liver glycogen content was diminished. The cadmium-effect is influenced by seasons. There is a small cadmium-effect in the time of a low liver glycogen content at the beginning of the spring. With the increasing liver glycogen content in the June, temporary the cadmium-effect is increasing too. The strongest cadmium-effect was obtained in the phase of the cadmium-effect is increasing too. The strongest cadmium-effect was obtained in the phase of high liver glycogen accumulation at the ending of the year. PMID- 7095383 TI - [Ossification of the sheep skeleton]. AB - The ossification of sheep skeleton was investigated from 4th to 10th week of gravidity by means of cryostat and paraffin serial sections, cleared specimens and grenz ray radiographs. Significant decalcification occurred in paraffin sections and cleared specimens. These artifacts were not observed in cryostat sections and grenz ray radiographs of silver impregnated specimens. The Clavicle being the oldest bone of sheep embryo contains calcium deposits for the first time at a crown rump length (CRL) of 20.5 mm. During the further development of limbs Radius (at 28 mm CRL) and Tibia (at 30 mm CRL) ossify slightly earlier than Humerus and Ulna or Femur and Fibula respectively. The ossification of the diaphyses of all parallel pairs of long bones starts always at the median sides of these bones which are iuxtaposed to each other. The ossification of the vertebral column starts at C2 (vertebral arch, 45 mm CRL) and at Th1 (vertebral body, 49 mm CRL). During the course of course of development (up to 68 mm CRL) arches and bodies ossify at the same time descending and ascending from a cervical and a lumbar starting point in the vertebral column. The ossification of ribs starts at one point and spreads evenly in all directions over the cartilagineous primordium of the thoracic wall. Mandible and Maxilla are the first bones of skull to appear. They ossify with particular regularity at a CRL of 26.5 mm or 27 mm respectively. During the further development of skull the sequence of ossification of Parietal bone and Temporal bone and of Nasal bone and Zygomatic bone varies. The hypothesis is suggested that the observed variations in the development of sheep skeleton are caused by racial differences of the material investigated. PMID- 7095384 TI - Neuro-skeletal topology of the primate basicranium: its implications for the "fetalization hypothesis". AB - The data above, and the literature reviewed, demonstrate that in 4 significant morphological characteristics the neuro-skeletal topology of the human basicranial regions is unique, and does not resemble that of any extant non-human primate at any fetal or postnatal age. These characteristics are: 1. the shape of the cranial base; 2. the composition of the anterior and posterior portions of that base; 3. the extent, or degree, of basicranial flexion; and 4. the extent, or degree, of brain flexion. On these bases, the craniological implications of Bolk's fetalization hypothesis cannot be supported. PMID- 7095385 TI - Regeneration of the seminiferous tubules after curettage of the testicular parenchyme in young rams. AB - I. The findings of seminiferous tubules after total curettage of the testicular parenchyme confirm the previous studies of the author on the origin of regenerates whose source are the cells of the walls of the seminiferous tubules, that are parts of the Moskoff's islets in the tunica albuginea. 2. In the 7th month after operation, in the first place the interstitial components of the parenchyme are substituted. The submicroscopical finding shows hyperplasia of interstitial cells from undifferentiated stages, through modified fibroblasts up to the adult Leydig cell. 3. The findings in the 10th month after operation confirm the regeneration of the seminiferous tubules in which Sertoli cells and spermatogonias are present. No higher stages of germinal cells were observed. A pecularity of the submicroscopical picture at that time is the reduplication of the lamellar layer of the tubular wall with a great number of foldings. In the interstitium Leyding cells were observed. PMID- 7095386 TI - The morpho-functional organization of the bovine olfactory epithelium. AB - The specifity of morphological organization of the bovine olfactory organ was studied. Alkaline phosphatase was examinated in the bull's olfactory mucosa receptor cells. By a cytochemical method its activity was found to be a marker of neurogenesis and differentiation of the receptor cells. In this reaction it was detected the specificity of secretion process of olfactory mucus in the bovine olfactory organ. PMID- 7095387 TI - Lipids in the kidney and adrenal of squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, after sex hormones treatment. AB - Interference of sex-hormones viz. testosterone and progesterone with adreno-renal lipids have been determined employing histochemical and biochemical parameters. The results show that both the hormones stimulate accumulation of triglycerides and phospholipids in the kidney and adrenal glands. It has been suggested that testosterone and progesterone manipulate an increase in the input of free fatty acids (FFA) causing triglyceride formation and inhibit mitochondrial phosphorylation. Inhibition of esterases has also been proposed as the reason for the accumulation of phospholipids. Over all results have been discussed with special reference to 1. pathological exaggeration by these hormones 2. hormonal carcinogenesis, and 3. protein and carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 7095388 TI - Innervation of the skin of camel (Camelus dromedarius) as revealed by cholinesterase technique. AB - Skin samples from 4 body sites were taken from 10 camels and histochemically treated for the localization of AChE and BuChE enzymes. The sebaceous and sewat glands were active site for both enzymes. The weat gland were innervated by a plexus of AChE-positive nerve fibers. In the papillary layer, the nerve breaks to form a plexus supplying the blood vessels, from this plexus fibers end in the deep interface of the epidermis. End bulbs and free intraepidermal nerve ending reactive for AChE were demonstrated. PMID- 7095389 TI - Uptake and release of 14C-morphine by pulmonary endothelium and cultured pulmonary endothelial cells. AB - 1. Isolated perfused rabbit lungs and cultured pulmonary endothelial cells take up radiolabeled [14C]morphine in proportion to the amount of labeled drug in the medium. 2. The accumulated label is readily released from the isolated lungs by perfusion with unlabeled morphine or naloxone, but not by perfusion with Krebs Ringer solution, sucrose or thiopental. 3. Thiourea also enhances efflux of radioactivity, suggesting that the release is not related to interaction with specific opiate receptors. 4. Uptake of [14C]morphine by cultured rabbit or human endothelial cells is unaffected by morphine or naloxone, and the release of radioactivity is not enhanced by these agents. 5. None of the drugs used caused pulmonary edema in the isolated lung preparation, and they did not cause the release of lactic dehydrogenase from cultured endothelial cells. 6. It is concluded that morphine can be taken up by pulmonary endothelium, but it is probably not bound to specific receptors, and it does not injure the endothelial cells. PMID- 7095391 TI - Study of the effects of paraquat on the peroxide metabolism enzymes in guinea pig. AB - 1. Guinea-pigs, which exhibit a similar metabolism to that of man insofar as they are incapable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, were poisoned with Gramoxon containing the LD50 or LD100 of paraquat. 2. A study was made of how the paraquat poisoning affected previously investigated tissue parameters, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and the lipid peroxidation. 3. In accordance with earlier results, the paraquat influences these parameters in different ways in all the tissues examined, depending on its concentration. 4. These parameters comprise primarily affected systems as regards paraquat toxicity. PMID- 7095390 TI - Contractile responses and noradrenaline release evoked by serotonin in cat femoral artery: influence of pentobarbital. AB - 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) induced dose-dependent contractions in the isolated cat femoral artery, which were reduced by LSD, methysergide, phentolamine and reserpine pretreatment (only at low doses). 2. Pentobarbital (PB) and Mn/+ relaxed the arteries previously contracted with 5-HT. These drugs reduced the contraction evoked by this amine as it was Ca2+-suppression. 3. High concentrations of 5-HT and K+ induced tritium release from vessels prelabelled with 3H-noradrenaline. Ca2+-deprivation and PB unmodified the release caused by 5 HT, but that elicited by K+ was abolished. 4. These data indicate that 5-HT induced contraction is essentially due to direct interaction of this agent with 5 HT-receptors, and that PB interferes with Ca2+ entry to the cell. PMID- 7095393 TI - Changes in some metabolites contents of the carbohydrate metabolism in mouse submandibular salivary gland after stimulation by isoproterenol. AB - 1. The effect of isoproterenol, a beta adrenergic drug, on the metabolism of carbohydrates in the submandibular salivary glands of mice was studied. 2. Alterations in the concentration of some three carbon metabolites were observed in groups of animals killed at various times after the stimulation. 3. Citrate was also determined showing some variation in its contents. PMID- 7095392 TI - Effects of the bipyridilium herbicides, diquat and paraquat, on in vivo hexose absorption and fluid transfer in adult mice. AB - 1. The effects of single LD50 oral or subcutaneous doses of diquat and paraquat at different time-intervals on in vivo intestinal absorption of glucose and galactose and concomitant mucosal fluid transfer were investigated. 2. Generally, both herbicides retarded the absorption of either monosaccharide, although the effects of the treatments at different time-intervals were sometimes inconclusive. 3. The mucosal fluid transfer was unaffected, as was the fresh or dry intestinal weights or the intestinal length. PMID- 7095394 TI - Failure of exogenous serotonin to inhibit the release of 3H-serotonin induced by electrical field stimulation in superfused goldfish brain slices. AB - 1. Goldfish brain slices preloaded with 3H-serotonin were superfused with a solution of Krebs-Ringer phosphate at 30 degrees C in the presence of 1 microM fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake blocker. 2. The effects of exogenous serotonin, Ca2+ absence and Ca2+ chelation on basal and electrically-evoked tritium overflow were investigated. 3. Exogenous 1 or 10 microM serotonin did not alter the stimulated tritium overflow, but this was reduced to 44% and to 31% of the control value when the superfusion was performed in Ca2+-free and in Ca2+-free EGTA conditions. 4. Neither Ca2+ absence, Ca2+ chelation or 1 microM exogenous serotonin altered basal tritium efflux; however, the latter was significantly increased when the superfusion was performed in the presence of 10 microM serotonin. PMID- 7095395 TI - Effect of adrenaline, acetylcholine and histamine on pseudocholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity in blood plasma of quails. PMID- 7095397 TI - Further evidence for norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter stimulating release of melanin-dispersing hormone in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: the changes in the melanophores of the crabs following reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine and bretylium administration. AB - 1. The effects on the melanophores of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, of the amine depletor reserpine, the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine and the noradrenergic neuron blocker bretylium were investigated. 2. The most striking effect of these drugs was that they strongly reduced the amount of melanin dispersion that normally results on transferring the crabs from a white to a black background. the drugs had no effect on pigment migration in melanophores of isolated legs. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that norepinephrine serves as a neurotransmitter stimulating release of a melanin dispersing hormone in Uca pugilator. 3. Norepinephrine was found in the central nervous system of Uca pugilator. PMID- 7095396 TI - Effects of diltiazem on renovascular-hypertensive and on normotensive rats. AB - 1. The effects of 10-min perfusions of diltiazem (o.1-2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) on arterial blood pressure were studied in anesthetized renovascular-hypertensive and in normotensive rats. 2. Diltiazem produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive rats (ED50 congruent to 1 mg/kg). 3. Diltiazem also decreased blood pressure in normotensive rats, but this action was less sustained than in hypertensive rats. 4. These results support the contention that diltiazem might be useful for treating arterial hypertension. PMID- 7095398 TI - Delay by drugs of adrenergic nerve degeneration after proximal or distal sympathectomy of the submaxillary gland. AB - 1. Degeneration of nerve terminals of the submaxillary gland of the rat proceeds at a faster rate after crushing adrenergic nerves close to the gland than after ganglionectomy. 2. Bretylium, pargyline, nialamide and clorgyline delayed degeneration to the same extent after either type of denervation. 3. Chlorpromazine and pentobarbitone also delayed adrenergic degeneration, effect related to the hypothermia induced by these drugs. 4. Colchicine applied on the nerve trunk innervating the right gland delayed not only degeneration of the ipsilateral nerve terminals but the contralateral gland as well. 5. From the data obtained it seems probable that the drugs tested delay adrenergic nerve degeneration at the levels of nerve terminals. This effect is not related to lysosomal stabilization. PMID- 7095399 TI - Phenytoin effects on liver cellularity and function of adult rats. PMID- 7095400 TI - Effects of N-(4-azo-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0.(2.6)]-decan-4-yl)-4-chloro-3 sulfamoylbenzamide (E614; tripamide) on vascular smooth muscles. AB - 1. In the guniea-pig mesenteric artery, E614 (less than 10(-6) g/ml) did not modify the membrane potential and resistance, but did suppress the spike evoked by outward current pulses in the presence of 3-5 mM TEA. This agent also suppressed the K-induced and noradrenaline-induced contractions. 2. In the mesenteric artery, E614 suppressed the amplitude of e.j.ps evoked by perivascular nerve stimulation. However, the facilitation process produced by repetitive stimulation was less affected. Miniature e.j.ps generated in the presence of 3 mM TEA were also suppressed by E614. 3. In the porcine coronary artery, E614 had little effect on the spike evoked by outward current pulses, in the presence of TEA. The mechanical response evoked by acetylcholine, excess [K]0 or electrical depolarization was hardly affected. 4. When the action of E614 was compared with that of diltiazem, a Ca channel blocker, this agent possesses properties which produce vasodilation of the peripheral vascular bed and thus may be considered as a hypotensive agent. PMID- 7095401 TI - Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on rabbit isolated aorta. AB - 1. Extract of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) provoked a dose-dependent contraction of spirally-cut rabbit aortic strips (EC50 congruent to 1.0 mg/ml) by an action that was antagonized by phentolamine (10(-7) M). 2. Inhibitors of catecholamine re uptake, cocaine (10(-5) M) and desipramine (10(-7) M) potentiated the contractile effect of norepinephrine (NE), but inhibited the contractile effects of Gb and tyramine. 3. A comparison of the actions of Gb, NE and tyramine using aortic strips prepared from control and reserpine-treated rabbits revealed that reserpine treatment increased the response to NE but decreased the response to Gb and tyramine. 4. The contractile action of Gb on rabbit isolated aorta involves, at least in part, a release of catecholamines from endogenous tissue stores. PMID- 7095403 TI - The action of LSD on the isolated frog spinal cord: electrophysiological and ultrastructural data. AB - In the isolated hemisected frog spinal cord, LSD induced a substantial enhancement of spontaneous dorsal and ventral root activity and a general decrease of both orthodromic and antidromic root potentials. 2. These electrophysiological modifications were reversible. The LSD homologue compound- Lisuride--was without effect. 3. Electron microscopy of the LSD-treated spinal cord revealed synaptic "omega" figures and terminals almost depleted of vesicles. 4. The results suggest that LSD acts at the synaptic level favouring the spontaneous release of transmitters from those involved in the pathways tested. PMID- 7095402 TI - Alteration of catecholamines level in the adrenals of naloxone-treated rats. PMID- 7095404 TI - Oestrogen receptors in the genital tract of the Australian marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula. PMID- 7095405 TI - Plasma 11-oxotestosterone and gonadotropin during the beginning of spermiation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). PMID- 7095406 TI - Measurement of 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in plasma of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson): seasonal changes and response to salmon pituitary extract. PMID- 7095407 TI - Cutaneous osmoregulation in Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.) (Urodela). PMID- 7095408 TI - Pituitary responses to calcium deprivation in the euryhaline teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, adapted to artificial sea water. PMID- 7095410 TI - Intrinsic differences in juvenile hormone synthetic ability between corpora allata of males and females of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. PMID- 7095409 TI - Catecholamines in adult lampreys: baseline levels and stress-induced changes, with a note on cardiac cannulation. PMID- 7095411 TI - Aromatase activity in marsupial brain, ovaries, and adrenals. PMID- 7095412 TI - Critical period of sensitivity to juvenile hormone for the invagination of tracheoblasts into the developing flight muscle fibers of Locusta migratoria. PMID- 7095413 TI - Thyroid activity and experimental evidence for its role in reproduction in the adder Vipera berus. PMID- 7095416 TI - Action of estradiol on the hermaphroditism induced by testicular graft in the female chick embryo. PMID- 7095414 TI - Radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol, testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, and estrone in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): development and validation. PMID- 7095415 TI - The effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on renal function in the lizard Varanus gouldii (Gray). PMID- 7095417 TI - Cytochemical study on sex and age differences in the parathyroid glands of domestic fowl. PMID- 7095418 TI - The embryonic origin of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7095419 TI - The psyche and stomach ulcers. AB - Research with gastric and duodenal ulcers is traced briefly. Psychosocial factors, such as age, culture, and sex, influence the incidence of ulcers. Recent research has discovered two sets of receptors in the stomach for pepsinogen I and II; new drugs which inhibit the secretion of stomach acid now can be used along with older drugs and diets which counteract the stomach acid. Psychologists can make an important contribution by assisting ulcer patients to respond to treatment and to avoid precipitating situations. PMID- 7095420 TI - Estimation of genetic variability in natural populations of Drosophila simulans by two-dimensional and starch gel electrophoresis. AB - Genic variation in natural populations of Drosophila simulans was surveyed using allozymic and two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques. Consistent with some previous reports, allozymic heterozygosity appeared lower than in the sibling species D. melanogaster (0.07 vs. 0.16). No variation was detected by two dimensional electrophoresis of 19 lines scored for 70 abundant proteins. This is consistent with reported reductions in estimates of genic heterozygosity by two dimensional electrophoresis in D. melanogaster, Mus musculus, and man. Although the amount of intraspecific variation detected in abundant proteins was lower than that detected for allozymes in D. simulans and D. melanogaster, the genetic distances between the sibling species calculated from the two data sets are not significantly different (0.35 and 0.20). The allozyme and two-dimensional electrophoresis data confirmed the impression from other measures of genetic variation (mitochondrial DNA restriction maps and inversion polymorphisms) that D. simulans is substantially less variable than D. melanogaster. PMID- 7095421 TI - Genetics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii diploids. I. Isolation and characterization and meiotic segregation pattern of a homozygous diploid. AB - A strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been investigated which, when mated with known wild-types, produces very few viable germination products and transmits its Mendelian markers to more than half of those products. Cytogenetic observations, fluorometric measurements of DNA and genetic data all suggest that the strain, d mt-ery-M3a sr-u-1 is a stable homozygous diploid. This strain has twice as many nuclear chromatin bodies at metaphase and twice as much DNA as its haploid progenitor, and the phenotypes of its meiotic progeny are consistent with predictions based on triploid meiosis. Data from crosses involving d mt-ery-M3a sr-u-1 and from crosses involving hybrid diploids indicate that the frequency of second division segregation increases in triploid zygotes and that mitotic segregation following triploid meiosis is a frequent event which may more often result from mitotic recombination than from chromosome loss. PMID- 7095422 TI - The Ah phenotype. Survey of forty-eight rat strains and twenty inbred mouse strains. AB - Forty-four inbred and four randombred rat strains and 20 inbred mouse strains were examined for their Ah phenotype by determining the induction of liver microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity (EC 1.14.14.1) by intraperitoneal treatment with either beta-naphthoflavone or 3 methylcholanthrene. All 48 rat strains were found to be Ah-responsive. The maximally induced hydroxylase specific activities of the ALB/Pit, MNR/Pit, MR/Pit, SHR/Pit, and Sprague-Dawley strains were of the same order of magnitude as the basal hydroxylase specific activities of the ACI/Pit, F344/Pit, OKA/Pit, and MNR/N strains. Six of the 20 mouse strains were Ah-nonresponsive (i.e. lacking the normal induction response and presumably lacking detectable amounts of the Ah receptor). The basal hydroxylase specific activities of the BDL/N, NFS/N, STAR/N, and ST/JN mouse strains were more than twice as high as the maximally induced hydroxylase specific activity of the CBA/HT strain.--To date, 24 Ah-nonresponsive mouse strains have been identified, out of a total of 68 known to have been characterized. The reasons for not finding a single Ah nonresponsive inbred rat strain--as compared with about one Ah-nonresponsive inbred mouse strain found for every three examined--remain unknown. PMID- 7095424 TI - Treatment of hearing loss, ear pain, and tinnitus in older patients. PMID- 7095425 TI - Defusing a geriatric menace--latent VD. PMID- 7095426 TI - "What's in a name?". PMID- 7095423 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 1982 meeting of the Genetics Society of America, New Haven, Connecticut, June 14-27, 1982. PMID- 7095427 TI - Determining biologic age. PMID- 7095428 TI - Particular problems of antibiotic use in the elderly. AB - In prescribing antibiotics for older patients it is important to recognize the side effects as they are known in both older and younger people. It is particularly important to be aware of those side effects that appear to occur earlier in older patients, and also of those that may be masked in older people, eg, some of the neurotoxic syndromes. The number of drugs prescribed for geriatric patients should be kept to a minimum and meticulous records of all side effects noted. It may be impossible to decide which side effect is due to each drug in any given person, but by careful reporting and record-keeping, we may achieve a better separation of age-related drug complications from drug-drug interactions or the effects of concomitant disease states. PMID- 7095432 TI - What causes wheezing? PMID- 7095430 TI - The pathophysiology of angina pectoris. PMID- 7095429 TI - Basic office testing of mental status in the elderly. PMID- 7095431 TI - Aortic and peripheral arterial disease: when is surgery warranted? PMID- 7095433 TI - Age-dependent red cell phagocytosis and activity of the rabbit reticulohistiocytic system. AB - The rate of phagocytosis of 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes of various ages was measured in the rabbit. Liver, spleen and the remaining parts of the reticulohistiocytic system (RHS) were compared with each other. The phagocytic activity in the liver increased from 66% in 4-day-old to nearly 90% in 70-day-old erythrocytes, whereas the radioactivity decreased in the other parts of the RHS from 33 to 3%. In the spleen, the radioactivity increased from 1.7 to 7.6%. On the 8th day, the radioactivity in the liver temporarily amounted to 92%, reducing that of the other organs. Comparison of the phagocytic activity per gram showed a ratio of liver to spleen of 1:2 after 4 days which changed to 1:5 after 70 days. PMID- 7095434 TI - Effects of caloric intake and dietary composition on the development of proteinuria, age-associated renal disease and longevity in the male rat. AB - The development of age-associated proteinuria and renal disease was studied in groups of male Wistar rats fed 12.5, 25, 50 and 75 kcal of food/day, respectively, and in calorie-restricted (40 kcal/day) rats receiving diets rich in fat, protein or carbohydrate. Proteinuria developed faster, kidneys were larger and the incidence of glomerular lesions and proteinaceous casts was greater in rats eating high calorie diets of 50 kcal/day or more. High protein diets, even when calorie-restricted, increased protein excretion and the incidence of glomerular lesions. In old rats acute food restriction (25 kcal/day) decreased protein excretion by 40% in 1 week, with no further reduction in the 2 week. Life duration was greatest in rats fed 50 kcal/day. PMID- 7095437 TI - Surface distribution of steady-state cortical potentials evoked by visual half field stimulation. AB - The surface distribution of steady-state cortical potentials (VECP) evoked by visual half-field stimulation was analyzed by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). For all ten normal subjects, checkerboard stimulation of the lower visual half-field evoked the largest response at electrode location Oz, with stimulation for the upper visual half-field at Pz. Recording at Pz, a phase difference of approximately 180 degrees was observed for cortical potentials evoked by lower and upper half-field stimulation, the response being bigger for upper field than for full-field stimulation. Comparing the VECP elicited by stimulation of the right and the left half-field, six of ten subjects displayed the highest amplitude at the contralateral cortex (anatomical type), three subjects at the midline (central type), and one subject at the ipsilateral cortex (paradoxical lateralization type). At Oz there was little phase difference in the VECP with stimulation of the right and left visual half-field, and the amplitude was about half that for full-field stimulation. However, with the electrode placed at the temporal region of the skull there was a big phase difference of VECP signals; consequently, the sum of the amplitudes did not amount to the amplitude for full field stimulation. The dipole theory of scalp distribution of VECP signals was found to be also applicable to conditions of steady-state stimulation, including polarity reversal for upper and lower visual half-field stimulation. PMID- 7095439 TI - Anterior bulbus perforation and vitrectomy in the 'minipig'. AB - Wound healing after experimental anterior eye perforation, including lens, ciliary, body and vitreous, was studied in 12 miniature pigs (minipigs). In half of the eyes, perforation was followed by removal of the damaged lens and suturing of the wound. In the other half, a primary subtotal vitrectomy was performed after removal of the lens. The behaviour of the connective tissue in the wound healing process was not fundamentally changed by subtotal vitrectomy. In both groups very little fibrous ingrowth into he vitreous structure was observed, suggesting that the pig vitreous has marked antifibroplastic properties. The anatomical and technical features of vitrectomy in the minipig, and the advantages and disadvantages of this animal model are discussed. It appears that the eye of the minipig is ideal for the study of biochemical factors preventing fibrous ingrowth into the vitreous. PMID- 7095438 TI - [On the CT-diagnosis of optic nerve lesions. Differential diagnostic criteria (author's transl)]. AB - Computed tomograms of 166 optic nerve lesions were analyzed: 97 were mainly orbital and 69 mainly intracranial. The criteria were clinical course, size, density and delineation of the optic nerve shadow, orbital and cerebral soft tissue abnormalities, and bony changes in the optic canal. Characteristic CT features are described of individual disease entities such as optic gliomas, optic nerve sheath meningiomas, neoplastic and inflammatory infiltrations. The differential diagnostic importance of individual CT criteria is evaluated and discussed. Simultaneous visualization of orbital and intracranial soft tissue changes as well as bony changes in the optic canal allow the location and identification of the majority of optic nerve lesions based on the criteria mentioned above, and optic nerve tumors can be differentiated. In 9 patients with optic neuritis due to clinically proven encephalitis and in 17 patients with total optic atrophy, no changes in the size of the optic nerve could be found. CT evaluation of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve requires special examination techniques. Oblique computer reformations through the optic canal provide excellent visualization of bony changes in the optic canal. The exclusion of intracranial causes of optic nerve lesions requires intravenous injection of contrast material. PMID- 7095436 TI - Synthesis and composition of glycosaminoglycans by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. AB - A human trabecular meshwork cell line with a limited number of population doublings was established in monolayer culture. All cultures produced hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. Following [14C] glucosamine incorporation into proliferating (phase II) cultures, 70%--80% of the medium glycosaminoglycan label was found in hyaluronic acid and 8%--14% in heparin sulfate. About 60% of the cell-bound activity was associated with hyaluronic acid and 30% with heparan sulfate. Long-term cultivation under nondividing ("senescent") conditions resulted in a change of the pattern of synthesized and excreted (medium) [14C]-glucosamine-labeled glycosaminoglycans with a relative decrease of hyaluronic acid and a relative increase of heparan sulfate. PMID- 7095440 TI - The enzymatic activities in the alkali-burnt rabbit cornea. AB - Alkali-burnt corneas of the rabbits with 1 N NaOH were studied periodically for enzymatic activities by biochemical methods. There was significant increase of aldolase (ALD) activity both in corneal epithelium and stroma 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after alkali burns. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was significantly decreased in epithelium and was absent in stroma. Thus the breakdown of glucose would be present preferably in the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway instead of the pentose phosphate shunt. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of corneal epithelium and stroma was significantly decreased 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after alkali burns and the possible pathway of glycolysis might channel to citric acid cycle, in which malate dehydrogenase (MDH) could indicate the important role in this pathway. PMID- 7095435 TI - Age changes in the epithelial lining of the human larynx. AB - The change in size of the larynx with respect to age was investigated. In general the female larynx grows smaller with increasing age, but there is no similar age effect in men. The incidence and extent of squamous metaplasia was also studied. Two parts of the larynx showed age-related changes: in men, metaplasia of the vestibular folds became more common with age up to the age of 60, but then became less common again. In men also, the incidence and extent of squamous metaplasia increased with ageing. These age-related changes may relate to the development of laryngeal carcinoma, an event which must be preceded by squamous metaplasia. PMID- 7095443 TI - The ultrastructure of the retina after a single dose of etomidate. PMID- 7095444 TI - [The conditions of motor trephining and their influence on time and velocity in cutting the isolated cornea (author's transl)]. AB - A special experiment was constructed to measure the influence of factors such as trephine diameter, revolutions per second, sharpness, and cutting pressure on the incision velocity and incision time for a number of trephine specimens. These measurements show the characteristics of trephines. Different degrees of sharpness were determined by comparison of the characteristics. The dependency of rotation moment transferred to tissue, of revolutions per second, and of incision power is discussed. The results are discussed, and proposals are made to increase safety by application of motor trephines and to develop them further. PMID- 7095442 TI - Injured vitreous stimulates DNA synthesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture and within the vitreous. AB - Cultures of rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were exposed to normal vitreous and to vitreous injured by intravitreal injection of foreign particles. Counts of labeled RPE nuclei after incubation with 3H-thymidine in vitro indicated an increase in DNA synthesis with exposure to normal vitreous and an even greater increase with exposure to injured vitreous. Fractionation of injured vitreous demonstrated that the apparent proliferation stimulus resided in the cell-free supernate. The data suggest that normal vitreous contains a humoral factor that stimulates RPE proliferation and that levels of an active agent increase after vitreal injury. RPE injected into the vitreous also responds by increased DNA synthesis to subsequent vitreal injury. This observation implies that foreign substances in the vitreous, as after vitreal hemorrhage, promote development of extraretinopathies involving RPE by stimulating intravitreal proliferation of invasive RPE cells. PMID- 7095441 TI - Enzymatic activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the alkali-burned rabbit cornea. AB - Rabbit eyes burned with 1 n NaOH were studied for enzymatic activity by biochemical methods. The activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (E.C. 3.2.1.50), one of the hydrolases, was found to be significantly increased in corneal epithelium and stroma 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after alkali burns. The increase in enzyme activity seemed to be in correlation with the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) infiltration of the stroma, as found by histopathologic studies. Therefore the PMNs might be the source of the increasing activity of this enzyme after alkali burns. PMID- 7095445 TI - Human precorneal tear film pH measured by microelectrodes. AB - The pH value in human precorneal tear film was measured with micro- and semimicro pH-electrodes; the mean was pH 7.6. Stimulation of tear secretion and blinking led to a decrease in the pH value. When the eyelid was open, the precorneal tear film was alkalized by equilibration with the partial pressure of the CO2 in the surrounding air. When the eyelid remained open for 60 s or longer, an equilibrium value of greater than pH 9 was attained. PMID- 7095446 TI - Structural changes of human and monkey trabecular meshwork following in vitro cultivation. AB - The entire chamber angle tissue of ten monkey eyes and nine normal human eyes was cultivated in organ cultures for 1-10 days and then investigated by electron microscopy. We found that the uveal and corneoscleral trabecular cells often degenerate as early as 2-3 days after explantation, whereas the cells of the cribriform region proliferate and show an increasing number of cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes). Regarding the behaviour in vitro, we distinguished three different cell populations in the trabecular meshwork with probably different functions: (1) the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal, (2) the trabecular cells of the cribriform region and (3) the uveal or corneoscleral trabecular cells. PMID- 7095448 TI - Nitrous oxide influences pattern EP estimate of visual acuity. AB - The effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) inhalation on the pattern EP with the onset and disappearance of checkerboard patterns was studied in four healthy volunteers. Checkerboards with checks ranging from 2 to 55 min of arc were presented to subjects sedated at various levels. Under the highest level introduced, 60% N2O, fixation of the pattern was still adequate. The major consistent changes in the pattern onset EP under N2O inhalation are (a) preferential attenuation of the response to small checks and (b) an increase of the response amplitude to large checks. The change in the amplitude versus check-size curve under N2O inhalation restricts the assessment of visual acuity on the basis of the pattern EP. In patients sedated with N2O, EP methods can be used only as a gross indicant of visual acuity. PMID- 7095447 TI - Three basic types of foveal involvement in choroidal melanomas. AB - Three cases are used to demonstrate the main types of cystoid macular edema, which have been seen to occur in association with choroidal melanomas: 1) direct involvement in cases, where the neoplasm is located under the foveal retina, 2) indirect involvement due to a subfoveal exudate in choroidal melanomas distant to the fovea and 3) indirect foveolar involvement without associated subfoveal tumor or exudate. A recording of the pathology of these three basic reaction patterns of the central retina in choroidal melanomas is considered important. It is emphasized, that combinations of the reactions are common and may result in more complex situations. PMID- 7095449 TI - The specificity of the automated suprathreshold perimeter Fieldmaster 200. PMID- 7095450 TI - Corneal keloids--a histopathological study. PMID- 7095451 TI - Collagen types in keratoconus. AB - Collagen types in normal human and keratoconus corneas were separated by salt fractionation and thermal gelation in the pepsin-soluble fraction of the lyophilized tissues. Peptic digestion indicated no significant differences between normal and keratoconus corneas. Further collagen characterization was performed using SDS-PAGE. Collagen concentration were determined via hydroxyproline. Soluble collagens from normal human cornea represent 85% collagen type I, maximally 10% collagen type III and 5% collagen type V. Soluble collagens of keratoconus corneas consist of 90% type I collagen and maximally 5% type II and type V collagen. PMID- 7095453 TI - [Hygienic basis for the maximum permissible concentration of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate in reservoir water]. PMID- 7095452 TI - Influence of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine on corneal epithelium healing. PMID- 7095454 TI - [Transformation of aromatic amines during water conditioning]. PMID- 7095455 TI - [Methodological approaches to setting the maximum permissible load of nitrites and nitrates taken in with water and food]. PMID- 7095457 TI - [Experimental study of the blastomogenic properties of Basic Blue K]. PMID- 7095456 TI - [New State Standard "Hygienic Requirements for Water Recreational Areas" (17.1.5.02--80)]. PMID- 7095458 TI - [Nutritional and physical development characteristics of preschool children in the Arctic]. PMID- 7095459 TI - [Hygienic criteria of children's adaptation to lessons in school]. PMID- 7095460 TI - [Hygienic importance of organizing the extracurricular time of 1st-grade students on a long school day]. PMID- 7095461 TI - [The hygiene of childhood: the most important link in preventive medicine]. PMID- 7095462 TI - [Effect of motor activity on the physical work capacity of schoolchildren in the Far North]. PMID- 7095464 TI - [Establishment of hygienic standards for ionizing radiation]. PMID- 7095463 TI - [Hygienic basis of the quantitative ratio of 2 light fluxes in an integrated lighting system for the classrooms of general education schools]. PMID- 7095469 TI - [Degree of selectivity of neurogenic effects]. PMID- 7095467 TI - [Method of evaluating human central nervous system function during the work process]. PMID- 7095466 TI - [Methodological problems in the quantitative evaluation of the effect of atmospheric pollution on the health status of the pediatric population]. PMID- 7095465 TI - [Distribution of polonium and transuranium elements in the skin and body in chronic skin contamination]. PMID- 7095468 TI - [Basic principles of the hygiene regulation of intrahospital environmental quality]. PMID- 7095470 TI - [Use of gas chromatography in the hygienic evaluation of polyolefins for the food industry]. PMID- 7095472 TI - [Setup for the inhalation feed of small laboratory animals with submicron aerosols]. PMID- 7095471 TI - [Determination of phenol and 3 cresol isomers in washings from the skin]. PMID- 7095473 TI - [Methodological problems of studying and evaluating the effect of environmental pollution on the reproductive function of women and on the population increase]. PMID- 7095474 TI - [Chemical composition of bottom sediments and of the mobile forms of their trace elements]. PMID- 7095475 TI - [Regulation of the content of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C6--C7) in the atmosphere]. PMID- 7095476 TI - [Integrating role of the probability principle in establishing the maximum permissible human loads of environmental factors]. PMID- 7095477 TI - [Experience with preventive sanitary inspection of the design of the galleries in Donbass mines]. PMID- 7095478 TI - [Air pollution in the kitchens of gas-heated apartments with different modes of ventilation]. PMID- 7095479 TI - [Histoenzymatic changes in experimental animals exposed to intermittent noise]. PMID- 7095480 TI - [Calculation of the spread of a chlorocholine chloride area of ground water pollution]. PMID- 7095481 TI - [Sanitary microbiological evaluation of the effectiveness of treating waste waters from the aniline dye industry for the purpose of their reuse]. PMID- 7095482 TI - [Efficient regimen for the intellectual and physical activities of students]. PMID- 7095483 TI - [Sodium content of the saliva during certain types of student neuro-emotional work]. PMID- 7095484 TI - [Characteristics of the intellectual development of children of both sexes]. PMID- 7095485 TI - [Function and dynamics of the work capacity of children with impaired vision in a specialized preschool institution]. PMID- 7095486 TI - [Central nervous function of technical school students using active forms of instruction]. PMID- 7095487 TI - [International scientific cooperation in hygiene]. PMID- 7095488 TI - [Effectiveness of the teaching of nutritional hygiene to health officers by advanced lecture series]. PMID- 7095489 TI - [Teaching young schoolchildren measures for preventing injuries]. PMID- 7095490 TI - [Methodological approaches to the hygienic regulation of hydroaerosols of complex composition based on treated sewage]. PMID- 7095492 TI - [Determination of zinc and lead in aqueous and model media simulating food products by thin-layer sorbent chromatography]. PMID- 7095491 TI - [Chromatographic analysis of toxic components in the atmosphere using sorption concentrates]. PMID- 7095494 TI - [Method for the study and hygienic evaluation of the stability and transformation of harmful substances in water in the chlorination process]. PMID- 7095493 TI - [Use of a mathematical design method in hygienic research on a microclimate]. PMID- 7095495 TI - [Case of intensive air pollution in 1 microdistrict of Sofia]. PMID- 7095496 TI - [Effect of low-salinity drinking water on population health]. PMID- 7095498 TI - [Determination of ronilan in water, soil and sunflowers]. PMID- 7095497 TI - [Pilot-plant trials of the technology for the deep treatment of the waste waters from a porcelain plant]. PMID- 7095499 TI - [Need for regulating the residual amounts of surface-active substances in the linens of obstetrical institutions]. PMID- 7095500 TI - [Preparation of samples of polymer construction materials for sanitary chemical studies]. PMID- 7095502 TI - The mental health of the aging. PMID- 7095501 TI - [Establishment of the maximum permissible concentration triethylene glycol ethyl ether in reservoir water]. PMID- 7095503 TI - Sexuality and aging: essential vitamin or popcorn? PMID- 7095504 TI - Ethnicity and aging: anthropological perspectives on more than just the minority elderly. PMID- 7095505 TI - The status of the empirical support for the hypothesis of increased variability in aging populations. PMID- 7095506 TI - What's in a friend? Substantive and theoretical issues. PMID- 7095507 TI - Who is stereotyping whom and why? PMID- 7095508 TI - The language of ageism. PMID- 7095509 TI - Behavioral ratings of health professionals' interactions with the geriatric patient. PMID- 7095510 TI - Social antecedents of learned helplessness in the health care setting. PMID- 7095512 TI - Geriatric foster care: a prototype design and implementation issues. PMID- 7095514 TI - Who leaves--who stays: residency policy in housing for the elderly. PMID- 7095513 TI - Guardians ad litem: an educational program in Virginia. PMID- 7095511 TI - Pharmacists' perceptions of major difficulties in geriatric pharmacy practice. PMID- 7095515 TI - A method to reduce chronic pain in elderly nursing home residents. PMID- 7095516 TI - Aged deaths: the nursing home and community differential: 1976. PMID- 7095517 TI - The inadequacy of needs assessments of the elderly. PMID- 7095518 TI - Long-term impacts of rural migration of the elderly: implications for research. PMID- 7095519 TI - [Research results and prospects in the prevention of the effect of noise and vibration on workers in the 11th Five-Year Plan]. PMID- 7095520 TI - [Conditions for the development of muscle strain during local physical work]. PMID- 7095521 TI - [Effect of working movement characteristics on hand muscle endurance for static exertion]. PMID- 7095522 TI - [Physiological and hygiene analysis of the body reaction of young truck drivers to a production load]. PMID- 7095524 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of welding arc irradiation in modern manufacture]. PMID- 7095525 TI - [Clinico-electroencephalographic characteristics of micromercurialism]. PMID- 7095527 TI - [Physiological and hygiene evaluation of the work of those engaged in the automatic production of rolled roofing material]. PMID- 7095526 TI - [Ionite respirators: a prospective means of protecting the respiratory organs of workers in nonferrous metallurgy]. PMID- 7095528 TI - [Control of noise in the petroleum refining industry]. PMID- 7095523 TI - [Effect of the work process on the body function of lathe operators]. PMID- 7095529 TI - [Effect of the age at which a job with vibration exposure is started on the time the vibration disease develops]. PMID- 7095530 TI - [Hearing changes in agricultural machinery operators]. PMID- 7095531 TI - [Results of studying the effect of constant noise on the mental work capacity of equipment operators]. PMID- 7095532 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the use of the aluminum manufacture scrap in the smelting of stainless steel]. PMID- 7095534 TI - [Use of a thermographic method in conducting prophylactic examinations of Polar workers]. PMID- 7095533 TI - [Determination of the diethyl tellurium vapors in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7095535 TI - [Establishing permissible vibration levels at work sites for the operators of industrial equipment]. PMID- 7095537 TI - [Metabolism and structure of cardiac muscle at different levels of hypothermic protection of the myocardium]. PMID- 7095536 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of mitral-aortic-tricuspid heart defects]. PMID- 7095538 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis of interatrial septal defects]. PMID- 7095539 TI - [Pathogenesis of anemia in patients subjected to surgery involving the use of artificial circulation]. PMID- 7095541 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of arteriovenous aneurysms of the pulmonary vessels]. PMID- 7095540 TI - [Clinical picture and treatment of destructive processes in the lungs]. PMID- 7095542 TI - [Treatment of postoperative bronchial fistulas in children]. PMID- 7095543 TI - [Choice of surgical approach in pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 7095545 TI - [Transbronchial novocaine blockade of pulmonary nerve plexuses in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7095546 TI - [External respiration and central hemodynamics in patients with chronic lung abscesses]. PMID- 7095544 TI - [Surgical treatment of tuberculosis patients with heart defects]. PMID- 7095547 TI - [Pulmonary gas exchange during diagnostic fibrobronchoscopy in lung cancer patients]. PMID- 7095548 TI - [Various non-gas exchange functions of the lungs in non-specific spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 7095549 TI - [Methods and results of treatment in purulent mediastinitis]. PMID- 7095550 TI - [Modification of the tube for bronchospirography]. PMID- 7095551 TI - [Interventricular septal defect combined with aortic insufficiency and pulmonary artery valve aplasia]. PMID- 7095552 TI - [Posttraumatic aneurysm of the left ventricle]. PMID- 7095553 TI - [Radical correction of Fallot's tetralogy with unfavorable coronary artery distribution]. PMID- 7095554 TI - [Rare congenital heart defect, complete absence of the aortopulmonary septum combined with other cardiac anomalies]. PMID- 7095555 TI - [Damage to the sinus of Valsalva in penetrating injuries of the chest cavity]. PMID- 7095556 TI - [Clinico-radiographic diagnosis of central bronchial adenomas]. PMID- 7095557 TI - [Endobronchial lipoma removed using a bronchoscope]. PMID- 7095558 TI - Measurement of serum bilirubin and its mono- and diconjugates: application to patients with hepatobiliary disease. AB - A technique has recently been described by Blanckaert and his colleagues that specifically and accurately quantifies unconjugated bilirubin, diconjugated bilirubin, and the C-8 and C-12 isomers of monoconjugated bilirubin. This technique has now been used to determine the distribution pattern of bilirubin and its ester conjugates in 91 sera from 65 patients with hepatobiliary disease, and the results were compared with two conventional diazo assays. Both diazo assays yielded values for total bilirubin concentration that were markedly and unpredictably higher than those obtained by the new technique, and the direct reacting fraction by diazo assay showed little or no agreement with the fraction of total ester conjugates determined by the new method. Previous studies using the new method had shown that bilirubin conjugates are undetectable in sera from healthy adults or individuals with Gilbert's syndrome, but they were found in 89 of the 91 present patient sera. The fraction of total serum bilirubin represented by C-8 monoconjugates, C-12 monoconjugates, diconjugates, and total ester conjugates was higher in patients with biliary obstruction than in those with parenchymal liver disease, but extensive overlap between groups prevented determination of these conjugated species from being diagnostically useful. Overall, bilirubin ester conjugates in serum consisted of 30% C-8 monoconjugates, 37% C-12 monoconjugates, and 33% diconjugates, while urine contained predominantly diconjugates. PMID- 7095559 TI - Effects of prednisolone/azathioprine in chronic hepatitis B viral infection. AB - Changes in markers of hepatitis B viral replication and standard liver function tests were studied in 30 patients with HBsAg positive chronic liver disease starting or stopping prednisolone/azathioprine therapy, and compared with those occurring in 15 patients who did not receive therapy. On stopping prednisolone/azathioprine, 10 out of 11 HBeAg positive patients and one out of three patients negative for HBeAg and anti-HBe, lost HBV-DNA polymerase activity (p less than 0.01), five lost HBeAg, three developed anti-HBe and HBsAg concentration decreased (p less than 0.01). Only one out of seven untreated HBeAg positive patients lost HBeAg and there were no significant changes in DNA polymerase activity. In the anti-HBe positive patients, 14 starting therapy and eight untreated, there were no significant changes in the markers of viral replication - although two patients developed DNA polymerase activity on high maintenance doses of prednisolone - but a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in aspartate transaminase in the treated group. It is concluded that the cessation of prednisolone/azathioprine therapy in HBeAg positive patients will result in a reduction in viral replication. In anti-HBe positive patients such therapy may be beneficial. PMID- 7095561 TI - HLA type of patients with coeliac disease and malignancy in the west of Ireland. AB - HLA, A, B, and DR typing was done on seven of 10 patients with lymphoma, and six patients with carcinoma, all of whom had a flat small intestinal mucosa. Sixty nine per cent (nine of 13) had HLA B8 and 71% (five of seven) had DR3. The corresponding levels for the local coeliac population are 76% and 84% respectively and the local non-coeliac population 43% and 44%. Two of the patients with lymphoma had a child with coeliac disease. The histological type of the lymphoma was malignant histiocytosis of the intestine in seven, histiocytic lymphoma in two, and was not classifiable in one. The similarity of the HLA type suggests that the flat mucosa in both groups is due to coeliac disease. PMID- 7095560 TI - Endotoxaemia and complement activation in acute pancreatitis in man. AB - Twenty-four patients who experienced 26 attacks of acute pancreatitis were studied. Endotoxaemia, as measured by the limulus lysate assay, was present in 13 of the attacks. Six out of seven patients with systemic complications of the disease had endotoxaemia. C3 catabolism was increased in all 26 attacks of pancreatitis, and a falling level of C3 during attacks of severe pancreatitis was associated with a fatal outcome. There was statistical evidence of more complement activation in serum samples taken when patients had positive limulus lysate tests than when endotoxin was not detected in their blood. PMID- 7095562 TI - Coeliac disease, splenic function, and malignancy. AB - Blood films from 41 cases of coeliac disease complicated by malignancy were examined and evidence of hyposplenism found in 12 cases (29%). This is similar to the proportion of adult coeliacs without malignancy who have hypoplenism and it is concluded that impaired splenic function is not associated with the development of malignancy in coeliac disease. PMID- 7095563 TI - Comparison of plasma and intraluminal amino acid profiles in man after meals containing a protein hydrolysate and equivalent amino acid mixture. AB - Plasma and intraluminal amino acid profiles were compared in normal subjects 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes after meals containing either a peptide-rich protein hydrolysate (H) or an equivalent free amino acid mixture (AA) as the nitrogen source. Except for asparagine (30 minutes) and glutamine (30 and 60 minutes), which were absorbed to a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater extent from the peptide mixture, there were no significant differences in the plasma increments of the remaining 13 amino acids at any time interval after the meals. Positive correlations (p less than 0.01 or less) between the amino acid composition of the hydrolysate and amino acid meals and both (1) the post-prandial increments in the individual plasma amino acids and (2) the residual intraluminal amino acid content suggested that the amino acid composition of ingested protein, rather than specialised free amino acid and peptide transport systems, dictated the pattern of amino acid absorption. The studies provide no evidence that peptides rather than free amino acids are the ideal nitrogen source in elemental diets. PMID- 7095564 TI - Distribution of a liquid meal within the stomach and gastric emptying after vagotomy and drainage operations. AB - The intragastric distribution of a radionuclide labelled liquid meal was studied in 62 patients with duodenal ulceration by means of a gamma camera imaging system. A total of 85 gastric emptying studies (23 preoperative and 62 postvagotomy tests) revealed three distinct patterns of distribution. The activity distribution in the stomach after vagotomy showed a slower rate of return and a decreased accumulation of the meal in the proximal part of the stomach compared with the pattern in the intact stomach. The return of the liquid meal to the proximal stomach was considered to be a physiological process controlled by vagal reflexes and changed by a vagotomy. These observations made during emptying of a liquid meal seem to give rise to a better differentiation of the motor patterns after various types of gastric operations. With a quantification of the intragastric patterns of distribution it may be possible in a prospective study to give a more graded evaluation of changes induced by vagotomy than is possible with the traditional characterisation of gastric emptying. PMID- 7095565 TI - Effects of 24 hours of aspirin, Bufferin, paracetamol and placebo on normal human gastroduodenal mucosa. AB - Aspirin causes gastroduodenal erosions and/or ulcers in man when taken for prolonged periods. The effects of shorter periods of aspirin, Bufferin, or paracetamol (acetaminophen) intake as used for self-medication are unknown. In a four way, crossover, blinded endoscopic study, we compared the effects of aspirin, Bufferin, paracetamol, and placebo, two tablets four times a day for 24 hours, on the gastroduodenal mucosa of 10 normal volunteers. Both regular aspirin and bufferin produced multiple gastric (p less than 0.005) and duodenal erosions (p less than 0.05, compared with baseline and placebo studies). Paracetamol did not cause significant gastric or duodenal mucosal damage. Two subjects developed duodenal ulcer-like lesions in the course of the study. We conclude that the use of unbuffered aspirin and Bufferin, but not paracetamol, in recommended doses for one day causes significant gastroduodenal mucosal damage. PMID- 7095566 TI - Electrical and contractile activities of the human rectosigmoid. AB - Electrical and mechanical activities were recorded from the rectosigmoid of normal subjects using an intraluminal recording tube with two sets of bipolar electrodes and strain gauges. Four distinct types of electrical activities were recorded. (1) Electrical control activity (ECA). This activity varied in amplitude and frequency over time and the control waves were not phase-locked. The means of dominant frequency components in the lower and higher frequency ranges were 3.86 +/- 0.18 SD and 10.41 +/- 0.46 SD c/min, respectively. The overall dominant frequency component was mostly in the lower frequency range of 2.0-9.0 c/min. (2) Discrete electrical response activity (DERA). This activity appeared as short duration bursts (less than 10 s) of response potentials whose repetition rate was in the total colonic electrical control activity frequency range of 2.0-13.0 c/min. The mean duration of this activity was 2.24 +/- 1.30 SD s. (3) Continuous electrical response activity (CERA). This activity appeared as long duration bursts (greater than 10 s) of response potentials which were not related to electrical control activity. Its mean duration was 14.78 +/- 3.68 SD s. This activity generally did not propagate. (4) Contractile electrical complex (CEC). This activity appeared as oscillations in the frequency range of 25-40 c/min and was also not related to electrical control activity. This activity propagated, sometimes proximally and sometimes distally. Its mean duration was 18.87 +/- 9.22 SD s. The latter three types of electrical activities were all associated with different types of contractions. These contractions, however, did not always occlude the lumen. Colonic electrical control activity controls the appearance of discrete electrical response activity in time and space. The mechanism of generation of continuous electrical response activity and contractile electrical complex is not yet known. PMID- 7095567 TI - 'Nodular necrobiosis': a new cutaneous manifestation of Crohn's disease? AB - A skin lesion previously unassociated with Crohn's disease is described. Although superficially resembling erythema nodosum it runs a different clinical course and has different histological appearances, the central feature being necrobiotic collagen. The term ;nodular necrobiosis' is suggested. PMID- 7095568 TI - Recurrence of uterine leiomyosarcoma 25 years after therapy. PMID- 7095570 TI - The place of pelvic exenteration in the primary management of advanced carcinoma of the vulva. PMID- 7095569 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. PMID- 7095571 TI - Vaginal recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. PMID- 7095573 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. PMID- 7095572 TI - Triploid fetus and hydatidiform mole: antenatal diagnosis and cytogenetic study. PMID- 7095574 TI - Second-look laparotomy in the management of gynecologic malignancy. PMID- 7095575 TI - Secondary neoplasms in treated ovarian cancer. PMID- 7095577 TI - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 7095576 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina: a clinical study of the location of the tumor. PMID- 7095578 TI - Gracilis myocutaneous flap as a life-saving procedure in control of necrosis following radiotherapy and radical surgery for pelvic malignancy. PMID- 7095579 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the broad ligament. PMID- 7095583 TI - Neoplasms of the vagina following cervical carcinoma. PMID- 7095581 TI - Treatment results in carcinoma of the cervix stage IB in a total population. PMID- 7095580 TI - An extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma mimicking lymph node metastasis from a cervical cancer. PMID- 7095582 TI - Gastric outlet obstruction caused by ascitic fluid entrapment in the lesser sac- a complication of advanced ovarian cancer: report of two cases. PMID- 7095585 TI - Early osseous metastasis of stage 1 endometrial carcinoma: report of a case. PMID- 7095584 TI - Liposarcoma of the perineum. PMID- 7095586 TI - Management of postexenteration perineal hernias by myocutaneous axial flaps. PMID- 7095587 TI - Increased androgenic activity in well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7095588 TI - Risk factors and prognosis in stage II endometrial cancer. PMID- 7095589 TI - Prognostic importance of psammoma bodies in adenocarcinomas of the ovaries. PMID- 7095590 TI - Genesis of molar pregnancy: neoplastic transformation of the inner cell mass with a case presentation. PMID- 7095591 TI - Vulvar melanoma: a microstaging study. PMID- 7095595 TI - Smooth muscle antibodies in pre-eclampsia of pregnancy. AB - Sera from 176 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and oedema of pregnancy, and from 51 normal pregnant control subjects were tested for smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) by indirect immunofluorescence. An increased incidence of SMA positivity was found in cases of pre-eclampsia and in superimposed pre-eclampsia of pregnancy, oedema of pregnancy and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy combined with oedema of pregnancy. In the pre-eclampsia group, SMA positivity occurred only in cases of pre-eclampsia levis and was often accompanied by mild proteinuria. This indicates that SMA are a result rather than a cause of an (immuno)pathological process, the short duration of which in severe forms is not enough for the development of the antibodies. The increased incidence of positive SMA titres in oedematous pregnant patients may be a sign of imminent pre-eclampsia, although oedema is often regarded as being a feature of otherwise normal pregnancies. PMID- 7095594 TI - Comparison between serum levels of oestriol in venous and capillary blood from pregnant women. AB - The concentration of unconjugated oestriol in serum was measured in venous and capillary blood from 41 pregnant women. 22 women had uncomplicated pregnancies. The others had different kinds of complications including severe oedema and pre eclampsia. The correlation between values of unconjugated oestriol in venous and capillary blood was high. In 77 out of 78 samples the conclusions drawn about the feto-placental function from venous and capillary blood were similar. The day-to day variability was of the same order for capillary as for venous samples. A few samples were analysed for total oestriol and also in this case a high correlation was found between capillary and venous blood. It is concluded that capillary blood samples may well be used for estimation of total and unconjugated oestriol. Capillary blood could replace venous blood for estimation of unconjugated oestriol in the management of high risk pregnancies. PMID- 7095592 TI - The Nordenstrom screw and its application in the management of gynecologic cancer. PMID- 7095593 TI - Values of lymphangiography in the diagnosis of paraaortic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 7095596 TI - Ultrastructural changes in preputial neural tissues: effects of maternal smoking. AB - The fetal prepuce was studied for neural changes due to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Prepuces from 10 newborns whose mothers smoked throughout pregnancy and from 4 newborns of nonsmoking mothers were examined by transmission electron microscope. Significant ultrastructural changes were seen in the neural tissues of the newborns of smoking mothers. The ultrastructural changes observed were: (1) local aggregation of mitochondria; (2) many myelin bodies, and (3) dilated Golgi apparatus and dilated endoplasmic reticulum of the Schwann cell. Similar changes have been reported in neuropathies due to various drugs, chemicals and deficiency states. These findings suggest adverse effects on fetal preputial neural tissue due to maternal smoking. PMID- 7095597 TI - Fetal death in utero: effect on estrone, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone levels in the ewe. AB - Polyvinyl catheters were placed in the maternal femoral artery (MA) and maternal uterine vein (UV) of 11 near-term ewes and in the umbilical vein of their fetuses. 1-5 days postoperatively 100 ml of air were injected into the umbilical vein of 7 fetuses. 4 fetuses served as controls. Samples of blood from MA were taken 15 min prior to air embolism and every 15 min for 3 h, then at +4, +5 and +6 h after air injection. Plasma levels of estrone (E1) estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were determined by radioimmunoassay. In MA and UV of treated ewes there was a significant decrease in P, but not in E1 or E2 after fetal death compared to control ewes. Control levels of P in MA were 9.6 ng/ml; values at 1, +2, +4 and +6 h were 8.8, 3.3, 2.3 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively. PMID- 7095598 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. 10 Year follow-up of a conization material. AB - In 429 women with the diagnosis of cancer in situ (CIS), we found, during a follow-up time of 10 years, a relapse frequency of 5.3%; conization was the primary treatment in 414 cases, in 13 cases hysterectomy and radiotherapy in 2 cases. We found that the mean age was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) when the primary CIS lesion was localized in the cervix (36.8 +/- 10.5) compared to localization only on the portio (31.3 +/- 8.7). The risk of relapse was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in patients where the primary cone had the lesion localized in the cervix compared to the patients where the primary cone had the lesion localized only to the portio. We found that the localization of PAD relapses appearing later compared to a high degree (about 65%) with the localization of the primary CIS lesion. Vaginal relapse was, generally speaking, twice as common when the primary CIS lesion was localized in the cervix compared to when it was localized on the portio alone. Alternative treatment methods to the conization operation are discussed and an increased individualization of CIS treatment is emphasized particularly with consideration to age and the localization of the CIS lesion. PMID- 7095599 TI - Steroid receptors in normal and neoplastic female reproductive tissues. AB - The presence of cytosol estrogen (ER) and progestin (PR) receptors in specimens of normal uterine cervix, endometrium, myometrium, Fallopian tubes and corpora lutei or in samples of neoplastic female reproductive tissues was investigated. The material consisted of PR and ER measurements of tissue samples obtained from fertile and postmenopausal women, receptor assays were performed by a dextran coated charcoal technique. The radio PR/ER was highest in specimens from the Fallopian tubes (44) and endometrium (4-10),2-3 in specimens of uterine ecto- or endocervical epithelium and about 4 in the myometrium. No ER or PR were found in the four corpora lutei examined. PR or PR/ER ratio in specimens of myoma tissues did not differ from that found in the myometrium specimens. The highest ER and PR values in the endometrium were measured in specimens taken during the late proliferative or intermediate phase of the menstrual cycle. The PR values in specimens from postmenopausal myometrium were lower in comparison with the samples taken from the myometrium of fertile women in contrast to ER values. In the specimens of carcinoma of the vulva and the uterine cervix ER levels were very low, with no measureable values of PR. In the endometrial carcinoma samples the PR/ER ratio was lower than in the normal endometrium. 4 out of 7 specimens taken from ovarian adenocarcinoma had a measureable amount of ER and in 2 out of 7 cases PR. PMID- 7095600 TI - A statistical approach to the determination of the fertile period. AB - 17 beta-Estradiol (E2), basal body temperature (BBT) and luteinizing hormone (LH), were measured in normally menstruating women. The preovulatory E2 observations were characterized by variations about a constant level during the preovula-peak. The BBT observations typically varied about a constant level during the preovulatory phase then about a higher constant level during the postovulatory phase. The change points in E2 and BBT were detected using a Bayesian detection rule and a midcycle 'fertile period' was marked off. The midcycle 'fertile periods' appear to bracket the ovulation event and the method shows promise as a natural family planning method. Several practical limitations of the method are discussed. PMID- 7095601 TI - Basal body temperature as a method of ovulation detection: comparison with ultrasonographical findings. AB - In 47 cycles with hormonal evidence of ovulation, the detection and timing of ovulation by basal body temperature (BBT) and by ultrasonographical observation are compared. The ovulation detection rate by ultrasonographical method proves to be considerably higher than by BBT criteria. The timing of the day of ovulation is evaluated, assuming that the ultrasonographical event of follicle disappearance represents ovulation. BBT criteria nadir, coverline and the eye balling method show a very poor frequency distribution. The result of the FDHP method is a nearly symmetrical distribution, however, with a considerable range. We conclude that ovulation detection and timing by BBT are not reliable. PMID- 7095602 TI - Role of prostaglandin biochemical pathway in platelet-vessel wall interaction and local thrombosis. AB - Prostaglandins play an important role in the platelet-vessel wall interaction. The inhibition of PGI2 synthetase results in an increase of platelet thrombosis induced by adenosine diphosphate. Addition of exogenous arachidonic acid further increases the phenomenon. The ratio of cyclic endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) to prostacyclin (PGI2) could well be the determining trigger in platelet-vessel wall interaction and local thrombosis. PMID- 7095603 TI - Binding of adenosine diphosphate to turkey thrombocytes. AB - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) caused rapid and reversible aggregation of turkey thrombocytes, as determined by optical and microscopical examination. To investigate the binding of ADP to these cells, turkey thrombocyte-rich plasma was incubated with ADP-8-14C or ADP-3-3H and with human serum albumin labeled with 125I. The thrombocytes were rapidly separated by centrifugation through silicone oil. From radioactivity determination of plasma and thrombocyte pellets the uptake of ADP radioactivity by thrombocytes was calculated. Scatchard analysis of concentration-dependent binding yielded a hyperbolic plot which indicates that turkey thrombocytes similarly to human platelets have more than one type of binding site for ADP. PMID- 7095604 TI - Acetylsalicylic acid in combination with dihydroergotamine for preventing thromboembolism. AB - In a prospective randomized clinical trial involving 150 patients who underwent major abdominal surgery, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dihydroergotamine (DHE) were examined either alone or in combination for their potential to prevent thromboembolism. Combined treatment with ASA and DHE was found to be more effective in preventing the spread of thrombi and their propagation to the femoral veins. PMID- 7095605 TI - Congenital deficiency of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor in three sisters. AB - 3 young Japanese sisters with congenital alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI) deficiency are reported. They have mild umbilical bleeding and/or repeated prolonged bleeding after minor trauma, but rarely spontaneous bleedings. The most characteristic hemostatic findings were shortened whole blood clot lysis time and euglobulin lysis time. Activities of all hemostatic factors except alpha 2-PI were within normal range. Both functional and immunological absence of alpha 2-PI were found in the plasma, and this failure to detect alpha 2-PI was not corrected by the addition of the patient's plasma of the first described case of alpha 2-PI deficiency. Clinical and laboratory data revealed that these patients were probably homozygous for alpha 2-PI deficiency and born of heterozygous parents, but not of consanguineous ones. Bleeding episodes due to deficiency of alpha 2-PI in these patients were well controlled by an antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. PMID- 7095607 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes during and after upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy]. PMID- 7095606 TI - Factor VII Padua 1. Another case. AB - A patient with a peculiar factor VII is described. The propositus is a 70-year old man without any bleeding tendency. The coagulation pattern is characterized by a prolonged rabbit brain prothrombin time, a normal Stypven cephalin clotting time and a normal thrombotest. Factor VII activity is low when assayed using rabbit brain the thromboplastin but is normal when assayed using ox brain thromboplastin. The neutralization test performed with an antifactor VII antiserum revealed a normal factor VII antigen level. A pedigree study has not been possible, the patient having no living relatives. No differences were observed between the biological results of our patient and those described by Girolami as factor VII + Padua. PMID- 7095608 TI - [Acute disseminated staphylococcal disease in childhood]. PMID- 7095609 TI - [Incidence of myopia among theological and high school students in Jerusalem]. PMID- 7095610 TI - [Intracerebral hemorrhage in a full-term newborn]. PMID- 7095612 TI - [Activism and conservatism in oncologic surgery]. PMID- 7095611 TI - [Torsion of the uterus during labor]. PMID- 7095614 TI - [The immunologic state in chronic uremia]. PMID- 7095613 TI - [The pregnant epileptic]. PMID- 7095615 TI - [Aging and immunity]. PMID- 7095616 TI - [Anesthesia in coronary patients]. PMID- 7095617 TI - [Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. PMID- 7095618 TI - [Biliglobulin]. PMID- 7095619 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of diabetes in children and adolescents]. PMID- 7095620 TI - [Primum non nocere]. PMID- 7095621 TI - [Prognostic significance of initial blood glucose levels in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7095622 TI - [Snow-related trauma in Jerusalem during the winter of 1980]. PMID- 7095623 TI - [Specific orientation of treatment and therapeutic goals in a psychiatric day unit]. PMID- 7095625 TI - [Splenic abscess]. PMID- 7095624 TI - [Effect of phenobarbital neurotoxicity on the fetal mouse brain]. PMID- 7095626 TI - [Acrodermatitis enteropathica (?) without diarrhea or malabsorption successfully treated with zinc]. PMID- 7095627 TI - [Baclofen in trigeminal neuritis]. PMID- 7095629 TI - [Hepatic encephalopathy due to congestive heart failure]. PMID- 7095628 TI - [Hiccup as a presenting symptom of hypokalemia]. PMID- 7095630 TI - [Viral nosocomial infections]. PMID- 7095631 TI - [Ocular laser hazards]. PMID- 7095632 TI - [Errors in blood pressure recording]. PMID- 7095634 TI - [Superficial sensation, deep sensation]. PMID- 7095633 TI - [Immunological mechanisms in Atopy]. PMID- 7095635 TI - [The sick adolescent]. PMID- 7095636 TI - [A second opinion before elective operations]. PMID- 7095637 TI - [Homologous intrauterine insemination with sperm resuspended in umbilical cord serum]. PMID- 7095638 TI - [Plasma lipids in vegetarians in Israel]. PMID- 7095639 TI - [Acute pancreatitis with ECG changes of acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7095640 TI - [Recurrent phase-4 atrioventricular block]. PMID- 7095641 TI - [Slipped capital femoral epiphysis]. PMID- 7095642 TI - [Intraocular hemorrhage due to systemic drugs]. PMID- 7095644 TI - [Chronic pigmented villonodular synovitis causing locking of the knee joint]. PMID- 7095645 TI - [Pulmonary edema following snake bite]. PMID- 7095643 TI - [Purulent parotitis in the newborn]. PMID- 7095646 TI - [Ammonia metabolism and hyperammonemic states in the newborn]. PMID- 7095647 TI - [Prevention of colorectal cancer--application of knowledge on etiology, part 2]. PMID- 7095649 TI - [Neoplastic cysts of the pancreas]. PMID- 7095650 TI - [Solar urticaria]. PMID- 7095648 TI - [The early diagnosis of colon tumors]. PMID- 7095651 TI - [Effects of intra-arterially administered capsaicinoids on vocalization in guinea pigs and medial thalamic neuronal activity in cats (author's transl)]. AB - Algesic actions of capsaicinoids were investigated by utilizing vocalization in conscious guinea pigs and medial thalamic neuronal activity in gallamine triethiodide immobilized cats. Intra-arterial administration of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin evoked strong vocalization response, but other capsaicinoids, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, norcapsaicin, N-(4 hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-6-methylheptamide, and N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-6 methylhept-trans-4-enamide, were weaker than capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. Similar results were obtained from medial thalamic nociceptive neurons in cats. Morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.) suppressed vocalization response evoked by intra arterial administration of capsaicin and bradykinin. Aspirin (100 mg/kg i.p.) also suppressed the bradykinin-evoked response, but not the capsaicin-evoked response. Capsi-amide, a non-pungent substance of Capsicum annuum L., failed to suppress nociceptive response to capsaicin or bradykinin in guinea pigs and cats. Tachyphylaxis was elicited by repeated administration of capsaicin in vocalization. No cross-tachyphylaxis to bradykinin, acetylcholine, and dihydrocapsaicin could be observed. PMID- 7095652 TI - [Effect of oxythiamine on rat peripheral nerve. --Morphological changes in sciatic nerve and plantar nerve of thiamine deficiency-- (author's transl)]. AB - Morphological changes in rat sciatic nerve (SN) and plantar nerve (PN) induced by a thiamine deficient diet (TDD) and administration of oxythiamine (OT: 4 mg/100 g X 6 days) were observed, and thiamine (T) levels in rat nerve were simultaneously determined. Body weight gain ratio in rats which received OT fed a TDD (OTD group) was much reduced, and anorexia and ataxia were recognized in this group. Rats fed a regular diet, whose weights were restricted to be the same as those in the OTD group (EWC group), showed the symptoms of starvation. T levels of the SN and PN in the OT group, OTD group, and rats fed a TDD (TDD group) were reduced, but in the EWC group, T levels were the same as those in the control group (C group). There were myelin folds and myelin oboids in the EWC group, and these were recognized before axonal degeneration. In the TDD group, an increase in the number of mitochondria (Mit) was seen in the myelinated axon (MAx). In the TDD group, an increase in the number of mitochondria (Mit) was seen in the myelinated axon (MAx). In the OT and OTD groups, axonal degeneration (increase in the number of Mit, appearance of degenerated Mit, axonal shrinkage, and disappearance of neurofilament and neurotubule) was observed in the MAx. Degeneration of the MAx caused by TDD and OT was more severe in the PN than in the SN. Since these changes progressed from the peripheral nerve to the centripetal one, these changes in OTD group might be dying-back polyneuropathy. PMID- 7095653 TI - [Effects of tofisopam on gastric functions in rats (author's transl)]. AB - The effects of tofisopam on gastric functions were examined in rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of tofisopam (50 ot 100 microgram) increased both basal gastric acid output and mucosal blood flow (MBF) in rats anesthetized with urethane, while intravenous injection of tofisopam (10 mg/kg) did not change the basal gastric acid output. Ten micrograms of tofisopam, i.c.v., a dose which did not show any effect on the basal gastric acid output, significantly inhibited the decrease in gastric acid output induced by noradrenaline (5 microgram, i.c.v.). Tofisopam (10 mg/kg, i.v. or 100 microgram, i.c.v.) showed no effect on the increase in gastric acid output induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). These results, together with the previous findings, suggest the tofisopam (i.c.v.) acts on the nucleus dorsalis n. vagi and/or LHA and competes with noradrenaline. The gastric acid output was increased remarkably under water-immersion stress, and this increase lasted during the stress-loading, but the MBF did not show a corresponding increase. Pretreatment of rats with tofisopam (100 mg/kg, intraduodenal) significantly increased the MBF and inhibited the ulcer formation caused by the stress. From these results, tofisopam may restore the unbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous tones induced by stress-loading. PMID- 7095654 TI - [Studies on defensive factors of experimental ulcers (2). Increasing action of aceglutamide aluminum on defensive factors in acetic acid ulcers of rats (author's transl)]. AB - Severe ulcers were produced in rats by injections of 20% acetic acid in a volume of 0.05 ml into the subserosal layer of two portions in the corpus, and the effects of aceglutamide aluminum on hexosamine, sialic acid, uronic acid and hydroxyproline contents of the mucosa and stroma in the ulcerated regions were compared with the effects of L-glutamine. When aceglutamide aluminum (1,000 mg/kg x 2/day) was orally administered for 4 consecutive days beginning the day of the operation, this drug inhibited the ulcer index and the perforations in ulcerated regions by 18 and 66%, respectively. In addition, the drug remarkably increased the total amounts (microgram/ulcer areas/rat) of hexosamine, sialic acid, and uronic acid in the mucosa of ulcerated regions. It was notable than with the sialic acid contents, an increase in the concentration (microgram/100 mg dry tissue) was also observed. On the other hand, in the stroma of ulcerated regions, the contents of those components containing hydroxyproline were little affected by this drug. Following daily oral administration for 14 consecutive days, aceglutamide aluminum (1,000 mg/kg x 2/day) brought about more potent effects than those following the 4 days administrations, and this drug showed a 37% inhibition of the ulcer index and a complete inhibition of the perforations. Moreover, the drug pronouncedly increased both total amounts and concentrations of hexosamine, sialic acid, and uronic acid in the mucosa in the ulcerated portions. Of these components, the increment of the sialic acid content was the greatest. In the stroma of ulcerated portions, total amounts and concentrations of those components containing hydroxyproline were significantly increased by this drug, although the increase in the stroma were less than those in the mucosa. These effects of aceglutamide aluminum were far more potent than those of L-glutamine at the same dose. From the above results, aceglutamide aluminum may accelerate ulcer repair by potentiating defensive factors through the increases of components forming the mucus and granuloma in ulcerated tissues. PMID- 7095656 TI - Range use of gray langurs in highland Nepal. AB - A 16-month study of foraging and ranging among gray langurs (Presbytis entellus) in the Nepal Himalaya revealed that these animals range over larger areas than other gray langurs so far studied and that they show great seasonal differences in foraging and ranging. A summer monsoon and winter dry season characterize the Himalayan climate. During summer, broadleaf forest provides the basic foraging substrate for the langurs, and when its resources fail during the winter dry season, they radically shift their diet and feed largely in meadow, range over wider areas, use their range more evenly and make longer day journeys. It is hypothesized that the ability of the langurs to make these changes in response to the dry season is vital to their survival at the study site. PMID- 7095655 TI - [Changes of blood pressure and regional blood flow in SART rats and drug actions on these changes (author's transl)]. AB - In order to investigate the function of the circulatory system in SART rats, systolic blood pressure and regional arterial blood flow were examined. It was found in SART stressed rats that the blood pressure was about 10 mmHg lower than that of the non-stressed group on the 6th day of stressing and after stressing, and such low blood pressure was maintained for several days. SART rats showed a decrease in the average blood flow value in the common carotid artery, increases in the average and instantaneous maximum blood flow values in the superior mesenteric artery, and the instantaneous maximum blood flow value in the abdominal aorta had a tendency to increase, though little changes were observed in the renal and the femoral arteries. It was suggested by flow contours that there was hardening in the vessel walls of the common carotid artery and the abdominal aorta, and softening in the superior mesenteric artery. SART stress induced hypotension was further decreased by a single dose of guanethidine, clonidine, or hydralazine, but not by neurotropin. Continuous preadministration of neurotropin prevented the SART stress-induced hypotension and changes in blood flow. From the above mentioned results, the sympathetic nerve may be thought to be decreased in tension, or be depressed, in the circulatory system of SART rats. PMID- 7095658 TI - Cytogenetic study of a Cercopithecus pogonias grayi x Cercopithecus mona mona hybrid. AB - The G- and C-banded karyotypes of hybrid born of the cross between a male Cercopithecus pogonias grayi (2 n = 72 XY) and a female C. mona mona (2 n = 68 XX) are reported. The chromosome number is 2 n = 70 and equals half the total number of parental chromosomes. A correlation between the hybrid karyotype and those of its parents is proposed. The typical autosomes of C. pogonia grayi are again found in the young hybrids. PMID- 7095660 TI - Immature male and adult male interactions in bisexual langur (Presbytis entellus) troops. AB - One bisexual troop of langurs (Presbytis entellus) was intensively investigated for 32 months at the Junbesi-Ringmo study site in Nepal. Observations occurred during three separate studies and span a period of 6 years. All members of the study troop could be individually recognized throughout the three studies. During this investigation data were collected on immature male (from birth to 5 years of age) social relations with adult males. Social relations between these two classes of males varied both in type and in frequency of behaviors displayed. During the first study, when the troop was predominantly multi-male, young males directed various tense behaviors toward adult males. Monthly rates of occurrence of such behaviors fluctuated and showed a positive correlation with rates of agonistic behaviors between adult males. In contrast, interactions between the adult and immature males were considerably more relaxed during the second and third studies when the troop had but 1 adult male. Based on the results of these studies, and data evaluated from other studies of P. entellus, it is hypothesized that the frequency and patterning of interactions between adult males affect adult male relations with young males. PMID- 7095659 TI - On the life history of a female greater galago, Galago agisymbanus Coquerel, 1859, in captivity. PMID- 7095657 TI - Ontogenetic changes in the bony labyrinth of Macaca mulatta. PMID- 7095661 TI - Feeding and ranging in the agile gibbon. PMID- 7095662 TI - Color vision in the spider monkey (Ateles). AB - Spectral sensitivity and color vision were investigated in 2 spider monkeys (Ateles) using a forced-choice discrimination paradigm. The increment-threshold spectral sensitivity functions of both animals were very similar to those of normal human trichromats; all had three regions of peak sensitivity located at 440-460, 520-540, and 670-620 nm. However, color vision tests (neutral point, anomaloscope, and wavelength discrimination) indicated that at least two qualitatively different types of color vision exist among spider monkeys. The female tested had essentially normal trichromatic color vision (although her anomaloscope match was shifted slightly in the deutan direction) with acute wavelength discrimination. The male, however, was clearly a protanomalous trichromat. He required much more red light in a red/green mixture to match a standard yellow than did normal trichromats. This variation in color vision is discussed in the context of an analogous variation known to exist among other South American monkeys. PMID- 7095663 TI - A comparison of mother and nonmother behaviors during birth season in two species of captive macaques. AB - 9 adult rhesus macaque females (Macaca mulatta) and 7 adult bonnet macaque females (Macaca radiata) were observed during the birth season to identify possible differences between mothers and nonmothers in time budgets and social interactions. Rhesus mothers spent less time moving, feeding, grooming others and aiding others than rhesus nonmothers did. Bonnet mothers spent less time resting and moving, but more time in huddling groups than bonnet nonmothers did. Mothers of both species were approached more than nonmothers, and fed more often near others. The presence of a dependent infant not only alters female time budgets, but also changes social interactions between adult females and other group members. PMID- 7095664 TI - Psychiatric consultations at medical and surgical wards: the role of psychiatric consultant. AB - A one-year survey was conducted on the psychiatric consultation work at Kyushu University Hospital. It was found that an organic brain syndrome was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis of the referred patients. The most frequent purpose of request for psychiatric consultations was for the management of the patient. The main consultant functions were diagnoses and to advise on the management of the patient. The consultant functions agreed with the purposes of request in many cases, but discrepancies between the two were found about the patient disposition. The nature of the consultant role was compared with some American studies. It was deemed necessary that consultation-liaison psychiatry based on Japan's present conditions, medical and social, should be developed. PMID- 7095665 TI - Comparison of sleep characteristics of subjects in their 70's with those in their 80's. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the effect of aging on sleep. All-night sleep polygrams of 15 subjects in their 70's and 11 subjects in their 80's were recorded for three consecutive nights. The increase in stage wakefulness (SW) and the decrease in stage 2 (S2) were significant in the subjects in their 80's in comparison with those in their 70's (p less than 0.05, P less than 0.01, respectively). After the age of 70, slow wave sleep decreased in the earlier part of the night and REM sleep shifted to the earlier part of the night. These facts support the hypothesis that slow wave sleep and REM sleep compete with each other. PMID- 7095666 TI - Analysis of the dream contents in Japanese college students by REMP-awakening technique. AB - An experiment was performed on 39 college students aged from 19 to 21 years using the REMP-awakening technique. The contents of 297 dreams were analyzed according to the Hall-Van de Castle scale. The recall rate was 76% (home) and 85.5% (laboratory). The dream with past experiences was 75% (home), 64.9% (laboratory) and the bizarre dream was 30.5% (home), 28.8% (laboratory) and the dream experiment was 3.6% (home) and 11.7% (laboratory). Emotional and color dreams were noted more in females than in males. Female dreamers tended to be the victim of aggressive dreams as compared with the males. In our student dreams, there were more characters and they dreamed more about food and less about movement activity than in the American students of Hall & Van de Castle. From the polygraphic records, the relation between verbal activity and submental EMG activity, the pulse rate variability and emotionality in dreams, the number of reported dreams and the amount of body movement, eye movement density and the vividness of dream contents were revealed. PMID- 7095667 TI - Slow negative potentials during problem-solving. AB - Electroencephalographic changes by solving mathematical problems were tested on 52 healthy young subjects. Slow negative potentials appeared in the frontal lobe (Fz) when the subject was asked to add numerals presented by a slide projector, multiply them and add them while hearing other addition problems through headphones. The mean amplitude of the potential was larger in multiplication and in addition while hearing other addition problems than in addition. PMID- 7095669 TI - A new method of evaluating the postimperative negative variation (PINV). AB - The PINV has been widely applied to psychiatric investigations in which the definition of its abnormality depended on the visual evaluation without giving attention to its wave form. We have developed a new method of evaluating the PINV by applying the exponential regression correlation to raw and smoothed PINVs for the amplitude of the 15 points at the intervals of 70 msec. The significant correlation between the PINV wave form and the exponential curve was observed both in the raw and smoothed PINVs. Coefficient A was positively correlated with the PINV duration quantified by a visual measurement. Coefficients A and B had the negative and positive correlation with the CNV magnitude. The findings obtained in 28 healthy subjects suggest that the PINV may correlate to the CNV magnitude. PMID- 7095668 TI - Normal-mirrored letter recognition, same-different judgment and cerebral dominance. AB - Either normal or mirror images of Kana, Kanji and capital letters were presented tachistoscopically in a left or right visual field, and then normal letters were flashed simultaneously at the fixation point. Subjects were trained to give same (formula: see text) or different (formula: see text) judgments to pairs of stimuli. Reaction time (RT) and percentage of errors (PE) were measured. Generally, normal letters with same judgments revealed a right field advantage, while with different judgments, there were not significant laterality differences. In the case of mirrored letters, each of two judgments showed no lateral asymmetries for each kind of letters excepting a left field advantage for mirrored Kana words with different judgments. PE methods tended to produce a right field advantage more consistently than did RT methods. PMID- 7095670 TI - Melancholia and excessive CNV recovery after nonresponse condition. AB - The effect of nonresponse on the Cz-CNV recovery was studied in 13 depressed patients on the hypothesis that the excessive CNV recovery had a relation to melancholia. The depressed patients had a significantly small Control CNV area before the nonresponse as compared with a matched group of healthy controls. The dysthymic patients by the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) showed a significantly smaller Control CNV area than the non-dysthymic patients. Melancholic patients who met the DSM-III criteria had a significantly longer control reaction time and more excessive CNV recovery than the non-melancholics. The excessive CNV recovery is useful as a predictor for melancholia, and the motivational facilitation and preparatory motor inhibition underlying the psychomotor retardation and hence "endogenous process" were discussed. PMID- 7095671 TI - Two autopsy cases of Pick's disease with neurofibrillary tangles. AB - Two cases of presenile dementia were presented. Both showed "stehende Redensarten" and aphasia. Histopathologically, besides Pick features--temporal lobe atrophy, fibrillary gliosis of the temporal white matter and neuronal loss in the 2--3 cortical layers--, Alzheimer features--neurofibrillary tangles and granulo-vacuolar degeneration--were found in both cases. But no senile plaques were found. Pseudocalcerous deposits were observed in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Atypical cases with both Pick's and Alzheimer's diseases in the literature were classified into four groups according to the extent of the features of each disease. Sensory aphasia, which is relatively unusual in Pick's disease, was correlated to the atrophy of left T1, and similar cases in the literature were reviewed. PMID- 7095672 TI - Collagen diseases affecting the foot. AB - This article classifies various forms of arthritis which may affect the foot. Osteoarthritis of the foot usually involves the first metatarsophalangeal joint or the ankle, the latter usually being secondary to prior trauma. Secondary osteoarthritis of the foot is frequently due to Charcot destruction which is usually secondary to diabetic neuropathy. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies include ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. The three variants of psoriatic arthritis of the foot are also discussed. PMID- 7095673 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis in the foot and ankle--diagnosis, pathology, and treatment. The relationship between foot and ankle deformity and disease duration in 50 patients. PMID- 7095674 TI - Enzymic hydrolysis of tissues before XAD-2 extraction in poisoning cases. AB - Samples of blood, liver and brain taken from 13 cases of fatal poisoning with barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazines and anticonvulsants were digested with trypsin and beta-glucuronidase. The concentrations of drugs were higher in hydrolyzed livers in barbiturate and phenothiazine poisonings. In the case of diazepam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, amitriptyline, imipramine and chloroprothixene poisonings the results obtained after enzymic hydrolysis were the same or worse than in controls. The blood levels of drugs in non-fatal poisonings with diazepam, doxepin and chlorpromazine were similar in samples digested with trypsin and in controls. All samples were extracted with Amberlite XAD-2 resin by XAD-2 Bag technique. PMID- 7095675 TI - The elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) at induced hypothermia. PMID- 7095676 TI - Reye's syndrome presenting as atypical sudden infant death syndrome? PMID- 7095677 TI - A suggested classification of bite marks in foodstuffs in forensic dental analysis. AB - Bite marks have been reported in flesh, foodstuffs and inanimate objects. Those in foodstuffs occur widely in cases of larceny but also occur in serious crimes such as murder. Evaluation of distinctive characteristics in food bites differs from the corresponding assessment of flesh bite marks in that the assessment is made on the impression made by the labial aspect of the teeth and not on the biting edge, because the teeth penetrate the bitten foods to different depths. The terminology used to describe food bite marks is very varied and a classification of food bites has been formulated in an effort to bring a degree of uniformity to the analysis of such marks. PMID- 7095678 TI - Sudden and suspicious deaths outside the deceased's own country--time for an international protocol. AB - Increased leisure time, international business commitments, and ease of travel have led to an increased incidence of sudden deaths outside the deceased's own country. Methods of investigation of sudden death, and the extent of such enquiries, vary greatly from country to country. The relatives of the decreased frequently make serious allegations relating to the circumstances of the death when they return to their homeland, and when the body is repatriated, a local pathologist may be directed to make an examination. This is frequently limited by inadequate police information, inadequate preservation of the organs and the absence of any autopsy report. Examples of these difficulties are presented, and suggestions offered for a basic protocol for the examination and report upon the death of a foreign national. Following the presentation of this paper at the International Association of Forensic Sciences Meeting in Bergen, considerable discussion took place and there have been further developments in the United Kingdom. These are briefly reported. PMID- 7095680 TI - The identification of Linda Agostini. The significance of dental evidence in the Albury 'pyjama girl' case. A case report. AB - The discovery in 1934 of the badly burned, pyjama clad body of a young woman protruding from a roadside culvert near Albury, N.S.W., led to one of the largest investigations in the history of Australian crime. Two simple errors, made by a local dentist with no previous experience in forensic odontology called by the police to examine the teeth of the victim, resulted in a delay in identification for 10 years. This paper examines the background of the odontological evidence which ultimately led to the identification of the victim and the conviction of the offender. PMID- 7095679 TI - The falsification of an odontogram. AB - In March 1979, the putrified corpse of a naked female person, wrapped in plastic bags, was discovered in a mountainous region of Switzerland. Identification was difficult as the victim's husband had falsified the odontogram given to him by his wife's dentist for the use of the Swiss police. This exceptional case stands as proof that, if the dental expert receives information directly through close relatives of the victim, it is absolutely essential for him to know the treating dentist's name enabling him to obtain, if necessary, complementary information, such as X-ray pictures, detailed description of dental care provided, etc. as well as confirmation of what he had been told. In the above mentioned case, the falsification was finally discovered and the victim was identified by means of cross-checking on information as described. PMID- 7095682 TI - Toxicological findings in deaths due to ingestion of pentazocine: a report of two cases. AB - Two cases of fatal suicidal ingestion of pentazocine are presented. Toxicological findings in these deaths are compared to those of twelve similar pentazocine fatalities gleaned from various compilation of toxicology data. Pentazocine blood and liver concentrations in the presented cases were 3.3 and 9.2 mg/l, and 34 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Blood and liver concentrations in references cases ranged from 0.8 - 38 mg/l and 3 - 197 mg/kg, respectively. The interpretation of toxicology findings following the ingestion of pentazocine is discussed. PMID- 7095681 TI - Fatal poisoning with sodium chloride. PMID- 7095683 TI - Frequency of azoospermia. PMID- 7095684 TI - [Surgical cancer therapy]. PMID- 7095685 TI - [Aneurysms of the arterial vascular system]. AB - Complications of aortic aneurysms are perforation, penetration and embolization. Complications of left ventricular aneurysms are left heart failure and arrhythmias. Letality of emergency operations of aortic aneurysms is much higher than in scheduled operations. Therefore indication for aneurysm resection is necessary as soon as possible. In case of left ventricula aneurysms indication depends on staunch of left heart failure and/or arrhythmias. PMID- 7095686 TI - [Postoperative peritonitis. Patients, causes, therapy, prognosis]. AB - 1. The most frequent causes of postoperative peritonitis are circumscribed abscesses, the postoperative ileus and the anastomotic leakage or breakdown of the digestive suture. 2. The mortality is 33%; procedures in upper abdominal surgery are accompanied by higher mortality than in colorectal surgery in cases of postoperative peritonitis. 3. The most frequent cause of death after reoperation is the generalized sepsis. 4. A mixed flora of spores are found in most cases; obligate anaerobic spores are found mostly after colorectal procedures, while typical "hospitalized spores" were present equally after all surgical treatment in abdomen. 5. Method of treatment is: early surgical reintervention, systemic application of antibiotics, peritoneal lavage in generalized peritonitis, sufficient drainage in local peritonitis and the open wound-treatment of the abdominal cavage in severe forms. PMID- 7095688 TI - [Osteoid osteoma]. PMID- 7095687 TI - [Therapy of basal cell carcinoma in the anorectal region]. AB - Based on own experiences in handling a basal cell carcinoma of the junctional zone of the anal canal and in addition to the literature the following therapy is recommended: 1. Operation according to the criteria of anal carcinoma surgery (abdomino-perineal resection); 2. additional radiation therapy in cases of speech indication; 3. follow-up by periodical ambulant controls as it is practised after colorectal carcinoma operations. PMID- 7095689 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism. Clinical course and results of operative therapy]. AB - Between 1974 and 1981 27 patients underwent parathyroid exploration for hyperparathyroidism at the Department of Surgery, University of Cologne. 18 patients could be reexamined postoperatively. Parathormone levels, serum calcium, serum phosphates and alkaline phosphatase in serum were measured. Recurrence of hyperparathyroidism did not occur. In our patients the excision of a single parathyroid adenoma and subtotal respectively total parathyroidectomy for parathyroid hyperplasia was the adequate therapy of hyperparathyroidism. Up to 82 months postoperatively the patients were without complaints. The determination of parathormone is an important factor in the follow-up program. PMID- 7095690 TI - [Carcinogenesis following vagotomy. Experimental long-term animal studies]. AB - The risk of carcinoma in the stomach after non resecting surgery is not yet clear, because 12 to 14 years of clinical follow ups after vagotomy and especially selective proximal vagotomy are not long enough. Our experimental long term studies showed for the first time carcinoma in animals after vagotomy without application of a carcinogen. Due to the the operation and probably to carcinogenesis are atrophy of the mucosa, achlorhydria and ulcer as well as duodeno-gastric-reflux after drainage-operation and the lesion by the operation itself, in different and varying extents. Observing the cautious reservations needed for transferring experimental results to human conditions, vagotomy is no longer an operation out of competition compared with gastric resections, especially when a drainage-operation must be done. Careful postoperative and clinical surveillance including endoscopy and biopsy after vagotomy is necessary after resections of the stomach. PMID- 7095691 TI - [Breast enlargement with silastic prosthesis. Critical results 6 years later]. AB - 68 patients have undergone augmentation mammaplasties in the last 6 years in our Dept. of Surgery. 15 reoperations (capsulotomy, capsulectomy, change of the implant) had been necessary. We observed unfavorable results causing patient dissatisfaction in 22%, mostly due to capsular contracture. It should be mentioned that satisfaction was much greater in the group of unilateral hypoplasia (10 cases). Reoperation have not been necessary in this group. The range of indications for augmentation mammaplasties should be limited. PMID- 7095692 TI - [The mass migration in which we live]. PMID- 7095693 TI - [Schistosomiasis. Problems and successes]. PMID- 7095694 TI - [Enteral yersiniosis--a serious disease? Current knowledge of clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy]. AB - Enteral yersiniosis is caused either by Y. enterocolitica 0-group I (syn. serotype 0:3) and 0-group V (syn. serotype 0:9) or Y. pseudotuberculosis type I VI. The clinical symptoms are mostly like enteritis, enterocolitis, acute abdomen, mesenteric lymphadenitis, or ileitis terminalis. Post-infection reactions are possible like septicemia, arthritis and erythema nodosum. Only cultural and serological examinations confirm the diagnosis of enteral yersiniosis. In the judgement of serological results it is necessary to consider the cross-reactions of Y. enterocolitica 0-group V to Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis and also to the antigenic community of Y. pseudotuberculosis type II respectively IV to Salmonella group B respectively D. With exception of septicemia, it is not necessary to treat enteral yersiniosis with antibiotics. PMID- 7095695 TI - [Color changes in the nails in medical diagnosis. 2. Black-brown and other discolorations]. PMID- 7095696 TI - [Effect of Solubitrat on the excretion of so-called urinary calculus-forming factors]. PMID- 7095697 TI - [Social pharmacology, its macrosystemic aspects]. PMID- 7095699 TI - [Necrobiosis lipoidica]. AB - The most important morphological aspects and pathogenesis of necrobiosis lipoidica concerning histological and clinical aspects are reported. In case of diabetes we find more frequently necrobiosis lipoidica localized out of the shank than in cases of necrobiosis lipoidica without diabetes. Necrobiosis lipoidica must be differentiated from granulomatosis disciformis, localized scleroderma and atrophy of the skin of another origin. Beside normalization of diabetes and application of corticosteroids physical and surgical treatment is recommended. PMID- 7095698 TI - [Platelet function inhibition and anticoagulation in coronary, cerebral and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. 2. Secondary prevention]. AB - Primary prevention of arterial occlusive disease consists in the elimination of the risk factors. In the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction the inhibition of platelet aggregation by drugs seems to be useful. Anticoagulation seems to be of benefit for a limited period. There is a good effect of antiplatelet drugs in the treatment of asymptomatic stenosis of the carotid artery and in the prophylaxis of relapses of transient ischaemic attacks in the carotid system in males, but not in females. For peripheral arterial disease, we see an indication for long-term therapy with antiplatelet drugs. For severe stenoses in critical localization anticoagulation is primarily preferable. For the pre-and after-treatment of the percutaneous catheter recanalization antiplatelet drugs are superior. There seems to be a differential indication in the prophylaxis of thrombosis after vascular surgery: for antiplatelet drugs after endarteriectomy and for anticoagulation after bypass operation. PMID- 7095700 TI - [Dietetic assistants in a a medicine. Changes in a profession in the course of time]. PMID- 7095701 TI - [General medicine--attempt at a definition (II)]. PMID- 7095702 TI - [Chronic lymphedema]. PMID- 7095703 TI - [Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 7095704 TI - [Gram negative infection of the axilla]. AB - Report on a 58-year-old woman with eczema-like lesions in both axillae. The lesions had been treated as a mycotic infection, but no fungi grew in the cultures. There was massive growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa, and some few colonies of B-streptococci were found. The lesions disappeared two weeks after treatment with gentamycin and water dressings. The disease is reported as "gram negative infection of the axillae" because its clinical and anamnestic features are similar to those of the so-called "gram negative infection of the feet". PMID- 7095705 TI - [Intrauterine contraception. Risks, indications, trends]. AB - Intrauterine contraception is used by approximately 1 million fertile women in Germany. IUDs work through various factors, i.e. impaired activity of spermatozoa, defects in the lining surface epithelium of the endometrium, and inhibitory effects towards the blastocyst itself. The main risks of intrauterine contraception are perforation of the uterus at the time of insertion, irregular bleedings, ascending infections and ectopic pregnancies. If intrauterine pregnancy occurs despite the presence of an IUD (2-4%), the rate of abortion is considerably high. In few those cases septic sequelae may complicate the spontaneous abortion. After the removal of the IUD of any type fertility immediately returns to normal with the exception of cases suffering from inflammatory complications in association with an IUD in situ. The indication for the application of an IUD should be seriously considered, the use of a formal sheet for informed consent is advisable. PMID- 7095706 TI - [Amniotic band syndrome as a cause of fetal malformations. Steroids not to be regarded as the cause]. AB - Term deliveries of babies with amniotic band syndrome (ABS) occur approximately at a rate of 1:5000 to 1:15,000 of all cases. The ABS can be found after obviously quite normal pregnancies as well as in cases with previous mechanical stimuli, such as amniocentesis or after attempted artificial termination of pregnancy by mechanically induced lesions. PMID- 7095707 TI - [Recommendations for improvement of drug intake]. PMID- 7095708 TI - [Fungi in the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 7095711 TI - [Suspected rape. Complication of examination methods by specialists]. PMID- 7095709 TI - [Flatulence]. PMID- 7095710 TI - [Plastic cements in the treatment of malignant bone tumors. Experimental and clinical studies]. PMID- 7095712 TI - [Effect of vincamine on blood viscosity]. AB - Pervincamine has been launched since several years for the therapy of cardiovascular disease. As the mechanism of efficacy is not known very well it has been investigated whether the substance has a favorable influence on the rheology of the blood in in vitro studies. The addition of different concentrations of Pervincamin to normoosmolar blood samples showed no change of the rheology of blood in vitro. Under hyperosmolar loading conditions as they can be found comparatively in the blood of the microcirculation of an ischemic working muscle, a statistically significant improvement of the filtration of erythrocytes can be found which is largely due to an improvement of the flexibility of the erythrocyte. These investigations show that Pervincamin effects favorably rheological properties under certain conditions. Further analyses are necessary in order to elucidate the relation between cerebrovascular insufficiency on one hand and the vincamin induced improvement of rheology on the other. PMID- 7095713 TI - [A positive Tensilon test in hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095715 TI - [Multiple sclerosis as mortality diagnosis in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095714 TI - [Central motor and extrapyramidal side effects under therapy with antidepressants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095716 TI - [The isolated olfactory hallucinosis and the olfactory hallucinations in the endogenous psychoses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095717 TI - [The effects of combined chemotherapy (adriamycin/VM/26/CCNU) in brian tumours in adults and animal experiments (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095718 TI - [Influence of protein content on total CSF protein (author's transl)]. AB - The influence of the protein content of nutrition on the total protein of the cerebrospinal fluid was examined in 24 neurological patients showing neither inflammatory diseases nor diseases where a rise of the total protein in the CSF can be expected. 14 patients were at random separated into two groups and received either a high protein or a low protein isocaloric diet for seven days. The then observed changes in the total protein content of the CSF between both groups were significant. In ten other patients whose total protein content of the first lumbal puncture was beneath 35 or above 55 mg% the observed changes after high protein or low protein diet were more pronounced, the farther a value was situated from the normal range. It is asked if the "normal range" has not to be defined depending on the protein uptake with nutrition. PMID- 7095719 TI - [The Capgras symptom (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095721 TI - [Disorders of voluntary eyelid movements (author's transl)]. AB - Isolated disturbances of voluntary lid movements are a symptom which has been rarely described, and to which widely differing labels have been applied. Three different symptoms can be described from the cases reported in the literature: disorder of voluntary lid closing and/or opening, cortical ptosis, and inability to keep the eyes closed for more than a few seconds ("motor impersistance"). This last symptom can be considered as an unspecific sign of brain-damage. For the disturbance of voluntary lid opening/closure, the term "cortical palsy" of lid movements is proposed. Thus this symptom can be differentiated from other supranuclear disorders of lid movements where reflectory and/or spontaneous lid movements are also impaired. As in all cases reported, the elementary motility of the eyelids (opening and closure) is impaired, it is not possible to ascertain whether a lid-apraxia is present. PMID- 7095720 TI - [Quantitative studies on stereoesthesia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095722 TI - [CSF-protein in neuromyelitis optica (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095724 TI - [Modification of radiation damages (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095723 TI - [The value of anamnestic and clinical data and of findings obtained via medical apparatus in brain tumour diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095726 TI - [A clinical study on dwarfism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095725 TI - [Changes in lactic acid contents in metastatic liver tumors and normal liver tissues in rats following glucose administration into hepatic artery]. PMID- 7095727 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular function by dynamic exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. PMID- 7095728 TI - [Exercise testing in patients with valvular heart disease or with prosthetic valve replacement (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095729 TI - [The role of ergometric studies in arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. PMID- 7095730 TI - [Plasma catecholamines and hemodynamics in patients with heart failure (author's transl)]. AB - Plasma catecholamines and hemodynamic were assessed in 32 patients with heart failure of varying degrees due to coronary artery disease as well as in twelve healthy control subjects. The studies employed the use of a (Swan-Ganz) semi floating, balloon-tipped, thermodilution catheter during supine bicycle ergometry at incremented workloads (except in four patients with overt symptoms at heart failure at rest). As compared with control subjects, the patients showed increases in radiologically-determined cardiac volumes, right atrial, right ventricular, pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures proportionately expressing increasing degrees of severity and, accordingly, decreasing values of cardiac output and stroke volume as well as a severity dependent tendency to increasingly rapid heart rates. Similarly, as compared with control subjects, catecholamine concentrations increased in proportion with the pathologic elevation of pressures and inversely proportional to the cardiac output. With respect to a given catecholamine concentration, the patients showed a severity-dependent decrease in cardiac output, as an expression of the degree of functional myocardial impairment, as well as a lower heart rate and higher total peripheral resistance (at the same catecholamine level). The heart rate reduction at the same catecholamine concentration may be due to a reduced adrenergic receptor sensitivity. PMID- 7095732 TI - Follow-up of treated adult celiac disease: clinical and morphological studies. AB - A follow-up study of 18 patients with celiac disease is reported. Adherence to the diet, blood chemistry and serum amino acid concentration were investigated in all patients. In addition, HLA blood group typing was performed. Ten patients agreed to undergo jejunal biopsy, xylose test and X-ray of the small intestine. The jejunal mucosa showed no complete restitution even in patients on a strict diet and function tests were abnormal, too. In this study HLA typing demonstrated an association with HLA-B8, HLA-DR3, and HLA-DR7. The results of the follow-up study are discussed with special reference to therapeutic aim and definition of therapeutic success of the gluten-free diet. In addition, a case of jejunal adenocarcinoma complicating celiac disease is presented. PMID- 7095731 TI - [Transvenous retrieval of endocardial pacemaker electrode fragments (author's transl)]. AB - The management of septicemia associated with an infected endocardial pacemaker lead prerequisites removal of the latter nidus. If the infected electrode cannot be manually withdrawn, continuous traction may be employed. Should this attempted fail or should the severed end of the electrode fragment be inaccessible to a superficial approach, thoracotomy may be necessary. As an alternative procedure, we have successfully removed infected electrode fragments from three patients with septicemia by use of a Dotter retrieval catheter monitored with biplane fluoroscopy. The septicemia was subsequently irradiated in all cases. PMID- 7095735 TI - Left hepatic lobe atrophy and partial Budd-Chiari syndrome in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. AB - The unusual association of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, atrophy of the left hepatic lobe and endophlebitis of the left hepatic vein (partial Budd-Chiari-Syndrome) has been observed in a 72-year-old male. The atrophy of the left hepatic lobe was diagnosed by liver scanning and laparoscopy. The patient's condition finally deteriorated and he died in a chronic form of hepatic coma. At autopsy the right hepatic vein, the branches of the portal vein and the extrahepatic bile ducts were normal. The left hepatic vein showed the histological picture of an organized endophlebitis of indeterminate age. PMID- 7095734 TI - Differences in sulfated glycosaminoglycans composition of the gastrointestinal mucosa. AB - Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (SGAG) composition of normal mucosa of esophagus, gastric body, antrum, duodenum, jejunum and rectum is reported. Each region examined may be defined by specific sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributions showing variations in relative proportions and total amount of heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 4, 6-sulfate. The results are discussed in the light of a recent proposal regarding the role of these compounds in cell-cell recognition and stimulation of cell division. The methodology made it possible to detect sulfated glycosaminoglycans from small amounts of tissue obtained by endoscopic biopsies. PMID- 7095733 TI - Gastrin secretion in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. AB - Gastrin (1--17) concentration was estimated under basal conditions in 12 menstruating women, and 42 women with normal pregnancy. In 10 women with normal pregnancy this hormone was also measured 10 days after delivery. In addition, gastrin was determined after stimulation with a standard protein meal in 7 menstruating women, 12 women with normal pregnancy and 14 women with complicated pregnancies. Umbilical vein blood levels of gastrin were also determined in 5 cases while, in 3 women serial hormone estimations were carried out for 24 hours after normal delivery. The mean (+/- SEM) basal gastrin concentration was 36.1 +/ 2.9 pg/ml in the productive and 45.4 +/- 2.0 in the secretory phase of the cycle (p less than 0.02). The mean basal concentration in normal pregnancy (60.4 +/- 5.4) was higher than that of the normal cycle as a whole (p less than 0.001), showed no significant variations related to the progress of pregnancy, and fell to normal cycle levels after delivery (42.1 +/- 2.9). In complicated pregnancies the mean hormone concentration (47.0 +/- 2.3) was lower than that of normal pregnancies (p less than 0.05) and similar to that of the secretory phase of the cycle. Gastrin responses to protein meal were similar in all 3 groups studied, with maximal concentration at 30 min, and a gradual decline thereafter. Umbilical vein blood levels of gastrin were generally higher than in maternal circulation but not significantly so. Serial estimations of gastrin after delivery failed to show any uniform pattern of changes. It is concluded that variations of gastrin secretion related to the phase of the menstrual cycle or the reproductive state may occur in women. PMID- 7095736 TI - Exocrine pancreatic function in patients with dyspepsia. AB - The exocrine pancreatic function was studied in 460 patients suffering from dyspepsia (defined as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, and/or weight loss) by measuring the duodenal concentrations of amylase and lipase after a test meal (Lundh test). In 159 of the patients (35 per cent) a reduced pancreatic function was found. In 143 out of these a diagnosis of possible or verified chronic pancreatitis was made. In about half of these 143 patients, the diagnosis chronic pancreatitis was clinically unexpected. Consequently, chronic pancreatitis is to be suspected as a cause of dyspepsia when more usual causes have been excluded. PMID- 7095737 TI - Percutaneous decompression of an intraintestinal balloon--case report. AB - A study was designed in order to determine whether waterfilled intragastric balloons are superior to airfilled balloons for facilitating weight reduction. In the first volunteer the small intestine was obstructed by the dislocated waterfilled balloon. This complication was successfully treated by transabdominal fine needle puncture of the balloon. In contrast to airfilled balloons waterfilled balloons offer two advantages: water does not escape through the very thin wall of the balloon; the intraabdominal location of a waterfilled balloon is easily checked by sonography. PMID- 7095738 TI - Normal hepatic vitamin-D metabolism in icteric primary biliary cirrhosis associated with pronounced vitamin-D deficiency symptoms. AB - The intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of vitamin D were studied in a woman with icteric primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) complicated by pronounced bone pain and muscle weakness due to vitamin-D deficiency. The patient had a markedly reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin D, while the 25-hydroxylation of this vitamin was found to be normal despite the presence of longstanding icterus. The malabsorption of fat-soluble compounds secondary to the cholestasis was probably further impaired by several years of cholestyramine treatment. Administration of 1.25-(OH)2D3 increased intestinal calcium absorption, normalized serum calcium and increased bone mineral content of the proximal tibia. Furthermore, drastic improvement of muscle weakness and relief of bone pain were observed. It is recommended that repeated measurements of serum 25-(OH)D should be carried out in patients with PBC, and especially in those treated with cholestyramine. In certain vitamin D deficient patients, studies using radio-labelled vitamin D may provide clinically valuable information as to the exact site of the underlying disturbances. PMID- 7095739 TI - Erythrocyte concentration of glycolytic phosphorylated intermediates and adenosine nucleotides in subjects with diabetes mellitus. AB - We determined erythrocyte concentration of phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates and adenosine nucleotides in 9 non-ketotic diabetics under different conditions of glycemic control. We showed a significant increase of G6P, F6P and FDP levels in the 9 diabetics with poor glycemic control, whereas other phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates were in the normal range. After achieving fair glycemic control G6P, F6P and FDP fell to normal value. G6P, F6P and FDP were well correlated with simultaneously determined plasma glucose. Another 5 diabetics with poor glycemic control were connected to Biostator in order to determine the time relationship between blood glucose and erythrocyte levels of G6P, F6P and FDP. We demonstrated a prompt decrease to the normal values of the phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates where blood glucose fell to normal 60-90 minutes after automatic insulin delivery. Finally, we determined RBC glycolytic intermediates in 5 subjects with normal OGTT and in 5 subjects with normal fasting plasma glucose but abnormal OGTT. In this group we observed a prompt and persistent increase of G6P, F6P and FDP levels over the three hours hyperglycemia phase which has been induced by glucose load. No significant increase was found in subjects with normal OGTT. Our results demonstrate that erythrocyte glycolytic metabolism in abnormal in diabetics, depending strictly on the degree of glycemic control. PMID- 7095740 TI - Prolactin and growth hormone responses to the serotonin antagonist, metergoline, in liver cirrhosis: further evidence for serotoninergic dysfunction. PMID- 7095742 TI - Noninvasive measurement of nutrient portal blood shunting: an experimental study with [14C]ursodeoxycholic acid. AB - All of the methods proposed for measuring portal blood flow are either invasive, estimate total rather than nutrient flow, and none has proved reliable in cirrhotic patients. A method has been derived from pharmacokinetic principles used for the calculation of bioavailability of drugs according to the route of administration (i.v. or p.o.) and tested experimentally in 20 pigs. A tracer dose of [14C]ursodeoxycholic acid, a biliary acid with a high-liver first-pass effect, is administered in the duodenum, and serial peripheral blood samples are taken. Later, the same dose of the same drug is administered i.v. The shunt fraction of portal blood F is obtained by the ratio of the areas under the plasma level vs. time curves ("AUC") after p.o. and i.v. administrations: (see formula in text). The pigs were divided into three experimental groups. (i) Group I: undisturbed portal flow; (ii) Group II: total diversion of portal blood with an end-to-side portacaval shunt, and (iii) Group III: partial diversion of portal blood through a side-to-side portacaval shunt. Portal flow was measured during surgery with an electromagnetic flowmeter above and below the shunt and the degree of shunting calculated. Results show that the shunt fraction measured with ursodeoxycholic acid is well-correlated with hemodynamic data. No overlap between Groups I and III is observed. It is concluded that the shunt fraction of nutrient portal blood can be measured with this noninvasive method. Minute amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid were used in order to be completely metabolized by the liver, even in spite of hepatocellular dysfunction. Therefore, this method should be valid in cirrhotic patients and be useful to decide the type of portasystemic shunt to propose for the decompression of gastroesophageal varices. PMID- 7095741 TI - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. AB - Forty-three patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) between 1973 and 1978 were identified. Criteria for SBP included a positive ascites culture and polymorphonuclear cell concentration greater than 250 cells per mm3. Chronic liver disease was documented by varices in 91%, severe histologic fibrosis or cirrhosis in 94%, splenomegaly in 91%, and past hospitalization for liver disease in 57% of the patients. SBP was detected within 7 days of admission in 17 patients (40%) and within 35 days in 38 patients. Single organisms were isolated from 38 patients and multiple organisms from 5 patients. Twenty-six of 43 patients survived the episode of SBP, but only 13 survived the hospitalization. Analysis of the survival curve from the onset of SBP revealed a rapid death rate and a slow death rate set of patients. Rapid death (less than or equal to 7 days from SBP onset) correlated with a lack of prior hospitalization for liver disease (p less than 0.001), hepatomegaly (p less than 0.001), increased serum bilirubin (p less than 0.005), serum creatinine (p less than 0.05), and peripheral white blood cell concentrations (p less than 0.05). Survival during hospitalization was associated with prior hospitalization with liver disease (p less than 0.001) and chills during the episode of SBP (p less than 0.001). The 43 patients were divided into Group 1 patients on the basis of a serum bilirubin greater than 8 mg% and/or serum creatinine greater than 2.1 mg%; Group 2 patients had lower values. Survival was greater in Group 2 patients with advanced, relatively quiescent liver disease compared to Group 1 patients for both the episode of SBP (91 vs. 29%; p less than 0.001) and for hospitalization (50 vs. 9%; p less than 0.05). Death in Group 2 patients was related to inadequate antibiotic therapy (p less than 0.05), nonhepatic factors, and new onset of renal failure. Although SBP in the setting of severe acute liver injury has a dismal prognosis, SBP with minimal acute liver injury has a relatively good prognosis for hospital survival even with advanced chronic liver disease. Long-term survival is also possible since 4 of 9 patients with prolonged follow-up have survived 3 years. PMID- 7095743 TI - Anticatabolic effect of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solutions in patients with liver cirrhosis. AB - An amino acid mixture rich in branched-chain amino acids and poor in aromatic amino acids was infused in six cirrhotics with altered plasma amino acid profile and normal mental state. The effect on muscle protein catabolism, as measured by urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine, was assessed during two consecutive 3-day period in which patients received the amino acid mixture alone or in a hypertonic dextrose solution. During a 3-day basal period, cirrhotics showed increased rates of 3-methylhistidine excretion as compared to six matched healthy subjects. Both treatments reduced urinary 3-methylhistidine to normal. During treatment, branched-chain amino acids failed to normalize, plasma aromatic amino acid concentrations and ammonia declined, and alanine increased. Branched-chain amino acids are mainly oxidized in skeletal muscle with production of alanine. Reduced muscle protein catabolism following amino acid infusion is consistent with the physiological role of branched-chain amino acids in suppressing protein breakdown and stimulating protein synthesis. Long-term therapy with branched-chain amino acid-enriched mixtures may prove useful in advanced cirrhotics with severe muscle wasting. PMID- 7095745 TI - Dane particle-associated hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis B e antibody. AB - A commercial radioimmunoassay was adapted to detect serum Dane particle associated HBeAg in patients whose sera contained homologous antibody. HBeAg was released from Dane particles with guanidine HCl. Dane particles were separated from anti-HBe by gel-filtration (Sepharose 4B) and ultracentrifugation of the eluate. Dane particle-HBeAg was tested in 45 HBsAg carriers with anti-HBe and was present in 8 (18%) carriers, all of whom had chronic liver disease. By contrast, HBeAg was not found in 10 carriers with normal liver histology. Serum or liver HBcAg was found in 6 of 8 patients with Dane particle-HBeAg. None of the carriers without Dane particle-HBeAg had other markers of hepatitis B virion synthesis. We conclude that Dane particle-HBeAg provides a sensitive index of active hepatitis B virus replication, a guide to the presence of chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with anti-HBe, and a noninvasive method to follow infection in these patients. PMID- 7095744 TI - Bile acid-dependent secretion of alkaline phosphatase in rat bile. AB - The role of bile acids in the biliary secretion of alkaline phosphatase was studied. Rats with external bile fistulae were drained for 4 hr. After 2 hr, bile acid secretion fell progressively. Alkaline phosphatase secretion also decreased progressively during the period of drainage, suggesting that secretion of the two components was related. Each rat was then given an i.v. infusion of the taurine conjugate of either cholate, chenodeoxycholate, or ursodeoxycholate. Alkaline phosphatase secretion increased in a dose-dependent manner as bile acid secretion was varied over and beyond the physiologic range. Each bile acid affected alkaline phosphatase secretion differently: given at 0.5 mumoles per min per 100 gm, tauroursodeoxycholate caused a 3-fold, taurocholate a 14-fold, and taurochenodeoxycholate a 75-fold increase in enzyme secretion. To determine if these findings might represent elution of canalicular enzyme by bile acids, isolated liver surface membranes were incubated with the bile acids. Like the findings in vivo, taurochenodeoxycholate was strongest and tauroursodeoxycholate weakest in removing alkaline phosphatase from the membrane. Differential centrifugation of liver surface membranes after exposure to bile acids and ultracentrifugation of bile showed that more than half of the enzyme released by the action of bile acids did not sediment at 100,000 g and, thus, could be considered soluble. These results document bile acid-dependent secretion of alkaline phosphatase in rat bile and suggest that the process involves solubilization of both membrane fragments and free enzyme from membranes lining the biliary space. PMID- 7095746 TI - Four generations of arteriohepatic dysplasia. AB - Arteriohepatic dysplasia (AHD) is a multisystem disorder which is characterized by liver, heart, eye, and bony abnormalities. A characteristic facies is also present. The etiology is not clear, and some authors have favored an in utero toxin or infection as the cause. Other reports have shown parent-to-child transmission suggesting an autosomal dominant form of inheritance. This study documents the presence of AHD characteristics in four successive generations of a single kindred. Overall, 15 of 24 members had at least some characteristics of AHD. In addition to the usual findings, renal disease, a small flat face on lateral X-ray, and mild conductive hearing loss were frequently noted in this kindred. Physiological studies on one member revealed a normal bromosulfophthalein Tm and S but a late rise in plasma bromosulfophthalein and indocyanine green. This study strongly supports an autosomal dominant form of transmission for the AHD syndrome. The ease of determining the eye, bone, and heart abnormalities should simplify genetic studies of other patients' families. In addition, because these characteristics are recognizable at birth, documenting their presence in a jaundiced neonate should spare the infant unnecessary and potentially dangerous surgery to rule out extrahepatic obstruction, especially if one or more family members demonstrate the same abnormalities. PMID- 7095747 TI - Polycystic liver disease: a study of cyst fluid constituents. AB - Cyst fluid from a patient with polycystic liver disease was obtained by needle aspiration using ultrasound guidance. The constituents of the fluid resembled the "bile salt-independent" fraction of human bile and supports the hypothesis that such cysts are lined by a functioning, secretory bile duct epithelium. PMID- 7095748 TI - The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis. AB - The liver is affected in up 50 to 75% of compromised hosts with disseminated Candida albicans infection who come to autopsy. The antemortem diagnosis of hepatic candidiasis is rarely made. Blood cultures are negative in approximately 50% of cases, and biochemical parameters of hepatic injury may be of nonspecific value. Additionally, the more commonly seen renal, cardiac, and respiratory involvement may overshadow the hepatic lesion. In a review of 17 autopsy series of disseminated candidiasis, 92 cases with hepatic involvement were identified for a mean prevalence of 13.7%. Hepatic granulomas and microabscesses were the two most common histological lesions attributable to Candida. Inflammatory aggregates, centrilobular congestion, bile stasis, and fatty change were seen less frequently. The diagnosis should be suspected in any compromised host with unexplained fever with or without elevated alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin levels. The diagnosis can be made by percutaneous needle biopsy or at laparoscopy in a majority of cases. Early treatment with Amphotericin is associated with prolonged survival. PMID- 7095751 TI - Prothrombin and vitamin K revisited. PMID- 7095750 TI - Acidic ascitic fluid: a leap forward (or a step?). PMID- 7095752 TI - Rates of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) uptake by hepatocytes from fed and fasted rats. PMID- 7095749 TI - Hepatic vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of blood-clotting proteins. PMID- 7095753 TI - Structural similarities among gastrointestinal hormones and related active peptides. AB - The amino acid sequences of gastrointestinal hormones were compared in fragments of variable spans. Similarities within each of three peptide groups are extensive, but non-unique alignments were also noticed in the glucagon group. Use of different spans demonstrated that structural similarities are unevenly distributed in the gastrin family. Correct phasing was detected even for proteins with few identities and multi-shifted alignments (alcohol dehydrogenases). Tests for alignments among different groups of peptides revealed similarities between bombesin and glucagon or secretin, as well as between caerulein and litorin. Recently determined extended structures suggested the presence of a few deletions/insertions close to the middle of the molecules (two such positions missing in the gastrin-releasing peptide in relation to glucagon). The alignments appear to structurally link large groups of peptide hormones and active peptides. Similarities concentrate in the C-terminal parts, and gaps in the middle. These facts are consistent with known correlations with bioactivities. They also suggest the possibility of evolutionary connections among different peptides as well as corresponding relationships among their receptors. PMID- 7095754 TI - [Simple purification of acetonitrile for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of peptides and proteins (author's transl)]. AB - We report a simple method of purifying commercially available acetonitrile by column chromatography over aluminium oxide (neutral). The absorption at 220 nm or 230 nm is decreased to values (A = 0.03) which provide a constant baseline in high performance liquid chromatography: the analyses of proteins and peptides area easier. PMID- 7095756 TI - Tryptophan metabolism by a papaverine-degrading Nocardia sp. AB - Tryptophan catabolism was studied in a papaverine-degrading Nocardia sp. L Tryptophan degradation follows the quinoline route via kynurenic acid. 5-(2 Carboxyethyl)-4,6-dihydroxypicolinic acid was isolated as a kynurenic acid metabolite. Mutants were induced with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A mutant was isolated, which accumulated 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid. There is no relationship between kynurenic acid degradation and papaverine degradation. All kynurenic acid mutants were able to use papaverine as a carbon source and all papaverine mutants could be grown at the expense of kynurenic acid. PMID- 7095755 TI - Hemocyanins in spiders, XVII. A presumptive active-site sequence of arthropod hemocyanins. AB - Peptides containing the sequence -His-His-Trp-His-Trp-His- have been isolated from the subunits e and a of tarantula (Eurypelma californicum) hemocyanin and III B of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin. In view of the published spectroscopic and titration data on the copper-polypeptide complex and the strong quenching effect of oxygenation on hemocyanin fluorescence, it is concluded that this sequence represents the major part of the active site of Eurypelma, Limulus, and possibly other arthropod hemocyanins. PMID- 7095757 TI - Determination of bradykinin, kallidin and Met-Lys-bradykinin by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high performance liquid chromatography system was developed for the quantitative separation and determination of bradykinin, kallidin and Met-Lys bradykinin using a reversed-phase column (Nucleosil 5 C8) and an isocratic buffer system. The lower limit of detection is 20 pmol for bradykinin. The intra variation coefficient of the assay is between 1.8 and 5.7%. The recovery of bradykinin is higher than 96%. Addition of human serum albumin to the assay system in a concentration of 40% lead to a remarkable reduction of the detectable kinin level, which indicates an adsorption of kinins to serum albumin. PMID- 7095758 TI - Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine is acylated when it reacts with acyl-chymotrypsin. AB - Tris [Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine] was found to participate directly in the deacylation of acyl-chymotrypsin formed when the enzymes hydrolyses specific substrates. The acyl-Tris compound formed in this reaction is a less specific substrate and may give rise to product inhibiton kinetics. Only uncharged Tris was found to be a (nucleophilic) deacylating reagent for the acyl-enzyme and as such better than H2O and methanol. More than 50% and 10% of the acyl groups of the initial substrate could be transferred to Tris at pH 9 (0.17M Tris) and pH 8 (0.06M Tris), respectively. This indicates that Tris may interfere in all enzyme mechanisms involving acyl-enzymes. PMID- 7095759 TI - Benign neural invasion in vasitis nodosa. AB - Three instances of invasion of nerves of the spermatic cord by benign proliferative ductules of the vas deferens following vasectomy are reported. This phenomenon occurred in association with the histopathological features of vasitis nodosa and was noted in tissue removed during vasovasostomy in two cases and from a painful lower inguinal nodule at the site of vasectomy in a third example. Such neural invasion deserves attention because, especially in association with a proliferative ductular pattern, it may be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. The lesion is also of intrinsic interest in the light of benign neural invasion at other sites. PMID- 7095760 TI - Prognostic indicators in breast cancer--morphometric methods. AB - Morphometric methods were applied to predict the clinical course of individual patients with breast cancer. Measurement of tumour diameter, assessment of mitotic and cellular indices, and quantitative microscopy of nuclear features were assessed together with nuclear features and histological grades. Of the tumours from 78 patients investigated, 42 had died from metastases within 6.5 years ('non-survivors'), while the other 36 were alive and well without evidence of metastases at the end of the follow-up period (minimum 6.5 years) ('survivors'). If the tumours of the 42 non-survivors are compared with those of 36 survivors, there are many reproducible significant differences, the most important being cellularity index and mitotic activity index, followed by quantitative microscopical nuclear parameters and nuclear and histological grade. Discriminant analysis, of the quantitative microscopical data alone showed 82% of all patients to be correctly classified as survivor or non-survivor. By contrast with the axillary lymph node invasion status alone, or the tumour diameter and axillary lymph node status together, 59% and 64% of the patients were predicted correctly as survivor or non-survivor. With a more realistic statistical approach of discriminant analysis, 78% of the patients were classified correctly with quantitative microscopy, in place of 54% with the axillary lymph node status, 56% with the TNM-system and 64% with a combination of TNM system and nuclear and histological grade. Morphometry thus seems possible to predict the outcome of individual patients more accurately than with the usual staging/grading methods. This technique might therefore prove to be useful in the selection of patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 7095761 TI - ECT: underused and misunderstood. PMID- 7095762 TI - Patient on hypertensive drug has increasing erectile problems. PMID- 7095763 TI - Confidentiality obligations: a second view. PMID- 7095764 TI - Threatening the President. PMID- 7095765 TI - The legal requirements. PMID- 7095766 TI - What research says about the effectiveness of psychotherapy. AB - Meta-analysis is a new statistical technique used to integrate the results of many separate studies of a topic. The author, along with two colleagues, applied meta-analysis to 475 studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy and 112 studies of the comparative effects of psychotherapy and psychoactive drugs. The investigators examined the studies' effect sizes--the standard mean difference on the outcome variable between the treated group and the comparison group. Since many studies had more than one outcome variable, the 475 studies actually produced 1,766 effect sizes. Meta-analysis of these data shows that psychotherapy is effective in enhancing psychological well-being, however it is measured by researchers. The patient's age and diagnosis, the therapist's training and experience, and the duration and mode of therapy bear little relation to the psychotherapy's outcome. Behavioral therapies are somewhat more effective than verbal ones, and drug therapy, while combining well with psychotherapy, is not more effective than psychotherapy alone. PMID- 7095767 TI - Supreme Court decisions on mental health: a review. AB - Since the late 1960s mental health advocates have filed numerous lawsuits against mental health institutions in an effort to narrow the standards for civil commitment, improve the care of patients, and define patients' rights. While many of the lawsuits were successful in attaining these goals at the district and appellate court levels, review by the Supreme Court generally has resulted in decisions blunting the lower court rulings. The high court has rejected broadly worded lower court decisions on commitment laws, standards of proof in commitment hearings, and patients' rights. The court also has upheld the traditional reliance on decision-making by medical professionals. The author describes a number of these cases and their decisions and concludes that cases now before the Supreme Court very likely will result in decisions that strike a balance between the needs of the patients and those of treatment staff. PMID- 7095768 TI - Young adult chronic patients: the new drifters. AB - Young chronic patients are faced with the same concerns and life-cycle stresses as others in their age group. They strive for independence, satisfying relationships, a sense of identity, and a realistic vocational choice. Lacking the ability to withstand stress and intimacy, they struggle and often repeatedly fail. The result is anxiety, depression, psychotic episodes, and hospitalizations; gradually many begin to give up the struggle. Such concerns may become intensified during the reassessment of life that takes place at about age 30. Denial of illness, the rebelliousness of youth, and issues of control and violence compound the problems. Since deinstitutionalization, patients can no longer take asylum from stresses in a lifetime of hospitalization. Many patients drift from one city to another, or from one living situation to another. Some ways of approaching these problems, such as working with younger patients while they may still be motivated to make changes, helping them develop appropriate rationalizations, and supporting realistic goals, are discussed. PMID- 7095769 TI - A review of the use of electroconvulsive therapy. AB - ECT is an effective psychiatric treatment for severe depression, mania, catatonic states, and, to a lesser degree, some schizophrenias. Complications are minimal and the risk of death extremely low, lower than that for an inadequately treated depression. However, some medical centers in the United States do not use ECT at all. The neurochemical mechanisms that underlie ECT remain unknown, but a cerebral seizure is essential. The average number of treatments is seven, spread over two to three weeks. All candidates for ECT should undergo a complete medical evaluation and give informed consent. PMID- 7095772 TI - Pastoral counseling centers: a challenge to community mental health centers. PMID- 7095771 TI - Effective use of community meetings on psychiatric treatment units. AB - The community meeting is often established as a part of the program on a psychiatric treatment unit to enhance the therapeutic atmosphere and advance the unit's goals. Such meetings usually consist of at least 30 or more individuals, including patients, staff, and trainees, and therefore incorporate small-group dynamics as well as phenomena more typical of large groups. Leaders should try to ensure the effectiveness of their meetings by assessing tasks and boundaries, as well as the extent to which small-group dynamics and techniques used in large groups apply. PMID- 7095770 TI - Effects of the urban crisis on the community general hospital. AB - The contemporary urban crisis has necessitated a drastic transformation of the community general hospital. The Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, in New York, has struggled through this crisis by adapting to the changing needs of the patients it serves. The authors describe the hospital's new emphasis on conditions such as alcoholism, drug abuse, traumatic injuries, high infant-mortality rate, and teen age pregnancy, and discuss the critical need for community-oriented psychiatric services. Over the past 15 years the patient population has changed, as has the type of service provided, marked by a major shift toward use of the emergency room. Psychiatric services have been expanded at the expense of a more traditional hospital program. One of the few remaining institutions in the decaying inner city, the hospital also becomes the sole provider of medical care as private-practice physicians leave. The problems of recruiting and retaining high-level professional staff are discussed, along with the need for the urban general hospital to take a leading part in meeting the enormous demands caused by the continuing urban crisis. PMID- 7095773 TI - Developing a sense of community in chronic inpatients through religious and social activities. PMID- 7095774 TI - Confidential records: piercing the protective veil. PMID- 7095775 TI - Legal issues need not hinder proper hospital advertising. PMID- 7095776 TI - Outlook for EMS guarded but favorable. PMID- 7095777 TI - Operational rounds monitor management of support services. PMID- 7095778 TI - The TV medical show: that's entertainment, but is that harmless? PMID- 7095781 TI - Vital signs: inflation slowdown helps moderate April costs. PMID- 7095784 TI - New roles for the laboratory manager. PMID- 7095779 TI - Beginning an overall marketing program in the clinical laboratory. PMID- 7095782 TI - Patients kept cozy in critical care. PMID- 7095780 TI - Rapid incident identification, systematic follow-up key to preventive risk managing. PMID- 7095783 TI - Clinical lab: managing the products of automation. PMID- 7095785 TI - Assessing productivity in the laboratory. PMID- 7095786 TI - Hospital president calls for a mission to meet elderly's needs. Interview by Salie Rossen. PMID- 7095787 TI - Social Security: should your hospital consider opting out? PMID- 7095788 TI - Energy management: conservation stands at a crossroads. PMID- 7095789 TI - A public hospital reverses the trend by acquiring a private hospital. PMID- 7095790 TI - Hospital marketing: marketing is not a cure-all. PMID- 7095791 TI - Staff privileges and antitrust laws. PMID- 7095792 TI - Applications of polymorphisms in anthropogenetic studies. PMID- 7095793 TI - Life-styles, well-being and stress. PMID- 7095794 TI - Relationships between body composition and anthropometry. PMID- 7095795 TI - Skeletal growth, fatness and menarcheal age: a comparison of two hypotheses. PMID- 7095796 TI - Blood pressure and skin color: Maupiti, French Polynesia. PMID- 7095797 TI - The interrelationship of mortality and fertility in rural Bolivia. PMID- 7095798 TI - Temporal trends in isolation by distance on Sanday, Orkney Islands. PMID- 7095801 TI - Handedness and breast cancer laterality: testing a hypothesis. PMID- 7095799 TI - Spread and diversity of human populations in Bahia, Brazil. PMID- 7095800 TI - A comparison of bone mineral results from Denmark and the U.S. PMID- 7095802 TI - Digital dermatoglyphics in Italians. PMID- 7095803 TI - A study of skin pigmentation in the population of the former County of Pembrokeshire, Wales. PMID- 7095804 TI - Geographical affinities among human populations from Wales and from regions in North and Central England on the basis of epidermal ridge markers. A discriminant function approach. PMID- 7095806 TI - A selective attention test as a predictor of success in flight training. PMID- 7095805 TI - Derivation of an efficient nonvocal communication system. PMID- 7095807 TI - Determinants of display legibility in dark, turbid waters. PMID- 7095810 TI - Performance effects of noise intensity, psychological set, and task type and complexity. PMID- 7095808 TI - Search time with a color display: analysis of distribution functions. PMID- 7095809 TI - Apparent displacement of moving and stationary strobe flashes. PMID- 7095811 TI - Genetic and demographic characterization of a population with high incidence of fucosidosis. AB - A random sample of unrelated students living in Grotteria and Mammola, two villages of Southern Italy from where most of the Italian patients affected with fucosidosis originate, was analyzed for seven red cell enzyme polymorphisms and seven blood group polymorphisms. The observed gene frequencies are not significantly different from those typical of Southern Italy. Demographic data on the same sample were also collected and indicate isolation and high inbreeding in these villages. PMID- 7095812 TI - Sex ratio of twin births in Japan. AB - The effects of paternal and maternal ages, gestational age and the socioeconomic factor of occupation on the sex ratio of twin individuals were analysed using data on 326,140 twin individuals which occurred in Japan during the period from 1955 to 1967 and in 1974. The sex ratio in live births slightly increased with time, whereas the sex ratio in fetal deaths slightly decreased with time. The sex ratio in total births significantly decreased during these years. There might be the possibility of a postponement of late fetal deaths of Japanese twin individuals into the early infant period for the younger maternal age group. The mean sex ratios of twin births during the period from 1960 to 1967 and in 1974 were 0.4995 and 0.5605 for live births and fetal deaths, respectively; the difference is significant. The sex ratio of Japanese twin births is not so high compared with those of Europe and the USA in the recent years. PMID- 7095813 TI - Sex ratio of triplet births in Japan. AB - The effects of paternal and maternal ages, gestational age and the socioeconomic factor of occupation on the sex ratio of triplet individuals were analysed using data on 4,290 triplet individuals which occurred in Japan during the period from 1955 to 1967 and in 1974. The sex ratios among live births and fetal deaths slightly decreased with time. The decline of the sex ratio was related to the decline of age-specific fertility in older mothers. The mean sex ratio was 0.479 during the period. The sex ratio is not high but similar to those of Europe and the USA. The sex ratio was lower in triplets than in twins or the general population. It seems that predominant male triplets may be selectively aborted in early gestational age compared with that of twins or the general population. PMID- 7095814 TI - Some polymorphic enzymes from Andhra Pradesh. AB - Phenotype and gene frequency distributions of placental alkaline phosphatase, esterase D and glyoxalase I among some population groups of Hyderabad, South India are reported. The Pls, Plf, Pli gene frequencies of placental alkaline phosphatase range from 0.725 to 0.76, from 0.16 to 0.19 and from 0.07 to 0.096 respectively. The EsD2 gene frequency ranges from 0.25 to 0.29 and the GLO1 gene frequency ranges from 0.252 to 0.327. PMID- 7095815 TI - Three new variants in the plasminogen system. AB - Three new phenotypes of plasminogen system, named PLG 3-1, PLG 1-M and PLG 1-C, were found in sera from healthy Japanese persons by the agarose gel isoelectric focusing followed by the methods of immunofixation and caseinolysis. The present study indicates that at least the PLG 3 component is genetically determined. The existence of another PLG3 allele is postulated. PMID- 7095816 TI - Human GOTM phenotypes in Western Germany (Dusseldorf region). PMID- 7095817 TI - Esterase D polymorphism in Galicia (North-West of Spain). PMID- 7095818 TI - Duch, Dha. A low frequency red cell antigen. PMID- 7095819 TI - Evidence for a major locus as well as a multifactorial component in the regulation of human red blood cell catechol-O-methyl-transferase activity. PMID- 7095821 TI - Special issue on mononuclear phagocytes. PMID- 7095820 TI - [Visceral larva migrans. Successful treatment with fenbendazole (author's transl)]. AB - Visceral Larva migrans (VLM) is a parasite, which produces a disease by nematode species. Specific hosts are certain mammals. After penetrating the human organism, these parasites never mature to adult worms but can produce a lot of various symptoms which are dependent on the kind of manifestation. Perilous illnesses are described. The incidence is undoubtedly more than is realized. A new microprecipitation test has proved to be highly specific for the diagnosis. An effective nontoxic treatment in human medicine--exept for mebendazole--was not known until now. We report about the illness of a patient with all typical laboratory findings and clinical signs. The application of Fenbendazole for the first time in humans showed to be highly effective against this ubiquitous illness. PMID- 7095823 TI - In vitro proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes from murine and human bone marrow. AB - Techniques for liquid culture of proliferating mononuclear phagocytes from bone marrow of mice and men are described. Mouse bone marrow must be cultured in the presence of colony-stimulating factor, whereas proliferation of human mononuclear phagocytes occurred in medium with 50% serum but without colony-stimulating factor. The number of mononuclear phagocytes that can be determined in mouse bone marrow cultures is higher than that in cultures of human bone marrow. However, the number of mononuclear phagocytes found for the human system is an underestimation, because the immature mononuclear phagocytes cannot be recognized at the light-microscopical level. These precursor cells (monoblasts and promonocytes) can be recognized with the electron microscope. The characteristics of the various types of mononuclear phagocyte, especially in cultures of murine bone marrow, are reviewed. PMID- 7095822 TI - The origin of pulmonary macrophages. AB - The controversy as to whether pulmonary macrophages derive from monocytes or from precursor cells in the pulmonary interstitium has been solved by quantitative analysis of 3H-thymidine labeling data on the circulating monocytes and the total population of pulmonary macrophages isolated from mice by lavage and enzyme digestion of lung tissue. It was found that in the normal steady state, during acute inflammatory reactions, and under long-term corticosteroid treatment, pulmonary macrophages derive mainly from circulating monocytes which enter the lungs and become pulmonary macrophages within a few hours. Local division of pulmonary macrophages made only a minor contribution to the maintenance of the population; a dividing precursor cell population located in the interstitium of the lung could not be demonstrated. The few mononuclear phagocytes dividing locally in the lung have most probably arrived recently from the circulation and originate in the bone marrow. These dividing cells already have the characteristics of pulmonary macrophages. PMID- 7095824 TI - The origin of type A synovial lining cells. AB - Type A synovial lining cells resemble macrophages in their ultrastructure. Type B lining cells, in contrast, resemble tissue fixed synthetic cells such as fibroblasts. Although cells with intermediate features are well recognised, recent evidence suggests that types A and B cells have different origins. Experiments on mouse radiation chimeras suggest a bone marrow derivation for the type A cells, but not for the type B. Esterase activity, surface Ia, and immunoglobulin receptors have been demonstrated in relation to a proportion of lining cells. It seems reasonable at the present time to consider type A lining cells as belonging to the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. PMID- 7095826 TI - Formation of giant cells in vivo. AB - In vivo, the development of multinucleate giant cells in granulomas always proceeds in accordance with a given mode (simultaneous phagocytosis--fusion- unordered multinucleate giant cells--ordered multinucleate giant cells). This mode is both quantitatively and qualitatively modifiable, showing a dependence on the quantity, shape, size, and digestibility of the phagocytic material: on uncoated coverslips implanted i.p. in rats, only a few small syncytia develop, bit by bit, on coverslips coated with phagocytotic material, on the other hand, numerous very large, always initially unordered, multinucleate syncytia showing simultaneous aggregation around large phagocytic objects are seen. These can develop into ordered giant cells of the Langhans type, by re-distribution of the cytoplasmic contents, but only when most of the phagocytosed material has been digested. Actively phagocytosing mononuclear macrophages, which coalesce or have already fused to form syncytia frequently develop various types of junctions that probably have the same function in granulomas as in epithelia. Pentalaminar structures in multinucleate giant cells are frequently observed in close conjunction with residual phagocytic material and obviously represent outer cell membranes that have coalesced during fusion and been incorporated into the cytoplasm. The clear zones surrounding such areas probably represent an element of the cytoskeleton. PMID- 7095825 TI - What is the relevance of exudate-resident macrophages? AB - In vivo in the animal model peritoneal macrophages show four different peroxidatic activity (PA) patterns characterizing exudate macrophages, exudate resident macrophages, resident macrophages, and PA-negative macrophages. Cultured in vitro, rat and human blood monocytes and rat, mouse and human exudate macrophages acquire the characteristic PA pattern of resident macrophages via the transitional stage of cells with the characteristics of exudate-resident macrophages. The cytochemistry, the occurrence of this cell type in vivo, and the kinetics in vitro, indicate that exudate-resident macrophages represent a transitional form between the exudate and the resident macrophages. The results obtained in vivo and in vitro strongly suggest that divergent PA patterns of mononuclear phagocytes represent differences in the stage of development of these cells in the sequence, monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte, exudate macrophage, exudate-resident macrophage, (PA-negative macrophage), resident macrophage. This means that in general resident macrophages are provided by recruitment from the blood via the transitional stage of exudate-resident macrophages. PMID- 7095827 TI - The presence of isoenzymes in monocytes and macrophages. AB - The present paper gives a review of enzyme polymorphism found in individual human blood cells with special reference to human blood monocytes. Evidence is presented indicating that not only different blood cells but also their descendants are characterized by certain constellation of isoenzymes. Considering the typical polymorphism of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.6), we could show that a reliable biochemical marker for blood monocytes can be worked out, which is also detectable in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages as well as epithelioid cells. In different examples we could demonstrate that the isoenzyme patterns of blood monocytes can be modified into that of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages by different stimulation procedures in vitro. Studying the enzyme variants in blood monocytes and different tissue macrophages, additional criteria have been collected, which document the monocytic origin and homogeneity of the human mononuclear-phagocytic system. PMID- 7095828 TI - Effects of mitogen and liposome phospholipid concentration on the blastogenic response of bovine lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. AB - Lymphocytes incubated with liposomes prior to the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) exhibited a time dependent suppression of blastogenesis which was reversible for phosphatidylcholine (PC):cholesterol (Chol) alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) (1:0.5:0.5), and PC: alpha-T (1:1) liposomes but not for PC and PC:Chol (1:1) liposomes. Incubation of PHA with lymphocytes prior to the addition of liposomes caused a time dependent, reversible suppression of blastogenesis for PC: alpha-T:Chol (1:0.5:0.5), PC: alpha-T (1:1) and PC:Chol (1:1) liposomes but not reversible for PC liposomes. The effects of phospholipid concentration on the blastogenic response to PHA exhibited a concentration dependent suppression from 1 to 2 mumoles phospholipid/ml which was reversible, to varying degrees, at a concentration of 4 mumoles phospholipid/ml. PMID- 7095829 TI - Liposomes as carrier for production of sugar specific antibodies: preparation of antigalactosyl antiserum. AB - Negatively charged multilamellar liposomes, covalently coupled with p aminophenylated derivative of D-galactose, have been used to raise galactose specific antibodies in rabbits. The specificity of the antiserum has been characterized by immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation and hapten inhibition studies. In addition to its specificity against the sugar moiety the antibody population also recognizes the aromatic aglycone portion of the introduced hapten. This offers a new method of raising sugar specific antibodies using liposomes as immunological carriers. PMID- 7095830 TI - Reduction of carrageenan- bradykinin- and histamine-induced acute inflammation by experimental eosinophilia in rats. AB - An examination was made of the effects of eosinophilia on acute inflammation. Sprague Dawley rats were infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae which resulted in a blood eosinophilia. Groups of rats with the induced eosinophilia, and untreated rats without the eosinophilia, were treated with carrageenan, bradykinin or histamine in the hind paw to induce local inflammation. Paw oedema induced by carrageenan as a measure of the inflammation was much reduced in those rats with an eosinophilia, and slightly but significantly reduced in the site treated with histamine or bradykinin. Though other anti-inflammatory factors may have participated, it is believed that the reduction in inflammation was due to the eosinophils. Pretreatment of the rat paws with an eosinophil chemotactic factor tetrapeptide (ECF-A) caused no chemotaxis and therefore no effect on histamine-induced oedema. PMID- 7095831 TI - Enrichment by counterpart centrifugal elutriation of human lymphocytes cytotoxic to human tumour cells. AB - The enriched fractions of cytotoxic cells responsible for natural killer (NK) activity against both human sarcoma and neuroblastoma (LA-N2) cell lines were readily obtained by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE). The NK cells were obtained in the larger lymphocyte fractions (fraction 6 +/- 1), having a mean cell volume of 180 u3. The cytotoxic-enriched fraction contained 51% large lymphocytes having cytoplasmic granules. On the other hand, monocytes were purified to greater than 90% and isolated in another fraction (final fraction) and these cells had the lowest NK activity against both human tumour cell lines. However, compared with the lymphocyte fractions, small and large monocytes displayed greater antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against human B erythrocytes. These results indicate that NK found to have activity against both tumour cells lines were larger lymphocytes, not small monocytes. Thus, countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) can provide a sensitive method to obtain enriched fractions of large lymphocytes contained tumoricidal activity against human sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. PMID- 7095832 TI - Lectin-binding characteristics of human natural killer cells. AB - Human natural killer (NK) cells separated initially by density centrifugation of lymphocytes (E+) forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), were further fractionated on gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Low density fractions contained effector cells which displayed high cytotoxicity against the NK sensitive erythroleukaemic cell line, K562. These low density cells, which expressed receptors for Fc and the monoclonal antibody OKMI, showed enhanced cytotoxicity when treated with lymphoblastoid interferon (IFN-alpha). They also showed an increased response to phytomitogen in comparison with unseparated cells or those recovered from high density fractions. Two lymphocyte subsets one of high and one of low lectin binding capacity were identified in the E+ populations by their reactivity with Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). High LCA binding was observed only in low density fractions and was associated with a marked enrichment of NK activity. This property was used to separate the NK active population in E+ cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). These data add a new dimension to the cell surface properties of human NK cells and suggest the presence of LCA-reactive glycoproteins which are either enriched in, or uniquely associated with, cells of the NK subset. The experiments indicate that lectins can serve as useful probes of lymphocyte function and provide the basis for effective cell sorting. PMID- 7095834 TI - Determination of immunoglobulin subclasses by electrosyneresis. AB - The author applied the method or electrosyneresis to distinguish the subclasses of monoclonal IgG and IgA immunoglobulins. In agarose gel with high electroendosmosis the antibody-active fraction of immunosera migrates toward the cathode while the immunoglobulin molecules bound to albumin by glutaraldehyde toward the anode. In the meeting zone of specific immunoserum and immunoglobulin- albumin complex a precipitation arch develops if immunochemical identity exists. This method is extremely sensitive, economic and rapid. It is very suitable for the distinction of the subclasses of monoclonal immunoglobulins. PMID- 7095833 TI - The role of 2-mercaptoethanol in the stimulation of spleen cell cultures: increased uptake of cystine into the TCA-soluble pool. AB - A sensitive system for the study of the mechanism of action 2-mercaptoethanol in stimulating of mouse spleen cell cultures is described. In this system the triggering of stimulation of cells by a mitogen or antigen was dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) in the medium. To obtain a similar stimulatory effect, 2-ME could be replaced by L-cystine or L-cysteine in the presence or absence of a mitogen. In the presence of a mitogen and below the saturation level, cystine was more effective than cysteine. By increasing in this system, the cystine concentration, to the double of that of the basal medium, a strong stimulation of cells was produced. Conversely, in the absence of mitogen, cysteine was significantly more effective than cystine. Addition of 2-ME led to an increased entry of [14C]L-cystine into the TCA-soluble pool of cells while the thiol had no influence on the uptake of a mixture of different amino acids. We conclude that in this system the role of 2-ME is to enable the utilization of otherwise ineffectively low concentrations of cystine by enhancing the entry of this amino acid into the amino acid pool of the cells. PMID- 7095837 TI - Cation complexed DNA. Immunoadsorption of anti-DNA antibodies by DNA bound to agarose-poly-L-lysine. PMID- 7095835 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against transferrin. Precipitating mixtures and lack of inter-species cross-reactivity. AB - Five stable hybridoma lines were prepared using the myeloma cell line P3-X63 Ag.653 and spleen cells of mice hyperimmunized by pig transferrin. All hybridomas grew well in mouse peritoneal cavity and produced antibodies of the IgG1 subclass. Antibody preparations obtained from ascitic fluids tested for their capacity of antigen precipitation. No precipitation was obtained with single antibodies and with pairs of antibodies. Three out of 10 possible triads gave clear and sharp precipitation zones and rings in immunodiffusion tests performed in agar gel. All 5 antibodies were shown by quantitative enzyme-immunoassay to be specific for pig transferrin: no cross-reaction was obtained with mouse, human, horse and sheep transferrins. PMID- 7095836 TI - Influence of immunomodulators, niridazole and levamisole, on autoimmune murine thyroiditis. AB - The pathogenesis of murine autoimmune thyroiditis, induced in mice by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, is unclear. To investigate the role of cell-mediated immunity in the murine thyroiditis, niridazole (100 mg/kg) and levamisole (12.5 mg/kg) were administered in mice before or after the antigenic challenge. Niridazole decreased the severity of thyroid infiltrates when started before the antigenic challenge. A similar inhibitory effect was observed after administration of levamisole. These findings are consistent with the possibility of a direct involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of autoimmune murine thyroiditis. PMID- 7095838 TI - Arginine depletion in macrophage medium inhibits collagen synthesis by fibroblasts. PMID- 7095839 TI - Glycosphingolipid receptors for anti-Gd and anti-p cold agglutinins. AB - Anti-Gd and anti-p cold agglutinins exhibit similar serological properties: neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes greatly reduces their agglutinability by these antibodies and protease treatment enhances their agglutination. We reported previously that an anti-p cold agglutinin was inhibited by sialosyllactoneotetraosylceramide, NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1 3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc-Cer, the most abundant ganglioside of human erythrocytes. We now report that two less abundant gangliosides are more potent inhibitors of this antibody, and of the anti-Gd antibodies, than sialosyllactoneotetraosylceramide. These two gangliosides have the same carbohydrate chain, NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(SNH), but they differ in their ceramide moiety. The principal fatty acid of SNH-1 is C16:0, whereas SNH-2 contains a predominance of C22:0, C24:0 and C24:1. No inhibition was produced by the ganglioside, NeuAc(alpha 2-6)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1 3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc-Cer. Another monoclonal cold agglutinin, Sa, which shares some serological properties with anti-Gd cold agglutinins, was not inhibited by any of these gangliosides. PMID- 7095840 TI - The hemolytic activity of (Fab-Fc) recombinant immunoglobulins with specificity for the sheep red blood cells. AB - Antibody-like molecules were formed by artificial recombination of proteolytic IgG fragments (Fab' with anti-SRBC activity, and Fc) and used for studies concerning the complement fixation. Such molecules, when composed of single Fab' bound to Fc fragment appeared inactive, while species containing two Fab' fragments revealed the hemolytic activity. The results were discussed and interpreted, assuming that the interaction of Fab domains with CH2 domains in the Fc fragment is a main structural effect influencing the binding of the complement. PMID- 7095842 TI - Immunoglobulin A antibody levels in human tears, saliva, and serum. AB - The presence and level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to the oral microorganism Streptococcus mutans were determined in human tears, parotid saliva, and serum by a modified, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgA antibodies were found in the tears of all 15 subjects, although S. mutans is a nonocular bacterium. The IgA antibody levels in tears and saliva were not significantly different. This finding suggests that the level of IgA antibody activity per volume is independent of the naturally occurring site of the antigen, and that local stimulation does not cause a significant difference in the antibody level per volume of secretion between exocrine sites. Much higher levels of IgA antibody were present in serum, suggesting that after oral ingestion of antigen both the systemic and exocrine systems are stimulated. IgG antibodies to S. mutans were also found in human tears, saliva, and serum. No relationship between serum levels and tear and saliva levels was found for either IgA or IgG antibodies. Thus the antibodies in tears and saliva did not appear to have leaked from serum. We conclude that there may be remote regulation of both the ocular and the parotid IgA and IgG antibody systems. PMID- 7095843 TI - Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. AB - The ability of virulent strains of Aeromonas salmonicida to resist the bactericidal activity of serum was quantitated. The A. salmonicida strains tested included virulent strains, mutants lacking the major surface A-protein, and mutants lacking A-protein and having a modified lipopolysaccharide structure. The sera evaluated included normal human, rabbit, and trout sera, immune trout serum, and immune rabbit serum containing antibodies to A-protein and lipopolysaccharide. Virulent strains of A. salmonicida displayed high or intermediate resistance to the bactericidal activity of complement both in the presence and absence of specific antibody. In normal sera, both A-protein and lipopolysaccharide contributed to serum resistance. In immune trout serum, the protection was conferred by A-protein. PMID- 7095841 TI - Blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from mice immunized by sublethal infection with yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. AB - Blastogenic responses of spleen cells to histoplasmin and ribosomal antigens and to the mitogens concanavalin A. phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide were studied in normal and immunized mice (10(5) live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum given by the subcutaneous route). Cells (10(6) per well) were cultured with and without antigens and mitogens in microtiter plates with RPMI 1640-5% heat-inactivated normal mouse serum for 72 h at 37 degrees C. Cells were harvested after a 16- to 18-h pulse with 1 microCi of [3H]thymidine (6.7 Ci/mol), and thymidine incorporation was measured by scintillation counting. The initial blastogenic response to concanavalin A (54 X 10(3) cpm) was suppressed (P less than 0.001) from 4 to 14 days post-immunization and returned to control levels on day 21. The response to phytohemagglutinin was suppressed up to 21 days. Lipopolysaccharide responses, however, were affected to a lesser degree. Blastogenic responses to histoplasmin and H. capsulatum ribosomes were similar on day 0 in normal and immune lymphocytes, but by day 4 cells from immunized mice were more responsive (P less than 0.01). The maximum response to H. capsulatum antigens was detected on day 42 and was 9- to 16-fold higher than in controls. These results demonstrate in vitro responses of primed lymphocytes on exposure to H. capsulatum antigens and suppressed responses to mitogens during early stages of the immune response. PMID- 7095844 TI - Secretory and systemic immunological response in children infected with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure isotype-specific antibody to purified hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus, using serum and nasal-wash specimens from young children undergoing primary infection with live cold-adapted influenza A/Alaska/77 (H3N2) or A/Hong Kong/77 (H1N1) candidate vaccine virus. The serum antibody response followed the pattern expected for a primary viral infection. Each of 17 vaccinated children had a serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) HA antibody response, 16 had an IgM antibody response, and 13 had an IgA antibody response. Nasal-wash HA antibody was detected in the IgA, IgM, and IgG isotypes. Of the 17 vaccinated children, 14 had an IgA response, 13 had an IgM response, and 9 had an IgG response. Most of the IgA and IgM HA antibody was actively secreted locally, whereas only some of the IgG HA antibody could be shown to be actively secreted into the respiratory tract. There was a good correlation between the level of nasal-wash antibodies measured by the HA specific IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by a plaque neutralization assay. These data indicate that intranasal vaccination of susceptible children with live, attenuated, cold-adapted influenza A viruses efficiently stimulates both systemic and local antibody responses. PMID- 7095845 TI - Experimental Yersinia pestis infection in rodents after intragastric inoculation and ingestion of bacteria. AB - To clarify the pathogenesis of oral plague infection, we studied the susceptibility of three species of rodents to intragastric inoculation of Yersinia pestis, described the pathology and progression of infection, and measured antibody responses to fraction IA antigen of Y. pestis. The 50% lethal doses of bacteria by intragastric inoculation for Mus musculus, Zygodontomys pixuna, and Rattus rattus were log10 = 6.32, 5.46, and 9.62, respectively, which were at least 1,000-fold higher than the values obtained by subcutaneous inoculation. M. musculus was shown to be susceptible to lethal infection also when bacteria were ingested in drinking water. Microscopic pathology was consistent with heavy systemic infection. Quantitative cultures of tissues at different times after intragastric inoculation revealed that infections of blood, liver, and spleen preceded infections of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Stool cultures were negative. The strain of Y. pestis used for inoculation was killed when exposed to a buffered solution at pH less than or equal to 3. Antibody responses were observed in some of the surviving rodents after intragastric challenge. These results showed that Y. pestis was an effective oral pathogen that produced fatal systemic infections and self-limited infections with immunity but did not produce enteric pathology or lead to fecal excretion of bacteria. PMID- 7095847 TI - Adhesion of Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis to bovine urinary bladder epithelial cells of various ages and levels of differentiation. AB - The adhesion of Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis to various epithelial cell layers of bovine urinary bladders was examined. Adhesion was most efficient to the urinary sediment epithelial cells and the superficial cells immediately before shedding, followed by the remaining superficial cells and intermediate cells in this order, and least efficient to the deeper intermediate and basal cells. Incubation of the intermediate cells for 6 h increased the number of bacteria that adhered to these cells. PMID- 7095848 TI - Effect of T-2 toxin on the bovine immune system: humoral factors. AB - The effect of a Fusarium metabolite, T-2 toxin, on the bovine humoral immune system was explored during high-level, chronic administration. T-2 toxin administered to calves for 43 days at the rate of 0.6 mg/kg per day was associated with alterations of serum protein fractions, immunoglobulin levels, and C3 levels. Significant reductions in the levels of alpha, beta 1, beta 2, and gamma globulins, but not albumin, occurred after T-2 toxin administration. Likewise, a decline in C3 and serum immunoglobulin levels were evident. The levels of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A, but not immunoglobulin G, in toxin-treated calves were significantly lower than control levels. PMID- 7095846 TI - Nonphagocytic clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from murine lungs. AB - Several investigations of host and bacterial factors critical to staphylococcal clearance from lungs suggest that alveolar macrophages may not provide the principal defense against inhaled staphylococci. We evaluated possible contributions of extracellular bactericidal activities in lungs with a standard aerosol challenge model by using methods which allowed recovery of macrophages for in vitro bactericidal assays and recovery of intrapulmonary staphylococci for clearance studies. Macrophages recovered by a gentle lavage technique immediately after aerosol exposure contained 6.0 +/- 2.3 colony-forming units of viable staphylococci per 100 glass-adherent macrophages. These intracellular staphylococci were killed in vitro with a half-life of 10.8 +/- 2.1 h, which is identical to our results with a completely in vitro system for ingestion and killing. However, 99.4 +/- 0.2% and 94.9 +/- 1.5% of the viable cocci recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage at 0.5 and 6.0 h after aerosol exposure were sensitive to lysostaphin, a rapidly bactericidal enzyme with no demonstrable activity against intracellular organisms and therefore, presumably extracellular. Photomicrographs from lavage pellets obtained 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.5 h after aerosol exposure confirmed the presence of numerous extracellular cocci. These extracellular cocci were eliminated at the same rate as whole lung cocci (half life = 3.07 and 3.14 h, respectively) and at a much faster rate than intracellular cocci. In summary, we found large numbers of extracellular staphylococci in bronchoalveolar spaces during the first 6 h after aerosol exposure that are inactivated at the same rate as the whole lung bacterial population. Since only a small number of staphylococci are ingested by macrophages and intracellular bactericidal activity appears too slow to explain intrapulmonary killing, we conclude that an as yet unidentified extracellular killing process contributed to staphylococcal clearance. PMID- 7095849 TI - Mechanism of hemolysis by Renalin, a CAMP-like protein from Corynebacterium renale. AB - Synergistic hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium renale resulted from the combined action of extracellular staphylococcal sphingomyelinase C and a newly described extracellular agent of C. renale (renalin). The affinity of renalin for ceramide was considered to play a key role in causing hemolysis in erythrocytes in which ceramide had been generated through the action of sphingomyelinase C. PMID- 7095850 TI - Antibody responses in adult volunteers to pneumococcal polysaccharide types 19F and 19A administered singly and in combination. AB - The immunogenicity of the two major group 19 pneumococcal polysaccharides, types 19F and 19A, was studied in human volunteers. Antibody responses after vaccination with either 50 micrograms of type 19F polysaccharide, 50 micrograms of type 19A polysaccharide, or 25 micrograms of both polysaccharides premixed in a single injection revealed that the combined vaccine was immunogenic for both types, but that the optimal immunogen for each was the homologous polysaccharide. We concluded that vaccination with type 19F polysaccharide antigen, included in the current pneumococcal vaccine, does not induce a satisfactory heteroimmunogenic response to type 19A. PMID- 7095851 TI - Emetic action of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on weanling pigs. AB - Peroral and intraduodenal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to weanling pigs elicited an emetic response. Peroral administration of an emetic dose of SEA resulted in a single emetic episode occurring 90 to 180 min after dosing. Intraduodenal administration via a surgically implanted catheter of 100 or 150 micrograms of SEA resulted in multiple emetic episodes occurring 150 to 210 min after dosing, suggesting an intestinal site of action for SEA. The 50% emetic dose for perorally administered SEA was between 40 and 50 micrograms for 4.1- to 9.1-kg weanling pigs and 20 micrograms in 0.9- to 2.3-kg weanling pigs. Neurobehavioral responses, including alternating periods of drowsiness and restlessness, staggering, temporary loss of the righting reflex, and refusal to feed were also observed in pigs given an oral dose of SEA. Based on the demonstrated responsiveness of pigs to SEA, pigs should be considered suitable animal models for studies on the sites and mode of action of the toxin. PMID- 7095852 TI - Production of lipoteichoic acid by lactobacilli and streptococci grown in different environments. AB - Representative strains of Streptococcus sanguis serotype 2 and of four Lactobacillus species were examined for the production of cellular and extracellular lipoteichoic acid (LTA) when grown at pH 6.0 in batch culture to the stationary phase with either glucose or fructose. Extracellular LTA was a minor component in all cases except for L. fermentum and L. casei NIRD R094 grown in fructose. The total amount of LTA (cellular and extracellular) produced by fructose-grown cultures was also considerably greater for these two strains, for L. salivarius, and also two of the S. sanguis strains. Growth of L. fermentum and L. casei in continuous culture in a chemostat showed that generation time and pH of growth can influence the total amount of LTA and the proportion of extracellular material. The results for glucose-limited cultures were quite disparate, with L. fermentum forming considerably more extracellular LTA than L. casei. However, in fructose-limited cultures L. fermentum formed less total LTA and L. casei more so that the differences were only minor. A difference in the utilization of glucose and fructose by the heterofermentative L. fermentum and the homofermentative L. casei strains is also indicated by differences in the yield of organisms at different dilution rates in continuous culture. PMID- 7095854 TI - Physicochemical surface properties of elementary bodies from different serotypes of chlamydia trachomatis and their interaction with mouse fibroblasts. AB - Aqueous biphasic partitioning, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography were used to characterize the surface properties of Renografin-purified elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes E and L1. The two serotypes differed with respect to liability to hydrophobic interaction and negative surface charge. Furthermore, the mutual relative magnitude of these parameters differed between the two serotypes, depending on the chromatographic technique used. This indicates that these chromatographic techniques register different aspects of charge and hydrophobicity on the chlamydial surface. DEAE-dextran and dextran sulfate affected association of, penetration, and intracellular development of C. trachomatis in mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells). DEAE-dextran affected the association of C. trachomatis serotype E with McCoy cells mainly by charge-dependent forces, whereas both DEAE-dextran and dextran sulfate influenced the association of C. trachomatis serotype L1 mainly by charge-independent forces. These results indicate that the numerous biological differences between lymphogranuloma venereum and non-lymphogranuloma venereum strains of C. trachomatis may be assigned to differences in surface properties between the two strains. PMID- 7095853 TI - Immunological activities of Capnocytophaga cellular components. AB - Whole cells of a clinical isolate (strain S-3) of the genus Capnocytophaga were divided into cell envelope (CE) and cytoplasm (CP) fractions by mechanical disintegration followed by differential centrifugation, and a part of the CE fraction was further fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment into the peptidoglycan and SDS-supernatant fractions. The other part of the CE was extracted with butanol-water or hot phenol-water to isolate butanol lipopolysaccharide and phenol-lipopolysaccharide, respectively. All of the test fractions except CP exhibited multifold immunomodulating activities, namely, the adjuvant activities to cellular as well as humoral immune responses against ovalbumin in guinea pigs, the mitogenicity on splenocytes of guinea pigs and BALB/c mice (but not on their thymocytes), the stimulation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (in terms of increased glucosamine uptake), and the activation of the human complement system through alternative as well as classical pathways. In addition, the test fractions other than the CP evoked dermatoxic reactions on rabbit skin with characteristic variations among them. The immunomodulating activities of SDS-supernatant were noteworthy in view of the fact that this fraction was essentially free of muramic acid and diaminopimelic acid and did not cause the gelation of horseshoe crab amoebocyte lysate except when it was used at the very high dose, suggesting that there was practically no contamination by peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides in the SDS-supernatant. PMID- 7095855 TI - Isolation and characterization of a cross-reacting antigen in strains of Bacteroidaceae. AB - A Bacteroidaceae cross-reacting antigen (BCA) was isolated from several strains belonging to species in the genera Fusobacterium and Bacteroides. We showed that each of the 28 strains examined synthesized either BCA or the O-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The structural difference between the two antigens was demonstrated by passive hemagglutination. BCA coated erythrocytes spontaneously and reacted with equal intensity to all bacterial antisera of BCA+ strains, whereas LPS was species specific and also coated erythrocytes after the antigen was treated with NaOH. BCA is an acid polysaccharide as proven by immunoelectrophoresis and by its capacity to form a salt linkage with lysozyme. Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, and N-acetyl. BCA was nontoxic and did not contain lipid A in its molecule. The small particle size of BCA determined its hapten character. When attached to acid-treated Salmonella minnesota Re cells, it acted as an immunogen. By immunizing rabbits with this hapten-bacterial cell suspension, we obtained a highly potent antiserum that agglutinated all BCA+ strains. PMID- 7095856 TI - Protective properties of anticholera antibodies in human colostrum. AB - A comparative immunological study between two colostrum pools of Indian and Swedish mothers was carried out to evaluate their protective properties against Vibrio cholerae. Antibacterial and antitoxin titers were significantly higher in the Indian colostrum pool (ICP) than in the Swedish colostrum pool (SCP). Antilipopolysaccharide as well as antitoxin antibodies belonged to secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM classes as determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ICP could significantly inhibit the adherence of V. cholerae to intestinal slices in vitro, whereas such activity was virtually absent in SCP. Moreover, ICP could induce significant protection against live vibrio challenge in rabbit ileal loops, whereas only a weak protective activity was observed with SCP. A secretory IgA fraction was obtained from ICP by using gel filtration and immunoadsorbent techniques. Human secretory IgA thus obtained exhibited antiadherence as well as protective activities against V. cholerae. PMID- 7095857 TI - Immunoglobulin E-suppressing and immunoglobulin G-enhancing tetanus toxoid prepared by conjugation with pullulan. AB - Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody response was found to be suppressed selectively and antigen specifically in mice given an antigen conjugated with pullulan, a linear copolymer of maltotriose, whereas IgM and IgG antibody responses were enhanced. On the basis of this finding, tetanus toxin was conjugated with pullulan by cyanuric chloride in the hope that the toxin would be detoxified by the conjugation procedure and could be used as an IgE-suppressing and IgG enhancing toxoid without the aid of an aluminum adjuvant. This procedure of tetanus toxoid-pullulan conjugation apparently detoxified the toxin. Administration of the resulting tetanus toxoid, tetanus toxin-pullulan conjugate, to mice induced strong suppression of IgE antibody response with fairly good IgG response, whereas the alum-precipitated toxoid or plain toxoid, customarily used for vaccination, elicited high IgE antibody formation. The IgE antibody response was minimal, but the IgG antibody response was maximal in the conjugate-primed mice even after a booster injection with an IgE antibody-inducing dose of the alum-precipitated toxoid. PMID- 7095858 TI - Predominant cultivable microflora of human dental fissure plaque. AB - Plaque developed in 10 occlusal fissures from unerupted third molars during implantation for 200 to 270 days in lower molars of dental students was studied. To characterize the predominant cultivable flora, 592 isolates (51 to 67 from each fissure) were subcultured from anaerobic roll tubes. Twenty-eight of the isolates were lost. Streptococci constituted 8 to 86% (median, 45%) of the isolates, Streptococcus mutans constituted 0 to 86% (median, 25%) and S. sanguis constituted 0 to 15% (median, 1%). A few isolates of "S. mitior" and "S. milleri" were found, but no S. salivarius. Staphylococci made up 0 to 23% (median, 9%). Gram-positive rods constituted 6 to 59% (median, 35%). Of these, 0 to 46% (median, 18%) were Actinomyces naeslundii and A. viscosus, but no anaerobic actinomyces were isolated. Arachnia and propionibacteria made up small proportions, lactobacilli were isolated from two fissures, constituting 10 and 29%, and eubacteria were isolated from one fissure (27%). Gram-negative cocci made up 0 to 46% (media, 4%). Only two isolates of gram-negative rods were found, both facultative anaerobes. Although 8 of the 10 fissures had large proportions of S. mutans, lactobacilli, or both, no caries was found even with microradiography. The large individual variation probably reflects differences in initial colonization from saliva and in growth conditions in each fissure. PMID- 7095860 TI - Hypopotassemia associated with tobramycin treatment. PMID- 7095859 TI - Cell-mediated and humoral immunity induced by a live Francisella tularensis vaccine. AB - Live attenuated Francisella tularensis vaccine induced long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in all 13 subjects studied. Lymphocyte blast transformation reactivity to F. tularensis appeared 2 weeks after vaccination in most subjects and remained unchanged for up to 1.5 years. Similarly, in most recipients, antibodies against F. tularensis were detectable by both the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the agglutination method from 2 weeks after vaccination, although diagnostically significant agglutination titers (greater than or equal to 80) were not detectable until 4 weeks after vaccination. Maximal agglutination titers of 80 to 2,560 appeared at 4 to 8 weeks, and in spite of decreasing tendency, titers as high as 320 were still present 1.5 years after vaccination. ELISA showed the simultaneous, but not parallel, appearance of different immunoglobulin classes, immunoglobulin M (IgM) reaching individual maximal values 1.8 months after vaccination on average, at the same time as agglutinating antibodies, 1 week earlier than IgA, and about 1 month earlier than IgG. All of these immunoglobulin classes persisted in significant amounts up to 1.5 years, with IgG generally dominant. Long-lasting IgA and IgM responses after vaccination, as also after infection, suggested that the serodiagnosis of tularemia generally requires two consecutive serum samples with a significant increase in the titer. PMID- 7095861 TI - Legionnaire's disease in Palermo and possible involvement of Legionella pneumophila in cases of pericardial effusion. PMID- 7095862 TI - Vaccination against viral hepatitis. PMID- 7095863 TI - Adherence in the colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx in children. AB - The adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to epithelial cells in mucus and to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx in children was studied with the aid of FITC labelled anti-sera and Omni-serum. By using acridine orange as a counterstain, other bacteria could be visualized as well. S. pneumoniae was seen to adhere more frequently to desquamated cells in mucus than to squamous cells from the nasopharyngeal wall which were obtained by scraping the dorsal side of the soft palate. No bacteria were found to be attached to the ciliated and metaplastic cells collected from the adenoid surface. Although S. pneumoniae appeared in small numbers in most patients and established microcolonies which were predominantly attached to desquamated cells in mucus, signs of an ecological shift were also observed, with S. pneumoniae constituting the majority of the bacteria present. In such cases many S. pneumoniae could also be seen lying free in mucus. PMID- 7095864 TI - [Clinical experience with non-specific broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy (author's transl)]. AB - 49 patients were given cefoxitin in combination with azlocillin, and 15 were given an aminoglycoside as well when severe bacterial infection was suspected. In 39 cases a prompt amelioration of the clinical signs of infection was observed. Of the 17 patients who died, a post-mortem was performed in seven; only in four were signs of bacterial infection present; one had tuberculosis and one had a cytomegalovirus infection. The combination therapy was well tolerated and side effects were rare; no bleeding complications were seen. Clinical signs of possible antagonism between the two beta-lactam antibiotics were not observed. PMID- 7095865 TI - Fine needle aspiration and lesions of the thyroid. PMID- 7095867 TI - Use of staples in pelvic surgery. PMID- 7095868 TI - Recent patterns of care of prostate cancer patients in the United States: results from the surveys of the American college of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. PMID- 7095866 TI - The current status of diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. AB - We have reviewed current thoughts on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Early diagnosis remains the key to successful treatment providing high cure rates and optimal function. Combined therapy (surgery, irradiation, and possibly adjuvant chemotherapy) is preferred in more advanced stage III and IV disease. Partial laryngectomies are oncologically sound when applied in appropriately selected patients and, when total laryngectomy is required, a simple endoscopic procedure has improved the outlook for speech rehabilitation. Reconstruction following laryngopharyngectomy has been strengthened by the advent of the myocutaneous flaps, and gastropharyngeal anastomosis provides for adequate excision of cancers involving the esophagus and immediate restoration of function. PMID- 7095869 TI - Lasers in medicine and surgery: current state of the art. PMID- 7095870 TI - Nonionizing radiation as a therapeutic tool. PMID- 7095871 TI - An international data base approach to cancer research. PMID- 7095872 TI - Hemolytic capacity of human monocytes in normal subjects. AB - The capacity of human monocytes to lyse human A1 erythrocytes in the presence of anti-A1 serum was determined in a group of normal subjects. It was found that monocyte hemolytic capacity varied widely, and that this variation was not accounted for by differences between the sexes or ages of the subjects. The intraassay variation was small compared with the variation observed between individual subjects and between assays of the same individual performed on different occasions. It is concluded that the variation observed is more likely to be due to differences in function of monocytes than to technical variation in assay performance. This variation limits the usefulness of the assay to those situations where there are large differences from control subjects or to studies where large numbers of patients are involved. PMID- 7095873 TI - Comparative studies on tree pollen allergens. IV. Evaluation of two commercially available allergen extracts of alder (Alnus incana) and birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen. AB - Two commercially available extracts of alder and birch pollen usually used in clinical allergy were evaluated and correlated to two corresponding reference extracts 'S' produced at the authors' laboratory. The set of extracts produced by ALK, Denmark are referred to as 'A', while those produced by Nyco, Norway are referred to as 'N'. The results of the CIE analysis demonstrated that, upon using the same antibodies, both the morphology and the intensity of the precipitates of the different extracts differed considerably. In the alder pollen extract, the 'N' preparation contained more immunoprecipitate lines than the two others. Extract 'S' contained the least number of antigenic lines. Only two of the antigenic lines bound specific IgE in CRIE and were represented in variable concentrations in the three extracts. These two allergenic precipitation lines were demonstrated to have an immunological reaction of identity as shown by tandem-CIE and tandem-CRIE systems, respectively. In the birch pollen system variable numbers of reproducible antigenic lines of precipitation were demonstrated. Preparation 'A' contained more antigens than the two other extracts. This extract lacked a cathodic antigen with slow electrophoretic mobility represented in 'N' and 'S'. One dominant antigenic line was commonly present in the three extracts and could bind IgE antibodies in the CRIE system. A minor cathodic allergen was shown by CRIE in extracts 'S' and 'N', but not in extract 'A'. The RAST and RAST-inhibition titration experiments in all extracts showed qualitative and quantitative similarities. The amino acid compositions and the carbohydrate analyses showed that extracts 'S' and 'N' were similar while extract 'A' contained higher concentrations of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. In both alder and birch pollen, the reference extract 'S' contained lower concentrations of the nonallergenic antigens and of the low molecular weight contaminants. PMID- 7095874 TI - Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effects of surgical removal of Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. AB - The influence of the surgical removal of Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen has been examined on the host response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat. In animals subjected to these procedures, no effects were observed on whole blood or plasma histamine levels, peripheral blood leucocytosis or reaginic antibody levels, intestinal mast cell numbers or histamine content, nor on faecal egg output. PMID- 7095876 TI - No-carrier-added synthesis of [1-11C]pyruvic acid. PMID- 7095875 TI - The preparation and labeling of DTPA-coupled albumin. AB - A new method has been developed for the coupling of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to proteins using the cyclic anhydride of DTPA. The anhydride, prepared by a simple one-step synthesis, is added as the solid to the solid protein. Coupling is completed in minutes at room temperature following the addition of aqueous pH 7 buffer. The coupling has been characterized by the use of exhaustive dialysis, gel chromatography, and u.v. spectrophotometry. Under optimal conditions of anhydride: protein molar ratio and protein concentration, up to 70% of the DTPA groups may be coupled to protein. Essentially all free DTPA may be removed from DTPA-coupled albumin preparations by a single passage through a 20-cm gel filtration column. Biodistributions in normal mice at 45 min obtained for 111In-albumin showed 33 +/- 1% injected dose per gram in blood compared to 35 +/- 3% for 125I-albumin. Results for all tissue samples are in agreement within two standard deviations. The simplicity with which albumin has been coupled with DTPA by this method contrasts sharply with existing methods and is an attractive area of research for the labeling of a variety of proteins with a variety of metallic radionuclides. PMID- 7095877 TI - Preparation of 11C-methyl iodide and L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine by an automated continuous flow process. AB - A continuous flow procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 11C-methyl iodide and L-[S-methyl-11C]methionine from 11CO2. The preparation can be completed in 20 min after the end of bombardment. This procedure results in the production of approximately 44 mCi 11C-methyl methionine with a specific activity of 3.3 Ci/mmol. Radiochemical purity is greater than 96%. The procedure has been automated so that the preparation can be carried out remotely, thus minimizing exposure of personnel to radiation. PMID- 7095878 TI - A simple synthesis of bromine-77-labeled alkyl bromides. PMID- 7095879 TI - The influence of hemodialysis fistulas on circulatory dynamics and left ventricular function. AB - This study was designed to examine the influence of arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas on cardiac output and left ventricular performance in 13 uremic patients on regular hemodialysis. M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals were used to derive indices of left ventricular function, and cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Measurements were performed before and after acute digital occlusion of the A-V fistulas. Occlusion of a single fistula caused systemic vascular resistance and the systolic diameter of the left ventricle to increase from 9.6 +/- 1 to 13.5 +/- 2 units (p less than 0.001) and from 3.2 +/- .3 to 3.4 +/- .4 (p less than 0.05) respectively. The increase in afterload caused a reduction in cardiac output from 11.0 +/- 1 to 9.6 +/- 1 l/min (p less than 0.001) and probably accounted for the minor, though not significant, "deterioration" in the indices of left ventricular function. Bilateral fistula occlusion in 8 patients exaggerated these changes, and the reduction in fractional shortening from 43 +/- 4 to 37 +/- 4% was significant at the 5% level. In two patients with severe left ventricular failure, fistula occlusion caused a more pronounced deterioration in cardiac performance. These results show that acute A-V fistula occlusion effectively lowers cardiac output and is, therefore, likely to be beneficial in the management of high output failure. However, when intrinsic left ventricular disease is the primary etiological factor in heart failure, fistula occlusion is unlikely to be helpful, and may worsen the hemodynamic derangement. PMID- 7095880 TI - Influence of hemoperfusion with XAD-4 resin on the concentration of biologic constituents in the blood. AB - 13 patients, who had been subjected to hemoperfusion with Amberlite XAD-4 resin (Haemoresin, Fa. Braun), because of acute intoxications, were examined for the adsorption of bioactive material from the blood. A mean treatment period of four hours at a blood flow rate of 200 ml/min. resulted in a marked thrombocyte decrease by 43% and changes in the concentrations of proteins, complement components C3 and C4 (16-26%) triglycerides (33%), aldosterone (33%) and testosterone (20%). Low molecular weight substances and electrolytes, however, were only slightly or not affected. Thus hemoperfusion system with its poor biocompatibility and inability to remove BUN, electrolytes and water is only suitable for short-term treatment and cannot be used without detailed control of possible side effects and perhaps substitution for treatment of chronic renal or hepatic failure. Hemoperfusion has proved an efficient method of treating various exogenous intoxications. The adsorption of biologically active material from the blood constitutes several side effects which contraindicate long-term treatment, above all of endogenous intoxications such as chronic renal failure and hepatic failure. With the type of adsorber used - various charcoal preparations, resins etc. such as uncoated material or coated with different substances - these side effects vary and have not yet been investigated in a systematic, comparative and comprehensive way. The present investigations are meant to check the adsorption behaviour of Amberlite XAD-4 Resin in vivo towards some selected blood constituents and the influence of hemoperfusion on the concentrations. PMID- 7095881 TI - International forum: "How should a hospital hemapheresis unit be organized?". PMID- 7095883 TI - Exercise in dialysis patients. PMID- 7095884 TI - The need for better plastic materials for disposable medical applications: public health benefits and industrial developments. PMID- 7095882 TI - Plasma perfusion over immobilized protein A from Staphylococcus aureus for treatment of cancer: observations on the evolution of plasma perfusion systems. PMID- 7095885 TI - Evaluation of hemofiltration with different AN 69 membrane devices using a discontinuous flow-single needle system. AB - Unipuncture hemofiltration using the double headed pump (Bellco BL 760) was performed in a patient who acted as her own control for 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane (group A), 10 sessions with a 1.4 m2 AN69 membrane (group B) and 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane Filtral (group C). A two needle standard hemofiltration technique (Hemoprocessor Sartorius) was used in this patient for 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane (group D). To obtain the same amount of ultrafiltration fluid the filtration time was respectively 266, 196, 214 and 260 minutes in groups A, B, C and D. PMID- 7095886 TI - Progression rate of residual renal function in conservative treatment and early dialysis. AB - A retrospective comparative study was carried out in patients with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment (26 cases) and early dialysis (23 cases). The two groups were well matched for age, sex, etiology of renal disease and residual Ccr. In contrast with other papers, patients on dialysis showed a gentler deterioration rate of residual renal function than those on conventional low protein diet regimen. Between the two groups statistically significant differences concerned the control of blood pressure, serum phosphate and uric acid. PMID- 7095888 TI - Analysis of enzyme kinetic data. PMID- 7095887 TI - Lung pathology in chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - To determine the spectrum and the relative frequencies of different pulmonary diseases in chronic renal failure (CFR) patients, we reviewed autopsy records from 46 chronic hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease of various etiologies. Pathological abnormalities were observed in the lungs of all but one patient. Acute and chronic lung diseases were found in 95.7% and 80.4% of subjects respectively. The most common acute diseases were pulmonary infections (pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema) and fluid overload. The most common chronic process was interstitial fibrosis. Other relatively common chronic diseases included pleural fibrosis and/or pleuritis as well as pulmonary arteriosclerosis, hemorrhage, thromboembolism and calcification. The incidences of granulomatous lung diseases, pulmonary amyloidosis and metastatic lung tumors were also higher than expected. Relative incidences of the different pulmonary diseases did not appear to be related to the etiology of CFR; rather, lung abnormalities were common in CFR of all etiologies. PMID- 7095889 TI - An investigation into EEG asymmetry in young children. AB - Microprocessor-based equipment was designed and built which enabled on-line analysis of the EEG information to be performed. The heart of the machine is an arithmetic processing unit, used to enhance the number manipulation capability of the processor system. Data from a group of ten children were recorded on an f.m. tape recorder and this was used for a comparison between three methods of analysis. A versatile, portable EEG acquisition and processing system has been designed, implemented and tested. All results obtained so far imply that brain lateralisation is observable in children at 7 years old and there seems to be a link between degree of lateralisation and reading ability. PMID- 7095890 TI - Comparison of two optimizing algorithms for cerebral blood flow analysis using the intravenous 133Xe wash-out method. AB - The analysis of cerebral blood flow data using intravenous injection and inhalation of 133Xe requires a correction for the arterial recirculation. With a multi-exponential transfer function a problem exists in estimating the non-linear parameters. In this paper conventional two-compartmental blood flow indices from the intravenous 133Xe clearance method are calculated using Marquardt and variable metric optimizing algorithms. Close agreement was found between these two methods in that they yield similar values for the cerebral transfer function. PMID- 7095891 TI - An improved forced oscillatory estimation of respiratory impedance. AB - A new scheme of estimation is proposed for the determination of the total respiratory impedance (Zr) by forced oscillations. Instead of estimating Zr from the airflow at the mouth and the pressure drop across the respiratory system, Zr can be estimated from cross-power spectra between the electrical signal of the driving apparatus and the measured pressure and flow signals. since the electrical signal is free from any disturbance originating from spontaneous breathing, unlike the conventional techniques the proposed 'indirect' estimation of Zr is not subject to systematic errors caused by the respiratory signal components. This is confirmed both by theoretical analysis and simulation of the forced oscillatory measurement. PMID- 7095892 TI - [Discriminant analysis of graphic elements of the EEG. Application to the detection of episodes of diffuse spike-waves]. AB - A database of EEG information was collected from EEG recordings performed in epileptic patients with diffuse spike-wave complex discharges. Normal activity, spike-waves, slow waves and artefacts were mixed up in these recordings. The analysis of EEGs stored in the database was performed, channel by channel, through a 2.56 s moving window. For each so defined EEG sequence, a set of 22 variables chosen for their discriminatory power was computed. A subset of 8 highly discriminating variables was selected by the means of a stepwise discriminant analysis. Each class of the learning set contained 40 up to 100 EEG sequences. A classifying algorithm that takes into account zones of uncertainty is proposed. It has been evaluated on a test set which was composed of 1981 EEG sequences issued from 15 different patients. The results have been checked by two neurologists. The agreement rate between each of them and the proposed algorithm was more than 92%; this result is comparable to the agreement rate between the two neurologists (94%). A contextual analysis algorithm, using bi-dimensional smoothing techniques, allowed to improve the agreement rates which exceeded 94%. PMID- 7095893 TI - Vector analysis of auditory evoked potential in the brain stem. AB - The planar vectocardiographic method was applied to auditory evoked potential in the brain stem (BAEP). It was assumed that the derivations CZ, A1 and A2 from an Einthoven triangle. BAEP were averaged simultaneously on three channels. It was assumed that if CZ were linked to A1 = lead I, CZ to A2 = II and A1 to A2 = III, then I + III = III - II = 0 according to the Einthoven rule. Calculations performed in the averager memory confirmed this hypothesis. The planar vectocardiography method was then applied to BAEP with success. Its advantages are high reliability and amenability to computer analysis. PMID- 7095894 TI - Establishment and characterization of a human myeloma cell line (KMM-1). AB - A new cell line (KMM-1) was established from a subcutaneous plasmacytoma of a 62 year-old male with multiple myeloma. Immunological studies indicated that cultured cells were derived from the same clone of myeloma cells in vivo: smeared cells were stained with fluorescein-conjugated globulin of antisera monospecific to lambda-chain, and lambda-chains in the cell extracts and in culture media were identical to the Bence-Jones protein found in the patient's urine. The cell line grew in suspension with prominent nucleoli and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cells had the karyotype of 47, X, -Y, Iq+, -2, +t(1:2) (cen:cen), +7, 12q+, 14q+, +mar and carried no Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen. Surface markers were as follows; E rosette (-), IgG Fc receptor (-), C3 receptor (-), S-Ig (+), TdT (-), asialo-GM1 (-). The reasons for the successful establishment of the myeloma cell line are discussed. PMID- 7095895 TI - Intra-uterine exposure to saccharin and risk of bladder cancer in man. AB - Animal experiments show that rats fed saccharin are more likely to develop bladder tumours if they have been exposed to saccharin in utero through their mothers' food. The risk of bladder tumours in humans following in utero exposure to saccharin has not been evaluated previously. In Denmark the use of saccharin increased sharply during the second World War as a result of scarcity of sugar, and import and export figures indicate that saccharin consumption was on average 4-5 times higher during the war-time period than in the pre-war decade. The risk of bladder tumours at ages 20-34 was 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.7-1.6) among men born in 1941-1945 compared with men born 1931-1940. Among women the risk was 0.3 (0.1-1.0). This study provides no evidence of an increased risk of human bladder cancer during the first 30-35 years of life associated with in utero saccharine exposure. PMID- 7095896 TI - Detection of a human melanoma-associated antigen, p97, in histological sections of primary human melanomas. AB - The unlabelled antibody technique of Sternberger was used to study the localization in histological sections of human melanoma-associated antigen p97, which is defined by a monoclonal antibody. The antigen was detected in 8 of 10 primary skin melanomas, in 6 of 7 metastatic melanomas and in 2 of 2 compound nevi. It was localized at the cell surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus always being negative. The antigen was not seen in cells from 3 basal cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 leiomyosarcoma, or in samples of normal skin (including keratinocytes, connective tissue consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, smooth muscles, or inflammatory cells such as granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages), kidney or lung. There was, however, staining of some cells in the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands from 2 patients, possibly corresponding to myoepithelial cells. Antigen expression was somewhat variable between cells from different melanomas as well as between individual cells from the same melanoma. The possible diagnostic value of this procedure for identification and classification of melanomas is discussed. PMID- 7095897 TI - Natural antibodies to cell-surface antigens of human astrocytoma. AB - Sera of 200 non-transfused healthy male blood donors were tested for antibody reactivity to cell-surface antigens of cultured astrocytoma cells. Positive reactions were observed only rarely by protein-A assay (PA), in about half the cases by immune adherence assay (IA) and in nearly all cases by anti-C3 mixed hemadsorption assay (C3-MHA). In general, titers were low and only seven sera showed reactivity at 1:1,000. Serum 537 showed the strongest reaction. The anti astrocytoma reactivity in this serum was due to an IgG antibody. Extensive absorption analysis with a panel of cell lines and fresh cells of both benign and malignant origin, as well al fetal cells, revealed that this serum detected an antigen that was present on most neural-crest-derived tumors (astrocytomas, melanomas and neuroblastomas), on very few other malignant tumors and on fetal brain. The antigen detected by serum 537 shows close relationship to the astrocytoma antigen AJ which had been defined by the serum of a patient with astrocytoma. Both antigens appear to be differentiation antigens present predominantly on non-epithelial neoplasms. The antigen detected by serum 537 is heat-stable and pronase-resistant. The sera of two other healthy donors apparently had a similar specificity, whereas the four other high-titered sera and all other sera detected class-III antigens which were non-specific and not tumor-restricted. PMID- 7095898 TI - Cell-surface antigens of a clonal human embryonal carcinoma cell line: morphological and antigenic differentiation in culture. AB - A cloned human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line has been derived from a testicular teratocarcinoma, and reproducibly forms EC tumors when injected into athymic (nu/nu) mice. These human EC cells are characterized by a newly described stage-specific embryonic antigen, SSEA-3. Unlike murine EC cells, they express major histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A, B, C and beta 2-microglobulin) but do not express the embryonic antigen SSEA-I. We also report that these cells appear to be capable of differentiation and that this can be induced by initiating cultures at low cell density. Differentiation is marked by the appearance of morphologically distinct cells and by the induction of SSEA-I, whereas the expression of other antigens, including SSEA-3, is initially diminished. This well-characterized system of human EC cells provides a model for the future investigation of other human teratocarcinoma cell lines and for the analysis of cellular differentiation during early human development. PMID- 7095899 TI - Colony growth and chemosensitivity in vitro of human melanoma biopsies. Relationship to clinical parameters. AB - To study the usefulness of an in vitro colony-forming assay in predicting individual clinical responses to chemotherapy, tumor cells obtained from 150 melanoma metastases (119 patients) were grown in soft agar according to the method of Courtenay and Mills (1978), and tested for sensitivity to DTIC, CCNU, vinblastine, procarbazine, abrin and ricin. In 83% of the cases colony formation was observed (plating efficiency, PE, greater than 0.01%). Twenty-seven per cent of the tumors gave PEs greater than 1%, 45% gave PEs in the range 0.1-0.9%, whereas 11% of the tumors gave 0.01-0.09%. The PEs were not correlated with the degree of pigmentation or with the clinical course. Evaluable chemosensitivity data were obtained on 104 metastases from 83 patients. Large differences in sensitivity were seen. In cases which were evaluable both in vivo and in vitro a clear correlation was found between the in vitro chemosensitivity, expressed as the expected growth delay, and the clinical response to chemotherapy. Tumors from patients with partial response, mixed response or stable disease after prior progression, all had rather high in vitro sensitivity to the drug used (expected growth delay greater than 2.0), whereas patients with progression had lower sensitivity. The results confirm that the soft agar method used here provides good culture conditions for human melanoma cells and show that chemosensitivity data can be obtained in a high percentage of melanoma patients. The approach used seems promising in aiding clinicians to adjust chemotherapy to individual patients. PMID- 7095900 TI - In vitro transformation by avian erythroblastosis virus recruits cells of erythroid lineage with varying degree of differentiation. AB - We have previously shown that AEV infection of leukosis-free chickens provokes an erythroleukemia in the infected birds, and that the target cell for virus transformation is most likely an early pro-erythroblast comparable to the BFU-E. The virus infection correlates with a block in differentiation which was studied at a specific cellular gene level, namely that of the globin genes. In live birds, the viral transformation has been found to affect the transcriptional activity to two out of three adult globin genes and the phenotypic expression of the third. Indeed, the alpha A gene that is transcribed is silent as well, since its transcription product is fully eliminated in the nucleus following an "abortive processing". Chick bone marrow cells can also be transformed in vitro by AEV in which case the virus recruits, as targets, cells of the erythroid lineage belonging to a wider spectrum and hence in varying degrees of differentiation. In contrast to the results obtained with in vivo transformed cells, molecular hybridization with globin cDNA probes showed that in the erythroblasts transformed in vitro under tissue culture conditions all the three adult globin genes are transcriptionally active. In fact, low but detectable amounts of globin mRNA sequences are present in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartment of the cell prior to exposure to any chemical inducers of red cell differentiation. Judging from our present results, we may propose that AEV transformation in vitro does not shut off out only modulates the already functioning erythroid cell differentiation program. PMID- 7095901 TI - Selective depletion of NK cell activity in vivo and its effect on the growth of NK-sensitive and NK-resistant tumor cell variants. AB - Intravenous injection of rabbit anti-asialo-GM1 serum, an antiserum previouslY shown to eliminate splenic natural killer (NK) activity in vitro, profoundly depressed NK activity in CBA, DBA/2 and BALB/c nu/nu mice. The effect on NK activity was selective, as treatment of mice with anti-asialo-GM1 serum did not affect the development of other cytotoxic cells including cytotoxic macrophages following injection of poly I:C, or cytotoxic T cells in response to allogeneic cells. The role of NK cells in controlling tumor cell growth was investigated using an NK-sensitive (cl 27v-1C2) and an NK-resistant (cl 27av) subline of the murine lymphoma L5178Y. Initial studies showed that cl 27v-1C2 cells were at least 100 times less tumorigenic than were cl 27av cells in both syngeneic DBA/2 mice and BALB/c nu/nu mice. In addition, treatment of DBA/2 mice with poly I:C, which boosted NK activity, markedly depressed the growth of cl 27v-1C2 cells, but not of cl 27av cells. On the other hand, treatment of DBA/2 mice and BALB/c nu/nu mice with anti-asialo-GM1 serum led to a marked increase in tumorigenicity of cl 27v 1C2 cells, but had no effect on the tumorigenicity of cl 27av cells. In addition, the protection against cl 27v-1C2 growth afforded by poly-I:C treatment was abrogated by injection oif anti-asialo-GM1 serum. The possibility that the effects observed were caused by binding of the injected antibodies to the tumor cells was minimized by: (1) using a clone of tumor cells (cl 27v-1C2) that lacks chemically detectable asialo-GM1, and (2) pretreating animals with anti-asialo GM1 rather than administering antiserum and tumor cells concurrently. These studies provided compelling evidence that NK cells could play an active role in controlling tumor growth. Selective depletion of NK activity by injection of anti asialo-GM1 serum is a method which would be generally applicable to studying the role of NK cells in disease processes. PMID- 7095902 TI - Augmentation of metastasis formation by thioglycollate-elicited macrophages. AB - Inoculation of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) into C57BL/6 mice reduced the rate of lung clearance of several intravenously (i.v.) injected murine tumor cells, and increased by up to 100-fold the number of artificially-induced metastatic lung nodules produced by the i.v. injection of B16 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) tumor cells. Maximum effects were observed when PEC were injected either before, or shortly after, tumor cells. Modulation of lung clearance or metastasis formation was observed only with PEC and not with a variety of other cells, such as splenocytes, thymocytes P815 mastocytoma cells, or several macrophage-like cell lines (PU5-1.8 and IC-21). Lysates of PEC were as efficient in reducing lung clearance and augmenting metastasis formation as were intact viable PEC. Lysates of other cell types, including P815 and the macrophage-like cell lines, were unable to produce these effects. PEC populations, enriched for macrophages by adherence to plastic or by percoll density gradient sedimentation, also increased the number of B16-induced artificial metastasis, implicating the macrophage as the cell responsible for these observations. PMID- 7095903 TI - Verapamil--therapeutic success, but how? PMID- 7095904 TI - Two successful pregnancies in a patient with single ventricle and transposition of the great arteries. AB - A 29-year-old female with transposition of the great arteries, single ventricle, a small open ductus arteriosus and a mild aortic incompetence experienced two successful pregnancies without major complications. The benign course of pregnancy is attributed to the relatively low pulmonary vascular resistance and to the fact that the patient has not yet developed an Eisenmenger syndrome. PMID- 7095905 TI - Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve leaflets associated with complete transposition of the great arteries. AB - We describe the clinical and surgical findings of a patient with absence of the pulmonary valve leaflets and complete transposition of the great arteries. The main clinical features were a loud, single second heart sound, a loud pansystolic murmur over the entire precordial area, but no diastolic murmurs were heard. The electrocardiogram suggested right ventricular hypertrophy and right bundle branch block. The roentgenographic study showed cardiomegaly with dilatation of both branches of the pulmonary artery. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography showed systemic arterial desaturation, discordant ventriculo-arterial connections and absence of the pulmonary valve leaflets. The patient underwent surgical correction by the Rastelli technique with a favorable clinical course. PMID- 7095906 TI - Echocardiographic detection of free mitral chordae tendineae after mitral valve replacement. PMID- 7095908 TI - What has happened to Aschoff? PMID- 7095907 TI - Correlation of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - We studied 71 patients with 12-hour Holter monitoring to determine if the incidence and complexity of ventricular arrhythmias in symptomatic coronary artery disease patients were related to the extent of left ventricular dysfunction. Their average age was 51 years, and each had cardiac catheterization within 3 months of study. Thirty-six patients had left ventricular aneurysms, 10 had normal left ventricular angiograms and 25 had left ventricular hypokinesis or akinesis without dyskinesis. The patients with aneurysms had significantly more heart failure, prior infarction, cardiomegaly and impaired ejection fractions. The mean premature ventricular contractions per hour for the aneurysm patients was 34 +/- 52, 3 +/- 5 for those with normal left ventricles, and 11 +/- 24 in the remainder. Complex premature ventricular contraction were noted in 50% of the aneurysm patients, in 10% of the patients with normal left ventricles and in 23% of the patients with hypokinesis or akinesis. Ventricular arrhythmias increase with greater left ventricular wall motion abnormality in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. PMID- 7095910 TI - The patient as cardiology changes. PMID- 7095909 TI - Effect of nitrate on determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise. AB - We evaluated the effects of isosorbide dinitrate on some of the major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand during upright exercise in ten normal subjects. In addition to heart rate and systolic blood pressure, we assessed left ventricular size and performance by echocardiography. Compared to the control study, heart rate was significantly faster after the nitrate administration at rest (67 +/- 14 versus 83 +/- 21 beats/minute), but there was no difference in heart rate at any stage during exercise. Systolic blood pressure also was significantly lower at rest after nitrate (104 +/- 8 versus 92 +/- 2 mm Hg) but was similar to control after 6 minutes of exercise. Echocardiographic end diastolic dimension was decreased at rest post-nitrate (45.3 +/- 4.7 versus 40.2 +/- 4.2 mm) and remained significantly reduced during exercise by an analysis of variance. We conclude that a major beneficial effect of nitrates on myocardial oxygen demand during upright exercise is a decrease in left ventricular size which reduces wall tension. PMID- 7095912 TI - Staphylococcal endocarditis presenting as meningitis in pregnancy. PMID- 7095911 TI - Routine cardiac catheterization: a prerequisite for valve surgery? PMID- 7095913 TI - Complete recovery from late puerperal eclampsia with associated blindness. PMID- 7095914 TI - Failure of the refractory period of the accessory pathway to predict the ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 7095915 TI - Uhl's disease associated with mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7095916 TI - Pulmonary artery pressure and wedge pressure in sleep-induced apnea. PMID- 7095917 TI - Pacemaker induced ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7095918 TI - The significance of the arterial-venous plasma concentration difference in clearance studies. AB - Arterial-venous blood or plasma concentration differences and their implications for renal clearance studies are reviewed. In common practice peripheral venous blood or plasma is used for absolute clearance studies employing timed-interval methods following single dosing. However, this is theoretically inappropriate or incorrect because of the systemic arterial-venous blood or plasma concentration difference. Many examples showing arterial-venous differences, together with brief theoretical discussions of factors affecting the differences, are presented. The implications in clearance studies of other organs such as lungs, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract are also discussed. PMID- 7095919 TI - Bioequivalence of a slow-release potassium tablet and a liquid potassium supplement. AB - The rate and extent of potassium absorption from a slow-release potassium chloride tablet and a 10% potassium chloride solution were compared in 12 healthy male volunteers, 18-25 years old. A single 48 mEq potassium dose of the tablet released potassium 30 min slower than the same dose of potassium chloride solution. Potassium was completely absorbed from both preparations within 24 h. Complete absorption was confirmed by quantitative determination of fecal potassium excretion. Gastrointestinal tolerance was good with both preparations, although the incidence of adverse experiences was slightly higher with the liquid preparation. "Bad taste" was not associated with the slow-release tablet; 92% of the subjects reported "bad taste" with the potassium chloride solution. PMID- 7095921 TI - The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyl-disopyramide in humans. AB - The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide and its metabolite mono-N-dealkyl disopyramide (MND) were studied after a single oral and intramuscular dose and at steady state in healthy volunteers, after an intravenous dose in post-surgery patients, and after a single oral dose in two patients with renal insufficiency. After an oral dose in healthy volunteers the plasma elimination half-life of total disopyramide was 8.65 +/- 1.37 h, and that of the non protein-bound disopyramide, 4.74 +/- 1.20 h. The protein binding of disopyramide varied from 0.58 to nearly 1.0, and was concentration dependent. All subjects had detectable amounts of MND in plasma. Its elimination half-life was 12.9 +/- 6.43 h. The ratio of MND to disopyramide was 0.23 +/- 0.09 in plasma and 0.46 +/- 0.11 in urine. There was a close correlation (r = 0.868) between the renal clearances of free disopyramide and creatinine. The renal clearances of disopyramide (both free and total), MND, and creatinine varied with time; this resembled variation in the urine flow. The kinetics of one dose at steady state did not differ markedly from that of a single dose. The elimination half-lives of total disopyramide varied from 4.4 to 17.1 in post-surgery patients, and those of the renal patients were 10.6 and 8.7 h. PMID- 7095920 TI - The bioavailability and kinetics of dihydroquinidine in patients with heart disease. AB - The absolute bioavailability of dihydroquinidine chloride (normal tablet and sustained-release capsule) was studied in 12 hospitalized patients with heart disease. A 300-mg dose of dihydroquinidine gluconate was administered to each patient by short intravenous infusion. After a single dose of two tablets of dihydroquinidine chloride (300 mg), the average peak concentration was 0.74 +/- 0.43 mg/l (+/- SD); following administration two capsules of the sustained release form (500 mg dihydroquinidine chloride) the average peak concentration was 0.55 +/- 0.25 mg/l. Tmax was approximately 5 h with the dihydroquinidine tablet and 7 h with the dihydroquinidine capsule. The mean absolute bioavailability was 89 +/- 9% for the conventional tablet and 52 +/- 15% for the sustained-release capsule. After intravenous infusion of dihydroquinidine (2.63 +/- 0.29 mg/kg), the disposition of the drug is described by a two-compartment open model. The volume of distribution (Vd) was 4.67 l/kg. Distribution (t1/2 alpha = 18.63 +/- 15.2 h) and the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2 beta = 10.8 +/- 4.7 h) were longer than the corresponding values reported by Ueda et al. [1976]. These discrepancies are presumably due to the different sampling period that was extended to 24 h in our study, consequently evidencing a slower rate of elimination from 12 to 24 h. Mean total body clearance (Cl) was 0.28 +/- 0.057 l/h/kg. Urine sample collection for 48 h showed 21% of the dose was excreted unchanged. The renal clearance (Clr) was 0.062 +/- 0.018 l/h/kg. PMID- 7095922 TI - Drug histories and criminality of inmates of local jails in the United States (1978): implications for treatment and rehabilitation of the drug abuser in a jail setting. AB - A survey by the Department of Justice in 1978 of inmates of local jails in the United States found that 68% had ever used drugs like heroin, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, or barbiturates outside a treatment program, and without a doctor's prescription. Offenses for which relatively larger proportions of inmates reported drug use included robbery, burglary, auto theft, larceny, and drug offenses. During the month prior to jail, 44% of inmates reported using drugs. Some 21% of convicted inmates reported being under the influence of drugs at the time of an offense for which convicted. One-fourth of inmates reporting drug use had ever been enrolled in drug treatment. Treatment and rehabilitation of the drug abuser in a jail setting is discussed. PMID- 7095924 TI - Factors related to patient attrition from alcoholism treatment programs. AB - This study focused on an examination of a number of factors which might explain dropout from Veterans Administration inpatient alcoholism treatment programs. The investigation included 137 closed treatment groups that were used at this hospital over a 12-year span. These programs involved five different treatment modalities which varied in treatment length as well as in size of the treatment group. Program directors need to be aware that if their treatment approach involves closed treatment groups, the size of the group, its composition, and the length of the program can influence the dropout rate. According to these results the optimal group size is around five individuals and should not include a large percentage of individuals who are of high intelligence. Dropout rates declined as program length was shortened. PMID- 7095923 TI - Drinking history and sex of subject in the effects of alcohol on perception and perceptual-motor coordination. AB - Previous investigations of the effects of alcohol on eye-hand coordination have failed to assess the degree to which each of the individual components of this task--vision and proprioception--is affected by the drug. Such a "microanalysis" was performed in the present experiment in the context of a prism adaptation paradigm, as well as tasks involving mirror tracing and dart throwing. Twenty male and 20 female subjects were divided into equal subgroups of "heavy" and "light" drinkers. In the prism adaptation situation each subject was tested on three tasks--visual straight ahead (the visual task), pointing straight ahead (the proprioception task), and visual target pointing (the visuomotor coordination task)--before and after ingestion of either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage. Measures of adaptation to 11-degree prismatic displacement were also obtained. Little evidence for interactive effects between subject's sex or drinking history and alcohol was obtained. However, there was a tendency for alcohol to retard prism adaptation and to affect the felt position of both manual limbs as well as apparent visual direction. In addition, alcoholic intoxication impaired performance on the mirror-tracing task but, surprisingly, had no effect on dart throwing. PMID- 7095926 TI - A conceptual model for developing prevention programs. PMID- 7095925 TI - Nonpsychiatric predictors of narcotic dependence: a prospective study with a 5 year follow-up. PMID- 7095928 TI - Staff-patient perceptions of the helpfulness of an alcoholism treatment program: an exploratory study of treatment relationships. PMID- 7095927 TI - Family environment as a predictor of alcoholism treatment outcome. PMID- 7095929 TI - "Friendly persuasion": a social network analysis of sex differences in marijuana use. PMID- 7095930 TI - Indicated preference for drugs of abuse. AB - Experienced polydrug abusers (N = 190) were asked to indicate previous drugs used as well as drug preferences. The 11 most frequently used drugs were ranked according to percentage of subjects preferring each drug relative to reference compounds (marijuana, alcohol, amphetamine, and cocaine). A highly consistent ranking of drug preference was obtained across reference compounds. The mean ordinal ranking of drug preference was heroin (highest), amphetamine, alcohol, pentobarbital, secobarbital, marijuana, cocaine, codeine, diazepam, LSD, and hashish (lowest). The ranking of drugs by preference was unrelated to incidence of use of drug accessibility. PMID- 7095931 TI - Posttreatment drinking behavior among inpatients from an industrial alcoholism program. AB - Findings from a follow-up study of inpatients from an industrial alcoholism program are presented. At 3-month follow-up, 46% were abstinent and 22% drinking moderately; at 9 months, 37% were abstinent and 20% drinking moderately. Moderate drinkers at 3 months had a high relapse rate by 9 months. In comparing moderate drinkers at 9 months to abstainers and to those drinking destructively, it was found that moderate drinkers were more similar to abstainers than to destructive drinkers on most variables. Relationships between drinking outcomes and several sets of predictor variables are presented and discussed. From these data it is evident that social support (being married, family involved in treatment, AA and/or religious involvement) is crucial in recovery from alcoholism, that employer's involvement had a positive influence, that coercion for treatment did not have a negative impact, that prior job problems had a delayed negative impact, and that treatment outcome for earlier-phase alcoholics was relatively poor in comparison to "chronic" cases in this program. PMID- 7095932 TI - And coffee too. AB - Two hundred and seventy-two persons aged 11 to 80 were interviewed regarding whether and why they had tried and/or used coffee, tobacco, liquor, and marijuana. The attracting and capturing power of tobacco and marijuana registered as lower than those associated with coffee and liquor. A guilt/shame index was derived from avowed motives. Trying tobacco and liquor was associated with greater guilt/shame than that associated with coffee and marijuana. Most tobacco users offered motives that indicated continued guilt/shame, while the majority of the other users expressed contentment with their habits. PMID- 7095933 TI - The stability of personality measures in drug abusers during withdrawal. AB - The present report is of the stability of personality measures within a group of polydrug abusers during withdrawal. The EPQ (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1975) and a questionnaire assessing disturbances of perceptual and cognitive functioning (Reichenstein, 1976) were the instruments employed. Initial assessments were made within 24 hours of admission and were repeated at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after drug withdrawal. Scores on Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion showed considerable stability, although the Lie Score decreased across occasions. Mean scores on the Reichenstein Scale were initially elevated but subsequently normalized. The findings suggest that previously reported scores of drug abusers on the EPQ are not an artifact of drug status. PMID- 7095934 TI - Presidential address: on scapegoating in group psychotherapy. PMID- 7095935 TI - Leadership change and organizational regression. PMID- 7095937 TI - Authority and authoritarianism in group psychotherapy. PMID- 7095936 TI - The dynamics of injury in encounter groups: power, splitting, and the mismanagement of resistance. PMID- 7095938 TI - Viewing the therapeutic community through Adlerian spectacles. PMID- 7095939 TI - The adolescent group as transitional object. PMID- 7095940 TI - Process and content in the family-of-origin group. PMID- 7095941 TI - Mononuclear phagocytes, prostanoids and rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We describe a new, simple procedure for obtaining and studying mononuclear phagocytes from inflammatory synovial fluid. The viability and functional characteristics of these macrophages have been carefully checked. This technique has been used to evaluate the macrophagic synthesis of prostaglandins in 16 patients with evolutive rheumatoid arthritis. Significant amounts of prostaglandins, mainly PGE2 and TxB2, are released and increased after zymosan administration. The three tested prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2 alpha and TxB2) responded in a similar manner. The in vitro PG biosynthesis and the number of harvested adherent cells are negatively correlated with the synovial fluid volume but positively correlated with the disease activity. In fact, we found an heterogeneity among the analyzed macrophages; these can be divided into two populations with marked differences in their PG biosynthesis. The one with the highest synthesis corresponded to the more severe disease. PMID- 7095942 TI - To tell or not to tell: haemophiliacs' views on their employment prospects. AB - As part of a study on the employment situation of haemophiliacs carried out by four Haemophilia Centres in the United Kingdom, the patients were invited to express their own views on their employment problems and prospects. 225 patients, most of them severely or moderately affected by the disease, made comments which were classified into eight categories. The results show that one third of the patients were preoccupied with whether or not to tell the employer about their condition. The ignorance of employers about haemophilia and of the benefits of self-treatment was also emphasised by many patients. It appears that education of both potential employers and of the public is essential for the rehabilitation of, and the provision of, satisfactory working conditions for the haemophiliac. PMID- 7095943 TI - Pre- and perinatal risk factors in the etiology of infantile cerebral palsy. AB - In order to specify the influence of pre- and perinatal factors in the etiology of the different forms of congenital cerebral palsy the anamnestic data of 178 children born between 1962 and 1976 were analysed. The main adverse factors for the whole group were perinatal asphyxia (40%), prematurity (37%) and bleeding in the first trimenon (11%). As expected asphyxia was of foremost importance in spastic tetraplegia and prematurity in spastic diplegia. No complications of pregnancy and delivery were found in 44% of the congenital hemiplegias and in 34% of the ataxic syndromes. Obviously a major part of the congenital hemiplegias is not caused by birth injury but is the consequence of prenatally acquired brain lesions. This group cannot be diminished by perinatal intensive care and early detection by risk programs is difficult since no risk factors exist. PMID- 7095945 TI - Rehabilitation training in Finland. AB - There are functional defects in rehabilitation in Finland. The defects correspond to the ones ascertained by a WHO meeting dealing with the whole world. Based on these defects two questions were put: (1) can training be used more effectively than some other means? (2) how training could be structured in practice? The work began with an analysis of the functional defects and their causes. This was done by a government expert committee. It considered "lack of knowledge" or "lack of skills" to be the cause. Then, the curriculi of the faculties and other training institutes were surveyed. It was noted that the very same items which were considered as functional defects, were missing or only conditionally present. From the defects the training objectives were deducted and the existing real-life obstacles analyzed. The analysis took place in work-conferences with the respective training officers. The outcome was that the training should be a low budget, short-duration training. When trying to organize a training for this kind of training situation and reach the objectives, it was discovered that they were contradictory. It was discovered that the most effective way to train would be to combine short introductory courses with case-studies and continue this, if possible, with different types of counselling and consulting activities. Using the method of orientating concepts, it has been possible to provide insight into rehabilitation in a very short time to an audience with different scientific backgrounds and to overcome some of the problems caused by the multidisciplinarity of rehabilitation. PMID- 7095946 TI - Attitudes towards mental illness in a sample of Israeli rehabilitation workers. AB - Forty-six rehabilitation workers from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area were tested for their views about mentally ill people. It was found that these workers were ambiguous in their attitudes. In some respects they were more tolerant than the general Israeli population. In others, they displayed the same negative views towards the mentally ill as other researchers have found in Israeli society. This ambiguity may be due to the fact that while their professional ideology forces them to express "tolerant" opinions, they nonetheless are influenced by the attitudes prevalent in Israeli culture. Then, too, these negative attitudes may also stem from disappointing professional experience with chronic mentally ill clients. Mainsteam psychiatric professionals could assist these rahabilitation workers by offering more consultative, back-up services. PMID- 7095944 TI - [Study of the functioning of Departmental Commissions on Special Education]. AB - The study of the functioning of the Regional Commissions for Special Education (C.D.E.S.), which were established by the Loi d'Orientation (orientation law) of 1975, was carried through within a three years' period by a team of researchers from the areas of Public Health and Education. The following main results were found: (1) A statistical analysis of 800 dossiers from the Commissions resulted in findings which are in accordance with corresponding epidemiological data from France: in the population aged 0-20 the frequency of handicap is 11,5%. (2) Three quarters of the children had additional handicaps. (3) Of the children living in unfavourable social-familial conditions caused by severe behavior disturbances and light or moderate intellectual limitations 8,7% were found to be excluded from school. The hypothesis elaborated by the researchers was that the Loi d'Orientation of 1975 has caused a unifying change in the practice of social action. This assumption was confirmed by the observations and evaluations: the Commissions for Special Education are aware of 90% of the needs of the corresponding population, without creating inadequate needs. They are a place of concertation, bringing together all partners: representatives of parents, representatives of institutions, from the areas of Public Health and Education, and Administration. The integration of the handicapped in regular schools makes progress, not so much in a quantitative but in a qualitative way. At the same time the study points at a number of unsolved problems: the contact with parents is not always well established; the work rhythm of the Commissions and working groups is too quick, the availability of their members is insufficient; finally, the reticence of maintaining accurate dossiers and of keeping to the rules of professional secrecy impede concerted action and coherence of decisions, as much in respect to educational orientation as to the allotment of means. In conclusion, the engaged unifying change should be favored by new means of personnel and by establisheing new methodological and deontological tools which are well adapted to a concerted medico-social action. PMID- 7095948 TI - Joint contractures and waxy skin in diabetes. PMID- 7095947 TI - Excruciating skin pain after PUVA treatment. PMID- 7095949 TI - Bachelor scurvy. AB - Scurvy occurred in an elderly man with fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and extensive ecchymoses and brawny edema of the legs. Platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time were normal, but serum ascorbic acid level was very low. Other signs considered to be classic and almost pathognomonic for were absent: bleeding gums, hyperkeratotic follicles, coiled hairs, and perifollicular hemorrhages. Reliance on these well-known features of scurvy may obscure or delay diagnosis of an easily cured disorder Severe scurvy is most commonly suggested by tenderness, extensive ecchymoses, and brawny edema of the lower extremities. PMID- 7095950 TI - Nasal glioma. AB - Light and electron microscopic studies in a case of nasal glioma revealed a tumor composed nearly entirely of astrocytes. No ganglion cells or neurons were present and the mass was not surrounded by a capsule reminiscent for meningeal tissue. The vasculature resembled dermal patterns rather than typical central nervous system. No bone defect or connection to endocerebral tissue could be detected in the present case. Nasal glioma represents an ectopic focus of astrocytes, comparable to a hamartoma, rather than a true tumor or a herniation of brain tissue. PMID- 7095952 TI - Light therapy for alopecia areata. PMID- 7095951 TI - Yaws. PMID- 7095953 TI - Hyperplasia and tumor promotion. PMID- 7095954 TI - The decubitus ulcer. PMID- 7095955 TI - Actinic prurigo, a variety of polymorphous light eruption. PMID- 7095956 TI - Idiopathic deciduous skin. PMID- 7095957 TI - Medical aspects of the decubitus ulcer. PMID- 7095958 TI - Eruptive vellus hair cysts. PMID- 7095962 TI - Further studies on skin melanomas apparently dependent on female sex hormones. AB - In the British Isles the incidence of mortality rates from malignant melanoma of the skin have been shown to be higher in females than in males in the later years of reproductive life. In populations with higher rates for malignant melanoma of skin (Scandinavia, Australasia etc), and also in Japan, where the rates are low, the ratio of female to male deaths is lower than in the British Isles. However, a similar pattern of age-specific sex ratios (risks for females compared with males peaking at some age in the latter half of reproductive life, and relatively low in middle age) is found in these populations. This 'gynaecologic' factor is not an artifact of interactions between age and year of birth effects, and appears to act multiplicatively with other aetiologic factors. These findings have implications for studies of the aetiology and pathogenesis of malignant melanoma, as well as for the descriptive mathematical modelling of the rates for purposes of environmental legislation. PMID- 7095959 TI - 8-methoxypsoralen-induced nail pigmentation. PMID- 7095961 TI - Oestrogens and obesity as risk factors for endometrial cancer in Italy. AB - In a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for endometrial cancer, obesity, history of various diseases, reproductive and menstrual characteristics, marital status, education, and lifetime use of female hormones were examined in 173 histologically proven endometrial cancers and 347 controls. Obesity, non contraceptive oestrogen use, late menopause, low parity and history of uterine fibromyomas were associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The relative risks of obesity and oestrogen use seem to fit well for an additive model. Histological differentiation was positively correlated both to oestrogen use and to level of overweight, supporting the hypothesis of a specific role of oestrogens in endometrial cancer. PMID- 7095960 TI - A case-control dietary study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure. AB - The dietary intakes of 90 confirmed primary liver cancer cases were compared against 90 age-sex matched controls. Dietary recall, obtained by the same nutritionist, was taken for each change of residence lasting one year or more. The frequency and amounts of food items consumed were calculated into units of aflatoxin load per day using a Philippine table of aflatoxin values of these items. Of the total subjects' aflatoxin load, 51.2% came from cassava, 20.3% from corn, 6.8% from peanuts and 5.8% from sweet potato. The mean aflatoxin load per day of the cases as found to be 440% that of the controls. Upon grouping dietary aflatoxin loads (and alcohol intakes) into Heavy and Light, and upon comparing cases versus controls, the relative risk (RR) of developing primary liver cancer was found to be statistically significant in the following order of rank: cassava, peanuts, sweet potato, corn and alcohol. Boiled rice which had negligible aflatoxin content gave no difference in risk. Combining aflatoxin load and alcohol intake gave a synergistic and a statistically significant effect on RR with Light Aflatoxin, Light Alcohol as RR = 1. RESULTS: Light Aflatoxin, Heavy Alcohol RR = 3.9; Heavy Aflatoxin, Light Alcohol RR = 17.5; Heavy Aflatoxin, Heavy Alcohol RR = 35.0. PMID- 7095963 TI - A single risk factor in sudden infant death and its multiple attack distribution. PMID- 7095964 TI - Indirect standardization of neonatal mortality for birth weight. AB - Recent advances in perinatal medicine, together with the proliferation of regionalized perinatal networks, have increased the need for monitoring of trends and variations in birth weight-specific perinatal mortality rates. Since the United states has no national system of linked birth and death records, the only available method for comparing weight-specific mortality among geographic areas or medical care facilities in through indirect standardization of mortality for birth weight. This paper investigates the characteristics of the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) obtained by indirect standardization using 1974-77 neonatal mortality and birth weight data for 202 geographic areas across the United States. The results show that the SMR is not sensitive to the choice of standard rates even when the area's birth weight-specific mortality rates are not a constant multiple of standard rates. A method for estimating the standard error of the SMR without knowledge of the weight-specific rates is presented and shown to be nearly unbiased. There is also a substantial amount of variation among geographic areas in both neonatal mortality rates, SMRs, and birth weight distributions. Thus, despite certain limitations, the SMR provides a useful summary measure for monitoring trends and variations among geographic areas or medical care facilities in birth outcome. PMID- 7095965 TI - Childhood respiratory illness and the home environment. I. Relations between nitrogen dioxide, temperature and relative humidity. AB - The relation between the use of gas for cooking, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), temperature and relative humidity was investigated in an urban area of northern England. In a pilot study conducted in a random sample of 40 homes measurements of temperature and relative humidity were not significantly different between homes with a gas cooker and homes with an electric cooker but weekly average levels of NO2 were higher in bedrooms (p less than 0.005) and living rooms (P less than 0.01) of gas homes. In the main study conducted in gas cooking homes only, access was gained to 183 (54.3%) of 337 randomly selected homes. No correlation was found in children's bedrooms between with weekly average level of NO2 (range 4.7 to 160.8 ppb) and weekly average temperature (ranged 7.7 to 22.0 degree C; r = 0.05, p greater than 0.10) or relative humidity (range 37.0 to 98.1%; r = 0.07, p greater than 0.10). Levels of NO2 in the bedroom were positively correlated with those in the living room (range 9.0 to 292.2 ppb; r = 0.39, p less than 0.01). Factors which tended to be associated with high levels of NO2 in the home included gas fires, paraffin heaters and use of the cooker for heating and drying clothes. PMID- 7095967 TI - Respiratory disease Mortality in Agricultural workers in eight member countries of the European community. AB - A co-operative study by representatives of eight member countries of the EEC into the problem of respiratory disease among agricultural workers is reported. From each country mortality data (routinely collected but often unpublished) were obtained for seven disease categories in the country as a whole, and separately where possible for urban and rural areas, and agricultural workers. The results indicate that comparable data can be collected from different countries despite variations in local methods of data collection and coding. There are large between country differences in respiratory disease mortality rates, and data for agricultural workers in France and England and Wales suggest an excess respiratory disease deaths (mainly pneumonia and influenza) among agricultural workers. PMID- 7095966 TI - Childhood respiratory illness and the home environment. II. Association between respiratory illness and nitrogen dioxide, temperature and relative humidity. AB - The relation of respiratory illness to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), temperature and relative humidity in homes with a gas cooker was investigated in five and six year old children living in an urban area of the northern England. NO2 was measured for one week in the child's bedroom and living room of each home, and temperature and relative humidity were measured in the bedroom only. Information on respiratory conditions experienced by the child and characteristics of the home was collected in a self-administered questionnaire completed by the child's mother. Access was gained to 183 homes (54.3% of 337) where only gas was used for cooking. Complete information was obtained for 179 (93.7%) of 191 children who lived in the 183 homes. After allowing for the effects of age, sex, social class, and number of cigarette smokers in the home and temperature or relative humidity, no statistically significant relation was found between the prevalence of having one or more respiratory conditions and weekly average levels of NO2 in the bedroom (range 4.7 to 160.8 ppb) or living room (range 9.0 to 292.2 ppb). However, the prevalence of having one or more respiratory conditions tended to be highest in homes with high levels of NO2 and lowest in homes with low levels, consistent with earlier findings. A significant positive association was found between the prevalence of respiratory conditions and relative humidity (p less than .05). A harmful effect on health from NO2 cannot be totally dismissed but if it exists it is weak and difficult to detect in small samples of children. PMID- 7095969 TI - Syphilis control in populations previously exposed to yaws. AB - Application of an epidemiologic strategy, involving repeated annual screening, public relations activities and treatment to selected groups, for syphilis control in four communities is described. The predictive value of the VDRL screening test was influenced by the titre of the test and the age and location of individuals on whom it was performed. The predictive value of 1:8 VDRL titres (for active syphilis) varied from zero in individuals over 50 years of age, in one community to 0.96 in individuals 10-29 years old in another. Reduction in transmission of infection was closely related to the degree of screening coverage of the community and adjacent communities with which intercourse occurred. PMID- 7095968 TI - A preliminary investigation of mortality among workers in the pottery industry. AB - Early studies of mortality among workers in the pottery industry indicated elevated mortality from tuberculosis and non-malignant respiratory disease. Although raw materials and production processes have changed very little some fibrous materials such as talc have been introduced into the industry during the past 20 to 30 years. This prompted a mortality study of pottery workers to examine patterns of fatal disease among individuals exposed to dust particles during the production of ceramics. Deaths among active and retired pottery workers were identified from records of the international Brotherhood of Potters and Allied Workers (IBPAW). Underlying cause of death was determined from death certificates obtained from state vital records offices for 2924 white males and 946 white females who died between 1955 and 1977. Cause-specific Proportionate Mortality Ratios (PMRs) were calculated using the total United States as a standard. PMRs fro tuberculosis and non-malignant respiratory disease were elevated among males and females, particularly those whose occupations were associated with high levels of dust exposure. A significantly elevated frequency of lung cancer occurred exclusively among white males who had been employed in the manufacture of ceramic plumbing fixtures. PMID- 7095971 TI - Female fat distribution-a simple classification based on two circumference measurements. AB - An alternative to the fat distribution (FD) score based on photographic measurements is constructed by discriminant analysis based on waist and thigh circumferences: Fat distribution (circumference) score (CFD score) = 29 log10 (waist circumference-36 log10 (thigh circumference)+10.5. The CFD score shows a correlation of 0.88 with the FD score over 54 female subjects, and can be used instead of, but not interchangeably with, the FD score to classify female fat distribution. PMID- 7095970 TI - Plasma catecholamines and autonomic responsiveness in obesity. AB - The autonomic responsiveness of lean women to standing, passsive vertical tilting, noradrenaline infusion and the valsalva manoeuvre has been compared with that of obese women and a group of formerly obese women (post-obese). Upon standing, the lean and obese groups had comparable cardiovascular responses with similar rises in plasma noradrenaline. With passive 85 degrees head-up tilting at an ambient temperature of 26 degrees C the obese and post-obese subjects had a greater rise in plasma noradrenaline than the lean group who were less able to withstand the test. Noradrenaline infusions (at 26 degrees C) in the lean and post-obese subjects led to similar increases in plasma noradrenaline, systolic and diastolic pressures and plasma free fatty acids but the post-obese showed a greater bradycardia. The response to the valsalva manoeuvre was normal in lean and obese patients and was unaltered after a reduced energy intake in the obese. On energy restriction for two weeks 10 obese subjects showed a fall in pulse rate, in systolic and diastolic pressures and in plasma noradrenaline while the subjects remained supine. On standing there was less of a rise in plasma noradrenaline than when energy intake was high. The response in noradrenaline was restored to that seen on high energy intakes by giving L-dopa. Seasonal changes in venous noradrenaline concentrations were apparent in obese and post-obese patients but not in lean subjects. These differences may relate to altered responses to environmental temperature or to an altered food intake in the two obese groups. There appears to be no generalised in the autonomic system in obese women either before or after weight loss but the process of slimming does lead to a reduction in plasma noradrenaline levels. PMID- 7095972 TI - The effect of increasing the relative cost of palatable food with respect to ordinary food on total-energy intake of eight obese inpatients. AB - 1. It has been suggested that obese subjects have a greater relative preference for palatable foods than lean subjects. 2. The food intake of eight obese subjects was measured using an automated food dispensing machine. 3. Subjects ate ad libitum for the first three days from a range of acceptable foods predetermined by questionnaire. 4. On the next three days the food which subjects chose most frequently ('palatable' food) was priced at a level such that if the subjects maintained their intake of that food they were forced to reduce their total energy intake by 50 per cent, but the subjects were able to obtain food sufficient to maintain their energy intake only if they ate exclusively food rated as 'ordinary'. 5. On this differential fixed price schedule the obese subjects reduced total energy intake to a small extent (20 per cent) whereas their intake of palatable food was reduced to a larger extent (65 per cent). Thus obese subjects relatively defended energy intake at the expense of palatability. Hunger and appetite ratings did not differ from each other throughout the study. PMID- 7095974 TI - Relationship between experimental obesity and plasma lipid fractions. AB - Serum lipids of three types of obese animals have been studied; GTG mice, the lesioned rat (VMH) and the Zucker rat. Analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography and densitometric quantification. These methods separate 14 lipid fractions after serum extraction. The experimental evidence shows that GTG mice and VMH rats are characterized, in comparison with their lean strains by elevated cholesteryl-ester fractions, triglycerides, lecithins and lysolecithins. In addition the Zucker rat is essentially hypertriglyceridemic and shows increased phospholipid levels. The analysis also stresses the importance of polyunsaturated fractions of cholesteryl esters in obese animals. PMID- 7095976 TI - A roentgenological study of the small intestine after different intestinal bypass operations for treatment of morbid obesity. AB - Twenty-nine patients who had undergone four different types of jejunoileal bypass for obesity were examined roentgenologically after ingestion of barium contrast. Functional intestinal length, blind loop reflux and speed of contrast through the small intestine were recorded. Weight loss was not correlated to any of the mentioned parameters or to operative method. Length of functioning intestine increased and speed of contrast decreased with time after surgery. PMID- 7095973 TI - Balanced hypocaloric diet versus protein-sparing modified fast in the treatment of obesity: a comparative study. PMID- 7095975 TI - Role of anaerobic bacteria in weight loss and reduced food intake after jejuno ileal bypass in the rat. AB - The mechanism of weight loss after small intestinal bypass was studied in Wistar rats. Weight loss after 90 per cent bypass was twice that after equivalent small bowel resection. This was not due to differences in absorption, as faecal fat and energy excretion were equally increased after both procedures. However, when resected rats were pair fed with bypassed animals, their weight curves were identical, suggesting that diminished food intake was responsible for the increased weight loss after bypass. Anaerobic organisms were rarely found in normal small bowel but were present in high concentrations in the bypassed segment. Metronidazole administration significantly reduced weight loss after bypass, but not after resection. Cephalexin had no effect. These results suggest that approximately half the weight loss occurring after bypass is due to shortening of small bowel. The remainder can be accounted for by reduced food intake as a result of anaerobic overgrowth of the long excluded segment of bowel. PMID- 7095977 TI - Serum free triiodothyronine: determinant of the pseudohypercortisolism in obesity? AB - Eighteen euthyroid, grossly-obese females without characteristics of Cushing's syndrome were studied. The absolute urinary excretion rate of 17- ketogenic steroids was increased in 13 patients, whereas the excretion rate of urinary free cortisol was slightly elevated in four out of 15 patients. The urinary excretion rate of 17-ketogenic steroids was significantly (P less than 0.005) positively correlated (rs = 0.66) with the serum concentration of free triiodothyronine, whereas no correlation with the serum concentration of free thyroxine could be demonstrated. The urinary excretion rate of urinary free cortisol was not correlated with the serum concentration of free triiodothyronine or free thyroxine. The study indicates that the increased absolute urinary excretion rate of 17-ketogenic steroids in obesity is a result of increased cortisol metabolism and may be due to actions to triiodothyronine. PMID- 7095979 TI - Patient mislabeling of symptoms: implications for patient-physician communication and medical outcome. AB - Mislabeling of symptoms was studied in a group of 587 chronic asthmatic patients. Results indicated a wide variation in both the frequency and type of mislabeling, with over 26 per cent of the patients mislabeling one or more nonairways obstruction symptom clusters as being an asthma attack. Several demographic and personality factors were found to correlate with mislabeling. Finally, mislabeling was associated with medical outcome, with mislabelers being 40 per cent more likely than nonmislabelers to be rehospitalized for their asthma within six months of discharge. PMID- 7095980 TI - The relationship between expressed and experienced emotion in depression. AB - Sixty right-handed adult subjects, divided equally into three groups (mildly depressed, normal, and "low normal") on the basis of the Zung self-Rating Depression Scale, were exposed for forty seconds each to forty-eight imagery items designed to reflect happy, sad, angry, and fearful situations. Expressed emotion (facial electromyography) and experienced emotion (self-report) were measured. Results replicated and extended previous findings, suggesting both a "dissociation" between expressed and experienced happiness and an abnormal degree of "association" between expressed and experienced sadness for depressives and possibly "low normals." PMID- 7095978 TI - Intranasal cocaine: dose relationships of psychological effects and plasma levels. AB - We compared the psychological effects of three doses of intranasal cocaine hydrochloride (.2, .75, and 1.5 mg/kg) with cocaine plasma concentrations in four volunteers. Intranasal lidocaine hydrochloride (.2 mg/kg) was used as a topically active placebo. Peak "high" ratings were related to both dose and peak plasma concentrations. At a given plasma concentration, "high" ratings were greater when plasma levels were increasing than when they were decreasing. This indicates that acute tolerance by tachphylaxis occurred after single doses. The cocaine "high" was a pleasant feeling but was without distinctive sensations. The dramatic effects of intranasal cocaine on the street may be related to larger or repeated doses as well as the setting. PMID- 7095981 TI - Psychological aspects of donor insemination. AB - This survey of the psychological literature on Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID) pays particular attention to the secrecy. Studies of couples beforehand do not arrive at criteria for choosing psychologically suitable couples. Follow-up questionnaires are superficial and cannot inform us which couples and what percentage of couples encounter psychological difficulties. Case reports of couples who encountered difficulties are too few to permit generalization and cannot specify AID's role in generating symptoms. A second look at the data suggests that, although overlooked, the secrecy surrounding AID may create psychological difficulties, a view supported by the findings at our clinic. A plea is made with specific recommendations to create an ambience in which openness is possible, and which will allow in-depth research of the psychological aspects of AID. PMID- 7095982 TI - Marital intimacy and medical practice. AB - Recent studies of marriage focusing on the development of marital intimacy and its role in the family as it influences emotional and physical health are reviewed. Marital pathology is increasingly presented in diverse and often covert ways to almost all physicians. Specific suggestions for the detection of marital discord in medical practice and its management will be presented. PMID- 7095983 TI - Psychiatric disorders associated with Crohn's disease. AB - This article is a report of the authors' experience with a series of forty-six patients with Crohn's disease seen in psychiatric consultation over a nine year period. We treated twenty-two of these patients in either long term or short term psychotherapy in addition to the initial psychiatric evaluation. A brief literature review of previous studies on the psychiatric aspects of Crohn's disease is also presented. The most common reason that psychiatric consultation was requested was depression, followed by pain and narcotic-related problems. Factors which appeared to contribute to psychiatric morbidity were the following: duration of Crohn's disease, frequent hospitalizations and surgical procedures, presence of an ostomy, history of proctocolectomy, current psychosocial stress unrelated to Crohn's disease and a history of traumatic childhood experiences. Four suggestions regarding psychiatric management of this group of patients are presented and discussed. PMID- 7095984 TI - Incontinence: a major multidisciplinary problem. PMID- 7095985 TI - The management of urinary incontinence. AB - Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine which is a social or hygienic problem and is objectively demonstrable. It is common in the general population and not all patients will report the presence of the problem because of, among other things, embarrassment. Assessment is important and should be multi-disciplinary. It includes a history, physical examination and some simple tests. A bladder chart kept by the patient aids assessment. Most patients can then be categorized and further testing planned. These tests are usually invasive and include urodynamic tests and electromyographic studies. With their conclusion treatment can be instituted, such as bladder training, drugs and various aids and appliances. PMID- 7095986 TI - Incontinence in the Social Services' residential homes for the elderly. AB - The residential homes for the elderly run by the British Social Services contain approximately 25,000 frequently incontinent residents, the disorder having a prevalence of 17 per cent. Frequent incontinence has been consistently demonstrated to be the behaviour disability which best discriminates between suitable and unsuitable residents, in the staff's opinion. The Social Services' response to the problem is hampered by the inappropriate design of their accommodation, the lack of incontinence aids, the low levels and lack of training for staff, the poor primary health-care cover, the low priority given by hospital services, and by their own philosophy and policy for the elderly. PMID- 7095987 TI - The management of incontinence: present and future. Report of a two-day Science Research Council meeting. PMID- 7095988 TI - Urological aspects of diabetes. AB - Diabetes mellitus, which is a common metabolic disorder, classically presents with urological symptoms. In the assessment of patients referred to a urological service, complaining of urological symptoms including incontinence, diabetes may be overlooked in the search for other causes or contributory factors. Conversely, the diabetic patient presenting with such symptoms requires careful investigation if therapy is to have a rational basis. PMID- 7095989 TI - Risk factors and the prediction of outcome in acquired subglottic stenosis in children. PMID- 7095990 TI - The surgical management of congenital pre-auricular sinus. PMID- 7095991 TI - Early repair of traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane in children. AB - The results of early repair of traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane by alignment and approximation of the fragmented drum and paper patching of the defect are described in 14 children. The procedure was performed under light general anaesthesia, using Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride) in a minimal dosage. In all cases except one, healing following patching was complete and uneventful. The disadvantage of general anaesthesia is outweighed by the prompt and uncomplicated healing, and a higher percentage of defect closure, compared with untreated cases in other reports. PMID- 7095992 TI - Neutrophil chemotaxis in children with recurrent otitis media. AB - The etiology of the recurrence of acute otitis media is not thoroughly understood. Recently, abnormal functions of neutrophils have been regarded as the cause of recurrent infections, and a few papers dealt with defective chemotactic responses of neutrophils in patients with recurrent otitis media. With the in vitro agarose plate technique, neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration were measured in 20 children with recurrent otitis media to yield a significantly decreased chemotactic index compared with age-matched controls. Patients with other recurrent infections, such as recurrent parotitis and recurrent tonsillitis, showed a normal chemotactic index. Other children who had not only recurrent otitis media, but also systemic manifestations, showed an extremely low chemotactic index and revealed either defective phagocytic activity or deficiency of IgA. Defective chemotactic response may be one of the essential factors causing repeated attacks of middle ear infection. PMID- 7095993 TI - Auditory brain stem responses in infantile spasms. AB - Auditory brain stem evoked responses (ABRs) and behavioral thresholds were studied in 30 infants with infantile spasms to determine the level of the lesion causing their inattention to sound stimuli. ABR thresholds, peak latencies of waves I and V and the peak interval latency of wave V-I were measured; behavioral audiometric thresholds were determined through conditioned-orientation-reflex (COR) audiometry. Thirty per cent of the infants (9 cases) with infantile spasms showed ABR abnormalities with respect to age-matched controls. The ABR abnormalities were classified into partial disappearance of latter waves (5 cases), prolongation of the wave V-I peak interval (3 cases) and no response (1 case). These findings are clear evidence that brain stem involvement may occur in infantile spasms. Eighty-six per cent of the patients showed threshold elevation by behavioral audiometry which may reflect by cortical dysfunction inherent in psychomotor retardation, as there was no peripheral hearing loss. Our results reveal that brain stem involvement can occur in patients with infantile spasms and their poor responses to sound are due to psychomotor retardation. PMID- 7095994 TI - Coalescent mastoiditis in a case of congenital aural atresia. PMID- 7095995 TI - The treatment of subglottic hemangiomas of infants with prednisone. AB - Because of their spontaneous regression, capillary and cavernous hemangiomas of infants usually do not require treatment. However, when they interfere because of their location with important functions of the body or even threaten life, treatment becomes mandatory. This is the case in most patients with congenital subglottic hemangiomas. In the past various methods of treatment have been used. All of them have disadvantages, and some are hazardous. Most cases (74.2%) required protracted tracheostomy. Mortality rate is still high (23.8%). We report herewith 5 infants with subglottic hemangiomas successfully treated with prednisone. No remarkable side-effects were observed, besides transient moonfacing. Similar good results were previously reported in 9 cases by several authors. Prednisone therapy if instituted early may reduce the need of tracheostomy and bring about complete recovery in this sometimes severe condition. Proper dosage and sufficient length of treatment are absolutely essential for such successful outcome. PMID- 7095996 TI - Acute sphenoid sinusitis presenting as aseptic meningitis: a pachymeningitis syndrome. PMID- 7095997 TI - Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: results in 320 patients. PMID- 7095999 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder: our clinical experience in 70 cases. PMID- 7095998 TI - Immunological investigation and immunotherapy in patients operated on for breast carcinoma. AB - The tumor-host relationship is an essential factor in the onset, development, and recovery from malignancies. A basic consideration in the treatment of cancer patients must therefore be to understand this relationship and attempt to modify it in order to favor the host. We here discuss the results of a study of the immunologic status of 91 breast cancer patients. The use of a battery of tests with five subcutaneous hypersensitivity antigens allowed us to detect some differences in the immunological profiles of patients with or without lymph node involvement. The effect of an immunostimulant fraction prepared from Corynebacterium granulosum, P40 is also analyzed. This fraction significantly modifies tumoral recurrence in DMBA-induced mammary cancers in the Sprague Dawley rat, causes regression of mammary permeation nodules following in situ injection and modifies the cutaneous reactions of one-half of the anergic breast cancer patients although regular re-challenge is still necessary. PMID- 7096001 TI - The pattern of acute intestinal obstruction in a peripheral district of eastern India. AB - This is a review of 146 patients operated upon over a period of five years, for 150 episodes of mechanical intestinal obstruction, in a developing country in the tropics. The pattern of intestinal obstructions reveals that external hernia accounts for the largest number of cases followed by volvulus which today still forms the second largest group. Operative mortality was 28%. The major adverse factors were gangrenous bowel and large bowel obstruction. The highest mortality rate (about 41.3%) was found in volvulus. PMID- 7096002 TI - Bilharziasis of the appendix. PMID- 7096003 TI - Sexual function in patients with aortoiliac vascular disorders. PMID- 7096005 TI - Partial synovectomy in the treatment of tuberculosis of the knee. AB - Fifty synovectomies of the knee joint for tuberculous synovitis performed during a six-year period with complete postoperative follow-up were studied to assess the value of such procedures and the conclusions drawn are reported here. In order to obtain good results, synovectomy should be performed during the early phase of disease, when the knee remains swollen and warm, even after antitubercular therapy, or when the range of movement does not show signs of returning. Exploration of such joints in children shows that the cartilage is wholly or partly covered by pannus. Removal of this pannus allows better nutrition of the cartilage and thus greatly reduces the number of children eventually requiring arthrodesis. Even in adults, when the disease is mainly synovial with pannus formation over the articular cartilages but without serious damage to the bony articular surface, partial synovectomy, or more precisely, joint clearance gives encouraging results and arthrodesis may only need to be performed in patients with severe forms of the disease, often involving the bony articular surfaces. PMID- 7096004 TI - The pathophysiology of septic shock. PMID- 7096006 TI - Pelvimetry of Chinese females with special reference to pelvic type and maternal height. AB - A total of 1619 x-ray pelvimetries were analyzed to establish whether there are any differences in pelvic measurements between the four pelvic types. Of these, 1367 were analyzed to find out the relation between the capacity of each pelvic plane and maternal height. Of the 1619 cases, 564 (34.8%) were gynecoid. 330 (20.4%) anthropoid, 277 (17.1%) android and 448 (27.7%) platypellic. There were considerable differences in pelvic measurements among the four types; android pelves have smaller diameters than gynecoid and anthropoid pelves. These findings suggest that pelvic types classified on the basis of impression alone may have a prognostic significance regarding the course of labor. Maternal height has a positive correlation with pelvic measurements; this correlation is greater at the inlet than at midplane and outlet and is, moreover, more evident in gynecoid and platypellic than in anthropoid and android pelves. If maternal height is less than 150 cm, there is great probability that inlet capacity will be less than average; if it is less than 145 cm. low borderline contraction is highly probable. PMID- 7096000 TI - Mucous antrectomy associated with vagotomy in duodenal ulcer. AB - The authors describe the present surgical procedure for duodenal ulcer; this consists of vagotomy in association with resection of the antral mucosa, and sliding the fundus mucosa to cover the naked surface. The gastroduodenal junction is sewn as an enlarged Weimberg pyloroplasty. A series of 20 patients were operated upon, without complications, from 1972 to 1976. It is concluded that this technique has advantages over pyloroplasty: it has a low rate of morbidity and the safety of classical antrectomy, without its inconveniences. PMID- 7096008 TI - Intracystic tumor in horseshoe kidney. PMID- 7096007 TI - A disposable cervical biopsy device: an ancillary method in the diagnosis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. PMID- 7096009 TI - Ureteric stone formed upon polyester suture: case report. PMID- 7096010 TI - Femoral nerve lesion secondary to inguinal herniorrhaphy. PMID- 7096011 TI - Evolution of the indications and results of treatment of myasthenia by thymectomy. AB - Four-hundred and fifty thymectomies from myasthenia were carried out at the Marie Lannelongue Surgical Center up to October 1980. This report deals with 248 patients who were operated on up to October 1977 and who were followed up for periods of 18 months to over 20 years with a view to examining the indications and results of thymectomy. In our opinion patients with thymomas should be operated upon when their general and cardiorespiratory condition allows surgery, and if there is no tumoral spread which precludes eradication. In the latter cases, irradiation and antimitotics are the only remaining resources. In 82% of the 248 patients who had a long term follow-up, results were good. In the group of patients obliged to continue regular medical treatment, thymectomy prevents deterioration, allows the patient to be administered better medical treatment, and to return to normal activity. Moreover, by reducing the risk of a tumor developing (75% of the cases), complementary irradiation treatment is avoided. PMID- 7096012 TI - Freeze-fracture analysis of the interendothelial junctions in the blood vessels of the iris in Macaca mulatta. AB - The interendothelial cell junctions in the blood vessels of the rhesus monkey iris were examined by both conventional electron microscopy and the freeze fracturing technique. Endothelial cells of iris blood vessels were joined by two types of intercellular junctions: zonular tight junctions and gap junctions. The zonulae occludentes were represented by a complex network of branching and anastomosing strands that remained preferentially associated with the E fracture face. They varied in complexity from a single strand to eight or more but usually consisted of from two to four strands. Small gap junctions were inserted within the tight junctional network. Junctions similar to those typical of muscular and visceral venules were absent. Thus the intercellular clefts of all iris vessels are closed by zonulae occludentes that exhibit a degree of complexity intermediate between the endothelial junctions of the cerebral cortex and those of striated muscles and viscera. This finding strongly suggests that the blood vessels of the iris participate only minimally in aqueous humor dynamics. PMID- 7096013 TI - Pericapillary permeability of the ciliary processes: role of molecular charge. AB - The pericapillary permeability of the ciliary processes to intravenously injected native (anionic) ferritin, neutral ferritin, and two cationic ferritin derivatives was studied in normal rats by electron microscopy. Anionic and neutral ferritin were largely confined to the circulatory compartment. Those particles that entered the pericapillary region of the ciliary processes were randomly scattered within the basal lamina. In contrast, cationic ferritin left the circulatory compartment and accumulated in the pericapillary region in association with the endothelium, the endothelial fenestrations, and the subendothelial basal lamina. The most cationic of the tracers used exhibited the greatest penetration and accumulation. The results indicate that the localization of tracer within the pericapillary region of the ciliary processes is directly related to the tracer's isoelectric point. The findings suggest that this region of the ciliary processes contains fixed anionic groups that influence its permeability. PMID- 7096014 TI - Fluid permeability of monkey ciliary epithelium in vivo. AB - Four months after total iridectomy, the aqueous humor of each of six cynomolgus monkeys was perfused at the spontaneous intraocular pressure under urethane anesthesia. The perfusate solution consisted of mock aqueous humor containing trace amounts of 14C-dextran (70,000 mol. wt.). The aqueous was stirred to bathe the ciliary epithelium. Aqueous flow was calculated from the tracer dilution. The aqueous humor was then perfused with bovine serum albumin (35 mg/ml) added to the perfusate. A new aqueous flow value was determined. Aqueous flow during mock aqueous perfusion was 1.28 +/- 0.12 microliters/min and 1.64 +/- 0.12 microliters/min during mock aqueous plus albumin perfusion. From the increase in aqueous flow due to the osmotic effect of the albumin solution (13.2 mm Hg), the osmotic fluid permeability of the ciliary epithelium was calculated to be 0.027 +/- 0.007 microliters/min/mm Hg. This permeability value places the ciliary epithelium in the category of membranes with "leaky" tight junctions. However, the low fluid permeability of the ciliary epithelium suggests a minor role for ultrafiltration in aqueous humor formation in the monkey. PMID- 7096015 TI - Pharmacokinetics of the antineoplastic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in the aqueous and vitreous of rabbit. AB - 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an anticancer drug, was assayed in the aqueous and vitreous of rabbits after intravenous injection, subconjunctival injection, and topical application. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the time-course curves. The penetration into aqueous and vitreous across the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier after intravenous injection was related to the anatomic dimensions of the eye (the volume of tissue involved and the surface area through which BCNU diffuses). To evaluate the three routes of administration, the area under the time-course curve was calculated from the simulated time-course curve. The results suggest that topical application of BCNU is the best and subconjunctival injection the second best route for treating an iris tumor, and that intravenous injection is the best route for choroidal and retinal tumors. PMID- 7096017 TI - Immune destruction of rabbit corneal cells infected with herpes simplex virus: lymphocyte reactivity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. AB - Continuous rabbit cornea cells and cells grown from the stromal layer of corneas excised from New Zealand white rabbits were infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) strain RE and examined for cytolysis (51Cr release) by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These sources of lymphocytes from normal animals were used as effector cells: blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. Specific activity was observed in over 75% of rabbits with all three effector cell types, using immune serum from a rabbit a 21 days after infection. Activity was generally weak (less than 30% specific 51Cr release) and was abolished by dilutions of antibody 1:1000 or greater. Effector cells were not active when nonimmune serum was substituted for immune serum. Peritoneal exudate macrophages used as controls exhibited higher levels of release and were active with antibody diluted greater than 1:1000. HSV antibody reactive in ADCC appeared 7 days after intrastromal injection of infectious virus. Lymphocyte ADCC activity obtained from draining lymph nodes of infected animals was similar to that obtained with normal animals. Results indicate a weakly active lymphocyte effector-cell system in normal and infected rabbits. PMID- 7096018 TI - Corneal oxygen uptake under a soft contact lens in phakic and aphakic eyes. AB - A simple and comfortable procedure is used to measure the decay of oxygen content of a soft contact lens on a human cornea when the anterior surface of the lens is blocked from further supply of oxygen. Calculations from this measurement give the steady-state oxygen tension under the soft contact lens and the oxygen flux into the cornea when the eye is open but wearing a contact lens. When the procedure is applied to phakic and aphakic human eyes, the results indicate that for both states, the oxygen uptake by the cornea is about the same when the uptake levels are above 1 microliter/cm2 . hr and oxygen tensions under the lens are above 10 mm Hg. PMID- 7096016 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the cold cataract: whole lens studies. AB - Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetization decay studies were performed on normal and cold cataractous rat lenses. Computer analyses of the decay curves have been interpreted to reflect two types of water within the lens that do not exchange rapidly. Upon lowering the temperature in the presence and absence of 5% acrylamide (a known agent that prevents the cold cataract phenomenon), significant differences in the relaxation rates of one water fraction were noted. 2H (NMR) spectra on young rabbit and human lenses showed temperature-related linewidth changes, which are significantly diminished in lenses incubated in acrylamide. 31P spectra also showed similar inorganic phosphate linewidth changes and also reflected progressive alterations in the metabolic state of these lenses. These studies demonstrate the potential of NMR methods for monitoring physicochemical parameters in the normal and cataractous mammalian lens. PMID- 7096019 TI - Effects of intravitreally injected DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid on the c-wave of the D.C.-recorded electroretinogram in albino rabbits. AB - The D.C. electroretinogram of four adult albino rabbits was studied 13.5 to 15 hr after injection of 0.1 ml of 0.15M DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-AAA) into the vitreous body of one eye. The other eye was similarly injected with saline and served as control. In the alpha-AAA--treated eye the b-wave was markedly reduced or absent and the a- and c-waves increased compared with the control eye. Sincs alpha-AAA damages the Muller cells, the results support the view that these cells are related to the generation of the b-wave and to the negative slow PIII potential, which modifies the positive pigment epithelial component of the c wave. PMID- 7096020 TI - Abnormalities of chromatic and luminance critical flicker frequency in multiple sclerosis. AB - Critical flicker frequency (CFF) was measured for stimuli varying in chromaticity only and in luminance only for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and for matched normal controls. The two CFF measurements showed different underlying linear interdependencies for the two groups, consistent with a greater loss of temporal luminance function than of temporal chromatic function in MS patients. These results are discussed in relation to the pathophysiology of demyelinated nerve fibers. It is suggested that demyelination affects all types of nerve fiber unselectively; in particular, no support is found for the notion of a special vulnerability of fibers carrying time-varying chromatic information. PMID- 7096022 TI - Fibronectin production by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. AB - Postmortem explants of human trabecular meshwork from 23 eyebank eyes had a growth rate of 32% (71/160) cultures, with 8% (12) showing abundant cellular spread. One hundred percent confluency was achieved with eyes from donors of 11 to 40 years of age. One of the cultures grew profusely and we were able to study it through eight passages in culture. This culture had the morphologic characteristics described by Polansky et al. for cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fibronectin in tissue culture supernatant showed an increase in fibronectin secretion over a 96 hr period, with a characteristic shift-down response occurring between 24 and 48 hr postmedia change. Three of four cultures showed the presence of laminin, a basement membrane protein, establishing that the cells are not fibroblasts. PMID- 7096021 TI - Optically induced anisometropia in kittens. AB - Anisometropia was simulated in 11 kittens during the critical period of visual system development by securing a high-powered minus lens in front of one eye. Behavioral determinations of monocular grating acuity indicated that the induced refractive error resulted in severe amblyopia in the defocused eye. Microelectrode recordings in striate cortex revealed that the deficits in visual acuity were paralleled by a decrease in binocularly innervated neurons and a marked shift in ocular dominance toward the nondeprived eye. "Position of paralysis" estimates revealed that all the anisometropic kittens exhibited anomalous interocular alignments that were indicative of estropia. There was also a significant reduction in the cross-sectional areas of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) neurons in laminae innervated by the deprived eye. A 6 week period of binocular recovery initiated when three of the anisometropic kittens were approximately 16 weeks of age resulted in a partial recovery of visual acuity; however, there was little or no evidence for recovery of cortical binocularity, cortical ocular dominance, LGNd neuron cell size, or interocular alignment. In general the visual system alterations produced by the induced anisometropia appear to be qualitatively similar to the anomalies associated with prolonged unilateral lid suture. PMID- 7096023 TI - Temperature error in continuous Mackay-Marg tonometry. PMID- 7096024 TI - The cribriform plate and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. PMID- 7096025 TI - Oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome: failure to demonstrate specific neuropathological abnormalities in four cases. PMID- 7096026 TI - A case of dermatitis herpetiformis and chronic lymphatic leukaemia. PMID- 7096027 TI - Unilateral hyperhydrosis--an unusual presentation of bronchial carcinoma. PMID- 7096029 TI - Mothers in hospital with their children. PMID- 7096028 TI - Dislocation of the proximal tibio-fibular joint--a soccer injury? PMID- 7096030 TI - Presidential address: adolescence in the eighties. PMID- 7096031 TI - The staffing of preclinical and paraclinical departments in Irish medical schools. PMID- 7096032 TI - A survey of the care received by the parents of sudden infant death victims. PMID- 7096033 TI - Nasal polyps in children. PMID- 7096034 TI - Gastroenteritis 1972-1978. PMID- 7096036 TI - Accidental poisoning of children 1975 v. 1980. PMID- 7096035 TI - The sudden infant death syndrome - Rotunda 1979/80. PMID- 7096037 TI - Heroin abuse with hepatitis B virus associated chronic active hepatitis in a twelve-year-old child: a non-fictitious Pulitzer Prize. PMID- 7096038 TI - Prostaglandins. PMID- 7096039 TI - Trends in hospitalization rates of the elderly for acute and chronic diseases, Israel, 1954-72. AB - Hospital discharge rates among the total and the aged Jewish populations in Israel from 1954 to 1972 were studied in relation to the main diagnosis. The disease entities studied included selected acute and chronic diseases, and diseases of old age. The hospital discharge rates for acute diseases did not change throughout the period surveyed, but the rates for chronic diseases and for those disorders that are prevalent in old age did increase gradually from 1954 72, and more markedly among the aged than among the total population. These increasing rates may result from higher expectations of modern medicine, reluctance to care for the elderly within the family, and the vacuum in hospital bed occupancy caused by the decline in infectious diseases. In view of the increasing costs of hospital services, we suggest that at least some of the patients with chronic diseases should receive the care they need at home, in nursing homes, or through other less expensive extended-care facilities. PMID- 7096040 TI - Blood pressure changes while talking. AB - Using a noninvasive automatic device to rapidly and repeatedly measure blood pressure, a striking relationship was found between talking and an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. This finding was demonstrated in a variety of experimental settings (the laboratory, medical clinic, classroom and home) in both children and adults and in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the level of resting pressure and the magnitude of increase in pressure while talking. These findings point toward an important link between human communication and blood pressure control that has previously been overlooked. They also suggest a new conceptual approach to the understanding and treatment of hypertension. PMID- 7096041 TI - Echocardiography of the inferior vena cava in healthy subjects and in patients with cardiac disease. AB - Echocardiograms were recorded from the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 45 subjects: 10 normal subjects, 8 patients with cardiac volume overload due to anemia, 4 with severe right heart failure, 6 with significant tricuspid incompetence (TI), 7 with pericardial effusion (PE) and 10 with left-sided cardiac disease. The IVC was readily identified on the echo recordings made 1 to 2 cm below the junction of the hepatic veins. In normal subjects a double wave form was present on the IVC echogram for each beat: the waves corresponded to the "a' and "v' waves of the IVC pressure pulse tracing. The IVC diameter decreased on inspiration (P less than 0.01), particularly of the "x' descent (P less than 0.001). In patients with severe right heart dysfuction, the IVC was dilated (TI: P less than 0.02; PE: P less thaN 0.003; CMO: P less than 0.001), having lost its waveform and with diminished respiratory variation. There was, however, considerable overlap between the normal subjects and the different patient groups. In two of the patients with tamponade, the IVC did not empty upon inspiration, and pericardiocentesis was followed by a return of the waveform and normal respiratory changes. IVC dimensions were normal in patients with anemia and in those with left heart disease. The results of the study showed that the echogram may provide simple and useful measurements of IVC size and function. PMID- 7096042 TI - Effect of 24-hour food-and-water deprivation on biochemical variables in blood. AB - In 38 subjects, 24-h food-and-water deprivation during the Jewish fast day, Tisha b'Av, led to a 2.5-fold increase in plasma free fatty acids and to a doubling of the bilirubin concentration. There were also significant increases in serum sodium, chloride, total proteins, albumin, uric acid, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Serum glucose and triglycerides decreased in concentration. There were no changes in concentrations of urea, potassium, cholesterol or calcium. The marked increases in free fatty acids might constitute a hazard for those with impaired myocardial function. PMID- 7096044 TI - Combined percutaneous diagnostic puncture and management of renal cysts. AB - Significant reduction in size was obtained in 12 of 14 renal cysts treated by the instillation of iophendylate. The advent of noninvasive methods has increased the number of renal cysts detected radiologically and has limited the indication for diagnostic puncturing to problematic cases only. However, if it is decided to perform diagnostic puncture of a renal cyst, the combined instillation of iophendylate into the cyst seems to be therapeutically rewarding. PMID- 7096045 TI - Campylobacter enteritis in infants and young children. AB - Campylobacter has recently been recognized as a common pathogen of the intestinal tract in pediatric practice. We report on 21 patients who were diagnosed as having enteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni infection. The most common symptom was diarrhea, accompanied by fever, vomiting and abdominal pain. The in vitro sensitivity test demonstrated the efficacy of aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and erythromycin in the treatment of this disease. All the patients were symptom free when discharged from the hospital. PMID- 7096043 TI - Natural history of an acute glomerulonephritis epidemic in children. An 11- to 12 year follow-up. AB - During an epidemic of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) in Israel during the second half of 1968, 155 children were hospitalized. All of them were initially followed up for 6 mo to 2 yr, during which period no evidence of continuing kidney damage was found. Fifty-five of the group were hospitalized over the next 2 to 10 yr for reasons unrelated to their original illness, at which time they also were found to be free of renal damage. Eighty children were examined 11 to 12 yr after the epidemic, and in them, too, urine examination, blood chemistry and blood pressure were within normal limits. It seems reasonable to conclude that the PSAGN of the 1968 epidemic was a benign disease with no lasting ill effects. Since most of the cases were associated with an M-55 skin Streptococcus and pyoderma, we suggest that glomerulonephritis due to pyoderma associated with this strain does not give rise to chronic renal disease. PMID- 7096046 TI - Endoscopic sphincterotomy in biliary tract disease. AB - In many centers endoscopic sphincterotomy is replacing surgery, which has never been an ideal treatment for retained common duct calculi. We attempted endoscopic sphincterotomy in 70 patients, succeeding in 60 (85%). Sixty-one patients had choledocholithiasis (58 postcholecystectomy), 7 had papillary stenosis, 1 carcinoma of the papilla of Vater, and 1 hydatid disease. Repeat cholangiography in 56 patients with gallstones showed spontaneous passage in 44. In three patients the sphincterotomy required extension, and in three the stones were extracted using a Dormia basket. In four patients the stones did not pass, and surgical removal was necessary. Satisfactory biliary drainage was obtained in all the other patients, and the only complications noted were cholangitis and severe pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is reasonably safe and an acceptable, if not preferable, alternative to surgical removal of retained gallstones, and it is also effective in relieving papillary stenosis. PMID- 7096047 TI - Growth hormone response to L-dopa in the thinned obese. AB - The response of plasma growth hormone (GH) to 0.5 g L-dopa was studied in 17 obese nondiabetic subjects and in 6 normal-weight subjects, aged 16 to 46 yr. The test was repeated after the obese subjects were thinned 12 to 50 kg, either with a hypocaloric diet or by a jejunoileal shunt. All the obese subjects had a blunted response to L-dopa stimulation. Nine of the thinned obese continued to exhibit the same blunted GH response, while the other eight responded with a significant GH rise after L-dopa stimulation, although the increase was smaller than that in the controls. No correlation between the initial or final weight or the extent of weight loss and the response to L-dopa was observed. It is assumed that a hypothalamic underresponsiveness is responsible for the blunted response in the obese subjects and its persistence in some of the thinned obese. PMID- 7096049 TI - Multiple sclerosis in Israeli Bedouin. PMID- 7096050 TI - Monitoring of serum theophylline by high-performance liquid chromatography without interference by various coadministered drugs. PMID- 7096048 TI - Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens and multiple sclerosis in Israelis. AB - The association of A3, B7 and Dw2 histocompatibility (HLA) markers with multiple sclerosis (MS) is well established among North Europeans and Whites in the United States, but is apparently not universal. We previously showed that the incidence of A3, B7 and Dw2 was not higher among Israelis with MS. An association of A3 and B7 was also lacking in Italian, Jordanian and Japanese groups with MS. Recently, the HLA-DR antigen DR2 was shown to have a stronger association with MS than do A3 and B7. Conceivably, DR2 could be associated with MS even in populations where an association with A3 or B7 is lacking. Therefore, a study of DR antigens was carried out in 45 carefully defined Israeli MS patients and in matched control subjects. No significant association between MS and DR antigens was found. We conclude that the association between HLA antigens and MS is specific only to certain populations or particular regions. The implications of this observation on the role played by HLA antigens in the etiopathogenesis of MS is discussed. PMID- 7096051 TI - Large bowel mucosal turnover-a comparison of tritiated thymidine incorporation following systemic and intraperitoneal administration. PMID- 7096052 TI - Endocrine studies in a 49XYYYY male. PMID- 7096053 TI - Mumps encephalitis and bilateral papillomas of the choroid plexus. PMID- 7096054 TI - Wrist involvement in juvenile chronic arthritis five years after onset of disease. PMID- 7096055 TI - A modified technique for producing ascites experimentally. PMID- 7096056 TI - High ideals and hard cases: the evolution of a hospice. PMID- 7096058 TI - Should physicians prepare for war? 2. Why survival plans are meaningless. PMID- 7096057 TI - Should physicians prepare for war? 1. The obligation to care for the casualties. PMID- 7096059 TI - Should physicians prepare for war? 3. The moral bases of contingency planning. PMID- 7096060 TI - Should physicians prepare for war? 4. The physician as moral leader. PMID- 7096061 TI - Monkey laws in the courts. PMID- 7096062 TI - Two cardiac arrests, one medical team. PMID- 7096063 TI - When ideology and controversy collide: the case of Soviet science. PMID- 7096065 TI - Were Tuskegee & Willowbrook 'studies in nature'? PMID- 7096064 TI - The competence of children: no longer all or none. PMID- 7096067 TI - Results of a hospital-based thyroxine screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 7096066 TI - The American way of hospice. PMID- 7096068 TI - Epilepsy, migraine, and EEG abnormalities in children: a review and hypothesis. PMID- 7096069 TI - Further observations on the mast cells over the painful region in cluster headache patients. PMID- 7096070 TI - Superficial temporal arterial dilation without headache in extracranial intracranial bypass patients. PMID- 7096071 TI - The psychophysiological etiology of muscle-contraction headache. PMID- 7096072 TI - Tension headache patients versus controls: a study of EMG parameters. PMID- 7096073 TI - Variation in meaning of pain descriptors for different headache types as revealed by psychophysical scaling. PMID- 7096074 TI - Cardiac arrhythmia in basilar migraine. PMID- 7096075 TI - Prolonged benign exertional headache: its clinical characteristics and response to indomethacin. PMID- 7096076 TI - Effort headache in runners. PMID- 7096077 TI - A study of the contents of referral letters from general practitioners to an accident and emergency department. PMID- 7096078 TI - The effects of a system of geriatric screening and assessment on general practice workload. PMID- 7096079 TI - A Young People's Advisory Service. PMID- 7096080 TI - Social class and diagnosis in psychiatric outpatient and emergency clinic attenders. PMID- 7096081 TI - Laboratory and clinical investigations aimed at improving dental fissure sealants. PMID- 7096082 TI - [Dermatologic roentgen therapy and radiocarcinogenesis]. AB - Late somatic effects of ionizing radiation can be divided into non-stochastic effects with relatively high threshold doses (cataract, fertility problems, chronic radiodermatitis, and radiogenic skin cancer) and non-threshold stochastic effects. Theoretical and epidemiologic aspects of radiocarcinogenesis and various clinical types of radiation-induced neoplasms (leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer) and genetic effects are discussed with special reference to radiation protection measures. PMID- 7096083 TI - [Combined 1-hour therapy of psoriasis using anthralin and UV light]. AB - Fifty-one patients with psoriasis were treated with 1% anthralin for 1 h (1-h treatment) and UV-light. Seven of 11 out-patients treated with anthralin and UV-B showed a good response. In 40 in-patients the 1-h regimen was administered in right-left side comparison to evaluate (1) whether UV-A or UV-B combined with anthralin was more effective than anthralin alone and (2) whether anthralin was photoactivated by UV-A or UV-B. As to the latter, one body side of the patients was exposed to UV radiation before and the other body side after application of anthralin. In in-patients the response to therapy was monitored by a defined score system. We did not find any significant differences in the paired comparisons. We therefore summarized the different treatment regimens and rated 42% with very good or good, 26% with fair, and 32% with poor. The results show that the 1-h treatment with 1% anthralin seems to be advantageous especially for the treatment of out-patients with circumscribed chronic psoriatic lesions. UV light did not improve considerably the therapeutic effect of anthralin in the regimen of this study. PMID- 7096084 TI - [Growth of finger nails in psoriasis patients undergoing PUVA therapy]. AB - In 78 persons aged 13-78 years with and without psoriasis the daily growth rate of fingernails was measured on three nails each of the right and left hand. Untreated patients with psoriasis had an increased growth rate (112.7 +/- 25.5 micrometers) compared to control subjects (102.5 +/- 18.5 micrometers) without psoriasis (p less than or equal to 0.001). In patients with psoriatic nail involvement the growth rate was significantly increased (113.9 +/- 29.2 micrometers). Photochemotherapy (PUVA) slowed down the nail growth rate in patients without nail involvement (92.8 +/- 21.8 micrometers) vs. untreated psoriatics without nail involvement (p less than or equal to 0.05). In psoriatics with nail involvement, PUVA therapy had no measurable effect on the growth rate of fingernails. PMID- 7096086 TI - [Chronic granulomatous vulvitis (Melkersson-Rosenthal vulvitis)]. PMID- 7096087 TI - [Pachydermoperiostosis (Tourain-Solente-Gole syndrome)]. PMID- 7096085 TI - [Inheritance of psoriasis. Analysis of 2035 family histories]. AB - Detailed pedigrees were established in 2,035 families with psoriasis, including 30 twin pairs, and evaluated by means of computer analysis. The following results on the devolution of psoriasis were drawn: the hypotheses of the irregular dominant and the bifactorial recessive inheritance appear to be inacceptable. The findings suggest a multifactorial etiology of psoriasis with a polygenic mode of inheritance. The risk for relatives to be affected by psoriasis is calculated. PMID- 7096088 TI - [Verrucous carcinoma of the sole of the foot]. PMID- 7096089 TI - [Chromomycosis]. PMID- 7096091 TI - [Multiple pilomatrixomas as symptoms of Curschmann-Steinert myotonia dystrophica]. AB - A 42-year-old woman had multiple pilomatrixomas of the scalp and trunk. Generalized cutis marmorata and Raynaud's syndrome were also present. The skin consistency was noticeably abnormal, being soft and stretchable. Her facies was typically myopathic, there was muscular paresis and atrophy, her speech was slurred, and her intelligence low. A diagnosis of dystrophia myotonica was made, previously unrecognized in this patient. Dystrophia myotonica is a genetic condition involving several systems, including the skin, mainly in the form of pilomatrixomas and vasomotor changes. Dystrophia myotonica is therefore of interest to the dermatologist for other reasons than the well-known testicular atrophy. PMID- 7096092 TI - [Hirsuties papillaris vulvae (pseudocondylomata of the vulva)]. AB - Condylomata acuminata-like lesions of the vulva of two sexually mature Turkish sisters are reported. Based on clinical and histological findings the verruciform structures are interpreted as atavistic malformations without functional significance. Their relation to the papillas of corona glans penis are proved in detail. PMID- 7096093 TI - [Treatment of pustulous and erythrodermic psoriasis with PUVA therapy and methotrexate]. AB - Five patients with erythrodermic psoriasis and two patients with psoriasis pustulosa generalisata were treated with a combination of PUVA and methotrexate. This therapy offers the possibility to reduce the annual dose of methotrexate by at least 50%. PMID- 7096090 TI - [Treatment of circumscribed lymphangiomas with the argon laser]. AB - Six patients suffering from lymphangioma circumscriptum neviforme and two from lymphangioma circumscriptum localisatum were treated with an argon laser. Lymphangiomas regressed in all patients, with some scar formation. In four of the six neviform lymphangiomas there was recurrence of tiny clear pseudovesicles within 3-4 months following the first treatment. Two patients with localized type and two with neviforme type were without recurrence within 1 year following the first irradiation. A cure of extensive lymphangioma circumscriptum is not possible in our experience. Most of the patients were content with the obtained regression and accepted the slight scar formation and repeated treatments. Laser therapy for cosmetical reasons is not indicated. PMID- 7096094 TI - [Papulous mucinosis in lupus erythematosus integumentalis]. AB - Report on a 55-year-old female patient developing skin-colored papules on her back and shoulders after sun exposure and later on typical lupus erythematosus (LE) lesions. During therapy with chloroquine there was regression of LE and annular extension of peripherally developed mucinous papules which did not vanish entirely. Histochemically, dense reticular deposits of metachromatic mucinous material was found in the mid cutis. PMID- 7096095 TI - [Anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia]. PMID- 7096097 TI - The role of the free jejunal graft in reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus. PMID- 7096096 TI - Quality assurance and organizational effectiveness in hospitals. AB - The purpose of this paper is to explore some aspects of a general theoretical model within which research on the organizational impacts of quality assurance programs in hospitals may be examined. Quality assurance is conceptualized as an organizational control mechanism, operating primarily through increased formalization of structures and specification of procedures. Organizational effectiveness is discussed from the perspective of the problem-solving theory of organizations, wherein effective organizations are those which maintain at least average performance in all four system problem areas simultaneously (goal attainment, integration, adaptation and pattern-maintenance). It is proposed that through the realization of mutual benefits for both professionals and the bureaucracy, quality assurance programs can maximize such effective performance in hospitals. PMID- 7096098 TI - Postoperative recurrent nerve palsy. AB - During the past seven years, a total of 1,713 patients underwent strumectomy for a variety of causes at the University of Dusseldorf. Unilateral palsies of the recurrent nerve developed in 147 patients. Both vocal cords were paralyzed in 22 patients. Of the 147 patients with unilateral palsies, 53 patients were available for follow-up examination after one year. In 28 of these patients, complete paresis of the vocal cord remained. Twenty-three patients showed complete recovery and normal function of the affected cord. In two patients, reduced but marked mobility of the previously completely paralyzed vocal cord was present. Of the 22 patients with bilateral recurrent nerve palsies, 10 were available for follow-up examination one year later. In three of these patients vocal cord movement was still absent, in three others one vocal cord showed normal function, and in only one patient did both vocal cords reveal normal physiologic mobility. Three other patients demonstrated a reduced but marked mobility of one vocal cord. The results are discussed in relation to the clinical and histologic data. PMID- 7096099 TI - Paranasal sinus radiology, part 1B: the frontal sinuses. AB - Alteration in the appearance of the mucosa, fluid accumulations, and change in the shape and texture of the sinus wall form the basis of the radiologic information that aids in the diagnosis of frontal sinus disease. Inflammatory disease of the frontal sinuses was discussed in Part 1A of this article; other disease processes of the frontal sinuses as they appear in the various roentgenographic modalities are described and illustrated here. PMID- 7096101 TI - The current status of carotid artery surgery. AB - The natural history of extracranial cerebrovascular disease and available alternatives in its treatment are reviewed. An evaluation of the evidence suggests that carotid endarterectomy is the treatment of choice in patients with transient ischemic deficits, provided that an anatomically appropriate lesion can be identified. These patients have a 25-38% chance of stroke if untreated, which can be reduced to 5-10% by carotid endarterectomy. Patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis who are good operative risks are also candidates for surgery, although this issue remains controversial. Patients with small asymptomatic ulcerated carotid plaques have a relatively benign prognosis and should not undergo preventive carotid surgery. Carotid surgery is occasionally indicated in patients with vertebral basilar insufficiency and carotid stenoses, fibromuscular dysplasia, or carotid kinks associated with symptoms of ischemia. Carotid endarterectomy may be performed with an overall mortality of 1-2% and morbidity of 2-5% if the patients are carefully selected and the surgical team is expert. PMID- 7096100 TI - The pathology of head and neck tumors: mucosal melanomas, part 13. AB - Pigmented lesions, including melanomas, of the mucous membranes of the head and neck are far outnumbered by their counterparts in the skin. This relative dearth is partially responsible for the fact that scientific inquiry into mucosal melanomas has not kept pace with the advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of cutaneous melanomas and their diagnosis and treatment. Integral to these latter advances have been the refinements in clinical and histologic classification and clinicopathologic correlations with quantitative evaluation of melanomas of skin enhancements that up to now have been singularly lacking for mucosal melanomas. This report acknowledges this slowness in progress, present recommendations for purifying the nomenclature of pigmented lesions of the mucosae, and at the same time, also notes the poorer prognosis for melanomas of the upper aerodigestive tracts, as a group, when compared with cutaneous melanomas. Only prospective studies will answer the question of whether the poor prognosis is intrinsic to these mucosal melanomas or whether delay in detection and removal are responsible. PMID- 7096102 TI - Voice change surgery in the transsexual. AB - Sexual reassignment surgery for individuals with gender identity confusion has been highly successful, especially in the male-to-female transformation. A troublesome problem for some of these individuals is the retention of their male voice. Although castration and estrogen therapy may produce minor elevations of pitch and the assumption of a falsetto voice produces a more typical but contrived female tone, the basic male anatomic structure of the larynx must be altered to effect a physiological transformation. In three transsexuals, an attempt was made to effect a more female tonal quality by shortening the vibrating length of the vocal folds. Through a laryngofissure, the anterior one third of each cord was denuded and the raw edges approximated. This produced an anterior web that successfully resulted in pitch elevation in all three cases. PMID- 7096103 TI - Influence of two alpha-globin gene deletions on homozygous beta 0-thalassemia. AB - The favorable influence of alpha-thalassemia due to a deletion of two alpha globin genes (alpha-thal-l) on homozygous beta 0-thalassemia in an adult Chinese woman is described. Her clinical and hematologic condition was milder than usually seen in homozygous beta 0-thalassemia. With the help of repeated blood transfusions immediately before delivery she gave birth to a physically healthy baby who had the alpha-thal-l trait due to two alpha-globin gene deletions with Hb Bart's in the cord blood. PMID- 7096104 TI - Synthesis of hemoglobin chains in adult and newborn goats: possible influence of the beta c synthesis on the production of alpha chains. AB - The rates of in vitro synthesis of hemoglobin alpha and non-alpha chains were determined in adult goats during blood loss anemia and in newborn goats during postnatal development. The reticulocytes were incubated in a medium supporting protein synthesis and containing [14C] leucine. The hemoglobin chains were separated by CM-cellulose chromatography. The adult animals responded to the phlebotomy with a production of nearly 100% beta C chain about 10 days after the start of the experiment. Severe anemia and the production of beta C chain was accompanied by a significant increase in the alpha/non-alpha synthesis ratio. The gamma chain production in the newborns declined rapidly after birth and was completely replaced by that of the beta C chain in 7-10 days. No significant difference in the relative synthesis of the three types of alpha chain was observed during this period. Goats with either a homozygosity for the I alpha or I alpha B chains synthesize the I alpha (or I alpha B) and II alpha chains at a ratio of 3:1. When a heterozygosity for I alpha B chains is present the I alpha:I alpha B:II alpha ratio approximates 2:1:1. Results of kinetic studies suggest that the II alpha chains are synthesized at a slower rate than the II alpha chains. The difference in the alpha/non-alpha ratio during severe anemia may be due to a decreased production of beta C chains. No significant difference in the relative synthesis of the I alpha, I alpha B, and II alpha chains was observed between the anemic adult animal and the newborn goat or the growing kid. PMID- 7096105 TI - Characterization of quantitation of glycosylated hemoglobins in canine blood. AB - Canine hemolysates exhibited two minor and one major hemoglobins when chromatographed on Bio Rex-70 column with 0.05 M phosphate-0.01 M KCN (pH 6.5) containing 0.015 M NaCl. The first minor fraction was electrophoretically heterogeneous, constituting at least two hemoglobins. The second was completely homogeneous with somewhat faster anodal mobility than the major one and the difference was shown to be localized solely in the beta subunits. Thiobarbituric acid reaction was strongly positive for this hemoglobin, indicating the presence of glycosyl ketoamine linkage. We describe a simple and reliable procedure for quantitation of the canine glycosylated hemoglobins with a home-made Bio Rex-70 mini-column. PMID- 7096106 TI - Functional properties of Hb Pasadena, alpha 2 beta 2 75(E 19) Leu replaced by Arg. AB - Functional properties of Hb Pasadena (beta 75[E19]Leu replaced by Arg) as well as correlations of its structure-function relationships with those of normal hemoglobin are presented. The homeotropic and heterotropic properties of the isolated variant were investigated by automatic recording oxygen equilibrium analysis. These studies indicate an increase of 02 affinity but normal cooperativity. The decrease of 02 affinity in response to organic phosphate (DPG and IHP) was found to be normal. However, the cooperativity of Hb Pasadena is less affected by IHP than is that of Hb A. The alkaline Bohr effect was found to be somewhat decreased, although the temperature effect is nearly normal. The autoxidation rate is increased by a factor of nearly 2 compared to normal. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that the beta (E19)75 leucyl hydrophobic residue of Hb A associates with beta (A8)11 Val, beta (A12)15 Trp and beta (H11)133 Val to form a hydrophobic cluster between the A, E and H helics which thereby stabilizes the heme of the beta chain in the deoxy ferrous state. The experimental results also suggest that the amino acid substitution in Hb Pasadena mainly disrupts the interior conformation of the beta subunit without affecting subunit interfaces. Thus it is predicted that Hb Pasadena should have a normal crystal structure in either the liganded (R) or unliganded (T) state. Its increased 02 affinity can be explained partially by a decrease of proton binding and partially by a shift of the R:T equilibrium towards the R conformation. PMID- 7096108 TI - The precipitation of hemoglobin by zinc: its application to the isolation of a minor hemoglobin fraction (HbB2 delta 16 Gly replaced by Arg) from lysed whole blood. PMID- 7096107 TI - A new abnormal hemoglobin: Hb Mozhaisk beta 92(F8)His leads to Arg. PMID- 7096109 TI - Hemoglobin Atlanta: beta 75 (E 19) Leu replaced by Pro in an Italian subject. PMID- 7096110 TI - Hemoglobin D-Punjab (beta 121 Glu leads to Gln) in a Spanish family. PMID- 7096111 TI - Hemoglobin mobility in citrate agar electrophoresis - its relationship to anion binding. PMID- 7096113 TI - Hemoglobin Montgomery (alpha 2 48 Leu replaced by Arg beta 2) in a Chinese family. PMID- 7096114 TI - Interaction of chromosomes bearing 1, 2 or 3 alpha-globin genes in an American black family with alpha-thalassemia. AB - Utilizing restriction endonuclease mapping and molecular hybridization we have determined the number and arrangement of the alpha-globin genes in members of an American Black family in which alpha-thalassemia is present. In addition to chromosomes bearing 0, 1 or 2 alpha-genes, an unusual chromosome bearing 3 alpha globin genes was detected in 3 family members. In 2 family members the 3 alpha globin gene chromosome was present opposite a chromosome containing a single alpha-globin gene; these cases represent the first reports of the alpha alpha alpha/-alpha genotype. The presence of the stigmata of "mild" alpha-thalassemia trait in one of these subjects indicates that the 3 alpha-gene chromosome probably does not direct the synthesis of significantly more alpha-globin chains than does the 2 alpha-gene chromosome. PMID- 7096115 TI - Quality of breast milk: its control and preservation. AB - The numerous problems of bacterial contamination and proper preservation of breast milk have been examined. Both the many advantages of human milk as the optimal nourishment for the newborn baby and the extensive experiences of veterinary medicine in the handling of milk have been carefully considered. Bacterial multiplication has been studied under various storage conditions. Out of several possible procedures a simple, inexpensive, rapid and reliable dip slide screening method for determining total bacterial colony counts is described. A clear-cut procedure for the optimal collection of breast milk is presented. PMID- 7096112 TI - Hemoglobin Queens (alpha 34 (B15) Leu replaced by Arg) found in two Chinese families. PMID- 7096116 TI - [A new form of familial metaphyseal dysplasia. Preliminary report]. AB - A new hereditary form of metaphyseal dysplasia is described. A clear distinction from other forms of metaphyseal dysplasias is evident by the lack of hyperostosis of the skull, an autosomal dominant inheritance, Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the distal femoral metaphyses, and characteristic deformations of the radius. The observation is discussed, and reference is given to an identical observation published earlier. PMID- 7096117 TI - [Short rib-polydactyly syndrome of the Saldino-Noonan type in 2 siblings]. AB - Two stillborn female siblings with short rib-polydactyly syndrome type I (Saldino Noonan) are described. Besides the characteristic narrow thorax, the pronounced micromelia and a severe dysplasia of the skeleton, a series of organic malformations have been found, in particular in the gastro-intestinal tract and in the urogenital system. The clinical, radiological and anatomo-pathological differences between the four presently known types of the SRP syndrome are described. The importance of postmortem X-ray diagnosis and of genetic counseling (autosomal recessive transmission) is emphasized. PMID- 7096118 TI - [Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is the newborn--diagnosis by computerized tomography]. AB - The case of a newborn with a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is reported. The clinical symptoms are difficult to differentiate from other cerebral conditions in the neonatal period. Sudden appearance of signs of raised intracranial pressure, however, is characteristic. Main predisposing factors are infection, dehydration and polycythemia. Before computed tomography (CT) became available, the diagnosis could be made only by means of invasive examination techniques. Today CT, in many cases, allows a rapid diagnosis of this condition. PMID- 7096119 TI - Levels of serum and biliary lipids and their composition in patients with pure cholesterol and mixed gallstones. PMID- 7096120 TI - A case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum complicated by angioid streaks and hypertension. PMID- 7096121 TI - A case of Noonan's syndrome with primary pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 7096122 TI - Ultrastructural study of human natural killer (NK) cell. PMID- 7096123 TI - Effects of active amines on development of stress ulcers: review of noradrenalin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine levels in brain and gastric wall of restrained and cold exposed rats. PMID- 7096124 TI - Studies on experimental colon tumorigenesis in rats. 2. Cell kinetics of the colon epithelium and its relation to histogenesis of colon tumors. PMID- 7096125 TI - A case of drowning whilst swimming after thinner-sniffing. PMID- 7096126 TI - Selection of optimum tetrazolium salts for use in histochemistry: the value of structure-staining correlations. AB - A structure-staining correlation study was made of a number of tetrazolium salts and formazans used in histochemistry. Numerical parameters describing molecular structure were calculated from structural formulae. Staining data were from previously published work. It was found that several significant practical variables (namely, uptake and reducibility of tetrazolium salts; substantivity, lipid solubility, and crystal size of formazans) could be predicted from structural parameters. Possible applications of these correlations are discussed: to increase our understanding of existing staining systems and to guide the design and selection of new tetrazolium salts for histochemical use. PMID- 7096127 TI - [Plastic reconstructive techniques for elimination of malformations and acquired defects in childhood. I. On the operative correction of the harelip, of nasal deformities connected with it and of further deformities of the nose (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096128 TI - [Classification and grading of facial skull fractures (author's transl)]. AB - It is well known that certain kinds of fractures of the facial skull occur repeatedly. In attempting to classify our own patients we came to the conclusion that an easy categorizing into the known schemes is rarely possible. Therefore, we propose a new classification based on 353 facial skull fractures, treated in our clinic during the last eight years. In doing so, we take into account not only the localization of the fracture, but also the degree of the injury in the form of a grading. Both of the large groups, lateral and central facial skull fractures, are further divided into isolated fractures of particular localisations (zygomatic arc, orbital floor fracture etc.) and compound fractures of varying degrees (lateral or central impression fractures of the mid-face Grade I-III). This classification, based on practical experience, allows the majority of all existing injuries to be freely categorized. PMID- 7096129 TI - [Endonasal microsurgery of the ethmoid sinus with reduction of blood pressure on a patient in a half sitting position (author's transl)]. AB - Endonasal ethmoid surgery necessitates similar preconditions as stapes surgery (dry operative field, operation microscope with parallel illumination, antibiotics, operative training on a cadaver). Today, by applying flunitrazepam (thorazine, nitroprussid) the patient can be operated on in amnesia with local anaesthesia and a blood pressure between 70-90 mm Hg. Comparing the historic development in ear and nose surgery we expect a similar spreading of endonasal sinus microsurgery as could be seen in stapes surgery. In more than 3,000 cases we have noticed no complication, apart from a passing blindness lasting less than 40 minutes. PMID- 7096130 TI - [Mini-plate osteosynthesis (Champy-set) and periorbital stabilization (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096131 TI - [Resection of nasal polypi by ligature at haemorrhagic tendency. A new method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096132 TI - [The differentiation between the reflex cervical nystagmus and the vascular cervical nystagmus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096134 TI - Characteristics of adjustment of lung diffusing capacity to work. AB - The response of lung diffusing capacity for CO (DLCO) to the onset of exercise or a change in work load was studied in four healthy males. Single-breath DLCO was measured during the transients 1) from rest to 40% of maximum O2 uptake (VO2 max); 2) from rest to 80% VO2 max; and 3) from steady-state exercise at 40 to 80% VO2 max. Protocols 1 and 2 consisted of 8.5 min of exercise while 3 consisted of 10.5 min of exercise at 40% VO2 max followed by 8.5 min at 80% VO2 max. DLCO was measured at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 240, and 510 s after onset of change in load. Half times of the responses (1, 39: 2, 43; 3, 56 s) were not statistically different. The percentage of the total response completed at each time interval indicated that 3 was significantly (P less than 0.05) slower than 1 and 2 at 10 and 20 s. The rapid response of DLCO at the onset of exercise may reflect a neural component in pulmonary vascular control during exercise. PMID- 7096133 TI - [Examination in three hearing aids (postaural types) concerning the influence of voltage on the output sound level and on the automatic grain control (author's transl)]. AB - In three modern hearing aids the effect of voltage on the initial sound pressure and the conduct of regulation are examined. The following apparatus were measured: Bosch 66 F AGCI related to the regulation at power entrance, Siemens 274 PP AGCI related to the regulation at power entrance, Microtechnic A 18, related to the regulation at power exit. The examinations show that the hearing aids tested have to operate with that voltage recommended by the producers. The nickel-cadmium accumulators are not efficient. Writing a prescription for an adequate power supply is as important as the prescription of the hearing aid itself. PMID- 7096135 TI - Effect of baroreceptor reflex stimulation on blood flow to an atelectatic lung. AB - The effect of baroreceptor reflex stimulation by carotid sinus hypotension on the pulmonary vascular response to atelectasis was studied in eight dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Closed-chest dogs with electromagnetic flow probes previously implanted on their left (QL) and main (QT) pulmonary arteries had their left and right lungs ventilated separately. Their carotid sinuses were isolated bilaterally and perfused by a pulsatile pump with a physiological salt solution. After an initial period of bilateral 100% O2 ventilation with carotid sinus perfusion pressures (CSPP) set at each animal's initial mean arterial pressure (98 +/- 19 Torr), the left airway was occluded, QL/QT fell from 0.33 +/- 0.01 to 0.24 +/- 0.02 and PO2 fell from 323 +/- 35 Torr to 74 + 7 Torr. When CSPP was lowered to 21 +/- 3 Torr, there were no changes in QL/QT and PO2. These results suggest that stimulation of the baroreceptor reflex by carotid sinus hypotension does not interfere with the diversion of pulmonary blood flow away from a unilaterally atelectatic lung. PMID- 7096137 TI - Central and peripheral inputs in sweating regulation during thermal transients. AB - Eight nude resting men were exposed to consecutive heating-cooling cycles of air and wall temperatures varying from 28 to 45 degrees C in a sawtooth pattern using one of the following slopes: +/- 3.40, +/- 2.27, +/- 1.70, +/- 1.42, or +/- 1.13 degrees C . min-1. Ambient vapor pressure and air velocity were kept constant at 20.0 mbar and 0.9 m . s-1, respectively. Continuous measurements were made of rectal, esophageal, and mean skin temperatures. Local upper limb sweating response was measured from an arm chamber under a local thermal clamp. The results point out the insufficiency of an explantation based on a simple additive function of core and skin temperatures for describing the sweating regulation. During transient thermal loads, a multiplicative interaction of mean skin and core temperatures must also be taken into account for describing the central drive for local sweating response. The interindividual differences observed in the sweating regulation mechanism seem to be linked to a nonlinearity in the response of the thermoregulatory system. PMID- 7096136 TI - Thermoregulatory influences on common carotid blood flow in the dog. AB - Common carotid blood flow (CCBF) and respiratory water loss (RWL) were measured in dogs resting at ambient temperatures between 25 and 50 degrees C, during hypothalamic heating, and during light and heavy exercise at ambient temperatures of 25 and 35 degrees C. In resting dogs, CCBF varied with the level of RWL. Elevations in CCBF and RWL occurred within seconds of each other during bursts of panting. Mean unilateral CCBF increased from 6.2 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 25 degrees C to 16.8 ml . min-1 . kg-1 at 45 degrees C, in parallel with increasing RWL. Hypothalamic heating elicited simultaneous elevations in CCBF and RWL, and the level of CCBF was strongly correlated with the hypothalamic temperature. Both CCBF and RWL increased rapidly at the onset of exercise and continued to rise during a 15-min run. Highest rates of blood flow and evaporation occurred during heavy exercise at 35 degrees C. It is concluded that the rate of blood flow through the common carotid arteries in the dog is related to the thermoregulatory needs of the animal, and most of the increased flow occurring during heat stress is destined for evaporative surfaces of the nose, mouth, and tongue. PMID- 7096138 TI - Reflex stimulation of tracheal mucus gland secretion by gastric irritation in cats. AB - Our aim was to determine whether flow from the submucosal glands of the trachea is reflexly regulated by sensory stimuli from the stomach in the cat, and, if such a gastropulmonary reflex exists, what sensory and motor pathways are important. We found that mechanical stimulation of the gastric mucosa increased submucosal gland secretions from 7.9 +/- 0.7 to 17.4 +/- 1.7 nl/min (mean +/- SE, P less than 0.001). This effect was prevented reversibly by cooling both abdominal vagus nerves to -3 degrees C before stimulation and was restored by rewarming the nerves. The effect was prevented irreversibly by cutting both abdominal vagus nerves and was then mimicked by electrically stimulating the central cut end of one of the nerves. This increase in secretions caused by electrical stimulation of the nerve was prevented by administration of atropine sulfate before stimulation. We conclude that stimuli from the stomach reflexly affect the rate of submucosal gland secretion. The sensory limb of this reflex lies in the abdominal vagus nerves, and the motor pathways are mediated by cholinergic muscarinic receptors. PMID- 7096139 TI - Mechanical properties of rat lung during prolonged hypercapnia. AB - Young adult rats were exposed to short-term (2 or 4 h) and prolonged (1 day to 3 wk) 5% CO2 to determine whether changes in lung mechanical properties might contribute to ventilatory adaptation. Anaesthetized rats were tracheotomized for measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) and respiratory rates (chest intact), and for pressure-volume (PV) curves (chest open). Total lung capacity, minimal volume, lung compliance, and lung wet weight-to-dry weight ratio did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) from air control values with CO2 exposure. From 4 h to 3 wk of hypercapnia, FRC was increased significantly (P less than 0.01) by about 25%; some of this rise could be associated with dynamic factors such as increased breathing frequency. Lung PV curves showed a small (0.5 cmH2O) left shift early in the short exposure period; this reversed into a slight (0.5 cmH2O) right shift after prolonged CO2. It is unlikely that these relatively small changes in FRC and lung recoil could contribute significantly to the previously reported long-term ventilatory adaptation to CO2. PMID- 7096140 TI - Finger temperature after a finger-cooling test: influence of air temperature and smoking. AB - Skin temperature of one finger was measured before and after immersion of the gloved fingers of both hands in 16 degrees C water for 5 min [room temperature (Ta) 24 or 20 degrees C]. At Ta 24 degrees C, 23 of 25 normal nonsmokers (92%) had finger rewarming to above 24 degrees C in 12 min after cold immersion, at Ta 20 degrees C, only 1 of 12 (8%) had similar rewarming. Among 12 habitual smokers only 4 (33%) rewarmed above 24 degrees C (Ta 24 degrees C) following a 1-h abstinence from smoking, but 8 (67%) did so after a 24-h abstinence. Only 2 of these 8, however, did so in a retest 10 min after smoking a cigarette. The smokers were not tested at Ta 20 degrees C. We conclude that air temperature and cigarette smoking are important determinants of finger rewarming following a finger-cooling test. PMID- 7096143 TI - Acute hypervolemia, cardiac performance, and aerobic power during exercise. AB - The relative importance of blood volume (BV) for the maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) was evaluated in healthy subjects by sequential measurements without intervention under two conditions: 1) after hemodilution with a plasma expander, thus increasing BV but keeping red cell mass constant and lowering hemoglobin concentration [Hb], and 2) after whole blood withdrawal, which restored BV to control conditions but reduced red cell mass and [Hb] to equal conditions under 1. After BV expansion (avg 700 ml), we found an unchanged VO2 max compared with control data despite lowered [Hb]. Cardiac output (Q) was increased after BV expansion at rest and during all exercise levels (maximum 27.4 and 29.5 l . min 1, respectively). Peak stroke volume was increased from 144 to 173 ml. Arterial blood pressures were either unchanged or lowered. In contrast, after blood letting to a similar [Hb], we found a significantly reduced VO2 max. These findings indicate a significant influence of the size of the blood volume on cardiac performance. The increased Qmax is discussed in relation to preload, inotropic state, heart rate, and afterload. Plasma volume expansion causes increased preload which may explain this primary effect on the central circulation (Frank-Starling effect). PMID- 7096141 TI - Resistance of mucus-lined tubes to steady and oscillatory airflow. AB - We examined the effects of quantity and physical properties of mucus on resistance to steady and oscillatory flows in a circular tube. Gels with similar rheological properties to canine tracheal mucus were prepared from hog gastric mucin or locust bean gum cross-linked with Na2B4O7. A horizontal straight tube (D 1.85 cm) was lined with these mucus simulants to depths ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 mm. The pressure difference over a 50-cm portion of the tube and the volumetric flow rate were determined simultaneously. Low-amplitude oscillatory flow were generated with a modified Harvard pump. For steady flow, the resistance at low Reynolds number (Re) increased with increasing gel depth only to the extent expected for simple constriction of the tube cross-sectional area. The same was true for oscillatory (0.25--6 Hz) flow resistance at low flow amplitude (corresponding to Re less than 4,000). No effect of gel cross-link density at low Re was observed. At high steady-flow rates, and for high-amplitude oscillatory flow, resistance increased beyond that predicted for simple constriction. Plots of friction factor (f) vs. Re showed a critical point (Recrit) of the order of 1.5 x 10(4), at which f increased sharply. Recrit, which corresponded to the onset of wave formation in the lining layer, was insensitive to changes in gel depth. However, gel cross-link density did affect the onset of wave formation: in oscillatory flow Recrit was shifted to higher Re, and the rise in f in steady flow was blunted with high degrees of cross-linking. The existence of Recrit and its association with wave formation are consistent with predictions based on two phase flow theory. PMID- 7096142 TI - Effect of pH on sensation and vastus lateralis electromyogram during cycling exercise. AB - Six male subjects performed 30 min of cycling exercise: 15 min at 50% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and 15 min at 80% VO2 max. On random days subjects ingested 300 mg/kg body wt of NH4Cl to induce acidosis, NaHCO3 to induce alkalosis, or CaCO3 as a placebo during a 3-h preexercise period. Blood pH at the onset of exercise was 7.238 in acidosis, 7.435 in alkalosis, and 7.394 in the placebo control. A direct ratio scaling technique was employed to measure the sensation of how hard exercise felt. Sensory intensity increased twofold after 15 min at 50% VO2max (P less than 0.01). There was no effect of pH on how hard exercise felt during 50% VO2max bouts. Sensory intensity at the end of heavy exercise increased 20% more in acidosis but was not different in alkalosis compared with placebo (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in integrated electromyogram (EMG) between conditions, but there was an average 13% integrated EMG increase by the end of exercise (P less than 0.05). Plasma lactate was lower in acidosis and higher in alkalosis than placebo at 80% VO2max. These data indicate that during heavy exercise acidotic pH accelerates the change in sensory intensity, but this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with changes in the integrated surface EMG. PMID- 7096145 TI - Dynamics of breathing in infants. AB - Passive compliance (C) has been measured in 10 infants at 10--90 min after birth and in 10 infants at a few days of life by recording mouth pressure after airways occlusions at end inspiration. From the slope of the expiratory flow-volume curve, the passive time constant (tau) and resistance (R = tau/C) have been also computed. Examination of the changes of C with time and of the expiratory flow volume curves indicates that the end-expiratory volume is maintained above functional residual capacity at both ages, but significantly more so at a few days (7.6 ml) than at 10--90 min (3.5 ml). The passive time constant (tau = C . R) is shorter at the early age due to the smaller C. The active compliance (C') and resistance (R') values have been estimated from the pressure generated by the infant when the airways are occluded at end expiration. The active time constant of the respiratory system (tau' = C' . R') is less than tau, due to a smaller active compliance, particularly at a few days. The active resistance is on the contrary similar to R. The active stiffening of the respiratory system provides more stability of the infant's respiratory system and a more ready volume response for any given change in pressure; its price, however, is a higher work of breathing. At optimal breathing rates, in fact, the active work is 127% (10- 90 min) to 183% (a few days) higher than that computed from the passive values. The inspiratory flow wave tends to be squared at both ages minimizing the energy losses due to friction. PMID- 7096144 TI - Dynamics of cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic function in men in response to step work load. AB - Stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, minute ventilation, end-tidal tensions of O2 and CO2, O2 uptake, CO2 output, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured simultaneously in healthy male volunteers before, during, and after upright bicycle exercise from 0 to 360 and 720 kpm/min. The circulatory variables were determined continuously once per 20 cardiac cycles and the respiratory variables breath by breath using separate computer-based systems in which an impedance pneumograph and an impedance cardiograph were incorporated. Stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output started to increase without measurable delay at the onset of exercise. Stroke volume increased by 20% from resting control value in response to the mildest exercise and essentially leveled off with a further increase in work load. Time constant for cardiac output increased with the increasing work load. Time constant for minute ventilation was much longer than that for cardiac output and independent of work intensity. A good synchronization between the ventilation and cardiac output responses at an initial period of transitions from rest to exercise and from exercise to rest seems to support the concept of cardiodynamic hyperpnea. PMID- 7096146 TI - Role of the carotid body in hyperpnea of moderate exercise in goats. AB - In the present study the ventilatory response to exercise was measured in goats before and after carotid body excision (CBE) (n = 7) or sham operation (n = 1). Nine-minute periods of moderate treadmill walking were carried out under three conditions: 4.8 kph, 0% grade during normoxia and hypoxia (arterial O2 tension approximately 43 Torr) and 4.8 kph, 5% grade during normoxia. Ventilatory variables, metabolic rate, and arterial blood acid-base and blood gases were measured at 30-s intervals for the first 3 min and again during the 6th and 9th min of exercise. In normal goats during exercise in normoxia, ventilation changed in proportion to changes in metabolic rate resulting in arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) and arterial pH (pHa) homeostasis throughout exercise. CBE resulted in nearly equivalent hypoventilation during steady-state rest and exercise (delta PaCO2 approximately equal to 5--7 Torr) during normoxia and loss of the positive interaction between hypoxia and exercise. There was also a significant disruption of PaCO2-pHa homeostasis during the first 30 s of exercise after CBE when PaCO2 was 3 Torr below rest and pHa was 0.03 units above rest. Our data indicate: 1) that the carotid chemoreceptors may contribute a similar proportional drive to breathe during rest and exercise; 2) that transient hyperventilation at the onset of exercise after CBE may indicate an important neural drive to breathe that is normally damped by intact peripheral chemoreceptors; and 3) that the mechanism linking ventilation to CO2 production remains intact after CBE. PMID- 7096147 TI - Diffusion barriers to passive lipid uptake of canine posterior tracheal epithelium. AB - In studies of passive uptake of canine posterior tracheal epithelium in vitro, we examined the effective resistance of the unstirred water layer (UWL) when the bulk phase of the preparation was stirred and unstirred. Rates of uptake of fatty acids were corrected for unstirred layer effects. The incremental change in free energy, derived from the linear relationship between uptake and chain length of lipids, was -271 cal/mol. Measurement of the effective thickness (d) and surface area (SW) of the UWL showed that d fell and SW rose as the rate of stirring increased. SW was less than 15% of the tracheal epithelial cell membrane's surface area. It is concluded that 1) lipid membrane of the tracheal epithelium and the overlying UWL represent the major diffusion barriers for lipid uptake across the tracheal epithelium; 2) failure to correct for the UWL resistance leads to serious errors in the estimates of permeability properties of the epithelium to lipids; and 3) the unstirred layer severely limits the proportion of cell membrane available for transport in vitro. PMID- 7096148 TI - Reduction of the edema of acute hyperoxic lung injury by granulocyte depletion. AB - Increased numbers of granulocytes are found in lungs acutely injured by hyperoxia, but their contribution to lung injury remains unknown. We found that circulating granulocytes markedly increased (P less than 0.01) in rabbits exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h and that the numbers of granulocytes in lung lavages also increased and were correlated (r = 0.72, P less than 0.01) with the degree of edematous lung injury. Furthermore, when rabbits were treated with nitrogen mustard (1.75 mg/kg) and developed sustained granulocytopenia, exposure to hyperoxia for 72 h resulted in fewer granulocytes in lung lavages and less edematous lung injury. In contrast, when rabbits were similarly treated with nitrogen mustard but did not maintain sustained granulocytopenia throughout the exposure to hyperoxia, increased numbers of granulocytes were found in lung lavages and the degree of edematous lung injury increased to levels not different from those observed in oxygen-exposed rabbits that had not been treated with nitrogen mustard. These findings suggest that granulocytes may contribute to production of edema in acute oxygen toxicity. PMID- 7096149 TI - Increases in plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin immunoreactivity after treadmill running in humans. AB - Six well-trained endurance athletes were studied to determine if submaximal treadmill exercise results in increased plasma levels of beta-endorphin/beta lipotropin (Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH) immunoreactivity. Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH immunoreactivity was measured by radio immunoassay in plasma from six experienced runners before and after 30-min treadmill runs at a self-selected pace, 60 and 80% VO2 max, and a control experiment of 30 min rest. All tests were randomized and occurred during the same time of day for a given subject (0600--1500 h). Preexercise Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH values averaged between 10 and 20 pg/ml and increased two- to fivefold after each run. The increase was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) only after the 60% run when Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH increased to a mean of 58.3 pg/ml. A large individual variation in the Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH response to running was noted. Mood state and perceptual data were also collected, and no significant relationship with Bh Ep/Bh-LPH was evident. These data suggest that the stress of treadmill running acts as a stimulus to greater Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH secretion, a reduction in its degradation, or a combination of these, which leads to increased levels of these ligands in venous blood. The physiological significance of these increased plasma levels is not clear. PMID- 7096150 TI - Stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors and ventilation by doxapram in the cat. AB - Small doses of doxapram (less than 0.5 mg . kg-1 iv) were used to study its effect on carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation in cats anesthesized with alpha-chloralose. The effects were studied at several levels of partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in arterial blood (PaO2 and PaCO2). It was found that doxapram stimulated discharge rate of the carotid chemoreceptor afferents by the same magnitude at all levels of PaO2 and PaCO2 studied. However, the ventilatory effect of doxapram was more than additive to the concomitant stimulation by hypoxia or hypercapnia. This ventilatory effect was eliminated by sectioning the carotid sinus and aortic nerves. These results led to the conclusion that the ventilatory stimulus interaction due to doxapram is dependent on the excitatory input from the peripheral chemoreceptors. PMID- 7096151 TI - Single-breath method for measurement of respiratory mechanics in anesthetized animals. AB - In six spontaneously breathing anesthetized cats (pentobarbital sodium, 35 mg/kg ip) airflow, changes in lung volume and tracheal pressure were measured. The airways were occluded at end inspiration (VT). During the ensuing period of apnea (Breuer-Hering inflation reflex), the animal relaxed the respiratory muscles and the passive compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) was computed by dividing VT by the tracheal pressure. While the animal was still relaxed, the airways were reopened, and during the ensuing relaxed expiration the volume-flow relationship was linear, the slope representing the time constant of the respiratory system: tau rs = Crs . Rrs, where Rrs is the flow resistance of the passive respiratory system. From the measured values of tau rs and Crs, Rrs was computed. With this information it was also possible to quantitate the antagonistic pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles during spontaneous expiration. PMID- 7096152 TI - Pulmonary gas exchange during high-frequency ventilation. AB - Gas exchange was investigated in normal anesthetized dogs during high-frequency, low-tidal volume ventilation (HFV) using the multiple inert gas elimination method. The pattern of inert gas elimination was initially normal during conventional mechanical ventilation. During HFV there was an increase in the difference between the excretion values of acetone and its less soluble neighboring gases, enflurane and ether, but elimination was independent of molecular weight. This pattern was consistent with a major degree of parallel ventilation-perfusion inequality with 49.4 +/- 1.7% of alveolar ventilation being distributed to lung units with VA/Q ratios greater than 20. Additional experiments, however, showed insufficient change in pulmonary blood flow distribution during HFV to account for these apparently poorly perfused lung units. Instead, it was found that the flux from the lung of the most soluble gas, acetone, per unit concentration difference along the airways was approximately twice that for other gases. Experiments using a simple airway model suggested that this enhanced transport of high-solubility gases during HFV is dependent on the wet luminal surface of conducting airways. A reciprocating exchange of gas between the lumen and airway lining layer is proposed as the most likely explanation for these results. PMID- 7096153 TI - Oscillatory breathing patterns leading to apneic spells in infants. PMID- 7096154 TI - Central integration of pulmonary stretch receptor input in the control of expiration. AB - The dynamics of the central processing of the discharge pattern from vagal pulmonary afferents that mediate the expiratory facilitatory reflex have been investigated. These studies involved the development of mathematical models based on analogs of neurophysiological principles such as temporal summation and threshold crossing. These models, which are capable of predicting the expiratory duration for arbitrary discharge patterns, were verified through comparison of their prediction with experimentally obtained relationships between expiratory duration (TE) and waveform parameters of various input patterns. These relationships were obtained by electrical activation of the largest vagal afferent fibers in bilaterally vagotomized, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. A parallel two-component model with long time constants (ca. 0.8 and 18 s) was best able to describe the experimental responses. This model suggests that 1) central integration of pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) input is similar to long time constant temporal summation; 2) central inspiratory inhibition (no vagal input) may share a common mechanism with vagal processing; 3) PSR-induced inhibition is a linear function of discharge frequency; and 4) TE depends on both the trajectory of lung deflation and the tonic activity at functional residual capacity. These characteristics embody information regarding specific neural arrangements and properties within the respiratory centers. PMID- 7096155 TI - Effects of intracranial and left atrial hypertension on lung fluid balance in sheep. AB - Elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP; 50-150 Torr) in sheep produces an increase in protein-rich lymph flow (QL) from the lung. This may be attributed to either microvascular permeability changes or increases in filtration surface area through recruitment. To eliminate increases in surface area, we recruited potential filtration beds by increasing left atrial pressure (Pla; 27-35 Torr) prior to elevating ICP in sheep anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or halothane. Under these conditions, increased pulmonary microvascular permeability would be expected to produce an increased QL, lymphatic protein flux (CL), and plasma clearance of protein (CP). The results of ICP elevation following a period of steady-state Pla hypertension showed no such change in QL, CL or CP (n=8) compared with prior period of increased Pla. ICP elevation alone (n=6) produces a significant increase in CP manifested as an increase in QL (73%), with little change in the lymph-to-plasma ratio of protein concentration. These results suggest that a change in pulmonary microvascular surface area (not permeability) is the primary mechanism underlying increases in protein-rich QL following the elevation of ICP alone. PMID- 7096156 TI - Induced venous pooling and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise after bed rest. AB - The purpose of this study was to deliberately induce venous pooling the lower extremities of bed-rested subjects to determine whether such distention may reverse the reduction in maximal O2 uptake that has regularly been observed. Bed rest deconditioning was assessed in eight healthy male subjects by measuring submaximal and maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), ventilation, and heart rate (HRmax) before and after 15 days of bed rest. During bed rest four subjects in the experimental group received daily treatments of venous pooling for 210 min/day with a reverse gradient garment (RGG), whereas the four subjects in the control group received no treatment. Compared with prebed-rest values, VO2max was reduced by 14.0 (P less than 0.05), HRmax was increased by 4.2 (P less than 0.05), and endurance time for the exercise test was decreased by 9.2% (P less than 0.05) in the control group. In the RGG group, VO2max, HRmax, and endurance time were essentially unchanged after bed rest. The plasma volume (PV) of the control group decreased by 16.7 (P less than 0.05) after bed rest compared with a 10.3% (not significant) reduction in the RGG group. The percent delta PV was related to the percent delta VO2 max (r = 0.75, P less than 0.05) and percent delta HR max (r = 0.65, P less than 0.05). The data support the hypothesis that the lack of venous pooling and associated fluid shifts contribute the decrement in VO2 max associated with bed-rest deconditioning. PMID- 7096157 TI - A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold. AB - The anaerobic threshold has generally been determined by simple visual inspection of ventilation or other gas-exchange data obtained during incremental exercise. To establish objective criteria for the determination of anaerobic threshold, a computer algorithm has been developed that models the ventilatory response to exercise using multisegment linear regression. The best-fit regression model is chosen by minimizing the pooled residual sum of squares . The anaerobic threshold is reported as the first break point in that model. The computer-determined anaerobic threshold values for 37 subjects were compared with subjectively determined values as chosen by four independent observers. The observers' estimates, when pooled to yield a single a single value for each subject, gave a mean value for the gas-exchange anaerobic threshold of 2.26 +/- 0.69 l/min. The estimates by the computer method averaged 2.21 +/- 0.65 l/min. The correlation coefficient for these two methods was 0.94. PMID- 7096158 TI - Computation techniques for rebreathing lung tissue volume and pulmonary capillary blood flow. PMID- 7096159 TI - Liquid layer lining the lung. PMID- 7096160 TI - Adolescent health in Alameda County. AB - A cross-sectional study of 194 adolescents in Alameda County, California, was performed to investigate health care behavior, personal adjustment, substance abuse, and medical and dental morbidity. A multivariate analysis of this sample using age, sex, ethnic group, and family type as independent variables was carried out. Females were less likely than males to have a regular place for medical care, and youths belonging to single parent families were less likely than those from intact families. Older adolescents, blacks and Hispanics used hospitals and clinics more frequently, while whites used private physicians more frequently than did other ethnic groups. Also blacks and Hispanics were less likely to have received recent dental care than whites. Levels of substance abuse were comparable to national levels, and increased significantly with age. Though overall medical morbidity was low, the study confirms previous findings of significant levels of dental decay particularly in black youth. A significant relation exists between less dental care and dental decay, though no such relation exists between medical care and medical morbidity. The study has potential implications for better preventive approaches to adolescent health care. PMID- 7096161 TI - Continued self-destructive behaviors in adolescent suicide attemptors, Part II--a pilot study. AB - This investigation examined the continued self-destructive behaviors of adolescent suicide attemptors treated at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles from 1972 through 1978. A total of 235 questionnaires were mailed to subjects who were hospitalized as a result of an accident, illness, or suicide attempt. The questionnaire was designed to elicit data with respect to the occurrence, frequency of occurrence and medical consequences of various self-destructive behaviors. The results suggest that certain continued self-destructive behaviors may be manifested by adolescents who have attempted suicide. Implications of the findings of this pilot study are discussed with regard to developing a theoretical model of self-destructive behaviors in adolescent suicide attemptors and the clinical prediction of adolescent suicide. PMID- 7096162 TI - Unmarried black adolescent fathers' attitudes toward abortion, contraception, and sexuality: a preliminary report. AB - The attitudes of a limited population of unmarried black adolescent fathers toward abortion, contraception, and sexuality were assessed using standardized data collected in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Chicago, Illinois, and in Columbus, Ohio. A majority of the surveyed fathers in each city surveyed, were opposed to abortion. Two-thirds indicated a willingness to share contraceptive responsibility with the female. These data suggest that if family planning agencies offered sex education programs for adolescent fathers, particularly in relation to contraceptive responsibility, the incidence of repeat unwed adolescent fatherhood might be reduced. PMID- 7096163 TI - Management of urinary tract infection in adolescent girls. PMID- 7096168 TI - Radiographic diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis. PMID- 7096167 TI - Hospitalization of adolescents. PMID- 7096166 TI - Papilla (nipple) development during female puberty. AB - The purpose of this study was do compare breast papilla (nipple) development to the established criteria of secondary sexual maturation. One hundred and sixty eight girls (100 black and 68 white) ranging in age from 2-21 years had their papilla diameter measured and their Tanner stage assessed. Minimal nipple development occurred from stages PH1-PH3 (2.91-4.08 mm) and B1-B3 (2.75-3.96 mm) or premenstrually (3.61 mm). Significant growth occurred beyond stages PH3, B3 (PH4-7.22 mm, Ph5-9.36 mm, B4-7.74 mm, B5-9.47 mm) and near or after menarche (7.82 mm for girls 0-2 years post-menarche, 9.23 mm for girls 2-4 years post menarche and 9.65 mm for girls more than four years after menarche). A more objective definition for breast stages B4 and B5, based on nipple diameter, may now be feasible, thus enhancing the precision with which physiologic events occurring toward the close of puberty can be studied. PMID- 7096164 TI - Late Social and psychological aftereffect of pregnancy in adolescence. AB - Pregnancy in midadolescence may continue to affect social and psychological competence long after the pregnancy ends. Most studies report the effects on the children of these young mothers while only a few have examined the mothers who kept their babies and none have looked past the first decade after the birth. Twenty men and women who became parents in midadolescence were interviewed 17 to 24 years later. All were first seen because of family discord and the breakdown of parent-child relationships due to the rebellious behavior during the adolescence of the child born in their own adolescence. All of these adolescents had been well-behaved in childhood, but, having begun to date, were viewed by the parents as being troublesome and in danger of repeating the parental "mistake". Mothers were found to overtly spy on their daughters and expressed distrust of their heterosexual relationships. Fathers were distant and distrustful of their children and doubtful of their own abilities to control behavior. All parents were unable to discuss sexuality with their children. Pregnancy in midadolescence may significantly affect parental relationships with the subsequent children, especially when those children become adolescents. PMID- 7096165 TI - Abortion in single girls in Hong Kong. AB - Abortion in single girls in an increasing problem in Hong Kong. This paper is an attempt to look at the psychosocial factors in sexual behavior in a selected sample of girls. Of 100 girls requesting an abortion, 70% were educated to Form III level (grade 10 U.S. equivalent) and these did not come from broken or disturbed homes. The adequacy of their prepregnancy use of contraception was significantly and positively related to their level of formal education. These girls were all made pregnant by their boy-friends. Some aspects of their sexual behavior are described. PMID- 7096169 TI - The liability of veterinarians employed by government. PMID- 7096171 TI - Migration of a spiruroid nematode through the brain of a horse. AB - A pregnant 10-year-old Paint mare was examined because of an acute neurologic disturbance. Physical examination revealed signs consistent with extensive, asymmetric brain stem disease. The hemogram, serum chemical panel, and results of lumbosacral spinal fluid analysis were within normal limits. A primary diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was considered, and the mare was placed on treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. After 5 weeks of steady improvement, an acute exacerbation of neurologic signs necessitated euthanasia of the mare. At necropsy, large, malacic tracts were found extending through the brain stem and cerebral cortex. Cross sections of a nematode were observed microscopically and subsequently were identified as belonging to a single gravid female Draschia megastoma. PMID- 7096170 TI - Is polioencephalomalacia associated with high-sulfate diets? AB - During 1979 and 1980, rations containing high concentrations of gypsum or other sulfate salts were noticed to be a common feature of several episodes of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) diagnosed at the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL). A retrospective study of 72 herds represented by all 6- to 18-month-old cattle necropsied at the VMDL between Sept 1 and Dec 31, 1980, was undertaken. Information about diet and husbandry was collected for each herd by interviews with the owner. Polioencephalomalacia occurred in 18 of 21 herds fed high-sulfate (greater than 2 % sulfate) rations, but in only 1 of 51 herds not fed such rations. The data demonstrated a statistically significant and possible causal relationship between PEM in cattle and high-sulfate rations. PMID- 7096172 TI - Degenerative joint disease with osteochondrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in young horses. AB - Degenerative joint disease of the proximal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed in 9 joint of 6 horses. All of the horses were 3 years old or younger and the affected joints were in the hindlimbs. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis involving the distal end of the proximal phalanx was apparent in 5 joints. Lameness and local soft tissue swelling were prominent in all cases. In 1 horse euthanatized tissues because of lameness, histologic examination of joint tissues revealed osteochondrosis as well as severe osteoarthritis. Surgical arthrodesis of the affected joint was performed on 2 horses, one of which became sound. PMID- 7096173 TI - Use of nuclear scintigraphy to characterize in intrathoracic mass in a foal. AB - A 2-month-old thoroughbred colt with noisy and difficult respiration was diagnosed as having an intrathoracic mass, using conventional radiographic techniques. Nuclear scintigraphy was then used to characterize the mass, leading to successful surgical removal. PMID- 7096176 TI - Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and oocysts in pound-source cats. AB - The overall prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 87 pound source cats from the state of Washington was 31%; its was 41% for stray cats and 28% for owner-relinquished cats. Approximately 60% of the 27 seropositive cats had dye-test titers greater than or equal to 1:256. Oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were not observed in fecal specimens from 73 of the cats. It was concluded that the high antibody titers, indicative of recently acquired infection, could result in increased risk to persons handling tissues of such cats. PMID- 7096175 TI - Clinical experience with hydralazine for treatment of otherwise intractable cough in dogs with apparent left-side heart failure. AB - Eleven dogs with mitral regurgitation and severe cough were given hydralazine for reduction of systemic arterial pressure. The treatment was stopped and then restarted. Heart rates were measured and cough was assessed subjectively by the clients during each period. While the dogs were receiving hydralazine, heart rate and severity of cough decreased, when compared with periods either before or between treatments. Clinical improvement may have resulted from increased cardiac output or reduction in regurgitation. The improvement also may have resulted from effect on pulmonary function inasmuch as we had no evidence that the signs were a result of heart disease. PMID- 7096174 TI - Four types of occult Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. AB - Occult heartworm infection, ie, infection with adult Dirofilaria immitis in the absence of circulating microfilariae, was detected in dogs with prepatent infection, unisexual heartworm infection, drug-induced sterility of adult heartworms, and an immune-mediated infection. In the immune-mediate occult infection, female heartworms contained microfilariae that were antigenically similar to circulating microfilariae but were in a privileged site inasmuch as the intrauterine microfilariae were not coated with circulating antimicrofilarial immunoglobulin G. Transplantation of these female worm into heart-worm-negative dogs resulted in microfilaremia. PMID- 7096177 TI - Vaccine-induced rabies in four cats. AB - Vaccine-induced rabies in 4 cats was characterized by rigid posterior paralysis. In 3 cats, paralysis began in 1 hindlimb and rapidly spread to the other hindlimb. Later, forelimb and cranial nerve deficits were noticed. Onset of clinical signs was 13 to 17 days after IM vaccination with an ERA-strain modified live-virus rabies vaccine approved for use in cats. Each cat eventually was euthanatized. In each case, brain tissue was found to contain rabies virus on fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation studies. An antibody titer and mouse inoculation studies. An antibody titer against rabies virus was found in the CSF of 1 cat. In each case, viral isolates were shown to be of an ERA strain rather than natural ("street") rabies. PMID- 7096179 TI - Colonic adenocarcinoma with cutaneous metastasis in a dog. PMID- 7096180 TI - Hypoglycemia and polyclonal gammopathy in a dog with plasma cell dyscrasia. PMID- 7096181 TI - Free enterprise vs free service. PMID- 7096182 TI - Vitamin K and its therapeutic importance. PMID- 7096183 TI - Naproxen in dogs and cats. PMID- 7096178 TI - Epidural dirofilariasis causing paraparesis in a dog. PMID- 7096184 TI - Chronic active hepatitis in Doberman pinschers. AB - Eleven Doberman Pinschers were affected with a disease that had clinical signs, serum biochemical abnormalities, and histologic features of chronic active hepatitis. Intrahepatic cholestasis and accumulations excess hepatic copper were prominent features. Most of the dogs deteriorated within weeks to months, and 6 died within 9 months after the 1st signs of disease were noticed. PMID- 7096185 TI - Skunk rabies surveillance in Illinois. AB - Surveillance data indicated that an increased incidence of skunk rabies in Illinois during 1979-1980 was not attributable to increased reporting or submission of skunks to the state laboratories for rabies examination. Available road-kill data suggested that the skunk population increased prior to the increase in skunk rabies incidence. An increased skunk population was hypothesized to have caused the increased incidence by facilitating transmission of the virus through increased skunk density. Analysis of the temporal distribution of skunk rabies revealed a bimodal seasonal cycle, with peak occurrence in the spring and fall, and the possible beginning of a secular cycle, with peak incidence every 6 to 8 years. PMID- 7096186 TI - Clinical fascioliasis in domestic goats in Montana. AB - Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica infection) was diagnosed in a herd of domestic goats in Montana. Twenty-eight goats died after a month-long clinical course of anorexia, weight loss, depression, lethargy, and decreased milk production. Clinical laboratory findings included anemia, low hemoglobin content, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, eosinophilia, and high hepatic enzyme activity. The livers of affected goats had extensive parenchymal necrosis, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia. Albendazole oral suspension (20 mg/kg) was used to treat 45 of the remaining goats twice, 30 days apart; 15 goats were untreated controls. Egg counts for the untreated group averaged 171 fluke eggs per gram of feces, which compared with less than 1 epg per gram for the treated group. Fifteen percent of the treated goats died, whereas 73% of the untreated goats died. On the basis of necropsy findings, albendazole treatment was regarded as greater than 99% effective against adult F hepatica. PMID- 7096187 TI - Effect of a two-stage antibiotic treatment regimen on dogs naturally infected with Brucella canis. PMID- 7096188 TI - Multiple endocrine neoplasia in a dog. PMID- 7096190 TI - Conjunctival hemangioma in a horse. PMID- 7096189 TI - Suspected phytogenic selenium poisoning in sheep. PMID- 7096191 TI - Acquiring a computer system. PMID- 7096192 TI - What is your diagnosis? PMID- 7096193 TI - Production of antibiotic SU-2 complex by a 2-deoxystreptamine idiotroph of Micromonospora sagamiensis. AB - A 2-deoxystreptamine idiotrophic mutant of Micromonospora sagamiensis, KY 11509, was found to produce unknown antibacterial substances, which were named SU-2 complex. Each component, SU-1, SU-2 and SU-3 were isolated from a culture broth of KY 11509. Chromatographic data suggested that these components were new antibiotics. The antibiotics exhibited potent and broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The amount of SU-1, SU-2 and SU-3 production reached their maximum level (197, 82 and 58 micrograms/liter, respectively) in 3 to 4 days. Addition of cobalt chloride markedly stimulated SU-1 production but suppressed SU-2 and SU-3 production. Isolation of a mutant possessing a higher productivity of SU-2 complex is also described. PMID- 7096194 TI - Thiolactomycin, a new antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing organism, fermentation and biological properties. AB - A strain of actinomycetes, isolated from a soil sample, has produced a novel antibiotic (C11H14O2S) containing a unique thiolactone moiety in its molecule. On the basis of taxonomic studies the producing organism was identified as belonging to the genus Nocardia. The antibiotic, named thiolactomycin, exhibits a broad antibacterial spectrum and particularly potent activity against Salmonella, Serratia and Bacteroides. Furthermore, the acute toxicity is weak in experimental animals. These results indicate that thiolactomycin is distinct from other known antibiotics and represents a new type of antibiotic. PMID- 7096195 TI - Thiolactomycin, a new antibiotic. II. Structure elucidation. PMID- 7096196 TI - Thiolactomycin, a new antibiotic. IV. Biological properties and chemotherapeutic activity in mice. AB - The new thiolactone antibiotic, thiolactomycin, is rapidly absorbed in rats when administered either orally or by intramuscular injection. A peak in concentration of the drug is reached in the blood and in various visceral organs within 15 minutes after administration. The concentration decreases rather rapidly and about 51-69% of the drug is excreted in urine during the first 24 hours. Though the in vitro effect of thiolactomycin is moderate, it effectively protected mice challenged intraperitoneally with several strains of S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae and more effective than carbenicillin in treating experimental acute urinary tracts infected with S. marcescens. Also, in mice whom immunodefense was decreased by treatment with cyclophosphamide, thiolactomycin was more effective than carbenicillin against S. marcescens challenge. PMID- 7096198 TI - A new naturally occurring erythromycin: erythromycin F. PMID- 7096200 TI - An enrichment isolation procedure for minor Bacillus populations. AB - In general, spores of B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. Sphaericus and B. subtilis strains germinated uniformly within a short time of incubation in a germination medium. In contrast, spores of B, circulans, B. brevis, B. laterosporus, B. pulvifaciens, B. polymyxa, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis and B. coagulans strains were usually slow and/or uneven germinators under the same conditions of incubation. The former group of Bacillus strains occur frequently in soils as the predominant population and the latter group of Bacillus species are found in many cases as minor populations. The minor populations of Bacillus were isolated with difficulty by the standard dilution-plate technique, but could easily be enriched by treating the soil sample in a germination medium for 2 to 3 hours at 30 to 35 degrees C, followed by heating it at 65 degrees C for 10 minutes ("minor-shifted isolation"). Using this technique, the minor Bacillus strains could be isolated from samples containing 100- to 1,000-fold more of the rapid germinators of Bacillus. PMID- 7096197 TI - Novel fermentation products from Streptomyces fradiae: X-ray crystal structure of 5-O-mycarosyltylactone and proof of the absolute configuration of tylosin. AB - 5-O-Mycarosyltylactone has been isolated as a predominant factor from fermentation broths of a Streptomyces fradiae mutant. The relative configurations of mycarose and tylactone (protylonolide) have been determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Hydrolysis of 5-O-mycarosyltylactone yielded (-)-tylactone and L-(-)-mycarose. Taken together, these two experiments establish the absolute configuration of (-)-tylactone. Bioconversion of (-)-tylactone to tylosin by tyl G mutants of S. fradiae proves the absolute configuration of tylosin. Physicochemical data for tylactone and a unique component piece of tylactone are also reported. PMID- 7096199 TI - A preferential isolation procedure for asporogenous Gram-positive bacteria. AB - A preferential isolation procedure was devised for asporogenous (Asp), Gram positive (Gp), aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria which included the genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, and Micrococcus (Asp-Gp bacteria). An antibiotics-mixture agar which contained 5 to 10 micrograms per ml of colistin, 10 to 20 micrograms per ml of nalidixic acid and 30 micrograms per ml of cycloheximide was used in the isolation. Using this technique 47 Asp-Gp bacteria representing 26 subgroups of coryneform bacteria and Micrococcus were isolated from 3 soil samples. The method was far more efficient than the standard dilution-plate technique. This preferential method is available to isolate Asp-Gp bacteria from a sample containing about 500-fold more of other Gram-positive and negative bacteria. PMID- 7096201 TI - Inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase, a pterin-requiring monooxygenase, by oudenone and its derivatives. AB - Phenylalanine hydroxylase was shown to be inhibited by oudenone and its derivatives in vitro. At a concentration of 2.3 x 10(-3) M, oudenone inhibited phenylalanine hydroxylase by 50%, and some of the oudenone derivatives showed more potent inhibition. The kinetic data have shown that the inhibition by oudenone is competitive with a tetrahydropterin cofactor (6,7 dimethyltetrahydropterin, DMPH4) and noncompetitive with phenylalanine and oxygen. Among 12 oudenone derivatives, there was no parallel structure-activity relationship between the inhibitory effect for phenylalanine hydroxylase and that for tyrosine hydroxylase. A derivative of oudenone, [compound No. 142; 2-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropyl)cyclohexan-1,3-dione] showed the most potent inhibition among the oudenone derivatives. It inhibited phenylalanine hydroxylase by 50% at a concentration of 1.8 x 10(-5) M. This inhibition was a mixed type with either a tetrahydropterin cofactor, DMPH4, or with the substrate phenylalanine, which was different from the inhibition by oudenone. However, the same noncompetitive inhibition was shown toward oxygen. PMID- 7096203 TI - Isolation and characterization of covalently closed circular DNA associated with chromosomal and membrane fraction from Streptomyces ambofaciens. AB - Covalently closed circular (ccc) DNAs were isolated by a technique involving alkaline denaturation from the spiramycin producer Streptomyces ambofaciens KA 1028 and also from spiramycin non-producing strains AF-11 and QN-25; plasmids could not be detected in these strains by a cleared lysate method. It was found that most of the ccc DNA in these strains was present in the chromosomal and membrane fractions. These ccc DNAs had identical mobilities in agarose gel electrophoresis. The size was calculated to be 53.1 x 10(6) daltons from the contour length measurements. The ccc DNA gave one fragment on digestion with Hind III, three fragments with Eco R1, and twenty-eight fragments with Bam H1. PMID- 7096202 TI - Cyclization of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine to penicillins by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus. AB - Cell-free extracts prepared by sonication of Streptomyces clavuligerus cyclized delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) into a penicillin-type antibiotic. The antibacterial spectrum of this antibiotic suggested it was a mixture of isopenicillin N and penicillin N indicating that both cyclization and racemase activities were present. Cyclization activity was optimal in extracts prepared from 48 hours cultures. Extracts incubated at 20 degrees C produced antibiotic for 2 hours before activity ceased. Cyclization activity showed an absolute requirement for dithiothreitol (DTT) and O2 and was stimulated by ascorbic acid and FeSO4. No requirement for ATP was observed. PMID- 7096204 TI - Genetic and biochemical features of spiramycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces ambofaciens--curing, protoplast regeneration and plasmid transfer. AB - Spiramycin-producing Streptomyces ambofaciens KA-1028 harboring the pSA1 plasmid gave rise to spiramycin non-producing variants at high frequencies by various curing treatments. However, a number of the spiramycin non-producing progeny obtained by treatment with acridine dyes, still harbored plasmid DNAs which could not be differentiated from plasmid pSA1 by contour length, cleavage patterns and heteroduplex analysis. By treatment with mitomycin C, plasmid pSA1 was cured at high efficiency and spiramycin non-producing strains were obtained. Strain U 1717R obtained by regeneration of protoplasts of plasmid-cured strain U-1717 regained spiramycin production on growth on solid medium only. Furthermore, transconjugants obtained by mating between strain KA-1028 and U-1717R-24 (streptomycin-resistant) regained spiramycin production in both liquid and solid media. We conclude that the genes for the biosynthesis of spiramycin are encoded in a replicon other than plasmid pSA1 but that this plasmid plays a role in the regulation of spiramycin production. PMID- 7096205 TI - A new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic complex, sporaricin. V. Sporaricin E. PMID- 7096206 TI - The structures of aminoglycoside antibiotics, SU-1, 2, and 3. PMID- 7096207 TI - Cyanonaphthyridinomycin: a derivative of naphthyridinomycin. PMID- 7096208 TI - Enzymatic modification of hygromycin B in Streptomyces hygroscopicus. PMID- 7096211 TI - Structure of gliocladic acid. PMID- 7096212 TI - Studies on the mechanism of actin of gilvocarcin V and chrysomycin A. PMID- 7096210 TI - The structures of pluracidomycins, new carbapenem antibiotics. PMID- 7096213 TI - Auditory cortex in the marsupial possum Trichosurus vulpecula. AB - A microelectrode mapping survey was made of the auditory cortex of the acallosal marsupial possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Single unit and unit cluster responses, as well as evoked potentials, were obtained from 64 tangential, cortical penetrations. Pontamine sky-blue marking of successful tracks aided in later reconstruction of tracks and identification of recording locations. Only one auditory field was identified. The 98 units sampled in this field covered a wide range of best frequencies from 330 Hz to 39 kHz with the most sensitive units (thresholds of best frequency of less than 10 dB SPL) being in the 17-19 kHz range. An orderly representation of cochlear place was found in the cortex with high frequencies located dorsally and low frequencies more ventrally. This orientation of frequencies is unlike that seen in other mammals. PMID- 7096215 TI - Audibility of short-duration tone-glides as a function of rate of frequency change. AB - Thresholds for rising and falling tone-glides were determined against a background of 50-6000 Hz noise at a level of 60 dB re 20 microPa. Glides were centered around 2000 Hz and changed frequencies linearly at rates of 24, 48, 96 and 192 Hz/ms; tone-glide durations were 5, 10, 20 and 40 ms. Results demonstrate a rate-dependent asymmetry in the detectability of rising and falling tone glides, with rising tone-glides detected at lower signal intensities for the higher rates of frequency change (i.e., 96 and 192 Hz/ms). PMID- 7096214 TI - Minimal concentrations of metabolic substrates capable of supporting cochlear potentials. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the capability of glucose analogues, as well as lactate and pyruvate, to maintain the endolymphatic potential and the cochlear microphonics. In addition, the minimum concentration at which different substrates (including D-glucose) were able to sustain the potentials ("critical' concentration) was determined. Synthetic blood containing various substrates at different concentrations was perfused via the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. The critical concentration for D-glucose was found to be 15 mg% (0.83 mM). L-Glucose, galactose and fructose were not able to support the potentials at concentrations as high as 200 mg%. On the other hand, mannose was capable of supporting the potentials; however, the critical concentration (50 mg% or 2.8 mM) was substantially higher than that of D-glucose. Both lactate and pyruvate could support the potentials, but the critical concentrations (8.5 mM and 6.5 mM, respectively) were markedly higher than in the case of glucose, even when the difference of carbon equivalents was taken into consideration. The data are discussed in the context of the intermediary metabolism and possible carrier systems of the stria vascularis. PMID- 7096209 TI - Detection of gilvocarcin antitumor complex by a biochemical induction assay (BIA). PMID- 7096216 TI - An analysis of auditory brainstem responses in infants. AB - Acoustic brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded from 148 infants from 4 to 60 weeks of age. 28 subjects returned to the laboratory 3 or more times for additional recordings. Filtered clicks of 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz were presented at two intensities, 30 and 50 dB HL re the average threshold for a group of young adults. Responses to a broadband click, 50 dB nHL, were also recorded. The latencies of waves I, III and V were measured. Wave I latencies for the 8 kHz filtered click showed no change but those for lower frequencies decreased with age. The latency decreases with age were largest for wave V, and, among the filtered clicks, was largest for the responses to 1 kHz. Best-fitting curves were determined for latency vs. age for each filtered click and for the broadband click. Wave V--Wave I latency differences showed that the rostral conduction time for responses to the 8 kHz FC decreased with age and, for the 1 kHz filtered click (50 dB), remained constant. The early development of basal regions in the cochlea is viewed as insuring the delivery of a wide range of frequencies to rostral segments of the auditory system. The limiting feature of maturation is at rostral sites. The immature auditory system appears to be fully capable of transducing low frequency stimuli, but not high frequencies. PMID- 7096217 TI - Effects of acoustic trauma on stereocilia structure and spiral ganglion cell tuning properties in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Guinea pigs were exposed to loud pure tones from 107 to 129dB SPL for 1 h. After varying recovery periods N1 electrocochleograms and single spiral ganglion cell recordings were obtained. The exposed cochleas were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The relationships between N1 thresholds, single neuron tuning curves and hair cell damage are described. PMID- 7096218 TI - Fertilization rate and early embryonic loss in Brahman crossbred heifers. AB - The fertilization rate and incidence of embryonic loss in virgin Brahman crossbred heifers between d 3 and 35 postinsemination (d 0 = first day of estrus) were determined. One hundred fifty-five virgin heifers, maintained in a dry lot, received approximately 22 Mcal.head-1.d-1 and were allotted to one of three groups (d 3, 16 or 35) according to body weight at the time of estrous detection. Seven empty ruptured zona pellucidae (ERZP) were recovered from five heifers in the d 3 group. It was impossible to determine whether the ERZP originated from fertilized or unfertilized ova and whether they were ovulated at the estrus immediately preceding or during a previous cycle. Consequently, the fertilization rate (d 3) was calculated to be 80 or 93% depending upon whether the ERZP were included or deleted from the calculations, respectively. Because of the large number of ERZP recovered, a second study was conducted with an additional 21 virgin Brahman crossbred heifers from which ova were recovered on d 3 postinsemination. The results of the two studies were similar. The percentage of heifers with an embryo on d 16 was 78 (10% had degenerating embryos and 12% no embryos), and the percentage pregnant at d 35 was 72. The conclusions suggested from this study depend upon the classification of the ERZP. If the ERZP are designated as ova ovulated during a previous cycle or ova damage in the collection process and are deleted from the calculations, the fertilization rate is high (93%), and embryonic loss apparently occurs between d 3 and 35 (P less than .95). However, if the ERZP are classified as ova ovulated at the immediately preceding estrus, unavailable for further embryonic development, and are included in the calculations, the fertilization rate is comparatively low (80%). In the latter case, the primary loss of potential embryos occurs before d 3, and the loss after d 3 is negligible (P greater than .05). PMID- 7096219 TI - Estrogens and piglet viability. I. Serum estrogen concentrations in piglets. AB - An experiment was conducted to establish estrogen (Es) levels in piglet serum up to 13 h after birth. Treated piglets were given an injection of estradiol benzoate into the vena cava immediately after birth. Control piglets were similarly injected with saline solution. Blood samples were obtained frequently for monitoring Es levels. Each sample was analyzed for estrone (E1), estrone sulphate (E1SO4) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) by radioimmunoassay. Immediately after birth, Es declined at a very fast rate for 4 h and thereafter declined slowly until 9 h, when a small recovery occurred. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in the initial concentrations of Es between the control and treated groups. Injected estradiol benzoate did not significantly increase serum Es concentration (P greater than .05) by 5 min postinjection in treated animals, but sustained a trend showing higher level of Es than the control until 4 h. At birth, E1SO4 was the Es with the highest concentration in piglet serum, followed by E1 and E2. The sharpest decline after birth occurred in E1SO4, which fell to lower values than E1 by 3 h. We conclude that an undetermined catabolic system for Es allows the piglet to eliminate or transform Es to other compounds. PMID- 7096220 TI - Estrogens and piglet viability. II. Effect of estrogen on piglet viability. AB - The effect of estrogens (Es) on piglet viability was determined as measured by birth to suckling intervals. Starting on d 109 postbreeding daily blood samples were obtained from 15 Yorkshire sows, Immediately after birth, blood samples were taken from the umbilical cord (UC) and the vena cava (VC) of piglets, followed by injections via the VC of either estradiol benzoate (EB) or a saline solution. The interval from birth to suckling (BTS), and body weight gain until 96 h was recorded. Total estrone concentration in the sows' serum rose until the day before parturition and declined sharply by d 2 postpartum. Piglets given EB injections had a shorter interval from BTS (P less than .05) and females suckled sooner than males in both the control and treated groups. No significant differences in weight gain were detected between control and treated groups at 2, 24 or 96 h. Higher (P less than .001) levels of estrone and estrone sulphate were found in the UC than in VC samples, but no correlation existed between levels of Es in the UC and VC (P greater than .05). We concluded that Es or other hydroxylated compounds could be acting upon a high control center of the newborn piglet to cause hyperactivity with a consequent reduction in BTS interval. PMID- 7096221 TI - Tolerance of the chick to excess dietary cadmium as influenced by dietary cysteine and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. AB - Three experiments were conducted with 9-d-old crossbred chicks to determine the effect of supplemental L-cysteine.HCl.H2O on tolerance to excess dietary Cd. Cd levels of 30 or 60 mg/kg added to a fully fortified corn-soybean meal diet depressed both body weight gain and gain:feed ratio and increased kidney Cd concentration. Supplemental cysteine (i.e., .59% L-cysteine.HCl.H2O) did not alleviate the depression of weight gain or gain:feed ratio due to Cd feeding but did decrease kidney Cd accumulation. Eimeria acervulina infection (i.e., duodenal coccidiosis) depressed rate and efficiency of weight gain and resulted in increased Cd concentrations in kidney tissue. Cystein supplementation increased kidney cadmium concentration even further in E. acervulina-infected birds. PMID- 7096222 TI - Eimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed excess copper in the presence or absence of excess dietary methionine. AB - Five experiments were conducted with young, male, crossbred chicks to investigate the effects of experimental Eimeria acervulina infection on the efficacy of supplemental Cu and (or) methionine when added to a corn-soybean meal diet. Duodenal coccidiosis (due to E. acervulina) and supplemental Cu (500 and 750 mg/kg) depressed weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization. Supplemental Cu increased concentrations of Cu in liver and gallbladder; experimental coccidiosis resulted in a two- to fourfold increase in Cu deposition in these tissues compared with the respective controls. Excess supplemental methionine (.5%) had little effect on Cu toxicity in either healthy or infected chicks. Monensin, an ionophorous coccidiostat, alleviated the coccidiosis-induced Cu deposition. PMID- 7096225 TI - Long-term effects of oppositional child treatment with mothers as therapists and therapist trainers. AB - The follow-up data reported represent a long-term (3 to 9 years out of treatment) evaluation of 40 children who were clients of the Regional Intervention Program (RIP) from 1969 to 1978. As 3-, 4-, and 5-year olds, these youngsters exhibited severe and prolonged tantrums, continual opposition to adults' requests and commands, and physical aggression toward parents. Each child and mother participated in a standardized intervention package modeled after Wahler's Opposition Child Treatment. Results from school and home-based follow-up showed that: (a) commands, demands, or requests made by parents were likely to be followed by former clients' compliance; (b) former clients' social interactions in the homes were overwhelmingly positive and their nonsocial behavior was by and large appropriate; (c) parent behavior in the home was consistent with the child management skills taught many years ago; (d) there were no differences between the compliant, on-task, social interaction and appropriate/inappropriate nonsocial behaviors of former clients and randomly selected class peers; (e) there were no differences in teachers' commands, negative feedback, positive social reinforcement, and repeated commands that were directed toward either former clients or randomly selected class peers; (f) both teachers' and parents' rating of former clients on the modified Walker Problem Behavior Checklist were highly correlated; (g) there were no differences in teachers' rating of former clients and class peers; and (h) of all the studied demographic variables, only age that treatment began and family intactness were related to current levels of behavior. PMID- 7096223 TI - An evaluation of Teaching-Family (Achievement Place) group homes for juvenile offenders. AB - Juvenile crime is a serious problem for which treatment approach has been found to be reliably effective. This outcome evaluation assessed during and posttreatment effectiveness of Teaching-Family group home treatment programs for juvenile offenders. The evaluation included the original Achievement Place program, which was the prototype for the development of the Teaching-Family treatment approach, 12 replications of Achievement Place, and 9 comparison group home programs. Primary dependent measures were retrieved from court and police files and included number of alleged offenses, percentage of youths involved in those alleged offenses, and percentage of youths institutionalized. Other dependent measures were subjective ratings of effectiveness obtained from the program consumers, including the group home residents. The results showed difference during treatment favoring the Teaching-Family programs on rate of alleged criminal offenses, percentage of youths involved in those offenses, and consumer ratings of the programs. The consumer ratings provided by the youths and their school teachers were found to be inversely and significantly correlated with the reduction of criminal offenses during treatment. There were no significant differences during treatment on measures of noncriminal offenses (e.g., truancy, runaway, and curfew violations). In the posttreatment year, none of the differences between the groups was significant on any of the outcome measures. The results are discussed in terms of measurement and design issues in the evaluation of delinquency treatment programs and in relation to the evaluation; of Teaching-Family group homes by Richard Jones and his colleagues. PMID- 7096226 TI - Normal children as tutors to teach social responses to withdrawn mentally retarded schoolmates: training, maintenance, and generalization. AB - The findings of the three experiments reported herein indicate that normal children can successfully teach social responses (i.e., delayed imitation cooperative play, and verbalization of positive comments) to withdrawn mentally retarded peers. The effects of the intervention generalized across stimulus and response conditions, while the trained and generalized levels of responding were maintained after the end of the intervention. Moreover, the subjects developed social responding within their classrooms and play areas parallel to the intervention and continued to increase such responding after the interruption of the intervention. Direct edible reinforcement appeared to be necessary at least during the initial period of the intervention. Vicarious edible reinforcement seemed useful to prompt the appearance of responding. Vicarious social reinforcement was ineffective at the beginning of the intervention, but apparently acquired prompting power at a later stage of training. Generalization results indicated that the similarity between the response occasions used for training and those used for testing generalization played an important role. Yet, the extensiveness of training and the development of responding within the classrooms and play areas may also have had a relevant effect. The development of social responding within the classrooms and play areas appeared to be mainly the effect of new learning. This was perhaps due to vicarious and direct social reinforcement. PMID- 7096224 TI - Collateral gains and short-term maintenance in reading and on-task responses by inner-city adolescents as a function of their use of social reinforcement while tutoring. AB - Two experiments are reported concerning the effects of the differential use of verbal approval by problematic adolescents serving as tutors in a remedial reading program for an inner-city school. The experiments, each with 3 tutors and 15 tutees, used a combined multiple baseline and ABCBC design. Data showed that tutors' approvals as well as tutors' and tutees' on-task and reading responses were low and stable during baseline. Tutors were trained to use verbal approval for tutees' on-task behavior. Tokens were presented and withdrawn to control the tutors' use of approval. During phases in which tutors' approvals were raised via token dispensation, tutor reading and on-task scores increased in a nonexperimental setting. Tutee reading scores also increased as a function of tutor approvals. The second experiment replicated these findings and, in addition, (a) tested the validity of changes in reading responses via standardized tests, (b) isolated and compared the covariance between variables in all phases, and (c) provided data on tutee attention to tutors as a possible natural reinforcer for short-term maintenance found in both studies. Data are discussed as evidence that tutors had acquired the ability to recruit reinforcement from the classroom for appropriate behavior. PMID- 7096227 TI - The good toothbrushing game: a school-based dental hygiene program for increasing the toothbrushing effectiveness of children. AB - There has been a serious lack of experimentally verified, effective dental hygiene programs in the schools. In and of themselves, the instruction-alone programs which comprise children's dental education do not produce proper toothbrushing skills. In the present study, a school-based contingency dental hygiene program designed to increase the effectiveness of children's toothbrushing skills at home was implemented with grade one and two classes. Each class was divided into teams and participated in the "Good Toothbrushing Game." Each day four children fron each team had the cleanliness of their teeth assessed according to the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (Greene & Vermillion, 1964). The team with the lowest mean oral hygiene score was declared the daily winner. Winning teams received stickers and had their names posted. A multiple baseline across classrooms single-subject group design. (Hersen & Barlow, 1976, pp. 228 229) established that the good toothbrushing game greatly increased the effectiveness of children's oral hygiene skills. the treatment terminal levels for the grade one scores was 2.0 as compared to a baseline terminal level of 5.0 and for the grade two's was 2.3 compared to 5.7 at the end of baseline. A 9-mo follow-up indicated that these results were maintained. The data strongly suggest that proper implementation of behavioral principles is essential to the success of oral hygiene programs. PMID- 7096228 TI - Training and generalization of laundry skills: a multiple probe evaluation with handicapped persons. AB - An instructional procedure composed of a graded sequence of prompts and token reinforcement was used to train a complex chain of behaviors which included sorting, washing, and drying clothes. A multiple probe design with sequential instruction across seven major components of the laundering routine was used to demonstrate experimental control. Students were taught to launder clothing using machines located in their school and generalization was assessed later on machines located in the public laundromat. A comparison of students' laundry skills with those of normal peers indicated similar levels of proficiency. Follow up probes demonstrated maintenance of laundry skills over a 10-month period. PMID- 7096232 TI - Teacher popularity and contrast effects in a classroom token economy. AB - There is a common fear that the use of a token economy in one classroom might harm pupil performance in situations where the contingencies are not in effect. This study investigated potential contrast effects on measures of children's productivity and attitudes toward teachers. Six children with reading deficits participated. A multiple baseline design was used to assess the effects of a token economy which was systematically introduced across three teachers. Dependent measures included two rating forms of teacher popularity and work rate on a programmed reading series. The results indicated that the token system was effective in increasing the children's productivity and that no consistent behavioral contrast effects occurred. Furthermore, children's attitudes toward teachers did not appear to be influenced by the token economy until only one teacher was not delivering tokens. At this point, her popularity declined until she also delivered tokens. The token economy manipulation appeared to have a specific, desirable effect on the targeted behavior (i.e., work rate) and had minimal negative or positive "side effects" on teacher popularity. PMID- 7096230 TI - Token reinforcement during the instatement and shaping of fluency in the treatment of stuttering. AB - The value of token reinforcement in the instatement and shaping of fluency was examined in an intensive treatment program for adult stutterers. Experiment 1 examined the effect of removing the tangible back-up reinforcers for the token system and found that clients' performance in the program was equally good with or without these back-up reinforcers, suggesting that a strict token economy may not be crucial to rapid progress through treatment. Experiment 2 compared contingent and noncontingent taken reinforcement, while controlling for some variables that may have confounded the results of earlier research, and found no difference in clients' performance. Experiment 3 examined the effect of the entire removal of token reinforcement. Performance was found to be no worse under a "no tokens" system than under a system of tokens with back-up reinforcers. It is argued that in a highly structured treatment program where many other reinforcers are operating, token reinforcement may be largely redundant. Clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 7096229 TI - Social skills training with children: proceed with caution. AB - Three learning disabled children, selected on the basis of peer sociometric ratings and teacher referral, received social skills training. A group training procedure consisting of coaching, modeling, behavior rehearsal, and feedback was used to teach children the target, behaviors of eye contact and appropriate verbal responses. The multiple baseline analysis across target behaviors was used to demonstrate treatment effectiveness on role-play scenes trained during treatment sessions. Duration of speech was measured as an untrained, corollary measure. The following measures were also obtained during baseline, posttreatment, and 1-mo follow up for experimental subjects and three control subjects: (a) performance on role-play scenes not trained during treatment sessions; (b) behavioral observations in a free play setting, and (c) sociometric ratings. In addition, the trained and untrained role-play scenes were administered by novel experimenters following treatment. The results indicated that socially unskilled, learning disabled children can be taught to respond appropriately to role-play situations. However, improved performance did not generalize to the natural school setting and treatment did not effect ratings of peer acceptance. The implications of these findings for future social skills training with children are discussed. PMID- 7096231 TI - An analysis of some variables influencing the effectiveness of reprimands. AB - Although several studies have shown that social reprimands can function as punishers, no study reported to data has isolated any of the factors influencing reprimand efficacy. Three experiments were conducted to investigate several factors. Experiment 1 used an alternating treatments design and was conducted on two elementary school boys, one of whom was in a special education class. Results showed that verbal reprimands delivered with eye contact and firm grasp of the student's shoulders reduced disruptive behavior to a greater extent than did verbal reprimands delivered without eye contact and grasp. Both types of reprimand were more effective than a baseline condition during which disruptive behavior was ignored. Experiment 2 also used an alternating treatments design and was conducted on one elementary school boy. Results demonstrated that reprimands delivered from one meter away were considerably more effective than reprimands delivered from seven meters away. Experiment 3 used a reversal design and was conducted on two pairs of elementary school children, one a pair of boys and the other a pair of girls. Results demonstrated that reprimands delivered to just one member of the pair reduced the disruptive behavior of both members of the pair. Thus, the effects of reprimands "spilled" over to nonreprimanded students. PMID- 7096233 TI - Antibiotics in suspected neonatal meningitis. PMID- 7096234 TI - Rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by a semi automated continuous flow method. PMID- 7096235 TI - Antibacterial activity of temocillin (BRL 17421), a new semisynthetic penicillin. PMID- 7096236 TI - Analytical methods for foods in the next decade. AB - With each passing decade new problems arise for the regulatory analytical chemist. The push for low detection limits from percent to parts per million to parts per billion brought the need for new and improved analytical instrumentation followed by questions of reliability at such low values. Each question has been met by new instruments or techniques and critical studies. The question for the 1980s is not how to achieve low detection limits but how to reliably and rapidly perform analyses at low values. During the 1960s the emphasis was on the single component/element techniques. We seem now to be entering the computer-controlled era. In each analytical specialty, computer controlled instruments are offered which greatly aid the analyst in producing an accurate, reliable analysis in a shorter time. The advantage of larger numbers of analyses per unit of time with, in some cases, reduced personnel are not to be overlooked in this age of economy. To the AOAC collaborative study this means a reduction in the number of laboratories who can participate. It also means greater standardization of methodology, and the chemist's laboratory ability becomes less of a factor in producing reliable analyses. Specific analytical examples are discussed to illustrate the trend for the 1980s. PMID- 7096238 TI - Malt beverages and brewing materials: screening and confirmatory methods for nitrosamines in beer. AB - Screening methods for nitrosamines in beer were studied by 15 collaborators. Collaborators studied 4 extraction techniques and 2 calculation procedures. All methods showed acceptable recoveries and no significant differences between methods. Based on accuracy, simplicity and speed, the Celite extraction with internal standard calculation is recommended. Fifteen collaborators also studied a distillation confirmatory method compared with a direct extraction with dichloromethane. Because the former gives an extract more suitable for mass spectrometric confirmation of nitrosamines, it is the recommended reference method. The screening and confirmatory methods have been adopted official first action. PMID- 7096237 TI - Analytical methods for drugs in the next decade. AB - Today's research for new drug substances is moving toward molecules of much larger molecular weight and complexity than the small, modern drug molecules, e.g., polypeptides, interferon, slow-releasing substances, and blood and plasma components. The complexity of natural products derived from human or other animal bodies requires a new analytical chemistry. Simple tests for drug stability, dissolution, and bioavailability will no longer suffice to provide and ensure purity and structural identity of such drugs. During the next decade, the demands on analytical chemists will increase; more biological organic and physical chemistry will be required by analysts to perform their jobs. Criteria for purity will require even greater chromatographic involvement but this will have to be complemented by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The demands made on AOAC to validate and approve methods to assay drugs and determine their purity will increase enormously in this next decade. The understanding of drug purity will take on a new meaning because of the complex nature of natural products. Stability indication will be significant only when chemical and biological tests can complement and define the active components and the impurities. AOAC will be required to play a major role in assuring the manufacturer and the public that their drugs are adequately tested, safe, and efficacious. PMID- 7096242 TI - Chemiluminescence detection of nitrite in nonfat dried milk powders. AB - Determination of nitrite in nonfat dry milk powders by chemiluminescence detection was compared with a colorimetric method specifying Griess reagents. The chemiluminescent technique requires no sample preparation, is free from apparent interferences, and is sensitive to 25 ppb nitrite. Statistical analysis shows no difference at P = 0.05 between the colorimetric and chemiluminescent methods, based on the analysis of 16 commercial nonfat dry milk samples. PMID- 7096240 TI - Mass spectrometric 13C/12C determinations to detect high fructose corn syrup in orange juice: collaborative study. AB - The 13C/12C ratios in orange juice are sufficiently uniform and different from those in high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) so that the addition of HFCS to orange juice can be detected. HFCS averages -9.7% (parts per thousand) delta 13C, orange juice averages -24.5%, and mixtures of HFCS and orange juice possess intermediate values. One pure orange juice and 4 orange juice -HFCS mixtures containing from 25 to 70% orange juice were properly classified by 7 collaborators. Samples with delta 13C values less negative than -22.1%, 4 standard deviations from the mean of pure juices, can, with a high degree of confidence, be classified as adulterated. Samples with values more negative than -22.1% must be considered unadulterated with HFCS, because pure orange juices possess a range of delta 13C values. The 13C/12C mass spectrometric method was adopted official first action for detecting HFCS in orange juice. PMID- 7096239 TI - Procedures for measuring accuracy and sensitivity of immunochemical pregnancy test kits. AB - Analytical procedures were used to measure the accuracy and sensitivity of immunochemical pregnancy test kits. Performances of all currently marketed hemagglutination inhibition, latex agglutination inhibition, and direct latex agglutination pregnancy kits were evaluated. PMID- 7096241 TI - Collaborative evaluation of rolling ball viscometer for measuring somatic cells in abnormal milk. AB - The Ruakura rolling ball viscometer was evaluated in 3 laboratories along with currently approved instrumental methods for measuring somatic cells in milk and the Wisconsin mastitis test. Replacement of the Teepol reagent with Wisconsin mastitis test reagent in the rolling ball viscometer was also evaluated. Both repeatability and reproducibility were satisfactory for all methods evaluated. The instrumental methods each gave higher readings than the other 3 methods. Use of Wisconsin mastitis test reagent in the rolling ball viscometer improved both repeatability and reproducibility. Additional work on standardization is suggested to match rolling ball viscometer readings with those of the instrumental methods. PMID- 7096243 TI - Simultaneous determination of vitamins A and D in a dosage forms by high pressure liquid chromatography. AB - Vitamins A and D were determined simultaneously in oily solutions, ointments, and elixirs, but only vitamin A could be determined in capsules. Samples were saponified with KOH in isopropanol-water, using hydroquinone as antioxidant, and extracted with ether-petroleum ether (1 + 1). After evaporation of solvent, residues were dissolved in isopropanol. Vitamins in these solutions were determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, using methanol water as mobile phase and detection at 254 nm. The reproducibility, using external standards, was 1.6-2.5% and 1.2-3.8% for vitamins A and D, respectively. PMID- 7096244 TI - High performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in fortified milks, margarine, and infant formulas. AB - Fortified milks were saponified overnight at room temperature with 1% ethanolic pyrogallol and KOH. The digest was extracted with hexane after adding water and ethanol, and the extract was washed consecutively with 5% KOH, water, and 55% aqueous ethanol to remove polar lipids. After evaporation, the residue was first chromatographed on a column of 5 micrometer silica. A fraction containing vitamin D was collected, evaporated, and rechromatographed on a reverse phase column for the separation and quantitation of vitamins D2 and D3. Recovery was 96-99% and the coefficient of variation was 3% (8 replicates). Infant formula was diluted and then saponified and extracted as in the analysis of milk. Margarine was saponified by shaking overnight with 1% ethanolic pyrogallol and 80% KOH. Water and ethanol were added to the digest before extraction. Extracts from formula and margarine were chromatographed as milk except, before HPLC, the extract was dissolved in isopropanol-hexane (1 + 99) and passed through 5 cm alumina in a Pasteur pipet, and the concentration of isopropanol in the first high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) solvent system was halved to improve the separation of vitamin D from other absorbing lipids. Usually several peaks were obtained during the final HPLC analysis, and the identification of vitamins D2 and D3 was less certain than in the analysis of milk. The coefficients of variation for formula and margarine were 6% (5 replicates) and 9% (6 replicates), respectively. PMID- 7096245 TI - Radioimmunoassay of oxfendazole in sheep fat. AB - Oxfendazole (methyl 5-(phenylsulfinyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) is a broad spectrum anthelmintic agent designed for use in food-producing animals. A simple radioimmunoassay (RIA) for determination of oxfendazole in plasma was modified for determining oxfendazole in sheep fat. Fat tissue was enzymatically hydrolyzed to an oily residue with collagenase-hyaluronidase, and oxfendazole was then extracted into an acidified aqueous phase. An aliquot of this phase was used directly for RIA. Bound radioactivity was separated from free by using polyethylene glycol-bovine gamma globulin because oils and other components in the aqueous aliquot preclude the use of charcoal for the separation. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay is 0.003 ppm. Accuracy experiments carried out in the range 0.01-0.5 ppm gave a regression line of y (ng/g) = 0.91 x (ng/g) + 2.89, with r = 0.99. Fat tissue derived from sheep given an oral dose of 6.0 mg/kg was analyzed by this method and by a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Values obtained by the 2 methods agreed well. PMID- 7096246 TI - Identification and confirmation of pyrantel- and morantel-related residues in liver by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. AB - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method with selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) is described for identification of pyrantel- and morantel-related residues in swine and beef liver. Alkaline hydrolysis of tissue liberates and converts pyrantel- and morantel-related residues to 3-(2-thienyl)-acrylic acid (TAA) and 3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-acrylic acid (MTAA), respectively. These thienyl acrylic acids are recovered by ion exclusion chromatography and converted to methyl ester derivatives (TAAE and MTAAE) for identification by GC/MS-SIM. When the relative intensities of the molecular ion, the base peak, and a third significant ion of the sample correspond to ion intensities of the preformed or processed standards, the identity of the residue is confirmed. The method was validated by analysis of swine and beef liver samples containing incurred residues of pyrantel and morantel under withdrawal conditions. PMID- 7096247 TI - Dry ashing, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic and selenium in foods. AB - A dry ashing, flameless atomic absorption spectrometric method was evaluated to determine arsenic and selenium in foods. Samples were dry-ashed with Mg(NO3)2-MgO and dissolved in HCl. Selenate was reduced to selenite by boiling in 4N HCl. Selenate was reduced to selenite by boiling in 4N HCl, and arsenate to arsenite by treatment with KI. Hydrides of arsenic and selenium were generated by the addition of NaBH4 and were swept by nitrogen and hydrogen into a thermally heated silicate tube furnace. The detection limit was about 5 ppb for each element based on a 10 g sample. Analytical results obtained for several samples of NBS reference materials agreed with the certified values. The procedure was evaluated by another laboratory and results were satisfactory. PMID- 7096248 TI - Susceptibility of strawberries, blackberries, and cherries to Aspergillus mold growth and aflatoxin production. AB - The susceptibility of blackberries, cherries, and strawberries to Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production has been examined. Three aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus, A. flavus ATCC 15548 and NRRL 3251 as well as A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, were cultured on homogenates of the fruits for 14 days at 28 +/- 2 degrees C. Percent mycelial growth and spore infestation were determined each day with a calibrated grid. At day 14 each culture was frozen at -5 degrees C until aflatoxins were extracted with methylene chloride and water. Aflatoxins were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with benzene-methanol-acetic acid (90 + 5 + 5). This extraction and solvent system provided satisfactory separations of the aflatoxins and was free of background interference on the TLC plates. Although all fruits served as substrates for both Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production, cherries appeared to be a more favorable substrate than did blackberries, and the latter was more favorable than strawberries. Whereas A. flavus produced both B1 and G1 on all substrates, it yielded B2 and G2 only on cherries. Although A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 synthesized B1, B2, G1, and G2 on both blackberries and cherries, no aflatoxins were detected on strawberries. In contrast, A. flavus NRRL 3251 failed to produce detectable levels of aflatoxin on any substrate. All substrates supported both mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation with cherries greater than blackberries greater than strawberries. PMID- 7096249 TI - High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins by using radial compression separation. AB - A rapid method for the determination of aflatoxins was developed using high pressure liquid chromatography and a radial compression separation system. A standard solution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 was analyzed solution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 was analyzed at flow rates of 2.0 and 6.0 mL/min. Retention times, peak heights, and peak areas were reproducible over a 3 day period. Coefficients of variation for aflatoxin B1 at 2.0 and 6.0 mL/min were, respectively, 1.04 and 0.87% (retention time); 2.9 and 4.7% (peak height); and 8.2 and 4.7% (peak area). At 6.0 mL/min there was an approximate 25% loss in sensitivity but a greater than 50% reduction in retention time. Separation of all the aflatoxins was excellent using a dual flow rate of 2.0 mL/min with a change to 8.0 mL/min at 15 min post-injection. The applicability of the radial compression separation system for the rapid determination of aflatoxins in human tissues was also tested. Spiked samples of liver, serum, and urine-showed good resolution of all aflatoxin peaks at the higher flow rates. PMID- 7096250 TI - Simple, low-cost method for determination of selected chlorinated pesticides in fat samples. AB - A method is described for the quantitative and qualitative determination of selected chlorinated pesticides in fat samples. Pesticides residues are extracted with petroleum ether and separated from fat with concentrated H2SO4 instead of the commonly used adsorbents Florisil, alumina, or silica gel. Residues were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Recoveries of fortified samples were approximately 100%. PMID- 7096251 TI - Interaction between sample preparation techniques and three methods of nitrite determination. AB - Meat samples containing nitrite and varying concentrations of ascorbate, cysteine, and sodium chloride were prepared for nitrite analysis. The methods used were the AOAC method of dilution and heating; the addition of mercuric chloride, charcoal, and Carrez reagents at 2 different pH values; and direct analysis of sample supernatants with no treatment (control). The effect of these initial conditions and preparation methods on measured nitrite was determined by using 3 different Griess reagent combinations and chemiluminescent and differential pulse polarographic techniques. Systematic variations were observed in samples treated with mercuric chloride, while the addition of Carrez reagents had little or no effect. Best results were obtained by the AOAC dilution/heating method under alkaline conditions, or by charcoal addition followed by chemiluminescent or colorimetric nitrite determination. Statistical analysis of the nitrite concentrations determined in the several samples showed that these 3 procedures were precise to about 5-6% CV, which was not significantly different from the CV value of 4% determined from replicate analyses. PMID- 7096253 TI - Rapid screening test for sulfamethazine in swine feeds. AB - A simple, 10-min qualitative screening test for sulfamethazine (SM) in swine feeds is detailed. The method, which can be run in the field, uses 2 plastic tubes arranged piggyback style. The upper tube contains, from top to bottom, the feed sample (about 1 g), partially deactivated alumina, and an anion exchange resin buffered at pH 5.7. The bottom tube contains a small bed of anion exchanger buffered at pH 7.9, which traps the SM. After percolation of solvent from the pH 7.9 resin and is reacted with Bratton-Marshall reagents to give a pink-to lavender color. Feeds containing less than or equal to 0.15 ppm can be detected. A simple, additional dye concentration step allows for detection of 0.02 ppm, if desired. Only amphoteric primary aromatic amino-containing compounds with a pKa close to that of SM can theoretically interfere. Preparation of permanent color solutions using cobalt and copper acetates in glacial acetic acid is described for the optional establishment of the minimum concentration of SM in the feed. The method offers a simple way to detect some cross-contaminated withdrawal feeds containing greater than 2 ppm SM, which can lead to violative (greater than or equal to ppm) residues in swine liver. PMID- 7096252 TI - Multicomponent analysis of meat products by infrared spectrophotometry: collaborative study. AB - A new method for rapid multicomponent analysis of meat products based on infrared transmission was tested in a collaborative study with 4 laboratories. A series consisting of 31 samples of different meats, cooked sausage, liver sausage, and fermented sausage was distributed and analyzed at all laboratories for protein, fat, and water by the present method and by well established reference methods. There was no significant difference between the infrared method and reference methods at the 95% confidence level for determination of protein, fat, and water in meat products. PMID- 7096254 TI - Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of 4-hydroxy 3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid, other organic arsenicals, and inorganic arsenic in finished animal feed. AB - 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid (roxarsone) is administered in animal feed as a growth stimulant over a concentration range of 25-50 ppm. The drug is extracted from 5 g feed with 200 mL aqueous 1.0% ammonium carbonate solution and 5 min of mechanical shaking. Undissolved feed particles are allowed to settle and 1.0 mL aliquot of extract is diluted with 9.0 mL 15% methanol solution. This solution is subjected to sample atomization by a graphite furnace and arsenic detection by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Roxarsone recovery from nonmedicated commercial feed fortified at 25 ppm was 103.6% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.0%. Recovery for 50 ppm fortification was 104.5% (RSD 4.3%). Roxarsone assay results by furnace AAS were compared with results by the current AOAC spectrophotometric method and the AOAC total arsenic method. Results by the 3 methods compare well. The procedure was also used to determine other organic arsenicals and inorganic arsenic in laboratory-fortified feed samples; these recoveries were essentially theoretical. PMID- 7096256 TI - Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenprocoumon in tablets. AB - A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay of phenprocoumon in tablets. In comparison to the present official USP assay procedure, it is equivalent in precision and accuracy and is faster and more specific. A mobile phase consisting of a 1% solution of acetic acid in acetonitrile-water (4 + 3) separates phenprocoumon from warfarin internal standard on a 6 micrometer octadecylsilane (ODS) column with UV detection at 311 nm. The method enables the concurrent determination of phenprocoumon and possible contaminants such as salicylic acid. PMID- 7096255 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic-thermal energy analyzer determination of N nitrosodimethylamine in beer: collaborative study. AB - The GLC/TEA method for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in beer was studied collaboratively by 13 laboratories from 7 countries. Collaborators were asked to analyze a total of 10 randomly labeled samples of beer consisting of the following duplicates: a naturally contaminated commercial beer; a beer extremely low (ca 0.1 ppb) in NDMA; and the low NDMA beer spiked with 0.5, 1.9, and 5.0 ppb NDMA. The pooled repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation (CV) for all samples were 17% and 27%, respectively. However, when data from 2 laboratories (outliers) were omitted, the corresponding CV values improved considerably (11% and 15%, respectively). Variance analysis showed the presence of a significant laboratory-sample interaction when all data were used for analysis, but this interaction disappeared when data from the 2 outlying laboratories were excluded. The pooled percent recovery of the overall method (omitting outliers) was 101.4 +/- 3.5. All the laboratories detected NDMA in the low NDMA beer. The method was adopted official first action. PMID- 7096257 TI - Liquid chromatographic identification of cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine in illicit cocaine. AB - A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of illicit cocaine samples. The isomeric cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaines are separated from cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and benzoic acid in a reverse phase isocratic system with dual wavelength detection at 254 and 280 nm. Specific identification of cocaine and the cinnamoylcocaines is accomplished by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry of the chromatographic effluent. PMID- 7096258 TI - A code for assessing teaching skills of parents of developmentally disabled children. AB - The reliability of a code to measure teaching skills was assessed by using it to evaluate a behavioral training program for parents of developmentally disabled children. Twelve sets of parents participated in a program to give them the skills needed to be teachers in the areas of behavior management and language acquisition. Using group meetings and home visits, parents were taught general principles of behavior change as well as intervention strategies for specific problems. A sample of parents' teaching behaviors with their children was videotaped three times before and once after treatment. There were no significant changes in teaching behavior before treatment. After training, the results showed that the observation code could discriminate reliably between parents' correct and incorrect use of eight discrete and specifiable behavior modification skills. The significance of these findings and the uses and limitations of the code were discussed. PMID- 7096259 TI - A hierarchical analysis of patterns of noncompliance in autistic and behavior disturbed children. AB - A reanalysis of data from an experimental study of autistic negativism is presented. Subjects were autistic, behavior-disturbed, or normal and ranged in age from 5 to 12 years. There were nine subjects per group. Experimental conditions consisted of a verbal request for a verbal response, a nonverbal request for a nonverbal response, and a verbal request for a nonverbal response. Data were reanalyzed by dichotomizing subjects as either compliant or noncompliant on the basis of the number of correct responses; scalogram analysis was then performed on the dichotomized data. The children's responses to the messages formed a cumulative, unidimensional hierarchy based on the individual patterns of responses, with verbal requests for verbal responses eliciting the least compliance and verbal requests for nonverbal responses the most. Implications of the hierarchy for a developmental theory of autistic negativism and the relationship of task demands to compliance are discussed. PMID- 7096260 TI - Language environments of autistic and normal children matched for language age: a preliminary investigation. AB - The language patterns of the mothers and fathers of four autistic boys were compared with those of the parents of four normal boys matched for language age with the autistic children. Language patterns were assessed during two 20-minute free-play sessions videotaped in the subjects' homes. The tapes were reliably coded using an 11-category coding system. Only one difference between the language patterns of the parents of the autistic and normal children emerged: The parents of the normal children engaged in a greater proportion of adult-directed language than did the parents of the autistic children. Comparison of the language patterns of mothers and fathers revealed similarities and differences. Both the frequency and percentage of occurrence scores for direct requests for language were significantly greater for mothers than for fathers. However, although the frequency of reinforcement for language did not differ across the sexes, fathers had a greater percentage occurrence score than mothers. There were no other significant differences between the mothers and the fathers. PMID- 7096261 TI - The communicative function of question production in autistic children. AB - Six children diagnosed as autistic and who also were reported to be using questions inappropriately in their conversations with adults were each placed in a conversational context in which the adult responses to their questions were systematically varied. The dependent variable was the occurrence and amount of appropriate conversational continuation associated with each type of adult response. Differential listener response did affect the occurrence of conversational continuation and to a lesser degree the amount of continuation. These data were interpreted to support the hypothesis that repetitive questioning in this population serves the communicative function of conversation initiation. Furthermore, it appears that the autistic conversants lack the conversational management skills to maintain the conversation following the listener's answer to the question. PMID- 7096262 TI - Spheroplast formation of Mycobacterium smegmatis and morphological aspects of their reversion to the bacillary form. AB - Cell wall-deficient forms (spheroplasts) of Mycobacterium smegmatis strain P53 were prepared by combined treatment with glycine, lysozyme, and lytic enzyme no. 2 as the spheroplasting agents. Quantitative mass conversion to spherical forms was effected by pretreatment of the intact cells with 1.2% glycine in nutrient broth, followed by transfer to spheroplasting medium containing the above agents. Two apparent modes of reversion to the bacillary form were observed under electron microscopy. The first one was initiated by budding from the spheroplasts. The buds gradually elongated to become the mycelial form, which showed branching, septation, and fragmentation. The second resulted from the intracellular formation of tiny cells, possibly the elementary bodies, and their release from the spheroplasts. PMID- 7096263 TI - Surface projections of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies as revealed by freeze deep-etching. AB - The morphology of the surface projections of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies in the intracytoplasmic inclusion was the same as that of the projections on the purified elementary bodies. Each projection emerged from the center of a flower structure, which was composed of nine leaves arranged radially. PMID- 7096264 TI - Altered methionyl-tRNA synthetase in a Spirulina platensis mutant resistant to ethionine. AB - Compared with the parental strain, a Spirulina platensis mutant that is resistant to ethionine incorporated methionine into protein at a reduced rate, whereas ethionine incorporation was practically nil. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase present in crude extracts from the resistant strain showed a reduced affinity for methionine and ethionine. PMID- 7096265 TI - Plasmids and stability of symbiotic properties of Rhizobium trifolii. AB - A conjugal plasmid which encodes both peak nodulation genes and nitrogenase genes, and which is labeled with the transposon Tn5, was transferred to a wild type Rhizobium trifolii strain to examine the stability and expression of the host range and fixation (Fix+) phenotypes. Transconjugates were isolated which were shown to initially form nitrogen-fixing nodules (Nod+ Fix+) on both clovers and peas. These hybrid strains were then repeatedly passaged through either pea or clover nodules or onto a solid agar medium to determine whether these broadened-host-range characteristics were stably maintained. An instability was noted in the capacity of some of these hybrids to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on all of the host plants used. The broadened nodulation ability was, however, more readily maintained. In some cases, the changes in the Nod+ Fix+ phenotype could be attributed to demonstrable changes in the plasmid profile of the hybrid strains, whereas in other cases no demonstrable plasmid alterations could be detected. PMID- 7096267 TI - Plasmid loss and changes within the chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces reticuli. AB - The sporulating wild-type strain of Streptomyces reticuli, which produces a melanin pigment and the macrolide leucomycin, contains plasmid DNA of 48 to 49 megadaltons. Plasmidless variants had an altered secondary metabolism and a changed antibiotic resistance pattern. By using a new colony hybridization technique developed for streptomycetes, it could be shown that plasmidless variants could be transformed with the wild-type plasmid DNA, which, however, is quickly lost from regenerated mycelium. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the plasmidless variants contain amplified nucleotide sequences within the chromosomal DNA. The number and size of these sequences vary with the strain tested. Hybridization studies revealed that the reiterated sequences are neither amplified ribosomal nor plasmid genes, but are present in small concentrations within the wild-type chromosome. Some of them share extensive homologies with each other and are located at different positions within the chromosome. It is assumed that alterations in secondary metabolism are due to changes within both the chromosomal and the extrachromosomal DNAs of S. reticuli. PMID- 7096269 TI - Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with propranolol. PMID- 7096266 TI - Characterization of pBFTM10, a clindamycin-erythromycin resistance transfer factor from Bacteroides fragilis. AB - Bacteroides fragilis TMP10, which is clindamycin-erythromycin resistant (Clnr) and tetracycline resistant (Tetr), contains several plasmids and is capable of transferring drug resistance markers to suitable recipients. We were able to separate a 14.6-kilobase self-transmissible Clnr plasmid, pBFTM10, from the other plasmids of TMP10 in a tetracycline-sensitive recipient strain, B. fragilis TM4000. All Clnr transconjugants acquired an unaltered pBFTM10 and became plasmid donor strains. Transfer is proposed to occur by conjugation since it required to cell-to-cell contact of filter matings and was insensitive to DNase, but sensitive to chloroform treatment of donor cells. The efficiency of transfer of pBFTM10 in a Tets background (TM4003) was not affected by pretreatment of donor cells with clindamycin. A spontaneously occurring Clns derivative, pBFTM10 delta 1, suffered a deletion of DNA, which included a 4.4-kilobase EcoRI fragment. A complex interaction between the autonomous plasmid pBFTM10 and a tetracycline transfer element also present in strain TMP10 was observed since pretreatment of this donor with tetracycline or clindamycin resulted in a marked increase in transfer of both tetracycline and clindamycin resistance. PMID- 7096268 TI - Effects of penicillin on synthesis and excretion of lipid and lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus mutans BHT. AB - Cultures of Streptococcus mutans BHT grown for at least eight generations in a chemically defined medium containing [1(3)-14C]glycerol, when treated with growth inhibitory concentrations (0.2 micrograms/ml) of benzylpenicillin (Pen G), produced and excreted increased amounts of lipid and lipoteichoic acid per unit of cells. Cellular lysis was not observed. Compared with untreated controls, lipid excretion increased 15-fold, and lipoteichoic acid excretion increased 6 fold, 4 h after the addition of Pen G. All lipid species showed increased synthesis and excretion after exposure to Pen G. Although the same lipid types were found in both the Pen G-treated and the untreated cultures, the percent composition was altered after treatment with Pen G. The most dramatic example of this was the percentage of intracellular diphosphatidylglycerol found in the Pen G-treated cultures, 22.6%, in contrast to 5.3% found in the untreated cultures. PMID- 7096271 TI - Neurological differences between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia: part II. computerized tomographic findings. PMID- 7096270 TI - Neurological differences between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia: part I. sensory-motor lateralization. AB - Sensory-motor lateralization was studied prospectively in a consecutive sample of male chronic schizophrenic patients. The sample was divided into paranoid (N = 27) and nonparanoid (N = 53) subjects according to the Tsuang-Winokur criteria. Significantly more left handedness was found in the paranoid group, suggesting the left hemispheric dysfunction may be important in the etiology of paranoid schizophrenia. PMID- 7096272 TI - Neurological differences between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia: part III. neurological soft signs. AB - A prospective study of 19 neurological soft signs in 44 male chronic schizophrenic patients and 29 matched control subjects revealed significantly more neurological abnormalities in the schizophrenic group. The schizophrenic patients were divided into paranoid and nonparanoid subtypes using the Tsuang Winokur criteria. No significant differences emerged between the two subtypes. PMID- 7096273 TI - Lithium in internal medicine and psychiatry: an outline. PMID- 7096274 TI - Electrocardiographic changes and serum concentrations in thioridazine-treated patients. AB - Electrocardiograms and serum concentrations of thioridazine and its metabolites were studied in 43 patients with paranoid psychosis. Two types of T-wave changes were distinguished: Type I with rounded, leveled, or notched T-waves, and Types II with diphasic waves. Significant positive correlations were found between serum drug concentrations and the Type I changes, while the Type II changes showed no concentration dependence. The two types of T-wave changes also differed in respect of prevalence, time of onset, duration, and variation with sex. The ECG response to thioridazine provides useful information about the serum drug concentrations. PMID- 7096275 TI - Delusions of innocence and antagonistic delusory ideas. AB - The author describes a patient who developed a delusion of persecution followed by a secondary delusion of innocence. The patient was felt to suffer from a paranoid state previously described only in incarcerated prisoners and schizophrenics. The relationship between his delusions and his unconscious impulses is considered. PMID- 7096276 TI - Reversible neurosyphilis presenting as chronic mania. AB - A patient is described who was diagnosed in an outpatient department as having paranoid psychosis and later chronic schizophrenia, which was treated with chlorpromazine. Two years later, the patient was admitted to hospital because of increasing confusion, disorganization, and numerous manic symptoms. Physical examination and serologic examination of blood and CSF confirmed the diagnosis of general paresis. Correct treatment led to the eventual discontinuation of neuroleptics and the cessation of paranoid and manic symptoms. PMID- 7096278 TI - Interviewing with intravenous drugs. PMID- 7096277 TI - Strongyloidiasis presenting as depression: a case report. AB - A case is described in which an occult parasitic infection. Strongyloidiasis, presented with symptoms suggestive of hypochondriacal depression. The diagnosis had been missed in several extensive medical evaluation and was made belatedly by stool specimen following unsuccessful treatment with antidepressant medication. Clinical features of this common infection are reviewed. PMID- 7096279 TI - Doxepin and cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: an open clinical and endoscopic study. AB - In an open clinical endoscopic study, 50 patients with duodenal ulcer showed no significant difference in ulcer healing during a 6-week treatment period with doxepin HCl (50 mg h.s.) versus cimetidine (1000 mg/day in divided doses). Possible tricyclic mechanisms of action in the treatment of peptic ulcer, e.g., histamine H2 blockade, are discussed. PMID- 7096280 TI - Occurrence of 2-O-acyl galactosyl ceramide in whale brain. AB - Four glycolipids (Fr. I, II, III, and IV) were isolated from whale brain and three (Fr. I, II, and III) of them were demonstrated to be galactosyl ceramide combined with fatty acid by ester linkage. Fr. IV was shown to be a monoalkyl monoacyl galactosyl glycerol. For determining the substituted position of the acyl group on the galactose moiety, free hydroxyl groups of ester cerebrosides were protected with dihydropyran, deacylated by mild alkali treatment, and then subjected to permethylation. Finally, the methylated galactitol acetates obtained by hydrolysis and reduction were detected by gas chromatography and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. By this procedure, Fr. I was shown to be an acyl ester of kerasine, with the ester group at the 6-position of galactose. Fr. II and III were demonstrated to be acyl esters of phrenosine, in which the acyl groups were attached to the 6- and 2-position of the galactose, respectively. While the ester-linked acyl group of Fr. I, II, and III was composed of only normal fatty acids, predominantly palmitic acid, and the amide-linked fatty acids showed a heterogeneous composition of normal and hydroxy fatty acids, C16 to C24. PMID- 7096281 TI - Purification and characterization of a lectin from the shellfish, Saxidomus purpuratus. AB - A lectin was purified from a shellfish, Saxidomus purpuratus, using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography on N acetylglucosamine-Sepharose. The lectin purified by affinity chromatography showed seven protein bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two major lectins (SPA-I and SPA-III) were purified by a second DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The molecular weights of the lectins were almost the same and were estimated to be around 40,000 by gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, the lectins showed molecular weights of 14,000. The isoelectric points of SPA-I and III were estimated to be 4.4 and 4.1, respectively. The two lectins (SPA-I and III) differed slightly in amino acid composition and were glycoproteins containing 2.1 and 3.8 mol of GlcNAc per 40,000 g of the lectin, respectively. The binding constant of SPA-I or SPA-III for methyl N-acetyl-a-D-glucosamide, the strongest inhibitor of hemagglutination in this experiment, was estimated to be 1.3 X 10(3) or 4.2 X 10(4) M-1, respectively, by the UV difference spectroscopy method. PMID- 7096283 TI - Purification and characterization of a novel exo-beta-mannanase from Aeromonas sp. F-25. AB - A novel exo-beta-mannanase (1,4-beta-D-mannan mannobiohydrolase) was isolated from the culture fluid of strain No. F-25 of Aeromonas hydrophila subspecies anaerogenes, and purified about 4,000-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive co.umn chromatographies. The final enzyme preparation appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme hydrolyzed the beta 1,4-mannan link in polysaccharides of three or more beta-1,4-linked D-mannose units. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 64,000, pI of 5.9, pH optimum of 6.0, and was stable in a pH region of 5.0 to 8.5 and at temperatures below 45 degrees C. The Km values of the enzyme were 5.1 X 10(-4) M for mannotriose, 2.4 X 10(-4) M for mannotetraose and 1.3 X 10(-4) M for mannopentaose. The enzyme attacked codium and coffee mannans to give only mannobiose. Mannobiosyl- and mannotetraosyl-mannitol were hydrolyzed to produce mannobiose and mannitol, while mannobiose and mannosylmannitol were released from mannotriosylmannitol. The enzyme did not act on mannobiose, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannoside, konjac glucomannan, or guar gum galactomannan. Furthermore, the enzyme catalyzed a transglycosylation reaction. PMID- 7096282 TI - Methionine biosynthesis in Brevibacterium flavum: properties and essential role of O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase. AB - Out of 27 strains of methionine auxotrophs of Brevibacterium flavum, 14 strains did not grow on homoserine but grew on O-acetylhomoserine, and all were found to lack homoserine O-acetyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.31] alone. Another 3 strains did not grow on O-acetylhomoserine but grew on homocysteine, and the two strains tested were found to lack O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase (AHS) alone, without any changes in the activities of cystathionine gamma-synthase [EC4.2.99.9] and beta-cystathionase [EC 4.4.1.8]. Prototrophic revertants of the AHS-lacking mutants showed concomitant reversion of AHS activity. None of the methionine auxotrophs grew on cystathionine. From these results it was concluded that the methionine biosynthetic pathway of this bacterium involves formation of O acetylhomoserine from homoserine by the action of homoserine O-acetyltransferase, and direct formation of homocysteine from O-acetylhomoserine by the AHS reaction. AHS synthesis was strongly repressed by methionine. AHS was purified to 70% purity. The purified preparation was activated by pyridoxal phosphate after treatment with hydroxylamine. The enzyme showed a molecular weight of 360,000, an optimum pH of 8.7 for activity, and specifically reacted with O-acetyl-L homoserine and showed with O-acetyl-L-serine one hundredth as much activity as that with O-acetylo -homoserine, but did not show activity with O-succinyl-L homoserine, homoserine, or serine. The Km values for O-acetylhomoserine and H2S were 2.0 mM and 0.08 mM, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited 50, 23. and 29% by 10 mM L-methionine, l-homoserine, and O-acetyl-L-serine, respectively, but it was not inhibited by cystathionine or S-adenosyl-L-methionine. PMID- 7096284 TI - Calorimetric study on thermal denaturation of lysozyme in polyol-water mixtures. AB - In order to clarify the mechanism of polyol-induced stabilization of protein, the thermal denaturation of lysozyme was studied at pH 4 in aqueous mixtures of some polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol) by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The denaturation temperature, Td, increased with increasing the polyol concentration and the number of hydroxymethyl groups per polyol molecule. The calorimetric enthalpy or denaturation, delta H cal, increased with the increase in polyol concentration, but it was not significantly affected by the chain length of the polyol: delta H cal was about 30 kcal/mol larger in 30% (w/w) aqueous polyols than in water. The standard thermodynamic parameters for denaturation, delta G degrees, delta S degrees, and delta H degrees, which were calculated for glycerol and sorbitol systems using Td and delta H cal and assuming a constant heat capacity change, were an increasing function of polyol concentration. According to the thermodynamics of three component systems, it appeared that one or two polyol molecules are preferentially excluded from the domain of this protein on thermal denaturation. These thermodynamic data support the hypothesis that the thermal stabilization of lysozyme by polyols is due to a preferential solvent interaction effect which strengthens the hydrophobic interaction of the protein. PMID- 7096285 TI - Effect of troponin and tropomyosin on the interaction between cytochalasin B and actin filaments. AB - Effects of troponin (TN) components and tropomyosin (TM) on the interactions between actin filament and cytochalasin B (CB) at low ionic strength were investigated using electron microscopy and viscometry. CB decreased the viscosity of the actin filament and this effect became apparent at 10 microM CB and reached the maximum at 40 microM. CB (40 microM) shortened the average actin filament length from 0.50 to 0.25 micrometers as observed electron microscopically. Presence of TN components and TM diminished the effect of CB on both viscosity and filament length. TN-T but not TN-I had an inhibitory effect on the decrease of the viscosity of the A+TM filament induced by CB. TN-T1 but not TN-T2, one of two chymotryptic subfragments of TN-T, had the same inhibitory effect seen with TN-T. Thus, the cooperation between the T1 region of TN-T and TM is probably essential for the inhibitory action on CB-actin interactions. PMID- 7096286 TI - Chymotryptic subfragments of troponin T from rabbit skeletal muscle. I. Determination of the primary structure. AB - Chymotryptic subfragments from rabbit skeletal troponin T were purified using column chromatography. Molecular weight values on SDS gel electrophoresis, tryptophan contents, N- and C-terminal residues, and amino acid compositions were examined for each subfragment. Based on these findings, the positions of the subfragments in the sequence of troponin T were determined as follows: N-terminal acetylserine-1-tyrosine-158 for troponin T1 (MW 18,700); serine-156-C-terminal lysine-259 for troponin T2 alpha s (MW 12,200); leucine-159-C-terminal lysine-259 for troponin T2 (or troponin T2 alpha) (MW 11,900); leucine-159-phenylalanine-242 for troponin T2 beta I (MW 10,200); leucine-159-tyrosine-227 for troponin T2 beta II (MW 8,400); leucine-159-leucine-222 for troponin T2 beta III (MW 7,700); and serine-243-C-terminal lysine-259 for troponin T2 gamma (MW 1,800). The pathway of chymotryptic digestion of troponin T was also investigated and the results are discussed in relation to the higher structure of troponin T.l The interaction of some chymotryptic subfragments with tropomyosin was also investigated by affinity chromatography. PMID- 7096287 TI - Behavior of apolipoprotein C-II in an aqueous solution. AB - The behavior of human apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II; molecular weight, 8,837) has been studied in an aqueous solution by using gel permeation chromatography, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopy. The elution volume of apoC-II was equivalent to that of standard proteins with molecular weights of 30,000 and 17,800 by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on TSK-Gel G3000SW and by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-75, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments in a table-top high-speed air turbine centrifuge and in an analytical ultracentrifuge showed values of 9,400 and 7,900, respectively, for the molecular weight of apoC-II in the absence of any denaturants or surfactants. The CD spectrum of apoC-II in the far-ultraviolet region indicated that it had a highly disordered structure. These results showed that the apoC-II molecule, when in dilute solution, is dominantly monomeric with an extended and loosely folded structure. The concentration dependence of the ellipticities at 220 nm and of the molecular weight in the sedimentation equilibrium experiment suggests that apoC-II self-associates weakly in an aqueous solution. The disordered state of apoC-II was highly stable. However, helical conformation was induced by sodium dodecylsulfate, trifluoroethanol, and phosphatidylcholine vesicles. PMID- 7096288 TI - Ca2+-dependent binding of [3H]calmodulin to the microsomal fraction of brain. AB - The binding of calmodulin to a brain microsomal fraction rich in synaptic membranes and vesicles was studied using 3H-labeled calmodulin. The binding was Ca2+-dependent and highly specific to calmodulin since it was competitively displaced only by unlabeled calmodulin and not by 200-4,000-fold excess of other proteins that included troponin-C and S-100 protein. Within the physiological pH range, the specific binding, defined as the amount of bound [3H]calmodulin which is displacable by the addition of an excess of unlabeled calmodulin, agreed well with the Ca2+-dependent binding defined as the difference between the total binding in the presence of Ca2+ and the binding obtained with EGTA in place of Ca2+. Both binding activities appeared to be greatest at about pH 7.0. The binding, either specific or Ca2+-dependent, is a calmodulin concentration dependent saturable process. The dose-dependent curve obtained for increasing concentrations of [3H]calmodulin agreed well with that obtained for mixtures of a fixed concentration of [3H]calmodulin and increasing concentrations of unlabeled calmodulin over the entire concentration range examined. The results serve as the basis for using [3H]calmodulin in binding studies. Scatchard plot analysis of the curve gave two different Kd values for calmodulin, 8.2 X 10(-8) and 5.3 X 10(-7) M. The corresponding maximum binding capacities were 1.0 X 10(14) and 1.6 X 10(14) calmodulin molecules per mg of microsomal protein, respectively. The binding ability of the microsomal fraction was completely abolished by prior treatment with proteolytic enzymes. PMID- 7096289 TI - Widespread occurrence of norspermidine and norspermine in eukaryotic algae. AB - Seven phyla of eukaryotic algae were analyzed to determine their contents of diamines and polyamines. The algae examined included Rhodophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta. Both putrescine and spermidine were detected in all the algae studied, while appreciable amounts of spermine were detected only in a few species of algae. 1,3 Diaminopropane, norspermidine, and norspermine, which are chemical analogs of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively, were widely distributed in various species of algae. There was no parallelism between the distribution patterns of putrescine derivatives and those of 1,3-diaminopropane derivatives. Cadaverine and agmatine were detected in multicellular marine algae. Homospermidine was detected sporadically in some algae. The biological and phylogenetical significance of polyamines in these lower eukaryotes is discussed. PMID- 7096290 TI - Heat-stable and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated L-lactate dehydrogenase from an extremely thermophilic bacterium. AB - Heat-stable L-lactate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.27] was purified from an extremely thermophilic bacterium belonging to the genus Thermus, and it showed an allosteric nature dependent on fructose 1,6-bisphosphate as an effector. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 with a subunit molecular weight of 31,000. For pyruvate reduction, the optimal pH was found to be 4.5. At neutral pH, which is a more physiological region, little enzyme activity was observed, but marked reaction resulted from the addition of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. This addition stabilized the enzyme toward heat treatment at up to 95 degrees C. The optimal temperature for the enzyme reaction was approximately 80 degrees C for pyruvate reduction and 95 degrees C for lactate oxidation. PMID- 7096291 TI - Changes in cellular levels of ATP and its catabolites in ischemic rat liver. AB - The cellular levels of adenine nucleotides and their metabolites in ischemic rat liver were assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography with high theoretical plate numbers. The method was sensitive enough to measure all the metabolites in about 1 mg of tissue, and to examine changes in their levels in a single liver in ischemia. In ischemia the cellular level of ATP decreased rapidly. Concomitantly there was a transitory increase in AMP, followed by its degradation to allantoin via adenosine with accumulation of all species of purine catabolites. NAD was also degraded gradually with concomitant accumulation of nicotinamide. Thus, the level of total adenine nucleotides decreased during ischemia and the amount of this decrease ws equal to the sum of the amounts of catabolites produced. The ATP level was rapidly restored on recirculation after an ischemic period of less than 15 min. However, recovery of the ATP level was depressed by prolonged ischemia and was not observed after an ischemic period of 2 h. Intermediate purine catabolites that accumulated in ischemia were also cleared during recirculation either by their removal in the blood flow or by further oxidative degradation, but they were not salvaged for reuse until the cellular level of ATP was restored. Administration of allopurinol resulted in marked accumulation of hypoxanthine in ischemic liver, but neither this drug nor chlorpromazine had any appreciable effect on recovery of the ATP level during recirculation. PMID- 7096292 TI - Inhibitions of cathepsin B and cathepsin L by E-64 in vivo. II. Incorporation of [3H]E-64 into rat liver lysosomes in vivo. AB - E-64 is a specific thiol proteinase inhibitor which inhibits lysosomal cathepsins B and L in vitro and in vivo [Hashida, S., Towatari, T., Kominami, E., & Katunuma, N. (1980) J. Biochem. 88, 1805-1811]. This work showed and that E-64 administered in vivo penetrates into lysosomes of the liver, possibly by permeation rather than by endocytosis. When [3H]E-64 was injected into rats i.p., high radioactivity was observed in the serum after a short time and it decreased rapidly. Incorporation of [3H]E-64 into the cytosol fraction of liver also began to decrease 1 h after the injection. Radioactivity in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction increased to a maximum after 6 h and then gradually decreased until 72 h. Dose-dependent incorporation of [3H]E-64 into the serum and liver cytosol was observed at all doses tested, but that into the lysosomal fraction increased linearly with doses of only up to 0.l5 mg/100 body weight of E-64. E-64 in the serum and liver cytosol was mostly present in the free form, whereas that in the lysosomal fraction was mostly protein-bound. The time course and dose-response of lysosomal cathepsin B activity to E-64 were closely related to the radioactivity in the protein-bound fraction of the lysosomes. These results suggest that E-64 was transported to the liver cytosol in the free form in the blood and permeated into the lysosomes, where it bound to, and inactivated, E-64 sensitive proteinases. PMID- 7096293 TI - Quantitation method for choline-containing phospholipids in human serum lipoproteins by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A determination method for choline-containing phospholipids in serum lipoproteins was established by application of the HPLC method [Hara et al. (1980) J. Biochem. 87, 1863-1865; (1981) 89, 879-887] developed for cholesterol quantitation. The concentration of choline-containing phospholipids in the fraction separated by HPLC using gel permeation columns was determined through colorimetric detection using a commercial enzymatic kit. The optimum conditions for enzymatic reaction in the flow diagram were examined. The concentration calculated from the A500 peak area was found to reflect very precisely the concentration of choline containing phospholipids in all lipoprotein fractions, and the quantitation of each lipoprotein fraction can be performed with only 10-20 microliters of whole serum. Monitoring the elution patterns by detecting choline-containing phospholipids can give much more information about lipoprotein distributions according to particle size than analyses done by detecting cholesterol. PMID- 7096294 TI - Interaction of urinary trypsin inhibitor, UTI68, with bovine trypsin. AB - One molecule of UTI68, a trypsin inhibitor purified from urine of healthy men, inhibited four molecules of bovine trypsin. This finding suggests the formation of various complexes of UTI68 with 1 to 4 molecules of trypsin. However, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reaction products of UTI68 with trypsin showed that, at molecular ratios of UTI68 to trypsin of 1:1 to 1:3, UTI68 was rapidly cleaved by trypsin to form two proteins, Protein I and Protein II, whose molecular weights were estimated as 49,000 and 25,000, respectively, while at a ratio of 1:4, UTI68 was converted to Protein III with a molecular weight of about 30,000 and a smaller protein(s) than trypsin. These results were supported by gel filtration of the reaction products of UTI68 with trypsin on a Sephadex G-100 column at pH 3.0. Protein I and Protein II were separated, and Protein I was named UTI49. Protein II was separated from trypsin on a QAE-Sephadex column, and it had no inhibitory activity. Since one molecule of UTI49 inhibited about three molecules of trypsin, its interaction with trypsin was examined. On addition of one and two molecules of trypsin to one molecule of UTI49 at pH 8.0 complexes were formed consisting of one and two molecules of trypsin, respectively, with one molecule of UTI49, and both complexes were dissociated to their components at pH 3.0. Addition of three molecules of trypsin brought about further fragmentation of UTI49, and the split products formed a complex(es) with trypsin at pH 8.0, which dissociated at pH 3.0. PMID- 7096295 TI - Immunogenic properties of two types of sea-squirt antigens. AB - Two antisera were prepared in rabbits against substantially purified preparations of sea-squirt antigens, Gi-rep and Ei-M, which were apparently discriminated from each other in antigenic behavior in radioimmunoassay experiments. Radioimmunometric analysis of the interaction between the two anti-sea-squirt sera and the two antigens revealed that Gi-rep induced in rabbit only one type of antibody (type A) which reacted with Gi-rep and Ei-M in common, while Ei-M induced not only type A antibody having the common reactivity but also another antibody (type B) which was strictly specific to Ei-M. This observation supported the preceding suggestion that Gi-rep and Ei-M carried a common antigenic determinant (type alpha) but that Ei-M had an additional determinant (type beta) specific to Ei-M. In this connection, in view of the similarity of type A antibody in specificity to the blocking antibody induced in asthmatic patients with sea-squirt allergy on hyposensitization therapy with these antigen preparations, it was suggested that the presumed allergenic substance in sea squirt also carries the type alpha determinant. PMID- 7096297 TI - Nucleotide sequence and its character of cistron coding for the 30 K protein of tobacco mosaic virus (OM strain). AB - The nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA copies of the common strain of tobacco mosaic virus RNA corresponding to the 2,000 nucleotides at the 3'-end was determined. The 30 K protein cistron was revealed to be located at residues 687 1,493 from the 3'-end. The 30 K protein is composed of 267 amino acids and is probably a basic protein. The 5' flanking regions of both the coat protein and the 30 K protein cistrons were very U-rich, and a homology was found between the sequence around the capping site of the coat protein mRNA and the sequence upstream from the 30 K protein cistron. PMID- 7096298 TI - A simple method for the determination of glucosamine and galactosamine using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. AB - A new electrophoretic method is presented for the determination of glucosamine and galactosamine. The technique is quite simple and rapid, it involves cellulose acetate electrophoresis in borate buffer (200 V, 15 min) and silver nitrate staining. Hexosamine samples of 0.36-1.80 micrograms were separated and stained within 30 min. This method was applied for the hexosamine analysis of glycosaminoglycans. PMID- 7096296 TI - Purification and characterization of protease inhibitors from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). AB - Five protease inhibitors were isolated from peanut seeds and named A-I, A-II, B I, B-II, and B-III. These inhibitors seemed to be Bowman-Birk type inhibitors judging from their low molecular weights and high cystine contents. All the inhibitors inhibited both bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin at ratios of 1:2 and 1:1, respectively, but not simultaneously. The complexes of the inhibitors and trypsin no longer inhibit chymotrypsin. On the other hand, their complexes with chymotrypsin inhibit trypsin with a slow release of chymotrypsin. PMID- 7096299 TI - Ca2+-dependent binding of synthetic peptides corresponding to some regions of troponin-I to troponin-C. AB - We have chemically synthesized two peptides corresponding to the binding regions of troponin-I for troponin-C. Electrophoretic analysis has shown that one of the two peptides binds Ca2+-dependently to troponin-C and the other Ca2+ independently. The biological significance of the results is discussed. The interaction of the peptides with calmodulin was different from that with troponin C. PMID- 7096300 TI - A cell-free system from ethionine-treated rat liver active in initiation of protein synthesis. AB - A cell-free protein-synthesizing system active in initiation of translation of both endogenous mRNA and exogenous mRNA has been obtained from postmitochondrial supernatant (S-12) of the liver of ethionine-treated rats by adding reticulocyte ribosomal extract as a source of initiation factor. Formation of polysomes in the course of protein synthesis in vitro has also been demonstrated. Homogenization of the liver in the presence of 50 microM hemin stabilizes the initiation activity of S-12 fraction, which otherwise decays rapidly even at 0 degrees C. The mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis by ethionine is discussed in view of these results. PMID- 7096302 TI - Primary structure of a minor ribonuclease from Aspergillus saitoi. AB - 1. RNase Ms, a base non-specific RNase from Aspergillus saitoi was reduced and carboxymethylated (RCM-RNase Ms). RCM-RNase Ms was hydrolyzed with trypsin, and the trypsin digests were then treated with chymotrypsin. Trypsin digests were also treated with Staphylococcus protease and with chymotrypsin, separately. 2. By the analyses of the amino acid sequences of the peptides formed, the alignment of these peptides in RCM-RNase Ms was determined. 3. From the digest of heat denatured RNase Ms with Bacillus subtilis protease, two peptides containing disulfide bridges were isolated. From the analysis of these two peptides, the locations of the bridges were determined. 4. The amino acid sequence of RNase Ms was compared with those of RNase T1 (Asp. oryzae, guanine specific), RNase U1 (Ustilago sphaerogena, guanine specific) and RNase U2 (Ustilago sphaerogena, purine specific). There are very similar sequences between these for RNases irrespective of their differences in base specificity. These were, in RNase Ms, tripeptide sequence containing His39 (Tyr-Pro-His), the tetrapeptide containing Glu57 (Glu-Tyr-Pro-Ile), the hexapeptide containing Arg76 (Asp-Arg-Val-Ile-Phe Asp) and the hexapeptide containing His 91 (Ile-Thr-His-Thr-Gly-Ala). The other sequences common for all four RNases are Tyr67, Phe100, and Cys103 in RNase Ms. Since among these peptides His39, Glu57, His91, and Arg76 in RNase Ms corresponded to His40, Glu58, His92, and Arg77 in RNase T1 which are known to be involved in the active site of RNase T1, the possible role of these amino acids in the active site of RNase Ms is discussed. 5. The sequence similarity of RNase Ms to that of RNase T1 was about 60% and to those of RNase U1 and RNase U2 was about 30%. 6. The details of the experimental evidence used to elucidate the amino acid sequence of RNase Ms are described in the supplemental miniprint. PMID- 7096303 TI - Studies on the turnover rates of cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases in rat liver. AB - The turnover rates of mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarase in the rat liver were determined by injecting L-[U-14C]leucine and following the decay of specific radioactivity incorporated into immunoprecipitates from the partially purified enzymes. The half-life of mitochondrial fumarase (t 1/2 = 9.7 days) was significantly different from that of the cytosolic enzyme (t 1/2 = 4.8 days). Studies on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into fumarase in the liver under steady-state conditions showed that the rate of synthesis of this enzyme in cytosol was about 2 times higher than that in the mitochondrial enzyme. The results showed that the mitochondrial fumarase turns over considerably more slowly than the cytosolic enzyme in the rat liver. These results suggest that the turnover of two fumarases with different localizations may be under different and independent control systems. In the case of the mitochondrial fumarase, the decay curve of its specific radioactivity obtained by single injection of L-[U 14C]leucine was quite unusual. No change was observed in the specific radioactivity of the mitochondrial fumarase for about 7 days after pulse labeling, then the specific radioactivity decreased exponentially with a half life of 9.7 days. PMID- 7096304 TI - Amino acid sequence of beta 2-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. The amino acid substitutions in the B chains. AB - beta 2-Bungarotoxin (beta 2-toxin) was isolated from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus by means of CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and CM-Sephadex C-25 column rechromatography. beta 2-Toxin consisted of two dissimilar polypeptides, a (120 amino acid residues) and B (60 amino acid residues) chains, crosslinked by an interchain disulfide bond. The neurotoxicity (LD50) and phospholipase activity of beta 2-toxin were 0.029 micrograms/g of mouse and 48.9 units/mg of toxin, respectively, and both the activities were slightly weaker than those (0.019 micrograms/g and 60.9 units/mg) of beta 1-bungarotoxin (beta 1-toxin). beta 2-Toxin was reduced and carboxymethylated and then its RCM-A and -B chains were separated. Each RCM-chain was maleylated and then digested with TPCK-trypsin. The tryptic peptides were sequences by manual Edman degradation or the dansyl-Edman method, and the total alignment of the tryptic peptides from each RCM-chain was deduced based on the amino acid sequences of the A and B chains of beta 1-toxin. The amino acid sequence of the B chain of beta 2-toxin differed from that of the B chain of beta 1-toxin by 22 amino acid substitutions, while those of their A chains were identical. We concluded that the variation in the amino acid sequence of the B chains did not significantly affect the neurotoxicity of the beta-toxins. The amino acid sequences of the B chains of the two beta-toxins were homologous to those of proteinase inhibitors from snake venoms and mammalian pancreas, but no inhibitory activity of the two beta-toxins on proteinases was observed. PMID- 7096305 TI - Amino acid sequences of three beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3-, beta 4-, and beta 5- bungarotoxins) from Bungarus multicinctus venom. Amino acid substitutions in the A chains. AB - The two most basic beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3- and beta 4-toxins) and another, less neurotoxic beta-bungarotoxin (beta 5-toxin) were purified from Bungarus multicinctus venom, by a combination of CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The three toxins consisted of two dissimilar polypeptides (A chain, 120 amino acid residues; B chain, 60 residues). The LD50 values of the beta 3- and beta 4-toxins were 0.066 micrograms and 0.072 micrograms/g of mouse, respectively, and their phospholipase A activities were 43.2 and 36.5 units/mg of toxin, respectively. beta 5-Toxin was weaker in neurotoxicity (LD50, 0.13 micrograms/g of mouse) than the others, and its phospholipase activity was 47.6 units/mg of toxin. Each toxin was separated into RCM-A and RCM-B chains after reduction and S-carboxymethylation. The RCM polypeptides were maleylated and digested with TPCK-trypsin. The tryptic peptides were sequenced with manual Edman degradation or the dansyl-Edman method. The final alignment of the tryptic peptides from the respective RCM-polypeptides was deduced on the basis of the amino acid sequences of the A and B chains of beta 1 bungarotoxin (beta 1-toxin). The amino acid sequences of the A chains of the beta 3- and beta 4-toxins were identical but differed from those of the A chains of the beta 1- and beta 2-toxins by 4 amino acid substitutions in the COOH-terminal portions (residues 109-120) and substitution at position 87. The amino acid sequences of the B chains of the beta 3- and beta 4-toxins differed from each other, but they were identical with those of the B chains of the beta 1- and beta 2-toxins, respectively. The amino acid sequence of the A chain of beta 5-toxin differed from that of the A chain of beta 1-toxin by consecutive substitutions in residues 55-60 and substitutions at positions 23, 87, and 89. The amino acid sequence of the B chain of beta 5-toxin was identical with those of the B chains of beta 1- and beta 3-toxin. From our results on the effects of the amino acid displacements found in the A chains on the neurotoxicity, it was concluded that the COOH-terminal portion in the A chains was not essential to their neurotoxicity, whereas the region of residues 55-60 in the A chains appeared to participate in the constitution of the neurotoxically active site of the beta toxins. PMID- 7096306 TI - Immobilization of metapyrocatechase and its properties in comparison with the soluble enzyme. AB - Metapyrocatechase [catechol : oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.2] was immobilized with cyanogen bromide-activated agarose with a coupling yield of 78% of the protein added. The immobilized enzyme showed a specific activity of 77 mumol/min/mg protein, which is about 30% of that of the native enzyme. The immobilization enhanced the stability of the enzyme against inactivation by heat, acid or alkaline pH, and various denaturing agents. However, like the native enzyme, the immobilized enzyme was rapidly inactivated by oxidants such as oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, and the inactivation was completely prevented in the presence of low concentrations of organic solvents. The pH profile for the activity and the substrate specificity were slightly changed by the immobilization. PMID- 7096307 TI - Ca2+-induced conformation changes of intestinal brush border membranes. Studies with fluorescence probes and sulfhydryl reagent. AB - We have applied the fluorescent probes 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and pyrene, and an SH-directed reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) in order to analyze Ca2+-induced conformational changes in porcine intestinal brush border membranes. Addition of Ca2+ to the ANS-membrane complex resulted in enhancement of the fluorescence intensity accompanied by an increase of the affinity of the dye for the membranes, shift of the transition temperature of the ANS fluorescence toward a higher temperature range, and disappearance of the slope in the thermal Perrin plot of the fluorescence polarization. These results suggest that the membrane structure becomes more rigid upon binding of Ca2+ to the membranes. This hypothesis was further confirmed by a marked decrease of the excimer formation efficiency of pyrene in the membranes with increasing Ca2+ concentration. Reaction of the membranes with DTNB suggested that there are at least two classes of SH groups with different pseudo-first-order that constants, 1.48 x 10(-3)s-1 (SHf) and 0.25 x 10(-3)s-1 (SHs) at pH 7.4 in the absence of Ca2+. Of the estimated 52.2 nmol of SH groups per mg protein in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, about 23.8 nmol are reactive with DTNB under the same conditions. The reactivity of SH groups with DTNB is responsive to Ca2+ concentration and the maximum number of reactive SH groups was increased by the addition of Ca2+. Based on these results, the conformational changes of the membrane structure induced by Ca2+ are discussed. PMID- 7096301 TI - Purification and properties of soluble NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase of rabbit erythrocytes. AB - Soluble NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was purified from rabbit erythrocytes to homogeneity by simple procedures developed in this study including fractionation with ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and affinity chromatography on a 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B column. The enzyme was purified about 12,000-fold from hemolysate in terms of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity with a high yield of 40%. The purified enzyme has absorption maxima at 273, 390, and 462 nm, and shoulders at 370, 435, and 488 nm. The ratio of the absorbance at 273 nm to that at 462 nm of the purified enzyme was 5.6-5.8. The prosthetic group of the enzyme was found to be FAD, and the flavin content in the enzyme was 1 mol/mol of the enzyme. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 33,000 and 32,000 by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, respectively. The NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity decreased strikingly as the buffer or salt concentration in the assay mixture was increased, and the optimal pH for the reduction of cytochrome b5 with NADH was determined to be 6.6 in Tris-maleate buffer of constant ionic strength. The maximum velocity of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase activity of the purified enzyme was very high, 1,280 mumol/min/mg of protein in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.6). The Michaelis constants for NADH and cytochrome b5 were determined to be 2.5 and 4 microM, respectively. The reduction of cytochrome b5 with NADH by the enzyme was suggested to follow the ordered-type reaction mechanism based on the modes of product inhibition. From these results, and also from the estimated enzyme content in the erythrocytes (16-20 mg protein per liter of packed erythrocytes), the possible contribution of the enzyme to functions other than methemoglobin reduction in rabbit erythrocytes is discussed. PMID- 7096309 TI - Effect of concentration of potassium salts on the activity of the N ethylmaleimide-treated hemin-controlled translational inhibitor. AB - The effect of various concentrations of potassium salts on the activity of the N ethylmaleimide(NEM)-treated hemin-controlled translational inhibitor (HCI) was investigated using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The NEM-treated HCI was found to be less active for the inhibition of globin synthesis at higher concentrations of potassium salts. In addition, the binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to the 40S ribosomal subunits was inhibited more profoundly at 100 mM than at 240 mM KOAc. The phosphorylation of the NEM-treated HCI and eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF-2, was studied at various concentrations of KOAc. The NEM-treated HCI was phosphorylated to an almost constant extent at 20 to 300 mM K+, but the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha by the inhibitor decreased with increasing concentration of KOAc. It was also found that the incubation of the 32P-labeled inhibitor with eIF-2 did not produce the 32P-labeled eIF-2. In the light of these data, a possible relationship between the phosphorylation of the inhibitor or eIF 2 alpha and the inhibition of globin synthesis by the inhibitor is discussed. PMID- 7096308 TI - Importance of the antigen-binding valency and the nature of the cross-linking bond in ricin A-chain conjugates with antibody. AB - As a continuation of our work on toxin A-chain conjugates with antitumor antibodies for selective delivery of the toxin to the target cells, four ricin A chain conjugates were prepared by linking A-chain to Fab' or F(ab')2 of rabbit IgG against L1210 with or without employing a cross-linking agent, N,N'-o phenylenedimaleimide (PDM), N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) or N-succinimidyl m-(N-maleimido)benzoate (SMB), and the effects of antigen binding valency and of the nature of the cross-linking bond on their in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. The relative potencies of the conjugates in terms of IC94's were as follows: F(ab')2-SPDP-A-chain, 100; Fab'-S-S-A-chain, 21; F(ab')2 SMB-A-chain, 1.3; Fab'-PDM-A-chain 0.38. Among the four conjugates, F(ab')2-SPDP A-chain and Fab'-S-S-A-chain can be cleaved into the homing and the cytotoxic components with 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. These results suggest that divalency in antigen-binding and susceptibility of the cross-linking bond to cleavage by mercapto reagent are desirable for high potency. Protein synthesis in a cell-free system of rabbit reticulocyte lysate was inhibited by Fab'-S-S-A-chain and by Fab'-PDM-A-chain as effectively as by free A-chain, indicating that the liberation of A-chain is not important, at least on ribosomes, but it is important for the A-chain to reach a ribosome after binding of the conjugates to the cell-surface. PMID- 7096310 TI - Perturbation of lipid metabolism by palmitic acid in Chinese hamster V79-R cells. AB - 1. The addition of palmitic acid or myristic acid to a medium containing delipidated fetal bovine serum resulted in severe inhibition of V79-R cell growth. The degree of inhibition by palmitic acid was concentration dependent. Simultaneous addition of oleic acid protected the cells from the inhibition by palmitic acid. 2. In the presence of palmitic acid, total phospholipid and triacylglycerol per cell increased to 2- and 13-fold, respectively. 3. Palmitic acid caused an increase in the proportion of palmitic acid with concomitant decrease of oleic acid in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol. 4. Palmitic acid inhibited the synthesis of phospholipid molecular species with two monoenoic fatty acids. However, membrane flow of phospholipids from endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membranes was preserved. 5. About 70% of the triacylglycerol molecular species were those containing three saturated or two saturated and one monoenoic fatty acids. 6. Electron microscopy revealed a large amount of triacylglycerol and fiber-like membrane structures in the cells supplemented with palmitic acid. PMID- 7096311 TI - Spectrophotometric examination of exogenous-ligand complexes of ferric cytochrome P-450. Characterization of the axial ligand trans to thiolate in the native ferric low-spin form. PMID- 7096312 TI - Radioactive iodination of lymphocyte surface proteins and characterization of their molecular properties. AB - Two radioiodination methods for surface proteins on mouse lymphocyte membrane, that is, the lactoperoxidase method and the chloramine T method, were comparatively investigated. The extents of iodination under various conditions were determined by measurements of radioactivities incorporated into the cell fractions and into the protein components isolated by specific immunoprecipitation from lyzates of the labeled cells. It was demonstrated that the chloramine T method, as well as the lactoperoxidase method, was applicable to label the lymphocyte surface proteins without any significant labeling of the cytoplasmic proteins. It was also found that the iodination efficiencies of the membrane immunoglobulin polypeptide chains in these two labeling methods were different in each of the isotopes, mu and delta chains. The possibility that the differences are related to their primary structures and to their exposure or anchorage profiles on the cell membrane is discussed with reference to the reaction mechanisms of the two labeling methods. PMID- 7096313 TI - A new enzyme: long acyl aminoacylase from Pseudomonas diminuta. AB - A new enzyme which hydrolyzes N-long chain acyl glutamic acid was found in cell free extracts of Pseudomonas diminuta. Two active fractions (long acyl aminoacylase I and II) were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The long acyl aminoacylase I was purified about 650-fold, and the purified preparation was electrophoretically homogeneous. The molecular weight was estimated to be 300,000 by gel filtration. The enzyme was unique in its substrate specificity. It hydrolyzed only N-long acyl glutamic acid and could not react with other N-acyl amino acids. Lauroyl (C12)-, myristoyl (C14)-, and palmitoyl (C16)- glutamic acid were good substrates, but acetyl glutamic acid was not hydrolyzed. Therefore this enzyme is considered to be a new acylase which is specific for N-long chain acyl glutamic acid, and it is designated as N-long acyl glutamic acid amidohydrolase [EC 3.5.1 group]. PMID- 7096314 TI - Net adenosine triphosphate synthesis driven by an external electric field in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Rat liver mitochondria irradiated with external electric pulses (760 V/cm, 30 ms, rectangular) catalyzed net ATP synthesis of 0.055 nmol/mg protein/pulse. The amount of ATP synthesized increased on increasing the number, voltage and duration of the electric pulses. There was no apparent threshold voltage or duration for ATP synthesis in the ranges tested (0-760 V/cm and 0.05-30 ms). The energy applied to the mitochondrial membrane within a much shorter time than the turnover time of H+-ATPase must be stored in the membrane until it is utilized for ATP synthesis. Synthesis of ATP was inhibited by the specific H+-ATPase inhibitor aurovertin and by high concentrations of uncouplers. The energy transfer inhibitors oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide had no effect on synthesis of ATP in mitochondria by electric pulses, but inhibited oxidative phosphorylation under the same conditions. In contrast to the pulse-driven ATP synthesis in subchloroplast particles, that in intact mitochondria required hexokinase-glucose, higher ADP concentration, lower osmolarity and protection against the pH effect of the electrodes. PMID- 7096315 TI - Participation of an ionizable group with pK 8.55 in the reaction of p bromophenacyl bromide with His 48 of cobra venom phospholipases A2. AB - The chemical reaction of p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) with His 48 of cobra venom phospholipases A2 (N. naja siamensis, N. naja kaouthia, and N. naja atra) was studied at 25 degrees C and ionic strength 0.1 by following the decreases in the fluorescence intensity of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and/or in the enzymatic activity. The effect of the BPB concentration on the pseudo-first-order rate constant, chi obs, was studied for the N. naja atra enzyme and the dissociation constants of a noncovalent intermediate were determined to be 5.6 x 10(-4) and 1.8 x 10(-4) M at pH 8.4 and 9.3, respectively. The ph-dependence curve of chi obs, obtained at fixed concentration(s) of BPB was found to be biphasic for all three enzymes. The analysis showed that two ionizable groups with pK values of 7.3 and 8.55 participated in this reaction. The reaction of BPB with the modified enzyme of N. naja atra lacking the N-terminal octapeptide, which had been prepared by the CNBr-cleavage method, was followed by measuring the decrease in the tryptophyl fluorescence. Since this modified enzyme showed a monophasic pH-dependence curve lacking the latter transition, the former group was assigned to His 48 and the latter to the alpha-amino group located nearby in the active site. The pK value of His 48 determined at present was in good agreement with that estimated from the pH dependence of the binding constant of Ca2+ (Teshima et al. (1981) J. Biochem. 89, 13-20). The pK value of the alpha amino group of this enzyme, 8.55, was found to be somewhat higher than that of the A. halys blomhoffii enzyme, 7.3 (Ikeda & Samejima (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 799 804 and Ikeda et al (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 1125-1130), but quite similar to that for the porcine pancreatic enzyme, 8.4 (van Dam-Mieras et al. (1976) Nobel Symp. 34, 177-197 and Slotboom et al. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 4593-4600). PMID- 7096316 TI - Aerobic oxidation of rifamycin SV to rifamycin S catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. AB - The aerobic oxidation of rifamycin SV to rifamycin S was catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. The oxidation rate increased with increasing pH. The oxidation was inhibited by catalase, but superoxide dismutase enhanced the oxidation rate of rifamycin SV. Superoxide inhibited the oxidation and superoxide dismutase relieved the inhibition of oxidation by superoxide. An oxidation mechanism of rifamycin SV catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase which accounts for these data is proposed and a convenient positive assay for superoxide dismutase, using the rifamycin SV-horseradish peroxidase-O2 system, is described. PMID- 7096317 TI - Increased norepinephrine content in diabetic rat heart. AB - In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of cardiac neuropathy in diabetes mellitus, Wister male rats were made diabetic by streptozotocin injection for 11 to 13 weeks, and catecholamine concentrations of hearts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. No apparent histological changes were found in hearts and kidneys of any group of rats. Controls used were age-matched normal rats and Goldblatt-hypertensive rats, because streptozotocin induced diabetic rats appeared to be significantly hypertensive. Heart norepinephrine concentrations of diabetic rats and diabetic-Goldblatt-hypertensive rats were markedly higher (8,380 +/- 300 pmol/g tissue and 6,980 +/- 390, respectively) compared with those of controls and Goldblatt-hypertensive rats (2,700 +/- 470 and 2,010 +/- 300, respectively). These results suggest some disturbances in catecholamine secretion in diabetic hearts before typical microangiopathic changes take place. PMID- 7096318 TI - Simple purification method for anti-glycolipid antibody using polystyrene latex beads coated with gangliotetraosylceramide. AB - A simple method for the purification of antiglycolipid antibody is described. Polystyrene latex beads coated with gangliotetraosylceramide (GA1) were used as immunoadsorbent for the purification of anti-GA1 antibody. The antibody bound to the GA1-coated latex beads was released with 1 M NaSCN solution. The glycolipid coated latex beads seem valuable not only for the purification of antibodies but also as a tool for investigating the function of glycolipids. PMID- 7096319 TI - The distribution of thiol groups among the tryptic fragments of the heavy chain of myosin subfragment-1. AB - The limited tryptic digestion of the heavy chain of chymotryptic myosin subfragment-1 gives three major fragments (50 K, 27 K, and 20 K daltons) without much additional proteolysis. The distribution of thiols over the tryptic fragments of the heavy chain was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Contents of thiol in the 50 K, 27 K, and 20 K fragments were found to be 4, 1, and 4, respectively. PMID- 7096320 TI - Correlation of the amino acid composition of a protein to its structural and biological characters. AB - Amino acid compositions of 356 proteins are expressed as points in an 18 dimensional space of 18 axes representing the contents of amino acids. The proteins are classified into four groups of intra- and extracellular enzymes and nonenzymes according to analysis of the distribution of the points. The groups have a significant correlation to four folding types of secondary structures, and extra- and intracellular proteins to those with and without disulfide bond(s), respectively. The location and function of a protein seem to determine its amino acid composition and folding type. PMID- 7096321 TI - Localization of electron transport inhibition in plastoquinone reactions. AB - Reduction kinetics of P700 following a short flash are measured in spinach chloroplasts after oxidation of the electron carriers between the two photoreactions by far-red light. Three features of the kinetics allow us to localize simultaneously inhibition at different sites between photoreaction II and the reducing site of plastoquinol. These are the initial lag, the halftime and the area under the transient of the P700 absorbance change, which indicate the electron transfer time from photoreaction II to the reducing site of plastoquinol, the rate of plastoquinol oxidation, and the number of electrons transferred to the special plastoquinone B functioning as secondary electron acceptor of photosystem II, respectively. As an additional diagnostic parameter for inhibition before and after the plastoquinone pool, the area under the transient of the P700 absorbance change is used after long flashes. This area is proportional to the amount of reduced plastoquinone as shown by the absorbance change at 265 nm. The effects of 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) are compared with those of 2-bromo-4-nitrothymol, 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether of 2-iodo-4-nitrothymol, and Illoxan as representatives for new classes of inhibitors. While 2-halogeno-4 nitrothymols inhibit the reduction of plastoquinone similarly to DCMU, their diphenyl ether derivatives inhibit selectively the oxidation of plastoquinol. PMID- 7096322 TI - Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by procollagen-derived fragments is associated with changes in protein phosphorylation. AB - The NH2-terminal extension fragment (Col 1) of the pro alpha 1(I) procollagen chain selectively inhibits the translation of procollagen mRNA in a reticulocyte lysate system, whereas the reduced and alkylated fragment (AE-Col 1) and its proteolytically derived peptides inhibit the translation of all mRNAs (Horlein, D., McPherson, J., Goh, S. H., and Bornstein, P. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 6163-6167). The latter inhibitory function, which occurs at the level of polypeptide chain initiation, has now been shown to be associated with an increase in phosphorylation of an Mr = 94,000 protein. The time span required for observation of changes in phosphorylation and in inhibition of protein synthesis is similar. Since AE-Col 1 can serve as a substrate for casein kinase II, we suggest that phosphorylation of AE-Col 1 and its derivatives may be required for their activity. PMID- 7096323 TI - Isolation and properties of cytochrome b561 from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. AB - Cytochrome b561 from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules was purified in octylglucoside by hydrophobic chromatography. The apparent molecular weight was determined to be 30,000 by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. This molecular weight differs from that previously reported for cytochrome b561 purified by other procedures. The granule cytochrome was compared to mitochondrial cytochrome b and, in spite of similar molecular weights and optical spectra, these two proteins were found to be different by the following criteria: 1) amino acid composition, 2) NH2-terminal analysis, 3) interaction with antimycin, and 4) reduction with durohydroquinone. PMID- 7096324 TI - Cytoplasmic dot hybridization. Simple analysis of relative mRNA levels in multiple small cell or tissue samples. AB - A simple technique for the simultaneous measurement of relative levels of a specific mRNA in numerous small samples of animal cells or tissue is described. The technique involves denaturation of cytoplasmic preparations, followed by dotting of up to 96 samples onto a single sheet of nitrocellulose, hybridization with a 32P-labeled cDNA plasmid, autoradiography, and scanning. By analyzing cytoplasmic preparations instead of purified RNA, manipulations of multiple samples prior to analysis is minimized. Experiments with a clonal line of rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cells showed that this technique can be employed to follow the induction by Ca2+ of prolactin mRNA sequences, employing cytoplasm prepared from as little as 2.5 x 10(4) cells. The specificity of the technique for prolactin mRNA was shown by employing GC cells, a GH3 cell variant lacking detectable prolactin mRNA sequences. Experiments with cultured rat hemipituitaries showed that the prolactin mRNA present in cytoplasm corresponding to as little as 1/100 of a pituitary could be readily detected. This technique is quite simple, requires very small amounts of cells or tissue, and permits the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. Hence, it should be quite useful for studies with various experimental systems of the regulation of specific mRNA levels. PMID- 7096325 TI - Glutathione-catalyzed disulfide-linking of C9 in the membrane attack complex of complement. AB - The membrane attack complex of complement (the dimeric C5b-9 complex) is a multimolecular assemblage of five proteins (C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) which are held together by noncovalent forces. We found that C9 molecules in the complex can be covalently crosslinked (disulfide-linked) by glutathione. In this experiment, the tetramolecular C5b-8 complex bound to phospholipid vesicles was first prepared from purified C5b-6, incubated (37 degrees C, 20 min) with an excess of 131I-C9 in the presence of 1 mM glutathione; an average of 5.3 molecules of C9 per C5b-8 were bound and the C5b-9 complex formed was predominantly a dimeric C5b-9 complex. About one-third of C9 in this C5b-9 complex was found to be in a disulfide-linked dimeric form. The C5b-9 complex, having only an average of 0.9 molecules of C9 per C5b-8, was also prepared in the presence of glutathione; this C5b-9 preparation contained both monomeric and dimeric C5b-9 complexes, and about one-fifth of the C9 subunits was in a cross linked dimeric form. By contrast, C9 in the absence of the C5b-8 complex was not significantly cross-linked by glutathione. These results indicate that C9 has a unique property to associate with itself upon reaction with the C5b-8 complex. PMID- 7096327 TI - Light scattering studies of chick limb bud proteoglycans. AB - We report static and dynamic light scattering analysis on subpopulations of proteoglycan monomer isolated in milligram quantities from chick limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures by gel fractionation in dissociative solvent conditions. These experiments furnish information on radius of gyration, Rg, and hydrodynamic radius, Rh, as a function of molecular weight, Mr,w. A comparison of these quantities, rho = Rg/Rh, indicates a decrease in branch frequency with decreasing Mr,w. This is consistent with the known result that decreasing molecular weight is due to a decrease in the number of polysaccharide side chains attached to a constant protein core length. These results show that photon correlation spectroscopy can be used to monitor structural changes in macromolecules isolated from these cell cultures. PMID- 7096326 TI - Complete nucleotide sequence of a chicken H2b histone gene. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of a chicken H2b histone gene has been determined along with extensive flanking sequence both 5' and 3' from the gene. This H2b gene was isolated on a lambda Charon 4A-chicken DNA recombinant in which it is closely linked to two H3 histone genes. The H2b histone gene predicts a chicken H2b histone protein sequence differing in 5 of 125 amino acids from the sequence of a calf thymus H2b histone. The gene is uninterrupted and is flanked by several consensus sequences seen in many other eucaryotic genes. In particular, unlike many other histone genes it contains a 3'-AATAAA sequence usually associated with genes coding for polyadenylated mRNA. PMID- 7096329 TI - Expression of a differentiated transport function in apical membrane vesicles isolated from an established kidney epithelial cell line. Sodium electrochemical potential-mediated active sugar transport. AB - Electrogenic Na+ gradient-stimulated active accumulation of alpha-methyl-D glucopyranoside was demonstrated using apical membrane vesicles isolated from an established kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). Apical membrane vesicles were purified from densely confluent cell cultures after cell disruption by nitrogen cavitation using a rapid Mg2+ differential precipitation procedure. Such preparations were 11-fold enriched in apical-specific enzyme markers, were not enriched in basolateral-specific markers, and were relatively free from contamination by intracellular membranes. Sugar accumulated within vesicles was sensitive to osmotic pressure differences across the membrane. alpha-Methyl-D glucopyranoside transport activity in vesicles exhibited similar hexose specificities and sensitivity to inhibition by phlorizin to the corresponding transport system expressed in intact LLC-PK1 cells and in kidney proximal tubule. Vesicles prepared from subconfluent cultures, which have not yet developed the expression of this transport system, had diminished Na+-stimulated sugar transport activity yet expressed Na+-stimulated amino acid transport activity. Active accumulation as a function of increasing Na+ gradient and an interior negative membrane potential suggested a stoichiometry between sugar and Na+ uptake of 1:2, respectively. Experimental generation of interior-negative membrane potentials in vesicles produced a further stimulation of sugar accumulation, consistent with an additive contribution from both a Na+ chemical gradient and an electrical membrane potential in energizing active sugar transport. PMID- 7096328 TI - Assembly of the catalytic trimers of aspartate transcarbamoylase from unfolded polypeptide chains. AB - In an effort to stimulate the in vivo formation of active enzyme from newly synthesized polypeptide chains, we have studied the in vitro assembly of the active catalytic subunits of aspartate transcarbamoylase from unfolded polypeptide chains. Hydrodynamic and spectroscopic measurements showed that incubating the catalytic trimers in 4.7 M urea for 45 min at 9 degrees C produced unfolded polypeptide chains largely devoid of the secondary and tertiary structures characteristic of native subunits. Dilution of the urea solutions led to the slow restoration of enzyme activity and the formation of trimers at a rate which could be measured quantitatively by a hybridization technique using succinylated polypeptide chains as a "chase" to "stop" the assembly. Kinetic studies showed that reactivation and assembly of trimers were coincident with a half-time for completion of about 50 min at 0 degrees C. Also, the rate-limiting reaction was first order. Although these results suggest that chain folding is the slow process, spectroscopic studies indicated that large changes in the environments of the aromatic amino acid residues occur very rapidly. Indeed the changes in the absorption spectrum are largely complete before significant reactivation and trimer formation occur. The results are consistent with an assembly mechanism in which the first step is the rapid collapse of the expanded randomly coiled chains to give partially folded monomers. These monomers are not enzymically active and cannot associate to form trimers until a rate-limiting conformational change occurs. Subsequent to this slow process, the "competent" monomers associate via a series of reactions to form active trimers. PMID- 7096331 TI - Influence of fatty acids on the binding of calcium to human albumin. Correlation of binding and conformation studies and evidence for distinct differences between unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. AB - The influence of various fatty acids of 14-18 carbon chain lengths on the binding of calcium to human serum albumin was studied. The cis-unsaturated fatty acids (myristoleic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic) caused a much larger increase in the affinity and maximum binding of calcium for albumin than did saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, and stearic). For the unsaturated fatty acids, the influence on calcium-albumin binding increased as the degree of unsaturation increased or the chain length decreased. With oleic or linoleic acid, increases in calcium binding were observed at approximately 2-3 mol of fatty acid/mol of albumin, while for myristic, palmitic, or elaidic acid, concentrations of 5-7 fatty acids/mol of albumin were required. The maximum fluorescence emission of albumin was found to change in parallel with the calcium binding for oleic, palmitic, and elaidic acids. We conclude that 1) cis-unsaturated and saturated or trans-unsaturated fatty acids have very different effects on the binding of calcium to human albumin, 2) the alteration in calcium binding is likely due to a conformational change in the albumin molecule, and 3) changes in calcium binding to albumin are observed at levels of cis-unsaturated fatty acids which are obtainable in vivo. PMID- 7096330 TI - Heme biosynthesis in Rhizobium. Identification of a cloned gene coding for delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase from Rhizobium meliloti. AB - A symbiotically important gene system in rhizobial species is the heme biosynthetic pathway. A mutant having reduced levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the first unique enzyme in this pathway, was obtained in Rhizobium meliloti 102F34 by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. Enzyme activity ranged from 3-13% of the wild type. Alfalfa plants inoculated with the Rhizobium synthetase mutant grew no better than uninoculated controls and formed only small white nodules which had no acetylene-reducing capacity. A cloned segment of Rhizobium genomic DNA capable of complementing this lesion was identified in a previously described gene bank from R. meliloti prepared with the broad host range plasmid cloning vector pRK290 (Ditta. G., Stanfield, S., Corbin, D., and Helinski, D. R. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 7347-7351). Symbiotic effectiveness could be restored in the mutant by supplementing plants with exogenous delta-aminolevulinic acid or by introducing into the mutant the wild type delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase gene cloned into the pRK290 plasmid. The recombinant plasmid carrying the synthetase gene was also able to weakly complement an Escherichia coli hemA mutant. Transposon mutagenesis of this plasmid with Tn5 further localized the delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase gene to a 1.4-kilobase region contained within a 4-6-kilobase Bam HI fragment. Full complementation of hemA was observed when this fragment was subcloned under E. coli trp and Tet promoter control on a pBR322 replicon. A temperature-sensitive mutant of this latter plasmid, which was unable to complement hemA at high temperature, produced enzyme having temperature-sensitive synthetase activity in vitro. This result confirmed that the cloned complementing DNA contained the structural gene for delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and not a biosynthetic regulatory gene. PMID- 7096334 TI - The effect of bile acid structure on the activity of bile acid CoA:glycine/taurine-N-acetyltransferase. AB - Bile acid-CoA:glycine/taurine N-acetyltransferase from bovine liver was analyzed for its ability to conjugate a variety of different bile acid-CoA analogues. A complete steady state bisubstrate kinetic analysis was conducted for each analogue. The enzyme demonstrated strict specificity for the normal 4-substituted pentanoic acid side chain; shortening the side chain by 1 methylene group (norcholyl-CoA) completely eliminates enzymatic activity, and extending the side chain by 1 methylene group (homocholyl-CoA) causes a 30-fold decrease in activity at Vmax. These effects of side chain modification were not related to decreased binding affinity as much as to decreases in the rates of the bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Bile acid-CoA analogues with a variety of ring substitutions involving keto and hydroxyl groups were also examined. Varying the position of substitution and the nature of the substituent had major effects on both the Km and Vmax terms. The analogues with the highest activities at Vmax were 7 dehydrocholyl-CoA and the "allo" bile acid 5 alpha,6-ketolithocholyl-CoA. However, in both cases, the high activity is obtained at the expense of binding energy. The most efficient substrates were 7-ketolithocholyl-CoA and 3 dehydrocholyl-CoA. The more common analogue, chenodeoxycholyl-CoA, was a surprisingly inefficient substrate. The relative rates of formation of glycine versus taurine conjugates were also found to vary with changes in structure. This indicates that certain bile acids are more likely to be conjugated with taurine, and others with glycine. PMID- 7096333 TI - The structures and microheterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of human plasma ceruloplasmin. A study employing 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 7096332 TI - Asymmetric distribution of sites with high affinity for antithrombin III in rat skin heparin proteoglycans. AB - The distribution of sites with high affinity for antithrombin III in [35S]heparin proteoglycans from rat skin was studied by affinity chromatography of the intact proteoglycans (Mr congruent to 1 x 10(6)) and degradation products. Unfractionated proteoglycan and proteoglycan fractions with low affinity and high affinity separated on antithrombin III-agarose were treated with alkali, releasing heparin chains (Mr congruent to 1 x 10(5)). Each chain preparation was fractionated on antithrombin III-agarose into fractions with low affinity and high affinity. Unfractionated proteoglycan and proteoglycan fractions with low affinity and high affinity were incubated with rat serum at pH 6.0, which gave products of similar size to commercial heparins (Mr congruent to 1 x 10(4)) termed heparin fragments. Each fragment preparation was fractionated on antithrombin III-agarose, yielding fractions with no affinity, low affinity, and high affinity, 40% of the proteoglycan preparation had low affinity, containing 4% high affinity chains and 7% high affinity fragments. The high affinity proteoglycan fraction yielded 40% high affinity chains and 22% high affinity fragments. The data show that the distribution of binding sites with high affinity for antithrombin III in heparin proteoglycans is highly asymmetric. Therefore, the concept that polymer modification reactions occurring during heparin biosynthesis, which must be involved in the formation of high affinity binding sites, occur in a random way must be reappraised. PMID- 7096335 TI - Quaternary structure changes in iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins detected by resonance Raman scattering. PMID- 7096336 TI - Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P synthase. Solubilization, partial purification, new assay method, and evidence for a ping-pong mechanism. AB - Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P (alkyl-DHAP) synthase, the enzyme that forms the ether linkage of alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerolipids, has been solubilized from ehrlich ascites cell microsomes using Triton X-100 and acetone precipitation. the solubilized enzyme, which is stabilized by glycerol or ethylene glycol, was then purified further by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, QAE-Sephadex, Matrex Red, and hydroxylapatite with the aid of a new rapid assay method using DEAE-cellulose disks. Four enzymes involved in the metabolism of acyl-DHAP and alkyl-DHAP (acyl DHAP/alkyl-DHAP oxidoreductase, DHAP acyltransferase, alkyl-DHAP phosphohydrolase, and a dinitrofluorobenzene-insensitive acyl-DHAP acylhydrolase) are removed under these conditions along with endogenous fatty acids and fatty alcohols. Two other activities copurify with the alkyl-DHAP synthase forward reaction: an acyl exchange reaction, in which [1-14C]palmitic acid is incorporated into palmitoyl-DHAP, and an alkyl exchange reaction, in which [1 14C]hexadecanol is incorporated into hexadecyl-DHAP. Exchange reactions of this type are characteristic properties of a ping-pong mechanism but not a sequential mechanism. This is confirmed by documentation that palmitic acid is a competitive inhibitor with respect to hexadecanol. In addition, low levels of palmitoyl-DHAP (less than 100 microM) show competitive inhibition with respect to hexadecanol, possibly due to palmitic acid formed from palmitoyl-DHAP by alkyl-DHAP synthase under these conditions. Based on the observations presented here and previously, a molecular mechanism for alkyl-DHAP synthase is proposed. PMID- 7096337 TI - Physical properties of estrogen receptor complexes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Differences with anti-estrogen and estrogen. PMID- 7096338 TI - The biosynthesis of rat serum albumin. In vivo studies on the formation of the disulfide bonds. AB - In order to learn at what stage the disulfide bonds of albumin are formed during its biosynthesis, we perfused rat livers with iodoacetamide and then isolated the intracellular precursor, proalbumin, from organelles known to be in the pathway of albumin synthesis and secretion. The alkylated cysteines in proalbumin were determined as a measure of its thiol groups in vivo. Proalbumin of smooth microsomes was found to contain a single thiol, which is proposed to be the noncoupling cysteine occurring residue 34 in circulating albumin. Proalbumin in rough microsomes contained an average of two cysteines; the additional cysteine thiol was largely situated in the COOH-terminal region and disappeared rapidly after blocking albumin synthesis with cycloheximide. In nascent chains of proalbumin, about 45% of the cysteine + cystine was in the thiol form. From these findings we propose that disulfide bond formation begins while the nascent chain is still attached to the ribosome and proceeds in an NH2 to COOH direction. The disulfide bonding apparently is completed into the endoplasmic reticulum. Possible intermediates in the process such as mixed disulfide forms of proalbumin with glutathione or cystamine were not detected. We suggest that cysteine-34 does not participate in disulfide bonding because the NH2 terminus of proalbumin remains loosely bound to the membrane, attached by a hydrophobic segment of the chain at residues 21-27. PMID- 7096339 TI - Separation of the mRNAs coding for different forms of chick embryo gizzard tropomyosin. AB - The fractionation of gizzard tropomyosin from 17-day-old chick embryos by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels indicates that this protein is composed of three different polypeptides that were designated as alpha, beta, and gamma. Each one of these polypeptides is resolved into two components with different isoelectric points when tropomyosin is fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis; the major components were designated as tropomyosins alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1 and the minor ones as tropomyosins alpha 2, beta 2, and gamma 2. The results of in vitro translation of gizzard RNA indicate that only tropomyosins alpha 1, beta 1, and gamma 1 are synthesized in the cell-free system. A partial separation of the mRNAs coding for tropomyosins alpha 1 and gamma 1 was obtained by fractionation of gizzard RNA by zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Altogether these results indicate that in gizzard tissue from 17-day-old chick embryos three genes coding for different forms of tropomyosin are expressed. PMID- 7096340 TI - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. The effects of solution pH and ligand binding. PMID- 7096341 TI - Crystallization and preliminary x-ray data for a glycosylated form of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. AB - A glycosylated form of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease B, has been crystallized in a form suitable for three-dimensional x-ray structure determination. Crystals grown from polyethylene glycol solutions display high resolution diffraction patterns indicating the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 59.2 (+/- 0.1), b = 56.0 (+/- 0.1), and c = 81.0 (+/- 0.2). A, V = 2.7 x 10(5) A3. With 8 molecules/unit cell Vm = 2.28 A3/dalton. The systemically weak intensity of all reflections with their l indices odd suggests the likely alignment of a noncrystallographic 2-fold axis near the crystal c axis. PMID- 7096342 TI - Sterol carrier protein2. Delivery of cholesterol from adrenal lipid droplets to mitochondria for pregnenolone synthesis. AB - The ability of sterol carrier protein2 (SCP2) to mediate transfer of unesterified cholesterol from adrenal lipid inclusion droplets to mitochondria has been tested in an in vitro model system. Unlike mitochondrial utilization of cholesterol added in acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide, the unesterified cholesterol of lipid droplets did not provide a readily available source of substrate for mitochondrial pregnenolone production, without the addition of a transport mediator. Addition of SCP2, but not albumin, stimulated mitochondrial utilization of droplet cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner. In the absence of mitochondria, SCP2 sequestered lipid droplet cholesterol, and in the presence of mitochondria, which were unable to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone, this cholesterol was quantitatively accumulated by mitochondria. Both processes were concentration-dependent and demonstrated a molar ratio of SCP2 and cholesterol for both binding and transport of 1. SCP2 also enhanced pregnenolone formation by mitochondria which were incubated in the absence of an extramitochondrial source of cholesterol. However, SCP2 had no effect on steroid release from a crude particulate fraction. These studies suggest that the effects of SCP2 are related to delivery of cholesterol from preformed stores to and into mitochondria for initiation of steroid hormone synthesis, and may represent an important modulator of sterol metabolism in adrenal cortical cells. PMID- 7096343 TI - Rat liver Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Subcellular location in lysosomes. AB - Rat liver Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, previously reported to be localized in the mitochondria intermembrane space in addition to the cytosol, is now found to be lysosomal. The enzyme has been shown to segregate coincidently with lysosomal enzymes and not mitochondrial enzymes from a subcellular granule fraction by three independent methods: 1) digitonin treatment, 2) hypotonic treatment, which selectively releases lysosomal enzymes into the supernatant prior to the release of mitochondrial enzymes, and 3) separation of mitochondria and lysosomes by isopycnic density centrifugation after in vivo loading of lysosomes with Triton WR-1339. The Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in lysosomes appears to be derived from cytosolic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, since microinjection of the enzyme into HeLa cells results in a partial redistribution from cytosol to lysosomes. In the rat, the amount of superoxide dismutase in the lysosomes varies with the nutritional state of the animal. Fasted animals have about 8% and fed animals about 2% of the total cellular superoxide dismutase in the lysosomes. This increase in lysosomal Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase upon fasting is consistent with what is known to occur with other soluble cytosolic proteins during autophagy. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is probably not located in mitochondria, as the enzyme found associated with this organelle on isopycnic density gradients may be attributed to lysosomal contamination. However, the possibility that a small amount (less than 0.1% of total cellular) is located in the mitochondria cannot be excluded. PMID- 7096344 TI - Octopine dehydrogenase from crown gall tumor and from Pecten maximus. Oxidation of (4R)- and (4S)-[4-3H]NADH. AB - The stereospecificity of octopine dehydrogenase from crown gall tumor and of octopine dehydrogenase from scallops (Pecten maximum) with respect to the oxidation of C-4 of the dihydronicotinamide ring of NADH was investigated by determination of the distribution of radioactivity after oxidation of (4R)- and (4S)-[4-3H]NADH. Octopine dehydrogenase from crown gall tumor and from scallops stereospecifically removes the pro-S hydrogen atom of the dihydronicotinamide ring with transfer of label to the solvent and to the product octopine (N-2-(1 carboxyethyl)-L-arginine). Although to a lesser extent, the exchange of label from (4S)-[4-3H]NADH with solvent was found to occur when octopine dehydrogenase from either crown gall tumor or from scallops was incubated in the absence of other substrates. Possible mechanisms to explain this exchange are discussed. PMID- 7096347 TI - Dolichol metabolism in rat liver. Determination of the subcellular distribution of dolichyl phosphate and its site and rate of de novo biosynthesis. AB - Two independent experiments indicated that the major subcellular site of de novo dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis in rat liver is in the microsomes. First, when purified subcellular fractions were assayed for long chain prenyltransferase activity, the profile obtained indicated exclusively a microsomal localization. Second, when liver slices were incubated 60 min with [14C]acetate and subcellular fractions were subsequently isolated, the microsomal fraction was found to contain greater than two-thirds of the total radioactivity incorporated into dolichyl phosphate. Chemical analysis of dolichyl phosphate in subcellular fractions showed substantial quantities in both the microsomal and mitochondrial lysosomal fractions. In contrast, dolichol was found primarily in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. The absolute in vitro rate of hepatic dolichyl phosphate synthesis was determined in liver slices and isolated hepatocytes by [14C]acetate labeling using [3H] water incorporation into cholesterol to correct for the dilution of the labeled acetate by the endogenous acetyl-CoA pool. From this value, an in vivo rate of de novo synthesis was estimated as 1.7-2.6 nmol of dolichyl phosphate/liver/day. This rate is more than 30 times the maximum possible rate of accumulation in liver of dietary dolichol (Keller, R. K., Jehle, E., and Adair, W. L., Jr. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 8985-8989). From the previously determined concentration of dolichyl phosphate in rate liver (Keller, R. K. Tamkun, J. M., and Adair, W. L. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 5831-5836) and the de novo rate of synthesis, it appears that the half-life of hepatic dolichyl phosphate is on the order of days. PMID- 7096345 TI - Formation and resealing of intercalator-induced DNA strand breaks in permeabilized L1210 cells without the stimulated synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose). AB - DNA strand breaks produced by damaging agents such as x-ray generally stimulate poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) (ADP-R) synthesis in mammalian cells. DNA intercalating agents induce the formation of strand breaks which are unusual in that they are associated with tightly or covalently bound protein. In order to determine whether the intercalator-induced strand breaks are associated with poly (ADP-R) synthesis, L1210 cells were treated with the intercalating agent, 4'-(9 acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Poly(ADP-R) synthesis, measured by [3H]NAD incorporation following cell permeabilization, was enhanced in x irradiated cells, but not in cells exposed to 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon m-anisidide at doses which produced equivalent strand breaks frequencies. The permeabilized cell system did not support DNA synthesis and x-ray-induced strand breaks did not reseal. The intercalator-induced strand breaks, however, resealed within 10 min. Hence, the strand breaks observed in intercalator-treated cells may not constitute DNA damage in the usual sense. The resealing of intercalator induced DNA breaks in the absence of DNA or poly(ADP-R) synthesis is unique among chemical or physical agents which produce DNA scissions. PMID- 7096346 TI - Binding of quinacrine, a fluorescent local anesthetic probe, to mammalian axonal membranes. Evidence for a local anesthetic receptor site. PMID- 7096348 TI - The amino acid sequence of a major polypeptide chain of earthworm hemoglobin. AB - The amino acid sequence has been determined for polypeptide chain AIII of the major component of the hemoglobin (erythrocruorin) from the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. The chain has 157 residues and a molecular weight of 17,496. Although the extent of sequence identity with other globin chains is only 17-18%, analysis of the sequence leads to the conclusion that the secondary structure of the chain is very similar to those of vertebrate globins and that about 60-70% of the amino acid residues are in alpha helices. The D helix appears to be missing, as it is from the alpha chain of human hemoglobin and from the monomeric hemoglobin of Glycera dibranchiata, another annelid worm. This is the first sequence obtained from one of the "giant" extracellular hemoglobins of invertebrate animals. PMID- 7096349 TI - The biosynthesis of oligosaccharide-lipids. Activation of mannosyltransferase II by specific phospholipids. AB - Mannosyltransferase II catalyzes transfer directly from GDP-mannose to an oligosaccharide-lipid resulting in the formation of the alpha-1,3-mannosyl linkage in Man alpha 1-3(Man alpha 1-6)Man beta-GlcNAc beta-GlcNac-P-P-lipid. The enzyme has been solubilized and purified 660-fold from rabbit liver microsomes (Jensen, J. W., and Schutzbach, J. S. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 12899-12904). Enzyme activity was reconstituted in the presence of specific phospholipids and evidence for the formation of an enzyme-phospholipid complex was obtained from kinetic studies, by the stabilization of the enzyme by phosphatidylethanolamine, and by co-sedimentation of the enzyme with phospholipid. Maximal activity was restored only when the enzyme was reconstituted in the presence of synthetic or naturally occurring phosphatidylethanolamine which contained unsaturated acyl chains. Investigation of the phospholipid specificity required for activation of the enzyme and results obtained with phospholipid vesicles of mixed composition suggest that the enzyme may have a requirement for phospholipids that can associate to form nonbilayer lipid structures in aqueous environments. PMID- 7096350 TI - Amplification of the metallothionein-I gene in cadmium- and zinc-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - A subclone of Chinese hamster ovary cells, R40F, has been selected for its unusually high resistance to lethal concentrations of Cd and Zn. Although there is a 33% loss in Cd resistance when R40F cells are cultured in the absence of exogenous metals, the Zn resistance remains unaltered. These cells are 80% tetraploid and demonstrate an increased capacity for metallothionein protein synthesis. When compared to wild type cells cultured in the absence of exogenous metals, R40F cells exposed to 200 M Cd for 48 h exhibited an approximate 200-fold increase in metallothionein-I (MT-I) protein. A 32P-labeled mouse MT-I cDNA was employed in solution hybridization studies to measure the level of MT-I mRNA in wild type and R40F cells. Cd (0.5 M) induces MT-I mRNA about 2.5- and 5-fold in wild type and resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells, respectively. When optimally induced, the resistant cells have about 80-fold more MT-I mRNA than the sensitive cells. Southern blot analysis of HincII-cleaved DNA indicates that the MT-I gene is amplified approximately 60- to 75-fold in R40F cells. PMID- 7096351 TI - Single crystals of the iron-sulfur enzyme aconitase. PMID- 7096352 TI - Role of non-histones in chromosome structure. Cell cycle variations in protein synthesis. AB - As part of a study of the role of non-histone proteins in chromosome structure, the synthesis of non-histones associated with interphase chromatin was investigated. Synchronized suspension cultures of HeLa cells were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine, and chromatin was prepared by mild micrococcal nuclease digestion. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in addition to one dimensional electrophoresis, was used to resolve the patterns of incorporation of radioactive label. Significant variations in non-histone synthesis were seen during the cell cycle. A strong correlation was not found between DNA synthesis in mid-S phase and variations in non-histone synthesis. The non-histone proteins of purified metaphase chromosomes were also characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and compared to the proteins of interphase chromatin. The pattern of non-histones is not identical with that of interphase chromatin, although a number of major species may be shared by interphase chromatin and metaphase chromosomes. The HeLa nuclear scaffold, the framework that maintains the overall morphology of the interphase nucleus, shows relatively few proteins on two dimensional gels. The synthesis of nuclear scaffold proteins was quantitated by excising each of 19 proteins from two-dimensional gels and determining the incorporated radioactivity by scintillation counting. Substantial variations in protein synthesis were found, with several species showing changes of about 2 fold in the percentage of incorporation. PMID- 7096353 TI - A structural model of human erythrocyte spectrin. Alignment of chemical and functional domains. AB - Proteolytic susceptibility has been used to probe the structure of human erythrocyte spectrin. Nine unique polypeptide segments have been defined by mild trypsin digestion (0 degrees C) and analyzed by two-dimensional peptide mapping techniques. These peptide segments, referred to operationally as chemical domains, exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to further proteolytic cleavage. One region (beta I) which contained the phosphorylated amino acids of the beta subunit was quite sensitive to proteolysis and was rapidly degraded to numerous small peptides. Overlap peptides produced by enzymatic and chemical cleavages were used to align each domain in the appropriate spectrin subunit. The molecular weights of the largest unique peptides from both subunits sum to the approximate weight of the intact molecule. Similarly, summation of the two dimensional peptide maps of the intermediate sized peptides approximates the two dimensional maps of the intact spectrin subunits, indicating that most or all of the molecule is represented. These results suggest that spectrin is composed of multiple, ordered, largely alpha-helical domains that are connected by small protease-sensitive segments. A comprehensive structural model is presented. PMID- 7096354 TI - Monoclonal antibodies as probes of domain structure of the spectrin alpha subunit. AB - A library of nine monoclonal antibodies which bind to the alpha subunit of human erythrocyte spectrin has been established. The specificity of these antibodies confirms the alignment and uniqueness of each of the five previously identified peptide domains in this subunit and establishes the identity of additional smaller proteolytic peptide fragments. This immunochemical approach is complementary to the identification of peptide relationships by two-dimensional chymotryptic peptide mapping, and the results of both methods are in complete agreement. PMID- 7096355 TI - On the phylogeny of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Nucleotide sequence of 5 S ribosomal RNA. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the major 5 S ribosomal RNA from the lower fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus has been determined. The sequence is 5' AAUCUACGGCCAUACAGAUAGUAACACACCGGAUCCCGUCUGAUCUCCGCAGUUAAGUCUCUCCUGGUAGCGUCAGUAC UAUGGUGGGGGACCACAUGGGAAUACGCUAUGUCGUAGGUU3'OH. The Phycomyces 5 S RNA sequence has invariant nucleotide positions characteristic of other eukaryotic 5 S RNAs and fits currently proposed secondary structural models. The Phycomyces of 5 S RNA shows relatively low overall sequence homology to the higher fungal (Ascomycetes) 5 S RNAs (56-60%) but shows higher sequence homology to those 5 S RNAs from Tetrahymena thermophila (68%), human KB cells (67%), and Spinacia oleracea (62%). A comparison of individual segments of the RNA also shows that the structure of Phycomyces 5 S RNA has several major differences from structures common to the higher fungi. Positions 2-14 are homologous with those of metazoan and some protozoan 5 S RNAs. At positions 30-45, the RNA sequence is closer to metazoan 5 S RNAs than to the Neurospora of Aspergillus 5 S RNAs. The Phycomyces 5 S RNA shares similar sequences with both Aspergillus and Tetrahymena 5 S RNAs at positions 79-99. Several other important homologies in primary and proposed secondary structures also have been observed in comparing Phycomyces 5 S RNA with animal and plant 5 S RNAs. We conclude that Phycomyces may not be as closely related phylogenetically to the Ascomycetes as previously thought. PMID- 7096356 TI - Cross-linking of actin filament networks by self-association and actin-binding macromolecules. AB - We have used low shear falling ball viscometry to measure the effects of actin purity, solution conditions, and cross-linking macromolecules on the formation of actin filament networks. Removal of minor contaminants from conventional muscle actin (Spudich, J. A., and Watt, S. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4866-4871) by gel filtration (MacLean-Fletcher, S. and Pollard, T.D. (1980c) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 96, 18-27), greatly promotes the interaction of the filaments. Purified actin filaments form a gel (apparent viscosity greater than 12,000 cp) at approximately 2 mg/ml whereas approximately 12 mg/ml of conventional actin filaments have a viscosity of less than 400 cp. The apparent viscosity of the filaments depends on pH and the concentration of monovalent and divalent cations. The viscosity of purified action filaments is more sensitive to such variables when compared to that of conventional actin filaments. Together these experiments suggest that actin filament self-associations contribute to the stabilization of actin gels. A number of basic macromolecules, including aldolase, histones, lysozyme, polylysine, and RNase A can bind to and crosslink conventional actin filaments to form a gel. Since it is unlikely that all of these molecules are bound to actin in vivo, experimental approaches in addition to viscometry and sedimentation must be applied to prove that a given protein functions as an actin cross-linking protein in the cell. PMID- 7096357 TI - Photochemical cross-linking between rabbit skeletal troponin and alpha tropomyosin. Attachment of the photoaffinity probe N-(4-azidobenzoyl-[2 3H]glycyl)-S-(2-thiopyridyl)-cysteine to cysteine 190 of alpha-tropomyosin. AB - The heterobifunctional photoaffinity probe N-(4-azidobenzoyl-[2-3H]glycyl)-S-(2 thiopyridyl)-cysteine was attached to cysteine 190 of alpha-tropomyosin to determine which component of rabbit skeletal troponin was in close proximity to cysteine 190. The troponin-tropomyosin complex was photolyzed in the presence and absence of Ca2+, and the radiolabeled troponin, (CM-Tn-AGC) was isolated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. CM-Tn-AGC was separated into its individual components of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography in 8 M urea, ethylene glycol bis(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and dithiothreitol. Radioactive measurements indicated that only troponin T (TnT) was radiolabeled. A limited 15 min chymotryptic digest of CM-Tn-AGC isolated from the CM-Tn-AGC-tropomyosin complex formed in the presence or absence of Ca2+ resulted in the isolation of T2 AGC (residues 156-259 of TnT) which bound to a tropomyosin-Sepharose affinity column. More proteolysis of CM-Tn-AGC allowed the isolation of T2'-AGC (residues 156-227). When the tropomyosin-troponin complex was photolyzed in the absence of Ca2+, as compared to the presence of Ca2+, there was a 1.7-fold increase in the cross-linking yield to troponin. This result suggests that there is a Ca2+ sensitive conformational change in the binding region of TnT around cysteine 190. A tightening of the complex around cysteine 190 in the absence of Ca2+ could explain the decrease in reaction of the arylnitrene with solvent. Proteolysis of T2 and sequence analysis of the radiolabeled peptides is now in progress. PMID- 7096358 TI - Effect of sulfhydryl group modification on the activities of 5-oxo-L-prolinase. AB - 5-Oxo-L-prolinase was isolated from rat kidney by a new procedure; highly active and apparently homogeneous enzyme was obtained in 50% yield after 1700-fold purification. The enzyme, which couples cleavage of ATP to ADP with that of 5-oxo L-proline to L-glutamate, is uncoupled by Ca2+, Co2+, or excess Mn2+ as well as by replacement of adenosine 5'-triphosphate or of 5-oxo-L-proline by certain analogs as previously reported. The enzyme has Mr = 325,000 and is composed of 2 apparently identical subunits. It contains 27 sulfhydryl groups/monomer, 6 of which can be titrated in the native enzyme and 2 of which are required for catalysis. One of the sulfhydryl groups that can be titrated with 5,5' dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and N-ethylmaleimide can be protected against modification by ATP or inosine 5'-triphosphate. The findings suggest that at least 1 sulfhydryl group is at or close to the nucleoside triphosphate binding site and is involved in cleavage of NTP. 5'-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine and 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl inosine interact with the sulfhydryl group involved in NTPase activity and also with another amino acid residue of the enzyme. The data provide additional strong evidence that (a) the enzyme can bind 5-oxo-L-proline in the absence of NTP, and that it can bind NTP in the absence of 5-oxo-L proline, and (b) the L-glutamate synthesis and NTP-cleaving activities are catalyzed by the same protein. PMID- 7096359 TI - The primary structure of the acidic phosphoprotein P2 from rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits. Comparison with ribosomal 'A' proteins from other species. AB - The primary structure of rat liver ribosomal protein P2 was deduced from the sequence of the peptides. Ten peptides were obtained by cleavage of P2 with trypsin. The peptides, which accounted for the 111 residues of P2, were isolated by high voltage electrophoresis and chromatography on cellulose thin layer sheets, and the partial or complete sequence was determined by micromanual or solid-phase procedures using 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate. In a similar manner, the sequence of 14 peptic peptides was determined. The sequence of the NH2-terminal 30 residues of P2 was obtained by automatic Edman degradation in a sequenator. The ordering of the tryptic peptides was aided by determination of the partial or complete sequence of fragments generated with chymotrypsin, or Armillaria mellea protease, or by secondary cleavage of peptic peptides with trypsin. The carboxyl-terminal sequence was obtained from a cyanogen bromide fragment and from hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase. The sequence of protein P3 was also determined. P3 differs from P2 only in that it lacks the carboxyl-terminal 8 residues, and hence, it is likely to be a proteolytic product of P2. Rat liver ribosomal protein P2 is homologous with yeast YP A1, with Artemia salina eL12, and with Halobacterium cutirubrum L20. It is likely that rat liver P2 is also homologous with the prokaryotic ribosomal "A" proteins, Escherichia coli L7/L12, Micrococcus lysodeikticus MA1, and Bacillus subtilis L9, but that during evolution, a transposition of a portion of the molecule occurred. PMID- 7096361 TI - Determination of anti-neuraminidase antibody titres in human sera by inhibition of the agglutination of fetuin-latex by influenza viruses. PMID- 7096363 TI - Estimation of residual free formaldehyde in oil-emulsion vaccines. PMID- 7096362 TI - The first International Reference Preparation of Tobramycin. PMID- 7096360 TI - Subunit heterogeneity in the lima bean lectin. AB - Three forms of lectin (components I, II, and III) from lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) have been purified on an affinity support containing the synthetic type A blood group trisaccharide alpha-D-GalNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to). Conversion of components I and II to component III has been achieved by reduction in 10(-2) M dithiothreitol. Isoelectric focusing of lima bean lectin in the presence of 8 M urea and beta-mercaptoethanol revealed charge heterogeneity of the lectin subunits. Three major subunit classes of apparent pI 7.05, 6.65, and 6.45, designated alpha, beta, and alpha', respectively, were identified; they occur in a relative abundance of 2:5:3. Green lima beans harvested before maturity lacked the alpha' subunit (pI 6.45) which appears to accumulate during seed maturation. The three subunits are glycoproteins of identical size and immunochemical reactivity. Identical NH2 terminal sequences were found for the three subunits. Amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping indicated that the observed charge heterogeneity is probably due to differences in the primary structure of the subunits. Studies of subunit composition of charge isolectins provided evidence of nonrandom subunit assembly. A model is proposed involving pairing of a pI 6.65 subunit with either a pI 7.06 or 6.45 subunit to form dimeric units. Possible roles for subunit heterogeneity and ordered subunit assembly in determining the metal and sugar binding properties of lima bean lectin are discussed. PMID- 7096365 TI - Deterioration of tetanus antitoxin at 4-8 degrees C. PMID- 7096364 TI - Study of the immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated whole-virion influenza vaccine in human volunteers. PMID- 7096366 TI - A hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of osteonal remodelling by fatigue damage. AB - This paper presents a theory describing mechanisms by which repetitive stress initiates remodelling in compact bone. The theory is based on the observation that the lamellar structure of osteons arrests and traps microcracks produced by cyclic loading. Debonding of an osteon by a crack may produce changes in the Haversian canal wall adjacent to the crack which initiate a new secondary osteon. The repair of damaged areas by secondary osteons prevents the accumulation of microdamage due to repetitive loading and protects compact bone from fatigue failure. PMID- 7096368 TI - Stress distributions in the acetabular region--I. Before and after total joint replacement. AB - Two-dimensional finite element analyses of the acetabular region before and after hip replacement were conducted. The distribution of pressure at the acetabular surface for the single limb stance phase of gait was transformed to nodal loads to stimulate in vivo loading conditions. A nonhomogeneous distribution of bone elastic properties was incorporated in the models. The results demonstrated that the principal stresses in the normal acetabulum were aligned with the principal orientations of the trabeculae. Total joint replacement increased the von Mises' equivalent stresses in the cancellous bone immediately superior to the acetabular cup, and increased stresses in the medial wall of the ilium. Biaxial, tension compression stresses were created in the layer of bone cement and introduced in the medial wall of the ilium. Tensile stresses in the bone cement were greatest at the superior roof and at the inferior margin of the cup. Tensile stresses in the cup were more pronounced at the margins, particularly near the inferior lip. The cup tended to close in such a manner as to grip the head of the femoral component as it was pressed between the medial and lateral walls of the ilium. PMID- 7096367 TI - Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling. AB - Removal of the ulna in mature sheep causes a slight increase in peak principal walking strains in the radius which can be recorded by rosette strain gauges. The overstrain on the cranial surface of the radius (20%) was more than twice that on the caudal surface (8%) yet over the 50 weeks following ulnar osteotomy new bone was deposited predominantly on the bone's caudal periosteal surface. The total amount of new bone deposited on the radius replaced the area of bone in the removed ulna, thus equilibrating strains due to compression between osteotomised and non-osteomised limbs. Strains due to bending, and consequently total strains, were reduced to below normal suggesting that mechanically adaptive bone remodelling may not be related to absolute strain levels but to the relative distribution of strain. New bone formation can therefore be stimulated as the result of a mechanical reorganization in which total strains are lower than those which normally occur. The new bone deposited on the caudal cortex of the radius became intensively remodelled with secondary osteons while that on the cranial surface remained in its primary form. This suggests that osteonal remodelling may not always be a simple reparative process but may be one influenced by the strain situation possibly to improve the structure and physical properties of the tissue. PMID- 7096369 TI - Stress distributions in the acetabular region--II. Effects of cement thickness and metal backing of the total hip acetabular component. AB - A two-dimensional finite element study was undertaken to establish the stresses in the acetabular region after total joint replacement. The influence of cement thickness and the effect of metal backing on the polyethylene cup were explored. Increasing cement thickness (from 1 to 3 to 5 mm) caused a decrease in the von Mises' equivalent stresses in the cement and surrounding cancellous bone. A more dramatic reduction in these stresses was found when a 2 mm thick cobalt-chromium alloy backing was added to the cup. The results indicate that increasing the stiffness of the composite implant by either method is helpful but that the metal backing causes a more efficient transfer of the stresses to the walls of the ilium. The finding strongly suggests that the use of a metal-backed acetabular component will help to delay or prevent cup loosening and migration in total hip replacement patients. PMID- 7096370 TI - Three-dimensional osteometric scaling and normative modelling of skeletal segments. AB - Many analytical biomechanics methods require extensive three-dimensional descriptions of anatomical geometry. In particular, researchers requiring the three-dimensional coordinates of specific boney landmarks (e.g. tendon and ligament attachments) are often forced to extrapolate such measurements from an experimental specimen set to their subject geometry. This work offers an approach to two problems inherent above; accurate extrapolation of specimen landmark locations to subject homologues and statistical accumulation of normative three dimensional anatomical landmark data bases. A least squares solution for an affine scaling transformation from specimen to subject is used which incorporates both right-left and same hand comparisons. A two stage technique is formulated to consecutively remove landmark location variation and to size a normative specimen from a set of similar specimens. This ability to statistically represent a specimen set will provide better geometric models for other analytical studies and prosthetic design and evaluation. PMID- 7096371 TI - A viscoelastic model for collagen fibres. PMID- 7096372 TI - Calibration and performance of a 3-dimensional television system for kinematic analysis. AB - A three-dimensional television system for kinematic analysis has been developed using television cameras connected to a digital computer. Reflective markers on the limbs of the subject are illuminated by stroboscopes, and show up as bright spots in the television image. A television/computer interface generates the two dimensional coordinates of these spots, and stores them on disk for later analysis. A three-dimensional calibration procedure has been developed which requires an initial survey to be made of the measurement area, but thereafter takes only a few minutes to perform on a day-to-day basis. The television system has been in routine use for over a year, and it has proved rapid, reliable and easy to use, both for purely kinematic studies, and together with a pair of forceplates for combined kinetic/kinematic studies. PMID- 7096373 TI - Closed loop problems in biomechanics. Part I--a classification system. AB - Biomechanics researchers have relied heavily on the inverse dynamics approach for calculating the forces and torques at human joints. However, implicit in this approach is the assumption that there are sufficient independent equations of motion to uniquely determine these unknown kinetics. There exists a class of problems, commonly referred to as closed loop problems, when there are insufficient equations and indeterminacy arises. The purposes of the present paper are (1) to develop a general classification system of closed loop problems for whole body movements; and (2) to identify the minimum number of force transducing devices necessary to uniquely determine joint kinetics for these problems. The classification system is based on the human subject's interaction with his environment and with himself. Two criteria are considered: first, the number of the subject's extremities in contact with fixed external reference systems, and second, the number of closed loops formed by those extremities not in contact with fixed external systems. Different combinations of these two criteria are examined and grouped into five cases according to the degree to which the equations of motion are over-determined, determined, or under determined. Examples are given to illustrate the concepts. It is felt that the use of this system should aid in the understanding of joint force and torque calculations, especially with regard to the under-determined cases. PMID- 7096374 TI - Closed loop problems in biomechanics. Part II--an optimization approach. AB - A closed loop problem in biomechanics may be defined as a problem in which there are one or more closed loops formed by the human body in contact with itself or with an external system. Under certain conditions the problem is indeterminate- the unknown forces and torques outnumber the equations. Force transducing devices, which would help solve this problem, have serious drawbacks, and existing methods are inaccurate and non-general. The purposes of the present paper are (1) to develop a general procedure for solving closed loop problems; (2) to illustrate the application of the procedure; and (3) to examine the validity of the procedure. A mathematical optimization approach is applied to the solution of three different closed loop problems--walking up stairs, vertical jumping and cartwheeling. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the method described is reasonably successful for predicting horizontal and vertical reaction forces at the distal segments although problems exist for predicting the points of application of these forces; (2) the results provide some support for the notion that the human neuromuscular mechanism attempts to minimize the joint torques and thus, to a certain degree, the amount of muscular effort; (3) in the validation procedure it is desirable to have a force device for each of the distal segments in contact with a fixed external system; and (4) the method is sufficiently general to be applied to all classes of closed loop problems. PMID- 7096375 TI - Identification of human lower extremity dynamics in torsion. AB - A four degrees of freedom, damped, linear oscillator model of the lower extremity in torsion was identified through laboratory frequency response tests. The foot was rotated sinusoidally in the medial-lateral plane through the 1-20 HZ frequency band at the constant amplitudes 2, 4 and 6 degrees. Weight bearing on the foot, muscle-induced bias torsion and knee flexion were also test variables. Identification was undertaken by minimizing the squared difference between the measured and predicted transfer functions of the pelvis and foot. The model specification and the laboratory identification procedures were the focus of this work. Variations greater than 30% in the identification stiffness, damping and inertia values were predicted over the test variable ranges. The transfer functions recorded in these tests indicated the lower extremity can be modeled as a compliance between a foot inertia and the pelvis-torso inertia. Joint compression, induced by weight bearing, and muscle contraction, measured by the bias torsional moment at the foot, increased the torsional stiffness of the knee, ankle and pelvis model elements, and they had an indeterminate influence on the hip stiffness. The model knee and hip stiffnesses and the model pelvis-torso inertia were maximized, and the model ankle stiffness was minimized at the maximum foot rotation amplitude. PMID- 7096376 TI - Two models of instability in a thick-walled collapsible tube conveying a flow. PMID- 7096377 TI - A system for measuring dynamic pressure distribution under the human foot. PMID- 7096378 TI - Systems anthropometry: development of a stereoradiographic measurement system. PMID- 7096380 TI - Passive stress-strain relation for the right ventricle in diastole. AB - Wall thickness and medial line radii of an in vitro canine heart are measured. These data are assumed to be characteristic of the in vivo ventricles subject to zero pressure, and in the absence of filling. The myocardium is taken to be homogeneous, isotropic, non-linearly elastic, and incompressible. The right ventricular free wall is modeled as a circular arch of constant thickness, fixed at the interventricular groove. Circumferential stress is determined from thrust, and circumferential strain from displacement, both at the crown of the midwall. Our purpose was to obtain a stress-strain relationship without inertia and ventricular filling, termed passive. The passive circumferential stress-strain relation for the right ventricle in diastole is shown to be an exponential equation with two parameters. These parameters are related to the product of material constants of in vivo heart, and functions of right ventricular geometry in terms of the ratio of wall thickness to arch radius, and the terminal value of the central angle. Using mean values of observations, right and left ventricular passive curves are plotted over the same representative strain interval in an example from lowest diastolic pressure to the start of atrial contraction. PMID- 7096381 TI - Peristaltic transport of a two-layered model of physiological fluid. AB - The problem of peristaltic transport of a two-fluid (peripheral and core fluid) model in a non-uniform tube and channel has been investigated under long wavelength approximation. A comparison of these results with those for without peripheral layer fluid shows that the magnitude of the pressure rise under a given set of conditions is smaller in the case of with peripheral layer fluid. For a given non zero pressure drop, the flow rate increases as the viscosity of the peripheral layer fluid decrease. However, for zero pressure drop, the flow rate is independent of the presence of peripheral layer fluid. Pressure rise in the case of non-uniform geometry is found to be much smaller than the corresponding values in the case of uniform geometry. The analysis has been applied and compared with the observed flow rates of spermatic fluid (semen) in vas deferens of rhesus monkeys and to the experimental results of Weinberg et al. (1971). PMID- 7096379 TI - The biomechanical behavior of healing canine radii and ribs. AB - An experimental study and accompanying theoretical study of the biomechanics of healing canine ribs and radii have been conducted. Biomechanical behavior of the healing bones was determined experimentally by whole bone structural tests in four point bending. The experimental results indicated that the non-weight bearing ribs regained bending stiffness more rapidly than bending stiffness, while the weight-bearing radii regained bending stiffness more rapidly than bending strength. These differences were not found to correlate with differences in overall callus biochemistry, but physical examinations of the bone suggested that differences in callus morphological details between the two bone types might offer an explanation. Utilizing a theoretical model, a parameter study of the influence of callus geometry and morphology on bending behavior was conducted. The results of the parameter study demonstrate that the experimentally observed variations in the amount and distribution of callus materials and in bone geometry can produce the qualitative biomechanical differences measured experimentally. The results of the parameter study also demonstrate that bending stiffness must be used with caution as a healing criterion since it does not necessarily reflect structural strength. PMID- 7096382 TI - Temperature elevations in orthopaedic cutting operations. AB - Temperature measurements were made in bovine cortical bone using two cutting burst at 20,000 and 100,000 rpm and two reciprocating saw blades at 20,000 strokes per minute. A combination of feed rates and depths of cuts were investigated for the cutting burs. Cortical temperatures decreased as a result of increases in feed rate, but increased as the depth of cut increased. Temperature increase due to an increase in rotational speed was dependent upon the particular bur. The cutting forces were observed to increase with feed rate and depth of cut, but to decrease with increased rotational speed. The effect of saw design and irrigation had a significant effect on the cortical temperature. Without irrigation, the bone temperature exceeded temperatures reported to produce thermal necrosis. Clinical tests during total joint replacement indicated saw temperatures exceeding 200 degrees C when irrigation was not used. PMID- 7096383 TI - Streaming potential and the electromechanical response of physiologically-moist bone. AB - Two competing mechanisms--piezoelectricity and the streaming potential--have been proposed for the origin of electrical signals produced by the bending of physiologically-moist bone. We focus here on the streaming potential and present new experimental data in an attempt to identify the dominant mechanism. We note, however, that a clear choice cannot be made solely from qualitative observations of the bending of wet bone specimens, as both mechanisms depend in the same way on the gradient of the strain from the compression to tension faces of the specimen, where the electrodes are located, and both mechanisms produce a current proportional to the strain rate. The relation between this current and the measured voltage is shown to be influenced by specimen mechanical relaxation, which has a much longer time constant than the RC decay of the equivalent circuit. To develop more information on the streaming potential in bone, direct measurements were performed: eletrolytes of various ionic concentrations and viscosities were forced through a flat disc of bone and the potential difference across the specimen measured for corresponding fluid pressure differences. Bending tests for bone specimens soaked in the same solution used in the direct streaming potential study suggest that streaming potentials dominate piezoelectricity in wet bone bending. PMID- 7096384 TI - Experimental determination of whole long bone sectional properties. AB - A strain gage based experimental method is presented which provides an alternative to use of area sectional properties for obtaining the cross sectional centroids, flexural rigidities and axial stiffness of whole bone specimens. While area sectional property computations require detailed records on the geometry of cross sections, the experimental method presented here requires only gage locations plus the applied loads and recorded strains. Both techniques are used to analyze the midshaft sectional properties of canine radii. The results demonstrate the advantage of the experimental method for the analysis of heterogeneous cross sections with an unknown distribution of bone elastic modulus. By applying the experimental and area methods together, effective elastic modulus values for the sections were obtained. PMID- 7096385 TI - An axisymmetric model of acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty. AB - An axisymmetric finite element model with nonaxisymmetric loading of an acetabular arthroplasty and the surrounding pelvic bone is presented. Model variations include ultra high density polyethylene acetabular components of varying wall thicknesses and metal backed ultra high density polyethylene components. Each of the two component types is modeled as implanted within an acetabulum with intact subchondral bone and within an acetabulum without subchondral bone. Thin wall polyethylene acetabular prostheses are predicted to increase, relative to thick wall components, maximum stresses in the cement-bone composite. Trabecular bone stresses are predicted to increase with the removal of subchondral bone. Stiffer metal-backed acetabular components are predicted to reduce maximum cement and bone stresses and to abridge the effects of altered component wall thickness and of subchondral bone removal. PMID- 7096386 TI - Dynamic response of arterial walls in vivo. AB - By the use of non-linear constitutive equations suitable for the characterization of anisotropic viscoelastic incompressible materials under finite deformations, the paper is devoted to analytical study on the dynamic stress field in arterial walls under the combined action of the pressure of blood on the inner surface and the pressure from the neighbouring components of the body on the outer surface. By using short time range approximations, the magnitudes of the radial and circumferential stresses are examined at various locations of the vascular wall and for different time intervals. It is observed that consideration of the mechanical influence of the external tissues and the inertial forces makes the derived stress field quite close to the experimental results reported recently by Fung et al. (1979), in comparison to the results of Cheung et al. (1972), who did not consider the aforementioned factors. It can thus be concluded that these factors need be considered for the studies of the stress field in arteries in vivo. PMID- 7096387 TI - Cartilages is poroelastic, not viscoelastic (including an exact theorem about strain energy and viscous loss, and an order of magnitude relation for equilibration time). AB - Cartilage is often called viscoelastic, yet when strain lags stress in cartilage it is not primarily because of effects within the material of the cartilage skeleton itself. It is because the cartilage skeleton is bathed in fluid. Except in pure shear deformation, attaining equilibrium strain requires that pore fluid flow within the cartilage. Viscous forces retard this flow. This behavior is known as poroelastic. The equilibrium time is of the order L2/(Y sigma), where Y is the Young's modulus, sigma the permeability of the cartilage, and L is the length of the path along which liquid flows during equilibration. I show that this is true for any consolidation experiment, whatever the direction of consolidation and the direction of liquid flow. In the course of this demonstration I prove that if load is applied abruptly to a Hookean material and is thereafter held constant, the strain energy at equilibrium equals the energy dissipated in the material during equilibration. PMID- 7096388 TI - A technique for measuring instantaneous in vitro contact stress distributions in articular joints. PMID- 7096389 TI - The effects of cocaine and lignocaine on the rat right ventricle in vitro. AB - 1 The effects of cocaine and lignocaine on the contractile responses to field stimulation and to exogenously applied agents, in the absence of other stimuli, have been investigated in the rat right ventricle using methods we have recently described (Doggrell & Vincent, 1981a). In addition the effects of 3H accumulation from (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline and on the spontaneous and field stimulation-induced overflow of 3H, following preloading of the tissue with (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline, are reported. 2 Cocaine, but not lignocaine, inhibited the accumulation of 3H from (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline. The spontaneous overflow of 3H, following preloading of the tissue with (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline was not altered by cocaine, 10 microM, or lignocaine, 100 microM. 10 microM Lignocaine had no effect on the overflow of 3H evoked by field stimulation at 5Hz. Lignocaine, 100 microM, increased and cocaine, 1 and 10 microM, reduced the decline in evoked release of 3H. This effect of lignocaine probably represents a decrease in nerve excitability and that of cocaine inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline. 3 Cocaine, 1 microM, reduced the rate of beat response to tyramine, 1 microM, alone probably by inhibiting the neuronal uptake process. 4 Cocaine, 1 and 10 microM, had no effect on the contractile responses to field stimulation (at 2 and/or 5 Hz). The rate of beat (-)-noradrenaline or (-)-isoprenaline, 1 microM, alone was decreased by cocaine, 10 microM. Lignocaine, 10 microM, reduced the force of contractions to field stimulation at 5 Hz and the responses to (-)-noradrenaline or (-) isoprenaline alone. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects of cocaine and lignocaine on responses to (-)-isoprenaline in the rat right ventricle are due to a decreased postjunctional membrane excitability. The inability of 10 microM cocaine to potentiate contractile responses to endogenous or exogenous (-) noradrenaline as a consequence of the inhibition of neuronal uptake is also probably due in part to decreased post-junctional excitability of the right ventricle. PMID- 7096390 TI - Non-atropinic anticholinergic action of quinidine on the ferret stomach. AB - 1 The effect of quinidine on the cholinergic response of the ferret gastric corpus was investigated in vivo and in vitro. 2 In vivo, the atropine sensitive contractions of the gastric corpus evoked by stimulation of the cervical vagus in the anaesthetized ferret were antagonized by quinidine (10-30 mg/kg). 3 In vitro, quinidine (10 micrograms/ml) antagonized the contractile response elicited by transmural stimulation (T.M.) of strips of corpus. At this dose of quinidine, the response to acetylcholine at doses adjusted to match the response to T.M. stimulation were unaffected. At higher doses of quinidine (50 micrograms/ml) the response to stimulation of the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones was also antagonized. 4 These results indicate that, at low doses, quinidine has an inhibitory effect on the cholinergic neurones. PMID- 7096391 TI - Perthes' disease: is the epiphysial infarction complete? PMID- 7096392 TI - The treatment of Perthes' disease. The results of a trial of management. AB - Eighty-four children suffering from Perthes' disease are reviewed. The policy of management for these patients was one by which 55 per cent of the cases had no active treatment and the remainder were treated by operation. Results of the series show an improvement over a previously reported series of untreated controls, particularly where clinical management had been possible throughout the disease process. The importance of early definitive treatment for Group 4 cases is stressed. It is concluded that in the early stages where "head-at-risk" signs are not present, treatment may be conservative. Should these signs develop later the long-term result is not prejudiced if operative treatment is undertaken promptly. PMID- 7096393 TI - The incidence of Perthes' disease in three population groups in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. AB - Perthes' disease is thought to be rare in black children but no figures of incidence have previously been available. A search was therefore made for cases of the disease occurring in the Eastern Cape during the five-year period 1975 to 1979. Of 55 cases found, 38 were in white children, 11 in children of mixed ancestry ("coloured" children) and six in black children. The annual incidence in white children aged 14 years and under was 10.8 per 100 000, in coloured children 1.7 per 100 000, and in black children 0.45 per 100 000. In all races the incidence in the metropolitan area of Port Elizabeth was roughly twice that in the rural part of the region. The reason for the low incidence in coloured and black children is not known but various factors are suggested. PMID- 7096395 TI - Pelvic obliquity and the unstable hip after poliomyelitis. PMID- 7096394 TI - Synovectomy of the hip in juvenile chronic arthritis. PMID- 7096396 TI - The total femoral prosthesis. A preliminary report. AB - The use of a total femoral prosthesis can offer a realistic alternative to amputation or disarticulation. The limited indications for such a prosthesis in the surgical management of primary bone tumours and pathological fractures still exist. In this specialised clinic there is an increased need to replace the entire femur where repeated procedures have failed, from loss of bone stock with infection or because of non-union in the presence of a prosthesis. Over the past eight years, four basic models have been developed. The most recent designs allow for the preservation of non-involved bone or for stable support where there is complete acetabular destruction. PMID- 7096397 TI - Absence of metabolic bone disease in the proximal femur in patients with fracture of the femoral neck. AB - A clinical, radiological and histopathological study of femoral heads from 125 patients with fracture of the neck of the femur and from 30 cadavers was carried out to identify various risk factors. The findings showed that the Singh index was unreliable as a radiological indicator of the bone content of the femoral heads; that the bone content of the femoral head in patients sustaining a fracture of the femoral neck did not differ from that of the controls; that osteomalacia was not found in any of the heads examined; and that the distribution of trabecular microfractures did not support the hypothesis that fracture of the neck was the result of progressive fatigue. It was concluded that the single most important factor leading to fracture in this Australian population was injury caused by falls and that such injury was frequently associated with other disease processes. PMID- 7096400 TI - The tibial plateau. AB - The suggestion that the knee behaves like a closed kinematic chain has been tested experimentally. The tibial joint surfaces were replaced by a deformable material and new surfaces were moulded by flexion and extension of the knee. The results support the closed kinematic chain theory; the newly moulded joint surfaces strikingly resemble the original joint surfaces. Inferences are drawn to explain why a fracture of the tibial condyle will remould with early mobilisation of the knee; why a jerk is elicited in tests for anterolateral instability; and why a flexion-compression force alone is unlikely to damage the menisci. PMID- 7096399 TI - The fixation of a proximal tibial polyethylene prosthesis without cement. PMID- 7096398 TI - Spontaneous fractures of the femoral neck after total replacement of the knee. PMID- 7096401 TI - Surgical treatment of thoracic disc herniation using the anterior approach. PMID- 7096402 TI - Unilateral spondylolysis. AB - Five vertebrae with unilateral spondylolysis are presented. The associated asymmetry of the posterior elements supports the concept of a localised form of growth deficiency. The defect is difficult to demonstrate radiologically, and is perhaps present more frequently than is recognised. It should be suspected clinically from asymmetry of the neural arch and from unilateral wedging of the vertebral body, and may be demonstrated by further radiographic examination. The clinical significance is uncertain, but one patient is presented in whom unilateral spondylolysis was associated with intermittent sciatic pain. PMID- 7096404 TI - Tendon tethering in the carpal tunnel due to amyloidosis in Bence-Jones myelomatosis. PMID- 7096405 TI - Long-term results of silicone rubber implants for Kienbock's disease. AB - Between 1971 and 1976 eight patients underwent excision of the carpal lunate for pain from Kienbock's disease. The bone was replaced by a silicone rubber implant. An average of 84 months had elapsed when they were reviewed in December 1980. All eight were very satisfied with their operations. Objectively, the clinical results were good, but radiographs showed the presence of degenerative change in the region of the wrist and alteration of the position of the prosthesis on ulnar deviation of the hand. No implant has had to be removed. PMID- 7096403 TI - Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint. Incidence, classification and treatment. AB - Injuries to the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint are not common, and the results of treatment are often unsatisfactory. Since no individual is likely to see many such injuries, we decided to make a retrospective study of patients from five different centres. In this way 119 patients with injuries of the Lisfranc joint have been collected. This paper classifies these injuries and describes their incidence, mechanism of production, methods of treatment, results and complications. Sixty-nine of the patients attended for review: 35 of these had been treated by closed methods, 27 had had an open reduction and seven patients had had no treatment. On the basis of our study we suggest that these injuries should be classified according to the type of injury rather than the nature of the deforming force and that their treatment be based upon this classification. It seems that, whatever the severity of the initial injury, prognosis depends on accurate reduction and its maintenance. PMID- 7096406 TI - Malunited fractures of the forearm in children. AB - Malunion of fractures of the forearm in children can lead to permanent disability. The capacity of the radius and ulna to remodel spontaneously after malunion has been assessed in this study. Forty-nine children who had malunited fractures of the forearm were examined when the remodelling process was complete. It was noted that fractures of the distal third of the radius and ulna led to fewer problems than those of the diaphysis. It was concluded that malunion of the distal third of the radius and the ulna will remodel satisfactorily providing the child is less than 14 years of age. Gross malunion of the midshaft of the radius and ulna will spontaneously correct in an infant but little useful correction of deformity can be anticipated in diaphysial fractures when the child is aged eight years or more. PMID- 7096407 TI - Pseudodislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. PMID- 7096408 TI - Periosteal chondrosarcoma and periosteal osteosarcoma. Two distinct entities. AB - This review of 27 cases serves to emphasis that periosteal chondrosarcoma and periosteal osteosarcoma are two distinct entities. Clinically, periosteal chondrosarcoma is less painful than periosteal osteosarcoma and runs a slower course. Radiographically, periosteal chondrosarcoma tends to affect the metaphysis and contains granular or "popcorn" opacities; while periosteal osteosarcoma more often affects the mid-diaphysis and shows lytic lesions with some spicules of reactive bone perpendicular to the underlying cortex. Histologically, periosteal chondrosarcoma shows lobular well-differentiated cartilage with Grade I or II (rarely Grade III) malignancy; periosteal osteosarcoma has a chondroid matrix with some osteoid component and Grade II or III malignancy. The prognosis in periosteal chondrosarcoma is good; conservative surgery is usually effective and metastases are very uncommon. In periosteal osteosarcoma the prognosis is less satisfactory but is better than that of other osteosarcomata; wide surgical excision is, however, needed and the incidence of metastases is about 15 per cent. PMID- 7096409 TI - Clinical variation in dyschondrosteosis. A report on 13 individuals in 8 families. AB - Thirteen patients with dyschondrosteosis from eight families are reviewed and their clinical and radiographic variation noted. Inheritance is likely to be autosomal dominant but with only 50 per cent penetrance. Stature was moderately reduced, due to shortening of the bones of the leg. Radio-ulnar shortening could either involve both bones equally or the radius predominantly, in which case a typical Madelung deformity was seen. Tibio-fibular disproportion was present in half the patients, two of them having severe deformity associated with tibia varum and a long fibula. The treatment of one of these patients is described. It is recommended that patients with dyschondrosteosis should be kept under surveillance during the growing period. Problems in the limbs, especially the legs, may require operations to equalise the length of the two bones. PMID- 7096410 TI - Cine radiography in cervical spondylosis as a means of determining the level for anterior fusion. AB - A series of 75 patients who had undergone anterior cervical fusion between 1965 and 1977 were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: those in Group A had had the level of fusion indicated by cine radiography, whereas in Group B the level had been determined by plain radiographs and clinical symptoms and signs. Results showed that cine radiography was the more accurate diagnostic technique. Accurate diagnosis of the level to be fused, the careful clinical selection of patients and sound bony union were found to be vital to the success of anterior cervical fusion. The incidence of pseudarthrosis was significant in single-level fusions and was even greater in double-level fusions and in patients with a history of trauma, especially whiplash injuries. It was rare to develop recurrence of symptoms in adjacent levels after fusion of a level localised by cine radiography. PMID- 7096411 TI - The role of radiculography in the management of lesions of the lumbar disc. PMID- 7096412 TI - Acute spinal cord compression in Scheuermann's disease. AB - Acute myelopathy is a rare complication of Scheuermann's disease. Three patients are reported where spinal cord compression occurred at the apex of a kyphos. All were male, aged 14, 18 and 20 years, and each had a profound neurological defect associated with a short, sharp kyphos in the low thoracic region. Each patient underwent anterior decompression and all made an almost full recovery. It is deduced that factors which may influence the onset of cord compression include the angle of kyphosis, the number of segments involved, the rate of change of the angle, local anatomical variations, trauma, and possible secondary impairment of the vasculature of the cord. PMID- 7096413 TI - Spontaneous transposition of the spinal cord. PMID- 7096414 TI - Odontoid fractures. A rational approach to treatment. AB - Twenty-three adults with fractures of the odontoid process are reviewed. Te possible reasons for the high rate of non-union in reported series are considered: these include the type of fracture, its displacement, the presence of a gap at the fracture site, imperfect reduction and inadequate immobilisation. Type 2 fractures (at the base of the odontoid process) are the commonest and also the most liable to nonunion. In their treatment, reduction is important; as seen in the lateral radiograph at least two-thirds of the fracture surfaces should be in contact. Skull traction is not advised and halo-cast fixation is the treatment of choice; with this method 87.5 per cent of recent odontoid fractures united. PMID- 7096415 TI - The management of os odontoideum. Analysis of 37 cases. AB - Thirty-seven patients treated for os odontoideum are reviewed. In 20 patients the treatment was conservative and in 17 consisted of occipitocervical or atlanto axial fusion. Two patients died after the operation and another, who lived abroad, was lost to follow-up. The remaining 34 patients were followed up for an average of eight years: 19 improved, 14 were unchanged and one deteriorated. In the subgroup of 25 patients without cord signs, there were no significant differences between the two modes of treatment. Analysis of the radiological features of the upper cervical spine in 21 patients revealed a minimal sagittal diameter of less than 13 millimetres to be associated with a high risk of permanent cord damage. There was no correlation with the degree of instability per se. On the basis of this analysis, guidelines are suggested for the management of patients with an os odontoideum. PMID- 7096416 TI - Brucellosis of the spine. A report of 3 cases. AB - Three cases of spinal osteomyelitis due to brucellosis are reported, all in women. Radiological confirmation was delayed for at least three months after the first clinical manifestation, while in one patient a bone scan was positive at an early stage. In two of the three cases the diagnosis was delayed because of insufficient awareness of the disease. Spinal osteomyelitis caused by Brucella is indistinguishable radiologically from that caused by other micro-organisms and needle aspiration or exploration is frequently performed to establish the correct diagnosis. Increased awareness of brucellosis and the carrying out of appropriate blood cultures and serological tests may make these procedures unnecessary. PMID- 7096417 TI - Spontaneous sternal collapse. PMID- 7096418 TI - A diagnostic approach to tuberculosis of bones and joints. PMID- 7096421 TI - Traumatic epidermoid cyst of the ulna. Report of a case. PMID- 7096420 TI - The production of a one-bone forearm as a salvage procedure after haematogenous osteomyelitis. A case report. PMID- 7096419 TI - Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis. AB - Seventy-seven children admitted with a provisional diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis over a three year period have been reviewed. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis was confirmed in 45 of these patients whose ages varied from three days to 14 years with a mean of 6.2 years. All patients were treated with intravenous fusidic acid and cloxacillin with splintage for three weeks followed by oral antibiotics for a further period of six weeks. Only seven patients required operation. One patient had recurrence of infection; all other patients were cured with no evidence of chronic osteomyelitis. It is suggested that surgical drainage of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is seldom needed and that high intravenous doses of antibiotics in combination with splintage are adequate treatment in most cases. PMID- 7096422 TI - Acute blue fingers in women. AB - A previously undescribed syndrome affecting the fingers of women is presented. The patients experience a sharp pain and then the fingers become blue and numb. The discoloration resolves within 72 hours without the changes normally associated with an ecchymosis. Clinical and haematological examination of six patients failed to show any common factors or associated systemic disease. This syndrome is of no clinical significance to the patient, but it is important for clinicians to be aware of it because the acute phase can cause anxiety, suggesting more serious vascular disease. PMID- 7096424 TI - Bilateral replacement of the hip and knee in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Twenty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had undergone bilateral replacement of the hip and knee were reviewed at a mean follow-up time of 51.6 months. A further operation was necessary in five patients due to complications of replacement of the knee, and seven patients still had significant pain in at least one replaced joint. There were no cases of infection due to operation. Seventeen of the patients still used walking aids, but one-third of these did so because of pain in joints that had not been replaced. Patients preferred painless total replacement of the hip to that of the knee. PMID- 7096423 TI - The sustained release of antimicrobial drugs from bone cement. An appraisal of laboratory investigations and their significance. AB - The release of gentamicin sulphate, sodium fusidate and diethanolamine fusidate from Palacos and CMW cements was studied using elution and serial plate transfer tests. Further tests were made to assay the drug remaining in the cement after antibacterial activity could no longer be detected by the above methods, to detect the sustained slow release of the residual drug, and to ascertain the mechanism of release. The results confirmed that the release of gentamicin sulphate could be detected for longer from Palacos cement than from CMW cement, but the opposite was true for sodium fusidate. Little difference was found in the case of diethanolamine fusidate. Comparison of elution and serial plate transfer tests, and of results of elution in buffers of different pH, demonstrated that the test method employed had a significant effect on the results, and the omission of details of methodology from some publications made comparison and evaluation of results difficult. Varying quantities of residual drug were found in cement from which antibacterial activity could no longer be demonstrated; further tests for sustained, slow release showed that the antibiotic did not remain fixed in the cement but was released at a rate too slow to be detected in the elution and serial plate transfer tests. It is concluded that antibiotics are released from the cement by a process of diffusion, but tests to determine the mechanism of diffusion were unhelpful. The theory of diffusion of drugs through solid matrices, and the clinical implications of the experimental findings, are discussed. PMID- 7096425 TI - A direct method of measuring femoral anteversion using ultrasound. AB - The measurements of the angle of anteversion of the femoral neck by ultrasound scanning is described. The method was compared with direct measurement in 30 dried femora, and was then used in 18 normal volunteers and eight patients. The method is non-invasive, accurate and easily applicable. Findings in normal subjects included variation of the angle of anteversion from 10 to 34 degrees with a maximal difference between sides of six degrees. The expected rotational deformity of the femur was found in patients with unilateral intoeing. PMID- 7096426 TI - The removal of loose bodies from the knee under arthroscopic control. PMID- 7096427 TI - The synovial shelf syndrome. PMID- 7096428 TI - Articular changes associated with internal derangement of the knee. AB - A prospective study was made of 100 knees which had been operated on for various kinds of internal derangement. An observer, who did not know the clinical condition of the knee, recorded whether or not there were articular lesions of the femoral condyles. Lesions were found to be localised to a triangular area on the medial condyle and to a strip on the lateral condyle. Similar lesions have been described in association with flexion deformities in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic knees. Lesions were found in 49 out of 50 knees which had been locked for more than three days. They were also found in 29 knees in which there appeared to be full extension before operation, but where there was either a torn meniscus with a history of intermittent locking or serious anterolateral instability. In these cases it was considered that the final "screw-home" mechanism of full extension had been lost. Lesions were not present in 10 knees which appeared locked, but in nine of these the interval between injury and operation was less than three days. Lesions were not found in eight knees where there was full extension and no history of locking or instability. In four knees with a plica syndrome similar lesions were present. PMID- 7096429 TI - Observations upon the interface between bone and polymethylmethacrylate cement. AB - The occurrence of a radiolucent line at the interface of bone and cement in total joint prostheses is a frequently observed, although little understood, phenomenon. Because of an operative technique utilised in instances of bone loss, we have, within a single implant mass used in each of a series of 18 total knee replacements, been able to observe two separate interfaces, one between bone and cement and the other between bone and cobalt chrome. The average period of observation was 32 months. All of the knees except one demonstrated a lucency at the bone-cement interface; only one of the knees had a similar lucency at the bone-CoCr interface. One of the knees was studied histologically. In the light of the universal observation of macrophages at bone-cement interfaces and the recent finding that osteoclasts are derived from macrophages, these observations are significant in relation to the aetiology of bone-cement lucencies. PMID- 7096430 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. The late results of surgical treatment. AB - Thirty-five cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus, operated on between 1950 and 1978, were studied. Twenty-four were available for follow-up an average of 47 months later. Three standard surgical approaches were used, and the osteochondritic fragment removed. In some cases the base of the defect was drilled. Good results were obtained in 15 patients, and fair in nine. There were no poor results. It was concluded that the defect is caused by trauma; that early operation gives the best results, 12 months being the critical delay time; that drilling the base of the defect improves results; and that the sex of the patient and the location of lesion are of little significance. PMID- 7096431 TI - Compartmental pressure changes during calcaneal traction in tibial fractures. AB - The effect of calcaneal traction on the compartmental pressure in the legs of five individuals with tibial fractures was studied. Mean resting pressures without traction were found to be 31.9 mmHg for the deep posterior compartment and 27.0 mmHg for the anterior compartment. For each kilogram weight of traction applied the deep posterior pressure rose by 5.7 per cent of the resting value and the anterior pressure by 1.6 per cent. It is suggested that the weight of traction should be only sufficient to render the patient comfortable and maintain alignment of the limb. Excessive traction is likely to increase the risk of compartmental ischaemia. The application of six kilograms of traction would raise the mean resting pressure by 34 per cent from 31.9 to 42.7 mmHg. PMID- 7096432 TI - Brain abscess after insertion of skull traction. PMID- 7096433 TI - Evidence for host resistance in 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea treatment induced in syngeneic LSA lymphoma. AB - The anticancer agent 1,3 Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU) cures the advanced syngeneic LSA lymphoma of C57BL mice with high efficiency. The cured animals resist further tumor challenge by large numbers of viable syngeneic tumor cells. Growth assays of spleen proliferation of the intravenously inoculated tumor revealed a progressive-regressive pattern of spleen growth after LSA-tumor injection. Lymphoma colony forming units (LCFU) in the spleen initially increased then regressed. In vitro assays of serum showed a lack of cytotoxic activity in mice cured by BCNU. Added spleen, thymus, or bone-marrow cells were similarly ineffective. Spleen and bone-marrow cells from immune mice passively transferred to normal mice showed weak cytotoxic activity against the LSA tumor. BCNU-cured mouse cells were more effective in protection than those cured with Chlorozotocin (CLZ). PMID- 7096435 TI - Increased expression of SV40 T antigen and cell division in skin fibroblast cell lines derived from a family at high risk of carcinoma (family G of Warthin). AB - T-antigen expression in 24 of 31 skin fibroblast cell lines from members of Family G was found to be significantly elevated compared with a healthy control population. However, the pattern of elevation did not appear to be associated with cancer risk. In addition, T-antigen values were independent of the age and sex, as well as the branch of family and generation of the cell donor. Cell lines from Family G tended to divide more frequently than cell lines from control donors. This tendency was negatively associated with elevated T-antigen expression in Family-G cell lines, while control cell lines showed no such correlation. These results demonstrate that caution must be taken in evaluating potential markers of cancer risk. Superficial analysis of the data would indicate the utility of the T-antigen assay as a marker for cancer family syndrome. However, consideration of additional factors, including pedigree relationships and cell biology in vitro, indicate that SV40 T-antigen expression is an ambiguous marker of this type of cancer risk, even when large groups are studied. PMID- 7096434 TI - The assessment of response of murine transplantable colon tumors to combination chemotherapy. AB - The mouse adenocarcinoma of the colon (MAC) system, which has been shown to be a good model for human colorectal carcinoma in terms of its chemosensitivity, was tested with two modified human protocols (MeCCNU + 5 FU, BCNU + 5 FU) in an attempt to evaluate its suitability as a model for developing new regimens of combination chemotherapy for treating patients with colorectal carcinoma. This attempted evaluation raised problems regarding, firstly, the length of time available before tumours became too large in control and non-responding hosts to maintain adequate mobility and, secondly the assessment of response to the drugs. The commencement of drug administration 3 days after transplantation and the assessment of response by measuring delay in time for tumor growth to reach a given volume, with the results analysed by Gehan's (generalised Wilcoxon) test, gave a workable method of evaluation. This method is presented as being suitable for use in the study of transplantable solid tumor lines as models for combination chemotherapy. PMID- 7096436 TI - Development of necroses, virus activation and giant cell formation after treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor with metallocene dichlorides. AB - Light-microscopic and ultrastructural alteration patterns are investigated after in vivo treatment of EAT with the cytostatic agents VDC and TC. Both substances induce mitotic aberrations, e.g., pyknotic metaphases, lagging chromosomes during anaphase, and multipolar mitotic figures. The appearance of mononucleate and, occasionally, multinucleate giant cells is observed mainly 48--96 h a.t. The first observable ultrastructural changes are seen within the nucleus and consist of chromatin condensation and the enlargement of the nuclear surface. Thereafter, VDC induced morphological signs of unbalanced cellular growth, whereas TDC and DDP cause the development of necroses of the tumor cells, the phagocytosis of the damaged cells by macrophages, and, in consequence, complete tumor regression. Some hours after application of TDC, the formation of type-A-virus particles can be recognized. It is supposed that the apparent virus induction acts as a fortifying factor in the course of tumor inhibition by TDC. PMID- 7096437 TI - Plasma-membrane diversity in a highly polarized cell. PMID- 7096438 TI - Location and identification of the collagen found in the 14.5-d rat embryo visceral yolk sac. AB - The collagens associated with 14.5-d rat visceral yolk sacs were localized and identified by a variety of procedures. Morphological examination showed that both the visceral epithelium and mesothelium rested upon thin basement membranes, whereas the majority of the extracellular matrix consisted of a stroma containing occasional cells and abundant banded fibrils. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscope level showed that the basement membranes specifically cross reacted with antibodies directed against mouse basement membrane components, whereas the stroma specifically cross-reacted with antibodies directed against rat type I collagen. Extractions of acellular visceral yolk sacs and subsequent analyses showed that type I collagen components were prevalent. Furthermore, in vitro biosynthetic studies showed only the presence of type I procollagen components (or their conversion products) and alpha-fetoprotein. These findings, taken together with our previous studies on the 14.5-d rat parietal yolk sac, provide us with protein markers for studying the origin of cells in rat parietovisceral yolk sac carcinomas. PMID- 7096439 TI - Participation of core histone "tails" in the stabilization of the chromatin solenoid. AB - We show here that the solenoid is maintained by the combination of linker histones and the nonglobular, highly basic "tails" of the core histones, which play only a minor part in the formation of the nucleosome core (Whitlock and Simpson, 1977. J. Biol. Chem. 252:6,516--6,520; Lilley and Tatchell, 1977. Nucleic Acids Res. 4:2,039--2,055; and Whitlock and Stein, 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253:3,857--3,861). Polynucleosomes that contain core histones devoid of tails remain substantially unfolded under conditions otherwise favorable for the formation of solenoids. The tails can be replaced by extraneous basic polypeptides and in the presence of the linker histones the solenoid structure is then spontaneously recovered, as judged by a wide variety of structural criteria. The inference is that the core histone tail segments function by providing electrostatic shielding of the DNA charge and at the same time bridging adjacent nucleosomes in the solenoid. Our results carry the further implication that posttranscriptional modifications, such as acetylation of epsilon-amino groups, that reduce the positive charge of the core histone tails will tend to destabilize the higher-order structure and could thus render the DNA with which they are associated more readily available for transcription. PMID- 7096441 TI - Assembly of storage protein oligomers in the endoplasmic reticulum and processing of the polypeptides in the protein bodies of developing pea cotyledons. AB - Cotyledons of developing pea seeds (pisum sativum L.) were labeled with radioactive amino acids and glucosamine, and extracts were prepared and separated into fractions rich in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or protein bodies, The time course of synthesis of the polypeptides of legumin and vicilin and the site of their assembly into protein oligomers were studied using immunoaffinity gels and sucrose density gradients. When cotyledons were pulse-labeled (1-2 h), newly synthesized vicilin was present as a series of polypeptides with M(r) 60,000 65,000, and newly synthesized vicilin was present as series of polypeptides with M(r) 75,000, 70,000, 50,000, and 49,000. These radioactive polypeptides were found primarily in the ER (Chrispeels et al., 1982, J Cell Biol., 93:5- 14). During a subsequent chase period, newly synthesized reserve proteins were initially present in the protein bodies in the above-named polypeptides. Between 1 and 20 h later, radioactive legumin subunits (M(r) 40,000 and 19,000) and smaller vicilin polypeptides (M(r) 34,000, 30,000, 25,000, 18,000, 14,000, 13,000, and 12,000) appeared in the protein bodies. The appearance of these labeled polypeptides in the protein bodies was not the result of a slow transport from the ER (or cytoplasm). Newly synthesized legumin and vicilin polypeptides were assembled into oligomers of 8S and 7S, respectively, in the ER. They appeared in the protein bodies in these oligomeric forms before the appearance of the smaller polypeptides (M(r) less than 49,000). These results indicate that the smaller vicilin polypeptides (M(r) less than 49,000) arise delayed posttranslational processing of some or all of the larger vicilin polypeptides. The precursors of legumin are completely processed in the protein bodies 2-3 h after their synthesis. The processing of the vicilin precursors is much slower (6 20 h) and only a fraction of the precursor molecules are processed. As a result both large (M(r) more than 49,000) and small polypeptides of vicilin accumulate in the protein bodies, whereas legumin accumulates only as polypeptides of M(r) 40,000 and 19,000. PMID- 7096442 TI - Synthesis and secretion of thrombospondin by cultured human endothelial cells. AB - Thrombospondin, the major glycoprotein released from alpha-granules of thrombin stimulated platelets, is a disulfide-bonded trimer of 160 kilodalton subunits and apparently functions as a platelet lectin. Because cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a glycoprotein (GP-160) which is a disulfide-bonded multimer of 160 kdalton subunits, the possibility that GP-160 is thrombospondin was investigated. Tritiated GP-160 could be immunoisolated from [3H]leucine-labeled endothelial cell postculture medium using a rabbit antiserum to human platelet thrombospondin. Thrombospondin and GP-160 comigrated in two different two-dimensional electrophoretic systems. Both proteins are disulfide bonded trimers of acidic 160-kdalton subunits. A competitive radioimmunoassay for binding of 125I-thrombospondin to the rabbit antibodies indicated that 49 micrograms of thrombospondin antigen per 10(6) confluent endothelial cells accumulated in postculture medium over 24 h. Thus, endothelial cells secrete large amounts of a glycoprotein that is identical or very similar to platelet thrombospondin. PMID- 7096440 TI - A model for the structure of chromatin in mammalian sperm. AB - DNA in mammalian, and most vertebrate sperm, is packaged by protamines into a highly condensed, biochemically inert form of chromatin. A model is proposed for the structure of this DNA-protamine complex which describes the site and mode of protamine binding to DNA and postulates, for the first time, specific inter- and intraprotamine interactions essential for the organization of this highly specialized chromatin. In this model, the central polyarginine segment of protamine binds in the minor groove of DNA, crosslinking and neutralizing the phosphodiester backbone of DNA while the COOH- and NH2-terminal ends of protamine participate in the formation of inter- and intraprotamine hydrogen, hydrophobic, and disulfide bonds. Each protamine segment is of sufficient length to fill one turn of DNA, and adjacent protamines are locked in place around DNA by multiple disulfide bridges. Such an arrangement generates a neutral, insoluble chromatin complex, uses all protamine sulfhydryl groups for cross linking, conserves volume, and effectively renders the chromatin invulnerable to most external influences. PMID- 7096443 TI - Isolation of a presynaptic plasma membrane fraction from Torpedo cholinergic synaptosomes: evidence for a specific protein. AB - Synaptosomal plasma membranes were isolated from Torpedo cholinergic synaptosomes which had been purified as previously described or repurified by equilibrium centrifugation. The synaptosomal plasma membrane could be distinguished from postsynaptic membranes by the absence of postsynaptic specific markers (nicotinic AChR) and by its low intramembrane particle complement after freeze fracture. In addition, the presynaptic membrane fraction contained acetylcholinesterase. Gel electrophoresis permitted the identification of a major protein component of the presynaptic membrane fraction which had a molecular weight of 67,000. This protein was not found in postsynaptic membrane or synaptic vesicle fractions. Thus it appeared to be specific to the nerve terminal plasma membrane. PMID- 7096444 TI - Traction force on a kinetochore at metaphase acts as a linear function of kinetochore fiber length. AB - We are investigating the relation between the force pulling a kinetochore poleward and the length of the corresponding kinetochore fiber. It was recognized by Ostergren in 1950 (Hereditas 36:1-19) that the metaphase position of a chromosome could be achieved by a balance of traction forces were proportional to the distance from kinetochore to pole. For the typical chromosome (i.e., a meiotic bivalent or mitotic chromosome) with a single kinetochore fiber extending to each pole, the resultant force (RF) would equal zero when the chromosome lay at the midpoint between the two poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles, Ostergren's proposal suggests that RF = 0 when the chromosome is shifted closer to the pole toward which the greater number of kinetochore fibers are pulling. We have measured the force-length relationship in living spindles by analyzing the metaphase positions of experimentally generated multivalent chromosomes having three or four kinetochore fibers. Multivalent chromosomes of varied configurations were generated by gamma irradiation of nymphs of the grasshopper melanoplus differentialis, and their behavior was analyzed in living first meiotic spermocytes. The lengths of kinetochore fibers were determined from time-lapse photographs by measuring the kinetochore-to-pole distances for fully congressed chromosomes just before the onset of anaphase. In our analysis, force (F) along a single kinetochore fiber is expressed by: F = kL(exp), where k is a length-independent proportionality constant, L represents the kinetochore fiber length, and exp is an unknown exponent. The RF on a chromosome is then given by: RF = sigmak(i)L(i)(exp), where kinetochore fiber lengths in opposite half- spindles are given opposite sign. If forces on a metaphase chromosome are at equilibrium (RF = 0), then for asymmetrical orientations of multivalents we can measure the individual kinetochore fiber lengths (L(i)) and solve for the exponent that yields a resultant force of zero. The value of the exponent relates how the magnitude of force along a kinetochore fiber varies with its length. For six trivalents and one naturally occurring quadrivalent we calculated an average value of exp = 1.06 +/- 0.18. This result is consistent with Ostergren's hypothesis and indicates that the magnitude of poleward traction force along a kinetochore fiber is directly proportional to the length of the fiber. Our finding suggests that the balance of forces along a kinetochore fiber may be a major factor regulating the extent of kinetochore microtubule assembly. PMID- 7096445 TI - Thylakoid membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137+. II. Cell-cycle variations in the synthesis and assembly of pigment. AB - Synthesis of the chlorophyll and the major carotenoid pigments and their assembly into thylakoid membrane have been studied throughout the 12-h light/12-h dark vegetative cell cycle of synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137+ (wild-type). Pulse exposure of cells to radioactive acetate under conditions in which labeling accurately reflects lipogenesis, followed by cellular fractionation to purify thylakoid membrane, allowed direct analysis of the pigment synthesis and assembly attendant to thylakoid biogenesis. All pigments are synthesized and assembled into thylakoids continuously, but differentially, with respect to cell-cycle time. Highest synthesis and assembly rates are confined to the photoperiod (mid to-late G1) and support chlorophyll and carotenoid accretion before M-phase. The lower levels at which these processes take place during the dark period (S, M, and early-to-mid G1) have been ascribed to pigment turnover. Within this general periodic pattern, pigment synthesis and assembly occur in a "multi-step" manner, i.e., by a temporally-ordered, stepwise integration of the various pigments into the thylakoid membrane matrix. The cell-cycle kinetics of pigment assembly at the subcellular level mirror the kinetics of pigment synthesis at the cellular level, indicating that pigment synthesis not only provides chlorophyll and carotenoid for thylakoid biogenesis but may also serve as a critical rate-determinant to pigment assembly. PMID- 7096446 TI - Brain extract causes acetylcholine receptor redistribution which mimics some early events at developing neuromuscular junctions. AB - We studied the effect of rat brain extract on rat muscle cells in vitro by light and electron microscope (EM) autoradiography after labeling acetylcholine receptors (AChR's) with 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. We found that: (a) In the absence of brain extract, peak site densities within AChR clusters usually do not exceed 4,000 sites/micrometer2. (b) Within hours after exposure to brain extract, AChR's redistribute to form clusters in which the peak site densities are greater than 10,000 sites/micrometer2. Receptor concentration within extract-induced clusters is thus within a factor of 2 of that at the neuromuscular junction (nmj). (c) In the absence of extract, the AChR's and AChR clusters are predominantly on the bottom surface of the myotubes (facing the tissue culture dish). After extract treatment, they are predominantly at the top surface. (d) Plasma membrane in regions of high-density AChR clusters is enriched in membrane with enhanced electron density and surface basal lamina whether or not cells are treated with extract. Extract causes an increase in both these specializations on the top surface of the myotubes. (e) Brain extract does not produce an overall increase in AChR site density or a marked change in degradation rate of receptors in either clustered or nonclustered regions. By producing AChR clusters with junctional site densities and enhanced surface specialization, and by causing an overall shift in AChR's distribution, brain extract mimics early events reported at developing neuromuscular junctions. PMID- 7096447 TI - Differential conservation of histone 2A variants between mammals and sea urchins. AB - The histone 2A proteins of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are compared with those of the mouse. While the major H2As in these two organisms do not comigrate on two-dimensional gels, the sea urchin contains a protein that comigrates with the minor histone 2A variant H2A.Z from mammals. H2A.Z is of particular interest because its sequence homology with other H2As is quite low, and it is not phosphorylated as are other H2As. A comparison of the tryptic peptide patterns of several H2As from sea urchin blastulae and mouse L1210 cells show that, while the patterns of the H2A.Zs differ greatly from the patterns of the other H2As, the patterns of the mouse and sea urchin H2A.Zs are very similar. Since the H2A.Zs have only one or two peptides in common with the other H2As, the conservation of their sequence indicates that H2A.Zs have evolved under somewhat different selective pressures from other H2As. Unlike all the other sea urchin H2As whose syntheses either turn on or off during early development, H2A.Z seems to be synthesized continuously throughout this period.U PMID- 7096448 TI - Polymorphism of actin paracrystals induced by polylysine. AB - We describe a method for the induction of different polymorphic forms of actin filament paracrystals. This polymorphism is probably based on differences in the stagger and/or polarity of adjacent filaments in single-layered paracrystals and by superposition of different layers in multilayered paracrystals. The helical parameters defining the filament geometry are indistinguishable for the different polymorphic forms observed and for the four different actins used. Analysis of these paracrystals, some of which are ordered to better than 2.5 nm, should provide a reference structure suitable for alignment and orientation within the actin filament of high resolution models of the actin monomer obtained from crystal data. PMID- 7096449 TI - Freeze-fracture cytochemistry: partition of glycophorin in freeze-fractured human erythrocyte membranes. AB - Thin-section and critical-point-dried fracture-labeled preparations are used to determine the distribution and partition of glycophorin-associated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding sites over protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces of freeze fractured human erythrocyte membranes. Most wheat germ agglutinin binding sites are found over exoplasmic faces. Label is sparse over the protoplasmic faces. These results contrast with previous observations of the partition of band 3 component where biochemical analysis and fracture-label of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites show preferential partition of this transmembrane protein with the protoplasmic face. Presence of characteristic proportions of WGA and Con A binding sites over each fracture face is interpreted to indicate the operation of a stochastic process during freeze-fracture. This process appears modulated by the relative expression of each transmembrane protein at either surface as well as by their association to components of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. PMID- 7096452 TI - Clonal origin of murine hemopoietic colonies with apparent restriction to granuclocyte-macrophage-megakaryocyte (GMM) differentiation. AB - We characterized murine hemopoietic colonies consisting of granulocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and blast cells and yet lacking erythroid elements. Mouse marrow or spleen cells were cultured in methylcellulose media in the presence of 10% (v/v) pokeweek mitogen-stimulated spleen cell-conditioned medium (PWM-SCM) and 2 units/ml erythropoietin for 8 days. Granulocyte-macrophage megakaryocyte (GMM) colonies could be distinguished from granulocyte-erythrocyte macrophage-megakaryocyte (GEMM) colonies because the former lacked the typical appearance of bursts with red color. Analysis of Y-chromosomes in mixing experiments with male and female marrow cells confirmed the clonal nature of the GMM colonies. Differential counts of GMM colonies revealed varying, but significant, numbers of blast cells in all of the day-8 and day-12 colonies and in seven out of ten day-14 GMM colonies. In general, the percentages of blast cells were inversely related to the length of incubation in culture. Replating experiments confirmed the absence of late erythroid precursors such as CFU-E and normoblasts in all of the 50 day-8 GMM colonies. However, six out of the 50 GMM colonies contained early progenitors capable of erythroid expression, such as BFU E, CFU-EM, CFU-GEM, and CFU-GEMM. In contrast, the three day-14 GMM colonies which did not reveal blast cells failed to produce secondary colonies. Thus, while the progenitors for the latter colonies are restricted to only granulocyte macrophage-megakaryocyte differentiation, some of the apparent GMM colonies containing blast cells may have originated in early progenitors close to pluripotent stem cells. Detailed cytological analyses and replating experiments are necessary for characterization of true differentiation potentials of mixed colonies in culture. PMID- 7096451 TI - Restricted mobility of membrane constituents in cell-substrate focal contacts of chicken fibroblasts. AB - We studied the lateral mobility of membrane components in cell-substrate focal contacts using the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method. The measurements were performed on isolated substrate-attached membranes of chicken gizzard fibroblasts. The diffusion coefficients of a fluorescent lipid probe and rhodamine-conjugated surface proteins within contact regions (identified by interference-reflection microscopy) were significantly lower than those measured in nonattached areas along the ventral membrane. Complete recovery of fluorescence after photobleaching of the lipid probe was measured both in focal contacts and in nonattached areas with lateral diffusion coefficient (D) of approximately 10(-8) cm2/s. This indicated that the lipid probe is free to diffuse from and into the contact regions. Rhodamine-labeled surface components (mostly proteins) exhibited almost complete recovery after bleaching (approximately 90%) in unattached regions of the ventral membrane with D congruent to 10(-9 cm2/s. The rhodamine-labeled proteins in focal contacts showed only partial recovery (approximately 50%), suggesting that large proportion of the membrane proteins in cell-substrate contacts are immobile (within the time scale of the experiments, D less than or equal to 5 x 10(-12) cm2/s. The implications of these findings on the molecular dynamics of cell contacts are discussed. PMID- 7096454 TI - Dissociated occurrence of single-gene mutation and oncogenic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells exposed to ultraviolet light and caffeine. AB - We examined the relationship of cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and malignant transformation by measuring in parallel clonogenic survival, mutation to ouabain resistance, and malignant transformation in cultured C3H mouse 10T1/2 cells. Exposure to caffeine alone for 48 hours was cytotoxic and induced transformation in a dose-dependent manner. However, this same treatment did not induce any detectable ouabain-resistant mutants. When caffeine was present for 48 hours immediately following UV irradiation, alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation of DNA showed that postreplication repair was inhibited. This inhibition of repair was correlated with reduced survival and inhibition of mutation induction, but the transformation frequencies were either unaltered or potentiated, depending on the UV dose and caffeine concentration. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that gene mutation and malignant transformation in 10T1/2 cells can be dissociated. We suggest that the mechanism of transformation of 10T1/2 cells is nonmutagenic in nature. PMID- 7096450 TI - Reorganization of porcine thyroid cells into functional follicles in a chemically defined, serum- and thyrotropin-free medium. AB - In the serum-free, chemically defined medium NCTC 109, freshly isolated porcine thyroid cells aggregate and form functional follicles in culture even in the absence of thyrotropin. The follicular pattern observed under light and electron microscopy express the main morphological characteristics of in vivo thyroid cells. Follicles are large, replete with dense colloid, and the apical pole of cells is characterized by well-developed microvilli and the presence of aminopeptidase N. The index of iodide transport activity (125I-C/M ratio) decreases vs. days of culture to a resting value of about 1 or 2 at day 2. Addition of thyrotropin (200 microU/ml final concentration) at day 4 is followed by a 10-fold increase in iodide transport activity within 24 h and a 40-fold increase 4 d later. Incorporation and organification of iodide are dose dependent between 0 and 250 microU/ml thyrotropin; highest concentrations (4,000--16,000 muU/ml) are significantly inhibitory. In the absence of thyrotropin each cell synthesizes 8.2 pg thyroglobulin/d. Acute stimulation by thyrotropin at day 4 resulted in a slight decrease in the quantity of thyroglobulin present in the cell layer but in an increase in the total amount of thyroglobulin recovered in both cells and medium, reaching 34.3 pg/cell/d. The protein exported into the medium is thyroglobulin, as shown by SDS PAGE and immunological properties. Here we demonstrate that porcine thyroid cells can be maintained in culture as resting, highly differentiated, follicular-associated cells, sensitive to acute stimulation by thyrotropin. PMID- 7096455 TI - Atraumatic two-dimensional rCBF measurements using stationary detectors and inhalation or intravenous administration of 133-xenon. PMID- 7096453 TI - Regulation of growth of human diploid fibroblasts by factors elaborated by activated lymphoid cells. AB - Fibroblasts growth synthesis activities appear to be under exquisite control. This control is mediated in part by substances present in blood plasma or released by other cells. We have studied the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) activated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) on DNA synthesis, proliferation, and the cell cycle of human diploid fibroblasts. Culture medium from activated but not from unactivated PBM cultures inhibited fibroblast DNA synthesis and growth in a dose-dependent manner. The activity, which was designated as lymphocyte factor (LF), was very potent; it inhibited 50% of the DNA synthesis and cell growth at a dilution of 1:160. It has a molecular weight between 50,000 and 100,000 daltons and it is destroyed by trypsin digestion or by heating at 80 degrees C for 30 minutes. The activity was not due to the presence of prostaglandin. Furthermore, using immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography, it was shown conclusively to to be distinctly different from alpha lymphotoxin (alpha-LT). It was not cytotoxic, as shown by the 51chromium release technique. Using flow microfluorimetry it was shown that the activity regulates fibroblast growth by preventing quiescent cells in the G0 or G1 stage of the cell cycle from entering the S phase. Cells already in S at the time of exposure complete DNA synthesis but cannot divide, and they accumulate in G2. The activity also has marked effects on protein synthesis. Activated mononuclear cells may play a major role in regulating fibroblast growth and synthesis in normally healing wounds and in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. PMID- 7096456 TI - Treatment of experimental cerebral ischemia. PMID- 7096457 TI - A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance in vivo study of cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil. AB - We have used the noninvasive method of 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) in vivo to follow changes in phosphorous metabolite concentrations and the intracellular pH in the right and left hemispheres and in the cerebellum of gerbil brains after the occlusion of the right carotid artery. Spatial resolution over the brain was possible using surface coils. Ligation, which is know to cause ischaemia in this species in the ipsilateral hemisphere, resulted in the diminution of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides and a decrease in tissue pH. Less acidification occurred in the contralateral hemisphere and in the cerebellum. The high-energy metabolite concentrations, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), declined in unison in the ischaemic region, in marked contrast to the sequence of events in skeletal muscle, in which phosphocreatine buffers against an immediate fall in ATP concentration. In a separate series of gerbils, 31P NMR spectra were followed for exactly 1 h after carotid ligation. The animals were then sacrificed and brain grey matter specific gravity was rapidly measured to assess the development of oedema. There was a clear correlation between abnormality of spectra and the presence of oedema. It cannot, however, be confidently asserted that a normal spectrum is never seen in oedematous gerbil brains. 31P NMR spectra specific gravity and histological changes shown by light microscopy have been correlated and show that useful signals are received from a depth of at least 4 mm or more from the 10-mm diameter coil. PMID- 7096458 TI - Use of 2-deoxy-D[1-11C]glucose for the determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism in humans: variation within and between subjects. AB - The deoxyglucose technique for the measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolism (LCMRgl) has been widely applied in animals utilizing 14C-deoxyglucose and in humans employing 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Repeat studies in humans over a relatively brief period of time have not been possible because of the 110-min half-life of fluorine-18. With the synthesis of 11C-deoxyglucose it has now become possible to utilize this short-lived (20 min) tracer for the measurement of LCMRgl and to determine its variability within subjects over a 2-h period. The kinetic rate constants for 11C-deoxyglucose were determined for gray and white matter and found to be very similar to those for 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, suggesting that these two analogues of glucose have similar affinities for the facilitated transport system and are similar substrates for hexokinase in the brain. The coefficient of variation of repeated measurements of LCMRgl in a series of six normal subjects was 5.5% to 8.7% for various gray matter structures and 9.7% and 14.0% for white matter structures. The pattern of cerebral metabolic rates is relatively constant in a given individual when the conditions of the study are unchanged. The ability to make repeat measurements in the same subject reduces the variance due to between-subject differences, allowing smaller changes in LCMRgl to be detected with confidence. PMID- 7096459 TI - Cerebral blood flow in rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension: resetting of the lower limit of autoregulation. AB - The effect of chronic hypertension on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in anaesthetised rats. CBF was measured with the intracarotid 133Xe injection method. Rats with spontaneous and renal hypertension were compared with normotensive controls. The lower limit of autoregulation was determined during controlled haemorrhage. In the normotensive rats, CBF remained constant until mean arterial pressure (MAP) had decreased to the range of 50-69 mm Hg. Thereafter, CBF decreased with each further decrease in MAP. In both types of hypertensive rats, CBF remained constant until MAP had decreased to the range of 70-89 mm Hg. Thus, a 20-mm Hg shift of the lower limit of CBF autoregulation was found in both spontaneous and renal hypertensive rats. A neuropathological study revealed ischaemic brains lesions in half of the hypertensive rats following hypotension, whereas only a single lesion was found in one of six normotensive rats. No ischaemic brain lesions were found in a control study in which CBF was shown to be stable over a 21/2-h period. In conclusion, hypertensive rats showed a shift of the lower limit of CBF autoregulation as well as an increased susceptibility to ischaemic brain damage during hypotension. These findings presumably reflect hypertensive structural changes in the cerebral circulation. PMID- 7096460 TI - Pial artery diameter and blood flow velocity during sympathetic stimulation in cats. AB - The effects of sympathetic stimulation on the cerebral circulation in cats are in dispute. One unexplained observation is that sympathetic nerve stimulation constricts pial arteries but does not decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF). To reconcile these findings, we studied effects of sympathetic nerves on cerebral vessels using a new method that permits virtually continuous measurement of pial artery diameter and blood flow velocity, and calculation of change in CBF. Change in CBF was calculated as the product of cross-sectional area (CSA) and blood flow velocity in a large pial artery. Pial artery diameter was measured with the cranial window method and CSA was calculated (pi r2). Blood flow velocity was measured with a pulsed Doppler velocity meter. In 11 cats, CBF was measured duringg the control period and during electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves. During stimulation, arterial diameter decreased 6 +/- 1%, but CBF did not change because velocity increased 19 +/- 5%. We also measured CBF with microspheres during control and after 60 s of sympathetic stimulation. Cerebral blood flow was 28 +/- 3 ml/min/100 g during control and 26 +/- 3 ml/min/100 g after 60 s of sympathetic stimulation (n = 5). It is likely that the increase in velocity durin sympathetic stimulation was due to compensatory dilatation of downstream arteries. PMID- 7096461 TI - Cerebral circulatory effects of a dopaminergic agonist (apomorphine) in the dog. AB - Dopaminergic influence upon cerebral circulation was studied in 12 adult mongrel dogs, local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) being measured by the microspheres method. The intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) produced heterogeneous effects on lCBF; an increase in lCBF reaching the level of statistical significance was observed in frontal and sensory motor cortices, whereas blood flow was not significantly altered in the other regions examined. When the animals are considered individually, a widespread response was generally observed. Local cerebral blood flow increased from 16% to 85% (depending on the regions examined) in 4 animals, and tended to decrease (particularly in the caudate nucleus) in the 8 others. These opposite effects cannot be related with changes in general metabolic or hemodynamic parameters (PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and arterial pressure). It is thus concluded that the effect of dopaminergic stimulation upon cerebral circulation is more complex than previously reported. These effects could only be partly mediated via vascular receptors and could be the result of modifications of the local metabolic level. PMID- 7096462 TI - Effects of immobilization stress on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Immobilization of unanesthetized, freely breathing, 10-12 month-old, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) did not significantly alter regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 13 of 14 brain regions assayed. After 5 or 15 min of immobilization, rCBF was unchanged except at the frontal lobe, where it rose significantly by 21%. Furthermore, immobilization did not increase the cerebrovascular permeability-area product for 14C-sucrose, except at three brain regions. The results indicate that immobilization of SHR does not significantly affect rCBF or blood-brain barrier permeability in most regions of the brain, and suggest that adequate autoregulation of rCBF is maintained under stress. PMID- 7096463 TI - The relationship between hematocrit, cerebral blood flow, and oxygen transport in cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 7096464 TI - A new chromatographic instrument for measuring trace concentrations of breath hydrogen. AB - A new instrument has been developed which offers many advantages over instruments presently utilized for the measurement of breath-hydrogen used to evaluate the intestinal absorption of sugars. The gas analyzer has a solid-state sensor which is more specific for hydrogen than most conventional chromatographic detectors. Air can be used as the carrier gas and can be circulated with a small internal pump, thereby eliminating large carrier gas tanks and pressure regulators. The intersample time is approximately 2 min, allowing rapid serial analysis of breath samples. A unique feature allows a short-term memory circuit to recall the signal and present it on a digital panel meter in parts per million. Recorder terminals on the back permit the generation of a permanent record, if desired. The gas analyzer is small, light-weight and simple to operate. Its application to the serial measurement of hydrogen in alveolar air after ingestion of sugars is demonstrated. PMID- 7096465 TI - Sample purification using a C18-bonded reversed-phase cartridge for the quantitative analysis of corticosteroids in adrenal cell cultures by high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. AB - Quantitative extraction and subsequent purification of small biological samples often involve cumbersome procedures. We have devised a short and efficient method for the quantitative extraction of the corticosteroid and the 20 alpha reduced steroid series from culture medium containing 20% sera in a single, pure fraction with separation from cholesterol. Passage through a C18-bonded reversed-phase Sep Pak cartridge of the acidified culture medium and subsequent extraction of the steroid fraction with methanol yields a single fraction containing all steroids in 90% recovery and reduced quantities of cholesterol down to 30%. The extract can then be used without further purification for quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography or derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. PMID- 7096466 TI - Simultaneous measurement of prednisone, prednisolone and 6 beta hydroxyprednisolone in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a radioactivity detector. AB - We describe the first method of routine measurement of prednisone, prednisolone and 6 beta-hydroxyprednisolone concomitantly in urine. Urine (3 ml) is extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with base and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a silica column with a solvent system of hexane--diethyl ether- ethanol--tetrahydrofuran--glacial acetic acid (59.9:31:2.3:6.5:0.3, v/v). The steroids are detected at 254 nm. Because no conventional internal standard was found, 6 beta-[3H]hydroxycortisol and [3H]prednisolone are added to urine prior to extraction; 3H is monitored by a radioactivity detector coupled with the chromatograph. The assay exhibits linearity from 200 to 7500 ng and an inter-day variability of less than 11.4% (C.V.). PMID- 7096467 TI - Determination of free and esterified cholesterol in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography and optical activity detection. PMID- 7096468 TI - Measurement of catecholamines in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography: a comparison of fluorimetric with electrochemical detection. AB - An improved method for the determination of catecholamines in biological fluids, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection is presented. The pH titration previously employed in the alumina extraction was abandoned in favour of the use of a molar excess of PH 8.5 Tris- HCl buffer. A novel lyophilisation step serves to concentrate the catechols and by reconstituting in mobile phase, chromatography disturbances are minimised. The addition of 2 mM octanesulphonic acid to citrate--phosphate mobile phase at pH 6.0 gave optimal resolution and sensitivity. That HPLC separation can improve the specificity of the trihydroxyindole reaction, to the extent of providing a reliable analytical method, has been demonstrated and validated by the technique of HPLC with electrochemical detection. A correlation coefficient of 0.98 was obtained between the two techniques as applied to the measurement of urinary catecholamines. The HPLC--fluorimetric method was sensitive enough to measure 0.1 ng/ml of noradrenaline or adrenaline at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.0. Application of the method to the quantitative determination of catecholamines in human urine, plasma and rat brain homogenates is demonstrated. PMID- 7096470 TI - Microprocedure to determine the polymorphic forms of acid alpha 1-glycoprotein in plasma. PMID- 7096471 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of isosorbide dinitrate in human plasma and urine. PMID- 7096472 TI - Chromatographic micro-procedure for trace determination of phenobarbital in blood serum. AB - Volumes of 100 microliters of serum were sufficient for the determination of therapeutic levels of phenobarbital. The isolation procedure was performed using a column method with a hydrophobic adsorbent, graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). With this method the quantitative (98.1%) recovery of phenobarbital was measured. By suitable choice of experimental conditions, a highly selective purification of the drug can be obtained, thus eliminating various sources of error during quantitation due to the presence in the final samples of endogenous compounds. For the quantitation procedure, another type of graphitized carbon black (Carbopack C) suitably modified was used for gas chromatography. Calibration curves showed no chemisorption effect along the column even on injecting 5 ng of phenobarbital. Some practical aspects of the procedure for improving the reliability of the results are discussed. PMID- 7096469 TI - The determination of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in tissues by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. PMID- 7096473 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of caffeine in biologic fluids. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of caffeine in various biologic fluids and coffee. A reversed-phase column and UV detection at 254 nm were used to obtain a sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/ml caffeine in serum and saliva using a sample volume of 0.1 ml. Caffeine metabolites and commonly ingested xanthines do not interfere with the assay. The within-day coefficients of variation were 9.8 and 9.9% at plasma caffeine concentrations of 2 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. The day-to-day coefficients of variation were 6.8 and 6.6% at plasma caffeine concentrations of 2 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum and saliva caffeine concentrations were determined following a single oral dose of coffee and an intravenous infusion of caffeine in one subject. Computer estimates of caffeine pharmacokinetic parameters in one subject are in excellent agreement with previously published values. PMID- 7096474 TI - Quantitative analysis of procarbazine, procarbazine metabolites and chemical degradation products with application to pharmacokinetic studies. AB - Quantitative analytical methods are described for the analysis of the anticancer drug procarbazine and eight known metabolites including those known to have cytotoxic activity. A direct sample insertion mass spectrometric assay for procarbazine and the urinary excretion product, N-isopropyl-terephthalamic acid, has been developed. This method employs stable isotope labeled variants in a procedure that minimizes analytical errors that may be encountered in the quantitation of the chemically unstable parent drug. a liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of seven known procarbazine metabolites. Use of these methods is demonstrated by the analysis of procarbazine metabolism during incubation in a 9000-g rat liver homogenate preparation. Procarbazine disappearance and metabolite appearance are also monitored in rat plasma following intraperitoneal administration of a 150 mg/kg bolus dose. Applications to patient pharmacokinetics is demonstrated using the liquid chromatographic assay to follow the appearance of active procarbazine metabolites on the first and fourteenth day of an oral 250 mg/kg/day course of therapy of a patient being treated for cancer. PMID- 7096475 TI - Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography of mercaptoacetate and N-acetylcysteine after derivatization with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide and N-(7 dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide. AB - We have developed a high-performance liquid chromatographic system capable of resolving mercaptoacetate and N-acetylcysteine as their N-(1-pyrene)maleimide (PM) and N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM) derivatives. Good resolution was obtained by ion pairing with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and chromatography on reversed phase. The detection limits for the thiols were about 50 fmol as their DACM derivatives and about 400 fmol as their PM derivatives. The method is illustrated by chromatography of urinary thiols which indicates that the derivatization and chromatography procedures should be well applicable in bioanalytical work. PMID- 7096476 TI - Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic determination of dihydroergot alkaloids. AB - Direct, quantitative, thin-layer chromatographic methods for the determination of dihydroergot alkaloids are described, in particular the determination of dihydroergotamine with dihydroergokryptine as internal standard. The internal standard was added to plasma, which was extracted twice in dichloromethane; the organic phase was removed under nitrogen, the residue resolved in ethanol and applied on a silica gel G-60 plate. Dihydroergotamine and the internal standard can be measured directly by fluorescence, with excitation at 264 nm and with use of a Zeiss remission filter FL 39. The percentage recovery from this method is 49.17 +/- 6.71% (plasma). These methods enable the determination of 10 pmol dihydroergotamine per ml of plasma (ca. 6.8 ng/ml) with a coefficient of variation of 10.3%. They have proved useful in biochemical and pharmaceutical applications. PMID- 7096478 TI - Assay and stability of alpha-methyldopa in man using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. PMID- 7096479 TI - Separation and quantitation of urinary porphyrins by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096480 TI - Hydrolysis of riboflavin nucleotides in plasma monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096481 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of nitrate in urine and feces. PMID- 7096477 TI - Thin-layer chromatographic determination of furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl anthranilic acid in plasma and urine. PMID- 7096482 TI - Lipids in human neutrophils determined by a microanalytical method. PMID- 7096483 TI - Separation by thin-layer chromatography of nucleotides from bases and nucleosides in trichloroacetic acid extracts of cells. PMID- 7096484 TI - Determination of two nitrosourea antitumor agents by chemical ionization gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. PMID- 7096485 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diethylamine, a metabolite of disulfiram, in urine. PMID- 7096486 TI - Determination of N-methylpyridinium 2-aldoxime methylsulfate (Contrathion) in rat plasma and urine by high-performance copper(II)--silica ligand-exchange chromatography. PMID- 7096487 TI - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine vidarabine and hypoxanthine arabinoside in biological fluids. PMID- 7096488 TI - Fluorometric liquid chromatographic assay of the antiarrhythmic agent flecainide in blood plasma. PMID- 7096489 TI - Determination of clofazimine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096490 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the in vivo metabolites of [14C]pyridine. PMID- 7096491 TI - Reverse salt gradient chromatography of tRNA on unsubstituted agarose. III. Physical and chemical properties of different batches of Sepharose 4B. AB - Four batches of Sepharose 4B, which gave differing elution profiles in reverse salt gradient chromatography of tRNA, were analysed by a number of techniques. Charged groups were estimated from infrared spectra, and gave 0.04-0.05 sulphates and 0.18-0.27 carboxyls per disaccharide. Nuclear magnetic resonance showed the presence of 0.21-0.23 6-O-methyl substituents per disaccharide. The mass concentrations of the beads in aqueous suspension (including agarose-bound water) ranged from 4.7 to 5.0%. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a three-dimensional network of threads with diameters between 2 and 20 nm. None of these properties varied appreciably between batches. There was, however, a variation in the size distribution of beads. In two batches which induced a high degree of adsorptive retardation during chromatography, very few beads exceeded 100 micrometers in diameter; two other batches which gave inferior retardation had a preponderance of somewhat larger beads. The significance of this observation remains unclear. PMID- 7096493 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of methyl and ethyl mercury: "passivation" of the chromatographic column. PMID- 7096492 TI - Dual electrochemical detector for micro high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the selective detection of catecholamines. AB - A dual electrochemical detector having two working electrodes (anode and cathode) suitable for micro high-performance liquid chromatography has been characterized for the selective detection of catecholamines on the basis of their electrochemical reversibility. The rapid determination of applied potentials for such electrochemical detectors in liquid chromatography by means of cyclic semi differential voltammetry is described. The dual electrochemical detector has been successfully utilized for the selective determination of catecholamines in human urine injected directly into a micro high-performance liquid chromatograph with an alumina preconcentration micro-column. PMID- 7096494 TI - Assay of saccharin and sodium saccharin in animal feed. PMID- 7096496 TI - Advances in chromatography 1982. 17th International Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, April 5-8, 1982 18th International Symposium, Tokyo, April 15-18, 1982. PMID- 7096495 TI - Rapid extraction and measurement of morphine and opiate antagonists from rat brain using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. PMID- 7096498 TI - Automated qualitative and quantitative metabolic profiling analysis of urinary steroids by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data system. AB - A computer system (MSSMET), using methylene unit retention indices for an off line reverse library search analysis of selected ion chromatograms from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data, has been applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of urinary steroids. Several published methods for the isolation and derivatization of urinary steroids were evaluated for reproducibility using fused silica capillary column gas chromatography. Using a procedure that gave the greatest reproducibility, MSSMET analyses of urinary steroids were evaluated with packed (3-m 3% OV-101) and capillary (50-m OV-101 WCOT fused silica) columns. Most urinary steroids could be accurately quantitated using the packed column. However, urinary steroids with similar mass spectra and retention behavior on a packed column (i.e., androsterone and etiocholanolone, or 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-20-one and 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20-one) were completely separated using the capillary column and could be reproducibly quantitated with a 2-sec scan cycle time (10-15 data points across a peak) but not with a longer scan cycle time. Overloading was the major problem encountered with the fused silica capillary column. PMID- 7096497 TI - Long-term variation study of blood plasma levels of chloroform and related purgeable compounds. AB - Values for circulating plasma chloroform of 25 white adult females were monitored for 6 months during the first phase of a four-phase long-term variation study. The data suggested four major exposure categories. Category I (20%) had average chloroform levels less than 10 ppb and variation ranges less than or equal to 10 ppb. Category II (24%) had average levels of 10-25 ppb and ranges of less than or equal to 10 ppb. Category III (20%) had average levels of 10-25 ppb and ranges greater than 20 ppb. Category IV (28%) had average chloroform levels of greater than 25 ppb and variation ranges greater than 20 ppb. Although the participants had been carefully screened to exclude incidents of occupational and recreational exposure, three subjects in category IV experienced obvious incidences of acute exposure to either chloroform or a chloroform precursor. In these situations circulating plasma chloroform levels were between 1655 ppb and 4000 ppb. PMID- 7096500 TI - Multi-component analyses of human body fluids and tissue in health and disease using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution two dimensional electrophoresis. AB - Glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high resolution two dimensional electrophoresis have been used in combination to achieve multi component analyses of human serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and various tumours. The analytical system covers both low- and high-molecular-weight constituents, that is, metabolites and proteins. Over 1000 compounds can be separated in a single sample of a few milligrams. The techniques have been used to study changes in the biochemical composition of body fluids and tissues in different human diseases: metabolic disorder, neurological disorders and certain types of cancer. The new multi-component analytical approach, now in its early stages, may have considerable potential in biomedical research and diagnosis. PMID- 7096499 TI - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of endogenous levels of estradiol in plasma and in cytosol from rat uterus. AB - A method that permits the analysis of low levels of estradiol in plasma from women, men and rats and in cytosolic fractions of uterine tissue is described. The samples are extracted with Amberlite XAD-2 and a phenolic fraction is isolated on a lipophilic ion exchanger. Less polar contaminants in this fraction are separated from estradiol on Sephadex LH-20. Estradiol from human plasma can then be analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the trimethylsilyl ether using a capillary column and single ion monitoring of m/z 416. Samples from rat plasma and uterine cytosol require final purification by high-performance liquid chromatography prior to the GC-MS analysis. The approximate detection limits with the GC-MS instrument used were 1 x 10(-11)--2 x 10(-11) moles/l in plasma and 5 x 10(-11) moles/kg in the uterus. Problems in the purification procedures and the specificity and sensitivity of GC-MS analyses are discussed. PMID- 7096501 TI - Compilation of gas chromatographic retention indices of 163 metabolically important organic acids, and their use in detection of patients with organic acidurias. AB - Gas chromatographic retention indices have been compiled for 163 metabolically important compounds (mostly organic acids) in the form of methylene units, as trimethylsilyl derivatives, on 10% OV-1 and 10% OV-17 columns. Comprehensive references on metabolic diseases that can be diagnosed by detection of these metabolites are cross-indexed to facilitate the use of the methylene-unit list. The gas chromatographic method, which utilizes extraction of urine with ethyl acetate and trimethylsilylations, is described. Modified methods, one for neutral compounds and one for highly polar organic acids, both of which utilize appropriate ion exchange and lyophilization, are also described. Practical applications of these methods and the use of the methylene-unit in the diagnosis of eleven patients with various metabolic disorders are also shown. PMID- 7096502 TI - Determination of picomole amounts of choline and acetylcholine in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry equipped with a newly improved pyrolyzer. AB - Blood levels of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) have previously not been confirmed because of the difficulty in measuring these compounds. In this paper a recently developed method for the assay of Ch and ACh, which employs a chemical ionization (isobutane) quadrupole mass spectrometer (JEOL QH 100) equipped with a new type of pyrolyzer is reported. The correlation between the mass fragmentogram peak ratios and the amounts of compounds was good from 0.5 to 4 pmol. The assay limit for quantitation was ca. 0.3 pmol for Ch and ACh. The values for Ch from rat whole blood, serum and red blood cells were 10.88 +/- 1.46, 6.72 +/- 1.02 and 4.56 +/- 0.53 nmol/ml, respectively, and for ACh the respective values were 3.56 +/- 0.86, 1.69 +/- 0.16 and 1.87 +/- 0.83 nmol/ml. In human whole blood the levels of Ch and ACh were 22.55 +/- 3.97 and 3.23 +/- 0.23, respectively. PMID- 7096503 TI - Quantification of endogenous aliphatic alcohols in serum and urine. AB - The endogenous aliphatic alcohols ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and isopentanol in serum and urine were measured by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. Whereas for the higher-molecular-weight alcohols extraction with dichloromethane is used, ethanol is determined by direct injection of serum and urine. When zero is assigned to all values below the detection limits of the procedures (0.1 mg/l for ethanol and 2 micrograms/l for each of the higher molecular-weight alcohols) the following normal ranges are found: ethanol, 0-39 mg/l in serum and 0-46 mg per 24 h in urine; n-propanol, 0-48 micrograms/l in serum and 0-300 micrograms per 24 h in urine; n-butanol, 0-20 micrograms/l in serum and 0-18 micrograms per 24 h in urine. The isobutanol and isopentanol levels in the serum and urine of normal subjects are below the detection limit. For diabetic patients, on average increased levels are found for ethanol, n propanol and n-butanol in serum and urine. PMID- 7096504 TI - A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic pre-column technique for investigation of drug metabolism in biological fluids. AB - A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic pre-column technique for investigation of drug metabolism is described. This rapid method circumvents the "classical" sample purification via extraction by direct purification and enrichment of the sample on the pre-column. Almost 100% recovery of a drug (aminopyrine) and its metabolites from biological fluids is achieved. This is in strong contrast to "classical" sample preparation which allows a recovery of 30-100% depending on the polarity of the investigated compound. The procedure described has been successfully applied to the investigation of the metabolic pattern of aminopyrine in rat plasma and cell incubation media. PMID- 7096506 TI - Determination of blood transketolase by high-performance liquid chromatography (a preliminary note). PMID- 7096505 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of human serum lipoproteins: selective detection of triglycerides by enzymatic reaction. AB - A simple and convenient method for detection and quantitation of triglycerides in each lipoprotein fraction (chylomicron, VLDL, LDL and HDL) has been developed by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by enzymatic reaction using a high-speed reaction type chromatograph. Triglycerides in serum lipoproteins eluted from the gel permeation column (TSK GEL) could be sensitively and selectively detected by the absorbance at 550 nm using a commercial reagent kit. The distribution of triglycerides in each lipoprotein fraction could be examined with a small amount of serum (10-50 microliters) in less than 50 min by this method. Moreover, free glycerol could be detected as a sharp peak at the elution volume of total permeation of the column. This technique was found to be suitable for the study of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as chylomicron and VLDL. PMID- 7096509 TI - Simultaneous analysis of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine in biological fluids. AB - A method for the simultaneous quantitation of imipramine and its N-demethylated metabolite desipramine at the nanogram level in a single gas chromatograph peak is presented, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion recording. The assay is specific and quantitation is achieved using [2H4]imipramine as the internal standard. The method involves the in situ methylation of desipramine with [2H2]formaldehyde and sodium borohydride to give [2H2]imipramine. Quantitation is then achieved by selected ion recording at m/z 280, 282 and 284, whence the ratio of the ion currents at 280/284 and at 282/284 gives the quantities of imipramine and desipramine respectively. PMID- 7096508 TI - Determination of prednisone and prednisolone in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography--especially on impaired conversion of corticosteroids in patients with chronic liver disease. AB - A reliable and rapid method is described for the determination of prednisone and prednisolone in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography, using a Zorbax-SIL column with dichloromethane-ethanol (92.5:7.5) as eluent, with UV detection at 254 nm. Metabolites and endogenous hydrocortisone did not interfere with the determination of prednisone and prednisolone. The alteration of corticosteroid concentrations in serum from patients with chronic liver diseases was studied following a single oral administration of prednisone or prednisolone (30 mg). The proposed method showed good separation of several corticosteroids and was time-saving, suitable and reliable for the routine analysis of corticosteroids in human serum. PMID- 7096507 TI - Analysis of picomolar concentrations of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in biological fluids. AB - A highly sensitive and specific assay for the quantitation of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha, the stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin, is described. The method involves the addition of [3,3',4,4'-2H4]-6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha as internal standard, extraction from biological fluids using muBondapak C18 reversed-phase Sep-Paks, and preliminary purification by normal-phase chromatography. Following conversion to the methoxime, tris-trimethylsilyl, pentafluorobenzyl derivative, samples were analysed using combined capillary column gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Fragments ions at m/z 614 (1H) and 618 (2H) [M-C7H2F5]- were monitored for quantitation. This method was used for the measurement of endogenous levels of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in human urine and for the determination of prostacyclin release from rat peritoneal mast cells and from rat aortic rings incubated in human plasma. PMID- 7096510 TI - Measurement of endogenous leucine enkephalin in canine thalamus by high performance liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry. AB - A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry is used to quantify endogenous amounts of leucine enkephalin in canine thalamus tissue. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography effects rapid high resolution of brain neuropeptides using a triethylamine formate buffer. An internal standard, 2Ala-leucine-enkephalin, is used. Field desorption mass spectra of neuropeptides generally display only protonated molecular ions. (M + H)+ ion currents of endogenous leucine enkephalin and internal standard were integrated by field desorption mass spectral-selected ion monitoring techniques. The ratio of the two integrated ion currents was used to calculate endogenous amount of leu-enkephalin in thalamus tissue extracts. Leucine enkephalin was determined in this structurally unambiguous fashion in canine thalamus tissue at 50 ng/g thalamus tissue, or the 50 part per billion level. PMID- 7096511 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of 1,2-propanediol dinitrate in blood. AB - A method is described for determination of 1,2-propanediol dinitrate in blood at concentrations ranging from 10 ng/ml up to 25,000 ng/ml. It used double ether extraction with manual shaking in order to complete sample preparation within 5 min. Samples are analyzed via gas chromatography-electron-capture detection using a column of 3% base deactivated SP-2250 on Supelcoport. This column provides excellent separation and little 1,2-propanediol dinitrate tailing. PMID- 7096512 TI - Separation of digoxin, digitoxin and their potential metabolites, impurities or degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid and versatile series of high-performance liquid chromatographic systems are described for the resolution of digoxin, digitoxin and their potential metabolites or degradation products and impurities. These systems consist of isocratic, single-step gradient and linear gradient modes that provide resolution of the glycosides in 25, 17 and 14 min respectively. Digoxin, its mono- and bisdigitoxosides, digoxigenin and gitoxin, a potential impurity, may be isocratically separated in 11 min. The two semi-synthetic glycosides alpha- and beta-acetyldigoxin are resolved and separated from digoxin and its metabolites in a chromatographic time of 23 min. Digitoxin and its metabolites or degradation products may be separated in as little as 9 min using an isocratic system. The solvent systems employ varying proportions of methanol, water, isopropanol and dichloromethane and a conventional 5 micrometers bonded, octadecyl phase. Detection was accompanied using a variable wavelength detector set at 220 nm. PMID- 7096513 TI - Purification of human serum hyaluronidase using chromatofocusing. AB - A commercial chromatofocusing system was applied to Cohn's fraction III of human serum to purify hyaluronidase (E.C.3.2.1.3.5). The protein that eluted in the pH range 4.7-5.3 was pooled and precipitated by adding ammonium sulphate to 50% saturation. This sequence of fractionation purified hyaluronidase extensively by immunological criteria. It is shown that hyaluronidase is a population of enzymes displaying microheterogeneity. The commercial chromatofocusing system behaved as theoretically expected. The capacity of the gel is 3 mg per ml gel. Any overload will be trapped or precipitated in the gel. The gel is easy to handle and did not deteriorate on repeated use. PMID- 7096515 TI - Determination of epichlorohydrin in blood by gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. PMID- 7096516 TI - Dns derivatization of anabolic agents with high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorescence detection. PMID- 7096514 TI - Multichannel diode array UV-visible spectrophotometer as detector in screening for unknown butoprozine metabolites in dog bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096518 TI - Analysis of ethylenethiourea in beer by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096517 TI - Determination of furazolidone in swine plasma using liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096519 TI - Detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in blood by headspace gas chromatography as an aid to the diagnosis of solvent abuse. AB - A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the detection and identification of some volatile organic compounds in whole blood, plasma or serum. After incubation of the sample (200 microliters) together with the internal standard solution in a sealed vial, a portion of the headspace is analysed using a 2-m glass column packed with 0.3% (w/w) Carbowax 20M on Carbopack C, 80-100 mesh. The column oven, after a 2-min isothermal period, is programmed from 35 to 175 degrees C at 5 degrees/min and held for 8 min. The effluent is monitored by both flame-ionisation and electron-capture detection, and peak assignment is by means of retention time and relative detector response. The method has proved applicable to the detection of bromochlorodifluoromethane, n-butane, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobutanol, cryofluorane (Halon 114), dichlorodifluoromethane (Halon 12), ethyl acetate, halothane, isobutane, isopropanol, isopropyl nitrate, methyl ethyl ketone, propane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, trichloroethylene and trichlorofluoromethane (Halon 11) in blood specimens obtained from patients suspected of abusing these agents. PMID- 7096520 TI - Off-line combination of liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry: principles and environmental, medical and pharmaceutical applications. AB - Field desorption mass spectrometry (FD-MS), which is applicable to analyses of compounds of low volatility and thermal instability, is used as a sensitive, specific and fast detection method for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Owing to its simplicity and efficiency, off-line combination is the preferred technique for the analysis of substances in chromatographic effuents. The principles of identification, purity control and quantification are presented. Characteristic examples of mental, medical and pharmaceutical areas are given. Qualitative and quantitative results for drugs and endogenous compounds, e.g., tranquillizers, immunosuppressive and antitumour agents and free amino acids, in human body fluids, biocides, e.g., phenylureas, carbamates, organophosphorus and organometallic compounds, in river water, and natural and synthetic products, e.g., saponins, chlorophyll and deoxyribonucleotides, are presented. PMID- 7096522 TI - First Workshop on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Montreux, October 22 23, 1981. PMID- 7096523 TI - An automated HPLC assay for simultaneous quantitation of methylated xanthines and uric acids in urine. AB - To investigate the elimination kinetics of caffeine and its metabolites, as well as the interaction between them, an automated HPLC method is described. This method involves a single extraction procedure, followed by a gradient elution. Fourteen methylated xanthines and uric acids are well separated with an assay sensitivity of 1 microgram/ml when one-half ml of urine is used. The assay is highly selective, from endogenous compounds, and reproducible. This method is recommended for accurate pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 7096521 TI - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the pharmaceutical industry: objectives and needs. AB - The role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the analysis of drugs is discussed. The main fields of application are thermally labile compounds, compounds with low volatility and compounds with rather high molecular weights, all of which are not generally suitable for analysis by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The objectives, needs, limitations and abilities of LC-MS for the analysis of by-products, degradation products, traces of drug substances for pharmacokinetic studies and metabolites in complex matrices are presented. The LC-MS coupling is discussed as a sophisticated LC detector for sensitive and selective quantitative determinations or as an on-line sample-introduction system for the mass spectrometer to obtain structural information for identification or structural elucidation. LC-MS combined with a flow-switching technique can be used for the analysis of mixtures containing large amounts of components which otherwise would be detrimental to the LC-MS technique. With flow-injection techniques the LC-MS interface is used as a sample introduction system with possibilities for sample preparation, sample clean-up and chemical derivatization. PMID- 7096524 TI - Maximum attainable discrimination and the utilization of radiologic examinations. AB - Discriminant Analysis and other related statistical techniques are frequently used to sort patients into those most likely and those least likely to benefit from a certain intervention. Considerable data analysis and computation are often required to arrive at the best-fitting mathematical model which translates discriminating variables or indicants into probability predictions regarding the presence or absence of disease or the likelihood of a favourable outcome. Attempts to judge how well discriminant analysis performs or to determine why it does not perform better are hampered by not knowing what is the greatest degree of discrimination theoretically possible in a data set. In this paper we describe a method of calculating the maximum discrimination attainable in a data set and show how it can be used (1) to decide whether further model building is worthwhile, and (2) if so, to judge the discriminatory performance of any such models. We apply this tool to two previously published studies of radiologic utilization; the results provide reassurance that, at least on the basis of the presenting indicants, the patients were being adequately selected for the studies in question. PMID- 7096526 TI - Cluster analysis to determine headache types. AB - Cluster analysis was used to separate 726 headache patients into clusters of patients with similar symptoms. This was done to answer two questions: what "naturally occurring' groups of patients can be found? And how do these groups correspond to traditional headache types? When only two clusters were required, the best two clusters were tension and migraine-like. However, eight clusters could also be distinguished, and the migraine group then became very small. The clusters were tested for clinical interpretability by having 12 physicians name and prescribe treatment for the clusters. The suggested treatment was similar to what patients had actually received in about 2/3 of the cases but was rather different for the remainder. Further, the outcomes associated with different treatments appeared to vary by cluster. This suggests that the current method for classifying and treating headaches may not be optimal. PMID- 7096525 TI - Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and cardiovascular risk factor variables in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. AB - The relationship between Total score from the Hunter-Wolf A-B Self-Rating Scale for children (and derived Factors) and several cardiovascular risk factor variables was observed in children ages 10-17 in a biracial community. After analysis, effects of age, weight and height were removed from the Total A-B score, each Factor score, and risk factor variable. Differences in risk factor variables were observed in relation to A-B, race and sex. For each sex-race group, the four Factor scores and Total score were ranked into quintiles. Children in the upper quintile referred to as Type A children and those in the lower quintile, Type B. For Factor 1, which describes eagerness and energy in children (Eagergy), significant mean differences were found for serum total, beta and pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. In each instance, children classified as Type A exhibited approximately 10 mg/dl higher readings, except for pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol in which a 2 mg/dl difference was noted. Two significant second order interactions were found for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Black boys who scored in the A direction had higher systolic blood pressures, while Type A girls had higher diastolic blood pressures than their Type B counterparts (p less than 0.05). For Factor IV, which is related to feeling hurried, there was an approximate 10 mg/dl difference in serum total and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol in the direction opposite to that predicted. Although the relationships between A-B coronary behavior pattern and risk factor variables in children are of low magnitude, the relationships are being observed in the direction that might be predicted. Measurement of Type A in children requires further refinement in concept identification and valid measurement. PMID- 7096529 TI - Hospital management of chronic illness in adolescence: a development model. AB - Attaining adulthood has always been a difficult process in the management and guidance of our adolescent populations. The stress of chronic illness during this developmental stage cna complicate an already overpowering dilemma in adolescents struggling for independence. Too often, health care professionals react to the adolescent patient out of context. In managing their care, it is important to understand the framework of child development theory and also become aware of our own feelings in relating to adolescents. Adolescents have their own concepts of illness and hospitalization that must be assessed in formulating a comprehensive management plan. Taking all of these dynamics into account, hospital staff can present a more educational and preventative approach that involves that adolescent in helping him cope with his development during a vulnerable time. PMID- 7096528 TI - Psychological adjustment and patient information in inflammatory bowel disease: development of two assessment instruments. AB - Research on the psychological adjustments that patients must make in living with inflammatory bowel disease, symptomatic and life-disrupting chronic illnesses, has been difficult to interpret because no standard measurement instruments of known reliability and validity have been available. Two studies are presented on the construction, validation and cross-validation of the two instruments measuring patient information and psychological adjustment in inflammatory bowel disease. Both scales were shown to be reliable on the basis of internal consistency. Convergent validity of the psychological adjustment scale with measures of self-esteem and social competence and with a measure of public self consciousness was demonstrated, as was discriminant validity along the dimension of social desirability. Assumptions underlying the scales are discussed, and research and clinical applications are suggested. PMID- 7096527 TI - Blood lipids in young men followed 32 years. AB - The relationship of baseline characteristics to serum cholesterol at baseline (CHL47) when aged 16-25 (mean 20.5) yr and at 32-yr follow-up (CHL79) was assessed in 162 men. Mean CHL rose over the follow-up period. CHL47 predicted CHL79 (r = 0.61, p less than 0.001) but not CHL79-CHL47. The mean (+/- SD) weight change (DW) was 12.0 kg (+/- 26.0 kg). DW was not significantly related to CHL47, but was independently related to CHL79-CHL47 (4 = 0.30, p less than 0.001). Age, height, DW, any of 7 measures of baseline obesity and CHL47 predicted CHL79 with R2 of 0.40 and CHL79-CHL47 with R2 of 0.37. Thus, weight change but not baseline relative weight was a determinant of serum cholesterol change from youth to middle age. There was strong tracking of serum cholesterol over this period. PMID- 7096530 TI - Corrected group prognostic curves and summary statistics. AB - A method is presented for correcting distribution function estimators for distortions in the joint distribution of covariates in the subsamples receiving different treatments. This form of standardization is useful for depicting multivariate analyses and predicting population behavior. Furthermore, it also proves useful for comparing two trials which differ in patient mix and for adjusting estimates for know imbalances in patient characteristics. Standardization though important, is not often used in clinical trials because of the complexities introduced by multiple covariates. The proposed method overcomes these difficulties in a wide class of analyses. PMID- 7096532 TI - A clinico-pathological study of lithium nephrotoxicity. AB - Lithium salts, well recognised as acute nephrotoxins, have recently been implicated in the development of a chronic focal interstitial nephropathy. As part of a clinico-pathological study of lithium nephrotoxicity, renal function and renal histology has been compared between 25 patient on maintenance lithium therapy and 19 patients with affective illnesses prior to commencement of lithium therapy. Significant evidence of chronic renal damage was present in biopsies of lithium treated patients when compared with cadaveric donor kidneys (p less than 0.001). Similar damage was noted in biopsies from patient prior to lithium and differed from donor kidneys (p less than 0.01). The degree of damage was not significantly different between the patients on lithium and those not yet on lithium. An acute specific tubular lesion was note in patients on lithium, and a marked degree of distal tubule dilation and microcyst formation were also observed. Significant defects in urinary concentrating ability and urinary acidification were present in patients on lithium and there was a correlation between the degree of these defects and the duration of lithium therapy. There was no evidence of a substantial reduction in glomerular filtration rate, which could be ascribed to the lithium therapy. PMID- 7096531 TI - Race and socio-economic status in survival from breast cancer. AB - The survival data on 515 white and 388 black female breast cancer patients seen at the Medial College of Virginia between 1968 and 1977 were analyzed to study the effect of age, stage and race on survival prognosis. For a subset of the data representing patients from the city of Richmond (117 white and 206 black), socio economic status (SES) information was generated on the basis of six predictors of SES and, in addition, the role of social class was studied. Each of these factors has a significant association with survival time. In particular, the probability of surviving a given length of time after diagnosis is ordered according to the socio-economic level and the statistical test for dose response show a highly significant directional relationship. Age and stage do not explain the difference in survival between the two races. Race and SES are highly associated; a higher proportion of blacks than whites come from the lower end of the socio-economic scale. Moreover, the racial difference in survival becomes insignificant when it is adjusted for the distribution of socio-economic levels. This suggests that the observed difference in breast cancer survival between blacks and whites is, to a large extent, due to the difference between the two races with respect to the distribution of socio-economic status. PMID- 7096533 TI - A pilot newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Alaska. PMID- 7096534 TI - Cholesterol synthesis in human fetal tissues. PMID- 7096535 TI - Qualitative receptor defects in families with androgen resistance: failure of stabilization of the fibroblast cytosol androgen receptor. PMID- 7096536 TI - Dopaminergic control of 18-hydroxycorticosterone responses to posture, isometric exercise, and diuretic administration in normal man. AB - This study investigates dopaminergic mechanisms involved in the control of corticosteroid secretion in man. The responses of plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) and aldosterone levels to upright posture and isometric handgrip exercise and furosemide administration as well as PRA and catecholamine responses to posture and exercise were evaluated in six normal subjects with and without bromocriptine (BEC) treatment. To evaluate the role of PRL suppression by BEC in affecting corticosteroid responses, we evaluated the effect of BEC on plasma 18 OHB and aldosterone responses to 20 mg furosemide in two subjects with autoimmune hypoprolactinemia. BEC (2.5 mg, three times a day for 4 days) markedly suppressed basal levels of 18-OHB, but not aldosterone, in the six normal subjects as well as the two subjects with autoimmune hypoprolactinemia. BEC also suppressed the 18 OHB and aldosterone responses to upright posture, isometric exercise, and furosemide administration without altering electrolytes, PRA, or plasma cortisol levels. Additionally, BEC suppressed basal levels of PRL, norepinephrine, and epinephrine as well as norepinephrine and blood pressure responses to upright posture and isometric exercise in the normal subjects. These results offer additional evidence that dopaminergic mechanisms modulate the secretion of 18-OHB and aldosterone, perhaps indirectly via inhibitory effects of dopaminergic pathways on catecholamine secretion. PMID- 7096537 TI - The daily profile of plasma melatonin in obese and Prader-Willi syndrome children. AB - Daily plasma melatonin profiles were determined by RIA in exogenously obese and Prader-Willi syndrome children. The melatonin RIA was validated for use in human plasma by evaluating melatonin immunoreactivity in the resultant eluate fractions of a high performance liquid chromatogram of a chloroform-extracted pooled human plasma sample. Melatonin immunoreactivity in the plasma profile occurred only in the fraction that corresponded to the chromatographic position of authentic melatonin. Exogenously obese patients had plasma melatonin profiles characterized by low levels during the day (20-30 pg/ml plasma) and high levels at night (65 130 pg/ml plasma). The plasma melatonin profile did not vary as a function of weight or pubertal status. Prader-Willi syndrome patients had similar melatonin profiles to those of exogenously obese patients. Although the Prader-Willi children had a delayed onset of puberty, the plasma melatonin profile was unaltered. These data indicate that plasma melatonin may not play a role in the onset of puberty. However, the daily melatonin profile is a temporally precise hormonal rhythm in humans. PMID- 7096538 TI - Production of prolactin by cultures of cells from human decidua. AB - Human decidual tissue has been reported to secrete human PRL in vitro. Decidual scraped from fetal membranes delivered at term was treated with collagenase, and cultures of the dispersed cells were examined 7 days after plating. These cultures were fibroblastic in appearance and secreted insignificant amounts of PRL to the medium (less than 12 ng/ml). However, PRL-producing cells could be selected by taking advantage of the slowness of their attachment to the plastic dishes. Cultures of cells that did not attach during the first 48 h after cell dispersion produced, after attachment, about 100 micrograms PRL/mg DNA in 2 days. This rate is much higher than rates observed during batch incubations or superfusions of minced decidual preparations (approximately 0.2-0.3 micrograms PRL/mg DNA.day). PRL production rates declined after the seventh day of culture, probably as a consequence of overgrowth of cells that did not secrete PRL. Cultures enriched in PRL-secreting cells may be used to study the regulation of decidual production of PRL and other biochemical processes of the endometrium affected by decidualization. PMID- 7096539 TI - A radioreceptor assay for direct measurement of plasma free glucocorticoid activity. AB - An assay for plasma free glucocorticoid receptor-binding activity has been developed with the use of specific glucocorticoid receptors in cultured rat pituitary tumor cells (GC line). Unlike other assays for corticosteroids, this assay measures the summed free (rather than the total) receptor-binding activity of all natural and synthetic steroids present in the sample. Plasma samples (0.5 ml) were incubated with [3H]dexamethasone and GC cells at 37 C for 45 min, and the nuclear bound dexamethasone was then measured. The free glucocorticoid receptor-binding activity was determined by the extent to which steroids present in the sample inhibit binding of the 3H-labeled steroids. Free cortisol concentrations of 0.3-3.6 micrograms/dl were accurately detected. That the assay measures free but not total steroids and that the free steroid provides the correct index of receptor-occupying capability were verified by two findings: 1) the assay yields similar results when the free cortisol is separated from plasma and then run in the assay, and 2) the receptor-binding activity of dexamethasone in plasma is reduced to the extent of plasma binding of this steroid measured directly. Free receptor-binding activity of adult plasma taken at various times determined by the assay correlated well with that expected from the total cortisol levels (measured by the corticosteroid-binding globulin-isotope assay) and the extent of plasma binding. The utility of the assay for measuring plasma dexamethasone levels after oral administration of the steroid is shown. The assay should be useful to determine the free glucocorticoid receptor-binding activity in plasma due to cortisol, synthetic glucocorticoids, or unidentified medication. In most circumstances, i.e. when antagonists are not present in sufficient quantities, such activity should equal the free glucocorticoid activity as well. PMID- 7096541 TI - Evidence of dopamine receptors in human growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas with concomitant study of dopamine inhibition of GH secretion in a perifusion system. AB - Dopamine (DA) is known to influence human GH release both in vivo and in vitro. The direct control of GH secretion at the pituitary level has been observed using human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas in organ culture, but no dose-response relationship between DA and GH inhibition was demonstrated. Such a dose-response relationship was obtained using GH-secreting adenomatous cells in a perifusion column. The IC50 of DA was 5 X 10(-8) M. Binding studies with [3H]apomorphine on human GH-secreting pituitary adenoma membranes demonstrated the presence of a dopaminergic receptor (Kd = 0.73 +/- 0.24 nM; maximum binding, 18.5 +/- 3.6 fmol/mg protein), which presumably mediates the effect of DA on GH release. In comparison to prior studies with PRL-secreting adenomas, several differences were apparent: 1) the maximum inhibition of GH release by DA is lower than that of PRL (50% vs. 80%), 2) the maximum number of binding sites is much lower (5-20 times) in GH-secreting adenomas than in PRL-secreting adenomas, and 3) [3H]domperidone does not show specific binding on GH-secreting adenomas but does on PRL-secreting adenomas. These experimental results indicate that the dopaminergic control of GH secretion is different from that of PRL secretion, as DA is less effective on GH release than on PRL release from human pituitary adenomas. PMID- 7096542 TI - Calcitonin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from normal subjects and patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma: possible restriction of calcitonin by the blood brain barrier. AB - Calcitonin (CT) was measured by RIA in samples of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained simultaneously from 27 normal volunteers and 8 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma to examine the extent of penetration of CT across the blood-brain barrier. CT concentrations in plasma and CSF were 68.2 +/- 25.1 pg/ml (mean +/- SD; range, less than 25-110) and 38.5 +/- 12.1 pg/ml (range, less than 25-56), respectively, in normal subjects and 5,650 +/- 4,120 pg/ml (range, 980 21,100) and 36.1 +/- 11.1 pg/ml (range, less than 25-45), respectively, in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. No significant difference was observed in the mean concentrations of CT in CSF from normal subjects and that from patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. The concentration of CT in CSF from patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma was only 0.05-2.5% the concentration of CT in plasma. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between the concentrations of CT in plasma and CSF from normal subjects, from patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma, or when normal and patient groups were combined. It is concluded that penetration of CT from blood in CSF is minimal. PMID- 7096543 TI - Identification of a 17-hydroxyprogesterone-binding immunoglobulin in the serum of a woman with periodic rashes. AB - A 30-year-old patient with primary infertility had a history of recurrent oral and perineal rashes that appeared just prior to the midcycle rise in basal body temperature and subsided with the onset of menses. The rashes did not appear during periods of treatment with oral contraceptives or danazol, and were suppressed by administration of cortisol. Sera obtained during the follicular and luteal phases of her cycle were found to contain a progestin-binding component with high affinity for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and a somewhat lower affinity for progesterone. Analysis of these sera showed the progestin-binding component to have properties of IgG, with an apparent binding affinity for 17 hydroxyprogesterone of 2 X 10(10) M-1. This report is the first characterization of an antibody to an endogenous steroid in human serum. PMID- 7096540 TI - The interaction of free fatty acids in radioimmunoassays for reverse triiodothyronine. AB - We have investigated the effect of FFA on the RIA of rT3 because of our previous findings of a correlation between serum rT3 values and increased FFA concentrations during prolonged exercise and reports of interference by FFA in other thyroid hormone assays. Apparent rT3 values increased by 19% and 34% in in vivo studies of acute lipolysis in subjects 5 min post exercise or 10 min post heparin, respectively, while T3 and T4 concentrations were unchanged. Varying concentrations of palmitic acid were added in vitro to four normal sera, and the increase in FFA concentration correlated significantly with the increase in apparent rT3 values. The mean +/- SE of the regression slope was 9.3 +/- 1.8 ng/dl rT3/mM FFA (r = 0.96 +/- 0.02). The addition of linoleic acid produced a similar effect. T3 and T4 concentrations were unchanged. The interaction of FFA in the rT3 RIA was unrelated to the procedure used to separate the assay, to the concentration of 8-anilino-1-napthalene-sulfonic acid in the assay buffer, to FFA binding directly to the antisera or to use of a particular antisera. The magnitude of the effect was similar in charcoal-treated sera, and the addition of 2 mM palmitic acid to the assay standard curve decreased the y intercept but did not alter the slope, suggesting an interaction of rT3 with FFA, rather than change in affinity of the antisera. PMID- 7096546 TI - [Selection of cancer therapy according to histological types and local conditions: with special reference to multidisciplinary treatment]. PMID- 7096547 TI - [The responses of EEGs of healthy adults to periodic somatosensory stimulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096544 TI - The immune response in humans and rabbits to monomeric and polymeric grass allergens. AB - The antigenicity of polymerized grass (PG) and monomer grass (MG) was studied. As compared with MG, PG produces a similar immunologic response in rabbits as demonstrated by a tanned red blood cell (TRBC) passive hemagglutination assay or by total serum binding of perennial rye grass Group I antigens (RGGI). Six patients with allergic rhinitis sensitive to several grass pollens received an average of 60,000 protein nitrogen units (PNU) or PG. The initial dose was 100 PNU ans a maintenance dosage of 8500 PNU was obtained after six injections without systemic reactions in any of the patients. Serum binding of RGGI increased significantly in the PG-treated patients and this increase was quantitatively similar to that measured in a second group of six atopic patients previously treated for 1 year with a total of 100,000 PNU of a standard grass extract mixture. PG, like polymerized ragweed (PRW), has a reduced allergenicity while retaining immunogenicity. These data suggest that PG as compared to standard aqueous grass extract mixtures represents an improved form of immunotherapy for the atopic patients. PMID- 7096545 TI - Pancytopenia with mixed cryoglobulinemia: evidence for anti-percursor cell activity of cryoglobulin--effects of plasmapheresis. AB - The efficacy of plasmapheresis in a patient with mixed cryoglobulinemia and pancytopenia is shown. The cryoglobulin was shown to have percursor cell suppressing activity and its depletion by plasmapheresis resulted in improvement of blood counts, Indications, limitations and guidelines for plasmapheresis in various diseases are discussed. PMID- 7096549 TI - [A study on the visual evoked potentials in depressive patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096551 TI - [Studies on vascular fragility in the aged (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096550 TI - [Studies on the angioarchitecture of uterine myoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096548 TI - [An experimental study on cerebral edema in acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage and dexamethasone treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096552 TI - [Cytogenetic studies of hydatidiform mole]. PMID- 7096553 TI - [Present trends and evaluation of alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses at the neuropsychiatric Nippon Medical School Hospital (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096554 TI - [Bilateral superior caval veins. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7096555 TI - Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heat-labile antigenic factors. AB - A serotyping scheme for Campylobacter jejuni was developed based on slide agglutination of live bacteria with whole cell antisera absorbed with homologous heated and heterologous unheated cross-reactive antigens. Among 815 isolates from human and nonhuman sources, 21 serogroups were recognized. Of the 615 isolates from human cases of gastroenteritis, 529 (86%) were typable; 455 strains agglutinated in 20 single antisera, whereas 74 isolates agglutinated in various pairs of antisera, allowing subdivision of some main serogroups into subserogroups. Of the 200 isolates of C. jejuni from nonhuman sources (chicken, swine, etc.), 166 (83%) were typable, 145 cultures agglutinated in various single antisera, and 21 strains agglutinated with different pairs of antisera. Among isolates from all sources, 8 serogroups (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11) were encountered most frequently. Serogroups 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 were most common among human isolates; the majority of the chicken and all of the swine isolates belonged to the same serogroups identified from human cases. Very good serological correlation was obtained in 20 family outbreaks and 4 community outbreaks. PMID- 7096556 TI - Cellular fatty acid composition of Haemophilus equigenitalis. AB - The cellular fatty acid composition of eight Haemophilus equigenitalis strains was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. All strains showed a grossly similar pattern characterized by large amounts of 18:1 and 16:0. The amounts of 16:1, 18:2, 18:0, 3-OH 14:0, 3-OH 16:0, and 3-OH 18:1 were relatively small. PMID- 7096557 TI - Purification of genus-specific chlamydial antigen and its separation into several components by ion-exchange chromatography. AB - Sodium deoxycholate-extracted genus-specific chlamydial antigen was purified from contaminating substances by ion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-sephacel, resulting in a decrease in the complement-fixing activity of the antigen, whereas the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay activity increased. By successive elution with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 M acetate buffer at least three clearly separated components were consistently recovered in 14 trials. The identity of these components as genus-specific chlamydial antigen was demonstrated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests with specific antisera. The antigenic activity of these components was not diminished by prior treatment of the chlamydial particles with pronase. Antiserum prepared by immunization of rabbits with the antigenic component I of an egg-propagated antigen reacted predominantly with the antigenic components I and II of a cell culture-propagated antigen. PMID- 7096558 TI - Development of a simple serological method for diagnosing leptospirosis: a microcapsule agglutination test. AB - A passive microcapsule agglutination test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis was developed by utilizing chemically stable microcapsules instead of sheep erythrocytes. In the test, sonically disrupted antigens of leptospira were sensitized to microcapsules treated with glutaraldehyde. Compared with the microscopic agglutination test, the passive microcapsule agglutination test showed a relatively genus-specific tendency and a 4- to 32-fold-higher sensitivity. The sensitized microcapsule antigens were stable for at least 1 year. The microcapsules coupled with mixed antigens can be used as a serodiagnostic screening test for diseases caused by various types of leptospira. The test, which is very simple and reproducible and requiring no specific training, can be employed easily as a routine test in diagnostic laboratories. PMID- 7096559 TI - Effect of diving and diving hoods on the bacterial flora of the external ear canal and skin. AB - The bacterial flora of the external ear canals and posterior auricular skin surfaces were investigated in a group of 26 divers after 25 dry-suit dives in harbor water and 20 dry-suit dives in clear test tank test. A control group of 16 divers wore rubber hoods 19 times for a similar period (25 to 30 min) but did not dive. The protective effect of 2% acetic acid was tested by instilling it in the left ear of 14 divers and 8 nondivers. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and enteric gram-negative rods were the predominant isolates from skin and ear samples. After the divers dove or after they wore hoods without going in the water, there was a substantial increase in the number of these organisms on the skin (46.9%) or in the external ears (43.8%) of the divers. However, an increase in the bacterial counts in the external ear canals occurred in only 13.6% of the individuals treated prophylactically with acetic acid drops. Although no gram-negative rods were recovered from the skin or external ear canals of divers in clear tank water, 23 strains were isolated after the dives in harbor water. Identical gram-negative isolates also were recovered from the harbor water. Gram-negative organisms also were recovered from three newly acquired skin lacerations, where they persisted for at least 24 h. Our data show the acquisition of gram-negative rods when dives were made in polluted water. The data also demonstrate the increase in bacterial counts that occurs when rubber diving rods are worn (in or out of water) and that this increase can be controlled by pretreatment of ears with acetic acid. PMID- 7096560 TI - Comparison of three automated systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli. AB - Several instruments for automated or semiautomated susceptibility testing are currently available. Three of these instruments, Autobac (General Diagnostics, Warner-Lambert Co., Morris Plains, N.J.), MS-2 (Abbott Laboratories, Dallas, Tex.), and AutoMicrobic system (AMS) (Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) were compared for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli. A total of 207 isolates representing 29 species of gram-negative bacilli were tested simultaneously by each instrument and by a standardized disk diffusion reference method. Nine antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, and nitrofurantoin were tested. Discrepancies between the results of the automated and reference disk diffusion methods were resolved by agar dilution testing. Overall, 93% of the Autobac and MS-2 results and 83% of the AMS results were in agreement with the results obtained by the reference methods. The results of the Autobac, MS-2, and AMS systems respectively included 3.3, 2.3, and 4.2% major and very major discrepancies. Excessive testing discrepancies were found for certain drugs, including ampicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin, and for certain organisms, including species of Providencia, Serratia, and Citrobacter. The results of this comparison of three automated systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicate that the Autobac and MS 2 instruments provided highly reliable results. The AMS need further development of its susceptibility testing capability to eliminate an unacceptably high number of minor discrepancies. PMID- 7096561 TI - Characterization of atypical aerobic gram-negative cocci isolated from humans. AB - Six atypical aerobic gram-negative cocci, isolated from humans, were classified taxonomically by genetic relatedness (DNA base pairs and DNA homology), fatty acid content, pigment absorption profile, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics. One strain (M448), which produced acid only from glucose, was identified as Neisseria meningitidis; one strain (CH), which produced acid from glucose, maltose, and sucrose, was identified as N. gonorrhoea; Branhamella catarrhalis was confirmed in a case of acute meningitis; N. canis was identified in a cat bite wound; and representative isolates of a proposed new pigmented species were found to have genetic affinities with N. meningitidis and N. perflava. PMID- 7096562 TI - Studies of the specificity of Legionella serology. AB - Sera with concurrent rises in titer to Legionella and mycoplasmal or chlamydial antigens were absorbed with whole Legionella organisms. Absorption removed Legionella reactivity only. No evidence of cross-reactivity between Legionella organisms and either Mycoplasma or Chlamydia organisms was found in studies of hyperimmune rabbit antisera. PMID- 7096563 TI - Predominant microflora associated with human dental periapical abscesses. AB - The microflora of periapical abscesses of teeth free of periodontal disease was studied. Permucosal aspiration of abscess contents and anaerobic cultural, microscopic, and biochemical techniques indicated a mixed but somewhat specific and relatively limited facultative and obligate anaerobic flora with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis as a frequent pair. PMID- 7096564 TI - Immunological cross-reactivity between the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component from rat brain and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - An alpha-bungarotoxin-binding protein was partially purified from rat brain and, when complexed with [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin, was shown to behave as a single radiolabelled protein that is distinct from the similarly complexed nAChR from Torpedo marmorata. The alpha-bungarotoxin-binding protein was used as antigen in radioimmunoassays for rabbit anti-(rat muscle nAChR) and rabbit anti-(Torpedo nAChR) antibodies, giving titres approximately 5% and 0.5%, respectively, of those obtained by using homologous antigen in the same assay. PMID- 7096565 TI - HLA and syringomyelia. AB - The HLA status of 53 patients with syringomyelia was assessed. Forty had an associated Chiari anomaly. A significant increase of HLA-A9 was found. Genetic factors may influence the development of syringomyelia. PMID- 7096566 TI - Selective transport of polymeric immunoglobulin A in bile. Quantitative relationships of monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and other proteins in serum, bile, and saliva. AB - In 17 adults, serum, hepatic bile, and saliva samples were analyzed for their sedimentation profile of IgA and secretory component (SC), and for their concentrations of albumin, orosomucoid, transferrin, IgG, IgA, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M), IgM, and SC. Polymeric IgA(p-IgA) averaged 13% (50-700 micrograms/ml) of total IgA in serum, 70% (43-88%) in bile, and 93% (74-98%) in saliva. Most of the p-IgA in bile sedimented with SC, which also occurred free (8 44%), and with IgM. In bile, albumin (155-1,485 micrograms/ml) was the predominant protein, followed by IgG (32-480 micrograms/ml), and total IgA (37 209 micrograms/ml). In saliva, p-IgA (72-902 micrograms/ml) predominated, followed by albumin (16-385 micrograms/ml) and IgG (9-178 micrograms/ml). Secretion-to-serum albumin-relative concentration ratios (S/S-ARCR = 1 for albumin) in bile averaged 22 for p-IgA, 1.91 for IgM, 1.28 for monomeric IgA (m IgA), 0.70 for IgG, and 0.57 for alpha 2M, indicating for p-IgA, IgM, and to a lesser extent for m-IgA, a selective excretion into bile. In saliva, a 16-fold greater selective excretion of p-IgA (mean S/S-ARCR = 354) was found. Labeled m- and p-IgA were injected intravenously into five patients. Specific activities indicated that for p-IgA 50% was serum derived in bile, as compared with 2% in saliva, and to 85% for m-IgA in bile. In the patient with the highest excretion of 125I-p-IgA in bile, only 2.8% of the injected dose was recovered in bile within 24 h after injection. Compared with rats and rabbits, the serum-to-bile transport of p-IgA in humans is much smaller. PMID- 7096568 TI - Study of protein characteristics that influence entry into the cerebrospinal fluid of normal mice and mice with encephalitis. AB - Entry of proteins into the cerebrospinal (CSF) from the blood is partially determined by the size of the protein. To determine whether other characteristics of proteins influence CSF entry, proteins or protein fragments were iodinated, inoculated intravenously, and serum and CSF were sampled at later times. The Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) did not enter the CSF significantly better than the Fab fragment suggesting that choroidal Fc receptors are not of importance for selective immunoglobulin entry. To determine the role of protein charge on entry, bovine serum albumin [isoelectric point (pI) = 3.9] was chemically altered to provide an albumin with an average pI of 6 (A-6) and another with a pI of 8.5 (A-8). All albumins were of the same size on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A-8 entered the CSF approximately 10-fold better than the native albumin. A-6 was intermediate, entering approximately twofold better. At the time of increased CSF protein concentration during an acute viral encephalitis these differences were narrowed but not eliminated. It is concluded that charge is an important determinant of protein entry into the CSF. PMID- 7096567 TI - Lipid transport in the human newborn. Palmitate and glycerol turnover and the contribution of glycerol to neonatal hepatic glucose output. AB - Free fatty acid (FFA) transport was measured in 11 and glycerol turnover in 5 newborns with continuous tracer infusion of [1-(13)C]palmitate or [2 (13)C]glycerol, respectively. In addition, simultaneous determination of glucose production in the latter group with [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose tracer and measurement of the appearance rate of [(13)C]glucose derived from [(13)C]glycerol allowed calculation of gluconeogenesis from glycerol.The average FFA inflow rate was 11.5+/-1.7 mumol kg(-1)min(-1), 2.5-4.5 h after the last feeding, and 16.7+/-2.8 mumol kg(-1)min(-1), 5-12 h after the last meal. These rates are comparable to those found in adults only after 8-16 h and approximately 72 h of fasting, respectively. FFA inflow in the newborn was directly correlated with time of fasting, plasma FFA level, and plasma glycerol level. Palmitate clearance and fractional removal were inversely related to palmitate level. Glycerol flux averaged 4.4+/-0.5 mumol kg(-1)min(-1), a value three- to fourfold that of the postabsorptive adult. Approximately 75% of transported glycerol was converted to glucose and represented 5.0+/-0.6% of hepatic glucose production. Furthermore, there was a direct relationship between glycerol turnover and the fraction of glucose coming from glycerol. Despite the absolutely elevated neonatal FFA and glycerol transport rates, these were quantitatively similar to values found in adults with comparable elevated substrate levels. Furthermore, other similarities with the adult in the relationships between inflow transport and substrate values, and between transport and fractional removal suggest that the regulatory aspects of lipid transport in man are already well developed by the first day of life. PMID- 7096570 TI - Role of propranolol in improvement of the relationship between O2 supply and consumption in an ischemic region of the dog heart. AB - Several aspects of the myocardial O(2) supply/consumption relationship were determined after coronary artery occlusion and subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade in 16 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Small artery and vein O(2) saturations, and hence extraction, were obtained microspectrophotometrically and combined with radioactive microsphere blood flow determinations to calculate regional myocardial O(2) consumption. Eight dogs remained untreated after coronary artery ligation while another group was given 2 mg/kg propranolol, 10 min after occlusion. Untreated occlusion resulted in decreased arterial and especially venous O(2) saturations, indicating an increased O(2) extraction. Ischemic O(2) consumption was reduced and the subendocardial/subepicardial consumption ratio was reversed (1.26 vs. 0.37) due to the pattern of occluded area flow. Calculated O(2) supply/consumption also decreased. Propranolol produced no significant changes in volume or distribution of flow within the ischemic region while reducing flow, extraction, and consumption in the unoccluded region. The heterogeneity of arterial and particularly venous O(2) saturations within the ischemic region decreased dramatically. Venous O(2) saturations were elevated relative to the control group resulting in a reduced O(2) extraction. The decrease in heterogeneity of arterial and venous O(2) saturations suggest that propranolol eliminates microregions of relatively high O(2) extraction, consumption, and/or a majority of vessels with extremely low flow. This leads to a significant improvement in the O(2) supply/consumption ratio in the ischemic myocardium of the dog. This may be due to a reduction in the heterogeneity and level of beta(1)-adrenergic receptor activity within the heart. PMID- 7096569 TI - Metabolism of deoxycorticosterone and deoxycorticosterone sulfate in men and women. AB - In this investigation we found that little of intravenously infused [14C]deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was converted to [14C]DOC-SO4 that entered plasma. Moreover little of intravenously infused [3H]DOC-SO4 was metabolized by way of DOC except by intestinal bacterial enzymes. However evidence was obtained that plasma DOC is converted to DOC-SO4 in liver, but little of the DOC-SO4 formed in liver escapes into blood; rather the DOC-SO4 enters bile and in the intestine is converted, in part, to progesterone (or metabolites thereof) by the action of bacterial enzymes. The estimated intrahepatic fractional conversion of DOC to DOC SO4 was significantly greater in premenopausal women (0.72 +/- 0.118, mean +/- SEM) than in men (0.28 +/- 0.036, P less than 0.005). PMID- 7096571 TI - Regulation of bile salt transport in rat liver. Evidence that increased maximum bile salt secretory capacity is due to increased cholic acid receptors. AB - Expansion of the bile salt pool size in rats increases maximum excretory capacity for taurocholate. We examined whether increased bile salt transport is due to recruitment of centrolobular transport units or rather to adaptive changes in the hepatocyte. Daily sodium cholate (100 mg/100 g body wt) was administered orally to rats. This treatment was well tolerated for at least 4 d and produced an 8.2 fold expansion of the bile salt pool. This expanded pool consisted predominently (99%) of cholic and deoxycholic acids. Significantly increased bile salt transport was not observed until 16 h after bile acid loading, and maximum elevations of transport capacity to 2.3-fold of control required approximately 2 d. In contrast, maximum sulfobromophthalein excretion rates increased 2.2-fold as early as 4 h and actually fell to 1.5-fold increase at 4 d. We studied the possibility that this adaptive increase in bile salt secretory transport was due to changes in canalicular surface membrane area, lipid composition, or increased number of putative carriers. Canalicular membrane protein recovery and the specific activities of leucine aminopeptidase, Mg(++)-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were unaltered by bile salt pool expansion. The content of free and esterified cholesterol and total phospholipids was unchanged in liver surface membrane fractions compared with control values. In contrast, sodium cholate administration selectively increased specific [(14)C]cholic acid binding sites twofold in liver surface membrane fractions. Increased numbers of [(14)C]cholic acid receptors (a) was associated with the time-dependent increase in bile salt transport, and (b) was selective for the taurine conjugate of cholate and (c) was reduced by chenodeoxycholate. Changes in bile acid binding sites 16 h following taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate and the lack of change with glycocholate was associated with comparable changes in bile salt transport. In conclusion, selective bile salts increase bile salt transport in the liver through an adaptive increase in the density of putative bile acid carriers in liver surface membrane. PMID- 7096572 TI - Reflex effects of aerosolized histamine on phrenic nerve activity. AB - Studies were conducted in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs on the effect of aerosolized histamine on phrenic nerve activity. The paralyzed dogs were ventilated in phase with their recorded phrenic nerve activity at a constant inspiratory flow-rate, using a cycle-triggered ventilator. Phrenic nerve activity was measured before and during administration of aerosolized histamine while the inspiratory flow-rate and arterial blood gases were kept constant. In addition, before and after histamine, phrenic nerve activity was recorded for single bursts during which the ventilator was switched off. The effects of histamine on respiratory resistance were prevented by prior administration of isoproterenol and atropine. Although no changes occurred in respiratory resistance, histamine increased the instantaneous magnitude of phrenic nerve activity. The effect was evident early in the inspiratory period and was found even when the lungs were not inflated. Inflation of the lungs excited phrenic nerve activity; this effect increased after histamine. All of these actions of histamine were abolished by vagotomy. We conclude that histamine increased phrenic nerve activity during inspiration by a vagal reflex. PMID- 7096574 TI - A chromatographic quality control procedure based on HPLC for 5 hydroxymethylfurfural in autoclaved D-glucose infusion fluids. AB - A specific qualitative chromatographic assay method is described for 5 hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (5HMF) in degraded D-glucose solutions incorporating an internal standard. Comparison is made between the chromatographic method and the official direct ultraviolet absorption measurements at 284 nm for solutions of D-glucose degraded to different extents. Hospital samples of autoclaved Dextrose Injection, 5% w/v, are also examined by both methods and it is demonstrated that quite different results can be obtained depending upon the conditions of measurement. It is demonstrated that the direct absorption method does not provide an adequate limit test for compounds related to 5HMF. PMID- 7096573 TI - Increased prevalence of apolipoprotein E4 in type V hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - Type V hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is characterized clinically by hepatosplenomegaly, occasional eruptive xanthomas, and an increased incidence of pancreatitis. These patients have striking hypertriglyceridemia due to increased plasma chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein concentrations in the fasting state, without a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase or its activator protein, apolipoprotein (apo) C-II. ApoE, a protein constituent of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, has been implicated in the receptor-mediated hepatic uptake of these particles. ApoE has three major alleles: E2, E3, and E4, and the products of these alleles are apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, respectively. ApoE phenotypes were determined in 30 type V HLP patients as well as in 37 normal volunteers. Among the type V patients, 33.3% were noted to be homozygous, and 40.0% heterozygous for E4 (normal, 2.7 and 21.6%, respectively). These data suggest that apoE4 may play a role in the etiology of the hyperlipidemia in a significant number of type V HLP patients. PMID- 7096575 TI - The physiological significance of total body clearance in pharmacokinetic studies. AB - The significance of the total body clearance (CL) is studied based on a physiological pharmacokinetic model. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, and for the sake of uniformity, it is proposed that the elimination rate of a drug at any time after various routes of dosing be assumed to be proportional to its systemic arterial plasma (blood) concentration with a proportionality constant equal to CL. The CL, calculated by the intravenous dose divided by the AUC, is defined as the hypothetical volume of the systemic arterial plasma (blood) completely cleared of drug per unit time even though the drug is eliminated by the lungs and venous plasma is assayed. A marked difference in the calculated elimination rate of lidocaine in patients based on arterial or venous plasma data is demonstrated. The calculated CLs which are sometimes greater than the cardiac output can be rationalized. The limitation of conventional multicompartmental mammillary modelling theory in the defining of CL is discussed. PMID- 7096576 TI - Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of terbutaline. AB - Terbutaline is a selective beta 2 agonist used predominantly in the treatment of asthma. Since beta-mediated responses increase heart rate, dilate peripheral arteries, modify carbohydrate metabolism and the uptake of electrolytes into cells, the administration of terbutaline might be expected to produce widespread effects. In this study the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg terbutaline over 60 mn has been shown to produce marked changes without upsetting the volunteers. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and plasma glucose all increase; diastolic pressure and serum potassium decrease. The data suggests that the terbutaline infusion may be a useful tool for the investigator. The results also quantitate some of the side effects which may result from the intravenous administration of a therapeutic dose of terbutaline given to asthmatics or to pregnant women to reduce uterine activity and delay childbirth. PMID- 7096577 TI - Oral disopyramide dosage regimes in ischaemic heart disease. AB - The serum concentration/time profiles resulting from two oral disopyramide dosage regimes were studied in ten patients with ischaemic heart disease. Conventional dosing on a 6 r 8 hourly basis consistently achieved disopyramide concentrations within the accepted therapeutic range of 2-7 micrograms/ml. In contrast, a twice daily regime was associated in some patients with trough levels below the minimum effective concentration. The mean elimination half-life was 5.8 h; this does not substantiate previous reports of significantly prolonged disopyramide half-lives in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Unless significant renal impairment or cardiac failure is present, or a sustained release preparation is used, the dosage interval for oral disopyramide should not exceed 8 h. PMID- 7096578 TI - Measuring patient compliance in antihypertensive therapy--some methodological aspects. AB - The usefulness of prescription refilling patterns in assessing compliance was studied retrospectively in 331 subjects receiving antihypertensive drugs during 1 and 2 year follow-up periods in 1976 and 1977. The compliance distribution was J shaped for both periods. The number of compliant patients decreased slightly when the follow-up period increased from 1 to 2 years. An arbitrary cutoff point (0.7) yielded 34% noncompliers during the 2 year period. By interviewing patients, an additional 5% of noncompliers so-called early drop-outs, were identified among those who had filled no antihypertensive prescriptions during the 2 year period. The second follow-up year yielded little additional information. Reliability of the results obtained with prescription monitoring was also assessed by interviewing patients concerning eventual hospital stays and physicians' verbal orders that were not recorded on the prescriptions. These factors did not affect the overall compliance distribution, even though some patients might have been classified incorrectly because of them. In research settings and in daily practice prescription monitoring is a useful tool for assessing patient compliance. PMID- 7096579 TI - A comparative evaluation of liquid antacids commercially available in the United Kingdom. AB - Twenty-six liquid antacids have been assessed using a procedure which permits comparisons to be made in terms of 'antacid efficiency' parameter which reflects both the ability to maintain pH above 3 and the duration of the effect. A wide variation in activity was demonstrated in the preparations tested and it was concluded that antacids could be classified into four categories according to potency. PMID- 7096580 TI - The Hereford Hospital Prescribing Study. The function of a clinical pharmacist on the medical wards of a district general hospital. AB - The role of a clinical pharmacist is outlined as interviewing patients on admission, monitoring of 'at risk' patients and drugs, and counselling on discharge. These functions were assessed on a 118 bed medical unit to try to quantify the potential workload and staff requirements needed to achieve it. It is suggested that the establishment of pharmacists for ward pharmacy services may need to be increased two-fold to accomplish the outlined role, and that a 24-hour service would be needed to cover some duties. However, before such a level of staffing can be achieved, the positive benefits of clinical pharmacy must be demonstrated. PMID- 7096581 TI - Adverse drug reaction monitoring by ward pharmacists. PMID- 7096583 TI - Purdue Pegboard performance of normal preschool children. AB - Normative data on the Purdue Pegboard are presented, based on the performance of 206, right-handed male and female children between the ages of 2 years, 6 months and 5 years, 11 months. Results demonstrate developmental trends in the increased efficiency of peg placement for the right hand, left hand, and bimanual conditions. Scores increase monotonically with age; performances are stable, with high test-retest reliability. Continuity is evidenced between these data and those available for older children. Evidence for the dissociation of hand preference and peg placement efficiency in the younger groups is discussed. PMID- 7096582 TI - Central processing deficiencies in children: toward a developmental neuropsychological model. PMID- 7096585 TI - A factor analytic study of the construct validity of the verbal concept attainment test. AB - The present study investigated the construct validity of the Verbal Concept Attainment Test (VCAT) by examining its relationship to other neuropsychological and reasoning tasks. It was found that the VCAT correlated highly with both the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS. It was suggested that the VCAT measures both verbal reasoning and verbal intelligence. Further, a high correlation was also found with both Verbal IQ and Performance IQ which indicated that the VCAT may also be regarded as a test of general intelligence. The relationship of the VCAT to several neuropsychological tests was also investigated. It was found that the VCAT correlated well with most of the neuropsychological tests employed. In addition, the strength of the correlation between each measure and the VCAT closely paralleled the strength of the correlation with the Impairment Index from the Halstead-Reitan Battery. These findings indicate that the VCAT may have some value in clinical neuropsychological assessment. PMID- 7096584 TI - Neuropsychological dimensions of autism in children: a test of the hemispheric dysfunction hypothesis. PMID- 7096586 TI - Constructional strategies on complex figure drawings after unilateral brain damage. AB - The strategy used in drawing a complex geometric design was compared in right brain-damaged (RBD) and left-brain-damaged (LBD) stroke patients and normals. A record of the sequence of line segments used to copy the design was obtained. Normals drew elements of the figure as one unit, while LBD patients broke these elements into more than one unit. The unusual sequencing and fragmented, piecemeal approach of the LBD group was sometimes associated with a delay in attention to the right side, but did not necessarily lead to an impaired finished copy. As expected, the RBD distortions were more severe. It is concluded that an intact right hemisphere does not ensure a holistic approach to copying complex geometric figures. PMID- 7096588 TI - Measuring long-term memory storage and retrieval in children. AB - Given the successful use of selective reminding measures of learning and memory in experimental research, initial normative and psychometric data was collected to assess the potential clinical utility of a selective reminding measure with children. Sixty-six 5- to 8-year-old children were administered counterbalanced alternate forms of the selective reminding measure at two test periods separated by about four hours. Two of the three alternate forms tested were found to be of comparable difficulty, with the third being associated with slightly lower levels of performance. Statistical comparisons across the two test periods indicated that little practice effect occurs with the measure. Test-retest reliability coefficients were comparable to those found on some more established neuropsychological measures. It is hoped that the promise shown by this initial data will stimulate further clinical use and development of the selective reminding measure. PMID- 7096587 TI - Treating perceptual organization deficits in nonneglecting RBD stroke patients. AB - Thirty-five right brain-damaged (RBD) stroke patients, enrolled in active rehabilitation programs, participated in this study. Patients were selected on the basis of their evidenced deficits in performing complex visuo-cognitive tasks and the absence of overt evidence of unilateral visual-spatial neglect. Seventeen of the 35 patients were randomly chosen to receive a training program (lasting approximately 1 month) designed to establish a systematic strategy of organizing complex visual material. The remaining 18 patients were re-examined after 1 month, and served as controls. The design of the treatment program was based on the hypothesis that nonneglected RBD patients fail to appreciate and synthesize elements of complex visual material due to a breakdown in compensation for a persistent lateral bias in visual-spatial attention. Upon posttesting, it was found that those patients who received training exhibited significantly improved performance, as compared to controls, on a subgroup of visuo-cognitive tasks. These results are discussed in terms of: (1) offering indirect support for the argument that pathological asymmetries in attention play a significant role in the failure of RBD patients on many visuo-cognitive tasks; and, (2) offering a basis for extending the treatment of perceptual problems in RBD patients. PMID- 7096589 TI - Can direct gas-liquid chromatography of clinical samples detect specific organisms? AB - A total of 1929 samples was analyzed by direct gas-liquid chromatography and the volatile fatty acid (VFA) patterns of the positive samples were compared with the results of culture. There was no correlation between any bacterial genus or species and the detailed VFA patterns although the presence of butyric or valeric acids, or both, was generally associated with the presence of anaerobes and that of acetic acid was generally associated with aerobic bacteria; however, the technique could not predict the nature of the subsequent bacterial isolate. There was also poor correlation between the VFA pattern in a given sample and the VFA pattern(s) of anaerobic bacteria subsequently isolated from that sample. PMID- 7096590 TI - Gas-liquid chromatography in the diagnosis of anaerobic infections: a three year experience. AB - Nearly two thousand clinical samples were examined by direct gas-liquid chromatography over a three year period. Absence of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the samples correlated well with negative culture results for anaerobic bacteria. In general the presence of acetic acid alone correlated well with the presence of aerobic organisms, whereas the presence of a mixture of VFAs correlated well with the presence of anaerobic organisms, either alone or in combination with aerobes. However a proportion of such VFA-positive samples gave no growth on culture. Swabs gave comparable results to samples of pus or exudates except that a higher proportion of the former were VFA-negative but culture positive. PMID- 7096591 TI - Diagnosis of bacteraemia by automated head-space capillary gas chromatography. AB - Blood cultures from 196 patients with suspected bacteraemia or septicaemia were analysed by automated head-space gas chromatography, using a 25 m fused silica capillary column, when turbidity indicated growth. Gas chromatography correctly identified 105 cultures as positive and 71 correctly as negative. No false positive results were obtained. Of the 20 false-negative chromatographic results, Staphylococcus spp accounted for 14. Automated head-space gas chromatography is quicker, easier and more efficient than other gas chromatographic techniques for the evaluation of blood cultures. PMID- 7096592 TI - Evaluation of an improved Streptex kit for the grouping of beta-haemolytic streptococci by agglutination. AB - A modified Streptex kit in which the extraction procedure had been simplified was used to group 200 streptococcal strains. Positive reactions could be obtained with live colonies and over 90% of isolates were correctly grouped from primary isolation plates. Some minor cross-reactions were seen with Streptex, but these were not strong enough to cause any confusion and no isolates were incorrectly grouped. The extraction enzyme in the Streptex kit was relatively poor at extracting the group-specific teichoic acid of group D strains but worked well with groups A, B, C, F and G. PMID- 7096593 TI - Fibronectin in exudative pleural effusions. AB - Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in body fluids, loose connective tissue matrix and in basement membranes. Fibronectin in pleural effusion was found to be immunologically indistinguishable from the plasma form, as shown by double diffusion analysis. Fibronectin isolated from pleural fluid by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose had a polypeptide pattern similar to that of plasma fibronectin in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In 28 patients with infectious or non-specific pleural effusion fibronectin concentrations in pleural fluid were 335 +/- 104 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD), in 15 patients with malignant disease the concentrations were 369 +/- 173 micrograms/ml and in 26 patients with tuberculosis 441 +/- 103 micrograms/ml. The highest concentrations, 605 +/- 252 micrograms/ml, of fibronectin in pleural fluid were detected in 14 patients with connective tissue diseases. The results suggest that increased fibronectin concentrations reflect the presence of a pleurisy due to connective tissue disease or tuberculosis rather than other infectious or malignant disease. PMID- 7096594 TI - Effect of treatment with 17 alpha-alkylated androgens on C4 conversion products in hereditary angioedema studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. AB - During agarose electrophoresis C4 in the normal human serum is converted into cleavage products of Beta 1 and Beta 2 mobility. By contrast in the serum of untreated patients with hereditary angiodema C4 gives only one Beta 2 peak on crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The normal C4 electrophoretic pattern is restored in serum of patients treated with stanazolol but not with danazol despite the same C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) activities and C4 serum concentration. We suggest that stanazolol besides having specific effect on C1 INH activity can interfere with other protease inhibitors affecting C1 activation. PMID- 7096595 TI - Hypercalcaemia due to the coexistence of parathyroid adenoma and myelomatosis. AB - A 70-year-old woman presented with back pain due to vertebral crush fractures and was found to have hypercalcaemia. Investigation revealed evidence of both primary hyperparathyroidism and Bence Jones myeloma and this was subsequently confirmed at necropsy. This is the first description of a case in which the simultaneous occurrence of both diseases was reliably established. The case illustrates the difficulty in identifying the cause of hypercalcaemia in some patients, and emphasises the need to consider the diagnosis of myeloma in all cases of hypercalcaemia. PMID- 7096596 TI - Occurrence of infection with a parvovirus-like agent in children with sickle cell anaemia during a two-year period. AB - The occurrence of infection with a parvovirus-like agent during the period April 1979-May 1981 in children attending a single sickle cell clinic in London was investigated. Virus was detected in serum by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). Viral antibody was detected by CIE and specific IgM antibody by an IgM-antibody capture assay. Of the 68 children studied nine presented in aplastic crisis and evidence of infection with the parvovirus-like agent at the time of the crisis was found in all nine. Eighteen of the other children were antibody-positive at some time during the study. In 11 children there was no evidence of recent infection; however, two of these had a history of aplastic crisis in previous years. The other seven seroconverted during the course of the study but did not show any haematological effects. Five of these had a primary infection, one appeared to have reinfection and in the seventh there were insufficient data to distinguish between the two. Possible explanations for the difference between those presenting with aplastic crisis and those with asymptomatic seroconversion are discussed. PMID- 7096599 TI - Comparison of the Trucut and Surecut liver biopsy needles. AB - The Trucut and Surecut liver biopsy needles have been compared in a prospective randomised study. Although the Surecut specimens were longer and heavier they tended to fragment during processing. Trucut specimens were subject to less artefact and were rated more highly by the histopathologist. However, the majority of biopsies obtained by both needles were satisfactory for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 7096598 TI - Five year follow-up study of gastritis. AB - This paper describes a five year follow-up study of the incidence and course of gastritis affecting the antrum and body of the stomach of 50 patients, most of whom presented with non-ulcer dyspepsia and a few with peptic ulceration. We have shown that antral gastritis, like gastritis affecting the fundus, becomes more severe in a proportion of patients as time goes by. Perhaps more important is the increased severity and progression of atrophic and metaplastic change in the antrum compared with the fundus. The significance of these changes with regard to the development of peptic ulceration and malignancy is discussed. PMID- 7096597 TI - Influence of the gallbladder on serum bile acids. AB - Serum bile acids (SBA) were studied after a standard fatty meal in patients with gallbladder disease. Early postprandial bile acid values were found to be greater in patients with non-functioning gallbladders. Higher postprandial SBA values were found after cholecystectomy. Serum bile acid measurements were of no value in the assessment of gallbladder function. PMID- 7096601 TI - Assay of beta-lactam antibiotics when used therapeutically in combination with aminoglycosides. PMID- 7096600 TI - Ultrastructural features of the osteoclasts from Paget's disease of bone in relation to a viral aetiology. AB - The ultrastructure of the osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, haemopoietic and other connective tissue cells was examined in 27 biopsies from 22 patients with Paget's disease of bone. Electron microscopy showed characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in the osteoclasts of all of the 25 biopsies exhibiting histological evidence of Paget's disease. Such inclusions were absent from all the other types examined. The intranuclear inclusions consisted of stacked rows or complex whorls of tubular filaments with an individual filament diameter of 12 15 nm, often arranged in a paracrystalline array. The frequency of occurrence of inclusions in the osteoclasts and their individual nuclei measured quantitatively in 18 of the biopsies was related to the histological severity of the disease process. The similarity of the observed inclusions to those of paramyxovirus inclusion bodies (particularly measles) support the hypothesis that Paget's disease is a slow virus infection. PMID- 7096602 TI - Formalised yolk sac antigen in early diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. PMID- 7096603 TI - Aluminium-induced dialysis eosteomalacia. PMID- 7096604 TI - The oral analgesic efficacy of bicifadine hydrochloride in postoperative pain. AB - The analgesic efficacy of 75 and 150 mg bicifadine hydrochloride was compared to 650 mg aspirin and placebo in a double-blind, single-dose study. Oral doses were administered to 100 patients suffering from moderate to severe postoperative pain. Significant analgesic activity was demonstrated with 650 mg aspirin and 150 mg bicifadine as compared to 75 mg bicifadine or placebo. No significant treatment difference was found between 75 mg bicifadine and placebo. Side effects were minor and did not interfere with the course of therapy. PMID- 7096605 TI - Effect of food on the bioavailability and pattern of release of a sustained release theophylline tablet. AB - The effect of food on the bioavailability, time to peak level, and pattern of release of a sustained-release theophylline preparation was examined in six normal volunteers. The average bioavailability for the 100- and 300-mg tablets was 98 +/- 0.03% (S.E.M.). This is consistent with previously published data. Food decreased measured theophylline concentration during the first 4 hours for the 100-mg tablets and at the fourth-hour sample following the 300-mg tablets. The decreased rate of absorption resulted in a shift of the absorption curve to the right with a delay in the time to peak level. Peak serum concentrations for tablets given with a meal occurred 6 hours after the 100-mg tablets and 8 hours after the 300-mg tablets, as opposed to 4 and 6 hours, respectively, for tablets in the fasting state. The release pattern of the theophylline preparation approximated zero-order kinetics for all fasting and food treatments. PMID- 7096607 TI - The relationship of acetylation phenotype to treatment with MAOIs: a review. AB - The English language literature that addresses the relationship between acetylation phenotype and clinical response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors is reviewed. In all, seven studies have been published in the last 20 years. Historical antecedents leading to interest in the relationship between acetylation phenotype and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are examined. Each study is then summarized, with comments about its relative merits and deficiencies. The review concludes that the data published do not support the notion of a correlation between acetylation phenotype and clinical response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors. PMID- 7096606 TI - Serum binding of diltiazem in humans. AB - Diltiazem binding was measured by equilibrium dialysis in the serum of five healthy male subjects, aged 22 to 34 years, at seven serum diltiazem concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 2.06 micrograms/ml. The percentage of unbound diltiazem ranged from 19.6 +/- 3.1 to 22.6 +/- 4.1 (mean +/- S.D.) and was independent of serum diltiazem concentration. Serum diltiazem binding was also examined in the presence of six drugs that might be used concurrently with diltiazem in patients being treated for cardiac disease. The percentage of unbound diltiazem was not influenced by digoxin, hydrochlorothiazide, phenylbutazone, propranolol, salicylic acid, or warfarin at therapeutic concentrations of these drugs over the therapeutic range of diltiazem. PMID- 7096608 TI - Estimating steady state desipramine levels in noninstitutionalized elderly patients using single dose disposition parameters. AB - Clearances calculated from single oral dose data have been utilized to predict steady state levels of desipramine in 12 noninstitutionalized depressed elderly patients. Observed steady state plasma levels correlated very well (r = 0.967, p less than 0.0005) with those predicted from single dose clearances, but not with plasma levels obtained 20 hours after a single oral dose (r = 0.24, p greater than 0.2). The mean half-life of desipramine (20.9 hours) in this group of elderly (mean age, 72 years) was considerably less than values of "apparent disappearance" half-life previously reported for elderly patients receiving imipramine. The single dose clearance technique yielded a precise criterion for quantitating early compliance with and adjusting drug dosing regimens. PMID- 7096609 TI - Early and late side effects of phenelzine. PMID- 7096610 TI - Lithium-ketamine interaction: an animal study of potential clinical and theoretical interest. PMID- 7096611 TI - Intolerable side effects of clomipramine. PMID- 7096612 TI - Adding a tricyclic antidepressant to a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. PMID- 7096613 TI - Children's identification of their own /s/ misarticulations. AB - Six /s/ misarticulating children, two normal-articulating children, and four adults identified a variety of /s/ productions as normal and defective. The /s/ samples were embedded in short segments of speech spliced from the sentence repetitions of the same eight children. Results indicate that each misarticulator could identify at least some of his or her own productions as defective. Although no statistically significant differences appeared between groups, the two lateralizing subjects exhibited poorer identification scores on defective /s/ items than did the other groups, possibly indicating somewhat poorer auditory monitoring abilities. Included is a discussion of procedural considerations important to research of this type. PMID- 7096615 TI - The use of language by hearing mothers of deaf children. AB - The use of language by three hearing mothers of young, deaf children was studied. Each maternal utterance was classified as having one of five functions: (1) controlling child's behavior, (2) prodding, (3) eliciting, (4) describing objects and events in the environment, or (5) engaging in incidental conversation. All mothers used most of their language to describe or control behavior. Individual differences among the mothers as well as the implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 7096616 TI - An investigation of the comprehension and production of requests in normal and language-disordered children. AB - The ability to comprehend and produce requests was investigated in a group of 15 3-5-yr old normally developing children and 15 5-7-yr-old language-disordered children. The requests were examined under two conditions: 1) during observations in a naturalistic setting; 2) while participating in an experimental task. An important developmental shift in the ability to accurately discriminate between polite and less-polite requests occurred between the ages of 3 and 4 yr for the normals and 5 and 6 yr for the language-disordered children. There appears to be preliminary support for the hypothesis of an underlying pragmatic deficit influencing the communicative performance of some children in this population, accounting for differential abilities in producing, comprehending, and modifying requesting strategies to fit a given communicative situation. PMID- 7096614 TI - Cigarette smoking and voice fundamental frequency. AB - The effects of long-term cigarette smoking were examined in a series of phonatory tasks. The results indicated that a significant difference existed between the fundamental frequency of the male smokers and the male nonsmokers in the oral reading and spontaneous speech tasks. Differences between the fo values of the female smokers and nonsmokers in these tasks were not significant, but the same trends were notes. Results of the fo analysis of the sustained vowel phonations were not significant, but showed the same trend; that is, the smokers had lower fundamental frequency values than the nonsmokers. PMID- 7096617 TI - Language functioning and speech development of six children receiving tracheotomy in infancy. AB - Language functioning and speech development were assessed in six preschool boys who had undergone tracheotomy during infancy and had tracheal tubes in place for varying periods of time (from 11 to 44 mo). Results indicated that neonatal tracheotomy did not produce long-term effects on language development. Children with subnormal intelligence showed aberrant language functioning, characteristic of language-disordered children who had not had tracheotomies. Children with average intelligence exhibited grossly normal expressive language and verbal comprehension. All children learned to produce some verbalizations, if only through pops, lip movements, and breath sounds; or through esophageal speech. One child who did not vocalize until his cannula was removed at 21 mo was able to develop age-appropriate expressive language, despite lack of previous opportunity to produce speech sounds. PMID- 7096618 TI - Vocal indicators of psychiatric treatment effects in depressives and schizophrenics. AB - Voice and speech changes as a result of clinical treatment for 17 depressive and 15 schizophrenic patients were investigated. Speech samples taken at interviews before and after treatment were analyzed with regard to f0, spectral energy distribution, and formant frequencies of vowels occurring in identical phonetical context. Both groups of patients showed a decrease in f0 after therapy, which was interpreted as a reduction of general arousal. Differential results with regard to spectral energy distribution suggested that the voice of depressives became more relaxed after therapy, but the opposite seemed to be true for schizophrenics. Significant formant changes obtained for the first formants of two vowels were interpreted as differences in the precision of articulation before and after therapy. PMID- 7096619 TI - Decoding paralinguistic signals: effect of semantic and prosodic cues on aphasics' comprehension. AB - A matching task between sentences voiced with joyful, angry, or sad intonation and pictures of facial expressions representing the same emotions is proposed to 27 aphasics and 20 normal subjects. Semantic contents are either meaningless, neutral, or affectively loaded. In the affective-meaning condition, content is redundant with prosody or conflicting with it. Results are 1. a greater number of nonprosodic choices in the aphasic group; 2. an identical influence of the congruence/conflict variable on aphasic and control subjects; 3. an identical influence of the semantic content of the conflict sentences on both groups. Aphasic impairment is interpreted as purely quantitative, since affective semantic content influences the decoding of the sentences. PMID- 7096620 TI - Current practices in the counseling of the laryngectomy patient. AB - While laryngectomy surgery is increasingly successful, the patient must cope with physical and psychological problems that challenge the individual long after the surgical wounds have healed. To successfully resolve these problems, it is essential that the individual receive accurate and timely counseling by professional workers involved in all phases of the rehabilitative process. Previous studies have found that in many instances the laryngectomy patient is uninformed of consequent physiological changes and, as a result, is unprepared to encounter a physical and psychological reality that has abruptly changed. The present study examines the pre- and postoperative counseling experience of 115 recent laryngectomees. Respondents were from varied locations within the United States. Survey results indicate that, while counseling of laryngectomy patients is usually informative and comprehensive, this vital aspect of the rehabilitative process is often inadequate to meet the needs of the individual. Remedial measures are suggested. PMID- 7096622 TI - Comparison of sampling techniques in the measurement of children's morphological development. AB - Sixty children ranging in age from 66 to 78 months were administered the Berry Talbott Exploratory Test of Grammar and the Grammatic Closure subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Development. The verbal responses obtained of each child from each sampling technique were compared on matched grammatical items. A correlation coefficient between the two test group means indicated only moderate correlation. An analysis of the matched grammatical items (40 comparisons) showed a higher correct response frequency for the Grammatic Closure items than for the Berry-Talbott items. However, children who did achieve correct responses to the Berry-Talbott items almost always achieved success with the Grammatic Closure test items. Success on the Grammatic Closure items did not assume success with the Berry-Talbott items. Various hypotheses are offered to explain differences in response patterns. PMID- 7096621 TI - Phonological process identification of misarticulations of mentally retarded children. AB - Speech samples of 20 mentally retarded children between the ages of 6 yr, 4 mo and 15 yr were analyzed for the purpose of identification of systematic patterns. Liquid deviations and cluster reductions were the most prevalent phonological processes evidenced in their misarticulations. Postvocalic obstruent omissions, deviations of other sonorants (glides and nasals), velar deviations, stridency deletion, stopping, and /theta, sigma/ deviations were demonstrated less frequently. In addition, the children demonstrated pre- and postvocalic devoicing. PMID- 7096623 TI - Reorganization of raccoon somatosensory cortex following removal of the fifth digit. AB - The organization of part of the primary somatosensory cortex was examined in anesthetized raccoons at 2, 8, or 16 weeks after the normal peripheral input to this region of cortex had been removed by amputation of the fifth digit. Electrophysiological recordings were made in and around the cortical area representing the fifth digit. Eight intact animals were used to verify that this specific area could be accurately localized on the basis of the sulci and to determine the normal response characteristics of this area. The results from nine animals with the fifth digit removed provided evidence for a gradual reorganization of the cortical area which had been functionally denervated. At 2 weeks postamputation the field was almost totally unresponsive to sensory input. At 8 weeks many sites were responsive to high intensity stimulation of rather extensive regions of the hand. At 16 weeks the cells fired more readily to peripheral stimulation than at 8 weeks and tended to have smaller, more restricted receptive fields. The location of receptive fields in this latter group suggested that the fifth digit area was taken over primarily by input from the fourth digit. The time course of this reorganization is suggestive of extensive anatomical changes either within the cortex itself or at subcortical levels. PMID- 7096624 TI - A light and electron microscopic study of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in rat. AB - The morphology of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) in the rat was studied with the light and electron microscope. The INC was mapped throughout its rostrocaudal extent from cresyl violet-stained frozen sections cut transversely through the midbrain in the stereotaxic plane. Caudally, the INC consisted of a small number of scattered cells lying ventrolateral to the periaqueductal grey. In three of four cases studied, the caudal tip of the nucleus was located between 40 and 120 micrometers rostral to the rostral tip of the somatic cell columns of the oculomotor nucleus. Proceeding rostrally, the INC increased in size, reaching its maximal development just caudal to its most rostral extent. The INC was limited rostrally by the fibers of the fasciculus retroflexus. The mean rostrocaudal length of the INC was 1.12 mm. On the basis of light microscopic observations of cresyl violet-stained paraffin sections, two groups of neurons could be distinguished in the INC. One group consisted of large, oval to multipolar cells with mean dimensions of 33 X 23 micrometers. The second group, which included by far the greatest number of cells, consisted of small to medium neurons, round, triangular, polygonal or fusiform in shape, with mean dimensions of 19 X 14 micrometers. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into lesions in the cervical spinal cord resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons of all sizes and shapes throughout the length of the INC. Labeled neurons were also found in the red nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. All the morphological varieties of neurons described with the light microscope could be identified in the electron microscope. Large neurons, and some cells of the small to medium group, contained well developed Nissl bodies together with numerous cytoplasmic organelles. Many neurons in the small to medium group, however, did not contain conspicuous Nissl bodies, and had a poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Axon terminals containing either round or pleomorphic vesicles were seen in the INC. Axosomatic synapses were formed by both types of terminals. Such synapses were usually symmetrical, regardless of the shape of the vesicles within the terminal. In a number of neurons, the percentage of the surface of the neuronal somata in direct apposition to axon terminals was measured. The results of such measurements suggest that a greater percentage (more than 50%) of the surface of larger neurons is apposed by axon terminals than is the case with smaller neurons, which, on the average, were invested by axon terminals over 15% of their total surface in any given single plane of section. Axon terminals investing the surfaces of proximal dendrites were morphologically similar to those in apposition to neuronal somata. PMID- 7096625 TI - Guidance of neuritic growth in the transverse plane of embryonic mouse spinal cord. AB - The development of cytoarchitecture in the lumbar spinal cord of mouse embryo between embryonic day 13 (E13) and E15 was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A pattern of two perpendicularly oriented sets of cellular elements was found in the intermediate zone at both E13 and E14. One set consisted of radially oriented processes that often originated from cell bodies in the ventricular zone. The second set consisted of cell bodies and processes that were oriented predominantly parallel to the neural tube margin and in the transverse plane. This set was termed circumferential elements and included most of the immature neurons. At E13, the circumferentially oriented cells were arranged into rostrocaudally compressed sheets or layers that were partially segregated one from another by flattened bundles of radially oriented processes. This pattern of orthogonally arranged circumferential and radial elements remained evident through E14 when the profuse growth of cellular processes began of obscure the identity of individual cells seen on the scanned surface. The exposed intermediate zone surface at E14 and E15 often has relatively flat transverse areas separated by ledges of broken tissues, indicating that most neurites grow in the transverse plane. These observations indicate that the sequential patterned development of an organized morphological substratum is an important factor in orienting neurite growth. PMID- 7096627 TI - The ultrastructure of identified locust motor neurones and their synaptic relationships. AB - Motor neurones in the thoracic ganglia of the locust were impaled with microelectrodes and identified according to the muscle they innervated and their other physiological properties. They were then labeled by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and processed for electron microscopy. The nature and distribution of synapses on each motor neurone was examined and, by the use of reconstruction from serial sections, their spatial relationships revealed. The metathoracic fast extensor tibiae and mesothoracic tergosternal flight motor neurones have both output and input synapses on their neuropilar branches. These synapses are involved in serial, reciprocal, and recurrent relationships showing that the structural equivalent of a physiological synapse may be complex. The metathoracic slow extensor tibiae and anterior fast flexor tibiae motor neurones apparently have only input synapses within the neuropile. PMID- 7096626 TI - Early development of the circumferential axonal pathway in mouse and chick spinal cord. AB - The early development of the circumferential axonal pathway in the brachial and lumbar spinal cord of mouse and chick embryos was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular processes which comprise this pathway grow in the transverse plane and along the lateral margin of the marginal zone (i.e., circumferentially oriented), as typified by the early embryonic commissural axons. The first formative event observed was in the ventrolateral margin of the primitive spinal cord ventricular zone. Cellular processes were found near the external limiting membrane that appeared to grow a variable distance either dorsally or ventrally. Later in development, presumptive motor column neurons migrated into the ventrolateral region, distal to these early circumferentially oriented processes. Concurrently, other circumferentially oriented perikarya and processes appeared along the dorsolateral margin. Due to their aligned sites of origin and parallel growth, the circumferential processes formed a more or less continuous line or pathway, which in about 10% of the scanned specimens could be followed along the entire lateral margin of the embryonic spinal cord. Several specimens later in development had two sets of aligned circumferential processes in the ventral region. Large numbers of circumferential axons were then found to follow the preformed pathway by fasciculation, after the primitive motor column had become established. Since the earliest circumferential processes appeared to differentiate into axons and were found nearly 24 hours prior to growth of most circumferential axons, their role in guidance as pioneering axons was suggested. PMID- 7096628 TI - Cytoarchitectonic heterogeneity of the primate neostriatum: subdivision into Island and Matrix cellular compartments. AB - The cytoarchitecture of the caudate nucleus was examined in Nissl-stained sections from rhesus monkeys, in some of which the corticostriatal terminals had also been labeled by anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids injected into prefrontal cortex. The cytoarchitectonic analysis revealed the existence of two cellular compartments that could be distinguished on the basis of cell size, density, orientation, and tinctorial properties: (1) cell islands consisting of approximately 1,500 to 15,000 densely packed neurons that form aggregates of variable shapes and sizes embedded in (2) a matrix compartment of slightly larger and more loosely packed neurons that comprise the remaining and greater part of the caudate nucleus. In coronal sections, cellular islands appear mostly as round or elliptically shaped areas, 300-600 micrometer in diameter, but can assume more elongated and complex forms particularly in the sagittal and horizontal planes. They are encircled by fibers arranged in a thin, cell-sparse capsule that sets them apart from the matrix compartment. Analysis of cellular organization and corticostriatal connections in counterstained autoradiograms indicates that the prefrontal cortex projects only to the matrix zone and not to the territory occupied by island cells. Therefore, according to present observations the neostriatum in primates should be viewed as a cytoarchitectonically heterogeneous structure composed of at least two distinct cellular compartments with specific connectivity. These compartments may be related to the histochemical and functional diversity of the neostriatum. PMID- 7096629 TI - Topographic organization of the brainstem afferents to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. AB - The afferent projections from the brainstem to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) were studied in the cat, by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. A topographical arrangement of these projections is described. The medial part of MD is the area of the nucleus which receives fewer afferents from the brainstem. After injections in this part, labeled neurons were observed mainly in the interpeduncular nucleus, the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra. After injections of HRP in the intermediate part of the MD, labeled cells were seen mainly in the interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, dorsal and centralis superior raphe nuclei, dorsal tegmental nucleus, and coeruleus complex. Less conspicuous was the number of labeled cells in the central gray and the dorsolateral portion of the tegmentum of the mesencephalon and pons. After injections in the lateral part of MD, labeled neurons were observed mainly in the deep layers of the superior colliculus, central gray, the oral paramedian pontine reticular tegmentum, and the interpeduncular nucleus. Labeled cells were also observed in the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, cuneiform area, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. These findings show the MD as a thalamic link of three different groups of brain stem structures projecting to different cortical areas with different functional significance. PMID- 7096630 TI - Afferent and efferent connections of the rat tail flick reflex (a model used to analyze pain control mechanisms). PMID- 7096631 TI - The magnocellular and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of rat: intrinsic organization. AB - The magnocellular and paravocellular regions of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were examined in several hundred brains. Converging qualitative and quantitative anatomical methods, including Golgi impregnations, Nissl stains, silver stains, and immunocytochemistry were used to study the intrinsic organization of the PVN with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A computer-assisted quantitative analysis of dendritic branching patterns was used to examine total dendritic length, center of mass, orientation of dendritic tree, and several other parameters of dendritic organization and revealed statistically significant differences between cells in the lateral and posterolateral magnocellular and medial parvocellular areas of PVN. Electron microscopy, Golgi impregnation, and neurophysin immunohistochemistry showed that dendrites of posterolateral cells were generally oriented perpendicular to the third ventricle; dendrites of cells in the lateral PVN usually projected medially from the perikaryon. Cells in the medial zone of PVN had dendritic trees which often paralleled the third ventricle. Large numbers of axons entered and left PVN ventrally near the midline and laterally in the area of the posterolateral PVN; axons generally were oriented parallel to the mean major axis of dendritic trees in these areas. Ultrastructural examination of serial thin sections showed a peculiar astroglia multiple lamellar isolation of axodendritic synaptic contacts. Intrinsic axons commonly arose from parvocellular but not from magnocellular neurons and contacted dendrites of both medial parvocellular and more lateral magnocellular neurons. Synapses were found on shafts and spines of dendrites, on perikarya and somatic appendages, and invaginated into the soma. Both dendrites axons with large neurosecretory vesicles and immunostained with neurophysin antiserum were found postsynaptic to other axons. Presynaptic neurosecretory axons were not found within the PVN. A semiquantitative analysis of catecholamine axons identified with the glyoxylic acid method and fibers immunoreactive with ACTH and Substance P antisera indicated that the parvocellular region of PVN received ggreater innervation than the lateral magnocellular area; similarly, a reater density of stained fibers was found in the medial parvocellular PVN region with Golgi impregnations and silver stains. With a stereological analysis of 1 micrometer plastic sections, the parvocellular area had a significantly greater neuropil to cell volume ration, with cells accounting for 48 +/- 9% in the lateral magnocellular zone, but only for 26 +/- 7% in the parvocellular area. A quantitative analysis of vasculature from thin sections showed that the PVN had 3.3 times more blood vessels, and 3.6 times more lumen perimeter than a control area ventrolateral to PVN; an interesting finding here was that the medial parvocellular PVN had a high degree of vascularity, not significantly different from the lateral magnocellular zone... PMID- 7096632 TI - Connections of the octopus optic lobe: an HRP study. AB - The major visual centers of the octopus central nervous system are the paired optic lobes. Bidirectional transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine connections of the optic lobe. Cells afferent to the optic lobe were identified by retrograde HRP transport in the following lobes of the central ganglia: anterior basal, median basal, dorsal basal, interbasal, subvertical, precommissural, brachial, and magnocellular. Labeled cells were also observed within the contralateral optic lobe, various optic tract lobes bilaterally, and in photoreceptors of the ipsilateral retina. Additionally, individual fibers, in part originating from cells in the posterior subvertical lobe, were labeled within the central neuropil core of various vertical lobules. Differences in results between superficial and deep optic lobe medulla injections indicate that some afferent projections from central sources may terminate on cell populations at specific depths within the lobe. Efferent optic lobe fibers into the superior frontal and lateral basal lobes were labeled by anterograde transport. Other possible optic lobe efferent projections terminated in supraesophageal lobes and the magnocellular lobe. The many inputs to the optic lobe from higher motor and associative centers in the central ganglia emphasize that the medulla region of the optic lobe is an exceptionally complex integrative area. PMID- 7096633 TI - Retinal projections in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni. AB - The retinal projections of the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, have been traced by two different methods. Following unilateral enucleation, a modified Nauta technique was used to demonstrate degenerating axons and terminals. Some degeneration was found after 5 days but optimal survival time was 20-25 days. Orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the cut optic nerve also was used to examine retinal fiber distribution in the brain. The optic nerve is completely crossed and gives rise to two major tracts, the tractus opticus dorsomedialis and the tractus opticus ventrolateralis, as well as minor fascicles. Projections were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, the pretectal complex, and the tectum opticum. The optic tectum is large and laminated and the great majority of the optic fibers terminate there. Degeneration methods revealed projections in the tectum to the stratum opticum, stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale, and stratum album centrale. HRP staining confirmed these projections and revealed another projection to the stratum griseum centrale. PMID- 7096635 TI - Cytoarchitecture of auditory system in lower brainstem of the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii. AB - To begin an investigation of the auditory pathways in the brainstem of the mustache bat, we examined the cytoarchitecture of the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus. Although all of these auditory centers are hypertrophied in this echolocating bat, only some areas have unusual cytoarchitectural features: 1) In the anterior part of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus we do not find the large spherical cells seen in other mammals; instead, very small spherical cells are found in this area. 2) In the posterior part of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus there is a region containing a homogeneous population of very large multipolar cells. 3) The medial superior olive is unusually large for an animal with a small head. 4) The most striking observations are seen in the lateral lemniscus. The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus has a distinct columnar organization. The intermediate area of the lateral lemniscus contains a large and very distinct nucleus. Each of these cytoarchitectural features distinguishes the auditory system of this bat from that of other mammals. The results raise questions about whether or not there are unique subdivisions in the auditory pathways of echolocating bats. The results also identify these unusual nuclei as candidates to play a role in the special auditory functions related to echolocation. PMID- 7096636 TI - Origin of ascending projections to inferior colliculus in the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii. AB - The origins of pathways to the inferior colliculus of the mustache bat were identified by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A specific goal of this study was to obtain evidence that would help determine whether the nuclei, shown in the previous paper to have unusual cytoarchitectural features, are unique to bats, or whether they are homologous to areas that are not well differentiated in other mammals. The auditory pathways in the lower brain stem of Pteronotus appear to conform to the same basic organization as in other mammals: After injection of HRP into one inferior colliculus, labeled cells are located contralaterally in the cochlear nucleus, ipsilaterally in the medical superior olive, bilaterally in the lateral superior olive, ipsilaterally in the ventral and intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and bilaterally in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. These patterns of labeling provide a basis for understanding how the specialized auditory areas of the bat may be organized within a basic plan of mammalian auditory systems. In the anteroventral cochlear nucleus the unusually small spherical cells seem to be homologous to stellate cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. In the superior olive, differences in patterns of labeled cells distinguish the medial from the lateral superior olive. In the lateral lemniscus the pattern of labeled cells shows clear differences between the two special parts, intermediate and ventral nuclei, as well as between these and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the unusual auditory nuclei of the bat have homologues in mammals whose auditory systems are not specialized for echolocation. PMID- 7096634 TI - Chandelier cells in rat visual cortex. AB - Golgi-impregnated chandelier cells in rat visual cortex have been examined by both light and electron microscopy. All of the chandelier cells impregnated have their cell bodies within layer II/III and although they occur throughout area 17, there are increased numbers at the area 17/18a border and to a lesser extent at the area 17/18 border. Most of the chandelier cells are bitufted neurons, with groups of dendrites extending from the upper and lower poles of an elongate cell body, but some cells have a more multipolar configuration. The perikaryal cytoplasm is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and both the cell body and the sparsely spinous dendrites receive axon terminals forming symmetric and asymmetric synapses. The axons of these neurons arise from either the lower pole of the cell body or the base of one of the dendrites in the lower tuft, and the axons form laterally spread plexuses which terminate in vertical strings of boutons. The boutons in each string synapse with axon initial segments of layer II/III pyramidal cells, the uppermost bouton in each string being 7 to 14 micrometers distant from the pyramidal cell body. Some layer II/III pyramidal cells seem to receive boutons from more than one chandelier cell, others from a single chandelier cell, and still other appear to receive no chandelier cell terminals. The axon terminals of the chandelier cells are irregular in shape, contain pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, and form symmetric synapses. Evidence is presented to show that axon terminals exhibiting the same morphological features and site of synaptic termination as those of the chandelier cells contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes GABA. Hence the chandelier cells are probably GABAergic, inhibitory neurons. Other GAD-positive axon terminals synapse with the cell bodies, axon hillocks, and proximal portions of the axon initial segments of the layer II/III pyramidal cells, and these terminals are probably derived from the smooth and sparsely spinous stellate cells. PMID- 7096637 TI - An analysis of the number and composition of the synaptic populations formed by photoreceptors of the fly. AB - The photoreceptors terminals of newly enclosed female flies, Musca domestica, have been sampled in the first optic neuropile (or lamina) in one of two ways: first, in large number (n = 760) from single sections and second, from serial electron micrographs of the six terminals within each of three cartridges. Both sampling methods concur in assessing the number of synapses established with the two principal monopolar relay interneurons, L1 and L2, within each cartridge. Each receptor is calculated to be presynaptic at about 200 +/- 40 (2 SE) synapses. This value considerably exceeds previous estimates, primarily because we took careful account of the appearance of synapses in different section planes. The number of these synapses correlates highly with the area of receptor terminal presynaptic membrane, so that each synapse is allotted, on average, about 1.6 micrometer2. The synapses are evenly graded in their distribution with an unexplained 23% decrease in both membrane perimeter and synapse number halfway along their receptor terminal's length. The numbers of synapses per receptor did not vary systematically within two horizontal (3 X 20 cartridge) strips of frontal, equatorial lamina sampled. Individual synapses are elongate tetrads (Burkhardt and Braitenberg, '76) with two pairs of postsynaptic elements. The first pair is invariably contributed by the interneurons L1 and L2 (one each). The second pair comes either from the alpha processes of an amacrine cell or from a glial cell. In the distal lamina, however, L3 contributes one of the two postsynaptic processes, the second being alpha or glial. The overall ratio of postsynaptic involvement at distal synapses (alpha: glial: L3) is 55%, 20%, and 12% respectively, the remainder being unidentified. PMID- 7096638 TI - Regulation in the number of fly photoreceptor synapses: the effects of alterations in the number of presynaptic cells. AB - At the equator of the fly's eye, between dorsal and ventral eye halves, a systematic, natural addition of photoreceptor terminal input occurs at each of the fixed populations of uniquely identifiable postsynaptic interneurons in each cartridge of the first optic neuropile, or lamina. The equatorial cartridges are identical in composition except in having seven and eight receptor terminals (7R and 8R, respectively), compared with six elsewhere (6R cartridges). The effects of this augmented presynaptic input upon the frequency of the chief afferent class of photoreceptor tetrad synapse were studied compared with control data for 6R cartridges (Nicol and Meinertzhagen, '82). The synapse population size and distribution within five depth levels of the lamina is, on average, approximately constant for all receptor terminals whether from 6R, 7R, or 8R cartridges. The overall determinant of synapse frequency is therefore presynaptic. Small (5-6%) average decreases in synapse frequency per receptor in 7R and 8R cartridges compared with 6R co-vary with similar decreases in membrane area, each synapse occupying a patch of membrane of similar area in all cases. The tetradic postsynaptic composition of synapses was also similar in all cases. Because of the augmented synaptic input to the postsynaptic neurons, a morphometric analysis was undertaken of two (L1 and L2), which receive input as a pair from every synapse. There is the same dendrite number (about 180) in 8R L1/L2 as in 6R L1/L2 but they have different branching patterns, conforming to the different number and configuration of receptor terminals. Thus in an 8R cartridge each terminal is serviced by a comb of fewer dendrites, but each dendrite is longer, fatter, and services more synapses. The area of L1/L2 dendritic membrane exposed is increased, compared with 6R cartridges, in proportion with the number of synapses it participates at postsynaptically, so that all dendrites (6R and 8R) allocate the same mean area (about 0.55 micrometer2) of postsynaptic membrane per synapse. PMID- 7096639 TI - Cells of origin of the spinoreticular tract in the monkey. AB - The distribution of the cells of origin of the primate spinoreticular tract was determined following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HPR) into the pontomedullary reticular formation in Macaca fascicularis. Five animals received large bilateral injections which included the raphe nuclei and seven monkeys received smaller, unilateral injections. Sections sampled were from upper cervical levels, the cervical enlargement, upper and lower thoracic levels, and lumbosacral levels. The laminar distribution of spinoreticular cells in all spinal cord levels was comparable. More than half of the labeled cells were located ventromedially, in laminae VII and VIII. HRP-labeled cells were also found in the dorsal horn, primarily in the lateral reticulated part of lamina V. Some cells were also found in laminae I and X. Spinoreticular cells in the lumbosacral spinal cord mainly projected to the contralateral brainstem. In the cervical enlargement, however, a bilateral distribution of cells was observed following unilateral injections of HRP. Most spinoreticular cells were multipolar neurons with extensive dendritic ramifications. The distribution of spinoreticular cells is similar to the distribution of spinal cord neurons that project to the medial thalamus, but different from that of spinal neurons projecting to the ventrobasal complex. The anatomical organization of the spinoreticular tract is consistent with a role for this pathway in nociception. PMID- 7096640 TI - Electrophysiological response properties of spinoreticular neurons in the monkey. AB - Extracellular recordings were made from 29 spinoreticular cells in the spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys. The cells were in either the cervical or the lumbar enlargement, and they were identified by antidromic activation from the medial part of the pontomedullary reticular formation. More spinoreticular neurons were sampled in the cervical than in the lumbar cord. Most of the cells were contralateral to the side from which antidromic activation was observed, but a higher proportion of the spinoreticular neurons in the cervical enlargement than in the lumbar enlargement was ipsilateral to the antidromic stimulus. Three cells in the lumbar cord were antidromically activated not only from the reticular formation but also from the contralateral thalamus, confirming that some spinoreticular projections are formed by collaterals from spinothalamic cells. Most of the spinoreticular neurons were in the ventral horn in laminae VII and VIII, although a few were in laminae IV-VI. Nearly half of the spinoreticular cells in the sample could not be activated by any form of peripheral stimulation tested. The other cells could be activated by stimulation of receptive fields that varied from small to large, that were sometimes bilateral regions of the skin or deep tissues. Although some spinoreticular cells could be classified as low threshold or wide dynamic range, the largest proportion were high threshold, requiring noxious stimulation for their activation. Descending volleys resulting from stimulation in the reticular formation could often be shown to inhibit or to excite spinoreticular neurons. It can be concluded that at least some spinoreticular neurons may play a role in nociception. PMID- 7096641 TI - Androgen-concentrating cells in the periventricular brain of the female rhesus monkey. AB - Although androgens act on the primate central nervous system to modulate both endocrine functions and a number of limbic-related behaviors, little is known about the anatomical location of the neurons which sequester these steroids in primates. To determine the prime location of these androgen-concentrating neurons in the forebrain of the primate, we injected three castrated female rhesus monkeys in the femoral vein with 1 microgram of 5 alpha-dihydro (1,2,4,5,6,7-3H) testosterone (3H-DHT, 107 Ci/mmole) per kg of body weight. One of these animals also received an IV injection of 100 micrograms/kg body weight of unlabeled dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to serve as a control. One hour after the injection of 3H-DHT we rapidly exsanguinated each animal. The forebrain was sliced and blocks containing the amygdala, diencephalon, frontal pole, and hippocampus were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until processing. The tissue was then processed for autoradiography. A specific topographic pattern of nuclear concentration of DHT or one of its metabolites was obtained in neurons of the basal hypothalamus, preoptic region, amygdala, and hippocampus. This pattern was similar to that found in rodent species. PMID- 7096643 TI - The motor nuclei and primary projections of the facial nerve in the monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus. AB - The location of the motor nuclei and the projection of the primary afferent fibers of the facial nerve of the reptile Varanus exanthematicus were studied by means of the HRP method and the anterograde degeneration technique. The motor nuclei are located ventrolaterally in the rhombencephalon and are constituted by a medial cell group consisting of large, polygonal cells and a lateral cell group consisting of medium-sized, spindle-shaped, and multipolar cells. From HRP applications to the various branches of the facial nerve it could be concluded that the medial cell group represents the branchiomotor nucleus and the lateral cell group the superior salivatory nucleus. The efferent axons from the motor nuclei course dorsomedially toward the fourth ventricle, where they form a genu, and exit from the brainstem in the ventral fiber bundle of the facial nerve. The primary afferent fibers enter the brainstem in the dorsal bundle of the facial nerve. This bundle courses medially, enters the solitary tract, and diverges into rostrally and caudally running fibers. Part of the caudally directed fibers leave the solitary tract and course laterally toward the descending trigeminal tract. Some fibers enter the nucleus of this tract. There was no noticeable terminal degeneration in the solitary tract or in the descending trigeminal tract or its nucleus. PMID- 7096642 TI - Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the optic nerve of the turtle, Pseudemys. AB - It is estimated by means of electron microscopy that the optic nerve of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans contains 394,900 fibers of which approximately 80% are myelinated. The total fiber count agrees well with counts obtained from electron microscopic studies on other turtle species. There are, however, differences among these species in the percentage of myelinated fibers in the optic nerve. The axon diameter distribution of the myelinated fibers (excluding myelin) has a mode at 0.87 micrometer while that of the unmyelinated fibers has a mode at 0.42 micrometer. Both distributions are unimodal and are of a similar form in all areas of the nerve sampled. The total fiber count reported here agrees well with previous reports of ganglion cell counts in Pseudemys and the characteristics of the fiber distributions are comparable to those reported for nonreptilian vertebrates. PMID- 7096645 TI - Generation of new cerebral ganglion neurons in the snail Melampus: an ultrastructural study. AB - Reports in the literature have established that reconnection of central neural tracts occurs following commissurotomy and cerebral ganglion excision in the primitive pulmonate snail Melampus bidentatus and have suggested the possibility that long-term regeneration might result in the appearance of new neurons in the ganglion bud. We have used electron microscopy to examine the ganglion buds that form by reconnection of cerebral nerves, commissure, and connectives following cerebral ganglion excision in adult Melampus. The buds were examined from 2.5 to 12 months postoperatively. By 2.5 months, ganglion buds consist of a mixture of axon tracts that travel through the bud region and some dendritic processes; a few synaptic contacts can be identified at this stage, scattered throughout the bud. By 5--6 months, some of the most advanced ganglia have undifferentiated cells that are distinct from glia. By 7 months, differentiated neurons with clear, small dense-core or neurosecretory vesicles are present, although these cells are not all concentrated in a rind on the ganglion surface. Another cell type, the pigment-sheath cell, is present by this stage. By 11--12 months, the most advanced regenerating ganglia have neurons which form a cell rind on the ganglion surface. The gross appearance of a regenerated ganglion at this stage is similar to that of the intact contralateral cerebral ganglion, although the regenerated ganglion is smaller. One 12-month ganglion was found to possess fairly normal intraganglionic morphology, with lobes and cell types that were recognizable. Hence, nerve cell regeneration can occur in the absence of body part regeneration in adult members of one species of pulmonate snail. PMID- 7096644 TI - Amygdalopetal projections in the cat. II. Subcortical afferent connections. A study with retrograde tracing techniques. AB - The subcortical afferent connections of the amygdaloid complex of the cat were studied by means of retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent substances bisbenzimid and nuclear yellow. The results of the present study indicate that structures in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem, and thalamus project in a topographical manner to the various amygdaloid nuclei. Within the basal forebrain "ventral pallidal" structures project to the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. The nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band and the medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project predominantly to the medial and the medial central amygdaloid nuclei. Fibers from the substantia innominata distribute to nearly the entire expanse of the amygdaloid complex. The medial preoptic area and medial hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular, ventromedial, arcuate, premammillary, and supramammillary nuclei, project most heavily to a region of the amygdala which includes the medial and the medial central nuclei. The caudal part of the lateral hypothalamic area sends strong projections to the medial central amygdaloid nucleus and more weakly projects to the basolateral nucleus. Brainstem neurons located in the cell groups A8 and A10, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial nucleus project mainly to the medial central amygdaloid nucleus. Fibers originating in the medial part of the parabrachial nucleus in addition have a dense termination in the anterior amygdaloid area. Of the various midline nuclei of the thalamus which project to the amygdaloid complex, the paraventricular and ventral reuniens nuclei distribute fibers to the medial central and basolateral nuclei. The parataenial and the interventral nuclei project only to the medial central amygdaloid nucleus. Fibers from the interanteromedial nucleus exclusively reach the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Caudally in the ventral thalamus the subparafascicular and peripeduncular nuclei have been found to project to the medial, central, lateral, and cortical nuclei. In the posterior thalamus the medial part of the medial geniculate nucleus and the nucleus mediolateralis-suprageniculate complex give rise to fibers which reach the lateral central amygdaloid nucleus. PMID- 7096646 TI - The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric lobe electromotoneuron proliferation and cell death. AB - Electromotoneuron proliferation and cell death have been quantitatively studied in the electric lobe of Torpedo marmorata from an embryonic body-length stage of 26-mm to adult animals. These neurons project to the electric organ and form synapses with electrocytes which possess a remarkably large postsynaptic target surface. For this reason cell death would not be predicted to occur if synaptic competition were to be hypothesized as the cause. Isolated observations at the ultrastructural level suggested, however, that cell death was indeed taking place and therefore it seemed appropriate to examine this question in detail. Our findings show first that neuron production appears to be a continuous process throughout the period studied, generating totals of over 70,000 electromotoneurons per lobe by adulthood. Second, two waves of cell death were identified, one occurring early in embryogenesis (stage 30 mm), well before the onset of synaptogenesis, and a second coincident with the onset of synaptogenesis (stages 55--74 mm). It is difficult to reconcile this latter wave with the hypothesis of synaptic competition as the postsynaptic surface at this time of development is largely devoid of synaptic contacts. We conclude that in the electromotor system of Torpedo, synaptic competition is probably not the mechanism of cell death. PMID- 7096648 TI - Current status of oral PUVA therapy for psoriasis. Eye protection revisions. AB - Recommendations for the use of oral psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) were published in 1979. Since that time advances in optics technology and new knowledge on eye toxicity associated with PUVA therapy have prompted the original compilers to revise the eye protection segments of the PUVA recommendations. It is recommended that during day 1 of PUVA treatment, UVA blocking plastic wraparound glasses be worn while outdoors from time of ingestion of the drug until bedtime. While indoors or in dim light, either the wraparound glasses or clear UVA-blocking glasses should be worn. During day 2, either the plastic wraparounds or the clear UVA-blocking glasses should be worn the entire day. Shielding of the eyes during day 2 is an absolute requirement, and on day 2 it should be encouraged but is a relative requirement. The revisions were compiled with the view of urging patient compliance. PMID- 7096647 TI - Alterations of the crossed parabigeminotectal projection induced by neonatal eye removal in rats. AB - Projections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the contralateral superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were examined in normal adult pigmented rats and in adult rats from which one or both eyes had been removed at birth. In normal rats the crossed parabigeminotectal projection is restricted to the superficial layers in anterior and medial areas of colliculus, regions innervated also by the lower temporal portion of the ipsilateral retina. In unilaterally enucleated animals the crossed parabigeminotectal projection to the "denervated" colliculus is expanded, as is the retinal projection from the ipsilateral eye. In addition, there is a crossed parabigeminal projection to the "denervated" dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in these rats. In bilaterally enucleated animals the parabigeminotectal projection is expanded, but not as greatly as in unilateral enucleation cases; there is a crossed parabigeminothalamic projection in these animals as well. The corresponding termination patterns of the contralateral parabigeminal nucleus and the ipsilateral retina in the normal superior colliculus may indicate a functional and/or developmental interdependence between the projections from these two regions. The existence of an expanded parabigeminotectal projection in bilaterally enucleated rats shows that a sustained ipsilateral retinotectal projection is not necessary for the establishment of a crossed parabigeminotectal projection, but points to the possibility that ipsilateral retinal input may constrain the parabigeminal projection to terminate within certain boundaries. The even greater expansion of the projection from the parabigeminal nucleus to the colliculus which receives an expanded projection from the ipsilateral retina of unilaterally enucleated rats suggests that the functional organization of the ipsilateral retinotectal projection may be capable of restricting the size of the terminal field of the crossed parabigeminotectal projection. PMID- 7096649 TI - Plaquelike cutaneous mucinosis: its relationship to reticular erythematous mucinosis. AB - Nine patients with plaquelike cutaneous mucinosis, including the three described originally in 1960, are presented. The clinical manifestations of asymptomatic persistent, erythematous, infiltrated papules, either isolated or coalescing into plaques, in the midline of the back or chest are suggestive of the diagnosis. The dermal histopathologic findings of perivascular and periappendageal round cell infiltrates and mucin (acid mucopolysaccharides) on special stains confirm the diagnosis. This syndrome is more common among women, may be aggravated by exposure to ultraviolet light, and may subside spontaneously after long periods. We believe the condition of these patients is identical to that described as reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. PMID- 7096651 TI - Congenital cutaneous candidiasis. PMID- 7096650 TI - Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: 1977-1980. North American Contact Dermatitis Group. AB - This prospective study (1977-1980) of cosmetic adverse reactions by eleven dermatologists identified 487 cases of cosmetic-induced dermatitis. Approximately half of the cases were covert in nature. Eight percent were due to allergic contact dermatitis; the face, eye, and upper arm were the most involved sites. Skin care products, hair preparations (including colors), and facial makeup products were the most commonly involved product categories. Fragrances, preservatives, lanolin and lanolin derivatives, p-phenylenediamine, and propylene glycol were most commonly identified causative agents. The data may not be representative of the country at large because of the special interests of the dermatologists involved. PMID- 7096652 TI - Premature sebaceous gland hyperplasia. PMID- 7096653 TI - Porokeratotic eccrine duct and hair follicle nevus. PMID- 7096654 TI - Elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with systemic sclerosis. PMID- 7096655 TI - Primary care and dermatology. PMID- 7096656 TI - Priority for PUPPP. PMID- 7096657 TI - Blistering distal dactylitis. PMID- 7096658 TI - Adjunctive therapy for epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 7096659 TI - Dermatology and internal medicine. PMID- 7096660 TI - First Pan African Congress of Dermatology: Role of the Foundation for International Dermatologic Education (FIDE). PMID- 7096662 TI - Dermatitis in loco minoris resistentiae. PMID- 7096663 TI - Histopathology of the decubitus ulcer. AB - The histologic studies of the decubitus ulcer spectrum, which include blanchable erythema, nonblanchable erythema, decubitus dermatitis, decubitus ulcer, and the black eschar/gangrene reveal a dynamic process. The initial change occurs in the vessels of the papillary dermis. This is followed by necrosis of skin structures. The eschar/gangrene represents a full-thickness defect due either to prolonged ischemia and anoxemia or a sudden large vessel occlusion caused by shearing injury. PMID- 7096661 TI - Cancer of the skin in blacks. II. A review of thirty-six black patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. AB - Cancer of the lip in blacks is rare, according to the literature. Using information obtained from the Tumor Registry of Charity Hospital of Louisiana in New Orleans, we discuss data on thirty-six black patients having a total of thirty-seven squamous cell carcinomas of the lip during the years 1948 to 1979. The overall mortality was 19.4% with metastasis developing from lower lip lesions in seven cases. PMID- 7096665 TI - Dyskeratosis congenita: an autosomal dominant disorder. PMID- 7096664 TI - Psoralen-containing sunscreen induces phototoxicity and epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. AB - Sunscreens containing 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) are being promoted commercially to increase suntanning and sun protection. A recent study indicated that the 5 MOP concentration used in these sunscreens is too low to induce cutaneous phototoxicity with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We investigated whether the sunscreen Sun System III (SS III), which contains 5-MOP, could induce skin erythema, edema, delayed pigmentation, and epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity when used in conjunction with UVA radiation (320-400 nm). ODC induction is an early event in the promotion of skin tumors. Increased epidermal ODC activity has been reported after exposure to UVB radiation (290-320 nm) alone and with topical 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA radiation. Using a solar simulator, we found SS III-induced erythema, edema, and epidermal ODC activity in hairless mouse skin with only 5 joules/cm2 of UVA. Human skin showed erythema and delayed pigmentation with SS III plus 20 joules/cm2 of UVA. No phototoxicity was seen in human skin unless the solar simulator output was filtered through water to reduce infrared radiation. This indicates that cutaneous phototoxic reactions to 5-MOP plus UVA are diminished by heat. Like 8-MOP, 5-MOP cross-links DNA and has the same skin photocarcinogenic potential as 8-MOP. Therefore the use of phototoxic psoralens in over-the-counter sunscreens is inappropriate because of the risk of increased UV-induced skin cancer. PMID- 7096666 TI - Perforation of the colon in high-dose corticosteroid therapy of pemphigus. PMID- 7096667 TI - Cryosurgery for basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids and nose: five-year experience. AB - Eighty-seven basal cell carcinomas of the eyelid and 155 of the nose were treated by cryosurgery. Complications were classified as early, intermediate, and late; severe complications were few in number. Three recurrences were noted on the eyelid and four on the nose. Cure rate was not calculated, because of short-term follow-up. Cosmetic results were excellent on the lid and less predictable on the nose. Additional advantages of cryosurgical technic concerning cost and convenience are discussed. PMID- 7096668 TI - Atrophie blanche. Report of two patients treated with aspirin and dipyridamole. AB - Atrophie blanche was originally attributed to syphilis or tuberculosis, but recent investigators have generally implicated a localized cutaneous vasculitis. In an attempt to inhibit the occlusive vascular changes believed responsible for the cutaneous lesions, drugs such as phenformin and ethylestrenol, which increased the blood fibrinolytic activity, were used with favorable results. When phenformin was taken off the market, the use of drugs that act by preventing platelet aggregation was suggested by encouraging results in the management of other occlusive vascular disorders such as coronary artery disease and stroke. Excellent results are reported in two cases of atrophie blanche treated with two anti-platelet-aggregating medications, aspirin and dipyridamole (Persantine). It is imperative that low doses of aspirin be used, since high doses have the effect of increasing the thrombotic tendency by preventing prostacyclin formation. PMID- 7096669 TI - Levamisole and immune response phenomena in cutaneous leishmaniasis. AB - Levamisole has been successfully used therapeutically in twenty-eight cases of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is suggested that repeated sandfly bites not initiating a clinical lesion may immunize against later infection by the formation of blocking antibodies to Leishmania tropica or by denying the parasite a locus in which it can become established. Late-appearing lesions in natives of endemic areas should raise the suspicion of impaired immunity from systemic disease such as malignancy. PMID- 7096670 TI - Nevus sebaceus in association with an intracranial mass. AB - A 7-week-old male infant with a seizure disorder and an extensive sebaceous nevus of the scalp was examined. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan identified an intracerebral mass which proved to be a hamartomatous malofrmation fo the brain. The association of intracranial masses with sebaceous nevi should be recognized. CAT scan is useful in the evaluation of infants with extensive lesions of the scalp or midline facial area, especially in the presence of neurologic abnormalities. PMID- 7096671 TI - Giant cell arteritis: a systemic disease with rare cutaneous manifestations. AB - Giant cell arteritis is a systemic disease usually occurring in patients in the fifth decade or older, more often in women. Dermatologic manifestations are rare but, when found, are usually expressed as scalp ulcerations or blanching associated with gangrene of the tongue. The dermatologist should be familiar with the entity because it is often more severe when associated with scalp necrosis, and prompt intervention with corticosteroids can prevent catastrophic sequelae. PMID- 7096672 TI - Intermittent megadose corticosteroid therapy for generalized lichen planus. PMID- 7096673 TI - Ochronosis following skin bleaching with hydroquinone. PMID- 7096674 TI - Surgical management of familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) by excision and primary closure. PMID- 7096675 TI - Sources of support for skin research in departments and divisions of dermatology in the United States. PMID- 7096676 TI - Memory and septo-hippocampal connections in rats. AB - Operated control rats and rats with small lesions in the medial septal region were tested for postoperative retention and transfer learning in a pulse-shaped elevated maze. Both maze problems were, in an empirical sense, spatial. Only when the rats worked on an alteration problem with start box reversals between sessions could the performance be characterized as depending on working memory. It was the working-memory conditions that sustained lesion-induced impairment on the tests of retention and transfer learning, and the lesion-induced behavioral impairment did not ameliorate during the four additional training sessions. Performance on problems that could be solved by reference-memory mechanisms was not impaired by the lesions. The small, but effective, lesions in the medial septal region were presumed to have severed a substantial number of connections comprising the major anterior input from the septum to the hippocampus but to have left intact much of the anterior hippocampal efferents. It is concluded that spatial cognitive mapping is crucially dependent on a basis capability for working memory which, in turn, depends on circuitry involving connections from septal region to hippocampus. PMID- 7096677 TI - Effects of paleocerebellar lesions on DRL performance in the albino rat. AB - Normal rats and rats with paleocerebellar lesions were trained to bar press for food on continuous reinforcement (CRF) and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) schedules. The animals with lesions showed normal acquisition of the CRF schedule, but they exhibited a marked deficit on the DRL task. This deficit was related to overresponding which appeared to result from an inability to inhibit the response, rather than from a dysfunction in timing ability or motor capacity. The DRL deficit, however, was overcome by the introduction of a salient stimulus object (wood block) into the operant situation. Although no explicit reinforcement contingencies were placed on interaction with the stimulus object, it appeared that the wood block facilitated the development of "collateral" behaviors that served to mediate the DRL interval. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the cerebellum may contribute to the sequential organization of complex behaviors. PMID- 7096678 TI - Predictability, control, and the pituitary-adrenal response in rats. AB - Five experiments were performed to compare to effects of signaled and unsignaled shock on the pituitary-adrenal response of rats. In Experimental 1, exposure to the two procedures yielded no difference in plasma corticosterone levels. In Experiment 2, the addition of a food-reinforced lever-pressing baseline produced conditioned suppression in the signaled condition but bo group difference in steroid values. In Experiment 3, in order to guard against steroid elevations produced by exposure to shock per se, blood samples were obtained during brief test sessions prior to the occurrence of shock. The procedure resulted in a significant elevation in the steroid levels of the signaled shock group. In Experiment 4, a within-subjects sampling procedure revealed that disparate group steroid values obtained earlier in the session had converged by the end of the test session. The final experiment replicated the original failure to obtain a steroid difference due to predictability in the absence of a behavioral baseline, despite the fact that blood samples were obtained by using the early "probe" sampling procedure. Collectively, these results suggest that (a) the effects of predictability are largely seen in the temporal pattern of steroid elevation and not in their terminal values, (b) the effects of predictability on steroids are modulated by the availability of control, and (c) control is not confined to the stimulus that is being predicted. PMID- 7096680 TI - Social stimulation of reproductive development in male deer mice housed on a short-day photoperiod. AB - Male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), born of mothers housed on a long-day (LD) photoperiod (15:9 hr light/dark), were either switched to a short-day (SD) photoperiod (6:18 hr) at birth or continued on their prenatal LD photoperiod. From weaning until 6 wk of age, the males were housed either in cohabitation with an adult female or in social isolation. Males reared on an SD photoperiod had smaller testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral sebaceous glands than did males reared on LD. Postweaning exposure of SD meals to females stimulated reproductive organ growth as measured at 6 wk of age. Both photic and social stimuli regulate reproductive development in male deer mice. Positive social cues can stimulate maturation even in the presence of negative photic cues. PMID- 7096679 TI - Dehydration inhibits suckling behavior in weanling rats. AB - The relation between dehydration and suckling behavior was determined in weanling rats 14, 20, and 23 days of age. After 15 days of age, intracellular and extracellular dehydration sharply reduced both the number of rats that suckled and the amount of milk consumed. Rehydration returned both behaviors to control levels. Thus, during the weaning period, the internal determinants of suckling are not homologous with those of drinking but are more homologous with those governing feeding. PMID- 7096681 TI - Age-dependent improvement in passive avoidance learning of the young chick: cholinergic mediation? AB - Cholinergic mediation of the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick was studied by determining the performance of 4-day-old chicks, pretreated with scopolamine, during passive avoidance (PA) and extinction testing. In Experiment 1, chicks were trained briefly to key peck for heat reward (prepunishment training), and then tested for PA learning under immediate, 2-sec delayed, or no shock condition. Half of the chicks in each wing-shock (5 mA, 5 sec) condition received saline injections before prepunishment training and .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections after prepunishment training. The rest of the chicks received .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections both before and after prepunishment training. For chicks in both scopolamine groups, delaying shock onset resulted in significantly less response suppression than immediate response-contingent shock. In Experiment 2, 4-day-old chicks injected with either saline or scopolamine were trained to key peck for heat reward and then tested for resistance to extinction under either response-contingent shock or nonshock conditions. Punishment decreased the number of extinction responses for both saline and scopolamine groups of chicks. Previous studies have shown that normal 1-day-old chicks do not show a significant delay of punishment effect during PA testing and that response contingent punishment increases the number of their responses during extinction. Hence, the results of the present experiments indicate that the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick cannot be explained solely by a significant increase in central cholinergic functioning. PMID- 7096682 TI - Biphasic effects of ethanol on open-field activity: sensitivity and tolerance in C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. AB - Male C57BL/6N (C57) and DBA/2N (DBA) inbred mice were found to differ in open field behavior after an acute ip injection of ethanol and in the development of tolerance to repeated injections. DBA mice showed only increased activity for 28 min after ethanol doses up to 2.67% g/kg when compared with saline-injected controls. Under the same conditions, C57 mice showed dose-related increases in activity during the first 4 min, followed by dose-related decreases in activity. The effects endured for at least 60 min after injection in both strains. In a third experiment, mice were injected daily with saline or 2.0 g/kg ethanol and tested on Days 1, 5, 9, and 13 for open-field activity. On the 17th day, all mice were tested after an ethanol injection. Neither strain showed tolerance to the activity-stimulating effect of ethanol. Some evidence for tolerance to the effect of ethanol to reduce activity in C57 mice was found. In a fourth experiment, twice-daily injections of ethanol for 10 days produced marked tolerance to the depressant effect of an injection on the 11th day in C57 mice, compared with those in a control group given ethanol for the first time on the 11th day. No tolerance to the stimulant effect of ethanol was seen in C57s. DBA mice were injected twice daily for 19 days but did not display tolerance when tested on Day 10 or on Day 20, Indeed, DBA mice chronically treated with ethanol exhibited more marked stimulation of activity after ethanol than mice treated chronically with saline. Differences in blood ethanol concentrations between the strains could not account for any of the observed differences. Implications for the genetic control of responses to ethanol are discussed. PMID- 7096683 TI - Habituation of fright and arousal responses in the teleosts Carassius auratus and Rutilus rutilus. AB - The habituation of fright and arousal responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) to the repeated operation of a plunger in the water was studied. The early response was of fright, which habituated, and the response characteristic of arousal appeared, which then habituated as well. Longer intervals between stimuli required more presentations of the stimulus for habituation to occur in goldfish. Roach required more presentations of the stimulus than goldfish for the responses to habituate, and telencephalic ablation severely impaired habituation of arousal, though not fright responses, in this species. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on arousal, habituation, and telencephalic function in fish. PMID- 7096684 TI - DSP4 (N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), a new noradrenaline neurotoxin, and stimulus conditions affecting acquisition of two-way active avoidance. AB - Several stimulus (conditioned stimulus [CS] and unconditioned stimulus) variables known to affect the rate of acquisition of the two-way active avoidance task were investigated in rats treated with the novel selective noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 (50 mg/kg, ip). Although the DSP4 rats did not demonstrate the linear relation between CS duration and avoidance acquisition to the same extent as the control rats, their avoidance performance was as drastically disrupted as that of the controls both by preexposure to the CS and by increasing levels of shock intensity. The DSP4 rats also evidenced fear retention for the shuttle box cues previously associated with inescapable shocks to as marked a degree as control rats. Biochemical data indicated profound noradrenaline depletion in the cortex and hippocampus and a lesser depletion in the hypothalamus. It seems unlikely that the small serotonin depletions evidenced here can account for the avoidance deficits. The present findings offer a behavioral characterization of the consistent DSP4-induced impairment of two-way active avoidance acquisition. PMID- 7096685 TI - Serotonin and fear retention in the rat. AB - p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), which releases serotonin (5-HT) stores in brain regions, injected (5 mg/kg, ip) into male rats 40 min prior to the presentation of four inescapable shocks (.065 W) in the right-hand compartment of a normal shuttle box resulted in a profound fear-retention deficit as characterized by the total loss of the freezing and immobility posture that is normally the aftermath of shock presentation; zimelidine (10 mg/kg) 60 min before PCA completely blocked the disruption of fear. The "PCA effect" on fear retention was found at the 2.5 mg/kg but not quite at the 1.25 mg/kg dose, and when PCA (5 mg/kg) had been injected at least 8 hr before conditioning. The selective 5-HT uptake inhibitors zimelidine and fluoxetine, but not the noradrenaline (NA) uptake inhibitor desipramine, blocked the PCA effect, as did the 5-HT antagonist methergoline, but not the selective dopamine antagonist pimozide. A total retention impairment with a conditioning-testing delay of just 60 min was also evidenced, and the administration of PCA up to 2 hr before fear-retention testing also produced the retention deficit; these findings suggest some "retrieval failure." The 5-HT specificity of the PCA effect on fear retention was established by the demonstration that 5-HT-depleted rats (PCA, 2 X 10 mg/kg), but not NA-depleted rats, showed a nearly complete blockade of the fear-retention deficit. These experiments describe a role for 5-HT in both memory storage and retrieval processes. PMID- 7096687 TI - Computed tomography of bronchiectasis. AB - Computed tomography (CT) was performed on six patients with bronchiectasis. In two cases of advanced cystic bronchiectasis, the diagnosis was apparent on plain chest roentgenograms. In four cases, bronciectasis was initially diagnosed by CT and later confirmed by bronchography. The CT signs of bronchiectasis include air- fluid levels in distended bronchi, a linear array or cluster of cysts, dilated bronchi in the periphery of the lung, and bronchial wall thickening due to peribronchial fibrosis. Distended bronchi must be distinguished from emphysematous blebs, which generally have no definable wall thickness and no accompanying vessels. It is concluded that CT should have a role in establishing the presence and anatomic extent of bronchiectasis. PMID- 7096686 TI - Conditioned suppression of humoral immunity in the rat. AB - Rats were conditioned by pairing consumption of a novel sodium saccharin drinking solution with the effects of an ip injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug. Five and ten days after conditioning, an experimental group of conditioned animals (Group CS) was reexposed to the saccharin drinking solution. Control animals (Group CSo) were conditioned but were not reexposed to saccharin. On Day 10, 15, or 25 after conditioning, animals were injected ip with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and independent subgroups were sampled for hemagglutinating antibody titer 4, 6, or 8 days later. There was a significant effect of sample time (antibody titers 4 days after immunization were lower than values observed 6 and 8 days after immunization) and a significant effect of treatment; conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had an attenuated antibody response. There were no significant differences between Group CSo and a group of placebo-treated animals, but conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had lower antibody titers than placebo-treated animals 4, 6, and 8 days after antigenic stimulation. These differences are more pervasive than those previously reported and suggest that reexposure to a CS may have long-lasting effects. More generally, these data provide further documentation of conditioned immunopharmacologic effects and the impact of behavioral factors in modifying immunologic reactivity. PMID- 7096689 TI - The high left and main pulmonary arteries: a CT pitfall. PMID- 7096690 TI - Contrast-related flow phenomena mimicking pathology on thoracic computed tomography. AB - Flow phenomena occurring after the bolus injection of contrast material can simulate the presence of pathology on thoracic computed tomography. In a review of 50 dynamic scans performed after contrast medium injection, apparent filling defects in the superior vena cava were seen in 46. In four cases, retrograde filling of the azygos or hemiazygos veins occurred. In two cases, layering of contrast material within the descending aorta simulated dissection. In many cases, the dynamic series of scans helped in diagnosing these appearances as flow related. PMID- 7096688 TI - CT demonstration of mediastinal aortic arch anomalies. AB - Computed tomography (CT) can be helpful in the detection and diagnosis of aortic arch malformations, including anomalous right subclavian artery, left sided aortic arch with right descending aorta, right sided, aorta with anomalous left subclavian artery or mirror image branching, and double aortic arch. This paper reviews the CT findings in 10 such patients. Computed tomography can confirm the presence of an aortic anomaly suspected from plain radiographs or can detect a vascular anomaly when the plain radiograph suggests the presence of a mediastinal mass. PMID- 7096692 TI - CT cholangiography in suspected Caroli's disease. AB - Two patients in whom computed tomography (CT) and sonography suggested the diagnosis of Caroli's disease are reported. The biliary/nonbiliary nature of the hepatic cysts was evident on a CT scan of the liver obtained immediately after intravenous cholangiography. This allowed an accurate analysis of the relationship of the biliary ducts to the cysts and easy identification of contrast medium, where present, within them. The use of this technique may avoid more invasive procedures that, although accurate in defining anatomic changes of the biliary ducts, may cause infection in patients with biliary stasis and cholangitis. PMID- 7096691 TI - CT diagnosis of perianeurysmal fibrotic reactions in aortoiliac aneurysm. PMID- 7096693 TI - Diagnosis of cystic ectasia of intrahepatic bile ducts by computed tomography. PMID- 7096694 TI - CT patterns of mesenteric disease. AB - To evaluate the patterns of mesenteric disease as visualized by computed tomography (CT), we reviewed the scans of 370 patients whose primary diagnoses coincided with diseases known from the pathology literature to have frequent mesenteric involvement. Diagnoses included selected malignancies, inflammatory diseases, and traumatic injuries. Four general patterns of involvement of the mesentery were recognized: (a) rounded masses, (b) "cake-like" masses, (c) ill defined masses, and (d) stellate mesentery. Of the malignancies reviewed, mesenteric involvement as visualized by CT occurred most commonly with ovarian carcinoma (20/52) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (41/134). The incidences of CT evidence of involvement of the mesentery with other common malignancies were carcinoma of the colon (8/68), carcinoma of the pancreas (5/21), and leukemia (5/19). Certain benign and malignant lesions of the mesentery do demonstrate unique CT patterns of involvement. Examples of the individual patterns in common and unusual disease states are illustrated. PMID- 7096695 TI - CT detection of intraabdominal disease in patients with lower extremity signs and symptoms. AB - The initial clinical presentation of intraabdominal disease can be in an extraabdominal location. This phenomenon most commonly occurs in the setting of bowel perforation secondary to diverticulitis, appendicitis, or carcinoma, with resultant spread of infection caudal to the abdomen. Hematomas and pancreatic fluid collections may also dissect out of the abdomen. The spread of these disease processes is likely to occur in a predictable fashion along anatomic tissue planes. Computed tomography (CT) is well suited to demonstrate the extraabdominal site of disease, the pathway of spread from the abdomen, and the occult intraabdominal process. We describe four such cases in which CT was useful and discuss the anatomic pathways involved. PMID- 7096696 TI - Computed tomography of renal inflammatory disease. AB - The value of computed tomography (CT) in patients with severe renal inflammatory disease has not been previously emphasized. This paper presents the authors' experience using this modality in 17 patients with acute intrarenal inflammatory conditions. A spectrum of various renal abnormalities and their CT appearance ranging from lobar nephronia (focal pyelonephritis) to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is presented. These cases demonstrate that CT provides more precise anatomic information than does urography and is helpful in distinguishing uncomplicated patterns of renal infection from other types of renal inflammatory disease. In this way, patients who may be managed medically can be differentiated from those who require surgical intervention. PMID- 7096698 TI - CT demonstration of subcutaneous venous collaterals. AB - Subcutaneous collateral veins were identified by computed tomography (CT) in 12 patients. These were seen as enhancing round or tubular structures surrounded by subcutaneous fat, and most were associated with occlusion of a major vein in the abdomen or thorax. The CT appearance of deep vein occlusions included an intraluminal thrombus with an enhancing rim, a mass replacing the nonvisualized vein and distortion of the vein by an adjacent mass. The subcutaneous fat was examined on the CT scans of 50 patients not suspected of having deep venous occlusions. The appearance of normal subcutaneous structures and the differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 7096699 TI - CT localization of cervical parathyroid glands: it deserves a second look. PMID- 7096701 TI - Preoperative diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism using computed tomography. PMID- 7096700 TI - Computed tomography for localizing enlarged parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - Computed tomography (CT) has been performed in 21 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in an attempt to localize preoperatively the parathyroid tumors. Eighteen of these patients also had ultrasound examinations. The CT examinations included the neck and mediastinum and were performed before and after contrast medium administration. At subsequent surgery, 24 enlarged glands were found, 20 in the neck and 4 in the mediastinum. In the neck, two were locally recurrent carcinomas. The true positive diagnostic rate for ultrasound was 60% with a false positive rate of 15% and a false negative rate of 25%. The CT examinations resulted in 70.9% true positive, 8.3% false positive, and 20.8% false negative diagnoses. The combination of both methods in the 18 patients so studied resulted in 80% true positive, 10% false positive, and 10% false negative findings. The CT examination procedure and its interpretation and limitations in primary HPT are described. PMID- 7096697 TI - Pseudohydronephrosis on noncontrast computed tomography. AB - Noncontrast renal computed tomography (CT) has been advocated for the evaluation of the poorly functioning or nonvisualized kidney. However, some conditions can mimic hydronephrosis on such scans, leading to a false positive diagnosis of renal obstruction; two entities include peripelvic cysts and subcapsular hematoma. Illustrative cases are presented. Close attention to attenuation values and basic renal anatomic configurations will usually elucidate the true nature of equivocal findings. However, when hydronephrosis is still suspected on noncontrast renal CT, postcontrast images should be obtained or the finding further evaluated with other radiographic modalities. PMID- 7096702 TI - Clinical relevance of two different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches to imaging of a low grade astrocytoma. PMID- 7096703 TI - Minimum dose contrast bolus in computed angiotomography of the brain. AB - We have carried out basic investigations of an intravenous minimum dose bolus (MinDB) injection method for cerebral computed angiotomography by comparing blood iodine concentrations with high resolution computed tomography (CT) images of cerebral blood vessels. With the GECT/T 8800 scanner, a MinDB injection of 1 ml/kg of 60% Conray at a rate of 2 ml/s made it possible to increase the blood iodine concentration in the carotid artery to more than 15 mg/ml for about 20 s. Computed tomography performed during this period enabled us to obtain clear images of the circle of Willis, including other main cerebral arteries, deep veins, and cortical and lenticulostriate arteries. Cerebral computed angiotomography using this method should be useful for noninvasive screening or detection of cerebrovascular lesions themselves, such as cerebral aneurysms, cerebrovascular obstructions, arteriovenous malformations, and moyamoya disease, and should also be useful for determining the anatomical relationship between the cerebral blood vessels and other parenchymal or space occupying lesions. PMID- 7096704 TI - Pathways of orbital extension of extraorbital neoplasms. AB - Orbital involvement was demonstrated by computed tomography in 53 patients with neoplasms of the head and neck. The pathway of extension into the orbit depended on the histology and location of the tumor. Tumors of the paranasal sinuses and face usually extended through the medial wall, floor, anterior orbit, or the inferior orbital fissure. Intracranial lesions most commonly extended through the posterior lateral wall, but the superior orbital fissure and optic canal were also pathways for orbital extension. PMID- 7096706 TI - A redundant ray projection completion method for an inverse fan beam computed tomography system. AB - An actively synchronized heart gated computed tomography (CT) system has been developed at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, MA, for a Technicare 2020 CT scanner. For even the most precise physical synchronization of the scanning apparatus, there will usually be a few gaps in the data for a particular time slice of the cardiac cycle. Of the several gap filling methods that have been developed here, the most nearly ideal is the use of redundant ray measurements. For this type of scanner, there are no truly redundant rays, and normalization errors are particularly problematic. A practical algorithm has been devised and tested here both on phantom data and on cardiac gated data (dog heart). The reconstructions obtained were usually artifact free and showed no loss of resolution, even when up to one-third of the projection data were replaced by redundant ray measurements. PMID- 7096705 TI - Measurement of trabecular bone mineral by dual energy computed tomography. AB - An investigation into the possible effect of fat on the estimation of trabecular bone mineral concentration by computed tomography (CT) is described. Computed tomographic attenuation and effective atomic number were measured in models simulating trabecular bone, and in cadaveric femoral using a simultaneous dual energy technique. The composition of the area of bone scanned was measured by chemical analysis. In the bone models, CT attenuation value and effective atomic number were positively correlated to the calcium concentration; fat modified CT attenuation value but not atomic number. The calcium concentration of the trabecular bone samples was positively correlated with effective atomic number (r = 0.972; p less than 0.001) and to a lesser extent with CT attenuation value (r = 0.67; p less than 0.01), but both relations were independent of fat. Under the conditions of these experiments, the determination of effective atomic number by dual energy CT provides a more accurate measure of trabecular bone mineral concentration than does CT attenuation value by a single energy technique. There was a considerable spatial variation in the amount of bone tissue in the trabecular bone space, and CT attenuation values varied with the site and size of the area of interest. Accurate registration is essential for the precise measurement of trabecular bone mineral by CT. PMID- 7096707 TI - Sarcoidosis of the optic nerve. PMID- 7096708 TI - Concomitant ocular and orbital neoplasms. PMID- 7096710 TI - Cerebral chromomycosis. PMID- 7096709 TI - Primary amoebic (Naegleria) meningoencephalitis. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) appearance of a case of primary meningoencephalitis due to the free living amoeba Naegleria fowleri is presented. The cisterns around and above the midbrain and the subarachnoid spaces were obliterated on precontrast CT. Marked enhancement in these regions was seen after intravenous contrast medium administration. The sulci and adjacent grey matter were also strongly enhanced. The ventricular size was normal. Pathological findings were those of arachnoiditis and invasion of the leptomeninges and brain substance by amoebae, especially at the base of the brain and cerebellum. PMID- 7096711 TI - Postsurgical calcified pseudocyst of the lumbar spine. PMID- 7096712 TI - Computed tomography of ileocecal intussusception: mechanism and appearance. PMID- 7096713 TI - CT differentiation of portal venous air from biliary tract air. PMID- 7096714 TI - Abscess in the aorta following nonresective treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 7096715 TI - Calcification of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 7096716 TI - Lipoleiomyoma of the uterus. PMID- 7096717 TI - Spigelian hernia. PMID- 7096718 TI - Dynamic computed tomography of the pancreas. PMID- 7096719 TI - Vascular spindle cell lipoma. AB - Spindle cell lipoma is a neoplasm of adipose tissue that primarily affects posterior necks and shoulders of men in their fifth to seventh decades. It consists of a mixture of adipose tissue and spindle-shaped cells that could be misinterpreted as sarcoma. A clinical and pathological study of two patients, both men, with vascular variants of spindle cell lipoma is presented. These tumors were unusual clinically, in that one caused pain on motion and the other was painful to palpation. On microscopic examination, their vascularity was augmented over previously described examples of spindle cell lipoma. PMID- 7096720 TI - Small skin blood vessel occlusions by cryoglobulin aggregates in ulcerative lesions in IgM-IgG cryoglobulinemia. AB - The skin biopsy specimens from six patients with primary mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulinemia were examined by immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopy. The biopsy taken from the involved skin of one patient with leg ulcers revealed small blood vessel occlusions by cryoglobulin aggregates. Since a similar finding was not observed in the biopsy material taken from the other five patients who had no ulcerative skin lesions, it seems that the cryoglobulin aggregates play a role in the development of the skin ulcerations in primary mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulinemia. PMID- 7096721 TI - The inorganic constituents of milk. IV. Diffusible calcium and magnesium concentrations in goat's milk and the effect of starvation. AB - The concentrations of diffusible Ca and Mg in milk diffusates from 3 goats were determined before, during and after a 2-d period of starvation. Free Ca concentrations were determined by a murexide method and compared with values calculated from a detailed model of the ion equilibria. It was shown that diffusible Ca increased as citrate increased during fasting and both decreased after refeeding, but there was a difference of about half a day in the response curves, with citrate following Ca. The difference was accounted for mainly by a change in free Ca2+ concentration which in turn was related mainly to changes in milk pH. Diffusible Mg underwent changes similar to those of diffusible Ca. PMID- 7096722 TI - Use of the Limulus test to determine the hygienic status of milk products as characterized by levels of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide present. AB - The Limulus test was used to investigate the occurrence of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in milk and dairy products. This test specifically detects the extremely heat-resistant LPS, and so determines the total accumulated quantity of LPS in a product whether it has been heat-treated or not. A positive correlation between number of psychrotrophic bacteria and amount of LPS in fresh farm milk was found (r = 0.63). Fresh farm milk and freshly produced market milk contained on average less than 1 ng LPS/ml. The Limulus test is considered highly suitable for use in the dairy industry, being a method which will characterize quickly and specifically the hygienic level of a product by the extent of the cumulative contamination by Gram-negative bacteria. PMID- 7096723 TI - Estimation of free myo-inositol in milks of various species and its source in milk of rats (Rattus norvegicus). AB - Free myo-inositol content of milk of rats and other rodents fed standard laboratory chow is 80 mg/100 g as compared to about 4 mg/100 g for cow milk. Feeding experiments with graded amounts of myo-inositol demonstrated that the myo inositol content of milk is strongly influenced by dietary intake. Radioactivity from either [carbon-14] glucose or [hydrogen-3] myo-inositol injected intraperitoneally was incorporated rapidly into milk myo-inositol. Thus, both mammary biosynthesis and active transport contribute to the high myo-inositol in rat milk, but the latter is quantitatively the more important. PMID- 7096724 TI - Factors influencing intake of high urea-containing rations by lactating dairy cows. AB - In a series of experiments we investigated effects of several factors on intake of urea by lactating dairy cows. Cows given an unfamiliar ingredient or altered moisture in the ration reduced their intake, and this effect was attributed to a newness factor. Addition of urea to a ration may have a similar effect. An experimental design providing both no-choice and two-choice data was devised to minimize the effect of newness. When urea was isolated physically by pellets coated with ground corn, cows selected against urea-containing pellets on a two choice basis and reduced intake on a no-choice basis. When the choice was between two urea-containing rations, cows preferred the pellets in which urea flavor and odor should have been most evident. Urea odor in the feedbox or urea in the drinking water did not reduce feed intake. Eating rate of a 2.5% urea-containing ration over two daily 30-min feeding periods was about one-half that of a non urea ration. This effect was evident during the first 5-min eating interval. Administration of urea solution into the rumen prior to feeding a nonurea ration markedly reduced subsequent intake. Reticulum pH and ammonia indicated possible sublethal ammonia toxicity. Intake and eating rate were depressed and reticulum pH was elevated when cows were fed a ration with 2.5% urea versus 1% urea or nonurea rations. Elevated reticulum ammonia occurred on both 1 and 2.5% urea containing rations. Cows not previously exposed to urea-containing rations reduced intake and eating rate when fed rations with 2.0 and 2.5% urea. Intake reduction was not comparable to that by cows preconditioned to urea rations. Upon third exposure to 2.5% urea in the ration, cows reduced and ceased intake but readily consumed a nonurea ration. Cows require preconditioning to develop a negative aversion to rations containing high urea, perhaps through a mechanism of sublethal ammonia toxicity. PMID- 7096725 TI - Effects of excessive intakes of iodine upon growth and thyroid function of growing Holstein heifers. AB - Thirty Holstein heifer calves averaging 120 days of age and 102 kg of body weight were allocated to one control and four treatment groups of six each. Iodine, as ethylenediamine dihydriodide, was mixed 1:9 with dextrose and administered once daily atop feed at .625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg iodine per kilogram body weight. Calves were housed individually in unheated, well-ventilated barns and fed complete mixed feeds containing less than 1 ppm iodine. Feed intakes were recorded daily and body weights weekly. Jugular venous blood was collected from iodine treated calves at 0, 4, 8, and 12 wk of the experiment and analyzed for iodine, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine of plasma. Feed intake per unit body weight and per unit gain were not significantly different between treated and control calves. However, daily feed intake and average daily gain decreased slightly at the highest iodine intake. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine were not different among treatments. Thyroxine declined in all calves from 0 to 12 wk. Thyroxine of calves fed 5.0 mg of iodine per kilogram body weight decreased more than of calves fed less iodine. Iodine intake as high as 5.0 mg/kg body weight was tolerated without morbidity, although a minor effect on performance and thyroid activity was indicated. PMID- 7096726 TI - Soil ingestion by dairy cattle. AB - Sets of 5 to 10 random fecal samples were obtained from animals of various management groups of nine dairy herds. Titanium content of feces and soils to which the animals had access was determined by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Titanium of feces was the indicator of soil ingestion, which was calculated for 60% digestibility of the total ration dry matter. Mean soil ingestion +/- standard error as a percent of dry matter intake by groups of lactating cows ranged from .14 +/- .02 to .53 +/- .05 for those confined to concrete, .35 +/- .06 to .64 +/- .18 for those housed in freestall barns with soil bedding, and .60 +/- .07 to .96 +/- .22 for those with access to unpaved lots with no vegetation. Mean soil ingestion as a percent of dry matter intake by groups of yearling heifers and dry cows ranged from .52 +/- .11 to .81 +/- .19 for those confined to concrete, .25 +/- .04 to 2.41 +/- .26 for those with access to unpaved lots with no vegetation, 1.56 +/- .21 to 3.77 +/- 1.50 for those with access to unpaved lots with sparse vegetation, and 1.38 +/- .33 to 2.43 +/- .50 for those on pasture but receiving supplemental feed. Sensitivity of the method depended on the titanium content of the soils which was four to five times greater in clay than in sandy soils. Over all observations, the percent soil of feces was related to the percent ash of feces with the orthogonal linear regression equation, Soil = .69 Ash--5.1 (squared correlations, .62). PMID- 7096727 TI - Interactions of sires with feeding and management factors in Illinois Holstein cows. AB - Components of phenotypic variation in milk yield from interactions between sires and several feeding and management factors were estimated. Milk yield data were first lactation records. Feeding and management data from Illinois Holstein Dairy Herd Improvement herds were obtained by questionnaires. Sire-herd interaction component was 10% of phenotypic variance in milk yield. Components of variance from interaction between sires and three feeding and management factors, namely, source of roughage for milking herd during summer, amount of grain fed to heifers between 12 and 18 mo age, and amount of grain fed to heifers during 2 mo before calving were negative. Interaction between sires and ideal weight for breeding heifers accounted for 3% of phenotypic variation in milk yield. PMID- 7096728 TI - Effect of monitoring corpus luteum function on days open. AB - The concentration of progesterone in milk fat was measured to ascertain whether knowledge of corpus luteum function could be used to increase reproductive efficiency. As they calved, 47 cows were assigned to either a milk-sampled group (24) or an unsampled control group (23). Progesterone concentrations indicative of a functional corpus luteum were first present at an average of 29.4 days postpartum. The average postpartum interval to first estrus was 49 days for cows sampled and 7.19 days for control cows. The postpartum interval to conception was 84.8 days for sampled cows and 113.7 days for control cows. Twenty of 63 (31.7%) ovulations were not associated with behavioral estrus. Cystic ovarian disease with periods of anestrus were observed in five cows. We conclude that failure to detect estrus was a more limiting factor in reproductive efficiency than was anestrus. To determine the reproductive status after breeding, we measured progesterone concentrations on days 19 through 23 postinsemination. Progesterone was higher for pregnant than for nonpregnant cows on all days. However, only on days 20 and 21 was there complete separation of the progesterone ranges in pregnant and nonpregnant cows. PMID- 7096729 TI - Projecting health cost from research herds. AB - Health costs by categories were summarized from 1,999 lactations of 863 cows in three dairy herds. These costs were projected to Dairy Herd Improvement data. Health categories were mammary, reproduction, locomotion, digestion, respiration, other, and total. The largest estimated total health cost of $67.63 was associated with postpartum length (days in milk and dry) greater than 420 days, an average 98 days dry, and milk production greater than 8,250 kg in fourth or later terminal lactations. The smallest estimated total health cost of $22.25 per lactation was associated with production between 5,750 and 6,999 kg in the nonterminal first lactation with postpartum length less than 300 days. For nonterminal first lactations of intermediate length, the estimated total health cost represented 3 to 6% of the value of milk production. First-calf heifers with milk production less than 5,750 kg and postpartum length 300 to 419 days had the least mammary cost. Cows in their fourth or later lactations with postpartum length greater than 420 days and milk production less than 5,750 kg had the highest reproductive cost. Mammary cost increased and reproductive cost decreased with increased days dry. Cows in terminal lactations had $11.38 more total health cost, $4.33 more mammary cost, and $6.31 more reproductive cost than cows in complete nonterminal lactations. Relatively more reproductive than mammary cost occurred in terminal lactations compared to nonterminal lactations. Mammary cost remained the largest component of total health cost. Multiparous cows had more total health, mammary, and reproductive costs than first parity cows. The repeatibility of total health cost was .12 +2- .03. PMID- 7096731 TI - Energy of milk of West African Dwarf, Red Sokoto, and Saanen goats at stages of lactation. AB - Digestible and metabolizable energy of milk from West African dwarf, Red Sokoto (Maradi), and imported Saanen goats at different stages of lactation was measured. Energy increased from early to mid-lactation and then declined except for metabolizable energy of Saanen goat milk which maintained a steady increase although the trends were not significant. Average digestive energies in megajoule/kg of freeze-dried milk were 23.4 +/- .91 (standard deviation); 21.4 +/ .55, and 19.9 +/- .34 for the West African dwarf, Red Sokoto, and Saanen goats. Corresponding metabolizable energies were 21.2 +/- .70, 18.7 +/- .46, and 18.5 +/ .48. PMID- 7096730 TI - Protein composition of whey from subclinical mastitis and effect of treatment with levamisole. AB - Subclinical mastitis caused a rise in the noncasein protein concentration of milk. This mainly was caused by an increase in the concentration of serum albumin and immunoglobulin derived from blood. In most cases, the concentration of the major whey proteins beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin decreased. This decrease can be attributed to both inflammatory damage of mammary secretory tissues and destruction of blood-milk permeability barriers. When used orally, levamisole reduced leukocyte count and intramammary pathogens. Although changes of concentration were least for relative amounts of beta-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin, we observed enhanced alpha-lactalbumin production and simultaneous reduction of the total whey protein as mastitis score decreased. In normal quarter milk, the relative amount of immunoglobulin increased with levamisole. This suggests there was increased transport of immunoglobulin to aid udder health. PMID- 7096732 TI - Milking responses of cows given premilking stimulation at four lactational stages. AB - Milk yield, machine-on time, peak milk flow rate, average milk flow rate, and milk composition were measured in 10 Holstein Friesian cows after receiving no premilking stimulation (i.e., teat cups attached to the udder without premilking washing or teat manipulation) and manual premilking stimulation (30 s udder and teat massage and withdrawal of a few squirts of milk followed by a 30 s delay) at approximately 100, 160, 220, and 280 days postpartum. Milk yield was not different for cows milked with premilking stimulation as compared with cows receiving no premilking stimulation at each stage of the trial. Machine-on time was consistently shorter for cows receiving premilking stimulation. Peak milk flow rate and average flow rate were also uniformly greater in cows receiving premilking stimulation. Milk fat yields were always slightly higher for cows given premilking stimulation compared with those receiving no premilking stimulation. Protein yields did not differ between treatments at any lactational state. Differences in machine-on time and certain milk flow variables are congruent between cows given premilking manual massage and no premilking stimulation during short trials at specific stages of lactation. PMID- 7096733 TI - Behavioral responses of dairy cows subjected to controlled voltages. AB - A simple technique for establishing voltage across individual cows was developed. By this technique behavioral responses to graded voltages applied across cows were monitored. Voltage across each cow, resistance of each cow, and current passing through each cow that resulted in a mild or a distinct behavioral response were noted. Most cows showed a mild response to a current of about 3 mA (which normally corresponded to a voltage across the cow of .7 V). One cow responded to a current of less than 1 mA (which corresponded to a voltage across the cow of less than .2 V). This technique represents a good stimulus paradigm for investigating effects of stray voltage. PMID- 7096734 TI - Effects of alternating high and medium concentrate diets on fermentation in a semi-continuous rumen culture system. AB - A semi-continuous culture system was used to determine effects of percent dietary concentrate and method of feeding on in vitro fermentation. Treatments consisted of four feeding regimens 1) 85% concentrate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900 h; 2) alternate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700 h and 55% concentrate fed at 1900 h; 3) 70% concentrate: equal mixture of the 85 and 55% concentrate diets fed at 0700 and 1900 h, and 4) 55% concentrate: 55% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900 h. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations and molar proportions of propionate were highest for the 85% concentrate regimen with no differences among other treatments. Acetate (molar proportion) was lower for the high concentrate diet than for other treatments. Concentrations of fermentation liquor ammonia were 13.4, 11.7, 12.6, and 9.8 mg/100 ml for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70% and 55% concentrate groups. Culture pH was similar for all treatments. Apparent organic matter digestibilities were 41.0, 40.1, 396., and 34.6% and true organic matter digestibilities were 46.3, 45.4, 44.4 and 39.5% for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70%, and 55% concentrate regimens. Bacterial numbers were 1.06, 1.33, .86, and .85 X 10(9) per ml. PMID- 7096735 TI - Metabolic profiles in Virginia dairy herds of different milk yields. AB - This study examined metabolic profiles of commercial dairy herds differing in milk production. Thirty herds were selected with 10 herds averaging more than 7258 kg milk, 10 herds between 6350 and 7258 kg, and 10 herds averaged below 6350 kg. In each herd, 28 cows were selected for blood sampling, which was collected every 3 mo during 12 mo. Cows varied in estimated relative producing ability. Metabolic profiles were established for 19 blood components. Differences among treatment means were significant between high and low producing herds and little between profiles for milking and pregnant nonlactating cows. Metabolic profiles of problem herds remained within normal ranges for all herds except one. Profiles of herds with breeding or mastitis problems remained in the normal range. Metabolic profile testing was of limited value in screening a dairy herd for potential problems or deficiencies. PMID- 7096736 TI - Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents: separating pharmacological from social-learning influences. PMID- 7096737 TI - Estimating sleep parameters: a multitrait--multimethod analysis. PMID- 7096738 TI - Cognitive and behavioral therapy for musical-performance anxiety. PMID- 7096739 TI - Differences in crisis reactions among cancer and surgery patients. PMID- 7096740 TI - Effects of three play conditions on separation anxiety in young children. PMID- 7096742 TI - Impact of Event Scale: a cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. PMID- 7096741 TI - Social skills and social anxiety: are different laboratories measuring the same constructs? PMID- 7096743 TI - Subcategorizing hyperactivity: the Stony Brook Scale. PMID- 7096744 TI - Identification of therapist differences in a group treatment for depression. PMID- 7096745 TI - Effects of pleasant-activities manipulation on depression. PMID- 7096746 TI - Bibliotherapy in the treatment of female orgasmic dysfunction. PMID- 7096747 TI - Modification of the Pleasant and Unpleasant Events Schedules for use with the elderly. PMID- 7096748 TI - The effect of increasing initial weight loss with the Scarsdale Diet on subsequent weight loss in a behavioral treatment program. PMID- 7096749 TI - Effects of social aids and the regulated breathing method in the treatment of stutterers. PMID- 7096750 TI - Test-retest reliability of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in stable, chronically impaired patients. PMID- 7096751 TI - Sexual Experiences Survey: a research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. PMID- 7096752 TI - The body image of the postoperative female-to-male transsexual. PMID- 7096754 TI - The multidimensional Fear of Death Scale: an independent analysis. PMID- 7096753 TI - MMPI differences of black and white male polydrug abusers seeking treatment. PMID- 7096755 TI - Cross-validation of two indexes of intellectual deterioration on patients with Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 7096757 TI - A simple technique for removing lipomas. PMID- 7096756 TI - Validity of the Wiener Subtle and Obvious Scales for the MMPI: another example of the importance of inventory-item content. PMID- 7096758 TI - Sunscreen update. PMID- 7096760 TI - Cryostats in chemosurgery. PMID- 7096759 TI - Capsule dermatopathology. PMID- 7096761 TI - Nasolabial flaps for repair of defects on the upper lip and lateral aspects of the nose. PMID- 7096762 TI - Excision of a malignant lesion from the forehead and reconstruction by bilateral rotation skin-muscle flaps. PMID- 7096763 TI - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lip. PMID- 7096765 TI - Squamous-cell carcinoma vs. keratoacanthoma. PMID- 7096764 TI - Curative and aesthetic results of surgical treatment of 138 basal-cell carcinomas. AB - We herewith present a review of 138 basal-cell carcinomas, mostly on the face, that were treated by surgical excision and immediate repair. In a few cases, frozen sections were taken to ensure complete excision of the neoplasm. Local flaps were favored; distant flaps and full-thickness skin grafts were required in selected case. The recurrence rate with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up is 2.1%. Cosmetic results, evaluated by the patients themselves and by one of the authors (G.D.) who did not participate in the surgery, were judged "excellent," that is, without visible scars or deformities, in 61.4% of the cases, and "good" in 31.4%. The results are discussed. PMID- 7096767 TI - Malignant blue (Ota's?) nevus. PMID- 7096768 TI - Quo vadis curator cutis? PMID- 7096766 TI - Cryo corner: debulking large tumors. PMID- 7096769 TI - Instruments and tips for dermatology surgery. PMID- 7096770 TI - Avoiding infection in office surgery. AB - Office instruments should be steam autoclaved. This has the advantage of greatest effectiveness and reliability with reasonable cost and time. The iodophors and chlorhexidine are excellent surgical skin preparations. Chlorhexidine suppresses regrowth of bacteria much better than iodophors. Antibiotic prophylaxis may be beneficial for clean-contaminated and contaminated wounds. The antibiotic should be administered before surgery and continued no longer than 24 hours after surgery. PMID- 7096771 TI - Hepatitis b: a hazard for dermatologists. PMID- 7096772 TI - Photo-mapping for microscopically controlled surgery. PMID- 7096773 TI - Reconstruction of the upper helix of the ear. PMID- 7096774 TI - Squamous-cell carcinoma of the upper lip. AB - Squamous-cell carcinoma involving the upper lip grows more rapidly and is more difficult to control than squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip. The lesion usually is histologically more undifferentiated than squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip and metastases develop earlier. A case report of a patient with a squamous-cell carcinoma in an upper lip with regional metastases is presented and illustrated. PMID- 7096775 TI - Surgery of extensive, subclinical lentigo maligna. PMID- 7096776 TI - [Effect of modifying factors and their combinations with olivomycin on the lipid fractional composition of Crithidia oncopelti]. PMID- 7096777 TI - [Chemical (drug) stress: the qualitative assessment of the toxic effects of the action of physiologically active substances]. PMID- 7096778 TI - [Regulatory characteristics of the metabolic systems and the stabilization of the relative concentrations of ATP and reduced glutathione in human erythrocytes]. PMID- 7096779 TI - [Determination of the kinetic parameters of tumor growth and an evaluation of the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic preparations based on life expectancy]. PMID- 7096780 TI - [Physicochemical properties of diazepam-modified DNP]. PMID- 7096782 TI - [Effect of intraperitoneal physostigmine administration on the multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase in different brain structures]. PMID- 7096781 TI - [Late sequelae of the internal irradiation of the endocrine system of female rats]. PMID- 7096786 TI - Depression and cognitive characteristics of stressful life-event types. PMID- 7096783 TI - [Metabolism of the ethyl ether of N-(methylethoxythiophosphoryl mercapto)acetylglycine in white rats]. PMID- 7096785 TI - Activity-withdrawal in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and mania. PMID- 7096784 TI - Premorbid status in schizophrenia and abstract, literal, or autistic proverb interpretation. PMID- 7096787 TI - Time urgency among coronary-prone individuals. PMID- 7096788 TI - Prediction of violent versus nonviolent recidivism from prior violent and nonviolent criminality. PMID- 7096789 TI - Independent dimensions of hyperactivity and aggression: a validation with playroom observation data. PMID- 7096791 TI - Anxiety and perceptual structure: individual differences in neuropsychological function. PMID- 7096790 TI - Alcohol dependence syndrome: measurement and validation. PMID- 7096792 TI - An examination of differences between multiple- and single-incident victims of sexual assault. PMID- 7096793 TI - Analysis of the garden carrot (Daucus carota L.) for linear furocoumarins (Psoralens) at the sub parts per million level. PMID- 7096794 TI - Composition of guayule leaves, seed, and wood. PMID- 7096795 TI - Studies on Taramira seed (Eruca sativa Lam.) proteins. PMID- 7096796 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic method for analysis of Di- and polyamines in foods. PMID- 7096797 TI - Stability of amino acids during cooking and processing of sweet potatoes. PMID- 7096798 TI - Losses of ergot alkaloids during making of bread and pancakes. PMID- 7096799 TI - Barium in forage plants and in the manure of cattle treated with barium boluses. PMID- 7096800 TI - Evaluation of food potential, some toxicological aspects, and preparation of a protein isolate from the aerial part of amaranth (pigweed). PMID- 7096801 TI - Nitrogen distribution and acid production in corn silage treated with ammonium hydroxide. PMID- 7096802 TI - Nutritive value of fillets and minced flesh from Alaska pollock and some underutilized finfish species from the Gulf of Mexico. PMID- 7096803 TI - Use of a strong cation exchange resin column for the study of paralytic shellfish poisons. PMID- 7096804 TI - Operator exposure measurements during application of the herbicide diallate. PMID- 7096805 TI - Fate of trichlorfon in buffer and soluble fraction (105000g) from cow and chicken liver homogenates. PMID- 7096806 TI - Alteration of carbosulfan [2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl (Di-n butylaminosulfenyl)methylcarbamate] in the rat stomach. PMID- 7096809 TI - Residue determination of some insecticides and fungicides on grapes by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096810 TI - Effects of hapten structure and bridging groups on antisera specificity in parathion immunoassay development. PMID- 7096808 TI - Interactions of naturally occurring food plant components with insecticides and pentobarbital in rats and mice. PMID- 7096807 TI - Analysis and persistence of permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate in the fat and brain of treated rats. PMID- 7096811 TI - Persistence of aldicarb in soil relative to the carry-over of residues into crops. PMID- 7096813 TI - Analysis of formaldehyde in shrimp by high-pressure liquid chromatography. PMID- 7096812 TI - Glutathione conjugate of the pyrethroid tetramethrin. PMID- 7096814 TI - Lectins in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. PMID- 7096815 TI - Metaldehyde residues on and in citrus fruits after a soil broadcast of a granular formulation and after a spray application to citrus trees. PMID- 7096816 TI - Occurrence of umbelliferone in the seeds of Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. PMID- 7096817 TI - Determination of thiophanate methyl as carbendazin by high-pressure liquid chromatography: application to onions and cabbage. PMID- 7096818 TI - Albumin proteins of eight edible grain legume species: electrophoretic patterns and amino acid composition. PMID- 7096819 TI - Evaluation of indoor plantings as allergen exposure sources. AB - The role of indoor plantings as allergen sources was assessed by direct sampling of interior air. Homes with 10 or more plants in one room and three University of Michigan greenhouses were studied by means of a dc-powered rotorod and separate Andersen viable sampler collections incubated at 23 degrees and 50 degrees C. Sequential 30 and 60 sec Andersen samples were obtained during 15 min rotorod collections before and during watering of plants as well as during disturbance of foliage by a small fan. Relative humidity averaged 51% in homes and 78% in greenhouses. Aspergillus fumigatus recoveries were rare. Thermophiles, primarily bacteria, were present at low-to-moderate levels in homes, did not increase with watering of fan in homes, and rose only slightly with disturbance at greenhouse sites. Cladosporium and Penicillium dominated Andersen collections. Watering and fan increased levels of these taxa as well as rotorod recoveries of Alternaria. Epicoccum, and Pithomyces slightly in homes and markedly at greenhouse sites. We conclude that modest numbers of undisturbed house plants contribute minimally to aeroallergen prevalence in homes. However, especially under greenhouse conditions, plantings can harbor abundant fungus growth that may become airborne, especially when agitated directly. PMID- 7096820 TI - Food allergy manifested by eosinophilia, elevated immunoglobulin E level, and protein-losing enteropathy: the syndrome of allergic gastroenteropathy. PMID- 7096821 TI - Inhaled metabisulfite sensitivity. PMID- 7096822 TI - Transfused immunoglobulin E in newborns. PMID- 7096823 TI - Occupational allergy secondary inhalation of garlic dust. PMID- 7096824 TI - Measurement of plasma histamine: description of an improved method and normal values. AB - The single isotopic-enzymatic assay of histamine was modified to increase its sensitivity and to facilitate measurement of plasma histamine levels. The modification involved extracting 3H-1-methylhistamine (generated by the enzyme N methyltransferase acting on histamine in the presence of S-[methyl-3H]-adenosyl-L methionine) into chloroform and isolating the 3H-1-methylhistamine by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC was developed in acetone:ammonium hydroxide (95:10), and the methylhistamine spot (Rf = 0.50) was identified with an o phthalaldehyde spray, scraped from the plate, and assayed in a scintillation counter. The assay in plasma demonstrated a linear relationship from 200 to 5000 pg histamine/ml. Plasma always had higher readings than buffer, and dialysis of plasma returned these values to the same level as buffer, suggesting that the baseline elevations might be attributable to histamine. However, all histamine standard curves were run in dialyzed plasma to negate any additional influences plasma might exert on the assay. The arithmetic mean (+/- SEM) in normal plasma histamine was 318.4 +/- 25 pg/ml (n = 51), and the geometric mean was 280 +/- 35 pg/ml. Plasma histamine was significantly elevated by infusion of histamine at 0.05 to 1.0 micrograms/kg/min or by cold immersion of the hand of a cold urticaria patient. Therefore this modified isotopic-enzymatic assay of histamine is extremely sensitive, capable of measuring fluctuations in plasma histamine levels within the normal range, and potentially useful in analysis of the role histamine plays in human physiology. PMID- 7096825 TI - Functional assessment of alveolar macrophages: comparison of cells from asthmatics and normal subjects. AB - Alveolar macrophages (AM) were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from seven healthy nonallergic, nonasthmatic donors, 15 patients with allergic bronchial asthma, and six patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma. AM were purified by adherence over 2 hr and cultured for an additional 24 hr. Functional assessment of viable cells was carried out for zymosan phagocytosis and for prostaglandin (PG) E2-PGF2 alpha and thromboxane (Tx) B2 release by resting and zymosan-stimulated AM. The eosinophil count in BAL fluid from allergic asthmatics was higher than that from control subjects (3.9% +/- 1.6% vs 0.4% +/- 0.3%, p less than 0.05) and still greater in BAL from patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma (21.7% +/- 9.0%, p less than 0.01). After the 24 hr of incubation, the AM viability was inversely correlated to the percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid (r = -0.54, n = 21, p less than 0.02). Zymosan phagocytosis was significantly lower by viable cells from both allergic asthmatics and aspirin-sensitive patients as compared with cells from normal donors (p less than 0.05). Zymosan phagocytosis induced a twofold to threefold increase in the release of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and TxB2 from AM of normal subjects (p less than 0.01) but only a onefold to twofold increase from AM of allergic asthmatic patients. The stimulated AM from aspirin-sensitive patients released smaller quantities of each product than AM from normal subjects or allergic asthmatic patients (p less than 0.05). We conclude that the viability and functional activity of AM are impaired in asthmatic patients and that these deficits correlate with the percent eosinophilia in the BAL; it is therefore suggested that they may be due to an interaction between eosinophils and AM in the bronchoalveolar lumen. PMID- 7096826 TI - Advances in pediatric psychopharmacology. Part I. Introduction. PMID- 7096827 TI - Clinical studies of methylphenidate serum levels in children and adults. PMID- 7096828 TI - Learning ability and methylphenidate (Ritalin) plasma concentration in hyperkinetic children. A preliminary investigation. PMID- 7096829 TI - The long-term outcome of early onset anorexia nervosa. A critical review. PMID- 7096830 TI - Concurrent validation of a behavior problems scale to use with 3-year-olds. PMID- 7096832 TI - Psychotherapy of gender identity conflict in young boys. PMID- 7096831 TI - Separation response and nursery school adaptation. PMID- 7096833 TI - Adenosine deaminase activity decreased in autism. PMID- 7096834 TI - Neurologic status in hyperactive, enuretic, encopretic, and normal boys. PMID- 7096835 TI - Mutational falsetto. PMID- 7096837 TI - Invasive research and ethics. PMID- 7096836 TI - Child psychiatry perspectives. Adolescent psychiatry. A brief research note. PMID- 7096838 TI - The implications of primary prevention for the training of the child psychiatrist. PMID- 7096839 TI - Primary prevention: aspects of program design and evaluation. PMID- 7096840 TI - Stability and change in nonfocal neurologic signs. PMID- 7096842 TI - A 30-month follow-up of hyperactive children. PMID- 7096841 TI - Dosage effects of methylphenidate on paired associate learning: positive/negative placebo responders. PMID- 7096843 TI - Diagnosis of childhood depression: a comparison of the Weinberg and DSM-III criteria. PMID- 7096844 TI - The use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for depression in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 7096845 TI - Cognitive assessment of siblings of autistic children. PMID- 7096846 TI - Evaluation of treatment for autistic children and their parents. PMID- 7096847 TI - Childhood gender disturbance: diagnostic issues. PMID- 7096849 TI - Residential treatment of males: the influential role of parental attitudes. PMID- 7096850 TI - The use of RDC criteria for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. PMID- 7096848 TI - Treatment of the adopted adolescent: involvement of the biologic mother. PMID- 7096852 TI - Brain tumors and the geriatric patient. AB - The prognosis, site of occurrence, and histologic type of primary brain tumors are age-dependent phenomena. In general, the incidence of meningiomas, acoustic Schwannomas, and glioblastomas increases with advancing age until the end of the eighth decade. Of 99 patients consecutively admitted to an aggressive multimodality treatment program for glioblastoma multiforme, 18 per cent were in the 61-70 age group and 4 per cent in the 71-80 group; the oldest was 85. The operative mortality was only 4 per cent. In 16 patients over 65, the 6- and 12 month calculated survival probabilities were 0.65 and 0.31, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for these patients was significantly different from that for 26 patients under the age of 40. Grade 4 astrocytomas were present in 62 per cent of patients under 40 but in 83 per cent of patients over 61. In all glioblastoma populations, age is the most significant prognostic variable. The incidence of metastic brain tumors also increases with age, and all of the usual primary sites are represented. The prognosis for elderly patients with metastatic brain tumor is uniformly worse than that for younger patients, even though modern diagnostic and operative techniques carry virtually the same morbidity and mortality rates in older patients as in younger ones. It is vitally important, therefore, that the clinical effects of treatable intracranial tumors in the elderly are not ascribed to dementia, the aging process, the systemic effects of cancer, or the side effects of cancer therapy, without suitable diagnostic investigation. PMID- 7096851 TI - Development rights to privacy and independent decision-making. PMID- 7096853 TI - Measurement of gait and balance in the elderly. PMID- 7096854 TI - Clinicopathologic study of progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy (Binswanger type) in the elderly. AB - A clinicopathologic study was made of 45 elderly persons whose autopsied brains showed the pathologic changes of progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy (Binswanger type). Progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy (PSVE) was observed in 3.8 per cent of all autopsied brains of elderly persons and in 6.7 per cent of the brains of those with cerebrovascular diseases. White matter lesions were graded from I to III (slight to severe). Small infarcts in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and pons were common, but the cerebral cortex was usually preserved. Neuropsychiatric symptoms included dementia, urinary incontinence, hemiplegia, pseudobulbar palsy, psychosis, parkinsonism, and mutism. In thge Grade III group there was a high incidence of pseudobulbar palsy, parkinsonism, and mutism. Pathologic study showed marked cerebral arteriosclerosis in almost all cases. Angionecrosis was observed in 60 to 80 per cent. Fibrotic and stenotic changes of the blood vessels in the deep white matter were also noted, particularly in 90 per cent of the Grade III cases. A suggested explanation for the pathogenesis of PSVE is based on the effects of various complications such as hypertension, cardiac disease and malnutrition which may play an important role in PSVE when they occur in elderly persons with a history of long-standing hypertension, marked cerebral arteriosclerosis, and arteriolar changes in the cerebral white matter. PMID- 7096855 TI - Psychiatric diagnoses among geriatric patients seen in an outreach program. AB - Over 2300 patients referred to a geriatric outreach program were evaluated for the relationships between diagnosis and (1) referral reason, (2) referral source, and (3) age. Referral reason was only a clue to the eventual diagnosis. Patients referred for depression received a diagnosis of depression in only 46 per cent of such referrals, and patients referred for forgetfulness or confusion received a diagnosis of dementia in only 37 per cent of these referrals. Families were most likely to refer demented patients, and health agencies to refer depressed patients. Apartment managers and housing authority representatives were least likely to refer depressed patients and most likely to refer paranoid patients. The rate for diagnosis of dementia increased with age, whereas the rates for diagnoses of depression and alcohol/drug abuse decreased with age. PMID- 7096856 TI - Skeletal deformities in the elderly and their effect on postural sway. AB - In a group of 151 elderly men and women (age range, 65-85+), postural sway was studied in relation to various physical attributes and skeletal deformities that might be contributory factors. Weight, loss of height (span-height), scoliosis, grip strength, and the knee angle, measured laterally with the subject erect, all proved to be correlated with postural sway. Kyphosis was related to loss of muscle power and other general indications of frailty. Scoliosis appeared to be related to joint disease in the pelvis and lower limbs. PMID- 7096857 TI - How federal laws are made--and what we should be doing about it. PMID- 7096859 TI - Kenya: young nation with health problems. PMID- 7096858 TI - The many facets of otolaryngology. PMID- 7096860 TI - The role and goals of academic optometry. Some unfulfilled missions. AB - The authors express the opinion that optometry schools have obligations to the profession and the public which involve missions beyond their primary function of educating and training students. They identify those missions which they believe are highly important but only partially addressed. They are: clinical research; expansion of optometry's scientific base; specialized patient care; and education of practitioners. They offer explanations for lack of progress, but insist it is vital that these obligations be met by our schools, and offer suggestions toward this end. PMID- 7096861 TI - Aphakic and pseudophakic spectacle management. AB - Refracting glasses and clips eliminate the many vertex distance-pantoscopic tilt pitfalls found in aphakic and pseudophakic visual examination. The amount of asphericity used in the prescribed aphakic lens enables the patients to function normally in his environment. Keratometry readings display the surgical wound healing process. Absorption tints are prescribed to reduce the amount of harmful ultraviolet rays from entering the human eye. PMID- 7096862 TI - Is flatter and thinner always better? AB - In the current controversy regarding the relative importance of basecurve selection in hydrophilic lens design, one key to basecurve (bearing-relationship) predictability may lie in its subtle inter-action with another design parameter, lens thickness. PMID- 7096863 TI - The optics of fluorescein patterns. AB - When fitting a hard lens, one diagnostic lens application with an over-refraction will allow the practitioner to determine the corneal radius and a base curve with appropriate lens power for the optical area of the cornea. The calculations are simple enough to be performed mentally. PMID- 7096864 TI - High blood pressure control is working: tell the community about your contribution. PMID- 7096866 TI - A survey of the graduates of the University of Alabama School of Optometry. Screening for hypertension. AB - Systemic hypertension is a major health problem in the United States. Almost 16 million people with this disease are estimated to be untreated or inadequately treated. Optometry graduates of the University of Alabama in Birmingham School of Optometry have always received clinical and didactic training in the routine assessment of blood pressure. This study reports the results of a survey of these graduates to determine the number who screened for high blood pressure following graduation, their criteria for referral, their management of hypertensive patients, and their patient characteristics. Over 90% of the optometrists surveyed screened for high blood pressure, and they screened 57% of their patients. Twenty percent of these patients were found to have high blood pressure. These results indicate that optometrists are an important and significant resource in the detection of hypertension in many high risk groups. PMID- 7096865 TI - The optometrist's role in public health. AB - The scope of the optometric profession, and its relationship to the total health care system, is in a state of constant change; many of the changes are influenced by or impact upon that area of health care that is referred to as public health. Very basically, public health is "people's health" --a concern for the health and well-being of groups of people. It emphasizes the role of health care practitioners in the delivery of health care to the aggregate, as opposed to the individualized or private system of health care delivery. Fundamental to the overall philosophy of public health is the necessity to make comprehensive health care readily available and accessible to all segments of the population. Optometry must expand its efforts to recognize, evaluate and assume its role in the maintenance of the health and well-being of the public, both domestically and internationally. PMID- 7096867 TI - Blood glucose testing. AB - Data presented in this study indicates that the following systems; Eyetone-Ames, Dextrometer-Ames, Chemstrip bG-BioDynamics, and Stat Tek-BioDynamics, perform with accuracy in the estimation of blood glucose as compared to the results of the Beckman Auto-Analyzer. The Dextrostix-Ames system did not provide the accuracy necessary for blood glucose screening. PMID- 7096869 TI - Is optometry compatible with the changing health care and hospital scene in America. AB - The original intent of this study was designed to determine the feasibility of adding an optometric service to an established hospital environment. As the study progressed, it took on a broader perspective. It no longer appeared relevant whether or not one singled-out suburban hospital was ready and willing to add a necessary and beneficial service. It seemed more appropriate to look more closely at the changing national scene with the health care delivery system in a state of flux. The state of transition, in turn, would affect all institutions including the state of the profession, the hospital setting, the shift in population and even the definition of health care. This paper is limited to a background study of health and hospital care. PMID- 7096868 TI - Mortality rate in strabismus surgery. AB - Strabismus surgery has been viewed as being associated with a high degree of mortality. Many past studies have used small surgical samples and have stressed the various theoretical causes of the deaths rather than view the procedure from a statistical and scientific standpoint. We present here a large series of surgical cases collected nationwide showing that strabismus surgery is a relatively safe procedure associated with a mortality less than that of a tooth extraction. PMID- 7096870 TI - Communicating your message to your patients. PMID- 7096871 TI - A study of specific optical characteristics of biomicroscopes. AB - This study evaluated specific optical characteristics of eight biomicroscopes along with mechanical capabilities and accessories. Although the instruments were not ranked, the information in table form should be helpful in the selection of a biomicroscope for the practitioners requirements. PMID- 7096872 TI - Prevalence of osteoarthritis of the foot. PMID- 7096873 TI - The anatomy of joints. Gross, histologic, and fine structures. PMID- 7096874 TI - Repair mechanisms of articular cartilage. PMID- 7096875 TI - Subchondral bone cysts of the head of the first metatarsal. PMID- 7096877 TI - Osteoarthritis of the tarsal bones of the foot. PMID- 7096878 TI - Complications in implant arthroplasties for the osteoarthritic joint. PMID- 7096879 TI - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: differential diagnosis in heel pain. PMID- 7096876 TI - Talonavicular joint osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis). PMID- 7096881 TI - Differential diagnosis of cystic erosions of three common arthritides. PMID- 7096880 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans traumatically induced in the hallux interphalangeal joint. PMID- 7096883 TI - The clinician with a camera. PMID- 7096882 TI - Instant scanning electron microscopy in teaching. PMID- 7096885 TI - Digestive tract endoscopy: teaching with live television coverage. PMID- 7096884 TI - Automatic development of retinal fluorescein angiograms. PMID- 7096886 TI - Left brain-right brain theory and the design of medical teaching materials. PMID- 7096887 TI - A television method for measuring infrared and ultraviolet reflectances of pigmented lesions. PMID- 7096888 TI - Art for education's sake. PMID- 7096889 TI - A method for developing breast teaching models. PMID- 7096890 TI - Learning at a distance. PMID- 7096892 TI - Infrared photographic photometry with an 'instant' film. PMID- 7096891 TI - Graphics and animation for medical television. PMID- 7096893 TI - [Effects of timolol maleate on untreated contralateral eyes (author's transl)]. AB - The efficacity of installations of 0,5 p. cent timolol maleate unilaterally was statistically evaluated in 15 subjects: 5 with open-angle glaucoma, 5 with secondary glaucoma, and 5 normal subjects. A reduction in intraocular pressure was observed in all cases, not only in treated eyes, but also, though to a lesser degree, in untreated eyes. Effects were almost totally lacking on lacrimal secretion, corneal sensitivity, and pupil size in both eyes. The hypothesis is raised of possible unilateral treatment in selected patients with ocular hypertension and/or trabecular glaucoma. PMID- 7096894 TI - [Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and eyelids: analysis of prognosis in 56 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Long-term prognosis was analyzed by a retrospective study of 56 patients with malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and the eyelids. Survival rate at 5 years was 85 p. cent, at 10 years 68 p. cent, and at 15 or 20 years 55 p. cent; neither the localization of the tumor nor the type of initial treatment had a significant influence on these rates. Local or nodal recurrences occurred in 80 p. cent of cases, and were frequent following conservative surgery; prognosis is bad after radiotherapy. PMID- 7096895 TI - [Dacryocystorhinostomy without bone perforation (author's transl)]. AB - Present techniques of dacryocystorhinostomy require perforation of the frontal process of the maxillary bone in order to open a passageway between the conjunctival sac and the nasal fossa. This requires a relatively complex operation and leaves an almost horizontal conduit, flow rarely being perfect. A new technique for dacryocystorhinostomy which obviates the necessity for osseous perforation by passing a tube beneath the soft tissues of the face just superficial to the maxillary bone, between the lacus lacrimalis and the nasal atrium. The external diameter of the tube should not exceed 2 mm to that is produced no visible elevation on the surface of the face. The almost vertical position of the tube and the position of its inferior opening in the zone of maximal respiratory flow assures good drainage of tears. The operation can be performed in a few minutes, under local anesthesia, in the surgeon's office. PMID- 7096896 TI - [Pars plana vitrectomy: causal affections, material employed, and approach in 1400 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Isolated vitrectomy was employed in half of 1,400 cases operated upon, the other patients receiving an intra-ocular injection of silicone fluid. Emphasis is placed on the simplification undergone by the materials employed, the progress represented by the addition of an autonomous infusion for each instrument complementary to the vitrectomy, and the need for all ophthalmic surgeons, particularly those in training, to become familiar with the use of the vitreotome. PMID- 7096897 TI - Effect of squalane on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations in tissues of mice. AB - Female mice were given 100 mg HCB/kg body weight i.p. and fed diets containing 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% of squalane. After 3 weeks samples of liver, blood and abdominal fat were analysed for HCB as well as for squalane. HCB concentrations were significantly lowered as compared to controls in all tissues and at all dietary concentrations of squalane to a maximum of about 36% in fat, 44% in liver and 47% in blood. The effect of squalane upon HCB concentrations was strongly dose dependent in abdominal fat. In contrast, no significant differences were seen with liver and blood between animals fed 5.0 or 7.5% of squalane. Squalane was detected in considerable amounts in the livers (50-100 ppm) but not in abdominal fat (less than 1 ppm) of mice fed squalane. PMID- 7096898 TI - Toxicity of trihalomethanes: I. The acute and subacute toxicity of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in rats. AB - In an acute study, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were given single oral doses of chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), or bromoform and were observed for clinical symptoms for the following 14 days. Median lethal doses (LD 50) of the four trihalomethanes were found to be between 848 and 1388 mg/kg. Some groups which survived the treatment for 14 days showed reduced food intake, growth retardation and increased liver and kidney weight. Elevated serum cholesterol levels were observed in the surviving male rats treated with chloroform and CDBM, and in the females treated with chloroform. Decreased liver protein content occurred in male but not female rats fed chloroform and bromoform. In contrast, increase aniline hydroxylase activity was observed in female rats fed chloroform but not bromoform. Hematological values which were altered by the four trihalomethanes were hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. Treatment-related histologic changes were observed in the liver and kidney of rats. These changes were qualitatively and quantitatively similar for the four trihalomethanes. These data indicate that trihalomethanes at large single oral doses can produce a wide range of toxic changes in the rat. In a subacute study, groups of 10 male rats were fed four trihalomethanes at 0, 5, 50 or 500 ppm in their drinking water for 28 days. The growth rate and food intake were not affected by treatment. A slight increase in relative kidney weight was observed in the groups fed 5 ppm chloroform; 500 ppm bromoform, 5 and 500 ppm BDCM. The animals fed the highest dose of chloroform showed decreased neutrophils. Serum biochemical parameters and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were not altered by any of the four trihalomethanes. No histopathological changes were seen in the tissues examined. PMID- 7096899 TI - Trihalomethanes: II. Reversibility of toxicological changes produced by chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in rats. AB - Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were fed 0, 5, 50, 500 or 2500 ppm trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform) in their drinking water for 90 days. Ten rats from each group were killed at this time and the remaining animals were fed tap water for a further 90 days before they were sacrificed. Suppression of growth rate was observed in male and female rats fed 2500 ppm chloroform and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) for 90 days. After the subsequent 90-day recovery period, no effects on body weight gain in either sex were apparent. Food consumption was depressed in all groups of males and females receiving 2500 ppm chloroform, chlorodibromomethane (CDBM) and BDCM for 90 days and in these same groups during the recovery period. Bromoform at 2500 ppm suppressed food consumption of male rats but this effect was not evident 90 days after cessation of exposure. Decreased lymphocyte counts were only observed in the recovery groups fed chloroform (500 ppm, male), CDBM (2500 ppm, female) and bromoform (2500 ppm, females). Histological changes in the livers and thyroids of male and female rats were qualitatively and quantitatively similar for the four trihalomethanes. These changes were mild in nature, and were not evident 90 days after cessation of exposure. These data indicate that trihalomethanes can produce biochemical hematological and histological changes but most of these were reversible when exposure had terminated. PMID- 7096900 TI - Determination of pyrazon residues in water by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple analytical method is described for the quantitative determination of pyrazon residues in water. It involves high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 270 nm. The procedure is used to determine 2 ppb to 1 ppm levels of pyrazon in water. The traditional liquid-liquid extraction method has been replaced by an adsorption-trapping method for the extraction of pyrazon. Average recovery of pyrazon from the laboratory spiked samples was 98.1%. The method can be used for water samples with concentrations as low as 2 ppb. PMID- 7096902 TI - Aerobic degradation of diuron by aquatic microorganisms. AB - Degradation of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea] by microorganisms obtained from pond water and sediment was determined under aerobic conditions. Enrichment procedures were used to isolate cultures capable of degrading the herbicide. Several mixed fungal/bacterial and mixed bacterial cultures were isolated that could degrade diuron. The mixed cultures degraded 67 99% of the added diuron forming from six to seven products which were separated via TLC. The major degradation product detected in most culture extracts was 3,4 dichloroanaline. Other identified products formed were 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1 methyl-urea and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea. PMID- 7096903 TI - Malignant melanoma of the foot. PMID- 7096901 TI - Investigations on trifluralin binding to soil and possible uptake of bound residues by plants. AB - 3H-labelled trifluralin was synthesized by condensation of 3H-4-chloro-3,5 dinitro-alpha,alpha,alpha-triflurotoluene with di-n-propyl-amine. The labelled herbicide was applied to autoclaved and non-autoclaved heavy, light and sandy soils at 30 ppm. The treated samples were incubated for 2 months, then extracted and analyzed for metabolic products and bound (nonextractable) 3H-residues. The amounts of bound residues were higher in autoclaved than in nonautoclaved and in sandy than in either heavy or light soils. The mono- and didealkylated products were detected as well as unknown polar derivatives. 3H-residues bound to preextracted soils were absorbed by bean plants. The roots contained (0.20 - 0.72 ppm) more residues than did the shoots (0.07 - 0.15 ppm) and the uptake was higher in the case of autoclaved especially sandy soils. PMID- 7096904 TI - Oblique fifth metatarsal osteotomy: a follow-up study. PMID- 7096905 TI - The use of computerized tomography in the foot. AB - The authors have reviewed the literature on computerized tomography and it diagnostic potentials, and they are reporting on an applicable case affecting the foot. The case described is of an athletic 15-year-old female with unilateral hypertrophy of the abductor hallucis muscle. With the use of the C-T scanning device, additional information was acquired, as compared to the conventional roentgen diagnostic methods. This resulted in an accurate diagnosis that averted the necessity for exploratory surgical intervention. PMID- 7096906 TI - Modifications of the Austin bunionectomy for treatment of metatarsus primus elevatus associated with hallux limitus. PMID- 7096908 TI - Interphalangeal joint hallux ossicle resection: a simplified approach. PMID- 7096907 TI - A variant of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis. PMID- 7096909 TI - Atypical neurilemoma. PMID- 7096910 TI - Lower extremity circulatory studies utilizing radioisotopes. PMID- 7096911 TI - Silastic sphere arthroereisis for surgical treatment of flexible flatfoot: a preliminary report. AB - Numerous procedure have been proposed for the treatment of flexible flatfoot. Many procedures use bone blocks and bond grafts placed into the sinus tarsi to limit subtalar joint motion. Arthroereisis is the limitation of exogenous joint motion without complete arthrodesis. This has been performed by utilizing a variety of endoprosthetic devices. Some require suture or bone cement for placement. Such techniques may add to the complications and limitations of these procedures. When indicated, the implantation of a Silastic 3 sphere into the sinus tarsi appears to be a promising alternative. The procedure is uncomplicated and does not require an osteotomy, grafting, cement, or internal or external fixation. Joint integrity is maintained without violation of the talocalcaneal articular facets. Properly performed, the Silastic sphere is self contained and retained with minimal potential of subluxation. The sphere also functions with a "ball-bearing" action, thereby reducing the abrupt torsional forces of impaction while limiting excessive pronation. PMID- 7096912 TI - Transitional cellular phases of osteomyelitis to carcinoma: a morphologic analysis. PMID- 7096913 TI - Seasonal variation of stable intrathyroidal iodine in nontoxic goiter disclosed by x-ray fluorescence. AB - The intrathyroidal stable iodine (ITI) determined in 776 patients chosen at random. Ninety % of these patients presented with nontoxic goiter. Curve filtering analysis techniques showed a seasonal variation in ITI: an acrophase was found in April/May, a nadir in September/October. The possible relationship of this seasonal variation with the intake of iodine or alimentary antithyroid substances are discussed, as well as possible relationship with variation in chronic TSH stimulation related to ambient temperature. PMID- 7096914 TI - Acute effect of atenolol on serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients. AB - The effect of atenolol on serum thyroid hormones levels is controversial. To get more information on this problem we studied the effect of propranolol and atenolol on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in 20 thyrotoxic patients. Propranolol but not atenolol caused a significant decrease in T3 levels whereas no significant changes wee observed in T4 levels after both propranolol and atenolol administration. PMID- 7096915 TI - The value of serum thyroglobulin measurement as a marker of cancer recurrence in the follow-up of patients previously treated for differentiated thyroid tumor. AB - In order to verify the value of serum thyrogolbulin (hTg) determination to detect cancer recurrence, 104 patients previously treated with surgical and 131I total thyroid ablation of differentiated thyroid cancer were studied. Comparison of serum hTg results and 131I total body scans (131I TBS) was attempted. In 87 patients with negative 131 I TBS, serum hTg was undetectable in 80% of the patients whereas in 20% detectable amounts of hTg were measured. In 57 patients with positive 131I TBS, serum hTg was measurable in 72% of the patients whereas in 20% was undetectable. These contrasting results of serum hTg measurement and 131I TBS suggest to us the usefulness to use both tests in the detection of thyroid cancer recurrence. PMID- 7096916 TI - Effect of dietary carbohydrates during hypocaloric treatment of obesity on peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. AB - The effect of different hypocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) intakes was evaluated in 8 groups of obese patients in order to assess the role of the CHO and the other dietary sources in modulating the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. These changes were independent of those of bw. Serum T3 concentrations appear to be more easily affected than those of reverse T3 by dietary manipulation and CHO content of the diet. A fall in T3 levels during the entire period of study with respect to the basal levels occurred only when the CHO of the diet was 120 g/day or less, independent of caloric intake (360, 645 or 1200 calories). Moreover, reverse T3 concentrations were found increased during the entire period of study when total CHO were very low (40 to 50 g/day) while they demonstrated only a transient increase when CHO were at least 105 g/day (with 645 or more total calories). Indeed, our data indicate that a threshold may exist in dietary CHO, independent of caloric intake, below which modifications occur in thyroid hormone concentrations. From these results it appears that the CHO content of the diet is more important than non-CHO sources in modulating peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and that the influence of total calories is perhaps as pronounced as that of CHO when a "permissive" amount of CHO is ingested. PMID- 7096917 TI - A fresh look at an old thyroid disease: euthyroid and hyperthyroid nodular goiter. PMID- 7096918 TI - Dose-related effects of gamma-amino beta-hydroxy butyric acid (GABOB) infusion on growth hormone secretion in normal women. AB - The effect of gamma-amino beta-hydroxy butyric acid (GABOB) infusion on GH secretion has been investigated in 3 groups of 6 normal women. Different doses (100 mg/min, 20 mg/min, 3.5 mg/min) of GABOB diluted with normal saline solution were infused iv over a 20 min period and compared with control tests performed using only saline solution. The infusions with GABOB at the doses of 100 mg/min and 20 mg/min were followed by a significant rise (p less than 0.01) in GH plasma levels, in comparison to control tests. The quantitative GH secretion after 100 mg/min GABOB infusion was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) in comparison with quantitative GH secretion after 20 mg/min GABOB infusion. After 3.5 mg/min infusion, only 3 out of 6 subjects showed an increase in the hormone concentrations. The acute injection with sulpiride (5 mg iv, bolus), performed either before or after the start of GABOB infusion, failed to affect GH response to GABOB. These results show that GABOB infusion induce a dose-dependent rise in GH plasma levels in normal women. The dopaminergic system does not seem to be involved in this effect. PMID- 7096920 TI - Nomifensine-induced pregnancy in a hyperprolactinemic woman. PMID- 7096921 TI - Elevated serum thyroxine concentration in patients receiving "replacement" doses of levothyroxine. PMID- 7096919 TI - The syndrome of hypothalamic hypopituitarism complicating viral meningoencephalitis. AB - Diffuse hypothalamic-hypopituitarism complicating viral meningoencephalitis has been rarely documented. In this report, we describe the syndrome in a 41 yr old male and review the literature. Detailed endocrine studies were performed 1 month after the onset of apparent viral encephalitis. Repeated 08:00 h serum cortisol levels were low, but increased after administration of lysine-vasopressin. Urine 17-hydroxy-corticosteroid (17-OHCS) values rose with prolonged cortrosyn infusion, but failed to respond after administration of metyrapone. Serum thyroxine was decreased; basal levels of serum thyrotropin were low-normal, but there was a prolonged response to tyrotropin (TSH) to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Basal prolactin was elevated with a minimal response after TRH. Testosterone and gonadotropins were both diminished, and gonadotropins increased (but less than in normal subjects) after injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (LHRH). The overnight water deprivation test confirmed the presence of diabetes insipidus. In the present context, the abnormal endocrine investigations were strongly supportive of disturbed hypothalamic activity. Hypothalamic hypopituitarism following viral meningoencephalitis may occur more frequently than previously reported, and thus basal pituitary function should be assessed in all patients with viral meningoencephalitis. PMID- 7096923 TI - The role of geriatric assessment units in caring for the elderly: an analytic review. AB - Specialized geriatric assessment units (GAUs) have been established across North America in response to the growing recognition of the many unmet needs of the frail elderly and the conviction that GAUs can have major beneficial impacts. Although their structures and objectives vary considerably, GAUs are generally designed to comprehensively assess elderly patients' medical and psychosocial problems, to determine optimal placement, and often to provide therapy and rehabilitation. We offer a framework for examining structural and outcome studies indicates that GAUs can provide important positive impacts on health care for the elderly, including more thorough diagnoses, improved levels of physical and psychological functioning, and better placement decisions. PMID- 7096924 TI - Changes with age in renal function and morphology in C57BL/6, CBA/HT6, and B6CBAF1 mice. AB - Mice of the C57BL/6J and CBA/HT6J inbred strains and their F1 hybrid were investigated at 67, 202, 463, and 711 days of age to determine how genetic differences affected aging patterns of renal function and morphology. The three genotypes differed significantly in their body and kidney weights and their kidney to body weight ratios. These differences reflected functional capacities, and renal hypertrophy appeared to be an attempt to compensate for functional losses with age. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased in both inbred strains with age but remained constant in the F1 hybrid mice. There was a significant strain difference in GFR, but this difference disappeared when the GFR was considered in relation to the kidney weight. Thus the strain difference appeared to reflect differences in ability to compensate for loss of function by increasing kidney size. Osmolarities and sodium clearances decreased with age and increased with renal hypertrophy, but plasma levels were constant. Histopathological changes with age appeared to be correlated with functional changes. PMID- 7096925 TI - Sensorimotor disturbances in the aging rodent. AB - Male rats that were 6, 12, 24, and 30 months of age were examined for sensory and motor functions, using a battery of tests of neurological capacities. An age related decline in the ability to localize stimuli was observed, particularly in visually elicited forelimb placing. In addition, the old rats had impaired hindlimb reflexes (hindlimb placing and stepping reactions). Rats older than 12 months of age also showed abnormal tone of the forelimbs. These dysfunctions may contribute to the deterioration of complex movement sequences that has been reported in aging rodent species. PMID- 7096922 TI - A study on human adrenal secretion. Measurement of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and cortisol in peripheral and adrenal venous blood under surgical stress. AB - Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and cortisol (F) were measured in samples drawn simultaneously by direct venepuncture from the brachial and the adrenal vein of 12 patients undergoing surgery for left kidney diseases. In 7 patients the influence of anesthesia on peripheral plasma levels was also assessed. Catecholamines were measured by a radioenzymatic assay and F by radioimmunoassay. Compared to basal values (mean +/- SE) (E: 53.6 +/- 6.2 pg/ml; NE: 209.4 +/- 24.4 pg/ml; DA: 24.5 +/- 3.3 pg/ml; F: 12.9 +/- 1.2 micrograms/dl) only NE peripheral levels were significantly modified by anesthesia (NE: 343.7 +/ 67.4 pg/ml p less than 0.05), whereas under surgery a significant increase in the peripheral levels was found for every substance measured (mean +/- SE) (E: 332.5 +/- 46.6 pg/ml p less than 0.001; NE: 633.6 +/- 114.2 pg/ml p less than 0.005; DA: 85.8 +/- 15.7 pg/ml p less than 0.005; F: 21.3 +/- 1.9 micrograms/dl p less than 0.01). Catecholamine and F levels in adrenal vein showed a high variability suggesting an intermittent secretion. In the adrenal venous blood E levels were, in the mean, 381 times higher, NE levels 45 times, DA levels 27 times and F levels 23 times higher than in peripheral blood. E, NE and DA concentrations in the adrenal vein were all significantly correlated to the others but not to cortisol, suggesting that the medulla secrets E, NE and DA in rather constant ratios and that the cortex and the medulla respond differently to surgical stress. PMID- 7096926 TI - Relative effects of exercise, diet, and female stimulation on sexual aging of male mice. AB - These experiments examined the effects of several environmental variations on the rate at which sexual activity declines in aging male mice. CF-1 males were reared from 3 to 22 months of age in one of seven experimental conditions: in isolation with or without running wheels and on breeder or low-fat diets, or cohabited throughout this time span with intact or ovariectomized females that were either replaced monthly or not. Monthly replacement of intact females resulted in a pronounced delay in the expected loss of sexual activity of the aging males. Terminal tests of sexual capacity, administered at 23 months of age, however, showed no enduring effect of female replacement. These tests did reveal a larger than expected depression in the sexual activity of isolated males fed the breeder diet. Access to running wheels was totally without on sexual activity. Sexual aging is known to be a highly variable process in male mice. The present results may suggest that much of this variation is ultimately traceable to genetic or early experiential factors, or both. PMID- 7096927 TI - Determinants of self-selected walking pace across ages 19 to 66. AB - To describe the association between self-selected speeds of walking, and age, maximal aerobic power, and body size, 84 men aged 19 to 66 years were asked to walk at four self-selected paces, from rather slowly to as fast as possible. Speed of walking was measured over a 240-m indoor course. Maximal oxygen uptake was determined on a treadmill. The speed of walking was significantly slower in the oldest (55 to 66 years) compared with the youngest group (19 to 29 years) at the normal fast, and as fast as possible speeds. However, when age, weight, height, and fatness were held constant in a multiple regression model, VO2 max was significantly related to speed of walking at the three fastest walking paces. Age was not significantly related to speed of walking at any pace. Thus, this study indicated that the speed of self-selected walking paces was associated with maximal aerobic power independent of age. PMID- 7096928 TI - Metabolic observations on Caucasian men and women aged 17 to 88 years. AB - Aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and body fat were measured indoors and VO2 was measured at about 36 to 42 degrees C in desert walks or runs in 69 adults aged 17 to 88 years. Eleven were athletic youths, and many of the older adults had participated in jogging programs. Body fat increased and VO2 max decreased with age, although there were notable exceptions. Rates of walking and running were planned to require about 40% of VO2 max. Midway in each walk VO2 (ml O2/horizontal m . kg) served as a measure of skill; skill was high in 10 of 11 youths who did many walks or runs. Each older adult did three walks; skill improved. In four groups with some persons aged 50 and older with body fat up to 40%, skill in their third walk matched that of youths. The least fit women and the least fit men did not attain that level of skill. PMID- 7096931 TI - Sleep in older persons: sleep structures of 50- to 60-year-old men and women. AB - Electroencephalographically measured sleep of 80 healthy men and women between the ages of 50 and 60 years was measured for three nights. Compared with the sleep of a younger group of men and women (20 to 30 years), their sleep was characterized by more frequent and prolonged awakenings and shorter sleep stage periods. Older men displayed greater age-related changes than older women. There was an increase in the reliability of measures in the older persons across nights. When a modified scoring procedure for slow wave sleep based on frequency alone was used, the typically reported age decline was not found. PMID- 7096930 TI - Orienting task effects on text recall in adulthood. AB - This investigation examined the effects of orienting task-controlled processing on the text recall of younger (18 to 32 years), middle-aged (39 to 51 years), and older (59 to 76 years) adults. The participants were presented with a 500-word narrative text. Three groups performed orienting tasks (syntactic, stylistic, advice) within an incidental memory paradigm. A fourth group was asked for intentional recall. Analysis indicated a significant age by orienting task interaction. Younger adults recalled more propositions when recall was intentional or when it was preceded by a deep-orienting task than when it was preceded by a shallow-orienting task. Middle-aged and older adults recalled more propositions when recall was intentional than when it was incidental, regardless of the depth of the orienting task. There were no significant differences in intentional recall. In addition, a significant age x orienting task x propositional level interaction indicated that younger adults recalled more of the main ideas of the text following deep processing, whereas the middle-aged and older adults recalled more of these ideas following intentional processing. PMID- 7096929 TI - Platelet monamine oxidase in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 7096932 TI - Correlates of sex roles of older adults. AB - Current concepts of sex role development suggest that roles vary between sex appropriate polar masculinity and femininity to complex androgyny at various points in life. Reviews of previous research suggest that certain roles may be more or less adaptive for an individual. In the exploratory study reported here 364 community-dwelling older adults described their own sex roles using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and were tested with additional measures of mental and physical health and current life situation. Most elderly persons described androgynous roles. Perceived sex roles related to several dimensions of life situation and well-being. PMID- 7096933 TI - An examination of life events as possible antecedents to change. AB - The focus of this paper is on stress events as possible antecedents of stability and change in adulthood. At baseline the life span sample consisted of 52 high school seniors, 50 newlyweds, 54 middle-aged parents, and 60 persons facing retirement. Contacted at three points over a 5-year interval, these men and women were questioned about their emotional experiences and symptomatology. Exposure to stress events during the past year was assessed at the third contact. Repeated measurement analysis of variance statistics indicated that the emotions and symptoms of women were more affected by exposure to stress; men changed more as a function of time than of stress. There was also evidence that psychological characteristics of both sexes may predispose them toward greater or lesser exposure to stress. PMID- 7096934 TI - Stimulus size and performance on two subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale by younger and older adults. AB - Younger and older adults performed the picture completion and picture arrangement subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale under three conditions of stimuli size; standard, larger than standard, and smaller than standard. Although the commonly observed age differences on these two performance tests of intelligence were obtained, the size of the stimuli did not influence the test scores of either younger or older adults. It would appear that visual acuity does not contribute in a significant way to the classic pattern of age-related deficits in perceptual-integrative intelligence. PMID- 7096935 TI - Grief among healthcare workers: a comparative study. AB - This investigation examined the prevalence and nature of grief in response to patient suffering, loss, or death among healthcare workers employed at a general hospital and a skilled nursing facility. A questionnaire was constructed for this purpose. Approximately two-thirds of the skilled nursing facility personnel remembered experiencing bereavement as a reaction to the crises of their geriatric patients. Mourning occurred among virtually all of the general hospital personnel who usually serve younger patients. Healthcare personnel mourned most often for those persons who suffered or died of cancer. A selected sample of respondents recalled that psychological symptoms of grief were more evident than physical. Both symptom types often persisted for more than 1 month. Since grief is common among nurses and aides employed at the two medical settings, bereavement counseling is suggested for those healthcare personnel who require this service. PMID- 7096936 TI - Emotional bondedness, subjective well-being, and health in elderly medical patients. AB - The relationship between social interaction, as measured by a new Emotional Bondedness Scale, health, and subjective well-being were examined in 205 ambulatory medical patients aged 65 to 98 (M = 71.2 years). Health was measured by a Self-Rated Health Scale, a Physician-Rated Health Scale, the Sickness Impact Profile, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Subjective well-being was measured by the Life Satisfaction Index--A and the Affect Balance Scale. A significant correlation was found between emotional bondedness, health, and subjective well-being. Multiple regression analyses revealed that emotional bondedness is a significant predictor of subjective well-being and self-rated health. The variables age, marital status, type of residence, and income were not significantly correlated with either measure of subjective well-being. This study suggests that emotional bondedness has a direct impact on and is closely associated with health and subjective well-being in elderly medical patients. PMID- 7096938 TI - Respiration during sleep in the aged human. PMID- 7096940 TI - ["Programmed" labor]. PMID- 7096939 TI - Sleep-related breathing disorders in elderly adults. PMID- 7096937 TI - Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement. AB - Research over the past 30 years concerning the effect of retirement on personal adjustment has resulted in conflicting findings. Some studies reported a negative effect for retirement; others showed no effect at all. This study utilized the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men to test the net effect of retirement on happiness with life and to analyze an evaluation of retirement item in order to discern specific factors that cause lower satisfaction with retirement. Logistic multiple regression and ordinary least squares regression were used in the analysis. The main findings are as follows: (a) although a negative bivariate relationship exists between retirement and happiness with life, retirement has no significant net effect; (b) health factors, recent widowhood, and income have the greatest impact on happiness with life; and (c) poor health, lower income, and earlier-than-expected retirement are the main determinants of negative evaluations of retirement. PMID- 7096941 TI - [Comparison of 2 obstetrical attitudes vis-a-vis inducing labor at term. Randomized study]. PMID- 7096944 TI - [Therapeutic management in the threat of premature labor]. PMID- 7096943 TI - [Induced labor in clinical practice, performed by a permanent team]. PMID- 7096945 TI - [Alcohol and the threat of premature labor]. PMID- 7096946 TI - [Updating hormone therapy]. PMID- 7096942 TI - [Induced labor in clinical practice]. PMID- 7096947 TI - [Commission for the Study of Interdisciplinary Relations. Section on ultrasonography/radiology/obstetrics-gynecology. 23 September 1981/report]. PMID- 7096948 TI - [National College of French Gynecologists and Obstetricians. Report on legislation on tubal sterilization]. PMID- 7096949 TI - [Evaluation of the quality of care given by hospital midwives]. PMID- 7096951 TI - [Results of microsurgery of tubal sterility. Cooperative studies of French speaking countries]. PMID- 7096950 TI - [Malaria and pregnancy]. PMID- 7096952 TI - [Influence of life style on obstetric pathology]. PMID- 7096953 TI - [Life style and pregnancy]. PMID- 7096954 TI - [The role of maternal nutrition in determining birth weight]. PMID- 7096956 TI - Multiple retention cysts of the lower esophagus. PMID- 7096955 TI - [Birth weight in an African country]. PMID- 7096959 TI - Incarcerated ventral hernia--a complication after esophagogastroduodenoscopy. PMID- 7096957 TI - The endoscopic diagnosis of gastric calcification. AB - The endoscopic diagnosis of gastric calcification has not been previously reported. We describe the endoscopic and histologic features of gastric calcification in a patient with diffuse interstitial pulmonary calcification of unknown etiology. It is suggested that this investigation may provide a convenient additional method of diagnosis, in a patient with suspected metastatic calcification. PMID- 7096958 TI - Discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of antibiotic associated colitis. AB - Discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis (DCIE) was employed to detect the toxin of Clostridium difficile, etiologic antibiotic-associated colitis (AAC), in bacteria-free stool filtrates from 51 patients with diarrhea. Stool samples from 31 patients contained C. difficile toxin as determined by tissue-culture assay. A positive result was obtained by DCIE in 20 of the 31 patients (65%) and was influenced by the titer of toxin present. When toxin was present by tissue culture assay in a dilution of less than or equal to 10(-2) (11 samples), DCIE was positive in only 2 (18%). However, DCIE yielded positive results in 18 of the 20 samples (90%) containing toxin titers greater than or equal to 10(-3). The combination of DCIE and sigmoidoscopy of colonoscopy was superior to either alone in the diagnosis of AAC irrespective of the toxin titer. Nine of 11 patients (82%) whose stool samples contained C. difficile toxin in a dilution of less than or equal to 10(-2) were recognized by DCIE, endoscopy, or both. In stool samples containing toxin in titers greater than or equal to 10(-3), no false-negative results were encountered (sensitivity equals 100%). Thus, 29 of 31 patients whose stool samples contained C. difficile toxin were identified when the results of DCIE and endoscopical examination were combined (sensitivity 93.5%). Neither endoscopical examination nor DCIE yielded positive results in the 20 patients whose stool samples lacked C. difficile toxin (specificity equals 100%). DCIE is a rapid, moderately sensitive, and specific method for detecting C. difficile toxin. When DCIE is combined with endoscopy, the vast majority of patients requiring specific therapy for AAC can be identified. PMID- 7096961 TI - Gastric xanthomata: the need for recognition. PMID- 7096960 TI - Effect of paromomycin sulfate on endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. AB - We evaluated, in a randomized double-blind trial, the efficacy of oral paromomycin sulfate administration in the prevention of endotoxemia in 24 cirrhotic patients with endotoxemia. Renal function was evaluated by glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow at the beginning and at the end of the study period. After the administration of paromomycin sulfate, 2 g/day for 4 weeks, endotoxemia disappeared in 10 out of 13 (76.9%) cirrhotic patients with endotoxemia, whereas it became negative in only 3 of the 11 (27.3%) treated with placebo, the difference being significant (P less than 0.05). With regard to correlation of endotoxemia with renal impairment, endogenous creatinine clearance and p-aminohippurate clearance were significantly improved (P less than 0.02) in those patients whose endotoxemia disappeared on paromomycin sulfate administration. We did not find significant improvement, however, neither in liver function or in blood coagulation tests in the same patients. Paromomycin sulfate seems to be effective in the prevention of endotoxemia and the associated renal impairment in cirrhosis in man. PMID- 7096962 TI - Why not enteroclysis? PMID- 7096963 TI - The Diagnex Blue tubeless gastric analysis test. PMID- 7096964 TI - The antireflux mechanism. PMID- 7096965 TI - Evaluation of modified Baermann apparatus for the recovery of infective trichostrongylid larvae from herbage samples. PMID- 7096966 TI - Histochemical and electrophoretic studies on phosphatases of some Indian trematodes. AB - The isoenzymes of acid and alkaline phosphatases and their histochemical localization were studied by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in four species of trematodes: Gigantocotyle explanatum from the liver and Gastrothylax crumenifer from the rumen of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Echinostoma malayanum and Fasciolopsis buski from the small intestine of the pig (Sus scrofa). Both acid and alkaline phosphatases were present in the tegument, gastrodermis, suckers, testes, ovary, eggs, vitellaria and uterus but alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated only in the parenchyma and excretory ducts. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two to four isoenzymes for both acid and alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 7096968 TI - Recovery of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci (ERS ToI derived strain) from sub-zero temperature. PMID- 7096967 TI - Habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula (Dujardin, 1845) in eels Anguilla anguilla (L). AB - The habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula in the alimentary tract of eels was studied in natural infections and in fish maintained experimentally under different regimes. The parasite exhibited a preference for a particular region (55 to 65%) of the alimentary canal which did not differ in different species of host, but habitat specificity was not very precise as there was considerable variation between individual hosts and A. calvula was capable of surviving and maturing in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of males was slightly anterior to that of females, and the over-all sex ratio was in favour of females. At high levels of infection the range of the parasites was extended and the means position was significantly more anterior when compared to single worm infections. The parasite remains in the same site throughout the course of an infection: there was no posterior migration and gravid females occurred in the same proportion in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of the parasite did not change when the host was starved, or maintained in 100% sea water or with reduced aeration or at high temperature. The results were compared with the habitat specificity exhibited by other species of freshwater fish acanthocephalans, and it was concluded that A. clavula was as adaptable and hardy as its present host, the eel. PMID- 7096969 TI - The pathogenesis of a single challenge dose of Haemonchus contortus in lambs under six months of age. PMID- 7096971 TI - The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti. AB - By transferring microfilariae of Brugia pahangi which had been born over a 24 hour period in the peritoneal cavities of jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) to the blood circulation of other jirds, infections of known age were tested for their ability to develop into third-stage larvae (L3) in mosquitoes Aedes aegypti. Microfilariae less than three days old were not able to develop to L3. Microfilariae which had been in circulation for three days to six months were capable of developing if ingested. PMID- 7096972 TI - The morphology of Dentostomella kuntzi (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) from Egyptian rodents. PMID- 7096970 TI - Pathophysiology of Mesocestoides corti infection in the mouse. AB - Liver histology and serum enzyme and protein changes were studies in two strains of mice showing different initial susceptibilities to infection with Mesocestoides corti. The results show an increase in ALT and AST levels during the period of invasion and proliferation in the liver and a decrease in the levels of these two enzymes following encapsulation of the parasite in the liver and liver regeneration. A progressive loss of albumin was accompanied by increases in the levels of the beta- and gamma-globulins. These changes are discussed in the light of our knowledge of the effects of this parasite upon its host. PMID- 7096974 TI - Brugia-type microfilariae in the Madras tree shrew Anathana ellioti (Waterhouse). PMID- 7096973 TI - The effect of controlled release copper sulphate and tributyltin fluoride on the mortality and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. AB - Mortality and infectivity or Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were tested against various concentrations of controlled release copper sulphate (EC-8) and tributyltin fluoride (CBL-9B). The results indicate that survival of cercariae varied with concentrations of molluscicide and times of exposures. Statistical analysis reveals that LC50 and LC90 for EC-8 were 1.18 mg/l/hour and 1.82 mg/l/hour while LC50 and LC90 for CBL-9B were 16.8 microgram/l/hour and 21.7 microgram/l/hour respectively. Sublethal concentration of both molluscicides reduced cercarial infectivity considerably. The doses of 0.25 to 0.5 microgram/l/hour for EC-8 and 2.0 to 6.0 microgram/l/hour for CBL-9B were found to be sufficient to inhabit cercarial penetration of the host skin. PMID- 7096975 TI - Scanning electron microscopic observations on the tegumental surfaces of two rumen flukes (Trematoda: Paramphistomata). AB - The surface microtopography of Calicophoron papillosum (Stiles & Goldberger) and C. calicophorum (Fischoeder), inhabiting the rumen of sheep, has been studied by SEM. In C. papillosum, conspicuous transverse ridges encircle the mid-body, gradually lessening dorsally towards the posterior end. The general body surface is aspinose and smooth except for minute bead-like tubercles in the circumoral area. Two types of putative sensory structures-domed aciliate papillae and tegumental pits-are present. Their characteristic aggregation in certain regions and their distribution in other parts of the body is described. A unique pattern of ridges, confined only to the base of the genital papilla and the genital atrium, has been observed. In C. calicophorum, tegumental folds encircle the body, these are more numerous near the anterior end and fewer posteriorly. The oral area has numerous concentric folds with domed aciliate papillae; between or on the papillae are tegumental elevated pits from the centre of which a knob-like structure protrudes. These sensory structures occur to a lesser extent in the acetabular area. PMID- 7096976 TI - Ascorbate concentration in tissues from normal and buphthalmic rabbits. AB - Previous studies show a progressive lowering of ascorbate concentration in the aqueous humor from rabbits with hereditary buphthalmus, depending on the severity of the buphthalmus. In this study, the ascorbate concentration of different tissues from age-matched adult buphthalmic and control rabbits were analyzed to determine whether a defect of ascorbate transport occurs in a variety of tissues from rabbits with hereditary buphthalmus. Our results showed that ascorbate changes were observed only in ocular tissues. The lowering of ascorbate concentration occurs only in lens and cornea, which depend on the aqueous humor to deliver ascorbate from the blood. The tissues that derive ascorbate directly from the blood, such as the ciliary body-iris and retina of buphthalmic eyes, have normal ascorbate concentration. It has been postulated that ascorbate is oxidized in the ciliary body-iris to facilitate its transport across the epithelium. A defect in the buphthalmic eyes to oxidize ascorbate could be the primary cause of lowering ascorbate concentration in the aqueous humor. PMID- 7096977 TI - Blood group comparisons between European mouflon sheep and north American desert bighorn sheep. AB - Blood group systems in true sheep (Ovis) provide an additional method by which phylogenetic relationships can be measured. Of the eight genetic systems of blood groups identified in domestic sheep, all appeared to have their homologue in European mouflons and at least six might have their equivalent in North American desert bighorns. The red cells of the European mouflon, which is believed to be ancestral to domestic sheep, cross-reacted with domestic sheep blood-group typing reagents much more strongly and extensively than did the red cells of desert bighorn sheep. It also was noted that all the Mexican desert bighorns tested were Da positive, but their blood factor was not observed in the Nelson desert bighorns sampled. This observation indicated that the two subspecies might differ from each other with respect to the D blood group system. Transferrin type D was observed in the mouflons, while Tfs D and E were in the desert bighorns. Hemoglobins B and AB were observed in the mouflons but only Hb B occurred in the desert bighorns. The systematic implications of blood group polymorphisms are discussed. PMID- 7096978 TI - Male urinary protein-1 (MUP-1) in the rat: Mup-1 assigned to linkage group II. AB - A polymorphism was found in the electrophoretic mobilities of male-specific rat urinary proteins. The proteins (MUP-1) are inherited as a single autosomal trait. The Mup-1 locus possesses two codominant alleles Mup-1a (fast-migrating type) and Mup-1b (slowing migrating type). Mup-1 is closely linked to b (brown coat color), with a recombination frequency of 7.7 +/- 4.3 percent. The similarity to the linkage between Mup-1 and b in mice and rats is discussed. PMID- 7096980 TI - Cytogenetic consequences of microwave irradiation on mammalian cells incubated in vitro. AB - A 2450 MHz microwave oven was converted into a microwave incubator. Rat kangaroo RH5 and RH16 cells were incubated in the incubator and were subcultured every 5 to 7 days. The temperature of the cell cultures in the incubator was maintained at 37 degrees C. The cells were incubated with direct microwave irradiation continuously for 50 passages and then returned to a conventional incubator and allowed to grow for another 30 passages. Cell growth rate was significantly reduced after 7 or 15 subculture passages under irradiation. Chromosome aberrations emerged after the cells had been microwave-incubated for about 20 passages. The long-term irradiation caused 0.84 chromosome breaks per cell in RH5 cell cultures and 0.10 breaks per cell in RH16 cell cultures. After the cell cultures had been returned to the conventional incubator and maintained for 30 passages, the number of chromosomes breaks was greatly reduced in both cell cultures. The number of polyploid cells was increased to 35 percent and 31 percent during the irradiation, and was significantly reduced in the conventional incubator. Many RH5 cells lost one chromosome and became 10-chromosome cells. The number of 10-chromosome cells increased during irradiation and continued to increase after being returned to the conventional incubator. PMID- 7096979 TI - Transgeneration analyses of the human sex ratio: the influence of combinations and permutations of sexes of children on family size. AB - Transgeneration analyses, involving the parental, present, and projected generations, were made of the human sex ratio and the influence of combinations and permutations of sexes of children on family size in a population of Western Kentucky University students and their families. The investigation included some previously studied characteristics of the population. The general conformity of the results, previous and present, suggests a high degree of repeatability within the findings. Secondary sex ratios (males: 100 females) were 106.4, 101.2, and 133.3, respectively, for the parental, present, and projected generations. Corresponding average family sizes were 4.73, 3.70, and 2.80 children. A higher percentage of one-child families included both sexes with the male being first born, and more two-child families consisted of two males rather than two females. The two-child (male-female order) family occurred more frequently than any other family regardless of size, combination, or permutation of sexes. PMID- 7096981 TI - Genome of the whooping crane. AB - The genome of an endangered avian species, the whooping crane (Grus americana) has been examined using the methods of karyotype analysis, cytofluorometry, and analytical ultracentrifugation. This species has a karyotype (2n = 82) common to the other crane species previously examined with five autosomal pairs and one sex chromosome pair as the macrochromosomes, and a large number of microchromosomes. Sex chromosomes are heteromorphic in females permitting sexing by means of chromosome analysis. The DNA buoyant density in neutral CsCl reveals the presence of two heavy satellite bands, and uncommon finding when compared to previous studies of avian DNA. PMID- 7096982 TI - Collagen substrates for cytogenetic studies of domestic animal embryos. AB - A technique of cell culture on collagen substrate is proposed for cytogenetic studies on domestic animal embryos. The embryonic cells sampled by biopsy or micromanipulation grow on collagen coated cover slips in Leighton tubes with Ham's F12 medium, supplemented with 20 percent fetal calf serum. This method may be used to study the embryonic karyotype induced by a structural abnormality, as well as the karyotype of domestic animal embryos before transfer. PMID- 7096983 TI - A linkage group composed of three coat color genes and three serum protein loci in horses. AB - The equine coat color genes chestnut (e) and roan (Rn) have been tested for linkage to 15 protein and blood group loci. Data showing close or fairly close linkage to the serum albumin locus (Al) and loose linkage to the serum esterase locus (Es) for both e and Rn are presented. This means that three coat color genes (To, e and Rn) and three serum protein loci (Al, Gc, and Es) are linked in the same linkage group. The gene order can tentatively be written Al, Gc, Rn, To e-Es. The implications of the results for studies on coat color inheritance in horses are discussed. The possibility of using electrophoretic markers when testing hypotheses of allelism between coat color genes is suggested. The linkage of e and Es in the horse is proposed to be homologous to the loose linkage of the extension locus (e) and a cluster of esterase loci on chromosome 8 in the mouse, and on linkage group IV in the rabbit. Designations for the known autosomal linkage groups in the horse are suggested. PMID- 7096984 TI - Morphometric studies in inbred and hybrid house mice. I. Patterns in the mean values. AB - Fifteen osteometric and three external metric traits were analyzed in mice via a complete set of crosses among three inbred strains (C3HeB/FeHb, C57BL/6Hb, AKR/Hb). Sex was a significant source of variance for 13 traits. All traits showed significant heterosis, and differences among inbreds also were significant for all traits. Crosses were significant for 13 traits, while reciprocal differences were significant for 16 traits. Interactions of sex with heterosis and inbreds were significant mainly for the appendicular and external traits. Interactions of sex with crosses and reciprocals were unimportant. Litter size proved to be a significant covariable for 15 of the 18 variables, whereas "days" was significant for only two variables. Heterosis was positive for all characters except interorbital width, which was negative, the difference between inbreds and hybrids averaging two standard deviations. A significant positive correlation was found between the degree of heterosis for each of the traits and their magnitude of heritability as previously calculated for a randombred population. A multivariate canonical variate analysis also was used, and it correctly classified all but three of the 252 total mice into their appropriate inbred or hybrid class. The first canonical variate, a pelvic-pectoral girdle and limb contrast, clearly separated the two sexes, the second variate (proximal-distal limb contrast) largely contributed to the separation of the inbreds and hybrids, and the remaining variates were generally appendicular bone shape contrasts that separated the inbreds and hybrids in various other ways. PMID- 7096985 TI - 2,4-D induced clastogenicity and elevated rates of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. AB - Potential for genetic damage in future generations from such widely used hormonic herbicide as 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is of serious concern. Yet the data, particularly on mammalian systems, continue to be inadequate and inconclusive. An attempt was made in this study to determine the clastogenic and mutagenic potential of 2,4-D in cultured lymphocytes. Chromosome damage though statistically insignificant occurred at dosages as low as 0.2 microgram/ml. Chromosome damage was increased at a statistically significant level whenever the concentration was 50 microgram/ml or higher. Mutagenicity, based on rates of increase in sister chromatid exchanges, was significant at 10 micrograms/ml of higher concentrations. Statistical testing was based o analysis of variance, Dunnett's multiple comparison tests and linear regressions. It seems imperative therefore to avoid indiscriminate use of 2,4-D, and to test the compound for long range low-level exposures. PMID- 7096986 TI - The constitutive heterochromatin of porcine chromosomes. AB - The constitutive heterochromatin of porcine chromosomes was cytologically resolved into four types by using a combination of both C-banding techniques and base specific DNA binding fluorochromes. The four types of constitutive heterochromatin are: 1) C-band positive, A-T rich heterochromatin located in the centromeric region of acrocentric chromosomes; 2) faint C-band positive, G-C rich heterochromatin located in the centromeric region of biarm chromosomes; 3) C-band positive heterochromatin located in the long arm of the Y chromosome lacking available binding sites for either A-T or G-C specific fluorochromes; and 4) C banding negative centromeric heterochromatin of the Y chromosome lacking available binding sites for either A-T or G-C specific fluorochromes. PMID- 7096987 TI - [Behavioral investigations following cholinergic deafferentiation of the hippocampus by septal lesions in rats (author's transl)]. AB - Acquisition and retention of a visual discrimination task as well as changes in the exploratory activity and emotional state of the animals were investigated in rats with different lesions in the telencephalic septal area. The cholinergic deafferentiation of the hippocampal formation due to the lesion was determined by quantitative histochemical estimations of the loss in acetylcholine esterase activity in the various subfields of the hippocampus and the results were correlated to the behavioral experiments. Total bilateral septal lesion resulted mainly in an impairment of the acquisition processes of the discrimination task combined with an enhancement of the retention index. Slight tendencies for attenuated activity in the exploratory and emotional behavior were also present in this group. Assymmetric septal lesions leaving one lateral septal nucleus undamaged caused higher activities in the exploratory and emotional behavior. Some enhancement of the retention index was found, too. The degree of cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus was partially involved in the behavioral effects. PMID- 7096988 TI - Micromorphology of the third ventricular ependyma and infundibular recess in the mud-eel Amphipnous cuchia (Ham.). AB - Ependymal cells of varied size and shape including tanycytes with long basal processes are encountered both in the third ventricle and infundibular recess of A. cuchia. The basal processes of the tanycytes may be branched or unbranched and often lie in contact with each other or even from loose bundles. They also terminate on, or maintain close contact with the neurons of the nucleus lateralis tuberis, blood vessels, axonal tract of the nucleus preopticus and other neuronal elements. Golgi-Cox technique is apparently selective in its impregnation of both neurons and tanycytes. Prominent apical processes of some cells project into the ventricle. Some supraependymal cellular elements have their entire cell body projecting into the ventricle. The ependymal cells react positively to alkaline phosphatase and ascorbic acid tests. PMID- 7096989 TI - Cerebellar afferents from the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei in sheep studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Cerebellar afferents from the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei have been studied in 25 sheep. Following injections of HRP in all cerebellar lobules, with the exceptions of the ventral part of anterior lobe, the ventral paraflocculus and the flocculus, bilateral cerebellar projections from these nuclei with ipsilateral preponderance are evidenced. Experiments in sheep show a wider field of origin and termination of secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers than reported earlier. For the descending and medial vestibular nuclei a topographical organization in their vestibulocerebellar projections is evidenced. Fibers to lobule X mainly originate from their dorsal parts, those to lobule IX from their ventral portion, and fibers to lobule VIII from their caudal pole and the lateral part of the descending nucleus. Cell group x projects to all the cerebellar lobules studied except crus. I. Labeled cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus are few. The superior vestibular nucleus projects mainly to lobule X. Vestibular cells projecting to the hemisphere are located mainly in the cell group x and in the central parts of the descending and medial vestibular nuclei. The interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and the nucleus intercalatus project to all lobules. PMID- 7096990 TI - Electron microscopic evidence for the existence of a corticonigral tract in the cat. AB - Young adult cats were subjected to unilateral ablation of the frontal and prefrontal cerebral cortex and were allowed to survive for 4 to 5 days. Routine electron microscopic technique was employed to examine orthograde degenerative changes in the ipsilateral and contralateral substantia nigra (Ni). A moderate number of degenerating synaptic boutons (d. s. b.) were observed in the ipsilateral Ni-pars comacta, and only very few d.s.b. were observed in the ipsilateral Ni-pars reticulata. The d. s. b. exhibited features attributed to the dark degeneration type, and might be referred to two main categories; "small round-vesicle bouton" and "large-round-vesicle bouton" (Hajdu et al., 1973; Hassler et al. 1975). The d. s. b. performed asymmetrical synapses with dendrites of varying size, much more rarely -- with the neuronal perikarya, and extremely rarely -- with initial axonal segments. No degeneration was observed in the contralateral Ni. PMID- 7096991 TI - Changes in the neuroendocrine system during post-embryonic development in the buffalo-fly, Lyperosia exigua (De Meijere) (Diptera: Muscidae). AB - The neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis and ring gland are examined in histological sections of larva, pupa and adult of buffalo-fly, Lyperosia exigua fixed at various intervals during the rpost-embryonic development. Three paired medial groups of the neurosecretory cells are observed in the larval brain. These groups show their displacement during the larval-pupal-adult moult. The medial neurosecretory A cells exhibit secretory activity by undergoing cyclic changes of synthesis and release during post-embryonic development. The ecdysial glands and a single corpus allatum also undergo cyclical changes in volume and histological appearance in accordance with the larval-pupal-adult moult. PMID- 7096992 TI - Distribution of 5-HT accumulating neurons in the rat brain. A radioautographic study after different modes of 3H-5-HT administration. AB - The use of different types of 3H-5 HT administration (intraventricular and subarachnoidal injections) has allowed to detect, in addition to the well-known serotonergic neurons, new labelled neuronal cell bodies in various areas of the brain: nuclei pontis (lateralis and pars medialis), nucleus interfascicularis, nucleus paranigralis, nucleus tegmentalis laterodorsalis and among the cells of the locus coeruleus. Moreover, a preliminary study shows that, in the lenniscus medialis, nucleus interpreduncularis paramedialis and pontine nuclei, more than 50% of the labelled, presumably serotonergic cells are in direct contact with blood vessels, while in the raphe dorsalis and nucleus interpeduncularis dorsalis the percentage is only 20 to 25%. Possible implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the nature of labelled neurons and of their eventual physiological function. PMID- 7096993 TI - [The packing density of supragranular pigment-laden stellate cells in phylogenetically older and newer portions of the human telencephalic cortex]. AB - Conspicuous pigment deposits which can be intensely stained by aldehydefuchsin characterize a type of small stellate cell. These can mainly be found in the supragranular layers (layers II and III) of the human isocortex. The packing density of these cells has been evaluated in different cortical areas. The blocks used were cut out of the brain in such a manner as to include phylogenetically older parts of the cortex, fields of intermediate differentiation, and mature isocortex. The counting results verify a gradual increase in the packing density of the supragranular pigment-laden stellate cells from phylogenetically older to newer portions of the telencephalic cortex. PMID- 7096994 TI - Cytochemical study of cholinesterases in the normal and retino-derived optic tectum of reptiles. AB - An electron microscopic histochemical study has been carried out on the localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the optic tectum of a lizard and a turtle. Several types of AChE-synthetizing elements have been described. In both species these neurons constitute only a fraction of the total neuronal popultio- of the optic tectum. The area of maximum accumulation of AChE activity is in both cases at level of the neuron pil of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, where most retinal afferents are known to terminate. There is however a peculiar difference in the ultrastructural localization of the enzyme activity in the stratum et fibrosum et griseum superficiale of the two species. While in the turtle most activity is localized inside dendritic structures, a definite prevalence of extracellular localization, including synaptic spaces, has been noticed of the lizard. The main effect of eye deprivation on AChE localization in the optic tectum has been noticed for the lizard, in which a remarkable decrease of extracellular AChE occurs 2 months after contralateral enucleation. In the lizard a peculiar localization of pseudocholinesterase AChE occurs 2 months after contralateral enucleation. In the lizard a peculiar localization of pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) has been in addition demonstrated in the spaces between axon bundles in the stratum opticum and stratum album centrale. The relevance of these findings is briefly discussed also in relation to the existence of cholinergic mechanisms of neurotransmission in the optic tectum. PMID- 7096995 TI - The fate of newly synthesized proteins in nerve and glial cells following nerve injury as shown by electron microscope radioautography. AB - Following peripheral crush of hypoglossal nerve the fate of newly synthesizing proteins in corresponding nerve and glial cells was traced out using light and high resolution radioautography after intraventricular injection of 3H-leucine. Radioautographic analysis was applied on the normal and chromatolytic neurons and their glial surroundings 45 min after injection of labelled precursor. Both chromatolytic neurons and surrounding glia showed higher incorporation of labelled proteins than those of control nerve and glial cells. Relative specific radioactivity (RSR) of ergastoplasm and lysosomes were increased in the chromatolytic neurons, whereas RSR of nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus were decreased. Contrary to neurons, RSR of corresponding compartments in experimental glial cells except lysosomes showed reciprocal values in comparison with control glial cells. The higher RSR of mitochondria and Golgi apparatus in experimental glial cells depended mostly on the astrocytes, whereas those of nuclei and lysosomes were related first of all with microglial cells. These findings are correlated with present concepts of the complex interdependency between neurons and glia in which mutual regulatory controls and influences are exerted. PMID- 7096996 TI - [Further studies on the cytoarchitecture of the nucleus accumbens septi of the rat]. AB - The aim of the work presented here was to make some contributions on the elucidation of the cytoarchitecture of the nucleus accumbens septi of adult rat. After application of the rapid Golgi impregnation technique, five neuron types covered with spines and three aspiny neurons types could be distinguished. After DEP-pretreatment, two neuron types proved to be AChE-reactive. The findings elaborated by means of different methods are tempted to be correlated with on another. The cytoarchitectonic features described here make the nucleus accumbens septi of rat appear to represent a structure much alike the caudate-putman complex. PMID- 7096997 TI - The emerging story of a human parvovirus-like agent. PMID- 7096998 TI - Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization. AB - The antibody responses of 194 volunteers were studied for up to 3 years after primary immunization with one, two or three doses of human diploid cell rabies vaccine, administered either in 0.1 ml volumes intradermally (i.d.) or as 1.0 ml intramuscularly (i.m.). Sero-conversion occurred in 95% of subjects after the first injection and in 100% after the second. The highest titres and most durable antibody responses were induced by three injections of vaccine. Booster doses were administered either by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or i.d. route, after 6, 12 or 24 months to randomly grouped volunteers; these induced responses greater than or equal to 5.0 i.u. per ml in 95% of subjects. The responses were rapid and were neither influenced by the primary regimen nor by the timing and route of the booster dose. Antibody titres after i.d. immunization were only two-fold lower than those induced by the larger volume of vaccine. The findings suggest that the i.d. route is both effective and economic. PMID- 7096999 TI - Neutralizing antibodies against 33 human adenoviruses in normal children in Rome. AB - There are few data about the distribution of neutralizing antibodies (NA) against adenovirus types in the Italian population, especially the high-numbered ones. We tested the sera from 453 children and 51 young adults to evaluate NA against adenovirus prototypes 1-33. Using the microneutralization test, 338 (74.6%) of the children's sera were positive for at least one adenovirus type. Antibody to type 2 was the most frequently detected followed, in descending order, by antibody to types 5, 1 and 3. All these types are known to be associated with disease but antibody to type 7, a type also associated with disease, was less frequent than that to other serotypes such as 18 and 31, the pathogenicity of which in man is not clearly established. The antibody positivity rate rose with age for the more frequent types while it did not vary for the less frequent ones. The number of sera with NA against more than one adenovirus type increased with age. With regard to types 1-8, we found that their frequencies in Italy were similar to those found in the U.S.A. PMID- 7097000 TI - Epidemiological aspects of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. AB - An epidemiological study on Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis was performed in an urban Swedish community. The study included 55 patients gathered during a six month period. Forty-one of the 55 patients (75%) were infected outside Sweden. Campylobacter enterocolitis was rare among children within the country. Patients infected in Sweden had eaten chicken significantly more often than a corresponding control group. Seven out of nine chicken consuming campylobacter patients also had prepared the fresh chicken alone, and none of their family members became ill. Thus the preparation of food contaminated with Campylobacter seems to elevate the risk for contracting the disease. Sick household pets transmitted the campylobacter infection to two patients. Forty-six of the patients had a total of 85 close household members. Three definite secondary cases were found. There was no evidence of transmission of Campylobacter by food prepared by two cooks who were working while still being asymptomatic excreters. Clinical reinfection with Campylobacter was observed in one patient. No patients became long-term carriers of Campylobacter. PMID- 7097001 TI - Hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel. AB - A quantitative culture technique (hand washed in a glove containing broth for 30 s) was used to determine the frequency of hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by various groups of health care workers and 104 control subjects. Overall, 31% of health care workers carried aerobic Gram-negative rods on their hands compared to 59% of control subjects (P < 0.001). Enterobacter agglomerans accounted for 40% of the isolates, and other Enterobacter spp. 7%. Other organisms included Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 21%, Serratia spp. 11%, Klebsiella spp. 10%, Moraxella spp. 3%, Pseudomonas spp. 3%, Proteus spp. 1.5%, Escherichia coli 1%; Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas sp. and an isolate that was not speciated accounted for 0.5% each. We conclude that endemic hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel is common, but significantly less than that of control subjects. Enterobacter agglomerans is found so frequently on the hands of control subjects that it must be considered part of the normal hand flora. PMID- 7097002 TI - Hepatitis B virus infection in prisons. A seroepidemiological survey in prisoners and attending staff. AB - Prisoners and attending staff from six houses of detention were screened for serum HBsAg, anti HBs, antiHBc and transaminases. Both prisoners and warders showed an increased prevalence of HBV serum markers with respect to age- and sex matched general population control groups. The HBsAg carrier rate was 6.7% in prisoners and 6.6% in staff. Sixty-five per cent of the HBsAg-positive subjects were antiHBe-positive. When the blood samples were taken, all the HBsAg-positive subjects were asymptomatic; transaminases were normal in 80% and only slightly elevated in 20%. Illicit drug abuse was found to be a relevant risk factor for HBV infection among prisoners under 35 yearts of age, but not in the older group, whereas no correlation emerged between presence of HBV serum markers and tattoos or admitted homosexuality. A high prevalance of HBV serum markers as also found among young warders who had been in service for a short time: most of them, however, come from areas of Italy with a particularly elevated HBV circulation. Although the results suggest that many of the HBV infections are not recently acquired within the institution, this survey confirms that prisons should be regarded as high risk areas for HBV infection, both for prisoners and warders. PMID- 7097003 TI - The bacterial colonization of the large bowel of pre-term low birth weight neonates. AB - The bacterial colonization of the large bowel of 11 pre-term, low birth weight neonates who were nourished by expressed breast milk was examined by culturing serial faecal samples and compared to that observed in eight breast-fed and seven formula-fed full-term neonates. Pre-term neonates were colonized by high counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the first days of life while bifidobacteria colonized only six babies during the first week and appeared in only one baby before day 5. Bacteroides spp. and clostridia were isolated from seven and six pre-term babies respectively during week 1 and were first observed on day 2. The intestinal colonization of pre-term infants differed from that in full-term breast-fed infants in the high counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria and late appearance of bifidobacteria, and from both groups of full-term infants in the early stable colonization by Bacteroides spp. It is postulated that the composition of the normal intestinal microflora of pre-term low birth weight babies contributes to their predisposition to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Results are discussed in relation to the effect of infant feeding regimens on intestinal microbial populations. PMID- 7097004 TI - Isolation of Pasteurella pneumotropica from rodents in South Africa. AB - Four thousand, five hundred and sixteen rodents of 27 species were captured in widely separated localities in South Africa over a period of ten years. Samples of spleen, lung, heart, liver and rectal tissue with faeces were tested for the presence of zoonotic bacteria and 109 isolations of Pasteurella pneumotropica were made from 11 species. Latent infection with the organism was found to be widespread although there were temporal fluctuations in prevalence. Field and laboratory evidence suggest that P. pneumotropica may be associated with, but not the primary cause of, rodent epizootics in the wild. PMID- 7097006 TI - A large outbreak of streptococcal pyoderma in a military training establishment. AB - An outbreak of streptococcal pyoderma in a military institution into which fresh susceptible recruits were regularly introduced involved more than 1300 persons over an eighteen-month period. Two M types were responsible for the great majority of the cases and an attack by one conferred immunity to that strain but not to the other. Lesions varied from trivial to disabling. Epidemiological studies indicated that contact -- direct or indirect -- through such things as gymnasium equipment and room dust was the means of transmission. The outbreak was eventually controlled by vigorous case finding, thorough treatment of cases and the strict application of hygienic principles to prevent spread. There were no late complications and throat streptococci were not involved. It is possible to control such an outbreak without isolation or the making of any significant concessions in the training programme even when large numbers of persons are living and working at close quarters. PMID- 7097007 TI - Development and application of an efficient procedure for converting mouse IgM into small, active fragments. AB - A simple method is described for generating active molecules with molecular weights between 110 and 230 kilodaltons from mouse immunoglobulin M. The majority of these molecules have a 1 : 1 ratio of intact heavy and light chains. Approximately 70% of the specific IgM protein will still bind antigen after digestion with only a small decrease in binding affinity. Both anti-kappa and anti-mu chain specific antisera recognize these molecules. These low molecular weight molecules are much more efficient in immunocytochemistry and have localized antigens that could not be detected with undigested IgM. PMID- 7097005 TI - The return of the historic influenza A H1N1 virus and its impact on the population of the United Kingdom. AB - The epidemiology in the United Kingdom of the influenza A H1N1 subtype which returned in 1977 after an absence of 20 years in described for the four winter seasons from 1977/8 to 1980/1. The age distribution of virus isolates and the evidence for antigenic variation is presented. The impact in the susceptible age groups year by year is shown by the change in the population with specific antibody. There was the expected increase of antibody in those under the age of 21 but also evidence for a significant amount of infection or re-infection in the older adult population. PMID- 7097008 TI - Binding of platelets to human monocytes: a source of artifacts in the study of the specificity of antileukocyte antibodies. AB - A serious and often ignored source of artifacts when testing the specificity of antibodies is the contamination of leukocyte preparations with platelets which subsequently adhere to monocytes. The presence of Ca2+ chelating agents or acetylsalicylic acid in the washing buffers inhibits adhesion of platelets to monocytes, thus permitting an accurate distinction among antibodies that are specific for monocytes, platelets or both. The analysis of the specificity of various new or recently described monoclonal antibodies reactive with these cell types is reported here. PMID- 7097009 TI - Solid-phase immunoradiometric assay for C-reactive protein using magnetisable cellulose particles. AB - An immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for C-reactive protein (CRP) was developed using magnetisable cellulose particles as the solid-phase support for anti-CRP antibodies. 125I-labeled immunopurified anti-CRP antibody was used to quantitate the amount of CRP taken up by the solid phase. Unbound label was easily and rapidly removed by decantation after sedimenting the particles on a magnet. The assay could detect 1 microgram CRP/l and had a range of up to 10 mg/l with the portion of the standard curve between 10 micrograms/l and 2-3 mg/l being linear. Fifty samples per hour could be processed manually from serum to CRP result with an intra-assay CV of 5.2% and an inter-assay CV of 10.0%, based on 5 replicates of 5 samples with CRP levels between 2 mg/l and 180 mg/l run in 5 separate assays. Fifty clinical samples were assayed in parallel with a standard electroimmunoassay and yielded a linear correlation coefficient (r) of 0.975 and a slope of 0.988. With its single, brief incubation step including all reagents and its simple phase separation procedure the present method may be the assay of choice when precise measurement of CRP concentrations is required rapidly. PMID- 7097011 TI - Personal relations between physicians and patients. PMID- 7097012 TI - Smoking control: from the oncologist's point of view. PMID- 7097010 TI - Chromatographic fractionation of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) IgG subclasses using deae cellulose and protein A-sepharose. AB - Rhesus monkey serum was applied to a protein A-Sepharose column at pH 7.3. IgG was not detectable in the unbound effluent. Bound protein was eluted with a pH gradient of citrate-phosphate buffer. Two major elution peaks reproducibly resulted at pH 4.85-4.9 and pH 4.35-4.43, respectively, with only slight variability among individuals. Since the immunoelectrophoretic mobility of IgG in the peak at pH 4.85-4.9 was slower than that of the peak at pH 4.35-4.43, serum was first fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into 2 fractions: the first did not bind to DEAE cellulose in 0.01 M phosphate buffer pH 7.8, the second did bind and was eluted by an NaCl gradient. Each DEAE fraction was then further fractionated on protein A-Sepharose. IgG in the first DEAE fraction bound to protein A at pH 7.3 and eluted in a single peak at pH 4.72-5.0. IgG in the second DEAE fraction also bound to protein A, but eluted in 2 peaks at pH 4.65-5.1, and 4.25-4.6, respectively. All 3 IgG fractions eluted in the same position from an A5m column, had immunodiffusion reactions of identity with anti-human gamma chain and were composed of similar heavy and light chains judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, IgG eluting from protein A at the low pH (4.25-4.6) had a reaction of partial identity with other IgG fractions when tested by immunodiffusion against rabbit anti-rhesus gamma chain, suggestive of an antigenically different subclass. Analysis of rabbit antisera prepared against the 3 IgG fractions confirmed the occurrence of at least 3 antigenically distinct rhesus monkey IgG subclasses. These 3 subclasses have been provisionally designated IgG I, IgG II and IgG III. PMID- 7097013 TI - Managing the cigarette-smoking patient in your practice. PMID- 7097014 TI - Radiation of pituitary adenomas. PMID- 7097015 TI - The five fingers of cardiology. PMID- 7097017 TI - Patient information and education. A statement by the National Council on Drugs. PMID- 7097018 TI - Antimicrobial therapy in patients with impaired renal function. PMID- 7097016 TI - The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents of renal function. PMID- 7097020 TI - Bilateral and simultaneous amaurosis fugax. PMID- 7097019 TI - The five fingers of cardiology. PMID- 7097021 TI - The use of lumpectomy and radiation therapy instead of mastectomy for the primary management of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 7097022 TI - [Epidermoid cyst of the the testis. Six cases (author's transl)]. AB - Epidermoid cyst of the testis is a benign tumour. It is not rare since between 1971 and 1980, 6 were found amongst 54 tumours of the testicule in the Rennes Regional Hospital Centre. The lesion is asymptomatic, causing neither lymphadenopathy nor any laboratory abnormalities. It can be differentiated from a malihgnant tumour only by histopathological examination and treatment may be summarised as orchidectomy. PMID- 7097023 TI - [Bilateral Cohen's anti-reflux procedure with a simple submucosal tunnel. Report of 136 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097025 TI - [The role of foetal surgery in urology (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report a brief experimental study showing that cystostomy performed in utero perfectly prevents, at least in the animal, deterioration of the urinary tract after urethral ligation. In the light of this experimental finding, the authors raised the question as to whether there is not a place for such bypass urinary surgery in utero in the humans. Indications would be highly obstructive forms of valves of the posterior urethra, treated in utero by cystostomy and, secondly, severe obstructions of the excretory system which could be temporarily bypassed by pyelostomy. This risks are described, but the possibility of such surgery is not excluded. PMID- 7097024 TI - [Results of uretero-colonic anastomoses in the child using Mathisen' technique (author's transl)]. AB - The authors performed 35 uretero-colonic anastomoses in 19 children using the technique of Mathisen. Indications were varied (ectopia vesicae 13, neurological bladder 5, female hypospadias 1). Four types of operation were done: direct uretero-sigmoidostomy 6, Bricker reimplanted in the sigmoid 8, permanent Bricker 4, enlargement sigmoido cystoplasty 1. There were 7 failures: 4 stenoses and 1 reflux. These failures required treatment by trans-uretero-ureterostomy (3 successes out of 4). The insertion of a trans-anastomotic catheter during the postoperative period is strongly advised PMID- 7097027 TI - [The hydatid cyst of kidney in children. Report of 12 cases (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report 12 cases of hydatid cyst of the kidney in children. Age distribution is between 3 and 13 years: 7 girls and 5 boys. The diagnosis is easier when there is an evident hydatid context with other visceral localizations. The complications are rare. Surgical treatment will be conservative on utmost and consists very often in partial pericystectomy with upphostering of the residual cavity. Partial nephrectomy and total pericystectomy are useless and dangerous. PMID- 7097028 TI - [Hydronephrosis due to abnormality of the pelvi-ureteric junction (P.U.J.). Based upon 162 cases representing 181 P.U.J. syndromes (author's transl)]. AB - The authors present a retrospective analysis over a period of 15 years with a minimum follow-up of 18 months. 34 patients were under the age of 10. In terms of diagnosis and therapeutic indications, intravenous urography remains the basic examination. Two other investigations are extremely valuable: retrograde cystography, in particular in the child, to seek associated vesico-renal reflux and echography, in particular as a harmless means of regular surveillance, both for hydronephroses which have been operated upon and those which have not. Seventy five patients did not undergo surgery and only 25 could be regularly followed up. In contrast to widely accepted ideas, 4 worsened considerably. Only 13 nephrectomies were performed at the outset, including six partial because of double/bifid kidney/ureter. There were thus only 6.7% of total nephrectomies at the outset. Despite this resolutely conservative attitude, there was only one secondary nephrectomy for lithiasis despite a good result of P.U.J. plasty. Renal biopsies confirmed that the renal parenchyma was usually normal, even in the presence of very marked hydronephrosis, in the absence of infection. The results of conservative surgery were good in 83% of cases, thereby justifying the resolutely conservative attitude of the authors. 92 plasties of the pelvi ureteric junction revealed the rarity (15.2%) of hydronephrosis due to abnormal polar vessel and the relative prevalence (29.5%) of hypoplasia of the first few millimetres of the lumbar ureter distal to the P.U.J. PMID- 7097029 TI - [Cytology in the detection and followup of urothelial tumors. Critical review of 500 cytologic investigations (authors transl)]. AB - 500 cytologic studies were performed in patients who underwent urological explorations. Sensitivity is defined as the ability to identify correctly those patients who have tumoral disease of urothelium: urine cytology is ineffective in detecting benign papilloma, but sensitivity is more than 66% in low grade carcinoma and 80% in high grade carcinoma; cytology was able to detect 4/6 transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Specificity, which is defined as the ability to identify correctly those patients who do not have tumoral disease, is extremely high; thus, careful urological examination must be completed when cytology is positive. Urinary cytology is needed in every urological exploration concerned with urinary tract. PMID- 7097026 TI - [Computed tomography in renal trauma (author's transl)]. AB - On the basis of a series of 25 cases of closed recent trauma of the kidney examined by scanner, the authors analyzed the information provided by the method and its correspondence with the various lesions encountered. In the course of this study, the scanner appeared to be the method of investigation which, at the present time, offers the best information concerning the severity of parenchymatous damage, as well as the size, nature and course of the perirenal blood or urine collections. Such data being fundamental to therapeutic decisions, the place of the scanner is essential in the evaluation of renal trauma, and, in severe forms, should be performed immediately after the irreplaceable I.V. urography performed as an emergency. PMID- 7097030 TI - [Urological problems related to aorto-bifemoral surgery (author's transl)]. AB - The authors reviewed, from a urological standpoint, the records of 400 patients undergoing aorto-bifemoral bypass between 1967 and 1980. Stenosing or aneurysmal lesions of the renal arteries were present in 106 patients, i.e. 26.5% of cases. 7% of the patients had previous pathology (2 lithiasis, 4 hydronephrosis and one non-functioning kidney). All the operations consisted of a bypass inserted posterior to the peritoneum and ureters. 39 patients (9.7%) underwent simultaneous surgery on the renal artery or vein, or the kidney, Amongst a total of 12% deaths, 1.5% were of renal causes. The postoperative urological morbidity was 24.9% being dominated by infectious lesions (16%) and ureteric lesions (5%). The majority of ureteric lesions took the form of progressive distension of the excretory apparatus. The presence of an indwelling urethral catheter was considered to be the most important factor in infection. The authors feel that it is essential to visualise the urinary tract at the time of angiographic investigation of aortoiliac disease. Amongst 18 cases of progressive dilatation of the upper urinary tract after such vascular surgery, only 3 underwent operation. Nevertheless, intravenous urography is an essential part of postoperative surveillance after surgery of this sort. Only 15% of their patients had undergone IVU and amongst them 18 were found to have a hydronephrosis. PMID- 7097031 TI - [Cryotherapy in 141 cases of carcinoma of the prostate reviewed after 5 years (author's transl)]. AB - 141 patients with prostatic cancer, checked by biopsy, have been treated since 1975 till 1980 with cryotherapy and hormonotherapy. They have been compared with 60 patients who have received only hormones. There is a statistical difference in favour of the patients treated with cryotherapy, particularly in T3 and T4 stage. The best survival is plain especially in the first and third year. This improvement might depend on an immunologycal answer. PMID- 7097032 TI - [Stenosis of the ureteral meatus on the side opposite to a ureteral replacement. Report of a rare complication of the Boari operation. One case (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097033 TI - [Complete triplication of the ureter associated with an ectopic ureterocele (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097034 TI - [Well differentiated adenocarcinoma ("yellow cancer") of the prostate. Problems of diagnosis and prognosis (author's transl)]. AB - This paper reports the case of a very large hyperdifferentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma, characterized by a very high lipid content; there is little information in the literature about diagnosis and prognosis of this rare type of cancer. Relevant characteristics of this tumor were its middle prostatic location, its soft consistency and its homogeneous yellow appearance (the so called "yellow cancer") - In spite of its large size, the growth remained confined to the prostate. The histological aspect of this cancer is close to intense glandular hyperplasia, so the differential diagnosis is quite difficult on scanty biopsy samples without lipid stains. PMID- 7097036 TI - [Should all embryonal carcinomas of the testis be treated with lombo-aortic lymphnode curettage]. PMID- 7097035 TI - [Trans-vesico parietal exteriorisation of ureteric catheters inserted endoscopically (author's transl)]. AB - The authors describe a technique for the trans-vesico parietal exteriorisation of ureteric catheters inserted endoscopically. Once the ureteric catheters have been inserted, the free end is pushed into the bladder. A suprapubic trocar opens the way to the outside by a trans-vesico parietal route. A foreign body forceps is inserted endoscopically and grasps the ureteric catheter, inserting its end into the trocar. The catheter can then be pushed through to the outside without the need to "open" the bladder. PMID- 7097037 TI - Detection of class-specific antibodies of pemphigus vulgaris using a solid phase radioimmunoassay. AB - A sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed to detect class-specific pemphigus antibodies. COLO-16, a cell line derived from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, was used as the substrate, since this cell line has been shown by indirect immunofluorescence to bind IgG antibodies in sera from patients with pemphigus vulgaris, but not from those with bullous pemphigoid. IgG antibodies to COLO-16 were significantly greater in sera from 17/24 patients (p less than 0.05) with pemphigus vulgaris than in sera obtained from a control population consisting of normal volunteers and patients with other dermatologic diseases. The relative binding of the positive sera correlated well (p less than 0.05, by Spearman's rank correlation test), with the endpoint determined by indirect immunofluorescence against monkey esophagus. This technique is 10-100 times more sensitive than immunofluorescence for the detection of pemphigus antibodies and will be useful in studying the cellular mechanisms controlling the synthesis of pemphigus antibody in vitro. PMID- 7097040 TI - Effect of chronologic aging and ultraviolet irradiation on Langerhans cells in human epidermis. AB - The effect of aging on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) and on their response to a single ultraviolet (UV) exposure was studied in skin biopsy specimens of healthy adults, 4 aged 22-26 yr and 7 aged 62-86 yr. In unirradiated skin, old adults had fewer LC than young adults, 5.8 +/- 1.1 versus 10.0 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SEM) per 3 mm wide cross-section (p = .015). Following irradiation with 3 times the minimal erythema dose, recognizable LC were absent in all but 2 subjects within 24 hr. However, LC number fell less rapidly in old adults and was almost unchanged at 4 hours (5.8 +/- 1.1 versus 5.0 +/- 1.2), while in young adults LC number decreased from 10.0 +/- 0.8 to 3.3 +/- 1.3 during the same period (p less than .05). Other changes noted in both young and old subjects following irradiation included cytoplasmic vacuolization, frequent apposition of LC to severely damaged keratinocytes, and the finding of LC in the basal layer of the epidermis rather than exclusively suprabasilarly as in control sections. These data demonstrate an age-associated loss of epidermal LC and slowing of LC response to UV irradiation. UV-induced LC changes appear qualitatively similar in young and old adults and include histological evidence of cellular damage, transient association of LC with damaged keratinocytes, and possible migration of LC from the irradiated epidermis within 24 hr. PMID- 7097039 TI - Lipid synthesis in cutaneous xanthoma. AB - In vitro lipogenesis was studied on the xanthoma tissue from 6 patients with normal plasma lipids and 4 patients with hyperlipidemia. Xanthoma tissue was incubated at 37 degrees C for 6 hr in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing sodium [14C]acetate. The radioactivity of each lipid class was determined after extraction and separation of lipids. The incorporation of acetate into all major lipid groups was much greater in xanthoma tissue than in control normal-appearing skin. There was no difference in the incorporation pattern of 14C between xanthomas of patients with normal plasma lipids and those of hyperlipidemic patients. The data exemplify considerable in situ lipid synthesis of xanthoma tissue. Although the lipids in xanthomas of hyperlipidemic persons may be derived from plasma, the plasma origin of xanthoma lipids in normolipidemic persons remains to be confirmed, and the contribution of local lipogenesis cannot be ignored. The lipids in cutaneous xanthomas are most likely derived from a multiple input system. PMID- 7097041 TI - Vitamin A in human skin: I. detection and identification of retinoids in normal epidermis. AB - In an attempt to identify vitamin A and derivatives (retinoids) specimens of breast skin epidermis (0.5 g) were homogenized, freeze-dried and extracted with chloroform/methanol. The evaporated extract was partitioned repeatedly between petroleum ether and a mixture of ethanol and pH-adjusted water. This yielded 3 fractions of partially purified retinoids. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of these fractions revealed the presence of the following retinoids given in order to their abundance in the epidermis: retinyl acyl esters, retinol, 3 dehydroretinyl acyl esters and retinoic acid. Small amounts of other retinoids may also be present. In order to obtain quantitative data it was essential to add internal retinoid standards and to completely hydrolyze the skin in KOH-ethanol before extraction. The retinoids were deconjugated by this procedure but, with the exception of retinaldehyde, were otherwise unchanged. The recoveries of the endogenous retinoids at HPLC were identical to those of the internal standards. The technique was reproducible and could be applied to the analysis of nanograms of retinol and dehydroretinol in small (10-30 mg) skin specimens. The amounts of acidic retinoids were usually below the detection limit of the method (less than 10 ng/g) but the approach may be useful at the higher levels attained during retinoid therapy. PMID- 7097038 TI - Neutrophil studies in psoriatics: in vivo migration, phagocytosis and bacterial killing. AB - A reproducible method for sequential study of migration out of human skin, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils is described. Untreated psoriatics exhibit an early increase of chemotactic activity (0-8 hr, p less than 0.02) and subsequently a strong inhibition of chemotaxis (8-24 hr, p less than 0.01), a slight decrease of phagocytosis and a decrease in bactericidal activity (20 min, p less than 0.02; 30 min, p less than 0.003); 60 min, p less than 0.001; 120 min, p less than 0.001) as compared with controls. After clearing of skin lesions, the early increased chemotactic activity returned to normal values but the subsequent chemotactic inhibition remains as strong as before treatment. Phagocytosis increased to normal values (p less than 0.02) and bactericidal activity also increased but remained significantly low. These abnormalities were more evident in migrating than in circulating neutrophils, underlining the sensitivity of the described method. PMID- 7097044 TI - GMENAC and medical manpower in Iowa. PMID- 7097043 TI - Characterization of biochemical properties of melanosomes for structural and functional differentiation: analysis of the compositions of lipids and proteins in melanosomes and their subfractions. AB - Two types of melanosomes were isolated from B16 and Harding Passey (HP) mouse melanomas to elucidate whether there are any features of melanosomal lipids and proteins related to the differences in morphology of melanosomes and in the biological activities of melanoma cells. Biochemical analyses were made to clarify (a) the lipid components of the 2 melanosomes and (b) the lipid and polypeptide compositions of their subfractions, i.e., the outer surface and inner core, resolved by a detergent, Brij-35, separately. We found (a) that the lipid contents in B16 melanosomes were much higher than those in HP, (b) that the B16 and HP melanosomes could be fractionated into a phospholipid-rich outer surface and phospholipid-poor core, (c) that both outer surface and core subfractions of HP were distinct from the corresponding subfractions of B16 with respect to phospholipid contents, (d) that the outer surface of B16 and HP revealed a polypeptide composition similar to each other, although the protein contents of the outer surface were much lower than those of core and (e) that the total melanosomes showed a marked difference in polypeptides between B16 and HP. In addition, both B16 and HP melanosomes revealed the alteration of lipid compositions, e.g., fatty acid acyl chain, similar to that observed during malignant transformation. There was not, however, any significant difference in acyl compositions between B16 and HP. It is likely that melanosomal lipid and protein not only affect the different morphogenesis of melanosomes but also reflect the different biological activities of whole cells, and that lipids, primarily located in the outer surface, regulate the functional aspects of melanosomes. PMID- 7097042 TI - Vitamin A in human skin: II Concentrations of carotene, retinol and dehydroretinol in various components of normal skin. AB - Pro-vitamin A(beta-carotene) and the predominant forms of vitamin A in human skin (retinol and dehydroretinol) were analyzed in hydrolyzed specimens from 4 cadavers and 22 healthy subjects. Beta-carotene was identified in extracts of epidermis by its specific absorption spectrum. Vitamin A was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. The concentrations were related to the wet weight or protein content of the sample. The analysis of different skin compartments showed that the concentrations of the 3 constituents were usually related as follows: carotene greater than retinol greater than dehydroretinol. The concentrations were always higher in the epidermis than in the upper dermis. Skin surface lipids contained carotene and retinol but not in amounts sufficient to contribute to the higher epidermal values. Analysis of epidermal autopsies from 5 different skin areas (back, breast, arm, leg and foot) and of epidermal biopsies from the back of the healthy subjects showed that the interindividual differences were larger for carotene and dehydroretinol than for retinol, whereas the intraindividual variations were larger for retinol. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations of carotene, retinol and dehydroretinol in back skin epidermis of healthy subjects were 13 +/- 5, 1.7 +/- 0.4 and 0.4 +/- 0.2 microgram/g protein, respectively. No significant variations with age and sex were found. PMID- 7097046 TI - The 1981 entering class. PMID- 7097047 TI - Preceptorship in family practice. PMID- 7097048 TI - Uses and abuses of cimetidine. PMID- 7097050 TI - Mediastinoscopy for diagnosis and staging of lung disease. PMID- 7097045 TI - On the new cardiovascular center. PMID- 7097049 TI - Iowa Family Planning Program. PMID- 7097052 TI - Verapamil. PMID- 7097053 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the left main bronchus with a right hemopneumothorax successfully repaired by stage bilateral pulmonary operations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097051 TI - Papillary adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with psammoma bodies. PMID- 7097054 TI - [Three cases of left atrial Myxoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097056 TI - [Simultaneous closure of the entry and re-entry orifice in DeBakey type III dissecting aneurysm of the aorta (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097055 TI - [The use of CT scanning in the evaluation of aortic aneurysms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097058 TI - [Rastelli operation for an infant with complete transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect (S.D.L.) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097057 TI - [Postoperative hemodynamic study of Jatene's operation for transposition of the great arteries. A case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097060 TI - [Orthotopical implantation of St. Jude Medical(SJM) valvular prosthesis in a corrected transposition of great arteries with systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation. A case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097059 TI - [Potassium-induced multi dose cold blood cardioplegia: a clinical study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097062 TI - [A clinical experience with atrial synchronous pacemaker (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097061 TI - [A new attempt for myocardial cooling during cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097064 TI - [Effects of open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on the immune host defense mechanism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097063 TI - [Increased coronary blood flow following aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097068 TI - [Evaluation of pulmonary immobilization by diffusion respiration for pulmonary microcirculatory observations in vivo (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097067 TI - [A five-year-old child with tube tip stenosis treated by end-to-end anastomosis of trachea (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097066 TI - [Myocardial protection during anoxic arrest (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097065 TI - [A radiological and clinical study of superficially spread lesion of esophageal carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097070 TI - [Significance of renin-angiotensin system in low cardiac output syndrome (LOS) after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097069 TI - [Reoperation after mitral commissurotomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097073 TI - [Pre- and postoperative hemodynamic studies in the patients with constrictive pericarditis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097072 TI - [Effect of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass on renal function (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097075 TI - [Valve replacement for Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve--early and long-term results of 8 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097076 TI - [Experimental study on the determination of extent and size of acute myocardial ischemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097071 TI - [Complications of venous catheterization for open heart surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097074 TI - [Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot: operative results, surgical indication, operative procedure and postoperative management (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097077 TI - [Application of Konno's endomyocardial bioptome for removal of intracardiovascular and endobronchial foreign bodies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097078 TI - [A modified Mustard procedure for complete left-sided juxtaposition of atrial appendages in d-TGA associated with ASD, VSD and PH (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097080 TI - [A case report on giant benign localized pleural fibroma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097079 TI - [Cardiac tamponade during catheterization in three patients with severe valvular heart disease: emergency pericardiotomy and valve replacement (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097081 TI - [A case report of total correction of truncus arteriosus (Type II) by modified Rastelli procedure in a 1 year and 9 month old child (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097082 TI - [A case of leiomyoma of the bronchus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097083 TI - [Electric transfer of peptides from acrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some applications of "Western blotting" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097084 TI - [Studies on the intercompartmental relationship of PRL secretion during human pregnancy--maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid PRL--(author's transl)]. AB - Although it is well established that PRL is present in the maternal serum, fetal serum, and amniotic fluid during human pregnancy, the precise interrelationship among those three compartments is unknown. In order to elucidate the intercompartmental relationship, several experiments were undertaken. Results are as follows: 2. The concentration of amniotic fluid PRL was different from that of maternal or fetal serum PRL during gestation. 2. There was no correlation between amniotic fluid and maternal or cord serum PRL at delivery. 3. Although bromocriptine suppressed the secretion of maternal serum PRL abruptly, the concentration of amniotic fluid PRL remained unchanged after the administration of bromocriptine at mid-gestation. 4. Analysis of molecular size of PRL by Sephadex G-100 column gel filtration revealed that the elution profiles of maternal serum PRL, fetal serum PRL, and amniotic fluid PRL differed from one another and furthermore, they were similar to those of adult pituitary PRL, fetal pituitary PRL, and decidual PRL, respectively. 5. PRL which was secreted from decidua could transfer to amniotic cavity across the fetal membrane. 6. Decidual PRL and amniotic fluid PRL have a biological activity. These results suggest that three compartments of PRL secretion during human pregnancy are independent each other and, furthermore, possible origin of amniotic fluid PRL is decidua. PMID- 7097085 TI - [The diagnostic value of ultrasonotomography with reference to previous cesarean section scars during full term pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - It is very important to diagnose the condition of previous cesarean section scars when deciding the delivery mode. We have investigated the use of ultrasonotomography and obtained the following results. 1. As it is impossible to measure exact thickness of cesarean section scars, we have measured the interval of bladder wall to fetal surface (B-F interval) before delivery. 2. As a control group, 24 pregnant women with no history of cesarean section were examined. In twenty one cases (87.5%) we found a minimum B-F interval of 4 to 7mm, and no cases measured under 4mm. 3. Twenty one pregnant women were examined by ultrasonotomography, and of these 15 cases with previous cesarean section scars were revealed upon operation. Three cases had incomplete dehiscence, where B-F interval was 0mm. Another four cases had mild thin cesarean scars, where the minimum B-F interval was 3mm in two instances, 4mm in one and 5mm in the other. In another eight cases, no thin cesarean section scars were observed and the minimum B-F interval were 4 to 7mm in six cases but in two cases, the minimum B-F interval could not be detected by our machines. These results suggest that ultrasonotomography is useful to detect incomplete dehiscence, but difficult to do mild thin cesarean section scars. PMID- 7097087 TI - [The observation of the maternal hemodynamics during labor and cesarean section (author's transl)]. AB - The echocardiographic observation of the maternal hemodynamics was performed in 12 normal parturient women during labor and 10 patients during cesarean section. In the first stage of labor, the increase of cardiac output volume (CO) was observed during contraction as compared with that between contraction. And this increase of CO was due to the increase of heart rate (HR) t 4-5cm dilatation of cervix, and the increase of stroke volume (SV) at 7-8cm dilatation of cervix. In the second stage of labor, the increase of HR and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf), and the decrease of ejection time, end diastolic volume, SV, CO and ejection fraction (EF) were observed during contraction with expulsive efforts as compared with those in late pregnancy. These changes suggest that the severe hypovolemic stress is imposed, which may be caused by a decrease of venous return. The increase of HR and the decrease of SV, CO, EF, mVcf and LAD were observed 15 minutes after the epidural anesthesia as compared with those in late pregnancy, and these changes also suggest that the hypovolemic stress is imposed, which may depend on a decrease of venous return. The increase of CO was observed 3 and 5 minutes after delivery in labor and cesarean section as compared with those in late pregnancy. This increase of CO was due to the increase of HR and SV in labor, and the increase of HR in cesarean section. Consequently, the changes of maternal hemodynamics during labor imply to be greater than those during cesarean section, and this may depend on such factors as pains, expulsive efforts and cyclic blood volume redistribution during labor. PMID- 7097088 TI - [Histopathological studies on cancer evolution of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. AB - With selected operation materials of 118 cases with cervical cancers (Stage I & II), histologic criteria for the growth pattern was newly established. The cancer lesions were histologically divided into 4 forms for the growth pattern: superficial, exophytic, endophytic and cleft type. To attain acceptable classification of the histologic growth pattern based on morphological characteristics, the application of the present criteria was made on 62 cases in which cancer entirely involved the cervical canal. The results indicated easy applicability resulting in the uniformity of the cases as so defined, without any uncorresponded cases. Thus, total 180 cases consisted of 2 cases of superficial growth type, 54 of exophytic, 96 of endophytic and 28 of cleft type. In 96 cases of the endophytic type, crater carcinoma due to ischemic necrosis of cancer nests was not observed, except for 28 cases in which spontaneous regression was resulted from excess parakeratosis of cancer cells. A possibility exists that noduloinfiltrative or flat infiltrative type in the usual gross classification included cancer originating from clefts of endocerical glands (cleft cancer type). Regardless of the histologic growth patterns, the cancer evolution was constantly shown as "mole" mode with a fan fashion toward the endocervix, and then with arch curve along the margin of the myometrium, because of the natural barrier. Final conclusions drawn from the results were as follows: The primary cancer lesion was constituted by the fundamental proliferation of papillomatous cancer sheets, combined with growth patterns. A remarkable diversity between histologic features of Stage Ia and those of Stage II raised a new proposal regarding re-evaluation of staging. PMID- 7097089 TI - [Immunological aspect of gynecologic malignancies]. PMID- 7097086 TI - [A study on the constitutional change of taurine and other free amino acids during the fetal development (author's transl)]. AB - In human pregnancy, maternal and umbilical blood of the 22nd week of pregnancy and of the parturition were submitted to the analysis of total free amino acids (FAA) by amino acids analyzer. In addition, the neonatal blood was also submitted until 9 days after birth. The content of FAA in umbilical vein was higher than that of the maternal blood and it decreased at the parturition. However, the content of taurine (T) kept extremely higher level than other amino acids until term and it decreased to the normal level at 9 days after birth. In pregnant rats on day 17, 18 and 19 of gestation, the content of FAA in umbilical vein and fetal artery were 5800-7000 micrograms/dl and 5700-6250 micrograms/dl, respectively. They were two fold higher than that of maternal value. In amniotic fluid, FAA was 4100 micrograms/dl on day 18 and 8850 micrograms/dl on day 20. On the contrary, the content of T in maternal blood on day 18 was the highest value (360 micrograms /dl), and decreased to the half of the value on day 20. T in carotid artery on the same day was 1150 micrograms/dl, but it decreased to 280 micrograms/dl on day 20. In amniotic fluid, it was almost constant in the range of 380-400 micrograms/dl. When the pregnant rat was stressed by starvation, FAA was increased in both umbilical and fetal blood but it was almost constant in amniotic fluid. T was increased both in maternal and fetal blood. When the degree of starvation, T value also increased in fetal blood. From these data, we discussed on the possible mechanism of the production of T during pregnancy and after birth. PMID- 7097090 TI - [Hepatitis B virus infection and its prevention in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. PMID- 7097091 TI - [Case of idiopathic precocious puberty showing regular menstrual cycle 8 months after birth]. PMID- 7097092 TI - [Remodelling in rickets and osteomalacia (author's transl)]. AB - Based on our experience on more than one hundred cases, bone remodelling in rickets and osteomalacia was investigated. Histomorphometry using tetracycline labelling on nineteen ribs and fibula biopsy specimen revealed a marked increase in number of osteon with osteoid seam, a slight decrease in number of resorption cavity, and extremely depressed tetracycline uptake, of 9.7% on average. The attempt to measure bone formation rate by double tetracycline labelling has failed. Analysing the dynamic behaviour of serum alkaline phosphatase, the hypothesis that the serum alkaline phosphatase was regulated by the three factors, activity of osteoblast, number of osteoblast and elution coefficient from the cell, was presented. Both accretion rate and urinary hydroxyproline excretion showed variable values, from low to high. Although bone remodelling in rickets and osteomalacia was always low at the cellular level, it could be low, normal or high at tissue or organ levels. PMID- 7097094 TI - Motor nerve conduction studies in the median and ulnar nerves in old adults over 80 years of age. AB - The influence of age on nerve conductions in the median and ulnar nerves was studied. Terminal conduction times, motor nerve conduction velocities (MCV) and F wave conduction velocities (FCV) on subjects of the ninth decade (older group) were compared with those of the third decade (younger group). MCV and FCV were significantly slower in the older group than in the younger one. The reductions of conduction velocities including MCV and FCV were marked on proxial segment. PMID- 7097093 TI - [Assay of anti-cancer drug sensitivity of cells from human tumors. Detection of cell viability with radioisotope (author's transl)]. AB - An attempt has been made to construct an assay of anti-cancer drug sensitivity which is suitable for use with primary culture cells from human bone and soft tissue tumors. The ability of cells to incorporate labeled nucleic acid precursors into acid precipitable material was assessed. Hela-S3 cells were employed to avoid inherited variability and heterogenity of primary cultures of human tumors. Labeled nucleic acid precursors were used not to assay the changes of DNA or RNA synthesis but to detect the viability of cells. A logarithm of counts per minute of incorporated labeled precursors is in proportion to a logarithm of viable cell numbers. This relationship was not influenced by the labeled precursor incubation time. Multiplate was used to provide large numbers of replicate cultures without the requirement of a large numbers of cells. Monolayer Hela-S3 cells which were seeded 24 hours earlier were incubated for three hours with various concentrations of drugs. After removal of drugs, cells were cultured for one week. In this period, Hela-S3 cells with no drug treatment became almost confluent and mitoses occurred about four times. Labeled precursors were incubated for three hours, and incorporated 3H-thymidine was counted. A standard curve of incorporated labeled precursor counts and viable cell numbers was drawn for every assay. The density inhibition of labeled nucleic acid precursor incorporation can be checked and connected with the standard curve, and viable cell numbers after drug exposure can be obtained from the standard curve. When percent survival is plotted against drug concentration, a sigmoid curve is obtained if the drug has dose dependent effect and then the 90% lethal dose (LD90) can be determined from the curve. LD90 was used as the index of anti cancer drug sensitivity. If the drug has time dependent effect, percent survival of maximal inhibition was used as the index of drug sensitivity. PMID- 7097095 TI - Age-related changes in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in mice. An electronmicroscopic study. AB - The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs in mice from newborn to four months of age was examined by electron microscopy. The nucleus pulposus was packed with the cells which were distended with large vacuoles and aggregations of glycogen particles. These cells contained many filaments and poorly developed organelles. Numerous pinocytotic vesicles were present along the cell surface. Neighboring cells were connected with desmosomes. Thus, the cells composing the nucleus pulposus were similar to notochordal cells. The intercellular space contained granular substances as seen in the matrix of the cartilage. In the peripheral region of the nucleus pulposus, the cells relatively rich in organelles were occasionally observed. At two months or more of age, vacuoles of the cells of the nucleus pulposus became larger and more numerous, and the scanty cytoplasm contained fewer organelles but well-developed filaments. However, many pinocytotic vesicles could be still observed along the cell surface. Degenerated cells appeared. PMID- 7097096 TI - Pathological studies on calcification of the intervertebral discs. AB - Calcified deposits in the intervertebral discs of 35 cadavers microradiographically appeared as linear of flake-like densities composed of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals and as multiple punctates possibly composed of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) crystals. Calcium deposits were found in 57% of the cadavers by microradiography and 63% by light microscopy, without known metabolic or familial history related to articular chondrocalcinosis. By scanning electron microscopy, CPPD crystals were mainly rod like, rectangular and cuboid and were about 4 to 10 mu in length while DCPD crystals were prismatic and about 20 to 60 microns in length. PMID- 7097098 TI - Cloning of human tumor stem cells: role in cancer treatment and new drug development. PMID- 7097099 TI - Pancreatic cancer. PMID- 7097097 TI - English abstracts of proceedings of the nineteenth congress of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy Kyoto Sept. 29, 30, Oct. 1, 1981. PMID- 7097102 TI - Renal scan. Determination of renal function following left renal vein ligation. PMID- 7097100 TI - Tissue necrosis. Cutaneous and subcutaneous damage following extravasation of methylene blue. PMID- 7097101 TI - Metastatic malignant melanoma. Symmetrical involvement of both ureters. PMID- 7097104 TI - Immune deficiency states--evaluation and management. PMID- 7097103 TI - Cancer mortality excess. Evaluation of counties of Kansas. PMID- 7097105 TI - Plasma catecholamines in clinical investigation: a useful index or a meaningless number? PMID- 7097106 TI - Effect of long-term ethanol feeding on rat liver interstitial collagens. AB - Long-term administration of ethanol to rats over a 12-month period was used in an attempt to compare the altered collagen metabolism in liver damaged rats with that in humans having alcoholic liver disease. The percent collagen in the rat liver increased nearly twofold during this period, but no increase in the rate of collagen biosynthesis was dectected by using pulse, radiolabel proline incorporation into hydroxyproline. Fibrosis was not detectable by histological methods nor were any alterations found in the relative proportions of the genetically distinct type I and type III interstitial collagens. These results demonstrates a minimal yet positive effect of long-term ethanol consumption in rats, with simultaneous increases in both type I and type III hepatic collagens. PMID- 7097107 TI - Renal handling of gentamicin by normal and ischemic canine kidneys. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin renal uptake in dogs and assess the role of chronic renal ischemia. A stenosing silver clip was place on the left renal artery of four mongrel dogs. Six months later, each dog received an infusion of gentamicin and inulin. Blood and urine samples were collected serially. In each dog, the ischemic left kidney was smaller and had a lower RPF and CCR. The decrease in CCR was highly correlated with the decrease in RPF. Measured gentamicin kidney concentrations were found to be in good agreement with predicted values based on the amount reabsorbed and the kidney weight. Within each animal (control vs. ischemic kidney), there was a significant correlation between the filtered load of gentamicin and both the renal reabsorption and excretion of gentamicin. These relationships exhibited high R2 values, demonstrating that the induced ischemia did not alter the filtration or reabsorbtive mechanisms of gentamicin within the animal, but only decreased the filtered load. Between animals, gentamicin excretion was proportional to filtered load, but gentamicin reabsorption had the lowest r2 value, explaining only 49% of the observed variance. The unexplained variance encountered in gentamicin reabsorption between animals establishes that there are important determinants of renal tissue concentration that are independent of filtration or filtered load. This study suggests that a reduction in glomerular filtration is not an important risk factor for elevated gentamicin renal tissue concentrations, provided that serum concentrations are controlled within the therapeutic range. PMID- 7097108 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid prognostic indices in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. AB - The prognostic value of initial and sequential determinations of quantitative bacterial concentrations, leukocytes, glucose, lactate, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase in CSF was examined in rabbits with experimental pneumococcal meningitis while they were receiving equivalent, rapidly bactericidal antibiotic therapy. The following mean CSF variables correlated with death due to meningitis: (1) an early (day 1) high bacterial titer and lactate concentration with simultaneous low leukocyte count and glucose level and (2) late (day 3) elevated lactate and lactic acid dehydrogenase levels and leukocyte count. A high concentration of bacteria inoculated into the CSF and a high plasma glucose level also adversely influenced prognosis. Careful analysis of these variables may identify high-risk patients with pneumococcal meningitis and ultimately may be useful in gauging the therapeutic response. PMID- 7097109 TI - The evolution of clot-promoting and amidolytic activities in mixtures of Hageman factor (factor XII) and ellagic acid. AB - Ellagic acid (4,4',5,5',6,6'-hexahydroxydiphenic acid 2,6,2',6'-dilactone) can substitute for negatively charged surfaces as a stimulus to reactions of the intrinsic pathway. Incubation of solutions of 4 X 10(-6)M ellagic acid with purified HF (factor XII) induced clot-promoting and amidolytic activity. Clot promoting activity tested on a substrate of HF-deficient plasma evolved much more rapidly than amidolytic activity. Clot-promoting activity generated in mixtures of HF and ellagic acid alone, but amidolytic activity was observed only if additional proteins such as albumin were also present. Treatment of purified HF with DFP or filtration of HF through columns of SBTI bound to agarose did not prevent its subsequent activation by ellagic acid. Solutions of SBTI, at high concentration, partly inhibited the generation of amidolytic activity,wheras popcorn inhibitor and a crude IgG fraction of anti-HF inhibited the amidolytic activity that had been generated in a mixture of HF and ellagic acid. Generation of clotting and amidolytic properties was accompanied by scission of HF within an internal disulfide loop and by cleavage of HF into fragments with approximate MWs of 50,000 and 30,000; cleavage was completely blocked by popcorn inhibitor and partially blocked by high concentrations of SBTI. These experiments demonstrate that ellagic acid can activate HF in a manner analogous to negatively charged solids such as glass or kaolin. PMID- 7097110 TI - Sedative drugs for delirium tremens. PMID- 7097111 TI - Grand rounds. Limitation of infarct size. PMID- 7097112 TI - Lung cancer in women. A twenty-five year review. PMID- 7097115 TI - Metastatic tumors of the kidney. PMID- 7097113 TI - Improved diabetic control in an ambulatory group setting. PMID- 7097117 TI - Achalasia simulating mediastinal tumor. PMID- 7097116 TI - Esophagectomy sans thoracotomy. PMID- 7097114 TI - Breast cancer and informed consent. PMID- 7097118 TI - Demographics of a board review continuing education course for family physicians. PMID- 7097119 TI - Purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from human liver. AB - The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from human liver was purified to homogeneity. Electrophoresis of the purified human enzyme on non denaturing gels revealed a single protein-staining band that co-migrated with reductase activity and could be selectively removed by treatment with cross reacting antibody prepared to the purified reductase from rat liver. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified reductase showed only one protein-staining band corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 52,000. Based on the sedimentation rate during sucrose density gradient centrifugation, most of the enzyme from crude solubilized preparations had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 104,000. The human reductase, like the rat liver enzyme, was dimeric and composed of subunits of approximately 50,000 molecular weight. PMID- 7097120 TI - Secretion of nascent lipoproteins and apolipoproteins by perfused livers of normal and cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. AB - Triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are the major lipoprotein in perfusates of normal guinea pig livers. Their component apoprotein B is mainly B-100 together with some B-95. This apoprotein is actively synthesized, as are C apoproteins and small amounts of apoprotein E. Only trace amounts of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL, 1.015 < d < 1.05 g/ml) are found in perfusates, but appreciable amounts of low density lipoproteins (LDL, 1.05 < d < 1.10 g/ml) accumulate. These LDL are not newly synthesized, but rather appear to be gradually washed out of the liver. High density lipoproteins (HDL, 1.10 < d < 1.21 g/ml) both discoidal and spheroidal, also accumulate, which contain newly synthesized apoproteins A-I, E and C. Fatty livers of guinea pigs fed cholesterol secrete less VLDL and more IDL than normals, but the combined amount of protein is unchanged. These lipoproteins contain newly synthesized apoprotein B, are enriched in cholesteryl esters and newly synthesized apoprotein E, and have reduced electrophoretic mobilities, making them resemble remnants. Large amounts of LDL also accumulate in perfusates of livers from cholesterol-fed animals, much of which does not appear to be newly synthesized, as judged from single pass perfusions. However, the LDL fraction is complex and includes particles that contain newly synthesized apoprotein B. Thus, these livers appear to secrete a spectrum of cholesteryl ester-rich particles, containing newly synthesized apoproteins B and E that span the density range of VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Livers of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs secrete large amounts of discoidal HDL with a free cholesterol-phospholipid molar ratio of 2:1. Accumulation of protein (almost entirely newly synthesized apoprotein E) in HDL is increased 25-fold over that in perfusates from normal guinea pig livers.-Guo, L.S.S., R.L. Hamilton, R. Ostwald, and R. J. Havel. Secretion of nascent lipoproteins and apolipoproteins by perfused livers of normal and cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. PMID- 7097122 TI - Cholesteryl ester-rich microemulsions: stable protein-free analogs of low density lipoproteins. AB - A method has been devised for the preparation of stable lipid microemulsions containing cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, phosphatidylcholine, and trioleoylglycerol in the relative molar ratios found in low density lipoproteins. Gel permeation chromatography showed these microemulsions to be essentially homogeneous with respect to chemical composition. Omission of triolein or substitution of a diunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for either a disaturated or monosaturated-monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine destroyed the observed homogeneity of the microemulsions. The particle diameter of the negatively strained relative elution volumes of the cholesteryl ester-rich microemulsion, VLDL2, VLDL3, and LDL indicated a mean diameter of about 35 nm. The cholesteryl ester-rich microemulsion can be used as a cholesteryl ester donor for plasma protein-mediated transfer of cholesteryl ester to plasma lipoproteins and for studying apoprotein-lipid interactions. PMID- 7097121 TI - Plasma lipoprotein composition in alcoholic hepatitis: accumulation of apolipoprotein E-rich high density lipoprotein and preferential reappearance of "light'-HDL during partial recovery. AB - Abnormal lipoproteins accumulate in the plasma of alcoholic hepatitis patients in association with a deficiency of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme, lecithin:cholesterol acyl-transferase. Most of these abnormal lipoproteins are found in the d > 1.006 g/ml density fraction. To investigate the composition and morphology of the lipoproteins at various times during the illness in four patients, we have employed density gradient ultracentrifugation combined with analyses of gradient fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroimmunoassay, and electron microscopy. At the onset of the illness, plasma cholesteryl esters ranged from 19-34% of total cholesterol; high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apoA-I, the major HDL apoprotein, were <10% of normal; and most of the d > 1.006 g/ml triglycerides and phospholipids were found in the LDL density region. A linear correlation (r = 0.964, P < 0.001) was found between the d > 1.006 g/ml apoB concentration and the summation of the triglyceride and esterified cholesterol for that fraction, indicating a constant ratio of apoB to the summation of these two "core lipids". ApoA-I was primarily found in the fraction d > 1.18 g/ml (HDL(3) and VHDL) but not at all in the HDL(2) density range of the gradient. No cholesteryl esters were present in the apoA-I containing fractions. In contrast to normal, large amounts of apoE accumulated in lipoproteins isolated at d 1.055-1.114 g/ml. The apoE-rich fractions contained primarily phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol; they appeared by electron microscopy to be mixtures of spherical particles, vesicular particles, and chains of bilamellar discs. Analyses of the density gradient fractions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions indicated that apoA-II levels and distribution paralleled apoA-I, not apoE, providing evidence against appreciable concentrations of apoE-apoA-II complexes. During partial recovery from alcoholic hepatitis in three patients, the d > 1.006 g/ml unesterified cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased, while esterified cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and apoA-I levels increased. The first HDL fractions to reappear were lipoproteins with HDL(2) density characteristics, as evidenced by simultaneous increases of apoA-I, apoA-II, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. Lipoproteins with HDL(3) density characteristics appeared later. Long-term (6-10 months) follow-up studies indicated a substantial elevation of HDL cholesterol and apoA-I in three of the four patients that appeared to have resulted from further increases in their HDL(2)-like subspecies. The above results illustrate the diversity of abnormal lipoproteins in alcoholic hepatitis and the ability of density gradient ultra-centrifugation combined with lipid and apolipoprotein quantitation, electron microscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to partially resolve those lipoproteins in the d > 1.006 g/ml plasma fraction.-Weidman, S. W., J. B. Ragland, and S. M. Sabesin. Plasma lipoprotein composition in alcoholic hepatitis: accumulation of apolipoprotein E rich high density lipoprotein and preferential reappearance of "light"-HDL during partial recovery. PMID- 7097123 TI - Metabolism of plasma mevalonate in rats and humans. AB - A circadian rhythm in plasma mevalonate was identified in human subjects. This variation, over a 5-fold range, is paralleled by a rhythm in urinary excretion. No such diurnal change in plasma mevalonate was observed in schedule-fed, light cycled rats, despite the presence of a pronounced rhythm in liver HMG-Coa reductase and sterol synthesis. A linear correlation was found between liver HMG CoA reductase activity and the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis. Sterol synthesis accounted for 59% of the HMG-CoA reductase activity. A 4-fold increase in plasma mevalonate following bilateral nephrectomy did not feed back on liver HMG-CoA reductase. Turnover rates for circulating R- and S-mevalonate were determined by the kinetics of tritiated tracers. S-Mevalonate exhibited first-order kinetics with a T 1/2 of 19 to 23 min, while R-mevalonate kinetics could be resolved into two phases with half-lives of 9 and 42 min. The renal uptake of circulating mevalonate was measured by the initial rate of increase in plasma mevalonate immediately following bilateral nephrectomy; this was confirmed by determination of the renal arterio-venous difference. This value ranges between 500 and 600 pmol/min for a 250-g rat. PMID- 7097124 TI - Biosynthesis of cholesterol, lanosterol, and delta 7-cholestenol, but not cholestanol, in cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. AB - The cholesterol and cholestanol biosynthetic pathways and the control of cholesterolgenesis were investigated in skin fibroblasts, from patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and from normal subjects, growth in a lipoprotein deficient (d less than 1.25 g/ml) medium. [3H]Acetate was added to the culture medium and its incorporation into sterols was assayed by both argentation and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The labeling patterns were similar in both CTX and control cells with 3H being found, in order of increasing activity, in lanosterol, delta 7-cholestenol, and cholesterol. No 3H-labeled material at all, however, could be detected in the TLC mobility region corresponding to cholestanol. The ratio of cholestanol to cholesterol in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction from the plasma of individuals with CTX ranged from 1.4 to 5.3%, which is equal to or slightly greater than the ratio in whole plasma. Approximately 65-70% of the total plasma and LDL cholestanol and cholesterol were esterified. Since CTX-LDL, added to incubates of normal cells and normal LDL added to CTX fibroblasts suppressed HMG-CoA reductase activity and stimulated cholesterol esterification equally, and since 125-I-labeled control LDL was degraded with normal kinetics from the surface of CTX fibroblasts, both CTX-LDL and CTX fibroblasts LDL membrane receptors appear to be biologically normal. These results suggest that 1) cholesterol is synthesized in cultured CTX and control fibroblasts via delta 7-cholestenol, a C-24,25 saturated intermediate; 2) cholestanol is not synthesized in the skin of CTX patients but is transported there from the liver via the plasma LDL; and 3) CTX is not a disease associated with a defect of peripheral tissue LDL receptors. PMID- 7097125 TI - Origin of biliary cholesterol and lecithin in the rat: contribution of new synthesis and preformed hepatic stores. AB - The contribution of de novo synthesis to the secretion of cholesterol and lecithin in bile was assessed in isolated rat livers, perfused with a lipid-free medium. Cholesterol and lecithin synthesis were measured by the incorporation of tritiated water and [14C]-choline, respectively. Taurocholate stimulated the secretion of biliary lipids to the same extent in perfused livers and in live rats. During the first hour of perfusion, and when hepatic synthesis was active, newly synthesized cholesterol accounted for about 10% of biliary cholesterol and newly synthesized lecithin for 3% of biliary lecithin. Fasting reduced the contribution of newly synthesized cholesterol in bile to less than 1% but did not change the rate of biliary cholesterol secretion. After 2 hours of perfusion, newly synthesized biliary cholesterol accounted for only 4% of total hepatic sterol synthesis. Biliary lecithin, synthesized hepatic lecithin. We conclude that new synthesis makes only a small contribution to biliary cholesterol and lecithin secretion, and that, in the absence of perfusate lipids, both biliary cholesterol and lecithin must be predominantly mobilized from a preformed hepatic pool. PMID- 7097126 TI - Acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase in rat small intestine: its activity and some properties of the enzymic reaction. AB - The present study was conducted to examine whether the intestinal esterification of retinol could be due to a microsomal acyl-CoA transferase. When the 'microsomal fraction' of rat mucosa was incubated with [3H]retinol and palmitoyl CoA or oleoyl-CoA, [3H]retinyl esters were formed as identified by alumina column chromatography and reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Unlabeled retinol and [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA yielded retinyl[1-14C]palmitate. The esterifying activity was lost when microsomes were heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Only negligible activity was observed without exogenous acyl-CoA while 10-20 muM gave optimum activity provided that 2-5 mg/ml of albumin was present. Replacement of acyl-CoA by palmitate gave no esterification, indicating that the activity was not a reversed hydrolase reaction. Optimum pH was 7.1-7.6 and optimal concentration of retinol was 15 muM. With palmitoyl-CoA, the formation of retinyl ester was 1.00 +/- 0.26 nmol . mg protein-1 . min-1 (x +/- SD, n = 4) in rats killed postprandially versus 2.06 +/- 0.66 (n = 5) after 36 hr of fasting. Oleoyl-CoA gave lower activity: 0.52 +/- 0.14 and 1.41 +/- 0.36, respectively. The variation with feeding and fasting was significant (P less than 0.05) and corresponded to that of the intestinal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acryltransferase (ACAT). Inhibition of retinol esterification was observed with taurocholate and the thiol-blocking agent 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). The data show that rat intestinal microsomes catalyze the formation of retinyl esters by an acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase with several properties in common with ACAT located in the same subcellular fraction. PMID- 7097128 TI - Specific, saturable binding and uptake of rat chylomicron remnants by rat skin fibroblasts. AB - To investigate the possible contribution of chylomicron remnants to the accumulation of cholesterol in non-hepatic tissues, rat chylomicron remnants were incubated with rat skin fibroblasts. The binding of remnants was saturable and specific. Native, undegraded chylomicrons were almost as effective as unlabeled remnants in displacing the uptake of labeled remnants. Rat low density and high density lipoproteins were relatively ineffective in displacing the uptake of labeled remnants. Accumulation of radioactive unesterified fatty acids occurred in proportion to the uptake of labeled remnants, indicating probable internalization and degradation of the particles after binding. The incorporation of added [14C]acetate into cell non-saponifiable lipids was not significantly suppressed by added remnants, indicating an apparent lack of feedback regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis after remnant uptake. Our results show that the physiological mechanism underlying uptake of remnants by hepatic parenchymal cells might not be accounted for by tissue or cellular specificity, but may perhaps arise because of the lower capillary permeability of extra-hepatic sites compared with the hepatic sinusoid. PMID- 7097129 TI - Determination of the enantiomeric purity of mevalonolactone via NMR using a chiral lanthanide shift reagent. AB - Simple methods for determining the enantiomeric purity of mevalonolactone and linalool by NMR using the chiral shift reagent Eu(hfc)3 are reported. These methods are more reliable than polarimetry and require only a few milligrams of sample to detect as little as 2% of the minor enantiomer. The accuracy of these methods is limited primarily by spectral resolution for samples of high enantiomeric excess and by errors inherent in measuring peak intensities for samples of low enantiomeric excess. The Cornforth synthesis (Cornforth, R. M., J. W. Cornforth, and G. Popjak. 1962. Tetrahedron. 18: 1351-1354) of (S) mevalonolactone from (R)-linalool has been improved and shown to proceed with negligible racemization. PMID- 7097127 TI - Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: reduced serum 26-hydroxycholesterol. AB - Serum 26-hydroxycholesterol was quantitated by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry in normal individuals and in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. In the normal individuals, the concentration of 26-hydroxycholesterol in serum ranged from 4.3 to 13.0 microgram/100 ml. In five patients with CTX, 26 hydroxycholesterol in serum ranged from 0 to 0.6 microgram/100 ml. The findings can be explained by reduced or absent mitochondrial C27 steroid 26-hydroxylase activity. The method is useful for detection of CTX and perhaps other disturbances of sterol and bite acid metabolism. PMID- 7097130 TI - Human plasma lipid exchange protein(s): a method for separation of donor and acceptor lipoproteins by heparin-Sepharose chromatography. AB - The transfer or exchange of cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids between plasma very low (VLDL), low (LDL), and high (HDL) density lipoproteins is facilitated by specific lipid transfer proteins. The present report describes a method to separate donor and acceptor lipoprotein pools used in assays for lipid exchange activities. The method is based on the differential binding of lipoproteins to immobilized heparin. At 50 mM NaCl concentration, VLDL and LDL bind to heparin-Sepharose whereas greater than 85% of HDL is unretained; VLDL and LDL are than eluted with 300 mM NaCl, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate with a recovery greater than 85%. The procedure is rapid and quantitative, as judged by a comparison to ultracentrifugation. PMID- 7097132 TI - Aplastic anemia with pregnancy. PMID- 7097131 TI - Unidimensional thin-layer chromatography of phospholipids on boric acid impregnated plates. AB - A unidimensional thin-layer chromatography system for the separation of phospholipids has been developed. The method employs precoated plates impregnated with boric acid and is capable of resolving eight phospholipid standards, including phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Liver, kidney, and platelet phospholipids of the rat were resolved into six major classes using this method. Each was judged to be pure by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The use of boric acid thin-layer chromatography for the separation of phospholipids should find wide application. PMID- 7097134 TI - An analysis of surgical thyroid diseases in Southern Thailand: a study of one year period. PMID- 7097133 TI - Plasma as a better source for dengue virus recovery from dengue hemorrhagic fever patients. PMID- 7097135 TI - Needle aspiration of solitary cystic thyroid nodule: a practical method of treatment. PMID- 7097138 TI - Usefulness of standard deviation score (SDS) for height as a screening test of growth hormone deficiency. PMID- 7097136 TI - Myoglobinuria in myocardial infarction detected by a new indirect hemagglutination inhibition technique. PMID- 7097137 TI - Rice consumption of Hilltribe people of Northern Thailand. PMID- 7097139 TI - Diffuse eosinophilic gastritis. PMID- 7097140 TI - Trichopoliodystrophy: report of a case with ultrastructural study. PMID- 7097141 TI - Relationships among release of prolactin, synthesis of DNA and growth of the anterior pituitary gland of the rat: effects of oestrogen and sulpiride. PMID- 7097144 TI - Molecular composition of human luteinizing hormone: biological and immunological profiles of highly purified preparations after electrofocusing. PMID- 7097142 TI - Adrenocortical responses of ducks to treadmill exercise. AB - The influence of treadmill exercise on corticosterone secretion has been determined in domestic ducks. In birds unused to such exercise the concentrations of plasma corticosterone were markedly increased (greater than fourfold) after 15 or 30 min of treadmill exercise (1.1 km/h at 3 degrees grade) and the level remained high (between 30 and 40 ng/ml) throughout 90 min of exercise. This increase in corticosterone secretion accompanied a similar increase in colon temperature and was independent of the plasma glucose level. After exercise the corticosterone concentration declined to the pretreatment level within 60 min of recovery. In birds used to the exercise the corticosterone response to a standard (30 min) period of exercise was diminished (by 77.6%) in comparison with untrained birds and was no greater than the response (1.7-fold) in stationary control birds after handling and bleeding. The diminution of the corticosterone response to exercise may be due to the trained birds becoming fitter and better able to perform the work involved. PMID- 7097143 TI - Serum concentrations of testosterone throughout pregnancy in rats. PMID- 7097146 TI - Plasma concentrations of prolactin during incubation and parental feeding throughout repeated breeding cycles in canaries (Serinus canarius). AB - Concentrations of prolactin were measured in the plasma of male and female canaries serially sampled during repeated breeding cycles. Concentrations in female canaries were low during nest building and increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first few days of incubation. Levels increased further (P less than 0.01) in the middle of the incubation period to reach concentrations which were ten times higher than before breeding. Levels remained high for several days after the eggs hatched, as the young were fed in the nest. Prolactin concentrations declined gradually as the young were reared, reaching basal levels by the time the young were fledged, but always increased again in the females as they began incubating eggs in subsequent breeding cycles. Male canaries, which do not incubate but do assist in feeding the young, showed only slight increases in prolactin during the parental period. Male and female canaries which did not breed had low levels of prolactin throughout the experiment. The results show that prolactin secretion is high not only during incubation but also during the parental feeding phase in an altricial passerine bird. These findings are discussed in relation to the different patterns of prolactin secretion which occur during breeding in other birds. PMID- 7097145 TI - Local action of parathyroid hormone (1-34) and (1-84) at the parotid gland of sheep. AB - Administration of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) preparations increased the phosphate concentration in the parotid saliva of sheep. Data on the site of action of PTH (1-84) were obtained by (a) equimolar infusions of PTH (1-84) and (1-34) directly into the arterial blood supply of the vascularly isolated parotid gland in anaesthetized sheep, (b) intravenous infusion of PTH (1-84) at a similar rate and (c) intra-arterial infusion of PTH (1-84) with complete drainage of the venous effluent from the gland during the infusion. Results showed substantial time- and dose-response identity of the two peptides, at 10(-9) to 4 X 10(-9) mol/l in arterial blood, in raising salivary phosphate concentration. The effect of PTH (1-84) was not due to recirculated fragments because the response was obtained when recirculation was prevented by complete venous drainage and little or no response occurred when the same infusion was given i.v. PMID- 7097147 TI - Independence of ovarian progesterone secretion rate from arterial progesterone concentrations in the pregnant rat. AB - We have sought to determine whether the rate of ovarian progesterone secretion in pregnant rats is inversely related to the arterial plasma progesterone concentrations. For this purpose, rates of ovarian progesterone secretion were measured on day 16 of pregnancy in seven progesterone-treated and eight untreated rats. Treated rats received once-daily s.c. injections of 63.6 mumol progesterone in peanut oil on days 13 to 16. In a separate experiment, this treatment was found to produce a relatively stable fivefold increase in plasma progesterone concentrations. The rate of ovarian blood flow was increased in treated animals (mean +/- S.E.M.; treated, 0.63 +/- 0.08 ml/min; untreated, 0.43 +/- 0.08 ml/min) but the progesterone secretion rate was unchanged (treated, 1.13 +/- 0.20 mumol/day per ovary; untreated, 1.05 +/- 0.15 mumol/day per ovary). The stability of the progesterone secretion rate in the face of a fivefold increase in plasma progesterone concentration implies a lack of negative feedback from progesterone in plasma in the regulation of ovarian progesterone secretion. PMID- 7097149 TI - Lack of episodic growth hormone secretion in rats with anterolateral deafferentation of the medial-basal hypothalamus. AB - Growth hormone secretory dynamics were studied in rats sampled through chronic indwelling right atrial cannulae at time-intervals ranging from 2 days to 2 months after placing an anterolateral cut (ALC) around the medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH). The episodic secretion normally occurring in the control animals could not be seen in the rats with an ALC. Instead of the usual high bursts and low trough levels occurring between 09.00 and 13.00 h in the controls, the operated animals had fairly constant plasma GH levels with only minor fluctuations at all postoperative time-points studied. These results suggest that (1) the isolated MBH is incapable of maintaining the episodic secretion of GH and (2) the pulsatile hormone release is dependent on neural pathways entering the MBH from an anterolateral direction. PMID- 7097150 TI - VIIIth Dutch-British Endocrine Meeting. 25th to 27th August 1982. Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Abstracts of papers. PMID- 7097148 TI - A progesterone binding component in porcine ovarian follicular fluid. AB - Steroid hormone concentrations (progesterone, oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta) in porcine follicular fluids were measured by radioimmunoassay. In confirmation of several previous studies, as follicular maturation proceeded, the concentrations of all three steroids increased, although the relative amounts of the oestrogens decreased compared to progesterone. Analysis of fluids for steroid-binding components was undertaken using ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and steroid-binding assays. Evidence is presented in support of a labile binding component which exhibits high affinity and low capacity for progesterone and little or no affinity for oestadiol. Our findings are discussed in relationship to the known retention of progesterone within preovulatory follicles and to previous reports of steroid-binding components in follicular fluids. PMID- 7097151 TI - Independence of stimulus discriminability from absolute rate of reinforcement in a signal-detection procedure. AB - Three experiments are reported in which two pigeons were trained to detect differences in stimulus duration under varying levels of absolute rate of reinforcement. Two red stimuli, differing in duration, were arranged probabilistically on the center key of a three-key chamber. On completion of the center-key duration, the center keylight was extinguished and the two side keys were illuminated white. Correct responses were left-key pecks following the shorter duration and right-key pecks following the longer duration. In Experiment 1, relative rate of reinforcement for correct responses was held constant and absolute rate of reinforcement was varied in seven conditions from continuous reinforcement to a variable-interval 90-second schedule. In Experiment 2, relative rate of reinforcement was manipulated across three different absolute rates of reinforcement (continuous reinforcement, variable-interval 15-second, and variable-interval 45-second). Stimulus discriminability was unaffected by changes in absolute or relative rates of reinforcement. Experiment 3 showed that discriminability was also unaffected by arranging the same consequences (three second blackout) for unreinforced correct responses and errors. PMID- 7097152 TI - Choice as a dependent measure in autoshaping: sensitivity to frequency and duration of food presentation. AB - Previous investigations have shown that rate, latency, and percentage of trials with at least one response are somewhat insensitive measures of the strength of autoshaped responding. In the present studies, these measures were contrasted with the allocation of responding during simultaneous choice tests, a measure of response strength frequently used in operant paradigms. In two experiments, nine pigeons were exposed to a forward pairing autoshaping procedure. Training sessions consisted of the successive presentation of three stimuli, each followed by food on either 100%, 50%, or 0% of the trials. Choice testing involved the simultaneous presentation of the three stimuli. In Experiment I, all pigeons consistently directed their initial choice responses and the majority of subsequent responses to the stimulus always followed by food, despite the fact that during training sessions the response rates of most birds were highest in the presence of the stimulus followed by food on 50% of the trials. In Experiment II, rate, latency, and percentage of trials with at least one response did not change appreciably as a function of duration of feeder presentations. However, choice responding was lawfully affected by duration of feeder presentations. These data suggest that choice is perhaps a more sensitive measure of the strength of autoshaped responding than other, more commonly employed, indices. PMID- 7097154 TI - The development of spatial understanding in infancy. PMID- 7097155 TI - Ambiguous-cue learning in preschool children: a test of the dimensional characteristics of task stimuli. PMID- 7097156 TI - Teaching autistic children to use extra-stimulus prompts. PMID- 7097153 TI - The "where is it?" reflex: autoshaping the orienting response. AB - The goal of this review is to compare two divergent lines of research on signal centered behavior: the orienting reflex (OR) and autoshaping. A review of conditioning experiments in animals and humans suggests that the novelty hypothesis of the OR is no longer tenable. Only stimuli that represent biological "relevance" elicit ORs. A stimulus may be relevant a priori (i.e., unconditioned) or as a result of conditioning. Exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicts a positive reinforcer causes the animal to orient to it throughout conditioning. Within the CS-US interval, the initial CS-directed orienting response is followed by US-directed tendencies. Experimental evidence is shown that the development and maintenance of the conditioned OR occur in a similar fashion both in response-independent (classical) and response-dependent (instrumental) paradigms. It is proposed that the conditioned OR and the signal directed autoshaped response are identical. Signals predicting aversive events repel the subject from the source of the CS. It is suggested that the function of the CS is not only to signal the probability of US occurrence, but also to serve as a spatial cue to guide the animal in the environment. PMID- 7097157 TI - Intermodal perception of expressive behaviors by human infants. PMID- 7097158 TI - Erythroleukemia induction by Friend leukemia virus. A host gene locus controlling early anemia or polycythemia and the rate of proliferation of late erythroid cells. AB - This report confirms that the Fv-5 locus controls the types of erythropoiesis induced by Friend erythroleukemia virus (FLV) (21) and extends the study to investigate the mode of action of this locus. With the use of FLV obtained by a variety of procedures, we showed that the polycythemia spleen focus-forming component (SFFVp) was responsible for the contrasting changes of hematocrits observed in FV-Pp (polycythemia strain)-infected DBA/2 (Fv-5pp) or CBA (Fv-5aa) mice. These changes in hematocrits were found to be a direct result of the rise in circulating reticulocytes and erythrocytes in DBA/2 mice and a corresponding drop of these erythroid cells in CBA mice 2 wk after infection. Examination of the FV-P-induced cellular changes indicated that dramatic increase in erythropoietin (epo)-independent erythroid precursor (CFU-E*) cells was detected in the spleens and marrow of both strains of mice. The epo responsiveness of the CFU-E in the uninfected and FV-P-infected CBA and DBA/2 mice was also very similar. Similar to FLV-infected DBA/2 mice, the FV-P-infected CBA mice also developed tumorogenic cells (CFU-FV) relatively early after infection (4-6 wk). Study of the physiological and pathological changes in the marrows and spleens of these infected mice indicated that significant differences were found in the spleens of the two strains of mice. The percent of reticulocytes in the spleen cells of CBA mice remained between 10 and 20%, and level of the DBA/2 mice increased to approximately 50%. This higher rate of erythropoiesis was also reflected in the significantly higher rate of uptake of 59Fe in the spleens of the DBA/2 mice. These results suggest that the Fv-5 locus might control the hematocrit levels of these mice by regulating the rates of erythropoiesis in the spleen levels of these mice, probably by affecting the rate of proliferation of an erythroid cell or cells. The erythroid cell(s) affected is likely to be more mature than the erythroid progenitor, CFU-E, as the levels of CFU-E in these two strains of mice were similar. The hypothesis that Fv-5 may control the rates of proliferation of a late erythroid (cell(s) is also supported by the significantly higher spleen weights found in the infected DBA/2 (approximately 2.5 g/spleen) mice than in the CBA (approximately 1 g/spleen) strain. PMID- 7097161 TI - Public perceptions of psychosocial problems and roles of the family physician. PMID- 7097159 TI - Phagocytosis of senescent neutrophils by human monocyte-derived macrophages and rabbit inflammatory macrophages. AB - An in vitro system to investigate the ability of macrophages to recognize and ingest senescent polymorphonuclear neutrophils has been used that uses chromium labeled neutrophils and staining for myeloperoxidase (MPO). Human monocyte derived macrophages obtained from in vitro cultures were able to recognize "aged" but not freshly isolated 51Cr-labeled human neutrophils and ingest them. Freshly isolated monocytes did not exhibit this property. Because the aged neutrophils were greater than 95% viable, death did not appear to be a prerequisite for recognition and ingestion. Serum was not required for the aging of the neutrophils, and when serum was used, different concentrations did not appear to effect the aging process; that is, neutrophils aged in different concentrations of serum were ingested equally. Phagocytosis of senescent neutrophils by macrophages occurred in a time-dependent manner and was also dependent on the number of neutrophils added. Monocyte-derived macrophages first exhibited the ability to phagocytose senescent neutrophils on the 3rd d of culture, with the percentage of active macrophages increasing through day 7. In experiments with rabbit mononuclear phagocytes, immune complex-induced inflammatory macrophages from the lung but not resident bronchoalveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes were found to be capable of recognition and ingestion of senescent rabbit neutrophils. These data suggest that the monocyte maturation process, akin to that seen during inflammation, is necessary in vitro before macrophages recognize and remove senescent neutrophils. PMID- 7097160 TI - Elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity to phosphorylcholine by monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies in an allogeneic environment. AB - Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to phosphorylcholine (PC) could be elicited by mixtures of monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Using this system in DTH transfers, the question was asked of whether anti-idiotypic antibodies could elicit antigen induced DTH in H-2-incompatible mice. Transfer of PC-activated BALB/c lymph node cells into BALB.K mice and subsequent elicitation with anti idiotypic antibodies resulted in a positive DTH response. In contrast, elicitation with the antigen PC showed the expected H-2 restriction. PMID- 7097162 TI - Practice patterns of minority physicians. PMID- 7097163 TI - The decision to see the physician: differential diagnosis of the 1 AM dilemma. PMID- 7097164 TI - Tricyclic antidepressant overdose. AB - Overdose from tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) is increasing. TCAs are well absorbed orally, highly protein bound, and highly lipid soluble. Clinical features of poisoning with TCAs occur within 12 hours of ingestion, usually after a dose of 20 mg/kg or more. Clinical symptomatology involves various anticholinergic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular effects. Cardiovascular toxicity accounts for the majority of the fatalities and may include a hyperdynamic response, various arrhythmias and heart blocks, or severe hypotension. Prolongation of the QRS interval of 10 msec or more implies severe toxicity. Many factors limit the usefulness of drug levels in the overdosed patient. Treatment revolves around good supportive care and general poisoning management. The physician should no longer use physostigmine precipitously. Sodium bicarbonate is effective in treating many of the cardiovascular complications. Other cardiac drugs are used but with varying efficacy. Patients with significant signs or symptoms of toxicity require monitored hospitalization until clinically free of manifestations for 24 to 48 hours. PMID- 7097165 TI - Unplanned pregnancies in a midwestern community. AB - Despite widespread birth control availability and increasing emphasis on sex education, a large proportion of childbearing continues to be unplanned. Using an anonymous questionnaire, unplanned pregnancies were studied in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Of 1,002 women who completed questionnaires, 56 percent had had one or more unplanned pregnancies, and 44 percent of all pregnancies were found to be unplanned. This study confirms the findings of other studies which have shown a similar proportion of unplanned pregnancies. More unplanned pregnancies occur in the younger, lower socioeconomic population. Women generally consider their lives unchanged or improved because of these unplanned births. However, unhealthy aspects of some unplanned pregnancies include self-blame and negative feelings toward both the father and baby. Furthermore, a considerable number of young women lack adequate birth control knowledge, and they desire more family planning information from their physicians. PMID- 7097166 TI - Nocturnal epilepsy masquerading as a behavioral problem in childhood. AB - Nocturnal epilepsy has been described as a clinical syndrome since the early 1950s. It has been reported most frequently in the European literature and receives scant attention in current American pediatric texts. Two cases are described that presented as behavioral problems in childhood but whose subsequent evaluation and response to therapy support the diagnosis of nocturnal epilepsy. Clues in the history and the failure of behavioral intervention are important in suspecting the syndrome. Physical examination and waking electroencephalographic findings are normal in most cases. Electroencephalography performed during sleep provides positive evidence of nocturnal epilepsy in the majority of cases. PMID- 7097167 TI - Perceptions and behaviors of patients with upper respiratory tract infection. AB - A questionnaire was administered to outpatients with uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infection in order to study the perceptions and behaviors of these individuals. Most patients sought advice or prescriptions to treat symptoms, felt that their symptoms had lasted longer than expected, or were worried that their symptoms could represent serious illness. There was considerable misunderstanding of the natural history of untreated upper respiratory tract infection and of the role of penicillin. The reasons for these findings and their implications for providers of primary care are discussed. PMID- 7097168 TI - Validity and reliability of the family APGAR as a test of family function. AB - This paper offers evidence to support the use of the Family APGAR as a reliable, validated, utilitarian instrument to measure a subject's satisfaction with five components of family function. Mean total Family APGAR scores for several population groups are reported along with associated validity and reliability studies. A study from Taiwan supports the use of the Family APGAR in student populations 10 years of age and older. Studies are now under way to examine the use of the Family APGAR to correlate family function satisfaction with utilization of medical facilities, somatization, compliance, and the outcome of health problems. PMID- 7097169 TI - How family practice patients view their utilization of mental health services. AB - This study examines to what extent family practice patients perceive themselves as being willing to seek help for personal problems. The study further explores whether this willingness is related to various demographic characteristics. Finally, it investigates family practice patients' preferences in their choice of a source of help for personal problems. Patients in the waiting room of a private family practice center were approached to participate in the study at random times during one month (n = 145). For each item of a list of common personal problems, patients were asked to judge how likely they would be to seek professional help, their preferred setting for this help, and their preference of a professional provider. Respondents' sex was found to be the only demographic characteristic that affected willingness to seek help. "The family physician's office" and "the family physician" were the preferred choices mainly for personal problems associated with physical manifestations. Other providers were chosen for predominantly social or emotional problems. Most respondents stated that they would be more likely to seek help from a mental health professional who worked along with the family physician than they would be to seek help from a professional housed elsewhere. PMID- 7097170 TI - Mental health training in family practice residency programs. AB - This paper presents a national survey of psychiatric and behavioral science training in approved family medicine residency programs. A 64 percent response rate resulted in data describing residency programs approved by the American Academy of Family Physicians: the residents, faculty, and curriculum content, and the teaching-learning format utilized in mental health training. Though improvement in the mental health services of primary care providers is a major health issue, training is typically provided by part-time or volunteer faculty; less than 5 percent of the total faculty are full-time psychiatrists. Critical elements of effective curriculum design and content that are inadequate or omitted are discussed. PMID- 7097171 TI - Defining a behavioral science curriculum for family physicians: What do patients think? AB - Patients have infrequently been assessed about their desire for their family physician to possess a certain level of expertise in managing a wide range of behavioral science problems. This has led to inconsistencies in the type of behavioral science training offered to family physicians and thence to a marked discrepancy between the amount of training offered (relatively large) and the amount of mental health care provided (relatively small). This study reports the result of a study of patient attitudes concerning the level of involvement by their family physician for each of 45 psychosocial problems. The levels offered were (1) no help, (2) referral, (3) compassion, concern, and minor advice, and (4) expert therapeutic help. The mean responses place a majority (25 of the 45) of the problems in level 3. Certain obvious problems appeared in level 1 (religious/church problems) and level 4 (pregnancy). Child behavioral problems dominated in level 2. Certain surprises were also found, such as the presence of problems of marital discord in level 1, and the problem of long-term pain in level 4. PMID- 7097173 TI - Atypical infectious mononucleosis in an elderly patient. PMID- 7097172 TI - Antishock trousers. AB - Antishock trousers have become increasingly accepted by the medical community, especially by emergency departments. As new and varied uses for this lifesaving tool are described, it becomes necessary for all physicians to be acquainted with the use of the device. A brief history, rationale, and indications are presented along with a suggested protocol. PMID- 7097174 TI - Accidental injuries to children and youths in rural Florida. PMID- 7097175 TI - Surgical training of family practice residents. PMID- 7097176 TI - The family physician and nuclear war. PMID- 7097177 TI - Isolation of an arbacia sperm fertilization antigen. AB - Antisperm antibody fragments (IFab) block sea urchin fertilization by inhibiting the acrosome reaction and consequently sperm-egg attachment. We describe here a 68,000 dalton MW glycoprotein which neutralizes the fertilization-inhibiting action of IFab. This glycoprotein is a minor component is SDS-polyacrylamide gels of sperm membranes, but is greatly enriched in lithium diiodosalicylate extracts of the membranes. Final purification of the antigen was accomplished by elution from preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This glycoprotein is evidently the sea urchin sperm receptor which interacts wih the egg jelly coat and acts as a "trigger" for the acrosome reaction. PMID- 7097178 TI - Effect of augmentation of nerve supply upon limb regeneration in the chick embryo. AB - Limb regeneration was induced in 4-day chick embryos by implanting stage 15 neural tube into the amputated stump of the limb. In control animals, amputation alone or amputation with implant of either notochord or somites resulted in development of proximal wing segments only. In experimental animals, more than one-fourth of the animals containing viable neural tube implants developed proximal, middle, and distal limb segments. These regenerated limb segments contained muscle groups, cartilage models, and nervous structures that approximated the normal situations. Since some new parts regenerated in more than one-fourth of the cases, it may be concluded that augmentation of nerve supply is an effective method of inducing regeneration in limbs of chick embryos. Volume measurements of the neural tube implant indicate that a "critical mass" of nerve tissue may be necessary for regeneration to occur. PMID- 7097179 TI - Twinning and conjoined placentation in mice. AB - Spontaneous and experimentally induced twinning and conjoined placentation were studied in Swiss-Webster (SW) mice. Conjoined placentation was noticed at a rate of 0.4% for twins and 0.06% for triplets. Placentally conjoined embryos were either symmetrical or asymmetrical. A single spontaneous monozygotic conjoined twin was observed among 2,000 blastocysts cultured in vitro. The yield of twins could not be increased by manipulating explanted embryos in vitro, or by treating in utero during the early postimplantation stage of development with vincristine. PMID- 7097180 TI - The photo-gonadal response of a migratory bunting: evidence of an external coincidence system. AB - Male redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps) were subjected to continuous darkness (DD) or short days (8L/16D) after photo-stimulation (15L/9D) for either 15 or 30 days. Two groups of birds (four each), after photo stimulation for 30 days, were continued on a regimen of 15L/9D. Another two groups (of four each) of photo-sensitive birds were also subjected to DD or 8L/16D; they served as controls. The effect of transfer to DD or 8L/16D on the size of testes was found not the be dependent upon the size attained at the time of transfer. The rate of testicular regression was nearly the same under both the treatments, i.e., in those birds transferred either to DD or to 8L/16D. The birds that were maintained on 15L/9D maintained enlarged testes; this excluded the possibility of the onset of photo-refractoriness during the treatment period. On the other hand, testes were not photo-stimulated in the photo-sensitive birds subjected to DD or 8L/16D. These results are consistent with the Bunning-Pittendrigh avian external coincidence model, but could be explained alternatively by a relatively simple internal coincidence model. Nevertheless, the application of the law of parsimony suggests the acceptance of the hypothesis of the external coincidence model. PMID- 7097182 TI - Bioelectric activity in the rabbit ear regeneration. AB - A 1-cm-diameter hole was punched through rabbits' ears. The surface potentials during wound healing of regenerating (normal) and partially and nonregenerating (decartilaged) ears were measured. The time sequence of these surface potentials were similar to those reported to occur in regenerating amphibians forelimbs. A small positive potential was observed for about 1 week, and this was followed by a larger negative potential of up to 20 mV, with different durations. The duration of the positive potential was about the same as which was observed in amphibians. The duration and the amplitude of the negative potential were greatest for completely regenerating ears with overgrowth, smaller for partially regenerating ears, and smallest for the nonregenerating ears. The surface potential was localized. If a nipple-shaped outgrowth developed after the hole was closed, the surface potential was observed only on this outgrowth; immediately outside it, the potential was normal. We concluded that the negative bioelectric activity accompanies growth, and while growth continues, negative bioelectric potential continues. PMID- 7097181 TI - Urea cycle enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase in Xenopus laevis and Bufo viridis adapted to high salinity. AB - Xenopus laevis was adapted stepwise to 600 m osmolar sodium chloride. After adaptation, the level of argininosuccinate lyase was raised 9-fold, carbamoylphosphate synthetase 6-fold, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase 3-fold. Liver glutamate dehydrogenase was also raised 5-fold; kidney glutamate dehydrogenase was unchanged. In Bufo viridis similarly adapted, there was a 5-fold increase in argininosuccinate lyase. When Xenopus laevis was adapted to 600 m osmolar sucrose, there was only an increase in argininosuccinate lyase, and that was only 2.4-fold. This indicates that the increases in urea cycle enzymes are at least in part responses to sodium chloride rather than just to osmotic stress. PMID- 7097183 TI - Differential proliferation in morphogenesis of lateral body folds. AB - Morphometric analysis and thymidine autoradiography were used to test the hypothesis that differential growth in the form of proliferative asymmetry is a major contributor to formation of lateral body folds in somatopleure. Chick embryos provided an opportunity to study both spatial and temporal differentials within an individual stage of development. Ectoderm and mesoderm were studied as separate tissues. Thymidine labeling index ranged from 34% to 49% in ectoderm and 43% to 66% in mesoderm and was assumed to reflect rate of proliferation in populations with a 100% proliferation index. Density of cells ranged from ten to 13 cells/1,000 micrometers2 in ectoderm and ten to 15 cells/1,000 micrometers2 in mesoderm, with a mean density of 12 cells/1,000 micrometers2. Cellular proliferation was important in folding, because ectoderm showed highest frequencies of labeling and highest cell density in folding levels. Correlation of proliferative differentials with morphogenesis suggests that proliferation is the form of growth contributing to formation of lateral body folds in 20-somite chick embryos. PMID- 7097184 TI - Detection of H-2 antigens on 8-cell mouse embryos. AB - H-2 antigens were detected on 80-cell mouse embryos of the b, k, and d haplotypes, but not on 8-cell embryos of the a haplotype. The technique used for detection of H-2 antigens on the embryos was a highly sensitive, automated, complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay, based on the principle that live embryos will incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA, but embryos killed with antiserum and complement will not. The amount of H-2 present on 8-cell embryos is apparently less than that present on blastocysts. A possible function of H-2 antigens in development is proposed. PMID- 7097185 TI - Forensic psychiatric examinations: competency. AB - The many definitions of competency in civil, criminal, and domestic relations law are discussed with emphasis on the various legal criteria for competency and the different classes of psychiatric information required to apply the criteria to a given case. Within the context of a general discussion of forensic examinations, techniques for gathering the right kind of information are systematically related to the exigencies of evaluating past, present, or future mental states by selectively altering the focus of mental status evaluations and history-taking. In addition, special investigative techniques such as hypnosis, Amytal sodium interview, stress interview, psychological testing, and others are discussed. PMID- 7097187 TI - Survey of North American air carriers regarding protocol for dental identification of in-flight personnel. AB - A survey of North American air carriers regarding the protocol for dental identification of their in-flight personnel in the event of a disaster was accomplished in July 1980. Initial evaluation of this survey indicates that few air carriers have such a protocol or forensic odontology consultants. Many of the air carriers indicated the need for the development and implementation of such a protocol individualized for their company. Statistical evaluation of the survey is presented with discussion centered on the role of the forensic odontologist consulting with respective air carriers in establishing such protocols. The survey documents areas of need in such protocols. PMID- 7097186 TI - Brain damage among mentally disordered sex offenders. AB - The incidence and nature of structural brain dysfunction was investigated in a pilot study sample of individuals currently assigned the Nebraska Penal Code designation of mentally disordered sexual offender. It was hypothesized that the sexual offenders would show a significantly higher incidence of dysfunction than a psychosocially normal group as evidenced by computed tomography scan measures, regional cerebral blood flow, and neuropsychological instruments. The hypothesis was tested by two different methods. One method used a 160 by 160 printout of density numbers generated by computer from computed tomography scans administered to the sexual offenders. The second method used mean blood flow data generated from a Harshaw TASC-5 Regional Cerebral Blood Flow analysis system. Additionally, the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery was administered as a measure of the behavioral correlates of brain dysfunction. Preliminary analyses indicate that 50% of the sexual offenders tested showed brain dysfunction as demonstrated by decreased density measures, decreased blood flow, and performance deficits on the Luria Battery. The implications of these findings, if confirmed, are substantial on issues of criminal responsibility, sentencing, treatment, and rehabilitation of the sex offender. Case reports of the patients studied are presented. PMID- 7097188 TI - Laser detection of latent fingerprints: ninhydrin. PMID- 7097189 TI - Tempered plate glass as an intermediate target and its effects on gunshot wound characteristics. PMID- 7097190 TI - Bullet ricochet in automobile ceilings. PMID- 7097191 TI - Suicide by ingestion of propranolol. PMID- 7097192 TI - A fatal methocarbamol intoxication. AB - A fatal methocarbamol intoxication is presented. Significant toxicologic findings were blood concentrations of 525 mg/L methocarbamol and 140 mg/dL ethanol. Analysis was by thin-layer, gas-liquid, and high pressure liquid chromatography. Toxicology data relevant to the interpretation of case findings are discussed. PMID- 7097193 TI - Fatal halothane poisoning during anesthesia with other agents. AB - A patient was inadvertently overdosed with halothane during the nitrous oxide phase of anesthesia induction. During the subsequent 2 1/2-h resuscitation attempt, the oxygen via the anesthesia machine continued to be contaminated with 5% halothane. Brain death was pronounced when the patient may have been only very deeply anesthetized. The vaporizer had accidentally been left on the full ON position prior to the procedure. Poor design of vaporizer controls and operator neglect combined to allow protracted patient exposure to the toxic concentration of halothane. The medical examiner has a critical role in the adequate management of anesthesia/surgery related deaths. PMID- 7097195 TI - Suicide with two guns fired simultaneously. PMID- 7097194 TI - A rapid isolation technique for drugs from tissues and fluids: use of the Du Pont Prep 1 system. AB - A microprocessor-controlled, automated extraction/concentration device, the Prep 1 (Du Pont Clinical Systems), was evaluated for application to the isolation of drug substances from postmortem fluids and tissue homogenates. Two classes of materials were investigated: barbiturates and the benzodiazepine, diazepam. With as little as 200 mg of tissue, barbiturate derivatives were successfully isolated and measured by gas chromatography using nitrogen-phosphorus detection with a coefficient of variation of 2 to 5%. Diazepam was measured in a similar fashion with a coefficient of variation of 4.4%. Preliminary investigation indicates that this system is applicable to a wide range of drug substances of toxicological interest. PMID- 7097196 TI - Evaluation of medicolegal investigators' suspicions and positive toxicology findings in 100 drug deaths. AB - The performance of trained medicolegal investigators was evaluated in 100 consecutive drug deaths, which occurred from January 1978 to May 1980 in St. Louis City and County. Carbon monoxide deaths were excluded from the study. The toxic agent responsible for death, as indicated by scene investigators and the decedent's drug history, was compared to the actual toxicology laboratory findings. In 84 of the cases, the toxicant was correctly indicated by the investigators. In the remaining 16 cases, 12 were suspected to be drug deaths but the major toxicant was not indicated, and in 4 cases no drugs were suspected. The manner of death had no influence on the investigators' performance. This study demonstrates the value of trained medicolegal investigators in providing helpful information to the pathologist and toxicologist before autopsy and laboratory analyses in cases of drug deaths. PMID- 7097200 TI - Use of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 7097197 TI - Drug detection at autopsy: a prospective study of 247 cases. AB - Comprehensive toxicology analyses using gas chromatography of blood for alcohol and acidic, basic, and neutral drugs were performed on 247 randomly selected medical examiner cases. Drugs or alcohol or both were found in 54% of this group. When considered by manner of death (natural, accident, homicide, and suicide), each of the groups had incidences of positive findings of 46 to 63%. Selection of cases for toxicologic study on the basis of manner of death does not seem to be feasible. It is the authors' opinion that comprehensive toxicology evaluation for drugs should be done on virtually all medical examiner cases. This approach ensures a thorough and complete evaluation in all cases. In addition, a comprehensive toxicology study will provide information in the event that questions concerning the absence or presence of drugs arise at some later date. PMID- 7097199 TI - Analysis of long-range bullet entrance holes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. AB - Bullet residue and primer particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA) and by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The residue and particles were on cloth targets around entrance holes produced by bullets fired at distances of 10 to 200 m. Primer particles and their chemical constituents were almost always detected by SEM-EDA around the holes produced by rifles and pistols fired at long ranges, and in many cases the barium and antimony associated with primer particles were detected by flameless AAS. Particles were also detected by SEM-EDA on the rear of bullets fired into and recovered from wooden blocks. Usually a hole caused by a bullet jacketed with gilding metal could be distinguished from one caused by a bullet jacketed with yellow brass alloy. Paint from bullet tips of military tracers was also detected. Analysis of the various residues around entrance holes provides a means for identifying the type of ammunition used. PMID- 7097198 TI - Radiologic examination of anatomic parts and skeletonized remains. AB - During a 28-month interval, the radiographs of eight cases of skeletonized remains were evaluated by a radiologist. Radiologic evaluation of limited anatomic parts (four cases) was used to establish human or nonhuman origin and was helpful in the assessment of the relative social importance of the part. Radiologic evaluation of more complete skeletons (four cases) contributed data toward estimation of sex, age, stature, and past medical history. It confirmed the presumptive identity in two cases, excluded two possible identities in a third, and could still be useful if a presumptive identity is ever established for the fourth. Therefore, radiologic evaluation of skeletonized remains by a trained observer may be a useful adjunct to a forensic science investigation. PMID- 7097202 TI - Probabilities and human hair comparison. PMID- 7097203 TI - A supplementary discussion of probabilities and human hair comparisons. PMID- 7097204 TI - Application of proton-induced X-ray emission technique to gunshot residue analyses. AB - The proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was applied to the identification and analysis of gunshot residues. Studies were made of the type of bullet and bullet hole identification, firearm discharge element profiles, the effect of various target backings, and hand swabbings. The discussion of the results reviews the sensitivity of the PIXE technique, its nondestructive nature, and its role in determining the distance from the gun to the victim and identifying the type of bullet used and whether a wound was made by a bullet or not. The high sensitivity of the PIXE technique, which is able to analyze samples as small as 0.1 to 1 ng, and its usefulness for detecting a variety of elements should make it particularly useful in firearms residue investigations. PMID- 7097207 TI - Psychiatry and the prison system. PMID- 7097206 TI - Analysis of fatalities from acute narcotism in a major urban area. AB - The incidence of acute, fatal narcotism in San Francisco was determined to be 3.2% of all deaths (10 882) subject to medical examiner's inquiry in a five-year period. Heroin was responsible for the greatest number of these cases, usually accompanied by alcohol or other abused drugs. The median concentration of the heroin metabolite, morphine, in the blood in fatal cases was 20 microgram/dL. Death from propoxyphene, the second most frequently encountered narcotic, was generally determined to be suicidal, while death from heroin was judged to be accidental. The highest rate occurred in black males between the ages of 21 and 30 years. The three most consistent findings were positive identification of the drug in the body (100% of the cases), pulmonary edema (90.4% of the cases), and microscopic liver changes (71.1% of the cases). PMID- 7097205 TI - Studies on putrefactive ethanol production. I: Lack of spontaneous ethanol production in intact human bodies. AB - The possibility of the production of ethanol by bacterial metabolism of blood glucose was investigated by studying a series of 26 hospital autopsies. The patients died from a wide variety of nontraumatic causes and the bodies were transported within 4 h of death to the morgue, where they were refrigerated for 0 to 28 h before samples of vitreous humor were collected for ethanol analysis. In addition, right heart blood was obtained using sterile technique for cultures as well as ethanol and glucose determinations. Ethanol was measured using gas-liquid chromatography, and glucose values were determined with a glucose oxidase method. In 13 cases, one to three species of microorganisms were isolated, but in no case was a blood or vitreous ethanol value greater than 10 mg/dL recorded. Ethanol values were also less than 10 mg/dL in the 13 cases with negative culture results. These data strongly suggest that de-novo production of ethanol by microbial metabolism does not occur in intact bodies which are refrigerated within 4 h of death. The detection of ethanol under such conditions is therefore probably indicative of antemortem consumption. PMID- 7097201 TI - Increased urinary concentration of catecholamines in hypothermia deaths. AB - Observations are presented on 24 hypothermia deaths, either accidental or suicidal. Most cases occurred in dry, cold circumstances, the air temperature being below 0 degree C. More cases were seen in early winter, suggesting a lack of acclimatization to the cold. Purple skin and swelling of the ears and nose (mild frostbite) were the most frequent external signs of exposure. Frequent internal signs were stomach ulcerations or hemorrhagic gastritis and small degenerative foci in the myocardium. High blood alcohol (about 200 mg/dL) was the most common contributory factor, but psychotropic drugs were detected in a few cases. The total urinary catecholamine content was increased in the hypothermia deaths, with levels of 0.20 +/- 0.16 microgram/mL (mean +/- standard deviation) versus 0.07 +/- 0.07 microgram/mL in sudden natural deaths and 0.02 +/- 0.02 microgram/mL in rapid violent deaths. Adrenaline was more abundant than noradrenaline. It is suggested that urine catecholamine measurements can give useful information for the diagnosis of acute hypothermia. PMID- 7097208 TI - An investigation of the intellectual capabilities of juvenile offenders. AB - One hundred two cases were drawn randomly from the Bronx Family Court Mental Health Clinic's active files. Clients were given a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, Bender Gestalt, and Wide-Range Achievement Test Reading. Results indicated that approximately one third were functioning the mentally defective range, one third in the borderline mentally retarded range, and one third in the low average to average range. Almost half showed perceptual deficits correlated with minimal brain dysfunction. Results were highly significant, suggesting that delinquents apprehended and seen in our clinic are likely to be of borderline intelligence or below, showing evidence of minimal brain dysfunction. Hypotheses are discussed, as is the need for appropriate treatment facilities. PMID- 7097209 TI - Medical examiner/coroner jurisdiction in cases involving federal interests. AB - Under state laws, a medical examiner or coroner is charged with the investigation of sudden, unexpected, violent, and unexplained deaths. In several situations where there are federal interests, there may be conflict as to whether the jurisdiction belongs to state or federal authorities. Some situations of possible conflict--death on a military installation, military aircraft accidents, mass transportation disasters, and executive and congressional assassinations--are reviewed. PMID- 7097210 TI - Determination of sex of white femora by discriminant function analysis: forensic science applications. AB - Stepwise multiple discriminant function analysis is used to establish classification functions for sex assessment of North American white femora. The functions correctly assign sex for 82% of a sample consisting of 85 femora of verified age, sex, and race, and for a similarly verified test sample of 30. The objectives are to provide criteria for sexing poorly preserved and fragmentary unknown specimens and a statement of the probable accuracy of such assessments in individual cases. The application of the method to forensic casework is illustrated by a sample case. PMID- 7097211 TI - Shotgun diagnosis: "it ought to be something else". AB - The problems encountered by the surgeon, the radiologist, and the pathologist in the interpretation of radiopaque fragments within tissue are illustrated by a case report. Deformation, particularly flattening, of round pellets should be recognized as a gross radiographic pitfall. The potential and actual external and internal tissue damage resulting from a close-range shotgun blast are also discussed. Careful study of the radiographs, examination of the weapon and ammunition, and the information obtained from good investigation by trained law enforcement officers should prevent possible misinterpretation. PMID- 7097212 TI - Handgun pellet ammunition ("snake shot") wounds: report of three cases. PMID- 7097213 TI - Fatal .45-70 rifle wounding of a policeman wearing a bulletproof vest. PMID- 7097214 TI - Manifestation of grief: effects on parents of child's acute illness. PMID- 7097216 TI - Giant hyperplastic polyps associated with vasculitis of colon. PMID- 7097218 TI - Giant epidermoid cyst of spleen: case report with nuclear medicine, sonographic and pathologic studies. PMID- 7097215 TI - Should prophylactic lidocaine be routinely used in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction? PMID- 7097217 TI - Acute phase serologic diagnosis: rapid diagnosis of infection by detection of IgM antibodies. PMID- 7097220 TI - Effect of propranolol on mortality and morbidity after acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 7097219 TI - Invasive carcinoma of the vulva: some changing trends in surgical management. PMID- 7097221 TI - Sunburn and sunscreens: an update. PMID- 7097223 TI - Hope for Haiti. PMID- 7097224 TI - Identification of drugs using capillary gas liquid chromatography. PMID- 7097222 TI - Sorbitol accumulation in human normal and diabetic platelets. PMID- 7097225 TI - Recall of witnesses under hypnosis. PMID- 7097227 TI - Lycode powders in a case of erasure. PMID- 7097228 TI - Interpretation of therapeutic, toxic and fatal phenobarbitone blood concentrations by the use of concentration-response and toxicity probability curves. PMID- 7097229 TI - An evaluation of mounting media for use in forensic textile fibre examination. PMID- 7097230 TI - Computer based system for the identification of unknown typestyles. PMID- 7097226 TI - The determination of lithium in blood serum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PMID- 7097231 TI - Non-destructive identification of textile fibres by interference microscopy. PMID- 7097232 TI - An unusual carbon monoxide poisoning involving a caravan. PMID- 7097233 TI - Sub-pleural petechiae and pseudo petechiae. PMID- 7097234 TI - The discrimination of modern household paints using thin layer chromatography. PMID- 7097235 TI - A comparison of the relative sensitivities of the adsorption wire and other methods for the detection of accelerant residues in fire debris. PMID- 7097237 TI - The application of derivative UV-visible spectroscopy in forensic toxicology. PMID- 7097236 TI - Room temperature phosphorescence marking of fluorescent cellulose surfaces with adsorbed organic phosphors. PMID- 7097238 TI - Pigment analysis in the forensic examination of paints. I. Pigment analysis by X ray powder diffraction. PMID- 7097239 TI - Pigment analysis in the forensic examination of paints. II. Analysis of motor vehicle paint pigments by chemical tests. PMID- 7097240 TI - Pigment analysis in the forensic examination of paints. III. A guide to motor vehicle paint examination by transmitted light microscopy. PMID- 7097241 TI - A study of leucine aminopeptidase as a possible means of identifying semen. PMID- 7097242 TI - Polymorphic enzyme systems in human hair sheath cells. PMID- 7097243 TI - The future of the forensic sciences. PMID- 7097245 TI - Avoidance and rheotropic responses in phycomyces. Evidence for an 'avoidance gas" mechanism. AB - If a mature sporangiophore is placed next to a barrier that is moving in a clockwise direction, it grows both away from the barrier and into the wind; the wind is generated by the moving barrier itself. When the barrier is moving in a counterclockwise direction, the sporangiophore grows towards both the barrier and the wind. The net direction of growth appears to be the vector sum of the rheotropic response and the avoidance aiming error and does not involve the classic stationary-barrier avoidance response. Our experiments all support the suggestion that the avoidance response, the rheotropic response and the variety of reported wind responses can be explained by the presence of a self-emitted, growth-simulating avoidance gas. We present data that suggest that it is the direction of the net flux (mass transfer) of this gas that determines both the direction and the magnitude of the sporangiophore growth. We further suggest that the region of the cell wall showing maximum mass transfer will show a minimum growth rate, i.e., the direction of growth will always be in the direction of maximum transfer. If water is the avoidance gas, then it would follow that the total hydration of the cell wall in an aqueous salt solution should result in cell wall softening; cell wall softening has been correlated directly to cell wall growth. Using the Instron technique, we now show that submerging the entire sporangiophore in an aqueous salt solution for 4 min causes an increase in cell wall extensibility. PMID- 7097244 TI - Diffusional water permeability of human erythrocytes and their ghosts. AB - The diffusional water permeability of human red cells and ghosts was determined by measuring the rate of tracer efflux by means of an improved version of the continuous flow tube method, having a time resolution of 2-3 ms. At 25 degrees C, the permeability was 2.4 x 10(3) and 2.9 x 10(3) cm s-1 for red cells and ghosts, respectively. Permeability was affected by neither a change in pH from 5.5 to 9.5, nor by osmolality up to 3.3 osmol. Manganous ions at an extracellular concentration of 19 mM did not change diffusional water permeability, as recently suggested by NMR measurements. A "ground" permeability of 1 x 10(3) cm s-1 was obtained by inhibition with 1 mM of either p- chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) or p chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS). Inhibition increased temperature dependence of water permeability for red cells and ghosts from 21 to 30 kJ mol-1 to 60 kJ mol-1. Although diffusional water permeability is about one order of magnitude lower than osmotic permeability, inhibition with PCMB and PCMBS, temperature dependence both before and after inhibition, and independence of osmolality showed that diffusional water permeability has qualitative features similar to those reported for osmotic permeability, which indicates that the same properties of the membrane determine both types of transport. It is suggested that the PCMB(S)-sensitive permeability above the ground permeability takes place through the intermediate phase between integral membrane proteins and their surrounding lipids. PMID- 7097246 TI - Weak acid permeability through lipid bilayer membranes. Role of chemical reactions in the unstirred layer. AB - The premeabilities of planar lipid bilayer (egg phosphatidylcholine-decane) membranes to butyric and formic acids were measured by tracer and pH electrode techniques. The purposes of the study were (a) to establish criteria for the applicability of each method and (b) to resolve a discrepancy between previously published permeabilities determined using the different techniques. Tracer fluxes of butyric acid were measured at several concentrations and pH's. Under symmetrical conditions the one-way flux of butyric acid(J) is described by 1/J = 1/Pul ([HA] + [A-]) + 1/Pm([HA]), where Pul and Pm are the unstirred layer and membrane permeability coefficients. Pm determined in this manner is 950 x 10(4) cm s-1. Published values for the butyric acid permeability for egg phosphatidylcholine-decane bilayers are 11.5 x 10(-4) (Wolosin and Ginsburg, 1975) and 640 x 10(-4) cm s-1 (Orbach and Finkelstein, 1980). Wolosin and Ginsburg measured net fluxes from a solution of pH = Pka into an unbuffered solution containing a pH electrode. Orbach and Finkelstein measured tracers fluxes under symmetrical conditions at pH 7.4. We reproduced the results of Wolosin and Ginsburg and showed that their apparently low Pm was caused by unstirred layer effects in their poorly buffered solutions. The permeability to formic acid (pKa = 3.75) measured by both tracer and pH electrode techniques was approximately 10(-2) cm s-1. However, if pm greater than Pul, the pH electrode technique cannot be used for measuring the permeabilities of weak acids with pKa's greater than approximately 4. PMID- 7097248 TI - Isolation and study of temperature-sensitive mutants of rabies virus. AB - One-hundred and seventeen temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have been isolated from the challenge virus strain (CVS) of rabies virus (RV). The criterion used for this selection was the absence of plaque-forming units on CER cells under agarose medium at the non-permissive temperature (NPT) of 38.5 degrees C. Of these mutants, 102 were induced by 5-fluorouracil. This compound was much more effective as a mutagen than either nitrous acid or the alkylating agents ethyl methanesulphonate and methyl methanesulphonate. Seventy-six of the ts mutants exhibited residual multiplication at NPT which was less than 2% of that of the wild-type virus. Attempts to demonstrate complementation were unsuccessful, although three phenotypic groups have been established by biochemical and immunological tests. Possible reasons for the failure to obtain complementation are discussed. PMID- 7097247 TI - Kinetics and characterization of the proteins synthesized during infection by bacteriophage PM2. AB - Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have examined the proteins whose synthesis is stimulated in Alteromonas espejiana by infection with the membrane containing bacteriophage PM2. In addition to four virus structural proteins, 11 non-structural proteins have been resolved and identified by their apparent isoelectric points and molecular weights. The relative rate of synthesis of each of the proteins was determined during the course of infection. Synthesis of the earliest proteins began around 10 min after infection. Synthesis of the virus structural proteins as a group did not begin until about 25 min after infection. In contrast to these structural proteins, the rate of synthesis of most of the non-structural virus proteins began to decline between 30 and 35 min after infection. This time preceded the onset of cell lysis marked by ion leakage (47 min); it corresponded to the beginning of packaging of virus DNA, removing that DNA from replication and transcription. Protein processing could not be demonstrated by pulse-chase labelling. These 15 proteins account for all of the coding capacity of the virus DNA. The virus origin of 14 of these proteins was established in an in vitro transcription-translation system programmed by PM2 DNA. PMID- 7097249 TI - Echovirus 11 dense particles: isolation and preliminary characterization. AB - Dense particles (density 1.44 g/ml) were isolated during purification in CsCl of echovirus 11 produced in HeLa cells. The dense particles had similar antigenic properties and similar RNA and protein composition to standard (density 1.33 g/ml) echovirus 11 particles. They differed from standard particles in their higher buoyant density, lower infectivity and slightly smaller diameter. In contrast to other picornavirus dense particles, echovirus 11 dense particles were present as a major component of virus population. This high ratio of dense particles was found only in virus from HeLa cells which produced non haemagglutinating echovirus 11. Haemagglutinating echovirus 11 from primary monkey kidney (MK) cells did not contain any detectable levels of dense particles. PMID- 7097250 TI - Influenza virus uncoating in infected cells and effect of rimantadine. AB - Uncoating of influenza virus (strain WSN) in MDCK cells was studied by following the fate of the virus labelled with radioactive precursors. The accumulation of subviral components of input virus was observed in nuclear-associated cytoplasm (NAC) obtained by treatment of the nuclei with citric acid. Two types of subviral components were found there, ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and larger subviral particles (SVP) containing RNPs in association with M protein. SVP, with different relative amounts of M protein, were revealed in NAC, suggesting that M protein was gradually released from RNPs. The released RNPs entered the nuclei while M protein accumulated within perinuclear membranes. Thus, SVP could be regarded as probable intermediates in virus uncoating. Rimantadine prevented the release of M protein from RNPs and their penetration into the nuclei provoking the accumulation of subviral components in NAC. PMID- 7097253 TI - Expression of early viral gene products in adenovirus type 12-infected and transformed cells. AB - We have analysed early viral gene products expressed in adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) infected cells as well as in two Ad12-transformed hamster cell lines, and Ad12 induced rat tumour cell lines by cell-free translation of virus-specific RNA which was selected by hybridization to cloned restriction endonuclease fragments of virus DNA. Proteins synthesized in vitro were analysed by one- and two dimensional gel electrophoresis. It was found that RNA encoded by early region E1A directs the synthesis of at least eight polypeptides with apparent mol. wt. 38K, 36K, 30K, 28K, 26K, 25K, 24K and 22K. All these proteins are related to each other. E1B-specific RNA directs the synthesis of three proteins: 59K, 19K and 17K. Early region E2a codes for a 61K polypeptide which probably represents the single-strand DNA-binding protein of Ad12. RNA complementary to region E3 directs the synthesis of a 16K protein, and RNA transcribed from region E4 the synthesis of polypeptides with mol. wt. 20K, 18K and 11.5K. We have mapped a 67K polypeptide into the region within 11 to 28 map units (E2b). The analysis of proteins directed by virus-specific RNAs prepared from two Ad12-transformed hamster cell lines (T637, HA12/7) and one Ad12-induced rat tumour line (RBT12/3) showed that early regions E1 and E4 are expressed in all three Ad12-transformed cell lines. RNA transcribed from early regions E2 and E3 have been detected in lines T637 and RBT12/3. The virus RNA prepared from the Ad12-transformed cell lines directed synthesis of polypeptides with mol. wt. very similar to those of early virus proteins from infected cells. However, in all three Ad12-transformed cell lines mentioned above we have found RNAs which directed the synthesis of additional polypeptides of early regions E1 (34K) and E4 (25K, 24K) not detected in infected cells. The DNA sequence between 11 and 28 map units (coding for the 67K protein) is not expressed in the Ad12-transformed cells. PMID- 7097251 TI - Uncoating of a rimantadine-resistant variant of influenza virus in the presence of rimantadine. AB - A rimantadine-resistant variant of the Texas strain of influenza virus (Tr) was obtained by serial passages in eggs in MDCK cells in the presence of the drug, and its uncoating in MDCK cells was compared to that of the sensitive variant (Ts). First and second steps of uncoating were defined respectively by the appearance of subviral particles (SVP) in nuclear-associated cytoplasm (NAC) and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) in nucleoplasm. In cells infected with Ts, SVP and RNPs were revealed in NAC, while in the presence of rimantadine RNPs were neither found in NAC nor in the nucleoplasm. In cells infected with Tr, SVP but not RNPs were observed in NAC. The amount of RNPs in the nucleoplasm was almost unchanged in rimantadine-treated cells, demonstrating that rimantadine did not interfere with uncoating of the resistant variant. These findings confirm the suggestion that rimantadine blocks the second step of uncoating of sensitive influenza viruses, and are consistent with the idea that this event does account for the prevention of influenza virus infection by the drug. PMID- 7097252 TI - Cell-free coupling of Newcastle disease virus RNA transcription, translation and Co-translational processing. AB - A cell-free coupled system for transcription, translation and glycoprotein processing of the Newcastle disease virus genome is described. The system consists of a rabbit reticulocyte lysate preincubated with micrococcal nuclease and of detergent-disrupted purified Newcastle disease virions. [35S]methionine incorporation was linear for 2 h. Polypeptides NP and M, the presumably unglycosylated analogues of glycoproteins HN and possibly F, were identified as translation products. When in vitro synthesis was carried out in the presence of dog pancreas microsomes the HN analogue (pre-HN) was converted to an 80K (approx.) protein which comigrated on polyacrylamide gels with HN synthesized in vivo and which, except for a small fragment, was protected from proteolytic degradation. In immunoprecipitation studies, antiserum against HN purified from virions reacted with both the processed and the unprocessed form of HN synthesized in vitro. PMID- 7097255 TI - Influenza virus replication in human alveolar macrophages. AB - Studies with animal models suggest that alveolar macrophages may be important cells in some respiratory virus infections, but little is known about the role of these cells in virus infections in man. In this study human alveolar macrophages were obtained by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and infected in vitro with a variety of influenza viruses. After infection with the NWS strain of influenza virus the haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein viral antigens were demonstrated in greater than 90% of cells at 24 h by immunofluorescence with specific antisera. There was no cytopathic effect at this time, and no virus release was detected by plaque assay of culture fluids on MDCK cells. Alveolar macrophages were also infected with a human vaccine strain (H1N1) of influenza virus and with two recent isolates (H1N1 and H3N2). In each case viral nucleoprotein antigen was produced in 10-20% of the cells by 24 h postincubation, but there was no release of infectious virus. There was no cytopathic effect and the phagocytosis of IgG-coated latex beads was unimpaired 24 h after in vitro infection. PMID- 7097254 TI - An electron microscopic demonstration of immune complexes of hepatitis B e antigen using colloid gold as a marker. AB - Immune complexes of the hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) could be labeled and thus visually identified in the electron microscope by using antibody to HBeAg (anti HBe) tagged with colloidal gold particles. Circulating immune complexes of HBeAg were detected in sera from patients with acute hepatitis B infections as well as from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg). Sera positive for rheumatoid factor frequently contained mixed aggregates in which immune complexes of HBsAg were closely bound to immune complexes of HBeAg. PMID- 7097257 TI - Prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern Iraq. AB - Sera from adults in Southern Iraq were collected during winter and screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to the two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses, the 229E and the OC43 groups: 91% of the sera had antibodies to at least one of the groups, whereas 4 and 5% of the sera had antibodies to only the 229E or OC43 groups, respectively. There was significant correlation between the levels of antibody to the 229E and OC43 group coronaviruses in these sera. PMID- 7097256 TI - Analysis of hepatitis virus DNA in the liver and serum of HBe antigen positive chimpanzee carriers. AB - Hepatitis B viral DNA present in the liver of HBe antigen positive chimpanzee carriers is in the form of viral molecules (3.2 Kb) and no integration into host DNA was observed. The 3.2 Kb form was not detected in the serum. Other discrete HBV DNA species with faster mobilities than the major 3.2 Kb were consistently detected both in the liver and in the serum and their possible significance is discussed. PMID- 7097258 TI - Exponent of the latency of brightness power functions in the fovea and periphery of the visual field. AB - RT and perceived brightness against log luminance, covering the range between 3.4 and - 1.6 log cd/m2 in steps of 1 log unit, were measured at the fovea, 20 degrees, and 40 degrees in the periphery. The RT and brightness data were fitted to the RT and brightness power function, respectively. It was found that (a) asymptotic RT increased as eccentricity increased and that (b) the RT exponent decreased as retinal eccentricity increased: Estimated mean RT exponent was found to be approximately - .31 in the fovea, but - .25 and - .17 in the 20 degrees, and 40 degrees periphery, respectively. Further, (c) the brightness exponent tended to increase as eccentricity increased. The RT exponent in the fovea was in agreement with the exponent for perceived brightness (.36); however, the RT exponent in the periphery was about 1/2 to 2/3 as small as that in the fovea. This implies that as luminance changes equal RT contour changes as a function of eccentricity. That is, RT in the periphery does not primarily depend on the target's brightness but its luminance. PMID- 7097259 TI - The effects of fatigue on the control of a coincident timing response. AB - The present study investigated the extent to which fatigue influenced the usage of feedback by Ss to make corrections during coincident timing responses. Sixteen college males watched a .01-sec timer and attempted to knock over a barrier at the moment that the sweep hand reached 500 msec. All Ss were given 50 trials of practice on each of four consecutive days. The fatigue group's performance was immediately preceded by a response-specific local fatigue (dynamic exercise). To insure the maintenance of a high level of fatigue throughout practice, the fatiguing exercise was interspersed with the coincident timing task. The control group performed the same exercise as the fatigue group but without any resistance. Schmidt's (1972) index of preprogramming (IP) was calculated for each day in order to determine the level of feedback involvement in controlling the movement. Fatigue did not influence the accuracy with which Ss responded or the rate that they learned. However, the results indicated a relatively high and stable IP throughout all trials with the IP for the fatigue group higher than that of the control, suggesting a preference by these Ss for a programming mode of control. PMID- 7097260 TI - Operational definitions of schizophrenia: what do they identify? AB - Several studies have shown that different systems for diagnosing schizophrenia produce diagnoses with relatively low agreement. This, however, does not necessarily imply that the different systems are identifying conceptually different diagnostic groups. They may, in fact, identify a single entity, but with different degrees of accuracy. One-hundred ninety-six inpatients were diagnosed by multiple diagnostic systems. The pattern of relationship among the diagnoses was studied with latent class analysis, a statistical methodology which has not previously been applied to this type of data. Results indicated that the diagnoses of the Research Diagnostic Criteria, Flexible 6, Schneider, and 1978 Taylor and Abrams diagnostic systems all estimated a single underlying diagnosis. The Taylor and Abrams system identified this core diagnosis with high accuracy. The results also suggest that blunted affect and the absence of an affective syndrome are related to latent class schizophrenia, while the presence of only nonspecific delusions and/or hallucinations is not related. The appropriateness of the latent class definition of schizophrenia for selecting patients for research is discussed. PMID- 7097261 TI - Imagery and hallucination in schizophrenic patients. AB - Volitional auditory imagery and spontaneous imagery/fantasy are examined in schizophrenic vs. nonschizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. Imaginal aspects of schizophrenia are also studied with regard to concurrent presence or absence of hallucination. Comparisons of imaginal function between diagnostic groups and among hallucinatory subgroups turned up few significant differences. Findings do not support the Mintz and Alpert (Mintz, S., and Alpert, M. Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 79: 310 316, 1972) enhanced vividness model of schizophrenic hallucination but do provide some support for an imagery deficit model. PMID- 7097262 TI - Re-searching the schizophrenogenic mother. AB - Numerous studies of schizophrenics have defined a dominant, overprotective but basically rejecting mother as the schizophrenogenic mother of the literature. While such a maternal style has been incriminated as a causal influence on the development of schizophrenia and/or a response to schizophrenia or prodromal schizophrenic disturbance in a child, case-control studies raise doubt as to whether such a maternal style is over-represented at all in the families of schizophrenics. The present paper reviews the evolution of the concept and its critical evaluation, principally by American workers, and then attempts to integrate that research with British studies of expressed emotion. The British studies have looked principally a the course, rather than at the onset, of schizophrenic disturbance and demonstrated that exposure to high levels of expressed emotion in a key relative is predictive of schizophrenic relapse. The review suggests that the key components of expressed emotion--critical comments and overinvolvement--parallel the rejecting and overprotective characteristics imputed to the schizophrenogenic mother of the literature. While expressed emotion has been shown to predict relapse, causality has not, as yet, been demonstrated and several noncausal links are explored. As such research has the potential to promote key advances in the clinical management of schizophrenic patients, the review attempts to draw attention to the way in which findings from the regions complement each other. PMID- 7097263 TI - Self-mutilation and the borderline personality. AB - As part of a larger study of pathological self-injury, 14 self-mutilators and 14 psychiatric controls matched for age, sex, and inpatient/outpatient status were administered the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. Consistent with Gunderson's theory of borderline personality disorder, the self-mutilators scored significantly higher on impulse-action patterns, affects, psychoticism, and interpersonal relations as well as on the total borderline index. A review of clinical records likewise revealed that self-mutilators were more likely than controls to have been diagnosed as borderline and to have received a greater number of different diagnoses during their treatment career. The results have implications for developmental theory, diagnosis, and treatment and provide support for the construct validity and clinical utility of the borderline syndrome and the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. PMID- 7097264 TI - Losses, Hostility, and depression. AB - Forty outpatients with a primary unipolar major depression of recent onset and a matched control group of employees were administered the hostility scale of the Kellner Symptom Questionnaire, depression was rated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and life events were recorded in a structured interview. In a subgroup of depressives who had not reported losses, there was an association of hostility and depression, whereas no such association was found in depressives who had reported losses. The findings are consistent with those of previous studies showing that hostility is largely limited to a subgroup of depressives. In a substantial proportion of the depressives, depression and hostility are independent affects. PMID- 7097265 TI - The significance of alcoholism in treated opiate addicts. AB - This paper presents an evaluation of clinical characteristics of opiate addicts who also have a current or past history of alcoholism diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Based on data derived from a survey of 533 treated opiate addicts, the following findings were obtained. First, alcoholism in treated opiate addicts was found to be a common problem occurring at rates far exceeding those in the surrounding community in all demographic groups. Second, regarding the sequence of alcoholism and opiate addiction, most alcoholic addicts in this sample had alcohol problems before developing a drug use disorder or seeking treatment for opiate addiction. Third, entrance into treatment did not appear to lead to either increased or decreased alcohol abuse, and alcohol abuse while in treatment usually took place in those who had a history of alcohol problems. Fourth, when compared with nonalcoholic addicts, alcoholic addicts had fewer assets and more liabilities including a more disruptive childhood history, heavier history of legal problems and polydrug abuse, more severe problems with social functioning, and higher rates of psychiatric disorders. Fifth, despite these liabilities follow-up findings 6 months after seeking treatment indicate that alcoholism was of little prognostic significance in relationship to treatment outcome. PMID- 7097266 TI - Adoption and adaptation. AB - A review of 5135 patients registered for their first psychiatric services at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute during the period 1969 to 1978 found 113 patients who had been adopted as children. While the representation of adoptees among Children's Service patients was somewhat higher than expected (5 per cent as against an expected 2.2 per cent), the representation of adoptees among adult patients (1.6 per cent) was actually below the expected rate (2.2 per cent in the population at large). Two thirds of the child adoptees were placed in their adoptive homes by the time they were 1 year old. There were no significant differences in psychiatric diagnoses assigned to adopted and nonadopted patients at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute. The authors conclude that adoptees are not generally overrepresented in psychiatric samples, though it is true that they may be seen somewhat more frequently in child psychiatry clinics. The authors also conclude that, while adoption may serve as a focus for psychopathology in individual cases, adoption itself cannot be seen as specifically pathogenic. PMID- 7097267 TI - Electroencephalographic sleep in unipolar depressive subtypes: support for a biological and familial classification. AB - A tripartite classification of unipolar disease based on family history has been proposed by Winokur. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the familial pure depressive disorder (FPDD) and the sporadic depressive disorder (SDD) populations could be differentiated on the basis of baseline EEG sleep as effected by a tricyclic pharmacological probe. A subject group consisting of 26 females and 10 males yielding 18 FPDD/SDD pairs matched for age was selected. Both groups of patients demonstrated a considerable amount of sleep continuity disturbance with an overall sleep efficiency of 80.5 per cent in the pure depressive (FPDD) group and 83 per cent in the sporadic (SDD) group. Examination of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep variables revealed the usual shortened REM latency as well as increased REM activity and REM density changes. However, the only significant difference between the two groups on baseline was the presence of more stage 3 and 4 sleep in the sporadic group, but stage 3 and 4 sleep was found in less than 40 per cent of the total sample. In contrast, analysis of the first two nights of EEG sleep on 50 mg of amitriptyline demonstrated several significant findings between the two groups. While considerable REM sleep suppression occurred in both groups, REM activity, REM intensity, and the number of REM periods were significantly more suppressed in the pure group than the sporadic group. Application of these variables led to a successful discrimination of 75 per cent of all the cases. These findings suggest a hyper-reactivity of sleep in patients with FPDD to a pharmacological probe. PMID- 7097271 TI - Ascorbic acid in neural tissues. AB - Large amounts of ascorbic acid were readily removed from neural tissue by washing with warmed saline solutions. In areas where the original level was highest, such as cortex and cerebellum, a higher percentage was removed than from areas of lower concentration, such as pons-medulla. The residual level in both types of tissue was similar. During scurvy, the ascorbic acid retained in the guinea pig brain is more readily removed by washing than is that of the normal brain. PMID- 7097268 TI - Reserpine withdrawal psychosis: the possible role of denervation supersensitivity of receptors. AB - A case is reported in which abrupt cessation of long term reserpine therapy for hypertension was followed by hallucinations and mania. Reserpine is thought to induce a denervation sensitivity to dopamine in the basal ganglia and chemotactic trigger zone in man and to catecholaminergic agents in the basal ganglia and mesolimbic system in animals. Conceivably, a parallel supersensitivity in the mesolimbic area could have occurred in this patient and accounted for the psychiatric symptoms. This supersensitivity and the possibility that it may, like tardive dyskinesia, be persistent should be considered when reserpine or similar drugs are used for prolonged periods. PMID- 7097272 TI - Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenases in rat brain and liver by disulfiram and coprine. AB - Rats were treated with either coprine or disulfiram and the inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in liver and brain mitochondria was measured with acetaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), and succinate semialdehyde at different concentrations. The inhibition pattern was similar for both inhibitors, but the degree of inhibition was lower with disulfiram. The ALDH activity both in the liver and the brain was inhibited at low concentrations of acetaldehyde and DOPAL, but not with succinate semialdehyde. The high-Km enzyme activities with acetaldehyde were not inhibited in liver and brain. The activity at high concentration of DOPAL was inhibited in the liver, but only slightly affected in the brain, suggesting the presence of a brain enzyme with an intermediate Km value for DOPAL. In contrast with the results observed in vivo, it was found that the high-Km activities with acetaldehyde and DOPAL in brain mitochondrial preparations were more sensitive to the inhibitors in vitro than the low-Km activities. Kinetic studies on ALDH preparations from brain and liver mitochondria suggested that acetaldehyde and DOPAL are metabolized by the same low-Km ALDH. PMID- 7097269 TI - Identification and characterization of sulfhydryl-containing proteolytic fragments involved in the Ca2+-induced conformational change of beef brain S-100. AB - The Ca2+-dependent conformational alteration of the brain-specific S-100 protein was studied by reacting the protein with N-ethyl[2,3-14C]maleimide in the absence and presence of Ca2+ and under denaturing conditions. Peptic hydrolysates of the 14C-labeled protein were analyzed and fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Labeled peptide fractions were characterized by high-voltage electrophoresis and TLC. A clear distinction could be made between two classes of sulfhydryl-containing fragments: (a) neutral, hydrophobic, and (b) acidic. Ca2+ markedly favored 14C incorporation into the former components, whereas the latter were readily available only under denaturing conditions. PMID- 7097270 TI - Effects of the putative GABAergic agonists, muscimol and THIP, upon local cerebral glucose utilisation. AB - The dose-dependent effects of two putative gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic agonists, muscimol and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-e)-pyridin-3-ol (THIP), upon local cerebral glucose utilisation in 60 discrete regions of the CNS have been examined in conscious rats using the [14C]2-deoxyglucose quantitative autoradiographic technique. The intravenous administration of muscimol (0.15-5 mg/kg) and THIP (1-10 mg/kg) resulted in a heterogeneous pattern of significantly reduced glucose utilisation throughout the CNS. The regional hierarchy of changes in glucose utilisation was similar for both muscimol and THIP in all regions (with the exception of the superior colliculus), with muscimol being approximately six times more potent in all regions investigated. The regions in which glucose utilisation was extremely sensitive to change, displaying reductions of approximately 40% following muscimol (1.5 mg/kg) or THIP (10 mg/kg) administration, included all layers of the neocortex (frontal, sensory motor, posterior parietal, primary auditory and visual cortices), the lateral portion of the caudate nucleus, and some thalamic nuclei (lateral geniculate body, mediodorsal and ventrolateral nuclei). Regions displaying more modest reductions in glucose utilisation, approximately 20% following muscimol (1.5 mg/kg) and THIP (10 mg/kg) administration, included most extrapyramidal regions (substantia nigra, pars compacta and reticulata, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, medial portion of the caudate nucleus), a number of cortical and subcortical limbic areas (cingulate and olfactory cortices, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, anterior thalamus), and medial raphe nucleus. In contrast, in a large number of regions (including cerebellum and related nuclei such as the inferior olivary, red and vestibular nuclei, white matter, pontine reticular formation, hypothalamus, lateral habenula and amygdala), there were only minimal (approximately 10%) reductions in glucose utilisation following muscimol (1.5 mg/kg) and THIP (10 mg/kg) administration. In no region of the CNS was a significant increase in glucose utilisation observed with any concentration of either muscimol or THIP. The regional distribution of alterations in glucose utilisation following muscimol and THIP administration, which does not correspond to the known topography of GABAergic neurones and receptors, provides a comprehensive description of the functional alterations, as reflected in rates of glucose utilisation, that occur in conscious rats after systemic administration of these two putative GABAergic agonists. PMID- 7097274 TI - Potassium-stimulated release of radiolabelled taurine and glycine from the isolated rat retina. AB - The release of preloaded [3H]glycine and [3H]taurine in response to a depolarising stimulus (12.5-50 mM KCl) has been studied in the superfused rat retina. High external potassium concentration immediately increased the spontaneous efflux of [3H]glycine, the effect of 50 mM K+ apparently being abolished by omitting calcium from the superfusing medium. In contrast, although high potassium concentrations increased the spontaneous efflux of [3H]taurine from the superfused rat retina, this release was not evident until the depolarising stimulus was removed from the superfusing medium. The magnitude of this "late" release of [3H]taurine was dependent on external K+ concentrations, and appeared immediately after cessation of the stimulus irrespective of whether it was applied for 4, 8, or 12 min. Potassium (50 mM)-induced release of taurine appeared partially calcium-dependent, being significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) but not abolished by replacing calcium with 1 mM EDTA in the superfusate. High-affinity uptake systems for both [3H]glycine and [3H]taurine were demonstrated in the rat retina in vitro (Km values, 1.67 microM and 2.97 microM; Vmax values, 19.3 and 23.1 nmol/g wet weight tissue/h, respectively). The results are discussed with respect to the possible neurotransmitter roles of both amino acids in the rat retina. PMID- 7097273 TI - Relationship between Ca2+ uptake and catecholamine secretion in primary dissociated cultures of adrenal medulla. AB - Carbachol or elevated K+ stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into chromaffin cells two- to fourfold. The uptake was stimulated by cholinergic drugs with nicotinic activity, but not by those with only muscarinic activity. Ca2+ uptake and catecholamine secretion induced by the mixed nicotinic-muscarinic agonist carbachol were inhibited by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine, but not by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Significant Ca2+ uptake occurred within 15 s of stimulation by carbachol or elevated K+ at a time before catecholamine secretion was readily detected. At later times the time course of secretion induced by carbachol or elevated K+ was similar to that of Ca2+ uptake. There was a close correlation between Ca2+ uptake and catecholamine secretion at various concentrations of Ca2+. The concentration dependencies for inhibition of both processes by Mg2+ or Cd2+ were similar. Ca2+ uptake saturated with increasing Ca2+ concentrations, with an apparent Km for both carbachol-induced and elevated K+-induced Ca2+ uptake of approximately 2 mM. The Ca2+ dependency, however, was different for the two stimuli. The studies provide strong support for the notion that Ca2+ entry and a presumed increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration respectively initiates and maintains secretion. They also provide evidence for the existence of saturable, intracellular, Ca2+-dependent processes associated with catecholamine secretion. Ca2+ entry may, in addition, enhance nicotinic receptor desensitization and may cause inactivation of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. PMID- 7097275 TI - Lysoplasmalogenase--a microsomal enzyme from rat brain. AB - An enzymic activity of rat brain that liberates radioactive free aldehydes from 1 [1-14C]alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (lyso-plasmalogen) is described. It was present mainly in microsomal fractions (crude) of brains of rats of different ages. The highest specific enzyme activity was found in 21-day old animals. The formation of free aldehyde was dependent on the amount of enzyme protein as well as the amount of substrate added, and was linear to the incubation time up to 60 min. The pH optimum was between 7.1 and 7.3. Bivalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) and detergents inhibited the reaction. However, the same cell fractions as well as extracts of acetone-dried powder of brain from young or old rats possessed no enzyme activity for liberating the aldehyde from the acylated substrates: 1-[1-14C]alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (plasmalogen) or plasmalogen of ox corpus callosum. PMID- 7097276 TI - Accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine (psychosine) in cerebrum and cerebellum in infantile and juvenile Gaucher disease. AB - Three major clinical variants of Gaucher disease have been defined: Type I, chronic nonneuronopathic; Type II, acute neuronopathic; and Type III, subacute neuronopathic. In a search for the underlying molecular basis of the neurological manifestations, the concentration and composition of cholesterol, phospholipids, neutral glycosphingolipids, and gangliosides were examined in cerebral and cerebellar cortices of five cases of Type II, eight cases of Type III, and one case of presumed Type I/III. In Type II the concentration of glucosylceramide was 140-530 mumol/kg in cerebral cortex and 51-450 mumol/kg in cerebellar cortex, the highest values found in the most fulminant cases. These concentrations were 20-80 times greater than normal in cerebral cortex and 5-40 times normal in cerebellar cortex. In type III the concentration of glucosylceramide was 37-65 and 59-1750 mumol/kg in cerebral and cerebellar cortex, respectively. The highest concentrations were found in the cerebellum of patients who had survived splenectomy for several years. The ceramide composition of the accumulated glucosylceramide suggested that brain gangliosides were the major precursors of the glucosylceramide in brains of Type II but in cerebellar cortex in Type III was partly of extracerebral origin. The levels of lactosylceramide and oligohexaosylceramides were slightly raised in all brain specimens from the Gaucher cases. The ganglioside concentration was normal, whereas there was a certain increase in the proportion of GM2 and GM3 gangliosides. The brain glycosphingolipid changes in the Type I/III case were similar but slightly less than those in Type III cases of corresponding age. Glucosylsphingosine (psychosine), never detected in normal human brain, was demonstrated in brains from all the Gaucher cases. The psychosine concentration was highest in Type II cases, 3.8-8.8 and 3.9-12.3 mumol/kg in cerebral and cerebellar cortex, respectively, with the highest values found in the most fulminant cases. In type III the psychosine concentration varied more widely, 0.8-4.6 and 1.4-6.3 mumol/kg in cerebral and cerebellar cortex, respectively. The lowest value, 0.7 mumol/kg, was found in the Type I/III case. Our method detected psychosine down to 0.01 mumol/kg, which means that the concentration of psychosine was increased at least 100- to 1000-fold in Gaucher grey matter. We suggest that the accumulation of the cell-toxic substance psychosine is the basis for the extensive neuronal cell loss in Gaucher disease, which is most striking in Type II disease. PMID- 7097278 TI - Demonstration of conjugated dopamine in monkey CSF by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - A method for measuring unconjugated and conjugated dopamine in body tissues and fluids is described. Conjugated dopamine was hydrolyzed in acid to unconjugated dopamine, separated from the sample matrix by alumina chromatography, and assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conjugated dopamine was detected in greater concentrations than unconjugated dopamine in CSF taken from lateral ventricle or thecal sac of the Rhesus monkey. Haloperidol administration did not increase the levels of conjugated dopamine in lumbar CSF. PMID- 7097277 TI - Concanavalin A receptors associated with rat brain synaptic junctions are high mannose-type oligosaccharides. AB - Glycoproteins were isolated from a rat brain synaptic junction fraction by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. The isolated glycoproteins were digested with pronase and radiolabeled with 125I-Bolton Hunter reagent, and 125I-Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides were isolated by chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. Treatment of the 125I-Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides with either alpha-mannosidase or endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase C11 abolished their interaction with Concanavalin A. The pronase digest was reacted with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase-C11 and released oligosaccharides were reduced with NaB3H4. Following affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A agarose, Concanavalin A-binding [3H]oligosaccharides were chromatographed on Biogel P4. Two major oligosaccharides corresponding to standard carbohydrates containing eight and five mannose residues were identified. Treatment of these oligosaccharides with alpha-mannosidase converted them to smaller saccharides having a mobility on Biogel P4 columns equal to the standard disaccharide mannose beta-1-4-N'-acetylglucosamine. These results demonstrate that the Concanavalin A receptor activity associated with CNS synaptic junctions resides in asparagine linked oligosaccharides of the high-mannose type. PMID- 7097279 TI - Kinetic studies of mouse brain transketolase. AB - The activity of transketolase in mouse brain was 5.7 nmol/min/mg protein measured by an enzyme-coupled spectrophotometric assay. The apparent Km for ribose-5 phosphate was 330 microM, for D-xylulose-5-phosphate was 120 microM, and for thiamine pyrophosphate was 7 microM. However, thiamine pyrophosphate remained tightly bound to transketolase in homogenates in which it dissociated completely from another thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. These data suggest that loss of transketolase activity is likely to be a later consequence of thiamine deficiency in mammalian brain than is decreased activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. PMID- 7097280 TI - Serine transhydroxymethylase activity in vertebrate retina. AB - The presence of serine transhydroxymethylase (STHM; EC 2.1.2.1) in crude homogenates of rat, guinea pig and goat retina has been demonstrated. There was a variation in the levels of retinal STHM activity in the three species. Substantial STHM activity was found in all the three retinal preparations in the absence of pyridoxal-5-phosphate in the incubation medium. There was direct correlation (r = 0.995; p less than 0.001) between the STHM activity and the glycine content in rat telencephalon, midbrain, medulla-pons, spinal cord and retina. These findings suggest that STHM is probably an important enzyme for the synthesis of neural glycine in the vertebrate retina. PMID- 7097282 TI - Altered ontogenesis of muscarinic receptors in agranular cerebellar cortex. PMID- 7097281 TI - Changes in acetylcholinesterase molecular forms during the embryonic development of Torpedo marmorata. AB - Multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase from electric organ and electric lobe of Torpedo marmorata were examined at various developmental stages by sucrose density sedimentation. Four major forms were characterized by their apparent sedimentation coefficients of 6 S, 11 S, 13 S, and 17 S. Embryonic lobe possessed at early stages predominantly the 11 S form. With maturation the 17 S form became the most abundant. The early embryonic stages of the electric organ were characterized by predominating amounts of 6 S and 11 S forms. With differentiation of the postsynaptic membrane of the developing electrocytes, 13 S and 17 S forms replaced the slower-sedimenting forms. Concomitant with the formation of synaptic contacts, a transient increase in the 13 S form was followed by a dramatic accumulation of rapid-sedimenting 17 S form. The establishment of fully functional synapses was accompanied by an increase in the amount of the hydrophobic 6 S form. At birth, equal amounts of 6 S and 17 S form were found, with the other forms present in only trace amounts. The observed characteristic changes correlated with morphological and physiological events, indicating a close functional relationship between the accumulation of the 17 S form and synapse formation and the accumulation of the 6 S form and onset of function. PMID- 7097284 TI - Myelin gangliosides in vertebrates. AB - A phylogenetic survey of brain myelin ganglioside patterns and concentrations has been carried out on 16 vertebrate species. Gangliosides were isolated from purified myelin and found to vary in concentration from 25 micrograms of sialic acid per 100 mg of myelin for goldfish to a value of 395 for turkey. The latter species had approximately equivalent amounts of GM1 and GM4 as the two major gangliosides. The 11 mammals studied all had GM1 as the major ganglioside, with variable amounts of GM4; rhesus monkey and human had 20-25% GM4, whereas the others had less than 10%. Amphibia and fish myelin contained the least total ganglioside, with patterns that showed relatively little GM1 and no detectable GM4. Alligator myelin was unique in having a total concentration as high as the avian species, but a pattern with predominantly di- and trisialo gangliosides. PMID- 7097283 TI - The synthesis, storage, and release of propionylcholine by the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. AB - Little is known about the specificity of the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine for the acetyl moiety. To test this, blocks of tissue from the electric organ of Torpedo were incubated with either [1 14C]acetate or [1-14C]propionate, and the synthesis, storage, and release of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were compared. To obtain equivalent amounts of the two labeled choline esters, a 50-fold higher concentration of propionate than of acetate was needed. Following subcellular fractionation, similar proportions of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were recovered with synaptosomes and with synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, both labeled choline esters were protected to a similar extent from degradation during homogenization of tissue in physiological medium, indicating that the two choline esters were equally well incorporated into synaptic vesicles. Yet depolarization of tissue blocks by 50 mM KCl released much less [14C]propionylcholine than [14C]acetylcholine. During field stimulation of the tissue blocks, the difference between the releasibility of the two choline esters was less marked, but acetylcholine was still released in preference to propionylcholine. Evidence for specificity of the release mechanism was also obtained when the release of the two choline esters in response to field stimulation was compared in tissue blocks preincubated with both [3H]choline and [14C]propionate. PMID- 7097286 TI - The influence of bicuculline-induced seizures on free fatty acid concentrations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. AB - Using ventilated rats maintained on N2O-O2 (70:30, vol/vol) we induced continuous seizures with i.v. bicuculline and analysed free fatty acids (FFA) in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum after seizures durations of 1-120 min. In the cerebral cortex, peak FFA concentrations were observed after 5 min, with a threefold increase in total FFA content. The values then remained unchanged for the next 15-20 min, but decreased thereafter. At 60 and 120 min, total FFA contents were only moderately increased above control. In the initial period, arachidonic acid increased about 10-fold and stearic acid 2- to 3-fold, with little change in palmitic acid and linoleic acid concentrations. At all times, the docosahexenoic acid concentration was markedly increased. Following its massive accumulation at 1 min, arachidonic acid gradually decreased in concentration. Pretreatment of animals with indomethacin did not alter this behaviour. After 20 and 120 min of seizure activity, changes in total and individual FFA concentrations in the hippocampus were similar to those observed in the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum behaved differently. Thus, at 20 min the only significant change was a 5- to 10-fold increase in arachidonic acid concentration and, after 120 min, total and individual FFA concentrations were similar to control values. Furthermore, since the control values for arachidonic acid were much lower in the cerebellum, the 20-min values were only about 20% of those observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. PMID- 7097285 TI - Identification of actin in highly purified synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. AB - Evidence has been obtained that actin is a major constituent of highly purified synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The mobility of a prominent spot in the polypeptide pattern of vesicles in high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is very similar to the mobility of the main component in the actin preparation purified from the whole electric organ by affinity chromatography on immobilized pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I. The comparison of tryptic peptide maps obtained from the putative vesicle actin and authentic actin from the electric organ, both purified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and labeled in situ with 125I, showed about 88% homology, thereby supporting the conclusion that the vesicle actin is indeed an actin isoform. PMID- 7097287 TI - 4-Aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity in rat brain. AB - An enzyme with NAD+-dependent 4-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity was purified about 360-fold from rat brain extract. AMP-Sepharose chromatography was effective in separating the enzyme from other NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases included in the extract. The KmS for the substrates NAD+ and 4 aminobutyraldehyde were 4.8 x 10(-4) and 8.3 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The pH optimum for the enzyme was about 8.0. The ratio of activities toward 4 aminobutyraldehyde, propionaldehyde, succinate semialdehyde, and benzaldehyde was 1.00:0.17:0.24:0.09:0.03 when the activity toward 4-aminobutyraldehyde was set equal to 1.00. The enzyme activity in subcellular fractions of rat brain was localized in cytosol. PMID- 7097289 TI - Effect of nipecotic acid, a gamma-aminobutyric acid transport inhibitor, on the turnover and release of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat cortical slices. PMID- 7097288 TI - Characterization of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in cerebral blood vessels. AB - Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity associated with cerebral blood vessels appears to be part of a specific cerebrovascular system involving gamma aminobutyric acid. This activity was characterized kinetically and pharmacologically and compared with that in brain and several nonneuronal tissues. Formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from [14C]glutamate was measured in a soluble extract of pia-arachnoid blood vessels isolated from bovine brain. The vascular activity was like brain glutamate decarboxylase in that it required pyridoxal phosphate, was completely inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid, and had a similar affinity for glutamate. Cerebrovascular decarboxylase activity differed, however, from brain decarboxylase in that it was less sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, was stimulated by 3-mercaptopropionic and cysteic acids, and was competitively inhibited by cysteine sulfinic acid. The glutamate decarboxylase activity of the cerebral vessels was similar to that in renal cortex and mesenteric blood vessels in its responses to sulfhydryl reagents and 3 mercaptopropionic acid. These findings are consistent with previous suggestions of a nonneuronal form of the enzyme and offer the possibility that synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebral blood vessels can be manipulated independently from that in neuronal tissue. PMID- 7097290 TI - The effect of some precursor amino acids and enzyme inhibitors on the mouse striatal concentration of tyramines and homovanillic acid. AB - The parenteral administration of L-phenylalanine or p-tyrosine increases the mouse striatal concentration of p-tyramine, an effect that is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibition and reduced by an L-aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase inhibitor. Striatal m-tyramine was increased following administration of L phenylalanine or m-tyrosine and enhanced further by monoamine oxidase inhibition. It was also observed that m-tyrosine is a better substrate for decarboxylation than p-tyrosine, and that p-tyrosine decarboxylation was blocked by NSD 1055, while that of m-tyrosine was enhanced. The results obtained indicate that both isomers of tyramine are formed in the mouse striatum by hydroxylation of L phenylalanine to p- or m-tyrosine followed by decarboxylation by a specific decarboxylase; an alternative pathway could be first the decarboxylation of phenylalanine to beta-phenylethylamine, followed by its hydroxylation to p- or m tyramine. PMID- 7097291 TI - Acetylarsenocholine: a cholinergic agonist. AB - The pharmacological properties of acetylarsenocholine, an arsenic analogue of acetylcholine, were investigated. Acetylarsenocholine behaved as a cholinergic ligand both in the central and peripheral nervous system. It bound to nicotinic receptors in rat medulla-pons with a KD of 15 microM and to muscarinic receptors in rat cerebral cortex with a KD of 10 microM. It behaved also as an agonist at presynaptic muscarinic receptors in guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus preparation. Arsenocholine is an alternative substrate for choline acetyltransferase and acetylarsenocholine is an alternative substrate for acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 7097292 TI - Antiganglioside antibodies inhibit neuritic outgrowth from regenerating goldfish retinal explants. AB - Antibodies elicited in rabbits against bovine brain gangliosides were applied to regenerating retinal explants to examine the role of gangliosides in the trophic effect responsible for the induction of outgrowth. The results indicate that antibodies specific to gangliosides block the neuritic outgrowth from the regenerating retinal explants. It is inferred that gangliosides function as receptors on the cell surface of the retinal explants that interact with the trophic substances inducing the outgrowth. The relevance of gangliosides to the mechanism of regeneration and development induced by trophic factors is discussed. PMID- 7097293 TI - Postnatal development of noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate levels in rat brain regions. AB - Developmental changes in brain levels of noradrenaline (NA) and 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate (MHPG-SO4) were studied in rats. In most brain regions, MHPG-SO4 level rapidly increased to approach or exceed adult levels at the time of weaning, while NA levels increased more gradually and reached adult levels following weaning. Pharmacological studies showed that the MHPG-SO4 level in the neonatal brain reflects the degradation of released NA. The developmental characteristics of noradrenergic neurons in eight discrete brain regions are discussed. PMID- 7097294 TI - [3H]Spiperone labels non-cyclase-linked dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmental area of rat brain. AB - The binding of [3H]spiperone, a neuroleptic/dopamine receptor ligand, to membranes of the ventral tegmental area of the rat was studied in vitro and found to be rapid, saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. Specific binding was displaced by the dopaminergic agonists dopamine, apomorphine, and 2-amino-6,7 dihydroxytetralin, and stereospecifically by the neuroleptic drugs butaclamol and flupenthixol. Bromocryptine and other ergots displaced the binding, as did the D 2 antagonists domperidone, molindone, metoclopramide, and sulpiride. Noradrenergic, histaminergic, and serotonergic components of the binding were not detected in displacement studies with various agonists and antagonists. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that [3H]spiperone labels dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmental area that are not linked to adenylate cyclase and are therefore likely to be of the D-2 type. PMID- 7097295 TI - Antibacterial substance from Carica papaya fruit extract. AB - Ripe and unripe Carica papaya fruits (epicarp, endocarp, seeds and leaves) were extracted separately and purified. All the extracts except that of leaves produced very significant antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri. The MIC of the substance was small (0.2-0.3 mg/ml) for gram-positive bacteria and large (1.5-4 mg/ml) for gram-negative bacteria. The substance was bactericidal and showed properties of a protein. Other proteins previously found in C. papaya did not show antibacterial activity. PMID- 7097296 TI - Antitumor agents 50. 1 Morindaparvin-A, a new antileukemic anthraquinone, and alizarin-1-methyl ether from Morinda parvifolia, and the antileukemic activity of the related derivatives. PMID- 7097297 TI - Neuraminidase activities in sialidosis and mucolipidosis. AB - Defects of neuraminidase activities towards sialyloligosaccharides in fibroblasts and leucocytes and enhanced excretion of sialyloligosaccharides in urine were shown in patients with adult type sialidosis with partial deficiency of beta galactosidase and cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome. No differences in their neuraminidase residual levels and urinary excretion patterns on thin-layer chromatography were found between these two disorders. In mucolipidosis II and III patients, the neuraminidase activities towards sialyloligosaccharides were almost normal in leucocytes, although decreased in fibroblasts. The discrepancy of neuraminidase activities towards 2 leads to 3 and 2 leads to 6 sialyloligosaccharide isomers was not noticed in all cases. PMID- 7097298 TI - Changes in peripheral nerve fibres distal to a constriction. AB - Continued constriction of the tibial nerve of the rabbit by a ligature was accompanied by a reduction in maximal motor conduction velocity distal to the ligature, and by a reduction in axonal and total fibre diameter. From the presence of paranodal demyelination and distal fibre degeneration in severely affected nerves, it is suggested that in some instances the change in axonal calibre was part of a progressive distal atrophy which could lead to secondary demyelination and ultimately to "dying-back" of the affected axons. PMID- 7097299 TI - Antibrain antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Relation to clinical variables. AB - IgG antibrain antibodies (ABA) of several specificities can be demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS) with the complement fixation technique. This technique seems to discriminate between IgG specifically and non-specifically bound to CNS preparations. Complement-fixing ABA were titrated in paired serum and CSF samples from 87 patients with clinically definite MS, 15 patients with probable MS, 29 patients with other neurological diseases, and 13 "healthy" controls. In addition, sera from 55 non-MS patients were tested. In 40% of the sera and 88% of the CSF samples from patients with clinically definite MS, ABA reacting with human brain homogenate were demonstrated. The corresponding figures for probable MS were 21% and 73%, and for the controls 11% and 6%. Two of 9 sera from patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome were strongly positive. There was a tendency for higher CSF ABA titres in younger MS patients and in those with an earlier onset of disease. ABA titres in serum and CSF were both correlated with a more malignant course. Irrespective of the mechanism of induction of ABA in MS--an excessive immunogenic stimulation and/or a defective immunoregulation--they are potentially pathogenic in several ways, e.g. (1) by direct antibody action. (2) by interaction with complement, (3) by antibody-dependent K-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and (4) by interaction with phagocytic cells. Of several correlations among the routine CSF variables in MS, the finding of more pronounced abnormalities in male patients was notable. PMID- 7097300 TI - The blood-brain barrier in rats fed on diets high or low in saturated/unsaturated fat ratio. AB - The product of the permeability x vascular surface rate area (PA) of the blood brain barrier to [14C]sucrose has been measured in rats raised on synthetic diets in which the saturated/unsaturated fat constitution was controlled at high or low levels. Gas-liquid chromatography demonstrated marked differences in brain fatty acid constitution between the dietary groups. No statistically significant differences was found between the permeability measurements in rats maintained on any of the synthetic diets, nor was there any difference from rats raised on a standard laboratory pellet food. The opportunity was taken to look at 3 other properties of brain that might be affected by lipid constitution. There was no change in the form of the membranous intracellular inclusions that can be induced by intracerebral injections of suramin, and Fink-Heimer staining of degenerating axons, which is inhibited by fat extraction, worked equally well on each diet group. The sleep time after an anaesthetic injection of alcohol was not significantly changed. PMID- 7097302 TI - Arginine vasopressin levels in cerebrospinal fluid in neurological disease. AB - Levels of arginine vasopressin have been measured in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with benign intracranial hypertension and raised intracranial pressure, patients with other neurological diseases and in normal control subjects. There was no difference in blood levels in each of the 3 groups (mean +/- SEM, 2.8 +/- 0.5, 2.5 +/- 0.25, 2.53 +/- 0.4 pg/ml). However, levels of arginine vasopressin in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with benign intracranial hypertension and other neurological diseases were higher (mean +/- SEM, 0.64 +/- 0.005, 0.61 +/- 0.04 pg/ml), than in the control group (0.49 +/- 0.06), but not different from each other. The origin of arginine vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid is uncertain and a number of possibilities are discussed. PMID- 7097304 TI - A technique for microinjection of peripheral nerve. PMID- 7097303 TI - A change in the cerebrosides and sulfatides in a demyelinating nervous system. Development of the methodology and study of multiple sclerosis and Wallerian degeneration. AB - This report described a new method for the microanalysis of sphingolipids and its application for the characterization of cerebrosides and sulfatides in multiple sclerosis brain and rat sciatic nerves undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Tissue was extracted with isopropanol/hexane (20:78), and the total lipids obtained were subjected to benzoylation-desulfation. A portion of this was directly analyzed by silica-column high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of nonhydroxycerebroside, hydroxycerebroside, nonhydroxysulfatide, and hydroxysulfatide. Another portion was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography, and the spots corresponding to the sphingolipid derivatives were eluted. The material from each spot was analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for its homolog composition. With this new procedure the concentrations and homolog compositions of cerebrosides and sulfatides were measured in plaque, periplaque, and normal-appearing white matter from brains of multiple sclerosis patients and Wallerian degenerated rat sciatic nerves distal to the nerve transection. One piece of plaque studied contained only 1.86, 2.76, 0.60, and 0.45 nmol of nonhydroxycerebroside, hydroxycerebroside, nonhydroxysulfatide and hydroxysulfatide/mg of protein, respectively. These concentrations are less than 1% of those found in normal white matter. Periplaques were found to contain concentrations of these sphingolipids between those of plaque and normal white matter. The levels of these sphingolipids in degenerative nerves were 10-20% below normal the third day after the nerve was severed and about 70% below normal after 10 days. The rate of decrease lessened from ten days to 55 days. The homolog compositions of these sphingolipids in both multiple sclerosis brain and degenerating nerves were similar to those in the control. The implications of these findings and the advantages of this new analytical method are discussed. PMID- 7097301 TI - The genetic contribution to multiple sclerosis. Evidence from North-East England. AB - A study of 206 patients with multiple sclerosis in the north-east of England and their families shows no evidence of monogenic involvement in the disorder. Much more likely is a multifactorial etiology in which the genetic component is polygenic. On this model the heritability is calculated at 52.1% or 40.9% if age variation in incidence is allowed for. The genetic component is present but no more then moderate in extent. PMID- 7097305 TI - Neuroanatomic examination of spina bifida aperta and the Arnold-Chiari malformation in a 130-day human fetus. AB - A 130-day human female fetus with the Arnold-Chiari malformation and thoracolumbar myeloschisis revealed evidence of neuroectodermal-mesodermal spatial dyssynchrony. The rhombencephalon and the cervico-medullary junction appear most affected. The phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of the transition zone between brain and spinal cord is reviewed. It is hypothesized that the etiologic event responsible for the Arnold-Chiari malformation is the caudal "displacement" of the site of initial fusion of the neural folds. This is believed to result in the posterior displacement of the cervico-medullary junction and myeloschisis (the Arnold-Chiari malformation, type II). PMID- 7097306 TI - Rhythmic activity of spinal interneurons in harmaline-treated cats. A model for olivo-cerebellar influence at the spinal level. AB - After harmaline administration, rhythmic discharges at 8-12 c/s were obtained by intracellular recording from interneurons in the lumbo-sacral cord of decerebrate paralyzed cats. Unitary extracellular recordings were also made from cerebellar Purkinje cells, showing a rhythmic complex spike activity. Simultaneous recordings of cerebellar and spinal interneurons reveal a precise time relation between rhythmic activities recorded at these two levels. Following each rhythmic cerebellar signal one can note an interruption of interneuron activity. It is also noted that sustained high frequency tonic firing of interneurons coincides with cessation of cerebellar rhythmic activity. These facts are related to the impingement of a disfacilitatory supraspinal influence on spinal interneurons. A model of the mechanisms of signal transfer along the olivo-cerebello-bulbo-spinal system is proposed, according to which tremorogenic supraspinal influences might act on motoneurons by disfacilitating excitatory or inhibitory interneurons. PMID- 7097307 TI - Serum creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase activities in normal adolescent females. PMID- 7097308 TI - Demonstration of serum IgG antibodies against myelin during the course of relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. AB - Chronic relapsing allergic encephalomyelitis (r-EAE) was induced in a local strain of guinea pigs. By the use of isoelectric focusing (IF) followed by antigen immunofixation and autoradiography, antibodies directed against central nervous system (CNS) myelin were detected in 21 of 23 sera sampled during the course of r-EAE. Previous absorption of the sera with CNS myelin reduced or abolished antibody activity on autoradiograms. One r-EAE guinea pig developed definite oligoclonal IgG bands in serum while in 7 r-EAE animals faint oligoclonal IgG bands were present. The mobility of oligoclonal IgG bands differed from the mobility of antimyelin antibody bands on autoradiograms. The significance of these findings has not been definitely elucidated but the antimyelin antibodies may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease while oligoclonal IgG bands may represent an epiphenomenon not pathogenetically related to r-EAE. PMID- 7097310 TI - Physiological alterations of motor units in hemiplegia. AB - Isometric contractions of single motor units in the first dorsal interosseous muscle were recorded with an intramuscular microstimulation technique in patients with short- or long-term hemiplegia and compared with controls. In the hemiplegic patients motor units could be classified as in controls, utilizing twitch contraction time and fatigue sensitivity, as FF (fast fatigable), FR (fast fatigue resistant) and S (slow fatigable). The mean twitch contraction time of fast-twitch but not slow-twitch units was slightly prolonged in patients with spastic hemiplegia and motor units, especially type S, tended to generate larger twitch tensions. A fourth type of motor unit, characterized by slow-twitch contraction times and increased fatigability (SF units), was recorded in long term hemiplegia. The data demonstrate that during long-term spastic hemiplegia in man some motor units develop increased fatigability and prolonged-twitch contraction times, reflecting the dynamic properties of muscle. PMID- 7097309 TI - Purification and maintenance in culture of oligodendroglia from human multiple sclerosis brain. AB - Oligodendroglia were isolated from human multiple sclerosis (MS) brain obtained at autopsy. The cells were placed in culture and assessed for functions associated with normal oligodendroglia. The oligodendroglia from MS tissue were able to incorporate radiolabeled substrate into the lipids found in brain, including cerebrosides. They also produced whorls of membrane lamellae, adjacent to the cell soma, while in culture. In these respects the oligodendroglia from affected tissue were able to function normally. PMID- 7097311 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid cells and proteins in patients occupationally exposed to organic solvents. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells and proteins were determined for 33 patients exposed to industrial organic solvents. A lymphoid reaction, i.e., a pathologically elevated number or percentage of enlarged lymphoid cells was observed in one-third of the patients, more often in patients with chronic intoxication (40%) than in those currently exposed to organic solvents (32%). An almost significant decrease of small lymphocytes in the CSF was observed among patients who had a past history of chronic solvent intoxication but no recent exposure. No cytological evidence of tissue destruction was found. Signs of slight blood--CSF barrier damage occurred in 5 (23%) of the currently exposed patients, but intrathecal IgG synthesis was not observed. Increased cellular activity in the CSF was also accentuated in principal component analysis. The results suggest slight nonspecific immunoactivation in the central nervous system of subjects exposed to organic solvents. PMID- 7097312 TI - Intercellular junctions between specialized ependymal cells in the subcommissural organ of the rat. AB - The permeability of intercellular junctions in specialized ependymal cells in the rat subcommissural organ (SCO) has been studied ultrastructurally by freeze fracturing and tracer experiments with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition to normal smooth membrane, areas which could be classified as a leaky tight junction are found within the ependymal junctional region. This consists of only one or two relatively continuous strands but with interruptions in the apical portion. Some strands are perpendicular to the apical membrane surface and often form hairpin-like bends in the basal portion of the junction. The junctional region also shows areas with no strands but only a rippled membrane structure which may be equivalent to very close appositions without fusion of adjacent ependymal cell membranes. The relative proportions of normal smooth membrane, strands and rippled structure in the junctional region is approximately 3:4:6 including two parts overlapping of the strands and rippled structure. Intraventricularly infused HRP passes through many junctions but is occasionally stopped, leaving unstained intercellular spaces of various lengths between membrane fusions of tight junctions. Even when it is stopped, the intercellular space below the junction is densely stained by the enzyme. Orthogonal arrays of intramembrane particles are found to be distributed on the basal and lateral cell membranes below the junctional region in the SCO ependyma. PMID- 7097313 TI - Cholinesterase localization at sites of nerve contact on embryonic amphibian muscle cells in culture. AB - Cholinesterase (ChE), detected histochemically, was found to be localized at many sites of nerve-muscle contact in cultures of spinal cord and muscle cells derived from Xenopus laevis embryos. Such contacts were often characterized by a corresponding localization of acetylcholine receptors and by synaptic ultrastructure, including aggregates of clear vesicles in the nerve fibre and an 80-100 nm wide intercellular cleft. The ChE reaction product was localized in the cleft. When cultures were grown in the presence of curare many of the nerve contacted muscle cells still exhibited ChE at the sites of contact. It is concluded that ChE accumulates at synaptic contacts in these cultures even in the absence of muscle action potentials and contraction. PMID- 7097314 TI - Axosomatic synapses in the visual cortex of adult rat. A comparison between GABA accumulating and other neurons. AB - Differences in axosomatic synapses between GABA-accumulating [G(+)N] or non accumulating [G(-)N] neurons have been investigated in the visual cortex of adult rat. The neurons were classified and localized in light microscopic autoradiograms after [3H]GABA injections. The cells resectioned for electron microscopic identification of type 1 synapses (T1S) and type 2 synapses (T2S). A total of 167 neurons [45 G(+)N, 122 G(-)N] situated in laminae II-VI were evaluated. The two groups of neurons were not uniform populations. G(-)N included both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons, whereas no typical pyramidal neurons were found among G(+)N. A total of 691 synaptic contacts was evaluated for these groups of somata. The density of synapses was higher on G(+)N than on G(-)N. This was mainly due to a difference in the number of T1S. On G(-)N the frequency distributions of both types of synapses represented Poisson distributions, indicating that there were stochastic variations around mean values. In contrast, on G(+)N the distribution was exponential which suggests that G(+)N include several subpopulations with different densities of T1S. On all cortical neurons the average density of T2S was 509-60 T2S per 1000 microns2 of soma surface, which resembles the density in the neuropil. In contrast, T1S varied from zero to a mean of 12 per 1000 microns2 on G(-)N and to a mean of 51 per 1000 microns2 on G(+)N, i.e. the density of T1S, unlike T2S, is much smaller on neuronal somata than in the surrounding neuropil. It is suggested that the formation of axosomatic T1S, but not of T2S, is suppressed to a variable degree on almost all cortical neurons. Only on pyramidal neurons does the suppression of T1S seem to be complete. PMID- 7097315 TI - Retzius-Cajal cells: an ultrastructural study in the developing visual cortex of the rat. AB - The ontogenesis of Retzius-Cajal cells, a unique feature of developing cortical layer I in a variety of mammalian species, was examined with the electron microscope in coronal or tangential sections of the visual cortex of rats whose ages were closely spaced in time between day 17 of gestation and adulthood. At 17 days of gestation, Retzius-Cajal cells already display a characteristic appearance and some of the cytoplasmic organelles by which they are identified in the perinatal period. At birth they are recognized by their large size, horizontally oriented long processes, dark cytoplasmic ground substance and abundance of tightly packed organelles. One feature which is most typical of these cells at this, and later stages of development, is the presence in the cytoplasm of numerous wide cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum filled with electron-opaque material. Synapses are rarely seen on the perikarya and processes during the first week of postnatal life but become more frequent later in development. A pattern of modifications becomes noticeable in the morphology of these cells during the first postnatal week with the appearance of growth cone like differentiations and new processes of varying sizes. Furthermore, their cytoplasm slowly acquires a lighter appearance, and the thickness of the characteristically long processes diminishes. The frequency of Retzius-Cajal cells decreases with age and at the end of the third postnatal week only very few can be recognized with certainty. Careful examination of a large series of sections during subsequent days revealed that the morphological characteristics of Retzius-Cajal cells continue to change until these cells can on longer be distinguished from classical layer I nonpyramidal neurons. PMID- 7097316 TI - Fine structural studies on ependymal paracellular and capillary transcellular permeability in the subcommissural organ of the guinea pig. AB - Morphological investigations on the permeability of intercellular junctions between ependymal cells and between capillary endothelial cells in the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the guinea pig have been carried out using freeze fracturing and tracer experiments with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The ependymal junction reveals a moderately developed network of tight junctional strands surrounding the tall ependymal cell. The apical portion of this junctional network tends to form nearly complete strands, whereas the basal portion usually shows irregular, fragmented strands often arranged in hairpin like structures. The passage of intraventricularly infused HRP is blocked, leaving unstained areas, at the level of membrane fusions. At the same time the lateral intercellular space below the junction is densely stained, probably due to invasion from the basal side through adjacent ordinary ependymal junctions. The SCO capillary endothelium shows a high distribution density of pinocytotic vesicles. Vesicular transport of intravascularly injected HRP is observed, but no HRP penetration occurs through the endothelial junction. The active participation of vesicles in tracer movement is shown in preparations fixed before administration of HRP. Extravasation of this tracer is indicated to some degree in the SCO capillary, but permeability here appears to be comparable to that of ordinary brain capillaries. Accordingly, the SCO ependymal tight junction seems to form an effective barrier not to blood plasma or similar materials but to apically secreted substances, preventing them from spreading back into SCO intercellular spaces. PMID- 7097317 TI - Perisomatic changes in the maturing hypoglossal nucleus after axon injury. AB - The perisomatic retrograde reactions to peripheral nerve injury during postnatal maturation were investigated by quantitative light and electron microscopy. The hypoglossal nerve was crushed, ligated or transected in 10 and 21 day postnatal (dpn) rats. Only crush injury was made in 7 dpn rats. Survival periods ranged from 3 to 40 days postoperative (dpo). Normal and sham operated animals of corresponding ages served as controls. A remarkable, transient response of neuronal somata in the young (7-10 dpn) rats, following all three types of axon injury, was the formation of excrescences which engulfed neuronal processes: boutons, dendrites, small neurites and a few myelinated axons in adjacent neuropil. The somal engulfment was rarely evident after nerve injury to 21 dpn rats. Bouton displacement from the somal surface, accompanied by glial incursion, followed each type of nerve injury but was less extensive and occurred later in the young rats. There seemed to be no association in the amount of boutons displaced from neuronal somata with the type of nerve injury for any of the three experimental age groups. However, the rate and intensity of the perineuronal glial reaction were related to the severity of the nerve injury in the older (21 dpn) but not in the younger (7-10 dpn) rats. Substantial loss of neurons occurred in the affected nucleus after each type of trauma to the young neurons. The degree of neuronal loss was related to the age and the volume of axoplasm disrupted. Only nerve transection in 21 dpn rats resulted in appreciable neuronal loss. The responses of axotomized neurons, their afferent axon terminals and the surrounding glia are quantitatively and qualitatively different in the hypoglossal nucleus of rats of increasing postnatal ages. PMID- 7097319 TI - Visualization at the mouse neuromuscular junction of a submembrane structure in common with Torpedo postsynaptic membranes. AB - To test for submembrane structures common to postsynaptic membranes of muscle and electric tissue, mouse sternomastoid muscles were fixed in the presence of tannic acid under conditions such that a heavy layer of densely staining material was built up on plasma membranes. In this section electron micrographs of such muscles, the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer and some membrane-associated structures appear in strong negative contrast. At the endplate, acetylcholine receptor-rich membrane regions appear as a broad (14-15-nm) image approximately bisected by the thin (approximately 2-nm) image of the bilayer. The extracellular half of the image arises from the receptor protein. The cytoplasmic half contains a distinct bar of contrasted material which is precisely co-extensive with the receptor image Quantitative and direct visual comparisons show that the image is almost indistinguishable from that obtained by a similar method applied to isolated postsynaptic membranes from electric tissue of Torpedo californica (Sealock, R. (1982) J. Cell Biol. 92:514-522). In the latter case, the bar probably arises from the 43,000-dalton protein, a major peripheral membrane protein component of the isolated membranes. The results thus suggest that the 43,000-dalton protein in muscle and electric tissue forms similar structures and, conversely, that the structure in the isolated membranes retains the essential features of its in situ state. PMID- 7097318 TI - Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist and antagonist drugs on local cerebral glucose utilization. AB - The [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose method of Sokoloff et al. (Sokoloff, L., M. Reivich, C. Kennedy, M.H. Des Rosiers, C. S. Patlak, K. D. Pettigrew, O. Sakurada, and M. Shinohara (1977) J. Neurochem. 28:897-916) weas used to study local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in rats treated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist (muscimol and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-C]pyridin-3-ol, THIP) and antagonist (bicuculline) drugs. It was of interest to determine if the pattern of LCGU responses to GABA agonists and antagonists administered systemically in vivo would reflect the known distributions of markers for central GABAergic synapses. The patterns of LCGU responses to muscimol and THIP generally were similar. Most brain regions showed dose-dependent decreases in LCGU; others showed no effects; but the red nucleus showed an increase. The GABA antagonist bicuculline produced convulsions and variable LCGU responses, depending on the time of administration. Bicuculline also partially antagonized the depressant effects of muscimol of LCGU. The magnitudes and distribution of in vivo cerebral metabolic responses to specific GABA agonists were not correlated simply with markers for GABAergic synapses. This lack of correlation indicates that additional factors, such as neural circuitry, regulate the LCGU responses to GABAergic drugs. PMID- 7097320 TI - Myotonia, a new inherited muscle disease in mice. AB - Electromyographic (EMG) and histological studies were carried out with the new mouse mutant myotonia (mto, autosomal recessive). Affected animals exhibited behavioral myotonia which was apparent at 2 weeks of age. EMG studies revealed myotonic discharges (prolonged repetitive discharges with recurrent variation in amplitude and frequency) in all skeletal muscles tested. These discharges were not affected by peripheral nerve section or by pancuronium bromide, a neuromuscular synapse inhibitor. Qualitative histological study revealed no evidence of skeletal muscle fiber necrosis, grouped atrophy, or inflammation compared toi sex-, age-, and weight-matched controls. Degeneration of myelinated axons in the ventrolateral funiculus of the spinal cord occurred only in older animals and does not explain the functional abnormality of muscle. Both the clinical and electrophysiological features of classical myotonia can be inherited as a single locus autosomal recessive disease in mice. PMID- 7097322 TI - Segmental specialization of a leech swim-initiating interneuron, cell 2051. AB - The physiological and anatomical properties of an unpaired intersegmental interneuron designated cell 205 are described. Cell 205 is unusual among leech neurons in that it combines a variety of functional properties in a single cell. Constant current depolarization of cell 205 initiates and maintains swimming behavior in semi-intact leeches or the swim motor pattern in brainless, isolated nerve cords. During swim episodes elicited by other stimuli, cell 205 is rhythmically active. Current pulses passed into cell 205 during swimming reset the pattern, indicting that it has access to, or may be a member of, the swim central pattern generator (CPG). Cell 205 is the first interneuron in this system to exhibit both swim-initiating and CPG functions. Individual touch, pressure, and nociceptive primary mechanoreceptor neurons polysynaptically excite cell 205, which, in addition, is coupled electrically to the multimodal S interneuron. These inputs may contribute to the initiation and/or modulation of swimming in response to sensory stimuli. Cell 205 shares some common synaptic inputs and outputs with the only other known swim-initiating interneuron, cell 204, but the two cells differ fundamentally in that cell 204 exerts only a tonic effect on the CPG. No synaptic interactions were found between cells 204 and 205, but their excitatory effects on swimming summate. Unlike other swim neurons which are segmentally repeated, cell 205 generally is present only in segment 9, and numerous lines of evidence suggest that it is, in fact, a segmentally differentiated homolog of cell 204. PMID- 7097324 TI - Structure and function: organization of a medical specialty for the rest of the 20th century. The 1982 AANS presidential address. PMID- 7097323 TI - Myelin formation in rotation-mediated aggregating cell cultures: immunocytochemical, electron microscopic, and biochemical observations. AB - Myelination was studied in aggregating cell cultures derived from mechanically 15 to 16-day fetal rat brains. Myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were localized immunocytochemically in 20-micrometers-thick Vibratome and 1-micrometer-thick Epon sections at 15, 20, 25, and 30 days in vitro. The occurrence of these proteins was correlated with the ultrastructural appearance of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths and with biochemical levels of MBP, MAG, and the myelin-related enzyme, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNP). MBP appeared in ultrastructurally immature oligodendrocyte cytoplasm at 15 days in vitro. As oligodendrocytes developed a more differentiated fine structure, MBP and MAG antisera stained oligodendrocyte processes and myelin sheaths. Immunostaining in Vibratome sections demonstrated that MBP was detectable in oligodendrocytes and myelin prior to MAG. At 25 days in vitro, all Vibratome sections contained MBP- and MAG-stained oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths. Radioimmunoassays for MBP and MAG and enzyme assays for CNP in whole homogenates of the aggregates revealed that each of these components increased with the progression of myelination. However, MBP only reached 8% of the level in adult rat brain, while MAG and CNP increased to more than half of the adult level. The protein composition of myelin purified from 30-day aggregates resembled that of myelin purified from immature rat brain. PMID- 7097321 TI - Ribbon synapses in the developing intact and cultured organ of Corti in the mouse. AB - Over 100 synaptic ribbons were studied in the intact animal from birth to the 23rd day and over 500 were studied in the isolated organ up to 24 days in culture. Our findings suggest that synaptogenesis in the cochlea of the mouse occurs mainly postnatally and lasts at least 14 days. Afferent synapses of young cochleas are characterized by round ribbons which are attached to the presynaptic membrane by two rodlets, each surrounded by a discrete triangular density. The postsynaptic density is continuous and coextends with the presynaptic complex. The single layer of vesicles surrounding the dense body of the ribbon is disrupted by the presynaptic densities. In an afferent synapse of the adolescent animal, the predominant organelle is a plate ribbon--often laminated--which measures on the average approximately 1000 A wide, 2000 A tall, and 1500 A long (one section = 700 A). The ribbon is attached to a presynaptic density, arcuate in form; a row of synaptic vesicles is aligned along each side of the arcuate density. The presynaptic membrane forms a trough accommodating the ribbon. The postsynaptic density exceeds the territory of the ribbon. Similar development of the synapse also may be observed in culture. Structural variability of ribbons (seen especially in culture), clustering of ribbons, multiribbon synapses, and ribbon families seem to be characteristic of early development. The occurrence of ring-like or fenestrated ribbons in the intact adolescent animal suggests a limited life span of the organelle. A decrease in the ribbon population of the outer hair cells, to about 20% of the total number, occurs postnatally in the intact animal. A similar decrease occurs also in culture. This implies that the ribbon population is not affected by the efferent influx. The mature cochlear ribbon appears comparable to those of the retina and some ampullary organs of electric fishes. PMID- 7097325 TI - Minds and brains: angels, humans, and brutes. The 1982 Harvey Cushing oration. PMID- 7097326 TI - Aneurysms of the vein of Galen. Experience at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. PMID- 7097328 TI - Histological structural abnormalities of superficial temporal arteries used for extracranial-intracranial anastomosis. AB - Histological evaluation of the superficial temporal artery resected at the time of extracranial-intracranial anastomosis was performed in 64 consecutive patients. A neuropathologist who was not aware of the medical condition of these patients studied all specimens under light microscopy with hemotoxylin and eosin, Verhoff, and Mallory strains. Intimal proliferation was observed in 62 samples, intimal fibrosis in 56, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina in 45, splitting of the internal elastic lamina in 41, fragmentation of the media in 38, and fragmentation of the minimal external elastic tissue in 17. Stenosis of the vessel was observed, and graded from 0% to 50%, with a mean of 20%. The development of intraluminal stenosis was considered to be secondary to the development of intimal fibrosis and hyperplasia. The changes observed were progressive and conformed with those previously described; there was no evidence of correlation with sex, diabetes, or hypertension. The implications for the development of occlusion of the anastomosis or stroke, and for patient survival are discussed. PMID- 7097327 TI - A simple hemostatic method using a metal shield for injury of a major cerebral artery. AB - A new hemostatic method has been devised that uses a metal shield for treating accidentally injured major cerebral arteries. The metal shield is made of stainless steel, and has a small plate on its outer surface that allows it to be held in a regular aneurysm clip holder. Three different sizes of shield are available. The metal shield is applied to an injured artery with Oxycel and Biobond and held for a few minutes. Bleeding stops instantaneously. This is a simple and effective hemostatic method for an injured artery of small size. Experimental results and clinical application of this method are described. PMID- 7097330 TI - Conducted somatosensory evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Part 1: control conduction velocity measurements. AB - Intraoperative recordings of conducted bipolar epidural somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) generated by unilateral common peroneal nerve stimulation have been obtained in 27 patients. The SEP's were multiphasic, 0.3 to 1.5 microV in amplitude, and recorded in 100% of patients with normal cords or in patients with spinal lesions, at a site caudal to the lesions. Control spinal conduction velocities (CV's), measured in the midthoracic to lower cervical regions, were in the range of 65 to 85 m/sec. Control lumbar and lower thoracic CV's were in the range of 30 to 45 m/sec. The CV values were obtained periodically throughout the course of surgery and were plotted as a function of time. In control patients with extradural lesions and neuroleptic anesthesia, the CV's remained constant (+/- 3%). The consistency, sensitivity, and safety of SEP recordings obtained by this technique make precise monitoring readily available during spinal operations. PMID- 7097329 TI - Intraoperative monitoring of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials. AB - Intraoperative brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP's) were monitored in 46 patients undergoing intracranial surgery for a variety of pathological conditions to determine whether this technique was capable of providing useful information to the operating surgeon. Intraoperative BAEP's were unchanged throughout surgery in 34 patients (74%), and these individuals had no postoperative hearing deficits. Four patients (9%) developed an abrupt ipsilateral loss of all waveform components beyond Wave I and had postoperative evidence of a pronounced hearing loss in the affected ear. An additional patient demonstrated BAEP loss contralateral to the side of surgery, and this was associated with subsequent signs of severe brain-stem dysfunction. Seven patients (15%) developed intraoperative delays of BAEP waveform latency values, but maintained recognizable waveforms beyond Wave I. Postoperatively, their hearing was either normal or mildly impaired, and there were no indications of other brain-stem abnormalities. This group represents the individuals who may have been benefited by evoked potential monitoring, since corrective surgical measures were taken when latency delays were observed. Intraoperative BAEP's can be reliably and routinely recorded in an operating room environment. They provide a good predictor of postoperative auditory status, and may have prevented permanent neurological deficits in a small segment of patients by alerting the surgeon to potentially reversible abnormalities. PMID- 7097331 TI - Conducted somatosensory evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Part 2: clinical applications. AB - In 27 patients undergoing laminectomy, spinal cord function was monitored by epidural bipolar recordings of conducted spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) across the laminectomy site, with calculation of spinal conduction velocity (CV). In control cases without myelopathy, the CV remained relatively constant (+/- 3%) even during prolonged operations, despite markedly changing levels of anesthesia. Acute CV changes were detected intraoperatively in three cases: these patients displayed improvement after extramedullary (Case 1) and intramedullary decompression (Case 2), and deterioration after direct unilateral dorsal column injury (Case 3). These intraoperative CV alterations correlated postoperatively with changes in the neurological examination. Although a unilateral lesion confined to the dorsal column abolished the ipsilateral SEP in Case 3, complete anterior quadrant lesions did not consistently change the CV (Case 4). This further suggests that the SEP is generated entirely by ipsilateral dorsal column activation. Accurate measurement of this dorsal column conduction velocity across the operative field provides a very sensitive means of monitoring spinal cord function during operations for neurosurgical spinal lesions. PMID- 7097332 TI - Benefit from and tolerance to continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine for intractable cancer pain. AB - A patient with painful bilateral metastatic lumbosacral plexopathy from cervical cancer was treated with levorphanol tartrate (Levo-Dromoran), 4 mg orally every 4 hours, with poor pain relief. A lumbar subarachnoid catheter was then placed percutaneously. A bolus of 1 mg of morphine gave complete pain relief for 17 hours. Over the next week, the dose requirement increased to 10 mg/day, infused by an external pump. A permanently implantable infusion pump with a 50-cc drug chamber and flow rate of 3.4 cc/day was placed in the abdomen and attached to the lumbar subarachnoid catheter. The pump was refilled by percutaneous injection. Morphine was infused continuously at 15 mg/day, affording the patient increased mobility and no pain for 7 days. When the pain returned, the morphine dose was increased to 17.5 mg/day, and the patient was allowed to take oral Levo-Dromoran for pain. The intrathecal morphine dose was constant within 2-week periods, but was increased from 17.5 to 96 mg/day because of inadequate pain relief. Oral Levo Dromoran intake averaged 3.4 mg/day. Levo-Dromoran intake was less during the 1st week of each 2-week cycle than the last week (mean 15.0 versus 38.0 mg/wk, p less than 0.05). No sedation or respiratory depression was seen. PMID- 7097333 TI - Intracranial pressure in craniostenosis. AB - In this study, intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded with an epidural sensor for periods of 12 to 24 hours in 92 cases of craniosynostosis. Pre- and postoperative recordings were performed in 23 patients, and 55 children underwent preoperative psychometric testing. The ICP was found to be normal in one-third of the cases, was obviously elevated in one-third, and was borderline in one-third. Waves of increased ICP were recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. After surgery, ICP decreased progressively and returned to normal in several weeks. A significant statistical relationship was found between the patients' ICP and their mental level: the higher the ICP the lower the mental level. The regression curve of ICP as a function of age shows that ICP is maximal at the age of 6 years and decreases later. The significance of these results is discussed. The authors recommend that ICP be recorded in cases of craniosynostosis since it is of some help in deciding whether patients should undergo surgery. PMID- 7097335 TI - Local cerebral glucose utilization in the beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage. AB - Local cerebral glucose utilization has been measured by means of carbon-14(14C) autoradiography with 2-deoxyglucose in the newborn beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage. Our studies demonstrate gray matter/white matter differentiation of uptake of 14C-2-deoxyglucose in the control pups, as would be expected from adult animal studies. However, there is a marked homogeneity of 14C 2-deoxyglucose uptake in all brain regions in the puppies with intraventricular hemorrhage, possibly indicating a loss of the known coupling between cerebral blood flow and metabolism in this neuropathological condition. PMID- 7097334 TI - Current prognosis in overt neonatal hydrocephalus. AB - Chiefly because of advances in prenatal diagnostic ultrasonography, prognostic data on congenital hydrocephalus have increased in pertinence. Neurosurgeons may be confronted with requests for prognostic information after discovery of gestational hydrocephalus. Because previous reports reflect technical problems, complications, and less favorable results of an evolutionary period in hydrocephalus therapy, the authors have attempted to update the prognostic picture with a review of their results in hydrocephalus that is overt at birth. the status of 37 children treated with cerebrospinal fluid shunts after delivery at term with overt hydrocephalus was evaluated after an average 6-year follow-up period. They represented 8% of all children being followed for hydrocephalus. Outcome was also reviewed in 11 patients with severe hydrocephalus who were not treated. Of treated patients, 86% survived 1 to 16 years, while all of the untreated infants died at an average of 2.5 months. Approximately two-thirds of treated patients have normal or borderline intellectual capabilities (mean IQ 96, standard deviation 22). Dandy-Walker malformation was associated with a high mortality and a very low IQ in survivors. Congenital aqueductal atresia was also associated with intellectual impairment, but children with communicating hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele were not intellectually impaired. Among the survivors with low IQ, the poor outcome was generally predictable on the basis of cortical mantle thickness and "brain mass" calculations before therapy. The findings from this partially selected series indicate that the majority of babies born with overt hydrocephalus have a good prognosis with appropriate therapy. PMID- 7097336 TI - Quantitative autoradiographic measurements of blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat glioma model. AB - Quantitative autoradiographic technique was applied in measuring blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of autochthonous gliomas in rats. In small tumors (less than 2 mm in diameter), no increase in BBB permeability was noted. As the tumor grew and neovascularization occurred, BBB permeability increased in the center of the tumor, and it was suggested that the BBB was partly disrupted in the neovascularized vessels. In the fully grown tumors, BBB permeability was markedly increased in the viable part of the tumor to levels similar to the choroid plexus. Yet, the BBB was partly preserved at the periphery of the tumor and in the brain adjacent to the tumor. The heterogeneity of the BBB phenomenon according to the stage of tumor growth may be a major obstacle for uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs that do not cross the BBB easily. PMID- 7097337 TI - Spinal epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis with cord compression in a patient with refractory sideroblastic anemia. Case report. AB - Spinal cord compression by epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a rare phenomenon. A case of acute compressive myelopathy is reported in a 72-year-old man with EMH secondary to sideroblastic anemia. Technetium colloid scanning was used to document extensive ectopic marrow formation. The patient improved following surgery and radiotherapy. A review of the literature revealed 23 other cases of symptomatic spinal epidural EMH. The underlying hematological disorder varied but was always of long duration. Eighty-eight percent of the patients were males. Symptoms lasted longer than 1 week in 90% of cases, and 91% demonstrated incomplete neurological deficits. Plain x-ray films were rarely helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Technetium sulfur colloid bone marrow scanning has been used successfully to detect EMH and has led to preoperative diagnosis in one case. Decompressive laminectomy with or without postoperative irradiation is the suggested therapy, although there is evidence that radiotherapy alone may be adequate in some cases. Good recovery is the rule despite long-standing neurological deficits. PMID- 7097338 TI - Computerized tomography of a sellar spine. Case report. AB - A presumed developmental variant of the dorsum sellae was found in a patient undergoing evaluation for a suspected pituitary adenoma. An initial computerized tomography (CT) scan suggested a suprasellar mass; however, high-resolution CT with reformations clearly revealed the mass to be the pituitary gland, which was deformed and displaced upward by an osseous spine projecting from the dorsum sellae. The radiographic appearance and etiology of this anomaly are discussed. Neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists should be aware of this anomaly when evaluating a patient for pituitary adenoma. PMID- 7097339 TI - Persisting recessus infundibuli and empty sella. Case report. AB - In a patient with thrombosis of the central retinal artery, plain skull radiographs showed an enlarged sella turcica and computerized tomography revealed ventricular dilatation. Neuroradiological examination demonstrated stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct and an unusual type of empty sella due to intrasellar persistence of the recessus infundibuli and the presence of an intrasellar arachnoidocele. The former anomaly has been reported in only three cases; in none of them was it associated with the latter abnormality. PMID- 7097340 TI - Multiple giant hydatid cysts of the brain. Case report. AB - A rare case of multiple primary hydatid cysts of the brain is reported in a 9 year-old girl. There were five cysts, occupying most of the right supratentorial region. The biggest cyst measured 9 cm across, while the smallest one was 4.5 cm in diameter. The diagnosis was based on computerized tomography findings. The patient did not have any evidence of hydatid disease elsewhere in the body. The delivery of all the cysts resulted in the dramatic neurological recovery of this patient. PMID- 7097341 TI - Familial intracranial aneurysms. Case report. AB - A case with two intracranial aneurysms is presented. The situation is unique because the patient was one of 13 siblings, seven of whom are now known to have harbored such aneurysms. The patient, now deceased from rupture of her aneurysm, was one of the two siblings who had previously refused elective angiography. PMID- 7097342 TI - Traumatic aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. AB - This paper describes two patients with traumatic aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery, which occurred after a closed-head injury and without demonstrable basal skull fracture. In the first case, the traumatic origin of the aneurysm was demonstrated by repeat angiograms. The second case documents the formation of a giant, traumatic, true aneurysm of the supraclinoid carotid artery over a period of less than 2 months; there was an associated traumatic partial occlusion of the vessel proximal to the aneurysm. The mechanisms of injury of the supraclinoid carotid artery are discussed. PMID- 7097343 TI - Role of protein content in CSF ascites following ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Case report. AB - The case is reported of an 11-year-old girl with a recurrent craniopharyngioma who developed massive ascites following a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt procedure for hydrocephalus, associated with an elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level. The ascites resolved after removal of the shunt. The CSF protein returned to normal levels following excision of the recurrent craniopharyngioma, and ascites did not recur after a second VP shunt was inserted for recurrent hydrocephalus. In this case, elevated CSF protein is believed to have been responsible for ascites developing after VP shunting. There was no recurrence of ascites after the peritoneal cavity was again used for shunting, at which time the protein had returned to normal values. Twelve previous cases of ascites complicating VP shunting are reviewed and the etiology of the condition is discussed. PMID- 7097344 TI - Spasm and intracranial pressure. PMID- 7097345 TI - Accumulation of homocyst(e)ine in vitamin B-6 deficiency: a model for the study of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. AB - The accumulation of homocyst(e)ine in rats deficient in vitamin B-6 was monitored. Homocysteine and cysteine linked by disulfide bonds to plasma proteins, to red blood cells (RBC) membranes, and free in plasma were analyzed by HPLC separation and electrochemical detection. As the vitamin B-6 deficiency progressed, the concentration of plasma protein-bound and RBC membrane-bound homocysteine increased and that of cysteine decreased. Changes in free homocysteine concentration paralleled those seen in protein-bound homocysteine, but free cystein concentration did not fluctuate throughout the deficiency. Refeeding vitamin B-6 to deficient animals resulted in a return of homocysteine and cysteine concentrations to control levels within 2 days. Bound homocysteine and cysteine and plasma free homocyst(e)ine concentrations in rats deficient in vitamin B-6 were in the same concentration range as those seen in patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Monitoring changes in plasma protein-bound and free homocysteine concentration during vitamin B-6 deficiency in rats may provide a useful system for the study of cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency and its treatment. PMID- 7097346 TI - Antiketonemic effect of glycerol during development of the rat. AB - Glycerol, which decreased circulating levels of ketone bodies in adults, was tested for its antiketonemic action in developing rats. Following intraperitoneal injection of glycerol in rats from 2 to 90 days of age, blood levels of 3 hydroxybutyrate (beta HOB) decreased and reached minimum values in 35-40 minutes. The pattern of recovery in suckling animals (2, 7 and 14 days of age) differed from that of 24-, 35- and 90-day-old rats. Glycerol did not change blood acetoacetate (Ac2) levels in suckling rats but caused marked reductions in fasted older animals. The effect of glycerol on the ration of beta HOB:Ac2 was strikingly different for 90-day-old rats compared to all other groups. Glycerol did not raise blood glucose levels in neonatal or suckling rats. These developmental patterns of response to glycerol differed remarkedly from those to alanine, suggesting differential antiketonemic mechanisms for these two compounds on in vitro rats of beta HOB synthesis in liver homogenates from rats injected with either glycerol or alanine. PMID- 7097347 TI - Assessment of endogenous nitrogen output in adult dogs of contrasting size using a protein-free diet. AB - The purpose of the work was to assess endogenous nitrogen output in dogs of widely contrasting mature body size and genotype. Fecal and urinary nitrogen excretion was measured during 14-day metabolic periods in 25 adult dogs of body weight range 2.8-51.0 kg fed a protein-free, semipurified diet. Endogenous nitrogen excretion was assumed from day 8 after introduction of the protein-free diet and was measured during the final 7 days of each period. Mean (+/- SEM) endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN), metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN), and total endogenous nitrogen (TEN) outputs were 210 +/- 9, 63 +/- 3 and 273 +/- 9 mg/kg 0.75 per day. There were no significant effect of either sex or body weight on the magnitude of EUN, MFN or TEN outputs, however, EUN output was positively and significantly (P less than 0.02) correlated (r = 0.50) with percentage body weight loss during the metabolic period. The mean values obtained for endogenous nitrogen output in adult dogs agreed closely with previous estimates in the literature for dogs exhibiting a narrower range (8.3-16.7 kg) of mature body weight. PMID- 7097348 TI - Early cholesterol feeding: are there long-term effects in the rat? AB - The effects of exposure to cholesterol in early life on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in adult rats were investigated. Experiment 1: dams and their offspring received either a control or a cholesterol-enriched diet during gestation and lactation; at 7 weeks of age half of the rats fed each diet were switched to the other diet for 50 weeks. Experiment 2: adult males 6 months old were fed one of the 2 experimental diets for 10 weeks, at which time half of the rats in each group were switched to the other diet for 50 weeks. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were determined in liver, serum, heart and aorta at different ages. In both experiments, feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet induced an increase in serum and liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but serum phospholipid levels were not influenced by diet. The cholesterol-enriched diet induced a decrease in liver phospholipid levels. Old rats (experiment 2) fed the cholesterol-enriched diet exhibited higher heart cholesterol level than controls. In experiment 1 rats fed the cholesterol-enriched diet in early life and thereafter had lower heart triglyceride levels than the 3 other groups and lower liver triglyceride levels that rats fed control diet in early life and cholesterol diet at 7 weeks. In both experiments, cholesterolemia was not influenced by the diet fed at the beginning of the test. The results indicate that cholesterol given in early life does not protect against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in adult rats. PMID- 7097349 TI - Epiphyseal plate development in the zinc-deficient rat. AB - The effect of zinc deficiency on shearing strength, histological changes and proline utilization of the epiphyseal plate of the tibia of the weanling male rat was studied. A diet was fed based on sprayed egg white and containing less than 2 mg of zinc per kilogram. Over 27 day, the force required to displace the epiphysis of the zinc-deficient (ZD) rats was always less than that required for pair-fed (PF) controls. After 18 days, approximately 15% more force was required to displace the epiphysis of the PF rats than was required in the ZD rats. The thickness of the outside compact bone next to the epiphyseal plate region as determined by scanning electron microscopy was thicker in the ZD rats than in the PF controls of comparable age. The epiphyseal plates narrowed as the rats aged, and were clearly discernible in PF controls but not in ZD rats. The incorporation of L-[U-14C]proline into the epiphysis was significantly less in rats deprived of zinc for 16-22 days than in PF controls. PMID- 7097350 TI - Denaturation of the folacin-binding protein in pasteurized milk products. AB - The folacin-binding characteristics and chromatographic properties of the folacin binding protein (FBP) of commercial pasteurized skim milk and whey protein concentrate were compared with those of fresh raw cows' milk. Native state FBP recently has been shown to enhance the intestinal absorption of folacin, whereas the FBP of pasteurized milk is ineffective. Anion-exchange chromatography indicated no major electrostatic differences in the FBP of these products, although gel-filtration chromatography provided evidence of enhanced FBP aggregation in the pasteurized whey protein concentrate. Analysis of folic acid binding kinetics by using Scatchard and Hill plots indicated that pasteurization or subsequent processing induces alterations in binding cooperatively, its pH dependence, or both. These results suggest that partial denaturation during pasteurization alters the folacin-binding characteristics and extent of molecular interaction of FBP. These changes may be responsible for the reported differences between raw and pasteurized milk products in their ability to enhance folacin absorption. Further research is needed to clarify the biological significance of these findings with respect to potential differences in folacin bioavailability from breast milk, pasteurized cows' milk and infant formulas. PMID- 7097352 TI - Tocopherol absorption and metabolism in the chick and turkey. AB - Chickens and turkeys were fed from hatching basal diets to which tocopherol was added at levels of 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg for 28 days. During the last 4 days [3H]tocopherol and 141Ce were included in the diets. Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were correlated with dietary tocopherol in both chickens and turkeys, but concentrations were 1.5- to 4.5-fold lower in turkeys. Disappearance (absorption + catabolism) of tocopherol between feed and lower ileum was 78-90% of the ingested vitamin, and, no significant differences were found with dietary intake or between chickens and turkeys. Of the 3H-labeled material found in the duodenum, 24-40% was not extractable by organic solvents and comprised mainly tocopheryl glucuronides. The duodenal secretion of glucuronides increased with dietary tocopherol intake, and less than 30% of the secreted glucuronides were reabsorbed by the small intestine. The duodenal organic solvent-extractable 3H contained 30-40% material that appeared to be tocopheryl quinone. This proportion increased with distance from the pylorus. Turkeys excreted 2.5- to 7-fold more glucuronides than chickens. This explains in part the lower plasma and tissue concentrations of tocopherol observed in turkeys. PMID- 7097351 TI - Effects of undernutrition at different ages early in life and later environmental complexity on parameters of the cerebrum and hippocampus in rats. AB - Nutritional deprivation at different stages of development in rats was shown to cause reductions in some parameters of the cerebrum that could not be reversed by an extended period of adequate feeding. The deficits varied in magnitude, depending on whether undernutrition occurred during the suckling period alone or was combined with additional deprivation either before birth or after weaning. Whereas the weight, length, and width of the cerebrum were affected significantly by undernutrition at every age, effects on the thickness of the cortex and hippocampus were associated only with the combined pre- and postnatal deprivation. The deficits in weight, length, and cortical thickness could be modified later by housing in enriched and impoverished environments for 30 days. The previously undernourished rats responded similarly to environmental complexity regardless of the age at which they had been deprived, and their responses did not differ significantly from those of well fed controls. The degree to which enrichment can be said to have reduced deficits arising from undernutrition depends on the relative size of the nutritional and environmental effects on the particular parameters in question and on the choice of a "normal' baseline against which to assess recovery. PMID- 7097353 TI - Effect of protein-induced calciuria on calcium metabolism and bone status in adult rats. AB - 45Ca-labeled adult male rats were fed diets high in protein to determine long term effects on calcium metabolism and bone status. Factors influencing renal excretion of calcium were examined for their involvement in protein-induced hypercalciuria. Control rats were fed a 6% casein diet. Test diets contained 6% casein plus 24% protein as lactalbumin, beef, casein, soy, egg white or gelatin. All diets were equal in Mg, P, and Ca. Collections made during the 20-week feeding regimen indicated a transient but marked calciuria (greater than or equal to 200% of control) occurring at or prior to days 56-59 by rats fed the lactalbumin, egg white, gelatin (P less than or equal to 0.001) and 30% casein (P less than or equal 0.01) diets. Soy and beef diets were not calciuric. At days 56 59, rats fed lactalbumin, 30% casein, soy and egg white exhibited significantly depressed urinary specific activity of calcium (P less than or equal to 0.001), and all rats fed test diets produced higher fecal endogenous calcium, suggesting an increased absorption. No compositional differences indicative of bone resorption were present in the femur or mandibles of any rat fed test protein, dismissing bone as the source of calciuria. End-products of protein metabolism known to chelate calcium or compete with its renal reabsorption were significantly correlated with urinary calcium; these included sulfate, oxalate and sodium. PMID- 7097354 TI - A mass spectrometric method for use of stable isotopes as tracers in studies of iron, zinc, and copper absorption in human subjects. PMID- 7097355 TI - Effects of dietary cholesterol and type of dietary carbohydrate on hepatic and plasma glycerides and phospholipids in the gerbil. AB - The influence of dietary cholesterol at levels of 0.01-0.5% (by weight) and carbohydrate type (starch, sucrose or a starch-sucrose mixture) on levels and composition of hepatic and plasma glycerides in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was studied. Hepatic and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were generally higher with dietary cholesterol supplementation (0.1 and 0.5%), and animals fed sucrose diets exhibited very low levels of hepatic and plasma TG. The mixed carbohydrate (starch-sucrose) did not affect glycerides in a way that could be interpolated from feeding starch or sucrose diets alone. The percent of 16:0 in liver TG was depressed with cholesterol-feeding (at the 0.5% level only), whereas the percent of 18:1 was elevated. Sucrose diets produced higher percentages of 18:0 in liver TG. Dietary cholesterol elevated concentrations of plasma but not liver phospholipid (PL). Percentages of 20:40 omega 6 and 22:6 omega 3 acids in liver and plasma PL were significantly depressed by cholesterol supplementation, whereas the percent of 18:2 in liver PL was higher when feeding cholesterol and starch (no sucrose). Dietary cholesterol produced higher levels of hepatic 1,2-diglyceride with lower percentages of 18:0 and 20:4 omega 6 and higher percentages of 18:1 and 18:2. Dietary cholesterol may possibly influence fatty acid elongation and desaturation reactions as well as transacylation reactions in phospholipid synthesis. In this regard, compositional data suggested a suppressing effect of dietary cholesterol on 22:6 omega 3 formation as exemplified by a 40% diminution in the docosahexaenate content of hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine in gerbils fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet for only 7 days. PMID- 7097356 TI - Biopotency of alpha-tocopherols as determined by curative myopathy bioassay in the rat. AB - The decrease in plasma pyruvate kinase activity after administration of various tocopherols to vitamin E-deficient rats provided the basis for a 3-point parallel slope assay for vitamin E activity. Based on 6 replicate assays, RRR-alpha tocopheryl acetate (RRR-alpha-TA) was 141% as active as all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (all-rac-alpha-TA). This confirms many previous reports with other bioassays and is in agreement with the unit-weight relationships assigned by The National Formulary. 2-ambo-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate was 97% as active as all-rac alpha-TA indicating that only the configuration of the 2-position on the chromanol ring is important in determining the biological activity of alpha tocopherol. PMID- 7097357 TI - Nutritive value of mixtures using chick-peas with wheat, triticale, normal and opaque-2 corns. AB - Chemical and biological evaluation of cereal-legume mixtures prepared with normal or genetically improved cereals were made. Wheat, triticale, normal corn, two varieties of opaque-2 corn: soft and hard endosperm, and chick-peas were used. The results showed that although the protein content in the normal and in the genetically improved cereals was similar, the lysine, tryptophan, sulfur amino acids and leucine in the genetically improved cereals gave a better balance in their protein. This was reflected in the protein efficiency ratio values, which demonstrated that the mixtures of genetically improved cereals and chick-peas were statistically different from those prepared with normal cereals. The best results were found with the triticale flour and hard endosperm opaque-2 corn mixtures. It is concluded that the mixtures prepared with genetically improved cereals permit a reduction in the amount of legume in the mixtures maintaining a high protein value and preserving the desirable cereal properties. PMID- 7097359 TI - Cholesterolemic responses of rats to human-type diet ingredients. AB - The average serum cholesterol level of rats fed a human-type diet that contained 28% (wt/wt) beef fat and 0.5% added cholesterol and that was low in non digestible constituents was lower than that of rats fed an equivalent diet prepared from purified ingredients, 94 mg/dl and 163 mg/dl, respectively. In order to identify the hypocholesterolemic ingredients in the human-type diet, the sources of protein and carbohydrate in the purified diet, casein and cornstarch, were substituted for the corresponding sources in the human-type diet, beef tenderloin, bread, and rice. These prepared diets were fed to female Sprague Dawley rats for 10 weeks. Diets containing casein were hypercholesterolemic compared to stock rat diet, but rats fed the bread with the casein had the lowest serum cholesterol level, 112 mg/dl, of any casein diet group. The cholesterolemic response of rats fed the beef and bread diet was the same as that of stock-fed rats, 94 mg/dl and 86 mg/dl, respectively. The level of cholesterol in the liver of rats fed the beef and bread diet was lower than that of rats fed the purified diet, 7.7 mg/g and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, but it was higher than that of rats fed the stock diet, 3.8 mg/g. The hypocholesterolemic effect of beef and bread may be related to reduced cholesterol absorption. These data demonstrate the sensitive control on cholesterol metabolism of nonlipid diet ingredients. PMID- 7097358 TI - A new vaginal smear assay for vitamin A in rats. AB - A method is described for measuring the relative activities of vitamin A active substances based on their direct effect on the cornified vaginal epithelium of vitamin A-deficient rats. The results obtained agree well with those found in the tracheal organ culture assay. The relative activities found for several test compounds were: all-trans-retinoyl-beta-glucuronide greater than all-trans retinoic acid greater than all-trans retinol greater than all-trans-5,6 epoxyretinoic acid. The assay is simple and inexpensive to perform, and should find use in laboratories where the equipment and personnel required for the tracheal organ culture assay are not available. PMID- 7097360 TI - Dietary stress and development of resistance ot Listeria monocytogenes in mice. AB - The native and acquired cell-mediated immune resistance against Listeria monocytogenes steadily developed in young mice after weaning and reached maximum activity at 6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. Mice fed a high fat (20% corn oil) diet from 3 weeks of age had a significantly more rapid development of resistance against L. monocytogenes. Mice fed the high fat diet beginning at 6 and 12 weeks of age had significantly lower native preimmune resistance against L. monocytogenes after 3 weeks on the diet. On the other hand, 3-week-old mice fed a low protein (4% casein) diet had a significantly retarded development of native and acquired resistance against L. monocytogenes. However, mice consuming the low protein diet at 6, 12 or 24 weeks of age did not exhibit an impairment in this resistance. Therefore age at which the dietary stress, either low protein or high fat, was initiated had an important effect on native and acquired resistance of mice against L. monocytogenes. PMID- 7097361 TI - Metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup: effect of an atypical rat milk substitute. AB - A substitute for rat milk [Messer et al., 1969 (1)] has been evaluated as a nutrient source to artificially feed rat pups from 4 days after birth. The rat milk substitute has a normal fat concentration, suboptimal protein concentration and a high carbohydrate concentration when compared to natural rat milk. Rat pups artificially reared on the mild substitute by intermittent infusion via miniaturized intragastric cannulae have: 1) atypical ketone body metabolism: lower than normal concentration and turnover of D-(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and less than normal amounts of D-(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate used for respiration, 2) atypical carbohydrate metabolism: higher than normal insulin and galactose concentrations in blood and a greater than normal amount of glucose used for respiration, and 3) atypical amino acid levels: the concentrations of several amino acids in blood were 60% or less than normal, and the concentration of taurine in plasma was negligible. We observed frequent head tremors, hyperreactivity to handling and about a 20% incidence of cataracts in rat pups reared on the milk substitute. We conclude this rat milk substitute is not suitable as a nutrient source for the developing rat pup. PMID- 7097362 TI - Effects of feeding a "cafeteria" diet on energy balance and diet-induced thermogenesis in four strains of rat. AB - Genetic influences on energy, balance and body weight were studied in four strains of rat (male Sprague-Dawley, Lister Hooded and Alderley Park, and male and female hybrid wild/Sprague-Dawley), maintained for 15 days on either a stock or cafeteria diet. Metabolizable energy intake (kiloJoule/W0.75) was similar for all stock-fed groups, and intake was increased by 34% in Alderly Park rats on the cafeteria diet, but by 50-60% in all other strains. Sprague-Dawley and Alderley Park rats were heavier and fatter than other strains, and gained 16 g more fat during cafeteria feeding compared to 8 g in the wild hybrid and only 4 g in the Lister rats. These variations in weight and fat gain resulted from differences in energetic efficiency and energy expenditure. Compared to their controls, expenditure was elevated by 63 and 21% in Lister and Alderley Park cafeteria-fed rats, respectively, and by 50-60% in other groups. Brown adipose tissue mass and protein content was increased in all cafeteria-fed groups. In the laboratory strains, resting oxygen consumption, before and after norepinephrine injections (250 micrograms/kg, s.c.), was significantly increased by the cafeteria diet. Variations in fat and weight gains among strains therefore appeared to be mainly due to differences in metabolic efficiency, and these were exaggerated by cafeteria feeding. PMID- 7097363 TI - Methionine metabolism in rainbow trout fed diets of differing methionine and cystine content. AB - The metabolism of methionine was studied in rainbow trout fed diets containing different levels of methionine and cystine. Growth data indicated that methionine requirement was between 0.5 and 1% dry diet in the absence of dietary cystine, but 0.5% was adequate when dietary cystine was 2%. In fish fed diets deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids, elevated hepatic activities of glutathione reductase were found, whereas glutathione peroxidase and glutathione levels were unaffected. Plasma and liver concentrations (18 hours after feeding) of methionine and cystine were affected by dietary methionine, but dietary cystine had little effect. Cystine appeared to be converted to taurine in the liver. In fish injected intraperitoneally with [14COOH]- and [14CH3]methionine, over 24 hours the carboxyl group was oxidized more than the methyl group and more was incorporated into protein. However, much more of the methyl group was incorporated into the lipid fraction. The results suggest the operation of the transsulfuration pathway of methionine catabolism. Oxidation of methionine was related to its concentration in the tissues, and little affected by dietary cystine. A 28-day experiment on the metabolism of injected [14COOH]methionine showed that its turnover was slow, and much of the radioactivity was associated with protein. PMID- 7097365 TI - Effect of dietary retinyl acetate, beta-carotene and retinoic acid on wound healing in rats. AB - The effects of feeding various levels and combinations of retinyl acetate, beta carotene, or retinoic acid on skin wound healing in rats was investigated. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a vitamin A-free diet for 2 weeks to produce marginal vitamin A status. After a paravertebral incision was made and closed with suture, one of several diets were fed for either 5 or 14 days. Surgery and recovery did not reduce liver vitamin A nor serum retinol levels compared to nonoperated pair-fed controls. Supplemental retinyl acetate feeding at five times the NRC-suggested allowance resulted in a mild, but significantly increased postmortem wound tensile strength after 5 days compared to rats fed the suggested allowance. Although a low level of retinoic acid in the diet (1.3 microgram/g diet) depressed wound strength at 5 days, a higher level (5.2 microgram/g) increased the strength 57% above controls. Still higher levels (49.1 microgram/g) did not further increase the tensile strength of the wound. beta Carotene fed the requirement level for 5 days (with compensation made for utilization as one-sixth that of retinol) doubled wound strength compared to rats fed the requirements as retinyl acetate. Vitamin A feeding did not enhance wound strength after 14 days of feeding. It is concluded that supplemental retinyl acetate, beta-carotene, or in some cases all-trans-retinoic acid can be effective in enhancing wound strength, 5 days, but not 14 days after surgery, of young male rats with marginal vitamin A status. PMID- 7097364 TI - The effects of pre- and postweaning dietary protein levels of mitochondrial metabolism in developing liver and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in rats. AB - Isoenergetic diets containing casein:carbohydrate:fat, 22:59:10% (control protein, CP), or 8:73:10% (low protein, LP), were fed to female rats during gestation and lactation and to offspring postweaning. Control fed rats were pair fed to the LP-fed group. In the LP-fed group, body and liver weights were similar at birth but decreased at 10, 21, and 42 days, while intercapsular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) weight decreased from birth to 10 and 21 days but increased at 42 days compared to controls. Hepatic mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OC) with pyruvate + malate as substrate was similar at 21 and 42 days, whereas OC in state 3 and 4 with succinate was decreased at 42 days, only in the LP-fed group. In IBAT, OC was similar in each group at each age. In the LP-fed group, hepatic glycerolphosphate (GP) shuttle activity was the same as in controls at birth but increased progressively from 10 to 21 and 42 days, whereas malate-aspartate (M-A) shuttle activity was not substantially changed during development. In IBAT, shuttle activities were similar in both groups during development with M-A shuttle activity increased in the LP-fed group at 21 days. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels in the LP-fed group were increased at 10 and 42 days but decreased at 21 days after birth. These results suggest a role for both pre- and postweaning diet composition as a regulator of hepatic metabolism during development. The deficit in IBAT weight in the LP-fed group during early postnatal development indicates a decreased capacity for heat production in the neonate caused by maternal protein undernutrition. PMID- 7097366 TI - Effect of folate deficiency on the reproductive organs of female rhesus monkeys: a cytomorphological and cytokinetic study. AB - The effect of folate deficiency was studied on the cytomorphology and the kinetics of proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells, and the epithelial cells lining the uterus, cervix and vagina of six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys. The cellular kinetics were study by in vivo labeling with [3H]thymidine, followed by autoradiography of the histological sections of tissue biopsies taken at various time intervals and labeled mitosis curves. The folate-deficient monkeys showed an increased number of atresic and cystic ovarian follicles with depletion of granulosa cells. There was also a significant impairment of the proliferation kinetics of granulosa cells as indicated by decreased [3H]thymidine labeling index (L.I.), and marked prolongation of the pre- DNA-synthetic time (G1 phase); the DNA-synthetic (S phase) and postsynthetic (G2 phase) periods were only mildly prolonged. These changes may have impaired the ovarian synthesis of the steroidal hormones, estrogen and progesterone. The cervico-vaginal epithelium showed megaloblastosis, multinucleation and impairment of orderly proliferation and maturation. Less pronounced changes were also seen in the uterus. The cytomorphological and functional disturbances in the uterus, cervix and vagina may be partly secondary to those in the ovaries, and partly due to the depletion of their essential folate coenzymes. PMID- 7097368 TI - Experimental protein malnutrition decreases calcium-binding protein in rat intestinal mucosa. AB - Calcium-binding activity was measured in duodenal mucosal homogenates of rats 50 days after weaning onto a protein-deficient diet providing 3-4 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day compared to control animals, who were fed an isocaloric diet providing 9-12 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Calcium-binding activity was decreased (44% of control) further than can be explained by the decrease in intestinal mucosal weight (70% of control) or supernatant protein content (80% of control). The results suggest that the decrease in calcium-binding activity reflects decreased synthesis of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) as an adaptive response to the stunted growth associated with protein malnutrition. PMID- 7097367 TI - Uptake, transport and distribution of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared to D alpha-tocopherol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - The appearance of radioactivity after the oral administration of 3 microCi D alpha-[5-methyl-3H]tocopherol and 10 microCi DL-alpha-[3',4'-14C]tocopheryl acetate in plasma, liver, kidney, spleen and heart of rainbow trout showed an exponential increase up to 32 hours, followed by a plateau or slight decline from 32 to 64 hours. Radioactivity in the skeletal muscle increased exponentially up to 8 hours followed by a slower liner increase up to 64 hours. Comparisons of plasma 3H and 14C radioactivity suggested that the uptake of D-alpha-tocopherol (EOH) was 6 to 18 times greater than DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (EAc) in the first 4 hours and 2 to 3 times greater between 8 and 64 hours. At the plateau, the amount of 3H and 14C radioactivity incorporated per unit wet weights of tissue decreased in the order liver greater than kidney greater than plasma greater than spleen greater than heart much greater than skeletal muscle. More than 87% of the 3H and 14C radioactivity after 16 hours was found to be free alpha-tocopherol in both plasma and liver. The radioactivity labeled vitamins were bound primarily to plasma low-density lipoprotein (density 1.015 to 1.085). These studies support the hypothesis that the uptake, transport and distribution fo EAc after hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of trout follows a pattern similar to that of EOH. PMID- 7097370 TI - Effects of plane of nutrition on organ size and fasting heat production in pigs. AB - Twenty-seven 12-week-old barrows with average initial weight of 27 kg were randomly assigned to three treatments. The first group (HL) was fed to gain 19 kg body weight during the first 35 days (period 1) and to lose 5 kg during the second 35 days (period 2). The second group (MM) was fed to gain 7 kg during both periods 1 and 2. The third group (LH) was fed to lose 5 kg during period 1 and to gain 19 kg during period 2. At the end of the 70-day period, 7 pigs from each treatment were fasted for 30 hours and fasting heat production (FHP) was measured by indirect calorimetry. The animals were slaughtered and weights of stomach, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and heart were measured. Although all animals had the same final body weight, animals on the higher plane of nutrition during period 2 had significantly higher FHP and higher weights for stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver and kidneys. FHP and the weights of small intestine, pancreas and liver from animals receiving the higher plane of nutrition during period 2 (LH) were 50% heavier than that from animals on low plane (HL). Positive correlations exist between FHP and weights of stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver and kidneys. These results indicate that prior nutritional history significantly influences FHP, which is highly correlated to weights of metabolically active organs. PMID- 7097369 TI - The biological activity of retinotaurine. AB - The ability of the biliary metabolite retinotaurine to reverse the cornification of vaginal epithelial cells induced by vitamin A deficiency was assessed using a vaginal smear assay. Retinotaurine activity was examined following the intravaginal administration of 10(-12) mol to 10(-8) mol of this compound per vagina. This metabolite exhibited no detectable activity at any dose tested. These results show that retinotaurine cannot be more than 1% as active as all trans-retinoic acid since retinoic acid shows a response at concentrations of 10( 10) mol per vagina. The low biological activity of this recently identified biliary metabolite suggests that it represents an excretory form of retinoic acid. PMID- 7097371 TI - The effect of vitamin E on platelet kinetics of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). AB - The platelet survival time was shortened in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at 10 weeks of age on feeding the regular diet but it was normalized on administering the vitamin E-supplemented diet. Platelet survival time was normal in stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSR) at 10 weeks of age on feeding the regular diet but it was shortened when supplying the vitamin E-free diet. The maximal uptake of 75Se-selenomethionine by platelets was increased in SHRSP at 10 weeks of age on feeding the regular diet. It was further increased in SHRSP on feeding the vitamin E-free diet. On the other hand, the increased maximal uptake of 75Se-selenomethionine by platelets was normalized in SHRSP on feeding both the vitamin E-supplemented diet and the vitamin E-supplemented diet after administering the vitamin E-free diet. Therefore, we concluded that the deficiency of vitamin E brought about the shortening of platelet survival time and enhanced platelet production. PMID- 7097372 TI - The presence of glutamate mutase in a methanol-utilizing bacterium, Protaminobacter ruber. AB - Cell-free extracts of a facultative methylotroph and strict aerobe, Protaminobacter ruber, could catalyze formation of beta-methylaspartate from glutamate. beta-Methylaspartate formed was further converted to mesaconate. From these results, it was found that the cells of P. ruber contained a sequential reaction system of glutamate mutase and beta-methylaspartase. The level of glutamate mutase activity was almost constant throughout the period of cultivation. When P. ruber was grown on several non-one-carbon compounds in addition to methanol as a sole carbon source, the activity of glutamate mutase was not markedly affected by the kinds of carbon sources. PMID- 7097373 TI - Effect of feeding a raw winged bean seeds on gastrointestinal functions in rats. AB - The primary cause of the adverse effects of feeding of raw winged bean seeds in rats was investigated. In experiment 1, rats were fed on either a raw winged bean diet or a steamed winged bean diet for 10 days. Body weight gain of rats fed on 30% raw winged bean diet was significantly lower than that of rats fed on 30% steamed winged bean diet. The adverse effect of the feeding of 30% raw winged bean diet on growth was accompanied by disorders of the gastrointestinal tract including a significant reduction in intestinal sucrase activity, not being improved with feeding of the diet supplemented with methionine. In experiment 2, rats fasted for 2 days were refed on a 10% casein diet, a 30% raw winged bean diet or a 30% steamed winged bean diet, in which most of the carbohydrate component was sucrose, for 4 days. Although body weight gain and food consumption in rats refed on these winged bean diets were lower than those in rats refed on 10% casein diet, the effects of feeding of the raw winged bean diet on body weight gain and food consumption were extremely deleterious as compared with those of feeding of the steamed winged bean diet. Significant reductions in hydrolase activities localized in the brush border membrane of the small intestine were found in rats refed on the raw winged bean diet prior to the occurrence of apparent disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that the primary cause of the adverse effects of raw winged bean seed feeding the disorders in the small intestine caused by lectin or similar substances in raw winged bean seeds. PMID- 7097376 TI - Success in understanding and preventing coal workers' pneumoconiosis. PMID- 7097375 TI - Occupational stress and illness incidence. AB - This study examined hospitalization rates for 10 stress-related illnesses among Navy occupational groups during four phases of a 30-year career and identified possible reasons for differences in health risks among occupations and career phases. Results of this longitudinal study, which covered 11 years and included an initial population of 184,122 male Navy enlisted Caucasians, showed that men assigned to Hospital Corpsman and Mess Management Specialist (culinary work) categories had the highest health risks for stress-related illness during nearly all phases or decades of a Navy career. Other groups with elevated hospitalization rates included Construction/Manufacturing, Deck, Ordnance, and Engineering/Hull, whereas the lowest rates were observed for Miscellaneous/Technical, Electronics, and Administrative/Clerical. The highest hospitalization rates for stress-related diseases were evidenced during the third decade. Job stress scores were computed from ratings of environmental characteristics, occupational stressors and career considerations; high scores on these dimensions tended to be associated with increased illness. Implications of these results for prevention programs are discussed. PMID- 7097374 TI - Conclusions questioned in brain tumor excess study. PMID- 7097378 TI - Reduction of pesticide exposure with protective clothing for applicators and mixers. AB - Systemic pesticide illness in agricultural workers may result from excessive dermal exposure to pesticides. Workers who apply and mix pesticides (applicators and mixers) are not at special risk. Both acute and chronic exposures can occur from spillage or by environmental contamination of clothing. Two exposure assessment studies were conducted of Central Florida citrus grove workers who applied ethion daily. Measuring the percentage of penetration of ethion through clothing and measuring the daily urinary excretion of diethyl phosphate (DEP) were the techniques used to assess the protection afforded by changing daily to freshly laundered 100% cotton coveralls. Coveralls provided significantly greater protection than did regular clothing and the use of respirators. PMID- 7097379 TI - Smoking and the workplace: tobacco smoke health hazards to the involuntary smoker. PMID- 7097377 TI - The effect of a 14-week employee fitness program on selected physiological and psychological parameters. AB - A 14-week study was undertaken to determine the effects of a structured employee exercise program on blood lipid profiles and selected physiological and psychological parameters. Specific analyses dealt with the effects of exercise on total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoproteins, total triglycerides, trait anxiety, self-concept, oxygen uptake, weight, body fat percentage and resting heart rate and blood pressure. Subjects were 73 male and female employees of the Xerox Corporation joining a newly developed health fitness program. For the duration of the study they exercises as often as they chose using activities such as running and cycling to raise heart rates to a target level for 20-minute sessions. At the conclusion of the study, subjects were grouped by frequency of exercise to determine overall effects of the program and possible intergroup variations. Significant improvements overall were found in self-concept (physical, personal and social), trait anxiety, resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure, total triglycerides and total cholesterol. Significant improvements overall and differences among the attendance groups were found in absolute and relative predicted maximum oxygen uptake. These improvements related directly to frequency of exercise. PMID- 7097380 TI - The mortality experience of upstate New York talc workers. AB - Deaths for a 31-year period (1948-1978) were analyzed in a historical prospective cohort study of 655 white male talc workers. Death rates from all causes, from cancer of the respiratory system, and from nonmalignant respiratory disease were not significantly different from those of the U.S. white male population. However, significant differences for these causes of death were found among workers who had previous occupational histories. An analysis of the latency periods of the observed lung cancer suggests that exposure to an etiologic agent during previous work experience may play a role in the development of lung cancer. PMID- 7097381 TI - Exchange thresholds for long-wavelength incremental flashes. AB - Thresholds of 1-deg, 200-msec, 641-nm foveal test flashes rise after an exchange of II5-equated 536- and 626-nm fields, taking about 30 sec to recover. Silent substitution (no rise of threshold after the exchange) occurs, however, if these fields are alternated during adaptation. Thresholds for a 1-deg, 20-msec test rise similarly after an exchange but recover in only 0.5 sec and are not influenced by alternation of the 536- and 626-nm fields. These results can be accounted for if the 641-nm tests are detected not through pathways controlled by long-wavelength cones alone but through nonopponent (20-msc) and opponent (200 msec) pathways whose sensitivities may be reduced by transient inputs from other cones. PMID- 7097382 TI - Temporal aspects of color discrimination. PMID- 7097384 TI - Dichroism of the macular pigment and Haidinger's brushes. AB - It seems quite certain that the visual entoptic phenomenon called Haidinger's brushes is a consequence of dichroism of the macular pigment; this dichroism is usually ascribed to orientation of the pigment molecules. An alternative explanation of the dichroism, an explanation that requires no orientation of pigment molecules, investigated and shown to be feasible. Specifically, it is shown that form dichroism that is due to the structure of the Henle fiber layer can account for Haidinger's brushes if the macular pigment is almost entirely confined to the Henle layer, if individual fibers have an index about 5% higher than that of the interfiber medium, and if the fibers form a tightly packed array. PMID- 7097383 TI - Refractive index of the fly rhabdomere. AB - The refractive index and the diameter of the fly rhabdomere were determined by comparing the experimental results derived from interference microscopy with the results of theoretical study on the scattering of plane waves by a homogeneous, isotropic cylindrical dielectric rod. It was found that the refractive index of the isolated rhabdomere of Calliphora erythrocephala is 1.363 +/- 0.003 in an area of the rhabdomere where its diameter is calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.04 micrometers. PMID- 7097385 TI - What to do about the infant with apnea. PMID- 7097386 TI - The distribution of fasting plasma glucose in a rural population: The Oklahoma lipid research clinic program. PMID- 7097387 TI - Fragile X-linked mental retardation: a new genetic entity. PMID- 7097388 TI - Leukocyte survival in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 7097389 TI - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: the diagnosis and treatment of Reye's syndrome March 2-4, 1981. PMID- 7097390 TI - [Investigation of forward-backward discrepancy in Bekesy audiometry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097391 TI - [Role of dental examination in rhinologic field (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097393 TI - [Experimental study of the inner ear damage in nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097392 TI - [Stereoscopic ultra high speed photography of the larynx (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097394 TI - [Distribution of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol particles in the nasal cavity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097395 TI - [A case of Cole-Engman syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097396 TI - Direct evidence that inflammatory multinucleate giant cells form by fusion. AB - Multinucleate giant cells (MGC) are believed to be formed by fusion of macrophages. In a chimaeric mouse composed of two histoincompatible strains each homozygous for one of the two isoenzymic forms of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase it was found that hybrid enzyme was produced in MGC-rich leucocytic exudates. This hybrid can only occur if nuclei of the two different strains reside within a common syncytial cytoplasm, demonstrating unequivocally that macrophage fusion occurred between cells of the two strains. Since the two strains were histoincompatible it appears that no strain specific recognition is necessary for fusion to occur. PMID- 7097397 TI - Reduced resorption of cortical bone in mice with induced osteopetrosis. AB - Two groups of syngeneic radiation chimaeras were established, the reconstitution being with spleen from osteopetrotic mice on the one hand and normal bone marrow on the other. Induced osteopetrosis in the former was evident radiologically not only as metaphyseal opacity but as unduly dense cortices compared with the latter, particularly terminally after 16-18 months. The radiological impressions were confirmed by measurement of cortical thickness in both longitudinal and transverse sections of undecalcified femoral shafts. Measurements were made with a Quantimet-720 System-30 Image Analyser. Terminally the differences were highly significant. One concludes that defective osteoclasts of osteopetrotic mice derived from haematopoietic stem cells fail to resorb not only primitive woven bone but also cortical laminar bone. PMID- 7097398 TI - Renal ultrastructure in acute tubular necrosis following Russell's viper envenomation. AB - Electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies from nine patients who developed renal failure after Russell's viper bite showed glomerular mesangial hypercellularity, vascular endothelial swelling, tubular epithelial necrosis and shedding, acellular segments of tubular basement membrane and an interstitial infiltrate composed of mast cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. These cells showed many close contacts with each other and with fibroblasts. Severe vascular and tubular lesions were also present in the medulla. These abnormalities and other reported clinical and laboratory investigations in this condition, suggest that the primary lesion is a reversible intravascular coagulation with secondary ischaemic tubular damage. The inflammatory response in the interstitium is probably initiated by a release of antigens from damaged tubules. PMID- 7097399 TI - Slow cirrhosis--or no cirrhosis? a lesion causing benign intrahepatic portal hypertension. AB - We report the histological findings in livers from a group of 60 patients with benign intrahepatic portal hypertension. The lesion is benign in comparison with true cirrhosis in the sense that most of the patients survive many years from the time of diagnosis. The histological changes, in our view, differ from those of any variant of cirrhosis and generally do not progress even after many years. The essential features are: (1) irregular capsular thickening; (2) thickening of some portal tracts with fine fibrous septa radiating out from some of them; and (3) distortion of lobular architecture with hyperplastic expansion of some areas and compression of others and irregularly distributed central veins. We suggest that this is the lesion responsible for at least some cases of so-called idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. PMID- 7097400 TI - Delayed infarction of spinal cord white matter following x-irradiation. AB - The thoraco-lumbar spinal cord of 4 cats were subjected to 4000 RADS of X irradiation. Between 3 and 5 mth afterwards the animals developed weakness of the hind-legs and became uncoordinated. Small infarcts were found in the white matter of the irradiated area of spinal cord, accompanied by neuronal death and oedema of the grey matter close to the central canal. Ultrastructurally the infarcts were shown to stem from necrosis and thrombosis of small blood vessels. Comparison is made with the pathogenesis of spinal cord infarction that occurs in decompression sickness. PMID- 7097401 TI - Benign schwannomas: a histopathological and morphometric study. AB - A conventional histopathological and quantitative morphometric study of 28 capsulated peripheral and spinal nerve benign schwannomas demonstrated linear and parabolic correlation between Antoni B tissue, vascularity and tumour size. The results support the endoneural connective tissue origin of Antoni B, and suggest a model of tumor growth that is partially limited by the growth potential of the Antoni B and/or the vascular component. PMID- 7097402 TI - Anatomical variation and quantitative histology of the normal and enlarged carotid body. AB - The carotid bodies from 150 consecutive cases coming to necropsy were examined to determine the degree of anatomical variation of the organ. Single, double and bilobed variants were found. The origin of the carotid body was variable, the angle of the carotid bifurcation being the most typical, but a minority were encountered on the internal or external carotid arteries, the common carotid artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. Carotid bodies which were enlarged had no preferred site or origin, but some showed early or pronounced nodularity. Both carotid bodies from 100 of these cases were subjected to detailed qualitative and quantitative histological study. From these measurements we were able to define hyperplasia of the organ as a differential sustentacular cell count in excess of 47 per cent., a lobular diameter over 565 micrometers, and a combined carotid body weight over 30 mg. Carotid body hyperplasia occurred in cases of myocardial hypertrophy secondary to both hypoxaemia and systemic hypertension. PMID- 7097403 TI - Factors influencing the severity and progress of ethylenimine-induced papillary necrosis. AB - The severity of the renal papillary necrosis produced in rats by ethylenimine is dependent both on dose and urinary concentration within the medulla. When this is reduced by diuresis, the severity of the lesion is effectively reduced. Increasing urinary concentration has a reverse effect, but of less magnitude. When the concentrating power of the renal medulla is impaired by a single dose of ethylenimine, insufficient to cause necrosis of the whole papilla, further doses of ethylenimine do not cause progressive damage to the papilla. PMID- 7097404 TI - Studies on the area cerebrovasculosa of anencephalic fetuses. AB - The area cerebrovasculosa has been examined in 35 anencephalic fetuses and coronal sections prepared in 15 cases. A bilaterally symmetrical cystic mass is found covering the anterior and middle cranial fossae. The mass is generally walled with glial tissue, partially lined with ependyma and filled with abnormally vascular choroid plexus. The coverings of the cyst are conspicuously vascular and the overlying squamous epithelium is in continuity with hairy skin at the margins of the lesion. The posterior cranial fossa contains a variable quantity of medulla oblongata which has no connection with the cystic mass. The medulla and cervical cord are more nearly normal in that minority of cases with an intact foramen magnum. The degree of hindbrain development is correlated with previously reported presence of heterotopic glial tissue in the spinal subarachnoid space of some anencephalic fetuses (Bell, Gordon and Maloney, 1981; Bell, 1981, in press). These findings have led us to reject the widely accepted view that the area cerebrovasculosa is totally disorganised, and that anencealy is characterised by absence of the forebrain. PMID- 7097405 TI - Cytophotometric assessment of phagocytosis and pinocytosis on single resident and exudate murine peritoneal macrophages. AB - Computerised scanning cytophotometry was used to evaluate the phagocytic and pinocytic performance of single resident and exudate macrophages. The results indicate that both receptor mediated phagocytosis and fluid phase pinocytosis are more efficiently performed by activated than resident murine peritoneal macrophages. Exudate macrophages phagocytise at approximately twice the rate of resident macrophages while pinocytosis is five times more prominent in exudate than in resident macrophages. The results are consistent with other published investigations and in addition reflect individual cellular variation in macrophage populations. PMID- 7097406 TI - The effect of cortisol on porcine articular tissues in organ culture. AB - (1) The effects of hydrocortisone succinate (1.0--0.01 micrograms HC/ml of medium) on porcine articular tissues in organ culture have been studied by histological and biochemical methods. (2) 1.0 and 0.1 micrograms HC/ml considerably inhibited the severe breakdown of matrix that occurs in living and dead cartilage explained in contact with synovial tissue. (3) The depletion of matrix in living cartilage cultivated in the same dish as but not in contact with synovial tissue, is much diminished when the medium contains 1.0 or 0.1 micrograms HC/ml. (4) Cartilage grown in the used medium of synovial tissue loses both proteoglycan and hydroxyproline; the addition of HC to the used medium has little (1.0 microgram HC/ml) or 0.1 microgram HC/ml) no inhibitory effect. If, however, the used medium is from synovial tissue that has been cultured in the presence of 1.0 or 0.1 micrograms HC/ml, loss of proteoglycan and collagen from the cartilage is much reduced. (5) In isolated cartilage in normal medium there is outgrowth of cells from the cut surface and some loss of proteoglycan and collagen; outgrowth is completely, and loss of matrix components partially suppressed by 1.0 micrograms HC/ml. (6) Isolated synovial tissue cultured in normal medium shrinks to about one-third of its original size, loses much of its collagen and secretes neutral metallo-proteinases into the medium; in the presence of 1.0 microgram HC/ml these changes are largely prevented. The explants also secrete an inhibitor of metallo-proteinases the production of which is not reduced by HC. PMID- 7097407 TI - Acute infarction of long bones in children with sickle cell anemia. AB - The clinical features of long bone infarction in patients with sickle cell disease have not been well defined, and differentiation of bone infarct from osteomyelitis has accordingly been difficult. We reviewed records from 192 children with sickle hemoglobinopathies and identified 41 episodes of acute long bone infarction in 21 patients. The most commonly affected bones were the humerus (38%), tibia (23%), and femur (19%). The distal segment was more commonly involved. Tenderness and prominent swelling occurred in all cases; other findings included impaired joint motion (68%), local heat (65%), and erythema (145). Fever was usually absent or low grade, and patients did not appear ill. Laboratory studies included negative bacterial cultures in all cases, absence of left shift in WBC count in most, and variable erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Plain roentgenographs were unremarkable. Contrary to previous reports, radionuclide bone and bone marrow scans were not helpful in differentiation of bone infarction from osteomyelitis. Patients received supportive therapy and improved within several days. Long-term sequelae were not evident. The rarity of osteomyelitis in our sickle cell population (five cases in 22 years) precluded direct comparison of most of its clinical features with those of bone infarction. Acute long bone infarction is at least 50 times more common than bacterial osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. PMID- 7097410 TI - The association of the DiGeorge anomalad with partial monosomy of chromosome 22. AB - We have seen three unrelated patients with the DiGeorge anomalad who also had the same deletion of chromosome 22 (pter leads to qll). In each, the remaining long arm material (qll leads to qter) was translocated to a different autosome. Our patients and a review of the literature, including a recent report of a family having four infants with the DiGeorge anomalad and the same deletion of chromosome 22 (de la Chapelle et al: Hum Genet 57:253, 1981), make a strong argument for at least some cases of the DiGeorge anomalad arising from a deletion of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 22. PMID- 7097408 TI - Pneumococcal and other infections in children with sickle-cell hemoglobin C (SC) disease. AB - The pattern of infection was compared in 139 children with sickle cell-hemoglobin C (SC) disease and in 250 control children with a normal hemoglobin (AA) genotype ascertained at birth and followed prospectively for periods of zero to six years. Both infection incidence rates and survival curve analysis indicated highly significant increases in serious infection among children with SC disease. Respiratory infection and gastroenteritis were the most common infections, but only respiratory infections were significantly more frequent in SC disease. Pneumococcal bacteremia was confined to the SC group. No hematologic differences were apparent between SC patients with and without a history of serious infection, but infection was significantly more common in patients manifesting early splenomegaly. PMID- 7097409 TI - Rubella immunity in older children, teenagers, and young adults: a comparison of immunity in those previously immunized with those unimmunized. AB - Because rubella continues to be a common illness in adolescents and young adults and because it has been suggested that booster rubella immunizations should be performed, we studied antibody prevalence in 459 predominantly adolescent patients in a pediatric group practice. Rubella antibody (PHA titer greater than or equal to 1:13.5) in previously immunized patients (89.6% of 385) was significantly more common than antibody in unimmunized patients and patients with a questionable history of immunization (70.3% of 74) (P less than 0.005). Twenty three seronegative patients with a documented history of prior immunization were reimmunized and 22 had an IgG (secondary) antibody response and only one an IgM (primary) antibody response. Since all but one of our patients with previous immunization had a secondary immune response following revaccination, it seems likely that the level of protection in previously vaccinated individuals is considerably greater than 90%. Attention today should be directed at finding and immunizing unvaccinated teenagers and young adults and not in major booster vaccine programs. PMID- 7097411 TI - The Antley-Bixler syndrome. AB - Three unrelated children (two girls and one boy) with the Antley-Bixler syndrome have been evaluated, bringing to five the number of patients reported with this disorder. All have had brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia, dysplastic ears, radiohumeral synostosis, and joint contractures. Craniosynostosis has been documented radiographically in four of the five patients. All five have had a severely shortened cranial base. Femoral bowing with neonatal fractures has been a variable feature. All have represented sporadic occurrences in otherwise normal families. PMID- 7097412 TI - Low radiation iridium 191m radionuclide angiography: detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts in infants. AB - Radionuclide angiography using iridium 191m was carried out in 34 premature infants and young children for detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts. Ir-191m has a physical half-life of 4.96 seconds and can be imaged with conventional gamma scintillation cameras. The whole body radiation absorbed dose from Ir-191m is 3.5 mrad/mCi, which is about 40 times less radiation than with technetium 99m. Other advantages of Ir-191m include high photon flux for improved imaging and the possibility of multiple studies within a short period of time without background. Nine patients had simultaneous measurement of pulmonary-to systemic flow ratio by Ir-191m angiography and oxymetry during cardiac catheterization; the correlation coefficient was 0.90. Radionuclide angiography with Ir-191m is a method with virtually no risk, rapid, accurate, and reproducible, and is ideally suited for the evaluation of left-to-right shunts in small children. PMID- 7097413 TI - Methadone outcome studies: is it more than the methadone? PMID- 7097416 TI - Auditory brainstem responses in sudden infant death syndrome: comparison of siblings, "near-miss," and normal infants. PMID- 7097415 TI - Papular acrodermatitis (Gianotti-Crosti syndrome) in a child with anicteric hepatitis B, virus subtype adw. PMID- 7097417 TI - Congenital malaria: a report of four cases and a review. PMID- 7097414 TI - The rights of emotionally abused children. PMID- 7097418 TI - Can maternal alcohol ingestion cause neural tube defects? PMID- 7097419 TI - Familial dysautonomia: a prospective study of survival. PMID- 7097420 TI - Hyperprolactinemia associated with advanced puberty in a male. PMID- 7097421 TI - Pseudohypoaldosteronism: severe salt wasting in infancy caused by generalized mineralocorticoid unresponsiveness. PMID- 7097422 TI - Human milk protein supplementation for the prevention of hypoproteinemia without metabolic imbalance in breast milk-fed, very low-birth-weight infants. AB - In a group of 18 infants with birth weights of 1,500 gm or less, either preterm transitional or mature human milk was given during the time of initial hospitalization. Half of the infants were given protein supplement isolated from mature human milk which increased the protein content of the ingested milk by 0.8 gm/dl. The protein intake of these infants was increased by 0.6 to 1.6 gm/kg/day between two and 12 weeks after birth. The infants in the unsupplemented group developed hypoproteinemia at 8 to 12 weeks of age whereas those who received protein supplementation did not. We conclude that the hypoproteinemia resulted from nutritional lack of protein and did not represent a physiologic phenomenon of preterm development. There was no difference in the growth of the two groups. There was no evidence of any imbalance in amino acid metabolism even though there were significant correlations between individual protein intakes and plasma concentrations of tyrosine and phenylalanine. Protein intake of more than 3 gm/kg/day resulted in a mean serum urea nitrogen concentration of more than 15 mg/dl at 2 weeks of age, indicating that excessive protein intake should be avoided soon after birth. PMID- 7097423 TI - Plasma amino acids in preterm infants after a feed of human milk or formula. AB - Prefeeding and sequential postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in 31 healthy preterm infants with gestational ages between 33 and 37 weeks at the ages of 4 to 12 days, to characterize changes after quantitatively and qualitatively different protein loads. All infants had previously been fed with human milk. The infants received a normal feed of pooled human milk (true protein 0.8 gm/dl) or of adapted or nonadapted milk formula (protein 1.5 gm/dl) from a bottle. The concentrations of all essential and several nonessential amino acids, including arginine and ornithine, rose sharply in plasma. Glycine decreased, and alanine increased slowly. Postprandial alterations in plasma total amino acids seemed to reflect the protein content of the different milks. In preterm infants, fed at three- to four-hour intervals, plasma amino acid concentrations fluctuate continuously. Thus in long-term studies and in screening, samples should be taken immediately before feeds. Postprandial plasma amino acid measurements may prove to be a useful means for testing the infant's ability to handle the protein or individual amino acid loads in various feeds. PMID- 7097424 TI - Jaundice meter: evaluation of new guidelines. AB - The correlation of transcutaneous bilirubin measurements with serum bilirubin concentrations is not good enough to allow for accurate prediction of the serum values. To impose the jaundice meter's potential clinical usefulness, we evaluated 344 paired jaundice meter-serum bilirubin measurements in 125 infants, using new guidelines from the marketing company which were designed to identify which infants require serum bilirubin determinations rather than to predict the actual bilirubin values. Use of the new guidelines correctly assessed the need for serum determinations in most infants, but false positives and, more importantly, false negatives (missed high serum values) did occur. PMID- 7097425 TI - Auditory brainstem responses in preterm neonates: maturation and follow-up. AB - Seventy-five neonatal intensive care unit patients with given auditory brainstem response screening tests at 40 db and 70 db above the normal adult hearing threshold. The presence of wave V, the criterion for pass, was strongly related to postconceptual age: It appeared at 70 db in 50% of the infants tested at 32 weeks' PCA and at 40 db in 50% of the infants tested at 40 weeks' PCA. Forty-four infants failed the last test before NICU discharge (15 at 70 db and 29 at 40 db), but most infants were discharged at a PCA of less than 40 weeks. No significant correlation appeared between ABR test failure and intraventricular hemorrhage, hyaline membrane disease, perinatal asphyxia, hyperbilirubinemia, or aminoglycoside therapy. Follow-up information was obtained in 23 of the 36 "failing" infants who survived (8 died). This consisted of definitive hearing tests in ten patients and historical information supporting normal auditory function in 13 patients. One case of severe hearing loss was confirmed. Thus, most failures of the ABR screen apparently resulted from immaturity. These data raise doubts regarding the effectiveness of ABR screening in the NICU. PMID- 7097426 TI - Radionuclide angiography in the evaluation of ductal shunts in preterm infants. AB - Radionuclide angiograms were compared with radiographic and physical findings and with echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratios in 30 neonates clinically suspected of having a persistent ductus arteriosus. In three infants without clinical signs and with normal LA/Ao ratios (10%), radionuclide angiograms provided evidence of a large left-to-right shunt, which was confirmed by the finding of a large ducts arteriosus at surgery. Whereas routine physical, radiographic, and echocardiographic criteria fail to identify some neonates with large PDA's, the present study suggests that radionuclide angiography can be performed in a neonatal intensive care unit setting and may be a valuable addition to currently employed diagnostic techniques. PMID- 7097427 TI - Leukocyte function in healthy neonates following vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. AB - Oxidative metabolic activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from cord blood of 15 full-term infants delivered by cesarean section without labor, five infants delivered by cesarean section with labor, and 15 infants delivered vaginally, as well as 35 healthy adult control subjects, were evaluated. The absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts of cord blood from infants delivered vaginally and by cesarean section with labor were significantly higher when compared to cord blood APCs from infants delivered by cesarean section without labor and healthy adult control APCs. Zymosan-stimulated oxygen consumption, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction were significantly lower in cord blood PMNLs from infants delivered vaginally and by cesarean section with labor than in cord blood PMNLs from infants delivered by cesarean section without labor or control PMNLs. Metabolic activity of PMNLs from healthy adults and infants born by cesarean section without labor did not differ significantly. This study indicates that the function of PMNLs isolated from cord blood varies with the method of delivery. These observations may explain previous discrepancies in the literature as well as the propensity of certain neonates to infection. PMID- 7097429 TI - Prevention of anemia and iron deficiency in very low-birth-weight infants. PMID- 7097428 TI - Different maturation of neutrophil chemotaxis in term and preterm newborn infants. PMID- 7097430 TI - Doctor shopping with the child as proxy patient: a variant of child abuse. AB - Over a three-year period, we have seen in consultation four children whose mothers cited complaints referable to every organ system and which had persisted for many years. The parents had consulted a total of 99 physicians in eight states. Absence from school ranged from 40 to 200 days a year. Physical examinations of all patients and extensive and repeated laboratory studies were normal. On psychiatric examination the mothers exhibited paranoid thinking and a conviction of serious medical illness in their child which approached delusional proportions. They resisted psychiatric consultation and refused psychotherapy. The mother-child relationship was remarkably symbiotic, the two teen-age patients essentially voicing complaints which were indistinguishable from those reported by their mothers. The fathers invariably supported their wives' concerns. Subsequently, parents and children left treatment, continuing to "doctor shop." Long-standing multisystem complaints in a child with normal growth and maturation are incompatible with any known significant organic disease, but suggest a serious emotional problem within the family. Further, parents who take such children from doctor to doctor are frequently disturbed themselves and may use an offspring as a proxy patient. An accurate diagnosis depends on careful history taking from parents, patient, health professionals, and schools. PMID- 7097431 TI - A controlled comparison of two treatments for nocturnal enuresis. AB - This study assessed change in the frequency of primary nocturnal enuresis as produced by either behavioral conditioning with a urine alarm, pharmacotherapy with imipramine hydrochloride, or assignment to a clinical waiting list. The study also investigated the effect of treatment method and outcome on subjects' level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. An attempt was made to identify pretreatment predictors of treatment outcome and premature withdrawal from the treatment program. The results indicated a significantly more effective outcome for the conditioning approach. Comparison of pre- and post-treatment measures of adjustment provided insufficient evidence to support the hypotheses that either change in the frequency of nighttime wetting or the method of treatment received would influence the subject's level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. The enuresis tolerance scale was found to be a highly significant predictor of early termination from conditioning treatment. PMID- 7097432 TI - Sleep apnea, sleep duration, and infant temperament. PMID- 7097433 TI - Breast-milk jaundice. PMID- 7097435 TI - Primary congenital hypothyroidism in Spanish-surnamed infants in Southern California. PMID- 7097434 TI - Management of childhood leukemia. PMID- 7097436 TI - Short-term therapy of UTI and urinary tract abnormalities. PMID- 7097437 TI - Preschool physical evaluations. PMID- 7097438 TI - Surface electrical activity from Schistosoma mansoni: a sensitive measure of drug action. AB - Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded by means of suction electrodes placed on the surface of adult, male Schistosoma mansoni. This electrical activity was a complex of bi- and triphasic potentials that ranged from smaller amplitude waves (0-40 microV) of high frequency (10-40/sec), to randomly occurring, larger amplitude waves (40-1,000+ microV) of lower frequency (0 5/sec). Many of the larger potentials (greater than 100 microV) appeared to be propagated. This activity varied with respect to the region of the parasite. The caudal region consistently exhibited potentials greater than 120 microV, whereas activity in the anterior region was rarely greater than 40 microV. Decreased concentrations of Ca++ (0.0 or 0.14 mM), an increased concentration of Mg++ (30.0 mM) or addition of a mM CoCl2 significantly decreased the level of electrical activity. Drug concentrations of 1 x 10(8) M carbachol, 1 x 10(-6) M metrifonate, 1 x 10(-8) dopamine, and 1 x 10(-5) M pentobarbital also significantly decreased electrical activity. In contrast, serotonin (1 x 10(-7) M) significantly increased the level of electrical activity. PMID- 7097439 TI - Studies on the stage of action of ionophorous antibiotics against Eimeria. AB - Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella were treated with different anticoccidial drugs in vitro and their subsequent viability was tested by inoculating them into chicken embryos. Monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid, and arprinocid, at concentrations between 0.01 and 1.0 micrograms/ml, greatly reduced sporozoite viability as judged by mortality, hemorrhage and specific lesions in the embryo chorioallantois. Monensin was also effective in reducing the viability of sporozoites of E. mivati and E. tenella as judged by oocyst production occurring in embryos; activity of monensin was greater against E. tenella than against E. mivati. Monensin (0.1 mg) inoculated into embryos inhibited development of E. tenella. Oocysts which were produced in the presence of the drug sporulated normally and sporozoites obtained from them were fully infective. By initiating treatment of chickens with monensin at different times in relation to infection, it was shown that the drug exerts its anticoccidial effect on the primary invasive stage and on the gametogonous stage of E. tenella and E. necatrix. The effect of gametogony was tested by initiating infections with second generation merozoites of E. tenella. Significant reduction in oocyst production occurred in three of four strains of E. tenella tested. Medication with monensin initiated before merozoite inoculation was effective in inhibiting oocyst production, but medication starting 5 hr after merozoite inoculation was not. This differed from the effects of arprinocid and sulfaquinoxaline which were expressed both before and 5 hr after merozoite inoculation. The results show that the ionophorous anticoccidial drugs exert their anticoccidial action primarily against the invasive stages of Eimeria. PMID- 7097440 TI - Phospholipid biosynthesis by Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes: the incorporation of phospohlipid precursors and the identification of previously undetected metabolic pathways. AB - Metabolic pathways leading to phospholipid biosynthesis in Plasmodium-infected simian erythrocytes were tested and quantified by incubating leucocyte-free erythrocytes in the presence of labelled precursors. Plasma fatty acids and lysophospholipids both served as sources of the fatty acids required for cellular phospholipid biosynthesis. However, the entry of free fatty acids and lysophospholipids appeared to be controlled by a competitive mechanism. A powerful deacylase-acylase system was detected, the nature and specificity of which remain to be defined. Glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into cellular lipids accounted for most of the new phospholipid molecules formed in parasitized cells, and into cellular lipids accounted for most of the new phospholipid molecules formed in parasitized cells, and this compound, rather than the lysophospholipids, appeared to be the natural acceptor of the acyl groups. By incorporation of nitrogenous bases into cellular phospholipids, we identified significant pathways not previously detected in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes: the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylserine decarboxylation, and the formation of phosphatidylcholine by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. These results, associated with the absence of lipid synthesis in host cells, mean that the enzymes controlling these two pathways could serve as enzymatic markers of parasites. PMID- 7097441 TI - Ultrastructural studies on spermatogenesis in a parthenogenetic type of Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert 1878) proposed as P. pulmonalis (Baelz 1880). AB - Spermatogenesis in a parthenogenetic type of P. westermani (Kerbert 1878) called P. pulmonalis (Baelz 1880) throughout this study, was observed by light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. During spermatogenesis, most of the cells became degenerated or malformed as a result of aberrations during spermatogenesis. Vacuolated cells were often found in the testicular lumen. In some nuclei of spermatocytes, synaptonemal complexes were formed and this indicated that some pairing of homologous chromosomes did occur, but only rarely. Cytophores in some rosettes were broken down into small fragments and the cells separated from each other. Norman spermatozoa were very rarely found in the testis and never in the seminal receptacle, where egg and vitelline cells were present instead. Throughout spermatogenesis, Golgi complexes, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum were not abundant, and this suggested that cell activities and protein synthesis were greatly reduced. PMID- 7097442 TI - Biological characteristics and host influence on a geographical isolate of Trichinella (wolverine: 55 degrees 00'N, 100 degrees 00'W, 1979). AB - Biological characteristics of Trichinella isolate (wolverine: 55 degrees 00'N, 100 degrees 00'W, 1979) were established in Crl: COBS CFW (SW) mice. Comparison of the wolverine isolate's biological characteristics with another Trichinella isolate (polar bear), both from closely related geographic areas, revealed there were stable and reproducible genetic differences between isolates. Differences were most pronounced for degree of infections causing a 50% mortality of mice, larval production by females in vitro, reproductive capacity indices, and survival of muscle larvae. Species and strain of host altered characteristics of the wolverine isolate such as worm position, sex ratios, % recovery, larval production by females in vitro, and reproductive capacity indices. Genetic differences between isolates of Trichinella and interaction with host genetics raises interesting questions on Trichinella speciation. Differences reported here, are best interpreted for the time being at least, as part of the normal biological variability of the species Trichinella spiralis. PMID- 7097443 TI - Survival and behavior of Onchocerca gutturosa microfilariae in vitro. AB - Microfilariae of Onchocerca gutturosa were extracted from the skin of the bovine naval by teasing in saline and then suspending the skin in a gauze bag overnight in Tyrode's solution with 20% human serum. They survived for ten days in this medium, with antibiotics, in plastic microtitration plates at 11 C. After dispersal in flat containers, microfilariae slowly assumed clumped dispersion patterns. They also accumulated in glass wool, suggesting that aggregation was a tactile phenomenon. Analysis of videotapes of microfilarial movement indicated that activity, expressed as the number of undulations present on the body and the rate of knot formation (where the microfilaria held itself tightly coiled), increased up to 40 C and thereafter declined. The rate of headwave formation, however, appeared constant up to 40 C after which it declined. Where the greatest number of undulations were found on the body the wave amplitude was minimal. Because greater apparent activity was not correlated with increased forward progression, microfilariae at lower temperatures may travel farther than those at 40 C. This may relate to site preference in the host and to uptake by the vector Simulium ornatum. PMID- 7097444 TI - Effects of temperature on development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium ochraceum, and longevity of the simuliid vector. AB - The effects of temperature on the development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium ochraceum, and on the vector's longevity were studied under simulated environmental conditions in the laboratory. When S. ochraceum (which had fed on a person infected with O. volvulus) were maintained at different, constant temperatures (10-30 C), larvae developed to the infective stage between 20 and 28 C. The time required for development to the infective stage depended on the relationship of y = -0.3760 + 0.0222x (y = velocity in development; x = rearing temperature). However, larval development to the infective stage occurred in all groups kept at different temperatures by day and by night (25 C during the day and 10-18 C during the night), although the developmental period was prolonged (10 days in the group held at 25/18 C, and 13 days in other groups). The percentage of females harboring infective larva(e) among those maintained was highest at a constant temperature of 22 C (21.9%), followed by 15.0% at 25 C. When S. ochraceum females were held at day/night differing temperatures, much higher rates were observed at 25/16 C (30.0%) and at 25/14 C (23.0%). Our results suggest that the distribution of onchocerciasis in Guatemala may be related to ambient temperature and to day/night temperature cycles. PMID- 7097446 TI - Recruitment of digenetic trematodes using caged snails. PMID- 7097448 TI - Infection of the gerbil by the avian schistosome Austrobilharzia variglandis (Miller and Northrup 1926; Penner 1953). PMID- 7097445 TI - Drop-off rhythms of engorged Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae). AB - Diurnal drop-off rhythms were exhibited by all three stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus engorging on cattle in stalls under natural conditions of light and temperature. Most engorged larvae dropped from the host between 1000 and 1400 hours, most nymphs between 1200 and 1800 hours, and most adults between 0600 and 0800 hours. Under controlled conditions of light and temperature the drop-off rhythms of larvae and nymphs engorging on rabbits were synchronized by oscillators set in the tick in the pre- and postattachment periods. The possibility of a host-induced rhythm was inferred from the data. Drop-off patterns may be used to enhance tick control methods. PMID- 7097449 TI - The effect of concentrations of external sodium and calcium on the swimming speed of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. PMID- 7097447 TI - A simple restraining chamber for exposing mice to schistosome cercariae by the tail immersion technique. PMID- 7097452 TI - Steam-in-place sterilization of cartridge filters in-line with a receiving tank. PMID- 7097451 TI - An evaluation of the routes of bacterial contamination occurring during aseptic pharmaceutical manufacturing. PMID- 7097450 TI - Ornithodoros yumatensis from the southeastern brown bat (Myotis austroriparius) in Florida. PMID- 7097454 TI - Extraction of soluble aluminum from chlorobutyl rubber closures. PMID- 7097453 TI - Integrity testing of vial closure systems used for parenteral products. PMID- 7097455 TI - Particulate inspection of parenteral products: from biophysics to automation. PMID- 7097456 TI - Physicochemical stability of pharmaceutical phosphate buffer solutions. I. Complexation behavior of Ca(II) with additives in phosphate buffer solutions. PMID- 7097457 TI - Statistical methods in parenteral drug research. III. Discrete statistical distribution functions and tests of hypotheses. PMID- 7097458 TI - Automation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate pyrogen testing. PMID- 7097459 TI - Steam sterilization of rubber closures in sealed nylon bags. PMID- 7097460 TI - Acute suppurative dacryoadenitis caused by a cysticercus cellulosa. AB - A case of acute suppurative dacryoadenitis caused by a cysticercus cellulosa in a male of 20 years is reported. The diagnosis was established by histopathologic examination of the cyst that escaped along with pus during drainage of the abscess. The abscess in the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland resulted from acute inflammation produced by the presence of an intact larva. There was no other focus of cysticercosis in the same eye, in the other eye, or anywhere else in the body. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and there were no sequelae. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of acute dacryoadenitis caused by a cysticercus cellulosa. As cysticercosis is still prevalent in the underdeveloped countries, it is to be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of ocular and adnexal lesions in patients coming from these areas of the world. PMID- 7097461 TI - The natural history of congenital sutural cataracts. Case report with long-term follow-up. AB - A 21-year-old patient is presented in whom striking regression of congenital sutural cataracts and progression of lamellar cataracts were documented photographically over an 18-year period. These unexplained findings are at variance with the prevailing impression that congenital nuclear and sutural cataracts are stationary in postnatal life. PMID- 7097462 TI - Granuloma pyogenicum of the palpebral conjunctiva. AB - Four cases of granuloma pyogenicum involving the palpebral conjunctiva are reported. Two of them reported with bloody tears; the lesion was pedunculated and arose close to the upper fornix in one patient and from the subtarsal sulcus of lower lid in the other. The remaining two patients presented with large, flat, wing-like masses arising from the upper tarsal conjunctiva. In all four cases the lesion was painless and each developed without antecedent inflammatory or traumatic episode. They were treated with complete surgical excision and thorough fulguration of the base by diathermy. There was no recurrence in any of them after three to six years follow-up. PMID- 7097463 TI - Motion aftereffect transfer in the monofixation syndrome. AB - If one adapts to a moving repetitive stimulus of stripes that is suddenly stopped, the stripes will appear to move backward. This apparent backward motion is the motion aftereffect (MAE), and its duration is a measure of its magnitude. If one eye adapts to the moving stimulus and the other eye experiences the aftereffect to the stationary stimulus, the aftereffect has been transferred from one eye to the other and is termed the interocular transfer of the MAE. Experimental evidence indicates that the degree of MAE transfer correlates with clinical binocularity. This study compares the MAE transfer in six subjects with the monofixation syndrome to five normal subjects. The stimuli used are sinusoidal stripes generated on two cathode-ray tubes, subtending either 8 degrees or 2 degrees of visual angle with a periodicity of either 0.5 or 3 cycles/degree presented haploscopically. Subjects with the monofixation syndrome differed significantly from normal subjects in the amount of MAE transferred, implying a lack of central neuronal connections in addition to those mediating conscious central fusion in clinical sensory testing. PMID- 7097464 TI - Ocular findings in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. AB - Close ophthalmological follow-up of a case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita disclosed a progressing paresis of the lateral recti, a gradual decrease in the corneal blinking reflex by the age of eight weeks and a clear deterioration of the visual evoked responses by the first 16 weeks of life along with preservation of normal ERG responses. These observations are believed to represent the gradual affection of the motor and sensorial cranial nerves occurring post-natally in this case of AMC. PMID- 7097465 TI - Optic nerve hypoplasia and colobomatous defects. AB - The case of a 21-year-old woman with an optic nerve head coloboma and optic pit in one eye, a hypoplastic optic nerve head in the second eye, and a small retinochoroidal coloboma in each eye is presented. The probable etiology is some unknown insult involving several ocular embryonic structures and occurring during the 11-mm to 20-mm stage of development. The occurrence of these multiple anomalies in the same patient lends further support to the theory that optic disc colobomas and optic nerve hypoplasia represent a spectrum of developmental anomalies of the optic nerve. PMID- 7097467 TI - Antepartal analysis of fetal heart rate variability by abdominal electrocardiography. AB - The success rate of some methodological factors influencing the antepartal analysis of fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) by abdominal electrocardiography (aFECG) were studied in 80 normal and 554 high risk pregnancies. The success rate of FHRV analysis was found to be dependent on the gestational age with virtually 100% success at 22 to 25 weeks and at 40 to 41 weeks of gestation. The lowest rate of success, 50% was found around the 30th week of gestation (Fig. 1). The fifteen-degree lateral tilt and the supine position of the mother were found to be equal respecting the success rate and the test results, while the 90-degree lateral tilt was found to be less favorable for the analysis. FHRV analysis succeeded more often with electrode paste than it did with tap water moistening or with dry electrodes. The rejection limit of maximum interval differences in FHRV analysis was found to be an important factor influencing the test results. The variability indices should be compared only if they have been measured with the same rejection logic. Differential index, of short-term variability, can be measured from short samples of aFECG, having a good correlation between DIs measured using 1-minute, 5-minute and 20-minute samples (Figs. 3, 4). On the other hand, interval index measuring the long-term variability should be measured using longer samples of aFECG. PMID- 7097466 TI - Association of marital status and years of schooling with perinatal outcome: the influence of pre-natal care as an intermediate variable. AB - The association between mother's education and perinatal mortality, and between marital status and proportion of preterm deliveries was analyzed using data from 20,000 women and newborns delivered at the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau in Santiago, Chile. A highly significant correlation was found, but after being controlled by pre-natal care, that association disappeared for those mothers with good pre-natal care, remaining only as a part of the association for women who did not attend the pre-natal clinics or did not follow minimal standards of care. The definition used for "good pre-natal care" was much less demanding than WHO recommendation. We required a minimum of only 5 visits, starting before the 5th month of the pregnancy and with blood pressure and body weight registered at each visit. Pre-natal assistance was provided mostly by registered midwives, with occasional consultation by physicians. The efficiency of a low cost health activity, such as pre-natal care, in improving infant health is held in contrast with the inefficiency of high cost technology when applied to developing countries' health problems. PMID- 7097468 TI - Ritodrine concentrations in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid. AB - Ritodrine hydrochloride concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in maternal and fetal sera and amniotic fluid from eight, pregnant, volunteers. Each patient agreed to have 420 micrograms . kg-1 of ritodrine infused intra-venously over two hours prior to elective cesarian section. During infusion a blood sample was taken every 30 minutes from a maternal peripheral vein. Once anesthesia was established the infusion was discontinued. During surgery, samples were drawn from maternal peripheral vein, uterine vein, umbilical artery and vein, and amniotic fluid. All the children delivered were healthy and had a normal course during the neonatal period. Ritodrine concentrations in maternal and fetal compartments at the time of cesarian section were 54.2 +/- 11.8 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in maternal peripheral vein, 37.5 +/- 10.3 ng/ml in uterine vein, 15.8 +/- 4.8 ng/ml in umbilical artery, 16.6 +/- 8.9 ng/ml in umbilical vein, and 15.2 +/- 8.7 ng/ml in amniotic fluid. There was a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.02, paired-t test) between the mean ritodrine concentrations in sera from the maternal peripheral vein and uterine vein. This difference probably reflects transplacental passage. The mean ratio of fetal vein and peripheral maternal vein serum ritodrine concentrations was 0.30 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SD). The similarity between mean ritodrine concentrations in amniotic fluid, and sera from umbilical arterial and venous blood was striking. These results suggest that the fetus does not conjugate the drug. PMID- 7097470 TI - A contribution to the monitoring of fetal arrhythmias. AB - Antepartum and intrapartum monitoring problems are discussed with reference to a case history of a fetal AV-block detected during the 36th week of pregnancy. CTG instruments where the internal logic criteria can be turned off are suitable for monitoring arrhythmias. During labor the direct fetal ECG permits exact diagnosis as to the type of arrhythmia. The necessity of antepartum diagnosis in regard to postpartum pediatric management and hypoxic states during labor justify the large expenditure on monitoring apparatus. During labor continuous tissue pH measurement via the fetal scalp give added information as to fetal condition. PMID- 7097469 TI - Paired measurements of total and unconjugated estriol in maternal plasma during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy - their relationship to intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 7097471 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of anterior duplication anomaly (dicephalus diauchenos) by ultrasonography. AB - A 29 year old gravida 3, para 1 was referred in the 32nd pregnancy week for ultrasonography when a twin pregnancy was suspected. We found a fetal duplication with two heads in parallel position, biparietal diameter 81 mm (Fig. 1), a joint thoracic cavity measuring 86 x 92 mm (Fig. 2), reduced amniotic liquid and decreased spontaneous movements. The pelvic radiogram confirmed our suspension of an anterior duplication anomaly and showed only two arms and two legs for both fetuses but brought no additional information. The amniofetography failed. The contrast media ended up in the joint peritoneal cavity of the fetuses (Fig. 3). Delivery was in the 36th week by Cesarean section. The weight of the conjoint twins (Fig. 4) was 3210 grams, length 43 cm, and head circumference of each was 32 cm. Both fetuses showed independent respiratory movements and both briefly cried. Death occurred after 12 hours. Fig. 5 shows remnants of a scapula and Fig. 6 demonstrates a stump like leg remanent. Our prenatal diagnosis of an anterior duplication was confirmed by the autopsy. After a prenatal diagnosis of a duplication anomaly we recommend Cesarean section in term pregnancies. Considerations when deciding on the management of the pregnancy should include survival chances following possible surgical separation. If the diagnosis if made before the 24th week termination of the pregnancy might be considered. PMID- 7097472 TI - Decreased urinary excretion of thiamine propyl disulfide metabolites in patients with liver disease. PMID- 7097473 TI - Effect of anesthesia on drug disposition in the rat. AB - The effect of anesthesia induced with pentobarbital and diethyl ether on the drug disposition were investigated in the rat. The disposition rate constants of gentamicin and tobramycin were decreased significantly during the anesthesia with pentobarbital and ether without influence on the volume of distribution. In addition, the decrease in disposition rate constant was correlated significantly with the rectal temperature of the rat. These findings suggest that the decreased disposition rate constant will be responsible for decrease in renal blood flow correlating with the rectal temperature. But, the effect of anesthesia with ether for 30 min persisted for 2 h, even after the rectal temperature recovered to the value for the unanesthetized rats. These facts indicate that factors other than blood flow or rectal temperature might also be considered for the effect of ether anesthesia. Furthermore, the disposition rate constant of sulfanilamide was also decreased under pentobarbital anesthesia, with slight increase in acetylated fraction of sulfanilamide excreted into urine in 24 h. The calculated rate constants of metabolism and excretion were both greatly decreased by the pentobarbital anesthesia. Thus, controlling the anesthetic condition during the experiments will be important to investigate the pharmacokinetics of drugs. PMID- 7097474 TI - Effect of food on the bioavailability of griseofulvin from microsize and PEG ultramicrosize (GRIS-PEG) plain tablets. AB - Effect of food on the bioavailability of griseofulvin from its two plain tablets, a commercial microsize product and a PEG ultramicrosize (GRIS-PEGR) one, was investigated. The drug was dissolved at a slower rate from ultramicrosize formulation than from microsize one in 18 1 of pH 7.2 buffer but at a little faster rate in 40% dimethylformamide. When administered to fasting subjects, the microsize product showed higher serum levels and peak serum level than ultramicrosize one but the extent of the bioavailability was nearly the same. A standard breakfast enhanced the rate of absorption of the drug from both the products, especially from ultramicrosize one, and those products were equivalent in the rate and extent of bioavailability after food ingestion. The peak serum level of ultramicrosize product in nonfasting was about twice higher than that in fasting subjects. The different intensities of food effect on the bioavailabilities from two dosage forms suggest that formulation factors should be considered for the evaluation of food effect. PMID- 7097475 TI - Studies on metabolism and toxicity of styrene. V. The metabolism of styrene, racemic, (R)-(+)-, and (S)-(--)-phenyloxiranes in the rat. AB - Metabolism of styrene, racemic phenyloxirane, (R)-(+)-, and (S)-(--) phenyloxiranes in rats has been described. The animals excreted phenylethanediol, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, and two regioisomeric mercapturic acids in their urine after the intraperitoneal injection of the phenyloxiranes as well as styrene. The mercapturic acids were identified as N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2 hydroxyethyl)cysteine (MA-1) and N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (MA 2). The ratios of the mercapturic acids to the other metabolites excreted in the urine were 1 to 1.8 and 1 to 1.5 for styrene and racemic phenyloxirane, respectively. A remarkable stereoselectivity was observed in the excretion of both types of the metabolites when optically active phenyloxiranes were administered. The rate of excretion of the mercapturic acids was 2.5 times higher than that of the other metabolites when the (R)-oxirane was injected, but the reverse was the case in the (S)-oxirane. The mercapturic acid, MA-1, was excreted at higher rate than the isomer, MA-2, on the administration of styrene and the phenyloxiranes. The most significant regioselectivity in the excretion of MA's was observed when styrene and (S)-phenyloxirane were administered. PMID- 7097476 TI - A novel metabolite of oxycodone in the urine of rabbits. AB - In addition to six metabolites of oxycodone which were reported previously, 7 beta-hydroxy-6 beta-oxycodol was further isolated as one of the major metabolites in rabbits. The structure of this novel metabolite was characterized by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Such a metabolite possessing vicinal hydroxyl groups in aliphatic ring is very new in the metabolism of narcotic analgesics. PMID- 7097477 TI - A simple procedure for a large-scale preparation of tritium-triglyceride-labeled very low density lipoprotein of the rat. AB - A simple procedure for the preparation of large quantities of tritium triglyceride-labeled very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) from rat serum described. Triton WR-1339 (0.10 ml) was intraperitoneally injected into rats weighing 200--300 g, and 100 muCi of tritium-triolein in corn oil (1 ml) was simultaneously administered orally. VLDL was separated by ultracentrifugation from the serum administration of the above compounds for 2 d. At least 10 mg of protein of VLDL was obtained from each animal, and the radioactivity in VLDL was exclusively found in triglyceride. Isolated radioactive VLDL was injected into normal rats, and the decay of the radioactivity in serum was found to be almost identical with that of triglyceride, but different from that of cholesterol. PMID- 7097478 TI - Isolation and some properties of the hemolysins from the crude venom extract of scorpion telson, Heterometrus gravimanus. AB - THe hemolytic and enzymic investigations of the crude venom from Heterometrus gravimanus scorpion have revealed the presence of both direct and indirect (phospholipase A) hemolysins. The direct hemolysins were isolated from the lyophilized crude venom extract by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, SP-Sephadex C 25 column chromatography, gel filtration of Sepharose 4B and Sephacryl S-300. The two direct hemolysins having high molecular weights, P (A) (M.W.: nearly 200 X 10(4)) and P (B) (M.W.: 22 X 10(4)), were obtained with the activity recoveries of 8% and 39.4%, respectively. P (B) was further separated into three fractions by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, namely F (A) (M.W.: 17 X 10(4), F (B) (M.W.: 4.5 X 10(4) and F (C) (M.W.: below 1 x 10(4), with the significant losses of direct hemolytic activities. However, F (B) had phospholipase A activity and this activity was partially inhibited by p-bromophenacyl bromide. F (B) and F (C) were soluble, even after the treatment of dialysis and lyophilization, in the isotonic saline and distilled water, and were homogeneous in polyacrylamide gels after going through disc and vertical plate electrophoreses. Furthermore, the schlieren pattern of F (B) also showed homogeneity of the preparation. The protein parts of hemolysins were found to be acidic ones. Although ultraviolet spectra of them were somewhat varied in accordance with their protein contents in the samples, the spectra of exitation and emission were almost identical. The direct hemolysins are presumably glycoproteins, since they are positive in the sugar reactions, and the difference between P (A) and P (B) is supposed to consist in the sugar part rather than that of proteins. PMID- 7097479 TI - 1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate binding site on human erythrocyte membrane using fluorescence lifetime and polarization. AB - It was shown that the human erythrocyte ghost membrane had two kinds of binding site for 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) from binding kinetics. In measuring the fluorescence lifetime of ANS in the human erythrocyte ghost membrane suspension, two kinds of fluorescence lifetime were obtained: tau 1 = 15 ns at low ANS concentration and tau 2 = 8.4 ns at high ANS concentration. Comparing the results obtained from binding kinetics with those from fluorescence lifetime, it was considered that more hydrophobic binding site with fluorescence lifetime tau 1 contained the binding site with high and low binding constant and less hydrophobic binding site with fluorescence lifetime tau 2 corresponded to the binding site with low binding constant. From the results of binding kinetics of ANS to the erythrocyte membrane and the extracted membrane components (proteins and lipids), and those of the rotational relaxation time obtained from the ANS polarization in the erythrocyte membrane suspension, it was shown that the binding sites of ANS in the human erythrocyte ghost membrane were mainly composed of proteins at low ANS concentrations and lipids at high ANS concentrations. PMID- 7097480 TI - Determination of urinary metabolites of thiamine propyl disulfide in humans. AB - Gas chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of methyl propyl sulfone (MPS), 2-hydroxypropyl methyl sulfone (2HPMS) and 3-hydroxypropyl methyl sulfone (3HPMS) in urine was developed. By using this procedure, the urinary excretion of MPS, 2HPMS and 3HPMS after oral dose of thiamine propyl disulfide (TPD) was investigated in healthy adults, in order to assess their ability of drug disposition including metabolism. Among these metabolites, 2HPMS was predominant and the other two were minor. 2HPMS was excreted most in the 24--36 h urine and the time course of excretion of this metabolite was almost the same among these subjects. In 4th day urine, a significant amount of 2HPMS was still excreted. On the contrary, the time course of excretion of MPS varied among subjects and also at different occasions in the same subjects. 3HPMS was excreted most in the 0--12 or 12--24 h urine and more rapidly excreted than 2HPMS. Two fold interindividual differences in the amount of 2HPMS in the 0--48 h urine occurred and intraindividual difference was also observed. Inter- and intraindividual differences in the amount of MPS in 0--48 h urine were much larger than that in 2HPMS. In 3HPMS, these differences were slightly less than in 2HPMS. Sex difference in the excretion of MPS and 2HPMS was not observed. PMID- 7097481 TI - Biopharmaceutical studies on hydantoin derivatives. II. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydantoin derivatives in dogs. AB - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability for the 1-benzenesulfonylhydantoin derivatives and 1-unsubstituted hydantoin derivatives were evaluated from the plasma concentrations after oral and intravenous administrations to dogs. Apparent volume of distribution of the 1-benzenesulfonylhydantoin derivatives was about 0.25 l/kg, while that of the 1-unsubstituted hydantoin derivatives was about 1.3 l/kg. The result suggests that introduction of the benzenesulfonyl group at 1-position of the hydantoin ring has marked effect on the distribution into the fluids and tissues of the body. Bioavailabilities of sodium 5,5 diphenylhydantoin and sodium 1-benzenesulfonyl-5,5-diphenylhydantoin exceeded those of their corresponding free forms. The results were well explicable in terms of the excellent dissolution behaviours of the salt forms. The bioavailabilities of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 1-benzenesulfonyl-5-ethyl-5 phenylhydantoin were almost perfect. The results suggest that the dissolution rate is a rate-determining step in the bioavailability of the derivatives having two phenyl groups at 5-position of the hydantoin ring, irrespective of the presence of the benzenesulfonyl group at 1-position. PMID- 7097482 TI - Spontaneous reactivation of fenitro-oxon-inhibited plasma cholinesterase in various mammals. AB - It was investigated as to whether a spontaneous reactivation was also observed in fenitro-oxon-inhibited plasma cholinesterase (ChE) of human and several animals, such as mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, as previously reported in rat plasma ChE. It was found from the results that a marked spontaneous reactivation took place during storage at 37 degrees C or 24 degrees C in all of human and the animals, while these reactivations of animals were to some extent slower and slighter than that of rat. Moreover, there was little significant difference between the spontaneous reactivations observed in using acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine as a substrate, although the use of the latter substrate resulted in somewhat faster and greater spontaneous reactivation only in rat. These results suggest that the spontaneous reactivation takes place in plasma pseudo ChE of various animals after inhibition with fenitro-oxon. PMID- 7097483 TI - Studies on the trimethadione metabolism as a tool for the assessment of drug metabolizing capacity using plasma and urine of rats pretreated with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene. AB - To determine whether concentrations of trimethadione (TMO) and its metabolite 5,5 dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) in plasma as well as in urine of rats are useful indicator of drug-metabolizing capacity or not, the following experiments were carried out. Plasma TMO and DMO concentrations were measured in phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated rats following the administration of TMO. In PB-pretreated rats, there was a good correlation between elimination rate constant (Kel and plasma DMO/TMO ratio; r = 0.991 at 1 h, r = 0.967 at 2 h). However, there was no good correlation in 3-MC-pretreated rats (r = 0.780 at 1 h, r = 0.720 at 2 h). TMO and DMO excretion in PB and 3-MC pretreated rats following the administration of TMO were not significantly different in 24-h urine. These experiments, together with the previous findings, indicate that concentrations of TMO and DMO in plasma, but not in urine, in PB pretreated rats may be a useful indicator of drug-metabolizing capacity. PMID- 7097485 TI - Absorption, distribution and elimination of creatinine and urea in hyperthyroid mice. AB - The absorption, distribution and elimination of creatinine and urea, which are considered to pass through the water-filled pores of biological membranes easily, were investigated in hyperthyroid mice to clarify the effects of enhanced blood circulation rate on drug behaviour in the body. The elimination rate constant in hyperthyroid mice was significantly and considerably larger than that in the control in both creatinine and urea (p less than 0.01). This result might be based on the increased urinary excretion rate of these two chemicals in hyperthyroid mice. The result of autoradiographic study indicated that creatinine was distributed more homogeneously in hyperthyroid mice than the control at 30 s and 2 min following intravenous administration. It was probably caused by the enhanced membrane permeability to creatinine due to some physiological changes (e.g. blood flow rate and pressure) or to a change of membrane itself. The gastrointestinal absorption of these two chemicals were also evaluated by the expiratory excretion of 14CO2 following oral administration. The results suggested that creatinine might be absorbed more slowly in hyperthyroid mice than in the control, and that in the case of urea such a difference in absorption might not exist. PMID- 7097484 TI - Effect of taurine on the gastrointestinal absorption of drugs--ionic requirement for the action. AB - In order to resolve the mechanism of taurine-induced enhancement of drug absorption, the effect of ionic components of the luminal solutions on drug absorption was examined by using the loop of rat stomach in situ. K+ has its remarkable influence on the control values of aspirin absorption. The control values, at and above 25 mM already reached to a nearly corresponding degree as that of taurine-induced enhancement, resulting in apparent disappearance of enhancement effect. On the other hand, the action of taurine on salicylamide absorption is revealed to be K+ concentration-dependent, whereas all the control values remain fairly constant. Moreover, at the higher concentration of 10 mM, aspirin absorption turned out to be significantly inhibited in the presence of taurine, and this finding is supposed to be attributed to the protection of taurine against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage. On the contrary, salicylamide absorption was greatly enhanced. All these results clearly support that the mechanism of action of taurine toward both drugs should be separately considered. PMID- 7097486 TI - The bioavailability of flufenamic acid from aluminum flufenamate tablet and flufenamic acid capsule, and the influence of food and aluminum hydroxide gel. AB - The bioavailabilities of flufenamic acid (I) from a commercial aluminum flufenamate (II) tablet and I capsule were estimated by measuring urinary excretion of I and its metabolites fluorometrically. The dissolution rates of I from both dosage forms were also determined. The effects of concomitant intake of food or antacid on the bioavailabilities from the II tablet and the I capsule were investigated. The extent on I bioavailability from the II tablet was less than 30% of that from the I capsule. Dissolution tests suggested that the low bioavailability of I from II tablet resulted from the extremely slow release of I from the II complex. Intake of a standard meal retarded I absorption from I capsule, but did not affect that from the II tablet. Ingestion of dried aluminum hydroxide gel granules had little effect on I bioavailability from the I capsule. PMID- 7097487 TI - Studies on mechanisms of diarrhea induced by fusarenon-X, a trichothecene mycotoxin from Fusarium species; characteristics of increased intestinal absorption rate induced by fusarenon-X. AB - Fusarenon-X (F-X) is one of the trichothecene mycotoxins. F-X enhanced D-xylose absorption rate in rat everted intestinal sac. In the present work, the mechanism of the F-X-induced enhancement of intestinal D-xylose absorption rate was studied. F-X had no detectable effect on D-glucose absorption of everted rat intestine. When 10 mM of D-xylose was employed, a concomitant application of oxygen-free condition and low temperature failed to affect the D-xylose absorption of normal rat, but inhibited that of F-X-treated rat. When D-glucose concentration was 5 mM, the concomitant application of oxygen-free condition and low temperature depressed the D-glucose absorption of normal rat, while it did not reduce that in F-X-treated rat. These results suggested that the sugar translocation mechanism of F-X-treated rat intestine was different from that of normal one. F-X-induced enhancement of D-xylose absorption in everted intestinal sac may depend on the increase in permeability of the intestinal membrane which is derived from the histological and functional damage of the intestinal mucosa induced by F-X. PMID- 7097488 TI - The predominance of flunisolide in the topical use of anti-inflammatory steroids. AB - Local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied flunisolide on hind footpad edema induced by subplantar injection of 1 microgram of serotonin in mice were evaluated in comparison with those of three related steroids. The order of the potency for local anti-inflammatory effect observed in the foot injected with the steroids was flunisolide, dexamethasone, betamethasone valerate and beclomethasone dipropionate in decreasing order. In contrast, potency for systemic effect of flunisolide observed on the opposite foot was rather weak compared with its strong local effect. When steroids were administered orally, the order of the anti-inflammatory potency as dexamethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide and betamethasone valerate in decreasing order. All of the data demonstrate that flunisolide is highly active in topical use, while systemically it is relatively weak, especially by oral administration. Those characteristics of flunisolide could be attributable to its rapid metabolic inactivation in the liver, which suggests a great advantage of its topical use in the clinical medicine. PMID- 7097490 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of hydroxy group acetylations catalyzed by N methylimidazole. AB - The kinetics of acetylation of alcohols by acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride, with N-methylimidazole as the catalyst, were studied in acetonitrile solution at 25 degrees; some measurements were also made with 4-dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. The acetic anhydride-N-methylimidazole system proceeds entirely by a general base catalysis, whereas the acetyl chloride-N-methylimidazole system reacts entirely via a nucleophilic route, with the intermediate formation of the N-acylated catalyst. The reaction of this intermediate with the alcohol is general base catalyzed. The acetyl chloride-4-dimethylaminopyridine system also reacts via the nucleophilic route. In the acetic anhydride-4 dimethylaminopyridine system a small fraction of the intermediate was detected. The acetic anhydride-N-methylimidazole system was studied in n-propanol acetonitrile solvent mixtures; no spectral evidence for intermediate formation was seen. However, the hydrolysis reaction in acetic anhydride-N-methylimidazole, studied over a wide range of water-acetonitrile mixtures, revealed a change in mechanism from general base in dry acetonitrile to a solely nucleophilic route at high water concentrations. PMID- 7097492 TI - Studies on the absorption of practically water-insoluble drugs following injection VI: Subcutaneous absorption from aqueous suspensions in rats. AB - The absorption characteristics and kinetics of practically water-insoluble drugs following subcutaneous injection of their aqueous suspensions were investigated in intact rats by the local clearance method and compared with those following intramuscular injection reported previously. The plot of the cube root of the residual fraction of the drug in the injection site versus time gave a good linear relationship under various experimental conditions. The absorption rate constant (j) increased with decreasing particle size. This increase was remarkable in the region of mean particle diameter less than 2-3 micrometers, while it was gradual or slight in the region above this. This phenomenon was explained by the fact that the in vivo spreading of particles of more than approximately 3 micrometers was still more limited by the network of the fibrous tissues. Between j and the initial drug concentration (C0) or injection volume (V0), the practically important relationship j alpha C0g V0h (g = -0.66 and h = 0.32) could approximately be derived from the experimental results. Comparison of j values among various compounds with different solubility (C's) in saline but with similar colloidal properties (particle size distribution and sedimentation volume) showed that a log j versus log C's plot gave a nearly straight line with a slope of approximately 0.5. All the results observed for the subcutaneous absorption were similar to those for intramuscular absorption and could reasonably be explained by the kinetic model proposed for intramuscular absorption. PMID- 7097491 TI - Studies on the absorption of practically water-insoluble drugs following injection V: Subcutaneous absorption in rats from solutions in water immiscible oils. AB - To elucidate the kinetics and mechanisms of subcutaneous absorption of practically water-insoluble drugs in oily solutions, the absorption behaviors of select azo dyes and other prototype agents were investigated by a local clearance method in the dorsum in intact rats. The absorption of the drug components appeared to be first-order. The first-order rate constant (k) was inversely proportional to the cube root of the injection volume. In more limited studies, essentially the same behavior was observed in the rat abdomen, and the difference in k between the dorsal and abdominal injections was slight. The comparison of k of a given compound from different oily vehicles showed that k was governed predominantly by the distribution coefficient (K) between the oily vehicle and the aqueous subcutaneous medium and depended little on the viscosity of the vehicle. This distributioning relationship was shown through correlation of the rate constants with in vitro distribution coefficients. A plot of log k versus log K for all the compounds tested was linear with a slope of approximately -0.7. This linear relationship allows adequate prediction of absorption rates of other drugs from oily vehicles. The observed subcutaneous absorption rates and behaviors are compared with previous results involving the intramuscular route. PMID- 7097493 TI - Dissolution and bioavailability studies of whole and halved sustained-release theophylline tablets. AB - In dissolution studies of whole and halved 100-mg sustained-release theophylline tablets, drug release from halved tablets was significantly higher. These differences were not reflected in the bioavailability studies. The area under the curve (AUC) mean absorption time and fraction-of-dose recovered in urine at 24 hr were not significantly different following the ingestion of whole or halved 100 mg tablets. The elimination rate constant, half-life, volume of distribution, plasma, and renal clearance values were consistent with values reported previously. Discrepancies were found in the 24-hr metabolite distribution as compared to literature values and may be accounted for by the age and health of the subjects and the frequency of dosing. PMID- 7097494 TI - Determination of related compounds in aspirin by liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid liquid chromatographic procedure has been validated for the determination of salicylic acid, salsalate, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic anhydride in aspirin. Samples are dissolved in methylene chloride and analyzed directly by adsorption chromatography in a 7-min separation using an isocratic mobile phase. Recoveries averaged 99% over a 200-10,000 ppm concentration range with standard deviations of less than 4% for the four compounds of interest. Detection limits ranged from 5 to 36 ppm. Compared to a recently published reversed-phase liquid chromatographic procedure for analyzing aspirin, this method is twice as fast, more sensitive, and avoids the use of hydroxylic solvents which lead to degradation of aspirin and acetylsalicylic anhydride. PMID- 7097489 TI - Antitumor activity of 1-acyloxymethyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil against L1210 leukemia. AB - Antitumor activity of 15 1-acyloxymethyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil was examined by both intraperitoneal injection and oral administration in L1210 leukemia system. Therapeutic ratio for dodecanoyloxymethyl derivative by intraperitoneal injection was 23 which was greater than that for 5-fluorouracil (11). On the other hand, undecanoyloxymethyl derivative of 5-fluorouracil showed the highest therapeutic ratio (5.8) when administered orally which was greater than that for 5-fluorouracil (1.9) and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (1.0). PMID- 7097496 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for bumetanide in plasma and urine. AB - A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of bumetanide in plasma and urine. A reversed-phase column was fitted to the instrument and fluorescent (excitation lambda = 338 nm, emission lambda = 433 nm) and UV (254 nm) detectors were utilized to monitor simultaneously bumetanide and the internal standard, acetophenone, respectively. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and specific. Plasma bumetanide concentrations can be detected as low as 5 ng/ml using a 0.20-ml sample. Time-consuming extraction and/or derivatization steps are not required. The only clean-up procedure involved is the precipitation of plasma proteins with acetonitrile. PMID- 7097495 TI - Soft drugs V: Thiazolidine-type derivatives of progesterone and testosterone. AB - Progesterone and testosterone are natural soft drugs, but to be used as drugs, their fast and facile metabolism must be prevented and their delivery controlled. A prodrug-soft drug combination can serve this purpose. Thiazolidines of testosterone, testosterone 17-propionate and progesterone were synthesized from the reaction of cysteine alkyl esters, N-methylaminoethanethiol, and mercaptamine and their hydrochlorides with the appropriate steroids. The thiazolidines function as bioreversible derivatives of the parent steroids. PMID- 7097497 TI - Liquid membrane phenomena in haloperidol action. AB - Haloperidol, a surface-active neuroleptic drug, was shown to generate a liquid membrane on a supporting membrane. Transport of adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and sodium, potassium, and calcium ions through the haloperidol liquid membrane was studied. The data indicate that the phenomenon of a liquid membrane plays a significant role in the mechanism of action of haloperidol. PMID- 7097500 TI - GLC method for iminodibenzyl and desipramine impurities in imipramine hydrochloride and its formulated products. AB - A GLC method is described for the determination of iminodibenzyl and desipramine impurities in imipramine hydrochloride and its formulated products. These impurities were extracted from an alkaline solution with a mixture of 30% methylene chloride in hexane for chromatography on a 3% OV-17 GLC column. Iminodibenzyl was determined using anthracene as an internal standard and desipramine was determined (after derivatization) using nortriptyline as an internal standard. Based on spiked excipient mixtures typically used to compound imipramine tablets, recoveries were 93-109% for iminodibenzyl and 93-107% for desipramine at 0.2-0.4% of the labeled claim of imipramine. Minimum detection levels were approximately 0.02% for each impurity, and procedural standards gave coefficients of variation of less than 1% for each impurity. The method was linear in the 0.05-0.5 microgram range and typically gave correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.999. PMID- 7097499 TI - Relative bioavailability of chlorthalidone in humans: adverse influence of polyethylene glycol. AB - The bioavailability of two commercial preparations of chlorthalidone was studied in healthy male subjects. Reference solutions/suspensions for the two products were chlorthalidone dissolved in a solution of water-polyethylene glycol and a solution/suspension of chlorthalidone. Bioavailability of the chlorthalidone in water-polyethylene glycol solution was significantly reduced in comparison to one of the commercial preparations, and trends in the data suggested that it was less well absorbed than either the chlorthalidone in water solution/suspension or the other commercial preparation of chlorthalidone. These data, together with previous reports indicating that polyethylene glycol may retard the absorption of some drugs in vitro, suggest that this compound should not be used to aid dissolution of drug in a reference standard for bioavailability investigations. PMID- 7097498 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of promethazine plasma levels in the dog after oral, intramuscular, and intravenous dosage. AB - Plasma levels of promethazine were determined using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure incorporating a fixed wavelength (254 nm) UV detector, following single 50-mg intravenous, intramuscular, and oral doses to two male dogs. Initial plasma promethazine concentrations following intravenous doses were 556 and 535 ng/ml in the two dogs. The subsequent decline in drug levels were satisfactorily described by a triexponential function. Peak promethazine levels of 76 and 64 ng/ml were obtained 0.5 hr following intramuscular doses. Peak levels for the oral doses were 10.6 and 11.0 ng/ml occurring 2 hr after dosing. The apparent biological half-life of promethazine, obtained from only 2-3 data points, varied from 8.5 to 27.7 hr. Areas under the promethazine plasma curves, compared to values obtained from intravenous doses between 0 and 24 hr, indicated that systemic availability of intact drug was 55-73% following intramuscular injection and 8.3-9.5% following oral administration. PMID- 7097501 TI - Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ketamine in analgesic doses after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration was investigated in healthy volunteers. Plasma ketamine concentration-time curves were fitted by a two-compartment open model with a terminal half-life of 186 min. Absorption after intramuscular injection was rapid and the bioavailability was 93%. However, only 17% of an oral dose was absorbed because of extensive first-pass metabolism. Simultaneous measurements of the elevation of pain threshold in an ischemic exercise test showed a marked effect for 15-60 min after intramuscular injection, but little or no effect after the oral solution. Pain threshold elevation occurred at plasma ketamine concentrations above 160 ng/ml. PMID- 7097502 TI - Synthesis, hydrolytic reactivity, and anticancer evaluation of N- and O triorganosilylated compounds as new types of potential prodrugs. AB - N- and O-Triorganosilylated compounds related to various anticancer agents were synthesized for evaluation as potential anticancer prodrugs. 1H-NMR and UV kinetic measurements of hydrolytic desilylation were used to correlate relative rates of structural unmasking with steric bulk about the silicon reaction center. The tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester of chlorambucil and a number of O- triorganosilylated carbamate derivatives of nor-nitrogen mustard showed significant activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. PMID- 7097503 TI - Interaction of povidone with aromatic compounds III: Thermodynamics of the binding equilibria and interaction forces in buffer solutions at varying pH values and varying dielectric constant. AB - The complex formation of a series of aromatic compounds with povidone was studied in buffer solutions and organic solvent mixtures by equilibrium dialysis. For all the ligand molecules studied, a linear relationship was found between r, the number of moles of bound ligand per mole of povidone, and the free ligand concentration. The binding constants and the free energies of binding (-delta F), were greater for compounds in the nonionic state and increased with the number of hydroxyl groups which were capable of forming hydrogen bonds. They decreased with temperature elevation. The thermodynamic data showed entropy gains during the binding process accompanied by small negative enthalpy values. The increased ability to form hydrogen bonds and the increase in ionization of the ligand molecule was reflected in more negative delta H and decreasing delta S values. (The thermodynamic values were interpreted on the basis of the "iceberg" concept of water structure.) From these entropy and enthalpy changes, hydrogen and hydrophobic bondings appeared to be the most important types of binding. In organic solvent mixtures, the association constants lowered with increasing ethanol or propylene glycol concentration; a line relationship between the free energy and the dielectric constant of the solvent mixtures was observed. PMID- 7097504 TI - Synthesis and bioevaluation of a series of alkyl ethers of p-N,N-bis(2 chloroethyl)aminophenol. AB - A series of even numbered normal alkyl ethers (C2-C14) of p-N,N-bis(2 chloroethyl)aminophenol were synthesized and evaluated as to acute toxicity in mice and effects on survival in L-1210 leukemic mice. All of the ether derivatives demonstrated significantly lower acute toxicity than the parent phenol mustard. Significant survival times (greater than or equal to 125%) were obtained with all compounds except the hexyl derivative. The decyl ether produced the greatest significant increase and the ethyl ether the lowest significant increase in mean survival time. Significant survival times were produced at four dosage levels for the butyl, decyl, and dodecyl derivatives, three dosage levels for the octyl and tetradecyl derivatives, and one dosage level for the ethyl derivative. PMID- 7097505 TI - Comparison of the absorption, excretion, and metabolism of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone in humans. AB - The absorption, excretion, and metabolism of a single oral dose of suxibuzone, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in healthy male volunteers were compared with those of phenylbutazone. After oral administration of either suxibuzone or phenylbutazone, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, and gamma hydroxyphenylbutazone were found in the plasma; phenylbutazone was the main metabolite of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone. In the urine, p-gamma dihydroxyphenylbutazone and several glucuronide conjugates also were found. Spectrometric and/or enzymatic analysis showed that these glucuronide conjugates were suxibuzone glucuronide, 4-hydroxymethylphenylbutazone glucuronide, 4 hydroxymethyloxyphenbutazone glucuronide, oxyphenbutazone glucuronide, and phenylbutazone glucuronides (two types: O-glucuronide and C-4-glucuroxide) after suxibuzone administration, and oxyphenbutazone glucuronide and phenylbutazone glucuronide after phenylbutazone administration. The conjugates specific to suxibuzone administration, suxibuzone glucuronide, 4-hydroxymethylphenylbutazone glucuronide, and 4-hydroxymethyloxyphenbutazone glucuronide, were excreted in the first 6 hr urine. These findings and the pharmacokinetics of these metabolites in the plasma and urine show that suxibuzone is a prodrug of phenylbutazone. PMID- 7097506 TI - Oral hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics: a comparison of fluorescence and ultraviolet high-pressure liquid chromatographic assays for hydrocortisone in plasma. AB - Three fasted, male subjects received single 10-, 30-, and 50-mg oral doses of hydrocortisone tablets on separate occasions. Endogenous hydrocortisone was suppressed by giving 2 mg of dexamethasone 9 hr prior to dosing. Plasma samples obtained serially for 8 hr after hydrocortisone dosing were assayed by reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection and by normal phase HPLC with fluorescence detection of the dansylhydrazine derivative of hydrocortisone. The two assay methods yielded equivalent plasma hydrocortisone concentrations. Metabolite interference was absent in both assay methods. Drug concentrations in plasma from all three doses of hydrocortisone were described by one-compartment open-model kinetics, with first-order absorption and elimination, and an absorption lag time. Mean Cmax values of 199, 393, and 419 ng/ml were obtained at 1.0, 1.0, and 1.7 hr following the 10-, 30-, and 50-mg doses, respectively. Hydrocortisone was cleared from plasma with an elimination half life of approximately 1.5 hr. Within the dosage range studied, plasma levels of hydrocortisone were related, but not directly proportional, to dose size. This apparent lack of proportionality may be due to reduced drug availability or altered distribution with increasing dose. PMID- 7097507 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of amitriptyline and its major metabolites in human whole blood. AB - A sensitive, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method using an internal standard was developed for the determination of amitriptyline and its major metabolites in whole blood. Analysis was carried out on a microparticulate silica column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-methanol-aqueous ammonium hydroxide (93:7:0.4). Linear calibration curves ranging to 250 ng/ml were obtained for all compounds using UV absorbance detection at 220 nm. The lower limit of detection was 2 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 10 hydroxyamitriptyline, and 6 and 16 ng/ml for nortriptyline and its 10 hydroxylated metabolite, respectively. Human whole blood samples collected after single intravenous and single oral doses can be analyzed using this procedure. PMID- 7097508 TI - Effect of some formulation adjuncts on the stability of benzoyl peroxide. AB - The stability of benzoyl peroxide in polyethylene glycol ointment base and some liquid vehicles (acetone, ethanol, propylene glycol, and their mixtures) was studied. Some solutions also contained an additional ingredient (acetanilide, benzoic acid, chlorhydroxyquinoline, and hydroxyquinoline) as a possible stabilizer. Benzoyl peroxide decomposed very fast (first-order K value 0.028 day 1 at 24 degrees) in polyethylene glycol ointment base. At 50 degrees, the potency of benzoyl peroxide in polyethylene glycol ointment base decreased to less than 1% in 5 days. Decomposition in solutions is complex. Considering acetone as a standard vehicle, ethanol improved the stability of benzoyl peroxide and propylene glycol had an adverse effect on the stability. Of the stabilizers studied, only chlorhydroxyquinoline improved the stability. PMID- 7097509 TI - Common ion equilibria of hydrochloride salts and the Setschenow equation. AB - A simple equation was derived to describe the relationship between the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble salts (S0) and the empirical Setschenow salting out constant (k): k = 0.217/S0. This relationship and the Setschenow equation were found to be valid only at low concentrations of added salt. This equation agreed with recently published data when compared for the effect of the chloride ion on the solubility of a series of drug hydrochloride salts. The theoretical treatment also predicts the curvature which has been reported in literature Setschenow plots at higher salt concentrations. As the concentration of added salt increases, the apparent k value is not constant but is dependent on solubility and the rate of change of solubility with added salt concentration. It was concluded that the Setschenow treatment is generally inappropriate for description and analysis of common ion equilibria. PMID- 7097510 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cimetidine in plasma and urine. AB - An assay is described for the determination of the H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, in human plasma and urine. Alkalinized plasma or urine was extracted with methylene chloride, the organic phase was evaporated, and the reconstituted residue was analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a reversed-phase prepacked plastic column housed in a radial compression module. The metabolite, cimetidine sulfoxide, was identified but could not be quantitated due to interference from the solvent front. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 25 ng/ml. The assay was applied to the measurement of plasma and urine samples in a pilot pharmacokinetic study. Cimetidine was substantially absorbed and rapidly eliminated (plasma elimination half-life of 112-130 min). Plasma cimetidine concentrations could be measured to 12 hr after a 200-mg dose (iv or oral), but they were below the sensitivity of the assay by 24 hr. Urinary excretion of unmetabolized cimetidine accounted for 40-50% of the administered dose in the first 12 hr. This assay is simpler and more sensitive than those previously described, and it is suitable for the measurement of cimetidine in plasma and urine of subjects receiving doses appropriate for clinical use. PMID- 7097512 TI - Decreases in ciliary beat frequency due to intranasal administration of propranolol. AB - Recently the intranasal application of 5% propranolol was proposed in order to prevent the extensive first-pass metabolism of this drug. The ciliary epithelium in the nose affects the removal of dust, allergens, and microorganisms. The decreasing effect of propranolol on the ciliary beat frequency of human adenoid tissue and chicken embryo tracheas was measured with a photoelectric registration device. After nasal application of 5% propranolol, the drop is diluted by the nasal mucus. It was found that even 0.1% propranolol had a deleterious effect on the cilia of chicken and human tissue. Ciliary movement was arrested irreversibly within 20 min. PMID- 7097513 TI - Influence of ethylene oxide exposure on the extraction of indomethacin from dimethicone polymeric rods. AB - Dimethicone polymeric rods were made to contain 0.3, 2.0, or 3.3% by weight of indomethacin. For each different loading of indomethacin, some of the rods were treated with ethylene oxide at 55 degrees for 1 hr, while others were not exposed to the gas. Treated and untreated rods were sliced, placed in ethanol to extract the indomethacin, and the concentrations of indomethacin in the extracts determined by fluorometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After ethylene oxide treatment, the quantity of indomethacin in the extracts was significantly reduced in rods containing 0.3 and 2.0% indomethacin. For the rods containing 3.3% indomethacin, the recovery of the drug from treated rods was not significantly different from those not exposed. PMID- 7097514 TI - Model-independent steady-state volume of distribution. PMID- 7097511 TI - Enhanced rectal bioavailability of polypeptides using sodium 5-methoxysalicylate as an absorption promoter. AB - The absorption-promoting effect of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate was studied in the rat with respect to rectal delivery of pentagastrin and gastrin. Rectal bioavailability was quantitated by direct comparison of pharmacological effect with intravenous dose response. Coadministration of the absorption adjuvant greatly enhanced the rectal bioavailability of the model polypeptides. Sodium 5 methoxysalicylate, therefore, is representative of a new type of absorption promoter which appears to facilitate rectal absorption of polypeptide drug entities. PMID- 7097515 TI - Tampon leachable substances: acute toxicity. PMID- 7097516 TI - Simplified method to study stability of pharmaceutical systems. PMID- 7097518 TI - Filter-probe extractor: a tool for the rapid determination of oil-water partition coefficients. PMID- 7097517 TI - Use of unbound drug concentration in blood to discriminate between two models of hepatic drug elimination. PMID- 7097519 TI - Factors influencing axial and radial tensile strengths of tablets. PMID- 7097520 TI - Determination of octanol-water equivalent partition coefficients of indolizine and substituted 2-phenylindolizines by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and fragmentation values. PMID- 7097523 TI - Pectin-gelatin complex coacervates I: Determinants of microglobule size, morphology, and recovery as water-dispersible powders. AB - The pectin-gelatin complex coacervate system was evaluated and characterized. The effects of final pH, mixing pH, colloid ratio, and solution concentration were investigated. A recovery procedure yielding microglobules of a controlled and uniform size in dry powder form which were readily revertible in water to a polydispersed suspension was developed. The effect of various conditions and additives on the recovery morphology and size of the microglobules was evaluated. PMID- 7097521 TI - Quantitative structure-activity relationships of purines II: Prediction of activity against adenocarcinoma CA755 and toxicity in mice. AB - Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) were derived for a number of 2,6-mono- and disubstituted purines. The derived equations relate the anticancer activity in murine Adenocarcinoma CA755 to the molar refractivity of substituents at position 2 and electron-withdrawing effects of substituents at position 6. A QSAR was also derived for the acute toxicity (LD50) of substituents at position 6. The results suggest that toxicity is relatively independent of the nature of the substituent. PMID- 7097522 TI - A GLC-nitrogen phosphorous detector assay for trifluoperazine in plasma. AB - A GLC-nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD) method for the quantitative determination of trifluoperazine in plasma is described. It depends on an organic extraction of trifluoperazine and the internal standard prochlorperazine from basified plasma. Following the extraction, the organic solvent is evaporated to dryness and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of methyl alcohol. GLC analysis of aliquots of the methanolic solution using a NPD permitted the determination of 0.5 ng/ml of trifluoperazine in plasma. Standard curves for trifluoperazine over a concentration range of 0.5 to 15 ng/ml of plasma were linear with an overall variation coefficient of 5.3%. In isolated samples obtained from a normal healthy volunteer, application of this method to plasma concentration determinations after oral administration of a 5-mg trifluoperazine tablet, is demonstrated and compared with the concentrations obtained by GLC-mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay procedures. PMID- 7097524 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of progabide, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid-mimetic drug, in rhesus monkey. AB - The pharmacokinetic profile of progabide was investigated in five chronically catheterized male rhesus monkeys. The experimental design included single-dose intravenous bolus and oral administration at two dose levels (50 and 100 mg) and zero-order intravenous infusion for 7 days. Plasma samples were analyzed by electron-capture-GLC. Protein binding of the drug was determined by equilibrium dialysis (4 degrees). A one-compartment open model with monoexponential decay was proposed to describe the pharmacokinetics. The mean parameters (+/-SEM) of the 50 and 100-mg iv bolus were: total body clearance, 2.09 (+/-0.15) and 1.53 (+/ 0.18) liter/hr/kg; half-life, 0.656 (+/-0.054) and 0.789 (+/-0.079) hr; distribution volume, 1.97 (+/-0.08) and 1.79 (+/-0.21) liter/kg. Progabide was highly bound to plasma proteins and also to erythrocytes. The drug was rapidly absorbed (Tmax less than 1 hr at both doses). The mean bioavailability was attributed principally to a first-pass effect. In the constant rate infusion study, systemic clearance was larger than that of the single dose studies. PMID- 7097526 TI - Use of dipole moment as a parameter in drug-receptor interaction and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies. PMID- 7097525 TI - Determination of ethinyl estradiol in solid dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid, reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the determination of ethinyl estradiol in solid dosage forms consisting of a reversed phase column with a mobile phase of 0.05 M aqueous KH2PO4-methyl alcohol (2:3) and fluorescence detection has been developed. This stability-indicating method is applicable to tablets containing ethinyl estradiol alone or in combination with methyltestosterone and progesterones. The procedure has been used for the determination of ethinyl estradiol in single tablets, stability samples, and dissolution medium. Recovery of drug substance added to placebo was from 97.3 to 101.5% in stability and single-tablet assays, and 95.4 to 102.2% in dissolution assays. Reproducibility studies gave relative standard deviations of 0.4-2.2%. PMID- 7097527 TI - Determination of cyclobenzaprine in tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A convenient high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in tablets is described. Samples were dissolved in 0.05 N sulfuric acid and diluted with methanol. The cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride was chromatographed using an octylsilane column and the eluent acetonitrile-0.6% dibasic potassium phosphate aqueous buffer (pH 3.0) (75:25) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Naphazoline hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. The UV detector response at 254 nm was linear for cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in the 0.005-0.03 mg/ml range under conditions of the analysis. PMID- 7097528 TI - Derivatization of chiral amines with (S,S)-N-trifluoroacetylproline anhydride for GC estimation of enantiomeric composition. AB - The reaction characteristics of (S,S)-N-trifluoroacetylproline anhydride were examined in an attempt to develop a quantitative GC assay of the enantiomers of the sterically hindered, chiral amine ketamine. With the aid of the individual enantiomers of ketamine and the corresponding synthetic N-trifluoroacetylprolyl amides, it was found that the derivatization reaction proceeds stereoselectively, in poor yield, and with some degree of racemization of the acylating reagent. The results indicate that care must be exercised when prolyl derivatizing reagents are chosen for assaying chiral amines. PMID- 7097529 TI - In vivo and in vitro studies with sulfamate sweeteners. AB - The sweet compounds 2-methyl- and 3-methylcyclohexyl- and 2 cyclohexenylsulfamates were fed to Wistar albino rats. The urine (and feces in the case of 2-cyclohexenylsulfamate) was examined for possible amine, ketone, and alcohol metabolites. The total percent of metabolites formed was low and the hexenyl compound gave a particularly small quantity of metabolite. The results with these compounds are compared with those obtained from earlier in vivo studies with cyclamate and other sulfamates. In complementary in vitro studies, the four sweetest sulfamates, namely, cyclamate, cycloheptyl-, cyclooctyl-, and cyclopentylsulfamates were incubated with the cell-free extract of bacteria isolated from the feces of cyclamate fed rats. Some correlation was apparent between these in vitro experiments and previous in vivo studies. Preliminary mutagenicity testing (the Ames test) of some amines (corresponding to the sulfamates studied) has been carried out. PMID- 7097530 TI - Plasma levels of a novel antidysrhythmic agent, meobentine sulfate, in humans as determined by radioimmunoassay. AB - A radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of meobentine sulfate, a novel antidysrhythmic and antifibrillatory agent in biological fluids, is described. Antisera were raised in rabbits in response to immunization with a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and a meobentine analog with a propionic acid sidechain ortho to the methoxyl group. These antisera have low affinities for N- and O desmethylmeobentine metabolites, which show less than 5% cross-reaction in radioimmunoassay procedures employing either tritiated or radioiodinated radioligands. The radioimmunoassay using[125I]meobentine was capable of detecting less than 0.4 ng/ml (40-pg mass) of meobentine. This assay was used to demonstrate the absorption of meobentine in humans after oral administration and also permitted studies of meobentine sulfate disposition in human plasma following two (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) oral doses. Mean peak meobentine concentrations in plasma occurred 3 hr postdose in both cases and were 230 and 451 ng/ml following the 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses, respectively. The approximate mean terminal half-life after all treatments was 12 hr. PMID- 7097533 TI - Biological effects of nonalkaloid-containing fractions of Erythroxylon coca. AB - Water soluble nonalkaloid fractions of Erythroxylon coca were screened in mice for their effects on oxygen utilization and central nervous system (CNS) activity. The fractions were screened in dogs for cardiovascular, blood glucose, and respiratory changes. No CNS effects were demonstrated in mice; however, there was a reduction in the oxygen utilization rate. Intravenous administration of the extract to dogs produced hyperglycemia, a reduction in heart rate, and a decrease in blood pressure. No substantial change in the respiratory rate and tidal or minute volumes were observed. PMID- 7097531 TI - Automated sampling of in vitro dissolution medium: effect of sampling probes on dissolution rate of prednisone tablets. AB - The effect of sampling probe size and location on the in vitro dissolution rate of prednisone tablets was examined. Using USP XX Apparatus 2 with an automated sampling system, dissolution rates were determined using two types of large filter-tipped probes and a small capillary probe. Each probe was tested at three locations within the kettle. The large probes caused hydrodynamic changes which, when compared with results obtained through manual sampling, resulted in significant changes in dissolution rates at each location. These changes were less evident when the capillary probe was used, with an insignificant difference between results of automated and manual sampling when the capillary probe was placed midway between the paddle shaft and the kettle wall. PMID- 7097532 TI - Sequential organ first-pass effects: simple methods for constructing compartmental pharmacokinetic models from physiological models of drug disposition by several organs. PMID- 7097535 TI - Antitumor agents LII: The effects of molephantinin on nucleic acid and protein synthesis of Ehrlich ascites cells. AB - Molephantinin, a germacranolide, has previously been shown to possess antineoplastic activity in rodents. The principle effect of molephantinin on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was to depress DNA and protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. DNA synthesis was inhibited at the following sites: DNA polymerase, purine synthesis specifically at inosinic acid dehydrogenase and to a lesser degree at dihydrofolate reductase, pyrimidine synthesis at orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase, thymidine kinase, histone phosphorylation, and oxidative phosphorylation processes. The protein synthesis inhibition pattern resembled more an initiation inhibitor as opposed to an elongation inhibitor. PMID- 7097536 TI - Herbal remedies of the Maritime Indians: sterols and triterpenes of Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow). AB - As part of ongoing studies of the medicinal aspects of Maritime flora, particularly the herbal remedies of the Micmac and Malecite Indians, the sterols and triterpenes of Achillea millefolium L. (Compositae), a widely used herbal remedy known commonly as yarrow, were determined. Using modern techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and combined GC-mass spectrometry, beta-sitosterol was identified as the major sterol and alpha-amyrin as the major triterpene of this plant. The sterols stigmasterol, campesterol, and cholesterol and the triterpenses beta-amyrin, taraxasterol, and pseudotaraxasterol were also identified. Successful therapeutic application of yarrow may be partly due to the presence of one or more of these compounds since many sterols and triterpenes exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This is the first reported occurrence of cholesterol, campesterol, and the four triterpenes in yarrow. PMID- 7097534 TI - Local anesthetics: 2-N,N-dialkylaminoacyl-2'-methyl (or 2',6'-dimethyl)-4' butylaminoanilides. AB - A series of tetracaine analogs based on the lidocaine structure, having a 2' methyl-(or 2',6'-dimethyl)-4-butylaminoanilide moiety with alpha substitution on the dialkylaminoacyl function, has been synthesized. Local anesthetic activity was found with the N-butyl derivatives in both the 2'-methyl and 2',6'-dimethyl series using both the method of rabbit cornea loss of reflex and spinal anesthesia in sheep. Duration of activity of the compounds was greater than that of lidocaine, but less than that of tetracaine, with comparable dosage levels. PMID- 7097537 TI - Mathematical model for in vitro drug release from controlled release dosage forms applied to propoxyphene hydrochloride pellets. AB - The in vitro release of drugs from controlled-release dosage forms has been studied in terms of a diffusion model. The model has been applied to a pellet formulation containing propoxyphene hydrochloride. It is demonstrated that the model may be used to predict the drug release profile adequately, when the pellet size is changed and when the thickness of the coating is varied. The size distribution of pellets in an experiment may be too broad to justify a simulation with just one average pellet size. Therefore, the results for pellets of the same size are generalized to any size distribution of pellets in an experiment. This is only trivial if sink condition exists in the extraction medium, since under that condition, the release from each pellet type is independent of the releases from other pellet types. In that case, the total release may therefore be found as the sum of the individual releases. In the general case considered here, the releases are coupled. PMID- 7097538 TI - Stereoselective disposition and glucuronidation of propranolol in humans. AB - Following oral dosing to steady state, the disposition of S(-)- and R(+) propranolol and their corresponding glucuronide conjugates was studied in 4 healthy adults using doses from 40 to 320 mg/day of the racemate. Steady -state plasma concentrations of S(-)-propranolol and its corresponding glucuronide conjugate were greater than that for R(+)-propranolol and its corresponding conjugate. The average steady-state concentration of both enantiomers increased disproportionately to dose. There was a 52+/- 7 (mean +/- SD) % decrease in the intrinsic clearance (clint) of S(-)-propranolol and a 65 +/- 22% decrease in the Clint of R(+)-propranolol over the dosing range studied. The terminal elimination half-lives of S(-)-propranolol and its glucuronide conjugate were longer than for the R(+)-enantiomer at all doses. The formation of glucuzonide conjugates of S(-) and R(+)-propranolol was best described by a saturable process in all subjects. Within individuals, the ratio of Vmax/Km for the glucuronide conjugate of S(-) propranolol was from 2.1-to 4.9-fold greater than for the conjugate of the R(+) enantiomer. These studies demonstrate for the first time, that propranolol undergoes stereoselective disposition in humans. PMID- 7097539 TI - Sterility testing of fat emulsions using membrane filtration and dimethyl sulfoxide. PMID- 7097540 TI - Tensile strengths and hardness of tablets. AB - The axial and radial tensile strengths were compared to the hardness of compressed tablets containing various concentrations of lubricants. Since radial tensile strength measurement considers the thickness of a tablet, and only tensile stress and axial tensile strength express the strength in the direction in which capping may occur, the tensile strengths characterize the strength of a tablet more completely than hardness. PMID- 7097541 TI - Structure-activity relationship study of anthraquinones: 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2 (2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione, an analog of an established antineoplastic agent. AB - An oxygen analog of the antineoplastic anthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-(2 hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino - 9,10-anthracenedione, was synthesized. This compound, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]amino] - 9,10 anthracenedione, was found to be inactive against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. A comparative structure-activity study of these two anthraquinones in terms of previously postulated N--O--O triangulation hypothesis was discussed. PMID- 7097542 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of guanabenz in biological fluids by electron capture detection. AB - A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of guanabenz[(2,6 dichlorobenzylidene)amino]guanidine in urine and plasma was developed. The method depends upon the acid hydrolysis of guanabenz to 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde, which has strong electron capturing properties and is volatile enough to be eluted from a gas chromatographic column. Concentrations as low as 0.1 ng of guana-benz/ml can be determined and recovery of the drug from urine and plasma samples is 81.8+/- 5.5% (SD). No interferences arising from plasma, urine, or reagents were encountered. Examples of the application of the method are given. PMID- 7097543 TI - The measurement of theophylline metabolism in hepatic microsomes using high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method is described to measure the in vitro metabolism of theophylline by liver microsomes. The formation of 1-methyluric acid and 1,3-dimethyluric acid in incubation mixtures was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The formation of both metabolites was linear with time and the formation of 1 methyluric acid was blocked by allopurinol. This method will be useful in assessing potential drug interactions involving theophylline. PMID- 7097544 TI - Synthesis and antitumor testing of 3-methenylthiochroman-4-one-1,1-dioxide. AB - Treatment of thiochroman-4-one-1,1-dioxide (II) with paraformaldehyde and dimethylamine hydrochloride in isopropyl alcohol at reflux afforded directly in 80% yield the dimeric dihydropyran (IV), corresponding to the dimerization of the target compound 3-methenyl-thiochroman-4-one-1,1-dioxide (III). Neither the monomer III nor the expected Mannich base, 3-dimethylaminomethylthiochroman-4-one 1,1-dioxide, were isolated under conditions of the reaction. The monomer III could be prepared in 55% yield by sublimation of the dimer IV at 230-250 degrees; however, redimerization slowly occurred at room temperature. The dimer IV was also prepared by the use of paraformaldehyde and N-methylanilinium trifluoroacetate. The monomer III was found to be marginally active at 10 mg/kg/day versus Ehrlich ascites tumor growth in mice. PMID- 7097545 TI - Diazoketone and chloromethylketone analogs of methotrexate as potential antitumor agents. AB - The synthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroyl-(6-diazo-5-oxo)-L-norleucine and 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroyl-(6-chloro-5-oxo)-L-norleucine, analogs of methotrexate in which the gamma-carboxyl group is replaced by a diazoketone and a chloromethylketone, respectively, was carried out. The analogs inhibited the growth of leukemia L-1210 cells in culture by 50% at 4 X 10(-7) M and 2 X 10(-7) M, respectively, and were effective inhibitors of the synthesis of thymidylate in L-1210 cells in vitro (I50 = 3 X 10(-6) M), exhibiting significant antifolate activity. The results demonstrated the feasibility of introducing chemically reactive groups at the gamma-position of pteroyl glutamates with retention of biological activity. However, in the systems investigated thus far, there was no evidence of covalent bond formation due to these reactive groups at the active sites of the enzymes. PMID- 7097546 TI - Paradoxical increase in aminoglycoside body clearance in renal disease when volume of distribution increases. PMID- 7097547 TI - Isosorbide dinitrate: pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration. PMID- 7097548 TI - Centering tool for dissolution vessels. PMID- 7097549 TI - Quantitative comparison of maternal ethanol and maternal tertiary butanol diet on postnatal development. AB - The mechanism by which developmental anomalies associated with the fetal alcohol syndrome are produced is not understood. Current hypotheses include altered maternal function and direct action of ethanol or its metabolic product, acetaldehyde, on embryonic tissue. Pregnant mice were fed liquid diets containing either ethanol (3.6% w/v) or tertiary butanol in concentrations of 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% (w/v) from day 6 to day 20 of gestation. Untreated surrogate maternal animals were substituted in half of the original litters to gain insight into the role played by maternal nutritional and behavioral factors. Quantitatively, t butanol was approximately 5 times more potent than ethanol in producing a developmental delay in post-parturition physiological and psychomotor performance scores. The existence of significant postnatal maternal nutritional and behavioral factors affecting lactation and/or nesting behavior were also evident at the higher concentrations of alcohol. The results from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol per se and not acetaldehyde is primarily responsible for the fetal alcohol syndrome. PMID- 7097550 TI - The effect of choline acetyltransferase inhibition on acetylcholine synthesis and release in term human placenta. AB - The synthesis and release of acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in term human placental villous mince in vitro. During a 140-min incubation the placental tissue synthesized ACh at a rate of 2.59 nmol/g/min and released ACh into the medium at a rate of 0.78 nmol/g/min. Consequently there was an increase in tissue levels of ACh from an initial value of 83 to 321 nmol/g. Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by 2-benzoylethyl trimethylammonium or 4-(1 naphthylvinyl)pyridine depressed the synthesis of ACh by over 75% and blocked the increase in tissue levels of ACh. The IC50 values for the inhibition of ACh synthesis and decrease in tissue levels were close to the IC50 values determined for inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in situ. Neither 2-benzoylethyl trimethylammonium nor 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine caused a significant effect on ACh release. 2-benzoylethyl trimethylammonium and 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine were quite effective in inhibiting the uptake of the neutral amino acid, alpha aminoisobutyric acid, into the tissue. The inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake paralleled the inhibition of ACh synthesis. These results support the hypothesis of an association between placental cholinergic activity and amino acid transport in the human placenta. PMID- 7097551 TI - Renal effects of 2-chloroadenosine and their antagonism by aminophylline in anesthetized rats. AB - The purposes of these experiments were to determine the renal effects of 2 chloroadenosine and to determine whether the effects could be antagonized by aminophylline. Three groups of rats were anesthetized with Na pentobarbital and given 0, 9 or 18 nM/min of 2-chloroadenosine i.v. Dose-dependent reductions in mean arterial blood pressure, filtration fraction, inulin clearance, urine flow and K excretory rate resulted. Also, Na excretory rate and fractional Na excretion were reduced and plasma K was increased in both groups receiving 2 chloroadenosine, but these changes were not greater in animals receiving the higher dose. Intravenous aminophylline antagonized the 2-chloroadenosine-induced effects on plasma K, mean arterial blood pressure, inulin clearance, urine flow and Na and K excretory rates. 2-Chloroadenosine is an adenosine receptor agonist and aminophylline an adenosine receptor antagonist in many types of cells. These observations are consistent with the existence of adenosine receptors on rat nephrons, possibly on tubular as well as vascular components. PMID- 7097553 TI - The serum kinetics of bovine testicular hyaluronidase in dogs, rats and humans. AB - There is experimental and clinical evidence that i.v. injection of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) reduces the extent of necrosis during myocardial infarction. The fate of i.v. administered BTH has not been described. In this study, serum kinetics of BTH enzyme activity in dogs, rats and humans were determined. Tissue distribution of BTH was determined with an 125I-labeled preparation of purified BTH. Serum BTH activity initially decreased exponentially with half-life 2.0 +/- 0.1 min in dogs with coronary artery occlusion (n = 8; 500 U of BTH/kg); 3.2 min in humans with acute myocardial infarction (n = 2; 500 U of BTH/kg); and 3.2 +/- 0.3 min in rats (n = 5; 5,000 U of BTH/kg). In dogs BTH disappearance showed two distinct phases. After injection of high dose BTH (5,000 U of BTH/kg), during the first 7 min serum half-life of BTH was 2.1 +/- 0.2 min (n = 8), but increased to 9.4 min in later serum samples. After the injection of 125I-labeled BTH into the rat, protein-bound 125I disappeared from serum with a half-life (3.4 min) that is similar to the serum half-life of BTH enzyme activity (3.2 min). Twenty minutes after injection of 125I-labeled BTH, 30% of the label was recovered in the liver. It is concluded that BTH activity has a short serum half-life of less than 10 min in dogs, rats and humans. In the rat model, the disappearance of serum BTH activity results from physical removal of circulating BTH molecules rather than serum inhibition or inactivation of BTH enzymatic activity. PMID- 7097552 TI - Distribution and metabolism of lipsome-encapsulated and free 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) in dog and mouse tissues. AB - The effect of liposome encapsulation of the metabolic activation (phosphorylation) and degradation (deamination) of arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara C) in liver and spleen of dogs and mice was investigated. Ara-C in free or liposome-encapsulated form was administered i.v. to dogs and DBA2/CR mice bearing leukemia L1210. At various times after injection the concentration of Ara-C and Ara-C metabolites in the blood, liver and spleen was measured. It was shown that liposome encapsulation results in an increased Ara-C/arabinofuranosyluracil ratio in the liver and spleen of dogs and leukemic mice and that encapsulated Ara-C generates a sustained level of Ara-C triphosphate in the liver and spleen of leukemic mice. These results clearly indicate that 1) encapsulated Ara-C is protected against deamination in the liver, 2) encapsulated Ara-C is slowly released from liposomes in liver and spleen and 3) that liposomes may act as a local depot for Ara-C in these tissues. PMID- 7097554 TI - Increased contractility induced in rabbit ear artery by prior exposure to serotonin masks concomitant desensitization to norepinephrine. AB - The present study investigates the possibility that with some agonists opposing and simultaneously occurring phenomena-contraction-induced increased responsiveness and receptor desensitization in part determine the magnitude of response of the rabbit ear artery. It has previously been shown that prior contraction of rabbit ear artery by equieffective histamine, KCl or serotonin concentrations increased norepinephrine (NE) responsiveness. However, the increased NE responsiveness that resulted from prior serotonin-induced contraction was less than that from histamine or KCl. In the present study, serotonin exposure in the presence of NaNO2 or papaverine concentrations that prevent smooth muscle contraction induced subsequent decreased NE responsiveness. This decreased responsiveness was reversed by KCl in the presence or absence of verapamil, but not by histamine. Ear arteries were everted in order to separate clearly the two phases of agonist-induced contraction. Everted vessels exposed to serotonin in the presence of NaNO2 subsequently responded to NE with initial transient contractions identical to those of controls, however, the secondary plateau contractions were reduced. Vessels exposed to NE or serotonin in the presence of NaNO2 or papaverine did not induce subsequent decreased norepinephrine and serotonin responsiveness, respectively. The present results suggest that prior contraction by serotonin induced increased responsiveness which masked underlying alpha adrenoceptor desensitization. Furthermore, the desensitization can be reversed by membrane depolarization. PMID- 7097555 TI - Identification of the aminoglycoside binding site in rat renal brush border membranes. PMID- 7097556 TI - Effects of diltiazem on total cardiac output distribution in conscious rats. AB - The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a "calcium channel blocker," diltiazem (DZ), on cardiovascular dynamics and the distribution of total cardiac output in the conscious rat. Animals were instrumented for right atrial, left ventricular, arterial and venous pressure recordings and the radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flow and cardiac output before (control) and during the intravenous infusion of either DZ at three dosage levels (0.4, 2.0, and 10.0 mg/kg/hr) or saline placebo at rates matching those of the DZ protocol (0.015, 0.1 and 0.5 ml/min). Maximum volume infusion rate equaled approximately a 2% increase in blood volume/minute. Systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, regional vascular resistances and the regional percent distribution of total cardiac output were calculated. In the experimental group (n = 9, body weight = 404 +/- 7 g), DZ, at the highest dose, caused a nonsignificant increase in cardiac output of 61% (cardiac output decreased in one animal) and a significant drop in systemic vascular resistance (45%) while no changes occurred in the control group (n = 5, body weight = 440 +/ 9 g). The major effect of DZ was to increase blood flow and reduce vascular resistance in the coronary circulation (percent distribution of total cardiac output to the coronary circulation, control vs. maximum infusion: saline placebo, 3.9 +/- 0.5 to 4.5 +/- 0.4%; DZ, 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 6.9 +/- 0.5%, P less than .01). The results indicate that DZ does not suppress cardiac function and may actually increase cardiac output secondary to afterload reduction. DZ results in a balanced increase in regional blood flow and no major change in total cardiac output distribution in the conscious rat. PMID- 7097558 TI - A prostaglandin endoperoxide analog increases gastric emptying and suppresses gastric secretion in rhesus monkeys. AB - The effects of a stable endoperoxide analog, U-46619, were studied in five conscious chair-adapted rhesus monkeys. A dye dilution technique was used to determine simultaneously gastric fractional emptying, fluid output and ion output. A continuous infusion of either saline or U-46619 (0.2 micrograms/kg/min i.v.; 1 or 2 micrograms/kg/min s.c.) was given during a basal period and after distension of the stomach with an 80-ml water load. These studies demonstrate that U-46619 increases basal, but not postload fractinal emptying, and inhibits parietal secretion. These actions are similar to some of the effects of prostacyclin, prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha on gastric emptying and secretion. PMID- 7097557 TI - Transport of weak bases across rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro. AB - The transport of weak bases (pKa values 1.4 through 10.3) across in vitro and in vivo preparations of rat gastric mucosa have been compared. Asymmetric movements were observed in all cases, and the in vitro and in vivo data showed similar profiles of relation between the degrees of asymmetry and the pKa values of transported compounds. These profiles could be described by an equation based on a three-compartment model system, but it was necessary to postulate two such systems in parallel to give a satisfactory fit to the full range of pKa values tested. One system (I) is analogous to that described previously in small intestine. The properties of this system [(Pi/Pni)a = 2.5 x 10(-3), (Pi/Pni)b = 7.0 x 10(-1)] suggested that the intermediate compartment is a subepithelial extracellular compartment in which an alkaline pH is maintained [pHx = 8.5]. The second system (II) is the opposite polarity [(Pi/Pni)a = 1 x 10(0), (Pi/Pni)b = 3 x 10(-1)], and this system may be represented by the acidic lumen of the gastric tube [pHx = 2.0]. The principal differences between the in vivo and in vitro data could be ascribed to poor stirring of the luminal bulk phase in the in vivo situation. It was concluded that the determinants of weak base transport identified in studies with in vitro preparations are pertinent to the absorptive and secretory processes that occur in the intact stomach. PMID- 7097559 TI - Heterogeneity of interstitial fluid space demonstrated by simultaneous kinetic analysis of the distribution and elimination of inulin and gallamine. AB - The kinetics of inulin and gallamine were studied after simultaneous i.v. injection in anesthetized dogs. The distribution of both compounds in extracellular fluid space was characterized by a three-compartment model in which the mean central compartment blood volume of 1.37 liters was identical with the expected value. The two peripheral compartments of the model appear to represent rapid and slow equilibrating interstitial fluid compartments. A mammillary model structure was selected in which intercompartmental clearance corresponds to transcapillary exchange. Previous studies indicate that inulin and smaller hydrophyllic molecules diffuse across capillary walls at rates proportional to their respective free water diffusion coefficients. For the ratio of the transcapillary permeability coefficients of inulin and gallamine to equal their free water diffusion coefficient ratio of 5.34 +/- 0.02 (+/- S.D)., it appears that the sum of blood flow to the fast and slow interstitial fluid compartments is less than cardiac output. When this assumption is made, blood flow to fast equilibrating interstitial fluid is estimated to be 39% of cardiac output, in agreement with previous measurements of splanchnic blood flow. This supports the hypothesis that the fast equilibrating interstitial fluid space is supplied by porous splanchnic capillaries that lack a continuous investment of basement membrane. PMID- 7097560 TI - Ouabain and tetrodotoxin block the myotonia of skeletal muscle induced with 20,25 diazacholesterol. PMID- 7097561 TI - Enflurane depression of myocardial slow action potentials. AB - Effects of enflurane on myocardial electrophysiologic and contractile properties were examined by simultaneous measurement of action potentials (APs) and contractions in guinea-pig papillary muscle. Enflurane was administered in 1 to 6% concentrations in 5% CO2-95% O2 bubbled through the standard Tyrode's perfusing solution. After studying normal APs, slow APs were induced with 5 to 30 x 10(-8) M isoproterenol and/or 1 to 2 mM theophylline in partially depolarized muscles (typically -40 mV in 26 mM K+ media). AP characteristics and contractions measured during each enflurane application were analyzed. The maximum rate of rise (+Vmax) and amplitude of the normal AP was not depressed, although duration decreased in greater than or equal to 3% enflurane. In contrast, slow AP + Vmax declined significantly (P less than .05) to 90, 80 and 74% of control in enflurane concentrations of 2, 3 and 4%, respectively. Decrease in slow AP duration was significant only in 5 to 6% enflurane. In 1% enflurane, contractions declined to steady-state levels of 75 (fast AP) and 79% (slow AP) of control and fell to 20 (fast AP) and 35% (slow AP) in 4% enflurane. Enflurane concentrations of 2% and greater inhibit slow (Na+-Ca++) channels which mediate slow APs. This effect may be in part responsible for the negative inotropic effect of enflurane. PMID- 7097562 TI - Disulfide bond reduction inhibits norepinephrine accumulation in postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings. AB - Accumulation of l-[3H]norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves in mouse atria was inhibited by disulfide bond reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (IC50 approximately 0.4 mM) and beta-mercaptoethanol (IC50 approximately 1.1 mM). Dithiothreitol-induced inhibition of l-[3H]norepinephrine accumulation was reversed by exposing tissues to oxygen or to oxidizing agents such as potassium ferricyanide (0.03 mM) or 5,5'dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (1.0 mM). The cycle of reduction-induced inhibition and oxidation-induced reactivation could be repeated within tissues by sequential exposure to dithiothreitol and potassium ferricyanide. Exposing rat atrial to concentrations of dithiothreitol (1.0 mM) that produced substantial inhibition of l-[3H]norepinephrine accumulation (approximately 50%) did not affect spontaneous atrial rate or l-isoproterenol induced increases in rate. In addition to disulfide bond reducing agents, sulfhydryl blocking agents such as N-ethylmaleimide (IC50 approximately 0.3 mM) and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (IC50 approximately 0.2 mM) inhibited l [3H]norepinephrine accumulation by mouse atria. Inhibition induced by sulfhydryl blockers could not be reversed by oxygen or by oxidizing agents. Furthermore, tissues exposed to dithiothreitol and subsequently exposed to N-ethylmaleimide could not be reactivated by oxygen or by oxidizing agent. The data suggest that a protein with a disulfide bond is associated with l-[3H]norepinephrine accumulation and that reduction of the disulfide bond inhibits amine accumulation. Reduced disulfide bonds that have not been alkylated can be reoxidized, but reduced disulfide bonds that are alkylated are irreversibly inactivated. PMID- 7097564 TI - Oxidation of (R)- and (S)-propranolol in human and dog liver microsomes. Species differences in stereoselectivity. AB - Propranolol is an adrenergic beta receptor antagonist whose kinetics is complicated by dose-dependency, formation of active metabolites and stereoselective availability. To get some insight of the possible metabolic factors behind this, we have incubated the two optical isomers (R)- and (S) propranolol with human and dog liver microsomes. Propranolol and its oxidized metabolites 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OH-P) and N-desisopropylpropranolol (nor-P) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The oxidation rates varied markedly between human livers. Most of metabolized propranolol was recovered as 4-OH-P and nor-P and more propranolol was oxidized than glucuronidated. Formation rates of 4-OH-P and nor-P were approximately half-maximal at propranolol concentrations than can occur in the liver in vivo. The ratio between formation of these metabolites varied markedly between livers. Human livers formed 4-OH-P and nor-P most rapidly from (R) propranolol, whereas dog livers formed 4-OH-P most rapidly from (S)-propranolol. We suggest that the interindividual differences in the capacity of the livers to metabolize propranolol largely should contribute to the kinetic variations observed between patients in vivo and the gradual saturation of 4-hydroxylation and N-desisopropylation of propranolol are likely to contribute to the dose dependent kinetics. PMID- 7097563 TI - Protective action of diazepam and of sympathomimetic amines against amitryptyline induced toxicity. AB - Factors that contribute to the lethality of amitriptyline overdosage were studied in cats. Amitriptyline (50 mg/kg) given i.p. to unanesthetized cats produced convulsions in all of the animals and death in five of six animals; pretreatment with diazepam (5 mg/kg) protected against the convulsions and death. Respiratory depression contributed to the mortality when amitriptyline was given i.v. in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital as indicated by the finding that artificial respiration delayed the time of death induced by a continuous i.v. infusion of the drug. The i.v. infusion of amitriptyline in pentobarbitalized cats under artificial respiration produced death due to cardiovascular collapse. The latter was characterized by hypotension, bradycardia, depression of myocardial contractile force, atrioventricular block, intraventricular conduction delay and cardiac arrhythmias. These effects appear to be due to a direct membrane (quindine-like) cardiotoxic action of amitriptyline. Dopamine and dobutamine were effective in protecting the animals against the acute cardiovascular collapse induced by amitriptyline. The protection was associated with a diminution of the hypotension, the negative inotropic and chronotropic actions and the incidence of atrioventricular block produced by the tricyclic antidepressant drug. The results suggest that the positive chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic actions of the amines may all be contributory factors in their protection action. Isoproterenol and norepinephrine were less effective than the other two amines. PMID- 7097565 TI - The effects of d-nicotine and l-isomer on nicotinic receptors. AB - The effects of optically pure d-nicotine were investigated as compared with those of the l-isomer. d-Nicotine showed qualitatively the same effects as the l-isomer in the ganglionic or neuromuscular sites and the relative potency of the d-isomer was approximately 0.06 in the case of rat blood pressure (elevation), approximately 0.2 in the cat superior cervical ganglion (stimulation and blockade) and approximately 1.0 in the neuromuscular junctions of the rat diaphragm (blockade). In the adrenergic nerve terminals of the isolated rabbit pulmonary artery, l-nicotine produced sympathomimetic effects by releasing norepinephrine from those terminals. d-Nicotine, on the other hand, did not produce such effects, but instead inhibited those effects due to the l-isomer. Because d-nicotine had no effect on the response to exogenously applied norepinephrine and blocked the 3H-efflux induced by the l-isomer from the preparations preincubated with [3H]norepinephrine, the inhibitory effect of the d isomer was attributed to its presynaptic action. Such an inhibitory effect of d isomer was noncompetitive, on the basis of the shift of the concentration contraction curve with the l-isomer. Simultaneous application of both isomers produced no inhibition of the response to the l-isomer, irrespective of the concentration of d-nicotine. Occurrence of the inhibitory effect of d-nicotine was not prevented by hexamethonium. d-Nicotine did not inhibit the responses of the artery to electrical transmural stimulation. These results indicate that d nicotine inhibits the response to l-isomer by acting neither on the nicotinic receptors nor on excitation-secretion coupling mechanisms. Furthermore, such an effect of the d-isomer would be similar to that reported in the case of l-isomer, i.e., "nicotinic desensitization." PMID- 7097566 TI - Resistance of some phase II biotransformation pathways to hepatotoxins. PMID- 7097568 TI - Myocardial perfusion distal to an acute or chronic coronary artery occlusion: effects of diltiazem and nifedipine. AB - The effect of two slow channel calcium antagonists, diltiazem and nifedipine, on perfusion of normal and ischemic myocardium was studied in anesthetized dogs with acute or chronic (ameroid constrictor) left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Diltiazem (15 and 30 micrograms/mkg/min i.v.) produced significant (P less than .05) and dose-related decreases in heart rate and mean aortic blood pressure and an increase in left circumflex coronary blood flow. Nifedipine (1 and 3 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) also produced a significant reduction in mean aortic blood pressure and an increase in left circumflex coronary artery blood flow; however, no change in heart rate was observed. Both diltiazem and nifedipine increased myocardial blood flow in the normal zone in dogs with acute or chronic coronary artery occlusion, and this effect was potentiated when aortic blood pressure was prevented from decreasing. Following a reduction in aortic blood pressure no significant change in ischemic zone perfusion was observed after diltiazem in dogs with an acute occlusion; flow was significantly increased in dogs with a chronic occlusion. In both models, diltiazem produced a redistribution of ischemic zone blood flow to the subendocardium. In dogs with acute or chronic occlusion nifedipine produce an increase in ischemic zone flow primarily to the subepicardium. The effect of each agent on tissue perfusion was enhanced in the chronic occlusion model. These data demonstrate marked differences in effects of diltiazem and nifedipine on hemodynamics and regional myocardial perfusion and stress the importance of experimental models in evaluating the effects of the calcium antagonists on coronary collateral blood flow. PMID- 7097567 TI - Differential ethanol sensitivity of intraocular cerebellar grafts in long-sleep and short-sleep mice. AB - The relative importance of extrinsic and intrinsic factors for the differential sensitivity of Purkinje neurons in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice was investigated using cerebellar grafts to the anterior chamber of the eye. Cerebellar anlagen from fetal LS and SS donors survive and mature in oculo when grafted within and across lines. Mature cerebellar transplants from all four groups contained Purkinje cells that show sustained spontaneous discharge; excitation and inhibition are readily evoked by electrical stimulation of the surface of the graft. Superfusion of ethanol into the anterior chamber depresses Purkinje cell discharge, but neurons from LS donors are approximately 1 order of magnitude more sensitive than SS neurons; this differential sensitivity is unaltered by the host recipient line used. These data strongly suggest that the differential sensitivity of Purkinje cells to ethanol in the LS and SS mouse lines is an intrinsic property of the cerebellum. PMID- 7097570 TI - The literature of instrument science and technology. PMID- 7097571 TI - The development of large automated instruments for the clinical chemistry laboratory. PMID- 7097569 TI - Comparison of the metabolic and toxic effects of 2-chloropropionate and dichloroacetate. AB - The metabolic and toxic effects of 2-chloropropionate and dichloroacetate, activators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, were compared. In 4-hr fasted mice, the oral LD50 values for 2-chloropropionate and dichloroacetate were 15.4 +/- 0.1 and 32.1 +/- 1.1 mmol/kg, respectively. In suckling rats, both compounds effectively lowered blood lactate and glucose levels and increased blood ketone bodies. Although comparable effects were brought about by both compounds on other metabolites, dichloroacetate caused a greater increase in blood ketone bodies. In a prolonged oral toxicity study using male rats, both compounds decreased growth rate and food consumption and caused neurotoxic effects. Both compounds brought about hind limb weakness, slower nerve conduction velocities and decreased diameter of tibial nerves. 2-Chloropropionate treatment caused testicular abnormalities manifested by testicular maturation arrest and degeneration of germ cells. 2-Chloropropionate-treated rats had significantly lower plasma triacylglycerol levels than control or dichloroacetate-treated rats. In mature rats, total serum ketone bodies were increased by dichloroacetate but not significantly elevated by 2-chloropropionate. Although 2-chloropropionate may lack sufficient safety to warrant chronic use in humans, it is a useful research tool for studying the metabolic effects of activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Since 2-chloropropionate is not converted to oxalate and is not as ketogenic as dichloroacetate, 2-chloropropionate may be useful clinically in situations requiring only short-term therapy. PMID- 7097573 TI - Cutaneous mechanoreceptors in macaque monkey: temporal discharge patterns evoked by vibration, and a receptor model. AB - 1. Vibratory stimuli applied to the hand of a monkey evoke phase locked impulse trains in the three classes of low threshold mechanoreceptive afferents which innervate the area. The responses of each class of afferent (slowly adapting (SA), rapidly adapting (RA), and Pacinian (PC) vary in a systematic but complex way across the range of frequencies and intensities to which they are sensitive. The receptors are not accessible for electrophysiological recording. The aim in this study was to infer the mechanisms underlying their responses from detailed examination of the statistical properties of the impulse trains.2. A very simple receptor model with four degrees of freedom was chosen as a starting point. The independent variables consisted of the resting membrane time constant, tau, a variable membrane conductance, G(r), the fraction of each sinusoidal stimulus cycle producing depolarization, p(r), and the noise level, sigma, which was assigned to the impulse threshold. The aim was to use the deviations between observed data and predictions from the basic model to construct a more effective model. In fact, the deviations were minor and were mostly explained by periods of increased excitability in the wake of each action potential. Almost all of the differences between the responses of the three mechanoreceptive classes examined in this paper were accounted for by differences in time constants.3. The temporal structure of the responses from each mechanoreceptive class was examined at two levels of resolution, a coarse level where the resolution unit was a full cycle, and a fine level where the unit was 0.1 ms.4. The coarse structure of each response was represented by the presence or absence of an impulse on each stimulus cycle. In each mechanoreceptive class, the impulse sequences were random at low stimulus frequencies and regular at high frequencies. The transition frequencies were roughly 5 Hz for the slowly adapting afferents, 7 Hz for the rapidly adapting afferents, and 110 Hz for the Pacinian afferents. The model matched these data closely when the time constants were set at 80, 60 and 3.4 ms for SAs, RAs and PCs, respectively.5. The fine structure of the responses of each mechanoreceptive class exhibited impulse phase locking, phase advance with increasing intensity, and bimodal phase distributions at higher frequencies. Impulses contributing to the first mode of bimodal distributions always occurred in cycles following cycles in which no impulse occurred. Impulses contributing to the retarded mode always occurred in cycles following filled cycles. The mean phase differences between the two modes was called phase retardation. Phase retardation grew with stimulus frequency for both the receptors and the model; the time constants required to match the model against neural phase retardation curves were 123, 64 and 4.8 ms for SAs, RAs and PCs, respectively. PMID- 7097572 TI - Gastric acid response to pylorus ligation in rats: is gastrin or histamine involved? AB - 1. Pylorus ligation stimulated the acid output in vagally intact rats. The serum gastrin concentration and the gastric mucosal histamine content were not affected. The gastric histidine decarboxylase activity was initially slightly elevated and then greatly reduced (12-20 hr after ligation).2. Pylorus ligation stimulated the acid output in chronically, but not in acutely, vagotomized rats. Chronic vagotomy raises the serum gastrin concentration, the gastric histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity. The serum gastrin concentration was further raised by pylorus ligation. The histamine content was initially lowered but returned to preligation values after 20 hr. The histidine decarboxylase activity first decreased, but increased to very high levels 5-6 hr after ligation. Twelve hours after ligation it was lower than before ligation.3. Following pylorus ligation pentagastrin and histamine stimulated the acid output in vagally intact and in acutely vagotomized but not in chronically vagotomized rats. By contrast, pentagastrin raised the histidine decarboxylase activity in vagally intact and in chronically vagotomized, but not in acutely vagotomized rats.4. The two major populations of endocrine cells of the oxyntic gland area (ECL cells and A-like cells) are argyrophil, store histamine and are capable of taking up exogenous DOPA and of decarboxylating it to dopamine which is retained in the cytoplasm for several hours. As evidenced by light and fluorescence microscopy pylorus ligation did not affect their argyrophilia or their ability to produce and store dopamine.5. Pylorus ligation caused ultrastructural changes in the gastrin cells of the pyloric gland area and in the histamine-storing ECL and A-like cells of the oxyntic gland area. The two endocrine cell types in the oxyntic gland area were enlarged by pylorus ligation, more so after 16 hr than after 4 hr. The size of the gastrin cells seemed unaffected. In all three cell types pylorus ligation reduced the number of cytoplasmic granules. There was no increase in the Golgi area or in the endoplasmic reticulum in any of the endocrine cell types of the oxyntic gland area. It appears unlikely that the ultrastructural changes of the ECL and A-like cells reflect an increased rate of histamine mobilization.6. The acid response to pylorus ligation probably reflects neuronal reflex mechanisms exclusively. There is no evidence that gastrin or histamine released from gastric endocrine cells mediate the response. PMID- 7097574 TI - Structural and functional definition of the motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). AB - 1. The details of the organization of the motor cortex and its anterior and posterior border were investigated in three monkeys by a combination of techniques including intracortical microstimulation (i.c.m.s.), electrophysiological recording of cutaneous and muscle afferent inputs to single cortical neurones, and electrophysiological and anatomical identification of corticospinal neurones; in addition, data from these methods were related to cortical cytoarchitecture.2. Almost 5000 individual cortical loci were tested with i.c.m.s. in the unanaesthetized monkeys. In this paper, we particularly consider the organization of the forelimb motor representation, and its relation to the representation of other parts of the body. I.c.m.s. thresholds of about 5 muA were common for evoking twitch movements and e.m.g. responses in distal forelimb and face, jaw and tongue muscles, but proximal forelimb, trunk and hind limb movements also sometimes had such low thresholds.3. The fingers were found to be represented nearest the central sulcus, with horseshoe-shaped bands of cortical tissue representing progressively more proximal muscles situated around this central ;finger core'.4. Cytoarchitectonically, the cortex having these low threshold motor effects was characteristic of area 4. There was also a close fit between the extent of this ;excitable cortex' and the extent of densely spaced corticospinal neurones identified electro-physiologically or with horseradish peroxidase labelling. In subsequent mapping of forelimb afferents to the cortex when the animal was deeply anaesthetized, low-threshold and short-latency responses to muscle nerve stimulation were rarely found in this ;excitable cortex'.5. The anterior border could be clearly established by i.c.m.s. and by the sharp boundary of corticospinal neurones. It was noted that the motor cortex extends rostrally beyond area 4 and its anterior border appears to reside in the posterior part of area 6aalpha (Vogt & Vogt, 1919) although it is difficult to establish the precise transition from area 4 to area 6.6. Posteriorly, the ;micro excitable cortex' was found to be limited to regions cytoarchitectonically delineated as area 4 and did not include area 3a. On the other hand, low threshold forelimb proprioceptive afferent inputs appeared restricted to area 3a neurones in the deeply anaesthetized animal. Corticospinal neurones were very dense in area 4, and there was a clear decrease in their occurrence in more caudal areas. However, scattered nests of corticospinal neurones were noted in areas 3a, 3b, 2, 1 and 5. It remains to be seen whether these scattered nests could be directly involved in motor control or whether they may modulate ascending somatosensory transmission, and whether they rely on sensory feed-back or inputs from other central areas for their spinal effects. PMID- 7097577 TI - Post-tetanic depolarization in sympathetic neurones of the guinea-pig. AB - 1. Repetitive intracellular stimulation at a frequency of 5-30 Hz for 1-10 s evoked in neurones of the isolated inferior mesenteric and superior cervical ganglia of the guinea-pig three types of post-spike membrane potential changes: (i) hyperpolarization, (ii) hyperpolarization followed by a slow depolarization, and (iii) a second hyperpolarization following the initial two responses.2. The initial post-spike hyperpolarization had a mean duration of 2.0 s and was often associated with a fall in membrane resistance; it could be elicited in every sympathetic neurone studied. This response was termed the post-tetanic hyperpolarization (PTH).3. The slow depolarization which could be induced only in a portion of neurones had a mean amplitude and duration of 2.2 mV and 27.5 s, respectively; it was termed the post-tetanic depolarization (PTD).4. PTD was associated with a fall in membrane resistance, augmented by membrane hyperpolarization, and reduced by depolarization; its mean extrapolated equilibrium potential was -38 mV.5. PTD was not blocked by nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists, or alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, whereas it was suppressed by adrenaline, noradrenaline, Co(2+) and a low Ca(2+) solution.6. The amplitude of the single spike after-hyperpolarization in normal Krebs solution as well as in high K(+) solution was increased during PTD; furthermore, conditioning hyperpolarization to the level of E(K) increased the amplitude of PTD in normal Krebs as well as in high K(+) solution.7. PTD with similar amplitude, time course and membrane characteristics could be evoked in a portion of neurones of the rabbit superior cervical ganglia; however, PTD was not detected in neurones of the rat superior cervical ganglia.8. Decentralization of the guinea-pig and rabbit superior cervical ganglia for 14 d did not alter the number of neurones in which PTD could be elicited, its amplitude, or its time course.9. Our results suggest that a chemical substance(s) is responsible for the generation of PTD; it may be released from the soma and/or dendrites and acts in an auto-receptive manner on the cells in question. The nature and origin of the second hyperpolarization remain to be clarified. PMID- 7097576 TI - Time course and extent of recovery in reinnervated motor units of cat triceps surae muscles. AB - 1. Nerve and muscle properties were studied in single motor units of triceps surae muscles in the cat using chronic recording techniques and intramuscular microstimulation. Recordings were made before and at intervals up to 18 months after a nerve was sectioned and sutured either to its distal stump (nerve-nerve suture) or to a muscle directly (nerve-muscle suture). Thus, each nerve and muscle served as its own control for recovery after reinnervation.2. Following a delay all muscles recovered their preoperative tension after nerve-nerve suture with a single exponential having a time constant of 1-2 months. Only half the muscles recovered their preoperative tensions after nerve-muscle sutures. Muscles which did not recover fully also had a slower time course of recovery.3. The estimated number of motor units did not increase significantly later than 2 months after nerve section and suture. Further recovery of muscle tension is due to increased unit tension, rather than increasing numbers of reinnervated motor units. Unit tension recovered completely in all muscles, but did not become enlarged, even when muscles apparently remained partially denervated.4. The latency of compound nerve potentials often recovered completely, although the amplitude of the potential remained depressed. Single motor axonal potentials recovered to control levels after reinnervation of muscle with a time constant similar to that for the recovery of motor unit tension. Therefore, two distinct populations of motor axons contribute to the compound potential: reinnervating axons whose size recovers fully, and disconnected axons which remain atrophic. Incomplete recovery of the compound potential amplitude mainly results from a failure of all axons to remake peripheral connexions.5. Thus, formation of functional nerve-muscle connexions completely reverses the effects of axotomy on nerve and muscle. Reinnervated motor units recovered their preoperative size, whether or not much of the muscle remained denervated. PMID- 7097578 TI - A transcortical loop demonstrated by stimulation of low-threshold muscle afferents in the awake monkey. AB - 1. The hypothesis that a transcortical loop can be activated by electrical stimulation of low-threshold muscle afferents was tested. The effect of these afferents on the excitability of motoneurones was measured with the monosynaptic spinal reflex (H-reflex).2. Four monkeys were trained to maintain a constant tonic activity in the soleus muscle so that the amplitude of evoked H-reflexes was constant. The intensity of conditioning stimuli was just subthreshold for direct or reflex electromyographic responses. The intensity of the test stimuli was adjusted to evoke an H-reflex of maximal amplitude. The amplitude of the H reflex was recorded for different intervals between conditioning and test stimuli (10-1000 msec).3. The excitability curve obtained showed three components: (1) an early excitatory process, F1, at intervals of 10-20 msec, (2) a late excitatory process, F2, at intervals of 40-80 msec and (3) a short latency depression of about 400 msec duration, on which F1 and F2 were superimposed.4. F2 was selectively abolished during cooling of the contralateral motor cortex, after an irreversible lesion of the motor cortex, and after pyramidotomy; however, F1 and the inhibition remained unchanged.5. The conduction time from the tibial nerve to the somatosensory cortex (SI), the cortical delay between SI and motor cortex, and the conduction time from motor cortex to the soleus muscle were measured in an anaesthetized animal. The sum of these values as an estimate of the transcortical loop time was 5 msec shorter than the latency of F2.6. It is concluded that a transcortical loop can be activated by electrical stimulation of low-threshold muscle afferents and, by analogy, also by mechanical perturbations applied during a motor task. PMID- 7097575 TI - Conduction block in rat myelinated fibres following acute exposure to anti galactocerebroside serum. AB - 1. We have observed conduction in single rat spinal ventral root nerve fibres following acute topical application of anti-galactocerebroside serum.2. Conduction of nerve impulses was initially slowed and subsequently blocked at the site of serum exposure.3. Conduction block occurred within as little as 1 hr in more slowly conducting (20-30 m/sec) myelinated fibres but occurred later in fibres conducting more rapidly.4. Conduction block was preceded by a rise in internodal conduction time from the normal 20 musec to about 200 musec.5. At nodes exposed to serum, conduction block was invariably associated with greatly decreased depolarization; this was contrasted with nodes exposed to local anaesthetic or tetrodotoxin where conduction block occurred despite nodal depolarization well beyond threshold potential.6. Nodal capacitance and resistance were estimated from simultaneous recordings of membrane current and extracellular potential at blocked nodes exposed to local anaesthetic or tetrodotoxin (normal nodes) and at blocked nodes exposed to anti galactocerebroside serum.7. For normal fibres of internodal length 0.8-1.1 mm, an upper limit estimate for average nodal capacitance was 2.6 +/- 0.3 pF and a lower limit estimate for average nodal resistance was 55 +/- 10 MOmega. There was an order of magnitude increase in the capacitance of nodes at which conduction block occurred following exposure to anti-galactocerebroside serum.8. We conclude that the early conduction block caused by anti-galactocerebroside serum is due to paranodal demyelination and that acute paranodal demyelination is sufficient to cause conduction block. PMID- 7097579 TI - A model accounting for effects of vibratory amplitude on responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in macaque monkey. AB - 1. A mechanoreceptor model, developed in the preceding paper (Freeman & Johnson, 1982), was used to study the effects of vibratory intensity and frequency on the responses of slowly adapting, rapidly adapting and Pacinian afferents in monkey hairless skin. As in the previous paper almost all of the response properties studied here were accounted for by the equivalent circuit model; changes in membrane time constant and amplitude sensitivity accounted for the differences between the three mechanoreceptive fibre types.2. The stimulus-response function of primary concern was the relationship between impulse rate and vibratory amplitude. This relationship had the same general form in each of the three fibre types. Amplitudes, I, less than I(0) produced no impulse on any stimulus cycles. Amplitudes greater than I(1) produced one impulse on every cycle. As I rose from I(0) to I(1) the impulse rate rose monotonically from 0 to 1 impulse/cycle. For each fibre type the form of this ramp depended on the stimulus frequency.3. At stimulus frequencies low in the frequency range of each fibre type the (I(0), I(1)) ramp tended to be steep and sigmoidal in shape. Two or more impulses occurred on some cycles and none on others.4. At intermediate frequencies the (I(0), I(1)) ramps became linear with at most one impulse on each cycle. A short plateau appeared at 0.5 impulses/cycle (i.e. there was a range of intensities yielding one impulse on alternate cycles). All of these response properties at low and intermediate frequencies were explained by the model.5. At higher frequencies the (I(0), I(1)) ramps became shallower and developed discontinuities in slope at impulse rates of 0.5 impulses/cycle. At stimulus frequencies greater than 20 Hz for SAs and RAs, the upper segment of the (I(0), I(1)) slope became steeper. For frequencies greater than 80 Hz, the upper segments of the Pacinian (I(0), I(1)) slopes were shallower than the lower segments. These effects suggested transient periods of hyperexcitability following each action potential, and reductions in sensitivity due to high impulse rates, respectively.6. The model's membrane time constant was adjusted to match the observed reduction in the (I(0), I(1)) slope with increasing stimulus frequency. The time constants required for least-squares fitting were 58, 29 and 4.2 msec for slowly adapting, rapidly adapting and Pacinian afferents, respectively; these values are of the same order as those obtained in the preceding paper.7. Receptor sensitivity varied across the frequency spectrum, slow adaptors being most sensitive at low frequencies, rapidly adapting units at mid-range, and Pacinians at the high frequencies. According to the model, the high frequency roll-off in a receptor's tuning curve is due to the current integrating properties of receptor membrane, and the low frequency roll-off is due to a high pass filter, presumably mechanical, situated in the tissues between the stimulus probe and receptor membrane.8. Impulse phase advances with increasing stimulus intensity in both receptor and model. The ability of the model to fit both the rate-intensity function and phase advance functions in individual receptors is demonstrated. PMID- 7097580 TI - Inputs to testosterone-sensitive stria terminalis neurones in the rat brain and the effects of castration. AB - 1. The inputs to cortico-medial amygdala neurones which project directly to the area of the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic junction were studied electrophysiologically in urethane anaesthetized male rats. 2. In experiments with fifteen male rats it was found that none of these neurones was responsive to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb or accessory olfactory bulb or odour stimulation. 3. Experiments with four rats showed that electrical stimulation of the lateral portion of the contralateral fimbria excited 81% of these cortico-medial amygdala neurones. Their typical response to stimulation of the contralateral fimbria was a single action potential followed by an inhibitory period (20-100 ms). 4. Analysis of the polarity of evoked waves in the amygdala suggested that the fimbria input terminated in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and that this nucleus subsequently projected to the cortico-medial amygdala. The fimbria input was found to be contralateral in origin, crossing the mid line in the anterior fornical commissure. 5. In a further experiment 118 identified cortico-medial amygdala neurones were recorded from twelve rats (six gonadally intact and six castrated). Castration significantly decreased the percentage of these neurones responding to stimulation of the ipsilateral fimbria (20 vs. 97%) and lengthened post-excitatory inhibitory periods. 6. Results are discussed with respect to the initial finding by Kendrick & Drewett (1979) of testosterone-sensitive absolute refractory periods in cortico-medial amygdala neurones. PMID- 7097581 TI - Effect of castration on medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurone responses to stimulation of the fimbria in the rat. AB - 1. Single unit extracellular recordings were made from medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones in response to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral fimbria. The effects of castration on neuronal responses were investigated and the pathway of the fimbria input analysed using multiple stimulation and selective lesions. The percentage of responsive medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones which had connexions with the medial forebrain bundle was also investigated.2. Orthodromic action potentials were recorded from 192 medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones in twenty animals (ten gonadally intact and ten castrated). These neurones responded to a single shock stimulus applied to the ipsilateral fimbria by producing one or one to three action potentials followed by an inhibitory period (similar to simple and complex spikes found in hippocampus and cerebellum). A further forty-eight neurones showed a post stimulus inhibition. Castration significantly reduced the percentage of medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones that responded reliably to 0.6 Hz stimulation, lengthened the inhibitory periods, reduced the percentage of neurones producing one to three action potentials and lengthened their interspike intervals.3. Further experiments using ten animals showed that medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones orthodromically stimulated from the fimbria were also driven by stimulation of the ipsilateral stria terminalis and the cortico-medial and basolateral amygdala. Lesioning the stria terminalis abolished the responses of medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones to stimulation of the fimbria.4. In five animals the responses of fifty-seven medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones orthodromically stimulated from the fimbria were recorded after stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. 44.5% of these neurones were stimulated antidromically and 25.6% orthodromically from the medial forebrain bundle. Neurones responding to fimbria stimulation by producing one to three action potentials were more likely to have connexions with the medial forebrain bundle.5. The relevance of these findings to local neuronal circuitry and the control of sexual behaviour are discussed. PMID- 7097582 TI - Remote pattern reversal reduces the proximal negative response of the goldfish retina. AB - 1. Using the eyecup preparation, proximal negative responses (PNR) to small test spots of different irradiance were recorded with (a) a stationary peripheral black and white grating surrounding the test spot, and (b) with contrast reversal of the same grating. In the latter case, the PNR-amplitude was reduced by a magnitude that was dependent on the frequency of contrast reversal. The reduction was maximum (approximately 50%) for a frequency of 8-10 Hz. 2. The attenuation was constant for PNR-amplitudes greater than half the maximum value, but increased for smaller responses. The fact that the intensity-response curve was not merely shifted towards higher values on the log intensity axis, indicates that the suppression was an effect neither of stray light nor of adaptive processes in the distal retina. 3. The effect of a single shift of the grating (by half a cycle) on the PNR was studied at different delays between grating shift and test spot presentation. Strong suppression of the PNR was found for delays between 100 ms (shift preceding test spot) and -50 ms (test spot preceding grating shift), with a maximum at about 30 ms. 4. This long-range effect of peripheral transient stimulation is of inhibitory nature, and probably related to Werblin's windmill effect. PMID- 7097583 TI - Effects of adenosine and its analogues on the perfused hind limb artery and vein of anaesthetized dogs. AB - 1. The effects of infusion of adenosine and its analogues on arterial and venous resistance have been studied in the vascularly and sympathetically isolated hind limb of chloralose-anaesthetized dogs. Resistance changes have been assessed by monitoring changes in perfusion pressures at constant flow through the femoral artery and metatarsal vein.2. With sympathetic stimulation (10 V, 2 msec, 0.5-2 Hz applied to the cut peripheral end of the lumbar sympathetic trunk), continuous infusion of adenosine, to produce a concentration of approximately 2 x 10(-5)m, resulted in a near maximal sustained decrease in arterial perfusion pressure of 35.3+/-3.6%, and a decrease of about half this in venous perfusion pressure.3. Bolus injections of adenosine into the artery, to produce a concentration of about 7 x 10(-5)m, caused a transient decrease in resistance similar to that observed with continuous infusion. However, the venous response was smaller than that induced by continuous infusion.4. Withdrawal of sympathetic stimulation to the limb had little effect on adenosine-induced vasodilatation in the artery, but abolished the small response of the vein.5. Less than 5% vasodilatation was produced in the artery and vein by 2-deoxyadenosine, inosine, guanosine, xanthosine, cytidine or uridine when infused in amounts up to ten times, or by sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) in amounts one hundred times the maximal amounts of adenosine given.6. These results suggest that adenosine caused vasodilatation, at least in arterioles, largely by acting directly on vascular muscle rather than via presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline release. PMID- 7097584 TI - Calcium fluxes in mouse mammary tissue in vitro: intracellular and extracellular calcium pools. AB - 1. The total Ca content of the mammary gland increased from about 2 to 12 mumole/g tissue during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in the mouse. In tissue from lactating mice at least two thirds of the total Ca exchanged with external Ca in 6 hr. There was little non-exchangeable Ca in tissues from pregnant mice.2. At 37 degrees C the time courses of influx and efflux of (45)Ca in lactating tissues could be analysed by assuming three exponential components with rate constants of about 0.3, 0.06 and 0.005 min(-1) and containing, respectively, 1.7, 1.5 and 4.7 mumole (45)Ca/g tissue at the steady state.3. The rapidly effluxing component showed the time- and temperature-dependence characteristic of bulk-phase-limited diffusion through the extracellular space. The diffusion coefficient was about one quarter of the self-diffusion coefficient of Ca in aqueous solution, consistent with a tortuosity factor of about 2. A portion of the Ca in this component was displaced by La(3+). The amount remaining in the presence of 3 mm-La(3+) was close to that expected for free extracellular Ca. The rapid component was therefore interpreted as originating from an extracellular compartment containing both free and bound Ca.4. The rate of efflux of the intermediate component was slowed by a factor of ten when the temperature was decreased from 37 to 0 degrees C giving a Q(10) of 2.7, expected for membrane transport. The slow component present at 37 degrees C was not displaced by EGTA or La(3+), suggesting that it is not localized extracellularly. It was not apparent in the 0 degrees C efflux curves.5. The biphasic time course of uptake of ionophore (A23187)-releasable (45)Ca in particulate fractions obtained by homogenization and centrifugation of tissues which had been incubated with the isotope was consistent with the hypothesis that the two slower components of (45)Ca flux originate from intracellular compartments. Mitochondrial uptake probably did not contribute significantly to Ca exchange in these tissues.6. (45)Calcium fluxes in mammary tissues from pregnant mice also showed three components with rate constants similar to those found in tissues from lactating mice. The amount of Ca in each component was much smaller than in lactating tissue when compared on the basis of tissue weight.7. We conclude from these studies that: (i) intra- and extracellular Ca pools in mammary tissue can be distinguished on the basis of the temperature dependence of their fluxes and (ii) the transition from pregnancy to lactation is accompanied by large increases in both intra- and extracellular Ca pools in mammary alveolar cells. PMID- 7097587 TI - Correlation between the preferred orientation and spatial frequency of neurones in visual areas 17 and 18 of the cat. AB - 1. In seventy-six penetrations through areas 17 and 18 of the cat, neurones were regularly sampled at intervals of 100 micrometers and preferred orientation, optimal spatial frequency and resolving power were determined for each neurone in response to drifting sinusoidal gratings. 2. As already shown for area 17, in tangential penetrations through area 18, whenever the preferred orientation rotates progressively from cell to cell, the optimal spatial frequency tends to remain constant. 3. A statistical analysis on 1574 cells in areas 17 and 18 showed that for pairs of cells separated 200-300 micrometers along a track the difference in preferred orientation delta alpha and the difference in optimal spatial frequency delta f are not randomly distributed: cell pairs with small delta alpha are most likely to have large delta f and vice versa. 4. These findings indicate that in areas 17 and 18 neurones with the same optimal frequency are aligned along a direction orthogonal to the orientation columns. 5. The optimal spatial frequency, resolving power and the velocity cut-off were averaged for cells from different penetrations located in the same cortical layer or sublayer of area 18: mean optimal spatial frequency and acuity are highest in layer IV and lowest in layers II and V, while the velocity cut-off is highest in layers II and V and lowest in layer IV. 6. Our data suggest that the layering of cells according to optimal spatial frequency is a more subtle subdivision than the six histological layers. PMID- 7097588 TI - The influence of visceral mechanoreceptors on sympathetic efferent discharge in the cat. AB - 1. Recordings have been made from eighty-three single sympathetic efferent units in the hypogastric nerve in two types of preparation. In all animals the baroreceptors were denervated to exclude changes in sympathetic discharge resulting from any variations in arterial pressure, and the spinal cord was sectioned at the 6th lumbar segment to exclude changes in efferent discharge that might have been due to pelvic nerve afferents from the bladder or other viscera. In some animals the afferent pathways were sectioned from all pelvic and lower abdominal viscera other than the bladder, so that the vesical afferent pathway was the only neural pathway that might mediate reflex events from these viscera. The hypogastric nerve afferent pathway was excited by bladder distension or by bladder contractions induced by electrical stimulation of the sacral cord.2. Approximately half the units gave an increase in spike rate during distension or during contraction of the bladder. Three-quarters of the units tested also gave an increase in spike rate during colonic distension. In no units that exhibited convergence of afferent input did colonic and vesical stimuli cause responses of opposite sign.3. Approximately 10% of units showed a reduction in discharge rate when the bladder was distended or caused to contract.4. The estimated intravesical pressure thresholds for these reflexes were in the range 8-56 mmHg which extends beyond that of the mechanoreceptors which form the afferent limb of the reflex.5. These reflex studies indicate that the hypogastric nerve afferents from the bladder can elicit sympathetic reflexes within the physiological range of intravesical pressures, and that vesico-sympathetic reflexes can be elicited in the absence of pelvic nerve afferent inputs.In 75% of sympathetic efferent units that respond to bladder distension or contraction, there is evidence for convergent inputs with similar actions from the colon. PMID- 7097586 TI - Uptake of adenosine and release of adenine derivatives in mammalian non myelinated nerve fibres at rest and during activity. AB - 1. Influx of adenosine into rabbit non-myelinated nerve fibres was measured using [2-(3)H]adenosine. The uptake of radioactivity increased linearly with duration of incubation for up to 60 min and adenosine concentration up to 200 mum. The uptake at different adenosine concentrations showed a saturable component with a half-maximal activation at 17.1 mum and a linear part.2. The radioactivity taken up was rapidly incorporated into AMP, ADP and ATP. Isotopic equilibrium between the nucleotides was achieved within 15 min.3. The uptake of (3)H from 0.2 mum adenosine was almost completely inhibited by addition of 200 mum-adenosine and to a similar extent by 200 mum-tubercidin and AMP; a 70% inhibition was found with ATP and ADP; alpha, beta methylene-ADP had no effect.4. ATP, ADP and AMP added to the extracellular medium of a desheathed vagus were slowly hydrolysed.5. In preparations loaded with [2-(3)H]adenosine and then washed with adenosine and label-free solution there was a steady efflux of radioactivity amounting to 0.18 x 10(-3)/min. Addition of adenosine or tubercidin transiently increased the efflux.6. Electrical stimulation caused an extra release of radioactivity. The extra fractional loss was 21.8 x 10(-6)/impulse in preparations that had rested for several hours; it decreased to 2.3 x 10(-6)/impulse when stimulation was applied after a 30 min rest.7. The radioactivity of the resting efflux and of the extra efflux after stimulation was found mostly in inosine and hypoxanthine; adenosine and adenine accounted for only 3%, and the nucleotides for less than 1% of the efflux.8. Adenosine added to the external medium of a desheathed nerve was slowly deaminated.9. It is concluded that inosine and hypoxanthine found in the effluent from desheathed vagus nerve trunk result from release of these compounds from nerve fibres and not from extracellular breakdown of released ATP or adenosine.10. Electrical activity in non-myelinated nerve fibres of the nerve trunk thus causes the release of metabolites (inosine and hypoxanthine) together with small amounts of adenosine and adenine, while release of ATP and other nucleotides is almost completely absent. PMID- 7097589 TI - Connexions between hair follicle afferent fibres and spinocervical tract neurones in the cat: the synthesis of receptive fields. AB - 1. Relationships between the terminal arborizations of hair follicle afferent fibres and dendritic trees of spinocervical tract (s.c.t.) neurones were studied using intra-axonal and intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase in chloralose-anaesthetized, paralysed cats. 2. Seventeen afferent-neurone pairs were successfully stained and their receptive fields determined. Ten of the pairs had s.c.t. neurones with a field containing that of the hair follicle afferent and seven pairs had separate fields on the hind limb. 3. Where the afferent fibre's field was outside the neurone's field there were no indications of synaptic contacts between the two neuronal elements. 4. Synaptic contacts were always observed (at the light microscope level) for the ten pairs with the hair afferent's receptive field contained within the s.c.t. cell's field. Contacts were always made by the branches of only a single collateral from the hair follicle afferent fibre. The numbers and locations of synaptic contacts were related to the relative positions of the receptive field: where the hair follicle afferent's field was centrally placed there were many (forty to sixty) contacts on proximal dendrites; where the hair follicle afferent's field was peripherally placed in the s.c.t. cell's receptive field there were few contacts (two to thirteen) and these were peripherally placed on the dendritic tree. Where the primary afferent fibre had a centrally placed field contacts upon dendritic spines were observed. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the synthesis of receptive fields and the organization of neuronal connexions within the mammalian spinal cord. PMID- 7097590 TI - The effects of stimulation rate on calcium-dependent action potentials recorded from chick embryo heart cell aggregates. AB - 1. Action potentials were recorded from aggregates of heart cells prepared from 3 to 7-day chick embryos. At 3 days the maximum rate of rise (+ Vmax) was insensitive to TTX; at 7 days it was considerably reduced by TTX. 2. In the presence of TTX the action potential overshoot was dependent on [Ca]0; the results may be fitted using constant field theory and assuming that the membrane is over a hundred times more permeable to Ca than to Na or K. 3. An increase in stimulation rate in the range 0.2-2 Hz led to an increase in both overshoot and + Vmax. This effect was not seen after addition of 20 mM-tetraethylammonium ions, nor when Sr was substituted for Ca in the external medium. We suggest that these rate-dependent changes may result from partial inactivation of an outward K current. PMID- 7097585 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors of visceral primary afferent neurones on rabbit nodose ganglia. AB - 1. The electrophysiological characteristics of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors distributed on visceral primary afferent neurones (the nodose ganglion cells of the vagus) in rabbits were investigated with intracellular recording and voltage-clamp techniques.2. In response to 5-HT applied by superfusion (>/= 10 mum) or by ionophoresis (>/= 5 nA, 50 msec), the majority of type C neurones (mean axonal conduction velocity: 0.83+/-0.25 m/sec) showed a rapid depolarization of 20-30 mV in amplitude which was followed by a hyperpolarization of a few millivolts. Both the initial depolarization and afterhyperpolarization were associated with a reduction in membrane resistance.3. Type A neurones (mean axonal conduction velocity: 7.7+/-0.4 m/sec) did not show any significant alterations in membrane potential and resistance during or after application of 5 HT.4. The initial depolarization induced by 5-HT was abolished by Na(+)-free Krebs solution and showed a reduction of a few millivolts in K(+)-free or Ca(2+) free Krebs solution. The response in normal Krebs solution was reversed at a membrane potential level of +7.3+/-1.1 mV.5. The afterhyperpolarization disappeared in Na(+)-free or Ca(2+)-free Krebs solution, while it was markedly enhanced in K(+)-free Krebs solution. The response in normal Krebs solution reversed at a membrane potential of -88.7+/-0.8 mV, and was abolished at membrane potentials more positive than -20 mV.6. Unlike 5-HT voltage responses, which were biphasic in the majority of neurones examined, 5-HT induced currents were usually monophasic when recorded at holding membrane levels ranging from -80 to +50 mV. The reversal potential of the inward current was +7.5+/-0.8 mV which was in good agreement with the reversal level for 5-HT-induced depolarizations. The reversal potentials for inward currents which were obtained at various concentrations of Na(+) or K(+) corresponded to the theoretical values calculated by the equivalent circuit equation.7. These results suggest that the initial depolarization induced by 5-HT is due mainly to simultaneous increases in Na(+) and K(+) conductances, while the afterhyperpolarization is brought about by an increase of K(+) conductance which is triggered by a voltage-dependent influx of Na(+) and Ca(2+).8. The mean value for the ;limiting slope' of conductance change vs. 5-HT concentration and the slope of 5-HT current vs. 5-HT concentration obtained by superfusion of 5-HT, were in good agreement, 1.84+/-0.26 and 1.88+/-0.31, respectively. On the other hand, the mean Hill coefficient obtained from the dose response curves for the inward current induced by ionophoresis was 2.51+/-0.14.9. Tetrodotoxin (0.2 mum) blocked the soma action potential completely, but did not show any effect on 5-HT-induced responses.10. (+)-Lysergic acid diethylamide and methysergide (1-100 mum) had no depressant effect on the 5-HT-induced depolarization.11. (+)-Tubocurarine at low concentrations (1-5 mum) inhibited the 5-HT induced inward current competitively. The mode of its inhibitory action became noncompetitive at higher concentrations (10-20 mum). PMID- 7097591 TI - The effect of pseudopregnancy on glomerular filtration rate and salt and water reabsorption in the rat. AB - 1. Glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) and salt and water reabsorption were measured in age-matched virgin rats and rats at different stages of pseudopregnancy and post-pseudopregnancy. 2. Tubular reabsorption and G.F.R. were significantly higher in later pseudopregnancy. Values at mid-pseudopregnancy were intermediate between virgin controls and late-pseudopregnancy. In post pseudopregnancy G.F.R. and reabsorption had returned to values not different from the virgins. 3. Expansion of extracellular fluid volume (e.c.f.v.) and elongation of proximal tubules were observed during pseudopregnancy. In post-pseudopregnancy increased tubular length was still apparent but e.c.f.v. was not. 4. The remarkable similarity in the changes in e.c.f.v. and renal functions and structure during pseudopregnancy to those in early pregnancy suggests that the feto-placental unit is not necessary for the pregnancy changes. 5. The differences between the time course of change in plasma progesterone and the time courses of changes in e.c.f.v., renal functions and tubular morphology in late pseudopregnancy suggest that progesterone is not directly involved. PMID- 7097592 TI - Climbing fibre induced depression of both mossy fibre responsiveness and glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. AB - 1. In high decerebrate rabbits, cells were sampled extracellularly from the rostral flocculus. Purkinje cells were identified by their characteristic responses to stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive. Identification of basket cells was based on the absence of olivary responses and also on their location in the molecular layer adjacent to identified Purkinje cells. Mass field potentials in the flocculus were also studied.2. Single pulse stimulation of a vestibular nerve, either ipsilateral or contralateral, at a rate of 2/sec excited Purkinje cells with a latency of 3-6 msec. This early excitation represents activation through vestibular mossy fibres, granule cells and their axons (parallel fibres). Similar early excitation also occurred in putative basket cells.3. Conjunctive stimulation of a vestibular nerve at 20/sec and the inferior olive at 4/sec, for 25 sec per trial, effectively depressed the early excitation of Purkinje cells by that nerve, without an associated change in spontaneous discharge. The depression recovered in about ten minutes. This recovery was followed by the onset of a slow depression lasting for an hour.4. Conjunctive vestibular-olivary stimulation produced no such depression in the following responses: early excitation in Purkinje cells induced from the vestibular nerve not involved in the conjunctive stimulation; early excitation in putative basket cells from either vestibular nerve; inhibition or rebound facilitation in Purkinje cells following the early excitation; vestibular-evoked field potentials in the granular layer and white matter of the flocculus. These observations lead to the conclusion that the depression occurs specifically at parallel fibre Purkinje cell synapses involved in conjunctive stimulation.5. Ionophoretic application of glutamate to Purkinje cells in conjunction with 4/sec olivary stimulation depressed the glutamate sensitivity of Purkinje cells; aspartate sensitivity was depressed to a much lesser degree. The depression diminished in about 10 min, but this recovery was succeeded by a slow depression lasting for an hour. The depression was seen only when glutamate sensitivity was relatively high, suggesting that the micro-electrode was impinging onto Purkinje cell dendrites. These observations suggest that subsynaptic chemosensitivity of Purkinje cells to the putative neurotransmitter of parallel fibres is involved in the depression observed after conjunctive stimulation of a vestibular nerve and the inferior olive.6. The present results are consistent with the Marr-Albus assumption concerning plasticity of cerebellar neuronal networks. PMID- 7097594 TI - Pharmacological analysis of directionally sensitive rabbit retinal ganglion cells. AB - 1. Cholinergic drugs were infused into the retinal circulation of the rabbit while we analysed the receptive field properties of directionally sensitive retinal ganglion cells. Physostigmine eliminated the trigger feature, directional specificity, of both types (on-centre and on-off) of these cells. In this respect the action of physostigmine (an ACh potentiator) was very like that of picrotoxin (a GABA antagonist). Therefore, a detailed analysis of the receptive field properties of directionally sensitive ganglion cells was made to analyse the effects of physostigmine and picrotoxin.2. Size specificity and radial grating inhibition were not abolished by physostigmine, but were often affected by picrotoxin. The optimal velocity in the preferred direction (as measured by maximum firing frequency) was not much changed by physostigmine, but was higher during infusion of picrotoxin. Infusion of nicotine, a depolarizing ACh agonist which increases the activity of retinal ganglion cells, revealed the presence of inhibition to movement in the null direction. The null direction response during picrotoxin started slightly later than this inhibition. The null direction response during physostigmine was weaker and started later still. Mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine, nicrotinic receptor antagonists, totally blocked the effect of physostigmine and reduced the control light response by about half.3. From this analysis, it appears that on-off ACh release onto directionally sensitive cells provides a substantial excitation which, when potentiated by physostigmine, overcomes or outlasts the null direction GABA inhibition within the receptive field. The spatial extent of GABA inhibition is asymmetric to and larger than the spatial extent of ACh excitation. Similar pathways appear to be involved in both the on-centre and on-off directionally sensitive ganglion cells, yet the on-centre cell pathway may receive an additional input which suppresses the ACh excitation at light offset. Possible schemes for the cellular mechanism of directional sensitivity are discussed in light of these results and recent anatomical and pharmacological findings. PMID- 7097595 TI - Eye position signals in the flocculus of the monkey during smooth-pursuit eye movements. AB - 1. Discharges of Purkinje cells and mossy fibres were recorded from the flocculus of monkeys trained to fixate a small visual target and to track the target when it moved slowly.2. Discharges of Purkinje cells changed tonically with shifts of gaze. Firing rates were linearly related to eye positions for either the entire or more than half the eye-position range in 12.6% of Purkinje cells tested (76/603 units).3. The eye position-related activity (position component) was observable in these cells also during smooth-pursuit eye movements. It was typically seen during slow eye movements (velocities less than 10 deg/s) but became undetectable during high velocity movements (faster than 50 deg/s).4. The position component became prominent when smooth pursuit was executed at the preferred loci of the individual cells. In the majority of the cells tested at their preferred loci, the position component was observable to a relatively high frequency, such as 0.5 Hz (+/- 10 deg; peak velocity 31 deg/s).5. Forty-five mossy fibre units showed saccade-related bursts and position-related intersaccadic tonic activity during steady eye position. In each unit, the position component was found only during fixations within a specific range of eye positions. During fixations outside these regions, all position-related mossy fibres were completely silent.6. During sinusoidal smooth-pursuit eye movements, the mossy fibres also displayed cyclic modulations in activity. All fibres discharged with eye movements in one direction and were silent during eye movements in the other direction.7. Saccade-related bursts from mossy fibres led the onset of saccades, ranging from 0 to 19 ms with a mean lead-time of 6.9 ms. This observation negates the possibility that the position-related signals might represent proprioceptive impulses from the stretch receptors of the extraocular muscle. PMID- 7097596 TI - Acetylcholine-induced membrane depolarization and potential fluctuations in the rat adrenal chromaffin cell. AB - 1. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the rat adrenal chromaffin cell membrane was examined in culture by using an intracellular recording technique. ACh was applied with gas pressure through a pipette which had an internal tip diameter of about 3 mum.2. Upon application of ACh the chromaffin cell membrane depolarized with superimposed potential fluctuations. Occasionally repetitive spikes were observed during the entire period of ACh application up to 30 sec. In some cells a hyperpolarization with a slow time course followed the initial depolarization.3. The depolarization was detectable with 0.1 mum-ACh; the amplitude increased with higher concentrations of ACh and saturated at 100 mum. The half-maximal concentration was approximately 10 mum.4. The amplitude of the ACh depolarization increased when the membrane was hyperpolarized by passing current through the recording electrode, and decreased upon depolarization. This technique gave an apparent reversal potential of -24+/-4 mV (mean+/-S.D., n = 6).5. When the mean amplitude of the ACh depolarizations and the variance of the potential fluctuations in a given cell were plotted, a linear relation was found. The slope was 0.23+/-0.06 mV (n = 9) at the average membrane potential level of 60 mV. With a few assumptions this value approximates the amplitude of an elementary potential change.6. Temporal characteristics of the potential fluctuations were obtained by calculating an auto-correlation function. The averaged auto-correlation function in a given cell declined exponentially with time. The mean time constant at 31 degrees C was found to be 40+/-19 msec (n = 9) at the average membrane potential level of -60 mV. With a few assumptions this value provides an estimate of the mean duration of an elementary potential change.7. The ionic mechanism of the ACh depolarization was examined by changing the ion composition of the external solution. Na, K and Ca ions appear to be the current carriers during the ACh depolarization; Cl ions do not contribute.8. Various ACh receptor agonists and antagonists were applied to determine the pharmacological properties of these ACh receptors. The receptors were found to be nicotinic.9. The nature of the ACh-induced membrane potential fluctuations is discussed. PMID- 7097597 TI - Acute changes in the composition of milk during the ovulatory menstrual cycle in lactating women. AB - 1. Breast milk composition was followed for a period of 28 days in five women during lactational amenorrhea and in another two who were taking oral contraceptives. The milk composition was also studied in two women during an anovulatory menstrual cycle and in six women during an ovulatory menstrual cycle. Samples of milk were collected from each breast at each feed for each day of the study. 2. Two acute changes, the first 5-6 days before and the second 6-7 days after ovulation, occurred in the milk composition during the ovulatory menstrual cycle. At both times there was an increase in Na and Cl concentrations from (mean +/- S.E. of mean) 4.6 +/- 0.2 mM and 11.1 +/- 0.2 mM to 10.1 +/- 0.9 mM and 22.0 +/- 0.9 mM respectively and a decrease in lactose and K concentrations from 7.8 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml. and 13.6 +/- 0.4 mM to 6.0 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml. and 10.2 +/- 0.5 mM respectively. The mean duration of the first change was 28 hr and the second was 32 hr. The concentrations of lactose, Cl, K and Na remained relatively constant during lactational amenorrhea, anovulatory menstrual cycles and for those women taking oral contraceptives. 3. These observations indicate that an increase in the permeability of the mammary epithelium was elicited by changes related to ovulation. It is suggested that the first acute change in the breast milk composition may be associated with the final stages of follicle maturation and the second with the regression of the corpus luteum during the ovulatory menstrual cycle. PMID- 7097593 TI - Effects of cholinergic drugs on receptive field properties of rabbit retinal ganglion cells. AB - 1. Retinal ganglion cells were recorded extracellularly from the rabbit's eye in situ to study the effects of cholinergic drugs on receptive field properties. Physostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and nicotine increased the spontaneous activity of nearly all retinal ganglion cell types. The effectiveness of physostigmine was roughly correlated with the neurone's inherent level of spontaneous activity. Brisk cells, having high rates of spontaneous firing, showed large increases in their maintained discharge, whereas sluggish cells, with few or no spontaneous spikes, showed small and sometimes transient increases in spontaneous activity during physostigmine.2. The sensitivity of ganglion cells to spots of optimal size and position did not change substantially during the infusion of physostigmine. However, the responsiveness to light (number of spikes per stimulus above the spontaneous level) increased. This effect occurred with sluggish and more complex cells, rarely with brisk cells.3. Another effect of physostigmine on sluggish and more complex cells was to make these cells ;on off'. The additional response to the inappropriate change in contrast had a long latency and lacked an initial transient burst.4. Complex receptive field properties such as orientation sensitivity, radial grating inhibition, speed tuning and size specificity were also examined. These inhibitory properties were still present during infusion of physostigmine and, in most cases, the trigger feature of each cell type remained.5. These results are consistent with pharmacological results on ACh release from the retina. There appear to be two types of release of ACh, having their most powerful influences on separate classes of cells. One release (transient), occurs at light onset and offset and acts primarily on sluggish and more complex ganglion cells; the other release (tonic) is not light-modulated and acts primarily on brisk cells. A wiring diagram for the ACh cells is suggested. PMID- 7097598 TI - Central gating of developmental plasticity in kitten visual cortex. AB - 1. In nine 4-week-old, dark-reared kittens we sutured one eye closed and rotated the other surgically. The kittens then grew up in a normally lighted animal colony with adequate room to play.2. For about two weeks after surgery their visual-motor co-ordination did not differ from that of kittens with conventional monocular deprivation; then severe disturbance of visually guided behaviour became progressively more apparent until, after another two to three weeks, all the kittens stopped responding to most visual stimuli entirely. At that point their behaviour in an unfamiliar environment closely resembled that of binocularly deprived cats exposed to light for the first time.3. Four weeks (n = 3) and 6 months (n = 6) after surgery, we examined the visual cortex with single unit recordings, and with evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimuli and patterned lights. We obtained the single-unit recordings from 586 neurones of the striate cortex in both hemispheres, both ipsi- and contralateral to the deprived eye.4. The single-unit recordings and the evoked potentials showed a clear relation between the kitten's abnormal visual behaviour and the functioning of the striate cortex. Only about half the normal percentage of cells responded to light, and most of those which did react had abnormal receptive field properties: they responded only sluggishly even when the light stimuli were aligned optimally.5. We also evoked cortical potentials with phase alternating square wave gratings of variable contrast and spatial frequency. The amplitude of the potentials indicated that contrast-sensitivity was reduced at all spatial frequencies.6. In the kittens tested 4 weeks after surgery, ocular dominance had shifted toward the open rotated eye but this shift was considerably less pronounced than in control kittens monocularly deprived for a comparable period of time.7. In the kittens tested 6 months after surgery fewer cells than normal were binocular; ocular dominance had not shifted towards the open eye.8. Numerous control experiments indicated that these abnormalities did not result from transitory immobilization of the eye alone nor from lesions of the retina or of the optic nerve.We infer that a central mechanism prevents the inappropriate signals from the rotated eye from influencing the consolidation of central pathways. PMID- 7097599 TI - Evidence for long-term functional plasticity in the visual cortex of adult cats. AB - 1. Vision was investigated with behavioural and electrophysiological techniques in three groups of cats: (a) two normally raised kittens in which one eye was rotated at an age of 3 months, (b) three adult cats in which one eye had been rotated and the other closed 6 months prior to recording, (c) two adult cats in which first one eye had been rotated and the other closed and subsequently, after one year, the rotated eye had been closed and the normal eye re-opened. The latter two cats were investigated 6 and 12 months after reverse suture, respectively. All adult cats were at least 2 years old when operated on for the first time.2. Behavioural analysis revealed that the kittens of the first group no longer used the rotated eye for fixation, visuo-motor behaviour being impaired when tested through this eye. Binocularity was found to be disrupted to nearly the same extent as in kittens made strabismic at the beginning of the critical period. In addition, ocular dominance was shifted towards the normal eye.3. The adult cats in the second group developed a virtually complete neglect of the visual modality subsequent to a period of severely disturbed visuo-motor behaviour.4. These behavioural abnormalities were associated with clear alterations in the functional state of striate cortex. Only 47% of the recorded cells could be driven with light, the majority of these reactive neurones yielding only sluggish responses to optimally aligned stimuli. The ocular dominance distribution showed a significant reduction of binocular cells but gave no indication of a shift in ocular dominance towards either of the two eyes. Moreover, contrast sensitivity as assessed with pattern-evoked potentials was significantly reduced.5. The remaining two animals that were reverse sutured after the visual neglect had developed showed complete behavioural recovery when tested through the re-opened normal eye. However, this recovery was not instantaneous and occurred only after the cats had been forced to use their visual sense.6. Behavioural recovery was paralleled by an increase of cortical reactivity to normal levels and by a marked increase in binocularity. This gain increase of excitatory transmission was, however, selective for neurones dominated by the normal eye, leading to a bias in ocular dominance towards this eye.7. The observed modifications in the functional state of striate cortex indicate that reversible changes in the gain of excitatory transmission can still occur beyond the end of the classical critical period. These long-lasting changes in synaptic efficiency appear to follow the rules postulated by Hebb for adaptive synaptic connexions. PMID- 7097600 TI - Long-term synaptic enhancement and short-term potentiation in rat fascia dentata act through different mechanisms. AB - 1. The component processes contributing to post-activation change in synaptic efficacy in the perforant pathway to the fascia dentata were studied in rats under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia.2. With low stimulus strength, which activated only a relatively small number of perforant path fibres, repetitive stimulation led to effects which had very similar characteristics to those observed at neuromuscular synapses under similar conditions. Paired shocks resulted in a short ( approximately 100 ms) facilitation superimposed on a depression, possibly due to depletion of available transmitter, which recovered more slowly ( approximately 4 s). Short trains of stimuli at 125-250 Hz led to a longer lasting increase in synaptic strength which decayed to control levels with a double exponential time course. The two exponential components behaved like augmentation and potentiation at neuromuscular synapses, with time constants at 33 degrees C of about 5 s and about 90 s respectively.3. High-intensity stimulus trains of identical frequency and duration led to an enhancement of synaptic strength which lasted for longer than 30 min.4. The paired shock depletion effect was increased in direct proportion to the amount of augmentation and potentiation present following low-intensity stimulus trains. Following high-intensity trains the paired shock depletion effect was increased by the same amount, and recovered with the same time course as following low-intensity stimulus trains, even though there remained a significant enhancement of the synaptic response.5. The results are interpreted as indicating that augmentation and potentiation are due to an increase in the probability of transmitter release whereas long-term enhancement acts through some other, as yet undetermined, mechanism. Following high-intensity stimulation all three processes are activated. PMID- 7097601 TI - Plasma secretion and pancreatic secretion in response to liver extract meal with varied pH and exogenous secretin in the dog. AB - 1. In dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas, a liver extract meal adjusted to various pH levels ranging from 7.0 to 2.0, was introduced into the stomach and the increments in plasma secretin levels were correlated with the pH of the liver extract meal and pancreatic bicarbonate outputs. 2. The pH threshold for both bicarbonate secretion and secretin release was found to be about 4.5. With a stepwise decrease in the pH of the meal below pH 4.5, there were stepwise increments in the plasma secretin concentrations and pancreatic bicarbonate outputs. 3. Exogenous secretin, given in graded doses ranging from 0.03 to 2.0 clinical unit/kg per hr, increased the plasma secretin concentrations and bicarbonate secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. 4. These results indicate that the pH threshold for release of endogenous secretin is 4.5 and suggests that, at pH levels below 4.5, pancreatic bicarbonate secretion depends upon the duodenal acid load and is linearly correlated to an increment in plasma secretin concentrations. 5. It is concluded that endogenous secretin is a major determinant of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion after a meal. 6. Pancreatic protein secretion by intragastric liver extract meal was greatly increased both in experiments with liver extract meal, pH 4.0 or below, and I.V. infusion of secretin at a dose of 0.12 u./kg per hr. It is questioned, however, whether this effect of secretin is physiological. PMID- 7097602 TI - Intracellular recordings from the stellate ganglion of the cat. AB - 1. Intracellular recordings were made, in vitro, and in situ, from neurones of the cat stellate ganglion. 2. Preganglionic stimulation, in vitro, via the T3 ramus or post-ganglionic stimulation via the ventral ansa, dorsal ansa or stellate cardiac nerve evoked graded synaptic responses which led to the discharge of one or more action potentials. Since the conduction velocities of fibres converging onto a single cell may vary, their convergence may mean that there is an interaction in the stellate ganglion between functionally different pathways. 3. Most neurones in the stellate ganglion receive synaptic input from fibres of both central and peripheral origin. 4. Intracellular recordings were made, in situ, from neurones of the cat stellate ganglion attached via the stellate cardiac nerve to the rest of the animal. When peripheral sympathetic afferent input to the stellate ganglion was increased by occluding the descending aorta, some of the neurones exhibited an increase in excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) and/or action potentials. Most of the synaptic input recorded from the ganglion cells in situ had a close relationship with the cardiac cycle and/or respiration. 5. These data and our previous studies support the contention that sympathetic efferent nerve activity can be modified by peripheral excitatory inputs and that these neural connexions may function as pathways for a peripheral reflex at the level of the paravertebral ganglion. PMID- 7097605 TI - The effect of transient stimulation of lung irritant receptors on the pattern of breathing in rabbits. AB - 1. 100 ms pulses of inflation and deflation were applied to the lungs of anaesthetized rabbits before and during inactivation of pulmonary stretch receptors. 2. Pulses of either sign given in inspiration often produced augmented breaths, whether or not stretch receptors were inactivated. Inflation pulses were more effective than deflation pulses. 3. After an augmented breath it was impossible to produce another for at least 1 min (refractoriness). 4. Pulses of deflation always shortened expiration. Pulses of inflation early in expiration shortened expiration. Later in expiration they lengthened expiration when stretch receptors were active and shortened expiration when stretch receptors were blocked. No refractoriness was observed for the effects on expiratory time. 5. Pulses in paralysed animals caused a burst of phrenic activity of fixed duration, usually with brief latency. There was no refractoriness. 6. We suggest that the duration of inspiration is governed by the activity of pulmonary stretch receptors, except during an augmented breath, and that the duration of expiration is governed by a balance of stretch and irritant receptor activity. PMID- 7097604 TI - Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on non-linear responses of Y-type cat retinal ganglion cells. AB - 1. The effects of neurotransmitter antagonists on spatially linear and non-linear responses of Y cat retinal ganglion cells were studied. 2. The contrast sensitivity of the spatially linear receptive field centre and surround at mesopic and photopic levels of illumination was affected very little by picrotoxin, but the sensitivity of the non-linear subunits was reduced. 3. Picrotoxin also reduced two other non-linear effects: 'shift responses' and the suppression of the response to a centred test flash caused by movement of a peripheral pattern. 4. In contrast to picrotoxin, strychnine decreased the contrast sensitivity of the receptive field centre, and increased the sensitivity of the subunits. 5. The results support the idea that the non-linear responses may all be generated by similar pathways, which are distinct from those which generate linear responses. Because both picrotoxin and strychnine affect subunit responses, cells using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine as transmitters are probably involved in subunit pathways. PMID- 7097606 TI - A micro-electrode study of oligopeptide absorption by the small intestinal epithelium of Necturus maculosus. AB - 1. The effects of some amino acids and oligopeptides on the electrical properties of the brush-border membrane of the small intestine of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus were studied in vitro using micro-electrodes. 2. A number of amino acids (glycine, L-proline and L-leucine) and small peptides (carnosine, glycyl-L proline, L-leucyl-L-leucine, glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine) depolarized the brush-border membrane. This was associated with a reduction of input resistance. Tetraglycine did not appreciably reduce the membrane potential. 3. Evidence is presented that the electrical effects caused by application of the peptides are not solely due to the effects of the products of peptide hydrolysis. Furthermore there appears to be more than a single system available to the peptides. 4. Stereospecificity is found for both amino acids and peptides but appears to be more marked for the peptides. 5. Peptide-induced depolarizations are less markedly reduced in the absence of external Na+ than are the depolarizations caused by the amino acids. 6. These results are discussed with respect to the mechanism and significance of amino acid and peptide transport in the intestinal tract. PMID- 7097603 TI - Erythrocyte nucleoside transport: asymmetrical binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine to nucleoside permeation sites. AB - 1. Nitrobenzylthioinosine is a potent and specific inhibitor of nucleoside translocation in animal cells. Kinetic and inhibitor binding studies were undertaken to clarify how this inhibitor interacts with the nucleoside transporter from human and nucleoside-permeable type sheep erythrocytes.2. [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine inhibition of zero-trans [U-(14)C]uridine influx into nucleoside-permeable type sheep cells was consistent with simple competitive inhibition (apparent K(i) 1 nmol/l). Analysis of results using total inhibitor levels instead of cell-free inhibitor concentrations did not affect the inhibition pattern, but increased the apparent K(i) value by 5-fold.3. In contrast, [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine was a non-competitive inhibitor of zero trans [U-(14)C]uridine efflux (apparent Ki 1.5 nmol/l). Dipyridamole, another potent inhibitor of nucleoside translocation, also inhibited zero-trans [U (14)C]uridine influx in a competitive manner (apparent K(i) 20-40 nmol/l).4. [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine bound to high-affinity sites on cell membranes from human and nucleoside-permeable type sheep cells (apparent K(D) values approximately 1 nmol/l). Binding of inhibitor to these sites was competitively blocked by uridine, a well characterized substrate for the nucleoside transporter (apparent K(i) 1.25 and 0.9 mmol/l, respectively). These apparent K(i) values are close to the apparent K(m) for uridine equilibrium exchange in human erythrocytes.5. Similarly, deoxycytidine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of high-affinity [(3)H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding activity (apparent K(i) 1.0 and 1.2 mmol/l for human and nucleoside-permeable type sheep cell membranes, respectively). This contrasts with a previous report that this nucleoside had no effect on inhibitor binding activity. Transport studies confirmed that deoxycytidine is a substrate for the erythrocyte nucleoside transporter. Apparent K(m) and V(max) values for [U-(14)C]-deoxycytidine zero-trans influx into human and nucleoside-permeable type sheep cells were comparable to those obtained for [U-(14)C]uridine.6. It is suggested from these results that nitrobenzylthioinosine competes directly with nucleosides for the permeation site of the nucleoside transporter, but that inhibitor binds preferentially to the external membrane surface. PMID- 7097607 TI - Influences on the expression of acetylcholine receptors on rat nodose neurones in cell culture. AB - 1. Nodose neurones dissociated from new-born rats were grown in culture in the absence or presence of cells from neonatal skeletal muscle or heart. 2. In cultures devoid of non-neuronal cells cholinergic interactions between the neurones were common. In the presence of non-neuronal cells such interactions were rare. 3. A decrease in the proportion of neurones responsive to ACh was primarily responsible for the reduced incidence of synaptic interactions. Non neuronal cells influenced the expression of ACh receptors in developing nodose neurones in culture. 4. Most neurones appeared susceptible to the non-neuronal influence during the first week in culture. 5. Many nodose ganglion neurones, whether grown in the presence or absence of non-neuronal cells, were sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin but were insensitive to glutamate, glycine and L-epinephrine. PMID- 7097609 TI - [Cardiac mechanics and energetics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7097608 TI - Effects of extracellular potassium accumulation and sodium pump activation on automatic canine Purkinje fibres. AB - 1. Double barrel potassium-sensitive micro-electrodes were used to measure fluctuations in extracellular potassium ion concentration in large automatic canine Purkinje fibres.2. Slow accumulations of potassium were seen in the extracellular space during prolonged beating. Following cessation of prolonged beating, a depletion of extracellular potassium ions was noted.3. The time course of these slow changes in extracellular potassium concentration were shown to be a function of the diffusion properties of the preparation, and the rate and degree of activation of the sodium pump.4. Action potential duration and maximum diastolic potential were simultaneously monitored during and after these periods of rapid stimulation, using conventional intracellular micro-electrodes.5. Initial depolarization and later hyperpolarization of the maximum diastolic potential appeared to occur as a direct result of changes in extracellular potassium concentration and level of pump activation induced by the sudden and prolonged alteration in stimulus rate.6. Following prolonged stimulation, dramatic changes in the automatic beating rate were correlated with changes in extracellular potassium and pump rate, and their effects on the maximum diastolic potential and other parameters of the diastolic potential depolarization.7. For some locations of the potassium-sensitive electrode tip, large fluctuations in extracellular potassium were seen during single beats. Alterations in action potential duration during abrupt rate changes appear to derive in part from modulation by these extracellular potassium concentration fluctuations altering net membrane currents. Slower shifts in action potential duration appear correlated to the degree of sodium pump activation. PMID- 7097610 TI - Different time courses of reduction in muscular potentials to moderate frequency stimulation in dystrophic and normal mice. AB - Muscular potentials were evoked by electrical stimulation of sciatic nerves and recorded from gastrocnemius muscles in dystrophic and normal mice. When frequency of stimulation was accelerated from 0.5 to 5 per sec and continued, the potentials were depressed to a notable extent in normal mice, whereas only a slight decrease or even an increase in them was observed in dystrophic mice. Thus, a simple method has been developed to differentiate pre- and/or postjunctional properties for impulse transmission in dystrophic mice from those in normal mice. PMID- 7097611 TI - [Heart rates in male Wistar rats reared under different conditions of the weaning period and social housing (author's transl)]. AB - The electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded from unrestrained rats reared under the 6 conditions: weaned on the 14th, 18th or 28th postnatal day and thereafter housed in isolation (14I, 18I and 28I) or grouped with littermates (14G, 18G and 28G). The heart rate (HR) was measured on a 30 second sample of the ECG recorded from the 5th to the 20th week of age. For all rearing conditions, HR was confirmed to follow the normal distribution in respective weeks, and changes in HR through development were investigated. (a) HRs of 14G and 18G were significantly higher at the 5th week, and were later to reach the stabilized HR than 28G and isolated rats. (b) The variability between individuals (Vbi) reduced markedly at the 7th week in 18G and 28G, this may be attributed to the reduction in the variance within litter (Vwl) due to the interactions among littermates. In isolated rats, it was a relative low value in Vbi perhaps because of a low value in the variance between litters (Vbl). Contrary to isolated rats, in 14G Vbi was high, Vbl was high as well, but Vwl was low owing to the early separation from the mother and long periods of group housing. PMID- 7097612 TI - Sex differences in a children's spatial serial-learning task. AB - Boys (n = 80) and girls (n = 80) aged 9 to 10 completed a spatial-span test and a spatial serial-learning task. Corsi's block-tapping test was used for both. Sex differences were found on each: males performed better in both cases. The better performance of males on the spatial serial-learning task was independent of their superiority in the spatial-span test. PMID- 7097613 TI - Identification of patient-generated feelings in security personnel. AB - Several authors have pointed out that the recognition of feelings aroused by patients in health professionals can be useful in the delivery of patient care. The general hospital setting provides an in vivo research laboratory for studying the awareness of patient-generated feelings. A questionnaire designed to help categorize and quantify the feelings experienced by security personnel (N = 28 males) while working with patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital indicated that security personnel experience a wide variety of emotions as a result of their contact with patients. Fear, anxiety, and helplessness were reported by the majority. The preponderance of negative affects identified confirms the stressful nature of their work. PMID- 7097614 TI - A comparison of cortical proteins in Tetrahymena vorax microstomes and macrostomes. AB - Proteins of surface membranes and surface-related cytoskeletons in Tetrahymena vorax microstomes and macrostomes were compared by one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to see if protein differences could be detected that correlate with the transformation from one phenotype to the other. Some differences were observed. However, these alterations appear to result from the heat-shock procedure used to synchronize the microstome-to-macrostome transition. The apparent lack of transformation-specific changes in cortical proteins is discussed. Similarities and differences between cytoskeletal proteins of T. pyriformis GL-C and T. vorax are also noted and discussed. PMID- 7097616 TI - Program and abstracts: Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Society of Protozoologists. Dallas, Texas, 27-30 December 1981. PMID- 7097617 TI - Occupational health problems and their solution. PMID- 7097615 TI - Kinetic analysis of chemokinesis of Paramecium. AB - Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not. PMID- 7097618 TI - Rehabilitation after injury. PMID- 7097619 TI - Uncomplicated eustachian tube dysfunction: the site of the nasal septal deformity. PMID- 7097620 TI - A case of spontaneous rupture of the cervical oesophagus: a reminder. PMID- 7097621 TI - Spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of pyonephrosis. PMID- 7097622 TI - Unusual movements of a normal tongue. PMID- 7097624 TI - Metabolism of radionuclides in a cephalopod, Iidako, Octopus ocellatus. PMID- 7097623 TI - Environment in motion--HM ships at sea. Part II. Motion illness. PMID- 7097625 TI - Radiation-induced ouabain-insensitive K+ exchange of erythrocytes under the quasi physiological conditions. PMID- 7097626 TI - In vitro life span and UV sensitivity in cells obtained from a multimalformed premature human fetus. PMID- 7097627 TI - Accumulation of Co by abalone I-effect of chemical form. PMID- 7097628 TI - The effect of hypotensive drugs on the quality of life. AB - Quality of life after antihypertensive therapy was assessed in 75 patients with controlled hypertension using questionnaires given to patients, close companions and doctors. The overall assessments of the three groups differed significantly.The questionnaire completed by relatives rated 19 patients (25 per cent) to have suffered mild adverse changes, 33 patients (45 per cent) to have had moderate adverse changes and 22 patients (30 per cent) severe adverse changes. The deteriorations were attributed to undue pre-occupation with sickness, decline in energy, general activity and sexual activity, and irritability. The implications of the therapeutic regimes are discussed. The value of such an assessment in social readjustment and occupational rehabilitation is suggested. PMID- 7097629 TI - The doctor's family: some problems and solutions. AB - Some sources of stress in the doctor's family are described and a number of solutions are offered. Problems which are common to all doctors' families are identified and others which relate to specific groups. Solutions are classified according to those which require self-help and those which are offered from outside. The practical possibility of groups for trainee wives is suggested as a means of prevention rather than cure. PMID- 7097630 TI - Giving patients a copy of their computer medical record. AB - Medical summaries were prepared by a general practitioner for inclusion in a computer system. Both the medical records and a patient-filled questionnaire were used. A representative sample of the practice population were then sent their summaries. In creating the summaries the general practitioner felt the need to exclude 11 diagnoses whenever they appeared (5 per cent of the patients), and to suppress one or more diagnoses in a further 14 per cent of patients. In 2 per cent of summaries the general practitioner felt unable to give a copy to the patient because he was afraid of an adverse reaction by the patient or immediate relatives.The patients' views of the usefulness of the summaries, and of their accuracy and completeness, were sought by a questionnaire. Replies were received from 71 per cent; of these, 91 per cent reported that they thought the summary useful. However, in 18 per cent of cases, the patients requested additions, corrections or deletions. Only 1 per cent of patients replied that they definitely did not like the idea of a computer containing their medical information.Some of the benefits and difficulties both of using a computer to store medical information, and of giving the patient a copy of the medical summary, are discussed. PMID- 7097631 TI - Research and development in primary care computing. PMID- 7097632 TI - Drug information for patients: bringing together the messages from prescriber, pharmacist and manufacturer. AB - Patients may receive information about their medicine from the prescriber, the pharmacist and the manufacturer (in a package insert). If it is to be used effectively, all this information must be integrated: the different sources should complement, and not seem to contradict one another. Prescribers and pharmacists should therefore have at hand the text of any package inserts that patients will receive with prescribed medicines. In addition, doctors might be helped by an aide-memoire, reminding them about the information which a patient needs to have about a medicine. Methods for improving patients' use of such information are also summarized. PMID- 7097634 TI - Effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis on in-vivo fertilization in the mouse. AB - When fresh, epididymal mouse spermatozoa were incubated with viable Mycoplasma pulmonis, the mycoplasma adhered to the heads and tails of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa that had been preincubated with M. pulmonis in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and spermatozoa incubated in PBS alone were inseminated into the uterine horns of mice induced to superovulate. The mycoplasma treatment resulted in a reduced rate of fertilization and a decrease in the number of spermatozoa associated with eggs recovered from the oviduct at 5--18 h after ovulation. The percentage of spermatozoa recovered from the oviduct with adherent mycoplasmas, as determined by fluorescence microscopy, was lower than that seen in the uterus. Mycoplasma treatment of spermatozoa inseminated directly into the ovarian bursa did not result in a reduced fertilization rate. The results suggest that M. pulmonis adversely affects sperm transport through the female reproductive tract in the mouse. PMID- 7097633 TI - A comparison of blood pressure control in hypertensive patients treated in hospital clinics and in general practice. The DHSS hypertension care computing project. AB - Two thousand and twenty hypertensive patients of 45 years and over were treated and followed up for either 6 months, 12 months, 18 months or 2 years. Seventeen hundred and forty of these patients were seen in hospital outpatient clinics, 280 in general practice.The patients followed in general practice had an average blood pressure of 182/111 mmHg prior to treatment. The blood pressure after follow-up for 18-24 months averaged 156/97 mmHg. The corresponding results for the patients followed in hospital clinics were 195/115 mmHg untreated and 150/92 mmHg after follow-up.The untreated blood pressures were higher in the hospital patients (p < 0.001 for systolic, p < 0.05 for diastolic pressure) and the treated diastolic pressures at 18-24 months were lower in the hospital than the general practice group (p < 0.001). The hospital patients did not receive a greater variety of drugs but were prescribed them in higher doses. Blood pressure control was considered to be inadequate in many patients in both groups. At 18-24 months, 26 per cent of the general practice group had diastolic pressures of 105 mmHg or more, as had 13 per cent of the patients followed in the hospital clinics. PMID- 7097635 TI - Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by a rapid and highly reliable method for progesterone determination in milk. AB - A highly reliable technique for the determination of progesterone in milk has been developed, and its application to pregnancy diagnosis in cows is reported. The method is characterized by an activated charcoal treatment of the samples, extraction of the absorbed progesterone by an organic solvent, followed by RIA. The application of the method to pregnancy diagnosis, 21--23 days after artificial insemination, shows that 5 ng/ml is the most useful value to discriminate between pregnant and non-pregnant animals, with greatest precision on the 21st day, in that 93.5% of pregnant and 100% of non-pregnant animals were correctly diagnosed. PMID- 7097636 TI - Morphological and physiological factors involved in the contractility of the spermatic cord and ductus deferens of the opossum (Didelphis albiventris). AB - The opossum spermatic cord is characterized by a thick skeletal muscle coat, provided by the great development of the cremasteric muscle. Acetylcholine induced a powerful contraction of the spermatic cord placed in an organ bath containing Heller's solution. This contraction was blocked by curare but not completely by atropine as is usual for skeletal muscle. However, the ductus deferens did not respond to acetylcholine or catecholamines under the same conditions. Specific histochemical methods for both catecholamines and acetylcholinesterases revealed that the ductus deferens musculature, composed mainly of circular fibres, is richly innervated by adrenergic and presumed cholinergic nerve fibres. The lack of responsiveness to the neurotransmitters could be explained by the absence of longitudinally arranged muscle. It is suggested that in the opossum the cremaster could participate in the mechanism of sperm transport. PMID- 7097637 TI - Development and cellular localization of rat testicular aromatase activity. AB - Oestradiol secretion by isolated Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, myoid cells, germinal cells and liver cells from rats of different ages was measured by a validated radioimmunoassay technique. All cells, except germinal cells and liver cells, produced oestradiol when incubated in the presence of testosterone. Sertoli cells from 7- and 10-day-old rats and from prenatally irradiated adult rats were 7 times more active than cell preparations from 15--50-day-old rats. The oestradiol production in Sertoli cells prepared from 7--25-day-old rats could be stimulated with FSH. Oestradiol production by isolated Leydig cells from mature animals was 3--4 times greater than that with preparations from immature animals. LH had no effect on oestradiol production, but testosterone production was stimulated more than 5-fold. The oestradiol production by the isolated cells was affected by culture time, the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium and incubation temperature. During a culture period of 6 days oestradiol production by immature Sertoli cells increased more than 5-fold and that by Leydig cells decreased to about 10%. Oestradiol levels in testes from 10--50-day old rats were approximately 20% of those in testes from 7-day-old animals. PMID- 7097638 TI - The effects of short-term culture and perifusion on LH-dependent steroidogenesis in isolated rat Leydig cells. AB - Tumour Leydig cells and normal mature Leydig cells lost their steroidogenic response (pregnenolone and testosterone secretion) to LH after 24 h of culture. Immature cells showed a 2-fold increase in the basal pregnenolone secretion and no change in the LH-dependent pregnenolone secretion after 24 h of culture, whereas the LH-dependent steroidogenesis decreased after 48 h. None of the 3 cell preparations showed morphological signs of degeneration during a culture period of more than 7 days. Histochemical 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in isolated immature Leydig cells disappeared during the first 2 days of the culture period and re-appeared after 5--7 days. Testosterone production by mature Leydig cells decreased during the first hours after exposure to LH, whereas pregnenolone secretion remained constant. From these results it was concluded that Leydig cells attached to plastic can be used for investigation of acute actions of LH on steroidogenesis. A perifusion technique for cells attached to plastic was developed and was applied to the kinetics of LH action on steroidogenesis in tumour and immature Leydig cells. The first stimulation of pregnenolone secretion occurred within 5 min, but a full stimulation was only obtained after 20--30 min. This was followed by a gradual decrease in the stimulated steroid secretion to approximately 50% after 60 min. PMID- 7097639 TI - Prostaglandin production by ovine embryos and endometrium in vitro. AB - For Day-14 sheep embryos, mean (+/- s.e.m., n = 7) PGE release was 20.2 +/- 5.0, 13.0 +/- 1.9 and 6.7 +/- 1.9 ng . mg tissue-1 . h-1 after 0.5, 4.5 and 8.5 h of culture respectively, while mean PGF release rates (+/- s.e.m.) for the same periods were 98.5 +/- 24.4, 49.3 +/- 16.3 and 16.5 +/- 5.4 ng . mg tissue-1 . h 1, respectively. Total quantities of PGE and PGF released after 8.5 h of culture were 707 ng and 1833 ng per embryo, respectively. Embryos (n = 21) collected between Days 13 and 15 of gestation contained 25.4 +/- 6.9 ng PGE and 66.2 +/- 23.2 ng PGF/embryo. A total PG release 28 times the embryonic content of PG suggested active PG production by the embryos. Co-culture of embryos with endometrium resulted in PG release rates which were not significantly higher than those from embryos cultured alone. Release of PGE and PGF from embryos declined with time, that for PGF being significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced after 8.5 h incubation. Co-culture of embryos and endometrium had no effect of rate of decline of PG production over time. Day 14 endometrium from pregnant or non pregnant ewes produced very small quantities of both PGs by comparison with embryos, and there was no consistent trend for PG production rate over time. PMID- 7097640 TI - Histological study of implantation in the Natal clinging bat (Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis). AB - In the Natal clinging bat, Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis, implantation is centric and superficial in the right uterine horn. The blastocyst implants during the bilaminar stage with the inner cell mass orientated antimesometrially. During the preimplantation period the blastocyst becomes completely enclosed by uterine mucosae with the trophoblast in close contact with the surrounding uterine epithelium. Just before implantation the trophoblast becomes bilaminar over the greater part of the embryonic hemisphere of the blastocyst. The uterine epithelium is very persistent and parts were still present mesometrially although penetration of the uterine endometrium had already occurred on the antimesometrial side. PMID- 7097641 TI - Instability of nuclear chromatin in the ejaculated spermatozoa of fertile men. AB - In the present study of 15 fertile men, a mean of 89 +/- 3% of ejaculated cells had nuclei which were stable after treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Examination of repeated ejaculates demonstrated the constancy of the response of ejaculated spermatozoa from different men to SDS treatment. After 5 cycles of washing, the percentages of cells with stable nuclei after SDS treatment declined from 85 +/- 3 to 46 +/- 6% and ranged from 12 to 66% for different men. The supernatant derived from the first wash inhibited the nuclear chromatin decondensation of washed spermatozoa. Treatment of washed spermatozoa with 1 mM-zinc (which binds to -SH groups) or 1 mM-copper (which promotes oxidation of -SH groups to -S-S-) resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of cells with stable nuclear chromatin. However, the stabilizing effects of zinc could be reversed with continued washing of the cells, whereas the nuclei of copper-treated cells remained stable to SDS after additional washing. We conclude that (1) the number of spermatozoa with nuclei that are insufficiently stabilized by disulphide bonds is much higher in the semen of fertile men than was previously thought, (2) significant differences exist among fertile men in the proportions of ejaculated spermatozoa extensively stabilized by disulphide bonds, and (3) removal of seminal plasma and/or cellular contaminants (zinc) is necessary to unveil the instability of the nuclear chromatin in the ejaculated spermatozoa of fertile men. PMID- 7097642 TI - Effects of opiate antagonists on early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in mice. AB - Administration of naltrexone or the long-acting morphine antagonist chlornaltrexamine before infertile mating had no effect on the length of the resulting pseudopregnancy in mice. Naltrexone in doses of 10 to 200 mg/kg s.c. given on Days 2 or 3 of pregnancy showed no consistent effects on the maintenance of pregnancy. Multiple doses or intracerebroventricular administration of naltrexone also had no effect. Chronic infusion of naltrexone, provided by mini osmotic pumps, from Day 1 of pregnancy had no effect on the incidence of pregnancy or the number of embryos implanted. These results suggest that endogenous opioids do not play a critical role in this prolactin-dependent physiological process. PMID- 7097643 TI - Biological activity and steroid receptor interactions of cyclofenil with the oestrogen target tissues of the brain, pituitary gland and uterus of the rat. PMID- 7097644 TI - Amino acid transport and exchange in preimplantation mouse embryos. AB - Between the 1-cell zygote and the early blastocyst stage of mouse embryos the net rate of uptake of methionine increased, the internal pool became progressively more expanded and less easily reached steady state, and the specificity of competitor amino acids changed. Sodium-dependent transport was first detected in compacted morulae (16--32-cell stage). Uptake of [14C]methylaminoisobutyric acid was detectable in blastocysts but not in unfertilized eggs. Efflux of methionine by an exchange transport system was detectable at all stages, but in intact blastocysts much higher external concentrations were required to activate exchange transport. An exchange system with properties similar to that operating at cleavage stages was exposed when blastocysts were collapsed with cytochalasin D. Since this exchange system was not detectable in isolated inner cell masses, it may be confined to the juxtacoelic surface of trophectoderm cells. PMID- 7097645 TI - Fetal androgens and sexual mimicry in spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). AB - Sexual differentiation of the Mullerian duct system and gonad in female fetuses conformed to the general mammalian pattern, whereas the external genital anlage in male and female fetuses developed into the male facies. Interstitial cells occurred in the primary germinal cords of both male and female fetal gonads and are suggested to be the source of androgen production in spotted hyaena fetuses. Maternal transfer of androgens to the fetus via the placenta was negligible. Male fetuses had higher gonadal and plasma concentrations of testosterone than female fetuses, and vice versa for androstenedione. Plasma testosterone was nearly as high in a female 31-day-old fetus as in the twin male, and masculinization of the genital tubercle probably results from an episode of androgen secretion by the fetal gonad although the Wolffian ducts in the female do not respond. PMID- 7097646 TI - Electrical activity of the infundibulum in relation to ovulation in the chicken. AB - Electrical activity was recorded from the smooth muscle layer of the infundibulum of unanaesthetized hens during the ovulation cycle. There were low-frequency isolated spike potentials throughout the cycle except for the period near ovulation. There were intermittent bursts of spike potentials about 1 h before ovulation and then an increased frequency of spike potentials near the time of ovulation. These may be related to the activity of the infundibulum engulfing the shed ovum. The frequency of electrical activity tended to decrease shortly after ovulation, but then increased again for a few hours. Premature ovulation induced by progesterone i.m. was associated with similar electrical changes. PMID- 7097647 TI - Estimation of viability of bovine granulosa cells. AB - Granulosa cells harvested from non-atretic, antral follicles of cow (and pig and sheep) ovaries were incubated over glass cover slips in medium containing 20% (v/v) donor calf serum. Cell attachment to the cover slips was rapid, being in most cases complete within 3 h at 37 degrees C. There was little further change over the next 20 h. The number of bovine granulosa cells which attached to a cover slip was proportional to the volume of cell suspension added to the medium; and the amount of oestradiol secretion by attached cells in a testosterone enriched medium increased in parallel with their number. Granulosa cells which did not attach within 3 h produced little oestradiol. There was no clear relationship between the number of nigrosin-impermeable cells in suspensions prepared from different follicles and plating efficiency. It is concluded that the 3-h attachment of granulosa cells in culture is a useful measure of the number of viable cells in a suspension and is to be preferred to less direct techniques based on dye exclusion. PMID- 7097649 TI - Steroid transfer from the ovarian vein to the ovarian artery in the sow. AB - The ovary and its vascular pedicle were isolated and transferred under a stereomicroscope to a heated surface (40 degrees C). The ovary was supplied with the blood from the middle uterine artery through a cannula. On different days of the oestrous cycle [3H]testosterone, [3H]progesterone or [3H]oestradiol-17 beta were infused for 30 min into the ovarian vein 1--2 cm below the ovary. During and 30 min after the infusion radioactivity was found in ovarian arterial blood and ovarian tissue. Recovery of [3H]testosterone, [3H]oestradiol and [3H]progesterone infused into the ovarian vein from ovarian venous blood collected during 60 min of experiment was (mean +/- s.e.m.) 26.8 +/- 6.8%, 20.1 +/- 6.1% and 23.7 +/- 6.2% respectively. When 51Cr-labelled blood blood cells were infused in the same fashion as the steroids there was no radioactivity in arterial blood or ovarian tissue. These results indicate the existence of a countercurrent transfer mechanism and retention of the hormones in tissue(s) other than blood in the ovarian pedicle. PMID- 7097648 TI - Long-term rhythms of testicular volume and plasma prolactin concentrations in rams reared for 3 years in constant photoperiod. AB - Two groups of 6 rams were kept under constant photoperiod consisting of short days (8 h light (L): 16 h dark (D); Group S) and long days (16 h L:8 h D; Group L) from 4 to 38 months of age. Five other rams were reared under a photoperiod representative of that occurring naturally (Group N). Testis size and plasma prolactin concentrations were obtained weekly. These data were subjected to time series analysis. The results indicated that there were persistent periodic excursions in both parameters measured. In Group N, the average cycle length for both testis volume and plasma prolactin was about 1 year and the peaks in plasma prolactin preceded those in testis volume by about 18 weeks. Rams from Group L also showed rhythmical changes in these parameters with periodicities of around 35 weeks and it is suggested that these cyclic changes may constitute true endogenous circannual rhythms; again the prolactin peaks preceded those of testis volume by about 18 weeks. Overall, rams from Group S had excursions of testis growth of a similar magnitude to those of Group L but the changes were less regular than those of Group L. Plasma prolactin was significantly lower in Group S than in Group L and there was little evidence for rhythmicity. It is proposed on the basis of the temporal relationship between peaks of prolactin and testis volume in Groups N and L, that prolactin may play a role in the timing of the reproductive cycle in the ram. PMID- 7097650 TI - A subovarian exchange mechanism for the countercurrent transfer of ovarian steroid hormones in the pig. AB - Sow ovaries with their ovarian pedicle were isolated and supplied with blood from the middle uterine artery. During the 30 min of infusion with [3H]testosterone into the ovarian vein 3 cm below the ovary and for the 30 min after the infusion, radioactivity was detected in tissue fluid 3 cm laterally from the ovarian vein and artery. When [3H]testosterone was infused into the muscles of the ovarian pedicle radioactivity was detected in the ovarian artery branches near the ovary. Of the total amount of blood entering the ovarian artery 63.7 +/- 4.2% reached the ovary and 36.3 +/- 3.1% travelled to the muscles and connective tissue of the ovarian pedicle. It was demonstrated that the ovarian arterial branches supplying the ovarian pedicle muscles after capillarization form the veins which descend within the ovarian artery network, redivide and create the venous mesh covering the spiralling ovarian artery branches. It is suggested that a special subovarian exchanging mechanism exists in the ovarian pedicle for countercurrent transfer of ovarian steroid hormones and that ovarian function can thereby be regulated. PMID- 7097651 TI - Gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations in bovine follicular fluid and their relationship to follicle size. AB - The concentrations of LH, FSH and prolactin, and oestradiol-17 beta, androstenedione, testosterone and progesterone were measured in follicular fluid from small, medium and large bovine follicles. As follicle size increased, there was a significant increase in median fluid concentrations of prolactin (2-fold) and oestradiol-17 beta (14-fold) and a significant decrease in concentrations of LH (to 73%), androstenedione (to 30%) and testosterone (to 10%). There was no relationship between follicle size and fluid concentrations of FSH or progesterone, or between fluid concentrations of FSH and the relative concentrations of androgen and oestradiol-17 beta. As follicle size increased there was a significant increase in the proportion of follicles in which follicular fluid concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta exceeded those of androgen. There was a significant relationship between follicular fluid concentrations of prolactin and progesterone; as fluid prolactin concentrations increased, the maximum concentration of progesterone observed decreased. PMID- 7097653 TI - Effects of cadmium on survival and morphology of cultured rat Sertoli cells. AB - The toxicity of different metals on isolated Sertoli cells grown in culture has been investigated. Methyl mercury (CH3HgCl) and mercury chloride (HgCl2) were more toxic than cadmium (CdCl2) which was slightly more toxic than arsenic (As2O3). Isolated peritubular cells and Sertoli cells were equally sensitive to cadmium. Cadmium reduced the Sertoli cell survival over the concentration range of 1--10 microM. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of cadmium-exposed Sertoli cells revealed circular areas of average diameter 500 nm devoid of intramembrane particles in the nuclear membrane, and general signs of degeneration such as vesiculation of the plasma membrane and intramembrane particle aggregation. However, cadmium did not dissolve junctional complexes between Sertoli cells. Isolated Sertoli cells were protected against cadmium-induced damage when the cells were preincubated for 48 h with selenium, zinc or low doses of cadmium. Preincubation with cobalt, FSH, testosterone or oestradiol did not protect against cadmium-induced damage. Cadmium bound to metallothionein had no toxic effects on isolated Sertoli cells. PMID- 7097652 TI - Effect of post-ovulatory age of recipient on survival of frozen-thawed rabbit morulae. AB - A significantly higher survival rate was obtained when frozen-thawed morulae were transferred to oviducts of recipients ovulating after donors rather than to those of synchronized or earlier ovulating recipients. The highest proportion of live young, 23%, was obtained after transfer of eggs to recipients ovulating 18 h after donors. The proportion of live young (48%) was significantly increased when frozen-thawed rabbit morulae were transferred into both oviducts of recipients at this stage. PMID- 7097654 TI - Effect of uterine distension and oestrogen treatment on gap junction formation in the myometrium of the rat. AB - Gap junctions were present in the myometrium of 1 out of 5 rats on Day 21 of pregnancy, 4 out of 5 on the morning of Day 22, 7 out of 7 during parturition and 1 out of 3 on Day 1 post partum. Their frequency (number per mm membrane) at these time periods increased from 0.30 to 2.20 and 6.48 and then decreased to 0.31. Ten ovariectomized post-partum rats were fitted with an intrauterine balloon in one horn for recording pressure changes. Control rats maintained continuous pressure cycles. In rats given 7.5 micrograms oestradiol-17 beta the frequency of intrauterine pressure cycles decreased from about 50 per hour to 4.3 per hour 15 h later, but the maximum rate of rise of uterine pressure cycles increased significantly from 7.2 +/- 0.95 to 11.3 +/- 1.85 mmHg sec-1 (n = 5, P less than 0.05). The overall number of gap junctions per mm membrane in the oestrogen-treated rats was 7.37 in the horns equipped with balloons and 1.03 in the empty horns, compared with 0.97 and none respectively in the control rats. The increased rate of rise of pressure in the oestrogen-treated myometrium indicated improved coupling between cells and this was associated with a high frequency of gap junctions. Both oestrogen treatment and distension (from the balloon) appeared to cause some gap junctions to form, but numbers equivalent to those at parturition were only obtained in animals in which these two treatments were combined. PMID- 7097655 TI - Development of the mammary gland. PMID- 7097657 TI - Superfecundation. PMID- 7097656 TI - Effect of breast-feeding patterns on human birth intervals. PMID- 7097658 TI - Premature rupture of the membranes at term. A comparison of induced and spontaneous labors. AB - Analysis of 150 patients at term (greater than 36 weeks) with premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) was made. In the group followed conservatively, 87.5% (98 of 112) began labor within 48 hours, and only 3.6% (4 of 112) had a latent period of greater than seven days. The incidence of cesarean section in patients with induced and spontaneous labors was compared in corrected groups. The induced group had a 39% (15 of 38) cesarean section rate as compared to 12% (11 of 91) in the spontaneous labor group (p = less than 0.01). None of the patients in the study showed signs of sepsis by central cultures, and only 12.7% (19 of 150) showed febrile morbidity. A conservative approach to term patients with PROM and an unfavorable cervix for induction seems to decrease the incidence of cesarean section. PMID- 7097659 TI - Congenital atresia of the uterine cervix. Two cases. PMID- 7097660 TI - Evaluation of gynecologic pelvic masses by ultrasound and computed tomography. AB - In a prospective study, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound scanning of the pelvis were performed for 50 patients having clinically suspected pelvic masses or recurrence of known pelvic malignancy. On the basis of these scan images, an attempt was made to characterize pelvic masses on the basis of benign or malignant character and organ of origin. The presence of recurrent tumor in patients previously treated for pelvic malignancy was assessed, and the presence of abdominal metastatic disease was evaluated for all patients. CT was successful in a higher proportion of cases in detecting abdominal metastatic disease due to bowel gas's degrading the abdominal ultrasound scan images. In characterizing suspected pelvic masses and evaluating the presence of recurrent tumor, both CT and ultrasound scanning were accurate in approximately two-thirds of cases. The significant proportion of incorrect results indicates that neither technique is sufficiently accurate to preclude pathologic diagnosis of a pelvic mass or to substitute for exploratory surgery to assess recurrence of pelvic malignancy. PMID- 7097662 TI - Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in conjoined twins: a case report. PMID- 7097663 TI - Diagnostic reliability of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio assay and the quantitative foam stability index test: results of a comparative study. AB - We analyzed 331 pregnancies where clear, uncontaminated amniotic fluid was obtained within 72 hours of delivery from both normal and complicated gestations. There were 43 cases of the neonatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), 42 of which were associated with foam stability index (FSI) values of less than 0.47. In 276 of the 323 cases sufficient amniotic fluid was available to permit concurrent performance of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) assay. Thirty-five cases of IRDS occurred in this group, 8 of which were associated with L/S ratio values greater than 2.0. The risk of IRDS occurrence was calculated for three groups of FSI values (shown in parentheses below). They were as follows: group I--FSI values less than or equal to 0.43 (73%); group II--FSI values of 0.44 to 0.46 (29.2%); group III--FSI values greater than or equal to 0.47 (0.35%). Comparable evaluations for the L/S ratio procedure showed the FSI test to be significantly more specific and sensitive than the L/S ratio assay. The improved performance of the FSI test was most marked in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth retardation. The low cost, ease and rapidity of the FSI test, as well as the fact that it does not require sophisticated technical equipment or expertise, makes this sensitive and specific assay a method of choice for the prenatal evaluation of fetal pulmonary maturity. PMID- 7097661 TI - Ectopic pregnancy: a review of 147 cases. AB - From July 1, 1972, to June 30, 1979, 149 patients with ectopic pregnancy were treated at Truman Medical Center. The history and physical findings, diagnostic procedures, etiologic factors and patient management were reviewed. Abdominal pain (98.6%), amenorrhea (74.1%) and irregular vaginal bleeding (56.4%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Abdominal tenderness (97.3%) and adnexal tenderness (98%) were the most common physical findings. Culdocentesis was performed in 118 cases and was positive for nonclotting blood in 94.1%. In 115 cases (78.2%) the ectopic pregnancy was ruptured prior to the time of admission. The incidence of diagnostic error was 35.9%. There were no maternal deaths; however, the incidence of morbidity was 26.5%. Our data reemphasize the need for a high degree of suspicion and early utilization of definitive diagnostic procedures if the morbidity and mortality of ectopic pregnancy are to be reduced. PMID- 7097664 TI - Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy: management and results. AB - A protocol for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy is outlined. It entails frequent prenatal visits, strict metabolic control, a program for antepartum fetal surveillance using estriols and contraction stress testing, liberal hospitalization, fetal lung maturity assessment, individualization of the time of induction of labor and careful intrapartum fetal monitoring. The results of such a protocol over a two-and-a-half-year period involving 84 gestational (GD) and 23 insulin-dependent (IDD) diabetic pregnant women is described. The incidence of preterm labor (less than 37 weeks) was 7.1% in GD and 39% in IDD. The cesarean section rate was 15.4% in GD and 56.5% in IDD. The incidence of macrosomia was 20% in GD and 13% in IDD. There was one antepartum stillbirth in GD due to a true knot of the cord, and there were no neonatal deaths in either group, for a perinatal mortality rate of less than 1%. Neonatal morbidity was also decreased. Respiratory distress syndrome occurred in only one neonate of an IDD. The success of such a protocol in decreasing perinatal morbidity and mortality justifies the effort and cost expended. PMID- 7097665 TI - Nonstress test prediction of fetal status. AB - Eighty-six patients were selected from the high-risk group delivered at Lincoln Hospital in New York City, constituting 22% of the total of 3,500 patients delivered. All of them underwent a nonstress test (NST) and oxytocin challenge test (OCT) antepartally and were also monitored during labor. Sixty-six of them had reactive nonstress patterns, all associated with a negative OCT. Three of them who had reduced variability developed late decelerations in labor; only one had a low Apgar score. Nineteen patients had absence of unequivocal accelerations, five associated with a negative OCT. Of these, only one developed late decelerations in labor. Of 14 others with nonreactive or combined positive OCT patterns, 9 developed late decelerations in labor. Two of them who also had reduced variability developed severe late decelerations in early labor, were delivered by cesarean section and had severe perinatal asphyxia. One case of baseline bradycardia was observed, and the patient did well. When reactive, NST appears to be as reliable as a negative OCT as an indicator of antepartum fetal well-being. Labor may be a life-threatening stress for fetuses displaying nonreactive positive OCT patterns with diminished variability. PMID- 7097666 TI - Offspring of teenage mothers: congenital malformations, low birth weights and other findings. AB - Teenage mothers were found to have congenitally malformed infants with a significantly higher frequency when compared to a published control population. Low birth weight and perinatal death were common among the infants of mothers 17 and younger. No chromosomal anomalies were found among the infants of this population, but this result does not unequivocally rule out an increased frequency of these disorders. PMID- 7097667 TI - Screening with colposcopy in a prepaid health center. AB - The early detection of cervical cancer by widespread application of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has produced a decrease in U.S. mortality rates from this disease. Colposcopy is a useful adjunct in evaluating patients with an abnormal Pap smear. The author's five years of experience using the colposcope for primary screening detected 146 patients with cervical lesions, 30 with moderate dysplasia or worse and 116 with minimal or mild dysplasia. Estimated incidence by type of appointment showed the highest incidence of significant pathology (approximately one lesion per 115 patients) in patients who were seen without appointments. In 19 patients their disease would have been missed by routine Pap smear but was detected by the colposcope. Gynecologists who are trained in the use of this instrument should use it in conjunction with the Pap smear to help detect pathology in new patients. PMID- 7097668 TI - The clinical faculty in an obstetric- gynecologic residency training program. PMID- 7097671 TI - Alpha thalassemia minor in pregnancy. PMID- 7097670 TI - Metergoline as a lactation inhibitor. AB - For the prevention of lactation we administered metergoline, 12 to 16 mg per day for five to ten days, to six groups of 100 patients each with excellent or good results in 95% to 99% of the cases. In addition, metergoline was given to 100 patients in order to suppress previously established lactation, with excellent or good results in 100% of the cases. The decrease of prolactin during the first 21 days of metergoline administration was compared with that in a group given bromoergocriptine (5 mg per day) and with that in a breast-binding control group. Metergoline is effective and does not have secondary effects in the inhibition and suppression of lactation due to its antiserotonin and dopaminergic effects. PMID- 7097669 TI - Prognosis, management and outcome of obstructive renal disease in pregnancy. AB - The diagnosis and management of obstructive lesions of the urinary tract in pregnancy are hindered by lack of criteria for performing intravenous pyelography (IVP). The majority of obstructive lesions are caused by the gravid uterus; however, an important treatable cause is urinary tract calculi. In order to establish valid criteria for performing IVP in pregnancy, the intravenous pyelograms from 11 pregnant patients with urinary tract symptoms over a six-year period were evaluated. The clinical indications for urography, management of patients with urinary tract obstruction and the pregnancy outcome were studied and compared to those cases reported in the literature. PMID- 7097672 TI - An unusual foreign body in the pelvis: a case report. PMID- 7097673 TI - The clinical usefulness of X-ray pelvimetry. PMID- 7097674 TI - Oral contraception today. Three dialogues. PMID- 7097675 TI - Chick "crooked-toe" syndrome induced by polar lipid in synovial fluids from some rheumatoid arthritis patients. AB - Injection into fertile chicken eggs of synovial fluids from some rheumatoid arthritis patients resulted in either embryo death or the development of the "crooked-toe" (CT) syndrome, or both, in newly hatched chicks. Synovial fluids from most RA patients (and fluids from a few non-RA individuals), however, were harmless. Dialyzing, partitioning, and gel filtration experiments indicated that the CT syndrome-inducing factor consists of 1 or more heat stable, dialyzable, polar lipids with molecular weights of about 3 to 4 x 10(3). Thin-layer chromatography revealed quantitative and qualitative differences between partially purified lipid preparations from "active" and "inactive" synovial fluids. PMID- 7097676 TI - Proteoglycan aggregation in injured articular cartilage. A comparison of healing lacerated cartilage with osteoarthritic cartilage. AB - Canine knee cartilage which had been damaged by laceration with a scalpel down to subchondral bone (Model A) and knee cartilage from dogs in whom osteoarthritis had been induced by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament by arthrotomy (Model B) were compared 7 weeks after the surgical procedures. Cartilage from the operated knees in Model A was hypocellular and showed extensive fibrosis, while samples from Model B showed moderate fibrillation and osteophyte formation. (In both cases water content was increased and uronic acid content decreased in cartilage from the operated knees.) Despite the much greater pathomorphologic changes in Model A, aggregation of 35S proteoglycans synthesized in culture was unchanged by the operation, while in Model B the proportion of proteoglycans existing as aggregates was diminished. PMID- 7097677 TI - The effects on synovial permeability and synovial fluid leukocyte counts in symptomatic osteoarthritis after intraarticular corticosteroid administration. AB - The mode of action of intraarticularly administered corticosteroids was studied. Fifteen patients with osteoarthritis and painful effusions had one knee injected with normal saline, triamcinolone hexacetonide 20 mg or prednisolone tebuate 20 mg. Fifteen millicuries of 99mTc-labeled albumin was given intravenously before and at various time intervals after the injection of the depot corticosteroid or saline. Whole blood and synovial fluid (SF) samples were used for blood to SF count rate ratio determinations. SF white blood cell counts (WBC) were also performed. The results indicated that intraarticular depot corticosteroids decreased synovial permeability and caused increases in the SF WBC. Moreover, decreases in pain and knee swelling correlated better with a decrease in vascular permeability, as assessed by the count ratio, than with SF leukocytosis. PMID- 7097678 TI - Inflammatory synovitis in degenerative joint disease. AB - While the cartilage and bone abnormalities in osteoarthritis (OA) have been adequately described there are few prospective reviews of the histopathologic changes in OA synovia. Therefore 15 consecutive patients with OA who underwent hip or knee arthroplasty were evaluated and random samples of the synovial membranes were studied. Synovial membrane histopathologic abnormalities were present in all but 2; 9 demonstrated mild or moderate synovitis whereas 4 synovial membranes were markedly inflamed. Inflammatory synovitis is often present in OA. PMID- 7097679 TI - A histopathologic differentiation of tissue types in human osteoarthritic cartilage. AB - A histopathologic system of classifying minced human hip and knee osteoarthritic cartilage often used in organ cultures was developed. The tissue types characterizing the cartilage fragments were correlated with characteristics noted in full thickness cartilage specimens from young normal, aged and osteoarthritic cartilage. In the minced tissue specimens 3 distinct tissue types (A, B, and C) were discerned. Tissue types A and B were seen in nonfibrillated discolored as well as fibrillated osteoarthritic cartilage. Type C tissue was derived principally from chondroosteophytic spurs. Each tissue type differed in the number and organization of chondrocytes and orthochromatic and metachromatic staining of the perilacunar region and interterritorial matrix. No A, B or C tissue types were seen in normal cartilage samples derived from patients below the age of 50. Cartilage from patients above this age contained elements of all 3 tissue types. PMID- 7097680 TI - Circulating activated lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: a marker of synovial inflammation. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in rheumatoid arthritis using a Ficoll density gradient in which activated cells separate as low density lymphocytes (LDL). Increased numbers of LDL are found in rheumatoid patients with active synovitis but not in those with active extraarticular disease such as vasculitis in the absence of active synovitis. The association of activated cells with synovitis is confirmed by serial studies during cyclophosphamide therapy in which LDL correlate with a computerized thermographic index of joint inflammation. The separate immunological markers of vasculitis and synovitis, and the possible role of LDL in the pathogenesis of the latter, are discussed. PMID- 7097683 TI - Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) antibodies in the clinical spectrum of Sjogren's syndrome. AB - Seventy-five patients with the symptomatic sicca complex were evaluated clinically and classified as having Sjogren's syndrome (SS) alone or the sicca complex associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) or another connective tissue disorder. Their status with respect to anti-Ro(SSA)/La(SSB) antibodies was determined independent of clinical evaluation and categorization. Overall, 33 (44%) were found to have antibodies to Ro(SSA); and 12 (16%) had antibodies to La(SSB). Anti-Ro antibodies occurred in 50% of those with SS alone as well as in SS associated with RA (39%), SLE (58%), and PSS (20%). Furthermore, patients with SLE without the sicca complex demonstrated antibodies to Ro(SSA) (24%) and La(SSB) (5%). A striking association of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies in SS with vasculitis is described. PMID- 7097681 TI - Correlation of clinical parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with serum concentration of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. AB - Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in 99 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At the same time as the serum was obtained, the activity of the RA was assessed by assigning scores to a comprehensive set of subjective, semi-objective and objective clinical features. The results confirmed that the serum CRP concentration closely reflects activity of RA and is of value in its objective assessment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) followed the same pattern as CRP levels but all of the subjective and semi objective criteria correlated more significantly with CRP levels than with ESR. PMID- 7097682 TI - Synoviorthesis with 32P-colloidal chromic phosphate in rheumatoid arthritis- clinical, histopathologic and arthrographic changes. AB - Synoviorthesis was performed in 217 joints from 111 patients suffering from different stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 32P-colloidal chromic phosphate was employed, with an average dose from 6 mCi for large joints (knees) to 0.3 mCi for small peripheral joints such as average dose from 6 mCi for large joints (knees) to 0.3 mCi for small peripheral joints such as the MCP or PIP joints. Satisfactory clinical results were observed in 84% of the cases and no significant side effects resulted after a follow-up period from 1 to 10 years. Striking effects after treatment were observed through histopathological studies (light and electron microscopy) and the use of contrast arthrography. We concluded that radioactive synovectomy with 32P-chromate is a very useful method for the local treatment of RA. PMID- 7097684 TI - Reiter's syndrome: a male and female disease. AB - A diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome was made in 12 males and 13 females based on an asymmetrical oligoarthritis with lower extremity predominance and at least 1 characteristic extraarticular manifestation. The pattern of disease was similar in both sexes; females had more extensive upper extremity joint involvement and ocular inflammation; males had more nonbacterial urethritis. Eighty-two % of males and 62% of females were HLA-B27 positive. We suggest that Reiter's syndrome has not been diagnosed in more females in the past because of an historical bias, a reliance on the complete classical triad, and confusion with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7097685 TI - Amyloid arthropathy: possible association with chondrocalcinosis. AB - Three patients with symptomatic articular or periarticular amyloidosis associated with chondrocalcinosis are reported. None of these patients had evidence of dysproteinemia which has been considered the primary predisposing factor in amyloid arthropathy. The clinical features of these patients are described and possible pathogenesis discussed. PMID- 7097686 TI - Transient painful osteolysis -- a metabolic study. AB - A 45-year-old woman developed severe pain in both knees, attributable to subchondral osteolysis of the femoral condyles. A metabolic investigaexcretion disclosed a marked increase in urinary excretion of calcium, hydroxyproline and fluoride. There was an accompanying elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and peripheral eosinophilia. At the height of fluoride tion, fluoride renal clearance was reduced over values determined later when the fluoride excretion was diminished. We speculate that there may have been circulating microcrystals of hydroxyapatite to explain these differences of renal clearance. PMID- 7097687 TI - Articular and soft tissue abnormalities in a "normal" population. AB - One hundred twenty-three medical students underwent comprehensive locomotor physical examinations as part of their sophomore physical diagnosis course. Sixty nine point one per cent of subjects were found to have between 1 and 7 separate congenital, developmental, post-traumatic, inflammatory or idiopathic abnormalities. More than 30 different types of abnormalities were noted. The data presented suggest a high prevalence of locomotor abnormalities in a "normal" population, and supports the need for history and physical examinations in the selection of control subjects for clinical studies. PMID- 7097689 TI - Plasma glycosaminoglycans in experimental osteoarthritis caused by immobilization. AB - The right knees of adult rabbits were immobilized under conditions known to produce either "developing" osteoarthritic lesions or advanced, "chronic" lesions typical of osteoarthritis. The concentration of plasma glycosaminoglycans was assayed and found to be unchanged in "developing" osteoarthritis but significantly increased in animals with "chronic" lesions of the immobilized knee. Assays of plasma glycosaminoglycans may be useful in the assessment of osteoarthritis. PMID- 7097690 TI - Chronic large benign pericardial effusion complicating rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. AB - A 62-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis presented with a large pericardial effusion. Serial M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography over 20 months revealed no change in the amount of pericardial fluid, which had the features of a transudate. At no time did she develop any cardiac symptoms, tamponade or constriction. The course was thus "benign" and needed no surgical intervention. PMID- 7097688 TI - Early detection of scleroderma-spectrum disorders by in vivo capillary microscopy: a prospective study of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - The condition of 25 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, initially examined by in vivo capillary microscopy, was followed to determine how those who had shown scleroderma-pattern (SD-pattern) capillary abnormalities compared with other patients later in the course of disease. Limited follow-up information was obtained on 19 patients (10 with and 9 without the SD-pattern); the interval between the initial examination and the follow-up ranged from 9 months to 5 years. The results revealed that during the interval, 5 of the 10 patients who had initially displayed SD-pattern capillary abnormalities had developed SD (systemic sclerosis) or a closely related disease, but none of the 9 others. The length of the follow-up was comparable in both groups. PMID- 7097692 TI - False positive pregnancy tests in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - False positive, 'atypical ring' pregnancy tests were identified in 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The abnormality was associated with heavy proteinuria in 8 patients, menopause or drug-induced amenorrhea in 4 patients, and actual pregnancy in one patient. Serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin were normal in 13 patients and elevated in the single patient with a true pregnancy. PMID- 7097693 TI - Acute gout and systemic lupus erythematosus: report of 2 cases and literature review. PMID- 7097691 TI - The use of endomyocardial biopsy in a serious cardiac abnormality associated with polymyositis: a case report. AB - Life-threatening cardiac abnormalities in polymyositis (PM) patients may result from myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, or another disease process. Few procedures have reliably identified the pathologic basis for these abnormalities. We report a patient with PM, severe congestive cardiomyopathy, and life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in whom an endomyocardial biopsy was done. The histopathological findings of fibrosis without inflammation, which were confirmed at autopsy, facilitated the decision to treat the patient symptomatically without intensification of antiinflammatory therapy. Endomyocardial biopsy may be a useful technique to determine the exact nature of serious cardiac abnormalities in PM patients so that appropriate therapy may be given. PMID- 7097694 TI - Acute gouty arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A young black woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed acute gouty arthritis of her great toe is described. The association of these 2 rheumatic diseases has been rarely reported. Factors that may be responsible for the unusual coexistence of SLE and gout are discussed. Crystal-associated arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute oligoarthritis in SLE. PMID- 7097697 TI - Recurrent malignant melanoma presenting as monoarthritis. AB - A 29-year-old woman had surgery for a level IV malignant melanoma of the right calf. After a disease-free interval of almost 4 years, she presented with right knee arthritis that proved to be due to recurrent melanoma in the femoral condyle. Metastatic carcinomatous arthropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of monoarthritis. PMID- 7097695 TI - Limited plasmapheresis in fulminant leukocytoclastic vasculitis. PMID- 7097696 TI - Facial swelling and giant cell arteritis. AB - A 62-year-old white woman presented with severe facial swelling, glossitis, and odynophagia. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) was diagnosed on the basis of temporal artery biopsy, and the patient responded to corticosteroids. GCA may rarely involve vessels of the mouth and face, resulting in unusual clinical manifestations. Early recognition and treatment are important. PMID- 7097699 TI - Postpartum flare in mixed connective tissue disease. PMID- 7097698 TI - Penicillamine-induced pemphigus vulgaris in psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 7097700 TI - The coexistence of ra, sle, Sjogren's syndrome and monoclonal gammopathy in the same patient. PMID- 7097701 TI - Clinical variant of systemic lupus erythematosus resembling multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7097702 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm simulating ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 7097703 TI - Large geode in elbow with spontaneous fracture. PMID- 7097704 TI - A retrospective study on 120 natural cases of canine ehrlichiosis. AB - In a retrospective study on 120 natural cases of canine ehrlichiosis, it was found that cases were presented in all months of the year. The disease was diagnosed in 26 different breeds amongst which the German Shepherd was the best represented. Of the different breeds of dog, German Shepherds showed the highest incidence of chronic cases as well as the highest mortality rate. In a randomly selected sample of 50 dogs, the clinical signs of canine ehrlichiosis were found to be mainly non-specific. The terms acute, subacute and chronic are proposed to describe the different stages of disease. The total white cell count was found to be of prognostic value. Treatment with either doxycycline or oxytetracycline was found to be effective in most of the cases. Blood transfusion was the most important method of supportive therapy. PMID- 7097706 TI - The treatment of Urginea sanguinea Schinz poisoning in sheep with activated charcoal and potassium chloride. AB - An 80% survival rate was achieved when sheep which received lethal doses of Urginea sanguinea were treated with activated charcoal at 5 g/kg and potassium chloride at 1 g/kg body mass per os. A brief description of U. sanguinea poisoning and of the mechanism of cardiac glycoside action is given. Clinical examinations, ECG recordings and serum potassium levels were done to monitor developing signs of poisoning. PMID- 7097705 TI - The use of doxycycline to control heartwater in sheep. AB - A ready-to-inject solution, containing 100 mg/ml doxycycline was used. Artificially infected sheep were divided into 2 groups: a control group consisting of 10 animals, and a treated group consisting of 12 animals. Doxycycline was administered intramuscularly to the animals in the treated group at a dosage rate of 2 mg/kg body mass. All the treated animals recovered. One control animal recovered spontaneously, the others all died. PMID- 7097708 TI - Surgical approach to the rostral cranial fossa by radical transfrontal craniotomy in the dog. AB - To overcome the problems of restricted visibility and surgical mobility, as well as those posed by anatomical features oif the canine subfrontal sinus region and associated dura mater, aggravated by hazards of infection from potentially infected frontal sinuses, of uncontrollable haemorrhage and post-operative brain compression, a radical approach was devised, combining invasion of the frontal sinus with a lateral rostrotentorial craniotomy. This offers adequate surgical manoeuvring space, excellent visualisation of the rostral cranial fossa and its contents, proper asepsis, minimal haemorrhage and no untoward after-effects. The technique lends itself to diverse neurosurgical applications in the rostral cranial fossa of the dog. Particulars of instrumentation, and pre-operative, operative and post-operative procedures, done on 3 Beagles with excellent results, are described. PMID- 7097709 TI - Unilateral orchitis in a bull caused by Brucella abortus biotype1. AB - A case of Brucella orchitis in a Brahman bull is described. Positive serological titres were detected 1 month before clinical symptoms became obvious, whereas the seminal plasma only contained detectable levels of antibody after the onset of orchitis. It is concluded that serological assays on the seminal plasma alone are inadequate to detect sub-clinically infected animals, and consequently particularly bulls that are intended for use in AI centres should be subjected to a full battery of serological tests as well, before they are certified to be free of brucellosis. The pathology seen in this case was an acute, necrotic orchitis characterized by the presence of numerous granulomas containing the Brucella organisms centrally. PMID- 7097707 TI - The safety of injectable rafoxanide in cattle. AB - Thirty-two weaned steer calves were injected subcutaneously with rafoxanide solution to determine the lethal dosage. The recommended therapeutic dosage is 3 mg/kg. Eight of 12 calves treated at 45 to 60 mg/kg displayed signs of toxicity 24 hours to 8 days after treatment. These included recumbency, polypnoea, muscle tremors and clonic spasms, opisthotomus, paddling movements of the feet, and blindness with mydriasis and death. An easily detected histopathological lesion was status spongiosus of the central nervous system. This study demonstrated that injectable rafoxanide has a wide safety margin when used at the recommended therapeutic dosage. PMID- 7097710 TI - Gross horn malformation in an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). PMID- 7097711 TI - A case of dysuria as a result of a communication between the urinary bladder and corpus uteri in a Cairn Terrier. AB - A 61/2-month-old Cairn Terrier, considered to be a bilateral cryptorchid male, was presented with dysuria and urinary incontinence. This was found to be due to a congenital communication between the urinary bladder and corpus uteri and resulted in distention of the uterus with urine which could not be voided. An ovariohysterectomy was performed. The dog was found to be a gentic female with what resembled external male genitalia, i.e. a female pseudohermaphrodite. PMID- 7097712 TI - Paneth cells in the pig-a controversial issue. PMID- 7097713 TI - Synthesis and biological evaluation of 17-[131I]iodo-9-telluraheptadecanoic acid, a potential imaging agent. AB - A method has been developed for the preparation of terminal halogenated tellurium fatty acids (X-R-Te-R'-COOH). The synthesis and physical properties of 17-bromo- and 17-iodo-9-telluraheptadecanoic acid (17-iodo-9-THDA) are described. The radiohalogenated agents are of interest as a result of their expected pronounced and prolonged heart uptake and potential use for evaluation of regional myocardial fatty acid metabolism. Evaluation in rats indicates that the myocardial uptake of 17-[131I]iodo-9-telluraheptadecanoic acid (17-[131I]iodo-9 THDA) is accompanied by significant in vivo deiodination. A comparison of the heart uptake and deiodination of 17-[131I]iodo-9-THDA and 16-[131I]iodopalmitic acid has demonstrated a close similarity in blood levels of radioactivity and thyroid uptake of radioiodide after administration of these agents to rats. These data suggest that the mechanism of deiodination of terminal radioiodinated alkanoic acids primarily results from direct cleavage of the carbon-iodine bond and not from loss of radioiodine from the final catabolite. PMID- 7097714 TI - Potential organ- or tumor-imaging agents. 22. Acyl-labeled cholesterol esters. AB - A series of cholesteryl phenylalkanoic esters was synthesized in which the acyl moiety served as the carrier for radioiodine. Tissue distribution studies in rats revealed that several of these radioiodinated esters selectively accumulated in steroid-secreting tissues, such as the adrenal cortex and ovary. Furthermore, this selective uptake was shown to correlate with the stability of these esters to in vivo hydrolysis. An unexpected finding was the unusually high propensity of some of these esters to localize in the ovary and thus afford a possible approach to ovarian imaging agents. PMID- 7097715 TI - Inhibitors of hepatic mixed-function oxidases. 4. Effects of benzimidazole and related compounds on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity from phenobarbitone and 3-methylcholanthrene induced rats. AB - A series of 2-n-alkylbenzimidazoles inhibited cytochrome P-450 dependent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (APDM) activities in phenobarbitone (PB) induced rat liver microsomes. 2-Un-decylbenzimidazole was the most potent compound in the series, having I50 values of 1.8 X 10(-5) and 1.5 X 10(-5) M against AHH and APDM activities, respectively. Inhibitory activity increased with increasing carbon chain length of the 2-substituent. Regression analysis showed that there was an apparent relationship between inhibitory activity and hydrophobicity (expressed as the octanol/water partition coefficient) for the inhibition of both AHH and APDM activities in PB-induced rat liver microsomes. In contrast, these compounds showed little or no inhibitory activity toward cytochrome P-448 dependent AHH activity in hepatic microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated rats. Two 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazoles showed slight inhibitory activity and naphtho[2,3:4',5']imidazole was only threefold less active toward 3-MC-induced (I50 = 2.6 X 10(-4) M) than PB-induced (I50 = 8.4 X 10(-5) AHH activity. These results suggest that for nitrogen heterocycles there may be a relationship of increasing polycyclic size and increasing inhibitory activity toward AHH activity in 3-MC induced rat liver microsomes. PMID- 7097716 TI - Carbocyclic analogue of 3-deazaadenosine: a novel antiviral agent using S adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase as a pharmacological target. AB - The carbocyclic analogue of 3-deazaadenosine (3-deaza-C-Ado) has been synthesized and found to have antiviral activity in cell culture against herpes simplex virus type 1, vaccinia virus, and HL-23 C-type virus. It is relatively noncytotoxic at effective antiviral concentrations and is not subject to deamination or phosphorylation. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, is at best a poor substrate, and does not inactivate the enzyme significantly. 3-Deaza-C-Ado may cause a selective inhibition of the methylation of the polynucleotide 5' cap of viral mRNA via higher cellular concentrations of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, resulting from the inhibition of S adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in infected cells, since increases in the intracellular level of S-adenosylhomocysteine, but no effects on DNA or RNA synthesis, were observed after incubation of these cells with it. PMID- 7097718 TI - Double-head haptens. Synthesis of and experimentally induced contact sensitivity to substances containing two unrelated haptens, pyrocatechol and alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone, in the same molecule. AB - A "double-head" hapten containing a pyrocatechol and an alpha-methylene-gamma butyrolactone moiety (3) and "monofunctional haptens" with either one of these moieties (18 and 19) connected by a six-carbon chain have been synthesized, and their sensitizing capacity was tested on guinea pigs. In the "double-head" hapten, only the pyrocatechol end is "recognized". A possible interpretation of the biological results is offered. PMID- 7097717 TI - Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes. AB - Derivatives obtained by single replacements or substitutions of groups at eight positions of thymidine (TdR) have been examined as inhibitors of rat mitochondrial (M-TK) and cytoplasmic (C-TK) isozymes of thymidine kinase. A C-TK (pI = 7.5) and an M-TK (pI = 5.1) from rat spleen were purified to apparent isozymic homogeneity by isoelectric focusing. Affinities relative to that of TdR for the TdR sites of the isozymes were derived by dividing the Michaelis constants of TdR by the inhibition constants. Of the eight types of TdR derivatives, five had higher affinity for the M-TK site and two had higher affinity for the C-TK site. The most potent and/or selective inhibitors were 3'-O benzyl-TdR (affinity for M-TK relative to TdR, 100%; differential affinity for M TK vs. C-TK, 7.5), 5-amino-2'-deoxyuridine (relative affinity for M-TK, 11%; differential affinity affinity for M-TK, 26), 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-TdR (relative affinity for C-TK, 67%; differential affinity for C-TK, greater than 25). Effects of modifying certain of the substituents indicate that at least some of these TdR derivatives are potential progenitors of TK inhibitors of higher potency and selectivity. PMID- 7097719 TI - Potential antitrypanosomal agents. 1,N2-Disubstituted 2-amino-5-hydroxy-4 methylnaphtho[1,2-d]thiazolium salts and related compounds. AB - A series of 1-alkyl-2-(substituted-amino)-5-hydroxy-4-methylnaphtho[1,2 d]thiazoles having in vitro trypanocidal activity is described. Several caused complete lysis of Trypanosoma brucei organisms within 30 min at 10(-5) M. The presence of a hydrophobic substituent on the 2-amino group was associated with high antitrypanosomal activity. Some analogues unsubstituted at the 1-position, a known class of compounds, were also active. None of the derivatives significantly prolonged the survival of T. brucei infected mice. Inhibition of activity in vitro by bovine serum albumin was observed. Because of the structural novelty of these agents in comparison with known trypanocides, their mechanism of action warrants further investigation. PMID- 7097720 TI - Avermectin acyl derivatives with anthelmintic activity. AB - Avermectins A2a, B1a, and B2a (1, 2, and 3) were acetylated to give 4"- and 23 acetates 4 and 5 and 4",23-diacetate 6 from 1, the 4"-and 5-acetates 7 and 8 and 4",5-diacetate 9 from 2, and triacetate 10 from 3. Structure proof by 300-MHz 1H NMR and mass spectral fragmentation is discussed for 10. Forcing acetylation conditions generated from both 1 and 3 the identical aromatic diacetate 11. Good anthelmintic activities in gerbils and sheep for 4"-acetylated derivatives 4 and especially 7 prompted the preparation of additional 4"-acylated derivatives of 2 with pivaloyl, n-octanoyl, succinoyl, carbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl and N acetylglycyl substituents, prepared from the 5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl protected intermediate 12. Other key intermediates were the trichloroethyoxysuccinoyl derivative 18 and 4-nitrophenyl carbonate 21. Anthelmintic activities against Trichostrongylus colubriformis in gerbils comparable in potency to the natural product 2 are shown by the more polar substituted derivatives 20, 23, and 27. Substitution of the 5-hydroxy group or its loss due to aromatization results in drastically reduced anthelmintic potency. PMID- 7097722 TI - Conformation-activity study of methadone and related compounds. PMID- 7097724 TI - Inhibitors of blood platelet aggregation. Activity of some 1H benz[de]isoquinolinecarboximidamides on the in vivo blood platelet aggregation induced by collagen. AB - A series of 33 1H-benz[de]isoquinolinecarboximidamides has been prepared and tested in the rat after intraperitoneal (ip) and/or oral (po) administration for their ability to inhibit the in vivo blood platelet aggregation induced by collagen. In this aggregation test, a considerable number of active compounds were found. Fourteen compounds were active when administered in [0.2 (mmol/kg)/day], five of which also exhibited significant po activity. One compound was toxic after ip administration but was found to be active after po administration without apparent toxicity. It is thought that the solubility of the drug in water is an important factor for the resorption after oral administration and, hence, for its oral activity. PMID- 7097723 TI - Synthesis of 2-(alkylamino)-5,6- and -6,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinazolines and evaluation as potential dopamine agonists. AB - Based upon the known dopaminergic properties of 2-aminodihydroxy-1,2,3,4 tetrahydronaphthalenes (ADTN's), heterocyclic congeners were prepared. Several 2 (alkylamino)-5,6- and -6,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinazolines were synthesized and tested for a dopamine-like vasodilatory action in the canine renal artery. The 6,7-disubstituted series had a weak antagonist effect against dopamine. Neither 5,6- nor 6,7-dihydroxy substitution gave dopamine agonists. Measured pKa values confirmed the expectation that the dihydroquinazolines were more basic than dopamine, one possible reason for the lack of dopamine-like action. PMID- 7097721 TI - Structure-activity correlations of cytochalasins. Novel halogenated and related cytochalasin C and D derivatives. AB - A series of halogenated and related analogues of cytochalasin C (CC) and D (CD) has been synthesized, and the biological activities of the analogues as inhibitors in a cell-free contractility model system obtained from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were evaluated. The reaction sequence involved treatment of CD with phenyltrimethylammonium perbromide to give 6,12-dibromo-CD (2), dehydrohalogenation of 2 to 12-bromo-CC (3), and the subsequent conversions of 3 to 12-azido- (4), 12-iodo- (5), and 12-cyano-CC (6). The ID50 values for 5, 3, 4, 2, and 6 are 6.0, 7.4, 8.8, 45, and 77 X 10(-7) M, respectively, in comparison to ca. 2.8 X 10(-7) M for the parental compounds. The potential cell and molecular biological applications of these compounds are delineated. PMID- 7097726 TI - Tryptophan analogues. 1. Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of positional isomers. AB - A series of tryptophan analogues having the carboxyl function at the beta position was synthesized and tested for antihypertensive activity. The 5-methoxy analogue 46 exhibited antihypertensive activity in the rat via the oral route and was much more potent than the normal tryptophan analogue. The methyl ester was found to be a critical structural feature for activity. PMID- 7097725 TI - Synthesis of N-[[(substituted-phenyl)carbonyl]amino]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines with analgesic and hyperglycemic activity. AB - A group of N-[(phenylcarbonyl)amino]1-2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines, 5, were synthesized to determine the effect that changes in aromatic substitution on the phenyl ring have on analgesic, hyperglycemic, and antiinflammatory activities. All of the N-[(phenylcarbonyl)amino]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines 5 exhibited potent analgesic activity, relative to morphine, irrespective of the position and physicochemical properties of the aromatic substituent. Pretreatment with naloxone did not alter the analgesic activity of the 4-fluorophenyl derivative 5P. N-[[(2-Fluorophenyl)-carbonyl]amino]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (5n) was one of the most active hyperglycemic agents, elevating blood glucose 213 and 127% at 2 and 4 h after a 100 mg/kg po dose. Incorporation of aromatic substituents into the 3 and 4 positions of 1 abolished antiinflammatory activity. PMID- 7097727 TI - 2- and 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and potential bioreductive alkylating agents. AB - A number of antineoplastic agents possess both the quinone nucleus and an appropriate substituent that permits them to function as bioreductive alkylating agents. To develop new compounds of this type with unique properties, we have synthesized a series of 2- and 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and have evaluated them for antineoplastic activity against Sarcoma 180 ascites cells. Several of these quinones showed antitumor activity, causing significant prolongation of the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Among the most active agents were the mesylates, tosylates, and N-(chloroethyl)carbamates of 2- and 6 methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. That bioreductive activation to a quinone methide might be involved in the mechanism of action of these agents was shown by the finding that compounds with the best leaving groups were the most efficacious as antineoplastic agents. PMID- 7097728 TI - 2-(Aminomethyl)phenols, a new class of saluretic agents. 4. Effects of oxygen and/or nitrogen substitution. AB - A series of oxygen and/or nitrogen substituted 2-(aminomethyl)phenols was synthesized and tested orally in rats for saluretic and diuretic effects. Intravenous dog data are included as supplementary material to demonstrate diuretic responses, or lack thereof, in a second species. In general, substitution on nitrogen with groups other than lower alkyl or substitution on nitrogen and/or oxygen with groups resistant to hydrolysis substantially diminished or ablated saluretic effects. PMID- 7097730 TI - Career destiny of 550 Americans several years after graduating from a foreign medical school. AB - A longitudinal study of 550 Americans who took the examination sponsored by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates in February 1972 after or while attending a foreign medical school has been completed. Ten years following graduation from the foreign school, it was found that 70 members of the original group have never qualified for graduate medical education in the United States and an additional 61 have not become licensed practitioners. PMID- 7097731 TI - Service-conditional medical student aid programs: The experience of the states. AB - Medical student aid programs tied to a service commitment are in operation in 31 states. The programs provide various options for students to pay back the financial support given by the state, the most popular form being cancellation of the financial obligation to the the state if a service commitment is fulfilled. Although the statutory language and program literature claim a major objective of the programs to be the provision of manpower to underserved areas, lenient "buy out" provisions and small awards relative to the total tuition have caused these programs to be used as sources of low-interest loans. Moreover, states do not provide subsidies to promote service in unattractive areas; thus, there is little reason for physician graduates to locate in low-income areas. State cooperation with the federal National Health Service Corps Scholarship Program, which does provide subsidies to physicians practicing in underserved areas, may provide the states a strategy for meeting their legislative objectives of providing physicians for the underserved. PMID- 7097729 TI - Relative affinity of 17 alpha- and/or 21-esters and 17 alpha, 21-diesters of cortisol for a glucocorticoid receptor from rat thymocytes. AB - The affinity, relative to cortisol (1), of 17 alpha- and 21-esters and 17 alpha,21-diesters of cortisol for the glucocorticoid receptor of rat thymus cytosol was determined by a competitive binding assay which used [3H]dexamethasone. Esterification of the 21-hydroxy group of cortisol caused a loss of relative affinity to 0.046 for acetate and 0.32 for valerate. Esterification of the 17 alpha-hydroxy group resulted in an increase in relative affinity to 1.14 for acetate, 12.4 for butyrate, and 11.5 for valerate. Diesters had relative affinities which reflected both trends. Thus, the 21-acetate, 21 propionate, 21-butyrate, and 21-valerate of cortisol 17-acetate had relative affinities of 0.036, 0.093, 0.152, and 0.272. The 21-acetate, 21-propionate, and 21-butyrate of cortisol 17-valerate had relative affinities of 0.76, 1.17, and 1.33. PMID- 7097732 TI - The transition to practice. AB - Sixty-eight graduating resident physicians were interviewed during their final months of training to investigate the process and problems of selecting a practice after years of tightly structured medical education. The practice choice decision-making process commonly followed this sequence of steps: (a) acknowledging and undertaking the practice choice task; (b) defining personal, professional, and family issues; (c) establishing reward priorities and minimal requirements; (d) determining a professional presentation; (e) inquiring about practice opportunities in the professional market; (f) interviewing; (g) negotiating; (h) committing to a practice; (i) preparing for practice; and (j) using decision facilitators. The young physicians reported a characteristic pattern of affective reactions (for example, distressing anxiety when faced with the practice choice task; depression when forced to compromise among conflicting professional aspirations, personal needs, family expectations, and practice rewards; and a feeling of reconsolidation and growth upon commitment to a particular practice) accompanying the practice choice process. PMID- 7097733 TI - A program for training physician-investigators. AB - A decreasing number of physicians are selecting careers in clinical investigation. In order to aid in reversing this trend, the Physician Investigator Training Program for residents and postdoctoral fellows was developed within the Department of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Ph. D.s with broad-based research experience serve as the core faculty. The trainees are not assigned clinical duties during the two-year period of the program. The first nine months of the curriculum consist of formal lectures and laboratory training encompassing basic laboratory techniques, cell and tissue culture, separation techniques, advanced instrumental techniques, kinetics, enzymology and receptors, membrane structure and transport, radioimmunoassay, statistical analysis, computer programming, mathematics, microbiology, animals in research, immunology, epidemiology, teaching methods, and manuscript and grant-writing. The last 15 months are devoted to a supervised laboratory research project. The program may serve as a model to train increased numbers of physician-investigators. PMID- 7097735 TI - Clinical content of the WAMI community clerkship in family medicine. AB - Student experience with diagnostic encounters and clinical procedures was documented in the WAMI Program's Community Clerkship in Family Medicine from 1974 to 1978. This six-week senior clerkship was completed by 234 students and taught in six family practicees across the four-state WAMI (Washington, Alaska, Montana, Idaho) region. Students encountered a mean of 83 diagnostic problems and 22 procedures weekly. The average student saw 56 percent of the diagnoses common in family practic and performed 26 percent of the common procedures. The mean level of student responsibility (self-rated with 3 = independent management, 2 = assisted, and 1 = observed) was 2.7 for diagnostic encounters and 2.4 for procedures and increased over the four years. Despite the wide geographic separation and diversity of teaching sites, few differences were observed among the sites; this suggests that a community-based family medicine clerkship can be taught in a widely scattered network of rural teaching practices with uniformity of clinical content and educational quality. PMID- 7097734 TI - Impact of participation in a family practice track program on student career decisions. AB - Two classes of entering freshman medical students at the University of Utah indicated career preferences prior to the start of preclinical classwork. A group of interested students applied to a special family practice curriculum track. From this group, 20 were randomly selected each year to participate in the track program. The number was limited because of the need for a small student/faculty ratio. Students participating in the program were found to select residencies in family practice at a significantly higher rate than their classmates who expressed an interest but were not selected to participate. Students who stated a preference for family practice as freshmen were also found to select residencies in family practice at a significantly higher rate than freshman not preferring it. Nevertheless, most senior students matched with residencies different from their freshman preferences. PMID- 7097737 TI - Teaching the mental status examination: comparison of three methods. AB - The authors compared videotape and lecture methods of teaching the mental status examination to a second-year medical school class. The results of each teaching method were evaluated by a multiple-choice examination and a feedback questionnaire and were compared with the results from teaching the mental status examination using simulated patients in a previous year's class. There was no clear difference in examination results for students exposed to different instructional methods. On the feedback questionnaire, students appeared to prefer instruction in whatever form it was given. The authors discuss the significance of these findings. PMID- 7097736 TI - Factors affecting physician communication and parent-physician dialogues. AB - The purpose of the study reported here was to determine whether improvement in medical knowledge affects medical students' interviewing skills in each, or any, of the four years of medical school. Nineteen first-year students, 21 second-year students, 18 third-year students, and 20 fourth-year students at the University of Iowa College of Medicine were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. The experimental group observed a 45-minute videotape lecture that discussed the practical issues of the diagnosis and management of children with meningomyelocele. All subjects in both groups then completed a multiple-choice examination on meningomyelocele. The interviews were videotaped and then blindly rated. The results of the ratings show that there was no group effect but there was a significant class difference in that the first-year class was less sophisticated than the three other classes. The results suggest that interview skills are not affected by increasing knowledge about medical conditions but do improve with training in interview skills. PMID- 7097738 TI - Development of a correspondence CME course for rural physicians. PMID- 7097739 TI - Preventive health behavior of physicians. PMID- 7097740 TI - Teaching pediatric infectious diseases to medical, pharmacy, and nursing students during monthly rotations. PMID- 7097741 TI - Peer group models in examination instruction as an integral part of medical gross anatomy. PMID- 7097742 TI - The performance of female medical students in an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. PMID- 7097743 TI - Evaluation of the gynecology teaching associate versus pelvic model approach to teaching pelvic examination. PMID- 7097744 TI - Threats to tax-exempt financing for hospitals and universities. PMID- 7097745 TI - Distribution of women in U.S. medical schools, 1970-71 and 1980-81. PMID- 7097746 TI - Family physician and sex education. PMID- 7097747 TI - Chemiluminescence response in normal human phagocytes. I. Automated measurements using a standard liquid scintillation counter. AB - We present a fast, simple and highly accurate method for measuring Phagocyte Chemiluminescence by using a standard liquid scintillation counter with a simple modification. The method allows the measurement of multiple samples automatically, with standardized mixing and measurement times, at a constant temperature. This is achieved with a minimum of technician time as opposed to the single measurement facility of many of the available manual luminescence photometers. The modifications can be made to any standard liquid scintillation counter, are simple and inexpensive, can allow the handling of large numbers of samples in a short time and improve standardization. PMID- 7097748 TI - Chemiluminescence response in normal human phagocytes. II. Effect of paraproteins. AB - We have used chemiluminescence (CL) as a model for assessing the effects of paraproteins on human neutrophils and monocytes. A difference in the response of these two cell types was demonstrated. Paraprotein-containing sera (classes IgG, IgA and IgM) depressed the CL response of monocytes in almost all cases but had no effect on neutrophils. This effect was reproduced using purified paraprotein and showed a dose dependent response. It is proposed that this difference may be a function of the interaction between paraprotein and differing membrane receptors in phagocytes. PMID- 7097749 TI - Experimental myasthenia gravis is inhibited by receptor-antireceptor complexes. AB - Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) induced in rabbits by immunisation with purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata is a highly reproducible model for the human disease. Pretreatment of experimental animals with immune complexes containing receptor and anti-receptor antibodies suppressed the subsequent induction of EAMG. Animals were protected from the normal severe paralysis. Moreover, antibody levels were reduced by synthesis of antibody rapidly terminated. Possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 7097750 TI - Effect of glucose concentration and time on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. AB - Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) to oxidative metabolism and functional activities were assayed after varying periods of exposure to glucose concentrations ranging from 100-600 mg/dl. Oxygen consumption, superoxide generation and phagocytosis and killing of radiolabeled S. aureus by PMNL were not affected by hyperglycemic conditions for incubation periods up to 18 hours. Elevated glucose levels per se do not appear to be responsible for PMNL abnormalities reported in patients with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7097751 TI - Effect of strenuous physical stress on circulating lymphocyte number and function before and after training. AB - Seventeen young male subjects underwent a six-week training period and their physical fitness was examined using a bicycle ergometer test. Twelve subjects without any marked training served as controls. Venous blood was drawn immediately before and after exercise on a bicycle ergometer both before and after training. After exercise, the subjects developed a leukocytosis as well as lymphocytosis where the proportion of E-rosettes, theophylline resistant E rosettes and SIg-positive cells remained stable but their absolute number rose by more than 100% before training and more than 50% after training. In spite of the rise of immunocompetent cells in the circulation, the post exercise increase of lymphocyte transformation was not more than 10% both before and after training. After training the response to physical stress is manifested by a significantly weaker mobilization of lymphocytes into the circulation than before training. Consequently, when physical fitness is high fewer immunocompetent cells are required to produce a normal immune response than when physical fitness is low. Our findings indicate that in healthy individuals improved physical fitness compensates for the influence of stress on the immune system. PMID- 7097752 TI - Fibronectin increases the motility, phagocytosis and NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) reduction of granulocytes. AB - Neutrophilic granulocytes preincubated in vitro with human plasma fibronectin (0 1.25 mg/ml) for 30 minutes showed increased spontaneous and chemotactic migration, increased uptake of fluorescein labelled yeast particles as well as higher NBT-reduction both with and without E. coli stimulation. These effects on the granulocyte functions were found to be mainly dose dependent. In control experiments, no significant effects were noted when fibronectin was replaced by human serum albumin in the same concentration range. PMID- 7097753 TI - Effect of sodium on cellular calcium transport in rat kidney. AB - The influence of extracellular Na (Na0) on cellular Ca transport and distribution was studied in rat kidney slices. Calcium efflux from prelabeled slices was depressed when Na0 was completely replaced by choline or tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions and it was markedly stimulated when Na was reintroduced in a Na-free medium. However, reducing Na0 (with choline or TEA as substituting ions) did not increase the total slice 40Ca, their total exchangeable Ca pool, or the 40Ca or 45Ca of mitochondria isolated from these slices. Kinetic analyses of steady-state 45Ca desaturation curves showed that reducing Na0 depressed the exchange of Ca across the plasma membrane, slightly decreased the cytosolic Ca pool, but did not significantly affect the mitochondrial Ca pool and Ca cycling. Ouabain (10(-3)M) which should reduce the Na gradient across the plasma membrane had no effect on calcium distribution and transport. These results suggest that in kidney cells low Na0 depresses Ca influx as well as Ca efflux; there may be an interaction between Na and Ca at a possible carrier located in the plasma membrane, but there is no Na/Ca exchange as described in several excitable tissues. PMID- 7097754 TI - A method for estimating free Ca within human red blood cells, with an application to the study of their Ca-dependent K permeability. AB - Murphy, Coll, Rich and Williamson (J. Biol. Chem. 255:6600--6608, 1980) described a null-point method for estimating intracellular free Ca in liver cells. They used digitonin to lyse the cells in solutions of varying Ca concentration. This method has been adapted for use with human red cells. The values found are about 0.4 micron or micrometer Ca in fresh cells, and from 0.4 to 0.7 micron or micrometer Ca in blood-bank cells, at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C. These are likely to be overestimates, and the errors and limitations of the method are discussed. Red cells may be loaded with Ca by metabolic depletion in Ca-containing solutions. Such cells have an elevated K permeability, and the relationships between free Ca, total Ca and K permeability were investigated, using 86Rb as a tracer for K. 86Rb flux studies show that the affinity of the K channel for Ca is the same in cells as in resealed ghosts where intracellular Ca can be controlled with Ca buffers, but the rate of tracer equilibration is 3-6 times faster in ghosts than in cells. PMID- 7097755 TI - Rotation of cells in an alternating electric field: theory and experimental proof. AB - Protoplasts of Avena sativa rotate in an alternating electric field provided that at least two cells are located close to each other. An optimum frequency range (20 to 30 kHz) exists where rotation of all cells exposed to the field is observed. Below and above this frequency range, rotation of some cells is only occasionally observed. The angular velocity of rotation depends on the square of the electric field strength. At field strengths above the value leading to electrical breakdown of the cell membrane, rotation is no longer observed due to deterioration of the cells. The absolute value of the angular velocity of rotation at a given field strength depends on the arrangement of the cells in the electric field. A maximum value is obtained if the angle between the field direction and the line connecting the two cells is 45 degrees. With increasing distance between the two cells the rotation speed decreases. Furthermore, if two cells of different radii are positioned close to each other the cell with the smaller radius will rotate with a higher speed than the larger one. Rotation of cells in an alternating electric field is described theoretically by interaction between induced dipoles in adjacent cells. The optimum frequency range for rotation is related to the relaxation of the polarization process in the cell. The quadratic dependence of the angular velocity of rotation on the field strength results from the fact that the torque is the product of the external field and the induced dipole moment which is itself proportional to the external field. The theoretical and experimental results may be relevant for cyclosis (rotational streaming of cytoplasm) in living cells. PMID- 7097756 TI - Small signal impedance of heart cell membranes. AB - The electrical impedance of seven-day ventricular embryonic chick heart cell membranes maintained in tissue culture was measured under voltage clamp using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Small sinusoidal perturbations were added to the voltage-clamp potential and the amplitude and phase of the steady state sinusoidal response in current was recorded as a function of mean clamp potential or perturbing frequency. The experimental results are compared with two models of excitability for heart: the MNT model (McAllister, Noble & Tsien, J. Physiol. (London) 251:1-59, (1975) and the BR model (Beeler & Reuter, J. Physiol. (London) 268:177-210, 1977). The small signal impedance of heart cell membranes, in theory and experiment, shows a resonance near 1 Hz and near the threshold potential. The effect of this resonance is to increase the effective length constant of the membrane for these conditions. PMID- 7097757 TI - Study of maturation of membrane transport function in red blood cells by X-ray microanalysis. AB - Red blood cells of certain species of animals, such as dogs and cats contain low potassium and high sodium, whereas the erythropoietic stem cells giving rise to these cells are of high potassium type. This paper examines the sequence of membrane transport changes during erythropoiesis by analyzing the K, Na and Fe in single bone marrow cells, reticulocytes and mature red blood cells with X-ray microanalysis. The relationship between K/Na ratios and Fe/(K + Na), which is analogous to hemoglobin concentration, gives an index of maturation stage. The relationships between K/Na and Fe/(K + Na) in the marrow cells of normal adult dog and those of a phenylhydrazine-injected dog with accelerated erythropoiesis show that the modification of cation composition occurs after the initiation of hemoglobin synthesis but before its completion. Similar relationships in the reticulocytes obtained from phenylhydrazine-injected dogs as well as from newborn dogs show a consistent decrease in K/Na with increased Hb, indicating a drastic change in cation composition during the maturation of the reticulocytes. Therefore the modification in membrane transport function must have occurred before or during the formation of reticulocytes. PMID- 7097758 TI - Morphometric analysis of parietal cell membrane transformations in isolated gastric glands. PMID- 7097759 TI - Cellular and paracellular resistances of the Necturus proximal tubule. AB - Individual resistances of the apical cell membrane Ra, the basolateral cell membrane, Rbl, and the paracellular shunt, Rs, were determined in the Necturus proximal tubule using a set of three electrical parameters. Four electrical parameters were measured: the transepithelial resistance, (Rte), the apical and basolateral cell membrane resistance in parallel, (Rz free-flow tubules), the basolateral cell membrane resistance in oil-filled tubules, (Rz oil-filled), and the ratio of apical and basolateral cell membrane resistance (Ra/Rbl). Rte was determined from an analysis of the spatial decay of luminal voltage following luminal current injection. Rz free-flow and Rz oil-filled were measured by the analysis of the spatial decay of intracellular voltage deflections following cellular current injection in free flow and oil-filled tubules, respectively. Ra/Rbl was estimated from the ratio of voltage deflections across the apical and basolateral cell membranes following transepithelial current injection. In addition, the magnitude of cellular and luminal cable interactions was evaluated, by comparing the spatial decay of voltage deflections in the cell and in the lumen following intracellular current injection. The combined cell membrane resistance (Ra + Rbl) is between one to two orders of magnitude greater than the paracellular resistance. This result supports the view that the Necturus proximal tubule is a leaky epithelium. PMID- 7097760 TI - Investigation of fading and recovery of fluorescence intensity at 73.5 K. AB - Fading and recovery of Af-feulgen stained sperm heads are investigated at 73.5 K. The fast fluorescence signals are measured and stored by two coupled transient recorders. 100% recovery was reached after a dark time of 3 s. This shows that the photodecomposition is mainly caused by change of the probability density of energy level and not by destruction of the chromophore groups. The recovery effect allows measurement of the fluorescence intensity of the same sample more than 50 times. Therefore the unaffected spectrum can be measured directly, provided that between the short-term measurements at constant wavelength an appropriate dark phase has been put into operation. PMID- 7097761 TI - Freeze-fracture electron microscopic and low temperature x-ray scattering studies of the effect of cryofixation upon serum low density lipoprotein structure. AB - We report here a correlated X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture electron microscope study of the effects of several cryofixation procedures upon human serum low density lipoprotein (LDL2) structure. Only when the LDL2 solutions contained 75%, by weight, glycerol were the room temperature and post cryofixation low temperature LDL2 X-ray scattering curves indistinguishable from one another. Other cryofixation procedures, slow or rapid, with or without glycerol, resulted in differences between the room temperature and low temperature LDL2 X-ray scattering curves, in part due to the effect of quenching upon the solvent. Freeze-etching electron microscopy of the slowly cryofixed LDL2 showed marked aggregation of the particles and an unusual morphological appearance. In contrast, after rapid cryofixation or cryofixation in the presence of glycerol, freeze-etch electron microscopy revealed well-isolated particles which had a knobby morphology. The results demonstrate that under certain conditions (in the presence of 75% glycerol) cryofixation results in minimal, if any, structural alteration of, at least, the LDL2 lipid moiety. Further, this study underlines the more general conclusion that any high resolution structural study employing a cryofixation step must be interpreted with caution and the effect of cryofixation upon the sample structure need be evaluated by independent means. PMID- 7097763 TI - A low x-ray background low temperature specimen stage for biological microanalysis in the TEM. AB - The side entry specimen stage described in this paper is a development of a specimen stage for use at room temperature in the JEOL JEM 100 and 200 series transmission electron microscopes. The earlier specimen stage was designed to ensure that the extraneous instrumental contribution to thin specimen X-ray spectra is both small and quantifiable. As well as having a low X-ray background the new stage will also maintain the specimen at temperatures sufficiently low (down to 100 K) to minimize the loss of organic material due to electron irradiation. A new anticontaminator which provides a clean low temperature environment for the specimen stage is also described. PMID- 7097762 TI - Transfer, observation and analysis of frozen hydrated specimens. AB - Hitherto, the observation of frozen hydrated specimens in transmission electron microscopes has been inhibited due to the technical difficulties experienced in transferring the specimen to the microscope and maintaining it at a low temperature during observation. This has resulted in loss of the primary advantage of freezing since the frozen water had to be removed from the specimen before it could be introduced into the electron microscope. The cryo-transfer system overcomes these objections and provides a means to transfer frozen hydrated specimens from any preparation equipment into the microscope without ice condensation on the specimen. The cryo-transfer system consists of a cryo transfer unit, a cryo-specimen holder and a temperature control unit. PMID- 7097764 TI - Thin frozen-dried cryosections and biological x-ray microanalysis. AB - The application of X-ray microanalysis to problems of cell physiology required the development of methods to retain diffusible substances within the subcellular compartments that they occupied in vivo. Several groups have developed methods of rapidly freezing small samples in ways that minimize mechanical traumae and ice crystal formation. This provides a narrow zone from which cryosections, believed to be representative of the in vivo distribution of electrolytes, can be cut. The production of thin (less than 0.5 micrometers) cryosections that are apparently free of diffusion can be routinely performed when temperature parameters are kept below 173 K. Efficient cryosectioning requires several modifications to commercially available machines, in order to improve the ease and reliability with which various manipulations can be carried out. Initial attempts to localize calcium at the subcellular level were disturbed by the use of mechanically damaged specimens and by insufficiently cold conditions in the cryochamber. Such sections indicated that mitochondria were calcium-rich organelles. When tissue freezing and cryosectioning were performed under optimized conditions, mitochondrial calcium was so low as to be quantifiable only with difficulty. Available microanalytical results show that ER-rich cytoplasm and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum seem to contain higher levels of calcium than mitochondria. Nuclei and secretory granules also contain more calcium than mitochondria. PMID- 7097765 TI - Quantification for the x-ray microanalysis of cryosections. AB - Some problems of the quantitative analysis of diffusible elements in cryosections are reviewed. The two prevalent methods for obtaining concentrations from X-ray data, one based on characteristic radiation alone and the other on continuum normalization, are recapitulated. Both methods seem suitable at cellular level while the latter seems preferable at finer spatial resolution. Recourse to both methods together is desirable in the analysis of frozen-hydrated sections especially when there is no peripheral standard. Selective local contamination is a particular hazard in the analysis of chlorine. In the case of sodium, physical parameters set restrictive limits to the minimum concentration measurable by 'energy-dispersive' X-ray spectrometry (about 20 mM kg-1) and to the spatial resolution attainable by diffractive X-ray spectrometry (approximately 0.2 micrometer). One obvious danger to meaningful quantitative analysis is inadvertent redistribution of diffusible elements during the moments preceding the freeze-quenching of a tiny piece of tissue. Data are presented to show that concentration changes due to simple evaporation are a real hazard prior to the quenching of sub-millimetre size samples. PMID- 7097766 TI - On the size of small protein particles determined by electron microscopy of unidirectionally shadowed freeze-etched preparations. AB - The influence exerted by the thickness of the deposited metal layer and the ionic strength of the solution on the apparent size of particles of bovine serum albumin in unidirectionally shadowed freeze-etch preparations of spray-frozen specimens was investigated. It appeared that the size increase due to shadowing is nearly twice the thickness of the deposited metal layer. Apparent particle size was shown to increase linearly with the inverse square root of the ionic strength of the solution. At ionic strength 0.001 the particles appeared about 30% larger than at infinite ionic strength. PMID- 7097767 TI - Structural and functional studies of hemoglobin Barcelona (alpha 2 beta 2 94 Asp (FG1) replaced by His). Consequences of altering an important intrachain salt bridge involved in the alkaline Bohr effect. PMID- 7097768 TI - Nucleosome segregation in chromatin replicated in the presence of cycloheximide. PMID- 7097769 TI - A model for comparison of masticatory effectiveness in primates. AB - A model is presented to express how effectively animals increase the exposed surface area of their food by chewing. It includes a coefficient of masticatory effectiveness (E) the value of which increases with effectiveness of exposing new food surface area with each chew. Humans and other species of primates differ significantly in their values of E; among the nonhuman primates studied, Lemur catta has a higher coefficient than Lemur fulvus, and both have higher coefficients than either Varecia variegatus or Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. The differences among the coefficients of these prosimians are correlated with variations in specific features of the molar morphology. Of six lower molar shearing crests considered, the relative length of the postmetacristid correlates most highly with the coefficient of masticatory effectiveness for the prosimian species. Also, among comparable-sized prosimians, E correlates significantly with the absolute postmetacristid length. Both these findings indicate that the relative size of molar shearing crests is related significantly to how effectively an animal chews its food. These are also implications for an adaptation to a high-fiber diet. PMID- 7097770 TI - Localization of 3H-estradiol in the reproductive organs of male and female baboons. AB - The uptake and retention of radiolabeled estradiol by both the male and female reproductive organs were examined in the baboon. Two male and two female baboons were injected intracardially with 1 microgram/kg body weight of 3H-estradiol and two animals, one male and one female, were injected with both labeled and 100 micrograms/kg body weight of unlabeled estradiol. One and a half hours after the injections, the animals were sacrificed and the uterus, cervix, vagina, oviduct, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland were removed and processed for autoradiography. The stratified squamous epithelia of the cervix and vagina demonstrated a light uptake of the label in the germinative, but not in the superficial cell layers. The columnar cells lining the oviduct and uterine glands were labeled, whereas the luminal epithelium of the uterus and the glandular epithelia of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland did not sequester the tritiated steroid. The interstitial cells of all the organs studied demonstrated a moderate to heavy uptake of the radioactivity, whereas the smooth muscle cells were lightly labeled except in the vagina, in which these cells displayed a moderate number of silver grains. PMID- 7097773 TI - The atmosphere of Titan. AB - The discovery that Titan had an atmosphere was made by the identification of methane in the satellite's spectrum in 1944. But the abundance of this gas and the identification of other major constituents required the 1980 encounter by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. in the intervening years, traces of C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and CH3D had been posited to interpret emission bands in Titan's IR spectrum. The Voyager infrared Spectrometer confirmed that these gases were present and added seven more. The atmosphere is now known to be composed primarily of molecular nitrogen. But the derived mean molecular weight suggests the presence of a significant amount of some heavier gas, most probably argon. It is shown that this argon must be primordial, and that one can understand the evolution of Titan's atmosphere in terms of degassing of a mixed hydrate dominated by CH4, N2 and 36Ar. This model satisfactorily explains the absence of neon and makes no special requirements on the satellite's surface temperature. The organic chemistry taking place on Titan today invites comparison with chemical evolution on the primitive Earth prior to the origin of life. PMID- 7097774 TI - Comets: chemistry and chemical evolution. AB - Lasting commitment to cosmic chemistry and an awareness of the fascinating role of comets in that study was a consequence of an association with Harold Urey early in my astronomical career. Urey's influence on cometary research spread as colleagues with whom I was associated, in turn, developed their own programs in cometary chemistry. One phase of the Chicago research shows that Whipple's icy nucleus would be below about 250 K. This property, combined with their small internal pressure, means cometary interiors remain essentially unchanged during their lifetime. Observations of cometary spectra indicate that they are rich in simple organic species. Experiments on comet-like ice mixture suggests that the extensive array of interstellar molecules also may be found in comets. The capture of cometary debris by the earth or the impact of comets would have been an early source of biochemically significant molecules. Recent hypotheses on radiogenic heating and melting of water ice in the central zone of nuclei do not seem consistent with recent observations or ideas of structure. Thus comets are not a likely place for life to develop. PMID- 7097772 TI - Single copy DNA homology in sea stars. AB - The sequence homology in the single copy DNA of sea stars has been measured. Labeled single copy DNA from Pisaster ochraceus was reannealed with excess genomic DNA from P. brevispinus, Evasterias troschelii, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Solaster stimpsoni, and Dermasterias imbricata. Reassociation reactions were performed under two criteria of salt and temperature. The extent of reassociation and thermal denaturation characteristics of hybrid single copy DNA molecules follow classical taxonomic lines. P. brevispinus DNA contains essentially all of the sequences present in P. ochraceus single copy tracer while Evasterias and Pycnopodia DNAs contain 52% and 46% of such sequences respectively. Reciprocal reassociation reactions with labeled Evasterias single copy DNA confirm the amount and fidelity of the sequence homology. There is a small definite reaction of uncertain homology between P. ochraceus single copy DNA and Solaster or Dermasterias DNA. Similarly Solaster DNA contains sequences homologous to approximately 18% of Dermasterias unique DNA. The thermal denaturation temperatures of heteroduplexes indicate that the genera Pisaster and Evasterias diverged shortly after the divergence of the subfamilies Pycnopodiinae and Asteriinae. The two Pisaster species diverged more recently, probably in the most recent quarter of the interval since the separation of the genera Pisaster and Evasterias. PMID- 7097771 TI - Hemoglobins, XLVIIII. The primary structure of a monomeric hemoglobin from the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L.: evolutionary aspects and comparative studies of the function with special reference to the heme linkage. AB - Hagfish hemoglobin has three main components, one of which is Hb III. It is monomeric and consists of 148 amino acid residues (M = 17 350). Its complete primary structure, previously published, is discussed here. The proximal amino acid (F8) of the heme linkage is histidine as always in the hemoglobins, but the regularly expected distal histidine E7 is substituted by glutamine. This substitution, leading to a new kind of heme linkage, has hitherto only been demonstrated in opossum hemoglobin. It is suggested that E7, Gln, is directed out of the heme pocket, and that the adjacent Ell, Ile, is directed toward the inside of the pocket, giving the distal heme contact instead of histidine. Myxine Hb III has an additional tail of 9 amino acid residues at its N-terminal end, as has the hemoglobin of Lampetra fluviatilis. The genetic codes of Myxine and Lampetra hemoglobins show 117 differences, in spite of many morphological resemblances between hagfish and lamprey. Their primary hemoglobin structures show differences substantial enough to be compatible with the divergence of the two families some 400-500 million years ago. PMID- 7097775 TI - The photochemistry of the paleoatmosphere. AB - The ideas of Harold Urey on the origin and evolution of the atmosphere have dominated thinking in this area for 3 decades. Recent progress in this area is reviewed, with particular emphasis on photochemical modeling studies of atmospheric evolution. Research into the paleoatmosphere can be divided into 3 distinct areas: (1) The photochemistry/chemistry of the prebiological paleoatmosphere, (2) the evolution of oxygen and the transition to an oxidizing atmosphere, and (3) the origin and evolution of ozone. Photochemical calculations indicate that the stability of a heavily reducing paleoatmosphere of CH4--NH3 was extremely shortlived, if such a prebiological atmosphere ever existed at all. A more mildly reducing early atmosphere of CO2--N2 is favored by photochemical considerations. Recent calculations of O2 in the prebiological paleoatmosphere vary from less than 10(-14) of present atmospheric level (PAL) to 10(-1) PAL. Clearly, additional work is indicated. The evolution of O3 as a function of O2 level has been investigated with increasingly detailed photochemical models that have included the photochemistry/chemistry of the oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and chlorine species, as well as the effects of eddy transport, the rainout of water-soluble species, dry deposition and lightning as a source of trace atmospheric gases. PMID- 7097776 TI - Organic synthesis from reducing models of the atmosphere of the primitive earth with UV light and electric discharges. AB - The purpose of this paper is to compare the role of UV light and of electric discharges, the two most important sources of energy on the primitive earth, in the synthesis of organic compounds out of a reducing model of that atmosphere. Since Miller's experiments in 1953, most of the experimental simulations have been performed with electric discharges, and it has been assumed that UV radiations would give similar results. In order to check this assumption we have performed both experimental simulations in our laboratory. Experimental results indicate that this assumption was wrong in a large extent. Our four main conclusions are: 1. Unlike electric discharges, UV light is not an efficient source for producing unsaturated carbon chains. 2. UV light is efficient for producing nitriles in CH4--NH3 mixtures when the mole fraction of NH3 is very low while electric discharges need a higher mole fraction of NH3. 3. UV light is not able to produce nitriles from CH4--N2 mixtures while electric discharges produce important quantities of diversified nitriles from these mixtures. 4. UV light is not very efficient for producing aldehydes from CH4--H2O model atmosphere, electric discharges seem to be able to produce them more efficiently. PMID- 7097777 TI - Interaction between ATP, metal ions, glycine, and several minerals. AB - The adsorption of ATP and ADP on montmorillonite, kaolinite, and A1(OH)3 was studied as a function of pH and, for montmorillonite and kaolinite, as a function of the ionic composition of the system. The three minerals exhibit different adsorption characteristics. Mg2+- and Zn2+-montmorillonite adsorb ATP and ADP more than Na+-montmorillonite, presumably because of complex formation. In kaolinite, the effect of these divalent cations is small. Pure ATP decomposes upon heating, and the rate of the decomposition is accelerated by the presence of glycine. Drying and heating glycine to 70 degrees C under vacuum in the presence of ATP results in abiotic peptide formation with yields up to 0.25%. This peptide formation also occurs when kaolinite or montmorillonite is added to the system. The presence of kaolinite, Mg2+- or Zn2+-kaolinite, or Mg2+-montmorillonite results in a reduction in the rate of the ATP decomposition in the abiotic peptide synthesizing system. These results suggest that one role for clays and metal ions in chemical evolution may have been the stabilization of nucleotides during prebiotic peptide synthesis. PMID- 7097778 TI - Oligonucleotide formation catalyzed by mononucleotide matrices. AB - Pb2+-containing precipitates of mononucleotides form matrices which catalyze the self-condensation of nucleotide 5'-phosphorimidazolides and their condensation with nucleosides. The reactions exhibit base-pairing specificity between matrix nucleotide and substrate, and usually follow the Watson-Crick pairing rules. Although purine polynucleotides do not facilitate the oligomerization of pyrimidine nucleotide monomers in solution, it is interesting that purine containing matrices do catalyze such a reaction. The significance of the results in the context of the prebiotic evolution of polynucleotides is discussed. PMID- 7097779 TI - Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine under possible primitive earth conditions. AB - Using a primitive Earth evaporating pond model, the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine was accomplished when a reaction mixture of choline chloride and disodium phosphatidate, in the presence of cyanamide and traces of acid, was evaporated and heated at temperatures ranging from 25 degrees to 100 degrees C for 7 hours. Optimum yields of about 15% were obtained at 80 degrees C. Phosphatidylcholine was identified by chromatographic, chemical and enzymatic degradation methods. On enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphorylcholine were formed, respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis gave glycerophosphorylcholine. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine as the major compound was accompanied by the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine in smaller amounts. Cyanamide was found to be essential for the formation of phosphatidylcholine, and only traces of HCl, of the order of that required to convert the disodium phosphatidate to free phosphatidic acid were found necessary for the synthesis. This work suggests that phosphatidylcholine, which is an essential component of most biological membranes, could have been synthesized on the primitive Earth. PMID- 7097780 TI - Encapsulation of macromolecules by lipid vesicles under simulated prebiotic conditions. AB - Phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) were subjected to dehydration-hydration cycles in the presence of 6-carboxyfluorescein or salmon sperm DNA. We found that the vesicles fused into multilamellar structures during dehydration with solutes trapped between the lamellae. Upon rehydration the lamellae swelled and formed large vesicular structures containing solute. This model can be used to study encapsulation of macromolecules by lipid membranes to form protocellular structures under prebiotic conditions. PMID- 7097781 TI - A theory for the origin of a self-replicating chemical system. II. Computer simulation of the autogen. AB - In order to better understand the feasibility and limitations of the autogen (White 1980), a computer simulation based on the fluctuating clay environment was used to test whether autocatalytic growth would occur under various conditions. The results suggest that overall accuracies of replication and translation in the range of 90% and 10%, and protoenzyme turnover numbers of 10--120 monomers/protoenzyme/day are adequate for exponential growth. Nucleation of the components of the autogen from random background oligomers would be extremely rapid if oligomers lengths 2--6 were adequately functional, whereas oligomer lengths much greater than 10 are prohibited. The autogen would most likely nucleate and grow to dominance either rapidly (10--100 cycles of roughly 1 day each) or not at all. PMID- 7097782 TI - Pyrolysis of Precambrian kerogens: constraints and capabilities. AB - Precambrian kerogens are currently considered to be the primary candidates for the search of biochemical fossils. Degradation of kerogens by relatively "mild" pyrolysis techniques, such as under high vacuum, can liberate indicative structural moieties which were incorporated in, and perhaps shielded by, these solid and highly condensed, basically aromatic substances. It is necessary to observe analytical constraints (sample size and shape, temperature, pressure, time, etc.) in order to prevent an overabundant yield of secondary pyrolyzates (inter- and intramolecular rearrangements) which can prevent kerogen characterization. Potential biochemical fossils have been found in Precambrian kerogens. Demonstratable syngenetic biochemical fossils are expected after kerogen diagenesis and catagenesis is understood in sufficient detail, and when pyrolysis is augmented by multiple, improved analytical techniques. PMID- 7097784 TI - The treatment of anorgasmia: long-term effectiveness of a short-term behavioral group therapy. AB - A long-term follow-up of 19 women who participated in short-term group therapy for anorgasmia using masturbation and assertiveness training showed that the majority of women maintained treatment gains and progressed further in orgasm response and other aspects of sexual functioning, including assertiveness and liberalness of sexual attitudes. However, several women regressed, and four additional women who dropped out of treatment also improved dramatically in orgasm response, suggesting that other patient characteristics and factors affect apparent treatment outcome. Independent evaluations, standardized assessment scales, long-term, in-person follow-ups and multidimensional assessment are useful in evaluating treatment effectiveness. PMID- 7097783 TI - Assessment of similarities of pairs and groups of proteins using transformed amino-acid-residue data. AB - Using as a primary standard a representative set of 208 proteins whose amino-acid residue mole frequencies have been accurately established, a set of standard distributions of mole frequencies is defined for each amino acids, in terms of which percentile values for the observed mole frequencies of the amino-acid residues in any other protein can be determined. Data so transformed have a distribution much closer to Gaussian than untransformed values, and allow meaningful determinations of correlations between the amino-acid-residue compositions of two proteins as well as between pairs of amino-acid-residues within groups of proteins. Of the 153 possible pairs of amino acids (Asx and Glx are used) 39 are significantly correlated at p less than or equal to 0.01 and 22 at p less than or equal to 0.001. A percentile table is included for those wishing to use the method with programmable calculators. The transformed data for amino-acid compositions have been used to perform principal components analyses on groups of proteins in order to determine if meaningful sub-groupings (observable clusters in scatter diagrams) were detectable. Such analyses are shown for the representative set of proteins and for a group of 184 globins. With regard to the globin chains, a correlation is observed for alpha chains in the first principal component projection (PCP), (accounting for 22% of the variance) with respect to the evolutionary time-scale while beta chains show such a correlation in the first and second PCPs (22% and 18% of the variance respectively). Thus, alpha and beta chains appear to diverge from a common progenitor, similar in position to globin chains from "primitive" forms. Furthermore, globins from "primitive" forms are nearer to one another than they are to globins from the vertebrates, a finding without a priori reason, suggesting perhaps that once a chain has reached a stable relationship with its environment, strong constrains are placed on the co-existing globin chains so that they maintain appropriate interaction with one another. In addition, positions of the epsilon, gamma and delta chains are in the order: epsilon (embryonal) more primitive than gamma (foetal) more primitive than delta equal to beta (adult). PMID- 7097785 TI - The treatment of sexual phobias: the combined use of antipanic medication and sex therapy. AB - During the past 20 years, there has been described a group of profoundly anxious and phobic patients, who are not amenable to psychological forms of treatment or to the major and the minor tranquilizers, but who respond dramatically to tricyclic and MAO inhibitor medication. The separation of this drug-responsive syndrome from other anxiety disorders constitutes a major advance in psychiatry. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for the treatment of psychosexual disorders. To illustrate the hypotheses and discussion, the case histories of three patients with sexual phobias are described. All had been treatment failures with sex therapy and psychotherapy but responded to a combination of tricyclic medication and sex therapy which was modified to accommodate the special needs of sexually phobic patients. PMID- 7097786 TI - Cognitive and social aspects of sexual dysfunction: sexual scripts in sex therapy. AB - The formulation and treatment of sexual dysfunction are conceptualized within a framework of sexual scripts. This approach places particular emphasis on the cognitive and interpersonal dimensions of sexual interaction and provides greater continuity in our understanding of the development of sexual conduct in general. Clinical assessment of sexual scripts begins with a comparison of performative and cognitive scripts, which are then elaborated in terms of key script attributes such as complexity, rigidity, conventionality and satisfaction. Sex therapy is viewed as a process of script modification, in which particular attention is payed to the integration of covert and overt aspects of the script. Two case illustrations are provided. The discussion contrast the present use of script analysis with the way the term is used in transactional analysis and research in artificial intelligence. PMID- 7097787 TI - Paraphilic sexuality and child abuse: the parents. AB - The parents of three children with a history and diagnosis of abuse dwarfism responded to an interview on erotosexual history in such a way as to indicate a nondescript erotosexual existence, or else a censored one. One additional couple, known on a personal basis by a youth worker, colluded in child abuse that was, in fact, a paraphilia of masochism by proxy. Two boys were beaten by their father as masochistic surrogates for their mother who instigated their beatings. Sexual intercourse between the parents was contingent on the beatings. PMID- 7097788 TI - Incidence and types of sexual dysfunctions in rape and incest victims. AB - Many authors have commented on the impact of sexual assault on the sexual lives of the victims. Eighty-three victims were interviewed with regard to their sexual histories, and completed the Sexual Arousal Inventory, to determine the incidence and types of sexual dysfunctions in rape and incest victims: 56% of these victims experienced sexual dysfunctions postassault; 71% of these subjects reported that the sexual assault precipitated the dysfunction. Fear of sex, arousal or desire dysfunctions were the most common sexual problems presented within this victim sample. The Sexual Arousal Inventory was not successful in discriminating dysfunctional and nondysfunctional rape and incest victims. PMID- 7097789 TI - Variation of lead-induced lethality in estradiol-treated mice. AB - Studies were undertaken to test the female sex hormone beta-estradiol for its ability to modify lethality in young adult female and male mice exposed to lead acetate. Mice were injected with beta-estradiol on d -1 and 0, and immediately after the second injection lead acetate was administered at four subgroup dosages ranging from 75 to 600 mg/kg body weight. Control mice were injected with only lead acetate. On d 4, 6, and 8 after Pb, the median lethal dosages (LD50s) were calculated from the observed mortality ratios by a method of moving averages. LD50 values were considerably lower for the Pb- and beta-estradiol-injected groups than for the controls. Data from these experiments indicate that the beta estradiol treatments render both female and male mice more vulnerable to the lethal effects of lead acetate. PMID- 7097790 TI - Protective action of zinc against pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. AB - The influence of Zn on the acute hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was determined in male rats. Zinc, 72 mumol/kg as ZnCl2, was administered ip for 3 consecutive days, followed 16 h after the last dose by a single ip injection of purified mixed PAs (80, 120, or 160 mg/kg) obtained from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). Hepatotoxicity of the PAs was assessed by measuring the activities of plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and by histological examination of the liver. There was a dose-dependent increase in plasma GOT and GTP 24 h after PA administration, whereas no significant increase of these enzymes was seen after administering Zn alone. The 7-fold increase in plasma GOT and 12-fold increase in GPT after PA (120 mg/kg) were reduced to 2.4- and 2.1-fold, respectively, by Zn pretreatment. The PA induced liver necrosis was either reduced in severity or abolished by Zn when the PA dose was 80 or 120 mg/kg. These results suggest a protective effect of Zn against PA hepatotoxicity. The protective effect was associated with a marked increase in liver metallothionein and a significant decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, and in vitro microsomal conversion of the PAs to pyrroles. Liver nonprotein sulfhydryls were unchanged. The possible role of metallothionein in the sequestration of pyrrole metabolites merits further investigation. PMID- 7097791 TI - Mutagenicity of metal salts in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay. AB - Eleven metals were examined for their potential to induce forward mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. The materials tested included AlCl3, CdSO4, HgCl2, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, MgCl2, MnCl2, NaAsO2, Na2HAsO4, NaCl, and Pb(NO3)2. Strong positive responses at survivals greater than 10% were observed with CdSO4, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, and MnCl2. Weak positive responses, yielding 2- to 3-fold increases in mutation frequency above the solvent control at greater than 10% survival, were seen with HgCl2, NaAsO2, Na2HAsO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Negative responses were obtained with MgCl2, NaCl, and AlCl3. PMID- 7097793 TI - Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. V. Effects of structurally related mercaptans on chelation of cadmium from metallothionein. AB - The effects of several mono-, di-, and trithiols (400 mumol/kg) in mobilizing Cd from metallothionein were studied in rats 24 h after a single injection of 109CdCl2 (1 mg kg/Cd). BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) and propanetrithiol (1,2,3 trimercaptopropane) were the most effective mercaptans in increasing the biliary excretion of Cd (3.1 and 5.5% of administered dose, respectively, compared to 0.04% in control injected with propylene glycol) in in situ experiments with a significant decrease in hepatic Cd. Propane-1-thiol was inactive and propanetrithiol was the most toxic of the compounds studied. A number of propane dithiols having sulfhydryl groups at different carbon positions with and without substituents (OH or SO-3) and dimercaptoethane were also tested for effectiveness in removing Cd. All the lipophilic compounds with two adjacent sulhydryl groups were effective in increasing the biliary excretion of Cd, but were less effective than BAL and propanetrithiol. The major form of Cd in liver cytosols of rats pretreated with CdCl2 and injected with mercaptans was metallothionein. A small amount of Cd in liver cytosol and a major portion of biliary Cd in propanetrithiol-injected rats were bound to high-molecular-weight proteins when fractionated on Sephadex G-75 columns. On the other hand, after injection of BAL, most of the Cd in the bile was associated with a fraction of molecular weight 10,000. Even though Cd was present mainly as metallothionein in livers of Cd pretreated rats, the biliary forms of Cd after injection of BAL and propanetrithiol were different. Similar results were obtained when Cd was added in vitro to bile samples collected from control rats that were injected with these chelating agents alone. However, the Sephadex G-75 elution profile of Cd BAL and Cd-propanetrithiol after direct addition to control rat bile showed Cd complexes of identical molecular weight (less than 6000). These results suggested that the Cd-binding ligands present in bile after injection of BAL and propanetrithiol were different from and had a higher molecular weight than the complexes in vitro with Cd and the respective chelating agents. PMID- 7097792 TI - Chronic cadmium exposure: relation to male reproductive toxicity and subsequent fetal outcome. AB - Acute injections of high doses of Cd induce marked testicular necrosis. However, the effects of low-dose, oral Cd exposure on a chronic basis are not well documented. The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of such exposure as reflected in parameters of spermatotoxicity and histology. Moreover, the impact on fetal outcome was measured by evaluating teratological and postnatal neurobehavior endpoints. Male Long-Evans hooded rats (100 d of age) were exposed to 0, 17.2, 34.4, or 68.8 ppm Cd for 70 d. During this period, the animals were maintained on a semipurified diet to control for the contributions of Zn and other trace elements. Near the end of exposure the males were mated to three female rats. One was sacrificed on d 21 of pregnancy for teratological assessment, including fetal weight, and determination of preimplantation and postimplantation loss. The other two dams were allowed to deliver, and their offspring were tested on tasks of exploratory behavior (d 21) and learning (d 90). Subsequently, the male parent was sacrificed and a variety of measures recorded including weights of testes and caudae epididymides, sperm count and sperm morphology, and Cd content of liver and kidney. One of the testes was also evaluated histologically. No significant effects were observed on any of the parameters of reproductive toxicity or fetal outcome. These findings suggest that, at the doses employed in this study, Cd did not have significant deleterious effects on the male reproductive system. Morever, the traditional view of Cd-related testicular insult, based on acute exposure, injection protocols, needs to be reevaluated in terms of environmental relevance. PMID- 7097794 TI - Isolation and properties of cadmium-binding protein induced in rat small intestine by oral administration of cadmium. AB - The chromatographic properties and amino acid composition of Cd-binding protein induced in the rat small intestine by oral administration of Cd were examined. When the intestinal mucosal cytosol from rats treated orally with Cd was chromatographed on Sephadex G-75, Cd in the intestinal mucosa was bound 95.5% to protein of molecular weight about 10,000. A DEAE Sephadex A-25 chromatogram of the Cd-binding protein from Sephadex G-75 showed two major and one minor Cd containing peaks as hepatic and renal metallothionein. The amino acid composition of the two major Cd peaks resembled that of metallothionein from other materials examined. These results indicate that the low-molecular-weight Cd-binding proteins in the small intestinal mucosa meet the criteria for classification as metallothionein, and suggest that induced intestinal Cd-binding protein may be capable of preventing the transport of orally administered Cd from the intestinal mucosa into the other organs. PMID- 7097795 TI - Effects of benzene inhalation on murine pluripotent stem cells. AB - Effects of benzene inhalation on mouse pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells have been evaluated. Male mice 8--12 wk old were exposed to 400 ppm benzene for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for up to 9 1/2 wk. At various time intervals exposed and control animals were killed, and cardiac blood was evaluated for changes in white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) content. In addition, femora and tibiae were evaluated for total marrow cellularity, stem cell content (as measured by the spleen colony technique), and the percent of stem cells in DNA synthesis (as determined by the tritiated thymidine cytocide technique). Exogenous spleen colonies grown from marrow of exposed animals were counted, identified, and scored by histological type. Exposure to benzene caused significant depressions of RBCs and WBCs throughout the exposure period, which continued for at least 14 d after exposure. Bone marrow cellularity and stem cell content were also depressed in exposed animals throughout the study. Tritiated thymidine cytocide of spleen colony-forming cells was generally increased in exposed animals, perhaps indicating a compensatory response to the reduction of circulating cells. Spleen colonies of all types were depressed after exposure to benzene. The significance of the reduction in cellularity, stem cell content, and changes in morphology of spleen colonies is discussed in relation to cellular toxicity and residual injury. PMID- 7097796 TI - Influence of sex hormones on parathion toxicity in rats: antiacetylcholinesterase activity of parathion and paraoxon in plasma, erythrocytes, and brain. AB - Administration of parathion resulted in a greater inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of plasma, erythrocytes, and brain in female rats than in male rats. No sex-related difference was observed in the antiacetylcholinesterase activity of paraoxon, an active metabolite of parathion. Gonadectomy increased the susceptibility of males but had no perceptible effect on females, resulting in comparable inhibition of AChE by parathion in both sexes. Administration of testosterone led to recovery from increased sensitivity to the antiacetylcholinesterase activity of parathion in castrated males and afforded partial protection to ovariectomized females. On the other hand, administration of estradiol further enhanced the enzyme inhibition by parathion in castrated males but had no significant effect on that in ovariectomized females. Alterations in the status of sex hormones did not affect the antiacetylcholinesterase activity of paraoxon in plasma and erythrocytes. However, inhibition of AChE activity by paraoxon was significantly higher in brains of gonadectomized rats than those of normal rats and the effect was reversible on administration of the respective sex hormones. The results indicate that testosterone plays an important role in determining parathion toxicity (as reflected by its antiacetylcholinesterase activity), probably by activating the oxidative cleavage of the insecticide into nontoxic metabolites. PMID- 7097798 TI - Percutaneous penetration of [14C]parathion in the mouse: effect of anatomic region. AB - Percutaneous penetration of [14C]parathion in mouse skin of nose, hind foot, scrotum, and tail was measured by recovery of excreted radioactivity relative to an intravenous dose. Oral ingestion was prevented by use of face muzzles and polyethylene rings at application sites. Penetration per unit area was in the following order (iv = 1.0): nose (0.8), scrotum (0.4), foot (0.3), and tail (0.3). Because of their greater surface area, tail and foot regions would contribute most to absorption in uniform ventral exposure. Daily recovery curves indicate apparent first-order kinetics of elimination. PMID- 7097800 TI - Estimating the proportion of mutagenic compounds in environmental samples. AB - A method for estimating the proportion of mutagens in a sample of N compounds is developed. For this procedure to be applicable, there must be a statistically significant correlation between the number of mutagens in the sample and the sample size N. Sample size is treated as a random variable. A sequential sampling scheme is considered. In the first stage, compounds are identified and classified as mutagens, nonmutagens, or untested, as reported in the literature. In the second stage, all untested compounds are tested for mutagenicity. Since data of this type are not generally available, estimates of the proportions of compounds tested (p), tested and mutagenic (p1), and untested but mutagenic (p2) are developed from existing complications. It is shown that there is a high, statistically significant correlation between the total number of mutagens in a sample and the sample size N. The proportion of mutagens in a sample for various values of p, p1, and p2 is tabulated. PMID- 7097797 TI - Application of a dermal self-exposure model to worker reentry. AB - The dermal toxicity of five commonly used organophosphate insecticides was investigated with a mouse intermittent self-exposure model. Blood cholinesterases were monitored on d -3 and -1 before exposure and for 4--6 d during exposure to foliar residues. Responses were much greater in unmuzzled than in muzzled animals due to oral contamination. After two 10-h exposures, muzzled mice showed log linear cholinesterase responses across a wide range of foliar pesticide concentrations. Foliar pesticide levels that caused 50% depression in plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase were determined with log-probit dose-response analysis. The greatest cholinesterase responses for both emulsifiable concentrate and encapsulated formulations were found with diazinon, followed by parathion and methyl parathion. Azinphos-methyl and mevinphos produced no significant responses in muzzled mice at maximal foliar concentrations. Symptomatology, food consumption, and body weight provided less sensitive indicators of response than cholinesterases. No consistent relation existed between the mouse intermittent self-exposure toxicities and mouse dermal LD50 values. Use of data from acutely exposed animals to predict the hazard of intermittent foliar exposure appears inadvisable. PMID- 7097799 TI - Acute dermal toxicities of various organophosphate insecticides in mice. AB - Dermal LD50 values for five organophosphate insecticides were determined in mice by application of solutions to hind feet. Values were simultaneously generated for the ED50 (milligrams per kilogram) for both cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Lethality was greatest with mevinphos, followed by parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and azinphosmethyl. LD50 values were higher than reported values for mice treated on shaved back skin. Cholinesterase ED50 values roughly agreed with LD50 values for mevinphos, parathion, methyl parathion, and azinphos-methyl, but diazinon appeared much more inhibitory of blood than neuronal cholinesterase. Red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase activities were equally sensitive for all but mevinphos and diazinon. PMID- 7097801 TI - Effect of acute administration of cadmium on distribution of zinc in the hamster. AB - Acute administration of sc doses of Cd (1mg/kg . d, 3 or 6 d) to male golden hamsters resulted in a remarkable dose-dependent increase of Zn in the liver and kidney. In contrast, Zn contents in the heart and testes showed a significant dose-dependent decrease. No change was found in Zn contents of the bone. The correlation coefficients between contents of Cd and Zn in the liver and kidney were much higher in metallothionein fractions than in the corresponding whole organs. These results suggest that Cd induces the synthesis of metallothionein in the liver and kidney, leading to simultaneous accumulation of Cd and Zn in the organs; this in turn decreases the Zn contents in other organs, where weak or no induction of metallothionein synthesis takes place. Therefore Cd might induce Zn deficiency in humans or animals whose pool size and intake of Zn are marginal. PMID- 7097802 TI - Secalonic acid D toxicity in rat lung. AB - Toxicity of the mycotoxin secalonic D (SAD) was examined histopathologically in rats. Dose response was studied by intragastric and intratracheal instillation, and SAD was given in suspension in Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution at doses well below the reported LD50 values for both rats and mice. A full autopsy was performed on rats sacrificed 1--69 d after instillation. Responses differed markedly depending on the route of administration. Histopathological lesions were observed only in the lungs of rats receiving SAD intratracheally. At 24 h after treatment, the lungs of affected animals showed an acute polymorphonuclear reaction in the distal airways and adjacent alveoli and there was necrosis of airway epithelium. The latter resulted in the development of typical lesions of bronchiolitis obliterans. The initial acute inflammatory response in the peripheral lung became granulomatous at 3 d and the granulomas contained numerous foreign body type giant cells. Between 3 and 7 d the granulomas and bronchiolitis obliterans increased in severity; thereafter they tended to resolve. On termination of the experiment at 69 d there were a few small residual granulomas; however, no significant irreversible pulmonary injury was observed. PMID- 7097803 TI - Excitatory and inhibitory effects of acetylcholine on the anterior aorta muscle of Aplysia. AB - The acetylcholine (ACh) responses of anterior aorta muscle cells of Aplysia kurodai were studied by intracellular recording and ACh iontophoresis. Three different types of membrane potential change were observed in response to ACh pulses: a rapid Na+-mediated depolarizing response, a slow, mainly Cl-, in part K+-mediated, hyperpolarizing response, and Na+ (for depolarizing component) and Cl- (for hyperpolarizing component)-mediated biphasic response. The depolarizing response and the depolarizing component of the biphasic response were effectively blocked by hexamethonium or atropine. The hyperpolarizing response and the hyperpolarizing component of the biphasic response were completely blocked by tubocurarine. Low concentrations of ACh inhibited and relaxed the anterior aorta muscle; high concentrations of ACh excited the muscle and initiated contraction. The biphasic responses to ACh are likely due to the presence of more than one ACh receptor type on the same cell membrane of the anterior aorta muscle fiber. PMID- 7097805 TI - Lipophilin-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. AB - Clinical signs of EAE were infrequently observed (1/20) in adult Hartley guinea pigs challenged with isolated human myelin lipophilin in complete Freund's adjuvant. However, CNS vasculitis and parenchymal infiltration by inflammatory cells were found in 10 of 20 inoculated animals. Localized, nonconfluent, small demyelinated lesions were detected in the brain and spinal cord of 5/20 Hartley guinea pigs during an observation period of 120 days. The frequency of both inflammatory and demyelinated lesions in Hartley animals appeared to be dose dependent, but extensive demyelinated lesions were not induced. Persistent residual inoculation mixture at the site of injection was found in animals showing CNS inflammatory and/or demyelinated lesions. In contrast to the Hartley strain, young strain 13 guinea pigs were clinically and pathologically unresponsive to challenge with lipophilin and mycobacteria in water-in-oil emulsion. PMID- 7097804 TI - Relationships between gamma-aminobutyrate and succinate cycles during and after cerebral ischemia. AB - Some metabolites (glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamine, alanine, NH+4) were measured in rat cerebral cortex after 5 minutes of complete compression ischemia, as well as after 5, 15, or 30 minutes of recirculation following 5 minutes of ischemia. Complete ischemia induced a drop of glycolytic substrates and intermediates, consistent with the increase of lactate, succinate, alanine, and gamma-aminobutyrate, and with the decrease of malate, fumarate, and alpha-ketoglutarate. These events may be regarded as an expression of the activation of the gamma-aminobutyrate cycle and of the succinate cycle, where succinate itself, in the absence of O2, acts as a terminal electron acceptor. During post-ischemic recovery, cerebral parameters tended to normalize, except for the further increase of alanine and the still higher than normal content of both succinate and gamma-aminobutyrate, as an expression of the possible activation of the gamma-glutamyl and gamma aminobutyrate cycles during recovery. PMID- 7097806 TI - Protective effects of diisopropyl 1, 3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-105) on liver injury by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). AB - Effects of NKK-105 against lipid peroxidation of microsomes by CCl4 are investigated, in vitro. NKK-105 had no effect on microsomal lipid peroxidation. With the microsomal fraction was preincubated with NKK-105 before adding CCl4, the lipid peroxidation induced with CCl4 was almost prevented by NKK-105. Effects of NKK-105 administration on aminopyrine N-demethylase, cyt.b5, cyt.p-450 and lipid peroxidation in CCl4-induced liver damage were investigated, in vivo. NKK 105 had no effect on the activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase and the content of cyt.b5, cyt.p-450 and peroxide. The content of cyt.b5, cyt.p-450 and the activity of demethylase remarkably decreased with CCl4 administration, but the content of cyt.p-450 and the demethylase activity were restored about 75% of the control values and cyt.b5 content was completely restored with previous administration of NKK-105. The amount of peroxide in the microsomal fraction increased with CCl4 administration was restored to the control level with previous administration of NKK-105. PMID- 7097807 TI - Potentiation of toxicity and positive inotropic effect of ouabain by furosemide in guinea pig heart. AB - The present study was undertaken to elucidate the potentiation by furosemide of toxicity and positive inotropic effect of ouabain in guinea pigs. Arrhythmogenic responses to ouabain as well as the lowering of its lethal dose were potentiated by pretreatment with furosemide in guinea pigs. The potentiation of ouabain toxicity after furosemide administration was inhibited by pretreatment with potassium sparing diuretic, prorenoate. Furosemide-induced potentiations of contractile force and arrhythmogenic effect of ouabain were also observed in isolated guinea pig papillary muscle. However after pretreatment with furosemide, ouabain produced arrhythmias without any significant changes in either left ventricular or subcellular fractions binding of 3H-ouabain in guinea pigs. These findings suggest that furosemide-induced potentiation of ouabain toxicity is at least in part associated with the decreased intracellular potassium content of guinea pig heart. It was also demonstrated that the positive inotropic action induced by subtoxic dose of ouabain was potentiated by furosemide in guinea pig papillary muscle preparation. PMID- 7097808 TI - Comparison of the effect of an equimolar and low dose of fenitrothion and methylparathion on their own metabolism in rat liver. AB - The effects of fenitrothion and methylparathion on the activities of cholinesterase and hepatic microsomal monooxygenases were investigated and compared following a single or repeated oral administration of an equimolar and low dose of the insecticides. The activities of cholinesterase in brain and plasma were inhibited equally by the repetitive administration of both insecticides. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cyt.P-450 content were not affected under the same experimental conditions. However, methylparathion, when given repeatedly, inhibited the dearylation and desulfuration of it own. The results may indicate that low dose continuous exposure to methylparathion could cause the depression of its own metabolism in rat. PMID- 7097809 TI - Studies on chronic toxicity of the low levels of O, O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4 nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate (sumithion) in the rat. AB - To observe the chronic toxicity of Sumithion (o, o-dimethyl, o-(3-methyl-4 nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate), 8 groups of male and female rats were fed for one year with control food and food containing 1, 5 and 25 ppm of the compound. Acute toxicity was also done. We obtained the following results; 1. Oral an intraperitoneal LD50 of male rats were 250 and 500 mg/kg and those of female rats were 310 and 500 mg/kg respectively. All rats showed neurotropic symptoms according to dose. 2. There was no significant difference in body weights, food and water intakes for one year experiment at those dose levels. Some pneumonitis was observed by histological findings in experimental groups at the end of the experiment. 4. Acetylcholinesterase activity of brain, liver and red blood cells slightly decreased in the first month after feeding, but it recovered and kept normal level unit the end of experiment. PMID- 7097810 TI - Effects of cadmium on the tension of isolated rat aorta (a possible mechanism for cadmium-induced hypertension). AB - A possible mechanism for the pressor effect of cadmium was investigated in isolated rat thoracic aorta. Cadmium produced contractions at low concentrations, but relaxations at high concentrations. Phentolamine, a sympathetic alpha blocking agent did not inhibit the cadmium-induced contractions. These contractions were reduced in accordance with the decrease in Ca content in medium and were abolished in Ca-free medium, rather inducing a small degree of relaxation. When low concentrations of cadmium were applied repeatedly for a short period of time, the contractions were remarkably reduced and finally abolished. Noradrenaline-induced contractions were not affected after the completion of cadmium-tachyphylaxis. Low concentrations of cadmium potentiated K , Ba- and noradrenaline-induced contractions, while high concentrations suppressed them. These results suggest that cadmium-induced contractions are dependent on external Ca and that they are produced by direct stimulation on the cell membrane. In addition, low concentrations of cadmium accelerate Ca availability, while high concentrations inhibit it. PMID- 7097811 TI - [A toxicological study of etretinate and its effect on blood and tissue (author's transl)]. AB - 10 mg/kg of etretinate was administrated orally for 4 weeks to a Sprague-Dawley rat (male, approx. 140 g in weight) and its toxicity was checked at 2 and 4 weeks after the start of administration. Recovery was checked 2 and 4 weeks after end of administration. Three weeks after administration of etretinate, a decline in the increase of body weight and a decline in movement due to abnormality in the lower half of the body was seen. Two weeks after administration, the thigh bone was observed to thin and to have fragility; 4 weeks after administration the changes in the thigh bone became more eminent and the forearm was seen to thin 4 weeks after administration of etretinate, the hematological test showed an increase of leukocytes and the biochemical test showed an increase of triglycerides and phospholipids. The calcium in the thigh bone showed a notable decrease 2 and 4 weeks after administration. The decline in the increase of body weight; the increase of leukocytes, triglycerides and phospholipids; and the decrease of calcium in the thigh bone recovered to normal 2 weeks after the end of administration. Blood retinol decreased and a decrease in retinyl palmitate and retinol in the liver was induced by the administration of etretinate. The toxicity of etretinate was seen to be comparatively lower than that of retinoid. A more detailed study is thought to be needed concerning the changes in bone. PMID- 7097812 TI - Open pelvic fractures. AB - Open pelvic fracture is a devastating injury with a reported 50% mortality rate from massive bleeding and pelvic sepsis. Utilizing a graded approach to management of hemorrhage that included wound packing, anti-shock trousers, angiographic embolization, and hemipelvectomy, we controlled bleeding in all but one of the 35 patients in this series. Patients lost an average of 15 units of blood. The overall survival rate was 94.5% in this series, with one death each from hemorrhage and head injury. Prevention of invasive infection by a diverting colostomy in patients with buttock wounds or perineal wounds was stressed, while anterior soft-tissue wound were managed selectively. Debridement and frequent dressing changes under anesthesia were necessary to prevent and/or treat soft tissue infection. Associated injuries occur commonly with genitourinary and peripheral nerve trauma and account for the majority of the long-term morbidity. PMID- 7097813 TI - Diaphragmatic injury: a method for early diagnosis. AB - Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, whether of blunt or penetrating etiology, is difficult to diagnose in the acute phase. The lesion is presently best diagnosed by chest X-ray, but only occasionally. Chest X-ray appears normal or nonspecific 25 to 50% of the time. For this reason, simple diagnostic technique using radiographic methodology available in emergency rooms was studied in animals in order to devise a way to diagnose this injury. Eight per cent diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Renografin, Squibb) was placed into the chest or abdomen of animals with either 8-cm simulated blunt or 5-mm simulated penetrating injuries. The Renografin was infused by either a peritoneal lavage or thoracostomy catheter. Serial X-rays showed diagnostic rate of transdiaphragmatic leakage in 24 of 26 animals with blunt injury and seven of 16 animals with penetrating injury. There was no evidence of pleural, peritoneal, or pulmonary injury from the Renografin itself. It was concluded that the experimental technique may prove useful in screening or confirming traumatic diaphragmatic hernia during the acute or latent phases. PMID- 7097815 TI - A metropolitan airport disaster plan--coordination of a multihospital response to provide on-site resuscitation and stabilization before evacuation. AB - At the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, disaster planning has been an integral part of the airport operations for the past 20 years. The medical component of this disaster planning has focused around the Medical Office at JFK. Through this office, on-site emergency medical teams have been established and trained from all ranks of airport personnel. Following the crash of a Boeing 727 aircraft in 1975, a new concept was added to disaster planning for JFK, which involves bringing the hospital, its facilities, and its personnel to the scene. A new piece of equipment, known as Emergency Mobile Hospital, was developed with the cooperation of the airlines, the operating authority of the airport, and other interested parties. Two such vehicles are now in constant readiness at the airport, and together provide two operating rooms, 12 monitored ICU beds, a 16-bed burn unit, and 72 other beds to be used for on-site stabilization of critically ill patients, before transfer to a definitive care facility. Under the auspices of a single area medical school (New York Medical College) and its affiliated departments of surgery, trauma teams are made available to be airlifted to the scene within 30 minutes of notification. Additional medical teams from other medical school hospitals serve as backup support. The principle of bringing the hospital to the emergency, and of assembling trauma teams for the initial phase, remains the same for Kennedy Airport as for that of any other metropolitan airport. PMID- 7097814 TI - Prognosis and management of victims of near-drowning. AB - Between 1972 and 1981 40 victims of near-drowning were admitted to the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center. Hospital records were reviewed with regard to: 1) the circumstances of submersion and rescue; 2) the patient's condition upon arrival at the emergency room; 3) treatment, hospital course, and ultimate outcome. There were ten hospital deaths, 23 patients recovered completely, and seven were discharged with incapacitating neurologic disability. Three of the neurologically impaired patients died between 1 and 13 months after discharge. All patients who arrived with a beating heart were eventually discharged neurologically intact. Of the 21 patients who required in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ten died, seven remained comatose, and four recovered without serious neurologic deficits. The use of hypothermia, steroids, and barbiturate coma was not randomized, but did not appear to influence ultimate outcome. Intracranial pressure was monitored in five patients and was never elevated during the first 24 hours. The complete recovery of nearly 20% of apparently lifeless individuals justifies aggressive resuscitation and support of all victims of near-drowning. PMID- 7097816 TI - The beneficial effect of early excision on clinical response and thymic activity after burn injury. AB - Catabolic response and immunodepression were studied in guinea pigs with scald burns that were excised on day 1 postburn and those that were scald burned but unexcised. Weight gain returned to normal by day 6 in the excised group but remained depressed in burned but unexcised animals whose wounds were untreated, or in unexcised animals whose wounds were treated by topical silver sulfadiazine. Thymic DNA synthesis returned to normal by day 6 in the excised group but remained depressed in the unexcised group. Plasma and thymic-free cortisol returned to normal by day 6 in the excised group but remained markedly elevated in the burned, unexcised animals. These studies indicate early excision and early wound closure reduce the catabolic response and immunodepression of guinea pigs following burn injury. PMID- 7097817 TI - Electric burns and frostbite: patterns of vascular injury. AB - This pattern of vascular damage after electrical burn or frostbite injury was studied angiographically in rabbits. Frostbite caused a progressive increase in the arterial and venous thrombosis after initial spasm as observed from 15 minutes to 48 hours. The electric injury caused serious vascular damage to be evident at 15 minutes with a slight progression continuing to 48 hours. Anticoagulation and a medical sympathectomy delayed the appearance of vascular injury but did not affect the ultimate vascular or tissue damage. PMID- 7097818 TI - Leukopenia and silver sulfadiazine. AB - The relationship of silver sulfadiazine therapy to leukopenia has been controversial. In our burn unit the incidence of leukopenia increased dramatically in 1978. Leukopenia was observed only in silver sulfadiazine-treated patients and not in patients treated with other agents. Because cimetidine had been introduced at about that time, the possibility of a drug interaction was investigated with a prospective randomized study. It was found that leukopenia continued to appear in a large percentage of patients in both groups, although the incidence was higher in cimetidine-treated patients. PMID- 7097820 TI - Paralysis and aortic thrombosis following blunt abdominal trauma. PMID- 7097821 TI - Compartment syndrome after anti-shock trouser use without lower-extremity trauma. AB - The use of anti-shock trousers is widely advocated for the treatment of hypovolemic shock. Despite its frequent use, few complications have been reported in the medical literature. Although speculation exists that anti-shock trouser application may result in ischemic injury to the lower extremities, this complication has only recently been reported. Our report describes a patient with no lower extremity trauma who developed bilateral anterior and lateral compartment syndromes after the application of anti-shock trousers. PMID- 7097819 TI - Cerebral edema following acute hemorrhage in a murine model: the role crystalloid resuscitation. AB - Unanesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled 40% of their blood volume. After 1 hour of hypovolemia, the animals were resuscitated with either lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or hypertonic lactated saline (HLS). They received a volume of crystalloid equal to the shed blood volume or twice the shed blood volume. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, the animals were sacrificed and the brains excised. The per cent water content was determined. Severe hemorrhage without resuscitation resulted in significantly increased intracerebral water content (77.7 +/- 1.0 vs 78.9 +/- 0.7 p less than 0.05). Resuscitation with twice the shed blood volume of either LRS or HLS prevented this increase in intracerebral water. These data support the conclusion that adequate resuscitation is the critical factor in preventing cerebral edema following acute severe hemorrhage. PMID- 7097823 TI - Level of consciousness and prediction of serious intracranial injury. PMID- 7097825 TI - Childhood hyperpyrexia in Benin City, Nigeria. AB - Childhood hyperpyrexia is associated with serious infections particularly bronchopneumonia, infective diarrhoea, meningitis, measles, urinary tract infections, otitis media, septicemia and sickle cell crisis Hyperpyrexia was found most in children aged 6-12 months followed by children aged 12-18 months. Hyperpyrexia occurred least in children aged 2-6 months. Febrile convulsion was associated with 38% of the cases. Malaria was a cause of convulsion in 27% of children with fever. This appears to contrast earlier reports by Lennox (1953) and Familusi (1971). The study confirms the rarity of hyperpyrexia in children aged 3 months and under. Deaths recorded were in children brought at the late stages of their ill health. Intensive health education is recommended to obviate unnecessary death of children through ignorance and poor knowledge of simple first aid measures. PMID- 7097826 TI - Kala-azar in Portugal. I. Attempts to find a wild reservoir. AB - Kala-azar is now increasing in Portugal where it has been known since 1910. The natural region studied is made up of the western basins of the Tejo and Sado rivers with their important estuaries and the area south of Lisbon. The climate and vegetation are mainly of the mediterranean type. Kala-azar has always been endemic in the sub-region southwest of Lisbon (45 cases from 1961 to 1978). In the Setubal peninsula the disease has always had a low incidence (10 cases from 1961 to 1978). The Alcacer do Sal subregion was, in the past, the second most active endemic zones in the country although after 1950 there was a sudden fall in prevalence (only two cases reported from 1961 to 1978). In this natural region foxes (Vulpes vulpes silacea Miller, 1907) are abundant. One-hundred and ninety eight foxes, mostly from the Alcacer do Sal region, were killed and studied using direct examination of spleen and liver, culture in NNN of spleen and bone-marrow, hamster inoculation of spleen and IFAT of serum. All the examinations were negative for Leishmania, while Hepatozoon was found in 40.6% of the foxes and filaria in 11.9%. In spite of some shortcomings of the study methods it is suggested that they may not be an autonomous sylvatic cycle of kala-azar. The negativity of the results, lack of any sporadic cases in rural people and absence of the characteristics of a natural reservoir in the foxes, all seem to point to such a conclusion. PMID- 7097827 TI - Asymptomatic bacteriuria in Nigerian schoolgirls. PMID- 7097829 TI - Contraceptive effect of breast feeding. PMID- 7097830 TI - Acute diarrhoea in the developing world. PMID- 7097828 TI - Disease concepts and treatment practices relating to schistosomiasis haematobium in Upper Egypt. AB - Disease concepts and medical treatment practices surrounding schistosomiasis haematobium were studied among males in Upper Egyptian villages and towns using interview methods. Most informants considered bilharzia to be a serious disease for which they commonly sought treatment. Its occurrence was attributed primarily to natural causes, particularly various aquatic worms and insects, dirts, excrement, dead animals, toxins and stagnant and vegetated waters, mostly large canals. Contact with water from the Nile river was generally thought to be quite safe. Drug treatment was weakly associated with amount of education. All groups reported use of antischistosomal drugs and plant medicines. Seventy-four per cent of the sample had a treatment history, 64% having taken oral drugs and/or injections, 40% plant medicines and 29% both. Drinking decoctions of damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) was the most commonly used household remedy. Plant materials were usually obtained from fields, gardens and local markets and patent medicines from nearby clinics and private physicians in towns. Recommendations are made for the national mass chemotherapy programme. PMID- 7097822 TI - MAS trousers improperly applied causing a compartment syndrome in lower-extremity trauma. AB - A case is presented in which the leg segments of MAS trousers were deflated without deflating the abdominal segment, causing the trousers to act as a venous tourniquet. As a result bleeding and edema secondary to a pertrochanteric hip fracture were aggravated, causing a compartment syndrome in the thigh; fasciotomy became necessary. MAS trousers must be inflated in proper sequence, the leg segments first and then the abdominal portion. In deflation, the order is reversed. Only if this sequence is followed can MAS trousers be used safely. PMID- 7097831 TI - Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries? The Vellore experience. PMID- 7097832 TI - Outbreak of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella Havana originating in pediatric wards of two hospitals in Shiraz, Iran - In vitro susceptibility patterns. PMID- 7097833 TI - Training of medical assistants in maternal and child health in Ifakara, Tanzania: their reaction to the challenge of active participation in the classroom. PMID- 7097824 TI - Life threatening trauma and serious hand injuries. PMID- 7097835 TI - Human colostrum for prophylaxis against sticky eyes and conjunctivitis in the newborn. PMID- 7097834 TI - Management of expressed human milk in a developing country-experiences and practical guidelines. PMID- 7097836 TI - Ascaris and malnutrition in a group of Brazilian children - a follow-up study. PMID- 7097837 TI - Contracture patterns in poliomyelitis among Ibadan children. PMID- 7097838 TI - Cows' milk as a potential vehicle of diarrhoeal disease pathogens in a West African village. PMID- 7097839 TI - A Nutritional study of under-fives in Eastern Rwanda. PMID- 7097841 TI - Quantitative freeze-fracture study of plasmalemma and nuclear envelope of Zea mays root cells during early germination. PMID- 7097840 TI - A comparison of the effects of glucose and sucrose on cholera toxin induced secretion in the rat jejunum in vivo. PMID- 7097842 TI - A proposed structure of the prolate phage T4 prehead core. An electron microscopic study. PMID- 7097843 TI - Estimation of sectioning compression and thickness of ultrathin sections through Vestopal-W-embedded cat spinal roots. PMID- 7097844 TI - The structure of the tail of the bacteriophage phi CbK. PMID- 7097845 TI - Ultrastructural and radioautographic studies of the digestive gland cells of Drosera capensis. I. Development and mucilage secretion. PMID- 7097846 TI - A specific embedding resin (PVK) for fine cytological investigations in the photoemission electron microscope. PMID- 7097847 TI - The pharmacokinetics, pharmacological responses and behavioral effects of acepromazine in the horse. AB - After intravenous (i.v.) injection, acepromazine was distributed widely in the horse (Vd = 6.6 litres/kg) and bound extensively (greater than 99%) plasma proteins. Plasma levels of drug declined with an alpha half-life of 4.2 min, while the beta phase or elimination half-life was 184.8 min. At a dosage level of 0.3 mg/kg acepromazine was detectable in the plasma for 8 h post dosing. The whole blood partitioning of acepromazine was 46% in the plasma phase and 54% in the erythrocyte phase. Penile prolapse was clearly evident at doses from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.4 mg/kg i.v., and the duration and extent of protrusion were dose related. Hematocrit levels were significantly lowered by administration of 0.002 mg/kg i.v. (about 1 mg to a 500 kg horse) and increasing dosages resulted in greater than 20% lowering of the hematocrit from control levels. Pretreatment of horses with acepromazine also reduced the variable interval (VI 60) responding rate in all horses tested. These data show that hematocrit changes are the most sensitive pharmacological responses to acepromazine, followed by changes in penile extension, respiratory rate, VI responding and locomotor responses. Acepromazine is difficult to detect in plasma at normal clinical doses. However, because of its large volume of distribution, its urinary elimination is likely prolonged, and further work on its elimination in equine urine is required. PMID- 7097848 TI - Dexamethasone in cattle: pharmacokinetics and action on the adrenal gland. AB - The pharmacokinetics of Dexamethasone (DXM) was studied in four cows all of which received DXM alcohol and DXM 21 isonicotinate (as a solution) by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Concentrations of DXM and cortisol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. An additional study was made in a second group of four cows which received intramuscular DXM 21 isonicotinate suspension for the assessment of DXM suppression of adrenal gland function. This was determined by measurements of base-line and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations, before and following DXM administration. Following intravenous administration, the disposition kinetics of both formulations were described by a two-compartment open model. The half-times of elimination were similar; 335 and 291 min, respectively, for DXM alcohol and DXM 21 isonicotinate. All other pharmacokinetic parameters were not statistically different indicating that DXM was almost totally available (from DXM 21 isonicotinate). Following intramuscular administration, no significant difference in parameters was observed between the two formulations. Peak plasma concentrations were reached at 3 to 4 h post injection and bioavailability was approximately 70%. DXM was not detected in the plasma after the intramuscular administration of the suspension. The mean control plasma cortisol concentration was 8.8 +/- 3.03 ng/ml. Following intravenous and intramuscular administrations of DXM alcohol and DXM 21 isonicotinate (solution), cortisol concentrations initially increased. However, at 120 min (intravenous) and 2-4 h (intramuscular), concentrations were negligible; 24-72 h and 48-96 h, respectively elapsed before concentrations returned control values. Following DXM 21 isonicotinate (suspension) there was no initial increase and concentrations had not returned to normal in all four cows until 52 days post administration. Similarly, ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol concentrations decreased progressively and significantly post administration. At 52 days, response to ACTH was normal in all animals. PMID- 7097849 TI - Comparative efficacy of santonin and piperazine against Neoascaris vitulorum in buffalo calves. AB - An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of single dose treatment with santonin and piperazine against naturally acquired Neoascaris vitulorum in sixty-two buffalo calves of 20-60 days of age. Santonin was administered orally in doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg/kg body weight to thirteen, eighteen, and sixteen buffalo calves, respectively. As a control, piperazine (88 mg/kg) was given by drench to a group of fifteen infected buffalo calves. Pretreatment and post treatment faecal eggs per gram (EPG) counts were determined by the Stoll's technique. The percentage reductions in EPG counts on the third and seventh days after administration of the two drugs were calculated. The percentage reduction in EPG counts in the piperazine treated group on the third day was 82 +/- 15, 90.2 +/- 3 and 91.3 +/- 2.3% while on the seventh day these values were 88 +/- 16, 97 +/- 3, and 98 +/- 2% in high, moderate and heavy infection calves, respectively. Treatment with santonin at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight also reduced the EPG counts. The percentage reduction in EPG counts in the calves treated with 15 mg/kg of santonin on the third day was 92.3 +/- 18, 95.8 +/- 7 and 93.5 +/- 4% while on the seventh day these values were 100 +/- 0, 100 +/- 0 and 99.7 +/- 2% in high, moderate and heavily infected calves, respectively. Both piperazine and santonin were associated with some side effects like diarrhoea, restlessness, etc. but their percentage incidence was not significantly different from each other. These findings suggest that santonin in a 15 mg/kg dose has an efficacy similar to piperazine given at the 88 mg/kg dose level for the treatment of ascariasis in buffalo calves. PMID- 7097850 TI - Adverse effects of indomethacin in the horse. PMID- 7097852 TI - Herpesvirus sylvilagus I. Polypeptides of virions and nucleocapsids. AB - Herpesvirus sylvilagus was propagated in juvenile cotton tail rabbit kidney cells and purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of the infected cells. The purification procedure included zonal centrifugation through a 5 to 30% dextran t 10 gradient, followed by equilibrium centrifugation in a 5 to 50% potassium tartrate gradient. H. sylvilagus formed one band after centrifugation through the tartrate gradient at a density of 1.22 g/cm3. Contamination of the purified virus preparation by cellular proteins was less than 0.2% as determined by the removal of radioactivity from an artificially mixed sample containing [35S]methionine labeled control cells and nonlabeled infected cells. H. sylvilagus nucleocapsids were isolated from infected cell nuclei and purified by sedimentation through a 36% sucrose cushion, followed by equilibrium centrifugation in 5 to 50% tartrate gradient. Forty-four polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 18,000 to 230,00 were resolved when [35S]methionine-labeled enveloped H. sylvilagus was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventeen polypeptides found within the enveloped virus were also identified with the nucleocapsid. Six additional nucleocapsid polypeptides han no counterparts within the enveloped virus. The major polypeptide within both the virus and the nucleocapsid had a molecular weight of 150,000. PMID- 7097851 TI - Intracellular DNA of the parvovirus minute virus of mice is organized in a minichromosome structure. AB - Minute virus of mice (MVM) nucleoprotein complexes were leached from infected cell nuclei in the presence of a hypotonic buffer. Detailed biochemical analyses performed on the extracted complexes revealed nucleoprotein complexes sedimenting together with virions at 110S and defective particles sedimenting at 50S. In contrast to the virions, the nucleoprotein complexes were found to be sensitive to treatment with DNase, Sarkosyl, and heparin. They were found to be composed of replicative forms of MVM DNA and cellular histones. After extensive micrococcal nuclease digestion performed on purified nucleoprotein complexes, a viral nucleosomes core containing a DNA segment of about 140 base pairs in length was identified. These complexes when visualized by electron microscopy revealed the existence of beaded structures (minichromosomes) having 26 and 52 beads per monomer and dimer molecules, respectively. We suggest that the organization of the intracellular viral DNA in a minichromosome structure is an essential step in the virus growth cycle. PMID- 7097853 TI - Viral gene products in adenovirus type-2 transformed hamster cells. AB - I have analyzed viral gene products expressed in five adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)- cytoplasmic, viral RNA which was selected by hybridization to cloned restriction endonuclease fragments of Ad2 DNA. Proteins synthesized in vitro were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and compared with those directed by RNAs prepared from productively infected cells. The early regions E1 and E4 of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) were found to be expressed in all of five Ad2-transformed hamster embryo cells lines. RNA transcribed from early region E2, which codes for the 72,000-molecular-weight (72K) DNA-binding protein was detected in cell line HE1 only, and early region E3 was expressed exclusively in cell line HE4. RNA transcribed from the region between approximately 12 and 35 map units, coding for immediate early (13.5K, 52/53K) and immediate early proteins (13.6K, 16K, 17K, 87K), as well as RNA from late genes, was not found in any of the cell lines HE1 to HE5 had electrophoretic mobilities similar to those programmed by RNA from productively infected cells. PMID- 7097854 TI - mRNA 5'-cap binding activity in purified influenza virus detected by simple, rapid assay. AB - Reovirus mRNA 5'-terminal caps were 3'-radiolabeled with pCp and as affinity probes for proteins with cap binding activity. A rapid, simple, and sensitive blot assay was devised that could detect cellular cap binding protein in a complex polypeptide mixture. By using this method, cap binding activity was found in detergent-treated influenza virus but not in reovirus or vaccinia virus. Preincubation of capped reovirus mRNA with purified cellular cap binding protein reduced its primer effect on influenza transcriptase, whereas priming by ApG was not affected. The results indicate that influenza transcriptase complexes include cap-recognizing proteins that are involved in the formation of chimeric mRNAs. PMID- 7097855 TI - UV irradiation analysis of complementation between, and replication of, RNA negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Random UV irradiation-induced lesions destroy the infectivity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by blocking downstream transcription from the single viral promoter. The nucleocapsid-associated polypeptides most likely to be involved in RNA synthesis are located at the extreme ends of the genome: NP and P are promoter proximal genes, and L is the most distal gene. We attempted to order the two temperature-sensitive (ts) RNA-negative (RNA-) mutant groups of NDV by determining the UV target sizes for the complementing abilities of mutants A1 and E1. After UV irradiation, E1 was unable to complement A1, a result compatible with the A mutation lying in the L gene. In contrast, after UV irradiation, A1 was able to complement E1 for both virus production and viral protein synthesis, with a target size most consistent with the E mutation lying in the P gene. UV irradiated virus was unable to replicate as indicated by its absence in the yields of multiply infected cells, either as infectious virus or as particles with complementing activity. After irradiation, ts mutant B1 delta P, with a non ts mutation affecting the electrophoretic mobility of the P protein, complemented E1 in a manner similar to A1, but it did not amplify the expression of delta P in infected cells. This too is consistent with irradiated virus being unable to replicate despite the presence of the components needed for replication of E1. At high UV doses, A1 was able to complement E1 in a different, UV-resistant manner, probably by direct donation of input polypeptides. Multiplicity reactivation has previously been observed at high-multiplicity infection by UV-irradiation paramyxoviruses. In this case, virions which are noninfectious because they lack a protein component may be activated by a protein from irradiation virions. PMID- 7097857 TI - Demonstration of hemolytic and fusion activities of influenza C virus. AB - Influenza C virus showed a marked hemolytic activity when incubated with murine erythrocytes at 37 degrees C in acidic medium. The virus-specific hemolysis was most efficient at pH 5.0. Extensive cell fusion also occurred when the erythrocytes were treated with the virus at acidic pH. When propagated in MDCK cells, the virus had an extremely low infectivity and did not display hemolytic activity in any pH range. When the inactive virus was subjected to mild trypsin treatment, hemolytic activity was drastically manifested, accompanying a drastic increase in infectivity. The glycoprotein in the inactive virus was cleaved into smaller components by trypsin treatments. These results indicated that the envelope of influenza C virus can fuse with the cellular membrane under acidic conditions and that the activation of influenza C virus by cleavage was due to the appearance of this envelope fusion activity. PMID- 7097859 TI - Complementation for replicative form DNA replication of a deletion mutant of H-1 by various parvoviruses. AB - A defective interfering genome of the parvovirus H-1, called dl1, has been isolated and characterized. The only alteration in dl1 that has been detected is a 300-base-pair deletion at map position 38. Replicative form DNA replication of dl1 requires the RF rep function of a helper virus and the parvoviruses H-1, H-3, MVM, or MVM(i), but not LuIII complement dl1 for replicative form DNA replication. PMID- 7097858 TI - Minor coat protein composition and location of the A protein in bacteriophage f1 spheroids and I-forms. AB - The filamentous bacteriophage f1 can be transformed into a spherical particle (spheroid) or an intermediate shortened filament with a flared end (I-forms) by exposure to a chloroform-water interface at 22 or 4 degrees C, respectively. The protein composition of bacteriophage f1 spheroids and I-forms was examined by separating the proteins from the purified. [35S]cysteine-labeled particles by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Quantitation of the radioactivity on the gels showed that I-forms and spheroids contain the same complement of minor coat proteins as do untreated f1 phage. This composition is unchanged after removal of the DNA, either by digestion with micrococcal nuclease or by centrifugation of the particles through CsCl density gradients, indicating that none of the minor coat proteins is held in the particles solely through an interaction with the DNA. We also examined the location of the A protein in I forms by decoration with ferritin-conjugated antibodies and examination under the electron microscope and found that the A protein is located specifically at the flared end of the I-form particle, through which the DNA is extruded and at which contraction into spheroids begins. The implications of these results with regard to the orientation of the DNA within the capsid and the process of infection are discussed. PMID- 7097856 TI - Effects of monensin on morphogenesis and infectivity of Friend murine leukemia virus. AB - The transport of the gp70 glycoprotein to the cell surface and concomitant release of infectious virus was inhibited by treatment of Friend murine leukemia virus-infected Eveline cells with the sodium ionophore monensin. Virus yields were reduced more than 50-fold by 10(-5) M monensin, whereas particle production was reduced by 50% in monensin-treated cells. The resulting particles failed to incorporate newly synthesized gp70 and p15(E), whereas the other structural proteins, p30, p15, p12, and p10, were incorporated into virions. However, monensin did not inhibit the incorporation into virions of preformed gp70. A reduction in the efficiency of cleavage of the PrENV glycoprotein precursor and a defect in the processing of simple endo-H-sensitive to complex endo-H-resistant oligosaccharides suggest that intracellular transport of gp70 may be blocked before its entry into the Golgi apparatus. Fewer particles were found to bud from the cell surface, but intracellular vacuoles with budding virions were detected. Ferritin labeling and pulse-chase studies suggested a cell surface origin for these vacuoles. These experiments indicate that monensin inhibits the transport of Friend murine leukemia virus glycoproteins at an early stage, with a resultant block in the assembly and release of infectious virus. PMID- 7097860 TI - Identification of some bacteriophage T4 prereplicative proteins on two dimensional gel proteins. AB - Profiles of bacteriophage T4 early proteins resolved by a two-dimensional nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis system (P. Z. O'Farrell, H. M. Goodman, and P. H. O'Farrell, Cell 12:1133--1142, 1977) are presented. Over 65 phage-induced proteins were resolved. Amber or deletion mutants were used to identify 17 proteins in the gel patterns as the products of specific genes. PMID- 7097861 TI - Antigenic and genetic characterization of a novel hemagglutinin subtype of influenza A viruses from gulls. AB - Influenza A virus isolates from ring-billed, Franklin, blackback, and herring gulls in the United States possess a hemagglutinin (HA) distinct from the 12 reference HA subtypes. Serological assays (hemagglutination inhibition and double immunodiffusion) with specific antisera to reference strains and to a representative gull isolate showed that the HA of the gull virus was not antigenically related to that of any known subtype. The gull virus did not replicate in ducks or chickens but did replicate in ferrets. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences (and deduced amino acid sequences) of the 3' 20% of the HA genes of these viruses indicates that the gull viruses represent a genetically distinct group. We propose that this HA, which has been detected only in gull isolates thus far, be called the H13 subtype. PMID- 7097862 TI - Mutant identifying a third recombination group in a bunyavirus. AB - Only two recombination groups have been reported in genetic analyses of ts mutants of 10 different bunyaviruses from the Bunyamwera and California encephalitis serogroups, although three groups are expected from the tripartite structure of the genome of all members of the family Bunyaviridae. We describe now a ts mutant of Maguari virus, MAGts23(III), which recombined in both vertebrate (BHK-21) and invertebrate (Aedes albopictus) cells with mutants representing recombination groups I and II of this Bunyamwera serogroup virus. In addition, MAGts23(III) recombined with two mutants MAGts20 and MAGts21, provisionally identified as double mutants by their failure to recombine with group I or group II mutants, Mutant MAGts23(III) therefore represents a third bunyavirus recombination group. Mutant MAGts23(III) differed phenotypically from other bunyavirus mutants by growth restriction in BS-C-1 cells. Wild-type recombinants were obtained in the heterologous cross of MAGts23(III) and a group II mutant of Bunyamwera virus, but not in a cross with a group I mutant. The recombinants had the G protein of the Maguari virus parent and the N protein of the Bunyamwera virus parent. Analysis of the phenotypes of clones isolated at permissive temperature from the progeny of the other cross [MAGts23(III) and a group I mutant of Bunyamwera virus] indicated that recombination occurred in this cross, but that the possible recombinant phenotypes were not recovered with equal frequency. As a consequence, it has not been possible to obtain a gene assignment for group III from genetic data alone. PMID- 7097863 TI - Purification of a native membrane-associated adenovirus tumor antigen. AB - A 15,000-dalton protein was purified from HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2. Proteins solubilized from a membrane fraction of lytically infected cells was used as the starting material for purification. Subsequent purification steps involved lentil-lectin, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite, DEAE-cellulose, and aminohexyl-Sepharose chromatographies. A monospecific antiserum, raised against the purified protein, immunoprecipitated a 15,000-dalton protein encoded in early region E1B (E1B/15K protein) of the adenovirus type 2 DNA. Tryptic finger print analysis revealed that the purified protein was identical to the E1B/15K protein encoded in the transforming part of the viral genome. The antiserum immunoprecipitated the E1B/15K protein from a variety of viral transformed cell lines isolated from humans, rats, or hamsters. The E1B/15K protein was associated with the membrane fraction of both lytically and virus-transformed cell lines and could only be released by detergent treatment. Furthermore, a 11,000- to 12,000 dalton protein that could be precipitated with the anti-E1B/15K serum was recovered from membranes treated with trypsin or proteinase K, suggesting that a major part of the E1B/15K protein is protected in membrane vesicles. Translation of early viral mRNA in a cell-free system, supplemented with rough microsomes, showed that this protein was associated with the membrane fraction also in vitro. PMID- 7097867 TI - Contagious ecthyma in an adult Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in Alaska. PMID- 7097865 TI - Mapping of an adenovirus function involved in the inhibition of DNA degradation. AB - A function involved in the inhibition of DNA degradation has been assigned through complementation tests to a product of region E1b of the adenovirus genome (between 4.5 and 10.5 map units). DNA degradation induced by the adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) cyt mutant H12cyt70 and the Ad5 early deletion mutant dl313 (with the deletion between 3.5 and 10.7 map units) was inhibited by coinfection with Ad5 region E1a (between 0 and 4.5 map units) mutants dl312 and hr1 and region E1b mutant hr6. The defect of inhibition of DNA degradation in Ad5 dl313 was also complemented in 293 cells. This DNase-inhibitory function does not appear to involve polypeptide IX or the 58,000-dalton polypeptide. Wild-type Ad12 induced DNA degradation in hamster embryo cells, suggesting that the DNase-inhibitory function is not expressed in these nonpermissive cells. Additional evidence suggests the involvement of a second viral product which positively influences the DNase activity and which appears to be an early function. PMID- 7097868 TI - Gastric ulceration associated with larval nematodes (Anisakis sp. type I) in pen reared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Torres Strait. AB - During turtle farming operations in Torres Strait, green turtles (Chelonia mydas) penned on Murray Island became infected with a larval nematode (Anisakis sp. Type I). The larvae were found associated with haemorrhagic ulcers in the pyloroduodenal junction of the alimentary tract. The apparent source of infection was a locally abundant sardine (Harengula ovalis), on which the Murray Island turtles were fed. Turtles held on other islands in the region were not fed sardines and remained uninfected. Recommendations were made to prevent further infection. PMID- 7097864 TI - Characterization of a temperature-sensitive fiber mutant of type 5 adenovirus and effect of the mutation on virion assembly. AB - A temperature-sensitive, fiber-minus mutant of type 5 adenovirus, H5ts142, was biochemically and genetically characterized. Genetic studies revealed that H5ts142 was a member of one of the three apparent fiber complementation groups which were detected owing to intracistronic complementation. Recombination analyses showed that it occupied a unique locus at the right end of the adenovirus genetic map. At the nonpermissive temperature, the mutant made stable polypeptides, but they were not glycosylated like wild-type fiber polypeptides. Sedimentation studies of extracts of H5ts142-infected cells cultured and labeled at 39.5 degrees C indicated that a limited number of the fiber polypeptides made at the nonpermissive temperature could assemble into a form having a sedimentation value of 6S (i.e., similar to the trimeric wild-type fiber), but that this 6S structure was not immunologically reactive. When H5ts142-infected cells were shifted to the permissive temperature, 32 degrees C, fiber polypeptides synthesized at 39.5 degrees C were as capable of being assembled into virions as fibers synthesized in wild type-infected cells; de novo protein synthesis was not required to allow this virion assembly. In H5ts142-infected cells incubated at 39.5 degrees C, viral proteins accumulated and aggregated into particles having physical characteristics of empty capsids. These particles did not contain DNA or its associated core proteins. However, when the infected culture was shifted to 32 degrees C, DNA appeared to enter the empty particles and complete virions developed. The intermediate particles obtained had the morphology of adenoviruses, but they contained less than unit-length viral genomes as measured by their buoyant density in a CsCl density gradient and the size of their DNA as determined in both neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. The reduced size of the intermediate particle DNA was demonstrated to be the result of incompletely packaged DNA molecules being fragmented during the preparative procedures. Hybridization of labeled DNA extracted from the intermediate particles to filters containing restriction fragments of the adenovirus genome indicated that the molecular left end of the viral genome preferentially entered these particles. PMID- 7097869 TI - Notoedric mange in the bobcat, Felis rufus, from south Texas. AB - A fatal case of notoedric mange is described in an adult male bobcat, Felis rufus, from south Texas. This cat was extremely weak and emaciated. Skin lesions consisted of greatly thickened, gray encrustations and alopecia of the muzzle, eyes, crown, ears and parietal scalp extending down the neck to the midscapular region of the shoulders. Histologically, there was partial to complete excoriation of the stratum corneum with erosions into the stratum germinativum to the level of the dermis in some areas. Numerous specimens of Notoedres cati (Hering, 1838) were noted, usually in the stratum corneum, sometimes burrowing into the stratum germinativum. A mild dermal inflammatory response consisting principally of neutrophils and round cells was observed. Confirmed notoedric mange with clinical signs similar to the above was also observed by a local veterinarian in three bobcat kittens from the same area. These were treated with a sulfurated lime shampoo followed by VIP dip. Subsequently, they recovered without consequence. These cases emphasize the possibility of notoedric mange as a potential epizootic disease in wild felid populations. PMID- 7097866 TI - RNA synthesis by Newcastle disease virus temperature-sensitive mutants in two RNA negative complementation groups. AB - The temperature-sensitive RNA-negative mutants of Newcastle disease virus comprise two complementation groups, group A (seven members) and group E (one member). The RNA-synthesizing activities of four representative members of group A and the single member of group E were compared with the activity of the wild type. These mutants were defective to varying extents in primary transcription at the nonpermissive temperature, ranging from mutant A1, which had no activity, to mutant E1, which lost only 50% of its activity. All of the mutants were also defective in a postprimary transcriptive process since after preincubation at the permissive temperature in the presence of cycloheximide, there was no subsequent RNA synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature upon removal of the cycloheximide. Similarly, in experiments in which cycloheximide was not used, shifts from the permissive temperature to the nonpermissive temperature before 3 h postinfection did not result in RNA synthesis. However, later shifts to the nonpermissive temperature did allow RNA synthesis. With the exception of mutant A1, all of the mutants maintained this RNA-synthetic ability for at least 3 h, suggesting that RNA synthesis from progeny genomes was not the major postprimary transcriptive defect in these mutants. In contrast, the RNA-synthetic ability of mutant A1 rapidly decayed at the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that the A gene product is involved in RNA synthesis from progeny genomes. The postprimary transcriptive defect(s) of the other mutants may be in the processing or stability of a protein, in the processing of mRNA, or in replication. Plaque forming revertants (ts+) of all of the mutants coreverted for RNA synthesis. This finding strengthens the relationship between temperature sensitivity for plaquing and both the primary and postprimary RNA-negative phenotypes. PMID- 7097870 TI - Pathogenicity and histopathology of an unusually intense infection of white grubs (Posthodiplostomum m. minimum) in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AB - A massive infection of metacercariae, particularly of the white grub (Posthodiplostomum m. minimum), was found in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) taken in November, 1979 from a commercial baitfish farm in Missouri. More than 2000 metacercariae were found in one fish 6 cm long. Low-grade mortality was occurring, and histologic sections showed that an intensive inflammatory response had resulted from the infection. The body cavity also contained a large volume of ascitic fluid with many blood cells, of which 92% were leucocytes. Moderate numbers of metacercariae caused a lesser inflammatory response. PMID- 7097872 TI - Nasal mites (Acari:Halarachnidae) in the spotted seal, Phoca largha Pallas, and other pinnipeds of Alaskan waters. AB - The nasal passages of 349 pinnipeds of seven species were examined for halarachnid mites. Each of seven Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), 75 of 99 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and four of 71 spotted seals (P. largha) were infected, but none of 28 walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), 43 ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 58 ribbon seals (P. fasciata), and 43 bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) was infected. The sea lions harbored Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910) and O. diminuata (Doetschman, 1944), and the harbor and spotted seals harbored Halarachne halichoeri Allman, 1847. The finding of H. halichoeri in the spotted seals is a new host record. PMID- 7097871 TI - Helminths of the spotted seal, Phoca largha, from the Bering Sea. AB - Fifty-five spotted seals, Phoca largha, from the seasonal pack ice of the Bering Sea were examined for helminth parasites. Twelve species of helminths were found: Anophryocephalus ochotensis, Diplogonoporus tetrapterus, Diphyllobothrium cordatum, Phocanema decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum, Dipetalonema spirocauda, Phocitrema fusiforme, Corynosoma semerme, C. strumosum, C. validum, C. villosum, and Bolbosoma sp. Six species are new host records (A. ochotensis, D. tetrapterus, D. cordatum, D. spirocauda, C. validum, and C. villosum). PMID- 7097875 TI - Trichomonas gallinae infections in the ringdove (Streptopelia risoria). AB - Twenty Trichomonas-free ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria) were intubated with Trichomonas gallinae derived from pigeons (Columba livia). By 15 days post intubation (DPI) five doves had T. gallinae-type lesions (Cankers) in the pregastric portion of the digestive system, and six doves had T. gallinae present without lesions. Sixteen Trichomonas-free ring doves were infected using T. gallinae from axenic cultures. By 21 DPI four doves had T. gallinae lesions and died, and one dove had T. gallinae present without lesions. This is the first report of T. gallinae lesions in ring doves since Cauthen reported it in 1936. PMID- 7097873 TI - Trichobilharzia physellae (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from endemic waterfowl on the high plains of Texas. AB - Adult Trichobilharzia physellae were recovered from the liver and mesenteric veins of green-winged teal, Anas creca, blue-winged teal, A. discors, and pintail, A. acuta, breeding on the High Plains of Texas. Wild ducks naturally infected with these schistosomes were emaciated with mild to severe atrophy of the breast musculature. The liver was considerably enlarged, pale and somewhat friable. Numerous viable and dead T. physellae were recovered from the cut surface. On histologic examination, viable adult schistosomes were observed in the portal veins and dead, partly calcified T. physellae were found in the interlobular bile ducts. The normal liver architecture was well preserved but there was mild to extensive fibroplasia of most portal triads. An intense inflammatory response consisting mainly of eosinophils and fibroblasts with a few histiocytes, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes surrounded the infected triads. There was pressure atrophy of adjacent hepatic parenchyma, hyperplasia or atrophy of the bile duct epithelium, bile stasis in smaller interlobular ducts, ectasia of larger portal ducts, focal areas of inflammatory cells throughout the liver, and periphlebitis of portal veins. The basic lesion presented as an obstructive fibrosis of the portal triads. These lesions are compared with those reported in infections by other schistosome species in their respective hosts. The oculate, apharyngeate, furcocercous cercariae of T. physellae were recovered from the snail first intermediate host, Physa anatina. Attempts to infect domestic mallard ducks via skin penetration by these cercariae were unsuccessful. This is the first record of a cercarial dermatitis-producing schistosome species from the Texas Panhandle and the first detailed description of such extensive lesions produced by adult schistosomes in the liver of a vertebrate host. PMID- 7097874 TI - Blood parasites of some birds from the Lorraine region, France. AB - A total of 1650 birds of 56 species representing 21 families (primarily Passeriformes), was examined for blood parasites in the Lorraine region of France. Only 120 (7.3%) birds were infected, with members of the Paridae, Sylviidae and Turdidae the most frequently parasitized. Haemoproteids were the most commonly encountered parasites followed by the leucocytozoids. Other avian hematozoon genera were uncommon. Prevalence of parasitism was closely similar each year over a three-year period. Immature birds were first noted to be infected with Leucocytozoon in mid-June, suggesting transmission in late May to early June. Haemoproteids were first noted in immature birds in early July, suggesting transmission in mid-June. A review of the literature indicates that the prevalence of parasitism by avian blood parasites has decreased in western Europe since the turn of the century and is currently much lower than the prevalence encountered in Scandinavia, central Russia and eastern North America. PMID- 7097877 TI - Metastasizing renal adenocarcinoma in a moose. PMID- 7097876 TI - Oral administration of diazepam and promazine hydrochloride to immobilize pronghorn. AB - Oral tranquilizers were mixed with a grain bait and fed to pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in an attempt to immobilize and thus facilitate their capture. Diazepam, administered at 6 mg/kg body weight immobilized a tame pronghorn fawn within 30 min. Tranquilization was still apparent after 8 h. A minimum dose of 23 mg/kg body weight was necessary to immobilize a wild adult pronghorn. Immobilization occurred after 60 min and tranquilization was apparent 24 h post ingestion. Excitement severely impeded the effect of the drug and although easily captured, the animal struggled wildly when handled. Wild pronghorn fawns showed moderate tranquilization when administered diazepam at 23 mg/kg body weight but were unapproachable. Doses of diazepam between 13 and 23 mg/kg body weight were used to capture tame yearling and adult pronghorn held in a 132 ha enclosure. A dose of 23 mg/kg body weight was excessive in that the animals did not recover for 48 to 54 h post ingestion and had difficulty maintaining a sternal bedding position. Diazepam at 13 mg/kg body weight failed to tranquilize the animals sufficiently for easy capture. Promazine hydrochloride at doses of 2 to 17 mg/kg body weight, given orally to wild pronghorn fawns and an adult, did not produce visible signs of tranquilization. Animals refused to eat bait containing doses of promazine hydrochloride greater than 17 mg/kg body weight. PMID- 7097878 TI - Hematology and blood chemistry of the mountain lion (Felis concolor). PMID- 7097879 TI - Newcastle disease virus in waterfowl in wisconsin. AB - Newcastle disease virus was isolated from the cloaca of 1-5% of live-trapped waterfowl in Wisconsin in the fall from 1978-1980. Antibody to NDV was detected in 8% of the birds tested, with no apparent difference between sex and age classes. Experimental infection resulted in persistence of virus shedding for months after exposure. Lack of detectable antibody in some of the experimentally infected birds suggests that reported antibody prevalence may not be indicative of the true prevalence of the infection. Isolation of NDV for the last 9 years as well as the detection of antibody in waterfowl over 25 years ago, suggests a well adapted host-parasite relationship. Experimental evidence of virus persistence in individual mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) provides a mechanism for maintenance of the virus in the wild population. PMID- 7097880 TI - Experimental salmon poisoning disease in juvenile coyotes (Canis latrans). AB - Salmon poisoning disease (SPD) was experimentally induced in juvenile coyotes (Canis latrans). The disease was lethal in 11 of 12 coyotes within 15 days after inoculation with 1,000 or 4,000 metacercariae of Nanophyetus salmincola. Clinical manifestations of the disease included lymph node enlargement, anorexia, pyrexia, diarrhea and death. Coccoid bodies indistinguishable from rickettsiae were observed in macrophages of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and duodenum. Percentage recovery of adult trematodes from metacercariae administered was 23% from 12 inoculated coyotes, compared to 13% in one inoculated dog. Juvenile coyotes appear to be highly susceptible to experimental SPD. PMID- 7097881 TI - Designation and freezing resistance of isolates of Trichinella spiralis from wild carnivores. AB - A system to designate and define isolates of Trichinella spiralis is proposed. The designation gives the host from which the isolate was recovered, geographic origin, and year of recovery. Isolates of T. spiralis recovered from frozen muscles from four species of wild carnivores had low and different infectivity to laboratory mice. Viable larvae of T. spiralis were obtained from muscle samples of marten, wolverine, polar bear and arctic fox which had been frozen for 5, 6, 12 and 14 mo, respectively. PMID- 7097882 TI - Spirorchidiasis in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): pathology. AB - Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Atlantic seaboard (Florida to Massachusetts) were examined at the Marine Pathology Laboratory, University of Rhode Island, from March through December, 1980. Three genera of blood flukes (spirorchids) were found in 14 (33%) of the 43 turtles. Gross signs in heavily infected animals included cachexia, anemia and enteritis. Histopathological lesions were similar to those present in homeotherms with schistosomiasis. Granulomatous gastritis, enteritis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and nephritis were present. Acute and chronic vasculitis accompanied metastasis of eggs. Infected animals had severe hepatic hemosiderosis, indicative of the anemia observed grossly. Evidence is presented that spirorchidiasis is prevelent in sub-adult loggerhead sea turtles, is responsible for extensive lesions and may be responsible for significant debilitation and mortality. PMID- 7097883 TI - Blood parasites of birds from Chiriqui and Panama Provinces in the Republic of Panama. AB - Blood smears were examined from 3,715 birds from four areas in the Republic of Panama. Hematozoa were present in at least 142 (50%) of the 281 species examined. An overall prevalence of 18% of the individual birds was noted: Haemoproteus 9%, Plasmodium 5%, Leucocytozoon less than 1%, Trypanosoma 2%, Atoxoplasma/Lankesterella less than 1% and microfilariae 3%. Prevalence in each of the four study areas varied from 13% to 28%. Distribution is analyzed by orders, families and individual species of Plasmodium are tabulated. New host records from 170 species of birds are recorded. PMID- 7097884 TI - Hematologic and serum chemical values of adult female Rocky Mountain elk from New Mexico and Oklahoma. AB - Hematologic and serum chemical values were determined for two groups of adult female Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from New Mexico and Oklahoma. Although considerable variation in values was observed between elk from the same group, the mean values from 16 of the 20 blood parameters tested were significantly different between the two groups. Of these, the most significant variations were observed in values which were likely to be influenced by nutritional condition and health status. The results of this study indicate that when evaluating the health status of different herds kept under known conditions, hematologic and serum chemical values are of optimal significance when the mean values of the herds are compared. PMID- 7097886 TI - Isolation of enterotoxigenic Yersinia enterocolitica from birds in Norway. PMID- 7097885 TI - Blood chemistry of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). AB - Blood from 10 clinically healthy West Indian manatees (8 wild, 2 captive) was analyzed for the common blood chemical substances. No sex differences were found. The results were comparable for the most part to those of the common domestic mammals. Notable exceptions were the anion gaps, and total proteins and A/G ratios which were higher than those for domestic species. Some of these differences were no doubt due to the stress of capture. PMID- 7097887 TI - Premature bone loss found in some nonmenstruating sportswomen. PMID- 7097888 TI - Dopamine agonists for polycystic ovary disease? PMID- 7097890 TI - Strange bedfellows: death penalty and medicine. PMID- 7097891 TI - Some cautionary notes on prescribing allopurinol. PMID- 7097892 TI - Chest physician innovations keep sandman out of CME. PMID- 7097889 TI - To treat or not to treat: hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 7097893 TI - Advances in cardiovascular pharmacology. PMID- 7097894 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7097895 TI - Case-control studies. PMID- 7097896 TI - Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. PMID- 7097898 TI - Thorium dioxide and liver cancer. PMID- 7097897 TI - Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests. PMID- 7097899 TI - Fifth disease: Still hazy after all these years. PMID- 7097901 TI - Academy rash. A probable epidemic of erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease'). AB - Over a few weeks, 69 children (13%) enrolled in a private school manifested an erythematous and migratory rash, most commonly on the extremities, along with fever or other systemic or respiratory symptoms. Fever lasted for a mean of four days, and rash, 11 days. Cases appeared in every grade from kindergarten through ninth, and the incidence peaked in the fifth through seventh grades. More boarding students were affected than day students. Secondary cases in households of affected children and among adults from the school were noted. Eighty-eight attempts at virus isolation were unsuccessful. The illnesses were consistent with erythema infectiosum, a disease of unknown etiology, which has occurred in epidemic form in schools and also in sporadic cases. PMID- 7097902 TI - Leprosy. A disease of the heart. PMID- 7097903 TI - Plasma nicotine levels in pipe smokers. AB - The lower morbidity and mortality of pipe smokers compared with cigarette smokers may be due to different inhaling patterns of pipe smokers. Plasma nicotine levels were determined in three groups of pipe smokers: (1) primary pipe smokers, (2) persons who smoke both pipes and cigarettes, and (3) secondary pipe smokers, ie, former cigarette smokers who now smoke pipes only. Primary pipe smokers inhaled minimally, as evidenced by low plasma nicotine concentrations after pipe smoking. In contrast, persons who smoke cigarettes and also pipes had high plasma nicotine levels after pipe smoking (mean, 22 ng/mL) and, hence, must have inhaled. Secondary pipe smokers (former cigarette smokers) had mostly low levels of plasma nicotine (mean, 6 ng/mL), suggesting that not all cigarette smokers continue to inhale when converting to pipe smoking. Pipe smoking may be safer than cigarette smoking in certain individuals. PMID- 7097900 TI - Hip fractures in the elderly. Discharge predictions with a functional rating scale. AB - During a 12-month period, 44 (41%) of 108 patients (50 years of age or older) treated for hip fractures were discharged to a nursing home. One year after the fracture, 29 (66%) remained institutionalized, five (11%) had died, and ten (33%) had returned to their own homes. The discharge medical plan of care, completed by the surgeon, registered nurse, and a social worker, was correct in predicting temporary institutionalization in only 66% of the cases. In an attempt to provide a more accurate method of predicting the outcomes of hip-fracture patients, a functional rating scale was developed. The scale proved to be a valuable adjunct in identifying those patients who were predisposed to permanent institutionalization. PMID- 7097904 TI - Intractable pain therapy using a new epidural catheter. PMID- 7097907 TI - The physician as communicator. PMID- 7097906 TI - Intracranial hemorrhage associated with phencyclidine abuse. PMID- 7097905 TI - Salmonellosis complicating ulcerative colitis. Treatment with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. PMID- 7097908 TI - Cerebral radionuclide angiography. Its application in the diagnosis of brain death. PMID- 7097909 TI - New criteria for diagnosing SLE. PMID- 7097911 TI - Cell membrane defects in mental illness. PMID- 7097910 TI - Quantifying SLE renal biopsy results aids clinician. PMID- 7097912 TI - Postzone v prozone. PMID- 7097913 TI - Antihypertensive medication in the elderly. PMID- 7097915 TI - Medical emergencies in flight. PMID- 7097914 TI - Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. PMID- 7097916 TI - An anesthesiologist's plea. PMID- 7097917 TI - Diplopia following ibuprofen administration. PMID- 7097918 TI - Reye's syndrome and medication use. AB - Ninety-seven Reye's syndrome (RS) cases in Ohio children with onsets from December 1978 through March 1980 were studied for medication use during their pre RS illness. They were matched with 156 control subjects for age, race, sex, geographic location, time, and type of illness. Only the use of aspirin was reported by significantly more cases (97%, 94/97) than controls (71%, 110/156) during the pre-RS matched illness. Using a multiple logistic model to control for the presence of fever, headache, and sore throat statistically, the difference in aspirin use remained significant. Conversely, fewer cases (16%) took medications containing acetaminophen than controls (33%). In 87% of the cases receiving aspirin, their maximum daily dosage did not exceed recommended levels, but their doses were higher than those of controls receiving aspirin. No relationship was found between dosage and stage of RS encephalopathy. PMID- 7097919 TI - Fatal occupational injuries. AB - Deaths resulting from work-related injuries during a one-year period in Maryland were identified and reviewed. Of 148 workers killed, all but two were male. Transportation vehicles were involved in 41% of the deaths, with road vehicles accounting for 25% of the total. Other major groups involved nonroad land vehicles (16%) and firearms, primarily handguns (11%). Two thirds of the workers died at the scene or were dead on arrival at the hospital. Head injuries were the most common cause of death. Eleven percent of the workers tested had blood alcohol concentrations of 0.08% by weight or greater. The majority of the deaths involved either hazards that are not addressed by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or workers in categories that are excluded by law from regulation under this act. PMID- 7097920 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination. AB - An ongoing surveillance program was intensified during the 1979-1980 and the 1980 1981 influenza seasons to determine whether an increased risk of acquiring Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) within eight weeks after influenza vaccination existed for adults in the United States who received influenza vaccine, when compared with adult who had not been vaccinated recently. Five hundred twenty eight cases of GBS with onset between Sept 1 and March 31, including seven following recent vaccination, were reported by participating neurologists in 1979 1980; 459 cases, including 12 following recent vaccination, were reported in 1980 1981. The relative risk of acquiring GBS following influenza vaccination--0.6 in 1979-1980 and 1.4 in 1980-1981--was not significantly different from 1.0 in either season. These results suggest that there was no increased risk of acquiring GBS associated with the influenza vaccines administered during these seasons and that the causative "trigger agent" in the A/New Jersey (swine) influenza vaccine administered in 1976 has not been present in subsequent influenza vaccine preparations. PMID- 7097921 TI - Incidental asymptomatic adrenal masses detected by computed tomographic scanning. Is operation required? AB - Until recently, adrenal masses came to clinical attention either from local symptoms due to massive enlargement or from manifestations of excess hormones production. During the last year, an adrenal mass was identified as an incidental finding in nine patients undergoing abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scanning for unrelated problems. These five men and four women ranged in age from 41 to 73 years. Eight were hypertensive. After the CT scan, each was evaluated for catecholamine or steroid hypersecretion. Only one had clearly elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrine, and catecholamine levels. Equivocal evidence of catecholamine excess was seen in five patients who had slight elevation of one urinary metabolite or of plasma epinephrine or norepinephrine levels. Three patients had no evidence of medullary or cortical hyperfunction on repeated testing. Eight patients were good operative risks and underwent unilateral adrenalectomy without complication. Masses ranging in size from 1 to 4 cm were found in each. These included four cortical adenomas, two adrenal cysts, one adrenal lipoma, and one pheochromocytoma. The pheochromocytoma occurred in the patient with strong biochemical evidence of disease. With wider application of CT imaging, increasing numbers of asymptomatic adrenal masses will be detected. Care in interpreting the clinical significance of these masses and caution in recommending treatment are required. PMID- 7097922 TI - The effects of a nonsurgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. The tongue retaining device. AB - The tongue-retaining device (TRD) was designed to increase the unobstructed dimension of the nasal breathing passage during sleep. Twenty male patients with diagnoses of sleep apnea syndrome, primarily of the obstructive type, confirmed by clinical polysomnography, were fitted with the device. The TRD holds the tongue in a forward position by negative pressure. Fourteen patients have been tested before and after this treatment, and ten of these have also completed two follow-up recordings four to six months after being trained in the use of this device. There was significantly improved sleep and significantly fewer and shorter apneic events on all nights when the device was worn. On the first night of wearing the TRD for a half night only, there was a significant reduction in the number of obstructive and central apneic episodes. The mean apnea plus hypopnea index while wearing the TRD is comparable with the rate reported for patients who have been treated surgically by either tracheostomy or by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, although the tracheostomy group contained more severe cases. PMID- 7097923 TI - Guidelines for providing medical care to Southeast Asian refugees. AB - Almost 500,000 Southeast Asian refugees have arrived in the United States since 1975. While these refugees have not presented substantial public health problems, they have important personal health problems frequently requiring medical attention. Medical care providers in this country need to be aware of disease patterns and prevalence among these refugees. As well, they need to be aware of the cultural and religious backgrounds and previous medical practices of this refugee population, particularly as these practice influence the refugees' ability to obtain and maintain medical services provided in this country. Historical, cultural, religious, ethical, and medical information is provided to help US health care facilities develop culturally appropriate medical care services for Southeast Asian refugees. PMID- 7097924 TI - Spontaneous osteoporotic fracture of the sacrum. An unrecognized syndrome of the elderly. AB - Three elderly patients with incapacitating back and leg pain were found to have spontaneous osteoporotic fractures of the sacrum. The clinical picture in these three patients suggests a distinct clinical entity of spontaneous osteoporotic fracture of the sacrum (SOFS). This is characterized by severe low back, hip, and leg pain that suggests initially lumbosacral radicular compression, either from disk disease, spinal stenosis, tumor. However, objective mechanical signs more typical of those entities may be absent or minimal in SOFS. Symptoms suggestive of a cauda equina syndrome may be present, but there is minimal or no neurological deficit on examination. Marked sacral tenderness is a hallmark of SOFS. PMID- 7097925 TI - Symptomatic coronary artery disease in a marathon runner. PMID- 7097926 TI - Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage from renal carcinoma. PMID- 7097927 TI - Salicylates and Reye's syndrome: epidemiologic data as a basis of action. PMID- 7097928 TI - Preventing injuries, disability, and death at work (starting with vehicles and guns!) PMID- 7097929 TI - Preoperative cardiac catheterization. Its need in most patients with valvular heart disease. PMID- 7097930 TI - Lyme disease: spirochetes up to old ticks? PMID- 7097931 TI - Red macule is pathognomonic; antibiotics help. PMID- 7097932 TI - NMR used to study drugs' toxic effects. PMID- 7097933 TI - The so-called lingual appliances. PMID- 7097934 TI - Abdominal binding during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 7097935 TI - Sinus standstill following lidocaine administration. PMID- 7097936 TI - Infectious mononucleosis and cold urticaria. PMID- 7097937 TI - Free thyroxine levels in critically ill patients. PMID- 7097938 TI - Mortality from myocardial infarction. PMID- 7097939 TI - Ineffectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination for the hepatitis B carrier state. PMID- 7097940 TI - Reduction of catheter-induced infections. PMID- 7097941 TI - "Bolus" injections. PMID- 7097943 TI - Ultrasonic diagnosis of Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome. PMID- 7097942 TI - The "Drano test". PMID- 7097944 TI - Abortion legislation. Implications for medicine. PMID- 7097945 TI - Risk factors for development of toxic shock syndrome. Association with a tampon brand. AB - In September 1980, we interviewed by telephone 50 patients with menstrually associated toxic shock syndrome (TSS) who had onset of illness in July or August 1980. These women were asked to provide information about the type of menstrual sanitary products used during the menstrual period associated with their illness. We also interviewed 150 age-matched control subjects, who were asked the same questions for the menstrual period that occurred in the same month as the illness of the matched case. All 50 cases, but only 125 of 150 controls, used tampons. Among women using tampons, cases were more likely to have used Rely brand tampons when compared with controls. No differences were found between cases and controls in the absorbency of tampon products used. No other factors studied through analysis of a follow-up questionnaire mailed five months after the first study were found to be significantly associated with the development of menstrually associated TSS. PMID- 7097946 TI - Catheter-induced ablation of the atrioventricular junction to control refractory supraventricular arrhythmias. AB - Five patients with recurrent bouts of supraventricular tachycardia proved resistant or became intolerant of both conventional and experimental drugs. These patients were subjected to a new procedure involving delivery of DC shocks to an electrode catheter positioned adjacent to the His bundle. Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in all, one patient died suddenly six weeks after shock therapy, and the remainder had complete AV block with follow-up intervals ranging from four to 12 months. Shock therapy was associated with mild elevations of creatine phosphokinase MB (31 +/- 18 units), but there was no hemodynamic evidence of tricuspid insufficiency. If this new technique proves safe and effective, it should supplant the need for open heart surgical procedures for His-bundle ablation. PMID- 7097947 TI - Prevention of rubella transmission in medical facilities. AB - The widespread use of rubella vaccine in the United States has dramatically decreased the number of rubella cases and has prevented epidemics. Nevertheless, outbreaks of rubella continue to occur in medical facilities and have become important in the transmission of the disease. Control of outbreaks requires isolation of infectious patients, assignment of immune staff only to infectious patients, exclusion from work of infectious personnel, special follow-up of pregnant women and exposed persons, and the rapid vaccination of susceptible staff. Implementation of hospital rubella prevention programs is preferable to controlling an outbreak. The vaccination of all susceptible personnel provides the opportunity for preventing rubella outbreaks, disruption of hospital services, and fetal rubella infection. PMID- 7097949 TI - Tampons and toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7097948 TI - Unexplained fevers in patients with nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 7097950 TI - The hospitalized elderly. PMID- 7097951 TI - Let your fingers do walking to get radiologist's report. PMID- 7097953 TI - Turtle headaches. PMID- 7097952 TI - Pulsing electromagnetic field treatment. PMID- 7097954 TI - Lithium and lupuslike syndrome. PMID- 7097955 TI - Use of seat belts. PMID- 7097956 TI - Subxiphoid pericardiotomy. PMID- 7097958 TI - Thyroglossal duct carcinoma. PMID- 7097957 TI - Sodium diazosalicylate. PMID- 7097960 TI - Wrongful birth. What is the damage? PMID- 7097959 TI - Gangrene of a fingertip from a mitten thread. PMID- 7097962 TI - Experience with penile prostheses in the treatment of impotence in diabetic men. AB - Increasing use of penile prostheses to treat impotence in diabetic men warrants a detailed assessment of functional and subjective outcomes within this group. This study uses record review and patient-partner questionnaire techniques to examine this population and evaluate postoperative satisfaction in terms of changes in patterns of sexual activity, health status, and complication rates. The satisfaction rates among patients and partners were 81% and 83%, respectively. Frequency of sexual activity was increased, and physical enjoyment was improved among satisfied recipients. Most postoperative complications were treatable and led to dissatisfaction only if they were irreparable. Most prostheses are therefore being used successfully. We recommend that impotent diabetic men be informed of the availability of prosthetic implants. PMID- 7097961 TI - On the nature and ethics of phase I clinical trials of cancer chemotherapies. PMID- 7097963 TI - Body weight and subsequent diabetes mellitus. AB - The ten- to 16-year predictive value of body weight for diabetes mellitus was evaluated prospectively in two groups of women with initially normal results of glucose tolerance tests. The incidence of diabetes in 602 high-risk (previous transient gestational glucose intolerance) participants was significantly higher for overweight subjects (46.7%) than for those of normal weight (25.6%). In 328 concurrently selected negative control subjects (without previous intolerance), the difference was not significant (4.5% v 1.9%). Another definition of diabetes, indicating further deterioration, gave similar results, although high-risk overweight women had disproportionately higher incidence rates. Being overweight had no substantial predictive value for diabetes mellitus during this period unless the additional evidence for a high-risk classification was present. Among such persons at high risk, excess weight also predicted the severity of the subsequent diabetic condition. PMID- 7097964 TI - Replicable abstinence rates in an alcoholism treatment program. AB - Treatment outcome studies of alcoholism have historically had innumerable difficulties and controversy. Few investigators ever have reported a replication of their initial study results, let alone the crossvalidation of such initial results. This article provides results of a four-year replication study of a medical behavioral treatment approach. Comparisons of patients receiving a uniform treatment were made at yearly intervals. A few variables are identified to clarify who will or will not achieve and maintain follow-up sobriety, although it is admitted that our knowledge in this area is still rudimentary. These results affirm for the practitioner today that the alcoholic patient is treatable with a high probability of success. When the outcome of treatment is positive, the diagnosis and referral become crucial for alcoholism just as for other treatable diseases. PMID- 7097965 TI - Diagnostic errors in the evaluation of behavioral disorders. PMID- 7097966 TI - Attitudes toward clinical trials among patients and the public. AB - Attitudes toward clinical research, the focus of recent and damaging media attention, were assessed through questionnaires completed anonymously by 104 patients with cancer, 84 cardiology patients, and 107 members of the general public. Responses differed neither by subgroup nor by demographic variables. Data are therefore reported on the total population of 295 subjects. Most respondents (71%) believed that patients should serve as research subjects. In support of this belief, the majority cited potential benefit ot others and the opportunity to increase scientific knowledge, but a different bias emerged when they were asked about their own potential participation. This study shows that diverse respondents view clinical trials as important, ethical, and as a means of attaining superior clinical care. Major importance is attributed to making contributions to medical knowledge and to helping future patients. Contrasts are noted in patients' views of their own treatments v treatments of "'hypothetical others." PMID- 7097967 TI - 'Postmortem' cesarean section with recovery of both mother and offspring. AB - A 27-year-old primigravida of 37 weeks' gestation suffered cardiopulmonary arrest after massive hemoptysis. After extensive advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures, it was thought that the mother could not be resuscitated and a cesarean section was performed. Immediately after delivery of the fetus, the mother's pulse was palpated, and both the mother and infant are alive without neurological sequelae 20 months later. The reversal of the supine hypotensive syndrome, which was precipitated by massive blood loss, may be the mechanism to account for the restoration of the mother's cardiac output after delivery. PMID- 7097968 TI - Diabetes and obesity. PMID- 7097969 TI - Toward better integration of medical and psychiatric care. PMID- 7097970 TI - Conversion of low density lipoprotein 1 (LDL1, 1.019 less than d less than 1.045) to low density lipoprotein 2 (LDL2, 1.045 less than d less than 1.063) by hepatic triglyceride lipase. AB - The role of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in the conversion of LDL1 (1.019 less than d less than 1.045) to LDL2 (1.045 less than 1.063) were investigated on the basis of incubation of 125I-LDL1 with postheparin plasma (PHP) at NaCl concentrations of both 0.15 M and 1.0 M. Insignificant small increments of radioactivity and apoprotein B specific activity of LDL2 were observed even when 125I-LDL1 was incubated with preheparin plasma as the control. When 125I-LDL1 was incubated with PHP, the LDL1 radioactivity decreased and the LDL2 radioactivity increased significantly. the apoprotein B specific activity was also increased in the LDL2 fraction. One molar NaCl did not inhibit these changes. It is concluded that hepatic triglyceride lipase was the major mediator in the conversion of LDL1 to LDL2. PMID- 7097971 TI - Protective effect of lidocaine in reperfused ischemic myocardium--evaluation by hemodynamic and biochemical study. AB - Twenty-nine anesthetized mongrel dogs were subjected to characterize the effect of lidocaine in ischemic reperfused myocardium. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 40 min and reperfused for 15 min. Two mg/kg of lidocaine was administered intravenously prior to the ligation and 2 mg/min (= 0.12 mg/kg/min) was infused continuously throughout the periods of coronary artery ligation and the reperfusion. Hemodynamic indices of left ventricular function were measured before ligation, 40 min after ligation and after 15 min of reperfusion, respectively. Transmural myocardial samples obtained from both the ischemic and the non-ischemic regions after 15 min of reperfusion were divided into the subendocardial and subepicardial layers and used for measurements of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP) and water content. ATP in ischemic endocardium was 1.73 +/- 0.69 mumole/g in the lidocaine-treated group and 1.36 +/- 0.41 in the non-treated group (p less than 0.05), and CP was 2.38 +/ 0.90 mumole/g and 1.59 +/- 0.95, respectively (p less than 0.01). Thus, high energy phosphate was at a significantly higher level in the lidocaine-treated group. Water content was significantly decreased in the lidocaine-treated group as compared with the non-treated group. Coronary blood flow and left ventricular functions were not significantly different between the two groups. These data suggest that lidocaine has a protective effect on ischemic reperfused myocardium and does not depress the left ventricular function in the commonly used doses. PMID- 7097973 TI - Surgical results and factors affecting operative mortality in total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. AB - Factors affecting the surgical results of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage were evaluated in 17 patients in an attempt to establish an appropriate plan of management. The mortality rate correlated with age, size of interatrial communication, arterial oxygen saturation and left heart volume but not with pulmonary to systemic systolic pressure ratio, vascular resistance ratio and right ventricular volume. In cases where the symptoms appeared early in life, left heart volume was small and clinical features were severe. Four children with a left ventricular end-diastolic volume of less than 65% of normal died of low cardiac output syndrome. In those with an unusually small left heart, enlargement of the left atrium and/or delayed ligation of the anomalous vertical vein were considered more favorable. Left atrial and ventricular volumes were restored to normal after the surgery. PMID- 7097974 TI - Correlative studies between Frank vectorcardiograms and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images in patients with old anterior myocardial infarction. AB - A correlative study was performed on 70 patients with old anterior myocardial infarction between each of the orthogonal components of instantaneous QRS vectors and the anterior-wall, lateral-wall and septal myocardial uptake ratios (A-MUR, L MUR, and S-MUR, respectively). These MURs were calculated from the thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images at 5 projections and used as the index of the infarct size of the respective LV wall. The Z components of the 14-msec and 24-msec instantaneous QRS vectors significantly correlated with the S-MUR (r = -0.51) and the A-MUR (r = -0.66) respectively. The X component of the 32-msec instantaneous QRS vector also showed a significant correlation with the L-MUR (r = 0.59). The regression equations obtained in the present study seemed also applicable to patients with complete right bundle branch block. It is concluded that the quantitative analysis of the Frank vectorcardiograms could afford valuable information as to the size as well as the site of myocardial infarctions. PMID- 7097975 TI - Interruption of the aortic arch with patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect in an adult. PMID- 7097976 TI - Quantitative estimation of the right ventricular overloading by thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy. AB - Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy was performed on 55 patients with various types of right ventricular overloading. The right ventricular (RV) free wall was visualized in 39 out of the 55 patients (71%). The mean values of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) in the visualized cases (uptakers) were 54.6 +/- 24.1 and 30.5 +/- 15.3 mmHg, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of the non visualized cases (non-uptakers). There were 12 RVSP-"normotensive" uptakers and 15 PAMP-"normotensive" uptakers. The RV free wall images were classified into three types according to their morphological features. Type I was predominantly seen in cases of RV pressure overloading, type II in RV volume overloading and type III in combined ventricular overloading. RVSP in the type III group was significantly higher than that in other two groups. The radioactivity ratio in RV free well and interventricular septum (IVS), the RV/IVS uptake ratio was calculated using left anterior oblique (LAO) view images. The RV/IVS uptake ratio closely correlated with RVSP and PAMP (r = 0.88 and 0.82, respectively). In each group of RV free wall image, there were also close correlations between the RV/IVS uptake ratio and both RVSP and PAMP. Our results indicate that the RV/IVS uptake ratio can be used as a parameter for the semi-quantitative estimation of right ventricular overloading. PMID- 7097972 TI - Electrophysiological effects of disopyramide on hypoxic rabbit ventricular muscle. AB - Intracellular microelectrode recording techniques were used to elucidate the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic action of disopyramide in an isolated rabbit ventricular muscle perfused by hypoxic Tyrode's solution. Hypoxia induced no significant changes of the resting membrane potential or action potential amplitude but decreased the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential (dV/dt max) and shortened the action potential duration and the effective refractory period. Disopyramide in a dose of 5 microgram/ml induced a significant decrease of resting membrane potential and action potential amplitude of hypoxic muscle while it did not alter these parameters in oxygenated muscle. Disopyramide depressed dV/dt max in hypoxic muscle as well as in oxygenated muscle. However, there was much greater depression in hypoxic cells. After disopyramide, action potential duration at the 90% level of repolarization and the effective refractory period were prolonged in both hypoxic and oxygenated ventricular muscle. However, disopyramide lengthened the effective refractory period of hypoxic muscle to a much greater degree than that of oxygenated muscle. This resulted in a decrease of disparity in refractoriness. The above differential effects of disopyramide in oxygenated and hypoxic tissue may account for its effectiveness in postinfarction re-entrant arrhythmias. PMID- 7097977 TI - [Proceedings of local divisions of the Japanese Circulation Society. Abstracts]. PMID- 7097978 TI - [Aminoglycoside for the infectious disease associated with acute leukemia. Gentamicin intravenous drip administration (author's transl)]. AB - In 29 patients of infection diseases associated with acute leukemia, 60 to 160 mg/day of gentamicin was injected intravenously drip infusion. The results showed that 69.0% of the cases were clinically effective (excellent+good+fair), and 31% ineffective. Abnormal GOT and GPT level was temporarily noted in 2 cases and audiovestibular dysfunction in 1 case, which improved after the discontinuation of the injection. Safety of the intravenous drip administration of gentamicin was discussed. The patients with acute leukemia might easily have opportunistic infection by Gram negative rods and it is more advantageous to administer intravenously drip infusion than intramuscularly because of hemorrhagic tendency. PMID- 7097979 TI - [Pharmacokinetic studies on intravenous drip infusion of dibekacin in elderly subjects without apparent renal failure (author's transl)]. AB - The pharmacokinetic behavior of dibekacin was studied in 8 elderly subjects. These subjects had not apparent renal failure, although they were diagnosed as having various diseases such as arteriosclerosis, essential hypertension, etc. Dibekacin, 50 mg/subject, was infused intravenously for 1 hour. Serum and urine concentrations of dibekacin were measured by the bioassay and radioimmunoassay methods. The peak serum concentration of dibekacin ranged from 3.55 to 5.35 micrograms/ml when measured by bioassay, and from 3.19 to 8.9 micrograms/ml by radioimmunoassay. The biological half-life of dibekacin ranged from 2.13 to 3.45 hours, and from 1.57 to 3.55 hours, with these 2 methods. The area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 14.8 to 25.6 micrograms/ml-hr and from 11.3 to 18.0 microgram/ml . hr, respectively. Creatinine clearance showed a positive correlation with the elimination rate constant and a negative correlation with the distribution volume of dibekacin. These relationships were more pronounced when determined by radioimmunoassay. These data suggest that the peak serum concentration of dibekacin decreases with creatinine clearance. The serum and urine concentrations of dibekacin measured by the radioimmunoassay method correlated well with those measured by the bioassay method. Therefore, it was concluded that the radioimmunoassay method is a useful technique for monitoring the serum concentration of dibekacin. PMID- 7097980 TI - [Concentration of dibekacin sulfate in bone (author's transl)]. AB - The concentrations in serum, cancellous and cortical bones of dibekacin sulfate were measured in 16 cases. Dibekacin sulfate rapidly penetrates into bone. The peak concentration in serum and cancellous bone is reached within 1 hour after intramuscular injection and the concentration in cancellous bone parallels that in serum. The concentration in cortical bone increases with time. Cancellous bone has higher concentration than cortical bone. Dibekacin sulfate is suitable for prevention of infection in orthopaedic surgery, because it maintains a bactericidal level in bone for enough time. PMID- 7097981 TI - [Clinical report of an aged patient with lung abscess who show an excellent response after long-term administration of amikacin (author's transl)]. AB - The patient we report here is a 71 year-old female. After hospitalization, she had clouding of consciousness as an accompanying symptom of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) complicated by septicemia. Her clouding of consciousness caused aspiration pneumonia which developed into pulmonary abscess. Furthermore, she had a large decubital ulcer on the gluteal region. Sputum cultures revealed P. aeruginosa, Serratia and Klebsiella and those from decubital pus grew Proteus, showing to be a mixed infection due to Gram-negative bacilli which brings on medical discussion at present. To the patient, repeated intramuscular AMK was administered at a daily dose of 200 mg ( DURATION: 124 days, Total amount: 24,800 mg). Chest X-P showed a marked improvement. Similarly, the large decubital ulcer was improved. No side-effects were observed in the kidney and eighth nerve though she was a patient with the advanced age of 71. It is thought, therefore, that patients can tolerate long-term treatment with AMK. PMID- 7097982 TI - [A study on the disc sensitivity test for fosfomycin (author's transl)]. AB - Susceptibilities to fosfomycin of 216 strains of 28 bacterial species were determined by the 2-fold agar dilution method in parallel with the diameter of inhibition zone by the single-disc method, under the experimental condition establish by Kanazawa. The experiments demonstrated significant correlation between MIC by the dilution method and diameter of inhibition zone in each of conventional assay of the over-night (about 16 hours) incubation, delayed assay (about 24 hours incubation), thus confirming applicability of the single-disc assay for fosfomycin. Analysis of the data obtained by using fosfomycin disc containing 200 micrograms revealed the primary regression equation to be: D (diameter, mm) = 42.73-13.85 log MIC (microgram/ml) in conventional assay, D = 56.51-18.18 log (microgram/ml) in delayed assay, respectively. The range of variations in MICs estimated from the diameter of inhibition zone by the disc test was then calculated in comparison with that in MIC determined by the 2-fold agar dilution assays, as reference for the experimental errors which may be involved in the estimation of MIC of fosfomycin by the single-disc assay. PMID- 7097983 TI - [Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated clinically to CEPs. Results obtained with strains originating in superficial abscess in infants (author's transl)]. AB - Seven CEPs agents (CEX, CXD, CDX, CEZ, CTM, CMZ and CXM) were examined for their MIC's against 240 strains of S. aureus isolated from superficial abscesses in infants. 1) Oral agents of CEPs, CEX, CXD and CDX gave similar results in MIC50, MIC80 and MIC90. Eight to 10% of the strains had high MIC's considered to be resistant at an inoculum size of 10(8) CFU/ml. 2) In injectable agents of CEPs, CEZ, CTM, CMZ and CXM, MIC50 showed MIC reflecting their antibacterial activity and MIC80 covered MIC which was considered as clinically effective. However, MIC90 reflected the presence of bacteria considered to be resistant to some degree and differed from one agent to another. The proportion of the strains which gave 50 micrograms/ml or higher MIC at an inoculum size of 10(8) CFU/ml was 5.8% for CEZ, 4.6% for CTM, and 7.1% for CXM, suggesting the presence of resistant bacteria at a proportion of 5-7%. In contrast, it was as low as 0.8% for CMZ. 3) These results indicate that strains resistant to CEPs tend to increase and take root in bacteria existing in quite usual and general living environment such as S. aureus isolated from superficial abscess in infants. This is a serious situation. Various studies on bacteria resistant to CEPs are being expected to be performed in each field. PMID- 7097984 TI - [Studies of the concentration of cefoxitin in oro-maxillary tissues and serum (author's transl)]. AB - We studied cefoxitin (CFX) concentration of oro-maxillary tissues in rats and in 18 patients by means of bioassay method. In rats, the highest peak concentrations were observed in the gingiva and buccal mucosa followed by the tongue, submaxillary gland, lower jaw bone and the masseter muscle in the order listed. In patients, the highest peak concentrations were observed in the maxillary sinus mucosa and peak concentrations in oro-maxillary tissues were from 1/5 to 2/3 of the corresponding serum concentrations. Further study is needed to elucidate the reason for the high peak CFX concentration in the maxillary sinus mucosa and the apparent delayed peak concentration in the salivary gland. PMID- 7097986 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in treatment of infections in obstetric and gynecologic field (author's transl)]. AB - Ten patients (8 with moderate or severe infections, 2 for prevention of postoperative infections) were treated with cefoxitin. The patients were given cefoxitin of 2 approximately 9 g, given once, or in 2 approximately 3 divided doses. Clinical efficacy was good in 7 cases, fair in 2 and poor in 1. Transient nausea and vomiting occurred in 1 patient when a direct intrauterine injection (1 g of cefoxitin) was given, however, no side effects were observed in the other patients. The result of this study demonstrates that cefoxitin when given massively is effective in achieving bacteriologic and clinical cure in treatment of infections and for prevention of postoperative infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. PMID- 7097985 TI - [A study on penetration of antibiotics into the cerebrospinal fluid after the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (author's transl)]. AB - Neurological surgeon must select the effective antibiotics to bacterium, that which penetrated enough to the intracranial organ through the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we measured the concentration of cefotiam (CTM), cephalothin (CET), cephacetrile (CEC) and sulbenicillin (SBPC) into the cerebrospinal fluid in the non inflammatory cases with V-P shunt. 1. Antibiotic concentrations in CSF and CSF/serum ratio (%) were evaluated at 2 hours after an intravenous administration of antibiotics. CTM; 0.543 microgram/ml (3.66%), CET; 1.84 micrograms/ml (7.45%), CEC; 1.77 micrograms/ml (7.5%), SBPC, 6.15 micrograms/ml (5.58%). 2. The peak of antibiotic concentration in CSF appeared from 2 hours after administration and gradually decreased. In cellular tumor cases, the penetration of antibiotics into CSF showed similar levels as the cerebrovascular disease cases. 3. Concentration of CTM in CSF was higher than MIC of CTM to S. pyogenes and E. coli. PMID- 7097987 TI - [Clinical studies on amikacin for infectious diseases following intravenous drip infusion (author's transl)]. AB - An antibiotic drug of aminoglycoside group, amikacin (AMK) for parenteral use was used to 8 hospitalized patients: 4 with acute or subacute cholecystitis and cholangitis, 4 with acute peritonitis (3 cases were due to acute appendicitis and a case was torsion of right ovarian cyst). AMK in a dose of 200 mg were administered by intravenous drip infusion for 1 to 2 hours, twice a day for 4 to 9 days. To the cases with biliary tract infection, AMK was treated to preoperatively and to the cases with acute peritonitis, AMK was treated to the postoperatively. Clinical response was excellent in 2 cases, good in 6 cases, fair and poor in none. No adverse effect was observed. The organisms were isolated in 4 cases, 4 were Escherichia coli, 1 was Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1 was Bacteroides fragilis. The MIC for AMK were 3.13-1.56 micrograms/ml in 10(8) and 10(6) cells/ml, except Bacteroides fragilis. Before the operation of above cases, AMK in a dose of 200 mg were administered by intravenous drip infusion in 2 cases (acute and subacute cholecystitis and cholangitis with cholelithiasis), 5 cases by intramuscularly and 1 case by intravenously (acute appendicitis with localized peritonitis). The materials of A-bile, B-bile, wall of gallbladder, the appendix, ascites and serum samples were taken during the operation. AMK concentration was measured by bioassay method with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as test organism. AMK concentration in B-bile were higher than those in the A-bile. AMK concentrations in wall of gallbladder were much higher than those in A and B bile. The concentrations after intravenous drip infusion were higher than those after intramuscularly administration. AMK changes of inflammation. In a case of gastric ulcer, AMK 200 mg by intravenous drip infusion was administrated, the AMK concentrations of the tissues at 25 minutes after end of infusion, they were 15.00 micrograms/g in gastric ulcer, 7.20 micrograms/g in normal gastric wall, 9.14 micrograms/g in duodenal wall and 8.12 micrograms/g in the omentum, respectively. Serum concentration of AMK on this case at 58 minutes was 15.7 micrograms/ml. Therefore, it was supposed that AMK could be used safety and effective by intravenous drip infusion. PMID- 7097988 TI - [Immunogenicity study of netilmicin (author's transl)]. AB - Immunogenicity of netilmicin (NTL) was studied and following results were obtained. The antisera obtained from rabbits immunized with both NTL alone and NTL . HSA mixture did not show positive response in the heterologous 3-hour PCA reaction and the passive hemagglutination test against the challenge of either NTL alone of NTL . OVA mixture. Guinea pigs immunized with NTL alone did not exhibit systemic anaphylaxis when elicited with NTL alone. The antisera obtained from BALB/c mice immunized with NTL-OVA conjugate adsorbed to A1(OH)3 gel gave positive response in the 24-hour PCA reaction by the method described by MOTA, whereas did not respond to intact NTL in the same system. Similar responses were also obtained in the animals immunized with either gentamicin or gentamicin.protein mixture used as control. PMID- 7097989 TI - [Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of netilmicin in rats (I). Metabolic fate of netilmicin after a single dose (author's transl)]. AB - The absorption, distribution and excretion of netilmicin (NTL) in rats were examined by the microbiological assay method. Plasma level and urinary excretion of NTL in rats after intramuscular administration were compared with those of 5 other aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin, sisomicin, dibekacin, amikacin and tobramycin. 1. After intravenous administration, plasma level of NTL declined rapidly with a half-life of about 18 minutes. In the cases of intramuscular, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administrations, plasma levels reached maximum at 15 minutes and declined with similar half-life as intravenous administration. 2. When 20 mg/kg of NTL was administered intramuscularly, NTL was highly distributed into the kidney, while poorly into the brain. The disappearance rates of NTL from the tissues except the kidney were almost same as that from the plasma. Concentration of NTL in kidney was about 3 times higher than that in plasma at 15 minutes after administration and declined with a half-life of about 7 days. 3. NTL excreted in the bile within 24 hours was only 0.2% of the dose administered (20 mg/kg, i.m.). An average concentration of bile during the first 2 hours was 3 mcg/ml. 4. Irrespective of the route of administration (i.v., i.m., i.p. and s.c.), NTL was excreted rapidly in the urine and 70.0 approximately 81.0% of the dose was recovered within 6 hours. 5. Plasma level and urinary excretion of NTL after intramuscular administration (20 mg/kg) were almost similar to those of 5 other aminoglycoside antibiotics. 6. There was no difference between NTL and GM in plasma level after high dose (100 mg/kg, i.m). PMID- 7097990 TI - [Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of netilmicin in rats (II). Accumulation study of netilmicin after repeated administration]. AB - Repeated administration of netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, to rats at daily intramuscular dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg for 22 days did not affect the plasma level and the plasma half-life of the drug. The concentrations of NTL in the kidney increased markedly after repeated administration, and reached peak level after 8 and 15 doses for 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Cumulative effect of NTL after repeated dose was also observed in the liver, spleen and lung, although the peak concentrations of NTL in these organs were below 1/50 of that in the kidney. Blood and tissue levels of NTL in rats were determined after a single intramuscular administration of 14C-NTL at a dose of 20 mg/kg following 21 repeated intramuscular administrations of NTL at daily dose of 20 mg/kg. The repeated dose of NTL had no effect on the blood level-time curve of radioactivity. The concentration of NTL in the kidney determined by radioassay was about 1/3 of that determined by bioassay, whereas the half-lives in the tissue levels determined by these two assays were nearly identical with each other. The half-life in the lung determined by bioassay was almost identical to that determined by radioassay, whereas the former was rather shorter than the latter in the liver and spleen. PMID- 7097991 TI - [Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of netilmicin in rats (III). Metabolic fate of 14C-netilmicin after intramuscular administration (author's transl)]. AB - The metabolic fate of 14C-netilmicin (14C-NTL) was studied in rats after intramuscular administration (20 mg/kg). 1. Binding ratio of 14C-NTL to rat plasma protein, determined by the ultracentrifugal method, was 15 approximately 20% during the first 1 hour after intramuscular administration. 2. Binding ratio of 14C-NTL to HSA, determined by the equilibrium dialysis method, was 15 approximately 23%. Binding constant (K) and maximum binding number (n) were calculated as 1.48 X 10(4) and 3.3 mole/mole, respectively. Half of 14C-NTL bound to HSA was dissociated from HSA by gel-filtration. 3. The radioactivity in tail vein blood reached peak level at 10 minutes after intramuscular administration and declined rapidly. 4. Since the distribution rate of 14C-NTL into the blood cells was low during the first 2 hours, the plasma level at that time was about 1.5 times higher than whole blood level. 5. The recovery of radioactivity in the bile (0 approximately 24 hours) was only 0.13% of the dose administered. An average concentration during 2 hours after intramuscular injection was 2.5 mcg/ml. 6. Within 2 hours after administration, approximately 40% of the dose was recovered in the urine. Within 24 hours, 87.8% of the dose was excreted in the urine, 2.6% in the feces, 0.3% in the cage washing and 8.8% in the carcass. Total recovery ratio was 99.5% of the dose. 7. The radioactivity was widely distributed in the tissues, especially high in the kidney and bone, low in the brain. A high concentration of radioactivity was found in the renal cortex at 24 hours after administration. 8. Netilmicin was excreted into the urine unchanged and no metabolites were detected by TLC at all. PMID- 7097992 TI - [Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of netilmicin in rats (IV). Distribution in kidney and transmigration to fetus or suckling (author's transl)]. AB - Distribution in kidney and transmigration to fetus or suckling in rats were studied in male, pregnant or lactating rats after intramuscular administration of 14C-netilmicin (20 mg/kg). 1. After administration to male rats, the radioactivity in the kidney declined slowly with a half-life of approximately 6 days. 2. The radioactivity in the kidney was distributed in the renal cortex. The distribution pattern was further investigated by means of microautoradiography. The radioactivity was specifically observed in lysosomal granules of the proximal tubules at 6 hours after administration and reached maximum at 24 hours after administration, then declined gradually. On the other hand, the radioactivity in the distal tubules was lower than that of the proximal tubules. The highest radioactivity in the distal tubules was detected later than 24 hours after administration. 3. In pregnant rats (20th day of gestation), the distribution of radioactivity in the tissues were almost the same as those in the male rat. The small amount of radioactivity was detected in the fetal kidney and bone. 4. In mother rats (14 days after parturition), the radioactivity in the milk was 3 approximately 4 mcg equivalent of netilmicin/ml during 24 hours after administration. The small amount of radioactivity (0.13% of dose) was observed in the gastrointestinal contents of a suckling with 6 hours after administration. PMID- 7097993 TI - [Absorption, excretion and metabolism of netilmicin in beagle dogs (author's transl)]. AB - Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, injected intramuscularly to Beagle dogs were compared with those of gentamicin (GM), and the relationship between NTL dosage administered and plasma level and urinary excretion was examined. 1. When administered to 6 male Beagle dogs at a dose of 10 mg/kg, the plasma level showed a broad peak (ca. 23 mcg/ml) at 10 to 45 minutes after administration and declined thereafter with half-life of 65 minutes. On the other hand, the plasma level of GM administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg showed a peak (ca. 24mcg/ml) at 15 to 45 minutes after administration and the elimination half-life was 75 minutes. Both of the urinary concentrations of NTL and GM administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg were highest in the 4- to 6-hour urine, whereas NTL and GM recovered in the 24-hour urine were 51.7% and 57.7% of the dose administered, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profile of NTL administered intramuscularly to Beagle dogs appeared to be almost identical to that of GM. 2. The peak plasma level of ca. 50 mcg/ml was obtained at 10 to 60 minutes after administration of NTL at 20 mg/kg, and the half-life was 74 minutes. NTL recovered in the 24-hour urine was 69.7% of the dose administered. 3. TLC-bioautograms showed no biologically active metabolites of NTL in the urine collected from Beagle dogs given the antibiotic intramuscularly. PMID- 7097994 TI - Effects of acute changes in left ventricular size on surface potential in man. AB - Effects of cardiac size on surface potential magnitude were investigated by induction of acute changes in ventricular dimensions by rapid atrial pacing in 17 cases with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and in 15 cases without IHD. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (LVDd), estimated by echocardiography, decreased along with certain changes in surface potential magnitude during atrial pacing in each case. A positive correlation between LVDd and the amplitudes of RV5, RX, and the maximum spatial QRS magnitude was observed in most of the cases and might be explained by changes in distance between the heart and the chest electrode and/or the Brody effect. However, an inverse correlation was observed in 4 of 17 cases with IHD, and could not be explained by these factors. Other factors, such as changes in the ventricular activation sequence, should be considered as the mechanism. PMID- 7097996 TI - Superiority of two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. AB - This study compares the role of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of the nonstenotic, congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. Ten asymptomatic healthy subjects (age 20-35 years) with a systolic ejection click and short systolic murmur were evaluated. M-mode echocardiograms were entirely normal. The aortic root, diastolic closure line, eccentricity index of the aortic valve, and left ventricular size and function were normal in every subject. The two-dimensional parasternal long axis view of the aortic root was also normal in all patients with bicuspid aortic valves; there were no abnormalities of systolic excursion of the aortic cusps and doming of the aortic valve was absent. Images obtained in the two-dimensional parasternal short axis view of the aortic root at the level of the aortic valve revealed only two cusps, anterior and posterior, in all patients. The classic closure pattern of the normal tricuspid aortic valve forming a "Y" was absent in every subject. Instead, a horizontal closure line along the "X" axis was demonstrated in all patients; changing the angulation of the transducer in various positions did not alter this pattern. All subjects had increased reflectance of echoes along the line of diastolic closure, probably resulting from redundancy of the aortic cusp tissue. We conclude that because of the inability of the M-mode echocardiographic technique to accurately diagnose this condition in the study group, two-dimensional echocardiography should be the technique of choice in the evaluation of patients with a suspected bicuspid aortic valve. Recognition of this condition is important in view of its susceptibility to subacute bacterial endocarditis, aortic stenosis, and regurgitation. PMID- 7097995 TI - Moving multiple dipole model for cardiac activity. AB - A single-dipole model and a two-dipole model have been examined to approximate the electrical activity of heart; positions as well as vector components of these dipoles were estimated from the body surface potential distribution that was measured with 64 electrodes arranged on the chest. The "residue" has been defined as a measure for how much potential component is left that cannot be attributed to the equivalent dipoles. A locus of the vector end of an equivalent dipole in the single-dipole model is very much like ordinary vectorcardiogram (VCG). The residue has a peak in the last half of QRS; this means that the single-dipole approximation is not valid there. Then another dipole is introduced, which is the two-dipole approximation. The residue has been greatly reduced and the peak disappears; the resultant two dipoles move around in the right and left parts of the heart with nearly opposite directions. The moving-two-dipole model for normal subjects describes the cardiac activity in QRS much better than with the moving single-dipole model. PMID- 7097998 TI - Infective endocarditis at autopsy in northern India. A study of 120 cases. AB - Pathologic data on 120 autopsied cases of infective endocarditis are presented. They constitute 1.8% of total 6,700 and 6.3% of 1,900 cardiac autopsies over 16 years. Ninety % of patients were below the age of 40 years, 42.5% had no pre existing heart disease, 33.3% had previous valvular disease, mainly rheumatic, and 24.2% had congenital heart disease. Mitral and aortic valves were each the sites in one third cases, mitral slightly more than aortic, twenty-six point six % of the cases had lesions on the right side of the heart, 16.6% exclusively so. Cardiac complications were infrequent while systemic infarcts were found in over 80% cases. A route of infection was detected only in 24.1% of the cases, puerperal sepsis being the commonest. Staphylococci were the responsible bacteria in 18 out of 28 cases in which microbiologic data were available. There were only 2 cases with infective lesions on prosthetic valves, both fungal. The pattern of infective endocarditis in this and other reports from India and Africa differs from that in the West, in many respects including younger age of our patients, significant rheumatic background disease, absence of narcotic addicts and of "degenerative heart disease" and lower incidence of cardiac complications. PMID- 7097999 TI - Angiographic evidence of left main trunk spasm as a possible cause of syndrome X. AB - The present case is a 49-year-old female who began to feel a chest pain during exercise 2 years ago. Recently, the chest pain occurred during light exercise as well as at rest. The electrocardiogram during the attack showed remarkable ischemic ST segment depression. No abnormality was found in the coronary cineangiography. She was diagnosed as Syndrome X. However, coronary cineangiography during an attack on another day showed a severe spasm in the left main trunk. Thus, a spasm must be considered as one of the causes of "Syndrome X". PMID- 7097997 TI - Influence of ergometer exercise on aortic pressure-diameter relationship in healthy men. AB - In order to investigate the change of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship during exercise, M-mode echograms and/or two-dimensional echograms of the aortic root and of the abdominal aorta were taken before and during supine ergometer exercise in 15 healthy men. The difference of the angle of the ultrasonic beam to the aorta between before and during exercise was too small to influence the measured values. The exercise, which elevated heart rate to 100 beats/min, caused a shift of the pressure-diameter relationship curve of the aortic root to a lower diameter (on an average, end-systolic diameter: from 3.1 to 2.9 cm, p less than 0.001; end-diastolic: from 2.9 to 2.7 cm, p less than 0.001). This was also seen in the abdominal aorta. Stroke volume showed no change during exercise. Total peripheral vascular resistance decreased. Central aortic volume decreased. In conclusion, exercise induces active constriction of aorta with dilatation of arterioles. This might be beneficial to push the blood into the peripheral tissues. PMID- 7098000 TI - Multiple atherosclerotic coronary aneurysms in association with acute myocardial infarction. AB - A 60-year-old woman with multiple coronary aneurysms, complicated with acute infero-posterior myocardial infarction is presented. The cine-coronary arteriogram disclosed a diffuse dilatation of epicardial coronary arteries associated with multiple aneurysms, fusiform ones in the right coronary and the left circumflex coronary arteries and saccular ones in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Distal run-off was poor. Ventriculography revealed a decrease in the ejection fraction (36%) and segmental abnormal wall motion at the apical and infero-posterior regions. The cause of the aneurysms appeared to be atherosclerotic. We suggested that coronary embolization was the cause of acute myocardial infarction in this case. PMID- 7098001 TI - The spontaneously hypertensive rat (17). Proceedings of XVII annual scientific meeting of the Council for the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), December 3 4, 1981, Shizuoka-ken. PMID- 7098002 TI - [A case of chronic idiopathic neutropenia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098003 TI - [In vitro effect of the lithium on the neutrophil carbohydrate metabolism and NBT reduction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098004 TI - [A case of disseminated plasmacytosis with polyclonal hyper gamma-globulinemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098005 TI - [A case of splenic cyst accompanied with hypersplenism]. PMID- 7098006 TI - [Subcutaneous administration of heparin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098007 TI - [Clinical evaluation on serum ferritin in gynecological diseases with special attention to uterine cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098008 TI - [Erythroenzymopathies--the results and problems of red cell enzyme assays carried out in the past 9 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098009 TI - [Clinical trial of new bleeding time device (Simplate II) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098010 TI - [Ultrastructural cytochemistry of periodic acid-reactive complex carbohydrates in peroxidase-negative acute leukemia of children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098011 TI - [A case of high phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098012 TI - [Two cases of pyruvate kinase variants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098013 TI - [Therapeutic thrombocytopheresis in a case of primary thrombocythemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098014 TI - [Local factors responsible for causing edema--changes in the volume of interstitial fluid]. PMID- 7098015 TI - [Morphology of capillary permeability]. PMID- 7098016 TI - [Mathematical studies of capillary permeability]. PMID- 7098017 TI - [Capillary permeability and vesicular transport]. PMID- 7098019 TI - [Transport of edematous fluid in the lymphatic system and movement of lymphatic vessels]. PMID- 7098018 TI - [Interstitial fluid and lymphatic circulation]. PMID- 7098020 TI - [Components of edematous fluid]. PMID- 7098021 TI - [Analysis of sodium balance]. PMID- 7098022 TI - [Sodium transport in the kidney tubules]. PMID- 7098023 TI - [Sodium transport in the gallbladder]. PMID- 7098024 TI - [Sodium transport in the exocrine glands]. PMID- 7098025 TI - [Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in edematous diseases]. PMID- 7098026 TI - [Nephritis and edema]. PMID- 7098027 TI - [Idiopathic edema]. PMID- 7098028 TI - [Hereditary angioneurotic edema]. PMID- 7098029 TI - [Action mechanism and metabolism of 17-spirolactones in the body]. PMID- 7098030 TI - [Acquired heart diseases--alcoholic heart disease]. PMID- 7098031 TI - [Molecular level action mechanism of diuretics]. PMID- 7098032 TI - [Computer studies of ventricular model in the reverse direction ECG]. PMID- 7098033 TI - [Effects of respiration on Frank's vectorcardiography]. PMID- 7098034 TI - [Studies of U-loop by direct recording vectorcardiography in normal and hypertensive state]. PMID- 7098037 TI - [Usefulness of Frank's P-loop analysis in the determination of the severity of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7098035 TI - [Studies of post-pacemaker T-loop]. PMID- 7098036 TI - [Studies of changes in VCG P-loop according to the severity of hypertensive state]. PMID- 7098038 TI - [Studies of ischemic heart disease by body surface isopotential distribution map- T-wave changes by exercise loading]. PMID- 7098040 TI - [Vectorcardiographic diagnosis of lower wall infarction--false positive reactions]. PMID- 7098039 TI - [Prognostic evaluation of ischemic heart disease by ventricular gradient]. PMID- 7098042 TI - [History and prospects of studies of liver failure]. PMID- 7098041 TI - [Vectorcardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction over wide areas]. PMID- 7098043 TI - [Diagnostic criteria and classification of acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098044 TI - [Statistical analysis of fulminent hepatitis, with special reference to its prognosis]. PMID- 7098045 TI - [Factors contributing development of acute hepatitis]. PMID- 7098046 TI - [Early diagnosis of acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098047 TI - [Prognosis of acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098048 TI - [Abnormal amino acid metabolism in serious liver diseases: branched chain amino acid and aromatic amino acid metabolism]. PMID- 7098049 TI - [Abnormal tryptophan metabolism and hepatic coma]. PMID- 7098050 TI - [Liver failure and amine metabolism]. PMID- 7098052 TI - [Specially combined amino acid solutions for liver failure--varieties, relative concentrations and methods of administration]. PMID- 7098051 TI - [Awakening effects of branched-chain amino acid infusion in hepatic coma]. PMID- 7098054 TI - [Development of instruments for hepatic support--dialysis, adsorption and filtration]. PMID- 7098055 TI - [Artificial hepatic support system]. PMID- 7098053 TI - [Project for developing apparatus for assisting liver function]. PMID- 7098058 TI - [Albumin bound agarose beads method for hemoperfusion]. PMID- 7098057 TI - [Hemoperfusion with activated charcoal]. PMID- 7098056 TI - [HPLC monitoring of artificial organs]. PMID- 7098059 TI - [Plasma perfusion with ion exchange resins]. PMID- 7098060 TI - [Artificial hepatic support device with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane, with special reference to hemodiafiltration]. PMID- 7098061 TI - [Development and clinical use of plasma exchange with membrane separator]. PMID- 7098063 TI - [Cross hemodiafiltration]. PMID- 7098065 TI - [Respiratory failure associated with acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098064 TI - [Intensive hepatic care and monitoring]. PMID- 7098062 TI - [Rapid plasma exchange with Hemonetics model 30]. PMID- 7098066 TI - [Acute renal failure associated with acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098067 TI - [DIC associated with acute liver failure]. PMID- 7098068 TI - [Congenital heart disease. Coronary hypoplasia]. PMID- 7098069 TI - [A fundamental view of medicine and clinical pathology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098070 TI - [Human listeriosis in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098073 TI - [Therapeutic drug level monitoring (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098072 TI - [Therapeutic drug level monitoring in pediatric practice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098071 TI - [Therapeutic drug monitoring by high-performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098074 TI - [Drug level monitoring and optimization of therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098075 TI - [Histopathological diagnosis of epithelial tumors and related lesions of the large intestine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098077 TI - [Coefficients for pediatric normal range estimation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098076 TI - [Evaluation of the method for isolating Legionella spp. from cooling tower water by low- pH solution treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098078 TI - [Anti-i in patient with malignant lymphoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098079 TI - [A simple complement titre assay using microplate and a comparison study of its anti-complementary activity assay (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098081 TI - [Direct determination of urinary catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with boric acid column (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098080 TI - [Principle component analysis of results of amino acid analysis in human blood plasma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098083 TI - [Computed tomography in the evaluation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098084 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm on plain CT (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098082 TI - [Analysis by a computer on the blood concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and lipid metabolites in obesity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098085 TI - [Ga scanning in abdominal neoplasms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098086 TI - [Computed tomography in the diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098087 TI - [Comparison of radionuclide imaging and computed tomography of the liver in detecting space occupying lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098088 TI - [Diagnosis of the cruciate ligaments by means of computed tomography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098089 TI - [Evaluation of four cases of esophageal cancer having been followed up radiologically (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098090 TI - [A case report of gastric leiomyosarcoma showing an extra-gastric pedunculated growth (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098091 TI - [A non-specific simple ulcer of the colon (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098092 TI - [Ureteral jet phenomenon in CT (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098093 TI - [Analysis of the images obtained by the dynamic CT-scanning using total image processing system (KOBE TOIPS) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098094 TI - [Medullary rays on urograph (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098095 TI - [Scintigraphy of multiple hepatorenal cysts]. PMID- 7098096 TI - [A case of malignant schwannoma of the stomach with liver metastasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098097 TI - [A case of primary biliary cirrhosis treated with D-penicillamine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098098 TI - [A case of intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocyst complicating chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098099 TI - [Magnifying observation of gastric mucosal surface in fresh resected specimens by cresyl violet staining (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098101 TI - [Cytotoxicity in alcoholic liver injury (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098100 TI - [Hyperglucagonemia in patients with liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098102 TI - [Morphometric analysis and reaction to allyl alcohol of light and heavy hepatocytes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098103 TI - [Epidemiological studies of hepatitis B virus infection in people living around Kahoku Lake area (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098104 TI - [Autoradiographic and enzyme histochemical studies on intestinal metaplasia in human stomach (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098105 TI - [Severe reflux esophagitis with bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098106 TI - [Regional variations of gastric mucus macromolecular glycoproteins and changes of the glycoproteins caused by fasting in rat (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098108 TI - [Fecal bacteria and short chain fatty acid in ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098107 TI - [Effect of cigarette smoking on the gastric hemodynamics.--Analysis by reflectance spectrophotometry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098109 TI - [Fat absorption and transportation in patients with liver cirrhosis and in CCl4 induced cirrhotic rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098110 TI - [Diagnostic usefulness of glycylproline-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activities in sera of patients with various hepatobiliary diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098111 TI - [Clinical studies on liver injuries in obese subjects. (1) Relationship between blood biochemistry and hepatic morphology]. PMID- 7098113 TI - [A study on the clinical features of patients with pancreatic calcification and carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098112 TI - [Studies on high density lipoproteins in hepatobiliary diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098114 TI - [Ultrasonography of the pancreas compared with pathological findings (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098115 TI - [Radiological determination of size of the spleen in hepatic, pancreatic and biliary tract diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098116 TI - [Measurement of serum ligandin concentrations and its clinical significance in drug-induced hepatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098117 TI - [Change of serum bile acids levels after administration of UDCA and test meals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098118 TI - [Esophageal carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia in beagle dogs induced by N-ethyl N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098119 TI - [Studies on the gastric secretion in liver diseases. Part 1. Gastric secretion in patients with acute liver injury (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098121 TI - [Studies on VIP release and its mechanism in normal subjects and patients with various diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098122 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of obstructive changes of the biliary tract associated with jaundice by linear electronic real-time scanner (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098120 TI - [Studies on gastric mucosal prostaglandin in phenylbutazone ulcer rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098123 TI - [Pancreatic exocrine function in rats treated with oral 1-phenyl-1-hydroxy-n pentane (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098124 TI - [A study on the complication of malignancy in pancreatic lithiasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098125 TI - [A simple and specific determination of duodenal chymotrypsin and its diagnostic value (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098126 TI - [A case of vigorous achalasia, successfully treated with pneumatic dilatation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098128 TI - [Corticosteroid-responsive protein-losing gastroenteropathy with systemic inflammatory change (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098129 TI - [Problems of health care for the elderly (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098127 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the stomach containing psammoma bodies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098130 TI - Experimental production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C on rice flour gel medium. AB - Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C was studied on the rice flour gel plate consisting of rice flour and distilled water devised by the authors simulating cooked rice that has commonly been incriminated for staphylococcal food poisoning in Japan. Enterotoxin produced on the rice flour gel plate was determined quantitatively by reversed passive hemagglutination. The rice flour plate supported production of fairly large quantities of enterotoxins A, B, and C. The rice flour concentration of the plate and the quantity of the surface water largely affected the enterotoxin production. The largest amount of enterotoxin, 0.2-0.4 mg/25-ml plate, was produced in 3 days at 37 C on 16% rice flour gel plates overlaid with 4 to 8 ml of saline. It appeared that the production of enterotoxin A was more rapid than that of enterotoxin B or C. PMID- 7098131 TI - Age-related immunoglobulin levels in cynomolgus monkeys. AB - Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured with 144 domestically-bred cynomolgus monkeys, aged 0 day to 18 years. IgG level of the newborn just after birth was somewhat lower than that of their mother monkeys, continuing to decrease for 3 postnatal months. Thereafter, the level began to increase gradually till 4 to 5 years when an adult level was attained. IgA was detected on the day of birth in half of the animals and started to increase soon after birth, reaching an adult level in 5 to 6 years. A relatively low level of IgM was detected in all animals at birth. The increase of IgM level continued till 5 years of age. These patterns of immunoglobulin levels related to age are very similar to those of rhesus monkeys and human. PMID- 7098132 TI - A novel type of lymphocyte-macrophage association revealed electron microscopically in tuberculous lung lesions of mice. AB - Electron microscopic survey of tuberculous lung lesions of mice revealed a novel type of lymphocyte-macrophage association. The finger-like projections with sharp or blunt tips of lymphocytes area formed as if pushing deeply the macrophage membrane to form pockets matching the shape of the projections. Intimate membrane contact occurs between these two cells, particularly at the leading edges. The biological significance of this morphological event remains to be a subject for future study. PMID- 7098133 TI - HBs antigen and antibody survey on human fibrinogen preparations in Japan. PMID- 7098135 TI - [Studies of apoprotein profiles in lipoprotein fractions in uremic patients on hemodialysis with a dyslipoproteinemia. A possible mechanism for accumulated abnormal low density lipoprotein subfractions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098134 TI - [Natural history of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Significance of focal and segmental lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098136 TI - [Studies on bone disease and serum A1-P isozymes of patient on long term regular hemodialisis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098137 TI - [Infusion-free hemodiafiltration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098138 TI - [Experimental study on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats during pregnancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098141 TI - [Study on calcium-regulating hormone in patients on chronic hemodialysis with special reference to renal osteodystrophy (ROD) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098140 TI - [The significance of hyaline arteriosclerosis in focal glomerulosclerosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098139 TI - [Study on correlation between aminonucleoside induced experimental focal glomerular sclerosis and mesangial dysfunction in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098142 TI - [Plasma exchange therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098143 TI - [Procainamide-induced bleeding tendencies in hemodialysis patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098144 TI - Comparative studies of cerebral vasodilators on relaxation activities in isolated basilar, mesenteric and pulmonary arteries of rabbits. AB - Effects of cerebral vasodilators such as bencyclane, cinnarizine, and papaverine were comparatively studied using helically cut basilar and superior mesenteric arteries and radial muscle preparations of pulmonary arteries with the sympathetic nerve isolated from rabbits. The order of relaxation activities on high K+-induced contractures was cinnarizine>bencyclane>papaverine in basilar strips and cinnarizine>papaverine>bencyclane in mesenteric strips. Relaxation responses of basilar strips to cinnarizine and bencyclane were faster and more marked than those seen in mesenteric strips. Responses to papaverine were equipotent in both preparations. The action of cinnarizine alone was irreversible. In mesenteric strips, the order of the sensitivity of contractile responses to cumulatively applied biogenic amines was serotonin>noradrenaline>histamine. Cinnarizine produced an antihistaminergic action, while bencyclane produced an antiserotonergic action. In pulmonary arteries, 6 x 10(-6) g/ml papaverine inhibited contractile responses to 2, 5, and 25 Hz nerve stimulation in a frequency-independent manner together with inhibition of responses to noradrenaline. Bencyclane at 6 x 10(-6) and 10(-5) g/ml selectively inhibited in a dose-dependent manner contractile responses only to 25 Hz without inhibition of responses to noradrenaline. These results were discussed in comparison with findings of the cerebral vasodilators obtained using other experimental techniques. Spiral strips of basilar arteries from rabbits in combination with peripheral arteries may be used as a simple quantitative, and reproducible screening method in a preclinical stage for drug evaluation of cerebral vasodilators. PMID- 7098145 TI - A comparison of antihypertensive effects of atenolol and propranolol in the spontaneously hypertensive, DOCA/saline hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats. AB - Antihypertensive effects of a long-term oral regimen of atenolol were studied in SHR, DOCA/saline hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats (one kidney, one clip) in comparison with the effects of propranolol. Both the beta-blockers prevented the development of hypertension in SHR but did not affect that in DOCA/saline and renal hypertensive rats. Both of the beta-blockers produced no acute hypotensive effects on the established DOCA/saline and renal hypertension of the rat, although they produced a decrease in the heart rate. PMID- 7098146 TI - Effects of the antiulcer drug geranylgeranylacetone on aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. AB - Antiulcer effects of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) on aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats were studied, comparing them with those of gefarnate. The oral administration of GGA prevented the development of gastric ulcer induced by a single or repeated oral administration (5 consecutive days) of aspirin. The effects of GGA were more potent and more definite than those of gefarnate. The intraduodenal administration of GGA, but not the intragastric administration, also inhibited the ulceration induced by aspirin in pylorus-ligated rats, while the intraduodenal administration of gefarnate did not. GGA prevented the reduction of the H+ concentration and the increment of Na+ concentration in the gastric juice induced by aspirin. In addition, the decrease of hexosamine content in the gastric mucosa induced by aspirin was restored to a normal level by GGA, but not by gefarnate. From these results, it was concluded that the protective actions of GGA on aspirin-induced gastric ulcers might be due to its protection from the weakening of gastric mucosal resistances. PMID- 7098147 TI - Effect of N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum complex (KW-110), an antiulcer agent, on the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced exacerbation of gastric ulcer in rats. AB - Gastric ulcer induced by the injection of acetic acid (0.025 ml of 20%) into the gastric wall of rats was healed considerably 5 days after the injection of acetic acid. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone were given consecutively for 5 days, and they exacerbated the ulcer and enlarged the ulcer area. Aspirin caused exacerbation when it was given for the initial 5 days of the ulcer healing process. Phenylbutazone caused exacerbation by the administration for 5 days at the middle stage of the ulcer healing process. In contrast, indomethacin caused exacerbation not only when it was given for the initial 5 days but also when it was given for the middle 5 days. The effect of the antiulcer agent N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum complex (KW-110) on the exacerbation was studied. KW-110 at an oral dose of 500 mg/kg inhibited remarkably the exacerbation induced by all of the NSAID used. The development of gastric lesions induced by these NSAID was also prevented by KW-110. Further study was carried out with regard to the influences of KW-110 on the pharmacological properties of NSAID. The results showed no influences of KW-110 on the antiedematous and antipyretic actions of the NSAID. PMID- 7098148 TI - Hyperuricemic effects of cholinergic agents in rats. AB - The hyperuricemic effect of cholinergic agents was studied in rats given potassium oxonate which inhibits urate oxidase and in functionally hepatectomized rats. Acetylcholine slightly increased plasma uric acid in the oxonate-treated animals, and the effect was markedly enhanced by pretreatment with physostigmine. Carbachol alone showed the hyperuricemic effect at a smaller dose than acetylcholine. The hyperuricemic effects of physostigmine plus acetylcholine and carbachol alone were also observed in eviscerated rats with nonfunctioning livers. Nephrectomy markedly potentiated cholinergic agent-induced hyperuricemia, and methylatropine but not hexamethonium apparently abolished the induction of hyperuricemia both in potassium oxonate-treated rats and in eviscerated rats with nonfunctioning livers and without kidneys. However, carbachol-induced hyperuricemia was not found in rats given allopurinol whose plasma levels of uric acid were maintained by exogenously administered uric acid. These results supported the ideas that the hyperuricemic effect of cholinergic agents is due to the stimulated production of uric acid and that uric acid production in tissues other than the liver and the gastrointestinal viscera is closely related to the induction mechanisms of hyperuricemia. PMID- 7098149 TI - Effect of malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) on the protein synthesis in rat liver. AB - The effect of malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) on the protein synthesis in rat liver was studied in vivo and in vitro. Oral administration of malotilate to rats caused an increase in the protein and RNA contents of the liver and lef to an acceleration of 14C-leucine incorporation into microsomal and cytosol proteins. In a cell-free system, the protein synthesis was enhanced by treatment with malotilate, and an unknown factor(s) which participates in the protein synthesis was found in the cytosol fraction prepared from malotilate treated livers. These results suggest that malotilate is a new type of inducer for protein synthesis. On the basis of the observations obtained in the present study, a hypothesis can be formulated that malotilate enhances liver protein synthesis by accelerating RNA synthesis and/or increasing the transport of RNA from nuclei to cytosol in rat liver. PMID- 7098150 TI - Hemolysis and hyperpotassemia in rat induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PMID- 7098151 TI - Pharmacological properties of codeine-7,8-oxide (codeine epoxide), a new metabolite of codeine. PMID- 7098152 TI - Synthesis and release of endorphins in trigeminal sensory nuclear complex induced by tooth pulp stimulation in the rat. PMID- 7098153 TI - Cardiac stimulating effects of macrocyclic polyamines. PMID- 7098154 TI - The accumulation of ascorbic acid and iron in rat liver mitochondria after lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7098155 TI - [Facilitation effect of lead stimulation on the startle, eyeblink reflex: an analysis of changes in heart rate and some somatic responses (author's transl)]. AB - Some skeletal startle reflexes are facilitated or inhibited when a weak neutral stimulus (S1) precedes a startle-eliciting stimulus (S2). These effects are called the "lead-stimulation effects", and the present research is concerned with the facilitation effect of them in the long-ISI condition. The present findings were as follows: the facilitation of the startle eyeblink reflex could not be explained by any changes in HR, spontaneous eyeblinks, and chin EMG activity; and the HR changes were independent of the changes in spontaneous eyeblinks and chin EMG activity. These findings were evaluated from the standpoints of Graham's rebound hypothesis, the Laceys cardiac afferent feedback hypothesis, and the notion of Obrist and his associates against Lacey. PMID- 7098156 TI - [Sleepiness scale and an experimental approach (author's transl)]. AB - The Kwansei Gakuin Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is a self-rating scale which is developed after the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and using Thurstone's method of equal-appearing intervals. The present study investigated whether the KSS correlates with vigilance task performance, fatigue test and oral temperature, and whether circadian variation of the KSS ratings is demonstrated during 40 hours sleep deprivation. Six student subjects employed in this study were given performance test, self-ratings and temperature measurement at every 3 hour for 3 days. On Day-2, sleep deprivation was carried out to all subjects. The results showed that mean KSS ratings highly correlated with correct detection rates on the vigilance task, fatigue test and oral temperature, and that the change of KSS ratings demonstrated not only the effect of sleep deprivation but also the circadian variation in sleepiness. PMID- 7098157 TI - [Nomogram for prediction of vital capacity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098158 TI - [An autopsied case of aortic aneurysm misdiagnosed as mediastinal tumor (author's transl(]. PMID- 7098159 TI - [A case of right massive pleural effusion with pancreaticopleural fistula in chronic relapsing pancreatitis (author's transl]. PMID- 7098160 TI - [The significance of bed-side right cardiac catheterization using Swan-Ganz flow directed catheter--pulmonary hemodynamic profiles of respiratory failure patients under mechanical ventilatory assistance (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098162 TI - [Eligibility of limitations of electrical impedance plethysmography as a diagnostic means for disorders of pulmonary circulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098161 TI - [Pulmonary vascular input impedance in patients with pulmonary hypertension (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098163 TI - [Ultrasonographic approach to studies on pulmonary circulatory dynamics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098164 TI - [Scanning electron microscopic observations of connective tissue networks of alveolar wall of the lung (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098165 TI - [Studies on the exercise limiting factor in patients with respiratory diseases- with special reference to change of pulmonary function and lactate concentration during progressive exercise test (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098169 TI - [Yearly incidence of pathogens of adult pneumonia in a general hospital (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098167 TI - [Pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis--clinicopathological study of 33 autopsy cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098166 TI - [Clinical recording of lung sounds: a new phonopneumograph for both real time and non-time-limited tracing (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098168 TI - [Small airway dysfunction in sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098170 TI - [Studies on cells obtained from broncoalveolar lavage in rabbits with granulomatous pneumonitis produced with Micropolyspora faeni (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098172 TI - [Present status and problems concerning respiratory function tests in national hospitals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098173 TI - [Respiratory function tests from clinical standpoint]. PMID- 7098171 TI - [Pulmonary function test in university hospitals]. PMID- 7098174 TI - [Present status and future of clinical respiratory function tests]. PMID- 7098175 TI - [Respiratory function tests in the aged]. PMID- 7098176 TI - [Present status and future of clinical respiratory function tests]. PMID- 7098178 TI - [Present status and future of clinical respiratory function tests]. PMID- 7098177 TI - [Expected values of lung function in the young]. PMID- 7098180 TI - [Studies on broncho-alveolar-lavage-fluid in sarcoidosis--the protein components (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098179 TI - [Cytophotometric analysis on DNA alteration of mesothelial cells in malignant and non-malignant effusions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098181 TI - [The direct injection of several anti-cancer drugs into the primary lung cancer lesion through a fiberoptic bronchoscope (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098182 TI - [Studies on broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in sarcoidosis--the cellular components (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098184 TI - [Precipitating antibodies to environmental allergens in chronic pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098183 TI - [Natural killer (NK) activity in patients with sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098185 TI - [Pathology of the lung in hemorrhagic shock--observation of pulmonary lesions of twenty-nine autopsy cases dying of hemorrhage, with reference to experimental hemorrhagic shock (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098186 TI - [Pneumoconiosis and protease inhibitors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098187 TI - [Extra-alveolar vessels and intra-alveolar vessels: two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098188 TI - [A case of polyneuritis associated with diffuse pulmonary macular roentgenographic patterns due to mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098189 TI - [Thrombin instillation therapy through the fiberoptic bronchoscope in cases of hemoptysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098190 TI - [Radiographic findings of Legionnaires' disease]. PMID- 7098191 TI - [Comparative responses of various parts of the tracheo-bronchial tree to bronchoactive agents (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098192 TI - [Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications-evaluation of prone position and postoperative tracheostomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098194 TI - [The effect of cigarette smoking on the peripheral airways (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098195 TI - [Quasi-static volume-pressure curves on intact and excised rabbit lungs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098193 TI - [An experimental investigation on the pathophysiology of aspiration pneumonia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098197 TI - [The relationship between morphological findings and pulmonary function in chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098198 TI - [Smoking and lung metabolism -effects on nicotine injection on the canine airway, pulmonary and systemic circulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098199 TI - [Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between the respiratory function and roentgenographic finding in silicosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098200 TI - [A case report of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098201 TI - [A case of immotile cilia syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098202 TI - [Anterior mediastinal benign cystic teratoma containing pancreatic tissue and penetrating to the lung (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098196 TI - [Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities of lymphocytes in patients with sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098203 TI - [Scimitar syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098204 TI - [Antibiotics prophylaxis for open heart surgery--comparison of ABPC and CET (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098206 TI - [Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta in a 9-year-old child (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098205 TI - [Non-crossclamp aortotomy method for aortic arch aneurysm resection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098207 TI - [Reaction of aneurysm of the transverse aortic arch using temporary bypass graft (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098208 TI - [An aortic arch aneurysm with tracheal stenosis -a case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098209 TI - [A case of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm into the lung (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098210 TI - [Malignancy in the mediastinum -a nationwide report of 598 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098211 TI - [Modification of technics of pulmonary artery banding (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098212 TI - [The Brom submammary skin incision for median sternotomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098213 TI - [Two surgical cases of severe valvular heart disease with cardiac cachexia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098214 TI - [Three cases of the postoperative chylothorax (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098215 TI - [A case report of successful repair of ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva into right atrium combined with severe aortic regurgitation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098217 TI - [Clinical conference at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kokai University. 1. Aneurysm of the descending aorta in a 12-year-old girl]. PMID- 7098216 TI - [Successfull surgical correction of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return into portal vein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098219 TI - [Pathology of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 7098218 TI - [Pyeloplasty with reference to pyeloureteral function (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098220 TI - [Gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098221 TI - [Surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux--its indication and result (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098222 TI - [Topics on treatment of prostatic cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098223 TI - [Urolithiasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098224 TI - [The pubescent growth delay of the testis and the accessory sexual organs in early androgenized male rat. I. Studies of early androgenized male rat (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098225 TI - [Maldevelopment of sexual behavior in early androgenized male rat. II. Studies of early androgenized male rat (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098226 TI - [Clinico-pathological studies of non-papillary carcinoma in situ and its borderline lesions of the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098227 TI - [Renal artery aneurysm: clinical report and analysis of diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098229 TI - [A case of Peyronie's disease with wide induration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098228 TI - [Immotile-cilia syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098230 TI - Cyst formation in mesosalpinx, mesovarium and fimbria in cows and sows. PMID- 7098231 TI - An outbreak of contagious equine metritis in Japan: isolation of Haemophilus equigenitalis from thoroughbred mares with genital infection in Hokkaido. PMID- 7098232 TI - Plasma progesterone levels in pseudopregnant mice. PMID- 7098233 TI - Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations of Eperythrozoon ovis (E. ovis). PMID- 7098234 TI - An improved indirect measuring method for arterial blood pressure in unanesthetized rats. PMID- 7098235 TI - Hepatozoon infection in a wild fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki Kishida) in Japan. PMID- 7098236 TI - Quantitative determination of bovine serum Haptoglobin and its elevation in some inflammatory diseases. PMID- 7098237 TI - Lesions in pulmonary artery in feline dirofilariasis. PMID- 7098238 TI - Extent of the glycogen body and the glycogen content of the chicken spinal cord. PMID- 7098239 TI - Clinical and pathological studies on the etiological factors of bovine abomasal displacement and atony. I. Clinical cases. PMID- 7098240 TI - Clinical and pathological studies on the etiological factors of bovine abomasal displacement and atony. II. Experimental cases. PMID- 7098242 TI - Effect of splenectomy and dexamethasone administration on cattle experimentally infected with Babesia ovata. PMID- 7098241 TI - Reaginic and hemagglutinating antibody production in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. PMID- 7098243 TI - Electron microscopic findings on epithelial cells of Lieberkuhn's crypts in canine parvovirus infection. PMID- 7098244 TI - Histamine concentration in blood and contents of digestive tract in cattle overfed concentrate. PMID- 7098245 TI - Possible pathogenetic role for ulcerative colitis in the arthritis, hepatomegaly, and erythema nodosum of common variable immunodeficiency. PMID- 7098246 TI - Familial manic-depressive illness and familial Parkinson's disease: a case report. PMID- 7098247 TI - [Erythrocyte receptors of insulin]. PMID- 7098248 TI - [Lipids and diabetic macroangiopathy: role of HDL]. PMID- 7098250 TI - [The epidemiology of diabetes. Methods and perspectives]. PMID- 7098249 TI - [Hemostasis and arterial diseases in diabetes]. PMID- 7098251 TI - [Epidemiology of the complication of coronary atherosclerosis: some results of the prospective Paris study]. PMID- 7098253 TI - [Clinical, angiographic and therapeutic peculiarities of atheroma in the diabetic]. PMID- 7098254 TI - [Clinical usefulness of the determination of erythrocyte insulin receptors]. PMID- 7098252 TI - [Arterial hypertension: risk factor in atheroma]. PMID- 7098255 TI - [Clinical applications of insulin receptor on red cells]. PMID- 7098258 TI - [Intermittent syndrome of premature ventricular depolarization]. PMID- 7098257 TI - [Diabetes, atherosclerosis and lipoproteins]. PMID- 7098256 TI - [Examination of the peripheral arteries by Doppler ultrasonography and echotomography in diabetic subjects]. PMID- 7098259 TI - [Electrophysiological studies of the heart conduction system in healthy persons with a short PQ interval and normal QRS complexes. I. Registration of bundle of His potentials]. PMID- 7098260 TI - [Electrophysiological studies of the heart conduction system in healthy persons with a short PQ interval and normal QRS complexes. II. Diagnostic atrial stimulation]. PMID- 7098261 TI - [Test to localize stenoses in the coronary arteries based on an echocardiographic evaluation of the segmental mobility of the left ventricle]. PMID- 7098262 TI - ["V" wave in the pressure reading from the pulmonary artery and mitral valve insufficiency]. PMID- 7098264 TI - [Ventricular septal rupture in the course of myocardial infarct effectively treated surgically]. PMID- 7098263 TI - [Effect of dobutamine on the cardiovascular system in subjects without circulatory failure]. PMID- 7098265 TI - [Intra-atrial conduction disorders of the Wenckebach period type in atrial tachycardias]. PMID- 7098266 TI - [Cardiological service in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 7098267 TI - [Physical exercise in patients with angina pectoris of effort]. AB - Results of physical training in 37 patients with the ischaemic heart disease with angina of effort are given, 31 one them had had myocardial infarction. Training on bicycle ergometer lasted 2 1/2 to 10 months. After exercise 75% of patients showed enhanced threshold capability, the "double product" (the heart rate x systolic AP) decreased at the expense of the pulse deceleration and decrease of the systolic AP with the standard exercise of 50 W. The maximum size of the "double product" under exercise and also with the appearance of angina remained unchanged. The heart volume after exercises did not change. Changes in haemodynamics depended on the initial functional state of the myocardium, which was evaluated by the degree of rise of the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery (DPPA) with 50 W exercise and according to the functional curves of the left ventricle traced by comparing DPPA and the minute volume. In patients with "good" myocardial function (DPPA not lower than 30 mm Hg) after exercises the stroke and minute volumes increased with the threshold exercise, DPPA decreased with 50 W, functional curve of the left ventricle approached the functional curve of healthy individuals. Patients with "bad" function (DPPA over 30 mm Hg and higher did not show) changes in haemodynamics and in the functional curve of the left ventricle. PMID- 7098268 TI - [Hemodynamic changes during exertion in patients with hypertension treated with propranolol]. PMID- 7098270 TI - [Controlled permanent electrocardiostimulation]. PMID- 7098271 TI - [Principles of differential treatment and prophylaxis of paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm]. PMID- 7098269 TI - [Calcium binding and the structural state of the erythrocyte membrane in hypertonic disease and symptomatic renal hypertension]. PMID- 7098272 TI - [Unstable angina pectoris: results of repeated ergometrine tests]. AB - Ergometrine (ergonovine) tests were performed in patients with unstable angina on the 1st day of hospitalization, on 2nd--3rd days during which patients received only nitroglycerin sublingually for acute pain relief (33 observations), and after "stabilization" of their condition by calcium antagonists or/and beta blockers (34 observations). Reactions to ergometrine were classified as spastic when pain was accompanied by ST segment elevations of T wave changes and as nonspecific when intravenous ergometrine resulted in ST segment depression and/or anginal attack. Spastic reactions to ergometrine observed in the acute period as a rule disappeared with "stabilization" of patients condition. Spontaneous rapid disappearance of spastic reactions was noted in 4 of 15 patients. Spastic reactions also disappeared in 13 of 17 patients while they were on active antianginal therapy. Disappearance of spastic reactions was observed more frequently in patients treated with calcium antagonists than with beta-blockers. Nonspecific reactions never disappeared spontaneously. Persisting despite therapy any positive reaction to ergometrine was prognostically unfavorable. PMID- 7098276 TI - Measurement of osmolality in kidney slices using vapor pressure osmometry. AB - A method is described for the measurement of tissue fluid osmolality in intact kidney slices using a vapor pressure osmometer (Wescor). The intact tissue slices were placed directly into the equilibration chamber of the instrument. A high degree of accuracy and reproducibility were obtained for both renal cortical and medullary tissue when care was taken to adhere to specific requirements for tissue slice geometry and size. The measurements proved to be technically easier than using the freezing point depression method, and better spatial resolution was obtained. PMID- 7098275 TI - Complete protection from gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in the diabetes mellitus rat. PMID- 7098273 TI - [Role of the serial determination of myoglobin, enzymes and isoenzymes in the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction]. AB - Seventy-eight patients with myocardial infarction had been admitted to the intensive care unit not later than 5 h after the beginning of illness. The levels of myoglobin, CPK, LDH, AST, ALT, MB CPK and LDH1 were determined in the blood serum of the patients in the time course during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. All patients showed considerable increase of myoglobin level in the blood serum. In myocardial infarction the level of myoglobin is enhanced significantly earlier than all the other indices, and reached its maximum figure also earlier. In the majority of cases its content reverts to normal at the beginning or in the middle of the second day. In 10 patients with the spread of the primary focus of lesion a repeated peak of myoglobin rise was recorded a few hours after the painful attack. In cases complicated during the course of illness by circulatory insufficiency hypermyoglobinemia was observed during a much greater period of time. Hypermyoglobinemia is the most sensitive and the earliest test of myocardial infarction compared to other biochemical tests. PMID- 7098277 TI - A colorimeter for measurement of picomole quantities of urea. AB - We described a new colorimeter for the measurement of picomole quantities of urea in nanoliter volume fluid samples. The diacetyl monoxime reaction was used to produce a colored product from urea. The method is capable of resolving differences of 10 pmoles between samples containing 0 to 225 pmoles. PMID- 7098278 TI - [Cataract development caused by galactose metabolism disorder in liver diseases in infancy?]. PMID- 7098274 TI - Altered glomerular permeability as a result of focal detachment of the visceral epithelium. AB - Changes in the permeability of the glomerular capillary wall (GCW) to native ferritin (NF), following detachment of the visceral epithelium from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were investigated. Detachment was induced by either perfusing kidneys with highly purified neuraminidase or by the induction of nephrosis through administration of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). Both experimental treatments resulted in marked glomerular ultrastructural changes which were characterized by focal detachment of the visceral epithelium from the GBM, replacement of the normal pattern of interdigitating foot processes with flattened expanses of continuous epithelium at certain areas of the GCW, and a generalized loss of sialic acid-rich epithelial cell cost in areas where the epithelium was detached as well as where it remained adherent. These changes were more frequent and prominent in the paramesangial regions of the glomeruli. When experimentally treated kidneys were perfused with NF, the tracer leaked into the urinary spaces in those areas of the GBM where the epithelium was detached. By contrast, in those areas of the GCW where the epithelium remained adherent, the tracer localized within the GBM mainly at the level of the lamina rara interna (LRI), and none of it appeared in the urinary spaces. Nephrotic and neuraminidase control kidneys were ultrastructurally normal, NF localizing mainly in the inner layers of the GBM. These data are consistent with the idea that the firm attachment of the epithelial foot processes to the GBM plays a vital role in determining the permselectivity properties of the GCW to plasma macromolecules. PMID- 7098279 TI - [Acrodysostosis--an autosomal dominant peripheral dysplasia]. PMID- 7098281 TI - [Effect of antioxidants on regeneration processes in the burn wound]. PMID- 7098280 TI - [Meningoencephalitis cryptococcica in childhood]. PMID- 7098282 TI - [New collagen-base drugs for the treatment of burn wounds]. PMID- 7098283 TI - [Hemosorption in patients with burns]. PMID- 7098284 TI - [Treatment of mild burn shock without the use of isogeneic protein preparations]. PMID- 7098285 TI - [Algorithm of the prognosis of burns]. PMID- 7098286 TI - [Effect of hemosorption on the rheological properties of blood and certain parameters of intoxication in patients with diffuse peritonitis]. PMID- 7098287 TI - [Comparative diagnostic efficacy of latex agglutination reaction and Casoni's test in echinococcosis and its recurrences]. PMID- 7098288 TI - [Local treatment during different phases of deep thermal burns]. PMID- 7098289 TI - [Use of the stimulating effect of the temperature factor in combination with assisted circulation during the correction of acquired heart diseases]. PMID- 7098290 TI - [Transfusion therapy during reconstructive surgery on the abdominal aorta and its branches]. PMID- 7098291 TI - [Puncture of the internal jugular vein in patients with marked hemorrhagic syndrome]. PMID- 7098293 TI - [Goals and methods of the postgraduate education of surgeons]. PMID- 7098295 TI - [New clinical classification of burns]. PMID- 7098294 TI - [Training of foreign students in surgery]. PMID- 7098292 TI - [Improvement of advanced training of surgeons]. PMID- 7098296 TI - [Observation of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation after massive blood transfusions]. PMID- 7098297 TI - [Cerigel in the local treatment of burns in children]. PMID- 7098298 TI - [Collagen metabolism patients treated with collagen dressing K-II]. PMID- 7098299 TI - [A case of severe electric burns with kidney injury]. PMID- 7098300 TI - [Simplified method of blood viscosity determination]. PMID- 7098301 TI - [Decrease of the surgical risk in hemorrhaging gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7098302 TI - [Early diagnosis of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7098303 TI - [Diagnosis of various complications after emergency abdominal surgery]. PMID- 7098305 TI - [Relation between the postoperative complications and long-term results in the surgical treatment of appendicitis]. PMID- 7098304 TI - [Wounds of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space]. PMID- 7098306 TI - [Characteristics of creative inventions in general and emergency surgery]. PMID- 7098307 TI - [Association of hemorrhage and perforation of stomach and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7098308 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of "acute abdomen" in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7098309 TI - [Early diagnosis of acute intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 7098310 TI - [Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in middle-aged and aged patients]. PMID- 7098311 TI - [Acute appendicitis in strangulated hernia]. PMID- 7098312 TI - [Use of liquid crystal thermography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in naval medicine]. PMID- 7098313 TI - ["Typical" errors in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 7098314 TI - [Pathogenesis of acute cholecystopancreatitis]. PMID- 7098315 TI - [Errors and difficulties in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 7098316 TI - [Causes of death in acute appendicitis]. PMID- 7098317 TI - [Various organizational and tactical aspects in the treatment of acute appendicitis]. PMID- 7098319 TI - [Organization in the polyclinic of a consulting anesthesiology service for patients undergoing elective surgery]. PMID- 7098318 TI - [Role of endoscopy department in an emergency surgical clinic]. PMID- 7098321 TI - [Acute appendicitis complicated by pylephlebitis]. PMID- 7098320 TI - [Erosion of the gallbladder artery with hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 7098322 TI - [Changes in the leukocyte count of patients with perforated stomach and duodenal ulcer during the preoperative period]. PMID- 7098323 TI - [Changes in the mucolytic enzyme activities in patients with acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 7098324 TI - [Unusual manifestations of acute appendicitis in retroperitoneal localization of the appendix]. PMID- 7098325 TI - [Age-related changes in leukocyte enzymes in patients with phlegmonous appendicitis]. PMID- 7098326 TI - [Method of diagnosing retroperitoneal ruptures of the duodenum]. PMID- 7098327 TI - [Conservative surgery in hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7098328 TI - [Evaluation of hemostatic efficiency of biological glue during increased hemorrhaging]. PMID- 7098329 TI - [Adenoma of the parathyroid gland]. PMID- 7098330 TI - [Angiofollicular lymphomas of the neck]. PMID- 7098331 TI - [Primary multiple cancer of the uterus and colon]. PMID- 7098332 TI - [Retroperitoneal teratoma with infiltration of the stomach and pancreas in complete situs inversus]. PMID- 7098333 TI - [Postmastectomy syndrome and its surgical treatment]. PMID- 7098334 TI - [Surgical treatment of lactation suppurative mastitis combined with hypobaric oxygenation]. PMID- 7098335 TI - [Ductographic study of the variants in thoracic duct structure]. PMID- 7098337 TI - [Surgery of choice in elderly patients with lung cancer]. PMID- 7098336 TI - [One-stage resection of the cardia and esophagus with delayed extracavitary neck anastomosis in cancer]. PMID- 7098338 TI - [Diagnosis of respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiency in elderly patients]. PMID- 7098339 TI - [Results of treatment of stomach cancer after resection in the zone of tumor]. PMID- 7098340 TI - [Comparative evaluation of Bilroth I and Bilroth II resection in stomach cancer]. PMID- 7098342 TI - [Primary multiple synchronous cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract]. PMID- 7098344 TI - [Involvement of the upper digestive tract in patients with cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 7098343 TI - [Abdominal syndrome with tumors of the intestine and mesentery in children]. PMID- 7098345 TI - [Trauma as a risk factor in breast cancer]. PMID- 7098341 TI - [Role of a left accessory hepatic artery during treatment of cancer of the proximal region of the stomach]. PMID- 7098346 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological diagnosis of recurrences of rectal cancer]. PMID- 7098347 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with complicated variants of colonic cancer]. PMID- 7098348 TI - [Surgical tactics after intraoperative detection of abdominal tuberculosis]. PMID- 7098350 TI - [Postoperative pleural empyema and bronchial fistula in patients with primary lung cancer]. PMID- 7098349 TI - [Primary cancer of the gallbladder]. PMID- 7098351 TI - [Errors and difficulties in the diagnosis of diffuse pleural mesotheliomas]. PMID- 7098353 TI - [Allergic complications in surgical patients]. PMID- 7098352 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic errors in cancer of the right colon]. PMID- 7098354 TI - [Classification of atrial septal defects. A new suggestion]. PMID- 7098355 TI - [Microbiological aspects of modern-day hospitalization in surgical hospitals]. PMID- 7098356 TI - [Importance of scintigraphy in studying thyroid nodules]. PMID- 7098357 TI - [Thyroid cancer in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood]. PMID- 7098358 TI - [Periarterial neurectomy of the common hepatic artery as a method of treating certain forms of acute and chronic hepatitis]. PMID- 7098359 TI - [Use of B. V. Petrovskii's esophagocardiodiaphragmoplasty on 2 children with cardiospasm]. PMID- 7098360 TI - [Duodenal ulcer and chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 7098361 TI - [Primary gastric resection in perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7098362 TI - [Diazepam in induction anesthesia]. PMID- 7098363 TI - [Case of malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 7098365 TI - [Case of combined megacolon and anorectal incontinence in a 16-year-old]. PMID- 7098364 TI - [Case of malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver in an adult]. PMID- 7098367 TI - [Analysis of the anesthesiologist-surgeon-patient system]. PMID- 7098366 TI - [Case of priapism successfully treated with Greyhack's saphenocavernosa anastomosis]. PMID- 7098368 TI - [On X-ray diagnosis of aspiration of meconium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098369 TI - [Neonatal purpura through alloimmunisation against a platelet antigen; a case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098370 TI - [Waardenburg syndrome type I--autosomal dominant hereditary combination of multiple facial anomalies with cochlear deafness (author's transl)]. AB - Waardenburg syndrome Type I is described on the basis of an observation of a family. The characteristic signs including lateral displacement of medial canthi ("telecanthus"), wide bridge of the nose, white forelock and severe cochlear deafness are found in one female patient only; however, her eyes are not of different colour. Five further bearers of characteristic signs in four generations are not so severely affected and show the facial anomalies only. To differentiate this syndrome against Waardenburg syndrome Type II which is complicated by deafness twice as often but occurs without the lateral displacement of the medial canthi, accurate measurement of the distance between the canthi is helpful. Waardenburg syndromes are hereditary according to the autosomal dominant principle with high penetration; intrafamiliarly, too, expressivity can vary greatly. To date treatment has been directed at the signs and symptoms; prognosis is usually favourable. Prevention appears possible through genetic family counseling. PMID- 7098372 TI - [Partial lipodystrophy with osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098371 TI - The child with congenital anomalies and interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4. PMID- 7098373 TI - [Cherubism--an osteofibrous jaw disease in childhood (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098374 TI - [Two-dimensional ultrasonic examination of the cerebral ventricles (parallel scan) in newborns and infants (author's transl)]. AB - Computer tomography of the head is now firmly established as an examination procedure in pediatric radiology. It is non-invasive, but on the other hand time consuming and above all costly. Repeated follow-ups represent a level of radiation exposure which should not be underestimated. Two-dimensional sonography (B-scan) has extended the range of possibilities in intracranial diagnostics in neonates and infants, especially since the large fontanelle and the still-open cranial sutures were recognized as "acoustic windows". Five cases are presented, which show that the cranial cavity can be demonstrated reliably and reproducibly, in particular the lateral ventricles. Determining vascular pulsations (real-time) aids orientation and permits conclusions to be drawn regarding the intracranial circulation. Follow-ups can be carried out simply, without submitting the child to exposure stress, and permitting early identification of a developing hydrocephalus. The examination can be performed with standard commercially available parallel-scan units, such as are already used in many clinics for abdominal diagnosis. PMID- 7098375 TI - [Morphological demonstration and identification of an aneurysm of Galen's vein in infants by the duplex scan technique (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098376 TI - [Inhibition of platelet function in pediatric medicine (author's transl)]. AB - The postulated importance of platelets in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic events has stimulated interest in drugs that inhibit platelet function. Clinical trials of antiplatelet agents in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and transient ischaemic attacks have so far been inconclusive. In children antiplatelet drugs area used on the evidence of nothing but anecdote. Optimum drug or combination of drugs and dosage are still controversial. Possible fruitful applications of platelet modifying agents such as aspirin and dipyridamole in paediatric nephrology and cardiology await further evaluation in prospective trials. PMID- 7098377 TI - [Views of parents of children with leukemia and tumors concerning disclosure of the diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098378 TI - [Correlations between lipoproteins and glycosylated hemoglobins in juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. AB - Based upon a 3-week observation at a summer camp for diabetic children whose medical therapy, metabolic rate, diet, physical exercise and special training could be closely monitored, the following parameters were measured at the beginning and at the end: In whole blood and young erythrocytes HbA1, in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein A and B. From these data, the LDL-cholesterol and the atherosclerosis indices (LDL cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A) were determined. The following results were obtained: the parameters of lipid metabolism recognized as risk factors for vascular complications such as triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, were the same as those obtained from a control group of healthy children in the same age. Using HbA1 as the basis for the observations, the risk factors were reduced by normalisation of glucose metabolism. On the other hand, the apolipoprotein A and HDL-cholesterol, well known as protective factors against atherosclerosis, are higher than in the control group and show a further increase with metabolic normalisation. The conclusion is: If medical therapy, metabolic rate, diet, physical exercise and special training are better controlled, the risk of diabetes developing macroangiopathy can be diminished. PMID- 7098381 TI - Detoxification of cyanide in a new-born child. AB - A well-developed male baby was given infusions of 2-5 microgram/kg/min of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the first few days after birth on account of high arterial blood pressure. After 30 h of treatment, cyanide accumulation was found to have reached a life-threatening level. IV administration of 100 mg/kg of sodium thiosulphate promptly lowered the cyanide level. The mixed infusion of SNP together with thiosulphate, used in the subsequent course, was no longer toxic. PMID- 7098380 TI - Kinetics and cardiac effects of propranolol in humans. AB - Six healthy volunteers received single 20-mg intravenous (IV) and 80-mg oral doses of propranolol on two occasions in random sequence. Serum propranolol concentrations were determined by gas chromatography in multiple samples drawn during 24 h after each dose. Mean (+/- SE) kinetic variables for IV propranolol were: elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta), 5.3 (+/- 0.6) h; volume of distribution, 2.3 (+/- 0.3) l/kg; total clearance, 4.9 (+/- 0.3) ml/min/kg; predicted extraction ratio, 0.23 (+/- 0.02). After single oral doses, t 1/2 beta (3.8 +/- 0.2 h) tended to be smaller than after the IV dose, and actual systemic availability (0.60 +/- 0.07) was less than that based on the predicted extraction ratio. During multiple oral dosage (80 mg every 12 h), observed steady state serum levels (47 +/- 5 ng/ml) tended to be less than those predicted based on the single oral dose (61 +/- 5 ng/ml), thus providing no evidence for reduced propranolol clearance at steady-state. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular performance (posterior wall velocity, diastolic dimensions) made during the single-dose oral study indicated significant impairment of function; impairment was maximal at 3 h post-dosage, and corresponded to the time of the peak serum propranolol concentration (341 ng/ml). PMID- 7098382 TI - [The significance of the spinal averaging technique in cardiology (author's transl)]. AB - This paper gives a survey on the principles, methodology, and clinical applications of the signal-averaging technique. Bioelectric signals of the heart at the microvolt level are overwhelmed by basal noise in high-gain amplified EKG registrations. By summation and averaging of several hundreds of cardiac cycles, basal noise can be minimized and the signal of interest accumulates. This improvement of the signal-noise ratio primarily depends on the number of cycles averaged, e.g., by 10:1 when 100 cycles are averaged (approximately, the square root of the number of averaged cycles). At present, signal-averaging computers in use are rather variable with respect to data acquisition, filter settings, trigger mechanism/stability, and data processing. These properties have to be taken into account when the results of different groups using different types of averaging computers have to be compared. At present, several applications of the signal-averaging technique in clinical cardiology have been proposed: (1) Surface EKG--registrations of pre-P potentials, of His bundle potentials, and of ventricular late potentials, as well as analysis of the frequency spectrum of the QRS complex in patients with myocardial infarction; (2) intracardiac EKG- recordings of pre-P potentials and of A-V nodal potentials; (3) surface phonocardiogram--detection of low-amplitude, late diastolic signals; (4) Intracardiac pressure analysis--recording of average phasic pressure changes. The most promising and clinically proven application of the signal-averaging technique, at present, seems to be the registration of His bundle potentials as well as of ventricular late potentials from the body surface. Future efforts will need to be made to record cardiac microvolt potentials beat by beat from the body surface by means of specially designed EKG recorders. PMID- 7098379 TI - [Incidence of hepatotoxic side effects during antituberculous therapy (INH, RMP, EMB) in relation to the acetylator phenotype (author's transl)]. AB - In 95 patients with active tuberculosis, we investigated in a prospective study the influence of the acetylator phenotype on the hepatotoxic side effects of the antituberculous regimen isoniazid (INH) 10 mg/kg, rifampicin (RMP) 10 mg/kg, and ethambutol (EMB) 25 mg/kg. Besides a much higher incidence of isoniazid hepatitis (SGOT, SGPT greater than 200 U/l) in 12.6% of patients treated--as compared to the incidence reported in large chemoprophylaxis trials with isoniazid monotherapy in the range of 0.5%-1% (IUAT 1969, U.S.P.H.S. 1971)--we observed a significant, higher risk of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in slow acetylators (p less than 0.01): in 26 of 56 slow acetylators (= 46.4%), but only in 4 of 30 rapid acetylators (=13.3%) were transaminases in the serum elevated greater than 50 U/l. The 12 patients with the most severe hepatotoxic side effects (SGOT, SGPT greater than 200 U/l) were all slow acetylators. Women developed severe hepatic injury more often than men (p less than 0.05). In cases with isoniazid hepatitis, triple therapy was either stopped or reduced to a combination RMP, EMB. In cases with less severe liver injury, triple therapy was continued. In all patients transaminases normalized within 2-4 weeks. On return to full triple therapy, none of the patients developed new elevation of transaminases. The constant occurrence of isoniazid hepatitis during the 2nd-4th week (19 +/- 7 days) as well as the normalization without any new hepatotoxic reaction suggest that there may be an interaction between RMP and isoniazid metabolism limited to the early phase of chemotherapy. PMID- 7098383 TI - [Carnitine deficiency: a treatable cause of cardiomyopathy in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098388 TI - [The language of medical books and journals]. PMID- 7098387 TI - [Classification of diagnostic studies in pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 7098386 TI - Effects of administration of whole blood or plasma on human cancer. PMID- 7098385 TI - Does human liver contain estrogen receptors? A comparative study of estrogen binding in human and rodent liver. PMID- 7098389 TI - [Method of injecting x-ray contrast media into the submucous membrane of the stomach via a fiberscope]. PMID- 7098384 TI - Suicidal digoxin poisoning: conventional treatment and antibody therapy. AB - A 66-year-old mand suffering from severe coronary heart disease took digoxin with suicidal intent an was treated for the ensuing complete atrioventricular block with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. Two and a half hours after intravenous infusion of the antibody fragments, the signs of intoxication passed off, and atrial fibrillation with a normal ventricular rate was reinstated. Antibody therapy is capable of permanently abolishing the signs of symptoms of digitalis poisoning after a matter of hours. Such a rapid or complete response cannot be achieved by any conventional form of treatment. This advantage must be weighed against the risks (immunologic reactions, loss of the therapeutic effect of the cardiac glycoside if an overdose of antibody is given). Moreover, antibody therapy does not take effect immediately, as is understandable in view of the mechanism of action. It should therefore be instituted in good time in potentially life-threatening cases of intoxication. PMID- 7098390 TI - [Characteristics of the mucosal changes in the gastroduodenal system in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 7098392 TI - [Adrenergic and cholinergic shifts in the microstructures of the gastric mucosa as a probable factor in the development of gastroduodenal ulcers in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 7098391 TI - [Protective barrier of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 7098393 TI - [Ultrasonic liver study in echinococcosis]. PMID- 7098394 TI - [Importance of determining hyperfermentemia in acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7098395 TI - [General hemodynamics, liver blood flow and liver absorptive--excretory function in biliary tract and pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 7098396 TI - [Corticosteroid therapy of compensated intracapillary glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 7098397 TI - [Hemosorption as a treatment method for uremic complications]. PMID- 7098398 TI - [Autonomic vascular disorders in chronic kidney diseases]. PMID- 7098399 TI - [Plethysmographic indices of direct and retrograde blood flow in the veins of the lower extremities]. PMID- 7098401 TI - [Pseudolymphoma of the lungs]. PMID- 7098402 TI - [Case of metastasis of hypernephroid cancer of the kidney to the heart]. PMID- 7098400 TI - [Arteriovenous aneurysm of the abdominal cavity following a blind shrapnel wound in World War II]. PMID- 7098403 TI - [Severe form of diabetes mellitus in a female patient with osteogenesis imperfecta]. PMID- 7098404 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 7098405 TI - [Metabolic characteristics in nutrition with low-calorie "survival" diets containing only readily assimilated carbohydrates]. AB - On the basis of the study of carbohydrate, mineral, amino acid, nitrogen metabolism, nutritional status and general health condition of test subjects, it is concluded that in the case of emergency landing in an area with a temperate climate the contingency diet consisting of 300 g of readily assimilable disaccharides can be consumed for 5 days. PMID- 7098406 TI - [Dynamics of the phasic structure of left ventricular systole on prolonged (140 185 days) space flights]. AB - Kinetocardiographic studies of the left ventricular systolic time intervals at rest in space flights of 140, 175 and 185 days in duration revealed functional changes reflecting cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness. The typical changes were: shortening of isometric contraction, decrease of the tension index, irregular decline of the ejection time, and a slight increase in the intrasystolic index. These changes in the systolic time intervals are indicative of an enhanced strength of cardiac contraction. This may in turn be associated with cephalad fluid shifts and reduced activity of the peripheral muscular heart. PMID- 7098409 TI - [Regulation of cerebral circulation in an upright posture of the human trunk]. AB - The functional mechanisms responsible for orthostatic tolerance of cerebral circulation in the normal man and in ambulatory and bedridden neurosurgical patients were investigated, using the following methods: cerebral blood flow by means of xenon-133 clearance, measurement of brain perfusion pressure, ventricular pressure, acid-base equilibrium in the blood flowing in and out of the brain, determination of cardiac output and stroke volume, electroencephalography, and rheography of cerebral and peripheral vessels. In the normal men and patients with compensated neurosurgical pathologies, the transfer into the head-up position induced small changes in the systemic and cerebral regional circulation. This was associated with complex reactions of the vascular system triggered by the receptors of the sinocarotid area. The normal response of the vascular system to the orthostatic load involved dilatation of cerebral and constriction of peripheral arteries, tachycardia, increased central venous pressure, moderate decrease of brain perfusion pressure and intraventricular pressure. In vascular pathological reactions constriction of peripheral arteries and veins was disturbed; cardiac output and stroke volume, cerebral blood flow velocity, central venous and intraventricular pressures were decreased. PMID- 7098408 TI - [Synchronization of the frequency of cardiovascular fatalities with physical time cues]. AB - Investigations were carried out to correlate the frequency of cardiovascular catastrophes (daily mortality rate of patients with ischemic heart disease), heliogeomagnetic activity (solar radiation in the wave band 10.7 cm, H, D and Z components of the geomagnetic field), synchronization and desynchronization of circaseptidian rhythms, and total number of cardiovascular catastrophes in different seasons. The raw data sets were treated with due account of the discrete pattern of random sequences and noise in the medical data set, finite analysis interval and informativity of the derivatives of the parameters used. The occurrence of cardiovascular catastrophes showed circaseptidian rhythms whose level depended on the above three factors. The results obtained are discussed with respect to possible synchronization and desynchronization of endogenous biorhythms by time cues, relating them to the mechanism of human adaptation to the environment. PMID- 7098407 TI - [Characteristics of the slow-wave heart rhythm in a healthy human being under various functional conditions]. AB - The slow waves of the cardiac rhythm were investigated at rest and under emotional and physical stress. In most test subjects emotional stress led to the generation of the first order slow waves of 0.04-0.09 cps, whereas exercises inhibited slow waves of the above frequency range. Heart rate increased in response to both emotional and physical stress. The slow wave responses can be used to evaluate the emotional status and to differentiate emotional and physical stresses. PMID- 7098410 TI - [Reaction to decreased circulating blood volume in persons subject and resistant to motion sickness (airsickness)]. AB - The study of 54 healthy male test subjects demonstrated significantly different responses of motion sickness susceptible and resistant people to 10-minute occlusion of their femoral veins. The changes in limb rheograms, as well as heart rate and stroke volume indicated that in motion sickness susceptible subjects the circulating blood volume in the upper body decreased, whereas in motion sickness resistant subjects it remained unaltered or increased in response to the occlusion. PMID- 7098411 TI - [Effectiveness of the preparation Gavinton in preventing motion sickness]. AB - The effectiveness of the Hungarian drug kavinton used to prevent motion sickness was assessed. During the study 8 motion sickness susceptible test subjects were kept in a chamber rotating at a rate of 6 rpm for 5 hours. The effectiveness of the drug taken regularly during the exposure was compared with that of scopolamine and placebo taken as a single dose. The results obtained are suggestive of a positive effect of kavinton as an antimotion drug. PMID- 7098413 TI - [Mitotic activity and the nuclear volume of the epithelial cells of the rat cornea after a space flight on biosatellites]. AB - On total preparations of the cornea of rats flown on Cosmos-936 and Cosmos-1129 the following parameters of the epithelial mitosis were studied: mitotic index, ratio of mitotic phases, number of abnormalities of cell division, and number of chromosome aberrations in anaphases. These parameters were considered to be indicators of physiological regeneration. The nuclear volume of cells of two inner epithelial layers was measured, using a modified karyometric technique that yielded representative data. The lack of significant changes in the above mitotic parameters can be attributed either to the absence of a strong stress-reaction of rats postflight or to the discrepancy between the time of animal sacrifice and the time of the maximum post-stressor inhibition of mitotic activity. This study revealed some data suggesting that in weightlessness the rate of cell division remained unaltered. The mean nuclear volumes of corneal epithelial cells changed significantly (P less than 0.01) at late examination stages (days 6 and 29). This may be associated with rearrangements in the regulatory systems of the animal body postflight. It cannot be ruled out that an increased cell activity measured with respect to the nuclear size correlates with the intraocular pressure. PMID- 7098412 TI - [Potential disturbance in the regulation of respiration during hyperbaric nitrogen narcosis]. AB - In order to explore the possibility of disorders in the respiration regulation under conditions of hyperbaric nitrogen narcosis, experiments on 4 test subjects were carried out. Nitrogen narcosis was simulated by nitrous oxide. The ventilation increment was measured as a function of an increase of the hypercapnic stimulus. A combination of high degrees of hypercapnia and the narcotic effect may lead to ventilation inhibition and respiration disturbance. PMID- 7098416 TI - [Results of measuring the charge and energy spectra of heavy nuclei on board the artificial Earth satellite Kosmos-936]. AB - The measurements were performed using a package of dielectric track detectors mounted behind the shield of 60-80 kg.m-2 thick. The charge of nuclei was determined from the complete track length. As a result, 1915 tracks of nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 6 in the energy range 100-450 MeV/nuclon were detected and identified. The differential charge spectrum of nuclei with 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28 and the energy spectrum of nuclei of the iron group were built. For iron nuclei the following ration of isotope groups was obtained: (Fe52 + Fe53 + Fe54): (Fe55 + Fe56 + Fe57) : (Fe58 + Fe59 + Fe60) = (0.30 +/- 0.08) = (0.49 +/- 0.10) : (0.21 +/- 0.05). PMID- 7098414 TI - [Catecholamines and their metabolic enzymes in the rat myocardium after a flight on the Kosmos-936 biosatellite]. AB - In the myocardium of the weightless and centrifuged rats flown for 18.5 days onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-936 the catecholamine concentration and activity of enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation--dopamine-beta hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase--were measured. The catecholamine concentration in the myocardium of both flight groups significantly increased, and the enzyme activity did not change. These results suggest that an exposure to space flight increases the catecholamine concentration and exerts no effect on their synthesis and degradation in the rat myocardium. PMID- 7098415 TI - [Nitrous compound content in the tissues of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of rats after a flight on the Kosmos-1129 biosatellite]. AB - The content of ammonia, glutamine, urea, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and GABA was measured to study nitrogen metabolism. Soon after recovery (6-10 hours after recovery) the content of the above compounds in brain tissues increased, except for GABA whose content decreased. Similar but more marked changes were seen in the brain of control rats exposed to a repeated immobilization stress-effect. These changes were still greater in the flight rats exposed to a repeated immobilization stress-effect postflight. It is suggested that the postflight changes of the above parameters of nitrogen metabolism are induced by stress agents inherent in space flight and recovery. PMID- 7098417 TI - [Connective tissue of rats under prolonged hypokinesia and in the recovery period]. AB - Changes in the content of collagen (with respect to hydroxyproline), total aminopolysaccharides (with respect to hexosamines), and acid glycosaminoglycanes (with respect to hexuronic acids) in the skin and tendons of xuronic acids) in the skin and tendons of 102 white rats (including 46 controls) were determined on the 15, 30 and 90th hypokinetic days and on the 15, 30 and 90th days of posthypokinesia recovery. The hydroxyproline content in the skin and tendons did not change. The content of hexosamines and hexuronic acid decreased in tendons on hypokinetic days 15 and 90 and in the skin on day 15. The content of hexosamines in the skin increased on day 90. The content of hexosamines and hexuronic acids in the skin and tendons increased on recovery day 15 and remained unaltered on day 90. PMID- 7098418 TI - [Osteoporosis in the absence of support for the extremity]. AB - In dogs, the lower part of the right extremities was amputated, thus generating a support-free state of the femur. On day 90 after the amputation bone resorption reached a high level and by the end of the year declined. The mature bone microstructures showed a higher degree of mineralization, whereas the young bone microstructures which were in predominance in the support-free femur displayed a lower degree of mineralization. In bone, the content of Ca decreased, that of K increased, while the content of Na and P remained unchanged. The development of osteoporosis in the support-free femur did not involve only quantitative variations in the mineral component. PMID- 7098420 TI - [Preparation of labyrinthectomized animals for a flight on the Kosmos-936 biosatellite]. PMID- 7098422 TI - [Action of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on human and animal erythrocytes]. PMID- 7098424 TI - [Vibration and the pilots' assessment of said flight factor]. PMID- 7098421 TI - [Methodological problems of studying the erythrocyte balance based on data from a count of incubated reticulocytes]. PMID- 7098423 TI - [Effect of high environmental temperature on carbohydrate metabolism in rat liver and skeletal muscles]. PMID- 7098419 TI - [Characteristics of human sleep, circadian periodicity of physiological functions and of work capacity indices in the 1st 24 hours after the transition from an altered to a usual sleep and wakefulness cycle]. AB - Twelve male test subjects, aged 28 to 40, took part in the studies, in which a normal work-rest cycle was preceded by three types of an altered cycle, to investigate their adaptation-readaptation reactions. The return to the normal work-rest cycle was accompanied by slight changes in physiological functions, work changes was correlated with the type of altered work-rest cycles and with the degree of men's adaptation to them. The return to the normal work-rest cycle proceeded more readily, if adaptation to an altered cycle was incomplete. It is concluded that the required level of work capacity of men that have to vary their work-rest cycles frequently can be maintained by short-term (for 1 to 3 days) cycle alterations. PMID- 7098425 TI - Hyperglycemia in urethane-anesthetized rats: involvement of the adrenal gland. PMID- 7098426 TI - Pathogenicity of a serotype 12:A Pasteurella multocida in hydrocortisone treated and nontreated rabbits. AB - A Pasteurella multocida isolate of 12:A serotype from a rabbit caused typical pulmonary pasteurellosis and death in pasteurella-free rabbits by intranasal exposure. Rabbits stressed with hydrocortisone and inoculated with 12:A Pasteurella multocida organisms developed a higher prevalence of pneumonia than rabbits not treated with hydrocortisone. Typical 12:A Pasteurella multocida was isolated from nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs and was most prevalent in nasal cavities. Surviving rabbits developed serum agar gel precipitating antibody beginning 15 days post-inoculation. The data showed that the 12:A Pasteurella multocida isolate was pathogenic, caused mortality, colonized the respiratory tract, and stimulated systemic immune response by producing serum agar gel precipitating antibody. PMID- 7098427 TI - Differential effects of chemical and physical restraint on carbohydrate tolerance testing in nonhuman primates. AB - Ketamine hydrochloride, used during glucose or lactose tolerance tests to aid restraint of rhesus and stumptail macaques unconditioned to handling, prevented the establishment of definitive baseline plasma glucose tolerance curves from which meaningful interpretations could be derived. Repetition of the tests after the animals were restraint-chair conditioned provided clear baseline control data. It is suggested that ketamine might invalidate those carbohydrate tolerance tests which are based on the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7098429 TI - Environmental contamination associated with administration of test chemicals in drinking water. PMID- 7098428 TI - Response of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to thyroid-stimulating hormone in adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus). AB - The thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) response of the female baboon to injection of exogenous thyroid stimulating hormone was studied. This response established reference values for baseline and post-stimulation serum levels of T4 and T3. The reference values for T4 and T3 by radioimmunoassay were 9.9 +/- 2.2 micrograms/dl and 121 +/- 18 ng/dl, respectively. The T4 response to thyroid stimulating hormone reached its peak level of 22.7 +/- 1.8 micrograms/dl at 12 +/ 2.5 hours. The corresponding peak response for the T3 was 351 +/- 61 ng/dl which occurred at 8.0 +/- 2.5 hours. The T3 response was more rapid and reached its peak earlier than T4. PMID- 7098430 TI - Hematologic and serum chemical characteristics of mononuclear leukemia in Fischer 344 rats. AB - Hematologic, serum chemical, and histopathologic studies were performed on 17 aged Fischer 344 rats with mononuclear leukemia. Twelve of the rats had leukemic hemograms, while five had nonleukemic or marginally abnormal differential leukocyte counts. Hematologic findings revealed that all rats were profoundly anemic. Serum chemistry studies confirmed the occurrence of icterus observed clinically, a finding consistent with hemolytic anemia. Alanine aminotransferase and serum alkaline phosphatase values were elevated. PMID- 7098431 TI - Tympanic membrane temperature during experimental otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in chinchillas. AB - The relationship between tympanic membrane temperature and acute purulent otitis media was investigated using thermistor probes to measure surface temperature of the tympanic membrane in chinchillas with experimental unilateral otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sedated animals were kept on a thermally insulated surface during the procedure to avoid hypothermia. Although the animals' core temperature rose during middle ear infection, direct measurement of tympanic membrane temperature did not show a significant difference between the infected and uninfected contralateral ears. PMID- 7098433 TI - Description of a swine metabolism unit for long-term studies. PMID- 7098435 TI - Diversities in clinical and histopathological classification of leprosy. PMID- 7098434 TI - Observations on peg-prosthesis in leprosy. AB - Three leprosy patients with peg-prosthesis were studied in detail. It was found that there were several disadvantages of this type of prosthesis. However, its application in a rural situation has some merits, and with some suggested modifications, it could be adopted with better results. PMID- 7098432 TI - Ureteral urine collection from anesthetized domestic fowl. PMID- 7098437 TI - Study of dermatoglyphics in tuberculoid leprosy. PMID- 7098436 TI - An appraisal of use of the classifications of disabilities resulting from leprosy in field work and suggestions for improvement. PMID- 7098438 TI - Progressive lepra reaction. A case report. PMID- 7098439 TI - The consensus classification of leprosy approved by the Indian Association of Leprologists. PMID- 7098440 TI - A simplified 6 group classification of leprosy. PMID- 7098441 TI - Nerve damage in leprosy-a teased fibre study of sciatic nerves in experimental mice. AB - The extent of nerve damage was assessed in the sciatic nerves of CBA/J mice with experimental leprosy by the teased single fibre preparations. Morphological changes in the fibres were observed upto 15 months of infection and compared with control animals of the same age groups. During 4 to 9 months period, the fibres showed paranodal enlargements, widening of the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures, paranodal and whole segmental demyelination. In addition, fragmentation of axons with the formation of myelin ovoids in the schwann tubes was also observed in animals with 9 to 15 months of infection. While segmental demyelination was predominant early in infection, axonal degeneration was more evident in advanced infection. These findings may possibly, explain the underlying mechanism of nerve damage in human leprosy. PMID- 7098442 TI - Clinico-pathological study of testicular involvement in leprosy. AB - Twenty five patients of lepromatous leprosy were studied clinically and histopathologically for testicular involvement. Testicular pain or swelling was the commonest complaint (68%) followed by sterility (28%) and impotence (4%). Reduced testicular size associated with soft feel was observed in 76% patients. Gynaecomastia was present in 36% and altered sexual hair pattern in 24%. Eleven out of sixteen (69%) patients had oligo/azoospermia. Out of the twenty testicular biopsies 15 (75%) had definite histological evidence of leprous pathology, irrespective of testicular size, semen picture and clinical signs and symptoms. One out of three epididymal biopsies showed minimal changes. Histopathological changes varied markedly, it was not possible to categorize these into vascular, interstitial and obliterative phases. PMID- 7098443 TI - Anomalous isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in sera of patients with leprosy. AB - In an earlier study (Saoji et al, 1980) we looked for anomalous (additional) isoenzymes in homogenates of 17 active and 25 of regressing lepromatous leprosy, three of erythema nodosum leprosum, eight of BT, 19 of TT and one of indeterminate leprosy. Anomalous bands were found in 17 cases. They correlated with large numbers of viable organisms and were thought to originate from Mycobacterium leprae. This communication describes the serum LDH isoenzymes of the same 78 cases. Six of 17 cases with anomalous LDH isoenzymes in tissues showed anomalous bands even in serum samples. The bands were much fainter but had similar mobility in terms of Ef values. Therefore, LDH isoenzymes originating from Mycobacterium leprae were discernible in sera of cases, though not on the same scale as in the tissues. PMID- 7098445 TI - Classification of leprosy. PMID- 7098444 TI - Serum enzyme profile in tuberculoid leprosy. AB - Serum enzyme profile was studied in 74 patients with Tuberculoid leprosy and compared with that of 100 healthy controls. The enzymes studied were Aspartate and Alanine Transaminase, Isocitric dehydrogenase, Alkaline phosphatase Choline esterase and Creatine kinase. Both Transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase were in general within normal limits in Tuberculoid leprosy. Creatine kinase levels were found to be significantly elevated. In some of these cases raised levels of Serum Aspartate Transaminase was also noticed--evidence for skeletal muscle destruction. Mild increases in Isocitric dehydrogenase and a concomitant increase in Alanine Transaminase in some of the patients suggest a sub-clinical hepatic damage. A statistically significant decrease in Serum Choline esterase level was noticed in this study on Tuberculoid leprosy patients. PMID- 7098446 TI - Disposition of dapsone in protein deficiency--an experimental study in mice. AB - With an aim to evaluate the metabolic disposition of Dapsone (DDS) in protein malnutrition, a study was undertaken to determine DDS content of blood and tissues of protein deficient mice in comparison to the levels in ad-libitum and pair-fed mice. Three groups of Rockfeller's strain mice of same sex (roughly weighing 25 gm) were fed on low protein diet and high protein diet (for pair-fed and ad-libitum groups). After one month feeding DDS was administered by oral intubation daily for 7 days at a dose of 0.01 mg per g body weight. On 7th day animals were sacrificed 3 hours after DDS administration. Heparinised blood was collected from ocular plexus. Tissues (liver and kidney) were taken out for DDS estimations. DDS levels were determined by the method of Simpson (1949) and tissue protein content was assayed by the method of Lowry et al (1951). Hypoproteinemic mice presented higher values for blood and tissue DDS as compared to their pair-fed and ad-libitum fed groups. Our observations indicate that in hypoproteinemic mice, on account of the possible diminished binding of DDS to plasma albumin, the concentration of free DDS in blood and in tissues is higher. PMID- 7098448 TI - Progress in forensic toxicology: beyond analytical chemistry. AB - The dominant role of analytical chemistry in applied forensic toxicology is described briefly from an historical perspective. It is argued, however, that obligations imposed on forensic toxicologists by the law, medicine, and society for understanding toxicity in an increasing variety of case problems is really the major challenge and obligation facing toxicologists today. Case examples and rationale are presented in support of this argument. Needs and possible solutions to redress the current professional imbalance are suggested; such as a program to monitor prospectively adverse drug actions and interactions, forensic toxicology reference centers, graduate training programs, and collaborative research involving analytical toxicologists and biomedical researchers, including pathologists. There is a need to develop an industrial, governmental, and professional partnership. These proposals are discussed and justified. PMID- 7098447 TI - Plasma and urine disposition of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol and its principal metabolites in man. AB - The disposition of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in plasma and urine was monitored by GC/CIMS following oral administration of 10 doses (0.73-1.5 mg/kg) over 42 days, to twelve human subjects. Plasma concentration-time course profiles fitted a two-compartment, first order kinetic model. Mean plasma t1/2 alpha for LAAM was 2.4 hours; t1/2 beta was 37.5 hours for the first dose and 46.8 hours for the last dose. The mean terminal half-life for nor-LAAM was 38.2 hours for first and 64.6 for last dose; for dinor-LAAM t1/2 beta was 168 hours, last dose. Drug accumulation occurred in some subjects, but within the study range, dosage was not related to maximum plasma levels nor to accumulation. In urine, the sum of LAAM, nor-LAAM, and dinor-LAAM represented 25% of the dose, and unconjugated methadol metabolites, 1.6-1.7%. PMID- 7098451 TI - A fatal case involving hydroxyzine. PMID- 7098449 TI - Markedly prolonged theophylline half-life in liver failure. AB - Theophylline toxicity developed within 48 hours of admission in a 63-year-old alcoholic male who presented with shortness of breath, edema, and lethargy. Using liquid chromatography, a serum theophylline half-life of 134 hours was observed following discontinuation of the drug. This report emphasizes the effect of hepatic disease on theophylline clearance and the need for frequent monitoring of plasma theophylline concentrations in cirrhotic patients. PMID- 7098450 TI - A study of salicylate and caffeine excretion in the breast milk of two nursing mothers. AB - Salicylate excretion was studied in the breast milk of a nursing mother (Patient A) taking chronic therapeutic doses of aspirin, and caffeine excretion was monitored in the breast milk of a nursing mother (Patient B) who was a heavy coffee drinker. Salicylate concentrations were maximal in serum at 2.25 hours (10.8 mg/dL) and in milk at 3.00 hours (1.0 mg/dL) following 975 mg of aspirin in Patient A. Caffeine concentrations peaked at 5.50 hours in serum (2.14 micrograms/mL) and at 2.00 hours in milk (1.15 micrograms/mL) during a period of steady coffee drinking by Patient B. Milk:serum concentration ratios ranged up to 0.08 for patient A and up to 0.63 for Patient B, demonstrating that relatively more caffeine than salicylate was excreted into milk. Sodium, potassium, pH, and percent solute remained essentially unchanged in milk samples from both patients throughout the study periods so that changes in the state of hydration of pH of the milk could not be implicated for the observed excretion patterns. More than 25 liters of milk at its peak drug concentration would have to be consumed by the infants of Patients A and B respectively to provide the salicylate content of one aspirin tablet or the caffeine content of an average cup of coffee. PMID- 7098452 TI - Potential misrepresentation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). A toxicological warning. AB - The illicit synthesis of the popular drug 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) has frequently called upon the precursor piperonylacetone, which is reductively aminated with ammonium hydroxide. The term "piperonylacetone" has been used for two distinct chemical entities in the chemical literature, vis., 3,4 methylenedioxyphenylacetone or 3,4-methylenedioxybenzylacetone. It is only the first of these two chemicals which will give rise to MDA. The second chemical has been made commercially available as piperonylacetone and, employing the usual recipes, produces 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-aminobutane. This amine could be mistaken for MDA if only simple presumptive tests are employed. This latter base is largely unexplored pharmacologically and toxicologically and, as it may reasonably appear in illicit drug traffic misrepresented as MDA, it may well represent a clinical problem of unforseeable consequences. PMID- 7098453 TI - Determination of dimethyl sulfoxide in serum and other body fluids by gas chromatography. AB - A gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of dimethyl sulfoxide in serum, plasma, urine, and CSF is described. Features of the method include simple sample preparation, excellent accuracy, linearity, and precision. Results obtained on patient samples following intravenous administration are presented. PMID- 7098455 TI - Pneumoconiosis in the haematite iron ore mines of West Cumbria. A study of 45 years of control. PMID- 7098454 TI - Toxicological findings in amoxapine overdose. AB - Tissue concentrations of amoxapine, a new antidepressant with antipsychotic properties, were determined in two cases in which amoxapine was taken in overdose. Two extractions and GLC procedures, UV spectra, and TLC properties of amoxapine are described. The concentrations of amoxapine are described. The concentrations of amoxapine in brain tissue (52 micrograms/g and 53.2 micrograms/g) were about equal to concentrations found in liver (77 micrograms/g and 50 micrograms/g) and higher than blood concentrations (6 micrograms/mL and 1.5 micrograms/mL). The two metabolites of amoxapine, 8-hydroxyamoxapine and 7 hydroxyamoxapine, were not detected by TLC or GLC. PMID- 7098457 TI - Gastric cancer in coal miners: some hypotheses for investigation. PMID- 7098456 TI - Respiratory mycotic affection: sputum examination of workers in a flax plant in Egypt. PMID- 7098458 TI - A study of major factors associated with severe occupational hand injury in Hong Kong island. PMID- 7098459 TI - Education at a distance: development of a course study for the Associateship of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine. PMID- 7098460 TI - The effect of contact lenses on ocular responses to sulphur dioxide. PMID- 7098461 TI - Myocardial norepinephrine assay of needle biopsy specimens. PMID- 7098463 TI - Toxicity of ascitic fluid from pigs with hemorrhagic pancreatitis. PMID- 7098462 TI - Effect of severe hemorrhage on rat hepatic glycolytic intermediates. PMID- 7098466 TI - Study of function and maturation of monocytes in morbidly obese individuals. PMID- 7098464 TI - Endocrinological study of testicular descent in the rabbit. PMID- 7098465 TI - Measurement of cardiac output in small animals by aortic thermodilution. PMID- 7098467 TI - Neutrophil function in adults after traumatic splenectomy. PMID- 7098468 TI - Gamboling on the Vegas: the 1981 AMA Interim Meeting. PMID- 7098469 TI - Transsphenoidal microsurgery of pituitary tumors. PMID- 7098470 TI - AMA 1981 Interim Meeting Report. Essentials for the accreditation of sponsors of continuing medical education. PMID- 7098471 TI - Primary fibrinolysis. PMID- 7098473 TI - Radiology case of the month: hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. PMID- 7098472 TI - EKG of the month: second degree (2:1) AV block with calcific aortic valve disease. PMID- 7098474 TI - The effects of polyribonucleotides on the binding of dexamethasone-receptor complex to DNA. AB - The ability of polyribonucleotides to affect the association of [3H] Dexamethasone-receptor complex with DNA-cellulose has been investigated. Certain ribopolymers can release the receptor complex DNA. This release is not dependent on the charge of the polymer only, but displays some specificity with regard to the base composition of the ribopolymer. Of the polyribonucleotides examined, polyguanylic acid and polyxanthylic acid were most effective at promoting release of the steroid-receptor from the DNA. Polyadenylic acid and polycytidylic acid had no effect on the association. For a polymer to display activity it must possess a base with an oxygen or sulfur atom at the C-6 position of purines or C 4 position of pyrimidines. Simple nucleotides possessing this structural feature are inactive. PMID- 7098475 TI - Variability of levels of specific estrogen binding in a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. AB - Previous reports from this laboratory have described marked changes in the levels of specific estradiol (E2) binders in cultured endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (HEC-1B) that occur during the first 30 h after replating. In the present study, binding levels were measured daily during a period of 8 days. HEC-1B cells were incubated with 100 nM [3H]-estradiol at 4 and 30 degrees C, in the presence or absence of 10 microM diethylstilbestrol and concentrations of bound ligand were determined in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. It was found that concentrations of specific estradiol binders increased the first day after plating and declined thereafter. Saturation analysis of estrogen binding sites in cytosol of HEC-1B cells labeled with [3H]-E2 or [3H]-estriol (e3), at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 mM, showed two plateaus for E2 binding (at about 20 and 60 nM) but only one (at about 40 nM) for E3, when dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate free and bound ligand. The constants of dissociation of E2 and E3 for the high affinity binder were about 4 and 20 nM, respectively. PMID- 7098476 TI - Oxidation of cortisol to hydroxy acid metabolites by liver cytosol. AB - Cytosols (post-microsomal supernatants) prepared from rat, hamster and mouse livers oxidized cortisol to 11 beta, 17, 20-trihydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acids. Mouse liver enzymes yielded over 90% 20 alpha-hydroxy epimer from cortisol, 21-dehydrocortisol (11 alpha, 17-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-21 aldehyde), and 20 alpha-isocortisol (11 alpha, 17, 20 alpha-trihydroxy-3-oxo pregn-4-en-21-aldehyde). The 20 beta-epimer of isocortisol yielded both 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxy acid. Rat and hamster liver cytosols converted, 21 dehydrocortisol and 20 alpha-isocortisol to both 20 alpha and 20 beta-hydroxy acids, with the former predominant. The hamster enzyme oxidized 20 beta isocortisol mainly to the 20 beta-hydroxy acid. The results support our conclusion that both 17 alpha-hydroxy and 17-deoxy corticosteroids are oxidized to hydroxy acids by similar pathways and that isosteroids are obligatory intermediates. PMID- 7098477 TI - Binding of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane (3 alpha- and 3 beta-), 17 beta-diols to serum proteins in the rat. AB - Experiments with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at steady state conditions, indicated that testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha-androstanediol and 3-beta-androstanediol bound only to albumin in rat serum. The extent of binding of several C19-steroids to serum proteins was measured in rat blood utilizing equilibrium dialysis. The values for the adult male rat were as follows (mean +/- SEM): testosterone 78.3 +/- 0.4% 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone 81.8 +/- 0.4%, 3 alpha-androstanediol 95.5 +/- 0.1%; 3 beta-androstanediol 95.2 +/- 0.1%. The values for the latter two are significantly higher than those for the first two which in turn differ significantly from each other. The values for adult female and castrated male serum samples were not significantly different from those of the normal male. The results obtained for the extent of binding of C19 steroids in a 5-g% albumin solution (which is similar to male rat serum albumin concentration) did not differ significantly from values for serum indicating that the binding in the latter is due primarily to albumin. The KA's for C19-steroid binding to albumin were: testosterone 2.22 X 10(4)l/mol; 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone 3.46 X 10(4)l/mol; 3 alpha-androstanediol 1.36 X 10(5)l/Mol and 3 beta-androstanediol 1.20 XC 10(5)l/mol. When correlated to our previously reported metabolic clearance rats (MCR) it was concluded that binding to serum proteins does not account for the significant difference between the MCR for testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone but may account for the lower MCR's for the 3 alpha- and 3 beta-androstanediols. PMID- 7098478 TI - Synthesis of 16 alpha-[125I] iodo-5 alpha dihydrotestosterone and evaluation of its affinity for the androgen receptor. AB - Analogs of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, halogenated at carbon 11, were synthesized as potential gamma-emitting ligands for the androgen receptor. These compounds, were chosen for synthesis because estradiol, similarly substituted, is strongly bound to the estrogen receptor, and both androgen and estrogen receptors have generally similar structural requirements for the D-ring. The 16 alpha halogenated steroids, including 16 alpha-]125I] iodo-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were synthesized from 16 beta-bromo-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by halogen exchange. The cis-beta-bromohydrin substrate was synthesized from 5 alpha androstane-3,17-dione by selective ketalization, dibromination at C-16 and stereoselective reduction, 16 alpha-iodo dihydrotestosterone was devoid of androgen activity in vivo at concentrations at which 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was fully stimulatory. The 16-alpha-iodo, 16 alpha-bromo, and 16-beta-bromo analogs were allowed to compete with [3H]-dihydrotestosterone for binding to the androgen receptor; the 16 alpha-iodo compound had a relative binding affinity 1/100th and both bromo compounds 1/30th that of dihydrotestosterone. In addition, no specific binding was detected when the 16 alpha-[125I]iodo analog was incubated with prostatic cytosol. PMID- 7098479 TI - Variations in the levels of estrogen receptors in prolactin producing pituitary tumor cells. AB - The binding of [3H]-17 beta-estradiol in cells and cytoplasmic fractions of three different prolactin producing pituitary tumor lines was compared and found to vary widely. The concentration of estrogen receptors of the MtTW10 rat tumor line was high in early passages, but receptor levels decreased with subsequent passages in animals. Over a period of 12 months, the estrogen binding capacity in low speed supernatant fractions of cell homogenates decreased from 61.5 fmol [3H] 17 beta-estradiol per mg protein to less than 10 fmol [3H]-17 beta-estradiol per mg protein. A similar decrease in receptor concentration was found in MtTW10 cells which were adapted to in vitro culture. The concentration of receptor in low speed supernatant fractions of cultured GH3 rat tumor cells remained between 60 and 80 fmol [3H]-17 beta-estradiol per mg protein throughout the entire period of experimentation. In contrast, no high affinity receptors could be detected in similar fractions of the human pituitary cell line, 18-54, when cultured either in the presence or absence of serum. The Kd for the estradiol:receptor complex was determined to be 1.0 x 10(-10) M for receptors from MtTW10 cells and remained constant as the concentration of receptors declined. The receptors in both MtTW10 and GH3 cells were found to exist as 8s molecular species which are converted to 4s species by a temperature dependent process. The binding of estrogen to 8s and 4s receptors at 4 degrees C was shown to occur in the presence of 3 mg/ml of digitonin. PMID- 7098480 TI - Transcortin: a corticosteroid-binding protein of plasma-XIV. Effects of time of equilibration of serum with cortisol on transcortin determinations by gel filtration. AB - The results of determination of plasma transcortin levels by gel filtration are subject to assay conditions such as duration of incubation and the amount of cortisol added. We investigated the cause for the dependency of results on assay conditions by incubating samples over prolonged periods of time. Transcortin concentration and the rate of dissociation of the cortisol-transcortin complex remained constant over many weeks of storage at 4 degree C, while irreversible binding to unidentified macromolecules increased continuously. Irreversible binding occurs faster at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. In addition, with time, an ether-extractable, less polar metabolite of cortisol appears in the serum. The data suggest that a highly reactive metabolite of cortisol enters into covalent binding with macromolecules during prolonged incubations. PMID- 7098481 TI - Binding characteristics of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and estradiol-17 beta to the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor of the immature rat uterus. PMID- 7098482 TI - Glucocorticoids and melanoma: receptor properties of dexamethasone sensitive and resistant tumors. AB - We have grown solid tumors using dexamethasone-sensitive (clone 6) and -resistant (clone 5) cells cloned from RPMI 3460 Syrian hamster melanoma. Clone 6 but not clone 5 tumor growth was retarded by dexamethasone, indicating that these tumors retain the growth sensitivity to the hormone characteristic of the cells from which they are derived. Both tumor types contain cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (significantly higher levels in clone 5 tumors) with similar affinity and steroid specificity characteristics and these can exist as stable, activated (nuclear binding) complexes. Despite these similarities the receptor in the two tumor types differ by some physiochemical criteria. By sucrose gradient analysis, cytosols from both tumors contain 7S receptor complexes but clone 6 contains an additional 13S form. Activated receptors isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography from both clone 5 and 6 tumor cytosols sediment as a single peak at 4-5S. However, the DEAE-cellulose profiles indicate that clone 6 but not clone 5 activated complexes (Peak I) appear heterogeneous with respect to charge. Interestingly, DNA-cellulose chromatography indicates that activated receptors from clone 5 tumor cytosols may bind more tightly to DNA than those from clone 6. We are investigating these receptor differences in more detail to determine more precisely the role and pathways of action of glucocorticoid hormones in melanoma. PMID- 7098483 TI - Inactivation of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase(s) from beef adrenal cortex by acetylenic ketosteroids. PMID- 7098484 TI - Conversion of free 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroids by incubation with Helix pomatia. PMID- 7098485 TI - [Kinins and oedema induced by different carrageenans (author's transl)]. AB - 1. The oedema induced in the paw of the Wistar rat by local injection of three different carrageenans allows us to determine the inflammatory activity of these sulphated polysaccharides. This activity is greatest for the lambda type, it is reduced for the iota compound and is smallest for the kappa carrageenan. 2. Reduction of plasmatic stores of kininogens by ellagic acid or inhibition of kinin formation by hexadimethrine reduce the inflammatory reaction induced by the three carrageenans. Inhibition of kininases by phenanthroline increases the oedema. Thus the kinin system is involved in the development of this type of oedema. 3. In Brown-Norway rats, which lack of plasmatic kallikrein and kininogens, the inflammatory activity of the three carrageenans is very small. By comparing the activity in Wistar rats and in Brown-Norway rats, it is concluded that the kinin system is the most important factor in the development of the inflammatory reaction induced by the three types of carrageenans. PMID- 7098486 TI - [Unexpected interactions of some psychotropic drugs with barbital and pentobarbital effects in mice (author's transl)]. AB - Some of the substances studied modified the effects of the two barbiturates as expected and in the same direction: --chlorpromazine and diazepam increased the effects; --amphetamine and caffeine decreased them. Barbital, unlike pentobarbital, undergoes almost no metabolic transformation. This explains why pentobarbital is potentiated in the presence of proadifen, an inhibitor of liver microsomial enzymes, whereas the effect of barbital is unchanged, and probably explains similar results obtained with iproniazide and imipramine. For the same reason, rifampicine, an enzyme inducer, antagonizes the effect of pentobarbital without affecting that of barbital. The dissociated effects obtained with other substances are more difficult to explain: --increased effects of barbital without modification of the effects of pentobarbital (sulpiride); --decreased effects of barbital without modification of the effects of pentobarbital (methylphenidate, nomifensine, amineptine, oxolinic acid, methysergide); --decreased effects of barbital with increased effects of pentobarbital (viloxazine). Two hypotheses may be considered: 1. The study of barbital and pentobarbital concentrations in blood and brain would allow to exclude a pharmacokinetic interaction; 2. Barbital does not act through the same mechanism as pentobarbital. PMID- 7098487 TI - [Quinidine plasma concentration-cardiac electrophysiologic effects relationships in anesthetized dogs (author's transl)]. AB - 1. The electrophysiologic effects of quinidine (Q)were studied in 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using intracardiac electrography and programmed stimulation. With four successive bolus i.v. injections of Q gluconate (1, 3, 9, 18 mg/kg cumulative doses) at 30 min intervals, Q plasma concentration (Cp) ranged from 1.02 +/- 0.1 micrograms/ml to 5.7 +/- 0.6 micrograms at the time of electrophysiologic measurements 20 min after each injection. 2. In six control dogs, heart rate (HR), sinus node recovery time (TRS), conduction times (StH, HV, QRS), ventricular repolarization time (QTc) Wenckebach cycle length (L.W), and atrial refractory periods (RP) did not change significantly while the functional nodal (PRFN) and the effective ventricular (PREV) RPs significantly increased with time. 3. Quinidine produced a significant log- Cp related decrease in HR and increase in TRS corresponding to a decreased sinus automaticity. 4. StH and HV conduction times increased proportionally to log CpQ while the increase in QRS was not Cp-dependent. QTc did not increase significantly. 5. Quinidine resulted in significant log Cp-related increases in atrial RP PRFN and LW while the Q induced changes in PREV were not Cp-dependent. PMID- 7098488 TI - Interaction between histamine and clonidine in isolated guinea-pig atria. AB - 1. This study investigates the chronotropic and inotropic effects of clonidine and its interaction with histamine in spontaneously beating and electrically driven isolated guinea-pig atria. 2. Clonidine (up to 100 microM) did not modify the force of contraction in either spontaneously beating or paced atria. 3. Clonidine increased the rate of beating, having a lower maximal effect (43 +/- 5%) and a higher EC50 (15.7 +/- 4 microM) than histamine (Emax = 100%; EC50 = 1.47 +/- 0.1 microM). 4. The positive chronotropic effect of clonidine was unchanged after clemizole, phentolamine, propranolol and atropine but was competitively antagonized by cimetidine (pA2 = 6.87 +/- 0.18). 5. Concentration response curves for clonidine in the presence of several concentrations of histamine, and for histamine in the presence of several concentrations of clonidine, were constructed and the displacements observed with respect to the control curves in each case fit the competitive dualism model. 6. These results demonstrate that clonidine behaves as a partial agonist of the histamine H2 receptor in isolated guinea-pig atria. PMID- 7098492 TI - High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of endogenous serotonin released from aggregating platelets. AB - High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was developed for the determination of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in rabbit platelet and plasma. A peak from tissue extract (peak a) was identified as serotonin based on retention time on the chromatogram, using a potential that gave limiting current on both a current-potential curve and gas chromatography mass spectrum, as compared with that of authentic serotonin. For the assay of serotonin, 5-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine was used as an internal standard and the extraction recovery of the serotonin added to the platelet-rich plasma was almost total. Furthermore, using this highly sensitive method, it has been demonstrated that the release of endogenous serotonin from rabbit platelets occurs during collagen-induced platelet aggregation but not during adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation. The procedures described should prove to be simple and useful for pharmacological and physiological investigations on the relationship between platelet aggregation and release reaction. PMID- 7098490 TI - [Pharmacological evaluation of a relaxant effect by perfusion of the isolated middle cerebral artery in the rabbit]. PMID- 7098491 TI - [Cardiac electrophysiology study in the anesthetized dog]. PMID- 7098489 TI - Effects of angiotensin II on ionic fluxes in rat myometrium. AB - 1. The action of angiotensin II (At II) on 24Na, 42K and 36 Cl fluxes was examined using longitudinal strips of rat myometrium as an experimental model. 2. In normally polarized muscles, At II 3.3 x 10(-6)M, a concentration 10 times higher than necessary to produce a maximal contraction of the muscle, increases 42K and 36 Cl efflux rates as well as 42K uptake. The action of At II on 42K and 36Cl effluxes is concentration-dependent. Under the same conditions 24Na efflux is not affected by At II, but a significant increase of 24Na uptake is obtained. In order to know whether the observed effects were membrane potential dependent, we reexamined the action of the peptide in preparations previously depolarized by a 101 mM K+ solution (K+ replacing Na+). In depolarized preparations, At II 3.3 x 10(-6)M still increases 24Na uptake, but the effects previously observed on 42K and 36Cl fluxes in normally polarized preparations are suppressed. It is concluded that At II produces a primary increase in the membrane permeability to Na+ and that the stimulation of 42K and 36Cl fluxes induced by At II in myometrial strips appears to be mainly potential dependent. PMID- 7098496 TI - A practical method for monitoring drug excretion and enterohepatic circulation in the rat. AB - An improved experimental design for studying the enterohepatic circulation of drugs in a pair of bile duct-duodenum cannula-linked rats is described. By housing the rats in individual metabolism cages and using a peristaltic pump to immediately deliver bile secreted by the donor directly into the duodenum of the recipient, the method permits a realistic approximation of biliary excretion and reabsorption in intact animals for periods up to 96 hours. PMID- 7098493 TI - A semichronic diarrheal model. AB - A method of producing semichronic diarrhea is presented. It has been shown that, when fed a combination diet of 50% lactose and 50% commercially available feed, rats are subjected to continuous diarrhea, which lasts for 96 hr or more. The relative lack of the enzyme lactase in the rat results in the accumulation of lactose in the gut and probably by an osmotic effect, sets up conditions for the passage of a watery diarrhea. Various combinations of lactose and commercially available feed were tried and it was observed that rats function without any ill effects (e.g., body-weight loss) and produce consistent watery diarrhea with the above-mentioned combination. PMID- 7098495 TI - A simple method for screening monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory drugs for type preference. AB - A simple method is described for screening monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors for preferential action on either type A or type B MAO. Kynuramine, a substrate for both types of MAO, was used and the sources of enzyme were rat heart (type A) and mouse heart (type B). The method clearly showed that clorgyline (a preferential type A inhibitor) preferentially inhibited rat heart MAO; whereas pargyline (a preferential type B inhibitor) preferentially inhibited mouse heart MAO. Pheniprazine, an inhibitor without type preference, was equally effective in the two tissues. The method was used to substantiate a report by others that amphetamine has preferential inhibitory action against type A MAO. PMID- 7098494 TI - Norepinephrine-induced elevation of acetyl coenzyme A in rat pineal glands in culture. AB - A micromethod for the determination of acetyl coenzyme A was developed and the relationship between the concentration of acetyl coenzyme A and the activity of rat pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase was studied. Acetyl coenzyme A was determined by converting it into N-acetylserotonin using rat liver serotonin N acetyltransferase. Subsequently, the hydroxy group of N-acetylserotonin was O methylated by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase and S-[methyl-3H]adenosyl-l methionine to form [3H]melatonin, which was then conveniently separated from S [methyl-3H]adenosyl-l-methionine by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of radioactivity in melatonin is a measure of acetyl coenzyme A concentration. This method is sensitive and specific, since it can detect as low as 5 pmol of acetyl coenzyme A but not structurally related substances such as coenzyme A, adenosine diphosphate, cysteamine, D-panthothenic acid, or sodium acetate. After treating cultured rat pineal glands with l-norepinephrine (10 microM) for 6 hr, the concentration of acetyl coenzyme A was increased significantly from 3.26 +/- 0.37 to 10.24 +/- 0.93 pmol/gland, while the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase increased 68-fold. This result suggests that acetyl coenzyme A may play an important role in the norepinephrine-induced induction of serotonin N acetyltransferase. Sensitivity and adaptability of this method can be utilized to measure acetyl coenzyme A in discrete regions of rat brain and in experimental conditions in which micromeasurement of acetyl coenzyme A may be required. PMID- 7098497 TI - Determination of hepatic uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid concentration by conjugation with diethylstilbestrol. AB - A sensitive and reliable assay for uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) was developed that involved conjugation of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in vitro. This conjugation reaction is solely dependent upon UDPGA concentration. The assay uses 0.13 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 6.7 mM MgCl2, 0.05% Brig 58, 0.25 mg guinea pig liver microsomal protein, 0.13 mM 3H-DES (0.2 microCi/ml), and 200 microliters of boiled 10% liver homogenate in a total volume of 0.5 ml. After a 60-min incubation at 37 degrees C, unconjugated DES is extracted into 5 ml of chloroform and the residual metabolized 3H-DES in the aqueous phase is determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. After addition of beta-glucuronidase to the aqueous phase, about 90% of the radioactivity could be extracted into chloroform, demonstrating the DES-glucuronic acid is the primary metabolite. Thus, this method easily permits quantitation of UDPGA in rat liver in the 1-10 nmol range. PMID- 7098498 TI - A simple method for preparing single cell suspensions of heart and smooth muscle for radioreceptor labeling studies. AB - A simple method of preparing single cell suspensions for radioligand binding studies is described. The method involves incubating tissues in the presence of collagenase and elastase for 90 min in physiological solution with 1 mM calcium chloride and the mechanical disruption of the tissue by pipetting. The tissues examined were atria, ventricle, bladder, uterus, and taenia coli removed from mature guinea pigs. Viability of the cells by trypan blue exclusion showed 60-88% viable cells and receptor binding studies using (3H]-1-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) yield KD values of approximately equal to 0.1 nM. The receptor numbers for each tissue were (receptors/cell): atria, 5700; ventricle, 11,000; uterus, 31,000; bladder, 44,000; taenia coli, 68,000. PMID- 7098499 TI - Influences of hypothermia, cold, and isolation stress on the severity of coronary artery ligation-induced arrhythmias in rats. AB - With a view to increasing the severity of the arrhythmias that arise following coronary artery ligation in anesthetized rats, the influences of exposure to lowered environmental temperature (LET) (21 to 13 degrees C) and isolation stress were examined. Housing rats singly for 48 hr, prior to the induction of arrhythmias, caused the most marked changes in the severity of the model; the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and mortality were increase from 43 to 90% and 9 to 60%, respectively. Exposure of multiply housed rats to LET for 48 hr also significantly increased mortality from fibrillation. A combination of LET plus isolation stress, however, did not further increase the severity of the arrhythmias following ligation. Acute hypothermia (body temperature reduced to 30 or 25 degrees C) did not significantly enhance the severity of the model. PMID- 7098500 TI - A theoretical model for the use of functional antagonism to estimate dissociation constants for agonists. PMID- 7098502 TI - The crisis of excellence. PMID- 7098501 TI - Measurements of oxygen tension in perfusates from guinea pig isolated hearts and the demonstration of coronary vasodilator material. AB - The release of coronary vasodilator mediator(s) from guinea pig isolated hearts was demonstrated by a technique employing donor and recipient hearts perfused in series. Vasodilator mediator release followed the positive inotropic, chronotropic, and coronary vasodilator responses of donor hearts to isoprenaline and their exposure to hypoxia. Isoprenaline-induced coronary vasodilatation of donor hearts was accompanied by a fall in perfusate pO2, indicative of a raised myocardial oxygen consumption. Measurement of perfusate pO2 levels showed that the regassing procedure was adequate and the fall in pO2 level no longer occurred after isoprenaline. However, at high resolution, small changes in pO2 could still be detected by these were not sufficient to induce vasodilatation of the recipient. The technique was adapted to enable simultaneous measurement of perfusate pO2 and release of vasodilator mediator following administration of isoprenaline. The value of this in examining the relationship between myocardial oxygen consumption and vasodilator mediator release is discussed. PMID- 7098503 TI - Coccidioidal pulmonary cavities with rupture. AB - Twenty-three patients with spontaneous rupture of a pulmonary cavity with a pyopneumothorax resulting from coccidioidomycosis are presented. Clinical and laboratory findings, medical and surgical treatment, and complications are detailed. Skin tests are not helpful in making a diagnosis. Although complement fixation titers were elevated in all patients and cultures were positive in 21, these laboratory tests should not delay surgical treatment. Surgical treatment included seven lobectomies, thirteen partial lobectomies, and one pneumonectomy. Two patients did not undergo surgical resection. Seventeen required some degree of decortication. There were three major complications and no deaths. Prompt operation is recommended when the diagnosis is suspected. Reasons for postponement include delay in seeking treatment, poorly controlled diabetes, and other complicating medical factors. The extent of surgical resection may have to be limited because of the extensive contamination of the pleural space. Amphotericin B was administered in 10 patients. The drug should be administered when the cavity ruptures in the acute phase of the disease, in all patients with diabetes, in delayed operations, in patients with concomitant medical problems, and when the extent of resection is limited to obtain immediate obliteration of the pleural space. PMID- 7098504 TI - Potentially parachute mitral valve in common atrioventricular canal: pathological anatomy and surgical importance. AB - An essentially single focus of left ventricular chordal insertion was found in 23 of 164 autopsied cases of common atrioventricular canal (CAVC) with a normally formed spleen (14%). Suture closure of the cleft of the mitral valve in such cases results in the surgical creation of parachute mitral valve, often with fatal iatrogenic mitral stenosis. In such patients, the cleft of the mitral valve is its main orifice and must not be sutured closed. There are four anatomic types of potentially parachute mitral valve in CAVC: (1) with one papillary muscle group and one mitral orifice (type 1A), in 10 cases (43%); (2) with one papillary muscle group and two mitral orifices (type 1B), in one case (4%); (3) with two papillary muscle groups and one mitral orifice (type 2A), in five cases (22%); and (4) with two papillary muscle groups and two mitral orifices (type 2B), in seven cases (30%). Parachute mitral valve exists only when the AVC is divided, either naturally or surgically. The essence of parachute mitral valve is an essentially single focus of chordal insertion. One or both left ventricular papillary muscle groups may be present. The presence of only one focus of left ventricular chordal insertion contraindicates cleft closure. PMID- 7098505 TI - Closed transventricular pulmonary valvotomy in infants. AB - In an effort to reassess the efficacy of closed transventricular valvotomy in infants with severe pulmonary stenosis, we reviewed 24 consecutive patients who underwent closed transventricular valvotomy. The age range was 1 day to 11 months (median 53 days), with 10 patients under 1 month and 21 under 6 months of age. The weight range was 2.6 to 9.4 kg (median 4.1 kg). The long-term results were assessed by comparing the postoperative to the preoperative clinical and hemodynamic data. The 20 survivors were followed up for 3 to 133 months (median 54 months). All were asymptomatic upon the last follow-up visit, and their electrocardiograms and chest x-ray films were normal or improved. In 12 patients who had cardiac catheterization 7 to 85 months (median 50 months) after operation, the range for the right ventricular-to-left ventricular, or systemic arterial, peak systolic pressure ratio (RV:LV) was 0.97 to 1.7 preoperatively (mean 1.31) and 0.22 to 0.94 postoperatively (mean 0.42) (p less than 0.001). In order to assess the significance of the RV size for the surgical survival, we measured the preoperative RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) in 17 patients. Twelve patients had a normal or enlarged RV and all survived the operation, whereas two of the five patients with an RVEDV more than 2 SD below the normal mean (RVEDV less than 23 ml/m2) died postoperatively (p = 0.075). We conclude that closed transventricular valvotomy can be done successfully in infants with severe pulmonary stenosis and an RV which is not small. The risk of cardiopulmonary bypass is avoided and good long-term results can be obtained. We also present evidence that a small RV (RVEDV less than 23 ml/m2) is a potentially important predictor of the surgical risk. PMID- 7098506 TI - Left ventricular function and compliance in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. AB - Left ventricular systolic function and compliance were assessed in 15 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. The left ventricular ejection fraction measured from cineangiography was used for the evaluation of the systolic function. The end-diastolic pressure (EDP), left ventricular compliance index at end-diastole (dv/dp), and left ventricular stiffness constant K were used as compliance indices. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was slightly diminished. The right ventricular end diastolic pressures (RVEDPs) correlated significantly (r = 0.90) with the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). On the basis of left ventricular compliance, two distinctive groups of patients could be identified: Group I consisted of Patients 1 to 7, all with impaired left ventricular compliance. A shunt operation was the basic palliation in this group. None of these patients survived infancy. Group II consisted of Patients 8 to 15, all with normal left ventricular compliance. Pulmonary valvotomy as well as aortopulmonary shunts were the basic palliative procedures in this group. Six of eight patients in this group are long-term survivors. No difference was found in right ventricular size, tricuspid valve size, presence of tricuspid insufficiency, presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, postoperative oxygen saturations, and atrial pressure gradients between the two groups. Evaluation of the left ventricular compliance in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum might be of significant prognostic valve for their early survival. PMID- 7098507 TI - Resection of congenital tracheal stenosis involving the carina. PMID- 7098508 TI - Management of instrumental perforations of the esophagus. AB - Experience with 47 consecutive instrumental perforations of the esophagus is described. Perforation occurred in the cervical esophagus in 18 patients, mid thoracic esophagus in 12, and distal esophagus in 17. The majority of patients (87%) harbored a primary esophageal disorder necessitating esophageal instrumentation. Eight select patients were treated nonoperatively with one death; however, some form of morbidity with prolonged hospital stay occurred in half of these patients. In contrast, 39 patients underwent emergency surgical intervention. Only one death occurred in the 31 patients treated by local drainage and attempted closure of the perforation. However, three of six patients with distal perforations treated by esophageal resection with primary esophagogastrostomy died in the early postoperative period. Our results suggest that most instrumental perforations of the esophagus should be managed surgically. Drainage and closure of cervical perforations yields goods results. Esophageal resection with primary reconstitution of esophagogastric continuity should be reserved for select situations. Nonoperative management might be entertained in minimally symptomatic patients harboring a late, locally contained perforation without signs of ongoing sepsis. PMID- 7098509 TI - Cardiac fibroma: long-term survival after excision. AB - Four patients have had operation at the Mayo Clinic for a cardiac fibroma and all survived. Three patients have an excellent clinical result and are free of tumor 1 year, 13 years, and 17 years postoperatively. The fourth shows radiographic evidence of residual tumor near the mitral anulus, but is clinically well 15 years postoperatively. A fifth unoperated patient died suddenly 8 years after presumptive diagnosis of fibroma at the age of 83 years. This experience suggests that patients who have undergone successful excision of cardiac fibroma have an excellent probability of remaining free of disease. PMID- 7098510 TI - Effect of temperature during potassium arrest on myocardial metabolism and function. AB - Past studies have not established the optimal myocardial temperature range for hyperkalemic arrest but have generated controversy regarding the safety of exposing the myocardium to more profound levels of hypothermia. We therefore used the isolated working rat heart model of ischemic arrest to study the metabolic and functional effects of cardioplegia at the full range of temperatures pertinent clinically. Experimental conditions were designed to reliably control and maintain myocardial temperature during the 60 minute arrest period. We found that nearly full recovery of function occurred when hearts were arrested at or below 16 degrees C. High-energy phosphate levels measured immediately after arrest were better maintained at 4 degrees and 8 degrees C, despite evidence of decreased anaerobic glycolysis. When measured after the recovery period, high energy phosphate levels returned to somewhat less than control levels in all groups arrested at or below 24 degrees C. Myocardial glucose utilization was best preserved in hearts arrested at or below 12 degrees C. We found no evidence that greater myocardial edema resulted from arrest at colder temperatures. Severe and permanent damage was observed when hearts were arrested at or above 28 degrees C. In this model, therefore, the best overall metabolic and functional protection occurred when hearts were maintained at 12 degrees C or below potassium-induced cardioplegia. Our results support the idea that cold injury to the heart does not occur and that colder temperatures provide better protection from ischemic myocardial injury. PMID- 7098511 TI - Chronic traumatic thoracic aneurysm. Influence of operative treatment on natural history: an analysis of reported cases, 1950-1980. AB - A total of 401 cases of chronic traumatic aneurysm reported during the past 30 years plus 12 cases from the University of Virginia Medical Center were analyzed. Forty-two percent of the patients developed signs or symptoms of aneurysm expansion within 5 years of injury: 85% within 20 years. Pain was the most frequently occurring sign or symptom, followed by serial enlargement on chest roentgenogram. Of the 60 patients who were followed without operative intervention, 20 died of their aortic lesions. For these patients, the combined risk of dying or developing signs or symptoms was 41% at 5 years. Over 300 patients underwent operative repair of the aneurysm. Operative mortality was 4.6%. Bleeding was the major cause of death as well as the most common major complication. When the survival probability of patients treated operatively was compared with that of patients treated nonoperatively, the operative group demonstrated a significantly higher survival probability. PMID- 7098512 TI - Evidence of remodeling in dura mater cardiac valves. AB - Subcellular changes in 12 dura mater cardiac valves (in the mitral or aortic position) surgically removed after 23 to 108 months of implantation owing to calcification, rupture, or endocarditis show signs of a remodeling process. Significant morphologic changes in the connective tissue fiber matrices and cell populations were noted in the recovered valvular leaflets. Macrophages were found within electronlucent (cleared-out) areas, and they seemed to play an essential role in the remodeling process by ingesting and digesting selected connective tissue components. Fibroblasts found within these "rebuilding" areas in the dura mater tissue possessed small cytoplasmic vesicles (65 nm in diameter) being extruded from the cell. Evidence of early collagen formation was also found in association with both peripheral filaments and peripheral condensations, as well as within the connective tissue matrices surrounding the cellular elements, where electron dense amorphous material was observed. In conclusion, the long-term durability of dura mater bioprosthetic cardiac valves may be directly related to (1) glycerin stabilization and preservation of the collagen fibers, (2) the viability of the fibroblasts and macrophages within the implanted valves, and (3) the unique morphology and fine structure of the double-layered dura mater encephali. We hypothesize that the fibroblasts or myofibroblast-like cells found within the implanted leaflets, no matter what their origin, are capable of giving form and organization to the early developing connective tissue. PMID- 7098513 TI - Analysis of the design and dynamics of aortic bioprostheses in vivo. AB - An understanding of the in vivo design and dynamics of the present bioprosthetic valves should provide the information necessary for an improvement in their efficiency and durability. Three types of commercially available bioprostheses were prepared with radiopaque markers and implanted in the aortic position in calves. One week later, under light general anesthesia, the animals were studied to determine the in vivo design, shape, configuration, and motion of the bioprostheses. This information was then compared to that previously obtained from the natural aortic valve in vivo. The following observations were made: (1) In all three types of bioprostheses, the three leaflets opened and closed simultaneously in less than one thirtieth of a second; (2) there was no detectable flexion of the stent posts in any of the three types of valves; (3) in all of the bioprostheses studied, the greatest flexion occurred along the attachment of the leaflets; (4) the systolic and the diastolic geometry of the three types of valves was completely different for each type of valve, and none duplicated the geometry of the natural aortic valve; (5) the open configuration of the leaflets was different for each type of prosthetic valve and different from the natural aortic valve; (6) the zone of leaflet bending varied in size and extent for each of the valves. It is concluded that the differences between the design of bioprosthetic valves and that of natural valves are probably a major factor in increasing the stresses in bioprostheses. Hence stress failures could be reduced and durability increased by redesigning bioprostheses to duplicate more closely the design of the natural aortic valve. PMID- 7098515 TI - Hemodynamic evaluation of the Angell-Shiley porcine xenograft. AB - The Angell-Shiley porcine xenograft was evaluated in 48 asymptomatic subjects who underwent cardiac catheterization an average of 14 months after operation. Nineteen patients had mitral and 29 had aortic valve replacement. The average mitral valve gradient was 8 +/- 3 mm Hg and the average effective orifice area was 1.8 +/- 0.6 cm2. The average aortic valve gradient was 22 +/- 7 mm Hg and the average effective orifice area was 1.2 +/- 0.3 cm2. During supine leg exercise, the average mitral valve gradient increased to 12 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) and the average aortic valve gradient increased to 27 +/- 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) compared to findings at rest. On the basis of data obtained with a regression analysis model, there is a high probability that an Angell-Shiley aortic xenograft with a stent diameter less than 25 mm will have a postoperative effective orifice area of less than 1 cm2, and that an Angell-Shiley mitral xenograft with a stent diameter less than 30 mm will have a postoperative effective orifice area of less than 1.5 cm2. Our data suggest that the Angell Shiley xenograft has suboptimal hemodynamic performance in stent sizes less than 30 mm in the mitral position and less than 25 mm in the aortic position. PMID- 7098516 TI - Surgical technique for early repair of posterior ventricular septal rupture. PMID- 7098514 TI - Acute endocarditis: surgical treatment of aortic regurgitation and aortico--left ventricular discontinuity. AB - The clinical course of five patients with acute endocarditis resulting in aortic regurgitation and aortico--left ventricular discontinuity was reviewed. All five patients were operated upon less than 6 weeks after the onset of the antibiotic therapy. Aortic valve replacement and repair of the left ventricular discontinuity were done successfully in all five patients. The repair was accomplished in two patients primarily, with interrupted horizontal pledget supported sutures placed through the left ventricular and aortic walls and through the ring of a valve prosthesis. In the remaining three patients, the repair was performed with the interposition of a Dacron patch between the left ventricle and the aorta, and the valve prosthesis was then sutured to the graft and to the remaining native aortic anulus. The latter technique has many attractive features for the repair of left ventricular discontinuity when there exists a large gap between the aorta and left ventricle. PMID- 7098518 TI - Aortic valve replacement in a paraplegic man. PMID- 7098517 TI - Sudden death due to cuspal dehiscence of the Ionescu-Shiley valve in the mitral position. PMID- 7098519 TI - Simplified approach to the management of bleeding operative sites on the ascending aorta. PMID- 7098520 TI - A method of dark-field and simultaneous light--dark-field illumination for photomacrography of autoradiographic preparations. AB - A technique is described for dark-field and light--dark-field illumination of autoradiographic preparations for photomacrogra. A right-angle prism is employed as a substrate through which illumination is introduced to the specimen. The technique permits uniform illumination of large fields of view, and also minimizes the image-degrading effects of chromatic dispersion and excessive noncoherent scatter which are often associated with conventional dark-field illumination. PMID- 7098521 TI - Enhanced rate of kindling after prolonged electrode implantation into the amygdala of rats. AB - A comparison was made between the rate of amygdaloid kindling in rats which had been implanted with electrodes either 6-8 days or 28-33 days before the start of a series of kindling stimulations. Using both stainless-steel and platinum/iridium electrodes the rate of kindling was significantly reduced after the longer implantation time. Possible mechanisms by which the presence of an electrode in the amygdala may influence the rate of subsequent kindling, and the implications for studies on kindling, are discussed. PMID- 7098523 TI - Stray light correction for microspectrophotometric determination of intracellular ion concentration. PMID- 7098522 TI - Stimulus-response profile analysis: a comprehensive, quantitative approach to the study of sensory coding and information processing. AB - In order to understand the coding and information processing capabilities of mechanosensory neurons, it is necessary to examine stimulus--response relationships under a wide variety of stimulus conditions, using a comprehensive set of quantitative analytic procedures. We employ the methodology of stimulus- response profile analysis, which is based on 4 principles: (1) the use of a broad based battery of quantitatively controlled mechanical stimuli; (2) maintenance of comprehensive records of experiments; (3) detailed, quantitative analysis of single-unit responses; and (4) the application of these principles uniformly and consistently to all units studied. In addition to conventional graphical portrayals of single-unit activity, we employ a set of quantitative response indices, each of which represents a particular aspect of a unit's overall responsiveness. The distribution of a response index for the entire sample of neurons examined in a particular population offers insight into the manner in which a specific stimulus feature is presented within that population. The distributions of response indices obtained from different neural populations can be compared statistically in order to evaluate interpopulation differences in stimulus-response relationships. This comprehensive, quantitative approach is capable of demonstrating significant, although subtle, interpopulation differences which are not revealed by more cursory, qualitative methods. PMID- 7098526 TI - Treatment of massive hemoptysis with intravenous pitressin. PMID- 7098527 TI - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Second edition. PMID- 7098528 TI - Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: timing of surgery and mortality. AB - In contrast to the incidence of other types of stroke, the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has not changed. It is highest in the oldest age groups, and this indicates that it is not due to a congenital lesion. The primary factors that affect survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are the clinical grade of the patient and the duration of time from onset to the time the patient is seen for medical attention. Because of the very high early mortality from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgeons generally wait until 10 to 14 days before undertaking surgery. This delay results in a lower surgical mortality but makes it difficult to show an effect on overall mortality. Increasing attention is being given to early surgery after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 7098525 TI - Effect of pulses of pressure applied to the larynx of rabbits on their pattern of breathing. PMID- 7098524 TI - Responsiveness of isolated tracheal smooth muscle in a canine model of asthma. PMID- 7098529 TI - Definitive diagnosis of truncus arteriosus by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7098530 TI - Visualization of aortopulmonary window by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7098531 TI - Effect of duodenal cooling on small intestinal pacing. AB - The aim of this study was to determine whether mid-duodenal cooling would decrease the frequency of the pacesetter potentials in the distal duodenum and so facilitate pacing of the distal duodenum by electrical stimuli. Stepwise cooling of the mid duodenum of four awake dogs from 38 degrees to 4 degrees C decreased markedly the frequency of the distal duodenal pacesetter potentials (mean +/- SEM, 19.7 +/- 0.6 versus 13.6 +/- 0.4 cycles/min, P less than 0.05). Moreover, during cooling, electrical pacing near the ligament of Treitz increased the frequency of the pacesetter potentials in the distal duodenum and reversed their direction of travel from caudad to orad. The maximum driven frequency was progressively slowed as the mid duodenum was cooled from 38 degrees to 4 degrees C (20.9 +/- 0.5 versus 18.0 +/- 0.7 cycles/min, P less than 0.05). Because the unpaced frequency declined more rapidly than the maximum driven frequency as the mid duodenum was cooled, the spread between them, or the "pacing range," enlarged with decreasing temperature. We concluded that duodenal cooling decreased the frequency of the distal duodenal pacesetter potentials and expanded the range over which the pacesetter potentials could be paced. PMID- 7098532 TI - Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, Ebstein's anomaly of hypoplastic tricuspid valve, and double-chamber right ventricle: two-dimensional echocardiographic-anatomic correlation. PMID- 7098535 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis I: the articular picture. PMID- 7098536 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis II: systemic manifestations. PMID- 7098533 TI - Soft agar colony formation assay for chemotherapy sensitivity testing of human solid tumors. PMID- 7098534 TI - Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an appraisal. PMID- 7098537 TI - Cancer of the breast in Baltimore black women. PMID- 7098538 TI - Effect of exercise training on cardiac function in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 7098541 TI - Theory of reliability, biological systems and aging. AB - The paper deals with possibilities and prospects of application of reliability theory in biology and particularly in gerontology. The possibilities and limitations of existing reliability methods are analyzed with respect to their eventual use in biology, and new methods suitable for analysis of changes in the reliability of biological systems during their aging process are searched for. A new method is proposed for reliability parameter estimation of elements and subsystems forming biological systems. Application of the method could bring new information regarding the causes of declining reliability of biological systems during their aging. Application of the method is demonstrated by an analysis of reliability of the human organism, and the results are compared with some current theories of aging. PMID- 7098540 TI - Cell-type specific codon usage and differentiation. AB - This paper presents evidence derived from the selective use of codons in ca. 40 eukaryotic genes (or messages derived from them) that codon usage is one of the most conserved features of messages for specific cell products. The theory has been developed by several investigations that the kinds of products of many if not most kinds of differentiated cells is determined by the pattern of translation abilities each cell possesses as it differentiates. A correllary of this thesis is that the groups of code words used for products of specific cell types, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE SPECIES INVOLVED, should exclude specific kinds of code words in one cell type and not another. To test this thesis, the specific frequency of codon usage and non-usage has been collated from the recently published literature and subjected to appropriate computer analysis. We find that: (1) certain codons are not used at all in any message for globins; (2) the pattern of codon usage is characteristic of specific products from specific embryonic derivatives, e.g. erythrocytes; (3) that certain code words are discriminated against generally in nearly all vertebrate cell messages evaluated; and (4) that the cell type from which a message is derived can be identified, at least in the case of 9 globin messages derived from species separated by millions of generations, purely on the basis of codon usage. From these studies it can be inferred that some evolutionary factor prevents the use of "forbidden" code words in specific kinds of cells. We propose that this factor derives from the fact that a "silent" mutation to a code word which is untranslatable by a differentiated cell will be lethal in the homozygous condition and that the thesis that so-called "codon restriction" is an important determinative factor in limiting what differentiating cells can synthesize in many kinds of developing cells explains the available evidence more adequately than alternative theories. PMID- 7098539 TI - The enigmatic gunshot wound: a report of two cases. PMID- 7098542 TI - Isolation and preliminary characterisation of mycoplasmavirus 20-P. AB - A mycoplasmavirus, MV 20-P, was isolated from the fastidious, slow-growing human mycoplasma 20-P, previously identified by the growth inhibition test as Mycoplasma hominis type 2. Its broth culture was ultracentrifuged into 35% saccharose, the pellet was resuspensed in buffer, and the suspension was dropped onto laws of the virus indicator Acholeplasma laidlawii BCL-13. The virus was washed off the plaque areas by buffer. MV 20-P appeared in electron microscopy as spherical, enveloped particles about 80 nm in diameter. It was sensitive to lipid solvents. These preliminary results indicate that MV 20-P is a MVL2 type mycoplasmavirus and possibly the first of human origin. PMID- 7098543 TI - Caffeine antagonizes diazepam effects in man. AB - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on parallel groups of medical students diazepam 10 mg impaired cognitive skills and caused muscle relaxation. A 250 mg dose of caffeine given in decaffeinated coffee counteracted these better than a 500 mg dose. Subjectively, diazepam exerted a calming effect which was counteracted by caffeine at either at either dose levels. PMID- 7098544 TI - Nerve fibre outgrowth from sympathetic ganglia of the newborn rat in organotypic cultures: effect of heart auricle co-cultures, fetal calf serum and collagen. AB - Sympathetic thoracic chain ganglia of 3-day-old rats were cultured for 24 hours alone or together with heart atrium explants in collagen gel media containing supplemented Medium 199 with no, 1% or 20% fetal calf serum. The amount of nerve fibres growth was estimated by counting the number of intersections of the fibres and a line ladder in the ocular. In the presence of serum the nerve fibre outgrowth in all directions was greatly stimulated by atrium co-cultures. The total mass of nerve fibres growing toward the atrium was significantly larger than in the other three directions. If no serum was added to the medium, the nerve fibre growth was scanty even in co-cultures, and there was no significant directional growth toward atrium explants. Nerve fibres grew much faster in the gel-containing Medium 199 than in an aqueous Medium 199. It is concluded (1) that atrial explants stimulate sympathetic nerve fibre growth by releasing a growth promoting substance, which forms a concentration gradient in the gel medium, and (2) that fetal calf serum is required in the medium to obtain such a stimulating effect. PMID- 7098545 TI - Effects of acute central and peripheral administration of nicotine on hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminal systems and on the secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones in the male rat. PMID- 7098546 TI - New phase-lock tracking instrument for foetal breathing monitoring. PMID- 7098547 TI - Differences in the dielectric constant of human sera from patients with different pathological conditions. PMID- 7098549 TI - Effect of friction on shock like transitions in soft-walled tubes. PMID- 7098548 TI - Development of an optical fibre technique for He-Ne laser screening of human body and its comparison with the integrating sphere method. PMID- 7098550 TI - Microcomputer interface for rapid measurements of average volume using an electronic particle counter. PMID- 7098552 TI - Digital video cursor. PMID- 7098551 TI - Characterisation of the dynamic vertical force distribution under the foot. PMID- 7098553 TI - Instrumented stabilometer for dynamic balance studies. PMID- 7098555 TI - 5.8 m3 human heat-sink calorimeter with online data acquisition, processing and control. PMID- 7098554 TI - New instrument for monitoring eye fixation and pupil size during the visual field examination. PMID- 7098557 TI - Note on the spectral analysis of neural spike trains. PMID- 7098556 TI - Spectrometer for laser-light scattering measurements of macromolecular and subcellular particle motions. PMID- 7098558 TI - Numerical analysis and linear theory of pulsatile flow in cylindrical deformable tubes: the testing of a numerical model for blood calculation. PMID- 7098559 TI - Automatic assessment of respiratory deadspace. PMID- 7098560 TI - Computer interface for electrophysiological applications: simple modifications to a commercial (Datel) single-board data-aquisition system. PMID- 7098563 TI - Comparison of electrode impedances of Pt, PtIr (10% Ir) and Ir-AIROF electrodes used in electrophysiological experiments. PMID- 7098562 TI - Microprocessor-controlled light-emitting diode dark adaptometer. PMID- 7098561 TI - Comparison of techniques for stationary coded aperture imaging in nuclear medicine. PMID- 7098564 TI - Effects of low-level microwave radiation on the eye of the crayfish. PMID- 7098565 TI - Comparative investigation of the mathematical properties of some descriptors for biological point processes: examples from the human newborn. PMID- 7098566 TI - Processing technique for ultrasound images. PMID- 7098567 TI - Quantification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and visual-vestibular interaction for the purpose of clinical diagnosis. PMID- 7098568 TI - Computerised dynamic 3-dimensional joint interval histogram display for arrhythmia monitoring. PMID- 7098569 TI - Computer identification of models for the arterial tree input impedance: comparison between two new simple models and first experimental results. PMID- 7098570 TI - Clinical implications of pressure deformation analysis of curved elastic tubes. PMID- 7098571 TI - Analogue automated analysis of small intestinal electromyogram. PMID- 7098572 TI - Movement-induced potentials in surface electrodes. PMID- 7098573 TI - Instrumentation for cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamic studies in man. PMID- 7098574 TI - Scoliosis evaluation utilising truncal cross-sections. PMID- 7098575 TI - Differential impedance plethysmography for measuring thoracic impedances. PMID- 7098576 TI - Separation of His-Purkinje potentials from coinciding atrium signals: removal of the P-wave from the electrocardiogram. PMID- 7098577 TI - Circular planar coil as electromagnetic movement detector of inside organs in biosystems: the fundamental design relationships. PMID- 7098580 TI - Real-time analysis of foetal heart rate patterns using a computer system. PMID- 7098578 TI - Apparatus for the study of motile sperm using microprocessor analysis of scattered laser light. PMID- 7098579 TI - Method of determining transfer functions in the case of the intravenous injection of radioactive tracers. PMID- 7098581 TI - Pressure-flow relationship in the canine left coronary artery: study of linearity and stationarity using a time-domain representation and estimation methods. PMID- 7098582 TI - Versatile peak-detector circuit for physiological signs. PMID- 7098584 TI - Digital automatic circuit for over-range correction. PMID- 7098583 TI - Stimulation of nerve trunks with time-varying magnetic fields. PMID- 7098585 TI - Amplification of biosignals by body potential driving. PMID- 7098587 TI - Microprocessor-based signal averager for analysis of the foetal e.c.g. PMID- 7098586 TI - Battery saving circuit for children's prostheses. PMID- 7098588 TI - A current reappraisal of Berry's hospital typology. AB - In an earlier article, Berry published the results of a study that examined possible relationships among hospital facilities and services. In general, Berry found that hospitals behaved in a reasonably consistent fashion; that is, hospitals added facilities and services in a well-defined order, and these facilities and services were added in distinct groups. Berry defined five such groups and hypothesized that each group represents an increasing level of case mix complexity. Given the current interest in using Berry's results to measure hospital case mix, this study attempted to replicate Berry's results using recent data from the American Hospital Association. Using a number of statistical methodologies (including cluster analysis and Guttman scale analysis), we found that hospitals continue to add facilities and services in a well-defined order (although this order contains some notable differences from the order found by Berry). However, our results indicate that hospitals no longer add facilities and services in well-defined groups but in a more continuous fashion. Thus, it would appear that hospitals have become more differentiated. PMID- 7098589 TI - A comment on the Index of Well-Being. PMID- 7098590 TI - "Counterintuitive" preferences in health-related quality-of-life measurement. AB - The published preferences for scale steps in a health-related quality-of-life scale have been noted to be contrary to some prior assumptions about their rank ordering. The differences noted are actually statistically nonsignificant, and the observed ordering has a clear intuitive explanation. Several alternative explanations, including vagueness in the case descriptions, inaccuracy in the scaling method, the presence of interactions in the subjects' cognitive integration rules and chance inversions in the presence of the flat response surface characteristic of linear models, are all shown to be impossible or unlikely contributors to the empirical results. The implications of the "negative preferences" for other measurement approaches are discussed, as well as the role of separate attribute coefficients in health policy analyses. PMID- 7098591 TI - Access to postpartum sterilization in southeast Brazil. AB - All women hospitalized for delivery over a ten-week period at the largest maternity hospital in Campinas in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were questioned about their interest in and plans for sterilization. Results from a categorical data analysis indicate that among the study variables, cesarean delivery was the necessary condition for postpartum sterilization and was significantly associated with the patient's ability to pay for services. Further, the variability in the proportion of women sterilized postpartum was almost perfectly explained by a linear model with main effects for parity and for the patient's ability to pay for services. PMID- 7098592 TI - High incidence of peptic ulcer in porphyria cutanea tarda. PMID- 7098593 TI - [Reflux esophagitis. Role of bile]. PMID- 7098594 TI - Late complications after total gastrectomy and their surgical prevention. II. PMID- 7098595 TI - [A new treatment of functional colopathies: Modulite]. PMID- 7098596 TI - [Diagnosis of acute abdomen. Abstracts]. PMID- 7098597 TI - [Non-Hodgkin lymphosarcomas of the small intestine]. PMID- 7098598 TI - [Malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children: echographic symptomatology]. PMID- 7098599 TI - [Hepatic hydatid cysts and icterus. Use of E.R.C.P]. PMID- 7098600 TI - [Biliary complications of hepatic hydatid cysts. Echographic diagnosis]. PMID- 7098601 TI - [Hydatid cyst destruction of the superior biliary junction: apropos of 10 cases]. PMID- 7098602 TI - [Hepatic hydatid cyst opening into the bile ducts and acute pancreatitis: etiopathogenic problems apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 7098604 TI - [External magnetic obturator for colostomies: use in 36 colostomized subjects]. PMID- 7098603 TI - [Hyperselective portal decompression: physiopathologic basis and preliminary results (apropos of 21 cases)]. PMID- 7098605 TI - [Vancomycin: treatment of staphylococcal septicemias and pseudomembranous colitis]. PMID- 7098607 TI - [Radioisotope phlebography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098606 TI - [Anthropometric parameters for a Spanish population (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098608 TI - [The incidence of hydatidic disease in a general hospital. I. Epidemiological analysis of 1056 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098609 TI - [Carcinoma of the lung and superior vena cava syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098610 TI - [Prospective study of toxic addictions in Asturias (1980) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098612 TI - [Brucellar granulomatous myositis. One case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098611 TI - [Hyperthyroidism and tricuspid regurgitation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098613 TI - [Why bury the autopsy?]. PMID- 7098614 TI - [Post-traumatic diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism. Diagnostic evaluation of three cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098615 TI - [Prolactin and estrogens in osteoporosis in post-menopausal women (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098616 TI - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome: report of two cases, with acute blastic crisis in one (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098617 TI - [C.N.S. involvement in Behcet's disease. Evaluation of evoked potentials versus brain CAT scan: study of a case with convulsions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098618 TI - [Rhinocerebral mucormycosis without apparent site of invasion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098619 TI - Therapy of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. AB - Cutaneous lupus erythematosus occurs in a spectrum from limited cutaneous disease to severe systemic disease. Chronic DLE generally follows a benign course, but rare transformation to systemic disease may occur. Subacute cutaneous LE is associated with a specific cutaneous lesion and mild to moderate systemic symptoms. Cutaneous disease should be managed by an experienced physician and can lead to control of the process. PMID- 7098621 TI - [The change to psychiatric geriatric ghettos - is it the mental hospitals future?]. PMID- 7098622 TI - [Photocoagulation is the most current therapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 7098623 TI - [The measures for eye control in diabetes]. PMID- 7098620 TI - Common viral infections of the skin and their treatment. PMID- 7098624 TI - [Pregnancy thrombosis - clinical manifestations]. PMID- 7098625 TI - [DNA repair in human cells - mechanisms and importance]. PMID- 7098626 TI - [Decreased operative mortality in colorectal cancer but unchanged therapeutic results during 30-40 years]. PMID- 7098628 TI - [Cardiac symptoms during the neonatal period]. PMID- 7098627 TI - [10 year material of testicular torsion. The time factor and degree of torsion determine whether or not the testicle can be saved]. PMID- 7098632 TI - [Swedish anesthesiology]. PMID- 7098631 TI - [Surgical education in the Swedish neurosurgery - has the postgraduate training fulfilled the expectations?]. PMID- 7098630 TI - [Hypoglycemic coma in treatment with glipizide]. PMID- 7098629 TI - [Scintigraphy of biliary tract]. PMID- 7098633 TI - [The patients prefer to visit the general practitioner. The most important is to meet the same physician every time]. PMID- 7098634 TI - [The possibility of urine examination to determine cocaine abuse among addicts]. PMID- 7098635 TI - [Cytopenias - occurrence and causes]. PMID- 7098636 TI - [Treatment with vitamin B 12 and the quality of care]. PMID- 7098637 TI - [Magnesium deficiency - an often missed diagnosis]. PMID- 7098638 TI - [Sacroiliitis]. PMID- 7098639 TI - [Occupational views on exposure to organic lead solutions in gasoline]. PMID- 7098640 TI - [Child casualties in connection with sleds, toboggans and kick sleds: mechanisms and consequences]. PMID- 7098641 TI - [Crystalluria and spasms confirm the diagnosis of ethylene glycol intoxication]. PMID- 7098642 TI - [Alcoholic ketoacidosis - a missed diagnosis. Fertile women are overrepresented]. PMID- 7098644 TI - [Surgery of lung tumors and active early diagnosis - a critical examination]. PMID- 7098643 TI - [Lung radiography and politics - do they belong together? Instrumentation, storage and film should be better]. PMID- 7098645 TI - [Doping - a medical and ethical problem]. PMID- 7098646 TI - [Crede prevention is no longer motivated. It could do more harm than use]. PMID- 7098647 TI - [Secondary dislocation of ilium after fracture of the acetabulum caused by convulsion]. PMID- 7098648 TI - [Is the physiotherapeutic respirator care as postoperative prevention valuable?]. PMID- 7098649 TI - [The environmental registry of cancer's data are unsatisfactory for analysis of connection between the parent's occupation and the child's cancer]. PMID- 7098650 TI - [The importance of environmental factors for etiology of leukemias, myelomas and malignant lymphomas]. PMID- 7098652 TI - [Treatment of pleural effusion with pleurovenous shunt]. PMID- 7098651 TI - [Phlebography could be necessary when deep venous thrombosis is suspected]. PMID- 7098653 TI - [Serratus paresis epidemics among soldiers]. PMID- 7098654 TI - [Artificial endocrine pancreas has a given place in research and clinics]. PMID- 7098655 TI - [Traumatology at a county hospital]. PMID- 7098656 TI - [Swedish hockey player got kala-azar 2 years after a visit in Spain]. PMID- 7098658 TI - [Intravenous hematin treatment of acute intermittent porphhyria]. PMID- 7098659 TI - [Campylobacter epidemiology - 3 epidemics caused by food contamination]. PMID- 7098660 TI - [Group psychotherapy in mental disturbances - a good therapeutic alternative for many patients]. PMID- 7098657 TI - [Injuries from T-bar skilifts]. PMID- 7098661 TI - [Tissue damage after extravasal deposition of doxorubicin]. PMID- 7098662 TI - [Functional problems in underdeveloped mandible can be reduced by surgical correction]. PMID- 7098664 TI - [The current aspects of radiation risks]. PMID- 7098663 TI - [Health status of adopted children from abroad and their adaptation to Swedish conditions]. PMID- 7098665 TI - [The maintenance of patients with dyspepsia]. PMID- 7098666 TI - [Fatal cases after treatment with sulfonamide and nitrofurantoin]. PMID- 7098667 TI - [Vascular reconstruction in old people with severe ischemia of the extremities]. PMID- 7098668 TI - [Vascular surgery of threatening gangrene in diabetics]. PMID- 7098669 TI - [Ulcer-diagnosis or complication]. PMID- 7098670 TI - [There are many shortages in the accuracy of chief physicians to diagnose and to expect the outcome]. PMID- 7098671 TI - [Sex offenses against children]. PMID- 7098672 TI - [Aminoglycosides - a current review]. PMID- 7098674 TI - [Clinical symptoms of importance in diagnosis of tetanus]. PMID- 7098673 TI - [Nailing of femoral neck fracture can cause vascular injury and segmental collapse]. PMID- 7098675 TI - [Dislocation of elbow joint with lesion of brachial artery]. PMID- 7098676 TI - [Drinking water and salt instead of pharmaceutic salt solution?]. PMID- 7098677 TI - [Drinking water with salt for cleaning and care of infected wounds]. PMID- 7098678 TI - [Drinking water with salt should not be used without further clinical tests]. PMID- 7098679 TI - [Mast cells and heparin production in mammals]. PMID- 7098680 TI - [Acute theophylline poisoning treated with combined hemoperfusion and hemodialysis]. PMID- 7098681 TI - [Benign fibrous mesothelioma with articular manifestations and digital clubbing]. PMID- 7098682 TI - [Bone healing and dynamic interferential current (DIC) (author's transl)]. AB - In the course of supplementary physical and chemical investigations of the influence of Dynamic Interferential Current (DIC) on bone healing 24 black-head sheep were subjected to transversal osteotomy of the radius. After an instable osteosynthesis the site was exposed to repeated therapy with DIC of varying mA intensity. (Methodological details are described in part I). DIC therapy resulted in altering the temperatures in the treated tissue, dependent on the mA intensity. Further associations were verified between DIC intensity and the occurrence of hydroxyprolin, and amino acid specific collagen, which also reflected increased calcifying activity. Measurement of the calcium and phosphorus levels in the regenerated (newly forming) bone tissue documented full mineralization in the DIC-treated animals at a much earlier date than in the untreated controls that had undergone similar operations. Whether DIC specifically stimulates osteogenesis within "healing" bones is still unclear. PMID- 7098683 TI - [Indication for operation on the vertebral artery (author's transl)]. AB - Fifty-three reconstructive vascular operations on the vertebral artery are reported. In our opinion, the operable causes of the vertebro-basilar insufficiency are worthy of more attention. The operative discomfort of these surgical interventions is of minor importance and may even be expected of patients well advanced in years. The postoperative results decide in favour of a positive attitude towards reconstructive surgery of the vertebral artery. The Doppler ultrasound technique helped to specify more precisely the indication for cerebral angiography. Do we recognize vertebral insufficiency too seldom? PMID- 7098684 TI - [Local recurrences following carcinoma of the rectum-etiology, diagnosis, prognosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098685 TI - [Biochemical analysis of the endolymph and perilymph of the trout (Salmo gairdneri) (author's transl)]. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid, perilymph and endolymph of the saccule, the utricle and the semicircular duct of the trout were prepared from frozen inner ears. Blood was collected after the decapitation of the animal. In all samples of each animal the concentrations of sodium, potassium, protein and glucose were determined. The electrolyte values and the total protein content were used to estimate the purity of a sample. The concentration of sodium is high in perilymph and low in endolymph whereas potassium is high in endolymph and low in perilymph. The differences between perilymph and the cerebrospinal fluid as well as the blood serum are significant. A relative independent production of the inner ear fluids can be assumed. PMID- 7098686 TI - [A clinical and experimental study on precious metal ventilation tubes (author's transl)]. AB - Incompatibility reactions which lead to a profuse aural discharge and often necessitate the removal of the ventilation tube occur in approximately 10% of patients if ventilation tubes made of synthetic materials are used. We have used golden and other precious metal alloy grommets in patients after extensive bacteriological and animal experiments. The most important advantage is the oligodynamic action which gives the surface of the ventilation tube repellent properties against bacteria. The drainage function is excellent due to the smooth surface structure and no incompatibility reactions were seen. PMID- 7098687 TI - [Surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma. Open versus closed technique (author's transl)]. AB - The preservation of the posterior bony canal in cholesteatoma surgery produces a rate of new cholesteatoma formation which constitutes a risk for the patients. The rate of recurrent cholesteatoma could be diminished from 19% to 4% by the consistent reconstruction of the lateral attic wall by endogenous conchal cartilage, even if the defects are very small. The rate of residual cholesteatoma could be reduced from 29% to 3% by improvement of the surgical technique (= wide exposition of the attic) and by an adaptation of the rate of radicals to the results of each individual operator. Each individual operator has to increase the rate of radicals as far as the rate of residual cholesteatoma diminished to a level which can be accepted. A strict long-term follow-up is necessary if the bony canal is to be preserved in cholesteatoma surgery. PMID- 7098688 TI - [Audiometric findings in legasthenics (author's transl)]. AB - The audiological findings in 150 legasthenics are discussed and a review of the literature is given. The E.R.A. and Feldmann's dichotic test did not reveal any characteristic changes in our patients. However, a binaural audiovisual test using normal and synthesized stammered words alternatively showed a statistically significant impairment in recognizing the presented material in legasthenics compared to less gifted individuals of the same age. The results in normal children varied according to age. It might therefore be possible to diagnose legasthenics with this test in combination with an intelligence test in pre school age. PMID- 7098689 TI - [Relative magnetic hearing threshold (author's transl)]. AB - Application of magnetism -- as a link in stimulation transmission -- enables a suitable way of remote action. When a magnetic field of sound frequency acts upon a permanent magnet fixed to the eardrum, then the sound frequencies are also mechanical effects on the magnet. Due to this it is possible to introduce to the ear stimulations similar to the sounds ones by the procedure refered to as "Magnetomotor sound stimulation of the sense of hearing". The measurements performed prove that magnetism enables hearing and supply of information at an audibility relative magnetic threshold in the frequency range from 125 Hz to 10,000 Hz. PMID- 7098691 TI - [The present state of frontal skull-base surgery (author's transl)]. AB - Our experience in 125 cases of traumatic frontal skull-base and mid-face lesions is discussed. 88 patients were operated on immediately after injury whereas 37 were operated on when the presented with complications due to the trauma some time after the injury. Small aeroceles seen on the computer tomogram are a definite and accurate sign of a dural rupture. The indications for an exploration of the frontal skull-base should be rather liberal since most dura lesions are difficult to verify. The current surgical techniques to repair the posterior wall of the frontal sinus and the cribriform plate are discussed in detail. The subfrontal transethmoidal approach allows the dura defect to be repaired at the time the sinus disease and facial fractures are surgically treated, and is preferred to the transfrontal neurosurgical approach where a much higher incidence of complications in the sinuses is found. PMID- 7098690 TI - [Treatment of Meniere's disease with intratympanically applied gentamycin sulphate (author's transl)]. AB - 41 patients suffering from severe Meniere's disease who were previously unsuccessfully treated with either a saccotomy or intensive medical therapy, were treated with intratympanically applied gentamicin sulphate. 16 mg was given daily and the average total dose was 88.8 mg. In 66% of the patients the vertiginous attacks ceased after treatment and in 17% they were greatly improved. The hearing was preserved in 66% of the patients and actually improved in 17%. In 49% of the patients the sensation of aural pressure was abolished and 34% were relieved of their tinnitus. PMID- 7098692 TI - [Aspergilloma of the sphenoid sinus with aspergillus meningitis (author's transl)]. AB - A man of 74 years of age, suffering from a left-sided ophthalmoplegia and a radiologically detected opacification of the sphenoid sinus with destruction of the bony roof of the sphenoid sinus, was operated on because a malignant tumor was suspected. A destruction of the bony walls of the sphenoid sinus was found. The histological examination of the "glue"-like "tumorous" material revealed an aspergillosis. The patient developed an aspesrgillus meningitis postoperatively. Intrathecally administered Amphotericin B led to an improvement of the meningitis, but caused a fatal renal failure. A review of the literature showed that only 7 cases of aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus have been reported, 3 of which presented with a tumor-like destruction of the sinus. An aspergilloma of the sphenoid sinus is therefore a rare but important differential diagnosis in patients with a suspected malignancy of the infrasellar region. PMID- 7098693 TI - [Enlarged "empty" internal auditory canal -- its role in differential diagnosis of the acoustic neuroma (author's transl)]. AB - Plain roentgenography of the petrous bone showed in 24 of our otoneurological patients an enlargement of the internal auditory canal. The vertical diameter was more than 8 mm. Otoneurological findings in these patients were mostly the same as found in acoustic neuromas. Exclusion of the presence of a tumor in the internal auditory canal is possible by meatography only. The enlarged "empty" internal auditory canal seems to be a departure from the usual. The incidence of this radiological finding in our patients was 1:83. PMID- 7098694 TI - [Indications for tonsillectomy today]. PMID- 7098695 TI - [Pathogenesis of chronic recurrent parotitis (author's transl)]. AB - A combination of several factors is of importance in the pathogenesis of sialectatic parotitis. Stenson's duct is relatively long and its orifice is narrow. The flow of the saliva may be impaired, especially when mastication is abnormal or when the ductal lumen is scarred because of infection or trauma. Dental or oral mucosal disease may increase the number of pathogenic organisms which might then lead to a retrograde ascending infection. This is followed by epithelial desquamation and subsequent ductal obstruction. Allergic, genetic an racial factors in sialectatic parotitis are also discussed. The four characteristic progressive histologic stages of sialectatic parotitis are: a periductal inflammatory reaction, a diffuse lymphocytic sialadenitis with dilated ducts, fully developed sialectatic parotitis and, finally, fibrosis of the parotid gland. Conservative treatment will lead to an improvement of the clinical symptoms as well as the histopathological features in the first two stages, but in the two final stages total parotidectomy, with preservation of the facial nerve, is the treatment of choice. PMID- 7098696 TI - [Biochemical analysis of free amino acids in human parotid secretions (author's transl)]. AB - Parotid secretion was obtained under standardized conditions from 17 male students by stimulation with citric acid. The average flow rate was 0.65 ml/min. The free amino acids in these samples were determined with the aid of two dimensional thin layer microchromatography of the dansyl derivatives and TV densitometric determination of the blackening of photographic negatives. Apart from glutamic acid, only amino acids with nonpolar residues such as glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and proline occurred in all 17 samples. The mean values of the concentrations lay between 0.2 mumol/l for isoleucine and 1.2 mumol/l for proline. There were great interindividual variations. (SD between 40% ad 110%). In the present range of 0.3 to 1.1 ml/min, no dependence of the concentrations on the flow rate could be demonstrated. It was attempted to draw up a standard profile by elimination of greatly deviating samples. PMID- 7098697 TI - [Investigations on selected sialobiochemical parameters of parotid and submaxillary saliva in relation to secretor status (author's transl)]. AB - 24 male students were examined disc-electrophoretically with regard to their salivary protein patterns as well as quantitatively as to the sialobiochemical parameters sodium, potassium, lysozyme, calcium, IgA, total protein and amylase in dependence on the secretory-nonsecretory system. Apart from the significantly diminished calcium content in the parotid saliva of nonsecretors, the secretions of the Glandula parotis (n = 24) as well as of the Glandula submandibularis (n = 18) did not show any statistically safeguarded sialobiochemical changes which depend on the secretory status. The protein spectra of secretors and nonsecretors did not exhibit disc-electrophoretical differences. PMID- 7098698 TI - [Classification of parotid cysts. Differential diagnosis of salivary duct cysts and lymphoepithelial cysts]. PMID- 7098699 TI - [A sonographic analysis of the changes in the timbre of the voice during indirect laryngoscopy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098701 TI - [Behaviour of growing septal cartilage after autogenous transplantation into the retroauricular region (author's transl)]. AB - In five children and one adolescent biopsies of the septal cartilage partially covered with inner perichondrium, were removed during septoplasty and buried into the retroauricular region for 1.8 to 5.3 years. After removal the implants were equal or reduced size. Histologically the cartilage showed its original structure in three children who were before their puberal growth spurt at the time of the removal of the implant. In the other three who were beyond this growth spurt the septal cartilage was partially or nearly totally ossified. The presence of the innermost perichondrium may prevent resorption of the cartilage. At the borders of the cartilage without perichondrium signs of resorption were more marked in the elder group than in the younger. PMID- 7098700 TI - [Aural and nasal meningitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098702 TI - [Variation of the tinnitus on moist tubotympanical catarrh and otosclerosis before and after operation (author's transl)]. AB - The tinnitus on moist tubotympanical catarrh and otosclerosis had been registered before and after the operation in relation to the frequence and the audibility. 222 children ears and 55 adult with a moist tubotympanical catarrh had been studied. Of these 28 children 26 adult ears had a tinnitus. After the operation and after using a "Donaldson silicone Drain Tube" without relation of the tinnitus there had been reached a very good win of hearing and excepted for 6 adults, whose tinnitus only had been lower, and elimination of the tinnitus. In 65 patients from 71 patients with stapedectomy it was able to look out for the tinnitus before and after the operation. Before the operation 44 patients had no tinnitus and 21 patients had a very disagreeable tinnitus; 17 patients from these had after the stapedectomy no longer a tinnitus. The audibility of the tinnitus from 4 patients had been reduced very much. The result of hearing the management of the inner ear after the operation haven't had any relation to the tinnitus before the operation. PMID- 7098703 TI - [Tinnitus after microsurgical interventions at the internal auditory canal (author's transl)]. AB - The preoperative and postoperative complaints of tinnitus of 126 patients were compared who had undergone microsurgery of the internal auditory canal. Evaluation of the questionnaires revealed that after section of the cochlear nerve in 11 cases of otherwise therapy-resistant tinnitus, total or partial relief was obtained in five of the patients. After surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors (n = 46) or after neurectomy of the vestibular nerve of meniere's disease (n = 34) tinnitus, in general, was neither initiated nor increased. Therefore, operations at the internal auditory meatus do not constitute a special risk with respect to iatrogenic generation of tinnitus. PMID- 7098704 TI - [Relations between the discriminatory curve in the speech audiogram and tone audiometric measurement data (author's transl)]. AB - The authors used the multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between tone and speech hearing in noise induced hearing loss. The authors believe that these mathematic relations are significant for the expert opinion of noise induced hearing loss. Considerable discrepancy between the measured and calculated value might be simulation, aggravation or central disturbances. In these cases ERA should be applied. PMID- 7098705 TI - [Newborn-audiometry. Review and recent experiences (author's transl)]. AB - After a survey concerning the previous testing methods in Newborn-Audiometry three different examinations are carried out and compared. Thereby the testing by bone conduction is doing best. There are only small intensities necessary. The results are reproducable well and have small scattering. The investigation makes no high demands to the technical equipment, to the personal appointment and the loss the time. The author supposed that the Newborn-Audiometry by bone conduction is a suitable method as a screening test especially for high risk children. PMID- 7098706 TI - [Tubo-tympano-aerodynamography--function of tthe Eustachian tube from he viewpoint of our personal studies]. AB - 1. Objective and quantitative analysis of the Eustachian tube function is considered to be of great importance in diagnosis and treatment of a variety of ear diseases. Many tests for evaluating this function have been devised and clinically employed. Utilizing an aerodynamic technique, an evaluation was made to establish a simple and reliable method which enables a detailed analysis of tubal dysfunction. Using pressure transducers, simultaneous recording of the pressure in the external ear canal and the nasopharyngeal cavity was made during Valsalva's maneuver and degulition. In 60% of one hundred normal tubes, a similar pattern which was regarded as typical for a normal tube was found. The recording may be edivided into 5 segments a-b, b-c, c-d, d-e, e-f, and f-g. Every point and segment have physiological meanings and judgement of tubal function was made by merely observing aerodynamic pattern. - 2. It was considered that the sole muscle responsible for tubal opening is the tensor. - 3. (a) When we blocked the stellate ganglion (sympathetic nerve system), we usually saw the obstructive pattern on a curve. (b) When we blocked the pterygoplatini ganglion (parasympathetic nerve system), we saw the open pattern on curve. -4. We found that the most important muscle for tubal opening is the tensor palatini muscle, cutting of this muscle by suturing results in a consistent increase in tubal patency. In our clinic, these procedures were utilized in patients with severe tubal disturbance and postoperatively these patients were followed up by Tubo tympanoaerodynamic graphy and tympanometry. PMID- 7098707 TI - [Brain stem audiometry and metrizamide-meatocisternography in diagnosis of small neurinomas of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)]. AB - Reviewing the newest literature, an acoustic neuroma can be detected in 96% of the cases, employing brainstem audiometry. The present study aims to answer the question how good small acoustic neuromas can be detected using this method. Fifty patients with an asymmetric hearing loss, with unilateral caloric deficit and short lasting periods of dizziness when changing position were investigated. Brainstem audiometry as well as metrizamide-meatocisternography were carried out. Thus we were able to detect seven small acoustic neuromas; only one tumor could not be detected with the brainstem audiometry. The findings will be shown and discussed. PMID- 7098708 TI - [Evoked response audiometry in circulatory disorders in the brainstem (author's transl)]. AB - In the case of retrocochlear lesions evoked potentials from different stages of the auditory pathway were recorded. Four Patients with nearly normal hearing threshold and normal cortical potentials show reduced medium latency potentials show reduced medium latency potentials due to circulatory dysfunction in the brainstem. Desynchronisation effects on the brainstem level are completely compensated in the cortex. The damage of the auditory pathway could not be found by X-ray or other usual clinical methods. In the two cases described improvement under medical treatment can be demonstrated. PMID- 7098709 TI - [Evoked cortical potentials caused by short-term changes in interaural coherence]. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the cortical potentials evoked by short term changes of interaural time difference or by using two different noise generators. Patients describe a short-term change of lateralisation as a sensation, depending on the degree and duration of the signal change. To derive positive potentials, interaural time differences of about 100 microseconds require time constants for these short-term changes of lateralisation of about 40 ms; this value is reduced to 4 ms for 900 microseconds. When using two different noise generators minimal time constants between 2 and 4 ms are obtained. With growing interaural time difference or duration of signal change the amplitude of the cortical evoked potential is significantly increased. The differences in latency are not very pronounced. This holds true for the potentials evoked by the use of two different noise generators. Compared with results of changes in monaural intensity or frequency, it seems that the analysis of interaural signal variations takes place predominantly in cortical areas of the hearing organ. Our investigations of the brain stem support this assumption and underline the dominant influence of the cortex with regard to time resolution processes of binaural signals. PMID- 7098710 TI - [On atypical partial resections of the larynx (author's transl)]. AB - With reference to the relevant literature the paper reports on three patients in whom a partial resection of the larynx helped to remove the tumour and largely restore the laryngeal functions. The intervention differed somewhat from the usual procedure. Voice, breathing and swallowing functions remained intact despite the radical nature of surgery. The indication for partial resection was based on the extension and differentiation of the tumour (exophytic growth), the localization being less decisive. Among others, the laryngeal fissure proved useful as access path. A practically normal swallowing function was due to an at least partial preservation of the epiglottis. Two of the three patients operated in this manner can already be regarded as permanently cured. This surgical method should be used for selected cases only. PMID- 7098711 TI - [The oncocytic adenoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. AB - We report about a case of an oncocytic adenoma of the larynx and review briefly the few cases mentioned in literature. Oncocytic adenomas are benign and very rare tumors of the salivary glands, characterized by the proliferation of oncocytes from epithelial duct cells and lymphoid tissue. The exact role of the peculiar oncocytic cells in the pathogenesis of the tumor is still unknown; the transformation of normal epithelial duct cells to oncocytes can occur in the tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, oesophagus, salivary glands, pituitary gland, liver, uterine tubes and nasal mucosa, mostly in adults. The oncocytic adenomas which occur in elderly patients only may be treated by surgery. PMID- 7098713 TI - [Differential diagnosis of soft palate pareses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098712 TI - [Histopathological grading of ENT carcinomas (author's transl)]. AB - In 56 patients with carcinoma of the larynx, pathohistological grading was carried out, basing on the differentiation, nuclear polymorphism and mitosis of the tumor cell population and the cellular response of the tumor host. This grading corresponded well with the 3-years' survival rate. The grading of the third revision of the TNM classification of the UICC containing only the differentiation is less evident. In spite of that, a prognostic statement is possible and we recommend to use this procedure. PMID- 7098714 TI - [Functional diagnosis of the petrosus major by electrogustometry of the soft palate and Schirmer's test of lacrimation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098715 TI - [Familial recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, a genetically fixed syndrome -- additional remark on linkage of deficiency gene and HLA (author's transl)]. AB - Hereditary laryngeal paralysis has been rarely reported. Some authors describe additional neurological signs in connection with the cranial nerve, or mental retardation. It has been assumed that there is a causal connection with genetic deficiency. Familial studies, presented with this article, showed abductor and adductor paralysis in the mother and in the son, aged 13, abductor paralysis in the daughters, who were 11 and 5 years old, respectively, and normal laryngeal function in the father and in one 10-year old daughter. There were no neurological signs or mental deficits in any member of the family. Genetic analysis of blood-group and HLA systems confirmed linkage of the HLA system and vocal cord disorder, as suggested by Mace et al. (5). Hence, further observations and investigations will be necessary to prove this statement. PMID- 7098716 TI - [Paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve after tonsillectomy? (author's transl)]. AB - While injuries of the lingual nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve in tonsillectomy are possible, a lesion of the hypoglossal nerve is not understandable because of its anatomical course. To see a connection between the lesion of the nerve and a tonsillectomy is probably due to a wrong anatomical concept or incorrect topographical figures. Seen from the oral cavity, the hypoglossal nerve lies behind the great arteries and has, in the region of the floor of the mouth, no direct connection with the tonsil. The medicolegal aspects are reported. Lesion of the hypoglossal nerve might be possible only in bronchoscopy or in direct laryngoscopy. PMID- 7098717 TI - [Intratympanic pressure changes during general anaesthesia (author's transl)]. AB - A common observation during otologic surgery under general anaesthesia, notably with nitrous oxide, is tympanic membrane graft displacement due to elevated intratympanic pressure. It can be assumed that nitrous oxide increases the intratympanic pressure. The authors measured the intratympanic pressure changes with the Madsen Impedance measuring instrument Z073. The results of the measurements of 84 ears are discussed and the tendencies of the connection between pressure in the middle ear and the size of the mastoid bone are shown. PMID- 7098718 TI - [Recent aspects of direct laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy in newborn and infants (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098720 TI - [Experience with Jakobi's logatom test. Recommendations for international speech audiometry]. AB - Since 1959 in the Univ. ENT-clinic of Halle/S. a so called Logatomtest from Jakobi with senseless syllables is in use for paedoaudiology. It was proved in cases of adults with hearing losses as well as in normal patients too. The results were nearly the same as with the test of Hahlbrock in german language. For international use we checked the distribution of consonants and vowels in 10 european languages. We often need speech audiograms for patients from foreign countries, who are not familiar enough with the german language. So it seems to us, that a senseless test is more reliable. In the 10 languages the distribution of the consonants was very similar but not of the vowels. Because the discrimination in speech is based on the consonants, we think out test can be recommended for international use. PMID- 7098719 TI - [The tullio phenomenon - a rare clinical observation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098721 TI - [The recessus frontalis and its clinical aspects (author's transl)]. AB - The so-called frontal recess (recessus frontalis) is a variable developed space of the anterior air cells, which is usually called "ductus" or "canalis naso frontalis". As it leads into the frontal sinus, the state of the frontal sinus is entirely dependent on the conditions within the frontal recess. Its anatomical situation and transport of the secretion are described. The frontal recess may be influenced by narrow passes of the middle nasal meatus. All these facts are discussed in normal or abnormal states of nasal function. The clinical signs and sequelae of a diseased frontal recess are reported. For exact diagnosis nasal endoscopy, especially of the middle meatus, is recommended, apart from x-ray tomography or other clinical investigations. The various endoscopic findings are demonstrated. Finally, the indications are given for endoscopic operations, suggestions for endoscopic possibilities, and a detailed description of the technical procedure. PMID- 7098722 TI - [Pneumatocephalus: a clinical contribution (author's transl)]. AB - Treatment of traumatic brain oedema leads to a decrease in raised intracranial pressure, and this may facilitate formation or progression of pneumatocephalus. Lumbar puncture or lumbar CSF drainage for treatment of CSF-rhinorrhoea/otorrhoea is occasionally responsible for the occurrence or enhancement of pneumatocephalus. Pneumatocephalus with radiological absence of fracture of the skull and absence of CSF leakage signifies communication between rhinocranium and encephalocranium: this supplies evidence of an open head injury. Post-traumatic opacification of the sphenoid sinus and presence of suprasellar air, as well as traumatic lesion of the optic chiasma are pathognomonic for the presence of a fracture of the planum sphenoidale. Computerised axial tomography is superior to plain skull x-rays in the localisation of intracerebral air. PMID- 7098723 TI - [The allergic genesis of chronic-sinusitis (author's transl)]. AB - On examination of 587 patients with obstructed nasal respiration it was found that 50.2% had sinusitis. In 40.3% of these cases the origin was allergic. House dust and house dust mites and to a lesser extent moulds were the responsible agents in 82% of those patients who had perennial symptoms. The determinative diagnostic criteria in this group of patients were the intracutaneous skin test and the nasal provocation test. The RAST and the individual case history (usually reliable) were less dependable. A nasal allergy is probably the commonest cause of sinusitis. Every patient who suffers from this disease, and especially those whose sinusitis is chronic, should for this reason be examined for allergies. Anti-allergic medication should, accordingly to the diagnostic results, accompany the appropriate antibiotic therapy. PMID- 7098724 TI - [Aerodynamic aspects in the concept of treatment in chronic sinusitis maxillaris (author's transl)]. AB - Hitherto the conditions of air flow had been neglected in the concept of treatment of chronic inflammation of the maxillary sinus. Our experimental and clinical studies with measurement of airflow and temperature yielded several aspects of clinical importance as follows: The maximum size of the operated opening in the antral wall should be more than 10 X 10 mm. to achieve optimal ventilation. If there are two meatal open windows, the operated fenestration in the inferior meatus, for example, and the ostium maxillaris in the middle meatus, an "aerodynamic short circuit" arises. This results in insufficient ventilation. Large fenestrations have the same effect. PMID- 7098725 TI - [Argyrosis of the nasal mucosa (author's transl)]. AB - Two cases of argyrosis of the nasal mucosa are described and special histological features of the silver particle in tissue-samples were demonstrated. One of the patients had inhalative contact with silveroxide preparations for at least 6 years; in the second case the local argyrosis was associated with a malignant lymphoma of the nasopharynx. Due to patient non-compliance no further investigations could be made to evaluate a cancerogenic influence of the metal pigment. A description of other possible exogenic and endogenic pigments is given with special emphasis on cancerogenic effects. PMID- 7098728 TI - [Results of an endolaryngeal method of vertico-lateral transposition of the vocal cord for bilateral abductor paralysis (author's transl)]. AB - 12 years' experience with a modification of Thornell's technique, modified by Langnickel-Koburg. We operated 146 patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis during the past 12 years (1969-1981). Objective confirmation of the improved glottic function was obtained by spirometry, body plethysmography, sonography and laryngography. All the patients were decannulated. A substantial improvement in breathing with a virtually unchanged voice was achieved in 145 cases. The good functional results are attributed to the fact that the vocal cord substance is retained and that a functionally active vocal cord is achieved. A narrow larynx requires the larger area of resection of false cord. The resected area depends upon the width of the larynx. PMID- 7098726 TI - [The carcinoma of the ear - indication for antineoplastic chemotherapy (author's transl)]. AB - The therapeutic results of squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory meatus and the middle ear by operation and radiation are subject to an unfavourable prognosis: the 5 years' survival time represents 25% of the external auditory meatus and 15% of the middle-ear carcinoma cases. In comparison to the improved median survival time of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx by means of a combination of primary antineoplastic chemotherapy (Heidelberg Scheme), surgery and radiation, an improved median survival time should be expected even in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory meatus and the middle ear. The stages of remission of a carcinoma of the external auditory meatus and the middle-ear carcinoma are demonstrated at different times of the antineoplastic treatment (Heidelberg Scheme). The field of indication is outlined. Primary antineoplastic chemotherapy extends the possibilities of intended curative therapy. As a palliative therapy it is an alternative to petrosectomy which has a high mortality in very advanced carcinoma of the middle ear. PMID- 7098727 TI - [Medial displacement of the vocal cord by means of partial thyroid cartilage impression (author's transl)]. AB - In four patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis and in one chordectomized patient, medial displacement of the vocal cord was performed by means of partial thyroid cartilage impression (Payr 1915). Postoperative results indicate the validity of this method with a possibility of additional teflon injections for excellent vocal rehabilitation. PMID- 7098729 TI - [Histological findings of 15 excised arytenoid cartilages after long-lasting recurrent nerve paralysis (author's transl)]. AB - Histological findings of 15 excised arytenoid cartilages are reported. In all cases there was a long-term recurrent nerve paralysis without additional inflammatory disease. In one of the cases there was fibrosed ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joint. This is the first report made on the histological findings of the arytenoid cartilage in cases of paralysis. It is confirmed that there is a difference in the joint pathology in cases of immobility due to inflammatory conditions and pure non inflammatory recurrent paralysis. The fixation caused by arthritis of the joint has relatively poor prognosis after surgery while if fixation is due to recurrent nerve paralysis the chances of recovery are good in long-term paralysis. PMID- 7098730 TI - [Examination of the correlation between lung function and voice quality after glottoplasty or Blom-Singer-puncture (author's transl)]. AB - The correlation between lung function and the quality of oesophageal speech was investigated in 36 patients who had undergone laryngectomy with glottoplasty. It was found that this correlation did not depend on any important lung function parameters. Lung tests were carried out on 10 patients before and after laryngectomy. No changes in lung function could be found that may have been directly attributed to a laryngectomy. This means that restrictive or obstructive lung disturbances do not contra-indicate glottoplasty or a Blom-Singer-puncture. PMID- 7098732 TI - Spectral analysis of tuning fork generated tones. PMID- 7098731 TI - [The lateral cervical cyst as a cystic lesion of a lymph node (author's transl)]. AB - By injecting a blue stain into the tonsillar region in patients having a lateral cervical cyst the lymphatic channels of the oropharynx were identified. The distribution of the stain within the capsule of the cyst was observed during the operation. This experiment, carried out in three cases, indicates that lateral cervical cysts may be interpreted as cystic lesions of a lymph node. Inflammation of the nasopharynx and oropharynx is believed to play a role in actuating the process leading to a cyst. PMID- 7098733 TI - Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in patients with hemifacial spasm. PMID- 7098734 TI - Cochleosacculotomy for Meniere's disease: theory, technique and results. PMID- 7098735 TI - Surgery for otosclerosis in children. PMID- 7098736 TI - Temporal bone encephalocele--diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 7098737 TI - Auditory function in acute severe head injury. PMID- 7098738 TI - Auditory brain stem response and central auditory test findings for patients with brain stem lesions: a preliminary report. PMID- 7098739 TI - Choanal atresia: a new embryologic theory and its influence on surgical management. PMID- 7098740 TI - The use of the tidal breathing flow volume loop in laryngotracheal disease of neonates and infants. PMID- 7098741 TI - Lesions of the hypoglossal nerve--diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. PMID- 7098742 TI - Scrofula--the dangerous masquerader. PMID- 7098743 TI - Examination of the nasopharynx under general anesthesia. PMID- 7098744 TI - Practical suggestions on stapedotomy. PMID- 7098746 TI - [Sequelae of vagotomy in peptic ulcer (author's transl)]. AB - Sequelae of vagotomy in peptic ulcer are dysphagia, dumping syndrome, gastric emptying disturbances, diarrhoea, and functional disturbances of liver, bile ducts and pancreas. All these disturbances, except dysphagia, are less pronounced after high selective vagotomy than after surgical procedures including drainage techniques. Relapsing ulcer is the most frequent complication; this is rarely a direct consequence of vagotomy, but it is more likely due to non-complete transection of the nerve or to transections not indicated. PMID- 7098745 TI - [Postoperative syndromes after surgery for termination of esophageal reflux (author's transl)]. AB - Postoperative syndromes after surgery for termination of esophageal reflux may be due to false indication for surgery, technical faults, functional disturbance after other surgical procedures, non-related accompanying disease, or relapse of reflux esophagitis. Only an exact analysis of the factors causing the syndrome will allow in the individual case an appropriate therapy. Management should be medical in most cases; only such patients should be operated upon again, which do have symptoms of distinct severeness and long duration. In patients, which had an anatomical reconstruction done during the first surgical procedure, the therapy of choice is establishing a valvuloplasty. Has this been done as the first surgical procedure, the fundoplication must be untied, and a new surgical trial to terminate esophageal reflux has to be done. PMID- 7098747 TI - [Complaints after cholecystectomy (author's transl)]. AB - Complaints after cholecystectomy are caused by bile duct disturbances (concrements in the choledochus, stenosis of the papilla, anatomic anomalies of the ducts), by diseases of neighbouring organs (pancreas, liver, stomach) or by functional disturbances. Diagnosis of organic disease can be established by appropriate means, that of functional disturbances by exclusion of organic causes. Therapy depends upon the underlying disease. Improvement of endoscopic procedures has let to the point, that in many cases secondary operations have become unnecessary. Close cooperation is necessary between internist, surgeon, and endoscopist, if an appropriate therapeutic procedure is to be found. PMID- 7098748 TI - [Postoperative syndromes after portacaval shunt in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. AB - Postoperative care of patients with a portacaval shunt is identical with the perioperative care performed to avoid the dangerous complications of cirrhosis of the liver. Clinical symptoms (edema, ascites, skin changes) and clinical chemistry (prothrombin time, bilirubin, albumin) will allow, to survey liver function appropriately. Neurological examination and simple psychosomatic tests (test of writing, trail making test) will allow to recognize early the occurrence of hepatoportal encephalopathy. EEG examinations done every 4 to 6 months are helpful in diagnosis. X-ray or endoscopic examinations should be done, if gastric ulcers are suspected. A definite warning must be pronounced against using high ceiling diuretics of unnecessarily; diuretics should be given only for short periods of time and in low dosage. Regular measurements of serum electrolytes are mandatory. The patient must be informed about the rationale of the diet restricted in proteins and abstinence from alcohol. PMID- 7098749 TI - Information sources for leprosy, with particular reference to developing countries. PMID- 7098750 TI - Borderline-tuberculoid leprosy in reaction presenting as photodermatitis: a case report. PMID- 7098751 TI - The evaluation of nerve damage in leprosy. PMID- 7098753 TI - Possible incompatibility of dapsone with clofazimine in the treatment of patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. PMID- 7098752 TI - Domiciliary rehabilitation. (A 5-year follow-up study on self-employment of disabled leprosy patients). PMID- 7098754 TI - Brachial plexus block for upper limb surgery in leprosy. PMID- 7098755 TI - The immunobiology and epidemiology of leprosy; a collaborative project between universities of the USA and Thailand. PMID- 7098757 TI - The in vitro and in vivo effects of clofazimine on the motility of neutrophils and transformation of lymphocytes from normal individuals. PMID- 7098756 TI - Leprosy work in China. PMID- 7098758 TI - Leprosy control in Surabaya. PMID- 7098759 TI - Leprosy surveys in urban slums-possibilities for epidemiological investigations. PMID- 7098760 TI - [On some problems in the modern surgery of the urethra (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098761 TI - [Surgical strategy in the treatment of melanomas of the head and neck (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098762 TI - [The diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland tumors in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098764 TI - [Rational use of antimicrobials in surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098763 TI - [Ethical dilemmas in health priorities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098765 TI - [Medical terminology (21)]. PMID- 7098766 TI - [The influence of long-lasting bladder drainage by a transurethral catheter on urinary bladder function (author's transl)]. PMID- 7098767 TI - Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in blood platelets. AB - Picogram amounts (50-150 pg/mg protein) of immunoreactive met-enkephalin material (met-enkephalin IR) were detected by radioimmunoassay in human, rat and rabbit platelets. Characterization of this material by thin-layer chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated that it behaves identically with synthetic met-enkephalin. No high molecular weight met-enkephalin IR could be detected in the platelet extracts, even after trypsin hydrolysis, using two antisera which are able to recognize some of the putative met-enkephalin precursors present in the adrenal gland or striatum. In vitro, thrombin released platelet-met-enkephalin IR concomitantly with 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), suggesting a common subcellular localization, i.e. the 5-HT storing organelles, for met-enkephalin IR and the amine. In vivo, platelet met-enkephalin IR in the Sprague-Dawley rat was affected neither by adrenalectomy nor by hypophysectomy. Thirteen-and 18-week-old spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) had lower platelet concentrations of met-enkephalin IR than age matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. PMID- 7098768 TI - GABA-ergic influence on the crossed extensor reflex. AB - Intraventricular administration of muscimol (25-100 ng) and intravenously applied aminooxyacetic acid (2.5-10 mg/kg) depressed the crossed extensor reflex response in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of both drugs were clearly antagonized by a subconvulsive dose of bicuculline. A very small dose of bicuculline (10-40 microgram/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-related enhancement of the crossed extensor reflex response without any sign of convulsion. These results suggest that the crossed extensor reflex response is very sensitive to GABAergic drugs and central GABAergic mechanisms play a role in the modulation of the crossed extensor reflex response. PMID- 7098769 TI - Association between plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and antipyrine metabolism in alcoholics. AB - Seven patients entering an alcoholic detoxification and treatment unit exhibited elevated levels of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and enhanced metabolic disposal of antipyrine. Following a 2-week abstinence treatment, the HDLC levels were reduced by 28% (from 64 to 47 mg/100 ml) and the t 1/2 of antipyrine was extended from 12.4 to 13.7 hours. The extent of the HDLC reduction correlated with the antipyrine t 1/2 changes (r = -0.753, P = 0.05). PMID- 7098770 TI - Toxic effects of juncusol, a marsh plant phenolic extract, on estuarine fish and shrimp. AB - Juncusol, phenolic compound, was isolated from the black needlerush, Juncus roemerianus. Different concentrations of this extract were tested for toxicity against selected species of estuarine fish and grass shrimp. Juncusol was ten times more toxic to the various species of fish than to grass shrimp. At 2.0 ppm concentration all fishes tested were killed within 36 hr. One hundred per cent mortality in the grass shrimp occurred at 20 ppm during 95 hr exposure. The LC10, LC50, and LC90 concentration for juncusol were calculated for grass shrimp and for juvenile sailfin molly. PMID- 7098772 TI - Thermogenic and anorectic effects of ephedrine and congeners in mice and rats. AB - (-)-Ephedrine has been shown to increase energy expenditure and cause the loss of body fat in rats and mice. The present study compares the effects of (-)- and (+) ephedrine, (-)- and (+)- pseudoephedrine, (+)- and (+)-norephedrine and (-)- and (+)-norpseudoephedrine on food intake, energy expenditure and body composition in ob/ob and normal mice and food intake in rats. The most potent anorectic and thermogenic compounds had the S configuration at the C-2 position but the orders of potencies for the compounds for anorexia and thermogenesis were not identical. The potencies of the compounds in reducing body lipid content correlated better with their thermogenic than their anorectic potencies. PMID- 7098773 TI - Sedimentation equilibrium of human low density lipoprotein subfractions. AB - The molecular weights of low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions were determined precisely by meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium. Equilibrium speeds ranged from 9743 to 5896 rpm. The average molecular weights of various LDL subfractions of Sf values 9.49, 7.94, 6.42, 5.17, and 3.71 determined by sedimentation equilibrium were 2.97 X 10(6) ; 3.13 X 10(6); 2.89 X 10(6); 2.45 X 10(6); and 2.61 X 10(6) daltons, respectively; and their respective densities were 1.0267, 1.0306, 1.0358, 1.0422, and 1.0492 g/ml. Minimal hydrated molecular weights for this fractions determined by flotation velocity at 37,020 rpm were 2.57 X 10(6); 2.37 X 10(6); 2.09 X 10(6); 1.94 X 10(6); and 1.81 X 10(6) daltons; whereas similar molecular weights determined at 52,640 rpm were 2.53 X 10(6); 2.27 X 10(6); 1.99 X 10(6); 1.86 X 10(6); and 1.74 X 10(6) daltons for the respective LDL subfractions. Higher molecular weights of fractions 2 and 5 compared to their adjacent fractions 1 and 4 by sedimentation equilibrium are of great interest. The calculated fractional ratio f/f O from sedimentation equilibrium and flotation velocity data ranges from 1.10 to 1.31, suggesting complexity and asymmetry of LDL subfraction molecules. There is also evidence that compressibility of LDL molecules may be different than that for the salt solution under high g-force. Assuming that redistributed LDL molecules at equilibrium under low g-force are spherical, it is possible that the shape of LDL molecules undergoing flotation velocity determinations may be distorted in high g force conditions. Such distortion may be consistent with the high f/f O values obtained and may also be a basis for structural rearrangement and/or lipoprotein degradation with prolonged preparative ultracentrifugation at high g-force and pressure. PMID- 7098771 TI - Regional aspects of the delay of acquisition conditioned avoidance responding by chlorpromazine. AB - Chlorpromazine injected into the amygdala, septum, or caudate delayed the acquisition of a one-way active avoidance response. Injections into nine other brain areas were inactive. Following a standard dose of chlorpromazine at its ED50 for delaying avoidance acquisition, tissue levels of chlorpromazine from those animals displaying reduced acquisition were significantly higher in the caudate and amygdala than from animals not demonstrating a drug effect. PMID- 7098774 TI - Copper(II)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in liposomes and erythrocyte membranes. AB - Cu++ was uniquely capable of catalyzing the peroxidation of rat erythrocyte membrane lipid in the presence of 10 mM H2O2, whereas several other transition metal ions were without significant effect. In contrast, peroxidation of soybean phospholipid liposomes could be catalyzed with decreasing efficiency by Co++, Cu++, Pb++, or Cr+++ also in the presence of H2O2. The effect of imidazole on Cu++- catalyzed lipid peroxidation was stimulatory in liposomes and inhibitory in membrane preparations, whereas EDTA, histidine, citrate and alanine inhibited peroxidation in both systems. EDTA could stop the peroxidation after initiation, but catalase could not, indicating that Cu++ alone was necessary for the propagation of the chain reaction. Competitive inhibition studies with various scavengers of hydroxyl radicals or singlet oxygen and the absence of significant reaction enhancement by D2O indicated that neither of these reactive oxygen species was a major mediator in the Cu++-H2O2 oxidative system. A copper-oxygen complex may be directly involved in the initiation of peroxidation. Normal erythrocyte membranes and phospholipid liposomes also differ in their sensitivities toward external oxidative stress. In the absence of H2O2, CU++ (0.2 mM) was capable of catalyzing lipid peroxidation in liposomes, aged erythrocyte membranes and membranes from vitamin-E-deficient rats; however, freshly prepared membranes from control rats and liposomes containing alpha-tocopherol required H2O2 greater than 2 mM for the catalytic effect of Cu++ to be observed. PMID- 7098776 TI - Reduction of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats by manipulation of dietary fatty acid levels. AB - A comprehensive statistical analysis had shown a significant correlation between the incidence of myocardial lesions in male albino rats and the concentration of certain dietary fatty acids. To test this result under controlled conditions, male rats were fed for 16 weeks diets containing 20% by weight soybean oil or a low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil. Both dietary oils contained substantial amounts of linolenic acid, and both groups developed a high incidence of myocardial necrosis. The addition of dietary saturated fatty acids to the oil in the form of cocoa butter significantly lowered the incidence of heart lesions in both groups. The addition of cocoa butter resulted in increased absorption of saturates and increased growth. Replacement of the cocoa butter by at least an equal amount of synthetic triolein resulted in no significant changes in the cardiopathogenic response compared to the original oils, thus ensuring that the reduction in heart lesions associated with the addition of cocoa butter was not due to dilution of cardiopathogenic compounds in the original vegetable oils. These results support the hypothesis that myocardial lesions in male rats are related to the balance of dietary fatty acids and not to cardiotoxic contaminants in the oils. Changes in the dietary fatty acids did not appear to influence the proportion of the cardiac phospholipids, but their fatty acid composition was markedly influenced. Dietary linolenic acid affected the C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and dietary saturates increased the level of saturates in cardiac phospholipids. The level of arachidonic acid and total C22 PUFA did not appear to be affected by diet. PMID- 7098775 TI - Effect of ethanol on transport from rat intestine during high and low rates of oleate absorption. AB - Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are transported predominantly in the intestinal lymph when rates of LCFA absorption are high, and oral ethanol has been shown to enhance this lymphatic transport. A greater proportion of absorbed LCFA is transported via portal blood when rates of LCFA absorption are low. We tested the hypothesis in unanesthetized lymph-fistula rats that ethanol might also enhance the mucosal absorption and lymphatic transport of oleic acid when oleate absorption rates were low. The results did not support this hypothesis. Ethanol enhanced oleate absorption and transport from the intestine when 360 mumol, but not when 8 mumol of [14C] oleate was infused intraduodenally over 4 hr. There were major differences in intestinal mucosal metabolism of high and low loads of oleic acid. After the high load, the proportion of intestinal [14C] phospholipid to [14C] neutral lipid was 8:92. This ratio changed to 37:63, and the percentage of neutral 14C as triglyceride decreased from 87 to 68% when the low load of oleate was infused. We suggest that a portion of absorbed LCFA is incorporated into phospholipid and transported as high-density lipoproteins in portal blood. This portal pathway for LCFA was uninfluenced by ethanol in the present experiments. PMID- 7098777 TI - Selective culture media-a "renewed' activity. PMID- 7098778 TI - The growth of Chlamydia in McCoy cells treated with emetine. PMID- 7098779 TI - A selective medium for non-pathogenic aerobic Gram negative cocci from the respiratory tract: with particular reference to Branhamella catarrhalis. PMID- 7098780 TI - Low ionic strength saline in a fully automated blood grouping system (Groupamatic 360C). PMID- 7098781 TI - Antitumour antibiotics. PMID- 7098782 TI - Blood grouping in a hospital laboratory with a fully automated (MiniGroupamatic) system. PMID- 7098784 TI - Modification of the Helena electrophoretic procedure for urinary VMA for paediatric purposes. PMID- 7098783 TI - Hepatitis B virus transmitted by HBsAg-negative blood containing anti-HBc. PMID- 7098785 TI - Growth of nutritionally variant streptococci on laboratory media supplemented with blood of eight animal species. PMID- 7098786 TI - Rapid presumptive diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in males: evaluation of a prototype limulus lysate test kit. PMID- 7098787 TI - Urinary alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 7098789 TI - [Effect of radiotherapy on blood volume indices in stomach cancer]. PMID- 7098788 TI - [Radionuclide double indicator method of determining indices of extravascular pulmonary fluid]. PMID- 7098790 TI - [Metastatic lesions in the breast]. PMID- 7098791 TI - [Fractionated preoperative irradiation in the combination therapy of lung cancer]. PMID- 7098792 TI - [The "Raschet-2" analog-digital computer for radiation dose planning in gamma therapy]. PMID- 7098793 TI - [Theoretical basis for the mathematical evaluation of the results of radionuclide function studies]. PMID- 7098795 TI - [Dimethyl sulfoxide and the antineoplastic effect of ionizing radiation]. PMID- 7098794 TI - [Combined radionuclide and radiographic studies of bone metastases in children with neuroblastomas]. PMID- 7098796 TI - [Effect of pulsed ionizing radiation on human blood lymphocytes in vitro]. PMID- 7098797 TI - [Dosimetric characteristics of adipose tissue]. PMID- 7098798 TI - [Modular units in medical technology and their compatibility]. PMID- 7098799 TI - [The KMB-01 balneology cardiomonitor]. AB - A block diagram and specifications for a cardiomonitor model KMB-01 are described. It monitors simultaneously cardiac functions of four patients in the course of hydrotherapeutic and peloid procedures. The method to register contactlessly electrocardiograms of patients having the bath is discussed. The types of primary transducers are presented. PMID- 7098800 TI - [Uncoupling single-transformer amplifier of biopotentials]. PMID- 7098801 TI - [Pneumatic micropipette]. AB - Plunger micropipettes commonly used in medicine, biology and virology have low accuracy, a narrow dose measuring range, and their manufacture, adjustment and servicing are labor-consuming processes. In this article the working principle of a pneumatic micropipette is analyzed. The elements of industrial pneumoautomatic equipment are shown to give the possibilities for realizing not only all the main functions of plunger micropipettes, but also some additional functions which cannot be performed by plunger pipettes. The design and working principles of a single-channel pneumatic micropipette are described. Pneumatic micropipettes are shown to have essential advantages over plunger micropipettes in the main technical characteristics, e. g. accuracy, a dose measuring range, operating convenience, etc. PMID- 7098802 TI - [Development of an analog-to-digital converter with double integration]. PMID- 7098803 TI - [Optimal coefficient of overlap of light spots during laser hardening of medical instruments]. AB - The optimum coefficient of light spot intercepts in the course of laser hardening medical instruments is determined for the case when there are no unirradiated sites on the surface under treatment. The increase in the light spot diameter during irradiation has been shown to be followed by more rapid expansion of the hardened area in comparison with the one of the tempered zone. PMID- 7098804 TI - [Determination of the shape of the contact line for protective glasses]. AB - A contactless stereoscopic technique of determining the fitting line form for protective glasses is described. Twin stereoscopic images of human face and head are obtained, and based on these measurements the space coordinates of fitting line points are calculated. Mean statistic curves for 3 projections of the fitting lines obtained in the course of the examination of nearly 500 industrial, office and professional workers wearing protective glasses are presented. PMID- 7098805 TI - [Reference system for determining the basic parameters of a tele-gamma therapeutic apparatus]. PMID- 7098806 TI - [Present status and outlook for the development of medical instruments with fiberoptic waveguides]. PMID- 7098807 TI - [Simulator of the R-wave sequence in an electrocardiac signal based on a standard generator]. AB - To compare the technical characteristics and the results of the study of medical instruments, whose work is based on the isolation of the characteristics of various elements of a cardiac signal, and in particular R-waves, a generator producing pulses of the special form is necessary. Such generators are not manufactured by our industry at present. An attachment for the formation of special-form pulses, intended for use with the type G6-15 standard generator, is described. The attachment allows one to obtain the sequence of triangular pulses with increased pulse period/pulse duration ratio. These pulses imitate the sequence of R-waves with metrologically ensured parameters. PMID- 7098809 TI - [Communicating protective window for a surgical x-ray unit]. PMID- 7098808 TI - [Modernization of a tomographic attachment for zonography]. PMID- 7098810 TI - [Increasing the effectiveness of the use of medical technology]. PMID- 7098811 TI - [Retractor for repositioning the fractured zygomatic bone and arch]. PMID- 7098812 TI - [Endpiece with a fiberoptic lightguide for a suction pump for use in laryngeal and pharyngeal surgery]. PMID- 7098813 TI - [Main tasks and trends in the development of medical technology in the 11th 5 year period]. PMID- 7098814 TI - [Psychiatry in Italy in acute decompensations, after the passage of the new law 180 in 1978]. PMID- 7098815 TI - [Epidemiological study of a group of drug addicts exempted from military draft and service]. PMID- 7098816 TI - [UML inhibits the action of LSD-25 on the conditions flight reflex in rats]. PMID- 7098817 TI - [Injurious environmental factors and spread of some psychosomatic diseases in a metal-mechanical industry]. PMID- 7098818 TI - [Familial psychological picture and psychotherapy of 2 adolescent brothers with osteopetrosis]. PMID- 7098819 TI - [Role crisis of the regional psychiatric nurse. 3 different experiences]. PMID- 7098821 TI - 1982 American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting. May 26-29,1982, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Abstracts. PMID- 7098820 TI - [The questionnaire findings on sleep modifications in the aged]. PMID- 7098822 TI - [Loeffler's endocarditis]. PMID- 7098824 TI - [Paroxysms of pathological laughter and crying]. PMID- 7098823 TI - [Addison's disease as an autoimmune endocrinopathy. An example with morphological peculiarities]. PMID- 7098825 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis]. PMID- 7098827 TI - [Early heparin administration in traumatic hemorrhagic shock? Study of patients with multiple injuries of various degrees of severity]. PMID- 7098828 TI - [Treatment of juvenile dysmenorrhea with 6-dehydro-retro-progesterone]. PMID- 7098826 TI - [Efficacy of bezafibrate and fenofibrate on elevated blood lipids in HLP type IIa, IIb and IV]. PMID- 7098829 TI - [Is there an age limit in the treatment of hyperlipidemia?]. PMID- 7098830 TI - [What are the possibilities in the treatment of primary hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus?]. PMID- 7098831 TI - [Vosschulte's isthmoplasty. Advantages--avoidable errors--risks]. PMID- 7098832 TI - [20 years' treatment with cardiac pacemakers]. PMID- 7098833 TI - [Primary heart neoplasms. Surgical treatment and results]. PMID- 7098834 TI - [Tumors adjacent to the heart. Clinical picture, surgical treatment and results]. PMID- 7098835 TI - [Heart valve prosthesis in children]. PMID- 7098836 TI - [Isolated endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. Unusual etiological mechanism caused by complications of heart pacemakers]. PMID- 7098837 TI - [Heart valve replacement with 3 different adjustable disk valves]. PMID- 7098838 TI - [Premedication, anesthesia and the postoperative period in hypertensive patients with coronary disease]. PMID- 7098839 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute lung embolism]. PMID- 7098840 TI - [Brain tumors in childhood]. PMID- 7098841 TI - [Allergy diagnosis in rhinitis and asthma]. PMID- 7098842 TI - [Congenital immunopathies]. PMID- 7098843 TI - [Acute asthma attack and status asthmaticus]. PMID- 7098844 TI - [The bronchitic syndrome and its risk factors (I)]. PMID- 7098845 TI - [Exogenous inhalation provocation tests with allergens]. PMID- 7098846 TI - [Ketotifen in the prophylactic treatment of children with pollen asthma during flowering time]. PMID- 7098847 TI - Increased bone apposition in primary hyperparathyroidism: measurements based on short interval tetracycline labeling of bone. AB - Bone biopsies of 23 subjects suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism, which was proven by the demonstration of parathyroid pathology during neck surgery, were studied by morphometric analysis and short interval sequential tetracycline labelling and compared with those of 13 patients without metabolic bone disease. In 19 of these patients, abnormalities were found in the trabecular volume, resorption surface, formation surface, or in various combinations. However, no constant pattern of bone changes was observed. In 4 patients, the bone morphometric parameters were normal. The bone apposition rate, on the other hand, was elevated in all 23 subjects. The rate was re-evaluated in 4 patients 6 wk to 3 mo following successful parathyroid surgery. It fell back within the control range. These findings confirm the observation in experimental animals that parathyroid hormone stimulates bone apposition in vivo and give support to the rationale of using this hormone in the treatment of osteoporosis. PMID- 7098848 TI - Experimental homocysteinemia in pigs: comparison with studies in sixteen homocystinuric patients. AB - There is as yet no satisfactory experimental model for homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. We produced homocysteinemia in pigs for up to 60 days by continuously infusing DL-homocysteine thiolactone and compared the changes in the plasma amino acids with the findings in 16 patients with homocystinuria. Vascular morphology was also investigated in the infused animals. In six pigs DL-homocysteine thiolactone, 0.68/kg/day for 13-60 days increased mean levels of methionine from 43.6 to 116.6 mumole/l, homocystine from zero to 67.4, cysteine-homocysteine disulfide from 4.3 to 49.2, taurine from 97.3 to 193.9 and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid from 16.5 to 147.4. Total cysteine did not change although cystine decreased from 50.8 to 26.2 mumole/liter. There were no amino acid changes in four saline infused (control) pigs and no differences in vascular morphology between experimental and control animals. Seven severely affected homocystinuric patients, biochemically, unresponsive to pyridoxine administration, had plasma sulfur-containing amino acid changes of similar magnitude to those in the infused pigs except that taurine concentrations were normal and total cysteine was decreased as it also was in nine pyridoxine responsive patients. In contrast to the pigs, plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was normal in all 16 patients. We conclude that this model provides information about methionine metabolism but that it should be used with caution to study mechanisms in homocystinuria because it does not exactly mimic the human disease and because the thiolactone, which at present must be used as the source of infused L-homocysteine, itself produces changes which could influence results. PMID- 7098849 TI - A dopamine-acetylcholine link in the caudate-putamen complex which mediates metabolic rate. AB - In order to investigate the possible involvement of the dopaminergic and the cholinergic neurons of caudate-putamen complex (CP) in temperature regulation, we have assessed the effects of administration of either acetylcholine (Ach), atropine (Ach receptor antagonist), apomorphine (DA receptor agonist), or haloperidol (DA receptor antagonist) into the CP on metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor and temperature responses in conscious rats at various ambient temperature (Ta). The results show that intra-CP injection of either Ach or apomorphine caused hypothermia, decreased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction at Ta 8 and 22 degrees C, as well as hyperthermia and cutaneous vasoconstriction at Ta 30 degrees C. On the other hand, intra-Cp injection of either atropine or haloperidol caused hyperthermia, increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction at all Ta (8, 22, and 30 degrees C) studied. There was no change in respiratory evaporative heat loss in response to these agents at all Ta studied. Furthermore, the Ach-induced hypothermia or hypo-metabolism was antagonized by pretreatment with atropine, but not with haloperidol. However, the apomorphine-induced hypothermia or hypo-metabolism at Ta 8 and 22 degrees C was antagonized by pretreatment with either atropine or haloperidol. These observations tend to indicate that a dopamine-acetylcholine link occurs in the caudate-putamen complex which mediate metabolic rate in the rat. PMID- 7098850 TI - Qualitative bone defect in uremic osteosclerosis. AB - Osteosclerosis, an increased volume of trabecular bone, is a common but often misinterpreted feature of uremic osteodystrophy. Despite the apparent radiographic density of osteosclerotic bone, pain and fracture may be associated. If accumulated osteoid and woven bone exceed the volume of lamellar bone removed in chronic renal insufficiency, bone density may be reduced despite increased trabecular volume. Concomitant histomorphometric and photon absorption determinations of transileal bone biopsies were done to investigate the relationship between quantity and quality of bone in uremic and non-uremic osteopenic patients. In osteopenic patients with uremia, bone core density had no significant relationship to trabecular bone volume or mineralized bone volume whereas in non-uremic osteopenic patients, these parameters were directly related (r = 0.867 and r = 0.921, respectively, p less than 0.001). The bone core density in the uremic patients was negatively correlated with the total osteoid volume (r = -0.764, p less than 0.05) and positively related to the serum phosphorus concentration (r = 0.739, p less than 0.05). Serum levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher in the patients with radiographic osteosclerosis than in the other uremic patients. The lack of correlation between bone volume and density indicates a qualitative defect in uremic bone. It appears that in uremia, elevated iPTH and serum phosphorus levels may augment bone formation, albeit poorly mineralized with woven architecture. While radiographic density paradoxically increases, the amount of normally mineralized bone may be reduced. PMID- 7098851 TI - Melatonin excretion in normal males and females: increase during puberty. AB - Melatonin in chloroform extracts of timed overnight urine collections was measured by radioimmunoassay. Melatonin excretion was determined in 88 boys and 82 girls 9-16 yr of age, in 16 adult males, and throughout the menstrual cycle of one adult female. By succeeding age groups (9-10.9, 11-12.9, 13-14.9, and 15-16.9 yr) boys showed a progressive increase in mean +/- SD melatonin excretion from 3.0 +/- 1.3 ng/hr for the 9-10.9 yr age group to 9.8 +/- 2.8 ng/hr for the 15 16.9 yr age group. The girls' excretion increased for the 11-12.9 yr age group (9 10.9 versus 11-12.9 = 4.0 +/- 2.3 versus 6.1 +/- 2.7 ng/hr, p less than 0.005), plateaued for the 13-14.9 yr age group (5.8 +/- 3.3 ng/hr, p greater than 0.3), and decreased for the 15-16.9 yr age group (2.0 +/- 1.4 ng/hr, p less than 0.005). Subjects with initial signs of puberty as compared to prepubertal subjects had increased melatonin excretion (boys, 4.7 +/- 1.4 versus 2.4 +/- 0.9 ng/hr; girls 5.7 +/- 1.9 versus 2.4 +/- 0.9 ng/hr, p less than 0.005). Excretion of the adult males (1.6 +/- 1.1 ng/hr) was less (p less than 0.005) than that of boys of all age groups. At the time of menstrual bleeding melatonin excretion was elevated; peak excretion (15.5 ng/hr) occurred 3 days prior to the midcycle gonadotropin surge. Follicular phase (10.7 +/- 2.9 ng/hr) excretion was (p less than 0.005) greater than luteal phase (4.2 +/- 1.1 ng/hr) excretion. These data show that melatonin excretion increases when the initial signs of puberty are present. This finding is inconsistent with an inhibitory influence of melatonin on pubertal development. Gonadal function may influence melatonin secretion during puberty and melatonin may play a role in adrenarche. PMID- 7098852 TI - Metabolism of urea and glucose in normal and diabetic pregnancy. PMID- 7098854 TI - Biomembranes. Part H: Visual pigments and purple membranes. I. PMID- 7098853 TI - Acute decrease in serum triglycerides with exercise: is there a threshold for an exercise effect? AB - Acute reductions in triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations have been demonstrated in endurance athletes after prolonged exercise. To determine if similar changes occur in untrained subjects and to determine the duration of exercise necessary for such changes, we measured serum lipids and lipoproteins in 10 sedentary men after 1 hour of exercise at their anaerobic threshold. Findings in sedentary men were compared with those of 9 competitive cyclists after 1 and 2 hr of exercise. LDL cholesterol increased in the cyclists immediately after 1 and 2 hours of exercise. Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol also increased in the cyclists immediately after the 2 hr session. These increases were transient and not significant when corrected for changes in plasma volume. Serum triglycerides were unchanged for 4 hr after exercise. By 24 hr, however, triglycerides had decreased in both the trained (17%) and untrained men (22%) after the 1 hr session and in the trained men (33% p less than 0.01) after the 2 hr session. These results demonstrate a delayed decrease in triglyceride concentration that is related to the duration of exercise and probably has no distinct threshold. The lower level of triglycerides in endurance athletes and in sedentary subjects after exercise training is due at least in part to an acute exercise effect. PMID- 7098855 TI - Isolation and characterization of osmotically sealed bovine rod outer segments. PMID- 7098856 TI - Preparation of isolated osmotically intact bovine rod outer segment disk membranes. PMID- 7098857 TI - Purification of rat retinal rod outer segment membranes. PMID- 7098858 TI - Purification of rhodopsin by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. PMID- 7098859 TI - Preparation of chicken iodopsin. PMID- 7098860 TI - Chromatographic separation of rod and cone pigments from chicken retinas. PMID- 7098862 TI - Morphology of invertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 7098861 TI - Purification of squid and octopus rhodopsin. PMID- 7098863 TI - Some non-rhodopsin-like properties of a gecko visual pigment. PMID- 7098864 TI - Insect visual pigments. PMID- 7098865 TI - Cephalopod retinochrome. PMID- 7098866 TI - Structural analysis of carbohydrate moiety of bovine rhodopsin. PMID- 7098867 TI - Sulfhydryl chemistry of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098868 TI - Preparation of peptides from bovine rhodopsin. PMID- 7098869 TI - Iodination of rhodopsin and transmembrane topology. PMID- 7098870 TI - Tryptophan reactivity. PMID- 7098871 TI - Cyanoborohydride reduction of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098872 TI - Determination of molecular species of rod outer segment phospholipids. PMID- 7098873 TI - Morphology of vertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 7098874 TI - Methods for determination of gangliosides in retinas and rod outer segments. PMID- 7098875 TI - Methods for determining rod outer segment disk phospholipid transmembrane topology. PMID- 7098876 TI - Lipids of invertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 7098877 TI - Phospholipases as tools for studying structure and function of photoreceptor membranes. PMID- 7098879 TI - Isolation of crayfish rhabdoms. PMID- 7098878 TI - Low-temperature spectrophotometry of intermediates of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098881 TI - Bleaching intermediate kinetics of rhodopsin: picosecond kinetics for squid rhodopsin. PMID- 7098882 TI - Dissection of retinas for biochemical studies. PMID- 7098880 TI - Picosecond spectroscopy of visual pigments. PMID- 7098883 TI - Bleaching intermediate kinetics of rhodopsin, metarhodopsin I, metarhodopsin II. PMID- 7098884 TI - Lipid dependence of rhodopsin kinetics. PMID- 7098885 TI - Photosensitivity and quantum efficiency of photoisomerization in rhodopsin and retinal. PMID- 7098886 TI - Culture of mammalian retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina. PMID- 7098887 TI - Spectral changes in the photolysis of invertebrate rhodopsin by rapid scan spectrophotometry. PMID- 7098888 TI - Electrical signaling in vertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 7098889 TI - Relation of bleaching to sensitivity of vertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 7098890 TI - Electrical responses to light: fast photovoltages of rhodopsin-containing membrane systems and their correlations with the spectral intermediates. PMID- 7098891 TI - Technique for introducing retinol analogs into the isolated retina. PMID- 7098892 TI - Generation of rhodopsin and "artificial" visual pigments in electrophysiologically active photoreceptors. PMID- 7098893 TI - Photoregeneration. PMID- 7098894 TI - Measurement of the vitamin A cycle. PMID- 7098895 TI - Preparation of bovine rod outer segment membranes capable of regenerating visual pigment with added 11-cis-Retinol. PMID- 7098896 TI - Detection and properties of rapid calcium release from binding sites in isolated rod outer segments upon photoexcitation of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098897 TI - Isolation, rapid freezing, and freeze-fracture methods for frog retinal photoreceptors. PMID- 7098898 TI - X-ray and neutron diffraction of retinal rod outer segments. PMID- 7098899 TI - Linear dichroism studies in the visible, UV, and IR on oriented rod suspensions. PMID- 7098900 TI - Isolation of intact disks by concanavalin A columns. PMID- 7098901 TI - Size and shape of isolated rod disks by light scatterings. PMID- 7098902 TI - Ultraviolet circular dichroism of rhodopsin in disk membranes and detergent solution. PMID- 7098903 TI - Low-temperature circular dichroism of intermediates of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098904 TI - Polarized microspectrophotometry for pigment orientation and concentration. PMID- 7098905 TI - Birefringence and birefringence gradients in rod outer segments. PMID- 7098906 TI - Lateral diffusion of visual pigment in rod disk membranes. PMID- 7098907 TI - Fluorescence energy transfer measurements of distances in rhodopsin and the purple membrane protein. PMID- 7098908 TI - Fluorescent probe: diphenylhexatriene. PMID- 7098909 TI - Analysis of rod outer segment disk membrane phospholipid organization using parinaric acid fluorescent probes. PMID- 7098911 TI - 13C NMR spectroscopy of the chromophore of rhodopsin. PMID- 7098910 TI - Fluorine-labeled retinals and rhodopsins. PMID- 7098912 TI - Proton, carbon-13, and phosphorus-31 NMR methods for the investigation of rhodopsin--lipid interactions in retinal rod outer segment membranes. PMID- 7098913 TI - Microspectrophotometric investigation of insect visual pigments. PMID- 7098914 TI - Use of hydrogenated and deuterated detergents in the study of rhodopsin by neutron small-angle scattering. PMID- 7098915 TI - Noninvasive optical techniques for probing insect photoreceptors. PMID- 7098916 TI - Isolation and characterization of the interphotoreceptor matrix. PMID- 7098917 TI - Fatty acid composition and pairing in phospholipids of rod outer segments. PMID- 7098918 TI - Cephalopod retinochrome. PMID- 7098919 TI - Vitamin A storing cell. PMID- 7098920 TI - Column method for the isolation of pigment epithelium. PMID- 7098922 TI - Complex carbohydrates. Part D. PMID- 7098921 TI - Methods for isolating and fractionating pigment epithelial cells. PMID- 7098923 TI - Analysis of oligosaccharides by gel filtration. PMID- 7098924 TI - Resolution of carbohydrates by lectin affinity chromatography. PMID- 7098925 TI - Resolution of acetylated oligosaccharides by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. PMID- 7098927 TI - Radioisotopic assay for galactocerebrosides and sulfatides. PMID- 7098926 TI - Resolution of dolichylpyrophosphoryl oligosaccharides by high-pressure liquid chromatography. PMID- 7098928 TI - The ultrastructural visualization of cell surface glycoconjugates. PMID- 7098929 TI - Detection of glycolipid ligands by direct binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins to thin-layer chromatograms. PMID- 7098930 TI - Isolation of specific sugar sequences using carbohydrate-binding proteins. PMID- 7098931 TI - Organic esters and ethers of polysaccharides. PMID- 7098932 TI - Hydrazinolysis of asparagine-linked sugar chains to produce free oligosaccharides. PMID- 7098933 TI - Preparation of neoglycoproteins using 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl 1-thioglycosides. PMID- 7098934 TI - Preparation of neoglycoproteins using omega-aldehydoalkyl 1-thioglycosides. PMID- 7098935 TI - Preparation of polyacrylamide gels containing copolymerized omega-acrylamidoalkyl glycosides. PMID- 7098936 TI - Preparation of polyacrylamide gels containing thioglycoside. PMID- 7098937 TI - Structural analysis of complex carbohydrates using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. PMID- 7098938 TI - Preparation of polyacrylamide gels containing active esters. PMID- 7098939 TI - Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) lectin. PMID- 7098940 TI - Datura stramonium lectin. PMID- 7098941 TI - Aleuria aurantia hemagglutinin. PMID- 7098942 TI - N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides: biosynthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides. PMID- 7098943 TI - N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides: transfer of oligosaccharides to peptides and proteins in vitro. PMID- 7098944 TI - N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides: processing. PMID- 7098945 TI - N-asparagine-linked oligosaccharides: glucosidase-1 from hen oviduct. PMID- 7098946 TI - Inhibition of the dolichol pathway of protein glycosylation. PMID- 7098947 TI - Isolation of somatic cell glycoprotein mutants. PMID- 7098948 TI - GDP-D-mannose: GDP-L-galactose epimerase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. PMID- 7098949 TI - alpha-L-iduronidase from human kidney. PMID- 7098950 TI - 13C NMR analysis of complex carbohydrates. PMID- 7098953 TI - Immunochemical techniques. Part D. Selected Immunoassays. PMID- 7098952 TI - Polysaccharide structure by x-ray fiber diffraction. PMID- 7098951 TI - Analysis of glycosphingolipids by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PMID- 7098954 TI - Radioimmunoassay of metallothioneins. PMID- 7098955 TI - Radioimmunoassay of calmodulin. PMID- 7098956 TI - Immunoassay of ferritin in plasma. PMID- 7098957 TI - Radioimmunoassay of myoglobin. PMID- 7098958 TI - Quantitation of submicrogram amounts of DNA by rocket electrophoresis. PMID- 7098959 TI - Radioimmunoassay of staphylococcal enterotoxin C. PMID- 7098960 TI - Chemiluminescence immunoassay for serum thyroxine. PMID- 7098961 TI - Preparation of 125I-labeled methotrexate and its use in magnetizable particle solid-phase radioimmunoassays. PMID- 7098962 TI - Competitive protein binding assay of methotrexate. PMID- 7098963 TI - Radioimmunoassay of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. PMID- 7098964 TI - Radioimmunoassay for fentanyl. PMID- 7098966 TI - Radioimmunoassay of pimozide. PMID- 7098965 TI - Radioimmunoassay of haloperidol. PMID- 7098967 TI - Radioimmunoassay for morphine. PMID- 7098968 TI - Radioimmunoassay for acetylcholine. PMID- 7098969 TI - Immunoassay of digoxin and other cardiac glycosides. PMID- 7098971 TI - Radioimmunoassay of pyrazolone derivatives. PMID- 7098970 TI - RAdioimmunoassay of n-butylbiguanide. PMID- 7098973 TI - Radioimmunoassay for 2-acetylaminofluorene-DNA adducts. PMID- 7098972 TI - Conformation-specific antibodies: approach to the study of the vitamin K dependent blood coagulation proteins. PMID- 7098974 TI - Radioimmunoassay of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. PMID- 7098976 TI - Radioimmunoassays for N'-nitrosonornicotine and N'-acylnornicotine analogs. PMID- 7098975 TI - Radioimmunoassay of nicotine, cotinine, and gamma-(3-pyridyl)-gamma-oxo-N methylbutyramide. PMID- 7098977 TI - Radioimmunoassay of nicotinamide nucleotide analogs of nicotine and cotinine. PMID- 7098978 TI - Radioimmunoassay of platelet factor 4. PMID- 7098979 TI - Exploratory data analysis and clinical research. PMID- 7098980 TI - Future developments of data processing in health care. PMID- 7098981 TI - A computer-based i.v. admixture system. PMID- 7098982 TI - A data collection form for intensive care units. PMID- 7098983 TI - A monitoring system for chronic diseases. PMID- 7098986 TI - Measurement of steady-state tubulin Flux. PMID- 7098985 TI - An automated method for defining microtubule length distributions. PMID- 7098987 TI - A rapid filtration assay for analysis of microtubule assembly, disassembly, and steady-state tubulin flux. PMID- 7098984 TI - Adaptation of polarographic oxygen sensors for biochemical assays. PMID- 7098988 TI - A direct method for analyzing the polymerization kinetics at the two ends of a microtubule. PMID- 7098989 TI - Microtubule polarity determination based on conditions for tubulin assembly in vitro. PMID- 7098990 TI - The use of tannic acid in microtubule research. PMID- 7098991 TI - The cyclic tyrosination/detyrosination of alpha tubulin. PMID- 7098992 TI - Tubulin-tyrosine ligase from brain. PMID- 7098994 TI - Directional growth of actin off polylysine-coated beads. PMID- 7098993 TI - Purification of muscle actin. PMID- 7098995 TI - Assembly-disassembly purification and characterization of microtubule protein without glycerol. PMID- 7098997 TI - Purification and reassembly of tubulin from outer doublet microtubules. PMID- 7098996 TI - A brain microtubule protein preparation depleted of mitochondrial and synaptosomal components. PMID- 7098998 TI - Production of antisera and radioimmunoassays for tubulin. PMID- 7099000 TI - Female sexual activity as a function of climacteric conditions and age. AB - By establishing a statistical profile of the average sexual behaviour of women during the climacteric period, an attempt was made to determine what influence the climacteric had on female sexual activity. With the advancement of age, the sexual activity of women tends to decline. The menopause itself tends to further reduce the retrogression of the sexual activity in women. PMID- 7098999 TI - Purification and chemical properties of brain tubulin. PMID- 7099001 TI - Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels before and after the menopause. I. Glandular hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. AB - Plasma androstenedione (A) levels and plasma oestrone (E1) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in a total of 135 healthy women (the control group), around the menopause. Both A and E1 plasma levels were found to drop significantly in the post-menopausal women (P less than 0.001). The mean plasma levels of A and E1 found in these healthy women were compared with the same plasma levels found in a total of 96 hospitalized women who were found to have various gynaecological disorders. Out of the total 96 patients, 29 were post-menopausal and had adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. The mean plasma levels of A and E1 were not significantly different in comparison with the norm. The mean body weight of the tumour patients was slightly higher than the mean body weight of the healthy women. There were 25 other patients, around the menopause, who had glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. The mean plasma levels of androstenedione found in these women were significantly higher than the mean levels found in the healthy group of women; both groups were similar in body weight. The oestrone levels found in these patients were within the normal range. The remaining 42 patients, around the menopause, were affected with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, without endometrial hyperplasia. The plasma androstenedione levels were within the normal range. Oestrone plasma levels were not measured in this group of women. This study investigates the possible differences found in the endocrine plasma levels of women with glandular hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. PMID- 7099003 TI - Changes in skin blood flow and body temperatures during climacteric hot flushes. AB - Blood velocity changes in the radial, temporal and lateral thoracic arteries have been measured quantitatively during climacteric hot flushes by means of an ultrasonic velocity meter. In the radial artery the median increase in velocity was 6 times greater than the basal velocity (range 4-10); in both the temporal and the lateral thoracic arteries the median increase was 1.5 (1.5-3). Simultaneous temperature measurements showed a fairly high increase in finger temperatures. An initial increase in temperature on the forehead was followed by a decrease. The core temperature measured on the tympanic membrane decreased. The pattern of blood velocity which increases during hot flushes, is identical to the pattern seen when someone is transferred to an uncomfortably high temperature. This similarity points to the hot flush as a time in which a heat loss occurs. As temperature measurements show no accumulation of heat prior to the flushes, it is reasonable to assume that hot flushes are the result of a central disorder of temperature regulation. PMID- 7099002 TI - Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels before and after the menopause. II. Non-endocrine ovarian tumours and cysts. AB - Plasma androstenedione (A) and oestrone (E1) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 45 hospitalized patients who had non-endocrine benign or malignant ovarian tumours or cysts. The findings of these measurements were compared with the findings of the mean steroid levels which we determined previously (see previous article) in 135 healthy women, around the menopause, of similar weight. Of the total number of patients, 26 had non-endocrine benign ovarian tumours and cysts and were in the reproductive and pre-menopausal ages. The mean plasma A level was found to be significantly higher than the normal value (P less than 0.001). However, the plasma E1 level was not different from the norm. The remaining 19 patients, all around the menopause, had non-endocrine malignant epithelial ovarian tumours. The mean plasma levels of both A and E1 were found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the normal values. Since increased plasma A levels are associated with non-endocrine ovarian tumours and cysts, it seems likely that the measurement of plasma A may be used as an endocrine detector of non-endocrine ovarian tumours. PMID- 7099004 TI - Progesterone receptors in human oestrogen target tissues. AB - The levels of specific oestrogen and progesterone receptors have been measured in myometrial, endometrial and vaginal tissues obtained from 18 women between the ages of 28-73 yr. High speed cytosols of the three tissues were incubated at four different concentrations of specific ligands: E2 for the oestrogen receptor (ERc) and Org-2058 for the progesterone receptor (PgRc). Separation of bound and free hormones was done by dextran-coated charcoal; data were analysed according to Scatchard. In the myometrium and endometrium both PgRc and ERc were found. In the vaginal tissues obtained from the same patients only ERc was present. There was no evidence of specific progesterone receptors in the vagina. Both clinical and histological findings indicate that the vagina is an oestrogen-sensitive organ. Therefore, it is surprising that progesterone receptors, which are considered to be a specific response of oestrogen target tissue, are absent in the human vagina. This finding suggests that the induction of the progesterone receptors is not a specific response to oestrogen stimulation in the human vagina. PMID- 7099005 TI - Differential effects of exogenous oestradiol and progesterone on mood in post menopausal women: individual dose/effect relationship. AB - This study reports on 56 women who volunteered for consultation at a gynaecological hospital for their climacteric symptoms. The stability of their low oestradiol and high gonadotrophin plasma levels was controlled first. Afterwards they were treated for 3 mth with natural oestradiol (percutaneously). Once the plasma oestradiol levels were proved to be stable during the treatment, natural progesterone was also administered (orally) the last 10 days of treatment. As observed with all steroid administration, the same therapeutic regimen induced different individual plasma levels of the natural steroids. The relationship between mood and plasma levels was as follows. Moderate depressive symptoms were correlated to the lowest plasma oestradiol level, before and after treatment. Only when a moderate increase in oestradiol level was induced did the oestradiol treatment itself lead to a pleasant feeling of well-being. When an excessive increase was induced by the treatment, most of the women complained of unpleasant side effects, mostly irritability and aggressiveness. Progesterone had very few psychological effects if oestradiol levels were low or slightly increased. When plasma oestradiol was high, a moderate elevation of plasma progesterone induced a pleasant tranquillizing effect. A massive elevation of plasma progesterone levels immediately induced an inadequate hypnotic effect, sometimes with dizziness. Therefore, therapeutic administrations of natural steroids appear to strongly influence the mood and behaviour of post-menopausal women. However, the expected pleasant effect could not be successfully achieved without a careful adaptation of the correct dosage to each individual patient. PMID- 7099007 TI - Experimental calibration of a two-stage prism-grating system for measuring cell velocity. PMID- 7099006 TI - System analysis of vascular membrane water and protein transport: general method and application to canine hindquarters. PMID- 7099008 TI - Microvascular pressures in the isolated, perfused dog lung: comparison between theory and measurement. PMID- 7099010 TI - A chemotactic relationship between skeletal muscle nuclei and capillaries. PMID- 7099009 TI - Microvascular fluid and protein flux in pulmonary and systemic circulations after thermal injury. PMID- 7099011 TI - Effect of potassium on membrane potential and tension development in bovine mesenteric lymphatics. PMID- 7099012 TI - A network model of glomerular function. PMID- 7099013 TI - The Microcirculatory Society Eugene M. Landis Award Lecture. A physicist looks at the microcirculation. PMID- 7099014 TI - Collagen of brain microvessel preparations. PMID- 7099015 TI - The rate of translymphatic endothelial fluid movement in the canine kidney. PMID- 7099017 TI - Capillary recruitment and flow velocity in skeletal muscle after contractions. PMID- 7099016 TI - Fluid spaces in canine bone and marrow. PMID- 7099018 TI - Localization within a thin optical section of fluorescent blood platelets flowing in a microvessel. PMID- 7099019 TI - Interactions between sphered human red cells in tube flow: technique for measuring the strength of antigen--antibody bonds. PMID- 7099020 TI - Vascular permeability to macromolecules in rabbit paw and skeletal muscle: a lymphatic study with a mathematical interpretation of transport processes. PMID- 7099021 TI - Influence of shear rate on platelet aggregation in cerebral microvessels. PMID- 7099022 TI - Transient effects of histamine on microvascular fluid movement. PMID- 7099023 TI - Hamster retractor muscle: a new preparation for intravital microscopy. PMID- 7099024 TI - Analysis of lymphatic protein data. IV. Comparison of the different methods used to estimate reflection coefficients and permeability-surface area products. PMID- 7099025 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of pericytes in rat red muscle. PMID- 7099026 TI - The effect of ultrasound on microvascular hemodynamics in skeletal muscle: effects during ischemia. PMID- 7099027 TI - Increased adhesiveness of granulocytes in rabbit ear-chamber blood vessels perfused with neuraminidase. PMID- 7099029 TI - Michigan's women physicians and "the system". PMID- 7099028 TI - Compatible multiplex closed-circuit television and analog data recording. PMID- 7099030 TI - MSMS conference to focus to two challenges to committed professional women. PMID- 7099031 TI - Michigan high on list of female MDs in training and in practice. PMID- 7099032 TI - What does it take to be successful within the medical system? PMID- 7099033 TI - More women admitted to medical school, facing same old problems? PMID- 7099034 TI - Aid gone, only wealthy will apply to medical school. PMID- 7099035 TI - "Staffing the professional office". Critical key to success. PMID- 7099036 TI - MSU studies MDs' unease with patients unlike them. PMID- 7099037 TI - MSMS leadership in profile. PMID- 7099039 TI - Begin cultivating techniques today for tomorrow's competitive marketplace. PMID- 7099038 TI - An MSMS leader looks at his organization. Interview by Judith Marr. PMID- 7099040 TI - Your image is important to your success as a practitioner. PMID- 7099042 TI - These cases could bear on every MD. PMID- 7099041 TI - What really happened in the Friedman case. PMID- 7099043 TI - Autobiography of an alcoholic medical student. PMID- 7099044 TI - Cost-containment training can reduce medical costs. PMID- 7099045 TI - Physicians may have to offer more for less to compete. PMID- 7099046 TI - Student evaluation of instruction. A comparison of medicine and engineering. AB - The study examines the structure of student satisfaction with instruction. Two professional schools are compared: medicine and engineering. Also the relationship between student ratings and their performance, as perceived by themselves, is explored. Medical students are significantly more satisfied with their courses than engineering students. A positive correlation exists between student satisfaction and student self-evaluation in the School of Engineering. In the Medical School, no relationship is found between satisfaction and perceived performance. PMID- 7099047 TI - The impact of instructional style on the development of professional characteristics. AB - First-year subjects were rated according to Basil Bernstein's concepts as to the degree of classification and framing they involved. Students were then asked to rate the degree to which each subject encouraged, discouraged or neither encouraged nor discouraged cognitive, interpersonal and professional skills. It was found that subjects which were strongly classified and framed only encouraged skills required for factual recall. Weakly classified and framed subjects failed to encourage these skills but encouraged self-educative, interpersonal and professional skills. It was concluded that changing either the type or quantity of content in a curriculum will not effect the acquisition of these latter skills. Teaching styles and curriculum structure must also be amended. PMID- 7099048 TI - The relationship between prior clerkship experience and student performance in medicine clerkships. Implications for grading. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between prior clerkship experience and student performance in a third-year medicine clerkship. Trend analysis was used to determine if there was a linear relationship between amount of prior clerkship experience and scores on the following performance measures: subjective preceptor ratings; locally developed examinations; and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Special Examination in Medicine. Results indicated a positive linear relationship between amount of prior experience and the NBME Special Examination in Medicine, but no trends were found for the other performance measures. The effect was found to be a short-term phenomenon, in that no sequencing effect was evident from 1 to 2 years later, as indicated by scores on the Medicine subtest of NBME II. Implications for grading are discussed. PMID- 7099049 TI - Patient management problems. Issues of validity. AB - Patient management problems (PMP) are being used in medical examinations with increasing frequency despite evidence which throws doubt on their validity as measures of clinical competence. This study investigated the construct validity of a PMP constructed in both written and interview formats. Each test was administered to groups of students of different seniorities and to two groups of doctors, interns and post-interns. The pattern of scores for the different groups was not that expected of a valid test of competence. The most competent groups (the post-interns) generally scored less well on the calculated indices than the senior students and interns. These findings were similar for both formats of the test so cueing was not thought to be the major factor. It appears that the scoring system is at fault. A comparison of performance on the written and interview (uncued) formats showed that many more options were chosen by all groups tested on the written PMP. It was concluded that written PMPs cannot yet be regarded as a valid simulation of clinical performance. Although content validity is high this does not appear to be so for construct validity or concurrent validity. PMID- 7099050 TI - Integrated medical student teaching. A combined course in community medicine, general practice, geriatric medicine and mental health. AB - In order to provide "horizontal" integration of related clinical subjects, a combined teaching course in community medicine, general practice, geriatric medicine and mental health has been devised. The course lasts 12 weeks and is divided between joint teaching of topics of common interest and clinical clerkships in individual disciplines. A joint assessment takes place at the end of the course. The course was popular with students who all felt that it covered topics not encountered in other parts of the medical curriculum. A course of this type leads to a better integration of clinical subjects and avoids repetition or omission of topics which are not clearly the responsibility of any individual department. PMID- 7099051 TI - The psychiatric contribution to general medical education. Some problems of generalization. AB - Little difference was found in the extent to which psychosocial data were recorded in two samples of general hospital case-notes written 10 years apart, in spite of a significant increase of apparently relevant material in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Although the house physicians responsible acknowledge the importance of the data, their estimate of recording frequency was much higher than was actually the case. Impediments to such recording were identified. The apparent lack of generalization of learning is presented as an important problem relevant to psychiatrists who have a major responsibility for teaching in these areas. Suggestions are made of ways in which generalization might be facilitated. PMID- 7099052 TI - A factor analytic study of teaching in off-campus general practice clerkships. AB - The Preceptor-evaluation questionnaire (PEQ) was developed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center to evaluate the clinical teaching behavior of general practice doctors in private practice who have one or more third-year medical students per year in their offices for a required general practice clerkship. The PEQ was designed to provide feedback to these doctors and the sponsoring department in an effort to improve teaching in this setting. Developed from the input of family practice doctors who have supervised students in their offices and from a review of related literature, the instrument was given to students to determine the level of importance they attributed to each teaching characteristic. A principle components factor analysis and subsequent varimax rotation produced six significant teaching factors in this setting. These six factors were: (1) demonstrates a humanistic orientation toward patients and staff; (2) demonstrates a humanistic orientation toward student; (3) provides opportunity for practice; (4) motivates and stimulates student's thinking; (5)communicates effectively with student; and (6) demonstrates comfort and confidence in the roles of doctor and teacher. The factor relating to the humanistic orientation toward student has not appeared as a separate factor in other studies of clinical teaching. This may be due to the unique aspects of the relationship between student and doctor in this setting which may not occur in other settings. The PEQ and similar reliable and valid instruments can provide valuable information for the doctors in these off-campus teaching situations as well as provide useful programme planning information for the sponsoring academic departments. This information may also be valuable for off-campus residency training. PMID- 7099053 TI - Impact of an independent-study programme upon professional careers. AB - A survey of graduates of the Independent-Study Programme (ISP) at the College of Medicine, University of Illinois, was conducted in order to assess the impact of the ISP on their subsequent careers. Responses from ninety-nine of these graduates, when compared with their classmates, lend strong support to the idea that such an independent study programme has long-lasting effects on the participants. The ISP graduates are selecting a medical subspecialty in a much higher percentage than their classmates or the national average. They also are engaging in more research, administration, and teaching. Differences between the ISP and the traditional graduates are explained in terms of unique educational opportunities, contact with teachers and peers, orientation towards independent learning and curricular requirements. PMID- 7099054 TI - An evaluation of a workshop on educational methods for health science teachers in Lagos, Nigeria. AB - A workshop on educational methods held at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos in 1980 was evaluated by means of questionnaires. The workshop was favourably received and enhanced the teaching practices of participants. As a result of the workshop, most participants wrote instructional objectives, used more audiovisual aids and adopted new methods of teaching and assessment of clinical skills. Although the session on the production of self-instructional packages (SIPs) was rated highly at the workshop, relatively few participants had completed a programmed text at time of follow-up. Similarly, most participants had set MCQs but few had calculated either the facility or discrimination index. The participants themselves suggested that future workshops should be tailored to the particular educational needs of different disciplines. The authors suggest that intensive short-term workshops may be useful for content areas which require more time than an extensive workshop permits. PMID- 7099055 TI - Undergraduate teaching of orthopaedic surgery. AB - Orthopaedics is an important component of clinical practice and education in this subject is important. In order to discover how best to teach it a questionnaire was presented to undergraduates at Bristol University at the conclusion of their course. From their replies a course length of 6 weeks with maximum clinical contact, small groups and minimum number of lectures is recommended. Orthopaedic courses nationally have also been analysed and found to rely overmuch upon lectures, to have student group which are too large and to combine orthopaedics with other courses too frequently. It is concluded that undergraduate and postgraduate medical training should be integrated and that 1 clinical year should contain courses which would be optional. PMID- 7099056 TI - The contractile proteins in muscular dystrophy: an analytical review and a new hypothesis. AB - The reduced capacity for force generation that is characteristic of muscle fibers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a predictable consequence of the alteration of sarcomere length that has been reported in this form of muscle disease in the early stages. Evidence that the primary defect may be a disorder of the cross bridge cycle itself is reviewed. PMID- 7099057 TI - Poisoning by Gyromitra : a possible mechanism. AB - "Gyromitra" are considered to be edible mushrooms although their potential toxicity has been long known. They have caused numerous accidents, sometimes lethal. Historical accounts of poisoning are reported and the authors describe the main characteristics : inconstant toxicity, influence of repetitive ingestions and variable individual sensitivity. Knowing the "gyromitrin" (N methyl-N-formyl-acetyl-hydrazone) can be converted into methyl-hydrazine, the authors suggest a relation between individual sensitivity to the mushrooms and variation of every body's ability to carry out such a conversion. Several metabolites of gyromitrin can produce enzyme activation ith subsequent synthesis of methylhydrazine. The cumulative activating role of consecutive ingestions is emphasized. PMID- 7099059 TI - The possible connection between phytoestrogens, milk and coronary heart disease. AB - Phytoestrogens are estrogen mimics produced mainly by leguminous plants, like clover, lucerne and soya beans, but also by some grasses and other plants. They are isoflavones and other plant phenols, bearing no resemblance to natural estrogens, but somewhat similar to non-steroidal synthetic estrogens, like diethylstilbestrol. Normally they have little ill effect on herbivores, but in large doses they can result in prolonged periods of estrus. It is suggested that when consumed by lactating cows, the estrogenic substance appears in their milk and transferred to the human consumer, on whom the effect could be similar to that of diethylstilbestrol - a substance with well substantiated atherogenic properties. This could be the explanation of the strong positive correlation between the consumption of mild and mortality from coronary disease reported in previous papers of the writer and other authors, and also of the differences between male and female mortality from coronary disease. When phytoestrogens are consumed directly in plants like soya beans, they appear to be correlated with cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 7099060 TI - The ambivalent role of the physician in the child abuse syndrome. AB - The reluctance of physicians to get involved with child abuse can be attributed to the problem of role conflict. Physicians derive their social authority from the Aesculapian tradition. This form of social authority is fragile and easily subverted, yet of utmost importance if physicians are to retain their effectiveness in the role of priest, healer and counsellor. In the child abuse syndrome, however, physicians are required by law and circumstances to report such cases to social welfare and low enforcement agencies. This at once cast the physician into the role of police collaborator. This ambivalence can be rationalized by regarding the family unit, rather than just the child, as the patient, and the referral to the social agencies as a "medical consultation". PMID- 7099058 TI - Disturbances in the blood due to driving. AB - Tests to examine changes in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids in the blood, in the first quarter hour of driving have been carried out. Statistically significant positive changes of glucose and cholesterol were found. High negative percentage change in triglycerides, though not statistically significant, were recorded. As travel without the expenditure of energy is abnormal to the body, these changes in the blood cause deleterious effects on the metabolic system. PMID- 7099062 TI - Possible role of the control of arginase and methionine adenosyl transferase in the transport processes of endogenous formaldehyde and in hypermethylation. AB - The authors believe the normal formaldehyde equilibrium in the organism to be governed by a biological control mechanism, which is thought to be closely connected to L - arginine and - indirectly - to the arginase enzyme. Arginine reacts with formaldehyde in a spontaneous equilibrium reaction yielding methylol derivatives thus mobilizing formaldehyde. The methylol - derivatives of L - arginine were found in serum and urine. The authors assume the methylol - derivatives of L - arginine to have an inhibiting effect on cell - proliferation. PMID- 7099061 TI - Selenium, estradiol 17 beta, nitrites, and human breast cancer. AB - Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Although there is a large body of studies dealing with selenium, estrogens and nitrites in relation to cancer, most of them are correlated singly and the dynamics of carcinogenesis are overly simplified. The epidemiologic and etiologic effects of selenium, estrogens and nitrites in human breast cancer are traced in their important dimensions. A hypothesis for the interaction of these factors, especially in relation to the erythrocyte is presented within a multi-stage focus of carcinogenesis. A biochemical process for breast cell carcinogenesis in general is postulated and the erythrocyte interaction with breast cancer is diagramed. An enzyme "X" is postulated (estradiase) as a facilitator in vivo of the necessary biochemical conversion of estradiol 17 to a carcinogen. PMID- 7099063 TI - Hormones, salt, hypertension and the interstitium. Is the interstitium the missing link? AB - The pathophysiology of most forms of hypertension is still poorly understood. A hypothesis is developed suggesting that the balance of hormones capable of influencing sodium metabolism play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, and that a significant component of the hormonal effect is mediated through changes in the interstitial matrix. It is suggested that the interstitial changes play a direct role in the increase in blood pressure and in bringing about many of the observed differences between hypertensive and normotensive states. PMID- 7099064 TI - Is there a climatic influence on the blood level of anticonvulsive drugs? AB - The diphenylhydantoin concentration in ten treated epileptics was determined during a period of two years in Tel-Aviv, Israel where subtropical climate prevails. The data collected showed a significant decrease at the end of Summer and a significant increase at the end of Winter. Since diphenylhydantoin is excreted in the sweat and sweating is excessive during the Summer months in the area where the study was undertaken, it is suggested that the increase of perspiration is responsible for the drop of diphenylhydantoin serum concentration. No other seasonal biological rhythms are known to us which could be incriminating. PMID- 7099065 TI - Natural history of allergy in asthmatic children. PMID- 7099067 TI - Paracetamol self-poisoning and suicidal behavior. PMID- 7099066 TI - Hepatitis B immunoglobulin. PMID- 7099068 TI - Medical participation in flogging and punitive amputation in Pakistan. PMID- 7099069 TI - Review of restrictive actions under the Australian drug regulatory system. AB - An analysis of restrictive measures taken by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) over the period of 27 months (from March, 1976, to June, 1978) was made by two non-Australian observers. During this period, the ADEC took 32 useful restrictive measures (a little more than one a month). The analysis was limited only to cases in which ADEC took substantial action; if less comprehensive measures were included, the number of valid actions to counter the occurrence of iatrogenic complications would be much greater. It is concluded that, although it is an undisputed fact that many pharmaceutical companies maintain the highest ethical standards, there is a need for the type of objective and dispassionate control exercised by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee. PMID- 7099071 TI - Artificial tanning and suntan salons. AB - Many individuals will seek artificial skin-tanning methods despite recognition of their hazards. The long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) sources provide a deeper tan and are potentially safer than the short-wave (UVB) sources for most people, hence the use of UVB should be confined to therapeutic purposes. However, there should be adequate warning that UVA is not harmless and, like UVB, will not tan some people's skin effectively. At this moment, there are insufficient data to predict what will be the long-term effect of selective use of UVA both on skin and on eyes. The dosage for a given exposure time will vary from one UVA apparatus to the next and cannot be assessed on the basis of redness, as is with UVB. This is a particularly serious potential hazard for people who purchase UVA units for private use. Adequate eye protection should be mandatory, until proved otherwise. Rigid safety standards are needed for the operation of UVA solaria. PMID- 7099070 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm: treatment by microvascular decompression. AB - On the basis of observation of 26 patients, we consider that the common cause in trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm is compression of the nerve-root entry zone at the brainstem by a blood vessel, usually an artery. By mobilising the vessel, and securing it away from the nerve, symptoms were relieved in 16 of 17 patients with trigeminal neuralgia and in seven of nine patients with hemifacial spasm for a follow-up period of up to four years. Trigeminal microvascular decompression had few complications, but three patients treated for facial hemispasm had postoperative deafness and one had a probable small brainstem infarct. The major advantage of this surgical approach is that is possible to relieve the symptoms without facial anaesthesia or paralysis. PMID- 7099072 TI - Teaching letter writing to medical undergraduates. AB - Poor quality medical letters epitomise the failing communication skills of Australian doctors. I asked the 11 Australian medical schools to define how these skills are taught to undergraduates, and The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) to comment on the essay section of the college examinations. Six of the 11 universities replied; two of them teach communication. The RACGP supported the need to teach undergraduates communication skills. PMID- 7099073 TI - Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: a sign of the times? PMID- 7099075 TI - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in neonatal nurseries. Two years' experience in special-care nurseries in Melbourne. AB - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has become an important nosocomial pathogen in the four special-care nurseries in Melbourne during the past two years. Once introduced into a nursery, it can spread rapidly unless specific precautions are taken to prevent it. It has been responsible for a number of serious infections in susceptible infants who have required treatment with the potentially toxic antibiotic agent, vancomycin. Because of the interdependence of the four special-care nurseries, a coordinated approach to infection control is required to minimise the spread of the organism and the associated increased morbidity. PMID- 7099076 TI - Administrative considerations in an infective outbreak. PMID- 7099074 TI - Epidemic of hospital-acquired infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in major Victorian hospitals. AB - During 1979, the Victorian Health Commission received reports of a rising proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from an increasing number of institutions. At least 31 metropolitan hospitals were involved, and six of these reported MRSA totaling between 20% and 40% of all Staph. aureus isolates. Since that time, the problem has continued. In some university teaching hospitals, strains of MRSA now cause from 200 to 300 new cases of hospital-acquired infection each year. Sepsis occurs mainly in patients who underwent surgery, premature neonates and in the immunocompromised or debilitated patients. The organism involved is multiresistant. Recent isolates show increasing resistance, particularly against gentamicin, chloramphenicol and, more lately, fusidic acid and rifampicin. Only vancomycin can be relied upon for empirical treatment. There is concern that increasing use of vancomycin will select vancomycin-resistant strains of MRSA, so that, in the near future, there may no longer be any effective antibiotic therapy against hospital staphylococci. PMID- 7099078 TI - Culturing an epidemic of staphylococci in the mass media. PMID- 7099079 TI - Control and elimination of an MRSA outbreak. PMID- 7099080 TI - Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. PMID- 7099077 TI - Recommendations for control of the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection based on 18 years' experience in a group of teaching hospitals. PMID- 7099081 TI - Plea for clear labelling: amoxycillin prescribing information. PMID- 7099082 TI - Alcohol-pimozide side effects. PMID- 7099083 TI - Prescribing the "pill" for minors. PMID- 7099084 TI - Bleeding carcinomatous ulcer of the stomach. PMID- 7099085 TI - Measles or rubella? PMID- 7099087 TI - Home monitoring of infant apnoea. PMID- 7099088 TI - Bronchodilator tolerance and dosage. PMID- 7099086 TI - Investigation of post-cholecystectomy problems. PMID- 7099089 TI - Intravenous administration of hydrallazine. PMID- 7099090 TI - Intracranial aerocele in facial injury. AB - Aspects of intracranial aerocele are described and exemplified by two cases which presented to the Plastic Surgery Unit. Austin Hospital, Melbourne, as radiological findings incidental to facial injury. The first case illustrated the occasional problem of identifying the site of dural tear; a fracture could not be identified on X-ray film or at operation, and this can make subsequent dural repair more difficult. The second case was associated with florid clinical signs of facial fractures which were supported by X-ray findings. Both patients underwent surgery for the primary injury, and received prophylactic therapy with antibiotic agents because of the risk of meningitis associated with dural tears. In neither case did intracranial air persist beyond 14 days; therefore, dural repair was not performed. It is important to look for evidence of dural damage when dealing with facial injury either in the casualty or in the subsequent management of the patient. PMID- 7099091 TI - Rubella screening and vaccination programme at a Melbourne maternity hospital. A five-year review. AB - Antibody to rubella virus titres were measured in 7133 serum samples collected from pregnant women and nurses between 1976 and 1980. A significant decline in susceptibility to rubella was found in women under 25 years of age, but not in those over 25 years of age. Most of the former would have been vaccinated at school. One hundred and sixty of 325 women vaccinated with Cendehill vaccine (Cendevax) were subsequently retested. Two failed to develop antibodies and 19 initially "seronegative" women responded poorly. Ten of 38 women with low prevaccination titres had a significant boost in titre, and the remaining 28 showed little or no change. All 13 women who were revaccinated with RA 27/3 vaccine (Almevax) after responding poorly to Cendevax vaccination had a boost in titre; in 10, the rise was four-fold or greater. it is disappointing that Almevax is no longer available in Australia. PMID- 7099092 TI - Cold injury complicating trauma in subzero environments. AB - Trauma sustained in freezing and subzero conditions may be complicated by secondary cold injury, either locally to non-perfused tissue or generally throughout the body, causing hypothermia. A series of experiments, in which the cooling pattern of exposed tissue from which the epidermis was removed was studied, in simulated tissue injury in a subfreezing environment, is reported. Cooling curves for mammalian tissues (simulated exposed wounds) have been constructed for varying conditions of dry bulk temperature and wind speed. For low wind speeds, the time for tissue freezing was reduced by two minutes for every degree Celsius fall in the environmental temperature. The use of a simple polythene "survival bag" halved the rate of cooling to the freezing point of mammalian tissue. Practical implications for first aid and wound management in the subzero environment are discussed. PMID- 7099093 TI - Fatal paraquat poisonings after skin absorption. AB - This paper reports five cases of fatal paraquat poisoning after skin absorption in adult Papua New Guinea men. Three incidents followed occupational accidents, one victim used paraquat concentrate to treat a scabies infestation, and one used it to treat head lice. All had marked blistering and excoriation, and all died from respiratory failure. In developing countries, reporting on poisoning incidents is very limited, and treatment of paraquat poisoning is, for practical purposes, nonexistent. As paraquat is not essential for tropical agriculture, its continued use should be critically reviewed. PMID- 7099094 TI - Congenital rubella after successful vaccination. AB - We report a case of a patient who had a subclinical rubella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy which resulted in the delivery of a baby suffering from congenital rubella. Rubella virus vaccine, liver attenuated (Cendevax) vaccine had been administered to the mother nearly three years before, with proven seroconversion from a rubella haemagglutination-inhibition titre of 1:10 to 1:80. PMID- 7099095 TI - Pelvic surgery in young women. PMID- 7099096 TI - [Repression and disclosure- the dynamics of dealing with terminal diseases]. PMID- 7099097 TI - [Stress and cancer]. PMID- 7099098 TI - [Psychosocial factors in the therapy and care of neoplasm patients]. PMID- 7099100 TI - [Patient information on ability to drive: good advice for deaf ears]. PMID- 7099099 TI - [Clinical course of hairy cell leukemias]. AB - When analyzing 20 cases of hairy-cell leukosis we can compare a group with a medium survival time (16 months since clinical beginning of the illness) to a group with a long survival time (80 months). Patients (historically older) with short survival times are characterized by a combination of short anamnestic dormancy, younger age, severe symptoms and the applying of a steroid and cytostatic therapy instead of splenectomy. Prevalent causes of death were infections which seemed to increase by cytostasis. Patients with a longer survival time were characterized by a longer survival time were characterized by a longer anamnestic dormancy (up to 15 years), and clinically bland indications that permitted splenectomy. In this group we find interesting cases in which after splenectomy the infiltration of the bone marrow was greatly reduced, being in one case merely 10% after 10 years. These findings ought to be discussed with respect to the aspect of the extremely slow and spleen dependent kinetics of the pathognomy of the cell fractions. As to the origin of the hairy cells and to mark the difference to other lymphomas of the spleen it is necessary to stress the fact that the rate of immunoglobuline did not change in any of the 20 cases observed. PMID- 7099101 TI - [The clinical importance of serum ferritin]. PMID- 7099102 TI - [Prediction of permanent body height in tall children]. PMID- 7099103 TI - [Effect of iodine on thyroid function]. PMID- 7099104 TI - [Problems in treatment with non-steroid antirheumatic agents 2]. PMID- 7099106 TI - [Adverse effects and interactions of antihypertensives]. PMID- 7099105 TI - [Diagnosis of occult skeletal metastasis: alkaline phosphatase versus skeletal scintigraphy]. AB - In this study the value of alkaline phosphatase activity was compared with the bone scintigram in detection of clinically occult bony metastasis amongst a group of 400 cases histories of cancer patients. For bone scanning a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 94% were detected, among the unsuspected scans, only 1% bony metastasis was demonstrated. For the levels of alkaline phosphatase a sensitivity of 74% and a sspecificity of 85% were demonstrated, with normal levels only in 4% bony metastasis were detected. The true positive elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase in 43% of cases normalised within two months. It is implicated that controlling tumor patients by bone scanning may be substituted by short term determination of the level of alkaline phosphatase in the practice of general practitioners. PMID- 7099107 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis: interference by drugs]. PMID- 7099108 TI - Sexual offences. PMID- 7099109 TI - Micro-K potassium supplement. PMID- 7099110 TI - Phototherapy for psoriasis. PMID- 7099111 TI - Estramustine for prostate cancer. PMID- 7099112 TI - Syncytium formation in aged umbilical cord blood macrophages. Attempts to demonstrate an infectious etiology. AB - About 50% of cultures of mononuclear cells from human umbilical cord blood kept for more than 6 weeks in tissue culture reveal syncytium formation of adherent cells involving varying percentages of cells. Syncytium formation usually occurs focally producing plaques of multinucleated giant cells followed by cell degeneration. Occasionally, plaques of giant cell formation of adherent cells were also noted in macrophage cultures obtained from healthy adult blood donors. Attempts to transfer cytopathogenic changes to other human epithelial and fibroblastic cells in tissue culture were unsuccessful. In three instances, however, fibroblast-like cells started to grow spontaneously in umbilical cord blood cultures revealing syncytium formation and were subcultured once or twice. Six to eight weeks after their appearance, these cells too degenerated spontaneously also showing syncytium formation. Nuclei of the fused cells contained prominent nucleolus-like structures. Electron microscopy failed to demonstrate viral particles within these intranuclear inclusions. Occasionally, however, virus-like particles resembling in size and some structural features that of herpesviruses, were found in degenerating cells. Nucleic acid hybridizations performed with cellular DNA derived from such cultures and 32P labelled DNA of herpesvirus saimiri and human cytomegalovirus failed to reveal any homologies. In a series of human sera tested for reactivity against fused cells in an indirect immuno-fluorescence test, two reacted specifically at low titer against the nucleolus-like structures of syncytial cells and some additional mononuclear cells. PMID- 7099113 TI - [Traumatic ocular lesions in childhood]. PMID- 7099114 TI - [The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in the treatment of non-tumoral hydrocephalus in childhood]. PMID- 7099115 TI - [Salmonellosis in childhood. Clinico-statistical study of 85 cases]. PMID- 7099116 TI - [Presentation of a case of neurocutaneous dysplasia of difficult nosological classification]. PMID- 7099117 TI - [Left pneumothorax with subcutaneous emphysema secondary to left clavicular fracture and homolateral obstetrical paralysis of the arm]. PMID- 7099118 TI - [Lymphohistiocytic reticulosis with phagocytosis. Case report; new therapeutic approaches]. PMID- 7099119 TI - [Causes and clinical aspects of neurological symptoms in the neonatal period]. PMID- 7099120 TI - [Plasma amino acid pattern in the first 5 months of life. Comparative study based on the type of milk in the diet]. PMID- 7099121 TI - [Serum levels of pancreatic and salivary isoamylases in cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 7099122 TI - [Hematological aspects of chronic vitamin D poisoning]. PMID- 7099123 TI - [Changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1) values in diabetic children during the 1st year of the disease]. PMID- 7099125 TI - Mixed connective tissue disease - does it exist? PMID- 7099124 TI - Abdominal distention: its significance in a general hospital population. PMID- 7099126 TI - The impact of a long-term preceptorship on clinical confidence of senior medical students. PMID- 7099127 TI - Hypophosphatemia. PMID- 7099128 TI - Potentiation and the patient. PMID- 7099129 TI - The cervical cap. An alternate barrier contraceptive method. PMID- 7099130 TI - Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Missouri. PMID- 7099131 TI - The historical background for where American medicine is today and how it got there. PMID- 7099132 TI - Nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring: importance for the differential diagnosis of erectile impotence. PMID- 7099133 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy: case reports. PMID- 7099134 TI - Delayed repolarization (QT or QTU prolongation) and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 7099136 TI - In vivo regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in embryonic chick brain. AB - Prolonged treatment of chick embryos in vivo with the muscarinic agonists oxotremorine or carbachol leads to dose- and time-dependent decreases in the number of brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) as measured by the specific binding of the potent muscarinic ligand L-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to brain membranes. Maximal doses of agonists reduced the number of mAChR as much as 44%. Maximal loss of mAChR occurs 4 hr after treatment, but can be prevented or totally reversed within 24 hr by blockade of agonist-receptor interactions with muscarinic antagonists. After sustained in vivo oxotremorine treatment, brain mAChR show a decreased apparent affinity for agonists owing to a decrease in the affinities of both the high- and low-affinity agonist binding sites. PMID- 7099137 TI - Cooperativity pattern in the interaction of the antiestrogen drug clomiphene with the Muscarinic receptors. AB - The possible interaction between the muscarinic receptors and the antiestrogenic drug clomiphene citrate was investigated in competition experiments using the highly specific tritiated antagonist N-methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate (4-NMPB) in various regions of rat brain. It was found that clomiphene can displace muscarinic antagonists from their receptor-ligand complexes. Binding analyses as well as determinations of the kinetics of dissociation of [3H]4-NMPB-receptor complexes indicate the binding of more than one molecule of clomiphene in a positively cooperative pattern. These findings suggest that the nonsteroidal antiestrogenic drugs, e.g., clomiphene, might exert their effects not only through the specific estrogen receptor but also in conjunction with the muscarinic system. PMID- 7099135 TI - Applications of pharmacokinetic principles to cardiovascular drugs. PMID- 7099139 TI - Characterization of serotonin uptake in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Difference between differentiated and nondifferentiated cells. AB - Neuroblastoma cells clone N-2a, differentiated by serum deprivation, were found to take up tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) from the external medium by means of a saturable mechanism which follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km of uptake was 1.27 microM and the Vmax 720 fmoles/min/10(6) cells. The uptake was temperature-dependent and partially sodium-dependent, and was inhibited by ouabain and by selected metabolic inhibitors (sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and iodoacetamide). Fluoxetine and desmethylimipramine (DMI) were equally effective inhibitors of [3H]5-HT uptake (IC50 = 13.7 microM and 13.6 microM). The uptake was structurally specific, since unlabeled 5-HT was a better inhibitor of [3H]5-HT uptake than norepinephrine (NE) (IC 50 = 0.6 microM and 9.4 microM). The neurotoxins 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine were cytotoxic to differentiated N-2a cells, causing time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine had little cytotoxic effect. Non-differentiated N-2a cells, supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, were also found to take up [3H]5-HT by a concentration-, temperature-, and energy-dependent process. The apparent Km of uptake was 0.96 microM and the Vmax was 619 fmoles/min/10(6) cells. However, in nondifferentiated cells [3H]5-HT uptake was not sodium-dependent, not inhibited by ouabain, less effectively inhibited by fluoxetine and DMI (IC50 = 148 microM and 107 microM), and not selectively inhibited by unlabeled 5-HT as compared with NE (IC50 = 7.9 microM and 6.0 microM). PMID- 7099138 TI - [3H]Ketanserin (R 41 468), a selective 3H-ligand for serotonin2 receptor binding sites. Binding properties, brain distribution, and functional role. PMID- 7099141 TI - A structure-activity study of the transport sites for the hypothalamic and striatal catecholamine uptake systems. Similarities and differences. AB - A series of eight substrate molecules (substituted phenethylamines, guanethidine, and bretylium) had slightly less affinity for striatal than for hypothalamic synaptosomal uptake receptors as judged by ratios of striatal (s) to hypothalamic (h) IC50 values (s/h average = 3.9; range 2.0--6.0). Catecholamine uptake in striatum was very insensitive to tricyclic antidepressant inhibitors, whereas catecholamine uptake in hypothalamus was very sensitive to these agents (s/h average = 233; range 24--570). By way of contrast with both the substrates and the tricyclic inhibitors, the inhibitors with less rigidly fixed rings or analogous groups (deoxypipradrol, methylphenidate, cocaine) were potent in both brain preparations (s/h average = 1.2; range 0.6--2.3). It is concluded that the rings of nontricyclic inhibitors are able to bind to appropriate hydrophobic binding groups in both receptors, that these receptive groups have different topography in striatum and in hypothalamus, and that the topography in the striatum is incompatible with binding tricyclic systems. The data also indicate that there is great similarity, if not identity, in the receptive area for substrates in striatum and hypothalamus. Although the substrates and inhibitors bind to some groups in common in this substrate receptive area, it is the surrounding hydrophobic molecular environment that is clearly different and permits the phenomenon of selective blockade with drugs. PMID- 7099140 TI - Characterization of serotonin uptake in cultured pheochromocytoma cells. Comparison with norepinephrine uptake. AB - PC-12 cells, derived from a rat pheochromocytoma, were found to take up tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) from the external medium by means of a saturable mechanism which follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km of uptake was 0.39 microM and the Vmax was 0.40 pmole/min/10(6) cells. The uptake was temperature dependent, partially sodium-dependent, and inhibited by selected metabolic inhibitors (sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and iodoacetamide), PC-12 cells also accumulated tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NE) by a saturable process, with an apparent Km of 1.13 microM and a Vmax of 1.72 pmole/min/10(6) cells. This NE uptake process was also temperature- and sodium-dependent and inhibited by metabolic inhibitors and ouabain. Desmethylimipramine (DMI, IC50 = 3.8 microM) was a better inhibitor of [3H]NE uptake than fluoxetine (IC50 = 24.6 microM). The NE uptake process was structurally specific, since unlabeled NE was a better inhibitor of [3H]NE uptake than 5-HT (IC50 = 19.6 and 171 microM, respectively). However, [3H]5-HT uptake in PC-12 cells appeared to be a less structurally specific process, as it was equally inhibited by unlabeled 5-HT and NE (IC50 4.9 microM and 4.3 microM, respectively). DMI was also a better inhibitor of [3H]5-HT uptake than fluoxetine (IC50 = 85 and 411 microM, respectively). The neurotoxins 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine were cytotoxic to PC-12 cells, causing a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine had little cytotoxic effect toward PC-12 cells in culture. PMID- 7099142 TI - Chemical transformations of xylamine (N-2'-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2 methylbenzylamine) in solution. Pharmacological activity of the species derived from this irreversible norepinephrine uptake inhibitor. AB - Xylamine (N-2'-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-methylbenzylamine), a nitrogen mustard that irreversibly inhibits norepinephrine uptake, cyclizes in solution to form an aziridinium ion. The first-order rate constants for cyclization at 23 degrees and 37 degrees are 0.12 min-1 and 0.40 min-1, respectively. The aziridinium ion is relatively stable at 23 degrees but hydrolyzes at 37 degrees with a half-time of 70 min. A dimeric compound was indirectly shown to form at 1 mM xylamine through a reaction between the parent mustard and its aziridinium ion. A similar reaction between the 2-hydroxyethylamine and the aziridinium ion does not take place at pH 7.4. The aziridinium ion, its hydrolysis product, and the dimer were synthesized to evaluate directly their effects on norepinephrine uptake in rabbit thoracic aorta. The aziridinium ion was as potent as xylamine as an irreversible uptake inhibitor, and the effects of both compounds were sodium-dependent. The dimer was a weak competitive inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake, with an IC50 of about 10 microM. The 2-hydroxyethylamine, at 100 microM, competitively inhibited only 20% of control norepinephrine accumulation. These results demonstrate that the aziridinium ion is responsible for xylamine's uptake blocking activity and that the other xylamine derivatives do not influence this action. PMID- 7099143 TI - Comparison of crystallographic and quantum mechanical analysis with biological data on clonidine and some related analogues. PMID- 7099144 TI - Effects of the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine on stimulus-induced calcium mobilization, aggregation, secretion, and protein phosphorylation in platelets. PMID- 7099145 TI - Induction and modification of rat liver microsomal arylamide N-hydroxylase by various pretreatments. AB - 3-Methycholantrene, benzoanthracene, benzo[e]pyrene, and pyrene induce N hydroxylase activity and modify the enzyme by increasing its apparent Km. As exemplified by the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also induce other mixed-function oxidases such as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and the various arylamide C-hydroxylases. Acute or chronic pretreatment of rats with acetylaminofluorenes induces N-hydroxylase and modifies the enzyme affinity by decreasing its apparent Km. Among the various-position isomers, 4-acetylaminofluorene is completely inactive and 2-acetylaminofluorene is the most potent. Its effect is both dose- and time dependent, and it seems to be specific for N-hydroxylase, the same pretreatment having no effect on arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase or arylamide C-hydroxylases. After simultaneous treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene, even though N-hydroxylase activity as measured on hepatic microsomes in vitro is significantly induced, the urinary excretion of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene is significantly reduced over a 24-hr period. This observation is discussed in relationship to the well-known inhibitory effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on the hepatocarcinogenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene. PMID- 7099146 TI - Norcocaine nitroxide. A potential hepatotoxic metabolite of cocaine. AB - Norcocaine nitroxide was found to be produced via the one-electron oxidation of N hydroxynorcocaine by hepatic microsomal enzymes from induced and noninduced rats, hamsters, and mice in the presence of an NADPH-generating system. This reaction was demonstrated to be mediated by cytochrome P-450 as suggested by induction experiments using phenobarbital, which markedly enhanced the production of this nitroxide, and by the inhibition of this monooxygenase by metyrapone, which depressed the formation of this free radical. Unlike other nitroxides, norcocaine nitroxide was rapidly reduced by flavoproteins such as cytochrome P-450 reductase and FAD-monooxygenase, but not cytochrome P-450. We believe that since NADPH is consumed during the futile cycling of N-hydroxynorcocaine/norcocaine nitroxide and since NADPH is an essential cofactor of the glutathione reductase system, diminished reduced nucleotide may lead to depressed levels of cellular glutathione. In this manner, we theorize that cocaine initiates hepatotoxicity. PMID- 7099147 TI - Association of cell lethality with incorporation of 5-fluorouracil and 5 fluorouridine into nuclear RNA in human colon carcinoma cells in culture. AB - The cytokinetic and biochemical effects of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine were examined in a human colon carcinoma cell line (HT-29) in culture. Logarithmically growing cells were approximately 100 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of 5-fluorouridine than 5-fluorouracil as measured by colony formation in soft agar medium. A 2-hr exposure of cells to 10(-3) M 5 fluorouracil or 10(-5) M 5-fluorouridine produced a 2-log reduction in colony formation, a 31--33% inhibition of [14C]deoxyguanosine incorporation into DNA, and 30--40% inhibition of [3H]adenosine incorporation into total RNA. Increasing the duration of drug exposure to 24 hr produced a proportional reduction in the drug concentration required to produce similar biochemical and cytocidal effects. However, cell lethality produced by either drug did not correlate quantitatively with inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis. Examination of nuclear rRNA and 4 S RNA synthesis by agarose gel electrophoresis following 2-hr and 24-hr exposure to 5 fluorouracil or 5-fluorouridine indicated that processing of rRNA was not impaired, rRNA synthesis was inhibited by 10--40%, and 4 S RNA synthesis was unaffected. In contrast to these results, measurements of the incorporation fo [3H]5-fluorouracil or [3H]5-fluorouridine into nuclear RNA showed that a significant correspondence existed between the amount of drug incorporated into nuclear RNA and cell lethality. These results indicate that the primary determinant of cell lethality in HT-29 cells is the degree of fluoropyrimidine substitution in nuclear RNA and not inhibition of either DNA or RNA synthesis. PMID- 7099149 TI - Cyclic AMP receptors and cation fluxes in the turkey erythrocyte. PMID- 7099148 TI - Effect of methotrexate on dihydrofolate reductase activity in methotrexate resistant human KB cells. AB - A cloned subline of human cell variants derived from KB cells (KB/6b), 6500-fold resistant to methotrexate (MTX), exhibited a stable 40-fold elevation of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3., DHFR) in the absence of the drug. No differences were detected between the enzyme isolated from resistant and parental KB cells. After the culture medium was supplemented with MTX, the resistant cells were shown to have an additional 5-fold increase in DHFR levels. This increment was dependent upon the concentration of exogenous MTX and was freely reversible. This behavior differs from that of other DHFR-overproducing mammalian cell lines previously reported. The half-life of DHFR in these cells in the presence or absence of MTX was the same, thus eliminating stabilization of the enzyme by MTX as being responsible for the modulation or "induction" phenomenon. Furthermore, the effect was blocked by cycloheximide and was not affected by actinomycin D. These results suggest that modulation of DHFR specific activity by MTX occurs at either the translational level or by as yet undefined post-transcriptional mechanism(s). PMID- 7099150 TI - Cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activity in cardiac microsomes from the fish Stenotomus chrysops. PMID- 7099151 TI - Metabolic-intermediate complex formation reveals major changes in rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 subpopulations in addition to those forms previously purified after phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, and isosafrole induction. AB - By coupling a simple separatory procedure with the ability of cytochrome P-450 subpopulations to sequester themselves a metabolic-intermediate (MI) complexes, previously undocumented alterations of cytochrome P-450 subpopulations by inducing agents have been detected. Phenobarbital induces at least two forms of cytochrome P-450 differing in their chromatographic properties and molecular weight, with neither form possessing the ability to generate MI complexes from isosafrole. beta-Naphthoflavone induces at least two forms having different chromatographic properties, molecular weights and abilities to generate MI complexes; these two forms differ from both of the forms induced by phenobarbital. Isosafrole induces at least three forms, all of which generate MI complexes but which differ from each other in chromatographic properties and molecular weight. Thus, in addition to the well-characterized forms of cytochrome P-450, phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, and isosafrole also cause changes in heretofore uncharacterized forms, and it is these "other" forms which are responsible for the changes in isosafrole MI complex formation seen after beta naphthoflavone and phenobarbital treatment. PMID- 7099152 TI - Reduction of beta-thiopyruvic acid by lactate dehydrogenase: a kinetic study. AB - In this paper a steady-state kinetic study on the system lactate dehydrogenase beta-thiopyruvate-beta-thiolactate is presented and the possible mechanistic and physiological implications are discussed. At pH 7.4 the equilibrium between beta thiopyruvate and beta-thiolactate, in the presence of NADH and lactate dehydrogenase is largely shifted towards the formation of beta-thiolactate as in the case of pyruvate and lactate. This can can be relevant in connection with the mixed disulfide between cysteine and beta-thiolactate that is observed to be present in the mammalian body fluids. The catalytic mechanism is of the bi-bi compulsory type, and rapid equilibrium conditions for the binding of the first substrate (NADH) are shown to apply. A complex inhibition pattern of inhibitions by both substrates, however, prevents simple suggestions about the nature of the dead-end species involved. PMID- 7099154 TI - [Splitting of mononucleosomes into histone-containing subnucleosomes]. AB - Histone-containing subnucleosomal particles SN7 and SN4 revealed initially in micrococcal nuclease digest of mouse chromatin were studied. It was found that production of SN7 and SN4 did not depend on the preservation of supranucleosomal levels of chromatin organization and was the result of intranucleosomal splitting. Micrococcal nuclease that preferentially attacks internucleosomal linker DNA can cut mononucleosomes with the formation of 40 b. p. DNA fragment complexed with H2a and H2b and SN7 particle containing six histones (H2a, H2b, 2H3 and 2H4) and 108 b. p. DNA. It is proposed that such a splitting of nucleosomes reflects their intimate organization, particularly a histone-DNA interaction within core particles. These results are interpreted in terms of a nucleosomal model in which H2a-H2b pairs are localized in the peripheral parts of the nucleosomal DNA superhelix. PMID- 7099155 TI - [Thermodynamic analysis of scanning microcalorimetry data. 1. Algorithms for deconvolution of heat absorption curves]. PMID- 7099153 TI - [Viral sequences in the genomes of rat and hamster cells transformed by simian adenovirus SA7(C8) and its DNA]. AB - Four cell lines transformed by simian adenovirus SA7 and its DNA were analysed by means of molecular hybridization. Content of viral DNA sequences in different lines varied from 10% (the left end) of the molecule to the entire genomes. Transcription of the D BglII fragment (coordinates 1.8--10) was observed in all examined lines. The integration type of highly oncogenic simian adenovirus SA7 DNA differed from the pattern of integration of the highly oncogenic human adenovirus type 12 and was similar to that of the non-oncogenic adenoviruses in adenovirus-transformed cells. PMID- 7099156 TI - [Synthesis of specific RNA at the early S-stage of the cell cycle of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum]. AB - Incorporation of [3H]uridine into polyribosomes and polyribosomal RNA at different stages of the cell cycle of myxomycete Physarum polycephalum was investigated. It has been shown that at the early S-stage (during the first hour after mitosis) there is no rRNA synthesis. About 10--12% of polyribosomal RNA, synthesized during this period is poly(A)+RNA. Approximately 50% of poly(A)-RNA sediments as 4--6S and 20--25% as 7--14S in sucrose density gradient. It has been found that labeled RNA is associated with the light polyribosome fractions. The bulk of RNA synthesized during other periods of the cell cycle consists of rRNA, which is evenly distributed between different polysome fractions. We suppose that light polyribosomes are involved in the protein synthesis at the early S-stage of the cell cycle. 4--6S and 7--14S polyribosomal poly(A)-RNA was investigated by electrophoresis in denaturing conditions. By comparing with other organisms we may suppose that the 7--14S poly(A)-RNA, synthesized during the beginning of the S-stage is histone messenger RNA. PMID- 7099157 TI - [Model substates and inhibitors of the peptidyltransferase center of ribosomes. Conformational possibilities in aqueous solution]. AB - The constants of sin-anti-equilibrium in aqueous solution of model inhibitors of peptidyltransferase center of ribosomes: 3'-amino-3'-deoxadenosine-5'-phosphate, 3'-N-glycinamido-3'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-(N-formyl-L-methionynamido)-3' deoxyadenosine-5'-phosphate and 3'-(n-formylglycinamido)-3'-deoxyadenosine-5' phosphate were determined using the measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. All compounds have similar conformation possibilities of the nucleotide component. The possibilities of correlation between the biological activity of these compounds and their conformation in aqueous solution are discussed. PMID- 7099158 TI - [Changing number of histone structural genes in Drosophila]. AB - It has been shown in the previous paper that if one Drosophila chromosome lacks histone genes, the intact homologous chromosome has an increased number of histone genes. The present study shows that the extent of compensatory multiplication of histone genes depends on the nature of the deficient chromosome. An extra Y chromosome in the genome of flies without the deficiency does not affect their histone gene content. In heterozygotes with a deficiency of histone genes the number of these genes grows gradually and reaches 90% of the norm in the eight generation (magnification). After the deficient chromosome is eliminated the increased number of histone genes is not stably inherited and reverts to the normal level in the course of 5--7 generations. Deficiency heterozygous males of the first generation contain extrachromosomal histone DNA and have a changed ratio of the two types of histone gene blocks. The multiplication of histone genes is compared with the compensation and magnification of rDNA. PMID- 7099159 TI - [Study of primary photoprocesses in photosystem II of Chlamydomonas mutant strains by hole-burning spectroscopy]. AB - The method of hole-burning in absorption spectra at helium temperatures has been applied to the study of primary photoprocesses in photosystem II (PS2) of Chlamydomonas reinhardii mutant strains 420/7 and N-154. The former is enriched in PS2 reaction centers (the chlorophyll a/P680 ratio is about of 50--70) and the latter presumably lacks the pheophytin molecule which is the primary electron acceptor in PS2. For the strain 420/7 samples with ferricyanide addition two types of holes have been observed differing in their width and spectral region of burning. One type could be burned in the region of 678--682 nm (P680 is responsible for burning) and another one -- in the region of 682--688 nm (pheophytin is responsible). The excited states relaxation times evaluated from the hole widths are 3,8 +/- 0,8 ps for P680 and 9,8 +/- 1.5 ps for pheophytin. The new mechanism of PS2 operating has been proposed in which photoexcited phenophytin molecule functions as a primary electron donor. In the case of N-154 strain the only type of holes has been observed for which P680 is responsible. The excited state relaxation time of the latter evaluated from the hole width is 10 +/- 2 ps. PMID- 7099160 TI - [Repetitious DNA in the genome of Drosophila lummei Hackman and its role in replication and chromosome behavior in mitosis]. AB - The toromere previously found by other workers in the distal end of the sixth chromosome (microchromosome) of D. lummei was studied using differential staining of D. lummei giant chromosomes. The toromere which was first described as a quinacrine-bright structure appears as a C-positive body. Quantitative cytofluorometric analysis showed a significant increase in toromeric DNA under low temperature conditions. In situ hybridization of 125I nick-translated D. virilis sDNA (all three satellites were included in the sample) with polytene chromosomes of D. lummei larvae cultured at 12 degrees C revealed no label incorporation into the toromere region. However in situ hybridization of [3H]RNA complementary to highly repetitious DNA of D. lummei and D. virilis (C0t = 10(-1) -10(-2)) with polytene chromosomes of the larvae cultured at 12 degrees coupled with banding studies enable us to conclude that the toromere probably contains AT rich repeated DNA. Well-developed toromere in the sixth chromosome of D. lummei was also demonstrated at normal temperature (25 degrees) in interspecific hybrids. The role of the toromere structure in the mitotic behaviour of microchromosomes and their replication pattern is discussed. PMID- 7099162 TI - Generation of monoclonal DNP-specific IgM and IgE murine antibodies on the efficacy of hybridization. AB - Murine hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group were generated by fusion of NS1 mouse myeloma cells and mouse spleen cells. The spleen cells were obtained from recipient mice which had received spleen cells from syngeneic mice immunized with DNP-ovalbumin and which were subsequently infected with N.b. larvae simultaneously with the adoptive cell transfer. The recipient mice were immunized with DNP-N.b.-protein. Four fusion experiments were performed starting with spleen cells from recipient mice at days 5, 11, 20 and 44 after the adoptive cell transfer. Sixty-one hybrids out of 550 secreted immunoglobulins of an unknown specific including 4 IgE- and 7 IgM secreting hybrids; 2 produced immunoglobulins of an unknown isotype. IgE clones were obtained only when the spleens were taken 1-2 weeks after the adoptive cell transfer, while only IgM-producing cells were generated with spleen cells 6 weeks after the adoptive cell transfer although the IgE-serum titers did not decline within this time period. The analysis of the light chains for the DNP-specific antibodies revealed seven with kappa- and three lambda-light chains. PMID- 7099161 TI - [Reaction of cytidylic acid with O-delta-aminooxybutylhydroxylamine]. AB - The reaction of cytidylic acid with O-delta-aminooxybuthylhydroxylamine H2NO(CH2)4ONH2 (delta-HA) was studied. The reaction occurs in agreement with the mechanism of the cytidine and hydroxylamine or O-methylhydroxylamine interaction and results in appearance of two compounds: 4-O-delta-aminooxybuthyloxyme of 6-O delta-aminooxybuthoxyamino-5,6-dihydrouridine-5'-phosphate and 4-O-delta aminooxybuthyloxyme of uridine-5'-phosphate. These products are produced in pure form by gel-chromatography and these structures are evidenced by UV- and PMR spectroscopy and by reaction with acetone. The kinetics of correspondent reaction was studied by UV-spectroscopy. PMID- 7099163 TI - Fractionation and identification of pig lymph node plasma membrane glycoproteins. AB - Plasma membrane vesicles purified from pig mesenteric lymph node tissue were solubilized in 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate and the fractionation of both membrane proteins and glycoproteins assessed by gel filtration on AcA 34. Milligram quantities of the glycoprotein fraction, consisting of 12 distinct bands on SDS-PAGE ranging in apparent mol. wt from 12,000 to 250,000, were purified by affinity chromatography on lentil lectin-Sepharose. Identified among these by specific immunoprecipitation were the major histocompatibility antigen, SLA (band 9), in association with beta 2-microglobulin (band 12); as well as the alpha (band 10) and beta (band 11) subunits of the Ia-like antigens. A tentative identification of the membrane-bound immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG and IgA) was also proposed on the basis of their known affinities for protein A. Thus, the domestic pig represents and inexpensive, abundant source of defined lymphocyte plasma membrane glycoproteins suitable for further structural analysis. PMID- 7099165 TI - The interaction of the Facb fragment of rabbit anti-sheep red cell IgG with guinea pig macrophages, and human monocytes and granulocytes. AB - Yasmeen et al. (J. Immun. 110, 1706-1709, 1973) have previously reported on the binding requirements of the guinea pig peritoneal macrophage Fc receptor. The C gamma 3 domain fragments of human IgG1, in contrast to the C gamma 2 domain fragment, were able to bind to these macrophages, as demonstrated by both direct and indirect rosette tests. We now report that we have been unable to show binding by the C gamma 2-bearing rabbit Facb fragment to either peritoneal or alveolar macrophages of the guinea pig. This evidence is therefore in agreement with the hypothesis proposed by Yasmeen et al. (1973) that the C gamma 2 homology region does not contribute directly to the binding requirements for this cell type. The same protein, rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte Facb, when coated on sheep erythrocytes, did not form rosettes with human granulocytes, but did form some rosettes with human monocytes. PMID- 7099164 TI - The specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 15F. AB - The specific capsular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 15F (American type 15) is composed of D-galactose (3 parts), D-glucose (1 part), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (1 part), phosphate (1 part) and O-acetyl (2 parts). Methylation, periodate oxidation, nitrous acid deamination, optimal rotation and nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the polysaccharide is a high mol. wt linear polymer of a pentasaccharide repeating unit having the structure. PMID- 7099166 TI - Specificity and stability of guinea pig anti-progesterone antibodies. AB - Antibodies against progesterone were induced in guinea pigs of both sexes by injection of progesterone-y beta-hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a ratio of 16 moles of steroid per mole of protein. The concentration of antibody binding sites for progesterone of the animals studied ranged from 5 to 20 microM. The expected heterogeneity of binding affinity for progesterone was observed with two major populations apparently predominating. On bound progesterone with an average affinity greater than 2 X 10(9) M-1 and the other showed an average affinity less than or equal to 6 X 10(6) M-1. The antibodies were fond to be stable to extremes of pH and temperature in serum as well as in solutions of ammonium sulfate precipitates. The antibodies were not stable, however, in a more highly purified form. Attempts to obtain active preparations in high yield by purification beyond the ammonium sulfate step were unsuccessful. Competition studies and direct analysis with radiolabeled steroids showed the high-affinity population to be relatively specific for progesterone binding, whereas other steroids were bound according to the polarity rule indicating that the binding forces are predominantly hydrophobic. PMID- 7099167 TI - Protein carboxymethylation during in vitro culture of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. AB - Protein carboxymethylase (PCM) activity was evaluated for long-term in vitro cultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Both cell types exhibited increases in endogenous (without addition of the exogenous substrate, gelatin) and total (with gelatin) enzyme activity with increased time in culture. Monocytes developed increased activity after a 5-day lag period; three-to four-fold increases over day 1 values in both total and endogenous specific activity occurred. In contrast, PCM activity increased for pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) without a detectable lag period. Although the increase in endogenous activity of 10--14-day PAM culture was similar to comparable age monocyte cultures, total enzyme activity increased only two-fold above day 1 values. The observation of changes in PCM endogenous specific activity in monocyte cultures may reflect alterations in enzyme activity and/or levels of endogenous methyl-acceptor proteins. PMID- 7099168 TI - A postulated mechanism for heparin's potentiation of C1 inhibitor function. AB - Conflicting reports exist in the literature concerning the primary mechanism for heparin's inhibition of C1 hemolytic function. We provide evidence here that heparin's most effective inhibition is mediated through interaction with and potentiation of C1-INH. The molecular nature of the interaction between heparin and the C1-INH molecule is evidenced by an anodal shift in the electrophoretic mobility of C1-INH upon the addition of heparin.l We also demonstrate that C3 and C4 conversions in normal human serum by classical pathway activators such as heat aggregated IgG are inhibited by addition of heparin, yet heparin does not prevent similar C3 conversion in serum depleted of C1-INH Heparin's inhibitory action is restored to C1-INH-depleted serum by the addition of purified C1-INH. PMID- 7099170 TI - The effect of fragment B of staphylococcal protein A on the binding of rabbit IgG to human granulocytes and monocytes. AB - The effect of fragment B of staphylococcal protein A on the binding of rabbit IgG to human granulocytes has been examined. When rabbit IgG sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) were preincubated with increasing amounts of fragment B, a dose dependent inhibition of rosette formation between the human granulocytes and the treated EA was observed. In contrast, rosette formation between human monocytes and fragment B treated EA was not impaired. These results confirm previous findings which revealed differences in the specificities of the human Fc receptors of these cells. Rabbit IgG was used in place of human IgG for the preparation of the sensitized erythrocytes since human IgG coated human erythrocytes were agglutinated by fragment B, indicating the possibility of a secondary binding site for human IgG in this fragment. PMID- 7099169 TI - Complement-mediated fragmentation of soluble and insoluble immune complexes containing porcine anti-DNP antibodies. AB - Complement-mediated release of soluble immune complexes and immune precipitates containing DNP-PSA and precipitating or non-precipitating porcine anti-DNP antibodies was studied. A decrease in the average size of soluble immune complexes indicating their fragmentation was observed during incubation in excess human serum, the extent of the complex release was found to be in direct proportion to the time of incubation. The effect was complement-dependent. In the second part of the study, complement-dependent solubilization of the immune precipitates of the precipitating antibody preparation was compared to the solubilization of the precipitates of the non-precipitating antibody formed in the presence of PEG. Although, both types of precipitates activated complement in about the same extent, complexes of non-precipitating antibody were solubilized much slower than those of the precipitating one. As avidity of both antibody preparations to the antigen was high, the observed differences in the rate of the complex solubilization probably reflected differences in the structure of the two types of complexes. PMID- 7099171 TI - Properties of cold agglutinin and group carbohydrate-specific antibodies isolated from group C streptococcal antisera. AB - The relationship between erythrocyte autoreactive cold agglutinin (CA) antibodies and group carbohydrate-specific antibodies in hyperimmune rabbit Group C streptococcal antisera was investigated. The different antibody preparations examined were isolated from autologous erythrocyte, Group C carbohydrate, and alpha-GalNAc immunoabsorbents. Each population was subsequently tested for SRBC reactivity, RRBC autoreactivity, and carbohydrate and ligand reactivity, in hemagglutination assay, direct biphasic hemolytic and hemolytic inhibition assays, and radioimmunoassay. In absorption experiments, CA antibodies present in unfractionated serum and represented as purified IgG and IgM preparations, were reactive with Group C carbohydrate, but poorly reactive with alpha-GalNAc immunoabsorbent. In addition, CA antibody activity present in carbohydrate-eluted material, was absent in alpha-GalNAc-eluted material as determined by hemagglutination and direct hemolytic assay. By radioimmunoassay, carbohydrate eluted and alpha-GalNAc-eluted streptococcal antibodies, and alpha-GalNAc-eluted BSA-alpha-GalNAc antibodies, exhibited similar reactivity with 125I-BSA-alpha GalNAc antigen, and with GalNAc in radioimmunoassay inhibition experiments. In contrast to these results, both IgG and IgM CA antibodies exhibited a relatively low avidity toward 125I-BSA-alpha-GalNAc. Yet relative to the other antibody populations tested in radioimmunoassay inhibition experiments, CA antibodies did not exhibit a particularly significant difference in reactivity with GalNAc. However, recognition of other Gal-containing ligands, e.g. Mel and Lac, was restricted to the CA antibody preparations. These data suggest that CA antibodies present in Group C streptococcal antisera do not represent a higher affinity cross-reactive anticarbohydrate population, but instead perhaps represent cross reactive carbohydrate-specific antibodies produced in response to nonimmunodominant Group C carbohydrate determinants. PMID- 7099173 TI - Non-tricyclic and non-monoamine oxidase inhibitors. PMID- 7099172 TI - Lectin-induced mitosis and phospholipid methylation. PMID- 7099174 TI - [Pseudoperitonitis diabetica--recapitulation of clinical picture and differential diagnosis, exemplified by an individual case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099175 TI - [Urine glucose monitoring at home becomes easier and more precise with a new test tape: diabur-test 5000 (author's transl)]. AB - In paediatrics, the daily determination of glucose excretion is considered to be one of the major tools for the evaluation of metabolic control in diabetic children and adolescents. Large amplitudes of glucosuria from 0% to greater than 5% in this age group, however, require test methods sufficiently precise and easy to perform, the results of which may, in fact, permit to draw therapeutic consequences. Recently, a new test-tape using an enzymatic method of glucose determination has been developed Diabur-Test 5000 Boehringer Mannheim GmbH), which fulfills these requirements. In 219 urine samples, tested by a paediatric nurse practitioner, the correlation coefficient of glucose values determined by both this tape and a hexokinase reference method was found to be good: r = 0.995 (p less than 0.001). Both concerning the simplicity of performance and the precision of results, Diabur-Test 5000 proved to be superior to the well-known Clinitest-2-drop method (correlation to hexokinase method: r = 0.791 (p less than 0.001). In the hands of patients, this semiquantitative method proved to be somewhat less but still sufficiently precise to be recommended for urine glucose monitoring in diabetic children and adolescents. PMID- 7099177 TI - [Prognosis in childhood epilepsy after discontinuation of therapy (author's transl)]. AB - 114 epileptic children were followed up after discontinuation of anticonvulsive therapy. Seizures recurred in 35 (30%). The relapse rate was high in psychomotor attacks and in combination of multiple seizure types. Only in psychomotor attacks was seizure frequency in relation to relapse. There also was a relation of relapse to mental and motor retardation, beginning puberty and onset of epilepsy between 3--7 years. The EEG before drug withdrawal was a poor prognostic criterium, worsening of EEG findings after drug withdrawal, however indicated an unfavourable outcome. PMID- 7099176 TI - [Experience with an only carbohydrate limited diet among children with juvenile diabetes mellitus (typ I) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099178 TI - [Lissencephaly: cerebral malformation on computerized tomography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099179 TI - [Pulmonary sequestration (author's transl)]. AB - Pulmonary sequestration is a rare condition both in children and as in adults. A portion of the lung malformed during early embryological development receives an anomalous systemic arterial supply. The intralobar form is surrounded by normal lung within the visceral pleura and drains its blood into the pulmonary venous system. Extralobar sequestration has its own pleural investment and a systemic venous drainage. Intermediate forms are only partially embedded in normal lung with otherwise separate pleural embedded in normal lung with otherwise separate pleural investment, and classified as hybrid sequestrations. Clinical symptoms are secondary recurrent pulmonary infections especially with intralobar sequestration. The pathologic changes are regularly discovered already on plain roentgenograms of the chest. Extralobar sequestrations may be detected as incidental radiological findings. Angiography is of great diagnostic value to demonstrate the anomalous arteries. The usual treatment consists of excision of the sequestration, segmental resection, or lobectomy. For thoracotomy for a local and long lasting pulmonary process it is recommended to look for anomalous vessels in order to prevent their accidental cut with possible dangerous hemorrhage. PMID- 7099180 TI - [Elevated creatine phosphokinase activity in pseudohypoparathyroidism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099181 TI - [Sagrotan in infants and children?]. PMID- 7099182 TI - [Bronchitis in infancy. Critical analysis of treatment in patients of two years]. PMID- 7099183 TI - Clastogenic effects of chromium on human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 7099184 TI - SCE induction in human lymphocytes by combined treatment with aniline and norharman. AB - In human lymphocytes, aniline was unable to induce an increase of SCEs in vitro with or without metabolic activation by S9 mix. p-Aminophenol, one of the C hydroxylation metabolites of aniline in the body, however, increased the SCE frequencies of lymphocytes at a concentration of 10-4 M. The addition of norharman to aniline plus S9 mix increased the SCE frequencies. The increase, however, was due to the SCE-inducing activity of norharman. These data show that the addition of norharman, which enhances the sensitivity of the Salmonella/microsome test, does not produce an enhancement of the sensitivity of the SCE test. PMID- 7099185 TI - Evaluation of chemically induced cytogenetic lesions in rabbit oocytes. II. A comparison of streptonigrin effects on somatic and germ cells. PMID- 7099187 TI - Radiation sensitivity of human lymphocytes. AB - A simple and rapid in vitro technique to assess the sensitivity of human lymphocytes to X- and UV-radiation is described. Peripheral blood lymphocytes are cloned in agar and colony survival is used as the end point. Survival down to a fraction of approx. 0.02 can be measured accurately. The D10 for X-radiation is approx. 165 rad and the initial portion of the survival curve is linear with no evidence of a threshold. The D10 for UV-radiation is approx. 50 erg/mm2. The technique should be of value both for general radiobiological studies and for detecting individuals having abnormalities of DNA repair. PMID- 7099186 TI - Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes from man and crab-eating monkey. The dose-response relationships at low doses. AB - To obtain information on the relation between yield of chromosome aberrations and dose at low-dose levels, experiments were conducted with 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 rad of 137Cs gamma-rays, on lymphocytes from man and crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The dose-response relationship for dicentrics was obtained from the combined data of these low-dose experiments with those of our previous ones at high doses (100-400 rad). When the difference between observed yields and those expected from the linear-quadratic model were computed, the dose-response curve had a good fit for man, but not for the monkey. The linear regression lines between 0 and 30 rad were calculated, because the expected values of alpha/beta for man and monkey would be about 100 and 60 rad. The human data gave a satisfactory fit to a linear model, i.e., a linear increase in aberration frequency with dose, whereas this was not so for those of the monkey. Furthermore, there was some suggestive evidence for the existence of a plateau in dicentric yields between 10 and 30 rad for the monkey and between 20 and 30 rad for human lymphocytes, but more data would be needed to verify this suggestion, particularly for human lymphocytes. PMID- 7099188 TI - DNA content of cells with generalized chromosome shattering induced by ultraviolet light plus caffeine. AB - Asynchronously growing Chinese hamster cells (M3-1) were UV-irradiated (lambda = 254 nm) and then incubated with/without caffeine (2 mM) for 20 h. Microscopic evaluation of metaphase spreads revealed that after UV-irradiation alone (5.0 J/m2) appearing fragmented and/or pulverized ('GCS-like' cells; GCS, Generalized Chromosome Shattering) was very low while it was high following the combined treatment. Cytogenic and flow cytometric analysis of cells obtained by mechanical shaking cultures treated with UV and caffeine indicated that 'GCS-like' cells have the same DNA content as untreated cells in G2 phase and mitosis. PMID- 7099189 TI - The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-plus-black-light treatment in cultured mammalian cells. AB - The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) followed by exposure to black light were investigated with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in cell culture. Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt) locus was determined by selection for 6 thioguanine resistant (TGr) mutants (CHO/HGPRT system). BrdU alone has been shown to be mutagenic only at concentrations of 50 micro M or greater. This study was performed in an effort to determine whether BrdU is actually incorporated into the hgprt gene when lower, nonmutagenic concentrations are employed. Neither BrdU (1-20 micro M) nor exposure to black light alone was mutagenic, but the combined treatment did result in the induction of TGr mutants. The mutant frequency increased with increasing light exposure at constant BrdU and with increasing BrdU at constant light exposure. These results show that BrdU is incorporated into the hgprt gene, but that this does not result in mutation induction in the absence of light exposure. Such a BrdU-plus-light procedure might be applied to studies of DNA repair at this locus, since mutation induction requires both BrdU incorporation and subsequent exposure to black light. PMID- 7099190 TI - Radiation equivalence of genotoxic chemicals. Validation in cultured mammalian cell lines. AB - Published data on mutations induced by ionizing radiation and 6 monofunctional alkylating agents, namely EMS, MMS, ENNG, MNNG, ENU and MNU, in different cell lines (Chinese hamster ovary, Chinese hamster lung V79, mouse lymphoma L5178 and human cells) were analysed so that radiation-equivalent chemical (REC) values could be calculated. REC values thus obtained for a given alkylating agent with different cell lines fall within a narrow range suggesting its validation in cultured mammalian cell systems including human. PMID- 7099193 TI - Abstract of papers presented at the 11th annual meeting of the European Environmental Mutagen, Society, 6-11 July 1981, Budapest (Hungary). PMID- 7099191 TI - DNA replication and cell-cycle progression of cultured mouse FM3a cells after treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen plus near UV-radiation. AB - To investigate the response of cells to one type of DNA damage--namely DNA crosslinks--cell-cycle progression and macromolecular synthesis were studied with cultured mouse FM3A cells. Treatment of the cells with low doses of 8 methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus near-UV radiation (0.1 micrograms/ml plus 5 kJ/m2 or 1.0 micrograms/ml plus 1-2.5 kJ/m2) halted the progression of cells through the cell cycle temporarily for the first several hours. Then the cells resumed progression through the cell cycle, and most of the cells reached, and were finally arrested at, the G2 phase of the cycle. There was a rapid decrease of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into cellular Dna immediately after the treatment. Then, after 8 h of incubation, the incorporation of [3H]thymidine recovered to some extent depending on the dose of 8-MOP plus near-UV radiation. Thus the decrease and recovery of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine were correlated with the halt and resumption in the cell-cycle process. Synthesis of RNA and protein was measured by determination of the amounts in the cells or by the incorporation of radioactive precursors after treatment. RNA and protein synthesis were stimulated by low doses of 8-MOP plus near-UV radiation, but inhibited severely by high doses. PMID- 7099192 TI - Enhanced radiosensitivity and defective DNA repair in cultured fibroblasts derived from Rothmund Thomson syndrome patients. AB - Rothmund Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an oculocutaneous and cancer-prone disorder in which enhanced carcinogen sensitivity, mediated through abnormal DNa metabolism, may be an associated factor. Cultured fibroblasts from 5 RTS patients have been examined for their colony-forming abilities and DNa repair capacities following gamma-irradiation. 2 of the 4 RTS strains showed enhanced sensitivity following hypoxic gamma-irradiation, and 1 of these 2 strains also showed enhanced sensitivity under toxic conditions. Defective DNA repair was implicated in the above abnormal responses to gamma-radiation since both strains displayed reduced levels of repair synthesis and slow removal of radiogenic DNA lesions (assayed by their sensitivity to strand-incising activities present in protein extracts of Micrococcus luteus cells). A hypothesis is presented to rationalize the origin and heterogeneity of these laboratory phenotypes of RTS. PMID- 7099194 TI - The diagnostic yield of quantified electromyography and quantified muscle biopsy in neuromuscular disorders. AB - Electromyography (EMG), histology, and histochemistry were related in 264 patients with neuromuscular disorders classified according to history and clinical and other laboratory findings. Electromyography and histological and histochemical abnormalities were divided in specific and nonspecific criteria. Specific histochemical criteria alone identified 28% of neurogenic lesions. Criteria of myopathy, obtained from the pattern of electrical activity during 30% of maximal effort, helped to delineate a myopathy when the only abnormality was an increased incidence of polyphasic potentials together with a pattern of full recruitment during maximal effort. Histology, histochemistry, or both, and EMG were concordant with clinical findings in 77% of 188 patients with myopathy and in 91% of 64 patients with neurogenic lesions. The electromyogram was concordant with the clinical classification in 87% of patients with myopathy and in 91% of patients with neurogenic impairment. The biopsy was in agreement with or contributed to the classification in 79% of patients with myopathy and in 92% of patients with neuropathy. PMID- 7099195 TI - Protein synthesis in bupivacaine (marcaine)-treated, regenerating skeletal muscle. AB - Skeletal muscle regeneration has been induced by injection of the myotoxic drug bupivacaine (Marcaine) into the rat tibialis anterior muscle. Doses of 1.5 and 1.0% wt/vol produce significant levels of muscle regeneration, but these doses also produce large regions of ischemic muscle. Doses of 0.75 and 0.5% bupivacaine are also effective in inducing regeneration and produce little or no ischemia. Regenerating muscle is significantly more active in the incorporation of 35S methionine into protein than is control muscle, and the activity increase is directly proportional to the bupivacaine dose injected. Polyribosomes were isolated in greater yield from bupivacaine-treated muscles, as compared with control muscles, 5 days postinjection, and were also more active in cell-free protein synthesis than control polysomes. Again, the yield and activity of the muscle polysomes was directly proportional to the bupivacaine concentration used for injection. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polysomal cell-free reaction mixtures demonstrated the synthesis of a number of myofibrillar proteins. PMID- 7099196 TI - Quantitation of muscle function in children: a prospective study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - A protocol has been developed for the quantitative assessment of muscle function in children with muscle disease. It includes total muscle strength (% MRC) based on a clinical assessment of strength of 32 groups using the 6-point MRC grading; the force of 8 selected muscle groups measured with a specially designed electromyometer; a motor ability score based on 20 consecutive motor activities; walking times over 28 and 150 feet, and recording of muscle contractures. A 3 year sequential study of 61 boys with Duchenne dystrophy showed progressive decline of muscle strength with age, a close correlation of total strength and the motor ability score (r = 0.89), and a curvilinear relationship of muscle strength with walking times over 28 and 150 feet (r = 0.78 and 0.79, respectively). A profile of the natural progression of Duchenne dystrophy has been established which could serve as a reference base for the assessment of cases at varying ages and their response to therapy and management. PMID- 7099197 TI - Endogenous cathepsin B inhibitor activity in normal and myopathic red and white skeletal muscle. AB - Despite extensive biochemical and morphological studied on the degenerative muscle diseases, the primary chemical lesions are still obscure, both in humans and animals. In this report we examine the activities of the lysosomal endoproteinase cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitor(s) in the red and white skeletal muscles of guinea pigs with nutritional muscular myopathy induced by vitamin E deficiency. We observed a twofold increase (P less than 0.005) in the activity of cathepsin B in the white skeletal muscles of the vitamin E-deficient (E-) animals over that of the normal (N) and control (E+) groups. Assessment of the activity of endogenous cathepsin B inhibitor revealed a one and a half times greater amount of inhibitor in N when compared to E-; this difference in inhibitor activity applied to both red (masseter) and white (medial head, gastrocnemius) muscle. When the specific activity of cathepsin B in the E-tissue was corrected for inhibitor activity, the corrected value was not significantly different from either the E+ or the N tissue. PMID- 7099198 TI - Drug evaluation in muscular dystrophy of the chicken. PMID- 7099200 TI - Preparation of cell-free extracellular matrix from human peripheral nerve. AB - The extracellular matrix of human peripheral nerve, which is mainly basement membrane and fibrillar collagen, has been prepared by a procedure involving extensive detergent extraction of isolated endoneurium and perineurium obtained from various nerves. The ultrastructure of the isolated nerve extracellular matrix was indistinguishable from that seen in sections of intact nerve, indicating that the extraction procedure preserved the morphological integrity of these connective tissue components. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the nerve extracellular matrix preparations were typically collagenous in nature containing a high content of glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and alanine and significant amounts of lysine and hydroxylysine. The preparations contained virtually no 3-hydroxyproline and low content of glucose and galactose compared to pure basement membranes, indicating that interstitial rather than basement membrane collagens predominated. This preparation appears well-suited to both the ultrastructural and biochemical study of the extracellular matrix of peripheral nerve. PMID- 7099201 TI - Dermatophyte carriers among school children. PMID- 7099199 TI - D-Penicillamine-associated myasthenia gravis: immunological and electrophysiological studies. AB - Immunological and electrophysiological features were investigated in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed myasthenic symptoms after 10 months of treatment with D-penicillamine (D-pen). After an initial rise, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies gradually fell from 24.4 nmole alpha-bungarotoxin bound/liter to 1.8 nmole/liter following withdrawal of the drug, and this was associated with clinical and electrophysiological improvement. Immunoglobuline synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured with pokeweed mitogen and D pen was significantly increased at D-pen concentrations of 10-100 micrograms/ml in 2 patients with D-pen associated myasthenia gravis and 1 out of 3 normal individuals. Furthermore, lymphocytes from 1 myasthenic patient synthesized detectable AChR antibodies in vitro, and the amount of receptor antibody produced was increased in the presence of the drug. This effect was most marked at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml which is thought to approximate the concentration in vivo. Our results confirm the in vivo findings of others that D pen may have different effects on immunoglobulin production in different individuals and may also enhance the snythesis of at least 1 autoantibody, the AChR antibody. PMID- 7099204 TI - The importance of tRNA for the in vitro cell-free translation of messenger RNA isolated from the malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae. AB - Preliminary studies had indicated the inadequacy of the wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation systems for the in vitro translation of mRNA isolated from Plasmodium lophurae. To identify the factors which are important for the efficient translation of parasite proteins, an homologous system was established using polysomes, the pH 5 fraction, and tRNA prepared from p. lophurae. For comparison, the same components were isolated from the host duck reticulocytes and tested. The effect of each of these factors was evaluated by analysis of the translation products and by comparison with products synthetized in vivo. The results indicated that P. lophurae tRNA had a marked stimulatory effect on the synthesis of parasite proteins while it inhibited the synthesis of host proteins. Duck reticulocyte tRNA could not be used as a substitute for the parasite tRNA. Based on these findings, a commercially available rabbit reticulocyte system was supplemented with P. lophurae tRNA, which markedly increased the efficiency of translation of P. lophurae proteins by this system. PMID- 7099202 TI - Dermatophytes and dermatophytosis in Denmark 1979. PMID- 7099203 TI - Preliminary studies of lipids of the trematodes Eurytrema pancreaticum, Calicophoron erschowi and the turbellarian Penecurva sibirica. AB - The amount of total lipids, phospholipids, neutral lipids and fatty acids was determined in cattle parasites, namely the trematodes Eurytrema pancreaticum, Calicophoron erschowi, and in the free-living turbellarian Penecurva sibirica. Neutral lipids of these flatworms contained sterols, sterol esters, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. P. sibirica also contained diacylglycerols. Parasitic and free-living flatworms differed in phospholipid composition: the turbellarian did not contain phosphatidylserine, and the trematodes had practically no sphingomyelin or lysophosphatidyl choline. E. pancreaticum, C. erschowi and P. sibirica contained high levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as well as lysophosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin. The fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts of flatworms and of the pancreas and rumen of the host animals were determined. The fatty acid composition of the flatworm lipids reflected the fatty acid composition of the host tissue but was not identical to it. PMID- 7099205 TI - Pyrimidine metabolism in Giardia lamblia trophozoites. AB - The pyrimidine metabolism of Giardia lamblia trophozoites (Portland I strain) was studied using whole trophozoites and trophozoite homogenates. Pyrimidines and pyrimidine nucleosides were readily incorporated into nucleic acids. Orotic and aspartic acid incorporations were below the level of detection. Enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathway (i.e., thymidine and uridine phosphorylases and thymidine and uridine kinases) were detected in trophozoite homogenates, but the activities of de novo pyrimidine synthesis enzymes (i.e., carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) were below the level of detection in these same homogenates. The evidence presented supports the conclusion that G. lamblia trophozoites appear incapable of synthesizing pyrimidines de novo but are capable of salvaging preformed pyrimidines and pyrimidine nucleosides from the growth medium and the enzymes of this pyrimidine salvage pathway are not organelle associated. PMID- 7099206 TI - The phospholipases of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms and cultured procyclics. AB - Phospholipase from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms was characterized and subsequently localized. The enzyme had a specific activity of 100 nmol . min-1 . mg-1 protein. The major portion (greater than 90%) was a soluble phospholipase A1 with a pH optimum around 6; the remainder, also phospholipase A1, was particle bound and had an optimal activity around pH 5.2. Both enzymes were maximally activated by 0.2% Triton X-100 but differed in their sensitivity towards the inhibitory action of higher concentrations of this detergent and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, the particle-bound activity being more sensitive than the soluble one. Cell fractionation showed that the particle-bound, more acidic phospholipase A1 was associated with alpha-mannosidase- and acid proteinase containing lysosomes. Cultured procyclic trypomastigotes also contained phospholipase A but its specific activity was only 15% of that of bloodstream forms. This drastic reduction in overall activity upon transformation from bloodstream to culture form was the result of a decrease in soluble phospholipase, whereas the lysosomal activity essentially remained unchanged. PMID- 7099207 TI - Effect of the haptoglobin phenotype on the size of a myocardial infarct. AB - We investigated the relation between haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes and serum levels of various biochemical markers after myocardial infarction in 496 patients. In 122 subjects selected on the basis of short delays until hospitalization, patients with Hp 2-2 had higher cumulated creatine kinase activity than patients with Hp 1-1, or Hp 2-1 (P less than 0.05), as well as higher myoglobin concentrations (P less than 0.02) 12 to 28 hours after admission. Comparison of serum enzyme activities in the remaining 374 patients confirmed that Hp 2-2 patients had significantly higher total creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB fraction, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase peak levels. Complications of left ventricular failure were more frequent in these patients (P = 0.05). Our results suggest that Hp 2-2 patients have more severe myocardial infarctions than Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1 patients, However, no difference in the distribution of haptoglobin phenotype was found between patients who had a myocardial infarction and healthy subjects, indicating that Hp 2-2 does not predispose to the occurrence of infarction. PMID- 7099209 TI - Therapy of hairy-cell leukemia. PMID- 7099208 TI - Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women. AB - We reevaluated conventional criteria for diagnosing coliform infection of the lower urinary tract in symptomatic women by obtaining cultures of the urethra, vagina, midstream urine, and bladder urine. The traditional diagnostic criterion, greater than or equal to 10(5) bacteria per milliliter of midstream urine, identified only 51 per cent of women whose bladder urine contained coliformis. We found the best diagnostic criterion to be greater than or equal to 10(2) bacteria per milliliter (sensitivity, 0.95; specificity, 0.85). Although isolation of less than 10(5) coliforms per milliliter of midstream urine has had a low predictive value of previous studies of asymptomatic women, the predictive value of the criterion of greater than or equal to 10(2) per milliliter was high (0.88) among symptomatic women the prevalence of coliform infection exceeded 50 per cent. In view of these findings, clinicians and microbiologists should alter their approach to the diagnosis and treatment of women with acute symptomatic coliform infection of the lower urinary tract. PMID- 7099211 TI - Aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma in a heterosexual drug addict. PMID- 7099210 TI - Sounding board. Yet another look at medical cost inflation. PMID- 7099212 TI - Central-nervous-system toxoplasmosis in homosexual and heterosexual adults. PMID- 7099213 TI - Tolmetin-induced anaphylactoid reactions. PMID- 7099214 TI - Red-cell/plasma choline ratio in dementia. PMID- 7099215 TI - Spinal automatism in cerebral death. PMID- 7099216 TI - Motorcyclists' pneumomediastinum. PMID- 7099217 TI - Pipetter's thumb, type II. PMID- 7099219 TI - A randomized trial of continuing medical education. PMID- 7099218 TI - Competition, profit, and the HMO. PMID- 7099220 TI - More on scientific journals. PMID- 7099221 TI - Occasional notes. Compounding the ordeal of ALS: Isolation from my fellow physicians. PMID- 7099223 TI - Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer. AB - To examine the claim that life expectancy is reduced after curative peptic-ulcer surgery, we studied mortality and its causes in 779 men with peptic ulcer treated surgically between 1947 and 1965. The minimum follow-up period of survivors was 15 years. There was an excess mortality in the three major age groups (30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59 years at operation), as compared with the general population (P less than 0.001), with a mean shift of 9.1 years in the survival curve. Surgery was not the direct cause of death. In particular, the eight deaths from carcinoma of the stomach were no more than expected. Excess mortality was due to smoking-associated disease, which accounted for 200 deaths. Eighty-three per cent of the patients were cigarette smokers. We conclude that substituting highly selective vagotomy for gastrectomy will not lead to improved survival, because 80 per cent of patients now having operations for ulcer are heavy cigarette smokers. PMID- 7099222 TI - Clinical use of the insulin infusion pump in 100 patients with type I diabetes. AB - We investigated the efficacy of insulin-pump therapy in insulin-dependent diabetics, aged 18 to 69 years, by comparing the metabolic control achieved in 100 patients using this technique with that previously obtained by conventional insulin therapy. Patients were followed during pump therapy for as long as 15 months. Fasting and nonfasting blood glucose levels (mean +/- S.E.M.) decreased from 201 +/- 6 and 213 +/- 6 mg per deciliter (11.2 +/- 0.3 and 11.8 +/- 0.3 mmol per liter), respectively, to 158 +/- 5 and 145 +/- 3 mg per deciliter (8.77 +/- 0.3 and 8.05 +/- 0.2 mmol per liter) after one month of pump therapy (P less than 0.001). Ninety-three patients had improved blood sugar control; 71 per cent had a mean blood sugar concentration of 150 mg per deciliter (8.3 mmol per liter) or less after six months. Glycosylated hemoglobin values became normal in 44 per cent of 88 patients who had follow-up determinations. In over 500 patient-months there were four episodes of ketoacidosis and five episodes of serious hypoglycemia. Three patients abandoned pump therapy. We conclude that insulin pump therapy is acceptable to patients and that it can be successfully applied to clinical practice and large-scale research studies. PMID- 7099224 TI - Seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. AB - We studied 244 patients (of all ages) who presented with a first unprovoked seizure and were followed for a median of 22 months in order to ascertain the risk of subsequent seizures. The cumulative risks of recurrence were 16 per cent at 12 months, 21 per cent at 24 months, and 27 per cent at 36 months after the initial seizure. The risk of recurrence in patients with a history of prior neurologic insult was 34 per cent; all recurrences in this group were observed within the first 20 months. Only 17 per cent of patients without such a history (classified as idiopathic) had a recurrence by 20 months; recurrence in this group was 26 per cent by 36 months. Patients with no recurrence for 36 months did not have a recurrence after that time. Among idiopathic cases the risk of recurrence was increased in patients with generalized spike-wave electroencephalograms (50 per cent at 18 months) and in those who had a sibling with seizures (35 per cent at four months). Age at first seizure, sex, seizure type, onset with status epilepticus, or abnormality on neurologic examination did not affect the risk of recurrence. PMID- 7099225 TI - Pseudodominant transmission of fructose intolerance in an adult and three offspring: Heterozygote detection by intestinal biopsy. PMID- 7099229 TI - Sounding board. A challenge to the health-insurance industry. PMID- 7099228 TI - The role of surgery in peptic ulcer. PMID- 7099227 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 34-1982. Fever, heart murmur, and artrial fibrillation in a 72 year-old woman. PMID- 7099226 TI - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary-valve stenosis. PMID- 7099230 TI - Prognosis in childhood epilepsy. PMID- 7099231 TI - Comprehensive hemophilia care. PMID- 7099233 TI - Propranolol and white rabbits. PMID- 7099232 TI - Erythrocyte and plasma selenium measurements in congestive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 7099234 TI - Scarpa's fascia hernia. PMID- 7099235 TI - A follow-up study of morphine addicts. PMID- 7099236 TI - Vietnamese physicians in the United States. PMID- 7099237 TI - Stress and physicians. PMID- 7099239 TI - Technology in search of a patient. PMID- 7099240 TI - Special Report. Council of Medical Specialty Societies: CMSS--a national medical federation. PMID- 7099238 TI - Development of the fetal brain. PMID- 7099241 TI - Morphogenesis throughout saprobic and parasitic cycles of Coccidioides immitis. AB - The fungus, Coccidioides immitis, differs from other dimorphic pathogens in that its parasitic stage is a complex morphogenic cycle, raising the question that changes and composition during morphogenesis might influence host responses. As a prelude to examining the interaction of fungal morphogenesis and host responses, the life cycle of this fungus has been examined in greater detail than previously accomplished. During saprobic development, alternating enterothallic arthroconidia are formed as infectious propagules. The outer wall is broken and loosely adherent. Under in vitro conditions supporting the parasitic cycle, multinucleate arthroconidia transform into uninucleate round cells. Rapid, synchronous, nuclear replication is initiated, accompanied by increase in cell mass and deposition of new cell wall substance. As karyokinesis ceases, morphologic differentiation begins with invagination of the inner layers of the spherule wall and then is progressive, eventually segmenting the protoplasm into uninucleate endospores grouped in clusters within a hyaline membrane. Endospores, escaping through a break in the spherule wall, are held in aggregates by fibrils which are stretched and broken as endospores separate. It would seem that rapid production of hundreds of progeny from an original single cell, protected during development by an enclosing spherule wall and then released in clusters, should favor establishment of the fungus in a host, and dynamic changes in the cell wall during morphogenesis should influence the host response. PMID- 7099242 TI - Isolation of dematiaceous fungi from a college greenhouse. PMID- 7099244 TI - Coccidioidomycosis: evaluation of parameters used to predict outcome with amphotericin B therapy. AB - A literature review of case histories describing the use of amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was performed to detect parameters that were predictive of therapeutic outcome. Several factors were significantly different between patients who were well during prolonged follow-up versus those with active or recurrent disease: 1) mean complement fixation (CF) titer before treatment was lower in patients who were well; 2) well patients had a greater magnitude fall in CF titer during the amphotericin B therapy; 3) mean CF titer after amphotericin B treatment was lower in patients who were well; and 4) patients with a positive coccidioidin skin test before therapy were more likely to be well at 6 months. There was no correlation between total amphotericin B dose or duration of therapy and therapeutic outcome. PMID- 7099243 TI - Preliminary studies on the carcinogenic effects of Penicillium roqueforti toxin (PR toxin) on rats. AB - Preliminary results on the carcinogenic activity of a mycotoxin of Penicillium roqueforti (PR toxin) are reported. A squamous epithelioma and a uterine sarcoma were histologically confirmed in 2 of 10 albino rats fed PR toxin in a relatively short time (449 and 551 days respectively). Only an adenocarcinoma was histologically proven within a control group of 10 rats in a significantly longer (931 days) time span. PMID- 7099247 TI - Cancer mortality in the United States: 1950-1977. PMID- 7099246 TI - [Relation between mineral fertilization and supply of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus to the population under conditions of intensive plant production in East Germany]. AB - In the past 25 years, mineral fertilization increased considerably in the GDR in the course of the intensification of plant production. This happened on the basis of computer-assisted advice on mineral fertilizing and resulted in the improvement of the mineral contents of the soil and also in a considerable increase in crop yields, the mineral contents typical of the respective plants remaining mostly unchanged or being in part increased. During the same period, the proportion of vegetable foods in the mineral supply to man decreased due to changes in food habits. Nevertheless, most of the P, K and Mg consumed in the nutrition still originates from vegetable products; only in case of Ca, milk is the main course. In the course of this development, the amounts of P, K and Ca consumed in the human nutrition increased, whereas the amount of Mg remained almost unchanged. There is some evidence of the (at last potential) danger of an insufficient supply of Ca and Mg. As the intensive plant production in the GDR furnishes high-mineral crops in sufficient quantity, a better supply of these minerals might be realized by reducing the losses due to processing (extraction rate of cereals, preservation) and by changing the food habits (more vegetable foods, greens). PMID- 7099248 TI - Anthrax island. Why worry? PMID- 7099245 TI - Chemically defined medium for high yields of sterigmatocystin. AB - Isolate of Aspergillus versicolor strain produced 138 micrograms/ml of sterigmatocystin in a complete synthetic medium containing sucrose, salts, 1 phenylalanine, and Ca-pantothenate. The SSP (sucrose salts phenylalanine) medium apparently provided all necessary ingredients for the production of high levels of sterigmatocystin. For optimal sterigmatocystin formation, the amounts of sucrose and 1-phenylalanine were found to be 200 g and 5 g per liter, respectively. When Ca-pantothenate (0.01 g per liter) added, much higher amounts of sterigmatocystin were recovered, whereas CaCl2 addition (0.01%) drastically reduced the yield. The high levels of sterigmatocystin were recovered in the cultures which incubated stationary at 26 to 29 degrees C for over 12 days. Seven strains or isolates tested yielded high levels of sterigmatocystin in the SSP medium, whereas in each other media such as YES medium and rich medium only one isolate yielded highest amount of sterigmatocystin was found. PMID- 7099249 TI - Nuclear aftermath. Euthanasia plan. PMID- 7099250 TI - The end of the message. PMID- 7099251 TI - Formation of transmembrane tubules by spontaneous polymerization of the hydrophilic complement protein C9. AB - The ninth component of complement C9 can undergo circular polymerization in the fluid phase and on lipid membranes. The concomitant hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition is the result of a conformational reorganization of C9 and allows insertion of poly C9 into membranes in the form of a transmembrane protein channel. The ultrastructure of poly C9 resembles that of membrane lesions caused by complement. PMID- 7099252 TI - Immunotherapy in nude mice of human hepatoma using monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis B virus. AB - The human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5, which contains integrated hepatitis B virus DNA, synthesises and secretes hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). When injected into BALB/c nude mice, these cells produce well-vascularized, encapsulated tumours in almost 100% of animals. HBsAg has been demonstrated on the surface and in the cytoplasm of PLC/PRF/5 cells using immunofluorescence techniques. Recently, we reported that monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg (IgG1, IgG2a and IgM isotypes) bind to HBsAg-associated viral determinants of PLC/PRF/5 cells in culture and immunoprecipitate HBsAg secreted into the growth medium. Also IgG2a and IgM antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) produce specific lysis of PLC/PRF/5 cells in culture in the presence of complement, but have no lytic effect on human hepatoma cells which do not express HBsAg. In the present study, we demonstrate that IgM and IgG2a, but not IgG1, monoclonal anti-HBs specifically prevent or suppress tumour formation in a substantial number of athymic nude mice injected with PLC/PRF/5 cells. PMID- 7099253 TI - Presence of cyclic nucleotide-Ca2+ independent protein kinase in bovine brain coated vesicles. AB - Coated vesicles, which are membrane vesicles enclosed by a polyhedral protein lattice, are involved in many cellular events, including intracellular membrane transport and protein secretion, in which they must be able to undergo repeated membrane fusion and fission. The icosahedral lattice of protein surrounding the core of coated vesicles is composed predominantly of clathrin, a 180,000 (180 K) molecular weight protein, and other 30K and 36K polypeptides. In native conditions, the basic subunit of the coat consists of a trimer of clathrin with probably three polypeptides of 30K and/or 36K (refs 9-11). Additional minor proteins of 100K and 55K have been reported in purified coated vesicles. We describe here the presence of cyclic nucleotide- and Ca2+-independent protein kinase activity in coated vesicles. This protein kinase phosphorylates specifically a unique 50K protein which can be co-purified with clathrin and seems to be an integral protein of coated vesicles. PMID- 7099254 TI - Evolutionary selection for perfect hairpin structures in viral DNAs. AB - Several recent discoveries have pointed to nucleic acid secondary structure as an additional dimension in gene expression. Further evidence for the formation of hairpins in RNA is the fact that cruciforms exist in negatively supercoiled DNAs. As potential binding sites for proteins, these structures have been proposed to play a part in the regulation of various crucial reactions, such as replication, transcription, or RNA processing. As any random nucleotide sequence can self anneal with an approximately 50% chance of forming some Watson-Crick-type base pairs, it is difficult to assess which, if any, of all possible hairpin-like secondary structures may be biologically relevant. We have computed the expected distribution of perfectly base-paired structures as a function of loop size and stem length and compared it with the distribution observed in the complete genome of eight DNA viruses from animals, plants and bacteria. We report here that hairpins having six or more consecutive base pairs in the stem are not distributed randomly long the genome, occur much more often than chance would predict, and are particularly over-represented in regions that appear to have regulatory significance. The average loop size was found to decrease with an increase in stem length. These results support our previous hypothesis that these structures are biologically relevant. PMID- 7099256 TI - Drugs as carcinogens. PMID- 7099255 TI - Evolution of early mechanisms of translation of genetic information into polypeptides. AB - In devising models of the origin of life it is necessary to tackle the problems that the processes of genetic information transfer that are central to life depend on molecules that are themselves the products of such processes--enzymes. A proposed model must eventually yield a detailed chain of processes that can be checked experimentally. We have developed a model in which interactions between the helices of hairpin-loop 'adaptor' RNA molecules (amino acid carrying), lined up side-by-side by sequence complementarity to another 'messenger' RNA, promotes polypeptide synthesis. PMID- 7099257 TI - Proteins containing nickel. PMID- 7099258 TI - Antigenic variation in the trypanosome. PMID- 7099259 TI - Anilides and the Spanish toxic oil syndrome. PMID- 7099260 TI - Cross-species neural grafting in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PMID- 7099261 TI - Association amacrine cells could mediate directional selectivity in pigeon retina. PMID- 7099262 TI - Evidence for contractile flexing of the gliding bacterium Flexibacter FS-1. PMID- 7099263 TI - X-ray scattering by myosin S-1: implications for the steric blocking model of muscle control. PMID- 7099264 TI - Sequences on the human Y chromosome homologous to the autosomal gene for argininosuccinate synthetase. PMID- 7099265 TI - Mechanism of C-terminal amide formation by pituitary enzymes. PMID- 7099266 TI - Effect of an allozyme polymorphism on regulation of cell volume. PMID- 7099267 TI - [A patient with a present-day organic psychosyndrome]. PMID- 7099268 TI - ["Normal" deliveries in rural areas; various ideas on the iatrogenesis of abnormal childbirth]. PMID- 7099270 TI - ["Normal" childbirth]. PMID- 7099271 TI - [Methemoglobinemia in 2 newborn infants as a result of the use of prilocaine (Citanest)]. PMID- 7099269 TI - [A patient with an isolated pancreatic injury followed by a pancreatic pseudocyst]. PMID- 7099272 TI - [Analysis of the annual trend of fatal accidents, especially traffic accidents and accidents in and around the home, during the years 1967-1978 in the Netherlands and the United States]. PMID- 7099274 TI - [The legislator and the thyroid gland]. PMID- 7099273 TI - [A medico-psychological study of the influence of sounds during general anesthesia on the postoperative course]. PMID- 7099275 TI - [Percutaneous nephrostomy]. PMID- 7099276 TI - [Percutaneous echo-nephrostomy: an old method with a new twist]. PMID- 7099277 TI - [(Sub)acute microbial inflammation of the spine: spondylodiskitis]. PMID- 7099278 TI - [The prospects of children delivered prior to the 34th week of pregnancy. I. Mortality]. PMID- 7099279 TI - [Standard practice and standard future]. PMID- 7099280 TI - [The role of somatization in Moroccan patients]. PMID- 7099281 TI - [Brodie's abscess]. PMID- 7099282 TI - [Isolated bilateral fracture of the first rib associated with a badly fitting crash helmet]. PMID- 7099283 TI - [Fluoride, 5 years following a Decree of Parliament]. PMID- 7099284 TI - [Side effects of introfurantoin]. PMID- 7099285 TI - [Doxycycline, tablets or capsules?]. PMID- 7099286 TI - [The changing picture of pseudogout]. PMID- 7099288 TI - [Lateral neck metastases of thyroid cancer]. PMID- 7099287 TI - [LeVeen's peritoneojugular shunt for the treatment of ascites]. PMID- 7099289 TI - [Campylobacter enterocolitis following consumption of chicken]. PMID- 7099290 TI - [The contribution of Campylobacter jejuni as the causative agent of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands]. PMID- 7099292 TI - [Fractures of the proximal end of the femur]. PMID- 7099291 TI - [Various tongue diseases]. PMID- 7099293 TI - [Data on 64,453 fractures of the proximal end of the femur (neck and trochanter area), 1967-1979]. PMID- 7099294 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 7099295 TI - Apnea and sudden infant death syndrome: proposals for a home apnea monitoring program. PMID- 7099296 TI - Monitoring quality of care in urban and rural medical centers in Nebraska. PMID- 7099297 TI - Pale face syndrome of loss of consciousness. PMID- 7099299 TI - Creighton University Department of Pathology 1981. PMID- 7099298 TI - Milk-alkali syndrome and hypercalcemia: a case report. PMID- 7099300 TI - [Electrophysiological, chemical and histological findings in collagen diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099302 TI - [Ultrasound-Doppler-sonography following extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099301 TI - [The three-dimensional structure of the internal capsule and its role in the clinical manifestations of capsular lesions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099303 TI - [Partial infarction of the A. cerebelli superior revealed by C.A.T]. PMID- 7099304 TI - [Intermittent unilateral cerebral symptoms in juvenile diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099307 TI - [Suralis compression syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099308 TI - [Sources of error in the early diagnosis of botulism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099306 TI - [Spinal arachnoidal cyst as cause of intermittent spastic paraparesis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099305 TI - [Livedo reticularis with neurological symptoms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099309 TI - [Platelet aggregation in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099310 TI - [Suicide in the psychiatric institution (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099311 TI - [Ego-psychopathology of the schizophrenic syndrome. Empirical evidence for a phenomenological model (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099312 TI - [Personal and social perceptions of parents of schizophrenic patients: a control study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099313 TI - [Sleep deprivation therapy of depressive syndromes in schizophrenic disorders (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099314 TI - [Phenytoin serum concentration in epileptic patients: influence of therapeutic and physiological factors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099315 TI - Triiodothyronine (T3)-autoantibodies in two goitrous patients. PMID- 7099316 TI - Endometriosis of the small and large bowel. Study of 18 patients and survey of the literature. PMID- 7099317 TI - The 'shrinking man' syndrome. AB - 3 men presented with loss of height. Quantitative bone histology revealed all the features of hyperparathyroidism, yet the plasma calcium and hand radiographs were normal. 2 of the patients had been on maintenance haemodialysis for over 10 years (a group in whom osteopenia is described) and the third was elderly. It is probable that in these 3 patients the loss of height was due to wedging of vertebrae as a result of the hyperparathyroidism. It is suggested that in all 3 the disease became manifest clinically because the vertebrae may have been osteopenic for other reasons. PMID- 7099318 TI - The use of magnesium-containing phosphate binders in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis. AB - We investigated the safety and efficacy of magnesium hydroxide as a phosphate binder in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis, 9 volunteers participated in a four-phase study during which each ingested (1) no phosphate binders, (2) magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) alone, (3) Mg(OH)2 and aluminum hydroxide (A1(OH)3) together and (4) A1(OH)3 alone. Serum magnesium (SMg) concentrations were maintained at less than 4.5 mEq/1 (2.3 mmol/l) in all subjects while they were ingesting 0.75-3 g Mg(OH)2/day and no magnesium toxicity was noted. In individuals taking a constant daily dose, SMg remained stable over 8-12 weeks. Serum phosphorus (SP) decreased from 9.0 mg/dl (2.9 mmol/l)d during the control period to 8.1 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/l) during the Mg(OH)2 period (p less than 0.05) and increased from 6.1 mg/dl (2.0 mmol/l) during the Mg(OH)2 and A1(OH)3 period to 7.0 mg/dl (2.3 mmol/l) during the Al(OH)3 period (p less than 0.05) indicating that Mg(OH)2 could significantly lower SP. However, SP was best controlled (6.1 mg/dl; 2.0 mmol/l) when Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 were used together and all participants preferred the combination therapy to either of the agents alone. These results indicate that Mg(OH)2 is a potentially useful adjunct to A1(OH)3 for managing hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. In this short-term study Mg(OH)3 for managing hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. In this short-term study Mg(OH)2 was well tolerated and with appropriate monitoring did not cause uncontrolled hypermagnesemia. Further studies are clearly required to determine whether long-term therapy with Mg containing agents is safe in dialysis patients. PMID- 7099320 TI - Echocardiographic hemodynamic study during ultrafiltration sequential dialysis. AB - 4 patients on regular dialysis were studied by the echocardiographic method during ultrafiltration and dialysis performed sequentially according to two different protocols. Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, systolic and diastolic dimension of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic volumes of the left ventricle, ejection fraction, shortening fraction and total peripheral vascular resistance index were measured. During ultrafiltration there is an increase of the total peripheral vascular resistance index. Myocardial contractility improves only during dialysis. Physiopathologic implications are discussed. PMID- 7099321 TI - Liver function tests and pyridoxine levels in uremia. PMID- 7099319 TI - Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes in chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - 15 of 271 patients (6%) treated with chronic hemodialysis developed peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome of the median or the ulnar nerve. The majority of these patients were female (p less than 0.03). Fistulas located in arms with nerve entrapment tended to have higher flow rates than fistulas located in arms without nerve entrapment (57%) vs. 4.4%, p less than 0.001). There was no correlation with the renal diagnosis, previous access surgery in the involved arm, the type of vascular access used, the duration of hemodialysis, the adequacy of dialysis, calcium or phosphate homeostasis, plasma parathyroid levels, or thyroid function. Surgical intervention successfully relieved all symptoms. Return of normal renal function dose not reverse this disorder. Peripheral nerve entrapment is a common surgically correctable cause of neuropathy of the upper extremities in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 7099322 TI - Impaired intestinal fat absorption in chronic renal failure. AB - We performed oral fat loading tests in 10 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on hemodialysis (5 children and 5 adults). Fat absorption was measured by hourly determination of serum triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), and lipoproteins (LP) after oral administration of a 'milkshake' containing 50 g of fat of dairy origin. 10 age-matched healthy volunteers with normal fasting serum TG levels and 10 subjects with fasting hypertriglyceridemia served as controls. Mean fasting serum TG levels in CRF patients were elevated compared to normal controls (177.6 +/- 14.6 mg/dl, 2.0 +/- 17 mmol/l vs. 91.0 +/- 10.5 mg/dl, 1.03 +/- 12 mmol/l). 6 patients (4 adults, 2 children) had type IV LP patterns and 2 patients (both children) showed type IIb hyperlipidemia. In only 2 patients, 1 child and 1 adult were TG, CHOL and LP electrophoresis all normal. The oral fat loading test in all CRF patients showed delayed appearance of TG and chylomicrons (CHYL) in the bloodstream i.c. impaired or slow absorption of fat from the gut. In contrast to normal and hypertriglyceridemic controls, TG and CHYL levels in CRF did not decrease by 5 h after the oral fat load. This study demonstrates impaired intestinal fat absorption in children and adults with CRF. PMID- 7099323 TI - Quantitative structural aspects of the renal glomeruli of hypertensive mice. AB - Kidneys of genetically hypertensive and normotensive mice were studied with respect to kidney weight, number and volume of glomeruli, and filtration surface area. The hypertensive animals have a larger kidney weight to body weight ratio and possess fewer glomeruli per kidney. The superficial cortical glomeruli of the hypertensives are slightly smaller in volume than those of the normotensives although the filtration surface area is similar. The juxtamedullary glomeruli of the hypertensives are both smaller in volume and have less filtration surface area. The possible implications of these findings in the development and/or maintenance of hypertension are discussed. PMID- 7099324 TI - Renal handling of uremic middle molecules. a study with the isolated perfused rat kidney. AB - Little is known of the normal renal handling of potential uremic toxins in the middle molecular weight (MMW) range (300-2,000 daltons). In this study the isolated rat kidney has been used as a model to investigate renal clearance and possible renal metabolic effects on uremic MMW species. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused with hemofiltrate from chronic renal failure patients containing 5% bovine albumin. Middle molecules (MM) were isolated from perfusates and urines by high-speed gel filtration (peak 7) and further separated by gradient elution chromatography to give 7-8 definable uremic MMW species (7a, b, c, etc.). Species 7b, d, e and f were tubularly reabsorbed by 15, 25, 23 and 34%, respectively, as indicated by simultaneous inulin clearances. 7a was freely filtered with negligible reabsorption. 1 MM (7c1) was found to be secreted by up to 220% at low perfusate concentrations, secretion being masked at high perfusate levels. No MMs were catabolized by the kidney, although one species (7c2) appeared to be synthesized. The results suggest that uremic MMs have differing biological or physicochemical activities as indicated by the selectivity of renal handling. PMID- 7099325 TI - Renal function in patients with chronic hypoxaemia and cor pulmonale following reversal of polycythaemia. AB - The renal function of 7 patients with cor pulmonale and secondary polycythaemia was studied by clearance methods. Their haematocrit (Hct) was initially 62 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD). Their effective renal plasma flow rates (RPF) were reduced and filtration fractions (FF) increased. They were restudied 5-7 days after Hct reduction to 49 +/- 5%. There were no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), RPF, FF, effective renal blood flow (RBF) or body weight. However, 5 of 7 patients had a reduction in FF and a fall in body weight. Serial measurements in one patient demonstrated that immediately following the reduction in Hct there was an increase in RPF and a fall in FF, but these reverted to previous levels within 1 week. Overall, a positive correlation was obtained between changes in body weight and FF (r = 0.85, n = 7, p less than 0.015). Polycythaemia is only one factor contributing to a low RPF and high FF in patients with cor pulmonale; reduction of the Hct reduces the FF in some patients and leads to a diuresis which may be beneficial in those with fluid retention. PMID- 7099326 TI - A case of familial renal hypouricemia associated with increased secretion of para aminohippurate and idiopathic edema. AB - A 42-year-old housewife had hypouricemia (serum uric acid ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/dl; 30-89 mumol/l), increased uric acid clearance (47.6-83.0 ml/min), increased maximum tubular secretory capacity for para-aminohippurate, and idiopathic edema. Urate excretion was only minimally suppressed by pyrazinamide, and paradoxically decreased by probenecid. Uric acid clearance did not show any appreciable change after long-term administration of ticrynafen. In response to an increment of extracellular volume by hypertonic saline infusion or long-term 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone administration, urate clearance did not show any substantial increase. These data may suggest that not only presecretory but possibly also postsecretory reabsorption of urate is impaired in this patient. No other renal tubular abnormalities were detected. Family study revealed that her renal hypouricemia is hereditary. She was unable to increase urinary excretion of sodium during hypertonic saline infusion and failed to change the response to the sodium-retaining action of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, presumably accounting for her edema. PMID- 7099327 TI - Acute sterile peritonitis. AB - We have encountered a sporadic form of aseptic peritonitis, not previously described, that we refer to as acute sterile peritonitis (ASP). This syndrome, which occurs with a frequency of 0.1% of dialyses, begins abruptly during peritoneal dialysis with abdominal pain, fever, and occasionally chills and vomiting. Coincident with the onset of symptoms, the dialysate return becomes cloudy with many white blood cells. Cultures are negative and resolution occurs within hours with continued dialysis. In this report we detail the clinical features of this new syndrome. PMID- 7099328 TI - Hemolysis and consumption coagulopathy due to overheated dialysate. PMID- 7099329 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: implantation of the catheter. PMID- 7099330 TI - Ureteral stenosis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Report of a case. PMID- 7099331 TI - Prednisone treatment of non-nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. A prospective study. AB - 18 adults with nonnephrotic proteinuria showed a milder form of idiopathic membranous nephropathy on renal biopsy. These patients were allocated to two groups, 2 years' steroid treatment or nontreatment. 8 of 9 tested patients showed complete disappearance of proteinuria in an average time of 2.4 months after starting the treatment, but in 9 patients of the nontreatment group proteinuria continued for at least 1 year. All five repeated biopsy specimens obtained after subsidence of proteinuria in the treatment group revealed a distinctive regression of glomerular basement membrane alterations. Though the study was not a controlled one, these results suggest that steroid therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy is beneficial, particularly in patients with lesser degrees of basement membrane lesions. PMID- 7099332 TI - Supplementary dose after hemodialysis. AB - It is the aim of this paper to review in tabulated form the supplementary dose of drugs required after hemodialysis and to discuss the basic pharmacokinetics of these drugs in the presence of reduced renal function. This review is intended to point out practical aspects of clinical nephrology, It refers to data available from the literature. The descriptions of pharmacokinetics focus on the amount of drug in the body. The fraction of this amount removed by dialysis is replaced by the supplementary dose to maintain effective drug action. The rebound phenomenon affecting plasma drug levels after dialysis renders the calculation of the supplementary dose difficult. Linear extrapolation from plasma drug concentrations measured 6-12 h or more after dialysis may offer a solution to this problem. PMID- 7099333 TI - Cardiac vagal denervation in hemodialysis patients. AB - Heart rate variation is dependent upon an intact vagus nerve. Inherent beat-to beat variability is expressed statistically as the mean square successive difference. Sinus arrhythmia is expressed as the standard deviation of the RR intervals. 19 normal volunteers and 19 nondiabetic hemodialysis patients were assessed for cardiac vagal innervation by monitoring heart rate variation on resting electrocardiograms. Comparison of the dialysis subjects with the normal individuals revealed significantly less heart rate variation in dialysis patients (p less than 0.01) consistent with abnormal cardiac vagal innervation. Measurement of resting heart rate variation allows assessment of the integrity of cardiac vagal innervation in normal individuals and nondiabetic patients with end stage renal disease treated with intermittent hemodialysis. PMID- 7099334 TI - A new method for the assessment of bone mass in renal osteodystrophy. Usefulness of computerized tomography in hemodialysis patients. AB - We have designed az method for the assessment of trabecular bone mass (TBM) in a central portion of L4 by means of CT scanning. A total of 29 normal individuals of different ages from both sexes, and 19 hemodialysis patients were studied. 3 selected patients were also studied 1 year later. A good in vivo reproducibility was demonstrated in a dog after repositioning. A positive inverse correlation was observed in the control group between age and TBM supporting the reliability of this method. As reported by others in the postmortem bone mineral analysis of L4, a majority of patients (78.9%) showed a normal or high TBM. From a total of 5 patients with increased TBM only 2 showed radiological osteosclerosis, and 4 of them presented advanced subperiostal resorption suggesting a pathogenetic role of excessive circulating PTH in the genesis of osteosclerosis. A total of 4 had decreased TBM and only 2 of them showed radiological demineralization, 2 patients with decreased TBM, 1 of them under anticonvulsant therapy, experienced a considerable increase in the TBM after 1 year of 25OHD3 therapy. We conclude that this method can be an important help in the early detection of management of renal osteodystrophy. PMID- 7099335 TI - Elevated thrombocyte calcium content in uremia and its correction by 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D treatment. AB - Intracellular calcium plays an important role in the regulation of platelet function. It has also been demonstrated that platelet functions are impaired in uremia. A rise in intracellular calcium has been shown in several tissues and has been held responsible for the impaired function of several organs seen in uremia. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether the calcium (Ca) content of thrombocytes is elevated in uremia and, if so whether treatment with an active vitamin D metabolite might correct this abnormality. In 10 patients on chronic hemodialysis, platelet Ca content was determined by a technique utilizing consecutive freezing and thawing of platelet-rich plasma. The platelet Ca content of uremic patients was found to be markedly higher (20.86 +/- 0.9 ng/200,00 platelets, p less than 0.01) than that of a group of 20 normals (12.8 +/- 1.2 ng/200,000 platelets). 1 months after treatment with 1 alpha (OH) vitamin D at a dosage of 0.5-2.5 microgram/day, the platelet Ca content of the dialysis patients decreased to 14.99 +/- 2.14 ng/200,000 platelets (p less than 0.05). The data show that in dialysis patients the platelet Ca content is markedly elevated in comparison with that of normals, and the treatment with 1 alpha (OH) vitamin D may significantly reverse this abnormality. It is suggested that elevated Ca content may play a role in the pathogenesis of uremic platelet dysfunction, and that 1 alpha (OH) vitamin D administration may be of benefit in correcting this disorder. PMID- 7099336 TI - Response patterns to DL-carnitine in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. AB - 10 hypertriglyceridaemic hemodialysis patients were given dl-carnitine, 600 mg daily, for 8 weeks and then 1.2 g daily for 12 weeks. Serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, and immunoreactive insulin concentrations were measured at regular intervals during the treatment. Intravenous fat tolerance tests were performed in 9 patients. Plasma FFA concentrations fell and the post-heparin fractional clearance rate of Intralipid increased significantly after all carnitine administration. While overall no clear-cut effect of dl-carnitine on serum lipids was found, two patterns of response to dl-carnitine could be distinguished: the 'paradoxic' response with a rise in serum triglyceride concentrations and the dual response to two different dosages of dl-carnitine. PMID- 7099337 TI - Plasma exchange in the successful treatment of drug-induced renal disease. AB - A 20-year-old girl with rheumatoid arthritis who has been treated with D penicillamine for 7 months presented with fulminating Goodpasture's syndrome and a focal necrotising glomerulonephritis. A 35-year-old man who had been taking a low dose of phenytoin for epilepsy presented with nephrotic syndrome and a mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. CH50, C3 and C4 were low and a high level of immune complexes was detected. Both patients had severe lesions which were unlikely to recover on immunosuppression alone so were treated with intensive plasma exchange. 2 patients are described with serious drug-induced renal disease who recovered with intensive plasma exchange and immunosuppression. PMID- 7099338 TI - Increased arsenic concentration in the bone marrow in chronic renal failure - a contributor to anaemia? AB - An increased level of arsenic has been found in the bone marrow of 5 non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Intoxication with inorganic arsenic can cause anaemia, and accumulation of arsenic may contribute to the anaemia in uraemic patients. PMID- 7099340 TI - Urinary excretion of oxalate in renal failure. AB - The daily urinary excretion of oxalate has been found to be lower than normal in patients with renal failure and the decrease to be directly proportional to the impairment of renal function. It has also been found that the gut flora from uremic patients destroys oxalate 'in vitro' more efficiently than the gut flora from normal people. It is postulated that an adaptation occurs in the gut flora of uremics to 'metabolize' oxalate, and this enteric elimination may account for its decreased urinary excretion. PMID- 7099339 TI - Prevention of scarring in experimental pyelonephritis in the rat by early antibiotic therapy. AB - Experimental pyelonephritis was produced by either retrograde or direct infection of rat kidneys by Escherichia coli 078. Combined antibiotic therapy with amoxycillin and gentamicin, commenced within 23 h of direct infection, prevented acute suppuration and subsequent scarring. The same antibiotics combination commenced 24 h after both retrograde and direct infection did not significantly reduce acute suppuration but did reduce scarring. Treatment begun later than 24 h after infection had no effect on the outcome of pyelonephritis induced by either route. Significantly lower peak levels of serum antibody to the O antigen of E. coli 078 were obtained in rats treated at 24 h after retrograde pyelonephritis than in those in which treatment was started later. Kidney scarring could not be prevented if antibiotic therapy was commenced after the appearance of mononuclear cells in the inflammatory lesion. PMID- 7099341 TI - Comparison of oral and intravenous radiosulfate spaces in dialysis patients. AB - Radiosulfate spaces were measured after intravenous and oral radiosulfate in dialysis patients. Radiosulfate spaces after oral administration were consistently higher than after intravenous administration, which gave results within the accepted normal range. The increased radiosulfate space after oral administration was due to, either delayed absorption, or sequestering of the radiosulfate in an unknown space. PMID- 7099343 TI - Nephrotic syndrome secondary to lithium therapy. AB - Overt nephrotic syndrome developed in a young housewife treated with lithium carbonate from manic-depressive psychosis. Complete spontaneous remission was observed 1 month after discontinuing the drug but the nephrotic state reappeared 8 years later when lithium therapy was re-instituted. The renal biopsy showed minimal glomerular lesions without interstitial disease. PMID- 7099342 TI - Hypertriglyceridemia and lipoprotein lipase activity in experimental uremia. AB - The relationship between changes in tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and triglyceride (TG) concentration has been studied in chronically uremic rats. Uremic rats had a 6-fold increase in BUN and 75% rise in TG levels associated with a 50% reduction in adipose tissue heparin-releasable LPL activity. However, total LPL activity of adipose tissue and muscle was not significantly decreased. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the rise in plasma TG concentration seen in uremic rats and the reduction in heparin-releasable adipose tissue LPL activity. These data suggest that the TG removal defect associated with chronic uremia is not a simple function of a decrease in LPL activity. PMID- 7099344 TI - Effects of perinatal chlordiazepoxide exposure on rat preweaning and postweaning behavior. AB - The effects of perinatal chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) exposure were studied in 3 to 30 day old F344 rats. Pregnant primaparous rats were treated daily on days 1-21 of pregnancy with CDZ (1 mg/kg) or saline (IP). Lactating females were treated with CDZ or saline in order to expose pups on postnatal days 1-21. Behavioral measures on all litters included: cliff avoidance (postnatal days 4-10), swimming (postnatal days 6-10), open field activity (postnatal days 14 and 21) and active avoidance (beginning postnatal day 30). Neonates perinatally exposed to CDZ were significantly slower in cliff avoidance development as measured by latency to meet criterion. Swimming development was impaired by both prenatal and postnatal CDZ exposure. Open field activity was minimally affected on day 14 but only for males exposed postnatally to CDZ. Postnatal CDZ exposure significantly affected active avoidance performance as reflected in faster response latencies and an increased number of avoidance responses to reach criterion for extinction. Only the postnatally exposed male pups were significantly affected on the avoidance behavior. These results are consistent with the suggestion that CDZ is a potential behavioral teratogen. PMID- 7099345 TI - Postnatal cadmium exposure and longterm behavioral changes in the rat. AB - Although cadmium is a well known toxicant, its effects at subtoxic doses on behavior have rarely been investigated. The present study examined the longterm effect on levels of spontaneous locomotor activity and performance in a learning task resulting from postnatal exposure to cadmium. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were divided into seven treatment and one vehicle control group. Treated animals were intubated with CdCl2 from the sixth to fifteenth day of life at doses ranging from 0.25 to 7.0 mg/kg body weight. Activity was quantified in tilt cages at forty-five days of age and performance in an appetitively motivated spatial discrimination task, with reversal, was assessed at between ninety and ninety-four days of age in a T-maze. A significant increase in spontaneous locomotor activity was observed in rats treated with 0.25 mg/kg of cadmium. In general, cadmium treated animals performed better than control subjects during learning and reversal learning trials. Possible hypotheses accounting for these results are discussed. PMID- 7099346 TI - Brief prenatal exposure to prednisolone adversely affects behavioral development and body weight. AB - Female mice were exposed prenatally via maternal injection to prednisolone. At both the 100 and 300 microgram dosages, prenatal exposure to the drug reduced birth and weaning weights and delayed the attainment of eye-opening, walking, and gripping ability. These effects were observed consequent to as few as 2 maternal injections, one on Day 12 and the other on Day 13 of gestation. PMID- 7099347 TI - Interactive effects of chronic maternal ethanol and nicotine exposure upon offspring development and function. AB - Nicotine injections (3.0 mg/kg twice daily), oral alcohol (10% solution), nicotine and alcohol, or saline injections were administered to gravid Sprague Dawley rats for the entire gestational period. Food intake was adjusted so that all rats received the same number of calories on each day of pregnancy. Offspring performance was monitored from birth to 15 months of age. An interaction was found in which the combined effect of nicotine and alcohol was greater than would have been predicted from the effects of either drug along. NIC/ALC offspring were born later, and suffered more stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Surviving NIC/ALC offspring were more advanced on some developmental measures, more active neonatally and less active in adulthood. Initially, they were able to discriminate contingencies less well in a punishment paradigm, initiated fewer shock-on periods and received fewer reinforcements. Possible mechanisms for the drug interaction effects are discussed. PMID- 7099348 TI - Ultrasonic vocalizations as diagnostic tools in studies of developmental toxicity: an investigation of the effects of hypervitaminosis A. PMID- 7099349 TI - Trichloromethane-induced taste aversions in mice. AB - In Experiment 1 four groups (N = 10) of individually housed mice were given access to deionized water for 30 min daily. When fluid consumption stabilized, they were given 30-min access to a 0.3% saccharin solution. This was followed by oral doses of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg trichloromethane (TCM) or the vehicle (Emulphor). Beginning 24 hr later the subjects were given a two-bottle choice test (saccharin vs water) followed by the appropriate injection in that group. This procedure continued for 10 days. A dose of 30 mg/kg produced a taste aversion on the first choice test and a reduction in total fluid intake which continued throughout the 10-day test period, while doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg TCM or vehicle did not affect either measure. To determine whether the aversion produced by 30 mg/kg TCM was specific to gavage, animals in Experiment 2 received IP injections of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg TCM or vehicle. All TCM groups showed taste aversions which lasted for the 10-day test period. Although concomitant fluid reductions occurred for all doses on day one, only the 100 mg/kg group maintained this drop throughout the 10 day test period. Thus, TCM produces taste aversions when given at relatively low doses by both oral and IP routes of administration. PMID- 7099350 TI - Low level lead (Pb) exposure produces learning deficits in young rat pups. AB - Eleven day old Sprague-Dawley (CD strain) rat pups whose mothers were maintained on a 200 mg/l dosage of lead (Pb) acetate in their drinking water from breeding and through gestation until the pups were weaned exhibited differences in a learning paradigm as compared to controls. No significant differences were noted between the control pups and the experimental pups with respect to acquisition rates but there were significant differences between the two groups with respect to extinction rates. Similar results were obtained in tests of rat pups whose dams had been maintained on a 400 mg/l dosage of lead (Pb) acetate. These data indicate that low level lead (Pb) exposure can induce significant behavioral deficits in young rat pups. PMID- 7099351 TI - Ethanol and tertiary butanol induced microcephaly in the neonatal rat: comparison of brain growth parameters. AB - Neonatal rats were reared using an artificial feeding technique from postnatal day 4 through 18. On Postnatal Days 4 through 7, corresponding to the onset of the brain growth spurt, some animals were administered either ethanol or tertiary butanol in the milk formula, with the remaining animals serving as controls. The alcohol dosages were equated to each other by membrane to buffer partition coefficients. Following the 4 day alcohol exposure, all animals were given the plain milk formula until Day 18, when they were decapitated and various organ weights measured. The only significant weight differences between alcohol-exposed animals and controls were absolute brain weights and brain weight/body weight ratios, which were decreased in both alcohol groups. Biochemical analysis of the brains showed similar DNA levels for the ethanol, tertiary butanol, and control group forebrain samples. Both alcohol groups had significantly lower DNA levels than the control group for the hindbrain samples. Cholesterol levels and cholesterol/DNA ratios indicated that ethanol, but not tertiary butanol, impaired myelination and/or arborization. Total protein and protein/DNA ratios suggested that ethanol interfered with protein production and/or incorporation. The tertiary butanol animals did not show this deficit. The results imply that while exposure to either alcohol during the brain growth spurt can lead to microcephaly, the ethanol-induced alteration of myelin formation and protein production in neonatal brain tissue may be due to additional properties of ethanol. PMID- 7099353 TI - Caffeine sensitivity in the neonatal rat. AB - The motoric activity of infant rats at 1, 10 and 15 days of age was determined following treatment with caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant. At all three ages responses to increasing caffeine dosage described a curvilinear function in which activity first increased and then decreased. These results show that the basic adult response pattern to caffeine is exhibited by infants as young as 1 day of age. However, 1-day-old rats were less sensitive to caffeine than the 10- and 15-day-old pups. Their maximal activity was reached at the 80 mg/kg dose while 10- and 15-day-old rats were most active in the 20--40 mg/kg dose range. These results contribute to the growing body of evidence that the neonatal rat can be used to assess the behavioral effects of exposure to environmental agents during development. PMID- 7099352 TI - Behavioral consequences of embryonic or early postnatal exposure to l-alpha noracetylmethadol (NLAAM) in the domestic chicken. PMID- 7099354 TI - Behaviorally augmented tolerance during chronic cholinesterase reduction by paraoxon. AB - Repeated injection of paraoxon to pretrained rats 2 hr before avoidance sessions, at a dose causing considerable intoxication symptoms and reduction of brain acetylcholinesterase (0.125 mg/kg SC daily), induced marked performance depression followed by progressive development of tolerance. Additional groups treated either after each session (i.e., 23.5 hr before each subsequent session), or treated and not tested, showed a substantial depression when shifted to treatment 2 hr before sessions after achievement of tolerance by the animals tested from the beginning of the experiment at the time of maximal paraoxon effect. This indicates that chronic paraoxon tolerance cannot be ascribed entirely to metabolic and/or physiological changes occurring as a consequence of repeated treatment per se, but must be explained at least in part by postulating a behaviorally augmented (or "learned") component. In an additional experiment chronic paraoxon animals (0.1 mg/kg SC daily) were indistinguishable from control rats with respect to acquisition of light/go, noise-light/no go discrimination, i.e., of an active-passive avoidance task known to be highly sensitive to the disrupting (response-disinhibiting) effect of antimuscarinics. Therefore, the enhanced sensitivity to antimuscarinics in organophosphate tolerant rats, which is usually ascribed to cholinergic receptor changes, does not appear to be associated with a spontaneous "antimuscarinic-like" syndrome. PMID- 7099356 TI - Prenatal methyl mercury exposure: I. Alterations in neonatal activity. AB - Pregnant Long-Evans rats were intubated with 0, 5, or 8 mg/kg of methyl mercury on day 8 or 15 of gestation. Maternal weight gain during gestation was reduced significantly only in those animals that had received 8 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation and had resorbed their litters. In litters that were delivered, the mercury treatment did not affect litter size or weight gain of the pups in the preweaning period. Methyl mercury content of the 1 day old rat brains was directly related to both the dose and time of treatment. Neonatal activity was significantly elevated on postnatal day 4 in rats treated with 5 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation, on postnatal day 8 in the group that received 8 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation, and on postnatal day 8 and 15 in the group that received 5 mg/kg on day 15 of gestation. The results indicate that neonatal activity measures can be used as sensitive indicators of low prenatal neurotoxic exposures. PMID- 7099355 TI - Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine in guinea pigs. AB - Nicotine (3 mg/kg SC) administered twice daily throughout pregnancy to guinea pigs resulted in offspring that were behaviorally deficient both as neonates and adults. The nicotine-treated offspring showed reduced spontaneous alternation both as neonates and adults. Also, the nicotine-treated offspring were less likely to enter a novel alley as neonates and were deficient on brightness discrimination and reversal as adults. PMID- 7099357 TI - Prenatal methyl mercury exposure: II. Alterations in learning and psychotropic drug sensitivity in adult offspring. AB - Male Long-Evans rats that had been exposed in utero to 5 or 8 mg/kg of methyl mercury administered as a single dose on either days 8 or 15 of gestation were tested as adults in two operant tasks. In one task the animals were trained on two-way avoidance to a criterion of 10 consecutive avoidances. Following acquisition the animals were extinguished and 24 hours later re-trained to the previous criterion. Animals treated with 8 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation required significantly more trials to reach criterion during reacquisition than controls. Rats treated on day 15 with either 5 or 8 mg/kg took significantly more trials to reach criterion during acquisition than controls, and of the 8 mg/kg group 55% failed to reach criterion. Rats treated with 8 mg/kg of mercury on day 8 of gestation acquired a DRL-10 sec task at the same rate as controls. When challenged with d-amphetamine the treated animals were less disrupted at the higher dose (1.0 mg/kg) than controls, suggesting a shift in the dose response curve for this psychoactive drug. Activity measures taken simultaneously with the DRL session confirmed this shift in amphetamine effect. Results suggest that a single prenatal exposure to methyl mercury can affect learning and drug sensitivity of the adult animal. Additionally, mercury exposure in late gestation has more deleterious consequences on learning ability than early exposure. PMID- 7099358 TI - Postnatal persistence of methadone following prenatal exposure in the rat. AB - Tritiated methadone (3HME) was administered daily by gastric intubation to gravid rats during the last week of gestation. Fostered neonates were sacrificed every 5 days from birth to 30 days of age and brains and livers removed. Tissue 3HME was extracted, isolated on a high pressure liquid chromatograph, and counted. Highest concentrations of 3HME were present on the day of birth; after 5 days, approximately 22% remained. However, small but significant concentrations of 3HME were detected in tissues through 30 days of age. These results are of interest in relation to persistent opiate withdrawal symptoms in rat and human neonates. PMID- 7099359 TI - Prenatal interactions between ethanol and the industrial solvent 2-ethoxyethanol in rats: maternal and behavioral teratogenic effects. AB - Behavioral and neurochemical deviations in the offspring of rats exposed to 100 ppm ethoxyethanol during gestation have been reported previously. Since this compound is likely metabolized in the same manner as ethanol, the present study investigated the interactive effects of ethanol and ethoxyethanol on prenatal development. Groups of 15-20 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given 10% ethanol in the drinking water with or without concomitant inhalation exposure to 100 ppm ethoxyethanol during gestation days 7-13 or 14-20. Another group was exposed to 200 ppm ethoxyethanol on gestation days 7-13, and sham-exposed controls were included for both gestation periods. Ethanol alone on days 14-20 and 200 ppm ethoxyethanol reduced overall weight gain during pregnancy. As in the previous research, pregnancy duration was extended in the groups given ethoxyethanol, but not in groups given ethanol alone. Neuromotor ability, as assessed by an ascent test and by a rotorod, was reduced by 200 ppm ethoxyethanol and by ethanol alone on gestation days 7-13. The group given ethanol plus ethoxyethanol on days 14-20 spent significantly longer in the start area of an open field, and this group as well as that given 200 ppm ethoxyethanol were less active than controls in the open field and in the shuttle box. When compared with previous research, it appears that ethanol early in gestation may reduce the effects, but later in gestation may enhance the effects of prenatal ethoxyethanol. PMID- 7099361 TI - Age effects on heart rate, sustained potential, and P3 responses during reaction time tasks. AB - Relationships between physiological responses and slowed reaction time (RT) among elderly subjects were tested in 48 healthy young, middle-aged, and elderly men (mean ages 24, 45, and 71 years) using simple and choice RT tasks. There were age reductions in P3 amplitude and heart rate (HR) deceleration, but no effects of age on P3 latency. Sustained potential (SP or CNV) amplitude paradoxically increased with age, possibly indicating weaker inhibitory function. P3 amplitude, SP amplitude, and HR deceleration were most strongly correlated with RT among younger subjects, but SP amplitude was correlated with RT in the elderly group during the choice task. HR deceleration shared a small amount of variance with SP amplitude and RT in the young group. There was no HR-SP-RT relationship in the older groups. Choice-simple task differences in P3 amplitude and RT were correlated in the young and elderly groups. The results suggest that HR, SP, and P3 responses may reflect physiological processes related to the slower RTs of healthy elderly subjects. PMID- 7099360 TI - Behavioral changes in rats after chronic aluminum and parathyroid hormone administration. PMID- 7099362 TI - Chronic model of neurofibrillary changes induced in mature rabbits by metallic aluminum. AB - A slurry of aluminum powder injected into the brains of mature rabbits produced neurofibrillary changes in neurons of spinal cord and cerebrum similar to those produced by aluminum chloride, and with similar topography and rates of formation. The major difference observed with this preparation was that many rabbits survived several weeks or months before having any obvious seizures, compared to 2 to 3 weeks with aluminum chloride, and some survived with no obvious symptoms, apparently indefinitely (12 months being the longest time before sacrifice). This chronic animal model of neurofibrillary changes, induced in a mature nervous system, will allow better investigations of alterations in the biochemistry, pathology, behavior and cognition which may occur. PMID- 7099363 TI - Multiple unit activity recorded longitudinally in rats from pubescence to old age. AB - Longitudinal multiple unit activity (MUA) recordings of excellent quality over time periods as long as 26 months are described. The validity of the method was demonstrated by showing persistence of specific and idiosyncratic MUA responses to controlled sensory stimulation over these long time periods. This longitudinal MUA method was used to study level of localization neuronal activity as a function of aging. In agreement with deoxyglucose data from Sokoloff's laboratory, we found significant age-related declines in inferior and superior colliculi. In addition, our results showed the advantage of a longitudinal method over a cross-sectional one in following progressive changes into old age. The further declines in midbrain MUA level (though not in forebrain level) from middle age to old age that we observed were highly significant. The deoxyglucose method, on the other hand, had failed to show this kind of progression in those midbrain sites, probably because of a survival effect, a common sampling artifact in cross-sectional studies of aging. PMID- 7099364 TI - Amitriptyline selectively disrupts verbal recall from secondary memory of the normal aged. AB - Amitriptyline, a frequently prescribed tricyclic antidepressant, is reported to produce an age-related impairment in anterograde memory. However, the locus of this adverse effect has never been described within the context of contemporary learning and memory theory. Fifteen normal elderly subjects were treated with 50 mg amitriptyline and placebo in a cross-over study. A computerized stage analysis of memory revealed that sensory and primary memory were not affected while verbal recall from secondary memory was markedly disrupted by amitriptyline. Further examination of secondary memory revealed that amitriptyline impaired recall, but not recognition. The profile of anterograde memory impairments observed with amitriptyline is similar to that previously reported for the antimuscarinic, scopolamine. Since amitriptyline at the dose employed in this study would be expected to exert marked central antimuscarinic effects, it appears likely that it is the pharmacologic blockade of central muscarinic receptors in the aged that results in the selective disruption of verbal recall in secondary memory. PMID- 7099365 TI - Serial lesion effect in rat medial frontal cortex as a function of age. AB - This experiment examined the potential for behavioral recovery in juvenile, adult, and senescent rats following serial lesions of medial frontal cortex. The subjects were trained on spatial delayed alternation in a T-maze under conditions designed to enhance the probability of a serial lesion effect. All subjects were given extensive handling and adaptation to the maze, interoperative training, and long interoperative and postoperative intervals. There were several major behavioral findings: (a) the aged intact subjects were not impaired in their ability to learn spatial delayed alternation, (b) one-stage bilateral lesions of frontal cortex produced equivalent deficits on spatial delayed alternation at all ages, (c) subjects in all of the age categories demonstrated a serial lesion effect, but (d) the 150 day and 570 day serial lesions groups demonstrated significantly better performances than the 35 day serial lesions group on several measures of performance. PMID- 7099367 TI - [A surgical approach to the carotid-cavernous fistula: anatomical studies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099366 TI - Research subject recruitment for gerontological studies of pharmacological agents. AB - Elderly subjects were recruited for a study of the effect of intravenous physostigmine on the memory disturbance of Alzheimer's Disease. Approximately one out of every twelve people screened was suitable for the study. Subjects were ruled out either because they did not meet research diagnostic criteria for AD, because they could not cooperate with the studies or because of medical contraindications. The data indicate that large numbers of potential subjects are required to select relatively small groups for pharmacological studies. The implications of some of these developments for future research are discussed. PMID- 7099369 TI - [The clinical application of intracranial artery canulation technique (author's transl)]. AB - The introduction of the microscope into the neurosurgical operating theater brought the significant change on its operative results. However, even by means of the meticulous microsurgical techniques, certain intracranial lesion like deep seated AVM cannot yet be successfully treated. Instead of the extravascular approach, intravascular treatment of these lesions has been evolved and become the great aid for the therapeutic purpose. In 1974 Serbinenko published his excellent work about his detachable balloon catheter technique. He succeeded in treating the intracranial lesions by the intravascular approach with the more exact manner than before. The balloon could make it possible to guide the small catheter into the distal branch of intracranial arteries. And also the balloon was detached and use as embolus. Until now, various balloon catheters become clinically available. Among them the catheter which Kerber devised is made of soft silicone and equipped with microballoon at the distal end. Although the balloon itself cannot be detached, it has a small hole at its top and can deliver the fluid through this opening (calibrated leak). The method for this catheter usage is as follows. Using Seldinger technique, the non-tapered thin wall catheter has to be placed on the proximal side of the attempted artery as the introducing catheter. Through it, balloon catheter is cannulated coaxically and navigated more distally with the inflation or deflation of the balloon. Clinical application of this catheter include the superselective angiography, drug infusion and selective embolization. For the embolization, fluid embolus must be chosen. At this time cyanoacrylate, a potent tissue adhesive, is used as the embolus and injected with the mixture of Pantopaque and tantalum powder. Two cases of deep seated cerebral AVM were treated by selective embolization. AVM was completely occluded in one case, in the other case the embolization was interrupted because of worsening of neurologic defecits. In conclusion, the calibrated leak balloon catheter (Kerber) has wide range of clinically applicable potential and will become the great aid for the intravascular treatment. PMID- 7099368 TI - [The experimental study on causal genesis of moyamoya disease - correlation with immunological reaction and sympathetic nerve influence for vascular changes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099370 TI - [Evaluation of the dopamine induced hypertension therapy for vasospasm (author's transl)]. AB - The purpose of this study is to clarify the usefulness and the limitations of the dopamine induced hypertension therapy (DIH) in the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm secondary to aneurysmal rupture. Twelve patients suffering from ischemic complications of vasospasm were treated with DIH and large quantities of intravascular fluids. All underwent cerebral angiography and CT scan in order to ascertain if their neurological deteriorations were due to vasospasm. In 9 cases, the levels of consciousness and neurological state were improved within a few hours after DIH started. It suggests that their ischemic symptoms were dependent on their systemic blood pressure. In one case, whose vasospasm was extensive and diffuse, DIH was life-saving, however the patient remained bedridden. In 2 cases, vasospasm was too intense for DIH to prevent continued neurological deteriorations. There seems to be a correlation between the effect of DIH and the angiographic grade of vasospasm (Table 1). The ultimate results of these 12 cases were compared with those of 46 cases which suffered from symptomatic vasospasm but were not treated with DIH (Table 3). There was no significant difference between the two groups. One died of severe brain edema, which may have been aggravated by DIH. In such a case where diffuse brain edema and breakdown of blood-brain barrier are observed on CT scan, DIH can be hazardous. However, in a case where CT scan before or during the therapy shows a localized low density area of infarction, DIH can be beneficial by preventing the progression of cerebral ischemia, in spite of a possible risk of bringing about hemorrhagic infarction. Our conclusions are as follows: 1) DIH is useful in many cases involving significant vasospasm. 2) DIH is less useful in such a case whose angiogram shows extensive vasospasm throughout the internal carotid and vertebro basilar systems, and should be performed carefully in coordination with measures to reduce intracranial pressure. DIH is expected to protect the brain tissue from ischemia by increasing blood flow through the arteries of vasospasm and collateral circulation, but should not dilate the histologically changed arteries. Further clinical studies including cerebral blood flow measurements are necessary to define precisely the effectiveness, the indication and contraindication, and the mechanism of action of DIH. PMID- 7099371 TI - [Astroblastoma in newborn baby (author's transl)]. AB - A case of astroblastoma in a male newborn baby was reported. He has been suffered from convulsive seizures from six hours later after the birth, not controlled by the anticonvulsants, and lumbar tap revealed bloody cerebrospinal fluid. He had no response against the noxious stimuli and left clonic hemiconvulsion, and showed anisocoria, left pupil was dilated. Right BAG showed a large space occupying lesion in the right frontal lobe. Operation was performed eighteen hours after the birth. Right frontotemporal craniotomy revealed reddish-grey, soft tumor in the right frontal lobe infiltrating into the parietal and temporal lobe of the same side and frontal lobe of the left side. Right frontal lobectomy was performed. He had cardiac arrhythmia after the operation and died next day. Autopsy was not permitted. Histologically tumor tissue showed abundant vessels and perivascular pseudorosettes, and electron micrograph revealed glial filaments in the tumor cells. Histological diagnosis was astroblastoma. PMID- 7099372 TI - [Intracranial hematoma secondary to chronic DIC (author's transl)]. AB - Five cases of intracranial hematoma secondary to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC) were reported. Intracranial hematomas included a case of acute subdural hematoma combined with intracerebral hematoma and 4 cases of acute or subacute hematoma. Primary diseases which caused DIC were cancer; a case of carcinoma of choledochus and 4 cases of gastric carcinoma. All cases were in the advanced stage of carcinoma or at least, had metastasis to other organs. They showed coagulation disorders, such as, the reduction of platelets and the hemorrhagic diastasis, which were referred as chronic DIC, before the onset of intracranial hematoma. After the onset of intracranial hematoma, their coagulation disorders got worse and were diagnosed as acute DIC. They showed the rising of FDP, reduction of the serum fibrinogen and platelets and others. The blood transfusion and the trivial head injury were considered a triggers of exacervation from chronic DIC to acute DIC, that is, from compensated DIC to decompensated DIC. The long-term administration of anticancer drugs might play a part of the role as triggers. Initial symptoms of intracranial hematoma were headache in 4 case and dullness in a case. Three cases immediately lapsed into coma after 1 to 2 hours from the onset. Two cases turned out coma state after 4 to 5 days from the onset. Evacuations of hematoma were performed in 3 cases but they gave rise to rebleeding of intracranial hematomas later. All of 5 cases including surgically and non-surgically treated cases died at last. It is certain that DIC is rather common in the advanced stage of cancer. Matsuda reported that DIC existed in 20% of died patients with cancer. Though the incidence of intracranial hematoma secondary to DIC were less than that of cerebral infarct, it is no reasonable to assume that the actual number of the intracranial hematoma secondary to chronic DIC is rare. PMID- 7099373 TI - [An autopsy case of primary intracranial melanoma associated with dermoid cyst (author's transl)]. AB - Primary malignant melanoma of the cerebral nervous system is an uncommon entity. A case of primary intracranial melanoma associated with dermoid cyst is reported. The patient was a 40-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital on May 2, 1979 complaining of headache, double vision, left hemiparesis and Jacksonian seizure. On admission he had a slight degree of papilledema. Left abdominal reflex was absent. Lumbar puncture showed high pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid which was otherwise normal. Plain skull films showed a calcification in the pineal region. CT scan demonstrated multiple high density areas with slight enhancement after contrast medium infusion in the right fronto-parietal region and a well defined high density area associated with an irregular low density area without contrast enhancement in the right pulvinar and the atrium and temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle. However, no tumor stain was seen on angiograms. On May 8, 1979 partial removal of the tumor was performed. Areas of black discoloration were seen in the leptomeninges of the right fronto-parietal lobes. Histopathological examination of this tumor revealed primary intracranial melanoma. Postoperatively DTIC, ACNU and Vincristine were administered intravenously but the tumor showed only little sensitivity. He died 5 months after operation. Autopsy was performed on October 8, 1979. Malignant melanoma in the right fronto-parietal lobes was invading the cerebellar hemisphere and spinal cord, but any tumor was not found in any other parts of the body except for this central nervous system. The tumor in the right pulvinar extending to the atrium and temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle was a dermoid cyst with calcification histopathologically. A case of primary intracranial melanoma associated with dermoid cyst has not been reported in any other associated with dermoid cyst has not been reported in any other literature yet. PMID- 7099375 TI - [A case of radiation necrosis with vascular changes on main cerebral arteries (author's transl)]. AB - A 64-year-old woman had received radiotherapy, following surgery of a chromophobe pituitary adenoma. Six years after irradiation she began to complain of headache and dementia. Right vertebrogram demonstrated a right temporal mass lesion, stenosis and dilatation of middle cerebral artery and posterior, communicating artery in the field of irradiation. CT scan showed the irregular low density area at the right temporal region, and the irregular enhancement after an intravenous injection of contrast medium was seen at the small part of affected area. From these findings, radiation necrosis at the right temporal lobe was diagnosed. As vascular changes of the main cerebral arteries due to radiation are rare, we discussed on them from ever reported literature. PMID- 7099376 TI - [Treatment of brain tumors with anticancer pellet--experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. AB - Eighty three patients suffering from brain tumors have been treated by anticancer pellets containing 5-FU, urokinase, mitomycin and BUdR in dimethylsiloxan (Silastic) for three years. Constant and prolonged release of the chemicals from the anticancer pellet had already been proved in vitro. The amount of daily release were 1-3/1,000 of original volume. Tissue concentration of 5-FU was measured by bioassay system using staphylococcus 209 P strain with plate dilution method. In spite of the rapid disappearance of serum 5-FU, the local high accumulation of 5-FU was demonstrated in vivo. In rat neurogenic tumor, 1.104 microgram/g was detected on 60 days after the application of anticancer pellet containing 500 mg of 5-FU. The growth of tumor was also suppressed. The clinical study consists of 83 patients, 30 of glioblastoma, 19 of metastatic brain tumor, 13 of astrocytoma, 7 of oligodendroglioma, 4 of ependymoblastoma, 4 of malignant lymphoma and 6 of others. The median survival time of gliblastoma was prolonged to 71.5 weeks by the implantation of anticancer pellet from 40 weeks of control group. However, the median survival time of astrocytoma and metastatic brain tumor were 24 and 6 months, respectively, which have no significant difference from control groups. In the patients of metastatic brain tumor, the regrowth of metastatic foci in the brain was completely suppressed. However, most of them were succumbed from the original tumors. The concentration of 5-FU in several human tissue was measured in ten patients with different time intervals after the implantation of the anticancer pellet. Although they have different histologic patterns, the concentrations of 5-FU in human brain tumors were ranged from 0.05 to 0.67 microgram/g by 14 months after the implantation of the anticancer pellet. The adjacent cystic fluids also contain from 0.62 to 4.9 microgram/ml of 5-FU for two years. These results mean that they are keeping higher level of 5-FU than the tumoricidal level of 5-FU (0.056 microgram/g) for more than two years. On the other hand, no respective accumulation was demonstrated in other tissues. None of the patients showed any adverse reactions except a continuous slight fever up to 38 degrees C. PMID- 7099374 TI - [Spinal epidural hemangiolipoma - a case report (author's transl)]. AB - A 42-year-old male was admitted with a one year and two months history of hypesthesia below the epigastric region and gait disturbance. On examination, increased ATR and PTR were bilaterally noticed with sensory disturbance below about Th.5 dermatome level. No cutaneous manifestations were detected on his back. Plain x-ray films showed no spina bifida. Metrizamide myelography showed a space-occupying mass at the Th.5 level. At operation, an extradural tumor, severely adhesived to the dura matter, was totally removed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of fatty tissues, thin-walled vessel spaces and small vessels, diagnosed as spinal hemangiolipoma. Seventeen reported cases of spinal epidural hemangiolipoma were reviewed. Spinal epidural hemangiolipomas occur in the middle aged patients with high incidence and at the mid-thoracic level. There are two types of hemangiolipoma, namely non-infiltrating and infiltrating. In the latter case, a wide excision should be performed to include normal surrounding tissue. In women's cases, particularly during the pregnancy, the fluctuation of the symptoms occurs. The effectiveness of CT and myelography in diagnosing of spinal lipomas was discussed. PMID- 7099377 TI - [Total myelography with metrizamide through the lumbar route (author's transl)]. AB - Total myelography with metrizamide at a concentration of 270 mgI/ml was carried out via lumbar puncture in 170 consecutive patients. Good opacification and/or diagnostic value was obtained in the lumbar, thoracic and cervical region at 88.8%, 77.6% and 72.4% respectively. Unsatisfactory results were mostly due to the poor technique of physicians and x-ray technicians. Also it was inadequate to perform this study in some lesions, such as ruptured arterio-venous malformation and occification of posterior longitudinal ligament. Several cases with previous oil myelography showed poor results, because the remaining of Myodil disturbed a good spreading of the newly injected media. It was requested to evacuate oily contrast media prior to metrizamide myelography. One of the most important clues to a successful myleography was to make dilusion of contrast media as little as possible, and the use of high concentration of metrizamide (250-270 mgI/ml) seemed to be tolerated. It was also important to avoid excessive movement of the patient and the rapid transit of the contrast media to the level of interest. It was recommended to study the entire spinal subarachnoid space as a whole. In sixty-three patients out of 170, one or more abnormal myelographical findings were detected at unexpected level. Immediately after the examination the patients were encouraged to drink a large quantity of diuretic beverages such as tee, juice or coffee for the purpose of reducing side effects. As Potts and coworkers and Eldevik and associates reported, it was recognized that the overhydration could reduce the severe side effects after the metrizamide myelography. PMID- 7099378 TI - [Neuroradiological Evaluation of an experimentally implanted tumor into cerebral hemisphere of neonatal beagles (author's transl)]. AB - Twenty-five neonatal beagles were used for this study. Gliosarcoma was injected into the cerebral hemisphere of 7 neonatal beagles (Group I). These animals were then treated by boron neutron capture therapy. The response of the tumor to therapy was evaluated by serial CT scans and 3 times magnification of cerebral angiography. The animals were sacrificed at varying post-therapy periods for histological study. Fifteen neonatal beagles implanted gliosarcoma without therapy (Group II) and 3 normal controls without tumor (Group III) were subjected to the same follow-up studies. (Results) (1) Neonatal beagles with implanted tumor showed moderate degree of ventricular dilatation within a short period. The finding of communicating hydrocephalus was interpreted as initial growth of tumor. (2) Animals after therapy had variable cavitation in the hemisphere that had contained calcium deposit on CT. Moderate dilatation of the lateral ventricle was present without any significant midline shift and there was an area of porencephaly extending out from the right lateral ventricle on CT (Fig. 1, Case 2). Cerebral angiography demonstrated hydrocephalus with an avascular region in the right cerebral hemisphere, compatible with the previously described porencephalic cyst (Fig. 2, Case 2). (3) Three cases out of 7 showed neurological symptoms after tumor implantation (Cases 3, 5 and 6). Carotid angiography showed large temporal lobe tumor with some tumor stain and also some involvement of the right frontal lobe after therapy (Fig. 7, Case 3). In postmortem examination, there was tumor seen coating the right lateral ventricle as well as the left temporal horn. The right cerebral hemisphere was slightly smaller than the left. The left lateral ventricle was remarkably enlarged (Fig. 9). (4) Four out of 7 treated animals with injected gliosarcoma showed no evidence of tumor at postmortem examination. CT demonstrated moderate dilatation of the lateral ventricle without any significant midline shift, an area of porencephaly and definite decrease in size of the right cerebral hemisphere and calvarium (Fig. 4). (5) Fifteen neonatal beagles implanted gliosarcoma without therapy (Group II) developed symptomatic and died within two weeks. (6) Control animals showed no ventricular dilatation or other abnormalities. (7) Microscopic examinations showed no similarities between implanted gliosarcoma and human glioblastoma. (Conclusion) Serial CT scans and magnification cerebral angiography in this experimental model appear extremely helpful in following the effects of therapy and important tool for the evaluation of a tumor growth or regression. PMID- 7099379 TI - [Factors affecting prognosis of thalamic hemorrhage (author's transl)]. AB - The present study deals with the factors affecting the prognosis in the acute stage of 29 cases with hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage diagnosed by CT scan. It was thought that the following factors were significantly related to the outcome of the patients who were unable to lead daily life, remained in vegetative state or died. (1) Consciousness level was below 10 in the so-called 3-3-9 formula. (2) Bilateral Babinski's signs was observed. (3) Localization of the hematoma was all the thalamic nuclei type. (4) Hematoma volume was above 10 ml. (5) As for the size of hematoma, the maximum dimension of hematoma was over 30 or 35 mm, maximum width over 30 mm, maximum length over 25 mm and maximum height over 30 or 40 mm. (6) Ventricles were dilatated. It was seemed that the prognosis had no significant relationship with the age of the patients, the difference between left and right side of hematoma, with the presence or the absence of ventricular penetration of hematoma, and with the existence of midline shift. We thought that in the acute stage of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage of the prognosis could be forecasted by neurological findings, accurate calculation of the hematoma volume and size, localization of hematoma and presence or absence of ventricular dilatation by CT scan. PMID- 7099380 TI - [A case of craniocerebral gunshot injury associated with intracerebral hematoma in an infant (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099381 TI - [Traumatic aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (author's transl)]. AB - The incidence of traumatic intracranial aneurysms are rare. In review of literature, only six cases of traumatic aneurysms in posterior fossa are reported. The patient, 15-year-old girl, was admitted on Dec. 18th, 1979, presented with unconsciousness after a traffic accident. She was developed impaired consciousness and left hemiparesis with right hemotympanum and nasal bleeding. Skull film showed an occipital linear fracture and a laminal fracture of the atlas. CT scan demonstrated traumatic subarachnoid, intraventricular hemorrhage and pneumocephalus. After accident, she regained consciousness with conservative therapy, but she deteriorated on the 10th hospitalized day. On the 17th day, lumbar puncture and CT scan revealed recurrent subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The saccular aneurysm on the lateral medullary segment of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery was obtained by cerebral angiogram on the 35th day. The configuration and size of the aneurysm was easily demonstrated by CT scans and cerebral angigrams. On the 43rd day, the clipping of the common trunk of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery was employed. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she was discharged on the 97th day in good condition. This aneurysm was suggested to be induced by severe head injury with clinical ad operative findings. With the introduction of CT scan, CT scan is more available diagnostic modality than cerebral angiography in the follow up study with severe head injuries. And in the absence of pathological CT scan findings, suspicion of traumatic cerebrovascular impairments such as aneurysm should be paid. As the conservative management of traumatic intracranial aneurysms carries high mortality rate up to 30-50%, the prompt diagnosis and direct surgical intervention are recommended. PMID- 7099382 TI - [Giant cell tumor of the temporal bone--case report (author's transl)]. AB - The majority of giant cell tumors occurs in the long bones, especially around the knee, and only 1.4-1.8% of cases are found in the skull. In this communication, a case of giant cell tumor of the temporal bone is reported because of a rarity of the lesion in the skull. The 37-year-old housewife was admitted to our clinic complaining of swelling in right temporal region which had gradually developed over a two-month period. On examination, there was a swelling about 5cm in diameter beneath right temporal muscle; its surface was smooth and its consistency was hard. Tenderness was found in its center. Routine x-ray of the skull showed osteolytic lesion in right temporal bone with relatively clear margins. Computed tomography demonstrated heterogeneously high-density mass in right temporal bone and right middle fossa. The tumor located mainly within the temporal bone at the middle fossa, and intracranial epidural space at the convexity. After bolus injection of contrast material, the tumor of temporal bone and the peripheral portion of the intracranial tumor were enhanced markedly. Right external carotid angiograms disclosed tumor stain in capillary and venous phases. Abnormal RI uptake was disclosed by bone scintigrams with 99mTC-methylene diphosphonic acid. Her preoperative diagnosis was calvarial tumor with intracranial extension. A right fronto-temporal osteoplastic craniotomy was performed. The tumor located within the temporal bone and in epidural space which invaded temporal muscle and underlying dura. The tumor was elastic soft and vascular with central necrosis. The tumor was extirpated totally including surrounding temporal muscle and dura. Microscopic examination of the operative specimen revealed giant cell tumor of the skull. Therefore, she was treated with 60CO irradiation (3,000 rads) to the temporal region. In the 13 months since the completion of treatment, there has been no sign of recurrence nor metastasis. Giant cell tumor of the skull were reviewed with special references to diagnosis and treatment. Computed tomographic findings of this tumor were also discussed briefly. PMID- 7099383 TI - [Suprasellar arachnoid cyst--report of a case (author's transl)]. AB - A 4-year-old boy with suprasellar arachnoid cyst was reported. At the age of 30 month-old his aunt was aware of his squint. During the observation by ophthalmologists from the age of 1y. to 3y., enlargement of the head and impairment of the visual acuity were manifested. Cranial CT scan revealed the enlargement of the ventricular system and a round low density area located superior to the sella. Absorption coefficient of the lesion was similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid. No abnormal contrast enhancement was seen. Examination revealed the head circumference of 53.3 cm larger than doubled standard deviation, the right external strabismus, impaired vision (R:0.03, L:0.3) and optic atrophy but no other neurological signs. Cerebral angiography showed suprasellar mass lesion. After the ventriculography with water-soluble contrast medium, V-P shunt operation was performed and then the patient was transferred to the CT room. CSF enhanced CT scan showed no communication between the ventricles and the cyst. By frontotemporal approach, microsurgical removal of the cystwall was performed and the histological diagnosis was arachnoid membrane. Several days after the operation, bilateral subdural effusion was seen on CT scan and was treated with bilateral S-P shunt and the removal of V-P shunt. Follow up CT scan disclosed the disappearance of the subdural effusion and the suprasellar cyst. The visual acuity was improved well and the endocrinological study was normal. Analysis of the 45 reported cases of suprasellar arachnoid cyst suggested that direct removal of the cyst wall is better than the V-P shunt operation and the cyst shunting is advisable for repeat recurrence of the cyst. Removal of the ventricular shunting system may be effective for the prevention of the subdural effusion as a complication after direct operation. PMID- 7099384 TI - Effects of haloperidol on cell proliferation in the early postnatal rat brain. AB - Haloperidol, a widely used neuroleptic, produced a significant depression of the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of 11-day-old rat brain. The reduction of in-vivo DNA synthesis rate was detectable by 4 h after subcutaneous injection of a single dose of haloperidol (20 mg/kg) and through the period 10-24 h after drug treatment the rate was less than 50% of that of controls in the forebrain. [3H]Thymidine incorporation returned to control values by 32 h. The effect on the cerebellum was similar but less pronounced. The depression was dose dependent and a half-maximal effect was produced with haloperidol doses of 5-10 mg/kg. Parallel histological studies on treated rats suggested prolongation of the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle in the forebrain subependymal layer, associated with an increase in turnover time of about 15%. PMID- 7099385 TI - A quantitative study of vascular permeability to horseradish peroxidase, and the subsequent fate of the tracer, in rat brains after portocaval anastomosis. AB - Labelled blood vessel segments, exudation patches, and pericytic granular cells were counted in sections of rat brain which had been fixed and tested with DAB from 3 min to 24 h after intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In normal rats, 3 min after injection, only 1% of the total blood vessel segments had walls penetrated by HRP, but in rats 14 days after portocaval anastomosis (PCA) 44% of the total segments had labelled walls, a frequency of 3033 permeable segments/mm3 of brain. In normal rats no exudation patches were found, but after PCA there were seven patches/mm3 of brain. Maximum vascular wall labelling and maximum exudation occurred in the cerebellum and medulla of the operated rats. Hardly any pericytic cells were labelled 3 min after injection. In operated rats 2 h after injection of HRP, labelled vascular walls were fewer and exudation had disappeared, but 204 pericytic cells/mm3 of brain contained HRP-labelled granules, i.e. 60% of the total pericytes. Highest numbers were found in the most anterior section of the brain sample. Later after injection these numbers declined. It is suggested that most of the protein which leaked into the brain after PCA returned to the blood whence it came, but that some was captured and hydrolysed by the granular pericytes. PMID- 7099388 TI - Spontaneous "phasic-firing' in supraoptic neurons recorded from hypothalamo neurohypophysial explants in vitro. AB - Single unit, extracellular electrical activity of 97 hypothalamic supraoptic neurons was recorded with micropipettes from rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explants maintained acutely in vitro. Spontaneously firing as well as quiescent neurons were encountered in roughly in roughly equal numbers. Of the spontaneously active neurons, 36.3% fired in a phasic mode quantitatively similar to that of "vasopressin-secreting' neurons recorded in vivo under conditions of enhanced hormone release. A small portion (approximately 14%) of the recorded supraoptic neurons had spikes which showed constant latency and high frequency following responses to stimulation of the neural stalk, responses characteristic of antidromically stimulated neurons. The mean latency and the range of latencies to these responses were similar to that recorded in vivo. Hypothalamo neurohypophysial explants maintained in vitro thus provide a useful tool for investigating the electrical activity of supraoptic neurosecretory cells. Since the explant contains both the supraoptic neurons and their neurohypophysial projection path, this preparation offers an opportunity for characterizing further the relationship between electrical activity and hormone release. PMID- 7099386 TI - Factors which affect the fusion of allogeneic muscle precursor cells in vivo. AB - Skeletal muscle allografts in mice have been used to study the factors which promote the fusion in vivo of muscle precursor cells derived from different strains of mice. Tolerance of host mice to allogeneic donor tissues has been induced either by the injection of donor spleen cells into newborn recipients, or by the irradiation and reconstitution, with donor bone marrow cells, of the haemopoietic system of the thymectomized recipient. The isoenzymes of glucose-6 phosphate isomerase (GPI) have been used as markers to distinguish the contribution of host and donor tissues to these allografts. In 174 of 204 such grafts evidence of both host and donor tissues was found. In 57 grafts which yielded a "hybrid' isoenzyme of GPI, it was inferred that host and donor muscle cells had fused to form mosaic fibres. The following factors appear to influence the fusion of muscle precursor cells: a the presence within grafts of adequate numbers of precursor cells of both the host and the donor strains; b the particular strain-combinations used; c the immunological state of the host. PMID- 7099387 TI - Effects of ovarian hormones on norepinephrine and dopamine turnover in individual hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei. AB - There is evidence that brain noradrenergic systems participate in the feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion by ovarian hormones. The present study tested the hypothesis that administration of ovarian hormones in regimens that decrease LH release would also decrease the turnover of norepinephrine (NE), while ovarian hormone treatments that stimulate LH or PRL secretion would enhance the turnover NE in microdissected brain nuclei. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized rats reduced circulating LH and decreased the turnover of NE in the periventricular nucleus. Treatment with estradiol, followed by progesterone or estradiol 72 h later enhanced the turnover of NE and of dopamine (DA) in the median eminence, and this was accompanied by elevations of LH and/or PRL. The dual estrogen treatment also increased NE turnover in the arcuate nucleus. Estradiol alone elevated DA turnover in the caudate nucleus and in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and this was blocked by subsequent treatment with progesterone or estradiol. These findings indicate that activity in noradrenergic innervation to specific areas of the hypothalamus is altered by ovarian hormones. It is proposed that some of these changes may be involved in the feedback regulation of LH and PRL secretion by estradiol and progesterone. PMID- 7099389 TI - Effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on basal and stimulated release of prolactin: evidence for dopaminergic mediation. AB - The effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on basal and stimulated of prolactin were studied. Intraventricular (i.v.t.) injection of 2 microgram of alpha-MSH in ovariectomized (OVX) rats produced a 50% depression of plasma prolactin levels within 10 min, whereas 100 ng of alpha-MSH or saline had no effect. 2 microgram of alpha-MSH (i.v.t.) produced a more dramatic and sustained depression of prolactin levels if initial prolactin concentrations were elevated. This dose of alpha-MSH was also effective in lowering plasma prolactin levels in OVX rats, primed 72 h earlier with 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate (s.c.), although this depression was of lower relative magnitude than in the unprimed OVX animals. The intravenous injection of a dopamine receptor blocker, spiroperidol (0.1 mg/kg), prior to (i.v.t.) alpha-MSH blocked the inhibitory effect of alpha-MSH on prolactin release. In vitro, alpha-MSH in doses ranging from 0.5 to 5 microgram did not alter prolactin release from hemipituitaries of male or OVX female rates and from dispersed pituitary cells from female rats. These results suggest that alpha-MSH can modulate prolactin release possibly via the hypothalamic dopaminergic system, and that this modulation may be of greater significance during stress. PMID- 7099390 TI - Comparison of clinical result between microsurgical and direct visual intracranial aneurysm surgery. AB - A retrospective study of 119 operative procedures for intracranial aneurysm was performed to compare the clinical result with microsurgical technique vs. that with standard instruments and without magnification; the operative technique was the major variable. The study demonstrated more normal patients, less intraoperative aneurysm rupture, and a greater capacity to isolate the aneurysm definitively with microsurgical technique. Anatomically and pathologically more difficult aneurysms had an even greater percentage of good clinical results when treated microsurgically. Familiarity and experience with microsurgical technique was associated with better clinical results, whereas the results with direct vision remained static. PMID- 7099391 TI - Perioperative management of high risk patients with cardiopulmonary disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy or extracranial-intracranial bypass. AB - Among a large group of patients who underwent either carotid endarterectomy or extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass were 13 patients who had cardiopulmonary monitoring performed by a dye dilution technique either with or without a thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter. Each patient had at least two significant medical problems that were thought to place him or her at increased risk. The usefulness of this monitoring approach in the perioperative management of these patients is demonstrated by several clinical examples. No patient sustained myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or new neurological deficit during the perioperative period. Our experience suggests that high risk patients can safely undergo either carotid endarterectomy or EC-IC bypass provided that careful attention is paid to myocardial function and the state of hydration. PMID- 7099392 TI - Cortical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) kinetics in patients undergoing extracranial-intracranial bypass. AB - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) kinetics were measured in 76 cortical areas in 26 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) undergoing extracranial-intracranial bypass. Direct cortical stimulation was utilized to induce changes in surface fluorescence corresponding to a brief oxidation and reduction of mitochondrial NADH. Preoperative studies of cerebral blood flow in gray matter (CBF)g) demonstrated normal perfusion in 11 patients and ischemic changes ((CBF)g less than 43.5 ml/100 g/minute) in 15 patients. In 30 normally perfused areas within the craniotomy, the mean half-time for reduction (t1/2(red)) of cortical NAD was 21.5 +/- 2.6 seconds. In 39 ischemic areas, the mean t1/2(red) was 5.6 +/- 1.2 seconds. These rapid reduction rates were associated with supernormal overshoots of the base line indicative of a transient oxygen debt. Kinetic responses could not be elicited from 7 areas adjacent to foci of decreased attenuation on compound tomography. Bypass resulted in normalization of the t1/2(red) in 24 of 28 areas of ischemia. The dependence of NADH kinetics on blood flow through the graft was demonstrated in 15 of 19 areas of mild ischemia by the reapplication of a clip to the donor artery. It is concluded that persistent reversible abnormalities of cortical mitochondrial metabolism exit in a significant number of patients with a history of TIAs who are suitable candidates for bypass surgery. In such patients bypass may effectively augment the nutrient supply to meet the bioenergetic demands associated with increased electrophysiological activity. PMID- 7099394 TI - Alterations in neurological function in head-injured patients experiencing major episodes of sepsis. AB - More than 300 head injuries per year are evaluated by the neurotrauma team at the Maryland Institute of Emergency Medicine. Although most of the injuries follow motor vehicle accidents, a significant number also follow industrial accidents or acts of personal violence. Approximately 25% of patients with serious head injuries have associated episodes of sepsis--commonly because of other bodily injuries. We have identified a syndrome characterized by encephalopathy and/or accentuation of focal neurological dysfunction in head injury patients that presents during episodes of sepsis and that occurs in the absence of meningitis. Aggressive fever management alone does not reverse the encephalopathy. Neurodiagnostic studies reveal no focal changes. The intracranial pressure often remains normal or unchanged, and no improvement is evident after the empirical administration of standard doses f steroid or osmotic agents. The patient's neurological condition returns to base line once the sepsis has been eradicated. Ongoing investigations suggest an immunological basis for this abnormality. PMID- 7099393 TI - Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage caused by brain tumor: its incidence and clinical significance. AB - Hemorrhage from brain tumor was confirmed clinically, surgically, or on autopsy in 94 of 1861 cases (5.1%) treated during the past 18 years: 49 of 311 pituitary adenomas (15.8%) and 45 of 1550 other brain tumors (2.9%). The higher incidence of hemorrhage from pituitary adenoma was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). In brain tumors other than pituitary adenoma, the incidence of hemorrhage was significantly higher in the patients under 14 years old (17 of the 322 cases, 5.3%) than in the patients over 15 years old (28 of the 1228 cases; 2.3%) (p less than 0.001). Nineteen patients showed no evidence of clinical symptoms related to bleeding. Twenty-six patients had a definite history of an acute episode that suggested sudden bleeding. In 11 of these, the apoplectic syndrome was the initial presenting symptoms. The incidence of hemorrhage was not statistically correlated with sex. The hemorrhage was intratumoral in 30 cases, intracerebral in 7, subarachnoid in 7, and subdural in 1. The tumors were supratentorial in 36 cases, pineal in 1, and infratentorial in 8. Primary and metastatic choriocarcinoma and primary embryonal carcinoma seemed to cause hemorrhage most frequently. The following precipitating factors were found in 7 of the 17 patients aged under 14: ventricular drainage in 2, ventriculoperitoneal shunt in 2, carotid angiography in 1, head injury in 1, and leukemia in 1. Seven of the 17 patients under 14 years old died of massive bleeding from the tumor. Unless there is evidence of vascular disease such as cerebral aneurysm, vascular malformation, or hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, intracranial hemorrhage should be suspected of being due to a brain tumor. PMID- 7099395 TI - Hemangiopericytomas of the spine. AB - Four cases of hemangiopericytoma of the spine are reported. These are rare tumors that arise from the pericytes. Due to their invasive nature and marked vascularity, and detailed radiological work-up including computed tomography and spinal angiography should be obtained before a direct surgical attack is performed. Embolization of the tumor may also be quite helpful before surgical excision and has allowed a gross total removal of the tumor in two of the cases. PMID- 7099397 TI - Delayed epidural hematoma demonstrated by computed tomography: case report. AB - A case of delayed visualization of an acute parietal epidural hematoma by computed tomography (CT) in a child is presented. The initial CT 21/2 hours after injury was negative. After neurological deterioration, a repeat CT scan 8 hours postinjury demonstrated a parietal epidural hematoma and a small cerebellar hematoma. The case demonstrates the need for a high level of vigilance in head trauma patients even in the face of an initially negative CT scan. PMID- 7099396 TI - Lumbar monoradiculopathy due to unilateral facet hypertrophy. AB - Twenty-two patients presented during the last 3 years with unilateral symptoms and signs of a lumbar monoradiculopathy indistinguishable from those of a disc herniation. All had compression of the nerve root posteriorly by a hypertrophic facet without anterior compression from the disc. None of the patients had spinal claudication. Preoperative evaluation with computed tomographic (CT) scanning was disappointing as the pathology was correctly defined in only 1 of 10 patients. Lumbar myelography was helpful, but did not always localize the lesion. The decision to operate was based primarily on the clinical grounds of persistent or progressive radiculopathy. The operative techniques used were two-level hemilaminectomy in 7 patients, single level laminectomy in 4, and multilevel laminectomy in 11. Surgical exploration revealed that the site of compression ranged from the medial canal to the lateral recess. The root was compressed by inferior facets 8 times and by superior facets 14 times. Back pain was relieved in 12 of 15 patients, and leg pain was relieved in 19 of 21. Neurological deficit was relieved in 19 and improved in 3. It is concluded that standard CT and myelographic techniques may not anatomically define the point of radicular compression. Intraoperatively the root must be explored from its dural origin to a point beyond the pedicle to ensure adequate decompression. Most, but not all patients with hypertrophic radicular compression will improve after surgical decompression. PMID- 7099398 TI - Oculomotor nerve anastomosis. AB - We report a patient who underwent anastomosis of the left oculomotor nerve, which had been inadvertently and bluntly severed during the resection of a left parasellar chromophobe pituitary adenoma. Neural regeneration was confirmed by the reappearance of voluntary adduction of the eyeball, clinical signs of aberrant regeneration, and the appearance of an action potential on electromyography of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle 1 year after end-to end anastomosis of the nerve. PMID- 7099399 TI - Persistent cervical intersegmental artery as a cause of recurrence of a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: case report, with emphasis on Doppler ultrasound diagnosis. AB - In a 16-year-old boy, minor symptoms of an arteriovenous shunt into the cavernous sinus recurred 3 months after the performance of a trapping operation of the internal carotid artery on the side of a traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. An arterial and venous cerebrovascular Doppler examination demonstrated increased blood flow in the periorbital veins of both sides, with a pathological flow direction, i.e., from intra- to extracranial. Furthermore, an internal-like artery was found at the level of the carotid bifurcation on the side of the trapped internal carotid artery, and increased blood flow was registered in the homolateral vertebral artery. Angiography confirmed occlusion of the internal carotid artery 0.5 cm distal to the carotid bifurcation, but showed blood flow from the homolateral vertebral artery through a persistent 3rd cervical intersegmental artery into the trapped portion of the internal carotid artery. The latter fed blood into the cavernous sinus through the still-existing arteriovenous fistula. Insufficient involution of the 3rd cervical intersegmental artery was assumed. Obviously, this collateral artery dilated in the presence of a major blood pressure gradient between the vertebral artery and the trapped segment of the internal carotid artery. Thus, a persistent cervical intersegmental artery can be a cause for a recurrent carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. PMID- 7099400 TI - Cystic glioma of the brain stem with prolonged survival. AB - An unusual case of benign stem glioma with a 15-year survival is presented. In spite of 12 years of clinical quiescence, a focus of the tumor in the upper brain stem was found at necropsy. Morphologically, the tumor was a cystic pilocytic astrocytoma. The few previously reported similar cases in the same location were also associated with a favorable prognosis. It is suggested that, in analogy to the cystic cerebellar and cerebral astrocytomas, there is a group of cystic pilocytic astrocytomas of the brain stem with benign biological behavior. PMID- 7099401 TI - Acute cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax: a delayed complication of subdural-pleural shunting. AB - A 31/2-year-old child with a bilateral chronic subdural hematoma due to battering suffered a recurrence on one side. She was treated successfully with a subdural pleural shunt. Two months later, she returned with severe respiratory embarrassment due to what we think was a cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax. The maintenance of her earlier neurological recovery was confirmed, and her hydrothorax was cured by removing the shunt. No hydrocephalus ensued. PMID- 7099402 TI - Computed tomography in Pott's disease. PMID- 7099403 TI - Prophylaxis of thromboembolism in the neurosurgical patient: a review. AB - The incidence of postoperative thromboembolic complications in neurosurgical patients is 29 to 43%. However, anticoagulant treatment of these complications increases the inherent risk of hemorrhage into the operative site. We have reviewed the literature on the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; the incidence of thromboembolic complications, the mechanism of deep venous thrombosis, risk factors, and methods of prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis are discussed in relation to possible prophylactic treatment of neurosurgical patients. We conclude from our review that low dose heparin therapy is indicated for patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures, especially for patients over the age of 40 and for patients under the age of 40 who are known to be at risk of developing thromboembolic complications. PMID- 7099404 TI - Timing of aneurysm surgery. PMID- 7099405 TI - Perspectives in international neurosurgery: Neurosurgery in India. PMID- 7099406 TI - Transcallosal, interfornicial approaches for lesions affecting the third ventricle: surgical considerations and consequences. AB - A group of 11 patients with a variety of lesions affecting the 3rd ventricle have been treated using a direct transcallosal interfornicial approach to the region. In 3 patients, no attendant hydrocephalus was present. In an effort to minimize potential cortical injury related to the approach, we studied the venous anatomy in the region of the coronal suture. Based on this study, appropriate flap placement and interhemispheric entry points were defined. Although no lasting, clinically apparent morbidity was observed in any of the 11 cases, we performed more sophisticated studies of the interhemispheric transfer of somesthetic and perceptual motor tasks, as well as psychometric testing related to parameters of intelligence and memory, 3 to 8 months postoperatively in 6 cases. The results and clinical material indicate that this surgical technique is a safe, feasible alternative in the management of a wide spectrum of pathological lesions within this region. A transcallosal, interfornicial approach offers excellent visualization of the entire 3rd ventricle without the dependence on hydrocephalus or an extensive extra-axial mass to enhance the exposure. With proper planning and technique, it may be accomplished with a minimum of physiological consequence. PMID- 7099407 TI - Large dose thiopental anesthesia for intracranial aneurysm surgery. AB - Twenty patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping were anesthetized with doses of thiopental sufficient to produce electroencephalographic burst suppression, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and morphine sulfate. Diuresis was induced with a combination of furosemide and mannitol. The cardiovascular effects of this anesthetic technique were studied. The central venous, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery wedge, and systemic arterial blood pressures and the cardiac output were determined. The cardiac index and the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated. The systemic blood pressure remained unchanged throughout the procedure except during the period of induced hypotension. The cardiac index decreased on the average from 3.3 during the control period to 2.15 litres/minute/m2 after the induction of anesthesia and diuresis (P less than 0.05). During sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension, there was a further decrease in the cardiac index to 1.81 litres/minute/m2 (P less than 0.05). Changes in the cardiac index were associated with a significant decrease in the central venous and pulmonary artery wedge pressures from 2.5 to 0.1 and 5.9 to 0.2 torr, respectively) and an increased systemic vascular resistance. Cardiovascular performance recovered quickly after termination of the induced hypotension and remained stable in the postoperative period. This anesthetic technique seems to be useful in the surgical repair of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 7099408 TI - Ischemic complications after combined internal carotid artery occlusion and extracranial-intracranial anastomosis. AB - Seven of 120 aneurysm patients admitted to the Henry Ford Hospital from October 1978 to August 1981 had giant internal carotid artery aneurysms that were treated by a combined internal carotid artery occlusion and extracranial-intracranial anastomosis. Three of these patients developed postoperative ischemic complications during the progressive closure of the carotid artery. These complications included the transient onset of syncope, hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, and dysphasia. These complications resolved after the clamp was reopened and/or intravenous heparin was given. The possible mechanisms involved in the development of ischemia included the development of emboli at the occlusion site or inadequate flow originating from the area of the anastomosis. Prolonged occlusion of the vessel over a 7- to 10-day course with concurrent administration of intravenous heparin is recommended. PMID- 7099409 TI - Retromastoid approach for biopsy of brain stem tumors. PMID- 7099410 TI - Pediatric cerebellar infarction: case report and review of the literature. AB - Infarction in the vertebrobasilar system is uncommon in children. Cerebellar infarction presenting as a posterior fossa mass lesion is distinctly rare. We recently treated a 13-year-old boy with such a lesion as a complication of basilar artery migraine. A review of the literature on vertebrobasilar infarction in children is presented and the therapeutic alternatives in cerebellar infarction are discussed. PMID- 7099411 TI - Rupture of a previously unruptured giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. AB - The fatal rupture of a previously unruptured giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm occurred 13 days after an extracranial-intracranial bypass had been carried out, before definitive aneurysm surgery. Alterations in blood flow adjacent to the aneurysm after the bypass may have led to the fatal hemorrhage. After a preliminary extracranial-intracranial bypass procedure, there should be no undue delay in the direct attack on a giant aneurysm, regardless of its mode of presentation. PMID- 7099412 TI - Intractable facial pain associated with a ganglioglioma of the cervicomedullary junction: report of a case. AB - A 6-year-old child with a brain stem tumor presented with the unusual complaint of intractable facial pain resembling trigeminal neuralgia in the absence of other symptoms or signs referable to the 5th cranial nerve. The radiological evaluation included a computed tomographic scan with intravenous contrast administration, which demonstrated an enhancing intramedullary lesion extending from the obex to C-4. After radiation and chemotherapy had failed to achieve symptomatic relief, the tumor, later proven to be a ganglioglioma, was radically removed with the ultrasonic aspirator. Postoperatively the patient experienced full pain relief. PMID- 7099413 TI - Hypoglossal neurilemmoma: case report and review of the literature. AB - The case of a patient harboring a rare intracranial hypoglossal nerve sheath tumor is presented, and the literature concerning this lesion, especially with relation to age and sex patterns and the initial and presenting symptoms and signs, is reviewed. The importance of a thorough radiological examination with detailed vertebral angiography and contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans of the hypoglossal canal is discussed. Based on our experience with this patient, we recommend total excision of this lesion. PMID- 7099414 TI - Spinal subdural metastatic adenocarcinoma: case report and literature review. AB - Metastatic spinal cancer is common and usually involves the bony spine or the epidural space. We are reporting a case of breast carcinoma metastatic to the spinal subdural space, and we review the literature concerning this unusual metastatic site. Unlikely metastatic locations should be suspected whenever myelography in cancer patients with spinal cord signs is confusing. PMID- 7099416 TI - Transthoracic approach to an intramedullary vascular malformation of the thoracic spinal cord. AB - A transthoracic approach with resection of a vertebral body was used to obtain access to an intramedullary vascular malformation of the thoracic spinal cord. The malformation consisted of three discrete intramedullary tufts of vessels fed by an abnormal branch of the anterior spinal artery arising from the T-9 intercostal artery. Although the abnormal branch of the anterior spinal artery did not appear to supply normal cord, the patient developed transient weakness postoperatively after occlusion of this artery. Follow-up angiography showed that one part of the malformation was still present and was fed by the T-y intercostal artery. PMID- 7099417 TI - Decerebrate rigidity in humans. AB - Decerebrate rigidity (DR) in humans results from a midbrain lesion and is manifested by an exaggerated extensor posture of all extremities. It is characterized by shortening and lengthening reactions and can be modified by tonic neck, labyrinthine (Magnus-de Kleijn), and phasic spinal reflexes. These criteria, and not extensor posture alone, reflect the observations of Sherrington and should form the basis of the clinical examination; however, the experimental anatomical lesion and physiological findings can never be reproduced exactly in humans. "Tonic and cerebellar fits" are not the equivalent of DR, but are forms of muscle spasm that result in an extensor attitude. They are caused by irritation and excitation of the brain stem. The most common cause of DR in humans is trauma. The incidence of DR in head-injured patients may be as high as 40%, resulting in an average mortality rate of 80%; the presence of an extensor posture increases the mortality from 20 to 70%. The surgical removal of an intracranial lesion does not improve the high mortality rate in patients with craniocerebral trauma who are decerebrate. Although the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) does not consider the specific type of central nervous system abnormality caused by trauma, it is an accurate and accepted assessment of outcome after coma lasting longer than 6 hours. DR is a factor in the best motor response of the GCS and should be assigned major importance in the prognosis of comatose head-injured patients. PMID- 7099418 TI - Perspectives in international neurosurgery: neurosurgery in the German Democratic Republic. PMID- 7099415 TI - Ruptured anterior spinal artery aneurysm: repair via a posterior approach. AB - A case of aneurysm at the junction of the vertebrospinal and anterior spinal arteries at the level of C-1 is presented. There was severe intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage with subsequent right hemiplegia and 6th nerve palsies. Angiograms showed an anomalous arrangement of the arteries, but no arteriovenous malformation was seen. The lesion was repaired via a posterior approach. Anatomical and technical considerations of this approach are discussed. A review of the pertinent literature is presented. PMID- 7099420 TI - Neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken auditory system with observations on nucleus laminaris: a light and electron microscope study. AB - This report presents the major structural features of neurons and their afferent input in nucleus magnocellularis, the avian homologue of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Results of light-microscope observations, as seen in Golgi, Nissl, and normal fiber preparations, as well as ultrastructural morphology are reported. In addition, cells and axons in nucleus laminaris, the presumed homologue of the mammalian medial superior olivary nucleus, are also described. In Golgi-impregnated material, the mature principal cell in nucleus magnocellularis has an ovoid soma encrusted with somatic spines. A dendrite, when present, emerges from the cell soma, travels for a short distance and breaks into a tuft of stubby terminal branches. Foremost among the afferents to nucleus magnocellularis are auditory nerve axons that terminate in large, axosomatic endings, or end-bulbs, covering a large portion of the somatic surface. Other afferents, which also end in relation to the perikaryon, are of undetermined and perhaps multiple origins. The neurons resemble the bushy cells of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Evidence is presented that individual axons from the nucleus magnocellularis bifurcate and send branches to the nucleus laminaris bilaterally, thus placing constraints on the binaural interactions possibly involved in lateralization functions. In electron micrographs, the end-bulbs appear as large, elongate structures which can cover a third of the cell soma. Multiple sites of synaptic specialization occur along these terminals. The synaptic membrane complexes may form directly on the cell body or on the sides or crests of somatic spines. These complexes are characterized by asymmetric membrane densities with a cluster of clear, spherical vesicles on the axonal side. Other small terminal profiles are also present on the somata receiving the end-bulbs. Dendritic profiles are scarce, in agreement with observations in Golgi impregnations. The structural findings indicate that the medial part of the nucleus magnocellularis is homologous to the anterior part of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus in that the neurons of nucleus magnocellularis are homologous to the bushy cells of the cat. On this basis, the cells in nucleus magnocellularis could faithfully preserve the acoustic response patterns generated in the auditory nerve. This should, in turn, allow a secure relay of bilateral latency differences essential for binaural interactions in the nucleus laminaris. PMID- 7099419 TI - Effects of x-irradiation on axonal sprouting induced by botulinum toxin. AB - The effect of X-irradiation on axonal sprouting of motor nerves induced by botulinum toxin was examined. Muscles of one leg in the mouse were X-irradiated (15 Gy) prior to the injection of a locally paralysing dose of botulinum toxin. It was found that axonal sprouting occurred as expected, but the sprouts remained unmyelinated and many degenerated. Fewer new end-plates were formed, muscles remained more severely atrophied and supersensitive to acetylcholine and recovery of neuromuscular transmission was greatly delayed when compared with the effects of botulinum toxin alone. The experiments show that X-irradiation did not prevent sprouting but, probably by impairing Schwann cell proliferation, altered axon Schwann cell relationships and prevented the maturation of newly-formed axons and the differentiation of new end-plates. PMID- 7099421 TI - Sequential alterations of neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the developing chicken: a Golgi study. AB - Nucleus magnocellularis in the chicken consists predominantly of a population of medium-sized cells which receive large, axosomatic endings from the auditory nerve. The morphological development of these cells and their auditory input were studied with the Golgi methods. At 7 1/2-9 days of incubation (embryonic days 7 1/2-9, staged according to the Hamburger-Hamilton series), cells in nucleus magnocellularis have several long, branched dendrites, which often end in bulbous swellings. By embryonic day 10, efferent axons have already grown out from the cells and characteristic terminal plexuses of these axons are seen in nucleus laminaris bilaterally. The dendrites of cells in nucleus magnocellularis have been replaced by a multitude of long somatic processes, giving the cell body a shaggy appearance. This arrangement is maintained up to embryonic day 15, when a remarkable second transformation occurs. The cells lose their somatic processes and present bald, round profiles. Around embryonic days 17-18 a primitive-looking process with a tip like a growth cone emerges from the cell body and somatic spines are evident. By days 19-20, one or two thin, frail dendritic processes can be seen. Correlated with this dramatic series of changes in the cells is a fixed sequence of transformations of the incoming axons. Around embryonic day 10, primary sensory axons in nucleus magnocellularis end in swellings resembling growth cones. Between days 11 and 13, following the explosive growth of somatic processes there is a corresponding expansion and ramification of the auditory nerve endings. On embryonic day 14, there is a condensation of the terminal axon branches, which now form a compact, highly branched plexus. Between days 16 and 17, the plexus coalesces into a calycine structure, now approaching its final form, the end-bulb of Held, which is achieved by embryonic days 19-20. The transformation of the plexus to the calycine form occurs around the same that the cell loses its somatic processes. The parallel sequence in the morphogenetic stages of the assembly of the end-bulbs and their target cells evinces a correlation, if not a causal relationship between the sensory axons and the developing neurons. The arrangement of the somatic processes and axonal branches during the early, multipolar stage would provide an opportunity for optimum interactions between the synaptogenetic processes of the afferent axons and the target cells. The later morphological transformations could orchestrate the specific, cell-to-cell interactions which accompany, or even depend on the activity of the definitive end-bulb synapse. PMID- 7099422 TI - Sequential alterations of neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the developing chicken: an electron microscope study. AB - The development of the auditory nerve endings and their target cells in nucleus magnocellularis was studied by electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed brains from embryonic day 12 to hatching. Embryonic days 12-13: somatic processes extend from the perikaryon. The cytoplasm of the soma and processes contains free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and an eccentric, heterochromatic nucleus. Small profiles of auditory nerve fibers containing round, clear vesicles make specialized contacts, including some synapses, on distal somatic processes but rarely on proximal somatic processes or on the soma. The postsynaptic zones contain a flocculent matrix. Days 15-17: somatic processes disappear and occasional attachment plaques are seen between cell bodies. The nucleus appears euchromatic. Cytoplasmic organelles form a dense matrix indicative of intense metabolic activity. Somatic spines are evident. The afferent axons form large, vesiculated profiles located, increasingly, on the cell body and somatic spines, with many points of synaptic contact. Opposite each ending a band of amorphous, flocculent material fills the postsynaptic cytoplasm. Embryonic day 18-hatching: the somatic cytoplasm becomes less dense; stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum start to condense. Afferent axon terminals mature, especially the synaptic membrane complex and associated densities. The postsynaptic flocculent material diminishes in extent until it is found associated only with somatic spines. The ultrastructural observations on the maturation of nucleus magnocellularis closely corroborate and extend previous results with the Golgi methods. Developing auditory nerve fibers initially synapse on the distal parts of the somatic processes of the immature cells. As the somatic processes disappear or retract, axonal endings move to the soma and develop into large axosomatic end-bulbs. Possibly, the somatic processes as they retract drag the auditory nerve endings to the cell body. The findings also suggest a role of the transiently appearing, flocculent material of the postsynaptic regions in the formation of synapses. PMID- 7099423 TI - Photometric assessment of glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of dopamine in the caudate nucleus. AB - New procedure for quantitative photometric assessment of glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of dopamine in the caudate nucleus are presented. A recently published cryostat method was used to process a series of 24 micrometer sections taken from the caudate nucleus of each animal. Fluorescent light contained within a circular field (0.8 mm diameter) was measured photometrically. Several defined positions within the caudate nucleus on each tissue section were selected for measurement. Thus, a grid of measurements taken throughout the caudate nucleus provided a three-dimensional description of fluorescence intensity within this structure on both sides of the brain. Several experiments were performed to evaluate both the reliability and validity of these procedures as an index of the relative regional content of dopamine within the caudate: (1) the relative distribution of fluorescence intensity within the mouse striatum was in good agreement with previously reported distributions based on biochemical determination of regional dopamine levels within the rodent brain; (2) pharmacological manipulation of dopamine levels with gamma-butyrolactone and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine combined with amphetamine produced predictable changes in the fluorescence intensity measurements of mouse caudate relative to untreated controls; (3) in rats pre-treated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, unilateral electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra caused overall differences in fluorescence intensity between the caudate nucleus on each side of the brain, which were a function of both the duration of stimulation and the stimulating pulse frequency; (4) local injections of 6-hydroxydopamine unilaterally into the ventral tegmentum of animals pretreated with desmethylimipramine caused significant reductions in the intensity of fluorescence recorded from the ipsilateral striatum. It is concluded that the photometric procedures presented in this report constitute a significant improvement in the description of regional variations in the intensity of dopamine-related fluorescence in the caudate nucleus. PMID- 7099424 TI - Role of the brain and accessory olfactory system in the block to pregnancy in mice. AB - Selective lesions have been made to the receptors in the main and accessory olfactory systems. In the absence of the accessory receptors, female mice are not able to show a neuroendocrine response to male pheromones but are able to detect male odours which induce the response. In the absence of main olfactory receptors, such discrimination of male odours is not possible, but the neuroendocrine response resulting in a block to pregnancy is maintained. These experiments suggest that cognitive aspects of olfaction are not essential for pregnancy block to occur and that in mice the dual olfactory systems are functional as well as anatomically distinct. Moreover, strain recognition can occur at the level of the accessory olfactory system without the female being able to display a behavioural awareness of this 'recognition'. PMID- 7099425 TI - Regional organization of astrocytic membranes in cerebellar cortex. AB - The internal organization of plasmalemmal membrane, as revealed by freeze fracture techniques, varies dramatically and predictably over the surface of astrocytes in mouse cerebellar cortex. Assemblies of uniform, small intramembrane particles packed in orthogonal order into square or rectangular aggregates are specialized distribution of intramembrane particles which, in the cerebellar cortex, are found only in astrocytes. The concentration of assemblies is greatest in astrocytic membrane juxtaposed to vascular structures or facing the cerebrospinal fluid at the glial limitans. Many fewer are present in regions of astrocytic membrane apposed to neural structures and virtually none are present on the astrocyte cell body. Corresponding structures have not yet been found in thin-sectioned preparations. While the distribution of assemblies in membranes facing blood and cerebrospinal fluid compartments suggests that they may have a role in transport of some material into or out of those compartments, their function is unknown. A second, distinct specialization of intramembrane structure appears to represent a junction between apposed astrocytic processes. We have provisionally described this as a 'polygonal particle junction', since it appears as large, irregular particles densely packed without obvious order in co extensive regions of two astrocytic membranes. This junction is regularly present just below the cerebellar surface in the processes of the glial limitans as well as between large, more proximal radial Bergmann fibers, and also occurs occasionally throughout the molecular layer. With tannic acid mordant after aldehyde-osmium fixation or rapid freezing and freeze-substitution, it is possible to demonstrate subtle electron-dense specializations of the astrocytic membranes and extracellular matrix in thin-sections which correspond to the sites of polygonal particle junctions. The function of this astrocytic specialization is also unknown. Cerebellar astrocytes manifest numerous gap junctions as well, whose structure in freeze-fractured and thin-sectioned preparations is quite distinct from that of assemblies or of polygonal particle junctions. PMID- 7099426 TI - Cortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens in the cat, studied with anterograde and retrograde transport techniques. AB - The cortical afferentation of the nucleus accumbens in the cat was studied with the aid of retrograde tracing techniques. Retrograde experiments were carried out with horseradish peroxidase or one of the fluorescent tracers Bisbenzimid, Nuclear Yellow and Fast Blue. In the anterograde experiments [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine were used as tracers. Following injections in the nucleus accumbens, retrogradely-labelled cells were found in the medial frontal cortex, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the posterior part of the insular cortex, the endopiriform nucleus, the amygdalo-hippocampal area, the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the subiculum of the hippocampal formation. In the medial frontal cortex most of the labelled cells were found in layers III and V of the prelimbic area (area 32 of Brodmann), but retrogradely-filled neurons were also present in the infralimbic area and in the caudoventral part of the lateral bank of the proreal gyrus. Retrogradely-labelled cells in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices were located in the deep cellular layers. Following large injections in the nucleus accumbens, retrograde labelling in the subiculum extended from the most dorsal, septal pole to the most ventral, temporal pole. Injections of anterograde tracers were placed in the frontal cortex, the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the hippocampal formation. The prelimbic area was found to project via the internal capsule to mainly the rostral half of the nucleus accumbens, whereas in the caudal half of the nucleus only a lateral region receives frontal cortical fibres. Following injections in the infralimbic area only fibres passing through the nucleus accumbens were labelled. Afferents from the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices reach the nucleus accumbens by way of the external capsule and terminate mainly in a ventral zone of the nucleus accumbens. Afferents from the entorhinal area are distributed to the entire accumbens, whereas the termination field of the perirhinal afferents is largely restricted to the lateral part of the nucleus accumbens. Both the frontal cortex and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices appear to project also to the nucleus caudatus and the tuberculum olfactorium. These cortical areas also project to the contralateral striatum. Both anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments demonstrated a topographical relationship between the subiculum and the nucleus accumbens. The ventral pole of the subiculum projects via the fornix to the medial part of the caudal half of the nucleus accumbens and to a small dorsomedial area in its rostral half. Successively more dorsal portions in the subiculum project to successively more ventrolateral parts in the rostral nucleus accumbens. The projection from the hippocampus was found to extend also to the tuberculum olfactorium. The results of the present study do not provide unambiguous criteria for the delimitation of the nucleus accumbens in the cat. PMID- 7099427 TI - [Treatment of obstructive non-neoplastic pathology of the common bile duct with papillosphincteroplasty. Our experience]. PMID- 7099428 TI - [Cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid junction. Results and criteria of choice of surgical treatment (analysis of 563 cases)]. PMID- 7099429 TI - [The role of internal lateral sphincterotomy in proctology]. PMID- 7099430 TI - [Microsurgery in the treatment of varicocele. Anastomosis of the venous plexus and the internal saphenous vein]. PMID- 7099431 TI - [Aneurysms of the popliteal artery]. PMID- 7099432 TI - [Morphological and functional changes of the colon after massive resection of the small intestine in the rat]. PMID- 7099434 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the left hemidiaphragm associated with intrapericardial hernia]. PMID- 7099433 TI - [Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical patients]. PMID- 7099435 TI - [Cystic dilatation of the common bile duct]. PMID- 7099436 TI - [Clinical aspects of arterial aneurysms]. PMID- 7099439 TI - [Anal carcinoma. Proposals for a therapeutic protocol]. PMID- 7099438 TI - [Closed injuries of the thorax. Post-traumatic pulmonary hematoma]. PMID- 7099440 TI - [Surgery of rectal cancer in the advanced stages]. PMID- 7099437 TI - [Pancoast tumor. Preoperative radiotherapy and radical resection]. PMID- 7099441 TI - [Clinico-statistical study of 274 cases of surgically treated thyroid cancer]. PMID- 7099442 TI - [Bladder tumors]. PMID- 7099443 TI - [Technic and results of radiological examination of the surface of the stomach. Radio-endoscopic comparison in 214 cases]. PMID- 7099444 TI - [Radiological and endoscopic comparison in pathology of the upper digestive tract]. PMID- 7099445 TI - [Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Considerations on methodological strategy]. PMID- 7099446 TI - [Pathogenetic relations between distal renal tubular acidosis and sodium metabolism in hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 7099447 TI - [Treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux and hiatal hernia with Angelchik's prosthesis. Preliminary note]. PMID- 7099448 TI - [Effects of administration of arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate in liver pathology of various origins. Results of a multicenter study]. PMID- 7099449 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of loperamide in the treatment of acute diarrheas]. PMID- 7099453 TI - The 24-hour intra-esophageal pH Monitoring Test in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 7099451 TI - [Rendu-Osler-Weber disease with exclusive gastrointestinal localization. Description of a case diagnosed solely with endoscopy]. PMID- 7099450 TI - [Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis in minor anorectal surgery with loperamide]. PMID- 7099452 TI - The value of electroencephalography and ocular pneumoplethysmography in carotid shunting. AB - To investigate whether it is possible to detect in a non-invasive way those patients who undergo carotid surgery under general anesthesia and do not tolerate carotid clamping without EEG changes, preoperative EEG and OPG carotid compression tests were compared with the results of intraoperative carotid clamping and EEG control. Eleven of 126 patients (8.7%) who were studied had EEG changes after carotid clamping. They also had preoperatively either EEG changes or a Collateral Ophthalmic Artery Pressure, as measured with OPG compression tests, lower than 30 mm Hg, or both criteria. However, preoperative positive criteria for EEG and OPG were also seen in patients who had no EEG changes during intraoperative carotid clamping. Therefore these non-invasive tests can select those patients who will need a shunt (sensitivity 100%), but according to those methods too many patients will be shunted (specificity 76%). PMID- 7099454 TI - Saphenous vein arteriovenous fistulas in haemodialysis patients. PMID- 7099456 TI - Hemorrhoids: injection, ligation or operation. PMID- 7099455 TI - Spontaneous rupture of Glisson's capsule during pregnancy. An acute surgical emergency. PMID- 7099457 TI - Salmonella colitis clinically presenting as a pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 7099458 TI - Obturator hernia as a cause of small bowel obstruction. PMID- 7099459 TI - [Current interpretation of aphasia and medico-social problems of recovery and rehabilitation of the aphasic patient]. AB - The Authors review the present theories about cortical areas of language and describe the different aphasic syndromes. At last they confront the rehabilitation problem of aphasic patient and his reinstatement in the social and family life. PMID- 7099460 TI - [The differences between the National Health Service and Servizio Sanitario Nazionale]. PMID- 7099461 TI - [Acupuncture in the treatment of innervation strabismus]. PMID- 7099462 TI - [Treatment of amenorrhea with acupuncture]. PMID- 7099463 TI - [Aerospace use of nuclear energy and current biological problems of environmental contamination]. AB - An examination of the danger to man which could result from accidents caused by the use of nuclear energy for space purposes leads to the presentation of parameters establishing levels of environmental contamination by radionucleids from the stratotroposphere. The factors affecting the transport of radioactive pollutants in the atmosphere are indicated and the importance of their deposition and absorption by man through the alimentary canal is emphasised. PMID- 7099464 TI - [The role of aircraft in the epidemiology of plague]. PMID- 7099465 TI - [A new test for screening patients with dyschromatopsia]. PMID- 7099466 TI - [Acute alcoholic intoxication: effects on the nervous system and impact on flight activity]. AB - Recent and not so recent studies on acute poisoning by ethyl alcohol have confirmed that the substance acts directly on the nervous system both at cerebral cortex and subcortical formation level, and on the spinal cord, sense receptors and organs. The results of the various studies reveal the influence of drunkenness on pilots' capacity to fly a plane and on the relationship between this and plane crashes. PMID- 7099467 TI - [Cranio-vertebral injuries in an aeromedical milieu]. PMID- 7099468 TI - [Clinico-radiological study of the spinal column in pilots of Italian civil airlines]. PMID- 7099469 TI - [Observations on bone injuries in aviation. Indications for treatment of more complicated fractures with external fixators. Clinical examples]. AB - Air force injuries and statistics from airport first-aid stations confer on aviation traumatic pathology a position of some significance, though in general terms the percentages involved are much the same as those associated with an ordinary occupation and revealed by an ordinary epidemiological investigation. Attention to special areas, however, such as parachuting, makes it clear that injuries, particularly bone fractures, exact a considerable toll. Aircraft accidents form the major field. Reference is made to subjects with multiple injuries and the indications for external fixators. These offer certain advantages (minimal applicative injury, facilitation of dynamic osteosynthesis), and disadvantages (problems of anchorage to the bone, and biomechanical and technical problems). The so-called "omnidirectional" fixator enables these disadvantages to its credit: employment of conventional and special grasping elements, easy and precise application, with the possibility of carrying out unidirectional adjustments and electronic checking of the forces applied. PMID- 7099470 TI - [Nutrition of flight personnel]. AB - The subject of this dissertation is the diet of flight personnel. A rapid review of the general question of diet in general and that of flight personnel in particular is given. On this basis, the various aspects of the problem (energy sources, calorie requirements, activity of the individual, etc.) are examined. The conclusion is drawn that no fixed diet can be established. Diet should be adaptable to individual requirements, though it is necessary to follow certain general recommendation for the diet of pilots in general. PMID- 7099472 TI - [Coproporphyrin and free protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes of pregnant women and erythrocytes in the umbilical arteries and vein]. PMID- 7099471 TI - [Placental transport of cadmium and possible influence of some epidemiological factors]. PMID- 7099475 TI - [Incidence and type of pathological associations found in the histological examination of 1124 patients subjected to hysteroadnexectomy]. PMID- 7099473 TI - [Excessive weight increase in pregnancy and the fetal serum lipid level]. PMID- 7099474 TI - [Usefulness of the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin in erythrocyte fractions of various ages in the control of insulin-dependent diabetic pregnant women]. PMID- 7099476 TI - [Psychological and sexual sequelae of hysterectomy, with or without bilateral adnexectomy]. PMID- 7099477 TI - [Fetal movements and ultrasonics]. PMID- 7099479 TI - [Hormone therapy in threatened abortion. Retrospective evaluation of a clinical caseload]. PMID- 7099478 TI - [Breast development with drug therapy in male pseudohermaphroditism]. PMID- 7099480 TI - [Vasomotor nephropathy]. PMID- 7099481 TI - [Cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome caused by glomerulopathy with minimal histological lesions]. PMID- 7099482 TI - [Urea generation in dialysis treatment. Comparison of 2 methods]. PMID- 7099483 TI - [Importance of checking serum markers of hepatitis B in Dialysis Centers: study conducted on patients, family "contacts" and personnel of 3 hemodialysis centers]. PMID- 7099484 TI - [Chronic renal insufficiency of childhood. Analysis of the principal causes and rate of deterioration of renal function in 48 children]. PMID- 7099485 TI - [Impurities of the salts in solutions for hemofiltration as the cause of poisoning]. PMID- 7099487 TI - Antidromic activation of sensory afferent fibres in sympathetic nerves of the cat by stimulation of collaterals within the dorsal medulla oblongata. AB - Action potentials were evoked in the white ramus of the third thoracic segment by electrical stimulation in the dorsal medulla oblongata. The following findings indicate that these potentials are due to antidromic activation of collaterals of afferent fibres in sympathetic nerves rather than to orthodromic synaptic activation of preganglionic sympathetic neurones via bulbospinal sympatho excitatory pathways: (i) they had short latencies yielding intraspinal conduction velocities of 13-43 m/sec; (ii) they followed short trains of stimuli at frequencies up to 600 Hz; and (iii) they were abolished by cutting the dorsal roots of the same spinal segment. PMID- 7099486 TI - A late increase in potassium conductance follows synaptic stimulation of granule neurons of the dentate gyrus. AB - In response to orthodromic stimulation, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampal slice display a late hyperpolarization (LH) with properties which clearly distinguish it from the conventional gamma-aminobutyric ac id (GABA)-mediated chloride (Cl) dependent inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The LH is not reduced by antagonists of GABA-mediated Cl conductances such as picrotoxin, and it is probably dependent on increased potassium conductance rather than in increased Cl conductance. The LH can be elicited by orthodromic stimulation which does not elicit a burst of action potentials and, in fact, the LH has been observed following stimulation which did not produce a depolarization detectable at the resting membrane potential. It is suggested that the increased potassium conductance of the LH may be calcium-dependent, or it may be directly elicited by a neurotransmitter. PMID- 7099488 TI - Amygdaloid kindling during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in cats. AB - Development of amygdaloid kindling was analyzed during REM sleep and during wakefulness. Daily evolution of electrographic and behavioral changes was significantly delayed in REM kindled rats. The number of kindling trials required to reach the first generalized convulsive seizure was also significantly increased in comparison with awake kindled animals. Changes in sleep organization were measured under REM kindling conditions. A significant increase in total sleep time and in the percentage of light slow-wave sleep was found during the kindling process. No significant sleep changes were observed in REM-established kindling. REM inhibitory influence over epileptogenesis is discussed. PMID- 7099489 TI - Cingulate damage attenuates conditioned bradycardia. AB - New Zealand albino rabbits received either sham, midline cortical, lateral cortical, or combined medial-lateral cortical lesions, and were subjected to differential pavlovian conditioning in which tones of different frequencies served as the conditioning stimulus and a brief paraorbital electric shock train served as the unconditioned stimulus. Heart rate conditioned responses were recorded.d Damage to medial but not lateral neocortex abolished the heart rate conditioned response. These data suggest that midline cortical structures may modulate higher level processing of stimulus information. PMID- 7099490 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin and oxytocin: evidence for an osmotic response. AB - A push-pull perfusion technique was used to sample third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the conscious rat. Ventricular perfusate contained significant quantities of vasopressin and oxytocin, 13.1 and 4.5 pg/ml, respectively. Vasopressin and oxytocin levels were stable over a 3 h perfusion period. High sodium artificial CSF elicited a 4-5-fold stimulation of perfusate concentrations of both peptides. These findings suggest that the CSF represents a dynamic compartment in terms of neuroendocrine function. PMID- 7099492 TI - Efflux of choline from neurons and glia in culture. AB - The efflux of radioactive choline from exclusively neuronal or glial cell cultures was dependent upon the concentrations of choline present in the cells and in the incubation medium, suggesting the possible presence of a homoexchange phenomenon between influx and efflux. The ionic dependence of the outward movement of choline from these cells showed that is could be stimulated by high K+ concentrations and by the absence of Ca2+. In glial cells, however, the efflux of choline was increased with a much lower concentration of K+ compared to neurons. The result may suggest that during nerve stimulation the release of K+ from neurons could stimulate, from glia, the efflux of choline which would then be taken up in neurons. PMID- 7099491 TI - The neocortex of rats behaving in a driven rotating wheel shows a band characterized by preferential uptake of deoxyglucose. AB - In comparison with control rats placed in a glass chamber, the neocortex of experimental rats performing in a motor-driven activity wheel shows a limited region of high metabolic activity, as revealed by the deoxyglucose radioautographic method. This region consists of a bilateral band located in the somesthetic area SI. An overlap of this labeling with the sensory and/or motor cortical representation of the head, and especially a correlation with head posture and movements, is discussed. PMID- 7099493 TI - Cultivation of immature astrocytes of mouse cerebellum in a serum-free, hormonally defined medium. Appearance of the mature astrocyte phenotype after addition of serum. AB - A hormonally defined culture medium is described which supports survival and proliferation of astroglia from primary cultures of early postnatal mouse cerebellum. This medium consists of bovine serum albumin, insulin, transferrin, selenium, hyaluronic acid, protease inhibitor aprotinin, and epidermal growth factor. Trypsin-dissociated single cerebellar cell suspensions are plated in this medium on poly-l-coated glass coverslips and maintained for two weeks before subcultivation. After subcultivation into defined medium more than 99% of all cells are vimentin-positive and fibronectin- and almost completely glial fibrillary acid (GFA) protein-negative, indicating that these cells are less mature astrocytes. After replacement of defined medium by culture medium containing 10% horse serum, expression of GFA protein is detectable in addition to vimentin by indirect immunofluorescence. PMID- 7099496 TI - Whisker patterns form in cultured non-innervated muzzle skin from mouse embryos. PMID- 7099495 TI - Denervation exposes cryptic concanavalin A binding sites in skeletal muscle membranes. AB - Denervation produces significant changes in glycoproteins on the surfaces of skeletal muscles which can be detected as an increase in membrane-bound carbohydrate and an increase in specific binding of labelled lectins. The increased binding of concanavalin A to denervated membranes is detectable only in intact membranes and is abolished by treatments which disrupt or perturb membrane structure whereas the increased binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin is detectable under both conditions. We suggest that, in addition to chemical modification of existing carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins and the synthesis of new glycoproteins, denervation results in an altered geometric arrangement of existing membrane glycoproteins. PMID- 7099494 TI - Distribution and diameter of large dense-cored vesicles in axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the mouse and hamster stomach. AB - The distribution and diameter of the large dense-cored vesicles in axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the mouse and hamster stomach were analyzed in electron micrographs of groups of 150 terminal profiles. In the mouse, the vesicles were proportionately more numerous and larger than in the hamster; they were also larger in terminal profiles containing more than 20% of the vesicles. There was no evidence of bimodality of the distribution curve of the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles/profile in either animal. The presence of a significant degree of skew of the distribution curves was indicative of uneven distribution of the vesicles in the terminals, and the occurrence of a significant inverse correlation between the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles/profile and both the diameter of the profiles and the total number of vesicles/profile was in agreement with subjective evidence of a tendency towards accumulation of the vesicles at the ends of the terminals. PMID- 7099497 TI - Reflex inhibition of the diaphragm by esophageal afferents. PMID- 7099498 TI - Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing neuronal perikarya in the rat interpeduncular nucleus. PMID- 7099500 TI - Single unit activity in the rat's midbrain during nocifensive tail flick reaction. AB - Single units have been recorded extracellularly from the periaqueductal central grey and from adjacent structures in behaving rats during tail flick reflexes elicited by controlled radiant heat. Together with the spike recordings, the heart rate of the animal and a thoracic myogram as an indicator of overall motor activity, have been recorded. Twenty-seven medial midbrain units have been studied, which were all characterized by being spontaneously active and by receiving input from myelinated afferent fibres from the tail, as shown by weak transcutaneous electrical stimulation. These units showed a variety of changes in discharge pattern. The most frequently observed change in activity was an increase of firing in the pre-flick period (10 of 27 units) and a decrease of firing below the prestimulus level in the post-flick period (12 of 27 units). It is suggested that changes in the discharge patterns were more closely related to behavioral output than to the input side of nociceptive behaviour. PMID- 7099499 TI - Increase of paradoxical sleep induced by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. PMID- 7099501 TI - The influence of colonic pH on the hydrogen breath-analysis test. PMID- 7099502 TI - Texas -- a new practice act. PMID- 7099503 TI - After-hours call in a primary care nursing practice. AB - This paper describes the recorded concerns of clients and the management activity of Master's prepared nurse providers in an urban, ambulatory, university affiliated primary care nursing practice during after-hours call. Retrospective record review was used to collect data. Pain was the most common client concern, and the abdomen the most frequently identified pain site. The majority of concerns expressed by clients were minor health problems appropriate for telephone management. The most frequent interventions used were nursing measures such as comfort, supported and reassurance. Finally, the nurse providers in this group practice managed the majority of calls with nursing interventions. PMID- 7099504 TI - Health contracting. AB - Health contracting provides for clarification of expectations and responsibilities, client participation, open communication, motivation through feedback, evaluation with emphasis on outcomes, realistic goal setting, as well as clarity and accountability of nursing practice. According to Etzwiler, contracting may provide some protection against claims for malpractice. Health contracting also represents a model for problem solving that the client may utilize in solving other common problems of daily living. It constitutes a methodology for enhancing not only the measurability and the quality of care, but also the comprehensiveness of care. PMID- 7099505 TI - Serum protein electrophoresis. AB - More than 100 serum proteins have been biochemically identified; relatively few have well-documented clinical significance. In an effort to discriminate between healthy and diseased individuals, investigators have studied many protein levels and patterns from birth throughout life. SPEP is a technique that profiles five plasma protein fractions. Certain patterns are frequently observed in disease states. The use of electrophoretic graphic data in the diagnosis of various diseases has increased markedly over the past two decades. Using this technique nurse practitioners add a new dimension to their diagnostic repertoire. PMID- 7099506 TI - The "at-risk" role. PMID- 7099507 TI - Patient participation in decision making. PMID- 7099509 TI - Management and survival of adenocarcinoma of the rectum in the United States: results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons. AB - Data from the long- and short-term surveys of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer were examined to evaluate the survival and management of patients with rectal cancer in the United States. Overall, females experienced better survival than males, and white had better survival than blacks. The 5-year survival rates for localized, regional and distant stages of the disease were 76.4, 43.1, and 5.5% respectively. The survival rates in relation to histologic grade of the tumor indicated that the survival experiences of patients with well and moderately differentiated tumors were similar (57% versus 54%) and that patients with poorly differentiated tumors had significantly lower survival (35%). The survival experience of those receiving abdominoperineal resection was similar to those treated by low anterior resection (56% versus 58%). Location of the tumor in the rectum did not affect prognosis. PMID- 7099510 TI - A case-control study of breast cancer and psychotropic drug use. AB - The relative risk of breast cancer incidence and tumor promotion associated with psychotropic drug consumption was evaluated in 151 patients with newly diagnosed neoplasms and 151 hospital controls. No significantly altered risk of breast cancer was found in association with the use of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, antidepressants, major tranquillizers, sedatives or hypnotics, even after adjustment for known menstrual and reproductive risk factors. No substantial evidence of tumor promotion effects was found, as measured by altered age-at onset of disease or altered clinical stage at presentation. Psychotropic drug use was inversely related to subject ponderosity (measured by the Quetelet Index) and while this did not confound risk estimates, it may be important in exploring biologic hypotheses of psychotropic drug use and breast cancer. PMID- 7099508 TI - Reproductive and gonadal function in the female after therapy for childhood malignancy. PMID- 7099512 TI - Flow cytometry, cytomorphology, histology and autoradiography in human gastric hyperplastic polyps and the surrounding mucosa. AB - 43 cases of gastric hyperplastic polyps, 33 tissues adjoining the polyps and 7 tissue samples of the corpus mucosa were investigated by flow cytometry, cytomorphology, autoradiography and histology, respectively. All cases revealed diploid DNA distribution patterns. The results attributed an increased proliferative tendency to special cases of hyperplastic polyps and the surrounding mucosa. PMID- 7099513 TI - Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with a transplanted hepatoma: comparison of intralesionally injected emulsions containing heat-killed Nocardia rubra, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Mycobacterium phlei. AB - Heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium phlei and Nocardia rubra were each tested in emulsified form for their ability to cause regression of established dermal transplants and lymph node metastases of a syngeneic hepatocarcinoma in guinea pigs. On a weight basis, BCG was superior to N. rubra in causing tumor regression. Under the conditions tested N. rubra was inferior to M. phlei in its antitumor activity. M. phlei and BCG were approximately the same in their therapeutic potency. In BCG-sensitized guinea pigs, N. rubra provoked a weaker delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) reaction than did BCG. In N. rubra-sensitized guinea pigs, BCG provoked a weaker DCH reaction than did N. rubra. Purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis was more active in eliciting DCH in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs than in animals sensitized with N. rubra. PMID- 7099514 TI - Effects of misclerone (clofibrate) on dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. AB - Intestinal tumors were induced by treatment with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (14 mg with reference to base/kg body weight, weekly, s.c., for 20 weeks) in male rats supplied by Rappolovo Animal Farm. Some of the animals received 25 mg/day of misclerone (clofibrate) per os, 5 times a week. Clofibrate treatment did not affect the frequency of tumors of the large and small intestine but was followed by a significant decrease in the number of large- and medium-size tumors. The animals which had received clofibrate beginning from 10 days before the first injection of DMH revealed a relatively greater fraction of exophytic intestinal tumors and less invasion of the intestinal wall as compared with the animals treated with DMH alone. Possible mechanisms of the effect of clofibrate are discussed. PMID- 7099511 TI - Hydroxyproline excretion in the detection of occult bone metastases from breast cancer. AB - When surgery fails to cure breast cancer it is due to disseminated micrometastases present at the time of operation. The measurement of urinary hydroxyproline (OHP) is a possible screening test for such metastases in bone. This study compared both a single and serial urinary OHP estimation with the axillary node status, the bone scan status and the subsequent clinical course. A single measurement did not correlate with the axillary node or bone scan status, neither was there a relationship with the subsequent clinical course. Serial OHP estimations, every 3 months for a year, increased the accuracy of the test such that node-positive patients had higher excretions than node-negative patients (p less than 0.05). Patients who subsequently died with bone metastases tended to have a higher excretion than those who remained disease free, although this did not reach statistical significance. No relationship existed between serial OHP estimations and bone scan status. We consider the measurement of urinary OHP to be insufficiently sensitive to detect bone micrometastases and it is only raised when a substantial amount of bone is involved. PMID- 7099515 TI - [Cellular proliferative potentials of the pigment and ciliated epithelium of the eye in clawed toads normally and during regeneration]. AB - It was shown by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography that the cells of almost all layers of intact eyes had proliferative potencies both in albino and normal strains of Xenopus laevis, as it is the case in the Urodela. The removal of retina and lens in X. laevis, unlike in the Urodela, did not result in the intensification of proliferation of the pigment epithelium cells. The cells of ciliary region represent the source of retina regeneration of X. laevis. The regenerating retina is incomplete by its structure and volume. PMID- 7099517 TI - [Ratio of the depressive effect of macromolecular synthetic inhibitors in the mitochondria to the concentration of gonadotropic hormones in the in vitro maturation of Xenopus oocytes]. AB - The inhibitory action of ethidium bromide (EthBr) and chloramphenicol (CM) on in vitro oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis induced by different gonadotropic hormone concentrations was studied. Two concentrations of hormone were used (hypophysial suspension of HCG): one yielding high but not maximal incidence of maturation and another exceeding 4 to 8 times the former. Under the higher hormone concentration the inhibitory action of CM decreased and that of EthBr increased. PMID- 7099516 TI - [Formation of mitochondrial reticulum in the diaphragmatic muscle in rat ontogeny]. AB - The development of a complex system of mitochondrial reticulum of the rat diaphragm muscle fibers proceeds in several steps during ontogenesis. At first (19 day-old embryo and early postnatal period) the mitochondria grow in the longitudinal (with respect to the muscle fiber) direction, being located in the intermyofibrillar spaces. On the 9-10th day after birth there appear mitochondrial processes perpendicular to the long axis of muscle fiber at the levels of isotropic myofibrillar discs. These processes are later replaced by the branched giant mitochondria lying as if in floors across the muscle fiber. All mitochondria are interconnected by means of special contacts in a single system of mitochondrial reticulum. The functional role of complex mitochondria in the cross-striated muscle is discussed. PMID- 7099518 TI - [Characteristics of esterase expression in interspecific hybrids of Drosophila of the group virilis]. AB - A spectrum of esterase isozymes was studied in the larvae, adults and isolated seminiferous bulbs of hybrids D. virilis X D. littoralis. Different esterase isozymes were shown to be expressed codominantly in all cases studied. The differences found in the activity of paternal fractions at certain developmental stages were due to the preservation of species specific differences in the temporal dynamics of expression of some esterase isozymes. PMID- 7099521 TI - Nitrous oxide analgesia for cataract surgery. PMID- 7099519 TI - Scleral grafting in the management of ligneous conjunctivitis. AB - Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare, usually bilateral, chronic membranous conjunctivitis, which begins acutely in childhood and persists for many years. In view of the poor results obtained with other forms of therapy in the past, the resection of the involved conjunctiva and tarsus with the grafting of donor sclera is offered as another alternative in the management of this distressing condition. PMID- 7099520 TI - Granulomatous reaction to Choyce style intraocular lens. AB - Despite the large number of intraocular lens implants performed since Ridley first devised the procedure, there have been few reports of postmortem examination in clinically successful cases. We report a patient who tolerated his Choyce Mark VIII style implant well, despite a three-month episode of mild nongranulomatous uveitis occurring two months postoperatively, until his death 17 months later. This is the sixth postmortem study of an anterior chamber IOL and the only one in which there was a conspicuous granulomatous reaction on the anterior iris surface, with large foreign body giant cells. Despite the presence of a foreign body, the previous eyes that have clinically tolerated implants well and have come to postmortem examination have shown remarkably little inflammation; none have shown this degree of granulomatous reaction previously. PMID- 7099522 TI - Foveal pathology in ciliary body melanoma. AB - The histological features of cystoid macular edema in an early stage are demonstrated in the eye of a 54-year-old patient with an active ciliary body melanoma. Separation of the posterior vitreous face and the inner limiting membrane with accumulation of an exudate in the resulting space, petaloid folding of the inner retinal layers, swelling as well as microcystoid degeneration of Henle's fiber layer, and vertical folding of the outer retinal layers with separation of the central cones from the pigment epithelium are observed. PMID- 7099523 TI - Awl-needle for insertion of posterior fixation suture (fadenoperation). PMID- 7099524 TI - UV radiation. PMID- 7099525 TI - Ultraviolet light transmission of the lens capsule. AB - A Cary, Model 118, spectrophotometer was used to measure spectral absorbence by the human lens capsule of wavelengths 200 nm to 400 nm. The lens capsule transmits greater than 90% of the incident UV light, and thus does not appear to provide significant protection for the retina from UV radiation. This suggests that the lower incidence of aphakic cystoid macula edema in the eye with an intact posterior capsule is not related to UV light absorption by the lens capsule. PMID- 7099526 TI - Dermoid tumor involving the lacrimal drainage pathway: a case report. AB - Dermoid tumors of the orbit frequently are encountered in children and young adults. We describe an interesting case of an orbital dermoid which involved the lacrimal excretory system in a 27-year-old female. We emphasize the importance of a preoperative assessment in planning the surgical approach and anticipating the possible surgical complications. The role of the canaliculo-dacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR) in the management of such a patient is emphasized. PMID- 7099527 TI - Expansile loops for anterior chamber lens implants. AB - Twenty eyes undergoing pars plana lensectomy with insertion of expansile loop anterior chamber lens implants were followed for 4-11 months. Sixteen eyes received a Simcoe lens, and all achieved a visual acuity of 20/20-20/40 without complications. Two of three eyes with Shearing implants developed uveitis an cystoid maculopathy. The one Sinsky implant tilted and required replacement. Highly flexible expansile implants (i.e., Simcoe lens) appear to be well tolerated in the anterior chamber and achieved excellent stability. The observation period was too short to draw definite conclusions. This study will be continued. PMID- 7099528 TI - Pressure profile of ophthalmic surgical procedures: an experimental study on the rabbit eye. AB - A balloon sensor was implanted in the posterior wall of the rabbit eye, and pressure fluctuation during several surgical procedures was monitored. Temporary IOP increase during digital massage sometimes reached near 100 mm Hg. Pressure increase during incision on the cornea was quite high, while corneal suturing, lens extraction, iridectomy, and open-sky vitrectomy induced minor fluctuating pressure on the posterior wall. Diathermy coagulation and scleral incision during simulated retinal detachment surgery increased IOP, exceeding 50 mm Hg and sometimes reaching 100 mm Hg. PMID- 7099529 TI - Geometric keratotomy: an alternative in keratorefractive surgery. PMID- 7099532 TI - Modification to the Sheets glide for anterior chamber diameter measurement. PMID- 7099530 TI - Experience with radial keratotomy. PMID- 7099533 TI - Intraocular lens calculation: the problem of the short eye. PMID- 7099531 TI - Iris retractor for cryoextraction of lens under the microscope. PMID- 7099534 TI - Influence of age on the temperature of the anterior segment of the eye. Measurements by infrared thermometry. AB - The absolute temperatures of five characteristic points of the orbito-ocular thermogram were studied by means of infrared thermometry in a group of 96 normal subjects, randomly selected between ages from 15 days to 80 years. Significant differences were found between older and younger age groups concerning absolute temperatures of the centre of the cornea, limbus, sclera and outer canthus. Inner canthus temperature showed very little variation with age, being the most constant thermometric point of the five selected for study. Mean absolute temperatures of the anterior segment of the eye and outer canthus measured by infrared thermometry significantly decreased with age. To the best of our knowledge this finding has not been previously reported. PMID- 7099535 TI - Unscheduled DNA repair in human lens epithelium following 'in vivo' and 'in vitro' ultraviolet irradiation. PMID- 7099536 TI - Photoperoxidation in lens and cataract formation: preventive role of superoxide dismutase, catalase and vitamin C. AB - Exposure of rat lens to fluorescent daylight (150 ft candles) under tissue culture conditions led to a substantial lipid peroxidation as evidenced by the formation of malonaldehyde (MDA). MDA content of lenses incubated overnight in presence of such light was approximately sixfold of that in the control lenses cultured in the dark. These cultures were maintained in physiological medium resembling aqueous humor which does not contain any additional photoactive component. Thus, the lens in its physiological surroundings is susceptible to photoperoxidation by light of wavelengths which freely penetrate the eye. Photoperoxidation could be thwarted by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate, suggesting that the observed peroxidative degradation is initiated by photocatalytic generation of superoxide and its subsequent derivation to other potent oxidants. These studies provide for the first time suggestive evidence that senile cataract development may in part be linked to the in vivo photochemical generation of superoxide and other potent oxidants in the aqueous humor and lens derived from the ambient oxygen and light; and ascorbate which is maintained at high levels in this fluid by virtue of its active transport from plasma, is physiologically important in preventing the deleterious action of these potent oxidants. The studies thus indicate for the first time the possibilities of a hitherto unrecognized role of ascorbate against cataracts and other age-, light- and oxygen-dependent ocular abnormalities, In addition, the study re-emphasizes the role of tissue catalase and superoxide dismutase in the prevention of photoperoxidative damages to the tissue. PMID- 7099537 TI - Effect of pilocarpine on intraocular pressure in normal humans. PMID- 7099538 TI - Application of fast Fourier transform for perimetry using the visual evoked cortical potential. PMID- 7099539 TI - The fast oscillation of the electro-oculogram. Influence of stimulus intensity and adaptation time on amplitude and peak latency. AB - The dependence of amplitudes and peak latencies of the light-induced fast EOG oscillation was studied using rectangular light stimulation. A linear increase of the amplitude was observed in the intensity range tested (24-3,000 asb). No influence of the time of preadaptation to darkness on the amplitudes could be proven in a range of 20 s to 21 min. The peak latency was not dependent on light intensity. Prolonged peak latencies were observed following short and long periods of dark adaptation. PMID- 7099540 TI - Studies on calcium regulation in relation to sodium-potassium balance in the rabbit lens. AB - Net changes in the levels of lens calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and water content were determined following exposure in vitro to iodoacetate, ouabain, lanthanum, cyanide, quercetin and cold temperature. The lens calcium content rose following inhibition of lens metabolism but did not change following specific inhibition of the sodium pump. The data revealed that regulation of the lens calcium balance is largely independent of lens sodium and potassium content. A greater increase in lens sodium content upon iodoacetate treatment vs. ouabain treatment is discussed in relation to the elevation of lens calcium. PMID- 7099541 TI - [Congenital solitary fibromatosis of the eyelid (author's transl)]. AB - Clinical and histopathological findings in a case of localized congenital fibromatosis of the lower eyelid are presented. The histological and electron microscopic features point to the hamartomatous origin of this tumor with partial differentiation of its cells towards myofibroblasts. In spite of the diffusely infiltrating growth and the tendency for local recurrences, metastases have never been observed. Therefore, local excision is the appropriate therapy. PMID- 7099542 TI - Functional importance of central retinal artery anastomoses in the anterior part of the optic nerve. AB - A three-dimensional study showed the existence of three vascular networks in the optic nerve: a peripheral, a periaxial and an axial one. The axial network, which was seen in 30% of the specimens, was formed by ramifying collateral branches from the pia mater of the optic nerve, but in the anterior part of the optic nerve there was an axial system which entirely depended on branches of the central retinal artery. This artery had important anastomoses with branches originating from the pia mater of the optic nerve and other collateral branches originating from the ophthalmic artery and its branches (the ciliary system). PMID- 7099543 TI - Peripheral response of the retina to polarized light. AB - The perception of polarized light by the human eye is facilitated with Savart's double-plate polarimeter. This device converts polarized light into interference fringes from which criteria for the polarization sensitivity of the retinal hemisphere may be derived. The rather preliminary tests in this report covered the entire visual field of the eye and led to the discovery of a nonuniform off axis distribution of the retinal sensitivity to polarized white light. The results are reminiscent of similar effects in geometrical optics, where oblique light rays become slightly polarized upon the penetration of successive layers of translucent optical surfaces. Similar experiments with incident elliptically polarized rays suggest that the retina responds in the same nonuniform manner. PMID- 7099544 TI - [Fundus albipunctatus in primary oxalosis (author's transl)]. AB - Primary oxalosis causes a flecked retina showing multiple small luminous spots at the posterior pole which can be seen by fluorescein angiography. In a young female patient who was observed for 4 years we did not find any deterioration. In 2 patients with secondary oxalosis, there was no evidence of fundus alterations. PMID- 7099545 TI - Rat cornea in experimental protein deficiency. AB - Protein deficiency is one of the major morbid nutritional disorders of the developing world. Increased incidence of infection in a protein-deficient state is well documented in the literature. Structural alterations produced by isolated protein deficiency on the cornea are not clear hitherto. In this investigation, it has been shown that protein deficiency in rats results in thinning of the corneal epithelial cell layers and oedema of the epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells. The pathomechanisms are discussed. PMID- 7099546 TI - [Metastatic conjunctival tumor originating in a primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. AB - Case report of a metastatic carcinoma of the conjunctiva originating in a cutaneous superficial spreading melanoma. Conjunctival metastasis as well as dissemination of skin melanomas to the eye are extremely rare events. As to our knowledge until now, there is not documentation of a cutaneous malignant melanoma metastatic to the conjunctiva. PMID- 7099547 TI - Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy. AB - 19 patients showing the features of diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy, as described by Zweng and Little, were studied. Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy resembles both pigment epithelial detachment and central nervous choriopathy, but can be differentiated by the following characteristic features: widespread distribution of small pigment epithelial detachments, little or no leakage visible on the fluorescence angiogram, extensive pigmentary changes, chronic course with exacerbations and remissions, and fair visual prognosis. PMID- 7099548 TI - Ocular fireworks injuries and blindness. An analysis of 154 cases and a three state survey comparing the effectiveness of model law regulation. AB - 154 detailed ocular fireworks injuries in 143 patients are summarized. One half of these injuries were the result of bottle rockets. The most common injuries were corneal abrasion, hyphema, and lid burns or lacerations. Thirty percent of these injuries resulted in permanent damage with visual loss, and 14% suffered lacerated globes. Three quarters of these severe injuries were the results of bottle rockets. The incidence and severity of ocular fireworks injuries in this study are higher than other large series. While states that outlaw fireworks except for public display (so-called "Model Law") still have injuries, the incidence is greatly reduced, and the injuries are less severe. PMID- 7099549 TI - The relation of myopia and astigmatism in developing eyes. AB - The relation of astigmatism and myopia was analyzed in 298 myopic children, ages birth to 10 years. The mean spherical equivalent, determined by cyclopentolate retinoscopy, for the entire group was--2.9 diopters and did not change significantly with age. However, in 3-year-old children and younger, myopia progressed in eyes with greater than or equal to 1 diopter of cylinder and tended to increase through age 8 years in those having greater than or equal to 3 diopters of cylinder. Also, astigmatic errors greater than or equal to 1 diopter, especially of oblique orientation, were associated with higher degrees of myopia than nonastigmatic errors. These data from myopic children suggest that uncorrected astigmatism during a period of visual immaturity influences the course of myopia. Thus, naturally occurring astigmatic errors, that are frequent among infants and young children, appear to have a role similar to the vision blurring perturbations that trigger the development of myopia in young animals. Ascertainment and full correction of these refractive errors in young children may be important in assuring the best possible vision. PMID- 7099550 TI - Superior oblique tenectomy in Brown's syndrome. AB - Since its description in 1950, numerous surgical techniques have been advocated to treat Brown's superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome. Of these, a tenectomy of the homolateral superior oblique has emerged as the most effective method. However, an iatrogenically produced superior oblique paralysis has been found to be a frequent complication of this procedure. Of 12 patients with Brown's syndrome treated with a superior oblique tenectomy, this problem was encountered in eight patients, and additional surgery became necessary in each instance. The clinical management of such patients presents special problems and their solution will be illustrated by two case reports. PMID- 7099551 TI - Superior oblique transposition for third nerve palsy. AB - Four eyes of three adult patients underwent anterior transposition and advancement of the superior oblique tendon without trochleotomy in the surgical management of oculomotor nerve palsy. In each of the cases, this procedure proved unsatisfactory, either because of inadequate horizontal alignment, postoperative hyperdeviations, or paradoxical ocular movements. Even in these difficult cases, "supermaximum" horizontal rectus muscle surgery appeared to result in satisfactory ocular alignment. PMID- 7099553 TI - Indications for conjunctival transplantation. AB - Long-term follow-up (two to five years) of 12 unilateral chemical burn patients treated by conjunctival transplantation shows permanent stabilization of the ocular surface. The procedure was used in another group of five patients with unilateral recalcitrant epithelial defects. Regardless of the etiology of the epithelial defect, prompt healing of the surface occurs after conjunctival transplantation with no further stromal loss and long-term stabilization of the surface. Such results suggest that epithelial replacement may be a valuable therapeutic approach to a variety of ocular surface disorders. PMID- 7099554 TI - Differentiating traumatic from nontraumatic retinal detachment. AB - Five hundred and eighty-six phakic retinal detachments were studied to characterize the features of 111 cases with a history of trauma and to establish improved guidelines for medico-legal determinations. Twenty-eight percent of contusion detachments were myopic, nine times higher than expected. Myopes typically developed giant tears and nasal dialyses (p less than 0.001); emmetropes developed inferotemporal dialyses (p less than 0.005). Lattice degeneration did not increase post-traumatic detachments risk. Dialyses and giant tears caused 69% of traumatic detachments and 6% of nontraumatic detachments (p less than 0.001). Forty-seven percent of contusion detachments had no late objective evidence of trauma. Five percent of detachments with a history of trauma were not caused by trauma (false positives). PMID- 7099552 TI - Superior rectus recessions for dissociated vertical deviation. AB - Thirty-two eyes of 31 patients received superior rectus recessions for the treatment of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). All patients were followed for a postoperative period of at least six months, and 50% were followed for a period of three years or more. The differential diagnosis of DVD and inferior oblique overaction was important, and the distinguishing features of each are mentioned. A distinction was made between occlusion hyperphoria, a latent deviation in the preferred fixating eye, and DVD, a manifest deviation in the nonpreferred eye. In the vast majority of cases, a unilateral superior rectus recession of graduated amounts was performed in the eye with a cosmetically unacceptable DVD. The surgical "hang loose" technique permitted avoiding technically difficult situations. After operation 82% of the eyes were aligned, within the good to excellent categories (0-9 prism diopters). PMID- 7099555 TI - Management of intraretinal foreign bodies. AB - Closed posterior intraocular microsurgery with vitreous instruments and bimanual surgical techniques have markedly altered the management of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). This paper presents an approach to 14 metallic intraretinal foreign bodies (IRFB) that could not be removed by conventional methods. In all cases, posterior vitrectomy was required to visualize the foreign body or to facilitate its removal through a pars plana incision with intraocular forceps under microscopic visualization. Although successful removal of the intraretinal foreign body was possible in all 14 patients, central visual acuity of 20/400 or better was obtainable in only 40% of this series. An important observation in these patients was a tendency to macular pucker from subsequent epiretinal membrane formation and retinal detachment with massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), which occurred in 90% of these eyes. Despite an obviously enhanced ability to remove foreign bodies from the retina, made possible by vitreous instruments and surgical techniques, the magnitude of the secondary complications in this variety of ocular trauma suggests a poor visual prognosis for such injuries. PMID- 7099557 TI - An unusual case of ocular involvement in primary systemic nonfamilial amyloidosis. AB - A case of primary amyloidosis with vitreous involvement was diagnosed by study of a specimen obtained by pars plana vitrectomy. Vitreous opacities had been interpreted clinically as a vitreous hemorrhage. Medical evaluation after study of the vitreous specimen failed to demonstrate evidence of amyloidosis, although postmortem examination 19 months later established the systemic diagnosis of nonfamilial systemic primary amyloidosis. Both eyes were obtained postmortem. Amyloid involvement of the vitreous, retina, and choroid was found. There was also amyloid deposition in the trabecular meshwork, although the intraocular pressure was normal. Amyloid was deposited along the anterior, pupillary, and posterior surfaces of the iris. The histochemistry, ultrastructure, and treatment of this condition are discussed. PMID- 7099558 TI - A case of prostate carcinoma with bilateral orbital metastases and the review of the literature. AB - A 79-year-old man presented with bilateral periorbital swelling of unknown duration. Diagnostic workup, including orbital and prostate biopsies processed with conventional hematoxylin-eosin and immunoperoxidase stains, revealed that the prostate was the origin of the orbital tumors. Our review of the literature revealed 17 previously reported cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma to the orbit. Salient clinical and histopathologic features of these cases are summarized. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first biopsy proven case of bilateral orbital metastasis of prostate carcinoma. PMID- 7099556 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of the cavernous sinus. AB - In evaluating over 300 patients with sellar and parasellar lesions, the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the cavernous sinus was studied. Optimal visualization of the cavernous sinus was obtained with continuous contrast enhancement of both axial and coronal tomograms. The coronal projection and reformatted views provided imaging of the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus. In addition to the physiologic CT appearance of the cavernous sinus, a variety of pathologic conditions are illustrated. CT criteria suggesting an abnormal cavernous sinus are: (1) asymmetry of size; (2) asymmetry of shape, particularly the lateral wall; and (3) focal areas of abnormal density within the sinus. PMID- 7099559 TI - Aspirin and cataracts. PMID- 7099560 TI - Repair of the superior sulcus deformity using autogenous costal cartilage. AB - Superior sulcus deformity is a late sequela of surgical anophthalmos. Many methods have been proposed to treat this difficult problem. A technique using autogenous costal cartilage that has resulted in satisfactory repair is presented. In addition to standard photographs and exophthalmometry measurements to follow these patients, a specific device to accurately measure orbital volume gain after operation was fashioned. PMID- 7099561 TI - Surgical treatment of the denervated or sagging lower lid. AB - Paralytic ectropion of the lower eyelid and increased curvature of the lower eyelid associated with anophthalmos both cn be optimally treated by use of an autogenous fascia lata sling. Some patients also have problems with prosthesis retention due to lower eyelid deformity with a shortened inferior fornix. In some instances, it is also necessary to perform a horizontal shortening operation on the lower eyelid. In anophthalmic patients, the relationship between prosthesis size and weight and a sagging lower lid is discussed. In some patients when the lower eyelid is elevated, the patient then has an upper lid ptosis for which it is necessary to perform an appropriate levator shortening operation. Surgical technique and illustrative pre- and post-operative photographs are shown. PMID- 7099562 TI - Computed tomography in the management of orbital trauma. AB - Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a valuable aid in the management of orbital trauma because it provides a method of visualizing tissues and objects of many different densities. CT scanning can be used to study orbital fractures in order to suggest the prognosis for improvement of ocular malpositions after surgery. The extent of fractures and the etiology of many soft tissue abnormalities can be determined by this technique. Foreign bodies can be accurately localized so that the approach to their removal can be planned. PMID- 7099563 TI - Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma. PMID- 7099565 TI - Current treatment of blow-out fractures. AB - Blow-out fracture repair and its timing have been controversial. Originally all x ray proven fractures were repaired regardless of size or symptoms. Later a controversial report of a large series of cases indicated repair to be unnecessary. Today, x-ray proven fractures with enophthalmos justify surgery, but double vision alone is insufficient. Observation of improving diplopia for several days is suggested. Evaluation of x-rays, enophthalmos, diplopia with restriction, and facial anesthesia are recommended before surgery. Recognition of diagnostic signs and symptoms, as well as potential severe cosmetic and functional complications, have aided the approach to the decision for or against fracture repair. PMID- 7099564 TI - Naso-orbital fractures, complications, and treatment. AB - Naso-orbital fractures designate a backward displacement of the bones of the nasoskeletal framework into the interorbital space. This anatomical disruption results in deformities, lacrimal dysfunction, medial canthal deformities, ptosis, blow-out fractures, ocular complication, and most severely, penetration of bony fragments into the anterior cranial fossa. Early and late treatment methods are considered. Restoration of the bony contour of the nose and medial canthoplasty procedures are discussed. PMID- 7099566 TI - Strabismus surgery and its effect upon infant development in congenital esotropia. AB - Parents of children with congenital esotropia have reported improvements in their child's fine motor development and visual functions after surgery. Eighteen patients with congenital esotropia were tested pre- and post-operatively with The Bayley Scales of Infant Development to determine if these observations were valid. A three-point increase in the Bayley raw score of strabismus patients was noted after operation that is significant at the 0.01 level, as compared to the performance of age-matched controls. An improvement in fine motor skills was observed in 35% of the children, and visually directed reaching and grasping increased in 41%. Item #87 on the Bayley, which requires the child to recognize depressions without monocular clues, appears to be related specifically to depth perception. On this item, the study population showed the greatest improvement. PMID- 7099567 TI - Surgery of bilateral superior oblique palsy. AB - Following head trauma, because the patient has no overt vertical or horizontal tropia to account for the complaint of diplopia, the symptoms are dismissed, when in fact cyclodiplopia resulting from the excyclotropic feature of bilateral superior oblique palsy is the cause. A prospective study of nine patients with bilateral superior oblique muscle palsy caused by head trauma and managed by an identical surgical regimen are presented. All patients had symptomatic cyclodiplopia that increased in downgaze. Cover testing performed in various gaze positions and in left and right head tilt positions plus the double Maddox rod tests confirmed the diagnosis. The four expected findings are left hypertropia (LHT) in right gaze and right hypertropia (RHT) in left gaze, RHT on right head tilt and LHT in left tilt, V pattern, and excyclodeviation. All patients received symmetrical bilateral superior oblique tendon surgery, using a modified technique originally described by Harada and Ito, which consisted of advancing the anterior tendon half along the equator of the globe toward the superior border of the lateral rectus muscle. Elimination of the cyclodiplopia symptom was achieved in all cases by reducing the quantity of excyclotropia. PMID- 7099568 TI - Diagnostic injection of Xylocaine into extraocular muscles. AB - In situations where it is unclear which extraocular muscle is causing anomalous eye movement or to what extent one of two muscles is responsible, temporary paralysis of the muscle with Xylocaine may provide the answer. The procedure is to inject 0.2 to 0.5 cc 2% Xylocaine directly into the muscle using electromyography (EMG) for precise localization, a technique similar to that of therapeutic injections of botulinum toxin (Oculinum). The procedure is especially useful for Duane's syndrome, superior oblique palsy, and other situations where abnormal muscle insertions or innervations make diagnosis of the muscle responsible for an eye movement anomaly difficult and surgery unpredictable. PMID- 7099569 TI - Orbital abscess. Presentation, diagnosis, therapy, and sequelae. AB - Fifteen cases of orbital abscess were reviewed. Significant morbidity occurred despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage. The complications included visual loss to less than 20/200 (four patients), residual proptosis (two patients), residual diplopia (two patients), osteomyelitis (one patient), and death (one patient). Seven patients reported no pain. Fever was absent in eight patients. Four patients had normal white blood cell counts. Many of these patients had received inappropriate or inadequate doses of oral antibiotics before referral. Partially treated cases of orbital abscess may not manifest the expected clinical findings of orbital infection. Four patients presented in an insidious fashion with symptoms evolving over weeks to months. Their subacute presentations in the absence of fever, pain, or elevated white blood cell count mimicked the onset of orbital tumors. CT scan failed to detect an abscess in two cases. Conjunctival and nasal cultures were not helpful in determining the bacteriologic etiology of these infections. Surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy is the definitive treatment of orbital abscess. PMID- 7099570 TI - Preseptal cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare. AB - A case of preseptal cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare is presented. A 56-year-old white woman developed erythema, induration, and tenderness of the lids of her right eye after chalazion removal, which did not respond to three weeks of broad spectrum antibiotics. Incision and drainage with biopsy revealed granuloma, and acid-fast bacilli were seem. Mycobacterium intracellulare was isolated on culture, resistant to all the antimicrobials that the patient was given. Antimicrobial therapy was discontinued, and the infection resolved over 15 months. PMID- 7099571 TI - The role of cryotherapy in the management of conjunctival melanoma. PMID- 7099573 TI - Idiopathic preretinal gliosis. PMID- 7099574 TI - Overview of the GMENAC report. PMID- 7099572 TI - Metastatic carcinoid unresponsive to radiation therapy presenting as a lacrimal fossa mass. AB - A case of metastatic carcinoid tumor presenting as a lacrimal fossa mass is described. This appears to be only the fourth case report of metastatic carcinoid to the orbit and the first to include ultrasound evaluation. the tumor mass did not regress despite radiation therapy as documented on serial ultrasound examinations. Therapeutic implications of this finding are discussed. Metastatic carcinoid tumors are reviewed. PMID- 7099575 TI - Otitis externa - bacteriological survey. AB - Otitis externa is one of the most common problems faced by the otolaryngologist, and in some clinics constitutes up to 40% of patients. Although not lethal, it may be a most debilitating disease. The external ear is an epithelium-lined cul de-sac with many sweat and cerumeniferous glands whose secretions are an excellent medium for bacterial growth. Bacterial surveys done in the USA and in Israel 30 years ago proved Staphylococcus aureus to be the major pathogen. During the years the major pathogen changed, and in recent surveys Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the dominant pathogenic bacterium. The purpose of this article is to present the results of a bacteriological survey done in Israel on patients suffering from otitis externa in the years 1979-1980. A discussion is presented with regard to the meaning of the review. We tried to establish whether a certain factor could be considered to be the cause of otitis externa. PMID- 7099576 TI - Possibilities of high resolution CT scanning in ear and sinus pathology. PMID- 7099577 TI - Pituitary tumor producing only thyrotropin. A case report. PMID- 7099578 TI - Sleep apnea syndrome caused by acromegalia and the treatment with a reduction plasty of the tongue. Case report. AB - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was every likely caused by an enlarged tongue in a 60-year-old man with acromegalia. The diagnosis was confirmed by polygraphic sleep recordings and by roentgenologic examination. The patient was treated with a tongue-reduction plasty which gave him good subjective relief and better sleep. A whole night polygraphic sleep recording showed a couple of hours of normal sleep without apneas or arousals. The last part of the night was, however, still disturbed by several apneas with concomitant arousals. PMID- 7099579 TI - Temporal bone findings in Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 7099580 TI - Ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics by rapid intravenous injection. AB - The ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (dibekacin, gentamicin and kanamycin) administered to rabbits by rapid intravenous or intramuscular injections were histopathologically compared. Comparative evaluations between the two routes were further made concerning the levels of the antibiotics in serum and in perilymph. The results revealed that, although the peak serum level after a rapid intravenous injection was significantly higher than that observed after an intramuscular injection, no differences in the transfer into the perilymph, and in inner ear or renal damage were seen between the two different routes. In other words, the results of the present study did not support the conventional idea that the higher the peak blood levels of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, the greater the risk of damage to the inner ear or kidney. PMID- 7099581 TI - The cricoid cartilage: observations on some roentgen variants. PMID- 7099582 TI - Symposium on office orthopedic practice. PMID- 7099583 TI - Evaluation and treatment of neck pain. PMID- 7099584 TI - Office evaluation and management of shoulder pain. PMID- 7099586 TI - The office evaluation of the knee. PMID- 7099585 TI - Office diagnosis and treatment of hand pain. PMID- 7099587 TI - Office treatment of adult foot problems. PMID- 7099589 TI - Common problems of lower extremity amputees. PMID- 7099588 TI - Physical conditioning of the immature athlete. PMID- 7099590 TI - Treatment of hip dysplasia in the first nine months. PMID- 7099591 TI - Office management in Legg-Calve-Perthes syndrome. AB - As a result of the information offered, one can assume that most patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes syndrome could be treated in the outpatient area. Most patients can be treated by the primary orthopedist and do not require a pediatric orthopedist. The simplest precaution remains for each patient to be very carefully evaluated throughout the treatment course for pain, muscle spasm, and limitation of hip motion. Usually pain and limited joint motion are not prominent and certainly are to be alleviated if at all possible. Early in the course of the disease these complaints can usually be eliminated by bed rest, traction, and warm compresses. An exact time to achieve this goal is not available, but it is usually a matter of weeks. On occasion, it may require months for the irritability to subside prior to application of containment therapy. Weight bearing during the healing stage should be avoided in the presence of pain and limitation of motion. Persistence of these symptoms usually portends a poor prognosis. PMID- 7099592 TI - Torsional abnormalities in children's lower extremities. PMID- 7099593 TI - Children's foot problems. AB - The most common conditions seen in a children's foot clinic are those of flatfeet and pigeon toe. Both respond to conservative treatment and few require surgical correction. However, one sees other types of flatfeet such as congenital vertical talus and tarsal coalition that frequently require surgical intervention. In general, many of the foot problems seen in children lend themselves to conservative measures, and surgical treatment can be delayed until a later age. PMID- 7099595 TI - [Hip endoprosthesis in fresh femoral neck fractures]. PMID- 7099594 TI - [Theoretical aspects of the use of bone screws in tibial fractures]. PMID- 7099596 TI - [Use of plates in the treatment of patients with tibial fractures]. PMID- 7099597 TI - [Use of apparatus for internal fracture fixation in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures complicated by cranio-cerebral injury]. PMID- 7099598 TI - [Prognosis and prophylaxis of unfavorable outcomes of closed diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures]. PMID- 7099599 TI - [Adaptive osteogenesis in puppies with unequal hindlimbs]. PMID- 7099600 TI - [Arterial blood supply in open and closed fractures of long tubular bones (clinical-experimental study)]. PMID- 7099601 TI - [Outcome of reimplantation of large diaphyseal fragments in double tibial fractures complicated by osteomyelitis]. PMID- 7099602 TI - [Use of bone nails in Ender's fixation of trochanteric fractures]. PMID- 7099603 TI - [Rare case of electric burn: necrosis of the lower jaw, clavicle and common carotid artery]. PMID- 7099604 TI - [Explantation of Achilles tendon]. PMID- 7099606 TI - [Goniometer]. PMID- 7099605 TI - [Measurement of force characteristics of leg extensors and flexors]. PMID- 7099607 TI - [Specialized medical vocational evaluation]. PMID- 7099608 TI - [Role of orthopedic equipment in treatment of trauma patients]. PMID- 7099609 TI - [Role and objectives of the microbiological service of a traumatology-orthopedic clinic]. PMID- 7099610 TI - [Immobilization of bone fragments during multiple and combined diaphyseal fractures of long tubular bones]. PMID- 7099611 TI - [Injuries, a medical and social problem]. PMID- 7099612 TI - [Use of "acute" Filatov grafts in the treatment of open finger injuries]. PMID- 7099613 TI - [Outpatient treatment of fractures of the base of the 1st metacarpal]. PMID- 7099614 TI - [Combined method of surgical treatment for severe cicatricial syndactyly as a complication of burns]. PMID- 7099615 TI - [Surgical treatment of post-burn syndactyly]. PMID- 7099616 TI - [Conservative treatment of patients with obstetric paralysis]. PMID- 7099617 TI - [Clinical and biomechanical analysis of the efficacy of using a corset in the treatment of children with compression fractures of the spine]. PMID- 7099618 TI - [Bacterial properties of tissues following injury]. PMID- 7099619 TI - [Experience in using the bactericidal preparation "levoplast" for outpatient suture-free wound closure]. PMID- 7099620 TI - [Results of early autoplasty of finger flexor tendons in the "critical" zone]. PMID- 7099621 TI - [Experience in using skeletal traction to treat transcondylar fractures of the humerus in children]. PMID- 7099622 TI - [Percutaneous osteosynthesis with compressing pins in oblique and spiral fractures of the crural bones in children]. PMID- 7099623 TI - [Mechanical strength of bone tissue in the region of the head of the 1st metatarsal]. PMID- 7099624 TI - [Compression-distraction apparatus]. PMID- 7099625 TI - [Device for extrafocal fixation of the pubic symphysis]. PMID- 7099627 TI - [Device for plotting the contour of the human body]. PMID- 7099626 TI - [Vibratory device for removing intraosseous pins]. PMID- 7099628 TI - [Extrafocal osteosynthesis for unstable fractures of the tubular bones of the hand]. PMID- 7099629 TI - [Treatment of open and gunshot diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the leg]. PMID- 7099630 TI - [2 modifications of the surgical shaping of the longitudinal arch of the foot]. PMID- 7099633 TI - [Histologic and histomorphometric study of bone biopsy material from patients with renal osteodystrophy undergoing hemodialysis]. PMID- 7099632 TI - [Features of peripheral circulatory disorders and indications for microvascular surgery in incomplete avulsions of the fingers and hand injuries]. PMID- 7099631 TI - [Unified approach to the problem of childhood injuries]. PMID- 7099634 TI - [Puerperal psychoses in Bekes County]. PMID- 7099635 TI - [Principles and practice of the management of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7099636 TI - [A case of primary aortitis in a male child]. PMID- 7099638 TI - Symposium on plastic surgery of the face. PMID- 7099637 TI - [A new approach-pancreatoduodenectomy with preservation of the pylorus--in the surgical treatment of diseases of the pancreas head]. PMID- 7099639 TI - Technical aspects of facial contouring using polyamide mesh. PMID- 7099640 TI - The role of autografts, homografts, heterografts, and alloplastic implants in reconstructive head and neck surgery. PMID- 7099641 TI - The autoalloplast--an alternative in facial implantation. PMID- 7099642 TI - Lip reconstruction. PMID- 7099643 TI - Blepharoplasty. PMID- 7099644 TI - Evaluation and treatment of the newly resuscitated patient. PMID- 7099645 TI - Rhytidoplasty. PMID- 7099646 TI - Chemosurgical techniques. PMID- 7099647 TI - The traumatized auricle--care, salvage, and reconstruction. PMID- 7099648 TI - Current concepts in Melanoma. PMID- 7099649 TI - Wound healing. PMID- 7099650 TI - Surgical anatomy of the face. PMID- 7099651 TI - Management of soft tissue injuries of the face. PMID- 7099652 TI - Dermatologic management of facial lesions. PMID- 7099653 TI - Restoration of function in long standing facial paralysis. PMID- 7099654 TI - Local skin flaps in facial reconstruction. PMID- 7099655 TI - Regional flaps in head and neck reconstruction. PMID- 7099656 TI - [Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099657 TI - [Evaluation of the role of difficult situations of psychic stress during vasomotor rhinitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099658 TI - [The usefulness of nasal septum cartilage and auricular cartilage for laryngeal reconstruction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099659 TI - [The behaviour of taste tested by qualitative gustometry in diabetics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099660 TI - [Measurements of acoustic impedance of the ear in subjects exposed to harmful effects of constant noise (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099661 TI - [The syndrome of Hoigne in a child aged 10 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099663 TI - [Craniopharyngioma of the clivus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099664 TI - [A case of a large stone in the vicinity of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099662 TI - [Chordoma of mesopharynx (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099665 TI - [Aspiration cytodiagnostics of cervical lymph nodes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099666 TI - [Transitory bilirubinemia in the newborn infant. 1. For and against phenobarbital prophylaxis of hyperbilirubinemia in the term infant]. PMID- 7099667 TI - [Congenital microcephaly with muscle hypotonia and nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 7099668 TI - [Urodynamic function tests after P4 use in children]. PMID- 7099669 TI - [The chronically ill child and his family]. PMID- 7099670 TI - [Trends in the neuropediatric case load in a university pediatric clinic]. PMID- 7099671 TI - [Prenatal illness as a marker of prenatal individuality]. PMID- 7099672 TI - [Hyperammonemia: a suggestion for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures]. AB - Hyperammonemia in pediatrics leads to emergency situations. Adequate decisions for treatment have to be taken rapidly. These depend on the underlying disorder. While the patient's history and symptoms should lead to a search for hyperammonemia, the further steps will depend on biochemical results of aminoacid determinations in plasma and urine, and orotic acid excretion. In some cases where this latter metabolite is not increased, the determination of organic acids in urine and enzyme assays in liver are needed. A scheme for the diagnostic and therapeutic measures is proposed. PMID- 7099673 TI - Influence of pyridoxine on the oxygen transport function of blood in the neonatal period in clinical and experimental conditions. AB - A significant increase of the P50 value of blood (the pO2 value of O2 half saturated blood at 37 degrees C, pH 7.40 and pCO2 of 5.33 kPa) was observed on symptom free premature newborns, mature newborns requiring intensive care and newborn rabbits treated with high dose of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6). The change seemed to be independent of the 2,3-DPG content of blood. The moderate but consistently favourable influence of vitamin B6 treatment on the O2 transport function of blood can be advantageous in early postnatal adaptation disturbances of newborns. PMID- 7099675 TI - Laboratory confirmation of phenylketonuria. Combined paper chromatography and "inhibition assay". AB - It is absolutely necessary to confirm any positive screening result for phenylketonuria by two or more independent procedures carried out on two or more different blood specimens before initiation of diet treatment. Details for a combined paper chromatography and "inhibition assay" of cut paper strips for positive identification of blood phenylalanine are given. This procedure correlates the partition between two solvents, the reaction to ninhydrin and the reaction in "inhibition assay". PMID- 7099674 TI - [Excretion of methylated nucleosides in the initial therapy phase in a case of anorexia nervosa]. AB - The urinary excretion of six methylated ribonucleosides was measured in a case of anorexia nervosa during the first eight weeks of therapy. Four phases can be distinguished. Highly elevated values are found in a clearly catabolic situation. Immediately after onset of therapy when catabolism is stopped but nutrition still inadequate the excretion of RNA-catabolites is lowered markedly. As soon as normocaloric nutrition is reached after two weeks, a short but clearcut peak excretion can be observed. Finally, the excretion of methylated RNA-catabolites is stabilized on an intermediate level after three to six weeks, when nutrition is constantly normocaloric and weight continues to increase linearly. PMID- 7099676 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis: long-term follow-up. AB - The incidence in Europe is high, about 6 in 1000 births. Five percent of these babies either die or are severely damaged by the disease. In the others most infections are clinically asymptomatic in the neonatal period. In +/- 70% of all infants with congential infections relapses of chorioretinitis give rise to scars in their eyes after a follow-up of 16 years. The relapses were occurring later on both in treated and untreated infants. Most scars were in the periphery of the retina, but scars in the neighbourhood of the macula can threaten the vision. In 1--2% of these children later on uveitis impairing vision due to congenital toxoplasmosis will occur. As a control 117 children in the age 12--14 years without congenital toxoplasmosis were studied. No chorioretinitis-scars were found in the eyes although +/- 50--60% had antibodies against toxoplasmosis, resulting from an acquired infection. The problem of prevention is unsolved. There is no vaccine. Deliberately infecting girls before pregnancy is too dangerous. Screening of pregnant women is possible but no clear-cut safe therapy is available. Screening of the baby after birth is too late. PMID- 7099677 TI - The very low birth weight problem, an imperative necessity for prevention. AB - The very low birth weight births are a major problem in the perinatal field, a short review is presented on the increasing rates of admission of these new borns in neonatal intensive care units and on the results of mortality and long-term morbidity published by pediatricians. The obstetricians have to apply the established preventive methods. This paper presents the results of a single hospital at Clamart, France, showing the progressive reduction of the number of births with less than 1500 g birth weight (still-births and live-births), when a preventive policy is proposed since eight years. PMID- 7099678 TI - Sudden unexpected infantile death (SUD) of a healthy boy occurring on the doctor's examining table at a well baby clinic. AB - The child described was 1 year 1 month, and was well developed and healthy. He underwent SUD following the doctor's examination in the presence of the doctor, nurse and mother. The case terminated fatally despite adequate resuscitation. The post mortem examination did not reveal the cause of death. The authors feel that the case supports their previously presented hypothesis of infant neurocirculatory dystony as the cause of SUD. When the infant mortality drops below 15% SUD remains as one of the chief causes of infant death. PMID- 7099679 TI - [How to diagnose intracranial haemorrhages in infants by two-dimensional ultrasound scanning (author's transl)]. AB - Applying a rotatory sector-scanner, in 437 infants between the 29th gestational week and 18th month of life, a sonographic study was performed in order to look for an intracranial haemorrhage. The recording was performed real-time, using the anterior fontanelle as an acoustic window. In 42 infants we saw signs of an intracranial haemorrhage, which was confirmed 11 times anatomically and 11 times by CAT. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. PMID- 7099680 TI - Fetal and neonatal hypoxia. AB - Fetal and neonatal hypoxia is viewed as one of the major causes of the developmental disturbances of the brain. Shortterm intranatal hypoxia and its difference from antenatal fetal hypoxia are also considered. The combination of ante- and intranatal hypoxia worsens the prognosis considerably. The problem of fetal and neonatal hypoxia requires further profound study of the mechanisms of its development and the peculiarities of the regulation of fetal hemodynamics. PMID- 7099681 TI - Fetal loss and maternal glucose intolerance. A retrospective study. AB - The premise that unexplained fetal loss is associated with maternal intravenous glucose intolerance (IVGT) has been studied retrospectively in three pregnancy related groups. In 97 women (Group A) who had stillbirths inadequately explained by obstetrical or necropsy findings, 24 per cent had abnormal IVGT tested six weeks postpartum. In 115 women (Group B) with histories of two or more spontaneous abortions (recurrent abortion) tested late in a subsequent successful pregnancy 26 per cent were abnormal. In 465 pregnancies of women with abnormal IVGT diagnosed during pregnancy (Group C) there were 19 perinatal deaths (12 stillbirths and 7 first week deaths) (Perinatal Mortality Rate 41 per 1000). Perinatal mortality characteristics which are similar to those found in insulin dependent diabetes namely a high incidence of major fetal abnormality (37 per cent) and the occurrence of hyaline membrane disease in term infants were observed. A causal association is postulated between inadequately explained stillbirth and recurrent abortion and abnormal maternal IVGT. PMID- 7099682 TI - Early blood sampling in neonatal programs for the detection of phenylketonuria. AB - A prospective study of blood phenylalanine levels during the early days of life of infants in 11 families with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) and 2 families with variant hyperphenylalaninemia has been performed. Four affected children were detected. In 3 infants with PKU, blood specimens obtained on the second day demonstrated levels of 8--10 mg% (480--600 micrometers/l) phenylalanine. In one infant with a variant type of abnormality (high phenylalanine requirement) only slightly elevated levels of 2--4 mg% (120--240 micrometers/l) were observed on the second to fourth days, though later very high levels were reached, warranting dietary treatment. In the routine neonatal screening program several variant cases were detected with borderline blood phenylalanine levels (2--4 mg%) in samples obtained on the third or fourth day of life. These results suggest that though probably very few cases of classical PKU might be missed by examination of blood samples obtained on the second postnatal day, the findings in variant cases justify a recommendation to obtain repeat blood specimens under such circumstances. PMID- 7099683 TI - Experimental and clinical pharmacokinetics of nitrofurantoin in the early period of life. AB - The investigation of pharmacokinetics showed age-dependent rate of nitrofurantoin elimination in rats. Nitrofurantoin half-life of 0.41 hr in adults was prolonged to 0.95 hr in 2-weeks-old rats. Nitrofurantoin excretion rate was decreased in children younger than 2 years. Older children excreted in urine 44.32 +/- 16.07 and younger 25.07 +/- 5.7 per cent of the given dose of nitrofurantoin, indicating the lower capacity for nitrofurantoin elimination via kidneys. PMID- 7099684 TI - [Estriol serum levels following betamethasone treatment for induction of fetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. AB - 23 pregnant women with 28 to 37 weeks of gestation, threatened by premature labor, received Betamethasone 8 mg at admission and 4 mg 24 hours later to prevent newborn-RDS. Four women experienced this treatment twice. Blood was sampled for determination of estriol before each administration of Bethametasone and 24 hours after. Group I, patients with no signs of placental insufficiency, showed a drop in estriol levels at the second sample, but these recovered at the third one. There was no recovery seen at the third sample with group III, representing patients with proven placental insufficiency. Patients demonstrating pathologic CTG or delivering babies with low Apgar scores (Group II) showed no consistent course with their estriol levels. The course of estriol after administration of Betamethasone may be used as a test to determine the quality of the feto placental unit. PMID- 7099685 TI - [Psychopharmacological drugs in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - The use of psychopharmacological drugs on children is still widely disputed. A questionnaire sent to Austrian pediatricians should give a realistic picture of the individual doctor's opinion to this question. The results are compared with reports in literature and the experience gained from patients in the medical pedagogical department of the University Children's Hospital, Vienna. A plan of treatment which has proved efficacious in hospitals is presented. PMID- 7099686 TI - [Treatment of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma (author's transl)]. AB - From March 1973 to December 1981 embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit was diagnosed in 5 children. In two children exenteration was done after a previous local radiotherapy. In one child the exenteration of the orbit was done after a primary chemo- and radiotherapy because of local progression of the tumor. In two children the exenteration was avoidable by this therapy. In four of these five children this was followed by vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide for 16 to 24 months. After the diagnosis these four children survived until now from 3 1/2 to more than 8 years. They are free of treatment and free of disease. Seven months after diagnosis one child died with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (at post mortem: hyaline membranes). In patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit it is justified to avoid the mutilating exenteration by primary chemotherapy followed by irradiation of the reduced manner. If exenteration becomes subsequently necessary the chance for survival is not diminished in our opinion. PMID- 7099687 TI - [Indications of ultrasonography in perinatal medicine (author's transl)]. AB - The indications of ultrasonography in obstetrics are shortly discussed. The advantage of the method is primarily the exact dating of the pregnancy either by measuring the crown-rump-length during the 8th and 12th week of pregnancy, or the measurement of the biparietal diameter between the 15th and 21st week. These data form the basis fo the interpretation of different hormonal findings during pregnancy such as HPL or estriol. In combination head and abdominal fetal measurements inform about the fetal intrauterine development and the fetal body weight. From both parameters and the head to abdominal ratio fetuses at risk to either small-for-date-babies or large-for-data-babies can be diagnosed with high accuracy. The demonstration of anatomical fetal details makes it possible to diagnose malformations in early stages of pregnancy. This enables us to choose in cooperation with the perinatologist and pediatric surgeon the optimal time for selective cesarean for further treatment of the intrauterine patient. PMID- 7099688 TI - [Motoscopic-neurological and motometric investigation in children with speech disturbances (author's transl)]. AB - According to the definition of Wigglesworth and Kong it is possible to diagnose minimal cerebral palsy (mcp) by a motoscopic-neurological (m.n.) investigation. This is based on the observation of pathological patterns of posture and movement seen in all severities of cerebral palsy. In cases of minimal cerebral palsy the test needs special experience and is considerably time consuming. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether a motometric test--the Korperkoordinationstest fur Kinder (KTK) Schilling, 1974--that is short, standardised and easy to handle, can identify children with mcp as having a low Motor Quotient (MQ) and children who are neurologically normal as having a high MQ. 192 pupils of the special school of children with speech disturbances in Vienna were investigated both with the m. n. test and the KTK. Children with a MQ greater than or equal to 86 mainly (statistically significant) belonged to the group "m. n.-normal" and children with MQ less than or equal to 85 mainly belonged to the group with the diagnosis mcp. However, it was not possible in the individual case to identify mcp with the motometric test. There were 29,3% of children with mcp who had a normal MQ and 26,9% of children with a normal m. n. test who had a MQ less than or equal to 85. PMID- 7099689 TI - [Lethal neonatal deficiency of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (author's transl)]. AB - This is a report of a male neonate with hyperammonemia who showed progressive neurologic symptoms and pulmonary bleeding due to carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency. This newborn male died in coma after only 119 hours. His elder brothers died under similar circumstances in the first days of life, and a CPS deficiency is not to be excluded. The pulmonary bleeding in the patient and in one brother caused by hyperammonemia is emphasized. In the pedigree repeated consanguinity could be detected. PMID- 7099690 TI - [Gaschromatographic analysis of urinary steroid excretion: application in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and related adrenocortical disorders (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099692 TI - [Psychodynamic aspects of dyspnoea attacks in childhood (author's transl)]. AB - It was attempted to describe some important aspects of the psychodynamics of respiratory attacks in childhood. Breathing is an activity, that is obviously bound up with life itself. From this fact derives the symptom of a sudden manifestation of dyspnoea attacks, disturbed respiration, palpitation and apprehensiveness. Three forms of asphyxia are described by the patients themselves: constriction of the throat, destruction of trachea, and obstruction of the respiratory tract as a whole. Sometimes a "lump in the throat" made swallowing impossible. The bases of this sensations are fears in connection with sudden death in the family, separation or loss of parental love. Among 18 cases we found a prevalence of boys in childhood, a predomination of girls in adolescence. Sexual fears proved to be an important pathogenic factor. Five individual cases among our patients illustrate the role of the underlying influences. In acute cases hospital admission is necessary, treatment by a child psychiatrist if available. Therapeutic problems are discussed. PMID- 7099691 TI - [Sensible immunologic diagnosis and therapy in children with recurrent infections]. AB - This retrospective study of immunological findings in 108 children with various infections shows that the majority of patients were younger than 6 years of age. In the main, the study resulted in the following immunological findings. In children with recurrent infections of the lower respiratory tract, there was the notable selective IgA deficiency, much more common than in the rest of the population. Children with otitis and pyogenic infections of the skin, which are mainly bacterial infections, had in particular a low number of anti-bacterial antibodies and were lacking in opsonins. This missing opsonization was significantly higher (p greater than 0,05) in children with recurrent otitis than in the other patients. Anti-bacterial antibodies and osponization of bacteria are only present in effective numbers from the age of about 3 in 90% of healthy children. Patients over 3 with various recurring infections had, in comparison to healthy children, significantly higher numbers a reduced ability to opsonize (p less than 0,00001) or a lack of antibodies (p less than 0,05). These deficiencies occurred separately. Children with infections of the upper respiratory tract or polytope infections had no characteristic deficiencies. In children with a recurring tendency to infection, there are 3 important factors to consider for a meaningful diagnosis and therapy: age, type of illness and the epidemiological situation of the child. If these factors are taken into consideration, the decision as to whether, when and what kind of an immunological test should be carried, is facilitated. The therapy is then also more effective and more selective. PMID- 7099693 TI - [New aspects in the neonatal intensive care from the view of the nurse (author's transl)]. AB - The neonatal intensive care differs from the basic care by nurses in several aspects. First the nurse is confronted with sudden, rapidly progressing and life threatening event. Secondly she has to handle sophisticated technical devices whose number and complexity is growing continuously. Thirdly the nurse has to deal with parents of a sick newborn baby, who has been expected to be healthy. All these factors demand special and continuous education to obtain the professional security as well as the preparedness to take responsibilities with long lasting consequences. Finally intensive care needs a well-functioning management with the emphasis of good social relations among the stuff members. PMID- 7099694 TI - [Effect of premature birth risk and prenatal care on the maturity and morbidity of the newborn infant]. AB - Risk of premature birth was evaluated according to the prematurity risk score proposed by Thalhammer 1973 in 610 newborn infants hospitalized during 1974 to 1979 at the Division of Neonatology and Congenital Disorders of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Vienna. 324 infants had a birth weight of less than 2501 grams and 286 infants a birth weight of more than 2500 grams. Prematurity risk was compared with regard to prenatal care to birth weight and gestational age as well as to the duration of hospital stay, the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, the need of ventilatory support and the mortality rate. Quality of prenatal care was judged from the frequency of medical attendances obtained during pregnancy. Less than 0,5 medical visits for 4 weeks were classified as bad prenatal care, more than 0,8 visits as good prenatal care. At any prematurity risk newborn infants from pregnancies with good prenatal care had a higher gestational age and a higher birth weight. They also had shorter hospital admissions, less frequent a respiratory distress syndrome or the need for ventilatory support and a lower mortality rate. The benefit of good prenatal care was supported further by the finding that important individual risk factors as well as the total prematurity risk score was the same in infants without respiratory distress syndrome but birth weights below 2501 grams as well as in infants with the respiratory distress syndrome in infants with ventilatory support and in infants who died. The mothers on the other hand of the healthy newborn infants weighing below 2501 grams shared significantly more medical attendances during pregnancy. PMID- 7099695 TI - [Enzyme activities of native non-enzymatically glucosylated trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain]. AB - The proteases trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and papain were incubated with glucose for a period of 10 days at 37 degrees C and activity was tested in comparison to the enzymes incubated with the puffer solution only without glucose addition. Papain additionally was incubated for 10 days at 37 degrees C with the carbohydrates galactose, sucrose, lactose, glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine. While trypsin and chymotrypsin showed no change in enzymatic activity after incubation with glucose, the activity of papain was reduced by 70% to 90% (mean 84%). Incubation with galactose also inhibited papain activity but to a lesser extent (25% to 60%, mean 43%). Incubation with the other carbohydrates failed to inhibit papain activity. The mechanism inferred is nonenzymatic glucosylation of papain possibly as ketoamine linkage at the lysine residues situated close to the active site of papain causing steric or allosteric hindrance of the papain activity. The serine hydrolases trypsin and chymotrypsin without lysine residues near their active sites revealed unchanged activity after incubation with glucose. PMID- 7099696 TI - [Problems of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung in premature babies (author's transl)]. AB - Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) was diagnosed antenatally by ultrasound in a premature baby. After birth the baby developed severe respiratory distress and died despite pneumonectomy. Etiology, clinical findings and morphology as well as the importance of antenatal diagnosis of CCAM for postnatal therapy are discussed. PMID- 7099697 TI - [Non-enzymatic glucosylation of proteins]. AB - The modification of haemoglobin A by glucose to haemoglobin A Ic is a classical example for a nonenzymatic glucosylation (n. e. glu.) reaction of a protein. It has been suggested, that various proteins are subjected to this process during hyperglycemia phases, if the protein meets certain steric, electrostatic and biochemical characteristics. In the present report n. e. glu. of haemoglobin, serum protein, collagen, basement membrane protein and alkaline phosphatase is discussed. It is suggested that n. e. glu. might influence protein function and forms thus the biochemical basis for specific complications of diabetes mellitus in an outside pregnancy. PMID- 7099698 TI - [Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita observed during six years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099699 TI - Comparative effects of acupuncture in Japan and the United States on dental pain perception. AB - The effect of low frequency electrical acupunctural stimulation on the perception of induced dental pain were compared in two cultural settings. Twenty Japanese and 20 American subjects (consisting of 10 Caucasians and 10 second or third generation Japanese) were tested in two functionally identical laboratories, one at Tottori University in Yonago, Japan and the other at the University of Washington. Each subject underwent a control and an acupuncture session on separate days wtih subjects counterbalanced for carry-over order effects. Sensory decision theory (SDT) analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in perceptual capability and an increased bias against reporting stimuli as painful following the acupuncture as treatment which was performed bilaterally at traditional facial points. No significant differences between groups in alteration of perceptual capability, bias or pain threshold were demonstrated, indicating that the cultural and racial differences studied did not influence responses to acupuncture in a laboratory setting. PMID- 7099700 TI - Changes in cortical evoked potentials as correlates of the efficacy of weak analgesics. AB - The relationship between subjective measurements of pain (pain report and threshold of sensation) and evoked potentials following painful electrical stimulation of tooth pulp was evaluated after intake of different weak analgesics. These time-response curves for the dolorimetric parameters were correlated to the in vivo drug levels obtained in corresponding experiments by analyzing saliva. Based on the comparison between the drug levels of analgesics in saliva on the one hand and the threshold of sensation, the pain rating and changes in the amplitude of the cortical EP on the other hand, the sensitivity of the EP to changes in drug concentration was superior than to subjective pain judgement. The data were correlated to clinical pain relief investigations. The results support the suggestion of earlier research that EP evaluation may well serve as a correlate for laboratory pain. PMID- 7099701 TI - The antinociceptive effects of epidural opiates in the cat: studies of the pharmacology and the effects of lipophilicity in spinal analgesia. AB - In cats implanted chronically with catheters in the lumbar epidural space, the pharmacology of the analgesia of 4 opiates, which varied widely in their physicochemical properties, was studied. Results revealed the following order of epidural analgesic potency as indicated by suppression of the spinally mediate skin twitch reflex: lofentanyl greater than morphine greater than L-methadone greater than meperidine greater than D-methadone. With the doses used in these experiments the duration of action was: morphine greater than lofentanyl greater than L-methadone = meperidine. In addition, antagonism of these effects by systemic naloxone and the development of tolerance after daily epidural administration of morphine were demonstrated. These data, jointly, indicate a specific receptor mechanism of action. We suggest that this animal model may be useful for the evaluation of new opiates and non-opiates to be given via the epidural route. PMID- 7099702 TI - The response to treatment in a multidisciplinary pain clinic. AB - Reports of the results obtained by multidisciplinary pain clinics are reviewed. The outcome of management of a cohort of patients referred to the Royal Adelaide Hospital Pain Clinic is described. Thirty-seven percent of patients reported partial or complete relief. The problems of assessing outcome are discussed, as well as the difficulty of making meaningful comparisons between pain clinics. The evidence thus far available suggests that multidisciplinary pain clinics make a useful and important contribution to the management of pain syndromes. PMID- 7099703 TI - Diffusion of pain language with affective disturbance confounds differential diagnosis. AB - Two experiments examined the use of pain descriptors by chronic pain patients with different medical and/or psychiatric diagnoses. Experiment I subjected patients' responses to the 20 descriptor categories on the McGill Pain Questionnaire to 3 separate multiple discriminant analyses to examine the differential diagnostic properties of pain language. None of the analyses generated a discriminant function, indicating that chronic pain patients do not use pain descriptors in a precise and systematic manner. Experiment II demonstrated that as affective disturbance increased within a chronic benign pain population pain language became more diffuse. These results suggest that pain language is not accurate for medical diagnosis in patients who suffer affective disturbance. PMID- 7099704 TI - Immunity to coccidia in chickens: adoptive transfer with peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells. AB - Suspensions of cells prepared from the caecal tonsils and spleen, and the peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens immune to Eimeria maxima, were tested for their ability to transfer resistance to syngeneic recipients. The intravenous injection of approximately 6 x 10(8) spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes caused a significant reduction of oocyst production by the challenged recipients, in comparison with controls which were uninjected or given cells from birds susceptible to E. maxima. Peripheral blood lymphocytes appeared to be most effective when obtained 10-15 days after a primary, or 3-10 days after a secondary inoculation of oocysts. The peripheral blood lymphocytes which participate in the early response to challenge of immune birds were not found to be protective. When given intraperitoneally, greater numbers of spleen cells were required to reduce oocyst production, and small numbers of caecal tonsil cells were ineffective. The ability of the various cell suspensions to transfer antibody and cell-mediated responses was monitored with 'marker' antigens. There was some indication that both types of response were involved in protection. PMID- 7099705 TI - Trypanosoma brucei: the mechanism of remission in murine infections. A calculator simulation. AB - A simulation (using an electronic calculator program) of the growth of Trypanosoma brucei in the mouse is presented. This suggests that remission of the infection is effected by the removal of ever increasing numbers of the organisms as the immune (antibody) response develops, rather than that a gradual build-up of antibody on each trypanosome occurs until a fatal concentration is reached, simultaneously, on all of them. The program has enabled a theoretical examination to be made of the effect, on the trypanosome growth curve, of altering the doubling time of the organism, the rate of development of the immune response, and the efficiency of the antibodies. Suggestions are made for further extensions of the program to cover other parameters that may vary during the infections. It should also be possible to use similar simple programs, that do not employ advanced mathematics, to problems of the growth of many organisms. PMID- 7099706 TI - [Life cycle, feeding and reproduction of Haemogamasus ambulans mites (Gamasoidea, Haemogamasidae)]. AB - The mite Haemogamasus ambulans is characterized by a mixed type of feeding such as haematophagy, zoophagy and schizophagy with a prevalence of haematophagy. Maximum fecundity of females took place when they were kept on complex diet (blood and living objects). When fed only with blood mites exhibited pronounced cannibalism that resulted in the reduction of their progeny. In addition to gamogenesis parthenogenesis was noted. PMID- 7099707 TI - [Absolute count of hungry adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks (Ixodidae) by the sample area method]. AB - The paper presents results of approbation of the use of experimental areas (100 m2 in size) for characteristics of the populational density of adult hungry Ixodes persulcatus. Data of a single catch (during the seasonal peak of abundance) of the ticks in these areas are used. The obtained results are suitable for characteristics of the abundance and spread of ticks inside the population. Correlations between indices of a relative and absolute estimation are given. It was concluded that the number of ticks over a vast territory can be in most cases estimated by means of 50 to 100 areas. The method of absolute estimation of ticks can be widely used for field ecological and epizootological investigations. PMID- 7099708 TI - [Organ culture of the argasid tick Ornithodoros papillipes (Argasidae)]. PMID- 7099709 TI - Circadian variation in the distribution of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and 5 hydroxytryptamine levels in the gastro-intestinal tract of the laboratory rat. AB - The circadian migration of Hymenolepis diminuta in the small intestine of the rat may be correlated with a circadian variation in 5-hydroxytryptamine levels present in worm tissue, in the intestinal lumen, in the intestinal mucosa, with the amount of fold present in the small intestine and in arterial blood. 5-HT and food levels in uninfected animals were also determined. The 16.00 h stage in the circadian cycle marks both the commencement of host feeding, followed by rising 5 HT levels in both worm and host tissues, and initiation of an anteriad migration of worm biomass. It was found that 5-HT levels in the intestine of parasitized animals were significantly higher than in the intestine of uninfected controls. This is the first report of circadian variation in mucosal and luminal 5-HT levels. The similarity in the circadian patterns of worm migration and worm luminal, mucosal and blood 5-HT levels were striking. Fasting eliminated the circadian rise in intestinal 5-HT levels and the worms did not migrate. Luminal 5 HT levels were significantly lower in fasted animals than in the comparable rats fed ad libitum. When the intestine was ligatured at the pyloric sphincter, worm anteriad migration still occurred after feeding, indicating that the presence of exogenous food in the intestine is not a factor in the initial migration of the worms. PMID- 7099711 TI - The anti-neoplastic effect of trichinellosis in a syngeneic murine model. AB - C57BL/6 male mice with chronic trichinellosis, and age-matched uninfected control mice, were inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. Tumour development was inhibited in the infected animals. In the infected tumour-bearing mice, the tumor induction intervals were longer and the tumour size was subsequently smaller than in the control mice. Moreover, when the number of tumour cells in the inoculum was less than that required to produce 100% tumour incidence in the uninfected mice (less than 1 x 10(4) cells), significantly more of the mice with an infection of 2 months duration remained tumour-free. These results were significant at the P less than 0.05 level. PMID- 7099710 TI - Strongyloides ratti: studies of 75Se-labelled larvae of the homogonic strain in female hosts. AB - A prediction of the hypothesis of Wilson (1977, 1980 a, b) to account for larval migration of homogonic Strongyloides ratti in the host is that the pattern of invasion of the mammary gland of a lactating rat will be quantitatively similar on both sides and independent of the point of entry into the body. Twenty-one suckled mother rats in 6 experiments in which live 75Se-labelled 3rd-stage homogonic larvae were injected under the skin of the upper flank had an overall distribution of label 30 h post-injection, as a percentage of the initial dose, in the quadrants, I (rear, injection side, II (rear, opposite injection side), III (front, injection side) and IV (front, opposite injection side) of the mammary gland as follows: 27.4%, 1.27%, 1.98% and 1.24%. Quantitative changes in mammary label between 30 and 48 h post-injection using live larvae, differences between mothers and virgins, and results after injection of heat-killed labelled larvae, confirm that the pattern is representative of the behaviour of normal (unlabelled) worms when injected. The theory is therefore disproved. The findings are put forward as the first quantitative evidence for major lymphatic involvement in migration of a skin-penetrating roundworm. They need confirmation in similar experiments in which worms are allowed to penetrate the skin naturally. The role of isotope-labelled larvae versus traditional methods of estimating parasite content of host tissue is discussed. PMID- 7099712 TI - Quantitative methods in the study of the pathogenesis of haemoprotozoal diseases. AB - The study of pathogenicity of haemoprotozoa and the pathogenesis of the diseases they cause requires quantitative descriptions. Statistical and mathematical methods are introduced to describe infectivity, parasitaemia, total body parasitosis and the severity of diseases. PMID- 7099713 TI - Cryopreservation of Babesia bovis for in vitro cultivation. AB - The most efficient procedure for cryopreserving viable Babesia bovis organisms for in vitro cultivation consists of freezing extracellular parasites in a solution of 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using a cooling rate of 20 degrees C/min. Although cultures can be established from thawed infected erythrocytes, the plating efficiency is relatively low. Freezing extracellular parasites resulted in plating efficiency up to 25%, when thawed and placed in culture. Glycerin or dimethyl sulphoxide (Me2SO) can be used successfully in the cryopreservation of B. bovis but apparent toxic effects greatly decrease their efficiency. B. bovis parasites have been kept to -196 degrees C for 60 days with no appreciable reduction in plating efficiency. PMID- 7099714 TI - Density-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of intestinal helminth populations. PMID- 7099715 TI - Parasites as biological control agents. PMID- 7099716 TI - Assessment of the human and ecological hazards of microbial insecticides. AB - A comprehensive account is given of the evolution of registration guidelines and safety testing procedures for microbial insecticidal agents. Particular emphasis is given to the use of viruses for pest control and the various guidelines developed to assess their possible hazards. The likely gains and risks associated with using viruses are discussed. Several meetings have been held in the last 10 years to assess the hazards of virus insecticides. Some of these meetings have produced recommendations, some have developed guidelines for safety testing. These meetings are reviewed. The various guidelines developed for safety testing are critically evaluated and the UK Registration Criteria for Biological Agents used as Pesticides are reproduced in full. Examples of viruses that have been safety tested and registered for use are given and the criteria used are described. Conclusions are drawn on the merits of the guidelines presently available and the likely future development of safety testing schemes is considered. PMID- 7099717 TI - Fine needle aspiration biopsy in perspective. PMID- 7099718 TI - The legend of the poupou or carved panel. PMID- 7099719 TI - Test and teach. Number thirty-two. Diagnosis: parapineal germinoma (atypical teratoma). PMID- 7099720 TI - Test and teach. Number thirty-three. Diagnosis: otosclerosis (otospongiosis) in an active phase involving the stapial footplate and the medial portions of both stapes crura. PMID- 7099721 TI - The influence of adenosine on the no-reflow phenomenon in anoxic and ischaemic hearts. AB - Adenosine and the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), separately and in combination, were added to the perfusate of isolated rat hearts which were then subjected to ischaemia or anoxia. The effect of these infusates on the vascular competence of the myocardium subjected to oxygen deprivation of from 15-90 min was compared to control hearts. Vascular competence at selected time intervals was assessed from the distribution of injected. 1% sodium fluorescein in the cut surface of the ventricles. A region of non-perfusion surrounding the left ventricular lumen and involving 25% of the ventricular myocardium developed within 15 min of anoxic perfusion, with little change thereafter. Adenosine had no significant effect on this. The no-reflow phenomenon following ischaemia had similar distribution, but developed more slowly and eventually involved twice as much of the myocardium (59% after 90 min). Surprisingly, pre-treatment with adenosine greatly increased (from 14-46%) the extent of no-reflow after 30 min of ischaemia. Pre-treatment with EHNA caused a slight reduction (59-43%) in its extent but only after 60 min. Thus the no reflow phenomenon which developed in ischaemic myocardium is unlikely to be due to the reduced vasodilatory action of adenosine. PMID- 7099722 TI - A survey of haematological values in Sydney. AB - A survey of haematological values in Sydney was conducted in conjunction with the Sydney Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Programme. The sample consisted of 4374 'self-referred' Sydney inhabitants between 11-90 yr of age. Comparison of the haemoglobin concentrations with those obtained in 2 previous Australian surveys suggested that the haemoglobin values in Australia have not varied in the last 25 yr. PMID- 7099723 TI - An evaluation of the ELT-8 hematology analyzer. AB - The TMELT-8 Hematology Analyzer is a fully automated cell counter which utilizes laser light scattering and hydrodynamic focusing to provide an 8 parameter whole blood count. The instrument consists of a sample handler with ticket printer, and a data handler with visual display unit, It accepts 100 microliter samples of venous or capillary blood and prints the values for WCC, RCC, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelet count on to a standard result card. All operational and quality control functions, including graphic display of relative cell size distribution, can be obtained from the visual display unit and can also be printed as a permanent record if required. In a limited evaluation of the ELT-8, precision, linearity, accuracy, lack of sample carry-over and user acceptance were excellent. Reproducible values were obtained for all parameters after overnight storage of samples. Reagent usage and running costs were lower than for the Coulter S and the Coulter S Plus. The ease of processing capillary samples was considered to be a major advantage. The histograms served to alert the operator to a number of abnormalities, some of which were clinically significant. PMID- 7099724 TI - Lipoprotein classification by analytical ultracentrifugation. AB - Plasma lipoproteins from normal patients with hyperlipidaemia were separated by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation and the lipoprotein patterns classified. Electrophoresis suffered from being only qualitative but it was quick, relatively inexpensive and, in combination with plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, it classified the majority of plasma samples. Classification was not always definite and more difficult when only electrophoresis or plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were used. Analytical ultracentrifugation resolved and quantitated the lipoproteins satisfactorily and all the samples were classified. This method was indispensible for definitive analysis of borderline and difficult cases but the cost of the equipment precludes its use in routine clinical practice. PMID- 7099726 TI - The role of testicular biopsy in the investigation of male infertility. AB - Sixty-five testicular biopsies from infertile men were assessed retrospectively. In 21 patients infertility was attributed to varicoceles. In the remaining cases the testicular histology was classified into 3 major groups. Normal, hypospermatogenesis and germ cell aplasia. These histological categories were correlated with serum gonadotrophic hormone levels and sperm counts. All cases of germ cell aplasia showed azoospermia or severe oligospermia, but sperm counts alone were not reliable indicators of spermatogenesis. Patients with very low sperm counts and raised levels of serum FSH invariably had germ cell aplasia. These patients made up a group in whom testicular biopsies were of limited value in assessment. In all other instances the testicular biopsy was still an important tool in the assessment and prognostication for fertility in the subfertile male. PMID- 7099725 TI - Placental candidiasis: report of three cases with a review of the literature. AB - Three new cases of placental candidiasis are reported. Two were associated with fetal cutaneous candidiasis and one with fetal systemic candidiasis. The systemic case was associated with an intrauterine contraceptive device. Infection of the placenta results in small 'granulomata' under the surface of the cord and a diffuse chorioamnionitis of the membranes and chorionic plate. In reviewing the 24 previously reported cases it can be seen that systemic. Candida infection of the fetus results in prematurity and death, infection can occur across intact membranes, and systemic candidiasis in the fetus is likely to be associated with an intrauterine device. PMID- 7099727 TI - Percutaneous thoracic aspiration needle biopsies. AB - The results of percutaneous thoracic aspiration needle biopsies in 221 patients performed over a 9-yr study period are presented. Indication for aspiration was a presumptive clinical diagnosis of primary or metastatic carcinoma of the lung or mediastinum. Of the 221 cases, 135 aspirates were reported as positive for malignancy, 26 were suspicious and 60 were diagnosed as negative or unsatisfactory. Follow-up data revealed 140 histologically and/or clinically confirmed cases of malignancy; of these 102 had aspirates diagnosed as positive, 15 as suspicious and 23 as negative. This represents a positive tissue diagnosis for malignancy of 73% from a minimally invasive technique within the study period. No false positive diagnoses were made. PMID- 7099728 TI - Suprasellar germinoma with probable extracranial metastases. AB - A case of metastasizing suprasellar germinoma (ectopic pinealoma) in a prepubertal part-Polynesian female is presented, and the histological features of the tumour are described. Review of the literature had disclosed 11 previous reports of extraneurally metastasizing pineal germinoma. The present case appears to be the first recorded instance of extraneural metastases from an intracerebral germinoma where the primary tumour mass is situated outside the pineal gland. PMID- 7099729 TI - Programming of the goal-directed behavior and association systems of the brain. AB - The organism functions in surroundings which are organized according to probability and determine the development of the ability for probabilistic prognosis of goal-directed performance. Probabilistic programming of behavior is assumed to be based on dominant motivation, previous experience (genetic and ontogenetic), and the estimation of the current situation as stored in short-term memory. Association thalamocortical systems of the brain appear to possess basic structural-functional requisites to evaluate their role in the mechanisms of probabilistic prognosis. A hypothetical diagram is given to illustrate the functional structure of a goal-directed behavior based on the dominant mechanisms. PMID- 7099731 TI - Studies of nervous system sensitivity in children with learning and attention disorders. AB - Clinically referred children, diagnosed as having learning or attention disorders, with or without hyperactivity, were found to vary widely on a measure of nervous system sensitivity recommended by the Pavlovian investigator Vasilev. That is, the children were contrasted on their mean press and release reaction times (RIs) to four tones, ranging from soft (55 db) to very loud (100 db), with the expectation that some would be able to maintain a parallel separation of press and release RT gradients across all intensity levels (strength), whereas others would show convergence or overlap of the gradients at higher intensities (weakness). Contrary to expectation, girls did not have weaker or more sensitive nervous system than boys, although the girls rated themselves as less tolerant of intense stimuli. Significantly more of the children diagnosed as hyperactive had weaker nervous systems. The boys also participated in a blind crossover study contrasting placebo and methylphenidate effects; the prescribing physician, who was not informed of the child's nervous system classification, adjusted the dosage levels so that subjects with weaker nervous systems were titrated at higher dosage levels than those with stronger nervous systems. Gray (1964) suggested an explantation of this paradox, i.e., that a weak nervous system requires a more intense stimulus than the strong to reach the threshold of concentration (or focused attention), whereas for other thresholds the strong requires a more intense stimulus than the weak. Gray's theory was further supported by the finding that children typed as weak (unmedicated) did not show as great facilitation in RT with reward (moderate stimulus) as did those typed as strong. PMID- 7099730 TI - Blocking and nonsimultaneous compounds: comparison of responding during compound conditioning and testing. AB - Three blocking experiments were run using a conditional emotional response procedure with rats as subjects. In each experiment, following initial conditioning to a light stimulus, blocking rats were conditioned to a compound in which a short-duration (30-second) noise was superimposed on the terminal portion of the longer-duration light. In Experiment 1, the light was always three minutes in duration; in Experiment 2, the light was switched from a constant (three minute) to a variable (0.5-5.0 minute) duration at the start of compound conditioning; in Experiment 3, the light was variable in duration throughout conditioning. Control rats received the same compound conditioning experiences as the blocking rats but did not receive prior conditioning to the light by itself. These temporal manipulations had strong and systematic influence on the rats' pattern of responding during compound conditioning. Most notably, experience with a constant-duration light resulted in both blocking and compound animals showing little conditional suppression to the early conditional stimulus portion of light by itself, followed by strong conditional suppression to the terminal 30 seconds of light plus noise. When testing was done with the noise in isolation subsequent to compound conditioning, however, an equally strong blocking effect was obtained across all the temporal manipulations. In all cases, the blocking animals showed much less conditional suppression to the noise than did the compound control animals. This lack of correspondence between the rats' responding during compound conditioning and their response to the noise by itself is theoretically puzzling. The confounding effect of inhibition of delay may provide at least a partial explanation of this pattern of results. PMID- 7099732 TI - Adaptation effects on activity-stress ulcers in rats. AB - Rats were given either seven or 14 days of experience with either restricted feeding (2 hr/day) or activity (24 hr/day of access to activity wheels with ad libitum feeding). Animals were then subjected to the activity-stress ulcer procedure involving 1 hr/day of feeding and continuous access to running wheels. Neither experience with restricted feeding nor with activity wheels attenuated gastric ulceration, indicating that adaptation did not occur. Rats with either restricted feeding experience or activity experience died faster and exhibited more frequent and more severe stomach damage relative to nonexperienced controls. PMID- 7099733 TI - The cybernetic approach to the treatment of neurotic disorders. AB - This work is an attempt at a cybernetic analysis of the process of treatment of neurotic disorders. This approach is based on the consideration of a patient as an object of control. Assuming that the neurosis is an expression of some imbalance in an organism, the process of treatment is reduced to the exertion of influence on the system thrown out of balance (i.e., the patient) so that its homeostasis with the environment is restored. Thus the treatment of neurotic disorders consists of the use of negative feedback, both internal (those within the patients organism) and external (those within the system created by the interaction of patient and environment). PMID- 7099734 TI - Fourier analysis of covert speech behavior. A progress report. AB - Frequency characteristics of electromyographic traces from the tongue and lips were studied as a function of class of phonemic input. Previous research has established that there are amplitude increases in the lips while processing bilabial linguistic units such as [p] and in the tongue when processing lingual alveolar units (like [t]). Preliminary results using variability measures suggest similar conclusions for frequency parameters. PMID- 7099735 TI - Retention of orienting reaction habituation in patients with postmeningoencephalitic epilepsy. AB - A polygraphic study on habituation of the somatic, autonomic, and EEG components of the orienting reaction elicited by a repetitive auditory stimulus during successive (weekly) sessions was performed in 29 patients with postmeningoencephalic epilepsy (PME) and in 116 control subjects. The study evidence significant retention disturbances of orienting reaction habituation (i.e., of learning), the "saving" of stimulation, achieved from one session to another to obtain the habituation criterion, being lesser in PME patients than in control subjects. The severity of habituation retention disturbances depended on seizure frequency, electroclinical form, and history, as well as a features of EEG tracings. PMID- 7099736 TI - The limb deficient child. PMID- 7099738 TI - Early diagnosis and pathology of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 7099737 TI - Cervical spine injuries in children. PMID- 7099739 TI - Adolescent bunions: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7099740 TI - Myelomeningocele and its problems. PMID- 7099741 TI - Fractures of the elbow in children. PMID- 7099742 TI - Chest radiographs in cystic fibrosis. A follow-up study with application of a quantitative system. AB - A modified Chrispin-Norman score was used to investigate at what age typical X ray signs of cystic fibrosis (CF) appear and for the follow-up of patient with CF. Scores of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and with innocent heart murmurs were used for comparison. The findings were: 1. Hyperinflation and line shadows are early but not specific symptoms of CF. 2. Mottled and ring shadows can be considered as specific for CF. In most patients they only appear after the age of 3. They are never present in COLD. 3. The mean annual increase between the ages of 3--8 is 2 points. No difference existed between boys and girls in total scores and annual increase up to the age of puberty. 4. CF patients with portal hypertension have the same scores as CF patients without portal hypertension. PMID- 7099743 TI - Atypical ileocolic intussusception diagnosed by barium follow-through. PMID- 7099744 TI - Intrathoracic kidney--diagnosis by ultrasound. PMID- 7099745 TI - Cushing's syndrome in infancy due to pituitary adenoma. PMID- 7099746 TI - Aortic rupture in a previously undiagnosed case of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. PMID- 7099747 TI - Esophageal involvement in a case of congenital myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 7099748 TI - Meconium peritonitis, intraperitoneal calcifications and cystic fibrosis. AB - Twelve cases of meconium peritonitis were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Five of these patients had cystic fibrosis. Of the patients with cystic fibrosis, intraperitoneal calcifications were present in three (60%) and two (40%) had none. All seven patients (100%) who had meconium peritonitis without cystic fibrosis had abdominal calcifications. These results indicate that the presence of intraperitoneal calcifications does not exclude the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and that the absence of calcification favors cystic fibrosis. However, a review of the literature indicates the absence of calcification is merely of clue and not definitive as to the etiology of the meconium peritonitis. PMID- 7099750 TI - Candida infection in a premature infant presenting as discitis. PMID- 7099751 TI - Coincidental occurrence of actinomycosis and Ewing's sarcoma in a child. AB - Pulmonary consolidation, rarefaction of adjacent ribs and pleural effusion, a triad frequently considered characteristic of actinomycosis, seemed in the present case to support this serologically entertained diagnosis. However, the subsequent course of disease disclosed the most uncommon association of actinomycosis an metastatic Ewing's sarcoma of the lung. The possibility of combined occurrence of an opportunistic infection by actinomyces and malignancy, calls for open biopsy in cases not responding to penicillin treatment or with an unexpected evolution of the clinical manifestations. PMID- 7099749 TI - Cystic lymphangioma of the spleen. Report of CT scan findings. PMID- 7099752 TI - Cell-free translation of messenger RNAs from human muscle biopsies: a miniaturized tool for investigation of neuromuscular diseases. PMID- 7099753 TI - Short communication: skeletal maturation of children with sex chromosome abnormalities. AB - Skeletal maturity, or "bone age," is one of the several criteria used to determine developmental or physiologic age as opposed to chronologic age. The purpose of this study of skeletal maturation of children with sex chromosome abnormalities (45,X, 47,XXX, 47,XXY, X-chromosomal mosaics) and controls is 2c fold: (1) to investigate if children with sex chromosome aneuploidy ascertained in an unbiased fashion differ in skeletal maturation from their siblings and other normal healthy children born in Denver, Colorado, and (2) to assess if the skeletal age standards currently in use (Greulich-Pyle; Tanner- Whitehouse) are applicable to Denver children when evaluating radiographs for skeletal maturation. Mean chronologic and skeletal age were measured. Mean differences between skeletal and chronologic age for all groups across all measures were calculated. The 45,X females constitute the only group studied with bone ages lower than expected (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01; two-tailed test). We found no other significant differences in skeletal maturation between Denver children with sex chromosome abnormalities and their siblings or the control sample of Denver children. Although we found the Tanner-Whitehouse standards to be more applicable for use with this population, all the Denver groups investigated yielded consistently lower bone ages than expected published norms. This is the first documentation in a group of children with sex chromosome abnormalities, ascertained in an unbiased fashion, that, with the exception of those with a 45,X karyotype, bone age is not significantly different from that of the normal population. PMID- 7099754 TI - The effects of ouabain in lambs with depressed myocardial function. AB - The effects of ouabain infusion were tested in six lambs before and after depression of myocardial function by halothane anesthesia. Halothane reduced the left ventricular rate of pressure rise (dp/dt), stroke work, and stroke volume; the ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time rose. Heart rate and systemic vascular resistance did not change. Before halothane, ouabain infusion did not alter the hemodynamic variables measured. After myocardial depression, ouabain infusion returned dp/dt, stroke work, stroke volume and the ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time to control levels. Pacing studies showed a biphasic relationship between left ventricular dp/dt and heart rate. Maximal dp/dt occurred at a heart rate 42 beats/min higher than the resting rate. These studies suggest resting myocardial performance in the healthy, newborn lamb is at near maximal level. PMID- 7099755 TI - The effect of D-penicillamine on protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in homocystinurics. AB - There is considerable evidence that homocystine has a direct damaging effect on vascular endothelium and other tissues. The demonstration of the existence of protein-bound homocyst(e)ine has strengthened this hypothesis. In an attempt to remove bound homocyst(e)ine, D-penicillamine was given to three patients with pyridoxine-nonresponsive homocystinuria. Before the clinical trial, it had been demonstrated that 0.1 mumole per ml concentration of D-penicillamine or cysteamine released approximately 50% of the homocyst(e)ine bound to plasma proteins in vitro. Oral D-penicillamine effectively reduced both free and plasma protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in homocystinurics from the second day of treatment. The homocystine excreted in the urine was mainly in the form of homocysteine penicillamine disulfide. No mixed disulfide was detectable in the plasma, indicating an extremely high renal clearance. These observations suggested that oral D-penicillamine removed a considerable quantity of the bound homocyst(e)ine accumulated in the tissue proteins. PMID- 7099756 TI - Correlation of hepatic thyroxine 5'-monodeiodination with hexose monophosphate shunt in young rats. AB - The role of NADPH and glutathione (GSH) in hepatic thyroxine (T4) 5'-deiodination and possible metabolic linkage between T4 converting system ad hexose monophosphate shunt were studied in young rats during maturation. Low activity of T4 5'-deiodinase in young rats was enhanced 2-4-fold with the addition of 1 mM NADPH and GSH in vitro, the effect of which was more prominent with NADPH than with GSH. The highest enhancement was observed at 2-3 wk of age, whereas basal T4 5'-deiodinase activity was gradually increased until 5-6 wk of age, decreasing to adult level thereafter. This change was associated with a rise in GSH and glycogen content in the live and significantly correlated to the changes in glutathione reductase activity (r = 0.622, P less than 0.001). In contrast, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity remained depressed until 5 wk of age and rose sharply thereafter. Between T4 5'-deiodinase and G6PD activities after 6 wk of age, an inverse correlation was noted (r = -0.749, P less than 0.01). A dose-response relationship between triiodothyronine (T3) production and NADPH in vitro showed similar age-related changes, whereas dose-dependency of T3 formation on GSH was decreasing with age, especially under the presence of 1 mM NADPH. These results indicate that: (1) NADPH and GSH are important cofactors of T4 conversion to T3; (2) NADPH appears to be more rate-limiting in the maturational process of the system; and (3) hexose monophosphate shunt plays a significant role in the regulation of T4 5'-monodeiodination through NADPH and GSH formation. PMID- 7099757 TI - Spinal fluid clotting activity: a new method of evaluating neonatal brain damage. PMID- 7099758 TI - Enzymologic studies and therapy of Leigh's disease associated with pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency. AB - An 11-month-old boy with muscle hypotonia and neurologic deteriorations had lactic acidosis, pyruvic acidemia and alaninemia due to deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in his platelets and of pyruvate decarboxylase in his muscle. When placed on a low carbohydrate-high fat diet for 6 months, his blood levels of lactate and pyruvate became nearly normal, but his cerebrospinal fluid levels of lactate and pyruvate remained high. Despite this dietary therapy, neurologic deterioration progressed slowly. He died of pneumonia after artificial respiration for 3 wk. At autopsy, extensive symmetric lesions were found in the brain including proliferation of capillaries and gliosis in the brain stem and diffuse demyelination in the white matter. These lesions were consistent with those observed in Leigh's disease. The activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate decarboxylase in various tissues obtained at autopsy were less than 10% of control values; however, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase and alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase were within the normal limits. This patient with Leigh's disease had an isolated deficiency of pyruvate decarboxylase in various tissues. PMID- 7099759 TI - Glomerular number and perfusion during normal and compensatory renal growth in the guinea pig. AB - Changes in glomerular number and perfusion during maturation of the guinea pig were compared with the response to uninephrectomy at birth or 84 days of age. From birth to adulthood, there was a 21% increase in number of glomeruli identified by the presence of India ink previously injected in vivo. For animals uninephrectomized at birth, a similar increase occurred several wk earlier than in sham-operated littermates; however, uninephrectomy in adulthood resulted in no further increment. Although the number of glomeruli in the left kidney varied by 25% within each group, the difference in number between right and left kidneys of individual animals averaged only 4%. Additional glomeruli not identified by India ink were subsequently revealed by application of Wright's stain. These comprised 13-17% of the glomeruli containing India ink in 1 and 22-day-old sham groups, but only 2% in 22-day-old uninephrectomized or adult animals. Approximately 3/4 of all glomeruli identified by India ink were present in the outer cortex of 22-day old uninephrectomized and sham-operated guinea pigs; the cortical distribution of Wright-stained glomeruli in the latter group was similar. Paraffin sections of kidneys revealed scattered glomeruli not containing India ink in 1-day-old and 22 day-old sham guinea pigs, but almost none in 22-day-old uninephrectomized animals. There were no glomeruli in an early stage of formation in any of the sections examined. It is concluded that during development, an increase in number of glomeruli identified by India ink represents nephrons which are underperfused in the neonate but are completely perfused at maturity. This process is accelerated by uninephrectomy in early development, but is unaffected by uninephrectomy in adulthood, at which time glomerular perfusion is virtually homogeneous. PMID- 7099760 TI - Ultrastructural localization of concanavalin a surface receptors on brush-border enterocytes in normal children and during coeliac disease. AB - Concanavalin A surface receptors were detected on brush border enterocytes from child intestinal biopsies by the concanavalin A-peroxidase method. On electron microscopy, these receptors appeared as electron-dense deposits, located on a band running along the innermost part of the brush border membrane glycocalyx. In the five control subjects tested, brush border length was 1.06 +/- 0.18 micrometer, and band thickness, 19 +/- 4 nm. Deposits were regular in shape and evenly spaced out along the entire membrane, reflecting homogeneous glycosylation of the normal brush border. In seven patients with villous atrophy induced by gluten, the brush border was damaged and its length was 1.04 +/- 0.39 micrometer. The thickness of the electron-dense deposit band was 19 +/- 6 nm; deposit shape was irregular and the band ran discontinuously along the membrane. The degree of this abnormality seemed to correspond to the degree of brush border damage. In six treated coeliac patients with normalized mucosa, the brush border was structurally normal but it was significantly longer (1.25 +/- 0.32 micrometer) than in the controls (p less than 0.01). The electron-dense band was significantly thinner (16 +/- 7 nm) than in the controls (p less than 0.01). The distribution of the electron-dense deposits was sporadic in some parts of the band and regular in others. These results suggest abnormal glycosylation of the brush border membrane in coeliac disease, and might be due to the presence of abnormal glycoconjugates. It remains to be established if these changes are induced by gluten toxicity or are the consequences of nonspecific intestinal disorders. PMID- 7099761 TI - Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in hyaline membrane disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - The number and distribution of bombesin immunoreactive pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) in fetuses and infants up to 6 months of age was determined on postmortem lung specimens. Individual cells and clusters of cells (neuroepithelial bodies) were found in airways of all sizes, although greater than 95% of the positive cells were located in bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles. These infants were separated into two groups. In control infants, who died primarily from noncardiopulmonary causes, bombesin immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells were identified throughout the latter half of gestation. As gestation advanced, progressively more positive bronchioles/cm2 of lung tissue and cells/bronchiole were identified. In these control infants, the number of positive bronchioles/cm2 and cells/bronchiole were at the highest level at or near the time of delivery and then gradually declined throughout the first 6 months of life. In contrast, infants who died of acute hyaline membrane disease (1-7 days of life) or bronchiopulmonary dysplasia (2 wk to 6 months of life) demonstrated marked differences in the number of identifiable bombesin immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells when compared to control infants. In early hyaline membrane disease, the number of positive bronchioles/cm2 and cells/bronchiole was markedly decreased. During the transition to chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, there appeared to be a marked increase in the number of bombesin immunoreactive cells. The peak number of cells occurred at 2-3 months of life, when substantially more bombesin-immunoreactive cells could be identified in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia than control infants of similar age. PMID- 7099762 TI - Short communication. Witch's milk: potential for neonatal diagnosis. AB - The study population comprised 106 infants ranging from 4 days to 19 wk old. Fluid (witch's milk) was obtained from the infants breasts by manual expression. To measure volume, fluid was drawn into calibrated capillary pipettes. The frequency of obtaining witch's milk was 71% for all infants and 100% for infants less than 3 wk of age. It declined with increasing age. The median volume of fluid obtained was 20 microliter per sampling for all infants and 55 microliter for babies less than 3 wk of age. Frequency of witch's milk recovery was significantly related to the degree of manual pressure applied but was not related to sex of the baby. PMID- 7099763 TI - Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. I. Erythropoiesis in prednisone responsive and resistant disease. AB - We studied the in vitro proliferative characteristics of marrow erythroid progenitors, colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and burst forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), in two infants with Diamond-Blackfan syndrome before and during prednisone treatment. Patient 1, had a brisk erythropoietic response to prednisone and the anemia improved; Patient 2 was steroid-unresponsive. Marrow from Patient 1 yielded linear increases in numbers of colonies in erythropoietin dose-response studies, and the magnitude of response was much greater while on prednisone compared to pretreatment. Cultures of stem cell rich fractions of marrow from Patient 1 separated by unit gravity sedimentation (STA-PUT) revealed moderately reduced CFU-E and BFU-E numbers before prednisone, but normal colony numbers during treatment. Patient 2 differed because CFU-E and BFU-E were almost absent at all erythropoietin doses before and during therapy. Even stem cell rich marrow fraction initially yielded very low colony numbers which did not increase significantly while on prednisone. These findings suggest that in Patient 1 there were adequate numbers of progenitors that were able to differentiate normally only in the presence of prednisone. In Patient 2 the erythropoietic failure in vivo and in vitro was unaffected by prednisone. PMID- 7099764 TI - Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. II. In vitro corticosteroid effect on erythropoiesis. AB - To study the action of corticosteroids on erythroid precursors, (burst forming unit-erythroid and colony forming unit-erythroid) in Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome (DBS), marrow from a newly diagnosed untreated infant was studied in vitro with prednisone and dexamethasone. This patient subsequently proved to be steroid responsive. Colony numbers increased linearly in an erythropoietin (EPO) dose response study. There was marked enhancement of colony numbers at all EPO doses after adding either prednisone (10(-6) M) or dexamethasone (10(-9) M) to the cultures. The data indicate that corticosteroids augment erythropoiesis at both early (BFU-E) and late (CFU-E) stages of development in DBS. In contrast, marrow from a second infant with DBS, clinically steroid resistant, failed to respond to steroids in vitro. PMID- 7099765 TI - Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis and elliptocytosis: clinical, laboratory, and ultrastructural features in infants and children. AB - Clinical, biochemical and ultrastructural assessment of five Black children from four unrelated kindreds, who had morphologic and laboratory features of hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HP) is described. In two of the unrelated propositi, both with relatives having elliptocytosis, the apparent HP gradually evolved into elliptocytosis. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant in one family and autosomal recessive in the other. None of the three children from two separate families with true HP had a parent with HP or elliptocytosis. A sixth Black child, whose mother also had elliptocytosis, demonstrated typical elliptocytosis from birth and never demonstrated the HP phenotype. Sequential quantitation of heat induced red cell fragmentation using histogram analyses revealed unchanged findings in three patients with true HP but progressive amelioration in the two patients with HP phenotype who eventually developed elliptocytic morphology. Previously unreported lesions in both true and apparent HP patients included endovesicle formation and submembrane particles, which were detected by electron microscopy, an increase in Heinz body formation, and elevation of oxidized glutathione levels. Our study demonstrates shared abnormalities present both in some neonates with elliptocytosis and in neonates with HP, which preclude the diagnosis of HP in infancy and provide further evidence of the heterogeneity of the elliptocytosis syndrome. PMID- 7099766 TI - Intestinal bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis: a primary mucosal cell defect. AB - Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis reduces intraluminal bile acid concentration and may impair fat absorption. The cause of this malabsorption is unknown but it is believed due to intraluminal inhibition of uptake by undigested dietary nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the bile acid absorptive capability of cystic fibrosis intestine in a physiologic environment. Direct ileal mucosal taurocholic acid uptake was examined in vitro in seven patients with cystic fibrosis, and seven children and adolescents with ileostomies as controls. Jejunal uptake was studied in five normal individuals. A Crosby-Kugler biopsy capsule was used to obtain all tissues. Tissue was incubated in Krebs buffer, 10 mM glucose, and taurocholic acid at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM with shaking at 37 degrees C. Significant reduction of taurocholic acid uptake was present in every cystic fibrosis patient with mean uptake rates being 24%, 38%, and 29% of control ileum, respectively, at the three concentrations. Values paralleled those for passive jejunal taurocholic acid uptake in controls. These data illustrate a marked reduction in taurocholic acid uptake capability of cystic fibrosis ileal mucosa and may indicate a cellular defect suggestive of a primary lesion in this disease. PMID- 7099767 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow in the newborn beagle pup: the germinal matrix is a "low-flow" structure. AB - The newborn beagle pup serves as a model for neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Fluctuations in germinal matrix blood flow are left to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IVH. We studied regional cerebral blood flow in awake newborn beagle pups utilizing [14C]-iodoantipyrine as a blood flow indicator and quantitative autoradiography. The equilibrium [tissue]:[blood] partition coefficient for iodoantipyrine was 1.13 +/- .06 for grey matter. Blood flow was calculated for cerebral cortex (frontal = 59 +/- 9 ml/100 g/min), 14 subcortical nuclear structures (e.g., caudate = 45 +/- 6 ml/100 g/min), 3 white matter structure (centrum semiovale = 7 +/- 1 ml/100 g/min), and germinal matrix (7 +/- 1 ml/100 g/min) (mean +/- S.E.). We conclude that under normal physiologic conditions the germinal matrix receives relatively low blood flow. This information can be used for comparison with germinal matrix blood flow during adverse experimental conditions. PMID- 7099769 TI - [Composition of serum free fatty acid fractions in newborn infants with intrauterine fetal dystrophy syndrome]. PMID- 7099770 TI - [Changes in selected morphological features in male newborn infants born in the years 1958, 1968 and 1978 in the Biala Podlaska Province]. PMID- 7099768 TI - Mechanism of arginine vasopressin release in the sheep fetus. AB - Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) during asphyxial and hypoxemic episodes were ascertained between 130 and 140 days of gestation in chronically catheterized sheep. During an acute asphyxial stress, i.e., decreased PaO2 and pHa and increased PaCO2, maternal AVP in plasma was unaltered, whereas fetal arterial plasma concentrations rose from 1.6-2.2 microunits/ml to 34-385 microunits/ml and were associated with massive expulsion of meconium into the amniotic fluid. Mild hypoxemia, induced while the mother breathed a gas mixture consisting of 85% nitrogen and 15% oxygen, did not affect either maternal or fetal plasma AVP concentrations. The use of 10% inspired oxygen resulted in 60% and 50% reductions in maternal and fetal PaO2, respectively (P less than 0.05). In this instance, the maternal plasma AVP levels were unchanged, whereas the fetal plasma AVP concentration rose from a mean of 2.61 +/- 0.14 (SE) to 10.2 +/- 2.59 microunits/ml (P less than 0.025) within 30 min. Expulsion of meconium into the amniotic fluid did not occur. No evidence or either fetal-maternal placental transfer or fetal-placental clearance of plasma AVP was obtained. Although hypoxemic stress resulted in an elevation of fetal plasma AVP concentration, it does not appear to be the sole factor responsible for AVP release during intrauterine stress. It is suggested that substantial elevations in fetal plasma AVP concentrations may play in integral role in the fetal expulsion of meconium into the amniotic fluid. PMID- 7099771 TI - [Retrospective cardiological analysis of emergency states in newborn infants]. PMID- 7099772 TI - [Peripheral blood basophils in acute and chronic pathological conditions in infants]. PMID- 7099773 TI - [Effect of prophylactic doses of fluorine on its level in human milk]. PMID- 7099774 TI - [Dietary habits of children in various elementary schools in Warsaw. Pilot study]. PMID- 7099775 TI - [Hyperbilirubinemia in congenital lymphedema]. PMID- 7099776 TI - [Arthritis in a newborn infant with staphylococcal septicemia]. PMID- 7099777 TI - [Case of lung agenesis in a newborn infant]. PMID- 7099778 TI - [The Ballantyne-Runge syndrome]. PMID- 7099779 TI - [Analysis of morbidity of infants born between 1 May 1976 and 30 April 1977 in the City of Plock]. PMID- 7099780 TI - [Present-day trends in child care in Polish creches]. PMID- 7099781 TI - [Human milk and its value]. PMID- 7099782 TI - Neonatal seizures. I. Correlation of prenatal and perinatal events with outcomes. AB - A review of 277 newborns with neonatal seizures enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project revealed a mortality of 34.8%. Of the 181 survivors, most followed up to age 7 years, 70% were normal. Thus, despite the fact that seizures are a major indicator of perinatal asphyxia and a predictor of subsequent neurologic deficit, most infants with neonatal seizures who survived did well. Thirteen percent had cerebral palsy, 19% had an IQ less than 70, and 20% had epilepsy. Thirteen percent of survivors had a combination of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, or epilepsy. A low Apgar score, the need for resuscitation after 5 minutes of age, low birth weight, and the early onset of seizures or prolonged seizures correlated with adverse outcome. PMID- 7099783 TI - Neonatal seizures. II. A multivariate analysis of factors associated with outcome. AB - A multivariate analysis of perinatal events occurring in infants with neonatal seizures who were enrolled in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project allowed prediction of outcome. This prediction of death or of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, or epilepsy was empirically confirmed 64% to 83% of the time. In an infant with neonatal seizures, a five-minute Apgar score of less than 7, the need for resuscitation after 5 minutes of age, the onset time of the seizures, and a seizure lasting more than 30 minutes are the best early predictors of which infants will die or will have significant neurologic sequelae. It is hypothesized that neonatal seizures may be a better indicator of the severity or duration of intrauterine asphyxia than the Apgar score. In the neonate with seizures, the use of the formula may allow identification of infants at high risk for adverse outcomes. PMID- 7099784 TI - Vulvovaginitis in premenarcheal girls: clinical features and diagnostic evaluation. AB - Fifty-four premenarcheal patients (median age 5.8 years) with symptoms or signs of vulvovaginitis were studied, and the results of cultures of vaginal secretions were compared with those from an age-matched control group. Vaginal discharge was found on examination in 24 of 42 patients with a complaint of discharge, and in two of 12 patients without a complaint of discharge. Convincing evidence of bacterial or monilial infection was found in 14 of the 26 patients with discharge on examination, but in none of the 28 patients without discharge (P less than .001). In the latter group pinworm infestation was present in one patient. Moniliasis occurred exclusively in girls who were pubertal (P less than .001). Four patients were found to have gonorrhea. No patient appeared to have symptoms or signs caused by Bacteroides sp, Chlamydia trachomatis, viruses, or Trichomonas vaginalis. Noninfectious causes were identified in four patients with and 13 without discharge (P less than .025); the most common cause was poor hygiene, implicated in six patients. Bubble bath use was implicated in only one patient. In 22 patients, no specific cause could be identified. All patients with poor hygiene as the only cause, and most with no demonstrable etiology, recovered after being advised to institute improved perineal hygiene. Patients with vaginal discharge are likely to have specific infections, and therefore cultures should be taken, in particular for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genital pruritus in prepubertal girls has little or no etiologic specificity, but in pubertal girls with vaginal discharge it suggests the presence of monilial vaginitis. PMID- 7099785 TI - Atypical measles syndrome: pathologic and serologic findings. AB - The clinical course of measles occurring in 17 adolescents who had previously received killed measles vaccine is described. All adolescents had a peripheral dermatitis. Fifteen had characteristic pulmonary infiltrates. Serologic study in six adolescents using immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine-labeled measles virus antigens revealed that 5/6 acute sera lacked antibody to the hemolysin antigen whereas 5/6 sera contained antibody to hemagglutinin antigen. Skin biopsies, obtained from three patients, demonstrate a combination of an Arthus reaction and delayed hypersensitivity. The typical measles histologic complex was absent. Measles virions were seen in the deep dermal blood vessels. The serologic and histopathologic presentation of this disease indicates that killed vaccine does not adequately induce antibody to the hemolysin (F) which is necessary to prevent cell-to-cell spread of paramyxoviruses. Killed vaccine does, however, produce hemagglutinin antibody and simultaneously incites later hypersensitivity to wild virus infection, producing the unusual dermatopathologic reaction seen. PMID- 7099786 TI - Polydrug- and methadone-addicted newborns: a continuum of impairment? AB - Two groups of infants born to drug-addicted mothers were evaluated in a prospective controlled study and compared with a third control group. Group I infants (N = 39) were born to mothers on well-controlled low-dose methadone maintenance. Group II infants (N = 19) were born to polydrug-abusing mothers, and group III infants (N = 27) were born to control mothers who had no history or evidence of drug abuse. All three groups were matched for maternal factors that might affect neonatal outcome. Group I infants were significantly smaller than control infants for all growth measurements and had a significantly smaller head circumference than group II infants. Utilizing the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, group I infants showed more depression of interactive behaviors and state controls than group II infants, who in turn were more depressed than group III infants. The effects of nonnarcotic drugs on intrauterine growth and neonatal behavior appear to place the polydrug-addicted newborn in an intermediate zone of deficit between normal and opiate-addicted newborns. PMID- 7099787 TI - Milk protein quantity and quality in the term infant. I. Metabolic responses and effects on growth. AB - The growth and metabolic response of healthy, term infants during the first 12 weeks of life to feeding one of two formulas or human milk have been measured. Two groups of infants were fed ad libitum a 1.5 gm/100 ml bovine protein formula made up of either 60% whey and 40% casein proteins or 18% whey and 82% casein proteins. A third group of infants was breast-fed ad libitum. No consistent significant differences were observed among the groups with respect to rate of gain in weight, crown-rump length, crown-heel length, or head circumference. Blood urea concentration was significantly higher, and there was evidence suggesting compensation for an increased acid load from the second to the fourth weeks in both of the formula-fed groups compared with the breast-fed group. Blood cholesterol was significantly lower in both the formula-fed groups compared with the breast-fed group (P less than .001) and lower in the group fed the casein predominant formula than it was in those fed the whey-predominant formula (P less than .05). PMID- 7099788 TI - Milk protein quantity and quality in the term infant. II. Effects on acidic and neutral amino acids. AB - The response of the plasma and urine concentrations of acidic and neutral amino acids to two bovine protein formulas (1.5 gm/100 ml) containing, respectively, 60% whey proteins and 40% caseins or 18% whey proteins an 82% caseins was measured in term infants. These two groups of infants were compared with a group of infants that were breast-fed; all infants were fed ad libitum. Concentrations of citrulline, threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the plasma and urine were higher in the formula-fed infants than in the breast-fed infants and were a reflection of the amount of protein provided. Concentrations of tyrosine and phenylalanine were higher in the plasma and urine of infants fed the casein predominant formulas than they were in those fed whey-predominant formulas. The opposite was true for threonine, which was present in higher concentrations in plasma and urine of infants fed whey-predominant formulas than it was in infants fed casein-predominant formulas. Concentrations of taurine were lower in the plasma and urine of formula-fed infants than they were in breast-fed infants. These differences give further evidence that formulas now in common use may provide a protein intake in excess of protein requirements and that there is a dietary requirement for taurine in man which is not satisfied by such formulas. Although these differences have not been established as nutritionally deleterious, neither can they be assumed to be entirely acceptable. PMID- 7099789 TI - Breast-feeding and respiratory virus infection. AB - Thirty-nine breast-fed and 42 bottle-fed infants were followed up from birth over a four-year period. Virus infection was documented by culture and serologic testing, and history and physical examination were recorded for all episodes of respiratory illness. There were no statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of infection with individual viruses or with all viruses over the first three or six months or during the second six months of life in the two groups, nor were there statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract or total respiratory disease, except for decreased disease of the lower respiratory tract in bottle-fed infants in the second six months. There were trends to decreased morbidity in breast-fed infants in the first three and six months and more episodes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in bottle-fed infants in the first six months (P less than .05) but similar use of medical care by both groups. High cord blood titers to two viruses were not associated with evidence of breast feeding protection from infection with those two agents. Breast-fed babies do not have fewer respiratory virus infections or illnesses but may experience less severe illness. PMID- 7099791 TI - Importance of early ileostomy closure to prevent chronic salt and water losses after necrotizing enterocolitis. AB - Six infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were discharged after periods of prolonged hospitalization (two to nine months) with intact ileostomies. Their initial hospitalization was complicated by feeding difficulties, chronic diarrhea, sepsis, rickets, and developmental delay. All were rehospitalized within three months, with severe acidosis and dehydration after a presumed viral type illness. Each had large-volume ileostomy output, which was rich in electrolytes and bicarbonate. A prolonged recovery phase (two to eight months) again was punctuated with episodes of diarrhea, problems in starting oral feeding, and sepsis. After reanastomosis of the remaining bowel, no infant has had a similar life-threatening episode. It is speculated that the infants' recurrent "salt-and-water-losing states" are secondary to either an anatomic or functional loss of the colon. This problem appears to be a poorly recognized sequela of bowel surgery and necrotizing enterocolitis, and early reanastomosis of discontinuous bowel should be of benefit. PMID- 7099793 TI - Reversible nephrotoxic reactions to a combined 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid regimen in asymptomatic children with elevated blood lead levels. AB - One hundred thirty children aged 1 to 8 years with blood lead levels greater than 50 micrograms/100 ml of whole blood (WB) and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) concentration greater than 250 micrograms/100 ml of WB received 207 chelation treatments for plumbism. All chelation treatments consisted of CaNa2 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 25 mg/kg per dose every 12 hours and 2,3 dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) 3 mg/kg per dose every four hours for five days. Seventeen children demonstrated transient doubling of pre-chelation treatment serum creatinine (less than or equal to 2.0 mg/100 ml) during or following chelation treatment; 5/17 also had mild proteinuria. Four children developed severe oliguric (greater than 250 ml/sq m/day) acute renal failure. Serum creatinine levels were elevated six to seven days after chelation treatment was started and reached maximal values of 3.9 to 8.4 mg/100 ml, three to six days later. Renal function returned to pre-chelation treatment values during the subsequent six to 18 days. In the 21 nephrotoxic patients and the 109 nontoxic patients there were no significant differences in age (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs 3.2 +/- 0.2 years), sex (61% vs 53% males), percent who received multiple chelation treatments (38% vs 30%), blood lead levels (85 +/- 5 vs 79 +/- 1 microgram/100 ml of WB), FEP (380 +/- 30 vs 382 +/- 18 micrograms/100 ml of WB), hemoglobin (11.5 +/- 0.4 vs 11.1 +/- 0.2 gm/100 ml, and pre-chelation treatment serum creatinine (0.46 +/- 0.06 vs 0.58 +/- 0.03 mg/100 ml). It was concluded that 13% of children with plumbism who received chelation treatments developed mild transient biochemical evidence of nephrotoxicity and another 3% developed acute renal failure characterized by oliguria four to eight days after chelation treatment was discontinued. PMID- 7099790 TI - Pulmonary paragonimiasis in Laotian refugee children. AB - Three Laotian refugee children with chronic pulmonary complaints and findings were found to have pulmonary paragonimiasis during a one-year period in Chicago. These patients ranged from 8 to 11 years of age and the diagnosis was delayed five to six months in two children because of the unfamiliarity of American physicians with signs and symptoms of this disorder. Clinical manifestations included chronic cough for up to two years, apparent hemoptysis in two patients, lack of fever or sweats, and family history negative for tuberculosis. Physical findings included rales and dullness to percussion, clubbing (one patient), and lack of fever or respiratory distress. All three patients showed interstitial infiltrates on chest roentgenogram whereas two had multiple small cystic areas. Moderate eosinophilia was present. Paragonimus westermani ova were found in stools of two patients, in sputum of two patients, and in bronchoscopic specimens in one patient. All patients demonstrated striking clinical and radiologic improvement following treatment with bithionol (50 mg/kg every other day for 15 doses), which was well tolerated. Lung fluke infestation must be considered in Indochinese refugee children with apparent hemoptysis or chronic pulmonary symptoms, and sputum and stool should be examined for P westermani ova. PMID- 7099792 TI - Management of massive hepatic hemangiomas in infants and children: a review of 13 cases. AB - From 1958 through 1978, 13 patients with diffused hepatic hemangioma were seen at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. Based on this experience and review of the literature, liver biopsy in these patients was found to be unnecessary and hazardous. Diagnosis can be made by dynamic and static hepatic scintigraphy and selective hepatic arteriography. Nonsurgical measures including treatment of congestive heart failure, corticosteroids, and radiotherapy are recommended for treatment of these patients. Surgery should be reserved only for emergencies, such as rupture of the tumor and hemorrhage, or for patients with severe congestive heart failure unresponsive to medical treatment. For the latter group of patients hepatic artery ligation is recommended. Hepatic artery embolization has recently been used, but experience with this new mode of therapy is limited. PMID- 7099794 TI - Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma in young children with mucosal neuroma syndrome. AB - Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b) is a disorder characterized by a distinct phenotype and a predisposition for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma. Two siblings aged 3 and 6 years with MEN 2b, who had elevated plasma calcitonin levels suggesting the presence of MTC are described. Microscopic foci of MTC were found in their thyroid glands and the glands were removed. In the younger child, a metastatic focus was present in a cervical lymph node. Of 12 previously reported children with MEN 2b and MTC who were less than 10 years of age at diagnosis, five had metastases. One of the present patients is the youngest described with this complication. The high frequency of metastases in very young patients with this syndrome has not been emphasized previously. These findings indicate the need for early diagnosis of MEN 2b and the importance of thyroidectomy at the earliest possible age when MTC is suspected by calcitonin screening tests. PMID- 7099795 TI - Plasma cell granuloma of the lung in children. PMID- 7099796 TI - Probable toxic shock syndrome without shock and multisystem involvement. AB - Three menstruating adolescents using tampons colonized with Staphylococcus aureus developed high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain followed by conjunctival injection and a sunburn-like rash. Two girls had transient orthostatic hypotension but none developed shock or evidence of multiple organ injury. They are reported as having probably toxic shock syndrome without shock or multiple organ system involvement. PMID- 7099797 TI - Newborn cerebellar size. AB - The cerebellum can be visualized ultrasonically in preterm and full-term newborn infants. A cross-sectional area measurement of the central portion of the vermis correlated with gestational age (r = .98) when growth was normal (N = 51). Central vermian area was decreased in small-for-date newborn infants (N = 10) but was normal in large for date (diabetic pregnancy) subjects (N = 6). Ultrasonic cerebellar visualization and central vermian area measurement may be extended antenatally as an additional measurement of fetal brain growth. PMID- 7099798 TI - Optic atrophy induced by vincristine. AB - Bilateral optic atrophy developed in a 15-year-old patient receiving concomitant neuraxis radiation therapy and weekly vincristine sulfate for medulloblastoma. Other neurologic manifestations that have been associated with vincristine therapy, including inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, hypertension, confusion, and a severe peripheral neuropathy, were also observed. Neither increased intracranial pressure nor active tumor was identified. Recovery of visual function followed discontinuation of vincristine. Other neurotoxicities also reversed with drug withdrawal. Visual loss occurring in a patient receiving vincristine should alert the physician to the possibility that the process is drug related. This complication may be more likely in patients receiving concomitant or previous cranial radiation therapy. Other central neurotoxicities of vincristine may also be accentuated by neuraxis radiation. It is recommended that vincristine be discontinued in this situation if an aggressive search for a structural anatomic lesion in the optic mechanism is unrevealing, as the prognosis for recovery of visual function appears excellent. PMID- 7099799 TI - Neonates of less than or equal to 1,250 grams birth weight: prospective neurodevelopmental evaluation during the first year post-term. PMID- 7099800 TI - Malacoplakia of the retroperitoneum in a girl with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7099801 TI - Dysuria in adolescent girls: urinary tract infection or vaginitis? PMID- 7099803 TI - Subgaleal hemorrhage in infants with hemophilia: report of two cases and review of the literature. PMID- 7099802 TI - Leg burns from mopeds. PMID- 7099804 TI - Modified apparatus for aspiration of meconium from the airway. PMID- 7099805 TI - Epidemic hysteria in a Montreal train station. PMID- 7099806 TI - Noninvasive investigation of cerebral ischemia by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 7099807 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics and Environmental Hazards: The environmental consequences of tobacco smoking: implications for public policies that affect the health of children. PMID- 7099808 TI - Hairy ears. PMID- 7099810 TI - Doubtful of compliance. PMID- 7099811 TI - Phenobarbital and cognitive function. PMID- 7099809 TI - Immunohemolytic anemia and Hodgkin disease. PMID- 7099812 TI - Atypical fetal hydantoin syndrome. PMID- 7099813 TI - Expanding phenotype of fetal hydantoin syndrome. PMID- 7099814 TI - Adult respiratory distress syndrome in an infant. PMID- 7099815 TI - [Effect of acute respiratory infections on the pathogenesis of septicopyemia]. PMID- 7099816 TI - [Salmonellosis haifa in children under]. PMID- 7099817 TI - [Central and regional hemodynamics in children with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 7099818 TI - [Pulmonary circulation and respiration in healthy children and children with bronchopulmonary diseases]. PMID- 7099819 TI - [Effect of the changes of heart rate on the hemodynamics of systemic circulation]. PMID- 7099820 TI - [Velocity of the pulse wave in healthy 7 to 11 year old children]. PMID- 7099821 TI - [Effect of emotional stress on catecholamine excretion in children with normal and elevated blood pressure]. PMID- 7099822 TI - [Blood level of prostaglandins in children with allergic dermatitis and combined variants of respiratory and skin allergy]. PMID- 7099823 TI - [Changes in the activity of nonspecific liver oxidases after surgery for cancer in children]. PMID- 7099824 TI - [Current methods of examination of the gastric system in children]. PMID- 7099825 TI - [Clinical manifestations of esophagitis in children]. PMID- 7099826 TI - [Long-term sequelae of staphylococcal sepsis in young children]. PMID- 7099828 TI - [Sex development of school-age children in Kirovsk (the Arctic)]. PMID- 7099827 TI - [Clinical value of the separate determination of corticosteroids in the plasma of children with chronic hepatobiliary diseases]. PMID- 7099829 TI - [Diagnostic efficacy of spontaneous NBT-test in children with pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7099830 TI - [Seasonal changes and vaccination against tuberculosis]. PMID- 7099831 TI - [Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) in a 6-year-old boy]. PMID- 7099832 TI - [Buschke's scleredema in a 7-year-old diabetic girl]. PMID- 7099833 TI - [Premature sex development in a boy with a hormone-active testicular tumor]. PMID- 7099834 TI - [Detection of circulating immune complexes in bacterial infections]. PMID- 7099835 TI - [Digestion and absorption of protein in the small intestine of children with chronic intestinal diseases]. PMID- 7099836 TI - [Levels of various trace elements in the saliva and urine of children with pathology of the digestive organs]. PMID- 7099837 TI - [Clinical role of the lipid spectrum of the blood in children with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 7099838 TI - [Vitamin A deficiency in ditseases of the biliary tract in children and is correction]. PMID- 7099839 TI - [Features of small intestine mobility in children demonstrated by electroenterography]. PMID- 7099840 TI - [Motor-evacuatory function of the biliary tract in healthy neonates and in neonates with various diseases]. PMID- 7099841 TI - [Ultrasonic linear scanning of the liver and gallbladder in healthy children]. PMID- 7099842 TI - [Gastroduodenal pathology in urinary tract diseases in children]. PMID- 7099843 TI - [Absorption in the small intestine in children with pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7099844 TI - [Clinico-prognostic role of evaluation of urine osmolarity and kidney concentrating ability in diabetes mellitus in children]. PMID- 7099845 TI - [Ultrasonic kidney scanning in diabetes mellitus in children]. PMID- 7099846 TI - [Daily excretion of 4-pyridoxyl acid in children with constitutional and exogenous obesity]. PMID- 7099847 TI - [Current problems of pediatric gastroenterology]. PMID- 7099848 TI - [Activity of erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferases and its stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate in children with obesity]. PMID- 7099849 TI - [Characteristics of disorders of fluid distribution of the body in purulent septic diseases in children and pathogenetic substantiation of their correction]. PMID- 7099850 TI - [Various aspects of primary arterial hypotension in children and adolescents]. PMID- 7099851 TI - [Functional state of neutrophils in children with bronchial asthma during the treatment in mountain climate]. PMID- 7099852 TI - [So-called recurrences of viral hepatitis in children]. PMID- 7099853 TI - [Acute gastroduodenal ulcers in children]. PMID- 7099854 TI - [Functional state of the adrenal cortex and sympathico-adrenal system in in acute pneumonia in hypotrophic children]. PMID- 7099855 TI - [Chronic foreign bodies of the esophagus occurring with respiratory disorders]. PMID- 7099856 TI - [Severe manifestations of drug allergy in children]. PMID- 7099857 TI - [Clinico-endoscopic characteristics of gastroduodenal pathology in children]. PMID- 7099858 TI - [Urinary prostaglandins and effect of indomethacin therapy in cystinosis]. PMID- 7099859 TI - [Pediatric cystinosis: an experience with indomethacin therapy for nearly 4 years]. PMID- 7099860 TI - [Massive intracranial hemorrhage and neonatal thrombopenia caused by fetomaternal iso-immunization in the PLA system]. PMID- 7099861 TI - [Association of renal agenesis and genital malformation in the young girls. Comments apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 7099862 TI - [Cardiac arrest caused by compressive pneumopericardium in a newborn infant under assisted ventilation. Success of pericardial puncture]. PMID- 7099863 TI - [BCG infection and septic granulomatosis. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 7099864 TI - [What is your diagnosis? Kidney papillary necrosis in sickle cell anemia]. PMID- 7099865 TI - [Problems posed by drugs during breast-feeding]. PMID- 7099866 TI - [Can the nitroblue tetrazolium test detect neonatal infection? A positive experience apropos of 352 cases]. PMID- 7099867 TI - [Dangers of the use of curare during artificial ventilation in the newborn infant]. PMID- 7099868 TI - [Agenesis of the corpus callosum and involvement of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. A rare disease]. PMID- 7099869 TI - [Urinary manifestations of Wolfram's syndrome]. PMID- 7099870 TI - [Angioma of the eyelid, visual deprivation syndrome and corticoid treatment. Personal case and review of the literature]. PMID- 7099871 TI - [Intercostal pulmonary hernia]. PMID- 7099872 TI - [A case of human rabies in a 4-year-old boy]. PMID- 7099873 TI - [What is your diagnosis? Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst]. PMID- 7099874 TI - [Endocrine complications of radiotherapy in children]. PMID- 7099875 TI - [Congenital vertebral and urinary malformations. Incidence of their association and management]. PMID- 7099876 TI - Remediation of letter reversals. PMID- 7099877 TI - Hemispheric asymmetries in children. AB - A sample of 48 boys was divided into four separate age groups and then presented with a variety of hemispheric specialization tasks. Asymmetries were demonstrated on manual, visual, and auditory tasks, however, the degree of these asymmetries did not change across age groups. The findings suggest that hemispheric specialization as measured by dichotic listening and visual half-field tasks is not likely to change significantly with increased age. In addition, there appears to be a dissociation between visual and auditory perceptual asymmetries. PMID- 7099878 TI - Perception of eye scans with the Muller-Lyer stimuli: evidence for filter theory. AB - Ginsburg's filter theory successfully accounts for the perceptual distortions perceived in a wide range of illusions and bistable phenomena. Essentially, the theory proposes that illusory distortions are the natural consequence of low-pass spatial filtering (based upon the human modulation transfer function) of the physical stimulus. With regard to the Muller-Lyer illusion, predictions based upon filter theory and human scan-path data are in accord. However, data linking filter theory's predictions regarding perceptual experiences associated with the illusion to the eye-scan results have been missing. In the present experiment subjects provided subjective estimations of their own eye scans while viewing each of the following stimuli: the fins-out member of the Muller-Lyer illusion, the fins-in member of the Muller-Lyer illusion, and a finless horizontal line (variations of each stimulus consisted of one, two, and three line segments). The analysis of these data supported three predictions that were derived from filter theory. Potential problems facing filter theory are also addressed. PMID- 7099879 TI - Infants' mental and motor development: effects of home environment, maternal attitudes, marital adjustment, and socioeconomic status. AB - 27 two-yr.-old infants and their mothers were studied in their homes to analyze the relationship between infants' development and their home environment, mothers' attitudes as parents, mothers' marital adjustment, and families' socioeconomic status. Bayley Mental Development Indexes correlated with the infants' home environment, families' socioeconomic status, and maternal attitudes. Bayley Psychomotor Development Indexes related to home environment and socioeconomic status. Home environment, maternal attitude, and marital adjustment scores correlated with socioeconomic status. The implications of these ecological factors on infants' mental and motor development are discussed. PMID- 7099880 TI - Relationship of ear specialization to degree of task difficulty, sex, and lateral preference. AB - Children in Grades 2 and 6 nested in age, sex, and lateral-preference groups were administered two dichotic listening tests (digit and environmental sound). There was a right-ear advantage for verbal stimuli which did not increase with age, supporting the invariance models of the development of verbal laterality past 5 to 6 years of age. The percentage of left-ear accuracy for verbal stimuli relative to the right ear decreased with task difficulty. Girls were more accurate than boys when recalling verbal stimuli and the older boys were more accurate than the other children when identifying environmental sounds. In recalling nonverbal stimuli, boys showed a left-ear advantage and out-performed girls, who showed a right-ear advantage. The sex difference in ear advantage increased with task difficulty. There was an over-all increase in accuracy with age when identifying both verbal and nonverbal stimuli with the exception of the ambidextrous children, who demonstrated low accuracy scores for the environmental sound stimuli across age groups. PMID- 7099881 TI - Comparison of cognitive tempo and time estimation by young boys. AB - The relationship between cognitive tempo and time estimation by young boys is investigated. Emphasis is on clarifying the physiological vs learned etiology of cognitive tempo on the assumption that a predilection to cortical excitation or inhibition can be indicated through time estimation. Significant differences between 20 impulsive and 20 reflective boys (aged 8--0 to 8--11) on estimates of reproduction time and a high correlation (-.49) between impulsive boys' response times and estimates of reproduction time were noted. PMID- 7099882 TI - Visual-motor organization: differences between and within individuals. AB - The research described in this monograph uses control theory's pursuit-tracking paradigm of voluntary movement to identify several elementary psychomotor tasks. They are simple to administer and tap increasingly complex, nonverbal cognitive or perceptual attributes. Two series of experiments are reported. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that dissimilar arrays of individual differences, as determined through test-retest correlations, may exist among the same subjects: first, across various static and dynamic visual and motor "tasks" selected from the terms of control theory's tracking equations and, second, in the organization of these tasks as represented by pursuit tracking. The hypothesis could not be rejected. Study 2 determined that test-retest individual differences in visual motor organization not only persisted in the absence of practice, but that they also withstood active intervention by practice. This study also showed that subjects differ reliably in their ability to plan, i.e., to take advantage of coherence in visual-motor information. PMID- 7099883 TI - Spontaneous EEG correlates of intellectual functioning in talented and handicapped adolescents. AB - EEG correlates of intellectual functioning were investigated in 35 academically talented and 20 academically handicapped adolescents. EEG data from Ertl's Brainwave Analyzer were factor-analyzed and factor scores entered into regression equations predicting four primary mental abilities, verbal, numerical, reasoning, spatial, and two sequential tests of educational progress, reading and mathematics. Analysis indicated that (1) frequency ratio, with relatively greater left-hemisphere activity was the most important EEG variable related to mental functioning in the talented group; (2) while EEG period and alpha ratio were the two most important EEG variables related to intellectual functioning in the mentally handicapped group; (3) hemispheric symmetry was of some importance for both groups, with greater symmetry being associated with superior performance. Contrary to Ertl's neural efficiency theory, (1) neural information transfer rate was significantly positively (not negatively as predicted) related to intellectual performance (for the handicapped group only), and (2) alpha was significantly related to intellectual functioning (for the handicapped group only). Further research is needed to extend and confirm the above findings dealing with persons scoring in the normal IQ range and during mentally active as well as resting conditions. PMID- 7099884 TI - Fine's frame and perceived tilt. PMID- 7099885 TI - Experimental stress and cystomanometric recordings of patients with primary enuresis, a preliminary report. AB - The motility of the bladder has been recorded for 20 children with nocturnal enuresis while they were submitted to emotional tenseness experimentally induced. The analysis showed that emotional stress leads to contractions of the detrusor only in patients with psychogenic enuresis and not in those for whom organic lesions were responsible for the disturbance and that the motor response depends on the level of emotional tenseness. Such results are of interest for diagnosis and physiopathology of psychogenic enuresis. PMID- 7099886 TI - Effect of viewing selected colors on the performance of gross and fine motor tasks. PMID- 7099887 TI - Pursuit Meter II, a computer-based device for testing pursuit-tracking performance. AB - The Pursuit Meter II, a microcomputer-based device developed for the quantitative determination of human pursuit-tracking performance, is described. Computer generated moving patterns are displayed on a high resolution color video monitor. For the subject the task is to attempt to superimpose a red line presented on the screen, the vertical location of which he controls with a steering device, over a blue line the computer generates as the problem. Both lines, each composed of 279 segments, are generated at the same rate, left to right on the monitor. The individual differences between the subject's response and the problem are summed and stored by the computer as an error score which correlates inversely to the subject's ability to perform the task. Three Pursuit Meter II problems were presented to 26 male college students. Our data demonstrated that different levels of performance to the problems resulted and that the Pursuit Meter II can be used to quantify human pursuit-tracking performance. PMID- 7099889 TI - Relationship between reversible-figure latencies and scores on two personality scales. PMID- 7099888 TI - Gender differences in prism adaptation as influenced by a secondary task. AB - This experiment investigated prism adaptation as influenced by performing a secondary task during the adapting and by the gender of the subject. Experimental subjects (10 males and 10 females) performed a secondary force-production task with the left hand, while adapting to prismatic displacement with the right (target-pointing). Control subjects (n = 20) were not required to perform the force-production task. While male subjects were not influenced by the secondary task manipulation, female subjects exhibited less adaptation. Since males' and females' performance did not differ on the secondary force-production task, it is unlikely that this finding can be explained by differential primary vs secondary task tradeoffs. PMID- 7099890 TI - Anxiety and speech production: some support for the inverted U-shaped function. AB - 36 subjects were videorecorded while interacting dyadically with an exotic harmless snake. Tapes were analyzed to give both measures of contact with the snake and speech production for each member of the dyads. From previous research, it was assumed that initiating contact with the snake would create some anxiety even among those subjects who acknowledged no self-reported fear of snakes prior to the experiment. Predicted greater variability in speech-production scores was found for the high snake-contact group compared to the low-contact group when scores were split about the median on contact and the variances compared. It is argued that the result is consistent with an inverted-U relationship between anxiety and speech production. PMID- 7099892 TI - Mathematical model for the filling-in of illusory contour. AB - It is demonstrated that illusory contour in the shape of a square is perceived lighter when abutted by black horizontal lines and white vertical lines, darker when abutted by white horizontal lines and black vertical lines. These differences in perceived brightness and the spread of brightness, or a filling-in phenomenon, can be modeled by the major product of a column vector and a row unit vector where the order of each vector corresponds to extent and the value of each entry in the column vector corresponds to brightness. PMID- 7099891 TI - Relationship between field-dependence/independence and personality in older adult females. AB - To investigate the relationship between field-dependence/independence and personality in older adults, the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Hand Test were administered to 64 community-living, female, older adults ranging from 60 to 81 yr. (M = 69.05 yr.; SD = 5.98). Seven low but significant correlations (Spearman rhos) were obtained between personality variables and the field dependence/independence dimension. In general, findings were both consistent and inconsistent with the theoretical assumptions with personality/behavioral characteristics that underlie the field-dependence/independence construct which suggests the personality relationships appear to change with old age. PMID- 7099893 TI - Long-term retention of temporal information. AB - The main purpose was to determine the characteristics of long-term retention of temporal information. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 120 subjects under the method of reproduction. Four retention intervals were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The percentage absolute and percentage variable errors were used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold time lengths of 1, 4, and 8 sec. in memory for a period of 14 or 28 days, they become less accurate and more variable than if they recall the item immediately or after 2 days. One explanation for the nature of forgetting was suggested. The percentage constant error was used as an index of bias. Subjects had a tendency to overestimate the 1-sec. and to underestimate the 4- and 8-sec. time durations. The hypothesis that the longer-term memory of perceptual estimates of temporal information follows a pattern similar to that of other continuous dimensions was not confirmed over these intervals. PMID- 7099894 TI - Illusions. PMID- 7099895 TI - Perception and memory of facial affect following brain injury. AB - Brain-lesioned patients and controls were shown a series of happy, sad, fearful, and angry faces and asked to identify verbally the facial emotion and later freely recall the affect when shown some of the faces having neutral expressions. Greater misperception of facial affect was associated with posterior lesions when bilateral lesions were removed from data analysis. Unilateral and bilateral frontal lesions, however, were associated with memory deficits for facial affect. As a group, right versus left hemisphere-lesioned patients were not different from each other in the perception or memory of facial affect. Right frontal lesions, however, seemed especially to disrupt recall of facial emotion. PMID- 7099896 TI - Asymmetry in forward and backward vection. PMID- 7099897 TI - Classroom teachers' impressions of hearing impaired and deaf children. AB - 180 classroom teachers rated achievement and appearance characteristics of 9 school-age hearing-impaired and deaf children on a semantic differential utilizing 15 bipolar adjectives. A significant difference between normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects was noted. Hearing aids and the speech of the hearing-impaired and deaf subjects elicit more negative responses. PMID- 7099898 TI - Developmental changes in letter recognition as affected by parafoveal noise. AB - The effect of parafoveal noise information on a Hirakana target-recognition task was investigated with 10 good and 10 poor readers in first and second grades (ns = 20 per grade). A differential effect of parafoveal noise produced a longer or shorter variation in RT depending on the kind of surrounding material. This suggests that the filtering mechanism whereby unnecessary information is avoided becomes more efficient from the first to the second grade of school attendance. PMID- 7099899 TI - Women's type A/B behavior patterns and fear of success. AB - The present study examined the relationship between Type A/B behavior patterns and motive of success avoidance in women. Results showed that Type B women have a fear-of-success orientation. They are concerned with antagonizing others as a result of succeeding. These women may be realistically appraising achievement situations, especially the physical and emotional costs at which success achieved through competition is gained. PMID- 7099900 TI - Relationship between frontalis muscle tension and digital skin temperature during EMG biofeedback. AB - The current study examined the relationship between frontalis EMG and digital skin temperature during EMG biofeedback. 63 subjects participated in 8 40-min. sessions involving a 10-min. adaptation, baseline, feedback, and postfeedback period. The results showed significant reductions in EMG and increases in skin temperature between feedback and baseline periods. Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline EMG levels were the best predictors of skin temperature changes and characterized the relationship between the variables by an over-all negative correlation of .32. PMID- 7099901 TI - Relation between body-esteem and self-esteem of obese and normal children. AB - 36 elementary school children (20 subjects were below and 16 subjects above 15% overweight) completed a self-esteem and body-esteem questionnaire. The Body esteem Scale was reliable and suitable for children as young as 7 yr. Body-esteem shared a significant amount of variance with self-esteem and percentage overweight. Although body-esteem and relative weight were correlated, self-esteem and relative weight were not significantly related. Furthermore, body-esteem and self-esteem were not differentially related for 20 normals versus 16 obese children in this sample. PMID- 7099902 TI - Hypnosis: depth or width? PMID- 7099903 TI - Rod-and-frame and MMPI scores for a group of female psychiatric inpatients. AB - 75 recently admitted female psychiatric inpatients were given the rod-and-frame task and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). All patients with an admission diagnosis of schizophrenia, organic brain syndrome, or a reported history of alcoholism or previous electroconvulsive therapy were excluded from the study. Personality disturbance, as measured by the MMPI, for the remaining 75 patients, was significantly less severe for extremely high-error (field dependent) rod-and-frame performers than for other patients in the sample. Hospital records and performance on self-rating scales showed, however, that patients with a high rate of error on rod-and-frame performance were subjectively as uncomfortable as the others tested. Results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution of perceptual impairment to the psychological complaints made by these individuals. PMID- 7099904 TI - Technique for differentiating cortical hemispheric activity following exercise. AB - Peripheral Critical Flicker Fusion technology was explored as a basis for inferred differences between right and left cortical hemispheric activity following exercise. 18 subjects underwent three treatments presented in randomized order with 1-wk. intervals in between them. Conditions included a control, 30 min. of steady-state treadmill running, and 20 min. of treadmill running followed by progressively increasing speed until exhaustion intervened. Immediately following each treatment, subjects were given a test of peripheral critical flicker fusion as measured in both peripheral retinal fields. Differences between right and left peripheral retinal field perception were analyzed for the three conditions with a one-way analysis of variance using a repeated-measures design. A significant difference was found among the three treatments for peripheral CFF differences between right and left peripheral fields. A Newman-Keuls test demonstrated a significant shift in cortical activation toward the left hemisphere following the exhaustive exercise. The inferred shift in cortical activity inferred from peripheral CFF, occurs following exhaustive exercise. The left hemisphere was viewed as the dominant locus of cortical activation in that fatigue state. PMID- 7099905 TI - Effect of movement and vision on visual-motor adjustment to optical rearrangement. AB - This study examined the effects of three conditions of movement (active, passive, and eye movement only) combined with two conditions of vision (sight and no sight of the body) on visual-motor adjustment to a familiar but optically rearranged environment. A total of 175 male college students were subjects. Each subject wore a pair of 25-diopter prism glasses while performing one of seven possible tasks. Visual-motor adjustment was measured by means of a mirror-box test administered prior to, and immediately following, performance of a 15-min. treatment session. Analysis of covariance indicated significant main effects for vision and a significant interaction between conditions of movement and vision. The actively moving subjects with sight of their bodies made significantly greater visual-motor adjustment to the optically rearranged environment than those in any of the other conditions investigated. The fact that non-moving subjects made small but significant adjustment was unexpected and remains unexplained. PMID- 7099906 TI - Auditory masking effects on lingual vibrotactile thresholds as a function of age. AB - Auditory masking effects on lingual vibrotactile thresholds were examined across three groups of 10 subjects each. The first group included children 13 yr. of age or younger, the second group young college age adults, and the third group elderly individuals 66 yr. of age or older. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from each group at a frequency of 250 Hz, under experimental conditions of no-masking, narrow-band masking, and wide-band masking. Results showed statistically significant threshold differences between the elderly group and the other two groups for all three experimental conditions. A difference was also detected between experimental conditions when an over-all statistical analysis was performed, but this difference disappeared under more stringent post hoc examination. Results are discussed with respect to current literature on aging and appropriate simplified procedures are recommended for future lingual vibrotactile threshold testing. PMID- 7099907 TI - Balance performance under varied conditions of sensory cues. AB - 43 junior-high-school girls performed three trials on a dynabilometer on each of seven days. After learning the balance task with all sensory cues available, subjects were tested under three conditions of partial feedback occlusion, i.e., with earphones, blindfold, and combination of earphone and blindfold. When visual feedback was absent, performance deteriorated significantly. Such deterioration did not occur when hearing was occluded. PMID- 7099908 TI - Neuroticism in short and long sleepers. PMID- 7099909 TI - Factor analysis of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale tests in a neuropsychological battery. AB - The Revised Wechsler Memory Scale (4 scales) along with 13 subtests from the WAIS and Halstead-Reitan battery were subjected to a principal components factor analysis. 9 tests of memory loaded on 5 of the 6 factors indicating that 5 types of memory were isolated. These were immediate verbal memory, recent verbal memory, recent figural memory, figural learning, verbal learning storage. Loading of memory and nonmemory tests on the same factors indicates a closer relationship between some memory and nonmemory processes than between kinds of memory. PMID- 7099910 TI - Information-processing load and variability of visual evoked potentials. AB - 5 subjects were assigned two tasks during which they were simultaneously presented brightness-changes of the spot light on the CRT and the speech in a foreign language. They were asked to count the number of the changes in the visual task and listen to the speech to discern the content in the auditory task. A pair of averaged visual evoked potentials (VEP) to the brightness-changes were obtained for each task to calculate a subset correlation as an index of the variance of VEP. The mean correlation coefficient of VEP across the subjects was significantly higher during the visual task than that in the auditory task. This means that VEP was more stable during the visual task. The result suggests that the subset correlation measure might be available to evaluate visual information processing load. PMID- 7099911 TI - A clinically useful polling technique for assessing susceptibility to motion sickness. AB - Susceptibility to motion sickness is a powerful index of individual differences and can be assessed in large populations without a test of performance. Although all questionnaire techniques introduce some error, we have demonstrated that a simple set of questions can lead to a five-point rating system with adequate validity and reliability. Our observations may be useful to any investigator interested in individual differences and have been extremely effective in sorting out behavioral trends in large samples of patients. PMID- 7099912 TI - The oblique effect: a new slant on things. PMID- 7099913 TI - Microcomputer-controlled determination of dissociation constants of sulfanilamides and stability constants of the related silver complexes. AB - As a contribution to the structure-activity relationship of silver sulfanilamide complexes, the pKa-values of thirteen sulfanilamides and the log K-values of their related silver compounds were determined using a microcomputer-controlled titrator which determines the silver ion concentration and hydrogen ion concentration in a combined measurement. Predictions on antibacterial effectiveness and the risk of sensitization reactions of some of the investigated silver sulfanilamides are made on the basis of the conditional stability constants computed from the pKa- and log K-values at pH = 7.4. PMID- 7099914 TI - Analysis of creams. III. Application of gas--liquid chromatography. Part I. AB - The possibilities of the gas--liquid chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detection of creams of the o/w emulsion type were investigated. Interferences by cream base components in the determination of the active compounds were studied. It appeared to be possible to determine active compounds with a retention index lower than 1900 on ov-17 (e.g. methyl salicylate, menthol, thymol camphor) without clean-up of the cream samples; for the determination of compounds with retention indices between 1900 and 3700, a simple clean-up step suffices. The possible analysis of some of the cream base components together with the active compounds of the creams was investigated as well. Cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, lanette was sx and cetiol v could be determined easily, whether or not a sample clean-up step was incorporated. PMID- 7099915 TI - A new approach to sterilization conditions. The IMO concept. AB - The sterilization requirements for medical/pharmaceutical applications are traditionally based on an extensive overkill. In the past few years, however, an evolution towards bioburden related sterilization processes has been started (F0 theory). Especially manufacturers of large volume parenterals have - forced by the thermolability of the product - contributed to this development. In this paper both philosophies are combined, resulting in a concept in which the bacteriological and physical bases of the sterilization process are mathematically related by using the F0 theory and by introducing an Imaginary Micro-Organism (IMO). The IMO concept provides the opportunity for anyone in the field of sterilization to raise the quality control level, which can be achieved by: - selecting optimum sterilization conditions without performing pre sterilization counts: - step by step introducing the pre-sterilization count which results in even more favourable sterilization conditions. PMID- 7099916 TI - Water and sodium excretion in unilaterally denervated normal and sodium depleted anesthetized rats before and after plasma volume repletion. AB - The possible role of a reduction in plasma volume (PV) by surgery as well as the importance of dietary Na supply in denervation natriuresis have been investigated on Inactin-anesthetized male rats subjected to acute unilateral renal sympathectomy. Four groups were studied: I. Normal Na diet (n = 14); II. Low Na diet (boiled rice for 2 weeks) -- isotonic glucose infusion (n = 10); III. Low Na diet -- isotonic saline infusion (n = 5); IV. Normal and low Na diet rats served as conscious control (n = 10). Surgery caused a 9-11% increase in hematocrit and a 15-18% decrease in PV in groups I-III. Plasma volume repletion (PVR) reverted these changes. In group I sodium excretion from both kidneys was only a fraction of that in conscious animals kept on the same diet (group IV) and marked denervation natriuresis was observed. After PVR sodium output of innervated (I) kidneys was not different from that of conscious rats but denervated (D) kidneys excreted twice that amount. In group II Na excretion was increased compared to conscious Na depleted controls, and PVR augmented further this difference. Surprisingly, the difference in urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) between I and D kidneys was absent after surgery and was minimal after PVR in this group. In group III physiological saline infusion reverted the effect of Na depletion and denervation natriuresis was present both before and after PVR. It is concluded that PV reduction does not play a major role in denervation phenomenon. In Na depleted anesthetized rats denervation natriuresis is absent or minimal. PMID- 7099917 TI - Influence of viscous incubation media on the resistance to diffusion of the intestinal unstirred water layer in vitro. AB - Everted sacs of rat intestine were incubated in media made viscous with Na carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). This increased the resistance to diffusion of the mucosal unstirred water layer, as measured by the half-time for the establishment of osmotic streaming potentials. The increase ws not however linearly related to viscosity, but reached a maximum, equivalent to an apparent thickness of 500 mu, at a viscosity of about 100 cP (shear rate = 50 s-1). The inhibition of maltose hydrolysis by CMC conformed to theoretical expectations, and was characterised by an increased apparent Km, with no change in Vmax. This was not true however of galactose transport by everted sacs which showed a decline in maximum transport rate, with no apparent increase in Km. It appears that increased unstirred layer resistance may induce partial anoxia in the everted sac preparation and thus reduce the energy available for active transport. We conclude that the effect of enhanced viscosity is to reduce turbulent flow, and hence stirring, in the intervillous compartment. Such an effect may be brought about by viscous components of the diet and may influence rates of absorption and digestion in the intact intestine in vivo. PMID- 7099918 TI - The effect of different patterns of long-term stimulation on contractile properties and myosin light chains in rabbit fast muscles. AB - Fast rabbit skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus) were stimulated for 2-28 days by electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve to produce maximal contractions at two different frequency patterns: that occurring naturally in nerves to slow muscles (10 Hz continuously) or three bursts of tetani (40 Hz) per minute, each 5s in duration. Both types of frequency produced muscles more resistant to fatigue during isometric twitch contractions, and led to a prolongation of contraction time greater and more consistent with 10 Hz than with 40 Hz. The twitch/tetanus ration was significantly higher in muscles stimulated at 10 Hz for 3-4 weeks but was not different from controls in muscles stimulated at 40 Hz. Both types of stimulation led to the appearance of myosin light chains characteristic of slow muscles. Muscles stimulated for 4 weeks at 40 Hz developed greater twitch tension per gram, and had significantly smaller cross-sectional area of myofibrils than control muscles. It is concluded that long-term electrical stimulation of fast muscles can affect some muscle contractile properties to resemble those of slow muscles irrespective of frequency of stimulation, provided the total number of stimuli is comparable, the duration of stimulation is long enough (minimum 2 weeks) and all motor units are activated. PMID- 7099919 TI - Intracellular calcium and sodium activity in sheep heart Purkinje fibres. Effect of changes of external sodium and intracellular pH. AB - Intracellular Ca, Na and H selective microelectrodes were used to study the effects of reduction of the extracellular Na concentration, [Na]0, on the free intracellular Ca concentration, [Ca]i, Na activity, (aiNa), and intracellular pH (pHi) in sheep heart Purkinje fibres. 1. Reduction of [Na]0 from 140 mM to 14 mM produced a decrease of aiNa, and increase of free [Ca]i, and normally an increase of resting tension. 2. Inhibition of the Na-K pump by 10(-5) M acetyl strophanthidin produced a slow rise of [Ca]i and resting tension. 3. The magnitude of the increase of free [Ca]i (and tension) produced by [Na]0 reduction was greatly enhanced when the Na-K pump is inhibited by either acetylstrophanthidin or K-free solutions. 4. We suggest that this enhanced rise of free [Ca]i in the presence of Na-K pump inhibition is due to Ca loading of intracellular Ca buffering systems during the pump inhibition. 5. Addition of NH4Cl produced a transient decrease of free [Ca]i that accompanied an alkaline change in pHi. Removal of NH4Cl (which produced a transient intracellular acidification) produced a transient increase of free [Ca]i. We conclude that a close relationship exists between the control of free [Ca]i and pHi which may be due to competition at, or common use of, intracellular buffering systems. PMID- 7099920 TI - Electrophysiological analysis of rat renal sugar and amino acid transport. I. Basic phenomena. AB - The electrical events associated with the absorption of D-glucose or L-amino acids in renal proximal tubules were studied in microperfusion experiments on rat kidneys in vivo. Intratubular application of these substrates led concomitantly to: 1) a shift of the transepithelial potential into lumen negative direction, 2) a partial depolarization of the tubular cell membranes and 3) a reduction of the electrical resistance of the brushborder membrane. By means of rapid perfusion experiments it was possible to discern two phases in the potential response to substrate perfusion, a fast initial response which reflects a substrate-induced Na+ ion current from lumen to cell, and a slower secondary response which reflects the relaxation of the intracellular ion and substrate concentrations towards new steady states. A quantitative analysis of the data yielded estimates of 1) the apical (Ra) and basal (Rb) cell membrane resistances and of the shunt resistance, Rs, of rat proximal tubule of approximately Ra = 255 omega cm2, Rb = 92 omega cm2 and Rs = 5 omega cm2 (all referred to the quasi macroscopic surface area of the tubular lumen), 2) the conductance of the Na+ and glucose cotransport pathway and 3) the driving forces acting on the cotransport mechanism in the brushborder membrane. The latter were found to be a) the electrical cell membrane potential of -74 mV, b) the Na+ ion concentration gradient between the tubular lumen (clumNa = 145 mmol/l) and the cytoplasm (ccellNa approximately 33 mmol/l) which corresponds to an additional equivalent potential of 51 mV and c) the substrate concentration gradient, which varies according to the experimental conditions. Moreover the analysis provided a quantitative estimate of the relationship between the substrate-induced changes in transepithelial potential or short circuit current and the actual cotransport current in the brushborder membrane. Based on this analysis it is concluded that the stoichiometry of Na+ and glucose flux coupling in the brushborder membrane of rat proximal tubule is close to 1.0. PMID- 7099921 TI - Electrophysiological analysis of rat renal sugar and amino acid transport. II. Dependence on various transport parameters and inhibitors. AB - Transepithelial and cellular electrical potential changes were measured in response to luminal perfusion of D-glucose and related substrates in micropuncture experiments on rat kidney in vivo. By studying the dependence of the potential response on various experimental parameters, some insight was obtained into the mechanism of Na+ coupled glucose absorption. The experiments confirm the driving forces for glucose absorption in the living cell to be: a) the Na concentration gradient, b) the electrical potential gradient and c) the glucose concentration gradient across the brush-border membrane. Furthermore they describe the substrate specificity of the cotransport mechanism and the mechanism of inhibition of D-glucose transport by various inhibitors, such as phlorizin, harmaline and ouabain. The latter experiments suggest that the active Na+ pump in the peritubular cell membrane, which establishes the Na+ ion gradient and the electrical potential gradient across the brushborder, contributes a measurable partial conductance to the overall electrical conductance of the peritubular cell membrane. PMID- 7099922 TI - Electrophysiological analysis of rat renal sugar and amino acid transport. III. Neutral amino acids. PMID- 7099923 TI - The effects of chronic papillary necrosis on acid excretion. AB - Complete papillary necrosis in rats can be induced within 1 month following a single injection of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) (50 mg, i.v.). Utilizing a combination of clearance and balance techniques the effects of complete absence of the papilla was examined as regards urinary acidification, whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), single nephron GFR, and morphology. Whole kidney GFR was not different from control, however, the percent filtering juxtamedullary nephrons was markedly diminished (87.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 31.5 +/- 3.6% filtering, control vs. BEA, respectively, P less than 0.001) and significantly reduced in the superficial nephrons (80.6 +/- 3.6 vs. 62.2 +/- 6.1% filtering, control vs. BEA, respectively, P less than 0.05). There was a significant decrease in juxtamedullary single nephron GFR and an increase in the superficial single nephron GFR as assessed by the quantitative Hanssen's technique in the animals with chronic papillary necrosis. Complete papillary necrosis was associated with normal arterial bicarbonate concentration, pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations. At the same degree of acidemia (induced by NH4Cl administration) minimal urinary pH, ammonium excretion, and titratable acid excretion were not different than seen in age matched controls. The response to Na2SO4 infusion and phosphate infusion was the same in both groups of animals. The urine-blood (U-B)pCO2, and index of urinary acidification, was identical in BEA and control animals. Scanning electron microscopy showed scarring of the juxtamedullary glomeruli one month after BEA. The papilla was sloughed and lying free in the renal pelvis in every experimental animal. These data demonstrate that complete papillary necrosis is not associated with acidosis nor a defect in urinary acidification. PMID- 7099924 TI - The CO single breath transfer factor of the lung. Generally acceptable normal values. PMID- 7099925 TI - Differences in the development of sensitization to norepinephrine between isolated aortas of untreated and reserpinized rabbits. PMID- 7099926 TI - Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in an Emu, Dromiceius Novae-Hollandiae. PMID- 7099928 TI - Transcatheter embolization for arteriovenous malformations and fistulae. PMID- 7099927 TI - Thyroid hormones affect the physiological availability of nonshivering thermogenesis. AB - Hypothyroid hamsters had a reduced capacity for heat production in the cold. This was correlated with a reduction of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) as measured following an injection of tyramine, thereby releasing endogenous stores of noradrenaline (NA). However, when NST was measured following an injection of NA, the same capacity was found in controls and hypothyroid hamsters. This suggests that hypothyroidism decreased the availability of endogenous transmitters for cold induced stimulation of NST. PMID- 7099929 TI - [Experimental and theoretical studies on the isodose shift method. Calculation of shift-distance by successive approximation for irradiation of thorax with cobalt 60 in fixed-beam teletherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099930 TI - [Value of neurophysiological explorations in polyneuritis (author's transl)]. AB - Electrophysiological methods available for routine study of polyneuropathies are briefly described. From some typical cases, interpretation of results is exemplified and explained. The interest of electrophysiological explorations is pointed out in comparison to clinical and histological findings. PMID- 7099931 TI - [Anti-platelet aggregation therapy and ischaemic cerebral accidents due to atheroma (author's transl)]. AB - Most controlled studies of the effects of anticoagulants on ischaemic cerebral accidents due to atheroma were carried out in the 60's and failed to show long term beneficial results. Anti-platelet aggregation agents, such as dipyridamole, clofibrate and sulfinpyrazone, did not prove more effective. A well-conducted co operative Canadian study has recently shown that aspirin in doses of 1300 mg/day reduced by 19% the risk of ischaemic cerebral accident or death and that this risk is further reduced in the subgroup of non-diabetic male patients without history of infarction. Another American co-operative study suggests that aspirin is more effective in patients who had several transient episodes of cerebral ischaemia and that an atheromatous lesion is present. No combination of anti platelet aggregation agents is demonstrably superior to aspirin. The present tendency is to administer heparin immediately after ischaemic cerebral accidents. PMID- 7099932 TI - [Mechanisms and prognosis of neutropenia in Felty's syndrome. 27 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Twenty patients with Felty's syndrome were investigated. Isotopic studies of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, bone marrow biopsies and autoradiographies, and cultures of granulous stem cells showed that neutropenia resulted from three mechanisms acting simultaneously: hypermargination of the neutrophils predominantly in the spleen, decreased production of granulocytes in the bone marrow, and peripheral hyperdestruction of the neutrophils. Anti-granulocyte antibodies were detected in 3/12 patients. Other factors present in the serum of 2/4 patients seem capable of inhibiting the growth of granulocytic stem cells. Secondary bacterial infection (77%) may explain the severity of the prognosis: 13 out of 27 patients died 4 years on average after neutropenia was diagnosed. PMID- 7099933 TI - [Repair of hiatus hernia in adults by double gastropexy (author's transl)]. AB - Hiatus hernia was repaired in 108 adult patients by a technique combining posterior gastropexy, as described by Toupet, with anterior gastropexy on the lesser curvature. The purpose of the anterior gastropexy is to avoid intra-hiatal reascension of the anti-reflux montage, a complication which seldom results in recurrence of clinical symptoms but is reflected in radiological images of relapse with often troublesome psychosomatic effects. PMID- 7099934 TI - [Respective roles of gastric lavage, haemodialysis, haemoperfusion, diuresis and hepatic metabolism in the elimination of a massive meprobamate overdose (author's transl)]. AB - A case of massive meprobamate intoxication (100 g) is reported. On admission, 8 hours later, the plasma meprobamate level was 460 mg/l. The initial shock (hours 8-12) was successfully treated with blood volume expansion and dobutamine. The plasma meprobamate level, which was 340 mg/l when haemodialysis and haemoperfusion were started, fell to 110 mg/l at the end of the treatment. Recovery was uneventful. The amounts of drug eliminated by each method were as follows: (a) gastric lavages at 8 and 26 hours: 66 g; (b) haemodialysis (18-29 hours): 8.5 g; (d) haemoperfusion on Hemopur-charcoal (20-28 hours): 7.5 g (as measured by elution); (e) diuresis (26 hours): 2 g. It may be concluded from these data that sizeable amounts of drug can be extracted by haemodialysis and haemoperfusion, that gastric lavage remains the least invasive and most rewarding method of elimination, and that the role of hepatic metabolism in detoxication has to be taken into account. PMID- 7099935 TI - [Kidneys, hypertension and pregnancy. I. Renal function in normal pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Pregnancy enhances renal functioning. As early as the first week of amenorrhoea, renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increase by 30 to 50%, with parallel rise in creatinine and urea clearances. The water and salt balance becomes strongly positive. However, the normal mechanisms of NaCl retention (aldosterone, desoxycorticosterone, oestrogens) remain active, counterbalancing the natriuretic effects of progesterone and of increased filtered sodium load. Renal regulation of the acid/base equilibrium is preserved, albeit adjusted to a higher pH threshold. At the beginning of pregnancy uric acid clearance is increased and tubular reabsorption of glucose is decreased. Blood pressure falls by 20 mmHg during the first semester. Prostaglandins and progesterone oppose the vasopressive action of angiotensin in pregnant women, and changes in their metabolism may account for the development of pre-eclampsia. PMID- 7099937 TI - [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disclosed by an apnea-hypersomnia syndrome]. PMID- 7099936 TI - [Drainage of the bladder by suprapubic catheterization (author's transl)]. AB - In most cases of urine retention due to lower urinary tract obstruction, the distended bladder can be drained by suprapubic catheterization. Only large intervesical blood clots cannot be removed by this method. The technique has been simplified and made non-traumatic and safe by the advent of small-diameter, self winding, polyrethane catheters (Cystofix) which are easy to handle and well tolerated. The urethra and possible cervico-prostatis obstacles are left undisturbed, and radiological as well as manometric explorations can be performed. Complications do not occur if bladder distention is well ascertained, if the catheter is accurately inserted and if stringent aseptic precautions are taken. In the authors' unit suprapubic catheterization has become common practice and transurethral catheterization is seldom performed. PMID- 7099939 TI - [Liver diseases associated with Yersinia infections (author's transl)]. AB - Yersinia infections are exceptionally responsible for liver damage, the hepatic diseases most commonly encountered being liver abscess consecutive to Y. enterocolitica or Y. pseudo-tuberculosis septicaemia or, more rarely, hepatic granulomata or hepatitis with necrosis and cholestasis. Two new cases are reported. One patient had hepatic granulomata caused by Y. pseudo-tuberculosis and the other, necrotizing hepatitis caused by y. enterocolitica. The course of the disease was favourable in both cases. PMID- 7099938 TI - [Coarctation and dystrophic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta (author's transl)]. AB - Coarctation and dystrophic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta are seldom associated. In this series of 6 patients the aneurysm, often voluminous, was located on the ascending aorta in 1 case, on the distal part of the aortic arch in 3 cases and on the descending aorta in 2 cases. Surgical treatment consisted of resection and prosthetic replacement of the coarcted and aneurysmal segment under extracorporeal circulation. In a 13-years old patient, however, the coarctation was repaired but the aneurysm of the descending aorta below it was deliberately left in situ. All six patients are now asymptomatic. Post-operative angiography was performed in 4 cases with satisfactory results. In all cases the dystrophic aneurysm resulted from lesions of the elastic fibers of the tunica media and was therefore different from other aneurysms associated with coarctations. PMID- 7099940 TI - [Kidneys, hypertension and pregnancy. II. Hypertension in pregnancy: significance, prognosis, and treatment (author's transl)]. AB - A rise in arterial pressure above 140 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic is pathological in pregnant women. Such changes may either reveal chronic hypertension or constitute a purely gestational complication. The persistence or regression of abnormally high BP values 3 months after delivery retrospectively indicates whether the hypertension was chronic or pregnancy-related. When BP values are very high (diastolic above 110 mmHg) the mother is exposed to vascular accidents and the most effective anti-hypertensive drugs are required. In the more common moderate hypertension, both the mother (eclampsia) and the foetus (intra-uterine or neonatal death, low birth-weight) are at risk. The risk is better predicted by proteinuria and hyperuricaemia than by the BP values themselves, and whether anti-hypertensive drugs are warranted is uncertain. Studied comparing patients with treated and untreated moderate hypertension have yielded two valuable results: (1) methyldopa administered to the mother is harmless to the foetus, and (2) abortion during the second trimester of pregnancy is probably prevented when methyldopa is prescribed against chronic hypertension. No study has yet afforded evidence that the use of anti-hypertensive drugs in gestational hypertension benefits the foetus. Further therapeutic trials and a better knowledge of the natural history and mechanisms of hypertension in pregnancy are required before adequate management of this condition can be determined. PMID- 7099941 TI - [Cancer of the lower oesophagus. One-stage subtotal oesophagectomy without thoracotomy and retrosternal gastroplasty (author's transl)]. AB - In the operation proposed the tumour is approached by the abdominal route after incision of the diaphragm. It is dissected and the overlying healthy oesophagus is stripped. Continuity of the digestive tract is re-established by tubular gastroplasty in which the stomach is brought up to the neck through a retrosternal tunnel. The operation is indicated for tumours of the lower and middle oesophagus. PMID- 7099942 TI - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: hypersideremia after chemotherapy]. PMID- 7099943 TI - [Histological osteomalacia induced by prolonged administration of niflumic acid]. PMID- 7099945 TI - [Dementia syndrome in depressive states. Efficacy of bromocriptine therapy]. PMID- 7099944 TI - [Sarcoidosis preceding Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 7099946 TI - [A case of myoclonic encephalopathy in hemolysis patients]. PMID- 7099947 TI - [Anxiety in phobic and obsessive patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099948 TI - [The alcohol-anxiety relationship (author's transl)]. AB - Those who have helped an alcoholic patient to evade the torturing effects of this favourite drug and who know what role alcoholic drinks have been paying in his psychological profile and body functions understand his anxiety when faced with a world from which he had tried to escape. Weaning. therefore, can only be successful it therapeutist and patient alike are fully aware of these problems, and the use of tranquillizers in this difficult period of the patient's life is virtually compulsory. PMID- 7099949 TI - [Anxiety and psychotherapies (author's transl)]. AB - The two words "anxiety" and "angoisse" are now generally used in the same sense in the french psychiatric literature. S. Freud distinguished anxiety neurosis from neurasthenia, providing a detailed clinical description and developing a psychopathological theory of anxiety. All forms of mental disease include to the same extent, anxiety. The treatment of anxiety depends upon the clinical background. Various approaches--psychotherapy psychopharmacology--are often simultaneously necessary. PMID- 7099950 TI - [Contribution of lumbar puncture to the diagnosis of cephalalgia]. AB - The authors have reviewed the records of 50 patients hospitalized for treatment of isolated cephalalgia and in whom lumbar puncture was the only investigatory procedure that initially provided some information. In 12 cases, CSF abnormalities reflected a progressive tumoral, vascular or inflammatory intracerebral lesion undetectable by the usual methods (fundus oculi, radiography of the skull, EEG), or by less common examinations (arteriography, scintiscans, CT scans). In 12 other cases, lumbar puncture provided evidence of a minimal meningeal inflammatory process. In 26 cases, the only biochemical change was an excess of CSF proteins which in 7 cases developed in a dome-shaped curve suggesting an independent disease, the significance of which is discussed. PMID- 7099951 TI - [Venous thromboembolic accidents during idiopathic hyperlipaemia]. AB - The authors report 30 cases of venous thromboembolic accidents during familial hyperlipaemia. This type of accident, never previously described, calls for the following comments: (1) there was a striking number of recurrences in some patients although none of the usual contributing factors of thromboembolic disease were present; (2) the accidents only occurred in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (mixed type IIb hyperlipaemia, type IV endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia); (3) the accidents ceased completely after the metabolic disorder was corrected. In the prevention of post-operative thromboembolic disease more attention than before should be paid to patients with endogenous triglyceridaemia. PMID- 7099952 TI - [Penicillin-induced encephalopathy]. AB - Five cases of encephalopathy due to intravenous penicillin treatment (penicillin G sodium in 4 cases, oxacillin in 1) are reported in 5 uraemic patients. The first abnormalities noted were decreased consciousness and myoclonic jerks (3 cases), followed by seizures and coma (2 cases). Lumbar puncture and cerebral computed tomography gave normal results. Electroencephalograms showed diffuse sharp and slow activities over the brain areas. The diagnosis was confirmed by the high blood levels of the penicillins. Three patients recovered after discontinuation of the drugs; two patients died in status epilepticus and coma resistant to all treatments. PMID- 7099953 TI - [Percutaneous nephrostomy in utero for bilateral foetal hydronephrosis]. AB - Left percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in a 30-week foetus with bilateral hydronephrosis due to abnormal pyelo-ureteral junction. Puncture of the pelvis and insertion of a 5 cm long F8 Malecot catheter were carried out under ultrasonography. The end of the catheter was left free in the amniotic fluid. Drainage was perfect during 3 weeks, until the skin of the foetus grew over the end of the catheter. At 34 weeks, a much longer catheter was introduced, but it was dislodged from the kidney within 48 hours. Vaginal delivery was induced at 37 weeks, giving birth to a normal male child. On the 4th day after birth the catheter was removed and resection-anastomosis of the left pyelo-ureteral junction was performed. PMID- 7099954 TI - [Easily closed gun-barrel enterostomy. A new technique]. AB - The availability of continuous low rate enteral and parenteral feeding has enlarged the indications of enterostomy, notably in patients with multiple operations. However, closing an enterostomy, which may be high up in the small bowel, rises technical problems and is not always without risk. In this study a new technique of gun-barrel enterostomy easily closed with automatic sutures and without reopening of the abdominal wall is presented. PMID- 7099955 TI - [Cervical myelopathy disclosing sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7099956 TI - [Biliary retention syndrome in Campylobacter jejuni septicemia]. PMID- 7099957 TI - [Value of plasma exchange in the treatment of Behcet's syndrome and its eye manifestations]. PMID- 7099958 TI - [Perforation of the pulmonary artery during balloon catheterization. Symptomatologic value of a minor hemoptysis]. PMID- 7099959 TI - [Myasthenic syndrome induced by D-penicillamine. Changes in serum levels of acetylcholine receptor antibodies]. PMID- 7099960 TI - [Paradoxical clinical symptoms of a meningioma in the Sylvian fissure]. PMID- 7099961 TI - Syringe method for stepwise chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides. AB - A simple procedure is described for synthesis of oligonucleotides by phosphate chemistry. Chains can be constructed rapidly with minimal equipment (a syringe and reagent bottles). The method is illustrated by synthesis of d-TGCAGGTT. Pertinent supporting data on the effect of variations in the detritylation, condensation, oxidation, capping and cleavage steps in the synthetic approach and in isolation procedures are also presented. PMID- 7099962 TI - The B reversible Z transition of poly(dI-br5dC).poly(dI-br5dC). A quantitative description of the Z form dynamic structure. AB - The study of poly(dI-br5dC).poly(dI-br5dC) films by infrared spectroscopy shows that in low salt concentration, the conformation of this polynucleotide belongs to the B-family and in high salt concentration to the Z-family. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism confirm the existence of these two forms. By circular dichroism and ultraviolet absorption, it is shown that the equilibrium constant of the B reversible Z transition depends upon temperature. The deuteration rates of exchangeable protons involved in hydrogen bonds between base pairs were deduced from the changes in absorbance near 1700 cm-1. In the B form, one class of protons is measured with an exchange half-time of 20 minutes. In the Z-form, two classes of protons are measured with very different exchange half-times, the exchange half-time of the slow protons being of the order of 850 minutes. By comparison of these results with those previously obtained for poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), these very slow protons of these two Z-polynucleotides are identified as the cytosine amino protons. A quantitative description of the dynamic structure of the Z-form is presented. PMID- 7099964 TI - Synthesis of mixed oligodeoxyribonucleotides following the solid phase method. AB - A method for the synthesis of mixed dimers, trimers and oligonucleotides on a solid support using monomeric protected nucleoside phosphochloridites (1a-d) has been developed and the different nucleoside reagents, and the results show that yields of different oligomers in a mixture could be directly correlated to the concentration of the four reagents. Separation of mixed oligomers on a reversed phase C18 column has also been studied. PMID- 7099963 TI - The nucleotide sequences of several tRNA genes from rat mitochondria: common features and relatedness to homologous species. AB - We have determined the nucleotide sequences of thirteen rat mt tRNA genes. The features of the primary and secondary structures of these tRNAs show that those for Gln, Ser, and f-Met resemble, while those for Lys, Cys, and Trp depart strikingly from the universal type. The remainder are slightly abnormal. Among many mammalian mt DNA sequences, those of mt tRNA genes are highly conserved, thus suggesting for those genes an additional, perhaps regulatory, function. A simple evolutionary relationship between the tRNAs of animal mitochondria and those of eukaryotic cytoplasm, of lower eukaryotic mitochondria or of prokaryotes, is not evident owing to the extreme divergence of the tRNA sequences in the two groups. However, a slightly higher homology does exist between a few animal mt tRNAs and those from prokaryotes or from lower eukaryotic mitochondria. PMID- 7099967 TI - Length changes in solution accompanying the B-Z transition of poly (dG-m5dC) induced by Co(NH3)63+. AB - Transient electric dichroism measurements have been used to observe the rotational relaxation times of 145 base pair fragments of poly (dGm5dC) and random sequence DNA to solution. From these the lengths of the fragments are calculated and the interbase pair separation or rise per base pair (RPB) calculated. The observations show that even in low salt, the addition of very low concentrations of trivalent Co(NH3)63+ results in a transition of the dGm5dC polymer from B-form to Z-form with a change in the RPB from 3.4 +/- .06A to 3.7 +/- .06A, the latter form defined by the criterion of an inverted circular dichroism spectra similar to that observed at high salt in the absence of Co(NH3)63+. The 145 base pair DNA and poly (dGm5dC) are found to be essentially fully extended rods in low salt (0.2 - 2 mM Na+) solutions. PMID- 7099966 TI - The sequence of the 5.8 S ribosomal RNA of the crustacean Artemia salina. With a proposal for a general secondary structure model for 5.8 S ribosomal RNA. AB - We report the primary structure of 5.8 S rRNA from the crustacean Artemia salina. The preparation shows length heterogeneity at the 5'-terminus, but consists of uninterrupted RNA chains, in contrast to some insect 5.8 S rRNAs, which consist of two chains of unequal length separated in the gene by a short spacer. The sequence was aligned with those of 11 other 5.8 S rRNAs and a general secondary structure model derived. It has four helical regions in common with the model of Nazar et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8591-8597 (1975)), but for a fifth helix a different base pairing scheme was found preferable, and the terminal sequences are presumed to bind to 28 S rRNA instead of binding to each other. In the case of yeast, where both the 5.8 S and 26 S rRNA sequences are known, the existence of five helices in 5.8 S rRNA is shown to be compatible with a 5.8 S - 26 S rRNA interaction model. PMID- 7099965 TI - Two distinct conformations of rat liver ribosomal 5S RNA. AB - Three different conformers of rat liver 5S ribosomal RNA were investigated by partial nuclease cleavage technique using S1 nuclease and cobra venom endoribonuclease (CVE) as conformational probes. Urea-treated and renatured 5S RNA co-migrate on non-denaturing gels, but exhibit distinct differences in their nuclease cleavage patterns. The most prominent differences in S1 nuclease and CVE accessibility of these conformers are located in region 30-50 and around nucleotides 70 and 90. The third form of 5S RNA with higher electrophoretic mobility was generated by EDTA treatment. The cleavage patterns of this 5S RNA conformer are similar to that characteristic for the renatured 5S RNA. The results demonstrate the difference in secondary structure and possibly different tertiary base-pairing interactions of 5S RNA conformers. PMID- 7099968 TI - The intervening sequence excised from the ribosomal RNA precursor of Tetrahymena contains a 5-terminal guanosine residue not encoded by the DNA. AB - The ribosomal RNA precursor of Tetrahymena thermophila contains a 0.4 kilobase intervening sequence that is excised as a linear RNA molecule ("IVS RNA") and subsequently cyclized. In vitro transcription in isolated nuclei was used to accumulate the IVS RNA labeled at its 5' end was subjected to sequencing gel analysis and terminal nucleotide analysis. In addition, uniformly labeled IVS RNA was cleaved with RNAase T1, and the resulting oligonucleotides were studied by two-dimensional fingerprinting. The IVS RNA was found to be a unique molecule with no discernible terminal heterogeneity. The 5'-terminal nucleotide is a guanosine that is not present at the corresponding point in the DNA sequence, determined by N. Kan and J. Gall (see adjoining paper). This nucleotide is added to the IVS during splicing [Cech, Zaug, and Grabowski (1981) Cell 27, 487-496]. Based on the sequences near the ends of the RNA, the remainder of the RNA sequence is colinear with that of the DNA. The IVS RNA has 5'-monophosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini. Comparison of these results to those obtained previously for yeast tRNA intervening sequences leads us to conclude that the splicing mechanisms are fundamentally different for these two classes of transcripts. PMID- 7099970 TI - An interactive graphics program for comparing and aligning nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. AB - This paper describes a computer program designed to look for similarities between pairs of nucleic or amino acid sequences. The program looks both for segments of perfect identity or for regions where, using a scoring matrix, a minimum value is exceeded. The results of comparisons are presented as a matrix which is displayed on a simple graphics terminal. Use of a graphics terminal allows the user to display the whole of the two sequences in one screenful or to home-in on regions of interest to examine them in more detail. The program is interactive and so the user can easily see the effect of changes to variables and can use inbuilt editing functions to make insertions to produce alignments of the two sequences. These aligned sequences can then be saved on disk files for further processing. PMID- 7099969 TI - Micronuclear DNA sequences of Oxytricha fallax homologous to the macronuclear inverted terminal repeat. AB - The macronucleus of the protozoan Oxytricha fallax is generated from a micronucleus following conjugation. While the micronucleus contains high molecular weight DNA, the macronucleus contains only short linear DNA molecules which all end in the same 20 bp inverted terminal repeat (Ma-ITR). The Ma-ITR was radioactively labeled and purified for use as a probe in hybridizations to micronuclear and macronuclear DNA. Sequences homologous to the Ma-ITR were detected in micronuclear DNA. The copy number of the repeat in the micronuclear genome is approximately that required to encode the macronuclear DNA termini. The micronuclear copies are found embedded in repeated long sequence blocks. PMID- 7099971 TI - The 5S ribosomal RNAs of Paracoccus denitrificans and Prochloron. AB - The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNAs of Paracoccus denitrificans and Prochloron sp. are (formula: see text), respectively. Specific phylogenetic relationships of P. denitrificans with purple non-sulphur bacteria, and of Prochloron with cyanobacteria are demonstrated, and unique features of potential secondary structure are described. PMID- 7099973 TI - [Studies of monocytopoiesis in patients with malignant disease and after immunostimulation with BCG, using 3H-thymidine as a DNA-label (author's transl)]. AB - Monocytopoiesis and blood monocytes were investigated in patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, breast cancer or melanoma. The investigation was carried out before surgery and just before each application of BCG. Monocyte production was increased in untreated patients. Postoperative prophylactic BCG-vaccination gave rise to increased proliferation activity. However monocyte production returned to normal between the 4th and 6th month of BCG immunotherapy. These results indicate that monocytopoiesis is stimulated by human tumors. BCG immunostimulation is able to increase proliferation activity during the first month of treatment only. PMID- 7099974 TI - [Determination of the ventricular ejection fraction using a gamma camera (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099972 TI - A design for computer nucleic-acid-sequence storage, retrieval, and manipulation. AB - We have designed and built a data-base system for the storage of nucleic-acid sequences. The system consists of a data base ("the library") and software that manages and provides access to that data base ("the Librarian"). PMID- 7099975 TI - [201Tl scintigraphy of the myocardium in patients with coronary occlusion and normal coronarogram (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099976 TI - [Amerlex FT4-RIA--A new investigative principle: description, evaluation and comparison with the Dow-Lepetit FT4-RIA test (author's transl)]. PMID- 7099979 TI - Neuropeptides and cerebral electric activity in rabbits. AB - The effects of some neuropeptides infused into the cerebral ventricles on the spontaneous cerebral electric activity were studied in unanasthetized rabbits. The following peptides were investigated: physalaemin, caerulein, bombesin, litorin (supplied by Farmitalia). The rabbits were prepared according to Monnier and Gangloff's [10] method in order to record the spontaneous cortical activity. Each of these substances affects the electroencephalographic (EEG) records in a specific and dose-related way. Bombesin induces a biphasic pattern (synchronization followed by a partial activation), litorin is partially activating and physalaemin brings about a marked desynchronization. In spite of the marked structural analogy between bombesin and litorin, their EEG effects differ. PMID- 7099977 TI - In vivo biosynthesis of cholecystokinin in hog cerebral cortex. AB - The biosynthesis of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the cerebral cortex of hogs was studied by intracisternal injections of [32S]methionine. At different times (15, 60 and 120 min) after the injection, cortex was isolated and extracted with boiling water and 0.5 M acetic acid. CCK in the extracts was immunosorbed, using an antiserum specific for the COOH-terminal sequence of CCK. Subsequently, the CCK-immunoreactivity was applied to Sephadex G-50 superfine columns. The fractionation showed incorporation in five molecular forms with elution constants of 0.08, 0.50, 0.90. 1.1 and 1.3. After a pulse period of 15 min, [32S]methionine was incorporated mainly into the largest form of CCK (Kav of 0.08). The incorporation in all forms increased during the first hour. After 2 hours, a decline occurred in the larger forms, whereas the incorporation in the octapeptide form and tetrapeptide-like form increased. PMID- 7099978 TI - Distribution and immunochemical character of neurotensin-like material in representative vertebrates and invertebrates: apparent conservation of the COOH terminal region during evolution. AB - Using a radioimmunoassay for bovine neurotensin (NT) and various region specific antisera which react selectively with different portions of the molecule, the presence of immunoreactive NT (iNT) in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species has been demonstrated. While antisera directed towards the N terminal region of NT recognized only mammalian forms of NT, antisera directed towards the C-terminal region of NT recognized materials from all species examined, including representatives of all vertebrates and invertebrate classes. When extracts of the brain and gut of the vertebrates examined were chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 multiple NT-like substances were observed, and the patterns of iNT obtained seemed to fall into three groups: (a) mammals, (b) birds and reptiles and (c) amphibians and fish. Extracts of invertebrates also exhibited multiple peaks of iNT on Sephadex G-25 and the profiles observed resembled those for lower vertebrates. Partially purified iNT obtained from chicken, turtle, dogfish and lobster was shown to increase hematocrit and induce cyanosis in anesthetized rats. These findings indicate (a) that NT-like substances appear to be present throughout the animal kingdom, (b) that the C terminal region of NT is highly conserved while the N-terminal region varies, and (c) that in any one animal multiple substances sharing C-terminal homologies with NT exist. These findings are consistent with the notion that NT and related peptides participate in important processes basic to animal life and that their functioning depends highly upon elements located in their C-terminal regions. They further suggest the existence of an entire family of NT-related peptides in each animal form, possibly distributed differently and functioning differently in the various organs of the animal. PMID- 7099981 TI - Solid-phase synthesis and biological activities of gastrointestinal hormones: secretin and motilin. AB - Many successful solid-phase syntheses of peptide chains in the region of 20-40 amino acid residues have now been routinely reported. Utilizing standard solid phase synthetic methodologies but, particularly, new and powerful purification techniques we have been developing rapid and efficient preparative routes for the numerous neuro-gastrointestinal peptides. In the present study, secretin and motilin were obtained in 16% and 10% yields, respectively, after simplified two step purification of hydrogen fluoride-cleaved peptides by gel filtration followed by preparation high performance liquid chromatography. Peptides were essentially homogeneous by TLC and analytical high performance liquid chromatography. Secretin was found to have full biological activity when tested against a standard sample of natural material for effects on pancreatic secretion in the dog. Motilin exhibited full biological activity on interdigestive motility in the dog. Secretin has been reported to undergo rearrangement with loss of bioactivity during purification and prolonged storage. We observed no obvious problems during our abbreviated purification schedule and have found no loss of purity of peptide which has been kept for 6 months as power lyophilized from dilute acetic acid. PMID- 7099982 TI - Pancreatic glucagon fails to inhibit sham feeding in the rat. AB - Rats were equipped with chronic gastric cannulas, and the effects of intraperitoneal injections of pancreatic glucagon on sham feeding, with cannulas open, and real feeding, with cannulas closed, were compared. Glucagon (100-2,500 micrograms/kg) suppressed cumulative food intake during real feeding tests 9-33%, but had no effect during sham feeding. Despite their increased food intakes, sham feeding rats took discrete meals terminated by the behavioral satiety sequence. In addition to not affecting total intake, glucagon failed to affect meal size, latency to rest, or intermeal interval during sham feeding. To investigate the possibility that glucagon did not inhibit sham feeding because it did not elicit hyperglycemia, we measured hepatic vein blood glucose after glucagon injections in sham feeding rats: glucagon elicited marked hyperglycemia during sham feeding. Therefore, the absence of glucagon's satiety effect in sham feeding is not due to the lack of hepatic glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia. These results suggest that some mechanism other than hyperglycemia which normally accompanies food ingestion is necessary for glucagon to have a satiety effect. PMID- 7099984 TI - Raman studies on bradykinin and a cyclic bradykinin. AB - Laser Raman spectra of bradykinin in water, deuterium oxide, and the solid phase were recorded. From the spectra it was concluded that bradykinin conformation is comprised of ordered and unordered structure. The ordered structure appears to be some form of reverse turn. Furthermore, it seems that there is an enhancement of the turn structure in the solid phase. A cyclic cystine containing analog of bradykinin was also examined with Raman spectroscopy. The cyclic bradykinin analog gives a Raman spectrum very similar to that of the linear bradykinin and therefore must share similar conformational forms with bradykinin. The restrictive Cys-Cys disulfide in the cyclic bradykinin must serve to maintain a conformation acceptable to bradykinin receptors since the cyclic peptide exhibits biological activity. PMID- 7099983 TI - Isoenzyme specific inhibition of the reactivation of in vitro dissociated lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes by two different peptides isolated from human liver. AB - The catalytic activity of the LDH-isoenzymes depends on their tetrameric structure. Low pH or other denaturants leads to dissociation into monomers and to the loss of the specific activity. After removal of the denaturing conditions reassociation and reactivation occur spontaneously. Neither NADH nor NAD+ shows a significant effect on the reactivation. We have isolated two different peptides which isoenzyme specifically inhibit the reactivation of dissociated LDH. Inhibition was abolished by treating with proteases. Additionally, NAD+ and NADH were found to be antagonists of the inhibitors. The heart-type enzyme-inhibitor system is especially susceptible for NADH whereas NAD+ affects the inhibition only slightly. The muscle-type system shows the opposite behavior, e.g., the completely inhibited system can be fully reactivated by NAD+ but not by NADH. These findings together with first kinetic studies suggest a possible specific regulatory function of these peptides. PMID- 7099980 TI - Lack of CCK-like pancreatic stimulation by intraduodenal amino acids in the anesthetized cat. AB - We have attempted to demonstrate a pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal amino acids in the anesthetized cat. In four cats stimulated with supramaximal doses of secretin, protein concentrations in pancreatic juice were measured after intraduodenal bolus injection of various amino acids, IV CCK, or electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. In addition, the duodenum was perfused with phenylalanine (50 mM) for 30 min in two cats, and the vagus nerve stimulated electrically for 15 min in one. In no case did amino acids produce pancreatic protein secretion, whereas CCK and vagal stimulation always did so. We conclude that this insensitivity to amino acids in the cat is a species difference from the dog and man. PMID- 7099985 TI - A new Met-enkephalin analogue suppresses plasma vasopressin in man. AB - Metkephamid acetate, a newly synthetized analogue of methionine enkephalin, suppressed plasma vasopressin levels from 2.4 pg/ml to 0.8 pg/ml after intramuscular administration to 4 normal human volunteers. This suppression occurred in the absence of significant changes in either plasma osmolality or blood pressure. Thus, metkephamid acetate, like many other opiates which bind to the mu subtype of opiate receptors, has a direct suppressive effect on plasma vasopressin levels. PMID- 7099987 TI - Dementia in old age. Reflections on nomenclature. PMID- 7099986 TI - Aging. PMID- 7099988 TI - Adjustment disorders and personality disorders in the aged. PMID- 7099989 TI - Stress and psychopathology in the aged. AB - There is a general agreement that the elderly experience a higher proportion of significant life event changes than the younger adult population, and research suggests that life event changes often precede episodes of psychiatric illness. It is also evident, however, that most people over 60 successfully adapt to their changing circumstances without psychiatric disorders. Clearly, the presence of certain physical, psychological, and social mediators may modify the stress response in a predictable fashion. Off-time life events, absence of a confidante, and intrapunitive personality, and a dependence on alcohol, psychotropic, and sedative/hypnotic medications are all examples of mediators that indicate an individual who may be at risk. It is our hope that researchers will continue to identify specific risk factors associated with psychiatric illness in the elderly for use in designing specific prevention and intervention programs for those at risk. PMID- 7099990 TI - Illness and psychopathology in the elderly. PMID- 7099991 TI - Cardiovascular disease and psychopathology in the elderly. PMID- 7099992 TI - Key concepts in geriatric psychopharmacology. Altered pharmacokinetics and polypharmacy. AB - Certain general principles should be considered whenever psychotropic drugs are prescribed to elderly patients. 1. The aging body usually responds to psychotropic drugs with a prolonged and heightened effect. 2. Before prescribing a psychotropic drug, it is necessary to determine all other medications an older patient is taking, including medications from other physicians as well as self prescribed, over-the-counter preparations. 3. A careful assessment of the physical health of the patient must be completed before drug treatment begins. 4. The possibility of psychotropic drug toxicity should be considered in any older patient who is taking a psychotropic drug and who appears restless, agitated, confused, forgetful, or depressed. Doses of psychotropic drug should be reduced or the drug discontinued before adding another drug the the regimen. 5. Psychiatric drugs with simple metabolic pathways, particularly tricyclic antidepressants (secondary amines) and short-acting benzodiazepines, are preferred in elderly patients. PMID- 7099993 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly patient. PMID- 7099994 TI - Psychotherapy with the elderly. PMID- 7099995 TI - Psychosocial intervention with the age. PMID- 7099997 TI - Delirium in the aged. PMID- 7099996 TI - Geriatric psychiatry. A specialty in its youth. PMID- 7099998 TI - Aging and psychiatry. PMID- 7099999 TI - Research on dementia. The philothermal response. PMID- 7100000 TI - Memory loss and aging. Distinguishing dementia from benign senescent forgetfulness and depressive pseudodementia. PMID- 7100001 TI - Transurethral resection of the prostate for chronic bacterial prostatitis. AB - Forty-nine patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis causing symptoms and receiving routine accepted treatment for many months or years, without permanent relief, were treated by transurethral prostatic resection (TURP). The purpose of the surgery was to remove the gland down to the true capsule (radical TURP). The patients' own appraisal of the results, the absence of symptoms and of infection, indicate 67% had a good result when assessed 1 year following surgery; 21% were improved and 12% received no benefit. Transurethral resection is recommended in selected cases and when the surgeon is able to remove all of the glandular tissue without causing large perforations through the true capsule. Acceptable results have been achieved in two-thirds of cases. There was no mortality and insignificant morbidity. Patients experiencing no benefit and those who were only improved but not cured were either poorly selected or infected prostatic tissue was not removed. PMID- 7100002 TI - The type of current frequency used in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) affects the androgen receptor. AB - Blended Bovie current No. 2 destroys androgen receptor in both cytosol and nuclear extracts of prostate tissue. No significant difference was noted in either nuclear or cytosol receptor concentrations between openly resected and electroresected specimens when Bovie current No. 1 was used with cutting loops No. 26 or larger, although total androgen receptor (cytosol plus nuclear) was significantly reduced in the electroresected specimens. The androgen receptor method used is highly reliable for prostate obtained by either open resection or electroresection using pure cutting currents, although receptor concentrations in samples obtained by the two methods probably should not be combined or compared. PMID- 7100004 TI - Whither pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostatic cancer? AB - In the last decade pelvic lymphadenectomy has gained in popularity as a staging maneuver designed to improve the selection of patients with localized prostatic cancer for curative treatment, by uncovering lymph node metastases. The presence of tumor in the regional nodes portends substantial risk for the later appearance of distant metastases. With rare exceptions, lymphadenectomy is widely regarded as a staging procedure without therapeutic benefits. Unfortunately, the operation as routinely performed carries a significant complication rate. The survival results of total prostatectomy for well-selected nodules of prostatic cancer are excellent without preliminary lymphadenectomy. The morbidity of lymphadenectomy is compounded by superimposed external irradiation. Because of the low complication rate from external radiation alone, it is suggested that patients selected for pelvic radiation be spared the discomfort of lymphadenectomy. Clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with minimal nodal disease may answer the question of whether pelvic lymphadenectomy should ever be performed. It is predicted that noninvasive imaging will improve to the point that staging lymphadenectomy may be relegated to the surgical archives. PMID- 7100003 TI - Effects of estrogen administration on serum testosterone in Copenhagen rats. AB - In order to develop a standard experimental method of exogenous therapy in the Copenhagen rat, several treatment regimens were evaluated to determine their effect on the serum testosterone. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-P) was administered either continuously in the drinking water or as a single intraperitoneal injection. Oral low-dose estrogen (0.4-1.6 microgram/ml) yielded reliable suppression of serum testosterone to castrate levels. A single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg DES-P caused prompt suppression of serum testosterone with return to normal levels two weeks later. PMID- 7100005 TI - Parenteral metronidazole: its use in serious anaerobic infections. AB - Within a few years of the introduction of oral metronidazole to treat parasitic infections, investigators began to notice its activity against anaerobic infections as well. Now a parenteral form of the drug is available for use in this expanded application. This article reviews the properties and activity of the drug and discusses its new indications. PMID- 7100006 TI - Suicide in the elderly: are we heeding the warnings? AB - Old age is a time of losses--loss of social roles, of health, and of loved ones. Loneliness and severe depression often accompany these losses, making the elderly especially vulnerable to suicide. Among the warning signs to look for are changes in patterns of sleeping or eating, weight loss, extreme fatigue, increased preoccupation with bodily functions, increased alcohol consumption, mood or behavioral changes, and sudden interest or disinterest in religion. Many of these signal depression. Most of the elderly who commit suicide do so not long after visiting a physician. Thus, responsibility for prevention lies not only with family and friends of the suicidal elderly person but with the physician as well. Society also has a responsibility to value the status of its older members. PMID- 7100007 TI - Hypersensitivity reactions: understanding their role in disease. PMID- 7100008 TI - Physicians and the threat of nuclear war. PMID- 7100009 TI - Acute urticaria in children: causes and an aggressive diagnostic approach. AB - Infection, not allergy, appears to be the most common cause of acute urticaria in children. In a review of 76 cases, an association with infection was documented or suspected in 60% of cases-half of these viral. An aggressive diagnostic approach may prevent unwarranted lifelong dietary and drug restrictions or reveal a potentially serious disease, such as streptococcal pharyngitis. PMID- 7100010 TI - Cecal volvulus: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. AB - Cecal volvulus is a malrotational abnormality of the intestine that causes obstruction. Diagnosis is difficult and, if delayed, the results may be intestinal ischemia, perforation, sepsis, and even death. Cecal ischemia or gangrene cannot always be determined from physical and laboratory findings. Although not always conclusive, contrast radiography may be helpful; however, laparotomy is often required for definitive diagnosis and therapy. If vascular compromise of the cecum is found, right hemicolectomy is the treatment of choice. In the absence of ischemia, decompressive tube cecostomy, simple detorsion, and cecopexy have all been recommended, but the optimal treatment is a matter of controversy. PMID- 7100012 TI - Hyperlipidemia therapy: can it prevent coronary atherosclerosis? AB - Improvements in diagnosis permit primary care physicians to identify lipid disorders. Until recently, most of the therapy for coronary artery disease was directed at the symptoms produced by the ischemic myocardium. As more studies reveal the close relationship between the presence of abnormal lipid levels and the prevalence and progression of coronary artery disease, physicians who care for coronary patients should pay closer attention to the possibility of preventing or attenuating progression of the disease. The development of effective drugs represents an initial phase in long-range resolution of the problem of progressive vascular disease. While dietary management is important, pragmatic considerations suggest that modification of serum lipids to ideal levels will require the use of polypharmacy. PMID- 7100011 TI - Drug interactions without anguish: A simplified framework. AB - As the availability and use of drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, increase, so increases the potential for interference by one drug with the action of another. This article reviews the types of interactions possible, spells out some of the most widely encountered interactions, and gives recommendations for their avoidance. PMID- 7100013 TI - Differential diagnosis of heart murmurs in children. AB - When a heart murmur turns up on routine examination of an otherwise health child, a thorough cardiovascular evaluation should be carried out according to the guidelines presented in the first two articles in this series (June, page 235, and July, page 151). The information gained by inspection, palpation, and auscultation is then coordinated and analyzed to arrive at the most likely diagnosis, as described in this concluding presentation. PMID- 7100015 TI - Plantar warts. PMID- 7100014 TI - Medical evaluation of fire fighters: How fit are they for duty? AB - Aside from the obvious dangers to life and limb associated with the job, fire fighting subjects the body to environmental and physical stressors that can adversely affect various systems. In fact, the effects of these stressors on the cardiovascular system have made coronary heart disease a greater killer among fire fighters than among other occupational groups. The approach to medical evaluation of fire fighters presented here is based on an appreciation of these stressors. PMID- 7100016 TI - Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma. PMID- 7100017 TI - Thiamine before glucose treatment of acute poisoning? PMID- 7100018 TI - Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy: its role in diagnosis of lung lesions. AB - When a lesion is suspected to be primary or metastatic lung cancer or due to certain infiltrative processes, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy may be the best means of evaluating the bronchial tree and its adjacent lung parenchyma. The procedure is relatively noninvasive, can be done with the patient fully awake, and has limited contraindications and few complications. PMID- 7100019 TI - Glandular fever-like syndrome, pulmonary eosinophilia and asthma associated with carbamazepine. PMID- 7100020 TI - Acute renal failure associated with diflunisal. PMID- 7100021 TI - Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis precipitated by diuretic therapy and minor surgery. PMID- 7100022 TI - Arterial thrombosis and accelerated atheroma in a member of a family with familial antithrombin III deficiency. PMID- 7100023 TI - Normotensive cardiomyopathy and malignant hypertension in phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 7100024 TI - A case of coconut bezoar and Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 7100025 TI - Chronic small bowel ischaemia presenting as chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 7100026 TI - Small intestinal perforation in Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 7100027 TI - Livedo reticularis and cerebro-vascular disease. PMID- 7100028 TI - The incidence of radiologically demonstrable aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation in spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. PMID- 7100029 TI - The clinical course of acute type A hepatitis in chronic HBsAg carriers--a report of 3 cases. PMID- 7100030 TI - Altered quinidine disposition in a patient with chronic active hepatitis. PMID- 7100031 TI - Isolated elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and biliary disease in the elderly. PMID- 7100032 TI - Cerebral aneurysm presenting with epilepsy. PMID- 7100033 TI - Reactive arthritis. PMID- 7100035 TI - Iatrogenic nerve injuries. PMID- 7100034 TI - Leucoplakia of the oral cavity, smoking and arylhydrocarbon-hydroxylase inducibility. PMID- 7100036 TI - Prescribing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a prospective study of patients' preference. PMID- 7100038 TI - An excursion into self-monitoring of blood glucose in children. PMID- 7100037 TI - Assessment and management of acute asthma in the elderly: a comparison with younger asthmatics. PMID- 7100039 TI - Autoimmune endocrinopathy associated with diabetes insipidus. PMID- 7100040 TI - Metastatic hypernephroma of the parotid gland. PMID- 7100041 TI - Myxoedema presenting with severe laryngeal obstruction. PMID- 7100042 TI - Fast growing goitre as the first clinical manifestation of systemic amyloidosis. PMID- 7100043 TI - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in Wernicke's encephalopathy. PMID- 7100044 TI - Atrio-ventricular block after administration of lignocaine in patients treated with prenylamine. PMID- 7100045 TI - Coeliac disease presenting as acute bleeding disorders. PMID- 7100046 TI - Multifocal follicular carcinoma of thyroid following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 7100048 TI - Haemoperitoneum caused by a dissecting aneurysm of the left gastroepiploic artery. PMID- 7100047 TI - Hepatic sinusoidal ectasia in association with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 7100049 TI - Broncho-pleural fistula complicating rheumatoid lung disease. PMID- 7100050 TI - Hypokalaemic myopathy following ileal resection. PMID- 7100052 TI - [Granulomatous hypersensitivity angiitis of Churg and Strauss's syndrome : favorable outcome in one case]. AB - A further case of granulomatous hypersensitivity angiitis (syndrome described by Churg and Strauss) is reported. Clinical, biological, and histological features (asthma, blood eosinophilia, necrotizing angiitis lesions, extravascular eosinophilic and granulomatous infiltrates) differentiate this affection from other necrotizing angiitis diseases, particularly from polyarteritis nodosa. Unusual features in this case were its favorable course, and the remission following combined corticoid and cyclophosphamide treatment. Diagnostic, clinical and histological criteria which distinguish Churg and Strauss's angiitis from other necrotizing angiitis affections are described, and current pathogenic hypotheses discussed. PMID- 7100051 TI - Amyloidosis of the liver causing jaundice. PMID- 7100053 TI - [Pyopneumopericardium from perforation of a hiatus hernia ulcer : a case report]. AB - Pyoneumopericardium developed secondary to perforation of an iatrogenic hiatus hernia ulcer. Eighteen cases of gastropericardial fistulae have been reported, but only one similar case has been described in the published literature. Currently employed medical and surgical treatment gives disappointing results, whether the site of perforation of the ulcer be thoracic or transdiaphragmatic. PMID- 7100054 TI - [Bronchial stenosis during sarcoidosis]. PMID- 7100055 TI - [Preventive treatment of asthma with ketotifen : an analysis of 1 791 cases treated in general practice]. AB - Ketotifene is a new preventive treatment for asthma possessing the main advantage of being administered orally. Results were analyzed after treatment of 1 791 patients with allergic paroxysmal asthma, at a daily dose of 2 mg for a minimum duration of 3 months. Ketotifene was found to be effective both against asthma attacks (no further episodes in 30% of cases, and reduction in their frequency by at least a half in 35%), and by the fact that associated anti-asthma medication could be suppressed. Positive effects were noted after two weeks of treatment, with improvement increasing during the observation period (3 months). Tolerance was good, the principal side effect being somnolence (13% of cases), which occurred early in treatment but was reversible in more than one-third of these patients. PMID- 7100056 TI - [Pulmonary carbon monoxide exchange constants in the "stable state" at rest in healthy non-smokers]. AB - During simultaneous evaluation of pulmonary O2, CO2, and CO in the stable state (ES) at rest, CO volume per minute (V'CO) standardized (V'COs) for FICO = 0.001 [2, 3] can be expressed relative to simultaneous flow of "respiratory" gases (V'O2 and V'CO2) by the quotient of the gas concentrations concerned, if its is admitted that V'I = V'E. Whether at the "expired"mean E or "alveolar" A levels, these concentrations have identical paired relationships. In the strict stable state, the proposed expressions of V'CO are constants independent of age, sex, stature, and ventilatory regimen in healthy non-smokers [6]; the result is that V'COs in relation to alveolar ventilation, V'COs/V'A, which is related to V'COs/V'CO2 by PaCO2, is also a constant. When the so-called "stable" state is not a strict one, experimental arguments suggest that V'COs/V'CO2 alone is not markedly influenced by ventilatory instability. Measurements conducted by means of different biological modalities and techniques in 3 groups of healthy women of homogeneous age breathing in a semi-open circuit: 1) established the value of the constants V'COs/V'CO2, V'COs/V'O2, V'COs/V'A in the true stable state (ESV) controlled by R and by gasometry on simultaneously collected blood samples; and 2) confirmed the constant character of V'COs/V'CO2 whatever the degree of respiratory stabilization, even when the ventilatory regimen was in reality not stabilised (ENS); V'COs/V'CO2 should therefore be the only value for defining a "specific capacity of pulmonary CO exchange". V'COs/V'A appears to be related to Q'/V'A. As DuCO/(DuCO2.1,21), which measures this ratio, it is independent of age and of ventilatory frequency. Several facts indicate that the "parallelism" of modifications affecting DuCO and DuCO2 [15] is not found in all physiological and pathological circumstances. PMID- 7100057 TI - [First results of a longitudinal survey upon the small airways disease]. AB - Five years after a cross-sectional survey concerning the small airways disease within a working population aged 18 to 66 years, the authors carried on a new study within the same sample of population (272 subjects) using the same methodology of research : standard questionnaire and spirometry (VC, FEV1, FEV1/VC, MEF 25-75/VC). The goal of this study was to assess the functional outlook of the individuals depending on the functional status recorded in the frame of the first study, i.e. normal ventilatory status, small airways disease, advanced bronchial obstruction. The results showed that after five years there is a worsening of the ventilatory status, mostly in men and in aged persons at start. This worsening arises from the movement from one category to another towards the advanced bronchial obstruction. This movement was reversible from small airways disease to normal status. Conversely, the movement from small airways disease to advanced bronchial obstruction was irreversible. This study shows that small airways disease is an intermediate condition between normal status and advanced bronchial obstruction. Three risk factors were put in evidence both for small airways disease and for movement towards advanced bronchial obstruction : male sex, aging and tobacco smoking. PMID- 7100058 TI - [Asbestos exposure and pleural calcification : functional effects in 34 patients]. AB - Respiratory function disturbances were evaluated in 34 patients, mostly retired naval shipyard workers, with asbestos-related pleural calcifications. All patients had spirography tests, while 20 of them were studied by CO transfer in steady-state and measurements of arterial gases. Results were correlated with previous clinical history (chronic bronchopathy and/or pleural effusions), smoking habits, and the duration of exposure to asbestos dust. Patients with no previous history had mean spirographic values close to the normal (VC: 96% of lower limits; TC: 113%, mean VEMS/CV: 72.5%). Previous clinical history had a very much more marked effect on spirographic results than on gas exchanges: whereas CO transfer and blood gases were usually fairly normal (97% of normal for TCO and DuCO, mean PaO2 at 78 mmHg, mean PaCO2 at 34,5 mmHg), many patients had markedly altered altered values. A clear correlation was found for TCO, DuCO, Du a and PaCO2 with the duration of exposure. This suggests that in some cases there is a certain degree of pulmonary fibrosis associated with the pleural thickening. PMID- 7100059 TI - Effects of dietary protein level and environmental temperature stress on growth of young ring-necked pheasants. PMID- 7100060 TI - Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections in ochratoxin A-compromised broiler chickens. AB - A 2 x 6 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of coccidial infections in ochratoxin A-compromised chicks. Ochratoxin A was incorporated into the feed at the dose levels of 0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 micrograms/g toxin in feed (ppm), and fed to the birds from 1 day of age. Birds from each treatment were inoculated with either Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. Ochratoxin A decreased the severity of lesions caused by both E. acervulina and E. tenella but did not prevent infection. Packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, relative weight of the kidney, and plasma protein levels were altered in a manner consistent with the independent effects of ochratoxicosis and coccidiosis. A combination of ochratoxin A and either species of coccidia produced a greater decrease in body weights, increase in feed conversions, and decrease in plasma carotenoid levels than either disease alone. The relative weight of the liver and level of plasma uric acid were altered in a manner that was dependent on the species of coccidia used. These data indicate that ochratoxin A and coccidial infections can interact to limit broiler performance and that some responses are directly related to the species of coccidia. PMID- 7100061 TI - Anticoccidial drugs: growth and performance depressing effects in young chickens. AB - Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, nicarbazin, halofuginone, or arprinocid were fed to 1-week-old male broiler chicks at recommended levels and 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 times the recommended level, for 3 weeks. Pair-feeding experiments also were conducted to investigate the extent that growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to the drop in feed consumption. At the recommended level of drugs, growth and feed conversion were not significantly affected. At elevated drug levels, performance was impaired; the adverse effects of drugs became more pronounced with increasing the concentrations in the diets. Weight gain was significantly depressed at 1.5X with arprinocid, halofuginone, and salinomycin, at 1 to 2X with monensin, at 2X with lasalocid, and at 2.5X with nicarbazin. Feed conversion, however, was adversely affected by 2X with halofuginone or 2.5X with salinomycin, nicarbazin, arprinocid, monensin, or lasalocid. The results of the pair-feeding experiments with 2 to 3 times drug levels indicated that most of the growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to reduced feed consumption, but all drugs except arprinocid caused some additional growth depression. PMID- 7100062 TI - Effect of dietary thyroid hormone on survival time during heat stress. AB - Broilers were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with either 3, 5, 3' triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) for various time periods ranging from 8 to 26 days. Survival times during heat stress were determined for females and males fed the control, T3, and T4 diets. Serum hormone concentration for serums collected prior to heat stress was determined by radioimmunoassay. The combined results of both trials show significantly shortened survival times for T3 and T4 and that T3 had a much greater effect than T4. Male broilers had shorter survival times than females and there was no interaction of hormone and sex. Serum T3 and T4 concentrations were greater in serum T4 concentration, but dietary T4 had no effect on serum T3 concentration. PMID- 7100063 TI - Changes in a somatomedin-like factor and immunoassayable growth hormone during growth of normal and dwarf pullets and cockerels. AB - Serum somatomedin-like factor (Sm) and growth hormone (GH) were determined in normal and dwarf Leghorn chickens during the growth period from 7 to 30 weeks of age. The serum Sm activity was reduced with the advance in age, although there was no distinct decrease in serum GH concentrations by strain or sex. In both strains, serum from male showed significantly greater Sm activity than that from females. In contrast, the GH level in male serum was lower than that in females. In dwarf chickens, serum GH levels were comparable to those in normal chickens but Sm activity was extremely low, from 1% to 33% of the normal male serum. The serum level of inorganic sulfate, butanol extractable inhibitor, and free fatty acids in the dwarf bird was in the normal range, indicating that the low Sm activity was not attributable to a change in these factors. The response to Sm of cartilages from both dwarf and normal chickens was similar. The results indicate that the cause of the dwarfism is not poor-response of cartilage to Sm, but mainly low Sm activity during the period of growth, suggesting a possible Laron type dwarfism in chicken. PMID- 7100064 TI - Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 4. Leucocytes and packed cell volume. AB - Packed cell volume and circulating leucocyte numbers in force-molted, Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens were examined. Two groups of SCWL hens, reared under commercial conditions, were subjected to force molting (FM) at 70 (Trial 2) and 72 weeks of age (Trial 1). The force molting procedure consisted of a reduced photoperiod (6 hr), feed removal for 12 days (Trials 1 and 2), and water withdrawal for 1 day (Trial 1 only). Cessation of egg production was achieved in 6 days. Control (CON) hens were maintained in each trial with no change in daylength, and feed and water were available ad libitum. The FM hens exhibited a significant increase in packed cell volume (PCV) from the time of feed removal until immediately prior to resumption of egg production. This effect was not associated with water deprivation. The FM hens exhibited numerically increased numbers of total leucocytes (TWBC) and monocytes throughout the nonlaying period. However, the increase was significant on Day 14 of both trials for TWBC and on Days 21 and 35 (Trial 1) and Days 14 and 48 (Trial 2) for monocytes. A significant eosinophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 of both trials. Changes associated with lymphocytes, heterophils, and basophils were inconsistent. Lymphocytes were increased significantly in the FM hens of Trial 2 from Day 21 to Day 48, but no significant difference occurred in Trial 1. A heterophilia was exhibited by the FM hens of Trial 1 on Days 7 and 14, but not in Trial 2. Conversely, a significant basophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 in Trial 2, but not in Trial 1. These data suggested that an increased PCV, eosinophilia, and possibly increased TWBC and monocyte numbers were associated with a forced molt in caged SCWL hens. PMID- 7100065 TI - Effect of feed and water deprivation on organ and blood characteristics of young turkeys. AB - Two-week-old Diamond White poults were deprived of food, water, or food and water (food/water) for up to 3 days to estimate the effects of anorexia similar to that observed in parasitic infections. The weight loss of poults deprived of water for 48 hr was approximately the same as those deprived of feed. Loss of heart and pancreas weight was proportional to the loss of body weight, but moisture levels in the hearts of feed-deprived poults increased significantly by 24 hr. In contrast, moisture levels in the pancreas of poults in all three deprived groups decreased significantly by 24 hr; the pancreases were blanched and granular after 48 hr of feed deprivation. Packed red blood-cell volumes increased significantly by 48 hr in water- and feed/water-deprived poults and by 72 hr in the feed deprived group. Plasma carotenoid and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) levels of deprived birds did not differ significantly from controls. Plasma total proteins were significantly decreased in feed-deprived poults by 72 hr, significantly increased in water-deprived poults, and unchanged in poults deprived of feed and/or water were not marked; therefore, even the severe anorexia sometimes associated with parasitic infections in turkeys probably would not appreciably effect the measurements of these parameters. PMID- 7100066 TI - Immunochemical determination of pituitary growth hormone separated by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in normal and dwarf chickens. PMID- 7100067 TI - The effect of Solanum malacoxylon on serum enzyme activities, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels in chicks. PMID- 7100068 TI - External bone volume, ash, and fat-free dry weight of femurs of laying hens fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus. PMID- 7100070 TI - Experimental aflatoxicosis in young Japanese quail. AB - Japanese quail from the university colony fed graded levels of dietary aflatoxin (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 micrograms/g) from hatching to 4 weeks of age were comparatively resistant to aflatoxin as growth inhibition occurred at a dose of 5.0 micrograms/g or more as about 50% mortality occurred at a dose of 20 micrograms/g. The acute oral LD50 was 19.5 +/- 4.8 mg/kg. These values are up to ten times those reported in the literature for other quail. The most sensitive indicators of aflatoxicosis were depressed serum proteins and serum carotenoids and enlarged liver and pancreas, all of which occurred at 1.25 micrograms/g, the smallest dose administered. Unlike chickens, the serum lipids, liver lipids, hemoglobin, serum uric acid, and spleen size of quail were not affected significantly (P less than .05). The sizes of the proventriculus and gizzard were increased by doses of 5.0 micrograms/g or higher, whereas the bursa of Fabricius was regressed by the same dose. PMID- 7100069 TI - Lipid composition of tissue and egg yolk from chickens fed yeast grown on N paraffins. PMID- 7100071 TI - Influence of dietary protein and excess methionine on choline needs for young bobwhite quail. AB - Experiments were conducted with young Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to investigate the effect of differing dietary protein levels and nondetrimental amounts of excess methionine on choline needs. Growth and feed consumption of quail fed an adequate (27.3%) protein purified diet supplemented with 2000 mg/kg of choline were unaffected by increasing the level of excess methionine to 1.75%; however, greater amounts (2.0%, 2.25%) of excess methionine depressed growth (P less than .01), reduced feed consumption (P less than .01), and decreased feed utilization (P less than .05). Quail fed a purified diet containing 13.85% protein and 515 mg/kg of choline grew poorly. Growth was unaffected by additional choline in this diet. Growth was suboptimal among quail fed purified diets containing adequate or high (41.55%) levels of protein in which choline was limiting; however, a high level of protein did not in itself affect performance. Growth was improved by supplemental choline in these diets. Growth of quail fed purified diets with up to 1.35% excess methionine which were limiting (531 mg/kg) in choline was less than that of groups fed 2000 mg/kg of added dietary choline (P less than .01); however, excess methionine did not significantly influence growth of quail fed choline-deficient diets. These experiments indicate that neither high dietary protein nor excess methionine, fed at non-growth-depressing levels, increases dietary choline needs for young Bobwhite quail. PMID- 7100072 TI - Effect of biotin supplementation on incidence of acute death syndrome in broiler chickens. AB - This study examined the effect of supplementary biotin on the incidence of acute death syndrome (ADS) and total mortality in a commercial flock of 64,000 broiler chickens. Biotin supplementation via the drinking water at 20 and 100 micrograms/day supplied 1.2 to 5 times or 6 to 25 times the level recommended by the National Research Council for different stages of growth from day-old to slaughter. Uptake of biotin was confirmed by radioisotopic analysis of liver biotin content of both ADS-affected birds and clinically normal birds. Treatment groups did not differ significantly from the control group with respect to total mortality, ADS mortality, feed conversion ratio, or slaughter weight. High levels of biotin supplementation neither prevented ADS nor reduced total mortalities in the flock. PMID- 7100073 TI - The effect of aluminum on the phosphorus availability in algae-containing diets. PMID- 7100074 TI - Relationship between progesterone and egg production in pheasants. AB - A radioimmunoassay was developed to measure progesterone concentration in sera of immature and mature female pheasants. The antiserum to progesterone was produced against progesterone-3-carboxymethyloxime: bovine serum albumin in female rabbits. Crossreactivity of the antiserum with 17 different steroids was tested and was less than 2% for all steroids except 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (18%) and pregnenolone (9%). Sensitivity of the standard curve was 2.7 pg. The within and between assay coefficients of variation were 7% and 14%, respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly starting when the birds were 17 weeks of age and continued until they were 1 year of age. Progesterone concentration was measured in all serum samples. Egg production was recorded daily for the individual hens. The relationship between progesterone concentration and egg production was studied. Average progesterone concentration prior to sexual maturity was significantly lower than at subsequent ages. There was a significant positive correlation between average progesterone concentration and average percent egg production within individual birds. Furthermore, statistically a significant amount of the variation in percent egg production was explained by differences in progesterone concentration. These results indicate that progesterone is important for egg production in pheasants, as it is in chicken and turkey hens. PMID- 7100075 TI - Management of eyes in general practice. PMID- 7100076 TI - The squinting eye. PMID- 7100077 TI - The injured eye. PMID- 7100078 TI - Vision and driving. PMID- 7100079 TI - The health of sterilized women. PMID- 7100080 TI - Hysterectomy within a pattern of ill health. PMID- 7100081 TI - Hereditary angioedema: response to danazol. PMID- 7100082 TI - A beta-adrenergic blocker for cholinergic urticaria. PMID- 7100083 TI - Transient global amnesia in neurolues. PMID- 7100084 TI - Anginose type of infectious mononucleosis requiring tracheostomy. PMID- 7100085 TI - A movement and exercise group for asthmatics. PMID- 7100086 TI - 'Off their feet'--a geriatric syndrome. PMID- 7100087 TI - Eczema herpeticum. PMID- 7100088 TI - Cimetidine: twice daily administration in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre group study. PMID- 7100089 TI - Twice daily dosage with cephalexin in children. PMID- 7100090 TI - The effect of different antihypertensive therapies on plasma lipids. PMID- 7100091 TI - [Increased contraction sensitivity of the airways and allergy]. PMID- 7100092 TI - [Haemoperfusion in the treatment of acute isoniazid poisoning (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100094 TI - [Demonstration by non-invasive methods of an azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100093 TI - [Tuberculous aneurysm of the descending aorta with aorto-bronchial fistula (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100095 TI - [Subjective symptoms of pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale and their objectification (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100096 TI - [Ergometric studies in cost miners and foundry workers for differentiating the causes of dyspnea on exertion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100097 TI - [Bronchial asthma in children and adolescents]. PMID- 7100098 TI - [Topical inhalation anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100099 TI - [Epidemiological aspects of pulmonary and bronchial cancer]. PMID- 7100100 TI - [Precipitating antibodies against mould and actinomyces antigens in the serum of hard metal workers (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100101 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of pleural disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100102 TI - [Compliance of tuberculous patients in a chest hospital (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100103 TI - [The value of immunological and inhalation challenge tests in the diagnosis of occupational flour allergies of the respiratory system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100104 TI - [Myco. nonchromogenicum in the sputum of 3 patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100105 TI - [Acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction and changes of adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in plasma and urine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100106 TI - ["Vacation dialysis" --a vacation stay for chronically ill children and adolescents with reference ot psychosocial problems. Experiences with planning requirements and possibilities of realization]. PMID- 7100107 TI - [Case discussion contribution on the admission of adolescents to closed educational institutions]. PMID- 7100108 TI - [Ten years' activity in the day clinic with psychotic children and their families]. PMID- 7100110 TI - [Radiology of pneumonias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100111 TI - [Prophylaxis and treatment of pneumonia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100109 TI - [Dyslexia? A case of noninterpretative child analysis which poses a question]. PMID- 7100112 TI - [Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100113 TI - [Chest x-ray, lung scintigram, and pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100115 TI - [Surgical treatment for acute pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100116 TI - [New psychotherapeutic methods]. PMID- 7100114 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100117 TI - [Autopsy, to do or not to do? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100118 TI - [Gynecologic emergencies]. PMID- 7100119 TI - [Ophthalmological emergencies in general practice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100120 TI - [Clinical deterioration in chronic renal disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100122 TI - [Hematemesis]. PMID- 7100121 TI - [Haemoptysis of cardio-vascular origin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100123 TI - [Hemoptysis with normal chest x-ray (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100125 TI - [Bloody sputum of upper aero-digestive origin]. PMID- 7100126 TI - Fractionation of calf thymus DNA by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. AB - Commercially available calf thymus DNA could be fractionated into different populations by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, presumably due to the tertiary folding of the solid fibrous form of DNA which opened up gradually in solution. Depending on the duration in solution or the concentration of the solution, various peaks could be obtained by eluting the DEAE column with 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 0.01, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 1.0 M NaCl in the same buffer. The DNA fraction in each peak gave very narrow bands on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, probably reflecting the folding and thus shielding of charges rather than molecular weight. The present fractionation procedure might be useful in characterizing the complicated network structure of calf thymus DNA and in studying the unfolding of DNA tertiary structure. PMID- 7100124 TI - [Hemoptysis--clinical features and symptoms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100127 TI - Preparation of homogeneous alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine by dye-ligand chromatography. AB - The paper deals with a simple and effective procedure for the isolation of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) with a yield of 35 per cent by employing immobilized Procion Red HE-3B and Cibacron Blue F3G-A, respectively, as dye-ligands. The resulting enzyme is homogeneous and has a specific activity of about 2500 units per mg of protein. Because dye liganded gels are of low costs and can be used several times without loss of binding properties, the presented method is in particular suited for large scale application. PMID- 7100128 TI - [Effect of the nutrient medium composition on biotin biosynthesis by an Actinomyces species 313-152 culture]. AB - The effect of the composition of the nutrient medium on the biosynthesis of biotin by the culture Actinomyces species 313-152 was investigated. This microorganism can synthesize biotin on simple and complex media. The biotin synthesis is stimulated by oleic acid and Tween-80 utilized by the culture as a carbon source. The exogenous biotin added at concentrations of 1 x 10(-8) M to 1 x 10(-6) M to the medium containing fodder yeast hydrolyzate and Tween-80 did not inhibit the synthesis by the culture Actinomyces species 313-152. PMID- 7100129 TI - [Topical diagnosis of chromaffin tumors based on the catecholamine content of selected plasma specimens]. AB - The results of the clinical study are presented, concerning the use of a comparatively new method for the topical diagnosis of the chromaffine tissue tumors. The technique is based on the determination of the catecholamine content in several blood plasma samples, collected from different regions of the vena cava inferior and its flows. Twenty patients with suspected hormonal-active tumor of the chromaffine tissue were examined. Pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal was found in 5 patients and of the right one in 1 subject; bilateral adrenal tumors were revealed in 2 patients and extraadrenal chromaffinomas in 2 persons on the ground of the increased local blood catecholamine content in the circulatory channel regions studied. PMID- 7100130 TI - [Effect of trental on indices kidney function in diabetes mellitus]. AB - Effect of trental on some renal function parameters was studied in 11 patients with diabetes mellitus, 7 of these patients had clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy. Trental was administered by intravenous drip in a dose of 300 mg daily during 3 weeks. Marked improvement of renal function under the effect of trental was recorded: glomerular filtration increased, proteinuria diminished, and the level of glycemia reduced. No side effects of trental treatment were observed. It is suggested that trental be used in comprehensive treatment of diabetes mellitus patients PMID- 7100131 TI - [Use of clomiphene in congenital adrenal cortical dysfunction]. AB - The study of the functional state of the hypothalami-hypophyseal-ovarian system, using dexamethazone and clomiphene tests, has shown its ability to release gonadotropic hormones in response to stimulation and maintained relationship between the hypothalamus, hypophysis and ovaries in patients with congenital adrenocortical dysfunction. Further clomiphene administration was effective in patients, who suffered from congenital adrenocortical dysfunction with disturbed ovarian function, in spite of glucocorticoid treatment. PMID- 7100135 TI - [Comparative study and clinical application of defrosted erythrocytes stored at 4 degrees C for 7 days]. PMID- 7100134 TI - [Addition of metabolites and membranotropic agents to solutions for resuspension of defrosted and washed out erythrocytes]. PMID- 7100132 TI - [Androgen formation in the testes of hypophysectomized rats exposed to the antiandrogen niftolid (flutamide)]. AB - The influence of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (niftolide, flutamide) on the blood plasma testosterone content, the level of the total and specific activity of testicular steroid- delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase was studied in the experiments on male rats in the early (5 days) and late (30 days) periods after hypophysectomy. The operation completely prevents gonadal response to antiandrogen administration. The data obtained indicate that niftolide does not exert direct effect on androgen production in the rat testes. PMID- 7100133 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the microcirculatory disorders in diabetes mellitus]. AB - Parallel studies of different microcirculatory channel parts were performed in 700 patients with diabetes mellitus. Clinical manifestations of disturbed microhemodynamics of the eye fundus, conjunctiva, kidneys, lower limbs were investigated by means of bulbar conjunctival biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, fluorescent retinal angiography, nail-bed capillaroscopy and polarography, and radioisotopic renography. Ultrastructure of the leg muscular capillaries was studied by electron microscopy. The injury of the conjunctival vessels was seen in 81.9% of cases, of the eye fundus in 49.7%, of the kidneys in 45.6%, of the lower limbs in 84.3% and of the capillary muscular ultrastructure in 100%. Phasic character of the microcirculatory channel disorders was revealed. The data obtained are indicative of the possibility of early preclinical diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathies, determination of the degree of vascular lesions, whose prophylaxis and treatment should be carried out systematically and purposefully, beginning from the time of their revealing. PMID- 7100136 TI - [Colony-forming ability of cells of cryopreserved human bone marrow after long term (up to 16 years) storage at ultralow temperatures]. PMID- 7100138 TI - [Blood coagulation in plasma donors]. PMID- 7100137 TI - [Blood transfusions in tuberculosis patients with massive and ultramassive intraoperative blood loss]. PMID- 7100140 TI - [Device for air sterilization in temporary operating rooms]. PMID- 7100139 TI - [Effect of emulsion of perfluorocarbons on peripheral blood of rats]. PMID- 7100141 TI - [Parametric description of the rheological blood curve]. PMID- 7100142 TI - [Hemoglobin Lepore Boston in Bulgaria]. PMID- 7100143 TI - [Hospital infections in patients with hematologic diseases]. PMID- 7100144 TI - [Clinico-genetic polymorphism of erythrocytes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Bulgaria]. PMID- 7100145 TI - [Heterozygote carrier state of anomalous hemoglobins among foreign students]. PMID- 7100146 TI - [Role of sensitive receptor structures in the pathogenesis of disorders of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis system in tourniquet shock]. PMID- 7100147 TI - [Thrombocyte aggregation as affected by thrombin at low cell concentrations in solutions]. PMID- 7100149 TI - [Changes in erythrocyte physicochemical indices during hemosorption in patients with acute peritonitis and pancreatitis]. PMID- 7100148 TI - [Production of antisera to human immunoglobins G and A by immunizing horses]. PMID- 7100150 TI - [Effects of solar activity in the biosphere]. PMID- 7100151 TI - [Frequency dependence of the biological effectiveness of a magnetic field in the range of geomagnetic field micropulsations (0.01-100 Hz)]. PMID- 7100152 TI - [Biological effectiveness of an infralow-frequency weak electromagnetic field]. PMID- 7100153 TI - [Pathologico-anatomic characteristics of experimental myocardial infarct in exposure to low-frequency low-intensity electromagnetic fields]. PMID- 7100154 TI - [Possible mechanism of Sun-biosphere relationships]. PMID- 7100155 TI - [Variations in the transmission spectra of aqueous solutions and their correlations with neutron monitor readings]. PMID- 7100156 TI - [Methodology of heliobiological research]. PMID- 7100157 TI - [Effect of geomagnetic disturbance on human biorhythms]. PMID- 7100158 TI - [Sectoral structure of the interplanetary magnetic field and disturbances of central nervous system activity]. PMID- 7100159 TI - [Relation of solar activity to the severity of the consequences of traffic accidents in Moscow]. PMID- 7100162 TI - [Neural and cardiac activity changes in animals of various ages exposed to low frequency and low-intensity electromagnetic fields]. PMID- 7100161 TI - [Superlow-frequency low-tension magnetic field and the adaptation reserve status of experimental animals]. PMID- 7100160 TI - [Adrenal corticoid function in healthy persons during altered geomagnetic activity]. PMID- 7100163 TI - The effect of renal impairment of fluoride retention of patients hospitalized in a low-fluoride community. PMID- 7100165 TI - Mechanisms of mineralisation in biological systems. PMID- 7100164 TI - Apicectomy. A retrospective study. PMID- 7100166 TI - [Bone mineralization disorders]. PMID- 7100167 TI - [Minerals in dentin matrix metabolism]. PMID- 7100168 TI - Serum fluoride concentrations and urinary excretion of fluoride in patients hospitalized in a low-fluoride community. PMID- 7100170 TI - Mechanism and control of ciliary movement. PMID- 7100169 TI - [Function of the state medical board and the organization of the Finnish University]. PMID- 7100171 TI - Dependence of flagellar relaxation on the hydrolysis of ATP. PMID- 7100173 TI - Mechanical properties of sperm flagella. PMID- 7100174 TI - Three-dimensional ciliary mechanics. PMID- 7100172 TI - The effects of structures attached to the tips of tracheal ciliary microtubules on the nucleation of microtubule assembly in vitro. PMID- 7100175 TI - Motility of 9 + 0 mutants of Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii. PMID- 7100176 TI - Extrusion and Rotation of the central-pair microtubules in detergent-treated Chlamydomonas flagella. PMID- 7100177 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to tubulin and their effects on the movement of reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa. PMID- 7100178 TI - Introduction: the control of ciliary activity. PMID- 7100179 TI - Change in flagellar beat frequency of Chlamydomonas in response to light. PMID- 7100180 TI - Cinemicrographic analysis of beat dynamics of human respiratory cilia. PMID- 7100181 TI - Ciliary fluid transport: theory and experiment. AB - The essence of the discrete-cilia approach to model cilia action was presented, the basic building block being the concentrated force, or Stokeslet. Properties of single Stokeslets and infinite arrays of Stokeslets were discussed. Applications of the theory to the feeding of microorganisms, fluid transport above a ciliary patch, and fluid flow inside a ciliated tube were discussed. In the first two cases experiments exist, and the theory fits well with experiment. The third suggests a possible mechanism for sperm movement up the oviduct. PMID- 7100182 TI - Mechanics of ovum transport in the oviduct. PMID- 7100185 TI - Study of total pattern intensity in Japanese population with special reference to autosomal aneuploidy. PMID- 7100184 TI - Progress in dermatoglyphic research. Based on the proceedings of an International Conference on Dermatoglyphics, Athens, Greece, September 20-23, 1981. PMID- 7100183 TI - Mucociliary interactions in rabbit intrapulmonary airways. PMID- 7100186 TI - Dermatoglyphics: looking forward to the 21st century. PMID- 7100187 TI - Grandparental influences in the expression of dermatoglyphics patterns on the fingertips. AB - The study of the occurrence of like patterns in grandparents and grandchildren allows for eight different sequences of gametic involvement in the contribution to a specific phenotype. Correlation between paternal and maternal grandparents and their grandchildren of both sexes for the occurrence of the major dermatoglyphics patterns on specific fingertips have been calculated. Such correlations reflect the amount of hereditary likeness between classes of relatives and may provide clues to the number of loci involved and to degree of dominance that may exist for the specification of some patterns over other. Using a synthetic index of pattern correlation, it was shown that paternal influence through two generations was least for the specification of whorls in males, and greatest for specification radial loops. In grandchildren of maternal grandmothers the influence on radial loops was least and greatest for specification of whorls, implying differential roles for chromosomal, oocytoplasmic and uterine environmental factors in patterns. A comparison of the pattern correlation indexes of the various grandparent-grandchild pairs might indicate whether this presumed difference in developmental influence is detectable. PMID- 7100188 TI - Further studies on dermatoglyphic associations. PMID- 7100189 TI - Palmar hypothenar triradii in primates: some methodological and evolutionary considerations. PMID- 7100191 TI - Dermatoglyphic research and the clinician. PMID- 7100190 TI - Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics in Greeks. AB - The present study presents the dermatoglyphic frequencies of two samples from Greece. The first was obtained from adult male and female inhabitants of the island of Salamis. The second is a sample of school children from various parts of Greece. Comparisons of the dermatoglyphic frequencies of the two sample showed no differences among males. Female comparisons resulted in significant differences in digital pattern frequencies, modal types of the D line and Sydney creases. These three significant differences among females only, were not considered sufficient to provide dermatoglyphic discrimination between the two to provide dermatoglyphic discrimination between the two samples and therefore were pooled into one Greek Sample. In general the dermatoglyphic frequencies of the present Greek sample fell within the range of, and very close to the mean of, other Caucasian populations. Notable differences were observed, however, in the frequencies of accessory axial triradii and complete Sydney creases in both of which the Greeks had higher frequencies. PMID- 7100192 TI - Genetical variation in palmar features. PMID- 7100194 TI - Ridge count of finger dermal patterns. PMID- 7100193 TI - A population study of finger dermal patterns and ridge counts. PMID- 7100195 TI - Digital ridge-count variations in some castes of India. PMID- 7100196 TI - Finger ridge counts and TFRC among the five Turkman groups in Iran. PMID- 7100199 TI - A study of dermatoglyphics and myocardial infarction. PMID- 7100197 TI - Medical applications of dermatoglyphics. PMID- 7100198 TI - Diagnostic significance of dermatoglyphics in certain birth defects. PMID- 7100203 TI - Population variation in dermatoglyphics: field theory. PMID- 7100201 TI - The Dermatoglyphics of Jewish XXY Klinefelter's and X Turner's patients. PMID- 7100200 TI - Dermatoglyphics in vitiligo. PMID- 7100202 TI - Genetic studies of dermatoglyphics-advances and limitations. PMID- 7100204 TI - Parental influences on fingerdermatoglyphics. PMID- 7100205 TI - Cytapheresis and plasma exchange. Clinical indications. Proceedings of Progress in Pheresis: a national symposium, Atlanta, Georgia. PMID- 7100206 TI - Platelet collection in the dual stage channel. PMID- 7100207 TI - Platelet crossmatch testing for donor selection. AB - Recent studies have shown that on an average the platelets of 20-30% of HLA fully compatible donors provide poor post-transfusion platelet responses in alloimmunized refractory thrombocytopenic patients. Conversely, some HLA incompatible transfusions can provide satisfactory platelet increments for the refractory recipient. To improve the process of selecting compatible platelet donors, both lymphocytotoxic and platelet crossmatch tests have been used. Lymphocytotoxicity crossmatch tests can predict the transfusion response only 65% of the time with a high percentage of false-negative results. In contrast, several different laboratories are now reporting 84-93% predictability for platelet crossmatch tests. Because of the time and effort involved in obtaining platelets from apheresis donors and the risk of bleeding in patients not provided with compatible platelets, it seems inevitable that platelet crossmatch tests will assume an increasingly important role in the donor selection process. PMID- 7100209 TI - Problems in donor recruitment. AB - Family members serve as an important source of cytapheresis donors, because they are concerned and are more likely to be histocompatible. However, products obtained from family members are often insufficient, and a need exists for nonrelated volunteer donors. These latter donors are often difficult to recruit, because the increased time required for donation requires an increase in employer cooperation, if donors are to give on company time. Recruitment is further complicated because the increased risk to the donor (over whole blood donation) requires a more detailed informed consent. The need for nonrelated volunteer cytapheresis donors can be met by education of business management to the need for such donors, and education of the donors regarding the relative risks. PMID- 7100208 TI - A clinical program of platelet cryopreservation. AB - A program of platelet cryopreservation has been developed at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center which now provides substantial proportion of the platelet transfusion requirements of alloimmunized patients. The program has gradually grown in size during the last eight years and in 1979 approximately 1600 units of frozen platelets were transfused including 225 transfusions of autologous platelets administered to 45 patients with leukemia. For many alloimmunized patients autologous frozen platelets represented the only source of histocompatible platelets. 5% dimethylsulfoxide is used as the cryoprotective agent and the platelets can be maintained in the frozen state for at least three years without significant reduction in effectiveness. There are essentially no side effects following transfusion and patient acceptance has been excellent. Post-transfusion increments have been highly consistent during the last five years, averaging two thirds of the recovery obtained with fresh platelets with accompanying shortening of the bleeding time. The technology is simple, cost effective and reproducible and is suitable for use in more general blood bank settings. PMID- 7100210 TI - Leukapheresis in acute leukemia--is it necessary? PMID- 7100212 TI - Leukapheresis in leukemia. AB - Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation was employed in the management of both acute and chronic leukemia. Cytareduction is an effective method of preventing leukostasis in acute leukemia and reducing leukocytosis in chronic leukemia. A report of 55 leukapheresis experiences with 32 patients is described. A case report of a 49-year-old female with a 13-year history of hairy cell leukemia who underwent intensive leukapheresis over seven months is given. Therapeutic cell depletions do not effect the eventual outcome of the disease but they do have a therapeutic role in the management of leukemia as a adjunct to other treatments. PMID- 7100211 TI - Kinetics of transfused neutrophils. AB - Rational neutrophil transfusion therapy depends upon an understanding of the in vivo fate of the transfused cells. The ability of transfused cells to circulate and to accumulate at sites of inflammation in the recipient is profoundly affected by abnormalities in the viability of the cells transfused as well as by abnormalities in the recipient. Autologous transfusion studies in normal subjects have shown that cells collected by centrifugation are kinetically nearly normal in vivo, whereas cells collected by filtration are markedly abnormal. Storage of either cell preparation for one day results in substantial additional abnormalities. Studies in animals have shown that recipient variables such as inflammation, endotoxin, or neutropenia significantly alter the kinetics of transfused normal cells and that the inflammatory site accumulation of cells in such animals is not reliably predicted by the blood kinetic measurements. Problems associated with labelling neutrophils for kinetic studies are discussed. PMID- 7100214 TI - Partial red cell exchange transfusion in sickle cell disease. AB - Eighteen subjects with sickle cell disease underwent automated partial red cell exchanges while hospitalized as part of a research protocol. Using either a discontinuous-flow or a continuous-flow cell separator, we were able to accomplish a 50% exchange in an adult in approximately two hours. Transfusion of blood with an antigenic marker permitted rapid, on-line evaluation of exchange efficiency during the procedure. Ten subjects, in whom the hemoglobin concentration and blood volume were maintained nearly constant, were evaluated by submaximal exercise testing. Each subject realized a substantial improvement in exercise capacity; the mean anaerobic threshold increased from 64 to 115 watts and the mean work performed at a heart rate of 170/minute increased from 126 to 182 watts. Despite the expected acute increase in whole blood oxygen affinity in each patient, there was no clinical evidence of detrimental effects during or immediately following the procedure. Three of the subjects developed delayed hemolytic reactions within six days of exchange transfusion and presented with clinical features of painful sickle cell crises. When exchange transfusion is indicated, cell separators permit a rapid, effective and safe procedure. PMID- 7100213 TI - Neocytes and neocyte-gerocyte exchange. AB - Patients requiring chronic transfusions deposit large quantities of iron throughout their reticuloendothelial and parenchymal systems. Diabetes mellitus, hepatic fibrosis, and cardiomyopathy are the ultimate pathologic manifestations. One mechanism for decreasing the rate of iron loading would be to transfuse only the youngest cohort of cells from a donor (neocytes). At the same time the patient's oldest red cells are being removed (neocyte-gerocyte exchange). In this manuscript we describe techniques presently available for such a procedure. PMID- 7100215 TI - Indications and methods for therapeutic apheresis. AB - Technological advancements in the biomedical field have recently afforded the clinician opportunities to safely treat disease processes that previously defied conventional medicine. Therapeutic apheresis is one such application of these advancements and offers potential benefit to patients suffering from various hematological, renal, rheumatic, and neuromuscular disorders. Research is continually being done to clearly define the role of this new therapy. New protocols are continually being developed and evaluated in the attempt to find out and control the variables necessary to nesure that each disease process is treated in the most effective manner possible. PMID- 7100218 TI - Indications for granulocyte transfusion. PMID- 7100217 TI - Cytapheresis and plasma exchange: clinical indications. Conference summary and future directions. PMID- 7100216 TI - Plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis. AB - The discovery of pathogenic autoantibody of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) laid the foundation for attempting to control the disease process by removing anti-AChR antibody with plasmapheresis and reducing its rate of reaccumulation with immunosuppressive drug therapy. Plasmapheresis alone may have a favorable short-term impact in MG, and has been successfully used as a temporary measure prethymectomy, in MG crisis, and while awaiting another therapy to produce benefit. Used as a primary therapy in MG, plasmapheresis has been effective in producing stable clinical improvement and reduction of anti-AChR antibody titers only when combined with immunosuppressive drugs and administered ina protracted series of weekly, large-volume exchanges. Prednisone combined with azathioprine has been a generally effective immunosuppressive drug regimen with plasmapheresis, but neither drug by itself appears to be capable of producing stable improvement in conjunction with plasmapheresis. Cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil and vincristine also show therapeutic promise when used with plasmapheresis is selected patients. The long term reductions in titer of antibody to AChR in MG patients attaining stable improvement indicates that cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents may act together with prednisone under the conditions of plasmapheresis to reduce the populations of lymphoid clones with specificity for AChR. PMID- 7100219 TI - Efficacy of granulocyte transfusions collected from nonstimulated donors. AB - Series of leukocyte transfusions were given to adult patients with previously untreated acute non-lymphocytic leukemia during the granulocytopenic phase of remission induction therapy with doxorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. Peripheral blood leukocytes for transfusion were obtained by continuous flow centrifugation from unstimulated normal persons. Forty-five consecutive patients were eligible to receive leukocyte transfusions depending upon the availability of the blood cell separator for leukapheresis of donors and, to a lesser extent, clinical need. A series of leukocyte transfusions was given to 28 patients; 17 patients did not receive leukocyte transfusions. Patients in both groups were similar with respect to variables known to have prognostic value. The clinical outcomes of the patients in both series were similar. Fifteen of the 28 patients receiving leukocyte transfusions had a temperature response detected by cumulative summation. Fourteen of these patients also had other evidence of clinical improvement compared with only five of ten patients not demonstrating a temperature response during a series of leukocyte transfusions 0.50 greater than P 0.025). This study suggests that leukocyte transfusions from unstimulated normal donors are effective in the management of patients with potentially reversible granulocytopenia. PMID- 7100220 TI - [Effect of various disintegrating agents on the speed of dissolution of phenacetin tablets]. PMID- 7100221 TI - In vitro absorption studies on trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Note I. PMID- 7100222 TI - Phototoxicity and medication. PMID- 7100223 TI - Effects of acute and chronic treatment with (-)eburnamonine on the tissue supply of oxygen. AB - Recent research has demonstrated the major role of oxygen in the maintenance of normal cerebral function in the elderly and considerable importance has been attributed to the action of intra-erythrocytic 2-3 diphosphoglycerate (2-3 DPG) in favouring the availability of oxygen to the tissues. This property is reportedly helped or potentiated by the pharmacological action of some eumetabolic vasoregulator drugs. According to numerous clinical trials, ( )eburnamonine possesses this property. A two-part study was carried out in elderly volunteers: a double-blind randomized trial on 20 patients treated acutely (10 with an infusion of 100 mg (-)eburnamonine vs 10 controls) and a within-patients crossover trial on 10 patients treated chronically by the oral route. The results showed a significant increase in the 2-3 DPG values and a beneficial modification of P50 after (-)eburnamonine, probably dependent both on the dose and mode of administration. The effect of the drug was much more marked but more fleeting after acute administration and less intense but more lasting after chronic administration. The latter mode of treatment is of interest in view of the therapeutic effects on several symptoms of senile chronic cerebral insufficiency. PMID- 7100225 TI - Indapamide in hypertension: a study in general practice of new or previously poorly controlled patients. AB - A multi-centre general practitioner study was carried out in 2497 hypertensive patients. 81% of whom were already being treated for their condition, to assess the antihypertensive activity and tolerance of indapamide (2.5 mg/day in a single dose) when given in conjunction with or as replacement for existing therapy, if any. The results showed that, over a 3-month period, indapamide produced a gradual reduction in blood pressure (mean decrease of 24/14 mmHg) and there was a direct correlation between the initial diastolic pressure and the observed reduction. Side-effects with indapamide therapy were relatively few and mild, the most frequently reported being nausea, dizziness and headache. There were no consistent changes in any of the haematological or biochemical parameters monitored. An increase was noted in subjective well-being, measured by a visual analogue scale. Analysis of the results in 772 of the patients who were aged over 65 years showed that the response to and tolerance of indapamide was similar to that in younger patients. PMID- 7100224 TI - Cefuroxime prophylaxis in caesarean section. AB - A double-blind, randomized prospective study was carried out in 96 women in labour requiring caesarean section to assess the value of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefuroxime compared with placebo. Forty-six patients received 750 mg cefuroxime intravenously before and every 8 hours for the first 72-hours post operatively; the other 50 women received placebo injections. A significant decrease in post-operative morbidity was observed in the drug-treated group, there were far fewer endometrial, urinary and pulmonary injections, and those who received prophylactic cefuroxime had less days of hospitalization than the placebo-treated group. No serious side-effects were observed. PMID- 7100227 TI - Clopenthixol decanoate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic in-patients. AB - Nineteen chronic schizophrenic in-patients were entered into a 12-week open study of intramuscular clopenthixol decanoate. Fourteen patients completed the full 12 week treatment period; 3 were withdrawn due to inadequate clinical response or untoward adverse effects, and 2 were discharged and lost to follow-up. Doses administered were in the range 200 to 400 mg, weekly or fortnightly. Patients were assessed weekly using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Nurses' Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE-30) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Unwanted effects were recorded on a checklist. Statistically significant improvements in the overall mean scores were noted on the BPRS at every assessment and on the NOSIE-30 at every assessment except in Week 4. Unwanted effects were generally mild and they decreased during the study. The results suggest that clopenthixol decanoate is an effective, well-tolerated antipsychotic agent, suitable for the treatment of chronic, long-stay schizophrenic in-patients. PMID- 7100226 TI - Application of newly synthesized 1-34 human parathyroid hormone for diagnostic tests. AB - 1-34 human parathyroid hormone (1-34 hPTH) was synthesized by a liquid-phase method and prepared for clinical use (specific activity, 3281 U/mg). With this preparation, the toxicity was studied in 22 normal volunteers and the metabolic effects in 15 individuals. Intradermal administration of 4 ng of 1-34 hPTH caused neither abnormal local skin reactions nor toxicity in terms of subjective and objective parameters. When administered intravenously at doses of from 2 to 20 microgram as a bolus, the preparation caused no acute or subacute toxicity judging from the results of various clinical and laboratory studies, except for transient mild hypotension and headache in a minority of subjects. For diagnostic use, 20 microgram of 1-34 hPTH administered intravenously was found to produce effects almost equivalent to those of 200 USPU U of Parathormone (PTE, Eli Lilly). Thus, the criteria for differentiation of hypoparathyroidism from pseudo hypoparathyroidism devised with 2000 USP U of PTE as a test substance was found to be applicable when 20 microgram of 1-34 hPTH was utilized. PMID- 7100228 TI - Modification of the level of acetylcholinesterase activity by two oximes in certain brain regions and peripheral tissues of paraoxon treated rats. PMID- 7100229 TI - Taurine diet decreases spontaneous and increases exploratory activity of spontaneously hypertensive rats. PMID- 7100230 TI - Characterisation and separation of sulphated glycosaminoglycuronans. PMID- 7100231 TI - The effect of chlorpromazine on monosaccharide transport in fish erythrocytes. PMID- 7100232 TI - Age- and sex-related changes of tryptophan accumulation in discrete areas of the rat brain. PMID- 7100233 TI - A study of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of some newer triazoles. PMID- 7100234 TI - [Synthesis and enzymatic degradation of beta-casomorphin-5 (author's transl)]. AB - The authors describe the synthesis of beta-casomorphine-5 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly) by segment condensation and stepwise building-up. Intracerebroventricular application of the pentapeptide to the rat produces a long-lasting analgesia against thermal stimuli (which can be inhibited by naloxone) and counteracts the extinction of a passive avoidance reaction for no less than 4 days following post shock application. beta-Casomorphin-5 is very rapidly degraded by dipeptidylpeptidase IV; the degradation starts from the N-terminus giving dipeptides. The degradation products are competitive inhibitors of this enzyme. PMID- 7100235 TI - Synthesis and pharmacological studies of 2'-sulphonyl[3-(3H-2,4-disubstituted-1,5 benzodiazepino)]-2,5-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphans. AB - 2'-Sulphonyl[3-(3H-2,4-dimethyl-1,5-benzodiazepino)]-2,5-dimethyl-6,7-ben zomorphan (3a), 2'-sulfonyl[3-(3H-2 methyl-4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepino)]-2,5 dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan (3b) and 2'-sulfonyl [3-(3H-2-methyl-4-oxo-5H-1.5 benzodiazepino)]-2,5-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan (3c), synthesized from 2,5 dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan (1) in three steps via chlorosulphonation, condensation with sodium salt of acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate separately and condensation with o-phenylenediamine, were studied for their pharmacological activities. It was found that 3a has mild CNS depressant, analgesic and anticonvulsant (against petit mal type of seizures) activities. 3b has significant anti-depressant and mild analgesic activities while 3c has CNS depressant, mild analgesic and anticonvulsant activities (against petitmal type seizures). PMID- 7100236 TI - Colorimetric analytical study of oxyphenbutazone. AB - A procedure was developed for the colorimetric determination of oxyphenbutazone by treatment with dilute nitrite and dilute hydrochloric acid solutions for 10 min, then rendering alkaline with potassium hydroxide. By this simple colorimetric measurement, quantities of oxyphenbutazone from 2.5 to 10 mg/100 ml are determined with an accuracy of 98.80 +/- 1.33%. Application of the suggested method to different pharmaceutical preparations has shown no significant difference compared with the Brit. Ph. 1980 method. A colour reaction mechanism is discussed. PMID- 7100237 TI - [Contribution to the stability of tropicamide solutions (author's transl)]. AB - The course of the degradation of tropicamide solutions was elucidated. Thus, inter alia, intramolecular elimination of water leads to a compound comparable to apoatropine that the authors designated by atropicamide. Furthermore, methods are described that permit (after thin-layer chromatographic repartition) to detect and to determine quantitatively the active principle in the presence of its degradation products. Tropicamide is stable in aqueous solution; eye-drops prepared from such a solution (Mydrum) are stable for no less than 5 years. PMID- 7100239 TI - Drug-polymer combinations. Part 2: Evaluation of some mathematic approaches to drug release from resinates. PMID- 7100238 TI - [Selective membrane electrode for the determination of ammonia released from rubber caps of containers for parenteral solutions (author's transl)]. AB - It is dealt with an ammonia-selective membrane electrode for the quantitative determination of volatile amines and ammonia released from rubber caps of containers for parenteral solutions. The optimal measurement parameters were determined. It was demonstrated that the electrode is well suited for ammonia determinations in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-1) mol/l. As this method requires but little time and yields accurate results, it will be helpful in laboratories with heavy routine workloads. Fifteen different caps based on natural rubber, chlorobutyl rubber or bromobutyl rubber were tested for their usefulness as packaging materials for drugs. According to the amounts of released ammonia, the caps were classified into three categories. PMID- 7100240 TI - [On the different release kinetics of water-soluble and lipid-soluble forms of hydroxyquinoline in oleogel ointment bases (author's transl)]. AB - Studies using the model according to Horsch and Kogel showed that the release kinetics of the suspended water-soluble (but not lipid-soluble) drugs hydroxyquinoline sulphate and hydroxy-quinoline sulphate--potassium sulphate from oleogels is of a zero order. Differences in drug dispersity do not affect the release rates. Oleogels containing the lipid-soluble hydroxyquinoline base yielded undersaturated solution ointments, the release kinetics of which can be stated by a semilogarithmic relationship. There exists a linear correlation between the release rates and the product of the lipid solubility of the drug and the reciprocal apparent distribution coefficient. PMID- 7100241 TI - Behaviour of hematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin with antidepressant drugs. AB - Complexation between oppositely charged antidepressant drugs and porphyrin derivatives was investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The solid complexes obtained are soluble in antidepressant aggregates and a good fit was found between the values of CMC of the drugs and the values of the binding constants of porphyrins with antidepressant micelles. PMID- 7100243 TI - [Studies on the kinetics of nitrofurantoin (Nifurantin) in normal pregnancy, gestoses, pyelonephritis and labor (author's transl)]. AB - After oral administration of 300 mg of nitrofurantoin (Nifurantin) to various groups of pregnants, to women in labour and nonpregnant women the blood level and renal excretion of nitrofurantoin were investigated. We stated that gravidity, pyelonephritis and EPH-gestosis did not alter neither the renal excretion nor the blood level. In contrast to this during labour the renal elimination of nitrofurantoin was diminished and the blood concentration was enhanced. The biotransformation of nitrofurantoin seems not to be changed by pregnancy. PMID- 7100242 TI - [Investigations in Bioavailability of resinates as peroral retard drug dosage forms. Part 1: Pharmaceutical availability of dihydrocodein-resinates (author's transl)]. AB - The dissolution rate constants of dihydrocodein in two retard drug dosage forms based on synthetic ion exchange resin were determined with four dissolution methods. The usage of the flow cell, rotationsdisk method and half-change method with a new dissolution model gave comparable results. Using the paddle apparatus the dissolution is very quick. There is only a small influence on the dissolution rate by the pH. A higher ionic strength of the dissolution medium increases the dissolution rate. PMID- 7100245 TI - [Structure-activity analysis of analgetically active sulphur-containing pyridazines (author's transl)]. AB - The distribution coefficients in n-octanol/water and the RM values in two different solvents have been determined for 12 newly synthetized sulphur containing pyridazines. The establishment of dose-effect curves by means of three screening methods (writhing syndrome, tail flick test and hot-plate test) permitted to estimate the analgetic activities of the substances under investigation. Regression analyses revealed a highly significant correlation between the ED50 values and the RM values of the pyridazines in butanol/glacial acetic acid/water. The greatest analgetic effect was observed with compounds, the RM values of which tended to 0. To complement this study, the LD50 values and the side-effects on the central nervous system wee considered, too. There was no correlation between the LD50 values and the distribution coefficients; however, a low-significant correlation existed between the side-effects on the central nervous system (as measured by the failure rates in the rotarod test) and the distribution coefficients. In summary, the results hitherto obtained permit to conclude that four of the twelve pyridazines excel by "favourable" analgetic activities. Considering the therapeutic quotients, further investigations, especially of one of these compounds, 3-amino-4-mercapto-6-methylpyridazine, seem justified. PMID- 7100244 TI - Effect of chronic administration of DL-amphetamine and fenfluramine on adrenocortical functions and on certain aspects of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. AB - Chronic treatment of rats with amphetamine (4 mg/kg body mass) or fenfluramine (10 mg/kg body mass) might have stimulating effects on adrenocortical function. This was indicated by the significant decrease in adrenal cholesterol, ascorbic acid, glycogen, and the increase in adrenal phosphorylase activity. Both 17-oxo (17-OS) and 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids (17-OHS) were also increased by fenfuramine, while only 17-OHS was increased by amphetamine. Amphetamine did not affect plasma glucose, liver glycogen and phosphorylase activity, while fenfluramine increased liver glycogen but did not affect plasma glucose or liver phosphorylase activity. The drugs markedly increased plasma free fatty acids (FFA) which might indicate increased lipolysis. PMID- 7100247 TI - [Age-dependence of the pain threshold in the spontaneously hypertensive rat]. PMID- 7100248 TI - Synthesis and evaluation of substituted 4(3H)-quinazolone derivatives for antimicrobial and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. Part 3. AB - The synthesis of some new 6,8-dibromo-2-N-(N-arylcarbamoyl) carbamoylmethylthio-3 aryl-4(3H)-quinazolone derivatives is described. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and antiacetylcholinesterase activities in vitro. Most of the compounds exhibited interesting antimicrobial activities. The relation between this and their chemical structure has been studied. PMID- 7100249 TI - [On the stability of phenylmercury salts. Part 50: Contributions to problems concerning the use of plastic receptacles for liquid pharmaceuticals (author's transl)]. AB - The authors describe a dithizone method for the determination of phenylmercury salts that yields easily reproducible results on examining the stability of these preserving agents. Aqueous solutions of phenylmercury salts are instable already in glass bottles, but they are instable to a much greater extent in low-density polyethylene bottles. Their degradation is accelerated in the presence of chloride ions. When stored under nitrogen, the phenylmercury salt solutions show lower losses of preserving agents than when stored under normal air. The ultra violet extinction of phenylmercury salt solutions increases during storage in glass bottles, and decreases during storage in plastic bottles. In plastic bottles, the degradation is associated with sorption. PMID- 7100250 TI - [Comparative studies on the determination of thiocyanate in biological materials (author's transl)]. AB - On verifying methods for the determination of thiocyanate in biological materials, we started from the technique as described by Boxer and Rickards [5]. In different methods, the accuracy of the data obtained is affected by the deproteinization process or interfered with iron (III) ions or pyridine/benzidine, the deproteinization process being the decisive factor. This holds true especially in respect of interfering factors that remain in the supernatant (low-molecular amino compounds) and in respect of the coprecipitation of thiocyanate, the nature of the respective biological material playing an important part in both cases. At higher thiocyanate concentrations, pretreatment with a denaturing agent that is commonly used to deproteinization of human and bovine sera involves a small loss of thiocyanate due to coprecipitation. In case of high demands on reproducibility and accuracy of the analytical results, and in case of special analytical problems, isolation of thiocyanate is absolutely necessary (chromatography on Sephadex, aeration after conversion to hydrogen cyanide). Gas chromatography is suited for determining thiocyanate in whole blood. PMID- 7100246 TI - [Screening for antimicrobial and presumed cancerostatic plant metabolites (author's transl)]. AB - 693 kinds of indigenous plants randomly selected were screened for their antimicrobial activities against 23 different test organisms (Gram-positive, Gram negative bacteria, yeast and fungi). The results of the testing showed that 250 (36%) kinds of the plants belonging to 72 families exhibited some level of antimicrobial action in vitro. Moreover, a microbiological prescreening program was employed in search of presumed cancerostatic plant products in crude extracts. These microbial tests based on agar diffusion techniques consist of prophage induction test and BIP test (bacteria inhibition-induction-phage inhibition). All active components selected by these microbial models are potential inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism. A wide variety of plants was demonstrated to exhibit interesting activities in these screening systems. The bioactivity is uniformly distributed in various order. The screening results are briefly discussed. PMID- 7100254 TI - [Characterization of the analgetic properties of 3-amino-4-mercapto-6 methylpyridazine as compared with some standard pharmaca (author's transl)]. AB - Using four screening methods (writhing syndrome, electrical stimulation of the root of the tail, tail-flick test and hot-plate test), the author studied the analgetic activities of 3-amino-4-mercapto-6-methylpyridazine (1; pyridazine S1) and several standard pharmaca. When applied subcutaneously, 1 showed an activity that was almost equal to that of aminophenazone. When administered orally, the activity of 1 was comparable to that of phenylbutazone. Indometacin and aminophenazone were more potent than 1; and acetylsalicylic acid and phenacetin were less potent. The synergism of 1 and codeine is superadditive as demonstrated by means of the tail-flick test and the writhing syndrome. When applied orally, 1 and phenacetin have the lowest acute toxicity as evidenced by the LD50 values. Acetylsalicylic acid, indometacin, phenylbutazone and aminophenazone are more toxic. From the results obtained it follows that, of all the substances tested, 1 has the greatest therapeutic index. PMID- 7100251 TI - Retard implantation tablets on a matrix base with Eudragit as a structural substance. AB - A model for prolonged availability of low concentrated drugs was successfully tested by using 7-hydroxyethyltheophylline and Eudragit RS 100 as matrix to form implant-tablets. Those tablets have the same size, same weight, same hardness, but a different concentration of the model substance and are coated with liquid Eudragit RS 100. Statistical evaluation of the different liberation rates led to a drawing of a diagram whereby a desired drug liberation up to 6 d can easily be obtained by choosing a certain drug concentration of the tablet. PMID- 7100252 TI - [Contributions to the liberation of drugs from suspension ointments. Part 19: Studies on the interactions of hydroxyquinoline (salts) with ointment components (author's transl)]. AB - On studying the interactions of hydroxyquinoline and its watersoluble salts with substances commonly used to ointment preparation, the authors stated a large agreement between the decreases in release rate and the quotients of binding determined by equilibrium dialysis. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, zinc oxide, and talc react with these drugs to form bindings of some strength the impair the release of the drugs, whereas hydroxyethylcellulose and Aerosil behave indifferently. PMID- 7100255 TI - Colorimetric determination of some ethinyl steroids in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 7100253 TI - Inhibitory effect of some esters of 4-hydroxy-5-nitro-4,5-dihydrothymine on the growth of tumor cells. AB - New analogs of 4-hydroxy-5-nitro-4,5-dihydrothymine, namely 4-acyloxy-5-nitro-4,5 dihydrothymines (where: acyl = acetyl, benzoyl, mono- and dichloroacetyl) were synthesized and tested for their toxicologic and antitumor effects on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and Ehrlich solid tumor. Best results were found for the mono and dichloroacetyl derivatives. PMID- 7100256 TI - PMR spectrometric analysis of saccharin in some pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 7100257 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites in plasma. AB - Sensitive quantitation of chlordiazepoxide and its two principal metabolites, desmethylchlordiazepoxide and demoxepam, in human plasma is achieved by high pressure liquid chromatography. All three compounds and the internal standard, chlorodesmethyldiazepam, are directly extracted from plasma into benzene:isoamyl alcohol (98.5 : 1.5) at physiologic pH with no sample preparation. After evaporation of the organic solvent, the redissolved residue is chromatographed using a C-18 reverse-phase column. Sensitivity limits are 0.05 microgram of either compound/ml of plasma, with coefficients of variation of less than 8%. The method is applicable to single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of chlordiazepoxide or to monitoring of plasma concentrations during long-term therapy. PMID- 7100258 TI - Effects of a nonabsorbable chelating resin on lead absorption, elimination, and accumulation in the rat. Resin effects on lead disposition. AB - In rats, oral administration of lead-chelating resin (Chelex-100) reduced the absorption of an oral lead dose (10 mg/kg) when both doses were given at approximately the same time. The same oral resin did not reduce blood lead concentrations when administered after the lead dose had been absorbed or after systemic lead administration (1 mg/kg, intracardiac), indicating that the resin did not influence lead elimination. As a dietary supplement the resin was also ineffective in reducing blood and kidney lead concentrations in rats exposed to lead in drinking water. Thus, the possible therapeutic uses of this lead chelating resin may be limited. PMID- 7100259 TI - Effects of calcium antagonists on coronary spasm and pulmonary artery contraction in comparison to their antagonistic action against K-strophanthin in isolated guinea pig atria. AB - The contraction of the potassium depolarized pulmonary artery of the guinea pig was diminished by the calcium antagonists nifedipine, gallopamil, diltiazem, verapamil and prenylamine. The drugs are listed here in order of activity. The uptake of 45Ca of the depolarized pulmonary artery was reduced by nifedipine, verapamil and prenylamine in this order of activity. The depression of the coronary flow of the isolated guinea pig heart, which was brought about by barium chloride, antigenic rabbit serum or vasopressin plus oxytocin was reduced by infusion of prenylamine. The positive inotropic effect of K-strophanthin on the isolated, electrically stimulated left atrium of the guinea pig heart was reduced by gallopamil, verapamil, prenylamine, diltiazem and nifedipine in this order of activity. PMID- 7100260 TI - [Bromocriptin in organic depression (author's transl)]. AB - 10 patients suffering from endogenomorphic depression on the basic of organic brain lesion were treated with 40 mg bromocriptin daily. Therapeutical efficacy was evaluated by various psychometric methods and by clinical impression. A negative correlation between performance and the depressive syndrome could be shown. Amelioration proved to be short lived, only 2 patients showed satisfactory response over a longer period of time. nausea and vomiting were the most common side effects, one patient showed a fully reversible manic syndrome. Reasons for the application of bromocriptin on the basis of a "dopamine-deficit hypothesis", and the results of the study are discussed. PMID- 7100262 TI - [Reliability and validity of the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (author's transl)]. AB - Reliability, validity and sensibility to variations over time were investigated for a German version of the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAS) Re-test reliability was high with r = .98. The correlation with the self-rating "Befindlichkeits Skala" (Bf-S) was food with r = .79 whereas the correlation with the Hamilton Depression-Rating-Scale only was r = .49. Sensitivity to mood changes over time was a good as with the Bf-S. According to these results the German version of the VAS can be used for the assessment of actual depressive mood. The main advantage of the scale is it's simplicity. PMID- 7100261 TI - A double-blind clinical trial of nomifensine vs. amitriptyline in depressed patients. AB - This article describes a controlled clinical trial comparing nomifensine and amitriptyline in endogenously depressed inpatients. It is also the first trial of the ICPP-BLIPS, a computer based clinical trial data documentation system. Using strict methodological criteria, careful quality control and comprehensive and systematic data display and data analysis, we have been able to show clearcut efficacy differences between nomifensine and amitriptyline (favouring the later) and clearcut differences in the profile of side effects between these drugs. Future studies utilizing this methodology are recommended were definitive and documented results of clinical trials are desired. PMID- 7100263 TI - Bromperidol maintenance in schizophrenia. AB - Twenty-three patients who completed a four-week, double-blind, clinical trial of bromperidol versus haloperidol were treated with bromperidol for eight additional weeks in a continuation study. Over 87 percent of patients maintained their improved status or showed further improvement. Extrapyramidal signs were frequent, but required discontinuation of treatment in only two patients. PMID- 7100265 TI - Some musings on medical education: Is it going astray? PMID- 7100266 TI - The impact of recent progress in molecular biology on biomedical academic institutions. PMID- 7100264 TI - [Comparison of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Self Rating Scale BS (v. Zerssen) within a double blind study on the antidepressant effects of trazodone verus amitriptyline (author's transl)]. AB - From October 1977 until March 1978 a prospective study was performed on 30 depressive patients of both sexes, age 20 to 60 years. In a double-blind design patients received either amitriptyline or trazodone for 28 days. The course of therapy was controlled six times by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS) and the Zerssen-Contentment Scale (BS). The following results were obtained: By the statistical analysis of the HRs scores no difference in the antidepressant properties of trazodone and amitriptyline can be demonstrated. The same result is obtained by use of the BS scores. Therefore the antidepressant efficacy of the two medications can be called equal. When comparing day 10 to day 0, a correlation between the two data pools of RSp = 0.719 (p less than 0.01) according to Spearmen was found. Upon comparing the 28th day with the pre treatment day, RSp comes out to be 0.809. When applying Anova no significant correlation for the pre-treatment day can be demonstrated (RL = 0.260); yet at the end of the study the correlation comes out to be extremely high (RL = 0.940, p less than 0.1). When considering each day of the study, RL results to be 0.808 (p less than 0.001). Thus, a high correlation can be demonstrated for the HRS and BS. PMID- 7100267 TI - Pedagogy, self-education, and the information explosion. PMID- 7100268 TI - Speaking of illness. PMID- 7100269 TI - The system is failing, but the students are getting the F's. PMID- 7100270 TI - Selected primitive reflexes in children with cerebral palsy: consistency of response. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the consistency of reflex responses of subjects in varying behavioral states. The following selected primitive reflexes were examined in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy: tonic labyrinthine, asymmetrical tonic neck, symmetrical tonic neck, crossed extension, and Moro. Our hypothesis was that a subject's reflex responses would vary as a function of his behavioral state. Ten children, ages 3 to 6 years, participated in the study. Reflex responses were elicited using a specified protocol. A behavioral-state scale was defined, and the subject's behavioral state was noted before each reflex stimulus was applied. Each subject completed eight test sessions. Test sessions were videotaped with portable video equipment. Results of the study indicated a significant inverse relationship between progression on the behavioral-state scale and consistency of reflex responses; the higher the numerical rating, the less the consistency of response. Findings of our study support those who recommend optimal states for testing and indicate that caution should be used when interpreting test results based on a single examination. PMID- 7100271 TI - Evaluation and treatment of soft tissue lesions of the ankle and forefoot using the Cyriax approach: a case report. PMID- 7100272 TI - Pathomechanics, gait deviations, and treatment of the rheumatoid foot: a clinical report. AB - This article describes the five major foot deformities or problems often seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: hallux valgus, pronation of the foot, depression of the metatarsal heads, hammer or claw toes, and tendocalcaneal bursitis or subplantar spur formation. These deformities contribute to the development of common rheumatoid gait deviations such as decreased velocity, cadence, and stride length; poor heel-toe pattern; and abnormal patterns of weight bearing. Nonsurgical treatment for these problems includes joint protection methods, assistive gait devices, orthotic intervention, and physical therapy procedures. Surgical intervention provides stability for the weight bearing joints of the foot and reduces pain. Consideration of these problems and an early intervention effort may help to prolong the ambulatory status of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7100273 TI - Factors influencing high school students' knowledge of physical therapy. AB - A questionnaire in a closed-question format was used to survey 403 California high school students' accuracy of knowledge and available sources of information about physical therapy. Most students had some knowledge of physical therapy. The most recognized physical role was "instructing a patient in exercises" (83%). Very few students, however, were familiar with the role "provides wound care" (16%). A relatively common misconception was the belief that a physical therapist "prescribes medication" (24%). Very few significant differences in the recognition of individual tasks were found between junior and senior, male and female, urban and rural, or health career and nonhealth career oriented students. Health career students were more knowledgeable about physical therapy than any other group. The category of personal contacts was cited by the most students as their source of information (61%), and television (in the media category) was the most frequently cited single source (35%). Other studies have established that many high school students are making career decisions. This study of high school students' knowledge of physical therapy may assist in identifying career information useful to students and in stimulating a viable pool of applicants for physical therapy programs. PMID- 7100274 TI - Minority recruitment; an illusion? PMID- 7100275 TI - Choice of statistics. PMID- 7100276 TI - Evidence that electrolytic median raphe lesions increase locomotion but not exploration. PMID- 7100277 TI - The TPc, the avian substantia nigra: pharmacology and behavior. AB - The nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta (TPc) may be the avian analogue of the mammalian substantia nigra (SN). The analogy is suggested by both comparative neuroanatomical and neurohistochemical observations. To test the proposed analogy certain drugs (agonists or antagonists of putative transmitters that modulate the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in rat) were injected into the TPc of the pigeon and the behavior effects observed. Muscimol (a GABA agonist) injected into the caudal TPc induced contralateral rotation and postural asymmetries. Pretreatment with subcutaneous injections of apomorphine hydrochloride enhanced and haloperidol suppressed the rotatory response, while the postural asymmetries were not altered by either drug. Muscimol injected into the rostral TPc induced contralateral rotation, marked ataxia, and postural asymmetries, particularly the head and neck, legs and wings. Whereas apomorphine (subcutaneous injection) was without effect on the rotatory response to muscimol, haloperidol suppressed the rotatory response. Neither drug effected the postural asymmetry. Following drug injections into either the pigeon TPc or the rat SN the behaviors induced in both bird and rat suggest that the TPc and SN are analogous. PMID- 7100278 TI - Concomitant classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane and eyelid responses: correlations and implications. AB - Simultaneous recordings of muscle unit activity from the muscles of the left and right eyelids (M. obicularis oculi) and recordings of the movement of the left nictitating membrane (NM) were taken during classical conditioning in the rabbit using a tone CS paired with an airpuff UCS to the left cornea. The unconditioned eyelid responses were found to be bilateral. The conditioned eyelid responses were also bilateral in most animals. Both the conditioned and unconditioned eyelid responses were larger on the left side. The conditioned responses of the left and right eyelids and the left NM were found to increase in magnitude and decrease in latency from the onset of the CS over training trials in almost the exactly same manner (correlations as high as .99). Behaviorally, the three responses could occur independently, suggesting that the cranial nuclei which control them (left abducens/accessory abducens, left facial nucleus, right facial nucleus) are not strongly coupled. Thus, for the learned response, it is suggested that the three nuclei are controlled by a common central system. This finding has implications for the nature of the engram--the essential neuronal circuitry encoding the learned response. PMID- 7100279 TI - Early life undernutrition and operant responding in the rat: the effect of the reinforcement schedule employed. AB - Rats were either undernourished from birth to 43 days and thereafter well fed (previously undernourished, PU) or well nourished throughout. When behaviour was tested in adulthood it was found that significant differences between the groups in rate of lever-pressing for food occurred when they were tested under a variable-interval 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, but not when reward was delivered according to a fixed-interval 60-sec or variable-ratio ten schedule. The results of a second experiment suggested that the rate difference might reduce or disappear with extended exposure to the schedule. The third experiment exposed rats to fixed-interval 60-sec and mixed fixed-interval 10-sec fixed interval 110 sec schedules. Response rate differences between the PU and control groups occurred only under the mixed schedule, a result interpreted as showing that temporal irregularity of reward delivery plays some role in the genesis of more rapid operant responding in PU rats. When rats received a larger variable ratio schedule, requiring 40 responses for reward, no significant rate differences between the groups were found over the whole experimental condition. It is suggested that schedules on which there are significant differences have some special characteristic, possibly sensitivity to differences in food motivation between the groups. PMID- 7100281 TI - Role of residual anterior neocortex in recovery from neonatal prefrontal lesions in the rat. AB - Lesions of mediofrontal cortex in adult rats produce behavioral impairments on spatial alternation tasks as well as retrograde degeneration in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. The severity of the behavioral deficits and of the thalamic degeneration correlates positively with lesion size. In contrast, similar lesions in neonatal rats (10 days or younger) produce neither spatial alternation deficits nor thalamic degeneration, even after extensive lesions removing all of the mediofrontal cortex. This study examined the possibility that residual anterior cortex remaining intact after early mediofrontal lesions might be involved in the observed anatomical and behavioral sparing. The results show that the sparing of spatial alternation after neonatal frontal cortex lesions does not depend on functional substitution by intact regions of anterior cortex. Neonatal rats receiving extensive lesions including both the medial and orbital frontal cortex or the entire anterior neocortex remained unimpaired on this task. However, these same animals suffered severe retrograde degeneration in the mediodorsal thalamus. Therefore, although some form of neural plasticity cannot be entirely dismissed as the basis for the behavioral results, it seems more likely that behavioral rather than neural plasticity is involved. We suggest that rats deprived of frontal cortex from infancy are able to perform the spatial alternation task in a manner that differs from that used by most intact rats. PMID- 7100280 TI - The effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on circadian corticosterone rhythmicity in rats with continuous or restricted food access. AB - Plasma corticosteroid circadian periodicity was determined in three groups of individual adult male rats. Categories were: post-subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, sham operated, and controls. Blood was sampled every 4 hours over a 48-hour period with ad lib feeding and after a 13-day period on daytime (0930--1330) restriction of food and water availability. Plasma corticosterone circadian periodicity was normal under ad lib conditions in control, sham-operated, and vagotomized animals. Under food-restricted conditions, both the sham-operated and vagotomized animals exhibited the 12-hour shift in the circadian peak of plasma corticosterone levels that we have previously described in normal animals under such conditions. There were no differences between groups in the total amount of food and water consumed or the percentage of nocturnal food intake on an ad lib feeding schedule. Both vagotomized and sham-operated animals manifested reductions in food intake under conditions of food restriction, although vagotomized consumed less than sham-operated animals. The present data indicate that an intact vagus nerve is not necessary for the establishment of circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels or the shift in the periodicity of corticosteroid secretion produced by a restricted feeding regimen. PMID- 7100282 TI - Effects of chronic d-amphetamine on the maintenance and acquisition of schedule induced polydipsia in rats. AB - The effects of chronic d-amphetamine on the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia and its maintenance by stimuli paired with food were evaluated in three interlocking experiments. In Experiment 1, polydipsia was induced in rats exposed to a response-independent fixed-time schedule in which a food pellet (US) was paired with a stimulus complex of lights and tone (CS) every 45 sec. When food was omitted and only the CS was presented rats drank very little water. Rats were then pretreated with 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine for 15 CS-US sessions and two or three subsequent CS-alone sessions. Animals remained polydipsic during CS-US sessions and drank little water during CS-alone sessions. However, d-amphetamine improved control exerted by the CS over drinking relative to no-drug sessions. In Experiment 2, acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia during 10 sessions exposure to the periodic CS-US schedule was blocked in rats pretreated with 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine, compared with rats pretreated with buffer. During subsequent CS-alone sessions the temporal control of drinking by the CS was greater in the rats exposed to amphetamine. In Experiment 3, the rats that had not acquired polydipsia while under d-amphetamine in the previous experiment, all became polydipsic when pretreated with buffer. All rats remained polydipsic when re exposed to amphetamine pretreatment. These results indicate that chronic d amphetamine administration can facilitate control of licking and drinking by nonfood stimuli paired with food, and can block acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia. PMID- 7100283 TI - Taste preferences for amino acids in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. AB - Taste preferences in house musk shrews for amino acids as well as NaCl, sucrose, quinine hydrochloride, HCl and saccharin Na were studied by employing the two bottle preference technique. Shrews showed a preference for 0.2--05. M sucrose but a moderate rejection to NaCl and a strong rejection to quinine, HCl and saccharin. They exhibited a marked preference for many naturally occurring L alpha-amino acids with aliphatic side chains at both 0.02 and 0.2 M. Increase in the aliphatic side chain length of DL-alpha-amino acids resulted in both lowering of the preference threshold and increase in the preference magnitude. Amino acids with side chains containing sulfur atoms, basic groups and Phe at 0.02 M were preferred to water, but Cys and Arg at 0.2 M was rejected. Shrews showed neither preference nor rejection to Trp, Asn, Gln and monosodium glutamate at 0.02 M, but rejected strongly Asp and Glu. D-Met from 0.001 to 0.1 M was preferred as well as L-Met, while D-Phe was more preferred than L-Phe. Such preferences for a wide variety of amino acids in shrews could be attributed to their food habit of predating on various kinds of insects and worms. PMID- 7100285 TI - Pupillary activity measured by reflected infra-red light. PMID- 7100284 TI - Effects of photoperiod and castration on post-fast food intake and body weight gain in golden hamsters. AB - This experiment examined the effects of photoperiod and castration of post-food restriction food intake and body weight gain in male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters were ether castrated or sham-operated and housed in a 14:10 light-dark (LD) or a 8:16 LD cycle for 8 weeks. All animals were restricted to a 6 g of chow per day for 13 days and then returned to ad lib feeding. Following food restriction the hamsters gained weight rapidly without overeating. The long photoperiod (LD 14:10) increased post-restriction weight gain in castrated hamsters but decreased weight gain in gonadally intact animals. These differences in body weight gain were associated with significant group differences in feed efficiency (grams weight gain per gram eaten). The results suggest that changes in energy utilization may be more important than changes in energy intake in the adaptation of hamsters to food restriction. PMID- 7100286 TI - Availability of a food hoard facilitates maternal behaviour in virgin female hamsters. PMID- 7100287 TI - Development of brain stimulation reward in the medial prefrontal cortex: facilitation by prior electrical stimulation of the sulcal prefrontal cortex. AB - Electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex (MC) in rats delivered daily for seven days causes a marked improvement in the rate of acquisition of a self-stimulation response. In the present experiment, we looked at whether we could get the same facilitatory effect on self-stimulation of the MC by delivering pre-training stimulation to other points in the brain anatomically related to the MC. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was without effect. However, electrical stimulation of the sulcal prefrontal cortex (SC) either contralateral or ipsilateral to the MC electrode did facilitate acquisition of self-stimulation of the MC. Thus the Sc and MC would appear to be part of the same substrate controlling the development of positive reinforcement in the MC. PMID- 7100288 TI - Nocturnal food-related hyperdipsia in the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Male adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ate the same but drank more and had a higher water to food ratio (W:F) than did Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats in 24-hr when they had continuous access to standard laboratory pellets and tap water. When rats ate in the day phase of a 12:12 light/dark cycle after 24-hr food deprivation, SHR rats ate and drank the same ad did WKY rats in a 60-min test. When the same rats ate at night after 24-hr food deprivation, however, SHR rats were hyperdipsic: They ate the same as did WKY rats, but SHR rats drank more and had a higher W:F. This relative hyperdipsia reflected the increased ability of ingestion of food to stimulate drinking in SHR, because when food was absent for a 60-min test at night SHR drank the same as did WKY rats. Three dipsogens which are candidate components for eating-elicited drinking in the rat, cellular dehydration, histamine and angiotensin II, elicited drinking differentially in SHR and WKY rats: SHR drank more than did WKY rats in response to (1) cellular dehydration produced by IP hypertonic saline, (2) large doses of SC histamine, and (3) SC angiotensin II. These results demonstrate that SHR exhibit a nocturnal food-related hyperdipsia which may reflect differential sensitivity to stimuli important for eating-elicited drinking such as increased osmolality and endogenous histamine or angiotensin. PMID- 7100290 TI - Effects of wheel running on food intake and weight gain of male and female rats. AB - Adult male and female rats were housed in a sedentary condition or given free access to a running wheel for 50 days. Running wheel activity of female rats was higher than that of males throughout the experiment. Food intake, of both male and female rats that could take exercise increased, and the rate of increase of females was greater than that of males. In both males and females there was a positive correlation between food intake and running wheel activity. These findings suggest that the sex difference in the rate of increase in food intake elicited by wheel running is at least partly explained by the sex difference in running wheel activity. Although food intake increased as a function of running wheel activity, the weight gains of both sexes were slower than those of sedentary rats. In both sexes this slower weight gain was mainly due to less accumulation of fat. PMID- 7100292 TI - Meal patterns in the genetically obese Zucker rat: a reexamination. AB - The meal patterns of four obese and four lean female Zucker rats were analyzed using five different intermeal interval definitions in combination with four meal size definitions. Results from these 20 analyses revealed that obese rats typically initiate fewer but larger meals than their lean littermates. However, these general findings were not always observed with the use of particular combinations of intermeal interval and minimum meal size definitions. Their interaction between meal pattern analysis parameters and rats genotype led to a second series of statistical analyses. Results from these procedures revealed that unlike the "nibble-eat" pattern of intake that characterizes lean rats, obese rats seem to initiate three classes of meals; the very small meal, the typical meal, and the "super-meal". It is suggested that the analysis of the meal patterns of Zucker rats incorporate relatively large minimum meal size definition with at least two intermeal interval definitions. PMID- 7100291 TI - Effects of temperature on the perceived sweetness of sucrose. AB - The sweetness of sucrose depends on the temperature as well as the concentration of a solution. The main effect is that relatively low concentrations gain sweetness as temperature increases. This effect diminishes with progressively higher concentration and finally becomes negligible at about 0.5 M. At this concentration the various functions that relate perceived sweetness to concentration for various temperatures converge. The mechanism of the taste temperature interaction is speculative, but the interaction is large enough to be of practical interest in the perception of common foods and beverages as well as a variable to be strictly controlled in taste experiments. An examination of method of tasting showed that swallowing stimuli did not substantially increase perceived sweetness. PMID- 7100289 TI - Zinc deficiency and behavior: a development perspective. AB - Zinc deficiency was induced in 35 and 300 day-old male Holtzman rats. Group ZDA was fed ad lib a diet deficient in zinc (1 ppm), ZSP controls were pair-fed a diet supplemented with zinc (50 ppm) and ZSA controls were fed ad lib a diet supplemented with zinc (50 ppm). Physical status and six open-field behaviors were evaluated. Food intake, body weight and plasma zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in both age groups. Expanded use of the open-field revealed significantly lower latencies to explore the novel environment and significantly lower ambulation scores in the young and older zinc deficient rats. Older rats spent significantly less time grooming than their controls. Rearing was significantly less in young zinc deficient rats and "kangaroo-like" posture was evident. Young rats made deficient during critical periods of growth and development, were at greater risk for most parameters tested, compared to the older deficient rats. These rats do demonstrate, however, that feeding low-zinc diets to older, fully developed animals results in significant physical and behavioral impairment. PMID- 7100294 TI - Chemosensitivity of rat nasal trigeminal receptors. AB - Electrophysiological responses to odorants delivered via an air dilution olfactometer were recorded from the ethmoid branch of the trigeminal nerve innervating the nasal cavity. Thresholds were obtained for nine compounds with those for heptanol (21-137 ppm) and propionic acid (39-49) ppm consistently being the lowest. Not all odorants e.g., phenethyl alcohol, elicited responses in all rats even at vapor saturation. A striking degree of correlation was present between the rat whole-nerve electrophysiological response magnitudes of this study and the human anosmic intensity ratings established in the work of Doty et al. [9] to vapor saturated stimuli. These results suggest that the rat is an excellent model for assessing the stimulatory effectiveness of odorants on human trigeminal receptors. The possible role of the trigeminal system in the perception of odors as well as the physiologic effects of odorants due to trigeminal stimulation are discussed. PMID- 7100295 TI - Spillage behavior and thiamin deficiency in the rat. AB - Food spillage, food intake and body weight of four groups of adult rats were monitored daily as they were fed varying responses of deficient, marginal, or high thiamin (B) diet. Food spillage was a more sensitive index of the dietary B1 then either food intake or body weight change. Animals fed the deficient B1 diet exhibited the greatest levels of food spillage followed by the animals fed the marginal B1 diet. Hypophagia and weight loss occurred only among animals fed the marginal B1 diet. Feeding the high B1 diet to animals previously given the deficient and marginal B1 diets completely eliminated the excessive food spillage, and food intake and body weight returned to control levels. These data support the use of spillage behavior as a useful screening tool for detecting behavioral effects of inadequate nutrient intake or chemical intoxication. PMID- 7100293 TI - Food intake after intragastric meals of short-, medium, or long-chain triglyceride. AB - Food-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats were given equicaloric intragastric infusions of mixed meals consisting largely of short- (SCT), medium- (MCT), or long-chain triglyceride (LCT). When animals were allowed to feed 20 min after infusion, there was an immediate reduction of food intake that was sustained over the 2 hr feeding period. During the first hour of feeding, the SCT, which is digested and absorbed more rapidly than the MCT or the LCT, was more effective per calorie in reducing food intake than these longer-chain triglycerides. However, during the second hour, cumulative intakes after the different triglyceride infusions were not significantly different. Equicaloric infusions of the MCT and the LCT resulted in equivalent reductions of food intake at all times. The satiety effects of these two triglycerides appear to be related to their caloric properties rather than to chain length. Since the LCT reduced food intake before the absorbed fat could have entered the blood to stimulate satiety signals, this satiety effect may be mediated by a gastroenteric signal. None of the triglyceride infusions resulted in a conditioned taste aversion suggesting that food intake was reduced through normal satiety rather than through discomfort. PMID- 7100297 TI - EMG biofeedback therapy in the re-education of the hemiplegic shoulder in patients with sensory loss. PMID- 7100296 TI - Eye stabilization for receptive field mapping without systemic paralysis. PMID- 7100298 TI - Some learning theory implications in neurological physiotherapy. PMID- 7100299 TI - Factors influencing strength testing and exercise prescription. PMID- 7100300 TI - Management of bi-lateral lower-limb amputees: an investigation. PMID- 7100301 TI - Kinetoplast DNA in the insect trypanosomes Crithidia luciliae and Crithidia fasciculata. III. Heteroduplex analysis of the C. luciliae minicircles. PMID- 7100302 TI - Antimicrobial activity of quinone derivatives from Echium lycopsis callus cultures. PMID- 7100304 TI - Anti-tumour effects of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenin. PMID- 7100305 TI - Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. PMID- 7100303 TI - Effect of calophyllolide, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, on capillary permeability. PMID- 7100306 TI - Reduction mentoplasty. AB - A reduction in the projection of the chin can balance a profile, particularly following a rhinoplasty. It is important, however, that dental and facial bone relationships first be assessed in order to rule out the existence of complicating conditions. This examination may or may not include radiologic studies or dental models. The surgery can be performed under local anesthesia. A minimum of 2.5 to 3.0 mm of bone must be resected in order to effect change. PMID- 7100307 TI - A lower thoracic advancement flap in breast reconstruction after mastectomy. AB - A lower thoracic advancement flap for use in postmastectomy breast reconstruction is described that allows modest supplementation of prethoracic skin coverage and creation of a stable, well-defined inframammary fold. Advantages include good match of skin color and texture, confinement of donor-site scarring to the relatively inconspicuous inframammary fold area, a more natural ptotic breast shape, and relative ease of performance. PMID- 7100310 TI - Rule of thumb criteria for tongue-lip adhesion in Pierre Robin anomalad. AB - Rule of thumb criteria for tongue-lip adhesion in the Pierre Robin anomalad have been formulated on the basis of a review of 38 cases. Babies with this anomalad who do not show a progressive gain in strength and weight after 7 days of nonoperative intensive care or who cannot be successfully extubated after 3 days should have a tongue-lip adhesion as the next step in conservative management. PMID- 7100308 TI - Comparison of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene microvascular grafts to autogenous vein grafts. AB - The use of 1-mm ID by 1-cm-long expanded polytetrafluoroethylene microvascular grafts in various positions in two experimental animals did not compare favorably with the use of autogenous vein interposition grafts in controls. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that early fibrin deposition at the anastomosis lines is followed by fully activated coagulation of the grafts. Use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, changes in techniques, and alterations in the graft material are possible future directions for improved patency with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene microvascular grafts. PMID- 7100309 TI - Interposing fascial pedicle flap for the repair of urethral fistulae after hypospadias surgery. AB - A one-stage technique for the repair of urethral fistulae after urethroplasty for hypospadias is reported. A pedicle flap prepared from the facial layers of the scrotum is interposed between the urethra and the overlying skin. In the nine patients operated on, there was one failure, and it was due to postoperative hematoma formation. This technique is especially recommended for patients with multiple small urethral fistulae. PMID- 7100311 TI - Sleep apnea in mandibular hypoplasia. AB - Obstructive sleep apnea is an insidious and potentially life-threatening disorder that is probably more prevalent than has been previously diagnosed. Since there is generally some mechanism for relief of the respiratory obstruction, this is a very successfully treatable disorder. A strong index of suspicion should be held in cases of oronasal or pharyngeal abnormalities with a potential for respiratory obstruction. Loud snoring (particularly a recent change) and daytime hypersomnolence should alert us. In-hospital sleep monitoring and arterial gas measurements can provide a definitive diagnosis. PMID- 7100312 TI - Neurofibroma of the ear: function and aesthetics. AB - The cutaneous stigmata of neurofibromatosis can be significantly deforming and a source of great anguish. The disease has no cure. Excision of an auricular neurofibroma in a middle-aged man removed an occlusive mass in the ear canal. A suspension of the ear was performed using a strip of Marlex mesh. This technique may offer a more lasting result than autogenous grafts. PMID- 7100313 TI - Long-term remission of psoriasis after dermatome shaving. AB - Psoriasis is currently considered an incurable skin disorder whose etiology is unknown. Psoriasis involves the epidermis and epidermal-dermal junction of interfollicular skin. This paper reports one patient in whom a partial-thickness excision of a psoriatic scalp was done, permitting reepithelialization from the deep dermal adnexae. A 4 1/2-year follow-up documents a long-term remission of the psoriasis of the scalp. PMID- 7100314 TI - Thymic cyst of the neck. AB - The diagnosis of a thymic cyst of the neck must be considered particularly in a male child with a mass that is lateral, soft, asymptomatic, and closely related to the carotid sheath. Although rare in the literature, this entity is probably more common than usually appreciated. A patient with this condition has been reported along with a review of previous publications on this subject. PMID- 7100316 TI - Oblique facial clefts caused by amniotic bands. PMID- 7100315 TI - Another nasal pack. PMID- 7100317 TI - The nasolabial flap. PMID- 7100319 TI - Some thoughts on prospective randomized significance. PMID- 7100320 TI - Possible dangers of vitamin E. PMID- 7100321 TI - Primary and secondary nerve repair. PMID- 7100318 TI - A caveat for replantation surgery. PMID- 7100322 TI - [The mental maturation and verbal alteration in a mild case of chronic non paranoiac schizophrenia. A linguistic-phenomenological approach to the concept of schizophrenia simplex (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100323 TI - [A clinical study of schizophrenia--Part 1. The factors influencing to prognosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100324 TI - [An experimental study of temporal cortical kindling in cats: the effects of midline-bisection on seizure generalization mechanism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100325 TI - [Correlative aspects between function and structure in hippocampal processes (Ammon's formation)]. AB - In post-mortem material with pronounced primary epilepsy-independent pathomorphic findings of Ammon's formation, the correlation with symptomatic epilepsy and the typical psychic disturbance phenomena was studied. While a connection between the lesion and the epileptic disease could be confirmed with a certain probability, this remains problematic with respect to impairments of memory, orientation capacity, working-up of experiences and drive and reaction capacity. Although in all examined subjects clinical deficiency phenomena of one type or the other were present, additional lesions, especially of nuclear regions which are associated with AF and cortical structures will certainly also be responsible. PMID- 7100327 TI - [The significance of computerized tomography for the diagnosis of cerebral venous and sinus thromboses]. AB - Thromboses of cerebral veins and sinus occur both in childhood and in adult age. The clinical symptoms are variable, so that until a few years ago the diagnosis had been based exclusively on angjiography. Owing to the introduction of computer tomography, a method has now become available to the clinician which, while it does not involve great risks and stress for the patient, is of great importance in the diagnosis of thromboses of cerebral veins and sinus, especially for the observation of the course of the disease and the therapy to be employed. This is particularly true of the indication for thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy. The computertomographic findings are described on the basis of the literature and two own observations, differentiating between direct and indirect symptoms. All changes are inconstant, which makes the appraisal difficult. At the time being, the angiographic diagnosis can rarely be renounced. Both examination methods supplement each other very well. PMID- 7100326 TI - [Neuro-ophthalmology and psychopathology of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae (syndrome of the anterior chiasma angle)]. AB - Seventeen cases of meningiomas of the Tuberculum sellae (the anterior chiasma angle) are analysed according to neuro-ophthalmological and psychopathological aspects. Although they also develop in the so-called suprasellar space, they are not characterised by heteronymous bitemporal hemianopsia, but it is in most cases the primary, bilateral optic atrophy that is predominant. Six of 17 cases showed- as the case reported by E. Lange in 1963 ("hysterical" amaurosis)- psychopathological initial and leading symptoms and with these a psychopathological complex which is called a medio-basal hypothalamic-limbic brain-localised psychosyndrome. PMID- 7100331 TI - [Remarks on the value of psychological efficiency diagnostics for the diagnosis and therapy of alcoholism--response to Szewczyk on our "Chronic alcoholism and psychological efficiency"]. AB - For a clarification of different viewpoints with respect to the importance of efficiency-diagnostic studies in chronic alcoholism, First the question is studied whether there is a common basis of judgement with Szewczyk. On the basis of examples it is shown that there is no agreement with regard to essential facts and contrary conclusions are drawn. The necessity of efficiency-psychological studies of the amnestic psychosyndrome as a constituting components of alcoholic changes of the personality is, for example, derived from diagnostic and therapeutical questions concerning the degree of severity and the pattern of the course of the disease. In progressing alcoholism, the constituting component "amnestic psychosyndrome" is frequently the dominating component in the sense of a pronounced organic psychosyndrome. After long-term abstinence, remarkable improvements of cognitive performances have been found with differentiating efficiency-diagnostic methods. From these facts alone the conclusion can be drawn that there is a wide range of indications for efficiency-diagnostic longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in chronic alcoholics. PMID- 7100330 TI - [The need for indications also for psychodiagnostic tests in psychopathology]. AB - In the discussion of a work by Wolfram and Nickel the necessity of establishing an indication with respect to the diagnosis also for psychological test procedures is dealt with. In cases of the whole personality -- e. g. alcoholism, schizophrenia, etc. -- efficiency tests offer no possibility to make an essential contribution to the diagnosis of the damage structure. They test individual functions, the results are static and cannot give any information about the dynamics of the development especially in the attitude towards the environment, and the resulting symptoms. Thus they do not bring any advantages for the development of experimental psychodiagnois in psychopathology. PMID- 7100328 TI - [An unusual case of Pick disease]. PMID- 7100329 TI - [Chronic alcoholism and psychological abilities]. AB - On the basis of the experience gained in clinical psychiatry, the works of the last ten years on experimental-psychological efficiency diagnostics with respect to chronic alcoholics are compiled and arranged according to the more important efficiency-psychological scopes. The comparisons that have been made in the quoted, non-selected studies between alcoholics and control groups corroborate that chronic alcoholism leads to a multidimensional damage structure which is test-psychologically provable. In conclusion, factors that may lead to different reductions in efficiency and hypotheses about the connection between chronic alcoholism and efficiency are discussed. PMID- 7100332 TI - [Theoretico-methodico-methodological problems in current research in psychotherapy]. AB - The authors discuss theoretical and methodological problems of present-day psychotherapy research and try to arrive at a critical balance. They derive the task to find new forms of organisation of psychotherapy research in the GDR. In particular, they draw the attention to problems of the diversity of methods in psychotherapy and the study of group differences. They suggest to pay more attention than has been until now to questions of social capacity of learning in psychotherapy. Furthermore, aspects of the measurement of changes in individual cases in psychotherapy are dealt with. PMID- 7100333 TI - [Coagulation physiological controls in subarachnoid hemorrhages and their therapeutic implications]. AB - Every wound healing of a vascular lesion requires optimum values in an intact coagulation system. The high rate of secondary haemorrhages in subarachnoid haemorrhages induced us to carry out checks of the behaviour of various coagulation parameters. Increases in fibrinogen and reduced thromboplastin time values were the most marked changes of the haemostatic potential. Normal thromboplastin time values are reached by a vitamin K1 therapy. PMID- 7100334 TI - [Initial results of computer analysis of behavioral systems in patients with epilepsy]. AB - A catalogue of features for the qualitative and quantitative determination of behaviour peculiarities in epilepsy is presented (in extracts). The results of a factor analysis with Varimax rotation are discussed. Six factors were found which explain more than 45 per cent of the total variance and which could be brought in good agreement with "behaviour types" in epilepsy that have been described in the respective literature. PMID- 7100335 TI - [Day-clinic treatment in geropsychiatry (author's transl)]. AB - In a retrospective study the author reports on the results of the first four years in the geropsychiatric day clinic of the general hospital "Ochsenzoll" in Hamburg. After a survey of the literature on the history and indication of day clinic therapy for aged people, the author describes that in a chiefly psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic setting patients are treated who had formerly belonged to the category of inpatients, as well as patients without previous psychiatric experience. The main tasks to be performed in a day-clinic attached to a large hospital, are rehabilitation and prevention. These tasks cover different groups of patients which are characterized in the article. Pointers to factors which make it difficult to transfer some patients to day care results from the consideration which must be given to yet another group of patients who, although they participated in the therapeutic programme, could eventually not be transferred to the day hospital. A separate section deals with patients having psychogenic and organic disturbances, and experiences are communicated from day-clinic practice while referring to data taken from literature. It is finally underlined that the value of day-clinic therapy cannot be assessed in terms of money or economy. PMID- 7100336 TI - [Social stations and geronpsychiatric care (author's transl)]. AB - About 10 years ago reorganization of communal welfare services was initiated in the Federal Republic of Germany by the creation of so-called social stations. The method of working of these social stations incorporates important close proximity to the domicile or residence of the patients treated there. Hence, it is possible to make use of existing facilities without much extra effort in respect of organization, in order to translate some of the requirements of psychiatric care into reality. Since these services of these "social stations" are mainly utilized by elderly persons, these stations can take care of certain tasks of geropsychiatry. Social stations can also make important contributions towards early recognition and early treatment; they could strengthen outpatient care; they could prevent erroneous transfers to hospitals and could initiate neighbourship and lay help. On the whole, social stations should became more integrated into the local psychosocial care network to improve co-operative with other services. PMID- 7100337 TI - [Are elderly psychiatric patients referred too quickly to full-board institutions? A catamnestic follow-up study (author's transl)]. AB - Follow-up studies were conducted in 21 patients 1-2 years after their dismissal from the psychiatric hospital. All of them had been advised to give up their won residential and lodging and in-patient care. All of them had rejected this suggestion. 3 only out of the 21 patients had since entered a home, 3 retained their own flat but had meanwhile re-entered the psychiatric hospital, 3 had since died flat, 3 of them without any outside help; all others required various forms of aid and support. PMID- 7100338 TI - [Chronic brain disease in old age-a case report contributing to the problem of differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. AB - This is a report on the case history of a 66-year old female patient whose chronic involutional melancholia was disguised by the signs of a slowly growing clival meningioma with consecutive occlusional hydrocephalus. Despite repeated stays in hospital the deteriorating mental findings were wrongly diagnosed as an organic psychosyndrome of vascular origin until shortly before her death. Typical difficulties in differential diagnosis of the organic psychosyndrome in aged patients are discussed on the basis on the course taken by the disease in this particular case. This case also shows the fundamental possibility of neurosurgical treatment of cerebro-organic disturbances conditioned by disturbances of CSF circulation. PMID- 7100339 TI - [The dependence of psychiatric diagnosis on the function of the diagnostician in relation to his patient (author's transl)]. AB - At the admittance of patients to a psychiatric clinic, the diagnostic judgement of physicians with different functions was investigated. There was a great variability of statements on the severity, the consequences of the disease, and the social behaviour of the patients, dependent on the functions of the respective physicians who always tended to observe and judge first of all those sides of the disease that concerned their special fields of responsibility. PMID- 7100340 TI - Revitalizing an ailing group psychotherapy program. PMID- 7100341 TI - Hospitalized adolescents who act out: a treatment approach. AB - The general propensity of hospitalized adolescents to act out and to become locked in conflict with the staff is well documented. The fact that these patients are adolescent and incarcerated all but guarantees that disruptions will take place, and when these disruptions reach impasse proportions, collective distress and disturbance will generally result (Crabtree and Cox 1972; Marohn, Dalle-Molle, and Offer 1973; Levinson and Crabtree 1979; Crabtree and Levinson 1980). Often the catalyst for this type of ward tension is the borderline or sociopathic delinquent. The sensitivity of these patients to injustice and their capacity to provoke abuse exacerbates the ever-present tendency of their fellow adolescent patients to rebel and oppose. This paper will provide guidelines which can help to maximize the treatability of severely acting-out adolescent patients in the hospital setting and protect the treatment program from their destructiveness. First, I will focus on a specialized unit in a general psychiatric hospital. The unit consisted of approximately 20 patients, male and female, in their teens to early 20s, with an average stay of three months. One fourth were psychotic, one-fourth had marked problems of behavior with school, family and the law, and one-half were suicidally depressed or afflicted with other self-destructive personality disorders. Next I will explore aspects of handling the "outlaw leader"--the persistent delinquent who initiates and orchestrates a process of disruptive transformation of the therapeutic community, characterized by the dominance of frustration, provocation, and retaliation by the staff. PMID- 7100342 TI - The resolution of status and ideological conflicts in a community mental health setting. AB - During the past two decades, both the theory and practice of mental health work in the United States have been influenced significantly by the emergence of a community mental health movement. The proponents of this movement have urged conceptual and organizational reforms which would make psychiatric services more accessible and valuable to a broad range of society's population. Two of the most important of the suggested reforms represent significant challenges to the "medical model" which has long characterized American mental health practice. These mandates are: (1) to restructure traditionally stratified professional role relationships in more democratic ways, and (2) to replace traditional intrapsychic diagnostic and treatment models with more socially oriented ones. This paper examines the impact of these two proposed reforms upon the work of a group of traditionally trained mental health professionals who sought to implement the ideas of community mental health practice. It focuses, in particular, upon the status and ideological conflicts engendered by these new goals and on the factors that affect their resolution. PMID- 7100343 TI - Analysis of transference. Volume I. Theory and technique. PMID- 7100344 TI - Analysis of transference. Volume II. Studies of nine audio-recorded psychoanalytic sessions. PMID- 7100345 TI - Interhemispheric integration in man. PMID- 7100346 TI - Chromosome loss and senescence. PMID- 7100347 TI - Genotype-environment interaction in antisocial behaviour. PMID- 7100348 TI - DSM-III and the future orientation of American psychiatry. PMID- 7100349 TI - The Charles Bonnet syndrome in perspective. AB - The clinical condition occurring in the elderly with preserved intellectual functions, characterized by vivid, elaborate and dynamic recurrent visual pseudo hallucinatory phenomena of a pleasant or neutral nature and often associated with ocular pathology - the Charles Bonnet Syndrome - is described. Its main clinical features are illustrated and the aetiology discussed. Two new cases are presented and areas for future research are outlined. PMID- 7100350 TI - HLA in manic-depressive psychosis. PMID- 7100351 TI - Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illnesses in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years: the Lundby Study, Sweden. AB - The Lundby cohort consists of all inhabitants in a delimited area in Sweden studied in 1947 by Essen-Moller, then by Hagnell in 1957, and by Hagnell & Ojesjo in 1975. It has been claimed that depressive disorders have increased during the sixties and seventies. In order to examine this hypothesis on a normal population (the Lundby Study), comparisons were made of the incidence figures for depression during the periods 1947-57 and 1957-72, and during the five 5-year intervals within the period. PMID- 7100352 TI - The effect of pilgrimage on anxiety, depression and religious attitude. AB - This investigation aimed to ascertain the levels of anxiety, depression and religion attitude, by means of rating scales, in a group of physically sick men and women planning to go on a pilgrimage to Lourdes. These levels were reassessed one month and ten months after the pilgrims had returned. There was a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and depression which was sustained. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed. PMID- 7100353 TI - Suicide during 1961-70 migrants in Australia. AB - Rates and methods of suicide during 1961-70 migrants in Australia were compared with native born Australians. Large differences in both rates and methods of suicide were found in individual migrant groups. The rates were more akin to those in the country of origin than of the Australian-born, no matter how long the migrants had lived in Australia. By contrast, methods of suicide use by migrants approached more closely those of the Australian-born the longer they had lived in Australia. The change in methods used was greater in those migrant groups coming from countries with a language and culture more akin to those in Australia. A discussion follows of various possible sociological and cultural factors, both within the countries of origin and within Australia, which could have contributed to these results. PMID- 7100354 TI - Ward environment and disturbed behaviour. AB - Disturbed behaviour and dissatisfaction were studied in relation to two contrasting ward environments, one representing the 'medical model' of psychiatry and the other being a modified form of 'therapeutic community'. Specially designed forms were used for 18 months to obtain daily and weekly measures of behavioural disturbance from the nurses and of dissatisfaction with various aspects of the ward environment fom the patients. The results suggested that the 'therapeutic community' ward was significantly more disturbed, and that disturbance on that ward varied according to the day of the week, something which did not happen on the 'medical model' ward. Differences in disturbance between diagnoses were also found. Disturbance was significantly correlated with, and tended to precede, dissatisfaction only in the 'therapeutic community' ward. PMID- 7100355 TI - Social experiences in childhood and adult psychiatric morbidity: a multiple regression analysis. AB - The effect of childhood experiences on adult psychiatric morbidity was examined in a community psychiatric survey. The Present State Examination was used to assess psychiatric morbidity. Childhood experiences assessed included childhood demographic factors and 'loss and deprivation' variables. The latter group comprised maternal and paternal deaths and separations and other disruptions in parental care 'Loss and deprivation' in combination accounted for between 4.5 and 5.5% of the variance in adult psychiatric morbidity. PMID- 7100357 TI - Vocabulary deficit and abstraction impairment in hospitalized alcoholics. AB - The use of a standard intelligence test for detecting cognitive impairment has been re-examined in a cohort of 506 hospitalized alcoholics. The value of Vocabulary scores as indicators of original intelligence was tested by formulating the hypothesis that Vocabulary scores would remain constant despite increasing degrees of alcohol-induced cerebral dysfunction. Subjects were assigned to non-dysfunctional, minimal and severe dysfunctional groups on the basis of psychometric testing and their Wechsler Vocabulary scores categorized as either 'abstract' 'concrete' or 'wrong'. Significant linear deficits in Vocabulary score and loss of abstract ability correlated with increasing dysfunction, irrespective of age but with greater frequency in females. PMID- 7100356 TI - Social factors associated with depression: a retrospective community study. AB - A procedural replication of the Camberwell retrospective community study of depression in women (Brown et al. 1975; Brown & Harris, 1978a) was conducted in Calgary, Alberta. A random sample of 449 women between the ages of 18 and 65 were interviewed. The shorter form of the Present State Examination (PSE) and Brown's Interview Schedules for Life Events and Difficulties were used. By contrast to the findings of Brown, none of the following factors was associated with the onset of depression in the 12 months prior to interview: social class, employment status, number of children at home, loss of mother before age 11. In agreement with Brown, a lack of intimacy with spouse/cohabitant/boyfriend increased the risk of depression. Also in agreement with Brown, severe life events and difficulties were associated with depression. The association was particularly strong for 'possibly independent' events and difficulties, i.e. events (and difficulties) that may or may not have been caused in part by the woman herself. It was concluded that the role of social factors is community-specific and that the causal roles of events and difficulties in relation to depression remain uncertain. The implications of the findings in relation to the locus of vulnerability to depression are briefly discussed. PMID- 7100358 TI - Smoking, personality and reasons for smoking. AB - The relationships, reasons for smoking and personality were investigated in 98 cigarette smokers. Contrary to the usual findings, smoking did not relate to extraversion (E) but related instead to psychoticism (P). It is suggested that this relation is the true one, and previous findings have been due to a contaminated measure of E. Neuroticism (N) was related to the amount smoked, and particularly to a willingness to give reasons for smoking. There was no relation between the Reasons for Smoking Questionnaire, and attempts or success at giving up smoking. Smokers who rolled their own cigarettes were more introverted than others. No measures showed significant relations with the nicotine content of cigarettes. PMID- 7100359 TI - Self-assessment of health: an exploration of the effects of physical and psychological symptoms. AB - The clinician has no objective criteria of good health; he is likely to identify its presence only in the absence of disease and dysfunction. Yet the layman is able to give a global assessment of his own health as good, average or poor. The present paper explores the correlates of self-assessment of health in a large community sample and, by the use of two linear models, describes the effects of age, sex, reported symptoms, and long-standing illness on self-rated health status. It is suggested that global ratings are influenced by age and sex and by the experience of both physical and psychological symptoms, and that there are no interactive effects between symptoms and the demographic variables. PMID- 7100360 TI - Health beliefs and health care behaviour in pregnancy. AB - Primiparae were randomly assigned to two conditions of routine ultrasound examination at their first antenatal clinic visit: (a) high feedback ultrasound where the monitor screen was visible and the patient was shown the foetal size, shape and movement (N = 67); (b) low feedback ultrasound where the screen was not seen and specific verbal feedback was denied (N = 62). Women were interviewed at 16 weeks gestation. Those receiving high feedback were more likely to report that they had acted on health advice given at the first antenatal visit to reduce their smoking and drinking. PMID- 7100361 TI - The concept of coping. AB - Coping is action directed at the resolution or mitigation of a problematic situation. There are a number of ways in which this may be attempted, and a number of ways of classifying coping strategies. This paper presents a simple schema of six coping themes, ordered in terms of their defensiveness and the degree of attempted personal control which they imply. They comprise rejection, control, resignation, dependency, avoidance and minimization, and characterize the meaning or qualitative 'style' of the individual's response, rather than the formal characteristics of the strategies employed. Data from studies of breast cancer and surgical patients are cited to illustrate the substance of the themes. PMID- 7100363 TI - Validation of the 30-item General Health Questionnaire in postpartum women. AB - Two hundred consecutive women from five Southampton general practices who were between 8 and 14 weeks postpartum were visited at home. Each subject was given the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) and a standardized psychiatric interview. Thirty-seven (18%) were identified as 'cases' by the psychiatric interview. Eighty-nine (44.5%) scored highly on the GHQ. Analysis of the results indicates that slight modification of the content and a raised cut-off point of the GHQ-30 make it a useful screening instrument for postpartum psychiatric disorder. PMID- 7100362 TI - Limits of the 'Mini-Mental State' as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. AB - With a psychiatrist's standardized clinical diagnosis as the criterion, the 'Mini Mental State' Examination (MMSE) was 87% sensitive and 82% specific in detecting dementia and delirium among hospital patients on a general medical ward. The false positive ratio was 39% and the false negative ratio was 5%. All false positives had less than 9 years of education; many were 60 years of age or older. Performance on specific MMSE items was related to education or age. These findings confirm the MMSE's value as a screen instrument for dementia and delirium when later, more intensive diagnostic enquiry is possible; they reinforce earlier suggestions that the MMSE alone cannot yield a diagnosis for these conditions. PMID- 7100364 TI - Statistical tests in experimental psychiatric research. AB - It is pointed out that the subjects used in psychiatric research experiments are usually drawn in such a way as to invalidate many of the commonly applied statistical tests. The necessarily non-statistical component of any inference is noted, and the area where one might hope for an exact statistical inference is identified. A class of tests permitting such inferences is described. Their theoretical and practical advantages are outlined. PMID- 7100365 TI - Effects of vasopressin on memory and new learning in a brain-injured population. PMID- 7100366 TI - The problem of screening for uncommon disorders - a comment on the Eating Attitudes Test. PMID- 7100367 TI - Measurement of small color differences. PMID- 7100368 TI - Parametric statistical analysis of repeated measures experiments. PMID- 7100369 TI - Phobic anxiety does not affect plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone in man. PMID- 7100370 TI - Changes in physiological, EEG and psychological parameters in women during the spontaneous menstrual cycle and following oral contraceptives. AB - In a controlled cross-over design study performed with 14 female subjects, serum hormone levels, the EEG and a number of performance tests were recorded during spontaneous and oral contraceptive-controlled menstrual cycles. The mean alpha frequency showed cyclic changes, i.e. slower alpha-waves during the follicular phase and faster alpha-waves during the luteal phase. Smaller cycle stage dependent differences in the power of the theta- and beta-bands also were noted. An increase in several performance task scores was noted during the periovulatory period, whereas lowest performance scores were recorded during the late luteal and early menstrual phases. No such effects were observed in the same subjects while they were taking oral contraceptives. These results demonstrate that the gross electrical activity of the brain changes in a parallel with changed hormone levels. The changes in performance tests coincide with increasing or decreasing alpha activities in the EEG. The common underlying mechanism may be an activation of central nervous system monoaminergic pathways which are known to be involved in steroid feedback. PMID- 7100372 TI - Isolated REM sleep facilitates recall of complex associative information. PMID- 7100373 TI - Induced stress, situationally-specific trait anxiety, and dark focus. PMID- 7100371 TI - Young Psychophysiologist Award address, 1981. Social psychophysiologist: a classic perspective and contemporary approach. PMID- 7100374 TI - Psychopathy and physiological activity during anticipation of an adversive stimulus in a distraction paradigm. PMID- 7100375 TI - Age, sleep deprivation, and performance. PMID- 7100376 TI - The dichotomization theory for differential autonomic responsivity reconsidered. PMID- 7100377 TI - Motivation and skin temperature biofeedback: Yerkes-Dobson revisited. PMID- 7100379 TI - Children with cancer. PMID- 7100378 TI - Imagery and Pavlovian heart rate decelerative conditioning. PMID- 7100380 TI - Roles and relationships in health education. PMID- 7100381 TI - Aids for the hearing-impaired: their availability and use. PMID- 7100382 TI - Health promotion--vision or illusion? PMID- 7100383 TI - Psychiatric services for rural Wales. PMID- 7100384 TI - Co-operation between general practitioners and community nurses based at health centres and other types of premises in the United Kingdom as seen through the eyes of Japanese doctors, 1979. PMID- 7100385 TI - Stroke in people under 55 years of age. PMID- 7100386 TI - Water relations, temperature, and growth of wheat grown with magnets. AB - Plant water potential, osmotic potential, stomatal resistance, leaf temperature, soil temperature, height, dry weight, and nutrient composition of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. 'Osage') grown with electromagnets 10 cm long were measured to determine the effect of magnets on water relations, temperature, and growth. Plants grew in 15-cm diameter pots in a growth room for 44 days with the magnets, which had 0, 5, 15, 25, 50, 125, or 250 ampere-turns. Plants grown with few ampere-turns (5-25) had higher water and osmotic potentials, lower stomatal resistances, were taller, had a higher dry weight, and a higher nitrogen concentration than control plants or plants grown with many ampere-turns (250). Leaf and soil temperatures of controls tended to be less than those of plants and soil with magnets. Calculations showed that magnets with 5-25 ampere-turns and 50 250 ampere-turns generated 0.86 and 0.43 cal/s, respectively. The latter value agreed with the measured increase in temperature (0.5 degrees C) for soil with 250 ampere-turns. The data indicated that the increased height and dry weight of plants with 5-25 ampere-turns were due to soil heating caused by the magnets and heat produced by the 50-250 ampere-turns was not enough to stimulate growth. PMID- 7100388 TI - The effect of a static uniform magnetic field on mice. A study of a Lewis tumour graft. PMID- 7100387 TI - Interaction of microwave radiation with turkey sperm. AB - Turkey sperm were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation in a temperature controlled waveguide apparatus. Temperature was maintained at 40.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The sperm were exposed for 30 min to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1, 10, or 50 mW/g. Before and following microwave exposure the following parameters were examined: percentage viability, percentage abnormal sperm, and release of the enzymes lactate hydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic oxalic transaminase (GOT). These parameters were not altered significantly by microwave exposure under the conditions tested. PMID- 7100389 TI - Evidence for the repair of potentially lethal damage in irradiated bone marrow. AB - The effects on cell survival of maintaining bone marrow cells (CFU-S) in situ following irradiation and before assay by transplantation was investigated. When the CFU-S cells are maintained in situ following irradiation survival drops and plateaus at about 9 h post-irradiation. Evidence is presented that this decrease in survival may be due to potentially lethal damage repair (PLD) inhibition caused by post-irradiation in situ holding. This effect on PLD repair is different than that usually found in cells in vitro and in vivo tumors in that it mainly alters the shoulder rather than the slope of the survival curve of CFU-S cells. It is different than PLDR found in vivo for normal mammary and thyroid gland epithelial cells because in situ holding decreases rather than increases the survival of CFU-S cells. Evidence is also presented that the radiation survival curve for in situ bone marrow cells (CFU-S) may not have a shoulder. PMID- 7100390 TI - Oxygen tension, cellular respiration, and redox state as variables influencing the cytotoxicity of the radiosensitizer misonidazole. PMID- 7100391 TI - Tritium metabolism in young pigs after exposure of the mothers to tritium oxide during pregnancy. PMID- 7100392 TI - Late effects of heavy charged particles on the fine structure of the mouse coronary artery. PMID- 7100394 TI - Cyclic responses of cultured 9L cells to radiation. PMID- 7100395 TI - The action of caffeine on X-irradiated hela cells. V. Identity of the sector of cells that expresses potentially lethal damage in G1 and G2. PMID- 7100393 TI - Sensitization of mouse L cells to ultraviolet light by low amounts of bromodeoxyuridine. PMID- 7100396 TI - Analytical calculation of boron- 10 dosage in cell nucleus for neutron capture therapy. PMID- 7100397 TI - An algorithm for determining the proximity distribution from dose-averaged lineal energies. PMID- 7100398 TI - X irradiation in G2 phase of two-cell mouse embryos in vitro: cleavage, blastulation, cell kinetics, and fetal development. PMID- 7100401 TI - Quantitative radiation dose-response relationships for normal tissues in man. I. Gustatory tissue response during photon and neutron radiotherapy. PMID- 7100404 TI - Disposal of sewage from coastal towns. PMID- 7100400 TI - Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. Report 7. Mortality, 1950-1978: Part II. Mortality from causes other than cancer and mortality in early entrants. PMID- 7100399 TI - Rat mammary cell survival following irradiation with 14.3-MeV neurons. PMID- 7100402 TI - The food technologist in today's society. PMID- 7100403 TI - A plan for hearing conservation. PMID- 7100405 TI - Shellfish, pollution and the problems of control. PMID- 7100406 TI - Some aspects of pollution from ships and yachts. PMID- 7100409 TI - Leasing with particular reference to cleansing vehicles. PMID- 7100410 TI - Cleansing by contract -- the Southend experience. PMID- 7100408 TI - The revegetation of contaminated land. PMID- 7100407 TI - Disposal of toxic waste on landfill sites. PMID- 7100411 TI - The production of heat and energy from waste. PMID- 7100412 TI - How to link theory and practice in training courses. PMID- 7100413 TI - The stretched psoas- a sign of pelvic disease. PMID- 7100414 TI - The increasing use of fibreoptics in radiodiagnosis. AB - The technique of fibreoptic endoscopy has introduced a new dimension in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases and abnormal conditions. Fibreoptic endoscopy has allowed greater visualization of the gastro-intestinal tract, and the recent years the biliary and respiratory systems. When used as a follow-up to, or in conjunction with many radiographic techniques, its findings may clarify many questionable abnormalities. The therapeutic application of fibreoptic endoscopy in the removal of bowel polyps has now become a successful alternative to surgery for many patients. The knowledge gained from these examinations has proved invaluable, and these techniques have provided an alternative to other well established and less rewarding techniques. PMID- 7100415 TI - The common bile duct-a new angle. PMID- 7100416 TI - [The electrogammagraphy - a possibility to control the field in the radiation therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100417 TI - [Development and possibilities of the irradiation planning in Hungaria (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100418 TI - [Functional results after primary radiation therapy of vocal cord cancer (II. report) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100419 TI - [Multivariate discrimination analysis of enzyme patterns in tumor patients]. PMID- 7100420 TI - [Lymphocyte rosettes as helping factor in the cytodiagnosis of body cavity effusions]. PMID- 7100421 TI - [Growth and radiosensibility of embryonic fowl femurs in vivo and in vitro (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100422 TI - [Reproductive and hormonal testicular function in rats under conditions of an internal continuous irradiation]. PMID- 7100424 TI - Hematological changes in house rat after 32P internal irradiation. PMID- 7100425 TI - The effect of radiocalcium Ca-45 on the hematology. PMID- 7100426 TI - Symposium on ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology. PMID- 7100431 TI - [GDR standard values for the absorptiometrically determined osseous mineral content of the radius]. PMID- 7100428 TI - Ultrasonography of the normal and pathologic fetal skeleton. PMID- 7100429 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 7100430 TI - The placenta. PMID- 7100433 TI - [Strategy of gallstone diagnosis with reference to ultrasonic diagnosis as a new image-giving procedure]. PMID- 7100423 TI - Response of peripheral blood on 131I treatment by Swiss albino mice. PMID- 7100432 TI - [Videodensitometry of the ultrasonic tomogram for tissue differentiation of the liver (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100435 TI - [On the effectiveness of radiological diagnosis of pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100436 TI - [Loading urography with furesis in ureteral stenosis and its value for the indication of surgery]. PMID- 7100437 TI - [On silver economization as a contribution to reduce the expenses in raydiagnostics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100439 TI - [Fine-needle biopsy of the pancreas with CT localization aid (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100441 TI - [The importance of diagnosing in the judgement of the criteria for the radiological basal diagnosis of the heart (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100427 TI - Normal fetal anatomy. PMID- 7100440 TI - [Use of computer tomography in the gynecological tumour diagnosis - problems and demonstration of diagnostical possibilities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100438 TI - [The place value of the radiological sign of flank cloudiness for the recognition of intraperitoneal abdominal injuries (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100434 TI - [Spinal angiography - methodical aspects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100443 TI - [Identification of persons by the comparison of chest X-ray-importance, technique and problems]. PMID- 7100444 TI - [A new procedure for increasing the exactness of X-ray image comparison in skeletal regions poor in characteristics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100442 TI - [Pharmacoradiography of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100446 TI - [Long-time results and risks of intervention radiology for urogynecological tumors and tumor recurrences (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100447 TI - [On the exact representation of digital arteries of hands and feet (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100445 TI - [On the importance of endoscopic papillotomy (EPT)]. PMID- 7100450 TI - [Familial achalasia of the esophagus in infancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100449 TI - [Programmed function test of the low pressure system of the legs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100454 TI - [On some problems of the development of x-ray diagnostics.--A contribution to prognosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100452 TI - [Roentgenological manifestation of soft part metastases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100451 TI - [Mathematical model as a diagnostic decision support at malignancy judgement pulmonary processes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100453 TI - [Ossidesmosis in X-ray pictures of some bone and joint diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100455 TI - The variable appearance of the left superior intercostal vein. AB - The authors reviewed several hundred postero-anterior chest radiographs to document the location and appearance of the left superior intercostal vein, which was seen in 9.5% of patients. Variations in the location of this vein when seen end-on as the aortic "nipple", and in the appearance of the "retroaortic" portion (the result of contact with aerated lung), are discussed. The "retroaortic portion" may be seen through the aortic knob. PMID- 7100456 TI - A comparative study of mesothelioma and asbestosis using computed tomography and conventional chest radiography. AB - A comparative study using computed tomography and conventional posteroanterior radiography was performed on 27 patients with mesothelioma and 13 patients with advanced asbestosis. The major pathologic features of both asbestosis and mesothelioma were well demonstrated by both modalities; computed tomography demonstrated the findings more frequently and in greater detail. No distinguishing features could be established based on configuration and size of the lesion. Many pleural plaques associated with advanced asbestosis were large and irregular and resembled those associated with mesothelioma. However, nodular involvement of the pleural fissures, pleural effusion, and ipsilateral volume loss with a fixed mediastinum were features predominating in mesothelioma. Growth determination of the plaques associated with asbestosis may be of minimal value since such plaques also undergo growth due to active inflammatory changes. PMID- 7100448 TI - [Investigations of the importance of the projection-difference-index (PDI) by Wiljasalo (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100461 TI - Massive periosteal new bone formation in ulcerative colitis. AB - A case of periosteal new bone formation in a 14-year-old girl with recurrent ulcerative colitis is reported. There was exacerbation of the periosteal new bone formation during acute episodes of colitis, and incorporation of the periosteal appositions into the underlying bone during remission. PMID- 7100460 TI - Inflammatory polyp of the renal pelvis simulating transitional cell carcinoma. AB - An inflammatory polyps of the renal pelvis that caused a mass effect at excretory urography simulated transitional cell carcinoma. In the differential diagnoses of intracalyceal masses, therefore, inflammatory polyp must be considered. PMID- 7100458 TI - Collateral circulation secondary to upper extremity venous thrombosis visualized during excretory urography. AB - Unsuspected upper extremity venous thrombosis was observed in three patients undergoing excretory urography. Thoraco-abdominal collateral vessels were readily visible following an intravenous bolus injection of contrast material into a vein in the affected extremity. The increased incidence of upper extremity venous thrombosis is probably due to the frequent use of subclavian vein catheterization for parenteral nutrition, central venous monitoring, and cardiac pacing. The collateral pathways are characteristic and can easily be recognized. PMID- 7100459 TI - Obstruction of the superior vena cava or its major tributaries demonstrated by bolus-injection excretory urography. AB - Three cases in which venous obstruction in the thorax was demonstrated by visualization of collateral circulation during bolus-injection excretory urography are presented. Visualization of these collateral vessels is highly suggestive of venous obstruction even if this condition is clinically unsuspected. The diagnosis may be confirmed by radionuclide venography, which is easily performed and noninvasive, and allows determination of the level of obstruction, as well as the degree of collateral flow. PMID- 7100463 TI - Lethal short-rib polydactyly syndrome of the Majewski type: a report of three cases. AB - Three cases of lethal short-rib polydactyly syndrome of the Majewski type are presented. All three cases were the products of first-cousin marriages. Two of the cases were siblings; three more of their siblings also showed signs of this abnormality but their cases were incompletely documented. The three reported cases are compared with five fully documented cases that have been presented by other authors. PMID- 7100462 TI - Subjective responses and albuminuria induced by ioxaglate during renal angiography in man. AB - The degree of albuminuria induced by renal arteriography with the monoacid dimeric contrast medium ioxaglate was studied in 19 patients. Ioxaglate did not cause significant changes in urinary albumin concentrations (median concentration after angiography = 0.022 g/g creatinine). The results with ioxaglate are compared with those of an identically designed study performed earlier with the contrast media metrizoate and metrizamide, in which both caused significantly increased concentrations of urinary albumin (1.1 g/g creatinine and 0.96 g/g creatinine, respectively). The degree of pain/heat sensation following semiselective renal arteriography with metrizoate and ioxaglate was also compared using a visual analog scale in 34 patients. Ioxaglate caused no pain and a significantly lower heat sensation than metrizoate. PMID- 7100457 TI - Porto-pulmonary venous anastomosis in portal hypertension demonstrated by percutaneous transhepatic cine-portography. AB - Analysis of portal collaterals by percutaneous transhepatic portography combined with cine-fluorography disclosed porto-pulmonary venous anastomosis in four out of 22 patients with portal hypertension. The characteristic radiological features were a sudden spurt of contrast medium from a venous collateral located near the hilus of the left lung and counterclockwise movement of the flux of contrast medium, which was rapidly diluted; this was synchronized with the cardiac beat. The clinical significance of the porto-pulmonary anastomosis as a potential channel for the migration of embolizing materials used in the obliteration of varices is discussed. PMID- 7100464 TI - Phlebography of the deep venous system of the leg in children. AB - Direct cannulation of the deep venous system of the leg was performed in 74 children (79 legs). Both abnormal anatomy and the functional status of the deep venous system were studied. Fifteen legs were normal and 64 exhibited disease of the communicating veins; 33 of the latter patients also had deep venous disease. The communicating veins were described as typical or atypical; a classification comprising two typical and three atypical types is suggested. Four types of deep venous disease were found: (1) aplasia, (b) ectasia, (c) absence of valves, and (d) post-thrombophlebitic obstruction. Normal and abnormal patterns of function are described, and the importance of these findings in treatment and prognosis is discussed. PMID- 7100465 TI - The solitary renal calyx and papilla in human kidneys. AB - Three cases of unipapillary and unicalyceal kidneys are presented together with a review of 7 isolated cases taken from the literature. This anomaly is rare in humans and usually associated with other significant morphological or functional abnormalities of the urinary system, most frequently absence of the contralateral kidney. PMID- 7100466 TI - Unilateral hyperplasia of the coronoid process in a child: a cause of restricted opening of the mouth. AB - A case of unilateral hyperplasia of the coronoid process in a nine-year-old girl is reported. The radiological features are diagnostic; removal of the elongated coronoid process and postoperative physiotherapy will, in most cases, restore full mandibular movement. PMID- 7100468 TI - Paranasal sinus obliteration in Wegener granulomatosis. AB - The authors report 14 cases of Wegener granulomatosis in which one or more paranasal sinuses were obliterated by bone. The maxillary antra were involved in all cases, with the other sinuses being affected less frequently. These changes are thought to result from chronic bacterial sinusitis superimposed on the granulomatous vasculitic process. Computed tomography dramatically demonstrated the bone changes, consisting of a combination of sinus wall thickening and trabeculated new bone formation within the sinuses. PMID- 7100469 TI - Computed tomography in facial trauma. AB - Computed tomography (CT), plain radiography, and conventional tomography were performed on 30 patients with facial trauma. CT demonstrated bone and soft-tissue involvement. In all cases, CT was superior to tomography in the assessment of facial injury. It is suggested that CT follow plain radiography in the evaluation of facial trauma. PMID- 7100467 TI - Volumetric measurements of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces in demented subjects and controls. AB - Forty-seven subjects 65 to 80 years of age, of whom 20 were demented and 27 were normal, were studied by computed tomography. Volumetric indices of ventricular (V%) and sulcal size (S%) were determined by pixel counts without knowledge of clinical status. V% was 5.30 (+/- 1.92) for the controls and 10.46 (+/- 4.78) for the demented subjects. S% was 6.14 (+/- 2.51) for the controls and 10.61 (+/- 3.32) for the demented subjects. In each case, differences between the two groups were significant (P less than 0.0001). When a subsample of 29 scans were analyzed using linear and volumetric measurements, the linear measurements showed less pronounced differences between the demented subjects and the controls. These findings explain the conflicting results of different investigators concerning variations in ventricular and sulcal size in dementia and normal aging. PMID- 7100470 TI - NMR imaging of forearms in healthy volunteers and patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. AB - Serial proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of distal upper extremities were obtained in four healthy volunteers and four patients with giant cell tumor of the distal radius. The steady-state-free-precession (SSFP) data collection technique and an 8-cm bore superconducting magnet (1.44 tesla) were used. All images demonstrated high spatial resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast. In patients with giant cell tumor, the NMR images revealed bone marrow replacement by tumor, cortical bone thinning, and cortical bone destruction. The extent of tumor involvement was clearly delineated by the NMR images and corresponded to radiographic and surgical findings. NMR signal intensity was lower in tumors, suggesting altered relaxation times. These findings demonstrate that proton NMR imaging can provide high-resolution images of extremities and detect tumors by changes in both anatomic structure and relaxation times. PMID- 7100472 TI - Vacuum facet phenomenon: a computed tomographic sign of degenerative spondylolisthesis. AB - A vacuum facet phenomenon, seen on computed tomography as a lens-shaped lucency within a lumbar facet joint, was observed as a consequence of degenerative spondylolisthesis. The significance of this finding is discussed. PMID- 7100475 TI - Intra-operative real-time ultrasonic guidance of intracranial shunt tube placement in infants. AB - Real-time-intra-operative ultrasonography via the anterior fontanelle, previously employed in hydrocephalic infants to guide placement of the proximal end of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, was used to establish a cystoperitoneal shunt in 2 infants with an enlarging midline brain cyst and to simultaneously confirm the presence of an intraventricular abscess and establish drainage in a third infant. PMID- 7100471 TI - CT estimations of mean attenuation values and volume in testicular tumors: a comparison with surgical and histologic findings. AB - Lymphadenectomy was carried out in 40 patients with retroperitoneal nodal metastases from testicular tumors who had undergone chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Two other patients, who died of their disease during chemotherapy, were included in the study. The postoperative or postmortem histologic results were compared with the mean tumor attenuation values and tumor volumes calculated from computed tomographic (CT) examinations. There was good separation between changes in CT numbers for those masses with persistent active malignancy (37.7 +/- 4.8 HU) and those masses with no evidence of malignancy (18.7 +/- 7.8 HU). Serum markers were elevated at the time of surgery in only two of the seven patients with active malignancy. There was no correlation between volume and malignancy or nonmalignancy for tumors greater than 20 ml; tumors less than 20 ml showed no evidence of malignancy. It is proposed that the mean CT number may be the most important parameter for measuring the therapeutic response of abdominal metastases from testicular tumors larger than 20 ml. PMID- 7100474 TI - The hypoechoic caudate lobe: an ultrasonic pseudolesion. AB - The hypoechoic caudate lobe may occur as a normal variant because of acoustic shadowing in patients with more than the usual amounts of fat or fibrous tissue along the fissure of the ligamentum venosum. The use of a lower frequency transducer may cause the shadowing to decrease or disappear and the caudate lobe to appear more normal. The problem may also be resolved by angling the static scanner from the side or by using a real-time scanner. If pathologic lesions are still suspected, correlation with computed tomography is recommended. PMID- 7100476 TI - Low-lying placenta. AB - Routine ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 255 pregnant women. Most of the patients (95%) had the examination prior to 32 weeks of gestation. In 16 patients (6%) the placenta was identified as low-lying placenta or placenta previa. Of those 16 patients, the placenta was located on the anterior wall in 6, on the posterior wall in 7, and on both the anterior and posterior walls in 3. Ultrasonographic follow-up examination showed conversion to normal position in 10 of those 16 patients (63%). Three of the 7 patients with posterior placentas and all 3 of the patients with placentas located on both posterior and anterior walls failed to demonstrate conversion of the placenta to a normal position. Bleeding complications were also more common in those 2 groups. PMID- 7100473 TI - The varied sonographic appearance of the urinary tract in the fetus and newborn with urethral obstruction. AB - The urinary tract in the fetus responds to chronic obstruction differently than in adults. This difference leads to sonographic findings which are unique and occasionally misleading when urinary tract obstruction occurs in utero. These findings include development of macroscopic cysts and relative lack of dilatation of the intrarenal collecting system. Seven cases are presented to illustrate the spectrum of findings in fetal urinary tract obstruction at the urethral level, and criteria for distinguishing atypical renal obstructive disease with cysts from other forms of renal cystic disease in the newborn are offered. PMID- 7100477 TI - The feasibility of performing 133Xe ventilation imaging following the perfusion study. AB - The 99mTC Compton scatter contribution from the perfusion lung study to the subsequent 133Xe ventilation scan was quantitated in 15 consecutive patients undergoing both studies. Maximum contribution during the wash-in phase occurred during the first 10 seconds; thereafter, 99mTc Compton scatter averaged less than 10% of the total counts accumulated for a 133Xe image. The contribution during wash-out gradually increased to a maximum of 36% at 4 minutes in a normal subject. The authors conclude that a properly performed 133Xe ventilation study may immediately follow the 99mTc perfusion lung scan without significant image degradation. PMID- 7100478 TI - Biliary scintigraphy in acute pancreatitis. AB - A prospective study was carried out in 60 patients to determine the efficacy of 99mTc-PIPIDA scintigraphy in differentiating biliary pancreatitis from nonbiliary pancreatitis. Forty patients were classified as having biliary pancreatitis and 20 patients as having the nonbiliary type. Scintigraphic scans were divided into five main types according to the time to visualization of the gallbladder and the time to excretion of 99mTc-PIPIDA into the intestinal tract. Normal scans were obtained on 95% of patients (19/20) with nonbiliary pancreatitis; 22.5% of patients (9/40) with biliary pancreatitis had normal scans. It is concluded that elevated amylase levels together with an abnormal biliary scan, as defined by the criteria presented here, indicate biliary pancreatitis, while a normal scan largely excludes such diagnosis. PMID- 7100480 TI - The energy-dependent behavior of noise Wiener spectra in their low-frequency limits: comparison with simple theory. AB - The Wiener spectra of five screen-film systems were studied as a function of monoenergetic x-ray energy. These spectra, in their low-frequency limits, were seen to depend linearly on x-ray energy. The Wiener spectra also decreased in magnitude as the incident x-ray energy exceeded that of the screen phosphor K absorption edge. The agreement of these experimental findings with simple theoretical predictions is discussed. PMID- 7100479 TI - Radiation effects in the canine brain evaluated by quantitative computed tomography. AB - Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and histopathology were used to assess the effects of large single doses of x irradiation on the normal canine brain. Measurable changes demonstrated by QCT included increased contrast enhancement and enlargement of the lateral ventricles, which were observed prior to any clinical signs. The results suggest that QCT methods are effective in the noninvasive evaluation of radiation-induced brain injury. PMID- 7100481 TI - Subacromial bursography. PMID- 7100482 TI - Pseudo-sludge. AB - The authors differentiate between the sonographic appearance to spurious echoes in the gallbladder (pseudo-sludge) and the similar appearance of echogenic bile. PMID- 7100483 TI - Table for decubitus tomography during positive contrast studies of the internal auditory canal. AB - The authors describe a shelf attachment to a pluridirectional tomography table which makes decubitus tomography possible. This device is used for contrast medium filling of the internal auditory canal. PMID- 7100484 TI - Metrizamide myelography in cervical spine trauma: a modified technique using lateral fluoroscopy. AB - Supine metrizamide myelography is difficult to perform in cervical spine trauma patients because the contrast agent does not pool in the cervical area. A technique that uses rapid sequential lateral tomograms to enhance visualization of the traumatized spinal cord is described. PMID- 7100488 TI - Double-exposure technique for computed-tomographic imaging on x-ray film. PMID- 7100485 TI - Ivalon shavings: technical considerations of a new embolic agent. AB - Ivalon (polyvinyl alcohol sponge) shavings can be used as a permanent embolic material. When injected as a suspension with assorted particles of proper size, congenital arteriovenous malformations can be cured, eliminating the need for surgical excision. PMID- 7100486 TI - Use of a guide wire snare for placement of vena cava filters. AB - A guide wire snare was used to facilitate passage of a Mobin-Uddin vena cava filter through a tortuous left innominate vein, and a Kimray-Greenfield vena cave filter from the suprarenal into the infrarenal position of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 7100487 TI - Removal of partially extruded steel coils. AB - The authors use a snare for the antegrade extraction of coils which have become partially extruded during therapeutic embolization. PMID- 7100489 TI - Ultrasound visualization of the 5-F catheter. AB - A simple in vitro experiment showed that the 5-F angiographic catheter can be visualized on sonograms. Subsequent in vivo imaging showed that small catheters can be seen sonographically in many locations. Ultrasound is proposed as an effective presurgical procedure in order to determine whether a catheter fragment remains near an arterial puncture or has embolized distally. PMID- 7100491 TI - Predictive value of prekallikrein-kallikrein conversion rates in adverse reactions to contrast media. PMID- 7100492 TI - The third generation of cephalosporins, Part I. PMID- 7100490 TI - Dosimetry of auricular keloid irradiation. AB - The incidental radiation dose of lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters was recorded during 15 treatments of patients with auricular keloids. Two half value layers were used, and the results were compared. In both instances, the homolateral lens and thyroid received twice the contralateral dose. The oropharynx dose exceeded the thyroid dose. PMID- 7100493 TI - Optimum time for administration of indomethacin to inhibit ovulation in the rabbit. AB - The antiinflammatory agent, indomethacin, inhibits ovulation in mammals by interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins in preovulatory follicles. To determine the optimum time to administer this inhibitor, indomethacin was given at specific intervals from 10 h before, and up to 9 h after, the ovulatory process had been initiated by hCG (50 I.U./kg). The drug dosage ranged from 1.25 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg. The optimum time to give indomethacin was at 7-8 h after hCG (i.e., 2-3 h before expected rupture of the follicle) at which time the minimum effective dose was 2.5 mg/kg. Since a significant elevation in prostaglandin synthesis occurs as early as 3-5 h after hCG stimulation of rabbit follicles (1), these results reveal that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents can interrupt the ovulatory process even after the follicle has begun producing substantial amounts of prostaglandins. The data suggest that prostaglandins need to be produced continuously in the follicle up to the time of actual rupture or else that indomethacin is interfering with some other aspect of the ovulatory process which transpires after the elevation of prostaglandins. PMID- 7100494 TI - Antiabsorptive effects of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 in isolated rat colon. AB - Ulcerative colitis is distinguished by abundant prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) in the stools and by severe diarrhea. To determine whether luminal PGE2 alters normal colonic absorption, NA+ and Cl-transport across isolated rat proximal colon were studied before and after 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2) addition to flux chambers. Luminal administration of dmPGE2 significantly reduced the net mucosal to serosal fluxes of Na+ and Cl-. These antiabsorptive tive effects of dmPGE2 on NA+ and Cl- active transport were reflected by a reduced metabolic rate of colonic tissue slices incubated with dmPGE2. Addition of dmPGE2 significantly reduces oxidation of glucose by the colon. Structurally, dmPGE2 reduced the length of colonic mucosal microvilli, thereby decreasing absorptive surface area. These results suggest that PGE2 released into the colonic lumen of patients with ulcerative colitis exerts antiabsorptive effects on the colon and in this way contributes to the associated diarrhea. PMID- 7100496 TI - [Neglect of the psychoanalytic culture theory]. PMID- 7100495 TI - Enhancement by levamisole of the contractions induced by prostaglandin E2 in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. AB - The effect of levamisole on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-evoked contractions was studied on guinea-pig isolated ileum. Addition of levamisole (10 micrograms/ml) to the organ bath produced a pronounced increase in the amplitude of the PGE2 evoked responses. Levamisole (10 micrograms/ml) also sensitized the guinea-pig isolated ileum to 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin, but not to histamine. The effect of the levamisole was not due to stimulation of autonomic ganglia or cholinergic activity since it was unaffected by hexamethonium or atropine, but it was prevented by indomethacin. PMID- 7100497 TI - [Psychological results of the atom bomb test (1945-1963)]. PMID- 7100499 TI - [The significance of dissidents for psychoanalysis]. PMID- 7100500 TI - [From the analysis of Oedipus to the Oedipus of the analyst]. PMID- 7100498 TI - [Family therapy. From psychoanalysis to psychosocial action]. PMID- 7100502 TI - [Grief and separation in childhood]. PMID- 7100501 TI - [Psychoanalytically oriented art and music therapy in the framework of psychotherapy]. PMID- 7100503 TI - [Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis--experience in 100 patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100504 TI - [The evaluation of the effects of occupational exposure to styrene and methyl methacrylate on respiratory system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100505 TI - [Fungal flora in the air of various rooms of haematological department (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100507 TI - [Nucleomagnetic resonance of atoms as an evidence of dissipative structure of malignant tumors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100506 TI - [The diffusional cholesterol concentration in women with hormonal disturbances of climacterium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100508 TI - [The immune system in the aged (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100511 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance technique in human surgery. Case report. PMID- 7100509 TI - [Effects of Cavinton on the pathological changes in ischemic brain changes starting as an acute disease]. PMID- 7100510 TI - [Foreign body of the pterygo-palatine fossa (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100512 TI - [The determination of 210Pb in lead (author's transl)]. AB - Since lead contains more or less 210Pb, the selection for lead materials has to be done before construction of the low level radiation shield. In this paper, a method for determination of 210Pb is based on radioanalytical separation such as DDTC (sodium diethyl dithio carbamate) extraction followed by beta ray counting of 210Bi. Fourteen commercial lead samples and three old lead samples were analysed for 210Pb. The concentration for 210Pb in commercial samples was found to range from 0.063 to 11 Bq/g (1.7 to 300 pCi/g) and in old samples was less than 0.01 Bq/g (0.3 pCi/g). These results will be useful to the selection of shielding material. The detection limit and the time required for 210Pb determination was 0.003 Bq/g (0.1 pCi/g) and 5.5 hours, respectively. PMID- 7100513 TI - [Effects of X-irradiation on cell kinetics of oral epithelium in mice (author's transl)]. AB - The acute radiation effects on the tongue and lip mucosa epithelium were cytokinetically investigated after the local irradiation at the head part of C3Hf/He mice with single dose of 516 mC/kg (2000R) of X rays. The microautoradiographic study was performed for these two kinds of oral epithelium at various times after the pulse-labeling with 3H-thymidine, which followed immediately after the irradiation. The cell kinetics of irradiated as well as unirradiated basal cells were investigated by observing the changes in frequencies of the labeled cells and the labeled mitoses in the epithelium along the time course after irradiation. The results of the analysis of the percent frequencies of mitotic cells as a function of time after the labeling and the irradiation showed that the movement of the labeled cells were blocked at G2 phase for about 6 hr and that the cell cycle time after the 1st post irradiation mitoses became shorter than that of the unirradiated cells. However, no change was found in the migration rate of the tongue epithelium, i.e., the time required for labeled cells to migrate from basal cell layer to prickle-granular cell layer. On the other hand, only 25% of labeled cells in the lip mucosa epithelium migrated into prickle-granular cell layer until 40 hr after irradiation, and it was hardly observed that the labeled cells moved into mitotic phase. These results suggest that basal cell of the lip mucosa is more radiosensitive than that of the tongue epithelium. PMID- 7100514 TI - [Measurement of high dose rates by Fricke dosimeter (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100515 TI - [Use of stable isotopes in life science (III). Measurement of 15N abundance in amino acids with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100516 TI - [Creation of a Panamanian national refuge for marine birds on the islands of Taboga and Uraba]. PMID- 7100517 TI - [Case of malignant pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 7100521 TI - [Prinzmetal's variant angina and coronary vasospasm]. PMID- 7100520 TI - [Isosporosis in Panama]. PMID- 7100519 TI - [Movement and distribution of sodium in monolayers of MDCK cells]. PMID- 7100518 TI - [Aerobic effect of 3 types of athletic training]. PMID- 7100522 TI - [Paraneoplastic and paraendocrine syndromes. Review of the subject]. PMID- 7100523 TI - [Non-invasive angiological evaluation in diabetic patients]. PMID- 7100527 TI - [Aseptic necrosis of the femur head in hemophiliacs]. PMID- 7100526 TI - [Pierre-Marie's osteoarthropathy: scintigraphic diagnosis during staging of lung cancer]. AB - In the last years, total bone scan has gained an important place in the staging of the neoplasms of the lung. Out of 271 patients with lung cancer who underwent a bone scan in the period october 1979-october 1980. 10 showed an increased fixation of the isotope with a linear pattern along the diaphysis of the limbs. These findings, clinically silent, suggested the diagnosis of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, which has been subsequently confirmed radiologically. The different pathogenetic theories and the evolution of the scintigraphic picture after therapy of the primary disease are briefly discussed. PMID- 7100525 TI - [Evaluation of computerized tomography in osteomuscular tumors of the limbs]. PMID- 7100524 TI - [Percutaneous nephrostomy using the Desilets-Hoffman principle]. PMID- 7100528 TI - [Chronic ulnocarpal calcareous bursitis]. AB - There are reported three cases of nodular calcifications of the ulnocarpal region with very similar clinical and radiological aspects. The isolated nodules or the double, contigue one, are located near the pisiform bone, proximal to it, in the obliqual palmo-dorsal projection with semisupine hand. These nodules are projected on the ulnar styloid with the dorso-palmar projection. Clinical radiological characteristics suggest a diagnosis of chronic bursitis that corresponds with the insertion on the pisiform bone of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. Differential diagnosis faces, besides the calcification in the tendinous sheths, also the accessory pisiform bone and the flake fractures, not joined, of the pisiform. PMID- 7100530 TI - [A simple method of reducing irradiation of the patient and improving the results of xerotomography in pulmonary diagnostics: "aimed" xerotomography]. PMID- 7100529 TI - [Radiography signs of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with pulmonary localization]. AB - The authors have examined a series of 992 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas treated at the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1966 to 1977. The pulmonary parenchymal lesions were studied. The lung involvement by lymphomas is unusual and show a difficult X-ray diagnosis. A classification deriving from the experience of the various roentgenologic findings is proposed. Furthermore the most important differential diagnostic difficulties, some of which have an impossible solution even with the most recent X-ray techniques, are analized. PMID- 7100531 TI - [Patient doses in standard examinations of the skull and pelvic cavity with computerized tomography]. PMID- 7100532 TI - [Pendular and pseudopendular hyperthermia with radiofrequencies: some working hypotheses for obtaining shaped thermal fields]. PMID- 7100534 TI - [Radiological anatomy of the thorax]. PMID- 7100535 TI - [Bedside thoracic radiography: difficulties and solutions]. PMID- 7100533 TI - [The use of reinforcement screens of rare earth in the Chest x-ray]. PMID- 7100536 TI - [Chest injury]. PMID- 7100537 TI - [Alveolar obstruction]. PMID- 7100538 TI - [Respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 7100539 TI - [Cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 7100540 TI - [Immunopathologic aspects of celiac disease]. PMID- 7100541 TI - [Lung involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Study of 49 cases. II. Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis. Association with other diseases]. PMID- 7100542 TI - [Lung involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Study of 49 cases. III. Treatment. Evolution and prognosis]. PMID- 7100544 TI - [Epidemiologic study of asymptomatic bacteriurias in a school-age population]. PMID- 7100545 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. Study of 25 cases]. PMID- 7100543 TI - [Developing symptomatology in treated tabes dorsalis]. PMID- 7100546 TI - [Results of treatment with ancrod (Arwin) in 21 patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease]. PMID- 7100547 TI - [Triiodothyronine and fatty tissue of the epididymis]. PMID- 7100548 TI - [Mortality during treatment with periodic hemodialysis]. PMID- 7100549 TI - [Bone gammagraphy in the diagnosis of uremic renal osteodystrophy]. PMID- 7100550 TI - [Hyperthyroidism and Steinert's disease. Presentation of a new case and review of the literature]. PMID- 7100551 TI - [Tumors of the adrenal gland or of chromaffin tissue associated with stenosis of the renal artery. Description of 5 cases]. PMID- 7100552 TI - [Relationship between blood pressure and weight characteristics in childhood and adolescence. I.--Blood pressure, weight and overweight (author's transl)]. AB - This is a report on blood pressure measurements of 17,067 healthy children (8,647 boys and 8,420 girls) aged between 4 and 18 years old. Blood pressure increases regularly during growth and is more closely correlated with height and weight than with age. This association increases strongly during male puberty. Correlation with height disappears after puberty while correlation with weight remains and increases. In children whose overweight reaches or exceeds 20 per cent of weight relative to height, the risk of increasing blood pressure above 20 mm Hg over the mean values for the same height is multiplied by 2.5 in boys and 2 in girls. This assertion however concerning growing children does not show to what extent blood pressure increase is due to fatness and to what extent it is due to a high level of maturity and an early development of bone and muscular mass. PMID- 7100553 TI - [Relationship between blood pressure and weight characteristics in childhood and adolescence. II.--Blood pressure, fatness, lean body mass and non lean body mass (author's transl)]. AB - The relationship between adiposity and blood pressure has been studied among 17,067 healthy children aged 4 to 18 years old. The correlation of blood pressure with fatness, expressed as non lean body mass, is smaller than the correlation with lean body mass, especially in boys. Blood pressure association with lean body mass strongly increases during puberty growth in boys. These data suggest that during adolescence blood pressure association with weight is mainly due to growth and physical-maturation and that fatness has less influence. A careful analysis of somatic features of adolescents with high blood pressure seems necessary before advocating and improved system of weight control. Preference of blood pressure reference to height is again strengthened. PMID- 7100554 TI - [Antenatal care and source of care during pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - The influence of the source of care on the unequalities in the number of antenatal visits was studied in a representative sample of births in France in 1976. The sources of care during pregnancy were divided into five groups according to number and qualification of the medical staff involved: hospital antenatal clinic, gynaecologist or obstetrician, general practitioner, hospital antenatal clinic and other practitioners, several practitioners outside hospital. The number of antenatal visits was related to the source of care. The inequalities in antenatal care according to maternal characteristics originated from inequal access to the most specialized sources of care and disparities in the number of visits within each source of care. Living in a big conurbation was a positive factor for consulting an obstetrician, going to hospital antenatal clinic and having a large number of visits; but even after allowing for this factor, there remained inequalities among women according to their socio demographic characteristics or the source of care. PMID- 7100555 TI - Identifying the reasons for low immunization coverage. A case study of Yaounde (United Republic of Cameroon). AB - Among the problems encountered today in Expanded Programmes on Immunization (EPI) is the failure to reach an acceptable level of immunization coverage in rapidly growing urban areas. This paper describes a checklist to identify the reasons for such low coverage. The checklist was first used in Yaounde, United Republic of Cameroon. There the low coverage is found to be associated with certain neighborhoods, one ethnic group, low socio-economic status, and newly-arrived families. Publicity about immunizations is not reaching Yaounde residents in those categories. Furthermore, health lessons (given only in French) seem to be confusing the parents rather than educating them. Finally, previous ineffective immunization programmes have made Yaounde residents mistrustful of the current programme. The authors recommend solutions to each of these Yaounde problems. The checklist, and the methods used for answering it in Yaounde, should prove useful to other immunization programmes. PMID- 7100559 TI - [The low consumption of outpatient medical care in the department of Ardennes (France) (author's transl)]. AB - The purpose of the research explained in this article was to build up a methodology which allows to set up a map of low consumption of outpatient medical care and to find out to which extent the low recorded demand is attributable tho the medical aids supply. French National Health Service files were the basic data for this research which was led into the department of Ardennes. First and foremost the investigation was to identify on a district level with low consumer families after having eliminated demands' factors. Thus one could set up maps of low consumption in comparison with maps of low prescription. The investigation showed that low consumer families live generally in the cantons of low medical care consumption concerned mainly with low medical aids suppliers. PMID- 7100558 TI - [Factors related to a population's behaviour towards x-ray screening of tuberculosis (author's transl)]. AB - A study on the behaviour of a population towards a preventive measure (X-ray screening of tuberculosis) was carried out in 6,176 adults (average age 55), offered screening by the Mobile X-ray Screening Department of "D.D.A.S.S.", from February to June 1979, 68.6 per cent of them completed and returned the self administered postal questionnaire. The following factors were related to people's behaviour: age, occupation, educational level, the fact of being invited for the second or third time and of not being vaccinated by B.C.G. According to the results of this survey no personal motivation related to the knowledge and the fear of the disease seems to guide people in their response to the measure offered. PMID- 7100560 TI - [Tetralogy of Fallot in the adult]. PMID- 7100557 TI - [Ischemic cardiopathies and psychologic pattern in three male cohorts (author's transl)]. AB - Three surveys have been completed on 3.202 male subjects aged 40-59 yr. according to a common protocole; mean ages are 48,3 +/- 10,8 in Brussels-Ghent, 48,5 +/- 8,9 in Marseilles and 43,9 +/- 1,7 in Paris. A higher prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was observed in Brussels (18,2%) as compared to Marseilles (10,5%) and Paris (5,8%). Psychological pattern has been defined according to the answers on 2 questionnaires: a French adaptation of the Bortner Scale and a combination of the questionnaire of Sandler and Hazari with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (S.H.-E.P.I.). The data suggest that the psychological pattern is independent of the other coronary risk factors. In this retrospective study, the score of neuroticism is significantly higher in subjects with CHD (angina, myocardial infarction or coronary insufficiency on the ECG), as compared to normal controls. The score on the Bortner Scale being highly correlated with the score of neuroticism, the former disappears in the discriminant function analysis. The psychological variables do not discriminate normal subjects from those with CHD according to their ECG, but without clinical symptoms of angina. In this study, neuroticism and less so obsessionality has a discriminating power between "coronary free" and "non-free" subjects. This power disappears in the absence of clinical symptoms (angina). As the 3 cohorts are followed during at least 5 years, the predictive power of neuroticism for CHD will be examined in a prospective manner. PMID- 7100556 TI - [The evaluation of the critical levels of malaria transmission in a stable endemic area (author's transl)]. AB - During a longitudinal survey done in the degraded forest area south of Brazzaville (People's Republic of the Congo), it appeared that plasmodic index of preschool children was always lower than 50% in spite of an inoculation rate of about one infected bite per child per night all along the year. The actual incidence rate estimated with Muench model was h = 0,015 while the recovery rate was r = 0,032 (i.e. about three times faster than the usual values admitted since Mac Donald work) for young children (0 to 4 years old). A computer study has shown that an incidence of h1 = 0,0012 was enough for the "infection" of children (Ross model) while an incidence of h2 = 0,0014 would induce a situation of superinfection (Dietz et al. model). Therefore the actual incidence was 10 to 12 times higher than the critical values of the incidence rate. To decrease the malaria transmission at a level lower than the critical values i.e. to obtain a reproduction rate below I the calculations and graphs have shown that anopheline density or human gametocytaemia have to be reduced by about 90% while the survival rate of the vectors must be reduced by about 12%. Therefore it appeared that the determination of the critical levels of every parameters of malaria transmission is a needful stage for a better planification of any malaria control programme. PMID- 7100561 TI - [Open heart surgery in valve patients over 60]. PMID- 7100563 TI - [Echocardiography in interatrial communication: I. Contrast echocardiography]. PMID- 7100562 TI - [Primary atrioventricular block in young persons]. PMID- 7100564 TI - [Etiological and anatomical diagnosis of rupture of the chorda tendineae by two dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 7100565 TI - [Surgical treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot in the adult]. PMID- 7100566 TI - [Complicated transposition of great vessels. Surgical technic and results]. PMID- 7100567 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine on primary and subsidiary cardiac automaticity]. PMID- 7100568 TI - [Endocavitary pacemaker and a left superior vena cava]. PMID- 7100569 TI - [Supracommissural coronary ostium in a case of transposition of the great vessels. Surgical implications]. PMID- 7100571 TI - [Echocardiography in Spain 1982]. PMID- 7100570 TI - [Right atrial thrombosis caused by a Swan-Ganz catheter. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 7100572 TI - [Analysis of mathematical models for the quantification of ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by 2-dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 7100574 TI - [M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography of the St. Jude prosthesis]. PMID- 7100575 TI - [Echocardiographic evaluation (M-mode) by sub-xiphoid route in atrioventricular defects]. PMID- 7100573 TI - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of interatrial communication. II. Subcostal 2 dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 7100576 TI - [Flail mitral valve]. PMID- 7100577 TI - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of valve rupture in dura mater biological prostheses in the mitral position]. PMID- 7100578 TI - [2-dimensional echocardiography in left auricular thrombosis]. PMID- 7100579 TI - [Basal and contrast bidimensional echocardiography in complete transposition of the great arteries. Pre- and postoperative study using the Senning technic]. PMID- 7100580 TI - [Correlation of bidimensional echocardiography by the subcostal approach with angiography in congenital cardiopathies]. PMID- 7100581 TI - [Symmetrical parietal hypertrophy of inapparent cause: a key finding in the diagnosis of primary amyloidosis with a restrictive cardiac syndrome]. PMID- 7100582 TI - [Aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva rupturing into the right ventricle: echocardiographic signs]. PMID- 7100583 TI - [Abstracts of the International Symposium on Ultrasound in Cardiology. Madrid, 27 28 February 1981]. PMID- 7100584 TI - [Our experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): 1977 80]. PMID- 7100585 TI - [Cancer of the pancreas and the periampullar region. Study of 76 cases]. PMID- 7100586 TI - [Surgery of the bile ducts: 668 interventions]. PMID- 7100587 TI - [Intrahepatic biliodigestive anastomosis]. PMID- 7100588 TI - [Achalasia of the cardia in 2 brothers, not twins]. PMID- 7100591 TI - [Hepatic abscess]. PMID- 7100593 TI - [Effects of the porta-caval shunt on biliary lipids in healthy and cirrhotic rats]. PMID- 7100594 TI - [Haptoglobin and hemopexin in the chronic hepatopathies]. PMID- 7100589 TI - [Double gastric cancer]. PMID- 7100590 TI - [Abdominal tuberculosis simulating a pancreatic tumor]. PMID- 7100595 TI - [Our initial experiences in liver resections using the Lin clamp]. PMID- 7100592 TI - [Induction of experimental porphyria by hexachlorobenzene in rats]. PMID- 7100597 TI - [Fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Value of this technic in a general hospital]. PMID- 7100596 TI - [Manometric changes in the superior esophageal sphincter in patients with gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 7100598 TI - [Ischemic hepatitis following left ventricular insufficiency]. PMID- 7100600 TI - [Volvulus of the gallbladder]. PMID- 7100599 TI - [Papillary villous adenoma (presentation of a case)]. PMID- 7100601 TI - [Acute cholangiohepatitis as the clinical manifestation of primary carcinoma of the principal bile duct]. PMID- 7100602 TI - [Lipid biosynthesis in mitochondria from leaves of olive tree (author's transl)]. AB - Phospholipids, neutral lipids and, to a lesser extent, glycolipids are the principal lipid components of mitochondria of young olive tree leaves. These lipids are rich in palmitic and oleic acid content. The in vivo incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into the mitochondrial lipids takes place especially in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The saturated, and especially monounsaturated, acids of these lipids constitute the most actively synthesized fatty acids. In vitro, neutral lipids (mono- and diacylglycerol) and phospholipids (lysophospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine) incorporate a major percentage of radioactivity and in them the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are most actively synthesized. PMID- 7100603 TI - Effect of testosterone propionate on the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in corticosterone-treated young male rats. PMID- 7100604 TI - [Variation of serum zinc after iron administration to dogs under pancreatic duct ligation (author's transl)]. AB - Variations of serum zinc and copper in relation with iron absorption, in a group of dogs undergoing pancreatic duct ligation, have been studied. Mean plasma iron concentrations, total serum zinc and copper were determined after administration of an iron dose (60 mg FeSO4 . 4H2O, pH 4). Significant increase of serum zinc and plasma iron was observed. In copper experiments no significant results were found. PMID- 7100605 TI - [Dynamic simulation model applied to study vascular and interstitial spaces (author's transl)]. AB - A dynamic non lineal model has been elaborated to study the factors involved in fluid movement through capillary membranes in dog. The colloidosmotic pressure has been determined after quick administration of albumin and other physiological solutions. A close correlation has been found between experimental results and the modifications obtained in the simulation model. PMID- 7100606 TI - Interactions between monosaccharides and leucine in basolateral membrane of isolated chick intestinal epithelial cells. AB - The characteristics of the interactions between 3-O-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) and monosaccharides or leucine transport were examined on chick isolated intestinal epithelial cells. In a Na+-medium, the unidirectional influx of 1.5 mM 3-OMG was found to be already inhibited by 37.5 mM glucose and 37.5 mM leucine after 20 s incubation. In Na+-free mannitol substituted medium, either glucose, galactose or leucine (37.5 mM) inhibited the unidirectional influx of 3-OMG. Theophylline, a drug that decreases the basolateral permeability to sugars, decreased the unidirectional influx of 1.25 mM leucine in Na+-free medium but increased the steady-state uptake of the aminoacid in Na+-medium. The efflux of 3-OMG from preloaded cells into a Na+-free medium was stimulated by extracellular galactose and leucine (37.5 mM). This was inhibited by theophylline. Our results indicate that sugars and leucine interactions at the Na+-independent transport system could be produced by mutual competition for binding the same system. PMID- 7100607 TI - Myofibrillar protein and collagen breakdown in mature male rats fed protein or energy deficient diets. AB - The urinary output of N tau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine: 3-Mehis) and total hydroxy proline (OH-pro) were evaluated to assess the effect of a low protein diet (low-P) or a low-energy diet (low-E), given for 21 days, on the rates of myofibrillar protein and collagen breakdown in mature male rats. As compared to the control rats, the animals fed the deficient diets showed a significant reduction in the rate of growth and plasma insulin. No major changes were found in the weight of several muscles excised from the animals at the end of the experiment. Total OH-pro was significantly reduced in the low-P rats and 3 Mehis was unchanged when results were normalized to either muscle weight or creatinine output. In conclusion, collagen breakdown was found to be very sensitive to protein depletion in the mature rat, but myofibrillar protein breakdown was not notably affected by protein or calorie malnutrition. PMID- 7100608 TI - [Correlation between plasma ferritin and iron from liver and spleen in chicken (author's transl)]. AB - Plasmatic, hepatic and splenic ferritin concentrations, measured by a radioimmunoassay method, have been studied in three groups of animals, with different iron status: In overload, in deficiency and control. Significant differences in plasmatic, hepatic and splenic ferritin concentrations were observed between overloaded and deficient animals. Simultaneously, liver and spleen ferritin iron values, significantly higher in overloaded than in deficient, were also found. PMID- 7100610 TI - Relationship between foreign H-2-like antigens on MCG4 sarcoma and the in vivo rejection of this tumor by syngeneic and semisyngeneic mice. AB - MCG4, a BALB/c sarcoma (H-2d), that abnormally expresses H-2k and h-2b-like antigens, regressed spontaneously when inoculated in BALB/c and in BALB/c hybrids F1. A relationship was found between the anti-H-2k and/or anti-H-2b activity detected in the sera and spleen cells of the regressor mice and their capacity to reject the tumor. PMID- 7100611 TI - [Liver explant cultures from rats of various ages (author's transl)]. AB - Liver tissue from rats of different age has been cultured. The samples were obtained by surgical biopsy. A relationship between the obtained growth in culture and the animal age was established. A relationship between the obtained growth in culture and the animal age was established. The liver from young and weanling rats grows larger and earlier than the adult liver. The cells obtained in culture have been classified in five different types according to morphological criteria. PMID- 7100609 TI - [Physico-chemical properties of guinea pig liver argininosuccinate synthetase (author's transl)]. AB - The behaviour of guinea pig liver argininosuccinate synthetase with respect to pH, temperature and kinetic parameters of substrates and inhibitors has been investigated. The enzyme shows the maximum activity at pH 8 and maximum stability (15 min at 30 degrees C) at pH in the range of 6.5 and 8. With respect to temperature it remains stable (15 min at pH 8) up to 40 degrees C. The results found for the Km values of the enzyme substrates L-citrulline, L-aspartate and ATP are 0.038 mM, 0.045 mM and 0.090 mM respectively. L-ornithine, diaminopimelic acid, pyrophosphate and ATP acted as inhibitors of the enzyme (competitive or not, according to the case). These kinetic studies of substrates and inhibitors were carried out with a partially purified fraction of the enzyme which had been purified 7.3 fold, which practically suppressed the ATP-ase activity, present in crude extracts. PMID- 7100612 TI - [Bronchogenic cysts. A clinical and regional lung function study before and after surgery (author's transl)]. AB - Studies of regional lung function were performed on two children with bronchogenic cysts before and after surgery. The first patients, aged two, presented with a severe and continuous airflow obstruction leading to significant disturbance of perfusion per unit of alveolar volume; the abnormalities of perfusion were partly reversible when the ventilation was restored after surgery. Patient no 2, aged 10 years, had a voluminous peripheral cyst, which was shown to be ventilated by pulmonary function studies and further confirmed by bronchography. After lobectomy, studies revealed a reduction in the functional pulmonary parenchyma in the right hemithorax. The abnormal distribution of perfusion was still seen two years after the operation. PMID- 7100613 TI - [Results of antibiotic sensitivity and "Streptococcus pneumoniae" serotype tests in the Pitie-Salpetriere hospital, France, 1979-1980 (author's transl)]. AB - Among 244 strains of S. pneumoniae, 24% are resistant to tetracycline, 10% to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) and 1.6% to erythromycin. A low grade resistance to penicillin G is observed in two strains (MIC 0,12 and 0,3 mg/l). Clinical correlations indicate that only 48% of the S. pneumoniae isolated are undoubtedlzy responsible for bacterial infection. The serotypes isolated from blood cultures and from other specimens are not statistically different. Only 67% of the strains belonged to serotypes included in the 14-valent vaccine. PMID- 7100616 TI - [Current antibacterial therapy in high-risk subjects]. PMID- 7100615 TI - [Prevalence and aetiology of respiratory symptoms and affections in adolescent school children in French Polynesia (author's transl)]. AB - All the Tahitian school children from 3rd to final grade were questioned by an auto-questionnaire in May 1979. 93% replied to the questions asked (3,870). The prevalence of upper respiratory infections was increased as well as broncho pulmonary symptoms (cough or other lung disease) during the year under study when compared to a control group in Metropolitan France. This prevalence was significantly increased both in boys and girls who smoked. The incidence of frequent or chronic cough was most increased in the older pupils, boarders, those followed a technical curriculum and belonging to the lower socio-professional categories. Asthma was very frequent at 11.5%, had an equal sex incidence and was not linked to any identifiable factor--the same enquiry was done in the Bas-Rhin department in France 3 years before; Tahitian school children, in general, have double the incidence of respiratory disease that is found in the Bas-Rhin. PMID- 7100614 TI - [Fungal flora in houses (author's transl)]. AB - In certain cases, allergic respiratory phenomena appear to be connected with a particular dwelling place. This observations, if it is not explained by a specific allergen (eg. an animal), raises the possible contribution of domestic moulds. The author shows the results of a study on domestic moulds in 65 houses in the Bouches-du-Rhone by culture on Petri dishes. The species most often detected were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria. In some houses identical fungi were found to those in the atmosphere, in others greater numbers were found inside than outside. The study of fungal spores is of great interest; it gives an idea of their numerical importance which can be considerable; in addition besides those fungi which are present in the routine battery of tests, it may show other species that should perhaps be considered in the diagnostic aetiology. PMID- 7100617 TI - [Carcinoma of the gastric stump]. PMID- 7100618 TI - [Heroin addiction and false-positive tests for syphilis]. PMID- 7100619 TI - [Classification of obstructive bronchopulmonary diseases]. PMID- 7100621 TI - [Pictures in scientific information]. PMID- 7100620 TI - ["Normal" sadness and depressive disease. Does "reactive" depression exist?]. PMID- 7100622 TI - [Studies on the step-wise return to work following prolonged illness (author's transl)]. AB - This study permits analytical statements on the possibility of taking up work by progressive steps (increasing working hours 4-6-8 hrs), which had been initiated in 1971. Previous (publications had confined to purely descriptive statements (2,3,4). Summarising, the following findings are essential: Premature retirement is less frequent. Resettlement in employment is achieved more smoothly, if not in all instances earlier (in relation to the point of time when full-day working is resumed). The improved psycho-emotional situation created by this mode of resettlement is rather clearly felt by the clients, and is stated to have been an aid of decisive value. It was found that there is too little awareness of this possibility of step-wise return to work after prolonged incapacity for work. More factual information needs above all be disseminated to institutions at enterprise level (company doctors, personnel departments, members of the personnel and works councils). PMID- 7100623 TI - [Effects of myocardial infarction on the subjective "quality of life" of inpatients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100624 TI - [Preventive psychology - theory and practical application on the example of paraplegic patients (author's transl)]. AB - Starting out from Caplan's thinking on the concept of prevention and on crisis theory, it is contended for the care of persons with paraplegia, as for that of physically disabled people generally, that psychological prevention must set in already during their stay in hospital. A study of 77 paraplegic individuals confirms the urgent need for these efforts, which aim at reducing the occurrence of stressful situations and at promoting the most favourable outcome possible. They presuppose a search for environmental conditions that may generate crisis in individual disability groups, and also on what exactly it is that makes up for their being psychologically taxing. The findings obtained then form the basic structure for the concrete procedure to be followed by the rehabilitation facility. The central focus of this management approach is the problem-solving method, coupled with and extended by major components of discussion therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and of social skills training. PMID- 7100626 TI - Haloperidol causes irreversible damage to rat anterior pituitary lactotropes in culture. AB - Haloperidol, in concentrations in excess of 10(-5)M promotes the release of prolactin from rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture. Histologic evidence revealed that 10(-4)M concentrations cause an irreversible cytotoxic effect that resulted in a loss of cell membrane integrity and a massive release of intracellular prolactin into the surrounding medium. Paradoxically, at 10( 5)M, haloperidol significantly inhibited prolactin release and promoted an accumulation of intracellular secretory granules. Lower concentrations had no significant effect. Although it is nominally classified as a dopamine receptor blocker and can (in lower concentrations) inhibit dopamine's suppression of prolactin release, haloperidol in higher concentration enhances prolactin release by a cytotoxic mechanism unrelated to dopamine receptor interaction. PMID- 7100625 TI - Long chain fatty acid transport by the perfused rat kidney. AB - Transport of the long chain fatty acid (LCFA), palmitate (C16), was studied in the isolated rat kidney perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 1% defatted albumin. Because palmitate was extensively bound to albumin, its filtration was negligible and transport into renal tubular cells occurred across the peritubular membrane. Saturation of peritubular uptake of palmitate was observed with a maximum uptake of 2.4-2.5 mumol . g wet weight -1 . 20 min-1. Under the conditions of these experiments, uptake was not affected by attempts to alter fatty acid metabolism, by substances known to be transported by the organic acid transport system or by other LCFA. PMID- 7100627 TI - Identification and estimation of a cholinomimetic substance in the venom of Dendroaspis polylepis. AB - A cholinomimetic substance was isolated from desiccated venom of Dendroaspis polylepis by one-dimensional ascending paper chromatography. The migratory and staining properties of the substance were compared with those of standard acetylcholine. Pharmacological and biochemical identification was carried out on various in vitro and in vivo biological test objects as well as with high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The assay of the cholinomimetic substance was done on both superfused guinea pig ileum and hamster stomach strips. The cholinomimetic substance content was 2.44 - 3.46mg/0.96gm of total protein in the desiccated venom. PMID- 7100629 TI - The interaction of tumor localizing porphyrins with collagen and elastin. AB - The interaction of a series of tumor localizing porphyrins with collagen and elastin was determined. All the porphyrins studied bound to both acid soluble and insoluble collagen, but to differing extents, as well as to elastin. The extent of binding to acid soluble collagen was greater than that to insoluble collagen. The major consequence of this association was a marked decrease in the solubility of the acid soluble collagen suggesting stabilization of the fibrillar structure of the collagen had occurred. Evidence was also obtained indicating the porphyrins could bind to collagen alpha-chains. The relevance of these findings to porphyrin localization is discussed. PMID- 7100628 TI - Demonstration of direct toxicity of phenol on kidney. AB - The effect of phenol on the rat kidney was investigated by means of an arterial infusion designed to deliver isotonic phenol solutions directly to the renal circulation. Cortical lesions, consisting primarily of vacuolization and dilation of proximal tubules and sloughing of the apical cytoplasm, increased in severity with increasing phenol dose. Specific staining techniques allowed the detection of effects on the brush borders and basement membranes of tubules. Evidence was also offered for hemolysis products not reaching the proximal tubules. These findings are consistent with a direct effect of phenol on the kidney. PMID- 7100630 TI - Effect of hydralazine on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. AB - The effects of hydralazine on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes were studied in rats. Hydralazine inhibited aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase in vitro. Kinetic studies indicated that the inhibitory natures of hydralazine were recognized as almost mixed types and a change in difference spectrum demonstrated that hydralazine could bind to cytochrome P-450 as a characteristic type II. A single administration of hydralazine inhibited the drug metabolism, but neither reduction nor induction of the mixed function oxidase system were observed after the hydralazine treatment for 7 days, except the reduction of cytochrome b5 content. In addition, acidophilic degeneration and the formation of acidophilic bodies in liver cells by hydralazine were observed. PMID- 7100632 TI - Effect of a low-protein diet on contraceptive steroid-induced cholestasis in rats. AB - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 2 combined oral contraceptive (OC) steroids, 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and 19 norethisterone (NE), for a maximum of 8 weeks. A low-dose group of rats received 0.25 mg/kg EE2 and 2.50 mg/kg NE. A high-dose group was given weekly doubled doses until levels of 4 mg/kg EE2 and 40 mg/kg NE were reached. The rats were fed a low-protein (LP) (8%) diet starting 8 weeks before treatment with the OC and continuing throughout the study. Cholestatic liver injury, as measured by basal bile flow, bile acid secretion, and organic anion (bromosulfophthalein) excretion, could be induced in control rats receiving the LP diet alone. In control animals on a normal diet, steroid administration alone produced a marked dose-dependent cholestatic effect. However, the combination of a chronic LP diet with OC resulted in an ameliorating effect on the pathophysiology of bile secretion and hepatic excretory function. The histopathological adaptive changes induced by OC were absent when the LP diet was administered simultaneously. Thus, in the rat, mild protein malnutrition does not enhance the cholestatic effect of the steroids but rather protects the liver from cholestatic liver damage caused by an LP diet or OC administration alone. PMID- 7100631 TI - Acetaldehyde-induced lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes. AB - In an effort to evaluate further the concept of ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, isolated rat hepatocytes obtained via collagenase perfusion were utilized. Hepatocytes were judged to be functionally intact based on measurements of adenosine-5-triphosphate, gluconeogenesis, bromosulphthalein uptake, and trypan blue exclusion. When hepatocytes were incubated with acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol, at 100 mg% and 10 mg%, significant increases in lipid peroxidation resulted as measured by levels of malonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde induced increases in malonaldehyde were reduced by pre-incubation with antioxidants such as Vitamin E (200 mg%) or glutathione (100 mg%). PMID- 7100633 TI - Absence of induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mice after topical application of beclomethasone dipropionate. AB - The effects of the topical application of beclomethasone dipropionate (a corticosteroid) on the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in epithelial tissue (lung and skin) were studied. To evaluate the results of the pre-treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate a comparison was made with the effects of the topical application of benzanthracene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a known inducer of AHH activity). AHH activities were increased 2.5 to 5-fold in lung and about 20-fold in skin of mice after topical application of benzanthracene. However, after pre-treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate no induction of AHH activity could be observed, either in lung or in skin. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7100634 TI - Chelation in metal intoxication X: Influence of different polyaminocarboxylic acids and thiol chelators in the excretion and tissue distribution of 54Mn in rat. AB - The influence of some selected polyaminocarboxylic acids and thiol metal binding agents on the urinary and faecal excretions of 54Mn and on the tissue distribution of 54Mn in 54MnCl2 administered rats was studied to find a suitable chelating drug for Mn poisoning. HEDTA, CDTA, DTPA and TTHA were highly successful in enhancing the excretion of 54Mn and reducing the tissue levels of 54Mn in rats. The thiol chelators viz. D L-penicillamine, N-acetyl D L penicillamine and DMS could neither influence the excretion nor the tissue distribution of 54Mn suggesting poor affinity of the metal towards sulfhydryl groups. PMID- 7100635 TI - Protective effects of butylated hydroxyanisole, ethoxyquin, and disulfiram on acute pyrrolizidine alkaloids poisoning in mice. AB - Administration of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethoxyquin (EQ), and disulfiram (DSF) in the diet for 7 days reduced the acute toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from Senecio longilobus. The LD50 values of the BHA- and EQ fed mice were about twofold of the controls but the protective effect of DSF was inferior to that of either BHA or EQ. PMID- 7100636 TI - Effect of hypoxia on the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile. AB - The modifying effects of hypoxia (7% 02) on acute lethality; and concentration of tissues non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH) after acrylonitrile (ACN) exposure were studied. Hypoxia plus ACN exposure in male rats produced a substantial increase in mortality and a greater decrease in NPSH than ACN or hypoxia alone. NPSH in blood did not decrease significantly as a result of hypoxia, ACN or the combination. PMID- 7100637 TI - Creatinine XI. Extensive renal tubular reabsorption and secretion in man and its clinical significance. PMID- 7100638 TI - Esophageal and duodenal approach for testing duodenogastric reflux in dogs. AB - A modified Komarov-Marks esophagostomy is described. It was the aim of our experiments to show that this procedure does not harm the vagal innervation of the stomach. The vagal function was assessed by testing (1) basal secretion, (2) 2-deoxy-D-glucose-stimulated secretion, (3) pentagastrin-stimulated secretion, and (4) serum gastrin levels in five mongrel dogs. Each test was performed at least three times in each dog before and after the esophagostomy procedure, respectively. The secretion rates were not affected by surgery. It is concluded that cervical esophagostomy in dogs does not affect vagal stimulation of gastric acid secretion. For the application of tracer substances into the duodenum, two types of conduits are described: (1) a short jejunal segment and (2) a jejunal segment with an invagination valve. The pros and cons of these procedures are discussed. PMID- 7100639 TI - Immunoregulatory activity of cell-free peritoneal washings of mice with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma. AB - Cell-free peritoneal washings (PW) were collected from mice with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma at various time intervals after tumor transplantation and tested on the immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Two assays were used: (1) stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and (2) inhibition of human leukocyte migration with PPD. Fluids collected in the early phase of tumor growth (up to day 6) were ineffective, or weakly suppressive, and those collected in advanced and terminal stages of carcinoma development, were suppressive in both tests applied. Control cell-free peritoneal washings obtained from normal mice without the tumor exerted suppressive activity when adjusted to the same protein concentration as the PW from mice with Ehrlich carcinoma. This suggests that host's cells in tumor-bearing animals, rather than tumor cells themselves, may be responsible for the production of inhibitory substance(s). Cell-free peritoneal washings were also tested on their ability to influence the growth of Ehrlich carcinoma cells in vitro, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Samples collected from mice with advanced tumors stimulated the growth of tumor cells. PMID- 7100640 TI - The effect of squalane on the absorption of dietary cholesterol by the rat. AB - Replacement of dietary triglyceride by a saturated hydrocarbon, squalane, resulted in a significant reduction (up to 50%) of cholesterol absorption of control values. Squalane may be useful in the treatment of dietary hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 7100641 TI - Relationship of cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland of the donkey. PMID- 7100642 TI - New methods for re-entrant cannulation of the duodenum and ileocaecum. PMID- 7100644 TI - Bone growth during chronic aldrin intoxication in goats. AB - Microscopic examination of the costochondral junction of goats after chronic aldrin intoxication revealed a drastic reduction in the width of proliferating, maturing and degenerating cartilage cells. The zone of provisional calcification was almost negligible in aldrin treated animals. In contrast, the control animals showed an orderly sequence of endochondral bone formation. Appositional bone growth studied by the tetracycline labelling technique also showed a marked reduction following chronic aldrin intake. It was concluded that decrease in the rate of appositional bone growth at endosteal periosteal and osteonic surfaces might be due to poor synthesis of bone matrix by the osteoblasts. PMID- 7100643 TI - Age associated morphological changes in the lymphoid system of tropical cattle. AB - Superficial (superficial cervical , subiliac) and deep (medial iliac) lymph nodes, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, thymus and spleen were collected from 165 apparently normal animals ranging from fetuses of six months gestational age to cows approximately 10 years old. Additionally, palatine tonsils were collected from 58 other animals of comparable ages. Weights of animals and most of the above organs were obtained and in 39 animals, representing seven age groups, quantitative histological studies were made on Peyer's patches or lymph nodes to ascertain any differences attributed to age or anatomical location of node. With the exception of thymus, weights of all lymphoid organs increased with age until puberty or maturity after which a levelling of organ weights was apparent. Organ weight-bodyweight ratios, however, were highest in fetuses or young animals after which they decreased (somewhat irregularly) with age. Few trends were observed relating histological findings to age. Depth of Peyer's patches and the follicular-non-follicular ratio (FNFR) in the cortices of superficial cervical plus subiliac nodes, however, increased rapidly (to approximately nine months and three years of age, respectively), reached a plateau, and then decreased. Pigment deposition in all nodes tended to increase with age. In regard to anatomical location, the medial iliac node (probably because of its deep location) tended to have the lowest corticomedullary ratio and FNFR, smallest germinal centre size and least pigment. PMID- 7100645 TI - Fetal development and distribution of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the rabbit. PMID- 7100646 TI - Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus grown in vitro or in vivo. AB - Paired comparisons were made of various strains of Staphylococcus aureus grown in broth inside dialysis sacs anchored in the peritoneal cavities of sheep (in vivo culture) and in a variety of bacteriological media in the laboratory (in vitro culture). The organisms grown in vivo possessed enhanced virulence compared with in vitro grown organisms, when injected intradermally in sheep, when injected intraperitoneally in mice and when infused into lactating mammary glands of ewes. Growth under in vivo conditions conferred on the bacteria an increased resistance to phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. The bacteria grown under in vivo conditions possessed an additional cell-associated component as determined by immunodiffusion tests and optic density profiles of gel filtration eluates; however, this substance was not visible in electron micrographs in the form of a capsule. PMID- 7100648 TI - Observations on the neuromuscular blocking action of gallamine and pancuronium and their reversal by neostigmine. PMID- 7100647 TI - Changes in the intestinal enzyme activity of lambs during chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus. AB - The pathology and enzymology of the intestinal mucosae of lambs dosed daily with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae and killed at five, nine or 14 weeks were compared with worm-free animals. The proximal small intestines of the infected lambs exhibited extensive mucosal damage at five and nine weeks, but only isolated lesions were found at 14 weeks. Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase, maltase and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were all significantly depleted during infection, although the magnitude, time of onset and duration of the individual enzyme responses varied. Mucosal activities of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin and to a lesser extent chymotrypsin were also markedly decreased particularly during the first nine weeks of infection. Specific acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased throughout the study, maximal levels being observed at five weeks. In contrast 'pseudo'-cholinesterase levels were consistently within the control range. During the early stages of infection (five weeks) glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity was significantly decreased, while aldolase and creatine phosphokinase levels were significantly elevated. At nine weeks low glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase activities were again detected and lactate dehydrogenase activity was also markedly reduced. At 14 weeks the mean activities of all four enzymes were within the normal range as were superoxide dismutase levels throughout. Significant correlations were found between alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aldolase and glutamine-oxaloacetate transaminase activities and the degree of mucosal damage within the individual lambs. PMID- 7100649 TI - Population study of bovine Ostertagia spp infective larvae on herbage and in soil. AB - Herbage and stratified soil samples from a previously grazed calf pasture were collected regularly over a 12 month period (October 1979 to September 1980). Infective larvae of cattle Ostertagia spp (OL3) were present on each occasion to a depth of at least 15 cm. Analysis of the vertical distribution of the OL3 suggested a possible downward migration during the winter, followed by an upward trend in the spring and summer. The number of OL3 present in the root mat in august 1980 was estimated as 6.4 x 10(6) per hectare, a similar figure to that estimated for the previous November (6.6 x 10(6)) despite the absence of contamination during this period. PMID- 7100650 TI - Effects of repeated injections of glucagon on the stress response of the immature fowl. AB - Chicks aged two weeks were injected with either glucagon (50 micrograms/kg) or solvent daily for seven days. The two groups were then divided into two subggroups and received either glucagon or saline and their lipacid and glycaemic responses determined over a 60 minute period. Neither response was modified by the earlier treatment with glucagon. Birds that had received doses of glucagon were found to have increased concentrations of corticosterone in the blood plasma and a tendency to increased concentrations of free fatty acids. The increase in plasma corticosterone induces by a novel injection of glucagon, did not occur when the eighth injection was given. PMID- 7100651 TI - Metabolism and excretion of [14C] verruculogen in a sheep. AB - [14C] Verruculogen (75 micrograms/kg) was given intravenously to a sheep under barbiturate anaesthesia to prevent the severe tremor and convulsions which would otherwise have occurred. Two hours later 28 per cent of the tremorgenic mycotoxin was detected in the liver, bile and small intestine. Approximately 0.5 per cent was excreted in the urine. Trace amounts of radiolabel were detected in the cortex and corpus striatum of the brain. Verruculogen was metabolised by the liver and converted completely to four more polar products, including two isomeric forms of desoxy-verruculogen and the weakly tremorgenic mycotoxin TR-2. The principal and most polar metabolite excreted is probably an isomer of TR-2. PMID- 7100652 TI - Vaccination of sheep against Taenia ovis. The response to various dose rates of antigens obtained by incubation of oncospheres in vitro. AB - Activated oncospheres of Taenia ovis were incubated in vitro for 14 days and the antigens produced were collected and concentrated. Tenfold serial dilutions of the antigens were emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injected intramuscularly into sheep. When subsequently challenged with T ovis eggs, these sheep displayed a level of immunity that was related to the amount of antigen injected. The calculated dose-response curve indicated that for the vaccine to be 90 per cent effective, the secretion from approximately 4600 T ovis oncospheres need to be injected into each sheep. PMID- 7100653 TI - Antibody response in cattle, sheep and rats to infection with gamma-irradiated metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. AB - Cattle, sheep and rats were infected orally with gamma-irradiated (4 krad) metacercariae of fasciola hepatica, or with normal metacercariae. The antibody response was monitored in each host to metacercarial tegument (T0), juvenile tegument (T1), adult tegument (T2) and gut antigens. The response was examined at weekly intervals for cattle and sheep throughout 15 weeks of infection and four weeks after infection in rats, using an indirect fluorescent antibody labelling technique. It was found that the irradiated metacercariae engendered a normal humoral response to T0, T1 and gut antigens in all three hosts although the antibody levels were somewhat reduced due to an early death or stunting of the flukes. T0 and T1 appeared to be antigenically similar. Antibodies against T2 appeared late in the animals infected with gamma-irradiated metacercariae and the titres attained were considerably lower than in the controls. the T2 antigen stimulus in the animals given gamma-irradiated metacercariae was probably provided by flukes which 'broke through' the developmental barrier imposed by irradiation and which were found alive at autopsy. PMID- 7100654 TI - Protection of cattle against experimentally induced salmonellosis by intradermal injection of heat-killed Salmonella dublin. AB - A single intradermal dose (7.5 mg) of heat-killed Salmonella dublin protected two out of three cattle against intravenous challenge with live S dublin. A second dose of 8 mg increased the protection rate to six out of seven. Four of the survivors had transient diarrhoea and S dublin was recovered from the carcases of four killed at four to 21 weeks after infection. Protected animals had elevated serum antibody titres and their serum passively protected rats against intraperitoneal challenge. The resistance of vaccinated cattle, presumably immunological in character, was not associated with leucocyte migration inhibition by salmonella antigen, depression of serum iron levels or haematological changes. PMID- 7100655 TI - Delay in resolution of trypanosome-induced genital lesions in male rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei and treated with diminazene aceturate. AB - The effects of drug therapy on the resolution of the genital lesions accompanying systemic Trypanosoma brucei infection was investigated using male California White rabbits. Infected animals were treated with diminazene aceturate two to 13 days after the onset of gross scrotal lesions; they were killed at different intervals after treatment to determine the histological evidence of healing of the genital lesions. It was found that, although parasites disappeared soon after treatment, regeneration of seminiferous epithelium depended on the severity of the initial lesions. Only mildly afflicted rabbits had fully recovered within 141 days. PMID- 7100656 TI - Effects on the rate of increase in fetal girth of refeeding ewes after short periods of severe undernutrition during late pregnancy. AB - A technique is described by which daily changes in the thoracic circumference (girth) of individual fetal sheep were observed during the last 60 to 70 days of pregnancy. The girth technique and a previously published method for measuring daily changes in the curved crown-rump length were both used to examine fetal growth responses when ewes were refed at 116 days of gestation after short periods of severe underfeeding. Refeeding ewes after nine or 16 days of severe underfeeding was associated in most cases with an immediate increase in fetal growth rate, whereas refeeding after 21 days had no effect on the rate in any fetus. Possible mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. Using girth as an index the growth rates of individual lambs were measured before and after birth. There was a 3.3 fold increase in growth rate immediately after birth. PMID- 7100657 TI - Effects of short term cold exposure on the digestion of milk replacer by young preruminant calves. AB - Two groups, totalling 29, of 24-day-old Friesian bull calves were offered 0.6 kg milk replacer reconstituted in 2.5 litres warm water once daily and were housed for a period of 14 days at a temperature of either 3 +/- 2 degrees C (cold) or 18 +/0 0.5 degrees C (warm). Mean daily liveweight gains of the groups exposed to cold or warmth were 0.26 and 0.36 +/- 0.04 kg per day respectively (P less than 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen and fat of the milk replacer were not affected by exposure of the calves to cold and were 0.95 +/- 0.01, 0.92 +/- 0.01 and 0.77 +/- 0.02 respectively for both groups. Water intake and urine volume were significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by 1.77 and 0.56 litres per day respectively whereas faecal water excretion was increased ty 0.06 litres per day in the cold exposed calves. Over the 10-day period the warm exposed calves were estimated to make a net water retention while there was a net loss of 0.35 litres per day for the group exposed to cold. PMID- 7100659 TI - A selective medium for the isolation of Corynebacterium suis. PMID- 7100660 TI - Electron microscopic investigations on dust penetration into the pulmonary interstitium in experimental pneumoconioses. AB - Pneumoconioses produced by intratracheal applications of various dusts (quartz, coal, cadmium and lead sulfide) in rats were investigated by electron microscopy in order to follow the pathway of the dust particles from the alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. As postulated by Spencer in 1977 on the basis of light microscopic investigations, the dust particles produce necroses of the alveolar septae ('alveolar ulcers'). TWo forms of necroses appear to occur: with a less severe dust exposure, individual pneumocytes and their basement membrane are destroyed by dust particles. Dust-laden, macrophages are deposited here which are displaced into the stroma after re-epithelization of the alveolar defect. On the other hand, with massive dust exposure, almost all pneumocytes of the affected alveoli become necrotic. The affected alveoli collapse and are replaced by connective tissue, so that the dust is situated in the connective tissue stroma. A transcellular penetration of the dust particles into the pulmonary interstitium or an immigration of dust-laden macrophages into the pulmonary stroma through the intercellular junctions of intact pneumocytes was not observed in any of the pneumoconiosis models. PMID- 7100658 TI - Failure to demonstrate the maintenance of leptospires by house mice (Mus musculus) in the south east of England. AB - A total of 272 house mice (Mus musculus) were trapped in farm buildings at four widely separated locations of south east England and examined for serological and bacteriological evidence of leptospiral infection. Only two low titres to autumnalis antigen (1:20 and 1:40) were recorded and all mice were bacteriologically negative. The absence of leptospiral infection in the house mouse in south east England is an interesting ecological finding, as this species is a maintenance host for ballum in many countries and also a common carrier of several other serovars. The source of ballum infections in domestic stock in England remains unknown. PMID- 7100661 TI - Chronic airflow obstruction in a patient with pigeon breeder's lung: prevalence of IgE antibodies to avian antigens. AB - We report a case of pigeon breeder's lung in which chronic airflow obstruction and not restrictive lung disease was predominant. The patient's disease was severe enough to require hospitalizations twice to reverse respiratory failure. Helium-oxygen flow volume curves were consistent with a peripheral site of flow limitation, and immunoserological studies disclosed specific IgE as well as precipitating antibody responses to pigeon antigens. Immunological studies on 18 other patients with pigeon breeder's lung demonstrated a prevalence rate of specific IgE antibodies of 78%, a frequency not previously recognized. Exposures to avian antigens must be considered in patients with obstructive lung disease of unknown etiology. PMID- 7100662 TI - Lung function data on 123 persons followed up for 20 years after total pneumonectomy. AB - Consecutive spirographic data of 123 pneumonectomized patients obtained before pneumonectomy, at discharge from hospital, in 1955 (CU1) and in 1975 (CU2) are presented. The mean observation time was of more than 20 years. The loss in inspiratory vital capacity (VC) proved considerably smaller than predicted from transversal studies. It was most pronounced in patients with thoracoplasties and in persons with left remaining lungs. The FEV1 as a percentage of total lung capacity (FEV1%TLC) evidently obviated the qualitative pulmonary function loss over the years. At the same time, data from 25 of 33 patients who died between CU1 and CU2 are reported (mean survival time 15.1 years). The survival rate of the initial group of 168 persons at CU1 was 14% below that of a control group of the same population. Life expectancy in pneumonectomized patients proved to depend more on the quantity of the lung parenchyma available, i.e. the actual inspiratory VC than on the quality as judged from the FEV1 in relation to lung volume. PMID- 7100663 TI - Effects of bronchodilators on the behavior of pulmonary resistance and dynamic compliance as functions of respiratory frequency. AB - The effects of bronchodilator treatment (intravenous atropine or inhaled metaproterenol) on the behavior of pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) as functions of respiratory frequency were studied in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in apparently normal smokers. No systematic changes in the frequency-dependent behavior of RL and Cdyn were observed after bronchodilator treatment; the degree of frequency dependence increased in some subjects, and decreased or remained unchanged in others. The present results suggest that the effects of bronchodilators on the relationships between lung mechanical properties and respiratory frequency are not based on a single mechanism, but probably reflect the interaction of multiple factors possibly associated with the bronchodilator treatment. PMID- 7100664 TI - [Measurement of LV function by computed tomography and echocardiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100665 TI - [Comparative study of left ventricular function using radionuclide imaging and echocardiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100666 TI - [Evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiogram compared with left ventriculogram (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100667 TI - [Evaluation of left ventricular function by cardiac CT: comparison with left ventriculography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100668 TI - [Comparison between left ventricular radionuclide angiography and contrast cineventriculography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100669 TI - [Assessment of left ventricular wall motion and function by cross-sectional echocardiography: with a special reference to a comparative study with radionuclide cardioangiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100670 TI - [Measurement of aortic input impedance in children with a catheter-tip electromagnetic velocity probe (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100672 TI - [Hemodynamics during hypoxia in dogs with extracardiac LV-RV shunt (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100671 TI - [Comparison of tissue pH (t-pH) and blood pH (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100674 TI - [A study of the cases of advanced coronary sclerosis with negative exercise test (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100673 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of left ventricular asynergy in myocardial infarction by two dimensional echocardiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100676 TI - [Airway reflexes and their receptors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100677 TI - [Experimental production of interventricular septal defects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100678 TI - [Naloxone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100675 TI - [A case of primary amyloidosis with intractable heart failure and conduction disturbance, diagnosed by myocardial biopsy--comparison between the pathological findings of the autopsy heart and the clinical findings (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100680 TI - [The inaccuracy of the PO2 measurements at high blood oxygen tensions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100679 TI - [Extraanatomic bypass (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100681 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine, bradykinin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the canine airways and pulmonary vascular bed (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100682 TI - [Carboxy-hemoglobin dissociation curves for fresh whole blood of mongrel dog (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100683 TI - [Detection of intracardiac thrombi by scintiphotography with 111-In labeled autologous platelets (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100684 TI - [Studies on flow velocity patterns in the left ventricular outflow tract using catheter-tip velocity/pressure transducers (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100687 TI - [Two cases of cardiac rupture following acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100685 TI - [Diagnosis of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta-the usefulness of limitations of non-invasive diagnostic techniques (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100686 TI - [Sudden coronary death--a clinical and coronary arteriographic study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100688 TI - Morphometrics of the avian lung. 1. The domestic fowl (Gallus gallus variant domesticus). AB - The lungs of 5 domestic fowls have been analysed electron microscopically by standard morphometric methods. The anatomical diffusing capacity has been calculated from the relevant parameters. The blood-gas barrier consisted essentially of endothelium, basal lamina, and a very thin squamous epithelial cell. Granular cells are absent and interstitial tissue is minimal. The following measurements are mean values applying to both lungs together, in the fixed state: lung volume, 25.0 cm3; total intrapulmonary blood volume, 6.9 cm3; volume of the exchange tissue, 11.6 cm3; pulmonary capillary blood volume, 3.51 cm3; pulmonary capillary haematocrit, 62.7%; total intrapulmonary air volume, 16.61 cm3; air capillary volume, 6.68 cm3; surface area of the blood-gas barrier, 2.08 m2; surface area of the barrier per unit volume of exchange tissue, 179.5 mm2/mm3; arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue barrier, 1.20 micrometers; harmonic mean thickness of the tissue barrier, 0.314 micrometers; harmonic mean thickness of the plasma layer, 0.342 micrometers. The values of the maximum and minimum morphometric diffusing capacities for the lung (DL02 m) were respectively 3.55 and 1.50 ml O2/min/mm Hg; those for the membrane (Dmo2 m) were 13.61 and 12.01 ml O2/min/mm Hg. PMID- 7100689 TI - Comparative studies of the respiratory functions of mammalian blood. XII. Black galago (Galago crassicaudatus argentatus) and brown galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus). AB - Respiratory characteristics of blood from sixteen adult male galagos were studied (8 brown and 8 black). The average body weight of the black galagos was significantly higher than that of the brown(1.512 +/- 0.162 vs. 0.988 +/- 0.099 kg, respectively). The blood oxygen capacities for black and brown galagos were 20.6 +/- 1.9 and 21.5 +/- 1.8 vol percent, respectively. The Bohr factor for blood from the black galago was -0550 +/- 0.039 (n = 9) and for brown galago blood was -0.523 +/- 0.050 (n = 6). There was no significant (P greater than 0.05) difference in P50 values of blood from the two subspecies of galagos, 36.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 37.7 +/- 0.9 mm Hg for the black and brown, respectively. The Haldane effect for black galago blood was higher than that for brown (7.5 vs. 65 vol percent, respectively). The concentrations of 2.3-DPG were similar in black and brown galago blood, 16.16 +/- 1.52 vs. 16.37 +/- 0.76 mumol/g Hb, respectively. Starch gel electrophoresis showed three major components of hemoglobin from both subspecies. There is a trend toward decreasing blood oxygen affinity as one ascends the primate evolutionary scale, which may be secondary to the trend toward a greater adult body weight. PMID- 7100690 TI - Effect of the cheeks and the compliance of alveolar gas on the measurement of respiratory variables. AB - The distensibility of the upper airways was found to range in 8 subjects between 0.01 and 0.001 L/cm H2O. This distensibility may cause a number of errors in standard respiratory measurements in normal subjects and in patients with airway obstruction due to delays in pressure and flow equilibration between alveoli and mouth. The error include overestimation of thoracic gas volume with the body plethysmograph; of airway inertance and of dynamic lung compliance; underestimation of respiratory resistance with the forced oscillation technique and with interruption pressure; underestimation of total pressure exerted by respiratory muscles with the P o.1 technique during occlusions of the airway opening. The errors are often quite appreciable and may exceed 100%. Ways to reduce them or to compensate for them are discussed. PMID- 7100691 TI - Gas mixing in the lungs of dogs and pigs. AB - We performed single breath washouts in 14 dogs and 4 pigs using a gas mixture containing 5% helium (He) and 5% sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) with, and without, an end inspiratory breathhold. In dogs, the slope of the alveolar plateau was steeper for SF6 than for He, the difference decreasing after 20 sec of breathholding. In contrast, in pigs there was no difference between the two slopes although both were steeper than in dogs. Following a 15-sec breathhold, both slopes decreased, that of the He plateau becoming significantly flatter than that for SF6. Furthermore, the expirate became relatively SF6 enriched. The results indicate that in pigs the mechanism responsible for the sloping alveolar plateau is not diffusion dependent, and hence cannot be due to 'stratification'. Neither do the results support diffusive interaction within an asymmetrical acinus as a basis for the slope. Our findings suggest that the latter is due to sequential emptying of relatively large units subtended by a branch point in which gas transport is entirely convective. PMID- 7100692 TI - [Drug-induced liver diseases in a hospital milieu. Retrospective epidemiologic and etiologic study. Apropos of 29 cases]. PMID- 7100693 TI - [Epidemiologic approach to Horton's disease in the department of Loire Atlantique. 110 cases in 10 years (1970-1979)]. PMID- 7100694 TI - [Subacute thyroiditis: a general disease?]. PMID- 7100695 TI - [Coagulant activity of platelets in obesity, dyslipidemias and diabetes]. PMID- 7100696 TI - [Folic acid deficiency: incidence in 480 patients. Effects on phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils]. PMID- 7100697 TI - [Treatment of amyloidosis with colchicine]. PMID- 7100698 TI - [Plasma binding and pharmacokinetics of drugs]. PMID- 7100699 TI - [Diagnosis of a continuous left parasternal murmur: detection of a rupture of a Valsalva's sinus aneurysm into the right ventricle]. PMID- 7100700 TI - [Clinical, anatomo-pathological and developmental study of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Apropos of 25 personal cases]. PMID- 7100701 TI - [Incidence of atopy and allergic diseases in patients with Berger's disease: possibility of digestive mucosal origin in mesangial IgA]. PMID- 7100702 TI - [Surgical treatment of colo-rectal cancer]. PMID- 7100703 TI - [Physiopathology of orthostatism]. PMID- 7100704 TI - [Facial pain in relation to mastication, physiopathology of dental occlusion]. PMID- 7100705 TI - [Muscular cramps]. PMID- 7100706 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: restatement]. PMID- 7100707 TI - [Study of hemorrhagic disorders confronting practitioners]. PMID- 7100708 TI - [Therapeutic value of plasmapheresis technics]. PMID- 7100709 TI - [Beginning epilepsy in the aged]. PMID- 7100710 TI - [Chronic otorrheas]. PMID- 7100711 TI - [Normal pressure hydrocephlus]. PMID- 7100712 TI - [When should the physician consider the diagnosis of cancer in the child?]. PMID- 7100713 TI - [Aromatic retinoids, a new therapy in dermatology]. PMID- 7100715 TI - [Must an artificial crystalline lens be implanted following cataract operations?]. PMID- 7100714 TI - [Pelvi-genital infection: a disease of today]. PMID- 7100716 TI - [Osteoarticular replacement operations other than the hip]. PMID- 7100717 TI - [Current therapeutic agents]. PMID- 7100718 TI - [The Genolier Clinic: evolution, conception]. PMID- 7100719 TI - [Coronary surgery. Introduction, generalities, technic, strategy]. PMID- 7100720 TI - [Chronic coronary insufficiency (stable angina)]. PMID- 7100721 TI - [Acute coronary insufficiency (unstable angina)]. PMID- 7100722 TI - [Coronary surgery in patients over 65]. PMID- 7100723 TI - [Computerization of intensive care]. PMID- 7100724 TI - [Anesthesia in heart surgery]. PMID- 7100725 TI - [Selective cinecoroangiography. Technics, indications and complications]. PMID- 7100727 TI - [Prevention, detection and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7100726 TI - Use of basic tools for planning an efficient tuberculosis programme in developed countries based on recent epidemiological studies. PMID- 7100728 TI - [Bronchial tuberculosis, a disease on the road to extinction]. PMID- 7100729 TI - [Functional repercussions of pulmonary tuberculosis, particularly their consequences and their therapy]. PMID- 7100730 TI - [The clinical diversity of intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 7100732 TI - [Clinical aspects of tuberculosis as seen by the clinician]. PMID- 7100731 TI - [Skin reactions to tuberculin: history and present]. PMID- 7100733 TI - [Non-tubercular mycobacteria in human pathology]. PMID- 7100734 TI - [Electrophysiological and morphological effects of the injection of Guillain Barre sera in the sciatic nerve of the rat (author's transl)]. AB - Serum from 3 of 4 patients with classical Guillain-Barre syndrome has produced conduction block in a large proportion of motor axons following subperineurial injection into 13 rat sciatic nerves. These effects, although qualitatively similar to those previously described for certain experimental sera (EAN, EAE, and anti-Gal-Cer), are notably slower in evolution. Conduction block does not begin until more than 24 hours after injection and is maximal at about 5 days. Between 6 and 8 days the appearance of long latency responses signals return of conduction in previously blocked axons. Thereafter return to control values is rapid and complete within 10 to 15 days. Six control human sera injected into 13 sciatic nerves have shown no comparable effect. Correlative morphological studies indicate that these Guillain-Barre sera produce focal demyelination which evolves pari passu with conduction block. Demyelination appears to evolve both by vesicular disruption and by macrophage mediated myelin stripping. A factor is present in the serum of some patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, which given access to the endoneurial environment produces active demyelination with conduction block. We believe that the production of this factor could be responsible for the polyradiculoneuropathy of this disease. PMID- 7100735 TI - [Rigid-spine syndrome in a female patient (author's transl)]. AB - A case of rigid spine syndrome in a woman is reported. There were a diffuse myopathic process, with atrophy and mild weakness not involving the face and a major rigidity of the spine. Contractures were present as well as a pure restrictive respiratory failure. Heart-rythm disorders and prolapse of the mitral valve were present. Histological features of a deltoid muscle biopsy were slight necrosis, lack of fibrosis and major disproportion in fiber-types. There were a high rate of fiber I and absence of fiber IIB. This case was similar to others described as Dubowitz's rigid spine syndrome. The histological features belonged to the second neuropathological group of cases, with disproportion in fiber types. The rigid spine syndrome may be considered as a clinically definite disease and distinguished from other myopathies with orthopedic deformations. It should not be confused with arthrogryposis multiplex. The disease is probably autosomic recessive. PMID- 7100736 TI - [Mesencephalic haemorrhages: a CT scan study of 3 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100737 TI - [Giant aneurysm of both vertebral arteries. Drop-attacks (author's transl)]. AB - A 79 year-old woman suffered from drop-attacks for 2 years. There were in addition disorders of swallowing. She then had a mild right hemiplegia. At age 81, she had a mild spastic quadriparesis with paresis of the right sterno-mastoid and trapezius muscles and of the right side of the tongue. She died from bronchopneumonia. At autopsy a giant aneurysm involving both vertebral arteries was present. This case exemplifies: 1) drop-attacks due to a lesion near the foramen magnum; 2) signs which may suggest an aneurysm of the posterior fossa; 3) an apparently very rare kind of aneurysm of the vertebral arteries. PMID- 7100739 TI - [Loss of psychic self-activation. Compulsive activity of obsessional type. Bilateral lenticular lesion (author's transl)]. AB - After a carbon monoxide intoxication with coma of short duration, a 25 years-old man sustained a demential state and during the first weeks, a mild extrapyramidal syndrome. One year later, the mental state had progressively improved, although with a severe anterograde amnesia but the clinical picture had become unique. Let without external stimulation, the patient remained inert without any activity, often lying on his bed but not sleeping. He had lost any initiative. At the opposite, if he was stimulated, his physical, intellectual and affective performances were nearly normal, verbal fluency remaining however poor. Psychic self-activation appeared to be lost but psychic possibilities after external stimulation were nearly normal. When inactive, the patient was occupied with a mental compulsive activity. C.A.T. showed bilateral necrotizing lesions in the globus pallidus. The present case is very similar to a previously reported one. (D. Laplane et al., Rev. Neurol., 1981, 137 : 269-276) in which bilateral lenticular lesions produced the same syndrome. The pallidal area seems to play a determinant role in the processes of self-activation of psychic life. PMID- 7100738 TI - [Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease. Anatomoclinical and genealogical study]. AB - The patient has been examined clinically and his brain examined. Four related patients are known by hospital records, and two others by history. The mode of transmission is compatible with a mendelian autosomic dominant mechanism through three generations, but the line appears to be broken at the further ascending generation with both parents dying too old to be affected. The disease begins in the early thirties, with tremor and frequent falls; intellectual impairment is soon obvious. Later on, the patients are demented, unruly; a marked dysarthria and severe intention and opposition tremor in the trunk and the extremities are present. Midline reflexes are brisk, other reflexes are normal, a Babinski response is not obtained. Laboratory and E.E.G. data are non contributive. At a terminal stage, the patient is bedridden, cachectic, with extensor hypertonia of the lower extremities and flexor hypertonia of the upper extremities. Total course is about seven years. Neuropathological findings in the propositus were almost entirely restricted to the cerebellar cortex, the molecular layer of which is moderately atrophic and gliotic, and contains numerous plaque-like formations without neuritic component, but differing from kuru plaques by the absence of amyloid characteristics. The condition may be nevertheless ascribed to Gerstmann Straussler-Scheinker disease, understood as a provisional clinicopathology group, pending further transmission experiments. PMID- 7100740 TI - [Extrapyramidal rigidity with dystonia, optic atrophy and bilateral putaminal lesions in an adolescent. Juvenile form of Leigh's disease (author's transl)]. AB - A 19-year-old man presented with an apparently non-familial neurological disorder that had progressed from the age of 6 years. Dystonia of the trunk and limbs with extrapyramidal rigidity, dysarthria, a pyramidal syndrome with spasticity of the lower limbs, bilateral optic atrophy, and nystagmiform ocular movements were present. CT scan demonstrated symmetrical putaminal lesions. The different aetiologies of bilateral striatal lesions are considered, the final diagnosis being a juvenile form of Leigh's disease. PMID- 7100742 TI - [Degenerative type profile of cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis in myopathies (author's transl)]. AB - Normal CSF proteins electrophoresis has been compared to 74 cases of progressive muscular dystrophies : 29 cases of Duchenne type, 3 cases of Becker type, 8 cases of limb girdle dystrophies, and 34 cases of severe muscular dystrophies with autosomal recessive heredity (Duchenne like). A degenerative profile type of electrophoresis was frequent, and it is characterized by a decrease of the total proteins and an increase of pre-albumins. PMID- 7100743 TI - Night sleep of patients with chronic ventilatory failure and age matched controls: number and duration of the EEG episodes of intervening wakefulness and drowsiness. AB - Characteristics of the episodes of wakefulness and drowsiness (stage 0 + 1) intervening in a night of electrophysiologically monitored sleep were compared in a homogeneous group of 13 patients (mean age 57 years) with severe hypoxic chronic bronchitis and emphysema (blue and bloated variety) and 8 age matched control subjects. The total amounts of stage 0 + 1 accumulated over one night (preceded by one night of adaptation) were high in both groups (28% in the patients, 22% in the control subjects). A significant difference was found in the number of brief arousals (episodes of stage 0 + 1 lasting for less than 1 min), which averaged 10/h of sleep in the patients, and 6/h of sleep in the control subjects (p less than 0.05, two tailed). The numbers of longer episodes of stage 0 + 1 were not significantly different and varied independently from the numbers of brief arousals in the individuals. Only a small proportion (8 %) of brief arousals was linked to episodes of hypopnea or apnea in the bronchitic patients. Large numbers of brief arousals/h of non rapid eye movement sleep inthe bronchitic patients correlated significantly with small percentages of stage 3 + 4 sleep (p less than 0.05), and were associated with smell numbers of hypoxemic episodes occurring predominantly in rapid eye movement sleep. The findings indicate a more fractionated sleep in the patients with chronic hypoxic bronchitis, and suggest that the brief arousals represent a limiting factor rather than a result of the nocturnal hypoxemic episodes occurring in these patients. PMID- 7100741 TI - [Encephalitis with necrosis limited to the brain stem: a case report (author's transl)]. AB - A 38-year-old woman with encephalitis presented no signs of infectious disease or exanthema. After a remission lasting 10 months, she died during a second attack after demonstrating signs of brain stem lesions. Histological examination revealed lesions, mainly in the brain stem and characterized by intense necrosis, moderate degrees of inflammation, and localized foci of gliosis. In spite of the necrotic lesions, the neurones were relatively spared. An old infarct of the left caudate nucleus was present. Taking other demyelinating diseases into account, it is suggested that this is a clinical form of multiple sclerosis, this enabling a relationship to be established between multiple sclerosis and post-infections perivenous encephalitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. PMID- 7100745 TI - Sleep is changed by blood sampling through an indwelling venous catheter. AB - Seven volunteers, four men and three women aged 53-63 years, each had his or her sleep recorded electrophysiologically on twelve baseline nights and on two nights during which a catheter had been inserted into a forearm vein. On the catheter nights, total sleep time and sleep efficiency were both reduced significantly, there was significantly more wakefulness after the first onset of sleep, and there was less rapid eye movement (REM sleep. The effects on REM sleep were attributable almost entirely to a significant reduction in the amount of REM sleep in the second half of each catheter night. Possible explanations of the effect of REM sleep are discussed. PMID- 7100746 TI - Energy expenditure and total sleep time: effect of physical exercise. AB - The energy conservation model proposes that the main function of sleep is to lower metabolic requirements periodically and thus to conserve energy. However, certain variations in energy expenditure, such as that produced by physical exercise, have not been found to be consistently related to sleep length. We hypothesized that, because sleep variables may adapt relatively slowly to metabolic changes, the effect of exercise on sleep time would be observed as a function of habitual exercise patterns, not of daily variations. The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of five experiments. Although the design of each experiment was idiosyncratic, all involved physically fit and/or unfit subjects whose sleep was assessed following daytime exercise and/or no exercise conditions. As predicted, fit subjects slept significantly longer than unfit subjects, and daytime exercise had no consistent effect on sleep duration. However, for several reasons, the relevance of the data to the energy conservation model is uncertain. PMID- 7100744 TI - Temporal distribution of sleep states, somatic activity, and autonomic activity during the first half year of life. AB - Twelve-hour, all-night polygraphic recordings were obtained from 25 normal infants at 1 week and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months of age. The objectives of the study were to provide a description of the emerging temporal distribution of quiet sleep (QS), active sleep (AS), and motility, and to describe the maturation of a circadian influence upon heart rates. With increasing age, increased percentages of AS began to cluster toward the end of the night and increased percentages of QS toward the beginning. A circadian influence upon heart rates was observed in AS and indeterminate sleep prior to its existence in QS. At 2 and 3 months of age motility in AS and QS increased linearly during the night. PMID- 7100747 TI - The dreams of college men and women in 1950 and 1980: a comparison of dream contents and sex differences. AB - Two samples of dreams collected from college students in 1950 and 1980 under similar conditions were analyzed using some of the Hall-Van de Castle scales. It was found that there has been little change over a period of 30 years in what college students dream about. Moreover, the sex differences in the 1980 dreams are the same as those in the 1950 dreams. PMID- 7100750 TI - Behavior manifestations of sleep apnea in children. PMID- 7100748 TI - A modified method for scoring slow wave sleep of older subjects. PMID- 7100749 TI - Sleep apnea in a senior population. PMID- 7100751 TI - Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a apparently healthy blood donor. AB - This work presents the second published report of an apparently healthy adult with an acquired B antigen. This case is unique because of the serial studies documenting the increase in strength of the B antigen, development of polyagglutinability, and absence of detectable gastrointestinal pathology. The cells of G.R., a 56-year-old caucasian female, came to our attention because of weak reactions with anti-B. Her cells were typed normal group A one year earlier. G.R.'s cells specifically absorbed an eluted anti-B. Her saliva contained A and H, but no B substance. The red cells were not polyagglutinable. Her cells did not react with the lectin Bandeiraea simplificolia. The cells reacted more strongly with anti-B from group A2 donors than A1. Her serum reacted with all normal group B cells, but was nonreactive with two other examples of acquired B cells. The autologous control and direct antiglobulin test were consistently negative. Samples examined three, six, and twelve months later showed the same serological results except that the acquired B antigen was stronger, although weaker than group B controls, and the cells were polyagglutinable. The cells failed to react with the following lectins Bandeiraea simplificolia I, Salvia sclarae, Salvia horminium and Soy bean lectin; but reacted with Arachis hypogea and Bandeiraea simplificolia II. Freezing and thawing the cells removed the polyagglutination but did not affect the B antigen. Normal A1 cells, but not O cells, became specifically agglutinable by anti-B after incubation with G.R.'s serum. G.R. is free from obvious pathology as determined by physical examination and gastrointestinal X-rays. PMID- 7100752 TI - Biological significance of the York, Cost, McCoy and Knops alloantibodies. AB - The biological significance of alloantibodies directed against the red blood cell antigens York, Cost, McCoy, and Knops has been investigated by means of a literature search and an analysis of 304 patient referrals received since 1965. Neither method detected documented cases of erythroblastosis fetalis due to these antibodies. The analysis of the patient referrals identified 11 women immunized by pregnancy. The literature search provided one documented case of hemolytic transfusion reaction and one probable case of successful transfusion of incompatible blood. The analysis of the patient referrals revealed two cases of probable successful transfusions of incompatible blood, nine patients with documented evidences of extravascular hemolytic transfusion reactions, and one patient with documented evidence of intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction. The conclusion reached is that alloantibodies directed against the York, Cost, McCoy, and Knops antigens are biologically significant with respect to red blood cell transfusions in some patients. Transfusion practices show that most patients have received compatible transfusions, an indication that the physicians in the hospitals adhere to the philosophy of compatible transfusions, whenever possible. PMID- 7100753 TI - Human albumin variants. Proposals for a nomenclature. PMID- 7100754 TI - Blood group opinions. Their importance in court. AB - 1. --Blood group opinions based on the gene systems and characteristics usual in the FRG are able to exclude about 93% of all non-fathers. With additional systems, including the HLA system, this can be increased to between 98 and 99%. 2. --Owing to repetition, additional systems hardly improve exclusion efficiency. But each and every system is useful for positive biostatistical proof. 3. --As a rule, a computer is necessary for the biostatistical evaluation of blood group findings in cases involving aliens, deficiency, brothers, and incest. The same holds for the evaluation of HLA findings, particularly if one wants to take account of the recombination rate between locus A and B. 4. --The W-value obtained on the basis of Essen-Moller's formula contains all the information necessary for a biostatistical evaluation of triplet cases. In all other cases the method of calculation must also be based on Bayes' Theorem, if necessary with the support of Bayes' Postulate, i.e. with a neutral a priori of 0.5 as a rule [5]. Decisions limited to probably values serve little purpose in court cases. PMID- 7100755 TI - A note of the peculiar haemagglutination reactions of Clerodendron trichotomum lectin. PMID- 7100756 TI - Tx, a "new" red cell cryptantigen exposed by pneumococcal enzymes. PMID- 7100757 TI - [Burns of the upper digestive tract caused by ingestion of caustic substances]. PMID- 7100758 TI - [Pancreatic abscess. Report of 16 cases]. PMID- 7100759 TI - [Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen in the Federal District, Mexico. Study of volunteer donors]. PMID- 7100760 TI - [Prospective evaluation of radiology and endoscopy in the diagnosis of ulcer syndromes]. PMID- 7100761 TI - [Serum bile acids in hepatobiliary disease]. PMID- 7100762 TI - [Participation of bacterial superinfection in the clinical evolution of initial viral pneumopathies. Study of the systemic and local immunological changes]. PMID- 7100763 TI - [Evolutive peculiarities of streptococcal infections in the year 1980, in the city of Bucharest]. AB - In further investigations on the evolutive trends of the epidemiologic streptococcal process, an extensive epidemiological survey was carried out in prescholar and school communities in the town of Bucharest with a view to applying efficient antiepidemic measures able to limit primary streptococcal infections and prevent late, redoubtable complications. In 1980, in Bucharest, morbidity from scarlet fever was at its lowest level (92.7 per 100,000) during the last 31 years; it was in general benign, affecting especially in the month of March the 5-9 years age group (623.9 per 100,000) and the 1-4 years age group (529.4 per 100,000). The trailing evolution of a scarlet fever focus in a prescholar community suggested the hypothesis of the potentiation of the induction of streptococcal toxigenesis under the influence of intercurrent vital infections, especially measles. There were no deaths from scarlet fever. Laboratory investigations for the active detection and treatment of anginas, of carriers at risk, totalled 52101 tests; of these 4478 (8.59%) were positive for group "A" streptococci. In the prescholar communities surveyed no poststreptococcal complications were reported (acute articular rheumatism and glomerulonephritis). In 1980, there were 63 cases of acute articular rheumatism (code 250) in the 0-18 year-old group. The results suggest the need of continued epidemiological survey of streptococcal infections in children with a view to improving the health status of the population. PMID- 7100764 TI - [Current data on the biology and response to insecticides of Anopheles mosquitoes in former endemic zones of southern Romania]. AB - In the 1976-1980 period biological and ecologic investigations were carried out on the Anopheles fauna in the former endemic malarial areas in the Danube plains and the Dobrogea. Due to the changes in the ecology of the region new aspects were observed among this fauna: 1) reduced anopheles density as compared to previous years; 2) change in the proportion of the Anopheles species; 3) resistance of the Anopheles to organochloride insecticides and sensitivity to organophosphoric and carbamate insecticides. The authors recommend the use of the Ficam W insecticide in doses of 0.3 g active substance per square meter for disinfestation against mosquitoes in houses. PMID- 7100766 TI - [Determination of the serological group of beta-hemolytic streptococci by the coagglutination method. Comparative study of the Phadebact, Streptosec and Cantacuzino Institute preparations]. PMID- 7100765 TI - [Simple method of isolation and study of anaerobic bacteria]. AB - The description is given of a simple procedure for the surface culture of anaerobic bacteria in Petri dishes, using for anaerobiosis pieces of cardboard imbibed in pyrogalic acid and potassium carbonate solution respectively, pressing the seeded medium in the Petri dish, which becomes air-tight. The efficiency of the procedure was confirmed by seeding Clostridium strains, different collection species, and by isolation and identification of sulfite-reducing strains from meat and meat products. PMID- 7100767 TI - [Demonstration of intrahepatocellular hepatitis B antigens by means of histochemical methods]. PMID- 7100768 TI - Radionuclide imaging of the neck in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Blind marking was used to assess radionuclide neck images obtained with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 12 with cervical degenerative joint disease (spondylosis). Eleven out of the 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients who had neck pain when imaged showed enhanced uptake in the region of the atlantoaxial and temporomandibular joints. In contrast, no patient with cervical spondylosis and only one rheumatoid arthritis patient without neck pain had high uptake in either joint. Changes in uptake in this region on repeat imaging correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with changes in pain. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with or without neck pain, and with cervical spondylosis showed similar patterns of radiological abnormality in the cervical spine. No detailed correlation was detected between radionuclide and radiographic findings. Radionuclide abnormalities were seen in the middle and lower cervical spine in both rheumatoid arthritis and cervical spondylosis. An abnormal radionuclide image of the middle or lower neck is thus of little value except when no degenerative change is present on the radiograph. An abnormal radionuclide image of the upper neck may be a useful indication of inflammation. PMID- 7100769 TI - Gold and penicillamine therapy: is shared care with general practitioners effective and safe? AB - One hundred patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were commenced on gold or penicillamine therapy. The patient's general practitioner was asked to participate in monitoring these patients. No reduction in efficacy or increase in serious adverse effects was present in this shared-care group. A 65% reduction in hospital clinic visits was achieved thus allowing more patients to benefit from this therapy. PMID- 7100770 TI - A functional study of the rheumatoid elbow. AB - A clinical and functional study of rheumatoid elbows has been done to discover the magnitude and frequency of disabilities caused by elbow problems. Pain and weakness were found to affect all activities which were tested, with adjacent joint involvement, flexion deformity, and lack of supination causing significant disability. Instability was not a frequent problem. The frequency of functional disabilities, linked to severe pain, suggests that the development of an elbow joint replacement would be worthwhile. PMID- 7100771 TI - Gonarthritis due to mycobacterium chelonei. PMID- 7100772 TI - Co-existent tophaceous gout and systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7100773 TI - Self-regulation of chronic arthritic pain and long-term analgesic dependence in a haemophiliac. AB - Haemophilia is characterized by recurrent internal bleeding episodes, with repeated haemorrhages into the joint areas eventually resulting in a chronic condition similar to osteoarthritis. A 31-year-old haemophiliac, with a nine-year history of narcotic analgesic dependence secondary to chronic arthritis pain, learned self-regulation techniques consisting of progressive muscle relaxation exercises, meditative breathing, and guided imagery. Long-term follow-up evidenced clinically significant decreases in arthritic pain intensity and analgesic intake subsequent to self-regulation training. PMID- 7100774 TI - Stroke: does side matter? AB - Of 135 patients seen two weeks following a stroke and followed up for one year, 69 had a right hemiplegia and 66 left-sided weakness. Disturbance of the level of consciousness at the onset and confusion following the stroke were more common in those with right hemiplegia. Confusion, when present, improved more often in those with right hemiplegia. Neither severity nor functional outcome was associated with laterality. Elderly patients with right hemiplegia were more likely to be admitted to hospital, and of those admitted there were significantly more patients with a right hemiplegia admitted to general wards and of those with left hemiplegia to geriatric units. Radios, but not television, were more often used by those patients with left hemiplegia. Most bedside containers were placed on the patients right side irrespective of the side of the lesion. PMID- 7100775 TI - Grip "strength' in the healthy. AB - The grip pressures of a normal population were determined using a 900 mmHg column. Men were stronger than women. The dominant hand was the stronger and the difference between the dominant and nondominant hand pressures was less than 10% in both sexes. One determination of grip pressure is adequate for clinical purposes. Much information is lost if the standard 300 mm mercury or aneroid sphygmomanometers are used. PMID- 7100776 TI - Acute rheumatic fever in early pregnancy. PMID- 7100777 TI - Non-steroidals ineffective in OA. PMID- 7100778 TI - Proposal of a "spiral" mechanism of evolution. PMID- 7100779 TI - The four theories of evolution. I. The theories on the reality and on the history of evolution. PMID- 7100780 TI - Where are the antibiotic producing genes? PMID- 7100781 TI - [Sporadic ocular myopathy with mitochondrial anomalies]. PMID- 7100782 TI - [Muscular dystrophy: a working hypothesis]. PMID- 7100784 TI - [Thoracic disk hernia: importance of the ischemic factor in compression of the lumbar dorsal enlargement of the spinal cord]. PMID- 7100785 TI - [Current concepts of neoplastic malignancy in neurooncology]. PMID- 7100783 TI - [Physiopathology and diagnosis of spinal myopathies and amyotrophies]. PMID- 7100786 TI - [Neurologic complications of acute viral hepatitis. Electroencephalographic and biohumoral aspects]. PMID- 7100787 TI - [CT morphology of biliary neoplasias (author's transl)]. AB - In a retrospective study the Ct morphology of cholecystocarcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas and papillary carcinomas is discussed on the basis of 36 patients. Particular attention is given to the differential diagnostic criteria. PMID- 7100788 TI - [Value of interoperative preparation radiography for the detection of minimal cancer (author's transl)]. AB - The article reports on 31 carcinomas of the breast in the minimal cancer stage. This includes noninvasive and infiltrative carcinomas which had grown to a diameter of up to 5 mm. The patients were examined clinically, thermographically and by mammography. In 22 cases, puncture was performed under positional control of the puncture needle for the purpose of cytological or microhistological diagnosis. On the basis of these results, on-target extirpation of tissue was performed under control by interoperative preparation radiography in 24 patients; in 7 cases (29.1%) it became necessary to perform subsequent resection, in a few cases even repeatedly. It would not have been possible to detect these minimal cancers safely and to subsequently remove them by surgery without the aid of this interoperatively performed radiological examination. PMID- 7100789 TI - [Angiographic localisation diagnosis via intra-arterial cytostasis catheters for the perfusion of orocavitary and pharyngeal tumours (author's transl)]. AB - Correct positioning of the intra-arterial vascular catheter is essential for the technical execution of a fractionated, locally-acting (as far as possible) perfusion of medicaments with a minimum of side effects--now that selective chemotherapy has been introduced as part of a multi-method treatment of tumours in the head and neck region. For this purpose, angiographic imaging of the catheter topography with the relevant dependent vascular area is recommended. This procedure is relatively easy and allows immediate correcting of the catheter position, while taking into consideration the individual blood flow conditions. In a group of 70 patients subjected to this procedure by the author, no local complications were seen. PMID- 7100790 TI - [Cancer-like x-ray findings in the esophagus caused by blood clot-hemorrhage due to coagulopathy]. AB - The case demonstrated here shows that filling defects in the oesophagus do not prove the existence of a tumour. In diffuse haemorrhages of the oesophageal mucosa the blood may not be swallowed completely or vomited; it may coagulate in the oesophagus, adhere to the wall and produce a tumor-like pattern. PMID- 7100792 TI - [Metabolic complications of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 7100793 TI - [Severe acute ethyl alcohol intoxication in the adult]. PMID- 7100791 TI - [Chondropathia patellae--preoperative and postoperative demonstration of the patellar structure in plain roentgenography (author's transl)]. AB - The study is based on 86 patients surgically treated for chondromalacia patellae, who in a 2 year follow-up were controlled by defile-radiographs and clinical examination. While there was an improvement of all clinical symptoms examined, no significant change in the radiologic appearance of the patellar structure was observed as compared with the pre-operative status. This includes that neither significant changes indicating development of arthrosis nor aggravation of pre existing arthrotic lesions could be found. However, it is commonly suggested from roentgenographic findings with type 3 lesions, that severe chondromalacia patellae may be precursor of osteoarthrosis. PMID- 7100794 TI - [Psychiatric emergencies due to alcohol consumption]. PMID- 7100795 TI - [Alcohol withdrawal syndromes and delirium tremens]. PMID- 7100796 TI - [Acute alcohol encephalopathies]. PMID- 7100797 TI - [Alcoholic ketoacidosis]. PMID- 7100799 TI - [Convulsive states in alcoholics]. PMID- 7100800 TI - [Public health. Introduction]. PMID- 7100798 TI - [Severe pyogenic infections in alcoholics]. PMID- 7100801 TI - [Data processing and the information sciences in public health. The importance of specialty records]. PMID- 7100802 TI - [Health services and the determination of health needs]. PMID- 7100803 TI - [Of what use is hospital hygiene?]. PMID- 7100804 TI - [Occurrence of HLA B27 antigen in ankylosing spondylitis in Italy]. AB - 39 individuals from Middle and South Italy were selected for being affected by ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (N = 22) or by sacroiliitis (SI) (N = 17) and typed for the HLA system antigens. 320 healthy individuals were typed as control population. The following phenotypic frequencies of HLA-B27 were found; 68% in AS patients, 71% in SI patients and 5% in controls. The frequency of B27 observed among our AS patients is lower than those observed in other caucasian patients. Our data may be explained either by a genetic hypothesis or by an environmental hypothesis; data reported by other authors let we believe that the last one is more reliable. PMID- 7100805 TI - [Atloido-axoid erosive osteoarthritis. Apropos of 3 cases]. AB - Three cases of unilateral atloido-axis arthropathy are described in women aged 39 to 69 years. The initial diagnosis of arthritis made in view of the severity of the clinical (severe pain and stiffness) and radiological (marked chondrolysis, subchondral erosions), manifestations was contested in the absence of any laboratory abnormality of an inflammatory nature, as well as any bacterial, inflammatory rheumatic or metabolic cause. The final diagnosis made at the time of hospitalisation after 8 to 9 month progression of the disease was osteoarthritis, no subject to any doubt on the basis of the subsequent course. C2 C3 block present in 2 cases was a local factor of joint wear-and-tear. Other severe manifestations of osteoarthritis were seen in 2 patients. By analogy with certain forms of destructive osteoarthritis of the fingers, the term erosive osteoarthritis of the atloido-axis joint is suggested to describe this joint lesion. PMID- 7100806 TI - [Rheumatoid polyarthritis and extensive necrotizing vasculitis. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - The author reports two cases of severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where the manifestations of necrosis vasculitis consisted of extensive and bullous gangrene of the lower limbs. In one case, the laboratory picture was that of major complement consumption (CH50 unmeasureable, marked fall in various compounds including C3 and C4) with very high levels of circulating immune complexes. An attempt at treatment by plasmapheresis, immunodepressants and corticosteroids led to moderate stabilisation of the vasculitis (regression of purpura) but remained incapable of resolving the local problem of gangrene. The severity of the lesion led to amputation of both legs. In the other case, there as a fall in CH50 with the presence of circulating immune complexes. Similar treatment led to stabilization of the lesions but final amputation could not be avoided to deal with the residue. Interruption of treatment was followed by an inflammatory exacerbation which was satisfactorily dealt with by further sessions of plasmapheresis. The authors discuss the value of such immunodepressant therapy in severe RA in the light of these cases. PMID- 7100809 TI - [Defining human stabilized cell lines by monoclonal antibodies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100807 TI - [Study of antihistone and anti-bicatenary RNA antibodies in connective tissue diseases using immunoenzyme technic]. AB - Use of an immunoenzyme technique to seek two types of antibody (AB): antihistones and bicatenary anti-RNA, led to study of their distribution in different connective tissue and autoimmune diseases. Total antihistone AB and the H1 and H2b antifractions were seen almost exclusively in lupus (52.5 per cent of cases), principally during active phases of the disease since 87 per cent of active forms had antihistone AB as against 15 per cent of inactive forms. Antihistone AB would thus appear to be a valuable laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and surveillance of lupus. Bicatenary anti-RNA AB were more widely distributed, being found in DLE, RA, scleroderma and in various disorders with antinuclear antibodies. However they were slightly more common in active forms of lupus and their titres appeared to fall more quickly than those of antinuclear AB and anti DNA AB at the time of clinical improvements. In RA, bicatenary anti-RNA AB were more commonly associated with inflammatory and progressive forms but further studies involving larger populations would be necessary to confirm these findings. PMID- 7100808 TI - [A case of spinal osteoid osteoma difficult to diagnose. Value of tomodensitometry]. PMID- 7100810 TI - [Toxicity and effect of flavellagic acid on blood coagulation and haemostasis in healthy rabbits and rabbits exposed to whole-body irradiation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100811 TI - [Effect of some haemostatic preparations on rats subjected to whole-body irradiation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100812 TI - [Effect of adrenaline on the oxidation in the central nervous system and liver of rats during development (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100814 TI - Purification of the synaptic membrane glycoprotein D2 from rat brain. AB - D2 is a nervous-specific membrane protein enriched in fractions of synaptosomal membranes from rat brain. Recently, an immunochemical relationship between D2 and the chick cell adhesion molecule (CAM) has been demonstrated. There is reason to believe that D2 is involved in adhesion phenomena between neurites. The purpose of the present study was to purify and further characterize the D2 protein from rat brain. In the developed purification procedure synaptosomal membranes from rat brains were prepared and solubilized by means of non-ionic detergent. The subsequent purification steps were hydroxylapatite chromatography, wheat germ lectin affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and lysine affinity chromatography. The purified D2 was found to be enriched 240 times compared with the starting brain homogenate and 120 times compared with the synaptosomal membrane fraction. The recovery of D2 was 26% when the amount of D2 in the synaptosomal membrane fraction was set to 100%. The purified D2 antigen was used for production of monospecific rabbit antisera, and it was found to be composed of two polypeptides of apparent molecular weights 130,000 and 150,000, respectively. PMID- 7100813 TI - The influence of antigen density and a comparison of IgG and IgM antibodies in the anti-complementary modulation of lymphocytic surface immunoglobulin. AB - Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of antigen density on anti-complementary modulation, defined here as the conferring by anti immunoglobulin (Ig) of resistance to lysis of guinea pig L2C leukaemic cells varied widely in their quantitative expression of surface membrane Ig as judged by the binding to cells of 125I-labelled Fab' fragments from anti-Ig, and a good correlation between the bulk antigen density and the percentage of cells lysed by anti-Ig plus C was obtained (P=0.02). In the presence of 10 mM sodium azide, which has been shown to diminish the modulation occurring during simultaneous incubations with anti-Ig and C, this correlation was even stronger (P less than 0.001). No zone could be defined in which the level of surface Ig expression was sufficient to serve complement lysis but too low for modulation. Furthermore, both the degrees and rates of modulation occurring on incubation with antibody at 37 degrees C, either before C addition or in the presence of lytic C, were similar for populations of high, low, or intermediate antigen density. Separation of cells by their size or density failed to yield populations differing in either their susceptibility to humoral killing through anti-Ig or their modulating capacity. IgG and IgM antibodies to the L2C cell surface Ig evoked similar levels of killing with syngeneic C, and when compared for their ability to promote anti complementary modulation, no difference was revealed in either the rate or degree of modulation occurring during incubations at 37 degrees C with the two isotopes. The findings are discussed with particular reference to observations on the modulation of mouse thymus leukaemia (TL) antigens. PMID- 7100815 TI - Endocytosis of agarose in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. AB - We have studied the endocytosis of tritium-labelled and of non-radioactive agarose in mouse macrophages in vitro. The endocytosis was greatest and most rapid in syngeneic mouse serum and in human serum, reaching a plateau after 12 h of incubation. Ten per cent serum was the minimum concentration giving optimal ingestion. The endocytosis appeared to be regulated by mechanisms involving complement factors C3 and B. Different pretreatments of sera, inactivating or depleting C3 and B, resulted in 70-80% reduction of endocytosis. Preincubation of agarose in untreated serum increased the endocytosis of agarose in heat inactivated serum three-fold indicating that the essential factors were bound to agarose. Antibodies against C3 and B reduced endocytosis moderately but significantly. PMID- 7100817 TI - Chain structure of cobra venom factor from Naja naja and Naja haje venom. AB - The chain structure of cobra venom factor, whether isolated from Naja naja venom (CVFn) or from Naja Haje (CVFh) is similar. Both homologous proteins are composed of three disulphide-linked chains (A, B, and C) with apparent molecular weights of 72,000, 54,000, and 27,000-35,000 for CVFn and 68,000, 51,000 and 30,000 32,000 CVFh. That all three polypeptides are integral parts of CVF was demonstrated by investigation of the chain pattern after partial reduction. Reduction with 1-2 mM dithiothreitol under non-denaturing conditions yielded free B-chain, together with an intermediate product composed of disulphide-linked A- and C-chains. The C-chain was heterogenous when investigated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of SDS. Similarly, isoelectric focusing of CVFn and CVFh showed a multiplicity of bands in the pH range 5.2-6.4. Limited tryptic digestion resulted primarily in the fragmentation of the B-chain. CVFh is much more sensitive to tryptic attack than CVFn. In all our preparations of CVFh a partial, trypsin-like fragmentation of the B-chain was detectable to various extents. PMID- 7100816 TI - Induction of a metallothionein-like protein in human lymphocytes. PMID- 7100820 TI - Treatment of infectious mononucleosis with metronidazole in the pediatric age group. PMID- 7100818 TI - Role of IgM in human monocyte-mediated target cell destruction in vitro. AB - The presence on human monocytes of surface receptors binding IgM molecules (Fc mu receptors) and the role of IgM antibodies in monocytic effector functions were investigated. IgM antibodies were first purified by one passage through anti-Fc gamma immunosorbent. Rosette techniques in which either the indicator erythrocytes or the monocytes had been pretreated with IgM antibodies did not reveal the presence of Fc mu receptors on monocytes. Phagocytosis and cytolysis of bovine erythrocytes were, however, regularly observed in the presence of high concentrations of one IgM preparation. Inhibition experiments with human IgG or IgM indicated that the phagocytic and cytolytic effects obtained with this IgM preparation were due to contaminating IgG antibodies. This was confirmed by further immunosorbent purification of the IgM antibody preparation. Lymphocytes carrying Fc micro receptors did not transmit any effector cell activity to co cultivated autologous monocytes as a result of interaction with IgM. It was concluded that IgM does not mediate antibody-dependent target cell destruction by human monocytes that seem to lack Fc micro receptors. PMID- 7100821 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in the diagnosis of meningitis. Diagnostic value compared to standard biochemical methods. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate was determined in 245 patients by means of a rapid enzymatic method (Monotest Lactate). The mean value was 1.61 mmol/l (range 0.79-3.33) in 104 control patients, 2.06 mmol/l (range 0.76-4.31) in 121 patients with aseptic meningitis, and 8.18 mmol/l (range 1.77-19.21) in 20 patients with bacterial meningitis. In most of the patients CSF protein and the CSF/blood glucose quotient were also determined. Lactate and glucose quotient differentiated equally well between aseptic and bacterial meningitis while protein was somewhat less useful. Suitable values for discrimination between aseptic and bacterial meningitis were judged to be 3.0 mmol/l for CSF lactate, 1.0 g/l for CSF protein and 0.5 for the glucose quotient. Combinations of tests improved the diagnostic accuracy in aseptic but not in bacterial meningitis. In 2 patients with bacterial meningitis all tests failed. CSF lactate may be used as a supplementary aid in the diagnosis of meningitis. Its diagnostic efficacy was equal to but not better than that of the traditional methods. PMID- 7100822 TI - Assay of teichoic acid antibodies and antistaphylolysin in the diagnosis of Staphylococcal osteomyelitis. AB - Teichoic acid antibodies (TAA), measured by gel diffusion, and antistaphylolysin (ASa) values were determined in 46 osteomyelitis patients and 200 healthy controls. A positive TAA titer (greater than or equal to 4) was seen in 4/16 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and in 7/22 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis, while ASta was positive (greater than or equal to 2.0 IU/ml) in 9 patients in both groups all except 2 exceeding 4.0 IU/ml. No positive TAA titres or ASta values were seen in 8 patients with chronic nonstaphylococcal osteomyelitis. The rate of positive test results in 200 controls was 7% for TAA and 4% for ASta. Basing diagnosis on a positive value in either of the tests gave 21 positive results in 38 patients with staphylococcal osteomyelitis; 18 by ASta alone and 11 by TAA alone. Both tests were positive at the same time in 3 patients with acute and in 5 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis but never in controls. PMID- 7100819 TI - Regulation of IgG-IgM interplay by antibody specificity in human K-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. AB - IgM antibodies, by themselves unable to induce human K-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, enhanced the lysis of TNP-coated bovine erythrocytes (TNP-Eb) induced by suboptimal concentrations of IgG antibodies. The antibodies used were directed against either TNP or intrinsic Eb antigens. The best enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was obtained when IgG and IgM antibodies had different specificities. IgM antibodies with specificity similar to that of the IgG antibodies often inhibited rather than enhanced cytolysis. By using 125I-labelled anti-DNP IgG, the number of IgG/TNP-Eb was determined. Under the present conditions, at least 9000 IgG molecules/TNP-Eb were required for K-cell-mediated lysis in the absence of IgM. In the presence of IgM antibody concentrations optimal for enhancement of ADCC, the minimal number of IgG molecules required for induction of ADCC was 30-100 times lower. No enhancement of cytotoxicity was seen with more than the optimal concentration of IgM even when IgG binding to the target cells was not reduced by IgM. This suggested that induction of ADCC was dependent on contiguous IgG-Fc receptor interactions, which were inhibited owing to steric hindrance by excessive amounts of IgM in the critical contact areas between effector cells and target cells. PMID- 7100825 TI - Low dose trimethoprim prophylaxis in long term control of chronic recurrent urinary tract infection. AB - 26 patients with chronic urinary tract infections (UTI) were treated with 1 tablet of 100 mg trimethoprim (TMP) once daily for up to 6 months as long term prophylaxis. The recurrence rate before prophylaxis was 26/100 months, compared to a significantly lower frequency (3.3 recurrences/100 months, p less than 0.001) during prophylaxis. The post-prophylactic rate returned to the pre prophylaxis rate: 23 recurrences/100 months. All Escherichia coli strains causing post-prophylactic UTI were TMP sensitive. The number of rectal enterobacteria were markedly reduced during prophylaxis (p less than 0.05). A 10% recovery of TMP resistant enterobacteria from rectal swabs was noted early (less than or equal to 1 month) during prophylaxis, but no significant further accumulation occurred. PMID- 7100824 TI - Short time prophylaxis with ornidazole in elective colo-rectal surgery. AB - A study of 100 patients given short time prophylaxis against anaerobic infections in association with colo-rectal surgery is presented. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups receiving either ornidazole (Tiberal) or doxycycline (Vibramycin) for 3 days. Ornidazole concentrations in serum, subcutaneous fat, and intestinal wall were measured in 10 patients. No infection of anaerobic etiology was noticed in the ornidazole group, in contrast to 5 anaerobic infections in the doxycycline group. This difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The pharmacokinetic results indicate that a 3-day treatment with ornidazole gives a sufficient plasma steady state concentration, while the preoperative loading dose should be given less than 24 h prior to operation. The necessity of prophylaxis against both aerobic and anaerobic infections in colo rectal surgery is emphasized. PMID- 7100826 TI - Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim given in single daily doses for three days. AB - Trimethoprim in a single daily dose of 300 mg was administered at night to 8 healthy volunteers for 3 days. Serum concentrations of trimethoprim were measured after 12, 36, 60 and 84 h. The average trimethoprim concentrations were 3.0, 4.0, 4.7 and 0.96 micrograms/ml, respectively. The urinary concentrations were in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration for most urinary pathogens for up to 5 days after the start of oral medication. The individual variation in bioavailability and urinary excretion was reflected in the varying amount of unchanged trimethoprim excreted in the urine, between 66 and 95%. PMID- 7100827 TI - Reappearance of childhood tuberculous meningitis in Sweden. PMID- 7100823 TI - Oral pivampicillin and amoxycillin in newborn infants. AB - Ampicillin was administered intramuscularly and amoxycillin or pivampicillin orally to 14 fasting newborn infants, 6-13 days old, in a cross-over trial. The dose was 50 mg/kg twice daily. The mean peak plasma level of amoxycillin and pivampicillin was 58% (range 35-96%) and 48% (33-82%) of that noted after i.m. ampicillin, which gave a value of about 44 +/- 5 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SEM) in both groups. The area under the time-concentration curve was 75% (range 60-101%) of that of i.m. ampicillin for amoxycillin and 51% (20-76%) for pivampicillin (p less than 0.05). Both drugs, especially amoxycillin, should be useful for oral treatment of neonatal infections caused by susceptible microorganisms in infants who are not critically ill. PMID- 7100828 TI - Staphylococcus aureus antibodies in patients with staphylococcal septicemia. Comparisons between solid-phase radioimmunoassay and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Antibody responses against teichoic acids and other antigens from Staphylococcus aureus in 23 patients with septicemia and 8 patients with endocarditis caused by S. aureus were investigated. Both methods used--solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)--detected significantly higher titres in the endocarditis group. The SPRIA method utilized a sonicated extract of S. aureus, strain Wood 46 for the quantitation of antibodies. In CIE precipitating anti-teichoic acid antibodies were measured. There was no absolute correlation between the two assays, indicating that the antibodies measured were directed at partly different antigens. The two tests might be complementary to each other when used in combination. PMID- 7100829 TI - Frequency and transmissibility of trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria from urinary infections. AB - In a survey of 8,986 enterobacterial strains from urinary tract infections collected between September 1980 and June 1981, the overall frequency of resistance to trimethoprim was 3.5%. Strains collected from long-stay patients showed the highest frequency (7.7%); those from general practice the lowest frequency (2.3%), while those from hospital in-patients and out-patients were intermediate with 4.7 and 3.2 respectively. All these differences were statistically significant. In a further study of 117 resistant strains, Escherichia coli accounted for 47% of strains and Proteus sp. for 27%. Transfer of trimethoprim resistance occurred in 44% of E. coli strains and 22% of Klebsiella. A significant increase in the frequency of resistant strains was noted between the first 5 months of the study and the second 5. PMID- 7100830 TI - [Undifferentiated astrocytoma of the cerebrum. A review of current therapeutic possibilities]. PMID- 7100831 TI - Trunk muscle strength during constant velocity movements. AB - A new apparatus has been designed for standardized measurements of the strength of human trunk muscles utilizing the isokinetic (constant movement velocity) technique (Cybex). It is possible to measure the produced torque during maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic contractions in the whole range of motion during flexion, extension and lateral flexion of the trunk. Effects of gravity are eliminated since the movements are performed in the horizontal plane. Torque can be measured around different centres of rotation of the body. With this experimental set-up the strength of the trunk muscles has been characterized in a group of 14 normal male subjects (18-31 yrs). The torque produced by the trunk muscles varied with movement velocity and trunk position in the arc of motion. Peak torque occurred in a position where the muscles involved were stretched. The strength of the trunk extensors exceeded that of the flexors, but the degree (ratio) varied with trunk position. The relative contribution of the hip muscles to the total torque produced with the centre of rotation at the hip joint was larger for flexors than for extensors and varied with velocity and position. It is concluded that the present technique is useful to characterize the human trunk muscles. PMID- 7100832 TI - Blood flow in fibromyotic muscles. AB - Muscle blood flow (MBF) in m. trapezius was examined in 12 subjects with chronic fibromyotic pain syndrome of the m. trapezius and in 12 healthy volunteers with no symptoms from m. trapezius or other muscles of the shoulder or neck, using the local 133xenon clearance method. The MBF was slightly higher in the fibromyotic group than in the normal group, but the difference was statistically insignificant, 3.04+/-SEM 0.56 and 2.37+/-SEM 0.37 ml/100 g/min, respectively. PMID- 7100835 TI - Proceedings of the First Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health. Helsinki, 10-12 June 1981. PMID- 7100834 TI - Standard examination for rehabilitation from central hemiparesis. AB - An examination for hemiparetic patients is proposed on the basis of which a rehabilitation program can be elaborated. The extent of the examination renders it suitable for in-patient departments in acute and subacute conditions after stroke. All values of examination have commentary texts which are often not to be found in newly suggested forms so that examinations cannot be standardized. Furthermore the formal aspect of the form is emphasized with lucidity and clarity of the printed model. Three main aspects are quantified: 1) activities of daily living, 2) the elementary movements of limb segments, 3) the muscle tonus--so called spasticity. The study was stimulated by a long-term clinical and research follow-up of the mentioned problem at the Neurological Clinic in Prague. PMID- 7100833 TI - Rehabilitation of the severely brain-injured patient. AB - This paper attempts to analyze retrospectively the functional outcome of 75 patients with severe head injury treated consecutively on an inpatient Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service. In terms of the outcome relative to regained skills of self-care and ambulation, the results provide evidence that early rehabilitation intervention is medically and therapeutically desirable. However, the potential of this group of patients for a socially and vocationally functional life is indeed limited. This does not conform to the experience of others who indicate a 50-90% rate of return to work. PMID- 7100837 TI - Comparison of measured and predicted ventilatory volumes in selected groups of industrial workers. AB - A follow-up study of ventilatory volumes [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) and maximum expiratory flow at 50% of the FVC (MEF50)] was conducted for selected groups of workers from two plants involving the electrolytic extraction of aluminum (two groups with 95 and 38 workers, respectively), a cement industry (50 workers with chronic bronchitis and 96 healthy workers)and a shipyard (38 workers) during a period of 3 or 4 a. In the workers from the aluminum plant, particularly in those who were older and exposed longer to respiratory irritants, the fall in FVC was much higher than expected. Cement workers also showed a tendency towards more decreased FVC values than expected, and the fall in MEF50 was particularly pronounced. The cement workers with chronic bronchitis had a slightly higher annual fall in the ventilatory volumes than the healthy cement workers. The observed fall in the MEF50 of the shipyard workers without a specific occupational exposure to dusts or respiratory irritants was unexpectedly high. An analysis of the relative values of the ventilatory volumes within the groups indicated individual differences among the exposed workers in regard to a possible chronic effect of occupational exposure to respiratory irritants. A drop in the ventilatory volumes during the follow-up period was not found to be directly dependent on the initial volume values. In the evaluation of the results, selection factors and ambient exposure to irritants were taken into account. PMID- 7100836 TI - Follow-up respiratory measurements in Quebec chrysotile asbestos miners and millers. AB - In 1974 changes in dyspnea, lung function, and pneumoconiotic radiographic abnormalities were recorded among the 1,015 Quebec chrysotile miners and millers surveyed in 1967-1968. The aim was to relate these changes to dust exposure--age, smoking, and earlier health status being taken into account. Dyspnea and lung function were assessed in 722 men, and for 277 recent radiographs were read separately by three experts for changes in the parenchyma and pleura. Each measure was analyzed independently for men without any abnormality when first seen (eligible for "attack") and for others (eligible for progression/regression). Age significantly influenced the rate of attack of pleural abnormality and the rates of attack and progression of dyspnea and lung function decline. Smoking had comparatively minor effects. The only associations with exposure were for progression of parenchymal change (one reader), and for progression of dyspnea. These essentially negative findings are similar to those obtained in a previous longitudinal survey of radiographs from the same workforce. PMID- 7100838 TI - Respiratory status of stainless steel and mild steel welders. AB - Eighty-three full-time stainless steel and 29 mild steel welders from one shipyard were examined clinically, and their lung function was measured. The stainless steel welders had used both tungsten inert-gas (low-fume concentration) and manual metal-arc (MMA) (high-fume concentration) welding methods. The individual exposure of the welders was estimated based on the time spent doing MMA welding, the amount of retained contaminants in the lungs (magnetopulmography), and urinary chromium excretion. The results suggest that there is a greater prevalence of small airway disease among shipyard mild steel MMA welders than among stainless steel welders. Among the stainless steel welders the impairment of lung function parameters was associated with the MMA welding method. The type of welding, then, is important when the health hazards of welders are studied, and welders cannot be regarded as a single, homogeneous group. PMID- 7100839 TI - Neurophysiological findings among house painters exposed to solvents. AB - Seventy-two male house painters in maintenance work (aged from 35 to 44 a) with a mean of 20.2 a of painting experience were submitted to electroencephalographic (EEG) and electroneurographic examinations; 77 concrete reinforcement workers of similar ages served as the referents. The average long-term exposure level of the painters corresponded to 40 cm3/m3 of white spirit. Altogether six motor conduction velocities and seven sensory conduction velocities were measured for each subject. The frequency of abnormal EEGs among the painters was similar to that found for a normal population or for the referents, namely, 15% of the painters showed a mild and 1% a moderately severe EEG abnormality. The means of the nerve conduction velocities were similar among the painters and referents and also close to the means of the normal material of the laboratory. Slightly slowed nerve conduction velocities suggestive of peripheral nerve dysfunction were found in 20% of both the painters and the referents. This exposure level did not affect the EEG noticeably. A few subjects with abnormally slow nerve conduction velocities may have been affected by occupational factors, either chemical or physical, but the solvent-exposed workers did not differ from their referents in this regard. PMID- 7100842 TI - Effects of lead on the visual system of occupationally exposed subjects. AB - A quantitative measurement of visual field in mesopic adaptation was performed for 35 workers occupationally exposed to lead and 35 referents matched for age, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The mean level (+/- SD) of lead in blood was 47 +/- 16 microgram/100 ml (2.25 +/- 0.77 mumol/l) [range 21-82 microgram/100 ml (1.01-3.94 mumol/l)]. In 10 exposed subjects a central scotoma was found that was not evidenced in any of the referents. A highly significant decrease in visual sensitivity was observed for the exposed subjects a central scotoma was found that was not evidenced in any of the referents. A highly significant decrease in visual sensitivity was observed for the exposed subjects. The results point to damage of central and peripheral optic nerve fibers. In the most severe cases, central vision is preferentially affected, and therefore the results are suggestive of subclinical optic neuropathy. PMID- 7100840 TI - Neurophysiological changes in workers exposed to organic solvents in a shoe factory. AB - Motor conduction velocity (MCV) was measured in the median, ulnar, and peroneal nerves of 52 referents and 95 workers from a shoe factory, in a search for dose effect and dose-response relationships between exposure to organic solvents and subclinical impairment of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). According to the environmental concentrations, the exposure was expressed as the sum of the products between the median hygienic effect (ranging from 0.08 to 2.89) and worktime (from 1 to 29 a) in every job. The motor action potential (MAP) amplitudes, durations and shapes of the exposed workers were significantly affected even if to a different extent and significance level when compared to those of the MCVs of the referents. The MCVs of the median (t = 3.17, p less than 0.01) and peroneal (t = 2.11, p less than 0.05) nerves were reduced as compared to reference values. In the exposed group, the MCV of the median nerve was negatively correlated with exposure score (r = 0.45, p less than 0.01) but not with age. No relationship was found between MVCs of the ulnar and peroneal nerves and exposure. The MCV of the median nerve was particularly slow in a subgroup of workers with an exposure score of greater than 20 (t = 2.30, p less than 0.05 vs the other exposed workers; t = 5.56, p less than 0.01 vs the referents). This exposure score represents only 50% of the maximum allowable score for a worktime of 40 a. Even if none of the examined workers showed clinical signs of polyneuropathy, evidence of subclinical effects on the PNS were found among subjects with long-term exposure to hexacarbon mixtures. Therefore, our results suggest the need for a lowering of current threshold limit values at least for n hexane. PMID- 7100843 TI - A comment on the reference series with regard to multiple exposure evaluations in a case-referent study. AB - Case-referent (case-control) studies permit multiple exposures to be considered within the same series of cases and referents (controls) with regard to the etiologic contribution to a certain disease. Specific aspects of validity should be considered however, one being the utilization of an adequate reference series. Should the exposure cause, prevent, or otherwise have a certain relationship to disorders other than the one being studied, individuals with such other disorders cannot be uncritically included in the reference series if obtained from a hospital register, a register of causes of deaths, or some other source of subjects with relations to the individuals' health status. If a general population register is utilized, this problem is avoided since individuals obtained from such a register would adequately reflect the exposure frequency of the source population of the cases. These aspects are well illustrated by a consideration of the use of drugs among cases and, on one hand, referents with some sort of disorder as compared to referents (whether healthy or not) obtained from a population register on the other hand. Studies of industrial exposures seem to be somewhat less sensitive to bias of this type however, since industrial exposures are not primarily disorder-related, whereas drug exposures are. PMID- 7100841 TI - Electrophysiological study of subjects occupationally exposed to lead and with low levels of lead poisoning. AB - The relationship between the length of exposure to lead, blood lead level (PbB), and peripheral nerve damage in a population occupationally exposed to low lead levels was evaluated. Sixty-two foundry workers were studied whose length of exposure ranged from 5 months to 10 a; their mean PbB in the last 2 a had not exceeded 50 microgram/100 ml (2.4 mumol/l). The referents were 27 hospital employees, of comparable ages, not occupationally exposed to lead. The electrophysiological examination consisted of the determination of the motor conduction velocity (MCV) of the median, and peroneal nerves, sensory conduction velocity (SCV) of the median and sural nerves, and the latency of the T and H reflexes. The mean MCV, SCV and the amplitude of the sensory action potential (SAP) of the median nerve were significantly lower in the group of exposed workers than in the reference group. When the exposed subjects were divided into three groups according to length of exposure, no difference was observed between the three groups. When they were divided into different groups according to the maximum PbB (max PbB) value, the observed differences with respect to the reference groups were already present in those with a max PbB of less than 50 microgram/100 ml (less than 2.4 mumol/l), but were more evident in the subjects with a max PbB of greater than 70 microgram/100 ml (greater than 3.4 mumol/l). Within the group of subjects with a max PbB of 50-69 microgram/100 ml (2.4-3.3 mumol/l), the differences with respect to the reference values were more evident for subjects with a short length of exposure (less than 2 a). The MCV of the median nerve correlated with the time since the PbB exceeded 50 microgram/100 ml (2.4 mumol/l). In conclusion, the electrophysiological changes observed in lead exposed subjects do not seem correlated with the length of exposure. Such alterations seem more evident in those subjects whose PbB has been greater than 70 microgram/100 ml (3.4 mumol/l) at least once during the preceding 2 a and in those subjects who, at the time of the neurophysiological examination, have a PbB greater than 50 microgram/100 ml (2.4 mumol/l). The apparently greater sensitivity to lead in new employees, compared to workers with a longer exposure time, remains to be clarified. PMID- 7100844 TI - A new approach for providing occupational health services in developing countries. AB - A comprehensive approach to the health problems of workers and the gainfully employed should be adopted when occupational health services are planned in developing countries. The system developed in industrialized countries cannot be applied to new industrializing countries. The definition of what constitutes a developing country is not yet agreed upon. They share many of the criteria which create a vicious cycle of poverty and disease. This cycle can only be broken by industrialization and economic progress. The maintenance of health in industrial communities in the developing countries entails the treatment and prevention of epidemic and endemic communicable diseases, the prevention of occupational injuries and diseases, the planning and organization of medical care, training, the introduction and enforcement of standards of health, and safety and medical care in industry. To achieve this a new approach is advocated. The total health services are visualized as a spectrum, while occupational health services are used as a springboard and a point of entry. The health personnel who provide services to workers in factories, agricultural projects, and mines can carry out a comprehensive preventive program for the workers and their families. PMID- 7100845 TI - A mortality study of cadmium workers in the United Kingdom. PMID- 7100847 TI - Occupational exposure to synthetic estrogens: some methodological problems. AB - Occupational exposure to synthetic estrogen is known to produce feminizing effects in males and menstrual disorders in females. Modern pharmaceutical practice has not eliminated this risk, though there have been few attempts to quantify it or establish safety standards. The main problems to be faced in undertaking an epidemiologic study of estrogen-exposed workers are outlined in the present study. They include the difficulty of confirming the clinical effects of exposure, the appropriate method for measuring exogenous estrogen, and the timing of the analytical samples. Some recent studies which used other measures of pharmacological effect are reviewed, and it is concluded that direct measurement of exogenous estrogen is the analysis of choice. PMID- 7100848 TI - The occupational health nurse's contribution to epidemiology. AB - Epidemiologic studies usually require a team approach. The value of involving occupational health nurses in epidemiologic studies is the basis of this paper. Examples of epidemiologic studies to which nurses have contributed substantially are presented. The trained occupational health nurse who is responsible for a defined population of workpeople has a unique position in the workplace. Her (or his) training and experience as an observer, and knowledge of toxicology and environmental health effects, should enable her (or him) to identify groups of workers requiring specific health monitoring and surveys and to assist in epidemiologic studies. The potential contribution of the occupational health nurse to the work of the team conducting epidemiologic surveys, or as an independent health practitioner undertaking studies on her own, is discussed. Better opportunities for training should be made available in order for the occupational health nurse to contribute to epidemiologic studies in the workplace. PMID- 7100849 TI - Potential 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure of Seveso decontamination workers: a controlled prospective study. AB - In 1976, an explosion at the Industrie Chimiche-Meda-Societa Azionaria (ICMESA) plant in Meda, near the Italian town of Seveso, released a cloud of aerosol containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which contaminated the surrounding area. Clean-up of the highly polluted area of Seveso started on May 1980: in order to avoid exposure to significant levels of TCDD, safety measures are being used, but a potential exposure cannot be ruled out. A prospective study was set up at the beginning of the clean-up procedures, and laboratory tests are being used to evaluate trends among the decontamination workers. A reference group who met eligibility criteria at the preemployment examination was selected from employees of the same firm employing the decontamination was selected from employees of the same firm employing the decontamination workers. Medical examinations and laboratory tests have been performed on both the exposed and nonexposed groups at the same facilities. Analysis of the first follow-up period did not show any remarkable changes in a battery of laboratory tests of the exposed and nonexposed groups. PMID- 7100846 TI - Mercury exposure and effects at a thermometer factory. AB - Mercury levels in air, urine, blood, and hair were studied for workers (14 women, 2 men, ages 18-44 a) employed in a small thermometer factory (metallic mercury vapor exposures) with generally inadequate engineering and hygienic arrangements. At exposure levels of 50-99 microgram/m3 (5 workers), 100-149 microgram/m3 (3 workers) and 150-200 microgram/m3 (7 workers), respectively, the mean mercury levels were 299, 449 and 628 nmol/l in urine; 105, 122 and 143 nmol/l in blood, and 4.2, 8.5 and 12.2 mumol/kg in hair (1 cm from base). Headache, irritability hair loss, and wrist and ankle pain were the most frequently occurring symptoms. The correlation coefficients between the measured mercury levels in air for individual workers and mercury in urine, blood, and hair (1 cm from base) were r = 0.92, r = 0.79, and r = 0.42, respectively. Mercury determinations for segmental hair cuts indicated peaks and drops in absorption/deposition consistent with data on the vacations of the individual mercury levels of 150-770 nmol/l may be helpful when current thresholds of exposure/absorption are reconsidered. PMID- 7100851 TI - Effects of approximation in exposure assessments on estimates of exposure- response relationships. AB - Information on exposure in cohort studies of occupational groups is often very incomplete. If assessments of exposure level are attempted, they are inevitably subject to random error. Even when unbiased, such measurement error can give rise to bias in an estimate of an exposure-response relationship. Since practical techniques exist to account for this effect only in certain situations where response may be measured on a continuous scale, a technique suitable for mortality studies needs developing. In the present report a procedure is described for reducing the bias due to random error in the estimated exposure response relationship from a cohort mortality study. This procedure is based on a mechanism for adjusting exposure assessments, taking into account the distribution of exposures, and the independently estimated distribution of measurement errors. The initial bias and its reduction through analysis is shown for some simulated data sets. The results of applying this technique to a cohort mortality study of asbestos workers are presented. PMID- 7100852 TI - A feasibility study of organizing occupational health services for farmers. AB - In Finland the Occupational Health Care Act of 1979 provides farmers the possibility of purchasing occupational health services. The main objective of the present study is to develop national model for the organization of occupational health services for farmers. The problems of providing and specifying occupational health services for farmers can be described by two parameters. The first is the type of farm production. The occupational health services to be provided are though to depend on the occupational health risks. The risks vary with the type of farm production, which in turn depends on the geographic location of the farm. The second parameter represents the supply of occupational services to be provided by the municipal health center. The supply has been characterized as occupational health inspections of farms, health examinations, and health education. For the optimization of the supply and the demand, the experiment consists of three models to be tested in respect to two matrices of risk. The feasibility of the models in the 2-a experiment will be evaluated by pre- and postexperimental surveys. PMID- 7100850 TI - Warts among workers in poultry slaughterhouses. AB - The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of warts in poultry slaughterhouses. A questionnaire was administered to 1,194 workers, of whom 569 completed it. The prevalence of warts (Papilloma virus) was found to be 28.5% in slaughterhouses. In the general population it is 7-10%, reaching a peak in individuals around the age of 14 a. In the poultry slaughterhouses, the prevalence was highest (38.7%) in the age category 25-29 a, and among those who had been working 4 to 6 a (40.8%). The factors present in the work environment showed a significant correlation (alpha less than 0.05) with the presence of warts were the following: steel-mesh gloves that were too large for the wearer, work with a saw, handling of cold objects, and high humidity levels. It was concluded that mild abrasion of the skin (too-large gloves) and high humidity facilitate cutaneous infection by the virus, whereas the handling of cold objects and work with a saw provoke local vasoconstriction which could hinder the immune reaction. PMID- 7100853 TI - Restricted cohort study designs. AB - Practical constraints may limit both cohort selection and the degree of follow-up in longitudinal studies of occupational mortality. For example, it may be possible to study only those men employed on a certain date or to trace (through pension fund records) only men employed at or close to normal retirement age or to follow men only for a very limited period after they have left employment. In an examination of the effects of such restrictions, advantage was taken of the availability of detailed work histories and the full follow-up of a large birth cohort of chrysotile asbestos workers. Age-matched case-referent analyses were performed under each type of restriction. All three analyses revealed the clear exposure-response relationship between cumulative dust exposure and lung cancer that was found in the full analysis. Most other findings were also not inconsistent with the earlier results. Such restricted cohort studies, with case referent approaches to analysis can be justified in logic. The findings provide some empirical support for these methodological variants and suggest that they may be useful when complete follow-up of an entire birth cohort is not feasible. PMID- 7100854 TI - An epidemiologic approach to occupational health problems in Egypt. AB - Industrialization started in Egypt on a large scale only 20 a ago. This process resulted in a shift of a large proportion of the agricultural workers to industrial work. The health insurance for industrial workers is enforced by law for certain industrial groups. Although preplacement and periodic medical examinations should be provided for the insured groups, they are not yet properly carried out and are deficient both qualitatively and quantitatively. For a reliable view of the occupational health situation an epidemiologic approach is a must. As a start, a computer-assisted pilot plan has been developed using data of one of the periodic medical examinations for a group of miners in Egypt. PMID- 7100855 TI - Analysis of a follow-up study: an example from asbestos-exposed insulation workers. AB - An 11-a follow-up study was carried out on a working population of asbestos insulation workers to investigate the possible progression of symptoms and signs. A total of 166 men had repeat radiology, and the 43 men who had progressed in radiography category of profusion of small irregular opacities (as determined by the ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses, 1980) comprised 37 (32%) of the 117 smokers, 3 (17%) of the 18 exsmokers, and 3 (10%) of the 31 nonsmokers. For 148 men over 20 a of age at the time of original study, and with lung function measured in both surveys, smoking was associated with a significantly reduced transfer factor (TLCO). For smokers in category 0 at first survey, a low TLCO was associated with subsequent progression to higher radiographic categories. PMID- 7100856 TI - Anatomy of the health worker effect - a critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology. AB - The "healthy worker effect," perhaps more accurately termed the "active worker effect" has been acknowledged by numerous investigators who have disregarded its significance. The healthy worker effect is expressed by SMRs (standardized mortality ratios) and influenced by the following three factors: (i) selection bias, (ii) improved socioeconomic status, and (iii) the conventional way of calculating SMRs. An examination of these three factors shows that selection for "employability" is probably the most significant factor for the healthy worker effect. For example, the shorter the observation, the smaller the SMR, and the stronger the health worker effect. Secondly, improved socioeconomic status as a result of employment has been shown to lower mortality. Last, although the SMR has the advantage of estimating relative risk in a small sample, it suffers many methodological pitfalls. It is recommended that at least three parameters be used to summarize mortality experience among the employed: (i) relative risk, (ii) attributable risk, and (iii) life expectancy. PMID- 7100857 TI - Mesothelioma and the fiber type in three American asbestos factories - preliminary report. AB - Preliminary findings are reported from three cohort studies in two asbestos factories (A and B) where chrysotile only was processed and a third (C) where chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite were used. A total of 10,763 men and 3,118 women has been studied, of whom 97% and 89%, respectively, have been traced and 36% and 16% have died. Death certificates have so far been obtained and coded for 89% of the deaths. The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for persons employed less than a year varied greatly between plants. For men employed at least 1 a, an SMR of 129 for all causes and one of 285 for respiratory cancer were found in the chrysotile textile plant (A). The experience of respiratory cancer in this textile plant appears much worse in relation to fiber exposure levels than that observed in chrysotile mines and mills. Other findings in the three plants await clarification by analyses of exposure-response relationships. Among 2,341 deaths from the two chrysotile factories there has been one mesothelioma (0.4 per 1,000); among 1,429 deaths at factory C, which used mixed fibers, there have been 18 (12.6 per 1,000). This finding supports much other evidence that amphiboles are mainly responsible for mesothelioma, whereas chrysotile has little or no mesothelioma-producing potential. PMID- 7100858 TI - Effects of low-dose radiation - a correlation study. AB - The effects of low-dose radiation have been a matter of controversy over the years, and the epidemiologic results have been conflicting. A couple of recent studies have indicated a possible impact on lung cancer mortality from exposure to indoor levels of radon and radon daughters. In this study, selected mortality rates, ie, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer (females only), leukemia, and multiple myeloma were correlated for the counties of Sweden with estimates of average background radiation exposure in these areas. Significant correlations were obtained for lung cancer (males, r = 0.46; females r = 0.55) and pancreatic cancer (males, r = 0.59; females, r = 0.40) , and there was a borderline correlation (r = 0.36; p = 0.04) for leukemia in males. In all, there were positive correlations for eight out of the nine computations made. Since background radiation correlates with urbanization and therefore with smoking, air pollution, etc, the correlations might be spurious due to confounding; on the other hand confounding is a reciprocal phenomenon which suggests that background radiation should to be taken into consideration when widespread risk factors like smoking, coffee drinking, general air pollution, etc, are studied. PMID- 7100859 TI - The utility of regional cancer mortality data for identifying occupations at high risk. AB - Mortality rates by geographic areas have been used successfully in the past to identify occupations with a high risk of cancer. The 1975 Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties: 1950-1969 for white males showed that mortality rates in three California counties (Alameda, Sacramento, and San Francisco) were significantly elevated compared to other US counties, and in Sacramento County the lung cancer death rate was significantly high also. This current study was to determine if the excess in the cancer mortality rate found in Sacramento County was possibly related to specific occupational categories. Death certificates for all white males dying of cancer were retrieved, Last occupation, industry, and length of service were coded according to the Index of Industries and Occupations prepared by the US Bureau of the Census. Observed frequencies of cancer deaths were compared to an expected number which was based on US census data by occupation for Sacramento County. Elevated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for cancer deaths were found for technicians, metal craftsmen, nonfarm laborers, construction workers, and drivers. SMRs were high for cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, respiratory tract, skin, and central nervous system. PMID- 7100860 TI - A cohort study on mortality among long-time employed Swedish chimney sweeps. AB - A cohort study on mortality among all members of the Swedish Chimney Sweeps Union who were active in 1950 or later and have been members for at least 10 a has been performed; 2,071 chimney sweeps fulfilled the criteria and the loss in the follow up was less than 1 %. The observed numbers of death before the age of 80 were compared with sex-, calendar year-, and age class specific expectancy values from the national statistics of 1951-1979. Two hundred and thirty deaths were observed versus 197.6 expected. This result was due to a significant excess of deaths from tumors, particularly lung and esophageal cancer, and from nonmalignant chronic respiratory diseases. The multifold increased risk from these diseases could hardly be explained by extreme smoking or alcohol habits but rather by exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, arsenic, and asbestos in combination with exposure to sulfur dioxide. The excess mortality had occurred in spite of favorable selection factors as demonstrated in different subcohorts. Preventive actions to diminish inhalation of soot and combustion gases should be taken. PMID- 7100862 TI - An epidemiologic approach to the study of possible teratogenic effects of chemical and physical environments. PMID- 7100861 TI - Occupational bladder cancer and cigarette smoking in West Yorkshire. AB - This paper reports results from a case-referent study on bladder cancer being conducted in parts of West Yorkshire; 991 cases have been incorporated in the results to date. Overall there was a significant risk of bladder cancer associated with smoking cigarettes. This habit showed a risk ratio of 1.8 (95% confidence limits of 1.5-2.3) for males. In addition there were significant overall risks associated with certain occupations; these include process workers in the dye manufacturing industry, who had a risk of 2.9 (95% confidence limits of 2.0-4.3) for males. When smokers were contrasted with nonsmokers, however, the risk was 4.6 for dye manufacturing process workers who smoked, while for nonsmokers the risk was much less at 1.9. PMID- 7100863 TI - Drawbacks of clinical diagnoses in epidemiologic research on work-related musculoskeletal morbidity. AB - Register data on musculoskeletal morbidity in various occupational groups are difficult to use in evaluating possible effects of work because of the inexactness of the definition of the clinical diagnoses and their use in ordinary medical practice. A more precise classification of disorders and ailments would provide a better possibility to establish those relations between work and disease which to exist. Internationally recommended methods for epidemiologic research on occupational musculoskeletal disorders are needed. PMID- 7100864 TI - [Clinically significant inherited differences in the mode of action of drugs]. AB - An important source of interindividual differences in drug action are inherited differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs. For most enzymatic reactions of drug biotransformation in the liver, genetic polymorphisms have been observed which lead to a decreased rate of metabolism and/or a different pattern of metabolites in certain subpopulations, ethnic groups or families. Examples of frequent polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes are deficient N-acetyltransferase (50-70% of the population) and deficient debrisoquine hydroxylase (10% of the population). "Slow acetylators" inactivate isoniazid, hydralazine, procainamide, phenelzine, dapsone, sulfamethazine (sulfadimidine), sulfapyridine and nitrazepam at a decreased rate. The molecular genetic defect causing deficient debrisoquine hydroxylation is still unclear and also affects the metabolism of phenytoin, phenacetin, guanoxan, sparteine, methoxyamphetamine, nortriptyline, encainide, perhexiline and probably other drugs. A relationship has been observed between the defect of metabolism and the clinical effects and toxicity of the drugs involved. PMID- 7100865 TI - [Thrills in mitral insufficiency. A clinical curiosity or an etiologic key symptom]. PMID- 7100866 TI - [Therapy-refractive arrhythmias: invasive diagnosis and treatment?]. PMID- 7100867 TI - [Significance of vasodilator agents in the treatment of heart insufficiency]. AB - Although the use of vasodilators acting on veins and arterioles to treat patients with refractory congestive heart failure has become increasingly widespread, essential problems relating to the clinical efficacy of long-term therapy remain to be solved. The pathophysiological bases of the most common forms of heart failure are discussed and the spectrum of available drugs and their principal mechanism of action are categorized. In addition, a possible conceptual approach to ambulatory oral vasodilator treatment is outlined. PMID- 7100868 TI - [Use of drugs in a medical polyclinic]. AB - The medical prescriptions of 18 house officers working at the Policlinique Universitaire de Medecine in Geneva were analyzed for a period of 17 working days and provide insight into drug therapy chosen for 2194 outpatients at 2694 consultations. These patients were prescribed an average of 1.39 drugs each or 1.13 per call. Of the 298 different drugs thus prescribed, the following were chosen most frequently (in decreasing order): Digoxin, Hygroton, Lexotanil, Metamucil, Voltaren, Aspirin, different insulins and Aldomet. Antimicrobial agents accounted for only 2.5% of all prescriptions, while vitamins and "fortifiers" represent an even lower percentage. It would be possible to limit the number of drugs, since half of the prescriptions cover 23 drugs and 90% of all prescriptions cover 119 drugs. Prescription patterns vary markedly from one subspecialty of internal medicine to another, but also between physicians working in the same field. House officers in charge of given sectors of the city (internists not working in a subspecialty) may thus prescribe between 1,83 and 2.9 drugs per patient, whereas the number of drugs chosen may vary between 81 and 134. Some quaint individual preferences for drugs were also noted and the trend is analyzed. The data is compared with results of the few existing similar studies and offers food for thought on prescription habits, directed ultimately towards a more rational approach to drug therapy for outpatients. PMID- 7100869 TI - [Idiopathic splenomegaly: the preliminary stage of a malignant lymphoma? Report on 2 cases]. AB - Two patients with splenomegaly and a mild degree of hypersplenism are presented. Both underwent diagnostic splenectomy and in both the histologic examination of the spleen disclosed follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. The clinical picture and histologic findings were compatible with the diagnosis of idiopathic splenomegaly. 33 months after splenectomy a non-Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed in one patient. The literature on idiopathic splenomegaly is reviewed and the high incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the follow-up of such patients is pointed out. PMID- 7100870 TI - [Eosinophilic esophagitis, a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis]. AB - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral eosinophilia and massive infiltration of segments of the gastrointestinal tract by eosinophils. A case of this disease in a 25-year-old patient with symptoms of slight dysphagia and isolated esophageal involvement is described. Improvement of the symptoms, but not of the histological abnormalities, was obtained by steroids combined with withdrawal of the food components probably responsible for the symptoms. PMID- 7100871 TI - [Evaluation of aortic dissection by transverse computerized tomography (CT scan)]. AB - Twenty patients with dissection of the thoracic aorta were studied by CT scanning. In 9 patients the diagnosis was previously documented by aortography, while in the other 11 patients the diagnosis of aortic dissection was first established by CT-scanning. The latter demonstrated the characteristic signs of aortic dissection and particularly the following features: a) the false channel (95%) and the intimal flap (90%), b) the displacement of aortic wall calcifications (60%), especially when the false channel is partially thrombosed (80%). In 19 patients, a bolus injection of contrast medium was performed. In the majority of cases opacification of the false channel occurred only partially, with some delay and with a non-homogeneous pattern. Six out of the 20 patients underwent one or more follow-up examinations performed between 15 days and 2 years later. CT-scanning clearly demonstrated the late persistence of a patent false channel and particularly the delayed thrombosis, even after surgical treatment of aortic dissection. CT-scanning appears to be a reliable non-invasive method for - establishing the diagnosis of aortic dissection, - delineating the extent of dissection, - follow-up of evolution after surgical or medical therapy. PMID- 7100872 TI - [Occupational lung diseases in Swiss cotton industry]. AB - Classical byssinosis is hardly ever observed in Switzerland. The clinical picture of the other diseases of the lung occurring in the cotton industry is heterogeneous. In the present study the pathogenesis is considered allergic in the majority of the cases. Five typical, extensively investigated cases are presented. In provocation tests immediate asthmatic reactions were induced in the three patients who had positive immediate wheal-and-flare response to skin tests with an extract of cotton industry dust. Skin tests to common inhalants were negative. In addition, one patient showing a higher titer of precipitating antibodies against the cotton dust extract developed a 'dual' asthmatic reaction, with recurrent airway obstruction 6-7 h later, which was only partly reversible by beta 2-stimulation. PMID- 7100874 TI - [Complications of bronchoscopy]. AB - 1500 bronchoscopies performed in the Department of Pneumology, University of Basle, were analyzed for frequency and severity of complications. 500 patients were investigated by rigid tube in local anesthesia, 500 patients by rigid tube in neuroleptanalgesia and 500 patients by flexible fiberbronchoscope. The rate of complication for all patients was 4.1%, which agrees well with the previously reported complication frequency of 1-11%. The complications were minor in 3.5% of patients, moderate in 0.5% and major in 0.1%. There were no deaths. The incidence of severe complications and deaths was thus lower than in other studies. There was a higher incidence of complications (p less than 0.001) in the group examined with the rigid tube in neuroleptanalgesia, due to the more frequently observed minor complications. The incidence of complications can be reduced by a careful indication for bronchoscopy, adequate yet sparing use of anesthesia, and choice of the right instrument. PMID- 7100873 TI - [Central pontine myelinolysis and Schwartz-Bartter syndrome]. AB - Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) occurred in a typical patient with severe alcoholism presenting with severe initial hyponatremia and a rapidly progressive pontomesencephalic syndrome. A review on 141 cases of CPM is presented and the ties between CPM, hyponatremia/hypoosmolality and the syndrome of inadequate secretion of ADH are discussed. Correct interpretation of the patient's history (alcoholism, severe wasting disease) and the clinical picture (initial hypoosmolality with acute or subacute pontomesencephalic syndrome, possibly locked-in syndrome) should permit correct in-vivo diagnosis more frequently than hitherto. PMID- 7100875 TI - [Costovertebral dysplasia. A receptor defect of sclerotome development?]. AB - 8 subjects with costovertebral dysplasia in 4 interrelated families are described. The cases occurred from 1949 to 1978 and all showed the analogous generalized malformation of the vertebrae and ribs. One child with concomitant chromosomal anomaly (Down's syndrome) died at the age of 7 days. Follow-up in the 7 cases shows no decrease in life expectancy or any other malformation, and in particular non bronchopneumonial complications. Case reports and comparisons of the prevalence of neural tube defects in this isolated population and in Switzerland rule out increased risk of neural tube defects for costovertebral dysplasia. The pedigree of kindred over 8 generations is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. As the cause of the malformation a possible receptor defect of the mesodermal sclerotomes is discussed. PMID- 7100876 TI - [Early and late results in patients following successful hemodynamic resuscitation]. PMID- 7100877 TI - [Fine needle puncture of prostatic cancer]. AB - Before commencing treatment for prostatic cancer the diagnosis must be confirmed by microscopic examination of prostatic tissue. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy by an experienced clinician is as accurate as the more invasive Tru-cut or Vim Silverman needle biopsies. It involves fewer complications such as hemorrhage or infection, and does not require anesthesia. From 1971 to 1981 we performed more than 2300 fine needle biopsies including 2209 in outpatients. Only 4 patients (0.18%) needed hospitalizing for severe complications. Where the clinical examination prompts suspicion of prostatic cancer and the first fine needle biopsy is negative, the procedure should be repeated. When repeated aspirations were performed only 4 (2%) false negative cytologies were found out of 195 patients in whom prostatic cancer was clinically evident and confirmed by either cytology or histology. False negative cytological results are usually due to sampling errors by the physician rather than interpretation by the cytologist. The histology was false negative in 11.5% of 200 cases and this was due to failure of transurethral resection to reach a focal carcinoma situated in the capsule or sphincter region. Identical histological and cytological grading was found in 66% of the 168 cases where both investigations were positive. If a difference of one grade was accepted, the concurrence is 99%. The results of fine needle biopsy depend on the skill of the clinician in obtaining the right sample, and especially on the experience of the cytologist in its interpretation. PMID- 7100881 TI - [Some problems concerning training graduate students (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100880 TI - [Presence and incidence of Haemophilus paragallinarum in Swiss poultry stocks]. PMID- 7100879 TI - [Human acid inhibition and prevention of a drop in the transmucosal potential difference by thioprostaglandin EMD 33290]. AB - The effect of graded doses of EMD 33290 on basal acid secretion in healthy volunteers was tested over a time period of 6 hours. In addition, studies were conducted to determine if pretreatment with this thioprostaglandin could prevent the characteristic fall in human gastric potential difference associated with intragastric instillation of 1,000 mg aspirin or of 50 ml 4 mmol/l sodium taurocholate. Basal acid output was reduced by 65% and 75% after a 2 and 3 mg single dose of EMD 33290 respectively. 1 mg of this prostaglandin E2 analog showed no detectable antisecretory activity. EMD 33290 in a single dose of 50 micrograms and 250 micrograms effectively protected human gastric mucosa against the injurious effects of aspirin and sodium taurocholate. It is therefore concluded that EMD 33290 has two distinct properties in the human stomach, viz. antisecretory and protective, which are independent of each other. PMID- 7100882 TI - [Some recent advances in structures and functions of central cholinergic system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100883 TI - [The theoretical basis of current source-density analysis and its application to neurophysiological investigation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100878 TI - [Sleep disorders in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in long-term hemodialysis treatment]. AB - Of 22 patients on maintenance hemodialysis investigated during a period of 20 days for sleep disturbances by means of a semistructured questionnaire, 14 patients reported sleep disturbances. The patient group was found to be homogeneous with respect to factors influencing sleep behavior, such as age, personality and comedication. The sleep disturbances of the dialyzed patients was characterized by diminished sleep efficiency (time asleep/time in bed) and more fragmented sleep, while time of lying in bed awake was perceived as particularly disturbing. The sleep disturbance could be interpreted as a form of secondary metabolically induced insomnia. A single dialysis caused increased fatigue and diminution of well-being, but also an increase in the first fragment of sleep and of the total duration of sleep, i.e. it induced a modification toward a more physiologic sleep pattern. The retention of "middle molecules" could be of importance for the occurrence of uremic sleep disturbance. Patients who were underdialyzed relative to middle molecules were more numerous in the group with disturbed sleep, but the difference did not reach significance in the small number of subjects studied. PMID- 7100884 TI - [Bombesin-like peptide and its action (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100885 TI - [Pineal body and neoplasms]. PMID- 7100886 TI - [Recommended dietary allowances, revised May 1981 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100887 TI - [Recent progress in the study of in vitro culture of bone marrow hematopoietic cells (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100889 TI - [High density lipoprotein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100888 TI - [Research advances in mechanisms of renal tubular transports and related neural regulation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100890 TI - [Ceruloplasmin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100891 TI - [On the border zone of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7100892 TI - Brain mechanisms of visual attention. PMID- 7100893 TI - The structural analysis of hemoglobin Handsworth. AB - The present paper describes the structural analysis of an abnormal hemoglobin variant of alpha-chain found in a Chinese woman in the Hechi district of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, and finds it to be hemoglobin Handsworth (alpha 18(A16) Gly leads to Arg). PMID- 7100894 TI - Study on hereditary variations induced by silkworm DNA--mutagenecity of Attacus cynthia ricini by B. mori DNA. PMID- 7100895 TI - NAD+ analogs in formation of new fluorophores on ultraviolet irradiation with D glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - A number of NAD+ analogs have been tested in their ability to form fluorescent derivatives when UV irradiated with the active site Cys-149 carboxymethylated GAPDH and this has been compared with their properties of acting as hydrogen acceptors and forming the Racker band. Among the analogs tested, NHD+, NGD+, APAD+ and epsilon NAD+ give positive results in all the above-mentioned reactions whereas alpha NAD+, NMN+ and CPAD+ are all negative. FPAD+ forms a fluorescent derivative on UV irradiation with the carboxymethylated enzyme but is inactive as a hydrogen acceptor and does not form the Racker band. This is probably due to thiohemiacetal formation of the pyridine 3-aldehyde of this derivative with the active site SH group required for both the latter 2 reactions. TPAD+, although active active as a hydrogen acceptor, does not form either a fluorescent derivative or a Racker band. The fact that for the great majority of the analogs, the property of forming fluorescent derivatives is in parallel with their hydrogen acceptor activity seems to show that the formation of the fluorescent derivative is indeed at the active site, and hence can be used as an intrinsic probe for the study of the conformation of the active site of this enzyme. PMID- 7100896 TI - Mechanism of soft X-ray radiation damage on glycine by XPS. AB - This paper reports the behaviour of radiation damage of solid glycine in a XPS spectrometer equipped with Mg and Al X-ray sources. The main results are as follows: (i) the kinetics of the damage process obeys the first-order rate law, (ii) decarboxylation can be deduced, and (iii) deamination does not occur, but the nitrogen atoms in original molecules are transformed into a new chemical form with higher electron density by photo-reduction. PMID- 7100901 TI - Use of annular artificial pupil in the determination of modulation transfer function of the eye. AB - According to Ref. [1] primary spherical aberration of the schematic eye would be completely absorbed by an annular aperture when its obstruction ratio epsilon is greater than or equal to 0.60. Consequently the contrast sensitivity function, Tcs, determined with the use of such an annulus, Tcs (A), is the MTF of the retina-brain system, Trb, weighted by the MTF of the annulus, T. . Trb thus obtained can be used to determine the MTF of the eye, Te. Annular apertures of various sizes and obstruction ratios used for the determination of Te have been analysed. It is shown that there are several factors other than incomplete absorption of primary spherical aberration that would prevent the use of annular pupil to derive Trb under unrestrained conditions. This is due to the fact that the apparent T.'s of annuli used in the actual determination of Tcs(A) usually deviate from the theoretical T.'s for the passive eye to different extents. However, it is found that the T. for annulus of o.d. = 2.7 mm and epsilon = 0.60 conforms more or less to the theoretical T. and can be used to derive reasonably accurate Te(2.7). It is also possible to estimate Te(less than 2.7) from Te(2.7) by some empirical correction. PMID- 7100898 TI - Mitosis of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex of adult rats. AB - Adult rats 4-5 months old and 150-200g in body weight were used in this experiment. Lesions were made with antiseptic precaution by excising portions (0.7 x 0.4 x 0.1cm) of the cerebral cortices under ether anesthesia. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at the time intervals ranging from 1 to 30 days after the operation. Specimens of the brain were removed from the lesions with their adjacent normal areas, and processed for histological and histochemical studies. Mitotic figures were observed in nerve cells adjacent to the lesions. The mitotic process of these neurons is similar to that of the other tissue cells, as it can also be divided into four stages--prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. However, neurons are entirely different from the neuroglia and other tissue cells in that these have characteristic cell processes, i.e. axon and dendrites, while most of the neurons are pyramidal cells of layers II and V of the cerebral cortex. The other characteristic feature is that the dividing neuron contains Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm. PMID- 7100897 TI - Q-band polymorphism in Chinese populations--a comparison between the Han and the Li ethnic groups. AB - Using QFQ banding technique, the Q-band polymorphism of two Chinese ethnic groups is investigated. The data are based on the study of 100 individuals of the Han group and 50 individuals of the Li group of Hainan Island. The results reveal that the QFQ bands of these two groups are basically similar with the exception of the 21p11 band of chromosome 21 which shows significant difference. The relative length of the Y chromosome in the Li group is greater than that in the Han group. Statistical analysis indicate that the distribution of polymorphic Q bands in the populations samples is consistent with the expectations of the Hardy Weinberg Principle. PMID- 7100900 TI - Purification and characterization of cancer suppressive factor. AB - Cancer suppressive factor (CSF) has been purified thousandfold from the ascites of mice. The purified factor possesses an activity to kill the cancer cells in vitro but little affects the bone marrow cells. Only one protein band has been observed on the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of CSF. Its molecular weight is about 4,000 daltons as estimated by ultrafiltration method. PMID- 7100902 TI - Identification of naturally occurring temperature-sensitive strains of influenza A virus and location of their genetic lesions. AB - Influenza A viruses of different subtypes isolated in different years and from different parts of China were examined for temperature-sensitiveness (ts) in their early egg passages. The validity of ts character has been confirmed by the results of parallel tests in chick embryos and in cell cultures. From 12 strains of the old H1N1 subtype isolated between 1949 and 1957, no ts strain was detected. Two out of 6 strains of new H1N1 isolated after February 1979 were found to be ts. For the H3N2 subtype, only 8 out of 23 strains isolated between 1968 and 1978 were ts, but the proportion increased abruptly of 13 out of 15 strains isolated in 1979-1980. We also found 6 out of 16 strains of the H2N2 subtype to be ts. Two H2N2 and one H3N2 strains examined were found to be composed of mixed ts and ts+ particles. By recombination-complementation test against 7 standard ts strains of WSN virus with known genetic lesions, the ts lesions of the H3N2 strain Hong Kong/8/68 was located on the nucleoprotein gene, whereas that of the H1N1 strain Tianjin/78/77 was located on the matrix protein gene. PMID- 7100903 TI - Study of lung flukes from Philippines: --a preliminary report. AB - In this paper taxonomic study on paragonimus including their metacercariae obtained from the crabs collected from Sorsogon, Luzon, Philippines and adult worms and ova obtained through animal feeding, with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that there may exist two or more species of lung flukes in Philippines. The occurrence of Semisulcospira libertina in addition to Antemelania dactylus (Lea) as an additional snail host is mentioned for the first time. The chromosome Karyotyping of the adult worms revealed that they belong to the diploid pattern. Electronic scanning showed that the cuticular spines of the Paragonimus from Sorsogon look like "pineapple ears" both in distribution and in appearance, a new finding that has not been recorded before. In the lungs of a white rat killed 290 days after infection, two adult worms were obtained within the solitary cyst. These 2 adult worms measured 4.5 x 2.5 mm and 4.5 x 3.0 mm respectively. Their unusually small size and somewhat round shape suggest that they may be of a different species from those hitherto reported in the Philippines. Clearcut evidence is presented for the first time, demonstrating the occurrence of the phenomenon of cross fertilization (allogamy) of lung flukes. PMID- 7100904 TI - Atmospheric pollution 1982. Proceedings of the 15th International Colloquium, Paris, France, May 4-7, 1982. PMID- 7100905 TI - Background continental ozone levels in the rural U.S. southwest desert. AB - From 1969 through 1978 an extensive ambient air quality monitoring program, including the measurement of atmospheric concentrations of ozone, has been conducted in a remote section of the desert in the southwestern U.S. Using a Monitor Labs chemiluminescent ozone instrument, these levels were measured atop a small mountain 500 feet above the valley floor of the Colorado River. During the winter months, when the prevailing low level winds are northerly in this river valley, rural continental background levels of ozone are attainable. From this continuous ozone data base, 13 of these representative high pressure periods have been selected for analysis. Results indicate a very distinct diurnal trend with an ozone minimum occurring from 0800-1000 hours Mountain Standard Time (MST) and an ozone maximum from 1600-1900 hours MST. Ozone concentrations range from a low of 19 ppb to a high of 44 ppb with the diurnal pattern exhibiting marked repeatability with respect to time of minima and maxima, seasonal changes and concentration levels. PMID- 7100907 TI - Air monitoring network program in Saudi Arabia. AB - The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has initiated a program to install air quality network stations throughout the country in order to measure concentration of the ambient air pollutants. The site selection of these stations is an important objective to be accomplished and must be done based on scientific and rational work. To accomplish this objective, a modified version of atmospheric transport and dispersion model, known as air resources laboratories - atmospheric transport and dispersion (ARL- ATAD) model, is used to evaluate long range transport and diffusion of air pollutants from major pollution causing sources such as refineries, open-air burning of associated gases of oil fields and major industries. Hourly meteorological data for a period of three years (from 1977 to 1979) on wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and temperature from 20 synoptic stations in Saudi Arabia is processed and used as model input. In addition to these, meteorological data from three upper air stations is also processed in order to determine base and top of critical inversion heights. Various pollution causing sources are identified within the study area. Air trajectories are drawn with sources as the origins of the trajectories and the dispersion characteristics is studied with distance and time. Based on long term meteorological records, the adversely affected zones are statistically identified for potential station sites. PMID- 7100908 TI - A study of physicochemical characteristics of respirable dust in an Indian coal mine. AB - The respirable coal dust samples were collected from the mine atmosphere during drilling of coal seams using 'Hexlet' apparatus. Sixteen dust samples were collected from each three different seams for investigations. After destruction of the organic matter by wet oxidation and filtering off the clay and silica, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni were determined directly in the resulting solution by atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. The x-ray diffraction studies have shown the presence of kaolinite, quartz, pirrsonite, and beidellite clay minerals in the coal dust. The mass-size distribution of the coal dust has been studied by using micron photosizer. The results showed that the distribution are unimodal, asymmetric, and positively skew. Although the assumption of log normality was useful in interpreting the results, closer observations indicated that the relationship between the size and weight of the particles can be represented by a second degree parabolic equation w = a + bS + cs2, where W and S are weight and size of the particles and a, b and c are constants. This equation helps us to characterise the mass of the respirable particles if the size is known. The studies throw light on the nature and mode of trace elements found in Indian Coal as well as on the causes of respiratory disease, pneumoconmiosis, affecting the workers in the mine environmental condition. PMID- 7100906 TI - Air pollution in tropical areas. AB - Air pollution problems in three different tropical areas are presented. The levels of various atmospheric contaminants (i.e. SO4) indicate that the operation of a large petroleum refinery affects a substantial portion of the island of Curacao. A significant fraction of the suspended particles in Curacao are due to non-traditional open source emissions aided by the predominantly high wind speeds. Particulate missions from the industrial complex in Guayana, Venezuela, noticeably affect the surrounding savannah. The constant direction of the Trade Winds is an important factor in the high long-term average particulate levels down-wind of the complex. A serious atmospheric contamination problem (i.e. TSP) exists in The Valley of Caracas. The high emission, principally due to the circulation of vehicles, exceed the average dispersion capacity of the atmosphere. PMID- 7100909 TI - Contamination of soils and plants by mercury as influenced by the proximity to industries in Alexandria, Egypt. AB - The amounts of total Hg in the soils and the edible parts of seven vegetable plant crops grown in unpolluted and polluted soils were studied. The highly polluted soils contained higher levels of Hg (495 ppb) than those in the unpolluted (35 ppb). The topsoil was highly enriched with Hg than the subsoil as the result of the deposition of Hg particulates produced from the industries. Plants grown in soils near industries contained high levels of Hg up to 362 ppb. The amounts of Hg in the plant species which grown in winter were higher than those grown in summer. PMID- 7100911 TI - Critical care at Tianjin's First Central Hospital and the fourth modernization. AB - This case study of the Critical Care Unit at Tianjin's First Central Hospital, its physician-director, and one of its patients provides a portrait of how the policy of the four modernizations is being applied to the field of medicine in the People's Republic of China. On this unit of an urban hospital the "fourth modernization," science and technology, is systematically brought to bear on the problems of critically ill patients. The Chinese dualities and dilemmas that this "scaling the heights" policy entails are continually played out on the Critical Care Unit. An intricate balancing is involved between modern Western and traditional Chinese medicine, and between rural public health programs and primary and tertiary care services, within a medical morality framework that combines present-day political ideology with age-old ethical precepts. At this juncture the overall balance seems to be moving in the direction of modern, city based, curative medicine. PMID- 7100914 TI - Love Canal study attracts criticism. PMID- 7100912 TI - A turnabout on EPA lead rules. PMID- 7100913 TI - Stanford patent delayed. PMID- 7100915 TI - Biomimetic phosphorus condensing agents. PMID- 7100910 TI - Study of atmospheric pollution in an urban zone deprived of measurement systems, for purposes of legislation application to the city of Tunis. AB - In order to legislate on and provide against the atmospheric pollution specific to a country in a region deprived of measurement systems, it is first necessary to examine the following points: - location of chief pollution sources, - emission characteristics of the main source, - effects of the source on the environment, - predictable effects of applied legislation. In the city of Tunis for example the road traffic was identified as the major source of pollution. Ways to cut down the pollution level are proposed on the basis of different short term measurements. Calculation shows that if rules similar to those laid down in France were applied and the traffic flow organised the levels of certain pollutants (CO, NoX) would be substantially reduced. PMID- 7100916 TI - Diving depths and energy requirements of king penguins. AB - During 4- to 8-day periods at sea, half of 2595 dives of three king penguins were more than 50 meters and two dives exceeded 240 meters. The at-sea metabolic rate, estimated from the turnover of tritiated water, was 2.8 times the standard metabolic rate and requires about 2.5 kilograms of squid per day. Ten percent or less of the dives may result in prey capture. PMID- 7100917 TI - Hypotensive effect of fasting: possible involvement of the sympathetic nervous system and endogenous opiates. AB - Fasting lowers blood pressure to a greater extent in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats. While fasting reduced cardiac sympathetic activity to an equivalent extent in both groups of animals, only in the hypertensive rats did fasting elicit an opiate-mediated vasodepressor response that was independent of sympathetic withdrawal. Both sympathetic nervous system suppression and endogenous opiate activation, therefore, may contribute to the hypotensive effect of fasting in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. PMID- 7100918 TI - Events in the evolution of pre-proinsulin. AB - An extensive computer-assisted analysis of known pre-proinsulin coding sequences has shown correlations that can be interpreted as evidence for an intron-mediated juxtaposition of exons in the evolution of these genes. The evidence includes the discovery that the regions of the pre-proinsulin genes that code for the signal peptide consist of nearly tandem repeating units of nine base pairs. This pattern reappears in the C region of the genes after a large intron that occurs in three of the four genes analyzed. A model is proposed in which primordial insulin was coded for by two separate minigenes arising from a gene duplication, each with identical or nearly identical signal peptide coding regions. The minigenes fused into one transcriptional unit mediated by the large intron, and the signal peptide coding region of one of the putative minigenes evolved into the latter portion of the C peptide coding region. PMID- 7100922 TI - Mice regrow the tips of their foretoes. AB - Mice will replace the tip of a foretoe when it is amputated distal to the last interphalangeal joint. Amputation of the digit more proximal to the joint does not result in regrowth of the foretoe. Though this growth shares certain similarities with the epimorphic regeneration of amphibian limbs, the two processes are not the same. The regrowth reported here in mice is probably similar to the scattered clinical reports of fingertips regeneration in children, and presents a model system with which to explore the controls of wound healing and tissue reconstruction in mammals. PMID- 7100923 TI - Mycotoxin weapons. PMID- 7100921 TI - Abnormal development of kitten retino-geniculate connectivity in the absence of action potentials. AB - Action potentials were silenced in one eye of neonatal kittens by repeated intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin for 5 to 8 weeks. After tetrodotoxin blockade was allowed to wear off, receptive field properties of individual relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined. The many ON-OFF and binocular fields found in the layers that receive input from the treated eye suggest that these cells had extremely abnormal retino-geniculate synaptic connections. These effects were different in kind from those seen after deprivation rearing that does not silence action potentials. Lack of action potential activity was concluded to lead to abnormal development in the central nervous system. PMID- 7100924 TI - The risks of living near Love Canal. PMID- 7100920 TI - Psoralen phototoxicity: correlation with serum and epidermal 8-methoxypsoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen in the guinea pig. AB - Serum and epidermal concentrations of 8-methoxypsoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen 2 hours after oral administration to guinea pigs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. A linear relation was found between the serum and epidermal concentrations of 8-methoxypsoralen. In addition, a relation was found between serum concentrations of 5-methoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen and the appearance of phototoxicity. The lower phototoxicity of orally administered 5 methoxypsoralen as compared to 8-methoxypsoralen in the guinea pig appears to be due to its reduced concentrations in the epidermis, the primary site of the phototoxic events. PMID- 7100925 TI - Long-awaited decision on DNA database. PMID- 7100926 TI - Human skeletal growth factor isolated. PMID- 7100919 TI - Neurotoxin-specific immunoglobulins accelerate dissociation of the neurotoxin acetylcholine receptor complex. AB - Toxin isolated from cobra venom and labeled with tritium was incubated with membranes rich in acetylcholine receptors. The amount of toxin bound to the receptors was determined and the kinetics of dissociation of the receptor-toxin complex was followed. Addition of an excess of horse antiserum to the venom resulted in a significant acceleration of the dissociation reaction. Similarly, a monoclonal antibody against the toxin accelerated dissociation of the receptor toxin complex. The results indicate that specific antibody binding destabilizes the toxin-receptor complex. PMID- 7100927 TI - Light-induced modification of Drosophila retinal polypeptides in vivo. AB - The effect of light on the polypeptide map profile of the Drosophila eye preparation was examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results show (i) that illuminating the living fly reversibly changes the isoelectric points of three classes of polypeptides specific for the photoreceptor layer and (ii) that the norpA mutation, which prevents the generation of the receptor potential, blocks the modifications. PMID- 7100929 TI - Amphetamine, haloperidol, and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. AB - Rats subjected to unilateral ablation of the motor cortex and placed on a narrow beam displayed transient contralateral paresis. An immediate and enduring acceleration of recovery was produced by a single dose of d-amphetamine given 24 hours after injury. This effect was blocked by haloperidol or by restraining the animals for 8 hours beginning immediately after amphetamine administration. A single dose of haloperidol given 24 hours after injury markedly slowed recovery. This effect was also blocked by restraining the animals. PMID- 7100930 TI - Velocity signals related to hand movements recorded from red nucleus neurons in monkeys. AB - Neural activity of the red nucleus was studied in monkeys trained to operate devices requiring shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, or finger movements. Single cell activity was more closely related to movements of the hand and fingers than to movements of the other joints. Discharge consistently preceded movements by a constant time interval; duration of discharge was highly correlated with the duration of movement; and discharge rate was highly correlated with movement velocity. These data suggest a role for the rubrospinal pathway in the initiation and control of hand movements. PMID- 7100928 TI - High-affinity choline transport in proteoliposomes derived from rat cortical synaptosomes. AB - Functional high- and low-affinity choline transport processes from rat cortical plasma membranes were reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine bilayer liposomes. The high-affinity choline transporter demonstrated a pharmacological profile and ion dependency that were identical to those of intact synaptosomes. This preparation may be used to further characterize choline transport and, with appropriate supplementation, to investigate the release of acetylcholine in the absence of synaptic vesicles. PMID- 7100931 TI - Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neuronotrophic activity at the lesion site. AB - A cavity was made in the brain (entorhinal cortex) of developing or adult rats, and a small piece of Gelfoam was emplaced to collect fluid secreted into the wound. The neuronotrophic activity of the fluid was assayed with sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in culture. The results show that wounds in the brain of developing or adult rats stimulate the accumulation of neuronotrophic factors and that the activity of these factors increases over the first few days after infliction of the damage. PMID- 7100933 TI - Propranolol and fetal growth retardation. PMID- 7100934 TI - Epidemiologic aspects of drug utilization in a newborn intensive care unit. PMID- 7100935 TI - Effects of narcotics on perinatal endocrine function. PMID- 7100936 TI - Fetoscopy: a tool for fetal diagnosis, therapy, and research. PMID- 7100932 TI - Infections myositis and related syndromes. PMID- 7100937 TI - Familial idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and cranial suture defects in children. AB - Three children with idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and cranial suture defects are reported. The syndrome was recognized after birth and in the two oldest siblings, the cranial defects and subperiosteal bone formation resolved almost completely by age 4 and 6 years. The joint swelling and clubbing persisted and mild bone reabsorption of the distal phalanges became apparent at an older age. Two siblings and both parents had normal bone X-rays and no clubbing. This study confirms the association of cranial sutural defects and familial idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. PMID- 7100940 TI - The transitional lumbosacral osseous complex. AB - The weight of the head and trunk is transferred to the lower extremities through that segment of the spine articulating either directly or indirectly with the ilii. When a lumbosacral transitional vertebra is present the position of the weight-bearing platform usually changes. A bony entity is formed delineated superiorly by the top of the transitional vertebra and inferiorly by the lower level of the sacroiliac joints. This segment is designated as the transitional lumbosacral osseous complex. Measurements of its length in the three phylogenetic categories in man, including measurements of the articulating portion of the sacrum in the human mode, showed a range of 68 mm to 157 mm and variations from 2.0 to 3.7 in vertebral lengths. PMID- 7100941 TI - Congenital absence of the lumbosacral articular processes. AB - Absence of a lumbar or sacral articular process is rare. The congenital absence of the posterior elements of these vertebral bodies should not be confused with a destructive lesion. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is indicated, if there is any question as to the diagnosis. PMID- 7100939 TI - Tumoral calcinosis: serial images to monitor successful dietary therapy. AB - Tumoral calcinosis involves formation of periarticular calcified soft tissue masses. Experimental evidence suggests a metabolic etiology with dietary restriction of calcium and phosphorus as beneficial therapy. We prospectively monitored serum levels of calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) while successfully treating a patient with tumoral calcinosis. The values were compared with changes on serial radiographic and radionuclide bone and gallium images. Our work suggests using serial serum phosphate levels and the ESR as the most sensitive indications of progress in dietary treatment of tumoral calcinosis. PMID- 7100938 TI - Mycobacterium intracellulare infection of the shoulder and spine in a patient with steroid-treated systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Atypical mycobacterial infections of bone are rare. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with steroids developed an M. intracellulare infection of the shoulder and spine. These infections are insidious and diagnosis is difficult. Marked involvement of one joint, large effusion, or aspirated small synovial fragments suggest an atypical tuberculous joint infection. PMID- 7100943 TI - Case report 193: segmental reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome affecting both hands. PMID- 7100944 TI - Case report 194: primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of bone. PMID- 7100942 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of the facial bones and mandible. AB - Five cases of fibrous dysplasia isolated to the facial bones and mandible are presented. A review of the clinical and roentgen features of facial fibrous dysplasia are described. PMID- 7100946 TI - Case report 197: cervical actinomycosis with spinal involvement. PMID- 7100945 TI - Case report 195: inflammatory synovitis due to familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) of left third metatarso-phalangeal joint. PMID- 7100949 TI - Bacteria and plants. PMID- 7100948 TI - Subtalar dislocation. AB - Over a period of three years we have seen nine patients with subtalar dislocation, all of whom sustained violent trauma to the region of the ankle and hind foot. All but one patient were males. Clinically a subtalar dislocation resembles a complicated fracture dislocation of the ankle but a definitive diagnosis can only be made radiographically. The mechanism of injury and radiographic features of this injury are discussed. PMID- 7100947 TI - Radiologic comparison of erosive polyarthritides with prominent interphalangeal involvement. PMID- 7100950 TI - Role of the psyche in the pathogenesis and course of functional disorders and disease. PMID- 7100951 TI - Theory and data in the study of 'coronary proneness' (type A behaviour pattern). PMID- 7100952 TI - Oaths given by U.S. and Canadian medical schools, 1977: profession of medical values. AB - Ninety-four percent of U.S. and 63% of Canadian medical schools administered an oath to their graduating students in 1977. This making a 'profession' of the values of the medical profession has undergone a continuous and striking increase since at least 1928. The only factors which may be related to a U.S. school not giving an oath are its being located in a North Central State and its having a large number of basic science doctoral students (perhaps a reflection of the school's commitment to basic science research). It is argued that it may be legitimate to consider that those values which are more frequently noted in the oaths are those which are held to be more important than those which are less frequently mentioned. Based on this assumption, a comparison of the oaths given in 1958 with those given in 1977 suggests that there has been a decline in the importance that medical schools and/or graduating students hold certain values which have been traditionally ascribed to physicians-in-service-to-others (e.g. confidentiality, welfare of patient, and avoidance of injury) while at the same time there has been no change in the importance of values associated with physicians-in-relation-to-the-medical--profession (e.g. concern with the status of the physician and respect for teachers). This, then, raises the possibility of there existing the interesting paradox that, although at this level of the medical profession, the profession is talking more, they are promising less. PMID- 7100953 TI - Cesarean section in Brazil. PMID- 7100954 TI - Treatment for a nondisease: the case of low blood pressure. AB - This paper documents diagnosis and treatment of hypotension among a sample of subjects visiting blood pressure screening booths as part of a hypertension screening survey in Montreal. Of 1019 subjects, over one quarter had been diagnosed as hypotensive. Though low blood pressure is harmless for the majority of people, almost 10% of the screened sample reported receiving treatment from their physicians for the condition. Treatment typically consisted of harmless, but ineffective placebo-like medications including veal liver extract capsules or injections, iron capsules, tonics and vitamin B12 liquid, injections or capsules. Additional analysis discovered little meaningful difference in systolic and diastolic readings among individuals treated for hypotension, those diagnosed but not treated, and an undiagnosed group. Subjects receiving the hypotensive label from practitioners were typically older women with less education and income. Findings are discussed in light of the overlap between statistical and pathological models of illness; presenting symptoms of patients and their demands for treatment; and assumptions of physicians in diagnostic decision-making. It is speculated that medical definition of a nondisease such as low blood pressure may serve to individualize discomfort when true etiology lies in the environment; legitimate neglect of responsibilities and obligations by assigning one to the sick role; or cause organization of vague impulses into symptoms. Hypotension should be included in utilization studies to determine prevalence of treatment, life history of those being treated and complaints offered for treatment. PMID- 7100956 TI - Concepts of illness causation and responsibility: some preliminary data from a sample of working class mothers. AB - In recent years official policy in the U.K. has been marked by a shift in emphasis from curative to preventive medicine, with increasing stress being laid on the role of the individual in maintaining his/her health. However, we lack empirical data on the extent to which the concept of individual responsibility for health is accepted by various groups in our society and such data is essential before effective strategies for health education can be implemented. It is argued that readiness to accept responsibility for one's health depends partly on the views held about the aetiology of illness, and this proposition is explored using material on causation and the circumstances where blame is attributed, derived from semi-structured interviews with a sample of 41 working class mothers (Socioeconomic Group 9). Roughly half the sample held fatalistic views on the aetiology of illness and thought they were only morally accountable in very restricted circumstances. These women tended to be less well-educated than the rest of the group and they were less likely to be buying their own homes. The results are discussed in relation to current health education policies, consultation behaviours in primary medical care and consumer attitudes to the services provided by their doctors. PMID- 7100955 TI - Kava, alcohol and tobacco consumption among Tongans with urbanization. AB - The prevalence of kava (Piper methysticum), alcohol and tobacco consumption in Nuku'alofa (urban) and Foa (rural) are described. Current kava consumption was males 48% and females 1%. Prevalence was significantly higher among rural males. Current alcohol consumption was almost exclusive to the urban population and predominantly male, but only 2 (1%) rural males were current alcohol consumers. 169 (84.0%) of the rural males were irregularly or had ceased consuming alcohol. Tobacco consumption also showed a significant male predominance. There was a significantly higher total tobacco consumption in the urban population. Concordance of the three habits was evident among males with 27 concordant positive (expected = 5.98) and 46 concordant negative (expected = 6.60). It appears that kava, a traditional Pacific beverage may have lost ground to alcohol as urban Tongans adopt a more cosmopolitan life style. Kava, if proved relatively harmless, may be promoted as a less unhealthy alternative to tobacco and alcohol. PMID- 7100957 TI - Nutrition and school achievement. PMID- 7100958 TI - Selecting sites for rural health workers. PMID- 7100959 TI - Use of emergency room facilities in a rural area: a spatial analysis. PMID- 7100960 TI - Measuring potential physical accessibility to general practitioners in rural areas: a method and case study. PMID- 7100962 TI - Cross-cultural studies of biological aging. PMID- 7100963 TI - Cross-cultural studies of biological aging. Introduction. PMID- 7100964 TI - Biological function, activity and dependency among elderly Sherpa in the Nepal Himalayas. PMID- 7100961 TI - The role of support in relation to recovery from breast surgery. AB - The relationship between support and short-term recovery from breast surgery was examined retrospectively in 151 female breast cancer patients who were 3-12 months postoperative. Subjects were interviewed regarding the extent to which 3 forms of support (social, professional, financial) were available. Two indices, representing physical recovery and psychological adjustment, were generated. Patient characteristics (age, education, prior health status, and life stress following surgery) and clinical indicators of disease severity (stage, type of mastectomy, adjunct therapy, and time elapsed since surgery) were controlled. Social and professional support were significantly positively related to psychological adjustment. Financial support was significantly positively related to physical recovery. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed. PMID- 7100965 TI - Work, aging and dependency in a Sherpa population in Nepal. AB - This paper suggests a conceptual framework for the cross-cultural study of dependency in order to encourage and facilitate data-based cross-cultural comparisons. It offers an etic, operational definition encompassing biological, activity and economic components. It also emphasizes that the emic definition is crucial for understanding a situation. The utility of distinguishing several components of an etic definition of dependency and distinguishing etic from emic definition is illustrated using the examples of Sherpas in Helambu, Nepal. From the etic viewpoint, the Sherpas are apparently healthy, economically productive and physically active and therefore lie near the independent end of the dependency continuum. The recent emigration of many young adults has produced a demographic situation where few elderly can achieve their expectation of growing old while sharing their own households with their youngest son and his family. Although family life is valued and most elderly Sherpas have other offspring and other relatives in the village, the majority of elderly Sherpa live alone and express dissatisfaction at doing so. From their standpoint, reliance upon someone other than the youngest son for lodging or food is considered prejoratively and as dependency. Their emic definition of dependency is different from the Western definition and both differ from what we have referred to as etic dependency. PMID- 7100966 TI - Population genetic models in the study of aging and longevity in a Mennonite community. AB - This is a preliminary report on a 3-year multidisciplinary study of aging among historically and genetically related Mennonite congregations in Kansas and Nebraska. Three aspects of longevity and aging are examined: (1) the relationship of heterozygosity to survivorship using 8 genetic blood group loci, (2) changes in taste sensitivity with age using 14 dilutions of PTC; and (3) life span correlations among parents and offspring during a 100 year period. Heterozygosity was found to be independent of survivorship. No diminution in taste sensitivity to PTC was found with increasing age although a significant difference in PTC taste thresholds was found between males and females. No relationship was found between nontasters and individuals with a history of thyroid disease. Mother's life span was found to correlate more closely with daughter than any other familial correlation. PMID- 7100967 TI - Secular changes in age-specific cause of death in Sanday, Orkney Islands. AB - The purpose of this study is to describe secular trends in mortality for Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland between 1855 and 1974. Using information from death records, standardized crude mortality rates for each 10-year period were decomposed into 12 cause specific mortality rates. Differential contribution of each cause of death to the overall decrease in crude and age specific rates has been determined by comparing rates between periods of highest and lowest mortality. Although the decrease in rates was greater for females than for males, for both sexes, decreased mortality associated with respiratory diseases made the greatest contribution to the overall mortality decline. The decrease in death rates has its greatest effect during the reproductive period. Although results differ from those reported for England and Wales in the nineteenth century, they conform to estimates based on cross-national data from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. PMID- 7100968 TI - Mortality related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in a modernizing population. AB - Excessive adiposity is associated with elevated rates of middle-aged mortality, particularly that related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). One purpose of this study was to determine whether the population of American Samoa demonstrated the expected elevation of mortality rates related to these two causes. Accordingly for all American Samoan death records (N = 1588) during the period 1962-74, both crude and age-standardized rates were calculated and interpopulation comparisons of DM and CVD were made. The second purpose of this research was to determine if elevated CVD mortality was associated with the islands' recent trend toward modernization. For this purpose 902 deaths of persons aged 30 or more were analyzed to determine change in CVD mortality over time and differences by degree of participation in modern life. The CVD-related mortality rate for Samoa was 82.1 per 100,000, compared to 368.6 reported for the United States in 1962. After age standardization the Samoan rate increased to 242.5, still below that of the United States. The Samoan DM-related mortality rate was 13.9 per 100,000 compared to a United States rate of 15.9 in 1959. After age adjustment, the respective rates were 32.2 and 13.4 (1957-59), the Samoan rate being more than double that of the United States. Female CVD mortality in Samoa increased from 196.2 in the period 1963-66 to 363.0 in 1971-74, while male rates remained essentially unchanged (417.3 and 429.0 respectively). CVD mortality among males living in more modernized areas of the island was 46.5% higher than that for male residents of more traditional areas (343.5 and 234.5 respectively); among females, however, the rate was highest for those living in traditional areas (398.7). CVD mortality for males classified to the "sedentary' occupational category was 50% greater than that for males in the "active'. PMID- 7100969 TI - Biocultural risks in longevity: Samoans in California. AB - Because migration is such a widespread phenomenon, studies of the effects of accompanying life change on the health and well-being of the migrant have special significance in areas like California that support large migrant communities. Previous studies have shown that increased weight and elevated blood pressure may be linked to changes in diet, exercise habits, and the altered sociocultural milieu of the migrant. Among Samoans, a Pacific Island population of Polynesian descent, these changes appear to be particularly prominent in segments of the population that have moved to the environment of Hawaii, which epidemiologic studies have characterized as "intermediate-modern.' Preliminary findings from a survey of weight, height, blood pressure, fasting glucose levels, and mortality records among Samoans living in California indicate that individuals living under more highly urbanized conditions exhibit even more pronounced changes. Adult weight among Samoans in California (San Francisco) greatly exceeds that of their counterparts in Hawaii and Samoa. Elevated blood pressures are also seen, though the extent to which this is associated with excessive weight gain is unclear. The number of individuals with high (greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl) fasting plasma glucose levels would be consistent with a population in which the prevalence of diabetes is many times higher than in the U.S. population. Although mortality patterns are difficult to determine for this population, available records suggest an excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases of all types among adult Samoans under age 50. Further investigations will attempt to link biobehavioral changes in the migrants' lifestyle to these observed patterns of risk. PMID- 7100970 TI - Comparison of visually estimated age with physiologically predicted age as indicators of rates of aging. AB - The commonly held view that people age at different rates derives largely from visual estimates of age. Although most people "look their age' everyone can cite examples of individuals in middle and late adulthood who appear to be aging very slowly or very rapidly. Efforts to quantify aging rates scientifically require measurement of a large number of physiological parameters in a large population sample. This paper compares visual estimates of age with physiologically predicted measures to determine their value as indicators of the rate of aging. This study used data from 1086 male participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of the Gerontology Research Center, NIA. These men have provided comprehensive biomedical and psychosocial data at one and one-half years intervals for as long as 20 years. The visual estimate of age was made by the examining physician at the first study visit of each participant, without knowledge of the man's actual age. The error of this estimate was determined by subtracting actual age from estimated age. Correlation analysis of error in estimated age with an objective assessment of biological age based on physiological variables indicated a significant association between the two approaches. When men who have died since their study participation were compared with survivors, the former were found to have been significantly 'older for their age' than the latter using both visual and physiological estimate approaches. To determine whether certain lifestyle traits were associated with variation in these two indicators, multiple regression analyses were performed. These showed that men who smoked, who were fatter, or who were in poor health were predicted as older than their chronological age peers using both approaches. Results of this study suggest that the easily determined visual estimate of age may be a useful indicator of aging rate within a population. PMID- 7100971 TI - Patterns of adult weight and fat change in six Solomon Islands societies: a semi longitudinal study. AB - Semi-longitudinal changes with aging in weight, height, arm circumference, and subscapular and triceps skinfold circumference are presented for adult males and females in 6 different populations in the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, which have differed dramatically in their exposure to modern industrialized societies over the past decade. Those groups who remain less acculturated show little or no evidence of a secular trend in adult body size and women in these groups lose weight through their childbearing years and into old age. Men lose less. In the more acculturated groups, weight gain due to increases in fatness have already become the norm for all female cohorts, and most male cohorts. In most groups there are significant losses in muscle mass after age 40 in men, regardless of acculturation status, which were not detected in women. Because changes in diet have been more extreme for men than women in the more acculturated groups, and childbearing and nursing patterns have not changed, the more consistent and significant shift in female fat changes with age is most likely due to a sharp change in activity pattern, in addition to dietary change. PMID- 7100973 TI - Blood pressure at rest and during exercise among Sherpas and Tibetan migrants in Nepal. PMID- 7100972 TI - Aging in selected anthropometric dimensions in a rural Zapotec-speaking community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. AB - Stature, weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and grip strength were measured in a cross-sectional sample of 116 men and 113 women, 20-82 years of age, from a rural Zapotec-speaking community in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Mortality statistics, growth, and maturity status of children in the village are indicative of chronic mild-to-moderate under-nutrition. Adult Zapotecs are smaller, lighter and leaner than reference data for better-off populations. Sex differences are clearly evident for stature, fatness and grip strength. Body weight shows little sex difference after 40 years of age. Estimated mid-arm muscle circumference, however, is larger in males at all ages except over 60 years. Weight, arm circumference, the triceps skinfold and estimated muscle circumference are generally lowest in women 20-39 years, most likely reflecting the depletion of energy stores due to successive pregnancies and lactation. When stature is adjusted for the estimated loss associated with aging, there is suggestion of a secular increase in males but not in females. Sampling variation, small numbers at the older ages, and perhaps selective out migration must be considered in evaluating possible secular effects. Although absolute grip strength of adult Zapotecs is less than that of better-off samples of adults, grip strength per unit body weight is similar. PMID- 7100974 TI - A short scale of cancer knowledge and some socio-demographic correlates. PMID- 7100975 TI - Temporal context and the perceptions of geriatric patients. AB - The prevalence in later life of long-term, chronic conditions requires that researchers and clinical professionals become sensitive to the temporal context of older persons' personal and health-related perceptions. A sample of patients at a geriatric ambulatory clinic responded to a questionnaire sent prior to their appointment. The present report focuses on expectations regarding future health and treatment, general personal future projection, and perceptions of current health. Present self-rated health status and future projection were significant associates both of anticipated future health and treatment expectations. However, questions directed toward when treatment benefits were expected to begin and for how long treatment might last were characterized by few predictors. Indications of optimism and uncertainty about future health and treatment were both represented, although neither general optimism nor general uncertainty appeared in a large segment of the sample. Results suggest the salience of future perspective for older adults in the health care setting, and the complexity which may be encountered as treatment progresses. PMID- 7100976 TI - Racial differences in knowledge of cancer: a pilot study. AB - The present study examined the reported sources of information on cancer and the level of cancer knowledge for a sample of black and white adults. Black respondents had significantly less knowledge and the relationship between race and cancer knowledge persisted even when controlling for education, sex, and age. Possible reasons for the observed difference include (a) the tendency for blacks to obtain information on cancer from television and radio, while whites rely more on printed materials, (b) differences in the quality of education received by black and white adults, and (c) a possible lack of motivation on the part of black respondents to acquire knowledge of cancer due to lower access to medical care. Intervention programs designed to provide all blacks with information about cancer should take into account the preferred sources of information, and should be oriented toward reducing the barriers to taking action related to prevention and early detection as well as increasing perceptions of the benefits of taking such action. PMID- 7100977 TI - The low mortality rates of Chinese infants: some plausible explanatory factors. AB - The objectives of this paper are: (1) to describe the differential infant mortality rates between Chinese and white Americans; (2) to identify and evaluate the commonly suspected factors for the low infant mortality rates observed among Chinese in the United States; and (3) to explore alternative explanatory factors for the low death rates of Chinese infants by drawing upon a body of current sociomedical research regarding the effects of smoking and drinking on fetal development, preterm delivery and low birthweight in non-Chinese populations. Anthropological studies on Chinese pre- and post-natal health practices--both in Taiwan and in the United States--are also discussed. The data come primarily from U.S. birth and death records. Where available, both published and unpublished data on Chinese infant mortality from Hong Kong Colony. Taiwan Province and Mainland China, are also presented for purposes of comparison. PMID- 7100979 TI - Politics and medicine: the case of Israeli National Health Insurance. AB - The paper focuses on the attempts to introduce a national health insurance system in Israel. So far all these attempts advanced through six public committees and various legislative initiatives have been futile. The major actors involved in the process of NHI formulation are (a) the sick funds, the largest of which (KH) nearly monopolizes the health services; (b) political parties which are affiliated with the sick funds; (c) the Israeli medical association. The labor oriented parties and sick funds aimed for the introduction of an NHI system which would strengthen KH and preserve its autonomy. The right wing parties and sick fund advocated nationalization of the NHI. The IMA took a mid-way position not identifying with either of the parties. By allying with a small coalition party it was effective in impeding the legislative process that was initiated by the Labor Party. The vigorous opposition of KH has hindered the adoption of the Likud's version of the NHI. Hence, the issue, torn between conflicting parties, reached a stalemate which is not likely to be resolved in the near future. PMID- 7100978 TI - A model of the demand for medical and health services in Peninsular Malaysia. AB - This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of the demand for medical services in Peninsular Malaysia. After elaborating a theoretical model of household demand for medical care in Section II an econometric model is specified and estimated in Sections III, IV, and V. The results indicate that total medical demand, as measured by the absolute volume of outpatient and inpatient consumption, is highly inelastic to the cash price and to the cost in time of utilization. Total medical demand is also inelastic with respect to income. Yet consumers are clearly responsive to the relative prices of alternative sources of medical care. Consumers are also sensitive to the way in which the time of utilization is spent, with high travel and treatment time causing reduced demand for services. PMID- 7100981 TI - Spatial analysis of surgery locations in general practice. AB - Consideration is given to some of the theoretical issues involved in applying location allocation analysis to the problem of location of general practitioner's surgeries. Alternatives criteria for minimization can be used in the algorithm to represent different planning objectives. The technique is applied to data for two Medical Practice Areas in East Kent. The travel cost for the population, as measured by the procedure, is compared for different types of surgery distributions in the two areas. The technique is proposed as an additional method to that already used to assess medical manpower distribution for planning purposes. PMID- 7100982 TI - Dilemmas in general practice: the care of the cancer patients. AB - Recent investigations of the care provided for cancer patients in the community have revealed substantial shortcomings, both in the identification of problems and in the help offered to patients and their families. While some explanations have been sought for these omissions, it has generally been assumed that they are due to practitioners' ignorance of problems encountered by families. Focusing on general practitioners, this paper argues that these deficiencies in care arise not only from ignorance, but also from the conceptual and structural framework within which practitioners operate. Working within such a framework, general practitioners experience considerable dilemmas in decisions about the management and care of cancer patients. This paper argues that explicit acknowledgement of these dilemmas is a necessary prerequisite to any recommendations for improvements in care. PMID- 7100983 TI - Psychological aspects of pregnancy: some thoughts for the eighties. PMID- 7100985 TI - Social science and medicine in Spain. PMID- 7100984 TI - Consumers, clinicians and confidentiality. PMID- 7100986 TI - The effects of latent social needs on physician utilization by immigrants: a replication study. AB - The research reported in the present paper is a replication of Shuval et al.'s study of the effects of latent social needs of new immigrants on their utilization of health care services. By restoring to path analysis, the replication undertook to explore two questions: (1) Is the need for catharsis (i.e. for emotional support) found by Shuval et al. to affect utilization directly (i.e. not via illness) indeed characteristic only for the first years of stay in the host country. (2) Isn't it rather the differential access to social resources, ad determined by social class and age, which at present explains the need-utilization relationship? The findings show that even though the need still persists among the one-time immigrants, it is a quite poor predictor of all other attributes found to affect physician utilization: viz. the emotional and physical illness and the tendency to define oneself as ill. With the passage of time the former immigrants seem to have abandoned the previously customary mode of gratifying the need for catharsis by turning to the health services. Hence, even the respondents with a keen experience of that need tended to refrain from turning to physicians in the absence of 'concrete' symptoms. At the same time, the lower classes and the elderly, without experiencing the need for catharsis, turned to have higher rates of physician visits, simply by virtue of being relatively more ill. In conclusion, a plea is made for the improvement of the design flaws common for the type of causal inquiry into the need-utilization relationship, which this study represents. PMID- 7100987 TI - Doctors and society: a Northern Thailand study. AB - This paper presents findings from a survey together with other observations to characterize the medical profession in Northern Thailand. Data were obtained in early 1976 using a self-administered questionnaire which was completed by 132 physicians in three Northern Thai provinces. Officially approved Thai medicine is 'Western' in nature and is predominantly an urban phenomenon. Practitioners of indigenous medicine are widespread and although illegal, they are tolerated. Training of doctors conforms very largely to Western standards. This plus the limited demand for private medical care results in a high proportion of the graduates of Thai medical schools migrating abroad. Results of the survey indicate that doctors in Northern Thailand were predominantly government employees or staff of a private hospital. Less than 5% were solely in self employment. However, most 'employee' doctors had a private 'after hours' practice. Two types of medical professionals were identified: the 'cosmopolitan' and the 'local' doctor. Difficulties in communicating with patients were indicated by about 30% of the respondent doctors. The level of dissatisfaction expressed by the doctors surveyed was relatively high--43%. Items most often mentioned were: over-work, low compensation and lack of cooperation of patients. Satisfaction most often mentioned were: service to others, independent occupation and prestige with which doctors are regarded. In the analysis, the influence of several independent variables on type of professionalism and on satisfaction dissatisfaction was determined. PMID- 7100989 TI - Accessibility to medical care among urban American Indians in a large metropolitan area. AB - Federal health and medical care programs recently mandated for American Indians living in cities are predicated upon information pertaining to their unmet health needs and assessments of their accessibility to medical care. Based upon a household survey conducted among a representative Indian population living in a large metropolitan area, an evaluation is made of the accessibility experience of this population as it pertains to primary medical care. Using measures of accessibility including travel time, appointment delay time, and waiting room time, the experiences of Indian residents of major residential sections of the area are illustrated. Comparative assessments are made on the basis of the individual convenience factors as well as on the basis of an aggregate index of accessibility that has been proposed for health planning and evaluation. Significant differences in accessibility to primary care between residents in certain residential areas are demonstrated and suggestions for revision of the accessibility standards are offered. PMID- 7100988 TI - The effects of accessibility on general practitioner consultations, out-patient attendances and in-patient admissions in Norfolk, England. AB - A social survey was conducted to investigate the effects of accessibility on contacts with general practitioners and hospitals under the National Health Service in the predominantly rural county of Norfolk. Random samples of adults were taken close to hospital and general practitioner services in the city of Norwich, in villages close to Norwich with and without a general practitioner surgery and in villages relatively remote from the city with and without a surgery. General practitioner consultation rates, out-patient attendance rates and in-patient admissions were all found to decline with decreasing accessibility. For people with a long-standing illness, the main difference in rates was between urban and rural areas. The groups most affected in the rural areas were those with the highest relative need of health care. Their counterparts in the city used the health services much more. For the larger section of the sample, those with no long-standing illness, the most significant differences were between the various rural locations. Here, both distance to a surgery and distance to the city hospitals were associated with decreasing consultation, out-patient and in-patient rates. The main trend was of young mobile people with high expectations in places with readily accessible health services using those services more than would be expected from their usage rates elsewhere. There was also evidence among the people with no long-standing illness of less prosperous sub-groups being affected by remoteness at the out-patient stage. PMID- 7100980 TI - Trends in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and cancer by site in Antwerp, Belgium 1900-1975. AB - After studying the shortcomings of source materials, crude and age-adjusted death rates for diseases of the circulatory system and cancer by site in Antwerp have been compared for the period 1900-1975. Although the crude death rates of the most important causes of death show an increase until 1964, after age-adjustment it is possible to divide these in two groups. The first group shows after age adjustment a decreasing trend suggesting crude mortality increases appear mostly in the oldest age-groups. The second group consists of mortality causes which after age-adjustment continue to increase. These increases appear to be linked to factors other than the ageing of the population. The evolution of the total cancer mortality shows that until 1940, it was dominated by the first group, while after 1950 a switch to the second group can be noticed. PMID- 7100990 TI - Toward a theory of patient satisfaction. AB - Despite the widespread concern in health care literature with patients'--or clients'--satisfaction, there has been no explicit definition of that concept nor systematic consideration of its determinants and consequences. The definition of satisfaction proposed here is derived from Fishbein and Ajzen's attitude theory and from job satisfaction research. Among the various probable determinants of a patient's satisfaction with health care are his/her attitudes and perceptions prior to experiencing that care; after reviewing relevant social science theories, we hypothesize five such social psychological variables which affect satisfaction ratings. The present attempt to define the concept patient satisfaction and to hypothesize some of its determinants can be regarded as first steps in building a theory of patient satisfaction. PMID- 7100991 TI - Social psychological determinants of patient satisfaction: a test of five hypothesis. AB - Five hypothesis regarding the social psychological determinants of patient satisfaction were tested among patients attending the primary care clinics of a university medical center in Manhatten. The social psychological variables operationalized here were expectations, values, entitlement and perceived occurrences; the three dimensions of satisfaction studied were doctor conduct, convenience and general satisfaction. The social psychological variables together were found to explain only a small proportion of the variance in satisfaction, although their contribution varied with the dimension of satisfaction. Expectations consistantly explained most of the variance in satisfaction ratings; particularly noteworthy was the direct effect of prior expectations of the doctor's conduct on subsequent satisfaction with that dimension of the care received. Values had little independent effect on satisfaction, and the combination of values and expectations (their interaction) was unrelated to satisfaction. Feelings of entitlement were also unrelated to satisfaction ratings. There was some support for the discrepancy model, which holds that the greater the discrepancy between perceived occurrences and prior expectations the less the satisfaction. The importance of carrying out further methodological studies aimed at developing reliable measures of these constructs is stressed. PMID- 7100993 TI - The effects of peer and parental smoking and age on the smoking careers of college women: a sex-related phenomenon. AB - In the United States, smoking for women has followed a different pattern for women than for men, and the literature suggests that it, as a 'masculine' behavior, may serve as a role-delineating function for women. This research examines the relationship between sex of smoking parents and peers and the smoking behavior of college women. Having a mother who smokes was significantly related to whether or not the daughter smokes, the age of onset, and the frequency of the daughter's smoking; the proportion of female friends who smoke, to the frequency and amount of the woman's smoking and to the degree of difficulty of quitting. Smoking by the father and male friends was not important. Also, the age of the woman was significantly to whether or not she ever smoked and to the age of onset of smoking. This likely reflects her experience of social norms regarding smoking by women and the publication of the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health. These findings support the notion of smoking as a role-related behavior for women. Further research is needed to extend these findings to men and other health behaviors. PMID- 7100994 TI - Professionalisation: the case of pharmacy in Ghana. PMID- 7100992 TI - Physician attitudes toward communication with cancer patients. PMID- 7100995 TI - Salient issues in choosing a new doctor. AB - In this paper we argue that selecting a new doctor is one of three phases in the overall, iterative process of patient-practitioner encounters. Further, we assume that the factors which impact on individuals' decisions to seek and to use health services should also influence their choices of new physicians. Accordingly, we assess the extent to which traditional predictors of health services utilization (i.e. the predisposing, enabling, illness-morbidity, and consumer satisfaction characteristics) are directly associated with individuals' identifications of the important factors in their choices of new doctors. Discriminant function and multivariate contingency analyses of data from a national survey of 1530 adults reveal five major patterns of typical behavior. First, individuals with lower socioeconomic status and poorer access to medical care choose the psychosocial aspects of the patient-practitioner relationship as most important in selecting a new doctor. Second, individuals with lower socioeconomic status but better access to medical care focus on the cost of an office visit. Third, individuals with higher socioeconomic status but poorer access to medical care focus on the hospital affiliation of the physician. Fourth, individuals with higher socioeconomic status and better access to medical care focus on the physician's affiliation with a medical group. Fifth, individuals with higher socioeconomic status and moderate access to medical care focus on the recommendation of friends. Finally, we discuss the implications of these behavioral patterns for models of health services utilization, consumer satisfaction, the sick role, and medical school curricula and recruitment policies. PMID- 7100996 TI - Child-feeding habits in a situation of social change: the case of Maiduguri, Nigeria. AB - Based on interview of 250 mainly non-literate low income group mothers who use a childcare and antenatal clinic in Maiduguri, the study sought to know the pattern of child-feeding that is emerging in Maiduguri, a rapidly urbanizing centre, and sought to identify factors responsible for the emergence of the pattern. The study found that the pattern emerging is characterized by a tendency to combine traditional and methods learnt as a result of contact with bearers of western industrial culture. The most important factors seen to be implicated in the development of this pattern is mass media advertisement and the example of elite mothers whose visibly displayed adoption of bottle-feeding elevates it to the status of a fashion in the eyes of the lower income, illiterate or less western educated mothers who then follow uncritically. It is suggested that more be done by the medical profession to counter this trend in the state, than its present apparent resigned acceptance. PMID- 7100997 TI - Ships of fools and vessels of the divine: mental hospitals and madness, a case study. AB - Rural Balinese conceive of madness as a phenomenon which gives men intimations of another reality transcending the everyday world, and which reveals the possibility of more direct communication with the divine. European views of madness became gradually secularized over a period of several centuries, and were finally absorbed by the predominantly medical models of modern psychiatry. In Bali, this transformation is occurring within a much shorter time span, under different socioeconomic conditions. In this paper, I examine the ideas which traditional healers in Bali and their clients invoke about the influence of the supernatural in worldly affairs. I then contrast traditional classifications and treatments of madness with the version of Western psychiatry currently practised in mental hospitals and out-patient clinics on the island. This section of the paper is based on the author's field study of mental health services in Bali, incorporating a survey of mental hospital inpatients and their families. I conclude with a discussion of the genesis, future development and possible effects of the increase in psychiatric facilities on the island. PMID- 7100998 TI - Exchange between Andean and Western medicine. AB - Western medicine has not been functionally incorporated into Andean economic, cultural, and social systems. Evaluation studies show that even though accessibility to Western medicine has increased considerably for rural Andeans, they still rely on traditional medicine. Western medicine has not been able to articulate with Andean ethnomedicine because of different structural relations within each system. Western medicine assumes a mechanistic ideology, chemical based cures and technology which function efficiently within an urban-industrial framework; whereas Andean medicine assumes a synchronistic ideology, natural based cures and personal skills which function efficiently within a mountainous rural area with structural components of verticality, specialization and reciprocity. Verticality implies that Andeans specialize in extracting resources from a limited number of zones and then exchange their resources for those produced by people on other zones. Andean ethnomedicine follows principles of verticality in that certain communities specialize in various aspects of Andean medicines, according to the resources available to that community. These medical practitioners travel to other communities providing their services in exchange for services or goods. The author illustrates this from his research among the Qollahuaya Andeans. The community of Kaata specializes in curing by divination and ritual. These diviners are important for community health of Andeans. The communities of Curva and Chajaya specialize in herbal curing: these herbalists are important for treating physical causes. However, the diviners and herbalists complement each other in providing for the total health of Andeans. The final section deals with concrete suggestions of how certain features of Western medicine can functionally fit Andean economic and social structure. PMID- 7100999 TI - Professional uncertainty and the problem of supplier-induced demand. AB - This paper discusses the puzzling problem of large differences in per capita use of certain common surgical procedures among neighboring populations, which by all available measures are quite similar in need for and access to services. The evidence reviewed here supports the hypothesis that variations occur to a large extent because of differences among physicians in their evaluation of patients (diagnosis) or in their belief in the value of the procedures for meeting patient needs (therapy). This hypothesis, which we call the professional uncertainty hypothesis, is germane to current controversies concerning the nature and extent of supplier influence on the demand for medical services. It is also important because of its implications for health regulatory policy. Our plan is to (1) review the relevance of the hypotheses for the supplier-induced demand controversy; (2) review the epidemiologic evidence on the nature and causes of variation; (3) examine patterns of use of common surgical procedures to illustrate the importance of supplier influence on utilization; and (4) consider some of the implications of the professional uncertainty hypotheses for public policy. PMID- 7101000 TI - The health promoting function of mass media and reference groups: motivating or reinforcing of behavior change. PMID- 7101005 TI - Psychological reactions to the onset of chronic illness. AB - Patients (N = 126) interviewed during hospitalization at the onset of chronic illness were found to be experiencing considerable emotional arousal. Their psychological reactions were assessed by applying content analysis scales to accounts of their current experienced and comparing these with the accounts of non-patients. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that patients experienced significantly more anxiety, depression, and directly and indirectly expressed anger, as well as positive feelings and that they perceived themselves to be more helpless. Canonical analyses were applied to investigate the relationships between patients' reactions and their biographic and illness related characteristics. Patients' reactions were related to demographic factors and their perceptions of their handicaps. No relationships were found between patterns of reaction and patients' life styles, medical records of their illnesses or the types of their disabilities. PMID- 7101003 TI - Reprofessionalization in pharmacy. PMID- 7101002 TI - The utilization of general hospitals by occupational groups in Finland. AB - The utilization of general hospitals in Finland in 1974 was studied according to occupational groups. The material was based on two registers; the register of hospital utilization kept by the National Board of Health and the register for the Population and Housing Census prepared by the Central Statistical Office in Finland. The differences in hospital utilization do not depend only on differences in morbidity; hospital utilization is also associated with the availability of services and with the illness behaviour of the people--factors which also differ from occupational group to occupational group. The utilization of hospital services was quantified by recording the number of patients discharged from hospitals. The highest age-standardized utilization by males was found in industry (186/1000 population), being 1.6 times greater than in administration, 1.4 times greater than in agriculture, 1.3 times greater than in transport and services and 1.1 times greater than in sales. The greatest utilization by females was found in sales (262/1000 population and in industry (239/1000 population), being 1.3 times greater in sales than in administration. Differences between occupational groups were generally smaller than among males. The utilization of hospital services was compared with mortality in these occupational groups. There is a rather strong positive correlation (r = 0.7) between hospital utilization and mortality in males. In agriculture the utilization was lower than average in comparison with mortality. In administration and industry the utilization was at the same level as mortality. PMID- 7101004 TI - An econometric analysis of the major determinants of nursing home costs in the United States. AB - This study presents statistical cost function estimates based on data from the 1973-74 National Nursing Home Survey. Using multiple regression techniques, multiplicative and additive models of both total cost and operating cost are presented. Findings from the analysis contribute to the growing literature on nursing home costs and provide added insight to a number of important topics. Economies to scale are indicated with an optimum size in the 300-400 bed range. Flat-rate reimbursement systems and other systems which set rates prospectively are shown to be associated with significantly lower nursing home costs when compared to the incentives of cost based systems with or without limits and the incentives of private financing. Increases in both the admission rate and the occupancy rate are associated with higher costs though only the latter relationship proves of much practical significance, with the cost savings more pronounced for facilities starting with low occupancy rates. The profit motive is confirmed as an important incentive for containing costs. Holding several important level or scope of service indicators constant, proprietary nursing homes were found to have total costs 7% lower and operating costs 11% lower than in the voluntary non-profit nursing homes. The range of therapeutic services available and the type of staff coverage of the daily shifts provided in the nursing homes are confirmed as key cost determinants. Evidence is also provided which suggests that residents with mid-level dependency are relatively more costly to treat than those who are completely dependent or independent. The usefulness of other facility descriptions and quality proxy measures as cost determinants is also explored. The results are compared to those from other recent nursing home cost function studies. PMID- 7101001 TI - Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients. AB - Beliefs about causes of cancer were studied in 120 patients with late-stage cancer and compared with beliefs of non-cancer patients matched for age, sex, and hospitalization. Cancer patients consistently had less strong beliefs about causes of cancer than did the other groups, even when causes such as smoking and having pulmonary cancer were probably associated with the development of their disease. Although some correlates of beliefs were found in cancer patients' personal and social background, these were generally of minimal levels of statistical significance. Those who had been diagnosed longer believed cancer was more often inherited. The non-cancer patients' beliefs were similar to those found in a large survey of the general population. It is likely that cancer patients need to defend themselves against self-blame as a means of coping with a terminal illness. PMID- 7101006 TI - Anomic aspects of recovery from cancer. AB - A cancer diagnosis is universally regarded as a traumatic event. Many equate it with a 'sentence of death'. But an increasing number of cancer patients are being cured. An exploratory study involving intensive interviews with recovered cancer patients indicated that the positive experience of being cured is often mixed with negative elements, including: (1) the withdrawal of the intensified social support which accompanied the diagnosis and early treatment; (2) ambivalence about the discontinuation of treatment; (3) anxiety about recurrence of the disease; (4) adjustment to permanent disabilities resulting from the disease or its treatment; (5) the need to resume life-oriented modes of thought after a successful adjustment to the ideal of death; (6) anger at perceived inadequacies in the handling of treatment; and (7) confusion about feelings of depression when the objective situation has improved. Durkheim's concept of anomie originally referred to a societal condition engendered by either positive or negative change. Srole and others adopted the term 'anomia' to refer to the social psychological correlate of this condition, i.e. anomie as experienced by the individual. The present research suggests that the concept of anomia, and specifically, the anomia of good fortune, may be useful in studying the rehabilitation of cancer patients. PMID- 7101007 TI - Ethical complications of clinical therapeutic research on children. AB - Usual discussion by ethicists and physicians of the ethical implications of research on children with catastrophic disease, and the guidelines established by the Federal Government for this research, rest on applying general moral principles to problems. Whatever the merits of this approach for establishing policy, it does not adequately reflect the life situation of patients and the complexity of a single regimen which is simultaneously both therapeutic and research oriented. Also, the issues become more complex when there is disagreement among the parents about a course of treatment. It is our contention that such cases are properly resolved by considering the degree of paternalism to be exercised by the clinician-researcher. PMID- 7101008 TI - [Determining the age of cerebral contusions]. AB - In a group of 40 cerebral contusions with a different period of survival by histological and histochemical methods changes in the contusion foci and their surroundings were assessed. The authors compared their own findings with those of other authors. Their finding of leucostasis and incipient leucodiapedesis was found in cerebral contusions with 7 hours survival. A more marked incidence of leucocytes near the contusion was in cases with a survival of 30 hours. A readily apparent gliomensenchymal reaction near the contusion focus was found in patients who survived the injury for eight days. In the glial elements acid phosphatase and no-specific esterase activity was detected. In contusion of the frontal lobe with a 13-day survival considerable cellulization and increase in the amount of capillaries was found near the contusion focus. In survival of contusion of the frontal lobe for 28 days the glial elements with an acid phosphatase and non specific esterase activity form a margin round the contusion focus. Even in contusion of the frontal lobe with 5-month survival numerous granular cells were found in the neighbouring area. The results obtained by the authors are not always consistent with those of others. The data of other authors frequently vary too. Therefore it is important to be careful about estimates of the age of cerebral contusions and in particular in cerebral contusions with longer survival the estimate of the age of the injury is only approximate. PMID- 7101010 TI - [Comprehensive program to control circulatory diseases]. PMID- 7101011 TI - [Epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases and their prevention]. PMID- 7101012 TI - [Social hygiene aspects of the study of the incidence of ischemic heart disease and its prevention]. PMID- 7101013 TI - [Incidence of arterial hypertension and hypertensive disease among the adult population (based on patient-visit data at therapeutic and prophylactic institutions)]. PMID- 7101009 TI - [Structural changes in ephedrine during its isolation]. PMID- 7101014 TI - [Results, tasks and developmental prospects of cardiology and the cardiologic service]. PMID- 7101015 TI - [Mortality patterns and trends in circulatory diseases throughout the world]. PMID- 7101017 TI - [Detection of premorbid states and disease of the cardiovascular system during medical examinations in the merchant marine]. PMID- 7101016 TI - [Organization of care for myocardial infarct patients in the prehospital stage]. PMID- 7101018 TI - [Organizational problems of medical care for cardiovascular patients in research at the Department of Social Hygiene and Public Health Organization of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute]. PMID- 7101019 TI - [Social hygiene studies of patients with cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 7101020 TI - [Role of health education in preventing cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 7101021 TI - [Evaluation of the natural immunity of patients with chronic pyelonephritis (skin test with pyrogenal)]. PMID- 7101023 TI - [Volvulus and inflammation of the greater omentum]. PMID- 7101025 TI - [X-ray manifestations of the injuries of spinal ligaments: follow-up study]. PMID- 7101024 TI - [Emotional and autonomic aspects of the pathogenesis of early stages of hypertonic disease]. PMID- 7101022 TI - [Causes of late diagnosis of rectal cancer]. PMID- 7101026 TI - [Role of small concentrations of pesticides in the development of allergies in green-house workers]. PMID- 7101028 TI - [Physical capacity and mental changes in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis]. PMID- 7101027 TI - [X-ray evaluation of the changes in bone allotransplants after arthroplasty for traumatic fractures of the mandibular condyle]. PMID- 7101029 TI - [Involvement of the pericardium in Hodgkin's disease and hematosarcomas]. PMID- 7101030 TI - [Differential diagnosis of bronchospastic syndrome and infectious-allergic bronchial asthma in surgical clinics]. PMID- 7101031 TI - [Status and perspectives in scientific research in proctology]. PMID- 7101032 TI - [Morphofunctional changes in the adrenal cortex in Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 7101033 TI - [Clinical evaluation of the changes in the protein composition of blood sera in patients with acute brucellosis]. PMID- 7101034 TI - [Metabolism of serum and cerebrospinal fluid lipids in meningococcal infection in children]. PMID- 7101035 TI - [Biochemical mechanisms of changes in the erythrocyte membrane in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7101036 TI - [Methodological approaches to the estimation of the need of the Moscow population in emergency medical care]. PMID- 7101037 TI - [Clinic-pathological comparisons today. Possibilities and limitations]. PMID- 7101038 TI - [Teaching of students at the I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute]. PMID- 7101040 TI - [Rheography in the complex evaluation of the state of hemodynamics during heart surgery]. PMID- 7101039 TI - [Causes of diagnostic errors in dissecting aortic aneurysm and its rupture]. PMID- 7101042 TI - [Detection of the cases of legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) among the patients with acute pneumonias]. PMID- 7101043 TI - [Blood level of ATP in patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease]. PMID- 7101041 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of extragastric gastrinoma and antral gastrocellular hyperplasia]. PMID- 7101045 TI - [Treatment of injuries of the tendons of deep finger flexors]. PMID- 7101044 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of hypoxia in pregnancy complicated by heart valve defects]. PMID- 7101046 TI - [Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm]. PMID- 7101047 TI - [Pulmonary thromboembolism in diseases of the veins of the lumbosacral region of the spine]. PMID- 7101048 TI - [Neurovascular syndromes and vertebral pathology]. PMID- 7101049 TI - [Resection of the left lobe of the liver for hemangioma]. PMID- 7101053 TI - [Prophylaxis and treatment of disorders of calcium metabolism in patients with end-stage chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 7101050 TI - [Disorders of serotonin and tryptamine metabolism in suppurative lung diseases and lung cancer]. PMID- 7101052 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid syndromes in stroke]. PMID- 7101051 TI - [Early diagnosis of the overexertion of the cardiovascular system in sportsmen]. PMID- 7101054 TI - [Correction of disturbances of the relation between the levels of lipids and the products of their peroxidation in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction]. PMID- 7101055 TI - [Anatomico-clinical basis for transvaginal ureterolithotomy]. PMID- 7101059 TI - [Individual approach to health evaluation as the physiological and organizational basis for mass examinations]. PMID- 7101057 TI - [Functional state of the intestine after colonectomy and formation of the ileorectal anastomosis (electroenteromyographic data)]. PMID- 7101056 TI - [Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer]. PMID- 7101058 TI - [Role of erythrocytes in immune response during infectious-allergic myocarditis]. PMID- 7101060 TI - [Use of cinamet and diacarb in preoperative management of peptic ulcer patients]. PMID- 7101062 TI - [Treatment of suppurative diseases of the soft tissues in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7101061 TI - [Truncal supradiaphragmatic vagotomy in the treatmentr of patients with dumping syndrome]. PMID- 7101063 TI - Gallstones in indigenous Zimbabweans: an autopsy study. PMID- 7101064 TI - Intracranial suppuration: a review of 79 cases seen at Baragwanath Hospital over 3 years. PMID- 7101065 TI - Bleeding Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 7101066 TI - Iontophoresis in the treatment of ear chondritis. PMID- 7101067 TI - Abdominal tuberculosis in children. PMID- 7101068 TI - Smallpox vaccine for the treatment of recurrent herpes infection. PMID- 7101069 TI - Diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal fibrosis. AB - Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is an uncommon and ill-understood condition with a variety of causes and presenting features. An auto-immune vasculitis is thought to be responsible for the nonspecific inflammatory reaction, which is situated in relation to the aorta and major vessels, mainly in the lumbar region. Radiology plays a major role in its diagnosis, which can be confirmed by laparotomy and biopsy. Ureteric obstruction frequently occurs and must be relieved, and steroids may be required in its treatment. Seventeen patients diagnosed as having RPF are reviewed, and current views on its diagnosis and treatment are discussed. PMID- 7101070 TI - Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. AB - Two patients presented with a short history of constitutional symptoms including fatigue, weight loss, night sweats and pruritus. Both had hepatosplenomegaly and tender lymphadenopathy, and in each case lymph node biopsy revealed prominent vascularization of the interfollicular zones and the presence of an amorphous eosinophilic fibrillar material, together with many epithelioid histiocytes, immunoblasts and plasma cells. In other areas of the same lymph nodes unequivocal lymphocytic lymphoma was present. The first patient was treated with levamisole, to which there was dramatic response. She subsequently died of septicaemia, and at autopsy was shown to be free of lymphoma. The second patient responded completely to the epipodophyllotoxin VP16-213 and is back at work as a heavy labourer without any residual disease. These 2 cases illustrate that complete clinical remission can be obtained in patients with this disease even after lymphomatous transformation has occurred. Levamisole has the additional attraction of being less immunosuppressive in patients whose immune response is already impaired. PMID- 7101071 TI - The Pietermaritzburg craniofacial unit. AB - The Pietermaritzburg Craniofacial Unit was established in 1976, and since its inception 150 patients with major skull and facial deformities have been referred there from centres throughout South Africa. Fifty craniofacial operations have been performed by the surgeons of the Unit, who form only a part of a team of 16 members from many branches of the medical, dental and allied professions. Craniofacial surgery is defined and reasons are presented for limiting the number of such highly specialized units. PMID- 7101072 TI - The epidemiology of snakebite in northern Natal. AB - The epidemiology of snakebite in 164 patients treated at Ngwelezana Hospital, Empangeni, Natal, is described. The person mostly at risk is the young Black adult female busy with her traditional chores at around sunset. She usually gets bitten on her bare foot by an unidentified species of snake, resulting in mild cytotoxic evenomation. The specificity of regional epidemiology is emphasized. The series is briefly compared with those of other workers and some suggestions regarding primary prevention, first-aid, medical student training and the contents of ant-snakebit kits are put forward. PMID- 7101073 TI - Septic polyarthritis due to Bacteroides fragilis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. A case report. AB - Gram-negative septic arthritis is an uncommon but serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis and is usually mono-articular. The present case is unusual in that a septic polyarthritis due to Bacteroides fragilis developed in nine joints. The organism was grown only in anaerobic synovial fluid and blood cultures. The patient recovered after treatment which included repeated needle aspirations of the joints under anaesthesia and oral metronidazole (Flagyl; Maybaker). Any patient with rheumatoid arthritis who develops an acute flare-up of disease in one or more joints should have these aspirated to exclude the possibility of septic arthritis. Both anaerobic and aerobic cultures of synovial fluid and blood should be done. Prompt antibiotic treatment and joint drainage are the cornerstones of treatment. PMID- 7101074 TI - Shunt myelopathy. A report of 2 cases. AB - Portal-systemic shunts, either spontaneous or artificial, are occasionally complicated by the development of spastic paraparesis. We report on 2 young patients who developed this complication following splenorenal shunts which were made for the treatment of oesophageal varices associated with cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension. PMID- 7101075 TI - Curiosa Paediatrica VI: Dacryohaemorrhoea. AB - Although dacryohaemorrhoea appears in Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary the word has not been found in the medical literature, but several cases of 'bloody tears' of diverse and unknown aetiology have appeared in ophthalmological journals. Prominent textbooks on ophthalmology, however, do not mention the condition. An instance of the phenomenon occurring in a Black (Xhosa) female infant is reported. PMID- 7101076 TI - The hazardous cuffed endotracheal tube--aspiration on extubation. PMID- 7101077 TI - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of biliary ascariasis. PMID- 7101078 TI - Sensory adaptations in cortical lesions. PMID- 7101079 TI - Lead levels in the teeth of children from selected areas in the Cape Peninsula. PMID- 7101080 TI - Deaths from ischaemic heart disease in White South Africans, 1963-1977. AB - The mortality rates for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in White South Africans are presented for the years 1963-1977. There has been no increase in mortality from IHD over this period. The mean values of the age- and sex-specific mortality rates follow exponential functions in groups over the age of 10 years. The observed values fit the mathematical functions with coefficients of determination greater than 0,998. Some implications of this finding are briefly discussed. PMID- 7101081 TI - Antenatal diagnosis--its present status and future prospects. AB - In the past decade dramatic developments have taken place in antenatal diagnosis. Various techniques are now fully established as routine procedures and these are applicable to several categories of genetic diseases. Transabdominal amniocentesis is currently the most important method for the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal conditions, neural tube defects and biochemical disorders. Ultrasonography is playing an increasingly important role in the detection of malformations, while fetoscopy is now employed for fetal blood sampling, biopsy and visualization. Recombinant DNA techniques hold great promise for the intra uterine diagnosis of common and important disorders in which the fundamental defect is unknown. PMID- 7101082 TI - Axonal particles with electron-dense cores from arterial biopsy in polymyalgia arteritis. AB - Electron microscopic examination of nerve tissue from a patient with polymyalgia arteritis has shown the presence of electron-dense particles within the axons. These particles have a viral-like structure but lie within the size range of small neurosecretory vesicles and may represent alterations in these organelles. Myelin-like bodies have also been identified within non-myelinated axons and are suggestive of lysosomal end-products. These findings seem to bear out the proposition that the primary lesion in polymyalgia arteritis may be neurogenic in origin and offer some explanation of the pain experienced in the course of the disease. PMID- 7101083 TI - Clinicopathological Conference. Progressive dyspnoea and pulmonary nodules. PMID- 7101085 TI - Conn's syndrome presenting as a subarachnoid haemorrhage. A case report. AB - Severe hypertension and its complications are unusual in Conn's syndrome. A case of primary hyperaldosteronism in a patient presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage complicated by severe hypertension is documented. In addition, the value of quantitative selenocholesterol isotope uptake studies and computed tomography in the localization of aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas is stressed. PMID- 7101086 TI - [Double fracture of the spine. A case report]. AB - A case of fracture dislocation of the dorsolumbar junction together with a dislocation of the cervical spine, complicated by a head injury, is presented. The patient escaped any neurological damage. It is stressed that unstable spinal injuries often present without any leading neurological signs. A high index of suspicion and routine clinical and radiological examination of the entire spine in all patients with head and neck injuries is essential to prevent the tragedy of permanent spinal cord injuries. PMID- 7101084 TI - Bronchodilator potential of nifedipine in vitro. AB - To assess the potential impact of nifedipine in asthma the effects on histamine- and metacholine-induced contractions in guinea-pig tracheal muscle were studied. Nifedipine is a physiological antagonist of these substances, but also appears to antagonize isoprenaline-induced relaxation. Further studies will be necessary to define the precise implications of these observations. PMID- 7101087 TI - Endometrial infection in women with Chlamydial salpingitis. AB - Endometrial contents collected by a protected aspiration method from 18 women with acute salpingitis were studied by culture. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the endometrial samples of eight women and from the cervix of six of them. C. trachomatis was isolated from the cervix, but not from the endometrium, of seven women. Twelve of the 15 patients who harbored C. trachomatis in the genital tract developed a significant antibody response to the organism. The study suggests that C. trachomatis spreads canalicularly from the cervix to the fallopian tubes and that this organism can cause endometrial infection. PMID- 7101088 TI - Single-dose treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis: a comparison of cefonicid and penicillin. AB - Cefonicid, a parenterally administered semisynthetic cephalosporin, produces high and sustained serum levels in humans. It is active in vitro against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase-producing strains. Therefore, the efficacy of cefonicid in treatment of men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis was evaluated in a two-phase study. Initially, 58 men were treated intramuscularly with 1 g of cefonicid. There were four failures among the 50 patients who could be evaluated. In the second phase (a double-blind study), 57 men received either 1.0 g of cefonicid or 4.8 x 10(6) units of procaine penicillin G plus 1.0 g of probenecid. Among 17 men treated with penicillin, there were two failures; among the 33 cefonicid-treated patients, there was only one failure. Thus, 78 (94%) of 83 patients receiving cefonicid were cured. Of the 85 pretreatment and four posttreatment isolates tested, 31 were inhibited by less than 0.0625 microgram of penicillin/ml and 87 were inhibited by less than 1.0 microgram/ml. Twenty-eight of the 89 isolates were inhibited by less than 0.0625 microgram of cefonicid/ml and 88, by less than 1.0 microgram of cefonicid/ml. It is concluded that 1.0 g of cefonicid given intramuscularly is effective therapy for uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. PMID- 7101089 TI - Reversible penile leukoderma in a man with secondary syphilis: a case report. PMID- 7101092 TI - [Iron metabolism in experimental sideroblastic anaemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101091 TI - [Erythroid and myeloid stem cells: values obtained from normal subjects with the methyl-cellulose technique (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101090 TI - [Characteristics of anti-HLA immunization in pregnancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101093 TI - [Therapy for Hodgkin's disease in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101094 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101095 TI - [Congenital factor X deficit, Study of a new family (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101096 TI - [Beguez-Cesar, or Chediak-Higashi, disease: study of a case in pseudo-lymphoma phase (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101097 TI - [Recommended method for the determination of hematocrit values]. PMID- 7101099 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression in somatic cell hybrids. AB - Five hybrids (LSB) were formed between LS174T, a human CEA-producing colonic tumor cell line, and BU25.CAPr, a HeLa derivative which does not produce CEA. All five hybrids produce CEA, but less per cell than LS174T. Approximately 10% of the chromosomes have been lost from these hybrids. In an attempt to map the gene(s) coding for the protein moiety of CEA, 7 LSPG and 28 LSR hybrids were formed between LS174T and PG19, an mouse melanoma cell line, and LS174T and RAG, a mouse kidney adenocarcinoma cell line, respectively. These hybrids retain between 4 and 21 human chromosomes, and each human chromosome is represented in at least seven hybrids. Two hybrids appeared to produce trace amounts of CEA. These results might represent repression by the mouse genome of CEA production or the production of a structurally abnormal CEA molecule. PMID- 7101098 TI - Aid to Families with Dependent Children: characteristics of recipients in 1979. AB - In March 1979, 10.4 million persons were receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC). Nearly 70 percent of these recipients were children and most of the remainder were mothers. At that time, most AFDC families had only one or two children, were headed by women, and lived in a metropolitan area. Comparison with earlier surveys reveals that the number of children and other recipients per household has been declining in recent years, that the proportion of blacks on the rolls has diminished slightly, and that AFDC parents are younger and better educated than they used to be. PMID- 7101100 TI - Human chromosomes control growth of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. AB - Several independent human-Chinese hamster hybrid cell lines have been monitored for growth rate and chromosome composition. The rate of growth, as indicated by doubling time during log phase, was positively correlated with the number of human chromosomes, and human chromosomes 3 and 21 were present in stable hybrid cell lines more frequently than expected. PMID- 7101101 TI - Mutations causing deficiency of APRT in fibroblasts cultured from human heterozygous for mutant APRT alleles. AB - Frequent mutation to adenine analog resistance in diploid human cells reflected heterozygosity for recessive alleles affecting expression of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) locus. Cells from both parents of APRT-deficient sibs were heterozygous and had rates of spontaneous mutation to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) resistance of 6.0 x 10(-5) and 16 x 10(-5) per cell generation. Spontaneous DAP-resistant mutants were not observed in cultures of homozygous cells. Almost all mutants of proven heterozygous cultures were APRT deficient and could not use adenine for growth. Frequent DAP-resistant mutations identified heterozygous strain 438, which carried an allele encoding a partially defective form of APRT. All DAP-resistant mutants of strain 438 were partially APRT deficient and could use adenine for growth. The frequency of MNNG-induced DAP-resistant mutants in homozygous strains was approximately the square of the induced frequency in heterozygous strains. PMID- 7101103 TI - Replicative potential of individual cell hybrids derived from young and old donor human skin fibroblasts. AB - Neonatal, adult, and aged donor human skin fibroblast cell cultures have been characterized for the population doubling potential and in vitro-in vivo relationship. Hybrid cells derived from individual whole-cell fusions of replicating GRC 387 (aged) and CSC 303 (neonatal) cells demonstrated that an intermediate mode of replication between that of the two parental cell lines occurred; therefore the longevity of the aged fibroblast cells was enhanced. The GRC 387 cells have an extended post-replicative phase-out period in comparison with the CSC 303 cells, and the experimental hybrids demonstrated a 20-25% increase of the period over that of the GRC 387 cells. PMID- 7101102 TI - Detrimental effect of mitochondria on hybrid cell survival. AB - A genetic technique has been developed for isolating nuclear hybrids which are products of fusion between karyoplasts and whole cells. Nuclear hybrids have greatly reduced mitochondrial component obtained from the nuclear donor and exhibit differences when compared to the corresponding whole-cell hybrids, such as better long-term survival and accelerated chromosome segregation. These results suggest that divergent mitochondria in a cell-fusion product may have adverse effects on survival. PMID- 7101104 TI - High-frequency nonrandom mutational event at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) locus of sib-selected CHO variants heterozygous for aprt. AB - Two independent lines of CHO heterozygous for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) have been isolated after mutagenesis by sib selection on the basis of partial resistance to diaminopurine (DAP). The mutants were stable and contained 35-50% of the wild-type specific activity of APRT, as did partially DP-resistant mutants isolated directly from nonmutagenized cultures by us as well as by others. However, the mutation rate to the homozygous aprt-/- state (full DAP resistance) in cultures of the sib-selected cells was generally 10- to 100-fold higher than in cultures of heterozygotes isolated directly. A further unusual property was that this high mutation rate varied greatly from subclone to subclone, by as much as a factor of 10(3). Mutation at this allele of aprt therefore did not occur randomly in these cells. Mutagenesis did not significantly increase this high mutation frequency but had a great effect on the mutation frequency of the directly isolated heterozygotes. It is proposed that mutation at the aprt locus occurs by two different mechanisms, but the high frequency mechanism can be responsible for mutation of only one of the two alleles. PMID- 7101105 TI - Effect of percutaneous transhepatic drainage upon liver function and postoperative mortality. AB - The results of the use of percutaneous transhepatic drainage in 109 patients between 1968 and 1980 were analyzed. The serum concentration of bilirubin decreased during the three week drainage period but not to normal values and more slowly than would be expected from normal hepatic bilirubin elimination, in site of adequate drained bile volumes. This decrease was most pronounced during the first week of drainage and in patients with high predrainage bilirubin levels. During refeeding of bile into the intestine, hepatic bilirubin excretion seemed to increase, possibly as a result of higher bile acid excretion. Of the 109 percutaneous transhepatic drainage patients, 58 underwent surgical treatment. Their postoperative mortality was compared with that of a control group of 65 patients, who were operated upon immediately after simple diagnostic percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. It was not possible to demonstrate any significant difference in the postoperative mortality between these two groups. When the complications and, in addition, even mortality of the percutaneous transhepatic drainage procedure are taken into account, it seems doubtful that percutaneous transhepatic external drainage will benefit patients undergoing operation. This procedure may still be of great value in patients in whom only palliation is demanded. PMID- 7101106 TI - The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas and indeterminate computed tomographic results. AB - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was used to evaluate 26 patients with clinically suspected pancreatic malignant growths and indeterminate compute tomographic result. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography benefited preoperative diagnosis or clinical management in 25 of 26 patients by diagnosing carcinoma in six, chronic pancreatitis in ten or normal pancreas in nine. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography missed one carcinoma in a chronically inflamed pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is useful in evaluating patients with indeterminate pancreatic computed tomographic results prior to exploratory laparotomy. PMID- 7101107 TI - Detection of occlusive disease of the carotid artery with continuous wave Doppler spectral analysis. AB - The accuracy of Doppler spectral analysis for diagnosing stenoses of the carotid artery was evaluated in this study. Two hundred and five patients were examined, using a 4 megahertz continuous wave Doppler velocity meter and a real-time frequency analyzer. By a comparison of the results of arteriography, peak Doppler frequencies of greater than 3.8 kilohertz were diagnostic of internal carotid artery stenoses having residual lumen diameters of 3.2 millimeters, or less, with a sensitivity rate of, 91 per cent and a specificity rate of 92 per cent. Spectral broadening, evaluated by subjective grading, yielded similar results. PMID- 7101109 TI - Perforations in acute duodenal ulcers. AB - To determine the clinical characteristics and outcome of perforated acute ulcers of the duodenum, we prospectively studied 60 patients, 28.3 per cent of all perforations, after closure only. Patients with acute ulcers were significantly older and had a higher hospital mortality than did those with perforated chronic ulcers. Within the first three years following closure, chronic ulcers recurred significantly more often than did acute ulcers. Nevertheless, relapses in patients with acute ulcers were usually symptomatic and, on occasion, necessitated reoperation for complications. Among the acute ulcer group, individuals who had perforated ulcers by the age of 30 years had a significantly increased risk of early recurrence. Due to the higher risk, we suggest that an immediate, definitive operation be evaluated in younger patients with a perforated acute ulcer of the duodenum. PMID- 7101110 TI - Prognostic factors of 28 leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine. AB - Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine is a rare tumor, comprising 0.2 per cent of all malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The charts of 28 patients were reviewed; the outstanding characteristics were a slow growing, but sometimes, fast growing locally malignant lesion, more than half being in the ileum. Arteriograms are better than a roentgenographic series of the small intestine for diagnosis. Adjuvant therapy is probably of no benefit. Between histologically benign leiomyomas and malignant leiomyosarcomas, there is a third group with histologic manifestations of malignancy and good prognosis, seven of ten patients surviving to five years. To define this group, we need an association of these three factors, duration of symptoms for more than one year, no metastasis and a tumor diameter of less than 9 centimeters. PMID- 7101111 TI - Transmural fluid movement in the freshly excised human gallbladder. AB - Direct information concerning the incidence and nature of gallbladder dysfunction in symptomatic cholethiasis was obtained by examining the rate and direction of transmural fluid movement in the freshly excised gallbladder. Each specimen was emptied of bile, cannulated and filled with a measured volume of bicarbonated Ringer's solution, suspended in the same solution at 37 degrees C., gassed with 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide and weighed at ten minute intervals for at least one hour. Of the 42 human gallbladders examined, concentrating activity, ranging from 1 to 20 per cent of intraluminal volume per hour, was found in 14 and no activity in 17. Direction of fluid transport was found to be completely reversed in 12 additional gallbladders, four of which presented as hydrops. Histologic alterations ranged from mild to severe and could not be correlated with functional status. Application of indomethacin to the solution bathing both surfaces of 13 nonfunctioning, or partially functioning, gallbladders restored or increased function in eight. It can be concluded from this study that the concentrating activity is retained in approximately 30 per cent of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis; cholesterol stones form in gallbladders with normal concentrating activity; the spectrum of gallbladder dysfunction ranges from simple loss of concentrating activity to hydrops, the latter reflecting complete loss of this activity plus secretion into the lumen, and dysfunction is probably induced by chemical mediators of inflammation rather than by structural changes. PMID- 7101108 TI - Current management of paragangliomas. AB - Since 1948, 33 paragangliomas in 32 patients were seen and studied at Charity Hospital. Tumors of the head and neck comprised the bulk of recorded instances, with only five paragangliomas being noted below the diaphragm. The most frequent symptoms correlated closely with tumor location and were related to local mass effect. Angiography remains an important diagnostic study for tumors of the head and neck with computed tomography scanning becoming increasingly important in large paragangliomas of the jugular region. Paragangliomas of the retroperitoneal space can be successfully located by a computed tomography scan, although a new radionuclide scan may prove to be more specific in the future. Tumors of the urinary bladder and retroperitoneal space are commonly endocrine functional and have a greater metastatic potential than do paragangliomas in other locations. Over-all, total excision is possible with complete recovery in most instances. Prolonged follow-up study is recommended, however, as local recurrences and distant metastases may present years after the initial diagnosis. PMID- 7101113 TI - A method for the collection of pure pulmonary lymph in the canine. AB - An original method for the collection of pure or nearly pure pulmonary lymph in the canine is desirable for the study of pulmonary water, protein dynamics and cells. Right lymphatic duct lymph has been used extensively but it known to contain lymph from a number of extrapulmonary sources and has been altered by passage through lymph nodes. Pulmonary lymph was collected from 13 dogs through an open chest. The mean flow of lymph was 1.5 milliliters per hour +/- 0.08. This flow is compared with 3.7 milliliters per hour from the right lymphatic duct and 22.5 milliliters per hour from the thoracic duct in a group of dogs with a closed chest. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase--634 units per liter--and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase--416 units per liter--in pure pulmonary lymph were much higher than in right lymphatic duct lymph--lactate dehydrogenase 125 units per liter; glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase 94.0 units per liter, in thoracic duct lymph--lactate dehydrogenase 47 units per liter; glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase 80.5 units per liter--and in blood plasma--lactate dehydrogenase 299 units per liter; glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase 95 units per liter. Low levels were noted in Na+, 107, and Cl-, 85, in pure pulmonary lymph versus plasma--Na+ 145; Cl- 112, right lymphatic duct lymph--Na+ 146; Cl- 115, and thoracic duct lymph--Na+ 146; Cl- 114. The method can be adapted for prolonged drainage in conscious dogs, which would enhance its usefulness. PMID- 7101112 TI - Gallbladder disease in young women. AB - The records of 96 young women 25 years of age and less, who underwent cholecystectomy in the years 1977 to 1980 inclusive, were reviewed looking for correlations among obesity, parity, oral contraceptive usage and gallbladder disease. The main risk factor in this population was the presence, either past or present, of pregnancy. Oral contraceptive usage and obesity did not result in an increased risk of having gallbladder disease develop in this population. It is believed that this population is too young to demonstrate such an association. It was only when coupled with pregnancy that obesity or oral contraceptive usage resulted in an increased risk of having gallbladder disease develop. PMID- 7101114 TI - A comparison of two techniques for the detection of the vasculogenic component of impotence. AB - Eighty-six patients have been evaluated in the vascular laboratory with regard to vasculogenic impotence. Doppler ultrasound and a new method, photoplethysmography, have been used alone and in combination, compared and correlated with the results of psychiatric therapy. Doppler ultrasound and the photoplethysmographic techniques give almost identical results apart from the zero reading on the Doppler recordings which correlates poorly with the results of psychotherapy and photoplethysmographic findings. The photoplethysmographic technique is quicker, more esthetically acceptable and is, therefore, the method of choice for the assessment of the vasculogenic component of impotence. PMID- 7101116 TI - Technique of femoropopliteal and femorotibial grafts using umbilical vein. PMID- 7101115 TI - Metronidazole and tobramycin in intra-abdominal sepsis. AB - In an open study of 49 episodes of intra-abdominal sepsis in 48 patients, metronidazole was used in combination with tobramycin, and each was given by intravenous infusion. All patients were also treated by appropriate surgical operation. The ages of the patients ranged from 21 to 89 years, and both sexes were equally represented. Twenty-two patients had abscesses drained. Thirty-eight of 49 treatment courses gave good results. Eight patients recovered, although slowly, and three were classified as failures. Of the failures, one instance was attributed to infection with Staphylococcus aureus, and recovery was satisfactory when cloxacillin sodium was given. The other two failures were due, in part, to shock caused by trauma and blood loss in one instance and disseminated anaplastic lymphoma in the other. No significant adverse effects were attributable to the antibiotics. PMID- 7101117 TI - A simple technique for the operative assessment of retained stones in the common bile duct. AB - This technique is useful in avoiding the operative delays associated with removal, reinsertion and resuturing of T tubes following the identification of retained common stones at exploration of the common bile duct. This technique may have further application if T-tube drainage of the common bile duct is not performed following exploration of the common bile duct. At the conclusion of the exploration, the Foley catheters are inserted, and cholangiograms are obtained. If no stones are identified, the Foley catheter can be removed and the common bile ducts closed primarily. Utilization of this technique when drainage of the common bile duct with T tubes is not performed may significantly reduce the incidence of missed retained stones of the common bile duct resulting from failure to obtain the T-tube cholangiogram. PMID- 7101119 TI - Society of University Surgeons. Presidential address: On the nature of things that go bang in the night. PMID- 7101118 TI - Hemilaryngectomy and vocal cord reconstruction with digastric tendon graft. AB - Carcinoma of the true vocal cords is treated in various ways. Hemilaryngectomy is one of these. Unfortunately, this procedure often leaves the patient unable to speak well, and he or she may suffer from aspiration or compromised respiratory function. Five patients with tumor limited to the true vocal cords without cord fixation were treated by hemilaryngectomy with digastric tendon graft insertion in the area of the excised cord. All had reasonable speech facility and no problems with either aspiration of respiratory obstruction postoperatively. Mortality was zero and morbidity was minimal. The technique of digastric tendon graft improves the functional outcome for those patients selected for hemilaryngectomy. PMID- 7101120 TI - The role of decision skills and medical knowledge in the clinical judgment of surgical residents. AB - Five surgical management problems amenable to solution by decision analysis were developed to test the decision-making skills, or surgical judgment, of residents in three university-based surgical training programs. Incorporated within the problems were indicators of textbook knowledge, basic computational ability and the ability to integrate probabilistic information in a logical decision-making process. Seventy-two residents representing 65% of those in the 5-year programs participated. Correct answers were determined by 50 senior surgeons and independently supported by the surgical literature and decision analyses. The percentage of correct surgical decisions averaged 72 +/- 3% until after the chief residency year, when it rose to 87 +/- 6%. Among the residents still in training, correct clinical decisions were associated with more accurate estimates of textbook information. The clinical recommendations of senior surgeons were consistent with the solutions of the problems by formal decision analysis in 92 +/- 2% of cases; the clinical recommendations of residents were consistent in 77 +/- 2% of cases. Decision analyses with appropriate use of textbook information could improve the accuracy of the residents' clinical recommendations. Decision analysis without accurate information resulted in inferior decision making for one of the management problems. Decision analysis can supplement, but not replace, the acquisition of scientific knowledge in the education of surgical residents. PMID- 7101121 TI - Ventilation and perfusion alterations following homologous blood transfusion. AB - A previous study in this laboratory examined the effect of micropore ultrafiltration of blood products on pulmonary gas exchange and subsequent pulmonary dysfunction--related morbidity and death. Morbidity and death from pulmonary failure was not affected; however, gas exchange was improved following ultrafiltration with 40 micrometers filters, as reflected by lower Bohr dead space fractions. This difference might be explained by reduction of the microaggregate load seen in the pulmonary microvasculature. The purpose of this study was to examine in more detail these gas exchange alterations, paying particular attention to the correlation of changing Bohr dead-space ventilation detected with multiple inert gas analysis with direct determinations of microaggregate size and number. Fourteen patients with isolated cutaneous thermal injury scheduled for major early burn would excision were selected for study. Following transfusion with homologous blood products, the ventilation/perfusion ratio (Va/Q) distributions determined by inert gas analysis remained essentially unchanged except for subtle changes in both high VA/Q and dead-space compartments, resulting in significantly increased Bohr dead-space fractions (P less than 0.05). This combination of gas exchange alteration is consistent with vasoactive and occlusive changes in the pulmonary microvasculature following microaggregate infusion. The correlation of changing dead-space ventilation with the total microaggregate load was poor (r = 0.15) but was significant when compared with counts of microaggregates greater than 90 micrometers in diameter (r - 0.85). These findings suggest that gas exchange alterations following blood transfusion are primarily reflected by increased dead-space ventilation secondary to vasoconstriction and occlusion of the pulmonary microvasculature with microaggregates greater than 90 micrometers in diameter. PMID- 7101122 TI - Altered skin flap survival and fluorescein kinetics with hemodilution. AB - Isovolemic hemodilution is known to reduce blood viscosity. Reduction of either the blood cell concentration or the serum total protein has been found to improve blood flow and ultimate survival of skin flaps. Nutritive blood flow and tissue survival were examined in dorsal pedicle skin flaps in three groups of rats at three hematocrit levels--44% (controls), 31%, and 19%. After hemodilution by phlebotomy and crystalloid replacement, the dye kinetics of intravenously administered fluorescein were measured with the fiberoptic perfusion fluorometer. Skin flap survival at the different hematocrits were also examined. Hematocrits and serum total protein were measured before and after hemodilution and the elevation of the flap. The rate of fluorescein elimination and ultimate flap survival were significantly augmented in the two hemodiluted groups. The maximum benefit was seen in the group of animals hemodiluted to 19%. However, significant improvement in blood flow and skin flap survival was noted in the group of animals that were hemodiluted to a more clinically acceptable level (31%). The decreases in serum total protein following flap elevation did differ among the groups. This study supports the hypothesis that isovolemic hemodilution may be a valuable technique for salvaging marginally ischemic tissues. PMID- 7101125 TI - Comparisons between jejunoileal and gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity. AB - At the University of Minnesota, under the supervision of one staff surgeon, both the jejunoileal bypass (JIB) and gastric bypass (GIB) operations have been done for weight reduction in morbidly obese individuals. Over the past 11 years, end to-end (40 to 4 cm) JIB performed for 727 patients. In addition, antecolic GIB was performed for 364 patients over the past 6 years. This report is based primarily on a comparison of 205 JIB and 106 GIB patients with surgery between July 1975 and July 1979. Adequate weight loss was seen in 75% of each group. The percentage of excess body weight loss was similar for the first year (65% for JIB and 62% for GIB); however, the JIB patients started at 214% of ideal weight and GIB patients at 197% of ideal weight. The operative mortality rate for either operation was well below 1%, and the immediate operative morbidity rate was low and only rarely delayed discharge from the hospital. The long-term complications for JIB were 37.7% arthralgia or arthritis, 7.1% oxalate urolithiasis, 5.6 incisional hernia, and 1.4% liver failure; complications of GIB were 10.2% nausea and/or vomiting, 1.9% reflux esophagitis, and 2.8% anastomotic problems. At 1 year, plasma cholesterol reductions for JIB patients averaged 42% (P less than 0.001), whereas for the GIB patients it ws only 14% (P less than 0.001). At 1 year after operation, 49% of 88 JIB patients showed progression of liver disease on sequential biopsies, with 31% unchanged and 20% improved. In 43 GIB patients, the biopsies showed improvement in 58%, an unchanged status in 30%, and worsening in 12%. The levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase increased after JIB and eventually returned to normal, while GIB patients had only minor fluctuations of liver function tests. Comparable therapeutic weight results occurred with JIB and GIB; however, the GIB was associated with far fewer serious long-term complications and the JIB with a far greater cholesterol lowering. A percentage of the GIB patients showed progression of liver disease at 1 year after bypass. PMID- 7101124 TI - Hemodynamic and respiratory changes in surgery of the morbidly obese. AB - The risk of surgery for the morbidly obese is well known. Suprisingly little information is available regarding the hemodynamic changes during surgery. This study provides data on this important subject and compares them with those of normal nonobese patients. Obese patients demonstrated signifying elevated preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative right atrial, mean pulmonary artery, and pulmonary artery wedge pressures. Preoperatively, hemodynamic variables were in the high range of normal in obese patients. Significantly greater decreases in cardiac index, right ventricular stroke work (RVSW), and left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) were noticed intraoperatively. Although the RVSW returned to baseline values in the postoperative period, the cardiac index and LVSW remained depressed. Left ventricular function as assessed by Sarnoff curves demonstrated persistent shifts to the right during and after operation. No such shifts were noticed in nonobese patients. Although they were hemodynamically stable and without any other clinical evidence of cardiac abnormality, asymptomatic obese patients had reduced left ventricular contractility (LVSW/pulmonary artery wedge [PAW] pressure ratio) even in the resting state. Obese patients reacted to the stress of surgery and anesthesia by a more specific left ventricular dysfunction that was greater after intubation and in the immediate postoperative period. PMID- 7101123 TI - Initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmia with programmed stimulation: sensitivity and specificity in an experimental canine model. AB - Programmed stimulation (PS) is used in the catheterization laboratory and operating room to initiate and study malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of PS in short-term studies of 10 normal animals (group A), 10 sham-operated controls (group B), and 10 dogs with chronic myocardial infarction susceptible to inducible VT by an occlusion-reperfusion method (group C). Groups B and C were studied 7 to 14 days after the initial procedure. the pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 were determined and corrected every 30 minutes during the procedure. When bipolar ventricular pacing with three ventricular extrastimuli was used, VT initiation was attempted at 10 normal intramyocardial sites in groups A and B and in close proximity (less than or equal to 1 cm) to areas of infarction in group C. When one ventricular extrastimulus was used during ventricular pacing, VT was induced in dogs with chronic infarctions (3 of 10, 30%, group C). Using two extrastimuli, however, VT was inducible in 4 of 10 (40%) of group A, 6 of 10 60%) of group B, and all 10 (100%) of group C. With three extrastimuli, all 30 dogs had inducible VT. Overall, PS with one extrastimulus was highly specific in 100% but insensitive in 30%. With two extrastimuli the sensitivity increased to 100%, but the specificity fell to 50%. Finally, with three extrastimuli the sensitivity was also 100%, but the specificity decreased to 0%. PS remains an invaluable technique in diagnosing and assessing therapy for patients with VT. The diagnostic implications of this test await more precise pathophysiologic elucidation of arrhythmic mechanisms. PMID- 7101126 TI - Resident selection: applicant selection criteria compared with performance. AB - One hundred three surgical house officers, 41 in general surgery and 62 in specialty surgery, entered the residency program from 1975 through 1979. Their application data, including the National Board of Medical Examiners test part I scores, preclinical course honors, clinical course honors, surgical clerkship honors, election to Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), published research, medical school grading system, medical school rating, and National Resident Matching Program rank, were tabulated. Each house officer's performance was assessed by monthly faculty evaluation and by annual standard American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) score through the second year of the program. The application data were compared with the performance data to determine significant indicators of success. Factor analysis computed on the monthly evaluation forms identified a knowledge factor and an interpersonal skills factor. Statistical analyses were used to study the relationships among the independent (preentry) variables and the knowledge, interpersonal skills, and ABSITE postentry variables. The results were significant (P less than 0.05) for medical school honors, election to AOA, and medical school grading system. No significance was found for the remaining preentry variables. The knowledge and interpersonal skill evaluation scores for the house officer I and II years were significantly correlated. Although the postentry assessment of knowledge correlated with certain applicant data, the assessment of interpersonal factors was not statistically related. PMID- 7101127 TI - The value of open lung biopsy in the immunosuppressed patient. AB - To evaluate the impact of the open lung biopsy on diagnosis and therapy in the immunosuppressed patient, 68 such patients managed at UCLA from 1975 to 1980 were reviewed. Most had hematologic malignancies, and all were severely immunosuppressed. The rates of surgical mortality (1 operative death) and morbidity were minimal. There were 10 diagnostic differences apparent when biopsy results were compared with autopsy findings in 28 autopsied patients. Therapy was initiated or modified in 19 patients on the basis of open lung biopsy. Forty-four patients lived 1 year or less, 14 for more than 1 year, and 10 were lost to follow-up. Of 42 patients with an untreatable disease on the basis of lung biopsy, 67% died and 33% lived to leave the hospital. Of 25 patients with a treatable disease, 56% died and 44% left the hospital. Of 28 autopsied patients, only 12 were receiving appropriate medication at time of death despite biopsy. The patient whose disease is generally characterized by brief survival like acute leukemia, and whose situation is most desperate, unfortunately benefits least from open lung biopsy. We conclude that this procedure has only a modest impact in the management of these critically ill patients and should be used conservatively. PMID- 7101128 TI - Intra-arterial digital angiography: a new diagnostic method for determining limb salvage bypass candidates. AB - Twenty patients with chronic arterial disease of a lower extremity underwent standard angiography to determine whether distal bypass surgery could be performed for limb salvage (seven had pain at rest and 13 had breakdown of ischemic skin). Standard angiography provided anatomic detail of the aortoiliac and proximal femoral arteries in all cases, but even with 7 minutes of cuff induced reactive hyperemia, angiography failed to demonstrate the status of the tibial vessels and the plantar arcade.l Digital subtraction angiography (with intra-arterially injected contrast medium) demonstrated a patent popliteal artery with at least one patent tibial vessel communicating with the distal arcade in 14 of 20 ischemic extremities (70%). Intra-arterial digital angiography (IDA) confirmed absent distal runoff or unreconstructable tibial arterial segments with absent plantar arch communications in six limbs (30%). Fourteen patients underwent distal artery bypass because of additional information provided by IDA (femoropopliteal, 7; femorotibial-peroneal, 4; sequential, 3). Three of the remaining six patients with occluded or unreconstructable distal disease had amputations, and three underwent local profundoplasty. Intraoperative angiograms confirmed the patency of occult arteries in the distally reconstructed limbs. This small series suggests that failure to visualize distal vasculature in ischemic patients by standard angiography is usually a technical problem and that bypass surgery is possible in many patients who might otherwise be considered for amputation. PMID- 7101129 TI - Humoral immune response to intralymphatic immunotherapy for disseminated melanoma: correlation with clinical response. AB - Since September 1979, 44 stage III melanoma patients treated with intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILI) with an oncofetal antigen (OFA-I)--enriched tumor cell vaccine (TCV) had evaluable humoral immune responses and clinical follow-up. Fourteen patients (32%) had stabilization or regression of tumors or remained free of resected disease. The median survival was 17 months, compared with 6 months for controls (P less than 0.001). Humoral immune responses were monitored by immune adherence using an OFA-positive human melanoma cell line, M14, as target. Alloantibodies were removed by absorption with L14 lymphoblasts autologous to M14. Twenty-two patients (50%) developed elevated antibody titers within 4 months, and 12 of the 22 (55%) had no disease progression. In contrast, 20 of 22 patients (91%) who failed to develop elevated titers had disease progression (P less than 0.01). The median titer was significantly higher during the first 4 months in the group whose disease did not progress (P less than 0.04). This study demonstrated that ILI with allogeneic OFA-I-enriched TCV can induce objective tumor regression and prolonged survival in patients with disseminated melanoma. Furthermore, because the specific humoral immune response correlates with clinical results, immunization efficacy can be monitored within a short period of time, which should aid future efforts to achieve optimal immunotherapy. PMID- 7101130 TI - Personality traits of surgical house officers: faculty and resident views. AB - Resident evaluation is highly subjective and continues to be a problem. Personality traits and characteristics account for 28% of factors considered; deficits in this area account for 22% of advanced residency terminations. Sixty four faculty members and 51 residents in six university surgical departments were surveyed to determine differences in the perceived importance of 35 traits on a standard assertiveness scale. Each respondent was asked to score the importance of the traits on an unstructured list. Factors were then ranked in order of increasing mean score by group and compared. Traits with the lowest mean scores and least variance for both groups, indicating agreement, were: admits error, is well disciplined, considers all facts, is highly motivated and consistent, and listens. These are self-sufficiency and "internal discipline" traits. Nineteen of 35 traits had a mean score of 2.00 or less. For some general personality traits (e.g., decisiveness, fairness, good team participation, flexibility) there is excellent score and rank agreement, while others prompted disagreement (e.g., priority setting, independence, purposefulness). The correlation disagreement (e.g., priority setting, independence, purposefulness). The correlation between faculty and resident scores (r = 0.94) for all traits is excellent. "Independence" scored the greatest disagreement; residents ranked it 7 and faculty ranked it 14. Faculty and residents perceive similar traits as important and agree on their significance. Faculty select "like personalities" for their programs, supporting the notion of a "surgical personality." This personality is assertive in a positive manner. PMID- 7101131 TI - Importance of repair of potentially lethal damage in assays of cytotoxic agents. AB - Most in vitro assays expose growing cells to cytotoxic agents for a fixed period of time. However, these assays fail to account for repair of potentially lethal damage, the enhancement in survival that occurs when cells are maintained under nongrowth conditions after treatment with cytotoxic agents. This study extends previous observations of the repair of potentially lethal damage in human melanoma cells to parallel in vitro and in vivo experiments with the F10 subline of B16 melanoma. An in vivo (in C57BL/6 mice) and in vitro (in plastic plates) radiation dose-response relationship for the F10 subline of B16 melanoma was determined (200 to 1100 rads). Time delay until explant, allowing repair of potentially lethal damage, resulted in a significant and progressive enhancement of survival, five- to sixfold, both in vivo and in vitro. Survival with 700 rads and 24-hour delay was equivalent to that after treatment with 300 rads and no delay. Repair of potentially lethal damage, demonstrated in human cells in vitro and in animal preparations in vitro and in vivo, may account for the lack of clinical efficacy of some cytotoxic agents. Our results suggest that repair of potentially lethal damage should be taken into consideration in the design of in vitro chemotherapy and radiation therapy assays. PMID- 7101133 TI - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for newborn respiratory failure: forty-five cases. AB - Almost all types of newborn respiratory failure are reversible. However, supportive treatment (oxygen and positive airway pressure) can damage the lung, and newborn respiratory failure remains a major cause of morbidity and death in infants. Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides life support while allowing the lung to "rest." We have used ECMO in 45 moribund newborn infants; 25 survived. Neonatologists referred patients who were unresponsive to maximal therapy. The right atrium and aortic arch were cannulated via the jugular vein and carotid artery. Heparin was infused continuously to main activated clotting time at 200 to 300 seconds. Airway oxygenation and pressure were reduced to low levels. Primary diagnoses were hyaline membrane disease, 14 (6 survived, 8 died); meconium aspiration, 22 (15 survived, 7 died); persistent fetal circulation including diaphragmatic hernia, 5 (3 survived, 2 died); and sepsis, 4 (1 survived, 3 died). Growth, development, and brain and lung function are normal in 20 of 25 survivors. ECMO decreased newborn respiratory failure mortality and morbidity rates in this phase I trial. A controlled randomized study is underway. The results suggest that ECMO may be effective in older patients if used before irreversible lung damage occurs. PMID- 7101132 TI - The role of the esophageal body in the antireflux mechanism. AB - The competency of the cardia depends on the interaction of the distal esophageal sphincter (DES) pressure and the length of the DES exposed to the positive pressure environment of the abdomen. These two components were measured in 20 normal control volunteers and 126 patients with objectively proved gastroesophageal reflux. The results, when plotted on a grid with the horizontal bar representing the length of the abdominal esophagus and the vertical bar representing the DES pressure, indicated that factors in addition to the mechanical components of the cardia were important in the antireflux mechanism. The 24-hour esophageal pH records from the patients and the antireflux mechanism. The 24-hour esophageal pH records from the patients and normal subjects were analyzed as to the number of reflux episodes that occurred per hour while the patients were in the supine position and the ability to clear the refluxed acid by the propulsive "P"pump" of the body of the esophagus. It was concluded that the antireflux mechanism of the esophagus consists of a valvular cardia and a propulsive "pump" action of the body of the esophagus. The failure of either may lead to abnormal acid exposure but can be compensated by one or the other in normal subjects. Failure of both invariably leads to abnormal acid exposure. The cardia can fail either mechanically (i.e., having inadequate valvular components) or functionally (i.e., having normal valvular component but abnormal number of reflux episodes per hour). The latter suggests gastric pathology. Precise diagnosis of the reason for abnormal acid exposure is needed to develop a rational basis for therapy. PMID- 7101135 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 7101134 TI - Ultrastructural and capillary adaptation of gastrocnemius muscle to occlusive peripheral vascular disease. AB - The effect of chronic occlusive peripheral vascular disease (PVD) on the histochemistry and capillarity of the gastrocnemius muscle was studied in 129 biopsies taken from 93 subjects. Sixty-three patients underwent biopsy during surgical procedures, and data related to walking distance and ankle systolic pressure. Thirty biopsies taken from normal subjects post mortem served as a control group, and data were analyzed for fiber type distribution, fiber area, fiber type grouping, and fiber capillarity. Fiber type distribution did not alter significantly between the patients with PVD and the control group, but the mean fiber area of the type 1 fiber in male patients with intermittent claudication (IC) was reduced when compared to that in age-matched controls (4608 +/- 1181 mu 2, IC +/- 1 SD; 5795 +/- 1771 mu 2, controls +/- 1 SD) (P less than 0.05). When bilateral biopsies were taken from the gastrocnemii of patients with unilateral occlusions, the type 2 fibers in the diseased leg were significantly smaller than fibers of the control group (2821 +/- 953 mu 2, IC +/- 1 SD; 4318 +/- 1504 mu 2, controls +/- 1 SD) (P less than 0.02). Fiber type grouping, evidence of denervation and reinnervation of muscle, appeared to be more common in patients with more severe limb ischemia. Overall capillary numbers did not appear to alter with degree of ischemia, but fiber shrinkage appeared to compensate for any loss of capillaries in the more ischemic muscle. These data suggest that the limb of the untrained patient with IC does not adapt to ischemia by adjusting its exercise capacity but merely shows evidence of disuse. These adaptations suggest that there may be much to be gained by nonsurgical methods of treating IC. PMID- 7101137 TI - [Principal trends in an analysis of the operations of polyclinic institutions for the adult populations]. PMID- 7101138 TI - [Diagnostic value of determine gas exchange parameters in the evaluation of circulatory disorders in acute myocardial infarct patients with no clinical signs of circulatory failure]. PMID- 7101136 TI - [Clinico-laboratory symptomatology of acute chlorine inhalation lesions]. PMID- 7101139 TI - [Electrocardiographic feasibility of diagnosing right ventricular infarcts]. PMID- 7101140 TI - [Informativeness of various risk factors with regard to different forms of ischemic heart disease (epidemiologic study)]. PMID- 7101141 TI - [Determination of cardiac output by transthoracic rheography in various cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 7101143 TI - [2 cases of the Hamman-Rich syndrome]. PMID- 7101142 TI - [Hereditary heart lesions in patients with the "Leopard" syndrome]. PMID- 7101146 TI - [Staphylococcal pneumonia]. PMID- 7101145 TI - [Duodenogastric reflux]. PMID- 7101147 TI - [Pathogenesis and diagnostic value of studying the fibrinolytic system and the intravascular coagulation syndrome in acute pneumonia]. PMID- 7101148 TI - [Central and regional circulation in patients with chronic pneumonia complicating arterial hypertension]. PMID- 7101144 TI - [Diseases of the respiratory organs in chronic alcoholics]. PMID- 7101149 TI - [Respiration, 24-hour catecholamine excretion and serum concentration of 11 hydroxycorticosteroids in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 7101150 TI - [Paraclinical index as a measure of the activity of the pathologic process in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 7101151 TI - [Principles of immunoregulatory therapy in various diseases of the respiratory organs]. PMID- 7101153 TI - [Respiratory changes in the lobar rheopneumogram]. PMID- 7101152 TI - [Serum antitrypsin activity]. PMID- 7101154 TI - [Characteristics of capillary circulation disorders in the lungs in bronchiectasis according to the results of infusion scanning]. PMID- 7101155 TI - [Myocardial lesions in acute suppurative lung diseases]. PMID- 7101157 TI - [Correlations between various indices of central and peripheral hemodynamics in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101156 TI - [Stage-specific treatment of patients with influenza and other acute viral diseases and their complicating pneumonias]. PMID- 7101158 TI - [Secondary immunodeficiency states and their correction with sodium nucleinate]. PMID- 7101159 TI - [Various clinico-immunologic indices of neisserial bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101160 TI - ["Epidemic" of bronchial asthma in one of the regions of Yakutia]. PMID- 7101161 TI - [Diagnosis of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101163 TI - [Local specific treatment of dust-induced bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101162 TI - [Reasons for altered leukocyte adrenoreactivity in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101164 TI - [Bronchoscopy in the treatment of bronchial asthma of infectious allergic origin]. PMID- 7101165 TI - [EKG changes in recurrent thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 7101166 TI - [Protegenesis of cor pulmonale in patients after surgery for chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 7101170 TI - [Relation between the myocardial extraction of lactate and the pump function of the left ventricle in patients with neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 7101169 TI - [Methods for detecting patients with nonspecific diseases of the lungs and factors making their differential diagnosis from tuberculosis more difficult]. PMID- 7101168 TI - [Fibrosing alveolitis under long-term observation]. PMID- 7101167 TI - [Early diagnosis of compensated cor pulmonale]. PMID- 7101171 TI - [The myocardium and changes in corticosteroid activity]. PMID- 7101173 TI - [Effect of various peripheral vasodilators on tissue circulation in patients with cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 7101172 TI - [Systemic hemodynamics in different variants of congestive cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 7101174 TI - [Effect of somatotropin on chronic circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 7101177 TI - [Functional-morphological evaluation of cicatricial damage of the myocardium in patients with hypertension. Age aspect]. PMID- 7101176 TI - [Possibilities of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects]. PMID- 7101175 TI - [Use of the vasodilator sodium nitroprusside in combination with digoxin in patients with refractory cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 7101178 TI - [Dissecting aortic aneurysm in Marfan's syndrome]. PMID- 7101179 TI - [Neuroleptanalgesia with valoron and droperidol in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7101181 TI - [Bicycle ergometry as a psychological exercise test in patients with a history of myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7101180 TI - [Psychological effect of prolonged physical training in patients with a history of myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7101182 TI - [Evaluation of various diagnostic criteria in ischemic heart disease and its diagnosis in patients with arterial hypertension]. PMID- 7101183 TI - [Correlation of major risk factors and physical tolerance in healthy controls and in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7101184 TI - [Cholesterol of high density lipoproteins in young women with physiologically and pathologically reduced urinary excretion of estrogens]. PMID- 7101185 TI - [Blood lipids and lipoproteins in patients with ischemic heart disease without hyperlipoproteinemia]. PMID- 7101186 TI - [Population study of the relations between the blood pressure, excessive weight in women and excessive consumption of salt and liquids]. PMID- 7101187 TI - [Arterial blood pressure and its relation to various parameters of physical development in children of school age]. PMID- 7101189 TI - [Clinical manifestations and changes in echocardiographic indices in patients with hypertension during 3-5-year follow-up period]. PMID- 7101190 TI - [Effect of anapryline on the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular system and hemodynamic indices in men and women with hypertension]. PMID- 7101191 TI - [Systemic arterial hypertension in patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 7101188 TI - [Respiration and blood circulation in different hemodynamic variants of hypertension]. PMID- 7101192 TI - [Anatomical study of the heart conduction system in congenital heart defects at cardiological centers]. PMID- 7101194 TI - [Bacterial endocarditis. Relations between the clinical manifestations and the etiological agent]. PMID- 7101193 TI - [Effect of anti-arrhythmia treatment on systemic hemodynamics in patients with a tachysystolic variant of auricular fibrillation]. PMID- 7101195 TI - The Teratology Society twenty-second annual meeting. June 6-10, 1982, French Lick, Indiana. Abstracts. PMID- 7101198 TI - Pathogenesis of congenital tumors and malformations of the sacrococcygeal region. AB - Skin-covered lesions in the sacrococcygeal region include an unusual array of congenital tumors and malformations. Excluding the easily recognized meningomyelocele, there are over 50 other conditions that occur, many of which seem to be important in linking the disciplines of teratology and oncology. While it is impossible to precisely determine the manner in which these arise, there is suggestive evidence that early structures incorporated within the caudal cell mass of the embryonic tail may play an important role. The present paper reviews the basis for this speculation from both the literature and a series of 136 cases. PMID- 7101196 TI - Syndromes with cephaloceles. AB - Encephaloceles may occur as isolated malformations or together with other anomalies making up various syndromes or associations. With the possible exception of the aberrant tissue band syndrome and the Meckel syndrome, little attention has been paid to syndromes with encephaloceles as a group. This paper discusses syndromes of known genesis, including the aberrant tissue band syndrome, Chemke syndrome, cryptophthalmos syndrome, dyssegmental dwarfism, frontonasal dysplasia, Knobloch syndrome, Meckel syndrome, pseudo-Meckel syndrome, von Voss syndrome, and warfarin syndrome. Associations include a wide range of anomalies that may occur with encephalocele. Some abnormalities are secondary to encephalocele formation; others represent primary noncontiguous embryonic malformations. Associated anomalies include absent corpus callosum, orofacial clefting, craniostenosis, Dandy-Walker defect, Arnold-Chiari defect, ectrodactyly, hemifacial microsomia, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, Klippel Feil anomaly, iniencephaly, and myelomeningocele. Finally, several other conditions with encephalocele are discussed. Some may represent true low frequency associations; others are spurious. PMID- 7101197 TI - Teratogens associated with congenital contractures in humans and in animals. AB - An evaluation of over 350 patients in a study of congenital contractures of the joints (arthrogryposis) included a review of family, pregnancy, and delivery histories for teratogenic exposures. Fifteen out of the total 350 patients studied had a possible teratogenic exposure: an infectious agent (viral or bacterial), maternal drug or toxin ingestion, chronic maternal neurologic or muscular illness, or a direct physical insult such as a structural uterine anomaly. Literature was reviewed for all human and animal cases reported with congenital contractures of the joints with an associated teratogenic insult. Those findings are discussed here. PMID- 7101200 TI - Fetal manifestation of a chromosomal disorder: partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q33 to qter). AB - Two live-born children and one fetus were found to be affected by autosomal imbalance consisting of a partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q33 to qter) and partial deficiency of the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p23 to pter), resulting from segregation of a paternal translocation heterozygote t(5;8) (q33;p23). The phenotype of the children was rather similar to that of the fetus. The main features included craniofacial dysmorphia consisting of downward slant of eyelids and corners of the mouth, flat and widened nasal bridge, prominent philtrum, and small mandible. Ventricle and atrium septum defects were associated with overriding aorta and right heart hypertrophy in all three. Statomotoric retardation was evident postnatally in the two children. This observation indicates that structural autosomal imbalance may produce a fetal phenotype that is specific for the karyotype and comparable to that seen in the newborn. PMID- 7101199 TI - The asplenia syndrome: an explanation for absence of the spleen. AB - Study of a case of the so-called asplenia syndrome with a miniscule spleen suggested that the latter was caused by the pressure of neighboring viscera and interference with blood supply. Consequently, it is considered that splenic disturbance arises independently of the other malformations in this syndrome. It is also possible that similar factors may be operative in the formation of multiple spleens in the polysplenia syndrome. PMID- 7101201 TI - Concepts of multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis) in man and animals. AB - This is a concept of multiple congenital contractures, based upon clinical experience with the malformation and available literature, leading to a conception of the multiple categories of etiology, which cause neuropathic or myopathic muscle weakness or limb immobilization. The muscle weakness and imbalance of muscle power around the joints elicits a physiological compensatory collagenic response, which replaces atrophied muscle fibers with connective tissue and thickens the joint capsule sufficiently to result in prenatal fixation of limb segments at the joint. PMID- 7101202 TI - Mitotic index in mouse embryos with 6-aminonicotinamide-induced and inherited cleft lip. AB - Three types of cleft lip were studied histologically before and during lip formation in mouse embryos. C57BL/6 embryos observed near term following treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN) at gestation D9/12 (vp day = day 0) had 18% median cleft lip. Treated embryos observed at D10 and D11 showed retarded somite and nasal placode development. Sections at lip closure time showed marked reduction of medial and some reduction of lateral nasal processes, and the mitotic index was significantly reduced in the nasal area on D10 and D11 but less consistently in the neural area. 6AN-treatment on D10/8, caused 22% lateral cleft lip. Treated embryos showed initial retardation of somite and nasal placode development that became normal by D11/14. Sections showed reduction of the medial and lateral nasal processes, and less organized denser nasal ectoderm. The mitotic index was significantly reduced in the nasal and neural areas on D10 and D11. In crosses having the major gene mutation dancer (Dc) 20% of embryos had lateral cleft lip and potential cleft lip mutant embryos showed reduced lateral and medial nasal processes. Mitotic index was not reduced in the nasal area but it was in the neural area. The CL/Fr strain, with a predisposing face shape in which 26% of the embryos have cleft lip of multifactorial origin, had a mitotic index similar to that of C57BL/6 (0% cleft lip) at lip closure time, D11/14, and prominent medial nasal processes. It is postulated that 6AN-induced median cleft lip is due to reduced cell proliferation in and size of the medial nasal processes; 6AN-induced lateral cleft lip to reduced cell proliferation and reduced medial and lateral nasal processes and dancer lateral cleft lip to reduction of the medial nasals. PMID- 7101204 TI - Immunoprophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis for hospital-associated infections. PMID- 7101203 TI - Susceptibility to cleft palate and the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) in the mouse. AB - The congenic mouse strains B10 and B10.A differ genetically only at the H-2 locus, B10 having the H-2b and B10.A the H-2a haplotype. The two strains also differ in susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate, B10 being more resistant than B10.A. Since stage of palate closure is also associated with susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate it was postulated that the H-2 haplotype may affect the cortisone-induced cleft palate susceptibility by altering the stage of palate closure. The present study shows that palate closure occurs at the same stage in the two strains, so this hypothesis must be rejected. PMID- 7101206 TI - Phosgene inhalation: a case report. PMID- 7101205 TI - An experiment in medical communication. PMID- 7101208 TI - Immunity protections for peer review. PMID- 7101207 TI - Acute cholecystitis: a critical review of its diagnosis. PMID- 7101212 TI - [The diagnosis of prostate carcinomas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101209 TI - [Prostatitis]. PMID- 7101210 TI - [Antibiotics or not in case of prostatectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101211 TI - [Carcinoma of the prostate: a review (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101213 TI - [The classification of glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101214 TI - [The treatment of glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101215 TI - [Analgesic-induced nephropathies]. PMID- 7101217 TI - [Hematologic disorders in renal failure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101218 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure]. PMID- 7101219 TI - [Haemofiltration (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101216 TI - [The more important congenital tubulopathies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101220 TI - [Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101222 TI - Microbial flora in carcinoma of oesophagus. AB - The microbial flora associated with carcinoma of the oesophagus was studied in 12 patients. Oesophageal mucosa was biopsied at thoracotomy and cultured under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A heavy mixed growth of aerobic and anaerobic organisms was obtained in all patients. One-third of isolates were anaerobic. The flora was of oral origin. The most appropriate antibiotic combination in this study was ampicillin or penicillin with gentamicin and metronidazole. PMID- 7101221 TI - Pulmonary epithelial permeability is immediately increased after embolisation with oleic acid but not with neutral fat. AB - Pulmonary fat embolism occurs frequently after trauma but its functional significance is often unclear. To obtain direct evidence of lung damage caused by fat embolism we have measured changes in permeability of the alveolar-capillary interface. A permeability index was derived from the half time clearance from lung to blood (T1/2LB) of 99mTcDTPA introduced into the lung in a 1 ml bolus. Three groups of rabbits were studied. Baseline T1/2LB. did not differ significantly between groups. After intravenous injection of saline placebo in one group and of 300 mg/kg triolein in another group there was no change in permeability index. After intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg oleic acid in the third group there was an immediate change in T1/2LB from a monoexponential baseline 280 +/- 20 min (SEM) to a multiexponential curve which was resolved into two components, one with a T1/2LB of 3.2 +/- 0.6 min (SEM) and the other 39.5 +/- 7.6 min (SEM). Statistically significant changes in alveolar-arterial PO2 difference, dynamic compliance, chest radiography, and postmortem lung water accompanied the changes in T1/2LB in this group. There were no significant changes in these variables in the placebo or triolein group. Histological studies of the lung tissue of these animals using the osmic acid stain for fat showed no fat in the placebo group, extensive fat embolisation which was densely stained in the triolein group and much less densely stained fat in the oleic acid group. Measurement of the permeability of the alveolar-capillary interface provides direct evidence of lung damage after oleic acid embolisation. There were no functional changes in animals with extensive embolisation with triolein. PMID- 7101224 TI - Repeatability of the moments of the truncated forced expiratory spirogram. AB - It is proposed that if the spirogram is truncated for moment analysis, this should be done with respect to volume and not time. Errors are incurred when the moments of one spirogram are compared with those of another. These errors are maximal with no truncation and are reduced by truncation. A method is described for deriving sequential truncated moments of the forced expiratory spirogram. The repeatability and discriminatory power of the truncated moments were assessed over five consecutive days in 21 symptom-free subjects and were compared with conventional spirometric tests. The first and second moments about the origin of the spirogram (alpha 1 and alpha 2), the moment ratio (square root alpha 2/alpha 1) and the forced expiratory time to truncation (FET) are progressively less repeatable within individuals the later the truncation point. The discriminatory power of alpha 1 and alpha 2 and FET declines with later truncation but the discriminatory power of the moment ratio is maximal with truncation at 85% forced vital capacity (FVC) an diminishes sharply if truncation is beyond 95% FVC. At 75% FVC truncation alpha 1 is as good as FEV1% in discriminating between our subjects, whereas alpha 1 at 100% FVC is only half as good as FEV1%. The moment ratio at 90% FVC truncation is highly reproducible (mean within person coefficient of variation 2.1%), has important discriminatory power and is little influenced by events early in the spirogram (correlation with FEV1% r = -0.61, p less than 0.001). The moment ratio at 90% of FVC has attributes which may be useful in detecting early airway obstruction and its further study is warranted in order to establish its normal range and predictive value. PMID- 7101225 TI - Morbidity from chronic asthma. AB - Seventy asthmatic patients newly referred to a hospital outpatient clinic have been studied. In one-third of the patients the diagnosis of asthma had not been considered. Eight patients presented with an FEV1 of one litre or less. Acute severe asthma is commonly believed to precede death from asthma, but patients with more chronic symptoms may have equally severe airways obstruction without appearing acutely ill. Failure to diagnose and treat such patients may be contributing to our present inability to reduce the death rate from asthma. PMID- 7101223 TI - Pulmonary asbestos and dust content in East Anglia. AB - Measurements were made of the asbestos fibre and dust content of samples from 96 surgically excised lungs; 42 necropsies on patients with lung cancer, 11 necropsies on patients with non-pulmonary malignancies, and 59 necropsies on patients without any malignant disease. The patients' ages ranged from 45 to 74 years at the time of study. None of the patients had asbestosis. The distribution of fibres and dust content of the lungs showed a log-normal distribution. There was no significant difference in fibre counts or dust content between men and women, and between lung cancer and non-cancer patients. The only group with an association with a high asbestos fibre count was four necropsy cases of pleural mesothelioma. There was no significant relationship between asbestos fibre count and dust content of the lung. The present data suggest that asbestos fibre counts below 100,000 per gram of dried lung are not related to specific asbestos disease, although in the surgical cases who were closely questioned on their residential and occupational histories most of those with fibre counts above 30,000 per gram dried lung had had occasions of definite or very likely asbestos exposure. PMID- 7101226 TI - Left atrial myxoma with extensive calcification. PMID- 7101227 TI - Vidarabine in fulminating chickenpox pneumonia. PMID- 7101228 TI - The effects of inaccurate blood sample volume on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). AB - The results of determinations of the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are frequently used to assess hemostatic function. Accurate results for these laboratory tests depend on many variables, one of which is the ratio of plasma to anticoagulant. We studied 12 patients and 4 normal subjects to determine the effects of sample volume on PT and aPTT. We conclude that underfilling may produce profound effects, particularly on the aPTT. In contrast, overfilling rarely affects the results. The greatest effects of sample volume were observed in specimens in which the true PT or aPTT was elevated. A normal PT or aPTT result on any specimen, regardless of sample volume, strongly suggests that the true value is normal. PMID- 7101230 TI - Effect of calcium and synthetic peptides on fibrin polymerization. AB - Human fibrinogen was subjected to limited proteolytic attack by thrombin, batroxobin or Agkistrodon contortrix thrombin-like enzyme, yielding desAB-, desA- or desB-fibrin monomers, respectively. Turbidity curves demonstrated that, with all three enzymes, the polymerization process was strongly accelerated by increasing the calcium concentration from 10(-5) M to 10(-4) M. Synthetic peptide Gly-His-Arg (5 mM), an analogue of the aminoterminal sequence of fibrin beta chain, inhibited aggregation of desB-fibrin monomers at physiological calcium concentration whereas it enhanced aggregation of desA- and desAB-fibrin monomers at calcium concentrations below 10(-4) M. On the other hand, Gly-Pro-Arg (1 mM) corresponding to the amino-terminus of fibrin alpha-chain, dramatically inhibited aggregation of both desA- and desB-fibrins, but it only moderately affected the polymerization of thrombin-induced monomers. We conclude that the observed effects of Gly-Pro-Arg and Gly-His-Arg are not due solely to their competition with fibrin amino-termini for the respective binding sites in the D-domain, but rather reflect conformational changes in fibrin monomers which affect the polymerization process. PMID- 7101229 TI - The stability of factor IX concentrate during storage. AB - A storage study of factor IX concentrate was performed on 35 randomly selected batches that had been prepared between 1976 and 1980. Vacuum stability, dissolution time, F IX procoagulant activity, NAPTT, and thrombin generation were measured immediately after the manufacturing process and compared in this study with the results obtained from the spare samples analysed in 1981. No significant changes during storage at cold room temperature for up to 5 years were established. The product can thus be considered to be stable for 5 years at + 4 degrees C. PMID- 7101231 TI - Partial characterization of a fibrinolytic inhibitor produced by cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical vein. AB - A preliminary characterization of a fibrinolytic inhibitor released by human umbilical vein endothelial cells in primary culture is reported. This molecule of Mr comprised between 2 X 10(5) and 10(6) and of alpha 2 mobility precipitates at 43% ammonium sulphate saturation and is totally adsorbed on Concanavalin A Sepharose 4 B. A possible relationship with alpha macroglobulins is discussed. PMID- 7101232 TI - Factor IX Deventer-evidence for the heterogeneity of hemophilia BM. AB - Factor IX Deventer was isolated from the plasma of a patient with severe hemophilia B. The patient was classified as BM because of an abnormal prolongation (2.1 times) of the ox-brain prothrombin time, that could be corrected by addition of antifactor IX serum. Experiments with the isolated factor IX Deventer showed that one of the two peptide bonds involved in the proteolytic activation of factor IX cannot be cleaved by physiological or non physiological activators (XIa and RVV-X, respectively). Such a defect can explain why the molecule has no procoagulant activity. At present it is not clear why this defect makes factor IX Deventer such an effective inhibitor of the ox-brain prothrombin time. It is proposed that hemophilia BM is a heterogeneous disorder. PMID- 7101233 TI - Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis by combination of Doppler ultrasound flow examination and strain gauge plethysmography. An alternative to venography only in particular conditions despite improved accuracy of the Doppler method. AB - Doppler ultrasound flow examination, strain gauge plethysmography and contrast venography were performed in 160 lower limbs of 80 in-patients. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was suspected in 87 limbs. Using measurement of venous stop-flow pressure, the Doppler method hae an overall sensitivity of 83%. By combined use of Doppler and Plethysmography, sensitivity was increased to 96%. Specificity was 62% and 51%, respectively. With a positive and a negative predictive value of 80% and 73%, respectively, the combination of both non-invasive method cannot reliably replace venography in the diagnosis of DTV, although all (40/40) thromboses proximal to or involving the popliteal segment were detected by either Doppler and Plethysmography or both. After exclusion of 14 patients (18%) suffering from conditions known to alter the results of these non-invasive methods, the positive predictive value of abnormal findings in both Doppler and Plethysmography was increased to 94% for suspected limbs, whilst negative predictive value of both negative Doppler and Plethysmography was 90%, allowing the avoidance of venography in these patients. PMID- 7101234 TI - Inhibition of platelet function of antiarrhythmic drugs, verapamil and disopyramide. AB - Various cardiovascular drugs such as nitrates and propranolol, used in the treatment of coronary artery disease have been shown to have an antiplatelet effect. We have studied the in vitro effects of two antiarrhythmic drugs, verapamil and disopyramide, and have shown their inhibitory effect on platelet function. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (*ADP) and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen. Disopyramide similarly inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation caused by ADP and aggregation induced by collagen. Either drug in synergism with propranolol inhibited ADP or collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Disopyramide at high concentrations inhibited arachidonic acid whereas verapamil was without effect. Verapamil, but not disopyramide, inhibited aggregated induced by the ionophore A23187. PMID- 7101235 TI - Synthesis of thromboplastin protein by a murine macrophage-like cell line. AB - The established murine macrophage cell line J-774.1 responds to endotoxin with synthesis of thromboplastin apoprotein. The response develops in the absence of added lymphocytes and there is no increased responsiveness in cocultures of J 774.1 cells and BALB/c lymphocytes. J-774.1 cells therefore do not depend on lymphocyte cooperation for their response to endotoxin. PMID- 7101236 TI - Inhibition of thrombin-neutralizing activity of antithrombin III by steroid hormones. AB - Estrogens in high doses have been shown to inhibit, in vitro, the thrombin neutralizing action of antithrombin III (AT III). In this study we investigate the effect of estrogens on AT III in greater detail. To increase the sensitivity of measurement of AT III activity in the absence of heparin, we have developed an assay system utilizing human platelets, AT III and thrombin. The two proteins derived from human plasma were prepared in high purity. Platelet aggregation was induced by approximately 0.02 NIH U of thrombin. AT III was added in amounts that suppressed 95% of the aggregation-inducing effect of thrombin. Estrogens blocked the thrombin-neutralizing effect of AT III in dose-dependent manner. This effect was shown to be specific for AT III. Neither aggregability of platelets nor aggregating effect of thrombin were affected by the steroid hormone. Evidence for binding of estrogen to AT III was obtained from changes in intrinsic fluorescence of AT III. ACtivity of AT III was also reduced in increasing order of effectiveness by cholesterol, cortisone, testosterone and progesterone. Our studies suggest a direct effect of estrogens and other steroids on AT III, altering its specific neutralization of thrombin. PMID- 7101238 TI - A thiazole compound with potential antithrombotic activity. AB - A thiazole derivative, 4,5-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-thiazole was found to be a potent inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, in vitro, using platelets from at at least six species, including man. It was active in human platelet-rich plasma at a concentration of 1 ng/ml. While its antiplatelet activity was greater than that of flurbiprofen, its cyclooxygenase activity was equivalent to that of flurbiprofen. Also, compared to flurbiprofen, the thiazole had less anti-inflammatory activity in the hind-paw edema test. The thiazole derivative inhibited platelet aggregation following oral administrative inhibited platelet aggregation following oral administration in five laboratory species. In the guinea pig it was active at 0.5 mg/kg. The LD50 in mice was greater than 1000 mg/kg (i.p.). This compound, which was designed through a systematic drug development program, may have high potential as an antithrombotic agent. PMID- 7101237 TI - Platelet factor four and protamine sulfate neutralization of heparin fractionated according to anionic charge density. AB - The role of heparin structure in neutralization by the neutralizing substances (NS) platelet factor 4 (PF4) and protamine sulfate (PS) was investigated using a thrombin clotting assay and a series of more homogeneous heparin fractions varying systematically in charge density (Z). For a given heparin, plotting inverse clotting times measured without NS, and in the presence of PF4 or PS, vs heparin concentration yielded approximately parallel straight lines displaced horizontally according to the amount of NS. Potencies of heparin fractions in the absence of NS, or in the presence of PF4 of PS, depended almost identically upon Z2. Small but significant quantitative differences in potency among equivalent fractions from different heparins showed both PF4 and PS had a slight preference for the least active subfraction of decolorized heparins, but for the most active subfraction of undecolorized heparins. Neutralization of heparin by PF4 and PS probably proceeds by similar mechanisms, but the details of structure outside the antithrombin III-binding oligosaccharide of heparin may enter in differently. PMID- 7101239 TI - Problems by using whole blood in heparin measurements. AB - Problems by using whole blood (WB) of various packed cell volume (PCV) in heparin measurements were studied. WB had to be used within 1 hr, due to influence of platelet Factor 4. The increase of Ca++ by increasing PCV, had a moderate influence by the assays studied. The recalcification time (RT) of WG was time consuming and had low accuracy and precision, due to different heparin response. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) also had low accuracy and precision, due to different heparin response; the results were equal for WB and plasma. The thrombin clotting time (TCT) had high accuracy and precision in plasma. The TCT could also be used for WB since there was a good correlation between T20 (20 NIH U thrombin/ml) using WB, and T30 using plasma (r = 0.89, N = 61). The calcium thrombin clotting time (CaTCT) is not recommended for WB assaying. PMID- 7101240 TI - Lack of inhibitors in coumarin plasma. PMID- 7101241 TI - Prednisone corrects the prolonged bleeding time in thrombocythaemia. PMID- 7101244 TI - Thrombin activation rate constant: one-stage chromogenic assay for the extrinsic system. AB - Some properties of a one-stage, chromogenic clotting assay using tissue thromboplastin as an activator are described. The chromogenic assay uses S-2238 as substrate and estimates thrombin by the rate of absorbance produced. Under assay conditions, it was observed that the log (thrombin or absorbance/min) is linear with time. The linearity appeared to extend from zero thrombin up to maximum thrombin concentration for all concentrations of each plasma type examined including factor V and factor VII deficient plasmas. Since the linear slope, b, appears to be a measure of the rate of thrombin production, it was called the Thrombin Activation Rate Constant (TARC). For dilutions of normal plasma log (b) appears to be linearly related to log (plasma concentration) and to log (PT) where PT is the standard one stage clotting time. For plasmas deficient in extrinsic clotting factors, b was linearly related to log (factor concentrations). The chromogenic assay was most sensitive to changes in prothrombin; least sensitive to changes in factor VII; and unaffected by changes in concentration of factors VIII and IX. The standard PT was least sensitive to prothrombin and more sensitive to factors X and VII. For oral anticoagulated plasmas log b and log PT were linearly correlated with a regression slope which was more negative than that from normal plasma. From theses results it was concluded that TARC is a chromogenic assay sensitive to all factors in the extrinsic pathway; that TARC might be used as both a screening assay for extrinsic deficiencies and a monitoring assay for anticoagulants; and that TARC may be more sensitive than the standard PT to the defects from oral anticoagulation. PMID- 7101245 TI - Effect of heparin on platelet monolayer adhesion, aggregation and production of malondialdehyde. AB - Heparin inhibited monolayer adhesion of washed human and rabbit platelets to collagen-coated glass at 2.5 and 20 units/ml concentration, in the absence of red cells. Adhesion of rabbit platelets to de-endothelialized rabbit aorta, under similar conditions, was less strongly inhibited but no inhibition was seen at 40% haematocrit. Addition of plasma reduced, rather than enhanced heparin activity and hirudin 0.5 units/ml had no significant effect. Heparin also inhibited platelet aggregation, release of (14C) 5-HT and production of malondialdehyde in response to collagen and thrombin. Inhibition of thrombin-induced activity was greater in the presence of plasma. However, heparin enhanced aggregation and release evoked by ADP and did not consistently inhibit MDA synthesis produced by arachidonate. The results indicate that in addition to the effects of heparin on platelet function mediated by anti-thrombin activity and the previously described augmentation of responses to ADP, heparin has weak inhibitory activity against platelet-collagen interactions. Binding of heparin to the platelet membrane (and to surfaces to which platelets adhere) could account for these findings by causing non-specific interference with agonist-receptor interactions. PMID- 7101242 TI - Platelets, cardiac valves and sulphinpyrazone. PMID- 7101243 TI - Biochemical and metabolic aspects of platelet dysfunction in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. AB - Fifty-two patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (13 with polycythemia vera; 23 with primary thrombocythemia; 6 with myelofibrosis and 10 with chronic granulocytic leukemia) had low platelet levels of adenine nucleotides and serotonin and abnormal uptake and storage of the amine. The storage pool deficiency was confined to the substances contained in the platelet dense bodies, because alpha-granule and lysosome markers were present in normal amounts. In chronic granulocytic leukemia the storage defect was usually less marked but was accompanied by a decreased formation of thromboxane B2 and normal platelet aggregation in response to arachidonic acid. There was no clearcut relationship of these biochemical abnormalities to prolongation of bleeding time or to thrombotic and hemorrhagic symptoms. The defect was still present in 15 patients after treatment had returned the cell counts to the normal range. Normal levels of 5HT and adenine nucleotides were observed in 8 patients whose platelet counts were high after splenectomy for non-hematological reasons. These findings suggest that biochemical abnormalities are related to the presence in the bone marrow of abnormal clones, resulting in the production of defective platelets. PMID- 7101246 TI - Immobilized heparin: spacer arm effects on biological interactions. AB - Heparin immobilized to polymer surfaces via different length diaminoalkane spacer arms was evaluated for anticoagulant activity and for platelet interactions. The anticoagulant activity of the immobilized heparin, as determined by APTT assays, was found to increase with increasing spacer arm length. Variations in spacer arm length produced no affect on platelet retention or PF 4 release for heparin immobilized materials. To investigate immobilized heparin-adsorbed plasma protein interactions, XPS analysis of heparinized surfaces, before and after plasma contact, was conducted. Immobilized heparin was not able to penetrate adsorbed plasma protein layers with any spacer arm length evaluated, indicating that immobilized heparin does not directly interact with platelets. PMID- 7101247 TI - Factor V binding to human platelets: the role of divalent cations and of platelet preparatory methods. AB - The binding of bovine factor V to human platelets has been studied to ascertain the influence of divalent cations as well as the manner of preparation of platelet suspensions. The binding of factor V to platelets was inhibited by EDTA and EGTA and required calcium (optimum concentration 5mM) but not magnesium. Factor V bound to a single class of low affinity sites in unstimulated gel filtered platelets with a Kd of 3.42 x 10(-8)M. Approximately, 2,340 factor V molecules were bound per platelet. Stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 or ADP and fibrinogen and inhibition with prostaglandins E1 (PGE1) or prostaglandins I2 (PGI2) failed to alter these constants. However, washing platelets by repeated centrifugation even in the presence of inhibitors of platelet activation decreased the number of binding sites to 1200 without change in the kd. These studies demonstrate a requirement for calcium in the physiological range for factor V binding to platelets, establish that washed platelets bind fewer factor V molecules than gel filtered platelets, and indicate that stimulation or inhibition of platelet function does not affect factor V binding. PMID- 7101248 TI - [What do we teach the students? Bloom's taxonomy clinical education]. PMID- 7101249 TI - [A prospective study of 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 7101250 TI - [Cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation. History and new comprehensions]. PMID- 7101251 TI - [Cardiac tamponade treated with pericardiocentesis. Reduced risk after echocardiographic diagnosis]. PMID- 7101255 TI - [The position of seals in the system of mammals (author's transl)]. AB - The common seal Phoca vitulina belongs to the order Pinnipedia, a group of marine mammals, the majority of which live in the colder seas. Two main groups are differentiated within this order: Otarioidea and Phocoidea. The Otarioidea are divided into two families: Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals) and Odobenidae (walruses): the Phocoidea consist of the family Phocidae (seals) only. The Pinnipedia are closely related to the order Carnivora: they probably originated about 50 million years ago from a group of mammals related to bears. Otarioidea and Phocoidea are now usually regarded as close relatives, n view of among others, biochemical and parasitological characters. PMID- 7101254 TI - [The cafe coronary - foreign bodies in the upper respiratory tract as a cause of sudden unexpected death]. PMID- 7101253 TI - [Procainamide induced agranulocytosis]. PMID- 7101252 TI - [Usage of aminoglycosides and control of therapy]. PMID- 7101256 TI - [Morphology and congenital pathology of the heart of the common seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) (An informative description) (author's transl)]. AB - The morphology and the congenital pathology of the heart of the common seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) are described. Particular attention is drawn to the dorso-ventral flattening of the heart and the S-like course of the aortic arch. The following congenital malformations of th heart were discussed: (1) patent ductus arteriosus associated with a patent foramen ovale secundum and malposition of the entrance of the caudal caval vein: (2) aplasia of the origin of the left coronary artery: (3) coarctation of the aorta; (4) myocardial bridging. From this study of the heart of the common seal it is concluded that the resistance of the common seal to physical stress is poor. Survival of this animal in the Waddensea requires a quiet and undisturbed biotope. PMID- 7101257 TI - [Post-mortem findings in seals which died in the Pieterburen seal nursery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101258 TI - [Post-mortem findings in seals which died in nature (author's transl)]. AB - The findings in seals submitted to the Research Institute for Nature Management, Arnhem, for post-mortem examination during the period from 1960 to 1981 are reviewed with reference to three tables. A striking feature was the large proportion (55 per cent) of young seals, well over 38 percent of which died in the first two months of life. There also was a large proportion of young seals and yearlings with parasitic infections, which would appear to suggest that it is difficult for the young animals to build up a good condition. This could be due to a disturbance during the nursing period and inadequate food of satisfactory quality. Of the grey seals fond on the coast of the Netherlands, 35.5 per cent were young and starved to death. Drowning in nets and hoopnets occurred in the young as well as in the older seals and both in common and grey seals, although the majority of the victims were yearlings. PMID- 7101259 TI - [Diarrhea prevention as a cause of diarrhea?]. PMID- 7101263 TI - [The process of reasoning of trainee assistants during their clinical duties. A study of the ability to use medical knowledge in a clinical strategy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101260 TI - [From the Veterinary Chief Public Health Inspection and Board of the Veterinary Service. Report on slaughterhouse waste water problems]. PMID- 7101262 TI - [Animal models (author's transl)]. AB - Animal models are frequently used in medico-biological studies. The why and wherefore of animal models, the question of the requirements which have to be satisfied by an animal model, the pros and cons of animal models, the question of alternatives, the types of animal models available, the choice that has to be made and the manner in which an animal model is used, are discussed in succession. In addition, the animal models and techniques in use in the Central Animal Laboratory of the University of Nijmegen are reviewed. PMID- 7101264 TI - [A case of carbadox poisoning]. PMID- 7101261 TI - [The effects of postparturient anthelmintic treatment on ewes and their lambs (author's transl)]. AB - Anthelmintic treatment of ewes after lambing resulted in partial suppression of the spring rise in egg counts in Frisian milch-sheep, lambing early in March and a rather satisfactory suppression of the spring rise in Texel ewes lambing late in March. The Frisian and Texel sheep were treated with 44 mg/kg and 66 mg/kg thiabendazole respectively. Beneficial effects of treatment were not observed in the ewes or their lambs compared with the controls. Particularly, treatment failed to produce any improvement of the gain in weight in the lambs. In the Frisian ewes, the haemoglobin content was determined at regular intervals. Both in the treated and in the untreated group, the haemoglobin content decreased significantly. Moreover, this decrease was correlated with the increase in faecal Haemonchus egg counts These results and those of previous experiments in conjunction with findings reported in the literature, lead to the general conclusion that farm management is highly decisive in answering the question as to how serious trichostrongylid and strongylid infections will be and the extent to which anthelmintic treatment of the ewes could have a beneficial effect. PMID- 7101265 TI - [Splinter and beam]. PMID- 7101267 TI - A method for freezing sheep lymphocytes prior to cytotoxicity testing. AB - The two stage freezing technique was adapted for use with sheep lymphocytes. Parameters investigated were lymphocyte concentration, composition of thawing medium and DMSO concentration. The main difference between this and earlier published techniques is the use of a high DMSO concentration (17%). The technique adopted was both simple and reliable. It consistently gave lymphocyte viabilities of 95% or more in thawed cell suspensions. The procedure is apparently without effect on lymphocyte antigen expression and thus appears very suitable for use in microlymphocytotoxicity tests. PMID- 7101266 TI - Genetic investigation of mesangial IgA nephropathy. PMID- 7101268 TI - Multiple sclerosis and HLA-B12 in Parsi and non-Parsi Indians. A clarification. PMID- 7101270 TI - The epidemiologic approach to studies of association between HLA and disease. II. Estimation of absolute risks, etiologic and preventive fraction. AB - It is the aim of the present report to review principles and measures which are fundamental in modern epidemiology and happen to be closely related to expressions used in studies of association between HLA and disease. These measures, the etiologic and the preventive fractions, may easily be estimated from the traditional 2 x 2 table. Furthermore, the practical procedures leading to estimates of the absolute frequency measures for individuals with and without a given HLA factor are presented; these estimates may also be obtained from the 2 x 2 table, supplemented with data on the disease frequency in the general population. The estimation procedures are simple in all the subtypes of the association study design, but especially in prevalence-based association studies some important limitations as to the interpretation and generalization should be kept in mind. A subsequent report will use the measures and principles, outlined here, in order to facilitate an extension of the perspectives of the results and establish a connection between this field of HLA research and clinical and genetic epidemiology. PMID- 7101269 TI - The epidemiologic approach to studies of association between HLA and disease. I. The basic measures, concepts and estimation procedures. AB - The present report describes the basic epidemiological measures and concepts used in association studies, i.e. measures of disease frequency and the concept of risk, together with their internal relationships. Further, the different types of designs for HLA and association studies are reviewed with particular reference to estimation of association strength. It is shown that the odds ratio from a 2 x 2 table estimates the incidence density ratio which again under certain conditions estimates the relative risk, if the study is based on incident (new) cases. However, most HLA and association studies are prevalence-based, which implies that the relative risk and incidence density ratio cannot be estimated unless a series of conditions is fulfilled. Finally, it is stressed that a detailed description of study design and the age classes studied as well as the procedure of case ascertainment should be mandatory before comparisons between and pooling of estimates from different studies are performed. PMID- 7101271 TI - HLA antigens in painless thyroiditis with transient hyperthyroidism. PMID- 7101272 TI - Interaction between thymosin, testosterone and estradiol on natural killer cell activity in mice. AB - Thymosin fraction 5, an immunopotentiating thymic preparation, significantly increases the cytotoxic capacity of NK cells isolated from the spleen. This stimulation is inhibited by testosterone and estradiol. PMID- 7101273 TI - The density and distribution of intramembrane particles in erythrocytes from persons with muscular dystrophies. AB - Intramembrane particles in the freeze-fractured faces of erythrocyte membranes from persons with several different types of muscular dystrophy are examined. The density of particles in the protoplasmic face was lower than that of controls, although not at a statistically significant level. No altered pattern of aggregation of these particles was observed. PMID- 7101274 TI - Isolation and characterization of mucoid and non-mucoid Salmonella oranienburg isolated from pleural effusion of a patient with hemolytic anemia. AB - Salmonella oranienburg, mucoid and non-mucoid strains, were simultaneously isolated as causative agents from the pleural effusion of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis. The mucoid-typed Salmonella oranienburg was characterized by serological examination, taking advantage of the high frequency of mucoid (M) to non-mucoid (N) variation. PMID- 7101275 TI - Disappearance curves and single-breath DLCO from consecutive samples during slow expiration. AB - The disappearance of CO in three expirates consecutively sampled after various breath holding periods was measured in seven normal subjects. The CO disappearance curves in the three expired portions were nearly linear and parallel each other, but the curves for later sampled expirates were lower, and even those for earlier sampled expirates passed under unity at time zero when extrapolated on a logarithmic graph of relative expired alveolar CO concentration against breath holding time. The slope of each disappearance curve shows "the true diffusing capacity at breath holding lung volume", eliminating an effect of rapid CO absorption at a lower lung volume during expiration. This effect is considered the cause of the downward shift of the decay curve, and the shift is magnified in slow expiration. In addition, the three parallel lines indicate a homogeneous distribution of DL/VA within the lungs. Subsequently, DLCO in conventional calculations had greater values in shorter breath holding time and later sampling. PMID- 7101276 TI - Progression of malignancy of severe dysplasia of the uterine cervix. AB - In the follow-up studies of dysplasia of the uterine cervix, the rates at which 691 cases of mild and 654 cases of severe dysplasia progressed to malignant lesions were, respectively, 0.3% (2 cases) and 17% (111 cases). A classification of the cases of severe dysplasia was made according to the degree of maturation of the lesion into immature, premature and mature dysplasia. The rates of progression to malignancy for these three types were 28.4%, 16.7% and 5.9%, respectively. In cases of carcinoma in situ progressing from immature dysplasia, 74.4% of such cases were of the small cell type, whereas in cases progressing from mature dysplasia, 85.7% were of the large cell type. The similarity in site of the lesion within the cervix was particularly notable between immature dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the small cell type. PMID- 7101278 TI - Effect of beta-carotene on ultraweak chemiluminescence of UVB-irradiated squalene. AB - An emission spectral analysis was carried out on chemiluminescence emitted from UVB-irradiated squalene. The main emission species produced by the transition of (1 delta g) (1 delta g) and (1 delta g) (1 sigma g +) to (3 sigma g -) (3 sigma g -) were found by spectroscopic analysis of the chemiluminescence. When beta carotene was added to the irradiated squalene, its spectral pattern changed drastically and many peaks disappeared. PMID- 7101277 TI - Studies on recovery of liver function of operated biliary atresia. AB - Serial liver function studies were analyzed in 42 biliary atresia patients who had undergone portoenterostomy. Values for serum bilirubin, ZTT, TTT, and gamma globulin returned to normal levels three months after operation in patients with good bile excretion. These tests remained abnormal in those with poor bile output. Alkaline phosphatase and serum transaminase values remained high during the early postoperative period, requiring a much longer duration to return to normal. The biological activity of sulfobenzyl penicillin (SBPC) in the serum and bile was determined by serial broth dilution in 15 children with biliary atresia. Eleven patients were studied 10 days to 2 weeks after an apparent successful portoenterosotomy while four others were clinically well and anicteric three to four years postoperatively. The biliary concentration of SBPC was very low despite good bile output during the early postoperative period. The SBPC levels increased three time during the remote postoperative period. The bile concentration of SBPC is lower than normal, however, and it seems that the ability of the liver to excrete this material may never reach normal levels despite apparent good clinical hepatic function. PMID- 7101281 TI - A circadian locomotor rhythm in the giant land snail, Achatina fulica. AB - A circadian rhythm in the locomotor behavior of the giant land snail, Achatina fulica, was studied by a running wheel method in a 24 hr light-dark cycle (LD 12:12) and also in constant dim light. The locomotor rhythm could be entrained to the LD cycle, and the entrained rhythm was characterized by the bulk of activity in the dark period, the major activity appeared in the first half of the dark period. In constant dim light the locomotor rhythm free-ran with a period of about 24 hr. PMID- 7101280 TI - Enhancing effect of saccharated ferric oxide on human lymphocyte transformation in serum-free medium. AB - The effect of saccharated ferric oxide on the response of human peripheral lymphocytes to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin in serum-free medium was studied by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. The addition of saccharated ferric oxide resulted in a significant increase in [3H]thymidine uptake not only with mitogen added, but also without mitogen, suggesting that this compound itself was mitogenic. PMID- 7101284 TI - Significance of lung biopsy in determining surgical indication in cases of congenital cardiac anomalies with pulmonary hypertension. AB - Correlation between the grade of pulmonary arterial change and pulmonary arterial pressure was studied in 60 patients with congenital cardiac anomalies associated with pulmonary hypertension. Of the 60, 45 specimens of pulmonary arteries were obtained by autopsy and 15 by biopsy. Pulmonary arterial pressure was correlated with the products of the medial thickness and intimal lesions of small pulmonary arteries both in the autopsy and in the biopsy specimens. Also, medial thickness and intimal lesions were independently correlated to the pulmonary arterial pressure. However, the regression equation was not identical among the kinds of diseases, although significant correlation was found between the degree of intimal lesions and pulmonary arterial pressure. Medial hypertrophy was reversible after corrective surgery, but intimal lesions were irreversible except for cellular proliferation. Therefore, to determine the indication for corrective surgery, it should be emphasized that intimal change of the small pulmonary arteries should be carefully evaluated. Since the degree of intimal lesions is not accurately diagnosed from hemodynamic parameters alone, diagnosis of intimal lesions by lung biopsy is indispensable to determine the possibility of corrective surgery in the congenital heart disease with severe pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 7101279 TI - The effect of protamine on proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis in aminonucleoside nephropathy. AB - An administration of protamine sulfate combined with aminonucleoside of puromycin (AN) could produce in rats severe nephrotic syndrome and histological changes similar to focal glomerular sclerosis more distinctly than AN alone. This may be attributed to the action of protamine which seemed to enhance the effect of AN, causing polyanion loss at the glomerular basement membrane. PMID- 7101285 TI - Zinc and copper contents in breast milk of Japanese women. AB - Longitudinal studies of zinc and copper contents of breast milk were performed in 65 Japanese mothers during their lactation period until 5 months postpartum. They experienced no problems during pregnancy and at delivery. All women had full term healthy infants. Forty-five were multiparous and 20 primiparous. The highest level of zinc content was found in the colostrum, and subsequently the levels declined (p less than 0.005), as lactation progressed. Copper content was stable during the first month of lactation, and then declined gradually (p less than 0.005). Both mineral levels in breast milk ranged with great variance among the subjects at any stages of lactation. Significantly lower zinc level (p less than 0.01) and higher copper level (p less than 0.005) were found in the serum of lactating women three months postpartum, when compared with non-lactating control women. Factors including lactation history, age of lactating women, serum levels and contents of zinc and copper in the hair did not affect the contents of these trace minerals in the breast milk. PMID- 7101283 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen in sputum. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in sputum from patients with lung cancers (15), other malignancies (7) and non-malignant pulmonary diseases (30) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The mean value +/- S.E. (ng/ml) of CEA levels in sputum was 3,682 +/- 1,648, 630 +/- 473 and 444 +/- 102, respectively. There was a significant difference in CEA levels between lung cancers and benign pulmonary diseases (p less than 0.01), while no correlation between the serum levels and sputum levels was found. These observations led us to conclude that assay of CEA in sputum appears to be a useful simple test for the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary neoplasms. PMID- 7101286 TI - A generalization of the atherosclerotic index and its application. AB - A generalized atherosclerotic index with n types of lesions I(n) was defined in the form of an inner product of the profile vector alpha and the weight vector beta as: I(n) = 100 (alpha, beta), alpha = 1/A(alpha 0, alpha 1, ..., alpha n) and beta = 1/Wn(0, W1, ..., Wn), where A is the total area examined, alpha i(0 less than or equal to i less than or equal to n) is the area of the i-the type of lesion, the subscript 0 refers to the normal portion, and Wi is the weight to be given to the corresponding lesions, with only the restriction 0 less than or equal to W1 less than or equal to ... less than or equal to Wn. It was further extended to a composite, index of m arterial systems in matrix multiplication from as I(m,n) = 100 PQR, P and R being weight matrices and Q an observation matrix. As an example of its application, results obtained from our autopsy series were shown. In a total of 288 cases classified into four disease groups, the cerebral infarction group was highest in the severity of aortic atherosclerosis both in the customary index and in a modified index in which relatively small weight was given to the complicated lesion. The order of the other three groups was more clearly represented in the latter index than in the former. PMID- 7101282 TI - Nociceptive and non-nociceptive responses of neurons in the medial subthalamic region and lateral hypothalamic area of cats and their relationship to the effects of morphine and pentazocine. AB - Single neuronal activity was recorded extracellularly from the Forel's field (FH), subthalamic region immediately rostral to the FH (STRF), rostral end of the medial subthalamic region (RE) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the anesthetized cats. Many of the FH, RE and LHA neurons were excited by nociceptive stimulation such as pinching the skin with serrated forceps and/or intra-arterial injection of bradykinin. These nociceptive neurons were also excited by non nociceptive stimulation such as tap of deep tissues, bending hairs with an air puff and/or joint rotation. On the other hand, inhibition by both nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli was seen in and around the rostral end of the FH including STRF. Their receptive fields were large. After intravenous administration of either morphine or pentazocine, most nociceptive neurons became unresponsive to nociceptive stimuli, although they were driven by non-nociceptive stimuli. This suggests that morphine and pentazocine have a specific antinociceptive action on these nociceptive neurons. Intravenous naloxone reversed the antinociceptive action of morphine, but failed to reduce the action of pentazocine. This differentiation has an important functional significance. PMID- 7101287 TI - Effects of prostaglandins on thrombus formation in mesenteric arterioles of rats. AB - Effects of locally applied prostaglandins on platelet thrombus formation in the mesenteric arterioles of rats were studied in vivo. Prostaglandin (PG) I2 and PGE1, which were reported to be powerful inhibitors of blood platelet aggregation, prevented the thrombus formation, whereas PGE2, which was reported, in low concentrations, to enhance platelet aggregation, showed a tendency to promote the thrombus formation. PGA1, PGA2 or PGF2 alpha had no effect. PGD2 had a very weak inhibitory effect. As prostaglandins tested had no effect on the diameter of mesenteric arterioles, it is assumed that the effectiveness of PGI2 and PGE1 in preventing thrombus formation is due mainly to their powerful inhibiting effects on platelet aggregation. PMID- 7101288 TI - Effects of routes of administration on the cyanide concentration distribution in the various organs of cyanide-intoxicated rats. AB - Cyanide concentrations in various organs (the blood, liver, lung, spleen and brain) of the rats intoxicated by ingestion or inhalation were determined with a slightly modified microdiffusion method. In the inhalation experiment, a rat in an exposure chamber inhaled HCN produced by addition of NaCN solution to H2SO4. For each route two different doses were used. The time to death was shorter when doses were larger. Cyanide concentrations were higher in per os group than in inhalation group in all the organs tested. The concentration in the liver was most sensitive to the route of administration; it was the highest among the organs tested after per os administration, but low after inhalation. In the lung it was significantly higher than that of the blood when cyanide was inhaled. It was concluded that, when it is necessary to determine whether cyanide was ingested to inhaled, at least the lung and liver must be analyzed for cyanide contents in addition to the blood and stomach content. PMID- 7101289 TI - Accounts receivable management--an overview. PMID- 7101291 TI - Back office functions of the billing process. PMID- 7101290 TI - Outpatient front office functions. PMID- 7101292 TI - Electronic data processing applications. PMID- 7101293 TI - Applications to physicians' groups. PMID- 7101294 TI - Accounts receivable management: the mid-1980s and beyond. PMID- 7101295 TI - Inpatient front office functions. PMID- 7101296 TI - Ascorbic acid and paraquat: oxygen depletion with concurrent oxygen activation. PMID- 7101297 TI - Neurotoxic effects of cadmium in young rats. PMID- 7101299 TI - Effects on reproduction in Fischer 344 rats exposed to ethylene oxide by inhalation for one generation. PMID- 7101298 TI - The cardiotoxicity of carbon monoxide as a component of polymer pyrolysis smokes. PMID- 7101300 TI - Effect of lead on calcium homeostasis in the isolated rat hepatocyte. PMID- 7101301 TI - Effect of phenytoin on calcium disposition in pregnant and nonpregnant mice. PMID- 7101302 TI - Quantification of acute cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in rats: correlation of serum and 24-hr urine analyses with proximal tubule injuries. PMID- 7101303 TI - Adaptation to nephrotoxic effects of cephaloridine in subacute rat toxicity studies. PMID- 7101304 TI - Behavioral effects of acrylamide in the mouse. PMID- 7101305 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of a toxin from the venom of the East African orthognath spider Pterinochilus spec. AB - A minor basic polypeptide in the venom of the East African orthognath spider Pterinochilus spec. was the most toxic of 16 basic components in this venom. This toxin A4/4 was purified by gel permeation on Sephadex G-50 and ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 with a yield of 1.3% of the total protein content of the crude venom. The polypeptide has an isoelectric point of 9.39 and molecular weight of 10,500. The s.c. LD50 in mice is 0.1 mg/kg. Death occurred due to respiratory paralysis. After administration of sublethal doses rapid reversibility of the symptoms and total recovery of the animals was observed. PMID- 7101307 TI - Titration of antiserum to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom by measuring inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. AB - Horse antiserum to the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, A South American rattlesnake, inhibits the phospholipase activity of the crude venom. There is a close relationship between this inhibitory property and the neutralizing potency of the antiserum in vivo. This may provide the basis for a rigorous standardization of anticrotalid venom in vitro. PMID- 7101306 TI - Venom apparatus of braconid wasps: comparative ultrastructure of reservoirs and gland filaments. AB - Two types of venom apparatus present in female braconid wasp were examined in nine species and compared ultrastructurally. The reservoir of type 1 venom apparatus has a relatively thick muscular sheath which is innervated, while the longitudinal and circular muscles of the type 2 reservoir consist of scattered fibers which are not innervated. The intima of the reservoir of type 1 venom apparatus is unevenly thickened. In contrast, the reservoir of type 2 venom apparatus has a relatively thinner and more uniform intima. The gland filaments of both types of venom apparatus are ultrastructurally similar. Distinct particles found in the venom apparatus of two of the nine species are described. PMID- 7101308 TI - Neutralization of local effects of the terciopelo (Bothrops asper) venom by blood serum of the colubrid snake Clelia clelia. AB - The neutralizing capacity of the blood serum of the non-venomous snake Clelia clelia against the hemorrhagic, edematous and myonecrotic effects of Bothrops asper venom in white mice was tested using in vitro preincubation experiments. Untreated serum neutralized to a different extent all local effects evaluated, but showed toxicity to mice, evidenced by edema and myonecrosis. Serum heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min lost its toxic properties but also its neutralizing capacity against hemorrhagic and edematous effects of the venom. The myonecrotic effect was neutralized by large quantities of heated serum. The serum of C. clelia formed a single precipitation arc in immunoelectrophoretic slides against B. asper venom, corresponding to the slow anodic proteins of the serum. PMID- 7101309 TI - Biosynthesis, secretion and in vivo isotopic labelling of venom of the Egyptian cobra, Naja haje annulifera. AB - The venom glands of Elapidae differ from those of the Viperidae by lacking an expanded central lumen; the venom is stored in the tubular lumina as well as inside the cells in densely packed secretion granules. Using isotope tracer techniques, it was found that in the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje annulifera) venom is secreted both from pre-existing and from newly-formed granules. The rate of protein biosynthesis peaks at 4-9 days after venom was extracted (milked) from the glands. Highly labelled toxins (1-10 mCi/mmole protein) were isolated in good yield from the venom of snakes chronically intubated and infused i.p. with (3H) amino acids. Repeated Fluothane (Halothane) anaesthesias and venom collections had no ill effect on venom yield. The radioactive venom and its component toxins retained full biological potency. PMID- 7101310 TI - Site of action of caudoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from the horned puff adder (Bitis caudalis) venom. AB - Caudoxin, a single-chain phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Bitis caudalis is a toxic polypeptide with a formula weight of 13,332 dalton. The LD50 in mice (i.p.) was 0.18 (0.15-0.22) mg/kg. In the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation the toxin (1-10 micrograms per ml) caused complete neuromuscular blockade without affecting the response of the muscle to acetylcholine. In the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, the toxin abolished the indirectly elicited contraction without inhibiting that evoked directly. When this preparation was bathed in a low calcium (0.6 mM) medium, the toxin induced a triphasic change in the indirectly evoked contractions: an immediate initial inhibition followed by augmentation and then a second phase of inhibition leading to irreversible neuromuscular blockade. Electrophysiological studies in the same preparation showed a similar triphasic change in the quantal content of endplate potentials. The frequency of miniature endplate potentials first increased and then decreased, while the resting membrane potential was not significantly decreased by the toxin. Histological study showed that the toxin caused local myonecrosis only at a higher dose (2 mg/kg mouse). It is concluded that caudoxin produced a neuromuscular block by acting selectively on a presynaptic site. However, the site of binding appears to be different from that of beta bungarotoxin since combination of the toxin with beta-bungarotoxin caused potentiation of its neuromuscular blocking action rather than addition. PMID- 7101312 TI - Occurrence of potent toxins in the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. PMID- 7101311 TI - Neuromuscular blocking activity in an extract from the East African wild sisal Sansevieria ehrenbergii. AB - S. ehrenbergii and A. sisalana extracts (equivalent to 50-250 mg leaf/ml) cause potentiation (ca. 40%) of indirectly elicited contractions of the chick biventer nerve-muscle preparation. The subsequent blockade to direct and indirect stimulation and the sustained but reversible change in baseline tension resemble actions of the depolarizing suxamethonium rather than the nondepolarizing gallamine. PMID- 7101313 TI - Effect of different conditions of acute exposure to carbon monoxide on the cerebral high-energy phosphates and ultrastructure of brain mitochondria in rats. AB - Rats were exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) in different conditions: 4 min at 1.3% CO, 40 min at 0.5% CO or 12 h at 0.13--0.15% CO. After 4 min exposure to 1.3% CO the brain content of ATP and PC was substantially reduced; after 40 min exposure to 0.5% CO the cerebral ATP level was slightly increased, whereas the content of both ATP and PC in the brain of rats exposed to CO for 12 h was significantly higher than in the controls. The decrease in the brain level of ATP and PC after 4 min exposure to 1.3% CO was accompanied by ultrastructural changes of mitochondria. No evident differences in the level of cerebral high-energy phosphates were found between rats intoxicated with CO and rats subjected to experimental hypoxemia. PMID- 7101319 TI - Effect of glutathione depletion on selenium lethality and hepatic drug metabolism in male rats. AB - Pretreatment of male rats with diethylmaleate (DEM) (3.1 mmol/kg) markedly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione in both liver (81%) and kidney (44%). Acute lethality produced by sodium selenite (0.4 to 2.4 mg Se/kg) was greatly enhanced in DEM-treated rats; however, no alterations in hepatic drug metabolism by selenium were observed. PMID- 7101315 TI - Effect of carbon tetrachloride on cardiac lipid peroxidation, serum lipids and enzymes of albino rats. AB - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at the dose of 0.3 ml/100 g body weight i.p. induced changes after 18 h in the cardiac lipid-peroxidation, serum-free fatty acids (FFA), cholesterol, and enzymes in the rats. The cardiac lipid peroxidation and the activity of serum enzymes GOT and GPT were significantly increased. The levels of serum FFA and cholesterol were significantly decreased. PMID- 7101317 TI - Effect of copper on tissue acid and alkaline phosphates in the green snakehead, Ophiocephalus punctatus (Bloch). AB - In vitro exposure to 10(-6) and 10(-5) M copper caused a decline in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in both liver and kidney of Ophiocephalus punctatus. While in vivo exposure to 5 and 7.5 mg/l copper resulted in the activation of alkaline phosphatase in the kidney, the activity of this enzyme in the liver was inhibited at the highest concentration. The acid phosphatase was inhibited in the liver and kidney on in vivo exposure to both concentrations. The varied responses of these enzymes to in vitro and in vivo exposure to copper indicate the involvement of different molecular processes. PMID- 7101316 TI - Effect of oral cadmium administration to female rats before and/or during pregnancy on the metallothionein level in the fetal liver. AB - Female Wistar rats received cadmium (Cd) in drinking water at a concentration of 100 ppm before and during pregnancy, prior to gestation only, and during gestation only. For the quantitative determination of metallothionein, the 203Hg saturation method was used. Each of the 3 exposure treatments led to a decrease of the fatal metallothionein level, which may be due to disturbance in hepatic zinc (Zn) metabolism. PMID- 7101318 TI - Microsomal bioactivation and covalent binding of aliphatic halides to DNA. AB - Studies were carried out on the in vitro covalent binding of a series of 14C labeled aliphatic halides to calf thymus DNA following bioactivation by hepatic microsomes isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats. Six compounds were shown to exhibit binding to DNA of greater than 0.3 nmol/mg DNA (1,2-dibromoethane, bromotrichloromethane, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and 1,1,2-trichloroethane). Covalent binding of the aliphatic halides to the nucleic acids was confirmed by sedimentation of the DNA-organohalogen adduct in a cesium chloride gradient and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography of the nucleosides released by enzymatic hydrolysis. PMID- 7101314 TI - Evidence that coal tar is a mixed inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. AB - Topical application of coal tar (U.S.P.) to neonatal rats resulted in the induction of hepatic cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities. Analogous to the effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254, treatment of neonatal rats with coal tar resulted in a one nm shift to the blue region in the wavelength maximum of the hepatic microsomal hemoprotein cytochrome P-450. These results demonstrate that therapeutic coal tar contains both type I and type II inducers of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. PMID- 7101323 TI - Detection of carcinogenic exposures by urinalysis: induction of cell-mediated immunity. AB - Studies were undertaken to determine whether urine collected from rats during the 24 h following exposure to the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) contained substances which would induce specific antitumor immunity. The evaluation for such components was carried out by administering the test and control urine to young male adult Fisher F344 inbred rats and then establishing the animals' antitumor cell-mediated immunity (CMI) at a 14-day post-exposure interval. The CMI was measured by determining the injury and destruction inflicted upon cultured X-ray-induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma target cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from the animals exposed to the urine. A significantly increased CMI was found to be induced by the urine collected from the chemically exposed rats, thus suggesting the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic components. In addition, exposure through the levels of CMI that were induced, with an approximate threshold detection limit of 100 microgram (1.7 mumol)/kg body weight (100 ppb) to the chemical. These preliminary findings suggest that such immune measurements might serve as a basis for the development of a rapid and inexpensive bioassay for monitoring population exposures to carcinogenic substances. PMID- 7101320 TI - Cadmium-binding proteins in human organs. AB - Cadmium-binding proteins (CdBPs) in the cytosol fractions from several organs of man orally exposed to cadmium (Cd) were examined by gel chromatography. In kidney and liver most of the cadmium (76-87%) in the cytosols was bound to metallothionein, and hepatic metallothionein contained zinc also at a similar level. The pancreas cytosol also contained a metallothionein-like CdBP, although its content was only one-tenth of the hepatic one. In the thyroid gland a prominent CdBP, eluting later than that of metallothionein, was observed; this CdBP was not detectable in normal dogs, pigs, and oxen. No CdBPs were observed in other organs including heart, muscle, genital organs, aorta, and bone. These results suggest that CdBPs participate in accumulation and distribution of cadmium in man, since organs containing CdBP such as kidney, liver, pancreas, and thyroid gland show a tendency to accumulate high levels of cadmium. PMID- 7101321 TI - Placental transfer and retention of 201Ti-thallium in the rat. AB - Placental transfer of thallium was evidenced in rats treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 2 micrograms 201T1-labelled thallium/rat on the 13th day of pregnancy. Both maternal and fetal organs showed remarkable thallium retention, approx. 10% of the dose being unexcreted 8 days after injection. The highest thallium accumulation was found in maternal muscle and brain tissues. Fetal brain exhibits higher thallium uptake and faster decay rate of thallium levels than maternal brain. It is suggested that the reduced activity of the mechanisms regulating ion movements and composition of nervous tissue and the immaturity of the blood-brain barrier play a role in the peculiar pattern of thallium kinetics in the developing rat brain. PMID- 7101322 TI - Comparison of cardiotoxicity of two anthracenediones and doxorubicin in rats. AB - Two new anthracenediones with antineoplastic activities resembling those of the anthracycline antibiotics were studied in a rat cardiotoxicity model system. NCS 196473 was approx. 10-fold less toxic than doxorubicin and caused only minor electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. Its dihydroxyanalog NSC-279836 was somewhat more toxic than doxorubicin, caused marked leukopenia and induced ECG changes and moderate elevation of serum GOT, LDH and creatine phosphokinase (CK). Both anthracenediones induced marked alterations of mitochondrial structure in the heart but no dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and distortion of the contractile elements. It is concluded that the cardiotoxic effects of the anthracenediones are of a less specific nature than those caused by doxorubicin. PMID- 7101324 TI - Gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin response to test meal in patients with gastric cancer. AB - Gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin response to test meals were examined in 110 patients with gastric cancer and a comparative study was made in accordance with depth of invasion, macroscopic shape, histological type, location and size of the lesion. Cases were classified into two large groups by the depth of invasion: early cancer (invasion was limited to the mucosa and submucosa) and advanced cancer (invasion reached the muscularis propria or deeper). Patients showed hypoacidity on the whole. Cases of early cancer showed significantly higher acid secretion than cases of advanced cancer, although no significant differences were observed in gastrin release. Among the cases of early cancer, cases of the elevated shape showed significantly lower acid secretion and higher gastrin release than cases of the depressed shape, and cases of the histologically differentiated type showed significantly higher acid secretion than cases of the undifferentiated type although no significant differences were observed in gastrin release. Among the cases of advanced cancer, cases with large carcinomas in the corpus tended to show low acid secretion and cases with large carcinomas in the antrum tended to show low gastrin release. High gastrin release was observed in cases of the Borrmann IV type with giant folds. PMID- 7101325 TI - Population of muscle fibers during postnatal development in the rat hindlimb. AB - Changes in the numbers of muscle fibers during the postnatal development (1, 7, 14 and 21 days old) of rat EDL and SOL muscles were studied. Quantitative analysis of fibers was performed using cryosectioned specimens. The 1 micrometer thick sections were taken from epon-embedded blocks of these muscle, and light micrographs were obtained. Thereafter, the same 1 micrometer-thick specimens were embedded again for EM studies. Many small cells, which could not be confirmed as myofibers at the light microscopic level, were identified as skeletal muscle fibers with certainty by electron microscopy. The population of muscle fibers apparently increased by ca. 45% in the 7-day-old rat and by ca. 67% in the 21-day old rat, when compared with 1-day-old rat EDL and SOL muscles. This number increased gradually during postnatal development over several weeks. It was suggested that a small cell (myofiber) adjacent to a large myofiber with adherent junctions and with a common basement membrane develops into a real muscle fiber. PMID- 7101326 TI - The role of the psychiatrist in the general hospital. I. Investigation and analysis pertaining the status of the psychiatrist in the general hospital. AB - Data for this study consisted of answers to a series of questions on the image of clinical psychiatry addressed to all the non-ppsychiatric clinicians in the Tokai University Hospital, and all the referral sheets for psychiatric consultation from non-psychiatric departments of the hospital for about 2 years since the beginning of the hospital's operation. The reaction was analysed as follows: (1) psychiatric services were requested for the reasons of "no organic abnormality" or for "differential diagnosis" in 59.4% of total referrals, (2) as many as 37.9% of non-psychiatric clinicians made no attempt to refer the patient to psychiatrists in spite of their recognition that these patients apparently needed psychiatric treatment, (3) trouble in doctor-patient relationship, if it was the real reason for asking for sychiatric services, was frequently not mentioned in the referral sheet, and (4) the reason for psychiatric consultation was rarely told clearly to the patient. On the basis of the above-mentioned findings, the role of the psychiatrist in the general hospital setting was reexamined. PMID- 7101329 TI - Assessment of postoperative hearing in 528 middle ear and mastoid surgery cases in Tokai University Hospital. AB - The postoperative hearing results in cases of tympanoplasty, radical mastoidectomy, modified radical mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty combined with modified radical mastoidectomy on 528 ears, performed in the Tokai University Hospital between 1975 and 1980 were assessed. The assessment was based on pure tone audiograms taken 3 months to 5 years after the operation. Out of 528 cases 70.5% gained better postoperative hearing, 6% showed no change of hearing and 23.5% showed deterioration of hearing. Auditory success of those who attained social hearing, air-bone gap closure to within 20dB or gained hearing of 20 dB or more was 53.4%. The results in cholesteatoma cases were poorer than those of non cholesteatoma cases. In 44% of the cases, ossiculoplasty was performed, and the most successful ossiculoplasty results were obtained when the malleus was repositioned to the head of the stapes. Fairly good results were achieved when an artificial prosthesis, such as a Teflon-piston, Gelfoam-wire or platinum-piston, was used. The least successful results were found when the incus was transpositioned. In the non-ossiculoplasty group, type I tympanoplasty produced 59.5% auditory success whereas 37.3% auditory success was achieved in radical mastoidectomy. Better auditory success rates were obtained when the bony bridge was preserved than when it was removed. The results were identical in cases where the mastoid cavity was obliterated or when it was kept open. A new technique, "scutumplasty", was used for reconstructing the scutum. Revision surgery was required in only 3.4% of the cases. PMID- 7101328 TI - A study of the ecology of the house dust mite in dwelling houses. AB - The habitat of dust mites in dwelling houses in Japan was studied to determine the relation between mites in dust and mite allergy. Dust mites increased in the summer and decreased in the winter. Mite propagation was influenced by the temperature and relative humidity. Mites were found in higher concentrations in dust from concrete houses than that from wooden houses. Carpet dust contained numerous mites and tatami, sofas and bed mattresses were also habitats of mites. Mites existed universally in all samples of dust examined. Sensitization to mite allergen depends mainly on the atopic diathesis of patients and not on the mite count. PMID- 7101327 TI - Relation between esophagogastric junction and esophageal function in patients with reflux esophagitis. AB - The relationship between the esophagogastric junction (Z-line pattern) and the functions of the esophagus was studied in patients with reflux esophagitis. We classified Z-line patterns as the Z0- type to Z4-type, depending on the shape and the level of the Z-line. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was measured by the open-tip infusion method and the acid clearance test was performed by Booth's method (15 ml of 0.1 HCL). The following results were obtained: 1. LESP was 15.5 +/- 5.6 cmH2O (M +/- SD) in normal subjects (Z0-type), it was 10.3 +/- 2.9 cmH2O in the Z1-type, 9.5 +/- 4.9 cmH2O in the Z2-type, 9.4 +/- 4.1 cmH2O in the Z3-type and 7.6 +/- 3.4 cmH2O in the Z4-type. There were statistically significant differences between the Z0-type and the other Z-line patterns (p less than 0.05, P less than 0.05, P less than 0.025, and P less than 0.025, respectively). 2. Acid clearance was expressed as the time until the pH returned to 5.0 due to swallowing at one-minute intervals. The results of the acid clearance test were 11.4 +/- 3.0 min in the Z0-type 18.3 +/- 7.0 min in The Z1 type, 20.3 +/- 5.6 min in the Z2-type, 24.1 +/- 5.7 min in the Z3-type and 24.5 +/- 7.4 min in the Z4-type. Acid clearances were significantly delayed along with the Z-line pattern (P less than 0.025, P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.005, respectively). 3. The patients with hiatal hernia consisted of five cases of the Z3-type and six cases of Z4-type. They had low LESP and delayed acid clearance. As mentioned above, the results of LESP ad acid clearance test were well correlated with Z-line patterns in patients with reflux esophagitis. PMID- 7101331 TI - Epidemiological study on the hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio as an index of growth rate. AB - A number of studies has suggested that urinary hydroxyproline can be used as an index of collagen metabolism and urinary hydroxyproline excretion is closely related to growth hormone. This report is a cohort study to demonstrate the relationship between the urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio and growth rate for four years. The pattern of increased urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio in adolescence appeared to be closely ralated to the general pattern of growth rate measured in school children. In has been shown that the urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio is the most suitable index of the growth rate. PMID- 7101330 TI - Effects of maternal exposure to toluene during pregnancy on mouse embryos and fetuses. AB - Female mice 11 weeks of age (ICR Strain) with vaginal plugs were divided into three groups. Two groups were exposed to 100 or 1,000 ppm of toluene and the other group was exposed to air in the exposure chamber of six hours every day from the 1st to 17th day of gestation. On the 18th day of gestation, two thirds of the mice in each group were sacrificed and their uteri were examined from implantation and resorption sites. The fetuses were weighed and external examinations for malformations were performed. Skeletal preparations stained with alizarin red S were also examined. To compare the postnatal growth of pups in the three groups, the rest of the mice in each group were delivered. Results were as follows. 1. Incidence of resorbed fetuses in the 100ppm and 1,000ppm toluene exposed groups was increased when compared with the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. 2. No significant difference was observed in the number of implantation sites, mean live or dead fetuses and mean fetal body weight among the three groups. 3. External malformations were found at a low frequency, and no difference was seen among the three groups. 4. Body weight gains, and periods of eye or ear-opening, weaning, full incidence of body hair and coordinated walking of pups showed no differences among the groups. 5. Incidence of skeletal abnormalities was low, except for extra 14th ribs and rudimentary 14th ribs. The high incidence of extra 14th ribs in the 1,000ppm toluene exposed group suggested the possible teratogenicity of toluene. PMID- 7101333 TI - Adjuvant immunotherapy after surgery and radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. PMID- 7101332 TI - [Radiotherapy of bladder malignomas with rapid electrons (author's transl)]. AB - After having been submitted to mainly transurethral electroresection, a not selected group of patients (n = 143) with bladder carcinomas of different, mostly advanced stages (TIS and TI = 4 patients, T2 = 33, T4 = 13) was irradiated with the circular accelerator (betatron) applying a telecentric pendulum method with a small angle. The total dose of 5100 rd (51 Gy) which we wanted to achieve hitherto was administered to 129 patients; 14 patients received a lower dose. Radiogenic complications were unimportant. Only 25 patients presented a cystitis during and after radiotherapy which disappeared after treatment. A contracted bladder as final condition was seen in 5.5% (8 patients) of all irradiated patients. The three-year survival rate of all stages was 44.9%, the five-year survival rate of 31.3%. PMID- 7101335 TI - [Long term results of radiotherapy of degenerative joint diseases (author's transl)]. AB - At the Radiologic Department of The Stadtisches Krankenhaus Passau, 473 patients with degenerative diseases in the big joints and the spine were irradiated with the caesium unit between 1971 and 1979. Among these patients, 249 could be followed up during a prolonged period (1/2 to 9 years, i.e. 4.2 years on an average). According to the categories of v. Pannewitz, 11% were pain-free at this moment, 21% showed an essential improvement, 29% showed an improvement, and 39% were not influenced by the treatment. 13.5% showed recurrent pains; these were mentioned as "not influenced" in the statistical analysis. It is proved that the relief of pain does not depend on the age of the patients, but on the anamnesis period, the results of the X-ray examination, and the degree of the restriction of mobility. Due to the delay of irradiation, a preliminary treatment mostly produces a less favorable radiotherapeutic result. Compared with other therapeutic methods, the long term results or radiotherapy of degenerative joint diseases are generally favorable. This conclusion is also confirmed by the results of patients checked up more than five years after the treatment. PMID- 7101336 TI - Neutron dosimetry intercomparison between Louvain-la Neuve, Rijswijk and Amsterdam. PMID- 7101339 TI - Effect of microwave heating on the radiation response of the rhabdomyosarcoma. AB - The response of the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat was investigated after single doses of X-rays applied alone or in combination with hyperthermia. Tumours of 2.3 cm3 growing in the flank of the animals were locally irradiated with 15 and 30 Gy of 200-kV X-rays and/or heated by microwaves of 2450 MHz with a non-contact applicator. Temperature of the tumours as well as the body of the animals was measured using thermocouples. Heating the tumours at 43 degrees C for various time intervals caused a regrowth delay that increased linearly with treatment time. In combined treatments, hyperthermia was applied 20 minutes after irradiation. The rhabdomyosarcoma R1H showed an enhanced volume regression and tumour growth delay after combined treatment as compared to irradiation alone. After a single dose of 15 Gy, postirradiation treatments at 43 degrees C for 30 and 60 minutes lead to TER values of 1.3 and 1.8, respectively. After combining a dose of 30 Gy with hyperthermia at 43 degrees C (30 or 60 min), the TER values obtained ranged from 1.5 to 1.7. PMID- 7101337 TI - [A data storage system for clinical research in oncology at the planning computer. 1st item of information: patients data and organization (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101338 TI - Histological examination of the effect of differently fractionated irradiations on transplanted mouse-tumours. I. Observations with Crocker S 180 sarcoma. PMID- 7101334 TI - [Clinical presentation, therapy and prognosis of the sarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7101340 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and cerebral infarction. PMID- 7101341 TI - Asymptomatic carotid artery disease. PMID- 7101343 TI - Cerebral ischemic events in patients with mitral valve prolapse. AB - All patients 20 years old or older referred for echocardiographic examination and found to have mitral valve prolapse during the period January 1975 through December 1979 were included in the study. Of the 1,138 patients, two-thirds were women and one-third were men. Their average age was 48.4 years. Forty patients (3.5%) had histories of prior focal cerebrovascular ischemic events. In 26 of the 40 patients, no responsible mechanism other than mitra valve prolapse was identified, and in 4, the ischemic event occurred during an episode of bacterial endocarditis, a known complication of mitral valve prolapse. In 10 of the 26 patients, there was clinical information to suggest an embolic mechanism for the ischemic. A conservative estimate of the prevalence rate for cerebral infarction in this group of patients is four times greater than the rate expected in a normal population. This difference is likely due to the contribution of mitral valve prolapse in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction. PMID- 7101344 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and cerebral ischemic events. A comparison between a neurology population with stroke and a cardiology population with mitral valve prolapse observed for five years. AB - Two populations of patients with mitral valve prolapse were analyzed to identify factors predisposing to the development of cerebral emboli. Of 760 patients followed for up to five years by our cardiologists with echocardiographically demonstrated mitral valve prolapse (MVP), only one, aged 82 years, has had a stroke. In contrast, of 43 patients admitted to our neurology service with a cerebral embolus and no evidence of carotid or other cardiac lesion and in whom echocardiography was performed, MVP was present in 9. No contributing etiologic mechanisms were uncovered to account for the disparity between the cardiology and neurology populations. However, with the apparent increased incidence of MVP in young patients with cerebral ischemia, both groups require longitudinal follow-up to understand better the factors that predispose a small percentage of patients with mitral valve prolapse to the development of cerebral ischemia. PMID- 7101342 TI - Pure sensory stroke and allied conditions. AB - This paper contains an analysis of 135 cases in which numbness, either episodic or persistent, involved one side of the body. In most cases, the patients were candidates for the diagnosis of pure sensory stroke which is usually the result of an occlusive cerebrovascular lesion involving the thalamus. The cases are divided into three main categories, pure sensory stroke, pure sensory TIAs, and atypical cases. The clinical features described in an earlier paper have been confirmed for the most part. A major limitation is the paucity of pathological studies. The lack of reliable criteria for the recognition of migrainous paresthesias has probably resulted in the inadvertent inclusion of some such cases. Some other conditions, hemidysesthesia and cervical disc, which have had to be considered in the differential diagnosis have been included. Cases of occlusive disease of the posterior cerebral internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries have been analyzed for patterns of paresthesias which may serve to distinguish cortical lesions from thalamic. PMID- 7101347 TI - Angiographic study of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys. AB - A model for producing chronic cerebral vasospasm in monkeys by injecting autologous blood into the basal cistern is described. Spasm/narrowing was observed by angiography one hour after SAH in 8 out of 10 monkeys and in 5 of these 8, spasm was observed both one and two weeks later. No narrowing of the vessels was observed in the control cases. In monkeys that showed spasm one week after SAH, narrowing of the extracranial vertebral arteries was also observed. Repeated injections of blood at intervals of one and two weeks caused intensification of spasm in the intracranial portion of vertebral arteries and the basilar arteries. It is suggested that cerebral vasospasm following SAH may in part be mediated by a central control mechanism acting through the sympathetic nervous system in that extracranial vessels remote from direct contact with blood showed reactive narrowing. PMID- 7101346 TI - Effects of promethazine on the energy metabolism of normoxic and hypoxic rat brain. AB - The metabolic effects of intraperitoneal administration of promethazine on normoxic, hypoxemic and hypoxemic-oligemic rat brain were assessed by measurement of the cerebral contents of energy phosphates, and selected glycolytic-citric acid cycle intermediates. In normoxic brain promethazine (25-100 mg/kg-1) was associated with unaltered adenylates, increased glucose and aspartate and decreased pyruvate, lactate and malate; a pattern which was compatible with cerebral metabolic depression. Hypoxemic animals receiving either saline or promethazine (25 mg/kg-1) showed equivalent decreases in ATP and increases in lactate which indicated that promethazine had no significant effect on the metabolism of the acutely hypoxic brain. In animals exposed to hypoxemia plus right carotid artery occlusion (oligemia) the promethazine treated group (25 mg/kg-1) showed significantly lower ATP and higher AMP contents which suggested an adverse effect on the metabolism of the acutely hypoxic-oligemic brain. It is concluded that promethazine does not beneficially alter the energy metabolism of the acutely hypoxic or hypoxic-oligemic brain. PMID- 7101348 TI - Measurement of regional blood flow using hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis. AB - Electrochemically generated hydrogen gas was used to measure local blood flow by Stosseck et al. The data obtained by their method, however, did not correlate well with those obtained by hydrogen inhalation. We have modified the equation proposed by Stosseck, prolonging the stimulus duration in order to increase the amount of hydrogen generated. In dog white matter the resulting clearance curves were formed to be monoexponential both in the living animal as well as after circulatory arrest when all the clearance is by diffusion away from the electrode. The values calculated by our equation correlated well with those obtained by hydrogen inhalation. PMID- 7101345 TI - The natural history of asymptomatic carotid bifurcation plaques. AB - Seventy-three patients with an angiographically identified asymptomatic stenosis (greater than 50%) and/or ulceration of the common carotid bifurcation have been followed from 6 months to 10 years (average 4 years). All patients had previously undergone contralateral carotid endarterectomy for a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke in that carotid territory. During follow-up, 22 patients (30%) developed new symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Twelve developed ischemia referable to the previously asymptomatic side (10 TIA's, 2 strokes). Six developed recurrent ischemic symptoms in the territory of the previously symptomatic and operated carotid artery (2 TIA's, 4 strokes). Five developed ischemia in the vertebro-basilar territory (2 TIA's, 3 strokes). Thirteen patients (17%) died during follow-up, including 6 from cardiovascular disease and 3 from stroke. In our series the incidence of stroke in the territory of a significant asymptomatic carotid plaque was low (3%). Patients were as likely to develop stroke in the territory of a previously operated carotid artery (5%) with asymptomatic carotid lesions is to keep them under review and to consider endarterectomy only if appropriate ischemic symptoms (which are most likely to be TIA's) develop. PMID- 7101349 TI - Long-term prognosis of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - The diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has become precise with the advent of computerized tomography (CT). Little, however, is known concerning the long-term prognosis. Seventy consecutive patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (all known etiologies except hypertension excluded) proven by CT scan were studied. Follow up, averaging 2 1/2 years, was successful in all cases. The status of alertness, EKG, and clinical impression on admission were significant prognostic factors. As expected, mortality increased with size of the hematoma and ventricular rupture. Acute in hospital mortality was 40%. Another 17% died during the long-term follow up, but none of them from cerebrovascular disease. Ninety-two percent of the survivors were ambulatory at follow up. Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages, unlike aneurysms, rarely, if ever, rebleed. Patients are not likely to have a second bleed in another location. Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage is more common in blacks, especially young adult males with severe hypertension, but overall mortality is lower than thought prior to the CT scan. Most survivors can achieve independence and deserve aggression rehabilitation efforts. PMID- 7101350 TI - Cerebral hemorrhage in neonates with coarctation of the aorta. AB - Coarctation of the aorta is an uncommon cause of cerebral hemorrhage in the full- or near-term infant. The clinical, radiologic, and neurologic findings of four infants with aortic coarctation and cerebral hemorrhage are presented. In all four infants, cerebral hemorrhage was associated with only moderate elevation of systolic blood pressure (90-110 mmHg). PMID- 7101353 TI - External carotid artery embolus from the internal carotid artery "stump" during angiography. Case report. PMID- 7101352 TI - An animal model of cerebral infarction. Homologous blood clot emboli in rats. AB - An experimental model of cerebral infarction is created in rats by intracarotid injection of their homologous blood clots. This is the first small animal model in which embolization was achieved by homologous blood clots. The infarcts were produced predominantly in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. The low mortality rate and excellent reproduction rate make possible the correlative study of morphological, biochemical, and metabolic parameters at selected points in time to reconstruct the pathogenesis and natural history of focal cerebral ischemia and its relation to blood elements. PMID- 7101351 TI - Response of local blood flow in the caudate nucleus of the cat to intraventricular administration of histamine. AB - The effect of intraventricular histamine on blood flow in the caudate nucleus of the cat was studied by means of the hydrogen clearance technique. Bilateral ventriculo-cisternal perfusion was installed. After a control period during which both lateral ventricles were perfused with mock CSF with the same composition, the drug under study was added to one side (experimental side) while the other side was perfused further with the control mock SCF (control side). At each point in time, blood flow at the experimental side was compared to that at the control side. Histamine (10(-3) M) caused a severe vasodilatation and this effect was completely antagonised by the H2-receptor blocker cimetidine (10(-2) M). Cimetidine had no vasoactive effects of itself in the concentration used. The H2 receptor agonist Dimaprit (10(-3) M) had a vasodilator effect although less important than histamine. Indirect evidence was gained that H1-receptors are not active in the vascular bed under study. PMID- 7101354 TI - Pontine hemorrhage presenting as ataxic hemiparesis. PMID- 7101356 TI - Incomplete cerebral infarction--focal incomplete ischemic tissue necrosis not leading to emollision. PMID- 7101358 TI - Comment on "Study design of stroke treatments". PMID- 7101355 TI - Analysis of the gamma ray spectra recorded in the use of Xenon-133 for cerebral blood flow studies. AB - A problem in the measurement of cerebral blood flow with 133Xenon is the presence of extra-cerebral counts in the total counts recorded with a collimated gamma ray detector looking at the brain. A method of studying qualitatively the contribution of this extra-cranial component in patients is described. This entails the sequential accumulation of gamma ray spectra recorded during the clearance phase of 133Xenon from the brain. It is shown that different CBF indices are obtained for various regions of the recorded gamma ray spectra. The principal component of the extra-cerebral counts at 15 minutes postinjection appears to be intra-cranial, and not the scalp as assumed previously in the spectrum subtraction method. PMID- 7101359 TI - The demographic impact of the family planning--health services project in Matlab, Bangladesh. AB - This paper evaluates the demographic impact of the Family Planning-Health Services Project in Matlab Thana of rural Bangladesh. The project was begun by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh in October 1977. Contraceptive services--including pills, condoms, IUDs, sterilization, and injectables--are supplemented by oral rehydration, tetanus toxoid, and other services. About 33 percent of eligible couples are using contraception. Impact is evaluated by direct measurement of birth rates in the treatment and comparison areas. An overall fertility decline of about 25 percent is observed, concentrated among older women. The impact is two-to-three times that of an earlier project that included fewer methods and used lesser trained workers. The study shows that intensive family planning efforts can affect fertility in the absence of socioeconomic changes. PMID- 7101360 TI - The demographic impact of the contraceptive distribution project in Matlab, Bangladesh. AB - This paper evaluates a study fielded in Bangladesh in 1975 to test the hypothesis that ubiquitous availability of pills and condoms in a rural, traditional, noncontracepting population would increase contraceptive use and reduce fertility. Treatment and comparison areas were designated in Matlab, an area with accurate and complete demographic data. Use prevalence peaked at 18 percent in the first three months of the project and declined thereafter. Project activities continued until 1977. Results show that between-treatment fertility differentials were 10 percent in the first year of program impact, but that effects dissipated with time. PMID- 7101357 TI - Acute medical therapy of strokes. PMID- 7101361 TI - Sources of family size attitudes and family planning knowledge among rural Turkish youth. AB - Family planning programs in developing countries may have unexpected and long term impact on youth in terms of their own later fertility behavior. This paper presents data indicating the effect of an adult-oriented family planning program on the family size attitudes and fertility-related knowledge of rural Turkish youth. Unmarried males and females living in villages exposed to different levels of family planning activities, as well as those in a control area, were sampled. A multivariate approach to the analysis was used to control for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and for certain psychological variables. Females desire fewer children than males and know more about contraception, particularly the IUD. The hypothesis of indirect learning as a result of the adult-oriented family planning program, is confirmed for females, but not for males. The findings have implications for both program planning and for a more accurate measurement of the impact of family planning programs. PMID- 7101362 TI - Incentives, reproductive behavior, and integrated community development in Asia. AB - Surveying experience with incentives, disincentives, and integrated community development approaches in selected Asian countries, this overview defines concepts, notes policy trends, and discusses ethical and legal constraints, psychosocial and socioeconomic aspects, and cultural-environmental influences on reproductive behavior. Major emphasis is on experience reported from China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Findings to date suggest that, to be successful, programs using incentives, disincentives, and integrated community development approaches will have to be formulated as consistent, clearly defined, and well-communicated policies, responsive to development needs and sensitive to local autonomy and values, with dynamic leadership to obtain and nurture continued policy backing. PMID- 7101363 TI - [Dynamics of the dielectric indices of intact and injured soft tissues postmortem]. PMID- 7101364 TI - [Crushing of the chest in children]. PMID- 7101365 TI - [Localization of rib fractures in repeated compression and combined injury to the chest]. PMID- 7101366 TI - [Reflex arrest of the heart as a possible cause of death in blunt chest trauma]. PMID- 7101367 TI - [Characteristics of the traces of a close shot from an RPK-74 Kalashnikov light 5.45 mm caliber machinegun]. PMID- 7101368 TI - [Sudden death in ischemic heart disease, hypertension and arteriosclerosis and its dependence on meteorological factors in different regions of the USSR]. PMID- 7101369 TI - [Histoenzymologic characteristics of the liver and kidneys in dichloroethane poisoning]. PMID- 7101370 TI - [Trends in using entomological and botanical methods for establishing the time of death]. PMID- 7101371 TI - [Use of modeling in studying aviation injuries]. PMID- 7101377 TI - [Training of internists in forensic medicine]. PMID- 7101373 TI - [Electron microscopic characteristics of the cuticle structure of human and domestic animal hairs]. PMID- 7101375 TI - [Solubility and extractability study of anaprilin]. PMID- 7101372 TI - [Polymorphism and population genetics of glyoxalase I in Moscow inhabitants]. PMID- 7101378 TI - [Positions on the All-Union "Rules for the Forensic Medical Determination of the Degree of Severity of Bodily Injuries"]. PMID- 7101374 TI - [Gas chromatographic determination of ethanol in the organs of a human cadaver]. PMID- 7101376 TI - [Pathologico-anatomic diagnosis of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease]. PMID- 7101379 TI - [Cassette for the microroentgenography of histotopographic organ sections]. PMID- 7101380 TI - [Retrospective assessment of the status and action of crew members in the investigation of aviation accidents]. PMID- 7101381 TI - [No-spa poisoning with fatal outcome]. PMID- 7101382 TI - [Suicide by inserting a sewing needle into the heart]. PMID- 7101384 TI - [Anomalous thyroid cartilage]. PMID- 7101383 TI - [Possibilities of determining the mechanism of the formation of stab wounds]. PMID- 7101385 TI - [Fatal perhydrol poisoning]. PMID- 7101386 TI - [Determination of the sequence of pelvic bone fractures]. PMID- 7101387 TI - Hemodialysis clearance of theophylline. AB - The serum hemodialysis clearance of theophylline was determined in 4 patients compared to systemic serum clearance off dialysis in 3 patients. The serum extraction ratio values obtained were compared to those of urea. Hemodialysis clearance of theophylline averaged 84.3 +/- 11.6 ml/min (mean +/- SD), and extraction ratios obtained were found to be a fairly consistent fraction of the urea extraction ratio (0.72 +/- 0.08). Hemodialysis clearance increased total body clearance (ClTB) off dialysis by 130%, 387%, and 176% in the patients who had their theophylline serum clearance estimated off dialysis. Difference in reported hemodialysis clearance are probably related to the type of dialyser used. Studies utilizing hollow fiber systems (the present study) consistently yielded higher theophylline dialysis clearance values than those using coil systems (84.3% to 88.1 ml/min versus 32 to 39.4 ml/min). Patients receiving theophylline on hemodialysis should be closely monitored for bronchospasm during and after the hemodialysis procedure. Measurement of serum concentrations should be employed to facilitate dosage increases during hemodialysis. PMID- 7101389 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of quinidine in serum and urine. AB - A liquid chromatography method for the determination quinidine in serum and urine has been developed. This method uses isocratic conditions, ambient temperature, a conventional fixed wavelength, 254-nm detector, and is free of potential interference from quinidine metabolites. Sample pretreatment involves extraction of quinidine along with quinine, an internal standard, into an organic phase and reextraction into an aqueous acidic phase. In this manner, interference due to commonly used drugs are eliminated. The method is capable of accurately measuring quinidine to levels as low as 0.5 mg/L. PMID- 7101390 TI - A microanalytical method for the analysis of gold in biological media by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. AB - A simple and sensitive method is presented for the determination of gold in various biological matrices by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of the biological media on the atomic absorption of gold and the application of some of the important fundamental principles in relation to the measurement of the analyte are also discussed. The results demonstrate that, in FAAS analysis, to obtain maximum peak height sensitivity the samples must be confined to the centre of the graphite atomiser, and for accurate background correction the light paths of the analyte and the continuum lamps through the atomised sample must be synchronised. for measurement of gold in the presence of sodium chloride, the concentration of the salt in the gold standards and the samples must be matched to neutralise the severe depression of the gold signal by sodium. PMID- 7101388 TI - Further considerations of the "single-point single-dose" method to estimate individual maintenance dosage requirements. AB - The "single-point, single-dose" method for predicting individual maintenance dosage is examined. Data available in the literature on nortriptyline is used to illustrate the method. Optimal use of the method requires knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, especially the elimination rate constant, within the patient population requiring the drug. The method is applicable to intravenous and extravascular administration, when absorption is rapid relative to elimination, for those drugs whose disposition kinetics can be described by a linear one compartment model. As a reasonable approximation, the optimal sampling time after the single test dose is 1.5 times the population half-life. Error in chemical analysis needs to be considered when applying the method. One method of evaluating the prediction and subsequent adjustment of dosage is discussed. PMID- 7101391 TI - A graphic method for predicting individual phenytoin levels in an office practice. AB - A simple method is described for predicting a desired steady-state phenytoin plasma level based on two steady-state phenytoin plasma levels achieved at different daily doses. In this graphic method, radial vectors corresponding to specific concentrations are plotted on a clearance-versus-dose graph. These vectors are used to determine a new phenytoin dose that will predict a desired level directly from the graph. Evaluation in an office practice of this method and a computerization of the equation on which it is based demonstrate that it is a practical aid in individualizing phenytoin therapy. PMID- 7101394 TI - [Geriatrics and family practice]. PMID- 7101393 TI - [Geriatrics: an absolute necessity]. AB - The medical care for elderly people could be greatly improved. If no specific attention is paid immediately, namely through the various training courses and by way of further and part-time schooling, then this medical care will remain unsatisfactory. This situation worsens continually due to the growing number of elderly people and, within this group, a much higher rate of very aged people. Increasing the care in institutions is altogether unsatisfactory. The problem should be dealt with structurally and the emphasis placed upon prevention and early-diagnosis. There is an urgent need for an integrated method, keeping in mind the limits of the elderly person, from the physical, psychological and social aspects. This demands teamwork in a multidisciplinary system inside as well as outside the institutions. It demands a thorough knowledge of geriatrics based upon gerontology. Geriatricians are urgently needed in this development together with doctors in nursing homes, general practitioners and specialists, so that the necessary care may be established as quickly as possible. PMID- 7101392 TI - [Contributions to the specialty geriatrics. The geriatrician--tolerated or appreciated?]. AB - In this article an outline for the development of geriatrics in the Netherlands is given based on experiences in the United States and Great Britain. From the beginning geriatrics should be brought upon "first class' level in order to avoid the development of a "second class' specialism - unwanted and not respected by other specialists. Therefore in the author's opinion geriatrics should start in the universities as a part of the total education, training and research in medical gerontology which contains not only (somatic) geriatrics, but also physiology, pathology, psychogeriatrics, neurology, general practice and social medicine. To begin with we should start with specialists in internal medicine who make their daily job in geriatrics. New style geriatricians could be educated and gradually take over the posts of the geriatricians of the "first hour' after 5 to 10 years. When an internal ward is changed into a geriatric ward, the modification should not only contain the indication shields, but also include a change of attitude towards elderly patients, more nurses (one on every patient), a psychogeriatric consultant, a social worker, a geronto-psychologist and facilities for disturbed patients, etc. In future geriatricians could be employed on geriatric assessment units in general hospitals, psychogeriatric assessment units in mental hospitals and as consultants in nursing-homes, residential homes and social-psychogeriatric (ambulant) services. PMID- 7101396 TI - [Report: psychogeriatrics and the health care system. Medical Chief Inspection for Mental Public Health]. PMID- 7101395 TI - [The effect of science on policy for the elderly]. AB - Social policy for the elderly is individualistic and limited to offering the use of social services. This is related to scientific paradigms. Social science has an important influence on the definition of well-being by social policy agencies and in society. This influence has the side-effect of transferring the limited scientific view on reality to social policy and social services. To prevent negative effects on the well-being of the elderly population, there is a need of ethical norms for social science research. Social science is increasingly a collective activity, for example by means of research programs. That is the reason why the individual ethical norms of the research-worker are not sufficient. Proposed is the development of a collective social ethic for social research. This ethic would guarantee that scientists are concerned with the totality of human needs, with the desirability of continuity in the life situation of people, and with future generations. PMID- 7101397 TI - [Contributions to the specialty geriatrics and the education of the geriatrician. Various observations on geriatric departments in general hospitals]. PMID- 7101398 TI - Genetics of resistance to infection with special reference to leishmaniasis. Introduction, and genetics of susceptibility to Leishmania donovani. PMID- 7101399 TI - Symposium on tumours in the tropics. Carcinomas of the oesophagus, bladder, cervix uteri and penis. PMID- 7101401 TI - Amyloidosis in experimental murine alveolar hydatidosis. AB - Male mice (eight to ten weeks old, C57BL/6J, H-2b strain) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 50 Echinococcus multilocularis cysts each and killed 12 and 17 weeks later. The alveolar cyst masses were weighed and the spleens and kidneys fixed for light and electron microscopy of sections. Amorphous eosinophilic deposits in both were extensive and there were apple-green birefringent deposits visible under polarized light in all the glomeruli. The presence of amyloid was confirmed by electron microscopy. PMID- 7101400 TI - Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing. AB - High attack rates, increasing resistance to antibiotics and high mortality make shigellosis a serious problem. As Shigella is associated with poor hygiene we examined the effectiveness of a simple intervention, washing hands with soap and water, in checking the spread of the disease. The study population was comprised of confirmed cases of shigellosis. These and matched controls were followed up for 10 days. Several pieces of soap and earthenware pitchers for storing water were provided to the study families and they were advised to wash their hands with soap and water after defaecation and before meals. Compliance was monitored daily by observing the size of the soap and residual water. Rectal swabs of contacts of both the groups were obtained for culture. The secondary infection rate was 10.1% in the study group and 32.4% in the control group. The secondary case (symptomatic) rate was 2.2% in the study group and 14.2% in the control group. These results suggest that hand-washing has a positive interrupting effect, even in unsanitary environments. PMID- 7101404 TI - A rapid method for the infection of laboratory mice with Schistosoma japonicum. AB - Known numbers of medium-suspended cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were injected either intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously into mice and were compared for infectivity with S. japonicum cercariae that had been administered percutaneously. The injected cercariae appeared to be no less infective or fecund even after their maintenance in vitro for up to six hours. The intraperitoneal route of inoculation was preferred as it facilitated the rapid infection of mice and furthermore was much safer than conventional percutaneous application of cercariae. PMID- 7101403 TI - The population biology and control of Ascaris lumbricoides in a rural community in Iran. AB - Adults of Ascaris lumbricoides were recovered from 252 persons in the village of Jazin near Esfahan, Iran after treatment with pyrantel pamoate. This horizontal study provides information on age-specific prevalence rates, intensities of infection, frequency distributions, sex ratios and eggs per gram of stool at different parasite intensities. Recruitment of A. lumbricoides was then monitored at 7, 30, 60, 90 and 365 days after treatment in 110 persons. A separate sample population was examined at monthly intervals and, in addition, the stool of each member of a nine-person family was examined for 10 consecutive days. These data are analysed and used to describe the dynamics of transmissions and recruitment of A. lumbricoides in Jazin. The population dynamics of ascariasis are discussed in the context of R the basic reproductive rate of the parasite. The relationships of R with frequency distributions, prevalencies and worm burdens are discussed. Because of the considerable potential of A. lumbricoides to re infect man in endemic areas, it is shown that it will be difficult to eradicate ascariasis by the use of chemotherapy, even when drugs with a high efficacy are used repeatedly. PMID- 7101402 TI - The first outbreak of human plague in Lushoto district, north-east Tanzania. AB - A one-week investigation was performed at Mkunki and Mavumo (ward of Shume, Lushoto district, Tanzania) at the time of outbreak (June, 1980). Rodents, people, domestic dogs and fleas were examined, 36 rats, mostly Rattus rattus, were caught and used in serological and bacteriological analysis for plague. 48 fleas, mostly Xenopsylla brasiliensis, were collected from the captured rodents. 413 people and 11 dogs were examined. All rodent, carnivorous and human sera were tested for plague antibodies, using the Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test. Similarly protein extracts from rodent organs were tested for Yersinia pestis fraction I. Impression smears prepared from these organs were stained with methylene blue and examined for presence of bipolar bacteria. Bacteriological isolation of Y. pestis was performed on bubo aspirates and/or blood samples of ten patients. Over-all total and infested flea indices of rodents were 1.3 and 3.7, respectively. Bipolar organisms were demonstrated in 13.3% of the rodent smears while specific agglutinating plague antibodies were detected in 3.3% of the tested rodent sera. Y. pestis fraction I antigen was detected in 8.3% of the rodents. Of all the human sera tested, 1.4% contained specific plague antibodies. Y. Pestis was bacteriologically isolated and biochemically confirmed in 16.7% of the cultured specimens. All the dog sera were negative for plague. It was generally concluded that the causative agent of the outbreak was Yersinia pestis and that the disease probably spread from Rongai (Rombo district). PMID- 7101406 TI - A new isolate of Lagos bat virus from the Republic of South Africa. PMID- 7101409 TI - Measles in the tropics and public health practice. AB - Measles shows three distinct transmission patterns in the tropics, one each in urban, rural and insular or very remote areas. The characteristics of measles transmission are reviewed for each area, both with and without immunization. Planning must be based on the best use of currently underused infrastructure in the light of epidemiology. Mass mobile campaigns are not advised for urban areas. Vaccination of the sick and the well as part of episodic medical care is proposed, and vaccination of the sick is supported as safe and effective. Age floors and ceilings should be set with reference to the local situation; adoption of international "rules of thumb", without reference to local conditions, is inadvisable." A mixed strategy is urged for rural areas, with routine immunization against measles as part of a multi-antigen programme. Routine immunization should be complemented by annual surveillance and containment during the seasonal trough. Research and development needs in measles control include better understanding of measles epidemiology, more operationally useful quantitative models, and trials of new control strategies. Control, elimination and eradication are defined and discussed. PMID- 7101408 TI - Riboflavin status in infants born in rural Gambia, and the effect of a weaning food supplement. AB - Riboflavin status was measured in infants between birth and two years of age, by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H2: glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) test on finger-prick blood samples. The infants were living in three rural Gambian villages: Keneba, Manduar and Kanton Kundar; those in Keneba were receiving a weaning food supplement between three and 12 months, which provided 0.15 to 0.20 mg riboflavin per day, in addition to their normal intake from breast milk and locally available weaning foods, which provided 0.13 to 0.21 mg/day over the same age range. On the basis of currently accepted criteria of biochemical normality, the unsupplemented infants were born deficient and, in the absence of a supplement, remained so throughout their first two years of life, with only a minor, short-lived improvement during the first few months. In the supplemented group, however, riboflavin status fell within normal limits for the duration of the supplement, but rapidly deteriorated again once the supplement was withdrawn. It is concluded that infants born to deficient mothers are usually deficient at birth, and remain so throughout suckling and weaning on to locally available foods. The daily requirement, to achieve satisfactory biochemical status, is thus greater than 0.13 to 0.21 mg/day, and probably approaches 0.4 mg/day, for most individuals up to the age of one year. PMID- 7101407 TI - Complement in chyluria. PMID- 7101410 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America. PMID- 7101411 TI - Evaluation of inbred strains of hamsters as hosts for Brugia malayi. PMID- 7101405 TI - The use of Erlangen diamidine 98/202 in relapsing Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice. AB - Mice infected with T. brucei GVR 23/1 or T. brucei GVR 35/1 for 21 days were treated with the Erlangen diamidine 98/202 (6-amidino-2-[4' amidino-phenyl] thionaphthene-dilacate) at either 5 mg/kg or 35 mg/kg. At both these dose levels the parasites were initially cleared from the circulation although the infections eventually relapsed due to reinvasion from the central nervous system. If the 98/202 therapy is followed by treatment with 5-nitroimidazole only a small number of mice are permanently cured. Adverse reactions, especially at the 35 mg/kg dose level, were noted in one experiment. The Erlangen diamidine given to infected mice three days after infection was able to permanently cure both Trypanosoma brucei stabilates. PMID- 7101413 TI - Relapses and delayed primary attacks in malaria. PMID- 7101412 TI - Oral rehydration solution. PMID- 7101414 TI - The behaviour of Glossina morsitans morsitans near roads. PMID- 7101415 TI - Migration and the "dilution" of resistance genes. PMID- 7101416 TI - Prevalence rates of hepatitis B surface antigens in patients with leprosy. PMID- 7101417 TI - Red blood cell membrane abnormalities during storage: correlation with in vivo survival. AB - Experiments with citrate-phosphate-dextrose supplemented with adenine, 0.5 mM final concentration (CPD-A2), provided an opportunity for study of red blood cells (RBC) membrane storage lesions which could limit extension of storage. Impairment in drug-induced endocytosis in intact RBC occurred with storage, but the changes produced did not quantitatively predict or reflect the 24-hour in vivo 51Cr-labelled RBC survival. Abnormalities in RBC membrane protein did appear after storage, but these alterations neither paralleled nor predicted the in vivo 24-hour 51Cr-labelled RBC survival. The RBC membrance protein changes were not reminiscent of those produced by either acute adenosine triphosphate depletion, oxidative attack, or calcium accumulation. Therefore, while storage produces significant alterations in RBC membrane protein and function, the changes detected were not those that determined in vivo RBC survival. PMID- 7101419 TI - The Jk(a-b-) phenotype in New Zealand Polynesians. AB - The Kidd locus phenotype Jk(a-b-) was detected in 0.9 percent of Polynesians living in New Zealand. Over a period of 13 years, nine examples of anti-Jk3 were detected, one of which caused a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Other examples resulted in mild hemolytic disease of the newborn. The anti-Jk3 reacted as an inseparable antibody, confirmed that inheritance of the Jk(a-b-) phenotype was best explained by the presence of a silent Jk allele. PMID- 7101418 TI - Effect of hydrocortisone on the synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in human erythrocytes. AB - Studies were carried out on the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids on erythrocyte glycolysis. Inosine increased the levels of 2,3-DPG, lactate, and ATP in red blood cell samples with very low glucose concentrations in which the glycolytic system was unable to utilize glucose. With inosine and hydrocortisone added to red blood cells, 2,3-DPG and lactate increased more than in red blood cells supplemented with inosine alone. There was no significant increase in the level of ATP when glucose and inosine were added compared to the addition of inosine only. There were no changes in the activity of enzymes such as PFK and PGK. From these findings, it is suggested that glucocorticoids increase the level of red blood cell 2,3-DPG, by activating the conversion of 1,3-DPG to 2,3-DPG during glycolysis, probably by stimulating 2,3-DPG mutase. PMID- 7101420 TI - The effect of adenine on platelet storage. AB - Adenine is an approved additive to citrate-phosphate-dextrose anticoagulant for whole blood collection and extends the storage life of red blood cells. We used in vitro methods to investigate the effects of adenine on platelet function and viability during 72 hours of storage at 22 degrees C. Although the hypotonic shock response and aggregation were decreased, these effects were reversed following separation and resuspension in fresh adenine-free plasma. Serotonin uptake and release were not affected by adenine, however malonaldehyde formation was slightly enhanced. Glucose, pH and pO2 levels were lower, while lactate levels were slightly higher than in platelets stored without adenine. These results indicate little in vitro effect of adenine on platelets stored as platelet-rich plasma or platelet concentrate. PMID- 7101421 TI - Platelet adenine nucleotide levels during room-temperature storage of platelet concentrates. AB - Platelet adenine nucleotide levels were measured in freshly prepared platelet concentrates and daily during storage at room temperature. Marked depletions in platelet adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) levels were associated with decrease in both plasma glucose levels and poststorage pH. In those concentrates with only moderate glucose consumption, platelet ATP and ADP levels were well preserved and the plasma pH remained above 6.0. The rate of glucose utilization and poststorage pH were greatly influenced by the concentration of contaminating leukocytes. These studies indicate that the rate of exogenous glucose consumption is an important factor affecting platelet adenine nucleotide levels during room temperature storage of platelet concentrates. PMID- 7101422 TI - Logistics of platelet production: platelet concentrate from one-day-old blood stored at 10 degrees C. AB - Platelet concentrates were prepared from blood stored at 18 to 20 hours at either 10 +/- 2 degrees C or 16 +/- 2 degrees C. Platelets prepared from blood stored at 10 degrees C had good in vitro properties. The results were not distinguishable from those obtained with freshly-isolated platelets. The in vivo effectiveness of platelets prepared in this manner must be established. PMID- 7101423 TI - Specificity of an assay for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. AB - Eight percent of blood donors were found to have antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen when tested by radioimmunoassay using commercial test kits. Four percent of positive reactions proved nonspecific when tested by the neutralization test using pooled surface antigen. The risks in relying solely on the reactivity in commercial-kit suggested that the specificity of the assay must be confirmed. PMID- 7101424 TI - Therapeutic leukapheresis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia presenting with a white cell count greater than 500,000 /microliter. AB - A 49-year-old man presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and white cell count over 500,000 /microliters. Studies were diagnostic of hairy cell leukemia. Splenectomy was considered hazardous because of his general poor condition and the danger of leukostasis from the high white cell count. He was managed with leukapheresis with reduction in the white cell count from 556,000 /microliters to 20,000 /microliters followed by an uneventful splenectomy. Leukapheresis should be considered for patients with hairy cell leukemia and extremely elevated white cell counts. PMID- 7101425 TI - Evaluation of a new blood grouping instrument. AB - A fully automated blood grouping machine, that has recently been introduced was evaluated. The instrument incorporates bar-coded sample identification and a laser scanning device to eliminate potential sample/result errors. A microprocessor interprets results, thus eliminating subjective interpretation. Ninety-seven percent of the 17,549 samples tested were correctly grouped. One third of the initially rejected samples were correctly grouped upon retesting. The laser scanner failed to read 239 labels (1.6%). Of the original samples tested, 72 were Du positive as detected by manual methods and the automated grouper recognized 33 percent of them as Rh positive. By reducing the percent light transmission affecting Rh discrimination, it was possible to increase the percentage recognition of Du variant samples but it did not detect all. The apparatus is fitted with small diameter tubing and reagent consumption was 30 to 35 percent less than with previously available similar machines. Additional reagent savings were realized if diluted manual reagents were used. Our evaluation of the instrument has shown it to be highly accurate and reliable. PMID- 7101426 TI - Autoanti-K antibody mimicking an alloantibody. AB - A patient with pancytopenia and hypercellular bone marrow but without evidence of hemolysis had a positive direct antiglobulin test due to a red blood cell autoantibody. Although the patient was K-negative, eluates made from his erythrocytes contained what seemed to be anti-K antibody. The latter could be adsorbed onto and eluted from both K-positive and K-negative cells. We concluded that this patient is another example of autoanti-K antibody mimicking an alloanti K antibody. PMID- 7101428 TI - Association between the Ii blood group and congenital cataract. AB - An association in inheritance of the i adult phenotype and congenital cataract in people from Japan has been reported. We found six Caucasians of i adult type from New York who do not have cataracts. The relationship recognized in Japan probably arises through close linkage between independent genes. PMID- 7101427 TI - The difficult crossmatch: a consideration of the staff and not the method. AB - The crossmatching laboratory is regarded as a stressful work environment where many nontechnical issues may influence the interpretation of test results, particularly if the results are unclear. An attempt has been made to identify major areas of conflict and stress and to demonstrate their relationship to the quality of crossmatching. The Janis an Mann model for decision making in conflict situations is presented and related to interpretation of crossmatches. PMID- 7101429 TI - A "new" lectin for detection of T, Tn, and Th polyagglutination. AB - A lectin reacting with T, Tn, and Th polyagglutinable red blood cells was found in an extract from the seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Sorrel). This lectin is thus a useful addition to those available for distinguishing various types of red blood cell polyagglutinability. PMID- 7101431 TI - Effect of exchange transfusion on reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC) PMID- 7101432 TI - Concentration of ascorbate-2-phosphate needed to maintain red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate. PMID- 7101433 TI - Streptomycin-specific antibodies. PMID- 7101434 TI - Lewis incompatibility. PMID- 7101436 TI - Human paragonimiasis caused by Paragonimus uterobilateralis in Liberia and Guinea, West Africa. AB - In the children from Liberia and one woman from Guinea an infection with the lung fluke Paragonimus uterobilateralis was diagnosed, being the first cases of human paragonimiasis recorded in these two West African countries. Species determination was based on measurements and morphological structure of the parasite ova isolated from sputum and stool of the patients, and supported by biological and epidemiological evidence of the occurrence of this parasite species in natural animal hosts and P. uterobilateralis--metacercariae in freshwater crab populations in various parts of Liberia. PMID- 7101430 TI - Anti-Xga suspected of causing a transfusion reaction. PMID- 7101435 TI - Administration of praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. AB - Report of the observations of 40 patients suffering from neurocysticercosis, submitted to treatment by praziquantel, administered per os. Dexamethasone was associated to praziquantel in 20 patients. Side effects observed had a transient character. Transient exacerbation or reappearance of the cerebrospinal fluid neurocysticercosis syndrome, both related to the periods of treatment, can be considered an indirect rating of praziquantel action on cysticerci. This episode was observed in 31 patients. Dexamethasone proved sufficient to reduce the intensity of these episodes and of the effects. Evaluation of the 20 patients suffering from forms of the disease characterized by intracranial hypertension, and who had a follow-up of more than 3 months (up to 19 months) showed: disappearance of corticoid-dependence (5/5); disappearance of ventricular dilatation (4/6) appearance or increase inthe number of nodular calcifications (3/6); non-occurrence of new outbreaks of intracranial hypertension in 15 of the 20 cases. Repetitive characteristics of the clinical symptomatology, call for a longer-period observation of patients to allow for conclusion as to the effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of neurocysticercosis. PMID- 7101437 TI - Scanning electron microscope study of adult Brugia malayi. AB - The fine structures of the surface of Brugia malayi obtained from Mastomys natalensis are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The head of the parasite is bulbous in shape. The amphidial openings lie beside small elevations. The surface structure of the inner papillae is smooth with a small elevation in the middle. The outer papillae are grooved. the cuticular annulation in the midbody region of the female worm is narrower than that of the male cuticle. In the posterior region of the female worm there are tubercles and in one worm a lateral papilla was found near the anus. In both sexes the inconspicuous phasmidial openings are situated in a lateral position close to the caudal tip. In the posterior region of the male worm there is an area with tubercles, the area rugosa and numerous perianal and caudal papillae, which vary in their number and distribution. The surface structures are very similar to those of Brugia pahangi. PMID- 7101438 TI - Vaccination of Jirds, Meriones unguiculatus, against Litomosoides carinii and Brugia pahangi using irradiate larvae of L. carinii. AB - This study has shown tht exposure of jirds to radiation-attenuated larvae of one filarial species confers resistance to another species and thus indicates the potential for developing zooprophylactic regimens for the control of human filariasis. 13 and 8 Meriones unguiculatus were vaccinated with infective 3rd stage larvae of Litomosoides carinii attenuated by 40 krad Cobalt 60 irradiation and challenged with either L. carinii or Brugia pahangi respectively. Vaccinated jirds showed a 98% reduction in the expected challenge of L. carinii and a 71% reduction in the expected challenge of B. pahangi when compared to infectious in non-vaccinated controls. PMID- 7101439 TI - A case of dirofilariasis in man (subgenus Nochtiella): a scanning electron microscope study. AB - An immature female Dirofilaria was found in the subcutaneous tissue of a patient under diethylcarbamazine-provocation. The worm demonstrates a characteristic cuticular pattern on the head and longitudinal ridges in the midbody region; it could therefore be characterized as a Dirofilaria of the subgenus Nochtiella. PMID- 7101440 TI - The cytotaxonomy of Simulium (Edwardsellum) dieguerense Vajime and Dunbar 1975. AB - Simulium dieguerense is recorded for only the second time since its description by Vajime and Dunbar (1975). The polytene chromosomes of larvae from the new sample and the type specimens were examined, and consequently the specific idiogram revised. The new specimens confirm the status of S. dieguerense as a species distinct from other members of the S. damnosum complex. PMID- 7101442 TI - Studies on the concentration of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in the skin in relation to the nodule. AB - The concentration of microfilariae in the skin over and at distance sup to 10 cm from the onchocercal nodule was studied in eight patients with established onchocerciasis. In spite of wide variations in microfilarial counts from snips taken from the same patient no significant differences were found in respect of distance or direction from the nodule. It is concluded that microfilariae are uniformly distributed in the skin around and onchocercal nodule in established infections. PMID- 7101441 TI - Controlled studies on the effect of nodulectomy on the concentration of microfilariae in the skin of patients exposed o continuing transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the rain-forest zone of Western Nigeria. AB - Two sets of controlled experiments were conducted, using 13 adult onchocerciasis patients from a village in the hyperendemic rain-forest zone of Western Nigeria, to determine the effect of the excision of one or two onchocercal nodules on the concentration of microfilariae in the skin. The results show that, in patients with established infections who are exposed to continuing reinfection, nodulectomy per se does not reduce the microfilarial density, overall or in the same anatomical region from which the nodule is excised, to any significant degree. It is therefore concluded that the indirect assessment of the activity of test drugs against the adult Onchocerca volvulus by serial estimation of microfilarial concentrations over a period of about 24 months is unlikely to be compromised by limited selective nodulectomy. PMID- 7101443 TI - [Onchocerciasis in Ecuador. First endemic focus discovered in the country, clinical, parasitological, and entomological findings (author's transl)]. AB - The first endemic focus of onchocerciasis in Ecuador has been established in the province of Esmeraldas. It is on the Cayapas River about 85 kilometer upstream from the town of Borbon. The endemic focus as far as it is currently known, appears to be localized between the settlements of Sapallo Grande and San Miguel de Cayapas. 87 persons were examined in both settlements. Onchocerciasis was detected in 72 (83%) persons; 62 (86%) were negroes and 10 were Cayapas indians; 42 (58%) were males and 30 were females. 29 (74%) of the weighed skin snips taken from 39 individuals showed a higher microfilarial density from the iliac crest than from the scapula. The following clinical manifestations were found in the positive cases: 45 (63%) with onchocercoma; 31 (43%) with dermatitis, pigmentary changes, atrophy of the skin; 19 (26%) with lymphoadenopathy and lymphoedema of the external genital organs; 32 (44%) with corneal opacities; 49 (68%) with itching of the skin and dermatitis and 23 (32%) without itching but with dermatitis. 274 Simulium were collected biting man. Three species were identified, although the specific names used must be considered as provisional. 59 S. exiguum, 206 S. quadrivittatum and 9 S. antillarum. The black flies were attracted with human bait inside the houses, outside and around the houses and at 500 meters far from the house near a creek. It seems that the three species are anthropophilic and endophilic. PMID- 7101444 TI - Single dose treatment with praziquantel (Cesol R, EmBay 8440) of human cestodiasis caused by Diphyllobothrium pacificum. AB - Diphyllobothrium pacificum, a large tapeworm of seals, is often found as an accidental parasite of man in Peru. The main symptoms is causes are abdominal pain, meteorismus and flatulence, and diarrhea. We report the results of 32 single-dose (10 mg/kg weight) treatments with Praziquantel (Cesol R, EmBay 8440) in 31 patients. One of these patients was shown to be cured but presented a reinfection 270 days later, and required retreatment. Praziquantel was effective in all cases. All patients were clinically cured. No ova were found in stool examinations at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment, while pretreatment stools were positive for ova with all the techniques used. The antiparasitic effect was evident in 11 cases which segments of the tapeworm were eliminated within the first 3 days of treatment: the fragments were all partially digested or autolysed. A treatment scheme incorporating a purge may be best, to recover the parasite in its entirety and thus ascertain cure with no repeated controls. PMID- 7101445 TI - [Phenotypic disorders in balanced reciprocal translocation: karyotype 46,XY,rcp(13; 21)(q22; q22)]. AB - Clinical and cytogenetical analyses of a 2-month child revealed multiple congenital malformations and minor abnormalities characteristic of 13q- and 21q syndromes. Phenotypic disturbances seem to be due to a balanced reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 21 with breakage points in 13q22 and 21q22. A possibility of the position effect of genes located near the breakage points is discussed as a reason of the features observed. PMID- 7101447 TI - [Ultrastructure of erythroid cells in chronic phenol poisoning]. AB - Ultrastructure of the erythroblastic cells was studied under chronic phenol intoxication. Certain changes in the cells are revealed at early stages of their development: an increase in size of the Golgi complex bodies in the proerythroblasts, hyperosmotic mitochondria with vacuolization and breaking of cell membrane in the basophilic erythroblasts. The latter shows the reduction of oxidative phosphorylation. PMID- 7101446 TI - [Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in a human lymphocyte culture exposed to diethylstilbestrol dipropionate]. AB - Frequency of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied in human lymphocyte culture treated with the synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen diethylstilbestrol-dipropionate in doses of 1.3 . 10(-7) M, 1.3 . 10(-6) M and 1.3 . 10(-5) M. Doses of 1.3 . 10(-6) M and 1.3 . 10(-5) M are shown to induce a significant increase in the chromosome aberration level mostly due to a rise in the number of polyploid cells. The same doses increase the frequency of SCE. PMID- 7101448 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of sister chromatid exchange induction with ethyleneimine derivatives in a human lymphocyte culture]. AB - The efficiency of SCE induction by six ethylene imine derivatives has been studied in the culture of human lymphocytes. It is found that there is a linear relation between SCE and a dose, irrespective of the number of functional groups and their distribution in the molecule. Hexamethyl triamid which has no functional ethylene imine groups does not induce SCE. The monocentric agents are more active than bicentric ones. A linear increase of SCE induced by a monofunctional agent does not agree with Shafer's bypass model. PMID- 7101449 TI - [Cytogenetic effect of the pesticide pirimor in a lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood in vivo and in vitro]. AB - A cytogenetic examination of 11 persons worked at the experimental greenhouse was carried out before and after their short-term occupational contact with insecticide pirimor (pirimicarb). Pirimor is found to significantly increase the average frequency of chromosome aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the examined workers. Individual sensitivity to a cytogenetic action of perimor in vivo and in vitro was analyzed before and after contact with it. A conclusion is made on pirimor potential mutagenic hazard for human beings. PMID- 7101450 TI - [HLA antigen, gene, phenotype and haplotype frequencies in the inhabitants of the Polesye genogeographic zone of the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 7101452 TI - [Effect of long-wave ultraviolet radiation on the cyclophosphamide-induced frequency of chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells]. AB - The paper deals with the influence of 1-month pretreatment of mice with different regimes of long-wave UV-radiation on spontaneous and cyclophosphamide (CP) induced levels of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells. The level of aberrant cells in the bone marrow of control and CP treated mice was not changed by the suberythematous dose (0.5 of the erythematous dose) of UV-radiation. The mice pretreatment with 3 erythematous doses of UV-radiation significantly increased spontaneous and CP induced level of cells with chromosome aberrations as compared with that in UV-unexposed mice. PMID- 7101453 TI - [Preferential retention of the mink chromosome group in somatic cell hybrids of Chinese hamster and American mink]. AB - The chromosomal complement was studied in 57 independent clones of hybrid cells obtained in six experiments for fusion of Chinese hamster and American mink cells. Various mink chromosomes in hybrids of concern are lost. It is shown when a small number of mink chromosomes are retained in hybrid clones, chromosomes 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14 and X segregate in a similar way and are preferentially retained in these clones. When a considerable number of mink chromosomes are detained in hybrid clones, the segregation mode is close to a random one. PMID- 7101454 TI - [Effect of cooling and preservation on the cytochemical indices of glycolysis in corneal cells]. PMID- 7101451 TI - [Effect of carbon disulfide on the cellular chromosome apparatus of rats and their fetuses]. PMID- 7101455 TI - [Circadian biorhythm of the sensitivity of the mouse chromosome apparatus to the mutagenic action of the measles virus]. PMID- 7101456 TI - [Specificity of the protein distribution in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells of provisional and definitive structures in early human embryos]. AB - The highest amount of total protein in a 17-day human embryo is found in nuclei of the ectodermal germ layer. Histones are distributed as small clods whereas histones-like proteins vary in quantity in the apical and basal parts of the cells. During the 2nd and 3d months of embryogenesis protein topography in cells of different organs and systems is not the same and corresponds to the human histo- and organogenesis rate. Protein amount is especially high in chromosomes of dividing cells. PMID- 7101457 TI - [Nuclear organization of the oocytes from atretic follicles of the lake frog]. AB - Oocytes of Rana ridibunda were examined by light and electron microscopy. A peculiarity of these oocytes is the availability of the vast local growings of the inner nuclear membrane, their expansion into the nucleus and the formation of cluster accumulations of membrane structures - intranuclear vesicles filled with fibrillar protein material. In the regions of nuclear membrane expansion some disturbances in the nuclear envelope are noted: disappearance of nuclear pores, replacement of membranes by filamentous material, and formation of nuclear membrane gaps. It is suggested that growings of the inner nuclear membrane are related to the isolation of cytoplasmic proteins penetrating into the nucleus. A general pattern of the karyospheric structure, characteristic of the normal developing oocytes, remains unchanged during degeneration as well. The karyosphere is a complex consisting of the central protein body (CPB), chromosomes associated with this body and numerous nucleoli surrounding the chromosomes. Some differences in details of the structure of karyosphere in the examined oocytes are revealed. Thus, the CPB in these oocytes consists of pseudomembranes, but autonomous pore complexes here occur seldom. The chromosomes have a tendency to fuse forming in some cases a unique network of the chromatin material associated with the material of CPB. In the contact zone the transfer of chromatin fibrils into pseudomembranes is observed. The nucleoli bear no granules and demonstrate a segregation of the fibrillar material. As the result, DNA containing material of the fibrillar centre appears at the periphery of nucleoli. Analysis of our own and literature evidence on the morphology of the oocyte nuclei from the atretic follicles of different vertebrates, and on the structure of ciliate micronuclei degenerating during conjugation allows a conclusion on the identical response of sexual cells to different stimuli evoking degeneration. PMID- 7101458 TI - [Cellular ultrastructure of a cloned L-line culture]. AB - A study of the fine structure of cells obtained from the transformed cloned culture of strain L, that have developed from a single cell, demonstrated several different cell types. The clones contained both non-differentiated and poorly differentiated cells. The presence of morphotypical signs in the poorly differentiated cells allowed to reveal some cell clone types and the direction of their specialization process. The study confirms the idea on the presence of the stem cell elements in the transformed cell culture of strain L causing the heterogenous way of cytodifferentiation and determining the long-term stability of cell polymorphism in this cell strain. PMID- 7101462 TI - [Device for the high-speed cryofixation of biological matter]. AB - A device of simple construction is proposed for rapid cryofixation of biological objects for freeze--fracture studies. The rapid freezing of the object is achieved by it immersion into the fast coolant stream, which is created in a centrifugal rotor of special construction. The freezing rate of the test-object in liquid freon-22 stream is 10 times greater compared with the ordinary cryofixation procedure using the same coolant. PMID- 7101461 TI - [Exponential growth state of the cell number. III. Determination of the cell loss factor by the colchicine method]. PMID- 7101460 TI - [Behavior characteristics of nerve and muscle cells in mixed cultures of chick embryo skeletal muscle and spinal cord]. AB - A study of features of behaviour of nerve and muscle cells of the chick embryo spinal cord and skeletal muscles, with their simultaneous cultivation, has shown the growth of nerve fibers from explants of the spinal cord towards the muscle tissue. It was also found that muscle fibers were growing intensively to be represented as symplasts. On the basis of these data, a conclusion can be drawn that despite the complete differentiation of the nerve-muscle synapse of the 13 day old chick embryos, the cultured nerve cells maintain the capacity of the oriented growth and formation of the efferent junctions between the explants of the spinal cord and somatic muscles. PMID- 7101459 TI - [Cellular DNA repair, proliferative activity and biochemical characteristics in the human premature aging syndrome (progeria)]. AB - Fibroblasts of a patient with the Hutchinson-Gilford progeria show a decreased proliferative activity in culture and run through no more than 19 subcultivations. Progeria cells rejoin gamma-induced single strand DNA breaks to the same extent and with the same rate as do normal cells. Spontaneous and induced by X-ray chromosome aberration frequency in progeria cells does not differ from that in normal cells. The activity of DNA-polymerases alpha, beta and gamma in different way depends on culture conditions in progeria and normal cells, but no expressed deficiency of these enzymes was found in progeria cells. The activity of easy-soluble arginine-specific proteases in progeria fibroblasts is sharply decreased, and sensitivity of proteins in these cells to trypsin catalyzed hydrolysis is significantly increased compared to that of normal cells. Defect in the turnover of intracellular proteins is considered to be a reason of a rapid accumulation of altered proteins in cycling cells and a possible reason of accelerated ageing of progeria cells in vitro. PMID- 7101464 TI - Bovine fascioliasis in Nigeria--intercurrent parasitic and bacterial infections. AB - The bacterial and parasitic infections associated with field cases of bovine fascioliasis due to Fasciola gigantica were investigated; 47.6% of infected cattle had blood parasites, 61.9% had faecal-borne parasites and 85.8% had positive bacterial isolates in the bile in contrast to 13.3% with blood parasites, 71.1% with faecal-borne parasites and 28.9% positive for bile bacteria among uninfected cattle. Trypanosoma spp., Babesia, Paramphistomum and Schistosoma were the most commonly found parasites associated with fascioliasis. On the other hand Staphylococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and mixed infections of these with other Enterobacteriaceae were the common bacteria isolated from the bile of infected cattle. The parasitaemia of Babesia was significantly higher in infected than uninfected cattle but there was no significant difference in strongyle egg count between the 2 groups of cattle. PMID- 7101468 TI - Mastitis survey in Bolivia. AB - Quarter milk samples were taken from 1,090 cows on 24 dairy farms in southeastern Bolivia. Nineteen per cent were positive in the milk quality test for subclinical mastitis, 12% for presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and 4% for both. The prevalence of infection was related to management factors. PMID- 7101469 TI - Precipitating antibody in sera of goats naturally affected with peste des petits ruminants. PMID- 7101465 TI - Relationship between ticks and Zebu cattle in southern Uganda. AB - Tick populations were observed on zebu (Bos indicus) cattle over a period of 2 years at Entebbe, Uganda where the climate was thought to be highly favourable for the free-living stages of ticks. collections of all instars of ticks were made from the body surfaces of the cattle at intervals of between 1 and 5 weeks. The species recorded in order of decreasing abundance were Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus compositus and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. The rankings of the cattle based on burdens of any particular species of tick were always correlated with their rankings for other species; animals that carried more adult stages of a species also carried more of its immature stages. There were more adult males than females of R. appendiculatus, A. variegatum and R. e. evertsi even when the cattle had had all ticks removed 1 week previously; several possible mechanisms are suggested to explain the biased sex ratio. It is concluded that there is promise for improvement in control of 3 host ticks by increasing the resistance of herds of zebu cattle by culling or selective breeding. PMID- 7101463 TI - Survey of some poultry viruses in Papua New Guinea. AB - During the years 1974 to 1979 a virological study on domestic poultry throughout Papua New Guinea was conducted involving clinical examination of diseased birds with subsequent attempted virus isolations and serological surveys of free village fowls and commercial poultry. Viruses isolated included those of Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, pox, avian encephalomyelitis and adenovirus. Clinical and pathological diagnoses of pox, avian encephalomyelitis, reticuloendotheliosis and Marek's disease were made. The serological survey included tests for Newcastle disease, influenza A, adenovirus, Marek's disease, pox, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious bursal disease virus. Antibody was demonstrated to all of these viruses except for bursal disease. PMID- 7101466 TI - Anaplasmosis and babesiosis in El Salvador. AB - A serological survey was carried out in the Central American state of El Salvador to determine the distribution and prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis. the results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country and prevalence rates of 78.5% for A. marginale, 70.5% for B. bigemina and 73.5% for B. bovis were obtained. Tick counts suggest that boophilus microplus is the main blood parasite vector. Epidemiological studies showed that initial infection with the 3 blood parasites occurs in most animals during the first 7 months of life. Notwithstanding these facts which indicate an area of enzootic stability outbreaks of clinical disease were frequently reported. Twenty-two such outbreaks were investigated and management factors predisposing to outbreaks of clinical disease are discussed. PMID- 7101470 TI - [Purification and properties of thiol-activated cathepsin from bovine cerebrum and cerebellum]. AB - Thiol-activated cathepsin was isolated from bovine cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. The enzyme from the hemispheres was purified by the affinity sorbent chromatography method with the sepharose-4B-immobilized protein substrate, azocasein, and with subsequent separation of nonspecifically sorbed protein by column gel-chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The cathepsin pH-optimum was 6.0. The coincidence in cellular (neuron and glia enriched fractions) and subcellular distribution of cathepsin D and thiol-activated cathepsin activities shows the probable lysosomal origin of the latter. The data obtained about the influence of the various proteolytic enzyme inhibitors and activators on the thiol-activated cathepsin activity show a definite similarity of the enzyme with the thiol proteinases of the rat liver lysosomes, cathepsin B1 and L. PMID- 7101472 TI - [Properties of adenylate cyclase of plasma membrane from the rabbit myometrium]. AB - Some kinetic properties of adenylate cyclase of plasma membrane myometrium were studied in nonpregnant rabbit. The apparent Km for ATP and V were 0.38 mM and 125 pmol cAMP/mg protein/min, respectively. The maximal activity of enzyme was observed at the Mg2+ concentration of about 15-20 mM and pH 7.7-7.9. Adenylate cyclase possessed sensitivity for F-, the maximal stimulation was observed at the F- concentration of 15 mM. 2 mM EGTA, 10(-8) M Ca2+ activated the enzyme. Argumentation of the Ca2+ concentration from 10(-7) to 10(-3) M led to adenylate cyclase inhibition. PMID- 7101471 TI - [Functional importance of catecholamine metabolism in the regulation of AMP aminohydrolase activity in mitochondria of the heart and other organs]. AB - The paper deals with main pathways for conversion of catecholamines and their effect on the activity of AMP-aminohydrolase in mitochondria of the heart, liver, brain, kidneys and blood serum. Dopamine-beta hydroxylase is stated to participate in manifestation of dopamine effect on the heart AMP-aminohydrolase, the same may be said with respect to monoaminooxidase in realization of the norepinephrine action on the brain AMP-aminohydrolase. Adrenoxyl (stabilized adrenochrome) duplicates the catecholamine effect with respect to AMP aminohydrolase in certain organs. A three-hour electric stimulation of the aorta arc is accompanied by activation of AMP-aminohydrolase in the heart and blood serum, which is, probably, associated with changes in the balance and metabolism of tissue catecholamines. Data of the AMP-aminohydrolase activity determination may be applied for testing the myocardium damage. AMP-aminohydrolase is discussed for its role in realization of the adrenochrome effect on the myocardium adenylate cyclase. PMID- 7101473 TI - [Activity of oxidative enzymes of the Krebs cycle in the brain of animals adapted to supercooling]. AB - Multiple (15-17) coolings up to the rectal body temperature (19-20 degrees C) without application of narcotic substances bring about various changes in the activity of the rat brain tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases: the activity of malate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases increases significantly, that of isocitrate dehydrogenase decreases, that of pyruvate dehydrogenase--remains unchanged. The reaction to cooling in animals adapted to supercooling is also specific: in rats cooled for the first time in the state of "cold narcosis" succinic acid is mainly consumed in the brain, and in the adapted rats cooled down to 19-20 degrees C alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase plays an important role. PMID- 7101467 TI - Isolation of Salmonella from meat and meat products in Botswana. PMID- 7101475 TI - [Acid phosphatase activity in rabbit kidneys after implantation of different polyurethanes]. AB - Activity of acid phosphatase was determined in rabbit kidneys under subcapsular implantation of polyester-based polyurethane films (A-10) and films (D-1) containing the links of L-phenylalanyl-L-serine dipeptide in the main chain of the polymer. Optimal conditions are chosen for detecting activity of this enzyme in homogenates and in the lysosome enriched fraction of rabbit kidneys with L glycerophosphate used as a substrate. Activity of acid phosphatase under the A-10 specimen implantation increases on the 7th and 14th day and later (during a year) does not differ from the normal level. Under the D-1 spectrum implantation the acid phosphatase activity remains increased for a longer period--up to one month. It is possibly due to the fact, that this polymer contains dipeptide fragments and is subjected to a more intensive enzymic destruction than the A-10 specimen. PMID- 7101474 TI - [Effect of freezing-thawing on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes]. AB - The activity of isolated M4- and H4-lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes is studied after freezing in the saline solution to -8, -9.5, -23 and -30 degrees C. It is shown that the activity of H4-lactate dehydrogenase does not change, M4-lactate dehydrogenase being partially inactivated. It is demonstrated that a reduction in the M4-LDH activity is due to the effect of high salt concentrations on the freezing-out water from the solution and is an irreversible process. The fluorescence spectra of these isoenzymes are studied after freezing-thawing, and the interpretation of the observed changes in these spectra is suggested on the basis of possible alterations in the quaternary structure and sonformation of the enzyme molecule subunits. It is shown that the substrates and coenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADH, pyruvate, lactate) completely or partially prevent the inactivation of M4-isoenzymes at freezing-thawing. PMID- 7101476 TI - [Permeability of liposomes with different cholesterol content as affected by low temperature]. AB - Membrane permeability is found to decrease in the range of 0+ -25 degrees C with an increase of the cholesterol content in liposomes from 0 to 50%. A higher stability of liposomes at low temperatures is observed under hypertonic conditions as compared with hypotonic and isotonic conditions, the cholesterol content being 20-50%. The obtained results demonstrate the cholesterol effect on structural changes in the liposome membrane under supercooling and important role of cholesterol in the liposome stability to environmental changes. PMID- 7101477 TI - [A non-damaging procedure for DNA isolation from insect cell nuclei]. AB - A gentle procedure is described for DNA isolation from Galleria mellonella cell nuclei. Nuclei lysis was performed by SDS in final concentration of 3% which was followed by DNA extraction from chromatin by a stepwise rise of NaCl concentration up to 2.5 M. After removal of nuclei insoluble components by centrifugation the native DNA was purified using the hydroxyapatite column. The method proposed provides a higher yield of the native DNA as compared with the phenol-detergent method. PMID- 7101479 TI - [Age characteristics of lipid peroxide oxidation induction in the rat liver during fasting]. AB - The peroxide oxidation of lipids, both spontaneous and NADPH-induced, was studied in incubation of the liver homogenate postnuclear fraction for rats aged 1, 3, 12 and 24 months. Fasting increases significantly the rate of NADPH-dependent accumulation of malonic dialdehyde, the absolute growth value of which was almost the same in 1,3 and 24-month rats and higher than in the middle-aged animals. A relative increase in the lipid peroxide oxidation intensity during fasting as compared to the norm is more sharply pronounced in old rats. PMID- 7101478 TI - [Sulfhydryl groups of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the cow mammary gland]. AB - P-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) inhibition of the leucyl-t-RNA-synthetase (LeuRS) activity was studied both in the tRNA-aminoacylation and ATP-[32P]-pyrophosphate exchange reactions. It is established that the enzyme contained sulphydryl (SH) groups essential for catalytic activity. No protection of substrates from the PCMB action was observed in both reactions. It is shown that SH-groups essential for tRNA-aminoacylation were of no use for leucine activation. The PCMB modified enzyme was reactivated (80%) after the treatment with dithiothreitol. The quantity of cysteine residues in the native and denatured forms of LeuRS was determined. PMID- 7101480 TI - [Adenylate deaminase activity in leukocytes, erythrocytes and blood serum in radiation sickness]. PMID- 7101482 TI - [Dialectics of the present biological cognition]. AB - Development of the methodology of biological research is considered as a reflection of integrity of the living nature unity. The ideological role of integrative processes in dialectization of biological cognition as well as the methodological function of the integrity principle in studies of the living system organization on the example of the conception of biochemical universality of the living matter are traced. PMID- 7101481 TI - [Influence of pro- and antioxidants on spontaneous chemiluminescence of rat blood serum]. AB - Prooxidants, CCl (1 mg/kg) and alloxan (160 mg/kg), increase the intensity of spontaneous chemiluminescence of the rat blood serum by 50-100% after 72 and 48 h, respectively. The injection of antioxidant, tocopheryl acetate (100 mg/kg) 15 min after the prooxidant treatment normalizes the chemiluminescence of blood serum. PMID- 7101483 TI - Morphologic and morphometric study of the two main cell lineages involved in mycosis fungoides: the lymphoid cells and the Langerhans cells. AB - A comparative light and electron microscopic study was carried out on skin biopsies from 5 mycosis fungoides patients (stages II and III). In addition, certain zinc-iodide-osmium (ZIO) procedures that selectively reveal the Langerhans cells (LC) were also applied. Several morphometric analyses, such as relative frequency, cell size, nuclear:cell ratios and nuclear contour indexes, were performed. Two main cell lineages were found in the dermal infiltrate: the lymphoid cells, represented by lymphoblastlike cells (LB), lymphocytes (L), and mycosis fungoides cells (MFC), and the Langerhans cells. A pattern of cellular organization of the dermal infiltrate was recognized. The LC appeared as the "organizing" cell. The morphometric study indicated that all LB, L, and MFC have the chance, at the same time, to be in contact with a LC. The application of the ZIO procedures clearly indicated a "translocation" of the LC, since they were scarce or absent from the epidermis and numerous in the dermis. Evidence is presented indicating that differentiation of LB into L and malignant transformation of L into MFC are processes occurring predominantly in the dermis. It is postulated that in the chronic stages of mycosis fungoides, L-LC contacts occur mainly in the dermis and not in the epidermis and that the development of malignant clones may occur in the dermis. PMID- 7101484 TI - Ewing's sarcoma with neuroblastoma-like features. AB - Four tumors with the clinical and light microscopic features of Ewing's sarcoma contained cells that possessed to varying degrees ultrastructural features suggestive of neuroblastoma. These neoplasms were considered to be Ewing's sarcoma of bone by radiologic examination and on clinical grounds, and light microscopy was consistent with the diagnosis in every case. It is suggested that the ultrastructural morphology of Ewing's sarcoma is broader than had been supposed and that the presence of dendritic processes in a small cell tumor of bone should not exclude the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma. PMID- 7101486 TI - A Case for the panel, Structures in salivary gland intraductal adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7101485 TI - Fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex juvenilis. AB - Electron microscopic study of a case of fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex juvenilis (FHMJ) has revealed entangled tubular structures and an abundance of particles 40-60 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm, in addition to the previously described dilatation of the cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum--the "fibril-filled balls." The development of a tumor in FHMJ, therefore, involves abnormal propagation of cells, organelles, and their secretory products. The morphologic findings and the natural course of the disease suggest that this entity may be bordered between an abnormal proliferation and a true neoplasm of fibroblastlike cells. PMID- 7101487 TI - Lymph node adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7101488 TI - Another look at the "anemone cell". PMID- 7101489 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and physical activity]. PMID- 7101490 TI - [Epithelial leiomyomata - leiomyoblastomata. A review and report of 14 cases]. PMID- 7101491 TI - [Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. A review based on 5 case histories]. PMID- 7101492 TI - [Chloroquine poisoning. A review and a case of acute poisoning]. PMID- 7101493 TI - [Duodenal ulcer treated with truncal vagotomy and drainage. 259 consecutive operations in a Danish central hospital]. PMID- 7101494 TI - [Parietal cell vagotomy in duodenal ulcer. Results in 119 patients 1-9 year after operation]. PMID- 7101496 TI - [Familial slipped upper femoral epiphyses]. PMID- 7101495 TI - [Salicylic acid poisoning as a cause of severe hemorrhagic diathesis]. PMID- 7101497 TI - [Paradoxical embolism. Diagnostic criteria, therapeutic principles and report of a case of embolus in situ cordis verified by autopsy]. PMID- 7101500 TI - [Model for getting through a waiting list for a department of plastic surgery]. PMID- 7101498 TI - [Retroperitoneal liposarcoma]. PMID- 7101499 TI - [Cutaneous strongyloidiasis]. PMID- 7101501 TI - [Can you read the newspaper, Mrs. Hansen? Visual handicap among elderly patients]. PMID- 7101502 TI - [Psychiatry in the United States. Impressions from a study trip]. PMID- 7101507 TI - [Amputation of the nose resulting from human bites]. PMID- 7101505 TI - [Vitamin D--from vitamin to hormone. I 25-hydroxyvitamin D]. PMID- 7101508 TI - [Horner's syndrome resulting from fracture of the 1st rib]. PMID- 7101504 TI - [The immune suppression syndrome in homosexual men. An epidemiological study from the Cancer Research Institute in Arhus]. PMID- 7101506 TI - [Chronic subdural hematoma in senescence. A retrospective study of the clinical picture in 42 patients]. PMID- 7101509 TI - [Congenital convex flatfoot treated conservatively]. PMID- 7101510 TI - [Simultaneous Colle's fracture and fracture of the carpal scaphoid]. PMID- 7101511 TI - [Recurrence of antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile]. PMID- 7101503 TI - [Acquired immunological defects in homosexual men. A new disease entity]. PMID- 7101514 TI - [Agranulocytosis and metamizole]. PMID- 7101513 TI - [Peroral antidiabetics]. PMID- 7101512 TI - [Bronchial asthma and chromium allergy precipitated by steel welding]. PMID- 7101515 TI - [The school medical officer and children's school start]. PMID- 7101516 TI - [Discovery of unregistered chronic illness among school children examined by the school medical officer]. PMID- 7101518 TI - [Accidental child deaths by falls through ice in 1973-1977]. PMID- 7101517 TI - [Cooperation of the school medical officer in chronic illness in school children]. PMID- 7101519 TI - [Carrageenan and other sulphated polysaccharides. Biological effects with special attention to immunological and canceriological properties]. PMID- 7101520 TI - [Invagination of the small intestine. Causes of invagination in the small intestine in adults]. PMID- 7101521 TI - [Vitamin D - from vitamin to hormone. II. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D]. PMID- 7101523 TI - [Frequency of unwanted pregnancies among women on waiting lists for sterilization]. PMID- 7101525 TI - [Allergic contact eczema provoked by idoxuridine]. PMID- 7101522 TI - [Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia]. PMID- 7101524 TI - [Basel cell carcinoma of the nipple]. PMID- 7101526 TI - [Tardive dyskinesia following metoclopramide (Primperan)]. PMID- 7101527 TI - [Combined erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 4]. PMID- 7101528 TI - [Informed consent. I. Theoretical basis]. PMID- 7101530 TI - [Occurrence of hyperlipemia in 1 407 Danish children and young adults whose fathers had died from ischemic heart disease prior to the age of 45 years]. PMID- 7101529 TI - [Sex distribution in the Danish medical profession]. PMID- 7101531 TI - [Occurrence of coronary risk factors. A study of 177 children and young adults whose fathers died from ischemic heart disease prior to the age of 45 years]. PMID- 7101533 TI - [Hypothalamo-hypophyseal adrenal cortical function in chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 7101532 TI - [Respiratory muscle training for patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease]. PMID- 7101534 TI - [Induction of second trimester abortion with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha]. PMID- 7101535 TI - [Peripheral vascular occlusion as the primary symptom in essential thrombocytosis]. PMID- 7101536 TI - [Retroperitoneal plasmacytoma]. PMID- 7101537 TI - [Severe feto-maternal haemorrhage after amniocentesis]. PMID- 7101540 TI - [Extracts of mistletoe in cancer therapy]. PMID- 7101539 TI - [The disease pattern at somatic hospital departments in 1979]. PMID- 7101538 TI - [Retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma]. PMID- 7101541 TI - [Mortality among Danish insulation workers during 1970-1975]. PMID- 7101542 TI - [Biological effect of mineral wool]. PMID- 7101543 TI - [Specialty community medicine - courses in community medicine]. PMID- 7101544 TI - [Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Denmark. I. Determination of TSH in all neonates for a 2-year period]. PMID- 7101545 TI - [Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Denmark. II. Clinical findings in neonates diagnosed during a 2-year period]. PMID- 7101547 TI - [Allergological study in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Factors of significance for the study]. PMID- 7101546 TI - [Hospitalization on account of asthma, urticaria and angio-edema in Denmark]. PMID- 7101548 TI - [Alcohol clientele in the medical outpatient department]. PMID- 7101549 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis ankylopoietica with aortic insufficiency in Greenlandic Eskimos]. PMID- 7101551 TI - [Radiographic examination of the colon in children]. PMID- 7101550 TI - [Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract. Report from prisoners in the Copenhagen prisons during the period 1965-1969 and 1975-1979]. PMID- 7101552 TI - [Vacuum extractation. Occurrence, indications and the perinatal condition of the infants after introduction of cardiographic monitoring]. PMID- 7101553 TI - [Circulation in myoses during treatment with cold packs]. PMID- 7101554 TI - [Endocardial changes in the carcinoid syndrome. Light and electron microscopic study]. PMID- 7101555 TI - [Influence of the fetal heart following alphaxalone (Althesin)]. PMID- 7101556 TI - [Danish primary health service research 1975-1980. Organization, content, methods]. PMID- 7101557 TI - [The disease pattern in an acute medical department with special attention to the significance of psycho-social problems]. PMID- 7101558 TI - [Tumors of the urinary bladder. Report from a Committee of the Danish Urological society from 1978]. PMID- 7101559 TI - [Flat intraepithelial carcinoma in situ per se in the bladder. Symptoms and course in 4 patients]. PMID- 7101560 TI - [Presenting symptoms in patients with bladder tumors and interval before treatment was instituted]. PMID- 7101561 TI - [Semiquantitative measurement of urinary glucose by the Hypo test. An aid for blind and partially sighted diabetics]. PMID- 7101562 TI - [Continuing treatment with phenemal in prevention of febrile convulsions. A report of children with the first febrile convulsions treated during 2 years]. PMID- 7101565 TI - [Treatment of extreme alcohol poisoning]. PMID- 7101563 TI - [Transaxillary resection of the 1st rib in the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)]. PMID- 7101564 TI - [Pituitary hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 7101566 TI - [Acute abdomen caused by intraperitoneal bladder rupture]. PMID- 7101567 TI - [Severe hyperkalemia during treatment with Moduretic]. PMID- 7101568 TI - [Photodermatitis during treatment with Moduretic]. PMID- 7101569 TI - [Risk factors for 80 year old people living at home]. PMID- 7101570 TI - [Some demographic factors influencing the duration of symptoms in patients with tumor of the bladder]. PMID- 7101571 TI - [Social medical patients attending the casualty departments]. PMID- 7101573 TI - Ultrasonic characterization of acute renal failure. AB - The attenuation coefficient, propagation velocity and backscattering coefficient were measured in vitro, on freshly excised and functionally impaired rabbit kidneys. subcutaneous glycerol treatment was used to introduce acute renal failure. Elevated plasma creatinine levels, measured prior to the excision of kidneys, were used as an index of the degree of renal functional impairment. Propagation velocity for the ten kidneys ranged between 1538-1575 m/s with that for the normals being 1540 +/- 4 m/s. Velocity was found to increase with increasing renal damage. The attenuation coefficient for all ten kidneys exhibited a linear frequency dependence over the range 3.5-6.5 MHz. The slope of the attenuation coefficient for the glycerol treated kidneys (0.723 dB/cm/MHz) was found to be higher than the slope for the normals (0.499 dB/cm/MHz). The frequency dependence of the backscattering coefficient was not altered by glycerol treatment leading to the postulate that modification of frequency dependent behavior of the attenuation coefficient in this experimental model is primarily due to absorption. PMID- 7101574 TI - Measurement of soft tissue motion using correlation between A-scans. AB - The advent of real-time B-scanning has led to interest in the diagnostic value of the dynamic properties of soft tissue. Present ultrasonic techniques for investigating motion cannot measure the motion of homogeneous tissues. A technique has been developed which uses the correlation coefficient between A scans to measure the amplitude and frequency of their motion, both in water tank experiments and in vivo. The success of the technique, which is digitally implemented, supports the validity of stochastic models for the acoustic structure of soft tissues. The motion pattern observed in vivo can be correlated with the arterial pressure pulse. PMID- 7101572 TI - The concept of three dimensional resolution in echocardiographic imaging. PMID- 7101575 TI - Ultrasonic exposure in static and real time echography. AB - Measurement of ultrasonic output from static and real time devices has shown both types of equipment to emit approximately the same amount of energy per pulse and the same peak instantaneous intensity. The major differences in exposure were related to the amount of energy used to produce an image, the total amount of energy used to perform an examination, and the amount of energy passing through a single point in tissue. the highest single point exposure occurred during static M-mode examinations when an energy exposure of 120 mJ per minute was measured. By comparison a real time B-mode examination resulted in a single point exposure of 0.018 mJ/echogram or 27 mJ/min. The single point exposure per echogram in a static examination was 0.12 mJ for a simple scan and 1.15 mJ for a compound scan with contact equipment, and 0.01 and 0.08 mJ for simple and compound scans using water path equipment. PMID- 7101576 TI - Oil-in-gelatin dispersions for use as ultrasonically tissue-mimicking materials. AB - A form of tissue-mimicking material is reported in which oil droplets are dispersed in a water-based gelatin. Broad ranges of ultrasonic parameters, including speed of sound, attenuation coefficient, density and backscatter level, exist for this material. Very important, the attenuation coefficients are nearly proportional to the frequency as in the case of mammalian tissue and the available attenuation coefficient slopes span the range of mammalian tissues. The available range of slopes is 0.1 dB/cm/MHz through at least 2.0 dB/cm/MHz. The available speeds of sound range from a minimum below that of mammalian fat (approximately 1460 m/s) to a maximum above the accepted average for human tissue (154o m/s). Densities available range from below that of fat (approximately 0.92 gm/cm3) through about 1.00 gm/cm3. Backscatter levels are easily made negligible compared to clinical levels and compared to those exhibited in previously reported tissue-mimicking materials in which the suspended particles are solid (Madsen et al. 1978; Burlew et al., 1980). Addition of solid or hollow glass scatterers allows backscatter levels to be made comparable to those clinically observed. PMID- 7101577 TI - The exposure vessel as a factor in ultrasonically-induced mammalian cell lysis- I. A comparison of tube and chamber systems. PMID- 7101579 TI - A pilot survey of monitoring practice for ultrasonic medical equipment in U.K. hospitals. PMID- 7101578 TI - The exposure vessel as a factor in ultrasonically-induced mammalian cell lysis- II. An explanation of the need to rotate exposure tubes. AB - This paper is an attempt to explain the need to rotate a polystyrene tube containing a cell suspension in order to obtain cell lysis. Calculations, based on known physical laws, were performed in order to determine the important forces on cells and bubbles and the movements and interactions which these forces are likely to cause. These calculations support the following conclusions: (1) in the absence of rotation, cells and bubbles larger than resonance size are trapped at pressure minima while bubbles smaller than resonance size are trapped at pressure maxima, (2) at 1 W/cm2 with rotation, lysis is caused by cells sweeping through arrays of trapped small bubbles, (3) at higher intensities lysis is caused by both trapped and non-trapped small bubbles. PMID- 7101580 TI - Ultrasound scanning in pregnancy: the psychological efforts of fetal feedback. PMID- 7101581 TI - [Hyperthermia in the Montreal marathon of 1981]. PMID- 7101582 TI - [Arterial lesions in bone dysplasia]. PMID- 7101583 TI - [Respiratory distress syndrome in adults: clinical aspects]. PMID- 7101584 TI - [Voice disorders]. PMID- 7101585 TI - [Environmental asbestos pollution and public health in Quebec]. PMID- 7101586 TI - Symposium on urologic emergencies. PMID- 7101587 TI - Renovascular emergencies. PMID- 7101588 TI - The diagnosis and immediate therapy of acute renal and perirenal infections. PMID- 7101589 TI - Acute perineal infection: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7101591 TI - Emergency management of urethral trauma. PMID- 7101590 TI - Torsion of the spermatic cord. PMID- 7101592 TI - Priapism. PMID- 7101595 TI - Surgical revision of scrotal engulfment. PMID- 7101594 TI - Rupture of the bladder. PMID- 7101593 TI - Bilateral renal vein thrombosis in infancy and childhood. PMID- 7101598 TI - Percutaneous dilatation of ureteroenteric strictures or occlusions in ileal conduits. PMID- 7101597 TI - Computed tomographic findings in suburothelial hemorrhage. AB - Retroperitoneal hemorrhage with associated intramural hemorrhage into the renal pelvis and proximal ureter is a well documented complication of coagulation defects. The urographic characteristics of this condition have been well documented by several authors [1-4], but to our knowledge the computed tomographic (CT) findings in patients with this condition have not been reported previously. We describe the CT findings in 2 such cases; one related to thrombocytopenia in leukemia, and the other to anticoagulant therapy in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome. PMID- 7101596 TI - Iopamidol in urography. A comparison between ionic and nonionic contrast media in patients with normal and impaired renal function. AB - The radiographic results obtained in urography with iopamidol, a new low osmolality contrast medium, given to 50 patients with normal renal function and 42 patients with impaired renal function, have been evaluated and compared with those obtained with ionic media of current use (meglumine sodium diatrizoate and sodium iothalamate). Based on this comparison, the authors believe there are no significant radiographic advantages to iopamidol. PMID- 7101599 TI - Hormonal manipulation of pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the prostate. AB - Chest roentgenograms and medical records were reviewed on 91 consecutive patients having orchiectomy for advanced carcinoma of the prostate during a 4-year period. Our purpose was to investigate the potential of antiandrogen therapy for inducing regression of prostate pulmonary metastases and respiratory difficulty accompanying lymphangitic spread. Patients encountered during the study period who had lung metastases but refused orchiectomy and were treated with oral estrogens were also included. Antiandrogen therapy was found to be effective in inducing regression of prostatic pulmonary metastases and respiratory distress accompanying lymphangitic spread in those patients who had no prior hormonal manipulation. PMID- 7101600 TI - CT demonstration of perirenal lymphatic cysts. AB - A case of perirenal lymphatic cysts demonstrated by computed tomography is reported. These lymphatic cysts, a histological subtype of lymphangiomata, are clearly visible as collections with clear fluid-type density surrounding both kidneys. The retroperitoneal localization of this rarity has been reported in the radiological literature, whereas, to our knowledge, the radiological demonstration of the perirenal localization has not. CT provides a unique method for direct radiological visualization of the cyst. PMID- 7101601 TI - Hyperdense renal mass: unusual CT appearance of a benign renal cyst. PMID- 7101602 TI - Renal cell carcinoma complicated by perinephric abscess and colon perforation. PMID- 7101604 TI - Crossed renal ectopia with solitary kidney. PMID- 7101603 TI - The striated nephrogram in acute pyelonephritis. PMID- 7101605 TI - Ureteral obstruction following vascular graft surgery. PMID- 7101606 TI - Congenital polyp of the verumontanum. PMID- 7101608 TI - Clinical pathologic conference. Spontaneous hematuria and left renal enlargement in a young man. PMID- 7101607 TI - Diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: analysis by computed tomography and sonography. AB - The sonographic and computed tomographic findings in 3 cases of diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are presented along with correlation with the pathological specimens. The combination of the findings in sonography and computed tomography in this condition enables one to make an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Calyces containing pus and/or xanthomatous tissue produced low-level echoes simulating preservation or thickening of the renal parenchyma on sonography. On CT the central low attenuation areas either gave negative values representing abundant xanthomatous tissue seen on gross pathology, or measured in the water density range representing a combination of pus and less abundant xanthomatous tissue. PMID- 7101609 TI - [Use of formalinized cartilage in hearing-improving operations on chronic otitis media patients]. PMID- 7101610 TI - [Interrelation of the noradrenergic system of the brain with the hearing analyser]. PMID- 7101612 TI - [Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in tumors and inflammatory processes in the brain stem]. PMID- 7101611 TI - [Importance of the rate of inner ear rehydration in the choice of method in the surgical intervention on the endolymphatic system in Meniere's disease]. PMID- 7101613 TI - [Caloric vestibular test using air]. PMID- 7101614 TI - [Plastic closure of extensive defects of the pharynx and cervical portion of the esophagus using skin-fat and skin-muscle flaps with an axial blood supply]. PMID- 7101616 TI - [Use of the glottographic method in studying soundless phonation]. PMID- 7101615 TI - [Endolaryngeal microsurgery with cryogenic action in treating laryngeal diseases]. PMID- 7101618 TI - [Use of bekotid in treating allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 7101619 TI - [Possibility of performing hyperbaric oxygenation in disordered function of the eustachian tube]. PMID- 7101617 TI - [Clinico-electrophysiological indices in injury to the external nose]. PMID- 7101620 TI - [Use of dimethyl sulfoxide in the combined therapy of chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 7101622 TI - [Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome occurring at the moment of the removal of a branchiogenous cyst of the palatine tonsil]. PMID- 7101624 TI - [Salivary gland in the larynx]. PMID- 7101623 TI - [Acute retropharyngeal abscess in old age as a complication of pharyngeal injury from a foreign body]. PMID- 7101628 TI - [Esophagopharyngoplasty and use of orthopedic prostheses for gaping defects of the cervical portion of the esophagus and pharynx after removal of malignant tumors]. PMID- 7101621 TI - [Neurilemmoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity]. PMID- 7101629 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with talipes planus valgus]. PMID- 7101627 TI - [Use of the internal jugular vein for electrode and cava-filter implantation]. PMID- 7101625 TI - [Long-term presence of a large foreign body in the piriform sinus]. PMID- 7101630 TI - [Prolonged peridural anesthesia as a component of the intensive treatment of patients with injuries of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 7101626 TI - [Rare case and method of removing an esophageal polyp]. PMID- 7101631 TI - [Postoperative peridural analgesia with morphine for cancer patients]. PMID- 7101632 TI - [Various technical approaches to the treatment of patients with external fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 7101634 TI - [X-ray surveys in the diagnosis of postoperative peritonitis]. PMID- 7101633 TI - [Postoperative eventrations]. PMID- 7101636 TI - [Late results of vagotomy and gastric resection for pyloroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 7101637 TI - [Surgical treatment of bacterial endocarditis]. PMID- 7101638 TI - [Features of acute appendicitis and cholecystitis in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7101639 TI - [Vascular isolation and perfusion of the liver in clinical practice]. PMID- 7101640 TI - [Complex therapy of severe forms of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 7101635 TI - [Diagnostic syndrome value of pneumoretroperitoneum in the Itsenko-Cushing]. PMID- 7101641 TI - [Clinico-pathophysiologic evaluation of changes in systemic hemodynamics and regional circulation in peritonitis]. PMID- 7101642 TI - [Intra-aortic administration of drugs in the complex treatment of diffuse peritonitis]. PMID- 7101643 TI - [Use of ultrasound and laser radiation to treat suppurating epithelial passages and cysts of the sacrococcygeal area]. PMID- 7101644 TI - [Emergency surgery of complications in angiology]. PMID- 7101646 TI - [Unusual site of goiter in an aberrant thyroid gland]. PMID- 7101647 TI - [Gastric plasmacytoma]. PMID- 7101645 TI - [Use of a fibrous soluble collagen preparation in treating trophic ulcers of the legs]. PMID- 7101648 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the stomach]. PMID- 7101649 TI - [Foreign body of the duodenum causing compression of the terminal portion of the common bile duct]. PMID- 7101652 TI - [Giant adrenal pseudocyst]. PMID- 7101650 TI - [Ledd's syndrome in adults]. PMID- 7101651 TI - [Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 7101654 TI - [Restorative surgery on the large intestine as part of the multi-stage surgical treatment of its injuries]. PMID- 7101653 TI - [Cutaneous horn]. PMID- 7101655 TI - [Treatment of closed injuries of the talocrural joint]. PMID- 7101656 TI - [Perilunar dislocation of the hand]. PMID- 7101657 TI - [Late results of the surgical treatment of children with funnel chest]. PMID- 7101658 TI - [Kidney lesion in acute suppurative septic diseases in children]. AB - The examination of 122 children aged 2 to 14 with osteomyelitis, peritonitis and staphylococcal destruction of the lungs was performed. The first symptoms in developing pyelonephritis made their appearance in children following a purulent infection. So, the children after acute purulent process must be regularly examined in the outpatient clinics in order to prevent the development of chronic renal insufficiency. PMID- 7101659 TI - [Acute ileal lymphadenitis]. PMID- 7101662 TI - [Clinicopathological assessment of the human umbilical vein as a vascular graft]. PMID- 7101663 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of acute intestinal obstruction]. AB - Experience with the treatment of 224 patients with acute ileus is described. Direct correlation has been established between outcomes of the treatment and terms of staying at the hospital and surgery. Due to late consultation with a physician and diagnostic errors 29% of patients were admitted to the hospital later than in a day. The causes of errors, risk and complications are analyzed. Ways for their prevention are proposed. Lethality after the surgical treatment of acute ileus was 9.3%. PMID- 7101661 TI - [Immunological reactivity of the body in diffuse peritonitis]. PMID- 7101660 TI - [Attached rib grafts used in anterior spondylodesis]. AB - The development of reparative processes after resection of the vertebrum bodies and anterior spondylodesis by a not-free rib transplant was studied in experiment and in 95 patients. Only in 1 of them the supporting capacity of the vertebral column was not restored. Transplants on the feeding pedicles for anterior spondylodesis should be used in all the cases where there are anatomical prerequisites for the formation of its feeding pedicle. PMID- 7101665 TI - [Diagnosis of cancer of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area in jaundice patients]. PMID- 7101664 TI - [Errors and complications in treating diaphyseal femoral fractures using Ilizarov's apparatus on patients over 60]. PMID- 7101666 TI - [Extracorporeal detoxication methods in the combined treatment of suppurative septic diseases in children]. AB - The article presents results of the treatment of children with pyo-septic diseases by method of hemosorption and lymphosorption. The experience with 86 hemosorptions and 3 lymphosorptions in 33 patients is generalized. Analysis of results of the treatment of pyo-septic conditions by extracorporal method of detoxication enabled the correlation of the effect with the course of the disease, age of the patient and the pathogenic agent of the purulent process to be detected. PMID- 7101667 TI - [Acute appendicitis of many days' duration]. PMID- 7101668 TI - [Treatment problems in acute intestinal obstruction in the middle-aged and elderly]. AB - Among 574 patients aged older that 60 strangulation of the intestine was diagnosed in 62%, obturation--25,8%. Association diseases were established in 62% of cases. Operations were performed in 67,6% of patients. Lethality rate was 22,2% (in recent years it was reduced to 18%). In the group of patients who received correction of bioenergetics and microcirculation of the intestinal wall with an original mixture the lethality was reduced to 8%. PMID- 7101669 TI - [Problems in the surgical treatment of thyroid diseases]. PMID- 7101670 TI - [Prevention of postoperative suppuration and the treatment of suppurative wounds by ultrasonic cavitation]. AB - During operations for acute inflammatory diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity the prophylactic treatment of the wound by ultrasound was used in 56 patients. Besides, 42 patients with purulent wounds were subjected to several sessions of the ultrasonic treatment of the wounds. Patients of the first group had no postoperative suppuration. In the second group, rapid clearance and good granulation were observed. The wounds healed quickly. PMID- 7101671 TI - [Late result of unilateral portalization of the adrenal and renal blood in malignant arterial hypertension]. PMID- 7101672 TI - [Heterotopic pancreatic tissue]. PMID- 7101673 TI - [Endolymphatic antibiotic administration in the combined treatment of peritonitis]. AB - The endolymphatic method of infusion of antibiotics was used in 165 patients with acute inflammatory diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity, 84,8% of them recovered. A single endolymphatic infusion of a usual dose of the antibiotic makes a very high concentration of the drug in the lymphatic system and maintains a therapeutic concentration of the antibiotic in the lymph during a day. In the lymphatic nodes it retains for more than 2 weeks. The methods reduces acute inflammatory processes, makes the temperature and blood leukocytes normal and improves the general state of the patients resulting in their quicker recovery. The endolymphatic therapy with antibiotics is in good agreement with surgical and other conservative methods of treatment. PMID- 7101674 TI - [Adenolymphocele]. PMID- 7101675 TI - [Surgical treatment of actinomycosis of the liver]. PMID- 7101676 TI - [Surgical procedure at different stages of the development of a traumatic aneurysm]. AB - The experience with the treatment of 77 patients with 86 traumatic aneurysms and arterial-venous fistulas of the aorta branches and peripheral vessels is analyzed. Three stages of such aneurysms are distinguished by the authors: pulsative hematoma, non-mature aneurysm and mature aneurysm. The expediency of active surgical methods at all the stages of aneurysm is explained and indications for choosing the operative methods are formulated. Good and satisfactory immediate functional results were obtained after operations in 94,6% of patients. PMID- 7101679 TI - [Injury to the duodenum and right kidney pelvis in multiple knife wounds of the abdomen]. PMID- 7101677 TI - [Importance of peritoneal perfusion in preventing and treating peritonitis in penetrating gunshot wounds of the abdomen]. PMID- 7101681 TI - [Treatment of appendicular peritonitis in children]. PMID- 7101680 TI - [Hemobilia after closed injury to the liver]. PMID- 7101678 TI - [Our experience using extrafocal osteosynthesis in injuries and diseases of the locomotor apparatus]. PMID- 7101682 TI - [Treatment of endogenous intoxication in newborn infants by using hemosorption]. PMID- 7101683 TI - [Diagnosis of uncomplicated compression fractures of the spine in children]. AB - During the first three days after trauma a pronounced hypotonia of muscles independent of the localization of the vertebral column was observed. Two patients of mathematical estimation of the clinoid form of the vertebra were proposed aimed at objectivization of the roentgenological information. In 90% of cases the methods proved to be effective. Gamma scintigraphic examination of the vertebral column was carried out in 101 patients. The results obtained have shown the method to be highly sensitive and objective and to distinguish the normal state, disease and trauma of the vertebral column PMID- 7101687 TI - Symposium on equine gastrointestinal surgery. PMID- 7101684 TI - [Acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the spine in children]. AB - The authors analyze 14 cases of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the vertebral column in children. Three variations of the clinical picture are described: meningitis-like, local and lightening types. Roentgenological symptoms were late to appear and certain patients might have no symptoms at all. Formation of purulent tuberculous abscesses near cartilaginous ends of ribs were observed and considered to be a characteristic feature of osteomyelitis of thoracic vertebrae in infants. The authors point to difficulties in opening the purulent abscesses and to the importance of complex treatment. Seven patients died. PMID- 7101685 TI - [Characteristics of performing prolonged peridural anesthesia in spinal deformities in children]. PMID- 7101686 TI - [Surgical treatment results in arterial injuries of the extremities in childhood]. AB - The authors present their analysis of the surgical treatment of 20 children with injured peripheral arteries. In 14 cases a venous autograft was used for a reconstruction of the artery, in 3 cases lateral sutures were made and in 3 children the artery was ligated. In 7 cases a suture of the nerve and osteosynthesis were necessary. Remote results of the treatment observed in 15 children within the terms from 1 to 10 years and longer have shown that the venous autotransplant were functioning normally and provided a normal growth and functioning of the extremity. Functional disorders were observed following a ligation of major arteries. PMID- 7101688 TI - Diseases of the large intestine: differential diagnosis and surgical management. PMID- 7101689 TI - The acute abdominal patient: postoperative management and complications. PMID- 7101690 TI - Conditions of the rectum. PMID- 7101691 TI - Surgery of the oral cavity. PMID- 7101693 TI - Anesthetic management of the patient with acute abdominal disease. PMID- 7101694 TI - Bruising and muscle pH in zebu crossbred and British breed cattle. AB - Five trials in Queensland compared the bruising of 302 zebu (Bos indicus) crossbred and 254 British breed (B taurus) steers. The pH of the Longissimus dorsi muscle 24 hours post mortem was measured in three of the trials. Breed groups were transported separately to the abattoir in the first four trials and travelled as mixed breed groups in the fifth one. Differences in bruising between breed types were not significant in any trial. Zebu crossbred animals had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower muscle pH values in trials 1 and 3, whereas the difference was not significant in trial 5. There were also fewer dark cutters among the zebu crossbred animals in trials 1, 3 and 5. PMID- 7101695 TI - VIRUS: a computer program for herd health and productivity. PMID- 7101692 TI - Acute abdominal disease: pathophysiology and preoperative management. PMID- 7101697 TI - Vaccination against experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis. PMID- 7101698 TI - Incidence of clinical and subclinical hypomagnesaemia in dairy cows in England and Wales. PMID- 7101696 TI - Canine parvovirus infection in housed raccoon dogs and foxes in Finland. AB - An outbreaks of severe enteritis occurred among young raccoon dogs on fur farms in eastern Finland. Post mortem examinations revealed gross and microscopic lesions which were typical of parvovirus infections described in cats, mink and dogs. The intestine was dilatated, oedematous and the normal villi were significantly reduced. A parvovirus was isolated from faeces and found to resemble canine parvovirus by its ability to haemagglutinate pig erythrocytes at pH 7.2 and its antigenic properties. Experimental inoculations showed that both housed raccoon dogs and foxes are susceptible. PMID- 7101699 TI - Outbreaks of Pasteurella multocida septicaemia in fallow deer (Dama dama). PMID- 7101701 TI - An unusual prolapse. PMID- 7101700 TI - Insurance problems with horses. PMID- 7101702 TI - Breed susceptibility to infectious keratoconjunctivitis. PMID- 7101703 TI - Thymic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. PMID- 7101705 TI - Pre-slaughter stunning: the need for legislative reform. PMID- 7101708 TI - Angular deformity of the metacarpus and metatarsus in fallow deep (Dama dama). PMID- 7101707 TI - Extrauterine pregnancy in a ewe. PMID- 7101704 TI - Observations on clinical aspects of transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs in Norfolk and Suffolk, 1980-81. AB - Outbreaks of transmissible gastroenteritis in 56 breeding units, six maiden gilt sites and 64 fattening units were investigated during the period December 1980 to October 1981. The disease invariably occurred in classical virulent form, resulting in very high mortality in baby piglets. Reproductive sequelae were sometimes evident. Individual outbreaks continued for longer than in previous years. There was a high rate of recrudescene, particularly in large breeding units, and infection also persisted in many fattening units. The value of control measures and supportive therapy is discussed. PMID- 7101709 TI - Primary evaluation of water soluble selenium tablets in the treatment of selenium deficiency in dairy cattle. PMID- 7101710 TI - Zinc responsive parakeratosis and ill-thrift in a Friesian calf. PMID- 7101706 TI - Vomiting in sheep. PMID- 7101712 TI - Risk from chlamydia. PMID- 7101713 TI - Observations on the epidemiology of equine hydatidosis in Britain. AB - Of 1388 horses and ponies examined at two abattoirs in the north of England from November 1979 to September 1981, 123 (8.7 per cent) showed evidence of hydatid infection. Prevalence of infection was closely related to age, rising from nil in animals up to two years old to over 20 per cent of those over eight years. Full mouthed horses and ponies had similar prevalence rates (14.9 and 14.5 per cent, respectively), but horses had nearly twice as many viable infections as ponies. The prevalence of infection varied with the region of origin of full-mouthed horses and ponies, with 18 per cent of those from mid and north west England infected, compared with approximately 12 per cent of horses and ponies from mid and south Wales, Yorkshire and Scotland. The highest rates of transmission of equine hydatidosis are believed to occur in south and east England. Infections were mainly hepatic, with only 11 per cent lung involvement. Sixty-six per cent of the infections were viable, 71 per cent of which had between one and 10 cysts. Multiocular cysts occurred in 26 per cent of infections. PMID- 7101715 TI - Cupric oxide needles in the prevention of swayback. PMID- 7101714 TI - Treatment of Trichuris suis infections in pigs with flubendazole. AB - A severe outbreak of Trichuris suis infection in piglets is described. Fifteen per cent of the animals died and the morbidity, characterised by weight loss and diarrhoea, was over 50 per cent. The severity of symptoms observed in naturally infected pigs was related to the number of whipworms. A chemotherapeutic trial was worked out with flubendazole mixed in food for naturally infected and artificially infected piglets. Flubendazole at 30 ppm for five consecutive days controlled the infection in the pigs. Immature T suis in artificially infected pigs were also controlled at the same dose administered for 10 consecutive days. PMID- 7101716 TI - Blood in milk. PMID- 7101711 TI - Blood in milk. PMID- 7101717 TI - Molluscicidal effects of eucalyptus. PMID- 7101718 TI - Atypical colony-like structures developing in control media and in clinical L form cultures containing serum. PMID- 7101719 TI - Recovery of microorganisms from synovial and pleural fluids of animals using hyperosmolar media. AB - L-phase (CWD) broth and plate media were used in parallel with conventional microbiological media during a 3-year period for culturing synovial and pleural fluids of animals. Two kinds of recoveries were obtained where parallel conventional methods were negative: (1) parent or normal bacteria, in very low numbers; and (2) Type B CWD variants in equally low numbers. Organisms in group 1 were: Streptococcus zooepidemicus from horses (2x); beta-hemolytic streptococci, Lancefield Gp. G (2x); Staphylococcus aureus; Actinobacillus, and Actinomyces viscosus. Group 2 consisted of Bacteroides sp., Propionibacterium acnes, and three "Nocardia-like" sp. Catalase + Actinomyces was not recovered equally well on CWD plates as on conventional media with fluids obtained during ampicillin treatment. This occurred in spite of the fact that the CWD media was shown to support growth and reversion of laboratory induced L-phase variants of Nocardia caviae and N. asteroides, and had facilitated recovery of a Bacteroides L-phase variant from a pleural fluid. The nature of this fault in the media is under investigation in this laboratory. PMID- 7101720 TI - Comparison of seven isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis. AB - A comparative study of seven isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis indicated that they were indistinguishable morphologically. Two isolates, E2 and 8M92, induced hemagglutination of red blood cells of several different species while the others did not. Metabolic inhibition, growth inhibition and growth precipitation tests revealed minor differences among the seven isolates. According to these differences, isolates were divided into three groups: antiserum-sensitive isolate 1466, less sensitive isolates N, 8M92, RY3, 529 and E2 and insensitive isolate 1940. One dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell proteins revealed that all isolates of M. meleagridis had virtually identical patterns and that they were electrophoretically distinct from Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. When nonhemagglutinating isolate N, and hemagglutinating isolate E2 were examined by simple immunoelectrophoresis, no differences were detected. However, minor antigenic differences were detected between the two strains by means of two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 7101724 TI - Immunoelectron microscopic study of plasma protein pathways through the different segments of the rat intestinal vasculature. AB - Nineteen Brown-Norway (BN) rats received intravenous injections of sheep anti peroxidase (HRP) antibodies. Four BN rats were immunized to HRP. The anti-HRP antibodies were used to trace permeability pathways of large physiological molecules across different vessels of the small intestine. This organ was chosen because of the possibility of convenient "in situ" fixation and for the diversity of vessel types it contains. It was shown that: 1) There were no obvious transendothelial pathways in arteries with an elastic lamina. 2) The antibodies readily crossed fenestrated capillaries through the fenestrae. 3) There were two possible pathways through muscle capillaries and pericytic venules, namely transcytoplasmic vesicular "cactus-like" channels and interendothelial junctions. 4) Interendothelial permeability was a possible factor in veins with an elastic lamina. 5) Lymphatics were readily permeable through intercellular junctions and cytoplasmic vesicles. PMID- 7101723 TI - Juvenile milk protein secreting carcinoma. AB - A case of juvenile secretory carcinoma of the breast is reported. The tumor occurred in a 19 yr-old nulliparous woman and was treated by local resection; it recurred 7 years later. Slight infiltration of the pectoral muscle, metastatic involvement of one lymph node and multifocal areas of carcinoma were found at radical mastectomy. No further recurrence has been detected after 1 year. This case confirms the slow evolution of this neoplasm but stresses that its behavior is not always as indolent as previously believed. We have used histochemical techniques for mucins (PAS, Alcian Blue) and immunoperoxidase methods for milk proteins (MFGM, beta-Casein, alpha-lactalbumin), for myoepithelial cells (actin) and for oncofetal antigens (CEA). Our results suggest that: Immunoperoxidase methods for milk proteins are a more specific and reliable marker than PAS staining in characterizing the secretory activity of juvenile carcinoma. The absence of myoepithelial cells in infiltrative areas detected by immunoperoxidase methods for actin confirms the low degree of organization in this well differentiated carcinoma of limited aggressiveness which secretes milk proteins. PMID- 7101722 TI - Immunological activities of milk. PMID- 7101721 TI - Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis in dogs. AB - Primary diseases of the thyroid gland, especially lymphocytic thyroiditis and idiopathic follicular atrophy, were the most common lesions associated with clinical hypothyroidism in pet dogs. Lymphocytic thyroiditis resembled naturally occurring lymphocytic thyroiditis in the Obese-strain of White Leghorn chickens and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in man. The morphology of the thyroid lesion and frequent occurrence of circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies suggested that lymphocytic thyroiditis was immune-mediated in pet dogs. Thyroid lesions similar to naturally occurring autoimmune thyroiditis in experimental dogs were induced by a local thyroidal graft-versus-host reaction. The lesions observed in the thyroid lobe which was not injected with immunocompetent cells appeared to develop from the formation of thyroid antibodies in the gland by migrating host lymphocytes. Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis occurred secondary to an unrelated immune response occurring in target tissue. PMID- 7101725 TI - Virus-specific transcription and translation in organs of BALB/Mo mice: comparative study using quantitative hybridization, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. PMID- 7101726 TI - Differences in the multiplication at elevated temperature of influenza virus recombinants pathogenic and nonpathogenic for chicken. PMID- 7101728 TI - Identification of a catalytic activity of the large basic P polypeptide of influenza virus. PMID- 7101727 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the G1 and N proteins of LaCrosse and Tahyna, two California serogroup bunyaviruses. PMID- 7101729 TI - The virion of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4. PMID- 7101730 TI - Differential complementation of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive early mutants by adenovirus types 3 and 12. PMID- 7101731 TI - Characterization of cells transformed by Ad5/Ad12 hybrid early region I plasmids. PMID- 7101733 TI - The possible origin of H3N2 influenza virus. PMID- 7101732 TI - Influenza A virus evolution: complete sequences of influenza A/NT/60/68 RNA segment 3 and its predicted acidic P polypeptide compared with those of influenza A/PR/8/34. PMID- 7101734 TI - Monocular sensitivity during binocular viewing. AB - Monocular detection of local luminance increments was studied psychophysically, during fusion, rivalry, and nonrivalry, Visibility of contrast flashes occurring less than 0.5 deg away from the center of the fovea, was affected by ipsilateral masking contours in such a way as to suggest that the contrast probe enhanced detectability in the tested eye. Visibility of luminance increments, whether flashed or continuously given in one monocular field, was best when a few contours were present in the tested eye but absent (or suppressed) in the partner eye. On the average, detection was poorest during rivalry. In fusion, detection was intermediate between rivalry and monocular dominance. It is proposed that background luminance summation is the specific mechanism in fusion. PMID- 7101736 TI - A spatial frequency dependent grating-induction effect. AB - An inducing field containing a vertical sinewave luminance grating which surrounds a test field of similar space-average luminance induces within the homogeneous test field the appearance of a second sinewave grating of equal spatial frequency, but of opposite phase. The perceived contrast of the induced grating in the test field, as measured by a cancellation technique, can reach 90% that of the actual luminance contrast of the inducing grating. The perceived contrast of the induced grating decreases with increases in the spatial frequency of the inducing grating, and with increases in the dimension of the test field parallel to the orientation of the inducing grating. Square wave inducing gratings produce weaker induction effects than sinewave inducing gratings of the same spatial frequency and contrast. Additional observations indicate that the neural locus of this induction effect is cortical, lying at or beyond the level of spatial frequency selective channels. PMID- 7101738 TI - Contrast sensitivity and adaptation as a function of grating length. AB - For gratings of variable length (L), contrast sensitivity increased with square root L up to a critical value equal to the width of 7-14 grating cycles, for spatial frequencies throughout the range 4-32 c/deg. For multiple gratings the critical value was the same, but the increase in sensitivity with length was more gradual. Adaptation to both single and multiple gratings produced length-specific elevation of thresholds with a bandwidth greater than 2 X that of spatial frequency-specific adaptation. The findings are interpreted in terms of multiple, independent channels tuned to spatial frequency and orientation, with the encoding of length dependent on simultaneous activity in several such channels. PMID- 7101737 TI - Adult levels of meridional anisotropy and contrast threshold in 5-year olds. AB - This study, using a forced-choice technique, shows that 5-yr-old children have greater sensitivity for vertical and horizontal sinusoidal gratings than for obliques. Contrast thresholds for all orientations were similar to those of adults as was the magnitude of the meridional anisotropy. These results suggest that meridional anisotropy does not develop over an extended period of childhood as was previously reported (Mayer, 1977). Reasons for the discrepancy between the two studies are discussed. PMID- 7101735 TI - Spatial computation performed by simple and complex cells in the visual cortex of the cat. AB - Simple and complex cells have been tested with drifting sine-wave and square-wave gratings. Despite the known differences in the response pattern of each cell type to drifting sine-wave gratings, the tuning curves for square-wave gratings for both cell types show a similar secondary response band peaking at one-third the preferred spatial frequency as determined from sine-wave studies. These results establish that both cell types respond predominantly to the third harmonic of square-wave gratings in this frequency range. At the simple cell stage, all the information required to specify the amplitude and phase for channel at a given orientation, direction and spatial frequency can be conveyed by four cells for a given subsection of visual space. At the complex cell stage, the cell's mean firing rate appears to represent the amplitude of a local Fourier coefficient, but phase information is not conveyed in the action potential code. PMID- 7101739 TI - The spatial grain of the perifoveal visual field. AB - Measurements for normal human photopic vision in the fovea and in 2.5, 5 and 10 degree positions in the periphery reveal that hyperacuity thresholds rise faster with eccentricity than visual resolution thresholds. On the other hand, the retinal distances over which hyperacuity detection remains optimal show a much slower rise. At 10 degrees eccentricity, hyperacuity thresholds are 10 times higher visual resolution thresholds 4-5 times higher, and optimal processing distances for hyperacuity only 2-3 times larger than at the fovea. Psychophysical procedures do not, therefore, provide a single unambiguous measure for the changes of spatial grain across the visual field. PMID- 7101742 TI - Pupillary micro movements apparently related to pulse frequency. AB - Pupillary micro changes in diameter apparently related to pulse frequency are superimposed on the larger fluctuations called the pupillary unrest. This small component of the pupillary unrest waxes and wanes with each pulsation of the blood. The effect was found to vary inversely with the average pupil diameter which can be controlled by making the eye accommodate or allowing more or less light to enter the eye. PMID- 7101741 TI - Summation of grating patches indicates many types of detector at one retinal location. AB - Summation between small, superimposed, fixed patches of sinusoidal grating of various spatial frequencies is explained by detectors with bandwidths of less than one octave. The smoothness of the local contrast sensitivity function indicates that detectors cannot be separated in frequency by more than one bandwidth. Together, these results suggest that the fovea is served by at least seven different frequency-selective detectors. PMID- 7101743 TI - Cones in the eye of the deep-sea teleost Diretmus argenteus. PMID- 7101740 TI - Sensitivity losses in a long wavelength sensitive mechanism of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - the foveal vision of certain patients afflicted with retinitis pigmentosa may be mediated solely by a long wavelength sensitivity (lws) mechanism, because (1) increment threshold data could always be fitted to a single template curve with unity slope, (2) test and field sensitivities differ only by a proportionality constant over the visible spectrum, (3) intense background fields have additive (quantum catch) effects on thresholds, and (4) wavelength differences of bipartite foveal stimuli could not be distinguished. Both test and field sensitivities were appreciably lower than the lws sensitivity values for unaffected deuteranopes. The action spectrum was similar (but not identical) to estimates of the erythrolabe absorption spectrum. The results provide a better understanding of the photopic vision of patients with retinitis pigmentosa and further evidence that their effective optical density of residual cones is reduced. PMID- 7101744 TI - The effect of presentation time on detection and diplopia thresholds for vertical disparities. AB - Detection and diplopia thresholds for vertical disparities are found to decrease when the presentation time of the stimulus with disparity is increased between 20 msec and 2 sec. This result supports the following notions previously put forward in literature; (a) the human visual system embodies detection processes which reveal vertical disparities; there is no sensory fusion mechanism in this system that gradually conceals vertical disparities: (b) the detection of vertical disparity in tachistoscopically presented stimuli is not based upon the initial appearance of the stimulus with disparity. PMID- 7101745 TI - Silent periodic cells in the cat striate cortex. AB - A class of neurons called silent periodic cells, having properties intermediate between those in the simple and complex families, has been discriminated in the cat striate cortex. Silent periodic cells have relatively small receptive fields, a low spontaneous activity (i.e. relatively silent) and a preference for relatively slow stimulus velocities (less than 3 degrees/sec). In addition they give a mixed on/off response to a stationary flashing bar over virtually the whole of the receptive field with usually somewhat stronger on responses in some locations and stronger off responses in others (partial phase sensitivity). The most characteristic properties of these cells are, however, found in their responses to gratings, namely the nonlinearity manifested by the absence of a null point to a stationary flashing grating, a spatial periodicity revealed by a clearly modulated discharge to drifting gratings of medium and high spatial frequency and, finally, a very sharp spatial frequency tuning curve with a half sensitivity bandwidth between 0.5 and 0.95 octave, i.e. narrower than that of simple cells whose bandwidths are usually above 1 octave. Silent periodic cells resemble B-cells that have been described in other studies. PMID- 7101746 TI - A note on the remote oculometer technique for recording eye movements. PMID- 7101748 TI - Evoked potentials and reaction times to the offset and contrast reversal of sinusoidal gratings. PMID- 7101747 TI - Monocular rivalry occurs without eye movements. PMID- 7101749 TI - Long term visual deprivation in a human. AB - D.C. had a congenital monocular cataract removed at 19 years of age. Preoperatively, he was virtually blind in the deprived eye. By 4 months after surgery he could resolve about 1.4 c/deg by acuity did not improve further over the next 7 months. Immediately postoperatively, the temporal retina was blind, but over the next 4 months its visual field increased to 20. The temporal retina continued, however, to have elevated thresholds. D.C. also exhibited a peculiar form of binocular competition. Thresholds of the deprived binocular portions of the nasal retina were greatly elevated by light falling on the non-deprived eye. Visual function in the non-deprived eye was normal. PMID- 7101750 TI - Astigmatic visual and deprivation in cat: behavioral, optical and retinophysiological consequences. AB - Kittens were deprived of clear vision in one eye only by +7D or -7D cylindrical lenses worn from eye opening until 7.5 months of age. Behavioral measurements subsequently demonstrated diminished acuity through the affected eye relative to the opposite control eye. However, single unit recordings at 3.5 years of age from retinal ganglion cells located within 1-11 degrees of the centre of the area centralis showed neither loss of grating resolution nor any abnormal orientation bias. Furthermore, the astigmatic rearing had minimal effect on the development of the cat's natural optics to the emmetropic state. The experiments indicate that the amblyopic defect induced by the cylindrical lenses occurs in the brain rather than the eye. PMID- 7101751 TI - Interocular transfer of the motion aftereffect in strabismus. AB - The interocular transfer of the motion aftereffect (MAE) was measured in three groups of strabismic subjects (six with monofixation, nine with alternation, four with anomalous retinal correspondence) and compared with a group of four normal subjects. The duration of the MAE was measured using sinusoidal gratings of 0.5 c/deg subtending a visual angle of 8. Contrary to previous findings, a substantial amount of MAE transfer was found in some stereoblind individuals with strabismus. The mean amount of transfer for each group was found to correlate with binocularity; the order of decreasing transfer being: normal, monofixation, alternation, and anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC). This reduction in transfer which accompanied the loss of binocularity was asymmetric, that is, right-left transfer did not equal left-right transfer. The amount of asymmetry was found to correlate inversely with the amount of transfer. The direction in which the greatest transfer occurred did not correlate with visual acuity. These data substantiate the overall poor binocularity in subjects with ARC, and the relatively good binocularity of subjects with monofixation. Furthermore, the substantial amount of transfer found in subjects with alternating strabismus may be a measure of potentially achievable binocularity. PMID- 7101752 TI - Motion processing in peripheral vision: reaction time and perceived velocity. AB - Reaction times to motion onset were measured as a function of eccentricity of presentation. These were compared with measurements of perceived speed at various eccentricities. For slowly moving targets, both dependent measures changed substantially with eccentricity: RT increased and perceived speed declined. For more rapidly moving targets, both dependent measures were unchanged by eccentricity. These results may be related to the difference between retinotopic distribution of neural mechanisms responsive to low rates of temporal modulation and the retinotopic distribution of neural mechanisms responsive to higher rates of temporal modulation. PMID- 7101753 TI - Is perceived motion a stimulus for smooth pursuit. AB - Previous investigations have challenged the generality of the claim that perceived motion in an effective stimulus for smooth pursuit eye movements. The experiments extend the scope of these investigations. Three experiments test the hypothesis that perceived motion can serve as the stimulus for pursuit when the eye movement does not generate constraining retinal error information. Observers viewed retinally stabilized displays that elicited the perception that a stationary target was moving or that a moving target was moving faster than it was actually moving. The results failed to confirm the hypothesis. Relevant literature is reviewed. We conclude that perceived movement can act as a stimulus for pursuit only when the "perceptual target" has no retinal counterpart. PMID- 7101754 TI - Opponent-color cells can influence detection of small, brief lights. AB - Spectral sensitivities for small, brief lights presented on a neutral adapting field resemble the photopic luminosity function. The lights often appear achromatic near threshold. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis linking sensitivity to an independent class of nonopponent cells. To test this hypothesis, a variation of the Stiles two-color threshold procedure was used. Field sensitivities were measured with a small, brief 580 nm target presented on flashed fields of monochromatic light; a 633/541 nm flash mixture was also used. All stimuli were delivered on a 4.0 log td steady neutral adapting field. The field sensitivity and field mixture data refute the hypothesis. They argue instead that reg/green opponent cells can substantially influence the detectability of small, brief lights. PMID- 7101755 TI - Velocity blindness during shearing motion. AB - When two subjects lie at different distances from a moving observer, there is a velocity step at the occluding boundary of the nearer object. When the differential motion is tangential to the boundary, the effect is as if a shearing is taking place. If all texture cues are removed by using similar random dot patterns on each side of the boundary, then 20% of the population cannot use this differential motion to locate the boundary when it is presented to the parafovea. These observers are thus abnormally insensitive to the differential rate of texture flow at boundaries undergoing shearing motion. As no such population differences were observed for differential motion perpendicular to the occluding boundary (occluding motion), we infer that independent mechanisms process shearing and occluding motion. PMID- 7101758 TI - Low spatial-frequency channels in human vision: adaptation and masking. AB - Previous work showed that adapting to low spatial frequency gratings (below 1.5 cycles/degree) may cause maximal spatial adaptation at a significantly higher spatial frequency. It has been suggested that there are no adaptable spatial frequency channels tuned to below 1.5 c/deg. Contrary to this view, we found that adaptation and masking with low spatial frequencies (0.12-1.0 c/deg) produced maximal threshold elevations when the test patterns were the same spatial frequency as the adapting or masking pattern. These results were obtained using test patterns that turned on and off gradually or sharply. The results suggest that there are form mechanisms optimally sensitive to very low spatial frequencies. Adaptation was selective to position (phase) and orientation at low spatial frequencies; masking was observed to be selective to orientation at a spatial frequency as low as 0.2 c/deg. A clear dichotomy between transient, motion channels and sustained, form channels at low spatial and temporal frequencies may represent an unrealistic simplification. There may exist directionally-selective motion mechanisms sensitive to very slow motion, and these may play a role in the discrimination of form. The discussion considers the bandwidths of the low spatial frequency mechanisms. PMID- 7101756 TI - Mechanisms of light adaptation in rat retina. AB - Green, Dowling, Siegel and Ripps (1975) J. gen. Physiol. 65, 483-502 found that both receptors and post-receptoral elements regulate the process of light adaptation in skate retina. As a test of the generality of this conclusion, we repeated their experiments on the retina of the intact albino rat. Increment threshold and intensity-response functions of aspartate-isolated receptor potentials, ERG b-waves and single retinal ganglion cell axons were measured, and all were found to be similar to those described by Green et al. (1975). In particular, the adaptive properties of the b-wave and ganglion cells were similar to each other, but different from those of the receptor potential. We conclude that the retinal mechanisms of light adaptation are similar in rat and skate. PMID- 7101757 TI - Adaptation to polarized light in humans. AB - Recent investigators reported large adaptational effects in human vision dependent on the plane of linearly polarized light. In the present study, such adaptational effects were observed to be small or insignificant. Our observers adapted to intense homogenous, foveal fields of linearly polarized, orange-red light produced by a beam that entered the side of the pupil. Periodically the plane of polarization of the beam suddenly shifted 90 degrees without there being any change in the spectral distribution of the light or position of the beam in the pupil plane. The change of radiance of the beam could be adjusted to be as low as approx. 0.5%. Signal detection experiments revealed that observers typically could not detect a change of polarization of the field. Results obtained with the method of adjustment showed that the threshold of an increment flash presented on the intense field was not affected by changing the polarization of the field. Physiological implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 7101759 TI - An action spectrum for spatial-frequency adaptation. AB - The mechanism of spatial-frequency adaptation, and channel-bandwidth estimates derived from adaptation, were examined in a series of three experiments. The first two experiments measured adaptation as a function of both the frequency and modulation of the adapt stimulus. The threshold for producing adaptation at different adapt frequencies is considered to be an action spectrum whose half amplitude bandwidth is found to lie between 1/3 and 2/3 octave. The third experiment employed a novel adaptation paradigm--varying the adapt contrast until the test grating was no longer perceptible--but the results supported those of the earlier experiments. It is concluded that adaptation is probably due to a fatigue-like mechanism, and that a sensitivity measure of adaptation (action spectrum) is probably a better representation of underlying channel tuning than is the more customary response measure. PMID- 7101760 TI - The dependence of the induced effect on orientation and a hypothesis concerning disparity computations in general. AB - The induced size effect is an apparent rotation about a vertical axis that results from binocularly viewing a target in which one half-image is vertically magnified. A previous paper (Arditi et al., 1981, Vision Res. 21, 755-764) described a theory of this effect in terms of horizontal disparities that exist between vertically magnified images of oblique features and their unmagnified counterparts. The present studies test two aspects of that theory: the requirement of oblique features in stimuli eliciting the induced effect, and the assumption that binocular associations (inputs to disparity computations) are made across horizontal meridians. The former aspect was confirmed in a stereo discrimination experiment in which the direction of rotation (tilt) for crossed line patterns of varying orientation was judged, for a fixed vertical magnification of one half-image. The latter aspect was rejected on the basis of the results of that experiment, and of two experiments in which observers matched the apparent tilt of the lines with a horizontal adjustment line which could be stereoscopically rotated in depth. The data and some associated demonstrations suggest that stereoacuity and apparent depth of oblique lines vertically magnified in one half-image are determined by the horizontal separation between binocular points which are nearest in a fixed binocular coordinate map, rather than by purely horizontal point-matchings. This "nearest neighbor hypothesis" seems to be operative in classic measures of stereoacuity as well as in the induced effect. PMID- 7101761 TI - Light-evoked sustained inhibition in mudpuppy retinal ganglion cells. PMID- 7101762 TI - Similarities between motion parallax and stereopsis in human depth perception. AB - Random dot techniques were used to investigate the human visual system's sensitivity to sinusoidal depth modulations specified by motion parallax information. Thresholds for perceiving depth were found to be smallest when the spatial frequency of the depth corrugations was between 0.2 and 0.5 c/deg visual angle. These data were compared with the equivalent thresholds for perceiving depth corrugations specified by binocular disparity using similar apparatus and psychophysical procedures. The similarity between the sensitivity functions is suggestive of a closer relationship between the two systems than has previously been thought. PMID- 7101763 TI - The luminance and response range of monkey retinal ganglion cells to white light. AB - The responses of single retinal ganglion cells of the monkey to spot stimuli were recorded with extracellular microelectrodes. The stimulus was centered on the receptive field, adjusted in diameter to optimally excite the cell and incremented and decremented from the background level. The response range was defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum response amplitude evoked with a wide range of luminances. The difference in luminance between the luminances which evoked the maximum and minimum responses was defined as the luminance range for dynamic response. The response amplitude range and luminance range to white light were negatively correlated to one another for the population of cells studied in central vision. The phasic cells had smaller luminance ranges for dynamic responses and a greater response magnitude for small changes in luminance from background than the tonic cells. PMID- 7101766 TI - Discrete potential waves in the photoreceptors of a gastropod mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis. AB - Intracellular recording of dark adapted photoreceptors of Hermissenda crassicornis (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda, Mollusca) revealed the occurrence of depolarizing waves even after blockade of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic potentials by application of low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ solution. Dim illumination increased the frequency of depolarizing waves. These observations show that Hermissenda photoreceptors have discrete waves which have been demonstrated mainly in arthropod photoreceptors. An histogram of intervals between successive discrete waves under continuous dim illumination was exponential, which is characteristic of a Poisson process. Frequency of discrete waves increased linearly depending on numbers of incident photons to the eye. Comparison of probabilities of eliciting a response to brief dim flashes of various intensities to theoretical Poisson sum curves, together with statistical analysis, indicate that the absorption of single photon is sufficient to evoke a discrete wave. PMID- 7101764 TI - Color perception under chromatic adaptation: equilibrium yellow and long wavelength adaptation. AB - Observers viewed a thin (0.8-1.3) annulus composed of a mixture of 540 and 660 nm monochromatic lights (denoted delta G and delta R, respectively). The annular mixture was superimposed upon a larger (2.7) 660 nm circular background field. The observer adjusted the radiance of either delta G or delta R so that the annulus appeared a perfect (i.e. neither reddish nor greenish) yellow. In the first experiment, the background and annulus both were presented steadily. The results showed that the background, varied over a range from 10 to 1000 td. always contributed less to the color appearance of the annular test area than would be expected from the simple admixture of lights. The second experiment examined the effect of briefly removing the background-field quanta during the period when the annulus was judged. After several minutes of adapting to the background, the background was momentarily extinguished for 1 sec once every 6 sec; the observer adjusted the radiance of delta R so that during the 1 sec period the continuously presented annular mixture appeared equilibrium yellow. With steady backgrounds, the delta G to delta R luminance ratio decreased with test annulus luminance; for judgments made while the background momentarily was extinguished, the luminance ratio generally increased with annulus luminance. All of the empirical observations can be accounted for quantitatively by a two process theory of chromatic adaptation; in two processes are (1) gain changes and (2) a restoring signal that tends to drive back toward equilibrium the opponent response resulting from the adapting light. Results from a third experiment, in which the background-off interval was reduced from 1 sec to 500, 200 or 150 msec. also are consistent with this model. PMID- 7101767 TI - Diffuse and local effects of light adaptation in photoreceptors of the honey bee drone. AB - Intracellular recordings from drone photoreceptors were made by means of glass microelectrodes in superfused retinae. Exposure of a small portion of a cell to white light decreased the amplitude of responses to a small stimulus subsequently applied at different sites of the photoreceptor cell, i.e. light adaptation occurred throughout the cell. After 7 min of darkness, the responses had completely recovered. When a violet light (404 nm) was used to adapt a small portion of the cell, the responses at the site of exposure to the adapting stimulus remained depressed for at least 30 min. Illumination at the site of the violet adapting stimulus with green light (585 nm) caused an immediate recovery of the amplitude of the response. These results can be explained by the existence of two processes responsible for light adaptation: one is localized and persistent and appears to be due to changes in concentration of rhodopsin. The other affects the whole cell, is spontaneously reversible and depends upon the ability of the light to produce a receptor potential but not on any lasting change in rhodopsin concentration. PMID- 7101770 TI - Contrast paradox of line target upon grating background. PMID- 7101768 TI - Modulation transfer functions of the human visual system revealed by magnetic field measurements. AB - Properties of a neural source of magnetic field localized in the occipital lobe was measured in a steady-state paradigm using contrast reversing gratings. Comparisons with scalp potentials provided evidence that the evoked field was associated with intracellular currents. Its modulation transfer functions were similar to the analogous functions for the scalp potential and the detection of a grating. Moreover, the amplitude of the evoked field was linearly related to the potential amplitude and their phases were nearly identical. An analysis of the results in terms of theoretical relations between evoked field and potential led us to conclude that these two measures may yield a similar characterization of the source when one dipolar source predominantly gives rise to both measures, but they may yield complementary information when multiple sources contribute to the measures. PMID- 7101765 TI - Perception of stabilized retinal stimuli in dichoptic viewing conditions. AB - Perception of stabilized retinal stimuli was studied both in monocular and dichoptic viewing conditions. When identical stabilized stimuli of large size and high luminance were presented to both eyes, the phenomena characteristic of monocular perception (rapid fading of perceived images within a few seconds or their episodic disappearance and regeneration) failed to be observed: the visual images were perceived as decaying only gradually and slowly within several minutes. The results suggest that rapid changes and fluctuations of visual images perceived monocularly may be due to the effects of binocular interaction (cooperation/rivalry), episodic darkenings of the visual field seeming to be caused by temporary predominance of the occluded eye. PMID- 7101769 TI - Saccadic suppression and the dual mechanism theory of direction constancy. PMID- 7101771 TI - Consent and privacy in the National Survey of Family Growth: a report on the pilot study for cycle III. PMID- 7101772 TI - Dental visits volume and interval since last visit: United States, 1978 and 1979. PMID- 7101775 TI - [The efforts of the Czech Medical Society in advancing socialism and health care]. PMID- 7101774 TI - Utilization of short-stay hospitals: annual summary for the United States, 1980. PMID- 7101773 TI - Surgical operations in short-stay hospitals: United States, 1978. PMID- 7101776 TI - [Social aspects of internal medicine]. PMID- 7101777 TI - [A long term study of the adult smoking population in the Trencin area]. PMID- 7101779 TI - [20-year prognosis of closed mitral valve commissurotomy. IV. Restenosis of the mitral valve]. PMID- 7101778 TI - [20-year prognosis of closed mitral valve commissurotomy. III. Factors affecting postoperative mortality]. PMID- 7101781 TI - [Selected cases from a department of clinical immunology]. PMID- 7101780 TI - [20-year prognosis of closed mitral valve commissurotomy. V. Prognostic significance of pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 7101782 TI - [Changes in the vivo leukocyte metabolism in relation to complement activation during hemodialysis]. PMID- 7101783 TI - [Regional pulmonary ventilation in lung cancer]. PMID- 7101785 TI - [Cobalt cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 7101784 TI - [The mechanism of action of Traumacel P, a local hemostatic]. PMID- 7101787 TI - [Concern for the health of the Soviet people (facts and figures)]. PMID- 7101786 TI - [Association of chronic lymphoid leukemia with malignant lymphogranuloma and an unusual surgical complication]. PMID- 7101788 TI - [In the USSR Public Health pavillion of the exhibit of the achievements of the national economy]. PMID- 7101789 TI - [Potentials for hyperbaric oxygenation in medical evacuation centers]. PMID- 7101790 TI - [Organization of office work for the troop physician in a garrison polyclinic]. PMID- 7101791 TI - [Delivery of dental care on the shop principle]. PMID- 7101792 TI - [Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of acute rheumatism in young people today]. PMID- 7101793 TI - [Effectiveness and quality of preventive measures in acute intestinal infections in the military]. PMID- 7101795 TI - [Role of the water factor in the transmission of the hepatitis A virus]. PMID- 7101794 TI - [Chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms]. PMID- 7101797 TI - [Effectiveness of sweating in a hot environment]. PMID- 7101796 TI - [Medical rehabilitation of infectious hepatitis patients]. PMID- 7101798 TI - [Circadian characteristics of body functions in sailors in the tropics]. PMID- 7101799 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation for correcting homeostatic parameters]. PMID- 7101800 TI - [Complications in the victims of trauma in the postshock period]. PMID- 7101801 TI - [Pharmacy preparation of injection and other sterile solutions]. PMID- 7101802 TI - [Accidental laser injury to the fundus oculi of both eyes]. PMID- 7101803 TI - [Reflexotherapy in the rehabilitation of spinal osteochondrosis patients]. PMID- 7101804 TI - [Routine health inspection of permanent equipment parks of military units]. PMID- 7101805 TI - [Treatment of bone paronychia]. PMID- 7101806 TI - [Unit for preparing injection solutions]. PMID- 7101807 TI - [Device for agitating planchets in setting up serological reactions in micro volumes]. PMID- 7101808 TI - [Device for metering expiratory resistance]. PMID- 7101809 TI - [More attention to physical training and sports]. PMID- 7101811 TI - [Changes in lipid composition of erythrocyte, plasma, and mitochondrial membranes of the kidney cortex in experimental rickets]. PMID- 7101812 TI - [Physico-chemical parameters of estradiol-receptor interactions in cytosol of the uterus and oviducts of Cercopithecus griseus]. PMID- 7101810 TI - [Hypocholesterolemic effect of phytoecdysones during experimental hypercholesterolemia in rats]. AB - The most active hypocholesterolemic preparation, affecting the absorption of 3H1 cholesterol in small intestine of rats with experimental hypercholesterolemia, proved to be I-hydroxyecdisterone; the activity was gradually decreased in the following series of preparations: ecdisterone, steroid sapogenine allyogenone, ciasterone and ecdisterone 25 acetate. Thus, the hypocholesterolemic activity of the preparations was increased with an increase in the content of hydroxy groups in the molecules. After daily administration of ecdisterone at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg into the animals with hypercholesterolemia within 3, 6 and 8 weeks, content of cholesterol in blood plasma was decreased by 7.0%, 16.9% and 29%, respectively; this phenomenon was accompanied by a decrease of the cholesterol content in erythrocyte membranes as well as in microfilaments of erythrocyte border by 26% and 34%, respectively. Amount of phospholipids and the ratio cholesterol/phospholipids were also normalized in the membranes studied. The data obtained suggest that competitive relationship occurs between cholesterol and the hypocholesterolemic drugs during binding with the membrane sites depending on their concentrations in blood plasma, intestine lumen and on the content in the membranes. PMID- 7101815 TI - [Enzymatic assay of blood galactose]. PMID- 7101814 TI - [Taurine metabolism in rat liver during thiamine deficiency]. PMID- 7101813 TI - [Apoproteins C and E from very low and high density lipoproteins in men with dysalphalipoproteinemia]. AB - Quantitative alterations were found in content and the ratio of apoproteins "C" and "E" from lipoproteins of very low density (LPVLD) and of high density (LPHD). In lipoproteinlipolysis of LPVLD the ratio of total apoprotein-inhibitors to protein-activators was increased in men with hyperalphalipoproteinemia; the lipoproteinlipolytic activity appears to depend on content and composition of specific LPVLD apoproteins. Dissimilar alterations in content of "C" and "E" apoproteins, studied in LPVLD and LPHD simultaneously, occurred when high and low concentrations of cholesterol-LPHD (CS-LPHD) were used. At the same time, content of apoE and cholesterol esters, occurring both in LPVLD and LPHD, was uniformly altered under conditions of CS-LPHD content variation. The data obtained suggest that content of blood plasma CS-LPHD is related to quantitative composition of apoproteins involved in regulation of lipoprotein metabolism in blood plasma. PMID- 7101817 TI - [Heterogeneity of histidinemias]. PMID- 7101816 TI - [Comparison of neuraminidase properties in a culture of amniotic fluid and in a culture of chorion cells]. PMID- 7101819 TI - [Concentration of adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate during myocardial necrosis in rats under stress]. PMID- 7101818 TI - [Use of modified Ayling's method for detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes for phenylketonuria gene]. AB - Activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase from human leukocytes was shown to depend on concentration of phenylalanine and pteridine cofactor; optimal concentrations of the substances were estimated. Using this optimized procedure activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase was studied in leukocytes of homo- and heterozygotes by the phenylketonuria gene as well as in the cells of donors. The mean values of the enzymatic activity were distinctly different in the groups of homo-, heterozygote-bearing patients and in healthy persons, although a slight overlapping of the patterns was observed between the groups. Presence of "atypical" forms of phenylketonuria appears to be responsible for this overlapping. The modified procedure for estimation of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in leukocytes might be used for differential diagnostics of phenylketonuria. PMID- 7101823 TI - [Role of steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of cancer of the corpus uteri]. PMID- 7101821 TI - [Interaction of heparin-containing polymers with plasma and blood]. PMID- 7101822 TI - [Prognostic value of hormonal and immunological indices in the combined treatment of esophageal cancer]. AB - A combination therapy consisting of two endolymphic infusions of BCG vaccine and methotrexate followed by remote gamma therapy 10 days after the second infusion was given to 96 patients with stage III esophageal tumors. Complete response was observed in 64.4 and partial--in 33.3% of cases. An evaluation of response carried out on the basis of 40 hormonal and immunological indices showed that immunological factors make the major contribution to antitumor resistance. The report contains a table of parameters which provide information indispensable for the prognosis of treatment depending on the response of internal environment to endolymphic infusion. PMID- 7101824 TI - [Comparative study of 2 combined treatment regimens in stage-III to -IV ovarian cancer]. AB - The results of the treatment of 75 patients with ovarian carcinoma of epithelial origin are reported. The authors give a randomised clinical comparison of the efficacy of two schemes of complex treatment of 54 patients with ascitic ovarian carcinoma and 21 patients with non-ascitic ovarian carcinoma. The first scheme included cytoxan chemotherapy plus surgery plus polychemotherapy (25 patients); the second--surgery plus polychemotherapy (29 patients). Patients with non ascitic carcinoma (21) received the second type of treatment. Polychemotherapy consisted of two alternating schedules: 5 fluorouracil plus cyclophosphamide and hexamethylamine plus cyclophosphamide after a two week interval. Better results were obtained in the group of patients treated surgically at the initial stage of treatment. PMID- 7101820 TI - [Effect of temporary occlusion of coronary artery on oxidation of fatty acids in heart mitochondria]. AB - The oxidation rates of acetate, acetyl carnitine, caprinate, palmitoyl carnitine and palmitoyl CoA were studied in mitochondria of rabbit heart after short-term (60 min) occlusion of coronary artery with subsequent reperfusion within 1 day and 6 days. Oxidation of these substances was similarly decreased. Incomplete oxidation of palmitoyl carnitine was characteristic for mitochondria impaired with ischemia. The data obtained suggest that the outer carnitine palmitoyl transferase was the limiting enzyme for the palmitoyl CoA oxidation in control and impaired mitochondria. The rate of palmitoyl carnitine and caprinate oxidation was apparently decreased at the initial steps of oxidation as soon as consumption of acetate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle exceeded distinctly its formation from these substances. PMID- 7101826 TI - [Effect of pregnancy on the course of lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - The relationship of pregnancy and the course of Hodgkin's disease is discussed on the basis of 30 cases. 16 femalles became pregnant during complete remission: in 10 out of them, remission followed radical radiation therapy. Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed during pregnancy in 11 cases and within the first several weeks after delivery in 3 cases. The course of pregnancy and delivery were normal in all cases and the babies were normal, too. Pregnancy aggravated the disease during exacerbation period only. In most females who became pregnant during remission exacerbation was not observed. It is concluded that pregnancy and birth are not contraindicated in patients with local stage I--II Hodgkin's disease two years after the beginning of remission. Pregnancy is contraindicated during exacerbation period, irrespective of tumor stage. PMID- 7101827 TI - [Clinical x-ray characteristics and growth kinetics of Ewing's tumor]. AB - The clinico-roentgenological peculiarities of the course of Ewing's sarcoma depending on tumor localisation were studied in 66 patients (29 in diaphysis and 37 in metaphysis). Tumor growth rates versus localisation (43 cases) and end results (55 cases) wee compared. The malignancy and growth rate of diaphysic tumors appeared to be higher. This was matched by lower survival rates. Statistical data on growth rates of tumor and survival are presented. PMID- 7101825 TI - [Content of 17 beta estradiol, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors in patients with benign breast diseases]. AB - The levels of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and glucocorticoids were assayed in tumor tissues from 41 patients with benign breast tumors. Histologically, 21 tumors were identified as fibroadenomas of various types, 14--as fibrous-cystic non-proliferative mastopathy and 6--proliferative mastopathy. Tumor tissue contained estradiol receptors in 51% of cases, all three types of receptors--in 7% and none of the receptors was found in 29% of tumors. The levels of estrogen and glucocorticoids in cases of benign tumors were lower than those in cancer patients. However, in proliferative fibrous-cystic mastopathy group, estrogen receptor level was higher than in the other two groups. PMID- 7101828 TI - [Radiation treatment in combination with polychemotherapy of the localized form of Ewing's sarcoma in children]. PMID- 7101829 TI - [Calcitonin and parathyrin in the blood serum of cancer patients]. AB - A comparative radioimmunologic study of changes in the ratio of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone secretion was carried out in healthy controls (young and older than 40 years), patients with benign tumors, inflammatory processes and malignancies of the stomach, kidney, breast, prostate and lung. A significant increase in the "calcitonin index" (ratio of molar concentrations of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone) was established in patients with cancer of the breast, prostate and skeletal metastases of lung cancer, irrespective of the presence of primary tumor. This index is irrelevant in cases of gastric and renal carcinoma and cannot be used a indication of skeletal dissemination because of the predominant level of parathyroid hormone secretion. PMID- 7101830 TI - [Experimental study of aniline, lead nitrate and sodium alkylsulfate as modifiers of chemical blastomogenesis]. PMID- 7101831 TI - [Microroentgenography of transplantable tumors]. AB - The results of microroentgenographic study of vascularisation of Ehrlich's carcinoma in albino mice 2, 24 and 48 hrs after implantation are discussed. Pronounced reorganisation of blood vessels occurs in muscles, bone lymph nodes, skin and subcutaneous fat within the first hours after tumor implantation. Venous collectors of peripheral blood vessels become dilated due to the formation of arterio-venous anastamoses and the by-passing of capillary beds. The formation of arterio-venous shunts is a biological factor which is conducive to hypoxia development at tumor site. PMID- 7101832 TI - [Morbidity of leukemia and other hemoblastoses in an urban population]. AB - The report deals with the establishment of the rates of morbidity from leukemia and other forms of hemablastosis on the basis of registered complaints by 355,000 patients living in 10 cities, with due account of the results of mass screenings carried out in these cities. The results of mass screenings considerably improved the morbidity data obtained on the basis of patients' complaints. The comparative analysis of the data showed that the rates of hemoblastosis incidence in Ivanovo, Kemerovov and Frunze are relatively higher than in the other seven cities. PMID- 7101833 TI - [Hypophyseal-adrenal system function in disseminated breast cancer]. AB - The functional condition of the pituitary-adrenal system was studied in 94 patients with disseminated breast cancer. A decreased excretion of 17--OCS's with urine and an increased cortisol level in blood were observed. This was interpreted as relative (extra-adrenal) failure of pituitary-adrenal function in breast cancer patients. Measures of long-term therapy (adaptogens, vitamins and hepatotropic preparations) are recommended. PMID- 7101834 TI - [Experience in rehabilitating cancer patients at sanatoria and health resorts]. AB - The paper discusses the results of a study of the case histories of 90 cancer patients. 48 of these patients received a course of treatment including physical rehabilitative therapy, dietotherapy, mesenchemotherapy (fractionated doses of ACS Bogomoletz, zymosan, splenin), oxygen and iodine-bromine baths, mineralized water and non-specific medication (vitamins, ext. eleutherococci, methonine, cholenzyme) and psychotherapy. It is suggested that non-specific therapy generally provided at health resort establishments is indicated in radically operated stomach and breast cancer patients who reveal no signs of recurrence or metastases. Such therapy may contribute to social and occupational rehabilitation of cancer patients. PMID- 7101835 TI - Granulocyte yields using the Haemonetics 30. Effects of variations in corticosteroid regimen and donor selection. AB - The factors of donor selection, corticosteroid drug choice, dose, timing and route of administration were studied to optimize granulocyte yield employing the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. Our data suggest that donors giving one excellent yield do not necessarily do so again. Donors with high initial granulocyte counts had only marginal increases in counts after taking corticosteroids. Selecting donors on the basis of high previous yield or granulocyte count is not a feasible strategy for improving granulocyte yields. Highest yields of granulocytes (16 X 10(9) total; 4 X 10(9)/liter processed) were obtained with any of four split-dose corticosteroid regimen. This increment is almost twice as large as the previously reported improvement using continuous flow centrifugation. The choice of steroid, the route of administration and the timing of the split doses are not critical. PMID- 7101838 TI - Chronic cold haemagglutinin disease due to an anti-M-like autoantibody. AB - A case of chronic cold haemagglutinin disease due to an IgM monoclonal (kappa) autoantibody with anti-M-like specificity is described in a patient with the MN phenotype. The autoantibody was present in very high titre and active at body temperature, but haemolysis was only mild. The direct antiglobulin test was positive due to C3d on the patient's red cells, and the autoantibody was able to bind complement to normal MM and MN cells with a marked dosage effect. PMID- 7101837 TI - Structural and biochemical analysis of the Mcleod erythrocyte membrane. I. Freeze fracture and discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. AB - The abnormal erythrocyte of the McLeod phenotype displays a reduced Kell blood group expression, an abnormal morphology in about 30% of the total red blood cell population and a decrease in water permeability. These parameters have previously been shown to be independent of membrane lipid composition, microviscosity and electrolyte transport. Findings such as these seem to implicate the involvement of a defective membrane protein. The present study investigated membrane composition by utilizing two techniques: freeze-fracture electron microscopy and discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic scans revealed no apparent band additions or deletions showing McLeod membrane protein composition to be normal. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy did show a significant increase in intramembrane particle density. These findings may be resolved by proposing a dissociation of the band 3 glycoprotein. Unlinkage of this polypeptide, thought to be involved in water transport and intramembranous particle composition, could account for the decreased water transport and increased particle density seen in the McLeod erythrocyte membrane. PMID- 7101836 TI - Catabolic half-lives and antigenic relationships of native, altered and commercially prepared human albumins in rabbits. AB - As determined in rabbits, the in vivo plasma survival, i.e. half-life (t 1/2), of albumin produced by the cold-ethanol procedure did not differ significantly from that of native albumin (p less than 0.5). Plasma survivals of reprocessed and heat-ethanol produced albumins were significantly less than that of the native protein (0.02 less than p less than 0.05). Chemically-modified albumin had a considerably reduced t 1/2 (p less than 0.001) and was the only albumin shown to be antigenically different from the native protein. Variations in t 1/2 s of albumin preparations could not be attributed to differences in their polymer contents. PMID- 7101839 TI - [Educational work in public health institutions]. PMID- 7101840 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of machines and equipment used in animal husbandry and feed production]. PMID- 7101841 TI - [Sensitizing action of new synthetic dyes intended for the printing design of packaging materials used in the food industry]. PMID- 7101842 TI - [Clinical, epidemiological and treatment problems in botulism]. PMID- 7101844 TI - [Response to criticial comments of Vainshtein on peptic ulcer classification]. PMID- 7101843 TI - [Echohepatographic data on chronic HBs-antigen carriers]. PMID- 7101847 TI - [Elaboration and experimental use of local standards in the practice of an epidemiological health station]. PMID- 7101846 TI - [Work experience of a nephrology center based in a provincial clinical hospital]. PMID- 7101845 TI - [Immunological indices of viral hepatitis patients taking into account blood groups]. PMID- 7101849 TI - [Use of rosanol in chronic cholecystoangiocholitis]. PMID- 7101850 TI - [Effect of dietotherapy on the biochemical composition of the bile in obesity combined with cholecystitis]. PMID- 7101851 TI - [Effectiveness of using decamethoxine in chronic gastritis and gastroduodenitis combined with biliary tract diseases]. PMID- 7101852 TI - [Acid and mucous secretion in chronic gastritis]. PMID- 7101848 TI - [Significance of genetic factors in the occurrence and course of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 7101853 TI - [Erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility and the blood rheological properties in chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7101854 TI - [Contractile capacity of the myocardium in acute myocardial infarct based on echocardiographic data]. PMID- 7101856 TI - [Relation between the incidence of ischemic heart disease and obesity]. PMID- 7101855 TI - [The integral rheogram in evaluating left ventricular phase structure in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7101857 TI - [Use of anabolic steroids in postinfarct cardiosclerosis]. PMID- 7101861 TI - [Are there grounds for a discussion of the next classification of peptic ulcer?]. PMID- 7101862 TI - [Diagnosis of acute nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhages]. PMID- 7101860 TI - [Noninvasive determination of the pressure in the pulmonary artery in hypertension]. PMID- 7101858 TI - [Changes In myocardial contractile function and microcirculation in hypertension]. PMID- 7101863 TI - [Diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhages after operations under artificial circulation]. PMID- 7101859 TI - [Changes in the oxygen transport function of the blood and metabolic indices in hypertension and chronic ischemic heart disease during ergometry]. PMID- 7101865 TI - [Favorable outcome of hypoplastic anemia in sepsis in a female patient]. PMID- 7101864 TI - [Restoration of motor functions in patients who have had a stroke]. PMID- 7101867 TI - [Peptic ulcer and symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 7101868 TI - [Case of thoracic aorta arrosion with pulmonary hemorrhage]. PMID- 7101866 TI - [Indices of glycolysis enzyme activity in iron-deficiency anemia]. PMID- 7101870 TI - [Progressive pulmonary dystrophy]. PMID- 7101869 TI - [Clinico-etiological characteristics of acute pneumonias]. PMID- 7101871 TI - [Analysis of the initial forms of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7101872 TI - [Nosological essence and classification of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 7101875 TI - [Constitutional brain anomaly as a biological component in the mechanism of mental disease]. PMID- 7101873 TI - [Generalized fibrous osteodystrophy in malignant adenoma of the parathyroid]. PMID- 7101874 TI - [Effect of hypervolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow indices in supratentorial tumors]. PMID- 7101876 TI - [Immunoglobulin content in the blood serum in disseminated sclerosis]. PMID- 7101877 TI - [Prognostic capacity of electrocardiography in myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 7101880 TI - [Impedance cardiographic evaluation of cardiac function in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7101878 TI - [Study of myocardial perfusion with 201Tl during physical loading and at rest using a gamma-camera with an EC 1020 computer]. PMID- 7101879 TI - [Viskaldix in the treatment of arterial hypertension]. AB - Viskaldix, a combination of Pindolol (Visken)--10 mg with Clopamide--5 mg, was administered to 15 patients with arterial hypertension. The follow up of the patients was according to a previous plan, the preparation administered according, to a schedule. In the determination of the stage of the disease, consideration was mainly given to the values of the diastolic pressure, measured in a lying position. The patients examined were of the following age: to 40--I patient; to 50-7 patients; to 60--7 patients. Seven patients were at the stage I, 4 patients--stage OII and 4 patients--stage III. Reduction of systolic and diastolic pressure with more than 1.33 kPa (10 mm Hg column) both in a lying and standing position were recorded in 2/3 of the patients with the treatment carried out. The effect on the blood pressure, was noticed to develop in 1/3 of the patients with the administration of 2 tablets daily. The blood pressure of only one patient failed to respond to the treatment. PMID- 7101882 TI - [Pleural effusions of neoplastic etiology]. AB - A prospective analysis was made of 50 patients with neoplastic pleural exudation for the period 1977-1979. Twenty five of the patients (50%) are with advanced age (60-75). Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most often primary localization of the neoplastic exudates --26 patients (52%), followed by mammary carcinoma--10 cases (20%). In 76 per cent of the patients the pleural exudation is the first clinical manifestation of the neoplastic disease. In the rest of the cases, the metastatic exudation was manifested by the third year after the diagnosis of primary tumor. Dyspnea is outlined as a leading clinical symptom. The data from the biochemical and cytological studies of the pleural punctate were analyzed. The cytological finding is with the highest diagnostic value for the neoplastic pleural exudates. PMID- 7101881 TI - [Clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of the decompensation syndrome in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy]. AB - Thirty seven patients were clinically and hemodynamically studied under hospital conditions. The stage of cardiomegaly, the stasis in the pulmonary and systemic circulations were followed up as well as the presence of manifestations of pulse deficit, incidence of gallop rhythm manifestation. It was established that in the patients with II-A stage of decompensation of circulation, a decreased cardiac output was found, enhanced peripheral resistance and normovolemia. In the patients with II-B stage of circulation decompensation, further decrease of stroke and minute volume was found as well as moderately slowed down blood flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulation and normal peripheral vascular resistance. Conclusions were drawn, on the base of the data obtained, about the optimal treatment depending on the circulation decompensation stage. PMID- 7101885 TI - [Echography in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, cancer and cysts of the pancreas]. PMID- 7101883 TI - [Clinical trial of a Plantago major preparation in the treatment of chronic bronchitis]. AB - Plantago major, according to literature data, has expectorant, antiphlogistic, pain-relieving effect. The experimental studies confirmed a spastic effect upon the smooth musculature of bronchi as well. Twenty five patients with chronic bronchitis were examined, with or without spastic character, with light and moderately severe deviations in ventilation indices. The treatment period was 25 30 days. A rapid effect on subjective complaints and objective findings was obtained in 80 per cent. Some indices of external respiration were favourably affected. The preparation is with a good tolerance, with no toxic effect on gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, hemopoiesis. PMID- 7101884 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism in childhood and adolescence]. AB - Three children with primary hyperparathyroidism, confirmed at operation, are reported. The generalized skeletal changes with pathological fractures are leading in two of them, necessitating a long-term orthopedic treatment. Big solitary adenomas were found at operation. The disease, in the third child, had the course of nephrolithiasis. Hyperplasia of all four parathyroid bodies with light cells was established at operation. The biochemical deviations are typical in all three children undergone operations: hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase with increased excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine. PMID- 7101886 TI - [Echography in the follow-up of patients after surgery for hepatic echinococcosis]. PMID- 7101888 TI - [Reflux esophagitis (clinical and endoscopic studies)]. AB - The results from the esophagoscopies of patients with esophagitis are reported. The diagnosis esophagitis was made in 238 patients (17.5%) out of the 1389 esophagoscopies performed. Esophagitis incidence is presented according to age groups. With the involvement of the distal third of esophagus proved to be 189 patients (71.0%). The incidence of reflux-esophagitis was studied in some diseases of stomach and duodenum. Reflux-esophagitis is more frequently found in patients with resected stomach, duodenal and gastric ulcers, than in patients with atrophic and superficial gastritis. The clinical symptoms, the characteristic endoscopic and histologic changes in esophageal mucosa were studied in a group of 56 patients with reflux-esophagitis. Esophagoscopy with intentional biopsy is the most valuable method for the diagnosis, precision of the stage and dynamics of reflux-esophagitis. PMID- 7101887 TI - [Functional-dynamic studies of the hepatobiliary system with HEPIDA and EHIDA compound]. PMID- 7101890 TI - [Genealogic analysis of peptic ulcer of the duodenum]. AB - The results are presented from a meticulous genealogical study, to III stage of family descent, of 348 patients with duodenal ulcer and 101 healthy subjects. The index of hereditary defects, with the strictly collected data, revealed that in 3/4 of the patients degree greater than families some other representatives with ulcer disease were found. With broadening the circle and including more relatives, that index regularly grows. The incidence of ulcer diseases among the relatives of the propositus with duodenal ulcer is 5 to 10 times more frequent as compared with the corresponding stages of kinship among the healthy controls. The duodenal ulcer, in the hereditary defective patients, is manifested with an average of 8--10 years earlier. The same localization of the ulcer niche was found in 91.12 per cent among the blood relatives of the propositi. The males suffer 2.5 times more often from duodenal ulcer. PMID- 7101891 TI - [New method of medicinal treatment of cardiospasm]. PMID- 7101889 TI - [Polypectomy during gastric endoscopy]. AB - The endoscopic polypectomy with electrocoagulation is a method of nonsurgical elimination of accessible polypi of the upper segments of gastrointestinal tract. Results are reported of 113 endoscopic polypectomies in 84 patients being of therapeutic and diagnostic value. The method of endoscopic polypectomy is described as well as the preparation of the patients and their postoperation follow up. The polypectomy was successful in 83 of the patients and in 15 patients with multiple polyposis successive polypectomies were realized. The endoscopic polypectomy was performed in cases with tumor process localized in the distal part of esophagus, stomach and duodenum as well as in case of resected stomach. One case of recidivation is described after polypectomy and one case with newly formed polyps necessitating a repeated polypectomy. Complications after endoscopic polypectomy are reported in three patients--hemorrhage, conservatively coped and in 2 patients--perforation of gastric wall, forcing an emergency operation. PMID- 7101892 TI - [Complex study of glycoproteins in liver disease]. AB - The glycoproteins (GP) of 329 patients with liver diseases and 60 clinically healthy subjects were complexly studied: sialic acid, orozomucoid, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cholinesterase, hexosamine and fucose. Modern laparoscopic, bioscopic, histochemical and histomorphological methods were used in making the diagnosis and determination of the disease phase; The liver diseases are characterized by quantitative and qualitative differences in the character of the GP changes in serum. GP are mostly changed in acute viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, extrahepatic cholestasis and liver tumours, less in chronic aggressive hepatitis and no change in chronic persistent hepatitis and steatosis. The complex GP study is of significance in the characteristic of the activity of the pathological process, in the specification of the liver function as well as for the prognosis of a certain disease. PMID- 7101893 TI - [Study of the hemodynamics of patients with symptomatic renal hypertension]. PMID- 7101894 TI - [Urinary catecholamine excretion and cardiac output in hypertensive patients]. AB - Cardiac output was determined to 70 patients with hypertonic disease I, II and III stage by dye-dilution method and urine excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline was determined by fluorescence method. The extent of stroke and minute volume was determined depending on the stage of the disease, degree of arterial hypertension and patients' age. Noradrenaline excretion was normal in 75.8 per cent from the whole group of the patients examined and decreased in 24.2 per cent. Adrenaline excretion was increased in 7.1 per cent and with normal values--in 92.9 per cent of the patients. No discrepancies in adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion were found in the patients with hypertonic disease, depending both on the degree of arterial hypertension and patients' age. A moderate positive correlation was found between noradrenaline excretion and cardiac index and stroke index. PMID- 7101895 TI - [Changes in serum lipoproteins in patients with ischemic heart disease at an early age]. AB - The serum lipoprotein profile was determined in 37 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 100 practically healthy subjects, aged from 18 to 45. HLP was found in 59.5 per cent of the patients examined, 50 per cent in males and 100 per cent in females. Type IV has the highest incidence (54.5%), followed by type IIB(36.4%) and type IIa (9.1 per cent). In 27 per cent of the patients with no HLP determined, less significant changes in LDLP and VLDLP were found, admitted to be dyslipoproteinemia (DLP). HLP and DLP were confirmed in 86.5 per cent of the patients examined. In all patients serum concentration of HDLP-Chol was decreased (mostly in DLP and type IV HLP), whereas the level of HDLP-Tg was increased in most of the cases. As a result, the intralipoprotein index 1(2)(=HDLP-Chol/HDLP-Tg) was decreased, reaching the lowest values in IIa and type IV HLP. The only index of all studied, being changed (elevated) with a statistical significance in all groups of patients with IHD, in those with normolipoproteinemia (NLP) including, was the lipoprotein index II(=LDLP-Chol and VLDLP-Chol/HDLP-Chol). With the morbid process progressing, assessed by ECG data, the functional stage of stenocardia, the degree of the constriction and the number of the pathologically altered coronary arteries, the incidence of NLP, DLP and type IV HLP distinctly decreased, whereas IIa and IIB type HLP increased. PMID- 7101896 TI - [Determination of the effect of furanthril on myocardial infarct lesion size according to precordial electrocardiogram (mapping) and enzyme activity findings]. AB - The ECG Mapping from 30 precordial points in 56 patients with recent anterior transmural infarctions was followed up as well as the level of the enzymes, acid phosphokinase, SGOT and LDH-iso during the first 6 days after the origination of the cardiac infarction. Thirty six patients were treated according to the generally adopted treatment schedule of cardiac infarction (group without furanthril) and 20 patients were administered, in addition to the generally adopted schedule, one tablet furanthril daily during the first six days (group with furanthril. Though no manifested discrepancies were observed in the indices studied in both groups (without and with furanthril)--in patients administered furanthril systematically--a better manifested drop was found in ECG Mapping indices and the enzyme activity in the course of the cardiac infarction, as compared with the group without furanthril. In some of the cases that tendency was with a statistical significance. According to clinical data, extensive lesion of myocardium and cardiac rupture were more frequently found in the group without furanthril whereas grave rhythm disorders were more frequent in the group with furanthril. The systematic administration of furanthril, in the first several days after the origination of the cardiac infarction, revealed some favorable tendencies in its course (possible restriction of lesion zone according to ECG Mapping data, restriction of necrosis according to enzyme activity data), but, at the same time, the unfavourable arrhythmia became more frequent, necessitating the control of rhythm and electrolytes as well as timely antirhythm treatment. PMID- 7101897 TI - Medical Education at the University of the West Indies. PMID- 7101898 TI - Echocardiography in medical practice in the Caribbean: Part II. PMID- 7101899 TI - A Caribbean diet for the management of renal failure. PMID- 7101900 TI - Influenza A virus associated neurological disorders in Jamaica. PMID- 7101901 TI - Medical research practice and policy in the Caribbean. PMID- 7101902 TI - Bile duct surgery without tubes or stents. PMID- 7101903 TI - Relationship between separation-age of offspring and level of arousal as an indication of behavioural disturbance. PMID- 7101904 TI - The dilemma of defining diabetes mellitus in the aging population. AB - A total of 1,009 persons were given a 100-gram glucose solution orally after a three-day regimen of a diet preparation and an overnight fast. Fasting and two hour plasma glucose levels were determined for each subject and the results tabulated. Most of the persons tested were in the sixth, seventh or eighth decade of life with 43 persons between 80 and 89 years of age. The frequency of fasting plasma glucose determinations above 140 mg per dl varied from 3 percent to 7 percent between the sixth and ninth decades. Those persons with two-hour plasma glucose values above 200 mg per dl represented 8 percent of the 50 to 59 year old group and the percentages rose respectively to 12 percent, 16 percent and 21 percent in the 60 to 69, 70 to 79 and 80 to 89 year old groups. Finally, those who had fasting plasma glucose levels below 140 mg per dl and two-hour glucose values between 140 and 200 mg per dl were tabulated according to decade of life. This group varied from 9 percent to 15 percent between ages 20 and 59 and represented 20 percent to 22 percent of those in the seventh, eighth and ninth decades. In light of the known deterioration of glucose tolerance with aging, some stratification of blood glucose concentrations should be applied with age, but to what degree and what diagnostic criteria should be applied are still unclear. PMID- 7101905 TI - Hodgkin's disease in a community oncology center: ten years' experience. AB - A total of 77 cases of Hodgkin's disease have been evaluated and the patients treated at our institution during the past ten years. Advances in diagnostic technology and therapy have improved the outcome of the disease and overall survival. Therapy during this period has not been standardized. Radiation therapy was the primary initial treatment for stages I, II and III, with combined modality therapy or chemotherapy alone used for more advanced stages. Five-year disease-free and overall survival for stage IA is 81 percent and 95 percent, respectively; 74 percent and 78 percent for stage IIA; 70 percent in both instances for stage IIB; 54 percent and 100 percent for stage IIIA; 75 percent and 100 percent for stage IIIB, and 57 percent and 69 percent for stage IV. Of 13 patients initially treated with chemotherapy, 77 percent have had a complete response. Of the 16 patients (88 percent) having a relapse, 14 have been salvaged with a variety of therapeutic approaches. Overall, five-year survival for 77 patients is 86 percent, with 70 percent having no relapse. PMID- 7101908 TI - Talcum powder pneumoconiosis--diagnosis by transbronchial biopsy using energy dispersive x-ray analysis. PMID- 7101907 TI - Vaginal ectopic ureter: a continuing diagnostic challenge. PMID- 7101906 TI - Nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 7101909 TI - Drosophila myiasis mimicking sepsis in a newborn. PMID- 7101913 TI - [Foreign bodies of the lungs and cardiac area]. PMID- 7101910 TI - Myocardial ischemia and infarction related to recreational cocaine use. PMID- 7101912 TI - Medical intensive care in a community teaching hospital. AB - The success of efforts at cost containment in medical intensive care units of community hospitals will ultimately depend on accurate assessments of their use by practitioners. This study analyzes 167 consecutive admissions to such a facility, 81 percent of which were supervised by physicians in practice in the community. The results suggest that a significant number of patients are admitted only for observation or conventional medical care, that a substantial proportion of resources is spent on the care of patients who die immediately and that there are few practitioners with enough experience in the daily operation of this facility to develop broad perspectives of its use. Physicians with specific training or more experience in intensive care medicine, such as full-time directors of medical intensive care units, should participate in the decisions about the allocation of the limited resources available to the critically III. PMID- 7101914 TI - [Subclavian vein cannulation in preparation for repeated hemodialysis in children with terminal renal failure]. PMID- 7101911 TI - Common and correctable errors in diagnostic test ordering. AB - Diagnostic tests represent a significant percentage of medical costs. Knowledge of test ordering principles and a few testing strategies can significantly reduce unnecessary testing and costs. Awareness of the limitations of screening, less frequent monitoring of known abnormalities, reduced utilization of stat. tests and test panels and better use of existing information will improve the efficiency and accuracy of diagnostic testing. PMID- 7101915 TI - [Thymus hypertrophy as a cause of dyspnea in children]. PMID- 7101916 TI - [An epidemic focus of herpes simplex infection in a neonatal ward]. PMID- 7101917 TI - [Intestinal helminthiasis and giardiasis in the former Gryfice county in the years 1970-1979]. PMID- 7101919 TI - [Pancreatic cyst diagnosed by means of ultrasonography]. PMID- 7101918 TI - [Usefulness of digitalis in various cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 7101921 TI - [Endoscopic removal of a gastric foreign body]. PMID- 7101920 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in a case of a perihepatic pseudocyst]. PMID- 7101922 TI - [Bechterew's disease with and without unilateral involvement of the sacroiliac joints]. PMID- 7101929 TI - [Problems of family life in diabetic pregnant women]. PMID- 7101928 TI - [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in intracranial supratentorial]. PMID- 7101923 TI - [Case of juvenile nasopharyngeal fibroma treated with gamma Co-60 radiotherapy and testosterone]. PMID- 7101926 TI - [Fibrosarcoma of transverse colon mesentery]. PMID- 7101927 TI - [Use of Pavulon in artificial respiration following acute poisoning]. PMID- 7101930 TI - [Changes in the excretion of various pregnancy hormones in gravidity complicated by EPH-gestosis]. PMID- 7101924 TI - [Spontaneous shifting of concrements in the ureter]. PMID- 7101925 TI - [Generalized vaccinia on the burned skin in an infant]. PMID- 7101932 TI - [Viral cardiac diseases]. PMID- 7101934 TI - [Cardiomyopathies]. PMID- 7101933 TI - [Syringomyelia in myelographic findings and computer tomography]. PMID- 7101931 TI - [Periodicity in the incidence of suicide]. PMID- 7101935 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernia of Morgagni's hiatus simulating a pulmonary tumor]. PMID- 7101936 TI - [Coexistence of liver cysts and renal cystic disease in ultrasonography]. PMID- 7101937 TI - [Bifocal second primary colonic carcinoma]. PMID- 7101938 TI - [Unusual cause of obturation of the small intestine]. PMID- 7101940 TI - [Chronic purulent femoral osteitis diagnosed initially as a focus of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 7101941 TI - [Acute exogenous Bonhoeffer's reaction with a hallucinatory-anxiety syndrome following the 1st injection of procaine penicillin]. PMID- 7101939 TI - [Giant ovarian cyst diagnosed by means of ultrasonography]. PMID- 7101942 TI - [Usefulness of P wave change evaluation in the electrocardiograms of myocardial infarction patients in the diagnosis of latent left ventricular failure]. PMID- 7101943 TI - [Hepatic coma in viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7101944 TI - [Clinical evaluation of amoxicillin]. PMID- 7101945 TI - [Epithelioma cuniculatum. A special form of verrucous carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - The case report is presented of a patient with epithelioma cuniculatum, which developed on the sole of the foot following a poorly-healed war injury sustained years previously. The histological picture was that of a well-differentiated, locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It must be distinguished from other verrucous carcinomas in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 7101947 TI - [The position of the uterus in vivo (author's transl)]. AB - Version, flexion and position of the uterus was checked by sonography in 152 women. In contradiction of the common opinion that anteflexion is usually combined with anteversion, only 20.3% of the women showed a marked bend between the axes of the corpus and cervix. Retroflexion was observed in nearly all cases of retroversion. With regard to lateroversion, a significant inclination of the uterus to the right was seen in women with anteversion (60.9%), whereas the opposite trend was observed with the retroverted uterus. PMID- 7101946 TI - [Rare primitive motor patterns of the oral sense (author's transl)]. AB - This case report presents two types of primitive motor patterns of the oral sense, the rooting reflex in an apallic patient due to encephalitis and a cobra bite-like motor pattern in a patient with a hypoxic apallic syndrome. In the apallic syndrome the disintegration of cerebral functions to a mesodiencephalic level is a characteristic feature. The reappearance of primitive motor patterns of the oral sense in the apallic syndrome thus gives further evidence for the integration of primitive motor patterns (e.g. rooting reflex) in the brainstem reticular formation. The cobra-bite-like motor pattern combined with aggressive actions might be due to the connection between brainstem functions and limbic structures. PMID- 7101949 TI - [Clinical results with loperamide in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea of varied aetiology (author's transl)]. AB - 19 consecutive patients admitted with severe chronic diarrhoea which had failed to respond to standard therapeutic regimen were treated with 4 to 8 mg of loperamide daily for up to 50 weeks. A marked improvement was achieved in 13 out of the 19 patients (68%). The best results were observed in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Patients with secretory diarrhoea did not improve. No major side effects were observed. It is concluded that loperamide is a highly effective and safe new drug in the treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. PMID- 7101948 TI - [Advances in the treatment of osteoporosis (author's transl)]. AB - Osteoporosis is not a disease in itself and, hence, the management and prognosis in any individual case depends on the aetiology. Other important factors determining treatment are the extent of the osteoporotic changes, the age and sex of the patient, the severity of the symptoms and the complications. The paramount aim of therapy is to arrest the osteoporotic process by selective treatment of the underlying cause of bone rarefication and, if possible, to achieve compensatory strengthening of the remaining skeletal structure by stimulating the formation of new bone. PMID- 7101950 TI - [New aspects of chlorprothixen-poisoning (author's transl)]. AB - Over the past 8 years the Poison Information Centre of Vienna was confronted 24 times with acute chlorproxithene (CPTX) poisoning. In adults doses of 2 g and more caused severe intoxication, but serious toxic manifestations were observed already at low dosage in children (after the ingestion of less than 5 mg/kg body weight). In one case unexpected death due to cardiac failure occurred as long as 49 hours after CPTX intake. The favorable outcome in one patient treated with gut, as well as gastric lavage indicates that this therapeutic strategy may be of value in the management of CPTX intoxication. PMID- 7101951 TI - [Percutaneous radiotherapy of thyroid malignancies. Analysis of 54 cases]. AB - A report is given on 54 cases of thyroid malignancy treated at the University Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology of Vienna from January 1970 till September 1977. These cases are analysed according to local control of disease and survival time. The 5-year disease-free survival rate for all histological types was found to be 48%. Local recurrence occurred in 13% of cases. Combined external irradiation and radioiodine therapy is critically discussed. PMID- 7101952 TI - [Clinical features and therapeutic management of male breast cancer (author's transl)]. AB - Only between 0.5 and 1.2% of all breast cancers are found in men. Over the past 20 years 17 male breast cancers were treated in the University Clinic of Graz/Austria. Seven of these cases had localized disease and primary surgical treatment was performed; three out of the seven are still alive and show disease free intervals of 2, 6 and 10 years, respectively. The metastatic cases were treated by various combinations of surgical treatment, radiotherapy, hormonal treatment and chemotherapy. Our results confirm the numerous communications in the literature that the therapeutic approach to male breast cancer is not essentially different to the management of female breast cancer at potentially curable stages. Primary orchidectomy still holds a dominant position in metastatic stages. Nevertheless, hormonal treatment with anti-oestrogens achieved an overall response rate of nearly 50%, which is comparable to the results with primary orchidectomy. Hence, this treatment is becoming of increasing importance as the primary form of treatment in hormone-sensitive metastatic male breast cancer. PMID- 7101953 TI - [The management of traumatic hemothorax (author's transl)]. AB - We reviewed 395 patients with isolated hemo- or hemopneumothorax from stab or bullet wounds. Of these, 45 were in shock on admission. All patients were initially treated by closed thoracostomy and infusions or transfusions. Of the 45 patients in shock, 24 responded to this treatment and remained stable. The other 21, after an initial response, showed a renewed drop in blood pressure and rise in pulse rate and had to be explored. All were found to be bleeding from either a systemic artery or a major lung laceration extending into the hilus. All other patients were continued on tube drainage, supplemented, if necessary, by needle aspiration and instillation of fibrinolytic enzymes until the lung was fully expanded, thus avoiding empyemas and the need for decortications. We found the clinical course after initial tube thoracostomy to be a reliable indicator for thoracotomy or for continued non-operative management, thus avoiding unnecessary thoracotomies. PMID- 7101954 TI - [Cardiac and peripheral vascular effects of the volatile inhalational anaesthetic enflurane in chronically instrumented dogs (author's transl)]. AB - While enflurane is generally held to induce arterial hypotension, its overall effects on left ventricular (LV) performance are less clear. Accordingly, mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented with miniature LV pressure transducers, with aortic and left atrial catheters and with electromagnetic flow probes and hydraulic cuff occluders on a common iliac artery. A pair of ultrasonic transducers was implanted on opposing endocardial surfaces to measure LV internal minor axis diameter. Experiments were performed 2 to 9 weeks after surgery when the animals were resting quietly without premedication. Enflurane (2 and 4 vol. %) decreased mean arterial pressure by 27% and 36% and led to a progressive, dose dependent decrease in myocardial contractility and induced striking peripheral vasodilatation, i.e. LV-dP/dtmax was reduced by 32% and 54% and iliac conductance rose by 101% and 163%. However, the decrease in contractility was not associated with an increase in LV preload, i.e. LV-end-diastolic diameter was decreased by 2 vol.-%, while it was not significantly different from control values with 4 vol. %. Thus, in intact chronically instrumented dogs the direct negative inotropic effect of enflurane is modified by a synchronous decrease in myocardial loading conditions. PMID- 7101957 TI - [Prenatal sex determination from the maternal saliva (author's transl)]. AB - A modified Zimmermann reaction (detection of 17-keto-steroids) has been tested for its applicability to fetal sex diagnosis after 20 weeks of pregnancy. In 90 pregnant women the overall reliability of prediction was only 52%. It increased, however, to 67% by analyzing non-morning samples of saliva, while it decreased to 40% if the first saliva was collected. The sensitivity of the method was found to be unequivocally too low to measure salivary androgens. While this procedure in its present form is not suited to antenatal sex determination, further studies of the still unknown nature of the colour reaction might lead to a new understanding of the changes in salivary composition during pregnancy. PMID- 7101955 TI - [Automatic suturing devices in lung surgery (author's transl)]. AB - Automatic stapling devices can be used for suturing the bronchus, pulmonary parenchyma and pulmonary vessels in lung resections. In particular, TA staplers have proved of great value in suturing the bronchial stump, helping to prevent the feared complication of stump insufficiency. No bronchopleural fistulae were recorded in a series of 220 lung resections. PMID- 7101956 TI - [Fragile X chromosome and X-linked mental retardation (author's transl)]. AB - In males affected by a special form of X-linked mental retardation a characteristic chromosomal abnormality can be demonstrated, - i.e. a fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome, fra(X) (q27 or 28) (marker-X chromosome). Male carriers are physically normal, but in most cases show macroorchidism. The demonstration of the marker-X chromosome requires special cell culture conditions, above all a folic acid-deficient medium. The frequency of cells with fragile X chromosome varies interindividually, ranging from 2 to 50%. In female heterozygous carriers the number of cells with fra(X) decreases with age and cannot be demonstrated in some cases. Distribution and frequency of X-linked mental retardation with marker-X chromosome and macro-orchidism are discussed, as well as possibilities of prenatal diagnosis of this disorder. PMID- 7101958 TI - [Therapy of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis]. AB - The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the time of onset of therapy with cortisone, antirheumatics and diuretics with respect to successful prevention of secondary lesions by compression of the nerve fibres. Onset of therapy was considered to be "in time" on all cases with incomplete facial paralysis without appearance of electromyographic signs of denervation within the subsequent three days. The results are based on 90 patients with follow-up examination out of a total of 130 patients treated. 94% of the patients thus treated "in time" showed full or almost complete remission. Only 59% of those patients in whom the therapy was not initiated "in time" showed satisfactory results. It may be concluded that the therapy of an idiopathic facial paralysis should commence at the very first clinical signs. The differing therapeutic results reported in the literature are in part due to the problem of the sufficiently early onset of therapy. PMID- 7101961 TI - Some random thoughts on the "old pediatrics". PMID- 7101960 TI - [Investigation of maximal motor nerve conductivity and distal latency before and after galvanic cell bath (author's transl)]. AB - Measurements about maximal motor nerve conductivity of ulnaris and medianus were carried out before and after constant galvanisation from neck to hand. Significant results of conductivity, distal latency and amplitude of summation potential could not be registered neither by plus nor by minus pole at the hand. PMID- 7101959 TI - [Dyspnea--what is to be done?]. PMID- 7101962 TI - Impaired physician. PMID- 7101963 TI - The second industrial revolution. PMID- 7101965 TI - [Aging changes of the large joints]. PMID- 7101966 TI - [The development of the back and muscular capacity]. PMID- 7101964 TI - [Age-associated peculiarities of microcirculation system in skeletal muscles and their role in muscle work capacity in human aging (author's transl)]. AB - The muscle blood flow was investigated at rest (MBFR) and after physical load under ischemia conditions (maximal muscle blood flow--MMBF) in 87 practically healthy persons (45 women and 42 men) aged 20--90. The state of muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of the clearance of 133xenon injected into M. tibialis anterior. The data obtained showed a decrease of MBFR and MMBF in older people as compared with younger subjects. In realization of this phenomenon a decrease in muscle capillarisation and a reduction in reactivity of microcirculatory link of vascular system plays an increasingly greater role with aging. The reduction in muscle blood flow forms a circulatory component of the age-associated hypoxia. This fact results in a decrease of muscle blood flow and limits the functional capacity of skeletal muscle under conditions of activity. PMID- 7101967 TI - [Roentgenologic peculiarities of the skeletal system in psoriasis arthropathica]. PMID- 7101969 TI - [The influence of the body weight on the 133 xenon clearance of the brachial muscles (author's transl)]. AB - Muscles blood flow (MBF) was determined by 133-Xenon-Clearance at rest in 78 persons free of vascular symptoms. Significant differences were found between males and females with normal body weight. Depending on the special composition of both groups (normal subjects and obese under 60 years) there was no significant decrease of MBF with increasing age. PMID- 7101970 TI - [The presence of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing albumin in the atheromatous aorta]. PMID- 7101968 TI - [Peculiarities in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of bone tumors in old age]. PMID- 7101971 TI - [Various questions concerning the social status of student drivers as well as the scope of responsibility of the potential traffic participant and of the physician taking driver fitness tests]. PMID- 7101972 TI - [2 simple roentgen signs in the early diagnosis of hip dislocation]. PMID- 7101973 TI - [Re-osteosynthesis in tibial fractures as a result of deficient primary care]. PMID- 7101974 TI - [Determination of normal urine values in children following deprivation as a kidney function test. I. Theoretic bases and equipment requirements]. PMID- 7101977 TI - ["Drowning"--an incomplete diagnosis in diving accidents]. PMID- 7101975 TI - [Determination of normal urine values in children following fluid deprivation as a kidney function test. II. Patients with acute pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7101976 TI - [Determination of normal urine values in children following fluid deprivation as a kidney function test. III. Patients with chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 7101978 TI - [Dispensary follow-up process following surgical intervention on the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 7101979 TI - [Age-dependency of the participation of women in cancer prevention examinations in a rural health care area]. PMID- 7101980 TI - [Factors in partner conflict]. PMID- 7101981 TI - [Allgower and Burri shock index]. PMID- 7101982 TI - [Prehospitalization first aid in selected internal diseases]. PMID- 7101984 TI - [Early diagnosis and therapy of tuberculous lung diseases in ambulatory and hospital care. II]. PMID- 7101985 TI - [Early diagnosis and therapy of hepatic coma in viral hepatitis--theoretical concepts and practical possibilities]. PMID- 7101983 TI - [Early diagnosis and therapy of tuberculous and non-tuberculous lung diseases in ambulatory and hospital care. I. Acute respiratory diseases]. PMID- 7101987 TI - [Recommendations on the interpretation and evaluation of electrocardiograms of adolescents and adults--short programmed course. 4. Partial program II: Morphology, time and amplitude parameters (1)]. PMID- 7101986 TI - [Comparative phlebographic and phlebodynamometric studies on the severity of postthrombotic syndrome]. PMID- 7101988 TI - [Disorders in wound healing in inguinal hernia--comparison between outpatient and hospital surgery]. PMID- 7101989 TI - [Interpretation problems in the evaluation of results of serial studies on blood pressure statistics and statistics on their treatment--Haldensleben district]. PMID- 7101991 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis and course control in septic shock]. PMID- 7101990 TI - [Do physicians fulfill their patients expectations? (an empirical study from the viewpoint of those concerned)]. PMID- 7101992 TI - [Problems in the determination and interpretation of the applicability of work hygiene conditions to morbidity]. PMID- 7101993 TI - [Tuberculosis as an occupational disease]. PMID- 7101996 TI - [Further results of air hygiene-meteorological studies for improving the accuracy of emission measurements]. PMID- 7101997 TI - [Relation between emission density and environmental impact as exemplified by SO2 and sedimentation dust in heavily populated centers]. PMID- 7101994 TI - [Development of tuberculosis control with special reference to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in East Germany]. PMID- 7101995 TI - [Modern bacterial vaccines]. PMID- 7102001 TI - [Assessment of the success of health education measures]. PMID- 7101998 TI - [A method of continuous determination of HCl concentrations in the air using a chloride-sensitive flow electrode]. PMID- 7101999 TI - [Elementary contingency table analyses for evaluating epidemiological and medical sociological studies]. PMID- 7102000 TI - [Effectiveness of health education from the medico-sociological viewpoint]. PMID- 7102003 TI - [Strategies in the prevention and rehabilitation of disabilities and handicaps]. PMID- 7102004 TI - [Organization of rehabilitation in Austria]. PMID- 7102002 TI - [Effect of health education on the participation of women in a preventive cancer examinations in a rural area]. PMID- 7102005 TI - [The cardiovascular risk profile of long-term diabetics and its relation to kidney function]. AB - Of 250 diabetics with a duration of the disease between 15 and 54 years the relations between the renal function and the cardiovascular risk profile were examined. The clearly increased serum creatinine values the frequency of persons with overweight was lower than in diabetics with very favourable creatinine levels. The increasing concentration of the serum led to an increase of the frequency of hyperuricaemia, whereas the frequencies of hypertension hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia did not show any significant changes. The habits of smoking of long-term diabetics with and without renal insufficiency did not differ from each other qualitatively. Particularly after the 50th year of age long-term diabetics more frequently had diabetic blood relatives than newly detected diabetic patients of the same age. Patients with familial occurrence of diabetes (relatives of 1st degree) in comparison to diabetics without known diabetic relatives showed an identical cardiovascular risk profile, so that there is no influence of the heredity of diabetes on the formation of the non-diabetic sizes of influence of the metabolic syndrome. PMID- 7102007 TI - [Presentation of multidimensional observed vectors in the form of trigonometric functions, explained by means of an example from internal medicine]. AB - In the present paper a method of the graphic representation of multivariate data is described which depicts the vectors of the measuring values in form of trigonometric functions. The usefulness of this form of representation is demonstrated with the help of a material of medical data from the field of diseases of the thyroid gland. Here a comparison with the representation of multidimensional vectors of the observed values in form of graphs or in form of transformation into the plane emphasizes the good perceptibility of particularities of the data. PMID- 7102006 TI - [The performance of ECG telemetry in the analysis of rhythm disorders]. AB - 630 outpatients and inpatients under rest as well as under conditions of physical loads and psychic stress were examined with the help of a radiobiotelemetry device of own construction, which corresponds to a combination of traditional radiotelemetry and tape storage. In 81.4% of the patients with hitherto unclarified disturbances of the cardiac rhythm telemetry obtained their qualitative clarification. In 50% of all cases with classical angina pectoris symptomatology the ischaemic heart disease was verified by determination of the usual criterias of ECG at the telemetry stripe. Of these 50% only 7 patients had no arrhythmia. In 57.5% of all examined patients with pacemakers of permanent frequency we could prove a considerable parasystoly in load by telemetry. 9 patients with R-demand-pacemakers became evident by triggering defects in load. During the psychoanalytic examination we registered extrasystoles in 25%, apart from this once developed a pancardiac asystolism. The radiobiotelemetry is a valuable completion of the well-known methods of load. PMID- 7102008 TI - [Measurement of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity with a 2-channel automatic flow analyser]. AB - A flow automaton for the estimation of the enzyme activities of the ALAT and ASAT is described: 1. In precision and exactness the automaton achieves results comparable to the manual UV-test. The VK are clearly below 5%. 2. Sera with enzyme activities greater than 200 U/l are diluted with human albumin solution (20 g/l) 1 : 5 or 1 : 10. 3. The speed of the analysis with simultaneous estimation of the activity of the ALAT and ASAT from one test is 40 tests/h. 4. The technological disadvantages of the colour test regarding the kinetic measurement are vastly evaded by the selected device parameters and conditions. PMID- 7102009 TI - [Long-term study in congenital refractory anemia and secondary siderosis]. AB - It is reported on the course of the disease in a female patient with congenital therapy-refractory anaemia, in whom a transfusion siderosis of high degree with functional disturbances of the myocardium and the liver, with endocrine disturbances (primary hypothyroidism and normogonadotropic hypogonadism) and with small growth became clinically manifest. A reduction of the iron overload by a continuous desferrioxamine therapy in form of long-term subcutaneous infusions over two years could be proved. Possibilities and problems of treatment and conclusions relevant to practice are described. PMID- 7102010 TI - [Pituitary gland extract insufflation lung]. AB - In two patients with diabetes insipidus the development of an allergic alveolitis with transition into pulmonary fibrosis could be observed. The alveolitis is evoked by snuffing of posterior pituitary extracts. The pathomechanism of this side effect (disease) is similar to those of other allergic alveolitides (e.g. farmer's lung, bird-fancier's lung, malt-worker's lung etc). This disease can be avoided by changing the therapy of diabetes insipidus to fully synthetic preparations free of protein. When irreversible changes are already present at the stroma of the lung (X-ray picture, function of the lung, histology), then the therapeutic possibilities are restricted and the prognosis is unfavourable. PMID- 7102012 TI - [Evaluation of liver function in chronic liver diseases using the bile acid spectrum]. AB - In 24 persons with healthy liver and 44 patients with without exception morphologically ascertained chronic hepatopathies of different degree of severity the diagnostic valency of the bile acids was tested. In these cases the bile acids estimated in the C-bile proved as sensitive indicators of a chronic lesion of the liver parenchyma. Quantitative deviations of the bile acids, the relation from tri- to dihydroxycholan acids, qualitative alterations in the spectre of the free bile acids as well as changes of the form of conjugation were of importance concerning the functional diagnosis. The concentration of bile acids decreased the more expressed was the chronic lesion of the liver parenchyma. Trihydroxycholan acids and dihydroxycholan acids variably participated in the reduction of the bile acids in different forms of chronic hepatopathies. From the change of the quotient tri- to dihydroxycholan acids causal connections between the degree of severity of the chronic hepatopathy and the dominance of the chenodesoxycholic acid could be derived. Moreover, the conjugation of the bile acids with glycine prevailing in chronic hepatopathies underwent a degradated change. From the examinations results that quantitative and qualitative deviations of the bile acid spectre under defined morphological prerequisites render possible a differentiated judgment of the liver function in chronic hepatopathies. PMID- 7102011 TI - [Therapy of pulmonary fibrosis with D-penicillamine]. PMID- 7102014 TI - [Long-term self-experimentation in the modification of blood cholesterol without the use of drugs]. AB - In the self-experiment from 27 December 1976 to 31 August 1981 the cholesterol level in the serum was not influenced by medicaments. 220 blood collections for the determination of cholesterol, uric acid and HDL-cholesterol were performed. By diet and permanent sport we succeeded in decreasing the cholesterol level from maximally 372 to 195 mg/dl. The body-weight was reduced from 84 to 68.7 kg. Cholesterol and body-weight relatively early followed the different feeding habits. HDL-cholesterol seems to be less favourable for preventive long-term observations. In contrast to the performance of the permanent sport it is very difficult to observe a definite nutritional form for a longer time. Possibly from this may be concluded to the compliance in our patients. The non-medicamentous influence on a hypercholesterolaemia may be performed by information at the level of the family doctor and in special dispensaries at district level. PMID- 7102015 TI - [Dissecting aortic aneurysm in a man with symptoms of Turner's syndrome]. PMID- 7102013 TI - [The behavior of lipid metabolism parameters in liver cirrhosis and fatty liver during glucose load]. AB - In altogether 31 patients with liver cirrhosis, fatty degeneration of the liver or a morphologically normal liver the free fatty acids, glycerin, ketone bodies and triglycerides were examined as parameters of the fat metabolism after nocturnal alimentary abstinence and under 2-hour glucose infusion. Parallel to this estimations of the immune-reactive insulin and of the blood glucose were performed. In liver cirrhoses increased levels of free fatty acids, low ketone body levels, the absent correlation between ketone bodies and immune-reactive insulin under basis conditions as well as the relatively smaller reduction of the TG-values in hyperinsulinaemia were to be established. They may be explained as an expression of restricted metabolic functions of the cirrhotic liver. On the other hand from the prompt decrease of free fatty acids and glycerin under glucose-induced hyperinsulinaemia was concluded to an unrestricted efficacy of the insulin in the fatty tissue in the sense of the furthering of lipogenesis and inhibition of the lipolysis. PMID- 7102017 TI - [Antacids: A comparison of their in vitro neutralizing capacity in hydrochloric acid and in acidified peptone solution (author's transl)]. AB - Using a simple and reproducible in vitro-test the neutralizing capacity of different liquid commercial antacids was measured at pH 2.0 and at pH 3.5 in diluted hydrochloric acid and in acidified peptone solution. In peptone solutions corresponding to postprandial gastric juice, antacids containing aluminum hydroxide and aluminate forming components demonstrated a marked loss in their neutralizing capacity when compared to peptone free hydrochloric acid as control. This loss in buffering capacity is dependent on the reaction time, the pH of the reaction mixture, the concentration of peptone in the solution and the amount of aluminum in the different antacid compounds. Furthermore the neutralizing capacity of aluminum hydroxide is also diminished by dibasic organic acids which mimicked fasting gastric juice in the experiment. The different availability of neutralizing potency of aluminum hydroxide containing antacids in acid and in acidified peptone solution will need to be considered when antacids are recommended for the treatment of patients with peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 7102016 TI - [Changes in gastroenterology by endoscopy. Diagnostic and therapeutic progress in gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - Since the introduction of routine fiberendoscopy of the upper alimentary tract, for the majority of the patients as primary diagnostic method, the number of early gastric carcinomas has significantly risen. Differentiation between benign and malignant lesions is nowadays possible with an accuracy of 99,8%. Endoscopic determination of tumour invasion is limited. Of utmost importance is the differentiation between intestinal and diffuse type carcinoma. Ulcer carcinomas as malignant degeneration of chronic callous ulcers are an extreme rarity. Of special significance is the endoscopic follow-up of patients resected because of gastric carcinoma since only by routine biopsy from the anastomosis early, recurrency may be detected. PMID- 7102019 TI - [Early detection of intestinal cancer by screening]. PMID- 7102018 TI - [Results of a screening for colorectal carcinoma.--A field-trial in the town Molln (author's transl)]. AB - 3627 residents of the city of Molln aged over 40 years and 1116 guests in this town returned a letter with test material to detect occult blood in faeces and a special questionnaire. The rate of this population who participated in this field study were 42,1% for men and 42,0% for women. The hemo-FEC-test were positive in 176 persons. Signs of colorectal diseases were revealed in 645 individuals by the questionnaire. However, the diagnostic procedures which are necessary consequences were performed in 122 respectively 143 persons only. There were 15 carcinomas and 95 adenomas in 49 patients. These figures correspond to 34,4% of the gastroenterological examined and hemo-FEC-positives, and 4,9% of the individuals with signs in the questionnaire, or 0,89% of all participants. PMID- 7102020 TI - [Massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage in the Bourneville-Pringle syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - Case-report of a 54 year-old patient who was admitted with the clinical picture of an acute abdomen on the basis of intraabdominal haemorrhage. X-ray investigation discounted the diagnosis of ruptured aortic aneurysm, the CAT scan showed a suspected acute haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis. At laparotomy, a fatty, bleeding kidney tumour was found growing into the retroperitoneal tissue. The histological frozen-section showed a leimyo liposarcoma of the kidney. Bourneville-Pringle's disease was only afterwards known to be the basic illness of the patient, as was verified at postmortem examination. From the knowledge of these new facts, both the CAT-scan and the intra-operative and histological findings could be correctly interpreted. PMID- 7102021 TI - [Anterior urethritis: diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 7102022 TI - [Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (Shulman-syndrome) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102024 TI - [Atypical erysipelas melanomatosum]. PMID- 7102023 TI - [Correlation between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)]. AB - 18 out of 137 psoriasis-patients had cardio-vascular complications (myocardial infarction: 3, angina pectoris: 5, deep vein thrombosis: 3, superficial thrombophlebitis: 6, sudden death: 1). Predisposing factors may be found, however, the preliminary results reveal that psoriasis does not predispose to cardio-vascular complications by itself. An exception is psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 7102028 TI - [Chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases in the elderly and aged]. AB - The age incidence curve of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases follows a bimodal type with a second peak after the age of 60. In some epidemiological studies there is a female predominance in Crohn's disease of the aged. There are no old age-specific modifications in the clinical course and the complications of the chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Postoperative recurrencies of Crohn's disease may be less common in the older age group. Ischemic bowel diseases and colonic cancer must be considered most often in the differential diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases of the aged. PMID- 7102025 TI - [Motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in old age]. AB - Most motility disturbances of the gut in the agenarian are secondary in nature. So far, only in the oesophagus an alteration of the motility due to age has been demonstrated. Difficulties in methodology are a major reason for our lack in knowledge about the bowel movements in old age. Most studies have been done in the oesophagus and distal colon since these organs are easily accessible for intubation. The majority of the motility disorders in old age are due to problems which accumulate when man gets older, like diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease and intake of numerous drugs. These conditions may directly or indirectly affect the motor organic diseases, particularly carcinoma, which may mimick functional disorders, by a careful diagnostic work-up. The therapy should try in the old as in the young to cure the underlying pathomechanism. PMID- 7102026 TI - [Age-related malabsorption symptoms]. AB - Symptoms of malabsorption in the elderly are not simply due to their age, rather insufficient nutrition or disease processes are to be discussed. In the elderly, nutrition has to be adapted to a moderately reduced absorption of calcium and iron as well as to decreasing caloric needs with increasing age. Sufficient amounts of dietary vitamins and protein are strongly to be recommended. A variety of diseases that lead to clinical signs of malabsorption is presented. PMID- 7102027 TI - [Geriatric pancreatitis]. AB - There is some doubt whether a clinical entity like old age pancreatitis exists. According to Ammann, a so-called senile chronic pancreatitis can be differentiated from chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis. With increasing incidence, secondary concomitant pancreatitis is seen in old patients, initiated by disorders of the biliary system. Whereas in senile chronic pancreatitis therapy consists of enzyme substitution and compensation of deficiency syndromes, therapy of secondary pancreatitis is aimed at basic disorders like choledocholithiasis, papillary sclerosis and stenosis, juxtapapillary diverticula and peptic ulcers in stomach and duodenum by surgical or endoscopic-operative means. PMID- 7102029 TI - [The aging gastrointestinal tract--diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in old age]. AB - Gastrointestinal symptoms in geriatric patients are not necessarily due to disorders of the gut or even consequence of aging. The high capacity in regard to motoric phenomena, secretion and absorption prevents deficiency syndromes. The spectrum of geriatric gastrointestinal diseases does not differ from the one seen in the normal population except of the increasing rate of malignancies. Multimorbidity and consecutive polypragmasy may be responsible for iatrogenic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7102030 TI - [Chronic gastritis, a physiological symptom of aging?]. AB - In order to answer the question we have tried to evaluate, firstly, whether the age-dependent increase of the prevalence of gastritis is due only to a regular recruitment of new cases associated with poor remission tendency, or whether some age-specific factors are participating, and secondly, whether gastritis is able to cause abdominal complaints. Dynamic evaluation of the age-behaviour of gastritis in first-degree relatives of patients with pernicious anaemia demonstrated the presence of age-specific factors, which facilitate the progression of gastritis in older age. The nature of these factors is, however, unknown. A significant association could be demonstrated between the presence of all gastritis and the B-type of it and the occurrence of upper abdominal complaints in a representative sample of a Finnish population. However, a considerable proportion of the gastritis cases with complaints had peptic ulcer, gallstones or hiatal hernia, which could better explain the occurrence of complaints than gastritis. It is concluded that gastritis is no disease in clinical sense, however, it is not a physiological aging phenomenon either, as is demonstrated by the present dynamic evaluation and the relations of gastritis to clinically important diseases, such as peptic ulcer, polyps, gastric carcinoma and pernicious anaemia. PMID- 7102031 TI - [Is there a special ulcer of old age? A contribution on the significance of vascular factors as integrating components in the pathogenesis of stomach ulcer]. AB - After stating and evaluating the different ulcer theories in reference to the morphological, physiological and biochemical premises, the integrating components of vascular factors for the ulcer genesis were generally exposed. Apart from the magical 50th birthday after which the old age ulcer in terms of Spang should develop, the clinical appearance of the ulcer in old age can correspond with the following morphological equivalents: 1. with increasing age the reduction of the turnover rate of gastric mucosa epithelium 2. with increasing age a general reduction of the lymphatic reticulum tissue and consequently of the immunological defense reaction in the stomach 3. atrophic mucosa in old age with/without gastritis 4. increase of intestinal metaplasia with age 5. as a result of 1-4 increased qualitative and quantitative faulty composition of the mucus barrier 6. changes in the intramural stomach arteries a) secondary sclerosing proliferating arteries b) loss of elasticity of the elastic muscle accompanying apparatus of the stomach arteries c) primary sclerosis of the preterminal vascular system by diabetes mellitus as well as hypertension d) due to the vascular sclerosis as well as elastosis with obliteration of the perivascular shifting layer increased danger of bleeding and the impossibility of vessel invagination as a method of spontaneous blood clotting after erosion. PMID- 7102032 TI - Modifications of embedding tissues in durcupan ACM (Fluka) based on viscosity index measurements. AB - Viscosity of Durcupan ACM mixtures without as well as with accelerator was measured, at temperatures of 25, 40, and 50 degrees C respectively. The time course of polymerization was expressed within first few hours following admixture of accelerator, at temperature mentioned above. On the basis of our findings a modified embedding schedule for tissues (peripheral autonomic nerves and ganglia) has been recommended: infiltration in Durupan 1 (without accelerator) could be performed at 50 degrees C, when viscosity of embedding mixture is greatly reduced, to 190 mPa. s. Further infiltration in Durcupan 2 (with accelerator added) is carrier out at 40 degrees C; the initial viscosity of embedding medium at this temperature is 440 mPa. s. and even after 4 hours it keeps below 200 mPa. s. So the infiltration time could be prolonged in contrast to that at 50 degrees C, which usually brings better embedded blocks and better ultrathin sections. PMID- 7102033 TI - Dimensions of respiratory surfaces of the gills and skin in the Antarctic white blooded fish, Chaenocephalus aceratus Lonnberg (Chaenichthyidae). AB - Gill arches of C. aceratus are long and bear a small number of filaments (9...11/cm). Density of secondary lamellae on filaments decreases from 19.4/mm to 17.8/mm in the specimen examined (815...1820 g). In contrast to that, surface area of an average secondary lamella increases in larger specimens and is from 0.489 mm2 to 0.664 mm2, respectively. The total surface area of secondary lamellae per 1 g of body weight is from about 193 to 159 mm2. The skin vascularization of C. aceratus is abundant. The average length of subepidermal capillaries per 1 mm2 of skin is 28.4, their surface area is about 1.3 mm2. The length of subepidermal capillaries per 1 g of body weight varies from 4,121 mm in 815 specimen to 2,695 mm in 1,820 g specimen; their surface area is about 184 mm2 and 120 mm2, respectively. The obtained results prove that the respiratory surface area of the gills in C. aceratus is as large as that of red-blooded fresh water fishes of a moderate activity. The rich skin vascularization and a most advantageous ratio of body surface area to body weight indicate great possibilities of the skin in the exchange of respiratory gases. PMID- 7102035 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the proventriculus and the gizzard of the pigeon. PMID- 7102034 TI - Histochemical observations on glycoproteins in the urinary apparatus of the bullhead Cottus gobio L. and the bull rout Myoxocephalus scorpius (L.). AB - The distribution of neutral and acid (sialylated and sulfated) glycoprotein in the urinary apparatus of a marine and a fresh water cottid teleost (Bull rout and Bullhead) has been studied. The renal morphology of the Bullhead Cottus gobio is similar to that of the marine Bullrout Myoxocephalus scorpius: The glomerular nephron consists of 2 tubular segments (PI and PII), leading to the collecting duct-archinephric duct system (CD/AD). Sialoglycoprotein is present in the secretion of the proximal tubule segment PII cells in breeding males of Cottus gobio, resembling the mucus production of nest building male sticklebacks Gasterosteidae. The acid mucus coat in the CD/AD system of Myoxocephalus is discussed in relation to the excretion of salts by the kidney. PMID- 7102036 TI - Effect of neuroactive material on neurosecretion in adult cockroach. Periplaneta americana (L). AB - The neurosecretory material is found depleted in the medial neurosecretory cells in adult cockroaches poisoned with insecticide. It is, however, scanty in the neurosecretory pathway but abundant in the corpora cardiaca of these insects. The administration of toxicated haemolymph in the normal cockroach results in scanty material in medial neurosecretory cells, but the accumulation of the neurosecretory material in corpora cardiaca. The toxicated tissue extracts have also caused depletion of neurosecretory material from the medial neurosecretory cells as well as from the axonal tract and its accumulation in the corpora cardiaca. Thus effect is comparatively more pronounced by the extract from the Malpighian tubules and nerve cord than than of brain extract. Thus the effect produced by insecticide on the stimulation--secretion coupling mechanism of neurosecretion is comparable to the produced by the toxicated haemolymph and tissue extract. The possibility of involvement of the adrenergic system in regulating the action of neuroactive material on neurosecretory cells is suggested in the insects. PMID- 7102037 TI - Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. VIII. Karyometric and stereologic studies on adrenals of intact adult male and female hamsters. AB - Contrary to the rats, adrenals of the intact adult male hamsters are greater than females' ones. The aim of the study was to elucidate the cytologic aspects of these sex-associated differences in adrenal weight. Despite of equal body weight adrenals of male hamsters are markedly heavier then female glands and the same is true for the volume of the glands. Volume of al adrenocortical zones is larger in males than females animals, on the contrary, volume of medulla is greater in female hamster. The volume of zona glomerulosa cell is equal in both sexes while the cells of fasciculata and reticularis zones are greater in male animals. In the both sexes nuclear volume of glomerulosa and fasciculata cells was similar, on the contrary nuclei of zona reticularis cells are markedly larger in males. Total number of adrenocortical cells is higher in male glands as compared to female and this difference depends on the higher number of parenchymal cells in fasciculata and reticularis zones of the male gland. These data indicate that sex associated difference in adrenal weight of the hamster depends on the differences in size as well as in quantity of adrenocortical cells in male and female glands. PMID- 7102038 TI - Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. IX. Stereologic studies on the effects of gonadectomy and testosterone or estradiol replacement on adrenal cortex of adult male and female hamsters. AB - Adrenal glands of adult male hamster are heavier than in female and this sex difference depends primarily on the greater number of adrenocortical cells and their larger size in male gland if compared to female. The aim of the study was to explain the relationship between the sex hormones and the structural of adrenal cortex of male and female hamsters. Orchidectomy lowered the adrenal weight, an effect partially reversed by testosterone. Changes induced by orchidectomy were found mainly in fasciculata and reticularis zones, after testosterone replacement the volume of the former did not differ from control males. Removal of testes lowered the volume of individual zona reticularis cell, after testosterone administration the volume of these cells did not differ from control males. Neither ovariectomy, nor estradiol replacement has a desired effect on the above mentioned parameters in female adrenal cortex. In both sexes gonadectomy lowered the total number of adrenocortical cells and this effect is not restored to normal by 12-days testosterone or estradiol action. Results obtained suggest that the sex dimorphism in the size and structure of hamster adrenal cortex depends on the stimulatory action of testosterone on the gland while estradiol has no distinct effect on parameters studied. PMID- 7102042 TI - Correspondence analysis of digital dermatoglyphics in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. PMID- 7102043 TI - Physique and body composition of Jat-Sikh and Bania girl students of Punjab. PMID- 7102039 TI - Notches at the non-epiphyseal end of the second metacarpal in Japanese-American hybrids. PMID- 7102041 TI - New discrimination and classification techniques in anthropological practice. PMID- 7102044 TI - A note on relationship between menarcheal age and beta-thalassaemia trait. PMID- 7102040 TI - Rate of growth of the second metacarpal bone in Chinese children. PMID- 7102045 TI - Ontogenic interrelationships of haemoglobin level with breathing rate, pulse rate, skinfold thickness and body dimensions. PMID- 7102049 TI - [Follow-up results of adduction-derotation osteotomies in hip dysplasia]. AB - The first part of the investigation was concerned with the evaluation of radiographs of 64 children in whom 97 intertrochanteric adduction-derotation osteotomies were performed when the patients were between two and ten years old. Prior to surgery, immediately thereafter and two and six years later, the CCD, AC, ACM and CE angles of all the patients were measured on plain pelvic radiographs. On the radiographs made after six years 70% of the CCD angles were normal, while pathologic coxa valga was found in 15% and coxa vara also in 15%. The AC angle was normal in 32% , the ACM angle in 31%; however, these normal groups were only 76% identical. The CE angle had normalized in 32% of the cases. The second part of the paper deals with clinical and radiological follow-up findings in 46 of these patients in whom 64 hips had been treated. The follow-up period varied between six and 13 years. On clinical examination the result was found to be satisfactory in 59% and unsatisfactory in 41%. A comparison with radiological-anatomical findings showed that in 32% of the radiologically satisfactory cases there were some considerable functional limitations and subjective complaints. The author's own results are compared with communications in the literature, in particular with the Swiss collective statistics published by Jani (1973) and Reichelt and Hansen's publication (1975). To provide the reader with a survey of the number of cases, age at operation and periods of observation quoted by different authors, these data are presented synoptically in tabular form. Another table lists the criteria investigated by the individual authors (AC, ACM, CE, CCD and AT angles). The discussion is completed with conclusions relevant to clinical practice. PMID- 7102046 TI - [Evidence of the factors Gm (1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 21) and Km (1, 3) as well as of the systems Gc and Hp in a random sample of Xhosa-Bantus, Southafrica (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102047 TI - Genetic studies of Pangwalas, Transhumant and Settled Gaddis. 1. Blood group polymorphisms and saliva secretor system. PMID- 7102050 TI - [Vertical intrapatellar restraint in patellar dislocation, patellar tissue insufficiency and patellar chondropathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102051 TI - [Differentiation of functional knee movement in hemophilic patients by means of ultrasonic topometry (author's transl)]. AB - First experiences using UST (Ultra-Sound-Topometry) in functional analyses of the loco motor system show: The motor patterns in gait analyses can be analyses can be visualized in such high steric- and time-resolution, that even slightest disturbances can be seen and localized. The high resolution of the procedure allows exact analyses of the movement patterns within the joints. In the knee, for example, we could demonstrate, how in slight to marked pathology the stress in the cartilagenous layers is disturbed in different ways. Out of this, conclusions, concerning the intraarticular destructions and their effects on the kibernetic chain, can be made. PMID- 7102052 TI - [Operative treatment of hemophilic arthropathy in the knee (author's transl)]. AB - Within the knee occur 27.7% of all hemophilic bleeding episodes. Therefore it is the organ in which hemophilia is likely to be manifested. Changed in the sense of hemophilic arthropathy made 117 operative interventions necessary in the years 1973 through 1981. The osteotomies, performed to correct axial deviations (38 high tibial head osteotomies and 22 supracondylar osteotomies) formed the biggest group, followed by 34 hamstring-release operations, 6 synovectomies, 5 temporary epiphysiodeses, 4 ventralisations of the tibial tuberosis. An endoprosthetik replacement was necessary in only one case. A follow-up study after osteotomies and hamstring-release procedures after one to eight years, correspondingly six months to eight years, gives good results, concerning improved motility, subjective satisfaction and reestablishment of stabilizing muscular performance. In presence of sufficiently controlled substitution of the missing clotting factors, there is no increased operative risk, compared with non-hemophiliacs. PMID- 7102048 TI - [Early recognition and functional treatment of hip dysplasia and dislocation]. AB - After a brief introduction the author reports on the examination of hips in newborns and infants, dealing in particular with the "snap phenomenon" and von Rosen's success in Sweden. Ortolani's examination is described and conflicting opinions on radiological examination during the first weeks of life are discussed. Radiation doses measured by various authors are cited. In accordance with established practice in many countries, early treatment (in addition to early diagnosis) is recommended. In this context it is pointed out hat according to various authors, and also in the opinion of the author, inhibited abduction plays a major causal role in necrosis of the head of the femur. Inhibition of abduction should not be corrected by "brusque" treatment, since in the author's opinion this increases the incidence of head necrosis. It seems desirable to perform two preventive examinations of the newborn prior to discharge from the obstetric clinic; the first examination should take place during the first three to four days after birth. It would also seem desirable for the examination to be carried out conjointly by a pediatrician and an orthopedist. Since this is likely to remain a fond hope for the immediate future, the method practiced in Sweden is recommended. Since pediatricians usually perform preventive examinations in Germany, they should be made aware of the importance of the examination technique and of the desirability of consulting an orthopedic surgeon if findings are pathologic. Only close cooperation between pediatrician (or GP) and orthopedist can ensure a satisfactory result for all concerned. Apodietic demands should not be made. PMID- 7102053 TI - [Stenosis of the lumber spine. Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment (author's transl)]. AB - Disc herniation is the most common reason for sciatica followed by osseous entrapment syndromes of the cauda equina. The osseous entrapment of nervous structures is possible within 3 segments of the spinal canal, the center, the recess and the intervertebral foramen. In all cases there is a disproportion of the size of the nervous structures and osseous gliding space. Central lumbar spinal stenosis is associated in 70% with limping (neurogenic claudication) which is often misinterpreted as vascular claudication. Clinic, diagnosis, therapy of lumbar spinal stenosis is described. PMID- 7102054 TI - [Shape and posture of the normal vertebral column in X-rays (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102055 TI - [Bilateral necrosis of the lunate bone. A pathogenic study]. AB - The incidence of clinically and roentgenologically manifest Kienbock disease was checked on the basis of a thorough analysis of 85 patients suffering from the condition. Apart from sex distribution and age at onset, particular importance was attached to certain "constitutional factors". The fact in all bilaterally affected patients the ulnar was smaller than average at the wrist, and the advanced signs of arthrosis were radiologically demonstrated in 81.8% of the patients, once again confirms that certain constitutional factors play a decisive role in the Pathogenesis of Kienboch disease. Their importance for treatment, and also for possible assessments for insurance purpose, is emphasized. PMID- 7102056 TI - [A heart for demonstrators? Experiences from practice]. PMID- 7102058 TI - [On the etiology of congenital deformities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102057 TI - [Essential osteolysis. Clinical aspects and course of a rare condition (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102059 TI - [Changes in the shape of the lumbar vertebral column in patients with legs of unequal length (author's transl)]. AB - Little is known about how static scoliosis is related to asymmetries of the lower extremities. In 117 patients we could find typical reactions of the juvenile and adult spine upon leg length discrepancy. In children scoliosis is long-curved, in adults it is short-curved and located in the presacral segments. The different behaviour can be referred to rotatory mechanics of the facet joints. The juvenile spine is especially susceptible to structural deformities with vertebral rotation. The deformities mostly develop at the vertebral arch structures. They are dependent upon the degree and duration of leg length discrepancy. Hence asymmetries of the articular facets can be considered as minimal torsion deformities. PMID- 7102060 TI - [Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris of primary hypoplastic vessel-development of the proximal epiphysis of femur (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102061 TI - [Deformation tendencies of partial and total prostheses of the hip joint at dynamic loads to 0.01 to 20 Hz (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102062 TI - [Compartment syndromes of the lower extremities (author's transl)]. AB - A reduction of the arterial blood pressure of the muscles of the 4 tight fascial compartments of the shank may be initiated by: Trauma and operation of the lower extremities, spontaneous bleeding, occlusion of the arteries, general and local hypotonia due to elevation of the leg, as well as by drug abuse and increased stress of the muscles of the lower extremities. This is followed by an increased swelling and tension of the tissue with ischemia and consecutive paralyses of the nerves and muscles in the presence of almost simultaneous muscle contractures. We may encounter a double insult, a "rebound" effect, if f.i. following removal of a two thigh bandage of the shank the compartment again becomes too narrow due to a postischemic swelling. The anterior tibial syndrome is frequently caused by an increased exertion in sports and in the military service. The dorsal syndromes are often accompanied by Sudeck's dystrophy in the late stages. In treatment the early and extensive longitudinal incision of the respective fasciae is imperative in order to prevent the typical equino-varus deformity and hallux flexus. PMID- 7102064 TI - [Humeral epicondylitis]. AB - The semicircular notching of the aponeurosis recommended by G. Hohmann for the treatment of epicondylitis humeri has proved extremely successful in practice, provided it is correctly performed. Patients who experience no definite improvement after appropriate consultation and exhaustive conservative treatment should undergo this relatively harmless operation. Hospitalization and surgical treatment under general anesthetic with exsanguination in an extensive procedure are not necessary. Careful follow-up treatment, as appropriate in each case, appears more important, and in 97% of all cases results in complete restoration of function of the arm thus treated. PMID- 7102065 TI - [Errors in diagnosis of children's hip joint using conventional X-ray technique (author's transl)]. AB - X-rays of the hip joints in anteroposterior direction in adults and children should be made with the leg in the middle rotation position. But the middle position is different in children than in adults. In adults the patella should be facing directly upwards because from this position the leg can be rotated medially. In children of 3 to 8 years (or older), however, the leg can be rotated much further medially than it can be laterally. Thus in children the "middle rotation" position is one in which the leg is positioned more medially than would be the case with adults; the ideal position for X-ray is the one in which the leg can be rotated to the same extend medially and laterally. X-rays must be performed in this manner to prevent errors in judging children's hip joints. Examples of wrong diagnosis on the basis of conventional X-rays are demonstrated. Only with X-rays in the correct middle position can we arrive at reliable assessments of the hip.U PMID- 7102063 TI - [Closed rupture of the anterior tibial tendon and its differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102066 TI - [Malabsorption]. PMID- 7102067 TI - [Infectious diarrheal diseases. Diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 7102068 TI - [Chologenous diarrhea and chologenous steatorrhea]. PMID- 7102069 TI - [Diverticula, polyps and carcinoma of the large intestine]. PMID- 7102070 TI - [Crohn disease. Current diagnostic methods and treatment]. PMID- 7102072 TI - [Drug dependence. Relationship between the development of dependence and frequency of administration]. PMID- 7102071 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of azlocillin in the perilymph and otitis media]. PMID- 7102073 TI - [Side effects of therapeutic agents]. PMID- 7102074 TI - [Chronic inflammatory liver diseases. Drug therapy]. PMID- 7102075 TI - [Diuretic therapy]. PMID- 7102076 TI - [The importance of magnesium in therapy]. PMID- 7102078 TI - [What is your diagnosis? Arterial occlusive disease]. PMID- 7102079 TI - [M-mode echocardiography. Its significance in the diagnosis of heart diseases]. PMID- 7102077 TI - [The pill: the lowest possible dosage. Interview by Werner Bauch]. PMID- 7102082 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine (20). Chemical eye burns]. PMID- 7102084 TI - Requiem for a plan: II. "The potential for benefit. PMID- 7102083 TI - Requiem for a plan: I. "A momentous change". PMID- 7102080 TI - [Two dimensional echocardiography. Its significance in the diagnosis of heart diseases]. PMID- 7102081 TI - [201-thallium myocardial scintigraphy]. PMID- 7102085 TI - Early diagnosis as a curb to Reye's syndrome mortality. PMID- 7102086 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia and bowel ischemia: report of a neonatal case. PMID- 7102087 TI - Morbidity of mortality conference: occult adenocarcinomas and hypercalcemia. PMID- 7102088 TI - The Mortons' toes. PMID- 7102089 TI - Preventive medicine. PMID- 7102091 TI - [Intermediators of the Krebs cycle and electron acceptor systems as new cardiac agents]. PMID- 7102092 TI - [Current approaches to the development of new pharmacologically active (medicinal) substances]. PMID- 7102090 TI - [Effects of antiarrhythmia agents and sympathetic regulation of the heart]. PMID- 7102093 TI - Rift valley fever: an emerging human and animal problem. PMID- 7102094 TI - Oral contraceptives: technical and safety aspects. PMID- 7102095 TI - [Repair of megaureter by tailoring in two layers while preserving vascular supply (author's transl)]. AB - Since 1976 we tapered extremely wide obstructive or refluxive megaureters with partial fibrosis by this new technique, sometimes over 2/3 of length with ureterolysis in the upper segment. In these cases, preservation of the mesoureteric vascular supply is important in addition to the regular intramural nutrition. The mesoureteric arteries and veins spread into the adventitia and turn around in curves like a network. Exactly linear resection would cause damage. Therefore, we remove the adventitia from the lateral shape, resect beneath the abundant strip of muscularis with mucosa, trimming the megaureter downwards to a diameter of 7 to 4 mm, close the inner layer with running and interlocking 5-0 chromic suture over a splint and then readapt the adventitia. The advantages are: better arterial vascular supply, minimal thrombosis, no necrosis and no urinary leakage, less scarring and, therefore, good peristalsis. PMID- 7102096 TI - [Experience with artificial urine diversion in children by means of an ileum bladder on the basis of 22 cases (author's transl)]. AB - We report on the problem of artificial urine diversion in children on the basis of 22 cases in which we carried out cutaneous uretero-ileostomies according to Bricker. One patient died as a consequence of an pre-existing renal insufficiency. We were able to monitor all other 21 patients subsequently. The patients were questioned on general development and social integration; stoma and the surrounding skin were assessed locally. We examined renal function by means of laboratory parameters and the isotope nephrogram. In summary, it can be said that few problems arise in respect of care and social integration, and that lasting kidney damage can also be reduced by strict monitoring and long-term antibiotic treatment. PMID- 7102098 TI - [Experiences with caudal anaesthesias in paediatric surgery (author's transl)]. AB - The results of more than hundred caudal anaesthesias in surgical paediatric urology in children aged one to twelve years are reported. Modifying the method of Schulte-Steinberg, we used Bupivacain - CO2 0.5%, and attained sufficient analgesia in all cases for whatever surgery applied. There were no complications except in one case where an overdose had been applied. We feel that the postoperative period is easier to bear because of the longer lasting local analgesia. Earlier onset of oral food intake is possible. PMID- 7102097 TI - [Remarks on the management of ectopic ureteroceles (author's transl)]. AB - Upper pole resection and ureterectomy in infants as primary procedure for treatment of ectopic ureterocele is a simple and efficient method. In more than half of the cases further interventions are unnecessary. Secondary operations at the uretero-vesical junction are only necessary in persistent obstruction or reflux into the lower pole; they are easier to perform at a later time. PMID- 7102099 TI - [Paediatric urethral injures: initial management and long-term results (author's transl)]. AB - Thirteen cases of urethral trauma in childhood are reported. The nature and management of such injuries are discussed. As a rule urethral ruptures are difficult to treat but long term results are surprisingly good irrespective of the initial procedure. Nevertheless, we do have the impression that with an initially aggressive operative treatment - aimed at a good anatomic reconstruction of the urethra - this goal is achieved much faster and with less complications. PMID- 7102100 TI - [Congenital generalised fibromatosis in a newborn child (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102101 TI - [Preliminary experiences with the lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin (author's transl)]. AB - Out of 10 infants with uni- or bilateral craniostenosis of the coronal suture 5 had a craniectomy of the involved suture and 5 a lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin. On the basis of the parents' opinion, of the clinical assessment of 7 different criteria and of the evaluation of the pre- and postoperative x-rays (tracings of the outlines of the neurocranium, orbita and base of the skull), the results of lateral canthal advancement are superior to those of a simple craniectomy. Therefore, lateral canthal advancement is indicated in any severe form of craniostenosis of the coronal suture. However, a few cases with severe scoliosis of the head and unilateral underdevelopment of the face are still a therapeutic problem. PMID- 7102103 TI - [Heterotopic autotransplantation of splenic tissue after traumatic rupture of the spleen - a solution after unavoidable splenectomy? (author's transl)]. AB - Considering the increased incidence of infections and the danger of postsplenectomy sepsis (OPSI) a preservation of the ruptured spleen by suturing etc. is usually attempted today. When splenectomy is unavoidable autotransplantation of splenic tissue may preserve some degree of splenic function. We report our first successful case. 6 months after autotransplantation splenic tissue could be visualized by technetium 99 scintigraphy. Howell-Jolly bodies were absent in the peripheral blood and the immunoglobulins were normal. PMID- 7102102 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of myositis ossificans (author's transl)]. AB - Diagnosis of localised myositis ossificans is difficult in the initial stage. A history of trauma is frequently missing. Clinical symptoms point in the direction of osteomyelitis or soft tissue abscess. Sonotomography is useful for localisation and delineation of the lesion. Biopsy is the only reliable method to establish the diagnosis. Conservative treatment is recommended until the process is inactive. Radiographic follow-up will demonstrate the expected massive calcification and scintigraphic follow-up at 6-monthly intervals will eventually prove the metabolic inactivity of the lesion necessary for successful operation. Surgical removal of the calcified tumor will become necessary in cases of continued pain or significant functional limitations of the involved extremity. PMID- 7102104 TI - [The importance of varicocele in children (author's transl)]. AB - Our study shows histologic changes of the biopsied testicles in 93.7% identical with the changes found in adult patients with varicocele. One patient, however, showed almost normal findings, which are unexplained. Our goal is now to work out clinical and chemical laboratory criteria to allow a better definition of the indication for surgical treatment. At the present time we think that in all cases of absent testicular growth, manifest atrophy, bilateral or right-side involvement, operative treatment is necessary. PMID- 7102106 TI - [Clinical aspects of neuronal intestinal dysplasia (author's transl)]. AB - Neuronal intestinal dysplasia is histologically and histochemically well defined. The resection of the neuronal dysplastic segment is usually recommended in the literature as being curative. Whether a resection is necessary in every case remains to be debated. The case history of a male patient with Hirschsprung's disease and proximal intestinal neuronal dysplasia of the entire colon is presented. After manometrical, radiological and functional examination the aganglionic portion of the gut only has been resected and the neuronal dysplastic part has been left in situ. Several months later the patient is well. It seems possible to avoid in some selected cases a subtotal or total colectomy. PMID- 7102107 TI - [Post-splenectomy infections and Pneumococcus vaccination in paediatric surgery (author's transl)]. AB - Morbidity and lethality rates in pneumococal infections are higher among children with underlying diseases associated with restricted or absent splenic function. Vaccination with polyvalent vaccine is indicated in all children who are more than 2 years old and who have been splenectomized or have a congenital asplenia. Since protection by vaccination is 80% only, we combine the vaccination with penicillin prophylaxis for at present at least three to five years after splenectomy and draw the express attention of parents and family physicians to the limited nature of protection afforded by vaccination. An increase in the immunogenicity of polysaccharid antigen vaccine might lead to successful vaccination of children below 2 years of age who are notable for a particularly high risk of infection. First reports have been published in literature on the possibility of re-implantation of splenic tissue after post-traumatic rupture (17, 27, 28) so that it may become possible to employ this method additionally to pneumococcus vaccination. In case of haematological indication for splenectomy this should be postponed as far as possible until the child has completed his fifth year of life. PMID- 7102105 TI - [Transcaecal splinting of the small intestine as prophylaxis and therapy of ileus (author's transl)]. AB - The present report concerns a simple method of the internal splinting of the small intestine which has been performed on 29 patients in the period between 1976 and 1980. This consists of introducing a Redon tube, perforated at regular intervals from the caecum into the proximal jejunum with exit of the tube via caecostomy. This transcaecal small intestine splinting is an efficient method for prophylaxis of the ileus in cases of peritonitis or lesions of the serosa as well as for ileus therapy in cases of severe abdominal adhesions or ileus recurrence. Our method encourages the formation of adhesions of the intestine lying in a physiological position and makes possible a continuous decompression of the intestine without the disadvantages of the transnasal or transjejunal splinting method. The postoperative development is portrayed. Complications due to the tube, such as formation of ansae and stool-fistulas as well as ileus recurrence are rare. Moreover, lethality is very low. PMID- 7102108 TI - [Experience with heterotopic autotransplanted splenic tissue in children (author's transl)]. AB - In 5 patients re-implantation of splenic tissue was performed after splenectomy. In all patients growth of the regeneration products was proved by scintiscanning. In two patients only, however, the Howell-Jolly bodies proving the ability of the spleen to perform phagocytosis disappeared from the erythrocytes. Basing on an extensive study of the literature and on the authors' own results, the question is discussed whether re-implantation of splenic tissue after traumatic rupture of the spleen and splenectomy is meaningful or whether splenosis occurring during splenic trauma will already provide satisfactory immunological protection. PMID- 7102109 TI - [Segmental resection of the spleen and glueing with human fibrinogen - an alternative to splenectomy and autotransplantation (author's transl)]. AB - Basing on exemplary case histories - trauma, benign tumour and staging of lymphogranulomatosis - the possibility of maintaining the function of splenic tissue by means of partial splenic resection is discussed. Indication, surgical approach including fibrin glueing and postoperative follow-up are described, taking recent literature into account, and are discussed as an alternative to splenectomy and autotransplantation. PMID- 7102110 TI - [Traumatic infarction following stab wound of the heart (author's transl)]. AB - Case report about a myocardial infarction following stab wound of the left atrium including a complete severance of the left coronary artery: An athletic 35-year old man suffered a latero-medial stab wound of the thorax. The knife had penetrated the left lung and the atrium of the hypertrophic left heart. Postoperatively, the patient developed a heart infarction; 40 h after trauma he died. The postmortem revealed traumatic necrosis of the left atrium, an intraoperatively undiscovered complete severance of the ramus circumflexus arteriae coronariae sinistrae and an antero-lateral ischemic cardionecrosis of the left ventricle. The location of the infarction could be explained by an extreme right preponderance of the coronary blood supply. Traumatic and ischemic myocardial necrosis differed distinctly in the amount of contraction bands. Other causes for such morphological changes like catecholamine-cardiomyopathy (so called epinephrine myocarditis) or heart operations are discussed. PMID- 7102111 TI - [The significance of shock mechanisms for the alcohol opinion (author's transl)]. AB - The alcohol level interpretation on shocked persons concerns almost exclusively cases with hypovolemic shock. For that reason the mechanisms of shock are explained mainly in relation to hemorrhagic shock. With regard to the blood alcohol curve in shock the following points are to be noted: (1) the centralization of the circulation in shock; (2) the alterations of the conditions for the alcohol absorption during the shock; (3) the fact that the liver is a so called shock organ; and (4) the hemodilution in shock. In a given case besides individual factors the alcoholizing phase at the beginning of the shock and the severity of the shock are the most important circumstances. In severe shock there is the possibility for a temporary considerable decrease and for a long-term plateau of the blood alcohol curve. PMID- 7102114 TI - [Sensitive determination of p-nitrophenol in blood and urine by HPLC after E 605 intoxication (author's transl)]. AB - p-Nitrophenol, the main metabolite of parathion metabolism can be quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following very simple preparation of small quantities of blood the urine. Determination is carried out by UV detection at 315 nm following separation on a RP 18 column. Detection limits are 5-10 ng/ml serum and 50-100 ng/ml urine. levels of p-nitrophenol in blood and urine after survival from parathion intoxication are demonstrated. PMID- 7102113 TI - [Water uptake of dermatoglyphic skin (author's transl)]. AB - After modification of the usual histologic test method concerning water uptake of dermatoglyphic skin our experiences with washerwomen's hands have to be corrected. The singular wrinkle of washerwomen's hands is the effect of the sum of subepidermal water input. In addition, probably a vasomotoric effect is important to the wrinkling intravitally and early postmortally. After some time of submersion in water many disperse subepidermal water-filled chambers were seen postmortally. The ducts of lost of sweat glands were torn below the epidermal basal membrane. In vivo there will be a balance between uptake, resorption by the hemodynamic flux, and layer resistance. It is mentioned that the width of the epidermis after water penetration takes the minimum part of the wrinkles of washerwomen's hands. There was no hint as to the influence of decay or contraction of elastic and collagen fibers. PMID- 7102112 TI - [Etiologic and pathogenetic factors in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - The Waterhouse-Friderischsen syndrome (WFS) is the morphological substrate of a rapidly, mostly irreversible shock due to endotoxemia similar to the Sanerelli Shwartzman phenomenon. The following disturbances of microcirculation cause death. The findings of 13 postmortem examinations reveal that acute severe respiratory infections, especially of nose and throat as etiologic factors, are more frequent than meningitis. Apparently different pathogens and shock vary the couse of disease and symptomatology before death. Moreover, because of the rarity and intensity of the WFS, as yet unknown or unrecognized dispositional factors cannot be ruled out. PMID- 7102115 TI - [The "Baxstrom Affair". An example of criticism on psychiatry in the USA (author's transl)]. AB - Until the year 1966 the prison administration of New York, supported by relevant laws, transferred prisoners who showed symptoms of psychic disorder during execution of a sentence to the Dannemora Clinic which belonged to the prison. The treatment was carried out by house physicians (general practitioners) who were subject to special directions. J. K. Baxstrom initiated a lawsuit against this procedure and was finally proven right by the Supreme Court of the USA; the necessity of a thorough medical examination of facts, a hearing in front of a judge, and the approval of the transfer were confirmed to apply also to mentally ill prisoners. The sociologists Streatman and Cocozza carried out an investigation of 967 ex-convicts of the Dannemora Clinic (1966-1974). RESULT: Psychiatrists had shown an arbitrary and comtemptuous behavior in these cases. Diagnostic, therapy, and prognosis had been insufficient or mistaken in this marginal group. Further examination showed, however, that no psychiatrist had been involved in the transfer to the Dannemora Clinic either in planning, consultation, or execution of the transfer. Is so far the reproaches lack any factual grounds. The "Baxstrom affair", which is frequently taken up by the media, turned out to be an example of ideologically determined "criticism on psychiatry" with doubtful methods. PMID- 7102116 TI - [Suicidal strangulation by ligature (author's transl)]. AB - Out of sample of about 15,000 medico-legal autopsies seven cases of suicidal strangulation by ligature were selected. Suicidal strangulation has a frequency of about 0.1% among all suicides and a frequency of about 5% in all fatalities due to strangulation by ligature. In two cases strangulation was achieved by auxiliary mechanisms other than by the own hands. In four other cases the tool was wound around the neck many times with or without a final knot in the frontal position. In another case there was only a single surrounding of rope around the neck with a single knot. The hands of the corpses were rarely found firmly attached to the ends of the tools (two cases), an observation, which does not necessarily indicate the involvement of an additional person. All cases showed extensive congestion of the head and the neck above the level of strangulation with multiple petechial hemorrhages, swelling of the soft tissues, and hemorrhagic infarction of the tongue and the bottom of the mouth. Histologically, these lesions exhibited expressed vital reactions with leukocytosis and incipient emigration of inflammatory cells. These reactions were obviously due to prolonged agony. It is tentatively concluded that suicidal strangulation usually shows a pattern of findings that allows the differentiation of homicide. PMID- 7102117 TI - [Fatal intoxications in Debrecen. Analysis of the cases from 1958 to 1981 (author's transl)]. AB - In this report the toxicologic material obtained since 1958 in our institute has been evaluated. Of the 15,144 postmortem examinations, 997 toxicologic examinations have been carried out. In addition, 739 clinical cases have been studied during this period. There has been a monotonous increase in the number of toxicologic cases up to now. The number of cases is doubled during a 10-year period. Barbiturates are the main type of intoxicating agents found, but there is a rapid increase in the use of other drugs in the material studied. The use of nicotine is steadily decreasing but there is an increasing number of toxicologic cases in connection with the use of other plant protectives. The evaluation of toxicologic cases involving alcohol will be reported elsewhere. PMID- 7102118 TI - [Early radiologic diagnosis of coxarthrosis. Relation between the cartilage lesion and femur head osteophytosis (including the so-called plaque sign)]. AB - Radiological and pathological comparisons on specimen of femurhead and neck at autopsy have shown a statistical relationship between osteophytosis of the femoral head and ulcerations of the joint cartilage. Especially there are highly significant relationships between the length of osteophytes and the diameter of the ulcera. The "plaque"-sign shows to be a very sensitive indicator of early arthrosis. So there exist semiquantitative parameters for the X-ray diagnosis of early coxarthrosis. PMID- 7102119 TI - [Osteomalacia caused by hypovitaminosis with moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism (so-called intestinal osteopathy) on the basis of endemic sprue in a condition of post-celiac disease 1948 and insufficient ultraviolet exposure]. AB - Painful sacro-iliac joints and hips in a 37 year old male patient caused difficulties in differential diagnosis because of scintigraphic positive scans over the sacro-iliac joints: intestinal hypovitaminotic osteomalacia or ankylosing spondylitis? Laboratory findings with low serum calcium, low urine calcium, high alkaline phosphatase and low 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D levels together with high levels of parathormone led to the final diagnosis of osteomalacia. Typical x-ray changes were also present. Prompt relief of clinical symptoms was achieved by high dose vitamin-D therapy. PMID- 7102120 TI - [Nutritive effect of fumaric acid on growth and body composition of rats]. PMID- 7102121 TI - [Protein and energy requirements of growing carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). II. Effect of additional fat in rations of various protein and carbohydrate content on growth and body composition]. PMID- 7102123 TI - [Measurement of animal movements by magnet induction]. PMID- 7102122 TI - [Growth hormone levels in rat serum in zinc deficiency]. PMID- 7102124 TI - [Effect of phosphorus supply on intestinal absorption of phosphorus in growing swine]. PMID- 7102125 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of postoperative stricture of the posterior urethra]. AB - A distinction is made between stenosis of the vesical cervix and a layered stricture. No aetiological parameter is certain. Besides uroflow, miction cystourethrography (MCU is of diagnostic importance. The aim of treatment is to restore a urodynamically active elastic posterior urethra. TUR and sphincterotomy are the methods of choice. PMID- 7102126 TI - [Current immunologic findings in bladder cancer]. AB - As a result of the growing significance of immunological findings in malignant growths, more attention is being paid to these questions in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinomas of the urinary bladder in humans. In this particular field the findings are not very numerous. In the field of immunodiagnosis demonstrable immunoreactions caused by cells seem to possess greater significance. Skin tests have only had prognostic significance to date. In the field of immunotherapy a non-specific BCG treatment was carried out on a small number of patients with various forms of application. These results do not give any certain information. The author refers to studies on chemically induced carcinomas of the urinary bladder in animals. PMID- 7102129 TI - [Automatic semicontinuous peritoneal dialysis with volumetric cycle control]. AB - An automatic peritoneal dialyser constructed by the authors is presented. It works on the principle of so-called semi-continuous peritoneal dialysis. Only 200 ml of dialysate are exchanged per cycle after the peritoneum has been filled. Whereas with the time control used by Di Paolo the outflow can fluctuate considerably due to various disturbing factors, volume control makes it possible to balance inflow and outflow precisely. The advantages of this procedure of peritoneal dialysis are that it functions automatically and that it therefore requires little attention from staff. PMID- 7102128 TI - [Mechanical stability of vascular grafts for chronic hemodialysis, preserved with methanal or peroxyethanic acid]. AB - Vessels implants as possible vessel connections for chronic haemodialysis have to meet certain requirements concerning resistance to cutting and kinking and ability to be sewn under tolerable intraoperative damage risk. Preservation in peroxyethanic acid significant reduces the mechanical resistance of the biological primary material; by contrast, preservation in methanal clearly raises the mechanical stability of the preparations. PMID- 7102127 TI - [Pyelonephrostomy as a life-extending measure in terminal cancer]. AB - Between 1975 and 1980 35 patients with incurable carcinomas and bilateral ureteral obstruction who had been fitted with pull-through pyelonephrostomies were retrospectively studied with particular reference to the post-operative quality of their lives. 30 patients who died of the primary diseased had survived for periods of between 14 days and 30 months; the average was 7.5 months. There was no significant correlation between pre-operative kidney function and survival time. The post-operative quality of the lives of the patients who had shown good kidney function before the nephrostomy was fitted was significantly better than that of the patients with bad kidney function. PMID- 7102131 TI - [Visible urethrotomy with a sharp incision in the treatment of post-traumatic urethral strictures]. AB - We present our results in the treatment of 13 cases of posttraumatic urethrostenosis with the aid of visual urethrotomy. In six cases very good results were achieved, in three cases, good results and in four cases, adequate results. Patients with only adequate results were submitted to a second urethrotomy. PMID- 7102130 TI - [Contribution to the problem of preventing recurrences of oxalate and phosphate urinary caluli: active modification of citrate excretion and Ca++-binding capacity in the urine of Wistar rats]. AB - Citric acid may well be, quantitatively and in terms of complex chemistry, the most important of the organic acids capable of binding Ca++ in urine. Since the quantitative determination of citrates in urine became a routine method in many research-orientated urological laboratories thanks to the introduction of standardized enzymatic tests, reports of a reduced excretion of citrates in patients with (recurrent) (oxalate) calculi have become frequent. During our long term study of patients with recurrent formation of calculi we also observed a clear deficit of citrates in their morning, midday and evening urine. The conspicuous incidence of calculi when there is a concurrence of hypocitraturia and alkaline urine (RTA, in animal experiments: acetazolamide) clearly suggests the lithoprotective significance of citric acid. By quantitatively testing a large number of organic compounds which are interesting both structurally and in terms of complex chemistry, it has been possible to find some substances which restrict crystallization, raise the level of citrates and bind Ca++. A few have also found to restrict the excretion of oxalate in Wistar rats. PMID- 7102132 TI - [Ureteral hemangiomas: the intramural arteriovenous hemangioma]. AB - A report is given on a 42-year-old female patient with a ureteropyelokaliectasis in a solitary left kidney with a calyx stone in the middle group of calyces. An intramural arteriovenous haemangioma in the prevesical section of the ureter was found to be the cause of urinary stasis. After fitting a pull-through nephrostomy and removing the calyx stone the affected part of the ureter was resected and a ureterocystoneostomy was carried out with good late results. PMID- 7102133 TI - [Renal artery embolization by the Gianturco method]. AB - Over a period of 2 years pre-operative embolization of the renal artery was carried out according to the method of Gianturco, which offers certain advantages over other methods of embolization, in 25 patients with renal tumours. The most important aims of pre-operative embolization of the renal artery were considered to be to prevent tumour cells from being flooded out and to be able to ligate the vena renalis first. Because of the clinical reaction to be expected the embolization should be performed immediately before the operation, which still allows the aims to be achieved. In our opinion embolization cannot replace pre operative irradiation. PMID- 7102134 TI - [Parathyroid gland autotransplantation: long-term results and direct test of the function of the implant by selective parathyroid hormone determination and stress test]. AB - The precision of PTH measurement and the location of the implant allow the functioning of the transplanted tissue to be easily checked by separately measuring the PTH concentration in the arm bearing the transplant in comparison with the other side. In 10 of the 13 patients operated on by us it was observed that the transplant had grown and was functioning satisfactorily. In 2 further patients, in whom the PTH concentration alone gave no clear information on the functioning of the transplanted tissue, the tolerance test was for this purpose decisive. In fact the transplanted parathyroid tissue showed a rapid and clear response to pharmacodynamic stimulus, which demonstrated the viability of the transplant. We therefore venture to say that pharmacodynamic investigation is of a certain use in postoperative examinations of these patients, especially in doubtful cases. Unfortunately we have had no opportunity to perform a histological investigation of the implanted endocrine tissue, but this has already been reported on in print. PMID- 7102135 TI - [Search for a new rinsing solution for the local lysis of calcium-containing urinary calculi]. AB - Due to improved rinsing techniques local chemolitholysis is again becoming more important. Good result good results in the local chemolysis of phosphate calculi (calculi caused by remains of Struvit) with Renacidin and other rinsing solutions (Fam, Rossier, Gittes, Jacobs, Smith, Royle, Nemoy, Stamey) have led to a revival chemolitholysis (Alken) in the last 4--5 years, however only in the case of phosphate calculi, which account for 60--80%, cannot be dissolved by Renacidin, as is explicitly pointed out by the manufacturer. The experiments carried out by the group headed by Kallistratos and Timmermann in the 60's using rinsing solutions based on EDTA were discontinued, probably because of physiological reservations concerning the chemicals used and the long duration of treatment at physiologically tolerable concentrations and pH values. In order to extend the range of rinsing solutions to be tested, we tested new substances, including some which complex not only the anion (oxalate) but also the cation (Ca). Alternating treatment with oxalate binding and Ca binding rinsing solutions has been found to give particularly good results. PMID- 7102137 TI - [Results of a repeated nephropathy screening of the same patient load in a 3-year interval]. AB - In 1976, 1000 women from a large enterprise were examined, with a combination of parameters, for the presence of nephropathy. As a result of this complex examination programme renal diseases were found in 1.2% of cases, 0.6% of those examined had asymptomatic bacteriuria and another 0.6% had essential hypertension. Three years later, in 1979, the examination was repeated in the same group of patients, with the participation of 802 women. This time the incidence of previously undiagnosed kidney diseases was 1.5%, that of asymptomatic bacteriuria 0.8% and that of essential hypertension 0.7%. The present findings appear to justify the demand to have screenings repeated in the same group of patients. PMID- 7102136 TI - [The immunologic behavior of carcinoma in situ of the bladder]. AB - A report is given on 13 patients with c. i. s. of the bladder, which are examined in vivo and in vitro with respect to their immune reactivity. In skin tests with 5 recall antigens and the primary antigen DNFB there is no difference as compared with a control group of 29 patients. In an EM test 11 of the 13 patients with c. i. s. reacted with histospecific lymphocyte sensitisation, 10 out of 13 positive results were obtained with the antigen HEP. These findings support the current view of c. i. s. of the bladder as the first stage of a malign degeneration. PMID- 7102138 TI - [Percutaneous kidney calculus removal]. AB - The authors describe the method of percutaneously removing renal calculi. The application of the percutaneous method was made possible in their case by the fact that, following pyelotomy, a nephrostomy had been previously inserted into the system of renal cavities of the right side in a polytraumatized patient. Two recidive calculi formed in the immobilized patient; after the patient's mobilization the authors removed these through the opening of the drain with lithotomy forceps and with the help of an image intensifier. PMID- 7102139 TI - The socio-sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys. AB - The sexual behavior of the Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama B troop was studied in two mating seasons. Rank order of adult males (10 years old or over) had no positive correlation with mating activity. High-ranking males did not always attain high reproductive success. Some correlations were found between age, rank, and mating-partner selection. Some adult male-female dyads showed remarkable and long-term proximity. Some kind of psychological peculiarity is postulated within these dyads; although they were unrelated, most of them avoided mating, just as in related dyads. It is suggested that "affinity" may suppress the sexual drive, regardless of kin relationship. PMID- 7102141 TI - [Some ethical aspects of surgical work (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102140 TI - Properties of L-asparaginase in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces karnatakensis. AB - L-asparaginase was extracted from whole cells of Streptomyces karnatakensis by different procedures, including cell disintegration by ultra sonic waves and grinding with alumina. The specific activity of the enzyme in crude extracts was much lower than that in while cells. Optimum activity of the enzyme in crude extracts was obtained after an incubation time of 30 min at 38 degrees C in the presence of 16 micromole substrate/ml reaction mixture; the enzyme has an apparent Km value of 3.5 x 10(-3) M. The enzyme was inhibited by PCMB, indicating a requirement for a free sulfhydryl group. A competitive type of inhibition was noticed with D1-aspartic and a feed back type of inhibition was noticed with L cysteine. The enzyme showed stereospecificity for L-asparagine, however, some activity was noticed with the D-isomer. This was discussed in terms of the biosynthesis of an isomerase. PMID- 7102142 TI - [Necrotising enteritis (author's transl)]. AB - 4 cases of severe necrotising enteritis are dealt with. The small intestine was affected 3 times, the colon once, One patient died after resection of the affected bowel segment. In 2 additional cases a large resection of the small intestine became necessary. One patient was treated conservatively. The bacteriological evidence of Clostridium perfringens type C in the intestinal wall allows the assumption of a primarily bacterial genesis of this disease. Its aetiology, clinical and pathological-anatomic picture and the therapy are being discussed. PMID- 7102143 TI - [Surgical therapy of desmoid fibromas (aggressive fibromatosis)]. PMID- 7102144 TI - [Does total gastrectomy improve the late results in gastric cancer of lesser extensiveness? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102146 TI - [Choledocholithogenesis]. PMID- 7102145 TI - [Microsurgical anastomoses of nerves and arteries using absorbable sutures (author's transl)]. AB - Anastomoses of the carotid artery and the sciatic nerve of the rat were performed by using the microsurgical technique and comparing the nonabsorbable suture material Ethilon and the absorbable Vicryl, both 0,2 metric. No suture insufficiency neither in sutured nerves nor in vessels could be observed. After 70 to 84 days the Vicryl sutures were completely absorbed. In particular nerve sutures using Vicryl proved to be superior to Ethilon, as the displacement of axons in the area of granuloma decreased with progressing absorption of the suture and the degeneration of the axons was less renewed. PMID- 7102147 TI - [Orthograde intestinal irrigation in clinical practice. Report of experiences]. PMID- 7102148 TI - [Importance of safety drainage in duodenal stump insufficiency]. PMID- 7102149 TI - [A new method for the prevention of complications following esophago-gastrostomy of esophago-jejunostomy]. PMID- 7102150 TI - [Myocardial protection in surgery of the arrested open heart (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report on their experience concerning myocardial protection during open heart surgery making use of hypothermic cardioplegia. From September 1977 to April 1980 they operated on 637 patients applying this method. 155 cases were evaluated. Hypothermic cardioplegia extends the tolerance of the myocardium to ischaemia. Its main field of application is surgery of the coronary arteries. PMID- 7102153 TI - [The significance of mammography in the dispensary care of treated breast cancer patients for the detection of bilateral breast cancers]. PMID- 7102152 TI - [Human umbilical cord as a vascular prosthesis? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102154 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of Chilaiditi syndrome]. PMID- 7102151 TI - [Pro and contra profundaplasty (author's transl)]. AB - The profundaplasty has recently advanced to a widely used surgical approach for revascularisation of the lower extremities, both for claudication and limb salvage. The effectiveness of this simple time saving procedure depends on a critical selection of patients and the use of an improved surgical technique. Main prerequisites are the simultaneous aorto-iliac inflow repair, using thromboendarterectomy or bypass, the patency of the so-called "receptor segment" of the popliteal artery and a sufficient run- off in the distal arterial tree. An additional lumbar sympathectomy has proved as a protective adjunct which results in an additional increase of flow in the restored deep femoral artery. In combined occlusive lesions of the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal segment the late results of a proximal inflow repair in combination with profundaplasty and lumbar sympathectomy are significantly superior to the total repair of both arterial segments. A profundaplasty is contraindicated if this artery is seriously diseased or in the presence of total occlusion of the popliteal artery (receptor segment) and of more than two main arteries below the knee. This is the place where long distal grafts are still justified for limb salvage. In over 80% of patients with arterial occlusive disease of the leg arteries the profundaplasty (with or without aorto-iliac inflow-repair) has proved as an effective alternative to time-consuming extensive arterial reconstructions with equivocal outcome. PMID- 7102155 TI - [Tuberculous aorto-esophageal fistula--a rare cause of hemorrhage in the esophagus]. PMID- 7102156 TI - [Light- and electron microscope studies of human fetal membranes. 1. Amnion and intermediate layer]. AB - In the course of a series of histiophysiological tests, a structural analysis was made of the different layers of foetal membranes. They were based on optical light and electron microscopy. Particular attention was given to the question for the secretory and resorptive faculties of this intermediate layer between the compartments of mother and amniotic fluid. --The first tests were made by means of amnion morphology, histochemistry, and thin-layer chromatography for the purpose of elucidating the composition of lipid droplets. Their form and chemical composition were both found to be similar to those of lipid droplets (liposomes) which were suspended in amniotic fluid. This fact, together with the morphological aspect, was likely to indicate hat the liposomes were expelled by exocytosis from amniotic epithelial cells. The endoplasmatic reticulum was active and granular, an indicator to sizeable formation of proteins in the amniotic epithelial cells. --Analysis by thin-layers chromatography showed lipids in both the amnion and amniotic fluid to consist of lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserin, phosphatidylinosite, lecithin, kephalin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cholesterinester, triglycerides, and sebacic acids. --The large intercellular spaces in the amniotic epithelium were found to form a labyrinth between surface differentiations of surrounding cell walls. There were numerous vesicles in the amniotic epithelial cells which were attributed to absorption of amniotic fluid from intercellular spaces as well as to its emission to cell surfaces. Some of the amniotic fluid was removed through the connective tissue of the amnion. Fibroblasts, located in connective tissue of the amnion, differed from connective tissue cells of adults, in that they were highly capable of synthesizing and storing both lipids and glycogen. They were also capable of meconium storage. Structures recorded by electron microscopy from the intermediate layer were safely identified as remnants of extraembryonic mesenchyma. PMID- 7102158 TI - [Studies of the clinical effectiveness of intravenous long-term tocolysis]. AB - Possible retardation of delivery following different periods of intravenous Partusisten tocolysis was studied in 701 premature births, between the 28th and 36th weeks of pregnancy. The studies were conducted separately, for all probands together and by gestational age groups. Various symptoms of imminent premature birth were not weighed. The rate of failure amounted to 23 per cent, that is delivery occurred within 24 hours from beginning of treatment. Extension of pregnancy by something between two and seven days was achieved in 45 per cent of the probands or by more than seven days in 32 per cent. Growing length of intravenous tocolysis was followed by significant rise in the number of women with genuine prolongation of pregnancy (between eight and 28 days or even more), however, without any unambiguous evidence to differentiation between gestational age groups with regard to therapeutic responsiveness. Significant percentual rise in prematurity between the 34th and 36th weeks of pregnancy by almost 30 per cent (with 20 per cent in the 36th week of pregnancy alone) seems to indicate a measurable clinical benefit of intravenous long-term tocolysis in terms of higher life expectancy and better survival quality. --The above findings were compared with results that had been obtained from 1,037 prematurely born infants of the same gestational age groups without preceding tocolysis. The conclusion was that intravenous tocolysis in general and long-term tocolysis in particular failed to have the slightest negative impact in terms of acidosis and RDS morbidity, average birth weight, hypotrophy, and survival chance. The need for properly timed detection of prematurity as part of routine care may be seen from the great number of untreated premature births, that is cases beyond any possibility of treatment. The point is made that the effectiveness of tocolytic therapy can be measured only by those premature newborns who had received treatment rather than by the totality of premature newborns. PMID- 7102157 TI - [Prospective studies on pregnancy following induced and spontaneous abortion of primigravidae and assessment of fertility. IV. report]. AB - Prospects for imminent and spontaneous abortion were studied in three groups of probands. These included secundigravidae following induced abortion, secundigravidae after spontaneous abortion, and primigravidae. --Chronological distribution of abortion was determined for two periods of time, up to the 16th week of pregnancy and between the 17th and 27th weeks of pregnancy. Reference is made to correlations between abortion and cervical insufficiency. Poor prognosis in a group with a record of spontaneous abortions was compared with accumulation of functional bleeding in the same group. --An account is given also of the incidence of defective infants in all three groups, in the context of prematurity. PMID- 7102160 TI - [Non-stress test for antenatal diagnosis (author's transl)]. AB - A non-stress test was applied to 186 women with high-risk pregnancy, and an oxytocin provocation test was added immediately. Increased frequency or acceleration of foetal heart rate accompanied by foetal movement was defined as "reactive" and interpreted as good condition of the foetus. Absence of accelerations adequate in number and magnitude within 30 minutes from testing was considered as alarming. Such tests were defined "non-reactive". Such situations could be attributed to temporary hypoxia or sleep of the foetus. Both the number of positive oxytocin provocation tests and perinatal morbidity were higher with significance (p less than 0.001) in the "non-reactive" group. One perinatal death occurred in that group. The non-stress test proved to be a non-invasive, harmless method and highly reliable for screening of women for high-risk pregnancy. It enabled better economy of cost and time and in the use of equipment. PMID- 7102161 TI - [Premature rupture of amnion--a risk to the low-weight newborn (author's transl)]. AB - The effects of premature rupture of the amnion on postnatal morbidity of 87 low weight newborns were studied and compared with the morbidity of 572 low-weight newborns who had been delivered on time. --Incidence of premature rupture was found to increase along with declining gestational age, but no relationship was found to exist with birth weight. --Incidence of postnatal depression was the same in either group. However, the incidence of disorders in respiratory adjustment was lower with significance among newborns delivered after premature rupture. Such decrease in incidence was pronounced particularly in the gestational age group between 34 and 37 weeks. --Incidence of infections was increased with significance among low-weight newborns. Yet, an analysis has shown that higher incidence in weight groups above 1,500 had been caused by trivial infections. An increased incidence of septiform infections was recorded only from newborns below 1,500 g in birth weight. PMID- 7102162 TI - [Analysis of medical decision-making in pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - A study was conducted into 451 pregnant women who made use of Act No. 242 (GDR) in various phases of their pregnancy. Age, existence or absence of children, occupation, and shift work were obviously of no statistically significant effect on the time at which women decided to take advantage of the legal provision on sheltered jobs. It is expected, however, that some of the characteristics, such as nature of occupation, shift work and even more the number of children, will assume significance with numerically larger random samples. The dates at which pregnant women are assigned to easier jobs were found to depend with considerable significance on the medical doctor in charge, the department or area of employment, and the type of work. These findings can be interpreted as consequence of several factors, the medical officer's knowledge of specific working conditions to which his patients are exposed and objectively differentiated physical workloads. More information will be required on specific shop-floor conditions. PMID- 7102159 TI - [Effects of fenoterol on blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiotocogram of hypertensive and normotensive women in advanced pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Two doses of fenoterol (Partusisten), a beta-mimetic drug were administered by continuous intravenous infusion over 90 minutes to 20 women in advanced pregnancy, ten of them with hypertension and the other ten with normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and maternal heart rate were measured in two-minute intervals. Foetal heart rate, short term irregularity, accelerations, and foetal movements were recorded by external cardiotocography. Decrease in diastolic blood pressure in response to fenoterol in pregnant women with hypertension was more strongly pronounced than it was in normotensive women. Hence, mean pressure was reduced in the first group. while the rise in maternal heart rate was one and the same in either group. While foetal heart rates went up in both groups. the rise started earlier and with higher intensity in the normotensive group. Pregnant women with normal blood pressure also exhibited a trend to more foetal movements. Short term irregularity and area of accelerations and acceleration remained unchanged in both groups. PMID- 7102163 TI - [Late results of connection operations on traumatically damaged nerves]. AB - 50 patients with complete interruption of the N. radialis, N. ulnaris or N. medianus who had been treated surgically in the classic manner, i.e. with a suture on the epineurium, were subjected to clinical and electromyographical checkups within 3 to 10 years after the operations. The results of the examinations were correlated with specific indicators of the lesion and the operation. The most important and statistically significant correlation was confirmed to exist between the injury/operation interval and the extension of the nerve defect, with the extension of the defect being more significant. Depending on the extension of the defect, the following critical time intervals were found: with a defect of 2.5 cm 24 months, with a defect of 3 cm 18 months, with a defect of 4 cm 9 months and with a defect of 5 cm 6 months. If the defect was longer than 5 cm or the time interval longer than 24 months, the final result had to be assessed as bad in all cases. PMID- 7102164 TI - [Some forensic viewpoints on radiation induced late reactions of the nervous system from the neurologic view]. PMID- 7102167 TI - [The syndrome of "inappropriate" antidiuretin secretion associated with a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm]. AB - In a patient with subarachnoid haemorrhage due to the rupture of an Arteria communicans-anterior aneurysm, hyperadiuretinism developed which could be diagnosed by laboratory examinations. The pathological condition was removed by a reduction of the daily supply of liquids. The lesson that can be learned from this case is that in the treatment of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhages a systematic control of the serum sodium level, the sodium excretion an the osmolality of the serum and the urine is important. PMID- 7102166 TI - Cubital tunnel denervation syndrome. AB - A survey of problems associated with surgical therapy and postoperative results obtained in nontraumatic and traumatic cubital tunnel denervation syndrome is given in correlation with the preoperative condition of denervation and the extent of surgical intervention. The author has arrived at the conclusion that only operative microsurgical analysis of complicated biomechanics of the ulnar nerve along the cubital tunnel can determine precisely the extent and type of surgery required. The assessment of the degree of preoperative denervation and postoperative reinnervation was uniform according to the author's own criteria of sensory and motor functions of the ulnar nerve. Clinical features of the patients operated on was supplemented by preoperative and postoperative electrodiagnostic examinations. The results obtained are highly satisfactory and confirm that indication and choice of correct method of surgical intervention were justified. PMID- 7102165 TI - Grading of brain tumors by a lysosomal fragility test. AB - The stability of lysosomes is a function of osmotic pressure, temperature and time. Detailed studies have shown that the release and availability of lysosomal enzymes changes according to the degree of membrane permeability. This paper describes a modification of the controlled temperature and osmotic freezing sectioning technique for characterization of lysosomal stability in brain tumors. The method is based on the enzyme measurements of released acid phosphatase from sections of unfixed tissue under appropriate physical conditions. The results suggest the possibility of a relation between lysosomal stages of activation, enzyme latency and brain tumor malignancy. PMID- 7102168 TI - [The value of computed tomographic diagnosis of brain tumors]. PMID- 7102170 TI - [Treatment of multiple cerebral aneurysms]. PMID- 7102169 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of thoracic disk protrusions with a technical suggestion. AB - 4 cases of thoracic disk protrusion were studied with spinal CT and with either plain X rays of myelography, until now the only tools for a precise diagnosis. In patients with a thoracic compression syndrome and a calcification within the canal CT alone clinches the diagnosis, as it does in cases in which the calcified material is not detectable but the clinical symptoms point to a precise lesion level. In such cases myelography is unnecessary. It should however be done first when neither the clinical symptoms nor the plain X rays indicate the level of the lesion. PMID- 7102171 TI - [Space-occupying intracranial processes in the patients of a neurologic clinic 1970-1980 (early symptoms, tumor distribution, prognosis)]. AB - In the period from 1970 to 1980 78 patients with a verified space-occupying intracranial process were observed at the Neurological Clinic Gorlitz. The patients are divided according to important characteristics: sex ratio (1:1), average age (just under 46 years), tumour types and the respective subdivision, initial symptoms (headache, Jacksonian attacks and walking disturbances), outcome of the disease (death of all patients suffering from malignant tumors or metastases, small number of re-integration into professional life). The necessity of an early diagnosis of intracranial space occupation and a stricter and better co-ordinated rehabilitation are pointed out. PMID- 7102172 TI - [Immunoreactive glucagon content of the pancreas of chick embryos and chicks]. PMID- 7102174 TI - [Participation of the basal ganglia in the mechanism of visual memory in the rat]. AB - Studies have been made of the effect of bilateral injury of paleo-, archi- and neostriatum, as well as that of the nucleus ruber on adaptive behaviour in albino rats. It was shown that injury of the basal structures of the brain results in disturbances of optimal visual choice of a food signal. The data obtained are discussed from a standpoint of disturbances in operative memory of visual signals. It is suggested that during evolutionary development, when the higher brain functions pass to neocortex, the basal ganglia do not loose their initial role in the higher analytical-synthetic activity. PMID- 7102173 TI - [Asymmetry of interhemispheric transcallosal responses in cat ontogeny]. AB - In acute experiments on immobilized by myorelaxants kittens (1-21 days old) and adult cats, studies have been made on the development of functional interhemispheric asymmetry (FIA) of transcallosal responses (TCR) in the motor cortex. Individual asymmetry during ontogenesis is transformed into specific one. With respect to both components of TCR,, asymmetry in kittens was of the individual character. In adult cats, specific (left hemispheric) asymmetry was found with respect to positive phase of the responses, and individual FIA - with respect to negative phase. During postnatal phase of the responses, the degree of asymmetry of the positive components of TCR is increased, whereas that of the negative ones - is decreased. Kittens, similar to adult cats, exhibit four types of FIA: qualitative, quantitative, topographic, quantitatively topographic. Ontogenetic changes in the properties of asymmetry were revealed. FIA of TCR exhibited: 1 - partial domination; 2 - bilateral origin; 3 - dynamism (in kittens) and relative stability (in cats). Maturation of FIA during postnatal ontogenesis is suggested. PMID- 7102175 TI - [Evolutionary patterns of the loss of amino acid biosynthesis in animals]. AB - Amino acids, which synthesis was lost during animal evolution, exhibit some common physico-chemical features. These amino acids are presented by the largest molecules with the lowest density of packing of their material, the highest relative content of carbon and hydrogen, etc. It is suggested that during evolution there appeared living organisms which lacked the ability to produce various amino acids; however, natural selection fixed the loss of synthesis of only those amino acids which exhibited the above mentioned properties, as far as this loss did not interrupt vitally essential processes (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc.) and did not result in elimination of these mutations. Loss of synthesis of these amino acids appeared to be favourable with respect to energy metabolism of the organism, since it made possible to "relay" some of the genes for another function. PMID- 7102176 TI - [Hierarchical interrelationships in groups of mice with different behaviour patterns]. PMID- 7102177 TI - [Training of specialists in epidemiology in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 7102178 TI - [Prevention of infectious diseases in the 11th Five-Year Plan]. PMID- 7102180 TI - [Risk of hepatitis infection of the recipients of blood from donors with HBs antigenemia]. AB - Observations were made on 100 recipients of blood from 40 donors with HBs antigenemia and 106 recipients of the control group, who had received 570 ampules of blood from 491 donors, and 499 ampules from 400 donors, respectively. The incidence of post-transfusion serum hepatitis in the icteric forms was 12.7% and 1.9%, respectively (P less than 0.002), varying between 8.9% and 22.2% in the experimental subgroups, and decreasing with the increase of the total number of blood transfusions received by the subjects. The source of infection proved to be 0.5% of the donors in the control group, and 2.65% in the experimental group (P less than 0.01), or 17.9-33.3%, of donors with HBs-antigenemia. With the sufficient number of recipients traced to each donor, all donors with HBs antigenemia were found to be the sources of infection. It means that HBs antigenemia may be regarded as the indication of the presence of the complete (infective) hepatitis virus B in the body. PMID- 7102179 TI - [Clinico-immunological indices in different forms of dysentery]. AB - A total of 100 patients with acute dysentery and 12 patients with chronic dysentery have been examined. The capacity of lymphocytes for blast transformation and spontaneous rosette-formation has been found to depend on the stage, form and severity of the disease. In patients with low characteristics of the T-system of immunity at the acute stage of the disease slower convalescence is observed. When the clinical signs of the disease disappear, the characteristics of the T-system of immunity approach the normal level, but not quite reach it. In patients with a severe or prolonged course of dysentery the results of the leukocyte migration inhibition test either do not differ from the normal level, or indicate that the stimulation of leucocyte migration occurs. PMID- 7102182 TI - [Experience using fraction I of the plague microbe for revaccinating experimental animals]. AB - Experiments on guinea pigs have shown that a pronounced revaccination effect develops in the animals receiving the booster injection of fraction I of Pasteurella pestis 1.5--4 months after the primary immunization with live plague vaccine, while the booster injection of live plague vaccine produces a low revaccination effect due to the fact that this vaccine is badly adapted in the body after the primary immunization. PMID- 7102184 TI - [Effect of lymphocytes on macrophage phagocytic activity in delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus]. AB - The direct contact of macrophages with lymphocytes enhanced the functional activity of macrophages: the phagocytosis rate increased from 53.5% to 92.7%, the phagocytosis index increased from 8.7 to 15.7. Splenic lymphocytes obtained from mice with delayed hypersensitivity to staphylococci, when stimulated with staphylococcal corpuscular antigen in vitro, released lymphokines into the culture fluid. These lymphokines enhanced the capacity of macrophages and lymphocytes for mutual contacts. PMID- 7102181 TI - [Evaluation of the toxic action of prophylactic and therapeutic preparations on cell cultures of different types and origin. II. The cytotoxic action of adsorbed DPT vaccine and its components on cells of the continuous L132 line]. AB - Different batches of the same preparation manufactured at the same enterprise, or at different enterprises, in accordance with the same manufacturing regulations have been found to be capable of producing a damaging effect of different intensity on the continuous cell culture L132. The titers vary, according to their cytotoxic effect, from 1 : 32 to 1 :2048. The components of B. pertussis antigens and thimerosal solutions have been found to produce the most pronounced cytotoxic effect on the cells. The comparison of the results of the titration of adsorbed DPT vaccine in cell cultures with clinical manifestations has shown correlation between a greater degree of cell damage in vitro and severe local reaction. Therefore, in the process of the quality control of preparations cell cultures provide more sensitive tests than laboratory animals, which is confirmed by our data obtained in revealing the toxic properties of adsorbed DPT vaccine and its components. PMID- 7102183 TI - [Effect of proteolysis inhibitors on the phagocytic activity and leukocyte cytoplasmic enzyme activity of white mice with streptococcal peritonitis]. AB - The functional and metabolic properties of neutrophils in white mice were studied in the course of streptococcal peritonitis and after treatment by the intraperitoneal injection of normal rabbit serum, antitryptic and antikallikrein immune sera and inhitryl. Protease inhibitors were shown to activate the bactericidal and phagocytic activity of neutrophils, to normalize oxidation processes and to enhance the metabolism of glycogen. PMID- 7102185 TI - [Enhanced nonspecific anti-infective resistance of animals with the use of a polysaccharide complex of plant origin]. AB - In experimental studies on mice a biostimulating agent of plant origin, introduced parenterally in doses of 2-10 mg per mouse 1-10 days before infection, has been shown to induce the development of high nonspecific resistance to septic staphylococcal and P. aeruginosa infections, ensuring the survival of 55-90% of the stimulated animals against the mortality rate of 60-100% among the controls. PMID- 7102186 TI - [Quantitative measurement of muscle and joint sensitivity in focal brain lesions]. AB - A method is suggested of quantitative evaluation of disorders of musculoarticular sensitivity from the time of ordinary motor reaction to passive movement of a finger (BR). The method is based on an examination of 16 normal test subjects and 75 patients with focal injuries of the brain. It was established that upon preservation of the pathways and centers of deep sensitivity, there were no differences between BR in response to stimulation of the right and left hand. In patients with a pathological focus in the somatosensory area, BR to passive movement of the hand contralateral to the affected hemisphere was greater than that to the stimulation of the analogous hand. BR was made use of to recognize the involvement of the parietal area even where it was not found during neurological examination. During repeated examinations changes in BR reflected the time course of the pathological process in the somatosensory area of the brain. PMID- 7102187 TI - [Slowly progressing schizophrenia with exacerbations during the involutional period]. AB - On the basis of examining 50 schizophrenic patients the results of studying the types, the time course and the outcomes of the hystero-depressive states that develop during an exacerbation of a slowly-progressing schizophrenic process in the period of involution are presented. It was found that the development of those states was preceded by a long latent period. Two clinical variants of the time course of such states were differentiated: a hystero-depressive variant with a gradual progress of the psychopathological changes, and a hystero-dissociative one with formation of stable asthenic disorders. The data obtained show that a part of the cases of "involutional hysteria" described by old-time authors (Bumke, Heier, and others) should be regarded as manifestations of slow progressing schizophrenia. PMID- 7102189 TI - [Various features of the artistic creativity of schizophrenic patients in a handicapped state]. AB - On the basis of a psychopathological analysis of art work of schizophrenics (over 300 pictures painted by 35 patients) two main tendencies were elucidated. The first one was a tendency, marked to one or another degree, towards geometrization of the forms followed by their deformation and decomposition into the constituent elements. This tendency was mostly seen in the patients with appreciable abnormalities in the thinking sphere (diffuse and inconsistent judgements). The second tendency was manifested by striving for compositions resembling with pictures of children and cheap popular prints. In the group of the patients with this tendency there prevailed subjects with a noticeable shift in the emotional volitional sphere towards apathy and abulia. It is inferred that the data obtained are specific enough and may be used as additional-diagnostic criteria for delimitation of the defect conditions. PMID- 7102188 TI - [Features of the course of sluggish psychopathic-like schizophrenia, its diagnosis and forensic psychiatric significance]. AB - As a result of a spot clinicopathopsychological approach to an examination of patients with simple psychopathlike schizophrenia performed for the first time, the author managed to reveal the psychopathological characteristics of the initial and later manifestations of the disease; to describe thinking abnormalities characteristic for all the patients with simple psychopathlike schizophrenia, as well as for the patients with individual clinical varieties of this illness; to explore the pattern of socially dangerous actions performed by the patients, and to analyze the motives of these actions. PMID- 7102190 TI - [Clinical features of traumatic intracranial hematomas]. AB - Analysis of the clinical symptomatology was carried out in 162 patients with verified intracranial hematomas that accounted for 6.6% of all the craniocerebral injuries. Lethal outcomes were recorded in 38.9% of the cases. Hematomas that had not been diagnosed during life comprised 9.2%. Subdural hematomas were found in 54.9% of the patients, epidural in 28.4%, multiple in 13.6% and intracerebral in 3.1%. In more than 2/3 of the observations, intracranial hemorrhages were combined with an injury to the cranial bones. Acute hematomas were diagnosed in 102, subacute in 33 and chronic in 27 victims. Despite the polymorphism of the neurological data, each type of hematomas was marked by the most incident symptoms and by some aspects of the progress. Outcome of traumatic intracranial hemorrhages depended not only on the trauma severity but also on the time of admission to the hospital. PMID- 7102191 TI - [Effect of puncture perfusion of the subarachnoid space on cerebrospinal fluid composition in brain concussions with submeningeal hemorrhages]. PMID- 7102194 TI - [Pathogenesis of optic disk congestion in acute polyradiculoneuritis]. AB - The authors analyze the development of optic disc congestion in patients with acute polyradiculoneuritis. Basing on an analysis of the brain hydrodynamics examined with the aid of the subarachnoidal infusion test, the authors come to the conclusion that the main pathogenetic factor responsible for the development of intracranial hypertension and optic disc congestion in the patients examined is the syndrome of the decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption. It is emphasized that basic to the treatment of intracranial hypertension and optic disc edema during the disease in question should be measures aimed at the improved drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid to the cerebral venous system. PMID- 7102193 TI - [Informational significance of the dynamics of slow electrical processes in craniocerebral injuries]. AB - CNS injuries in brain contusions of a moderate and severe gravity leave lasting EEG traces that can be revealed on examining the patients in the state of sleep and drowsiness, and manifest in the form of pathological oscillations of the slow electrical processes in the second and decasecond intervals. These oscillations have an amplitude of 0.2 to 1.0 mV and more. In the course of brain function normalization the amplitude of the oscillations gradually decreases down to 0.05 0.15 mV. The pathological oscillations of the slow electrical processes in brain contusions are often more demonstrative than EEG changes. PMID- 7102192 TI - [Clinico-x-ray-electrophysiologic evaluation of the sequelae of vertebrospinal injuries]. AB - The authors present the data of clinical, x-ray and electrophysiological examinations of 184 patients who suffered vertebrospinal trauma of varying severity. Indicate pronounced disturbances of the function of the neuromuscular apparatus at varying times after the trauma in patients with neglected fractures and dislocation fractures of the vertebrae and with compression-comminuted fractures. They also describe the time course of clinical, x-ray and electrophysiological changes at varying levels of injury to the vertebrae and spinal cord. It is suggested that the clinical, x-ray and electrophysiological data obtained promote the documentation of the indications for application of individual comprehensive rehabilitation therapy with due regard for the level and severity of injuries to the spinal cord and evaluation of the role of the vascular component in the development of the neurological picture. PMID- 7102196 TI - [Acute cerebral circulatory disorders of an ischemic nature in young persons with an accessory cervical rib]. AB - Two young patients with ischemic strokes in the vertebrobasilar basin were observed. The results of the observation verified by brachiocephalic aortography and operation showed that the development of the ischemic lesion because of a circulation disorder in the vertebrobasilar basin in young people could be due to the presence of an additional cervical rib. The leading role in the pathogenesis of those disorders belongs to arterial spasms developing because of irritation of the vegetative structures of the subclavicular artery. The authors consider it reasonable to differentiate between the additional cervical rib syndrome and hypertrophy of the transverse process of the VIIIth vertebra on the one hand and the syndrome of the anterior scalene muscle on the other. PMID- 7102195 TI - [Concentration of adenylic nucleotides and creatine phosphate in the cerebral hemispheres in various manifestations of stress]. PMID- 7102197 TI - [Ultrastructural response of the brain to tumor activity]. PMID- 7102198 TI - [The thermal pulsation methods in studies on certain physiologic mechanisms of the brain stem]. AB - The author describes the physiological relations that emerge on an analysis of the effects of thermal pulsation on the nasolabile area, as well as those between functional systems of thermoregulation, on the one hand, and respiration, vascular tone and sleep control mechanisms, on the other one. Analyzes complex physiological shifts occurring during the procedures of thermal pulsation and the essence of their multivariate clinical significance. PMID- 7102199 TI - [Problem and significance of cross-cultural studies in psychiatry]. AB - Transcultural studies in psychiatry allow for the judgement about differences and prevalence of psychic diseases in the region and an individual ethnic group, characterized by definite features of culture, and for exploration of the effects of these features on the occurrence of one or another psychic abnormality, shaping, pathoplasty and rehabilitation of the patients as well. In this connection, transcultural studies are of great importance for elucidation of the importance of the conditions of social life in the formation of psychopathological phenomena and in the progress of epidemiological studies in psychiatry. PMID- 7102201 TI - [Various electrical indices of schizophrenic patients' erythrocytes]. AB - The cataphoretic mobility of schizophrenics blood erythrocytes, and the effect of the patients' blood plasma on the electric conductivity of artificial lipid bilayers were studied. Changes of the cataphoretic mobility were found to depend on the type, gravity, and progress of the disease. The data obtained pointed to a change of the sorption capacity of the erythrocyte membranes. The blood plasma of the schizophrenic patients lowered the resistance of the artificial membrane bilayers. These findings are interpreted from the standpoint of the presence of a biologically active factor in the plasma that produces the membranotropic effect. PMID- 7102203 TI - [Study of the associative activity of schizophrenic patients by the technic of remote synchronization of cortical biopotentials]. AB - To reveal physiological correlates of the schizophrenic thinking peculiarities associated with impaired mechanisms of information selection, spatial synchronization of the cortical biopotentials was studied in 10 healthy probands and 9 patients with continuously progressing schizophrenia. Both the healthy probands and the patients were asked to solve problems of comparing notions in situations where standard or non-standard criteria for the solution could be chosen. The bioelectrical activity was recorded at 48 cortical sites with subsequent estimation of the cross-correlation interconnections between the EEGs. It was found that in the solution of problems with the use of standard criteria the spatial-temporary organization of the biopotentials differed but little in the healthy probands and the patients, whereas in the solution of problems for which secondary, latent features of the subjects were required, these differences were rather marked in a number of characteristics, such as the general level of the synchronism, the character of interhemispheral asymmetries, the topographic distribution of the biopotential synchronization. The data obtained are discussed in the light of the present-day concepts on the functional specialization of the hemispheres. PMID- 7102204 TI - [Ecmnesia in the late period of schizophrenia progressing in an unfavorable course]. AB - Ecmnestic disturbances were revealed in 170 out of 260 schizophrenic patients who have lived up to the old age. In all the patients the disease took an unfavourable course (paranoid and malignant schizophrenia). The ecmnestic disturbances appeared to be rather diverse in their contents, and were encountered in the structure of various psychopathological manifestations both productive and deficient. Two types of the ecmnestic disturbances were differentiated, and namely, ecmnesia of delay and ecmnesia of regression of the psychic development. The role of the age factor in the formation of each type of those disturbances is demonstrated. PMID- 7102202 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the acute period of craniocerebral injuries]. AB - A study was made of the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on the clinical progress of craniocerebral trauma by means of a comparative analysis of the time course of the clinical symptoms and the occurrence of complications seen in the main group of patients given HBO (103 subjects) and the control group not given HBO (also 103 subjects). Some of the parameters of external respiration and central hemodynamics were examined in these patients during HBO. It was disclosed that HBO exerts a prophylactic action as regards the development of mental disorders in the acute period of brain trauma and some complications (meningitis, suppuration of operative wound, bedsores, pneumonias). HBO had no noticeable effect on the rate and degree of the recovery of motor and speech functions. In part of cases, HBO eliminated the hyperventilation syndrome and the pathological rhythm of respiration and myocardial hypodynamia. PMID- 7102200 TI - [Reaction between endogenous opiates and human peripheral blood lymphocytes]. AB - The radioreceptor method and determination of the content of cAMP in lymphocytes were used to study the interplay of met-enkephalin with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The characteristics of specific binding of endogenous opiate with the cells, as well s a decrease in the activity of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase observed under the effect of met-enkephalin proved the presence of a specific interplay between the physiological concentrations of the opiate with lymphocytes. It is suggested that it is determined by the existence of two parallel mechanisms: a process having some features in common with the receptor binding and limited transport of the opiate inside the cell. PMID- 7102205 TI - [Problems in the prognosis of paroxysmal schizophrenia with onset in adolescence and young adulthood]. AB - In 248 patients with juvenile schizophrenia lasting over 10 years since the first manifestation of the psychosis statistically significant criteria for probable prognosis of the disease outcome were determined using clinico-statistical methods. It was found that the most informative among those criteria were the characteristics of the initial stage of the disease and the premorbid period; the hereditary and genetic background, as well as the character of the disease onset and some pictures of the manifest psychosis. The criteria determined enable one to forecast with a high degree of statistical significance the intensity of the morbid process progress at the initial stages of paroxysmal schizophrenia. PMID- 7102206 TI - [Effect of various extrinsic factors on the course of schizophrenia]. AB - Clinical and statistical studies of 800 case histories of schizophrenia with an unfavourable (400 patients) and slow-progredient (400 patients) course with due regard for objective anamnestic data and findings of neurological examination revealed a significant and substantial difference in the occurrence of some exogenous factors. In the patients with schizophrenia running an unfavourable course, chronic otitis occurred 15 times more frequently, severe childhood infections 4.5 times, rheumatic fever 2.2 times, pathology of pregnancy and birth 2 times more frequently. The same patients demonstrated a 10-time more frequent occurrence of residual phenomena of organic brain injury. The data obtained might attest to the possibility of the effect of the factors cited on the severity of schizophrenia. PMID- 7102209 TI - [Total synovectomy of the knee in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. II (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102208 TI - [Total synovectomy of the knee in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102207 TI - [Transposition of the greater trochanter in disorders of the hip joint (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102211 TI - [Examining the condition after meniscectomy because of permanent effects benefits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102210 TI - [Influence of age on the healing of fixed and unfixed fractures of long bones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102212 TI - [Late results after meniscectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102216 TI - [Rate of tumours of the osteoarticular system in children at the orthopaedic Clinic in Bratislava (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102214 TI - [The results of treating tendon injuries of the hand in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102213 TI - [The influence of early weight-bearing on the healing of tibial shaft fractures (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102215 TI - [Staging of musculoskeletal sarcomas (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102217 TI - [Osteoid osteoma in our clinical material (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102220 TI - [Early diagnosis of post-traumatic algoneurodystrophy. II. Results of experiments]. PMID- 7102219 TI - [Early diagnosis of post-traumatic algoneurodystrophy. I. An overview of the present status and suggestions for methodology]. PMID- 7102218 TI - [Solitary cyst of the calcaneous (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102221 TI - [Our experiences in the treatment of pharmacoresistent depressions with maprotiline]. PMID- 7102222 TI - [Analysis of the efficacy of EEG after maprotiline administration]. PMID- 7102224 TI - [The antidepressive maprotiline: symposium at Hradec Kralove 26 November 1980]. PMID- 7102223 TI - [Maprotiline in psychiatric ambulatory care]. PMID- 7102225 TI - To the pharmacological profile of maprotiline. AB - Experimental EEG study of sleep-vigil cycles in rats with implanted brain electrodes showed that maprotiline has lower inhibitory effects on the REM sleep, sleep onset and mean duration of sleep cycles than imipramine. Maprotiline reveals significantly lower cardiotoxicity than imipramine and amitriptyline in the test on chick embryo heart. Embryotoxicity risk, evaluated on chick embryo by the method CHEST is significantly lower in maprotiline than in imipramine, nortriptyline and amitriptyline. PMID- 7102226 TI - [Ambulatory treatment of masked depressions with maprotiline]. PMID- 7102227 TI - Clinical experience with maprotilin and maprotilin/clomipramine infusions in resistant depression. AB - Maprotilin was given orally to 34 depressive patients for 3-6 weeks, or in daily morning i. v. infusions for 10-15 days to 23 patients, and in combined infusions with clomipramine to 32 patients. - At oral administration the effect was evident only after 10 days of treatment; most depressive symptoms improved. Maprotilin in infusions had a rapid onset of effect, being especially intensive on depressive mood and anxiety. The combined infusions of maprotilin and clomipramine affected an even wider range of symptoms. The factor anxiety somatization decreased significantly already after 7 days of treatment, more expressively after combined infusions. Side effects occurred only during the infusions. PMID- 7102228 TI - [Treatment of involutional depression with maprotiline]. PMID- 7102229 TI - [Combined chlorimipramine and maprotiline therapy in therapy-resistant depressions]. PMID- 7102230 TI - [The effect of maprotiline on target symptoms of depressive states]. PMID- 7102233 TI - Effects of thiopentone on the canine coronary circulation in acute experimental myocardial ischaemia. AB - Acute myocardial ischaemia was induced in five greyhounds by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left main coronary artery. Changes in oxygen availability and consumption in the ischaemic area in response to thiopentone 10 mg kg-1 were compared with corresponding changes in non-ischaemic myocardium supplied by the circumflex artery. Despite a 40% reduction in arterial pressure, there were no significant changes in the oxygen availability/consumption ratio in either normal or ischaemic areas. PMID- 7102235 TI - Effects of halothane on coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in patients with ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. AB - Halothane was administered at an end-tidal concentration of 1% to 10 patients with stable ischaemic heart disease and clinical and haemodymanic signs of moderate heart failure. Measurements of central haemodynamic variables, coronary sinus blood flow and oxygen, lactate and hypoxanthine balances over the myocardium were done before and at steady state during halothane anaesthesia. Halothane induced marked haemodynamic changes with decreases in mean arterial pressure (-43%), mean pulmonary arteriolar occlusion pressure (-42%), systemic vascular resistance (-31%), cardiac index (-20%) stoke volume index (-31%) and left and right stroke work indices (-62% and -55%, respectively). Heart rate and pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Coronary sinus blood flow decreased in parallel with perfusion pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased (-40%), as did myocardial oxygen extraction. Rate pressure product and triple product correlated better with changes in myocardial oxygen consumption in the present subset of patients than in healthy volunteers during halothane anaesthesia. The findings suggest that halothane, through its systemic vasodilatory effect, unloads the failing left ventricle and that this peripheral action predominates over the direct cardiodepressant action of the agent. The combined findings of unchanged coronary vascular resistance, decreased myocardial oxygen extraction and absence of increasing or pathological levels of lactate and hypoxanthine in coronary sinus blood imply a direct dilatory effect of halothane on the coronary vasculature. PMID- 7102234 TI - Bradycardia with laryngeal spraying in children. PMID- 7102232 TI - Oleic acid lung damage in pigs. AB - With the purpose of producing a lung damage model simulating post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, oleic acid 0.1 ml . kg-1 body weight (b.w.) was infused intravenously into eight mechanically ventilated young pigs, and the effects were studied for 2 h. After the infusion, PaO2 during air breathing decreased to a fairly low and stable level of about 7 kPa. Venous admixture during air breathing and VD/VT showed a marked initial increase and then remained unchanged, while venous admixture during breathing of pure oxygen increased but less markedly. Haematocrit (EVF), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and base excess (BE) were unchanged. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure more than doubled and cardiac output decreased by 1/3, which was considered to reflect an insuperable increase in the resistance of the pulmonary blood flow. The lung model was found to resemble post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency with respect both to the V/Q ratio displacement and to the macroscopic appearance of the lungs at autopsy. PMID- 7102236 TI - Ketamine as induction agent for caesarean section. AB - A series of 100 patients undergoing caesarean section was studied using ketamine 1.2 mg/kg as induction agent. Fifteen minutes prior to induction, atropine 0.25 0.5 mg and diazepam 1 mg was given intravenously as premedication. Anaesthesia was maintained with N2O:O2, FIO2 0.4. Once the umbilical cord was clamped, 0.2 mg fentanyl and 9 mg diazepam was given intravenously. Except for nitrous oxide, no more anaesthetic intravenous or inhalational agent was needed. Despite the fact that patients with known intrauterine asphyxia before the induction were included in the material, we found excellent Apgar scores (mean 9.1 at 1 min and 9.9 at 5 min). None of the patients reported awareness during the operation. Eight patients experienced pleasant dreams and three unpleasant. There were no hallucinations in the recovery area. The mental condition of the mothers after the operation was acceptable. It is suggested that ketamine can be used not only on special indications but also as a routine method for induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section. PMID- 7102231 TI - Smooth muscle effects of lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etiodocaine on the human umbilical artery. AB - The smooth muscle effects on human umbilical arteries of four different local anaesthetic agents - lidocaine, etidocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine - were studied. Lidocaine and etidocaine relaxed the arteries, etidocaine more profoundly than lidocaine. Prilocaine in the concentration range 10-1,000 micrograms/ml caused pronounced contractions. Bupivacaine consistently evoked a contractile response in the concentration range 5-25 micrograms/ml, but at lower and higher concentrations the response to this drug was inconsistent. The concentrations of lidocaine were determined in six human umbilical arteries following maternal epidural block with this agent and were found to be 0.1 - 1.7 micrograms/g tissue. The contractile actions of prilocaine and bupivacaine on the human umbilical arteries are undesirable and might be hazardous if high concentrations are attained, e.g. during paracervical block. PMID- 7102237 TI - Midazolam compared with thiopentone as an induction agent. AB - In patients premedicated with scopolamine + morphine (+5 mg nitrazepam the evening before surgery), the sleep-inducing effect of midazolam 0.15 mg/kg i.v. was clearly slower in onset than that of thiopentone 4.67 mg/kg i.v. Somewhat fewer cardiovascular and local sequelae were found in the midazolam group, but, although apnoea occurred less often in the midazolam group it lasted longer. On the whole, the differences between midazolam and thiopentone had no apparent clinical consequences. Midazolam is a new alternative agent for induction in combination anaesthesia. PMID- 7102238 TI - Advantages of glycopyrrolate over atropine during reversal of pancuronium block. AB - Atropine 0.015 mg kg-1 and glycopyrrolate 0.0075 mg kg-1 were compared as antimuscarinic agents during reversal of pancuronium block with neostigmine 0.03 mg kg-1 in 30 patients anaesthetized with thiopental - N2O- fentanyl and undergoing minor surgery. The decrease of heart rate was more pronounced in patients who received atropine-neostigmine. The mean of the lowest heart rate was 44.3 beats min-1 in the atropine group compared with 54.3 beats min-1 in the glycopyrrolate group. Five patients with atropine-neostigmine developed a transient nodal rhythm as compared with two of those receiving glycopyrrole neostigmine (non-significant difference). Recovery from anaesthesia, as assessed by the awakening after the discontinuation of N2O administration, was more rapid in patients given glycopyrrolate. In conclusion, glycopyrrolate seems to have advantages over atropine when used during reversal of pancuronium block with neostigmine. PMID- 7102239 TI - [Morphokinetics of the TSH-stimulated guinea pig thyroid gland in vitro]. AB - Guinea pig thyroid tissue was incubated in a tissue culture system in the presence of various TSH concentrations and for various time periods. The morphokinetic response was examined with the electron microscope. The qualitatively finer aspects of the TSH-caused sequence of events are described and compared with in vivo results. After in vitro stimulation the general changes of cell membranes and of the cytocavitary network are very similar to those in vivo. On the other hand, there are differences with regard to intensity and duration of the structural response to TSH and additionally degenerative changes of organelles are found which might be explained by incubational factors. The role of the mitochondria as a source of energy is demonstrated by typical qualitative and quantitative alterations. An interesting finding is the degradation of mitochondria within colloid droplets, a mechanism which is suggested to represent a modified autophagy. Intracellular follicles are occasionally found during in vitro experiments. The formal genesis of this structure and its possible role is discussed. The present study indicates that this incubation model provides a useful tool for further analyses of thyroid disorders. PMID- 7102240 TI - Morphology of the middle ear in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). AB - The purpose of this study was to provide a description of the morphology of the middle ear and related structures in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. From these descriptions, it can be seen that except for relative size differences, the middle ear system of the rhesus monkey bears close resemblance to that of man. The basic architecture is the same, thereby providing an anatomic foundation for the observed similarities in function [Cantekin et al,, 1981]. The few differences between the two systems can be summarized as follow: (1) The angle of inclination of the medial wall on the parasagittal plane is more acute in the rhesus monkey than in man. (2) The shape of the tympanic membrane in the monkey is almost circular compared to the irregular oval shape in man. (3) Differences in the shape of the ossicles as well as differences of relative measurements and angles between the parts of the ossicles were observed. (4) A major difference involves the pneumatic system and most prominently, the absence of a definite mastoid process in the monkey. However, the mastoid portion of the temporal bone is still very cellular in the majority of the specimens and communicates with the middle ear cavity through a well-defined mastoid antrum. The well-developed and extremely cellular petrous bulla in the monkey is absent in man. PMID- 7102242 TI - Adrenergic innervation of the left side of the guinea pig heart. AB - Histological, histochemical fluorescence, and electron microscopic techniques have been utilized to demonstrate the specific distribution of the noradrenergic sympathetic postganglionic fibers to the guinea pig left atrium and ventricle. The majority of these nerves entered the base of the heart. Paravascular bundles of unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers traversed the left atrioventricular sulcus. From these paravascular plexuses axons accompanied the arteries via periarterial plexuses to the deeper layers of the heart wall. The vascular tree was extremely complex. In the left atrium a relatively abundant noradrenergic innervation was seen within the interstitial connective tissue surrounding the cardiac muscle. In the left ventricle, most of the noradrenergic innervation was located in the tunica adventitia of all the major coronary arterial branches before they entered the cardiac muscle. These larger branches of the coronary arteries were predominantly innervated by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers. Apparently it is from these perivascular nerve plexuses that the left ventricular muscle receives the majority of its noradrenergic innervation. PMID- 7102241 TI - Morphological integrity of the rat superior cervical ganglion after prolonged incubation in vitro. AB - The outer capsule of rat superior cervical ganglia is usually removed before in vitro studies are initiated. An ultrastructural study was undertaken to determine if any morphological disruption results as a consequence. Intact ganglia were fixed by either aldehyde immersion or perfusion. Desheathed ganglia were immersed in aldehyde fixative immediately following the removal of the capsule or after a 5-hour incubation period in a modified Krebs-Ringer solution. Ganglionic transmission, monitored by observing the compound postganglionic action potential evoked by periodic preganglionic nerve stimulation during the incubation period, was not diminished. Some minor disruption of mitochondrial cristae was observed in neurons but ganglionic morphology was generally well preserved. These findings support the use of desheathed rat ganglia as a valid in vitro model. PMID- 7102243 TI - Fine structure of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of bats: a comparative study. AB - The vomeronasal neuroepithelium of the vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, and the frugivorous bats, Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus jamaicensis, was examined at the light-microscopic and ultrastructural levels. The neuroepithelium of these species is basically similar in morphology to that of other mammals. However, hitherto unknown differences were noted in regard to the configuration of the apical poles of cells, in the occurrence of solitary cilia, dislocated sensory cells, brush cells, cell contacts and the occurrence and fine structure of basal cells. The morphology of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of all three species is discussed from a comparative point of view in regard to chemoreception. PMID- 7102244 TI - A light and electron microscopic study of the human ovarian ligament. AB - The structure of the human ovarian ligament was studied with light and electron microscopy, with emphasis on neural components. The ligament is primarily composed of smooth muscle arranged in an outer oblique and an inner longitudinal layer. The smooth muscle cells are connected by two types of intercellular junctional complexes, close contacts and intermediate junctions. The intercellular junctions may serve to coordinate smooth muscle activity and synchronize contractions of the ligament. Nerves are abundant and accompany the vascular supply. Specialized encapsulated neural structures previously reported were not observed. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves are more numerous than adrenergic nerves. Both types of nerves are associated with vascular smooth muscle. We conclude that these nerves either traverse the ligament or terminate in the ligament and are vasomotor. PMID- 7102245 TI - Adipocyte development in subcutaneous tissues of the young rat. AB - The relationship between mammary gland development and adipocyte formation in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied. Tissue samples from newborn rats and young rats were prepared for histological and histochemical analysis. The development of subcutaneous adipocytes in the young rat is associated temporally and spatially with mammary gland development. The growing mammary gland ducts and the blood vessels and nerves that serve the ducts may physically interact with connective tissue cells, resulting in a population of undifferentiated cells. Adipocytes and a wide variety of cell types may be derived from this pool of undifferentiated cells. Histochemical characteristics of cells of immature ends of mammary gland ducts indicated hypoxic conditions. These conditions may have directed a vascularization process that resulted in network of adipocytes and capillaries around mammary gland ducts. Thus, under normal conditions, adipocyte formation is an integral phase of mammary gland development in the fetal and young rat. PMID- 7102246 TI - Fine structure of the extraganglionic nerve plexuses of the guniea-pig stomach. AB - The fine structure of the perivascular and the other extraganglionic nerve plexuses in the muscularis externa and the mucosa of the guinea-pig stomach was studied in specimens fixed by perfusion and in specimens fixed by immersion after in vitro incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine. In each of the plexuses, over 50% of the nerves contained ten axons or less; terminal profiles were also much more numerous in sections of nerves of this size than in sections of the larger nerves. Five types of axon terminal were identified in the nerves. Terminals containing mainly large dense-cored vesicles were few, but were more numerous in the perivascular than in the other plexuses. Terminals containing small clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles approximately 140 nm in diameter were also few and were confined to the plexuses in the muscularis externa. The remaining types of terminal could be clearly differentiated only in specimens incubated in 5-hydroxydopamine. Terminals containing small clear vesicles were present in large numbers in the plexuses in the muscularis externa and the mucosa. Terminals containing small dense-cored vesicles constituted all but a small proportion of those seen in the perivascular plexuses. They were also seen in small numbers in each of the other plexuses. The remaining type of terminal contained small vesicles which were larger than in the other types and which contained halos of electron-dense material. Such terminals were present in the plexuses in the muscularis externa and were concentrated in nerves located close to the myenteric plexus. PMID- 7102247 TI - Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Nigerian subjects. AB - Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa were studied in 300 persons in Nigeria. Five types were observed in this study. The commonest pattern found in Nigerians was the median cubital vein arising from the cephalic vein a little below the level of the elbow (62% in males and 49% in females). To some extent this incidence is comparable with the findings in Americans (70%) and Britishers (53%). However, there is a clear contrast when compared with Japanese (84%) and Indians (16%). The next commonest pattern in Nigerians was the median vein of the forearm dividing into two and joining the basilic and cephalic veins (24-30%). This pattern was also comparable with Americans and Britishers but is in clear contrast to the findings in Indians and Japanese. The incidence of the other patterns was very low in this as well as in all other reports. PMID- 7102248 TI - [Compensatory and stabilizing motions of the fibula]. AB - There are two reasons why the fibula shows longitudinal motions. During dorsiflexion the push of the wedge-shaped trochlea tali causes an upward fibular motion; on the other hand, during weight bearing the contraction of the leg muscles effects a downward fibular motion. The specific level of the fibula results from these two correlating forces. While the upward fibular migration is a passive compensative movement, the downward fibular migration is an active stabilizing movement. PMID- 7102249 TI - 2-Mercaptopropionylglycine protection against growth-inhibiting effects in utero irradiated mice. AB - Pregnant Swiss albino mice at different fetal growth periods were exposed to 150 R gamma rays in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG), a SH radioprotector. The weights of litters born to these mothers were recorded at different postpartum intervals. There was an initial weight loss at 1 week after birth followed by a second weight loss after 4 weeks in the unprotected control males, whereas females showed continuous gains in weight from initial loss at 1 week. In the MPG-treated groups, the pattern of weight changes remained the same, but the loss was significantly less than in the controls and the second weight loss in the case of males was not obvious. PMID- 7102250 TI - [Electron microscopic investigation on the postnatal development of human Leydig cells]. AB - The development of Leydig cells from the 1st to the 14th year was electron microscopically investigated in specimens of testicles. Leydig cells and their precursor were found in the interstitium. The precursors of the Leydig cells were usually spindle-shaped and contained few organelles and filamentous structures. Leydig cells were usually found in groups. The nucleus was round and eccentric. The most striking feature of Leydig cells was the abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It was tubular and vacuolar in appearance. Mitochondria possessed cristae of the tubular type and contained occasionally intramitochondrial granules. Glycogen granules and lipid droplets were noted in the cytoplasm. No Reinke crystalloids were found throughout this period. Leydig cells arose from mesenchymal cells via their precursors. Phases of regression of Leydig cells were observed twice, in the 2nd and 3rd years, and from the 9th to the 11th year. In these periods the above-mentioned Leydig cells were seldom observed and only degenerating cells were noted. After the 13th year the Leydig cells increased in size and in number. PMID- 7102252 TI - [An anomalous case of the "double arteriae cerebelli superiores" taking their aberrant courses (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102251 TI - Light microscopic morphometry of the lung of 19 avian species. AB - The lungs of 107 birds of 19 different species from seven orders were fixed in situ. The mean volumes of both fixed lungs together ranged from 0.15 to 95.31 cm3. Histological sections of one lung from each bird were analyzed by point counting with a Zeiss integrating eyepiece to determine the volume densities and thence the absolute volumes of the main functional components of the lung. The mean volume density of the exchange tissue was highest in the 11 passeriform species (53.5%) and lowest in the 2 charadriiform species (34.6%); that for all of the 8 non-passeriform species was 42.6%. The possible significance of these variations in relation to the differing oxygen requirements of these groups of birds is discussed. The parabronchi showed minor variations in the degree of development of the interparabronchial septa, atria, interatrial septa, and atrial muscles. The diameter of the parabronchi (including the mantle of exchange tissue) ranged from about 0.34 mm in the passeriform species to about 0.63 mm in Anser anser; the lumen of the parabronchus accounted for about half of this diameter. Body weight an lung volume were strongly correlated (0.995); the allometric function relating lung volume to body weight was 29.5 w0.988. PMID- 7102253 TI - Absence of peripheral neuropathy in long-term lead-exposed subjects. AB - The safety of a blood lead concentration of 70 microgram/100 ml as a hygienic border value with regard to development of lead neuropathy was tested in 95 employees, who had been exposed occupationally to lead for more than 9 years. The blood lead concentration was slightly above the border value in nine subjects, while the erythrocyte-Zn-protoporphyrin concentration was significantly elevated in 81 subjects, indicating an abnormal accumulation of metabolically active lead. None of the group showed clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy, and the vibratory perception thresholds as well as motor conduction data from the median, radial, and common peroneal nerves were normal, as compared with an age-matched control group of 21 non-exposed normal subjects. The amplitude ratio between proximally and distally evoked muscle action potentials was normal in all lead exposed subjects. These findings suggest that lead-exposed subjects are well protected against peripheral lead neuropathy, when blood lead levels are kept below the hygienic border value. PMID- 7102254 TI - Course of multiple sclerosis. First results of a prospective study carried out of 102 MS patients from 1976-1980. AB - The course of multiple sclerosis was monitored by means of a long-term prospective study. This paper reports on first results from this study, covering 102 patients who were monitored for 2 years or more and examined regularly. It is attempted to quantify the extent of the worsening or improvement in the patients' clinical status over the period of observation using regression analysis techniques. The severity of the disease did not correlate to the period of observation in 15% of the cases, these displaying no progression with regard to the clinical signs. In most cases (32%) a description of the disease progression was possible by means of a linear regression line, 21% had a parabolic and 23.5% an increasingly progressive course. For nine patients a second or third degree polynomial regression curve could be used to describe the course of the disease. The individual progression of the disease as estimated using the linear regression coefficient did not correlate with the individual relapse rate (on average 1.1 per year), nor with the age of the patient, the severity of the multiple sclerosis, the duration of the illness or with the previous course of the disease. PMID- 7102255 TI - Concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline in some limbic and related regions of the human brain. PMID- 7102256 TI - Short-latency somatosensory-evoked potentials in patients with acute focal vascular lesions of the supratentorial somesthesic pathways. PMID- 7102257 TI - Polymyositis--treatment and prognosis. A study of 107 patients. AB - One hundred and seven patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis were followed for an average of 5 years. In 100 patients it was possible to evaluate the effect of treatment with steroids or a combination of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Fifty patients improved, 50 did not. Compared with the treatment-resistant group the treatment-responsive patients were of younger age, did not have an associated malignancy or cardiac disease and began treatment within 24 months after the onset of muscular weakness. In the treatment-responsive group the degree of improvement was correlated to the mean dose of steroids given during the first 3 months of treatment. Eighty-seven per cent of surviving responsive patients had no or slight disability at the end of the investigation. The mortality rate was 23% and was highest in the treatment-resistant group. Comparison between different treatment programs was possible and based on the results, a treatment schedule could be recommended. The principles of this schedule are: During the first month high doses of prednisone or prednisolone should be given daily. From the second month, an alternate-day administration can be employed. Tapering to maintenance dose should be gradual and slow. The treatment period should be long. The mean duration in the present series was 27 months. PMID- 7102258 TI - Polymyositis and adult coeliac disease. PMID- 7102259 TI - Detection of immune complexes in polymyositis. PMID- 7102260 TI - Diagnosis of carotid artery disease--comparison between directional Doppler, Duplex scanner and angiography. AB - Examinations with directional Doppler (DD) with 10 MHz transducer, and pulsed Doppler in combination with two-dimensional sector scanner with 3 MHz transducer (Duplex) were carried out on 100 vessels in 51 patients with transitory ischemic attacks (TIA) and minor stroke within the territory of the internal carotid artery before angiography. The question at issue was to evaluate the accuracy of both methods in discriminating between occlusion and stenosis. A correct diagnosis was made by DD in 92 vessels out of 100 and by Duplex in 98 out of 100. All nine occlusions were correctly diagnosed by Duplex, but only five of them by DD, while the four remaining vessels were considered as stenosis greater than 50%. Out of 15 stenoses greater than 50%, 14 were correctly detected by Duplex and 11 by DD. One patient with tortuous vessel without stenosis was classified as greater than 50% stenosis by Duplex, and one vessel with 1 mm lumen was called occlusion by Duplex and DD. In conclusion, the Duplex scanner offers increased possibility to differ between high-grade stenosis and occlusion of the carotid arteries as compared with earlier non-invasive techniques. PMID- 7102261 TI - Prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Results from an epidemiological area in Germany. AB - Clinical data and the prognosis are presented for an epidemiological group of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Symptoms and signs of MS, with the exception of optic nerve involvement, were less frequent in the group of 221 patients from the epidemiological area of Southern Lower Saxony than in the hospital series (n = 1837), although the mean duration of the disease was somewhat longer in the epidemiological group. Fifty-two percent of the latter were unrestricted or minimally restricted upon examination compared to 26% of the hospital group. Taking a progression index as a measure for prognosis (disability grade divided by the duration of the disease) 36% of the epidemiological group belonged to a benign category compared to 16% in the hospital group. The progress of these patients was not more than 1 grade of disability within a 5-year-period (progression index 0.2 or less). A malignant course was defined as a progression of at least 7 grades during a 5-year period (progression index 1.4 or more). Ten percent of the hospital series belonged to this category compared to 2% of the epidemiological group. Thus data from a representative group of patients show that the overall prognosis of MS is considerably better than generally suspected. PMID- 7102262 TI - Dantrolene sodium in chronic spasticity of varying etiology. A double-blind study. AB - Seventeen patients, 13 males and 4 females, with moderate to severe spasticity caused by varying neurological disorders attended a double-blind, placebo controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of dantrolene sodium. Three patients discontinued, two because of side effects and one because of a laboratory abnormality. In the fourteen subjects who completed the trial there was a statistically significant decrease in resistance to passive stretch, clonus and hyperreflexia without significant reduction of muscle strength. A positive clinical effect was observed in ten patients while a very slight or no effect was seen in four cases. All patients reported adverse reactions during the dantrolene period, six patients during the placebo treatment. Six patients wanted to go on with dantrolene after the trial. On many occasions the urine of the patients turned bright yellow with high doses of dantrolene. It is concluded that dantrolene sodium is an effective antispastic drug in about one-third of patients who suffer from spasticity of varying etiology. PMID- 7102263 TI - Hereditary distal myopathy with filamentous inclusions. PMID- 7102264 TI - Episodes of acute confusion or psychosis in familial hemiplegic migraine. PMID- 7102265 TI - Glutathione peroxidase deficiency in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7102267 TI - Effect of instability of experimental fracture healing. AB - Bilateral tibial osteotomy with fracturing of the fibula was performed on ten Wistar rats weighing 300--350 g. Intramedullary nailing was performed with 1.4 mm nails after reaming. On the left side solid stainless rods were used, while on the right side the nails had a middle part made of titanium-nickel wire covered with polyvinylchloride (PVC), giving the nail a high degree of flexibility. After 8 weeks, nine of the ten flexible nails showed fracture of the central wire. The continuity was, however, maintained by the PVC tube. The bones with flexible nailing always showed hypertrophic callus while there was only scanty callus on the side with rigid nailing. Strength, deformation at fracture and stiffness were measured in a three-point bending test after removal of the solid nails and the fibulae. The strength of the tibiae was greatest on the side with flexible nailing, as was the deformation at fracture. The mean stiffness was higher in the bones with rigid nails, but the difference here was not statistically discernible. PMID- 7102270 TI - Pneumatic trouser splints in the treatment of severe osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - Twelve patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta have been managed by closed osteotomy to correct lower limb long bone deformity, followed by support in pneumatic trouser splints. The apparatus was well tolerated, fractures were rare, and there was a significant improvement in patient mobility. This conservative method compares favourably with the published series of multiple osteotomies and intramedullary rodding. PMID- 7102269 TI - Prosthetic replacement of tumour-destroyed diaphyseal bone in the lower extremity. AB - A description is given of a prosthesis for replacement of tumour-destroyed diaphyseal bone in the lower extremity. It can be used in a salvage procedure and as an alternative to intramedullary nailing or plating procedures. The method is not complicated provided that mechanically sound devices are used and technical errors are avoided. The operation time is short and the patients can be mobilized early. PMID- 7102268 TI - Influence of age on mechanical properties of healing fractures and intact bones in rats. AB - Mechanical properties of fractured and intact femora have been studied in young and adult, male rats. A standardized, closed, mid-diaphyseal fracture was produced in the left femur, the right femur serving as control. The fracture was left to heal without immobilization. At various intervals, both fractured and intact femora were loaded in torsion until failure. The fractured femora regained the mechanical properties of the contralateral, intact bones after about 4 weeks in young and after about 12 weeks in adult rats. For intact bones, both the ultimate torsional moment (strength) and the torsional stiffness increased with age of the animals, whereas the ultimate torsional angle remained unchanged. For bone as a material, however, the ultimate torsional stress (strength) and the modulus of rigidity (stiffness) increased with age only in young rats, being almost constant in the adult animals. The various biomechanical parameters of the healing fractures did not reach those of the contralateral, intact bones simultaneously. The torsional moment required to twist a healing femoral fracture 20 degrees (0.35 radians), a deformation close to what an intact femur can resist, proved to be a functional and simple measure of the degree of fracture repair in rats. PMID- 7102271 TI - Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome in childhood. A case report. AB - A rare case of avascular necrosis of bone of unknown etiology affecting several phalanges of one hand in a 12-year-old Israeli girl is presented. This entity has been described in the literature under the title of "Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome in childhood." Forty cases have been reported mostly from Japan. The clinical presentation is that of a sudden onset of chilblain-like appearance of the fingers. Characteristically, the disease occurs in the colder months of the year. The radiological picture is pathognomonic although an inexperienced observer might suspect an aggressive destructive lesion. The prognosis is excellent as the disease is a self-limited one and surgery is unnecessary. PMID- 7102266 TI - Inhibition of partial closure of epiphyseal plate in rabbits by indomethacin. AB - The efficiency of indomethacin (10 mg/kg/day) in inhibiting recurrent partial closure of the epiphyseal plate was tested in rabbits. An epiphysiodesis was done laterally in the distal left femoral epiphyseal plate in 10 adolescent rabbits. This produced a valgus deformity in 14 of them. The bone bridge was then removed operatively and the rabbits were treated with either indomethacin or vehicle for 21 days postoperatively. Indomethacin plasma levels were about 180 ng/ml. The valgus deformity improved in indomethacin-treated rabbits, whereas it became worse in the controls (P = 0.004). PMID- 7102272 TI - Arthrodesis of the wrist by the method of Mannerfelt. A follow-up of 19 patients. AB - Twenty-four wrists in 21 patients were treated with arthrodesis by the Mannerfelt method. Seventeen patients had rheumatoid arthritis and 4 osteoarthrosis. Stable radiocarpal ankylosis was obtained within 3 months in all cases. Postoperative complications were few and slight. Fusion of the carpo-matacarpal joints occurred spontaneously in a number of the patients. Minor mobility in the carpo-metacarpal joints of the transfixed digit was not the cause of essential complaints. It was not necessary to remove the osteosynthesis material in any patient. At follow-up all patients but 3 were satisfied with the position of the wrist, aimed to be close to neutral. PMID- 7102273 TI - Spontaneous correction of severe tibiofemoral deformity in growing children. AB - The progress of pronounced varus and valgus deformities of the knees in 20 children were followed. The most pronounced varus deformity as 33 degrees and the most pronounced valgus deformity was 20 degrees. The tibiofemoral angle in growing children was measured on roentgenograms by drawing a longitudinal axis between the femoral and tibial diaphyseal cortices. Spontaneous correction was seen in all cases during the growth period. PMID- 7102274 TI - Increased femoral anteversion and osteoarthritis of the hip joint. AB - The anteversion angle (AV-angle) of the femur was measured according to the method of Rippstein in a series of 50 patients with "primary" osteoarthritis of the hip, and in a control group of 30 individuals of the same age without hip disease. The median AV-angle of the hips in osteoarthritic patients was 17.5 degrees, and in the control group 13 degrees. Osteoarthritic patients had a significantly increased AV-angle in relation to the control group (P = 0.0028). The greatest AV-angle in the hips of the control group was 25 degrees. In 18 hips of osteoarthritic patients an AV-angle greater than 25 degrees was found. Osteoarthritis was found in 15 of these hips; there was no osteoarthritis in the remaining 3 hips. Our results lead to the conclusion that increased femoral anteversion is a predisposing factor for hip osteoarthritis. This implies that derotational osteotomy in children can be a prophylactic procedure. PMID- 7102275 TI - The quadriceps angle and its relation to femoral torsion. AB - In 29 patients with patellofemoral complaints paired values of Q-angle and internal hip rotation were determined. In addition the patellar height index of Insall & Salvati (1971) was calculated from measurements on lateral radiographs of the knees. Both Q-angle and internal hip rotation were significantly higher in women than in men and there was a statistically significant correlation between these two measurements. There was no significant correlation between Q-angles and patellar height indexes. As external hip rotation can generally be taken as a measure of internal femoral torsion, these findings favour the hypothesis of a torsional malalignment syndrome of the patellofemoral joint. PMID- 7102276 TI - Amyloid in osteoarthritic hip joints. A pathoanatomical and histological investigation of femoral head cartilage. AB - A total of 116 osteoarthritic femoral heads were studied with regard to the relationship between amyloid deposits in the cartilage and osteoarthritic changes. All the femoral heads were found to be deformed and only 10 were covered by cartilage over the whole surface. Sixty-five per cent of the femoral heads showed amyloid degeneration of the cartilage surface. The amount of amyloid did not correlate with the extent of the erosion. Neither was there a significant correlation between the amyloid degeneration on the one hand and fibrillation and flaking of the cartilage surface on the other. A reduction in the amount of chondroitin sulphate was observed in all 116 femoral heads to varying degrees, but no correlation with amyloid could be demonstrated. Thus, in the present study no correlation between the morphological and histochemical degrees of osteoarthritis and amyloid has been found. Six out of seven femoral heads with pyrophosphate deposits in the cartilage also contained amyloid. PMID- 7102277 TI - Amyloid in osteoarthritic hip joints. Depositions in cartilage and capsule. Semiquantitative aspects. AB - Amyloid depositions in tissue from 116 osteoarthritic hip joints were examined. There was no significant correlation between amyloid and age although there was a tendency for joints from older patients to have more marked amyloid degeneration. We found significantly more amyloid in the joint capsules from male patients than from females. No difference in amyloid deposition was found between the right and left side, and pressure-loaded/less pressure-loaded parts of the femoral head contained equal amounts of amyloid. With the exception of two cases amyloid depositions in the joint capsule were always accompanied by amyloid in the joint cartilage (P less than 0.001). Conversely the cartilage was often positive when the capsule was negative for amyloid. PMID- 7102278 TI - Computed tomography in the assessment and planning of complicated total hip replacement. AB - Computed tomography (CT) proved useful in the assessment of 14 cases of failed and complicated total hip arthroplasty. CT provided information in the axial plane about the extent of joint pathology and particularly acetabular involvement. The information obtained proved of aid to the orthopaedic surgeon in the operative planning, indicating the best approach and whether bone grafting to the acetabulum was required. In spite of computer artifact created by metallic implants in the scanning field we found that the required information about the bony components of the joint could be obtained. PMID- 7102279 TI - Early assessment of prognosis in Perthes' disease. AB - A new method or early prognostication of Perthes' disease is presented. It is based entirely on radiological assessment and was developed from a review of 69 radiologic examinations performed during the first year of the disease in 27 patients with unilateral Perthes' disease. A simple mathematical function was constructed with the aid of discriminant analysis of four parameters, viz the metaphyseal width of the femur, the position of the femoral head in relation to the acetabulum, and the acetabular height and breadth. PMID- 7102280 TI - Anterolateral rotary instability of the knee joint. Results after stabilization by extraarticular transposition of the lateral part of the patellar ligament. A preliminary report. AB - A method using the lateral third of the patellar ligament and the adjacent part of the patella as an extraarticular transplant to the lateral femoral condyle in the stabilization of anterolateral rotary instability of the knee is described and discussed. The operation was performed in six patients. The stabilizing effect of the procedure could be evaluated in only five of them due to the development of septic arthritis in one patient. Four of these five patients had ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament, while the fifth patient had a congenital anterolateral instability. In this patient the procedure was combined with an Ellison operation. In all five patients the operation eliminated the instability and resulted in good function. The procedure is recommended for further testing in the treatment of anterolateral rotary instability of the knee as an alterative method to procedures applying the iliotibial band. PMID- 7102281 TI - Operative mobilization of stiff knees after surgical treatment of knee injuries and posttraumatic conditions. AB - Seven patients, aged 29--52, with disabling restriction of knee flexion after surgical treatment of knee injuries and posttraumatic conditions were treated with extensive capsulotomy. Five of the patients had been treated for ligament injuries. The average preoperative range of flexion was 70 degrees (30--90 degrees), and the average mobility at follow-up was 134 degrees (115--145 degrees). The average flexion obtained was only 10 degrees less than the mobility of the non-injured knee. Although a slight instability was found in some of the knees after capsulotomy, no patients had complaints due to instability. All patients were very satisfied with the results, their function having been markedly improved. The capsulotomies comprised a posteromedial capsular release, in addition to anterior capsulotomy and partial synovectomy. Even the collateral ligaments and the posterolateral part of the capsule had to be cut in some knees to obtain optimal flexion. The posteromedial capsulotomy was found to be an essential part of the procedure, since stiffness and adhesions of the posteromedial part of the capsule prevented normal internal rotation of the tibia during attempts at maximal flexion. An extensive capsulotomy may be indicated in relatively young patients even in cases with flexion up to 90 degrees. PMID- 7102282 TI - Use of a guide instrument for compartmental knee arthroplasty. AB - To improve the positioning of the tibial component in compartmental knee arthroplasty a guide instrument was introduced. With the guide instrument the position in the frontal plane significantly improved from a mean medial slope of 10 degrees to 2 degrees. In the sagittal plane the change from a mean posterior slope of 5 degrees to 3 degrees was insignificant. The mean value for the Hip Knee-Ankle angle (HKA) (ideal 180 degrees) was 186 degrees after "free-hand" operation and 183 degrees with the modified operative technique. Thus, it is possible with the aid of a guide instrument to improve the precision in compartmental knee arthroplasty. PMID- 7102283 TI - Freeman-Swanson arthroplasty of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis: a 2--7 years experience. AB - Sixty-six Freeman-Swanson arthroplasties were performed on 59 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from 1972 through 1979. The patients were followed prospectively and longitudinally. Thus, a detailed protocol was filled out preoperatively and once a year thereafter. This report is based on a total of 299 observations, with a follow-up period ranging from 2 to 7 years (mean 4.4 years). Pain was the main indication for surgery and relief of pain the most gratifying and consistent finding over the years. Of 56 knees remaining in the study in 1979, 61 per cent were considered to be good, 27 per cent satisfactory, and 12 per cent were failures. Early complications were observed in 20 per cent of the knees, late complications in 24 per cent. The majority of the complications resolved after treatment but six knees (9 per cent) deteriorated following a late complication. Thirteen reoperations were performed, of which five were prosthetic revisions. In conclusion, the results were good over a 7-year period provided the deformity was corrected, stability restored and the prosthetic components positioned perpendicular to the mechanical axis of the leg. Tibial component loosening was the most important reason for failure. PMID- 7102285 TI - Valgus deformity after fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis in childhood. AB - When a childhood fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis with valgus dislocation is not anatomically reduced, a valgus deformity comparable with the angulation seen on the accident X-ray develops within a few weeks. The angulation o the proximal tibia shows neither exacerbation nor regression, but in a number of cases correction of the mechanical axis occurs in the distal epiphyseal plate. PMID- 7102284 TI - Marmor knee arthroplasty. Clinical results and complications during an observation period of at least 3 years. AB - During the period October 1975--June 1977, Marmor arthroplasties were performed on 70 knees, 52 of which had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 18 osteoarthritis (OA). These patients were followed up in a prospective study. Following arthroplasty, all knees in this material showed primary improvement with respect to pain, walking ability, stability, and extension deficit. The pain in the contralateral knees was studied postoperatively and within 1 year 9 out of 25 RA knees and 6 out of 10 OA knees showed a spontaneous improvement amounting to at least two steps on the pain scale. Four patients died in the course of the observation period and none of them suffered from knee pain. The late complications of the arthroplasties have been analysed separately. During the observation period, which now averages 45 months (36--55), five knees in the RA group and one in the OA group deteriorated to such an extent as to call for reoperation. Of the remaining 60 knee joints 57 have only initial pain or no pain at all, and the other three knees have pain only after physical efforts. PMID- 7102287 TI - Screw fixation in bone of guinea pigs sensitized to nickel and cobalt. AB - A screw was inserted transversely through the distal femora and proximal tibiae of guinea pigs sensitized to either Ni or Co. An equal number of nonsensitized animals were treated in the same way. The animals with Ni allergy received an ASIF stainless steel screw and the animals with Co allergy a Howmedica Vitallium screw. After 6 weeks no obvious differences were observed in the histological picture around the femur screws that could be ascribed to metal sensitivity. The mechanical strength of the bone adjacent to the tibial screws was tested by measuring maximum torque during continuous tightening of the screws at a rate of 2 revolution/second. No significant differences in maximum torque resistance were found between sensitized and nonsensitized animals. The results indicate that sensitivity to Ni or Co does not compromise the mechanical fixation between metal and bone during the early period after the implantation. PMID- 7102286 TI - Infected non-union of the tibial shaft treated by Kuntscher intramedullary reaming and n ail fixation. A report of four cases. PMID- 7102288 TI - Distal tibiofibular ligaments. Analysis of function. AB - The function of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, of the syndesmosis between the distal parts of the tibia and fibula, and of the posterior tibiofibular ligament was elucidated by tracing mobility patterns before and after successive ligament transection in varying sequence. Eighteen osteoligamentous preparations were studied. Mobility was only minimally influenced by isolated cutting of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, and even complete cutting of the distal tibiofibular ligaments involved only minor abnormality in motion. However, external rotation was greatly increased by further cutting of the anterior part of the deltoid ligament or of the posterior talofibular ligament. This indicates that isolated injury of the anterior tibiofibular ligament must be rare, and total rupture of the distal tibiofibular structures is presumably as a rule combined with lesions of the anterior part of the deltoid ligament and/or of the posterior talofibular ligament. PMID- 7102289 TI - Endoprosthetic arthroplasty of the ankle joint. A clinical and radiological follow-up. AB - Eighteen ICLH ankle arthroplasties in 16 patients were followed up 15 to 52 months postoperatively (mean 36 months) by a review of the records, and clinical and radiological examinations. Five arthroplasties were performed for osteoarthrosis, 13 for rheumatoid arthritis. The overall clinical result was rated excellent in 2, good in 8, fair in 6, and poor in 2 joints. In osteoarthritic joints the results were somewhat poorer, no patient obtaining a rating of excellent but 2 of good, 2 of fair, and one of poor. Radiolucent zones greater than 2 millimeters were seen around the tibial component in 7 cases. Loosening defined as radiographic signs of movement between the prosthetic components and bone was present in 4 cases. The high occurrence of obvious loosening and large radiolucent zones indicates that mechanical problems will be encountered frequently in the future. From the results of this study it is concluded that ankle arthroplasty has a definite place in the treatment of severe arthritis in rheumatoid patients. PMID- 7102291 TI - Correlation of audiometric data with changes in cochlear hair cell stereocilia resulting from impulse noise trauma. AB - In a previous experiment, after chinchillas had been exposed to impulse noise trauma, plastic-embedded surface preparations of the organ of Corti were examined with the light microscope. A consistent relationship between cochlear hair cell loss and hearing loss was not found (Hamernik et al., 1980). In the present study, four cochleas from that experiment were sectioned and examined with the transmission electron microscope to determine if their were consistent patterns of damage to the sensory cells at the ultrastructural level that would more closely correlate with the audiometric data. Alterations of the outer hair cell stereocilia were found when threshold was elevated 15 to 30 dB. The membranes of the stereocilia appeared loose and wrinkled and the stereocilia were no longer erect. In some cases, predominantly in the first row of outer hair cells, stereocilia were missing and in other cases, stereocilia were fused. Within these giant stereocilia, the rootlets of the individual stereocilia had disintegrated. Other alterations in sensory cell ultrastructure, though present, had no consistent pattern and could not be related to changes in hearing thresholds. Only the changes in the outer hair cell stereocilia appeared to correlate with hearing loss and the degree of damage was reflected in the amount of threshold elevation. PMID- 7102293 TI - Scanning electron microscopic observation of the foetal labyrinthine vestibule. AB - Vestibular portions of three foetal inner ears were examined by scanning electron microscope. The sensory cells from a 14-week foetus showed a coexistence of hair bundles of different lengths, indicating that the sensory cells were still in the developing stage. An 18-week foetus showed more developed hair bundles. A distinct kinocilium and unidirectional polarization of sensory cells were clearly seen even in the young short hair bundles. In all foetuses examined, non-sensory ciliated cells were found located on the vestibular wall between the utricular macula and all three cristae ampullares. These ciliated cells seem to disappear with maturation because these cells were not found in other postnatal inner ear specimens examined by the same method. PMID- 7102294 TI - Diazepam enhances cerebellar inhibition on vestibular neurons. AB - The spontaneous neuronal activity of the lateral (LVN) and the superior (SVN) vestibular nuclei was analysed before and after the intravenous (i.v.) injection of diazepam in encephale isole', decerebrate and cerebellectomized rabbits. The inhibition of vestibular neurons was dependent on the integrity of cerebellar connections with LVN, while these links were partially responsible for the diazepam inhibition on SVN. A role of spinal and telediemesencephalic structures was not recognized. Considering that diazepam does not increase the activity of Purkinje cells, the drug effect ought to be exerted at the level of the Purkinje cell junctions with the cerebellar nuclei and with the vestibular neurons. GABA being the neurotransmitter released by Purkinje cells evidence is provided for a diazepam potentiation of the GABAergic mechanism at the level of vestibular system. PMID- 7102292 TI - The effects of the argon laser on temperature within the cochlea. AB - In guinea pigs the endocochlear temperature alterations were recorded during and after argon laser stapedotomy with a temperature-variable resistance. Besides the maximum temperature increase achieved, the latency of temperature propagation and the time course of the cooling of perilymph were recorded. Two different kinds of temperature change could be distinguished: convectional and radiation. During normal exposure times the temperature increase in moderate. In certain instances, however, mainly when the laser beam is aimed directly at the unprotected perilymph, temperatures of 100 degrees C and more could be recorded. If the time interval between single laser impacts is short, a summation of the temperature increase occurs. PMID- 7102290 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: use of the high resolution computed tomography scanner. AB - Twelve cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus are reviewed. The use of the high resolution C.T. scanner confirmed the diagnosis (when in doubt), and determined the precise location and extent of the lesion, thereby indicating the operative approach, and the area which required drilling. PMID- 7102295 TI - Interference between synchronous optokinetic nystagmus and vestibular nystagmus. AB - This interference between vestibular nystagmus and optokinetic nystagmus was studied in healthy humans and in patients with lesions of the central or the peripheral vestibular system. The optokinetic system was able to depress vestibular impulses when the test conditions allowed stable fixation upon the optokinetic targets (synchronous OKN). With a slow target speed both systems contributed to the resultant nystagmus but no interaction between vestibular nystagmus and OKN took place. The vestibular nystagmus was independently superimposed on the OKN. In cases with an acute lesion of the vestibular system, stable fixation upon the optokinetic targets was not possible and only in these cases did the vestibular component dominate the response. It is concluded that a common integrator for vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus does not exist. PMID- 7102296 TI - Quantification of tracking eye movements in patients with neurological disorders. AB - Tracking eye movements were studied in 20 healthy subjects and in 24 patients with vestibular neuronitis, disorders within the frontal cortex, the cerebellum or the brain stem. The tracking tests were performed at six different target velocities between 10-60 degrees s-1 and different parameters were evaluated. The maximum velocity gain of smooth pursuit as normal in the group with vestibular neuronitis but reduced in the groups with disorders within the frontal cortex, cerebellum and the brain stem. The total amplitude of tracking and amplitude of smooth pursuit were normal in the groups with vestibular neuronitis and frontal cortical disorders, while in the groups with cerebellar and brain stem disorders it was reduced. The frequency of superimposed saccades with amplitude range of 3 10 degrees was significantly increased in all groups; however, in the group with vestibular neuronitis the increase was significant only during tracking in the direction of spontaneous nystagmus. The number of superimposed saccades with amplitude range of 11-20 degrees was significantly increased only in the group with cerebellar disorders. The frequency of square waves was not significantly increased in any group. Quantitative analysis of tracking eye movements seems to be a valuable aid for evaluation of site of lesions in the central nervus system. PMID- 7102297 TI - Motor fibre organization in the intratemporal portion of cat and rat facial nerve studied with the horseradish peroxidase technique. AB - The intra-axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to label fibres in the intratemporal facial nerve portion (ITFN) in the rat and cat. HRP was applied to the proximal cut end of facial nerve branches innervating different facial muscles. Following appropriate survival periods, the animals were fixed by perfusion. The ITFN was processed histochemically for demonstration of intra-axonal HRP, using tetramethylbenzidine as substrate. The distribution of labelled fibres was analyzed in serial longitudinal sections and in photographic transverse-like reconstructions from three selected levels. HRP-labelled fibres from all examined motor branches were found to be diffusely distributed almost throughout the entire ITFN, leaving only a narrow zone free of label. By applying HRP to the chorda tympani nerve, it was shown that this zoe harbours fibres of this nerve. The findings support the conclusion that the motor fibres to the facial muscles are diffusely organized in the ITFN. PMID- 7102298 TI - Prognosis in Bell's palsy based on symptoms, signs and laboratory data. AB - A prognostic study was performed in 197 consecutive cases of Bell's palsy. The patients were investigated soon after onset, after one week, after one month and then every second month until total recovery or one year had elapsed. Case histories, clinical findings, and laboratory data were noted. Facial EMG, pure tone audiometry, stapedius reflex test and electrogustometry were performed. The healing time, quality of final healing and amount of sequelae were noted. All data were fed to a computer and correlations were calculated. The final degree of healing was well correlated to the initial EMG, the stapedial reflex test and the electrogustometry but also to the clinical evaluation of the degree of motility at the first visit. A combination of EMG, electrogustometry, stapedial reflex test and evaluation of lacrimation showed a high rate of prognostic value. PMID- 7102299 TI - The effect of intracranial hypertension on cochlear blood flow. AB - The cochlear blood flow was investigated in rabbits with the microsphere method before and during an induced increase of intracerebral and intracochlear pressures. The increase was accomplished by infusing Ringer solution into the lateral cerebral ventricles. The cochlear blood flow was found to autoregulate in response to decreases in perfusion pressures down to 5-6 kPa. This finding is discussed in relation to known effects of intracochlear and intracranial pressure on hearing. PMID- 7102300 TI - Pitfalls in myringoplasty. AB - The results of myringoplasty on 172 ears examined after an average follow-up time of 1.5 years are reported. The fascial underlay technique with swing-door plasty was employed in 78% of the cases. The graft take was successful in 150 ears (87%), three of which (2%) later revealed adhesive changes in the middle ear. Three ears were reoperated, the percentage of healed perforations being 89. A high tone hearing loss occurred in two ears and a moderate flat sensorineural hearing loss in another two (2%). Successful graft take was obtained in 92% of the operations performed by specialists and in 59% of the ears operated upon by residents. Successful myringoplasty presupposes acquisition of a faultless surgical technique and strict adherence to it at all phases of surgery. PMID- 7102302 TI - Rhinomanometry. I. Simple equipment. AB - A rhinomanometer for clinical work and research is presented. It adheres to the principle that pressure and flow should be recorded X-Y wise. A storage oscilloscope is used and the tracing pencilled down on a preprinted diagram via an oscillotracer. Anterior and posterior rhinomanometry can be performed. In the former variety, one nostril is occluded and connected to the pressure transducer by an adhesive tape. This does not deform or irritate the nasal airway. A mask for anaesthesia connects the nose to the pneumotachograph. Miniature transducers mounted on the pneumotachograph provide mechanical advantages. Simple means that allow dynamic calibration of the rhinomanometer are described. The cost to set up and operate the equipment is low. PMID- 7102304 TI - Effects of the parasympathomimetic drug methacholine and its antagonist atropine on mucociliary activity. AB - The effect on the mucociliary (m.c.) activity of the parasympathomimetic drug methacholine and its antagonist atropine was studied with the aid of a newly developed animal test model, designed for evaluating the effect of pharmacological substances on the m.c. wave frequency. Methacholine i.a. (0.01-2 micrograms/kg) was found to give a dose-dependent acceleration of the m.c. wave frequency, and the threshold dose 0.03 +/- 0.02 (+/- S.D.) micrograms/kg is suggested to be within physiological limits. The anticholinergic drug atropine i.a. (0.05-0.5 mg/kg) did not influence the basal m.c. wave frequency, but a dose of 0.2 mg/kg reduced or abolished the responses to methacholine (0.05-2 micrograms/kg). These results indicate that the basal m.c. activity functions independently of parasympathetic activity in anesthetized animals, that parasympathomimetic drugs influence the m.c. activity and that the effects of these drugs can be reduced or blocked by atropine. PMID- 7102301 TI - Incidence of acute otitis media. AB - The occurrence of acute otitis media was studied over a one-year period in a total population of 146822 persons living in different parts of Finland. Of these 146822 persons, 4583 experienced a total of 6518 otitis attacks giving an annual incidence rate of 4.44% (4.48% in males and 4.07% in females, P less than 0.001). Acute otitis media was strikingly concentrated in the youngest age groups, with the highest annual incidence rates, in the order of 50%, found in infants younger than 2 years. Half of all the episodes occurred before the age of 33 months. The relative risk of getting acute otitis media was about 200 times higher during the first 2 years of life than as an adult. The occurrence of otitic episodes followed seasonal variations, and in urban areas the incidence was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than in the countryside. PMID- 7102305 TI - Histologic evaluation of Teflon granulomas of human vocal cords. A light and electron microscopic study. AB - It is sometimes necessary to remove Teflon from convex vocal cords to improve the quality of voice. This has provided material which shows the histologic effect of Teflon injection in the vocal cord at intervals varying from four weeks to sixteen years after injection. In the study, vocal cord specimens were obtained from twelve patients. These were all examined with light microscopy and some observations have also been made with electron microscopy. PMID- 7102303 TI - The ozena problem. Clinical analysis of atrophic rhinitis in 100 cases. AB - One hundred cases of ozena were analysed. The majority of cases were youths (86%). 50% of 33 patients had abnormal menstruation. Lowenberg's bacillus were found in most cases. The middle concha was a frequent side of this affection in our series, 25 cases of accessory sinusitis were found by roentgenographic examination of 35 cases of atrophic rhinitis. 24 cases underwent a serum cholesterol test. This revealed hypocholesterolemia in cases (50%) with an average value of 73.6 mg/100 ml. A large dose of vitamin (12500-150000 U daily or injected vitamin A 50000 U i.m. every other day or water-soluble vitamin A 300000 U twice a week) was generally favourable in most cases. Streptomycin had a beneficial result in sensitive cases. Complete cure of the disease was expected from the combined treatment with vitamin A and streptomycin. No recurrence was found in the majority of cases over a 2-year period of follow-up studies. PMID- 7102307 TI - Fate of intravenously injected rat ascites hepatoma cells in the lung of congenitally athymic mice. AB - Formation of hematogenous metastasis in the congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous ones (nu/+) was compared 2 weeks after an intravenous injection of xenogeneic tumor cells of rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH 130) with high thromboplastic activity. AH 130 cells formed large numbers of metastatic foci in the lungs of nu/nu recipients, while they developed into only temporary growth of metastatic foci with subsequent regression in nu/+ mice. Cellular reaction to arrested tumor cells in the pulmonary vessels was composed of large mononuclear cells, and was extensive and prominent in nu+/mice in comparison with nu/nu mice 3 days after the injection of the tumor cells. The results suggest that mononuclear cells reaction is closely related to suppression of growth of micrometastasis. This is considered as a model that highly immunogenic tumor cells attenuated and could be rejected in relation to immunological mechanisms. PMID- 7102306 TI - Gamma irradiation effects on human growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma tissue. An analysis of morphology and hormone secretion in an in vitro model system. AB - Irradiation-induced effects on pituitary cell morphology and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) have been analysed using an in vitro system. Specimens for organ culture were obtained from three patients with pituitary tumours causing acromegaly but with different clinical activity of disease. Specimens were followed in vitro 1 h - 6 days after single-dose gamma irradiations (60Co) with 70, 100 and 150 Gy, respectively. These doses are used in clinical work for the stereotactic radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas. Considerable fluctuations in hormone secretion/release occurred during the first 24 h after irradiation. Following 70 Gy single dose, the GH secretion increased slightly a few days after irradiation, having been at a minimum level 24 h after exposure. When using dose of 100 and 150 Gy, however, no such increased secretion with time after irradiation was indicated. All three tumors showed individual differences concerning irradiation-induced morphological damage. Only a minor variation occurred between specimens from the same tumour. In specimens from all tumours, irrespective of dose, minor morphological changes were observed 3-5 h after irradiation. Thereafter an individual response to irradiation became apparent. One tumour displayed maximum cell damage 24 h after irradiation with 70 Gy, showing severe oedema and damage to cell organelles. The other two adenomas were only slightly damaged following irradiation with 70, 100 and 150 Gy. Numerous morphologically normal or near-normal cells were found in all specimens from the three tumours 6 days after irradation. An individual sensitivity to irradiation of pituitary tumours in vitro is documented. The great number of surviving pituitary tumour cells one week after irradiation--many with an intact ultrastructure and containing hormone granules--indicated an initial high degree of radioresistance. PMID- 7102309 TI - Ultrastructural and physicochemical studies on glycogen macromolecules from ascites hepatoma AH 13 cells. A comparison with normal adult rat muscle, liver and fetal liver glycogen. AB - Glycogen extracted from rat ascites hepatoma AH 13 cells was compared with that from adult rat liver, adult rat muscle, and fetal rat liver 3 days before delivery, by electron microscopic, biochemical and physicochemical techniques. The ascites hepatoma AH 13 glycogen revealed two major different types of glycogen macromolecules by sucrose discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The glycogen of the light fraction was very similar to rat muscle glycogen macromolecules in its size and shape except that it exhibited a stronger Cotton effect on measurement of the optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism than the muscle glycogen. Furthermore, this light material different from normal muscle glycogen. The other glycogen which also included very small amounts of irregular particles of glycogen macromolecules was contained in the heavy fraction was very similar to the adult rat liver glycogen macromolecules which did not display the Cotton effect. Electron micrographs showing the ultrastructure of the glycogen particles extracted from the AH 13 cells by negative staining revealed a variety of size and shape, and they contained two types of glycogen macromolecules with the smaller muscle types and larger adult type of liver glycogen macromolecules. The glycogen macromolecules also formed varied irregular structures in conformation. PMID- 7102310 TI - Morphogenesis of colonic adenomas in mice treated with N,N'-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. AB - The morphogenesis of colonic adenomas in ICR mice treated with N,N' dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) was studied. Treatment of 17 mice with DMH (20 mg/kg/week) for 24 weeks induced 100% incidence of multiple adenomas in the mucosa of the most distal 7 cm of the large intestine. These adenomas were composed of atypical epithelium of the absorptive cell type. Forty-two single atypical gland lesions (single gland adenomas) were detected in the upper part of the mucosa by serial sectioning. These single gland adenomas consisted of atypical epithelium with a narrow lumen and showed endophytic growth to the lamina propria mucosae. Complete serial sections also revealed that single gland adenomas had no direct continuity of the surrounding crypts of Lieberkuhn. Single gland adenomas developed into microscopic adenomas consisting of several atypical glands by branching of the small atypical glands. PMID- 7102308 TI - An electronmicroscopical study on peroxidase activity of rabbit monocytes, resident and exudate macrophages. AB - Changes of peroxidase (PO) activity in blood monocytes, untreated or stimulated peritoneal macrophages and subcutaneous exudate macrophages of rabbits were investigated with the glucose-oxidase method in the culture experiments of these cells after their in vitro or in vivo adherence to the surface of foreign bodies. 1) PO activity was demonstrated in the nuclear envelope (NE) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in 75% of the untreated peritoneal macrophages. 2) Blood monocytes, most of the stimulated peritoneal macrophages, and subcutaneous exudate macrophages showed no PO positivity. 3) In the in vitro culture of blood monocytes and stimulated peritoneal macrophages, there appeared from 2 hours cells showing PO positivity in NE and rER. 4) Although blood monocytes, stimulated peritoneal macrophages, and subcutaneous exudate macrophages after their in vivo surface adherence showed no PO positivity, it appeared in these cells when further cultured in vitro. From the fact that such a positive change of PO activity in these cultured cells is not only a transient phenomenon but also in vitro cultural one, we cannot subscribe to the view that blood monocyte is the precursor of resident macrophages. PMID- 7102311 TI - Asplenia and polysplenia syndrome. AB - This report described the morphological characteristics of seven cases of asplenia syndrome and three of polysplenia syndrome. Each syndrome has been characterized by a tendency for symmetric development of normally asymmetric organs, with varying degrees of cardiovascular anomalies. These latter anomalies are usually present in asplenia syndrome to a greater extent than in polysplenia syndrome. While, as observed in our material, the conotruncal anomalies were present more commonly in cases with asplenia, and absence of inferior vena cava with azygos continuation was seen specifically in all the cases with polysplenia. This evidence implied the presence of some pathogenetic distinction between the two syndromes. PMID- 7102312 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with multiple nodular hyperplasia of the liver. AB - Three autopsy cases of systemic lupus erythematosus with unique association of multiple nodular hyperplasia (MNH) of the liver, portal hypertension, and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease are reported. None of the patients had received oral contraceptive or androgenic steroid, but they were treated with glucocorticoids for 2 to 11 years. Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and mild impairment of the kidney were the common clinical features. Macroscopically, MNH is characterized by many nodules scattered throughout the non-cirrhotic liver, and histologically, each nodule is made up of normal-appearing hepatocytes and not encapsulated. Portal tracts are scanty in the nodules. MNH seems to be a regenerative-hyperplastic process, but its true nature still remains unclear. Relationships between MNH and portal hypertension, MNH and pulmonary hypertension, and collagen disease and pulmonary hypertension are discussed. A brief review of the literature concerning multiple benign hepatocellular tumors similar to MNH is also presented. PMID- 7102313 TI - The incidence of granulomas in serial sections of rectal biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease. PMID- 7102314 TI - Tumours in Iceland. 6. Tumours of the urinary bladder, ureter and urethra. A histological classification and some epidemiological and environmental factors. AB - All primary tumours from the urinary bladder, ureter and urethra submitted for a histological diagnosis in Iceland during the 20 years, 1955-1974, and available for review, were typed histologically according to the World Health Organization Classification published in 1973. The series included 237 tumours, and of these 94.5 per cent were from the bladder. Transitional cell carcinomas constituted the largest group, or 120 in males and 77 in females. For transitional cell carcinomas there was a good correlation between growth patterns, grades and pathological stages. Most of the papillary carcinomas were of grades 1 and 2 and all the purely infiltrating carcinomas were of grade 3. The papillary carcinomas were predominantly superficial and the purely infiltrating were deeply invasive and the degree of cellular anaplasia increased with the depth of invasion from the lamina propria to perivesical tissue and other organs. The incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is rising in Icelanders and the incidence in females is the highest reported among European nations. Industrial chemical carcinogens are an unlikely cause of bladder carcinoma in Icelanders but cigarette smoking, and a high consumption of coffee and salted food may play an important role. PMID- 7102315 TI - Fatty changes in the liver: the relation to age, overweight and diabetes mellitus. AB - Fatty changes in the liver were investigated and quantified in 678 consecutive autopsies. The changes were classified into four groups: no changes 46%, slight changes 43%, moderate changes 9%, severe changes 2%. A clear positive correlation was found between the degree of overweight and the degree of fatty changes in the liver. The fatty changes were found to be reversible. However, in emaciated patients with a long disease period the number of cases with pronounced fatty changes were significantly increased. No relation was found between diabetes and fatty changes in the liver. In patients more than 40 years old no correlation was found between age and the degree of fatty changes in the liver. PMID- 7102316 TI - Gastric polyps; their morphological and endoscopical characteristics and relation to gastric carcinoma. AB - In 13 200 consecutive gastroscopies polyp-like lesions were found in 454 patients and of these 425 were examined histologically. Tumours other than polyps were excluded and there remained 357 cases which were divided in four groups: adenoma (8%), hyperplastic polyp (34%), foveolar hyperplasia (21%) and inflammatory polyp (36%). Transitional forms between different groups were seen and sometimes characteristics of different polyptypes could be seen within one and same polyp. In addition, the mean age of the patients increased in order: inflammatory polyp, foveolar hyperplasia, hyperplastic polyp and adenoma, suggesting that the different groups are not separate entities but represent related stages in the morphogenesis of gastric polyps. 219 cases out of 357 patients were re-examined endoscopically on average 2.5 years after the first examination. This examination revealed new polyps in 26% of all cases and spontaneous disappearance of the polyps in 14% of cases suggesting that gastric polyps, particularly those of the hyperplastic and inflammatory type are in a dynamically labile state. Gastric carcinoma was found in 27 (8%) of patients with polyps. In 4 of these cases the carcinoma was found at the re-examination (which in 3 cases was performed within 0.5 and in 1 case within 1.5 year). In 14 cases carcinoma was found inside the polyps and in 6 of these carcinoma was "early" in its growth. In 13 cases carcinoma was found outside the polyps and in all of these carcinoma was "advanced". Carcinoma was found in 38% of adenoma cases and in 5% of cases with polyps other than adenomas. PMID- 7102317 TI - [Further studies on the protective action of biphenyl dimethyl-dicarboxylate (BDD) against experimental liver injury in mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102319 TI - [Studies on new antimalarials--synthesis of heterocyclic compounds carrying double Mannich basic chains of p-aminophenol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102318 TI - [The quantitative structure-activity relationship of the antibiotic properties of a series of hydroquinone]. PMID- 7102320 TI - [Synthesis of new antimalarial drug pyronaridine and its analogues (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102321 TI - [Monoanilinogossypol--the impurity possibly present in gossypol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102322 TI - [Studies on tissue culture of Angelica sinesis (Oliv) Diels (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102324 TI - [Studies on Mosla soochowensis Matsuda. II. Isolation and structure of moslosooflavone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102323 TI - [Studies on the chemical constituents of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. III. The isolation and structure of two new diterpenoid-lactones, triptophenolide methyl ether and neotriptophenolide (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102328 TI - [Comments on "an improvement on the Wagner-Nelson method for computing drug absorption rate constant" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102326 TI - [The pharmacological studies on methyl-eugenol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102327 TI - [Studies on the effect of oleanolic acid on experimental liver injury (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102325 TI - [The interaction between tween 80 and antioxidant propyl gallate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102329 TI - [The effect of total alkaloids from Ervatamin hainanensis Tsiang on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102331 TI - [Calculation of absorption rate constant from average absorption rate data (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102330 TI - [Studies on isolation and purification of glucagon (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102335 TI - [Studies on the polysaccharides of "Huang Qi" (Astrag alus Mongholicus Bunge (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102333 TI - [Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on cardiac haemodynamics in dogs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102336 TI - [A simplified method for predicting the stability of pharmaceuticals--the initial average rate method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102334 TI - [Studies on potent analgesics. III. Synthesis of 3,5-propanopiperidine derivatives (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102332 TI - [Pharmacological study of the effect of Radix trichosanthis on terminating early pregnancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102337 TI - [Determination of O-methyldihydroartemisinine(artemether) in plasma by quantitative TLC scanning technique (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102338 TI - [Effects of lecithin quality on encapsulation ratio of MTX-liposome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102339 TI - [Effects of general saponin of Panax Notoginseng and Sanchinoside C1 on blood sugar in experimental animals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102340 TI - [Effect of danshensu on isolated swine coronary artery perfusion preparation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102342 TI - [Synthesis of 6 alpha-methyl prednisolone acetate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102341 TI - [Antihypertensive drugs: synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts and guanidine derivatives of thiophene, furan and benzofuran (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102343 TI - [Studies on the structure of hainanolidol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102345 TI - Effects of ethanol on locomotor activity in rats of different ages. AB - Using male Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages, simple motor activity was measured over three 4 min. runs in a square open field after ethanol (EtOH, 2 g/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline. The different groups consisted of 12 animals whose mean ages was 20, 40 and 60 days. Motor activity and blood ethanol levels were measured at 30, 60 and 120 min. after injection. Blood ethanol levels (measured after each run) decreased from 1st to 3rd run in 20 and 40 day groups and increased from 1st to 2nd run in the 60 day group, before decreasing. Activity data indicated: 1) decrease in motor activity the 3 runs by all saline and the 21 day EtOH groups, 2) initial lower activity induced by EtOH in all age groups, 3) lack of decrease in activity over 3 runs in 40 and 60 day EtOH groups. All saline and EtOH age groups showed within-run decrease of activity. PMID- 7102346 TI - Pharmacology of B-HT 920 in some isolated smooth muscles of the guinea-pig. AB - The effects of B-HT 920 were investigated on four isolated preparations from the guinea-pig, namely the aorta, trachea, ileum and vas deferens. The latter three preparations were studed during electrical field stimulation, which induced contractions by activating cholinergic neurones (trachea and ileum) or adrenergic neurones (vas deferens), respectively. Comparative studies were also made with clonidine and noradrenaline. In ileum and trachea B-HT 920 was almost equipotent with noradrenaline to inhibit the electrically induced contractions. In these tissues, B-HT 920 also displayed almost the same maximal effect as noradrenaline. Clonidine also inhibited the contractions in ileum and trachea; the drug was slightly more potent than noradrenaline. However, in contrast to the intrinsic activity of B-HT 920 that of clonidine was only submaximal. In vas deferens both B-HT 920 and clonidine induced inhibition of contractions on electrical field stimulation at low concentrations. In this organ, both drugs were capable of inducing complete inhibition of the contractile response. In aorta B-HT 920 as well as clonidine were only weak agonists in comparison to noradrenaline. The alpha2-blocker, yohimbine, completely blocked the effect of B-HT 920 in ileum at low concentrations (1 x 10(-7) M). Remarkably, however, the inhibitory action of B-HT 920 in trachea was only marginally affected even by high concentrations of yohimbine (1 x 10(-6) M). It is suggested from the present results that B-HT 920 can induce inhibition of both cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmission presumably by inducing selective stimulation of prejunctional alpha2-receptors. In fact, the selectivity of B-HT 920 seems to be comparable to that of clonidine for the alpha2-receptor. However, the mode of action of B-HT 920 in trachea may be somewhat uncertain since its effect was not inhibited by yohimbine. PMID- 7102344 TI - Progesterone and oestrogen concentrations in plasma during blastocyst implantation in mice exposed to triethyl lead. PMID- 7102348 TI - Uptake of 51Cr-chromate by human erythrocytes-a role of glutathione. AB - Hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI), as Na2CrO4 in an aqueous solution, was reduced rapidly ot the trivalent form (Cr-III) in the presence of glutathione, GSH (0.3 3.0 mM). Such GSH-dependent reduction Cr-VI can take place in the cytosolic space of Cr-VI-exposed cells, since GSH is found in reactive concentrations in this compartment. The reduction makes chromium essentially impermeable through the cell membrane, explaining the observation that Cr-VI, when added to red cell suspensions, is bound quantitatively intracellularly after a few hours. Diethylmaleate conjugation of the SH-group of the intracellular GSH preventing the oxidation to GSSG, lowered the chromium-uptake significantly, showing that reduced GSH plays a role for the chromium binding. In healthy red cells chromium is partially bound to haemoglobin and partially to small molecular weight substances, probably in the trivalent form. This intracellular chromium cannot be removed to the extracellular space by addition of chelating agents as long as the cell membrane is intact. PMID- 7102347 TI - Inhibition of paranitroanisole and antipyrine monooxygenation in isolated rat hepatocytes by compounds interacting with mitochondrially related carbohydrate metabolism. AB - The monooxygenation of paranitroanisole (PNA) and antipyrine (AP) were measured in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with compounds interacting with mitochondrially related carbohydrate metabolism. Phenylpyruvate, an inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase, reduced the rate of PNA and AP metabolism to about 60 and 20%, respectively, in hepatocytes both from fasted and fed rats. Inhibition of amino acid transaminase with aminooxyacetate, decreased the metabolism of both PNA and AP to 60-70% of control values in hepatocytes from fasted rats, whereas this effect was not seen in fed rats. n-Butylmalonate, an inhibitor or mitochondrial malate/phosphate exchange, had only minimal effects on PNA and AP monooxygenation in both the nutritional states. The simultaneous presence of glyoxylate and pyruvate, known to inhibit the NADPH specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, reduced the metabolism of both PNA and AP in hepatocytes from fasted rats to about 60 and 35% of control values respectively, while the effect was not so marked in hepatocytes from fed rats. The metabolism both of PNA and of AP in hepatocytes from fasted rats was reduced to 50-60% of control values with the addition of NH4Cl. This effect could be blocked either by incubating the hepatocytes with pyruvate or by using hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. The addition of various carbon intermediates generally reduced the effect of the inhibitors used. Phenobarbital-treatment did not change the effects observed with cells from uninduced animals. The inhibitors did not alter PNA or AP metabolism in microsomal incubations, and therefore most likely reduced the monooxygenation in intact cells by affecting NADPH generation pathways. PMID- 7102349 TI - An efficient method for the extraction of antidepressant drugs from post mortem samples. PMID- 7102350 TI - A rotating disk method to study the influence of binding agents on the dissolution rate. PMID- 7102353 TI - Studies on direct compression of tablets. III. The effect on tablet strength of changes in particle shape and texture obtained by milling. PMID- 7102351 TI - Nonisothermal kinetics applied to pharmaceuticals. PMID- 7102352 TI - Studies on in-use microbial contamination of irrigation solutions in new packages. PMID- 7102354 TI - Ring shear cell measurements of granule flowability and the correlation to weight variations at tableting. PMID- 7102355 TI - Studies on the physical properties of tablets and tablet excipients. IV. A program for accelerated light stability testing. PMID- 7102359 TI - Effects of alternating set for speed or accuracy on response time, accuracy and confidence in a unidimensional discrimination task. PMID- 7102357 TI - Nontarget detectability and interference with parafoveal target identification. PMID- 7102361 TI - Coronary artery disease with and without angina--two different entities? AB - Coronary heart disease (CHD), previously neither diagnosed nor suspected, was strongly suspected in 115 of 2014 men aged 40-59 years during a cardiovascular survey examination. Sixty-nine of 105 men who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography had pathologic angiograms. Twenty-six of these 69 had angina pectoris (AP) with and without pathologic exercise ECGs and 43 had pathologic exercise ECG as the only indicator of CHD. The extent of coronary artery changes was similar in the two groups. The men without AP were in almost all respects similar to 1832 men labelled as normals. The men with AP differed in several respects from their non-AP angiographic counterparts and from their non-AP angiographic counterparts and from the normals: they had more dyspepsia, a higher stress score, higher serum cholesterol and triglycerides, lower antithrombin III levels in the blood and lower blood platelet retention values. These results indicate that coronary artery disease with and without AP may represent somewhat different pathogenetic entities. PMID- 7102360 TI - Hypertension in obesity. PMID- 7102356 TI - The coating of disk surfaces by tablet lubricants, determined by an intrinsic rate of dissolution method. PMID- 7102358 TI - Vibrotactual choice reaction time, tactile receptor systems and ideomotor compatibility. PMID- 7102363 TI - Urinary excretion of beta-hexosaminidase in patients with vesico-ureteric reflux. AB - Urinary excretion of beta-hexosaminidase was studied in 50 patients with vesico ureteric reflux (VUR) in order to obtain information on the renal injury in this disease. There was no correlation between urinary enzyme excretion and the degree of VUR. Patients without pyelonephritis changes and with normal serum creatinine values showed normal excretion of beta-hexosaminidase. Patients with pyelonephritic changes but normal serum creatinine had enzyme activity towards the upper limit of the normal range whilst patients with pyelonephritic changes and decreased renal function (high serum creatinine) showed increased excretion of urinary beta-hexosaminidase. Some of the patients with VUR and asymptomatic bacteriuria exhibited increased excretion of urinary beta-hexosaminidase and six with acute pyelonephritis had very high levels. These findings indicate that the infective process plays an essential role, besides VUR, in the development of kidney damage. PMID- 7102362 TI - Prevalence of intermittent claudication and its effect on mortality. AB - The prevalence of symptoms of intermittent claudication and their association with 5-year mortality were examined in a population study in Finland. A number of 5738 men and 5224 women, aged 30-59 years, from 4 geographic areas of the country were studied. According to a structured interview, 2.1% of the men and 1.8% of the women reported typical symptoms of intermittent claudication. Claudication was most prevalent in East Finland and among persons with agricultural occupations. The symptoms were more frequent in diabetics and persons with symptoms and signs of coronary heart disease (CHD) than in persons without these diseases. High serum cholesterol and smoking were associated with these symptoms but high blood pressure was not. The risk of death from cardiovascular causes was nearly 3-fold in men with claudication compared to men without claudication. Symptoms of chest pain and smoking increased significantly the mortality risk of male claudicants. The validity of symptoms was poorer in women than in men and they were also less reliable predictors of death in women. A small part of the effect of claudication on mortality was due to its association with conventional CHD risk factors. However, after adjusting for symptoms and signs of CHD, claudication had no independent effect on mortality in men. PMID- 7102364 TI - Systolic time intervals in the evaluation of thyroid dysfunction. AB - Systolic time intervals, the pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and PEP/LVET ratio were studied in ten thyrotoxic and ten hypothyroid patients. LVET and PEP intervals were corrected for heart rate (LVETc and PEPc). The measurements were repeated after 1-28 months when the patients were euthyroid following appropriate therapy. Compared with the euthyroid values, the PEPc intervals and PEP/LVET ratios were significantly decreased (p less than 0.01) in the thyrotoxic and increased (p less than 0.001) in the hypothyroid patients. In both groups the LVETc intervals were significantly prolonged (p less than 0.001). In four of the hypothyroid patients the PEP/LVET ratios were markedly increased (above 0.60, mean 0.66), and above 0.41 in the euthyroid state (reference value 0.35 +/- 0.05). In the other hypothyroid patients and in thyrotoxic patients the euthyroid PEP/LVET ratios were within the reference values. The systolic time intervals were not influenced by propranolol therapy in the thyrotoxic patients. Our results suggest increased myocardial contractility unaffected by adrenergic blockade in thyrotoxicosis, and reduced contractility in hypothyroidism. PMID- 7102365 TI - Smoking and circulating IgE in bronchial carcinoma. AB - The serum concentrations of total IgE were significantly raised in smokers compared to those who had never smoked (p less than 0.005) among male patients with bronchial carcinoma, while no differences were found between smoking and non smoking female bronchial carcinoma patients. The total IgE levels in male and female patients with non-malignant pulmonary diseases were not correlated to smoking habits. No significant differences in the IgE levels were observed between smoking males subgrouped according to the WHO histological types of bronchial carcinoma. Males with carcinoma who had stopped smoking more than 10 years ago had significantly reduced IgE levels compared to male cancer patients continuously smoking (p less than 0.01). These data, indicating that smoking is associated with elevated IgE levels in males with bronchial carcinoma, might suggest that smoking in certain, preferably male, individuals induces an impaired cellular immunity which is reflected by an enhanced IgE synthesis and a depressed resistance to carcinogens of tobacco smoke. PMID- 7102368 TI - Time course effect of thyroxine on serum lipoprotein concentrations in hypothyroid subjects. AB - In order to analyse the time course effect of thyroxine replacement therapy on lipoprotein concentrations, 12 hypothyroid subjects were studied before and repeatedly during therapy. The substitution dose was increased gradually every fourth week until the plasma level of TSH became normal. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were analysed in whole serum and in the three major lipoprotein fractions VLDL, LDL and HDL. The main abnormality before treatment was an increased LDL cholesterol concentration. Normalization of serum LDL was established at a dose level which normalized TSH. The onset of the effect of thyroxine on LDL cholesterol was rapid and could be noted already after two weeks. PMID- 7102366 TI - Home blood pressure measurements--feasibility and results compared to office measurements. The study of men born in 1913. AB - Blood pressure (BP) readings in a physician's office have been reported to be higher than patient-determined readings at home. This conclusion is based on measurements in various selected groups of patients. In this study, the results of office and home BP readings were compared in three groups of men with high BP sampled from the general population. More than 90% of the men were able to perform the measurements. Among men well accustomed to the office environment, the differences between office and home readings were small and without any clinical importance. Among men less well accustomed to the office atmosphere, the office readings exceeded almost invariably the home BP. PMID- 7102367 TI - Release of hypoxanthine and phosphate from exercising human legs with and without arterial insufficiency. AB - Release of hypoxanthine and phosphate from exercising legs was studied in eight subjects without known obstructive arterial disease and in 20 claudicants. Lower leg blood flow was measured with a thermodilution catheter in the popliteal/distal femoral vein. The catheter allowed blood sampling from the calf before, during and after exhaustive exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a stepwise increasing load. Resting plasma hypoxanthine levels were higher in claudicants than in normal subjects (p less than 0.05). Hypoxanthine concentrations increased 2-4-fold during exercise, amounting to values ten times higher than the resting levels 5 and 10 min post exercise, in the venous effluent of the normal legs. A similar rise was found in the claudicants despite half the exercise intensity at exhaustion. Popliteal venous concentrations of phosphate increased by approximately 25% during exercise without significant differences between the two groups. During exercise the release of hypoxanthine increased 38-fold and of phosphate 21-fold in the normal lower legs, while a ten-fold increase in both metabolites was recorded in the claudicating legs. The study demonstrated a high release of hypoxanthine and phosphate from the human lower leg during rhythmic, exhaustive exercise (with maximal vasodilation). The result is compatible with the assumption that metabolites from the catabolism of adenine nucleotides (adenosine) play a role in the autoregulation of blood flow in human skeletal muscle. Increased plasma hypoxanthine concentrations at rest may indicate peripheral arterial insufficiency. PMID- 7102369 TI - Bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelet kinetics in systemic lupus erythematosus. With special reference to corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy. AB - The megakaryocyte number and mean megakaryocyte area were determined in histological sections of sternal bone marrow from 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Also 20 platelet survival studies were carried out in these patients. The results were analyzed with respect to corticosteroid (CS) and CS + azathioprine (AT) therapy. The mean bone marrow megakaryocyte number as highest in untreated SLE patients, slightly lower in patients receiving CSs and lowest in those receiving CSs + AT. The difference was, however, not significant. The mean megakaryocyte areas were smallest in untreated SLE patients, slightly larger in those treated with CSs and significantly (p less than 0.05) larger in patients who received CSs + AT than in untreated patients. Platelet production rate was normal in all 3 groups of SLE patients. The results suggest that CS and AT therapy in SLE intervenes with the bone marrow megakaryopoiesis without affecting the production rate of platelets. PMID- 7102370 TI - On the pathogenesis of acquired hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia. A case associated with sideroblastic anemia. AB - A 71-year-old previously hypercholesterolemic woman developed gradually severe hypocholesterolemia of 1.55 mmol/l. Simultaneously she developed progressive sideroblastic anemia, altered erythrocyte morphology and defective platelet function. Hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia was demonstrated with abnormal lipid composition of both very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions. Other plasma lipids, as well as erythrocyte lipids, were normal. The fractional catabolic rate of homologous 125I-LDL was increased to 4-5-fold, while its rate of synthesis was normal. The patient's serum contained autoantibodies directed against LDL. It is concluded that her hypo-beta lipoproteinemia was due to autoantibodies towards LDL causing an increased catabolism without any concomitant effect on the rate of LDL synthesis. It is suggested that acquired hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia can be subdivided into two types, one in which the primary defect is an increased catabolism due to immunoelimination, and another in which the primary defect is a decreased rate of LDL synthesis. PMID- 7102371 TI - Nephrocalcinosis in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A case report. PMID- 7102372 TI - A new approach to the intercosto-brachial anastomosis in the treatment of brachial plexus paralysis due to root avulsion. Late results. PMID- 7102373 TI - Intraspinal arachnoid cysts. AB - Eight cases of intraspinal arachnoid cysts are described. The clinical, radiological, intraoperative and histological findings are presented and compared with similar reports in the literature. Opinions in the literature concerning the origin of arachnoid cysts are discussed, and compared with our own case reports. A traumatic or inflammatory origin of the arachnoid cysts is denied if accompanying histological changes are lacking. In such cases the arachnoid cysts are to be viewed as congenital malformations. PMID- 7102374 TI - Congenital absence of a pedicle in the cervical spine. PMID- 7102375 TI - Intramedullary cystic teratoma. PMID- 7102376 TI - Comparing two head injury treatments by linear logistic model. AB - A linear logistic model is used to compare the performance of a series of head injured patients treated in Auckland with a series obtained from the International Data Bank (IDB), on head injured patients. The IDB patients were treated along conventional lines of neurosurgical management. The Auckland patients were submitted to a regime of elective artificial ventilation of the lungs and heavy sedation, directed against diffuse brain swelling. Two types of comparison were used. First, a model was constructed from the Auckland data of the relationship of outcome to factors relating to the severity of the head injury. This input-output relationship was used to predict the distributions of outcome in the IDB series. Secondly, a descriptive model on the combined Auckland and IDB data was given the option of selecting a dummy variable to indicate whether the source of the patient, Auckland or IDB, had significantly influenced outcome for a given set of other determinants. Differences between Auckland and IDB were only significant if the severity of the head injury in the IDB cases was represented by the set of scores indicating their best condition over the first 24 hours of coma. The scores indicating the condition of the Auckland patients might be comparable to either the 24 hour best or the 24 hour worst IDB scores. One cannot say whether any differences in input-output relationships between the two series arise from differences in coding the input data or from real differences in outcome for given sets of determinants of outcome. PMID- 7102378 TI - Traumatic intracerebral midline haematoma. PMID- 7102377 TI - Mass lesions of the frontal lobes in acute head injuries. A comparison with temporal lesions. AB - Contusions and lacerations of the frontal lobes are very frequent; 43.4% in the whole series of traumatic brain mass lesions. Clinical ICP, CT scan data and neuropathological findings in patients with such lesions are analysed and correlated. Moreover, the clinical features and the outcome of frontal masses undergoing surgery are also compared with similar lesions located in the temporal lobes. Frontal lesions cannot be differentiated on purely clinical grounds and the factors governing the outcome in both lactations are the same. On the whole, surgical indications nowadays seem to be rather rare; only lesions behaving truly as expanding lesions with obvious intracranial hypertension benefiting from surgery. Brain contusion-laceration syndromes in general can no longer be considered separate entities. Neither should they be included in the miscellaneous group of "traumatic intracranial mass lesions", since the pathophysiological significance of purely extracerebral effusions is entirely different. Traumatic contusions and lacerations and/or intracerebral haematomas, whether frontal or located elsewhere, should instead, be considered in the context of head injuries of a different degree of gravity, as having collateral features which, on occasion, may call for surgical management. PMID- 7102379 TI - Traumatic posterior fossa haemorrhage in children. AB - We report ten cases of post-traumatic posterior fossa haemorrhage occurring in children. All patients were studied by CT scan. Five had an intracerebellar haemorrhage, three a brain stem haemorrhage, and two an extradural haematoma. In four cases we have found the coexistence of supratentorial and infratentorial haemorrhagic lesions. The incidence of posterior fossa haemorrhage in children, the importance of linear occipital fracture, the clinical course, the conservative or surgical treatment, and the prognosis are discussed. PMID- 7102380 TI - CT and VER follow-up of reversible visual loss with fracture of the optic canal. PMID- 7102383 TI - Experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage. Part I. a new approach to subarachnoid blood injection in cats. AB - A method for experimental production of subarachnoid haemorrhage in a cat is described. Blood from the abdominal aorta is directed to the perichiasmatic cistern through a catheter. The cistern is punctured by passing a needle through the optic foramen. Arterial bleeding into a basal cistern of the subarachnoid space, under normal pressure for the animal, with an intact skull, closely fulfils requirements of experimental simulation of subarachnoid haemorrhage. PMID- 7102382 TI - Homologous controlled-viscosity fibrin for endovascular embolization. Part I. Experimental development of the medium. AB - The author used a two-component adhesive (homologous fibrinogen and thrombin) to develop a medium with controllable rate and extent of setting and coagulation. After mixing with the radiopaque substance metrizamide, the material meets the criteria postulated for an endoarterial embolization medium: variable and controllable viscosity, elasticity after setting, absence of toxicity, radio opacity, and adequate sterilizability. After setting, the fibrin medium is a clear, solid, but soft elastic substance clearly visible on the X-ray film even in fine structures. PMID- 7102381 TI - Subjective postoperative results in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. AB - A retrospective study of operative results after a minimum follow-up period of five years was carried out in a series of 34 patients operated upon for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). In all the cases, myelography showed involvement of two or more intervertebral spaces. Constitutional spinal cord narrowing was not present, and only one operation was performed in each patient. Of the 34 patients, 16 also had symptoms of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR). Seventy-four percent of the patients thought that operation resulted in overall improvement of the preoperative clinical picture. This subjective improvement was similar whether the operative procedure consisted of anterior intersomatic fusion or of laminectomy. Amelioration of CSM symptoms occurred in only 8 of the 20 patients subjected to anterior fusion (40%), in contrast to 10 of the 14 patients subjected to laminectomy (71%). In the 16 patients with CSR symptoms associated with CSM, amelioration of CSR symptoms occurred in 6 of the 11 patients subjected to anterior fusion (55%), and in 4 of the 5 patients subjected to laminectomy 80%). It is suggested that laminectomy offers the best results for CSM, associated or not with CSR, when two or more intervertebral spaces are affected. PMID- 7102384 TI - Double-blind trial of aspirin in patient receiving tranexamic acid for subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Antifibrinolytic agents have been claimed to reduce the rebleed rate in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. However, these agents may in themselves increase the incidence of delayed cerebral ischaemia in these patients. We have used aspirin in an attempt to reduce the incidence of this complication. In a prospective, double-blind trial of aspirin against placebo, 53 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage were all treated with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid. Twenty-seven patients received aspirin and 26 patients received placebo. The morbidity and mortality was similar in each group. A further breakdown into patients who had their aneurysms clipped at craniotomy (21 patients) similarly failed to show a more favourable outcome in either group. It is concluded that aspirin does not affect the outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage treated with tranexamic acid. PMID- 7102385 TI - Recurrent cerebral embolization from a carotid bifurcation aneurysm. AB - In addition to heart disease and ulcers of the carotid artery, partially thrombosed large or giant aneurysms of the carotid territory may be the source of emboli into the middle cerebral distribution. Recurrent ischaemic attacks, characteristic of embolization, ceased after clipping of a sclerotic carotid bifurcation aneurysm that had never bled. Relevant literature is reviewed. PMID- 7102387 TI - Primary brain stem tumours. AB - The material consisted of 31 patients with primary brain stem tumours who were investigated retrospectively. Twenty patients were younger than 16 years of age (range: 1 1/2-65 years). The mean age was 11 years. The female/male sex ratio was 19/12. Histological diagnoses were available for 18 patients. All of the verified tumours were gliomas. The diagnoses in 12 cases were made by section or biopsy; in 15 by standard clinical and radiological examinations and in 4 by exploratory operations. Headaches, mental changes, speech and gait disturbances were the most common symptoms at the onset of the illness and at the time of diagnosis. The mean latency period between the emergence of symptom(s) until diagnosis was 4 months (range: 1/2-48 months). Amongst the dominant objective findings were failure of the V, VI and VII cranial nerves, pyramidal tract symptoms, ataxia and nystagmus, occurring singly or in combination. Pneumoencephalograms disclosed characteristic changes in 25 patients (83%). Fourteen patients (45%) received radiation treatment, from which 5 (36%) obtained a temporary remission in their symptoms. The postdiagnostic mean survival period for the patients was 15 months (range: 0-92 months). The survival time was found to depend on the number of damaged cranial nerve nuclei at the time of diagnosis and on the degree of severity and duration of the accompanying hydrocephalus. The prognosis was unfavourable, as the percentage of patients who survived for 2 years was only 6%, and a total duration of illness longer than 2 years occurred in only 7 patients. None of the patients were still surviving at the conclusion of this investigation. PMID- 7102386 TI - Symptomatic unruptured giant aneurysms: medical treatment. AB - Medical hypotensive therapy, usually limited to cases with proved haemorrhage, has now been applied to three cases of giant or "very large" aneurysm which were symptomatic but unruptured. All three patients improved. With three cases, the only conclusion that is drawn at this time is that medical treatment may indeed offer something for even this category of aneurysm as well as for the much more common smaller aneurysms that have ruptured and whose excellent response to both early and long term medical hypotensive therapy has already been established. PMID- 7102388 TI - Operative management of chromophobe pituitary tumour recurrences. AB - Twenty-three operations were performed for recurrences of previously treated chromophobe pituitary adenomas. Eleven operations were transcranial, and 12 were transsphenoidal. Twenty-two patients were operated on because of deteriorating eyesight; this improved in ten patients, deteriorated further in three, and did not significantly change in the remaining nine patients. There was one postoperative death. The patients generally had hypopituitarism already at the time of diagnosis, and it tended to increase during treatment. The results are certainly worse than after primary operations, but there is no alternative for handling a sizeable recurrence that has already affected the optic pathways. PMID- 7102391 TI - Clinical and CT scan pictures of cerebral cysticercosis. PMID- 7102390 TI - Double falx cerebelli. Case report. PMID- 7102392 TI - Dependency on bypass circulation: a case study. AB - In a case of consecutive occlusion of both internal carotid arteries bilateral STA-MCA anastomoses were established. Since a series of angiographic examinations were undertaken, dynamics and probable efficacy of both natural and artificial collateral circulations could be followed up in a two-year period. Objectively in the evaluation of anastomoses was enhanced by direct percutaneous STA-angiography (STAG), in order to delineate the vascular territory irrigated exclusively by the anastomosis. By demonstrating exactly the functional capacity of anastomoses in correlation with the clinical course, dependency on bypass circulation could be assessed. PMID- 7102393 TI - Vertebro-basilar ischaemia. Its relation to stenosis and occlusion of the vertebral artery. AB - Bilateral vertebral angiography has been performed on 44 cases of vertebrobasilar ischaemia (VB I), excluding transient ischaemic attacks, and on 20 cases of carotid ischaemia with lesions of the vertebral artery (VA). Significant lesions (stenosis of more than 50% of the lumen and occlusion) of the VA were found in 72% of VB I and 70% of carotid ischaemia cases. In the VB I group, occlusions are as frequent as stenosis (17 occlusions and 15 stenosis); on the contrary, occlusions are half as frequent as stenosis in the carotid ischaemia group. Bilateral lesions are also more often discovered after VB I than after carotid ischaemia. Topographically, the lesions are mainly at the ostium and in the third portion of the VA. The possibility that vertebro-basilar strokes are related to significant lesions of the VA in its cervical part is emphasized. Haemodynamic disorder can explain infarcts related to bilateral lesions and some of those reported after unilateral lesions. Embolism may be suggested in cases of significant stenosis and of certain unilateral occlusions. PMID- 7102389 TI - Trapped fourth ventricle. Case report. PMID- 7102396 TI - Aneurysm surgery in the acute stage. Symposium Graz, July 19-21, 1981. PMID- 7102394 TI - Vascular malformations as a cause of spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. AB - Seven cases of spinal epidural haematoma occurred in a series of 2,500 neurosurgical procedures. Five of these seven cases were non-traumatic in origin. In four cases the bleeding could be ascribed to various types of vascular malformations. The clinical and histological features are described, and the relevance of these findings for surgical management is discussed. PMID- 7102395 TI - "Primary" spinal epidural lymphomas. A clinico-pathological study. AB - The surgical records at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, revealed 75 cases of spinal epidural malignant tumours operated on in a period of 8 years (1972-1980). Of these, 21 cases (30.4%) were labelled as "primary" spinal lymphomas, with no evidence of any systemic lymphomatous deposit anywhere in the body at the time of surgery. An analysis of their clinical behaviour, treatment, histological classification, and prognosis showed that a (majority of the patients had lower limb weakness and localized pain at the site of lesion as the presenting clinical symptom, b) laminectomy with decompression of the tumour followed by radiotherapy was the treatment of choice, c) histologically mixed histiocytic lymphocytic variety of lymphoma was commonest, and d) six survivors had a histiocytic lymphocytic lymphoma, suggesting a better prognosis associated with this type. PMID- 7102397 TI - Special remarks on microsurgical techniques for cerebral aneurysms. PMID- 7102401 TI - Timing of surgery for ruptured aneurysms--experience from 800 consecutive cases. AB - In the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vienna, about 800 patients with intracranial aneurysms have been operated since 1958. The distribution of age, sex, and the localization of the aneurysms correspond roughly to the international statistics. From our experience it is apparent that the level of consciousness and responsiveness is the most important factor in deciding the choice and time of treatment on the one hand and the further fate of the patient on the other. The authors therefore use some modification of the five-grade system of Hunt and Hess to stress the importance of the level of consciousness and the neurological deficits. As far as timing of surgery is concerned, the earliest possible microsurgical treatment for patients in grades I and II seems the method of choice, primarily to avoid rebleeding. Patients with impaired and/or fluctuating consciousness, neurological deficits and rather severe signs of meningeal irritation were operated as soon as the clinical picture became stable or showed a tendency to improve. Grade V patients were operated only if a life-threatening space occupying intracerebral haematoma was encountered by means of a CT scan. Nevertheless the authors have tried to avoid any too rigid routine and to adjust their decisions on therapeutic measurements according to the needs of the individual patient. PMID- 7102399 TI - Extensive evacuation of subarachnoid clot for prevention of vasospasm--effective or not? AB - The effect of subarachnoid haematoma (clot) evacuation for the prevention of vasospasm (VS) in the acute state was studied using 62 ruptured IC and MC aneurysm cases. Extensive clot evacuation within 48 hours after the onset did not prevent the development of VS but reduced the severity of VS, especially in the main trunks of the cerebral arteries (IC, M1, M2, A1). But excessive clot evaluation applied to the angry, swollen brain in the acute stage worsened the brain swelling and sometimes formed an intracerebral haematoma due to brain compression. The extent of the clot evacuation should be determined by preoperative CT findings and the brain's condition during the operation. PMID- 7102402 TI - Management and postoperative mortality related to time of clipping for supratentorial aneurysms: a personal series. AB - An analysis of all 197 consecutive cases of intracranial aneurysms treated by one of us (B. W.) was carried out. 82% were ruptured anterior circle aneurysms. 144 cases were analyzed with respect to post-operative and management mortality where patients were eligible for definitive clipping. Grade-time interactions on transfer to the neurosurgeon were considered. Early operation was not associated with significantly higher post-operative and management mortality. 116 cases clipped and discharged from hospital had longer follow-ups to see if earlier operation was associated with a poorer neurological and social outcome. This was not the case. We therefore believe that since the prime rationale for surgery following subarachnoid haemorrhage is the prevention of rebleeding and since this is more common immediately following the initial haemorrhage, early surgery is indicated whenever this is technically feasible. Since 1978, with a deliberate policy of trying to operate early, for all grades there has been a post-operative mortality of 3%, a case management mortality of 20% and 87% of patients operated upon have been able to go home. PMID- 7102403 TI - Surgery in the prevasospastic interval. PMID- 7102400 TI - The International Cooperative study on timing of aneurysm surgery. PMID- 7102404 TI - Ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the preoperative management and the timing of surgery. AB - The authors review 179 consecutive cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: 80 out of the first 101 patients underwent aneurysm surgery in a period ranging from 7 days to 2 weeks following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and patients with all grades of the Hunt and Hess classification were included without discrimination. The total case mortality rate was 23%. The postoperative mortality rate was 16%. Of the 78 patients in the 2nd group, 44 cases were operated upon. All patients with grades I, II and III and five cases with IV and V underwent aneurysm surgery. The timing of surgery was established on the basis of the various clinical and biochemical data, especially the improvement of meningeal signs, and decreased sensitivity of cerebral vessels to vasoconstriction. In this group the angiographic vasospasm and focal neurological deficits, without further clinical damage, were not considered a risk for surgery. The surgical mortality rate was 7%. The evidence presented indicates that both a more selective method of assessing the preoperative neurological function and also an appropriate timing of surgery have improved the surgical morbidity and mortality. PMID- 7102398 TI - Blood clot evacuation in aneurysm surgery in the acute stage (arguments pro and con). AB - In a series of 122 consecutive patients operated on by the senior author for rupture of an aneurysm the pterional approach was used in all but a few cases. A microsurgical technique was invariably utilized from opening to closing of the dura. Nearly half of our patients underwent surgery within the first week after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In the majority of cases operated on in the acute stage, a sizable subarachnoid blood clot was evacuated, mostly from the basal cisterns. The authors present their own experience in the field to show the superiority of the technically more demanding surgery carried out within the first days following SAH over other therapeutic procedures. PMID- 7102405 TI - An analysis of vasospasm following early surgery for intracranial aneurysms. AB - 41 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms were all submitted to an early operation, (within 3 days from SAH), and evaluated with regard to the results of treatment. In this group, vasospasm has influenced the outcome more than other causes, accounting for 58% of morbidity and 64% of mortality. On the basis of our experience with 380 patients suffering from SAH and all submitted to a CT scan, the presence of consistent intracisternal blood in the CT scan at admission has shown to be the main risk factor resulting in vasospasm. Therefore, the group with early surgery has been compared, on the basis of the CT scan picture, to a group of 76 patients in which surgery had been delayed at least 10 days after SAH. Whilst the incidence of vasospasm has been very similar in the groups compared, the incidence of neurological deterioration brought about by spasm has been higher in patients waiting for surgery (55%, against 36% in the group with early surgery). Avoidance of clinical deterioration has not been always possible with early surgery, even after careful cleansing of the cisterns from clots, as was shown by 2 of our cases. It is concluded that vasospasm does not seem to influence the outcome of early surgery to a greater extent than it would during the natural course of subarachnoid haemorrhage. PMID- 7102406 TI - Surgical problems and pathophysiology in severe cases with ruptured aneurysm in the acute stage. AB - We have managed 674 cases of ruptured aneurysms of the anterior part of the circles of Willis during the period 1969 to 1980. For this study, analyses were made to clarify the operative indication, timing and suitable procedures based on the pathophysiology of severe cases in the acute stage. Clinical results on conservative treatment in the era of delayed operation clearly show the inevitable necessity of early operation. The CBF measurement in the acute stage revealed a slight decrease of hemispheric CBF without regulatory dysfunction of cerebral circulation within 3 days of SAH. Results of early operation within 3 days of SAH in the 3rd era showed that 83.1% of cases survived with a good outcome and 3.4% died when they were in Grades 1 and 2. 40 cases with severe grading, operated on within 3 days of SAH, were studied on each site of the aneurysm. Mortality was 12.5% and there was a favourable outcome in 55%. Death was due to brain swelling caused by vasospasm and direct brain damage caused by SAH and an intracerebral haematoma. Extensive evacuation of subarachnoid clotting could be performed only when brain volume could be reduced enough to minimize brain compression, by using ventricular drainage, evacuation of the intracerebral haematoma and Mannitol administration. Surgical procedures for each aneurysm are also described. PMID- 7102408 TI - Mortality study of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage at University hospitals and their affiliated hospitals in Japan. AB - This study was undertaken to examine the differences in aneurysm statistics between University hospitals where subacute or chronic patients are primarily treated and University-affiliated hospitals where both acute and chronic cases are also admitted. In each hospital group, the transition of the statistics in the last decade was studied. The purpose of this study was also to see if any conclusion could be drawn regarding the surgical treatment of acute cases. The death rate for all aneurysm cases admitted is 8% at University hospitals, whilst that at affiliated hospitals is roughly 30% during the 1970s. The operative death rate at the University hospitals is 3%, whilst that at affiliated hospitals is 16% which improved at one affiliated hospital to 8% in the 1980-1981 period. Morbidity also improved in the latest series in the affiliated hospital. These improvements are considered to be de to the change of operative and postoperative policies for acute cases to: limited surgical indications for grade IV patients, extensive cisternal clot removal at the time of surgery, and oral administration of Ticlopidine, a new antiplatelet agent. PMID- 7102407 TI - Computertomography in subarachnoid haemorrhage and aneurysm. AB - 50 patients with SAH and an aneurysm were investigated by CT and angiography. In the 59 patients 67 aneurysms were found. The mean interval between SAH and CT was 8 days, between SAH and angiography II days. Blood in the CSF space was visualized up to the 9th day in the patients and 67% of those investigated showed blood in the CSF-space in the CT. In 31% of the patients an aneurysm, in 29% an intracerebral haemorrhage and in 19% a recent infarct was found. A hydrocephalus was seen in 13% of the patients. Of 12 patients with recent infarcts 8 showed vasospasm which correlated in time and location with the infarct. PMID- 7102410 TI - Surgical results of intracranial ruptured aneurysms in the acute stage. AB - To evaluate the operative mortality and morbidity of definitive intracranial microsurgical aneurysm obliteration as a function of timing of early operative intervention and as a function of clinical condition at the acute state, we retrospectively review 164 consecutive patients who underwent surgery within 72 hours following haemorrhage. The series was divided into four operation periods (0-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-72 hours), and patients were graded according to five clinical conditions described by Hunt and Hess. The mortality of the individual clinical condition at each operation period was to great extent independent of the timing of operation, and there was a distinct correlation between the surgical results and the form of bleeding visualized by C.T. In poor condition (grade 3, 4, and 5) patients, satisfactory surgical results were obtained in patients in whom cisternal blood clots, intracerebral haematoma, and subdural haematoma had been shown by C.T. The optimum operation times for each group were suggested. PMID- 7102409 TI - Ultraearly surgery of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 7102411 TI - The significance of early operation in the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms--an analysis of 251 cases hospitalized within 24 hours after subarachnoid haemorrhage. AB - An analysis of 251 patients who were hospitalized within 24 hours after rupture of the supratentorial aneurysms and were not comatose during the very early stage was carried out. The patients were divided into three groups in relation to timing and methods of surgery. In 64 patients of Group A, the operation was planned to be delayed more than 10 days from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). In 91 patients of Group B, clipping of aneurysms was performed within 48 hours of SAH and subarachnoid blood clots were simultaneously removed while approaching the aneurysms. In 99 patients of Group C, clipping of aneurysms was performed within 48 hours of SAH and radical and extensive removal of any subarachnoid blood clot identified on the computerized tomographic scan was tried at the same time. The outcome at 3 months after SAH was the most favourable in Group C patients and the least favourable in Group A patients. Early operation combined with radical removal of subarachnoid clots minimizes the overall mortality and morbidity in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms by preventing rebleeding and probably by avoiding vasospasm. PMID- 7102413 TI - The outcome in 100 consecutive cases of early aneurysm surgery. AB - A retrospective study has been carried out on 100 consecutive patients undergoing direct surgery for ruptured aneurysms of the anterior part of the Circle of Willis within 3 days following subarachnoid haemorrhage. All patients were preoperatively in neurological Grades I, II or III. 76% of the patients made a good recovery whilst the morbidity was 10% and the mortality 14%. The results are compared with the estimated results of delayed treatment as well as with the natural history of the disease. The incidence of hydrocephalus requiring a shunt procedure was 2% and the incidence of permanent ischaemic deficits of delayed onset 16%. PMID- 7102412 TI - The significance of cerebral vasospasm with regard to early and delayed aneurysmal surgery. Preliminary results of early surgery. PMID- 7102414 TI - Aneurysms of the vertebro-basilar system: clinical analysis and follow-up results. AB - 336 cerebral aneurysms were treated during the past 18 years. Amongst these, 30 patients harboured aneurysms in vertebro-basilar circulation and form the subject material to be analysed. 17 were non-surgically treated whilst 13 cases received surgical treatment. In the group of non-surgical treatment, 6 were found in a moribund stage on admission, 9 had rebled during hospitalization and died. 2 other patients with large or giant aneurysms were treated palliatively and conservatively. They still survived over 18 months, 12 aneurysms were surgically clipped and 1 was wrapped with muscle. 2 of them died 1 week postoperatively due to pulmonary embolism. Risk factors are discussed. In contrast to the aneurysms of other circulatory territories vertebro-basilar aneurysms should be operated at the earliest possible opportunity; waiting does not provide an additional advantage to offset the risk of high mortality and morbidity after recurrent haemorrhage and vasospasm in this region. PMID- 7102415 TI - Prospection of chronic vasospasm by CT findings. AB - Haematoma of the basal cistern was classified into five grades. A little or moderate haematoma (1+ or 2+) disappeared from the basal cistern in 3 or 4 days, however much or severe haematoma (3+ or 4+) remained over a week. Vasospasm occurred in a high number of the cases in which the haematoma was recognized in the basal cistern later than 4 days after SAH not only in operative case but also in conservative case. However vasospasm occurred rarely in cases with early operation within 24 hours after onset except for cases with severe packed haematoma (4+) in the basal cistern. PMID- 7102416 TI - The pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm, and pharmacological approaches to its management. AB - Numerous neurotransmitters, autocoids, and blood constituents or breakdown products have been shown to constrict the cerebral vasculature, and have therefore been implicated in the aetiology of cerebral vasospasm. Substances in combination may also act synergistically. Because of the multifactorial causes of vasospasm, the main causative agent may also be different in various subgroups of patients, leading to differential sensitivities to potential treatments. The contraction of vascular smooth muscle is ultimately caused by an increase in the intracellular concentration of free calcium ions. Mechanical, osmotic, or ischaemic trauma may also result in calcium overloading with development of contracture. Many "rational" pharmacological approaches to the treatment of vasospasm have been proposed, but clinical experience has so far been disappointing; agents active against only one possible causative factor may possess too specific a mechanism of action to control spasm caused by several agents simultaneously. A new group of drugs, the calcium antagonists, has selective and potent relaxant actions against the contractions of cerebral vessels produced by a wide range of agonists. They may be of therapeutic use in both the prophylaxis and treatment of cerebral vasospasm. PMID- 7102418 TI - Calcium ions and calcium antagonists in ischaemia. AB - The effects of a calcium antagonist, nimodipine, were tested on the response of the cerebral circulation to arterial pCO2 and blood pressure changes. The effects of reduced blood flow upon oedema formation and extracellular ion homeostasis under nimodipine preloading were studied. Both open and closed skull primate models were used, with alpha-chloralose anaesthesia. Nimodipine infusion increased basal blood flow in the open skull, but not the closed skull animals. Autoregulation to increased blood pressure was little affected. Responses to arterial pCO2 changes and autoregulation to reduced blood pressure were severely impaired. Residual blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion was significantly higher with nimodipine than in controls. The threshold levels of blood flow for the development of cortical oedema and for disturbance of ion homeostasis were, however, increased, suggesting that nimodipine interferes with cellular energy metabolism and increases the susceptibility of tissue to ischaemic damage. PMID- 7102419 TI - Roles of subarachnoid blood clots and norepinephrine in cerebral vasospasm. AB - The content of norepinephrine (NE) in the ventricular, basal cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined in 19 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The cisternal CSF in patients with vasospasm contained a significantly higher level of NE (0.246 +/- 0.0490 ng/ml) compared with those without vasospasm (0.075 +/- 0.001 ng/ml) (p less than 0.001). However, this increase is not considered to be high enough to constrict cerebral arteries, unless there is an increased NE-sensitivity in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Vascular responses to NE in vivo were then studied after reversing blood-induced prolonged vasospasm of the rabbit's basilar artery through a transclival approach as well as a newly developed basal cisternal irrigation model. However, NE in molar concentrations between 1 x 10(-10) and 10(-2) failed to produce further contraction of the artery. In conclusion, the increase in NE with vasospasm might be only a secondary phenomenon, and not a causative factor of vasospasm. Early removal of subarachnoid blood clots seemed to prevent the development of vasospasm. PMID- 7102420 TI - Effect of nimodipine (Bay e 9736) on postischaemic cerebrovascular reactivity, as revealed by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured, using the xenon-133 intracarotid injection technique in 10 patients with an acute ischaemic stroke, involving the cerebral cortex, before and after intravenous injection of a single dose of nimodipine (Bay e 9736). After nimodipine application in all patients a dose dependent increase of hemispheric blood flow was observed. In the regional pattern the stroke area showed, after nimodipine in 9 patients relatively similar changes in blood flow as the hemispheric flow did. In three of these patients the increase reached such a level, that the presence was concluded of an inverse steal phenomenon. The intracerebral steal phenomenon was not observed. As a side effect in one patient a mild fall in blood pressure and sinusbradycardia was observed, of short duration. PMID- 7102417 TI - Nimodipine: a new calcium antagonistic drug with a preferential cerebrovascular action. AB - Nimodipine, isopropyl (2-methoxy-ethyl) 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3 nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate, is a new calcium antagonistic vasodilator with a preferential effect on brain vessels. Nimodipine prevents spasm of the isolated rabbit basilar artery produced both by depolarization and by receptor stimulation. In peripheral vessels nimodipine does not inhibit agonistically induced contractions. In vivo nimodipine also dilates predominantly cerebral vessels; peripheral vasodilation resulting in a decrease in blood pressure is much less pronounced. Nimodipine prevents the impaired reperfusion of the brain caused by a transitory global cerebral ischaemia. Nimodipine is predicted to be useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of cerebral vasospasm in humans. PMID- 7102421 TI - Effect of hyperdynamic therapy on cerebral ischaemia caused by vasospasm associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage. AB - Ten patients who developed neurological deficits associated with angiographically proven cerebral vasospasm caused by ruptured aneurysm were treated with hyperdynamic therapy induced by administration of a large amount of human serum albumin. No vaso-active drugs were administered. Cardiopulmonary function and intracranial pressure were monitored during the treatment. Marked improvement of neurological function was observed in all cases. Nine patients recovered completely without any neurological residual following treatment. The degree of the improvement observed during treatment closely correlated with the decrease in total peripheral resistance. Infusion of albumin did not cause elevation of intracranial pressure. It was concluded that the hyperdynamic therapy induced by administration of albumin has a dramatic effect on the ischaemic cerebral insult caused by vasospasm. It is postulated that the main effect of this treatment is produced by cerebrovascular dilatation. PMID- 7102422 TI - Prevention of symptomatic vasospasm by topically applied nimodipine. AB - A 2.4 x 10(-5) M solution of the Calcium-antagonist Nimodipine was administered to the exposed cerebral vessels in 17 patients intraoperatively clipping of a ruptured aneurysm. The interval between subarachnoid haemorrhage and operation was 48 to 72 hours. The CT investigation had revealed blood accumulation in the basal cisterns in all cases. Vasodilatation was observed in all instances; the percentage being greater in small vessels as compared to large vessels. Postoperatively, a neurological deficit combined with angiographically verified vasospasm occurred in two patients, but was reversible in both. Fifteen patients remained free from symptomatic vasospasm and were discharged without neurological deficit. In 13 of these patients and 3 additional cases, a plastic cannula was placed intraoperatively so that postoperative topical administration of Nimodipine was possible. Postoperative control-angiograms after a mean interval of 7 days from SAH did not show severe spasm in any of the patients; localised moderate asymptomatic spasm was found in 8 cases and was reserved in 5. Moderate postoperative symptomatic spasm was observed in 2 patients, treated and reversed in one patient. In 5 of 7 cases without evidence of spasm in the angiogram postoperative topical administration of Nimodipine caused vasodilatation. It is concluded, that topical intracisternal administration of Nimodipine reverses intraoperative vascular spasm and decreases the probability of postoperative symptomatic vasospasm after early surgery. PMID- 7102423 TI - Supplementation of conventional radiographic techniques by computer tomography in cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). AB - 124 patients with a spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage were examined. On almost 100% of the cases, the diagnosis could be established computer-tomographically if the study was performed within 5 days following the haemorrhage. As a result of the bleeding pattern it was possible to determine the exact location in 54 (75%) of 71 aneurysms. The clinical course of the patient can be more closely followed without additional risk. Thus with the use of CT, the development of cerebral infarction resulting from arterial vasospasm (6 cases) or of hydrocephalus as a result of CSF resorption disturbances can be easily and quickly determined. PMID- 7102426 TI - Perspectives in aneurysm surgery. AB - The natural history of aneurysm surgery is briefly reviewed and an assessment made of the place of surgical, radiological and physical advances in the management of aneurysms over the past twenty years. Over this time, there has been a steady reduction in management mortality, particularly associated with the introduction of the operating microscope, and with an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of ischaemic brain. PMID- 7102427 TI - Brain dysfunction following vasospasm evaluated by somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded in 9 patients with vasospasm caused by subarachnoid haemorrhage. There was a correlation between SEP changes and clinical outcome evaluated one month after onset. And, evaluation of SEP changes under induced hypertension or infusion of dehydrates was available to study the nature of ischaemic brain dysfunction caused by vasospasm. Furthermore, this study suggests that the available period of induced hypertension may be short in cases with severe clinical outcomes. PMID- 7102424 TI - Prediction of late ischaemic complications after cerebral aneurysm surgery--use of a mobile microcomputer system for the measurement of pre-, intra- and postoperative cerebral blood flow. AB - Patients with defective autoregulation of cerebral blood flow are at much greater risk of developing late cerebral ischaemia after intracranial aneurysm surgery. This finding was based on data derived from the intraoperative measurement of the response of the cerebral circulation to hypotension, deliberately induced to assist dissection and clipping of the aneurysm. A preoperative test which gave the same information as the intraoperative measurements might be helpful in predicting the optimal timing of aneurysm surgery. However, the original intraoperative intravenous 133Xenon injection method was limited both by the need to analyse the data off-line and the restricted number of runs (up to 6). This paper describes the modifications used, based on the Apple II microprocessor, to obtain values of cerebral blood flow within 6 minutes of the injection of 133Xenon with up to 15-20 runs per patient. PMID- 7102428 TI - Assessment of the consequences of subarachnoid haemorrhage. AB - The management of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage depends greatly on assessment of the patient's clinical condition. Difficulty in applying currently used grading systems prompted us to conduct studies of observer variability and to attempt to identify sources of inconsistency. Observers graded 15 patients from the Hunt and Hess and Nishioka systems. Kappa statistics were used to evaluate the data. Marked observer variability was found, this being greatest when Grade 3 was selected, irrespective of the system used. When observers graded clinical summaries, similar variability was found, indicating that this was due to difficulty in matching patients' clinical states with specific levels within the grading system. The study shows that a simple and more reliable grading system is required. PMID- 7102425 TI - Atraumatic rCBF measurement: an aid in the timing of surgery and the management of spasm following SAH. AB - We tested the ability of a non-invasive regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurement to show vasospasm. The correlations between the flow values, the clinical condition, the CT scan and angiography were also studied. During none of the measurements were there any negative side effects on the patients. A bad clinical condition was usually accompanied by low flow data during the rCBF investigation. In accordance with local clinical signs (e.g., hemiparesis) we observed corresponding local hypoperfusion. These results were also confirmed by several follow-up studies in which good correlations between the rCBF findings, the angiography and the CT scan were found. As the rCBF investigation can be repeated within a very short time, we used this method for the testing of vasoactive drugs. Nimodipine (Bayer) showed promising results which suggest further clinical investigations. The main problem connected with the rCBF measurement is the limited ability of the patient to cooperate. For the detection of vasospasm the low resolution both in localisation and depth of this method is of only minor importance. We partly overcame this disadvantage by developing a special respirator enabling us to investigate artificially ventilated patients. We think that the measurement of rCBF is an important aid for the timing of the operation. PMID- 7102430 TI - The late morbidity and mortality in ruptured single anterior circulation aneurysms treated by non-surgical therapy. AB - Three hundred and sixty-four patients who suffered a subarachnoid haemorrhage from an aneurysm at either the anterior (ACA) or posterior (PCA) communicating artery location and who were not surgically treated have been followed for up to 21 years in order to study the late morbidity and mortality. For the 213 patients surviving to six months or longer: (1) little improvement in morbidity was noted during the many years of subsequent follow-up; (2) in general, ACA patients fared better than PCA patients; (3) the neurological state on original admission was strongly correlated with the degree of morbidity; (4) other factors measured at the time of original haemorrhage which adversely affected morbidity included the level of blood pressure or the presence of clot or spasm; (5) rebleeding occurs on the average of 3.5% per year during the first decade; (6) the mortality associated with a late rebleed is 67%; (7) if deaths from late haemorrhage are excluded, cardiovascular causes account for the majority of subsequent deaths, and (8) the risk of dying from all causes is increased when compared to a population matched by age and sex. PMID- 7102429 TI - Spontaneous course after subarachnoid haemorrhage--evaluation of 109 patients. PMID- 7102431 TI - The microsurgical anterior interhemispheric approach suitably applied to ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery in the acute stage. AB - From 1973 to 1980, 177 cases with ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (Aco) have been operated on using various microsurgical procedures. Since 1974, 136 cases were directly operated on using the microsurgical anterior interhemispheric (AIH) approach: a modification of Lougheed's approach. The overall mortality was 5%. The early operations, within 1 week of onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage had a 3% mortality in grade 1 and 2 patients; a 16% mortality in grade 3 and 4 and a 25% mortality in grade 5 patients. The rate of cases in which the patient was independent following surgery was 92% in grade 1 and 2 patients, 47% in grade 3 and 4, and 25% in grade 5 in the same group. The AIH approach for severe cases in the acute stage has the following benefits: 1. The retraction pressure on the brain in the AIH approach is half as much as that in Yasargil's approach. The aneurysms can be operated on with less retraction of the brain and thus without damaging the brain, olfactory nerves, bridging veins, hypothalamic arteries and other perforating arteries. 2. Various types of aneurysms, whatever their position, especially those located high and in a posterior direction, can be easily clipped. 3. Adequate removal of clots can be achieved from the interhemispheric fissure, the chiasmatic and the prepontine cisterns and the frontal lobe. 4. Interarterial anastomosis between both anterior cerebral arteries can be applied if necessary to allow easy clipping on unusual aneurysms. 5. Temporary occlusion of A1's and A2's and external decompression can be easily done if necessary. PMID- 7102434 TI - [Malignant tumor pathology of the maxillary sinus]. PMID- 7102432 TI - [Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx: occurrence and etiologic factors]. PMID- 7102433 TI - [Precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa]. PMID- 7102437 TI - [Biopsy]. PMID- 7102436 TI - [Detection of cancer of the salivary glands]. PMID- 7102438 TI - [Detection of cancer of the oral cavity using toluidine blue]. PMID- 7102435 TI - [Malignant cervical adenopathies]. PMID- 7102439 TI - [Cancer cytology of the oral mucosa]. PMID- 7102440 TI - [pathologic anatomy of tumorous lesions of the oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws and skin]. PMID- 7102443 TI - The validity of self-reports in alcoholism research. AB - It is often assumed that many alcoholics underreport their drinking and behavioral problems. Nonetheless, previous studies using official records and collateral reports suggest that self-reports of concrete drinking problems are not biased, and that overreports equal or exceed underreports. New data are presented, based on collateral reports and blood alcohol measures for 632 alcoholics interviewed four years after treatment. Results indicate that the subjects accurately reported abstention and major alcohol-related events, such as jail terms and hospitalization. Compared with estimates from blood alcohol measures, 35% of recent drinkers underreported their consumption during the 24 hours before the interview, and 24% underreported their consumption during the previous month. However, an overall outcome classification based on a combination of consumption and other measures was not substantially affected by errors in consumption reports. These findings indicate that most types of self-reports are valid, and that broadly based outcome measures are not likely to be significantly biased by underreporting errors. PMID- 7102441 TI - The role of anticipated deprivation in overeating. AB - With recent research supporting a cognitive explanation of overeating, two experiments were designed to test the theory that the anticipated deprivation associated with dieting may lead to overeating once restraint is broken. In each of 2 experiments, 50 female undergraduates were preloaded and randomly assigned to no deprivation and deprivation conditions. The latter group anticipated a 4 hour food deprivation between two experimental sessions, while the former did not. The amount of food consumed during a 15-minute free eating period served as the dependent measure. Restraint scale scores were used to divide subjects into low-restraint and high-restraint groups. In Experiment 1, deprivation subjects ate significantly more than no deprivation subjects, F(1, 56) = 5.02, p less than .05; in Experiment 2, high-restraint subjects ate significantly more than low restraint subjects, F(1, 56 = 5.07, p less than .05. The possible role of contextual cues is explored, and implications for weight-reduction programs are outlined. PMID- 7102442 TI - Control over interpersonal evaluation and alcohol consumption in male social drinkers. AB - Studies testing the tension reduction hypothesis of alcohol drinking have found contradictory results. Marlatt proposes instead that social drinkers drink to gain control over stressful situations. To test this, 60 male heavy social drinkers were threatened with a social evaluation, then some were given some control over this threat by hearing that they could critique the evaluation and evaluate their evaluator (retaliate). This group was expected to drink less than a threatened group not given control, or a nonthreatened group, and heavy drinkers were expected to be affected more than light drinkers. Then, to determine if people do retaliate after an unfavorable evaluation, subjects received bogus evaluations or no evaluation, and then evaluated "their evaluator." Those receiving favorable or unfavorable evaluations responded in kind, supporting the coping method provided in the evaluation-with-coping condition. However, although the group that was evaluated and given no control reported more anxiety and took fewer sips than the other groups, they did not differ in wine consumption. The results did not support either the tension reduction or the control hypothesis. PMID- 7102444 TI - Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: a comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance. AB - Cigarette smokers who quit on their own (n = 29) were compared with subjects from two commercial therapy programs: Aversion Group (n = 18) and Behavior Management Group (n = 16). Subjects were administered a Change-Process Questionnaire and a demographic and smoking-history questionnaire within seven weeks of successful cessation, then interviewed again in five months. Using a transtheoretical model of change developed by Prochaska (1979) six verbal and four behavioral processes of change and three stages of change (Decision to Change; Active Change; Maintenance) were analyzed. Subjects in each treatment group were middle class, heavy-smoking adults. The change-process analysis of cessation discriminated between the self-quitters and therapy quitters and between the two groups of therapy subjects on five variables. Stages of change interacted with the processes of change in the cessation of smoking behavior. Verbal processes were seen as important in making the decision to change while action processes were critical for breaking the actual smoking habit. Maintenance of cessation was related to, but not dependent on, how subjects actively changed smoking behavior. PMID- 7102446 TI - Children of alcoholics during the recovery process: alcoholic and matched control families. AB - Children of relapsed and recovered alcoholic patients were compared with children from sociodemographically matched control families on a set of indices of emotional and physical status. The children of relapsed alcoholics evidenced more symptoms of emotional disturbance than did the control children. In contrast, the children of recovered alcoholics were functioning as well as the control children. Additional analyses showed that the emotional status of children was related to the emotional, physical, and occupational functioning shown by their alcoholic and their nonalcoholic parent, as well as to family life stressors. PMID- 7102445 TI - A factorial analysis of preparation, aversion, and maintenance in the elimination of smoking. AB - The present investigation initiated a dismantling strategy in which subjects were assigned to treatment stages (preparation, aversion, maintenance) or to combinations of stages in a factorial design. It was hypothesized that multistage conditions would be superior to single stage conditions and that maintenance would retard relapse. Forty men and 33 women were randomly assigned to one of seven conditions. Results supported both hypotheses although significant effects were no longer evident at 12-month follow-up. Considerable relapse occurred in all conditions. Specific treatment components appeared to be of limited importance as indicated by generally very similar results for preparation and aversion. Booster sessions appeared to be ineffective. Interpretation of the findings is limited, however, by a relatively small subject enrollment in each condition. It was concluded that attempts to isolate extremely precise treatment elements are unlikely to be successful. Suggestions for further research included adoption of more structured maintenance strategies emphasizing coping skills and a more systematic focus upon potentially important process variables, notably group cohesiveness. PMID- 7102450 TI - The addict's perceptions of their own drug-taking: implications for the treatment of drug dependence. AB - The attitudes, beliefs and expectations of the addict have received surprisingly little research attention. The present study looks at the relationship between the addict's perception of their own drug taking and their behaviour in treatment. The subjects who took part in the study were receiving treatment at a London drug dependence unit: 60 were inpatients, 40 were outpatients. All completed an attitude questionnaire and a personality inventory, the EPQ). Several attitudinal differences were found between inpatient and outpatient groups, the outpatients being more generally resistant to the prospect of giving up drugs. Among the inpatients, those subjects who saw their addiction as a sort of sickness were least likely to remain in treatment. The attitude items related more clearly to the addict's behaviour in treatment than did the personality measures. The implications of these findings for the treatment of drug addicts are discussed. PMID- 7102447 TI - A multivariate neuropsychological approach to brain lesion localization in alcoholism. AB - The study involved a comparison of the neuropsychological test performance of chronic alcoholic patients with that of patients with localized and nonalcoholic diffuse brain damage. It was hypothesized that if the "right hemisphere" or "frontal lobe" theories of brain localization in alcoholism were correct, the profile obtained by the alcoholic patients would either resemble the profile obtained by the right hemisphere brain damaged patients more than the left hemisphere brain damaged patients. Or alternatively, it would resemble the profile obtained by the patients with frontal lobe brain damage more than the one obtained by the patients with posterior brain damage. In the case of the "right hemisphere" hypothesis, the role of sensory-motor as well as cognitive hemisphere asymmetries was evaluated. The results of the study did not provide strong support for either of the above mentioned hypotheses, but were supportive of the view that brain damage in chronic alcoholism is diffuse, and may reflect premature aging of the brain as a whole. PMID- 7102449 TI - Assessment of the relationship between self-reported smoking rate and Ecolyzer measurement. AB - The relationship between self-reported smoking rates and Ecolyzer measurements of carbon monoxide was assessed in a series of 4 studies. Factors such as the reactive effects of prior measurement and the time period of administration were examined. In general, a close relationship between Ecolyzer readings and self reported smoking rates was found. Prior Ecolyzer testing did not appear to reduce the strength of the relationship of Ecolyzer measurement to self-report at subsequent administrations. Thus, support was found for the use of carbon monoxide measurement as a valid means of corroborating self-report data. Implications for future research in this area were discussed. PMID- 7102452 TI - Abstinence and abusive drinking among affiliates of Alcoholics Anonymous: are these the only alternatives? PMID- 7102454 TI - Disulfiram acceptors and refusers: do they differ? AB - The present study examined possible personality and mood state correlates of alcoholics' decisions to accept or refuse disulfiram (Antabuse) as past of their treatment program. Subjects were 104 male veterans in an inpatient alcohol treatment program who were offered disulfiram after detoxification and evaluation. All subjects completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Profile of Mood States, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Subjects were classified as acceptors (n = 78) or refusers (n = 26) based on their response to staff encouragement to undergo a trial of disulfiram. There were no significant group differences on age, racial composition, or any of the personality or mood state measures, with the exception of a trend (p less than .06) for acceptors to score higher than refusers on the masculinity-femininity scale of the MMPI. Examinations of distributions of MMPI profile code types similarly showed no differences between the two groups. Possible contextual explanations of these results are examined. Findings offer no support for the assumption that agreement to take disulfiram signifies greater motivation or intention to remain abstinent. PMID- 7102448 TI - Three-year data on a behavioral treatment for smoking: a follow-up note. AB - A study reported by Lando (1981) compared two-stage treatment (aversion, maintenance) against three-stage treatment (preparation, aversion, and maintenance) under conditions of either intensive or minimal experimenter contact. One-year follow-up data indicated the superiority of the two-stage intensive contact procedure. The present article reports additional follow-up data at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Results continued to favor two-stage intensive contact. Long-term abstinence in this condition consistently exceeded 40% as opposed to less than 25% in the other conditions. PMID- 7102451 TI - The factor structure of the MacAndrew alcoholism scale. AB - This study attempted to replicate the factor structure of the MacAndrew alcoholism scale using a large sample of both male (n = 1563) and female (n = 293) alcoholics and employing several methodological changes not used in past studies. Male and female factor solutions were found to be highly similar. Following adjustments for mean item differences between males and females, the overall factor structure was examined and six factors were found which were similar to past studies. However, the factors accounted for only a small portion of the MacAndrew scale item variance, scales constructed from the factors had, at best, modest internal consistency reliabilities, and it was suggested that these scales are of limited clinical use. It was concluded that the scale appears to have an insufficient item pool for uncovering more than a few dimensions of personality and behavior among alcoholics. PMID- 7102453 TI - False blood alcohol feedback for the balanced placebo design: a technical note. PMID- 7102455 TI - Pattern formation in interacting and diffusing systems in population biology. AB - In this article, we have been mainly concerned with spatially non-uniform stationary states and their stability, motivated by pattern formation arising in population biology. The discussions are restricted to one-dimensional space, though real systems are always distributed in at least two-dimensional space. Even if we limit ourselves to small-amplitude solutions, it seems difficult to discuss the bifurcation problems in a manner similar to that for one-dimensional space. One of the reasons is that the bifurcation points are not easily found. However, some general theories have nearly been completed. There are a variety of phenomena of other patterns such as wave trains, wave fronts, pulse waves, target patterns, and rotating patterns in equations of reaction and diffusion. We have not discussed these here. Moreover, we emphasize that there are a lot of nonlinear diffusion problems which are different from the ones that were dealt with here. The book of Fife (1), for example, provides a good exposition on these problems. PMID- 7102456 TI - Insect hemolymph lipophorin: a mechanism of lipid transport in insects. AB - Lipophorin, formerly called the "diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein," exists in the hemolymph of many insects including locust, cockroach, and silkworm. A rapid and efficient method has been developed for the purification of lipophorin, which includes a specific precipitation under low ionic concentration and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The final preparation of lipophorin is highly homogeneous, as judged by gel electrophoresis, electronmicroscopy, and immunodiffusion. Molecules of lipophorin from the above three insects are almost globular in shape with a diameter of 13-16 nm. Molecular weights are 600,000 700,000, and the lipid content totals 40-50%. The lipids are comprised of diacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipid. Of particular interest is that the locust and cockroach lipophorin contains large amounts of hydrocarbons in addition to the above lipids. Apoprotein of lipophorin consists of two-non identical subunits, heavy chain (M.W. 250,000) and light chain (M.W. 85,000); carbohydrate (mainly mannose) is covalently associated only with the heavy chain. Tests of the physiological function of insect lipophorin indicate that it has multiple roles as a true carrier and a reusable shuttle in transporting diacylglycerol, cholesterol, and hydrocarbon from sites of storage, absorption, and synthesis to sites where these lipids are utilized as metabolic fuel, precursors of triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis, or structural components of cell membrane and cuticle. In view of this functional multiplicity as a true carrier and reusable shuttle, therefore, the insect lipophorin is unique lipoprotein and essentially different from mammalian plasma lipoproteins. PMID- 7102457 TI - Mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. PMID- 7102458 TI - Direct analysis of individual killer T cells: susceptibility of target cells to lysis and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes by CTL. AB - Direct identification, enumeration and biological characterization of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) complementing the chromium release test had allowed us to propose a mechanism for T-cell mediated cytotoxicity (T-CMC). One CTL without accessory cells is able to lyse a specific target. Binding which allows cell contact (E-T doublets), should activate effector CTLs and render target cells susceptible to lysis. Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes localized at the CTL-target junction accounts for the lethal hit given by CTLs to susceptible targets. This hypothesis that the resulting cell lesion is identified with an alteration of the lipid bilayer membrane had been confirmed by single killer cell study. Furthermore, we have proposed that phospholipase enzymes are involved in the membrane alterations, since susceptible targets bound to effector cells (conjugates) were lysed in a much higher yield in the presence of phospholipase. Membrane cell lesion determined by hydrolytic enzyme (phospholipase) could represent a basic general mechanism for other cellular or molecular mediated processes. PMID- 7102460 TI - Association recognition in ADCC. PMID- 7102463 TI - A search for target cell structures associated with susceptibility to NK cells. PMID- 7102459 TI - Lymphocyte mediated cytolysis as a secretory phenomenon. PMID- 7102462 TI - Mechanisms of macrophage-mediated tumor cytolysis. PMID- 7102461 TI - Influence of monovalent cation concentrations on monocyte-mediated ADCC. AB - Monocyte-mediated ADCC was inhibited by ouabain, which blocks active transport of Na+ and K+ by the membrane Na+K+-ATPase. Inhibition of ADCC was incomplete, however, even when monovalent cation transport was completely inhibited. On the other hand, increasing the duration of exposure to ouabain did result in complete inhibition of ADCC. ADCC was also depressed by incubation of monocytes in media with low (less than or equal to 1.5 mEq/l) or high (greater than or equal to mEq/l) K+ concentrations. The results suggest that monocyte ADCC is dependent upon monovalent cation concentrations (secondarily altered by ouabain exposure) but not upon active Na+K+ transport per se. Finally, since monovalent cation transport-related glycolysis accounted for essentially all of the previously observed increase in monocyte glycolysis associated with monocyte ADCC, we hypothesize that exposure of monocytes to sensitizing antiserum in the ADCC assay results in increased monocyte membrane permeability to monovalent cations. PMID- 7102465 TI - Soluble cytotoxic factors and the mechanism of NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. AB - Soluble cytotoxic factors from mouse spleen cells have been shown to selectively lyse NK sensitive target cells. Lysis of target cells is assessed by trypan blue uptake or 51Cr--release assay in a 16-48 hour assay. The possible role of such natural killer cytotoxic factors (NKCF) in the mechanism of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (NKCMC) has been examined. Several lines of evidence are presented which indicate that there exists a strong correlation between lysis by NKCF and lysis in NKCMC. For instance, (1) NKCF are generated following stimulation of mouse spleen cells with NK sensitive targets; (2) Lysis of NKCF is selective for NK sensitive targets and is species specific; (3) Mice with poor NK activity, such as Bg/Bg mice, produce poor NKCF: (4) There is concomittant inhibition of NKCMC and NKCF activities by blocking RAT serum; and (5) Several known characteristics of the mechanism of NKCMC are shown to be shared in the NKCF system. Based on these findings, we propose a model for NKCMC in which lysis by NK effector cells is the result of multiple steps, namely target binding to an NK effector cell, activation of the lytic mechanism, and involvement of NKCF to mediate lysis. Accordingly, for targets to be NK sensitive, they ought to be able to interact and bind with NK effectors, activate the NK cells, bind NKCF, and be sensitive to the NKCF lytic activity. PMID- 7102464 TI - Cell surface properties influencing target cell sensitivity for NK lysis. PMID- 7102466 TI - [On accident disablement among young people with regard to home- and leisure accidents (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102467 TI - [On the theory of adaptation and their application concerning the development of students (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102468 TI - [On the medical-pedagogic cooperation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102469 TI - [Smoking and drinking habits of 14- to 19-year old adolescents-- studies in an industrial trade school of the regional town Suhl]. PMID- 7102470 TI - Thiamine and the elderly orthopaedic patient. AB - An assessment of thiamine status was made in two groups of elderly orthopaedic patients. None of the 30 men and women presenting for elective total hip replacement was malnourished before operation but there was a significant fall in the thiamine status 48 hours later, which had returned to normal by 14 days. In contrast, the majority of the 34 patients in the second group were thiamine deficient after surgery for a femoral neck fracture and remained so throughout the initial post-operative period of 14 days. In both groups those patients who were noticeably confused after operation were found to have a considerable fall in their thiamine status suggesting this may be a contributory factor to postoperative confusion. PMID- 7102471 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias in the elderly. AB - A study of 20 asymptomatic elderly people living at home or in residential care and 20 symptomatic elderly subjects (with falls, 'collapse', dizziness, 'funny turns' etc.) revealed that cardiac arrhythmias are common in both groups. Only three of the asymptomatic group and two of the symptomatic group had sinus rhythm throughout their 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings. In the symptomatic group, the arrhythmias bore no relation to the symptoms. Clinical follow-up of up to 6-9 months revealed that elderly people with rhythm abnormalities noted on 24 hour electrocardiographic recording do not develop symptoms. PMID- 7102472 TI - Measuring behavioural disturbance of elderly demented patients in the community and its effects on relatives: a factor analytic study. AB - In recent years increasing interest has centered on the elderly psychogeriatric patient living in the community and the part played by relatives in supporting these patients. There is a need, however, for ways of assessing the behavioural disturbance shown by such patients at home and the effect this behaviour has on relatives. Ratings by relatives of the behaviour at home of elderly dementing patients attending a geriatric psychiatry day hospital, together with the relatives' own ratings of the degree of stress and upset being experienced were obtained. Using the technique of factor analysis was shown that the patient's behaviour and the relative's reaction could be analysed into a number of separate categories and that these were differentially related to each other. Thus, for example, personal distress in the relative was related mainly to the amount of apathetic and withdrawn behaviour shown by the patient, whereas negative feelings held by the relative towards the patient were related only to the degree of disturbance of the patient's mood. The construction of scales measuring these different aspects of patient's behaviour and relative's reaction is described. PMID- 7102474 TI - The nutritional status of the elderly. AB - Data are presented relating to the nutritional status of over 1500 elderly subjects seen in three community surveys. There was s decline in weight, arm circumference and skinfold thickness, and to a lesser extent in Quetelet's index (weight + height2), with advancing age. Haemoglobin levels declined with age in one area but not in the others, probably due to differences in nutritional state. Plasma protein and albumin concentrations showed no decline with age and were similar to values reported from younger subjects. Men who ate alone tended to have a poorer vitamin C and thiamine status than men whose meals were cooked or shared by another person, but no such difference was found among women; indeed, women eating alone had significantly higher leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. PMID- 7102473 TI - Salvage of ischaemic limb by phenol sympathectomy. PMID- 7102476 TI - [Properties of minor gamma crystallin fractions associated with carbohydrate of the cattle lens cortex and nucleus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102475 TI - Anthropometric indices in normal elderly subjects. AB - Anthropometric data (triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference and arm muscle circumference) have been obtained from 114 normal elderly individuals and are presented as a suitable reference range for use in nutritional assessment of the elderly. In males the results did not differ significantly from existing standards for younger men but in females there was a significant difference from similar standards for younger women. These findings suggest that there is an increase in fat and a decrease in lean body mass with advancing age in females but not in males. This difference is discussed. PMID- 7102477 TI - [Transient pattern reversal VECPs in response to sinusoidally and square wave modulated stimuli (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102478 TI - [Effect of anti-suppression in exotropia by an on-and-off stimulation with the checkerboard pattern stimulator (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102480 TI - [Studies on electrically-evoked response of the visual system with alternating current (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102481 TI - [Laser iridotomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102479 TI - [Longterm bupranolol therapy in glaucoma eyes: a one to two year follow up study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102482 TI - [Glare tests--comparison of mesoptometer and Lavergne's method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102483 TI - [Studies on viscoelasticity of the vitreous body (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102484 TI - [Effects of cervical sympathetic nerve block on the change of electroretinogram by raising intra-ocular pressure in rabbits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102485 TI - [Hyaloid vascular system of the rat: a study on its topography examined by plastic cast (author's transl)]. PMID- 7102488 TI - [Jeune syndrome and fungal bronchial asthma]. AB - A young girl suffering from asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy secondary to bronchial asthma was submitted to an allergologic evaluation. We have not found these processes associated in what some authors have called the "minor forms" of the Jeune syndrome. Osteochondrodysplasia, called in recent papers thoracic pelvic-phalangeal dysplasia, is characterised by marked retraction of the thoracic cage associated with changes in the bones of the pelvis and extremities. We placed special emphasis on the classification of the different forms of presentation as being of greater or lesser severity from a clinical point of view, and stressed the importance of associated abnormalities (such as renal complications, as in the case of our patient) with respect to the eventual prognosis. The diagnosis of allergy is based on a detailed clinical history, positive results to cutaneous testing and the presence of specific IgE, together with the results of nasal provocation. The recording by rhinomanometre, of the temperature and pressure, and the assessment of the nasal mucosa following contact with the suspected allergen was also of help. Finally, having established the diagnosis, we advised the corresponding treatment, both from the allergic and renal viewpoints and concluded with an evaluation of the prognosis as conditioned by the renal pathology. PMID- 7102487 TI - Allergic disorders in urban and rural populations. AB - The incidence of bronchial asthma, rhinitis and dermatoses was investigated using a questionnaire given to 9010 and 4284 subjects in urban and rural environments, respectively. The diagnoses initially obtained through the questionnaires were confirmed by an allergologist. Results showed that the incidence of allergic conditions among 4293 subjects living in a newly constructed residential area was 4.2% (group A), 2.8% among 4717 subjects living in detached houses (group B) and 2.6% in rural areas (group C). In children the incidence of allergic conditions was higher (group A-5.5, group B-4.2, group C-4.7) than in adults (A-3.6, B-2.2, C-1.7). A higher incidence was observed in boys (6.3) than in girls (4.7). In adult females the incidence was higher (3.3) than in males (1.6). The incidence of bronchial asthma per thousand subjects studied was: group A-7.2 cases; group B 3.1; and group C-2.5. The relative frequency of allergic conditions in each group follows: group A: bronchial asthma 17%, allergic rhinitis 2.7%, allergic dermatoses 78.0%; group B: 10.6%, 4.2%, 83.6% and group C: 10.7%, 4.9%, 73% respectively. PMID- 7102489 TI - Immunologic study of carcinoma of the digestive tract. Influence of tumor staging. II. Humoral immunity in the preoperative period. AB - The studies of levels of circulating immunoglobulins in cases of solid neoplasia in man have yielded discordant results, especially in cases of colon and rectal cancer. The possible prognostic value of the quantitation of these parameters has been discussed, and some have even suggested that certain fluctuations in immunoglobulin levels may indicate the development of metastases. We studied the behavior of humoral immunity in 88 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 63 patients with cancer of the colon and 60 healthy controls. The cancer patients were grouped according to tumor stage. Serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were determined in the preoperative period. The results show a significant decrease in IgG titers in all stages of gastric cancer but more so in the initial stages of development. In the cases of cancer of the colon, the IgG reduction was most evident in the advanced stages of disease. IgA levels were significantly elevated in stage III of gastric cancer and all stages of cancer of the large intestine. IgM levels in gastric cancer behave in a similar manner as IgA, and is elevated in the final stages of cancer of the colon. PMID- 7102490 TI - Focus: De Anza College older adult education. PMID- 7102486 TI - Quantitation of immunoglobulins in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni under chemotherapy. AB - The humoral immune response of patients with intestinal and hepato-intestinal form of Mansoni's schistosomiasis treated with a single dose of Oxamniquine was evaluated by quantitation of IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE. A constant and significant increase of IgE was observed in the majority of patients after treatment. Augmentation of serum IgE after treatment was variable, but a 3 fold increase was observed. IgG increased slightly after treatment in 6 patients, and IgM increased in 5 patients under the same conditions. However, the difference between the levels of IgG and IgM before and after treatment was not significant. IgA levels were within the normal range, before and after treatment. PMID- 7102491 TI - Body density and skinfold thickness of children. PMID- 7102492 TI - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. AB - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia may represent an acute medical emergency. The anemia is normocytic normochromic and is usually associated with an elevated reticulocyte count. The diagnosis is confirmed by positive direct and indirect Coombs tests. Treatment consists of blood transfusion if the anemia is life threatening. Steroids promote a decrease in the serum immunoglobulin level and block binding of antibody to the red blood cell. Splenectomy is reserved for those patients who fail to respond to steroids. PMID- 7102493 TI - Pulmonary edema. PMID- 7102494 TI - Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency. PMID- 7102495 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum. AB - Pyoderma gangrenosum is a clinical diagnosis. The ulcer shows three absolutely distinctive morphologic features: a purple-red, raised, undermined border; an irregular base, and cribriform scarring at the periphery. Evaluation of a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum requires a systematic search for possible associated inflammatory bowel disease or other internal disease. Although a variety of local treatments are used, systemic steroids are almost always necessary. PMID- 7102497 TI - Endoscopically placed biliary drains and stents. PMID- 7102496 TI - Acute epiglottitis in adults. AB - Acute epiglottitis in adults is a fulminant disease characterized by local cellulitis of supraglottic structures. Symptoms include sore throat, dysphagia, respiratory difficulty and muffled voice. Signs are pharyngitis, swollen and inflamed epiglottis, epiglottic abscess and/or cervical swelling. Diagnosis is facilitated by an upright, lateral neck x-ray and indirect laryngoscopy. The mainstays of treatment are airway maintenance, antibiotics, steroids, hydration, cool mist, oxygen and supportive care. PMID- 7102499 TI - Breast masses in adolescents. PMID- 7102498 TI - Noncardiac surgery and anesthesia in patients with heart disease. PMID- 7102500 TI - Nondepressive/nonalcoholic-linked suicides. PMID- 7102501 TI - The long QT syndrome; effects of drugs and left stellate ganglion block. AB - Four patients, two with congenital QT prolongation (Romano-Ward syndrome) and two with acquired idiopathic QT prolongation not related to bradycardia, drug toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, or neurological disorder were investigated for the onset of recurrent palpitations and/or syncope. The effects on the measured QT interval of intravenously administered propranolol (QTp), an infusion of isoproterenol (QTi) and left stellate ganglion block (QTs) were assessed at identical atrial paced rates and during sinus rhythm, corrected for rate change (QTc). Propranolol shortened the QTc in all patients. The QTp shortened only in those with congenital QT prolongation. Isoproterenol lengthened the QTc in the three patients studied. However, the QTi lengthened in the congenital syndrome whereas it shortened in the acquired syndrome. The QTs was uninfluenced by left stellate ganglion block in all patients. It is suggested that the congenital and acquired forms can be differentiated by pharmacological interventions and that the efficacy of propranolol in the former may result from its ability not only to increase the threshold for ventricular fibrillation, but also its ability to shorten the QT interval. PMID- 7102503 TI - Excessive serum lidocaine levels during maintenance infusions: mechanisms and prevention. AB - Clinical and pharmacokinetic data were reviewed in 72 patients who developed excessive lidocaine serum levels during maintenance infusions. Fifty-one of the 72 (70%) were cardiac patients who had mean lidocaine excretory clearances less than one half of normal. Forty percent of these became toxic in spite of a reduced infusion rate (30 micrograms/kg/min). Seven patients with normal excretory mechanisms became toxic when they received large doses of lidocaine. The remaining 14 cases lacked an identifiable cause to explain the development of higher than therapeutic serum levels. Inordinately high serum levels of monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), an active lidocaine metabolite, were found in seven patients, but in only one was MEGX greater than lidocaine. Prolonged infusions (24 hours or greater) were not clearly associated with the worst lidocaine elimination clearances. Lidocaine toxicity was life-threatening or significantly complicated the management of 15 patients. Based on the data presented, guidelines are offered as an approach to the prevention of toxicity from maintenance lidocaine infusions. PMID- 7102502 TI - Prolongation of verapamil elimination kinetics during chronic oral administration. AB - The elimination of verapamil and its n-demethylated metabolite, norverapamil, was studied in nine patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after the first oral verapamil dose and during chronic oral verapamil administration. Significant increases (p less than 0.01) were seen in the elimination half-lives (t 1/2's) of both verapamil (6.4 +/- 3.5 to 12 +/- 5 hours, mean +/- SD) and norverapamil (10.3 +/- 6 to 16.5 +/- 7 hours) during chronic oral verapamil administration. These pharmacokinetic observations have important clinical implications for the rational long-term administration of this agent. Once steady-state serum concentrations have been achieved during chronic verapamil administration, verapamil doses should be given at less frequent intervals or in smaller doses in order to produce the desired serum concentration and therapeutic response and to minimize unwanted or toxic drug effects. PMID- 7102504 TI - Relation of healed transmural myocardial infarct size to length of survival after acute myocardial infarction, age at death, and amount and extent of coronary arterial narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques: analysis of 70 necropsy patients. AB - The percent of left ventricular wall (including ventricular septum) replaced by scar was determined in 70 necropsy patients with a healed transmural myocardial infarct (MI). The MI involved from 1% to 55% (mean 13%) of the left ventricular wall. The ages at death of the patients ranged from 25 to 82 years (mean 62) and did not significantly correlate with MI size (r = -0.12). Of the 70 patients, 41 (59%) had unequivocal histories of an acute MI: the interval from the MI to death in them ranged from 2 to 276 months (mean 50) and correlated negatively with MI size (r = -0.32, p less than 0.05), and the age at the MI ranged from 26 to 79 years (mean 58) and did not correlate with MI size (r = -0.05). The four major epicardial coronary arteries were examined quantitatively in 56 patients; the number of coronary arteries with severe narrowing ranged from one to four (mean 2.9) and did not correlate with MI size (r = -0.24). The mean MI size in the 12 patients with and in the 44 without severe narrowing of the left main coronary artery was identical (each 13%). The entire lengths of the right, left anterior descending, and left circumflex coronary arteries in the 56 patients were divided into 5 mm long segments and the amounts of cross-sectional area narrowing in each of the resulting 2489 segments were determined by histologic examination. The percent of 5 mm segments with severe (cross-sectional area narrowing 76% to 100%) narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques in each patient ranged from 3% to 93% (mean 44% and did not correlate with MI size (r = -0.20). When the 28 patients with an MI involving greater than 10% of the left ventricular wall were compared to those with an MI involving less than or equal to 10%, a similar overall percentage of 5 mm segments of coronary artery was severely narrowed (43% vs 42%). In addition, a similar percentage of segments was narrowed severely in each of the three major epicardial coronary arteries. Thus in our necropsy patients with a healed transmural MI, the MI size correlated with length of survival after an acute MI (in patients with definite histories of an acute MI) but not with age at death or with the amount, location, or extent of coronary arterial narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques. PMID- 7102506 TI - Influence of blood sampling site and technique on thromboxane concentrations in patients with ischemic heart disease. AB - Thromboxane A2 may play a role in coronary arterial spasm, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden death. Although previous studies have examined peripheral, aortic, and coronary sinus concentrations of its stable metabolite, thromboxane B2 (TxB2), it is unknown, first, if blood sampling through long catheters alters the concentration of TxB2 and second, if peripheral levels of this prostanoid reflect its intracoronary production and release. In order to answer these questions, paired blood samples were obtained through an 18-gauge needle and a No. 7 or 8 French 110 to 125 cm catheter from the arterial (14 patients) and venous (16 patients) circulations; in addition, coronary sinus and peripheral venous samples were obtained in 16 patients and aortic samples were obtained in 14 of these patients. All samples were analyzed to TxB2 by radioimmunoassay. Blood sampling through long catheters did not systematically alter the concentrations of arterial TxB2 (needle, 85.5 +/- 67.5 pg/ml [mean +/- SD]; catheter, 62.3 +/- 40.9 pg/ml; p = 0.20) or venous TxB2 (needle, 182.5 +/- 170.5 pg/ml; catheter, 521.4 +/- 1536.0 pg/ml; p = 0.39). Peripheral venous TxB2 levels did not correlate with TxB2 levels in coronary sinus (r = 0.01) or the TxB2 coronary sinus/aortic ratios (r = 0.21). Thus blood sampling through long catheters across the coronary bed is both a reliable and necessary method for assessing intracoronary TxB2 production in patients with ischemic heart disease. PMID- 7102507 TI - Noninvasive assessment of changes in myocardial perfusion and ventricular performance following exercise training. AB - Seventeen coronary patients (CAD) underwent thallium (TI-201) treadmill and radionuclide (RNV) ejection fraction supine bicycle testing before and after 5.6 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) months of an exercise program. Thallium data were assessed both using analog images and a computerized circumferential profile technique. Patients exercised on the treadmill to a higher workload after the exercise program, but achieved a similar pressure-rate product. When interpreting the analog thallium images, only 50% agreement was obtained for the assessment of changes in myocardial perfusion (pre/post-training). The computer technique, however, had low inter-intraobserver variability (6%) and better agreement (90.5%). Using the circumferential profile method, five patients improved (a total of 11 regions) and one patient worsened (with two regions). Before the exercise program, the ejection fraction (EF) response to supine bike exercise was normal (an increase greater than 11%) in four, flat in seven, and severely abnormal (a decrease of more than 4%) in six patients. After the exercise program, even though achieving similar or higher pressure-rate products, six patients improved their EF response, nine did not change, and two worsened. Of the five patients who improved their thallium images, one improved his EF response, two remained normal, and two did not change. One patient worsened both his thallium study and the EF response after the exercise program. Changes in thallium exercise images and the EF response to supine exercise occurred in our patients after an exercise program, but were not always concordant. Indeed, of five patients with exercise-induced ischemic ST changes before and after training, the EF response improved in three whereas myocardial perfusion was unchanged. Reasons for this lack of agreement are discussed, and have been considered in the planning of a randomized trial of the effects of an exercise program on myocardial perfusion and function. PMID- 7102505 TI - Functional significance of coronary collateral vessels in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - Regional myocardial perfusion was measured in 12 normal subjects and in 34 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) at rest and during infusion of isoproterenol. Increments in regional flows normalized for change in heart rate systolic product were 91 +/- 28% (S.D.) in normals, 71 +/- 44% in normal regions in diseased hearts, 58 +/- 33% in regions supplied by 50% to 70% stenosed arteries, 35 +/- 32% in regions supplied by arteries stenosed by more than 70%, and 16 +/- 27% in regions supplied by collateral vessels only. In 3 of 14 regions perfused entirely via collateral pathways, regional perfusion decreased with isoproterenol. Therefore the extent to which coronary flow reserve estimated with isoproterenol was compromised varied directly with the severity of anatomic coronary artery lesions and, in some regions entirely perfused by collateral vessels, an increase in heart rate-systolic pressure product was accompanied by a decrease in perfusion below resting levels. It is concluded that collateral vessels effectively maintain flow rates at normal levels at rest but tend to be inefficient at delivering blood when myocardial oxygen demand is increased. PMID- 7102509 TI - Effects of acute incremental volume overload on cardiac chamber size, function, and the pulmonary circulation: analysis by digital intravenous angiography. AB - To assess the effects of acute incremental volume overload on cardiac size, function, and the pulmonary circulation, we studied six anesthetized dogs using intravenous digital angiography. Aortocaval (AC) fistulas were placed in four dogs, and fistulas in both a carotid and iliac artery were placed in two dogs. Data were obtained at four points: (1) control stage; (2) partial shunt (PS, where either AC partially open or iliac fistula was open and carotid fistula was closed); (3) full shunt (FS, AC shunt open or both iliac and carotid shunts open); and (4) control stage 2. Little change in heart rate (HR) or arterial pressure occurred. With FS, both mean pulmonary artery and wedge pressures increased (p less than 0.05); however, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances declined. Cardiac output rose (1.54 +/- 0.42 L/min at control) to 2.44 +/- 0.84 L/min at PC (P less than 0.05 vs control) and to 3.13 +/- 0.89 L/min at full shunt (p less than 0.01 vs control). Both left (0.40 +/- 0.09 to 0.55 +/- 0.10 to 0.66 +/- 0.10, p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 vs control, respectively) and right (0.34 +/- 0.10 to 0.40 +/- 0.10 to 0.51 +/- 0.09, the latter p less than 0.01 vs control) ventricular ejection fractions rose, as did left (30.7 +/- 13 ml to 35.1 +/- 13 ml to 37.8 +/- 13 ml, the latter p less than 0.05 vs control) and right (37.4 +/- 6.1 ml to 44.2 +/- 16.6 ml to 51.4 +/- 17 ml, the latter p less than 0.01 vs control) ventricular end-diastolic volumes. Atrial volume (determined at ventricular end-systole) also increased (9.4 +/- 3.6 ml to 11 +/- 3.5 ml to 12.9 +/- 4.3 ml, the latter p less than 0.05 vs control). These increases in cardiac function and size occurred in association with a shortening of pulmonary transit time (5.4 +/- 0.8 to 3.5 +/- 0.7 seconds to 2.9 +/- 0.5 seconds, the latter two p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 vs control, respectively), with no significant change in pulmonary blood volume. We conclude that acute volume overload produces cardiac chamber dilatation, along with increases in systolic function. Both pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance declined, and the transit time in the pulmonary circulation shortened. Digital intravenous ventriculography is a useful technique for the analysis of the central circulation during acute hemodynamic manipulations. PMID- 7102510 TI - Postoperative abnormalities of interventricular septal motion: two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic correlations. AB - Our hypothesis was that the postoperative abnormalities in septal motion observed by M-mode echocardiography (MME) are due to changes of either ventricular shape or of total cardiac motion within the thorax. We obtained preoperative and early and late postoperative MME and two-dimensional echocardiograms on 25 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. No patient had coronary artery disease. All patients had normal preoperative septal motion; 11 patients retained normal (group N) septal motion on postoperative MME; 14 patients developed abnormal (group A) septal motion. Comparison of these two groups revealed that the group A patients had a greater degree of posterior epicardial motion toward the chest wall during systole. This indicates a greater anterior motion of the entire heart within the thorax, which produces the observed septal motion abnormality by carrying the septum forward passively as the whole heart moves anteriorly. This excessive forward cardiac motion may be due to fixation of the heart anteriorly by postoperative sternal-cardiac adhesions. No changes in left ventricular shape, size, or function were found to be associated with abnormal septal motion, nor was septal contraction impaired. Changes in intrathoracic cardiac motion are the probable cause of septal motion abnormalities after cardiac surgery. PMID- 7102508 TI - Influence of the autonomic nervous system on coronary blood flow during partial stenosis. AB - Partial coronary stenosis produces cyclical changes in coronary blood flow (CBF) which are the result of spontaneous aggregation and disaggregation of platelet plugs at the site of occlusion. The possible influence of the autonomic nervous system on this phenomenon has not been hitherto determined. The present study was performed in 20 chloralose-anesthetized dogs in which the effects of bilateral vagotomy and stellectomy were examined during partial stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery. Vagotomy reduced the frequency of CBF oscillations from 11.5 +/- 2.1 to 5.0 +/- 2.1 cycles/hr (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of the flow changes was reduced from 13.8 +/- 4.0 to 9.7 +/- 3.0 ml/min (NS). Bilateral cervical stellectomy reduced the frequency of CBF changes from 7.8 +/- 2.7 to 3.7 +/- 1.3 cycles/hr (p less than 0.025) and their magnitude from 10.6 +/ 2.5 to 5.6 +/- 1.8 ml/min (P less than 0.05). In five dogs in which cyclical CBF changes were reduced or abolished by decentralizing the stellate ganglia, electrical stimulation of the main body of the left ganglion evoked or enhanced the oscillations in two dogs, had no distinct effect in two dogs, and elicited no response in one dog. A 5-minute infusion of 0.5 microgram/kg/min and 0.75 microgram/kg/min epinephrine (four dogs) provoked the CBF changes in all animals for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. Blockade of muscarinic receptors by 0.2 mg/kg atropine resulted in a significant attenuation of flow changes, which may at least in part have been due to a direct effect of atropine on platelets. We conclude that cardiac sympathetic tone significantly influences the CBF pattern during critical coronary stenosis. While the afferent limb of the vagus may in part mediate this effect via a reflex increase of adrenal medullary catecholamines, the role of the efferent vagus awaits further clarification. PMID- 7102511 TI - Acoustical performance of the stethoscope: a comparative analysis. PMID- 7102514 TI - Time trends in hospital mortality and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 7102513 TI - Origin of the left main from the right coronary artery or from the right aortic sinus with intramyocardial tunneling to the left side of the heart via the ventricular septum. The case against clinical significance of myocardial bridge or coronary tunnel. PMID- 7102512 TI - Etiology of clinically isolated, severe, chronic, pure mitral regurgitation: analysis of 97 patients over 30 years of age having mitral valve replacement. PMID- 7102515 TI - Documented development of severe stenoses of previously confirmed normally functioning aortic valves. PMID- 7102519 TI - Fatal cardiac complications of Wilson's disease. PMID- 7102517 TI - Sudden death in aortic stenosis monitored by ear densitographic pulse and ECG. PMID- 7102518 TI - Acquired cor triatriatum (left ventricular false aneurysm): complication of active infective endocarditis of the aortic valve with ring abscess treated by valve replacement. PMID- 7102520 TI - Carotid sinus syncope as a manifestation of parotid tumors. PMID- 7102521 TI - Digoxin maintenance dosage in obesity. PMID- 7102516 TI - Pericardiocentesis induced intrapericardial thrombus: detection by two dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 7102522 TI - Rapid atrial fibrillation during hypercalcemia despite verapamil therapy. PMID- 7102523 TI - ST segment performance of ambulatory ECG monitoring systems. PMID- 7102524 TI - Proceedings of an International Symposium on Pindolol. October 20-21, 1980, Miami, Florida. PMID- 7102525 TI - Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in humans and several animal species. AB - The absorption, distribution, detoxification, and excretion of pindolol were investigated in mice, rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys, and humans. The absorption was very good in all species; however, the quantitative composition of the final excretion products was unique for each species. Considerable interspecies variation was also apparent with respect to excretion patterns. The pharmacokinetics of pindolol in humans was investigated in single- and multiple dose studies. All results were in agreement with a three-compartment model. The absorption was rapid and a first-pass effect of 12% to 25% of the dose (mean 20%) was calculated. The half-lives of the excretion of radioactivity were 3.0, 1.2, and less than 100 hours. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in normal volunteers were compared with corresponding values obtained in patients with hypertension, renal insufficiency, or liver impairment. Results in these patients were not significantly different. The bioavailability interaction was investigated with drugs often coadministered with a beta blocker. No drug-drug interaction was found with hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, coumarin, or aspirin. Pindolol coadministration resulted in a possible lowering of digoxin levels. The bioavailability of the tablet dosage forM proposed for marketing was compared to that of a solution and found to be optimal. PMID- 7102526 TI - Once-a-day treatment of hypertension with pindolol. AB - Administration of a once-daily dosage of pindolol seems to be a simple and effective way to treat mild to moderate hypertension and one that produces relatively few side effects. In most cases, gradual titration of the drug seems unnecessary and the optimum dose can be given initially without increasing the risk of side effects. Thus, a simpler regimen can be instituted which may encourage patient compliance--a factor of great importance in view of the long duration of the therapy. PMID- 7102528 TI - The effect on asthma of a new beta blocker, pindolol. PMID- 7102527 TI - Once-daily pindolol in hypertension: an ambulatory assessment. AB - Ambulatory monitoring of intra-arterial blood pressure was used to assess patterns of circadian blood pressure in 12 hypertensive patients who were treated with pindolol in either a once- or twice-daily dosage regimen. Neither once-daily nor twice-daily pindolol had much effect during the latter part of the night and early morning. In the six patients who agreed to further crossover studies, the hypotensive effects of once-daily therapy were not significantly different from those produced by a twice-daily regimen. While confirming the effectiveness of once-daily beta blockade in hypertension, we deduce that failure to affect nighttime blood pressure substantially is a feature independent of the dosage regimen and also, probably, of the individual beta blocker used. PMID- 7102529 TI - The value of exercise in testing beta blockade and airway reactivity in asthmatic patients. AB - On separate days, in double-blind fashion, 23 subjects with mild or moderate asthma were injected intravenously with a placebo or 0.4 mg pindolol. Plethysmographic and spirometric measurements were performed before and after injection and repeatedly after exhausting incremental bicycle ergometer exercise. The mean reduction in maximal exercise heart rate of 26 bpm after pindolol compared to placebo confirmed significant cardiovascular beta blockade. Baseline 1-second vital capacity (FEV1) values and other flow rates were similar in both trials. There were similar reductions in FEV1 (median of 1% to 2% and mean of 3% to 5%) and other flow rates immediately after injection of placebo or pindolol. Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) occurred in 34 of 46 trials and tended to be more severe in subjects with more baseline airway obstruction. Minimal EIB (FEV1 to 80% to 90% of baseline values) developed in eight after taking placebo and in seven after taking pindolol; mild EIB (FEV1 to 60% to 79% of baseline) developed in the five after placebo and six after pindolol and moderate EIB (FEV1 to 40% to 59% of baseline) developed in three after placebo and five after pindolol. In five subjects, FEV1 was reduced to a greater extent after placebo than after pindolol (median of 6%), whereas in 13 subjects, FEV1 was reduced to a greater extent after pindolol than after placebo (median of 10%). These small differences in FEV1 between placebo and pindolol were significant by the t test after exercise but not before exercise. Thus, exercise appears to increase the sensitivity in evaluating airway reactivity in asthmatic patients and also tests the effectiveness of cardiovascular beta blockade. PMID- 7102530 TI - Reversibility of bronchospasm in airway obstruction. AB - In a double-blind, randomized crossover study of 12 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, the comparative influence of equipotent doses of pindolol (5 mg) and metoprolol (100 mg) on the bronchodilatory potential of inhaled fenoterol (0.4 mg), a beta 2-agonist, was investigated by means of body plethysmography. Neither beta-blocker caused bronchospasm or attenuated the bronchodilation due to fenoterol. The results are not pertinent to the potential risk of bronchospastic complications induced by beta 1-selective or nonselective drugs, but they rule out a therapy-oriented differentiation between pindolol and cardioselective agents as far as the potential response to the bronchodilating activity of inhaled sympathomimetics is concerned. PMID- 7102531 TI - Observations on three dosage forms of pindolol. PMID- 7102532 TI - Pindolol and systolic time intervals in patients with hypertension. AB - Two studies of systolic time intervals (STIs) in patients with mild to moderate hypertension (HBP) revealed that no mean change in systolic intervals occurred with pindolol therapy, although some patients had significant alterations in their STIs. Pindolol responders with normal pretreatment preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratios had a significant increase in this ratio following pindolol therapy, whereas those with abnormal pretreatment PEP/LVET ratios had improvement in this ratio on administration of the drug. Patients on propranolol showed no change in PEP/LVET ratio. Propranolol administration slowed heart rate and lengthened Q-S2, S1-S2, and LVET, however, without altering the Q-S2 and LVET index, indicating that the changes were caused by the effect of propranolol on the heart rate alone. Chlorthalidone in high doses significantly reduced the Q-S2 index and the S1-S2 index, indicating that these changes were not caused by alteration of the heart rate. The second study suggests that STIs may provide a predictive clue for clinical response to pindolol. Patients with normal cardiac function (group I) are more likely to respond to pindolol than are those with abnormal cardiac function (group II). Directionally opposite changes in STIs in the two subgroups suggest different mechanisms for changing cardiac function. Pindolol's dual role as a beta-blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity is proposed as a possible explanation, beta-blocking effects predominating in group I and sympathomimetic activity balancing the beta effect in group II. PMID- 7102533 TI - Cardiac safety of acute beta blockade: intrinsic sympathomimetic activity is superior to beta-1 selectivity. AB - Regional myocardial function was assessed by multidirectional echocardiography from eight standardized segments around the left ventricle. Thirty-six subjects (healthy, severe angina pectoris, or acute myocardial infarction) were studied 15 minutes either after the beta 1-selective beta-blocking drug metoprolol had been administered in total doses of 2 and 10 mg intravenously or after pindolol, a beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), in total doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg intravenously had been given. Metoprolol and pindolol reduced rate pressure product (p less than 0.001 each), heart rate (p less than 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05 to 0.001) in almost the same way. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, 0.2 mg pindolol improved ST segments by 33% and 2 mg metoprolol by 18%. Left ventricular diameter increased (p less than 0.001) and ejection fraction decreased (p less than 0.05) after metoprolol but not after pindolol. Pindolol did not reduce wall motion amplitudes of healthy myocardial segments, while metoprolol did ( p less than 0.01). The overall contractile function of the left ventricle is characterized by composite segmental amplitudes from both ischemic and healthy ventricular regions. In ischemic hearts this function remained unchanged after metoprolol but improved markedly after pindolol (p less than 0.005). Thus, while intravenous pindolol and metoprolol produced equal reductions in rate-pressure product, pindolol, a beta adrenergic-blocking drug with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, evoked less cardiac depression and thus provided a cardiac safety factor not afforded by the beta- 1-selective metoprolol. PMID- 7102534 TI - Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol. AB - Three groups of hypertensive patients were studied after they had received one of the three pharmacologically different beta blockers for at least 1 month: pindolol, 10 mg twice a day (n = 7), propranolol median dose, 80 mg three times a day (n = 9), or metoprolol, 150 mg (twice a day (n = 8). After abrupt withdrawal of drug and replacement with placebo, we measured the following on day 0 and approximately every 2 days up to 3 weeks; beta-adrenergic sensitivity (BAS) by the chronotropic dose of isoproterenol to increase heart rate by 25 bpm (CD25), resting heart rate and blood pressure, and symptoms. All values are medians. On day 0, beta blockade was evident by increased CD25 values of 618 micrograms for pindolol, 57 micrograms for propranolol, and 10 micrograms for metoprolol as compared to 2.8, 2.4, and 3.0 microgram, respectively, at days 14 to 21, which were considered the ultimate baseline. After pindolol on day 0, the CD25 slowly decreased to, but never below, baseline by days 8 to 21. In contrast, after propranolol on day 0, the CD25 decreased significantly two- to fivefold below baseline from days 4 to 14 (BAS) and after metoprolol two- to threefold below baseline from days 2 to 8. After pindolol, heart rate and blood pressure gradually returned to, but not above, ultimate baseline. In contrast, during the period of BAS there was a significant overshoot of heart rate in eight patients after metoprolol (day 0 = 61, peak = 88, baseline = 74) but not after propranolol, while a significant overshoot of blood pressure occurred in six of nine patients after propranolol (day 0 = 140/87, peak = 157/95, baseline = 140/89) but not after metoprolol. Withdrawal symptoms of headache, palpitations, and tremor occurred in one of seven patients after pindolol, six of nine after propranolol, and three of eight after metoprolol. The degree and duration of beta blockade appeared related to drug potency. Withdrawal phenomena occurred after propranolol and metoprolol but not after pindolol. PMID- 7102535 TI - Pindolol for ventricular arrhythmia. AB - The role of pindolol in treating ventricular arrhythmia was studied in 43 patients with this disorder. Of these patients, 23 had coronary heart disease, 5 had valvular disease, and 15 had no demonstrable heart disease. patients underwent acute drug testing with 20 mg pindolol (phase 1) followed by maintenance therapy (phase 2) for 3 days (20 to 80 mg daily). Efficacy during both phases was evaluated by ambulatory monitoring and treadmill exercise testing. During acute drug testing, 50% of te patients responded. A concordant response between acute drug testing and phase 2 monitoring was seen in 81% (p less than 0.005) of patients and between acute drug testing and phase 2 exercise testing in 88% (p less than 0.005). Arrhythmia was suppressed during the phase 2 exercise test in 53% of patients; these included 80% of the patients without heart disease and 50% of those with coronary heart disease (not significant). During phase 2 monitoring, 60% of patients without heart disease responded vs. 25% with coronary heart disease (not significant). Side effects occurred in 12 patients (28%). These included congestive heart failure (3 patients); fatigue, lightheadedness, and insomnia (2 patients each); nausea, tremor, urinary retention, and bronchospasm (1 patient each); and aggravation of arrhythmia (7 patients). It is concluded that although pindolol alone is marginally effective for treating ventricular arrhythmia in patients with coronary heart disease, it appears to be more valuable in those without heart disease, especially when arrhythmia is provided by exercise. Acute drug testing proved highly predictive of the results with maintenance therapy and is a valuable rapid-screening procedure for identifying potential responders to pindolol. PMID- 7102536 TI - Treatment of angina pectoris with pindolol: the significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of beta blockers. AB - Although all beta blockers have been found to be effective in the symptomatic relief of angina pectoris, the importance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) has not been studied extensively. In a randomized, double-blind study, we administered equipotent doses of propranolol (10, 20, and 40 mg four times a day) and pindolol (2.5, 5, and 10 mg four times a day), a beta blocker with significant ISA, to 52 patients with angina. Both agents were found to be effective in the treatment of angina. At peak dose, propranolol reduced the number of angina attacks per 2 weeks from 29.29 +/- 4.79 to 18.0 +/- 4.4 (p = 0.021) (a 39% reduction) and increased the exercise tolerance on the treadmill from 7.55 +/- 0.67 METS to 9.36 +/- 0.58 (p = 0.002). Pindolol decreased the number of anginal attacks per 2 weeks from 16.48 +/- 2.63 to 8.65 +/- 2.46 (p = 0.0027) (a 48% reduction) and increased exercise tolerance from 7.95 +/- 0.56 METS to 9.40 +/- 0.57 (p = 0.0245). At the end of the maximum tolerated exercise, propranolol decreased the heart rate from 110.00 +/- 3.41 to 99.71 +/- 3.74 (p = 0.0015). Pindolol also decreased the heart rate at the maximum tolerated exercise from 113.59 +/- 3.24 to 108.12 +/- 3.16 (p = 0.0102). At rest, however, propranolol induced a more pronounced (p = 0.0066) decrease in heart rate (from 69.00 +/- 1.85 to 61.50 +/- 1.99; p = 0.0018), whereas pindolol did not significantly affect the resting heart rate (65.37 +/- 1.47 to 65.5 +/- 1.44; p = 0.9392). In addition propranolol decreased echocardiographically determined ejection fraction from 0.57 +/- 0.02 to 0.15 +/- 0.01 (p = 0.04) and increased the left ventricular end-diastolic volume from 71.8 +/- 3.2 to 92.2 +/- 1.9 ml (p = 0.003), whereas pindolol did not affect the ejection fraction and caused a less pronounced (p = 0.03) increase in end-diastolic volume (from 70.8 +/- 1.8 to 80.2 +/- 2.8; p = 0.02). The data indicate that both propranolol and pindolol are effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and that pindolol decreases the resting heart rate and ejection fraction and increases the left ventricular end diastolic volume to a lesser extent than propranolol. PMID- 7102537 TI - Randomized double-blind study of pindolol in patients with stable angina pectoris. AB - Twelve patients with documented coronary arteriosclerosis and severe stable angina pectoris were treated with the beta blocker pindolol, 5 mg four times a day, utilizing a double-blind crossover protocol. Following 4 weeks of baseline observation with no active treatment, pindolol and placebo were given for 4 weeks each. End points evaluated were episodes of angina pectoris/week, number of nitroglycerin tablets used per week, time on treadmill test until onset of angina pectoris, double product of heart rate and blood pressure at onset of angina pectoris, and amount of ST depression during the treadmill exercise test. Episodes of angina pectoris and nitroglycerin consumption were reduced by 18% on placebo and 32% on pindolol (not significant). All of the improvement occurred in the third and fourth weeks of pindolol treatment. Less difference between pindolol and placebo was noted when the placebo period came after the pindolol period, suggesting a carry-over effect of pindolol. With pindolol, treatment exercise tolerance was increased 13% (33 seconds) over baseline levels but only 2% over the levels achieved with placebo treatment (not significant). ST depression with exercise was 6% less when patients were on pindolol than when they were on placebo (not significant). There was a marked decrease in myocardial oxygen demand as measured by the double product of blood pressure and pulse during exercise (23% reduction when on pindolol and no change when on placebo, p less than 0.01). This study shows that there was an important placebo effect when treatment of angina pectoris was evaluated and that pindolol significantly reduced myocardial oxygen demand but evidence of ischemia was not significantly reduced. Possible mechanisms to explain the disparity between reduction in estimated myocardial oxygen demand (double product) and objective improvement in ischemia include coronary spasm and altered regional flow resulting from beta blockade. Alternative explanations may be the relatively small fixed dose of pindolol and the small number of patients studied. PMID- 7102538 TI - Pindolol postmyocardial infarction study: evaluation of the drug's antiarrhythmic and antianginal activity. AB - The study was designed to assess the antiarrhythmic and antianginal properties of pindolol as well as the tolerance to the drug by patients who had experienced a myocardial infarction 5 to 6 months previously. Exercise tests were performed in 521 postinfarct patients before and after a single oral 5 mg dose of pindolol. Depending on the physical condition of the patient, the initial work load was 25 or 50 watts, which was increased by 25 watts every 5 minutes. In patients with an initial heart rate (HR) of more than 68 bpm on the average, HR at rest was reduced with pindolol. This reduction was more pronounced the higher the initial HR. If the initial HR was below 68 bpm, HR increased slightly with pindolol, reflecting the drug's intrinsic activity. The frequency-regulating effect of pindolol dependent on the level of exercise that produced the tachycardia: tachycardia at rest responded more markedly to pindolol than exercise-induced tachycardia; tachycardia due to low-level exercise responded better than that due to higher level exercise. Of the 88 patients who developed typical effort angina and/or ischemic ST-segment depression, 62 became symptom free during exercise when taking pindolol. The patient sample included 66 patients with effort-related premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 44 of whom responded well to pindolol. Of the 453 patients with a stable HR, 15 exhibited PVCs during exercise for the first time while receiving pindolol. Overall, pindolol exerted a statistically highly significant antiarrhythmic effect. Tolerance to pindolol was good; no side effects were observed. PMID- 7102539 TI - Promoting pharmacist well-being. PMID- 7102540 TI - Well-being: a North Carolina study. PMID- 7102544 TI - Pharmacy crime prevention--it's up to you! PMID- 7102545 TI - Determining the purchase price of an established pharmacy. PMID- 7102542 TI - A roundtable. HMOs in the '80s. PMID- 7102543 TI - The older adult and the pharmacist educator. PMID- 7102548 TI - The pharmacist, the law and veterinary drugs. A brief review. PMID- 7102541 TI - Beating the heat: the pharmacist's role in prevention. PMID- 7102547 TI - Veterinary pharmacy: an overview. PMID- 7102549 TI - Pet remedies. PMID- 7102550 TI - Bacterial vaccines. Coming into the health care system of the 1980s. PMID- 7102546 TI - Food safety legislation: the political climate changes. PMID- 7102552 TI - Labeling for children--an unresolved problem. PMID- 7102551 TI - America's immunization schedule for wiping out disease. PMID- 7102553 TI - Electrotonic modulation of the T wave and cardiac memory. AB - Alterations in the sequence of ventricular activation (left bundle branch block occurring spontaneously or induced by atrial pacing; right ventricular pacing) were studied and shown to induce two opposite changes in the order of ventricular repolarization. One, which causes classic secondary T wave changes, occurs and disappears instantaneously, and is proportional in magnitude to the QRS complex but of opposite direction. The other, which requires a long time to reach its maximal effect and to be dissipated, shows the same direction as the abnormal QRS forces but becomes apparent only when normal activation is restored. The former is a well known consequence of prolongation of the activation time, but the latter appears to be modulated by electrotonic interactions occurring during cardiac activation, in such a way that repolarization is delayed in sites where depolarization begins, and accelerated in sites where depolarization terminates. Our study suggests that electrotonically modulated T wave changes show accumulation and memory, and may persist for days or weeks after the provoking stimulus (the change in the activation sequence) is discontinued. The fact that any shift of the activation sequence may produce "pseudoprimary" T wave changes that may persist long after cessation of the triggering factor has wide clinical implications. Electrotonic modulation of ventricular repolarization is a basic electrophysiologic mechanism that may account for several features of normal and abnormal T waves, and for the possible existence of a heart memory. PMID- 7102555 TI - Coronary collateral vessels: spectrum of physiologic capabilities with respect to providing rest and stress myocardial perfusion, maintenance of left ventricular function and protection against infarction. PMID- 7102557 TI - Cardiac effects of prolonged and intense exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - The effects of intense and prolonged exercise training on the heart were studied with echocardiography in eight men with coronary artery disease with a mean age (+/- standard error of the mean) of 52 +/- 3 years. Training consisted of endurance exercise 3 times/week at 50 to 60 percent of the measured maximal oxygen uptake for 3 months followed by exercise 4 to 5 days/week at 70 to 80 percent of maximal oxygen uptake for 9 months. Maximal oxygen uptake capacity increased by 42 percent (26 +/- 1 versus 37 +/- 2 ml/kg per min; p less than 0.001). Heart rate at rest and submaximal heart rate and systolic blood pressure at a given work rate were significantly lower after training. Systolic blood pressure at the time of maximal exercise increased (145 +/- 9 before versus 166 +/- 8 mm Hg after training; probability [p] less than 0.01). Left ventricular end diastolic diameter was increased after 12 months of training (from 47 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 1 mm; p less than 0.01). Left ventricular fractional shortening and mean velocity of circumferential shortening decreased progressively in response to graded isometric handgrip exercise before training but not after training. At comparable levels of blood pressure during static exercise, mean velocity of circumferential shortening was significantly higher after training (0.76 +/- 0.04 versus 0.98 +/- 0.07 diameter/sec, p less than 0.01). No improvement in echocardiographic or exercise variables was observed over a 12 month period in another group of five patients who did not exercise. Thus the data suggest that prolonged and vigorous exercise training in selected patients with coronary artery disease can elicit cardiac adaptations. PMID- 7102559 TI - Hemodynamics of multiple versus single 50 percent coronary arterial stenoses. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare coronary blood flow in the presence of multiple fixed coronary arterial stenoses with that in the presence of a single stenosis of equivalent length and diameter. The study was performed using an in vitro pulse duplicating system. The aortic root section consisted of an acrylic mold of the root of the aorta of a calf. The coronary system was designed to produce coronary flow with physiological magnitudes and phasic patterns. Aortic and left ventricular pressures as well as the reduction in pressure across the coronary test section containing the stenotic segments were measured with catheter-tip micromanometers. Coronary flow was measured with a cannulating electromagnetic flow transducer. The fluid viscosity was 0.04 poise. Studies were performed sequentially with one 2 mm long arterial segment with a stenosis of 50 percent of luminal diameter, two such stenotic segments and three such stenotic segments in series. A single 4 mm long, 50 percent diameter stenotic segment and a 6 mm long, 50 percent diameter stenotic segment were also studied. The heart rate was 71 beats/min, stroke volume 80 ml and aortic pressure 140/75 mm Hg. A single 2 mm long, 50 percent stenotic segment caused a 6 percent reduction of coronary flow; three such stenoses in series caused a 19 percent reduction of coronary flow. In contrast, a single 6 mm long, 50 percent diameter stenotic segment caused only an 8 percent reduction of coronary flow. The results suggest that in a maximally dilated coronary bed, a greater reduction of coronary flow would occur in the presence of multiple short stenoses than in the presence of a single stenosis of equivalent length and diameter. PMID- 7102556 TI - Myocardial metabolic alterations after contrast angiography. AB - Contrast media used during angiography are known to produce transient alterations in cardiovascular physiology. However, little information is available concerning what alterations, if any, occur in myocardial metabolism after contrast angiography. Sixteen patients with symptoms of ischemic heart disease undergoing elective left ventriculography were studied. Coronary sinus and arterial blood samples were obtained for free fatty acids, glucose and lactate before and after performing left ventriculography with Renografin-76. Coronary blood flow was determined by the thermodilution technique. Five minutes after ventriculography, the arterial level of free fatty acids had decreased by 18.0 +/- 4.9 percent (mean +/- standard deviation) from the baseline (before angiography) samples (probability [p] less than 0.001). Associated with this decrease in arterial free fatty acids was an increase in the myocardial uptake of this substrate. At 5 minutes after left ventriculography, the free fatty acid uptake had increased 48.5 +/- 33.0 percent compared with the baseline value (p less than 0.001). After the injection of contrast medium, there was no significant change in the arterial levels of glucose or lactate. However, significant decreases in the myocardial uptake of glucose and lactate were demonstrated (-72.5 +/- 44.5 percent [p less than 0.001] and -43.2 +/- 22.9 percent [p less than 0.001], respectively) at 5 minutes. The changes in arterial free fatty acids and in the myocardial uptake of the various substrates persisted throughout the sampling period of 20 minutes after ventriculography. These results demonstrate that contrast medium significantly alters myocardial metabolism. These metabolic alterations persist longer than the hemodynamic changes induced by contrast angiography. PMID- 7102558 TI - Effects of sulfinpyrazone on ventricular vulnerability in the normal and the ischemic heart. AB - The effects of sulfinpyrazone were studied in 33 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Ventricular fibrillation thresholds, mid diastolic thresholds and duration of the effective refractory period were determined in the normal heart after intravenous administration of sulfinpyrazone, 30 mg/kg body weight. The drug significantly raised the ventricular fibrillation threshold by 24 percent and the mid diastolic threshold by 36 percent and prolonged the effective refractory period by seven percent. The influence of sulfinpyrazone during acute myocardial ischemia was evaluated before and during a 10 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and after abrupt release of the occlusion. Although the drug afforded significant protection during coronary occlusion, it had no effect on the ventricular fibrillation threshold after reperfusion. Because potent cardiocardiac reflexes are elicited during ischemia, the influence of sulfinpyrazone on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was studied during norepinephrine infusion. Sulfinpyrazone attenuated the reduction of the ventricular fibrillation threshold during sympathetic humoral stimulation. Its effect was additive to beta adrenergic blockade with practolol and membrane stabilization with lidocaine. This investigation suggests that sulfinpyrazone exerts significant effects on ventricular vulnerability of both the normal and the ischemic myocardium. Further studies are needed to elucidate its precise mechanism of action. PMID- 7102560 TI - Factors influencing estimated oxygen uptake during exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. AB - To determine the extent to which oxygen uptake (VO2) estimated from exercise testing in healthy adults is applicable to patients tested soon after myocardial infarction, VO2 was measured during symptom-limited treadmill testing 3 and 11 weeks after the acute event. Twenty-two men (Group I) underwent treadmill testing using a "standard" modified Balke protocol (3 miles/h [80 m/min] with 2.5 percent increments in grade every 3 minutes) 3 and 11 weeks after infarction. Twenty-five clinically similar men (Group II) underwent treadmill testing using a standard protocol at 3 weeks but an "accelerated" protocol (3 miles/h with 5 percent increments in grade every 3 minutes) at 11 weeks. Measured and estimated values of peak VO2 were nearly identical for both groups of patients performing the standard protocol at 2 weeks (mean +/- standard deviation 20.5 +/- 4.7 versus 20.4 +/- 6.1 and 22.1 +/0 4.1 versus 22.5 +/- 4.5 ml/kg per min for Groups I and II, respectively). Measured and estimated values of peak VO2 were also similar for patients completing the standard protocol at 11 weeks (26.3 +/- 7.6 versus 26.7 +/- 6.9 ml/kg per min). In contrast, estimated values of peak VO2 were significantly higher than measured values in patients completing the accelerated protocol at 11 weeks (30.8 +/- 4.3 versus 27.7 +/- 5.0 ml/kg per min (probability [p] = 0.001). Holding onto the treadmill handrails significantly increased estimated peak VO2 (32.7 to 37.9 ml/kg per min) but did not affect measured peak VO2 (32.1 to 31.8 ml/kg per min). These results indicate that VO2 for patients performing treadmill exercise testing after myocardial infarction can be estimated from data derived from healthy adults so long as the exercise intensity is increased slowly and holding onto the handrails is avoided. PMID- 7102554 TI - Prediction of sudden death by electrophysiologic studies in high risk patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. AB - Seventy patients surviving a myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure or arrhythmias, or both, were studied 7 to 20 days after the infarction. Twenty four hour electrocardiographic ambulatory monitoring and intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were performed in each patient. Electrophysiologic studies included introduction of single right ventricular premature stimuli during sinus rhythm (70 patients), atrial pacing (35 patients) and ventricular pacing (70 patients) at a stimulating voltage of 2 V, with the use of higher stimulating voltages (up to 10 V), and double right ventricular premature stimuli in 33 patients and pacing at a second right ventricular site in 50 patients. A repetitive response was defined as two or more spontaneous ventricular depolarizations in response to the premature stimuli, with His bundle reentry and aberrant conduction of supraventricular impulses excluded by a His bundle recording. Repetitive responses were initiated in 20 patients, and 12 patients had responses that were either sustained ventricular tachycardia or self terminating ventricular tachycardia of more than five complexes in duration. The finding of a repetitive response was not related to the occurrence of complex ventricular arrhythmias during ambulatory monitoring or in the coronary care unit. Five of the 12 patients with sustained or self-terminating responses of more than five complexes died during the 12 month follow-up period, 4 suddenly, and these responses were significantly associated with late sudden death (p less than 0.05), because only 1 of 25 patients with responses of fewer than five complexes or no response to maximal provocation died suddenly. It is concluded that induced responses of more than five complexes in duration may be an important indicator of a potentially reversible risk of sudden death after myocardial infarction. PMID- 7102562 TI - Quintuple pathways participating in three distinct types of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - Electrophysiologic studies were performed in a patient with recurrent supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Sinus and paced atrial beats had QRS complexes characteristic of atrioventricular (A-V) conduction through a manifest left lateral accessory pathway (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, type A). Three distinct types of A-V reciprocating tachycardia and three different modes of retrograde atrial activation were demonstrated. Type 1 tachycardia involved the slow A-V nodal pathway and a second (left lateral or left paraseptal) accessory A V pathway capable of retrograde conduction only. Type 2 tachycardia was of the slow-fast A-V nodal pathway type. Type 3 tachycardia involved in heretofore undescribed circuit in that retrograde conduction occurred through an accessory A V pathway with long retrograde conduction times and anterograde conduction through both the manifest left lateral accessory A-V pathway and fast A-V nodal pathway. Premature ventricular beats delivered late in the cycle of this tachycardia advanced (but did not change) the retrograde atrial activity without affecting the timing of the corresponding anterograde H deflection. In summary, this patient had five (three accessory and two intranodal) pathways participating in three different types of A-V reciprocating tachycardia; the recurrence of these were prevented with oral amiodarone therapy. PMID- 7102561 TI - Echocardiographic-cineangiographic correlation in detecting left ventricular aneurysm: a prospective study of 422 patients. AB - Four hundred twenty-two consecutive patients with a documented myocardial infarction underwent cardiac catheterization and echocardiographic examination. Adequate two dimensional echocardiograms were obtained in 386 patients (91 percent). Left ventricular aneurysm was defined echocardiographically and cineangiographically as a well demarcated bulge in the contour of the left ventricular wall during both diastole and systole, demonstrating dyskinesia or akinesia. Cineangiography was considered as the standard for the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysm. The site of aneurysm was mainly anteroapical. An aneurysm was judged present on cineangiography in 111 patients and on echocardiography in 118 patients. The presence and absence of an aneurysm echocardiographically correlated in 103 and 260 patients, respectively, with cineangiography. In 8 patients a cineangiographically identified aneurysm was not manifested echocardiographically, whereas in 15 patients an aneurysm identified on echocardiography was not evident on cineangiography. Thus two dimensional echocardiography can detect or exclude a left ventricular aneurysm with a high level of sensitivity (93 percent) and specificity (94 percent). PMID- 7102564 TI - Electrotonic modulation of the T wave. PMID- 7102565 TI - Transient T wave abnormalities in intermittent bundle branch block. PMID- 7102566 TI - Thirteenth Bethesda Conference: Emergency cardiac care. Sponsored by the American College of Cardiology September 26 and 27, 1981, Heart House, Bethesda, Maryland. PMID- 7102563 TI - Onset of atrial fibrillation during antidromic tachycardia: association with sudden cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - Electrophysiologic evaluation in an 18 year old youth with the Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome who had a sudden cardiac arrest while playing racquetball revealed two types of paroxysmal reciprocating tachycardia: (1) A normal QRS tachycardia with a short ventriculoatrial (V-A) interval fulfilled the criteria for reentry within the atrioventricular (A-V) node; and (2) a wide QRS tachycardia with a QRS configuration of maximal preexcitation was demonstrated to be the result of an antidromic mechanism. During laboratory study, the wide QRS tachycardia spontaneously degenerated into atrial fibrillation. In the basal state, the shortest R-R interval between preexcited QRS complexes was 270 ms, but after infusion of isoproterenol (1.6 microgram/min intravenously), the shortest R-R interval became 180 ms. Consequently, this electrophysiologic study suggested that evolution of antidromic reciprocating tachycardia into atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response during exercise-induced catecholamine release may have been the mechanism for ventricular fibrillation in this patient. PMID- 7102567 TI - Delivery system for emergency cardiac care: the medical plan of action. PMID- 7102569 TI - Task force II: prehospital and early hospital care. Emergency cardiac care. PMID- 7102568 TI - Task force I: signs and symptoms. Emergency cardiac care. PMID- 7102570 TI - Microcirculation of the rat adrenal gland: a scanning electron microscope study of vascular casts. AB - Blood vascular beds of the rat adrenal gland were filled with methacrylate resin and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The classical findings on mammalian adrenal glands of Flint (1900), Bennett and Kilham (1940), and Gersh and Grollman (1941) were confirmed. The cortical capillaries arise from the cortical arteries and converge at the corticomedullary junction into the peripheral venous radicles which flow into the tributaries of the central vein. The medullary capillaries originate from the medullary arteries and drain through the deep venous radicles into the tributaries of the central vein. No direct connection between the cortical and medullary capillaries was noted except for rare communications via the peripheral venous radicles. These findings show that most of the cortical blood, rich in glucocorticoids, flows in the medulla, not through the medullary capillary plexus but exclusively through the radicles of the central vein. Evidence for adrenal portal vessels could not be found. PMID- 7102571 TI - Developmental alterations associated with spontaneous cleft lip and palate in CL/Fr mice. AB - Cleft lip with or without associated cleft palate [CL(P)], one of the most common human malformations, is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. To study the morphological manifestations of genetic factors in this interaction, we compared the embryonic development of the CL/Fr mouse strain (with a mean incidence of 36% spontaneous CL(P) in our colony) with that of the C57B1/6J mouse strain (with no CL(P) in our colony). Results from our scanning electron microscopic study demonstrated that, when compared with C57B1/6J embryos, CL/Fr embryos have several developmental differences including: 1) altered facial geometry, 2) depressed ability of the surface epithelium of primary-palate primordia to participate in the fusion process, and 3) variable hypoplasia of the lateral nasal prominences. We suggest that all of these alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of CL(P) in the CL/Fr mouse strain. PMID- 7102572 TI - Radioautography of rat incisor dentin as a continuous record of the incorporation of a single dose of 3H-labeled proline and tyrosine. AB - After injection of labeled precursors such as 3H-proline or 3H-tyrosine into rats, the incisor dentin contains a continuous and stable record of precursor incorporation into labeled proteins. This record was visualized and quantitated with radioautography in order to evaluate the quantitative changes in enamel where newly secreted proteins randomize with older proteins and both are eventually lost. Up to 4 hours after injection, the pulse-dose was incorporated as a highly labeled band of predentin. The band was entirely within calcified dentin at 2 days and was further removed from new predentin by 4 and 8 days. Dentin which formed proximal to the heavily labeled band contained an amount of radioactivity reflecting the level of labeled precursor available at that time. A standardizing factor for experimental error was obtained by quantitating the reaction in the heavily labeled band, and a post-pulse incorporation factor was determined from the amount of radioactivity added per day as weakly labeled dentin. The variation within the heavily labeled band was assumed to reflect experimental error. The number of grains in the bands were averaged from 4 hours to 8 days to give the standardizing factor. This was multiplied by the ratio of enamel to dentin counts in the same section to obtain a corrected enamel count. In this way the coefficient of variation was improved from a high of 17.2% in uncorrected enamel counts to 2.4% in corrected counts. The post-pulse incorporation factor was higher with tyrosine than with proline. With proline it amounted to 5% increase per day from 1 to 4 days and 2.5% per day from 4 to 8 days after injection. In addition, with 3H-proline the incorporation into predentin increased from 30 minutes to 4 hours. With tyrosine, the counts increased from 30 minutes to 1 hour, but decreased by nearly one third from 1 to 4 hours. This was interpreted as a loss of short-lived matrix proteins including procollagen peptides produced during conversion from procollagen to tropocollagen in the predentin. PMID- 7102573 TI - Intercellular junctions in the hematopoietic compartments of embryonic chick bone marrow. AB - Avian embryonic marrow is segregated into distinct erythropoietic and granulopoietic compartments. Within each compartment presumptive stem cells and immature blood cells establish intimate contact with their respective stromal cell. In this study we have examined one aspect of potential hematopoietic cell stromal cell interaction by looking for the presence of intercellular junctions between these two elements. In previous studies, after aldehyde fixation, junctions were not observed, but after perfusion fixation with tannic acid glutaraldehyde, pentilaminar junctions became evident. These junctions were most characteristically located in the intravascular erythropoietic compartment, but were also found in the extravascular granulopoietic compartment. Junctions frequently joined presumptive stem cells with sinusoidal endothelial cells as well as joining immature erythroblasts with sinusoidal endothelial cells; and less frequently, junctions connected adjacent erythroid cells. However, reticulocytes and erythrocytes were never seen to have formed junctions with any other type of cell. Similar junctions within the extravascular compartment connected contiguous reticular cells and also, on occasion, reticular cells with sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hematopoietic cell-reticular cell junctions were restricted to two classes of blood cells--extravascular presumptive stem cells and mast cells. There was no evidence of junctions connecting mature or maturing granuloid cells and any other cell type. The presence of intercellular junctions between immature blood cells and their respective stromal cells suggests that such interactions might play an important role in avian hematopoiesis. However, further work will be needed to determine if these junctions are merely adherence sites or whether they represent sites of intercellular communication. In either event, these junctions appear to reflect a mechanism whereby the marrow stroma could regulate erythroid maturation. PMID- 7102574 TI - Anatomy and innervation patterns of cat lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles. AB - The anatomy, fiber architecture, and innervation patterns of cat lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and plantaris (P) muscles are described. The plantaris is a simple unipennate muscle arising from an aponeurosis in common with LG and inserting primarily into the tendon of m. flexor digitorum brevis, but with ligamentous connections to the calcaneus. The lateral gastrocnemius is more complex and contains three distinctly identifiable heads, each of which is a unipennate band of fibers coursing between a proximally attached aponeurosis of origin and a distal aponeurosis of insertion that gives rise to the tendocalcaneus. Following microdissection of the LG and P nerves, and using glycogen depletion of the primary muscle nerve branches, discrete motor subvolumes are demonstrated in both muscles. Despite large specific differences in fiber architecture between the LG and P muscles, their organization into compartments about primary muscle nerve branches is fundamentally similar. This principle of organization may be a basis for the observed functional and structural properties of other vertebrate muscles. It may thus constitute a unifying concept in the organization of motor control mechanisms. PMID- 7102575 TI - Localization of relaxin in endometrial gland cells of pregnant, lactating, and ovariectomized hormone-treated guinea pigs. AB - Uteri taken from guinea pigs in different stages of pregnancy and during lactation, as well as animals that had been ovariectomized and treated with hormones, were examined for relaxin with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique employing an antiserum produced against porcine relaxin. While relaxin was not detected in uteri of day 15 pregnant animals, small amounts were noted in a few endometrial glands in day 30 pregnant animals. Uteri from day 45, day 60, and late-pregnant animals exhibited heavy amounts of relaxin; however, endometrial gland cells from lactating animals contained very little or no relaxin. Injections of estrogen and progesterone that brought a relaxation of the pelvic ligaments in ovariectomized guinea pigs also induced an accumulation of relaxin in the endometrial glands. Relaxin was not detected in nonendometrial portions of the uterus, endometrial stromal components, luminal surface epithelium, or uterine cervical glands. Extracts prepared from uteri of day 45, day 60, and late-pregnant animals showed positive responses for relaxin in the mouse uterus bioassay. PMID- 7102576 TI - Reproductive tract abnormalities in rats treated neonatally with DES. AB - Neonatal female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily injections of 3 micrograms diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 5 days beginning within 24 hours of birth. Some of these rats were ovariectomized between the 15th and 18th postnatal days, and on the 60th postnatal day were given daily injections of 3 micrograms estradiol for 1, 3, or 5 weeks. Intact rats were sacrificed at 60, 95, or 130 days. The morphology of the upper vagina, cervix, and lower uterus was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Two abnormalities resulting from neonatal DES exposure were found. The first was squamous metaplasia observed in the uteri of rats given DES and later exposed to exogenous or endogenous estrogen. Metaplasia was seen in both the luminal and glandular epithelium. The longer the rats were exposed to exogenous or endogenous estrogen, the more extensive was the metaplasia. The second was a gross morphologic abnormality seen in all rats given DES regardless of any later treatment. That part of the cervix that protrudes into the cranial limit of the vagina was absent and, thus, a vaginal fornix was nonexistent. Previous investigations have emphasized abnormalities of the lower reproductive tract. The present study indicates that the upper reproductive tract also must be considered in investigations of the effects of hormones administered to neonates. PMID- 7102578 TI - Effects of guanethidine-induced sympathectomy on morphology of the pre- and postclosure ileum of the neonatal rat. AB - The disappearance of the characteristic supranuclear vacuole and extensive apical canalicular system from enterocytes of the ileal villi occurs during the third postnatal week in rats. This phenomenon is associated with loss of permeability of these cells to macromolecules and is therefore termed closure. The present study was designed to analyze the influence of neonatal guanethidine (GTN) induced sympathectomy on the morphology of the pre- and postclosure ileum of the rat. Light and electron microscopy of control and GTN-sympathectomized rats demonstrated the retention of immature, vacuolated cells on ileal villi as late as 23 days postnatally in GTN-treated rats. Villi from control rats contained only adultlike nonpermeable cells. Electron microscopy further demonstrated no structural differences in the apical canalicular system or storage vacuoles of the delayed cells in GTN rats when compared to the ileal epithelium from preclosure time periods (7 and 15 days) in both GTN-sympathectomized and control rats. Goblet cells were counted on Periodic-Acid-Schiff-stained sections of ileum from 7, 15, and 23-day GTN and control rats. The percentage of goblet cells in the total epithelial cell population of the villus was significantly higher in control versus GTN rats at all time periods. The percentage of goblet cells increased in both groups from day 7 to 15. However, closure in the control group (approximately day 18) was coincident with a steep increase in the percentage of ileal goblet cells which was not evident in the goblet-cell population of the GTN villus. This pattern of change in control versus GTN goblet-cell production was correlated with a similar pattern of variation in the number of crypt cell mitoses between the two groups over the same time period. PMID- 7102577 TI - Morphologic changes in the lung during the lifespan of Fischer 344 rats. AB - Pulmonary structure and function were quantitatively investigated over the lifespan of the Fischer 344 rat by morphometric and physiologic techniques. Male animals 1 week, 6 weeks, 5 months, 14 months, and 26 months of age and female animals 5 months, 14 months, and 26 months of age were studied. All alveolar tissue compartments demonstrated significant increases in volume, surface area, and cell number during the first 5 months of life. From 5 to 26 months of age, remodelling in the epithelial and interstitial compartments continued to take place while the endothelial compartment remained relatively unchanged. In the epithelial compartment the ratio of type II cells to type I cells lining the alveolar surface decreased as age increased. In the interstitial compartment the volume of the noncellular components of the interstitium increased by 39% in males and by 89% in females from 5 to 26 months of age. Physiologic measurements of lung volumes in males at 6 weeks, 14 months, and 26 months demonstrated progressive increases in vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). Morphometric pulmonary-diffusion capacity (DLO2) increased in males from 1 week to 5 months of age and remained relatively unchanged from 5 to 26 months of age in both sexes. PMID- 7102579 TI - Morphological studies on long-term culture of marrow cells: characterization of the adherent stromal cells and their interactions in maintaining the proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells. AB - In long-term cultures of bone marrow, the adherent stromal cells provide support for the proliferation and maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells. These stromal cells and their interactions were characterized by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy in correlation with functional studies. Cultures were initiated by establishing the adherent stromal layer as a "soil" which was then "seeded" after 3 weeks by the addition of another marrow-cell suspension. Clonal assay of the supernatant demonstrated the continuous proliferation of the hemopoietic stem cell. The stroma essentially consisted of two cell types, macrophages and epithelioid cells. Macrophages were smaller, 10 15 microns, phagocytosed latex and carbon particles, and contained lysosomes. Their surface did not stain with polycationic ferritin (PCF). Epithelioid cells were much larger, more than 100 microns; contained numerous thin, elongated mitochondria; did not phagocytose latex particles; but did display strong surface staining with PCF. The appearance of epithelioid cells in TEM depended on their state of development and whether the section was parallel or perpendicular to the substratum. Epithelioid cells displayed a maturational spectrum, at two ends of which were synthetic and storage phases. In the synthetic phase, the cell contained numerous profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the storage phase, numerous storage granules. These two phases were best appreciated in sections perpendicular to the substratum, demonstrating synthetic cells on top settling over the substratum upon maturation into the storage cells. Both macrophages and epithelioid cells contained fat globules which increased in number and size with the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium. A distinct fat-cell type, as has been claimed, was not found in this study. Granulopoiesis was observed in the culture system in the absence of colony stimulating activity in the supernatant, suggesting direct cellular interaction or short-range factors in the induction of granulopoiesis. Widespread cellular interactions were noted between macrophages and epithelioid cells, the latter often completely embracing the former and both extending cytoplasmic processes toward each other. This is reminiscent of the cooperative interaction of endoderm and mesoderm in chick embryo hemopoiesis and may be necessary for the maintenance of stem cells in these cultures. PMID- 7102580 TI - Fluoride balance studies in healthy men during bed rest with and without a fluoride supplement.. AB - In a program of studies of disuse osteoporosis, fluoride balances were determined in healthy men during ambulation and then during bed rest for 6 to 17 wk. Control subjects ingested basal diets containing 0.4 mg fluoride per day, whereas experimental subjects received 10-mg fluoride supplements in divided doses with meals. Fluoride and calcium were measured in diets, urine, and feces. Serum analyses included calcium and ionic fluoride. Fluoride balances during both phases were uniformly negative in control subjects (mean -0.46 mg/day) but uniformly positive in supplement subjects (mean +2.58 mg/day). Calcium balances were markedly negative during bed rest in both groups. Serum fluoride concentrations increased proportionally to fluoride intake, averaging 0.016 ppm in the controls and 0.045 ppm in the supplement subjects. The supplement of 10 mg fluoride daily did not protect against bed rest-induced calcium loss, or cause any clinical or laboratory abnormality in any subject. PMID- 7102582 TI - Adaptive effects of dietary ethanol in the pig: changes in plasma high-density lipoproteins and fecal steroid excretion and mutagenicity. AB - Six young mature male pigs were maintained on a high fat, low fiber "Western" type diet. Substitution of ethanol for sucrose raised plasma total cholesterol, an increase that was solely due to a rise in high-density lipoproteins. Plasma triacylglycerols and apo-B concentrations were unchanged and although apo-A1 rose with ethanol, this was not statistically significant. Ethanol did not alter total fecal steroids but both bile acids and the ratio of bile acids/neutral sterols were increased. In fecal extracts from these animals, mutagenic activity in the Ames bacterial test was also raised. The data are discussed in relation to the relationships between dietary ethanol and coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. PMID- 7102584 TI - Effects of oral glycerol on food intake in man. AB - The amount of food ingested was measured in 12 non-obese volunteers after preloads with glycerol, glycose, and water, administered in a double-blind design. A palatable soup was served in concealed containers and on different plates and the volume, consumed on each occasion, was registered. Administration of 7.5 g glycerol 20 min before the meal reduced the mean energy intake by about 10% compared to both an equicaloric amount of glucose solution or the same volume (30 ml) of water. At the start of the meal 20 min after the preload, the plasma glycerol concentration was about 10 times higher than base-line values. The free fatty acid/glycerol ratios did not correlate to the reduction of energy intake. PMID- 7102581 TI - Lack of effect of tocopherol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. AB - The influence of D,L-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on the plasma total and very low-density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was studied in one normolipidemic and four hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Overall vitamin E caused no decrease in plasma total, very low-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and no increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. D,L alpha-Tocopherol does not seem to have any consistent effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in these patients. PMID- 7102583 TI - Exercise intensity, dietary intake, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young female competitive swimmers. AB - Plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C) and dietary intake were compared in female competitive swimmers (CS, n = 7), synchronized swimmers (SS, n = 11), and sedentary controls (C, n = 6). CS tended to be taller, heavier, and leaner than C; SS were intermediate. The caloric intake of CS was 21.5% greater than C (2468 +/- 534 versus 2030 +/- 668, p less than 0.001). Dietary composition for all groups was 49% carbohydrate, 35% fat, and 15% protein. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C were not significantly different among groups. HDL-C, and HDL-C/TC were increased in CS compared with SS and C. HDL-C was 17 and 22% higher for CS than SS or C (82.0 +/- 14.6 versus 70.0 +/- 10.9 versus 67.2 +/- 14.0 mg/dl, p less than 0.05, respectively). The results of the current study indicate that plasma HDL-C is significantly elevated in young women who participate in an intensive, but not moderate, exercise regimen. PMID- 7102585 TI - Dietary potassium and heavy exercise: effects on muscle water and electrolytes. AB - Eight men were studied during two 4-day exercise-dietary regimens, once under a control diet (80 mEq K+/day) and again with a diet low in K+ (25 mEq/day). Muscle K+ increased 5 to 6% as a result of the two exercise-dietary regimens, while no change was observed for muscle Na+ or Mg++. Plasma volume increased throughout the 4 days of each exercise-diet sequence, with the low K+ regimen resulting in the largest plasma volume gain (+15%) and a marked reduction in urinary K+ excretion. Despite the losses of K+ in sweat and the low K+ intake, there was a relatively small decrease in total body K+ content (less than 2% of body content). Based on these measurements of extracellular (plasma) and tissue (muscle) water and electrolytes, we have concluded that in combination with 4 days of heavy exercise and sweating, a low K+ diet will not significantly diminish the total body K+ content. PMID- 7102587 TI - Ferritin and iron status in Senegalese women. AB - Ferritin, iron status, and hematological parameters--Hb, hematocrit--were determined in 172 mature women at screening visits in first aid medical care units located in Senegal. Of the subjects 36.6, 39.5, 34.9% had Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels below accepted norms (i.e., Hb less than 11 g/dl, hematocrit less than 33%, serum ferritin less than 10 ng/ml). Serum iron level was normal (greater than 50 micrograms/dl) in 94.2% of the subjects, but 48.3% had marginal levels (51 to 100 micrograms/dl). The distribution curves of Hb level in the population indicates that about 58% of the women had Hb less than 12 g/dl. Furthermore, the very low serum ferritin levels (less than 20 ng/ml) encountered in 75.6% of subjects, demonstrate the small size of their iron stores. This precarious iron balance indicates that these women are at a high risk of nutritional anemia. Numerous factors such as pregnancy or parasitical infestation can dramatically modify this iron balance and increase the prevalence of anemia in this population. PMID- 7102588 TI - Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: dietary and supplemental intakes. AB - Dietary and supplemental intakes were assessed from 3-day food records collected from 270 free-living, middle income and healthy men and women over 60 yr of age residing in the Albuquerque, NM vicinity. The 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) were used to assess adequacy of intake. Energy intake, as percentage of the RDA, was 90 +/- 23 (mean +/- SD) for men (n = 125) and 87 +/- 22 for women (n = 145). Mean daily protein intake was 83 g for men and 67 g for women and only 11% of men and 14% of women failed to receive at least 100% of the RDA for protein. Frequency and amount of vitamin and mineral supplementation was substantial. Approximately 60% of both men and women ingested one or more supplements; vitamins C and E were the most popular. In general, dietary intakes in this population appear to be adequate with the possible exception of vitamin D and calcium intakes in women. PMID- 7102589 TI - Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: vitamin C. AB - Vitamin C status in 270 free-living and healthy elderly was determined from dietary intakes and plasma levels of ascorbic acid. Mean dietary intake for women (n = 145) was 137 and 142 mg/day for men (n = 125). The median intake of supplemental ascorbic acid for women was 355 mg/day (n = 85) and 500 mg/day (n = 70) for men. The mean plasma ascorbic acid level for women was 1.30 mg/dl and was significantly higher than for men, 1.13 mg/dl. Less than 2% were at risk for developing clinical symptoms of hypovitaminosis C. It was estimated that intakes needed to maintain a plasma ascorbic acid level of 1.0 mg/dl would be 75 mg/day for women and 150 mg/day for men. Our data suggest that a different recommended dietary allowance for ascorbic acid should be considered for men and women. PMID- 7102586 TI - Patterns of physical growth in a longitudinal study of young children in rural Bangladesh. AB - Longitudinal field studies of the physical growth of 197 children between 6 and 60 months of age have been completed in two rural villages of Bangladesh. The distribution of weights by age indicated that 90% of the village girls and boyd weighed less than the National Center for Health Statistics 5th percentile by 8 and 15 months of age, respectively. Of the children 90% were shorter than the reference population 10th percentile length by age by 10 to 13 months of age. Since the children's patterns of growth differed from those of the reference populations from North America and Europe, internal standards were created for the village girls and boys by fitting curves to their data for weight by age, length by age, arm circumference by age, triceps skinfold thickness by age, and weight by length. The village references enabled age-independent comparisons of children within the study population by relating their actual anthropometric status to the village norms. Comparisons of the village standards with the international reference data showed the period of poorest nutritional status of the village children persisted from shortly after birth to approximately 2 yr of age. PMID- 7102590 TI - The effect of temporary venous occlusion on trace mineral concentrations in plasma. AB - The effects of short-term venous occlusion on plasma concentration of trace minerals--zinc, iron, and copper--were studied in normal volunteers. In one experiment, antecubital vein blood samples were drawn simultaneously from both arms of 14 subjects while their left arms remained free and their right arms had been occluded from 60 s at 40 mm Hg pressure. Statistical comparison of paired samples showed a significant increase in zinc (p less than 0.05) and iron (p less than 0.001), but not copper concentrations in plasma from the occluded extremity. The mean increase in concentration in the right (ligated) arms with respect to the left (unligated) arms was 3.7 and 24.6%, for zinc and iron, respectively. In a second experiment, simultaneous blood samples were drawn from five subjects with neither arm occluded. No significant difference between right and left was observed. Thus, application of tourniquets during the sampling of venous blood for trace mineral analysis introduces a nonrandom factor. Standardization of sampling techniques is essential to overall reliability of trace mineral determinations. PMID- 7102592 TI - Comments on metabolism on trans fatty acids. PMID- 7102593 TI - Variability in blood pressure measurements. PMID- 7102594 TI - Poor design invalidates meat study. PMID- 7102595 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by disseminated sarcoidosis. Report of a case associated with circulating immune complexes. AB - The association of SLE with sarcoidosis has been reported infrequently. The case of a 47-year-old white woman who had the diagnosis of SLE made at our institution in October of 1979 is presented. In February 1980, the onset of bilateral hilar adenopathy prompted an investigation leading to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Circulating immune complexes were markedly elevated. The association of these two diseases has only recently been recognized and may be more widespread than previously suspected. Some animal and clinical data, in concert with our observations, suggest that humoral autoimmunity may give rise to both processes in the same patient. PMID- 7102591 TI - Standards for nutritional adequacy of the diet: European and WHO/FAO viewpoints. AB - The dietary recommendations of FAO/WHO and of the various European nations differ in several ways. There are two types of dietary recommendations or standards. The first is related to the recommended daily intake of nutrient and the second refers to the nutrient content of the diet expressed either as percentage of total energy (energy % or cal %) derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate or as the amounts of nutrients in relation to units of energy, the so-called nutrient concentration or nutrient density (weight per 1000 kcal, per 1 MJ or per 10 MJ). The numbers of recommended nutrients vary between eight and 28. The recommendations are given for individuals of different age, sex, and physiological status. The highest number of subgrouping is 41 and the lowest 11. The ranges of recommended values are sometimes very wide, but all seem acceptable from the nutritional point of view. There are many good reasons for this situation such as cultural background, food tradition, food production, and availability. PMID- 7102596 TI - Primary Kaposi's sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease in the same lymph node. AB - The occurrence of primary Kaposi's sarcoma in a lymph node affected by Hodgkin's disease is reported. The case concerns a 43-year-old woman with a recurrence of Hodgkin's disease 13 years after its initial diagnosis. In one of four excised supraclavicular nodes a Kaposi's sarcoma was unexpectedly found. The present observation stresses once more that the two diseases are closely related and possibly share the same pathogenesis. PMID- 7102597 TI - Systemic amyloidosis associated with a benign mesenteric lymphoid mass. AB - This report describes the case of a patient with a mesenteric lymphoid mass with clinical and histologic features suggestive of giant lymph node hyperplasia (GLH) who died as a result of complications related to systemic amyloidosis. To our knowledge, this is only the second case of amyloidosis associated with a benign mesenteric lymphoid mass reported in the literature. The possible relationship of amyloid with GLH will be discussed. PMID- 7102598 TI - Campylobacter-associated enterocolitis in childhood. Report of a fatal case. AB - The full clinical range of Campylobacter fetus enterocolitis has become apparent only recently. This case study describes the clinical and pathologic findings in a chronically ill child who developed signs of inflammatory bowel disease. Following a negative bacteriologic culture, Crohn's disease was diagnosed by roentgenographic criteria. A trial of immunosuppressive therapy failed, and a repeat of microbiologic examination identified a heavy growth of Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni. Various complications developed and the patient died with a coagulopathy and a widespread enterocolitis. The role of the Campylobacter in this clinical setting of inflammatory bowel disease is discussed in light of current understanding. PMID- 7102600 TI - Meningorectal fistula as a cause of polymicrobial anaerobic meningitis. AB - A 49-year-old diabetic woman developed polymicrobial anaerobic meningitis secondary to a meningorectal fistula one year after receiving neutron beam therapy for a rectal adenocarcinoma. The meningitis was refractory to chloramphenicol and penicillin but responded to oral metronidazole. Sustained eradication of meningitis was achieved with continued metronidazole for 51/2 months, despite persistence of the fistula. Metronidazole may be a superior antimicrobial agent for polymicrobial anaerobic meningitis, especially when caused by a large or continuing bacterial inoculum. This meningorectal fistula is the first of its kind to our knowledge to be demonstrated by microbiologic, radiologic, and pathologic studies. PMID- 7102599 TI - Brain abscess due to Nocardia caviae. Report of a fatal outcome associated with abnormal phagocyte function. AB - Nocardia is an uncommon cause of human disease. We report a patient with a fatal brain abscess who had abnormal phagocyte function as measured by neutrophile chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytic function, and chemiluminescence in vitro and by Rebuck skin window in vivo. Antimicrobial agar dilution susceptibility suggested minocycline was more active than sulfamethoxazole. PMID- 7102602 TI - In vitro alteration of lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 7102601 TI - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Ultrastructural findings. AB - A case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in a human is presented with special emphasis on ultrastructural aspects of the disease. Electron microscopic examination of the tick bite site demonstrated the presence of rickettsial organisms both within the cytoplasm and nucleus of endothelial cells, as well as within the periendothelial cell environment. Several ultrastructural reports of rickettsia localization and morphology within experimental animal and tissue culture models have been reviewed. This report, to our knowledge, represents the first documented demonstration of rickettsial organisms in an acute human disease case. The size, location and morphologic features of the organisms in our case compare closely with the previously reported experimental results. PMID- 7102603 TI - Certain questions. PMID- 7102604 TI - Immunonephelometric quantitation of central nervous system IgG daily synthesis in multiple sclerosis. Clinical evaluation using predictive value theory. AB - With a laser nephelometric immunoassay and an empirical formula for the quantitation of central nervous system (CNS) daily IgG synthesis, we studied prospectively a population of 101 individuals divided into four groups: 31 normals, 25 patients with definite multiple sclerosis (DMS), 18 patients with probable or possible multiple sclerosis (PMS), and 27 patients with neurologic disease other than multiple sclerosis (NMS). By the Kruskal-Wallis, test the results of the DMS and PMS patients were significantly different from the normals and NMS patients (P less than 0.0003). Considering normals, DMS, and NMS patients only, the sensitivity of the test was 96%, the specificity was 98%, the positive predictive value was 96%, the negative predictive value was 98%, and the efficiency was 98%. Based on our study data, we applied the predictive value theory to different hypothetical populations (our Neurology Ward, Northeastern U. S., and patients with optic neuritis and chronic progressive myelopathy). In all these situations, the test gave a diagnostic efficiency for multiple sclerosis greater than 95%. PMID- 7102605 TI - Lipogranulomas in non-fatty human livers. A mineral oil induced environmental disease. AB - Forty-four cases of lipogranulomas (LG) in non-fatty livers (NFL), consisting of 38 biopsies and six autopsy livers, were studied. LG in NFL have a distinct morphologic characteristic and virtually all are attached to or closely associated with the walls of hepatic venules. The reason for this peculiar location remains unexplained. Our data from lipid histochemistry and analysis of lipid extracts from the livers and foodstuffs by thinlayer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography indicate that LG in NFL most likely represent a reaction to absorbed saturated hydrocarbons, like mineral oil, used widely in the food industry. The incidence of LG is increasing, as evidenced by a 1.7% incidence in 1952-53 compared with 4.6% in 1978-80. LG seldom present a diagnostic problem provided serial sections are examined. An awareness of the characteristic morphology will prevent an extensive granuloma work-up. They appear to be an incidental finding in liver biopsies, and of no clinical significance at present; however, their long-term implication, if any, must await future observations. PMID- 7102606 TI - Cardiac mucormycosis. A report of five patients and review of 14 previously reported cases. AB - Five patients with mucormycosis of the heart are described. Two had leukemia,, one had multiple myeloma, one sideroblastic anemia, and one had been wounded when a body trap exploded. None had diabetes. In addition to heart involvement, each had mucormycosis of the lungs. Kidney was infected in two patients and gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver, adrenal, brain, and skin were each involved in one patient. Three patients had cardiac symptoms. The findings in ten previously reported patients with de novo cardiac mucormycosis and in four patients with mucormycosis occurring in association with cardiovascular surgery are summarized. PMID- 7102607 TI - Anisakis larval type I in fresh salmon. AB - Larval ascarid nematodes recently discovered in fresh salmon were identified as Anisakis larval Type I, this roundworm is the etiologic agent of anisakiasis, a parasitic disease characterized by eosinophilic granulomas affecting the human gastrointestinal tract. Infection may occur following ingestion of raw or poorly cooked fish. Patients generally present with an acute abdominal syndrome mimicking a wide variety of clinical conditions, thus creating a diagnostic dilemma. Unselected samples of fresh salmon tested by the University of Michigan Clinical Microbiology Laboratory and School of Public Health were all infected, the mean worm burden calculated as 79.3 larvae per kilogram of fish. The significance of this infection and the implications for morbidity in the United States are discussed. PMID- 7102608 TI - Effects and clinical significance of exogenous thyroxine therapy in patients with circulating thyroid hormone autoantibodies. AB - The effects of exogenous L-thyroxine therapy (0.2-0.3 mg/day) on spontaneously occurring thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) and on serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) are described in a boy with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Prior to T4 medication, THAA bound virtually all thyroid hormones as noted by serum gamma globulin binding of tracer hormones. During T4 therapy, however, gamma globulin binding of tracer thyroid hormones decreased markedly. T4 and T3 levels as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were grossly distorted prior to thyroxine therapy and bore no relation to clinical status, the single antibody technics yielding falsely low values whereas the double antibody procedures spuriously exaggerating serum hormone concentration. That spontaneously occurring THAA interfered in RIA hormone measurements was clearly shown by the lack of inconsistencies in laboratory and clinical evaluation when hormone determinations were performed in protein free serum extracts (to remove circulating THAA), or when RIAs were carried out in sera during thyroxine therapy when THAA were saturated by exogenous hormones. The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level prior to therapy was 300 microunits/ml which decreases to less than 3 microunits/ml during T4 medication (0.3 mg/day). There was a gross inverse correlation between TSH secretion and T4 antibody saturation. The marked inhibition of antibody binding of tracer thyroid hormones observed during therapy suggested possible masking of thyroid hormone antibody activity during T4 treatment; experiments involving addition of tracer thyroid hormones to hormone stripped serums from thyroxine treated patients confirmed the hypothesis in two cases of hypothyroidism--one of which was diagnosed in the boy with chronic thyroiditis and the other a woman with postradioactive iodine induced hypothyroidism. The pathophysiologic significance of thyroid hormone autoantibodies in the transport of thyroid hormones is briefly discussed. PMID- 7102609 TI - Circadian rhythm in urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) of clinically healthy subjects. Timing and phase relation to other urinary circadian rhythms. AB - Urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), a lysosomal enzyme of renal tubular origin, has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of renal tubular function. This study documents a circadian rhythm in the urinary activity of NAG, statistically validated and quantified by the cosinor method, in 19 female and 15 male human subjects. The acrophase of the circadian rhythm in urinary NAG activity occurs at 09(40) with 95% confidence limits between 08(40) and 12(08) and is similar to the timing of the circadian rhythm in urinary free cortisol. The circadian acrophase of urinary NAG activity lags in timing the circadian rhythms in urine volume, Na and K excretion, and urinary free adrenalin and noradrenalin, by about five to ten hours and the circadian rhythm in creatinine excretion by about 11 hours. These functions with their characteristic phase relations are part of the internal circadian time structure of the human organism, and may provide internal phase references, independent of the "time of day." This study also documents a sex difference in mesor of the circadian rhythms in urinary NAG activity, with female subjects having a higher mesor and amplitude than the male subjects, and in the excretion of creatinine and potassium, with male subjects having a higher mesor and amplitude than the female subjects. PMID- 7102610 TI - Speciation of the "viridans" streptococci. AB - A simple scheme for the speciation of clinical isolates of "viridans" streptococci based on nine physiological characteristics is presented. Use of this scheme will enable successful speciation of most "viridans" strep isolates in any laboratory and allow for the accumulation of data necessary for the definition of clinical syndromes or unique clinical problems associated with particular species. PMID- 7102611 TI - Clinicopathological subtypes in hairy-cell leukemia. AB - Thirty-six patients with hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) were evaluated, and were divided in two major subtypes: leukopenic (WBC less than 3000/microliters) and non-leukopenic (WBC greater than or equal to 3000/microliters). There were 22 leukopenic and 14 non-leukopenic patients. The leukopenic group were older than the non-leukopenic group, with an average age of 58.4 years compared with 47.6 years. The male/female ratio was higher in the leukopenic (6.3) than the non leukopenic (2.0) patients. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy were found in 66%, 32%, and 18% of the leukopenic patients, compared with 92%, 57%, and 35% in the non-leukopenic patients. The leukopenic HCL was associated with more severe anemia, granulocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and higher incidence of serious infections than the non-leukopenic HCL. Increased bone marrow reticulin fibers and unsuccessful marrow aspirations (dry taps) were more frequently associated with the leukopenic than the non-leukopenic HCL. PMID- 7102613 TI - The politics of nature and nurture. AB - Scientists' explanations of group differences are based as much on their political values and unconscious needs as on objective data. It is argued that explanations of black-white differences on intelligence tests, deviant patterns of emotional and social behavior, sex differences, and attitudes toward social change and political action as primary prevention, all are influenced by underlying ideologies. PMID- 7102612 TI - Normal serum ferritin levels in a patient with HEMPAS syndrome and iron overload. AB - Serum ferritin levels in a patient with HEMPAS syndrome (hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity associated with positive acidified serum test) were correlated with body iron stores directly measured on spleen and liver biopsy specimens as well as by quantitative serial phlebotomy. Normal serum ferritin concentrations were found in the presence of a moderate excess in iron stores (approximately 6-12 times normal). They temporarily increased after transfusion and splenectomy with a prompt return to the normal range. As repeated phlebotomies over a period of nine months depleted the excess iron stores, the serum ferritin ultimately decreased to a subnormal concentration. The serum ferritin concentration was not a reliable index of increased body iron stores in this iron overloaded patient, but did reflect their depletion by serial phlebotomy. PMID- 7102615 TI - Human growth hormone and other proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. PMID- 7102614 TI - Locus of control as a stress moderator: the role of control perceptions and social support. AB - The study investigated the effects of locus of control beliefs as an individual difference variable on (a) the relationship between negative life events and psychological disorder, (b) perceptions of control over negative life events, and (c) the receipt and impact of social support. Ninety-three college undergraduates (52 internals, 41 externals) reported the negative events which occurred to them in the past year, their perceived control over these events, the amount of socially supportive transactions they received, and their psychological symptomatology (anxiety and depression). The correlation between negative events and anxiety was greater for externals than for internals. However, locus of control did not effect ratings of control over negative events or the correlations between high and low control negative events and psychological disorder. Locus of control did effect the receipt and impact of social support. Externality was positively related to the quantity of support received (r(90) = .21, p less than .05) but the stress-buffering effect of support was obtained for internals and not externals. Implications of the results from understanding the process by which locus of control moderates the effects of stress are discussed. PMID- 7102617 TI - Hypercalciuria in children with urolithiasis. AB - The pathogenetic roles of idiopathic renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria in children with urolithiasis have not yet been determined. Oral calcium loading studies were performed in 21 children with unexplained calcareous urolithiasis. Thirteen children, aged 20 months to 17 years, were found to have renal hypercalciuria after an overnight fast (urinary calcium-urinary creatinine [UCa/UCr] ratio in milligrams, greater than 0.21). Four children were found to have absorptive hypercalciuria. In this group, fasting UCa/UCr values were normal (SEM, 0.12 +/- 0.02); however, UCa/UCr values were elevated (SEM, 0.31 +/- 0.01) after the oral calcium load. Serum parathyroid hormone values were normal in all children with hypercalciuria. Urinary calcium excretion was normal in four patients. These data indicate that hypercalciuria may frequently occur in children with urolithiasis and that detailed metabolic evaluation is warranted in children with kidney stone disease. PMID- 7102616 TI - Pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant feeding teats: contamination of teats used by illiterate and educated nursing mothers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. AB - We assessed bacterial contamination of infant feeding teats among nursing mothers and identified pathogenic organisms that might be associated with the incidence of diarrhea. The incidence of diarrhea among the infants of illiterate mothers was fivefold that of infants of educated mothers. The vast majority of the illiterate mothers poorly sterilized their infants' feeding utensils. The most prevalent pathogenic organism isolated from the teats was enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Unhygienic handling of feeds is an important factor in infantile diarrhea. PMID- 7102618 TI - Broviac catheter-related bacteremia in oncology patients. AB - In 27 pediatric oncology patients (median age, 2 years) undergoing chemotherapy for malignant tumours, Silastic Broviac catheters were placed to provide vascular access. The catheters were in place for a total of 174 patient-months. There were 14 episodes of Broviac catheter-related bacteremia or fungemia that occurred in six patients: one patient had six bacteremic episodes, one patient had four episodes, and four patients each had one bacteremic episode. Cultures of blood drawn from Broviac catheter were positive in all instances, and in 12 of 14 samples drawn from the peripheral vein. The most common initial symptoms were fever and chills. The species causing the infections were Enterobacter cloacae (three cases), Staphylococcus epidermidis (three cases), Staphylococcus aureus (three cases), Klebsiella pneumoniae (two cases), Escherichia coli (two cases), Pseudomonas dentrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida tropicalis. Antimicrobials administered through the catheter cured the infection in ten of the 11 cases in which they were used. PMID- 7102619 TI - Reversible hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease. AB - We treated two patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease (CCDH) in whom associated hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) developed. Both were severely cyanotic and hypoxic for many years before HOA was fully manifested. Clinical and roentgenographic indications of bone and joint lesions disappeared completely shortly after corrective of palliative surgery. There appears to be an etiologic connection between HOA and CCHD. PMID- 7102622 TI - Neonatal posthemorrhagic porencephaly: ultrasonographic features. PMID- 7102620 TI - Real-time ultrasonography: its use in diagnosis and management of neonatal hydrocephalus. AB - Real-time ultrasonography of the brain is useful in the examination of neonates with suspected hydrocephalus. Abnormalities of the cerebral ventricles can be identified and changes in ventricular size determined with repeated studies performed at the bedside. The response of hydrocephalus to medical and surgical intervention can be monitored. We studied cases of hydrocephalic infants with myelomeningocele, posterior fossa cyst, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, meningitis, and congenital intracranial teratoma. We also studied the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of these cases. PMID- 7102621 TI - Health screening of Indochinese refugee children. AB - The first 100 Indochinese refugee patients screened at Oakland (Calif) Children's Hospital had a remarkably high incidence of treatable infectious and parasitic diseases. The PPD skin tests were positive in 28%, and stool parasites were present in 65%. There were wide differences among the various ethnic groups in prevalence of stool parasites, anemia, and hemoglobin E trait, with a higher rate among Cambodians accounting for these differences. There were also differences in stool parasite patterns when the refugees were separated by ethnic origin. Cambodians had predominantly hookworm and Strongyloides, Laotians harbored hookworm and Trichuris, and Vietnamese were infested with Trichuris and Giardia. Malaria. Pott's disease, and congenital syphilis were among the uncommonly encountered diseases. Results of screening will vary with ethnic origin, but health screening has a high yield for all Indochinese refugees. PMID- 7102623 TI - Role of neutrophil antigen NA1 in an infant with autoimmune neutropenia. AB - A nontransfused 14-month-old female infant was investigated for persistent neutropenia of eight months' duration, with absolute neutrophil counts ranging from 410 to 935 cu mm. The patient's sera reacted with neutrophils from her own peripheral blood, from normal donors, and from her mother, all these having the neutrophil antigen NA 1, but not with neutrophils from NA 1-negative donors, including the father. The autoantibody was detectable by capillary agglutination and by indirect immunofluorescence techniques but not by complement-dependent cytotoxicity. No antibody was found in the mother's serum. Studies on three occasions showed good correlation between the appearance of circulating autoantibody and the peripheral neutrophil counts. Our observations, together with previously published reports, suggest a possible relationship of NA 1 antigen and the disease susceptibility of NA 1-positive infants to autoimmune neutropenia. PMID- 7102626 TI - Frequency of breast-feeding and serum bilirubin concentration. AB - Recent studies suggest that the three- to four-hour feeding regimens followed in many maternity units for breast-feeding mothers may not be physiological and that human infants should be fed more frequently. To determine the effects of frequency and length of brest-feeding in the first days after birth, we studied 55 mothers and their infants. Infants who nursed on average more than eight times per 24 hours in the first three days of life had significantly lower serum bilirubin levels (65. v 9.3 mg/fL, P less than .01) than those who fed less than eight times per 24 hours. The results of this investigation suggest that present breast-feeding policies that reduce or limit the number of feedings may interfere with the normal processes that eliminate bilirubin from the newborn infant. PMID- 7102625 TI - Neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. AB - A Japanese female neonate exhibiting severe respiratory distress was found to have primary hyperparathyroidism. Features included demineralization of the bones, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone, together with marked, generalized aminoaciduria. Four enlarged parathyroid glands were surgically removed, and remineralization of the bones was noticed after the operation. The characteristic pathologic change of the glands was chief cell hyperplasia. A survey of the family identified three other hypercalcemic but asymptomatic relatives. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant. This patient seems to be the second neonate with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia to be described in the literature. PMID- 7102624 TI - beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection appearing as persistent fetal circulation. AB - Sixty neonates who were transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit during a four-year period had diagnoses of persistent fetal circulation (PFC). Six of these 60 neonates had beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. The clinical appearance of these six neonates included respiratory distress, cyanosis, and/or apnea. The chest roentgenograms showed mild to moderate lung disease. All six neonates had progressive acidosis with hypoxemia. The diagnosis of PFC was made by cardiac catheterization or contrast echoangiography. The neonates were treated with mechanical ventilation, antibodies, and supportive therapy, including tolazoline hydrochloride. Mortality was high; only one of the six neonates survived. Streptococcal infection should be added to the growing list of conditions associated with PFC. PMID- 7102628 TI - Echovirus 3 infection associated with anicteric hepatitis. PMID- 7102627 TI - Radiological case of the month: ileal atresia with meconium peritonitis: meconium pseudocyst. PMID- 7102630 TI - Torsion of appendix epiploica and acute abdominal pain in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7102629 TI - Normal initial blood galactose levels in a newborn with galactosemia. PMID- 7102631 TI - Endotracheal administration of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 7102634 TI - Esophageal carcinoma metastatic to the brain. PMID- 7102633 TI - Idiopathic esophageal varices. PMID- 7102632 TI - Effects of sleep on spontaneous activity in symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm. AB - Diffuse esophageal spasm is a disease of unknown etiology in which neural or muscular control mechanisms malfunction, resulting in impaired and sometimes painful swallowing response, and inappropriate muscular contraction. An association between social stresses and disease activity suggesting elements of central control has been observed. In an effort to uncouple conscious central mechanisms from end organ response, we manometrically studied esophageal activity of four patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm while asleep (identified by electroencephalographic monitoring) as compared to wakeful states. We observed significant decreases from awake studies in number and duration of spontaneous contraction, during all sleep stages. We conclude that CNS mechanisms participate in the expression of the abnormal excitability of the esophagus in symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm. PMID- 7102635 TI - Chronic erosive gastritis: clinical, diagnostic, and pathological features in nine patients. AB - We have recognized nine patients with gastric mucosal lesions which were characterized by an erosion with surrounding mucosal elevation. This lesions has previously been called chronic erosive or varioliform gastritis. Patients were investigated because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 7), weight loss (n = 2), and/or bleeding (n = 3). Radiologically the appearance was of typical target lesions. Pathological features included pseudopyloric metaplasia, pyloric gland hyperplasia, acute and chronic inflammation, edema, and fibrosis. Atypia was present in biopsies from four patients and in one was incorrectly interpreted as representing intramucosal carcinoma. The remaining patients were treated with antacids and/or cimetidine with resolution of symptoms and in five patients repeat endoscopy demonstrated resolution of the lesions. Chronic erosive gastritis may cause upper gastrointestinal symptoms indistinguishable from peptic ulceration. Greater numbers of patients will have to be treated in a controlled fashion to determine the natural history of the disease and the most efficacious treatment. PMID- 7102636 TI - Computed tomography in Crohn's disease. AB - Computed tomography, barium examinations, and endoscopy play complementary roles in documenting the extent of disease in patients with Crohn's disease. Computed tomography is most often requested for patients with suspected or known intraabdominal or pelvic abscesses. In addition to documenting the presence and extent of abscess formation, other pathological processes in patients with Crohn's disease, may be demonstrated on computed tomography scans. These include thickening and/or contrast enhancement of inflamed bowel wall, inflammatory changes in the mesenteric and perirectal fat, and fistulous tract formation. PMID- 7102637 TI - Intussusception of the mid-jejunum after small intestinal bypass operation for obesity: case report. AB - Invagination of the defunctionalized small intestine after jejunoileal bypass operation for morbid obesity is a serious but rare complication since the introduction of Wills' technique. The possibility, however, still exists of mechanical obstruction of other parts of the defunctionalized small intestine. This occurred in a 25-yr-old man on several occasions during an interval of 1 to 3 yr after the primary operation. PMID- 7102639 TI - Gastrointestinal pathology in patients with chronic renal failure associated with spinal cord injury. AB - Clinical and histological data on 23 consecutive patients with end stage renal disease associated with spinal cord injury were reviewed. They had been maintained on hemodialysis for a mean duration of 17 months. Various gastrointestinal abnormalities were detected in 20 patients. Thirteen patients (56%) were found to have secondary amyloidosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of peptic ulcer disease and cholelithiasis were both higher than that reported in postmortem examinations of the general population. PMID- 7102638 TI - Endoscopic removal of an intussuscepted appendix mimicking a polyp--an endoscopic hazard. AB - A 55-yr-old white woman with a polypoid filling defect in the caput cecum, on barium enema examination, had endoscopic removal of this mass. This was immediately recognized macroscopically to be an intussuscepted appendix. This case is only the second naturally inverting appendix to be removed endoscopically, and it was complicated 18 h later by local peritonitis which was heralded by acute right lower quadrant pain. Laparotomy revealed a cleanly transected base of appendix and cecal adhesions representing previous chronic inflammatory disease. Endoscopists should consider this diagnosis in all cases of mass lesions of the caput cecum. It is imperative to retrieve such lesions if polypectomy is performed, as the macroscopic diagnosis is then evident. Once the diagnosis is established, immediate surgery is advised rather than watchful waiting. PMID- 7102640 TI - Diagnostic utility of sonography and computed tomography in spontaneous mesenteric hematoma. PMID- 7102641 TI - Enterogenous cyst of the pancreas. PMID- 7102643 TI - Development of a new peroral cholangioscope (FDS-CP). AB - We have developed a new fibercholangioscope (FDS-CP), which is introduced into the common bile duct via the sphincterotomized papilla of Vater under the rope way guidance of a balloon catheter. The scope was successfully inserted into the common bile duct in all 12 cases tried and was proved efficient for clinical use. The time required for introduction was 5 min on the average for a balloon catheter and 8 min for the scope to be introduced into common bile duct. The instrument has made it possible to perform precise observations and accurate biopsy of the common bile duct and parts of the main hepatic duct. It is also possible to perform therapeutical trials of removing stones located in the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. PMID- 7102644 TI - Gastrocolic fistula in Crohn's disease. PMID- 7102645 TI - Serial blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular disease in a Japanese cohort. AB - A cohort of 16,711 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have participated in a program of biennial clinical examination and history taking that began in 1958. During 1958-1974, a total of 621 confirmed cases of cerebrovascular disease and 218 confirmed cases of coronary heart disease were incident. This study makes a detailed examination of the relationship between a series of biennial examination blood pressure (BP) measurements and cardiovascular disease risk. Two aspects are emphasized: the quantitative relationship between risk and both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the predictive value of BP levels some years in the past, given more recent BP determinations. Cerebral hemorrhage incidence is shown to depend markedly on recent DBP level, while earlier DBP levels make an additional important contribution to risk prediction. Corresponding SBP levels have little additional predictive value. With cerebral infarction, SBP is the more important predictor, though elevated DBP conveys some additional risk at high SBP levels. Recent BP levels are more strongly predictive for cerebral infarction than are BP levels some years earlier. Elevated SBP is also an important predictor of coronary heart disease risk in this population, while elevated DBP does not appear to be predictive at specified SBP. SBP levels several years in the past are more closely associated with coronary heart disease risk than are recent SBP readings. The dependence of BP relative risk functions on sex and age is examined and some departures from the results just listed are noted at younger ages. Implications for disease mechanism and hypertensive therapy are discussed. PMID- 7102642 TI - Intraabdominal variceal bleeding. AB - A patient with known liver cirrhosis, but no previous variceal bleeding, presented with sudden abdominal pain and distention, hypotension, and bloody ascitic fluid. At exploration, he was found to be bleeding from varices in the gastrohepatic omentum and perisplenic area. Pathology of the liver showed cirrhosis and metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma. PMID- 7102646 TI - Impaired pulmonary function as a risk factor for mortality. AB - Prospective follow-up information obtained between 1976 and 1981 on mortality among 2539 individuals showed that pulmonary function impairment is a risk factor for short-term mortality, even when risk factors such as age, sex, and smoking are considered. Predicted risk curves for impaired individuals (those with forced expiratory volume in one second less than 68% of forced vital capacity) are consistently higher among all race-sex categories over all ages. Survival analysis using the proportional hazards model shows a steeper decline in estimated survival among individuals with poor pulmonary function compared to those with good pulmonary function, adjusted for age, race, and smoking effects. These observations are consistent with the concept that impairment of pulmonary function is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality from several nonrespiratory as well as respiratory diseases and that it acts by contributing to various pathogenic mechanisms in different organ systems. PMID- 7102647 TI - Reliability of recall of drug usage and other health-related information. AB - Health-related information from multiple sources was collected on 334 women living in two predominantly white, affluent retirement communities near Los Angeles as part of a case-control study of a serious chronic disease (cancer of the breast) conducted in 1977-1978. There was no evidence on interview of cases preferentially recalling more drug use or past diseases than controls. Agreement between interview and medical record for all disease conditions studied as well as for height, weight, and most menstrual and reproductive variables was of the order of 90% or better. Age at last menstrual period as reported on inerview did not correspond particularly well with that recorded on the medical record. Agreement between data sources for ever/never drug use varied considerably with the type of drug studied, from a low of 69% for use of barbiturates and related drugs to a high of 87% for use of antihypertensive medications. Estrogen usage information was collected in detail. Better correspondence was observed between medical record and interview than between either medical and pharmacy records or interview and pharmacy records. PMID- 7102648 TI - The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. AB - The prospective association of social relationships and activities reported during a round of interviews and medical examinations in 1967-1969 with mortality over the succeeding nine to 12 years was examined for a cohort of 2754 adult (aged 35-69 years as of 1967-1969) men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. After adjustments for age and a variety of risk factors for mortality, men reporting a higher levels of social relationships and activities in 1967-1969 were significantly less likely to die during the follow-up period. Trends for women were similar, but generally nonsignificant once age and other risk factors were controlled. These results were invariant across age, occupational, and health status groups. No association was observed between mortality and satisfaction with social relationships or activities. How and why social relationships and activities predict mortality are discussed and identified as important foci for future research. PMID- 7102649 TI - An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. AB - In this case-control study of the epidemiology of hip fracture in post-menopausal women aged 45-74 years, cases of hip fracture and two control groups were selected from admissions to four general hospitals in Connecticut between September 1977 and May 1979. Fewer cases of hip fracture than controls had been exposed to estrogen replacement therapy, and among those who had been exposed, exposure time was shorter than that for controls. The cases had breastfed their children for shorter durations, and they more often had had both ovaries removed. Also, the cases were found to weigh less than the controls. The negative associations of hip fracture with estrogen replacement therapy, intact ovaries, and weight are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogens protect against hip fracture. PMID- 7102650 TI - Mental function following scalp irradiation during childhood. AB - Between 1950 and 1960 about 20,000 israeli children were treated for tinea capitis by x-ray therapy as part of a large public health campaign to eradicate the disease. Dosimetric studies determined that these children were subjected to a mean brain dose of 130 rads. Almost 20 years later, possible radiation effects on the central nervous system were evaluated by comparing several measures of mental and brain function in approximately 11,000 of the irradiated children and in two nonirradiated, tinea-free comparison groups: (a) ethnic, sex- and age matched individuals from the general population, and (b) siblings. While not all comparisons were statistically significant, there was a consistent trend for the irradiated subjects to exhibit signs of central nervous system inpairment more often than either comparison group. The irradiated children had lower examination scores on scholastic aptitude, intelligence quotient (IQ) and psychologic tests, completed fewer school grades, and had an increased risk for mental hospital admissions for certain disease categories. A slightly higher frequency of mental retardation was also suggested. These-long-lasting scholastic and mental health effects lead the authors to conclude that radiation to the immature brain may cause damage to the central nervous system. PMID- 7102651 TI - Some confounding factors in the study of mortality and occupational exposures. AB - With the recent interest in the study of occupational exposures, the impact of certain selective biases in the groups studied is a matter of some concern. In this paper, data from the Hanford nuclear facility population (southeastern Washington State, 1947-1976), which includes many radiation workers, are used to illustrate a method for examining the effect on mortality of such potentially confouding variables as calendar year, length of time since entering the industry, employment status, length of employment, job category, and initial employment year. The analysis, which is based on the Mantel-Haenszel procedure as adapted for a prospective study, differs from most previous studies of occupational variables which have relied primarily on comparing standardized mortality ratios (utilizing an external control) for various subgroups of the population. Results of this analysis confirm other studies in that reduced death rates are observed for early years of follow-up job category). In addition, workers employed less than two years and especially terminated workers are found to have elevated death rates as compared with the remainder of the study population. It is important that such correlations be taken into account in planning and interpreting analyses of the effects of occupational exposure. PMID- 7102653 TI - Study of seasonality. PMID- 7102652 TI - Seasonal relationship of sudden infant death syndrome and environmental pollutants. PMID- 7102655 TI - Air pollution as a risk factor in lung cancer. AB - Retrospective data on residential and employment history and on smoking were obtained from 417 white male lung cancer patients and 752 controls with nonrespiratory, nonneoplastic diseases, from Erie County, New York, admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1957-1965. Total suspended particulate data and a historical review of problem point sources of pollution were used to delineate air pollution zones. The findings did not support the hypothesis that air pollution alone significantly increased risk for lung cancer. However, there was increased risk from smoking and occupational exposures if there was also long term exposure to air pollution. The risk for heavy smokers with heavy exposure to air pollution was over four times that of men with none of the high exposure traits. The findings suggest an apparent synergistic mechanism involving smoking and air pollution and smoking and occupational exposures. The findings are consistent with previous epidemiologic studies and with biologic and experimental evidence. The limitations of the methods used here necessitate further study and replication. However, the study indicates that air pollution should not be dismissed as a risk factor in lung cancer. PMID- 7102656 TI - Trends in the incidence of cancer of the corpus uteri in Connecticut, 1964-1979, in relation to consumption of exogenous estrogens. AB - The incidence of cancer of the uterine corpus diagnosed in the localized 1964 and 1969. During the next six years, however, it increased substantially, reaching a peak in 1975, followed by an irregular decline through 1979. Women aged 45-64 years showed both the largest increase and the sharpest decline. The incidence of tumors diagnosed with regional or distant spread has been rising slightly but consistently through the period 1970-1979; this upward trend is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Rates corrected for hysterectomized women not truly at risk are 40-50% higher than uncorrected rates but trends are the same. Explanations which are considered are changes in diagnostic practices and changes in risk factor prevalence. The use of noncontraceptive oral estrogens, a well documented risk factor for endometrial cancer, increased between 1964 and 1975 and then declined sharply through 1979 in the United States. The importance of these compounds in explaining the observed incidence trends is considered in terms of the major time- and stage-specific features of the exogenous estrogen endometrial cancer association reported in the case-control studies. PMID- 7102654 TI - Blood pressure during the first two years of life. AB - Blood pressure (BP) was measured on the third postnatal day in 392 healthy, full term, appropriate weight infants, and again in 318 infants at six months, in 277 infants at 15 months, and in 232 infants at 24 months of age. Differences in average BP between white infants and black infants were small; BP did not vary significantly as a function of socioeconomic class or sex. BP, measured during sleep, had increased from birth to six months of age, but showed no change from six to 15 months, a period of rapid growth, during which average weight increased 37% and average height increased 16%. BP continued to show to change from 15 to 24 months, when waking BP measurements at 24 months were adjusted for sleep waking differences in BP. Cross-sectional and analyses revealed only modest weight-BP relationships at 15 and 24 months. Five per cent of the infants exhibited systolic BPs which remained above the 80th percentile at six, 15, and 24 months of age. This was six times the number expected by chance if BP was assumed to be uncorrelated from measurement to measurement. This group of infants showed physical maturation, measured by weight change, which was almost identical with that of the total cohort. PMID- 7102657 TI - Diet in the epidemiology of breast cancer. AB - A variety of studies have shown that diets high in fat, particularly polyunsaturated, have enhanced the production of tumors in animals challenged with chemical carcinogens. Other studies have found an apparent contradiction of no difference in the incidence of breast cancer among women with varying levels of serum cholesterol as measured decades earlier. The present study concerns 2024 breast cancer cases and 1463 control patients without neoplasms or pathology of the reproductive and digestive organs, seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1958 to 1965. Based upon the assessments of their varying ingestion of fats from their own reports of diets, no difference in risk was found. Similarly, there was no difference in risk of breast cancer associated with ingesting diets containing various levels of either vitamin C or the cruciferous vegetables. Risk for breast cancer in women 55 years of age and older increased somewhat with decreases in ingestion of foods containing vitamin A. PMID- 7102658 TI - Scrotal carcinoma in Connecticut metalworkers: sequel to a study of sinonasal cancer. AB - An excess risk for sinonasal cancer among Connecticut metalworkers with potential exposure to cutting oils led to the hypothesis of a relationship between the same occupational category and squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum. Cases of this latter tumor (n = 45) diagnosed in 1935-1973 were identified by the Connecticut Tumor Registry. For decedents, male controls from Connecticut death certificates were matched to decedent cases on age, year of birth, and availability of occupational information; for living subjects, male controls from records of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles were matched on the above variables and town of residence. Death certificates and city directories provided occupational information. For the narrowly defined indicator of cutting oil exposure (toolmaker, setter, set-up man, hardener, polisher, automatic screw machine operator), the odds ratio for squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum was 4.9, 95% confidence limits (CL): 1.8, 15.9. The broad indicator of cutting oil exposure (not otherwise specified) categories plus machinist and machine operator (not otherwise specified) had an odds ratio of 10.5, 95% CL: 4.0, 36.9 and explained 57% of the cancers. For this broad category, the risk persisted in the most recent time period of diagnosis, 1966-1973 (OR = 18.6). For this broad category, major biases could not be detected when the following additional covariables were taken into account individually where possible: source of occupation, nativity, town of residence, stage at diagnosis, and cause of death. City directory and death certificate information implied that at least 80% of cases in the high risk category worked in the Connecticut region before age 40. PMID- 7102660 TI - The impact of cost-containment on national health policy. PMID- 7102659 TI - A case-control study of cholecystectomy and right-side colon cancer: the influence of alternative data sources and differential interview participation proportions on odds ratio estimates. AB - One hundred fifty patients with right-side colon cancer (i.e., patients with adenocarcinoma of the cecum or ascending colon) were compared to 150 matched left side colon cancer controls (i.e., patients with adenocarcinoma of the descending or sigmoid colon) and to 123 neighborhood controls, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, 1975-1978. The gastrointestinal surgical history was ascertained for all study subjects so that the presence or absence of a history of cholecystectomy could be noted. Cholecystectomy history was obtained through telephone interviews and whenever possible subsequently validated from operative and pathology reports at time of cholecystectomy. Cholecystectomy history for the colon cancer patients was also abstracted from hospital records at time of colon cancer diagnosis with an attempt to confirm the gallbladder's status through operative reports, cholecystograms, and physical examinations. Hospital records and interviews for the colon cancer patients appeared to provide accurate exposure history. Point estimates of the odds ratios and confidence intervals for intra- and inter-data source comparisons (i.e., hospital records, interviews, and hospital records and interviews combined) were comparable with similar measures of effect. Consistent odds ratio estimates appeared in both left side colon cancer controls (1.9) and neighborhood controls (1.89). The authors suggest that changes in bile acid metabolism following cholecystectomy may be associated an increased risk of right-side colon cancer. PMID- 7102661 TI - Looking upon the water: profit continued. PMID- 7102662 TI - Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiency. AB - In subjects with advanced renal insufficiency, the average of the creatinine and urea clearances ([Ccr + Cur]/2) is frequently used as an indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To test the accuracy of this method, 31 subjects with inulin clearance (Cin) less than 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 underwent simultaneously timed creatinine, urea, and inulin clearances. The results indicated that: (1) Ccr correlated positively with Cin; mean fractional excretion of creatinine (Ccr/Cin) was 1.5; (2) Cur correlated positively with Cin; in contrast to creatinine, the fractional excretion of urea (Cur/Cin) correlated negatively with Cin; (3) in 10 of 12 subjects with Cin less than 8 ml/min 1.73 m2, the Cur/Cin was greater than 1, suggesting that tubular secretion may have occurred; and (4) the (Ccr + Cur)/2 correlated positively with Cin and was the best clinical indicator of GFR. PMID- 7102663 TI - Response to pneumococcal vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome. AB - Serologic responses to a 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine were measured in 20 children with steroid-responsive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. All patients were free of proteinuria and receiving either daily (five patients) or alternate-day (15 patients) prednisone in a dosage of 1-2 mg/kg/day at the time of vaccination. Patients on alternate-day steroids received the vaccine on a day prednisone was not given. The mean fold rise in antibody titer was found to be normal in these children when antibody levels measured 3-6 wk post-vaccination were compared to prevaccination levels. This serologic response has correlated well with a 3-yr follow-up of the patients, none of whom has developed peritonitis secondary to any pneumococcal types in the vaccine. Also described are three patients who developed pneumococcal peritonitis during this period despite prior vaccination; in two of these patients, the pneumococcal type was not included in the vaccine (types 6b and 10a) and in one patient the organism was not typed. It is concluded that in children with nephrotic syndrome pneumococcal vaccination confers good protection against types included in the vaccine despite the concomitant administration of steroids. However, the patients who developed peritonitis secondary to other pneumococcal types remind us that pneumococcus must still be considered as an etiologic agent for peritonitis in nephrotic children who have been vaccinated. PMID- 7102664 TI - Clinical usefulness of the morphological classification of lupus nephritis. AB - The renal biopsy technique has made it possible to classify lupus nephritis into its varied forms. Utilizing light histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and ultrastructural techniques, the following renal morphological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus can be identified: mesangial abnormalities; focal proliferative, diffuse proliferative and membranous glomerulonephritis; glomerular sclerosis; interstitial nephritis; vascular sclerosis and necrotizing renal vasculitis. Each of the morphological forms is associated with distinctive clinical features and prognosis. Mesangial and focal proliferative lupus nephritis may occur in the absence of clinical abnormalities, and in general have a favorable prognosis. Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis often is manifested by the nephrotic syndrome and renal functional impairment which proves to be irreversible and progressive. Transition from the milder forms to diffuse proliferation occurs in about one-sixth of patients. Membranous lupus nephritis is characterized by the nephrotic syndrome, which often is persistent, but renal functional impairment develops slowly and is rarely severe. Necrotizing vasculitis, which supervenes on occasion during the course of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, produces the clinical picture of malignant hypertension and progresses rapidly to uremia. Interstitial nephritis usually occurs in combination with one of the glomerular forms, but at times may be the predominant renal lesion both morphologically and clinically. Glomerular sclerosis, often associated with hypertension and vascular sclerosis, commonly develops in the course of lupus nephritis, especially in the more severe forms, and may progress even though active disease has remitted. An awareness of clinico pathologic correlations in lupus nephritis provides a basis for intelligent management and critical assessment of therapy. PMID- 7102666 TI - Cytotoxic drug treatment of lupus nephritis. AB - Patients with lupus glomerulonephritis improved after various combinations of azathioprine or cyclophosphamide and prednisone treatment in uncontrolled studies reported in the early 1970s. Later prospective clinical trials tested the effectiveness of these cytotoxic immunosuppressants. No important differences were found in clinical effects, serologic tests of lupus activity, renal function, and proteinuria when groups of patients treated with prednisone were compared with those treated with combined azathioprine prednisone or cyclophosphamide prednisone. There has been a two-fold increase in the 5-yr cumulative survival of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis in studies appearing after 1970 versus those published before 1970. However, the improved survival cannot be attributed to azathioprine or cyclophosphamide treatment. PMID- 7102665 TI - Evaluation of treatment in lupus nephritis: effects of prednisone. AB - Survival of patients with SLE and renal disease has improved in the past 25 yr. There are numerous variables in patients with SLE, and many factors are important in determining outcome. The precise role of any therapeutic regimen in improving survival is unproven. Patients with SLE with normal kidneys, with mesangial changes or with membranous glomerulonephropathy do well whatever treatment is used. Focal and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis has a poor prognosis without treatment. Prednisone treatment appears to have improved the survival, but it is probable that treatment with prednisone alone may be less effective than a regimen in which it is combined with cyclophosphamide or nitrogen mustard. PMID- 7102667 TI - Plasmapheresis for the treatment of severe lupus nephritis: uncontrolled observations. PMID- 7102668 TI - Overview of treatment of lupus nephropathy. PMID- 7102669 TI - Abnormal estrogen and androgen metabolism in the human with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Humans with SLE were studied with regard to their ability to metabolize estradiol and testosterone. Significant abnormalities in the patterns of metabolism of both classes of sex steroids were found. Estradiol hydroxylation at C-16 was more extensive in both males and females with SLE -- leading to more estrogenic metabolites; and testosterone oxidation was elevated in patients with SLE resulting in a decrease in total androgens. Some normal first degree relatives of patients with SLE also had abnormalities of estradiol hydroxylation. PMID- 7102670 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus in the first two decades of life. AB - Seventy patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the first two decades of life have been followed from 1958 to 1981. The patients were treated with corticosteroids alone (17 patients) or corticosteroids and immunosuppressives (53 patients). Twenty-one patients (30%) had evidence of CNS lupus. Eighty-seven percent of patients had evidence of renal involvement, and 34% of these patients had diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN). A high frequency of pathologic transition was found to occur. Analysis of 20 pregnancies in 12 women with SLE reveals that patients with active SLE and/or renal disease are at a high risk for complications of pregnancy in contrast to patients in remission. The occurrence of infection, aseptic necrosis and cataracts is shown to be related to SLE itself and to its treatment. By life table analysis overall survival was 90% at 1 yr, 85% at 10 yr. and 77% at 15 yr. Survival of patients who entered the study before age 16 and of patients with CNS lupus could not be distinguished from that of the total group. Patients who entered the study from 1974-1981 had 5-yr survival similar to that of the total group. Survival of 21 patients with DPLN did not deviate from that of the entire group until 14 yr after study entry (7 yr if dialysis and transplantation are considered as deaths). In conclusion, the prognosis of SLE and especially of DPLN in the younger patient appears to be better than indicated by prior reports. Thus, analysis of outcome in this disease may require a long duration of follow-up. PMID- 7102671 TI - Effect of pregnancy in patients with SLE. AB - The effect of pregnancy on the activity of SLE and that of SLE on the product of conception was analyzed from data reported in nine series of 20 or more pregnancies published between 1956 and 1981. Although pregnancy has an adverse effect on SLE activity, an established diagnosis of SLE does not preclude an outlook for a successful pregnancy even in patients with previous signs of severe multisystem involvement and lupus nephropathy. Complete clinical remission for 6 mo or more prior to conception indicates a favorable prognosis for an uncomplicated course during pregnancy and a live birth. Continued signs of disease activity or renal disease reduce, however, the likelihood for an uncomplicated course and decreases the live birth rate by 25% - 30%. Since there is no evidence that glycocorticoids or cytotoxic agents affect fetal development or induce congenital abnormalities treatment during pregnancy should be directed towards suppression of disease activity and controlling hypertension. PMID- 7102672 TI - Initial management of lupus glomerulonephritis. PMID- 7102673 TI - Proceedings of symposium: Advances in systemic lupus erythematosus. New York, New York, October 2-3, 1981. PMID- 7102678 TI - Letting defective babies die: who decides? AB - This article explores who, in the first instance, should decide whether to withhold or withdraw treatment from a defective newborn. The Article begins by defining the term "severely defective newborn" and discussing potential sources of liability for persons who decide to withhold or withdraw treatment. It next analyzes the ability of parents, physicians, and courts to make these treatment decisions. The Article concludes that, although parents and physicians may eventually make the specific determination, the legislature should at least set guidelines so that the decisions will be, in some measure, consistent, predictable, adequately informed, and in accord with community values. PMID- 7102680 TI - Health Maintenance Organizations and the McCarran-Ferguson Act. AB - In the past, Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) were victims of anticompetitive practices, but the growth of HMOs casts them as potential growth encouraged by both the federal and state governments. This Note discusses a solution to the potential antitrust problems. HMOs can be exempt partially from antitrust regulation by the McCarran-Ferguson Act. To secure immunity under McCarran-Ferguson, the entity must function in the business of insurance, be regulated by the state, but not be engaged in acts of boycott, coercion, or intimidation. This Note sets forth potential antitrust violations by HMOs, examining the possible application of the McCarran-Ferguson exemption to them. Each of the elements required to satisfy McCarran is discussed in general and applied to HMOs. This Note concludes that the exemption can be applied to HMOs so long as their conduct fulfills the requirements of the McCarran Act. PMID- 7102679 TI - Cost containment in the health care field and the antitrust laws. AB - The Supreme Court of the United States and other courts currently are considering the question of the extent to which the health care field should be subject to antitrust rules. This Article explores the special characteristics of the health care field, and the problems they create for antitrust analysis. Two current cases--Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society (awaiting decision by the Supreme Court) and Kartell v. Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Inc. (pending in the District of Massachusetts)--illustrate the issues raised by efforts to contain health care costs through the setting of maximum fees. This Article suggests that traditional antitrust principles should and will prevail over arguments that such restraints are in the public interest. PMID- 7102676 TI - Two previously undetected variants of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase found by acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - Two new electrophoretic variants of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) have been found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acidic pH. They appeared to represent a single allele, GPT 2, by the standard method of starch gel electrophoresis. Studies in families show that they are inherited as codominant alleles at the GPT locus. Population frequencies are about the same as those of other rare GPT variants. Their behavior on gels is consistent with both of them having substitutions of histidines in place of uncharged amino acids. PMID- 7102675 TI - Evidence for a defect of holocarboxylase synthetase activity in cultured lymphoblasts from a patient with biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. AB - We report here the expression of biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency in cultured lymphoblasts of a patient whose fibroblasts belong to the bio genetic complementation group. Cultured lymphoblasts from the patient lost propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) and beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) activities at a faster rate than normal cells when grown in biotin-deficient medium. Recovery of normal PCC and MCC activities, which was independent of protein synthesis, required a 2,500-fold higher biotin concentration than that required by normal lymphoblasts. Holocarboxylase synthetase activity was detected in cell-free extracts through the biotinylation of endogenous apo-PCC in the presence of ATP to form active holo-PCC. While the apo-PCC in extracts of normal biotin-starved lymphoblasts could be activated to 28% of maximal activity, extracts of patient lymphoblasts did not exhibit any ATP and biotin-dependent increase in PCC activity. A normal cell extract, cleared of apocarboxylases by immunoprecipitation, stimulated the PCC activity of a patient cell extract 20 fold. These results indicate that the apoenzyme in bio cells is normal and that the defect lies in the holocarboxylase synthetase. PMID- 7102674 TI - Normal reconstruction of DNA supercoiling and chromatin structure in cockayne syndrome cells during repair of damage from ultraviolet light. AB - The chromatin of human cells undergoes structural rearrangements during excision repair of ultraviolet damage in DNA that were detected by transient relaxation of DNA supercoiling and increased staphylococcal nuclease digestibility of repaired sites. Inhibition of polymerization and/or ligation of repaired regions with inhibitors of DNA polymerase alpha (cytosine arabinoside and aphidicolin) resulted in the accumulation of single-strand breaks, delayed reconstruction of DNA supercoiling, and maintenance of the staphylococcal nuclease digestibility. These observations suggest that reconstruction of the native chromatin state requires completion of repaired regions with covalent ligation into the DNA strands. Although previous claims have been made that a late stage associated with ligation of repaired regions may be defective in cells from patients with Cockayne syndrome, complete reconstruction of the native chromatin occurred in cells from three unrelated patients after ultraviolet irradiation. No abnormality in repair was therefore detected in Cockayne syndrome cells. The hypersensitivity of cell survival and semiconservative DNA replication to damage by ultraviolet light in this human disorder must therefore be regarded as features of a primary defect in DNA metabolism unrelated to DNA repair. PMID- 7102681 TI - Temperature dependence of the stability of tobramycin mixed with penicillins in human serum. AB - The stability of tobramycin in pooled human serum when combined with ampicillin, carbenicillin disodium, or penicillin G potassium after storage at 0, 23, or 37 degrees C was evaluated. Samples of pooled human serum containing tobramycin sulfate 8 micrograms/ml alone or combined with ampicillin, carbenicillin disodium, or penicillin G potassium 200 micrograms/ml were prepared and stored at 0, 23, and 37 degrees C. Single samples were removed periodically for 48 hours and frozen until assayed. Tobramycin concentration was measured by a radioenzymatic assay. A tobramycin degradation rate constant was calculated for the tobramycin control and each tobramycin-penicillin combination at each temperature; from this, the time for the tobramycin concentration to decline to 90% of the initial concentration (t90) was estimated. Stability of the penicillins was not assessed. Tobramycin degradation approximated a log-linear process in all samples for the 48-hour period. The tobramycin control sample was more stable than any of the tobramycin-penicillin solutions at each temperature. At 0 degrees C, tobramycin mixed with ampicillin was the least stable of all mixtures; at 23 and 37 degrees C, tobramycin mixed with carbenicillin was the least stable. Storing tobramycin and carbenicillin samples on ice (0 degrees C) prolonged t90 from 10 hours (23 degrees C) and 12 hours (37 degrees C) to 36 hours. The t90 values for tobramycin when mixed with ampicillin were 19, 16.5, and 20 hours at 0, 23, and 37 degrees C, respectively. Mixed with penicillin G, tobramycin t90 values at 0, 23, and 37 degrees C were 48, 44, and 16 hours, respectively. More than a 10% loss of tobramycin potency occurred in some tobramycin-penicillin solutions under the conditions of this study. Because this loss would affect the accuracy of tobramycin pharmacokinetic calculations, the authors suggested guidelines for handling tobramycin serum samples. PMID- 7102677 TI - Refutation of the general single-locus model for the etiology of schizophrenia. AB - All published studies on the familial incidence of schizophrenia appropriate for testing the applicability of the general single-locus two-allele model are examined under the assumption of a unitary etiology for all schizophrenia. We show that the single major locus model is inadequate to predict the incidence in four classes of relatives of schizophrenic probands (parents, siblings, monozygotic, and dizygotic cotwins). In addition, the observed proportion of affected offspring from dual matings differ significantly from the model's prediction. The lack of an overall fit between the published familial distributions and the monogenic model suggests that a single major locus is insufficient for the etiology of schizophrenia. Further efforts in examining multifactorial models, mixed models, and other transmission models may be fruitful. PMID- 7102682 TI - Stability and compatibility of lidocaine hydrochloride with selected large-volume parenterals and drug additives. AB - The stability of lidocaine hydrochloride in six commonly used large-volume parenterals when stored for 14 days and the visual compatibility of lidocaine hydrochloride in admixtures with eight frequently used drugs were studied. Lidocaine hydrochloride admixtures of 2 mg/ml were prepared in both glass and plastic containers of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, lactated Ringer's injection, 5% dextrose and lactated Ringer's injection, 0.45% sodium chloride injection (plastic container only), and 0.45% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose injection. The admixtures were examined visually and stored for 14 days at 25 +/- 0.5 degrees C under fluorescent light. Lidocaine hydrochloride concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically at times 0, 0.25, 1, 3, 8, and 24 hours, and at 24-hour intervals thereafter. Spectrophotometric assays were confirmed with high-pressure liquid chromatography. Admixtures of lidocaine hydrochloride were prepared with aminophylline, bretylium tosylate, calcium gluconate, digoxin, dopamine hydrochloride, regular insulin, phenytoin sodium, and procainamide hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and lactated Ringer's injection. The admixtures were examined visually for 24 hours. Admixtures of lidocaine hydrochloride were stable for 14 days. All admixtures of lidocaine hydrochloride with other drugs were visually compatible except those containing phenytoin sodium. It is concluded that lidocaine hydrochloride is stable in the solutions studied for 14 days at 25 degrees C and visually compatible for 24 hours in admixtures containing all drugs studied except phenytoin sodium. PMID- 7102683 TI - Stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions. AB - The stability of diluted solutions of sodium hypochlorite was studied. Sodium hypochlorite 1% solutions were diluted (1:8, 1:12, and 1:20) and stored at room temperature in a window exposed to sunlight in amber-glass, two-liter bottles that were two-thirds full. Samples were taken 25 times throughout a six-month study period; bottles were opened only on sampling days. An iodometric titration was used to determine the percent available chlorine in each sample. Least squares regression analyses of the percent available chlorine yielded lines with negative slopes for each dilution (-7.7 X 10(-6), -8.1 X 10(-6), and -1.5 X 10( 6) for the 1:8, 1:12, and 1:20 dilutions, respectively). Using the fastest degradation rate (from the 1:12 dilution), 5.24% of available chlorine would be lost per year. The concentration of sodium hypochlorite would therefore remain above 90% of the initial concentration for 22.9 months. It is concluded that sodium hypochlorite solution stored in amber-glass bottles should carry a 23 month expiry date on chemical stability. PMID- 7102684 TI - Residency in mental-health pharmacy with a research component. AB - A 12-month postdoctoral specialized residency program in mental-health pharmacy practice with a psychopharmacology research component is described. The resident spent approximately four hours a day in clinical practice and in research activities in the inpatient setting; 10 hours per week in clinical research activities in an ambulatory patient setting; and 10 hours per week in teaching and scholarly activities. The resident was a member of a psychopharmacology research team that also included a research psychiatrist, a nurse, and two psychiatric medical residents at an adult acute-care site. The resident prepared a review of the preclinical evaluations of each investigational drug and participated in the initial screening of study patients. The resident was responsible for patient consent procedures, coordinating clinical evaluations, and scheduling necessary laboratory tests. As a member of the clinical team, she was also responsible for obtaining medication histories, monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions, maintaining accurate dosage records, and completing the appropriate rating scales in the clinical evaluation of patients. In the ambulatory setting, the resident participated in the outpatient management of study patients. The resident learned to assess patient's clinical progress, maintain progress notes, write medication orders and administer medications in acute situations, maintain individual treatment plans, follow approved drug research protocols, and provide a program of education for patients and families when necessary. In addition, the resident was involved in educational programs for pharmacy students. This training program enables the pharmacist to gain experience in drug research studies, clinical practice, and pharmaceutical education, while contributing to psychopharmacology research. PMID- 7102685 TI - Patient satisfaction with outpatient pharmaceutical services. AB - Patient characteristics and satisfaction with outpatient pharmaceutical services at a large university hospital were assessed. A mail questionnaire was sent to 700 outpatients selected at random. Most questions had fixed-format answers. Of the 388 (58%) returned surveys, 335 (50%) were usable. A large segment of the respondents (40%) were between the ages of 18 and 34. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents paid for their own prescriptions, and this group was less likely to fill their prescriptions at the university pharmacy. Of the patients who received prescriptions but did not have them filled at the university, 29% were unaware of the existence of the pharmacy, 36% found the pharmacy inconvenient for refills, and 21% thought that the waiting time to get their prescriptions filled was too long. Of the respondents who received prescriptions, 46% ahd them filled at the university pharmacy. Convenience (55%), availability of medications (19%), and low prices (12%) were the major reasons given for going to the university pharmacy. No association was found between the distance from the university and the internal retention rate for prescriptions. Of those who went to the university pharmacy, 94% were satisfied with the services they received. PMID- 7102686 TI - Therapeutic substitution practices in short-term hospitals. AB - Hospital policies concerning the automatic interchange of therapeutically equivalent drugs were examined. A questionnaire was sent to the chief pharmacists at 6326 shot-term hospitals throughout the United States. The survey items solicited demographic data and formulary policies on generic and therapeutic substitution. A total of 2437 (39%) usable questionnaires were returned. Approximately 40% of the hospitals reported that their formulary system allows the stocking of a single product to represent a given therapeutic category. A total of 751 hospitals reported that their formulary system allows automatic dispensing of the therapeutically equivalent drug product without contacting the physician for permission. Therapeutic substitution was found particularly prevalent in federally owned hospitals. There were regional variations in the existence of therapeutic substitution. Factors that appeared to be associated with therapeutic substitution were: drug use review activity, medical school affiliation, existence of a formulary system, perceptions of favorable view by the state board of pharmacy, and favorable perception of the savings generated through bid purchasing. Reasons for not engaging in therapeutic substitution included the following: (1) would not be accepted by the physicians, (2) interferes with physicians' right to select the drug, (3) unnecessary risk of civil liability, (4) violation of laws, and (5) expected benefits do not justify the cost. Most respondents thought that physicians are usually aware of therapeutic substitutions that occur. Although they were a minority, a large percent of the respondents had a formulary system that allowed automatic interchange of generically inequivalent products within a therapeutic class of drugs. The influence of therapeutic substitution on drug therapy outcomes and cost savings need to be evaluated. PMID- 7102687 TI - Impact of a nonformulary drug notification form. PMID- 7102690 TI - Systematic self-assessment by a state society of hospital pharmacists. PMID- 7102688 TI - Survey of marketed hospital pharmacy computer systems. PMID- 7102689 TI - Criteria for awarding drug-wholesaler contracts. PMID- 7102691 TI - Antibiotics standards versus standards for other drugs. PMID- 7102692 TI - Observations of a traveling pharmacist. Part 2. PMID- 7102693 TI - Selection criteria for biological safety cabinets for chemotherapy preparation. PMID- 7102694 TI - Opportunity for clinical pharmacy in concurrent and prospective drug-use review. PMID- 7102695 TI - Medication errors in nursing homes and small hospitals. AB - An observation method for measuring the rate of medication errors, which can be used as an outcome indicator of a medication system's quality, was evaluated in a national sample of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and small hospitals. Trained nurse and pharmacist observers observed nurses administer medications during the three-hour period surrounding the peak medication workload on one day in national sample of 58 LTCFs and 10 hospitals. Opportunity-for-errors (OE), defined as the total number of doses ordered plus the unauthorized doses given, were counted, as well as all medication errors. The error rate was calculated as the proportion of errors in total OEs. The reliability of the method was evaluated on seven days by comparing the results of a researcher and observer, who were observing the same nurse. The mean-medication-error rate was 12.2 and 11.0% in the LTCFs and hospitals studied, respectively. Three LTCFs and four hospitals had error rates of zero. Only 31% of the LTCFs and 40% of the hospitals would pass a medication error limit standard of 6%. The authors concluded that the observation method was promising. Recommendations for further study included: (1) implementation of a one-year project to evaluate observer efficiency after becoming proficient with the method, (2) improvement of the reliability measure, and (3) examination of the relationship of medication errors with structure and process variables. PMID- 7102697 TI - Proceedings of a symposium on acyclovir sponsored by Burroughs Wellcome Co. and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. PMID- 7102696 TI - Adaptation of a workload measurement system. AB - An adaptation of a previously reported patient-care unit (PCU) system of workload measurement is described. A PCU is any distributive or clinical pharmacy activity related to patient care, and the PCU system of workload measurement relates the activity frequency and the usual time required to complete each activity. The key to the system is the weighting factor (usual time) for each PCU. The PCU system was modified by breaking each PCU into its various elements and determining the time required to complete each element. Several time units were available from references; other units specific for hospital pharmacy were measured. The modified PCU definitions, counting mechanisms, and weighting factors used at the study hospital are included in an appendix. The number of service hours, which is the product of the frequency of each activity and its weighting factor, is an indicator of personnel time devoted to each pharmacy activity. The cost per service hour can be computed and used to set fees for each pharmacy activity. Other practical applications of the PCU system include evaluation of staffing patterns, trend analysis, and documentation of clinical services. The modified PCU system provides a more precise measurement of weighting factors than previously described methods, and it can be adapted by other institutions. PMID- 7102699 TI - Optimal treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice with oral acyclovir. AB - The effect of oral or intraperitoneal administration of acyclovir was evaluated in four experimental models of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis in mice. Mice were inoculated with HSV-1 or HSV-2 intracerebrally or with HSV-2 intranasally, intraperitoneally, or intravaginally. With all four routes of inoculation, oral acyclovir therapy significantly reduced mortality when started as late as 72 to 96 hours after viral challenge. Intraperitoneal acyclovir was not effective in protecting mice inoculated intravaginally, but was effective if given 24 to 48 hours after intracerebral or intranasal challenge and as late as 96 hours after intraperitoneal infection. Oral acyclovir was more active than intraperitoneal treatment in all four model infections. Levels of acyclovir inhibitory for HSV in cell culture were maintained in plasma and brain tissue throughout oral treatment but lasted only three to six hours after each intraperitoneal treatment. These results suggest that acyclovir may be useful in treating serious HSV infections in humans. PMID- 7102698 TI - Acyclovir treatment of experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit eye. AB - In the rabbit eye model of experimental herpetic keratitis a satisfactory cure was obtained with ointments containing 1 percent, 2 percent, and 3 percent acyclovir, and also with idoxuridine. Trifluorothymidine and vidarabine were less effective in the particular conditions of the experiment. A cure was also obtained with acyclovir sodium salt injected intravenously, thus demonstrating that a local infection of the eye can be treated systematically. PMID- 7102700 TI - Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in humans following intravenous administration. A model for the development of parenteral antivirals. AB - Data are reported from three step-wise pharmacokinetic studies in 43 patients who received acyclovir. Dosage regimens began at 0.5 mg/kg administered as a single dose intravenously and were increased to 15 mg/kg per dose given three times daily for five days. All patients evaluated were immunocompromised by underlying disease or received cytolytic and/or cytotoxic therapy. Patients with virologically confirmed herpes simplex or zoster infections were assessed in the multiday, multidose pharmacokinetic trial. Postinfusion plasma concentrations of acyclovir declined in a biphasic manner such that the plasma-concentration time data were fitted by a two-compartment, open-model with zero-order input. The drug's half-life showed little variation with a mean of 3.16 +/- 0.20 hours. In both single-dose and multiple-dose studies there was dose proportionality with peak plasma levels and area under the plasma concentration-time curve indicating dose-independent pharmacokinetics. The kidney was the principal route of drug clearance with a mean recovery of 60 +/- 12 percent. Renal clearance exceeded creatinine clearance indicating renal tubular secretion of drug. No significant clinical or laboratory evidence of toxicity appeared. These studies provide a foundation for the evaluation of acyclovir in controlled trials. PMID- 7102701 TI - Pharmacokinetics of orally administered acyclovir in patients with herpes progenitalis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of acyclovir administrated orally in a dose of 200 mg every four hours, five times a day to adults with herpes progenitalis was determined. Peak plasma acyclovir levels are found 1.5 to 1.75 hours after oral administration; peak levels range from 1.4 to 4.0 microM with a mean of 2.5 microM. Acyclovir levels in saliva are well correlated with simultaneous plasma levels, saliva levels being approximately 13 percent of plasma levels. Simultaneous plasma and vaginal secretion acyclovir levels are poorly correlated; peak levels in vaginal secretions range from 0.5 to 3.6 microM. PMID- 7102703 TI - Influence of hemodialysis on acyclovir pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - The pharmacokinetic disposition of acyclovir was studied in six patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and anuria. At the end of a one-hour intravenous infusion (2.5 mg/kg), the mean peak acyclovir plasma level (+/- SD), determined by radioimmunoassay, was 37.5 +/- 24.2 microM (8.4 +/- 5.4 microgram/ml), twice the level found at this dose in patients with normal renal function (NRF). In the CRF volunteers, significant plasma levels (3.0 +/- 1.4 microM) persisted at 47 hours after drug administration (before hemodialysis) whereas in the NRF patients levels dropped to less than 1 microM by 11 hours. Hemodialysis was started 47 hours after infusion and was continued for six hours. The pre-dialysis plasma drug level was reduced by 61.5 percent at 0.25 to 1.5 hours after the end of dialysis. The mean plasma t 1/2 during dialysis of 5.4 hours, the extraction ratio of 0.44, and the dialysis clearance for plasma of 113 ml/min indicate that acyclovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis. One-half the suggested intravenous dose for a particular indication can be given every 24 hours and a similar replacement dose should be given after each dialysis. PMID- 7102702 TI - Effect of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. PMID- 7102705 TI - Preliminary studies of acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B. AB - Three patients with HBsAg-positive and DNA-polymerase-positive chronic hepatitis were treated with increasing dosages of intravenous acyclovir. A fall in DNA polymerase activity was seen with all courses of acyclovir but no dose-response relationship was evident. In only one patient did DNA polymerase fall to zero where it has remained for five months. Two out of 10 courses were associated with significant side effects with the highest dosages of acyclovir but these promptly resolved when the agent was stopped. Acyclovir's apparently partial and transient action suggests that it will not have a role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 7102707 TI - Acyclovir and vidarabine for the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. AB - Seventy-three patients were studied in a prospective, randomized double controlled trial to determine the efficacy and side effects of 3 percent acyclovir or 3 percent vidarabine ointment in treating epithelial herpetic keratitis. Thirty-eight patients were treated with vidarabine and 35 patients with acyclovir. Sixty-eight patients ahd dendritic keratitis and five patients had geographic keratitis. There was no statistically significant difference between acyclovir and vidarabine for the treatment of epithelial keratitis in reference to epithelial healing, post-treatment visual acuity, or iritis. Neither drug was more effective in preventing secondary superficial stromal changes, nor was there any difference in the adverse reactions seen with acyclovir or vidarabine. PMID- 7102708 TI - Use of acyclovir in herpetic ocular infection. AB - Acyclovir has veen shown to have potent antiviral activity against both herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses, especially the former, with low cellular toxicity, preferentially affecting virally infective cells by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis [1,2]. In experimental herpes simplex corneal infection, acyclovir has been found to be effective [3,4] and in early clinical trials it has been found to be at least as good as idoxuridine [5-7]. Acyclovir has also been found to have antiviral activity against the herpes zoster virus in tissue culture [1] and to affect favorably the course of the disease in immunosuppressed patients [8]. This paper describes the use of acyclovir in patients with either herpes simplex or herpes zoster ocular infections. Topical acyclovir has been compared with adenine arabinoside in the treatment of herpes simplex corneal ulceration in a coded clinical trial. The use of acyclovir will also be described in patients with complicated herpes simplex eye disease. Our initial results with topical acyclovir in herpes zoster keratouveitis are also described. PMID- 7102704 TI - Metabolic fate of radioactive acyclovir in humans. AB - The metabolic fate and the kinetics of elimination of [8-14C]acyclovir in plasma and blood was investigated in five cancer patients. Doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg were administered by one-hour intravenous infusion. Radioactivity was distributed nearly equally in blood and plasma. The plasma and blood concentration-time data were defined by a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. The overall mean acyclovir plasma half-life and total body clearance +/- SD were 2.1 +/- 0.5 hours and 297 +/- 53 ml/min/1.73 m2. Binding of acyclovir to plasma proteins was 15.4 +/- 4.4 percent. The radioactive dose was excreted predominantly in the urine (71 to 99 percent) with less than 2 percent excretion in the feces and only trace amounts of radioactivity in the expired air. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine was the only significant urinary metabolite of acyclovir accounting for 8.5 to 14.1 percent of the dose. A minor metabolite (less than 0.2 percent of dose) had the retention time of 8-hydroxy-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine. Unchanged urinary acyclovir ranged from 62 to 91 percent of the dose. There was no indication of acyclovir cleavage to guanine. The renal clearances of acyclovir were three times higher than the corresponding creatinine clearances. PMID- 7102709 TI - Acyclovir in herpes keratitis. AB - Herpes simplex keratitis accounts for 50 percent of patients presenting at our corneal clinic. Studies of the use of acyclovir in dendritic and geographic ulceration and disciform keratitis are presented. In a double-blind study of acyclovir and idoxuridine in 60 patients with dendritic keratitis, acyclovir was shown to be superior and produced no serious side effects. Patients with geographic ulcers have been treated on an open basis with acyclovir and the drug was found to be effective. A combination of acyclovir and dilute steroid drops appeared to be as effective as currently available treatments in the management of disciform keratitis. Double-blind studies are now in progress to evaluate acyclovir in geographic and disciform keratitis. PMID- 7102706 TI - Acyclovir in severe herpes virus infections. AB - Forty-five patients with severe herpes virus infections were treated with acyclovir intravenously for five days. Nine patients had varicella (eight of whom were immuno- or myelocompromised), 23 had herpes zoster (14 compromised patients) and 13 had herpes simplex (nine compromised patients). No patient died from the viral infection and in eight of the patients the beneficial effect of acyclovir was beyond doubt. Six of these patients had herpes simplex infections. In 21 patients acyclovir was probably beneficial, whereas in 16 patients the effect was doubtful or absent. As expected, in patients with established neurologic damage there was no effect. Except for transient elevation in transaminases in one patient and occasional infusion thrombophlebitis, no toxicity of acyclovir was encountered in this series. PMID- 7102710 TI - Species differences in the disposition of acyclovir. AB - The disposition of acyclovir was investigated in several species. The drug was well distributed into all the tissues, including the brain, in mice and rats. Binding of acyclovir to plasma proteins was 36 percent or lower. After intravenous bolus dosing (20 mg/kg) in dogs, the plasma acyclovir concentration time profile, determined by radioimmunoassay, showed a biphasic decline with a half-life in the elimination phase of 2.3 +/- 0.1 hours. The volume of distribution (Vd beta) of 1.2 +/- 0.2 liters/kg indicated distribution of drug into the tissues. Marked species differences were observed in the gastrointestinal absorption and biotransformation of acyclovir. Oral dosing produced better absorption in dogs and mice than in rats and rhesus monkeys. More than 95 percent of the radioactivity in the urine derived from a 14C-acyclovir parenteral dose was recovered as the unchanged drug in mice, rats, and dogs. Minor urinary metabolites were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography as 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (CMMG) and 8-hydroxy-9-(2 hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine. In other species--guinea pig, rabbit, and rhesus monkey--up to 40 percent of the radioactivity in the urine consisted of these metabolites. PMID- 7102711 TI - Treatment of plantar warts with acyclovir. PMID- 7102712 TI - Therapy of acute herpes zoster with acyclovir in the nonimmunocompromised host. PMID- 7102715 TI - Electrolyte instrumentation: then and now. PMID- 7102714 TI - Acyclovir treatment of cutaneous herpes in guinea pigs and herpes encephalitis in mice. AB - Animal models of cutaneous herpes simplex and herpetic encephalitis were used to demonstrate the antiviral potential of acyclovir. Of the various topical formulations of acyclovir tested against herpes simplex in guinea pigs, 5 percent acyclovir in modified aqueous cream was the most effective. Propylene glycol was included in this preparation to increase the aqueous solubility of acyclovir. Acyclovir and vidarabine were found to be equally effective against herpetic encephalitis in mice when administered either orally or subcutaneously at 100 mg/kg. PMID- 7102713 TI - Metabolic disposition of acyclovir in the guinea pig, rabbit, and monkey. AB - Two guinea pigs and two rabbits were each inoculated subcutaneously with 14C labeled acyclovir (25 mg/kg). Both species excreted the entire amount within 72 hours. The rabbits excreted all of the radioactivity in the urine while the guinea pigs excreted an average of 14.2 percent in the feces. The rabbits excreted an average of 71.0 percent of the dose as unchanged drug; 25.1 percent was excreted as 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (CMMG) and 3.5 percent as 8-hydroxy 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (8-hydroxyacyclovir). An average of 60.7 percent of the dose was recovered from the guinea pigs as acyclovir; 32.3 percent was excreted as CMMG and 3.1 percent as 8-hydroxyacyclovir. The two rabbits showed elimination-phase half-lives (t 1/2 beta) for plasma acyclovir of 0.8 and 2.2 hours. Mean t 1/2 beta for acyclovir in two rhesus, four patas, and four african green monkeys, each receiving acyclovir (10 mg/kg) as a bolus intravenous injection, were 1.2, 1.7, and 1.8 hours respectively. The average 48 hour urinary excretion of acyclovir, 8-hydroxyacyclovir, and CMMG in the rhesus monkey was estimated to be 21.3 percent, 15.3 percent, and 7.1 percent, respectively, of the total administered amount. The patas and african green species excreted the dose mostly as acyclovir and CMMG. PMID- 7102718 TI - Non-invasive measurement of blood oxygen levels. AB - Comparison of transcutaneous (TC) monitoring of blood oxygen levels to arterial blood gas analyses was made on patients at rest with room air, during exercise, and at rest with oxygen. Three different transcutaneous monitors were evaluated: Novametrix TC O2 Mette, Biochem Sensomat, and Radiometer TC M1. The Hewlett Packard ear oximeter for measuring oxygen saturation was also compared to oxygen saturation values calculated on the Severinghaus slide rule. Using at least one measured PO2 as a baseline, either TC monitoring or ear oximetry were valuable tools in monitoring pulmonary function. PMID- 7102716 TI - Case study: drug-induced electrolyte changes. PMID- 7102717 TI - A personal experience of "standardization" of pH and blood gases by committees. PMID- 7102719 TI - Urinalysis problem. PMID- 7102720 TI - Hematology problem. PMID- 7102724 TI - The acrocallosal syndrome. AB - We report two unrelated patients, a three-year-old girl and an 88/12 year-old boy with the newly described "acrocallosal" syndrome. The main manifestations of the syndrome are unusual facial appearance, pre- and postaxial polydactyly, mental retardation, and absence of the corpus callosum. Cause remains unknown. PMID- 7102722 TI - Cytogenetic findings in 200 children with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies of unknown cause. AB - We report a cytogenetic study of 200 children with mental retardation and three or more major or minor congenital anomalies. In all cases, the chromosomes were studied with conventional staining methods (nonbanding) and with at least one of the following techniques: Q, G, or R banding. In a few patients, C banding and in vitro differentiation with BUDR and acridine orange (R banding) were also used. In patients with structural abnormality, parental chromosomes were studied using the same techniques. A chromosomes abnormality was found in 42 patients (21%). Of these, 16(8%) had complete or mosaic aneuploidies (11 autosomal and 5 gonosomal); and 26 (13%) had structural defects. In 21 of the latter the structural abnormality occurred as a de novo rearrangement, and in 5 the defect was inherited from a parent carrier of a balanced rearrangement. The contribution of chromosome aberrations to the cause of (idiopathic) MCA/MR syndromes is discussed. PMID- 7102723 TI - Assessment of clinical variables and counseling needs in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. AB - Many medical and personal factors must be considered when attempting to provide comprehensive genetic counseling to families with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Adequate diagnostic evaluation, the initial step in the counseling process, is not always readily obtained. Prognosis is difficult to assess, and genetic type may be impossible to establish in certain pedigrees. A nationwide questionnaire survey of 899 probands with RP and allied disorders was conducted, and generated data on the patient's perceptions of the clinical aspects of the disease, family history, and the understanding of the disorder by affected persons and their relatives. This study emphasizes the clinical variability of RP and summarizes differences in age of onset of the different genetic types. Clearly, patients must be evaluated extensively and carefully to diagnose retinitis pigmentosa accurately. The extent and limitations of the diagnostic evaluation should be clearly understood by the counselor because some patients with sporadic phenocopies may be diagnosed as having retinitis pigmentosa. Counseling about prognosis should include information regarding the great variation among and within inheritance groups, families, and individuals with respect to age of onset and natural history of the disorder. All patients should be considered for hearing evaluations since as many as 30% of RP patients may have hearing impairments. Because no treatment is currently available for most RP patients, genetic counseling and supportive follow-up should be viewed as an essential service for this common group of genetic disorders, and co-operation with the ophthalmologic diagnostician should be actively sought. PMID- 7102721 TI - Partial trisomy 15 in a male with severe psychomotor retardation (48, XY, + 15q , + mar(15)). AB - An abnormal karyotype consisting of 48 chromosomes has been found in a 16-year old boy with severe psychomotor retardation and congenital anomalies. The two extra chromosomes: a 15q - and a small metacentric marker appear as derivatives of chromosome 15(48, XY, + 15q -, + mar(15). The healthy father has a mosaic chromosome constitution 46, XY/47, XY, + mar(15) and this additional chromosome is also present in the propositus. It is suggested that the presence of the extra chromosome in the father's germ cells may play a role in the production of the additional 15q - chromosome responsible for the clinical syndrome of the propositus. PMID- 7102726 TI - In situ method for prenatal cytogenetics. PMID- 7102727 TI - Bloom syndrome fibroblasts secrete a metabolite which enhances SCE rate in normal fibroblasts. PMID- 7102725 TI - Marker X syndrome in an oriental family with probable transmission by a normal male. AB - We report an oriental family with sex-linked mental retardation, macroorchidism, and a marker or fragile site on the X chromosome--mar(X)(q28). The three affected males resemble clinically most previously reported affected Caucasians. The marker was present in four female 40-70 years old, including one with normal intelligence. Transmission of the disorder appears to have taken place through a clinically normal male to his grandson. PMID- 7102728 TI - Double-blind administration of methylphenidate to mentally retarded children with attention deficit disorder; a preliminary study. AB - Ten children with IQs ranging from 48 to 77 who were living at home and attending special education programs in public schools were involved in an outpatient, double-blind, active drug and placebo cross-over study using methylphenidate. These children were considered to have symptoms of the attention deficit disorder as well as being mentally retarded. Five of the 10 children responded positively to active medication as measured by improvement in the Conners' rating forms for parents and teachers. We concluded that retarded children with high activity levels and attention disorders are positively affected by stimulant medication but that careful and controlled observational and behavioral assessment is required on an individual basis. PMID- 7102729 TI - Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: diagnostic overshadowing. AB - Two experiments evaluated the effects of the condition of mental retardation on psychologists' impressions of emotional problems of a retarded subject. In Experiment 1 we found that the same debilitating phobia was less likely to be considered an example of a neurosis or an emotional disturbance when the subject also was suggested to be mentally retarded as compared to intellectually average. Experiment 2 provided a conceptual replication of the results of Experiment 1 and extended findings of diagnostic overshadowing to cases involving schizophrenia and personality disorder. The magnitude of these effects did not differ significantly as a function of whether the case description suggested schizophrenia or personality disorder. The results validate the existence of a diagnostic overshadowing phenomenon. PMID- 7102733 TI - Development of school-age children's stereotypic attitudes toward mentally retarded children. AB - The developmental changes in the structure of attitudes toward mentally retarded children in elementary-school-aged students were investigated. Four orthogonal factors characterized their responses: General Negative Evaluation, General Positive Evaluation, Likeability, and Unhappiness. For the most part, increased age was associated with a decrease in negative stereotypes and an increase in a specific stereotype. The results were discussed in terms of contradictory findings in previous attitudinal research. PMID- 7102731 TI - A matched comparison of the developmental growth of institutionalized and deinstitutionalized mentally retarded clients. AB - Seventy mentally retarded clients previously residing in a large state institution were matched with 70 clients who remained at the same institution. Clients were matched by sex, level of retardation, years institutionalized, self care skills, age, and IQ. Developmental growth, operationally defined as adaptive behavior change using a research version of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, was measured for all clients at Time 1 and Time 2. Demographic and environmental factors that could be associated with adaptive behavior growth were explored. Only the deinstitutionalized clients displayed significant growth. They increased in adaptive behavior and showed no significant change in maladaptive behavior. PMID- 7102732 TI - Comparison of family-care and group homes as alternatives to institutions. AB - Two residential alternatives, family-care and group homes, for deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults were compared. Residents in both settings displayed essentially no improvement in self-care skills. Individuals placed in family-care homes were significantly more likely to improve their maladaptive behavior. Individuals in group homes were more likely to improve in community living skills. Residents of both settings were equally likely to have friends, maintain ongoing contact with family, and make use of community resources. A differential use of family-care and group homes was suggested. PMID- 7102730 TI - Maternal causal attributions at hospital discharge of high-risk infants. AB - Interviews were conducted at hospital discharge with mothers of 43 infants with severe perinatal complications posing risks to development. Information gathered included mothers' beliefs about the causes of the infant's medical problems, expectations of caretaking difficulties, and self-reported mood on the Profile of Mood States. Of the various demographic characteristics studied, only maternal parity was related to causal attributions, with mothers of later-born infants more likely to blame themselves and mothers of first-born infants more likely to blame others and to attribute the infant's condition to chance. Mothers who blamed others reported greater mood disturbance and greater anticipated caretaking problems than did mothers who attributed the infant's condition to a maternal behavior during pregnancy. These findings were discussed in relation to studies of attributional processes and coping with misfortune. PMID- 7102734 TI - Intraclassroom comparison of two arrangements for teaching profoundly mentally retarded children. AB - An intraclassroom (within-subject) comparison of two arrangements (one-to-one and small group) for teaching profoundly mentally retarded children was conducted. The dependent variables were teacher on-task time (the duration of minutes spent teaching behavioral objectives), the frequency of instructor turnaways per instructional minutes (the number of times the teacher left or turned away from the child being taught), the number of trials correct per child, and the number of objectives taught per child. A reversal design was used. Based on the first two variables, the one-to-one instructional arrangement appeared to be superior. PMID- 7102735 TI - Effects of a jogging program on cardiovascular fitness and work performance of mentally retarded adults. AB - Changes in cardiovascular fitness and work performance of mentally retarded adults resulting from a jogging program were evaluated with randomly assigned experimental and control subjects using posttest measures from Cooper's 12-minute Run-Walk Test and timed samples of work performance. Pretest measures were utilized as covariates in analysis of covariance. Statistically significant results in both fitness and work performance favored the experimental group. PMID- 7102736 TI - Self-control: an application of the generalized matching law. AB - Predictions about impulsive and self-controlled choices were tested in an ABAB design with five mentally retarded children. Choices were between small immediate or large delayed reinforcers under two conditions. In free-choice conditions subjects worked immediately on chosen tasks; in commitment conditions there was a 24-hour delay between choosing and commencing work. Generally, more impulse choices occurred under free-choice conditions, as predicted by the generalized matching law. PMID- 7102737 TI - Effects of the advance organizer with oral and written presentation on recall and inference of EMR adolescents. AB - The effectiveness of Ausubel's Advance Organizer was tested with 96 EMR adolescents in a 3 X 2 X 2 factorial design. Three types of introduction--Advance Organizer, traditional introduction, and no introduction--preceded a unit of instruction. Introduction and unit were presented orally or in written form. Two levels of learning outcomes, memorization and inference, were tested. Subjects were randomly assigned to six experimental conditions. Means and the results of a three-way analysis of variance indicated a facilitative effect under the written presentation, especially for high-level questions. A negative effect of the Advance Organizer occurred under the oral presentation. PMID- 7102738 TI - Performance matching in comparative investigations: an option for a motor explanation of behavior. PMID- 7102739 TI - Coincident timing behavior of young mentally retarded workers under varying conditions of target velocity and exposure. AB - The degree to which response complexity affects the ability of moderately mentally retarded adults to perform on a coincident timing task was examined. In Experiment 1 subjects were required to depress a key to estimate accurately the arrival of a moving target at a predetermined coincident point. Analyses of both constant and variable error scores suggested that subjects had difficulty inhibiting their responses and that an optimal exposure distance for the task existed. In Experiment 2 subjects were required to make a movement response to the target. Subjects made more constant errors in this experiment but improved when provided maximum target preview. These mixed findings are discussed in terms of subjects' impulsivity and their sensitivity to the characteristics of the display. PMID- 7102740 TI - Competitive employment training for mentally retarded adults: the supported work model. AB - The supported work model designed to train mentally retarded persons for competitive employment, was initiated as a pilot program in 1979. The placement rate was 50 percent. In order to investigate the predictors of placement, we conducted an empirical analysis using the theory of work adjustment perspective. Results indicated that the participant's work behavior and job skills, ability to meet the requirements of the jobs, and employment reinforcements were predictors of competitive placement. PMID- 7102742 TI - Prenatal screening and "wrongful life": medicine's new "Catch-22"? PMID- 7102745 TI - A prospective multi-institutional study of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring. II. Contraction stress test versus nonstress test for primary surveillance. AB - This study includes, 1,542 patients who underwent nonstress tests (NSTs) for primary fetal surveillance and 4,626 patients who underwent contraction stress tests (CSTs) for primary fetal surveillance. All pregnancies were at increased risk for uteroplacental insufficiency. The results showed that the two groups were comparable according to maternal diagnostic criteria for testing. Those patients who underwent NSTs as primary surveillance had a 2.9% incidence of intervention because of abnormal test results while the CST group had a 4.5% incidence of intervention because of abnormal test results ( p less than 0.05). The NST group had significantly more respiratory distress syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, birth weight less than 2,500 gm, and 5-minute Apgar scores less than 7. The antenatal death rate was nearly eight times higher in the NST group (7.8/1,000 versus 1.1/1,000 in the CST group) (p less than 0.05). After correction for congenital anomalies and unrelated causes, the NST group had an antenatal death rate of 3.2/1,000 versus 0.4/1,000 in the CST group (p less than 0.05); there was still an antenatal death ratio of 8:1. PMID- 7102744 TI - A prospective multi-institutional study of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring. I. Risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity according to antepartum fetal heart rate test results. PMID- 7102743 TI - Fetal and maternal effects of sodium nitroprusside used to counteract hypertension in gravid ewes. PMID- 7102741 TI - Singleton breech presentation in labor: experience in 1980. AB - Excessive perinatal loss is associated with breech presentation, and, in large measure, this loss is accounted for by prematurity, congenital anomalies, and birth trauma. In the endeavor to exert an effect on two of these problems, cesarean section has been resorted to increasingly. Three hundred thirty singleton breech pregnancies were reviewed, and delivery in 74.2% of these was by cesarean section. The only cases in which a trial of labor was routinely allowed were frank breech presentations at term. Fetal compromise during labor and delivery was relatively uncommon and seen to occur at both vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Preventable mortality was limited to infants who weighed less than 1,300 gm. Morbidity was also primarily associated with low birth weight, and was not significantly different in term infants delivered vaginally and those delivered by cesarean section. The conclusion drawn is that a liberal policy toward the use of cesarean section for breech presentation is necessary in conjunction with the manual skills required to effect a safe breech delivery, in order to minimize perinatal loss. PMID- 7102747 TI - The pattern of luteal phase plasma progesterone and estradiol in fertile cycles. AB - Serum levels of progesterone and estradiol at early, middle, and late luteal phases were compared in nonfertile cycles in which only ovulation occurred to those in cycles in which ovulation was verified by conception. Two groups of patients were studied: 33 normal ovulatory women (12 of whom conceived) and 28 women who underwent induction of ovulation (8 of whom conceived). In each group, mean midluteal levels of progesterone and estradiol were essentially similar in nonfertile and fertile cycles. In fertile cycles, the late luteal levels of both steroids were higher than their respective midluteal values, whereas the late luteal values dropped in the nonfertile cycles. The late luteal rise in estradiol was found to be a more sensitive indicator of pregnancy than that of progesterone. The progesterone/estradiol ratio was stable during the luteal phase of fertile and nonfertile cycles. The ratio in spontaneous cycles was 34.4 +/- 4.7 and only 17.9 +/- 4.3 in induced cycles. This marked decrease suggests an impairment of steroid metabolism in women who require induction of ovulation. PMID- 7102746 TI - The relative contribution of prematurity and fetal growth retardation to low birth weight in developing and developed societies. AB - The relative proportions of prematurity (less than or equal to 2,500 gm less than 37 weeks' gestation) and intrauterine growth retardation-low birth weight (IUGR LBW) (less than or equal to 2,500 gm, greater than or equal 37 weeks' gestation) among total LBW infants were studied in 11 regions in the developed world and 25 developing areas where known gestational ages and birth weights were reported. In developing countries a straight correlation was observed between total LBW incidence and IUGR-LBW incidence rates (r = 0.95; b = 0.98; p less than 0.001); in contrast, prematurity was not significantly associated with total LBW incidence. Data from the developed population showed results exactly opposite to those described for developing areas. Therefore, when the incidence of LBW is higher than 10%, it is almost exclusively due to the increase in IUGR-LBW infants, while prematurity remains almost unchanged (5% to 7%). When LBW incidence is less than 10% (mean=6%), preterm infants represent the major component of LBW. Environmental factors susceptible to changing socioeconomic conditions may be responsible for the observed differences. PMID- 7102748 TI - Percutaneous lymph node aspiration in patients with gynecologic tumors. AB - Sixty-one patients with gynecologic malignancies had percutaneous transperitoneal lymph node aspiration performed by a flexible 8-inch needle guided to the nodes under monoplanar fluoroscopy. Of the patients who had malignant cells aspirated from pelvic and periaortic lymph nodes, 64% died or are alive with disease. Only 30% who had negative cytologic testing died or are alive with disease. Of the patients who had malignant cells aspirated from periaortic nodes, 69% died or are alive with disease whereas only 8% with negative cytologic testing died or are alive with disease. We believe that therapy such as extended field irradiation can be given on the basis of these results. PMID- 7102749 TI - Ovulatory function after tubal microsurgical procedures in the rabbit. AB - Ovulatory function as correlated with the production of corpora lutea was studied in 72 rabbits that were subjected to unilateral tubal microsurgical procedures. Isthmo-isthmic reanastomosis was performed in 11 rabbits, ampullo-isthmic reanastomosis in 10, and ampullo-ampullary reanastomosis in 11. In a second group of 40 animals, 20% to 100% of the isthmic portion (n=20) and 20% to 60% of the ampullary portion (n=20) were resected with reanastomosis. After natural copulation of the animals, without administration of gonadotropin, the numbers of corpora lutea on the operated and control side were counted. A slight but nonsignificant overall reduction in corpora lutea on the anastomosed side was observed. This showed no correlation to amount of tubal resection or proximity of the anastomosis to the ovary. PMID- 7102750 TI - A comparison of two fetal heart rate ultrasound detector systems. PMID- 7102751 TI - Vascular headache in pregnancy. PMID- 7102752 TI - Skin metastases from malignant gestational trophoblastic disease: report of two cases. PMID- 7102753 TI - Cessation of premature labor following removal of distal ureteral calculus. PMID- 7102754 TI - Induced abortion and placenta previa. PMID- 7102755 TI - Torsion of pregnant uterus. PMID- 7102756 TI - Ultrasound in determination of fetal sex. PMID- 7102757 TI - Cortisol levels of infants at birth. PMID- 7102758 TI - Induced abortion as a risk factor for cervical pregnancy. PMID- 7102759 TI - Experience with a delivery chair. PMID- 7102760 TI - Is athletic amenorrhea specific to runners? PMID- 7102761 TI - The effect of marathon training upon menstrual function. AB - Detailed questionnaires were distributed to the 1,841 women who entered the 1979 New York City Marathon; the questions pertained to obstetric, gynecologic, and athletic histories, as well as height and weight. The incidence of oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea among the 394 respondents was 24% during training and 19% prior to training. The incidence of infertility among respondents was 10%. Of those women who had had regular menses prior to training, 93% continued to have regular menses during training. Amenorrheic women were significantly lighter (P less than 0.005) than regularly menstruating women and had significantly lower weight/height ratios (P less than. 0.0005). The best predictor of a women's menstrual pattern during training was her pretraining menstrual pattern. Thinness was associated with amenorrhea, regardless of training. PMID- 7102762 TI - Lymphoma of the ovary: report of twenty new cases and update of previous series. PMID- 7102763 TI - Clinical and hormonal characteristics in women with anovulation and insulin treated diabetes mellitus. AB - Clinical characteristics and basal hormonal parameters related to ovulatory function were investigated in 22 diabetic patients with anovulation (group 1) and in nine normally menstruating diabetic patients (group 2) and 45 nondiabetic patients with anovulation (group 3). No significant differences according to control of the diabetes were demonstrated within the two diabetic groups. Groups 1 and 3 did not differ according to classification of anovulation. Group 1 had significantly (P less than 0.01) lower levels of prolactin (PRL), 17 beta estradiol (E2), thyrotropin (TSH), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) than those of group 3, and significantly (P less than 0.01) lower levels of E2 and TSH than those of group 2. The urinary excretion of cortisol was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P less than 0.05) and group 3 (P less than 0.01). These data suggest a derangement in pituitary-gonadal feedback mechanisms or a depression of pituitary function in anovulatory diabetic patients, and we hypothesize that an increased central/peripheral dopamine and/or cortisol activity in these patients may to some extent influence the hypothalamic pituitary axis. PMID- 7102764 TI - Integrity of central dopaminergic system in women with postpartum hyperprolactinemia. AB - In order to elucidate the role of elevated prolactin (PRL) on the central dopaminergic systems, the suppressive effects on PRL were studied after the administration of L-dopa and L-dopa plus carbidopa on consecutive days to the following three groups: 10 normoprolactinemic subjects, six nonnursing normal puerperal women, and seven hyperprolactinemic women without any evidence of pituitary tumor. In the normoprolactinemic subjects (basal PRL 13 +/- 2 ng/nl mean +/- SE), the suppressive effects of L-dopa alone and L-dopa plus carbidopa were similar (48% +/- 4% and 58% +/- 6%, respectively). In puerperal hyperprolactinemic subjects, the basal PRL (116.8 +/- 16.4 ng/ml) was suppressed 77% +/- 2% after administration of L-dopa and 51% +/- 7% after L-dopa plus carbidopa, significantly different from that of L-dopa alone (p less than 0.005), but similar to that observed in normal subjects. In the patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, the baseline PRL (131 +/- 38 ng/ml) decreased 56.3% after the administration of L-dopa. In the presence of peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition, the administration of L-dopa decreased plasma PRL values 30%, a drop significantly different from that of L-dopa alone (p less than 0.02). Women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia exhibit reduced central dopaminergic inhibition of PRL secretion similar to that in patients with pituitary tumor; whereas the response to central dopaminergic inhibition in postpartum women with comparable baseline PRL levels is similar to that in normoprolactinemic subjects. This indicates that hyperprolactinemia per se is not associated with a state of reduced central dopaminergic inhibition. The increased pituitary sensitivity to L dopa observed in puerperal women may be due to alterations in PRL receptors or vascularity. PMID- 7102765 TI - Some epidemiologic aspects of carcinoma of the vulva in Israel. AB - A nationwide study of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in Israeli Jewish women has been conducted for a comparison of the incidence, the age pattern and the ethnic distribution of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva to those of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The mean annual incidence rates by age in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva rise continuously to age 70 + while in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix a plateau is reached at age 40 to age 69. In contrast to the relatively low incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in Israeli Jewish women, the age-specific incidence rates of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva are similar to those of white women in the United States. On the other hand, there is a trend to a higher incidence of both squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in the North African ethnic group of Israeli Jewish women. PMID- 7102766 TI - Management of multifetal pregnancies: sixteen years' experience at the Sloan Hospital for Women. AB - An analysis is made of the management and outcome of 35 pregnancies involving triplets, quadruplets, and quintuplets. Bed rest does not seem to increase the gestational age at the time of delivery but definitely improves the fetal outcome. Administration of betamethasone as early as 24 to 26 weeks' gestation to enhance pulmonary maturity is recommended. Cesarean section is the best mode of delivery if the obstetrician is not confident enough with vaginal maneuvers. The rate in this series was 42%. An experienced medical and nursing staff is mandatory for the successful management of multifetal gestations. PMID- 7102767 TI - Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. AB - An increased free thyroxine (T4) index was observed in 73% of 33 consecutive pregnancies complicated by severe hyperemesis gravidarum. The free triiodothyronine (T3) index was increased in only four of 11 hyperthyroxinemic patients. In five hyperthyroxinemic patients tested, no increase in serum thyrotropin was observed after the injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (THR). Goiter, exophthalmos, or previous history of hyperthyroidism was absent in all patients. The thyroxinemia returned to normal in one to several weeks, whether or not it was treated with antithyroid drugs. The thyroid function during the period of hyperemesis had no influence on the subsequent rate of abortion or duration of pregnancy. A lower birth weight, however, was observed in children born to hyperthyroxinemic mothers. Hyperemesis gravidarum should be included in the differential diagnosis of elevations in free T4 index during pregnancy and included in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 7102768 TI - Effect of sulpiride on poor puerperal lactation. AB - Forty-two primiparous and 54 multiparous women with total yields of milk not exceeding 50 ml for the first 3 postpartum days were treated with 100 mg of oral sulpiride or placebo for 4 days from the third postpartum day. In the primiparous mothers, the mean daily yield of milk in the sulpiride group increased significantly (p less than 0.01) over that in the control group after the fourth postpartum day. Mean (+/- SE) total volumes of milk for the third to fifth postpartum days were 661.5 +/- 64.4 and 441.2 +/- 51.2 ml in the sulpiride and the control groups, respectively. However, in the multiparous mothers, no significant difference between the control and the sulpiride group was noted in total yield of milk, since a good increase in the secretion of milk was obtained without medication in these mothers. Determinations of daily serum levels of prolactin in 20 primiparous women revealed significantly higher concentrations in the sulpiride group. The ratio of primiparous mothers with complete breast feeding 1 month after delivery was higher in the sulpiride group (55%) than in the control group (30%), whereas there was no difference between the control group and the sulpiride group of multiparous women. These data indicate that poor initiation of puerperal lactation in primiparous mothers can be effectively treated with oral sulpiride. PMID- 7102770 TI - The correlation of ultrasonic placental grading and fetal pulmonary maturation in five hundred sixty-three pregnancies. AB - In a previous study, it was suggested that the presence of a grade III placenta correlates 100% with a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and may replace amniocentesis in confirming fetal lung maturity. In this study that hypothesis was tested in 563 pregnancies. All patients underwent amniocentesis and simultaneously had placental grading. The correlations of placental grade with an L/S ration greater than or equal to 2 were: grade 0, 17%; grade I, 68%; grade II, 91%. The correlations of placental grade with the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were: grade 0, 17; grade 1, 41%; grade II, 79%; grade II, 75%. The false positive rates associated with grade III placenta were, therefore, 7% for mature L/S ratio and 25% for PG present: when combined with a biparietal diameter greater than or equal to 9.0 cm, a grade III placenta incorrectly predicted lung maturity in 8.5%. We conclude that placental grading is not accurate enough to replace amniocentesis as the standard test of fetal pulmonary maturity. PMID- 7102771 TI - The clustering of fetal heart rate changes and fetal movements in pregnancies between 20 and 30 weeks of gestation. AB - The temporal organization (nonrandomness) of fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal movement, and their association was evaluated in 20 normal pregnancies at 20 to 22 or 28 to 30 weeks of gestation with the use of external electronic fetal monitoring and statistical analysis with the runs test. At 20 to 22 weeks, significant clustering was found in one of 10 pregnancies for FHR change, two of 10 pregnancies for fetal movement, and one of 10 pregnancies for FHR changes associated with fetal movement. At 28 to 30 weeks, significant clustering was found in eight of 10 pregnancies for FHR change, eight of 10 pregnancies for fetal movement, and all 10 pregnancies of FHR change associated with fetal movement. There was significantly more clustering of FHR change, fetal movement, and FHR change associated with fetal movement at 28 to 30 weeks of gestation than at 20 to 22 weeks of gestation. Clustering of FHR changes was highly correlated with clustering of fetal movement. PMID- 7102769 TI - Effects of naloxone on fetal circulatory responses to hypoxemia. AB - The effects of opiate receptor antagonism on the fetal cardiovascular response to hypoxemia were examined by means of the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. Heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured during baseline periods, during hypoxemia, and before and after infusion of either naloxone (1 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.0% saline solution. Seventeen fetal sheep were subjected to maternal hypoxemia by allowing the ewes to breathe 10% oxygen (3% carbon dioxide, 87% nitrogen). The fetuses responded with bradycardia (p less than 0.002 compared with control), increased blood pressure (p less than 0.002 compared with control), and no significant change in combined ventricular output or placental blood flow. After naloxone, the bradycardia increased by 10% (p less than 0.001), and both combined ventricular output and placental blood flow fell by 20% (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). The fetal bradycardic response to naloxone was reversible with atropine. In fetuses with normal oxygenation of the blood (normoxemic), naloxone had no significant effect on heart rate and blood pressure. These data indicate that endogenous opiates (e.g., endorphin and enkephalin) are important in regulating the fetal circulation during hypoxia, and that the effects of opiate receptor antagonism may be mediated through the autonomic nervous system. PMID- 7102772 TI - A severe case of hyperemesis gravidarum. PMID- 7102773 TI - Uterus communicans septus, cervix duplex, and vagina septa unilateralis atretica: a previously unreported genital malformation. PMID- 7102774 TI - The in utero diagnosis of an interventricular septal cardiac rhabdomyoma by means of real-time-directed, M-mode echocardiography. PMID- 7102775 TI - Splenosis: a cause of pelvic pain. PMID- 7102776 TI - Intravaginal prolapse of the fallopian tube following vaginal hysterectomy. PMID- 7102778 TI - Infarction of an accessory spleen presenting as a uterine fibroid with necrosis. PMID- 7102777 TI - Monitoring temperature of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) during pregnancy and parturition. PMID- 7102779 TI - Dystrophic effects induced by amantadine on uterine fibroleiomyomas. PMID- 7102780 TI - A synthesis of occupational behavior and sensory integration concepts in theory and practice, Part 1. Theoretical foundations. AB - This series of two articles presents a model of play development for use in pediatric occupational therapy. Proposing to unify the theoretical approaches of sensory integration and occupational behavior, the model uses play as the unifying link between these two apparently different approaches. This first article reviews the major concepts of sensory integration and occupational behavior, in addition to discussing the differences and similarities between the two. General systems concepts are used as a framework upon which a model of play development is constructed. Three hierarchical levels of play are described- sensorimotor, constructive, and social--with each broken down into several developmental steps. PMID- 7102781 TI - An assessment of the feeding behaviors of the institutionalized elderly. AB - Data obtained from observing the residents of three long-term care facilities showed that the majority required some assistance in feeding. The facilities differed in the percentage of residents needing help and in the physical and attitudinal support given for self-feeding. Regardless of level of independence in feeding, most residents received adequate food intake. Physical problems, which posed a greater handicap to self-feeding than mental problems, were of four types: improper positioning, dysphagia, upper extremity dysfunctions, and blindness. PMID- 7102783 TI - Engineering student design projects in a rehabilitation setting. PMID- 7102782 TI - Identification of factors of affective meaning in four selected activities. AB - The premise that activities have inherent meanings is basic to the theory and practice of occupational therapy. In this study the investigators hypothesized that different activities would elicit different kinds of affective meanings in their participants. The subjects in this study were 59 students beginning their training in occupational therapy. On their first day in an activities class, and before instruction in activity analysis, the subjects were presented with four selected activities. Immediately after performing each activity, the students were requested to rate the activity according to Osgood's 12-scale short-form semantic differential. The data generated were reduced subsequently to Osgood's three factors of affective meaning: "evaluation," power," and "activity" (in this study called action). Results indicated that the four activities elicited significantly different responses on all three factors. Specific results and implications of this study's methodology for future occupational therapy research are discussed. PMID- 7102784 TI - A response to testing and measurement in occupational therapy: a review of current practice with special emphasis on the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. PMID- 7102786 TI - Contact lenses in extreme cold environments: response of rabbit corneas. AB - Contact lenses are worn by many individuals in military and civilian populations. Anecdotal reports have described contact lenses "sticking" and "freezing" to the eye during extreme cold conditions. However, some articles indicate the advantages of wearing contact lenses in cold environments. Military operations frequently taken place in cold regions; therefore, we need to known whether contact lenses can be worn safely in extreme cold. Rabbits were fitted with hard (polymethyl methacrylate) contact lenses and exposed to -28.9 degrees C temperatures with winds up to 78 mph (125 km/hr) for 3-hr periods. The wind-chill factor in these conditions exceeded -67.8 degrees C. No effects of the cold or contact lenses were seen in 85% of the eyes. A few of the eyes, both with contact lenses and without, showed mild superficial fluorescein staining of the cornea which cleared within a few ours after exposure. Histologic examination of the corneas revealed no abnormalities attributable to the cold. Inasmuch as this study showed that rabbits wearing contact lenses in extreme cold suffered no acute deleterious effects to the eyes, the research can be expanded to include human subjects. PMID- 7102785 TI - Retinal white without pressure: review and relative incidence. AB - Examination of 1000 consecutive patients revealed that lattice degeneration, retinal white without pressure, and retinoschisis were present more frequently in black than in white patients. The association between these conditions and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments is confirmed. Periodic reexaminations should be done at approximately 6- to 12-month intervals. PMID- 7102787 TI - Sagittal height of the anterior eye and contact lens fitting. AB - A mathematical model for calculating the saggittal height of the anterior eye is used to study the effect of variation in ocular dimensions on the sagittal height of the eye. Examination of the relation between sagittal height and contact lens fitting reveals that the three-point touch theory is not inconsistent with normal fitting procedures for semiscleral soft lenses. PMID- 7102788 TI - Oculomotor biofeedback therapy for exotropia. AB - Twelve exotropes of various types received oculomotor biofeedback therapy at State College of New York (SUNY) University Optometric Center. Feedback of a variable pitch tone which reflected changes in ocular vergence reinforced motor control of eye posture. Patients were trained to achieve and sustain alignment in a variety of viewing situations. The six intermittent exotropes in the study who did not have amblyopia or prior history of unsuccessful surgical or orthoptic therapy achieved the highest recovery rating after training. The amblyope and those who had orthoptic training learned to voluntarily correct their eye position, although they did not achieve as acute a sensitivity to loss of alignment as did the others. Therapy restored eye control at near in a young constant exotrope whose condition resulted from severe neurological dysfunction. A constant postsurgical exotrope who had no ability for sensory fusion made little progress. Advantages of oculomotor biofeedback therapy are shorter treatment time, elimination of lengthy home training exercises, and enhanced patient motivation. PMID- 7102790 TI - The prevalence of ocular hypertension in patients of an optometrist and the incidence of glaucoma occurring during long-term follow-up of ocular hypertensives. AB - Ocular hypertension was found in 54 (5.4%) of 1000 consecutive patients of an optometrist. In a separate trial, 50 ocular hypertensive subjects were followed for a mean follow-up time of 6.9 years. Five of the ocular hypertensive subjects (10%) developed primary open angle glaucoma and 2 (4%) developed primary angle closure glaucoma. No single test could have enabled diagnosis in all five cases that developed open-angle glaucoma. Guidelines are recommended for the optometric management of patients having ocular hypertension. PMID- 7102791 TI - Calculating photopic illuminance. AB - A procedure is proposed for computing the visual effectiveness of light incident on the retina considering the directional sensitivity of the underlying photoreceptor population. A half-sensitivity half-width measurement of the retinal directional sensitivity provides the basis for integrating a parabolic approximation to the directional sensitivity over the pupillary area penetrated by the incident light. PMID- 7102789 TI - The persistence of dichoptically presented grating patterns. AB - A dichoptic viewing device was used to present sinusoidal gratings with interocular asynchrony. The persistence of various spatial frequencies was then determined psychophysically by using blank detection, for near-threshold and suprathreshold contrast conditions and across the contrast range. Greater persistence was evident for higher spatial frequencies, and across all spatial frequencies the values were higher for near-threshold contrast conditions. Contrast specificity was evident, with the low spatial frequencies showing flat contrast functions while the higher spatial frequencies showed a steeper monotonic curve. Intermediate spatial frequencies displayed biphasic properties. In view of the different neural persistence for different spatial frequencies, we investigated the degree of binocular summation for different interocular asynchronies. Binocular summation was predominant for all spatial frequencies where the dichoptic asynchrony was within 25 msec. Binocular summation decreased as a function of asynchrony. The binocular/monocular ratio decreased to a greater extent and earlier for low than for high spatial frequencies. PMID- 7102792 TI - Measurements of intraocular pressure made with multiple noncontact tonometers. AB - Intraocular pressure measurements were made on 30 normal eyes using seven noncontact tonometers. The instruments were from 4 to 8 years old. Results show that pressures indicated by most noncontact tonometers are not significantly different. In the most extreme case, differences in mean pressures of 3.48 mm Hg were obtained. A difference of this magnitude may be important when following a patient over a period of time, and could be the result of measurements being made on a different tonometer. PMID- 7102794 TI - Fostering ethical values in health professions education. PMID- 7102795 TI - What do we mean when we speak of "ethics" for health professionals? PMID- 7102793 TI - Academy forum: ethics and professionalism. PMID- 7102797 TI - Societal pressures affecting traditional concepts of professionalism: is professionalism changing in optometry? PMID- 7102796 TI - Dealing with the consumerist environment: the optometrist's lawyer looks at his client's dilemma. PMID- 7102798 TI - Use of eye movement auditory biofeedback in the control of nystagmus. AB - Eye movement auditory biofeedback was used in weekly training sessions to control nystagmus in five adult patients. Within the 1st hr of training, all patients were able to reduce nystagmus. Average maximum group reduction of nystagmus amplitude, peak slow-phase velocity, and frequency achieved during training with auditory biofeedback was 82, 86, and 34%, respectively. At periodic intervals during training, audio information was withheld and patients were able to maintain reduced nystagmus for several minutes. In addition, patients were able to reduce nystagmus upon command without audio cues but with conscious effort while engaging in conversation and other tasks with the experimenters. Visual acuity improvement with conscious patient effort to control nystagmus but without auditory biofeedback averaged 10% Snell-Sterling. One of two patients who returned for post-training reevaluation was able to reduce his nystagmus quickly without auditory biofeedback to 50% of the pretraining level, and both patients were able with the aid of auditory cues to reduce their nystagmus rapidly to the level achieved during training. In addition to the improvement in vision, cosmetic and psychological benefits accrued. Eye movement auditory biofeedback should be considered in the treatment of nystagmus, either alone or in conjunction with orthoptic and/or surgical procedures. PMID- 7102800 TI - Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance. AB - The ability of the person with low vision to achieve successful orientation and mobility depends on residual vision, age of onset of visual impairment, posture and balance, intelligence, body image, auditory-tactile abilities, and personality. This study assesses the role of the residual vision and looks in particular at visual fields, spatial contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity. Correlation coefficients indicate that, for low vision patients, spatial contrast sensitivity and visual fields each have more influence on orientation-mobility than does visual acuity. PMID- 7102799 TI - Effect of tropicamide on ocular blood flow in the rabbit. AB - Intracardiac injection of 15 microspheres labeled with 85Sr (strontium) and 141CE (cerium) were used to determine ocular blood flow in seven rabbits before and 25 min after bilateral application of tropicamide to the cornea. By using two different isotopes distinguishable under gammaspectrometry, each animal served as its own control. After administration of two drops of 1% tropicamide, no significant difference in blood flow between treated and untreated eyes was observed. PMID- 7102801 TI - Stereoacuity tests: comparison of mathematical equivalents. AB - This paper discusses nine common stereoacuity tests, it presents a logarithmic scale designed to facilitate clinical evaluation of their ranges and a comparison of findings between tests. Tables of the target values of some of the individual tests conducted at varying distances allow an increase in the range of each test. Some of the clinical questions that exist in the area of stereoacuity testing are discussed. PMID- 7102802 TI - A new method for measuring the diameter of the in vivo human cornea. AB - An in vivo method of measuring the size of the human cornea by using catoptric imagery as devised for both closed-circuit television and 35-mm camera systems. The system was validated by using precision reticules and casts of eyes. The reproducibility of the closed-circuit television system was +/- 0.11 mm. The mean horizontal corneal diameter (HCD) for a sample of the right eyes of 50 subjects was 12.89 +/- 0.60 mm. The system was also used to measure horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID). The mean HVID for the same sample was 11.64 +/- 0.49 mm. Although there was a good general correlation between HCD and HVID, the HVID was found to be a poor predictor of HCD for the individual eye. PMID- 7102803 TI - Crystalline lens thickness changes as observed by pachometry. AB - Crystalline lens thickness was measured with a Haag-Streit slitlamp biomicroscope no. 900 using a depth measuring attachment. Results indicate that relative lens thickness increases as a square function of age. Lens thickness was also measured during changes in the stimulus to accommodation. As expected, relative lens thickness increased with accommodation. PMID- 7102804 TI - The development of a standardized data base at the University Optometric Center of the State College of Optometry, State University of New York. PMID- 7102806 TI - Issues in the development and application of standardized data sets. PMID- 7102805 TI - Experience with computer-based clinical data at the University of Alabama School of Dentistry. PMID- 7102807 TI - Use of standardized data in vision research. PMID- 7102808 TI - Development of a standardized data base for clinical evaluation. AB - This paper offers a frank discussion of the difficulties involved in developing a standardized data base. These difficulties include: agreement on diagnostic coding, compliance in input of data, philosophical differences among the schools and colleges of optometry, assessment of clinical competence, and comparison among institutions. PMID- 7102811 TI - Electrophysiological evidence of adaptation to colored filters. AB - Subjects wore blue filters (Kodak Wratten 45) in front of their normal spectacle correction for a period of 4.5 hr. Visual evoked potential (VEP's) were measured (monocularly) before, in white light and through the blue filters at the start and finish of wearing the filters. Predictably, from the chromatic interval, the subjects initially showed some degree of myopia, confirmed by more negative lens power required to give maximum VEP response. However, after 4.5 hr of wear of the filters, VEP's were measured again and it was found that the maximum VEP response was obtained in each case with less negative lens power, indicating adaptation of the visual system toward emmetropia. The role of accommodation in this adaptive process is discussed. PMID- 7102810 TI - Contact lens-induced corneal epithelial injury. AB - Rigid contact lenses were fitted on primates to study the subsequent corneal epithelial injury. This trauma was compared to corneal abrasions produced by a blunt object. The traumatic abrasion caused a rupture of the basal cells, which were identified as the most vulnerable part of the corneal epithelium for such an injury. The internal plasmalemma of the basal cell remained adherent to the epithelial basement membrane due to the strong hemidesmosomes along the cell membrane. Contact lenses were capable of producing similar injuries which did not penetrate the basement membrane and therefore did not involve the anterior limiting lamina (Bowman's membrane). We concluded that contact lenses produce a self-limiting trauma and even a severe case of contact lens overwear, although it causes deep corneal abrasions, seldom results in permanent scar formation. PMID- 7102809 TI - Development of a standardized data base. PMID- 7102814 TI - Why is ocular astigmatism regular? PMID- 7102812 TI - Results of intensive CAM grating treatment in a strabismic amblyope. AB - CAM treatment was instituted for an 8-week period in a 10-year-old patient who failed to respond well to conventional amblyopia therapy. A small, consistent, statistically significant improvement in visual acuity was found. This improvement was attributed to a change in fixation locus and to practice effects, and not to spatial frequency/orientation-dependent "reactivation" of cortical neurons involved in the development of amblyopia. PMID- 7102813 TI - A comparison of clinical refractive data obtained by three examiners. AB - Clinical refractive data were obtained on 32 subjects by each of three examiners, each examiner using standard subjective refraction procedures with an endpoint criterion of "maximum plus for best visual acuity." The results of the three examiners were compared in terms of spherical equivalent refraction, spherical power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, and anisometropia. In addition, results were compared to those of previous studies involving both clinical refraction and the American Optical Corporation's SR III Subjective Refraction System. PMID- 7102817 TI - Evaluations of antimicrobial susceptibility test proficiency by the College of American Pathologists Survey program. A clarification of quality control recommendations. AB - The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Interlaboratory Survey Program in microbiology was reviewed for quality control practices of the Special Bacteriology participants (907 laboratories) using the disk agar diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test method. Data from a questionnaire was compared to performance results on two well recognized quality control strains, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. The results show no significant difference in survey performance between those participants using daily controls (97.78 and 96.99% acceptable results) and those using weekly controls (97.33 and 96.67% acceptable results). Similarly, the number of tests done per work day had little influence on the reported mean zone diameter and subscriber results were comparable to published means from the reference literature. Recommendations are made to use weekly quality control after test proficiency has been repeatedly demonstrated by daily or batch control results. More frequent testing would be required if any reagent lot were replaced or altered. Comparable data on quality control intervals of greater than 7 days was not evaluated due to small numbers of test results. PMID- 7102819 TI - Meconium peritonitis. Pathology, evolution, and diagnosis. AB - The diagnosis of meconium peritonitis has received little attention in the pathology literature. Morphologic features of meconium peritonitis can be confusing to the pathologist unfamiliar with this specific entity, especially in case of extraperitoneal lesions presenting clinically as tumor nodules in the tunica vaginalis. Unfamiliarity with this entity can lead to unnecessary removal of the testis. This paper describes four cases of meconium peritonitis and reviews the literature on the pathology, evolution and diagnostic features of the disease, with emphasis on the healed stage, presenting as a tumor mass in the inguinal canal or tunica vaginalis. PMID- 7102816 TI - A blood ordering strategy for hospital blood banks derived from a computer simulation. AB - The ultimate goal of a hospital blood bank inventory control programs is to reduce wastage of blood products and unnecessary use of laboratory services without jeopardizing patient safety. The development of a practical blood ordering policy at the hospital level is an integral part of any such program. In order to explore various blood ordering options in detail, a computer simulation of a hospital blood inventory was used to assess the impact on blood band performance measures of reductions in group O and non-group-O levels from baseline levels, assuming both a 21-day and 35-day shelf life. On the basis of data derived from this study showing that such inventory reductions accompanied by partial protection of the group O inventory will not result in significant shortages, a practical strategy was developed for establishing optimal target inventory levels for a hospital on an empirical basis. These target levels can serve as a guide for subsequent blood ordering. A step-by-step approach for analyzing a hospital blood inventory control program is then suggested, accompanied by an action plan for implementing change which incorporates the experimentally-derived blood ordering strategy. Adherence to this plan should result in a low outdate rate, a reduction in unnecessary cross-matching, and greater availability of blood for those patients with a legitimate need for it. PMID- 7102821 TI - Blood grouping of 10,000 Chinese Americans in the New York City area. PMID- 7102820 TI - Rapid thawing of fresh frozen plasma. AB - Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) normally requires about 45 min to thaw in a 37 degrees C water bath when placed inside an additional plastic overbag. That relatively prolonged time may result in non-utilization or delays in delivery of the product, especially, during emergency surgery. One report recommends the use of a microwave oven to overcome those problems. Most blood banks do not have microwave ovens but usually do have water baths at 56 degrees C. Ten units of FFP thawed inside plastic overbags at 37 degrees C required 49.5 +/- 3.9 min and 22 units thawed at 56 degrees C required 28.3 +/- 4 min to thaw. Removal of the plastic overbag reduces the thawing time to 12-13 min at 56 degrees C. The activity Factor V was 85 +/- 15% (65-106%) at 37 degrees C and 80 +/- 21% (47-118%) at 56 degrees C. Factor VIII activity was 86 +/- 21% (59-118%) at 37 degrees C and 90 +/- 37% (46-225%) at 56 degrees C. There were no demonstrable alterations in fibrinogen, PT, APTT, Factor II, VII, IX, and XI between the two thawing temperatures, even after 24 hours of storage at 4 degrees C. PMID- 7102822 TI - Immunologic abnormalities in two patients with pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma. AB - Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma (PHG) is a disease of slowly enlarging pulmonary nodules made up of dense bundles of collagen accompanied by an infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells. The etiology is unknown. Although it has been suggested that the lesions represent an exaggerated immune response to unidentified agents, results of a detailed immunologic work-up of these patients have not been published. This report presents the laboratory findings of two patients with biopsy-proven PHG who have been followed four and eighteen years. Autoantibodies were detected (antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and positive antiglobulin tests), although clinically there was no evidence of a specific collagen-vascular disorder. Both patients had elevated levels of circulating immune complexes. These data suggest that immune complex mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of PHG. PMID- 7102815 TI - Phoria measurements using chromatic targets. AB - Von Graefe phoria measurements were obtained for ten prepresbyopic subjects at 40 cm and 6 m test distances using a vertical column of black letters on red, green, and white backgrounds. Phorias measured at 40 cm using red and white target backgrounds were similar, but the phoria measured using a green target background indicated a change toward greater exophoria. No difference in phoria measurements was found between all targets at 6 m. PMID- 7102818 TI - Hereditary hemochromatosis. Analysis of laboratory expression of the disease by genotype in 18 pedigrees. AB - Tight linkage between the hemochromatosis locus and the HLA region permits determination of genotype in members of hemochromatosis pedigrees. To determine if simple laboratory measures of iron metabolism could predict the affected genotype without the need for HLA typing, we studied seven measures of iron metabolism: serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, per cent saturation of transferrin, serum ferritin concentration, deferoxamine-induced urinary iron excretion and hepatic iron concentration evaluated by both chemical and histological methods. Discriminant analysis showed a per cent saturation of transferrin above 62% to be the best simply-measured indicator of the affected genotype: homozygosity is accurately predicted in 92% of the cases. The logarithmic transform of serum ferritin concentration was only 71% accurate. Pedigree analysis estimated the frequency of the hemochromatosis gene at 0.069 +/ 0.020 with a recombination probability of 0.015 +/- 0.015 with the HLA region. This corresponds to a heterozygote frequency of 0.13 and a disease frequency of 0.005. PMID- 7102823 TI - Budd-Chiari Syndrome and antithrombin III deficiency. AB - Presented herein is a case report of a 20-year-old woman with a past history of oral contraceptive use who developed Budd-Chiari syndrome. Onset of her illness was abrupt and stormy, simulating fulminant viral hepatitis or toxic hepatic injury. She died within six months of her initial presentation. Although the patient discontinued the use of oral contraceptives two years prior to the initial presentation of the disease, the morphologic features of the venous thrombosis and hepatic damage were indicative of a chronic, ongoing process of longer than six months' duration, thus raising the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the "pills" and thrombotic process. Of interest was the finding of persistently depressed antithrombin III levels. While a relationship between oral contraceptive usage, antithrombin III deficiency and the Budd-Chiari syndrome is strongly suggested in this case, prospective studies are needed to substantiate this view. PMID- 7102825 TI - Spuriously elevated platelet counts due to microspherocytosis. PMID- 7102824 TI - Platelet counts by thrombocounter and Coulter S-plus. PMID- 7102827 TI - Myelopathy following cervical spine manipulation. AB - Manipulation of the spine, a controversial mechanotherapeutic procedure, has been taught and practiced widely. Occlusion of vertebral, basillar, and cerebellar arteries with head and neck manipulation is well documented in the literature. However, there is a paucity of references about myelopathy associated with cervical spine manipulation. Three cases of cervical myelopathy following spinal manipulation are presented. All patients noted increase in cervical pain following manipulation, developed significant sensary/motor deficits within 24 hours and became tetraparetic. Two patients were found to have fracture of C5 and C6 vertebral bodies. On myelography, partial block was noted in all and widening of the spinal cord was noted in two. One patient underwent excision of C5 vertebral body and anterior interbody fusion C4/6. Two patients underwent cervical laminectomy. Hematomyelia was present in one, and in the other patient the spinal cord was reported to be hyperemic and oedematous. Only one patient showed neurological return and became ambulatory, while the other two remained tetraparetic. PMID- 7102826 TI - M proteins in serum of hospitalized patients. PMID- 7102828 TI - Angle-angle diagrams in monitoring and quantification of gait patterns for children with cerebral palsy. AB - This paper proposes the use of hip-knee angle-angle diagrams as an objective method of monitoring and quantifying cerebral palsy gait. Fifteen cerebral palsy children were assessed clinically and studied in a locomotion laboratory. Six normal children in the same age range were also studied. The effects of walking speed on both normal and cerebral palsy joint-angle variables have also been investigated. All cerebral palsy angle-angle diagrams contained abnormal features. A significant relationship was found between the angle-angle results and the clinical assessments. The most important variables describing the abnormality were found to be area and perimeter of the angle-angle diagram, knee angle at initiation of stance and minimum hip angle. PMID- 7102829 TI - Knowledge of anatomy and physiology as a determinant of biofeedback performance. AB - In an extension of a previous experiment by Zappala (1970), prior training in anatomy and physiology was investigated as a determinant of frontal EMG biofeedback performance. Fourteen subjects with no college coursework in anatomy and physiology and little demonstrated knowledge of anatomy and physiology were compared with fifteen college students with coursework and demonstrated knowledge of anatomy and physiology. Each subject completed 11 sessions. Sessions one through three were baseline sessions, while sessions 4-11 included an initial (5 minute) baseline, followed by three (4-minute) biofeedback periods. The results indicated no differences in EMG performance among the two subject groups. Significant reductions in EMG were obtained over feedback sessions, and the four male subjects obtained lower levels of EMG than the 25 female subjects. PMID- 7102830 TI - CEA serum values controversy. PMID- 7102832 TI - Giant fecaloma with dolichomegasigma. PMID- 7102831 TI - The psyllium colloid contrast enema--a method for evaluating anal sphincteric continence. PMID- 7102833 TI - A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. XIV. Anal canal. A fallacious embryological and anatomical entity. PMID- 7102836 TI - Mass-media psychotherapy--caveat actor! PMID- 7102835 TI - Carcinoma of the colon and rectum in young adults. PMID- 7102834 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas (uncinate process with relatively normal pancreatogram), case report review article. PMID- 7102837 TI - Psychotherapeutic strategies in hypochondriasis: a clinical study. AB - Thirty-six patients who had hypochondriacal neurosis for six months or longer were treated with individual psychotherapy. The therapy focused mainly on: accurate information about the psychophysiologic processes involved, emphasis on the innocuousness of the phenomena and the good prognosis, and making the patient aware of his selective perception. Physical examinations were repeated with reassurance when necessary and antianxiety medication was prescribed when appropriate. A substantial proportion of patients recovered or improved and the improvement was maintained on follow-up. PMID- 7102838 TI - The adolescent suicide attempt: a cardinal symptom of a serious psychiatric disorder. AB - The rate of adolescent suicides has been increasing over the past decade. This article is a review of the literature regarding the adolescent who attempts suicide with emphasis on the underlying pathology and shows that a true adolescent suicide attempt should be viewed as a cardinal symptom in establishing the identity of a serious psychiatric disorder. This seriousness is reflected in terms of increased lethality, degree of internal pain, decreased reality testing, and evidence of underlying long-standing pathology. Most often there is evidence of a depressive syndrome and also underlying personality disorders. PMID- 7102840 TI - Aspects of the treatment of borderline children. AB - The authors review the history of the concept of borderline children and the criteria for diagnosis. They then outline the various stages of the treatment of these children, paying particular attention to the vicissitudes of the psychotherapeutic relationship and the multifaceted treatment approach, which is essential to their growth and development. PMID- 7102843 TI - The regressed inpatient group in a graded group treatment program. AB - This article describes the progress of severely regressed inpatients as part of a graded group treatment program. Leaders must actively initiate structure, formulate goals, and emphasize the eventual "graduation" of patients to higher level groups. Essential qualities of the group leaders and countertransference issues are discussed. PMID- 7102842 TI - Group therapy with gender-identity patients--a four-year study. AB - Group psychotherapy has proven to be an ideal setting for treatment, observation, and evaluation of gender-dysphoric patients prior to, during, and after sex reassignment surgery. Forty-three percent of the patients seen in the Case Western Reserve University group-therapy program elected nonsurgical solutions. The types of changes and adaptations observed in the 28 group-therapy patients are divided into four categories and discussed. PMID- 7102841 TI - Paradoxical interventions with people who insist on acting crazy. AB - This article describes the use of paradoxical interventions with patients who have had an impressive history of prior treatment failure. Six brief case studies are presented which illustrate different interventions such as: prescribing the symptom; restraining change; and using counterrituals. These interventions are explained on the basis of general systems theory. PMID- 7102844 TI - On fear in the countertransference. AB - The rational and irrational aspects of fear in the countertransference will be discussed. Arguments are presented for the potent force of fear in personality development and psychotherapy hitherto underemphasized in the literature. Manifestations of unacknowledged fear in clinical settings are identified and discussed. Recommendations are made for dealing with rational and irrational fears. These include supervision and interpretation in the case of irrational fear and effective security in the case of rational fear. PMID- 7102839 TI - Selection criteria for the brief psychotherapies. AB - Selection criteria are outlined for five forms of brief psychotherapy--crisis intervention, psychodynamic, problem-solving, marital/family, and behavior. Indications, patient enabling factors, and contraindications are suggested for each. This is organized along a three-step decision tree intended to guide, in turn, the selection of (1) crisis intervention, (2) brief vs. long-term therapy, (3) one particular type of brief psychotherapy from among the various models. The value and limitations of a differential therapeutic approach are discussed. PMID- 7102846 TI - What is a headshrinker? AB - This paper speculates on the origins of the slang term "headshrinker," commonly used to designate and devalue a psychiatrist. It is concluded that the term was coined shortly after World War II. The term serves to lessen patients' anxiety over their view of the psychiatrist's power and magic. PMID- 7102845 TI - Court rulings on psychotherapists. AB - A review of court rulings on psychotherapists reveals that: privilege of communication may be overruled; lawsuits may be brought against psychiatrists because they were unable to curb their countertransference and because they had had sexual encounters with patients; psychiatrists were found not guilty if their patients committed suicide; involuntary psychotherapy might be ordered by the court; abusive language does not constitute malpractice; and psychotherapists, records are private material and should not be published. PMID- 7102847 TI - Filicidal impulses as an anniversary reaction to childhood incest. AB - Successful psychotherapy with a potentially filicidal woman is described. The case clearly illustrates how childhood incestuous experiences may later result in the formation of filicidal impulses. This occurred when the patient's daughter reached the age at which the patient herself had experienced incest (anniversary reaction). PMID- 7102848 TI - The persistence of depressive symptomatology among prepaid group practice enrollees: an exploratory study. AB - This exploratory study examines the persistence of depressive symptomatology as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressive Scale (CES-D). Over as 12-month period, half of the group of 309 prepaid group practice enrollees reporting depressive symptoms at the beginning of the interval also had high scores on the CES-D at the end of the interval. Sociodemographic characteristics did not predict persistence of depression. Persistence of depression was positively associated with initially reporting cognitive and affective types of depressive symptoms, the presence of physical illness, the seeking of psychiatric treatment, and the receipt of psychotropic drug prescriptions. PMID- 7102850 TI - Telephone versus in-person surveys of community health status. AB - Reports of physical morbidity are compared among a community sample of Los Angeles County adults (N = 546) randomly assigned to either in-person or telephone interviews. No statistically significant differences were found between the two interview methods for overall assessment of health status, illnesses reported for the previous four months, or reports of hospitalization. A significantly greater proportion of in-person respondents, however, reported the presence of restricted-activity days during the previous two weeks. This difference could not be directly attributed to sociodemographic characteristics or reported physical health status of the two samples. PMID- 7102849 TI - Impact of type A influenza on children: a retrospective study. AB - Excess morbidity was studied during influenza A epidemics (1968-69, 1972-73) among children in a large prepaid group practice program. Excess rates of hospitalization for influenza-related conditions, primarily pneumonia and bronchitis, ranged from 5 per 10,000 (95 per cent confidence limits (CL): 1 to 9) for non-high-risk children to 29 per 10,000 (95 per cent CL: 5 to 53) for children with high-risk conditions. The relative increases in hospitalization rates were greatest for 5-14 year old boys: 278 per cent and 104 per cent increases for high-risk and non-high-risk boys, respectively. The absolute increase was greatest for 0-4 year olds. The excess rate of ambulatory medical care contacts, 2.6 per 100 (95 per cent CL: -1.6 to 6.8 per 100) was not statistically significant. Excess hospitalization rates among 0-14 year olds during epidemics were three to five times larger than those for persons between 15 and 64 years of age but only one-fifth the rate of persons over age 65. PMID- 7102851 TI - A model for dental workload measurement. AB - The primary purpose of the study was to develop a model that would provide an efficient and standardized approach to workload reporting in a non-fee (HMO-like) dental care system. The model was also designed to predict the dental personnel resource requirements in the system as the overall dental needs of the population were already known. To accomplish this, a set of 246 task/procedures representing the broad scope of dental practice was developed. For each task/procedure, a Best Time-weighted Estimate (BTE) in terms of average expected man-minutes of work required for accomplishment was developed from over 35,000 actual time measurements on patient visits to 29 US Army dental clinics located throughout the United States. Because of the nature of the specific task/procedure data, it was necessary to use four different mathematical models to produce statistically optimal BTEs. It was concluded that, cumulatively the BTEs developed for each task/procedure evaluated could be used as a basis for both the development of a Dental Care Composite Unit workload measure and the determination of overall dental personnel resource requirements in a non-free dental care system. PMID- 7102856 TI - Public health in China. PMID- 7102853 TI - Home pregnancy testing kits: prevalence of use, false-negative rates, and compliance with instructions. AB - This study investigated the prevalence of home pregnancy kit use, incidence of false-negative results, and compliance with testing procedures. Among 144 pregnant women, identified through three health care settings, prevalence of test kit use was 28.5 per cent. The false-negative rate was 24.3 per cent. Total compliance with instructions was reported by only 32 per cent of users. Women testing less than nine days after menstrual period was due had false-negative rates of 33 per cent contrasted with 21 per cent for those testing after the nine days. PMID- 7102854 TI - Hospitalizations for measles, 1970-78. AB - The National Hospital Discharge Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics was analyzed for measles hospitalizations. From 1970-1978 there were an estimated 52,301 hospitalizations for measles, or approximately 5,800 per year. The median patient age was three years, and the median length of stay was four days. Forty-one per cent of the discharges listed respiratory complications, 10 per cent listed otitis media, and 3 per cent listed neurologic complications. Based on this analysis, hospitalizations for measles accounted for 314,063 hospital days during the period 1970-1978. PMID- 7102858 TI - Understanding the transience or persistence of depression. PMID- 7102857 TI - Vital and heath statistics for the US hispanic population. PMID- 7102855 TI - Indicators of response to a mass media CPR recruitment campaign. AB - Respondents to a mass media cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) recruitment campaign in Harris County, Texas were more likely than non-respondents to be White, female, and under 45 years of age, to have had previous CPR training, experienced an incident in which knowledge of CPR might have been useful, or to have a friend or relative with a relevant medical history. The majority of the respondents were housewives, and professionals or technical workers, particularly in the health field. Findings can be used to identify audiences for future mass media CPR campaigns. PMID- 7102861 TI - Health services in Shanghai County. PMID- 7102860 TI - A closer examination of neonatal mortality rates among the Texas Spanish surname population. AB - Considering the poor socioeconomic status of the Spanish surnamed population in Texas, the Spanish surname neonatal mortality rate seems surprisingly low. During five of the last 10 years, the neonatal mortality rate for Texas Spanish surnamed population was actually lower than for Anglos. It is often suggested that the low Spanish surname neonatal mortality rate is due in part to reporting problems peculiar to the Spanish surname population in Texas. Linked birth and neonatal death records of Texas residents are examined for evidence of underreporting or misreporting of Spanish surnamed neonatal deaths. It is found that discrepancies in coding race on the birth and death records cause a minor deflation of Spanish surname neonatal and infant mortality rates. Indirect evidence indicates that there may be a substantial amount of underreporting of Spanish surname neonatal deaths. This underreporting appears to be associated with the presence of a large number of Mexican nationals misidentified as Texas residents, and the greater reliance upon lay midwives by the Spanish surname population in Texas. Reasons proposed to explain a reluctance to report neonatal deaths include fear of contact with authorities, and fear that a reported death would diminish the value of the birth certificate. PMID- 7102862 TI - Health services in Shanghai County: introduction to Shanghai County. PMID- 7102859 TI - Characteristics of individuals with multiple behavioral risk factors for coronary heart disease: the Netherlands. AB - To test the hypothesis that risk factors are interrelated, the simultaneous occurrence of smoking, inadequate nutrition, obesity, and physical inactivity was studied in a random sample (n = 1,951) of the Dutch adult population. Although the results did not suggest systematic clustering, the assumption of independence of these risk factors could not be maintained. Sociodemographic and health related characteristics of the group with three or four risk factors were assessed (n = 246). Comparison with a prudent life-style group (zero risk factors, n = 387) by means by discriminant analysis indicated that the target group included proportionally more men (odds ratio: OR = 3.3), of all ages, with low education and occupation (OR = 3.5 and 1.7). The two groups did not differ in awareness of cardiovascular risk factors, preventive orientation regarding cardiovascular risk, or disease in general, and the effectiveness of health education in modifying life-style. The target group exhibited a distorted perception of the healthfulness of its own life-style and unfavorable attitudes toward modifying existing smoking, eating habits, and physical activity. PMID- 7102863 TI - Health services in Shanghai County; vital statistics. PMID- 7102864 TI - Health services in Shanghai County; family planning. PMID- 7102852 TI - What good is legislation--or planning--if we can't make it work? The need for a comprehensive approach to health and welfare. AB - Health and welfare programs continue to be developed and implemented on a piecemeal basis in this country. There is difficulty in recognizing not only that health and social affairs are intimately related, but that the system must be dealt with as a whole of its interrelated problems are to be solved. Increasing costs for health and social programs are becoming of even greater concern, and cost containment (voluntary or regulatory) preoccupies both the payers and the recipients. Complicating the current situation is uncertainty of the role of financing and regulation on the part of the federal government and the states (the New Federalism), and the fragmentation and uncertainty of the private delivery sector and its third party reimbursement agencies. Questions are raised as to whether viable solutions can be obtained until all components (governmental and private) can work together in a partnership rather than an adversarial relationship in the development of an overall strategy with understandable objectives. Of basic importance is consideration of matters of organization, administration, and leadership at all levels so that whatever program may be developed or evolved can be successfully implemented. The subject is of such magnitude and is so complicated that it deserves a major coordinated effort of the federal government, the state governments, and the diverse private sector components to ensure a coordinated and systematic approach to any realistic solution. PMID- 7102865 TI - Survey of childbearing women in Qi-yi Commune. PMID- 7102867 TI - Health services in Shanghai County; women's health care. PMID- 7102866 TI - Outcomes of pregnancy in Hong-qiao and Qi-yi communes. PMID- 7102868 TI - Health services in Shanghai County: child health care. PMID- 7102869 TI - An anthropometric study of school children. PMID- 7102870 TI - A dietary survey of Qi-bao middle school students. PMID- 7102873 TI - Eradication of schistosomiasis. PMID- 7102871 TI - Infectious disease morbidity, 1956-1980. PMID- 7102872 TI - Tuberculosis control. PMID- 7102874 TI - Rural drinking water supply. PMID- 7102875 TI - Management of human excreta. PMID- 7102876 TI - Occupational health in small plants. PMID- 7102877 TI - The role of barefoot doctors. PMID- 7102880 TI - Use of health services. PMID- 7102881 TI - Financing the cooperative medical system. PMID- 7102878 TI - Analysis of illness records for members of two production brigades. PMID- 7102879 TI - The sample household health interview survey. PMID- 7102882 TI - Cost analysis of medical care. PMID- 7102883 TI - Costs of care. PMID- 7102884 TI - The community health teaching center in China. PMID- 7102885 TI - Background of US-PRC government cooperation in health: descriptive study and workshop on health services research in Shanghai County. PMID- 7102886 TI - Health services in Shanghai County: the future of US-PRC governmental collaboration in health services research. PMID- 7102887 TI - Depressed mononuclear cell function in advanced neoplastic disease. AB - The ascites fluids from 9 patients with invasive gynecologic neoplasms were examined to determine the immunocompetence of the mononuclear ascites cells and the immunoregulatory properties of the cell-free ascitic fluid. Blood mononuclear cells (from 5 patients) were also tested. The mononuclear cells from the cancer patients responded poorly to stimulation with polyclonal mitogens; only the blood mononuclear cell response to pokeweed mitogen was not significantly less than that of normal subjects. The addition of autologous serum or cell-free ascitic fluid to the cell cultures enhanced the response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen, had little effect on the response to concanavalin-A, and greatly depressed the response to succinyl-concanavalin-A. We found no evidence for the presence of suppressor cells in the ascites cell populations. The data are consistent with the thesis that the depressed immune responses are the result of malnutrition associated with advanced malignant disease. PMID- 7102888 TI - Autosensitization to male accessory sexual glands. PMID- 7102889 TI - Partial inhibition of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by niridazole: effect upon development of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchitis (AIAO) in guinea pigs. AB - The effects of Niridazole upon the development of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchitis (AIAO) was studied in guinea pigs. Niridazole administration before, during, or three days after alloimmunization with sperm cells emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) produced slight changes in some correlates of cell-mediated immunity. No significant changes in humoral immunity or testicular histopathology can be observed at these periods. When Niridazole was administered ten days after alloimmunization, a significant inhibition of all manifestations of cell-mediated immunity against spermatozoa was observed. Thirty days after alloimmunization, half of the animals studied failed to develop significant histopathological changes in testis or epididymis. However, the titer of cytotoxic antibodies to testicular cells increased from threefold to fourfold, when compared to those of alloimmunized animals not receiving Niridazole. The critical period for cell interactions concerned with the full expression of AIAO was found to be between ten and fifteen days after alloimmunization. PMID- 7102890 TI - Ovum factor: a first signal of pregnancy? AB - Previous studies have shown that, in the mouse, a factor is produced by the fertilized ovum within 24 h of mating. It cooperates with prolactin to stimulate ovarian production of component B or early pregnancy factor (EPF). This paper presents an initial characterization of the substance, termed ovum factor (OF). An indirect assay based on the rosette inhibition test for EPF has shown that OF is first released upon penetration of the ovum by the fertilizing spermatozoon. OF continues to be produced at least until blastulation. Processes which parthenogenetically activate the ovum are also capable of stimulating OF release from unfertilized ova. Gel filtration studies reveal that OF exists in multiple MW forms of approximately 160,000; 2,800; and 1,500. A substance with these characteristics has not been described previously; it may represent the first embryonic signal to the mother. PMID- 7102891 TI - Endosalpingiosis in the omentum: a study of autopsy and surgical material. AB - Omenta removed either at surgery or autopsy were examined for benign glandular inclusions. Multiple random sections failed to reveal these inclusions in any of the 37 male or 27 female autopsy specimens. None of the 22 male surgical specimens contained benign cysts, whereas these inclusions were found in 19 of 128 (14.8%) of the female surgical specimens. One female patient had endometriotic cysts, two had mesothelial cysts, and 13 had inclusions histologically similar to oviduct epithelium (endosalpingiosis). Another female had both endometriotic cysts and endosalpingiosis, whereas two had both mesothelial cysts and endosalpingiosis. All 16 patients with endosalpingiosis had inflammatory tubal disease (e.g., chronic salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, tubal pregnancy). Four of these 16 females also had an ovarian tumor. These ovarian tumors included one serous cystadenoma, two serous cystadenomas of borderline malignancy, and one serous cystadenocarcinoma. We conclude that the endosalpingiotic inclusions are benign and occur exclusively in females. Since they are found in association with ovarian tumors, it is important to exclude well-differentiated metastases. Our findings support a close relationship between inflammatory tubal disease and endosalpingiosis. PMID- 7102892 TI - Incidence and nature of primary granulomatous inflammation in surgically removed material. AB - A large number of cases (303) of primary granulomatous inflammation, present in surgically removed specimens from a broad range of locations, were reviewed and examined in detail. The granulomas were characterized as to morphology, location, and etiology. Epithelioid granulomas without necrosis were most frequently due to sarcoidosis and mycobacterial infection, while epithelioid granulomas with necrosis were most commonly due to mycobacterial infection, fungal infection, rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis. Mature granulomas, most of which did not contain necrosis, were generally due to foreign bodies. The responsible etiologic agents were generally identified in granulomas due to fungi, bacteria, or foreign bodies (92%). However, mycobacteria were infrequently identified in granulomas, even when the lesions were examined by the auramine-O technique (31%). Overall, the majority of the granulomas (76%), were due to five causes: sarcoidosis, mycobacterial infection, particulate inclusions, fungal infection, and rheumatoid arthritis. The frequency of a given etiology, however, varied widely depending on the location of the lesion. By classifying granulomas morphologically and knowing their location, useful predictive information concerning the etiology of a given granuloma, beyond that obtained by histochemical stains, could be derived. PMID- 7102894 TI - Unusual adenomatous polyps in juvenile polyposis coli. AB - A 14-year-old boy had an ileocolectomy for juvenile polyposis coli. Twenty-five years later he developed peculiar adenomatous polyps in his rectum. The polyps had irregularly shaped glands lined by cells with stratified, atypical nuclei. Some glands were distended with mucus, but otherwise the polyps did not resemble juvenile polyps. Two other types of polyps associated with juvenile polyposis coli and often designated as adenomatous polyps are illustrated. A solitary juvenile polyp with foci of hyperplastic and adenomatous change is also depicted, and the association of juvenile polyps with colonic neoplasia is reviewed. PMID- 7102893 TI - Paramesonephric (mullerian) sinus of urinary bladder. PMID- 7102895 TI - Crypt cell carcinoma. PMID- 7102896 TI - Allergic granulomatosis. PMID- 7102897 TI - Fibro-osseous lesion? PMID- 7102899 TI - Intraosseous ganglion: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. AB - The intraosseous ganglion is a cystic lesion of bone most frequently located in the subchondral epiphysis of long bones without direct communication with a joint cavity. Although this entity is becoming well recognized by orthopedic surgeons and radiologists, it has rarely been discussed in the pathologic literature and is frequently overlooked by the surgical pathologist. In this study the clinical and pathologic features of 10 patients, representing 11 instances of intraosseous ganglia, were reviewed with emphasis on the histologic and radiologic features necessary for diagnosis. Common radiologic features usually include a unilocular cyst surrounded by a thin rim of sclerotic bone in the subchondral epiphysis in the absence of other features of degenerative joint disease. Histologically, the ganglia are usually composed of a cystic space without epithelial lining, often filled with gelatinous, mucoid material and occasional foamy macrophages. The radiologic and histologic differential diagnoses, possible etiologic factors, and treatment are discussed. PMID- 7102898 TI - Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a highly malignant form of endometrial adenocarcinoma. AB - A review of 256 cases of pathologic Stage I uterine adenocarcinoma treated at Stanford University Hospital revealed 26 cases of uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC), a clinically aggressive and morphologically distinct variant of adenocarcinoma which closely resembles ovarian papillary serous carcinoma. These lesions are easily recognized by microscopic examination and typically feature a high degree of cytologic anaplasia and a papillary growth pattern. Invasion of the lymphatics has been a frequent finding. The relapse rate among patients with pathologic Stage I UPSC was 50% (13/26), five times the rate which would have been predicted by the incidence of UPSC. Patients with Stage I UPSC fared significantly worse than the group of nonpapillary grade II or grade III adenocarcinomas (p less than 0.0001). Forty percent of Stage I UPSC patients had deep myometrial invasion, as compared with 12% of those with all other histologic types of adenocarcinoma (p = 0.001). Women with UPSC deeply invading the myometrium tended to do worse than those with deeply invasive lesions of the more usual endometrioid type as reflected by relapse rates (after surgery alone) of 63% and 30%, respectively. Of seven Stage I corpus carcinoma patients whose initial site of failure was in the upper abdomen, six had UPSC. Thus, UPSC shares the tendency of its ovarian counterpart to spread over peritoneal surfaces. In addition to the original study group of 26 Stage I patients, 34 patients with more advanced stages of UPSC were also reviewed. Of these, 26 have been followed and four survive. Eleven of these women presented or relapsed with abdominal carcinomatosis. UPSC is a clinically aggressive neoplasm which should be distinguished from other types of primary endometrial adenocarcinoma. In cases of invasive UPSC the mode of spread, similar to that of ovarian surface epithelial carcinomas, suggests the need for adjuvant upper abdominal and pelvic irradiation or effective chemotherapy. PMID- 7102900 TI - Desmoplastic diffuse mesothelioma. AB - Twenty-seven cases of desmoplastic diffuse malignant mesothelioma (26 pleural, one peritoneal) are described. In 19 cases the tumor cell type was sarcomatous and in six others it was biphasic (malignant elements of both epithelial and mesenchymal aspect). There were only two cases where the tumor cell type was purely epithelial. The clinical course was often rapid; the mean survival period in 11 cases of purely sarcomatous type was 6.18 months. Only one case of purely sarcomatous type lived for more than 1 year as opposed to four of eight cases with an epithelial component. Metastases occurred more frequently in desmoplastic (60.1%) than in nondesmoplastic diffuse mesothelioma (42.5%). The tumor cell type (epithelial, mesenchymal) accompanying desmoplastic mesotheliomas and not the extent of desmoplasia determines their behavior. Desmoplasia in diffuse mesotheliomas is often the result of tumor cells assuming the functional capacity of fibroblasts and has frequently been confused with reactive fibrosis. Cytologic abnormalities, tissue infiltration, and foci of necrosis indicate the neoplastic nature of the process in most instances. PMID- 7102901 TI - Morular metaplasia misdiagnosed as adenoacanthoma in young women with polycystic ovarian disease. AB - Five cases of polycystic disease of the ovaries are presented; in four diagnosis of "adenoacanthoma" was made from an endometrial biopsy. The age range was 24-37. The fifth had been called "atypical glandular hyperplasia." In four of the five salpingoophorectomy and hysterectomy were performed, and the hysterectomy specimens showed no evidence of hyperplasia or carcinoma. Consultation review of the slides revealed "morular" metaplasia as well as tubal metaplasia. In one case, mucinous metaplasia was also present. Morule formation may distend glands and compress surrounding uninvolved endometrium, resulting in a pattern of back to-back glands, that are, however, often lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium and should not be confused with back-to-back glands seen in adenomatous hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma. In both these conditions, the epithelium is stratified and shows nuclear atypism. Morules, especially when they coalesce, can be misconstrued as adenoacanthoma; however, the cells are uniform and bland in appearance. PMID- 7102902 TI - Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. AB - Merkel cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 10 patients (eight females and two males) with a mean age of 66 years and a range of 44-84. The most common sites of the primary tumor were the skin of the limbs, girdles, and head. Sixty percent of the cases had recurrences and 50% regional nodal metastases that appeared within 1 year. Of the patients treated variably with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and followed for a mean period of 28 months, two were alive and free of disease, two were alive with disease after 3 and 6 years, and two have died of metastatic disease to the lungs and liver. The primary lesions showed quite distinctive clinical and gross features in terms of size, shape, and color. Histologically, the growth was usually diffuse and occasionally trabecular or pseudoglandular; infiltration was predominantly in the papillary and reticular dermis. The uniform, poorly cohesive cells contained argyrophilic granules in the cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with frequently indented membranes. The mitotic index was high. Ultrastructurally, in two cases, two cell types were identified that probably represented the neoplastic counterpart of normal Merkel cells in different stages of maturation. Both cell types contained cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules and intermediate filaments, even though their cytoplasms were differently shaped. PMID- 7102904 TI - Carcinoid tumor of lung with varied histology. PMID- 7102905 TI - Hollow visceral myopathy: a light- and electron-microscopic study. AB - A patient is described who had unexplained, vague abdominal pain for 7 years and subsequently presented with worsening pain and mild dilatation of the distal small intestine. Gross examination of a resected ileal segment demonstrated thinning of the muscularis propria. Light- and electron-microscopic examination revealed a myopathy which preferentially involved the external longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria and was characterized by vacuolar degeneration of smooth muscle cells. No inflammatory infiltrate or neural or vascular lesions were present. These features characterize hollow visceral myopathy and differentiate it from other myopathic and degenerative disorders which involve gastrointestinal smooth muscle. PMID- 7102903 TI - Solitary lesion of congenital fibromatosis. A rare cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. PMID- 7102906 TI - Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma and Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in the same lung simultaneously. PMID- 7102907 TI - Persistent strongyloidiasis in an immunodeficient patient. AB - A 56-year-old woman with acquired, common variable immunodeficiency was found to have persistent gastrointestinal as well as pulmonary infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Repeated courses of treatment with thiabendazole led to marked reduction or loss of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae, but cessation of treatment always led to recurrence of Strongyloides infection. Several small bowel biopsies showed normal villous architecture and little inflammatory response to presence of larvae. Interestingly, no definite symptomatology could be attributed to the Strongyloides infection. It was postulated that the lack of signs and symptoms of strongyloidiasis, as well as poor response to treatment, was related to the immunodeficiency state. With low-dose, long-term interrupted courses of thiabendazole treatment, the Strongyloides infection finally seemed to be cured. PMID- 7102908 TI - The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) as an experimental host for Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi. AB - Ferrets inoculated subcutaneously with 150--200 infective larvae of Brugia malayi (subperiodic strain) usually developed patent infection during the 3rd month post inoculation. Microfilaremia was transient, and most animals became amicrofilaremic after the 6th month of infection. Ferrets developed a persistent eosinophilia at the time of patency. At necropsy, 5--8 months post infection, adult worms were recovered principally from lymphatic vessels and recovery ranged from 0.5--13% of the inoculated larvae. The inflammatory response of ferrets to microfilariae was characterized by nodules 1--5 mm in diameter in the liver, lungs, spleen, and submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The center of these lesions contained a degenerated microfilaria or the cast of a microfilaria embedded in Splendore-Hoeppli substance. The Splendore-Hoeppli substance was surrounded by eosinophils and/or foreign body giant cells. Identical lesions were observed in ferrets experimentally infected with Brugia pahangi. Sera from ferrets infected with B. malayi demonstrated a 3- to 5-fold increase in IgG by the 4th month of infection and these sera produced 2--3 precipitin bands in double gel diffusion assays with an extract of B. malayi microfilarial antigen. Skin tests with B. malayi microfilarial antigen showed that the majority of the infected ferrets had immediate hypersensitivity responses, but none had Arthus or delayed hypersensitivity responses. PMID- 7102910 TI - Patterns of antischistosomal drug usage in Qalyubia Governorate of the Nile Delta. AB - To further investigate factors responsible for the recently documented changes in schistosomiasis patterns in the Nile Delta, questionnaire-derived information on antischistosomal drug usage was obtained from a 25% systematic sample of 609 residents of a stable village in the south-central Delta. Ten percent of the population had received antischistosomal drugs during the previous 4 years. Most of the drugs administered were injectable compounds, and 92% of individuals receiving them failed to complete the treatment regimen. Additional sources of information from a village physician, a pharmacist and a major pharmaceutical corporation confirmed and expanded the survey findings, indicating that antischistosomal drug usage cannot explain the recently observed changing patterns of human schistosome infections in the Nile Delta region. PMID- 7102909 TI - Control of schistosomiasis japonica in the Nagatoishi area of Kurume, Japan. AB - A pilot experiment using NaPCP as a molluscicide to control schistosomiasis japonica was initiated in 1950--51 in Nagatoishi-cho, Kurume, Japan, where 1,050 persons lived behind dikes built to prevent flooding from the Chikugo River. They farmed 60 ha of rice, and 72.9% of them were infected with schistosomiasis. At the end of 2 years, 99.5% of the snails (Oncomelania h. nosophora) were controlled and new cases dropped from 30--35 per year to 5 and 0 at the end of the 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Mollusciciding was continued by Japanese, and paddy irrigation ditches were lined with concrete by 1958. Land reclamation, involving conversion of cultivated land in the river bottom to a golf course, resulted in virtual elimination of infected snails from this area and, when found, snails were uninfected. Using immunologic tests (intradermal, complement fixation, and circumoval precipitation) plus multiple stool examinations in 1972 and 1978, it was possible to demonstrate a marked decrease in cases of schistosomiasis in children 15 years of age or younger. These results were significantly different (P less than 0.001) from those found in similar tests run in 1940 and 1966. By 1978 all children in the Nagatoishi area of Kurume, Japan, were negative for Schistosoma japonicum infection. PMID- 7102911 TI - Pulmonary changes in schistosomal cor pulmonale. AB - Necropsy was performed in 32 cases of schistosomal cor pulmonale, and the lungs were studied by means of conventional histologic techniques, by serial sectioning, and by the method of plastic vascular casting. Fibrin deposition and marked endothelial cell hyperplasia were the main early changes evoked by schistosome eggs within small arteries and arterioles. A complex fibrin thrombus organization and revascularization, followed by congestion and dilatation of focal blood vessels, resulted in plexiform lesions. Vascular casts showed them to be purely arterial, to have a glomeruloid appearance, and to originate laterally or terminally in small arteries. PMID- 7102915 TI - New results on the effect of praziquantel in experimental cysticercosis. AB - 14C-praziquantel penetrates the cyst wall of Cysticercus fasciolaris and kills the cysticercus within the cyst, although the uptake of praziquantel by the encysted larva was slower than by an isolated one. This fact is in good agreement with earlier in vitro chemotherapeutic studies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies have shown that praziquantel causes a marked destruction of the tegument along the whole pseudostrobila and the scolex of C. fasciolaris. The type of tegumental damage is identical to that produced in adult tapeworms and trematodes. PMID- 7102913 TI - Schistosomiasis mansoni in baboons. VI. Plastic-adherent-cell suppression of the primary in vitro antibody response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a heterologous antigen (SRBC) during chronic infection. AB - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five of six baboons (Papio cynocephalus) with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni showed a marked reduction in the ability to generate anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) plaque-forming cells (PFC) after primary in vitro immunization as compared to the PFC responses of PBMC from normal (non-infected) baboons. Removal of the plastic-adherent (PLAD) cells from the PBMC of these animals results in a population of cells capable of responding to in vitro immunization with SRBC at a level equal to or higher than their normal counterparts. Reconstitution of plastic-non-adherent cells with PLAD cells re-establishes suppression. In contrast, the single apparently non-suppressed infected baboon showed reduced responses after PLAD cell removal, but, upon reconstitution with PLAD cells, responses were higher than those obtained before cell separation. No evidence of PLAD suppressor cells in normal animals was found, and indeed the data suggest that PBMC from normal animals may require a PLAD accessory cell for full responsiveness. PMID- 7102916 TI - Treatment of cysticercosis with praziquantel in Colombia. PMID- 7102914 TI - Endemic focus of Fasciolopsis buski infection in Bangladesh. AB - Stool surveys were conducted on children 2--10 years of age in 27 villages within Dacca District and around this index area (1,668 children were sampled), revealing an endemic focus of Fasciolopsis buski infection to the south and the east of Dacca District. In order to determine the seasonal variation in the total snail populations and the natural rate of F. buski infection in the snails, two species of planorbid snails, Segmentina (Trochorbis) trochoideus and Hippeutis (Helicorbis) umbilicalis, were periodically sampled for 12 months from a village endemic for F. buski infection. Gymnocephalous cercariae were found in S. (T.) trochoideus snails during August, September and October. The size of the snail population (n = 1,275) was significantly correlated with inches of rainfall (r = +0.62; P less than 0.05) and water temperature (r = +0.59; P less than 0.05). The natural infection rate of F. buski in the snails ranged from 0.5--2%. Snails from non-endemic areas were exposed to 3--10 miracidia. A total of 13 of 49 (27%) of H. (H.) umbilicalis and 6 of 14 (43%) of S. (T.) trochoideus had gymnocephalous cercariae present 4 to 6 weeks after exposure to miracidia. Thus, snail strain variation is unlikely to be a barrier to F. buski transmission. PMID- 7102912 TI - Circumoval precipitin antigens for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. II. Isolation of functional antigens. AB - A serum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with circumoval precipitin (COP) immune complexes isolated by Protein A Sepharose affinity chromatography. This serum, positive in the COP test, was used to isolate by antibody affinity chromatography the COP antigens contained in crude schistosome egg antigens (SEA). The COP antigens were then applied to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared to SEA. In a rabbit immunized repeatedly with the COP immune complexes the reactivity in the ELISA to both SEA and the COP antigens increased with time. In a primary infection of S. mansoni the reactivity to both antigen preparations rose in parallel; however, SEA showed higher reactivity. Interestingly, with the COP antigens a dramatic increase in antibody response was obtained in the serum of the 4th week in two separate groups of infected mice. This is probably a reflection of the common antigens between worms and eggs since two of the three major antibodies to the COP antigens identified previously are absorbable with lyophilized S. mansoni worms. PMID- 7102917 TI - Severe staphylococcal pneumonia complicating pyomyositis. AB - Severe staphylococcal pneumonia developed secondary to pyomyositis of the buttock in an adult male Melanesian in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the abscess, and S. aureus, together with Gram-negative organisms, were cultured from sputum. Despite treatment with high dose cloxacillin together with supportive chemotherapy, progressive deterioration of lung function occurred and acute respiratory failure developed. As suitable ventilators were unavailable, tracheal intubation was performed, and manual assisted ventilation was carried out for 4 days. Progressive improvement in ventilation and general status resulted, and the patient recovered without sequelae. PMID- 7102919 TI - Survey for evidence of Colorado tick fever virus outside of the known endemic area in California. AB - A virus very similar or identical to Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus was recovered from the blood clot of one of 104 black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus californicus) examined during a survey for various zoonotic agents in mammals and ticks from the University of California, Hopland Field Station, Mendocino County, California, 1974--79. This is the first reported isolation of a CTF-like virus from L. californicus, and only the second time such a virus has been found in northwestern California. Mendocino County is located far outside the known distributional ranges of the most common mammalian hosts of CTF virus and of Dermacentor andersoni, the only proven tick vector for man. The viral isolate is very similar to a CTF-like virus previously recovered from the blood and spleen of a western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) from San Luis Obispo County, an area also outside of the previously-known CTF area. Virus was not isolated from 14 additional species of mammals (354 specimens) or from eight species of ticks (4,487 individuals), but CTF-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 28 of 771 (3.6%) sera from seven of 15 mammalian species including significant titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) in two species and one subspecies not previously reported as natural hosts, i.e., brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii), pinyon mouse (P. truei), and Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). CTF indirect immunofluorescent antibodies also were detected in 26 of 129 (20.2%) sera belonging to four of five mammalian species tested. Neutralizing antibodies were found in sera of deer from other localities in Mendocino County, from a deer mouse from Napa County, and from a brush rabbit from Monterey County as well. These findings suggest that a virus identical or similar to CTF virus is widespread in northwestern-westcentral California, and that surveillance for human cases of CTF or a similar disease should be extended to cover this region. PMID- 7102918 TI - Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis. AB - In a retrospective study undertaken to document the frequency of thrombocytopenia in cases of leptospirosis, 18 of 32 patients (56.3%) had a platelet count of 100 x 10(3)/mm3 or less. Renal failure occurred in 72.2% of thrombocytopenic patients and in 21.4% of patients with normal platelet counts. The association of thrombocytopenia and renal failure was significant (P less than 0.02). The common occurrence of thrombocytopenia and its association with acute renal failure in patients with leptospirosis has not previously been reported. PMID- 7102922 TI - The clinical vascular surgeon: who is he and what should he be? PMID- 7102920 TI - Geographic and temporal patterns of genetic variation of Aedes aegypti in New Orleans. AB - Populations of Aedes aegypti were collected in 1976 and 1979 from a number of different areas of New Orleans and analyzed for genetic variation of 12 isozyme loci. Although six loci were polymorphic, the majority of loci showed no significant genetic differentiation over time or between regions. The greatest amount of genetic differentiation was found between populations bordering the Mississippi River and the two inland areas, Mid-City and Mount Olivet. The low amount of genetic heterogeneity among areas is consistent with the known rapid spread and migration of A. aegypti in recent years. New Orleans A. aegypti are genetically most closely related to populations from Florida, and are less related to collections from several Caribbean islands with a recent history of epidemic dengue fever. Knowledge of the structure of A. aegypti populations in New Orleans, as well as their genetic relatedness to those of other regions, may provide important information concerning the potential of these populations as vectors of epidemic dengue fever. PMID- 7102921 TI - Philophthalmus sp. (Trematoda) in a human eye. PMID- 7102923 TI - Patency of polytetrafluoroethylene microarterial prostheses improved by ibuprofen. AB - Because of the increasing need for a reliable prosthetic microvascular graft, we investigated the patency of expanded PTFE with and without platelet inhibitor medication as an arterial prosthesis (1 by 10 mm) placed in the aorta of the rat using standard microsurgical technique. In 10 animals without platelet-inhibitor medication, one graft (10 percent) was patent at 30 days. When the platelet inhibitor ibuprofen was given for the initial 15 days to 10 animals, all 10 grafts (100 percent) remained patent at 30 days without further use of the drug. There was a significant difference between the patency achieved with the drug and that obtained without it (p less than 0.0001). The results of this experimental study demonstrate that expanded PTFE can successfully be used as a microvascular graft in the rat with excellent patency (100 percent at 30 days) when combined with ibuprofen therapy. PMID- 7102924 TI - Routine aortography before abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. A prospective study. AB - Routine preoperative arteriography was studied prospectively in 104 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. The patients were from the private practice of 11 vascular surgeons. Information regarding patient clinical status was gathered and compared with aortographic and intraoperative findings. Special attention was focused on the question of operation modification as dictated by aortographic findings. The surgeons were further asked whether the information gained from surgical exploration was equal to that obtained from arteriography. It is concluded that because of low yield of benefit, economic considerations, time delay, and minor but distinct risks of the procedure, arteriography should be used selectively rather than routinely in such patients. PMID- 7102925 TI - Aneurysmectomy in the octogenarian. A study of morbidity and quality of survival. AB - The records of 52 octogenarians who underwent resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm were reviewed. Thirty-five elective operations were performed with an operative mortality of 8.6 percent, which was twice that of the group less than 80 years of age. Seventeen emergency operations were performed for rupture with an operative mortality of 58.8 percent. Postoperative follow-up in the elective group found that by 6 months 93 percent of surviving patients had returned to their preoperative status. Survival rates by life table analysis were 67 percent at 1 year, 52 percent at 3 years, and 14 percent at 5 years. In the ruptured group, all patients at risk were alive at 1, 3, and 5 years. We advise elective resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in the octogenarian with good functional capacity using the same criteria that we use for younger patients. Most octogenarians can anticipate a prompt return to their usual environment and a meaningful postoperative life-style. PMID- 7102926 TI - Noninvasive cerebrovascular evaluation: a prerequisite for angiography? AB - Results of cerebrovascular evaluation were reassessed in 768 patients to determine whether angiography performed in unselected patients was safe and economically efficient, and whether previous noninvasive screening was sensitive enough and effective in increasing the yield of subsequent angiography. In 543 patients undergoing angiography without previous noninvasive screening, positive results were obtained in 21 percent. Complications included hemorrhage (2.4 percent), neurologic deficit (2.2 percent), and death (0.2 percent). Of 225 patients undergoing previous screening with Doppler, ophthalmoplethysmography, and carotid phonoangiography, none with negative screening results had subsequent cerebrovascular complications. Of 82 patients having positive noninvasive test results, 53 underwent angiography with a 74 percent yield of positive results. Twenty-nine had no angiography or corrective therapeutic action. Of these, 3 percent died after a cerebrovascular accident, and 21 percent developed complete stroke (mean follow-up 3 years). Noninvasive screening reliably eliminated necessity for angiography in 64 percent of patients while increasing the angiographic yield from 21 to 74 percent. Therefore, performance of cervicoencephalic angiography is asymptomatic and unselected patients cannot be condoned any longer. Likewise, positive noninvasive screening results should not be ignored because in the absence of treatment, death (3 percent) and permanent neurologic deficit (21 percent) occur over a 3 year period. PMID- 7102928 TI - Cervical chemodectoma. Technical considerations and management options. PMID- 7102927 TI - Diagnosis of carotid stenosis by bruit spectral analysis. AB - Bruit spectral analysis provides an improved noninvasive method of quantifying the severity of carotid stenosis, and the method of Lees estimates the residual luminal diameter. Although the analysis required is complex, the test can be easily performed using the Spectraview, a microcomputer-based device which records and processes the sound information. The present study evaluated 44 cervical bruits in patients and found that in 84 percent of the vessels the estimated luminal size was within 1 mm of the angiographic lumen. Although substantial experience is required to obtain the maximum diagnostic accuracy, work with the technique during 18 months indicates that is provides more information from arterial bruits thn traditional phonoangiography. PMID- 7102929 TI - Surgical treatment of postphlebitic syndrome with vein valve transplant. AB - Sequelae of the postphlebitic syndrome can new be treated by direct valve surgery. The present surgical treatment of stasis ulcer, including removal of the incompetent perforators, ulcer excision, and skin grafting, remains essential. Excision of perforators and ulcer care are effective but are associated with a high rate of ulcer recurrence. Experimental studies to restore venous valve function include autogenous or homologous vein valve transplantation, valvuloplasty, and valve transposition. In 23 cases of vein valve transplantation and two transpositions, a normal autogenous vein valve from the arm was used to restore a normal functioning venous valve in the leg. Pre- and postoperative noninvasive and invasive testing indicates hemodynamic improvement of venous function in these legs. Follow-up direct venous pressure measurements did not show normalization and may indicate that more than one competent valve is necessary. Changes in muscle structure may play a role in the maintenance of venous pressure. PMID- 7102930 TI - Unappreciated causes of ischemia in the leg. AB - Limb ischemia due to blunt trauma, dissecting hematoma, and cardiac dysfunction jeopardizes limbs and lives more than is generally appreciated. Delay in diagnosis after blunt trauma led to major amputation in 21 percent of our patients. Current principles avoid those hazards. Five patients presented with acute limb ischemia caused by dissecting hematoma of the aorta. Suspicion of that diagnosis is warranted in patients without a history of chronic vascular occlusive disease or cardiac disease, in young white males with Marfan characteristics, and in middle-aged hypertensive black males. Confirmation of the diagnosis requires urgent angiography. In selected cases, treatment with femorofemoral bypass will be limb- and life-saving. Ischemia due to low flow, which portends a dire prognosis, should be suspected in severely ill patients with a history of peripheral vascular disease. Analysis of cardiac and metabolic functions with the Automated Physiologic Profile system identified the cause of the low flow state in 10 patients, permitting precise management with specific therapy. A discernible improvement in circulatory status of the limb coincided with correction of the low flow states. Angiography and surgery were not necessary in 90 percent of this group, and should be avoided during low flow episodes. PMID- 7102932 TI - Management of vascular injuries to the leg. AB - Our experience with 69 vascular injuries in 56 patients led us to modify the management of vascular injuries to the leg. We believe that prompt and complete angiography whenever the general condition of the patient allows it, early fasciotomy when indicated before vascular repair, thrombectomy of the injured artery and vein and local instillation of heparinized saline solution, vascular repair before orthopedic stabilization of fractures in selected cases, external fixation of the fracture when there is significant soft tissue injury, and early skin grafting resulted in an improved level of care with a low morbidity and no mortality in our series. PMID- 7102931 TI - Prevention and management of polytetrafluoroethylene graft complications in peripheral vascular reconstruction. AB - The use of expanded PTFE grafts as a vascular substitute has been well established. PTFE is an acceptable alternative for patients in whom the saphenous vein is unusable. Nonreinforced PTFE grafts do a better job of resisting infection, permitting cellular ingrowth, and allowing the development of a true neointima. During a 6 year period ending in April 1981, 129 grafts were placed in various positions. Most of these were placed primarily in the femoropopliteal position. One death occurred as a direct result of the surgery. Only two infections were encountered, both were delayed and patient-induced. There were no true aneurysms in the PTFE grafts of our patients. The use of smooth noncrushing clamps applied gently with just enough pressure to stop blood flow will lessen the likelihood of aneurysmal formation. Careful surgical technique can minimize problems. False aneurysm in vascular reconstruction can largely be prevented by the proper establishment of hemostasis at the suture line. Selection of an appropriate needle and suture along with the use of proper technique in their placement will help provide the best possible results. One should follow the curve of the needle at the time of suturing to help prevent elongation of the suture holes, which may contribute to difficulties in establishing hemostasis at the suture line. Thrombosis is the most common problem associated with the use of this graft; correction requires careful balloon catheter techniques. Salvage of the graft can be obtained by endarterectomy, patch grafting, or jump grafts so that the entire prosthesis does not have to be replaced. PMID- 7102933 TI - Management of traumatic peripheral vein injuries. Primary repair or vein ligation. AB - The management and outcome of 83 patients who had 86 venous injuries were retrospectively reviewed to identify optimal management techniques in patients with peripheral vein injuries. Venous injuries of the arms were associated with no long-term sequelae, and management with vein ligation appears safe. In patients with venous injuries of the legs, primary repair by lateral suture or primary end-to-end reanastomosis is recommended when technically easy. In patients who are unstable or in whom primary repair cannot be performed, vein ligation is recommended. Autogenous vein interposition grafting appears indicated only in the popliteal area when vein reconstitution should be aggressively sought. Vein ligation in peripheral vein injuries should be followed with aggressive postoperative management to prevent the development of distal edema. Limb elevation is effective in minimizing the development of adverse sequelae. PMID- 7102935 TI - Surgical outcome for resident and attending surgeons. AB - We asked whether surgical process and outcome differ for physicians in postgraduate training supervised by attending surgeons compared with attending surgeons alone. All appendectomies performed during a 2 year period in a 320 bed voluntary hospital where either the admitting diagnosis or the preoperative diagnosis suggested acute appendicitis were included in the study. Data were abstracted from medical records and pathology reports. One hundred fifty-four cases of primary appendectomy were reviewed. In 97 cases, 1 of 9 attending physicians was listed as chief surgeon; in 57 cases, 1 of 15 resident physicians was listed as chief surgeon. There were no significant differences between the two patient groups according to age and sex. There was no difference between attending resident physicians in accuracy of diagnosis. Despite a pathologically normal appendix, attending surgeons in six cases and residents in two cases listed a discharge diagnosis of appendicitis. The average length of stay was 8.8 days for attending surgeons' cases and 7.1 days for residents' cases (t = 1.09, p = 0.29). The postoperative complication rates were 24 percent for attendings' cases and 12 percent for residents' cases (chi-square = 2.31, p = 0.16). We conclude that there is no appreciable difference in either the process or the outcome of care for patients undergoing appendectomy whether the operation is performed by an attending physician or a resident physician supervised by an attending physician. PMID- 7102934 TI - Origin of tubular complexes in human chronic pancreatitis. AB - Tissue samples from seven patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied by light and electron microscopy, using samples from the pancreas of seven organ donors as a reference group. Tubular complexes were observed in four of the patients with chronic pancreatitis. Tubular complexes, which have been interpreted as resulting from "ductular reduplication" in other studies of chronic pancreatitis, and "ductular proliferation" in studies of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, were studied carefully to determine their origin. Extensive retrogressive changes in acinar cells leading to diminished zymogen granules, decreased cell height, and concomitant increase in luminal diameter were consistent with the interpretation that phenotypic modulation of acinar cells to take on the characteristics of ductular cells produced the tubules. This it is concluded that in chronic pancreatitis, as has been shown for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the tubular complexes originate from acinar cells rather than from proliferation of preexisting ductules. Fibrosis and thickening of the basal lamina of exocrine pancreatic cells and capillaries were consistent with an altered capability for transmission of material between blood vessels and exocrine cells. PMID- 7102937 TI - A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. XV. Chronic anal fissure: a new theory of pathogenesis. AB - Pathologic changes in chronic anal fissures were studied in 52 patients. In 40 patients, epithelial cells could be identified in the fissure floor superficial to the internal anal sphincter. The cells were rounded, oval, or columnar and were arranged in clumps or pseudoacinar formations. In 10 patients the anorectal sinus was detected in the fissure floor, whereas in 2 patients no epithelial cells could be found. It seems that chronic anal fissure results from disruption of the anal lining, which exposes epithelial cells or the anorectal sinus in the wound floor to repeated infection. It is believed that these epithelial cells are just anorectal sinus remnants that exist in the submucosa of the anal canal proper as epithelial debris or anorectal band. Epithelial cells act as multiple sequestra that harbor the infection and are responsible for fissure chronicity. These patients are predisposed to anal traumatization by feces, owing to the anorectal band's constricting effect on the anal canal proper. The exclusive fissure location in the anal canal proper and not in the rectal neck is due to the anorectal sinus remnants contained therein. The posterior and, rarely, anterior median fissure position is ascribed to the existence of two weak anal areas. The break commonly occurs posteriorly because the posterior anal wall lacks sufficient support. It is concluded that fissure excision, including anorectal bandotomy, at present, is the best treatment to achieve a radical cure. PMID- 7102936 TI - Transcervical thymectomy for thymoma in myasthenia gravis. AB - The results of thymectomy performed through a transcervical approach in 37 myasthenic patients with thymomas is reported and compared with results in 97 patients who had thymomas removed through a transsternal approach. In 29 of the former patients the thymomas were unsuspected and found at the time of thymectomy, and in 8 a preoperative chest roentgenogram was suspicious for the presence of a tumor. In the transcervical group there were only 4 invasive thymomas, while in the transsternal group there were 32. In the transcervical group there was no evidence of recurrence in the patients with unsuspected thymomas, and one recurrence in the group with suspected thymomas. In the transsternal group eight patients had known recurrence or persistent disease. The transcervical approach seems appropriate for the removal of small thymomas discovered at the time of thymectomy or suspected from the preoperative work-up. PMID- 7102939 TI - Incidence, pattern, and African variations of common benign disorders of the esophagus. Experience from Nigeria. AB - As a result of the dearth and cost of specialized personnel and investigative facilities, noncommunicable diseases have aroused no real epidemiologic interest in many parts of Africa, and consequently reports on some diseases have been sporadic and often lacking in detail. Therefore a comprehensive study of benign lesions of the esophagus, such as achalasia, hiatal hernia, and the gastroesophageal reflux complex including peptic stricture, was undertaken among Nigerians resident in the African environment. Striking variations from known patterns became evident. Answers were sought for the peculiarities in the manifestation and natural history of these disorders. PMID- 7102938 TI - Parietal cell volume, hypergastrinemia, and gastric acid hypersecretion after small bowel resection. Experimental study. AB - One hundred and fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, antrectomy, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, intestinal resection, antrectomy with intestinal resection, and truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and intestinal resection. In the control group gastric acid secretion and plasma levels of gastrin were calculated. In the other five groups the same calculations were made 3 months after the corresponding operations. In all animals samples of the gastric wall were taken after specific dyeing of the parietal cells of these samples. In all samples prepared in this way, the variables of parietal cell volume per unit of muscularis mucosa were obtained by a morphometric method. The statistical survey using the levels of gastric acidity, gastrinemia, and parietal volumes of the six groups of animals showed that there is no relation between gastrinemia and gastric acid secretion, nor between gastrinemia and parietal volume, but that there is a significant correlation between gastric acid secretion and parietal volume. Those results suggest that the parietal cell volume in the rat decreases when the secreting capacity of the mucosa is decreased, and that the plasma levels of gastrin do not have a direct trophic effect on the parietal cells of gastric mucosa. PMID- 7102940 TI - An inexpensive, versatile vein holder. PMID- 7102941 TI - Duplication of the ileum. PMID- 7102942 TI - [Biochemical mechanism of the epileptogenic action of folic acid injected intraventricular route and its control by pindolol]. PMID- 7102944 TI - [Blood levels of factor XIII following extracorporeal circulation: biochemical significance of observed levels]. PMID- 7102943 TI - Ionophores as a tool to evidentiate the interrelationship between endogenous biogenic amines and acetylcholine. PMID- 7102945 TI - Mechanism of neuromuscular blocking effect of the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps. Identification of pre-and post-synaptic fractions isolated by column chromatography. PMID- 7102947 TI - Changes in propriospinal and spino-bulbo-spinal reflexes under the influence of a series of electrical stimulations of the cervical vagus. PMID- 7102946 TI - [Hypothalamus, cardiovascular pression and depression center]. PMID- 7102948 TI - Met-enkephalin as a modulator of smooth-muscle mechanical activity. PMID- 7102950 TI - Electromyographic study of several lower limb muscles during maintenance of dynamic balance in the frontal plane. PMID- 7102949 TI - Interaction of fructose-1,6-diphosphate with some cell membranes. PMID- 7102951 TI - The cholinergic link in the genesis of the cardiac arrhythmias induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of K-strophantin in anaesthetized rats. PMID- 7102953 TI - Hereditary Meniere's disease: report of two families. PMID- 7102952 TI - Sniff-induced negative middle ear pressure: study of a consecutive series of children with otitis media with effusion. AB - Sniff-induced negative pressure in the middle ear space has recently been demonstrated in patients with the retraction type of middle ear disease. In the present study pressure recordings were performed in a consecutive series of 50 children treated with ventilating tubes for otitis media with effusion. It was found that a majority of the patients were able to induce negative pressure in the middle ear by sniffing. The ability to equalize negative pressure was found to be poor. These findings suggest a causal relationship between sniff-induced negative pressure in the middle ear space and the development of middle ear effusion. PMID- 7102954 TI - Temporal bone pathology in drowning. AB - The temporal bones of a 2-year-old child who had drowned were examined histopathologically. The abnormalities were limited to the submucosa and lumen of the tympanomastoid space. Abnormalities included severe edema, vascular congestion, and focal ecchymosis without inflammation in the submucosa and hemorrhage into the tympanomastoid air space. To determine the incidence of tympanomastoid hemorrhage in autopsy material, 258 temporal bones were reviewed, and 11 were found to have free blood in the tympanomastoid space. When specimens from victims of skull fractures, cerebrovascular accidents, and leukemia were excluded from the 11, the only specimen remaining was found to be that from a drowning victim. Tympanomastoid hemorrhage in the absence of otitis media, head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, or a bleeding diathesis appears to be strong supporting evidence for death by drowning. PMID- 7102958 TI - Malignant melanoma of the skin of the nose. AB - Seventeen patients with cutaneous melanomas of the nose were treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital during the years 1944-1978. The local recurrence rate was 6 per cent. The two-year survival rate was 82 per cent; the five-year survival rate, 29 per cent; the ten-year survival rate, 12 per cent. Only 20 per cent of the patients developed histologically positive lymph nodes, and all died of the disease. Wide local excision with skin grafting is the treatment of choice, with a modified neck dissection and/or superficial parotidectomy reserved for subsequent nodal metastasis. PMID- 7102957 TI - Effect of tympanostomy tubes on the pathogenesis of acute otitis media. AB - Intubation of the tympanic membrane as a treatment for acute otitis media is extremely controversial. This study was designed to determine the effect of tympanic membrane intubation in an experimental model for acute purulent otitis media. The right tympanic membrane of the chinchilla was intubated with Paparella Type I tympanostomy tubes. This procedure was followed in seven days by nasopharyngeal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and in an additional three days by nasopharyngeal inoculation of influenza A virus. Nasopharyngeal inoculation with these microorganisms results in acute purulent otitis media in 70 per cent of animals. The presence of the tympanostomy tubes did not reduce the incidence of clinical otitis media, nor did it reduce the pathologic changes within the middle ear space. The tympanostomy tubes did, however, significantly reduce the incidence and severity of pathologic changes in the subepithelial space of the middle ear mucosa. PMID- 7102956 TI - Evaluation of multiple-frequency rotatory testing in patients with peripheral labyrinthine weakness. AB - Multiple-frequency rotatory testing was performed in a series of 12 normal subjects and 27 patients who had significant labyrinthine paralysis. Fourteen of the patients had total loss of labyrinthine function. Phase leads of the responses were much greater in the lower-frequency measurements and measured gains of the responses to ampullopetal stimulation were qualitatively greater than those of the responses to ampullofugal stimulation. However, many patients' responses continued to fall within the normal range because of the large variability of the responses of normal subjects. The value of rotatory testing in clinical diagnosis is discussed. PMID- 7102959 TI - Neurologic disorders: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and poliomyelitis. AB - The patient who has multiple cranial neuropathies may pose a diagnostic dilemma. The neurologic disorders of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and poliomyelitis often cause bulbar dysfunctions such as diplopia, facial weakness, slurred or hypernasal speech, dysphagia, and hoarseness. In general, treatment is supportive and is directed toward restoring or aiding lost function (i.e., tracheostomy, esophagostomy, and cricopharyngeal myotomy). The relative infrequency of these disorders can lead to delays in diagnosis and rehabilitative therapy. PMID- 7102955 TI - Recurrence patterns by treatment modality of carcinomas of the floor of the mouth and oral tongue. AB - Recurrence patterns were examined by stage of disease and treatment modality in 139 patients with 141 squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of the mouth and oral tongue, reflecting an 11-year experience at two hospitals. Treatment categories included surgery, irradiation, and combined treatment. Patients who were without evidence of disease at two years, or at the time of death, were considered cured. Cures were achieved in 87 per cent of patients with Stage I disease, 83 per cent with Stage II, 40 per cent with Stage III, and 34 per cent with Stage IV. Similar results were achieved by irradiation alone and by surgery alone in controlling early lesions. Combined treatment offered the best chance of cure for patients with advanced disease. Failure was most often associated with persistence at the primary site. No patient with advanced disease was salvaged after local treatment failure. One of 51 patients who received prophylactic treatment of the neck in the absence of clinical evidence of metastases had a regional treatment failure, while seven of 26 such patients who did not receive prophylactic treatment developed regional metastases. The ten-year adjusted survival rate, as calculated by the actuarial method, was 53 +/- 4.7 per cent. Forty-two multiple primary lesions were found in the 139 patients. PMID- 7102960 TI - Congenital webbing of the larynx plus multiple anomalies: a new genetic syndrome. PMID- 7102961 TI - Acute sphenoid sinusitis in children. PMID- 7102964 TI - [Local negative pressure in treating female sterility]. PMID- 7102962 TI - [Risk of sterility and its prevention in gynecologic diseases in childhood and during sexual maturation]. PMID- 7102963 TI - [Diagnostic problems of the peritoneal form of sterility]. PMID- 7102965 TI - [Assessment of male fertility by the basic ejaculate indices]. PMID- 7102966 TI - [Sympathetic-adrenal system in chronic salpingo-oophoritis]. PMID- 7102967 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory diseases in adolescents]. PMID- 7102968 TI - [Immunological reactivity in chronic salpingo-oophoritis patients including ultrasound and levamisole in their treatment complex]. PMID- 7102970 TI - [Use of low-frequency ultrasound in treating nongonococcal colpitis and cervicitis]. PMID- 7102969 TI - [Carbohydrate metabolic characteristics of women with chronic salpingo-oophoritis with a background of autosensitization]. PMID- 7102975 TI - [Treatment of septic shock in obstetric and gynecologic practice]. PMID- 7102976 TI - [Inflammatory diseases of the cervix uteri in pregnant women and their effect on the outcome of pregnancy for the mother and fetus]. PMID- 7102971 TI - [Etiological role of Mycoplasma hominis in inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in pregnant and nonpregnant women]. PMID- 7102973 TI - [Use of indomethacin in treating primary algomenorrhea]. PMID- 7102974 TI - [Effect of low gestagen doses on the kidneys and urodynamics of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 7102972 TI - [Quantitative characteristics of the structural changes in the cell nuclei in pathological states of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 7102977 TI - [Role of facultatively pathogenic bacteria in the development of intrauterine infection of the fetus]. PMID- 7102979 TI - [Role of antithrombin III determination in various pregnancy and puerperal complications]. PMID- 7102978 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of subinvolution of the uterus after labor]. PMID- 7102980 TI - [Pregnancy, labor and puerperal period in women with venous diseases]. PMID- 7102981 TI - [Pregnancy and labor in patients with artificial pacemakers]. PMID- 7102983 TI - [Diagnosis and differential treatment of anemia in pregnancy]. PMID- 7102982 TI - [Pregnancy and labor in patients with Chernogubov-Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. PMID- 7102984 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the complex therapy of diabetes in pregnancy]. PMID- 7102987 TI - [Clinical and dermatoglyphic parameters in husbands and wives with normal reproductive function]. PMID- 7102986 TI - [300 cases of extraperitoneal Cesarean section]. PMID- 7102985 TI - [Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of the pelvis in women with hip dysplasia]. PMID- 7102989 TI - [Aneurysms of the cerebral vessels and pregnancy]. PMID- 7102990 TI - [Role of urinary tract infection in the development of puerperal sepsis]. PMID- 7102988 TI - [Biparietal-parietococcygeal ratio as a reference parameter during ultrasonic fetal monitoring in the 1st half of pregnancy]. PMID- 7102992 TI - Cross-validation of predictors for a chronic pain control program. PMID- 7102991 TI - Animal welfare and human health. PMID- 7102993 TI - Treatment for the chronic pain patient. PMID- 7102994 TI - Medical pathology conference. Pulmonary infiltrates and chronic respiratory failure in a young man. PMID- 7102995 TI - Effectiveness of the pediatric nurse practitioner well-baby clinics in West Alabama. PMID- 7103000 TI - Clinical evaluation of a patient with a genetic or birth defect syndrome. PMID- 7102996 TI - A simplified working heart apparatus specialized for use with radioisotopes and oxygen electrodes. PMID- 7102997 TI - 45Ca uptake and secretion by nerve-stimulated parotid glands of rats. PMID- 7102998 TI - The use of theophylline clearance to design an oral aminophylline regimen. PMID- 7102999 TI - Genetic screening: an overview. PMID- 7103001 TI - Ethics of therapeutic leadership. PMID- 7103003 TI - Genetic counseling. PMID- 7103002 TI - Control and therapy of lipid storage diseases: present status and future strategies. PMID- 7103006 TI - New developments in surgical pathology. IV. Quality control. PMID- 7103004 TI - Medical Pathology Conference: changing sensorium and death in a young man with minimally abnormal CT scan of the head. PMID- 7103005 TI - The changing presentation of adrenal crisis and its management. PMID- 7103007 TI - Radiology rounds: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a 34-year-old woman. PMID- 7103008 TI - A great potential...an awesome burden. PMID- 7103009 TI - Results of a nutrition intervention program: the WIC program in Alaska. PMID- 7103010 TI - Familial early profound deafness in an Athabascan kindred. PMID- 7103011 TI - Perforating folliculitis in association with hemodialysis. AB - Five patients developed pruritic, keratotic, perforating follicular papules and nodules within 2 months of starting maintenance hemodialysis. Clinically and histologically, the papules and nodules showed the features of perforating folliculitis with superimposed prurigo nodularis, a condition not previously described in patients on maintenance dialysis. The patients with perforating folliculitis constituted 10% of our patients on dialysis during the period of this study. Notably, all five patients were black and had chronic renal failure secondary to diabetic nephropathy. The precise pathogenesis of perforating folliculitis in these patients is unclear at this time. PMID- 7103014 TI - The meaning of pathology and dermatopathology in historical perspective. PMID- 7103012 TI - Perforating folliculitis of hemodialysis. AB - Three patients developed perforating skin lesions on the legs shortly after beginning hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. All had long-standing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and all three were white. The skin disease was refractory to all attempts at management. In one patient, however, the eruption cleared completely when hemodialysis was stopped in favor of a renal allograft transplanted from a cadaver. Clinically and histologically, some of the lesions showed evidence of prurigo nodularis, a consequence of vigorous rubbing of a discrete focus. PMID- 7103013 TI - Is the so-called epidermal collarette formed by epidermal or adnexal epithelium? PMID- 7103015 TI - From the journal of a leper. PMID- 7103019 TI - General versus epidural? PMID- 7103021 TI - An inflatable obstetric anaesthetic 'wedge'. AB - An inflatable 'wedge' for use in obstetric or other operations is described. As well as being inexpensive, the apparatus is remarkedly robust and has the advantage that the degree of inflation or deflation can be easily adjusted from the head of the operating table. PMID- 7103017 TI - Cutaneous decidualized endometriosis. A pseudomalignancy. AB - Mistaking a benign neoplasm for a malignant one is usually the result of the benign neoplasm having cytologic atypia or of normal tissue of one organ being present ectopically in another. In some instances the pathologist is simply not familiar with the lesion. A case of decidualized cutaneous endometriosis is described in which the histologic features included cytologic atypia, circumscription of epithelial nodules, glandular spaces, mononuclear cells within the around the endometrial nodules, and no mitoses. This histologic pseudomalignancy is not common and can be misinterpreted as metastatic is not common and can be misinterpreted as metastatic malignancy by dermatopathologists not familiar with gynecologic pathology. PMID- 7103018 TI - Fibronectin and wound healing. PMID- 7103020 TI - Intra-ocular pressure too low. An unusual anaesthetic hazard. PMID- 7103016 TI - Conventional microscopy. Deep atrophy: loss of dermis and/or subcutaneous fat. PMID- 7103022 TI - Anaesthesia for Caesarean section. The potential for regional block. AB - This study of the obstetric and anaesthetic circumstances relating to 100 consecutive Caesarean sections under general anaesthesia suggests that the general anaesthesia rate for Caesarean section could be reduced from the present 37 to 27% by making maximum use of epidural block and to 16% by using subarachnoid block in addition. The need for general anaesthesia on account of urgency to deliver can be greatly reduced by the administration of epidural analgesia during labour in patients identified as being more likely than average to require Caesarean section, and by the use of subarachnoid block when the need for section arises unexpectantly. Patients' objections to undergoing Caesarean section while conscious were analysed, and suggestions are made for minimising the number of patients who decline. Technical problems with blocks may sometimes be overcome without resort to general anaesthesia, while patients at risk from haemorrhage or coagulopathy will continue to require general anaesthesia. PMID- 7103023 TI - Anaesthesia and intra-ocular pressure: a comparative of total intravenous anaesthesia using etomidate with conventional inhalation anaesthesia. AB - Intra-ocular pressure (IOP) was measured in two comparable groups of anaesthetised patients under standardised conditions. Group 1 received etomidate 0.3 mg/kg fentanyl 100 micrograms and droperidol 5 mg. with etomidate 20 microgram/kg/minute for maintenance. Group 2 received thiopentone 3.5 mg/kg and were maintained with halothane 0.5% in nitrous oxide (60%) with oxygen. Both groups of patients were ventilated to normocapnia. Blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure and IOP were measured in 5 minute intervals from pre induction to 30 minutes postinduction. A significantly greater reduction in mean IOP (p less than 0.05) occurred in group 1. A maximum fall in IOP of 61% was obtained, compared to a maximum fall of 45% in group 2. Blood pressure fell in both groups. The fall was greater (23%) in group 2 than in group 1 (18%) and in no case was considered excessive. Total intravenous anaesthesia using etomidate is suggested as a useful technique for open eye surgery. PMID- 7103024 TI - Midazolam/fentanyl. A total intravenous technique for short procedures. AB - Midazolam (RO 21-3981), a water soluble benzodiazepine, was used in combination with fentanyl as a total intravenous anaesthetic for outpatient cystoscopy. It was compared with a similar technique using Althesin and fentanyl. In both series good conditions were produced, and patient acceptance was high, with absence of pain on injection, no inappropriate muscle movements and no nausea or vomiting. The induction and recovery times were slightly longer in the midazolam series, but not undesirably so. There appeared to be a slight incidence of phlebitis with midazolam, but because the patients were discharged from hospital, the exact incidence could not be ascertained with certainty. PMID- 7103025 TI - Suxamethonium pains in outpatient children. PMID- 7103026 TI - Possible interaction of pancuronium and tubocurarine with oral neomycin. PMID- 7103027 TI - Drug recognition by nurses and anaesthetists. PMID- 7103028 TI - [Dantrolene and malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 7103029 TI - Etomidate-analgesic combinations for the induction of anaesthesia in cardiac patients.l Part II: Studies in patients with severe valvular heart disease. PMID- 7103034 TI - [Transient normalisation of CK blood levels in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia by oral administration of dantrolene (author's transl)]. AB - Five subjects, all relatives of two patients who suffered from malignant hyperthermia, were tested for blood CK activity before and after a course of dantrolene sodium. (4 mg/kg/day orally for three days.) In all the cases, the CK levels which were significantly elevated prior to the drug administration, dropped to normal values after three days of treatment returning to the original levels after eight days. The effect of the drug is most likely related to a temporary normalisation of muscle metabolism which may prevent the development of malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients. The blood CK activity can be a valuable indicator in determining the effective dose of dantrolene. Prophylactic drug therapy should be considered even when special anesthesia techniques are used. PMID- 7103031 TI - Rat intubation. A method for safe and fast intubation of the rat trachea under direct vision. AB - A method has been developed for the safe and rapid intubation of the rat trachea under direct vision. Rats are first anaesthesized with an oxygen/nitrous oxide/halothane mixture. A modified eyelid retractor and a curved bulldog artery clamp are used to keep the animal's mouth open and the tongue to the side. A laryngoscope, fashioned from a weighing spatula and a glassfibre cable which is connected to a cold light source, is used to bring the trachea in view. The trachea is then easily intubated with a suitable intravenous canula. PMID- 7103033 TI - ["Malignant hyperthermia" following NLA and spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)]. AB - A 51 years old patient underwent 3 urological operations within a short space of time. The anaesthetic procedures (NLA and spinal anaesthesia) caused a rise of temperature, hyperventilation and tremor, suggesting a malignant hyperthermia. The patient refused a muscle bioptical investigation. Biopsies were performed in the patient's children. In the daughter, some "whorled fibres" and single fibre necrosis, interpreted as signs of myopathy, were detected. The clinical syndrome of the father and the histological results of the daughter point out to the possibility that in this family a predisposition to malignant hyperthermia is present. PMID- 7103032 TI - [Anaesthesia in a patient susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)]. AB - A 13 year old girl who had suffered from an abortive form of malignant hyperthermia during tonsillectomy eight years before was scheduled for orthopaedic surgery. Dantrolene sodium, 3 mg/kg orally, was given prophylactically the day before surgery; preanaesthetic medication consisted of Thalamonal, a fixed combination of droperidol and fentanyl; anaesthesia was induced with methohexitone and maintained as neurolept anaesthesia with fentanyl and droperidol; tubocurarine was administered for tracheal intubation and intraoperative neuromuscular blockade. Using this anaesthetic regimen no adverse reaction was triggered. PMID- 7103035 TI - [Perforation of the trachea. A lethal complication following tracheostomy prolonged ventilation caused by faulty material (author's transl)]. AB - Among 404 tracheostomies performed for long term ventilation within the last 15 years the first lethal complication (the overall complication rate being 2,97%) was observed: perforation of the membraneous part of the tracheal wall. The complication is directly related to the substitution of a "high-pressure"-cuff tracheostomy tube by a "low-pressure"-cuff-model. Decubital ulceration by the high pressure cuff, injury caused by the stiff uncoated tip of the low pressure model, and a blow-up mechanism by an excentric gas stream are discussed as eventual causal factors of this complication. PMID- 7103036 TI - [Head and brain injury in a patient with familial paroxysmal hypokalaemic paralysis (author's transl)]. AB - The case of severe skull and brain injury is reported in a patient with known familial paroxysmal hypokalaemic paralysis. Multiple cerebral contusions were seen in the brain trauma. The central nervous function could not be clearly determined since the patient had a hypokalaemic state at the time of admission to the hospital. Only electroencephalographic follow-up studies could reveal the central nervous function at that time. PMID- 7103037 TI - The anaesthetic and perioperative management of the patient undergoing insertion of a peritoneo-venous shunt. AB - The infusion of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity into the central venous circulation may relieve massive intractible ascites, and improve renal function when hepatorenal syndrome is present. preoperative preparation of these patients includes investigation of hepatic, renal, pulmonary, cardiac and neurological function, correction of electrolyte and coagulation abnormalities, restoration of normal fluid balance and the provision of supplemental vitamins and calories. Premedication is achieved with an oral benzodiazepine or an intramuscular injection of a narcotic agent. General anaesthesia is provided by thiopentone, suxamethonium, nitrous oxide, oxygen, pancuronium and a narcotic, with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Close monitoring of cardiac, respiratory and renal function is imperative perioperatively. Postoperatively, supervision in an Intensive Care Unit is advised as complications such as cardiac failure, septicaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur. PMID- 7103030 TI - [Biotransformation of fentanyl. II. Acute drug interactions in rats and men (author's transl)]. AB - Rat tissue homogenates were used to study fentanyl biotransformation. The liver was shown to be the most important metabolizing organ, whereas extrahepatic metabolism occurred only to a minor degree in the kidneys. The products of oxidative desalkylation, phenylacetic acid and norfentanyl, could be identified as well as small amounts of p-hydroxy-(phenethyl)fentanyl, which is pharmacologically still active. Major sex differences were observed, male rats showing nearly twice as much activity as female animals. Several anaesthetic agents, often used in combination with fentanyl, were tested with respect to their influence on fentanyl metabolism. Most of them caused an inhibition of biotransformation and/or variations in product distribution, when they were added to in-vitro incubations or given to the animals prior to enzyme preparation. This experimental design proved to be useful as a screening method to predict metabolic drug interactions. Halothane and enflurane, which are strong inhibitors in rats, were demonstrated to delay fentanyl metabolism in man, too. Fentanyl plasma levels under halothane anaesthesia were found to be more than twice as high as during neuroleptanaesthesia. The importance of other agents, e.g. ketamine, promethazine or local anaesthetics, remains to be examined. Variations of biotransformation reactions among patients as well as the reported drug interactions might explain some differences in fentanyl blood concentrations reported in the past, but must also be taken into account when intensity and duration of effects or side-effects are discussed. PMID- 7103039 TI - Sodium citrate: an alternative antacid for prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis. AB - In a double-blind study, 107 patients undergoing elective and emergency surgical procedures were given 15 ml of either sodium citrate 0.3 M or placebo 10 minutes before induction of anaesthesia. Gastric contents were sampled immediately after induction and the pH was measured. The mean pH of the Gastric contents of patients given sodium citrate was 5.67, whereas for those given the placebo it was 3.21 (p less than 0.001). Of patients given sodium citrate 92% had a gastric pH above 3.0 compared with only 37% in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). At the end of surgery gastric contents were emptied as completely as possible and the volume and pH measured. There was no significant difference in the mean volume of gastric contents in the two groups. In neither group was the mean pH at the end of surgery significantly different from that after induction. PMID- 7103038 TI - Immediate problems associated with infraclavicular subclavian catheterisation; a comparison between left and right sides. PMID- 7103041 TI - Report on peer review in anaesthesia. PMID- 7103040 TI - Neural and neurochemical mechanisms of pain inhibition. AB - Recent studies which suggest the existence of an endogenous neural substrate of pain inhibition are reviewed. Electrical stimulation of some areas of the medial brain stem in laboratory rats has produced a dramatic degree of analgesia. Such stimulation-produced analgesia is partially blocked by an opiate antagonist drug. This observation has proved seminal to those searching for endogenous opiate-like neurochemicals, the opioid peptides (enkephalins and endorphins). Particular attention is focused on studies of stimulation-produced analgesia, the underlying anatomy and physiology of endogenous analgesia systems elucidated by such work, and the relation of these findings to discoveries about opiate receptors and opioid peptides. Very recent work suggesting that certain forms of stress are natural triggers for activating endogenous analgesia mechanisms is described. Although certain stressors cause analgesia mediated by opioids, other stressors cause analgesia by neurochemically different means. Thus, multiple analgesia substrates, opioid and nonopioid, appear to exist. PMID- 7103042 TI - Blind nasal intubation in an awake patient for caesarian section. PMID- 7103044 TI - Intubation of a child with a cervical spine injury with aid of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. PMID- 7103045 TI - Atropine in electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 7103043 TI - Anaphylaxis to both decamethonium and suxamethonium. PMID- 7103046 TI - Venturi for tracheal surgery. PMID- 7103047 TI - Intra-arterial bupivacaine. PMID- 7103049 TI - Scavenging adaptor misconnection. PMID- 7103048 TI - Intubation for maxillofacial surgery. PMID- 7103050 TI - Flavin separation by affinity chromatography on immobilized egg white riboflavin binding protein. PMID- 7103051 TI - Purification by dye-ligand chromatography of an NADP-dependent enzyme, 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from lamb's liver. PMID- 7103054 TI - A procedure for isolation and concentration of catechols by chromatography on dihydroxyboryl cellulose. PMID- 7103052 TI - Gel permeation chromatography of asymmetric proteins. PMID- 7103053 TI - Affinity chromatography of heme-binding proteins: an improved method for the synthesis of hemin-agarose. PMID- 7103055 TI - Avidin as a precipitant for biotin-labeled antibody in a radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen. PMID- 7103056 TI - Capillary gas chromatography of methylhexitol acetates obtained upon methylation of N-glycosidically linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides. PMID- 7103057 TI - A convenient procedure for purification of thymidylate synthase from L1210 cells. PMID- 7103060 TI - Automated fluorometric amino acid analysis: the determination of nonprotein cyclic imino acids. PMID- 7103058 TI - Simple, rapid, and highly efficient separation of amino acid phenylthiohydantoins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7103059 TI - Macromolecular photoaffinity labeling with radioactive photoactivable heterobifunctional reagents. PMID- 7103061 TI - The measurement of urinary oxalic acid by derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography. PMID- 7103062 TI - Uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate: isolation and high performance liquid chromatography assay of its reaction with arylsulfatase B. PMID- 7103065 TI - A manifold and oxygen-removing apparatus for preparing anaerobic enzymes. PMID- 7103064 TI - Agarose-acrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis of proteins. PMID- 7103063 TI - A new detergent for the solubilization of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system from liver microsomes: comparison with triton X-100. PMID- 7103066 TI - Determination of DNA superhelicity and extremely low levels of DNA strand breaks in low numbers of nonradiolabeled cells by DNA-4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence in nucleoid gradients. PMID- 7103069 TI - The enantiomeric analysis of a mixture of all common protein amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography using a new chiral mobile phase. PMID- 7103068 TI - Purification of pigeon liver malic enzyme by affinity chromatography. PMID- 7103070 TI - High-performance size-exclusion chromatography: a buffer for the reliable determination of molecular weights of proteins. PMID- 7103067 TI - A method for the isolation of the amide nitrogen of glutamine from biological samples for mass spectrometry. PMID- 7103073 TI - A sensitive radioimmunoassay for adenosine in biological samples. PMID- 7103072 TI - Determination of reserve albumin-equivalent for ligand binding, probing two distinct binding functions of the protein. PMID- 7103071 TI - A rapid, inexpensive, quantitative technique for the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretograms. PMID- 7103075 TI - An isotachophoretic method for the determination of hypoxanthine in serum. PMID- 7103074 TI - Determination of the intracellular pH of intact erythrocytes by 1H NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 7103076 TI - An improved method of reconstitution of adipocyte glucose transport activity. PMID- 7103077 TI - Purification and analysis of DNA from wheat chloroplasts isolated in nonaqueous media. PMID- 7103078 TI - A time-resolved assay of dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography. PMID- 7103079 TI - Kinetic studies of normal and variant hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferases in intact fibroblasts. PMID- 7103080 TI - Novel separation of protein and lymphocytes by liquid gel chromatography during exposure to radiofrequency radiation. PMID- 7103081 TI - Determination of plasma hypoxanthine: a comparison of high-pressure liquid chromatographic and oxygen consumption methods. PMID- 7103083 TI - Quantitative analysis of the ring-hydroxylated metabolites of 2 fluorenylacetamide by gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 7103082 TI - Determination of N-methylurea: comparison of two colorimetric methods using diacetyl monoxime or alpha-isonitropropiophenone. PMID- 7103085 TI - An assessment of vertical rotors. PMID- 7103086 TI - The determination of the specific activity of picomolar amounts of long-chain acylcarnitine esters. PMID- 7103084 TI - Polyacrylamide gel-urea electrophoresis of cereal prolamins at acidic pH. PMID- 7103087 TI - A thermostable cocktail for the liquid scintillation counting of heterogeneous media. PMID- 7103088 TI - A new sensitive method for the quantitative evaluation of the hydroxyproline isomers. PMID- 7103089 TI - Colorimetric determination of tryptophan: the effect of light on the acetic anhydride requirements. PMID- 7103091 TI - Luminescence immunoassay of human serum albumin with hemin as labeling catalyst. PMID- 7103090 TI - Fluorometric oxidase assays: pitfalls caused by action of ultraviolet light on lipids. PMID- 7103093 TI - Conversion of urinary selenium to selenium(IV) by wet oxidation. PMID- 7103092 TI - Sodium biphenyl method for determination of covalently bound fluorine in organic compounds and biological materials. PMID- 7103094 TI - Combined ion exchange - spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of vanadium and cobalt in biological materials. PMID- 7103095 TI - Liquid - liquid extraction combined with atomic-absorption spectrometry for determination of copper in water, foods and analytical reagents using 1,2 naphthoquinone thiosemicarbazone. PMID- 7103096 TI - Gas-chromatographic determination of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4 methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU) Part II. Reduction to semicarbazide with sodium tetrahydroborate (III). PMID- 7103097 TI - Gas-chromatographic determination of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4 methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU). Part III. Denitrosation to the parent urea. PMID- 7103099 TI - Development of the eyes in Agnatha and Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchia). PMID- 7103098 TI - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. I. Pigment epithelium of the glass eel stage. AB - The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) has a complex life cycle during which it changes habitat and to some extent morphology. During this time the eye undergoes modifications in both size and photopigments. This report forms the first of a comparative morphological study of the retina of the eel during the major stages of its life cycle. The retinal pigment epithelium of the glass eel stage consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined laterally by cell junctions. Both the basal (scleral) and lateral borders of these cells are relatively smooth while apically (vitreally) numerous processes enclose photoreceptor outer segments. Within the epithelial cells are abundant mitochondria, melanin granules, lipid droplets, myeloid bodies and a peculiar "multitubular body". Phagosomes are present but not numerous. Bruch's membrane is relatively thin and homogeneous. The choriocapillaris although present is not widespread and displays typically fenestrated endothelium. PMID- 7103100 TI - A topographic study on endocranial vascularization in Ovis aries and Capra hircus by means of angiography. PMID- 7103101 TI - Contribution to the study of the styloid prominence in the posterior tympanic cavity. AB - 70 human temporal bones were analyzed with the aif of an otologic microscope. The styloid prominence was found to be extremely variable in shape, location and occurrence. Depending on the degree of development, the prominence establishes important relationships with the sinus tympani, with the fossula of the cochlear fenestra, and with the suprapyramidal recess. Serial sections were used to study the relationship of the styloid process with the facial nerve inside the bony mass of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. PMID- 7103102 TI - [Investigations on dentin metabolic processes in the teeth of dogs via tetracycline fluorescence]. AB - The third incisor and canine of the lower jaw of 2 dogs were sterilely pulpectomized in order to study the dental pulp metabolic processes. At the same time, at different intervals, prior to and post pulpectomy of the teeth, tetracycline was injected--30 mg per 1 kg body weight. The results from the investigations established uneven, interrupted fluorescence in part of the dentinal canals and fluorescent strips in the nonpulpectomized teeth, where tetracycline was included in the newly formed dentin. Fluorescent strips were not formed in the pulpectomized teeth, but an interrupted and uneven fluorescence was established in part of the dentinal canals, very likely, due to tetracycline, penetrating from peridentium, via diffusion, through the cement into the dentinal canals. PMID- 7103104 TI - Agenesis of the gallbladder--borderline-case of normality? AB - The agenesis of the gallbladder is described as a borderline case of the regular development of the early human embryo. A disturbed development of the vessels (umbilical and omphaloenteric veins) and the hence disturbed positional development of the cells of the upper umbilical region could result in a break down of the suction field of that area and consequently result in an agenesis of the gallbladder. The numerous cases described in the clinical literature support this interpretation. Consequently, there is a good cause for looking for vascular abnormalities when, in future, agenesis of gallbladder is found. PMID- 7103103 TI - [The system of blood vessels of the small intestine of ruminants (author's transl)]. AB - The vascular system of the small intestine of sheep, goat, and the bovine was investigated by means of corrosion preparations as well as by light and electron microscopic methods. The jejunal villi are shown to contain a single--in the case of broad villi several--centrally placed arterioles. The arterioles show no ramification, they drain into subepithelial capillaries at the apex of the villus. The subepithelial capillaries are not furnished with precapillarious sphincters. In the lower third of the villi several capillaries fuse together, forming a centrally located venule which in turn passes through the base of the villus and--still above the Tunica muscularis mucosae--opens into a transverse running vein. 2 or more of these transverse running veins join together forming a short vascular trunk which opens into collecting veins of the submucosa. Special sphincters of the peripherous blood vessels of the small intestine like arteriovenous marginal loops, arteriovenous anastomoses of the submucosa, vascular sphincters of the muscularis mucosae or veins which are well known in the literature were not found in domestic ruminants. PMID- 7103105 TI - Nerve fiber caliber analysis in the mouse intermediate nerve with electron microscope. AB - A nerve fiber caliber analysis was performed by electron microscope on 6 intermediate nerves from 5 mice. Majority (86.5%) of the myelin sheaths of the myelinated fibers in the intermediate nerves ranged from 1 to 2 micrometers in minor diameter, and majority (85.7%) of their axons ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 micrometers in minor diameter. The intermediate nerves contained small myelinated fibers at much higher percentage than the large fiber zone of the motor roots of the facial nerves, while it did not show significant difference from the small fiber zone of the motor roots. However, frequency distribution of myelin sheaths of the myelinated fibers of the intermediate nerves may tend to be a little larger than that of the small fiber zone of the motor roots, while frequency distribution of their axons may incline to the more or less smaller than that of the small fiber zone of the motor roots. Majority (72.4%) of the unmyelinated fibers in the intermediate nerves ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 micrometers in minor diameter. Unmyelinated fibers of the intermediate nerves showed similar pattern of diameter frequency distribution with that of the motor roots of the facial nerves and the deep petrosal nerves. The diameter frequency distribution of the myelin sheaths, the axons of the myelinated fibers and the unmyelinated fibers in the intermediate nerves were constantly unimodal. PMID- 7103107 TI - A study of diaphysial nutrient foramen in human long bones. PMID- 7103106 TI - [About the body length frequency of 19.5 year old men after the graph of Harbeck (1960) (author's transl)]. AB - Based on the Harbeck-graph of body length frequency for 19.5 years old men (1960), 2 methods are exercised for determining the Gaussian distribution function. At first the area arising from the frequency of length classes with the abscissa of its gravity center and the dispersion or variance are egalized to the respective values for the Gaussian curve. After that nonlinear regressions following the Paul-method (1975) are carried out minimizing the sums of the squares, absolute values and square roots of the deviations. The results of the conventional method could be improved numerically but were not discernible in graphs. Finally the subdivision into growth groups is taken into consideration. PMID- 7103108 TI - [Polarization optical detection of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in membranes of blood and tumor cells (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103109 TI - A technique of silver impregnation for nervous tissues in frozen sections of the human central nervous system with potassium ferricyanide. AB - A simple and yet reliable technique of silver impregnation for demonstrating nerve fibers in frozen sections of the human central nervous system is described. The following procedure is recommended. Frozen sections 10-25 micrometers thick, 5% aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide for 2 h (37 degrees C), 10% aqueous solution of silver nitrate for about one h (37 degrees C) or until sections obtain a light brown tint, ammoniacal silver solution, reduction in 20% formalin, gold toning dehydrating and mounting. By this procedure, fine fibers display a color range from purple to dark purple on an almost colorless background. Gold treatment may be omitted. The technique described here is compared and discussed with an earlier technique using potassium ferrocyanide (Ogawa 1979). PMID- 7103111 TI - [Mesoscopic and microscopic aspects of the hypoglossal nerve (author's transl)]. AB - Mesoscopic observations on the hypoglossal nerve at the level of the superior portion of the hypoglossal canal, show that this nerve is separated by bundles, which are attached to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal by means of numerous fibrous septum disposed transversally to the lumen of the canal. The union of the bundles constituting the trunk of the hypoglossal nerve only occurs near this emergency of the base skull through of the hypoglossal canal. One of this nervous bundles described stretch adhesive to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal, while the others are disposed centrally to the lumen of the canal. The central bundle and the fibrous septum delimit tha vascular compartments of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal. Microscopically, connective sheaths around the nervous bundles composed of fascicles of circular, oblique, longitudinal collagenic fibers were observed. PMID- 7103112 TI - Studies on the histogenesis of the tunica mucosa of the stomach of the Egyptian water buffalo (Bos bubalus L.) III. Histogenesis of the mucosa of the ventricular sulcus (esophageal groove). AB - In the fetus with 9 cm CRL the ventricular groove was made up of two lips and a floor. The mucosa consisted of a Lamina epithelialis and a Lamina propria mucosae. The basal zone of the Lamina epithelialis was uneven in the floor of the groove and showed wedge-shaped evaginations into the superficial one. The luminal surface of the Lamina epithelialis of the floor became undulant in the fetus with 27 cm CRL. The Lamina muscularis mucosae became evident in the fetus with 73 cm CRL. In this fetal stage the Lamina epithelialis of the floor became differentiated into the Strata basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum. PMID- 7103110 TI - The feeding apparatus of Caiman crocodilus; a functional-morphological study. AB - A functional morphological study on the cranio-facial region of Caiman crocodilus was carried out. The anatomy of the skull, mandible, cartilaginous structures and the muscles of the jaw was described. Myography experiments, an X-ray study and observations of behaviour gave insight into the sequence of actions during food intake. Evidence has been obtained that the cartilago transiliens, attached to the medial side of the mandible, is used to block the jaws relative to each other. For each food-intake action, the amount of material necessary to resist muscle force was calculated. Integration of these figures, together with a consideration on the lines of stress, resulted in a paradigm for the mandible. PMID- 7103113 TI - Anatomy of the heart in the North American beaver (Castor canadensis). AB - The gross anatomy of the heart of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is described following the dissection of nine specimens of both sexes ranging in body weight from 10 to 26 kg. The general characteristics of the beaver heart are similar to those of other mammals. However, variations in details of anatomy exist, especially for the right atrium. The right auricle is divided into 2 appendages, one on each side of the ascending aorta. The orifices of the 3 venae cavae are guarded by a well developed valvular system. Other variations in relative size and shape exist and for these points the heart of the beaver is more closely related to that of aquatic than to that of terrestrial mammals. The heart has the form of a widened cone being transversely broad and flat from one surface to the other. The apex of the organ is formed by both ventricles except in 2 specimens in which only the left ventricle participates in its formation. The right ventricle in the beaver being relatively long and narrow, its general proportions approximate those found in the seals. PMID- 7103115 TI - [Length growth of the Greenland cod (Gadus callarias female) (author's transl)]. AB - The length of the Greenland cod Gadus callarias female is approximated by 21 functions of organic growth originating from the year 1825 up to most recent times. Only 3 functions had to be rejected due to intolerable deviations, 10 can be qualified as "good ",3 as "very good", and I as "excellent", leaving 4 as not quite satisfying. Unlimited as well as finite growth behaviour gains almost equal changes following nonlinear regression, the later group yielding 23.3 +/- 3.5 years of development in length growth. The increase function W = kWm/(t + t0)p turns out as optimal as was already the case for the Alaskan razor clam and the North Sea turbot (Sager 1980, 1981). PMID- 7103114 TI - [A contribution to the macroscopic anatomy of the innervation of the knee capsule (author's transl)]. AB - Preparation of the kknee joint capsule nerve branches of 30 human lower extremities. The capsule nerves arise out of the muscular branches both of the femoral and the obturator nerves. Moreover, a large number of capsule branches originate from all skin nerves in the neighbourhood of the nee joint as well as from the tibial and the common peroneal nerves. Any attempt at desensibilizing the knee capsule by sectioning all the nerve branches appears to be impossible. A partial section of the capsule nerve branches, on the medial side, would be, from technical point of view, easy. Whether such a intervention would be efficacious must be left for clinics to decide. PMID- 7103116 TI - Instantaneous relative growth rate and its application to sexing in the preweanlings of CE rats. PMID- 7103117 TI - Cytoarchitectonics of some nuclei in the avian auditory and visual systems. PMID- 7103121 TI - Morphometric changes in the lungs of rats following adrenalectomy supplemented by desiccated thyroid. PMID- 7103118 TI - Direct correlation of histochemical profile to the ultrastructure of single myofibers and their neuromuscular junctions from a mixed muscle. PMID- 7103120 TI - Plexus muscularis profundus and associated interstitial cells. II. Ultrastructural studies of mouse small intestine. AB - The ultrastructure of plexus muscularis profundus (PMP) of the mouse small intestine was investigated subsequent to vascular perfusion with ruthenium red containing and routine aldehyde fixatives. Four types of nerve terminals were revealed. Type I: numerous 500-A agranular vesicles and few 1,000-A granular vesicles. Type II: predominantly large (1,000-1,500 A), granular vesicles and fewer 500-A agranular vesicles. Type III: an abundance of mitochondria and many flattened vesicles (300 A X 700-1,300 A). Type IV was identified by abundant smooth cisternae 200 A in width. Types I-III formed close (200 A), synapse-like contacts to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-III). Presynaptic densities were frequent in type I endings. A direct innervation of muscle cells via PMP was only very occasionally suggested. ICC-III possessed a basal lamina and numerous caveolae associated with subsurface SER-cisternae. Mitochondria were very abundant in ICC-III-processes. ICC-III formed multiple, large gap junctions with outer circular-muscle cells and with other ICC-III. Also reflexive gap junctions were observed. Fibroblastlike cells (FLC) were distinguished by their prominent GER, the frequent presence of lipid droplets, and the lack of caveolae and a basal lamina. FLC never participated in synaptic arrangements or gap junctions. Macrophage-like cells were occasionally encountered. It is concluded that possible efferent and afferent nerve terminals in PMP may chiefly, if not exclusively, innervate ICC-III, the ultrastructure of which is compatible with efferent and/or afferent modulatory actions. PMID- 7103119 TI - Circadian ultrastructural changes in rat gastric parietal cells under altered feeding regimens: a morphometric study. AB - The ultrastructure of rat gastric parietal cells was studied at six timepoints of the 24-hour day. The rats, maintained on a 12 hour:12 hour light-dark regimen, had been subjected to either a 40-hour fast or to a 4-hour mid-light restricted feeding period. At each time point, the volume density (Vv) of secretory canaliculi, surface density (Sv) of microvesicles and RER, and the numerical density (Nv) of multivesicular bodies were determined in cells of the neck and base of glands. Circadian variation of the four variables was suggested in both experiments. Canalicular and microvesicular measurements suggested that a rhythm in gastric acid secretion may persist during fasting; a peak and trough, respectively, occurred in the late dark phase, as in our previous report on ad libitum-fed rats. Restriction of feeding to that which is normally the rat's resting phase caused an apparent 180 degree phase-shift in the rhythm. The data suggested, however, that additional factors may have influenced the cellular activity pattern. At all timepoints in both experiments cells of the neck of glands had higher RER and canalicular values than did cells of the base of glands. This suggests that parietal cells in glandular necks may be more active than those farther removed from the stomach lumen. There was no correlation between the Nv of multivesicular bodies and glandular location of the cells. PMID- 7103122 TI - Sequence of ossification in human vertebral neural arch centers. AB - The purpose of the present study is to determine whether ossification of the human vertebral neural arches follows a craniocaudal sequences of development or develops in separate groups from the lower cervical/upper thoracic, upper cervical, and lower thoracic/upper lumbar regions as described by Bagnall et al. (1977b) in a radiographic study. Seven formalin-fixed, two fresh frozen, and six serial-sectioned human embryos and fetuses, ranging in crown-rump length (C-R) from 27 mm to 76 mm, were examined. A procedure adapted by Watson (1977a,b) for in toto staining of whole specimens with alcian blue and alizarin red S for cartilage and bone was used, whereas serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or Koneff's stain (1960). The intact specimens demonstrated a vivid deep blue cartilaginous skeleton with differentiated red areas of bone development seen through soft tissues rendered transparent by potassium hydroxide or enzyme clearing. The ossification sequence of the neural arches differed from the conventional craniocaudal descriptions given in anatomical textbooks. Neural arch ossification was found to commence in the lower cervical/upper thoracic regions, quickly followed by a second group in the lower cervical region, and subsequently a third group in the lower thoracic/upper lumbar region. PMID- 7103123 TI - Tanycytes in long-term ovariectomized ewes treated with estrogen exhibit ultrastructural features associated with increased cellular activity. PMID- 7103124 TI - Persistent left hepatic venous connection with the coronary sinus. AB - An anomalous direct connection between the left hepatic vein and the coronary sinus in two cadavers is described. The normal development of the central systemic venous system with particular reference to the hepatic region is reviewed and a possible explanation for the present configuration is put forth. Although this configuration of venous anomaly without abnormal shunting of blood is considered clinically insignificant, the association of cardiac arrhythmias with these variations heightens the importance of their identification. PMID- 7103125 TI - A quantitative histologic study of bone turnover in young adult beagles. PMID- 7103127 TI - Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions in human amniotic epithelium: an electron microscopic and freeze-fracture study. AB - Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions of human term amniotic epithelium were examined by conventional thin-section electron microscopy, after staining with the cationic probes ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, and by freeze-fracture methods. Desmosomes were the predominant type of intercellular junction and often the most apical of the junctional types. In freeze-fracture replicas, desmosomes were characterized by roughly circular areas of large, often irregular, P-face intramembranous particles. Gap junctions were identified in the laterobasal regions between cells. In thin sections they were characterized by a narrow intercellular space, and in freeze-fracture replicas had a typical plaquelike arrangement of P-face intramembranous particles and E-face depressions. Hemidesmosomes at the basal cell surface were characterized by occasional large particles and clusters of particles on both the E and P fracture faces. No evidence of tight junctions was found. The apical cell surface was heavily stained by both ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, indicating the negatively charged nature of this surface. Ruthenium red penetrated between the epithelial cells and bound to anionic materials on the lateral cell surfaces, especially at the location of desmosomes. Below the base of the intercellular cleft, large ruthenium red-positive granules were present in the extracellular matrix. The possibility that the anionic substances in the intercellular region may contribute to the control of permeability in the amniotic epithelium is discussed. PMID- 7103129 TI - Cytophotometric study of spermatozoa in normal subjects. AB - The DNA content of different human spermatozoa morphological types was measured by cytospectrophotometry in 10 fertile subjects. The level of DNA varied with morphological type. Duplicated spermatozoa heads contained twice the DNA content of normal spermatozoa, while macrocephalic spermatozoa DNA content was situated between these two (haploid and diploid) levels. These results led to the conclusion that morphological abnormalities in spermatozoa seem to be the consequence of chromosomal non-disjunction during meiosis. PMID- 7103126 TI - Ultrastructural localization of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the human fallopian tube epithelium during the menstrual cycle. AB - Ultrastructural and cytochemical methods were utilized to study the human Fallopian tube fimbrial epithelium during the different stages of the menstrual cycle. Alkaline phosphatase reaction product was located along the apical and lateral plasma membranes of the secretory cells only, regardless of the stage of the cycle. The ciliated cells were almost devoid of any reaction product at all stages of the cycle. Acid phosphatase reaction product depicted the lysosomes. These appeared as electron-dense bodies, of almost equal numbers in the ciliated and the secretory cells at all stages of the cycle. Thus the number of lysosomes did not vary appreciable during the different stages of the menstrual cycle. Many lipid droplets were found in both cells; these were rimmed by acid phosphatase reaction product, and some were partially enveloped by electron-dense bodies containing acid phosphatase deposits. Acid phosphatase deposits were also found on the inner face of Golgi vesicles. PMID- 7103128 TI - Morphology, proliferation, and differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the Chinese hamster and the ram. PMID- 7103130 TI - [Evaluation of semen by electronic spermcounter]. AB - The new electronic spermcounter was developed to make andrological routine work easier. The apparatus is a complete microcomputer and has three main functions: The counter function allows to determine the number of spermatozoa and round cells at the same time. The morphological function allows the detailed morphological analysis of stained spermatozoa specimen within a reasonable time. Besides the determination of normal and pathlogical forms a more exact differentiation of the respective pathological spermatozoon is possible. The timer function guarantees the exact timing of the evaluation of sperm motility. We judge the motility immediately after ejaculation and 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes later. Using the electronic sperm counter in the andrological routine laboratory and for detailed morphological studies we observed an improvement of the quality of our results and a remarkable saving of time. It is evident, that the spermcounter is a valuable equipment for all institutions performing investigations on sperm, of instance clinical and practical andrologists, veterinarians and scientists working in the field of reproduction. PMID- 7103133 TI - Vas deferens and seminal vesicles epithelium after castration: a SEM study. AB - The effects of orchiectomy have been observed, with SEM, on the vas deferens and seminal vesicles epithelium of 20 adult albino rats. The inner surface of castrated rat vas deferens shows a reduction in height and thickness of the mucosal folds and, at the cellular apex, a remarkable decrease of the microvilli as well as the disappearance of the secretory blebs. At the level of the seminal vesicles also, castration affects both the mucosal folds, which are flattened, and the cellular apical features, with the reduction of the microvilli and the disappearance of the secretory granules. Such changes give evidence in favour of a decrease in the absorptive capacity and a suppression of the secretory activity of these epithelia, as a consequence of the fall of androgen levels. PMID- 7103131 TI - On the problem of the phagocytic capacity of Sertoli cells. Electron microscopic study in the rat. AB - To study the real phagocytic capacity of Sertoli cells the following experiments were carried out: carbon colloidal solution or thorium dioxide of particle size 0.01--0.03 micrometer as 2% solution were injected in rat testes at a speed of 50 microliter per minute by means of a infusion pump. The site of injection was made either in the intertubular species under the albuginea or in the lumen of seminiferous tubules using glass 120 micrometer-gauge needles connected to the pump syringe. 30 to 240 minutes after the injection the tissues were fixed by perfusion of 2% glutaraldehyde and embedded for EM. It was observed: 1) particles injected into the intertubular species were not able to pass through the tubular wall and were either trapped by the connective tissue macrophages or drained by the lymphatic vessels; 2) intraluminal particles were not phagocyted by the Sertoli cells and remained in the lumen. The behavior of the Sertoli cells did not match that of phagocytes since they did not show their devouring capacity for the inert particles. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the current disposal of either debris by Sertoli cells depends on autophagic dissolution rather than n macrophagic capacity. PMID- 7103132 TI - Micro disc gradient gel electrophoresis of seminal plasma proteins before and after vasectomy and in different split ejaculate fractions. AB - The seminal plasma proteins of patients before and after vasectomy as well as in different split ejaculate fractions were investigated using gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Considerable interindividual variations of the protein patterns were observed. A distinct high molecular weight proteins band was found to disappear after vasectomy. This protein band could b4 attributed to the sperm-rich fraction of split ejaculates. It seems to be of testicular-epididymal origin and may be of interest for functional characterization of the testicular-epididymal fluid and for diagnosis of an occlusion of the excretory duct system. PMID- 7103137 TI - Vasography - Clinical and experimental investigations. AB - In order to examine the effect of contrast mediums of different concentration and composition upon the vas, experiments in 90 rats were done. In comparison to three control groups of 10 animals each (surgery only, vas ligation only, saline injection) six contrast mediums caused a varying degree of damage to the vas deferens. The latter included irritation of the epithelium, inflammation, cellular infiltration, fibrosis of the wall, septum-formation and fenestration within the vas and actual obliteration. According to these experiments only hydrophilic contrast mediums of low concentration should be used in humans for vasography. PMID- 7103138 TI - Suppression and recovery of spermatogenesis in dibromochloropropane treated rats. AB - Fertile male rats were injected subcutaneously with DBCP dissolved in DMSO at a dose of 20 mg DBCP/kg BW once a week for three consecutive weeks. One testis was removed 3-7 weeks after the last injection. Following standard histological procedure the percentage of damaged seminiferous tubules was determined. Damage to various degrees was noted in 70% of the injected animals. No damage was evident in the control animals injected with the solvent alone. The second testis was removed about 27 weeks later. In about 70% of the animals showing damage in the first testis recovery was evident with presence of active spermatogenesis as revealed in histological sections. There was some loss of body weight during the DBCP injection period compared with controls. However, with time these differences disappeared. At sacrifice, testis, liver and kidneys weights were reduced in the DBCP treated animals as compared with the controls. Testicular weight was negatively correlated with the degree of observed testicular damage but not correlated with the degree of testicular recovery. PMID- 7103134 TI - The lipid composition of human testis in patients with bilateral varicocele as cause of infertility. AB - The lipid composition of human testis in patients with bilateral varicocele as cause of infertility is presented. The total lipids formed 1.90 percent of the total wet weight of the tissue. Testicular cholesterol formed 26.50 percent, glycerides 28.50 percent and phospholipids 45 percent of the total lipids. The increase observed in total cholesterol, glycerides in the testis of patients with bilateral varicocele compared to the control group appears to suggest that non utilization of cholesterol esters for androgen biosynthesis. Androgen deficiency would result in inhibition of spermatogenesis as shown by the histological examination of the bilateral testicular biopsy specimens. Testicular neutral lipids get altered whenever there is imparied steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Thus, testicular lipids may taken as one of the important indices of testicular function. PMID- 7103135 TI - Involvement of lysosomal enzymes in flutamide-induced stimulation of rat testis. AB - Flutamide, an antiandrogen, increases the levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), stimulates steroidogenesis in the testis and antagonizes the biological expression of androgen on target organs. flutamide was administered to rats to study intracellular mechanism in the testis where steroidogenesis was stimulated in the presence of an antiandrogen. The weights of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles showed antiandrogenic effects of flutamide. However, the availability of testosterone was reflected by the increased activity of kidney beta glucuronidase. The weight of testis and the incorporation of 32P in its nucleic acid fraction at 45 minutes were increased. The concentrations of testicular DNA and ascorbic acid were decreased. Activity of the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta glucuronidase, increased in the free state. Thus flutamide provided a condition where changes in the lysosomal stability in association with the alteration of testicular function was demonstrated. PMID- 7103136 TI - [Lack of reductase as cause of andrological disturbance?]. AB - We studied steroid metabolites of 35 men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. We found a significant decrease of androsterone (p less than 0,01) in urine. The quotient of aetiocholanolone: androsterone was significantly increased (p less than 0,01). This means that there might be a lack of 5 alpha-reductase function. Patients with E: A higher than 3,0 showed a significant side-difference of testis volume compared with the control group (p less than 0,01). We suppose that lack of 5 alpha-reductase induces dissociation of the development of the testis. PMID- 7103139 TI - Evidence of a wave of spermatogenesis in human testis. AB - The present report documents the strikingly regular appearance and arrangement of the spermatogenic stages i seminiferous tubules of two aged males. Analysis of the pattern of distribution of the stages in seminiferous tubules of two aged males. Analysis of the pattern of distribution of the stages in two-dimensional maps of the seminiferous tubules revealed the presence of helically arranged sequences of stages. Similar results were obtained from testicular tissue of a younger patient. The present findings indicate the existence of a spermatogenic wave in human seminiferous tubules. It is suggested that the particular pattern of the human seminiferous epithelium may emerge from a specific mode of spermatogonial proliferation and renewal. PMID- 7103140 TI - Reproductive immunology: 4. The effect of seminal plasma from immunologic infertile men on in vitro lymphocyte cultures. AB - The seminal plasma of 31 patients were examined for the presence of sperm antibodies and for inhibitory properties on the transformation rates of donor lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Twenty five (80%) of the men revealed apart from fertile semen, no sperm antibody activities while six (20%) patients showed high spermagglutinating antibody titres in their seminal plasma and blood serum. Following the routine semen analyses and sperm antibody estimations the seminal plasma were used in lymphocyte transformation studies in order to examine their inhibitory effect. The influence of the seminal plasmas on the lymphocytes were expressed as a percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition of the normozoospermic men differed significantly from the immunologic infertile man (p less than 0,05). We concluded from the study that the inhibitory potential of the seminal plasma from immunologic infertile male with a normal sperm count are elevated compared with that of normozoospermic men without sperm antibodies. It also appears as if the sperm antibodies in the seminal fluid are able to bind with the inhibitory factor thus causing an enhanced inhibition effect on the lymphocytes. PMID- 7103144 TI - [Sclerosing treatment of varicose veins]. PMID- 7103145 TI - An immunological evaluation of pleural effusions in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Of 59 patients with pleural effusions, four had systemic lupus erythematosus. Assessments of pleural antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anti-DNA antibody and hemolytic complement after corrections for pleural protein and corresponding serum values were of no diagnostic significance. Pleural analyses did not contribute diagnostic information beyond that defined by serum markers. PMID- 7103146 TI - Effect of chronic non-immunologically mediated bronchoconstriction on bronchial smooth muscle in the guinea pig. AB - Immature guinea pigs underwent eight weeks of methacholine-induced wheezing on a daily basis. At the end of the study the treated guinea pigs showed less of a weight gain than control animals. Relative dry tracheal weight was greater in the methacholine group than in controls. However, there were no differences noted on histologic examination of the lungs between the treated and control animals. Although experimentally induced amounts of bronchoconstriction may not be extrapolated to the same degree as seen in asthma, these findings suggest that repeated bronchoconstriction alone is not the cause of the smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia found in asthma. PMID- 7103142 TI - [Idiopathic rupture of the iliac vein]. PMID- 7103141 TI - [Paraplegia following surgery of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 7103143 TI - [Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to an arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 7103147 TI - Life-threatening anaphylactic reaction to tetanus toxoid. PMID- 7103148 TI - Transient alteration of theophylline half-life: possible association with Herpes simplex infection. AB - Transient alteration of theophylline half-life resulting in theophylline neurotoxicity is reported in a nine-year-old child. The alteration in theophylline elimination half-life was associated with Herpes simplex gingivostomatitis. This association has not previously been demonstrated. The report is contrasted with a study of theophylline clearance variability in children. PMID- 7103149 TI - A diagnostic study of immediate hypersensitivity in asthmatic patients: a comparison of bronchial challenge and serum RAST. AB - The present study consisted of 124 patients with bronchial asthma or chronic asthmatic bronchitis due to immediate hypersensitivity (Type I allergy). A total of 329 bronchial challenges with house dust, grass pollen, cat and dog danders were performed in these patients who were randomly selected and the specific IgE antibodies in the serum to the same allergens were quantitatively determined (serum RAST). Of 329 bronchial challenges, 147 positive and 109 negative bronchial challenges correlated with intracutaneous tests and disease history (77.8%). In the group of 147 "positive correlating bronchial challenges" (positive challenges, positive skin tests, positive histories), 29.9% showed as positive serum RAST while 50.3% were RAST plus doubtful. In the group of 109 "negative correlating bronchial challenges" (negative challenges, negative skin tests, negative histories), negative serum RAST was found in 51.4% cases. The over-all correlation between the serum RAST and the "correlating bronchial challenges" (chi 2 = 5.19; d.f. = 2; 0.05 less than p less than 0.10) as well as the correlation for the individual allergens were found to be non-significant. It is concluded that bronchial challenges with allergens, being an in vivo parameter, are of a greater value for the diagnostic confirmation of the allergic component due to the immediate hypersensitivity (Type I allergy) in asthmatics than the serum RAST, being only a useful in vitro supplementary parameter. Serum RAST cannot substitute the bronchial challenges generally, only in some special cases. PMID- 7103151 TI - Relationship of nasal disease and sinusitis to bronchial asthma. PMID- 7103150 TI - The clinical relevance of IgE. PMID- 7103152 TI - Treatment of persistent eustachian tube dysfunction in children with aerosolized nasal dexamethasone phosphate versus placebo. AB - Forty-five children aged two to 10 years with persistent eustachian tube dysfunction received a three-week course of aerosolized nasal dexamethasone phosphate or placebo. Patients were randomly assigned to the drug or placebo group and received one spray in each nostril three times a day for three weeks. Middle ear pressure and gradient were assessed with tympanometry. Tympanic membrane mobility, position and presence of middle ear fluid were assessed by the investigators initially and at weekly intervals during the study. Fasting morning plasma cortisol levels were obtained prior to starting the study and at its conclusion. The dexamethasone-treated group showed a significant increase in patients with normal middle ear pressure compared to placebo after one week and a significant increase in the number of patients with normal middle ear gradient at the second week. By the conclusion of the study there were no significant differences between the groups. Within the dexamethasone group, however, there were statistically significant increases in patients achieving normal middle ear pressure, tympanic membrane mobility and position in one or both ears. Plasma cortisol levels fluctuated widely from one determination to another and did not show an over-all declining trend for the dexamethasone group. However, two dexamethasone patients had a transient fall in cortisol level to below the normal range. These results support some therapeutic efficacy for nasal aerosolized dexamethasone but also point out the therapeutic value of time alone. The observation that most improvement occurred in the first two weeks and that some worrisome cortisol changes occurred suggests that dexamethasone therapy should be limited to two weeks and be undertaken with caution. PMID- 7103153 TI - Subjective and objective means of assessing cystic fibrosis and asthma. AB - The accuracy of methods of assessment was studied in 79 children with CF or asthma. Memory recall was good for CF but poor for asthma. In asthma, patients' subjective feelings and the physical examination were inaccurate in detecting airways obstruction. Of those who felt normal, 75% had abnormal FEV1. In order to avoid undertreatment the use of diary cards in asthma and pulmonary function tests in both diseases is recommended. PMID- 7103154 TI - Mass carbon monoxide poisoning: clinical effects and results of treatment in 184 victims. AB - An epidemiologic and clinical investigation of 184 persons exposed to toxic levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in a public high school has been carried out. Exposure to 500 ppm of CO for periods up to 150 minutes resulted in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)levels as high as 30% and symptomatic illness in 87% of persons exposed before the possibility of mass CO poisoning was recognized. Severity of symptoms was a reliable basis for triage of victims for immediate hospital treatment, and correlated both with duration of exposure and the length of time it took for victims to feel normal. Therapy consisting of oxygen delivered by mask achieved a half-life for COHb of 137 minutes in hospital treated patients (compared to 320 minutes with no treatment), but did not fully reverse the symptoms of CO toxicity. PMID- 7103156 TI - The transmission and interpretation of emergency department radiographs. AB - Twenty-five radiographic studies representative of the spectrum of trauma cases that might present to an emergency department were selected from actual cases presenting at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC) in San Antonio, Texas. The studies were then transmitted from a local television studio via satellite back to BAMC and three other Army hospitals. A panel of 29 physicians (11 radiologists, 7 emergency physicians, and 11 others from various specialty areas) viewed the images on commercial grade television sets and attempted to make a diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of the radiologists (86%) was significantly better than that of the other two groups (77% each). However, given the overall expense of a teleradiology network, this difference in accuracy - especially when translated into clinically significant errors - might not justify the establishment of such a network in terms of cost-effectiveness. PMID- 7103155 TI - Utilization of antibiotics: analysis of appropriateness of use. AB - An antibiotic utilization review was performed for the purpose of determining the frequency and types of infectious diseases presenting to a large, teaching hospital emergency department, and the appropriateness of the use of antibiotics in this setting. In 27% of the visits a diagnosis of an infectious disease was made or an antibiotic was prescribed. The most common presenting diagnoses (comprising more than 75% of cases) were infections of the respiratory tract, skin, urogenital system, and gastrointestinal tract. Penicillins and sulfonamides were frequently prescribed in nearly two-thirds of cases. Antibiotic prescribing was determined to be appropriate in 78% of cases. Inappropriate use most often involved the use of prophylactic antibiotics in clean lacerations and the use of prophylactic antibiotic combination products following trauma to the eye. PMID- 7103157 TI - Blood volume displacement with inflation of antishock trousers. AB - Eleven healthy male volunteers were studied to determine the amount of blood displaced by the inflation of the antishock trousers (AST) at pressures of 40 and 100 mm Hg. Radioisotope scans were used to determine the blood volume distribution and the change in the volume of distribution with inflation of the AST. The volunteers were then phlebotomized approximately one liter of blood and the study was repeated. Less than 5% of the total blood volume was displaced with inflation of the AST. It is unlikely that the clinical improvement seen with inflation of the AST in hypovolemic shock is due to autotransfusion of blood alone. PMID- 7103160 TI - Pathologic splenic rupture in a child. AB - Presented is the case of a 10-year-old child who presented in cardiopulmonary arrest from hypovolemic shock due to pathologic splenic rupture of undetermined etiology. Despite aggressive resuscitation efforts, the patient died. Although rare, pathologic rupture of an abnormal spleen must be considered in the patient who presents in cardiopulmonary arrest after other, more common etiologies have been eliminated. PMID- 7103159 TI - Hypothermia: the Bellevue Experience. AB - All adult patients (102 cases) presenting to Bellevue Hospital Medical Center over a calendar year (1978) with core temperatures less than 35 C were studied. Statistically significant correlations between hypothermia and mortality were identified according to mental status, hypoxia, hypotension, hyperamylasemia, duration and severity of hypothermia, and history of exposure and alcohol ingestion. Mortality could not be predicted on the basis of season, age (if greater than 40 years old), sex, presence of infection, or presenting temperature (if greater than 26 C). Thyroid and adrenal function were not significantly altered. Of only nine diabetic patients, four died in ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar states. There were no cases of meningitis, and the incidence of "occult" bacteremia was less than 1%. Prolonged hypothermia was uniformly associated with profound underlying medical disease. In patients presenting with temperatures less than 26 C, 50% of deaths resulted from temperature-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Alcoholics hypothermic from exposure had excellent prognoses; however, temperatures less than 26 C were associated with a marked and statistically significant incidence of death. PMID- 7103158 TI - Emergency department thoracotomy. AB - The charts of 33 consecutive patients undergoing emergency department thoracotomies between July 1, 1979 and June 30, 1980 were reviewed. Thoracotomies were performed in victims of both blunt and penetrating trauma who had suffered cardiopulmonary arrest and were refractory to the usual methods of resuscitation. Overall survival was 12.1% (4/33). There were no survivors from blunt trauma or penetrating wounds below the diaphragm. In patients with penetrating wounds above the diaphragm, emergency thoracotomy may be considerable benefit as demonstrated in our study by a 66.6% salvage rate. PMID- 7103163 TI - Occult cervical spine fracture in an ambulatory patients. AB - Significant injury to the cervical spine many not be obvious in patients whose mental status is decreased. We present the case of a fully conscious, ambulatory patient with no complaint of neck pain and only mild tenderness on examination who nevertheless had sustained an unstable fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine. Following surgery, the patient recovered without permanent neurologic sequelae. Criteria are suggested for ordering radiographic studies of the cervical spine for victims of trauma. PMID- 7103162 TI - Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome. AB - Two cases of the acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome are presented. A 63 year-old diabetic hypertensive man manifested the syndrome as a result of atraumatic ischemia of the cord. A 32-year-old health man developed it after sustaining a hyperextension injury in a baseball game. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this entity are reviewed. Knowledge of this entity is of major importance in the analysis and management of head and neck trauma, as well as in the recognition and management of atraumatic neurologic dysfunction due to ischemia, hemorrhage, or thrombosis. PMID- 7103161 TI - Massive foreign object ingestion. AB - Although foreign object ingestion is usually a benign event, it may result in serious complications. Presented is the case of a 41-year-old man admitted secondary to the ingestion of 71 metallic objects, including a wrench, wire springs, and a razor blade. The patient was observed in hospital for eight days, during which time there was no evidence of passage of any objects. On the eighth hospital day the patient underwent a gastrostomy for removal of the foreign objects. Post-operative recovery was uneventful. Guidelines for both the diagnosis and therapy of foreign body ingestions are discussed, with particular attention to indication for medical versus surgical intervention. PMID- 7103165 TI - Scurvy: bilateral lower extremity ecchymoses and paraparesis. AB - A 46-year-old man presented with two weeks of progressive paraparesis and large confluent ecchymoses of both thighs. There was a history of poor dietary intake and daily alcohol use. He had had similar problems each of the past two winters. In 1979 he required hospitalization for "sciatica." In 1980 he was bedridden for two months because of lower extremity weakness. Examination revealed poorly fitting dentures, large confluent ecchymoses of both thighs, perifollicular hemorrhages, and a low serum ascorbic acid concentration. Oral ascorbic acid was begun in the hospital and all clinical symptomatic consequences of scurvy rapidly resolved. We present this case to reiterate the clinical presentation of scurvy and to emphasize the importance of recognizing early signs of nutritional deficiencies that may be confused with more common, but often less treatable, diseases. PMID- 7103164 TI - Treatment of heroin overdose with endotracheal naloxone. AB - A 24-year-old man with respiratory failure, severe bradycardia, and coma following heroin overdose was successfully resuscitated using endotracheally administered naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan). Post-treatment naloxone assays demonstrated the presence of large amounts of naloxone in the patient's blood and urine. Serial serum naloxone levels over the ensuing three hours showed pharmacokinetics which appear similar to those previously reported for intravenous naloxone. PMID- 7103168 TI - Disease entities in homosexual population. PMID- 7103166 TI - Weight lifter's cephalgia. AB - Physical exertion can cause migraine or the benign exertional headache. The case is presented of a 30-year-old male weight lifter who experienced excruciating headache while doing leg presses on a weight machine. Physical examination was normal, as were subsequent examinations. The patient resumed training with lighter weights and did not again experience headaches. Some experts estimate that up to 4% of the adult population engages in weight lifting occasionally, and thus this malady may be more common than is realized. PMID- 7103167 TI - Fractures of the hand associated with riding the mechanical bull. AB - Presented are the cases of four patients who sustained similar dominant hand injuries while riding a mechanical bull apparatus. The injuries included fractures of the second metacarpals as well as of the index finger phalanges. The mechanism of injury in each case occurred not from striking or catching the injured hand on the bull or by falling off the apparatus, but secondary to the extreme torque forces applied to the extremity during the severe gyrations. PMID- 7103169 TI - Fatty acid composition of equine erythrocytes. AB - Fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of healthy horses was determined. Three fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) were found in approximately equal quantities and comprised 72.17% of the total. Nine other fatty acids were found in small amounts. Saturated fatty acids constituted 67.2% of the total. Marked variation was demonstrated in the occurrence and distribution of fatty acids in the sterol ester, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid fractions. PMID- 7103171 TI - Central blood volume and lung extravascular thermal volume in dogs with dirofilariasis. AB - Central blood volume, lung extravascular thermal volume, cardiac output, and pulmonary and systemic vascular pressures were measured in clinically normal and heartworm-infected dogs. Central blood volume and cardiac output were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in heartworm-infected dogs compared with the in normal dogs. Pulmonary vascular resistance, total peripheral resistance, mean pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery wedge, and pulse pressures were significantly increased in heartworm-infected dogs compared with that in normal dogs. Significant differences between normal and heartworm-infected dogs were not found in lung extravascular thermal volume, pulmonary extravascular tissue weight, or extravascular lung water to extravascular dry-weight ratio. Lung extravascular thermal volume overestimated gravimetric pulmonary extravascular tissue weight by approximately 16%. A significant correlation (R = 0.83) existed between pulmonary extravascular tissue weight and lung extravascular thermal volume for all dogs. PMID- 7103172 TI - Effect of dietary phosphorus restriction on the kidneys of cats with reduced renal mass. AB - Cats with reduced renal mass were fed a phosphorus-restricted diet (0.24% P, dry weight) or a normal phosphorus diet (1.56% P, dry weight) for 6 5 to 343 days. Renal function was determined biweekly by blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine measurements and by initial and terminal inulin clearance procedures. Neither diet caused a significant change in renal function during the study. However, histologic examination of kidneys obtained at necropsy clearly separated the cats on the basis of dietary phosphorus. The kidneys from cats fed the normal phosphorus diet had mineralization, fibrosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration, whereas the kidneys from cats fed the phosphorus-restricted diet had little or no changes. PMID- 7103170 TI - Pharmacokinetic and anti-tumor studies with the radiosensitizer misonidazole in dogs with spontaneous fibrosarcomas. AB - Nine dogs with spontaneous oral fibrosarcomas were given the radiosensitizer misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) In combination with orthovoltage radiotherapy. Although there appeared to be a trend toward greater disease-free survival of these animals as compared with a group of 13 dogs with similar tumors treated by orthovoltage x-rays alone, on analysis there was no significant difference. The plasma half-life and the volume of distribution of misonidazole were determined as 4.95 hours and 15.1 L/m2, respectively. In 3 dogs with evidence of misonidazole toxicosis, plasma concentrations at 4 hours after the dose exceeded 85 microgram/ml, and the areas under the concentration vs time curve for this first 10 hours were greater than 850 microgram.hr/ml. PMID- 7103174 TI - Technique for acute suprapubic catheterization of urinary bladder in the pig. AB - Accurate monitoring of the urine output of swine is important in many areas of research. Due to the oblique course of the urethra in the boar, transurethral catheterization of the bladder is usually impossible. A technique is described for placement of an indwelling suprapubic catheter in the porcine bladder. Complications with this technique and catheter displacements have not occurred in a series of 53 swine each monitored for 48 hours after catheter placement. PMID- 7103173 TI - Amounts of eight combined elements required to induce selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings and protection by supplements of selenium and vitamin E. PMID- 7103175 TI - Plasma alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities in caprine beta-mannosidosis. AB - Plasma alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities were measured in goats with beta mannosidosis, a recently discovered, inherited deficiency of the glycohydrolase beta-D-mannosidase. Plasma beta-mannosidase activity in the affected animals was zero at 1 and 4 weeks after they were born. Enzyme values of age-matched, unaffected goats were between 66 and 222 nmol/hr/ml of plasma, alpha-Mannosidase activities were similar in both affected and unaffected animals. This investigation indicates that deficiency of plasma beta-mannosidases activity may be diagnostic of beta-mannosidosis. PMID- 7103176 TI - Metabolic and cellular profile of wether goats: protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes- reference values. AB - Blood serum concentrations of electrolytes; mineral, serum protein, and biochemical components; serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity; and blood cellular components were determined in 8 wether goats over a 59-day feeding period. The blood was collected on 6 sampling days, the blood cellular components were analyzed on collection days. The biochemical components were analyzed from frozen samples approximately 3 weeks after collection. The serum protein fractions and LDH isoenzymes were separated electrophoretically from frozen samples. The purpose was to determine the variability and changes in these values, using sample-day intervals over the feeding period. The blood serum concentrations of many of the biochemical and blood cellular components that were measured or calculated varied considerably, showing fluctuations over some portion of the period and ending with an erratic peak at period's end. The WBC count, neutrophil, and band neutrophil values were sharply decreased on sampling days 24 and 35, followed by fluctuations over the last half of the period. PMID- 7103177 TI - Ovine blood chemistry values measured during ammonia toxicosis. AB - Venous blood values were determined on 19 Southdown sheep (9 adult ewes and 10 wether lambs). Principal sheep were given 12.5 ml of 3.3M urea solution/kg of body weight, which produced acute ammonia toxicosis. Whole blood ammonium nitrogen was determined by ion exchange; venous blood gases and pH were measured with a pH blood gas analyzer; and 23 serum chemical analyses were obtained with a sequential multiple autoanalyzer computer. Analysis of variance for the data revealed significant changes for 20 values. The values are presented and discussed with regard to those that changed beyond acceptable limits (whole blood ammonium-nitrogen, venous blood pH, serum glucose, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum creatine kinase, serum urea nitrogen, serum inorganic phosphorus, serum sodium, and serum potassium), those that changed within acceptable limits (PVo2, PVco2, serum triglycerides, serum free fatty acids, plasma volatile fatty acids, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio, serum uric acid, serum cholesterol, serum low-density lipoproteins, serum calcium, serum iron and serum chloride), and those with no change (total and direct serum bilirubin and albumin-globulin ratio). Metabolic consequences of ammonia toxicosis are considered with regard to energy, lipid , protein, and acid-base and electrolyte balances. Blood values having possible laboratory diagnosis value and considerations for therapeutic adjustment are discussed. PMID- 7103178 TI - Metabolic profile testing for Jersey cows in Louisiana: reference values. AB - One hundred twenty-seven Jersey cows (1 to 6 years of age) within a 160.93-km radius of Baton Rouge, La, were selected at random over a 3-year period to determine serum values for total creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, total protein, globulin, urea nitrogen, and glucose. Breed and age were partitioned as possible sources of variation. Seasonal temperature and management influences were taken into account by restricting the sampling area. Seasonal temperature and management influences along with reproductive status and stage of lactation, were randomized by sampling over the 3-year period. All serum values, except aspartate transaminase, urea nitrogen, and glucose were influenced by age. Serum cholesterol, total protein, and glucose were influenced by age. serum cholesterol, total protein, and globulin tended to increase with age, whereas creatine kinase, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase generally decreased with age. PMID- 7103179 TI - Experimental infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: efficacy of a vaccine prepared from nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis. AB - Calves vaccinated with a bacterin prepared from 4 nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis were challenge exposed with a virulent hemolytic strain of M bovis. Ten calves were given 2 vaccinal inoculations 21 days apart. Twenty-one days after the last vaccinal inoculation, the eyes of the 10 vaccinated and the eyes of the 12 non-vaccinated calves were exposed to a hemolytic heterologous strain of M bovis. The percentage of eyes with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was lower, the lesions were less severe, and the duration of infection was shorter in vaccinated calves than in nonvaccinated calves. Seemingly, the resistance induced by nonhemolytic strains of M bovis was at least comparable with the induced by hemolytic virulent strains of that organism. The nature of the immune response in vaccinated calves is discussed. PMID- 7103181 TI - Effect of febantel against Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis infections in dogs. AB - Febantel was administered as a 3.4% paste to 45 dogs infected with 1 or more nematode species, which included Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. Dosage levels of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 consecutive days for a total of 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg were administered. At 15 mg/kg, all dogs were completely cleared of all nematode and cestode infections, including A caninum, T vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia sp, and Dipylidium caninum, except for 1 Physaloptera sp adult. The 2 other dosage levels produced somewhat lower efficacy, with the 5 mg/kg being the least effective. The paste appeared palatable to the dogs and there were no apparent adverse effects. PMID- 7103180 TI - Quantitation of hyaluronic acid in equine synovia. AB - An assay for the determination of hyaluronic acid concentration in equine synovia (synovial fluid) was investigated. The method involved the degradation of hyaluronic acid, using a highly specific microbial enzyme. The unsaturated tetra- and hexasaccharide products were oxidized with periodate and caused to react with thiobarbituric acid for form a chromophore which absorbed in the visible range of the spectrum. The method was precise within acceptable limits for synovia and compared favorably with the widely used carbazole method of Bitter and Muir (Anal Biochem 4:330-334, 1962). The between-assay coefficient of variation was 1.7% and the method was found to be linear to 100 microgram of hyaluronic acid. The mean value for hyaluronic acid concentration in synovia of health horses was 127 mg/100 ml. PMID- 7103182 TI - Prevalence of parasitism diagnosed by fecal examination in Louisiana dogs. AB - The prevalence of canine intestinal parasitism was evaluated by fecal examination of 4,058 dogs admitted to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Clinics from March 1977 to March 1980). One or more species of parasites was identified in 2,048 (50.5%) dogs. Hookworms were encountered in 38.5% of the dogs examined, whipworms in 14.9%, ascarids in 8.5%, coccidia in 2.6%, tapeworms in 2.2%, and giardia in 0.8%. Single parasitic infection was present in 1,456 (35.9%) dogs. For hookworm and whipworm infections, male dogs were significantly (P less than .05) more often affected, compared with females or spayed females. Ascarid, coccidia, and giardia infections were more prevalent in pups than in mature dogs, whereas whipworm infections were detected less often in dogs less than 6 months of age. Hookworms were the most prevalent parasites in male (39.2%) and female (35.7%) dogs less than 6 months of age and maintained high prevalence in mature dogs. Tapeworm infections were diagnosed sporadically in all age groups. In female dogs greater than 24 months of age, significantly less parasitism was present as compared with younger females. In male dogs, the prevalence of parasitism diminished less markedly with increasing age. PMID- 7103183 TI - Effect of porcine parvovirus serostatus on the reproductive performance of mated gilts in an infected herd. AB - Gifts from 2 commercial swine operations (farm A and farm B) that were bred each week were tested for porcine parvovirus antibody. On farm A, 21.9% (weekly, 2% to 35%) of the 657 gilts tested over a 16-week period were seronegative within 1 week of mating. On farm B, 17.7% (weekly, o to 40%) of the 164 gilts tested over a 10 week period were seronegative within 1 week of mating. Eighty-one gilts from farm A which were seronegative at time of mating were retested at the end of the gestation. Of the 81 gilts, 4 1 had developed antibody titers. The litter size decreased by 1.3 live pigs/litter. The percentage of small litters (less than or equal to 6 born alive) in the group that seroconverted was 36.6% compared with 10% in the gilts that remained seronegative throughout gestation. PMID- 7103184 TI - Communicating cartilage canals of the physis of the distal part of the ulna of growing swine and their potential role in healing of metaphyseal dysplasia of osteochondrosis. AB - The distal parts of ulnae of 22 pigs ranging in age from 1 day to 6 months were studied histologically. Communicating cartilage canals passing from the epiphyseal vasculature through the physis and anastomosing with the metaphyseal vasculature were identified in neonatal pigs. In older pigs, the communicating cartilage canals had become smaller, as evidence by the presence of only capillaries. Eosinophilic matrical strekas and patches containing scattered elongated nuclei and centrally located accumulations of erythrocytes within the physis became more numerous in groups of old pigs. These streaks were considered to be compressed, nonpathologic extensions of the communicating physeal cartilage canals. In abnormally thick physeal cartilage of dysplastic 3-month-old-pigs, ossification was observed around hypertrophied communicating cartilage canals in the central portion of the lesion. Presumably, with reestablishment of endochondral ossification, the physis could return to its normal thickness and laminar pattern. PMID- 7103185 TI - Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui 1934) in cattle: epizootiology-disease occurrence. AB - Parafilaria bovicola, a filariid nematode affecting cattle, was first identified in Sweden in 1978. The parasite (female, 5 to 6 cm long, 500 micrometer wide; male, half that size) is associated with lesions caused when the worm is moving subcutaneously and IM, giving rise to condemnation losses of approximately 6 kg of meat in an affected animal at slaughter. Several hypotheses were tested in a questionnaire survey among cattle owners in he enzootic area of the disease, attempting to investigate factors associated with its occurrence in Sweden (i) Condemnation losses due to P bovicola were overrepresented among animals that came from herds held on pasture the previous year, as opposed to animals from farms with indoor cattle management only, indicating that infection of cattle occurs while they are on pasture. (ii) A statistically significant difference was found between affected and nonaffected herds with respect to age groups, with most cattle affected belonging to the 1- to 2-year age group. And (iii), frequency of Parafilaria-induced lesions showed a seasonal trend, increasing sharply in late December, remaining at about 30% of the slaughter population until July, at which time it dropped to insignificant levels. Seemingly delaying the time of slaughter of animals until the 2nd half of the year may ensure time for lesions to heal and lessen economic losses due to condemnations. PMID- 7103186 TI - Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui 1934) in cattle: epizootiology-Vector studies and experimental transmission of Parafilaria bovicola to cattle. AB - Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui 1934), a filarial nematode, causes cutaneous bleedings of live cattle and bruise-like lesions in the subcutaneous and IM surfaces of affected carcasses. To determine the vector(s) of this nematode under Swedish conditions, a field survey was conducted during the pasture season, May September 1980. A total of 9,931 insects were collected from cattle and subsequently examined for infective 3rd stage Parafilaria larvae. From the fly species collected. Musca autumnalis (De Geer), Hydrotaea irritans (Fall), and Haematobia stimulans (Meig) were those most frequently identified. The 3rd-stage larvae were only found in M autumnalis, face fly. Overall infection rate in these flies was 3.5%, with peak prevalence of 30% in June. Most of the nematode larvae were recovered from heads of female flies. In experiments in insect-free stables, 5 calves were experimentally inoculated with infective 3rd-stage P bovicola larvae. Two calves inoculated by the intraconjunctival route (larvae were instilled inside the eyelid) became infected, whereas 3 calves injected subcutaneously did not. Signs of infection were not seen in 4 control calves. The median development period of P bovicola from infective 3rd-stage larvae to the development of bleeding points was 43 weeks (301 days) in 26 cattle with spontaneous parafilariasis. PMID- 7103187 TI - Trypsin-enhanced replication of neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus in bovine embryonic lung cells. AB - Bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cells, grown in 8-chamber cell-culture slides, were inoculated with 2.5, 25, and 250 TCID50 of neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV)/chamber. The NCDCV inocula were prepared in serum-free, trypsin-free regular medium (RM), and in serum-free medium containing 1 microgram (TM1), 5 microgram (TM5), and 10 microgram (TM10) of trypsin/ml; the the cells were maintained under identical media. Cytopathic effect (CPE), hemadsorption of rat RBC, formation of syncytia, appearance of immunofluorescing cells, and release of infectious virus was followed from postinoculation hours 4 to 100. Maintaining the BEL cells in medium containing trypsin up to 10 microgram/ml did not affect them adversely. The BEL cells appeared resistant to infection with NCDCV in RM by CPE, syncytia, immunofluorescing cells, or infectious virus-release parameters. In TM1, TM5, and TM10, all parameters were positive for NCDCV replication. They manifested and developed in positive correlation with increasing trypsin concentration from 1 microgram to 10 microgram/ml. Release of infectious virions preceded all other parameters of virus replication. Replication of NCDCV was demonstrated earlier by hemadsorption and immunofluorescing cells than by syncytia or CPE. The TM5 and TM10 increased the susceptibility of BEL cells to NCDCV by more than a millionfold, as measured by the titer of released virus in these media (greater than 1-(6) TCID50/ml) as compared with those in RM (infectious virus not demonstrated). PMID- 7103188 TI - Bovine monocyte-induced tumor cell cytotoxicosis. AB - Human monocytes have been shown to be highly cytotoxic for tumor cells in vitro. Th determine whether these observations could be extended to the bovine species, monocyte-induced tumor cell cytotoxicosis was examined in vitro. Target cells were initiated from benign hyperplastic corneal plaque lesions or ocular squamous cell carcinoma lesions in cattle. The monocyte-induced tumor cell cytotoxicosis, as measured by target cell [3H] thymidine incorporation, was highly significant (P less than 0.001) in corneal plaque cells at target: effector cell ratios of 1:10, 1:5, and 1:1. The [3H] thymidine incorporation was also highly significant (P less than 0.001) in squamous cell carcinoma cells at target:effector cell ratios of 1:10 and 1:5, but of less significance (P less than 0.01) at 1:1. Further, the ability of bovine monocytes to kill target cells was enhanced by culturing effector cells for 3 days before assay. These data show that bovine monocytes are cytotoxic for tumor cells in vitro and indicated that bovine monocytes may be of importance in the control of neoplastic proliferation in vivo. PMID- 7103189 TI - Migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the bovine mammary gland during experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. AB - The process of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration in the bovine mammary gland during experimental Staphylococcus aureus challenge was studied using light and electron microscopies. The PMN were observed in various stages of margination in capillary lumens and migration into perivascular spaces. In infected tissue showing little evidence of epithelial damage, numerous PMN were accumulated in the perivascular space and aligned against the epithelial basal lamina, but not in the alveolar lumen. Other areas of infected tissue showed progressive tissue degeneration (autophagic vacuoles, vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum, and cellular debris in the luminal milk) with the appearance of numerous PMN in lumens. The PMN were observed between the basal end of adjacent epithelial cells having intact tight junctions, but were never seen traversing the junctional complex. Some PMN lying between intact epithelial cells appeared to have ingested fat globules before entering the lumen. Although the mechanism by which PMN crossed tight junctions was not explained, alveoli with a portion of the epithelium sloughed off were frequently seen. The PMN appeared to be entering alveoli in large numbers at these damaged sites. There was also marked PMN infiltration in tissue from teat and gland cisterns of S aureus infected quarters. PMID- 7103190 TI - Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. AB - Thoroughbred horses (n = 191) were examined with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing, 41 (38.3%) had evidence of EIPH. One horse (2.4%) of this group had blood at the nostrils. Statistical analysis of frequency data showed that a relationship existed between EIPH and the horse's age or distance raced or breezed. Relationship did not exist between EIPH and sex or finishing position. Thoroughbreds were also examined endoscopically after steeplechase, flat turf, and timber races; 67.7% (21/31), 14.3% (2/14), and 66.6% (2/3) of the horses in such races were EIPH-positive, respectively; and 14.3% (3/21), 0% (0/2), and 100% (2/2) of these EIPH-positive horses had blood at the nostrils. Of 32 breezing Thoroughbreds in a 3rd survey, 21 (65.5%) were EIPH-positive. None bled from the nostrils. Endoscopic findings of EIPH are repeatable in the horses, indicating that bleeding is not a random event. PMID- 7103191 TI - Influence of month, color, age, corticosteroids, and dietary molybdenum on mineral concentration of equine hair. PMID- 7103193 TI - Characterization of the chemiluminescence response of equine phagocytes. PMID- 7103192 TI - Variable-interval responding in the horse: a sensitive method of quantitating effects of centrally acting drugs. AB - An operant conditioning apparatus for studies in equine pharmacology was constructed. Horses interacted with this apparatus by breaking a light beam and were rewarded with 30 ml of oats. Horses readily learned to use this apparatus and were trained to respond on a variable-interval-60 schedule. With this schedule, there was no direct relationship between the rate of light beam breaking and the reward. Horses thus developed their own individual response rates (ie, light-beam breaking rates), and these rates remained stable at between 5 and 35 responses/min for each horse over a period of months. The effects of 2 drugs on this paradigm were tested. Reserpine (5 mg/horse, IV) depressed the response rate in all horses tested. This depression was maximal between 3 and 5 days after treatment and lasted for up to 10 days. After small doses of cocaine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight IV), the response rate of 1 horse was stimulated, whereas 1 mg of cocaine/kg was required for maximal stimulation of response rate in another horse. Larger doses of cocaine inhibited response. Variable-interval response was a sensitive method of measuring drug effects in the horse and allowed accurate quantitation of drug effects that were not detectable by clinical observation. PMID- 7103195 TI - Host humoral factors in natural resistance to Haemophilus somnus. AB - Natural serum bactericidal activity against Haemophilus somnus in various age groups of cattle was investigated. The level of antibacterial reactivity correlated with the agglutinating titer and age of the given animal. This activity was complement dependent, but the concentration of bactericidal antibody appeared to be the limiting factor in sera which had reduced killing capacity. Immunized animals developed high serum concentrations of bactericidal activity. The results of this study indicated that bactericidal antibodies may be important in host defense from H somnus infection and that immunization can enhance this resistance by stimulating high serum concentrations of bactericidal activity. PMID- 7103197 TI - Isolations of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, balcanica, and pomona from cattle at slaughter. AB - Kidneys were cultured for leptospires and blood was collected for leptospiral serologic examination from 306 cattle slaughtered in Florida during June, July, and August 1980. Leptospires were found in 82(36%) of 226 otherwise bacterial free cultures. Forty-five isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 3 as serovar balcanica, and 3 as serovar pomona. Leptospiral antibodies were found in 218 (71%) of the cattle. Serum titers to hardjo were found in 162 cattle (53%) and to pomona in 28 (9%). Low titers to tarassovi were found in 14 cattle (4.5%). PMID- 7103194 TI - Detection of cell-surface antigens of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. AB - A serologic study was conducted to identify surface antigens on cultured cells of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Sera from cattle with various stages of disease were tested for reactivity with surface antigens of cultured autologous and allogeneic cells. Radioiodine-labeled protein A assays were conducted to determine the presence of antibodies for tumor cells. It was found that all sera tested had antibodies at a high level to autologous cells, whereas the reactivity of allogeneic serum to cultured cells varied. Furthermore surface reactivity was not observed in these sera in tests for reactivity with normal epithelial cells. Reactive sera were analyzed by absorption tests with autologous and allogeneic cells. Absorbed sera showed no reactivity to surface antigens on autologous or allogeneic cells. Also, results of quantitative absorption studies indicated that absorption with precarcinoma cells eliminated the reactivity of sera from carcinoma- (cancer-) bearing animals toward cultured tumor cells. This indicates that there might be a shared antigen among the cells from precarcinoma and carcinoma lesions. PMID- 7103196 TI - Effect of vagotomy on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange in the neonatal calf. AB - The effect of vagotomy on the mechanical and gas exchange properties of the respiratory system was determined in 7 healthy, anesthetized neonatal Holstein calves. A pressure-compensated volume displacement plethysmograph measured the quasi-static pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of the lungs and thoracic cage. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by He equilibration. Lung and chest wall compliances per kilogram of body weight were 2.25 +/- 0.19 ml/cm of H2O/kg and 8.85 +/- 2.44 ml/cm of H2O/kg, respectively. Total lung capacity (TLC) averaged 78.3 +/- 13 ml/kg and FRC was 51 +/- 5% of TLC. The lung PV curve deviated from single exponential behavior below 75% of TLC, indicating airway closure at large lung volumes. Residual volume, which averaged 28.1 +/- 6.0% of TLC, appeared to be determined by airway closure because the thoracic cage was compliant between FRC and residual volume. Vagotomy had no effect on the lung and thoracic cage PV curves, lung volumes, or the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, but it decreased pulmonary resistance and increased respiratory system conductance and the dead space/tidal volume ratio, indicating dilation of large conducting airways. The calf appears similar to other neonates, in that the thoracic cage is compliant and airway closure occurs at large lung volumes. Both of these factors may predispose the calf to atelectasis. PMID- 7103198 TI - Effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of calves on cell populations recovered by lung lavage. AB - Calves were challenge exposed with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, and experiments were carried out to determine the presence of virus in the lungs, virus or viral antigen in alveolar macrophages, and alterations in immune functions of alveolar macrophages. In experiment 1, calves were challenge exposed intranasally with IBR virus. Although clinical signs of IBR occurred in all challenge-exposed calves, there was minimal evidence of virus or viral antigen in cells lavaged from their lungs, and macrophage Fc- and complement-receptor activities, phagocytic activity, and ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity were unaltered. In experiment 2, calves were challenge exposed intranasally or by aerosol with IBR virus strains Colorado-1 and 108, and samples were collected 4 and 6 days after challenge exposure. Virus was isolated from the lungs, and pathologic lesions of greater severity occurred in those calves challenge exposed by aerosol. Less than 0.1% of lavaged cells from challenge exposed calves produced infectious centers on susceptible cell monolayers. In 1 sample of lavaged cells, approximately 5% of the cells, mainly macrophages, had viral antigen in the cytoplasm, as detected by immunofluorescence. Because of the small proportion of macrophages that appeared to become infected after challenge exposure of calves with IBR virus, it is believed that the effect of IBR virus in predisposing calves to pneumonic pasteurellosis is an indirect, rather than a direct, manifestation of viral infection of macrophages. PMID- 7103199 TI - Effect of venereal transmission of ovine ureaplasma on reproductive efficiency of ewes. AB - Rambouillet yearling ewes (n = 20) selected from a flock culturally negative for Ureaplasma sp were assigned randomly and equally to 2 groups. One group (principal) was bred to a ram experimentally infected with a specific serotype of an ovine ureaplasma. The other group (control was bred to a ram culturally negative for Ureaplasma sp. All the ewes in the control group conceived during the first estrous cycle, remained free of infection with ureaplasma, and lambed on schedule with only 1 lamb failing to survive. The ewes in the principal group became infected with ureaplasma immediately after coitus. Ureaplasmas were routinely isolated for all ewes in this group for 50 days after the first coitus. Only 3 ewes were culturally negative for ureaplasma shortly after lambing. Two ewes failed to conceive on the first estrous cycle and 4 lambs failed to survive. Several lambs from the ewes in the principal group were small and weak, and their birth weight was 0.64 kg less than that of lambs from the control ewes. One lamb in the principal group was mummified, whereas its twin appeared to be clinically normal. In sheep, ureaplasmosis appears to be a venereal disease possibly capable of causing infertility and low birth weights. PMID- 7103200 TI - Origin of the early digestive disturbances induced by Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. PMID- 7103201 TI - Immunoassay for the steroid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in the dog. AB - Antiserum directed against the steroid-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme of the dog was produced in rabbits. This antiserum was used to develop a sensitive and quantitative assay for the detection of the steroid-induced ALP isoenzyme in the serum of dogs. This antiserum was also used to enhance the electrophoretic separation of the steroid-induced and hepatic ALP isoenzymes. PMID- 7103203 TI - Extraosseous vascular supply to the mature dog's coxofemoral joint. AB - Blood vessels supplying the coxofemoral joint were identified and described in 8 healthy, mature dogs. An accurate representation of the blood vessels was obtained by intra-arterial methyl methacrylate injection and sodium hydroxide corrosion of soft tissues until only the pelvis, femurs, and casts of the blood vessels remained. The sources of vascular supply to the dog's coxofemoral joint, from most to least contributory, were the lateral circumflex femoral artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery, the caudal gluteal artery, the cranial gluteal artery, and the iliolumbar artery. In addition, important vascular relationships were demonstrated. Many blood vessels were associated with the periosteal surfaces of the coxofemoral joint in areas of muscular and articular capsular attachment; fewer vessels were present in areas of loose periosteal attachment. Also, extra-articular anastomoses were identified. The most significant anastomosis was an extracapsular vascular ring located at the femoral attachment of the articular capsule. The extracapsular vascular ring was formed by branches of the lateral and medial circumflex femoral and caudal gluteal arteries. PMID- 7103202 TI - Comparison of the steroid-induced, intestinal, and hepatic isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in the dog. AB - The steroid-induced, intestinal, and hepatic isoenzymes of canine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were compared, using antibodies against the steroid-induced ALP isoenzyme, heat inactivation, phenylalanine inhibition, prednisolone inhibition, and Michaelis constant determinations. The results indicate that the steroid induced and intestinal ALP isoenzymes are similar and indicate that the steroid induced isoenzyme might be a product of the same gene that controls the intestinal isoenzyme. PMID- 7103204 TI - Reduced, oxidized, and protein-bound glutathione concentrations in normal and cataractous lenses in the dog. AB - Amounts of reduced, oxidized, and protein-bound glutathione (GSH) were measured in normal and cataractous lenses of pups and adult dogs. Lenses from pups included normal lenses from clinically normal pups, clear lenses from Beagle pups bred for glaucoma, and congenital cataractous lenses from Miniature Schnauzer pups. Lenses from adults included normal lenses from normal mixed-breed dogs, congenital cataractous lenses from Miniature Schnauzers, and complete mature cataractous lenses from clinical patients of different breeds. Glutathione in the normal lenses from pups and adult dogs is predominantly reduced GSH; oxidized GSH is about 2.1% to 2.6% of the reduced GSH values. The reduced GSH values are lower in normal pups [7.08 mumoles/g (wet wt) of lens] than in adults [7.83 mumoles/g (wet wt) of lens]; reduced GSH values decrease further in cataract formation. The decrease in oxidized GSH values parallel those of reduced GSH, except in the advanced cataracts of clinical patients in which oxidized GSH [0.045 mumoles/g (wet wt) of lens] was 9% of the GSH values. The GSH bound to soluble and insoluble lens proteins of congenital cataractous Miniature Schnauzer pups was significantly (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively) lower per gram of protein than that in pups with normal lenses. However, the soluble and insoluble protein-bound GSH of congenital cataractous lenses of adult Miniature Schnauzers and lenses in clinical patients with mature cataracts [based on mumole of GSH/g (wet wt) of lens] were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from that in adult dogs with normal lenses. PMID- 7103205 TI - Acute toxicosis of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by pyrolysis products from heated polytetrafluoroethylene: clinical study. AB - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a synthetic polymer widely used as a nonstick surface in cookware, releases toxic pyrolysis products when exposed to excessive heat. Thirty-two budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were exposed to pyrolysis products of either heated PTFE cookware or plain aluminum cookware in a specially designed exposure chamber for given periods. Clinical signs were recorded and necropsies were done on all birds at the termination of each exposure period. The PTFE products caused acute respiratory distress and rapid death in many of the exposed birds. At necropsy, lesions were seen only in the respiratory tract- extensive pulmonary hemorrhage and congestion. PMID- 7103206 TI - Acute toxicosis of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by pyrolysis products from heated polytetrafluoroethylene: microscopic study. AB - An ultrastructural study was performed on the respiratory system of budgerigars (including 6 controls) which were acutely affected by inhalation of toxic fumes from heated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE pyrolysis products) or had survived fro 24 hours after a sublethal exposure. The controls were exposed to fumes from heated plan aluminum (ie, not coated with PTFE). The microanatomy of lungs of the controls was described and compared with that of lungs of the birds exposed to PTFE pyrolysates. The PTFE pyrolysates caused extensive, severe necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonitis. These lesions were associated with amorphous elongate conglomerates of particles which were similar to those isolated on membrane filters from fumes generated from heated PTFE--this supporting the hypothesis that the toxic principle in PTFE pyrolysates is at least, in part, related to generated particulates. PMID- 7103207 TI - Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol in birds. AB - The plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol after oral, IM, and IV administrations were studied in 15 species of birds. The biological half-lives of chloramphenicol ranged from 26 minutes in the pigeon, Columbia livia, to 288.3 minutes in the bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus. In those birds studied, the oral route gave low and inconsistent plasma chloramphenicol concentrations. The IM route was the most satisfactory. Based on the data presented, an IM dose of 50 mg/kg would produce plasma concentrations above 1 micrograms/ml for 8 to 12 hours, except in the pigeon, macaw, conure. PMID- 7103208 TI - Pneumatically powered vertebral displacement device for dogs. AB - A pneumatically powered trauma device was developed to produce vertebral displacement and spinal cord injury in dogs. After surgical exposure of the spine, displacement was done without laminectomy or cutting of the intervertebral disc. Trauma resulted in luxation between L1 and L2 or fractures of L1 and L2. Force required to cause displacement was recorded via a load sensing system and ranged between 1,848 and 2,666 newtons. In a few dogs, there was partial return of the displaced segment upon pressure release from the device at posttrauma hour 4. The device was an effective means of producing spinal injuries in dogs, and provides a method for studying spinal column and spinal cord injuries. PMID- 7103209 TI - Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in beagle dogs: clinicopathologic findings. PMID- 7103210 TI - Canine bladder epithelial cells in culture: susceptibility to canine distemper and measles viruses. AB - A canine bladder epithelial cell strain was established in culture for the study of canine distemper virus. Epithelial cells were scraped off the bladder with a scalpel and were cultured in enriched Eagle's medium. Cells were enzymatically dispersed and passed over 46 population doublings which covered a period of more than 3 years. The cells were heteroploid when karyotyped at passage level 5 and 42. This cell strain permitted direct isolation of canine distemper virus and also showed susceptibility to laboratory strains of measles virus. Seemingly, establishment of cell strains from canine bladder epithelium can be accomplished without difficulty. PMID- 7103211 TI - Noninvasive measurement of systemic arterial pressure in dogs by automatic sphygmomanometry. AB - Mean, systolic, and diastolic systemic arterial blood pressures were recorded by indirect automatically inflating and deflating sphygmomanometry, using an oscillometric principle in 9 anesthetized dogs whose blood pressures were varied by infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Blood pressures fluctuated between a diastolic pressure of 40 mm of Hg and a systolic pressure of 210 mm of Hg. A total of 147 blood pressures, measured by indirect sphygmomanometry, were compared with those obtained from a cardiac catheter within the artery of the contralateral limb. The device also indicated heart rate. Correlation coefficients between actual pressures from the cardiac catheter and those registered by the oscillometric device were greater than 0.9 for all pressures, and correlation coefficient for heart rate was 0.827. The lower correlation for heart rate was a consequence of (i) the slow sinus arrhythmia produced in response to phenylephrine and (ii) the device recognizing catacrotic waves as primary pulsations. In the anesthetized dog, this device is reliable, simple to use, and may be of value for monitoring dogs during surgery. Preliminary subjective evaluation indicated that the device is useful for measuring systemic arterial pressures in unanesthetized dogs as well, as long as motion of the limb around which the cuff is placed is minimal. PMID- 7103213 TI - Predicting the probability of quarter infection (by major pathogens) from somatic cell concentration. AB - The herd factor did not significantly affect distributions of somatic cell counts of 6,560 milk samples (collected in 3 herds) within an infection status. Minor infections distribution for a herd was closer to that of healthy quarters than that of major infections. About 35% of the quarters infected by major pathogens had counts less than 400,000 cells/ml. Statistical analysis by conditional probability indicated that herd major-infection level should be taken into account to predict the probability of quarter infection by major pathogens. Discrimination with a good reliability between presence and absence of pathogens, as estimated by a single somatic cell count, is possible only in herds with high major-infection level. PMID- 7103214 TI - Cross-protection by a chemically altered vaccinal strain of Pasteurella multocida in mice and hamsters. AB - A chemically altered type A strain of Pasteurella multocida was used to vaccinate mice and hamsters. The vaccinated animals were challenge exposed with type A, B, and E isolated of P multocida. A degree of protection was afforded the vaccinated animals against homologous and heterologous challenge-exposure strains. PMID- 7103212 TI - Effect of oxytocin and its long-acting analog on milk let-down and intramammary pressure in healthy lactating sows. AB - Ten healthy lactating sows were given single IV injections of 5 to 10 IU of oxytocin and single IV or IM injections of 0.2 to 0.6 mg of deamino-1-monocarba (2-O-methyltyrosine)-oxytocin [d(COMOT)]. Studies were done with d(COMOT) concerning the dose-response relationship, the influence of the lactation stage on the duration of the milk let-down effect, and the difference between the IV and IM injections. The mean duration of response was 14 minutes for oxytocin and 6.2 hours for d(COMOT). Intramammary pressure was also measured in 3 sows, using 10 IU of oxytocin IV or 0.6 mg of d(COMOT) IV. Oxytocin resulted in a strong initial increase of the intramammary pressure for about 7 minutes. The d(COMOT) caused the same initial response, followed by secondary oscillations lasting for at least 4 hours. PMID- 7103215 TI - Border disease virus isolation from postpartum ewes. PMID- 7103216 TI - Comparative in vitro leukotoxin production of three bovine strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum. AB - The in vitro leukotoxic activity of 3 bovine isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum which varied in pathogenicity were compared. Monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages were exposed to culture filtrates from each F necrophorum strain, and cell viability was determined, using the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Two methods were used for production of the leukotoxin: (1) medium M-1 continuous dialysis sac cultures and (2) brain-heart infusion agar plate cultures. Supernatant cultural fluids containing the leukotoxin were subjected to membrane-partition chromatography, using ultrafilters with approximate molecular weight (mol wt) exclusion limits of 100,000, 10,000, 2,000, and 500. All ultrafiltrates had a cytotoxic effect on the monolayers. Cytotoxic activity was not found in the ultrafilter residues or in the control media ultrafiltrates. Comparative study of leukotoxin production indicated that F necrophorum 2101, type A, produced the most leukotoxin; F necrophorum 2030, type AB, produced slightly less leukotoxin; and F necrophorum 2035, type B, produced small amounts of leukotoxin. Endotoxin activity, as demonstrated by the mouse lethality test, was found in the residues of the XM-100A ultrafilter (100,000 mol wt), but not in the filtrates. Culture supernatant fluids and the XM-100A ultrafiltrates were positive for endotoxin, using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay; however, the other ultrafiltrates with lower mol wt exclusion limits were negative. PMID- 7103217 TI - Vaccination of cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis with a Haemophilus somnus bacterin. AB - The capability of a commercial Haemophilus somnus bacterin to protect cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis was examined. Eighteen cattle were vaccinated twice, 8 were vaccinated once, and 14 were nonvaccinated controls. Serum antibody responses to vaccination were measured by gel immunodiffusion, bacterial agglutination test, and complement-fixation test. Deaths occurred in 8 of the 14 controls, 3 of the cattle vaccinated once, and 3 of the cattle vaccinated twice. Two vaccinations were found to give significant protection against challenge exposure (P less than 0.05). There were no cattle which gave positive reactions in the gel immunodiffusion test, and significant changes in bacterial agglutination test titers were not seen in the cattle after vaccination. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the complement-fixation test titers of cattle vaccinated twice. Serum antibody titers were unrelated to the outcome of challenge infection, regardless of vaccination status, in any of the serotests. PMID- 7103218 TI - Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of segmental subarachnoid analgesia in adult Holstein cows. AB - Hemodynamic measurements, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, and pH were determined in 13 adult, nonpregnant Holstein cows (511.3 +/- 77.3 kg) after subarachnoid injection of a 5% procaine hydrochloride solution (av dosage level of 0.162 +/- 0.026 mg/kg) at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space. Segmental analgesia occurred within 8 to 12 minutes after completing the procaine HCl injection and extended between spinal cord segments T7 and L3 on both sides of the spinal column. The average duration of analgesia, as determined by the cows' responses to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks, was 35.8 +/- 8.5 minutes (25 to 60 minutes, min-max). Subarachnoid injection of procaine HCl caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in pulse pressure and rectal temperature. Cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, left ventricular minute work, total peripheral resistance, arterial blood pressure, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, pH, oxygen transport, oxygen uptake, PCV, and total solids did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) from base-line values. Similarly, no significant changes (P greater than 0.05) were observed in a group of 5 control cows after subarachnoid injection of sodium chloride solution (1.5 ml, 0.9%) at the T13-L1 intervertebral space. Segmental subarachnoid analgesia caused minimal circulatory disturbance and was well tolerated by adult, conscious, unsedated cows. PMID- 7103219 TI - Bovine anaplasmosis: clinical, hematologic, and serologic manifestations in cows given a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in the prepatent period. AB - The prophylactic efficacy of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was determined in 36 susceptible cows experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale. Each of 10 cows in 3 treatment groups (T2, T3, T4) were given IM injections of 20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of body weight once, twice, or three times during the prepatent period. The T2 group was treated once at 1 week after experimental inoculation, the T3 group was treated 2 times (at 1 and 2 weeks) after exposure, and the T4 group was treated 3 times (at 1, 2, and 3 weeks) after exposure. Six cows comprising group T1 served as nonmedicated controls. Treatment of cattle in the prepatent period with the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation produced significantly fewer clinical anaplasmosis cases. This reduction in frequency was proportional to the number of weekly treatments given. In cattle which developed clinical disease, only 1 IM injection of 20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg was necessary to induce recovery. The prepatent period in the treated cattle was extended approximately 30 days beyond the prepatent period of the control cattle after their final treatment. Humoral rapid card agglutinating and complement fixing antibodies regularly were present in the cows 10 days after they were inoculated; however, neither the presence of antibody nor that of the antibiotic was sufficient to prevent establishment of the carrier state in the principals. PMID- 7103220 TI - Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares infected in utero with beta-hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 7103221 TI - Equine ocular onchocerciasis: histopathologic study. AB - Equine eyes (368) were examined clinically and histologically for abnormalities associated with the presence of ocular microfilariae of naturally occurring Onchocerca sp infection. Forty of the eyes had microfilariae in the conjunctiva, but distinguishing clinical abnormalities were not associated with their presence. In 1 horse with ocular microfilariae that was treated with diethylcarbamazine daily for 2 weeks, ocular tissue samples were obtained before, during, and after the horse was treated, and the samples were compared histologically. During treatment of the horse, microfilariae apparently moved from the conjunctival stroma into the perilimbal corneal stroma; inflammatory cells were more abundant in the perilimbal tissues. The tissue samples obtained before and after the treatment appeared similar. PMID- 7103222 TI - Duration and biological half-life of passively acquired colostral antibodies to porcine parvovirus. AB - The duration of passive immunity and biological half-lives of passively acquired antibodies to porcine parvovirus (PPV) were determined in 4 pigs from each of 10 litters. All sows were randomly selected from a herd naturally infected with PPV. At parturition, blood and colostral samples from the 10 sows contained hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to PPV; the HI titers of colostrum were about 5 times higher than that of serum. The HI antibodies in serum and colostrum of sows were resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol, indicating that antibodies were of immunoglobulin G class. Pigs were allowed to suckle, and their blood samples were collected at 2 days of age and every 2 weeks thereafter. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, pigs were weaned and moved to an isolation facility. All pigs had HI antibodies to PPV at 2 days of age. Passively acquired antibodies steadily decreased from the circulation of pigs, and the rate of antibody decrease was similar in all pigs. Antibodies to PPV persisted for about 16 to 24 (mean 21.2) weeks, and all pigs were seronegative at 26 weeks of age. Pigs were susceptible to experimental infection with PPV as early as 1 week after they became seronegative. The biological half-lives of antibodies to PPV, unadjusted and adjusted for body weight gain, were determined to be approximately 19.7 and 29.0 days, respectively. PMID- 7103225 TI - Indirect imaging of the canine optic nerve, using metrizamide (optic thecography). AB - Between the optic nerve and its sheath is a small, CSF-filled space that communicates with the subarachnoid space of the brain. A technique for the radiographic opacification of the optic nerve subarachnoid space following the intrathecal injection of metrizamide was investigated in 8 dogs. The technique enabled indirect visualization of the optic nerves from the optic chiasm to the eyeball and of structures within the subarachnoid basal cisterns of the brain, including the optic chiasm, hypophysis, and blood vessels of the cerebral arterial circle. Displacement and obstruction of the optic nerve subarachnoid space were demonstrated after surgically creating optic nerve lesions to simulate orbital tumors and trauma. The technique was found to be safe, effective, and advantageous over other techniques currently available for the visualization of these structures. PMID- 7103223 TI - Radiologic observations of gastric mixing and emptying of food in growing pigs. AB - The stomachs of 10 Large White x Landrace pigs were examined radiographically from weaning (at 26 to 28 days of age) until 6 or 16 weeks of age. Conventional radiographs were taken and observations were made with a television chain and 35 mm cinecamera linked to an image intensifier. Before radiography, each animal was fed its normal diet that contained a barium sulfate suspension and/or radio opaque pellets. The basic pattern of motility in the major chamber of the pig's stomach was similar to that described in animals with a simple stomach. Type II peristaltic waves were clearly identified as indentations of the body of the stomach that moved towards the pyloric antrum, which became circular as it filled with digesta. A terminal antral contraction then occurred, the antrum decreased in diameter, and the ingesta and barium sulfate either entered the duodenum or were returned to the body of the stomach. Liquids and finely ground food left the stomach more rapidly than did the radio-opaque pellets that were retained for up to 44 hours. The radio-opaque pellets demonstrated the movement of ingesta within the gastric lumen and showed that ingesta was retropulsed into the body of the stomach by the terminal antral contraction. In 4 pigs, barium and ingesta were present in the 2nd chamber of the stomach, the gastric diverticulum. In 1 pig, a movement of the diverticulum was observed on a single occasion. PMID- 7103224 TI - Metabolism and pneumotoxicity of 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 3 methylindole in goats. PMID- 7103226 TI - Effects of synthesized hard water and of cadmium in the drinking water upon lipid metabolism and cholelithiasis in rabbits. AB - Rabbits were fed a purified ration known to result in cholelithiasis and alterations in lipid metabolism. During a 12-week experimental period, either synthesized hard water (500 mg of Ca/L and 100 mg of Mg/L) or deionized distilled water were available as drinking water, and half of each of these groups of rabbits were also given 5 mg of Cd/L of water. Hair samples taken at the beginning and end of the experiment revealed an increase in the Ca concentration in rabbits given hard water, but no increase in Cd in rabbits given this element in the water. Cadmium in the drinking water resulted in accumulations of this element in liver and kidneys, and water hardness did not influence the amount of accumulation. Liver cholesterol concentrations and the severity of cholelithiasis were less in rabbits given Cd. The hard water administration resulted in lower liver cholesterol concentrations and less cholelithiasis. These results indicate that hard water does not reduce cardiovascular disease frequency by lessening Cd accumulation, but may affect cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 7103228 TI - Summertime plasma catecholamine concentrations in healthy and anhidrotic horses in Louisiana. PMID- 7103227 TI - Ischemia: a cause of hepatic telangiectasis in cattle. AB - We histologically examined (i) 73 bovine livers condemned by packing house inspectors for telangiectasis, (ii) 15 bovine livers passed by the same inspectors as normal, and (iii) 8 livers from cattle given an injection into their mesenteric veins: 6 with a suspension of agar particles containing viable Haemophilus somnus and 2 with diluent only. The injected cattle were killed and necropsied 2 to 12 days after the inoculations. Of the 73 telangiectatic livers, 57 (78%) had thrombosed and occluded or contracted and empty portal veins (venopathies), whereas 1 of the 15 normal livers contained one microscopic focus of telangiectasis and nearby venopathy. Of the 6 livers injected with suspended particles, all had venopathies and telangiectasis and the 2 control livers had neither. PMID- 7103229 TI - Isolation of ovine lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes by counterflow centrifugation elutriation. AB - A simple, brief 1-step counterflow centrifugation elutriation technique is described for the recovery of highly purified populations of lymphocytes and granulocytes from adult and fetal ovine peripheral blood. Monocytes are obtained as an enriched population. Lymphocyte and granulocyte recoveries average 80%, higher than with routine gradient centrifugation procedures. In this described technique, inexpensive medium is used, and it is completed in about 90 minutes. The individual blood cellular populations, when tested appropriately, demonstrated normal functional responses. PMID- 7103232 TI - Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin generation in adult cats. AB - Screening coagulation tests, coagulation factors, and components of fibrinolysis and kinin generation were examined in 21 healthy adult cats. Observed ranges for screening tests were: prothrombin time, 7.3 to 11.4 s; activated partial thromboplastin time, 10.6 to 14.9 s; and thrombin time, 10.7 to 18.9 s. Functional coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII were assayed and expressed as percentage of normal. Although individual factors varied, the observed range for factors assayed was 37% to 208% of normal. Fibrinogen ranged from 50 to 165 mg/dl. Plasminogen and antithrombin III ranged from 50% to 200% and 89% to 111% of normal, respectively. Plasma kallikrein ranged from 0.3 to 3.9 mukat/L. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrin monomers were examined with variable and inconsistent results. PMID- 7103233 TI - Adrenal and hepatic calcium stearate crystal deposits in dogs fed a thiamine deficient diet. AB - The nature and histologic environment of birefringent crystals found incidentally at necropsy in the liver and adrenal glands of dogs fed a thiamine-deficient diet were studied. The crystals were identified as calcium stearate by ultrastructural and x-ray microdiffraction techniques. Crystals were observed intracellularly within cytoplasmic vacuoles and extracellularly within sinusoids. Generally, crystals were also observed in pair-fed controls that were given a purified diet (equal in weight to that consumed by the thiamine-deficient animals) plus supplemental thiamine. Crystal deposits were found in trace amounts in a few of the ad libitum-fed controls. Although thiamine deficiency may be involved in promoting crystal deposition in the adrenal cortex, calcium stearate crystal formation within the adrenal glands and the liver appears unrelated to dietary thiamine deficiency per se, but is probably related to deficiency of an unidentified nutrient in the purified thiamine-deficient diet. PMID- 7103234 TI - Erythrocyte characteristics in vitamin E-responsive anemia of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). AB - To characterize the vitamin E-responsive anemia occurring in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), osmotic fragility, and H2O2-induced and time-dependent hemolysis, as well as RBC lipid peroxidation, were compared in anemic and nonanemic owl monkeys. Whereas vitamin E serves as a lipid-soluble antioxidant, the glutathione peroxidase system functions in the water-soluble phase of the cell. Thus, activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as reduced glutathione concentrations in owl monkeys' RBC, were compared with those of rhesus macaques and cebus and squirrel monkeys fed the same diet and maintained under the same management scheme. Osmotic fragility did not differ between anemic and nonanemic owl monkeys. The H2O2-induced and time-dependent hemolysis was approximately 10-fold greater among anemia owl monkeys than among their nonanemic counterparts, and lipid peroxidation values tended to be higher in the anemic monkeys. Owl monkeys, as a species and independent of anemia, exhibited higher RBC peroxidation than did 2 other New World species, cebus and squirrel monkeys. The glutathione peroxidase system was not depressed in owl monkey RBC. The only observed difference in this system was in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which was 3- to 6 fold higher in the owl monkey than in the other species, indicating an increased activity of the peroxidase system. Thus, a defect in the glutathione peroxidase system could not be identified. PMID- 7103230 TI - Effect of chloramphenicol on serum salicylate concentrations in cats and dogs. PMID- 7103237 TI - Mental hospitals and alternative care. Noninstitutionalization as potential public policy for mental patients. PMID- 7103236 TI - Systolic time interval recordings as a measure of cardiac function in the healthy rabbit: reference values. AB - Results of systolic time interval recordings obtained serially on 104 female New Zealand White rabbits were analyzed for reproducibility, variation with respect to changes in heart rate (HR), and interrelationship of the various systolic time intervals. A table of values for systolic time intervals in the healthy rabbit was constructed. The preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and PEP/LVET ratio were 0.040 +/- 0.008 s, 0.119 +/- 0.014 s, and 0.337 +/- 0.066 respectively. The major systolic time intervals, PEP and LVET, varied with respect to HR according to the regression equations: PEP = 0.057--0.000078 HR and LVET = 0.175--0.000251 HR. The QS2 interval, S1S2 interval and isovolumic contraction time also varied with changes in HR. PMID- 7103231 TI - Activated partial thromboplastin time and activated coagulation time in monitoring heparinized cats. AB - Cats were given heparin (IV or subcutaneously) at various dosages to determine the optimal dosage, route, and schedule for therapeutic anticoagulation. The activated coagulation time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests were used to evaluate heparin concentration. A dosage of 100 U/kg given IV produced an anticoagulation that was too brief and more potent than was desirable. Subcutaneous dosages of 250 and 375 U/kg produced therapeutically acceptable anticoagulation for 8 hours, whereas dosages of 500 and 1,000 U/kg causes an anticoagulation that was longer and more potent than was desirable. The activated coagulation time correlated well with the activated partial thromboplastin time in determining the degree of heparinization with certain limitations. PMID- 7103238 TI - Emotionally disturbed mentally retarded people: an underserved population. PMID- 7103239 TI - Hemispheric specialization and the growth of human understanding. PMID- 7103240 TI - Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity. PMID- 7103241 TI - Viruses and leukemia. PMID- 7103242 TI - The influence of airway obstruction and respiratory muscle strength on maximal voluntary ventilation in lung disease. AB - To assess the effects of airway conductance (Gaw) and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) on maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), we studied 8 normal subjects (N), 8 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), and 16 with chronic airflow limitation (CAL). In the patients with ILD, RMS explains 83% of the variance in MVV (p less than 0.005), but Gaw explains none. In the patients with CAL, Gaw and RMS explain, respectively, 65 and 34% of the variance in MVV (p less than 0.02). Considering Gaw and RMS together increases the explained variance to 77% (p less than 0.005). In groups CAL and N combined, Gaw and RMS explain 86% of the variance in MVV, with 71% explained by Gaw and 34% by RMS, which the other variable alone failed to explain (p less than 0.005). When the data are normalized for age, sex, height, and lung volume, the influence of %RMS on %MVV is halved, but remains significant (p less than 0.05). We conclude that RMS is a primary determinant of MVV in patients with ILD, and an important determinant in patients with CAL. PMID- 7103235 TI - Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the mink (Mustela vison). AB - The pineal gland of the mink (Mustela vison) was examined, using light and electron microscopy. Its cellular structure was compared with that of the pineal gland in other mammalian species, including that of a close taxonomic relative, the ferret. The pineal gland of the mink was composed to pinealocytes and neuroglial cells, as well as numerous neuron cell processes and nerve endings, which provide extensive neural input to the pineal gland. A high degree of vascularity, extent of neural innervation, pinealocyte organelles, and presence of extensive pinealocyte processes with secretory granules indicate an active secretory function. This secretory function is postulated to be associated with the onset of the yearly reproductive cycle in the mink. PMID- 7103243 TI - Chest wall and abdominal motion during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - The study was undertaken to evaluate the role of coordination between the chest wall and abdomen during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There were 40 patients with COPD and 6 control subjects with normal lung function who underwent a progressive exercise stress test on a treadmill ergometer. The normal subjects exhibited symmetrical motion between the chest wall and abdomen. Three separate patient groups were differentiated by differences in abdominal response to increasing exercise. Group I was similar to normal or showed an early abdominal peak. Group II had a prolonged outward motion of the abdomen, and Group III had an inward motion of the abdomen during inspiration. Resting pulmonary function (FEV1, VC, DL, RV/TLC) and exercise response (duration, O2 saturation, and maximal VO2) were progressively more abnormal from Group I through Group III. The addition of oxygen to Group III had no effect on the pattern observed. However, when 2 patients with a Group III response were reexercised flexed 45 degrees at the waist they no longer were completely paradoxical, they were less dyspneic, and they could walk farther. It is concluded that the chest-abdominal coordination is related to the underlying pulmonary abnormality, and the paradoxical pattern seen in some patients (Group III) is associated with very severe exercise limitation. PMID- 7103244 TI - The effect of oxygenation on sleep quality in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. PMID- 7103245 TI - Exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory adjustments at peak work capacity in cystic fibrosis. AB - Exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory adjustments at peak work capacity (PWC) were determined in 20 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) during progressive cycle ergometry. The results were related to resting lung function tests, expressed by a pulmonary function score (PFS) that ranged from 0 (no pulmonary dysfunction) to 18 (extreme dysfunction). Patients with CF with no (PFS less than 3), mild (PFS 3 7), or moderate (PFS 8-12) pulmonary dysfunction exercised as well as normal subjects. When the PFS exceeded 12, PWC was reduced on the average by 51%, peak heart rate (PHR) was reduced by 15%, and peak ventilation (PVE) was reduced by 39%. Severely affected patients developed arterial desaturation at PWC (-7.3%), CO2 retention (end-tidal PCO2 + 5 mmHg), and an increase in the PHR/PWC ratio. In most patients with CF the PVE/PWC ratio was elevated, suggestion wasted VE and a probable increase in dead space ventilation. The results indicate that whenever pulmonary disease in CF is advanced, there are decreases in exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory reserves, exercise-induced ventilation-perfusion abnormalities, arterial desaturation, and alveolar hypoventilation. In view of the abnormal physiological adaptations to exercise in patients with CF with advanced lung disease (PFS greater than 12), they should engage in exercise training programs and strenuous physical activity with caution and only after their cardiorespiratory reserves and adjustments to exercise have been objectively evaluated. PMID- 7103247 TI - The detection and quantification of sleep apnea by tracheal sound recordings. AB - Tracheal sound recordings and O2 saturation were compared with conventional recordings of respiratory events (thermistors, strain gauges, and O2 saturation) in 14 patients referred for assessment of sleep apnea syndrome. There was no significant difference in the number of respiratory events associated with desaturation recorded during the sleep by the two methods. Tracheal sound recordings were more useful in analyzing the cause of the respiratory event. Hypopnea without desaturation was seen more often with tracheal sound recordings than with the conventional methods. The durations of apneic and hypopneic events were significantly longer when recorded by thermistors and strain gauges than by breath sounds. PMID- 7103246 TI - Cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise in cystic fibrosis. AB - We compared the cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise of 21 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with those of 17 age-, height-, and weight-matched subjects without lung disease. To assess differences in adaptations to exercise in patients with varying severities of pulmonary disease, we grouped them on the basis of their lung function tests results. Exercise consisted of a progressive, incremental cycle ergometer work test. Work load increased every 2 min until the subject could not continue. During exercise, heart rate, and end-tidal and mixed expired O2 and CO2 tensions, minute ventilation (VE), arterial oxygen saturation, and blood pressure were monitored. The patients breathed significantly larger volumes than normal subjects at work loads greater than 0.8 W/kg. Patients with mild, moderate, or seven disease ventilated more per unit of oxygen consumption than did patients with normal pulmonary functions or control subjects. Despite this high total VE, alveolar hypoventilation was observed in the severe groups, as evidenced by elevated end-tidal PCO2, and contributed to aterial desaturation. Resting heart rate was higher in the severe group. The rate of changes in heart rate with increasing work load was the same in all groups. We conclude that the increased VE during exercise was an attempt to maintain alveolar ventilation in the face of increased dead space. The elevated VE was adequate to preserve normal gas exchange in all patients except those with severe lung disease, where CO2 retention and arterial desaturation were observed. PMID- 7103248 TI - Emphysema mortality is increased in Colorado residents at high altitude. AB - Emphysema mortality is higher in Colorado than in the nation as a whole despite the younger age of Colorado's population Colorado death records from 1959 to 1976 were examined to determine if emphysema mortality increases with altitude within the state and if altitude adversely affects survival from chronic lung disease. Because the proportion of persons older than 65 yr of age in Colorado decreases with altitude (r = -0.6, p less than 0.01), emphysema mortality was age standardized. The age-standardized rate increases with altitude among males (r = 0.9, p less than 0.01; y = 0.003(x) + 42.1). Emphysema deaths at higher altitudes in Colorado (greater than or equal to 7,000 ft) occur at a younger age (68.1 +/- 0.6 yr (mean +/- SEM) versus 70.1 +/- 0.6 yr at lower altitudes), after a shorter duration of illness, and more commonly from cor pulmonale than at lower altitudes (less than or equal to 4,500 ft) where pneumonia is more common as the immediate cause of death. The mechanism by which high altitude residence interacts unfavorably with survival is not known but may stem from augmented pulmonary hypertension caused by the hypoxia of lung disease added to the hypoxia of high altitude. PMID- 7103249 TI - Diffusing capacity in idiopathic scoliosis and its interpretation regarding alveolar development. AB - We measured lung volumes, diffusing capacity by the single breath method (DL), membrane permeability (DM), and capillary blood volume (Vc) in 22 subjects with idiopathic scoliosis (mean angle of curvature, 66 degrees). Compared with an age matched group, vital capacity, total lung capacity, and functional residual capacity were respectively, 21% (p less than 0.0001), 18% (p less than 0.01), and 15% (p less than 0.05) lower. The DL was 17% lower (p less than 0.01), but specific DL (DL divided by alveolar volume = DLVA) was the same. For both groups, DLVA was inversely correlated with VA. The same qualitative relationship existed between DM, Vc, their specific values, and VA except for a larger spread of Vc in the scoliotic group. The data show that DL and its components, DM and Vc, are normal in idiopathic scoliosis when reduced lung volumes are allowed for. These findings are consistent with partial failure of alveolar enlargement as a result of the thoracic deformity rather than any atrophy of the alveoli or pulmonary vasculature. Thus scoliosis results in a delay of lung development, such that in a group of symptomatic patients with moderate degrees of deformity (mean angle of curvature, 66 degrees), lung volumes and DL are about 80% of that of an age matched control group; the alveolar characteristics of a 12-yr-old with scoliosis are therefore similar to those of a 9-yr-old normal child. PMID- 7103253 TI - Current status of general hospital use for patients with tuberculosis in the United States: eight-year update. AB - Questionnaires were sent to the tuberculosis control officers in 50 states to determine the current use of general hospitals and sanatoriums for patients with tuberculosis. Replies were received from 46 states; 4 states supplied information by telephone. Fifteen states reported using both general hospitals and specialized hospitals for treatment of tuberculosis in 1980. The most common reason for the continued use of a state-operated facility for patients with tuberculosis was the lack of funds to pay for care in general hospitals. Average length of stay in general hospitals was 21 days or less; in specialized facilities, it was 60 to 90 days. The specialized hospitals usually combined care for patients with mental illness, mental retardation, other chest or chronic diseases, and tuberculosis. With one exception, there were no plans to close any of the remaining specialized facilities. No significant problems with respect to care of patients with known tuberculosis in general hospitals were documented. PMID- 7103252 TI - Monitoring smoking patterns of low and high tar cigarettes with inductive plethysmography. AB - We developed a nonobtrusive technique to measure the volume puffed during smoking. An inductive plethysmographic coli placed around the cheeks was calibrated by coaching the subject to take graded puffs from an unlit cigarette connected in series to a 2-L Krogh spirometer. The device had a linear volume response that was unaltered by smoking filtered or unfiltered cigarettes or by the length of the cigarette. It remained calibrated after smoking 4 cigarettes over 150 min. Ten subjects smoked a high tar content (HTC) and a low tar content (LTC) cigarette, each with and without a cigarette holder. The mean puff volume from LTC of 52 +/- 15 ml was significantly higher than HTC of 39 +/- 10 ml (p less than 0.001). The number of puffs per cigarette (8.4 +/- 2.1 for LTC, 8.3 +/- 2.0 for HTC), the volume of inhaled (841 +/- 517 ml for LTC and 748 +/- 323 ml for HTC), and the duration of inhalation and associated breathhold (5.5 +/- 2.6 s for LTC and 5.6 +/- 2.4 s for HTC) as measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography were comparable. The perception of intensity of inhalation by the subjects bore little relationship to the objective measurement. A cigarette holder increased the number of puffs per cigarette to 12.6 +/- 4.8 for LTC (p less than 0.02) and to 11.9 +/- 3.6 for HTC (p less than 0.01 and increased the puff volume for HTC to 50 +/- 12 ml (p less than 0.01) and the duration of inhalation to 6.6 +/- 2.5 s for LTC (p less than 0.005). These results show that (1) smokers switched acutely from HTC to LTC draw larger puffs from LTC thereby possibly circumventing the perceived benefits of smoking LTC, (2) cigarette holders modify smoking pattern and hence if used with an incorporated flowmeter to monitor the natural pattern of smoking might give spurious information. PMID- 7103250 TI - A comparison of histamine, methacholine, and exercise airway reactivity in normal and asthmatic subjects. PMID- 7103251 TI - Circulating immune complexes in cystic fibrosis. AB - The presence or absence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was studied longitudinally over a period of 15 months in 17 patients with cystic fibrosis. (CF). Using the Raji cell assay, CIC were found in 47% of patients. Presence of immune complexes did not correlate with age at midpoint of the study severity of disease, acute pulmonary exacerbations, progression of lung disease, or nonspecific, humoral and cellular immune functions. In addition, the presence of CIC did not correlate with colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, or streptococcus species (viridans or pneumoniae). Because CIC were present in patients without concurrent sputum colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antigens other than components of this organism may be capable of forming CIC in CF. The clinical and pathologic significant of CIC in CF remains to be determined. PMID- 7103254 TI - The effect of acute small airway inflammation on pulmonary function in dog. AB - To test the hypothesis that acute inflammation in peripheral airways can cause changes in airway function, we measured lung mechanics and assessed postmortem histology in 20 dogs. After baseline measurements of subdivisions of lung volume, pressure volume curves, pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), closing capacity (CC), and the slope of phase 3 of the single breath N2 washout curve (delta N2/L), 10 dogs breathed nebulized 0.25% HCl (Group 2) and 10 breathed nebulized normal saline (Group 1). Measurements were repeated at 90-min intervals for 4 h. Animals were killed and 1 lung fixed in inflation and sampled for quantitative histology. The severity of the inflammatory reaction was assessed by evaluating the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per airway. Wet to-dry-weight ratios were measured in the other lung. In Group 2, RL, delta N2/L, residual volume, and CC increased, whereas Cdyn decreased after acid inhalation; Cdyn and delta N2/L remained significantly different at the end of the experiment. Bilateral vagotomy, carried out in 5 dogs from each group, did not alter the acid-induced effects in Group 2. There was no difference between groups in wet-to-dry weight ratios. Group 2 had a more severe inflammatory reaction in the peripheral airways than Group 1 (p less than 0.025). We conclude that minimal, acute peripheral airway inflammation is associated with detectable abnormalities in small airway function. PMID- 7103255 TI - The pulmonary response of C5 sufficient and deficient mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - Neutrophils have been shown to be important in the clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from murine lungs. The mechanisms responsible for the neutrophil influx into the lungs, however, remain poorly defined. This study was undertaken to define the contribution to this inflammatory process by the C5 molecule or its fragments. Congenic C5 sufficient (B10.D2/nSn) and CS deficient (B10.D2/oSn) mice were challenged by intrapulmonary administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Differences in survival of the 2 strains of mice were noted over a 6-day period. In addition, host response was assessed at 6-, 24-, and 48-h time points by histologic examination, analysis of cells from pulmonary lavage, analysis of cells in the peripheral blood and culture of the lungs and blood of challenged mice. Mortality was consistently higher in C5 deficient mice. Neutrophil accumulation within the lung was greater at the 6-h time point in the C5 sufficient mice, and greater at the 48-h time point in the C5 deficient mice as demonstrated by both lavage and histologic examination. Differences in neutrophil accumulation could not be explained by differing blood neutrophils concentrations in the mice before challenge, or a lack of mobilization of neutrophils into the peripheral circulation after challenge in the C5 deficient mice. An early lack of clearance of the bacteria from the lungs of the C5 deficient strain was documented. We conclude that the C5 molecule and its phlogistic fragments are important neutrophil chemotaxins in murine lungs exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and, quantitatively, may be the most important early stimulus for neutrophil accumulation in this model. PMID- 7103259 TI - Identification of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from routine chest radiographs. AB - The mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured in 34 patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1, 1,010 +/- 460 ml)) and was correlated with the following 3 indexes derived from the chest roentgenogram: (1) the hilar thoracic index, (2) the diameter of the descending branch of the right pulmonary artery, (3) the hilar width, and (4) the cardiothoracic ratio. The mean PAP was 29.0 mm Hg and 20 of 34 patients had an elevated mean PAP (greater than 20 mm Hg). Nineteen of the 20 patients (95%) with an elevated mean PAP had a hilar thoracic index of 36 or above, whereas none of the 14 patients with a normal mean PAP had a hilar thoracic index above 35. Nineteen of the 20 patients (95%) with an elevated mean PAP had diameters of the descending branch of their right pulmonary artery of 20 mm or more compared with only 3 of 14 patients (21%) with a normal mean PAP. The PAP best correlated with the hilar thoracic index (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01) and was significantly correlated with the other 3 indexes. However, the accuracy with which the PAP could be predicted was only +/- 21 mm Hg. We conclude that the chest radiograph is useful in screening patients with COPD for elevated PAP, but that it cannot be used to predict the PAP accurately. PMID- 7103260 TI - How should transbronchial biopsies be performed and processed? PMID- 7103257 TI - Thin alveolar epithelial partitions across connective tissue gaps in the alveolar wall of the human lung: ultrastructural observations. AB - We describe sharply localized attenuated areas in the alveolar walls of 17 of 25 human specimens. In these areas the connective tissue scaffolding of the alveolar septum was interrupted, and the thickness of the alveolar wall was reduced to that of a single or double layer of alveolar epithelium, devoid of basal laminae. Serial sections proved that most such gaps were bridged by a thin partition of intact epithelium continuous with Type I cells at the borders of the gap. These areas were observed infrequently during a systematic ultrastructural survey of specimens from grossly normal areas of lung tissue obtained at surgery or at autopsy. The mean diameter of 25 gaps bridged by a double layer of epithelium was 4.1 +/- 2.0 micrometers, whereas that of 49 gaps bridged by a single layer of epithelium was 5.0 +/- 1.9 micrometers. This contrasted with the mean diameter of 329 interalveolar pores, which was 6.5 +/- 2.4 micrometers (p less than 0.01). The number of profiles of epithelial partitions per centimeter of section profiles of interalveolar septums examined correlated directly with the number of pore profiles (p less than 0.003). This correlation, and the stepwise increase in size of gaps beginning with those bridged by 2 layers of epithelium and moving to those with only a single layer and finally to interalveolar pores, suggests that the epithelium-covered gaps are a transitional stage in the development of pores. This hypothesis is strengthened by the rare occurrence of epithelium-covered gaps in which the epithelial partition is itself interrupted. PMID- 7103258 TI - Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. AB - Eight normal human lungs obtained from patients dying from causes not related to the lung were subjected to morphometric analysis to determine the number of cells in the alveolar region and their mean volume and surface characteristics. The age range was 19 to 40 yr, average body weight was 74 kg, and the average fixed lung volume was 4,300 ml. The overall mean nuclear diameters of the nuclei of 5 major cell types in the lung parenchyma were found to have little variation, with means ranging from 7.54 to 8.77 micrometers. Alveolar type I epithelial cells were found to comprise 8% of the cells and to be one of the largest cells, having a mean volume of 1,764 micrometers 3 and covering an average of 5,098 micrometers 2 of alveolar surface. Seven percent of the alveolar surface was covered by alveolar type II cells, which make up 16% of the total alveolar cells and have a mean volume that is half that of the type I pneumocyte. Capillary endothelial cells make up 30% of the lung cells and were significantly smaller in both size and average surface area than the alveolar type I cells. Cells in the interstitial space comprised 37% of the total cells. The number of alveolar macrophages showed great variability, ranging from 19% of alveolar cells in 1 person to 3 to 5% in the nonsmoking females. The alveolar cell population characteristics found in resected lobes from 2 nonsmoking females were found to be similar to 2 nonsmoking females studied after autopsy. An interspecies comparison of characteristics of cells from the alveolar regions of normal lungs from humans, baboons, and rats showed that proportions of cells in the alveolar region and their average thickness, size, and surface areas were relatively constant. PMID- 7103261 TI - Bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary echinococcosis. AB - Bronchocentric granulomatosis is probably a nonspecific pathologic reaction to various types of intrabronchial agents. The presence of noninvasive fungi has been demonstrated in the airways of asthmatic patients with bronchocentric granulomatosis. However, an etiologic agent has not yet been identified in the respiratory tract of patients without asthma. In the present report, a patient without asthma but with bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary echinococcosis is described. PMID- 7103256 TI - The relationship of pulmonary function to copper concentrations in drinking water. AB - Copper has been shown to be an important cofactor for certain enzymatic reactions. Specifically, cross-linking of elastin is inhibited by copper deficiency. In animal models, this inhibition leads to weakened connective tissue and pathologic changes in the lungs consistent with emphysema. To explore the potential relationship of copper exposure to level of pulmonary function in humans, we examined copper concentrations in tap water in the homes of 297 adult male subjects involved in the Normative Aging Study. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were obtained by standard techniques. The relationship of tap water copper concentration to pulmonary function was explored using multiple regression analysis, controlling for other potential confounding variables (age, height, smoking status, and educational attainment). Separate regressions were performed for each of 3 smoking status groups: never, former, and current. Among never smokers, tap water copper was significantly and positively related to levels of both FVC (p = 0.014) and FEV1 (p = 0.027). No significant trend was found among former or current smokers. These data suggest that copper intake may be an important determinant of level of pulmonary function and deserves further investigation. PMID- 7103262 TI - Bronchocentric granulomatosis with eye involvement. AB - Bronchocentric granulomatosis is a recently defined entity within the "pulmonary angitis and granulomatosis" group of lung diseases. Unlike the other granulomatoses, extrapulmonary disease has not been encountered with bronchocentric granulomatosis. Therefore, we report a case demonstrating apparent association with scleritis, an uncommon eye disorder often accompanying underlying systemic disease. This introduces a potential source of diagnostic confusion with Wegener's granulomatosis, which can resemble bronchocentric granulomatosis clinically and radiographically, and which has a known association with scleritis. PMID- 7103263 TI - Disseminated blastomycosis in a pregnant woman: review of amphotericin B usage during pregnancy. AB - Disseminated blastomycosis was diagnosed in a 27-yr-old woman during her twenty eighth week of pregnancy. Her skin lesions resolved promptly on treatment with amphotericin B. At full-term delivery when the mother had already received 1,536 mg of amphotericin B, the infant was normal and the placenta showed no evidence of blastomycotic infection. After administration of 16 mg of amphotericin B over 140 min, at delivery the concentrations of amphotericin B in serum of blood samples from the mother and the cord were 0.32 and 0.12 micrograms/ml, respectively. The published experience with systemic mycoses and amphotericin B treatment in pregnant women is reviewed. There is no evidence of teratogenesis or persistent toxic side effects in infants delivered from mothers treated with this drug during pregnancy. PMID- 7103264 TI - The evaluation of lung immunity in chimpanzees. AB - The development of immunity in the chimpanzee was evaluated at 5 through 14 days after the deposition of a particulate antigen into a single lung lobe. An increased number of IgA, IgM, and IgG antibody-forming cells were found in the immunized lung lobes and in the blood. Few antibody-forming cells were found in the control lung lobes. The results from the chimpanzees were qualitatively the same as those from previous studies in which single lung lobes of dogs were immunized. However, a higher number of IgA antibody-forming cells was observed in the lavage fluid from chimpanzees than in that from dogs. PMID- 7103266 TI - Standard waveforms for spirometer testing. AB - Because both the recommended American Thoracic Society standards and the proposed Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standards are based on performance requirements, the most reasonable test signals are those that represent actual patients. To test and qualify spirometers for compliance with a standard, a set of 24 standard waveforms have been selected from a larger set of FVC maneuvers performed by patients who have a diversity of abnormalities and demonstrate a range of test results. Common spirometric parameters are known for each waveform; therefore, the adherence to performance requirements can be readily verified. These standard waveforms are stored on various digital mediums and can be used to drive a controlled mechanical syringe for testing actual hardware and software, or they can be put into a system in digital format to test only the software. PMID- 7103267 TI - Diagnosis of pleural effusion: evaluation of the need thoracoscopy. PMID- 7103268 TI - Comparison of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and respiratory therapy. PMID- 7103265 TI - Low sensitivity of plasma DNA in screening for pulmonary embolism. AB - Detection of plasma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) has been proposed as a rapid, inexpensive screening test for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). To test the sensitivity of plasma DNA detection for the diagnosis of PE, we obtained blood samples from 89 patients when they underwent lung scanning for suspected PE. Plasma was analyzed qualitatively for DNA by CIE, using antiserum that could detect as little as 0.2 micrograms DNA/ml. Among 16 patients with PE diagnosed by high probability lung scan, pulmonary angiography, or at autopsy, plasma DNA was detected in 3 patients--a sensitivity of 19%. Of 6 patients with indeterminate lung scans and a possible diagnosis of PE, 1 had detectable plasma DNA. None of the 67 patients without a diagnosis of PE had detectable plasma DNA, so the specificity was 100%. Thus, although detection of plasma DNA by CIE has many desirable features of a screening test, further studies are needed before this test can be recommended in routine screening for PE. PMID- 7103269 TI - Protected specimen brush versus transtracheal aspiration. A comparative study in bacterial pneumonia. PMID- 7103271 TI - [Neonatal listeriosis: third Spanish series on 45 observations (author's transl)]. AB - During the period January'69-June'81, 45 cases of listeriosis in neonatal period were observed. 37 of them had an early onset (82%) while other eight had late infection disease (18%). Incidence was 1/6,346 newborns with most frequent presentation in spring. No epidemic forms or asymptomatic carriers were discovered. Perinatal, clinical, analytical, radiological, bacteriologic and pathological data are shown, emphasizing differences between the two clinical forms. Overall mortality of 43%, although brought to zero in the last six years, together with the same percentage of neurological sequela in the late form, urges for better knowledge of epidemiology and preventive measures, as well as a closer obstetric-neonatal relationship. PMID- 7103270 TI - What should one look for in a pulmonary training program? PMID- 7103272 TI - [Dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelica (author's transl)]. AB - The first report of dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelica in the spanish literature is presented. The case has peculiar clinical features as the early presentation (two months) and to involve lower and upper extremities. On X-ray examination exostosis and calcium deposits were shown on the most affected epiphysis. Microscopically an osteochondroma, anomalous vascular channels, non hitherto described, were detected, as well as multivacuolated cells into them although ultrastructural and histochemical studies were carried on the precise nature of these cells could not be established. The possible pathogenetic significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7103274 TI - Acute effects of alcohol in patients with congestive heart failure. AB - We evaluated the acute effects of moderate alcohol consumption in eight patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class III-IV congestive heart failure. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were measured at baseline and then repeated at 30-minute intervals after ingestion of alcohol, 0.9 g/kg body weight, in the form of 80 proof vodka. Mean peak blood alcohol levels (+/- SE) at 60 minutes were 117 +/- 8 mg/dL. A significant reduction in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures, and systemic vascular resistance occurred over the first 90 minutes. Neither cardiac index, stroke volume index, stroke work index, nor echocardiographic variables were significantly changed. In patients with heart failure, a single moderate dose of alcohol reduces afterload by dilating arterial resistance vessels. No evidence of acute deterioration in cardiac performance was seen. In such patients occasional consumption of moderate dose alcohol can be safely tolerated. PMID- 7103273 TI - [Mucoepidermoid tumour in an eight-year-old boy (author's transl)]. AB - Report of a bronchial mucoepidermoid tumour, in a eight years old boy. This is the first report of this kind of tumour in the pediatric age in the Spanish literature. The clinical and radiological features are considered as well as the usefulness of endoscopy in the diagnosis of bronchial tumours in children. The pathologic findings, differential diagnosis and the surgical treatment performed are discussed. These tumours are of low grade malignancy with an excellent prognosis as is confirmed by the follow-up of the present case without recurrences or metastasis after nine years. PMID- 7103275 TI - Digoxin, propranolol, and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - In 22 patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia incorporating a retrogradely conducting accessory pathway, electrophysiologic studies were done before and after oral digoxin, 1.25 mg, and propranolol, 160 to 240 mg, each given in 4 divided doses at 6-hour intervals. Before digoxin and propranolol, all 22 patients had induction of sustained tachycardia. After the medication six patients lost the ability to induce atrial echo and one lost the ability to sustain tachycardia due to an increased retrograde accessory pathway or atrial refractoriness or both. Six patients lost the ability to induce or sustain tachycardia due to increased atrioventricular nodal refractoriness. In the remaining nine patients with inducible sustained tachycardia, cycle lengths of tachycardia were prolonged. These findings suggest that combined use of oral digoxin and propranolol is useful in selected patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. PMID- 7103276 TI - Preventing severe heat injury in runners: suggestions from the 1979 Peachtree Road Race experience. AB - Of an estimated 17632 participants of the 1979 Peachtree Road Race, a 10-km race held at 0800 on 4 July in Atlanta, Georgia, 29 had severe heat injury (collapse with altered mental status and rectal temperature of 39.7 degrees C or greater); all 29 recovered promptly. The temperature was 24.0 degrees C; the relative humidity, 83%; and the wet bulb-globe index, 23.0 degrees C. Compared with unaffected participants matched by age, sex, and predicted finishing time, case runners were taller, had slower best recent 1.6-km and 10-km times, had run less in June, were more likely to achieve 89% of estimated maximum aerobic capacity during the race, less often splashed with water, were more likely to have underestimated their predicted finishing times based on their best recent 10-km times, and were more likely to live in Georgia. Height, sprinkler use, and underestimating predicted finishing times were each significant in the presence of the others. These observations suggest that participants of similar races, particularly those taller than 179.2 cm, should splash with water at least twice and base their predicted finishing times on their best recent 10-km times; adherence to these recommendations by runners at risk should reduce their severe heat injury risk at least 8.1 times. PMID- 7103277 TI - Menopause-dependent plasma lipoprotein alterations in diuretic-treated women. AB - The effects of chlorthalidone, 100 mg/d given for 6 weeks, on serum lipids and lipoproteins were assessed in 22 premenopausal and 18 postmenopausal women. In the latter, chlorthalidone significantly increased total serum cholesterol (13%, p less than 0.001), low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (21%, p less than 0.001) and apoprotein B (16%, p less than 0.05). In contrast, these values were not altered in the premenopausal group. Levels of LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and very-low-density triglycerides, apoproteins A1 and A2, and plasma volume, plasma glucose, insulin, epinephrine, estradiol, and free fatty acids were unchanged in both groups. Chlorthalidone-induced changes in levels of LDL cholesterol did not correlate significantly with variations in blood pressure, plasma potassium, uric acid, renin, aldosterone, or norepinephrine levels. These findings indicate that the thiazide-like diuretic chlorthalidone increases serum LDL cholesterol in postmenopausal but not in premenopausal women. PMID- 7103278 TI - Practical closed-loop insulin delivery. A system for the maintenance of overnight euglycemia and the calculation of basal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetics. AB - We evaluated a practical closed-loop system of insulin delivery consisting of hourly blood glucose determinations using glucose oxidase reagent strips and an intravenous infusion of insulin controlled by a commonly available controller. In 25 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, this system was successful in achieving and maintaining near euglycemia (blood glucose, 101 +/- 2 mg/dL, mean +/- SE) in the fasting state between 0200 and 0800 hours. This system may be useful in the management of insulin-dependent diabetic patients in various hospital settings. Also, in 10 subjects treated subsequently using a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, the mean hourly insulin infusion rate using the described system correlated well (r = 0.92) with the optimal overnight basal rate needed during continous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. PMID- 7103279 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage in a patient with chronic berylliosis: evidence for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - Because immunologic mechanisms are thought to have a role in chronic berylliosis, we studied the immunologic properties of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lymphocytes in a patient with this disease. Although the percent of peripheral blood T cells was slightly reduced compared with that in controls (59% versus 70%), there was a large increase in the number and proportion (94% versus 62%) of bronchoalveolar T cells. The percent of activated bronchoalveolar T cells was nearly five times the control value (64.5% versus 14%). Both peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lymphocytes proliferated in response to BeSO4 and BeF2 exposure but the response of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes was greater than comparable numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings are consistent with the concept that chronic berylliosis is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and that bronchoalveolar lavage may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of this disease. PMID- 7103281 TI - Unilateral neurogenic pruritus: paroxysmal itching associated with central nervous system lesions. PMID- 7103280 TI - An abnormal pre-beta lipoprotein in patients with systemic mastocytosis. PMID- 7103283 TI - Evaluation of plain abdominal radiographs in the diagnosis of abdominal pain. AB - In an effort to develop referral criteria for the ordering of abdominal radiographs for patients presenting with abdominal symptoms, we prospectively studied the relation between clinical data and radiographic abnormalities. Of 1780 examinations, 179 (10.0%) showed some radiographic abnormality. If abdominal radiographs would have been limited to those patients who had moderate or severe abdominal tenderness, or to patients with a high clinical suspicion of bowel obstruction, renal or ureteral calculi, trauma, ischemia, or gallbladder disease, regardless of the degree of tenderness, 956 (53.7%) examinations would not have been done. All radiographic abnormalities reflecting a serious pathologic process would have been identified. Only 33 (3.5) abnormalities of limited significance, almost all localized or generalized ileus, would have been undetected. The adoption of these referral criteria would result in minimal loss of clinicall useful information, large financial savings, and a reduction in radiation exposure. PMID- 7103285 TI - Early gastric cancer. PMID- 7103282 TI - Impairment of hepatic drug oxidation by propoxyphene. PMID- 7103284 TI - How decisions are reached: physician and patient. AB - How can physicians consider patient preferences in reaching medical decisions? Physicians may intuitively agree about the importance of considering all significant aspects of alternative therapies, including patient preferences. However, it may be difficult to resolve or quantitate critical trade-offs between benefit and risk, and quality and quantity of life. One way to do this is decision analysis, a systematic approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty. Behavioral research involving the assessment of values and probabilities may bear on the adequacy of decision analysis and help us to better understand patient preferences in clinical decisions. PMID- 7103286 TI - Why classify inflammatory bowel disease? PMID- 7103287 TI - Alcohol and the borderline personality. PMID- 7103290 TI - Pancreatic carcinoma in brothers. PMID- 7103289 TI - Gerontologic pharmacology. PMID- 7103288 TI - The physician and patient disability. PMID- 7103291 TI - Warfarin, pulmonary embolism, and cancer. PMID- 7103292 TI - Ice water and the heart. PMID- 7103293 TI - Cimetidine and cardiac dysrhythmias. PMID- 7103295 TI - Blood-group-A-like substances in pneumococcal vaccine. PMID- 7103297 TI - Diabinese and dialume. PMID- 7103296 TI - Rash and infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 7103298 TI - Amoxapine and neurologic deficits. PMID- 7103299 TI - Danazol. PMID- 7103294 TI - Campylobacter enteritis in Iceland. PMID- 7103301 TI - [Senile cardiac amyloidosis: study of possible relationship between amyloid and atheromatous processes in 923 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Amyloid diseases include a widely dispersed group of conditions. A part from secondary, primary, and familial amyloid diseases, and those due to endocrine tumours of the APUD system, there is a tendency to isolate a group of senile amyloid diseases affecting mainly the heart. A study in a series of 923 elderly subjects demonstrated a negative correlation between amyloid disease and atheromatosis. As certain secondary amyloid diseases, particularly those secondary to myeloma, are, inversely, sometimes associated with rapidly developing atherosclerosis, this suggests the need for further studies to define the relationship between the two processes. PMID- 7103302 TI - [Pheochromocytoma with compression of renal vasculary pedicle and hypoplastic kidney: interest of sulpiride and propranolol tests (author's transl)]. AB - This report concerns two pheochromocytomas of renal vasculary pedicle. Diagnosis is made on clinical features and urinary vanylmandelic acid excretion rate. Localisation is made by arteriography. In one case, there is a renal artery compression, and in the other the tumor is vascularised by lombar artery with hypoplasic ipsilateral kidney. These two cases stress the problem of the respective responsibility of both pheochromocytoma and renovascular disease in hypertension genesis. Beside the clinical and biological context pre-operatively, the sulpiride and propranolol tests may have a discrimination value. Excision of the tumor afforded complete relief of symptoms, the two patients remained normotensive three years later. PMID- 7103300 TI - [Amyloidosis: recent advances (author's transl)]. AB - Recently acquired data have increased our knowledge of the structure of amyloid substance, and clarified its biochemical nature which leads to its progressive breakdown. Amyloid proteins differ greatly in their chemical composition, but amyloid substance itself is unique in that it possesses a characteristic spatial configuration in the form of folded layers. Current pathogenic hypotheses suggest a probable major role for the phagocytic cells, or even the total immunity system. PMID- 7103304 TI - [Psittacosis as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - Diagnosis of acute, primary extensive pneumopathies provoking severe hypoxemia is particularly difficult, became of the non-specific radiological findings, resulting from the oedema and associated alveolar collapse, and the fact that the clinical picture and biological test results are not very characteristic of a particular etiology. Similar findings may be obtained, therefore, in bacterial pneumopathies so-called typical pulmonary affections, certain forms of acute, tuberculosis, and other types of infection of three patients admitted for acute respiratory insufficiency, two died after treatment with a betalactamine, alone or associated with an aminoside, subsequent serology providing evidence of psittacosis. Diagnosis was immediately established in the third patient, the wife of one of the other cases, and she recovered after erythromycin treatment. The lungs of the two patients that died showed suggestive bronchiolitis and peribronchiolar alveolitis, together with obliterative alveolar granulations and fibrosis, probably secondary to the psittacosis, and responsible for the fatal outcome. Psittacosis as a cause of an extensive pneumopathy of probable infectious origin may easily pass unrecognized, typical etiologies being infections due to pneumococcus, Legionella pneumophila. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viruses. Erythromycin, active against these microorganisms, would therefore appear to be the antibiotic therapy that should be prescribed initially, those with wider spectrums being reserved for cases with atypical radiological findings, or when precise bacteriological data is available. PMID- 7103303 TI - [Treatment of severe or vasculitis associated forms of rheumatoid arthritis by plasma exchanges (author's transl)]. AB - Five patients with typical seropositive rheumatoid arthritis were treated by plasma exchange. All patients had severe affections resistant to conventional treatment, while in four cases the disease involved extra-articular localizations: rheumatoid nodules (3 cases), polyneuritis (1 case), skin necrosis (1 case). Each patient received between 5 and 10 plasma exchanges over a period of 3 to 4 weeks. No major complications were observed. Immediate results were very good in all cases, as shown by absence of clinical expression of the arthritis, marked regression in extra-articular symptoms, and reduction in erythrocyte sedimentation rate without parallel alterations in rheumatoid factor levels. Improvement lasted for only a few weeks in 3 patients, in one case preceded by an acutely painful episode. In the remaining 2 cases, with associated vasculitis, improvement has been sustained for a period that now exceeds one year. Results are compared with those reported in the published literature, and the mode of action and indications for plasma exchange in rheumatoid arthritis discussed. PMID- 7103305 TI - [Distal myopathies: critical study and report on one case (author's transl)]. AB - Reservations exist as to the validity of the concept of distal myopathies, and confirmed cases of this affection have rarely been reported. A scandinavian patient with the probable familial type of the disorder was studied by electrophysiological and histological examinations. Clinical criteria and differential diagnosis of this variety of muscular dystrophy are discussed, and a critical review of cases reported in the literature as distal myopathies is conducted. Very few of them are able to stand up to this criticism. PMID- 7103306 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference at the Pitie-Salpetriere. Fever, change in the general state and pulmonary nodules in a 77-year-old woman]. PMID- 7103307 TI - [Study of the species "Enterobacter gergoviae" by DNA/DNA hybridization (author's transl)]. AB - A DNA/DNA hybridization study was carried out with 13 strains of Enterobacter gergoviae and 123 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Mostly Enterobacter and Klebsiella species. E. gergoviae strains were very highly related (relative binding ratios: 88-96%) to the type strain CIP 76-01, as previously reported by Brenner and co-workers. No close genomic relationship was found with other species of Enterobacter and Klebsiella (mean relative binding ratio: 39%) and other Enterobacteriaceae. PMID- 7103308 TI - [Attempts of ultrastructural and biochemical characterisation of cell wall deficient "Brucella" (L forms) (author's transl)]. AB - In previous studies the in vivo conversion of Brucella suis to L-form state was put in evidence. The L forms isolated from mouse spleen had original structural aspects in common: the absence of the cell wall layer and the extracellular multilayer "membranous" structures. The biological characterization of these L forms and the preliminary identification of specific chemical markers of the bacterial envelope is reported in the present study, performed with the stable L forms well-growing in the liquid media. The electron microscopy confirmed the absence of cell wall and the presence of numerous dense multilayer membranous structures in the L forms cultivated for a long time on appropriate media. This aspect was changed in the L forms adapted to growth on the ordinary medium for brucella: numerous small dense bodies limited by unit membrane were observed. The chemical analysis of stable L forms showed the absence of diaminopimelic acid, confirming the lack of peptidoglycan. The result of chemical determination in L forms of the Na-2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was negative. However, biological assays suggested that outer membrane components such as LPS and receptors for the bacteriophage Weybridge remained in the L forms, albeit in reduced amount as compared to parental brucella. PMID- 7103309 TI - Urease activity in the genus Bifidobacterium. AB - The urease activity of 414 strains representing 21 species of the genus Bifidobacterium was surveyed. The strongest ureolytic strains belong mostly to the species B. suis and only a few to B. breve, B. magnum and "subtile" homology group. The study of some strongly ureolytic strains showed that urea and organic nitrogen concentration did not influence urease production. The high urease activity found also in the absence of urea suggested that this enzyme is not inducible. An ammonia concentration of 14 mM did not repress urease activity. PMID- 7103311 TI - Properties of Rhizobium leguminosarum isolated from various regions of Morocco. AB - Twenty-eight isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum capable of nodulating broad-bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) were collected throughout Morocco and characterized by using morphological, physiological, biochemical and serological tests. The properties of isolates from within a given climatic zone varied as much as the properties of isolates from different zones. The isolates were adapted to desiccation, but were not adapted to temperatures higher than 37 degrees C. A high degree of heterogeneity was detected among the somatic antigens of the isolates. Utilization of 39 carbon sources and subsequent acidification during growth on these substrates were tested using a commercial microbiological identification system for Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates used a wide variety of carbonaceous compounds for growth. The degree of relatedness among isolates was analysed by computer using 163 features. Computer analysis segregated the isolates into 2 main clusters and 5 singletons. Members of one cluster preferred a slightly acidic pH for growth while the members of the other cluster had a greater metabolic versatility. PMID- 7103312 TI - [Numerical taxonomy of a thermophilic "Bacillus" species isolated from West African rice soils (author's transl)]. AB - Fifty-seven strains of endospore-forming thermophilic bacteria, 37 of which were capable of denitrification, were isolated from rice soils of West Africa. They were compared with 17 strains of similar bacteria from culture collections, utilizing a total of 123 morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. A numerical analysis was performed using the complete linkage clustering method and the Khi2 test. Seventy-five percent (55 strains) could be included in 12 groups at a taxonomic distance of 0.015. Wild strains of denitrifiers issued in phenons 8 to 12 and strains of phenon 4 (not denitrifying) were related to the named strains of phenons 1 and 7 (Bacillus stearothermophilus). Twenty-two wild strains, and 5 strains from culture collections, were only thermotolerating without growth at 65 degrees C. The strains of phenon 3 were related to the 3 named strains of B. coagulans. Phenons 5 and 6 were composed of strains related to B. circulans. The strains of phenon 2 denitrified and showed a swollen central endospore; they were closely related to B. brevis. The denitrifying thermophilic strains isolated from rice soils (phenons 8 to 12) were related to the first group (B. kaustophilus) of Walker and Wolf but their base compositions of DNA were significantly different from those found for the reference strains. PMID- 7103313 TI - [2d International Colloqium on Tropical Microbiology. Abidjan, 22-25 March 1982. Abstracts]. PMID- 7103314 TI - How to follow "ocular hypertensives". PMID- 7103315 TI - Radial keratotomy: Is Professor Fyodorov correct? PMID- 7103316 TI - Prospective evaluation of radial keratotomy using the Fyodorov formula: preliminary report. AB - Eighteen eyes were preoperatively evaluated and operated on by the method of Fyodorov. Although Fyodorov stated that his formula improves the predictability of radial keratotomy, we know of no previously published studies that included it. They all omitted the Maklakov measurement of scleral rigidity, although Fyodorov stated that it may influence the surgical result profoundly. Maklakov measurement of scleral rigidity does not correlate with Schiotz measurement of scleral rigidity. The overall predictability of the formula at six to 14 months postoperatively was good except in the eyes of a diabetic patient. The formula enables the surgeon to show the patient preoperatively what his likely result will be. Sixteen of 17 eyes (94%) in the refraction range of -2.00 to -7.50 had a visual acuity of 20/50 or better. The patient satisfaction rate was excellent. There were no important complications. Subjective glare and glare independently measured with the Miller-Nadler glare tester was absent in all tested eyes except one eye when it was dilated. Radial keratotomy as described here is safe, effective, and reasonably predictable and may be offered to selected patients who have personal requirements that are not fulfilled by standard optical devices. PMID- 7103310 TI - [Electron microscope study of "Bacillus thuringiensis" var. "Israelensis" sporulation and crystal biogenesis (author's transl)]. AB - The sporulation and crystal development of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 was described for a wild spore- and crystal-forming strain and for a mutant crystal but non spore-forming strain. The special nature of the israelensis var. consisted in the composite structure of the crystal, made of a number of components differing in size, shape and electron density. The components were formed in a single inclusion or sometimes separately inside the same bacterial cell. PMID- 7103317 TI - Idiopathic nonvascularized epiretinal membranes in young patients: report of six cases. AB - Idiopathic epiretinal membranes were observed in six patients, all under 35 years of age. The clinical features were similar to those of idiopathic epiretinal membranes seen in older age groups. The center of the membrane was located over a large retinal vessel in five of the patients. Follow-up periods, mostly without surgery, ranged from four months to nine years. Fluctuating levels of vision were observed, but the vision eventually improved in three patients, and remained stable in two others. In one patient the vision worsened, and vitreous surgery was used to remove the epiretinal membrane, resulting in improved vision. PMID- 7103318 TI - Bee sting of the cornea: case report. AB - Three cases of corneal bee sting were treated. Each eye reacted differently from the others: case 1 with severe pain, conjunctival chemosis and hyperemia, central corneal edema, and reduced visual acuity; case 2 with severe pain, conjunctival hyperemia, and a white corneal infiltrate; and case 3 with only a minimal foreign body sensation. The reaction to the venom can be toxic or immunologic. The behavior of the toxins-melittin, apamin, and formic acid-and of the principal allergen (probably phospholipase A) are described. PMID- 7103319 TI - Allergic conjunctivitis associated with timolol therapy in an adult. PMID- 7103321 TI - Glaucoma with trabecular melanocytosis. AB - A case of unilateral glaucoma with ocular melanocytosis was treated by repeated (two) trabeculectomies and iridocyclectomies at the same time to rule out malignant neoplasms. Histologic study indicated the presence of melanocytes typical of ocular melanocytosis. A review of the literature disclosed seven other cases of this kind. PMID- 7103320 TI - Intraocular foreign body removal by endoscopy. AB - Pars plana endoscopy was used to guide removal of a large nonmagnetic intraocular foreign body from an eye with corneal scarring and irregularity of such a degree the view through the operating microscope was not adequate to permit such surgery. PMID- 7103322 TI - Meningioma of the falx cerebri, optic atrophy, and erosion of the clinoids: coincidence or cause and effect. AB - The triad of meningioma of the falx cerebri, bilateral optic atrophy, and erosion of the clinoids appeared in a 33-year-old woman. The optic atrophy was the initial sign of the triad. The syndrome may be the result of several causes, but an elevation of intracranial pressure may be the common origin of the optic atrophy and erosion of the clinoids. PMID- 7103323 TI - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. AB - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a tumor arising in the ductal epithelial cells of the salivary and lacrimal glands, containing both mucin-producing cells and epidermoid cells with various degrees of squamous differentiation. While mucoepidermoid carcinoma has been reported frequently in the salivary glands, 1,2 it has been infrequently reported in the lacrimal gland, 3-5 with a total of just nine cases found, to our knowledge; we are reporting two additional cases. PMID- 7103324 TI - Bilateral retinal branch vein occlusion. AB - The incidence and predisposing factors for bilateral branch vein occlusions were evaluated in a retrospective study. Complete medical and ocular histories of 49 patients with angiographically proven branch vein occlusion were studied. Nine of these patients had bilateral vein occlusions that were unsuspected clinically. Hypertension was the only significant predisposing risk factor for this occurrence. The relationship between control of the hypertension and retinal vascular disease could not be evaluated in this study. PMID- 7103325 TI - Bilateral optic nerve atrophy and blindness following swine influenza vaccination. PMID- 7103326 TI - [Microcomputer applications in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. AB - Two main types of utilisation of microcomputers in otorhinolaryngology are envisaged: instrumentation and medical audit. The modes of employ of the material in these fields are briefly exposed, followed by the presentation of several examples of its employ and functioning. Practical notions are discussed, particular emphasis then being placed on theoretical considerations involved in the use of such equipment. Of primary importance are strictly medical reflections, problem solving being facilitated (by suppressing or diminishing routine tasks) but never simplified. PMID- 7103327 TI - [The oesophageal arteries of cervical origin. An anatomical study of 23 dissected preparations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103328 TI - [Esophageal perforation during tracheal intubation. Report on 6 cases. (author's transl)]. AB - Perforation of the esophagus and hypopharynx followed tracheal intubation for general anesthesia or during intensive care in 6 patients. Circumstances favorable to the production of these lesions, and diagnostic features enabling early diagnosis are discussed. Simple surgical procedures and intensive postoperative care resulted in recovery in 5 of the 6 cases. PMID- 7103330 TI - [From empiricism to therapeutic trials. Or how statistical methods can contribute to the improvement of therapeutic protocols in cervicofacial oncology]. PMID- 7103329 TI - [Cellulitis of the neck due to anaerobic germs: report of 10 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Cellulitis of the neck in 10 patients was found to be due to anaerobic germ infections of either dental or tonsillar origins or following surgery. The lesion was diffuse in 8 cases, unilateral in two, and associated with signs of severe toxic infection in 9 cases. Early clinical crepitation was detected in 4 patients. The extremely poor prognosis related to the onset of infective shock and pleuropulmonary and mediastind complications, treatment including intensive care and anti-anaerobic germ antibiotic therapy. The place of surgical treatment is discussed, operative intervention being necessary when there are signs of poor general tolerance, not only in the presence of gas gangrene, but also when a diffuse cellulitis exists without signs of crepitation or the presence of fluid. PMID- 7103331 TI - [Post-traumatic blindness and spontaneous decompression of optical nerve (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103332 TI - [Nystagmus and benign paroxysmal vertigo (author's transl)]. AB - Audio-impedence, vestibular, caloric, and electronystagmograph tests were conducted in 22 patients with benign paroxysmal vertigo. The disorder is provoked by certain sudden head movements, a latency period of several seconds occurring between the end of the movement and the onset of vertigo. This markedly differentiates it from other types of vertigo. It is of brief duration and associated with autonomic nervous system signs. Nystagmus, usually rotatory, is provoked by the particular head movement involved or by Hallpike's manoeuver. Results of the majority of tests were normal, occasional slight anomalies being observed after calibrated caloric vetibular test. This benign affection appears to be due to a bilateral, or more frequently unilateral mechanical lesion of the posterior semicircular canal cupula. It runs a extremely variable course, usually not exceeding four months, and is an indication of choice for vestibular reeducation, for which new techniques have been developed. PMID- 7103334 TI - [Treatment of dysphonia spastica by recurrent nerve resection (author's transl)]. AB - Fifteen-month follow-up of a patient with severe dysphonia spastica treated by recurrent nerve resection showed that complete recovery had been obtained. Pathological findings, and the results of sonographic, phonographic, glottographic, and electromyographic examinations in this affection are discussed, and an attempt made to deduce the mechanism of action of this resection, and to establish the most valid indications for its employ. PMID- 7103333 TI - [Pneumococcal meningitis and ENT infections. Review of 100 cases (author's transl)]. AB - One hundred cases of pneumococcal meningitis admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Infectious Diseases Department of the Hopital Claude-Bernard, France are reviewed, and the course of this serious affection in this series described. Mortality was 38 p. cent as against that reported by INSERM of 45 p. cent. The original lesion was an ENT infection in 50 p. cent of cases, raising the problem of the need for early surgical intervention, on an otological focus which may appear minimal on otoscopic examination, when the meningitis does not respond to antibiotics. PMID- 7103339 TI - [Musculocutaneous flaps of pectoralis major. Anatomical and technical aspects, results, and literature review (author's transl)]. AB - After a review of reports in the published literature on the employ of musculocutaneous flaps of pectoralis major, and a brief historical outline, the techniques employed, indications, advantages, and results obtained are discussed. Surgery for cancer, particularly in the buccopharyngeal region, could be partly transformed by this excellent reparative procedure because of the wide surgical scope it allows, and the spectacular functional results obtained. PMID- 7103336 TI - [Reconstructive anterior frontal laryngectomy (author's transl)]. AB - Sliding epiglottoplasty was employed for reconstruction of the glottis after subtotal laryngectomy. Technical aspects are described, and the indications and limitations of this reconstructive partial laryngectomy procedure are discussed from the anatomic and carcinologic points of view. Its advantages include lack of postoperative complications, the very good functional results obtained, and the fact that it can be conducted following radiotherapy and in debilitated patients. It has a limited but definite place among partial laryngectomy procedures. PMID- 7103340 TI - [Recovery total glossectomy with immediate reconstruction by means of a musculocutaneous flap : functional results and perspectives (author's transl)]. AB - A surgical procedure is proposed for treating recurrent or non-sterile cancer of the tongue whenever satisfactory excision of the tumor can be accomplished. The technique involves a recovery total glossectomy associated, as shown to be necessary following its application in 3 cases, with a transmaxillary buccopharyngectomy. This operation has become valid following the use of musculocutaneous flaps, which enable reconstruction of the tongue with good quality functional results. PMID- 7103337 TI - [Cancer of the oropharynx and oral cavity : results of low dose telecobalt irradiation (author's transl)]. AB - A study has been conducted from August 1977 to compare the results of conventional fractionated irradiation (CFI) and low dose irradiation (LDI) in cancer of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Skin tolerance was perfect and mucusal tolerance satisfactory after LDI whatever the dose, and tumoral and lymph node regression and the 1-year survival rate comparable with those obtained after CFI. A dose of 1.5 Gy/h is suggested for future application, oropharyngeal tumors responding best to this type of irradiation. PMID- 7103335 TI - [Actiopathogenic study of per and postoperative haemorrhage in adenotonsillectomy in the child (author's transl)]. AB - This study involved 4 201 records between July 1st 1969 and February 28th 1979. Various parameters represented by specific patient data (age, sex, ENT infections), laboratory examinations, operative findings and weather conditions were studied. Adenoidectomy was found to be more haemorrhagic than adenotonsillectomy, in particular in the presence of a large clump of adenoids and in autumn or winter. Use of a halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture decreased the number of haemorrhages which by contrast were increased by an operative position in a dorsal horizontal position. Finally, any deviation from standard meterological conditions would appear to be a pejorative factor. The authors conclude by stating that no serious complications were seen and that it is important to undertake a precise and complete preoperative laboratory assessment. Finally, mutual confidence between surgeon and anaesthetist is an additional factor in decreasing risk. PMID- 7103341 TI - [Use of a microcomputer for simplified data processing of ENT case-records employing a commercial program (author's transl)]. AB - Combined use of a microcomputer of sufficient capacity and a commercial program for data processing permits simple storage and exploitation of hospital case records in an ENT department of moderate size. The principal advantages of the system reside in its permanent availability, the ease of communication with the computer due to the clear language employed, its large storage capacity (650 case records per diskette), and the moderate cost involved. Programming time is reduced by the use of a particular nomenclature for questions and possible replies. The system is not static, and can be adapted to individual needs or modifications in pathology. PMID- 7103343 TI - [Insufficiency of routine views inthe radioanatomical study of the paranasal sinuses. Results of a series of 104 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103342 TI - [Subacute and chronic mastoiditis in the elderly: report on 10 cases including 5 with a Bell's palsy complication (author's transl)]. AB - Ten elderly patients with subacute or chronic mastoiditis, including 5 with a complication Bell's palsy, were treated. 1) mastoid infections in elderly patients can present the typical characteristics as seen in younger subjects, this being the case in 4 of the 10 cases. 2) The findings in the other 6 patients confirmed facts, that are known or suspected, relating to the sometimes extremely serious and rapidly progressive nature of the affection, due to almost total lack of defences of the organism in elderly patients, often also diabetic, where the causal germ was invariably pyocanic. 3) In 3 cases, after removal of large amounts of wax with great difficulty, there was the very rapid development of a true malignant otitis externa with a Bell's palsy, and extensive bone involvement extending well beyond the region of the tympanic cavity. PMID- 7103344 TI - [Severe forms of cholesteatomatous chronic otitis (author's transl)]. AB - Eighty further case-reports of patients, hospitalized for particularly severe forms of cholesteatomatous chronic otitis since 1977, are analyzed. Cholesteatomas were associated with spontaneous atticotomy and atrial invasion in 37 cases, while in 8 patients the cholesteatoma was revealed by the presence of premalleal and anterior subligamental perforations. -New features were observed in 7 cases of cholesteatomatous and osteomatous chronic otitis. -Giant cholesteatoma was present in 12 cases, and unilateral tumors in 6 patients. -Four rarer types of lesion, obviously of a serious nature, were observed, including: polypoid and hemorrhagic tumors (6 cases), -persistently highly fetid cholesteatomas (6 cases), and those that appeared to be "under pressure" (13 cases). -Finally, 7 cases were unusual and disturbing, demonstrating early extensive osteitic recurrence less than 6 months after initial excision. Widespread evidement is necessary for the majority of these cases. PMID- 7103338 TI - [Electrophysiological study of the ototoxicity of kanamycin via transplacental transmission in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. AB - Pregnant guinea pigs were treated with Kanamycin at three different times during gestation (dating by the post-partum ovulation method) : 11th-20th day, 31st-40th day, 53rd-62nd day of gestation. 29 newborn guinea pigs were studied electrophysiologically by the recording of cochlear microphonics and the action potential obtained at the fenestra cochlear in response to clicks and filtered clicks 8000. Certain animals were tested with filtered clicks 2000 and 4000. 6 tested animals showed electrophysiological results identical to those usually seen in adult guinea pigs intoxicated with Kanamycin. The results obtained suggest the existence of a relationship between the ototoxicity of Kanamycin and the time of installation of auditory function. Microphonic potentials and auditory nerve action potentials were found to be more affected when intoxication took place during the last 15 days of gestation. PMID- 7103345 TI - [Spontaneous meningeal fistula of the middle ear detected during insertion of a trans-tympanic aerator (author's transl)]. AB - A remarkable case of spontaneous meningeal fistula of the middle ear is described, the lesion being detected during insertion of a trans-tympanic aerator in an 80-year-old woman. The totally exceptional nature of this case is emphasized, and the therapeutic problems that it gave rise to exposed. Instead of the suprapetrous approach, theoretically more logical, the less dangerous inferior approach was employed, with a subsequent successful result. Biochemical tests should be conducted in all cases of serous otitis, where there is secretion of an abundant amount of clear fluid of atypical appearance. PMID- 7103346 TI - [Mandibular reconstruction employing a costomyocutaneous flap of pectoralis major. Anatomical and technical aspects and viability of graft (author's transl)]. AB - Costomyocutaneous flaps of pectoralis major were employed for reconstruction of the mandible. The various unconventional procedures for mandibular reconstruction reported in the published literature are reviewed, a critical analysis conducted of the different tests of viability of the graft employed, anatomical and technical aspects discussed, and results presented. This flap is suggested as being an excellent method for reconstruction after interrupted pelvimandibulectomy or mandibulectomy involving the skin. PMID- 7103347 TI - [Bone channel boring in middle ear surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103348 TI - [Prevalence and prognostic significance of abnormal foot configurations at birth (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103349 TI - [Severe spinal trauma in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103350 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin and clinical estimate of the degree of control of diabetes. Relations to glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, duration of diabetes and retinopathy. Study of 85 children and adolescents]. PMID- 7103351 TI - [Ultrasonic evaluation of abdominal tumors in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103352 TI - [Intestinal biopsies and giardiasis in pediatrics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103353 TI - [Calcification of intervertebral discs in children. A review of six personal observations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103354 TI - [Surgical treatment of tuberculous mediastinal adenopathies in childhood (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103355 TI - [Suppurative myositis caused by pyogenes: the value of echotomography. Case report]. PMID- 7103356 TI - [Persistent meningoencephalitis caused by echovirus type 11 in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103357 TI - [Cerebrovascular occlusion in children with sickle cell anemia. Thirteen cases seen in Kinshasa, Zaire (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103358 TI - [Clinical trials (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103359 TI - [Influence of few components on bacteriostatic activity of some lipoaminoacids (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103360 TI - [Oral glucose tolerance test and blood eosinophils (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103361 TI - [The microbiological assay of chloramphenicol hemisuccinate and application of the method with pyrrolidinomethyltetracycline (rolitetracycline) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103362 TI - [Provoked hyperchlorhydria test (P.H.T.). Application to the study of five drugs acting on gastric pH (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103366 TI - [Procedure for the isolation of human plasma fibronectin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103363 TI - [Comparative study of the oxyuricidal properties of albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel in the experimentally infested mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103365 TI - [Imidazo4,5-f]6H-quinolin-9- ones and their derivates halogenated in position 8 with potential parasiticidal activity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103364 TI - [Components and activity of Tussilago farfara (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103367 TI - The plastic surgeon--doctor or physician? PMID- 7103368 TI - Territorial flooding, or perfusion takeover--an experimental study in abdominal flaps in the pig. AB - The arterial skin flap in the pig with 7 to 8 vascular pedicles, as described by Milton, was employed in a modified version by leaving it based on only one pedicle. Circulation through the base was shown to flow radially into the flap. The area thus supplied is considerably larger than that in the traditional rectangular longitudinal flap., Following initial distal necrosis, narrowing of the flap's base by severing 7 of its 8 pedicles caused slight marginal necrosis, while most of the flap survived on its single pedicle. A reasonable explanation for this phenomenon may be that the abdominal segmental arteries belong to one particular vascular system, which creates "territorial flooding" or "perfusion takeover" when circulation is impaired. PMID- 7103369 TI - A new optical method for experimental burn infliction. PMID- 7103370 TI - Use of the Doppler effect in visible laser light to assess tissue viability by capillary blood flow. PMID- 7103372 TI - Plication of the orbicularis oris muscle to repair partial paralysis of the lower lip. PMID- 7103371 TI - Reconstruction of the auricle in microtia by bipedicled postauricular tubed flap. PMID- 7103373 TI - Ten-year follow-up of simultaneous repair of cleft lip and palate in infancy. PMID- 7103374 TI - A simple technique to straighten the slightly deviated nose in rhinoplasty. PMID- 7103375 TI - Intraoral parallel vertical incisions for augmentation mentoplasty. PMID- 7103376 TI - Hair autotransplant into the skull--experimental study in the pig with reference to burn alopecia. PMID- 7103379 TI - Bilateral plantar neurotrophic ulcers treated by transmetatarsal amputation and filleting. PMID- 7103378 TI - Double lower lip. PMID- 7103377 TI - Surgical methods for managing ischial pressure wounds. AB - Several surgical modalities are available for closing ischial pressure wounds, but while they all aim for a permanently closed and well-padded ischial area, the manner in which this objective is achieved is different for each operation. Each technique has its unique design, transposes variable amounts and quality of soft tissue, and creates different scars and donor defects. These factors, in return, influence to a considerable extent the durability of each operation and, more important, create scars that dictate the nature of the secondary surgery in the all too common event of recurrent ulceration. No tissue is immune to pressure, and therefore there is no one best operation for closing pressure ulcers. This article critically reviews and updates contemporary surgical management and presents an orderly approach to selecting an operation for closing ischial pressure ulcers. PMID- 7103380 TI - Facial reconstruction in partial lipodystrophy. AB - Lipodystrophy is a rare disease characterized by progressive disappearance of the subcutaneous fat of the upper part of the body. Accompanying abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, diabetes, nephritis, and low levels of complement are frequent. The most striking clinical features are the extremely hollow cheeks, making the normal facial skeleton rather prominent. Very little has been reported on facial reconstruction in such patients. A 16-year-old girl is presented who was successfully reconstructed after the atrophic process arrested spontaneously. Bilateral dermal fat grafts from the buttocks were used in a one-stage procedure. Nine months later, when no more resorption of fat occurred, some trimming of the grafts was necessary. A good result was achieved. PMID- 7103381 TI - The "Munchausen syndrome" in aesthetic surgery of the nose: the patient's problem or the surgeon's problem? AB - The case history of a patient who searched for years for an unattainable facial appearance is presented. Over a fourteen-year period, the patient consulted 13 plastic surgeons and underwent 10 surgical procedures on his nose and chin. Only at a very late stage was he examined by a psychiatrist. This consultation revealed evidence of Munchausen syndrome--named after the famous Baron of Munchausen and introduced to modern medical literature by Asher in 1951. Asher's publication enlightened many physicians, enabling them to treat such cases with better understanding. The repeated unsuccessful operations in such cases leads one to believe that further surgery will fail to solve the patient's psychiatric problems. Moreover, in a patient showing evidence of this syndrome, approval of the desired operation by a surgeon further strengthens the patient's belief in the legitimacy of his delusions. PMID- 7103384 TI - Distally based ("reverse") latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. PMID- 7103383 TI - How can electrical accidents in the operating room be prevented? PMID- 7103385 TI - A new sign of right anterior pneumothorax in the supine adult. Three case reports. PMID- 7103382 TI - Improvised skin hook. PMID- 7103386 TI - [Cranial CT in child abuse (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103387 TI - [Cystic dilatation of the biliary ducts. Role of the different radiological investigations. Three case reports (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103388 TI - [Echographic aspects of pulmonary hydatid cysts in children. Review of seven cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103389 TI - [New developments in radiology of the hand in adults (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103391 TI - [Carpal instabilities. Radiological and clinico-pathological classification (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103390 TI - [Functional anatomy of the hand (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103392 TI - [Wrist arthroplasty (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103393 TI - [Trapezo-metacarpal prosthesis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103394 TI - [Aortic stenosis in the elderly subject (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103395 TI - [Unexpected sudden deaths (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103396 TI - [Pathology of the main supra-aortic vessels. Long term results of surgery for vetebro-subclavian steal syndromes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103397 TI - [Thoracic outlet syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103399 TI - [Effects of nicergoline on left ventricular function indexes. Comparative study in normotensive and hypertensive patients]. PMID- 7103400 TI - [Myocardial infarction in the adult and less than 35 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103398 TI - [Electrophysiological effects of diltiazem per os. Endocavitary study in man]. PMID- 7103401 TI - Maximal aerobic power in trained youths at high altitude. AB - The sample for this study consisted of 25 males and 19 females between the ages of 8.8 and 19.5 years. The subjects were healthy, well nourished and trained swimmers residing in La Paz, Bolivia (mean altitude 3700 m). The purpose of this study was to provide normative values for the work capacity of high-altitude youths. Mean VO2 max was 46.9 ml/kg/min in males and 39.3 ml/kg/min in females. VO2max increased significantly with age in males but not in females. Mean VO2max tended to be 10-20% lower in the swimmers than in sea-level athletes. PMID- 7103403 TI - Variations in the assessment of the fat content of the human body due to experimental technique in measuring body density. AB - The body fat content of 15 adults, 6 females and 9 males, was estimated from body density. The body density of each individual was measured by weighing under water after (i) maximal expiration, (ii) moderate expiration, (iii) minimal expiration, (iv) moderate inspiration, (v) light meal, (vi) heavy meal, (vii) carbonated drink. Variations in the levels of expiration and inspiration caused only about 1% difference in the estimated fat content of the body. Consumption of food before the experiment had a similar effect. Comparatively large volumes of gas in the alimentary tract (caused by a carbonated drink before the experiment) resulted in a difference of about 1.5% in the body fat content. These variations observed in the estimation of body fat by densitometry are well within the basic errors of the method. PMID- 7103402 TI - A longitudinal analysis of the growth of limb segments in adolescence. AB - The growth of upper and lower-limb segments of 96 adolescent boys and girls from the Royal Hospital School Longitudinal Study was analysed. Preece-Baines Model 1 curves were fitted to the longitudinal data to obtain, for each measurement, age at peak velocity and the magnitude of this velocity. Mean-constant peak velocities were between 1-0 and 2-5 cm/yr in all segments. They were in all cases greater than the values obtained from fitting the P-B curve to the cross sectional means at successive ages. Boys had greater peak velocities than girls in all measurements (sex ratio 1-1 to 1-4). On average distal segments preceded more proximal segments in the ages at which peak velocity occurred. Considerable individual differences, however, occurred in the order for the upper limb segments. These differences seemed to be related to the individual's tempo of growth; late developers had a significantly different order to early developers. PMID- 7103404 TI - Age at menarche and its secular trend in urban and rural girls in Poland. AB - Menarcheal age of 5546 Warsaw girls studied in 1976 was estimated by probit analysis as 12.73+/-0.03 SD 1.10 and of 7771 rural girls studied during 1976-1978 as 13.40+/-0.02 SD 1.20. The difference was 0.67+/-0.04. The difference between the groups from Warsaw and rural areas where fathers had only primary education was 0.57+/-0.07 year, while that between the groups where fathers had the highest education in both localities was only 0.31+/-0.09. When in both environments the groups were equated both for primary fathers' education and also number of children in the family, the differences in menarcheal age were 0.37+/-0.28, 0.49+/-0.11 and 0.47+/-0.14 in families with one, two and three children, respectively. In rural areas the effects of fathers' education on menarcheal age of daughters was much higher than in Warsaw. The secular trend from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s was 0.25 years per decade in Warsaw and 0.64 years per decade in rural areas, suggesting a decrease of social differences in maturation rate of Polish girls. Menarcheal age is sensitive to even small differences in living conditions. PMID- 7103405 TI - Genetic heterogeneity and population structure in north-west India. AB - Genetic markers consisting of 11 blood group and red cell enzyme systems were investigated in 14 endogamous groups of north-west India. Genetic differentiation among the samples as indicated by FST is appreciable, reflecting the ethnic diversity characteristic of this region. Local variation within each state is lower, indicating a geographical component to the total variation. This variation is refined by calculations of genetic distances, which show that the tribals and low-caste groups are closer together but well separated from high-caste Brahmins and other non-tribal middle castes. There is a slight possibility of disruptive selection, but the analyses suggest that the differences in genetic structure in north-west India are more likely to be due to their breeding structure, differential migration and ethnic affiliation. PMID- 7103406 TI - Age-independent anthropometry: an examination of data from rural Khartoum, Sudan. AB - The data collected in a mixed cross-sectional longitudinal survey of children in a village in rural Khartoum, Sudan, were analysed in order to identify age independent anthropometric indices. The mean values of weight/height, weight/height, mid arm circumference, mid arm fat area and triceps skinfold thickness all change little with age over certain parts of the age range. 15% of the boys and 22% of the girls had weights less than 75% of standard weight for age. The ability of age-independent indices to identify these low-weight individuals was investigated in terms of their sensitivity and specificity. Weight/height discriminated best, correctly classifying 85% of the low weight boys and 78% of the normal weight boys in the under-five age group. Weight/height and mid arm circumference were also useful, but triceps skinfold thickness and mid arm fat area did not discriminate usefully. All tests performed better in the under-five age group than in the older age bands. PMID- 7103407 TI - Skeletal maturity in 6-16-year-old Danish children assessed by the Tanner Whitehouse-2 method. AB - A study of skeletal maturity was conducted in 1100 healthy Danish children at ages 6-16 years. The children were selected in a random manner reflecting a cross section of socio-economic levels in Denmark. Skeletal maturity was assessed according to the method of Tanner and co-workers (TW-2, 1975). The results confirmed that the TW-2 method is well suited for the evaluation of skeletal maturity in Danish children. The RUS-score, however, was about six months advanced in Danish boys aged 14-15 and girls aged 12-15. A similar pattern has been reported for other groups of Danish children by Helm (1979). The present results revealed no relationship between skeletal maturity and socio-economic class. PMID- 7103408 TI - A dermatoglyphic study of the Malays and Chinese of Malaysia. PMID- 7103409 TI - Genetic heterogeneity of prothrombin (FII). AB - A new procedure for the electrophoresis and localization of prothrombin is described. This technique has revealed three allelic variants at the prothrombin structural locus (FII). One of these alleles (FII4) reaches polymorphic frequencies in some Pacific Island populations. Investigation of the activated products of the three variant prothrombins has demonstrated that, in each case, the structural variation is located on a profragment and not on the enzymically active thrombin molecule. PMID- 7103411 TI - Linkage between dentinogenesis imperfecta and Gc. PMID- 7103412 TI - Genetic risks for familial reciprocal translocations with special emphasis on those leading to 9p, 10p and 12p trisomies. AB - An analysis of genetic risks for reciprocal translocations is given. Data from translocation families, ascertained through unbalanced offspring with trisomy 9p, 10p and 12p, were taken from the literature. The translocations were specified according to (1) the type of trisomy, (2) the degree of resulting chromosomal imbalance (partial short arm trisomies, complete short arm trisomies, complete short arm trisomies including long arm segments) and (3) the type of disjunction (2:2 or 3:1) and segregation (adjacent-1, adjacent-2; tertiary trisomy, interchange trisomy). The risks for unbalanced liveborn offspring were high for translocations leading to partial short arm trisomies through 2:2 disjunction and adjacent-1 segregation (25-29%). They were lower for translocations leading to complete short arm trisomies through the same disjunction/segregation mechanism (5-17%). Low risks were obtained for translocations, leading through 3:1 disjunction to unbalanced offspring (about 2%). For 2:2 disjunction and adjacent 2 segregation and for 3:1 disjunction the risk is significantly lower for male than for female carriers.--The frequency of balanced karyotypes compared with normal karyotypes deviated among the phenotypically normal offspring of parental carriers from the theoretical 1:1 ratio, both for translocations ascertained through trisomy 12p and trisomy 10p.--It was demonstrated that the genetic risk for reciprocal translocations depends exclusively on (1) the degree of possibly resulting genetic imbalance and (2) the probability of the disjunction/segregation mechanism leading to this type of imbalance. Both factors can be predicted from the position of breakpoints.--The precision of breakpoint localizations and its impact on the risk estimation are also considered.- Finally, general rules for genetic counselling of families with reciprocal translocations are indicated. PMID- 7103413 TI - New methods for the analysis of sex ratio data independent of the effects of family limitation. PMID- 7103410 TI - Confirmation of linkage between antithrombin III and Duffy blood group and assignment of AT3 to 1q22 lead to q25. PMID- 7103414 TI - Neuroaxonal dystrophy in young adults: a clinicopathological study of two unrelated cases. AB - The clinical and pathological features of two unrelated sporadic cases of neuroaxonal dystrophy occurring in young adults are described. Initial clinical manifestations in both patients were those of primary psychiatric disorders. They subsequently developed extrapyramidal symptoms, dementia, cerebellar ataxia, and corticospinal dysfunction, but neither demonstrated myoclonic seizures. In one patient the diagnosis was made before death by brain biopsy. On pathological examination both patients showed a generalized distribution of spheroids within the central nervous system and, in one, in the peripheral nerves. In both patients, Lewy bodies were demonstrated in the pigmented brainstem nuclei. In addition, one patient showed ultrastructurally verified Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex. Although these two cases could be considered examples of juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy, we prefer to regard them as transitional forms in a disease spectrum with classic infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and Hallervorden Spatz disease at the two extremes. PMID- 7103415 TI - Intradentate colchicine retards the development of amygdala kindling. AB - The mechanisms underlying the kindling model of epilepsy are unknown. Presumably, an altered network of neural circuits underlie amygdala kindling. Biochemical and radiohistochemical studies have pointed to the dentate granule cells (DGC) of the hippocampal formation as a member of this altered circuit. To test the role of these cells, colchicine, a neurotoxin of DGC, was directly injected into the dentate gyrus. Prior destruction of DGC retarded the development of amygdala kindling. Destruction of DGC after kindling was completed did not reverse the kindling effect. We conclude that DGC play a key role in the development, but not the permanence, of amygdala kindling. We propose a model whereby the greater the input to the hippocampal formation, the faster limbic kindling will proceed. PMID- 7103416 TI - Sympathetic nerves exert a chronic influence on the intact vasculature that is age related. AB - The hypothesis of this study is that the chronic presence of intact sympathetic innervation influences the structure, and thereby function, of the rabbit ear vascular bed, and that this influence may be age related. Therefore we examined the effect of chronic sympathetic denervation on vascular resistance of the rabbit ear nine to ten weeks after unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Two age groups were studied: growing juvenile rabbits denervated at 4 weeks of age and adult rabbits denervated at 16 weeks. We assessed the flow-pressure (resistance) curves of the chronically denervated and contralateral innervated isolated rabbit ears during maximum dilation. The flow-pressure curve was significantly shifted downward in the denervated compared to the contralateral innervated ears of juvenile rabbits operated on at 4 weeks (p less than 0.001) but was not different in adult rabbits operated on at 16 weeks. These results support the concept that the sympathetic nerves chronically influence blood vessel properties in growing animals, apart from their acute effect on vasomotor tone. PMID- 7103417 TI - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and epilepsy. AB - Four patients affected with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and recurrent seizures are described and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Three of the patients had multiple basal cell carcinomas and cutaneous nevi, dentigerous cysts, and skeletal anomalies characteristic of the syndrome. The seizures had their onset in childhood and were generalized tonic-clonic in three patients and both tonic-clonic and complex partial in the fourth. Focal neurological deficits were found in only one patient. Pneumoencephalography in two patients and head CT scan in a third were negative. Electroencephalography showed focal spike discharges in one patient, bilateral anterior paroxysmal slowing in another, and nonspecific shifting temporal theta transients in the other two cases. Psychometric testing yielded full-scale scores ranging from 39 to 84. In addition to mental retardation, congenital communicating hydrocephalus, and medulloblastoma, seizures should be included among the neurological manifestations of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. PMID- 7103418 TI - Hysterical seizures: suggestion as a provocative EEG test. AB - We studied 57 patients with poorly controlled or atypical seizures to identify hysterical attacks with a provocative test consisting of initiation and termination of an attack with suggestion and saline injection during electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. Using this method, we diagnosed 48 patients as having hysterical attacks. Three additional patients had spontaneous hysterical attacks during routine recordings. Of the 51 patients with hysterical attacks, 78% were female. Two-thirds of the patients were between the ages of 20 and 35 years. Thirty-two patients had taken anticonvulsants before the study. Each patient's hysterical attack, aura, and postictum was stereotyped, and the 6 patients subject to both hysterical and organic seizures described the two types of attacks as different stereotyped behaviors. Tongue laceration, urinary incontinence, and postictal confusion were common. Twelve patients had evidence of past or present neurological disease. Abnormal EEGs were recorded in 37% but only 12% had spike or spike and wave discharges. The provocative EEG test employing saline and suggestion is a useful tool in the diagnosis of hysterical "seizures." PMID- 7103419 TI - A benign motor neuron disorder: delayed cramps and fasciculation after poliomyelitis or myelitis. AB - Two patients had a delayed syndrome of benign fasciculation after complete recovery from paralytic poliomyelitis and a third had the syndrome after an attack of purely motor myelitis. Myalgia was prominent in all three, and two had frequent cramps. Denervation hypertrophy occurred in two. The patients were observed for at least three years, and no new weakness was seen. These cases suggest that some chronic diseases of motor neurons may be benign. PMID- 7103420 TI - Intermittent venous claudication of the upper extremity: the pectoralis minor syndrome. PMID- 7103421 TI - Brush writing in patients with tremor. PMID- 7103422 TI - Diagnosis of stroke by CPK isoenzymes. PMID- 7103423 TI - Hydroxyzine-associated tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 7103424 TI - Dopaminergic deficiency causes delayed visual evoked potentials in rats. AB - Flash and pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to two temporal frequencies of stimulation were studied in nineteen rats. The effect of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor and of a dopamine receptor blocker on the VEP was explored in ten animals. Significant latency change occurred following injection of either drug, while only the hydroxylase inhibitor reduced the VEP amplitude. These changes were not caused by the anesthesia used in these experiments, although the same anesthetics in higher doses did depress VEP amplitudes. When dopamine blockade was followed by administration of apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, VEP delays could be partially reversed. Besides conduction defects of myelinated axons, synaptic malfunction may also cause delays in sensory evoked potentials. PMID- 7103425 TI - Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia. AB - This study examined the temporal profile of ischemic neuronal damage following transient bilateral forebrain ischemia in the rat model of four-vessel occlusion. Wistar rats were subjected to transient but severe forebrain ischemia by permanently occluding the vertebral arteries and 24 hours later temporarily occluding the common carotid arteries for 10, 20, or 30 minutes. Carotid artery blood flow was restored and the rats were killed by perfusion-fixation after 3, 6, 24, and 72 hours. Rats with postischemic convulsions were discarded. Ischemic neuronal damage was graded in accordance with conventional neuropathological criteria. Ten minutes of four-vessel occlusion produced scattered ischemic cell change in the cerebral hemispheres of most rats. The time to onset of visible neuronal damage varied among brain regions and in some regions progressively worsened with time. After 30 minutes of ischemia, small to medium-sized striatal neurons were damaged early while the initiation of visible damage to hippocampal neurons in the h1 zone was delayed for 3 to 6 hours. The number of damaged neurons in neocortex (layer 3, layers 5 and 6, or both) and hippocampus (h1, h3 5, paramedian zone) increased significantly (p less than 0.01) between 24 and 72 hours. The unique delay in onset of ischemic cell change and the protracted increase in its incidence between 24 and 72 hours could reflect either delayed appearance of ischemic change in previously killed neurons or a delayed insult that continued to jeopardize compromised but otherwise viable neurons during the postischemic period. PMID- 7103426 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism following transient forebrain ischemia. AB - Progressive brain damage after transient cerebral ischemia may be related to changes in postischemic cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral glucose utilization (rCGU) were measured in adult rats prior to, during (only rCBF), and serially after transient forebrain ischemia. Animals were subjected to 30 minutes of forebrain ischemia by occluding both common carotid arteries 24 hours after cauterizing the vertebral arteries. Regional CBF was measured by the indicator-fractionation technique using 4-iodo [14C]-antipyrine. Regional CGU was measured by the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method. The results were correlated with the distribution and progression of ischemic neuronal damage in animals subjected to an identical ischemic insult. Cerebral blood flow to forebrain after 30 minutes of moderate to severe ischemia (less than 10% control CBF) was characterized by 5 to 15 minutes of hyperemia; rCBF then fell below normal and remained low for as long as 24 hours. Post-ischemic glucose utilization in the forebrain, except in the hippocampus, was depressed below control values at 1 hour and either remained low (neocortex, striatum) or gradually rose to normal (white matter) by 48 hours. In the hippocampus, glucose utilization equaled the control value at 1 hour and fell below control between 24 and 48 hours. The appearance of moderate to severe morphological damage in striatum and hippocampus coincided with a late rise of rCBF above normal and with a fall of rCGU; the late depression of rCGU was usually preceded by a period during which metabolism was increased relative to adjacent tissue. Further refinement of these studies may help identify salvageable brain after ischemia and define ways to manipulate CBF and metabolism in the treatment of stroke. PMID- 7103427 TI - Early proliferative changes in astrocytes in postischemic noninfarcted rat brain. AB - Transient cerebral ischemia in rats was produced by permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries and 30-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries. This model produces ischemic necrosis of neurons in the corpus striatum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus; infarcts, with necrosis of neuropil, astrocytes, and blood vessels, are rare. Changes in striatal astrocytes at 40 minutes and 3 hours of reperfusion were evaluated by electron microscopy, and quantitative estimates of increases in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial area were performed. In areas of corpus striatum with moderate ischemic cell change, the percentage of astrocytic nuclei increased from 10.79% in controls to 17.76% at 40 minutes after ischemia (p less than 0.01) and 19.86% at 3 hours (p less than 0.01). Astrocytic cytoplasm was expanded and contained increased numbers of mitochondria, many of which were pleomorphic and had dilated intracristal spaces and condensed matrix. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was increased. Total mitochondrial area and number of mitochondrial profiles rose significantly in the astrocytic perikarya and foot processes at 3 hours postischemia. The greater number of astrocytes, the increases in mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the configurational changes in the mitochondria suggest increased metabolic activity of astrocytes in postischemic, noninfarcted brain. PMID- 7103428 TI - Chronic mycotic meningitis with spinal involvement (arachnoiditis): a report of five cases. AB - Five patients developed mycotic spinal arachnoiditis-meningitis causing signs and symptoms of spinal cord neoplasm. Four had cryptococcal infection, the fifth had aspergillosis. In three patients, diagnosis was made at surgery; all three developed acute fungal meningitis postoperatively and two died. The diagnosis was made nonsurgically in two patients and was followed by medical cure. These five and twelve other reported patients with mycotic spinal arachnoiditis shared features that suggested the diagnosis. In contrast to most patients with spinal tumors, those reported here tended to be young (mean age, 32 years), to lack evidence for a primary tumor, and to have a fluctuating history of spinal symptoms for several months. Frequent associated findings were recent pregnancy; the abuse of alcohol, narcotics, or both; and the presence of headache and fever. Plain roentgenograms of the spine were normal. No single finding was diagnostic, but the combination of several would be rare with spinal tumor. PMID- 7103431 TI - Ocular tilt reaction due to an upper brainstem lesion: paroxysmal skew deviation, torsion, and oscillation of the eyes with head tilt. PMID- 7103432 TI - Clonazepam and pregnancy. PMID- 7103433 TI - Chronic dysarthria and metoclopramide. PMID- 7103434 TI - Locked-in syndrome for 12 years with preserved intelligence. PMID- 7103430 TI - Solitary intracranial plasmacytoma: two patients with extended follow-up. AB - Solitary neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells (plasmacytoma) rarely occurs in the central nervous system. The longest follow-Up in nine previously reported patients was 5 years. We have followed two patients with solitary intracranial plasmacytoma for 8 and 13 years, respectively. At the time of biopsy diagnosis, neither showed involvement of the adjacent calvarium or evidence of a systemic plasma cell dyscrasia. The first patient underwent partial excision of a mass in the right occipital lobe that showed no gross or microscopic involvement of the dura. The second patient had partial resection of a mass arising from dura and invading the left temporal lobe. Postoperative irradiation was given to both patients. No clinical or radiological sign of recurrent brain tumor has developed in either patient during the extended follow-up period. Neither patient has had laboratory or clinical evidence of a systemic plasma cell dyscrasia. Solitary intracranial plasmacytoma may be a "curable" brain tumor. PMID- 7103435 TI - X-ray computed tomography: from basic principles to applications. PMID- 7103429 TI - Convulsive syncope in blood donors. AB - Syncope with and without convulsion was studied in unselected blood donors in a community blood center. Convulsive syncope occurred in 0.03% of all blood donors and was more commonly observed when nursing personnel were alerted to its possible occurrence. It was more common in men. Although tonic extensor spasm was the most common convwithout convulsion was studied in unselected blood donors in a community blood center. Convulsive syncope occurred in 0.03% of all blood donors and was more commonly observed when nursing personnel were alerted to its possible occurrence. It was more common in men. Although tonic extensor spasm was the most common convwithout convulsion was studied in unselected blood donors in a community blood center. Convulsive syncope occurred in 0.03% of all blood donors and was more commonly observed when nursing personnel were alerted to its possible occurrence. It was more common in men. Although tonic extensor spasm was the most common convulsive movement, other complex convulsive phenomena occurred, some simulating epileptic seizure. No statistical difference in changes of pulse or blood pressure was found between subjects with convulsive versus nonconvulsive syncope. Similarly, no difference was found between subjects with tonic spasm and those with other convulsive phenomena, nor between those with "early" and those with "delayed" reactions. Marked individual variation may exist in the susceptibility of the central nervous system to ischemia. Some individuals appear to be predisposed to development of seizures in situations of global cerebral ischemia such as occur in hypotension and bradycardia. PMID- 7103436 TI - [Growth and development of urban children with respect to sociodemographic factors]. AB - The effects of socio-demographic factors on children's growth and maturation have been analysed by means of cross-sectional growth study. 4517 boys and girls between 4 and 18 years from Eger (North Hungary) were investigated anthropometrically. In this paper it is shown how far body height, body weight, and menarcheal age are depending on socio-demographic factors. No significant differences were seen with regard to body measurements in children of the same age, but belonging to different socio-demographic groups. Menarche was found to be earlier (about 4 months) in first borns as compared to second borns. In single children it occurred earlier (about three months) than in those having brothers and sisters. PMID- 7103438 TI - Palmar dermatoglyphics of the Khatri males. AB - From an analysis of the bilateral palm prints of 230 khatri males from district Hoshiarpur area, the following points emerge: (1) Line D ends at higher position (11) more often in right palms than in the left, while endings at lower positions (7, 8, 90 and 10) are less frequent in the right palms as compared to the left. (2) The trend for the three modal types for line D is 11 greater than 9 greater than 7. (3) Line C is more often abortive in the left palms than in the right. (4) The value of axial triradii of "t" type has been found to be maximum in both the hands. (5) Most of the patterns in the hypothenar area are found to be less frequent in the right palms as compared to the left. The total frequency of the patterns is 28.693. Radial and ulnar loops are the most predominant types of patterns in this area. (6) The frequency of patterns in the thenar/Ist interdigital area is very much higher in the left palms than in the right. The total frequency (right + left palms) is 15.434. (7) The frequency of patterns in the IInd, IIIrd and IVth interdigital area has been found to be 11.806, 56.956 and 59.130, respectively. Patterns are found to be more frequent in the right palms as compared to the left in case of the IInd and IIIrd interdigital areas, while this is just the reverse in case of the IVth interdigital area. PMID- 7103437 TI - A study of bilateral variation (handedness, hand clasping, and arm folding) among Thakurs from the village Shobhasan (Gujarat, India) PMID- 7103439 TI - [Synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 by a Streptomyces canulus 106/78 culture]. PMID- 7103441 TI - [Erythromycin in the modern antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections (a review lecture)]. PMID- 7103440 TI - [Staphylococcal necrotic suppurative encephalomeningitis in mice as a chemotherapeutic model]. AB - Staphylococcal infection caused by intracerebral inoculation with a highly virulent strain of Staph.aureus was studied on 1410 albino mice. The inoculation doses ranged within 1,5 . 10(6)--1 . 10(9) microbial cells. It was found that the infection was characterized by the development of generalized necrotic purulent encephalomeningitis. Extensive necrotic areas in the brain tissue and formation of abscesses were the main features of the process. Purulent affection of the encephali mater was of a focal or diffuse nature. Osteomyelitic foci in the ossa cranii at the inoculation site were detected in 50 per cent of the animals. Generalization of the infection after intracerebral inoculation of the mice with Staph.aureus was confirmed by isolation of the staphylococci from the blood and internal organs of the animals at early stages of the infection, i.e. in 5-10 minutes and by development of purulent metastatic foci in the myocardium, kidneys and lung tissue. The chemotherapeutic effect of dioxidine (1,4-di-N-oxide 2,3 dioxy-methylquinoxaline) administered orally or subcutaneously in a single dose of 200-400 mg/kg 30 minutes after inoculation was shown on the chemotherapeutic model which is thus recommended for chemotherapeutic investigations. PMID- 7103442 TI - Antibiotic entry into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Since bacteria which survive within phagocytes may produce serious infection, antibiotics which inactivate these intracellular organisms are needed. To establish those factors which mediate entry of antimicrobial agents into human phagocytes, we studied the uptake of 13 radiolabeled antibiotics by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). At intervals during a 2-h incubation period, antibiotic uptake by PMN was determined by means of velocity gradient centrifugation, which separates the cell-associated antibiotic from the extracellular antibiotic. Penicillin G and three cephalosporin antibiotics penetrated PMN poorly. The ratio of cellular concentration to extracellular concentration (C/E) of these drugs was less than 0.01 to 0.5. For gentamicin and isoniazid, the C/E values were approximately 0.8 to 1.0. Chloramphenicol, rifampin, and lincomycin, antibiotics with good lipid solubility, were concentrated twofold (C/E = 2) in PMN. Ethambutol (C/E = 5), clindamycin (C/E = 11), and two erythromycin preparations (C/E = 10 to 13) were markedly concentrated within PMN. Clindamycin uptake was rapid: greater than 70% of the total drug entry occurred within the first minute. Accumulation of clindamycin and erythromycin was an active, energy-requiring process, dependent at least in part upon glycolysis. Clindamycin entered PMN by means of an active membrane transport system which was saturable and had a high binding affinity (Km = 2 mM) and maximum velocity of uptake (Vmax = 5 nmol/45 s per 10(6) cells). These observations, together with studies of the biological consequences of intracellular antibiotics, should lead to more effective therapy for infection due to intracellular pathogens.. PMID- 7103443 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of acyclovir, a new anti-herpesvirus agent, in humans. AB - The pharmacokinetics and tolerance of acyclovir administered intravenously in single doses of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mg/kg were studied in 13 volunteers. The mean concentrations (+/- standard deviations) at the end of infusion as measured by radioimmunoassay were 4.52 +/0 0.31, 8.28 +/- 2.61, 14.6 +/- 2.30, and 22.7 +/ 10.4 microgram/ml, respectively. Drug elimination during and after the infusion of acyclovir was well described by a two-compartment open model. The mean terminal plasma half-life for each of the groups was 2.85, 2.80, 3.30, and 2.38 h, respectively. Within 72 h after the start of the infusion, 70% of the administered drug was recovered in the urine as unchanged acyclovir. The renal clearance of acyclovir accounted for about 77% of the total clearance and was about threefold greater than the creatinine clearance. This confirms that acyclovir is eliminated predominantly by the kidneys in patients with normal renal function and suggests that renal secretion and glomerular filtration may both be involved. The only adverse effect found by clinical and laboratory monitoring was irritation at he intravenous site after extravasation (in two cases), which resolved without significant sequelae. PMID- 7103444 TI - Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in 1,640 patients: method for control of serum concentrations. AB - The pharmacokinetics and dosage requirements of gentamicin were studied in 1,640 patients receiving treatment for gram-negative infections. A wide interpatient variation in the kinetic parameters of the drug occurred in all patients and in patients who had normal serum creatinine or normal creatinine clearance. The half life ranged from 0.4 to 32.7 h in 331 patients who had normal creatinine clearance. The factors related to the elimination rate constant were creatinine clearance, age, distribution volume, weight, gender, and hematocrit. The daily dose necessary to obtain therapeutic serum concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 25.8 mg/kg in patients with normal serum creatinine and from 0.7 to 25.8 mg/kg in patients with normal creatinine clearance. In 13 patients (0.9%), a significant change in base-line serum creatinine (greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/dl) occurred during or after treatment, which may have been gentamicin-associated toxicity. Overt cochlear or vestibular toxicity did not occur in these patients. The method of individualizing dosage regimens provided a clinically useful means of rapidly attaining therapeutic peak and trough serum concentrations. PMID- 7103446 TI - Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Coagulase-negative staphylococci, identified as S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. warneri, were tested for susceptibility to a number of antimicrobial agents by disk agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods, S. warneri and S. saprophyticus were found to be the most susceptible, and S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were found to be the least susceptible. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are discussed, along with their epidemiological and therapeutic implications. PMID- 7103445 TI - Penetration of ceforanide and cefamandole into the right atrial appendage, pericardial fluid, sternum, and intercostal muscle of patients undergoing open heart surgery. AB - Doses of 30 mg of ceforanide or cefamandole per kg were administered intravenously to 26 patients just before their chests were opened for coronary artery bypass or cardiac valve replacement surgery. Samples of right atrial appendage, pericardial fluid, plasma, aortic wall, intercostal muscle, and sternum were obtained at different times after the antibiotic was injected, and these samples were assayed for cephalosporin concentration. For ceforanide the pre-bypass plasma half-life was 2.5 h, and the atrial appendage half-life was 2.1 h; for cefamandole the pre-bypass plasma half-life was 0.75 h and the atrial appendage half-life was 0.72 h. At 3 h the concentrations of ceforanide and cefamandole in atrial appendages were 28.0 and 5.0 micrograms/g, respectively. Ceforanide achieved higher and more sustained concentrations in other tissues than cefamandole. Considering the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these drugs for staphylococci, cefamandole and ceforanide should provide adequate protection against infection by these organisms for the duration of the surgical procedure. PMID- 7103447 TI - Intravenous metronidazole for treatment of infections involving anaerobic bacteria. AB - Intravenous metronidazole was administered, either by continuous or intermittent infusion, to 20 patients with infections involving anaerobic bacteria; 14 of the 20 patients were changed to oral administration of metronidazole for completion of therapy. Six of eight patients with infections derived from oropharyngeal bacterial flora were cured; the addition of ampicillin was required in one patient, however, because of an incomplete response to metronidazole. Eight of eleven evaluable patients with infections derived from bowel flora were also cured by metronidazole or metronidazole plus an aminoglycoside. Of 93 anaerobic bacteria isolated before therapy, 89 were susceptible to 16 micrograms or less of metronidazole per ml. Mean plasma levels of metronidazole were 27.6 +/- 11.4 micrograms/ml in patients receiving continuous infusions of drug and 19.9 +/- 10.7 micrograms/ml (trough) in patients receiving intermittent infusions. Two patients developed peripheral neuropathy during therapy. Metronidazole is an effective agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. Because metronidazole is not active against facultative and aerobic bacteria, the addition of a second antimicrobial agent may be required for the treatment of mixed anaerobic-aerobic infections. PMID- 7103448 TI - Rate of methicillin penetration into normal heart valve and experimental endocarditis lesions. AB - Methicillin concentrations were measured in serum, normal heart valves, damaged heart valves, myocardium, and extravascular fluid from 12 New Zealand white rabbits to assess the influence of valvular damage on methicillin penetrations. Fibrin scarring of the aortic valve was induced by the placement of a polyethylene catheter through the aortic leaflet for 4 days. Each rabbit was then given a 40-mg/kg intravenous bolus dose of methicillin. Serum concentrations were collected, and animals were sacrificed 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the dose. Normal and damaged heart valves from six different rabbits were desiccated to evaluate the fluid content of each. The time course of methicillin in damaged aortic valves was similar to that in serum and followed a bioexponential decline. The pharmacokinetic profile of methicillin in normal heart muscle and normal heart valves was clearly different from that of serum and damaged heart valves. Damaged valves showed a rapid and complete equilibrium with serum, whereas normal heart valve and muscle methicillin concentrations were consistently lower than serum concentrations at all times after the rapid bolus dose. The greater extravascular fluid content in damaged heart valves (P less than 0.001) compared with that in normal heart valves may be associated with the greater extent of penetration into damaged heart valves. Equilibrium between serum and damaged valves may be achieved more rapidly because the damaged area is composed of platelet and fibrin matrix and lacks the membrane integrity of normal heart valve tissue. PMID- 7103449 TI - Penetration of cefoxitin into cerebrospinal fluid of infants and children with bacterial meningitis. AB - Three consecutive doses of 75 mg of cefoxitin per kg were given intravenously every 6 h (225 mg/kg), in addition to penicillin or ampicillin, to 24 patients on days 4 and 5 and 9 and 10 of therapy for meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae b was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients, Streptococcus pneumoniae from 2 patients, and Neisseria meningitidis from 1 patient. The median minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cefoxitin for 16 isolates of H. influenzae b were 0.312 and 0.625 micrograms/ml, respectively. Sixteen of 18 isolates of H. influenzae b and S. pneumoniae were killed by 2.5 micrograms of cefoxitin per ml. Mean levels in CSF peaked at 1 h at 6 and 4.9 micrograms/ml on days 5 and 10, respectively. CSF levels on days 5 and 10 were greater than or equal to twice the median minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration in 20 and 18 patients, respectively. However, bacterial levels in CSF were greater than or equal to 2.5 micrograms/ml in only 11 of 23 patients on days 5 and 10. No significant adverse effects were found. These data indicate that at this dosage, cefoxitin may not reach levels in the CSF required for killing all susceptible strains of H. influenzae b and S. pneumoniae. PMID- 7103451 TI - Stability of antimicrobial agents in peritoneal dialysate. AB - The stability of cephapirin, gentamicin, penicillin G, nafcillin, ticarcillin, and vancomycin was tested in peritoneal dialysate at 25 degrees C for 24 h. All of the antimicrobial agents were stable except penicillin G, which lost 25% of activity over 24 h (P less than 0.01). The once-daily preparation of drug dialysate solution is feasible for the treatment of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7103450 TI - Influence of urinary pH on the pharmacokinetics of cinoxacin in humans and on antibacterial activity in vitro. AB - The impact of acidification and alkalinization of the urine on the pharmacokinetics of cinoxacin was examined after single 500-mg oral doses were administered to nine healthy male volunteers. Acidic and alkaline conditions were achieved by repeated oral doses of ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate, respectively. Plasma cinoxacin levels in all subjects were adequately described in terms of one-compartment-model kinetics with first-order absorption and elimination. Acidification and alkalinization treatment had no effect on cinoxacin absorption or distribution. The mean elimination half-life of cinoxacin in plasma was 1.1, 2.0, and 0.6 h in control subjects and with acidification and alkalinization of urine, respectively. Recovery of intact cinoxacin in samples of urine collected 0 to 36 h after cinoxacin administration represented 65% of the dose in control subjects and urine acidification and 80% of the dose with alkalinization of urine. The mean renal clearance of cinoxacin was 76, 118, and 278 ml/min with acidification, control, and alkalinization, respectively, and renal clearance was highly correlated with urinary pH. Urine concentrations of cinoxacin were significantly higher with alkalinization compared with control values during the first 4 h after drug administration. Urine cinoxacin concentrations were reduced somewhat by acidification, but these tended not to be significantly different from control values. Changes in cinoxacin elimination owing to urine pH are less pronounced in humans than in dogs. The antibacterial activity of cinoxacin against some common urinary tract pathogens was pH dependent. A four- to eightfold reduction in cinoxacin activity was generally observed at pH 8 compared with lower pH values. However, in view of the high levels of cinoxacin which are obtained in both acidic and basic urine, the impact of urine pH on cinoxacin antibacterial efficacy would be of minor clinical importance. PMID- 7103452 TI - In vitro potentiation of cephalosporins by alafosfalin against urinary tract bacteria. AB - Potentiating activity of alafosfalin was examined in detail with 8 cephalosporins and mecillinam against 164 urinary bacteria representing 8 genera. Alafosfalin was generally comparable in activity to cefamandole and mecillinam but superior to other cephalosporins tested. When the minimal fractional inhibitory concentration indices were compared, synergism was observed with all of the beta lactams tested for all species except Streptococcus faecalis. Marked synergism was observed with Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, and enterobacter and, among the drugs tested, with cefamandole and mecillinam. Although alafosfalin is inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, potentiation was seen with cefsulodin. The most favorable combination ratio of alafosfalin/cephalosporin to elicit potentiation was determined for each species and occurred in a rather narrow range of combinations (1:4 to 4:1 in general). PMID- 7103453 TI - Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in 201 critically ill patients. AB - We studied 201 critically ill patients during 267 courses of gentamicin (139 courses) or tobramycin (128 courses) therapy. Clinical and pharmacokinetic data were obtained on 240 of 267 courses (120 courses each of gentamicin and tobramycin). Two judgments of nephrotoxicity and its cause were made independently in this study, using a clinical and a pharmacokinetic definition of nephrotoxicity. The two sets of criteria were generally in good agreement, as all but 10 of 41 patients who were judged nephrotoxic by pharmacokinetic criteria were independently judged nephrotoxic by the clinical definition. Groups of patients judged nontoxic did not differ from groups judged nephrotoxic in age, sex, weight, initial creatinine clearance, total dose given, duration of treatment, initial aminoglycoside trough serum levels, number of dosage adjustments, concurrent use of furosemide, or concurrent cephalosporins. Prior aminoglycosides (usually gentamicin) had been used more frequently in the nontoxic group (P less than 0.05). Two major conclusions of this study are at variance with those of previous investigators; (i) we found no clinical parameters of value in predicting nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients; and (ii) aminoglycoside serum concentrations, once in the therapeutic range, were of limited value in prevention of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in our patients. PMID- 7103454 TI - Development of clinical resistance to acyclovir in herpes simplex virus-infected mice receiving oral therapy. AB - Mice inoculated in the ear pinna with herpes simplex virus were treated effectively by including 1 mg of acyclovir per ml in the drinking water. During a 5-day course of treatment the development of resistance was not readily apparent. However, when a suboptimal therapeutic dose was used and virus was repeatedly inoculated into further mice undergoing therapy, the infection became completely refractory to treatment by passage 4. Some of the viruses isolated exhibited reduced ability to induce thymidine kinase, and this appeared to account at least in part for the development of resistance. However, the viruses isolated from the tissues of such mice comprised complex mixtures of strains with widely differing in vitro susceptibilities to acyclovir. The properties of these virus yields gave an indication of the likely nature of resistance to nucleoside analogs in humans and suggested some difficulties which may be encountered when clinical specimens are analyzed. PMID- 7103455 TI - S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: macrocin O-methyltransferase activities in a series of Streptomyces fradiae mutants that produce different levels of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin. AB - A series of mutants of Streptomyces fradiae selected for increased production of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin was analyzed for levels of expression of macrocin O-methyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of tylosin. Increased tylosin production was accompanied by increased macrocin O-methyltransferase in some of the mutants. Increased expression of macrocin O-methyltransferase was due to more rapid early biosynthesis of the enzyme, to reduced decay of enzyme specific activity late in the fermentation, or to combinations of both. Mutant strains which showed rapid loss of enzyme specific activity late in the fermentation converted large amounts of tylosin to relomycin. The most productive mutants, which synthesized elevated levels of macrocin O-methyltransferase, also produced large amounts of macrocin, the substrate for the enzyme. Incomplete conversion of macrocin to tylosin by these mutants may be due to substrate and product inhibition (E. T. Seno and R. H. Baltz, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 20:370-377, 1981). The results suggest that both the levels of precursors and the levels of expression of tylosin biosynthetic enzymes are important for efficient production of tylosin. PMID- 7103456 TI - Structural and phenotypic varieties of gentamicin resistance plasmids in hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - We previously described a neonatal nursery epidemic of infections caused by a single strain of Staphylococcus aureus bearing a gentamicin resistance plasmid (Vogel et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 13:466-472, 1978). The same plasmid was present in two isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from the patients in this nursery and was transferable interspecifically from either S. aureus or S. epidermidis. During the ensuing 3 years, in the absence of further epidemics, we collected 162 gentamicin-resistant strains of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci from patients distributed throughout our hospital. Gentamicin resistance plasmids obtained from 41 representative S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococcal strains differed as determined by phenotypic and molecular analyses from the plasmid in the neonatal nursery epidemic. Nevertheless, these plasmids were structurally related to each other and to the plasmid of the original epidemic. Our results suggest an evolutionary relationship among these plasmids and support the hypothesis of a genetic reservoir of gentamicin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci transferable to S. aureus. PMID- 7103457 TI - Naphthyridinomycin, a DNA-reactive antibiotic. AB - Naphthyridinomycin is a novel quinone antibiotic that is produced in liquid shake cultures by Streptomyces lusitanus. Fermentation studies have shown that this antibiotic is produced maximally after 96 h of cell growth. L-[methyl 3H]methionine efficiently labels naphthyridinomycin when it is added to a fermentation mixture 24 h before culture is harvested. Unlabeled and radioactively labeled naphthyridinomycin were used to determine the mechanism of action of this unique antibiotic. Naphthyridinomycin inhibited bacterial growth primarily by inhibiting DNA synthesis. The structural similarity between naphthyridinomycin and the saframycins suggested that naphthyridinomycin might inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to the template. In vitro studies with radiolabeled naphthyridinomycin indicated that this antibiotic does specifically bind to calf thymus DNA. The binding reaction was enhanced by adding sulfhydryl containing compounds; dithiothreitol was the best activating agent. DNA naphthyridinomycin complexes were a poor substrate for enzymes that catalyze DNA directed DNA and RNA syntheses. These results showed that naphthyridinomycin is similar to the saframycins in its reactivity toward DNA and suggested that the mechanism by which naphthyridinomycin inhibits DNA synthesis is through its ability to bind specifically to the DNA template of the cell. PMID- 7103458 TI - Anti-influenza A virus activity of amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride in ferret tracheal ciliated epithelium. AB - The activities and toxicities of amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride against influenza A/Alaska/6/77 (H3N2) and A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2) viruses were compared in organ cultures and ferret tracheal ciliated epithelium. Pretreatment of cultures with concentrations (0.5 and 1 micrograms/ml) comparable to those found in human serum after oral administration of amantadine revealed that rimantadine produced significantly longer protection than amantadine against virus-induced cytopathic effects. Correspondingly, rimantadine produced a comparable protective effect at four- to eight-fold-lower concentrations than amantadine. Both drugs produced increasing and similar effects at higher concentrations, which were comparable to those reported in nasal washings after aerosol administration of amantadine. At the concentrations tested, amantadine was nontoxic. However, at concentrations of 16 and 32 micrograms/ml, rimantadine was toxic to the ciliated epithelium after 10 to 21 days of continuous exposure. When the drugs were added 24 h or more after infection, protection against cytopathic effects decreased markedly. Both drugs moderately suppressed virus production at concentrations of 0.5 to 16 micrograms/ml. However, no dose response or difference between the drugs was observed. Because of comparable antiviral activity at lower concentrations and greater activity at similar concentrations, rimantadine may be more useful than amantadine for oral prophylaxis and therapy of influenza. PMID- 7103459 TI - Rifampin blood and tissue levels in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery. AB - Single 600-mg capsules of rifampin were given orally to 26 patients as prophylaxis during cardiac valve replacement. Antibiotic concentrations were measured in blood (serum or plasma) and tissue (excised cardiac valve). The serum or plasma levels of rifampin in 18 patients who ingested this drug 2 h before they received preoperative opiates and anticholinergics intramuscularly were not significantly different from the levels in four normal volunteers who received the drug. These levels were 15.9 +/- 6.5 micrograms/ml (mean +/- standard deviation) 2 h after drug administration, 7.1 +/- 4.3 micrograms/ml 8 h after drug administration and 2 h after a mean of 1.4 h on cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1.6 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml 24 h after drug ingestion. The valve tissue level was 3.8 +/- 2.7 micrograms/g (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 10). This value was 65% of the simultaneous serum and plasma levels and 31% of the peak serum and plasma levels. Eight patients who were given rifampin at the same time that they received other preoperative medications had significantly lower blood levels than the 18 patients who received rifampin 2 h earlier (P less than 0.001). No rifampin was detected in valves from seven of these patients. Decreased rifampin absorption due to simultaneous administration with opiates and anticholinergics was the probable reason for the low plasma and serum levels observed. These data suggest that, if properly dosed, rifampin administered orally gives high blood and valve tissue levels, which are affected minimally by cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery. PMID- 7103460 TI - Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics and elimination of acyclovir in humans. AB - The effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of acyclovir were studied in humans. Acyclovir (5 mg/kg) was given as a 1-h infusion to three volunteers with normal renal function both before and after oral administration of probenecid (1 g). The kinetics were well described by a two compartment open model with zero-order infusion. The mean acyclovir concentrations at all time points after 1.0 h from the end of acyclovir infusion following probenecid administration were statistically higher than the corresponding mean acyclovir concentrations following the acyclovir infusion without probenecid administration. In the absence of probenecid, the renal clearance (248 +/- 80 ml/min per 1.73 m2) accounted for 83% of the total clearance (300 +/- 69 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and was almost threefold greater than the estimated creatinine clearance (90 +/- 48 ml/min per 1.73 m2). After probenecid administration, there was a 32% decline in renal clearance (248 to 168 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P less than or equal to 0.05), a 40% increase in the area under the curve (91.3 to 127.6 nmol.h/ml; P less than 0.05), and an 18% increase in the terminal plasma half-life (2.3 to 2.7 h; P less than 0.01). Although statistically significant, these effects due to the influence of probenecid probably have only limited clinical importance. In this study we confirmed that acyclovir is eliminated predominantly by renal clearance, both by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion; our results suggested that at least part of the tubular secretion is inhibited by probenecid. PMID- 7103461 TI - Action of penicillin on Borrelia hermsii. AB - Borrelia hermsii, a spirochete and an etiological agent of relapsing fever, was cultivated in modified Kelly medium. Studies of the action of penicillin on B. hermsii strain HS1 revealed the following: (i) the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of benzylpenicillin for this strain were 0.4 and 3.1 nmol/ml (0.15 and 1.1 micrograms/ml), respectively; (ii) the primary morphological responses at the minimum bactericidal concentration of benzylpenicillin were the formation of spheroplast-like structures and an increased number of small, membranous blebs; (iii) radioactive benzylpenicillin bound to five penicillin-binding proteins in the whole cells of B. hermsii. The 50% binding concentrations of labeled penicillin for the five penicillin-binding proteins were within a factor of five of the minimum inhibitory concentration. More than one-half of the total bound labeled penicillin was associated with penicillin-binding protein 1, the penicillin-binding protein with the largest apparent molecular weight (90,000). PMID- 7103462 TI - Synergistic interaction of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. AB - The in vitro interaction of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole on clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was studied. With complete inhibition and a visual endpoint used as the criteria, three of four strains had minimal inhibitory concentrations that indicated resistance to sulfamethoxazole, and all four strains were resistant to trimethoprim. A marked synergism in inhibition was noted with the combination of these drugs against sulfa-resistant strains. A sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ratio of 5:1 was the most synergistic. Fifty percent inhibition, determined spectrophotometrically, of the strains could be achieved with sulfamethoxazole alone. In summary, the striking synergy observed suggests that combination chemotherapy with these drugs deserves further study. PMID- 7103463 TI - Some like it hot: a temporal analysis of hedonic responses to chili pepper. PMID- 7103464 TI - Some aspects of the liking for hot coffee and coffee flavor. PMID- 7103467 TI - Dietary intake in obese women. PMID- 7103466 TI - The effects of high dietary zinc on food intake in the domestic fowl. PMID- 7103468 TI - Verbal interaction patterns of depressed and non-depressed institutionalized mentally retarded adults. AB - Data obtained through 18, 5-minute observations of nine depressed and nine nondepressed institutionalized mentally retarded adults revealed five patterns of verbal interaction including: (a) other individuals were more likely to request action from depressed individuals than to make declarative statements; (b) the depressed subjects were more likely to gain compliance by exhibiting negative affect; (c) the depressed subjects were more likely to resist request by exhibiting negative affect; (d) other individuals were more likely to exhibit negative affect when interacting with depressed subjects; (e) staff rather than peers were more likely to interact with depressed subject. Depressed and non depressed subjects could not be differentiated by the number of communications initiated which did not require a response from others and on the percentage of communications initiated with staff. PMID- 7103465 TI - Effect of diet hydration on food and water intake, efficiency of food utilization and response to fast and realimentation in rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic hypophagia and growth retardation. PMID- 7103470 TI - Assessing the problematic interpersonal skills of mentally retarded individuals in a vocational setting. AB - The present paper reports on two studies which were designed to assess specific interpersonal situations and behaviors which interfere with a mentally retarded individual's adjustment to a vocational setting. In the first study, lists of problematic interpersonal situations and problematic behaviors were generated based on (a) interviews with prevocational teachers, school personnel, and work supervisors in a sheltered workshop setting, and (b) behavioral observations of workers in prevocational classes and a workshop setting. The list of problematic behaviors was further evaluated by work supervisors to determine the frequency and seriousness of each behavior. This information provided a basis for establishing training priorities in an interpersonal skills training program for mentally retarded individuals. In a second study, problem behavior ratings were obtained from prevocational teachers and residential supervisors for 40 mentally retarded individuals. Teachers additionally rated each individual using several standardized assessment scales (Behavior Problem Checklist, AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, Vocational Competency Scale). After placement in a sheltered workshop setting, problem behavior ratings were obtained from work supervisors for each individual, and the length of successful employment was assessed. Intercorrelations among measures and across raters provided initial support for the validity and reliability of the problem behavior list. Implications for future researching and training on interpersonal-vocational skills are discussed. PMID- 7103469 TI - Immediate and delayed reinforcement on WISC-R performance for mentally retarded students. AB - Thirty white mentally retarded children were administered the WISC-R under one of three conditions: standardized testing conditions, standardized plus immediate reinforcement, standardized plus delayed reinforcement. One reinforcement group earned tokens immediately after each correct response and the other reinforcement group received their earned tokens halfway through and at the end of the IQ test. Both reinforcement groups exchanged their tokens for a variety of backup reinforcers at the halfway point and at the end of the test. Both the immediate and delayed reinforcement groups showed significantly better performance than the standardized testing group, although the two reinforcement groups did not differ from one another. Half of the children in each of the groups that earned tokens scored above the mentally impaired range while only one child in the standardized testing group scored above the mentally impaired level. Implications for the use of intelligence tests for mentally retarded students are discussed. PMID- 7103471 TI - Naturalistic studies of mentally retarded persons: V: The effects of staff instructions on student responding. AB - A naturalistic study, with two purposes, was conducted to evaluate communication between staff and retarded persons in an institutional and in a community setting. The first purpose was to determine the natural rates of attention from staff in the form of instructions. Results showed that verbal instruction was the most prevalent (67%) followed by verbal instruction with physical assistance (12%), nonverbal instruction with physical assistance (10%), nonverbal instruction (6%), and physical assistance (5%). The second purpose was to determine the relative effectiveness of each of these types of instructions. Results showed that although verbal instruction was the most common, it was not the most effective, being surpassed by nonverbal instruction and nonverbal instruction with physical assistance. Results were discussed in terms of (a) their relation to prior research, (b) their use as nomothetic data to provide initial instruction modes, and (c) their use with specific persons on whom individual data have been collected. PMID- 7103472 TI - Reduction of disruptively loud voice volume using a "tok-back" device. AB - This study addressed the disruptively loud voice volume of three adult mentally retarded subjects. A reduction in voice volume was affected through the use of the "tok-back" device, a crescent-shaped device made of lightweight plastic, which when fitted over the face covers the mouth and ears and provides feedback on sounds emitted. In Experiment 1, the tok-back was used with two subjects as an aversive consequence to disruptive screaming. The tok-back was placed over the face after each scream and remained in place until the end of a specified period of quiet. Using a multiple baseline across settings design with each subject, results showed a substantial reduction in screaming following the implementation of the tok-back condition. A multi-element design was used in Experiment 2 to compare the effects of baseline, cueing and tok-back conditions on percent of correct responses, responses given in a soft volume, to simple conversational questions with the third subject. Results showed the tok-back condition to result in a higher percent of correct responding then did either the baseline or cueing conditions. PMID- 7103473 TI - Effect of growth conditions on heat resistance of Arizona bacteria grown in a chemostat. AB - The effects of various growth conditions on the heat resistance of Arizona bacteria grown in a continuous-culture device (chemostat) were studied. Using either glucose, NH4Cl, NaH2PO4, or MgCl2 as the rate-limiting nutrient, it was found that the heat resistance, in all cases depended on the dilution rate and, hence, growth rate of the culture. Cells grown at high dilution rates were less heat resistant than those grown at low dilution rates. If, however, the dilution rate was maintained at a constant rate, the higher the growth temperature, the more heat resistant were the cells. Also at any given dilution rate, the cells were most heat resistant when grown at a near neutral pH. Most survival curves were biphasic in shape, indicating the presence in the population of two fractions of cells, one fraction being more resistant than the other. The size of the more heat-resistant fraction varied from almost 100% in very slow-growing cultures to practically 0% in cultures grown at a dilution rate of 0.67 h-1. PMID- 7103476 TI - Uptake of bacteriophage f2 through plant roots. AB - A model system was designed to measure viral uptake through the roots of plants and translocation to distal plant parts. For this study, uptake of bacteriophage f2 was measured in corn and bean plants growing in hydroponic solutions. Few phage were detected in plants with uncut roots. However, when roots of both plant types were cut just before exposure to very high concentrations of phage, the amount of phage uptake was several orders of magnitude greater than with uncut roots, but still was considerably less than that which was theoretically possible. Furthermore, cut roots were rapidly repaired, thus inhibiting uptake, and the amount of uptake in plants with cut roots was proportional to phage exposure levels. Finally, phage were transported to all plant parts examined, but their survival times within each portion of the plants appeared to be of limited duration. All of these factors tend to minimize the possible public health significance associated with viral uptake through the root systems of plants. PMID- 7103480 TI - Production of ochratoxin A in barley by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium viridicatum: effect of fungal growth, time, temperature, and inoculum size. AB - Moistened barley was inoculated with 1.4 x 10(3) and 1.4 x 10(5) spores, respectively, from ochratoxin A-producing strains of Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium varidicatum. To estimate fungal tissue in the barley, the amount of glucosamine was followed for 28 days at 10 and 25 degrees C. Ochratoxin A was also followed during the same period and under the same conditions. The data show that ochratoxin A could be detected 4 to 6 days after inoculation at 25 degrees C, and the maximal accumulation of ochratoxin A was observed 28 days after inoculation. After 28 days at 25 degrees C, the quantities of ochratoxin A were between 7 and 46 micrograms/g of grain. At 10 degrees C only P. viridicatum produced ochratoxin A. The results indicated that production of ochratoxin A is not associated with rapid increase of glucosamine in the barley. PMID- 7103474 TI - Glucuronide and sulfate conjugation in the fungal metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons. AB - Cunninghamella elegans oxidized naphthalene to ethyl acetate-soluble and water soluble metabolites. Experiments with [14C]-naphthalene indicated that 21% of the substrate was converted into metabolites. The ratio of organic-soluble metabolites to water-soluble metabolites was 76:24. The major ethyl acetate soluble naphthalene metabolites were trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-naphthalene, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, and 1-naphthol. Enzymatic treatment of the aqueous phase with either arylsulfatase or beta-glucuronidase released metabolites of naphthalene that were extractable with ethyl acetate. In both cases, the major metabolite was 1-naphthol. The ratio of water-soluble sulfate conjugates to water soluble glucuronide conjugates was 1:1. Direct analysis of the aqueous phase by high-pressure liquid and thin-layer chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques indicated that 1-naphthyl sulfate and 1-naphthyl glucuronic acid were major water-soluble metabolites formed from the fungal metabolism of naphthalene. C. elegans oxidized biphenyl primarily to 4-hydroxy biphenyl. Deconjugation experiments with biphenyl water-soluble metabolites indicated that the glucuronide and sulfate ester of 4-hydroxy biphenyl were metabolites. The data demonstrate that sulfation and glucuronidation are major pathways in the metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi. PMID- 7103481 TI - Contamination of red-meat carcasses by Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. AB - Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was commonly present in the feces of unweaned calves (2 to 3 weeks old) and from two of four groups of sheep. One new season lamb (12 to 16 weeks old) carried the organism, but the bacteria were not isolated from cattle. With unweaned calves, the fractions of animals infected and carcasses contaminated were similar. Contamination of carcasses usually involved low densities of C. fetus subsp. jejuni (ca. 1 to 10/cm2), which were isolated from flank but not rump areas. The organism was recovered less frequently from chilled carcasses and deboned veal. Small numbers of C. fetus subsp. jejuni could be recovered from equipment during the processing of unweaned calves but not after routine cleaning. PMID- 7103475 TI - Incidence of Vibrio species associated with blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Galveston Bay, Texas. AB - Bacteria were readily isolated from the hemolymph of a majority (88%) of the blue crabs collected from Galveston Bay, Texas. The hemolymph of most crabs contained moderate (greater than 10(3) bacteria/ml) to heavy (greater than (10(5) bacteria/ml) infections. Large variances were observed in the bacterial number associated with individual crabs, but no significant difference was observed between the mean bacterial levels in the hemolymph of crabs collected during different seasons of the sampling year. Vibrio spp. were the predominant bacterial types in the hemolymph of infected crabs and increased in number significantly during the summer season. Warmer water temperatures were thought to be responsible for this increase. Bacterial numbers and the percentage of Vibrio spp. were highest in the interior of the crab bodies, especially in the digestive tract. The exterior of the crabs did not appear to be the source of the hemolymph's bacterial flora. Bacteria taxonomically identical to Vibrio cholerae. V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus were routinely isolated from the crab hemolymph and external carapace. V. parahaemolyticus was the most prevalent of the pathogenic Vibrio spp. and was isolated from 23% of the hemolymph samples. V. vulnificus (7%) and V. cholerae (2%) occurred less commonly in the hemolymph. The incidences of V. parachaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were related and increased in the summer months. Both organisms were frequently isolated from the same crab. PMID- 7103478 TI - Salmonella spp. in the working environment of sewage treatment plants in Oslo, Norway. AB - The presence of Salmonella spp. was investigated at three sewage treatment plants in Oslo, Norway. Salmonella bacteria were isolated from floor surfaces and areas with hand contact in the treatment plant, from floor surfaces and areas with hand contact in the treatment plant, from floor surfaces in the changing rooms, and in one case from floor surfaces in an eating room. The sewage sludge contained from 140 to 140,000 Salmonella spp. per 100 g dry weight. Raw and treated sewage contained an average of 130 and 3 of these bacteria per 100 ml, respectively. There was poor correlation between the pattern of serotypes isolated from the sewage works and the patterns of those which were registered among the population of Oslo during the investigation. Neither enteropathogenic bacteria nor parasite eggs were found in fecal samples from employees at the plant. The health significance of the presence of Salmonella spp. in the environment of sewage workers is discussed. PMID- 7103483 TI - Microbiological examination of sebeel water. AB - Water samples from clay storage jugs ("zeers") located in homes and at public watering stands ("sebeels") at streets, mosques, and schools were examined. Coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci were detected in 100, 69, 88, and 91.56% of the samples, respectively. The general microbiology of the water and some factors affecting microbial load were studied. The predominant bacterial genera of sebeel water were found to be Staphylococcus. Aerococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, Lactobacillus, and Arthrobacter. A simple modification of zeer construction was suggested to help improve sanitation. PMID- 7103479 TI - Anaerobic bacterial populations on normal and diseased human biopsy tissue obtained at colonoscopy. AB - Human epithelium was cultured to characterize differences in microbial populations between regions of normal colon and between polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer and their respective adjacent normal mucosa. Twenty-one patients (12 polyps, 5 inflammatory bowel disease, 4 cancer) underwent colonoscopy with anaerobic culture of mucosal biopsies from normal and diseased ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. No differences for total number of organisms and recovery of species between ascending colon and other normal regions were seen except for sigmoid colon. Significant differences between polyps and adjacent normal tissue were seen for total number of organisms and recovery of genera and species. No significant differences in total number of organisms and recovery of genera were seen between cancer and inflammatory bowel disease and their respective adjacent normal tissue. The recovery of genera from polyps and normal tissue was Bacteroides greater than Fusobacterium greater than Clostridium greater than Eubacterium greater than Peptostreptococcus. These data suggest that (i) the total number of anaerobic organisms and species remained relatively constant, except for lower numbers in normal distal colon which were probably a result of the preparation for colonoscopy; (ii) polyp formation favored increased microbial colonization; and (iii) the increased number of organisms generally reflected those genera and species seen on adjacent normal mucosa. PMID- 7103477 TI - Hot water systems as sources of Legionella pneumophila in hospital and nonhospital plumbing fixtures. AB - Samples obtained from plumbing systems of hospitals, nonhospital institutions and homes were cultured for Legionella spp. by plating the samples directly on a selective medium. Swab samples were taken from the inner surfaces of faucet assemblies (aerators, spouts, and valve seats), showerheads, and shower pipes. Water and sediment were collected from the bottom of hot-water tanks. Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 6 were recovered from plumbing fixtures of the hospitals and nonhospital institutions and one of five homes. The legionellae (7 to 13,850 colony-forming units per ml) were also present in water and sediment from hot-water tanks maintained at 30 to 54 degrees C, but not in those maintained at 71 and 77 degrees C. Legionella micdadei was isolated from one tank. Thus legionellae are present in hot-water tanks which are maintained at warm temperatures or whose design results in warm temperatures at the bottom of the tanks. We hypothesize that hot-water tanks are a breeding site and a major source of L. pneumophila for the contamination of plumbing systems. The existence of these bacteria in the plumbing systems and tanks was not necessarily associated with disease. The extent of the hazard of this contamination needs to be delineated. PMID- 7103484 TI - Metabolism of ochratoxin A by primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. AB - Association of ochratoxin A with cultured rat hepatocytes occurs at 4 degrees C, and the saturation level in the medium is 0.3 mM ochratoxin A, with maximal binding after 60 min. At 37 degrees C the level of cell-associated ochratoxin A increased up to 6 h and remained at 2 nmol of toxin per mg of cell protein for 30 h. With increasing concentrations of ochratoxin A, increasing amounts of the toxin accumulated in the cells; saturation occurred at a concentration of 0.3 mM. Ochratoxin A was metabolized by hepatocytes at 37 degrees. (4R)-4 Hydroxyochratoxin A appeared in the medium at a maximal level (about 30 nmol/mg of cell protein) at an ochratoxin A concentration of 0.25 mM after 48 h of incubation. Small amounts of (4S)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A were detected only after incubation for 22 h or longer. PMID- 7103486 TI - Decontamination of laboratory microbiological waste by steam sterilization. AB - A steam sterilizer (autoclave) was tested to determine the operating parameters that affected sterilization of microbiological waste. Tests involved standardized loads (5, 10 ad 15 lb [ca. 2.27, 4.54, and 6.80 kg, respectively]) contaminated petri plates in autoclave bags placed in polypropylene or stainless steel containers. Thermal and biological data were obtained by using a digital potentiometer and a biological indicator containing spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus, respectively. The transfer of heat was more efficient when smaller loads of microbiological waste were tested and stainless steel rather than polypropylene containers were used. A single bag with the sides rolled down to expose the top layer of petri plates allowed heat to pass better than did a single bag with the top constricted by a twist-tie. The presence of water in the autoclave bag did not significantly improve heat-up time in stainless steel or polypropylene containers. The results of biological tests substantiated the temperature data. When 10 or 15 lb of microbiological waste was exposed to various test conditions, the only condition that ensured the destruction of B. stearothermophilus involved the use of a stainless steel container (with or without water) for 90 min. Autoclaving for 45 min resulted in the destruction of bacteria included in 10 lb (136 +/- 3 plates) or 15 lb (205 +/- 6 plates) of microbiological waste when stainless steel containers with or without water or polypropylene containers with water used, whereas 60 min was required to kill all bacteria if polypropylene containers without water were used. PMID- 7103482 TI - Survival of Salmonella adelaide and fecal coliforms in coarse sands of the swan costal plain, Western Australia. AB - The survival of Salmonella adelaide and fecal coliforms in two coarse sands influenced by two sources of septic tank effluent was studied. The experiments were conducted in conditions that reflected the soil environment beneath functioning septic tank systems. Significant differences in survival were found with different effluent sources. In one experiment the survival of S. adelaide was similar to that of fecal coliforms; in the other it was not. The nonuniform, multiphasic nature of survival curves was variability observed in these experiments suggests that the application of such survival data for establishing management criteria for septic tank systems--by, for example, the use of soil moisture characteristic curves to give estimates of movement in the soil--is inappropriate. PMID- 7103485 TI - Development of high heat resistance of Arizona neotype by preincubation at 35 degrees C in media containing NaCl. AB - When cells of Arizona neotype were preincubated at 35 degrees C in a medium containing NaCl (1 to 10%), they were found to be much more heat resistant upon being tested at 57 degrees C in a Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems) soy-yeast extract broth medium containing 10% NaCl than cells that had not been preincubated. Although no growth takes place during preincubation in the presence of 10% NaCl, some metabolic activity is necessary, since the presence of 2,4 dinitrophenol during incubation reduced the amount of gain in heat resistance. Incubation in the presence of N2, instead of air, abolished the effect. Chloramphenicol and rifampin, however, had no effect. Preincubated cells were just as heat resistant when separated by centrifugation and suspended in a fresh medium as when suspended in the incubated supernatant liquid. Conversely, the incubated supernatant liquid did not confer increased heat resistance upon unincubated cells. The increase in heat resistance, therefore, is probably a result of the salt osmotically plasmolyzing the cells by removing intracellular water, thus rendering the cellular contents more stable to heat. It is not known, however, why metabolic activity is necessary. PMID- 7103487 TI - Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in unsterilized tap water. AB - Naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila, an environmental isolate which had not been grown on artificial medium, was tested for the ability to multiply in tap water. A showerhead containing L. pneumophila and non-Legionellaceae bacteria was immersed in nonsterile tap water supplying this fixture. Also L. pneumophila and non-Legionellaceae bacteria were sedimented from tap water from a surgical intensive care unit. This bacterial suspension was inoculated into tap water from our laboratory. The legionellae in both suspensions multiplied in the tap water at 32, 37, and 42 degrees C. The non-Legionellaceae bacteria multiplied at 25, 32, and 37 degrees C. A water sample which was collected from the bottom of a hot water tank was found to contain L. pneumophila and non-Legionellaceae bacteria. These legionellae also multiplied when the water sample was incubated at 37 degrees C. These results indicate that L. pneumophila may multiply in warm water environments such as hot water plumbing fixtures, hot water tanks, and cooling towers. PMID- 7103488 TI - Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from inoculated foods by selective enrichment. AB - A direct enrichment procedure was developed to selectively recover small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and nalidixic acid-resistant thermophilic Campylobacter from foods. The procedure includes an enrichment medium composed of brucella broth, 7% lysed horse blood, 0.3% sodium succinate, 0.01% cysteine hydrochloride, vancomycin (15 micrograms/ml), trimethoprim (5 micrograms/ml), polymyxin B (20 IU/ml), and cycloheximide (50 micrograms/ml) that is inoculated with 10 or 25 g of food and incubated with agitation under microaerophilic conditions at 42 degrees C for 16 to 18 h. After incubation, the medium is plated directly onto Campy-BAP agar plates (M. J. Blaser et al., Ann. Intern. Med. 91:179-185, 1979), and resulting colonies that resemble Campylobacter are identified by conventional tests. The foods evaluated included raw milk, hamburger, and chicken skin which had aerobic plate counts of 10(5) to 10(9) bacteria/g. The procedure was effective in recovering as few as 0.1 cell of Campylobacter per g of food. Of the 50 isolates of Campylobacter evaluated, all were recovered from raw milk and hamburger at a level of 1 to 4 cells/g, and 41 and 40 isolaes were recovered from the hamburger and milk, respectively, at 0.1 to 0.4 cell/g. The enrichment was least effective for recovering campylobacters from chicken skin, as 7 and 26 of 50 isolates were not recovered at 1 to 4 and 0.1 to 0.4 cell/g, respectively. This new procedure is more rapid, direct, and effective than other enrichment or direct plating procedures for recovering small numbers of campylobacters from foods. PMID- 7103489 TI - Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and hydroxylated anthraquinones in the Ames/Salmonella microsome system. AB - The mutagenicity of anthracene, anthraquinone, and four structurally similar compounds of each was evaluated in the Ames/Salmonella microsome assay. Anthraquinone was shown to be mutagenic for strains TA1537, TA1538, and TA98 in the absence of rat liver homogenate. The four anthraquinone derivatives tested were mutagenic for TA1537 exclusively. None of the anthracenes exhibited mutagenic activity. PMID- 7103490 TI - Isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). AB - A new bacterial pathogen of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was isolated from fish in Oregon's Rogue River. The bacteria are biochemically and serologically related to strains of Edwardsiella tarda. Initially isolated from chinook salmon, the bacteria were also pathogenic for steelhead and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The 50% lethal doses for chinook salmon, steelhead trout, and channel catfish injected intraperitoneally and maintained in 18 degrees C water were 4.1 x 10(6), 5.6 x 10(6), and 4.0 x 10(5) respectively. When chinook salmon and rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally and held in 12 degrees C water, the mean lethal doses were 6.4 x 10(7) and 1.7 x 10(6), respectively. The invasiveness of the organism was low in steelhead trout exposed to the bacteria by the waterborne route. The optimum growth temperature of the bacteria in brain heart infusion broth was approximately 35 degrees C. The guanine plus cytosine content of DNA obtained from E. tarda isolated from salmon was 59 mol%. PMID- 7103491 TI - Comparison of methods for recovering indigenous viruses from raw wastewater sludge. AB - Five general methods for recovering indigenous viruses from raw wastewater sludge were compared. Each method included elution, concentration, and disinfection steps. The elution method, found to consistently yield the greatest viral recovery, was a two-phase technique that involved blending sludge with Freon. Other methods, including two being tested as American Society for Testing Materials tentative standard methods, were less effective. Viral recoveries were generally greater (sometimes much greater) if samples were concentrated by high speed centrifugation rather than by organic flocculation with 3% beef extract. Three cell lines were used to measure viral recoveries by the plaque assay. The efficiency of recovery was greatest on BGM cells, followed by RD and MA-104 cells. PMID- 7103492 TI - Microbial flora of the mouse ileum mucous layer and epithelial surface. AB - We have developed new methods to minimize fluid shear during preparation of specimens for electron microscopy and to retain the mucous blanket that covers the tissue surface of the ileum in mice. We also used general stabilization by nonspecific antibodies to minimize the collapse of the mucous layer during dehydration for electron microscopy. These methods allowed us to visualize the gradual progression of the mucous blanket from a thin diaphanous layer in newborn animals to a very thick (ca. 50 micrometers), coherent structure in older animals that contained a mixed population of bacteria and protozoa. Some bacteria, notably filamentous forms, were patently anchored to the epithelial tissue but projected into the mucous blanket, whereas others clearly existed within the mucous blanket and were unattached to the epithelial surface. Similarly, some protozoa were firmly attached to the tissue surface, whereas others were suspended in the viscous mucous blanket. In an adult animal, the mucous blanket was a very thick layer which actually occluded most of the tissue surface and contained a rich variety of bacteria and protozoa. PMID- 7103493 TI - Glutamine and proline accumulation by Staphylococcus aureus with reduction in water activity. AB - Proline and glutamine were found to be the predominant free amino acids in Staphylococcus aureus MF-31 challenged by 5.8 or 10% NaCl in the growth medium. The accumulation of glutamine was the result of its synthesis, whereas the accumulation of proline was by transport. PMID- 7103495 TI - [Morphometric study of the thymus of the urodelan amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii Michah; Histological study and cell counting (author's transl)]. AB - Thymus morphogenesis was studied in semi-thick sections, in order to examine the relationships between the size and cell counts of the thymus, and the weight and length of the animals. Histological structure was also investigated. The growing phase extends over the whole larval life up to stage 55b : thymus size increases progressively. A positive correlation exists between the size of the thymus, and the weight and length of the animals. Cell counts increase rapidly, particularly between stages 46 and 53; cell density increases from stage 40 to stage 55a. At the same time the thymus acquires its mature aspect : it is then composed of two parts; a dense background and medulla-like spots, these spots being randomly distributed among the background, and consisting of a small number of thymic cysts. The second phase is that of dynamic stability, covering metamorphosis : thymus size, cellular density, and cell counts are maximal and quite constant. The stability period is longer for cellular density than for thymus size and cell counts; during period the histological aspect of the organ shows no change. In the third phase, extending during adult life, there is a slight decrease in thymus size and in the thymus cell count; cellular density decreases. The rate of decrease thymus size, cellular density and cell count is less rapid than their previous rate of increase. PMID- 7103494 TI - Identification of volatile organic compounds produced by fluorescent pseudomonads on chicken breast muscle. AB - Four different fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from spoiled, uncooked chicken breasts and were grown in pure culture on initially sterile chicken breast muscle at 2 to 6 degrees C for 14 days. The volatile compounds produced by each culture were concentrated on a porous polymer precolumn and separated and identified by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 7103496 TI - [Blastocyst-endometrial relationships before ovo-implantation in the rabbit (author's transl)]. AB - Transmission and scanning electron microscope appearances of epithelium in a pregnant uterine horn at and between the eggs, in a non-gravid horn of a unilaterally pregnant animal, and in the uterine horn of a pseudopregnant animal provided evidence of short-, medium- and long-range blastocyst effects. While cessation of mitotic division at 5 to 6 days post-coitum is solely the result of ovarian activity, the changes that occur in the shape of uterine epithelial cells apex seem to be due to the combined actions of ovaries and eggs. The development of apical club-shaped structures between 4 and 6 days, more pronounced in the pregnant horn compared with the pseudopregnant horn is apparently determined by ovarian and ovular effects. On the other hand, blastocysts induce the apparition of crater-cells at days 4 and 5 only in the pregnant horn : this could involve a mechanical or a chemical action of short- and medium-range egg effects. Similarly, on days 5 and 6, apical elongations are seen in the uterine regions occupied by the eggs, this finding points to a possible short-range blastocyst action. PMID- 7103497 TI - Ultrastructure of the cell types of the anterior hypophysis in a lizard. III. Rostral gonadotrophs. AB - Rostral gonadotrophs of the teiid lizard Cnemidopohorus lemniscatus are mainly situated in the rostral zone of the anterior hypophysis, but partially invade the caudal region when hyperactive. They are rounded or ovoid cells in which the dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, containing a flocculent substance, forms large disseminated vesicles and, frequently, an expanded basal cisterna. Numerous free ribosomes lie in the hyaloplasm, and the Golgi apparatus has often a spherical arrangement. Secretory granules are round, homogeneous, of medium opacity, and closely bound by a membrane. They vary considerably in size, their largest diameters being four times greater than those of the smallest granules in most cells. Characteristic membrane-bound polymorphic bodies exist among the granules; they contain a filamentous substance and opaque or crystalline inclusions. The mitochondria are very elongated. Rostral gonadotrophs undergo marked variations throughout the year; in May they are voluminous, with vesicular nuclei, abundant secretory granules, large polymorphic bodies, conspicuous Golgi apparatuses and widely scattered vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the small cells present in January show opposite features. Gonadectomy, in both sexes, produces activation of these cells, with progressive reduction in the number and size of secretory granules, until almost complete degranulation of many elements after sixty days. Metyrapone administration for eight days results in a striking regression of rostral gonadotrophs, which appear small, with shrunken nuclei, poorly developed organelles, and few, often large secretory granules. PMID- 7103498 TI - [Role of matrix glycoproteins during chondrocyte differentiation (author's transl)]. AB - The importance of cell-matrix interactions during terminal chondrocyte differentiation is to-day accepted by all authors. Na-hyaluronate micro injections induce an increase of perichondral thickness and maintain mesenchymal aspect in chondrocyte. Cytoplasmic organelles show anomalies which may be bound to disturbance in cellular metabolism. An important decrease of matrix constituents is observed, a fact showing that high hyaluronate concentration interferes with chondroitin-sulfate synthesis or secretion and collagen organization. PMID- 7103499 TI - [Influence of thyroidectomy and PTU treatment on cartilage ultrastructure in the embryo and very young dogfish (scyllium canicula, chondrichthyes) (author's transl)]. AB - In embryos and very young dogfish made hypothyroidian by various treatments (radiothyroidectomy, surgical thyroidectomy and PTU treatment), ultrastructural abnormalities have been observed in all tested cartilages : Meckel's, branchial and pelvic cartilages. Many chondrocytes show a dark nucleus, enlarged REG vesicles and very electron dense hyaloplasm giving the cell a very peculiar reticulated aspect. Other chondrocytes appear unaffected. Cartilage ultrastructure is almost fully restored after a 21 days' recovery time. Around abnormal chondrocytes, extracellular matrix components are scarce. Moreover, matrix mineralization occurs around some abnormal chondrocytes by hydroxyapatite crystalization, never seen in normal embryos. During recovery, these crystals are preserved. When the antithyroid effects of PTU are compensated for by a simultaneous thyroxine treatment, cartilage abnormalities are minimized. If radiothyroidectomy is performed on young embryos, chondrocyte differentiation is delayed. It is concluded from these various experiments that thyroid hormones are required for the normal differentiation of cartilage and for the maintenance of its integrity in this fish. PMID- 7103500 TI - Iodate promotes guanosine triphosphate stimulation of human fat-cell adenylate cyclase. PMID- 7103502 TI - Effect of Cl- on the function of the Cl- -activated arginine aminopeptidase purified from human erythrocytes. PMID- 7103503 TI - Spectral changes induced in Cibacron Blue F3GA by salts, organic solvents, and polypeptides: implications for blue dye interaction with proteins. PMID- 7103501 TI - The effect of oligomeric environment on the kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase subunits. PMID- 7103504 TI - The viscoelastic properties of actin solutions. PMID- 7103505 TI - Polymerization-induced changes in the fluorescence of actin labeled with iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine. PMID- 7103507 TI - Purification of spermidine synthase from rat ventral prostate by affinity chromatography on immobilized S-adenosyl(5')-3-thiopropylamine. PMID- 7103508 TI - The stacking of chloroplast thylakoids: evidence for segregation of charged groups into nonstacked regions. PMID- 7103506 TI - Purification of the heat-stable factor required for alpha-hydroxylation and beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids in brain. PMID- 7103511 TI - Purification and characterization of chitinase from the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. PMID- 7103510 TI - Sodium-dependent alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport by the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum. PMID- 7103509 TI - The transformation of phthalaldehydate by phthalate-grown Micrococcus strain 12B. PMID- 7103512 TI - Activation of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase by phosphate: active enzyme gel chromatography and enzyme kinetic studies. PMID- 7103513 TI - Inhibition by ozone of the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate in mitochondria and microsomes from rat lung. PMID- 7103514 TI - Isolation and characterization of an acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase from an erythromycin-producing Streptomyces erythreus. PMID- 7103516 TI - Purification and properties of hog liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. PMID- 7103515 TI - Reduction of ricin and other plant toxins by thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductases. PMID- 7103517 TI - Distribution of acetylated forms of nucleosomal histones in fractionated chromatin. PMID- 7103518 TI - Soft nails after treatment with aromatic retinoids. PMID- 7103519 TI - Thalidomide in the treatment of Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 7103520 TI - Eruptive vellus hair cysts in a Japanese adult. PMID- 7103521 TI - Increased levels of fecal protoporphyrin and guaiac testing. PMID- 7103525 TI - The occurrence of mycosis fungoides in two patients with preexisting Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 7103526 TI - Natural cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis. AB - Ten patients with atopic dermatitis and ten healthy control subjects, matched for age, sex, and skin color, were studied for their peripheral blood natural cell mediated cytotoxic activity against K-562 human leukemia cell line target cells, using the sodium chromate Cr 51 release assay. There was a great reduction in the natural cytotoxic activity of the patients with atopic dermatitis compared with that of their respective control subjects; the patients with atopic dermatitis had a mean value of 41.9 alpha +/- 28.3% of that of the control subjects. PMID- 7103522 TI - Dinitrochlorobenzene treatment of alopecia areata. AB - Forty-two patients with alopecia areata were treated with local applications of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB); We used DNCB in two forms, an acetone solution applied weekly or a cream used every day, employing a wide range of DNCB concentrations. The concentration used was varied at the time of each application to produce a contact dermatitis. Seven patients experienced complete and lasting hair regrowth, 17 had poor results, and in 18 patients the treatment was a failure. Acquired tolerance to DNCB was observed in six patients; in five it was abolished by the administration of cimetidine. Certain factors such as the delay in appearance and the intensity of the sensitization reaction influence the hair regrowth. Poor prognostic criteria for treatment effect included a history of previous systemic corticosteroid therapy, atopy, and the presence of alopecia areata in close relatives. PMID- 7103524 TI - Etretinate therapy causes increases in lipid levels in patients with psoriasis. AB - We investigated changes in serum triglyceride, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels during etretinate administration in 21 patients with psoriasis. Mean serum triglyceride and cholesterol values showed a statistically significant increase during etretinate therapy compared with placebo treatment; mean HDLC levels did not change. During etretinate therapy, elevations out of the normal range occurred in 77% of the patients for serum triglycerides and 25% for serum cholesterol. Eight weeks after discontinuation of the drug regimen, patients' mean serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were not statistically different from those found prior to therapy. Nevertheless, eight weeks after therapy had been stopped, six (32%) of 19 patients had cholesterol values that were still 20% or more above their baseline levels; the prolonged etretinate excretion time could have been responsible. The mechanisms for the etretinate-induced lipid elevations are unknown. PMID- 7103527 TI - The lupus band test as a measure of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - One hundred twenty-seven biopsy specimens from clinically normal light-protected skin of 88 patients with active and inactive lupus erythematosus (LE) were examined for deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3 at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). Deposits were found in 91% of those with active disease and in 33% of those with inactive disease. The finding of such deposits reflected active disease just as did a decrease in serum C3 and C4 levels, elevated anti-double stranded DNA, the presence of LE cells, lymphopenia, and an elevation of the ESR. The presence or absence of deposits in repeated biopsy specimens indicated changing disease activity, as estimated clinically, just as did changes in the other variables mentioned. Neither immunoreactants in skin nor any other laboratory abnormality reflected renal disease or other type of organ involvement. Deposits of IgG were not more commonly found in patients with renal disease. PMID- 7103528 TI - Hydroa vacciniforme: diagnosis and therapy. AB - Hydroa vacciniforme is a rare, chronic photodermatosis with onset in childhood. Multiple exposures to UV-A reproduced the symptoms and the vesicular and scarring lesions typical of the sun-induced disease in our patient. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine sulfate, but not indomethacin, reduced the photosensitivity both to sunlight and to artificial UV-A light. Serum complement levels were low while the disease was active and returned to normal after treatment of the patient with hydroxychloroquine. PMID- 7103523 TI - Ocular and testicular abnormalities in alopecia areata. AB - Ocular abnormalities similar to those usually found in patients with vitiligo occurred in nine patients with alopecia areata and one patient with poliosis. Exophthalmos, iris color change, discrete depigmentation, and, frequently, associated pigment hyperplasia of the choroid and retinal epithelium were found in the ten patients. Four patients had had a bilateral iris color change from dark brown to blue-green. Hypogonadism, thyroid disease, and poliosis may frequently be associated with pigmentary disturbances of the eye, as well as hair loss. Testicular dysfunction with oligospermatism to aspermatism, hypoandrogyny, hyperretractable testes, and epididymal cyst is reported. Two patients had unilateral and one patient had bilateral testicular atrophy. PMID- 7103529 TI - Pilar neurocristic hamartoma: its relationship to blue nevus and equine melanotic disease. AB - A unique pigmented lesion, judged to be a hamartoma of neural crest origin, occurring in a female patient, is compared with equine melanotic disease, The characteristic perifollicular arrangement of pigment-laden spindle cells is remarkably similar in both. Previously described patch- and plaque-like blue nevi in humans are also closely related. Light and ultrastructural features showed differentiation toward both nevus cells and Schwann cells, and it is proposed that the lesion be termed pilar neurocristic hamartoma. PMID- 7103530 TI - Treatment of eczema herpeticum with vidarabine. PMID- 7103531 TI - Dermatomyositis and dermatitis herpetiformis. AB - Primary hypothyroidism, dermatomyositis, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and Sjogren's syndrome developed sequentially, over a 20-year period, in a 67-year old woman. The principal manifestations of her illness were periodic and simultaneous exacerbations of dermatomyositis and DH. Her histocompatability antigens were A1,B8, a haplotype associated with autoimmune diseases. We suggest that this unusual disease complex has a genetic basis. PMID- 7103533 TI - Subungual myxoma. PMID- 7103532 TI - Lymphadenoid structure induced by gold hypersensitivity. AB - An allergic sensitivity to gold earrings produced a lymphadenoid reaction with germinal centers in the dermis of the pierced earlobes of a 21-year-old woman, However, a patch test for 1% gold sodium thiomalate gave a long-lasting, clinically and histologically eczematous response. Electron microscopic and cytochemical observations showed that non-T lymphocytes and plasma cells were dominant in the dermal infiltrate of the lesions, whereas lymphocytes with convoluted nuclei (which were probably T cells) and monocytes invaded the epidermis in the patch test site. These findings suggest that continuous exposure of the dermis to gold in a sensitized person may induce a lymphadenoid cellular reaction different from the histologic findings seen after contact with the epidermis. PMID- 7103534 TI - Psoralens and UV-A-induced stellate hyperpigmented freckling. PMID- 7103536 TI - Diet for diabetic children: a change in emphasis. PMID- 7103535 TI - BCG vaccination. PMID- 7103537 TI - Causes and management of bronchiolitis with chronic obstructive features. AB - During the last 4 years we have seen 13 children with a severe bronchiolitis. The children have had prolonged respiratory illnesses waxing and waning over many months, often requiring oxygen therapy for long periods. The diagnosis is based on a clinical picture similar to acute bronchiolitis, but persisting for months, frequently associated with failure to thrive, coupled with lung function evidence of hyperinflation and airways obstruction but normal static compliance. Confusion with other chronic lung conditions can be clarified by straightforward observations and investigations. We believe that chronic bronchiolitis is fairly common and often misdiagnosed. The short- and medium-term prognosis appears good although small airways disease may persist into adult life. PMID- 7103538 TI - Breast milk sodium. AB - Sodium content was analysed from 360 breast milk samples of 45 mothers who delivered at term and from 206 samples of 22 mothers who delivered preterm in the first 4 weeks postpartum. The sodium content was consistently higher in the milk from mothers of preterm infants. In both groups, the sodium content of the breast milk decreased rapidly for the first 3 days, and then more slowly. After the first week, the daily variation of sodium concentration in the breast milk was minimal. There was no significant statistical difference in the sodium content of breast milk before compared with after feeding nor was there any difference in sodium content from either breast. PMID- 7103539 TI - A modified cows' milk formula suitable for low birthweight infants. AB - Low birthweight babies fed standard modified cows' milk formulae are at risk from the high fluid intake needed for adequate nutrition, and very preterm babies often develop late hyponatraemia if the sodium intake fails to match large renal losses. A new cows' milk formula (Cow and Gate Prematalac) provides 120 kcal, 3.6 g protein, 7.5 g fat, and 4 mmol sodium in 150 ml. Ten low birthweight babies were fed the new formula at 150 ml/kg a day and compared with 12 similar babies fed a standard modified cows' milk formula (Wyeth SMA Gold Cap) at 180 ml/kg a day. All the babies grew at intrauterine rates and there was no difference in clinical course. None fed the new formula developed hypernatraemia, oedema, or dehydration and none fed the standard formula developed hyponatraemia. The Prematalac group safely excreted the increased osmotic load and had a higher urinary sodium concentration which should protect less mature preterm infants from late hyponatraemia. PMID- 7103540 TI - Early discharge of low birthweight infants. AB - A study was conducted to see if the discharge weight of preterm infants born at less than or equal to 2000 g could safely be reduced. A study group (21 infants) was discharged 'early' at a mean weight of 2010 g (1890-2190) provided there were no medical problems, weight gain was adequate, temperature control in room air was stable, all feedings were by breast, and the mother was ready to have the baby home. A control group (17 infants) was discharged at a mean weight of 2261 g (2200-2400). The duration of time in hospital for the 'early' group was shortened by 11.6 days. At expected date of delivery the weight of infants in each group was similar (3095 +/- 403 compared with 3146 +/- 453 g); length, head circumference, and haemoglobin concentration in each group were similar too. There was no morbidity or mortality in either group. Early discharge did not affect mothering confidence. This study shows that low birthweight infants can be discharged early (at 2000 +/- 100 g) provided appropriate criteria are met, home conditions are adequate, and follow-up is available. PMID- 7103542 TI - Intrapleural permanent pacemakers in infancy. PMID- 7103541 TI - Cardiac pacing in children. AB - Twenty patients aged between 12 months and 13 years underwent permanent pacemaker implantation. The main indication for pacing was post-surgical atrioventricular block. The complication rate was high and related mainly to infections and lead system problems. The use of small multiprogrammable pacemakers is expected to reduce the reoperation rate for system malfunction and elective replacement. Newer methods of electrode insertion and active fixation devices in smaller diameter leads make endocardial pacing a practical alternative to epicardial pacing in the larger child who did not require a pacing system at the time of surgery. PMID- 7103544 TI - Antenatal infections with Candida species. AB - The clinical, pathological, and microbiological features of 18 pregnancies complicated by intrauterine infection with Candida sp. are described. Chorioamnionitis with Candida sp. can be recognised macroscopically at birth. Penetration of the umbilical cord and membranes is associated with an intense fetal inflammatory response. The infection characteristically presents in infants of very low birthweight as pneumonia or a skin infection. In nearly every case the organism can be recovered from the gastric aspirate. A case control study showed that there is a striking association between chorioamnionitis caused by Candida sp. and the presence of a foreign body (an intrauterine contraceptive device or a cervical suture) in the mother's genital tract in pregnancy. This feature in the perinatal history of an infant of short gestation who exhibits a very high neutrophil count should alert the clinician to the possible presence of chorioamnionitis due to Candida sp. PMID- 7103543 TI - Immune dysfunction in the presence of residual splenic tissue. AB - Immunological function was examined in children who had undergone splenectomy, in 8 for trauma, and in 11 for haematologic/oncologic reasons. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of residual splenic tissue on immune function. Children in the elective group had no evidence of splenosis but 6 of the 8 trauma patients showed residual splenic activity. A general trend indicated that immunological dysfunction was associated with the presence of residual splenic tissue. Three patients with significant post-traumatic splenosis showed low IgM levels, one also had a low IgG level and another a low IgA and impaired lymphocyte response to mitogens. The trauma patients with little or no splenic tissue had normal immune functions. Immunological abnormalities were found in 8 of the 11 haematologic/oncologic patients with no splenosis suggesting the abnormalities were possibly due to the primary disease. In contrast to the popular belief that splenosis confers protection against overwhelming sepsis, the present findings suggest that patients with residual splenic tissue are at a greater risk of infection because of a lower level of immune response. PMID- 7103546 TI - Cefuroxime in bacterial meningitis. AB - In order to find an alternative antimicrobial treatment for childhood bacterial meningitis 30 infants and children with meningitis, due to Haemophilus influenzae (n = 13), Neisseria meningitis (n = 9), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 5), or meningitis of unknown aetiology (n = 3), were treated with cefuroxime, 200 mg/kg a day, as the only antibiotic. Prompt clinical and bacteriological responses were noted and every patient was cured. Cefuroxime concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 1.1 to 18.8 (mean 7.0) mg/l at the beginning and from 0.5 to 4.1 (mean 1.6) mg/l at the end of treatment. Three infants developed symptomatic sterile subdural effusions which were managed by repeated subdural aspirations while still on antibiotics. Cefuroxime concentrations in the subdural fluid ranged from 17.4 to 32.4 mg/l. At follow-up 2 patients had moderate unilateral hearing loss and one had mild ataxia. We conclude that cefuroxime is effective and safe for the treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis caused by any of these common organisms. PMID- 7103545 TI - Antenatal dexamethasone and subsequent lung growth. AB - Long-term effects on lung size and lung mechanics were sought in a 12-month follow-up study of 15 infants of very low birthweight (less than 1500 g), 7 of whom had been exposed to antepartum dexamethasone (mean dose 21 mg). None of the infants had significant neonatal respiratory disease. No differences were found between the dexamethasone-treated and control groups for thoracic gas volume, dynamic pulmonary compliance, or airways resistance during the first year of life. This suggests that the growth and development of the lungs are not adversely affected by antepartum exposure to dexamethasone. PMID- 7103547 TI - Long-term outcome of primary nephrotic syndrome. AB - One hundred and fourteen children with primary nephrotic syndrome were followed up prospectively for periods of between 5 and 14 years. Urine samples from 94 of them became protein-free during the initial 8-week course of prednisone, and the outcome for these children was good: 74 of them have been free of symptoms for at least 3 years, 18 have had relapses during the last 3 years, and only one child still has proteinuria. All these children have normal renal function and blood pressure. One child died accidentally. Twenty children did not respond to the initial prednisone treatment. Thirteen of them had remissions later, of whom 2 have had relapses during the last 3 years. Seven were totally resistant to prednisone 4 of whom died in renal failure, the remaining 3 have persistent proteinuria with normal levels of creatinine; one has high blood pressure too. Remission during the initial treatment indicated a good prognosis, but two-thirds of the initial non-responders also fared well. PMID- 7103549 TI - Prolonged foreign body impaction in the oesophagus. PMID- 7103548 TI - Use of restraint systems by preschool children in cars. AB - Many deaths and injuries would be prevented if children in cars were adequately restrained. Cars were stopped at random and the use of child car seats by 853 children aged between 6 months and 4 years was ascertained. One hundred and thirty-three (65%) of the children aged between 6 and 11 months were travelling in seat restraints. Thirty-five (30%) of the children aged between 3 and 4 years were similarly restrained. Thus there was a significant decline in the use of child car seats within the age range for which they are suitable. There are several possible explanations for this finding and it is suggested that not only should efforts be made to encourage parents to provide car restraints for their infants but that attention should be focused on the reasons for this decline in the use of seat restraints. PMID- 7103550 TI - Serum pancreatic lipase as a screening test for cystic fibrosis. AB - Pancreatic lipase catalyses the hydrolysis of emulsified triglycerides to form a transparent solution of monoglycerides and fatty acids. Levels of serum pancreatic lipase were measured in neonates known to have cystic fibrosis and compared with levels in control infants. During the first weeks of life infants with cystic fibrosis had raised serum pancreatic lipase values in parallel with raised serum trypsin values. A simple and specific turbidimetric dried blood spot assay for serum pancreatic lipase was used as a screening test fo cystic fibrosis in the neonate. PMID- 7103552 TI - Prevalence of infant colic. PMID- 7103551 TI - Acinetobacter meningitis: acquired infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. AB - A cluster of 4 cases of meningitis due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus occurred during a 5-day period in a neonatal intensive care unit. Three of the infants were preterm and all had a history of other medical problems. Initiation of intravenous therapy with carbenicillin was accompanied by clinical recovery and a bacteriological cure. Intensive bacteriological investigation failed to show a common source for the infections. PMID- 7103553 TI - Hydrogen breath test in gastroenteritis. PMID- 7103554 TI - Neonatal gallbladder distension. PMID- 7103555 TI - Toxicology of ingested lead shot in ringed turtle doves. PMID- 7103559 TI - Ultrastructural alterations in the hepatic parenchyma of the rat following acute cadmium intoxication. PMID- 7103558 TI - Effects of season and seawater concentrations on trace metal concentrations in organs of Mytilus edulis. PMID- 7103561 TI - The effects of salinity on copper and silver toxicity to embryos of the Pacific oyster. PMID- 7103557 TI - Tissue lead concentrations and blood characteristics of mourning doves from southwestern Virginia. PMID- 7103560 TI - Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium-zinc mixtures to Daphnia magna. PMID- 7103562 TI - Histological and quantitative effects of sublethal cyanide exposure on oocyte development in rainbow trout. PMID- 7103556 TI - Tissue lead concentrations and blood characteristics of rock doves from an urban setting in Virginia. PMID- 7103564 TI - Effects of apple orchard runoff on the aquatic macrofauna of a mountain stream. PMID- 7103563 TI - Organic constituents of mutagenic secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants. PMID- 7103566 TI - [Apropos of a Cachi-Ricci case: bilateral nephromegaly and simple serous cysts in the liver]. PMID- 7103565 TI - [Spasmolytics and analgesics in a model of ureteral hyperactivity in dogs]. PMID- 7103567 TI - [Ductal carcinomas of the prostate]. PMID- 7103568 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism in urology]. PMID- 7103570 TI - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Presentation of 10 cases]. PMID- 7103569 TI - [Calculi with large oxalate crystals. II]. PMID- 7103572 TI - [Storiform neurofibroma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103573 TI - [A case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103574 TI - [Mesenteric panniculitis, an unusual initial stage of acute lupus erythematosus in a ten-year old girl (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103575 TI - [Niemann-Pick disease (Crocker's group B). Case report. Histochemical, enzymatic and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103571 TI - [Renal angiomyolipoma as the cause of perirenal hematoma. Report of a case]. PMID- 7103576 TI - [Intracardiac heterotopia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103577 TI - [A review of the literature concerning gastric pseudolymphoma in relation to three cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103578 TI - [Mesenchymal tumor associated with hypoglycemia. Study of a case of pleural fibrosarcoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103580 TI - The susceptibility of Glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with Trypanosoma congolense. PMID- 7103579 TI - [Adamantinoma of the tibia. Case study. Ultrastructural examination and review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103581 TI - The Beijing Cardiothoracic Symposium. PMID- 7103582 TI - The dilemma of the ascending aortic aneurysm. PMID- 7103583 TI - The ascending aortic aneurysm: replacement or repair? AB - Between 1971 and 1980, 100 patients underwent operation for ascending aortic aneurysm. Acute dissection was present in 29, chronic dissection in 11; 56 had dilatation only, and 4 had inflammatory disease of the ascending aorta. Four different operative procedures were applied independent of the type of disease: repair and reduction aortoplasty (21), reduction aortoplasty reinforced by nylon net (17), supracoronary graft replacement (42), and composite graft replacement with reimplantation of both coronary ostia (20). Early mortality was 10%, and late mortality was 12% after a mean follow-up of 45 months. Retrospective comparative analysis of the four operative methods led to the following conclusion: reduction aortoplasty supported by a tightly wrapped synthetic net is a suitable method in patients with a normal sinus of Valsalva and without dissection or inflammatory disease. Particular attention needs to be drawn to the proximal anchor stitches to avoid late net displacement. Compared with supracoronary or composite graft replacement, this method carried a lower complication rate, particularly in regard to cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial infarction. For patients with acute and chronic dissection with intact aortic root, supracoronary graft replacement is preferred, whereas in those with annuloaortic ectasia with dilated sinus of Valsalva and in all patients with Marfan's syndrome, composite graft replacement has become the procedure of choice. PMID- 7103584 TI - Management of ascending aortic aneurysm complicating coarctation of the aorta. AB - Four patients with coarctation of the aorta complicated by an aneurysm of the ascending aorta are described. One patient, treated only medically, died suddenly. For the 3 patients who underwent operation, management was similar. Pharmacological control of blood pressure and repair of the aortic coarctation to achieve anatomical reduction in afterload (stage I) were followed after an interval of one to five weeks by surgical repair of the ascending aortic aneurysm (stage II). Initial repair of the coarctation relieves proximal hypertension, thereby decreasing the chance of progressive dissection or rupture of the aneurysm. It also permits safe arterial cannulation for perfusion during correction of the aneurysm in the second stage. In patients not requiring valve replacement in stage II, continued long-term follow-up for progression of aortic valvular disease appears to be necessary. PMID- 7103586 TI - Assessment and comparison of the performance of cardiac valves. AB - A statistical method is presented to assess and compare cardiac valve performances. Patient survival and valve performances have been separated, and valve function and malfunction have been described in comprehensive and comparable terms. Formulas are proposed to calculate the significance of the difference between two survival probabilities as well as to calculate the instantaneous rate of events and the median remaining lifetime. PMID- 7103585 TI - Topical cardiac cooling by recirculation: comparison of a closed system using a cooling pad with an open system using a topical spray. AB - Topical cardiac cooling plays an important part in maintaining myocardial hypothermia during cardiac operations under hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. We have compared two systems of topical cooling in which the cooling fluid is recirculated. In one system the cold fluid circulates through a sealed plastic cooling pad wrapped around the heart; in the other it is sprayed over the surface of the heart. In dogs undergoing 60 minutes of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest, the cooling pad was ineffective: it did not adequately cool the anterior left ventricular wall or the interventricular septum. Under the same conditions, the spray system produced myocardial temperatures 6 degrees to 12 degrees C lower than the cooling pad system. In limited clinical tests, the cooling pad was unable to sustain overall myocardial hypothermia and there was difficulty in maintaining contact between the heart and the pad during coronary operations. Since the topical spray can maintain profound global myocardial hypothermia regardless of the position of the heart, we conclude that it is superior to the cooling pad system. PMID- 7103587 TI - Serial C-reactive protein measurements in infective complications following cardiac operation: evaluation and use in monitoring response to therapy. AB - Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was studied serially in 100 patients who underwent cardiac operation and in another 17 patients in whom serious infections including prosthetic valve endocarditis developed in the early postoperative period. Eleven patients with late onset of prosthetic valve endocarditis and infective endocarditis were also investigated. The assay method used was radial immunodiffusion. Patients without postoperative infective complications showed a rapid increase in CRP levels, which reached a peak within 72 hours after operation followed by a progressive decline. The differences between the CRP levels in infected and uninfected patients were significant (p less than 0.01). Serial measurements were of prognostic value in evaluating the response to chemotherapy and in predicting the outcome of the disease. PMID- 7103588 TI - Alterations in pulmonary function following pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Twenty-one patients who underwent pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital from November, 1977, to March, 1980, were evaluated with standard pulmonary function tests preoperatively and postoperatively. Twelve patients had Stage I disease, 4 patients had Stage II, and 5 patients had Stage III disease. The interval between the operative procedure and postoperative testing ranged from 2 to 33 months (mean, 12.4 months). Mean functional loss of pulmonary capacity after pneumonectomy was based on analysis of preoperative and postoperative forced vital capacity (FVC) and initial-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) indices. The mean functional loss as expressed by FVC was 41.5% after right pneumonectomy and 34.0% after left pneumonectomy. The mean functional loss as expressed by FEV1 was 40.2% after right pneumonectomy and 38.3% after left pneumonectomy. The postoperative functional status of each patient was classified according to the New York Heart Association criteria. Nineteen of the 21 patients were in Class I or II preoperatively. Postoperatively, 10 patients were in Class I or II and 11 in Class III or IV. The results indicate that a postoperative FVC less than 2.5 liters and FEV1 less than 1.5 liters are not compatible with active life. PMID- 7103589 TI - Pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta: a late complication of umbilical artery catheterization. AB - Pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta developed in an infant eight months following neonatal catheterization of the umbilical artery. Infection and placement of a stiff polyvinyl chloride catheter in the thoracic aorta appear to be the etiological factors. Preoperative diagnosis was posterior mediastinal tumor, and pseudoaneurysm was not included in the differential. Dacron graft patch angioplasty repair using partial cardiopulmonary bypass was successful. Postoperatively the patient has done well with no pressure gradient. Pseudoaneurysm should be suspected whenever a mediastinal mass appears in children who have had thoracic placement of umbilical artery catheters. PMID- 7103590 TI - Strut fracture and disc embolization of a Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis: localization of embolized disc by computerized axial tomography. AB - The case of a patient who survived strut fracture and embolization of a Bjork Shiley mitral prosthetic disc is presented. Prompt surgical treatment was directly responsible for survival. In addition, computerized axial tomography of the abdomen aided in localizing and retrieving the embolized disc, which was lodged at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. A review of similar case reports from the literature supports our conclusions that the development of acute heart failure and absent or muffled prosthetic heart sounds in a patient with a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve inserted prior to 1978 should raise the possibility of valve dysfunction and lead to early reoperation. PMID- 7103592 TI - Scalene node biopsy. PMID- 7103593 TI - Aortoventriculoplasty. PMID- 7103591 TI - Plasma vasopressin during cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 7103595 TI - Semen analysis parameters and their interrelationships in suspected infertile men. AB - The mean semen parameters and their interrelationships are reported for the first semen analyses performed on a population of 1801 suspected infertile men. For this population, the mean (+/- SD) sperm density was 84.3 (+/- 78.3) x 10(6)/ml, the mean volume was 3.3 (+/- 1.7) ml, and the mean total sperm count was 265.6 (+/- 270.0) x 10(6)/ejaculate. After exclusion of 90 cases of azoospermia (5.0% of the patients), these values became 88.7 (+/- 77.8), 3.4 (+/- 1.7), and 279.5 (+/- 269.9), respectively. For the population of patients with spermatozoa in their semen, the mean (+/- SD;n) percentages of motile, viable and morphological normal spermatozoa were 50.3 (+/- 15.4; 1677), 77.3 (+/- 11.9; 830), and 54.2 (+/ 11.7; 1587), respectively. Loge transformation of the sperm density values in sperm-positive ejaculates gave a mean of 51.9 x 10(6)/ml with 95% confidence limits of 12.3 to 219.0 x 10(6)/ml. Ejaculate volume was slightly, but significantly, reduced in cases of azoospermia and polyzoospermia (i.e., greater than 200 x 10(6)/ml). Significant positive correlations were found between sperm density and the parameters of sperm quality, and also between these latter three parameters themselves. Increasing semen viscosity had no effect upon the morphology of the spermatozoa, but in ejaculates with marked or high viscosity the motility and viability of the spermatozoa were significantly depressed. PMID- 7103596 TI - LSH-X and HBDH/LDH ratio in human semen. AB - The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehdyrogenase (HBDH) were measured in 87 semen samples. The highest values of these enzymes correspond to the specimens with greatest sperm density and motility. There was a positive correlation between the enzymatic parameters and sperm density and motility. There was a positive correlation between the HBDH/LDH ratio and the percent LDH-X. The estimation of the HBDH/LDH ratio, easily and rapidly done, can be a substitute for direct LDH-X estimations. The HBDH/LDH ratio greater than 1.0 that was noted in men with good sperm motility and normal sperm counts, could represent a reliable index of semen quality. PMID- 7103594 TI - The ampulla ductus deferentis in man, as viewed by SEM and TEM. AB - The epithelium of the human ampulla consists of rare basal cells and a single type of principal (secretory) cells. The principal cells, which vary in height from cuboidal to columnar, often have conical or club shaped apical portions projecting and bulging into the lumen. Their cytoplasm contains an abundant rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria, and many lipopigment granules. The Golgi apparatus is well developed and originates the secretory vacuoles which are discharged by exocytosis. Though the majority of nuclei are ovoid, deeply fissured or even lobated nuclei are not uncommon. The basal cells are small, nonsecretory cells, whose cytoplasm shows numerous filaments having a diameter of 55 A. The lumen contains masses of amorphous secretions and some spermatozoa. The human ampulla is a gland endowed with the same morphological features as those of the seminal vesicles. PMID- 7103597 TI - Interaction of semen with ova in vitro. AB - Spermine had a beneficial effect on the fertilization of zona-free mouse ova in vitro. A deleterious effect of spermine or seminal plasma on gametes only occurred if normal, untreated BSA was present in the incubation medium. This was due to the activity of spermine oxidase, which could be assayed in the untreated BSA and which was removed by TCA-purification of the BSA. The addition of a spermine oxidase inhibitor, isoniazid, or the use of the TCA-purified BSA preparation allowed the direct effects of spermine or seminal plasma on mammalian fertilization to be assessed. Human seminal plasma retarded the acquisition of fertilizing ability in human spermatozoa and prevented it in mouse spermatozoa. The fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa of both species was unaffected, when spermatozoa were preincubated to achieve capacitation before adding the seminal plasma. PMID- 7103598 TI - A simple assay for human sperm agglutination antibodies. PMID- 7103599 TI - Hyperprolactinemia: histological and meiotic analyses in azoospermic men. AB - High serum prolactin was detected in 15 out of 110 azoospermic men (13%). Patients underwent hormone assays, sellar radiography, and testicular biopsy (histological and meiotic analyses). Three patients, with most elevated serum prolactin level, had spermatogenic arrest. Nine patients showed no spermatogenic activity on histological and meiotic preparations. Three patients had normal and decreased spermatogenesis and normal meiotic divisions. The patients with spermatogenic arrest and with preserved spermatogenic process were treated with bromocriptine. Spermatogram in two patients with preserved spermatogenic process was ascertained to nearly normal range, after the treatment. There was no specific histologic or meiotic lesion in azoospermic men. PMID- 7103601 TI - [Late perforation of the right ventricle by displacement of pacemaker electrodes (report of 2 cases)]. AB - We report two cases of late perforation of the right ventricle due to arrow head endocardial electrodes, used for pacemaker stimulation in patients with complete atrio-ventricular block. Comments on the treatment of this complication are made. In one case the electrode was removed and the myocardium sutured. In the second case the distal part of the electrode was left in the pericardial cavity. In both cases epicardial electrodes were placed to continue the stimulation changing the site of implantation of the power source. PMID- 7103600 TI - [Open mitral commissurotomy. Experience of the Ignacio Chavez National Institute of Cardiology]. AB - From 1970 to 1979 open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) was indicated in 167 patients. In 22 cases a valvular prosthesis was inserted. In the 145 patients subjected to OMC there was one hospital and one late death. Four late systemic emboli (SE) in three patients. In 92% there was improvement in functional class. Poor post-op course in 8% due to mitral regurgitation (MR) added to mitral stenosis or iatrogenic MR subjected to annuloplasty with poor results and eventual mitral prosthetic implantation. Pre-op SE in 35%, intracavitary thrombosis (IT) in 23% and in 13% of cases without history of SE. IT found as often in atrium as in left auricular appendage. The vast majority of patients with IT were in atrial fibrillation (AF), this arrhythmia was present in 34% of the 145 cases. In hospitals where all cases of predominant mitral stenosis (MS) cannot be operated by OMC because of logistics, cases of MS with AF and surgical indication should be operated by OMC because of the correlations between AF and IT. Other indications for OMC are reviewed. The excellent post-op results with scarce late complications re-enforce the convenience of retaining the human mitral valve and avoiding valve replacement when repair is possible. PMID- 7103602 TI - [Pathology of sudden death]. PMID- 7103603 TI - [Respiratory function in extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by pigeons. Clinical, pathological and functional correlation]. AB - Lung function tests (LFT) were performed in 71 patients with proven extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to pigeons (EAA-P), and they were correlated with lung biopsy (LB) findings. Lung function studies were analyzed to evaluate the clinical course of these patients treated with corticosteroids. Restrictive pulmonary function impairment was found in all cases (vital capacity 38 +/- 4%), residual volume was increased in 9 out of 14 patients (64%) (RV = 0.51 +/- 0.06 L.) and bronchial obstruction was a feature in 11/14 patients (78%) (MMEF = 53 +/ 4%). In all cases a low Pa02 was observed (44 +/- 2 mmHg) and in six an increase in PaC02 was detected. The vital capacity did not correlate with the degree of inflammation or fibrosis observed by LB. A significant negative correlation was found between Pa02 and the degree of inflammation (r = 0.68, p X 0.05) as well as with fibrosis + inflammation degrees (r = -0.63, p less than 0.05). In general, initial LFT and clinical improvement occur simultaneously. Lung function tests support the diagnosis of EAA-P, but are not capable of separating inflammation from lung fibrosis. PMID- 7103604 TI - [Electrocardiographic evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of N-methylglucamine antimonate (R glucantime)]. AB - The heart toxicity of N-Methyl-glucamine antimoniate (R glucantime) was studied by electrocardiographic readings in 16 patients with acute cutaneous Leishmaniasis. All patients studied came from the town of Tovar and it's surrounding areas, in the district of Tovar, Merida State, Venezuela. A dosage of 25 to 50 mg/kg/day of N-Methyl-glucamine in two or three treatment series, produced the healing of the cutaneous sore, without electrocardiographic alterations which could be interpreted as signs of myocardial toxicity. PMID- 7103606 TI - [Infectious endocarditis of the heart valves and valvular prostheses. report of 21 cases]. AB - During 1978, and 1979, the Surgery Division of The Cardiology and Pneumology Hospital of The National Medical Center (Mexican Institute for Social Security), studied and treated surgically twenty one cases -- in twenty patients -- of infectious endocarditis. Nine patients had an active infection in the heart valves and twelve in the prosthesis. The survival rate of the first group was 88.88% and of the second group 58.33%. The causes of death were due to the hemodynamic damage that the valvular or prosthetic dysfunction leads to, when there is a delay in the arrival of the patient to a medical unit of third level. The conventional medical treatment applicable to a reduced number of cases whose characteristics are discussed do not operate when dealing with patients with infected prosthesis or valve infections caused by non-gram positive bacteria. We conclude that this problem demands a better approach, principally surgical, to improve the prognosis of these patients. PMID- 7103608 TI - [Embryologic and anatomical observations on the nomenclature of congenital cardiopathies]. PMID- 7103607 TI - [Understanding epidemiology and prevention in cardiology]. PMID- 7103605 TI - [Double outlet chamber from the right ventricle with restrictive interventricular communication]. AB - We report two cases with double outlet right ventricle and subaortic restrictive ventricular septal defect. Both had atrial situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance. There were no other associated defects. Both cases were diagnosed by means of an angiocardiographic study and case two was also studied anatomically. Additional data for the diagnosis were findings of left ventricular overload by the EKG; left atrial enlargement and signs of venocapillary hypertension by the chest X-rays; left ventricular/right ventricular pressure gradient by the hemodynamic study and the angiographic findings. One case had mitro-aortic discontinuity. Case two had a double infundibulum, being the left one the responsible for the restrictive ventricular septal defect. We conclude that double-outlet right ventricle with restrictive ventricular septal defect cases have their own clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic features which have to be accurately studied in order to offer an adequate surgical treatment. PMID- 7103610 TI - The pharmacokinetics of mebendazole and flubendazole in animals and man. AB - A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay procedure was developed for mebendazole and flubendazole enabling a more thorough study of the systemic absorption and pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drugs. In rats, plasma levels of oral and subcutaneous mebendazole were about 10 times higher than those of flubendazole. The pro-drug R 34 803 showed levels of metabolically formed flubendazole similar to those found for mebendazole. Intramuscular flubendazole in dogs, injected for 5 consecutive days, produced sustained fairly high plasma levels for at least 6 weeks after the last dose. The absorption of oral flubendazole in man was markedly enhanced when the drug was taken together with a meal. A 20-times higher dose, however, produced only an increase by 1.4 of the plasma levels and AUC values, indicating that the absorption of flubendazole is limited by the extremely poor solubility of the drug in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7103609 TI - [Spectrum of biventricular aortic connection and double outlet chamber of the right ventricle produced experimentally in the chicken heart by hypothermia (34.5 degrees C)]. AB - In this experimental work, fertilized chicken eggs were subjected to hypothermia (34.5 degrees) as to inhibit the incorporation of the aortic infundibulum into the left ventricle. This produced a spectrum of biventricular connection of the aorta including double outlet right ventricle (DORV), a cardiopathy seen naturally in man and in chicken. It represents the persistence in the postnatal heart of the spectrum of embryonic aortic dextroposition, a fact which allowed us to establish a precise anatomoembryologic correlation. Pathogenetically, the failure in the connection of the aortic infundibulum with the left ventricle is due to inhibition, in different degrees, of the leftward morphogenetic movement of the infundibular segment, an embryologic process which is discussed in relation to different theories on the origin of DORV. The role played by cell death in normal and pathologic morphogenesis, is emphasized and some methodological aspects on experimental teratogeneses are mentioned. PMID- 7103611 TI - Sites of analgesic action of cyclazocine: a study using evoked-potentials at various regions of the CNS by electrical stimulation of rabbit tooth pulp. AB - Effects of cyclazocine on the evoked-potentials at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, nucleus ventralis posteromedialis of the thalamus, somatosensory S1 area of the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus following electrical stimulation of the tooth-pulp were studied using the rabbit. Pentazocine and morphine were used as reference drugs. Cyclazocine in doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.v., significantly suppressed the evoked-potential recorded at the dorsal hippocampus but not those at the other sites. The hippocampal evoked-potential was significantly inhibited also by pentazocine (5.0-10 mg/kg, i.v.) and morphine (2.0-4.0 mg/kg, i.v.). The latter but not the former significantly depressed the evoked-potential at the S1 area of the cerebral cortex. The evoked-potential at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis was not affected by these three drugs in the doses indicated. These results suggest that cyclazocine as well as pentazocine and morphine inhibit the electrically induced painful impulses at the hippocampus and/or the afferent pathways to the hippocampus from the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis such as the tooth-pulp-hypothalamo-hippocampal pathway. PMID- 7103612 TI - Some observations on the effects of enantiomers of two benzomorphan narcotic antagonists and atropine on analgesia, tremor and hypothermia produced by oxotremorine. AB - The action of the benzomorphan narcotic antagonists Mr-1452 and Mr-2266 and their respective (+) isomers Mr-1453 and Mr-2267 as well as the antimuscarinic agent atropine upon oxotremorine (OTMN)-induced analgesia, tremor, and hypothermia were investigated in mice. The (+) isomers Mr-1453 (1.0 mg kg-1 i.p.) and Mr-2267 (2.0 mg kg-1 i.p.), but not the (-) isomers (Mr-1452 and Mr-2266) in doses up to 2.0 mg kg-1 i.p. after 30 min pretreatment produced a significant and parallel shift in OTMN's analgesic dose-response line, assessed by the hot plate test (55 degrees C). None of the isomers tested produced any significant change in OTMN induced tremor or hypothermia. This contrasted with atropine (0.5 mg kg-1 i.p.) which antagonized all three pharmacological parameters. The present data indicate that OTMN-induced analgesia in mice may involve a neuronal substrate which, at least partly, differs from those subserving tremor and hypothermia. In addition it supports the notion that cholinergic analgesia exhibits stereospecific sensitivity to the (+) isomers of narcotic antagonists. PMID- 7103614 TI - Effect of lidocaine on conduction within normal and acutely ischemic ventricular myocardium of dogs. AB - The effect of lidocaine on conduction within normal and acutely ischemic ventricular myocardium was studied in 45 dogs in vivo. By recording pairs of local electrograms from the endocardium and epicardium and by stimulating the ventricle close to one of a pair of electrodes, we measured conduction times in the subendocardial layer (Endo 1-2), in the subepicardial layer (Epi 1-2), and from the endocardium to the epicardium (Endo-Epi). We then estimated the effect of lidocaine on each of them. In normal myocardium, lidocaine in a therapeutic dose (serum level 2.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml) did not affect any of the three conduction times, but in a larger dose (serum level 6.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml) it prolonged Endo-Epi significantly (P less than 0.05) and Endo 1-2 and Epi 1-2 slightly. In acutely ischemic myocardium caused by single stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, lidocaine in a therapeutic dose prolonged Endo 1-2 and Endo-Epi significantly (P less than 0.001) in the early stage after administration but did not affect Epi 1-2 simultaneously. Lidocaine in a larger dose, however, prolonged all three conduction times (P less than 0.001). The data indicate that within normal ventricular myocardium, lidocaine does not influence conduction unless its dose is toxic, and that within acutely ischemic ventricular myocardium, at a therapeutic dose, lidocaine prolongs conduction rapidly, but this effect is produced heterogeneously in the ischemic myocardium and is poor in the subepicardial layer. PMID- 7103613 TI - Potentiation of the myocardial actions of adenosine in the presence of coformycin, a specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. AB - The effects of coformycin, a highly potent and specific inhibitor of the intracellular enzyme adenosine deaminase and the influence of dipyridamole, an inhibitor of the cellular adenosine uptake mechanism, were studied on the adenosine-induced changes in the electrical and mechanical activity of isolated electrically driven left atria of guinea-pig hearts. Adenosine (0.1 mumol/l-1 mmol/l) by itself elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in the action potential duration and contractile force of atrial preparations. Coformycin, when applied in a concentration inducing a nearly complete inhibition of adenosine deaminase activity in intact atrial myocardium (7 mumol/l), enhanced the adenosine-induced reduction both in the duration of the intracellularly recorded action potential and in the contractile force of the atria, preferentially at higher concentrations of adenosine (10 mumol/l-1 mmol/l). The calculated half recovery time during wash-out (t1/2) was found to be about 6 times longer than that of controls (317.5 +/- 47 and 51.3 +/- 4.3 sec, respectively). In contrast with adenosine, the action of 2-chloroadenosine (an adenosine deaminase resistant purine derivative) on the atrial contractile force was not affected in the presence of coformycin. Dipyridamole (0.3 mumol/l) was capable of significantly potentiating the adenosine-induced depression of atrial mechanical activity, mainly at lower concentrations of adenosine (0.1-10 mumol/l). Preincubation of atrial preparations with a combination of coformycin and dipyridamole produced a strong enhancement in the adenosine-induced decrease of mechanical activity at all concentrations of adenosine. It is suggested that adenosine might exert its myocardial actions not only through the known extracellular, but also via possible intracellular purinoceptors. PMID- 7103616 TI - A study of the probenecid effect on amino acid accumulation in kidney cortex slices. AB - The amount of amino acids accumulated by rat and mouse kidney cortex slices is determined by both membrane transport and intracellular metabolism, especially protein incorporation. Even with substrate concentrations of 100 microM up to 70% of the transported amino acids were found to be protein incorporated. Probenecid reduces the accumulation of the amino acids glycine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L arginine, L-lysine, L-proline and alpha-AIB. At substrate concentrations of 100 microM the inhibition is between 28 and 66% (except alpha-AIB) with a probenecid concentration of 7.0 mM. Slight inhibitory effects were observed with 0.7 mM probenecid. The probenecid effect, however, is mainly on the protein incorporation. With 7.0 mM probenecid protein incorporation is reduced considerably, for some amino acids below 10% of the control values; small inhibitory effects were observed with concentrations of 0.7 mM. Amino acid transport is affected only slightly by probenecid. In consequence, higher accumulation rates of free amino acids may be measured after probenecid administration, preferentially with amino acids showing high initial incorporation rates. PMID- 7103615 TI - Secretory and vascular responses to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) of the blood-perfused canine pancreas. AB - Effects of DMPP on the secretory and vascular responses were investigated in preparations of the isolated, blood-perfused canine pancreas. DMPP (10-300 micrograms) injected intra-arterially caused a dose-dependent increase in the secretion of pancreatic juice with a transient vasodilation followed by a long lasting vasoconstriction. The secretory activity of 300 micrograms of DMPP was approximately equal to that of either 100 micrograms of acetylcholine or 0.07 units of secretin. DMPP-induced pancreatic secretion and vasodilation was completely inhibited by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, atropine and attenuated by haloperidol. DMPP-induced vasoconstriction was suppressed by tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium and phentolamine. DMPP increased protein concentration in the pancreatic juice. This action was similar to that of acetylcholine and different from that of secretin. From these results, it is suggested that the secretory and vascular responses to dMPP are due to the stimulation of both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia. PMID- 7103617 TI - Regional distribution of serotonin-2 receptor binding sites in the brain and effects of neuronal lesions. PMID- 7103618 TI - Etomidate and corticotrophic axis. PMID- 7103619 TI - Effect of dopamine on plasma membrane phospholipid methylation of cultured anterior pituitary cells. PMID- 7103620 TI - Vascular endothelium and the relaxation effect of histamine on aorta of the rat. PMID- 7103621 TI - Serotonergic responses in vascular and non-vascular tissues. PMID- 7103623 TI - What is significant spirometric variability? PMID- 7103622 TI - Bleeding in patients with infections. Are antibiotics helping or hurting? PMID- 7103624 TI - Primary systemic amyloidosis: resolution of the nephrotic syndrome with melphalan and prednisone. AB - We describe two patients with primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) and the nephrotic syndrome. The administration of melphalan and prednisone was associated with resolution of the nephrotic syndrome. The serum albumin level returned to normal, proteinuria decreased to near normal, edema resolved, and the monoclonal protein in the serum and urine disappeared. In both patients, renal function remained stable and hepatomegaly disappeared. In both, however, amyloid deposition was greater in follow-up renal tissue than in the initial specimen. The effect of systemic therapy in AL must be assessed with histologic observations as well as clinical indexes. PMID- 7103627 TI - Clinical and subclinical thyroid disorders associated with pernicious anemia. Observations on abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and on a possible association of blood group O with hyperthyroidism. AB - of 162 patients with pernicious anemia whom we studies, 24.1% had clinical thyroid disease; 11.7% were hypothyroid and 8.6% were hyperthyroid. When abnormal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were also considered, thyroid disorders existed in 48.3% of 143 patients. Increased or decreased TSH levels as the sole dysfunction occurred in 14.7% and 6.3% of cases, respectively, and were often associated with thyroid antibodies. The high TSH group fits the picture of subclinical hypothyroidism. The nature of the low TSH group remains to be defined. We conclude that TSH screening in patients with pernicious anemia uncovers frequent abnormalities, which are superimposed on a higher coincidence of overt thyroid disease than previously described. Interestingly, also, eight of nine hyperthyroid patients and all seven patients with low TSH levels had blood type O, contrasting significantly with hypothyroid subjects, who more often had blood type A, and with patients without thyroid disorders. PMID- 7103625 TI - Abdominal hernia in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - We found abdominal hernias in 12 of 51 patients trained for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Five patients were noted to have abdominal hernias before the start of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and the conditions of seven patients were diagnosed during routine clinic visits. Four patients had incarceration. We suggest that a careful search for the presence of a hernia be performed at the initial examination for peritoneal dialysis. Continued monitoring of the patient's condition for the development of a hernia is essential. If a hernia is found, elective repair should be performed. PMID- 7103626 TI - Bacteremias and fungemias in oncologic patients with central venous catheters: changing spectrum of infection. AB - Ninety central venous catheters were inserted into 80 patients undergoing therapy for malignant neoplasms. Bacteremia and fungemia occurred in 18 of 41 treatment courses in patients with acute leukemia and in nine of 55 treatment courses in patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. Although gram-negative organisms accounted for nine (33%) cases of infection, the majority of disseminated infections were caused by gram-positive organisms (12 [45%] cases) or fungi (six [22%] cases). Central venous catheters may be helpful in the treatment of patients undergoing intensive therapy with cytotoxic agents, but the shift in spectrum of infection to gram-positive bacteremias in patients with these catheters compared with patients treated using peripheral vein access must be appreciated. PMID- 7103628 TI - Neuropsychologic findings in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - As part of a six-center clinical trial of the effectiveness of continuous v nocturnal oxygen in the management of hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we performed detailed neuropsychologic assessments of these patients prior to their beginning treatment. The 203 patients (age, 65 years; Pao2, 51 mm Hg; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 0.74 L) performed significantly worse than controls on virtually all neuropsychologic tests. Moderate to severe test impairment suggestive of cerebral dysfunction was found in 42% of the patients, as compared with 14% of controls. Higher cognitive functions (abstracting ability, complex perceptual-motor integration) were most severely affected, although half the patients also showed decrements in motor speed, strength, and coordination. Low-order significant inverse correlations were found between neuropsychologic impairment and Pao2, resting arterial oxygen saturation and hemoglobin levels and maximum work. It is concluded that cerebral disturbance is common in hypoxemic COPD and may be related in part to decreased availability of oxygen to the brain. PMID- 7103630 TI - Respiratory alkalosis and abdominal pain heralding Candida hepatitis: occurrence in patients with acute leukemia in remission. PMID- 7103629 TI - The clinical course of acute hepatitis in the elderly patient. AB - We have reviewed the clinical course of acute hepatitis in 23 patients 60 years or older. There were four patients with acute hepatitis B, two patients with sporadic hepatitis, and 17 patients with posttransfusion non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis, in the latter group, is presumed to have been caused by the transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis agents by blood transfusion. Regardless of the cause, the acute episode of clinical hepatitis resolved in 20 patients. Eight patients had completely normal liver function test results on follow-up. Eleven patients had chronic elevations of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or SGOT values without clinical or biochemical evidence of deterioration of their condition during 20.5 +/- 3.5 months (mean +/- SEM) of observation. The majority of patients with posttransfusion non-B hepatitis either recovered spontaneously or entered into a chronic phase characterized by mildly or intermittently abnormal liver function test results without clinical deterioration of their condition. PMID- 7103631 TI - Lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect of glipizide therapy. AB - Plasma lipid concentration and lipoprotein composition were studied before and after several months of glipizide treatment in 23 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The mean (+/- SEM) plasma glucose level fell 87 mg/dL, and the fall in plasma glucose concentration was correlated with a reduction in plasma triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant increase in the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio. Thus, improved diabetic control in patients treated with glipizide with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus leads to changes in lipoprotein metabolism thought to be beneficial in terms of known cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 7103633 TI - The eosinophil and the lung. AB - Current concepts regarding the morphology, constituents, distribution, and kinetics of the eosinophil allow an expanded understanding of the eosinophil's function in health and disease. In particular, certain eosinophil constituents may have beneficial effects (modulation of mast cell-dependent reactions and helminthotoxic properties), while others may produce detrimental effects (tissue destruction). Eosinophils may be clinically important in obstructive and infiltrative pulmonary diseases. In obstructive disease, a peripheral eosinophilia indicates reversibility, and the magnitude of the peripheral eosinophil count correlates with the severity of the reversible obstruction. Concerning infiltrative pulmonary disease, an updated classification of pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, which is based on recognizable causes and syndromes, is presented, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, drug reactions, the hypereosinophilic syndrome, parasitic infestations, and the Churg-Strauss syndrome are specifically considered. PMID- 7103634 TI - Intermittent acute porphyria. PMID- 7103632 TI - Biochemical features of urinothorax. AB - In three patients with obstructive uropathy and retroperitoneal urine collections, rapidly accumulating pleural effusions developed. The diagnosis of urinothorax was confirmed when chemical analysis of pleural fluid disclosed higher creatinine concentrations than found in simultaneously obtained serum samples. Similar determinations made in 71 specimens from control patients with pleural effusions showed that pleural creatinine concentration did not exceed the serum level in other conditions. We conclude that elevated pleural fluid creatinine level is specific for the diagnosis of urinothorax. Low pleural fluid glucose concentration may also be seen in these patients. PMID- 7103635 TI - Treatment of anemia in myeloproliferative disorders: a randomized study of fluoxymesterone v transfusions only. AB - Previously untreated patients who had anemia (hemoglobin level, less than or equal to 10 g/dL) caused by myelofibrosis (MF) (16 patients) or other myeloproliferative disorders (13 patients) were given the opportunity to participate in a prospective randomized study-to be treated either with 30 mg/day of oral fluoxymesterone and necessary transfusions or by transfusions alone. Of the 24 patients whose data could be evaluated, four (29%) of 14 responded well to fluoxymesterone therapy (hemoglobin level rise, of greater than 2 to greater than 10 g/dL and relief of symptoms of anemia), whereas, in the transfusion arm, there were no good "responders"; one of ten patients was a partial "remitter" (responder), with a rise in the hemoglobin level of 1 to 2 g/dL. All responders to fluoxymesterone therapy showed a 50% or more maximum uptake of injected ferrous citrate Fe 59 into RBC hemoglobin, whereas no nonresponder met this criterion. All responders had MF (marrow more than one third replaced by collagen). There was no significant difference in survival of patients in the two arms of the study. PMID- 7103637 TI - Hypothyroidism secondary to biologically inactive thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion by a pituitary chromophobe adenoma: recovery after removal of the tumor. AB - A 50-year-old man, suffering from a large pituitary adenoma and panhypopituitarism, was found to have severely elevated thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]) levels (greater than 20.2 microunits/mL). The thyroxine (T4) level was low (less than 3.0 micrograms/dL). Thyroid sodium iodide I 131 uptake was low (5% at 24 hours). A TSH test result was normal, with a 24 hour 131I uptake of 52% and a normal-looking thyroid gland on scintiscan. After surgical removal of the pituitary chromphobe adenoma, T4 levels returned to normal (6.8 micrograms/dL) and TSH levels improved substantially (9.0 microunits/mL). Findings from repeated 131I uptake tests were normal (22% at 24 hours). Other pituitary functions improved also. These results suggest that the patient had biologically inactive TSH produced by the tumor. Removal of the tumor probably enabled recovery of the active TSH with the return of normal thyroid uptake and T4 production. Whenever hypothyroidism and high levels of TSH coexist with pituitary dysfunction, a TSH test is needed to distinguish between primary hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism secondary to biologic inactive TSH. PMID- 7103636 TI - Potassium iodide as a cause of prolonged fever. AB - A 73-year-old man was initially seen with a 15-year history of intermittent fevers and had been treated for culture-negative subacute bacterial endocarditis. He had been taking potassium iodide as a bronchorrheic agent for approximately the same 15-year period, and, when potassium iodide therapy was discontinued, the fever resolved and has not recurred during 2 1/2 years of observation. The possible mechanisms of fever caused by potassium iodide and current clinical indications for potassium iodide use are described. PMID- 7103638 TI - Acute spontaneous failure of a porcine aortic valve. AB - The performance of the porcine bioprosthetic heart valve has been well characterized in terms of thrombogenicity, susceptibility to infection, and hemodynamic characteristics. There has been some concern about the frequency and mechanism of late dysfunction of this valve. To date, cases of valve failure have been progressive and gradual. We saw a case of acute, catastrophic, spontaneous failure of a porcine bioprosthetic heart valve. We suggest that in the differential diagnosis of acute aortic insufficiency acute spontaneous failure of a porcine aortic prosthesis be included. PMID- 7103639 TI - Classic gout in Hageman factor (Factor XII) deficiency. AB - A 62-year-old man with a typical history of gout was admitted to the hospital with left-sided hemiplegia. His serum uric acid level was 10.3 mg/dL, his partial thromboplastin time was 198 s, and his Hageman factor (factor XII) coagulant activity and antigen were less than 1% of normal. Aspiration of synovial fluid from his inflamed knee disclosed urate crystals and abundant leukocytes but an absence of Hageman factor antigen. The presence of acute gouty arthritis in a patient with Hageman trait challenges the role of Hageman factor in the pathogenesis of gouty arthropathy. PMID- 7103640 TI - Recovery from acute renal failure after 11 months of hemodialysis. AB - A 46-year-old man with biopsy-proved acute tubular necrosis made a dramatic recovery after remaining oliguric and requiring maintenance hemodialysis for 11 months. The serum creatinine level declined to 5.8 mg/dL and, as hemodialysis was discontinued, a second renal biopsy showed marked regenerative changes in the renal tubules. This delayed and unexpected improvement in renal function underscores the need to avoid early renal transplantation in the patient with protracted renal failure from acute tubular necrosis. PMID- 7103641 TI - Reversible doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure. AB - Doxorubicin hydrochloride is a chemotherapeutic agent highly effective against a wide range of neoplasms. A prime limiting factor to the administration of this drug is cardiotoxicity, which frequently develops when the cumulative dose exceeds 500 mg/sq m. Late cardiomyopathy, which may develop up to a year after therapy has been discontinued, was thought to be rapidly progressive and unresponsive to standard cardiac therapy. An adult who received 475 mg/sq m of doxorubicin hydrochloride experienced a cardiotoxic reaction one year after the completion of therapy. The patient responded to standard cardiac therapy. Resolution of left ventricular dysfunction was verified by echocardiography and radionuclide angiocardiography. PMID- 7103642 TI - Hydrothorax in a patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: successful treatment with intermittent peritoneal dialysis. AB - A 51-year-old woman had end-stage renal failure from polycystic kidney disease. Two years after she started receiving peritoneal dialysis, a large right pleural effusion developed in the patient that was secondary to a pleuroperitoneal connection as demonstrated by a radionuclide scan. The patient was switched from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) with resolution of the effusion that recurred when she was rechallenged with CAPD one month later. We believe the large ultrafiltrate volume of CAPD with prolonged dwelling times may have ruptured microscopic defects in the diaphragm due to increased abdominal pressure. With the smaller ultrafiltrate volume of IPD and the semisitting position, the patient was able to continue receiving peritoneal dialysis with resolution of the pleural effusion. PMID- 7103643 TI - Estradiol levels in myocardial infarction. PMID- 7103645 TI - Creatine kinase levels. PMID- 7103644 TI - Dependence on Midol. PMID- 7103647 TI - Reticulocyte counts. PMID- 7103646 TI - Discontinuance of oral contraceptives. PMID- 7103648 TI - The estrogenic receptor in desmoid tumors. Preliminary report. PMID- 7103650 TI - Abruptio placentae in rats injected with serum of patients with arterial hypertension. PMID- 7103649 TI - Human alpha-crystalline: its extraction, purification and identification. PMID- 7103651 TI - Mathematical evaluation of research projects. PMID- 7103652 TI - Phagocytic activity of lung macrophages from nu/nu athymic nude mice. PMID- 7103654 TI - Evaluation in newborn children of calcium administration during exchange transfusion. PMID- 7103655 TI - Study of endocardic surface of right atrium of mouse by means of scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 7103653 TI - Hepatitis A. I. Persistence of passive maternal immunity in infants aged less than six months. PMID- 7103656 TI - Method of separation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood peripheral blood by means of a mixture of Ficoll and Angio-Conray. PMID- 7103658 TI - Changes of collagen content in fibrotic lung disease. PMID- 7103657 TI - Phagocytic function in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 7103659 TI - Bacterial assimilation of D- and L-2-chloropropionates and occurrence of a new dehalogenase. AB - The occurrence of a new bacterial dehalogenase acting on both the optical isomers of 2-halogenated alkanoic acids was demonstrated. When the haloalkanoic acid utilizing bacteria were screened in a medium containing DL-2-chloropropionate as a sole carbon source, two types of bacteria were isolated: (1) a few strains utilizing both D- and L-isomers of 2-chloropropionate and (2) strains utilizing only the L-isomer. A dehalogenating enzyme was obtained from the cells of Pseudomonas sp. which is able to utilize both isomers. The crude enzyme catalyzed the dehalogenation of D- and L-2-chloropropionates to yield L- and D-isomers of lactate, respectively. The enzyme showed the same pH optimum and heat inactivation rate for the D- and L-isomers. Apparent Km values for D- and L-2 chloropropionates were 4.5 and 1.0mM, respectively. The enzyme acted specifically on 2-haloalkanoic acids. Activity staining of disc-gels electrophoresed with the crude enzyme preparation showed that the dehalogenation of D- and L-2 chloropropionates, monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, 2,2-dichloropropionate, and DL-2-chlorobutyrate is due to a single protein. PMID- 7103660 TI - Biosynthetic Pathways of Vibrio succinogenes growing with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor and sole carbon source. AB - 1. With fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor and either H2 or formate as donor, Vibrio succinogenes could grow anaerobically in a mineral medium using fumarate as the sole carbon source. Both the growth rate and the cell yield were increased when glutamate was also present in the medium. 2. Glutamate was incorporated only into the amino acids of the glutamate family (glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) of the protein. The residual cell constituents were synthesized from fumarate. 3. Pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate, as the central intermediates of most of the cell constituents, were formed through the action of malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase. Fructose-1,6 bisphosphate aldolase was present in the bacterium suggesting that this enzyme is involved in carbohydrate synthesis. 4. In the absence of added glutamate the amino acids of the glutamate family were synthesized from fumarate via citrate. The enzymes involved in glutamate synthesis were present. 5. During growth in the presence of glutamate, net reducing equivalents were needed for cell synthesis. Glutamate and not H2 or formate was used as the source of these reducing equivalents. For this purpose part of the glutamate was oxidized to yield succinate and CO2. 6. The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase involved in this reaction was found to use ferredoxin as the electron acceptor. The ferredoxin of the bacterium was reoxidized by means of a NADP-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Enzymes catalyzing the reduction of NAD, NADP or ferredoxin by H2 or formate were not detected in the bacterium. PMID- 7103662 TI - [Viral hemorrhagic septicemia of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson)- pathology, electron microscopic virus detection and peripheral blood picture]. PMID- 7103661 TI - Cell Yields of Vibrio succinogenes growing with formate and fumarate as sole carbon and energy sources in chemostat culture. AB - Vibrio succinogenes which gains all the ATP by anaerobic electron transport phosphorylation, was grown in continuous culture on a defined medium with formate and fumarate as sole energy sources. The growth yield at infinite dilution rate (Ymax) was obtained by extrapolation from the growth yields measured at various dilution rates. With formate as the growth limiting substrate, Ymax was found as 14 g dry cells/mol formate. Under these conditions growth was limited by the rate of energy supply, because formate is used only as a catabolic substrate (Bronder et al. 1982). The YmaxATP calculated from the ATP requirement for cell synthesis was 18 g dry cells/mol ATP. This gives an ATP/2e ratio of 0.8. The ATP/2e ratio in vitro had been measured as 1 (Kroger and Winkler 1981). It is concluded that growing V. succinogenes gain at least 80% the stoichiometrically possible amount of ATP, when growth is limited by energy supply. PMID- 7103664 TI - [Glutathione peroxidase activity in sheep erythrocytes as dependent on the selenium supply and selenium level of the blood]. PMID- 7103663 TI - [Relation between various quantity measures in sow blood during pregnancy and lactation]. PMID- 7103665 TI - [Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in various parts of the nervous system and skeletal muscles of newborn piglets with normal or low body weight as well as piglets with pathological splaying]. PMID- 7103666 TI - [Report of the Streptococcus Reference Center on streptococci isolated from swine between 1968 and 1980. 1. Serological grouping and pathogenic importance]. PMID- 7103667 TI - [Problems of deepfreeze conservation of ram sperm. 2. Effect of ram and thawing rate on pregnancy rate of pregnancy and studies on the prognosis of fertility]. PMID- 7103668 TI - [Immunologic study of familial lymphohistiocytosis. Eight new case reports (author's transl)]. AB - We report 8 cases of familial lymphohistiocytosis collected in 6 families. Several data argue for an hyperactivation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). An abnormal visualization of all organs was observed in a scintigraphic study after 99technetium labelled red blood cells injection. Blood monocytes contained very low peroxidase activity as detected by cytoenzymology and secreted large quantities of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Adherent cells isolated from blood exercised a strong suppressor effect on the proliferation of normal lymphocytes induced by phytohemaglutinin. This effect was reduced by indomethacin and therefore appears PGE2-dependent. One patient's serum exerced an inhibitory activity on antigen-induced proliferation of normal lymphocytes and on mixed leucocyte reaction. In contrast, cellular and humoral functions were not deeply impaired. The hyperactivation of the RES remains unexplained and not related to a graft versus host reaction, which could be excluded in 3 of our patients. Therapeutic attempts were not efficient, all patients dying despite steroid, vincaleucoblastin and indomethacin therapy. PMID- 7103669 TI - [Sickle cell anemia and functional asplenia (author's transl)]. AB - On the occasion of 34 spleen scintigrams performed in children with sickle cell anemia, the frequency and precocity of the "functional asplenia" is emphasized and its relationship with the infectious history of such children is discussed. The anti-bacterial role of the spleen and the responsibility, at least partial, or asplenia in the susceptibility of patients with sickle cell anemia to infections, especially pneumococcal ones, are reviewed. The pathophysiologic mechanism of functional asplenia is then discussed. The author concludes that asplenia has no predictive value in selecting children "at risk" for infection and stresses the necessity of a systematic prevention by penicillin therapy and antipneumococcal vaccination in such patients before 4 years of age. PMID- 7103671 TI - [Sturge-Weber disease: value of the topographic analysis of the facial angioma for the diagnosis of associated pial angioma (author's transl)]. AB - A retrospective study was undertaken in 47 children with congenital capillary naevus of the face in order to appreciate the predictive value of the topography of the facial angioma for the diagnosis of associated pial angioma. In patients with Sturge-Weber disease, facial angioma concerned the whole upper eyelid, extending to the forehead and/or cheek. Less often, it was localized to the root of the nose; in such cases it was a port-wine, homogeneous angioma, with clearcut outlines, quite different from the angiomatous dots frequently seen in this area in neonates. Except for these rare cases, angiomas concerned only half or less of the upper eyelid and no pial angioma was associated. Finally, congenital capillary naevi with this topography typical of Sturge-Weber disease were frequently associated with pial angioma. PMID- 7103673 TI - [Myoglobinuria following anesthesia (author's transl)]. AB - In a 11 1/2 year-old boy, acute myolysis with myoglobinuria followed anesthesia and had a favourable outcome. Biological signs of myolysis, without clinical symptoms seem to be frequent after Halothane-succinylcholine anesthesia. They are even more frequent in children, especially when succinylcholine is repeatedly given during Halothane anesthesia. Patient clinical symptoms (visible myoglobinuria, pain and/or paralysis) are rare and occur chiefly in children with chronic muscular disease, in whom they may be the presenting symptoms. PMID- 7103670 TI - [Enteropathogenic mechanisms involved in giardiasis in children (author's transl)]. AB - 23 patients with gastroenteritis and 9 with severe malabsorption syndrome related to giardiasis were investigated in a semi-prospective fashion as follows: (1) conjugated bile acid levels measured in duodenal aspirate (thin layer chromatography) in 6 patients with steatorrhea. (2) intraepithelial lymphocytes count (results expressed as the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells) in small intestinal biopsies from the 32 patients, 11 of which had immunoglobulin deficiency (9 IgA deficiency). The results indicate that there is no decrease in the percentage of conjugated bile acids (mean percentage 90%; normal = 80); a significantly increased percentage of intra-epithelial lymphocytes is documented in giardiasis (11.1% +/- 6.7), versus 2.3% +/- 0.5 in acute gastroenteritis (9 patients) and 6.3 +/- 0.5 in chronic diarrheas (6 patients) (p less than 0,001). This percentage, however, is significantly lower than in untreated coeliac sprue (23 patients) (12.17 +/- 11.6) (p less than 0,01). Conversely a high intraepithelial lymphocyte count does not correlate with the degree of intestinal villous atrophy (3 patients had severe and 6 partial villous atrophy) (r = 0.170). IgA deficiency should be suspected in patients with giardiasis presenting with intestinal villous atrophy (5 patients). Steatorrhea in our patients does not appear related to bile acid deconjugation. To explain enterotoxicity in giardiasis, more than a direct effect of the ventral disk of the parasite on intestinal mucosa, one should incriminate the host immune cell mediated response as shown by lymphocytic infiltration of the epithelium on small bowel biopsies. PMID- 7103672 TI - [Cohen syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103676 TI - Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodological study. AB - It is important for genetic, epidemiologic, and nosological studies to determine accurate rates of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses in patient and nonpatient populations. As part of a case-control family study of major depression, lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were made for 1,878 individuals. Sources of information used in making diagnostic estimates included direct interview, medical records, and family history data systematically obtained from relatives. Diagnostic estimates were made by trained interviewers, experienced clinicians, and by computer program. The results indicate that it is possible to make lifetime best estimate diagnoses reliably among both interviewed and noninterviewed individuals for most diagnostic categories and that diagnoses based on interview data alone are an adequate substitute for best estimate diagnoses based on all available information in a limited number of diagnostic categories. PMID- 7103675 TI - [Iconographic rubric. Diplomyelia]. PMID- 7103677 TI - Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: reliabilities and agreement between systems. AB - We compared the joint frequencies and reliabilities of the following sets of criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia: the New Haven Schizophrenia Index: the Carpenter, Strauss, Bartko (4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-item) system; DSM-III; Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC; full and chronic); the Feighner system; and the 1975 criteria of Taylor and Abrams. The systems, of essentially equal reliability, varied sevenfold in their rates of diagnosing schizophrenia. Patients in whom schizophrenia was diagnosed by the lower-rate systems were likely to receive the same diagnosis by the higher-rate systems. This tends not to be the cases when an affective syndrome is present. PMID- 7103674 TI - [Familial pelvi-scapulary dysplasia with anomalies of the epiphyses, dwarfism and dysmorphy: a new syndrome? (author's transl)]. AB - A North African brother and his sister, whose parents were first cousins, presented with the same disorder. It consisted of congenital dwarfism, facial dysmorphy and several skeletal anomalies including bilateral agenesis of the ala of scapula and hypoplasia of the ala of ilium and acetabulum, responsible for hip dislocation. No similar case was found in the literature. A recessive autosomal transmission of the disease is suggested. PMID- 7103678 TI - Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): a review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness. AB - This article reviews the demographic characteristics of paranoid psychosis or delusional disorder (DD) and compares them with those found for schizophrenia and affective illness. Delusional disorder constitutes between 1% and 4% of all psychiatric admissions, with an incidence of first admissions between 1 and 3/100,000 population per year. Like affective illness, but unlike schizophrenia, DD is predominantly an illness of middle to late adult life, usually occurring in persons who have been married. Like schizophrenia, but unlike affective illness, DD occurs more frequently in low socioeconomic classes and produces a poor chance for full recovery. Delusional disorder occurs more frequently than either schizophrenia or affective illness in immigrants. From a demographic perspective, DD closely resembles neither schizophrenia not affective illness. PMID- 7103679 TI - Recovery in major depressive disorder: analysis with the life table and regression models. AB - Regression models and life tables were used to describe the phenomenon of recovery from major depressive disorder for 101 patients in a naturalistic study in which treatment was not controlled by the investigators. Time to recovery from the onset of the episode was protracted, as only about 50% of patients recovered by one year. Annual rates of recovery then declined steadily to 28% in the second year, 22% in the third year, and 18% in the fourth year. In contrast, speed of recovery from entry into the study was more rapid, and 63% of patients recovered by four months. The recovery rates were about 20% each month for the first four months and then declined sharply for the remaining months of the one-year follow up. Several clinical variables were statistically significant predictors of recovery when measured from entry into the study: superimposition of the acute episode on a chronic underlying depression, acuteness of onset of he depression, and severity of depression for the subgroup of patients without superimposed illness. PMID- 7103681 TI - Psychotic symptoms in prepubertal major depressive disorder. AB - Symptoms of psychosis and psychoticlike phenomena were systematically inquired for, using a semistructured diagnostic interview protocol, in 58 prepubertal children who fulfilled Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder. Subjects were classical into endogenous and nonendogenous subtypes. Forty-eight percent of the sample reported hallucinations. Thirty-six percent (including 48% of those in the endogenous subtype and 24% of those in the nonendogenous subtype) reported auditory hallucinations that consisted of one or more words other than their names, experienced in clear consciousness. Sixteen percent reported visual or tactile hallucinations. Four children were rated as having delusional ideas. Symptoms were analyzed in terms of contents, formal characteristics, thematic and temporal consistency with depressed mood, extent of the child's belief in the reality of the experience, frequency, and experienced location of auditory hallucinations. The psychopathologic meaning of the reported phenomena is uncertain. PMID- 7103682 TI - Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal children with major depression: a controlled study. AB - We performed a three-night polysomnographic study of 54 rigorously assessed, drug free, prepubertal children who fit unmodified Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder, and two groups of nondepressed controls (25 with emotional disorders and 11 who were normal). The groups did not differ polysomnographically, even though a high proportion of depressives and neurotics reported sleep disturbance in structured interviews. Sleep stage data do not appear to differentiate children with prepubertal major depressive disorders from nondepressed neurotic or normal children. Other psychobiologic findings in prepubertal depressives together with marked age effects on polysomnographic correlates of adult major depressive disorders suggest the hypothesis that polysomnographic abnormalities in adult major depressives are secondary to an interaction between depression and age. PMID- 7103683 TI - Sleeping patterns in upper-middle-class families when the child awakens ill or frightened. AB - Prior research on whether parents and children ever share a bed is scanty. Some experts have written that if parents take their frightened child into bed with them, there will be "devil to pay." Using a questionnaire, we surveyed 415 upper middle-class parents of 576 children. We asked if, when their child awoke ill or frightened, they took the child into their bed. They commonly did. We question whether explanations that ascribe the cause of psychopathologic disorders to specific events may not be too simplistic. To date, too much attention may have been paid to the events, such as parents and children sharing a bed, are not enough has been devoted to the context, motivation, and setting in which these events occur. PMID- 7103685 TI - Illusion that the eye-roll sign is related to hypnotizability. AB - In Spiegel's Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), a scale for measuring hypnotic responsiveness, the claim has been made that the eye-role sign (ER) can predict hypnotizability usable in clinical practice with a success rate of 75%. Using data from thousands of clinical cases, the ER correlated .22 with other items within the HIP--not high enough for predictive purposes. The present analysis shows how clinical observations uncorrected by statistical analysis can lead to illusory interpretations. PMID- 7103680 TI - Relapse in major depressive disorder: analysis with the life table. AB - With the use of life tables to describe time while patients were well and subsequent rates of relapse for 75 patients after their recovery from an episodes of major depressive disorder in naturalistic study, a high risk of relapse was detected shortly after recovery. Twenty-four percent of patients relapsed within 12 weeks at risk, and 12% of patients relapsed with four weeks at risk. The presence of an underlying chronic depression and three or more previous affective episodes predicted a statistically significant increase in the rate of relapse. These data were used to develop an exponential model of relapse probability for a subgroup of the study population. PMID- 7103686 TI - Hilgard's illusion. PMID- 7103684 TI - Competency to consent to research: a psychiatric overview. AB - The requirement that a subject be competent as a condition of valid consent to participate in research has been accepted by most students of legal and ethical problems of human experimentation. "Competency," however, has lacked a clear and generally agreed on standard. There are four commonly used standards for competency: evidencing a choice in regard to research participation, factual understanding of the issues, rational manipulation of information, and appreciation of the nature of the situation. These standards can be arranged hierarchically such that each represents a stricter test of competency. The decision as to how rigorous a standard for competency is desirable cannot be made on psychiatric grounds. It requires consideration of the policy goals on hopes to attain. Empirical research helps demonstrate the consequences of choosing a particular standard but cannot replace the need for achieving consensus on policy goals. PMID- 7103687 TI - Discriminant analysis in adoption studies. PMID- 7103688 TI - Correlation of single and serial CEA determinations with the clinical evolution of cancer patients. AB - The correlation between CEA results and the clinical evolution of 56 patients with breast and colorectal cancer, was studied. In mammary cancer (41 patients) there was a correspondence of 75% between single initial CEA values and clinical state at the time of the determination. For colorectal cancer patients the correspondence was 80%. A follow up of the patients during 4 years permitted the evaluation of serial CEA results in the prognosis of the disease. Two or more consecutive CEA results with the same significance (increased or normal) correlated better than single values with the clinical evolution of the disease (93% of correspondence). Normal values in patients with active disease were indicative of favourable prognosis; the appearance of single values above normal but below three times the upper normal limit, do not justify changes in the installed therapy. Two or more consecutive increased results are indicative of present or future deterioration of the patient. Cases of non-correspondence between consecutive serial. CEA results and clinical evolution of the patient are considered as "real false results" (7%). Serial CEA determination resulted very useful in the follow up of the oncological patient in the frame of other laboratory and diagnostic means, as a part of the periodic clinical control. PMID- 7103690 TI - Interindividual variation of carcinogen activation by human liver homogenates. A study using dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and cyclophosphamide (CP) as precursor genotoxic agents and clastogenicity and induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79-E cells as endpoints. AB - 9000 g supernatants of liver homogenates from 6 kidney transplant donors were checked in combination with Chinese hamster V79-E cells in vitro for their capacity to activate DMN and CP. 9000 g fractions were standardized on protein content. Induction of chromatid aberrations (clastogenicity assay) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE assay) served as parameters. DMN activation showed a 1.3 fold inter individual variation and was in the same order of magnitude as that observed with rat liver 9000 g fractions. Striking interindividual differences were found when CP was applied as reference precarcinogen. Most of the samples had a distinctly lower activity than that of the rat but reached, in one case, a similar level. Methodological problems and limitations of genotoxicity tests for precarcinogen screening with respect to extrapolation of results to man are discussed. PMID- 7103689 TI - [Clinical experience with the depot estrogen Turisteron in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (author's transl)]. AB - Turisteron is a depot estrogen with an average biological half-life of six days. It has the advantage compared to other oral estrogens that it can be administered once a week p.o. Forty late postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer received Turisteron. Overall 19 (47,5%) had a positive response. An objective remission rate (tumor regression of greater than 50%) was achieved in 12 patients (30%). To date the mean duration of response is 27 months for complete remissions and 10 months for partial remissions. The risk-response relationship for Turisteron in older patients is favourable compared to that of polychemotherapy and it is therefore recommended that Turisteron be used as the initial therapy of choice for patients with metastatic breast cancer who are more than 5 years postmenopausal. Indications and contraindications for Turisteron are discussed in detail. PMID- 7103691 TI - Three-dimensional structure of Golgi complex in rat intestinal epithelium and its morphological changes during fat absorption. AB - The three-dimensional structure of the Golgi complex in rat intestinal epithelium and its morphological alteration during fat absorption were studied by the Osmium DMSO-Osmium method. 1. The Golgi complex consisted of a Golgi stack which was a parallel array of flattened cisternae, numerous small vesicles of similar size, condensing vacuoles which expanded from the periphery of the cisterna, and the plexus of anastomotic tubules associated with many granules of various sizes. 2. During fat absorption, the condensing vacuoles of the Golgi complex were dilated and many lipid droplets appeared within the lumen of the condensing vacuoles, while the length and number of the parallel arrayed cisternae decreased remarkably. At 60 min after fat administration the membrane alteration reached its maximum. The Golgi complex consisted of only vacuoles containing lipid droplets at this time. 3. The lipid droplets in the vacuoles were manifested with a colored scanning electron micrograph which was prepared by superimposition of the secondary electron image and the backscattered electron image from a given view field of the specimen, projected in two different colors. PMID- 7103694 TI - Scanning electron microscope studies on rabbit renal glomerulus, with special reference to "podocytic membrane" of Elias and to pored domes on capillary endothelium. AB - In their transmission electron microscope (TEM) study of the rabbit kidney, Elias et al. (1964, 1966) reported an occurrence of "podocytic membranes" which were attenuated parts of the body of the podocytes covering the processes and pedicels of podocytes and forming closed spaces, "subpodocytic lacunae" (Fig. 1, 2). In this scanning electron microscope (SEM) study, we demonstrate the three dimensional structure of rabbit podocytes which largely confirms the Elias' diagram. However, the "podocytic membranes" are not as in Elias' view, attenuated portions of the body of the podocytes, but corresponds to their primary processes which are flattened into plates in this species. The "podocytic membranes" do not represent a second filtration barrier for the primary urine, which Elias proposed. On the glomerular endothelium, we found domed microprojections consisting of a pored cytoplasmic sheet not only in the attenuated portions of the endothelium or areolae fenestratae, but also in the nuclear portion of the endothelial cells. This hitherto unknown distribution of pored cytoplasm necessitates revision of the previous view which has interpreted the significance of the endothelial pores only from the aspect of substance transport through the capillary wall. PMID- 7103692 TI - Morphological research on the sensitivity of dentin. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of dentin sensitivity, the ultrastructure, distribution and organization of nerve fibers in the pulpodentinal border zone in the teeth of young human subjects were investigated by means of silver impregnation and electron microscopy. The nerve fibers in this zone were classified into four types by the location of their terminals and pattern of their ramification: the marginal pulpal nerve fibers, the simple predentinal nerve fibers, the complex predentinal nerve fibers and the dentinal nerve fibers. The nerve fibers reached no further than 100 microns from the odontoblast predentinal border. The nerve fibers terminated exclusively as free endings, and they were thought to conduct the sense of pain from the corresponding zone. The endings of the predentinal or dentinal nerve fibers were mostly located adjacent to the odontoblastic processes, and this appeared to be a reasonable position for these endings to actively receive the changes in the shape of the processes. The odontoblastic process and the nerve ending associated with it can be considered to be functionally a mechanoreceptive complex. In this sense these free nerve endings might be placed in a group different from the free nerve endings in the inner pulp. The mechanoreceptive complex probably plays a central role in the mechanism of dentin sensitivity. It is suggested that stimuli to dentin first produce the deformation or movement of the odontoblastic processes; these mechanical changes are transmitted to the nerve endings, and the dentin sensitivity occurs. PMID- 7103695 TI - [Ether cleavage, a side route of etofenamate metabolism in animals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103693 TI - Histochemical study of lamellar cell development of Meissner corpuscles. AB - The development of the lamellar cells of mouse digital corpuscles (Meissner corpuscle) was studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry for cholinesterase (ChE) The materials used were the hind limbs taken from fetuses at 14, 17 and 20 days of gestation, and from young mice at 1, 5, 7, 15 and 20 days after birth. Embryonal Schwann cells had non-specific ChE activity in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, suggesting that they had the ability of synthesizing the enzyme. After birth, such ability gradually decreased and by five days of age non-specific ChE activity was no longer demonstrable in Schwann cells at the time when myelin sheath formation began. However, Schwann cells which were associated with the axonal tips penetrating into the epidermis still had an intense non-specific ChE activity. Such Schwann cells surrounded the axons in gradually increasing numbers of cytoplasmic processes, which later became the lamellae around the axon terminals; thus by 20 days after birth they had differentiated into mature lamellar cells of Meissner corpuscles. These lamellar cells had, as in the embryonal Schwann cells, an intense ChE activity in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that the lamellar cell is a specialized form of Schwann cell which still retains the embryonal characteristics for synthesizing non-specific ChE. PMID- 7103696 TI - [Biotransformation of 1H-benzotriazole and 1-alkylbenzotriazoles in vitro]. PMID- 7103697 TI - [Biotransformation of [2-14C]-1-alkyl-3,5-diethyl-6-chlorouracil and synthesis of some possible degradation products (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103698 TI - Potential antitumor agents, VII. 5-Substituted 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. PMID- 7103699 TI - [Theoretical and experimental considerations on disinfecting substances. Benzoxonium chloride]. PMID- 7103700 TI - [a case of monolateral megalomastia (due to receptor hypersensitivity)]. PMID- 7103701 TI - [Coma caused by meningoencephalitis as the initial manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Description of a case]. AB - The clinical, anatomopathological and electroencephalographic aspects of C.N.S. impairment during I.M. are examined. The comparative frequency of such involvement, which generally presents in benign form, is confirmed together with the possible onset of forms that are extremely serious in terms of their course and prognosis. A case of I.M. which began with meningo-encephalitis-induced coma is reported. Stress is laid on the need to allow for mononucleosis infection when in the presence of viral encephalitis of unknown aetiology. PMID- 7103703 TI - [Chordoma manifesting itself as a pseudoaneurysm of the gluteal region]. PMID- 7103702 TI - [Considerations on hemangiopericytoma]. PMID- 7103704 TI - [Rosette E and active rosette E tests in the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in uremic patients]. AB - To evaluate cellular immunity in uremia, we studied 235 uremic patients (178 on regular hemodialysis and 57 on medical treatment). E-rosettes were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in all patients. The active E-rosettes test was found less significant to study T lymphocyte markers. The kind of correlations made with primary disease, small molecule levels, rehabilitation, suggests that cell mediated immunodeficiency in uremia is a premature phenomenon and scarcely influenced by adequate hemodialysis treatment. PMID- 7103705 TI - [Changes in biochemical parameters in normal pregnancy]. PMID- 7103707 TI - [Serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against measles virus in patients with multiple sclerosis]. AB - Measles c.f.a. and h.i.e. were titrated in sera and, when possible, in the cerebrospinal fluids of 183 SM patients and in sera from a control group of subjects. No significative difference was found by the h.i. test, whereas significantly higher was the frequence of positives by the c.f. test in the SM group, with no correlation with the therapy to which the patients were subjected. The presence of c.f.a. in 13 of 48 cerebrospinal fluids tested, together with a low value of the serum/CSF antibodies ratio and with the lack of CSF antibodies against other viral antigens tested (HSV, rubeola), could indicate an intra CNS production of measles antibodies. To sum up, our results suggest an involvement of measles virus at least in some of the MS patients considered. PMID- 7103706 TI - [Comparative study of the drug resistance of strains of enterobacteria isolated from hospitalized and ambulatory patients]. AB - The Kirby-Bauer technique was employed in an assessment of the in vitro resistance to 8 antibiotics of 166 Enterobacteriaceae strains, isolated during routine diagnostic operations from various biological materials derived from wards, and from hospital out-patients. Their chemoresistance characteristics were also examined. It was found that Proteus strains from in-patients were more resistant to some antibiotics than those from out-patients. E. coli strains from in-patients were more frequently resistant to gentamycin. PMID- 7103708 TI - [Clinical aspects of the radioimmunological determination of serum ferritin]. AB - Personal experience confirms the diagnostic value of serum ferritin estimation in the iron deficient microcytic anemia, where there are low levels. The clinical significance of the test is restricted by the not negligible incidence of levels like that of iron overload in the hepatic and neoplastic diseases. In hepatic diseases the test resulted to be related to the changes of serum transaminases. In malignant neoplasms the high serum ferritin levels had been only sometimes associated with transfusional siderosis. PMID- 7103709 TI - [Bioavailability of drugs]. PMID- 7103710 TI - [Primary tumors of the small intestine]. PMID- 7103711 TI - [Incidence of basocellular and spinocellular epitheliomas in various regions of the face. Statistical review and comparison of the years 1976 and 1978]. PMID- 7103712 TI - [Cardiac involvement in infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 7103713 TI - [Analysis of erythrocytic spectrin in thalassemia and in Lepore hemoglobinosis]. AB - Total proteins and red cell membrane spectrin were determined in normal subjects, patients with hyperhaemolytic and anhaemolytic thalassaemia, and Hb Lepore from a single family. Electrophoresis on acrylamide gels was performed after solubilisation of the material in SDS using the whole membrane and spectrin. Amino acid composition was also determined after hot acid hydrolysis. Resin chromatography was employed to recognise acid, neutral and basic aminoo acids, glucosamine, and galactosamine. It was found that the significant changes in spectrin amino acid composition observed in thalassaemic subjects with peripheral hyperhaemolysis were not apparent in anhaemolytic patients, nor in the heterozygote, clinically asymptomatic carriers of Hb Lepore. These changes are certainly of importance on account of the structural alterations noted in the spectrin of the subjects concerned. PMID- 7103714 TI - [2-year follow-up of a series of cases of asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg antigen]. AB - 20 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg antigen have been subjected to haemato-chemical examinations and liver biopsy and followed up after two years. The only altered serological test result regarded transaminases, except for one case where other liver function indices were irregular, and these were up in 13 cases at the first control and in 6 at the second. The histological changes observed in respectively 18 and 17 patients were in the majority of cases of persistent chronic hepatitis type. In one case the histopathological picture was related to active chronic hepatitis. It is therefore concluded that the term asymptomatic carrier is often inexact as the subjects are suffering from clinically silent chronic hepatitis. PMID- 7103715 TI - Biliary colic and functional gallbladder disease. AB - We carried out a review of 358 patients undergoing cholecystectomy during a seven year period. Twenty-one patients were found to have classic biliary colic with a normal oral cholecystogram. All patients were female and had symptoms for three to 120 months (mean, 24 months). Cholecystosonography, upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract x-ray series, and infusion tomography of the gallbladder, when performed, were normal. Twelve patients underwent cholecystokinin (CCK) cholecystography. Failure of normal contraction of the gallbladder was noted in all 12. All 21 underwent cholecystectomy; three months postoperatively, all patients were relieved of their pain, and 15 of the 16 available for long-term follow-up (averaging 22 months) were completely cured of their symptoms. We conclude that the young woman with typical biliary colic and a normal oral cholecystogram, gallbladder ultrasound study, and upper GI tract x-ray series should undergo CCK cholecystography. If the results are positive, these patients can be reliably cured by cholecystectomy. PMID- 7103716 TI - Cardiac performance testing by volume loading and lower-extremity compression. AB - Cardiac performance was tested with a combination of volume loading and lower extremity compression by an anti-g suit in 11 patients scheduled for aortic operations. The mean response of cardiac output (CO) to volume loading and anti-g suit compression was flat, despite a significant rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Right to left intrapulmonary shunt was unchanged by the testing procedure. The low mean wedge pressure reemphasizes the need for preoperative insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter and for measurement of PCWP and Co to provide optimal fluid treatment to each patient who undergoes an aortic reconstructive operation. PMID- 7103717 TI - Aseptic transgressions among surgeons and anesthesiologists: a quantitative study. AB - The extent of compliance with 44 specific aseptic precautions by 18 surgeons and ten anesthesiologists was recorded during a series of 36 clean herniorrhaphies. Anesthesiologists as a group had an aseptic infraction rate nearly twice that of the surgeons, but a relatively small number in each group was responsible for most of the transgressions observed. The most frequent aseptic breaks involved scrubbing techniques (32.4% infraction rate) followed by dress and preparation breaks (12.9% infraction rate). Once physicians were inside the operating room and working, the infraction rate dropped considerably. The number of clinical wound infections observed (two) was too small to draw any conclusions about the association between asepsis and infection. PMID- 7103718 TI - Appendiceal abscess. AB - Of 61 patients with appendiceal abscess, 32 were treated by incision and drainage without appendectomy, with 16% morbidity. Seventeen patients had incision and drainage with appendectomy, with 24% morbidity. One patient, admitted in septic shock, died without operation. Average hospitalization was shortest in the nine patients treated nonoperatively. Many patients with appendiceal mass or abscess do not require immediate operation. In the 42 patients discharged without appendectomy, the recurrence rate of appendicitis was 5% at 9.1 months' average follow-up. Thirty-two elective interval appendectomies were performed at an average interval of 96 days, with 13% morbidity. At interval appendectomy, those patients from whom a free fecalith had been removed at the time of drainage had the greatest degree of appendiceal destruction. Interval appendectomy is probably not necessary in such patients. PMID- 7103719 TI - Cancer in cystic lesions of the thyroid. AB - We reviewed the records of 341 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for the suspicion of cancer between 1975 and 1980. Cancer of the thyroid was found in 14% of them. Although cysts of the thyroid (pathologic finding of a fluid-filled cavity greater than 1 cm in diameter) were encountered in 35% of the patients, cysts were similarly distributed among patients with benign conditions (27%) or with cancer (33%). Most of the thyroid cysts in patients with carcinoma measured 2 to 4 cm in diameter. The cancer was found within the cystic cavity. The cysts in patients with cancer appeared to originate from necrosis of the tumor. B-mode ultrasonography was not reliable in differentiating cystic and solid lesions. The demonstration of the cystic nature of a thyroid nodule does not rule out the diagnosis of cancer of the gland. PMID- 7103720 TI - Mastitis and mammary duct disease. AB - A review of the cases of major inflammatory disease of the breast seen during an 11-year period found that 49 (77%) of the 64 cases that required hospitalization were not associated with pregnancy or lactation. In such cases, an aggressive surgical approach including excision of central nipple ducts revealed a variant of mammary duct ectasia in 13 of the 14 patients operated on. We believe that when surgery is required for treatment of mastitis, it should include nipple duct excision. PMID- 7103721 TI - Validation of autopsy method for evaluating trauma care. AB - A previous study on the simplified autopsy method evaluated autopsies from a series of motor vehicle deaths. The results were not generally accepted by the medical and political community because of reservations concerning the validity of the autopsy data. In response, I undertook a second study evaluating a similar series, using data from hospital records as well as autopsies. Results were evaluated by the autopsy method and compared with the results obtained by the hospital records method. Seventy-one percent of the deaths were judged preventable by the autopsy method as compared with 85% by the hospital records method. All deaths judged preventable by the autopsy method were also judged preventable by the method using hospital records. This confirms that the autopsy method accurately identifies and understates the problem it exposes. PMID- 7103723 TI - Rate of endothelialization in venous thrombi: an experimental study. AB - Little is known about the rate of endothelialization of venous thrombi. This study was performed to determine the time required for complete endothelialization of the head of standardized thrombi in medium-sized veins (4 to 5 mm) in dogs. This information was sought to help determine the optimal duration of anticoagulation therapy in patients with acute venous thrombi. While endothelial growth was observed as early as three days, endothelialization of the head of the thrombus was not complete until 14 days in seven of eight venous thrombi. These experimental findings suggest that therapeutic anticoagulation should be continued for at least ten to 14 days if maximum benefit is to be achieved. PMID- 7103722 TI - Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: a survey of its use in the United States. AB - Despite controversy about their effectiveness, low-dose heparin therapy and elastic stockings were the methods most frequently selected by surgeons in a national survey on thromboembolism prophylaxis. These methods were selected even for patients with an extremely high risk of thrombosis. Surgeons responding to this survey apparently did not discriminate between degrees of patient risk, did not recognize the limitations of low-dose heparin and elastic stockings in protecting high-risk patients, and were unfamiliar with more effective methods of prophylaxis, ie, warfarin, dextran, and intermittent pneumatic compression. There is clearly a need for more specific data regarding the safe use of effective thromboembolism prophylaxis in surgical patients. PMID- 7103725 TI - Smoking, ignorance, and peripheral vascular disease. AB - The effect of the surgeon's advice to give up smoking was studied in a group of 43 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), using blood carboxyhemoglobin levels to detect deception. Only seven of 40 patients (17.5%) actually stopped smoking, but the remainder appeared fairly honest in reporting their continued habits. Few patients were aware of the possible harmful effect of smoking on the peripheral arteries. The 43 patients with PVD who smoked had significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin levels than a group of 25 smokers without PVD although their cigarette consumption was the same. This suggests that carboxyhemoglobin levels may provide a better indication of the risk of smoking than overall cigarette consumption alone in the development of PVD. PMID- 7103727 TI - Cerebral protection in carotid surgery. AB - We performed 956 carotid endarterectomies in 661 conscious patients who were under cervical block anesthesia and in whom the stroke rate was 2.5%. They were analyzed to determine the mechanisms of strokes and the risk factor for perioperative stroke. Twenty-three patients with perioperative strokes, regardless of severity, were analyzed as to the mechanism of cause. One half were due to technical problems, one quarter to intraoperative embolization, one sixth to intracerebral hemorrhage, and the remainder were not directly related to the operative procedures. Perioperative stroke rate varied by group from 0.6% to 28.4%, highest when the contralateral carotid was occluded, where there was a preoperative persistent neurologic deficit, and when the patient failed to tolerate carotid clamping. Regional block monitoring was accurate and no stroke could be ascribed to anesthetic technique. Standard reporting techniques should be used in classifying patients into appropriate risk groups to permit meaningful comparisons among groups using different techniques for cerebral protection. PMID- 7103726 TI - Routine surgical management of brachial artery occlusion after cardiac catheterization. AB - From 1965 through 1980, 1,108 patients (1.5%) underwent thrombectomy and local arterial reconstruction because of brachial artery occlusion after a total of 73,750 cardiac catheterization procedures performed at the Cleveland Clinic. In a study group of 100 consecutive patients, 91 had simple arteriotomy revision and nine had segmental arterial resection with either axial reanastomosis or a saphenous vein interposition graft. Thirteen patients sustained early recurrent thrombosis after limited arteriotomy revisions, and 11 of these had successful reoperations. Ninety-eight patients were discharged from the hospital with normal distal pulses and no ischemic symptoms. Statistical analysis indicated that women were more likely than men to experience early recurrent thrombosis, and that late ischemic symptoms were most common among women and among those who required reoperations at the time of initial treatment. PMID- 7103724 TI - Detection of pancreatic tumors by ultrasound during surgery. AB - Real-time B-mode ultrasonic scanning was performed during 14 operations for pancreatic tumors. All operations were for adenocarcinoma, except in one patient with a Zollinger-Ellison tumor. The ultrasonic tissue appearance of pancreatic carcinoma was not specific. However, ultrasonic signs of pancreatic duct dilation, striction or invasion of the superior mesenteric veins, and common bile duct involvement may help to establish the diagnosis of malignancy. A triad of ultrasound signs indicative of malignant obstruction of the common bile duct consisted of (1) dilation, (2) absence of biliary stones, and (3) a distinctive termination pattern of the duct. Operative ultrasound was used to guide a biopsy needle to obtain pancreatic tissue samples. The Zollinger-Ellison tumor of the pancreas produced a sonolucent appearance that clearly distinguished it from the surrounding tissue. PMID- 7103728 TI - Management of postendarterectomy neurologic deficits. AB - A series of 1,023 carotid endarterectomies were done between 1969 and 1980, with 31 patients (3.1%) having postendarterectomy neurologic deficits. Death ensued in seven patients (0.7%), and permanent neurologic deficits occurred in five patients (0.5%). Analysis of causes indicated that microemboli and thrombosis at the operative site are most frequent. When thrombosis is recognized early, this condition can be corrected by prompt reoperation. An algorithm can be used for guidance in management. Preventive measures include preoperative neurologic and cardiovascular stability that is maintained through the recovery period, meticulous operative dissection, and use of a temporary intraluminal shunt. PMID- 7103729 TI - Recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy. AB - The true incidence of recurrent carotid stenosis is unknown. Most reports provide only anecdotal data. Reported incidences, which range from 0.6% to 9.8%, reflect the care with which the search for recurrent stenosis was made by individual reporters. Early restenosis occurring within less than 24 months is characterized by a fibrous hyperplastic reaction, whereas stenoses occurring beyond this time are usually caused by typical atherosclerotic lesions. Although no clear risk factors can be identified, surgical trauma and inadequate endarterectomy are likely predisposing causes. Reoperation is technically more difficult and a patch graft, preferably vein, is often necessary. Careful postoperative evaluation and a search for the possibility of recurrent stenosis is recommended, especially in view of the increasing frequency of prophylactic carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 7103730 TI - Carotid occlusive disease as a risk factor in major cardiovascular surgery. AB - Carotid occlusive disease in patients undergoing major cardiovascular surgery raises the question of the perioperative risk factor of stroke. We evaluated 234 cardiovascular patients preoperatively by oculoplethysmography (OPG) to detect hemodynamically severe carotid occlusive disease. The perioperative stroke risk without flow-reducing carotid occlusive disease was 1%, in contrast to a 17% incidence of stroke when OPG studies indicated internal carotid artery stenosis of more than 60%. Oculoplethysmography is a reliable indicator of hemodynamically severe carotid occlusive disease with an associated high risk of stroke that warrants prophylactic carotid endarterectomy before major cardiovascular surgery. PMID- 7103731 TI - Primary retroperitoneal cysts: report of an unusual case and a survey of the literature. AB - A case of a primary retroperitoneal cyst was associated with the chemical abnormalities of Cushing's disease and pheochromocytoma. Review of the literature failed to uncover a similar endocrinologically active retroperitoneal cyst. Primary retroperitoneal cysts, defined as those cysts lying in the retroperitoneal fatty tissue that have no apparent connections with any adult anatomical structure, are rare. These cysts are thought to arise from the mesonephros. They become symptomatic by virtue of their size or position. Diagnosis is suggested by an abnormal intravenous pyelogram and may be confirmed by arteriography. Treatment of choice is excision. PMID- 7103732 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of acute aortoiliac catastrophes. AB - Whole-body computed tomography (CT) was used as an initial examination in stable patients whose symptoms were suggestive of aortoiliac emergencies. In three cases, CT provided highly specific diagnoses in three different aortoiliac complications. Computed tomography proved to be a fast and reliable diagnostic tool in emergency settings. PMID- 7103733 TI - Successful repair of three primary aortoduodenal fistulae. AB - The successful surgical treatment of three patients with primary aortoduodenal fistulae was achieved in a retrospective analysis. The treatment of this rare disorder included primary duodenal closure, resection of the atherosclerotic aneurysm, and placement of a Dacron graft. A review of the literature demonstrated only 18 survivors with this surgical problem. These three additional cases emphasize that primary duodenal repair and Dacron graft replacement of the aneurysm may be performed instead of an extra-anatomic bypass. PMID- 7103734 TI - Implantation of permanent transvenous pacemaker via subclavian vein. AB - A favorable overall experience was found with permanent transvenous cardiac pacing using a direct venipuncture for entry into the subclavian vein. The method allows a rapid and relatively atraumatic introduction of a variety of transvenous pacemaker electrodes. However, a fatal complication developed that was caused by unrecognized puncture of the left pulmonary artery in an elderly patient. This was the result of a technical error and emphasizes that experience in subclavian venipuncture is essential to avoid the complications of this approach. PMID- 7103735 TI - [Energy maintenance requirements and energy requirement for protein retention in growing rats and broilers. 1. Energy maintenance requirements of growing rats]. AB - In 4 experiments with 3 times 3 male Wistar rats each, which received rations with different protein contents (10; 25 and 40% crude protein in the dry matter), in the growth range between approximately 65 and 180 g live weight and with an environmental temperature of 30 degrees C, a total of 226 measurings of the total metabolism were carried out on the energy level maintenance, partly also with the insertion of a fasting day. The most important results were: On the energy level maintenance with the simultaneous catabolisation of body fat there was considerable protein energy retention, which amounted to between 30 and 40% of the retention achieved in the growth periods. The energy maintenance requirement can be determined with good reproducibility (standard mean deviation: +/-6%). The average energy requirement directly measured at the feeding level maintenance of 437 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg live weight 0,75.d (n=224) differs insignificantly from the average value obtained by means of multiple regression analysis from experiment periods with feeding for growth 423 kJ ME/kg live weight 0,75.d (n=437). Consequently it is not necessary to differentiate between energy requirement for maintenance and energy requirement connected correlatively with the live weight (metabolic weight of the body) under conditions of growth. Energy maintenance requirement proved to be insignificantly dependent on the amount of protein in the feed. The relative values of protein quotas of 10, 25 and 40% in the feed were 100, 101 and 103%; the expected values (derived from the efficiency of ATP synthesis in the oxidation of carbohydrates and protein) amount of 100, 104 and 109%. The problem of the thermogenous effect of protein, which is also of great importance to human nutrition urgently requires further experimental investigation. For growing rats the best adaptation of the energy maintenance over the investigated period of development is achieved if the 2/3 potence of the live weight is chosen as the expression of the metabolic body weight. With high probability this can also be transferred to the characterisation of protein metabolisation. PMID- 7103736 TI - [The usefulness of polyethylene for quickly measuring the rate of food passage through the digestive tract of ruminants]. AB - In experiments with 5 rams it was investigated whether it is possible to use pulverised polyethylene for measuring the passage rate of the feed through the digestive tract. Polyethylene of a particle diameter of 0.4 mm and the specific weight of 0.924 represented 1.78 and 3.56% of the pelleted diet, which contained 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% beech sawdust, 15% molasses, 1.3% urea, 1.2% mixture of vitamins and minerals. After the single polyethylene application to 3 sheep the quota of its recovery in faeces was 68.9-74.4-87.4%. During the continuous polyethylene application over 8 days 64.8% was rediscovered, after the end of the application 80.25% (12th day). The best results in the quota of recovery were achieved after the application of the continuous daily ration with 25 g polyethylene per fistula during the feeding of a ground feed ration with additionally long hay. In this case the quota of the recovery of polyethylene was between 93.2 and 98.9%. The low quota of the recovery of polyethylene was probably caused by retention in the rumen and the large intestine, which was corroborated by the pathologic-anatomic dissection one month after the end of the experiment. Possibly there is a different explanation for the low quotas of recovery both in the size and the shape of the polyethylene particles and in the method of determination and the method of application. PMID- 7103737 TI - The effect of triiodothyronine-prednisolone treatment on the development of digestive enzymes in the suckling pig. AB - Thirty suckling pigs of 4 litters were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental piglets were treated perorally from 14 to 20 days of age with rising doses of triiodothyronine, which were combined with prednisolone for the last 3 days. On the day following the conclusion of the treatment (at 3 weeks of age) the piglets were killed by bleeding for the determination of digestive enzymes. The experimental piglets showed a significant increase of intestinal trypsin (p less than 0.01) and pancreatic amylase (P less than 0.05) activities over the control; a significant decrease of gastric chymosin activity (P less than 0.05) was caused by the great inter-group differences within one litter. Ten of the 11 parameters tested indicated precocious maturation of the digestive enzymes of the experimental piglets, however, most of these differences were not significant. Further studies are required for the possible utilization of this finding in the early weaning practice. PMID- 7103740 TI - [Comparison of the severity of asthmatic symptoms with that of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in asthmatic children. 2. An investigation using a treadmill (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103739 TI - Rubella virion polypeptides: characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and peptide mapping. AB - Four polypeptides with molecular weights of 55 K, 47 K, 45 K, and 33 K have been resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immune precipitated rubella virus. The 47 K and 45 K components have similar peptide maps but different isoelectric points so that the same polypeptide may exist in more than one charged form. The 55 K and 45 K components have similar isoelectric points but different peptide maps showing that similarity of isoelectric point is not evidence of identity. PMID- 7103741 TI - [Effect of chemical mediators (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and acetylcholine) on antigen- or mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103738 TI - Increased incidence of bovine papular stomatitis in neonatal calves. AB - A high incidence of bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) occurred in neonatal calves following neonatal thymectomy and antilymphocyte globulin treatment, sham thymectomy, treatment with normal horse globulin and in untreated calves. The source of BPS virus was not identified but was suspected to be latent in the calves and activated by thymectomy although no experimental evidence directly supported this conclusion. The potential for activation of a latent BPS infection was indicated by an apparent relationship between the stress of surgery or foreign protein inoculation and the severity of lesions. Subsequent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection did not result in recrudescence. PMID- 7103742 TI - [Nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine and acetylcholine in pediatric asthma and nasal allergy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103743 TI - [A case of contact urticaria with reagin of raw prawn crust (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103744 TI - [Suppression of hapten-dependent peritoneal eosinophilia by the induction of sensitized lymphocytes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7103745 TI - A case of DNA autosensitivity. PMID- 7103748 TI - Plasma apoproteins levels in chronic alcohol abuse. AB - The plasma lipid and apoprotein concentrations were monitored in a group of 12 patients with chronic alcohol abuse entering an abstinence program for 3 weeks. 6 of them had a normal liver function as expressed by the levels of liver enzymes gamma GT, GOT, GPT, while 6 had elevated plasma liver enzyme concentrations. None had evidence of either cirrhosis or alcohol hepatitis. Patients with abnormal liver enzymes had elevated HDL-cholesterol, apo AI and apo AII concentrations in plasma, with normal total cholesterol and apo 8 concentrations. In the group of patients with normal liver enzyme concentrations, the apoproteins and lipids did not significantly differ from the control group. In the course of the abstinence treatment a parallel decrease of apoproteins, HDL-cholesterol and liver enzyme concentrations was observed. The values normalized after 10-15 days. These data indicate that the effect of alcohol on the plasma apoprotein and lipids occurs mostly in the HDL fraction, that it correlates with the state of hepatic function and that it can be reversed by an abstinence treatment. PMID- 7103747 TI - Effect of cell density on the incorporation of [3H] proline into collagen by rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. AB - When stationary phase cultures of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with different cell densities were incubated with [3H] proline in order to study the rates of collagen and total protein syntheses, the incorporation of [3H] proline into collagen and total protein decreased with increasing cell density. This association was mainly due to a negative correlation between cell density and the specific activity of [3H] proline within the free intracellular proline pool. After correction for the specific radioactivity of free intracellular proline, the synthesis rate of collagen was not significantly correlated with cell density, but the negative association between cell density and the incorporation of [3H] proline into total protein was not completely abolished. PMID- 7103746 TI - Performance of tissue cultured endothelial cells in a mock circulatory loop. AB - Tissue cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were subjected to flow in an in vitro circulatory loop which was designed to simulate the flow and pressure conditions in the aorta. The cells were cultured to confluence under stationary conditions on a tube consisting of microfabric backed with polyurethane. The tube with the cultured cells was then added to the flow loop which circulated complete tissue culture medium in a pulsatile mode. Light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells not only remained adherent for 2 week periods under flow conditions, but also underwent hypertrophy and proliferation in response to the flow regimen. PMID- 7103752 TI - [Afferent associative and commissural projections of vestibular cortical zone VI in cats]. PMID- 7103750 TI - [Age changes in the cerebral cortex of humans and cats (comparative electron microscopy study)]. PMID- 7103751 TI - [Individual variability of the human caudate nucleus]. AB - When establishing borders microscopically and cytoarchitectonically, the volume of the nucleus caudatus (NC) has been measured in human brains from persons of various sex and age (21 persons and 27 hemispheres). The NC volume varies greatly in some persons and it is connected neither with the brain mass, nor with the sex and age. Difference between the extreme variants is more than twice as great. Great morphological differences are supposed to demonstrate a corresponding individual functional specificity. The extreme variants occur rather seldom, cases with less range of differences prevalence. The NC asymmetry is revealed, with the right-sides (5 cases) or left-sided (1 case) prevalence. Very great individual peculiarities are revealed in relations of the form and the extent of various components of the NC: head, body and tail, as well as in the peculiar ending of the latter. Owing to the data obtained, it is necessary to revise the competency of the view on proportional dependence between the external and internal cerebral structures which make the base for using stereotaxic atlases of the human brain, since the existence of the extreme variants creates a real threat of complications in these cases at various operative interventions relying upon the reference points available. PMID- 7103749 TI - Heparin-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography of plasma very low density lipoprotein from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PMID- 7103753 TI - [Quantitative indices of myelo- and angioarchitectonics of the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord in cats]. AB - The area size of the transversal section of the clinoid and thin fasciculi has been defined at the level of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. The conductive pathways of the posterior funiculus have various number of myelin fibres corresponding to different volume of the sensitive information they carry. At a relatively similar contents of the middle size fibres, there are 3.5% of thin conductors in the clinoid fasciculus, in the thin fasciculus--19%, very large--make 3.5 and 1.7%, respectively. There are two times as many as blood capillaries in the clinoid fasciculus. The length of their parts and the lumen diameter in the thin fasciculus are larger than those in which demonstrates a more variable metrical set of the myelin fibres and certain similarity in the diameters of the blood vessels. PMID- 7103754 TI - [Quantitative study of innervation relations in the sinoatrial node of rat heart]. PMID- 7103755 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of nerve fibers of the testicular plexus]. AB - In 25 mongrel dogs, under conditions of complete aseptic, various surgical interventions have been performed with the aim of a systemic denervation of the testicular artery. In 120-168 h the animals are sacrificed under anesthesia. The nerves of the arterial plexus are studied by means of some impregnation techniques. Myelin fibres of large, middle and small diameters, as well as amyelinate conductors are stated to belong to neurocytes of the spinal ganglia. Most of the amyelinate fibres in the testicular nerves are connected with cells of the sympathetic ganglia. In the system of the testicular afferent connections, besides fibres of the spinal origin, there are axons of the peripheral sensitive cells of Dogeal II type which play the role of sensitive elements in the structure of the reflective arc, situating outside the central nervous system, and form synapses with neurocytes of the sympathetic ganglion. PMID- 7103756 TI - [Interepithelial lymphocytes in human gastric and duodenal mucosa]. AB - Morphologically unchanged mucosa of the fundal and pyloric segments of the stomach and duodenum was studied in 40 persons. In both the fundal and pyloric segments, superficial epithelium contained single interepithelial lymphocytes, their number was 52 +/- 5 and 59 +/- 4%, respectively. In the fossal and cervical glandular epithelium their number was nearly the same. In the villous epithelium of the duodenum the number of the interepithelial lymphocytes was 181 +/- 16, and in the criptal epithelium--78 +/- 14 per 1,000 enterocytes. The essential prevalence of the interepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenal villi, comparing to the gastric superficial epithelium is connected with the fact that the main function of the small intestine is absorbtion of various substances (including antigens). The presence of the interepithelial lymphocytes in the generative zones of the stomach and in those of the duodenum makes it possible to suggest that lymphocytes participate also in ensuring a normal cellular renewal of these organs. PMID- 7103757 TI - [Effect of hydrocortisone injection on ultrastructure of parietal glandular cells of rat stomach]. PMID- 7103759 TI - [Method of preparing slides of the epidural complexes of spinal cord]. PMID- 7103758 TI - [Method of pulse labeling, with 3H-thymidine, of chick embryos at a late stage of development]. PMID- 7103760 TI - Considerations in the selection of cardiac prosthetic valves for children, tissue versus mechanical. PMID- 7103761 TI - The rapid onset of hyperthyroidism in a patient with myasthenia gravis. PMID- 7103762 TI - Cholesterolosis and adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. PMID- 7103764 TI - A lump in the breast: assessment and options for local treatment. PMID- 7103765 TI - A case of the month No. 55. Renal oncocytoma; focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. PMID- 7103766 TI - Fisher's Rules. PMID- 7103763 TI - Medical genetics. Part 1: The rise in chromosome abnormalities with maternal age, information for patients and physicians. PMID- 7103767 TI - Low CSF gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in Parkinson's Disease. Effect of levodopa and carbidopa. AB - Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in CSF were measured in patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 14) and sex-matched controls (n = 14). One patient underwent a spinal tap before and after treatment. The mean (+/- SD) CSF GABA levels were 200 +/- 70 pmole/mL in controls and 121 +/- 52 pmole/mL in patients with Parkinson's disease. In the untreated patients with Parkinson's disease, the CSF GABA level was 95 +/- 31 pmole/mL (n = 7) and in those who were treated with levodopa and carbidopa the level was 144 +/- 53 pmole/mL (n = 8). No significant difference was seen in plasma GABA levels between the controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. The decreased GABA level in CSF, which was elevated by levodopa, supports the concept that in Parkinson's disease, the GABA-dopamine interaction in the substantia nigra may be an important compensatory mechanism counteracting the dopamine neuronal loss. PMID- 7103769 TI - Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome. Original concept and subsequent deviations. PMID- 7103768 TI - Extracranial carotid artery arteriosclerosis. Diagnosis with continuous-wave Doppler and real-time ultrasound studies. AB - To determine the predictive accuracy of Doppler and real-time ultrasound studies, continuous-wave Doppler (CWD) and B-mode real-time ultrasound (RTU) studies of the carotid bifurcation were compared in 50 consecutive patients before cervicocranial arteriography. Four categories of CWD results were formed according to the severity of stenosis. Except for mild to moderate stenosis, there was a high degree of agreement (87.5% to 98.1%) between CWD results and arteriographic diagnosis. Of the arteries classified as normal on RTU study, 95.5% were arteriographically normal; of those classified as abnormal, 94.9% were abnormal on arteriography. In 94.7% of the cases in which RTU demonstrated a possible ulcer, the diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography. PMID- 7103772 TI - Amyloid-associated muscle pseudohypertrophy. PMID- 7103770 TI - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and childhood dermatomyositis. PMID- 7103771 TI - Spectrum of neurological deficits in experimental CNS ischemia. A quantitative study. AB - The sequence of events in focal cerebral ischemia has been difficult to study quantitatively in humans. Experimental investigation of these phenomena has been impeded because reproducible animals models that simulate human stroke are lacking. We have developed a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model that resembles human stroke patterns in many respects. Using this model, we have found that (1) brief ischemia produces completely reversible neurological deficits; (2) intermediate ischemic periods may produce transiently reversible deficits that later progress without further manipulation; (3) prolonged ischemia produces irreversible lesions in all animals. The model should be useful for studies of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CNS ischemia. PMID- 7103773 TI - Impaired hue discrimination in homonymous visual fields. PMID- 7103774 TI - Computed cranial tomography in congenital rubella syndrome. PMID- 7103775 TI - Examination of dental pulp to diagnose infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. PMID- 7103776 TI - Dementia in Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Rapid efficacy of alfacalcidol. PMID- 7103777 TI - Transverse myelitis caused by duck embryo rabies vaccine. PMID- 7103778 TI - Stimulus evoked oral automatisms in the locked-in syndrome. PMID- 7103779 TI - Cerebral vein thrombosis and multiple intracranial hemorrhages by computed tomography. PMID- 7103780 TI - Internal cerebral vein thrombosis. A case report. PMID- 7103781 TI - Pseudotumor cerebri and facial pain. PMID- 7103782 TI - Optic neuritis and myelitis following rubella vaccination. PMID- 7103783 TI - Co-occurring ophthalmoplegia and hemiparesis in a case of migraine. PMID- 7103784 TI - Computed tomography in dural sinus thrombosis. PMID- 7103785 TI - Generalized myokymia and gold therapy. PMID- 7103787 TI - Calcium content of RBCs from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PMID- 7103786 TI - Meige's syndrome during long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 7103788 TI - Clonazepam Therapy in a case of primary reading epilepsy. PMID- 7103790 TI - Multiple lipomas (Krabbe's disease) with hypothalamic calcifications. PMID- 7103791 TI - Organic mental syndrome in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 7103789 TI - Coronaviruses and multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7103792 TI - Phenytoin and lactation. PMID- 7103793 TI - Primary lymphomas of the CNS. PMID- 7103794 TI - Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Follow-up of 57 patients from five to 41 years and a profile of 14 patients with permanent severe visual loss. AB - The prognosis for vision in most patients with pseudotumor cerebri is excellent; however, visual loss, which is the only serious complication, may occur either early or late in the course of the disease. A group of 57 patients was followed up five to 41 years with visual fields, visual acuity, and fundus photographs. Blinding visual loss or severe visual impairment in one or both eyes occurred in 14 patients, and in seven patients, this occurred months to years after the initial symptoms. Systemic hypertension was a significant risk factor for visual loss in patients with pseudotumor cerebri, and blindness occurred in eight of 13 patients who were hypertensive. Despite suggestions that blind spot measurement is useful for following up patients with this condition, we believe that sequential quantitative perimetry gives more complete information and is essential to rational decision making in the treatment of pseudotumor cerebri. PMID- 7103795 TI - Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia. AB - Transcortical sensory aphasia is a syndrome characterized by poor comprehension but excellent repetition. The lesions shown on computed tomography and isotope scans of 15 patients who satisfied the objective criteria based on test scores were studied. The overlap technique showed a unique posterior parieto-occipital location of lesions. The lesions seem to separate into two groups: one is more medial, inferior, and posterior and is clearly in the posterior cerebral artery territory, and the other is relatively more lateral, superior, and anterior and seems to be in a watershed area between middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries. The lesion sizes correlated with severity. Frequent recovery and good prognosis are associated with this entity. Association with transient visual agnosia and hemianopsia confirmed the anatomical correlation. PMID- 7103796 TI - Conjugate gaze paresis in stroke patients with unilateral damage. An unexpected instance of hemispheric asymmetry. AB - Conjugate gaze paresis was investigated in 436 patients who had suffered a severe stroke and were consecutively hospitalized for unilateral hemispheric damage. Gaze paresis was found in 120 and was associated with a high mortality, severe neurological impairment, and was more frequent in women. However, conjugate gaze paresis was also dependent on the side and locus of the lesion. It was more frequent, severe, and long-lasting in patients with right-sided brain damage. Moreover, it was preponderantly associated with post-Rolandic lesions in patients with right-sided brain damage and with involvement of the entire territory of distribution of the Sylvian artery in those with left-sided brain damage. This suggests that oculomotor centers have an asymmetrical organization in the two hemispheres, diffuse on the left and focalized on the right. It also explains why visual neglect occurs more frequently following right-sided brain damage. PMID- 7103797 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow correlates of auditory processing. AB - To study the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) correlates of auditory processing, we performed rCBF measurements in young, normal right-handed volunteers engaged in listening tasks. Using the xenon Xe 133 inhalation technique, rCBF was measured in 11 regions in each hemisphere. Compared with a baseline condition, significant rCBF increases in the left posterior Sylvian regions were associated with both verbal phonologic processing and nonverbal acoustic processing. Verbal semantic processing was associated with unilateral increased rCBF in the posterior Sylvian region contralateral to the hand used for response signaling. Comparison of rCBF from homologous regions of the two hemispheres also confirmed a clear difference between the rhyme detection and meaning detection tasks, with the former strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere. Thus, changes in rCBF were related to the nature of the listening task. PMID- 7103800 TI - Gardner's neurovascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. PMID- 7103798 TI - Metoclopramide-induced Parkinsonism. Clinical characteristics of ten cases. AB - Clinical characteristics of ten patients with metoclopramide hydrochloride induced parkinsonism were studied. This condition was found to be more common in aged women and developed subacutely with bilateral symptoms. Clinically, metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism is sometimes accompanied by a rest tremor and may therefore be confused with Parkinson's disease. It is distinct from the latter in that orolingual dyskinesia and postural tremor are often found before the administration of antiparkinsonian drugs. The patients with metoclopramide induced parkinsonism made a complete recovery within a few months after administration of the drug was discontinued. PMID- 7103799 TI - Thiamin monophosphate in the CSF of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AB - Free thiamin and thiamin monophosphate levels were determined by an electrophoretic fluorometric micromethod in plasma and CSF of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), alcoholics, and controls. In plasma of patients with ALS as well as in plasma and CSF of alcholics, both thiamin and thiamin monophosphate concentrations were decreased so that the thiamin-thiamin monophosphate (T/TMP) ratio remained unchanged compared with that of controls. In CSF of patients with ALS, however, thiamin monophosphate values decreased much more than thiamin levels, so that the T/TMP ratio was significantly increased. The selective impairment of thiamin monophosphate production by nerve cells is likely to result from the reduction of the activity of thiamin pyrophosphatase, an enzyme synthetized and highly concentratd in the Golgi complex. Thiamin pyrophosphatase is known to diminish in ALS as well as in experimental motor neuronal degeneration or axotomy. Thus, the T/TMP ratio could be taken as an index of the impairment of neuronal protein synthesis in ALS. PMID- 7103801 TI - Near-drowning complicated by brain abscess due to Petriellidium boydii. AB - Extracutaneous infection from Petriellidium boydii is an unusual occurrence despite the ubiquity of the organism in nature. Central nervous system infection by this organism is extremely rare, only seven previous reports having been found. The rarity of this manifestation prompted the report of a brain abscess occurring in a previously healthy youth after a near-drowning. The source of the infection was likely to have been the river water at the accident site, from which P boydii was isolated. Although previous in vitro susceptibility data and failure of amphotericin B therapy in a similar infection suggested miconazole treatment might be beneficial, the organism causing the brain abscess was resistant to miconazole and amphotericin B. This report emphasizes the urgent need for safer and more predictably effective alternatives to currently available antifungal agents. PMID- 7103802 TI - Listeria rhombencephalitis. Report of a case. PMID- 7103803 TI - Pure motor hemiplegia due to infarction of the cerebral peduncle. PMID- 7103806 TI - Multiple sclerosis and hypokalemic periodic paralysis in the same patient. PMID- 7103804 TI - Capsular ataxic hemiparesis. AB - Left hemiparesis and left-sided ataxia developed in a 67-year-old man. Computed tomography (CT) showed an area of decreased attenuation in the anterior part of the rostral posterior limb of the right internal capsule that enhanced with contrast. As the patient's condition improved, the contrast enhancement resolved. The clinical course combined with the changes in CT scans indicates that the responsible lesion was an infarct. This report suggests that ataxic hemiparesis can result from an infarct of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. PMID- 7103805 TI - Metrizamide myelography combined with computed tomography in adrenomyeloneuropathy. PMID- 7103807 TI - Parkinson's disease with diphasic dyskinesia and early-morning dystonia. PMID- 7103809 TI - Cryotherapy for retinoblastoma. AB - Cryotherapy was applied to 138 intraocular retinoblastoma tumors from 113 patients who were followed up for a mean of 40 months (four to 144 months). Overall, 70% of tumors were cured with cryotherapy and 93% of patients treated with cryotherapy survived. Twenty-one tumors were treated initially with cryotherapy alone, and 20 such tumors were cured. Twenty-seven new tumors appeared in eyes after radiation therapy and of these, 23 were cured with cryotherapy. Thirty-nine tumors were treated with cryotherapy after unsuccessful treatment with external beam irradiation, and 35 were cured with cryotherapy. Twenty-eight patients developed implantation seeds at the vitreous base after external beam irradiation but cryotherapy failed in each of these cases. There were few long-term ocular complications from cryotherapy despite intensive, heavy, and repeated cryotherapy. The limiting factor that determines success of cryotherapy is the size, elevation, and location of the tumor. PMID- 7103811 TI - Further evaluation of an apparent failure of the photoreceptor alignment mechanism in a human observer. PMID- 7103808 TI - The management of unilateral retinoblastoma without primary enucleation. AB - Sixty-six patients were treated "conservatively" for unilateral retinoblastoma. Forty-eight of 57 (84%) were treated primarily with unilateral radiation, one patient was treated with a cobalt plaque, and eight patients were treated with either cryopexy or xenon arc photocoagulation. With a median follow-up of 73 months, there have been no deaths. Five of 39 eyes that were in groups I to III have been salvaged. Virtually all eyes in groups IV and V (12 of 14) came to enucleation. The age at diagnosis for patients with a positive family history was early (2.5 months), and the patients had a greater number of individual tumors in one eye (2.4), compared with those without a positive family history (27 months, 1.2 tumors per eye). When unilateral retinoblastoma is detected at an early age, the most common sign is strabismus, not leukokoria. PMID- 7103810 TI - Retreatment of retinoblastoma with external beam irradiation. AB - A retrospective review of cases on file at the Ophthalmic Oncology Center of New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a second course of radiotherapy on retinoblastoma. One hundred four patients were found to have been treated with at least two courses of external beam irradiation to one eye. All but one of the cases were bilateral, the other eye with more advanced disease having been previously enucleated. At the time the decision was made to repeat radiotherapy, 15 eyes could be classified group I, II, or III. Twelve (80%) of these eyes survived. Of the 89 eyes that showed more advanced growth (group IV or V), only two (2.2%) survived. In all, 14 of the 104 eyes wer saved--nine with useful (macula) vision, five without. Second nonocular tumors developed in 18 patients (22.8% of those who survived retinoblastoma itself). There appears to be no increased risk of second tumors from the second course of irradiation. PMID- 7103812 TI - Visual loss in keratoconus. PMID- 7103813 TI - Photosensitivity to topically applied sulfisoxazole ointment: evidence for a phototoxic reaction. PMID- 7103814 TI - Fluorescein angiographic patterns of iris melanocytic tumors. AB - Iris fluorescein angiography was performed on 23 patients with primary iris melanocytic tumors. Four angiographic patterns were identified, the first three of which were considered to be usually indicative of a benign lesion, based on clinical duration and follow-up, biopsy specimens, and stable patterns on repeated angiography. (1) Eleven moderately to heavily pigmented placoid lesions were angiographically silent, in that they failed to display either a tumor associated vasculature or diffuse leakage. (2) Seven generally nonpigmented lesions demonstrated a quasi-geometric filigree vascular network, approximating the caliber of the normal radial vasculature. These tumor-associated vessels fluoresced early and in synchrony with the appearance of dye in the radial vasculature from which they probably were derived, but they diffusely and confluently leaked fluorescein in the late phases of the angiogram. (3) Three brown or variably pigmented lesions manifested a mixed angiographic pattern, combining features of groups 1 and 2. (4) The final angiographic pattern was comprised of two pathologically proved mixed spindle-epithelioid cell melanomas, each of which in part or in toto showed diffuse and eventually confluent fluorescence emanating from ill-defined vascular foci. One of these two lesions additionally exhibited a large area that was perfused late by irregular leashes of vessels. The ability to distinguish benign from malignant melanocytic lesions of the iris can be greatly enhanced by iris fluorescein angiography. PMID- 7103815 TI - Amodiaquine ocular changes. AB - A 34-year-old man ingested more then 250 g of amodiaquine hydrochloride (for pain) during one year and was noted to have diffuse conjunctival, corneal, and skin changes and also abnormal results from retinal function tests. Ultrastructural examination of corneal and conjunctival biopsy specimens revealed intralysosomal membranous and amorphous inclusions in corneal epithelial cells, conjunctival epithelial cells, keratocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. Follow-up of more than two years and repeated conjunctival biopsy specimens revealed diminution in both the clinical and electron microscopic abnormalities, but persistence in abnormal results of retinal function tests. These changes are consistent with a drug-induced phospholipidosis. PMID- 7103816 TI - The microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid retractors. AB - Twenty-two normal lower eyelids were studied microscopically to examine the normal anatomy of the lower eyelid retractors. Eight lower eyelid specimens from patients with involutional entropion and five from patients with involutional ectropion were studied also. In the normal eyelids, the inferior tarsal muscle consisted of scattered smooth-muscle fibers and did not insert on the tarsus. The orbital septum fused with the capsulopalpebral fascia 5 mm beneath the lower tarsal border to form a single, complex fascial layer. In the involutional entropion and ectropion cases, the fused capsulopalpebral fascia-orbital septum complex was attached to the tarsus in all specimens. The first identifiable smooth-muscle strands of the inferior tarsal muscle averaged 3.9 mm from the lower tarsal border in entropion cases, 4.5 mm in ectropion cases, and 2.5 mm in the normal eyelids. PMID- 7103817 TI - Distinguishing postganglionic from preganglionic lesions. Studies in rabbits with surgically produced Horner's syndrome. AB - It has been suggested that the pupillary response to hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide eyedrops will separate distal from proximal lesions of the sympathetic pathway from the brain to the eye (the pupil fails to dilate in postganglionic lesions). We studied the pupillary response to hydroxyamphetamine in two groups of rabbits with surgically produced Horner's syndrome. Rabbits in one group had postganglionic lesions. In all animals, a miotic pupil developed ipsilateral to the surgical lesion, and oculosympathetic paresis was confirmed in each by testing pupillary response to topically applied cocaine. In rabbits with postganglionic lesions, hydroxyamphetamine failed to dilate the miotic (Horner's) pupils as well as it dilated the normal pupils, while in rabbits with preganglionic lesions both miotic and normal pupils dilated equally. Hydroxyamphetamine appears to be a diagnostically useful drug in Horner's syndrome. PMID- 7103818 TI - Choroidal blood flow. I. Ocular tissue temperature as a measure of flow. AB - Temperature measurements were taken from the retina-choroid, scleral surface, or bulbar conjunctiva in cats and monkeys. Decreasing choroidal blood flow by elevating intraocular pressure produced a decrease in ocular tissue temperature. Confirmation of choroidal blood flow changes was obtained by the hydrogen washout technique, an independent measure of blood flow. We conclude that ocular tissue temperature can be used as a semiquantitative index of choroidal blood flow, and, being noninvasive, has potential clinical application. PMID- 7103819 TI - Choroidal blood flow II. Reflexive control in the monkey. AB - Temperature measurements were taken from (1) the retina-choroid in the macula, (2) the scleral surface, or (3) the bulbar conjunctiva of the cynomolgus monkey, while the fellow eye was exposed to a moderate-intensity light source. Light stimulation produced an increase in tissue temperature in the non-light stimulated eye. The increase in tissue temperature presumably results from a reflexive increase in choroidal blood flow. Hydrogen washout measurements of blood flow in the retina-choroid confirmed this increase in flow. This active mechanism, along with the passive ability of the choroidal circulation to dissipate light-generated heat, may be an important physiologic safeguard in helping to maintain a stable temperature environment for the outer retinal layers in the macula. PMID- 7103820 TI - Use of silicone oil. PMID- 7103821 TI - Apical endolymphatic hydrops. AB - The incidence of apical endolymphatic hydrops was determined in 495 temporal bones from 300 subjects in whom the otopathologic diagnoses were presbycusis, otosclerosis, otitis media, and nonpathologic cochlea. The overall incidence was 15.8% and was not significantly different in the four diagnostic groups. These findings indicate that apical endolymphatic hydrops is of no pathologic or functional significance. PMID- 7103823 TI - Hearing loss in minor head injury. AB - A prospective otological and audiological study was made of 130 consecutive persons with head injuries. A comparison was made with 87 consecutive persons with traumatic injuries but without head injuries. Five (4%) of the persons with head injuries had an unsuspected temporal bone fracture evident on otoscopy but not on routine skull roentgenography. These persons had a significant sensorineural hearing loss at 4 and 8 kHz compared with other patients with head injuries. Routine otoscopic examination is considered advisable in all persons with head injuries. No significant difference in the hearing was detected in persons with head injuries without a temporal bone fracture compared with control subjects. PMID- 7103824 TI - Anomalies of the auditory organ in Potter's syndrome. Histopathological findings in the temporal bone. AB - Histopathological findings in the temporal bone are described in a newborn infant, diagnosed as having Potter's syndrome. The infant has severely malformed low-set ears bilaterally and a small lower jaw; autopsy findings showed bilateral renal agenesis and pulmonary hypoplasia. The temporal bone indicated the deformities of the inner ear, classified as Mondini-type, complicated by extensive deformities to the external ear and middle ear, including absence of auditory ossicles, atresia of the oval window, abnormal course of the facial nerve, and hypoplastic external auditory canal. The cochlear membranous labyrinth showed nearly normal form in the upper turn, but severe hypoplasia in the basal turn, which was an unusual cochlear anomaly. PMID- 7103822 TI - Findings and long-term surgical results in the hearing loss of osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited connective-tissue disorder of variable penetrance. With OI, the triad of blue sclera, osseous fragility, and a conductive hearing loss is known as the van der Hoeve-de Kleyn syndrome. Blue sclera with a conductive loss may be a clinical subgroup of OI. Clinical findings and long-term surgical results in 62 operations in 43 patients with blue sclera are given. Osteogenesis imperfecta differs from otosclerosis in the following ways: (1) earlier onset (in the second and third decades of life), (2) more severe middle ear involvement, and (3) a higher incidence of sensorineural hearing loss. One year after stapedectomy, 38 (75%) of 51 operations had complete closure of the air-bone gap. Of the 24 operations followed up for an average of seven years (range, two to 18 years), 15 patients (62%) had no deterioration in their immediate postoperative hearing gain. Our study supports the concept that OI is clinically distinct from otosclerosis and establishes surgical intervention for its conductive hearing loss as a reasonable alternative to amplification. PMID- 7103826 TI - Reconstruction of the oral cavity using the platysma myocutaneous flap. AB - Reconstruction of intraoral defects after tumor ablation has been accomplished by a variety of different techniques. A platysma myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction is outlined and the surgical technique described. Nineteen of 22 patients in whom this flap was used healed without major complication. In selected patients, the platysma myocutaneous flap is a highly useful one-stage procedure to close defects of the oral cavity. It provides 50 to 75 sq cm of flap coverage. The flap thickness closely matches the thickness of the mucosa of the oral cavity. The donor site is closed primarily with little or no cosmetic defect. PMID- 7103827 TI - Evaluation of the lacrimal system for cosmetic surgeons. PMID- 7103825 TI - Studies on melanocytes. VI. Melanocytes in the middle ear. AB - Melanocytes are present in the lamina propria of the middle ear mucosa of young children to elderly adults in both whites and blacks. Melanin pigment melanin pigment also is seen in the epithelial cells, so-called melanogenic metaplasia. The melanocytes in the middle ear mucosa are of neural crest origin and their presence explains melanocytic tumors at this anatomic site. PMID- 7103828 TI - Airway resistance of the voice button. AB - Airway resistance calculations were completed for Voice Button prostheses. Resistance of these devices ranged from about 285 to 440 cm H2O/L/s, revealing that the opposition these prostheses offer to airflow through them is substantial. In this circumstance, a reduction inthe efficiency with which tracheoesophageal voice is produced would be expected. PMID- 7103829 TI - Asymptomatic schwannoma of the cochlear nerve. AB - During systematic study of temporal bone histopathology at The Deafness Foundation, Memphis, we found an unsuspected small schwannoma arising solely from the cochlear nerve, compressing the facial nerve within the internal auditory canal. The primary temporal bone pathologic finding was bilateral otosclerosis. Compression of the facial nerve by schwannomas of the cochlear nerve is well know to occur at a late stage and produce a lower motor neuron facial paralysis but, in the present case, although the growth of th tumor compressed the facial nerve trunk, no paralysis was noted. Hearing test of the ear associated with the tumor, performed ten months before death, revealed a mixed conductive-sensorineural deafness. Surprisingly, the speech reception threshold was 75 dB, with a speech discrimination score of 70%. PMID- 7103830 TI - Maxillary sinusitis as a cause of cheek swelling. A rare occurrence. AB - Inflammatory swelling of the cheek is an extremely rare complication of antral sinusitis. When such swelling occurs, diagnostic search for a specific coexisting condition must be made. The differential diagnosis includes a postsurgical or posttraumatic defect in the anterior antral wall; an unusual fungal, granulomatous, or neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus; dental infection; or dacryocystitis. PMID- 7103831 TI - Thyroid lymphoma with adjacent nerve paralysis. AB - Although local nerve invasion in thyroid lesions is most commonly found with anaplastic carcinoma, it does not rule out lymphoma. Open biopsy is most helpful in the diagnosis of lymphomas. Ultrastructural studies are often necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis. Differentiation between lymphoma and anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is very important since the treatment is substantially different and the prognosis is much better with lymphoma. To our knowledge, the case presented represents the first case of Horner's syndrome secondary to lymphoma that has been documented in the literature. PMID- 7103832 TI - An unusual cause of cervical adenopathy. Extramedullary hematopoiesis. AB - A painless lateral neck mass in an otherwise healthy 58-year-old man is a frequent diagnostic problem. We have recently seen such a patient with a cervical neck mass whose preoperative evaluation findings were normal. Excisional biopsy revealed a lymph node exhibiting changes compatible with extramedullary hematopoiesis. This becomes an additional unusual cause of enlarged lateral neck nodes. PMID- 7103833 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the common carotid artery. AB - A spontaneous rupture of the common carotid artery occurred in a 56-year-old, apparently healthy, man. The patient suffered a sudden, painful swelling on the left side of the neck and bulge of the tonsillar fossa simulating a parapharyngeal abscess. Emergency surgical exploration of the neck revealed a 5 mm rent in the common carotid artery 15 mm proximal from the bifurcation. Such abnormalities as aneurysm, thickness, or thinness of the arterial wall were not detected. The rent was closed by sutures during temporal ligation of the carotid artery. The duration of the temporal interruption of the bloodstream was not longer than three minutes. Postoperative examinations did not indicate atherosclerosis or syphilis. There are several possible causes of this rupture. PMID- 7103834 TI - Inadvertent endobronchial intubation with nasogastric tube. Occurrence after head and neck surgery. AB - Inadvertent endobronchial intubation with nasogastric tubes is hazardous. Massive aspiration can be fatal after nasogastric feeding. In this study, methods of blind nasogastric tube insertion and conventional techniques of confirming the site of the tube are discussed. We stress that direct laryngoscopy either during or immediately after placement or a chest roentgenogram should be considered in the case of nasogastric feeding after major head and neck surgery. PMID- 7103835 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1: antrochoanal polyp. PMID- 7103836 TI - Fitting a voice prosthesis. PMID- 7103837 TI - Acoustic reflex amplitude. I. Effect of age and sex. PMID- 7103838 TI - Masking and partial masking in listeners with a high-frequency hearing loss. AB - 3 listeners with sensorineural hearing loss ranging from moderate to moderate severe starting at frequencies higher than 1 kHz participated in two masking experiments and a partial masking experiment. In the first masking experiment, fM = 1 KHz and LM = 50 dB SPL, higher than normal masked thresholds were obtained for listeners whose hearing was impaired in the frequency region of clear hearing loss as well as in the region of near-normal absolute thresholds. The second masking experiment showed that for hearing-impaired listeners the elevation of the masked thresholds, in decibels, in this frequency region of "near-normal' absolute thresholds was equal to the elevation of the absolute thresholds, in decibels. The third experiment, a partial masking experiment with fM = 975-1025 Hz and LM = 75 dB SPL, showed similar partial-masking functions for hearing impaired and normal listeners, but the functions for the hearing-impaired listeners were at much higher levels of the partially masked probe tone. Thus the higher masked thresholds of the hearing-impaired can result in a dramatic reduction of the dynamic range of hearing under masking in the frequency region of the hearing loss and also in the region with only a small hearing loss (less than 30 dB). It is suggested that this may explain the speech perception difficulties which these listeners experience, especially in the presence of ambient noise. PMID- 7103839 TI - Differences in speech discrimination in the elderly as a function of type of competing noise: speech-babble or cafeteria. AB - Speech discrimination of place-loaded Modified Rhyme test words in speech-babble and cafeteria noise by elderly hearing-impaired subjects was measured. The stimuli were presented under the following conditions: (1) monotic: the signal was presented to the preferred ear; (2) low-frequency attenuated: the frequency band below 1,000 Hz was attenuated by 5, 10, and 15 dB relative to the high frequency band; (3) dichotic: the frequency band above 1,000 Hz was presented to the preferred ear and the low-frequency band to the other ear; (4) diotic: the same signal was presented to both ears. Difference scores between the monotic baseline condition and the other listening modes were calculated and compared. Relationships between listening modes differed as a function of type of competing noise. Low-frequency attenuation improved discrimination in speech-babble but not in cafeteria noise. Dichotic-monotic and diotic-monotic superiority were seen with both noises. PMID- 7103840 TI - Comparison between central tonal tests and central speech tests in elderly subjects. AB - A battery of tonal tests investigating the performance of the central auditory pathways (auditory lateralization, temporal order, auditory pattern) has been applied, together with a battery of central speech tests (sensitized speech and synthetic sentences), to a group of 50 subjects aged from 60 to 80 years, affected only with presbycusis. The results demonstrate that the speech tests undergo a considerable reduction of the performance-intensity function with age whereas the tonal tests remain within the values obtained in younger subjects. The topodiagnostic implications of these data are discussed. PMID- 7103842 TI - Development of early auditory-evoked responses in the cat: filter effects. PMID- 7103841 TI - Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on speech discrimination. AB - Speech discrimination scores were obtained in quiet and against a background of competing noise for 5 persons both before and after they had ingested large doses of acetyl-salicylic acid (aspirin). The results indicate that for some persons, aspirin produces a substantial decrease in speech understanding in noise, even though there may not be a decrease in pure-tone sensitivity or speech discrimination in quiet. PMID- 7103843 TI - Comparison between brainstem-evoked response audiometry and behavioral audiometry in 270 infants and children. AB - The authors refer their results obtained with brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BSERA) and behavioral audiometry in a group of 270 children (aged from 6 months to 12 years) divided into subjects with (group A) and without (group B) reliable audiograms. In group A an agreement between the two methods was found in 77% of cases and a serious discrepancy in 5%. In group B an agreement was found only in 34% of cases, while a serious discrepancy was found in 20% of the children. BSERA was useful because many diagnostic mistakes were avoided. The authors think that BSERA is a reliable technique, as their data show, but in at least 4 cases they found that BSERA gave a hearing level much higher than that obtained with behavioral audiometry or that observed in the children's responses to everyday sounds. Since click gives only partial information of the tonal field and because it is possible to make technical mistakes, the authors believe that BSERA must not be used as the only diagnostic test but that it should be part of a test battery which includes, at least, behavioral audiometry and impedance audiometry. PMID- 7103845 TI - Terminal care in country practice. PMID- 7103851 TI - My first nine months in general practice. An address to the staff of Bendigo Base Hospital. PMID- 7103844 TI - Strategies for continuing care in general practice. PMID- 7103846 TI - Locum services--why we use one. PMID- 7103850 TI - General practice and prepaid health plans. PMID- 7103847 TI - Locum services--the demise of family medicine? PMID- 7103849 TI - Workloads of general practitioners in the greater Brisbane area. PMID- 7103848 TI - Patient assessment of AMHT at the Shepherd Foundation. PMID- 7103852 TI - Biofeedback for psychophysiological disorders. PMID- 7103853 TI - Health promotion in general practice. PMID- 7103854 TI - Ingrowing toenail. PMID- 7103855 TI - Measurement of organ blood flow using tritiated water. II. Uterine blood flow in conscious pregnant ewes. AB - Total uterine blood flow was measured with a tritiated water (TOH) diffusion method and with radioactive microspheres in six, conscious, pregnant ewes. With continuous infusion of TOH, equilibrium between the TOH concentration in utero ovarian venous blood and arterial blood was attained within 50 min of the start of the infusion. The concentration of TOH in uterine and foetal tissue and in foetal blood water was the same as that in uterine venous water by 40 min; at this time, the concentration of TOH in the water of amniotic and allantoic fluids was 96% of that in uterine venous blood water. Estimates of total uterine blood flow obtained using TOH were highly correlated with those obtained with microspheres (r = 0.889, P less than 0.001, n = 8) and the corresponding mean (+/ s.e.m.) flow values obtained with the two techniques (1030.5 +/- 110.6 and 1006.2 +/- 100.0 ml min-1, respectively) did not significantly differ. The percentage of the total uterine blood flow passing through arteriovenous anastomoses ranged from 1.4 to 3.3%. PMID- 7103857 TI - Inhibitory effects of ethionine, an analogue of methionine, on wool growth. AB - Varying amounts of DL-, L- or D-ethionine were administered intravenously to sheep, either as a continuous infusion, usually over 2 days, or as a single injection. Groups of sucking mice and rats, in their first cycle of hair growth, were given subcutaneous injections of DL-ethionine at several dose rates. Ethionine was a potent inhibitor of wool growth in sheep; the L- and D-isomers appeared equally effective. An infusion of 20 mg/kg DL-ethionine (c. 50 mg/kg0.75) given at a daily rate of 10 mg/kg for 2 days, or an injection of 40 mg/kg DL-ethionine (c. 100 mg/kg0.75), were sufficient to cause the growth of very weak wool and allow the fleece to be readily removed by hand within 3 weeks after dosing. The inhibition of wool growth was usually associated with a concentration of ethionine in blood plasma, during intravenous infusion, of 10 mumol/l or higher. An infusion of DL-ethionine at a daily rate of 1 mg/kg for 12 days caused the growth of weak fibres and substantially reduced both length growth rate and diameter of fibres. The toxicity of ethionine to sheep was dependent on the total dose and the duration of administration. An infusion of 40 mg/kg (20 mg/kg daily for 2 days) produced severe effects, but the sheep recovered; a dose of 14 mg/kg (2 mg/kg daily for 7 days) was lethal. The effects of ethionine on wool growth were reduced or prevented by the concurrent infusion of methionine (10-15 mol/mol ethionine). Doses of DL-ethionine as high as 460 mg/kg0.75 failed to cause hair loss in sucking mice. While body growth was severely retarded at this dose, no deaths occurred. Likewise, DL-ethionine failed to cause hair loss in sucking rats, but was lethal to some rats at a dose of 360 mg/kg0.75. PMID- 7103856 TI - Defleecing effect of betamethasone and other long-acting corticosteroids, their influence on wool growth and some physiological processes in sheep. AB - The defleecing effects of the long-acting derivatives of prednisolone, triamcinolone and dexamethasone were compared with those of betamethasone alcohol when these steroids were administered at the rate of 3.3 mg/kg liveweight in three equal intramuscular injections of 1.1 mg to Merino wethers. Prednisolone showed no defleecing activity whereas the other steroids produced positive but variable responses. Prolonged depression of wool growth was evident following treatment with dexamethasone esters. Betamethasone alcohol injected intramuscularly at 1.1 mg/kg daily for 3 days produced a similar defleecing response to intravenous infusion of 3.3 mg/kg betamethasone phosphate over 8 days. A range of dose rates (0.3-3.3 mg/kg) of betamethasone as multiple and single intramuscular injections indicated that the minimum effective defleecing dose was approximately 2.1 mg/kg. The response to simultaneous administration of betamethasone and insulin or chlorpropamide (to increase glucose utilization) and glucose or xylazine (to increase hyperglycaemia) suggested that the gluconeogenic role of this steroid had little effect on fibre shedding. Thyroxine (300 micrograms per sheep) administered on the first day with an injection of betamethasone (0.9 mg/kg), and alone daily for 20 days thereafter, did not influence the changes in wool production resulting from betamethasone treatment. These results are discussed in relation to the molecular structure and physiological characteristics of a potentially specific defleecing steroid. PMID- 7103860 TI - Ocular herpes simplex infections in children. AB - A survey of "hospitalised" Herpes simplex infections in otherwise normal healthy children under the age of 13 years over a 15 year period between 1964 and 1979 at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. This survey highlighted the unnecessarily high transference rate of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection to the under 3 year old within the home environment. There were three hundred and forty (340) cases of non-fatal "hospitalized" HSV infections in the under 3 year old of which sixty three (63) were ocular infections. Over all age groups one hundred and forty five (145) children were hospitalised on one or several occasions with ocular HSV infection. Of these children before reaching the age of 13 years, fifteen (15) developed intraocular HSV infection and twenty seven (27) had a permanent visual acuity of less than 6/12. As a result of this survey the Princess Margaret Hospital motto for the I.Y.D.P. is: "Cuddle but do not kiss your child when you have an acute coldsore" PMID- 7103858 TI - The trachoma status and blindness rates of selected areas of Papua New Guinea in 1979-80. AB - A survey of 4 selected areas of Papua New Guinea was made during 1979-80 to establish the prevalence of trachoma and its complications, and blindness rates and causes, in those areas. Trachoma was found to be endemic in all the areas studied, but was of mild intensity and rarely caused visual deficit. It is suggested that the most practical step towards reducing the prevalence of trachoma in P.N.G., in the future, is not by a mass treatment campaign, but by basic education in simple hygiene. An overall blindness rate of 0.50% was found in this survey, indicating that blindness is not a big problem in P.N.G. today. However there is still a need for improved Primary Eye Health Care, the training of national ophthalmologists, and provision for one institution for the training of the blind in P.N.G. PMID- 7103859 TI - See-saw nystagmus. AB - See-saw ocular movements are described in two patients, one having obstructive hydrocephalus and the other a thalamic infarct. Electro-oculographic studies demonstrated that the eye movements in patient 1 moved in and out of phase at irregular intervals, in both a horizontal and a vertical direction. The disconjugate eye movements were exaggerated in bright light and less evident during fixation. We suggest a lesion impairing the function of that circuitry of cells thought to include the nucleus centromedianus of the thalamus, the zona incerta, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and eye movement related cells in the mid brain and pons, causes the disconjugate eye movements but that the controlling influence of multiple connections with other parts of the brain results in the ever changing pattern of disconjugate eye movement. PMID- 7103861 TI - The diagnosis and management of isolated cyclo vertical muscle palsy. AB - It is emphasised that isolated Cyclo Vertical Muscle Palsies are more common than is generally realized. Because of this fact they are therefore important. More of these will be uncovered if they are looked for in a sensible manner. A number of conditions can be confused with such a palsy. A differential diagnosis of these conditions is given. A simple and logical method of assessment of such isolated muscle palsies is outlined. Such examination is based on the Parks Three Step Test and the theory behind this has been detailed. Patients each with one of the four possible muscle palsies are discussed. The Management of such conditions is described. PMID- 7103863 TI - Super viscous silicone liquid in retinal surgery. AB - Very high viscosity (12500 centistokes) liquid silicone was injected into the vitreous of 47 eyes of 46 patients with complicated retinal detachment over a two year period. Only eyes judged inoperable by scleral buckling and/or vitrectomy techniques were considered. Complete anatomical reattachment was achieved in 34 cases (72%) while partial reattachment was achieved in a further six cases (13%). All eyes in which complete or partial retinal reattachment was achieved showed improvement in vision but this was usually restricted to count fingers or 6/60 at 3 months to 2 years follow-up. Mounting evidence now suggests that previous clinical opinions claiming an unacceptable toxicity rate with liquid silicone may be misleading. PMID- 7103862 TI - Experiences with fluorophotometry. AB - Fluorophotometry using the Metricon Model 120 slit-lamp fluorophotometer showed, at an anterior focus, two peaks which corresponded to the cornea and ciliary region--the latter predominantly due to the ciliary body but contributed to by the lens--and following this, at a posterior focus, a mid-vitreous minimum and a chorioretinal peak. Tracings made both before and after fluorescein injection were similar but the levels were higher post-injection, with increasing age and with non-pigmented irides. The change in fluorescein distribution with time after injection is described. Abnormally high fluorescein levels were found in the normal fellow eye in retinal vein occlusion, in diabetes, in senile macular degeneration with neovascular membrane, in active central serious retinopathy and in acute optic neuritis. It is of use in the differentiation of primary choroidal melanoma from naevus and metastases. There was no correlation between isolated measurements of the haemoglobin A1C level and leakage; plasma and ultrafiltrate fluorescein levels in diabetics did not differ from normal. PMID- 7103864 TI - Ocular trauma from lead-acid vehicle battery explosions. AB - Ocular trauma caused by lead-acid car battery explosions has been seen in a number of cases presenting to the major teaching hospitals in Adelaide. Injuries range from superficial acid burns to penetrating eye injury and retinal haemorrhage. The cause of the explosions has been ignition of the hydrogen-oxygen gas mixture generated by lead-acid batteries. The risk of explosion is known to battery manufacturing and distributing bodies and methods of avoiding explosions are well known to the industry. It is suggested that efforts should be made to design safe car batteries, and that there is an urgent need to educate the public to the risks involved with the present batteries. PMID- 7103865 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland. PMID- 7103866 TI - Participation and needs among members of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. AB - A survey of Australian Ophthalmologists in relation to Continuing Education and related issues was carried out in 1979-80. 53% of College members responded. A small multi-choice question paper tested the level of competency of the group. Age, geographic distribution, and type of practice were recorded and related to presently available continuing education facilities. Future needs are assessed and questions raised regarding the direction of continuing education in the future. The level of ophthalmic knowledge appears to be satisfactory but decreases with age, along with attendance at education programmes. 25% of ophthalmologists consider themselves isolated. Future programmes should consider these factors. Views on undergraduate, general practitioner and community education are also summarised. PMID- 7103867 TI - The intracapsular-extracapsular controversy. AB - There has been a trend toward increasing popularity of the extracapsular method of cataract extraction. The advantages of this method over the intracapsular technique center around protection of the cornea and retina. A cornea-retina syndrome following intracapsular cataract extraction appears to be due to the greater endophthalmodonesis compared to the extracapsular method. The alleged advantages of the extracapsular method are discussed. Some appear valid while others are theoretical at this time. A personal angiographic cystoid macular edema study heavily favours the extracapsular method over the intracapsular. Four groups of patients were studied: 1. Intracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst -loop lens. . Intracapsular cataract extraction with no lens implant. . Extracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst lens; all with intact posterior capsules. 4. Extracapsular cataract extraction with a posterior chamber lens; all with primary posterior capsulotomy. PMID- 7103868 TI - The Intra Ocular Cutter. AB - Inappropriate infusion, either suprachoroidal or subretinal massive intraocular haemorrhage and inadvertent tearing or nibbling of the retina, are problems which may be induced iatrogenically during vitrectomy. Familiarity with the mechanical principles of each type of vitrectomy instrument will serve to minimise such hazards. This paper presents the special features of our newest generation intra Ocular Cutter (I.O.C.) in its two modes: (1) the fully integrated, electronically controlled, automatic unit with surgical stand and tray; (2) the Standby I.O.C., which is battery operated with simple hand suction. Particular stress is laid on the economy of ocular perfusion which may be achieved with informed use of these instruments. PMID- 7103869 TI - Surgical treatment of epiretinal macular membranes. PMID- 7103870 TI - Intraocular lenses. PMID- 7103872 TI - Drusen patterns predisposing to geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. AB - This report discusses the recognition of drusen referred to as "hard" which appear to predispose the eye to the development of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. When numerous, small hard drusen tend to become arranged in clusters. On the temporal side in particular, this grouping may be so close as to resemble larger confluent drusen within which the small drusen can only be distinguished by fluorescein angiography. The approximate interval before geographic atrophy involves the fovea can be estimated by noting the distribution of drusen and the state of the pigment epithelium between the drusen. A stage of incipient atrophy can be recognised as an area of diffuse hyperfluorescence in which pigment clumping or reticular pigment figures and fading of drusen occur. PMID- 7103873 TI - Hyperactivity - the elusive syndrome. PMID- 7103871 TI - Unmasking medicine. PMID- 7103874 TI - Identification and treatment of hyperactive children. PMID- 7103875 TI - Extra-hepatic portal hypertension: the significance of variceal haemorrhage. PMID- 7103877 TI - Early indomethacin in patent ductus of the very small premature. PMID- 7103876 TI - Swimming and dry land exercises in children with asthma. PMID- 7103878 TI - Oscillometric and intra-arterial blood pressure measurements in the neonate: a comparison of methods. PMID- 7103879 TI - Abnormalities of the aortic arch system compressing the oesophagus and trachea. PMID- 7103880 TI - Apnoea and bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus. PMID- 7103881 TI - Inguinal hernia in girls: desirability and dangers of bilateral exploration. PMID- 7103882 TI - Removal of blunt oesophageal foreign bodies in children using a Foley catheter. PMID- 7103883 TI - Case report: femoral hypoplasia - unusual facies syndrome. PMID- 7103884 TI - Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion and bronchiolitis: a case report. PMID- 7103888 TI - The effect of Mycoplasma meleagridis infection and egg dipping on the weight-gain performance of turkey poults. AB - Turkey poults were observed throughout their first 7 weeks of life to evaluate the effects of embryonic infection with Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and the effects of a control measure, egg dipping with tylosin and gentamycin. Fifty thousand poults from four sister flocks were divided among eight groups according to MM-infection status [MM (+) or MM (-)] , sex, and egg-dipping status (dipped or nondipped). These birds were raised under natural field conditions in the Central Valley of California. The MM (+) poults had significantly (P less than 0.05) greater weights during the first part of the trial and, although usually not significantly (P greater than 0.05), consistently during the later part. PMID- 7103886 TI - Transplantable Marek's disease lymphomas. I. Growth characteristics during development in two inbred lines of chickens. AB - Lymphomas developed in the pectoral muscle of most chickens inoculated with cells from primary Marek's disease virus-induced visceral tumors obtained from chickens of the same inbred line. However, serial passaging of the lymphoma cells in histocompatible hosts generally resulted either in an eventual absence of tumor formation at the inoculation site or in tumor regression. Exceptions occurred in two experiments, where tumors grew rapidly and the hosts died early. Subsequent passaging of cells from these tumors into syngeneic recipients resulted in the development of two new transplantable Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas. These lymphomas, which were developed in chickens of related inbred lines--G-B1 and G B2--were designated MDCT-UG1 and MDCT-UG2, respectively. Cells from the transplantable lymphomas possess different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, since G-B1 and G-B2 chickens have different MHC genotypes. A change in the cellular composition during a particular passage for both lymphomas, as indicated by marked increases in the percentage of cells possessing a MD tumor associated surface antigen (MATSA), suggests that each arose as a result of the emergence and selection of a highly malignant clone of cells. PMID- 7103885 TI - Isolation of salmonella and some other potential pathogens from two chicken breeding farms in Saudi Arabia. AB - Different salmonella serotypes were recovered from various sources in meat (A) and layer (B) poultry-breeder farms of Saudi Arabia. On farm A, salmonella were recovered from intestines of poultry breeders (7.41%), inshelled chicken embryos (2.87%), day-old chicks (19.23%), and mice (21.43%). Salmonellae in shell contents and on shell surfaces of hatching eggs contaminated the same percentage of eggs (1.24%), and litter and feed contaminations were 4.0% and 1.67%, respectively. On farm B, salmonella were recovered from intestines of poultry breeders (27.59%), mice intestines (15.0%), shells of hatching eggs (2.48%), hatching egg contents (0.35%), litter (33.33%), and feed (5.0%). No salmonella were recovered from intestines of inshelled chick embryos or day-old chicks on farm B. The total number of salmonella serotypes isolated from both farms was 14, and the serotypes common to both farms were Salmonella concord and S. livingstone. Salmonella contamination of shells of hatching eggs, pooled from both farms, was higher for dirty floor eggs than for clean eggs collected from floors and nests. The percentages of hatching eggs penetrated by bacteria other than salmonella on farms A and B, respectively, were: dirty floor eggs (25.53%, 22.83%), clean floor eggs (2.67%, 2.06%) and clean nest eggs (0.00%, 1.08%). The bacterial flora isolated from egg contents of unincubated hatching eggs (in decreasing order of frequency) were Staphylococcus, coliforms, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Salmonella, and Proteus. PMID- 7103889 TI - Attenuation of a strain of Eimeria mivati of U.S. origin by serial embryo passage. AB - A strain of Eimeria mivati (FS50) isolated in Georgia was purified and serially passaged in groups of developing chicken embryos. Starch gel electrophoresis using glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase showed the parasite to be similar to another strain of E. mivati isolated in the U.S. The embryo passaged line of E. mivati (FS50) was less pathogenic than the parent line but retained its immunogenicity. This strain may be suitable for inclusion in an improved coccidiosis vaccine. The status of E. mivati and E. mitis is discussed. PMID- 7103887 TI - Osseous development and tibial dyschondroplasia in five lines of turkeys. AB - Tibiotarsi and femurs from five genetic lines of turkeys from 8 to 39 weeks of age were examined to define the characteristics of normal bones. Bone lengths and body weights are presented. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) frequently was detected on gross examination and by high-detail radiography. The incidence of TD peaked at 12 weeks of age, when 79% of the toms were affected. This incidence rate dropped until the age of closure of the proximal tibial physis (22 to 24 weeks in toms) but remained 5 to 15%. Deformities of the tibiotarsi were frequently associated with TD in older toms. The incidence of TD and tibiotarsal deformities was highest in toms of the heaviest line. PMID- 7103891 TI - Effect of coccidiosis on heart composition and function in young turkeys. AB - Heart composition and function were measured in turkey poults inoculated with Eimeria meleagrimitis or E. adenoeides oocysts. Heart weights of infected poults were significantly lower than those of uninfected controls. Lipid levels of the heart were significantly reduced on day 4 postinoculation (PI) with E. meleagrimitis and on day 6 PI with E. adenoeides. The reduced lipid levels were closely associated with decreases in body weight. The protein per gram of heart tissue increased as the lipid levels decreased. Heart glycogen, when expressed as microgram per milligram of protein, decreased. However, the concentration of glycogen per gram of tissue apparently changed very little. Moisture levels of hearts from infected and control poults did not differ significantly. Heart rates and mean blood pressures of poults infected with E. adenoeides were slightly (approximately 8%) lower than values in control poults. However, exposure to stress in the form of ice baths or intravenous injection of epinephrine caused more severe and prolonged fluctuations in heart rate and blood pressure of the infected poults than in those of the controls. PMID- 7103890 TI - Differentiation of exotic strains of Newcastle disease virus by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. AB - The oligonucleotide fingerprints of five of six strains of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) virus were readily distinguishable, even though the strains could not be differentiated by a series of in vivo and in vitro procedures. Two of the VVND virus strains tested (10333-0 and 8231412) showed marked similarity to the prototype strain (MIL-0). Two of the remaining three strains (80-27489 and 80-28634) had identical oligonucleotide fingerprints, even though they had a different isolation history and exhibited small differences in their virulence for chickens. Fingerprints of the sixth VVND strain, 80-12927, demonstrated some similarities when it was compared with the prototype virus fingerprint, but it was quite different from strains 80-27489, 10333-0 and 8231412. PMID- 7103892 TI - Pathogenicity of two strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys. AB - Strains F and R of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared for their pathogenicity in broad-breasted white turkey poults in terms of induction of airsacculitis, depression of growth rate, and induction of antibody production against MG. Eye-drop inoculation with the F or R strain produced only minimal lesions. However, aerosol exposure with either MG strain resulted in a significantly higher incidence and severity of air-sac lesions (P less than 0.001), reduction of growth rate (P less than 0.005), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against MG than did eye-drop inoculation. There were no significant differences between the two MG strains in effects on incidence of air-sac lesions or on growth rate. PMID- 7103893 TI - Chronological observations of feather pulp lesions in chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus. AB - Observations of the feather pulp from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease (MD) virus revealed diverse lesions similar to those in the peripheral nerves of chickens infected with MD. These lesions were categorized as follows: R1-type lesions = from minimal perivascular to diffuse infiltration of small lymphocytes mixed with a few medium lymphocytes or blast cells; R2-type lesion = edema and cellular infiltration consisting of plasma cells and small lymphocytes; and T type lesion = tumorous proliferation of lymphoid cells predominantly composed of medium lymphocytes or blast cells. Chronological observations of the feather pulp biopsies taken at 2-week intervals from individual chickens revealed the lesion progression R1-type leads to T-type, or R1-type leads to R2-type. The former progression was usually seen in birds showing evidence of both persistent nuclear inclusion (NI) formation in the feather-follicle epithelium (FFE) and development of lymphoid tumors in the viscera. The latter progression was seen exclusively in chickens that showed transient NI formation in the FFE, regardless of the incidence of MD. PMID- 7103894 TI - Etiology and epidemiology of verminous encephalitis in an emu. PMID- 7103895 TI - Lead poisoning in common loons (Gavia immer). AB - Two emaciated common loons (Gavia immer) were believed to have died of lead poisoning when fragments of fishing lines and lead sinkers were discovered in their stomachs. Later a third emaciated loon, which had only the remnants of fishing line in its stomach, was suspected of being a possible lead-poisoning victim when all other test results were negative. The liver lead levels in the first two loons were 20.6 ppm and 46.1 ppm (wet weight), and the level in the third was 38.52 ppm (wet weight). Thirteen common loons dying of other causes had liver lead levels of less than 1 ppm (wet weight). PMID- 7103897 TI - Field evaluation of a microtitration complement-fixation test for diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. AB - Results of a direct microtitration complement-fixation (CF) test were compared with hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test results in diagnosing Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection of chickens in the field. Of 16 flocks negative for MG by the HI test, eight were CF-positive. Of nine flocks that were HI-positive for MG, three were CF-negative. It was concluded that the CF test is not effective in diagnosing MG infection of chickens in the field. PMID- 7103896 TI - Infectious sinusitis in wild turkeys. PMID- 7103898 TI - Reduced mortality among young endangered masked bobwhite quail fed oxytetracycline-supplemented diets. AB - Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of oxytetracycline supplemented diets on mortality of young endangered masked bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi). Inclusion of oxytetracycline at 200 g per ton in the feed for 6 weeks resulted in a marked, significant reduction in mortality of young masked bobwhite quail raised in captivity. Including the antibiotic in feed during the first week of life reduced mortality as effectively as feeding it for a longer period. PMID- 7103899 TI - Tenosynovitis caused by Pelecitus calamiformis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in the legs of a parrot. PMID- 7103900 TI - Toxoplasmosis in mynahs. AB - Visceral toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 23 mynahs (Acridotheres) imported from Mexico, which resulted in the death of all birds in the shipment. The affected birds were inappetent and depressed and had ruffled feathers before death. Gross alterations included mottled, enlarged livers with multiple diffuse subcapsular white foci, congested lungs, mottled spleens, and thickened air sacs. Microscopic alterations were multifocal granulomatous hepatitis, pneumonitis, diffuse splenitis, focal mononuclear myocarditis, and airsacculitis. Foamy macrophages in affected areas of the livers contained 8-10 protozoan organisms 1-3 nm in diameter. Similar organisms were present in affected spleens. The organisms were identified with special stains and electron microscopy as Toxoplasma gondii. Human infection was diagnosed in the caretaker by an attending physician. He was treated with pyrimethamine and apparently recovered. PMID- 7103901 TI - Early detection of tracheal damage in chickens by scanning electron microscopy. AB - Fifteen-day-old chickens were inoculated with effective doses of cultured Mycoplasma gallisepticum and treated with the antibiotic tiamulin or tylosin. Scanning electron microscopy was used to detect early and late damages in the tracheal mucosa of the affected birds. Edematous changes of various degrees were demonstrated as early as day 4 postinoculation. Catarrhal changes were observed at day 10 postinoculation, and obstruction of the tracheal lumen by mucofibrinous plugs was observed at day 10 or later postinoculation. Scanning electron microscopy was useful in early detection of inflammatory changes in the trachea of apparently healthy chicks. PMID- 7103902 TI - Dentate gyrus granule cells and memory: electrical stimulation disrupts memory for places rewarded. PMID- 7103903 TI - Analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes II. Duration of strike-induced chemosensory searching in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis, C. enyo). PMID- 7103905 TI - Effect of olfactory bulbectomy on reactivity to environmental stimuli in the preweaning rat. PMID- 7103904 TI - Relation between eating evoked by lateral hypothalamic stimulation and tail pinch in different rat strains. PMID- 7103906 TI - Phonoresponses in the rock lobster Panulirus longipes (Milne Edwards). PMID- 7103907 TI - Symposium on: comparative cytochemical and biochemical aspects of the subcellular structures involved in the energetic cell metabolism. PMID- 7103908 TI - [Tumors of the spine as a differential diagnosis in tuberculous spondylitis]. PMID- 7103910 TI - [The treatment of flexion deformities of the spine in Bechterew disease]. PMID- 7103909 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous spondylitis with special reference to indications for operative debridement]. PMID- 7103911 TI - [The operative treatment of the cervico-encephalic syndrome or the vertebral artery syndrome]. PMID- 7103912 TI - [The autoprojection of pain in the vertebragenous syndrome]. PMID- 7103913 TI - [Late damage following thorium X treatment (radium 224) of Bechterew disease?]. PMID- 7103914 TI - [Scintigraphic, radiologic and clinical results after radium 224 therapy in 53 patients with ankylosing spondylitis]. PMID- 7103915 TI - [Effect of a pneumatic pad on scoliotic curvature]. PMID- 7103917 TI - [Osteoid chondrosarcoma in a desert monitor (Varanus griseus)]. PMID- 7103918 TI - [Immunization trials in mice against Toxoplasma gondii using attenuated oocysts]. PMID- 7103916 TI - [Incidence of treponema in dogs with intestinal diseases]. PMID- 7103919 TI - [Etiology of abortion in cattle]. PMID- 7103920 TI - [A German veterinarian in South African veterinary practice]. PMID- 7103921 TI - Epidemiology of attempted suicide in the EEC. PMID- 7103922 TI - Depression and suicide prevention. PMID- 7103926 TI - Functional analysis of suicidal behaviors. PMID- 7103924 TI - Prediction of suicidal behaviors. PMID- 7103923 TI - The practitioner and suicide prevention: an inquiry. PMID- 7103925 TI - How useful is the prediction of suicide following parasuicide? PMID- 7103927 TI - Es-6, a further polymorphic esterase in the rat. AB - A further polymorphic rat esterase with broad tissue expression and restricted substrate specificity is described and tentatively called Es-6. Inbred rat strains have either fixed allele Es-6F or fixed allele Es-6S. Es-6 is not linked to the established esterase cluster consisting of the eight esterase loci Es-1, Es-2, Es-3M, Es-4M, Es-4W, Es-5 (= Es-3W), Es-7, and Es-8 in LG V of the rat or to RT1, Gc, c, a, and h. Esterases with apparently identical biochemical and genetical characteristics are Es-17 of the mouse and Es-A4 of humans. PMID- 7103928 TI - Comparison of the properties of histidine ammonia-lyase in normal and histidinemic mutant mice. AB - The histidinemic (his/his) mutant mouse shows greatly reduced skin and liver histidine:ammonia-lyase (HAL; EC 4.3.1.3) activity compared with normal mice. Liver HAL activity in the mutant is heat and salt labile and is inhibited at high substrate concentrations. Two HAL components have been identified in the normal mouse liver, a minor component with properties similar to those of HAL of the mutant mouse and a major component which is heat and salt stable and insensitive to substrate inhibition. Immunotitration with anti-HAL antibody shows that the livers of mutant mice contain no detectable antigenically cross-reacting HAL protein. It is concluded, therefore, that the his allele is a null allele at a structural or regulatory locus for the major HAL enzyme and maps close to the HAL regulatory locus Hsd and that te low residual HAL activity in the mutant is due to another enzyme. PMID- 7103930 TI - Esr, a second locus in the house mouse controlling esterase-5. PMID- 7103929 TI - Heterogeneity of erythrocyte catalase in Japanese-type acatalasemia by electrofocusing. PMID- 7103932 TI - Initial rates. A new plot. AB - Excellent estimations of initial rates can be obtained from plots of delta P/t versus product formed (where P is the instantaneous concentration of the product). delta P/t is the chord from P0,t0 to P,t on an ordinary P-versus-t plot. When the chord is plotted as a function of product, the intercept at P0 of the resulting curve is necessarily dP/dt0. This curve approximates to a straight line extremely closely in all cases tested thus far. If delta P/t versus product is calculated from the integrated rate equation for a first-order reaction, and if a straight line is fitted through points representing the first 50% of the reaction, the discrepancy between the true initial rate and dP/dt0 estimated from the plot is 0.68%. For the most common form of the integrated rate equation for catalysed reactions the discrepancy varies between 0 and 0.90%. Because of the complexities of the integrated rate equations, catalysed second-order reactions have not been evaluated directly; uncatalysed reactions have been done instead. For a reaction with one reactant and two products, the discrepancy varies from 0.68 to 2.02%. For two reactants and one product, it varies from 0 to 0.68%; for two and two, 0 to 2.02%. The larger discrepancies occur only when unfavourable equilibrium constants are being overcome by the initial conditions. PMID- 7103931 TI - Hemoglobin polymorphism in inbred strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus). AB - Hemoglobin phenotypes A and B were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of erythrocyte lysates from 29 inbred strains of rats. Fourteen strains have phenotype A and fifteen have phenotype B, which are characterized by five and six hemoglobin bands, respectively. Breeding studies showed that the phenotypes are codominant and that they segregate in a simple Mendelian fashion in the (A x B) F1 x A backcross. Sex and hemoglobin phenotype assort independently, and the hemoglobin phenotype is not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (RT1) and to two erythrocyte alloantigenic systems (RT2 and RT3). PMID- 7103934 TI - Nickel(II) transport in human blood serum. Studies of nickel(II) binding to human albumin and to native-sequence peptide, and ternary-complex formation with L histidine. AB - Detailed studies are reported on the Ni(II)-binding site of human serum albumin (HSA) and the results are compared with those obtained from the N-terminal native sequence peptide, l-aspartyl-l-alanyl-l-histidine N-methylamide (Asp-Ala-His NHMe). Equilibrium dialysis of HSA and Ni(II) in 0.1m-N-ethylmorpholine/HCl buffer, pH 7.53, demonstrates a specific Ni(II)-binding site on the protein. l Histidine, the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding constituent of human serum, is shown to have a greater affinity for Ni(II) than does HSA. A small but significant amount of ternary complex HSA-Ni(II)-l-histidine is also present in the equilibrium mixture containing the three components. The log (association constant) values for the binary and ternary Ni(II) complexes are 9.57 and 16.23 respectively. The complex equilibria between Asp-Ala-His-NHMe and Ni(II) have been investigated by analytical potentiometry in aqueous solution (0.15m-NaCl, 25 degrees C). Several species, including MA, MA(2), MH(-2)A, and MH(-1)A(2) [where M and A represent Ni(II) ion and anionic peptide respectively], were detected in the system, MH(-2)A being the major complex species. Equilibrium studies involving Asp-Ala-His-NHMe, Ni(II) and l-histidine reveal the presence of a ternary complex MH(-1)AB (where B represents anionic l-histidine) at physiological pH. Detailed studies of visible-absorption spectra of HSA in the presence of Cu(II) and Ni(II) reveal that the two metal ions bind HSA at the same site. The visible-absorption spectrum of Ni(II)-HSA complex shows a highly absorbing peak at 420nm (epsilon(max.) = 137; with shoulder at 450-480nm) characteristic of a square planar or square pyramidal co-ordination arrangement about the metal ion. Similar visible-absorption characteristics were observed for the major species MH(-2)A in the Asp-Ala-His-NHMe-Ni(II) system (lambda(max.) = 420nm; epsilon(max.) = 135; with shoulder at 450-480nm). The combination of experimental results from the protein studies and the peptide analyses provides strong evidence for the structure of the Ni(II)-binding site of HSA as one that involves the alpha-amino nitrogen atom, two deprotonated peptide nitrogen atoms, the imidazole nitrogen atom and the side-chain carboxy group of the aspartic acid residue. On the basis of the results obtained from the individual ternary systems involving protein and peptide, a mechanism for the transportation of Ni(II) in the serum is proposed. PMID- 7103933 TI - Use of radioactive glucosamine in the perfused rat liver to prepare alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) with 3H- or 14C-labelled sialic acid and N acetylglucosamine residues. AB - 1. A method was developed whereby [1-14C]glucosamine was used in a perfused rat liver system to prepare over 2 mg of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein with highly radioactive sialic acid and glucosamine residues. 2. The liver secreted radioactive alpha 1-acid glycoprotein over a 4-6 h period, and this glycoprotein was purified from the perfusate by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 3.6. 3. The sialic acid on the isolated glycoprotein had a specific radioactivity of 3.1 Ci/mol, whereas the glucosamine-specific radioactivity was 4.3 Ci/mole. The latter amino-sugar residues on the isolated protein were only 13-fold less radioactive than the initially added [1-14C]glucosamine. Orosomucoid with a specific radioactivity of 31.3 microCi/mg of protein was obtainable by using [6 3H]glucosamine. 4. The amino acid composition of the purified orosomucoid was comparable with that found by others for the same glycoprotein isolated from rat serum. A partial characterization of the carbohydrate structure was done by sequential digestion with neuraminidase, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D hexosaminidase. 5. Many other radioactive glycoproteins were found to be secreted into the perfusate by the liver. Thus this experimental system should prove useful for obtaining other serum glycoprotein with highly radioactive sugar moieties. PMID- 7103935 TI - Cytochrome P-450 induction by clofibrate. Purification and properties of a hepatic cytochrome P-450 relatively specific for the 12- and 11-hydroxylation of dodecanoic acid (lauric acid). AB - Hypolipidaemic drugs induce peroxisomal proliferation in the liver and many induce the formation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum in general and the formation of cytochrome P-450 in particular. We have induced the formation of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by the administration of the hypolipidaemic drug clofibrate, isolated the endoplasmic reticulum, solubilized the cytochrome P 450 from these membranes and subdivided the cytochrome P-450 into four fractions by the use of hydrophobic, anionic, cationic and adsorption chromatography. One of these fractions (cytochrome P-450 fraction 1) was highly purified to a specific content of 17nmol of cytochrome P-450/mg of protein and the protein was active in a reconstituted enzyme system towards the 12- and 11-hydroxylation of the fatty acid, dodecanoic (lauric) acid, with preferential activity towards the 12-hydroxy metabolite. This reconstituted activity was absolutely dependent on NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-450, indicating the role of the mixed-function oxidase system in the metabolism of lauric acid. Another fraction of the haemoprotein (cytochrome P-450 fraction 2) preferentially formed 11-hydroxylauric acid, whereas a third fraction (cytochrome P-450 fraction 3) exhibited only trace laurate oxidase activity and was similar to the phenobarbitone form of the haemoprotein in that these last two cytochromes rapidly turned-over the drug benzphetamine. The molecular weights and spectral properties of these cytochrome P-450 fractions are reported, along with the phenobarbitone-induced form of the enzyme and the nature of the cytochrome(s) induced by clofibrate pretreatment are discussed in the terms of possible haemoprotein heterogeneity. PMID- 7103936 TI - Identity of ligandin in rat testis and liver. AB - 1. One of the main problems in the field of multifunctional proteins such as ligandin is the possibility that multiple forms and isoproteins may exist. Because liver ligandin [GSH (reduced glutathione) S-transferase B] consists of equal amounts of Ya (22 000 Da) and Yc (25 000 Da) subunits, and testis ligandin, prepared by the standard technique of anion-exchange and molecular-exclusion chromatography, contains more Yc subunit than Ya, it has been claimed that testis and liver ligandin are different entities. 2. We purified testis ligandin by immunoaffinity chromatography and have obtained a product identical with liver ligandin (Yc = Ya). This suggests that the differences previously described may be due to contamination of testis ligandin by a closely related species. In fact sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoretic analysis of testis GSH S-transferases separated by CM-cellulose chromatography showed that GSH S transferase AA, present in large amounts, migrated in the same region as Yc subunit. 3. Testis ligandin prepared by the standard technique was similar to that reported [Bhargava, Ohmi, Listowsky & Arias (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 724 727] and contained more Yc subunit than Ya. CM-cellulose chromatography of this 'pure' preparation revealed significant amounts of GSH S-transferase AA migrating as Yc subunit, in addition to ligandin consisting of equal amounts of Ya and Yc subunits. 4. Our studies show that testis ligandin is identical with liver ligandin. Previously described differences are due to a contaminant identified as GSH S-transferase AA. PMID- 7103937 TI - The non-specificity of dog serum albumin and the N-terminal model peptide glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine N-methylamide for nickel is due to the lack of histidine in the third position. AB - Equilibrium dialysis of dog serum albumin (DSA) against Ni(II) in 0.1 M-N ethylmorpholine/HCl, pH 7.53, demonstrates the absence of a specific Ni(II) binding site in DSA. To evaluate at the molecular level the influence of the genetic substitution of L-tyrosine for L-histidine at the N-terminal of DSA, a simple model tripeptide of the N-terminal residues, glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine N methylamide, was synthesized and its Ni(II)-binding properties studied. A comparison of the visible absorption characteristics of Ni(II)-DSA with those of Ni(II)-glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine N-methylamide reveals a similar change from octahedral to planar co-ordination as the pH is increased. Both systems exhibit a low Ni(II)-binding affinity at physiological pH, with DSA binding a greater percentage of Ni(II) owing to the availability of at least two binding sites of similar affinities. The complex equilibria between Ni(II) and glycylglycyl-L tyrosine N-methylamide were studied by analytical potentiometry (0.15 M-NaCl, 25 degrees C). Four major complex species, MHA, MH-1A2, MH-2A2 and MH-3A [where M and A represent Ni(II) ion and anionic peptide respectively], were detected, MHA being the single species at physiological pH. There is no evidence for the involvement of the phenolic hydroxy group in the octahedral MHA complex, or within the plane of co-ordination in the high-pH species. The results provide direct evidence that the low Ni(II)-binding affinity of DSA is due to the genetic substitution of tyrosine for histidine at the N-terminal region of the protein. PMID- 7103938 TI - Binding studies of a sialic acid-specific lectin from the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotunda cauda with various sialoglycoproteins. AB - Interaction of the sialic acid-specific lectin carcinoscorpin with various sialoglycoproteins was studied by using radioiodinated lectin. The binding of carcinoscorpin was dependent not only on sialic acid content but also on the type of glycosidic linkage and form (branched or linear) of the carbohydrate chains. Carcinoscorpin has different classes of binding sites, and binding follows a phenomenon of positive co-operativity. The effect of Ca2+ concentration on the binding was studied, and the optimal concentration was found to be 0.02 M. Effect of pH, temperature and other bivalent metal ions are also reported. From haemagglutination- and precipitation-inhibition studies, it was concluded that carcinoscorpin has multispecificity towards acidic sugars, and its relation to the biological role of the lectin in the horseshoe crab is discussed. PMID- 7103939 TI - Isolation and properties of lysophospholipases from the venom of an Australian elapid snake, Pseudechis australis. AB - Two lysophospholipases were isolated from the venom of an Australian elapid snake (subfamily Acanthophiinae), Pseudechis australis, by sequential chromatography on CM-52 cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and DE-52 cellulose columns. They were very similar to each other. One of them, lysophospholipase I, was obtained as a homodimer, the monomer of which consisted of 123 amino acid residues with seven disulphide bridges. The amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme were similar to those of phospholipase A2, Ca2+ was required for its activity and the maximum activity was attained at 2 mM-CaCl2 in the presence of 1 mM-EDTA. The optimum pH was 7.5. Lysophospholipase I hydrolysed lysophosphatidylcholine more rapidly than lysophosphatidylethanolamine. It did not hydrolyse, however, phosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoylglycerol, tripalmitoylglycerol or p-nitrophenyl acetate. Modification of the enzyme with p bromophenacyl bromide or 2-nitrophenylsulphenyl chloride suppressed the activity. A strong direct haemolytic activity was exhibited when the lysophospholipase was present together with phospholipase A2. PMID- 7103941 TI - The dissociation of glucose oxidase by sodium n-dodecyl sulphate. AB - 1. The enzymic activity of glucose oxidase was determined as a function of pH and sodium n-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) concentration. 2. Glucose oxidase is not deactivated by SDS at pH 6 even after prolonged incubation, but is deactivated at pH 4.3 and 3.65. 3. Sedimentation-rate analysis showed that glucose oxidase dissociates into its two subunits at pH 5 and below, and sedimentation equilibrium experiments in the presence of SDS gave a subunit molecular weight of 73,500. 4. SDS binds to glucose oxidase in acid solutions; specific binding occurs ap pH 3.65, but at pH 6 only co-operative binding was observed. 5. Glucose oxidases in which some of the carboxy groups were blocked with glycine methyl ester were deactivated by SDS at pH 6.0; the rate of deactivation increased with the extent of esterification. 6. Deactivation of esterified glucose oxidases correlated with thermal analysis of the initial SDS interaction, the exothermicity of the interaction increasing with the extent of esterification. 7. The results show that carboxy groups confer resistance to deactivation by SDS on glucose oxidase by screening cationic residues and inhibiting specific interactions that facilitate dissociation into subunits. PMID- 7103940 TI - Characterization of a cellobiose dehydrogenase in the cellulolytic fungus Sporotrichum (Chrysosporium) thermophile. AB - An extracellular enzyme from culture filtrates of Sporotrichum (Chrysosporium) thermophile (A.T.C.C. 42 464) after growth on cellulose or cellobiose was shown to oxidize cellobiose to cellobionic acid in vitro. Lactose and cellodextrins were also efficiently oxidized, but the enzyme was not active against most mono- and di-saccharides. Several redox substances could act as electron acceptors, but molecular oxygen, tetrazolium salts and NAD(P) were not reduced. Activity was stimulated up to 2-fold in the presence of 0.05 M-Mg2+. The pH optimum of the enzymic reaction was acidic when the activity was tested with dichlorophenol indophenol or Methylene Blue, but was neutral to alkaline for 3,5-di-t-butyl-1,2 benzoquinone or phenazine methosulphate as electron acceptors. As the enzyme was formed inductively in parallel with the endocellulase, its possible function in relation to cellulolysis is discussed. PMID- 7103942 TI - Purification of human C3b inactivator by monoclonal-antibody affinity chromatography. AB - Monoclonal antibody has been obtained to the human complement control protein C3b inactivator after immunization of mice with the enzyme prepared by conventional methods. Antibody from ascitic fluid was purified and coupled to Sepharose-CL-4B to give a specific affinity column, which was used to isolate C3b inactivator from human serum in 70% yield. The product was characterized by size, chain structure, amino acid analysis and proteolytic activity. PMID- 7103944 TI - Fluorescent triplet probes for measuring the rotational diffusion of membrane proteins. AB - We have previously described a method for measuring the rotational diffusion of membrane proteins by using fluorescent triplet probes [Johnson & Garland (1981) FEBS Lett. 135, 252-256]. We now describe the criteria by which the suitability of such probes may be judged. In general, the greatest sensitivity is achievable with probes where the ratio of the quantum yields for prompt fluorescene (phi f) and triplet formation (phi t) are high, as with Rhodamine (phi f/phi t congruent to 10(3)). However, considerations of heat generation at the sample membrane, of time resolution of fast rotations and of irreversible bleaching of the fluorescent probe also apply. The immediate environment of a probe molecule at a membrane protein must also be important in determining the performance of a given probe. Nevertheless, we describe guidelines for evaluating the likely usefulness of fluorescent triplet probes in measurements of membrane protein rotation. PMID- 7103945 TI - Difference in thermal stability of type-I and type-II collagen from rat skin. AB - Type-I and type-III collagens were obtained by differential salt fractionation of neutral-salt-soluble collagen from rat skin. Their thermal stabilities were determined by u.v. difference spectroscopy. The ;melting' temperature (T(m)) in 5mm-acetic acid of type-III collagen was almost 2 degrees C above that of type-I collagen. Intramolecular covalent cross-linking had no effect on the thermal stability. PMID- 7103943 TI - Isolation and characterization of lipid-protein particles containing platelet factor 3 released from human platelets. AB - Lipid-protein particles with platelet factor 3 measured by the Stypven clotting time test [Hardisty & Hutton (1966) Br. J. Haematol. 12, 764-776] have been isolated from platelet-release supernatant. Starting material was washed platelets, which were released by treatment with collagen. Purification of the particles from other components in the release material was accomplished by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B followed by affinity chromatography on poly-L lysine-Sepharose CL-4B gel. Chemical characterization showed that the particles were composed of 40% protein, 42% phospholipids, 13% cholesterol and 5% triacylglycerols. The phospholipid composition was 38% phosphatidylcholine, 25% phosphatidylethanolamine, 9% phosphatidylserine, 2% phosphatidic acid and 26% sphingomyelin. No carbohydrate was detected. Electron-microscopic studies revealed the presence of membranous particles with diameters between 70 and 170 nm. PMID- 7103946 TI - Evidence that the activation of aconitase involves a conformation change. AB - Reduction of the iron-sulphur cluster of aconitase initiates a slow increase in catalytic activity. It has been proposed that activation involves a conformational change in the protein. Direct evidence for this is presented here in the demonstration that, after reduction of the cluster, the progressive increase in activity is parallelled by an increase in the fluorescence of the protein. PMID- 7103948 TI - A novel parameter estimation from the linearized Michaelis-Menten equation at low substrate concentrations. PMID- 7103947 TI - Reductive methylation of proteins with sodium cyanoborohydride. Identification, suppression and possible uses of N-cyanomethyl by-products. AB - Reductive methylation of protein amino groups with formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride is shown to give up to 25% yield of N-cyanomethyl (-CH2CN) product; on work up of the reaction this is hydrolysed back to starting amine, lowering the methylation yield. Addition of metal ions such as Ni2+, which complex with free cyanide ion, improve reductive methylation yields by suppressing by-product formation. The N-cyanomethyl group itself, produced in good yield when cyanide ion replaces cyanoborohydride, may have some value as a reversible modifier of amino groups in proteins. PMID- 7103949 TI - Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase. A simple purification procedure and stoicheiometry of CoA ester binding. AB - A simple procedure was devised which allows purification of rat lactating-mammary gland fatty acid synthase to a high degree of purity, with recoveries of activity exceeding 50%. Over 50 mg of enzyme was isolated from 60 g of mammary tissue. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was about 2.5 mumol of NADPH oxidized/min per mg of protein at 37 degrees. The enzyme appeared homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by immunodiffusion analysis. Each mol (Mr 480 000) of the enzyme bound 3 mol of acetyl and 3-4 mol of malonyl groups when the binding experiments were performed at 0 degrees for 30 s. The presence of NADPH did not influence the binding stoicheiometry for these acyl-CoA derivatives. Approx. 2 mol of taurine was found per mol of the performic acid-oxidized enzyme, suggesting that there were 2 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine in the native enzyme. Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase required free CoA for activity. PMID- 7103950 TI - Purification and partial characterization of another form of the antiviral protein from the seeds of Phytolacca americana L. (pokeweed). AB - 1. The pokeweed antiviral protein, previously identified in two forms (PAP and PAP II) in the leaves of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) [Obrig. Irvin & Hardesty (1973) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 155, 278-289; Irvin, Kelly & Robertus (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200, 418-425] is a protein that prevents replication of several viruses and inactivates ribosomes, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. 2. PAP is present in several forms in the seeds of pokeweed. One of them, which we propose to call 'pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds' (PAP-S) was purified in high yield (180 mg per 100 g of seeds) by chromatography on CM-cellulose, has mol.wt. 30 000, and is similar to, but not identical with. PAP and PAP II. 3. PAP-S inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an ID50 (concentration giving 50% inhibition) of 1.1 ng/ml (3.6 x 10(-11) M), but has much less effect on protein synthesis by whole cells, with an ID50 of 1 mg/ml (3.3 x 10(-5) M), and inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus type 1. PMID- 7103952 TI - Role of individual phosphorylation sites in inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in rat heart mitochondria. AB - 1. A method is described using trypsin/formic acid cleavage for unambiguously measuring occupancies of phosphorylation sites in rat heart pyruvate dehydrogenase [(32)P]phosphate complexes. 2. In mitochondria oxidizing 2 oxoglutarate+l-malate relative initial rates of phosphorylation were site 1>site 2>site 3. 3. Dephosphorylation and reactivation of fully phosphorylated complex was initiated in mitochondria by inhibiting the kinase reaction. Using dichloroacetate relative rates of dephosphorylation were site 2>(1=3). Using sodium dithionite or sodium pyruvate or uncouplers+sodium arsenite or steady state turnover ((31)P replacing (32)P in inactive complex) relative rates were site 2>site 1>site 3. With dithionite reactivation was faster than site 3 dephosphorylation, i.e. site 3 is apparently not inactivating. 4. The steady state proportion of inactive complex was varied (92-48%) in mitochondria oxidizing 2-oxoglutarate/l-malate by increasing extramitochondrial Ca(2+) (0 2.6mum). This action of Ca(2+) induced dephosphorylation (site 3>site 2>site 1). These experiments enable prediction of site occupancies in vivo for given steady state proportions of inactive complexes. 5. The proportion of inactive complex was related linearly to occupancy of site 1. 6. Sodium dithionite (10mm) and Ca(2+) (0.5mum) together resulted in faster dephosphorylations of each site than either agent alone; relative rates were site 2>(1=3). 7. Dephosphorylation and possibly phosphorylation of sites 1 and 2 was not purely sequential as shown by detection of complexes phosphorylated in site 2 but not in site 1. Estimates of the contribution of site 2 phosphorylation to inactivation ranged from 0.7 to 6.4%. 8. It is concluded that the primary function of site 1 phosphorylation is inactivation, phosphorylation of site 2 is not primarily concerned with inactivation and that phosphorylation of site 3 is non-inactivating. PMID- 7103951 TI - Proton-magnetic-resonance studies on the interaction of rabbit skeletal-muscle troponin I with troponin C and actin. AB - 1. The p.m.r. spectra of the larger CNBr-cleavage peptides of troponin I from rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle corresponded largely to those of fairly flexible solution structures. 2. On addition of troponin C to each of the CNBr cleavage peptides in turn, perturbations of side chains were noted only for peptides CN5 (residues 1-21) and CN4 (residues 96-116). 3. In the presence of Ca2+, troponin C induced perturbations of the side chains of threonine-11, alanine, isoleucine and arginine residues of peptide CN5. 4. In the presence of Ca2+, troponin C induced perturbations of the side chains of phenylalanine, lysine and leucine residues of peptide CN4. 5. Irrespective of the presence or absence of Ca2+, specific interaction with actin was observed only with peptide CN4. In this case the side chains of arginine residues were perturbed. 6. It is concluded that actin interacts with the C-terminal region of peptide CN4, whereas troponin C interacts with the N-terminal region of peptide CN4 and with peptide CN5. PMID- 7103953 TI - No unique mitochondrial translation products in respiratory chain-linked NADH dehydrogenase. PMID- 7103954 TI - Endogenous phospholipase and choline release in human erythrocytes: a study using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 7103955 TI - Inhibition of natural killer cell activity in vitro by alcohols. PMID- 7103957 TI - Effect of cysteamine on amino acid pools of cultured fibroblasts and the uptake of L-proline. PMID- 7103959 TI - Kinetics of subunit dissociation of partially oxygenated hemoglobin determined by haptoglobin binding. PMID- 7103956 TI - Limitations on the metyrapone assay for the major phenobarbital inducible form of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 7103958 TI - Hippurate synthesis and ammonia metabolism in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 7103962 TI - Increased erythrocyte glutathion reductase activity in a hemoglobin Porto Alegre (beta 9 Ser replaced by Cys) carrier. PMID- 7103960 TI - Michael addition of thiols with 4-methyleneglutamic acid: preparation of adducts, their properties and presence in peanuts. PMID- 7103961 TI - Compactin inhibits insect HMG-CoA reductase and juvenile hormone biosynthesis. PMID- 7103966 TI - Cleavage of DNA at apyrimidinic sites by lysyl-tryptophyl-alpha-lysine. PMID- 7103963 TI - Isolation of a cardiotonic glycoprotein, striatoxin, from the venom of the marine snail Conus Striatus. PMID- 7103964 TI - Preparation of azolactoperoxidase. Evidence for the dependence of lacto peroxidase activity on tyrosyl residues. PMID- 7103965 TI - Liposomal heme as oxygen carrier under semiphysiological condition. PMID- 7103967 TI - A 'hexokinase effect' in the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in heart muscle mitochondria by adriamycin. PMID- 7103968 TI - Control of heart mitochondrial oxygen consumption by creatine kinase: the importance of enzyme localization. PMID- 7103969 TI - Guanosine triphosphate - dependent autocatalytic phosphorylation of peptide initiation factor 2 from rat liver. PMID- 7103970 TI - Histone acetylation in rat liver nuclei. PMID- 7103971 TI - Electrophoretical characterization of red blood cell membrane proteins and plasma protein in spontaneously hypertensive rat. PMID- 7103972 TI - Identification of inner- and outer-sphere reaction pathways in the reduction of iron-sulphur proteins with a chromium (II)-macrocycle complex. PMID- 7103974 TI - Tri-iodothyronine (T3) stimulates the growth of Morris hepatoma cells grown in culture. PMID- 7103975 TI - Amino acids and peptides. II. Modification of glycylglycine bond in methionine enkephalin. PMID- 7103973 TI - Microtubule interactions with GDP provide evidence that assembly-disassembly properties depend on the method of brain microtubule protein isolation. PMID- 7103976 TI - Preparation of inside-out membrane vesicles from neutrophils capable of actively transporting calcium. PMID- 7103977 TI - Polyamines alter the phosphorylation pattern of chromatin proteins by endogenous protein kinases. PMID- 7103979 TI - Concanavalin A-binding link protein in the proteoglycan aggregate of hyaline cartilage. PMID- 7103981 TI - Interaction between oxidative decarboxylation of branched chain alpha-keto acids and oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 7103978 TI - Evidence that in vivo estradiol receptor translocated into nuclei is dephosphorylated and released into cytoplasm. PMID- 7103980 TI - Chemical modification or excision of neurophysin arginine-8 is associated with loss of peptide-binding ability. PMID- 7103983 TI - Dopamine receptors in the rat pituitary and the transplantable, pituitary tumor MtTF4: effect of chronic treatment with oestradiol. PMID- 7103982 TI - Demonstration of inositol hexaphosphate induced changes in structure at ligand binding sites in carp hemoglobin carbonyl. PMID- 7103984 TI - "Novel correlation between greater cell adhesion to substratum and an increased association of cell surface proteins with polypeptides involved in actin polymerization". PMID- 7103985 TI - Comparison of the hemoglobin reactions with methyl- and phenyl-hydrazine; intermediate formation of a hemoglobin Fe-(II)-methyldiazene complex. PMID- 7103986 TI - Effect of streptozotocin diabetes on some urea cycle enzymes. PMID- 7103988 TI - Light-dependent activity of glutamate synthase in vitro. PMID- 7103987 TI - High molecular weight complex formation of rat liver lysyl-tRNA synthetase reduces enzyme lability to thermal inactivation. PMID- 7103989 TI - Evidence of a phosphorylated protein specific of human colon carcinoma cells. PMID- 7103990 TI - L-2-Amino-4-methoxy-cis-but-3-enoic acid, a potent inhibitor of the enzymatic synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine. PMID- 7103994 TI - Purification and subunit structure of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from hen liver mitochondria. PMID- 7103991 TI - Influence of temperature on the interaction of concanavalin A with chick fibroblasts during embryo development. PMID- 7103992 TI - Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in oxidative hemolysis. A study of Fanconi's anemia erythrocytes. PMID- 7103993 TI - Amino acid sequence homology between "alpha" subunits from Torpedo and Electrophorus acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 7103995 TI - Isolation from human urines of a mucin with blood group SDa activity. PMID- 7103996 TI - Testosterone induces a rapid stimulation of endocytosis, amino acid and hexose transport in mouse kidney cortex. PMID- 7103998 TI - DNA synthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in PHA stimulated human lymphocytes: a comparative study of the inhibitory effects of some oxysterols with special reference to side chain hydroxylated derivatives. PMID- 7103997 TI - Human term placenta contains transforming growth factors. PMID- 7104000 TI - Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions: II. Evidence for a lectin on Streptococcus sanguis with specificity for a NeuAc alpha 2, 3Ga1 beta 1, 3Ga1NAc sequence. PMID- 7104001 TI - Heparin-released triglyceride lipase from Chang liver cells. PMID- 7104002 TI - Development of monoclonal antibodies to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. PMID- 7103999 TI - Cholanoic acids and cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity in human leucocytes. PMID- 7104005 TI - Chloroplast culture. IX. Chlorophyll(ide) a biosynthesis in vitro at rates higher than in vivo. PMID- 7104003 TI - Contribution of substrates for phospholipid N methylation by the base exchange enzyme in rat brain microsomes. PMID- 7104004 TI - Different roles of plastoquinone in the photoreduction of ferredoxin and of membrane-bound iron-sulfur centers of chloroplasts. PMID- 7104007 TI - A new metabolic reaction of diaziridines by rat liver microsomes. PMID- 7104006 TI - The M1 and M2 isozymes of pyruvate kinase are the products of the same gene. PMID- 7104008 TI - Sex specific regional differences in hepatic glucokinase activity. PMID- 7104009 TI - Impaired repair capacity of DNA strand breaks induced by 125I-triiodothyronine in Chinese hamster cells. PMID- 7104010 TI - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of Penicillium ochro-chloron. PMID- 7104011 TI - The final step of aldosterone biosynthesis is catalyzed by an NADPH-dependent and molecular oxygen-requiring enzyme. PMID- 7104012 TI - Regulation of collagen synthesis by ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid increases type I procollagen mRNA. PMID- 7104013 TI - Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl-galactosides to peanut agglutinin. PMID- 7104015 TI - Further studies on the in vivo effect of cephaloridine on the stability of rat kidney lysosomes. AB - The stabilizing effect of cephaloridine, an antibiotic, on rat kidney lysosomal membranes was tested by a single subcutaneous injection. The release of two lyososomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and muramidase, was used as an index of lysosome membrane integrity. The levels of these enzymes in the kidney extracts as well as in the isolated kidney lysosome fractions were found to be raised considerably, compared to the controls. In rats treated with cephaloridine, the supernatant fraction obtained from the kidney homogenates, after centrifugation at 15,000 gav, contained lower enzyme activities than were found in the control animals. It is suggested that cephaloridine may inhibit the release of acid phosphatase and muramidase from rat kidney lysosomes and, therefore, may exert a stabilizing effect on the lysosomal membrane system. The possible mechanism of interaction of this antibiotic with rat kidney lysosomal membranes is proposed. PMID- 7104014 TI - Hepatic glutathione and hepatotoxicity: effects of cytochrome P-450 complexing compounds SKF 525-A, L-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM), norLAAM, and piperonyl butoxide. AB - Four compounds forming metabolic intermediate complexes with cytochrome P-450 in vitro were studied for their effects on hepatic glutathione in the mouse. All four compounds depleted glutathione within 1-3 hr after administration. The effect was transient for piperonyl butoxide while lasting at least 24 hr for other compounds. Induction of the mixed-function oxidase system by phenobarbital had no effect on the glutathione-depleting actions of the compounds, but induction with 3-methylcholanthrene abolished the depletion seen with piperonyl butoxide and SKF 525-A. For SKF 525-A, L-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) and norLAAM, the persistent lowering of glutathione was paralleled by elevations in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity. This depletion of glutathione and subsequent elevations in SGPT were found to be strain and species dependent for SKF 525-A, LAAM and norLAAM. Compounds which complex with cytochrome P-450 in vitro may increase drug toxicities in vivo by mechanisms other than inhibition of oxidative drug metabolism. PMID- 7104016 TI - Cytochrome P-450-mediated metabolism of biphenyl and the 4-halobiphenyls. AB - The in vitro metabolism of biphenyl, 4-fluoro-, 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4 iodobiphenyl by cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases was investigated using hepatic microsomes from immature male rats pretreated with phenobarbitone or 3 methylcholanthrene. The major route of metabolism of biphenyl and the 4 halobiphenyls was 4'-hydroxylation, i.e. para to the phenyl-phenyl bridge. The minor route of metabolism apparently changed from 2-hydroxylation for biphenyl (i.e. ortho to the phenyl-phenyl bridge) to 3-hydroxylation for all 4 halobiphenyls (i.e. ortho to the halogen). In marked contrast to biphenyl, the regioselectivity of 4-halobiphenyl metabolism was not altered by pretreatment of rats with either phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene. The overall rate of metabolism of 4-fluoro- and 4-bromobiphenyl to water-soluble metabolites increased 2-fold and 5- to 6-fold using microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbitone and 3-methylcholanthrene respectively. In contrast, the overall rates of metabolism of 4-chloro- and 4-iodobiphenyl were refractory to the inductive effects of phenobarbitone but were increased more than 10-fold following pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. There was a correlation between the apparent binding affinities of microsomes from phenobarbitone-treated rats for biphenyl and the 4-halobiphenyls and their calculated log octanol/water partition coefficients (lipophilicity). However, the effects of the halogen substituents on the rates of metabolism of the 4-halobiphenyls by microsomes from control and induced rats did not correlate with their binding affinities or with any physiochemical differences between the fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo substituents. PMID- 7104017 TI - 5-benzylacyclouridine and 5-benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine, potent inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase. AB - Various pyrimidine acyclonucleosides (1-(2'-hydroxyethoxymethyl)uracils) are specific inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase[Niedzwicki et al., Biochem. Pharmac. 30, 2097 (1981) )). 5-Benzyluracils have also been shown to inhibit this enzyme[Baker and Kelley, J. med. Chem. 13, 461 (1970); Woodman et al., Biochem. Pharmac. 29, 1059 (1980) )). We have synthesized the acyclonucleoside analogs of 5-benzyluracil (BU) and 5-benzyloxybenzyluracil (BBU). These compounds, 5-benzyl 1-(2'-hydroxyethoxymethyl)uracil (BAU) and 5-(m-benzyloxybenzyl)-1-(2' hydroxyethoxymethyl)uracil (BBAU), are potent inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase. K1 values of 98 and 32 nM were estimated for BAU and BBAU respectively. These compounds are better inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase than BU (K1= 1575 nM), BBU (K1=270 nM), and all other compounds previously tested, and they have no effect on thymidine phosphorylase, uridine-cytidine kinase, or thymidine kinase. Potential chemotherapeutic applications of BAU and BBAU are discussed. PMID- 7104018 TI - Manipulation of toxicity and tissue distribution of tubercidin in mice by nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate. AB - The i.v. administration of tubercidin, an analog of adenosine, in a single dose of 45 mg/kg caused death in about 90% of B10D2F1 mice so treated. Serum and urine analysis, as well as histological examination of tissues, related the lethality of tubercidin to hepatic injury, which was markedly reduced when mice were treated with the inhibitor of nucleoside transport, nitrobenzylthioinosine 5' monophosphate (NBMPR-P), at i.p. doses higher than 10 mg/kg 30 min prior to tubercidin injection. With high NBMPR-P doses (100 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by tubercidin injection (45 mg/kg, i.v.), kidney damage and high mortality occurred. The tissue distribution of 3H following (( G-3H]tubercidin administration paralleled hepatic or renal injury: NBMPR-P treatment decreased the content of tubercidin-derived 3H in liver and increased that in kidney. Furthermore, the half-life of the decline in tubercidin levels in serum during the first minute after[3H]tubercidin administration was longer in NBMPR-P-treated mice (26 sec) than in untreated mice (10 sec), with the result that 3H levels in serum were more than ten times higher in the former than in the latter at an early stage during the distribution of tubercidin. Within 15 min after i.p. administration, the tissue distribution of (( 3H]tubercidin was complete. The i.p. administration of tubercidin caused ascites and the appearance of amylase in the peritoneal fluid evidently because of peritonitis and pancreatic injury. Administration of NBMPR-P by the i.p. route, but not by the i.v. route, prevented these injuries and shifted the LD50 of i.p. injected tubercidin (5 mg/kg) to markedly higher values (a 4-fold increase with NBMPR-P at 100 mg/kg). The protection of mice by NBMPR-P against lethal injuries caused by i.p. injected tubercidin was consistent with the inhibition by NBMPR-P of tubercidin accumulation in mesentery and pancreas. The tissue specificity of the NBMPR-P influence on the tissue distribution of tubercidin may reflect differences in NBMPR-P pharmacokinetics and/or in properties of the nucleoside permeation mechanism among various tissues. PMID- 7104020 TI - Effect of early inorganic lead exposure on rat blood-brain barrier permeability to tyrosine or choline. AB - The primary objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that low level lead (Pb) exposure during early life leads to disruption in blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the young rat. Newborn rats received lead via milk from lactating dams that were drinking water containing 0.1% lead acetate Pb(Ac)2. Pups were weaned to, and maintained on, 0.1% Pb(Ac)2-containing solution up to 70 days of age. Growth was no different from that of coetaneous controls. Experimental animals displayed elevated blood lead (15 microgram/dl) within 2 days from the onset of exposure, and it increased to 35-40 microgram/dl between 13 and 22 days of age. Following weaning to the higher lead source, blood lead values continued to increase (55 microgram/dl) but, then, appeared to decline after 55 days of age. Control animals consistently possessed blood lead values of less than 5 microgram/dl. The brain capillary (BBB) transport of the neurotransmitter precursors, choline and tyrosine, was studied at 55 and 70 days of age using intracarotid injections of a bolus containing 14C-labeled substrate and 3HOH as a diffusable reference (Brain Uptake Index). There was no difference in the transport of either choline of tyrosine in lead-intoxicated rats compared to controls. Suspected adverse psychoneurological effects of low level inorganic lead probably relate to the parenchymal cells of the CNS and not to the brain capillary endothelial cells. PMID- 7104019 TI - Inhibitory effects of scorpion venom on the uptake of amino acids by synaptosomes and synaptosomal membrane vesicles. AB - Scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) venom strongly inhibited the Na+-dependent uptake of (( 14C ))proline by rat brain synaptosomal preparations. In addition, the efflux of proline was enhanced markedly by scorpion venom. The inhibitory effects of the venom were also demonstrated in synaptosomal vesicle preparations where proline uptake was energized by an artificially imposed Na+ gradient. In both preparations, the effect of scorpion venom was additive with the inhibitory effect of veratridine on Na+-dependent amino acid uptake. The inhibitory effects of both compounds were abolished by tetrodotoxin. The Na+-dependent uptakes of amino acids (e.g. proline, glutamic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were much more sensitive to inhibition by the toxin than the Na+-independent uptakes (e.g. leucine and phenylalanine). The results of the present study indicate that the scorpion venom may exert its inhibitory effect on Na+-dependent transport by decreasing the transmembrane Na+ gradient. Efflux of accumulated proline, which is presumably controlled by maintenance of this Na+ gradient, was stimulated 3- to 4-fold by the scorpion venom. PMID- 7104021 TI - Studies of the mode of action of antitumour triazenes and triazines--IV. The metabolism of 1-(4-acetylphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene. AB - The metabolism of 1-(4-acetylphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene has been studied in vivo and in vitro in mice. This dimethyltriazene was extensively metabolised in vivo and HPLC analysis of the plasma revealed the presence of two metabolites, the monomethyltriazene, 1-(4-acetylphenyl)-3-methyltriazene, and the arylamine, 4 aminoacetophenone. The dimethyltriazene was also biotransformed in vitro by a 9000 g fraction of mouse liver homogenate to products which were selectively toxic to TLX5 lymphoma cells. HPLC analysis of the products of in vitro metabolism under these conditions showed the presence of the monomethyltriazene but in an amount insufficient to account for the observed cytotoxicity. The monomethyltriazene was itself rapidly biotransformed by a 9000 g fraction of mouse liver homogenate, and by isolated mouse hepatocytes. PMID- 7104022 TI - Elevation of conjugation capacity in isolated hepatocytes from BHA-treated mice. AB - Using harmol and paracetamol as the substrates, the elevation of conjugation reactions by BHA feeding and their significance towards the protective effects of this antioxidant has been studied with hepatocytes obtained from mice. With both substrates, an almost five fold elevation of the glucuronidation was observed. However, there was no change in the rate of sulfate conjugation. The rate of glutathione conjugate formation with paracetamol was also not enhanced, even though both the GSH level and glutathione S-transferase activities were increased. Finally, BHA administration afforded no protective effect against the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol, even when the production of reactive paracetamol metabolites was increased by 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment. PMID- 7104023 TI - Activation by reduced glutathione of methotrexate transport into isolated rat liver cells. AB - The uptake of methotrexate (MTX) by isolated rat hepatocytes and its changes under the influence of exogenous GSH have been studied under various conditions: GSH concentration, pH of incubation medium, preincubation of cells prior to MTX and GSH addition, ionic composition of the incubation medium (standard saline, Na+-free, Na+ and K+-free, or ion-deficient), after prior treatment of cells by membrane -SH blockers (p-CMBS, 4-CMB and DIP2+) and ATP. It was found that GSH strongly accelerated MTX uptake. This effect depended on GSH concentration and on preincubation of cells. The GSH effect was not dependent on medium pH in spite of an observed close relationship between pH of incubate and MTX transport itself. Activation by GSH of MTX transport was connected to an increase in intracellular K+. It was also noted that while blockers of membrane -SH groups like p-CMBS and 4-CMB inhibited MTX uptake and increased the intracellular Na+/K+ ratio, both effects were partially overcome by GSH. After treatment by DIP2+, Na+/K+ ratio was unaffected, but MTX uptake inhibited. Still GSH abolished inhibition. Added ATP also inhibited MTX uptake and caused loss of cellular K+ and accumulation of Na+. Here neither effect could be reversed by GSH; consequently, high cellular amounts of K+ and MTX accumulated by previous action of GSH were depleted on subsequent ATP addition. MTX uptake was low in sucrose medium. But in this ion deficient medium, GSH had the greatest stimulatory effect on MTX uptake. It is concluded that binding GSH can affect the redox state of the -S-S-/-SH groups of the cellular plasma membrane and that this effect of GSH might demonstrate involvement of the redox state in the control of MTX permeability. PMID- 7104025 TI - The competitive inhibition of glucose transport in human erythrocytes by compounds of different structures. AB - By kinetic analysis we found that the transport protein for glucose in human erythrocyte membranes has different binding sites for competitive inhibitors. They all change the transport protein with the effect that it loses its affinity to glucose. Some of the competitive inhibitors alter the conformation of the transport protein, so that other ones cannot be bound. There are inhibitors, however, which do not affect the affinity of other competitive inhibitors. A schematic model of our assumption about the mechanism of the competitive inhibition of glucose transport is presented. PMID- 7104024 TI - Selective inhibition of sulfate conjugation in the rat: pharmacokinetics and characterization of the inhibitory effect of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol. AB - The pharmacokinetics of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP) have been studied in the rat. Upon i.v. injection the plasma decay curve of DCNP showed a rapid distribution phase. After 30 min the plasma concentration reached a value that was constant for at least 90 min, indicating very slow elimination of DCNP. The volume of distribution was 88 ml/kg and a high degree of binding (over, 99%) of DCNP in vitro to bovine serum albumin was found. The concentration of DCNP in the liver was between 30 and 50% of the plasma values. While in vivo the effect of DCNP persisted for a long time, its action was readily reversible in the single pass perfused rat liver. In vivo, the effect of the dose of DCNP on the inhibition of sulfation of the phenolic compound harmol was investigated. Upon the i.v. injection of 26 mumole DCNP/kg an instantaneous and complete inhibition of sulfation of harmol was found. Using this property of DCNP, the rate of sulfation of harmol in vivo was evaluated in relation to the dose and the time after injection of the substrate. Saturation of sulfation apparently occurred because the consumption of inorganic sulfate was extremely small. PMID- 7104026 TI - Repair of deoxyribonucleic acid lesions caused by adriamycin and ellipticine. AB - The intercalating agents adriamycin and ellipticine caused DNA single and double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks in mammalian cells. Ellipticine caused a much higher frequency of each of these lesions than adriamycin, at equitoxic doses. However, adriamycin-induced DNA effects were slowly and incompletely repaired over 24 hr after drug removal while the effects of ellipticine were virtually completely repaired within 30 min. Repair of ellipticine-induced lesions was observed only if cells were diluted ( 100-fold) after drug treatment, suggesting that significant amounts of drug may have been sequestered in the cellular membranes. Cell dilution did not alter the effects of adriamycin. Removal of the DNA lesions was temperature dependent. Finally, the similarity in the rates of repair for DNA single and double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks supports the hypothesis that they are functionally related. PMID- 7104027 TI - Interaction of allopurinol with human blood. PMID- 7104028 TI - The effect of fasting on sulfation and glucuronidation in the rat in vivo. PMID- 7104030 TI - Lack of a gonadal or adrenal androgenic mechanism for the hypertrichosis produced by diazoxide, phenytoin and minoxidil. PMID- 7104029 TI - 1,4-dithiothreitol non-specifically potentiates spasmogen actions on the guinea pig ileum. PMID- 7104031 TI - Correlation of nitrosourea murine bone marrow toxicity with deoxyribonucleic acid alkylation and chromatin binding sites. AB - All of the clinically available nitrosourea antitumor agents produce serious treatment-limiting bone marrow toxicity. A reduction in this toxicity can be achieved by attaching the chloroethylnitrosourea cytotoxic group to C2 (chlorozotocin) or C1 (1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea, GANU) of glucose. Both glucose analogs are less myelotoxic in mice than 1-(2 chloroethyl)-3-cyclohepyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) or 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5 yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU), while retaining comparable antitumor activity against the murine L1210 leukemia. To define the nuclear mechanisms for this reduced myelotoxicity, alkylation of L1210 and murine bone marrow DNA was quantitated. With the use of the endonuclease micrococcal nuclease and DNase I, the sites of alkylation within the chromatin substructure were determined. Experiments were performed on L1210 leukemia or bone marrow cells that had been incubated in vitro for 2 hr with 0.1 mM [14C]chloroethyl drug. The quantitative alkylation of DNA by GANU was 1.3-fold greater in L1210, as compared to bone marrow, cells. This ratio of DNA alkylation is comparable to the 1.3 ratio we previously reported for chlorozotocin [L. C. Panasci, D. Green and P. S. Schein, J. clin. Invest. 64, 1103 (1979)]. In contrast, the ratio of alkylation (L1210:bone marrow DNA) for the myelotoxic ACNU was 0.66, similar to 0.59 for CCNU. Nuclease digestion experiments demonstrated that chlorozotocin and GANU preferentially alkylated internucleosomal linker regions of bone marrow chromatin, while nucleosome core particles were the preferred targets of CCNU and ACNU. The reduced myelotoxicity of chlorozotocin and GANU may be correlated with the advantageous ratio of L1210:bone marrow DNA alkylation and preferential alkylation of internucleosomal regions of bone marrow chromatin. PMID- 7104032 TI - Effect of dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane (CM 54903), a non-polar dimethylaminoethanol analog, on brain regional cholinergic neurochemical parameters. AB - CM 54903, a new psychotropic drug with a particular pharmacological profile, produced a widespread but short-lasting decrease in acetylcholine content in rat brain hemispheric regions but not in the midbrain-hindbrain or cerebellum at the dose of 40 mg/kg, i.p. The decrease was most conspicuous in the striatum. Brian regional choline contents were unaltered as were the acetylcholine turnover rates in the striatum and hippocampus. Neither choline acetyltransferase nor acetylcholinesterase activities were altered after the in vitro incubation or the in vivo administration of high amounts of the drug. CM 54903 was found to be a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the sodium-dependent high affinity uptake of choline by crude hippocampal and striatal synaptosomal preparations showing an IC50 of 10 microM in vitro. Despite the fact that the drug readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and achieves brain concentrations several-fold greater than its in vitro IC50, CM 54903 did not inhibit choline uptake in vivo although it was capable of preventing the pentylenetetrazol-stimulated choline uptake by hippocampal synaptosomes. The changes in striatal acetylcholine content induced by the blockade or the stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors or dopaminergic receptors did not interfere with the effect of CM 54903 on striatal acetylcholine content while pentylenetetrazol completely prevented the decrease. The results taken together indicate that the major effect of CM 54903 on the cholinergic neurons is at the presynaptic level to compete with choline at its uptake sites. PMID- 7104033 TI - One enzyme for the 5'-deiodination of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and 3',5' diiodothyronine in rat liver. AB - Many studies suggest that one enzyme is involved in the phenolic ring deiodination of iodothyronines in rat liver and kidney and another one in the tyrosyl ring deiodination. This study describes some characteristic of the phenolic ring (5'-) deiodination of rT3 and 3',5'-T2 by rat liver microsomes. At pH 7.2 the Km values of the 5'-deiodination of rT3 and 3',5'-T2 were 0.103 and 0.77 microM, respectively. 3',5'-T2 and rT3 inhibited the respective 5' deiodination reactions competitively, the Ki values being 1.05 and 0.134 microM, respectively. Several radiographic contrast agents markedly inhibit the 5' monodeiodination or rT3 and 3',5'-T2, the type of inhibition being competitive. Of these compounds iopanoic acid, ipodic acid and iophenoxic acid are the most potent inhibitors with Ki values of approximately 2 microM for both reactions. The non-iodine containing compound 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) appeared to be a very strong competitive inhibitor of both 5'-deiodinations (Ki 4.3-4.7 microM), whereas salicylic acid, which as ANS inhibits the binding of iodothyronines to T4-binding globulin, inhibited these reactions to a much lesser extent (Ki 300-500 microM). On the other hand, diiodosalicylic acid was a very strong inhibitor. The beta-adrenergic blocker D,L-propranolol was a weak noncompetitive inhibitor of both 5'-deiodinations (Ki 0.4-0.7 mM). These reactions were also inhibited by various 2,6-diiodophenol derivatives, triiodophenol being the strongest and diiodotyrosine the weakest inhibitor tested. Comparing the Ki values of various inhibitors for the 5'-deiodination of rT3 and 3',5'-T2, a positive correlation between these values was found (r = 0.97). It was concluded that rT3 (to 3,3'-T2) and 3'-5'-T2 (to 3'-T1) monodeiodinating activities are very similar to each other and that there may just be one monodeiodinase catalyzing the 5'-deiodination of iodothyronines in rat liver. PMID- 7104034 TI - Glucocorticoids alter the ratio of type III type I collagen synthesis by mouse dermal fibroblasts. AB - The type of collagen synthesized by primary cultures of dermal fibroblasts from two different strains of mice (A/J and C57BL6/J) was investigated. Confluent cultures were grown for four days with or without 10(-6) and 10(-7) M corticosterone or 10(-6) M dexamethasone. Glucocorticoid treatment results in a lower type III/type I procollagen ratio in both strains. While the amount of type I procollagen remains unchanged, type III is reduced to about 25 per cent of control values in the cells from both mouse strains. Thus, glucocorticoids can modulate the types of collagen synthesized by cultured cells. PMID- 7104035 TI - The effect of trans-stilbene oxide and other structurally related inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes on the pentose phosphate pathway and other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. AB - trans-Stilbene oxide has been found earlier to be a new type of inducer of drug metabolizing systems. Here we demonstrate that treatment of rats with this xenobiotic results in an increase in the activity of the cytosolic glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the first and third enzymes in th pentose phosphate pathway, to 350% and 170% of the control values, respectively. At the time microsomal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unaffected by administration of trans-stilbene oxide or benzil. The time course and dose-response of the increases in glucose 6-phosphate and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities have been characterized. The activities of ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase and ribose 5-phosphate activities have been characterized. The activities of ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase and ribose 5 phosphate ketol isomerase, enzymes further along in the pentose phosphate pathway, were not significantly affected by trans-stilbene oxide or benzil. An investigation of the effect of treating rats with different metabolites of stilbene and with other structurally related compounds on hepatic cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity revealed the structural features which are important for increasing this activity. Finally, it was found that administration of trans-stilbene oxide did not affect the activities of glucokinase and phosphoglucose isomerase, the two glycolytic enzymes which can produce glucose 6-phosphate, the link between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt. PMID- 7104036 TI - Increased binding of desmethylimipramine in plasma of phenobarbital-treated rats. AB - In plasma of untreated male Wistar rats the mean free fraction of desmethylimipramine (DMI) amounted to 10.5%. A five-day oral treatment with phenobarbital (PB) reduced it to 6.2%. A similar effect was produced in female Wistar rats and in male, but not in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Pretreatment with DDT did not alter DMI binding. The PB effect not be attributed to the presence of PB or its metabolites in plasma nor to lower levels of endogenous compounds attached to plasma proteins. Studies on single DMI-binding proteins in plasma of male Wistar rats disclosed unchanged concentrations and binding properties of albumin and total lipoproteins following PB administration, while alpha 1-acid glycoprotein isolated from plasma of PB-treated animals bound DMI stronger than that from controls and contained a higher percentage of N-acetylneuraminic acid. The enhanced binding to a chemically altered alpha 1-acid glycoprotein species is at least one factor responsible for decreased tissue-plasma concentration ratios of DMI in PB-treated rats and constitutes an unusual type of drug interaction. PMID- 7104037 TI - Metabolism of cadmium in the neonate: effect of hepatic zinc, copper and metallothionein concentrations on the uptake of cadmium in the rat liver. AB - The accumulation and subcellular distribution of Cd2+ (1 mg/kg body wt, i.p.) in the liver of the neonatal rat is age-dependent. At 4 hr after treatment the liver Cd2+ contents in the 12-day-old, 20-day-old and adult rat are similar and greater than in the 2-day-old animal. The differences in hepatic Cd2+ concentration in the older age groups are consistent with the nonlinear weight gain of the liver in the developing animal. In the hepatic cytosol Cd2+ is incorporated into a high molecular weight and metallothionein fractions and transferred from the former to the latter. This process occurs less rapidly with increasing age. The uptake of Cd2+ by the whole liver and th hepatic metallothionein is not related to the total liver concentration of Zn2+ or copper and is not significantly influenced by the concentration of pre-existing metallothionein or the concentration of thionein-bound Zn2+ or copper. The results are discussed in relation to the possible effects of Cd2+ on the liver metabolism and tissue distribution of Zn2+ and copper in the developing animal. PMID- 7104038 TI - Pharmacological modulation of the pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole. AB - The nature of the reactive metabolite of 3-methylindole is investigated using microsomal preparations prepared from the lungs of cattle. Nucleophilic thiol agents, glutathione, L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, protected microsomal proteins against alkylation by the reactive metabolite of 3-methylindole. The cytosol fraction from the lungs of cattle increased the protective effect of these thiol agents. Pretreatment of sheep with diethylmaleate, which depletes glutathione, increased the severity of the pneumotoxic effect of 3-methylindole, whereas pretreatment with L-cysteine decreased the severity of this effect. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that an electrophilic reactive metabolite of 3-methylindole is responsible for its pneumotoxic effect and implies that glutathione and glutathione S-transferases are involved in the detoxification of this reactive metabolite. Nucleophilic thiol agents can be useful in the prevention of reactive metabolite induced-lung injury. PMID- 7104039 TI - Inhibition of methemoglobin and metmyoglobin reduction by cobalt. AB - Because cobalt compounds tend to form stable complexes, there has been continued interest in the use of the salts and chelates of cobalt in cyanide poisoning, and continued uncertainty about the precise nature of their protective effects. We have found that cobalt ions inhibit the enzymatic reduction of both methemoglobin and metmyoglobin. Virtually total inhibition of methemoglobin and metmyoglobin reductase activity occurred with the addition of 2.5 mM cobalt acetate to the assay system. Both enzymes were inhibited by lower levels of cobalt in a dose dependent manner. The similarity in susceptibility of cobalt inhibition is further evidence that the enzymes which reduce methemoglobin and metmyoglobin are functionally comparable. The inhibition of methemoglobin reductase activity may be, in part, responsible for the therapeutic effectiveness of cobalt salts and chelates in cyanide poisoning. PMID- 7104040 TI - Lowering of brain levels of the depressant prostaglandin D2 by the anti depressant tranylcypromine. PMID- 7104041 TI - Promotion of membrane resealing by local anesthetics. PMID- 7104042 TI - [Ethanol and synaptosomal calcium binding]. PMID- 7104043 TI - Microsomal enzyme deficiencies in the Gunn rat. PMID- 7104044 TI - Inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidases--V. Inhibition of aminopyrine N demethylation and enhancement of aniline hydroxylation by benzoxazole derivatives. PMID- 7104045 TI - Toxic effect of chlorisondamine in neonatal rat liver. PMID- 7104046 TI - Effect of diacetylmonoxime and atropine on malathion-induced changes in blood glucose level and glycogen content of certain brain structures of rats. PMID- 7104047 TI - Cholate-salt solubilisation of bovine brain muscarinic receptors. PMID- 7104048 TI - Immunopurification of cytochrome P-448 from microsomal fractions of rabbit liver with retention of metabolic activity. PMID- 7104049 TI - The effect of various modifiers on rat microsomal peroxidase kinetics. PMID- 7104050 TI - introduction to current perspectives on the immunology of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104051 TI - Current perspectives on the immunology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Proceedings of the conference sponsored by the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, June 7-9. 1981, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PMID- 7104052 TI - Characteristics of pathogenic subpopulations of antibodies to DNA. PMID- 7104053 TI - Antineuronal antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104056 TI - Drug-related lupus. PMID- 7104054 TI - Staphylococcal protein A fluoroimmunoassay for immune complexes. PMID- 7104055 TI - Estrogen metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: patients and family members. PMID- 7104057 TI - Immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104058 TI - The pathogenesis of central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104059 TI - The value of the renal biopsy in lupus nephritis. PMID- 7104060 TI - Immunopathology of the membrane attack complex in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. PMID- 7104061 TI - The pathogenesis of extrarenal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104063 TI - Overlap features of connective tissue disease. PMID- 7104062 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical manifestations and prognosis. PMID- 7104064 TI - The management of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104065 TI - Implementation of an amplification system to assist the hearing impaired in a university setting. PMID- 7104066 TI - [Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Report of five cases with cytophotometric study of nuclear DNA (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report five cases of familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (F.E.L.H.). Two patients are brothers. One case is associated with a striking extramedullary hematopoiesis. A cytophotometric study of nuclear DNA in the histiocytes was performed in all cases. The histiocytes are diploid and there is no aneuploidy. These findings allow the authors to exclude the hypothesis of the tumoral nature of F.E.L.H. The data collected from the literature about the familial incidence of F.E.L.H. militate for an autosomal recessive transmission. The extramedullary hematopoiesis, which has not yet been reported in association with F.E.L.H., is probably due to the intense lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the bone marrow. PMID- 7104067 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis simulating histiocytosis with massive sinusal lymphadenopathy, on the first lymph node biopsy (author's transl)]. AB - The case of a 36 year old man who presented prominent bilateral cervical lymphadenopathies is reported. The diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai and Dorfman, 1969) was retained on account of a massive hyperplasia of foamy histiocytes with PAS + inclusions, lipidic storage and hemocytophagy in the sinuses and cords of the lymph nodes. The patient died after 34 months evolution. At the autopsy an important proliferation by large atypical sometimes multinucleated cells in the lymph nodes, liver, bone and spleen was found, as observed in malignant histiocytosis. The ultrastructural study confirmed the histiocytic nature of the cells. The interest of immunohistochemical studies on paraffin embedded material with characterization of tumor histiocytes with lysozyme and alpha 1 antichymotrypsin is discussed. This report described an unusual form of malignant histiocytosis simulating on his early phase sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. PMID- 7104068 TI - ["Vestigial cells" of the transitional area of the uterine-cervix. Comparative morphological study with the subcylindrical-reserve-cells (author's transl)]. AB - The squamo-cylindrical junction represents a transitional area of unstable epithelium. It consists of slightly differentiated cells which disclosed resemblance in morphological pattern with germinal cells of the basal layer in the exocervical squamous epithelium. These unstable cells, according to the authors, may be derived from the cranial, most cephalic extend of the sinusal vaginal plate which had formed the epithelium of the entire vagina and the vaginal portion of the cervix up to the squamo-columnar junction. Ultrastructural analysis disclosed no similarities between cells of the squamo-columnar junction and subcylindrical reserve cells which exhibited sometimes resemblance to the "mesenchymal cells" found within the surrounding stroma. PMID- 7104069 TI - [Enteropathy due to clofazimine treatment. A case report with an ultrastructural study]. AB - The authors report a case of enteropathy due to clofazimine treatment for prurigo nodularis. The drug usually restricted to the treatment of leprosy has sometime been given to patients suffering from skin diseases because of its assumed anti inflammatory effects. When high dosage of clofazimine treatment is carried on during a long period, and drug accumulates in the tissues and precipitates as a solid. This crystal storage in the lamina propria of the jejunal mucosa and in the mesenteric lymph nodes accounts for an enteropathy, sometime severe but slowly regressing after drug withdrawal. The electron microscopic study shows the prints of these crystals in autophagic vacuoles of histiocytes. PMID- 7104070 TI - [Could isolated mesangial deposits of C3 be responsible of glomerular hematuric nephropathies (author's transl)]. AB - This communication presents three cases of prolonged macroscopic hematuria in young subjects. Complementary explorations eliminated urologic or vascular causes. Renal biopsies showed minimal glomerular lesions with light microscopy, normal basement membranes in electron microscopy and mesangial deposits of C3 and properdine in immunofluorescence. Although the mesangial deposits of C3 lack specificity and the number of observations is small, it appears useful to report such cases so as to indicate their frequency and perhaps their autonomy, in glomerular hematuric nephropathies. PMID- 7104071 TI - Postcapillary venules in lymph nodes in 3 cases of Sezary syndromes. PMID- 7104073 TI - [Method for study and histological evaluation of the uterus (author's transl)]. AB - The technique of examination and sampling of a cone biopsy or hysterectomy specimen fulfils precise criteria which make it possible to make or confirm a diagnosis and to evaluate prognosis on the basis of complete excision or the state of spread of the lesion. Routinely cone specimen is examined in at least six sections from the anterior lip and at least six from the posterior lip. The uterus must be weighed, measured, oriented, opened in the frontal plane and specimens taken with precise topographical identification, examination of the fresh specimen and of small but multiple and selected specimens is recommended. PMID- 7104072 TI - [Massive aortic thrombosis of newborn. One case (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report a case of aortic massive thrombosis complicating dehydration and neonatal infection in a 30 days old boy. This thrombosis seems have began in ductus arteriosus. Discussion of etio-pathogenesis of such aortic thrombosis is based upon literature review. PMID- 7104074 TI - [Histological typing of breast tumors. Second edition. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1981]. AB - The WHO Histological Classification of Breast Tumors, published in 1968 has been completely revised. This second edition provides a recommended nomenclature, definitions and code numbers for both tumors and tumor-like lesions. It aims at promoting uniformity in recording and reporting diagnoses in order to facilitate international and other comparisons. PMID- 7104075 TI - [Demonstration of antigens in biological products by coagulation of staphylococci containing protein A]. PMID- 7104076 TI - [Vitamin E: serum levels in men, normal and pregnant women]. PMID- 7104077 TI - [Primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 7104079 TI - [Infections in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 7104078 TI - [Use of the "minute count" of urinary erythrocytes in the genetic assessment of families with Alport's disease]. PMID- 7104080 TI - [Difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 7104081 TI - [Congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy]. PMID- 7104082 TI - [Conquering rheumatic fever in Mexico. A hope still unsatisfied]. PMID- 7104083 TI - [Malnutrition, infection and immunodeficiency]. PMID- 7104084 TI - The role of frontal cortex-reticular interactions in performance and extinction of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in the rabbit. AB - In order to investigate the behavioral role of interactions between frontal cortex and reticular nuclei, we examined the effects of single and combined lesions of these structures on the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) of rabbits. Lesions of frontal cortex decreased latencies of the conditioned NMRs in reacquisition and retarded extinction of the conditioned response. Lesions of nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (NRPO) produced similar effects. In contrast, lesions of nucleus reticularis tegmenti (NRT) increased NMR latencies during reacquisition. The opposite effects of frontal cortex and NRT lesions were abolished when the two lesions were combined, indicating that the two lesion effects summed. In contrast, the deficits due to frontal and NRPO lesions did not sum; combined frontal-NRPO lesions produced deficits very similar in magnitude and time course to those of the NRPO lesions alone. These findings suggest that frontal cortex may exert its inhibitory effects on behavior not by directly interacting with NRT, but by facilitating NRPO, which in turn may inhibit the nucleus of the VIth nerve, the final common pathway to the NMR. NRT may facilitate the motor pathway by modulating the inhibitory effect of NRPO on the VIth nerve nucleus. PMID- 7104085 TI - Interactions between components of the avian visual system. AB - Pigeons were trained to perform in a psychophysical procedure for determining luminance difference thresholds. After the psychometric data had stabilized, lesions were made in specific cell populations of the tectofugal visual pathway. In one group of pigeons, the lesions were confined to nucleus rotundus (Rt). In a second group, the lesions included not only Rt, but also the pars ventralis of the lateral geniculate nucleus (GLv). In the third group, the lesions included Rt, GLv and nucleus subpretectalis (SP). The postoperative performance of the birds in the Rt group showed elevations in threshold that represented substantial losses in sensory capacity. In contrast, the birds with lesions of Rt + GLv showed little or no change in their postoperative thresholds. Finally, the birds in the Rt + GLv + SP group were as impaired postoperatively as the birds with lesions of Rt alone. The results are interpreted in the context of the interaction between components of parallel routes within the tectofugal pathway and parallel pathways within the visual system. PMID- 7104086 TI - Selective effects of hippocampal and frontal cortex lesions on a spatial learning problem in two inbred strains of mice. AB - The effects of dorsal hippocampal and medial frontal lesions of the cortex on a spatial learning problem were studied in two inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6 and DBA/2) which present both neuroanatomical differences of such structures and various patterns of spontaneous exploration. The results showed that hippocampal lesions produced impairments of the learning performance in each strain of mouse, but the temporal distribution of the errors over the experiment was found to be strain dependent. On the other hand, medial frontal cortex lesions selectively affected the learning performances since the acquisition process of only the C57BL/6 lesioned mice differed significantly from the other groups. The effects of these lesions are discussed in terms of genetically associated differences of brain structures and functions. It is suggested that investigations of such differences can provide an experimental model for the study of functional and structural recovery. PMID- 7104088 TI - An operant chamber for wild rodents. PMID- 7104087 TI - Behavioural responses to novelty in two inbred mouse strains after intrahippocampal naloxone and morphine. AB - Male C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were injected intrahippocampally with either naloxone (0.5 microgram) or morphine (1.0 microgram), or saline vehicle alone and, after 15 min, some 12 behavioural components carried out in a novel environment were recorded for 20 min. Naloxone reduced exploratory rearing responses, wall-leaning and object-sniffing in strain C57BL/6 and augmented these behaviours in strain DBA/2, while morphine depressed the scores in both. In conjunction with previously obtained evidence that the mouse hippocampus contains a genotype dependent cholinergic mechanism which regulates responses to novelty, these findings support the hypothesis that hippocampal opioid peptides modulate the cholinergic control of exploration in mice, possibly indirectly through GABAergic pathways. In contrast, locomotor activity, defaecation and tail elevation remained practically unaffected by the two drugs, and grooming showed another kind of genotype-treatment interaction, that is to say, after morphine. PMID- 7104092 TI - [Identification and determination of N-docosanol in the bark extract of Pygeum africanum and in patent medicines containing it]. PMID- 7104090 TI - [Determination of blood levels of dilazep by HPLC]. PMID- 7104089 TI - Reward produced by microinjection of (D-Ala2),Met5-enkephalinamide into the ventral tegmental area. PMID- 7104091 TI - [2,4-diamino-6-piperidinyl- and 6-piperazinylpyrimidine 3-oxides, new analogs of minoxidil]. PMID- 7104093 TI - [Determination of the MIC of various disinfectants using microbial strains isolated from hospital environments]. PMID- 7104094 TI - [Behavior of cardiorespiratory parameters in ischemia induced in the lower limbs. I) Monolateral ischemia]. AB - The subject of present research has been to study the effects of ischemia determining pain and cardiorespiratory modifications observed during and after isometric contraction of a quadriceps muscle subjected to a constant load. Therefore, in the same lower limb used for the previous test; an ischemia has been caused and protracted for the same amount of time. During and after the test the pain's intensity, VE, HR and VO2 have been noted. The obtained results have been subjected to statistic survey which has not proved significant variations of the studied cardiorespiratory parameters. Moreover pain has not arise during the test. A supposition that in those conditions only a little quantity of active metabolites can, be made. They conclude, therefore, that ischemia is a modest component in the cardiorespiratory modifications' determinism obtained with a test of isometric contraction of a quadriceps muscle subjected to a constant load. PMID- 7104095 TI - [Behavior of cardiorespiratory parameters in ischemia induced in the lower limbs. II) Prolonged bilateral ischemia]. AB - On the aim to evaluate the influence of ischemia in the modifications of some cardiorespiratory parameters during and after an isometric contraction of he quadriceps muscle subjected to a constant load, the authors have been studied the behaviour of VE, VO2, HR and intensity of pain on subject which has had ischemia on both lower limbs. The results have been used for a statistic survey. During the test any VO2 meaningful variations have not been observed, while a VE and HR linear increase has been noticed. Furthermore pain has not appeared. Absence of pain, HR decrease and fast VE and VO2 increase, has been observed after the test. They conclude that a large area of ischemia for a sufficiently long time produce a small variations in some of the cardiorespiratory parameters studied. It is so prove that muscular work and not the ischemia is the principal component in the production of metabolites that cause the pain and also the cardiorespiratory modifications. PMID- 7104096 TI - [Chronotherapy of obesity. I. Effect of fenfluramine on the decrease of adipose mass in the obese, in relation to the time of administration]. AB - In order to evaluate if a weight-reducing drug,-fenfluramine-(F.), administrated in different times of a day, provokes different rates of body weight reduction, it has been given in a group of obese patients according to 3 protocols: in the morning as a single dose of 80 mg. (Pr. M.); in the afternoon as a single dose of 80 mg. (Pr. A); and three times a day, at 08.00, 13.00 and 20.00 (Pr. T.T.). The administration of a single dose in the morning for 4 weeks provokes a higher decrease of body weight compared with the administration of the drug in the afternoon or three times a day for an equivalent period of time, (p less than 0.01; p less than 0,05). In addition the decrease in body weight appears significantly correlated with the decrease of adipose mass, obtained according to Hume and Weyers formulae. These preliminary results suggest to study the eating behaviour in order to observe if fenfluramine, which is known to affect the eating behaviour, changes its efficacy according to the time of administration and consequently its activity on body weight and adipose mass. PMID- 7104097 TI - [Chronotherapy of obesity. II. Variations in eating behavior in the obese after fenfluramine treatment in relation to time of administration]. AB - The administration of Fenfluramine (F.) in a single dose in the morning provokes a different effect on eating behavior (E.B.) in comparison with the administration of the same dose three times/day. It is observed a shorter duration of eating (p less than 001); a decrease of total kcalories ingested during the day, and hunger feeling. These results are reviewed on the basis of present knowledge on drug-kinetic and on previous work in our laboratory which documented higher decrease of body weight and adipose mass when the F. was administered in a single dose in the morning than in the afternoon or three times a day. PMID- 7104098 TI - Topographic variations of the skin impedence in the normal young adults. AB - In the normal young adults were studied electrical characteristics of the skin in five different regions. The results obtained have demonstrated presence of the topographic differences of the external resistance as well as capacity. It does not seem like that these differences can be correlated with the thickness at the corneal layer, but rather with the different glandular composition from one region to another and probably with the different hydration state of the skin. There were also demonstrated differences between sexes, characterized by the lower external resistance in males than in females. PMID- 7104099 TI - Effect of 4'-oxythiamine on thiamin transport and phosphorylation by everted jejunal sacs, and on thiamin uptake by rat isolated enterocytes. AB - Two preparations were used for the present investigation. Rat everted jejunal sacs were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.2 microM [thiazole-2-14C] -thiamin, with or without 2 microM 4' oxythiamine. Suspensions of rat isolated enterocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C for 15 min in Ringer-Krebs, pH 7.4, containing 10 mM d-glucose and 0.125 microM [thiazole-2-14C] -thiamin, with or without 1.25 or 12.50 microM 4'-oxythiamine. Radiometric methods were used for the determination of: labeled thiamin net transport, free and phosphorylated thiamin content in the sac walls, total thiamin content in the isolated enterocytes. 4'-oxythiamine, at a molecular ratio with thiamin of 10:1, did not modify labeled thiamin net transport and accumulation by everted jejunal sacs, but caused a slight, statistically insignificant, decrease of labeled phosphorylated thiamin content of the sac walls. 4'-oxythiamine, at a molecular ratio of 10:1 or 100:1, did not inhibit labeled thiamin uptake by isolated enterocytes. Therefore, 4'-oxythiamine, which is known to be unable to inhibit thiamin enzymatic phosphorylation, did not affect thiamin intestinal transport both by everted intestinal sacs and isolated enterocytes. The present results can be interpreted as a further evidence that intracellular thiamin phosphorylation is an important step in thiamin intestinal transport. PMID- 7104101 TI - [Analytical expression of acid-base equilibrium in human blood. I. Editing of a subroutine program]. AB - A subroutine for evaluating the acid-base status in human blood is described. It employs as inputs seven parameters: pH-pO2-pCO2-Hb-Ht-the subject's temperature T and the plasmaprotein content PP and is based on a series of mathematical interrelationships existing between these various blood constituents. As output it returns the base excess (BE) of the whole blood and a number of pertinent data relating to the acid-base status and to the gas transport mechanisms in erythrocytes and plasma. An important advantage of this subroutine on other major procedures is that it can be accommodated into the memory space of a medium seized electronic calculator. PMID- 7104100 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow: normal values in healthy volunteers obtained by a 32 probes xenon 133 inhalation system. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 15 healthy young volunteers in psycho-sensorial rest by the 32 probes Xe133 inhalation system. The mean hemispheric values are in good agreement with those reported in literature and obtained with a limited number of probes. The regional values of the flow in the gray matter are higher in the basal-temporal and frontal regions. This regional pattern is not evident for the other considered parameters (flow in the white matter, mean flow, "weight" of the gray matter). PMID- 7104102 TI - [Analytical expression of acid-base equilibrium in human blood. II. Verified application of a subroutine program]. AB - A program listing of a subroutine for conversion of seven human physiological parameters: pH-pO2-pCO2-Hb-Ht-the subject's temperature T and the plasmaprotein content PP into whole blood base excess is detailed for use with a medium seized electronic calculator coupled with a data printer. The operating instructions are also given. The subroutine is self-contained and can easily accept a correction of the empirical factors which are in animals different from human. Its use was tested in a series of 36 clinical samples of blood and the results were compared wih those obtained on the same samples with three different nomograms. No statistically significant difference was found between the four methods. PMID- 7104103 TI - [Acid phosphatase in the liver of the normal rat and the rat with Yoshida ascites hepatoma after stimulation with phytohemagglutinins and a physiological solution]. PMID- 7104104 TI - [Epidemiology of epilepsy--incidence rate and prevalence rate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104106 TI - [Epidemiology of brain tumors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104105 TI - [Epidemiology of stroke (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104107 TI - [A histopathological study on a glioma with radiation necrosis and brain stem spongiform degeneration (author's transl)]. AB - A histopathological study on an autopsy case of 38-year-old female who had suffered from huge glioma and received radiation therapy as well as operation and chemotherapy was reported. The tumor mainly involved the right frontal lobe and partially invaded to the left cerebral hemisphere. Subarachnoidal dissemination of tumor cells was noticed in cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Under the microscope the tumor was mainly consisted of astrocytic tumor cells, while oligodendrocytic ones and those with anaplastic or bizarre nuclei were observed among them. Though ependymomatous appearance was partially seen, no true rosette was found. From these findings the tumor was histologically diagnosed as anaplastic glioma. Simultaneously, there was massive coagulative necrosis which was limited to the irradiated area in the tumor tissue and surely attributable to irradiation. In addition, proliferation of gemistocytic astrocytes which was independent of glioma itself was widely observed in the field of irradiation. Another remarkable finding was spongiform degeneration which was located in the subpial area of brain stem including degenerative products of myelin sheaths and axons with neither inflammatory changes not gliosis. In some papers it is suggested that such a lesion has something to do with irradiation or chemotherapy. But in our case this lesion was found in non-irradiated area and no intramedullary injection of chemical agents was performed. Further, the distribution of this lesion was for the most part restricted to the domain of the pontine cistern which had been huge owing to stagnant hemorrhagic fluid. Therefore, it is highly probable that this lesion was caused by the abnormal pia glial barrier. PMID- 7104108 TI - [The acquisition of language through finger spelling in a child with auditory agnosia (author's transl)]. AB - A child with auditory agnosia for verbal and nonverbal sounds was reported. He was born without difficulty and his early development was normal. At the age of 14 months, he suffered from herpes simplex encephalitis and fell in a trance. Soon after he recovered from the illness, he found not to pay any attention to sounds and not to speak any words. He was referred to Teikyo University hospital at 2.5 years of age for the hearing measurement. The average threshold of conditioned orientation reflex audiometry at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz were 85 dB, while the threshold of auditory brain stem response was 15 dB which is normal. CT scan demonstrated bilateral lesions of superior temporal gyrus. Neurological examination revealed nothing particular except the troubles with hearing and speech. He was made a diagnosis of auditory agnosia. The speech therapy was started at two years old. During the first three years, he was taught how to communicate with gestures and lip reading. However, it was difficult for him to understand the meaning of gestures and lip reading. During these years he could acquire lip reading of simple words. As to environmental sounds, he could respond the telephone-bell and the organ at three years and seven months old, but could not discriminate other sounds. At five years old, finger spelling for his language education was introduced. He appeared to have learned finger spelling more easily and could read and write several letters through finger spelling within a month. One year after introduction of finger spelling, he acquired about 60 words (54 nouns and 6 verbs) and could read words and two-words sentences. However, the speed of his acquisition of language was very slow for his age. Now, he can understand mother's simple instructions and communicate with his mother and his speech therapist through finger spelling, but his responses toward environmental sounds are not stable yet. The course of this patient suggests that language acquisition of children with auditory agnosia might be different from that of deaf children. The prognosis of auditory agnosia in children is controversial. In this patient, the development of language is not good as well as in most previous reports, perhaps because of extensive lesions of language area. The patients with auditory agnosia is frequently mistaken for deaf or mentally retarded children. We emphasize that the early diagnosis and early speech therapy with visual communication are needed for these children. PMID- 7104110 TI - [Compliance of brain--Part 2 Approach from the local elastic and viscous moduli (author's transl)]. AB - It is important to have information about physical property of the brain in order to elucidate both the physical changes of the morbid brain and the physical mechanism of the traumatic brain injury. Under the hypothesis that reaction of the active brain to the dynamic load can be compared to the Maxwell-Voigt three dimensional model, elastic property of the brain was obtained as the Young's modulus (E: 10(-2) Kgf/cm2) of which error was less than 10%, and viscous property of the brain as the Viscous modulus (eta: 10(-2) Kgf.sec/cm2). And it was confirmed that the reactive pressure of the brain to dynamic load came from the surface to about 15 mm depth of the brain. In this report, experiments were done on the alive normal brains, the edematous ones nd necrotic ones which were produced by the cold injury (dry ice-aceton) in dogs (9.0--16.0 Kg). In the normal brain, E = 3.24 +/- 0.25, eta = 1.10 +/- 0.37 and these moduli were also stable when the physical conditions of the brain were stable. Under the dehydration by 20% mannitol, E increased in its value (p less than 0.01). But under the hydration by 5% glucose, E did not change at all. In the edematous brain, E = 3.28 +/- 0.44, eta = 1.74 +/- 0.06 and E of the edematous brain was almost same as that of normal ones, but under the dehydration, E of the edematous brain decreased (p less than 0.10), on the other hand it increased in its value under the hydration (p less than 0.05). In the necrotic brain, E = 1.60 +/- 0.14, eta = 0.82 +/- 0.28. Both moduli were of lower values and moreover they did not change its values at all under dehydration and hydration. As Young's modulus is the elastic index of the brain, the converse (1/E) should be compliance of the brain, that is to say, buffer effect of the brain. As for the compliance, the necrotic brain has maximum buffer effect and the over-hydrated edematous brain and the dehydrated normal ones have minimum buffer effect. From analysing the changes of the viscous moduli, it became clear that the viscous moduli took quite different functions in alive brains and in fatal ones, and it was suspected that the alive brain might not be so simple in its viscoelastic property. PMID- 7104109 TI - [Computed tomography in brain metastases (author's transl)]. AB - CT scan of the one hundred and sixteen metastatic brain tumors in 50 patients was reviewed and compared to the previous reports. The most common primary organ was lung (43%) followed by breast (18%), colon (10%) and kidney (6%). Solitary nodule was found in 20 patients (40%). On plain CT scan, tumor nodules were demonstrated as slightly high density in 38 (33%), isodensity in 50 (43%) and slightly low density in 28 (24%). Majority of tumor nodules were present in the corticomedullary junction (82%). Brain edema seen as a peritumoral low density was extensive in comparison with the edema in the glioma of the similar size. On contrast CT scan, ring like enhancement was seen in 41 (35%). Intra-tumoral bleeding was shown in 2 metastatic nodules from choriocarcinoma and in one metastatic nodule from renal cell carcinoma. All 3 cases were proved by surgery or autopsy. PMID- 7104111 TI - "Torsade de pointes" tachycardia. Re-entry or focal activity? AB - Paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia in which the amplitude and the direction of QRS complexes change periodically are defined as "torsade de pointes" tachycardias. The mechanism of this atypical ventricular arrhythmia has not yet been elucidated. The aim of our study was to induce "torsade de pointes" tachycardia experimentally, in order to gain insight into its possible mechanism. The experiments were carried out with isolated porcine hearts, perfused by the Langendorff technique. Epicardial electrocardiograms were recorded by unipolar leads. The specific pattern of "torsade de pointes" tachycardia could be induced by stimulation of the right and left ventricles in phase. From our experimental observations we conclude that a possible cause of "torsade de pointes" tachycardia is the interaction of two ectopic ventricular foci. PMID- 7104112 TI - Significance of complete right bundle-branch block when an isolated finding. An echocardiographic study. AB - Twenty-seven patients with complete right bundle-branch block as the only abnormal finding were studied using high speed M-mode echocardiography to determine the effect of the electrical delay on the mechanical events of right ventricular systole. Pulmonary valve opening (PVOm) was delayed in all cases. In some the delay was mainly between mitral valve closure (MVC) and tricuspid valve closure (TVC), and this was designated proximal block. In the others the main delay was between tricuspid valve closure and pulmonary valve opening and this was designated distal block. The patients were divided into those with proximal and those with distal block by calculating the ratio TVC-PVOm/MVC-TVC. Twelve out of 13 of those with distal delay but only one out of 14 of those with proximal delay had episodes of syncope or near syncope. These results are consistent with previous theories about the pathophysiology of right bundle-branch block. Echocardiography may offer a non-invasive method to estimate the prognosis in isolated right bundle-branch block. PMID- 7104113 TI - M-mode echocardiographic features of endomyocardial fibrosis. AB - M-mode echocardiographic findings are described in 21 patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Features associated with right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis include: (i) exaggerated motion and thickening of the anterior right ventricular wall; (ii) increased right ventricular end-diastolic dimension; and (iii) paradoxical septal motion. Pericardial effusion (viz an echo free space behind the posterior left ventricular wall) was shown in three patients. The tricuspid valve was easily recorded in all. Six patients with left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis had diminished left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. Three had echo features of pulmonary hypertension (viz reduced e-f slope, absent a wave in sinus rhythm, and systolic notching of the pulmonary valve echogram). Fine fluttering of the anterior mitral valve and tricuspid valve echo was observed in two patients (one of whom was in sinus rhythm) with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis, and no angiographic evidence of aortic regurgitation. PMID- 7104114 TI - Cross-sectional echocardiographic recognition of interruption of aortic arch between left carotid and subclavian arteries. AB - Interrupted aortic arch is a rare condition, usually lethal in early infancy without treatment. The only characteristic feature on conventional non-invasive investigation is peripheral pulse inequality, which indicates ductal construction, and therefore may be absent or transient and preterminal. We report the cross-sectional echocardiographic findings in seven patients with aortic arch interruption between the left carotid and subclavian arteries. Their ages were 1 day to 7 months (median 7.5 days). The arterial connection was concordant in four, double outlet right ventricle in two, and truncus arteriosus in one. In each case the ascending aorta was small in comparison to the pulmonary trunk. From the suprasternal approach the ascending aorta could be seen to terminate in the left carotid artery, and the ductus to continue smoothly into the descending aorta, with no vestige of an aortic arch linking its ascending and descending portions. The left subclavian artery was seen to arise distal to the ductus in all but one patient. All four patients with ventriculoarterial concordance had pronounced subaortic stenosis caused by posterior displacement of the infundibular septum. Cross-sectional echocardiography therefore provides the only accurate method of non-invasive diagnosis of this condition. It permits early treatment with prostaglandins to prevent ductal closure, a planned approach to cardiac catheterisation, and a further means of investigating the nature of subaortic stenosis in this condition. PMID- 7104115 TI - Complete congenital heart block. Report of 35 cases. AB - Congenital complete atrioventricular block is uncommon, and the outlook is usually regarded as favourable. Thirty-five patients with congenital heart block are presented. There was no obvious sex difference and their ages ranged from 12 days to 85 years, though most were under the age of 20 years when first seen. Accompanying heart disease was noted in six, but presentation with symptoms in early infancy was a more serious risk factor in our experience. Permanent pacing was required in 21, three of whom were neonates. One of the 14 unpaced patients died unexpectedly at the age of 5 years. Long term supervision is necessary, as most will require permanent pacing before their 50th birthday. PMID- 7104116 TI - Absent left atrioventricular connection with right atrium connected to morphologically left ventricular chamber, rudimentary right ventricular chamber, and ventriculoarterial discordance. Problem of mitral versus tricuspid atresia. AB - Four cases of absent left atrioventricular connection are reported. The observations from these cases have been used to emphasise problems concerning the use of the confusing terms "tricuspid" and "mitral" atresia to describe such hearts. One of the four cases represents a very uncommon condition since the rudimentary chamber was contralateral to the side of the absent emphasis given to the surgical implications of these anomalies. PMID- 7104117 TI - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Repair using deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in 44 consecutive infants. AB - Forty-four consecutive infants aged from 3 days to 10 months underwent repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection using deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest. There were eight (18%) early hospital deaths. Using multivariate analysis no significant association could be shown between early mortality and age or weight at operation, preoperative pulmonary or systemic pressure, and preoperative condition for patients undergoing operation during the most recent five year period. Late pulmonary venous obstruction developed in four (11%) of the survivors and all of these patients died. PMID- 7104118 TI - Routine radionuclide techniques in evaluation of patients with suspected coronary heart disease. AB - Myocardial scintigraphy with thallium-201 and electrocardiogram-gated left ventriculography with technetium-99m labelled red blood cells were applied in four groups of subjects: 25 with no signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease (group 1), 28 with a "false" positive exercise electrocardiogram (group 2), 14 with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms (group 3), and 43 with angina pectoris and fixed coronary artery stenoses (group 4). In groups 1 and 4 the radionuclide findings were in accordance with clinical and invasive measurements. In groups 2 and 3 the most important finding was the lack of increase in left ventricular ejection fraction during exercise in about half of these subjects (even a decrease in 25%), indicating subnormal myocardial reserve. The additional finding of pathological myocardial biopsies in four of these patients suggests that asymptomatic ST depression in patients with normal coronary angiograms may in some cases represent an early, preclinical sign of cardiomyopathy. PMID- 7104120 TI - Coronary artery narrowing without irreversible myocardial damage or development of collaterals. Assessment of "critical" stenosis in a human model. AB - Postinfarction cardiac rupture is the result of thrombotic occlusion of a functional end artery with no previous myocardial damage in the perfusion area of the occluded artery. The pre-existing atherosclerotic stenosis at the site of thrombosis is thus"non-critical" in relation to development of collateral vessels and/or irreversible myocardial damage. Eleven cases of postinfarction cardiac rupture were studied by microscopy of cross-sections of the thrombosed segments. At the site of the thrombosis, pre-existing atherosclerosis had narrowed the lumen to 11% or less of its normal cross-sectional area. Maximal pre-existing narrowing of the proximal left anterior descending artery was found in a case with 97% stenosis (histologically measured cross-sectional area reduction) and an estimated residual lumen of 0.71 mm2. The prestenotic luminal area which is usually considered angiographically as "normal" was in all cases shown histologically to be severely narrowed by a diffuse intimal thickening. It is concluded that organic coronary stenosis must be far greater than 75% to be responsible for the development of collateral vessels and/or irreversible myocardial damage. PMID- 7104119 TI - Reversible ischaemia of right ventricle detected by exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy. AB - Exercise and redistribution thallium-201 imaging is commonly used for the detection and evaluation of left ventricular ischaemia and infarction. The right ventricle is frequently visualised after stress and sometimes on redistribution images. The visualisation of the right ventricle at rest is thought to be abnormal and is suggestive of pressure or volume overload of the right ventricle, either a result of pulmonary hypertension or secondary to left ventricular dysfunction. Using stress and delayed 201Tl imaging we have shown reversible left and right ventricular ischaemia and fixed left ventricular perfusion defects in two patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular dyskinesia caused by prior myocardial infarction. Judging by the rarity of this finding as well as taking into consideration 201Tl kinetics, it is suggested that reversible right ventricular ischaemia after exercise may only be detected in patients with coronary artery disease who have severely compromised ventricular function. This finding may have therapeutic and prognostic significance. PMID- 7104122 TI - Rupture of a papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic diagnosis. AB - Abnormal tricuspid valve structure and motion resulting from the rupture of a right ventricular papillary muscle were visualised by two dimensional echocardiography. These findings were confirmed at operation. Two dimensional echocardiography appears to be a satisfactory method for evaluating patients with tricuspid regurgitation of sudden onset with a view to surgery. PMID- 7104121 TI - Left ventricular function in hypothyroidism. Responses to exercise and beta adrenoceptor blockade. AB - The effects of exercise and beta adrenoceptor blockade on left ventricular function were assessed in eight patients with hypothyroidism before and during thyroxine replacement treatment. Left ventricular ejection fraction, measured by radionuclide ventriculography, was reduced in hypothyroid patients at rest and on exercise. The rise in ejection fraction with exercise was, however, similar in both groups. Pretreatment with intravenous propranolol reduced the ejection fraction at rest 9% in both hypothyroid and euthyroid patients and reduced the rise on exercise. Directional changes in a second index of myocardial contractility based on the shape of the ventricular volume curve paralleled the changes in the ejection fraction. Left ventricular function is therefore reversibly depressed by thyroid hormone deficiency but responses to exercise and beta adrenoceptor blockade are normal. There is no evidence of altered adrenergic sensitivity in the control of myocardial contractility in hypothyroidism. PMID- 7104123 TI - Valve replacement for severe tricuspid regurgitation caused by Libman-Sacks endocarditis. PMID- 7104125 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and coronary artery spasm. PMID- 7104124 TI - Congenital atresia of left coronary ostium. AB - A two-year-old girl, who presented with congestive heart failure and an extensive anterolateral infarction, was thought to have anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. She improved rapidly and remained symptom free until 13 years of age, when she died suddenly. At necropsy the right coronary artery was found to be normal but in the left aortic sinus a dimple was the only remnant of the left coronary ostium. The proximal segment of the left long term follow-up of a patient with this rare anomaly. PMID- 7104126 TI - Hang-out time of pulmonary valve in d-transposition of great arteries. PMID- 7104127 TI - The anaesthetist and respiratory dysfunction. PMID- 7104129 TI - Intrathecal bupivacaine. PMID- 7104128 TI - Antagonism of neuromuscular block. PMID- 7104130 TI - Epidemiology in anaesthesia. I: Anaesthetic practice over 20 years. PMID- 7104131 TI - Epidemiology in anaesthesia. II: Factors affecting mortality in hospital. PMID- 7104132 TI - Epidemiology in anaesthesia. III: Mortality risk in patients with coexisting physical disease. AB - The Cardiff Anaesthetic Record System has been used to examine the hospital mortality rates and relative risks for patients having anaesthesia who have certain preoperative conditions coexisting with their disease requiring surgery. Each preoperative condition was associated with a higher mortality rate than occurred in patients with no preoperative condition (for example ischaemic heart disease 7%, diabetes 5.7%, no preoperative condition 0.5%). Mortality was greater for emergency than for elective operations. In contrast to an increasing mortality by age, the relative mortality risk decreased, suggesting that in older age groups coexisting disease may be less important than other risk factors in determining mortality. PMID- 7104133 TI - Effect of extradural analgesia using bupivacaine and 2-chloroprocaine on intervillous blood flow during normal labour. AB - The effect of lumbar extradural analgesia on intervillous blood flow (IBF) during labour was studied in 26 healthy parturients using an i.v. bolus injection of xenon-133. There was a 19% decrease (n.s.) in mean IBF in six parturients (non extradural control group). Mean IBF increased by 37.5% when 0.25% bupivacaine 10 ml was used and by 35.2% when 2% 2-chloroprocaine 10 ml was used (n.s.). When the two extradural groups were combined, the mean difference between IBF1 and IBF2 was 45 +/- 112 ml min-1 dl-1. This increase is statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The improvement in IBF after extradural block was considered to be a result of the decreased uterine vascular resistance, as no significant changes were observed in arterial pressure, uterine activity or uterine tone. PMID- 7104134 TI - Plasma concentrations of lignocaine and its metabolites during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. AB - Lignocaine metabolites are known to have both antiarrhythmic and toxic effects. Large plasma concentrations of these metabolites have been reported following endotracheal instillation of lignocaine. We measured plasma lignocaine monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), and glycinexylidide (GX) concentrations for up to 4h after fibreoptic bronchoscopy. The total dose of lignocaine required to suppress coughing varied between 230 mg and 364 mg. Small therapeutic lignocaine concentrations occurred transiently in nine of 19 patients after the bronchoscopy examination had finished. Only one patient achieved a plasma lignocaine concentration in the range of minor toxicity. Metabolite peaks occurred later and were of much smaller magnitude. They were unlikely to contribute to prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmia or to toxicity. It would seem to be safe to use topical lignocaine in doses greater than the currently recommended maximum (200 mg) in conscious patients during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 7104135 TI - Immunological aspects of adverse reactions to althesin. AB - Sequential plasma samples from 30 patients showing clinical signs of hypersensitivity to Althesin were investigated to determine if a specific immune response to the drug was present (as measured by classical complement pathway activation) or if a non-antibody-dependent alternative complement pathway activation was taking place. The patients were classified as those reacting on first exposure to Althesin and those who reacted adversely only on a second exposure. The alternative complement pathway, but not the classical pathway, was activated in five of the 13 first-time reactors, while in the remaining eight no complement activation was detected. In contrast, classical complement pathway activation was demonstrated in the blood samples of all 17 patients reacting on repeat exposure. Severe reactions occurred in nine of the 17 previously exposed patients compared with only one of the 13 reacting on first exposure to Althesin. PMID- 7104136 TI - Anaesthesia for outpatient termination of pregnancy. A comparison of two anaesthetic techniques. AB - Inhalation anaesthesia with enflurane was compared with i.v. fentanyl for outpatient termination of pregnancy. Blood loss was greater in the enflurane group with a geometric mean loss of 73.0 ml compared with 43.9 ml in the fentanyl group. There was a greater frequency of nausea nd vomiting in the fentanyl group and no reduction in abdominal pain or need for analgesia after operation. A close relationship was found between blood loss and duration of the procedure but not between blood loss and gestational age or gestational age and anaesthetic time. Either technique is satisfactory for outpatient termination of pregnancy in unpremedicated patients. Despite the greater blood losses with enflurane, it is a safe and reliable method of anaesthesia for this procedure, but the concentration and duration of administration should be kept to a minimum. PMID- 7104138 TI - Allergy to local anaesthesia. PMID- 7104139 TI - Controlled hypotension to minimize blood loss of anaemic Jehovah's witness patient undergoing total hip and shoulder replacement. PMID- 7104141 TI - Pindolol: the relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity after 12 years of experience. PMID- 7104137 TI - Ketamine and e.e.g. seizure waves: interaction with anti-epileptic drugs. AB - When unrestrained cats were with ketamine 2-6 mg kg-1 i.v., anaesthesia was associated with seizure waves induced in the cortical e.e.g. After cats were pretreated with trimethadione 500 mg kg-1 i.p., ketamine did not induce seizure waves. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin 25 or 100 mg kg-1 i.p. slightly enhanced seizure waves following ketamine. In both situations the anaesthetic effect of ketamine remained unaffected. PMID- 7104140 TI - Platelet function in malignant hyperpyrexia. PMID- 7104142 TI - Cardiac dose-response relationships of oral and intravenous pindolol. PMID- 7104143 TI - Effects of age and smoking on the pharmacokinetics of pindolol and propranolol. AB - 1 Pharmacokinetic investigations were carried out in a group of 32 ambulant normal male volunteers in order to determine the effect of age and smoking on steady-state plasma levels of pindolol and propranolol. There were four groups of 8: young non-smokers (YNS), young smokers (YS), old non-smokers (ONS) and old smokers (OS). Each subject received, in a randomized cross-over sequence, 5 mg pindolol and 80 mg propranolol three times daily for 2 days with an interval of at least 14 days between the two treatment periods. 2 Neither age nor smoking was shown to have any influence on the time to reach a peak plasma level after pindolol or propranolol. Age, on the other hand, significantly increased the peak plasma levels and the areas under the plasma concentration time curves, and decreased the elimination rate constants, the differences between the age groups being more pronounced for propranolol than for pindolol. No effect of smoking on these parameters was observed. 3 Differences were found between pindolol and propranolol in respect of time to reach a peak plasma level, peak plasma levels and area under the plasma concentration time curves in the groups ONS and YS when related to the YNS control group. Changes observed (with the exception of the time to reach a peak level) tended to be less for pindolol and were considered to be of little clinical relevance. PMID- 7104146 TI - Effect of intravenously administered pindolol on skin capillary blood cell velocity in fingers. PMID- 7104147 TI - Renal function during acute and long term pindolol treatment in hypertensive patients with normal and decreased glomerular filtration. AB - 1 In an acute study in hypertensive patients with normal and decreased renal function the i.v. administration of pindolol (0.1 mg/kg) caused a decrease in inulin clearance and a concomitant but not significant decrease in PAH clearance with a constant filtration fraction. 2 The long-term administration of pindolol (5--20 mg/day) to hypertensive patients with normal renal function was not associated with changes in renal function but in patients with a decreased renal function, pindolol caused an increase in PAH clearance but no change in inulin clearance. PMID- 7104144 TI - Effects of propranolol and pindolol on plasma lignocaine clearance in man. AB - 1 Steady state concentrations and clearance of lignocaine were determine in eight healthy volunteers during 360 min continuous lignocaine infusion (2 mg/min). Before the infusion propranolol (0.18 mg/kg i.v.), pindolol (0.023 mg/kg i.v.) or placebo were administered in a random double-blind, cross over design. 2 During the infusion of lignocaine heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure were measured every 60 min. 3 Propranolol decreased heart rate and cardiac output significantly by 10--20%, while pindolol or lignocaine did not change cardiac output or heart rate significantly. None of the drugs changed the arterial blood pressure. 4 Propranolol pretreatment decreased lignocaine significantly by 14.7% and the steady state concentration was increased by 22.5%. Pindolol produced no significant change in steady state concentration or clearance of lignocaine. PMID- 7104145 TI - Peripheral haemodynamic effects of pindolol. PMID- 7104148 TI - Effect of pindolol and propranolol on renal function of patients with hypertension. AB - 1 Pindolol and propranolol were administered orally in equipotent antihypertensive doses to 14 subjects with mild to moderate hypertension in an open cross-over study. 2 Pindolol caused a smaller decrease in plasma renin activity and heart rate than propranolol. 3 Glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow remained unchanged during therapy with either agent. PMID- 7104151 TI - Antianginal and antiarrhythmic effects of pindolol in post-infarct patients. PMID- 7104150 TI - Management of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. PMID- 7104149 TI - Haemodynamic effects of metoprolol and pindolol: a comparison in hypertensive patients. AB - 1 In a double-blind study, 36 patients with essential hypertension were randomly allocated to treatment with either metoprolol, 100--300 mg/day, or pindolol, 5- 15 mg/day for 6 months. Haemodynamic investigations were made on three separate occasions. Blood flow in the calves and in the forearm was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography after 6 weeks of placebo, after 6 weeks and again after 6 months of active therapy. 2 Both drugs reduced blood pressure significantly, by 17.1/11.8 mm Hg with metoprolol and 21.9/10.9 mm Hg with pindolol after 6 weeks (P less than 0.005). No further changes were seen after 6 months. 3 Heart rate after 6 weeks was significantly reduced by metoprolol (10.7 +/- 2.4 beats/min, P less than 0.001) but not by pindolol (4.4 +/- 2.3 beats/min, NS). After 6 months a significant reduction was seen also in the pindolol group (5.2 +/- 2.1 beats/min, P less than 0.05). 4 The vascular resistance in the calves at rest was reduced by pindolol (P less than 0.05), whereas resistance tended to increase with metoprolol. 5 Resting vascular resistance in the forearm after 6 months was significantly reduced in the metoprolol group (P less than 0.001) as well as in the pindolol group (P less than 0.02). The increase in forearm vascular resistance seen during leg exercise was not influenced by either drug. 6 Vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was unchanged in the calves, but a significant reduction (-17.4 +/- 5.7%, P less than 0.01) in the forearm vascular bed was seen after 6 months of pindolol. No change was observed with metoprolol. 7 It is concluded that pindolol reduces elevated blood pressure partly through peripheral vascular mechanism. Metoprolol, on the other hand, probably acts mainly via central cardiac mechanisms. PMID- 7104152 TI - The effect of pindolol on myocardial blood flow, metabolism and function during rest and pacing in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - 1 The study was designed to elucidate further the mechanism by which beta adrenoceptor antagonism with pindolol relieves the symptoms of angina pectoris in patients with coronary heart disease. 2 Pindolol administration was associated with an elevated threshold for angina pectoris and improved myocardial lactate metabolism during supraventricular pacing. 3 This beneficial effect of pindolol was independent of changes in myocardial blood flow and was not mediated by haemodynamic effects. 4 The results suggest that in angina pectoris, in addition to the recognized beneficial effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade, the actions of pindolol also result from, as yet, poorly described phenomena such as redistribution of myocardial blood flow or metabolic effects. PMID- 7104153 TI - The effect of pindolol on myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina. PMID- 7104154 TI - Abrupt withdrawal of pindolol or metoprolol after chronic therapy. AB - 1 In an open controlled study a group of 18 healthy volunteers received either pindolol 10 mg three times daily or metoprolol 100 mg three times daily for 4 weeks. Before treatment, and after abrupt withdrawal the resting heart rate, the blood pressure, the exercise heart rate and the isoprenaline CD25 (dose of isoprenaline to increase the heart rate of 25 beats/min) were determined. Heart rates were continuously monitored by an ECG-coupled computer. The CD25 values were calculated by an off line computer procedure from the on line recorded data. 2 After metoprolol we found 6 out of 12 patients with a CD25 below baseline, in one case with a corresponding increase in heart rate during exercise. After pindolol we observed a CD25 below baseline only in one case with no corresponding reaction in the exercise test. In both groups we observed a reactive increase in resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure around day 5 after withdrawal. 3 We conclude that abrupt withdrawal of metoprolol in contrast to pindolol is associated with a higher risk of developing beta-adrenergic receptor hypersensitivity. PMID- 7104155 TI - Elevated plasma catecholamines in young hypertensive and hyperkinetic patients: effect of pindolol. PMID- 7104156 TI - Effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on carbohydrate metabolism during exercise- comparison of pindolol and metoprolol. AB - 1 The influence of equipotent cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking doses of pindolol (10 mg daily) and metoprolol (200 mg daily) was studied in ten healthy male subjects. 2 The subjects were studied at rest and during exercise before and after 3 days' treatment with pindolol or metoprolol. 3 At rest and during exercise, there were no significant differences in the blood glucose levels between the metoprolol and pindolol treatments when compared with control values. PMID- 7104157 TI - Effects of pindolol and metoprolol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. AB - 1 The effects of two beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, pindolol and metoprolol, on plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in sixteen hypertensive patients (WHO I-I) by a cross-over design, with two active treatment periods of 12 weeks each. 2 Neither pindolol nor metoprolol had any effect on total plasma cholesterol (total-C), triglycerides (TG) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). 3 Pindolol significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). After metoprolol, HDL-C levels remained similar to those in the placebo period. 4 The ratio of total-C to HDL-C was significantly reduced by pindolol only. 5 Compared with the placebo period, both pindolol and metoprolol significantly reduced heart rate (HR) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. The decreases in HR were significantly greater after metoprolol. No differences between the effects of the two drugs on SBP and/or DBP were observed. PMID- 7104158 TI - Antihypertensive drugs and blood lipids: the Oslo study. AB - 1 The report presents the effects on blood lipids and uric acid of six different antihypertensive drugs, used alone and of five different combinations of two antihypertensive drugs. 2 Prazosin significantly lowered serum LDL + VLDL cholesterol and total triglycerides. Atenolol lowered LDL + VLDL cholesterol to a smaller but significant extent. Both pindolol and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTH) were without effect, while oxprenolol significantly increased total triglycerides. Propranolol significantly lowered HDL cholesterol and increased total triglycerides and uric acid. 3 The combination prazosin and pindolol had a favourable effect on the lipid profile, while the combination propranolol and HCTH lowered HDL cholesterol but increased total triglycerides. Propranolol and prazosin lowered HDL cholesterol, while methyldopa and HCTH, and HCTH and amiloride were without effect on blood lipids. 4 It is suggested that the metabolic effects of antihypertensive drugs could be of special importance in long-term treatment of mild hypertension. PMID- 7104159 TI - Effect of pindolol on serum lipids and lipid metabolizing enzymes. AB - 1 The effect on plasma lipids of pindolol given orally over a 6 month period to 20 patients with essential hypertension was studied. 2 During therapy an adipose tissue biopsy was taken from nine patients for the determination of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and serum samples were taken for lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) assays. An additional biopsy and serum samples were taken after a 3 weeks' break in pindolol treatment. 3 Plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations remained similar during treatment. 4 Plasma total cholesterol was slightly lower (P less than 0.05) at 6 months than at 1 month. 5 HDL cholesterol concentration and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol increased slightly, and the increase of HDL-cholesterol was significant (P less than 0.05) at 1 month. 6 LCAT activity was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) during pindolol treatment than after the break in it. No significant changes in adipose tissue LPL activities were found before and after the break of treatment. PMID- 7104160 TI - Increase of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein after treatment with amitriptyline. PMID- 7104161 TI - Tooth pulp stimulation: a method of determining the analgesic efficacy of meptazinol in man. AB - A dose-ranging study of meptazinol was carried out using the pain threshold to electrical tooth pulp stimulation in healthy volunteers as the pain model. A well defined dose-response curve was found for oral meptazinol (50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg) and placebo. The methodology and results are discussed in terms of subsequent clinical experience with meptazinol. PMID- 7104162 TI - A comparative study of saliva and serum paracetamol levels using a simple spectrophotometric method. AB - The relationship between saliva and serum paracetamol levels was investigated in ten healthy male volunteers. The salivary and serum paracetamol levels showed significant correlation with each other. The salivary and serum paracetamol concentration ratio was highly dependent on sampling time. The salivary and serum paracetamol half-lives showed significant correlation with each other while the area under curve of paracetamol concentration in saliva and serum failed to show significant correlation. PMID- 7104163 TI - Pharmacokinetics of azapropazone in the elderly. AB - Plasma concentrations of azapropazone have been measured in young and elderly subjects after a single dose of 600 mg azapropazone. Maximum concentrations were higher in the elderly. Renal function was impaired in the older subjects. Mean azapropazone clearance was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) in the old, compared to the young. Elimination half-life was prolonged but the difference did not reach statistical significance due to the wide variation of the values in the elderly. The volume of distribution of azapropazone and degree of adipose tissue did not differ between the two groups. Azapropazone clearance correlated well with creatinine clearance (P less than 0.001) when all the subjects were included and for the younger subjects only but not for the elderly patients alone. The addition of fat mass into the regression equation improved the relationship in all groups but in the older group levels of statistical significance were not achieved. Reasons for the difference between young and old are discussed. The effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of azapropazone suggest that therapeutic plasma levels may be achieved with a dose of 600 mg daily. PMID- 7104164 TI - Metoprolol pharmacokinetics and the oral contraceptive pill. PMID- 7104165 TI - Clinical assessment of antisecretory drugs in man. PMID- 7104166 TI - Logistics and management of clinical trials. AB - This chapter is concerned with some of the more mundane aspects of the day to day design, planning, documentation, and management of clinical trials, rather than with the finer points of trial design which are dealt with in detail elsewhere. The points considered here, taken individually, seem obvious and trivial but it is hoped that some may be helpful in obtaining the maximum return for the work invested in running a trial. PMID- 7104167 TI - Differences in performance impairment due to brompheniramine maleate as a function of the sustained-release system. AB - 1 study examined whether different sustained release systems would cause variation in the effect of an antihistamine, brompheniramine maleate 10 mg, upon mood and psychomotor performance. Two commercial preparations were examined, one giving linear release (LR) of the drug over time, the other releasing the drug in a non-linear fashion (NLR). 2 Thirty-six males were allocated to four separate groups receiving either the drug with LR, drug with NLR, placebo or drug-free control. Single dosage of the drug occurred at 08.30 h and subjects completed mood inventories and performed serial choice reaction time and visual search tasks at 1 h, 2.75 h, 5.5 h and 7.25 h post dosage. 3 The NLR system significantly increased feelings of unco-ordination at 2.75 h and significantly slowed reaction time at both 2.75 and 5.5 h post dosage. The LR system significantly slowed reaction time only at 5.5 h but increased pausing in serial choice performance at that time. Neither system impaired visual search. 4 Results suggest that two preparations having identical active constituents may vary in their effects on psychomotor performance and mood as a function of their sustained release systems. A system giving linear release of the drug can reduce the early post-dosage performance decrement associated with a non-linear release system. PMID- 7104168 TI - A comparison of the effects of chlormezanone and nitrazepam on sleep. AB - 1 Twelve volunteers, of mean age 60 years, took part in a double-blind, balanced cross-over study, to compare effects of chlormezanone 400 mg and nitrazepam 5 mg on electrophysiologically-recorded and subjectively-rated sleep. 2 In the first week of administration nitrazepam caused a significant shortening of the time to fall asleep, but following withdrawal subjects took longer to fall asleep than during the baseline period. 3 Both chlormezanone and nitrazepam initially caused increase of sleep duration and less interruption of sleep by wakefulness. By the third week, for chlormezanone this effect was no longer significant, and for nitrazepam there was a significant decline in the effect. There was no statistically significant difference between the two drugs for these measures. 4 The drugs differed little in their effects on the amount of the various sleep stages, except that nitrazepam significantly reduced the duration of slow wave sleep, whereas chlormezanone had no significant effect on slow wave sleep. Both drugs reduced the amount of REM sleep in the first 6 h of sleep but only nitrazepam reduced the percentage of the time spent in REM sleep of the whole night. 5 Subjects' own ratings of sleep quality showed that both of the drugs improved sleep, but following withdrawal it was only after nitrazepam that there was impairment of the quality of sleep. Neither drug affected subjective alertness in the morning. PMID- 7104169 TI - The influence of food on the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of a high clearance drug: a study with labetalol. AB - 1 The effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered labetalol were assessed in six healthy volunteers. 2 Food caused a 38% increase in the mean systemic bioavailability of labetalol: from 0.26 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- s.e. mean) to 0.36 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.05). 3 Food caused 20% increases in the volume of distribution of labetalol: (from 567 +/- 63 to 685 +/- 76) and in plasma clearance (from 1923 +/- 417 to 2344 +/- 566 ml/min. These changes did not reach statistical significance. Food did not alter the plasma half-life of labetalol after oral or intravenous dosing. 4 Food appears to increase labetalol bioavailability by decreasing its first pass metabolism. It is suggested that this change results from transient alteration of hepatic blood flow. The drug should therefore be taken at a standard time in relation to meals to minimise intraindividual variation in bioavailability. PMID- 7104170 TI - Plasma levels of (+) and (-)-propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol after administration of racemic (+/-)-propranolol in man. AB - 1 We have given fifteen healthy volunteers single doses of racemic (+/-) propranolol orally (40 mg) and intravenously (5-10 mg) to find out how large the variation was of the ratio between (-)- and (+)-propranolol plasma levels in relation to that of total levels of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol. 2 Total propranolol (+/-)-levels 2 h after a 40 mg oral dose of (+/-)-propranolol varied from 21 to 580 nmol/l and those of 4-hydroxypropranolol from 0 to 33 nmol/l. Their levels did not correlate. The ratio between (-)- and (+)-propranolol levels varied from 0.99 to 2.04. The plasma half-lives of the two isomers were usually similar. 3 We conclude that in most single doses studies on relationships between plasma concentrations and effects (beta-adrenoceptor blockade) it is not necessary to quantitate (+)- and (-)-propranolol levels separately since total (+/-) plasma propranolol levels varied much more than the ratio between (-)- and (+)-propranolol. PMID- 7104171 TI - Logic and inference in clinical trials. PMID- 7104172 TI - A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in man after oral administration of single doses of benzoylmetronidazole and metronidazole. PMID- 7104174 TI - Digitoxin accumulation. AB - 1 Nine healthy volunteers received single 1 mg intravenous doses of digitoxin, following which serum digitoxin concentrations were measured at multiple points in time over the next 14 days. 2 Mean kinetic variables for digitoxin were: volume of distribution, 0.76 l/kg; elimination half-life, 8 days; total clearance, 0.049 ml min-1 kg-1. 3 After a drug-free interval of at least 4 months, subjects took 0.07 mg of oral digitoxin daily for 28 consecutive days. Serum digitoxin concentrations were measured during the period of dosage and in the 21 day post-dosage washout. 4 Digitoxin accumulation was slow, proceeding with a mean half-life (7.9 days) that was nearly identical to the single-dose half-life. However, the two were not significantly correlated. 5 Mean observed steady-state serum concentrations (15.4 ng/ml) also were nearly identical to those predicted from the single-dose study (15.3 ng/ml), but again the two were not significantly correlated. 6 Steady state is very slowly attained after initiation of maintenance therapy with digitoxin. The kinetic data suggest that a loading dose on the average should be 12 times the maintenance dose. PMID- 7104175 TI - OPT: a package of computer programs for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. AB - 1 OPT is a series of computer programs designed to assist dose optimisation for individual patients. It is based on Bayesian Statistical Theory and Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 2 OPT uses prior information on the distribution of population pharmacokinetic parameters and plasma drug concentration measurements to obtain the "most likely' set of parameters for the individual. 3 Complex dosage regimes and non-steady state conditions can be handled. 4 OPT is designed for use in a Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory where informed interpretation of results is essential. 5 The drugs for which the system is currently available include theophylline, digoxin, lignocaine, disopyramide, gentamicin and phenytoin (steady state data only). PMID- 7104173 TI - Enhanced metabolism of mexiletine after phenytoin administration. AB - 1 Unexpectedly low plasma concentrations of mexiletine were observed in three patients treated with mexiletine and concurrently taking phenytoin. 2 Six healthy volunteers were given a single oral dose of mexiletine (400 mg), before and after 1 week of phenytoin administration (300 mg/day). 3 The mean +/- s.d. area under the plasma mexiletine concentration-time curve decreased from 17.67 +/- 6.21 to 8.01 +/- 3.64 micrograms ml-1 h (P less than 0.003). 4 The mean +/- s.d. half life of elimination of mexiletine decreased from 17.2 +/- 5.26 to 8.4 +/- 4.17 h (P less than 0.02) 5 The suggested mechanism of the interaction is hepatic mixed function oxidase enzyme induction by phenytoin. 6 The interaction is likely to be clinically significant. PMID- 7104176 TI - Relative potency of spironolactone, triamterene and potassium chloride in thiazide-induced hypokalaemia. AB - 1 The influence of spironolactone 50 mg and 100 mg daily, triamterene 100 mg and 200 mg daily, potassium chloride 32 mmol and 64 mmol daily and placebo on plasma potassium and other variables was examined in a random crossover study of nine hypertensive patients taking bendrofluazide 10 mg daily. 2 Spironolactone and triamterene had significant and parallel dose-response curves for plasma potassium, with a relative potency for triamterene:spironolactone of 0.25:1, significantly lower than the accepted 0.5:1 ratio. These drugs also lowered serum sodium, bicarbonate and body weight, and increased serum urea and creatinine. 3 Potassium chloride increased plasma potassium above placebo values, but the dose response was not significant and was not parallel with those of the potassium sparing drugs. Seven of nine patients remained hypokalaemic despite treatment with 64 mmol potassium chloride daily. 4 The relative expense, convenience and toxicity of the potassium-sparing drugs should be assessed at equivalent doses, namely spironolactone 50 mg:triamterene 200 mg:amiloride 20 mg. Potassium chloride does not correct moderate diuretic-induced hypokalaemia even at doses of 64 mmol daily. PMID- 7104177 TI - Sample size for short-term trials of antihypertensive drugs. AB - 1 Controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology during 1979 and 1980 were examined. Studies comparing two or more active drugs or dosage regimens nearly always failed to separate and treatments significantly. The sample size (mean 19 patients) and power of these studies were too low. 2 When planning such studies the aims should be a power of at least 0.8; significance 0.05 or less; and to detect a difference between treatments of 10/5 mmHg, or 6.7 mmHg mean arterial pressure (MAP). The sample size needed can be derived readily from a nomogram if the standard deviation of differences (SDD) between BP measurements under trial conditions is known. 3 In five studies the SDDs were fairly constant despite different observers, patient groups and measuring devices, at approximately 14 mmHg systolic, 9 mmHg diastolic, and 9 mmHg MAP. Use of three BP measurements at each visit reduced the SDD by about 1 mmHg, and would reduce the sample size required by about 20%. Replicate BP measurements at separate visits would be expected to have a larger effect on the power of the study. 4 Published studies with negative results should give an estimate of the power of the study. PMID- 7104178 TI - Predictive indices for chlorpromazine therapy in schizophrenics. AB - 1 Response to chlorpromazine therapy was studied in 24 schizophrenics and 75% reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating scale (BPRS) within 4 weeks of treatment was taken to indicate good response. 2 Test oral dose of CPZ (200 mg) was administered and serial blood samples and total urine excreted in 6 h were taken for analyses of CPZ and its metabolites. 3 Area under the plasma time curve (AUC) showed an inverted U-shaped relationship with % reduction in BPRS. 4 Three groups of patients were identified, responders, l- and h-group non-responders. 5 l- and h-groups respond on further treatment with haloperidol (30 mg daily) and ECT respectively. 6 Responders showed threshold metabolic molar fraction MMFHO-CPZ greater than or equal to 3.0 x 10(-5) and MMFHO-CPZ/MMFCPZ-SO greater than 1. PMID- 7104180 TI - Potassium supplements during long-term thiazide therapy for essential hypertension. AB - Increasing doses of a slow-release potassium supplement were given to nine hypertensive patients previously treated for at least 18 months with bendrofluazide 10 mg daily. Serum potassium and total body potassium (TBK) were measured after 2 months on each dose. No significant increase in serum potassium or TBK occurred over a 6 month period of supplementation using doses commonly prescribed in clinical practice. PMID- 7104182 TI - A clinical and pharmacokinetic study of indomethacin in standard and slow release formulations. AB - Fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis received indomethacin in three treatment schedules; indomethacin retard 75 mg twice daily; indomethacin capsules 50 mg three times daily; and indomethacin 100 mg suppository at night with 50 mg by mouth each morning. The study was a double-blind, double-dummy one with each treatment being given for 2 weeks after a washout period of 3 days. After the washout period, and at the end of each 2 week active treatment period, blood samples were taken during a dosage interval for assay of indomethacin concentrations in plasma. Clinical assessments were also performed. All three treatment period produced significant clinical improvements in the assessments compared with the placebo washout period. However, no differences were seen between the treatments. Side effects occurred with equal frequency in all three periods, and the anticipated reduction in central nervous system side effects during the indomethacin retard period was not seen. Plasma concentrations of indomethacin were significantly higher during indomethacin retard therapy with a peak concentration of 2500 +/- 25 ng ml-1 during indomethacin retard therapy (mean +/- s.d.) and 1900 +/- 200 ng ml during conventional oral therapy. Indomethacin retard is as effective as the other formulations of indomethacin but appears to offer no significant advantages. PMID- 7104181 TI - Metabolism of digoxin and absorption site. AB - After oral intake of enteric-coated granules containing [3H]-digoxin extensive metabolism was observed. Maximum 66% of the 24 h urinary excretion was identified as [3H]-dihydrodigoxin, using high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis. It is suggested that metabolism of digoxin may depend on the absorption site. PMID- 7104179 TI - Atenolol in the treatment of essential hypertension during pregnancy. AB - Atenolol has been studied prospectively in the management of ten patients with essential hypertension during pregnancy. Median supine BP fell significantly from 156/98 mmHg before treatment to 128/82 mmHg at term. Atenolol did not suppress cardiotocographic signs of foetal distress. Although there was one intrauterine death, the remaining nine babies had a median Apgar score at birth of 9 and a median weight which was 82% of the gestational mean. There were no cases of neonatal bradycardia or respiratory depression and the only case of hypoglycaemia was in a dysmature baby. These findings justify a formal study of beta adrenoceptor blocker therapy in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. PMID- 7104185 TI - Phenytoin: an inhibitor and inducer of primidone metabolism in an epileptic patient. AB - The interaction between primidone and phenytoin was studied in an epileptic patient treated with primidone only and primidone plus phenytoin for 3 months. Plasma and urine levels of drugs and metabolites were monitored daily by GC and GC-MS. The addition of phenytoin to the regimen increased steady-state plasma levels of phenobarbitone and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), metabolites of primidone, and decreased levels of primidone and unconjugated p hydroxyphenobarbitone (p-OHPB), a metabolite of phenobarbitone. After withdrawal of phenytoin, plasma phenobarbitone and primidone levels slowly returned to previous steady-state levels, PEMA rapidly decreased to lower levels than before, and p-OHPB levels rose rapidly. Urinary excretion of primidone and its metabolites paralleled the changes in their plasma levels after the addition of phenytoin but the percentage of unconjugated p-OHPB in urine was unchanged during the course of the study. In conclusion phenytoin initially induces the conversion of primidone to PEMA and phenobarbitone, although each to a different extent, but it appears to inhibit the hydroxylation of phenobarbitone. Thus, two apparently contradictory phenomena seem to be involved in the primidone-phenytoin interaction. The net effect is an enhanced increase in plasma phenobarbitone levels. PMID- 7104186 TI - Plasma protein binding of phenytoin in 100 epileptic patients. AB - The plasma protein binding of phenytoin was investigated in 100 epileptic patients, using equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. The unbound fractions of phenytoin in plasma formed a skewed distribution, with a range of 9.7 to 24.7% and a median value of 12.3%. Most (80%) patients appeared to form one group with free phenytoin fractions from 9.7 to 14.5%, while the remainder formed a group with elevated free fractions (greater than 14.5%). Total and unbound plasma concentrations of phenytoin were strongly correlated (r=0.95, P less than 0.0001). There was a weak correlation between increasing age and the unbound phenytoin fraction (r=0.28, P less than 0.01). The results indicate that measurement of the total phenytoin concentration in plasma should usually provide a reliable index of anticonvulsant effect. However, determination of the unbound phenytoin fraction would be beneficial in the management of those patients in whom this fraction may be elevated, due to interacting drugs or biochemical abnormalities. PMID- 7104183 TI - Treatment of children with a single dose a day of sustained release theophylline. AB - Six children were given a single dose of theophylline (Nuelin Retard) (median dose 13.2 mg/kg) after a large breakfast, rich in carbohydrates, for 4 days. On 5 serum levels of theophylline were measured over the following 24 h. Absorption of theophylline was slow and acceptable peak to trough differences were demonstrated. However subtherapeutic serum levels of theophylline were recorded in all children at some time during the dose interval. PMID- 7104188 TI - In vitro studies on the hydrolysis of frusemide in gastrointestinal juices. AB - To elucidate a possible explanation for a relatively low bioavailability, the hydrolysis of frusemide in gastrointestinal juices was studied in vitro at concentrations likely to be present in vivo. Between 1.0 and 4.4% of the frusemide molecules were hydrolyzed to 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulphamoyl antranilic acid (CSA) after 1 h at 37 degrees C in gastric juices. The rate of hydrolysis was inversely connected to pH. No fall in frusemide concentration was observed and no CSA was found in duodenal juices after 4 h at 37 degrees C. In three buffer solutions with the same pH as three gastric juices frusemide was hydrolyzed to CSA at a lower rate than in the gastric juices (pH 1.2, P less than 0.15;pH 1.4, P less than 0.001; pH 1.6, P less than 0.001). The solubility of frusemide was significantly higher in gastric juice from two fasting subjects (83 104 mg l-1) than in buffer solutions with the same pH (52-58 mg 1-1). The solubility of frusemide was significantly increased (by 40-50%) in gastric juice obtained after pentagastrin stimulation compared with its solubility in the mixed gastric secretion obtained after fasting. The binding of frusemide to macromolecules was 28.0 +/- 9.7% in ventricular secretion after fasting while it was 1.4 +/- 2.6% in the fluid obtained after pentagastrin stimulation. It is concluded that a hydrolysis of frusemide in the stomach prior to absorption cannot explain the relatively low bioavailability of the drug observed after oral intake. PMID- 7104184 TI - Cimetidine does not increase the anticoagulant effect of phenprocoumon. AB - In patients on oral warfarin, nicoumalone and phenindione an increase of the anticoagulant effect has been described during concomitant treatment with cimetidine. Therefore we have investigated the effect of cimetidine on the steady state dynamics of phenprocoumon in ten outpatients. No changes in the anticoagulant effect and the plasma phenprocoumon levels were observed during and after 2 weeks application of cimetidine. The data show that cimetidine does not interact with the metabolism of phenprocoumon in contrast to warfarin. PMID- 7104189 TI - Disopyramide and its N-monodesalkyl metabolite in breast milk. AB - The plasma and breast milk were sampled from a woman who was breastfeeding whilst taking disopyramide (200 mg three times daily). Paired samples taken on the fifth to eighth day of treatment showed that disopyramide was present in breast milk in a similar concentration to plasma (mean +/- s.d. milk; plasma ratio 0.9 +/- 0.17). The estimated dose likely to be ingested by an infant is less than 2 mg kg 1 day-1. The active N-monodesalkyl metabolite of disopyramide (NMD) although present in plasma in much smaller concentrations than the parent compound, was excreted in breast milk (mean +/- s.d. milk: plasma ratio 5.6 +/2.9) in concentrations similar to those of disopyramide. The pharmacological and toxicological properties of the disopyramide metabolite need to be considered when assessing likely effects on the infant. No adverse effects were noted in the infant in this case. Maternal plasma and breast milk were sampled again along with infant plasma after 28 days. Disopyramide and NMD were undetectable in the infant's serum. No evidence was found to indicate that the concentrations of disopyramide or NMD in breast milk might be sufficient to pose a definite risk to the infant. Whenever disopyramide is prescribed in a breast feeding mother, close observation of the baby and measurement of both disopyramide and its active metabolite NMD in breast milk or infant plasma is recommended, pending further investigation. PMID- 7104187 TI - Bioavailability of labetalol increases with age. AB - The antihypertensive drug labetalol was administered orally and intravenously to ten hypertensive patients aged between 28 and 75 years. There was a significant increase with age in both bioavailability and half-life of labetalol. Clearance tended to be lower in the elderly subjects. First pass metabolism results in variable oral bioavailability of labetalol which is greater in the elderly and this should be borne in mind when using the drug in this age group. PMID- 7104190 TI - Detection of human cancer in an animal model using radio-labelled tumour associated monoclonal antibodies. AB - Monoclonal antibodies to epithelial-cell antigenic determinants, labelled with 123I and 125I, were administered parenterally to immunodeficient mice bearing human tumours derived from a human cancer cell line. Anterior, posterior and lateral radioscans of the body were taken with a gamma scintillation camera at various times from immediately to 65 days after injection. Visual displays of the images were processed by standard computer techniques. The model used a human colon-cancer cell line, HT29, and the monoclonal antibody, AUA1, which is specific to an epithelial proliferating antigen. Tumour detection was achieved in all the mice. The smallest tumour detectable appeared to be about 1 mm in diameter. The degree of antibody uptake in a tumour depended on its size and the blood supply of its surrounding tissues We believe that the technology and skills are now available for accurate radioimmunodetection of cancer in man. PMID- 7104191 TI - Enhancing effect of pre-treatment of cells with misonidazole in hypoxia on their response to melphalan in air. AB - Pre-treatment of hypoxic cells with misonidazole (MISO) can render these cells more sensitive to a subsequent treatment with melphalan. Results in this paper show that this enhancement (or chemopotentiation) depends on the contact time and concentration of MISO, on the melphalan concentration and also on the cultural history of the cells. Damage due to hypoxic pre-incubation in MISO can be repaired if cells are subsequently aerated at 37 degrees C. In contrast, for cells washed free of MISO and then held under N2 at 37 degrees C, repair is much slower. No repair occurs when cells are held in air at 0 degrees C. The kinetics and extent of repair were dependent on the cells prior culture. Thus for exponential cells repair was complete after approximately 4 h, whereas for plateau-phase cells and cells with prior chronic hypoxia, repair was only partially complete after this time. Dithiothreitol was shown to protect partially against the enhancement of melphalan toxicity. Increased cell killing is also obtained if cells are given high concentrations of MISO (50 mM) in air during exposure to melphalan. PMID- 7104193 TI - Rebuttal to a critique of a study of cancer incidence and alcohol/cigarette consumption in Hawaii. PMID- 7104192 TI - In vivo assessment of basic 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizers. AB - The radiosensitizing efficiencies of 4 structural analogues of misonidazole (MISO) have been compared with that of the parent compound. Three of these were charged basic compounds, previously shown in vitro to be 10 times more efficient. Enhancement ratios were measured from pairs of tumour growth-delay curves for the mouse fibrosarcoma SA Fab. Two routes of administration and ranges of drug dose and intervals between injection and irradiation were tested. Drug concentrations in blood, brain and tumor were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The peak concentration in tumours coincided with the peak in radiosensitization: 20 min after i.v. injection and 40 min after i.p. injection. The concentration in tumours was similar for either route. Comparison of radiosensitizing efficiency on the basic of equal administered dose showed no difference between the 5 compounds, but after equimolar doses the charged compounds achieved lower tumour concentrations. Comparison of sensitizing efficiency on the basis of tumour concentration showed that they were 3 times more potent than MISO, as predicted from their higher electron-affinity. The resultant improvement in radiosensitization at low, clinically relevant, concentrations is so slight that any therapeutic benefit would depend on reduced drug toxicity in man. PMID- 7104196 TI - In vivo-in vitro clonogenic assays in a human tumour xenograft with a high plating efficiency. AB - The HT29R human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line grows as locally invasive, mucin secreting tumours in immunosuppressed mice with a doubling time of 6 days. These tumours may be disaggregated to give single-cell suspensions with plating efficiencies of 25-45% in technically simple in vivo-in vitro cell-survival assays. The effect of maximum tolerated doses of 5-fluorouracil, melphalan and cyclo-phosphamide on in situ growth is only slight. In vivo-in vitro cell survival assays phosphamide on in situ growth is only slight. In vivo-in vitro cell-survival assays are consistent with these in situ results. The relative ease of experimental manipulation and the high clonogenic efficiency of this tumour make it a useful addition to human tumour xenograft models. PMID- 7104194 TI - The site of binding of anti-CEA antibodies to tumour CEA in vivo: an immunocytochemical and autoradiographic approach. AB - Radiolabelled affinity-purified antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was injected i.v. into immune-suppressed mice carrying xenografts of human breast carcinoma. Its distribution in the tumours was examined by a combination of immunocytochemistry and autoradiography. The antibody interacted predominantly with the CEA in the extracellular tumour space, rather than on the cell membrane or cytoplasm. PMID- 7104195 TI - Tamoxifen, aminoglutethimide and danazol: effect of therapy on hormones in post menopausal patients with breast cancer. AB - Gonadotrophins, oestradiol, androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) were measured sequentially in 72 patients with advanced breast cancer receiving endocrine therapy of various types. Tamoxifen significantly reduced gonadotrophins but did not effect other hormones. Danazol also reduced gonadotrophins. Aminoglutethimide (AGT) reduced oestradiol and DHAS but had not effect on gonadotrophins. The effects of administering tamoxifen, AGT and danazol together (TAD) together were therefore examined. This combination reduced gonadotrophins, oestradiol and DHAS, but no further than tamoxifen and AGT alone. The degree and duration of hormone suppression were similar in both responders and non-responders to tamoxifen, AGT or TAD, though patients responding to AGT showed more complete suppression at the end of the course of treatment, perhaps because they were treated longer. On relapse, adequate gonadotrophin and steroid suppression was demonstrated in patients receiving tamoxifen and AGT respectively. We conclude that (a) response to endocrine therapy is unlikely to be related to the degree of endocrine suppression produced by the therapy; (b) combination endocrine therapy does not further reduce serum-hormone concentrations and (c) relapse is unlikely to be due to escape from the hormone-inhibitory effects of endocrine agents. PMID- 7104197 TI - Failure of short-term treatment with flurbiprofen to enhance the therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide against rodent sarcomas and a leukaemia. AB - Animals bearing metastatic fibrosarcomas were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) alone or in combination with flurbiprofen (FP), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. FP did not affect local growth of fibrosarcomas, and the incidence of distant metastases after resection of the "primary" implants was comparable in treated and control groups. Treatment with CY retarded growth of the fibrosarcomas and reduced the proportion of animals which succumbed to metastases, but this was not altered significantly by additional treatment with FP. FP did not affect the survival of rats bearing a lymphoid leukaemia. The lifespan of animals treated with CY was increased significantly, but the concomitant administration of FP did not enhance this effect. PMID- 7104200 TI - Mortality from mesothelioma of the pleura during 1968-78 in England and Wales. AB - The geographical distribution of mortality from mesothelioma of the pleura during the years 1968-78 in England and Wales has been studied using extracts from the death records held by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Using the national death rate as standard, Local Authority areas with raised mortality are identified. The patterns are somewhat different for each sex. In men the high mortality areas are mainly the major ports where shipbuilding and repairing have been concentrated, whereas in women areas where gas masks are manufactured are predominant. In both sexes there are also high death rates on the eastern side of London. Nearly all the areas of high mortality are known to have had a major asbestos-using industry in the past. Over the 11-year period the annual number of deaths from pleural mesothelioma rose by approximately 75%. This marked increase was virtually confined to men, in whom the number of deaths had reached almost 200 per annum by 1978. The indications are that the effect of past high exposures, in particular to amphibole asbestos, have not yet reached a peak in terms of mortality. On the other hand imports and usage of amphiboles, particularly crocidolite, have decreased rapidly since the mid-1960s, and dust levels in the working environment have improved even more radically. PMID- 7104199 TI - Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Scotland. AB - In view of the concern over the rising incidence of malignant melanoma in many parts of the world, and the suggestion that emigrants of Scottish and Irish descent have a higher incidence of melanoma in North America and Australia, a Scottish Melanoma Group has been formed to study epidemiological, pathological and therapeutic aspects of the tumour. In 1979, 260 histologically proven primary cutaneous malignant melanomas of the skin presented. This represents an incidence of 5.1/10(5) for Scotland as a whole. Studies over the next 5 years will determine whether the incidence of melanoma is rising in Scotland as rapidly as in other parts of the world. PMID- 7104198 TI - Short-term culture of human breast cancer: in vitro effects of hormones related to patient response. AB - Breast-cancer tissue from 60 patients was tested for oestrogen and testosterone sensitivity in vitro by measuring [3H]-dT incorporation in tissue fragments at various times during 48h culture. Hormone sensitivity in test culture was determined as an increase or decrease in dT uptake. In vitro cultures of breast cancer tissue demonstrate that some tumours are hormone-sensitive and others hormone-insensitive, but it cannot be predicted whether cell proliferation is stimulated or inhibited by hormone treatment. The data were related to the clinical stage of the patients, menopausal status, and the degree of anaplasia of the tumours tested. No correlation was observed between these parameters and in vitro hormonal sensitivity. However, when related to the response of patients to various kinds of hormonal treatment, a significant positive correlation was obtained. PMID- 7104202 TI - A general method for evaluating the cell cycle time in mammalian epidermis. AB - A method is proposed for the evaluation of the cell cycle time of in vivo steady state populations. It requires only an accurate estimation of either the labelling index or the mitotic index and an approximate evaluation of the period between the initiation of the S phase and the completion of mitosis. The method proposed takes into account the fact that the cell cycle is non-deterministic, the angle at which cells divide and the effect of cell extrusion from the basal layer, plus the fact that the cells can only be extruded when in certain phases of the cell cycle. Limitations of other methods recently reported are discussed. PMID- 7104201 TI - Mean nuclear area and histological grade of axillary-node tumour in breast cancer, related to prognosis. AB - In a series of 112 cases of breast carcinoma with metastases to the axillary nodes, the mean nuclear area (MNA) in the nodal tumour showed a relationship to survival time that was similar to that given by histological grading. Combination of the 2 measurements increases the possible use of the heterogeneity of the material, leading to a more individualized prognosis. PMID- 7104203 TI - Regression of the lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. PMID- 7104204 TI - Inhibition of the pro-oxidant effects of benoxaprofen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes by retinol acetate in vitro. PMID- 7104206 TI - Cutaneous polyamines in psoriasis. AB - The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are intimately associated with cellular growth and division. Previous studies of the polyamines and their rate limiting biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase, in psoriasis have shown significant changes compared with non-psoriatic skin. We have further studied cutaneous polyamines in patients with psoriasis and in normal subjects, epidermal shave biopsies were taken and assayed for ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels. Psoriasis lesions showed increased ornithine decarboxylase activity compared with uninvolved skin. The levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity in uninvolved psoriasis skin were also higher than in normals. There was increased putrescine in involved psoriasis compared with uninvolved and normal skin. Spermidine and spermine were increased in psoriasis skin and in uninvolved skin and compared with normals. The spermidine/spermine ratio was greatest in involved skin compared with uninvolved and normal. These results confirm abnormal polyamine metabolism in both the involved and uninvolved skin of psoriatics. PMID- 7104205 TI - Histamine and epidermal proliferation. AB - Histamine is liberated in the inflammatory reaction and has been reported to inhibit epidermal cell division in vitro. This study has investigated the effects of histamine and HI and H2 antagonists on epidermopoiesis in vivo in man. No direct stimulatory effect of histamine was detected for normal epidermis. A combination of HI antagonist (chlorpheniramine) and H2 antagonist (cimetidine) led to further increases in epidermal labelling indices in mitotically stimulated epidermis. The administration of HI antagonist alone led to a decrease in mean epidermal thickness. These data suggest that histamine release is unlikely to play a major role in the hyperplasia of inflammatory dermatoses, but that it may be possible to influence epidermal reactions via the HI and H2 receptors. PMID- 7104207 TI - A fluorescence photographic photometric technique to assess stratum corneum turnover rate and barrier function in vivo. AB - A photographic photometric method for objective measurement of fluorescence in skin is described. This method has been used to (a) improve the dansyl chloride method for determining stratum corneum turnover time by making assessments objective and quantitative, and (b) examine the barrier function of the stratum corneum by measuring the concentration of a fluorescent material at different levels within the stratum corneum at different times. PMID- 7104208 TI - Serum antibody to staphylococcal teichoic acid and alpha-haemolysin in dermatological patients. AB - Teichoic acid antibody (TAA) titres and antibody to alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus (ASta) were measured in 274 dermatological patients and 200 normal controls. Positive ASta values (greater than or equal to 2.0 iu/ml) were common in patients with chronic pruritic dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (44% ASta positive) and infective eczema (28% ASta positive), but patients with primary pyoderma were all ASTa negative. Positive TAA titres (greater than or equal to 1:4) were seen less frequently than positive ASta values, but still significantly more often in atopic dermatitis patients than in controls. Routine skin swabs were taken from all patients, but positive TAA or ASta tests correlated neither with growth of Staphylococcus aureus from skin lesions nor with signs of clinical infection. This study shows that the TAA test cannot be used as an indicator of septic staphylococcal infection in patients with atopic dermatitis. PMID- 7104209 TI - The stability and blanching efficacy of betamethasone-17-valerate in emulsifying ointment. AB - The bio-availability of betamethasone-17-valerate (Betnovate ointment) in emulsifying ointment (1 in 4 dilution) was investigated in ten subjects using a single-application vasoconstrictor assay; the blanching induced was measured using a skin reflectance spectrophotometer. The vasoconstrictor activity of the diluted preparations decreased with age. There was no significant difference between the vasoconstrictor activity of freshly made Betnovate 1 in 4 in emulsifying ointment and undiluted Betnovate ointment, and between 3-4 week old diluted Betnovate and emulsifying ointment base. Blanching induced by freshly prepared 4, 8 and 16-fold dilutions was not significantly different but a large reduction in blanching occurred on diluting 32-fold with emulsifying ointment. The degradation of betamethasone -17-valerate in emulsifying ointment was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. More than 60% of the betamethasone -17-valerate underwent degradation within 6 h. There was a simultaneous increase in the concentration of betamethasone-21-valerate which peaked within 2 days and was followed by a slow degradation (half-life 8 days) to betamethasone free alcohol. PMID- 7104210 TI - Action spectra of topical psoralens: a re-evaluation. AB - The action spectra for producing minimal phototoxic erythema with topical 0.I% trimethyl psoralen (TMP) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were determined with a double monochromator in the range of 295-380 nm. both psoralens induced photosensitivity in the range of 313-365 nm; TMP was 54% more effective than 8 MOP. There was no difference in the dose needed to produce minimal UV erythema or phototoxic erythema with 8-MOP and TMP at 295 and 305 nm, but at 313 nm with 8 MOP, photosensitivity was enhanced 3.5 times, and with TMP, sensitivity was enhanced 5.5 times. The peak sensitivity with 8-MOP was at 330 nm and for TMP it was 335 nm. No photosensitivity occurred above 380 nm. Results suggest that TMP and 8-MOP are significantly photoreactive at 320-335 nm. Commonly used UV-A light sources show peak emission around 360 nm. If there is a relationship between development of erythema and therapeutic effectiveness than this raises the possibility of alternative UV light sources for phototherapy with psoralens. PMID- 7104211 TI - Thalidomide treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7104212 TI - Urticarial vasculitis: a report of nine cases and review of the literature. AB - Urticaria may be the only cutaneous manifestation of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. We have studied nine patients with urticarial vasculitis.The spectrum ranged from limited cutaneous disease (six cases) to severe systemic disease with renal failure (one case). The individual urticarial lesions were of long duration (over 4h) in all patients and in seven cases an ecchymotic stain was left when the urticaria resolved. All patients complained of moderate to severe pruritus. Associated findings included arthralgia (two cases), fever (one case) and glomerulonephritis (one case), but none had neurological disease, abdominal pain or arthritis. Therapy was difficult in seven patients, and these cases were controlled only with systemic corticosteroids. This disorder falls within the larger group of vasculitides. It is distinguished only by its skin lesions, which cannot always be distinguished clinically from common urticaria. PMID- 7104213 TI - Hyperpigmentation associated with oral minocycline. AB - Two patient receiving minocycline developed blue-black pigmentation on the legs. Biopsies from the pigmented areas demonstrated granules containing iron, a pigment with staining properties similar to melanin, and a third pigment which may be a degradation product of minocycline. Electron microscopy showed that some, but not all the granules were membrane-bound and they were situated mainly within macrophages. Analytical electron microscopy showed that the granules contained iron, sulphur, chlorine and, in one case, calcium. PMID- 7104215 TI - Abnormal granulocyte morphology in patients with psoriasis. PMID- 7104214 TI - The clinical and histological spectrum of lymphomatoid papulosis. AB - A review of sixty-four biopsies from sixteen patients with lymphomatoid papulosis revealed two characteristic histological types (type A and type B), which also had a different clinical behaviour. In lymphomatoid papulosis type A lesions, four histological patterns corresponding with the age of the lesion could be distinguished. Such a relationship was not found in type B lesions. The findings of transitional forms in some biopsy specimens, showing histological features of both type A and type B, and the presence of both types in different but concurrent lesions, suggests that these two types are not different entities but rather represent the ends of a spectrum. At least two different populations of atypical cells can be distinguished in lymphomatoid papulosis. Apart from the atypical cerebriform mononuclear cells, which are T-lymphocytic in origin and predominant in type B lesions, large atypical cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm are found, particularly in type A lesions. Preliminary immunohistochemical and cytochemical investigations suggest that these cells are not lymphoid in origin, but are related to the Langerhans cell series. PMID- 7104218 TI - Mechanisms of ultraviolet erythema: what's new under the sun? PMID- 7104216 TI - Selective accumulation of lipid within melanocytes during photochemotherapy (PUVA) of psoriasis. AB - In patients undergoing photochemotherapy (PUVA) a selective accumulation of lipid droplets was observed within the cytoplasm of melanocytes. Keratinocytes did not develop lipid droplets. Within 2 months after clearing of psoriasis the droplets gradually vanished and did not reappear even during maintenance PUVA therapy. Increased intracellular lipid deposits are usually taken to herald cell degeneration. Since the maximum lipid accumulation coincided with the end of the clearing phase when melanin production was at its height, the intramelanocytic lipid may have been a morphological sign of over-stimulation of melanocytes, which could eventually result in melanocyte destruction. Since excess melanin may be cytotoxic for melanocytes this may explain the irreversible hypopigmentation which develops in some patients treated with PUVA. PMID- 7104217 TI - Effects of potassium iodide, colchicine and dapsone on the generation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived oxygen intermediates. AB - The effects of potassium iodide, colchicine and dapsone on the in vitro generation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-derived oxygen intermediates were investigated. These three drugs have beneficial effects on those conditions in which PMNs play an important pathogenetic role. Three oxygen intermediates, superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH.) and chemiluminescence were included in assay studies. Dose response studies were performed with therapeutic doses of the drugs (10 microM--mM). We found that both potassium iodide and dapsone significantly suppressed the generation of oxygen intermediates, except for O2-. Colchicine decreased OH. production. Our results show tha these agents to some extent exert their anti-inflammatory effects by interfering with the PMN-dependent production of oxygen intermediates, thus conferring protection from auto-oxidative tissue injury. This may account for their clinical efficacy in many PMN-mediated dermatological diseases. PMID- 7104219 TI - PUVA maintenance in psoriasis. PMID- 7104220 TI - Effect of large doses of etretinate (Tigason) on enzymes of the rat kidney. PMID- 7104221 TI - Hormonal treatment of impetigo herpetiformis. PMID- 7104223 TI - Bone marrow histology in myeloma: its importance in diagnosis, prognosis, classification and staging. AB - A study has been made of 420 bone marrow biopsies from patients with multiple myeloma (220), idiopathic monoclonal gammapathy (50), reactive plasmacytosis (42) and solitary plasmacytoma (22). Histology and immunohistological parameters were more reliable than cytology in distinguishing a reactive from a neoplastic plasmacytosis. Histological variables were correlated with the clinical features of the patients to determine the factors which were of value in predicting prognosis. Plasma cell maturity and the extent of infiltration in the biopsy by myeloma cells proved to be highly significant in predicting the duration of survival. On the basis of these criteria multiple myeloma was classified into two types: plasmacytic of low-grade malignancy and plasmablastic of high-grade malignancy; and into three stages which accurately reflected the progression of the disease. We conclude that a bone biopsy provides useful information for the diagnosis, classification and staging of patients with multiple myeloma. PMID- 7104224 TI - Characteristics of circulating erythroid colony-forming cells in normal and polycythaemic man. AB - Circulating erythroid progenitors from 10 patients with polycythaemia vera, nine with secondary polycythaemia and 10 normal subjects were studied in culture to determine their frequency, requirements for erythropoietin (ESF) and physical characteristics. Increased numbers of erythroid progenitors were detected in circulation from the patients with polycythaemia vera when compared to patients with secondary polycythaemia or normals, and 19 +/- 3% of these progenitors formed endogenous colonies without added ESF. Velocity sedimentation analysis showed that the majority of ESF-dependent erythroid progenitors in all study groups sedimented at 6.46 mm/h. The circulating endogenous erythroid colony forming cells in polycythaemia vera patients sedimented more rapidly. Tritiated thymidine suicide experiments failed to detect significant differences between the percentages of endogenous and ESF-dependent progenitors in DNA synthesis in polycythaemia patients and normals. Thus, differences in cell cycle state were not responsible for the more rapid sedimentation of endogenous colony-forming cells. These results further define characteristics of circulating erythroid progenitors in polycythaemia vera and normal subjects and suggest that simple culture of peripheral blood cells may be useful in the differential diagnosis of polycythaemia. PMID- 7104225 TI - Haemoglobin Constant Spring has an unstable alpha chain messenger RNA. AB - Haemoglobin Constant Spring (Hb CS) is a variant with an elongated alpha-chain associated with an alpha + thalassaemia phenotype. The amount of alpha mRNA relative to beta mRNA in reticulocytes was reduced in carriers of Hb CS by an amount equivalent to the reduction observed in carriers of alpha + thalassaemia. In a patient with Hb CS-H disease there was greater alpha/beta mRNA ratio in bone marrow nuclear RNA than in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, all the alpha mRNA in the patient's peripheral blood was derived from the alpha 1 (alpha A) gene. The data suggest that alpha CS mRNA is unstable and degraded in the cytoplasm. This instability may be due to destabilization of a specific sequence in the 3' non-coding region during translation. PMID- 7104222 TI - Assessment of bone marrow histology in Hodgkin's disease: correlation with clinical factors. AB - Bone marrow biopsies of 491 untreated and 170 treated patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were investigated. Marrow involvement was found in 10% and 25% respectively. Positive biopsies were rare in clinical stages I and II (1% and 2%), but the incidence rose to 25% and 45% in stages III and IV. HD patients with nodular sclerosis in lymph node histology had a low incidence of bone marrow involvement (4%), while those with lymphocytic depletion had a high incidence (22%). Of nine clinical and six histological parameters tested, bone marrow involvement proved to be the most significant predictive factor indicating an unfavourable course. Moreover, classification of the bone marrow manifestations according to the degree of lymphocytic infiltration, proved to be simple, reproducible and prognostically significant. Normal haematopoietic tissue was found in only 20% of the negative biopsies of untreated patients. The remaining 80% were characterized by a variety of non-specific reactions. These included marrow hypoplasia and leukaemoid and exudative reactions each of which indicated a poor prognosis; and epithelioid-cell granulomas and lymphoid nodules which predicted favourable survival curves. Adequate bone marrow biopsy is a valuable part of the investigation of patients with HD, as both positive and negative biopsies provide information of prognostic significance. PMID- 7104226 TI - Overproduction of structurally normal enzyme in man: hereditary haemolytic anaemia with increased red cell adenosine deaminase activity. AB - The mechanism of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) accumulation in a case of hereditary haemolytic anaemia due to increased red cell ADA activity was investigated. ADA activity of the younger cells was twice that of the older cells. Rate of ADA synthesis in erythroid colony cells cultured from the patient's bone marrow cells was 11-fold greater than that from the normal. The accumulation of ADA in the patient seems to be due to the increased synthesis in precursors of red cells in spite of the increased degradation in peripheral blood. PMID- 7104227 TI - A chronic myeloproliferative disorder associated with monosomy 7 in the bone marrow cells; normal karyotype in acute transformation. AB - A chronic myeloproliferative disorder associated with monosomy 7 of the bone marrow cells is described in a male infant. After nearly 4 years, during which time no drug therapy was given, the disease transformed to a 'blast crisis' and at this stage the karyotypes of the marrow and unstimulated blood cells were shown to be normal. It is proposed that the development of the myeloproliferative disorder associated with monosomy 7 is a multistage process and the acquisition of the chromosomal abnormality is a secondary event. PMID- 7104228 TI - The Evans syndrome: characterization of the responsible autoantibodies. AB - The immunofluorescence test on paraformaldehyde-fixed cells was used for the detection of antibodies bound to the platelets and granulocytes and present in the sera of 24 patients with Evans syndrome and a further 29 patients with both idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) and idiopathic neutropenia (INP), but without autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). The direct immunofluorescence test on platelets and/or on granulocytes was positive in all patients with a cytopenia, but the sera of only 17 patients with the Evans syndrome and 15 of the other patients contained platelet- or granulocyte-specific autoantibodies. From absorption and elution experiments, it appeared that the autoantibodies were directed against antigens specific for the various peripheral blood cells, i.e. erythrocytes, platelets and granulocytes and that they were not cross-reacting. PMID- 7104229 TI - Recurrent thrombocytopenia, erythroid hypoplasia and sideroblastic anaemia associated with hypothermia. AB - A distinct and previously undescribed haematological picture was noted in three patients with hypothermia. During hypothermia there was anaemia with reduced normoblastic erythropoiesis, marked sideroblastic change and thrombocytopenia in the presence of a normal number of megakaryocytes. In two patients as the body temperature returned to normal these changes were slowly reversed. Evidence both from observations in patients and from animal experiments is given why the haematological changes are due to the hypothermia. PMID- 7104230 TI - Stroma free human platelet lysates potentiate the in vivo thrombogenicity of factor Xa by the provision of coagulant-active phospholipid. AB - A stroma free platelet lysate supernatant (PLS) was prepared by repeatedly freezing and thawing a human platelet suspension separated from platelet rich plasma by gel filtration. The material was potently thrombogenic in a stasis model in rabbits, but only when combined with a purified preparation of factor Xa. The dose of factor Xa used was not thrombogenic when given alone. Initial evaluation suggested the presence of a factor V activator when PLS shortened the clotting time of normal but not a V deficient plasma. Subsequent evaluation, in a system employing purified components of the prothrombinase complex and a marker of thrombin generation, dansyl-arginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide (DAPA), failed to confirm the presence of a factor V activator. Further evaluation in this system demonstrated that the procoagulant activity related to the content of coagulant-active phospholipid. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the presence of phospholipids known to have coagulant activity. These components were isolated by a lipid extraction procedure and the phospholipid replacing activity in the in vitro assay with DAPA was quantitatively retained. The extracted material was non thrombogenic in vivo but augmented the thrombogenicity of a purified preparation of Xa. PMID- 7104231 TI - Dosage and control of oral anticoagulants: an international collaborative survey. AB - An international survey of oral anticoagulant dosage has been carried out comparing the mean dosage prescribed in hospitals in 23 countries. In addition, participants using the Quick prothrombin time test were asked to assess the adequacy of dosage of a lyophilized test plasma which was mid-therapeutic using the British Comparative Thromboplastin (BCT). The overall mean dosage proved similar for the groups of laboratories using the Quick test and human brain thromboplastin and Thrombotest although wide differences existed between individual centres. The survey indicated that these discrepancies were due partly to the adoption of different intensities of anticoagulation. In addition, local differences in patients' response to anticoagulants were apparent, e.g. North American centres prescribed a higher mean dose with a more intense therapeutic range than Europeans. Hong Kong physicians appear to prescribe a much lower dose than the rest of the world although the intensity of their treatment is comparable, whereas South African hospitals give moderate doses of warfarin despite a conservative therapeutic range. Such geographical variation in response would invalidate standardization of anticoagulant treatment based on the mean dosage approach. PMID- 7104232 TI - Is transferrin normal in idiopathic haemochromatosis? AB - Family studies were done to ascertain whether there is linkage between the transferrin locus and the HLA loci on chromosome 6. The findings in four families in which there was variation at the transferrin locus did not demonstrate any linkage, with 17 of the 30 offspring of heterozygous parents being recombinants and 13 non-recombinants. These results indicate that the HLA linked defect responsible for increased iron absorption in idiopathic haemochromatosis is not a consequence of any abnormality in the primary structure of transferrin. PMID- 7104234 TI - The influence of iron deficient indices on whole blood viscosity in polycythaemia. PMID- 7104233 TI - Iron deficiency and whole blood viscosity in polycythaemia. PMID- 7104235 TI - Assessment of bone marrow histology in the malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's): correlation with clinical factors for diagnosis, prognosis, classification and staging. AB - Bone marrow biopsies of 678 untreated patients with established malignant non Hodgkin's lymphomas (ML) were investigated. The bone marrow was involved in 468 cases, an overall frequency of 69%. The Kiel classification of the ML (based on lymph node histology) was applied and the biopsies were classified: ML lymphocytic 36%, ML 'hairy cell' 24%, ML lymphoplasmacytic/cytoid 24%, ML centrocytic 6%, ML centroblastic/centrocytic 4%, ML lymphoblastic (without ALL) 3%, ML centroblastic 2% and ML immunoblastic 1%. The life tables of the patients were similar whether classified according to the histology of the lymph node or the bone marrow. A multivariate computer based analysis of both clinical and histological data was performed to test their prognostic relevance. The cell type, the proliferation pattern and the extent of infiltration in the bone marrow all proved to be factors of prognostic significance. The results indicate that classification of the ML based on lymph node histology is applicable to the bone marrow, is reproducible and has prognostic significance. Consequently, a bone marrow biopsy is a useful clinical tool for staging and for histological classification of patients with ML. PMID- 7104236 TI - The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: studies on a possible defect in mitochondrial ATP resynthesis in platelets. AB - A possible defect in mitochondrial ATP resynthesis in platelets has been used for detection of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome carriers (Shapiro et al, 1978). The detection was based on an abnormal adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation under conditions that only the mitochondria provide metabolic energy. We evaluated the test and found false negative and false positive results which raised doubts about the applicability of the test and the nature of the underlying defect. Direct analysis of mitochondrial ATP regeneration in patients and carriers showed an impaired mitochondrial energy production which was insufficient to maintain ATP homeostasis when glycolytic energy production was inhibited. Also abnormal was the fall in metabolic ATP concentration during stimulation with adrenaline and especially with thrombin when the platelets were incubated in glucose-free medium. These data provide direct evidence for a regulation defect in mitochondrial ATP resynthesis in platelets of patients and carriers with Wiskott Aldrich syndrome. PMID- 7104237 TI - Decreased glycosylation of band 3 and band 4.5 glycoproteins of erythrocyte membrane in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II. AB - We report a study of HEMPAS erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins in relation to proteolytic digestion and surface labelling with galactose-oxidase/NaB[3H]4. The proteolytic digestion of band 3, the major intrinsic glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane, reveals an abnormality in the outer glycosylated segment of this protein. 3H incorporation in band 3 and band 4.5 glycoproteins after treatment with galactose-oxidase/NaB[3H]4 is reduced in HEMPAS red cells suggesting a defective glycosylation of these proteins. These findings together with the persistence of i antigen and the normal presence of I antigen lead us to conclude that erythroblastic membrane features may persist in HEMPAS erythrocytes. PMID- 7104238 TI - 'Silent' beta-thalassaemia caused by a 'silent' beta-chain mutant: the pathogenesis of a syndrome of thalassaemia intermedia. AB - In a Greek family three cases of beta-thalassaemia intermedia were diagnosed as resulting from the interaction of a typical high HbA2-beta-thalassaemia with an atypical (silent) beta-thalassaemia gene. Following electrophoresis of globins on an acid-urea-Triton-acrylamide system, an otherwise silent beta-like variant was revealed in the carriers of the atypical thalassaemia gene and in the intermediates; it amounted to 33% of the non-alpha chains in the former and to c. 75% in the latter. The provisional name Hb Knossos is suggested for this abnormality. PMID- 7104239 TI - Joint involvement in patients with severe haemophilia A in 1957-59 and 1978-79. AB - Clinical findings of joint involvement in patients with severe haemophilia A were compared between two surveys made in 1957-59 and 1978-79. Permanent joint changes wee seen in 50 (81%) of 62 patients in 1957-59 and in 70 (86%) of 81 patients in 1978-79. The incidence of permanent changes was the same in the two surveys in all 10-year age groups, but the degree of involvement was less severe in the two youngest age groups in 1978-79. It is concluded that effective replacement therapy can delay but not prevent completely the development of progressive arthropathy in patients with severe haemophilia A. PMID- 7104240 TI - Macrocytosis in pregnancy: iron as limiting factor. PMID- 7104244 TI - Experimental investigations of the relations between mood and intrusive unwanted cognitions. AB - Two experiments were carried out in order to test the hypothesis that unwanted intrusive thoughts are difficult to remove during dysphoria. In the first experiment, 32 people who experienced unwanted thoughts were induced to feel happy or sad, and then asked to remove selected intrusive or neutral thoughts. The hypothesis was supported, but as the mood-induction procedure was felt to be unsatisfactory, a second study was undertaken. The substitution of a musical mood induction procedure for the Velten card procedure produced superior results, and the hypothesis that intrusive unwanted thoughts are difficult to remove during dysphoria was supported once more. PMID- 7104241 TI - Splenectomy and blackwater fever. PMID- 7104243 TI - Fear of dentistry. AB - Patients attending the primary care department of a London dental hospital and a suburban general practice were interviewed to explore their experience of and reasons for anxiety about dental treatment. Results showed that anxiety was at a high level, particularly concerning certain treatment procedures. The most common reason given for fear was anticipated pain, and this was borne out by a comparison between anxiety and expected pain for a number of dental procedures. The possibility of mitigating dental fear by procedures which focus on minimizing pain expectations and pain experience is discussed. PMID- 7104242 TI - Psychiatric patient denial of mental illness as a normal process. AB - The self-perceptions of 50 first-admission psychiatric patients are compared with their perceptions of the mentally ill and psychiatric staff's views of the mentally ill but do not characterize themselves in terms of this stereotype. On the other hand they do view themselves as being much more like the mentally ill than usual. Two common perspectives on patient denial of mental illness, the sociological and the medical/clinical, are examined with respect to their ability to accommodate these results and it is concluded that a third perspective on patient denial of mental illness is required. This perspective views patient denial of mental illness as a normal process dependent on two mechanisms: rational rejection of self-stereotype identity and minor self-deception resulting from egocentric biases which play an important integrative role within the personality. PMID- 7104245 TI - Obsessional phenomena and the development of imaginative competence. AB - Obsessional phenomena are discussed in the light of anxieties arising around the ages 8-12. Three cases of the disappearance of obsessional symptoms are then described. In one remarkable sequence of dreams preceded recovery; in another it was the establishment of a secure therapeutic bond; in the third it was falling in love. The capacity securely to differentiate between fantasy and reality is seen as an essential development element in the recovery from obsessionality. PMID- 7104246 TI - Progressive relaxation, EMG biofeedback and biofeedback placebo in the treatment of sleep-onset insomnia. AB - This paper describes a study in which progressive relaxation, EMG frontalis biofeedback, and a biofeedback placebo manipulation were compared in the treatment of severe insomnia with 40 chronically sleep-disturbed adult patients. Progressive relaxation and EMG biofeedback led to significant reductions in both reported sleep-onset latency and depressive symptomatology. However, when compared individually with the biofeedback placebo group, neither progressive relaxation nor EMG biofeedback emerged as significantly more effective on the sleep-onset latency measure. The clinical improvement in the biofeedback placebo group suggests that expectancies related to the ability to relax may contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of relaxation strategies, even with chronic, severely disturbed insomniacs. Improvement in sleep-onset latency was not significantly related to reductions in frontalis EMG activity either within or between groups, a finding which raises questions concerning the clinical role and importance of physiological relaxation in the treatment of sleep-onset disturbance. PMID- 7104247 TI - Content analysis of brief psychotherapy sessions. AB - In studying the process of psychotherapy, detailed and reliable methods of describing the components are required. Such a method for content analysis of brief psychotherapy sessions is described. It is comprehensive and has satisfactory inter-rater reliability. It proved to have predictive validity in that it identified characteristics of the treatment approach, and most of the changes in therapeutic activity during the course of treatment, that had been predicted beforehand. In addition, similar patterns in the use of therapeutic strategies were found for therapists from different professional backgrounds trained in the same treatment approach. This method of analysis is recommended for future studies of content of psychotherapeutic treatments, including investigations of the relationship between content of treatment and outcome. PMID- 7104248 TI - Some marital and child-rearing characteristics of early mother-bereaved women. AB - A sample of 160 female, psychiatric patients from North-east Scotland whose mothers died before they were aged 11 was compared with 80 non-bereaved, female, psychiatric patients, matched by decade of birth, from the same area. Six subgroups of the bereaved patients classified according to the events which followed the bereavement were also examined. In addition, samples of 44 and 27 women from the Chichester general population, whose mothers died before age 11 and from 11 to 19 respectively, were paired by age, parental social class and age at death of father, with Chichester women who were not mother-bereaved. Comparisons were made in respect of age at marriage, relative age of subject and marital partner quality and fate of marriage, delay between marriage and birth of first child, total number of children, and ability to cope with the birth and subsequent child-rearing. The early bereaved women showed a tendency to marry younger men but otherwise their marriages were no different from those of the controls. The early bereaved had more difficulties with child-rearing, particularly when their children reached adolescence. Surprisingly, the findings for the six subgroups were not appreciably different from those of the total bereaved patients. PMID- 7104250 TI - The renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy: why bother? PMID- 7104249 TI - Types of countertransference identified by Q-analysis. AB - It is suggested that the term countertransference is the name of a family of emotional responses experienced by psychotherapists during their personal interaction with a patient. Although such responses have a very special importance in the psychotherapeutic relationship, similar phenomena occur in all relationships. In this study, therefore, the feelings that each of the nurses on a psychiatric ward experienced during their conversations with 10 of the patients on that ward were investigated. With the help of the new mathematical technique of Q-analysis it was possible to identify a number of different types of response within a nurse's total reaction to a patient. These were called the role response, the diagnostic response, the character response and the conflict response. It is argued that it is more useful to try and identify and describe the different kinds of response that a therapist may have to a patient than to argue about what can and what cannot be legitimately called countertransference. PMID- 7104251 TI - Bed rest in pregnancy. PMID- 7104252 TI - Ovarian transplantation. PMID- 7104253 TI - Obstetric implications of burns in pregnancy. AB - Analysis of 50 patients with burns in pregnancy has allowed the objective consideration of obstetric implications. Patients in the second and third trimester of pregnancy with burns of greater than or equal to 50% should be delivered immediately as maternal death is otherwise certain and fetal survival rate is not improved by waiting. Vaginal delivery has always proved possible, even in the presence of perineal burns but caesarean section should be considered and may be preferred. Patients in the first trimester may survive with more extensive burns and possible reasons for this are discussed. Pregnancy testing on admission should be mandatory in burns of women of reproductive age. In patients with burns of less than 40% in the second and third trimesters, spasmolytics should be used to suppress spontaneous labour and to cover operations. Greater fetal maturity without worsening maternal prognosis can thus be achieved. Insufficient data exist to recommend this for burns of between 40 and 50%. PMID- 7104254 TI - Social and obstetric features associated with smoking in pregnancy. AB - The smoking habits of 2000 consecutive pregnant women have been analysed in relation to their race, social features and obstetric results. Only 60% of white patients were non-smokers compared with 80% of blacks and 90% of Asians, and whereas 20% of white patients smoked heavily only 3% of blacks or Asians did. Smokers booked later and were more frequently unsure of their dates, unemployed, unmarried and defaulters from the antenatal clinic. The incidence of antepartum haemorrhage was doubled amongst the heavy smoking multigravid patients in spite of a slightly decreased incidence of hypertensive disease. More non-smokers required induction of labour for raised blood pressure, and more smokers for fetal distress. The most significant differences between the smokers and non smokers were the decrease in mean birth-weight associated with increased smoking (3.31 kg for non-smoking primigravidae compared with 3.14 kg for heavy smokers) and the threefold increased incidence of small-for-dates babies amongst the heavy smokers. There was no significant difference in the perinatal mortality. PMID- 7104255 TI - Acute effect of an antihypertensive drug, labetalol, on uteroplacental blood flow. AB - The effect of a new antihypertensive drug, labetalol, on uteroplacental blood flow was determined in eight pre-eclamptic women. After injection of 0.5 mCi of 113mIn the radioactivity in the placenta was recorded by a gamma camera linked to a computer and the placental blood-flow index was calculated from the ratio between the maximum radioactivity of the isotope-accumulation curve and the rise time of the curve. Labetalol, a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist was given intravenously and after 30 min a second uteroplacental blood-flow index was calculated. There was a significant mean decrease of blood pressure from 147/98 to 128/83 mmHg, but no change in uteroplacental blood-flow index, so that uteroplacental vascular resistance tended to decrease. PMID- 7104256 TI - Pregnancy after autografting and allografting vascularized ovaries and en bloc vascularized ovaries with adnexa in rabbits. AB - Initially, techniques for autografting ovaries with or without adnexa were developed but a 30% vascular failure rate was experienced by day 14. Of the technically successful grafts, 50% proved fertile. Single vascularized ovaries with their oviducts were then allografted into bilaterally ovariectomized rabbits by microsurgical techniques and the vascular failure rate was reduced to 5% of 40 grafts. The time-course of rejection in untreated recipients was mapped by histological examination and by 24-h culture of fallopian tubes after autopsy at different times after transplantation. Control allografts were consistently rejected by day 20. Striking prolongation of both types of graft was obtained with a short 17-day course of cyclosporin A at 10 or 15 mg day-1 kg-1. Indeed, significant evidence of rejection was found in only two ovaries out of 20 so far examined histologically. Mating behaviour, ovulation, ciliary function and transport of ova appeared normal in 80% of the recipients as long as 18 weeks after stopping cyclosporin A treatment. Only one of the ovarian allografted rabbits has so far been mated and this produced seven normal young 126 days after transplantation. However, none of the five animals mated after being allografted with en bloc adnexa have so far become pregnant. PMID- 7104257 TI - Ovarian transplantation by selective microvascular anastomoses in the rabbit. AB - Autotransplantation of the ovary by microvascular anastomoses was performed in 42 rabbits by three different procedures: orthotopic replantation with selective end to-end anastomoses of the ovarian vessels; heterotopic transplantation in the groin area, with anastomosis of the ovarian vessels on the inferior epigastric vessels; heterotopic transplantation in the groin with the ovary included in a peritoneal sac to prevent adhesions. Three weeks later, at day 3 of a pseudo pregnancy, the grafts were examined and morphology, presence of adhesions and ovulation were compared with those of a control group. The long-term vascular patency rate was 78%. The ovulation rate was 71.5% in the orthotopic group, 50% in the heterotopic group and 83.5% in the heterotopic group with the ovary in a peritoneal sac. Subcutaneous transplantation of the ovary within a peritoneal sac provides a new and useful experimental model for the study of tubo-ovarian function and for recovery of postovulatory oocytes. PMID- 7104259 TI - Obstetric and gynaecological presentations of hydatid disease. AB - Hydatid disease of the female pelvis is rare in gynaecological practice. In Libya, where the disease is endemic, 14 women with pelvic hydatid disease were encountered in one hospital department between 1971 and 1979. Five of these women were pregnant, a hospital prevalence of 1 in 20 000. The other nine women accounted for 0.3% of all gynaecological laparotomies in the same hospital. The clinical features, diagnosis and management of this rare condition are described. PMID- 7104258 TI - Effects of the climacteric and sequential mestranol and norethisterone on the cervix and genital tract. AB - The effects of the climacteric and sequential mestranol and norethisterone on the epithelium of the cervix and genital tract were determined in 12 postmenopausal women. Before treatment the squamocolumnar junction was visible in only six of the 12 women, but after treatment with sequential mestranol and norethisterone the squamocolumnar junction became visible due to a minor degree of eversion. Mucus, which was always absent before therapy, was always seen afterwards and any atrophic effects were reversed by therapy within 3 months. The effects of oestrogen and progestogen deficiency were more easily seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) than with conventional histology. Before treatment six of the nine women studied by SEM had a cervix covered by mature squamous epithelium, but after therapy all the women had mature squamous epithelium. The pretreatment lateral vaginal wall and urinary sediment smears showed mainly immature squamous cells; this correlated poorly with the histology and SEM of the cervix. There was a good correlation between urinary sediment and lateral vaginal wall smears both before and after treatment. PMID- 7104260 TI - Outcome of third trimester pregnancies after cryotherapy of the uterine cervix. AB - A retrospective study was undertaken to assess the effect of cryotherapy of the uterine cervix on the outcome of third trimester pregnancies. It was concluded that cryosurgery of the cervix had no effect on the onset or progress of labour, or on the infant, an important advantage compared with cold-knife conization as a therapy for young women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. PMID- 7104263 TI - Sex ratio of birth resulting from artificial insemination. PMID- 7104261 TI - Infertility and folate deficiency. Case reports. PMID- 7104262 TI - Tranexamic acid, intrauterine contraceptive devices and fatal cerebral arterial thrombosis. Case report. PMID- 7104264 TI - A forced-choice test improves clinical contrast sensitivity testing. AB - Decreased contrast sensitivity has been demonstrated in early glaucoma, but the deficit in not regularly observed. We designed a prototype for a forced-choice printed test and evaluated it with several other measures of contrast sensitivity. The results also bear on the pattern of loss and the variables which effect performance. Mildly glaucomatous patients show at 6 db (50%) loss of contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies tested compared with age matched controls. Moving gratings give the same information as stationary ones, and practice effects are negligible. Contrast sensitivity at or below 2 cycles/degree is poorly correlated with visual acuity and does not change with age in the forced-choice test. Subjective judgment made the apparent contrast threshold higher, age dependent, and more variable, particularly at higher spatial frequencies. The pattern of variability can explain some reports of insignificant effects and why low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity detects glaucoma better than visual acuity. Methods correlated so poorly, despite high reliabilities, that uncontrolled biases must be suspected in subjective measures. Our new forced-choice format was superior to all other tests on at least one formal criterion and always at least equal to them. Improvements in contrast sensitivity screening tests are thus indicated. PMID- 7104265 TI - Contrast sensitivity in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy. PMID- 7104266 TI - Refractive change in hyperglycaemia: hyperopia, not myopia. AB - Sudden changes in refraction are well recognised feature of hyperglycaemia. A tendency towards myopia has always been associated with elevations in blood glucose. Twelve diabetic patients were found to have experienced such refractive changes. Review of their records demonstrates that hyperglycaemia produces hyperopia. A theoretical mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed. PMID- 7104267 TI - Effect of age on the endothelial cell count in the normal eye. PMID- 7104270 TI - Corneal evaluation of prospective aphakic wearers of contact lenses. PMID- 7104269 TI - Changes in endothelial cell density following accidental trauma. PMID- 7104273 TI - Incidence of optic disc haemorrhages in chronic simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension. PMID- 7104271 TI - Corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. I. Prevalence in closed-angle glaucoma. AB - Forty-eight eyes with closed-angle glaucoma and 31 eyes at risk were subjected to corticosteroid provocative tests. 65% and 9.7% respectively responded with a change in pressure greater than or equal to 6 mmHg. The responses of the 2 groups were compared with each other and also with the corticosteroid pressure response in normal eyes. The differences in behaviour between the eyes with closed-angle glaucoma and eyes at risk, and the eyes with closed-angle glaucoma and normal eyes, are statistically highly significant. The implication of this are discussed. The prevalence of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension in closed angle glaucoma is higher than previously reported. PMID- 7104272 TI - Corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. II. An acquired form. AB - Thirty-five patients with unilateral closed-angle glaucoma treated by peripheral iridectomy and prophylactic peripheral iridectomy in the fellow eyes were subjected to corticosteroid provocative test in both eyes. 51% of the eyes with closed-angle glaucoma and 11% of their fellow eyes had a positive corticosteroid pressure response. The closed-angle glaucoma eyes had their fellow eyes responded differently as shown by the frequency distribution graphs and also by the difference between the corticosteroid-induced change in pressure (Wilcoxon test, z=-4.80, p less than 0.0001). These results provide evidence for an acquired form of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and the possible pathogenic factors for the first time. The clinical significance of an acquired form of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension is discussed. PMID- 7104268 TI - Reduction in endothelial cell density following cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. AB - Comparison of endothelial cell density by specular photomicroscopy of the right and left eyes after single eye surgery shows a similar reduction in endothelial cell density to that recorded between pre- and postoperative photographs in the operated eye. A review of 43 single-eye cataract extractions, with and without placement of a prepupillary intraocular lens, confirms that the major cause of endothelial cell loss is operative trauma to the endothelium. In our experience a cataract extraction with lens implantation but without endothelial contact produces no greater reduction in cell density than the cataract extraction alone. PMID- 7104274 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry in optic nerve disease. AB - Posterior vitreous fluorophotometry measurements have been shown to be increased in patients with acute retrobulbar neuritis. We studied 12 patients who had optic neuropathy by posterior vitreous fluorophotometry, with and without correction for blood fluorescein concentration. Both uncorrected and corrected posterior vitreous measurements were increased in patients with inflammatory, obstructive, and infiltrative optic neuropathies. Concurrent values from anterior chamber fluorophotometry were not increased in any of the 8 patients studied. PMID- 7104275 TI - Report on the presence of a toxic substance, dimethyl formamide, in sodium fluorescein used for fluorescein angiography. AB - The revelation that intravenous sodium fluorescein is not all that it might seem to be may be a significant finding in the light of the adverse reactions to fluorescein that have been previously reported. Analysis of commercially prepared intravenous sodium fluorescein by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance has indicated that an industrial solvent used in the manufacturing process has not been eliminated. Dimethyl formamide is an industrial solvent with a maximum acceptable exposure level of 10 parts per million for dermal contact. It has been found in quantities of 5000 parts per million in the fluorescein for intravenous use. This investigation was prompted by a significant increase in the adverse reactions in patients receiving intravenous fluorescein in the retinal photographic unit at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. PMID- 7104276 TI - Use of portable vitrectomy instrumentation (VISC X) in the rural Guatemalan highlands. AB - In a rural mountain setting 20 patients with blinding ocular opacities were treated surgically with modern vitrectomy techniques. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications unique to the isolated environment. Because of its compact portability, the VISC X proved to be an ideal vitrectomy instrument. In addition to plastic lid procedures, cataract extraction, and strabismus surgery, repair of retinal detachment and vitrectomy in selected cases has been added to the armamentarium of surgeons who are seriously involved in exporting ophthalmology to remote places. PMID- 7104277 TI - Ophthalmological study of epidemic dropsy. PMID- 7104278 TI - Behaviour of the fellow eye in acute angle-closure glaucoma. AB - A retrospective study of 245 fellow eyes of patients admitted in primary acute angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) is presented. Twenty-five (10.2%) had acute ACG in the fellow eye on presentation. Of the remaining 220, 33 (15%) subsequently developed acute ACG before prophylactic surgery was performed. Possible predisposing factors were analysed. The main findings were that acute ACG in the fellow eye occurred most frequently in hospital, or during the first month after discharge if prophylactic surgery was not performed. The instillation of mydriatics in the operated eye increased the risk to the fellow eye. Pilocarpine and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors confer the best protection on the fellow eye, but no medical regimen entirely prevented an attack of acute ACG in the fellow eye. PMID- 7104279 TI - Ophthalmomyiasis interna posterior: report of case caused by the reindeer warble fly larva and review of previous reported cases. PMID- 7104280 TI - Periodic exophthalmos associated with the blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome: a case report. AB - A 71-year-old woman with the blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome experienced 4 episodes of self-limiting unilateral exophthalmos. Is is suggested that a vascular malformation in the orbit is responsible for this phenomenon. A biopsy sample was taken of one of the cutaneous lesions and studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The histological appearances are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms causing this periodic exophthalmos. PMID- 7104281 TI - Apparent monoclonal origin of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrating ocular adnexal amyloid deposits: report of 2 cases. PMID- 7104282 TI - Senile cataracts and the HLA system. PMID- 7104284 TI - Body fatness, relative weight and frame size in young adults. AB - 1. Body-weight, body height, knee width, wrist width and skinfold measurements were made on males (n 139) and females (n 167) in three age-groups (20-22, 25-27 and 30-32 years). Percentage of body fat was calculated from skinfold thicknesses using regression equations according to Durnin & Womersley (1974). Three indices of relative weight were calculated: W/H2, W/Hp and W/W, where W is body-weight, H is body height, p is the exponent that made the index of relative weight independent of height and W is the weight estimated from body height and frame size. 2. The standard error of the estimate of body-weight was only reduced by 5% in males and by 13% in females when, in addition to body height, knee width was taken into account. The addition of wrist width did not improve the accuracy of estimation of body-weight in either sex. Therefore in further analyses W was estimated from body height and knee width. In the present population the exponent p was 1.7 in males and 1.6 in females. 3. The correlations between the percentage of body fat and the indices, W/H2, W/Hp, and W/W, were all very similar, being approximately 0.8 in both sexes. 4. A positive relationship was observed between percentage of body fat and knee width in females, which may be explained by an artifact of measurement. 5. In conclusion it can be stated that the accuracy of estimation of percentage of body fat was not improved when the index of relative weight was adjusted for knee width or wrist width in the present population. The W/H2 was the most preferable of the three indices which were calculated. PMID- 7104283 TI - Uniocular Pulfrich phenomenon: an abnormality of visual perception. AB - We describe a patient with multiple sclerosis who experienced the Pulfrich illusion of elliptical motion of a target moving linearly when viewing the motion with one eye as opposed to the well recognised binocular manifestation of the phenomenon. The perception of the illusion was independent of the wave form or velocity characteristics of target motion or of retinal image position. We suggest that the occurrence of the phenomenon does not simply reflect delay in the visual system but is a function of an abnormality of perceptual interpretation of visual stimuli occurring at a high integrative level. PMID- 7104285 TI - Glucose utilization in the horse. AB - 1. Total entry, irreversible loss and recycling rates of glucose were measured in four non-pregnant female Shetland ponies before and after a 24 h fast by the continuous intravenous infusion of a mixture of [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose. 2. The post-fasting fall in the concentration of glucose and the rise in the concentration of ketones in plasma were not significant. 3. After fasting the total entry rate fell from 1.44 +/- 0.11 (n4) to 1.19 +/- 0.12 mg/min per kg body weight (P less than 0.01) and irreversible loss fell from 1.36 +/- 0.10 (n4) to 1.05 +/- 0.10 mg/min per kg body-weight (P less than 0.02). Recycling rate did not change significantly. 4. In one pony the intravenous infusion of glucose at rates of 0.52, 1.0 or 1.64 mg/min per kg body-weight had no appreciable effect on endogenous glucose production whereas in a second pony, similarly fed, total entry was depressed by 43% and irreversible loss by 54%. 5. Irreversible loss of glucose in the horse is similar to that of many other species. PMID- 7104286 TI - Patterns of electrical activity in the digestive tract of the conscious cat. AB - 1. Bipolar electrodes were permanently implanted on the gastric antrum, and on the different portions of the small intestine of each of eleven healthy adult cats receiving one meal daily. All parts of the feline gut exhibited, as in several other species, regular slow waves and alternate periods of quiescence and electrical spiking activity during the recording sessions lasting from 10 to 30 d. 2. Patterns of electrical activity characteristic of this species were identified. Both the amplitude and frequency of the antral slow-wave were related to the presence of superimposed spike bursts during fasting. A decrease in the antral slow-wave frequency and increase in the length of the duodenal plateau of slow waves after the daily meal were related to its nature. 3. In fasted state, the electrical spiking activity of the small intestine occurred as fused spike bursts of large amplitude potentials migrating slowly over short distances only 24 h after feeding. They are interspersed with short periods of irregular spiking activity. 4. These findings suggested that, except the distal part of the small intestine which showed an activity which resembled partially the migrating myoelectric complex observed in other species during the fasting state, the motility patterns of the digestive tract in the cat were not comparable to those observed in the dog or sheep. In the cat, mixing of the contents seemed to result from more or less regular spiking activity allowing their propulsion distally. The propagation over distances varying from 200 to 1000 mm of nine to eighteen daily fused spike bursts in the fasting state remains unclear but they are related to the digestive function in accordance with the displacement aborally of their origin in a prolonged fasting condition. PMID- 7104287 TI - Influence of diet and microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility, and nitrogen and energy metabolism in rats and pigs. AB - 1. Balance trials with respiration measurements were performed with twelve rats and twelve pigs given either low- or high-crude-fibre diets. There were six collection periods with the rats over a live-weight range of 86-264 g and three collection periods with the pigs over a live-weight range of 30-55 kg. Measurements were made on the influence of microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility and nitrogen and energy metabolism. Dietary inclusion of the antibiotic Nebacitin was the method used to reduce the microbial population. 2. The microbial activity in the hind-gut (mumol ATP/g air-dry contents) of antibiotic-treated rats was reduced to approximately one-tenth of that of untreated rats. 3. Live-weight gain was not significantly affected in either species by a reduction in the microbial activity, in spite of a reduction in dry matter digestibility in animals with reduced microflora. 4. For rats on low-crude fibre diets, a reduction in microflora reduced digestibility of all nutrients and energy and metabolizability of digestible energy by approximately 5.4%. All differences were highly significant. On high-crude-fibre diets the decrease was approximately 5.9%. In pigs on both crude fibre levels, the digestibility was also influenced by the level of microflora, but the pattern was somewhat different from that obtained with rats, with the Nebacitin treatment increasing the digestibility of N slightly, and the digestibility of fat markedly. 5. Retained N in rats reached a maximum when the rats were approximately 60 d old and thereafter decreased with increasing age. However, for pigs daily N retention increased with age. The retained N: digested N value decreased linearly with age in the rats, but varied little with age over the range (104-146 d) studied in the pigs. 6. The metabolizability of gross energy (metabolizable energy (ME): gross energy) was significantly reduced with an increase in crude fibre level and by the addition of Nebacitin. 7. Retained energy (RE) in relation to ME (RE:ME), was not significantly affected either by level of microbial activity or by crude fibre. 8. The ratio, RE as fat (RF): RE as protein (RP) increased as the animals grew. In the rat experiment there was a tendency for RP to be higher for animals with normal microflora than for animals with reduced microflora for both crude fibre levels. 9. With rats, the regression analyses indicated that the energy requirement for maintenance could be influenced by both the level of microbial activity in the digestive tract and by the level of fibre in the diet. The net availability of ME for maintenance and growth by rats averaged 0.72 for all treatments. 10. The net availability of ME for growth in the pigs averaged 0.65 for all treatments. PMID- 7104288 TI - Interrelationships between biotin, choline and other B-vitamins and the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome and sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. AB - 1. Addition of supplemental choline to a biotin-deficient diet decreased the biotin status of chicks and increased mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS). 2. Mortality was also increased by dietary supplementation with a mixture of other B-vitamins, excluding biotin, and was highest when the choline and B-vitamin supplements were combined. 3. The occurrence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) was unaffected by dietary biotin concentration. 4. A previously unreported condition was observed in which birds died showing post-mortem signs characteristic of both FLKS and SDS and whose occurrence was related to the biotin status of the chicks. PMID- 7104289 TI - The effect of protein-deficient isoenergetic diets on the growth of rat jejunal mucosa. AB - 1. Newly weaned 21-d-old male rats were given isoenergetic diets containing 200, 100 and 50 g protein/kg for 7, 14, 28 or 70 d. The mid-jejunum was removed from the rats and a micrometric analysis of the mucosa was made. The following measurements were made: number of villi/mm2, villus dimensions, villus surface area, crypt depth, crypt: villus, the number of cells/crypt in metaphase arrest per h. 2. Comparison were made between animals of the same age but on different diets, and animals on the same diet but of different ages. The latter comparison gave information on the effect of protein deficiency on the pattern of maturation of each feature of the villus or crypt studied. 3. The effect of protein deficiency was not consistent at each stage of maturation. For instance villus height was decreased when compared with the controls following 28 d on a protein deficient diet but not after 7 or 70 d. 4. The only measurement to be unaffected by protein deficiency was the number of villi per unit area. 5. In general the 50 g protein/kg diet had a more pronounced effect than the 100 g protein/kg diet. Protein deficiency delayed maturation by either slowing or inhibiting changes seen in normal maturation. 6. In rats given 50 g protein/kg diet, although the villus surface area did not increase as the rats matured there were increases in epithelial cell production rate and number of crypts per villus. PMID- 7104290 TI - The effect of protein supplementation on digestion and glucose metabolism in young cattle fed on silage. AB - 1. Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ev. RvP) silage was given to twelve Friesian steer calves (initial live weight (LW) 106 kg) at 2.3 kg dry matter (DM)/calf per d, alone, or with a supplement of fish meal at 50 (FM1) or 100 (FM2) g/kg silage DM per d. 2. The rate of flow of nutrients into the duodenum was measured using a dual-marker technique. Glucose irreversible-loss rates and the contribution of propionate to gluconeogenesis were measured using continuous infusions of [U 14C]glucose and [2-14C]propionate. 3. Amino acid flow into the duodenum was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased from 238 g/d on the control treatment to 319 g/d on FM2, but there was no response to FM1 (P greater than 0.05). 4. Glucose irreversible loss rate remained constant with an average value of 1.86 mg/min per kg LW. 5. Neither the percentage of glucose synthesized from propionate (average 30) nor the percentage of propionate converted to glucose (average 45) was significantly altered by treatment (P greater than 0.05). PMID- 7104292 TI - The determination of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) activity. AB - 1. Experiments were carried out to establish the conditions required for the measurement of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1; PC) activity. 2. Reference diets were formulated which gave a linear response in blood PC activity at 3 weeks of age over a wide range of supplemental dietary biotin concentrations. 3. Dietary protein concentration was found to affect blood PC activity. Hence purified ingredients in the reference diets were wholly or partially replaced by the test ingredients so that all diets in each assay contained the same amounts of protein, fat and metabolizable energy. Comparison of the blood PC activities of birds given the test diets with those given biotin supplemented reference diets provided a measure of the available biotin content of the test ingredient. 4. Bioavailabilities of biotin were found to vary widely in the cereals and vegetable-protein sources tested. PMID- 7104291 TI - Foetal and maternal rates of urea production and disposal in well-nourished and undernourished sheep. AB - 1. Five monotocous and two ditocous Scottish Blackface ewes with indwelling catheters in an umbilical artery and vein of one foetus only and in both maternal jugular veins were used. 2. Experiments were conducted over a period of 2 d when [14C]urea was infused intravenously over 9 h into either the mother or foetus, separate days being used for each infusion. Two series of experiments were completed, one in well-nourished and the other in undernourished sheep at 125-141 and 138-143 d of gestation respectively. 3. Plasma urea specific radioactivities of the mother and infused foetus at plateau were used to determine the urea flux rates within and between mother and foetus. The mean rate of foetal urea production (Ffo) was 1.45 and 1.63 mg/min per kg foetus in well-nourished and undernourished ewes respectively. The corresponding rates of maternal urea production (Fmo) were 0.49 and 0.37 mg/min per kg live weight respectively and there was a close correlation between the rate of maternal urea disposal (Fom) and the dietary nitrogen intake. 4. The values of Ffo were used to calculate the maximum potential for foetal gluconeogenesis from deaminated amino acids. These calculations were compared with published information on the over-all rates of foetal gluconeogenesis in well-nourished ewes. 5. The foetal entry rate of urea expressed on a body-weight basis was high, approximately 8.5 times that of the mother, but it was a threefold overestimate of Ffo. The maternal entry rate was 1.3 times Fmo and the significance of this in relation to assessing differences in urea entry rates in pregnant and non-pregnant sheep is discussed. PMID- 7104293 TI - Effect of cytochrome b5 on the transbilayer distribution of phospholipids in model membranes. AB - The transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine was assessed in phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles that contained various amounts of cytochrome b5. The small vesicles, made by sonication, and the large vesicles, made by ethanol injection, were fractionated by centrifugation before cytochrome b5 was asymmetrically incorporated into the bilayer. The mole ratio of phospholipid to protein ranged from 280 to 560 in the small vesicles and from 100 to 500 in the large vesicles. The phosphatidylethanolamine distribution, determined by chemical labeling with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, was assessed in vesicles the contained intact cytochrome b5 molecules and in vesicles where only the hydrophobic tail remained associated with the bilayer. At every phospholipid to protein ratio examined, the transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in either the small or large unilamellar vesicles was not significantly different from the distribution in control vesicles that contained no protein. Ethanol was added to some cytochrome b5-vesicle preparations (20% v/v) in an attempt to facilitate rearrangement of the phospholipids. No differences in the transbilayer distribution were observed. These results are discussed in terms of transbilayer equilibrium and the perturbation induced by the protein. PMID- 7104294 TI - Role of lipid phase separations and membrane hydration in phospholipid vesicle fusion. AB - The relationship between lipid phase separation and fusion of small unilamellar phosphatidylserine-containing vesicles was investigated. The kinetics of phase separation were monitored by following the increase of self-quenching of the fluorescent phospholipid analogue N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4 yl)phosphatidylethanolamine, which occurs when the local concentration of the probe increases upon Ca2+-induced phase separation in phosphatidylserine (PS) bilayers [Hoekstra, D. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 1055-1061]. Fusion was determined by using the resonance energy transfer fusion assay [Struck, D. K., Hoekstra, D., & Pagano, R. E. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 4093-4099], which monitors the mixing of fluorescent lipid donor and acceptor molecules, resulting in an increase in energy transfer efficiency. The results show that in the presence of Ca2+, fusion proceeds much more rapidly (t 1/2 less than 5 s) than the process of phase separation (T 1/2 congruent to 1 min). Mg2+ also induced fusion, albeit at higher concentrations than Ca2+. Mg2+-induced phase separation were not detected, however. Subthreshold concentrations of Ca2+ (0.5 mM) or Mg2+ (2 mM) induced extensive fusion of PS-containing vesicles in poly(ethylene glycol) containing media. This effect did not appear to be a poly(ethylene glycol)-facilitated enhancement of cation binding to the bilayer, and consequently Ca2+-induced phase separation was not observed. The results suggest that macroscopic phase separation may facilitate but does not induced the fusion process and is therefore, not directly involved in the actual fusion mechanism. The fusion experiments performed in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) suggest that the degree of bilayer dehydration and the creation of "point defects" in the bilayer without rigorous structural rearrangements in the membrane are dominant factors in the initial fusion events. PMID- 7104295 TI - Partial molar volumes of some 1-alkanols in erythrocyte ghosts and lipid bilayers. AB - The partial molar volumes of 1-heptanol and 1-octanol in red cell ghosts, in egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, and in water and phosphate buffer have been measured to a precision of better than 4% by using a density meter. In every case, the partial molar volume was independent of concentration in the range studied. In both membranes, the partial molar volume of each alcohol was close to its molar volume whereas in aqueous solution it was considerably less. Comparison of the two membranes suggests that the major contribution to the partial molar volume arises from alcohol-lipid interactions of each case. Further comparison with partial molar volumes in bulk solvents suggests that on average the alcohols retain a hydrogen bond in the lipid bilayer. The magnitude of the volume change in ghosts is some 5 times less than the corresponding area changes previously reported by others [Roth, S. H., & Seeman, P. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 190-198]. These two observations can only be resolved by assuming either that the bilayer expands anisotropically, experiencing a decrease in thickness with increasing volume, or that conformational changes in membrane-associated proteins can occur at constant volume to increase membrane area. Finally, these data are used to test the critical volume hypothesis of general anesthetic action. A volume change of 0.15% in red cell ghost membranes is found to be associated with anesthesia, which compares with a value of 0.2% predicted previously from pressure reversal of anesthesia studies. In egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, a volume change of 0.36% is associated with anesthesia. The larger change in the lipid bilayer compared to the biomembrane originates solely in their different membrane/buffer partition coefficients. PMID- 7104296 TI - Stabilization of the quaternary structure of transcarboxylase by cobalt (II) ions. AB - When dilute solutions of transcarboxylase are incubated at 25 degrees C in an alkaline 50 mM buffer, the enzyme rapidly loses activity. This loss of activity is accompanied by the dissociation to enzymatically inactive subunits. The inclusion of 2 mM Co2+ in the buffer reduces both dissociation and the loss of enzymatic activity. This stabilization does not take place with 2 mM Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, or Cu2+, but there is a slight protection by Zn2+. At Co2+ concentrations of less than 2 mM, the stabilization decreases. The cobalt involved in the stabilization is not that required for catalysis as evidenced by the fact that the "catalytic" cobalt does not exchange with added free Co2+ under the conditions that prevent loss of enzymatic activity. The stabilizing effects of Co2+ were also observed toward inactivation with guanidinium chloride and by heat. It is proposed that Co2+ shifts that equilibrium of the dissociation of transcarboxylase toward the associated form and thus enzymatic activity is retained at alkaline pH. PMID- 7104297 TI - Succinylated copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. A novel approach to the problem of active subunits. AB - Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (BESOD) has been extensively succinylated with succinic anhydride. Succinylated BESOD has an identical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum but only 10% as much activity as the native enzyme, showing that an increase of the negative charge of the protein surface lowers the activity without alteration of the active site structure. On the other hand, sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that interaction between subunits is strongly weakened by succinylation. NaDodSO4 has no effect on either the activity or EPR spectrum of the protein. BESOD was immobilized by coupling to a Sepharose matrix with no alteration of the EPR spectrum. Succinylation of the immobilized protein led to detachment from the gel of approximately 50% of the molecules, as estimated by parallel EPR measurements of the gel and activity determinations on the eluate. It is concluded the succinylation leads to dissociation of BESOD into nondenatured subunits, having lower activity than the native protein possibly because of charge effects on the enzyme-O2-interaction. PMID- 7104298 TI - Investigation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and acyl binding sites on avian fatty acid synthase. AB - The binding of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to chicken liver fatty acid synthase has been studied by using both fluorescence titrations and the direct binding method of forced dialysis. Four apparently identical sites are found per enzyme molecule, with an intrinsic dissociation constant of 0.6 microM at pH 7.0, 23 degrees C. The acyl-binding sites on the enzyme have been studied with a fluorescent analogue of acetyl-CoA, beta-[N-(7 nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)]alanyl coenzyme A (NBDA-CoA). The enzyme slowly transfers NBDA to acyl-binding sites. Analysis of the kinetics of binding and of the stability and hydroxylamine sensitivity of the acyl-enzyme at pH 7.5 suggests that binding occurs predominantly at two classes of sulfhydryl sites, with two sites of each class per enzyme molecule. Up to one NBDA per enzyme molecule is bound to a nonsulfhydryl site after overnight incubation of enzyme with NBDA-CoA. The acyl linkage at one class of sulfhydryl sites appears to be hydrolyzed by the thioesterase activity of the enzyme. This hydrolysis can be prevented by modifying the enzyme with tosyl fluoride. The binding of NBDA is inhibited by acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH. The NBDA-enzyme adduct is inactive, although activity can be partially restored by incubation at 35 degrees C. The binding of NADPH to the enzyme is not significantly altered by the binding of NBDA. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between enzyme-bound NADPH and enzyme bound NBDA suggests that the acyl-binding sites are 30-40 A from NADPH-binding sites. This distance can only be defined approximately because of the presence of multiple energy donors and acceptors and the uncertainty in the dipole-dipole orientations of the energy acceptors and donors. PMID- 7104299 TI - Direct transfer of one-carbon units in the transformylations of de novo purine biosynthesis. AB - It is shown that the transfer of formyl units in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway as catalyzed by glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) transformylase and 5 aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase probably proceeds through a direct displacement mechanism involving only formyl donor (10 CHO-H4folate) and formyl acceptor (GAR or AICAR). The inability to observe enzyme catalyzed solvent oxygen incorporation or uncoupling by hydroxylamine of 1:1 stoichiometry between formylated acceptor [formylglycinamide ribonucleotide or 5 (formylamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide] and deformylated donor implies the absence of an amidine intermediate and suggests that either a formylated enzyme-bound intermediate is not formed or such an intermediate is not accessible to hydroxylamine. PMID- 7104300 TI - Small-angle neutron scattering study of Bence-Jones protein Mcg: comparison of structures in solution and in crystal. AB - Immunoglobulins fragments are composed of globular domains linked by extended polypeptide segments. The molecular flexibility inherent in this arrangement allows for significant potential differences between structures observed in the crystalline state and those attained in solution. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements in dilute solution were performed on the Mcg Bence-Jones protein dimer, for which performed on the Mcg Bence-Jones protein dimer, for which accurate atomic coordinates have been determined by crystallographic methods [Edmundson, A. B., Ely, K. R., Abola, E. E., Schiffer, M., & Panagiotopoulos, N. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 3953-3961; Schiffer, M. (1980) Biophys. J. 32, 230-232]. The measured radius of gyration (Rg) in H2O buffer is 24.0 +/- 0.4 A and in D2O buffer is 23.3 +/- 0.1 A; the calculated value of Rv (Rg in vacuo) is 24.0 A. The above values compare well with the calculated Rg value of 23.6 A when refined coordinates of the trigonal crystal form of the Mcg Bence-Jones protein are used. On the basis of a match point of 44.2% D2O concentration, the experimental partial specific volume is 0.74 cm3/g. The experimentally derived molecular weight of 47 000 is in very good agreement with that (45 500) calculated from the amino acid composition. For comparison with different Fab's (antigen binding fragments) exhibiting various "elbow bends" due to the flexibility of the switch peptide between variable and constant domains of the immunoglobulin chains, calculation of the Rg value of the Mcg dimer was performed as a function of the elbow bend. The Rg varied from 22.8 to 26.0 A as the elbow bend was opened from 100 degrees to 180 degrees; the maximum radius of gyration of the particle was 26.5 A with the switch peptide stretched by separating the variable and constant domains by an additional 1.5 A at an elbow bend of 180 degrees. PMID- 7104302 TI - Spinach siroheme enzymes: Isolation and characterization of ferredoxin-sulfite reductase and comparison of properties with ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. AB - Sulfite reductase (SiR) has been purified to homogeneity from spinach leaves. Two forms of the enzyme were separated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. One, with subunit Mr 69 000 appears to be proteolytically cleaved to give rise to the other, with subunit Mr 63 000, during the purification procedure. The two species have identical catalytic activities (on a per heme basis) when reduced methylviologen (MV+) or ferredoxin (Fdr) is used as electron donor for sulfite reduction, and they exhibit nearly identical optical and EPR spectra. Both enzyme forms exist in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) primarily as dimers at 20 degrees C. Spinach SiR contains 1 mol of siroheme and one Fe4S4 center per subunit. The heme iron is the high spin Fe3+ state in the enzyme as isolated. Near quantitative reduction of the Fe4S4 center by dithionite could be achieved if SiR was either converted to the CO complex or treated with 80% dimethyl sulfoxide. Spinach SiR and nitrite reductase (NiR) both catalyze Fdr-or MV+-de-pendent six electron reductions of SO3(2)- and NO2-, as well as the two electron reduction of NH2OH. Vmax values are highest with the nitrogenous substrates. However, the Km of SiR for So3(2-), and of NiR for NO2-, is at least 2 orders of magnitude less than with either of the other substrates. Rates of reduction with Fdr as electron donor are greater than with MV+ as donor, No immunological cross-reaction could be detected between spinach SiR and Escherichia coli SiR or between spinach SiR and NiR. PMID- 7104303 TI - Dual effects f pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on glucocorticoid-receptor complexes. AB - The ability of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to inhibit DNA-cellulose binding of activated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes is pH and protein concentration dependent. At the tested pHs, all of the inhibitory activity of pyridoxal 5'- phosphate appears to be due to its ability to form a Schiff base. 2-Amino-2 (hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (100 mM) is unable to prevent or reverse the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate mediated inhibition of DNA-cellulose binding, while the same concentration of lysine is partially effective. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate does not alter the elution profile of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes as ascertained by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. This observation permitted the use of these resins in detecting the previously unreported stimulation of glucocorticoid-receptor complex activation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This stimulation is specific for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and appears to be mediated via a Schiff base formation. Additionally, glucocorticoid-receptor complexes activated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate treatment at low temperatures do not differ in size from thermally activated complexes. Thus, in vitro, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate can exert both a stimulatory effect on activation as well as an inhibitory effect on the binding of activated complexes to DNA-cellulose. PMID- 7104304 TI - Interaction of photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors and the Rieske Iron Sulfur center in chloroplasts and the cytochrome b6-f complex. AB - The interaction of electron transport inhibitors with the Rieske iron-sulfur center in chloroplast membranes and in a purified chloroplast cytochrome complex (the b6-f complex) has been studied by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Several quinone inhibitors, all of which contain a halogen substituent and a bulky alkyl side chain, cause a shift in the EPR signal of the reduced Rieske iron-sulfur center from g = 1.90 to g = 1.94. This g-value shift occurs in untreated membranes as well as in the cytochrome complex, which contains the Rieske center and no other iron-sulfur centers. Other compounds known to inhibit electron transport in the region of the iron-sulfur center cause a smaller alteration in the EPR signal of the Rieske center and are able to interact with the quinone-binding sites as evidenced by their displacement of quinones from the Rieske center. One substrate, plastoquinone 9, was also able to displace quinones from the Rieske center while other, such as plastoquinone 1 and duroquinone, did not show this effect. These results are considered in relation to the mode of interaction of quinones with the Rieske center in the photosynthetic membrane. PMID- 7104301 TI - Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance of arsanilazotyrosine-248 carboxypeptidase A and its complex with beta-phenylpropionate. Structure and dynamics in solution. AB - Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the structure of arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A and its complex with the inhibitor beta phenylpropionate. Derivatives selectively enriched with 15N were prepared to facilitate observation of the 15N resonances. The results are consistent with the conclusions reached previously from absorption spectroscopic studies and, in addition, provide new information regarding the properties of the azoenzyme and its inhibitor complex. Direct evidence has been obtained for formation of an intramolecular complex between the catalytically essential zinc ion and azoTyr 248, and it has been possible to estimate the degree of complexation. Moreover, the zinc complex involves the distal (N beta) nitrogen of the azo linkage, whereas a model compound, tetrazolyl-N-acetyltyrosine, complexes to zinc through the proximal (N alpha) nitrogen. The 15N NMR spectra give specific information regarding the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the azoenzyme. The free azophenol form of the azoenzyme, like that of the model compound arsanilazo-N acetyltyrosine, exists predominantly with the tyrosine phenolic proton intramolecularly hydrogen bonded to N beta of the azo linkage to form a six membered ring structure. A similar hydrogen bond is also present in the apoazoenzyme and in the azoenzyme-Gly + L-Tyr) complex, but not in the complex between the azoenzyme and beta-phenylpropionate. In the latter complex, there appears to be a new and strong hydrogen bond between the phenolic proton of Tyr 248 and the carboxylate group of enzyme-bound beta-phenylpropionate. Thus, azoenzyme-bound beta-phenylpropionate, but not azoenzyme-bound Gly + L-Tyr, is apparently able to compete effectively with, and displace, the azo nitrogen as the hydrogen-bond acceptor of the phenolic proton of Tyr-248. PMID- 7104305 TI - Characteristics of the isolated purine nucleotide binding protein from brown fat mitochondria. AB - The isolation of the purine nucleotide binding protein (NbP), the putative uncoupling protein, from hamster brown adipose tissue mitochondria and some of its functional characteristics are described. (1) Among various detergents tested, Triton is the most suitable; the total GDP binding capacity can be recovered after solubilization by Triton and is rather stable in this extract. (2) For separation of NbP from the ADP/ATP carrier, differences in the solubilizing conditions and the stability at room temperature between both proteins are exploited. The preparation is substantially free of ADP/ATP carrier. (3) The purified NbP has a binding capacity for 16 mumol of GDP/g of protein, corresponding to a 16-fold purification from mitochondria. (4) In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in single band of Mr 32 000 is found. A dimer structure is suggested from chemical cross-linking, from the binding capacity for GDP, and from the previously reported centrifugation equilibrium. (5) The isolated NbP preparation consists of Triton-protein-phospholipid mixed micelles with a Stokes radius of 60.5 A as determined by gel filtration. The Triton binding is 1.9 g/g of protein, and the phospholipid binding is 0.2 g/g of protein. (6). The amino acid composition has a polarity index of 43.5%. The N terminal peptide has the sequence Val-Asp-Pro-Thr-Thr-Ser-Glu-Val. (7) The affinity of NbP for different purine nucleotides decreases in the order GTP greater than GDP greater than ATP greater than ITP greater than ADP greater than IDP. The affinity for the monophosphates is 100 time lower. (8) Photooxidation and the lysine reagent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid decrease the binding capacity without influencing the affinity of the unaffected sites. GDP protects against photooxidation. PMID- 7104306 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of free cholesterol exchange between human serum high- and low-density lipoproteins. AB - The mechanism of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (PC) exchange between human serum lipoproteins has been investigated by following the transfer of radiolabeled cholesterol and PC between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Initially, [14C]cholesterol was present in the donor lipoprotein particle which was either HDL2, HDL3, or LDL. After incubation in saline solution for various times, the HDL and LDL were separated by precipitation of the LDL with Mn2+-heparin reagent. More than 90% of the [14C]cholesterol in donor HDL3 is transferred to LDL in a first-order process whose half-time is 2.9 min at 37 degrees C. This indicates that transfer of cholesterol molecules from the cholesterol ester/triglyceride core of HDL to the phospholipid/apoprotein monolayer at the surface of the particle is not rate limiting for exchange. The half-time for dipalmitoyl-PC exchange from HDL3 to LDL is 5 +/- h, indicating that the flux of PC is much lower than that of cholesterol. The half-times for [14C]cholesterol exchange from HDL2 and LDL at 37 degrees C are 4 and 45 min, respectively. The interfacial fluxes at 37 degrees C from the various lipoproteins are 4, 15, and 10 cholesterol molecules/(10 nm2 h), respectively, for LDL, HDL2, and HDL3. The rate of labeled cholesterol transfer from HDL3 is not affected when the concentration of LDL acceptor is increased 40 fold. The activation energies of cholesterol transfer between 4 and 37 degrees C for HDL3, HDL2, and LDL are 70 +/- 3, 75 +/- 3, and 78 +/- 3 KJ/mol, respectively. The general characteristics of the process of exchange of cholesterol between lipoproteins resemble those for exchange between small unilamellar vesicles. The results are only consistent with a mechanism of exchange in which cholesterol molecules diffuse through the aqueous phase; the experimental activation energy is associated with desorption of lipid from the donor lipoprotein into the aqueous phase. PMID- 7104307 TI - Inhibition of hexokinase and protein kinase activities of tumor cells by a chloromethyl ketone derivative of lactic acid. AB - A chloromethyl ketone derivative of lactic acid is a potent inhibitor of glycolysis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. It inhibited glycolysis of intact cells by about 50% at 200 microM (100 nmol/mg of protein) while cell-free extracts were inhibited 50% at 50 microM (50 nmol/mg of protein). N alpha-(p Tosyl)-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and N alpha-(p-tosyl)-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone inhibited only slightly or not at all at this concentration. The inhibition was localized at the hexokinase and phosphofructokinase steps since these two enzymes added to an inactivated extract restored the glycolytic activity, whereas none of the other glycolytic enzymes did. In fact, addition of pyruvate kinase or lactate dehydrogenase, which stimulated glycolysis, resulted in a more pronounced inhibition. Glycolysis and hexokinase activities in extracts of Rous sarcoma virus transformed cells were considerably more sensitive to the inhibitor than the activities from normal chick embryo fibroblasts. Hexokinase from mouse brain required 50 times higher concentrations for inhibition than the enzyme from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Yeast hexokinase was unaffected at all concentrations tested. Since 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) protected against the inhibition, the chloromethyl ketone appeared to inhibit by interaction with an essential SH group. A pronounced inhibition of protein kinase activity of plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was observed in the presence of the chloromethyl ketone. As in the case of glycolysis, the chloromethyl ketone of lactic acid was a more potent inhibitor of protein kinase activity than several other chloromethyl ketones that were tested. PMID- 7104308 TI - (I-pyrenebutyryl)carnitine and 1-pyrenebutyryl coenzyme A: fluorescent probes for lipid metabolite studies in artificial and natural membranes. AB - Membrane properties of fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) and acylcarnitine have been studied with 1-pyrenebutyryl-CoA and (1-pyrenebutyryl) carnitine. These molecules have a spectroscopic properties of pyrene and its derivatives and exhibit biological and chemical characteristics related to acyl esters. (1-Pyrenebutyryl) carnitine (PBC) is more soluble in nonpolar solvents than 1-pyrenebutyryl-CoA (PB CoA), and critical micelle concentrations of both compounds resemble the medium chain fatty acyl esters. PB-CoA inhibits phosphorylating (ADP-stimulated) respiration in rat liver mitochondria noncompetitively (KI = 2 microM) and carnitine palmitoyl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA transferases competitively (KI = 2.1 microM and 15 microM, respectively). PBC does not inhibit carnitine palmitoyl-CoA and transferase or mitochondrial respiration when glutamate-malate or succinate (+ rotenone) is used as the respiratory substrate. PBC is a potent inhibitor of phosphorylating respiration with either palmitoylcarnitine (I50 = 1.4 microM) or octanoylcarnitine (I50 = 40 nM) as the respiratory substrate. The mitochondrial carnitine-acyl-carnitine translocase is competitively inhibited by PBC with a KI = 0.6 microM for palmitoylcarnitine exchange and 23 nM for carnitine exchange. PBC and PB-CoA exhibit excimer and monomer fluorescence, the relative intensities of which are functions of their microscopic concentrations. PB-CoA is accessible only to the outer half of artificial lipid vesicles while PBC may cross lipid vesicle bilayers. PBC in the inner half of the bilayer appears "trapped" i.e., not easily removed by exogenous bovine serum albumin, which binds PBC. PMID- 7104309 TI - Polymerization of the tubulin-colchicine complex and guanosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis. AB - The tubulin-colchicine (1:1) complex was shown to be able to polymerize in vitro under the buffer conditions of microtubule assembly from pure native tubulin. The physical characteristics of this peculiar polymer have been investigated under a variety of conditions and compared with those of microtubules. Polymerization consisted of the nucleation followed by the growth process, was characterized by a critical concentration, and exhibited divalent ion, temperature, and pH dependences very similar to those of microtubules, Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) or 5' -guanylyl methylene-diphosphate (GMPPCP) was required for polymerization, and guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) was a potent inhibitor. GTP hydrolysis was totally disconnected from the polymerization process and occurred as well under nonpolymerizing conditions. The results are discussed in view of the different types of protein-protein interactions exhibited by tubulin and of the possible relationship between the conformation of the GTP site and the interaction areas. PMID- 7104310 TI - Effect of Tyrosyl modifications on nucleosome reconstitution: a spin-labeling study. AB - An imidazole spin-label was used to study the role of tyrosyl residues in the reassociation process for the nucleosome core particle. The nucleosome core particle, containing 145 base pairs of DNA and a histone core (two each of the four histones H2S, H2B, H3, and H4), was isolated from chicken erythrocytes. Native particles were first dissociated in 2 M NaCl and labeled with varying concentrations of imidazole spin-label. The labeled histone core and endogenous DNA were then reassociated back by salt step dialysis. Reconstituted spin-labeled complexes, purified by an isokinetic sucrose gradient, were found to have physical properties identical with those of unlabeled native particles. Spin labeling the surface tyrosines of the histone core did not interfere with proper reassociation of the nucleosome core complex. ESR spectra of the reconstituted nucleosomes core complex are not the strongly anisotropic type, suggesting that labeled surface tyrosines in the histone core are not involved in specific DNA histone interaction nor does wrapping of DNA on the histone core involve very close contact with the label. When labeling was carried out under denaturing conditions following exposure of the histone core to urea, additional histone tyrosine residues were spin-labeled. The resulting histone-DNA complexes that formed after reassociation had physical properties different from those of the native nucleosomes core. This result suggested that some of the "buried" tyrosines are essential for specific histone-histone interactions that lead to stable histone core structures. Spin-labeling the buried tyrosines prevented to compact supercoiling of DNA into nucleosome core particle. PMID- 7104313 TI - Vibrational spectra of scissile bonds in enzyme active sites: a resonance Raman study of dithioacylpapains. PMID- 7104312 TI - Formation of a single phosphodiester bond by RNA polymerase B from calf thymus is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. AB - The template-directed synthesis of a single phosphodiester bond by highly purified calf thymus RNA polymerase B is not inhibited by high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (10(-6) M). However, a subsequent internucleotide bond is not synthesized in the presence of alpha-amanitin. These results suggest that translocation of the nascent RNA and RNA polymerase B along the DNA template is the enzymatic process inhibited by alpha-amanitin. It is also shown that the formation of a single phosphodiester bond by RNA polymerase B results in a stable ternary transcription complex, i.e., between the enzyme, the DNA, and the nascent RNA. Under reaction conditions which normally favor the elongation of RNA, the transcriptional process is arrested at initiation by alpha-amanitin. Such ternary initiation complexes have been isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis. PMID- 7104311 TI - Trehalase: stereocomplementary hydrolytic and glucosyl transfer reactions with alpha- and beta-D-glucosyl fluoride. AB - A new understanding has been obtained of the catalytic capabilities of trehalase, an enzyme heretofore held to be strictly specific for hydrolyzing alpha, alpha trehalose and devoid of transglycosylative ability. Highly purified rabbit renal cortical trehalase and a partly purified Candida tropicalis yeast trehalase were found to utilize both alpha- and beta-D-glucosyl fluoride as substrates. In each case, the reactions were competitively inhibited by alpha, alpha-trehalose. Both enzymes catalyzed rapid hydrolysis of alpha-D-glucosyl fluoride to form beta-D glucose (also, of alpha, alpha-trehalose to form equimolar alpha- and beta-D glucose). In addition, digests of beta-D-glucosyl fluoride plus alpha-D-[14C] glucopyranose with either trehalase (but not controls of enzyme with alpha-D [14C]glucopyranose alone) yielded small amounts of radioactive trehalose (alpha-D glucopyranosyl alpha-D-[14C]glucopyranoside) which does not accumulate since it is rapidly hydrolyzed. Trehalase thus catalyzes two stereocomplementary types of glycosylation reactions: (I) alpha-D-glucosyl fluoride (or alpha, alpha trehalose) + H2O leads to beta-D-glucose + HF (or alpha-D-glucose); (II) beta-D glucosyl fluoride + alpha-D-glucopyranose leads to alpha, alpha-trehalose + HF. Such behavior shows that the catalytic groups of trehalase, as recently found for other glycosylases, are functionally flexible. The results illustrate the inadequacy of conventional views of carbohydrase specificity and the rigor, as a basic guiding principle, of the concept that glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases form a class of glycosylases effecting glycosyl/proton interchange. PMID- 7104315 TI - Comparison of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases from rat liver and muscle. AB - S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was purified to homogeneity from rat liver and from rat psoas. The major step involved affinity chromatography on methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) linked to Sepharose. The muscle enzyme was more tightly retained to this absorbent, and the enzymes from the two sources could readily be separated by chromatography on this material. The psoas and liver enzymes could not be distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, both giving a single band corresponding to an Mr of 32 500, but were separated by electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions and by isoelectric focusing (the isoelectric points were 5.3 for psoas and 5.7 for liver enzyme). The liver and psoas enzymes also differed in respect to Km for S adenosylmethionine, the degree to which they were activated by putrescine, and their sensitivity to inhibition by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) and related compounds. These results indicate that there are two forms of S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. The presence of a particular form could, therefore, be important both in the regulation of polyamine levels and also in the pharmacology involving inhibitors of polyamine synthesis. PMID- 7104314 TI - Precise structural information for transient enzyme-substrate complexes by a combined X-ray crystallographic-resonance Raman spectroscopic approach. PMID- 7104316 TI - Mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor purification and characterization. AB - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) was purified from fetal calf muscle by an affinity chromatographic method utilizing alpha-neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis as an immobilized ligand. Preparations of AcChR with an average specific activity of 5 nmol of alpha-toxin bound/mg of protein were obtained, i.e., 75% of the theoretical specific activity assuming identity with Torpedo AcChR. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified AcChR consistently showed the presence of five polypeptides, having apparent Mr's of 42 000, 44 000, 49 000, 55 000, and 58 000, respectively. The peptide of Mr 44K was demonstrated to be actin. The amino acid composition of fetal calf AcChR was shown to be similar to that of Torpedo AcChR. In addition, calf AcChR contained large amounts of amino sugars. The sedimentation coefficient of the purified calf AcChR was found to be 9.25 +/- 0.25, i.e., similar to the monomeric form of electric organ AcChR. Determination of the isoelectric point of alpha bungarotoxin/calf AcChR complexes revealed the presence of two charged forms, having pI values of 5.16 +/- 0.13 and 6.05 +/- 0.18, respectively. PMID- 7104317 TI - Physical studies of cell surface and cell membrane structure. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance studies of N-palmitoylglucosylceramide (cerebroside) head group structure. AB - Deuterium Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of N palmitoyl[2,3,4,6,6-2H5]glucosylceramide, N-palmitoyl[1-2H]glucosylceramide, N palmitoyl-[5,6,6-2H3]glucosylceramide, and N-palmitoyl[6,6-2H2]-glucosylceramide have been obtained at 55.3 MHz (corresponding to a magnetic field strength of 8.5 T) for lipids as multilamellar dispersions in excess water at 90 degrees C, above the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition temperature (Tc = 82 degrees C). Spectra were also obtained for these same lipids dispersed with 1,2-dipalmitoyl sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and cholesterol, all in excess water at 90 degrees C. The results are analyzed in terms of a model in which the lipid undergoes fast axial diffusion, together with a "wobbling" of the polar head group, by mathematical methods similar to those used previously for the choline and ethanolamine head groups in phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines [Skarjune, R., & Oldfield, E. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 5903--5909]. However, contrary to the results obtained in the previous study, which indicated many possible conformations for the choline and ethanolamine head groups, results with labeled cerebrosides yield at most a few orientations for the glucose head group in each of the systems studied. Furthermore, where multiple solutions do occur, they fall within a narrow orientational subspace so that all solutions exhibit the same general features. We also show that the order parameter describing the head group wobble is fully determined for each system, and it indicates a rather mobile structure for the cerebroside head group, in a variety of environments. In each system studied the polar head group projects essentially straight up from the bilayer surface into the aqueous region, thereby permitting maximum hydration of the four glucose hydroxyl groups by bulk water molecules. PMID- 7104319 TI - Subunit arrangement of cholera toxin in solution and bound to receptor-containing model membranes. AB - Quasi-elastic laser light scattering (QLS) is used to study the translational frictional properties of cholera toxin and its complex with ganglioside Gm1 receptor containing phospholipid vesicles. These properties are compared to theoretically calculated values for model structures composed of spherical subunits in order to assess the structural configuration of the toxin and its binding geometry on membrane surfaces. The structure for the toxin that best fits the experimental results consists of the five B subunits arranged radially about an elongated A subunit, which extends well above the plane of the B subunits. Binding of cholera toxin to Gm1-containing model membranes results in a complex in which the B subunits are absorbed on the surface while the A subunit penetrates the membrane bilayer. PMID- 7104318 TI - Replicative conformation of parental nucleosomes: salt sensitivity of deoxyribonucleic acid-histone interaction and alteration of histone H1 binding. AB - The transiently altered DNA-histone interaction of parental chromatin during replication was studied by micrococcal nuclease digestion. A large amount of nuclease-resistant pulse-labeled DNA and a small fraction of nonreplicating DNA are released from chromatin fragments by treatment with 0.5 M NaCl and appear as protein-free DNA. As shown by reconstitution experiments, the salt sensitivity of digested nascent chromatin is most probably a consequence of the shorter DNA fragment size (55 +/- 15 base pairs) in these complexes. This new DNA is associated with parental chromatin fragments which are structurally changed in such a way that parts of nucleosomal DNA were more susceptible to nuclease attack. The core histones of these particles are probably not distinct from those of salt-stable nucleosomes. However, histone H1 and probably high-mobility group proteins appear to be more weakly bound during replication as shown by electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. The results agree with the assumption that the transient alteration of nucleosomal conformation describes a state in which DNA could be replicated without leaving the associated core histone complexes. A possible attachment of pulse-labeled chromatin with nuclear matrix is discussed. PMID- 7104320 TI - Cholera toxin mediated agglutination of ganglioside Gm1 containing phospholipid vesicles and Gm1-coated polystyrene spheres. AB - Quasi-elastic laser light scattering is used to examine the cholera toxin mediated agglutination of ganglioside GM1 containing phospholipid vesicles and Gm1-coated polystyrene spheres. We find that the ability of cholera toxin to agglutinate Gm1-containing phospholipid vesicles depends markedly on the lipid composition of the vesicle, with only those composed of short-chain lipids (C14, C16) being appreciably agglutinated. This is interpreted as due to poor mixing of these lipids with the longer chain gangliosides, resulting in lateral separation of the gangliosides in the membrane bilayer. A simple quantitative model, a modification of that developed by von Schulthess et al. [von Schulthess, G. K., Cohen, R. J., Sakato, N., & Benedek, G. B. (1976a) Immunochemistry 13, 955--962], is developed to describe these agglutination processes. Application of this model to the agglutination of Gm1-coated polystyrene spheres by cholera toxin allows an estimate of a minimum value of 4.5 x 10(4) M-1 for the association constant of cholera toxin for its initial Gm1 receptor. PMID- 7104321 TI - A method for rapid, continuous monitoring of solute uptake and binding. AB - A method has been developed for dynamically monitoring the free concentration of diffusible, tritiated solutes. The technique utilizes particles of a solid scintillator microencapsulated in gel beads that are permeable to diffusible label. Since tritium beta radioactivity has an effective range in water of only a few micrometers, only label that is free to diffuse through the gel can excite the scintillator, while sequestered label is effectively excluded. Thus, the scintillation light output monitors the freely diffusible concentration of label exclusively. A simple, preliminary encapsulation technique is described and tested, and the theory behind the method is discussed with regard to the time resolution attainable for a given label concentration and type of encapsulation. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by measuring the uptake of [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium by Escherichia coli membrane vesicles in response to the generation of a membrane potential (interior negative). PMID- 7104322 TI - Conformation of the deoxydinucleoside monophosphate dCpdG modified at carbon 8 of guanine with 2-(acetylamino)fluorene. AB - Minimized conformational potential energy calculations were performed for dCpdG modified with the carcinogen 2-(acetylamino)fluorene (AAF). The major adduct, linked via a covalent bond between guanine C-8 and N-2 of AAF, was investigated. The 12 variable torsion angles and both deoxyribose puckers were independent flexible parameters in the energy minimizations. Three categories of low-energy conformers were calculated in which the guanine was syn and nearly perpendicular to the plane of the fluorene: (1) forms in which fluorene is stacked with cytidine (included among these is the global minimum energy conformation); (2) conformers which preserve guanine-cytidine stacking while placing the fluorene in a base-pair obstructing position; (3) conformers which maintain guanine-cytidine stacking and place the fluorene at the helix exterior, without interfering with base pairing. The Z form is important in this group. In addition, a low-energy conformation with guanine anti, but still nearly perpendicular to fluorene, was computed. Molecular models were constructed for the most important conformations incorporated into larger polymers. These indicated that the fluorene-cytidine stacked forms induce a severe kink in the B helix. Conformers with guanine cytidine stacking and AAF in a base-pair obstructing position place the AAF at the B-type helix interior with little distortion in the helix direction. Conformers with the guanine-cytidine stack in which AAF does not affect base pairing place the fluorene at the Z or alternate helix exterior. It is suggested that base sequence, extent of modification, and external conditions such as salt concentration determine which of a number of possible conformational effects is actually induced by AAF. The variety of observed experimental results with AAF modified DNA may reflect there various conformational possibilities. PMID- 7104323 TI - Rate-controlling steps of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. A synoptic approach of model and experiment. AB - The contribution of different steps to the control of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria was investigated by a combination of experiments and computer simulations. The parameters of the mathematical model of phosphorylating mitochondria were derived from experimental data. The model correctly described the competition between ATP utilization inside and outside mitochondria for the ATP generated in mitochondria. On the basis of the good agreement between experiments and simulations, the contribution of different steps to the control of respiration was estimated by computing their control strengths, i.e., the influence of their activities on the rate of respiration. The rate-controlling influences vary depending on the load of oxidative phosphorylation. The predominant steps are: in the fully active state (State 3)- the hydrogen supply to the respiratory chain; in the resting state (State 4)--the proton leak of the mitochondrial inner membrane; in states of non-maximum ATP export--the adenine nucleotide translocator. Titrations of respiration with phenylsuccinate, antimycin, oligomycin and carboxyatractyloside completely support these conclusions. PMID- 7104324 TI - Contribution of the exchange interactions to the redox properties of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. AB - It is shown that in the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins, the exchange interactions between the two iron atoms of the redox cluster provide stabilization of the oxidized state. Compared to the uncoupled situation, this leads to a significant lowering of the redox potential which can be larger than 100 mV. This effect could be one of the main origins of the low potential of these ferredoxins, compared to the potential of rubredoxins. PMID- 7104325 TI - Effects of valinomycin on lymphocytes independent of potassium permeability. AB - 10(-7) M valinomycin affects human lymphocytes in the following manner: (1) it is non-toxic; (2) it inhibits mitogenesis; (3) it causes a reduction in cell ATP; and (4) it causes a marked increase in steady-state Na+ exchange. However, it has a minimal effect on cell ion (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) contents and no effect whatever on K+ exchange. Neither the fast nor the slow fraction of steady-state K+ exchange is affected by 10(-7) M valinomycin. The various reported effects of valinomycin on lymphocyte functions cannot be assumed to be due to changes in plasma membrane K+ permeability. The mechanism of the increase in steady-state Na+ exchange, and whether or not it is related to inhibition of mitogenesis, are unsettled issues. PMID- 7104326 TI - Investigation of human erythrocyte ghost membranes with intramolecular excimer probes. AB - Human erythrocyte ghost membranes have been investigated using two intramolecular excimer probes, di(1-pyrenyl)propane and di(1-pyrenylmethyl) ether. Values for the viscosity of the direct probe environment in the ghost membranes range from 76 cP at 37 degrees C to 570 cP at 5 degrees C, as reported for di(1 pyrenyl(propane, with liquid paraffin as the reference solvent. For the activation energy of the excimer formation process, determined here mainly by the viscosity of the medium, a value of 37 kJ/mol is obtained. The other probe molecule reports a higher local viscosity, 133 cP at 37 degrees C, as well as a higher activation energy of excimer formation, 54 kJ/mol. Neither thermotropic phase transitions nor temperature hysteresis effects are observed within the temperature range (0 to 40 degrees C) studied. From the vibrational structure of the fluorescence spectrum of di(1-pyrenylmethyl) ether, a polarity of the probe environment close to that of hexanol (epsilon - 13.3) results for the erythrocyte ghost membranes. The polarity measured in egg phosphatidylcholine membranes and in multibilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine is slightly larger, comparable to that of butanol (epsilon = 17.5), whereas a polarity comparable to that of methanol (epsilon = 32.7) is observed for aqueous micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Further, from the wavelength shifts in the absorption spectrum of di(1-pyrenyl)propane and di(1-pyrenylmethyl) ether, the polarizability of the probe surroundings can be determined, leading to a surprisingly high value for the apparent refractive index. This is attributed to a high local density of the direct environment of the probe, for which a location between the membrane/water interface and the unpolar bilayer mid-plane is deduced. PMID- 7104327 TI - Galactose oxidase action on GM1 ganglioside in micellar and vesicular dispersions. AB - GM1 ganglioside was dispersed in different membrane-mimicking systems and the effect of dispersion on GM1 oxidation by galactose oxidase was studied. The following membrane-mimicking systems were used: homogeneous micelles of GM1; mixed micelles (at different proportions of constituents) of GM1 with either GD1a ganglioside (which is resistant to the enzyme), or the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, or bovine serum albumin; small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), containing various proportions of GM1. As a reference substrate not involved in membranous systems and freely interacting with the enzyme, the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 (DesGM1) was employed. The apparent Vmax of the enzyme was dramatically dependent on the type of GM1 dispersion. The lowest value was recorded on homogeneous micelles of GM1 and on mixed GM1-GD1a micelles. From this value, the Vmax increased 2-fold with GM1-bovine serum albumin lipoprotein micelles, up to 1400-fold with mixed GM1-Triton X-100 (optimal molar ratio, 1:13.8) micelles, and up to 14000-fold on PC vesicles containing 8 mol% GM1 (this proportion was optimal for enzyme activity on vesicles). The activity developed on these latter vesicles turned out to be still greater (2-fold) than that displayed on DesGM1. The apparent Km had very similar values in all different membrane systems; in contrast, it was markedly greater on DesGM1. Both Triton X-100 micelles and PC vesicles did not appreciably alter the kinetics of galactose oxidase action on pure galactose, indicating that the above effects are dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the membrane-like systems containing gangliosides. PMID- 7104329 TI - Origin of the latency phase during the action of phospholipase A2 on unmodified phosphatidylcholine vesicles. AB - The reaction progress curve for the action of pig-pancreatic phospholipase A2 on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles is characterized under a variety of conditions. The factors that regulate the rate of hydrolysis during the presteady state phase determine the latency period. The results demonstrate that the accelerated hydrolysis following the latency phase of the reaction progress curve is due to the product-assisted binding of the enzyme to the substrate bilayer by chaning the number of bindings sites and therefore the binding equilibrium. A critical mole fraction of products appears to be formed in the substrate bilayers before the steady-state phase of hydrolysis begins. The latency phase shows a minimum at the phase-transition temperature of the substrate vesicles; however, we did not observe a significant binding of the enzyme to pure substrate bilayers even at the phase-transition temperature. The rate of binding of the enzyme is found to be fast and the rate of desorption of the bound enzyme is very slow compared to the latency phase. The rate of redistribution of products between substrate bilayers is rather slow. These observations demonstrate that during the latency phase of the action of phospholipase A2, a critical mole fraction of products is formed in the substrate bilayer. PMID- 7104328 TI - Interaction of phospholipase A2 and phospholipid bilayers. AB - Binding of phospholipase A2 from porcine pancreas and from Naja melanoleuca venom to vesicles of 1,2-di(tetradecyl)-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (diether-PC14) is studied in the presence and absence of 1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine and myristic acid. The bound enzyme coelutes with the vesicles during gel filtration through a nonequilibrated Sephadex G-100 column, modifies the phase transition behavior of bilayers, and exhibits an increase in fluorescence intensity accompanied by a blue shift. Using these criteria it is demonstrated that the snake-venom enzyme binds to bilayers of the diether-PC14 alone. In contrast, the porcine enzyme binds only to ternary codispersions of dialkyl (or diacyl) phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and fatty acid. Binding of pig-pancreatic enzyme to vesicles of the diether-PC14 could not be detected even after long incubation (up to 24 H) below, at, or above the phase transition temperature, whereas the binding in the presence of products is almost instantaneous and observed over a wide temperature range. Thus incorporation of the products in substrate dispersions increases the binding affinity rather than increase the rate of binding. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the pancreatic enzyme binds to defect sites at the phase boundaries in substrate bilayers induced by the products. The spectroscopically obtained hyperbolic binding curves can be adequately described by a single equilibrium by assuming that the enzyme interacts with discrete sites. The binding experiments are supported by kinetic studies. PMID- 7104332 TI - Do clinical levels of general anaesthetics affect lipid bilayers? Evidence from Raman scattering. AB - We have used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the effects of the general anaesthetics halothane and chloroform on lipid bilayer order. Clinical concentrations of these anaesthetics had no significant effect on the hydrocarbon chain conformation in multilamellar vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol. This result was obtained with a technique sufficiently precise to monitor changes in the acyl chain trans-gauche population ratio associated with a 1-2 K alteration in temperature. Very high levels of anaesthetics caused a marked disordering of the hydrocarbon chains. The danger of inferring an effect at clinical concentrations from data obtained at much higher levels is illustrated by a statistical analysis of our dose-response curves. PMID- 7104331 TI - Transfer properties of the bovine brain phospholipid transfer protein. Effect of charged phospholipids and of phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition. AB - The monolayer technique has been used to study the transfer of [14C]phosphatidylinositol from the monolayer to phosphatidylcholine vesicles. An equivalent transfer rate was found for egg phosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dielaidoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. A reduced transfer rate was found for a shorter chain derivative, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and for species with two polyunsaturated fatty acid chains such as dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, diheptadecadienoylphosphatidylcholine, dilinolenoylphosphatidylcholine and diether and dialkyl derivatives. No activity was found for 1,3 dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The presence of up to 5 mol% phosphatidylinositol in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles had no effect on the transfer rate. Introduction of more than 5 mol% phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidic acid into the phosphatidylcholine vesicles gradually decreased the rate of phosphatidylinositol transfer from the monolayer. 20 mol% acidic phospholipid was nearly completely inhibitory. Transfer experiments between separate monolayers of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol showed that the protein-bound phosphatidylcholine is readily exchanged for phosphatidylinositol, but the protein-bound phosphatidylinositol exchange for phosphatidylcholine occurs at a 20-times lower rate. The release of phosphatidylinositol is dependent on the lipid composition and the concentration of charged lipid in the acceptor membrane, but also on the ratio between donor and acceptor membranes. The main transfer protein from bovine brain which transfers phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine transfers also phosphatidylglycerol, but not phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid. The absence of significant changes in the surface pressure indicate that the phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine transfer is not accompanied by net mass transfer. PMID- 7104333 TI - Effects of unstirred layers on the kinetics of carrier-mediated solute transport by two systems. AB - Equations describing the effect of unstirred layers on the simultaneous transport of a solute via two mediated systems have been derived. It has been previously established that unstirred layers cause convex curvature of Eadie-Hofstee transformations of kinetic data for single mediated transport systems. On the other hand, multiple transport systems produce concave curvature in this plot. A numerical example is presented which illustrates the fact that under some circumstances the opposing effects can nearly cancel out, producing an erroneous apparently linear relation. Furthermore, statistical analysis of these curves suggests that the normal error encountered in physiological transport measurements can readily obscure evidence of unstirred layers. It is suggested that kinetic analysis of transport, particularly in epithelial tissues, should whenever possible, include independent measurements of unstirred layers, employ a broad range of substrate concentrations, and vary the stirring rate of the medium. Evaluation of the 'true' kinetic constants can then be made with the relations derived here. In addition, several limiting cases have been discussed which reduce to simpler kinetic descriptions published earlier. PMID- 7104330 TI - Phospholipid methylation of kidney cortex brush border membranes. Effect on fluidity and transport. AB - Exposure of intact brush border membrane vesicles of hog kidney cortex to cholesterol oxidase resulted in 24% oxidation of membrane cholesterol compared with more than 95% oxidation of cholesterol in lipids isolated from membranes, showing that cholesterol is asymmetrically distributed in membranes. Phospholipase C, hydrolyzed 76% of phosphatidylcholine and 10-12% phosphatidylethanolamine while phosphatidylserine was not hydrolyzed, thus indicating that majority of phosphatidylcholine is present on the outer surface of these vesicles while phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are present on the inner surface. Methylation of phospholipids in brush border membrane with S-adenosyl-[methyl-3H]methionine resulted in the formation of phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N,N]dimethylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine. The Km for S adenosylmethionine was 1.10(-4) M with an optimum pH 9.0 for the formation of all three methyl derivatives. Mg2+ was without any effect between pH 5 to 10. Addition of exogenous mono- and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives enhanced methyl group incorporation by 4-5-fold as compared to the addition of phosphatidylethanolamine. The conversion of endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine or addition of exogenous phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine to brush border membrane did not result in a change in bulk membrane fluidity as determined by fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene. Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in brush border membrane did not affect the Na+-dependent uptake of either D-glucose or phosphate, although the accessibility of cholesterol in membrane to cholesterol oxidase was diminished by 21%, presumably due to altered flip-flop movement of cholesterol in the membrane. PMID- 7104334 TI - Melittin-phospholipid interaction studied by employing the single tryptophan residue as an intrinsic fluorescent probe. AB - The rotational correlation time of melittin, obtained from the nanosecond anisotropy of the emission from its single tryptophan residue, has been found to increase considerably in phosphate solution relative to that in aqueous solution, consistent with protein aggregation. The steady-state fluorescence spectra as well as the absorption spectra in phosphate solution exhibit a very good degree of similarity with those of the protein bound to egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) bilayer liposomes. The value of the second order rate constant for dynamic quenching, kq = 1.4.10(9) M-1.s-1, by acrylamide in 0.5 M phosphate solution is comparable to those for the protein-phospholipids complexes (1.10(9) and 0.7.10(9) M-1.s-1 for egg PC and DSPC, respectively). Similarities are also found in the nanosecond properties. There is a much stronger and quite similar dependence of the fluorescence spectra on time in the nanosecond range and of the fluorescence decay times on the emission wavelength in both cases as compared to the case is aqueous solution. These observations support the notion that melittin binds to the phospholipids in an aggregated form. The results suggest that the reduction in the kq values of bound melittin relative to that in aqueous solution and the blue shift of the fluorescence spectrum (from 352 to 337 nm) are brought about by shielding of the tryptophan residue from the solvent through a combination of protein aggregation and enhancement of its alpha-helical content (suggested by published CD data). The magnitude of the kq values for bound melittin, however, is still relatively high implying the occurrence of rather frequent encounters between the tryptophan residue and the hydrophilic acrylamide molecules. Thus, the residue is found not to penetrate deep into the phospholipid bilayer. PMID- 7104335 TI - Changes in fluidity of erythrocyte membranes after storage of erythrocytes and regeneration of cellular ATP level. AB - The membrane fluidity of freshly collected human erythrocytes, of erythrocytes stored for 3-4 weeks and of stored erythrocytes rejuvenated with glucose and inosine was investigated by measuring polarization of fluorescence emission of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. The fluidity of membranes prepared from stored erythrocytes was higher than that of fresh erythrocytes. After rejuvenation of erythrocytes with glucose and with or without inosine the membrane fluidity decreased. These changes were probably due to variations of ATP levels in the erythrocytes. PMID- 7104338 TI - The hypoxanthine transporter of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells exhibits directional symmetry and equal mobility when empty or substrate-loaded. AB - The kinetics of hypoxanthine transport were measured in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Novikoff cells by rapid kinetic techniques applying both zero-trans and equilibrium exchange protocols. The data indicate operation of a simple carrier with directional symmetry and equal mobility when substrate loaded and empty. Zero-trans influx and efflux were about equivalent and so were zero-trans influx and equilibrium exchange flux. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity were about 500 microM and 100 pmol/s per microliter cell H2O, respectively. The time courses of accumulation of radioactively labeled hypoxanthine at a concentration above the Michaelis-Menten constant differed noticeably in zero-trans and equilibrium exchange mode, but computer simulations showed that the difference is predicted by the symmetrical carrier model and does not reflect trans-stimulation. PMID- 7104337 TI - Comparative lipid analysis of purified plasma membranes and shed extracellular membrane vesicles from normal murine thymocytes and leukemic GRSL cells. AB - The lipid fluidity in purified plasma membranes (PM) of murine leukemic GRSL cells, as measured by fluorescence polarization, is much higher than in PM of normal thymocytes. This was found to be due to relatively low contents of cholesterol and sphingomyelin and a high amount of unsaturated fatty acyl chains, especially linoleic acid, in the phospholipids. PM from GRSL cells contain markedly more phosphatidylethanolamine than those from thymocytes. For both GRSL cells and thymocytes the detailed lipid composition of isolated PM was compared with that of the corresponding shed extracellular membranes (ECM), which were isolated from the ascites fluid and from thymus cell suspensions, respectively. The somewhat decreased lipid fluidity of thymocyte ECM as compared to their PM, can be ascribed to the increased cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio (0.88 vs. 0.74). No other major differences were found between the lipid composition of these membranes. In contrast, significant differences were found between PM and ECM from GRSL cells. In this system a much lower lipid fluidity of the shed ECM was found, due to the much increased cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio (3.5 fold) and sphingomyelin (9-fold) content, as compared to the PM. Further, the ECM contain relatively more lysophosphatidylethanolamine and less phosphatidylcholine and -inositol. ECM contain a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially in the phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine classes. On the other hand, the fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine are more saturated than in PM. In particular, ECM of GRSL cells contain less oleic and linoleic acid residues and more arachidonic acid and 22:polyunsaturated fatty acid residues than PM. The possible relevance of these differences with respect to the mechanism of shedding of vesicles from the cell surface, is discussed. PMID- 7104336 TI - Effect of pH, mono- and divalent cations on the mixing of phosphatidylglycerol with phosphatidylcholine. A monolayer (pi, delta V) and fluorescence study. AB - The mixing of various molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine differing in their acyl chain lengths has been studied both in monolayers (pi, delta V), and in water dispersions (fluorescence polarization) with varying pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase and in the presence of the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+. In dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures, both in monolayers and in water dispersions, no phase separation was detected at pH 2.9 where phosphatidylglycerol was protonated. With dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures, in monolayers and at the same pH, no phase separation was detected for surface pressures below pi = 40 mN.m-1. In monolayers, and under ionic conditions such that phosphatidylglycerol was ionized (pH 5.6, 10 mM NaCl) miscibility was observed with dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and also with dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine. Varying the ionic strength did not alter the miscibility of these lipids. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ did not modify that of dilauroylphosphatidylglycerol with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine or with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Both in monolayers and in water dispersions, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine appeared to be at least partly miscible, in the presence of magnesium. Only in the presence of calcium and at high surface pressure might the monolayer data account for phase separation between these two lipids. The data presented demonstrate the existence of strong cohesive forces between phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol with a marked influence of the former on the physical state of the latter. From an analysis of the delta V data, it is suggested that intrafacial hydrogen bonds may play a significant role in stabilizing phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol mixtures. PMID- 7104339 TI - Adsorption of non-membrane proteins on the surface of model phospholipid membranes. AB - 1. Two new methods are proposed for enhancement of the binding of hydrophilic proteins by liposomes. 2. An alkylating derivative of phosphatidic acid has been obtained by its reaction with N,N,N'-tris(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(p formylphenyl)propylene-1,3-diamine. The alkylating activity of this derivative is very low due to the electron-acceptor effect of the formyl residue. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes which contain this alkylating derivative in the lipid bilayer may be obtained. The compound residing in the outer monolayer may be reduced by NaBH4. Upon reduction, the formyl residue is transformed into a hydroxymethyl residue. Therefore, the alkylating group of the compound is activated, and proteins may be attached covalently to the outer monolayer by alkylation with such chemically reactive liposomes. 3. Reaction of alkylating liposomes with myoglobin results in covalent binding of this hydrophilic protein. Complement-mediated leakage of such myoglobin-carrying liposomes may be induced by antibodies against myoglobin. 4. Modification of hydrophilic proteins with dansyl chloride results, even at small extents of modification, in a dramatic increase of the affinity of such proteins to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. PMID- 7104340 TI - Lateral tensions and pressures in membranes and lipid monolayers. AB - The effects of lateral tension on the properties of membranes are often explained in comparison with analogous experiments on monolayers, which yield more detailed data. To calculate the effects of changes in tension on the composition of, or incorporation of amphiphiles into membranes we examine (i) the fidelity of the monolayer analogy, (ii) the range of possible tensions in a membrane, and the way in which tensions arise and (iii) the equilibrium partitioning of amphiphiles between aqueous solution and a bilayer under tension. We argue that, at the same areas per molecule, a monolayer at an n-alkane/water interface is a closer analogy of the lipid bilayer than a monolayer at an air/water interface. Next, we show from a thermodynamic argument that changes in membrane tension can affect the absorption of very large amphiphiles such as proteins, but that physiological tensions are unlikely to affect the absorption of lipids or drugs. Finally we consider the possibility that the measured bulk tension in a complicated membrane such as that of the erythrocyte may be larger than the local tension in the fluid mosaic portions, and suggest a model which explains the ability of the erythrocyte membrane to withstand much higher tensions than other biological membranes and lipid bilayers. PMID- 7104344 TI - A mechanism of divalent ion-induced phosphatidylserine membrane fusion. AB - A mechanism for the divalent cation-induced membrane fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes is proposed. Fusion was followed by the Tb/DPA (dipicolinic acid) assay, monitoring the fluorescent intensity for mixing of the internal aqueous contents of unilamellar lipid vesicles, and the threshold concentrations required for various divalent cations to induce membrane fusion were determined from the fluorescence spectrum of the lipid vesicle suspension with respect to various concentrations of divalent ions. Also, the surface tension of monolayers made of the same lipids as used in the fusion experiments was measured with respect to the variation of divalent cation concentrations. The surface tension increase in the monolayer, induced by changing divalent ion concentrations from zero to a concentration which corresponded to its threshold concentration to induce vesicle membrane fusion, was the same (approx. 8 dyn/cm) for all divalent ions used. From these experimental data and theory concerning ion binding to the membrane, it is deduced that the main cause of divalent cation-induced membrane fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes is the degree of increased hydrophobicity (surface tension increase) of the membrane surface, which results from the binding of cations to acidic phospholipid membrane surfaces. Some discussion on the molecular mechanism of phospholipid membrane fusion is given. PMID- 7104342 TI - A 2H-NMR study of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes highly enriched in myristic acid. AB - Myristic acid specifically deuterated at several positions along the acyl chain was biosynthetically incorporated into the membrane lipids of Acholeplasma laidlawii B to the level of greater than or equal to 90%. 2H-NMR was used to study the molecular order and lipid phase composition of the membranes as a function of temperature. Isolated membranes and intact cells give rise to similar 2H spectra. Below 25 degrees C the spectra exhibit a broad gel phase component which at 0 degrees C reaches the rigid limit value expected for an immobilized methylene group. Spectral moments were used to determine the relative amounts of gel and liquid crystalline phase lipids throughout the gel-liquid crystal phase transition. The results indicate that at the growth temperature (37 or 30 degrees C) the A. laidlawii B membrane lipids are approximately 85-90% in the gel state, and that protein has little effect on lipid order of the liquid crystalline lipid, but leads to an increase in the linewidth by approx. 20%. PMID- 7104346 TI - Purification of microvillus membrane vesicles from pig small intestine by immunoadsorbent chromatography. AB - Microvillus membrane vesicles from pig small intestine, isolated by hypotonic lysis, Mg2+ aggregation of contaminants and differential centrifugation, have been further purified by immunoadsorbent chromatography. The vesicles adhere to an immunoadsorbent prepared by coupling antibodies raised against three of the principal proteins of the brush border membrane (aminopeptidase, sucrase isomaltase and lactase) to Sepharose 4B. After the contaminants are removed by washing, the adherent vesicles are released from the immunoabsorbent by applying shear forces. The purity of the immunoadsorbed vesicles has been established by electron microscopy and by measuring the activity of marker enzymes. The enrichment factor is 1.17 +/- 0.02 for aminopeptidase and 0.70 +/- 0.05 for 5' nucleotidase. The contamination of the preparation before immunoadsorption constitutes 10% of the membrane protein and consists mainly of basolateral membrane fragments as judged from marker enzyme determinations and the lipid composition. PMID- 7104345 TI - Effect of the state of association of melittin and phospholipids on their reciprocal binding. AB - In solutions of increasing ionic strength, the molecular weight of melittin varies from 2840 (monomeric melittin) to 11200. This polymerization, concomitant with an important change in conformation (Talbot, J.C., Dufourcq, J., De Bony, J., Faucon, J.F. and Lussan, C. (1979) FEBS Lett. 102, 191-193), is accompanied by a significant alteration in the partial specific volume of the molecule. The binding of melittin to phospholipids (phosphatidylserine, lysolecithin, dihexanoyl-, dioctanoyl- and lysolauroylphosphatidylcholine) depends on the state of association of the toxin and on the critical micelle concentration of lipids. No interaction is observed between monomeric melittin and free lipids, whereas tetrameric melittin can bind free lipids to form mixed micelles. At phospholipid concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, melittin in any state of self-association can bind lipids. The mixed micelles formed at saturation appear to be independent of the initial state of association of melittin. PMID- 7104341 TI - Involvement of periodic deacylation-acylation cycles of mitochondrial phospholipids during Sr2+-induced oscillatory ion transport in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine levels were determined during Sr2+-induced oscillating ion fluxes in mitochondria prelabelled in vivo with 32Pi. Periodic fluctuations of both lyso compounds were established with an increase at the stage of simultaneously monitored K+ influx and a decrease at K+ efflux. The periodic activations and inactivations of phospholipase were found to be associated with periodic changes in the incorporation rates of labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids with an apparent phase difference of 180 degrees. Periodic deacylation-acylation cycles of phospholipids accompanying the periodic cycles of reversible ion accumulation and release are suggested to be involved in the trigger mechanism generating the permeability changes during oscillatory ion transport. PMID- 7104343 TI - Alteration of phospholipid composition of mouse liver microsomes in vivo and the effect on membrane properties. AB - Administration of the methylation inhibitor periodate-oxidized adenosine to male Swiss-Webster mice on a choline-deficient diet produced a decrease (17%) in phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratios compared to saline injected controls in liver, and also in kidney (11%), but not in muscle microsome preparations. Both intact liver microsomes and reconstituted membranes from lipid extracts showed a higher fluorescence anisotropy of the hydrophobic probe 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene than control samples in the temperature range of 20-31 degrees C. PMID- 7104348 TI - Early events in calcium-induced liposome fusion. AB - Calcium-induced interaction of liposomes composed of pure phosphatidylserine (PS) has been studied using a rapid-mixing, rapid-freeze device. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of this material revealed that liposomes react very rapidly after addition of calcium ions. After only 10 ms (the resolution of the technique) vesicle fusion was apparent. At the same time, however, vesicles also collapsed, and appeared as aggregates of flattened membranes. This may explain controversies which have arisen over vesicle fusion studied with more indirect methods. PMID- 7104349 TI - Evidence for the incorporation of a fluorescent anthracene fatty acid into the membrane lipids of Micrococcus luteus. AB - 9-(2-Anthryl)-nonanoic acid, a newly synthesized photoactivable molecule, is shown to be incorporated into the membrane lipids of the bacterium Micrococcus luteus, through the regular metabolic pathway. This incorporation, which occurs at the sn-1 position exclusively and without any degradation or elongation of the anthracene fatty acid, is accompanied by an upward shift of the chain length of the other fatty acids. PMID- 7104347 TI - Determination of the coupling ratio for Na+ -H+ exchange in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. AB - We evaluated the H+ :Na+ coupling ratio of the Na+ -H+ exchanger present in microvillus membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. Our approach was to impose transmembrane Na+ and H+ gradients of varying magnitude and then to measure the net flux of Na+ over the subsequent 5-s period. The Na+ -H+ exchanger was observed to be at equilibrium (i.e. no significant net Na+ flux) whenever [Na+]i/[Na+]0 was equal to [H+]i/[H+]0. Moreover, under all conditions the magnitude and direction of net Na+ flux was independent of changes in the transmembrane electrical potential difference. These results are consistent with a value of 1.0 for the coupling ratio of Na+ -H+ exchange in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. PMID- 7104350 TI - The transport of alanine and glutamine into isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells. AB - (1) The transport of alanine and glutamine into isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells, prepared as described previously (Watford, M., Lund, P. and Krebs, H.A. (1979) Biochem. J. 178, 589-596), was studied. (2) Cells isolated by this method accumulated alanine 7-fold from an external concentration of 0.5 mM, and by this criterion appear more suitable for transport studies than do previous rat intestinal cell preparations. (3) In these cells, it was shown using several different approaches that the major part of the transport of alanine and glutamine is mediated by a common carrier which is Na+ dependent and is sensitive to inhibition by 2-methylaminoisobutyric acid. (4) These results are in contrast to the situation in isolated hepatocytes were glutamine is transported by a carrier system (System N) distinct from that that which mediates the transport of alanine. (5) It is suggested that a major metabolic function of this transport system in intestinal cells is the exchange of extracellular glutamine for intracellular alanine, which is a major product of glutamine metabolism in the gut. PMID- 7104351 TI - Phosphatidylsulfocholine bilayers. An infrared spectroscopic characterization of the polymorphic phase behavior. AB - The thermal response of aqueous dispersions of phosphatidylsulfocholines (dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoyl-) was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Comparison with that of the corresponding phosphatidylcholines showed several close resemblances, including the observation in the gel phase of a "pretransition" and of a "subtransition". The similarity in the thermotropic phase behavior of these two lipid classes is consistent with the total replacement of phosphatidylcholine by phosphatidylsulfocholine in certain marine diatoms. PMID- 7104353 TI - Fractionation of chromatin, released by nuclease digestion, on ECTHAM-cellulose. Separation of active and inactive chromatin. AB - Chromatin released by two nucleases under various ionic conditions has been fractionated by chromatography on ECTHAM-cellulose. Mg2+ -soluble chromatin, which according to Gottesfeld and Partington is enriched in transcribed DNA sequences (Gottesfeld, J.M. and Partington, G.A., (1977) Cell 12, 953-962) and produced by DNAase II digestion at intermediate ionic strength, comprises material eluting from ECTHAM-cellulose at 80-100 mM Cl-, pH 6.8-7.0, whereas bulk, Mg2+ -insoluble chromatin comprises more tightly binding material. Free hnRNP particles elute at 30 mM Cl-, pH 6.8. Oligonucleosomes, which according to Dimitriadis and Tata are enriched in transcribed sequences (Dimitriadis, G.J. and Tata, J.R. (1980) Biochem. J. 187, 467-477) and produced by micrococcal nuclease digestion at physiological ionic strength, also elute predominantly at 80-100 mM Cl-, pH 6.8-7.0. When liver nuclei are digested with micrococcal nuclease at low ionic strength, the most rapidly released chromatin is enriched in nascent RNA and hnRNP particles, and binds weakly to ECTHAM-cellulose. More slowly solubilised chromatin, containing fewer hnRNP particles, binds much more strongly to ECTHAM-cellulose. In confirmation of results with mechanically sheared chromatin, the affinity of particular chromatin fractions is not dependent on the size of chromatin particles, rather it reflects the differing composition, and in particular the non-histone protein and hnRNP content, which, we propose, determines the conformation adopted by different chromatin fractions in the cation conditions used for elution from ECTHAM-cellulose. PMID- 7104354 TI - Ribosomal RNA sequence conservation and gene number in the larval brine shrimp. AB - The haploid genome size of Artemia is determined to be about 0.9 X 10(12), as evidenced both by Feulgen microspectrophotometry of individual diploid class nuclei, which are but one of five polyploid classes present within the larvae, and by analysis of the reassociation kinetics of the isolated single copy DNA component. Polysomes isolated from 24-h incubation stage larvae contain an average of 10 ribosomes per messenger RNA molecule. Their rRNAs are found to have sedimentation coefficients of 18 S and 26 S, corresponding to molecular weights of 0.70 X 10(6) and 1.40 X 10(6), respectively, as determined by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and also by sucrose density centrifugation. Denaturation in glyoxal followed by agarose gel electrophoresis shows that unlike deuterostome rRNAs, Artemia 26 S rRNA contains a cryptic nick about midway in the molecule, which is not found in the 18 S molecule. Isolated rRNAs were labelled in vitro with 125I and hybridized with filter-immobilized DNA to saturation, which occurred at 0.051% for Xenopus, and at 0.074% for Artemia. From these results, it is calculated that in the haploid Artemia genome there are about 320 copies of the (18 S + 26 S) ribosomal RNA genes. Reciprocal heterologous hybridizations between these two species show that they share about 30% homology between their rDNA coding sequences. PMID- 7104355 TI - Precipitation of nucleotides by calcium phosphate. AB - Earlier it has been shown that nucleic acids of high molecular weight can be be introduced into cells by coprecipitation with calcium phosphate. We have studied the requirements for calcium phosphate coprecipitation of shorter nucleotides. The degree of coprecipitation of dodecanucleotides lacking terminal phosphate varied between 25 and 72%. Tetramers with a 5'-monophosphate were coprecipitated to 29-87% by calcium phosphate. A high content of guanosine residues and an increased number of terminal phosphate groups increased the degree of coprecipitation of nucleotides. The trinucleotide pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A was effectively precipitated by calcium phosphate but the monophosphate and the core structure were not. PMID- 7104352 TI - The sidedness of carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine octanoyltransferase of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. AB - The location of carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine octanoyltransferase on the inner and outer surfaces of rat liver microsomes was investigated. Latency of mannose-6-phosphate phosphate showed that the microsomes were 90-94% sealed. All of the octanoyltransferase is associated with the cytosolic face, while the acetyltransferase is distributed between the cytosolic face (68-73%) and the lumen face (27-32%) of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Small amounts of trypsin inhibit the carnitine octanoyltransferase equally in either sealed or permeable microsomes but the acetyltransferase of sealed microsomes is stimulated. Large amounts of trypsin inhibit all transferase activities by about 60%, expect for acetyltransferase of sealed microsomes. Other studies show that 0.1% Triton X-100 partially inhibits carnitine octanoyltransferase of microsomes but does not inhibit the acetyltransferase or any of the mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase. PMID- 7104356 TI - Determination of elongation factor 2 associated with native mammalian ribosomes. PMID- 7104357 TI - Specific inhibition of hnRNA synthesis by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Requirement of a free 3'-hydroxyl group, but not 2'- or 5'-hydroxyls. AB - Five structural analogues of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), all with modified sugar moieties, have been examined for their inhibitory activities on RNA transcription in salivary glands of Chironomus tentans. The well-known ability of the parent DRB at 65 microM concentration to selectively inhibit hnRNA/mRNA synthesis by approx. 90% was essentially abolished on methylation of the 3'-OH; but, at an overdose the analogue suppressed labeling of all RNA classes examined (hnRNA/mRNA, rRNA, 4-5 S RNA) by 70-80%. By contrast, the 2'-O-methyl derivative of DRB was almost as effective as DRB itself in blocking transcription of hnRNA/mRNA genes. Blocking of both the 2' and 3' hydroxyls (2',3'-O-isopropylidene-DRB) completely abolished inhibitory activity, irrespective of the concentration employed. The 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro derivative of DRB was only slightly less effective than the parent DRB. An unusual aspect of the activities of 2'-O-methyl-DRB and 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro-DRB was their ability to stimulate synthesis of 4-5 S RNA by 25-45%. Also investigated was the influence of the various analogues on the rate of formation of [3H]UTP from [3H]uridine used as an RNA precursor. The rate of such formation of [3H]UTP was suppressed 2 6-fold by treatment with 2'-O-methyl or 3'-O-methyl-DRB, but was unaffected by 5' deoxy-5'-chloro-DRB or 5,6-dichloro-1-alpha-D-arabinofuranosylbenzimidazole. The overall data point to the importance of a free 3'-OH in the ribose moiety of DRB for selective inhibitory activity. The alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl analogue, although less selective in inhibition of RNA transcription, still exhibits about 50% of the activity of DRB. PMID- 7104358 TI - The alkaline hydrolysis of phosphotriesters in alkylated mammalian DNA. AB - Isolated DNA was alkylated with N-[14C]methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-[14C]ethyl-N nitrosourea. Sedimentation analysis of the alkylated DNA before and after alkaline hydrolysis was used to determine the number of single-strand breaks introduced by hydrolysis of the triesters. Vacuum distillation from alkylated DNA solutions before and after alkaline hydrolysis was used to determine the numbers of triesters hydrolysing to the alcohol. PMID- 7104359 TI - Purification of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-3 from rat liver microsomes by affinity chromatography on rRNA-cellulose. AB - An efficient four-step procedure is described for preparing highly purified polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF-3 from rat liver microsomal saltwash. The method involves fractionation with ammonium sulfate between 25-40% saturation (0 degree C) followed by affinity chromatography on rRNA-cellulose, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, eIF-3 is eluted from the affinity column at a KCl concentration of 0.18 M. The purification is 10 times and the recovery of activity better than 85%. In the sucrose gradients, eIF 3, sediments as a 15 S particle indicating a total mass of 650 000 Da. The purified eIF-3 is highly active in stimulating globin synthesis in a fractionated translation system Factor eIF-3 contains eight subunits with molecular weights ranging from 40 000 to 110 000. Seven of the subunits are present in one copy per eIF-3, whereas the factor contains two copies of one subunit. The isoelectric points of the factor subunits range from 5.5 to 7.3 with most of the polypeptides being acidic. PMID- 7104360 TI - Thermal inhibition of repair of methylmethane sulfonate-damaged DNA in chick embryo fibroblasts. AB - Chick embryo fibroblasts were treated with the monofunctional alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate at various concentrations for 1 h at 42 degrees C, rinsed and then incubated post-treatment at various temperatures at which the kinetics of alkali-labile bond disappearance was followed. Growth experiments showed that these cells grew similarly at temperatures of either 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C. Repair as assessed by removal of alkali-labile bond was also similar for postincubation in the temperature range 37-42 degrees C for damage due to methylmethane sulfonate treatment at concentrations less than 1.5 mM. When the postincubation temperature was raised higher than 42.5-43 degrees C, this type of repair was stopped. The normal internal body temperature of adult chickens is about 41.6 degrees C. Hence the present finding indicates that chick cells are much more severely restricted in DNA repair at temperatures above normal than are mammalian cells, which can function in this respect for several deg. C above 37 degrees C. PMID- 7104361 TI - An improved purification and further characterization of the messenger ribonucleic acid for the fatty acid synthetase from rat liver. AB - High purity fatty acid synthetase mRNA has been prepared from rat liver. The translational purity of the mRNA preparation was at least 27% as judged by the percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into acid-insoluble material that was precipitated by anti-fatty acid synthetase antibody. The specific activity of the mRNA was 220-times greater than that reported previously from this laboratory [1]. The large increase in the specific activity was achieved by the repeated use of high resolution linear-log sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the removal of 28 S rRNA by Sepharose 4B chromatography, as well as by the optimization of the K+ concentration (160 mM) in the reticulocyte lysate translation system. The mRNA preparation showed a single major band on agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and the translational activity of the fatty acid synthetase mRNA on the gel was found to coincide with this band. The molecular weight of the fatty acid synthetase mRNA is 2.5.10(6) Da. The mRNA directed the synthesis of fatty acid synthetase with a molecular weight indistinguishable from that of the authentic enzyme subunit (Mr = 240 000). The copurification of the translation product and authentic enzyme revealed that the fatty acid synthetase polypeptides synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate system are assembled in vitro into dimers, the native form of the enzyme. PMID- 7104362 TI - Origin and formation of 1,7-dimethylguanosine in tRNA chemical and enzymatic methylation. AB - tRNA chemical methylation: 1. 1,7-Dimethylguanosine was found in in vivo methylated tRNA from liver and kidney of rat after exposure to a low dose of dimethylnitrosamine (4 mg/kg body weight). 2. At 4 h after dimethylnitrosamine administration, the 1,7-dimethylguanosine: 7-methylguanine ratio (product ratio) for liver and kidney tRNA was 0.017 and 0.091, respectively. At 24 h after dimethylnitrosamine administration, the product ratio was lower in both hepatic and renal tRNA. 3. When dimethylnitrosamine was given in four separate daily injections, the product ratio in hepatic tRNA 4 h after the last dose was the same as for the same total dose given by a single injection, but in renal tRNA it was lower. No dialkyl compound was found in liver and kidney tRNA 24 h after the last multiple injection. tRNA enzymatic methylation: 1. Base analyses of Escherichia coli B tRNA methylated in vitro, by using S-adenosylmethionine as physiological methyl donor and enzyme preparations from liver and kidney of normal rat, indicated that 1,7-dimethylguanosine was also a product of enzymatic methylation. 2. The amount of 1,7-dimethylguanosine formed by kidney enzyme preparation was 3-times that produced by the liver extract. 3. A second type of enzymatic methylation assay where chemically methylated tRNA was used as substrate indicated that the 7-methylguanosine residues in the nucleic acid are not the substrate of the methylase activity forming the 1,7-dimethylguanosine moieties. Analogous data were obtained for the origin of 1,7-dimethylguanosine residues in tRNA chemical methylation by dimethyl sulphate. PMID- 7104363 TI - Evidence that free polysomes are not the precursors of membrane-bound polysomes in rat liver. AB - We tested, in rat liver, the postulate that free polysomes were precursors of membrane-bound polysomes. Three methods were used to isolate free and membrane bound ribosomes from either post-nuclear or post-mitochondrial supernatants of rat liver. Isolation and quantitation of 28 S and 18 S rRNA allowed determination of the 40 S and 60 S subunit composition of free and membrane-bound ribosomal populations, while pulse labeling of 28 S and 18 S rRNA with [6-14C) orotic acid and inorganic (32P] phosphate allowed assessment of relative rates of subunit renewal. Throughout the extra-nuclear compartment, 40 S and 60 S subunits were present in essentially equal numbers, but, free ribosomes contained a stoichiometric excess of 40 S subunits, while membrane-bound ribosomes contained a complementary excess of 60 S subunits. Experiments with labeled precursors showed that throughout the extra-nuclear compartment, 40 S and 60 S subunits accumulated isotopes at essentially equal rates, however, free ribosomes accumulated isotopes faster than membrane-bound ribosomes. Among free ribosomes or polysomes, 40 S subunits accumulated isotopes faster than 60 S subunits, but, this relationship was not seen among membrane-bound ribosomes. Here, 40 S subunits accumulated isotope more slowly than 60 S subunits. This distribution of labeled precursors does not support the postulate that free polysomes are precursors of membrane-bound polysomes, but, these data suggest that membrane bound polysomes could be precursors of free polysomes. PMID- 7104365 TI - Adaptive repair of cross-links in DNA of Micrococcus radiodurans. AB - Cross-links in the DNA of Micrococcus radiodurans induced by mitomycin C were repaired during post-incubation. This repair process was inhibited in cells post incubated in the presence of chloramphenicol. However, the removal of cross-links in DNA was almost normal, even in the presence of chloramphenicol, if the cells were pretreated with lower concentrations of mitomycin C. PMID- 7104364 TI - Heat- and alkali-induced deamination of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine residues in DNA. AB - 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA underwent deamination at high temperatures. Furthermore, their rate of deamination at neutral or alkaline pH was greater than that of cytosine residues in DNA. As sources of [14C]-5-methylcytosine containing DNA, we used bacteriophage XP-12 DNA, in which 5-methylcytosine residues completely replace C residues, and calf thymus DNA experimentally substituted with [14C] 5-methylcytosine residues. Upon incubation at 95 degrees C in a physiological buffer or at 60 degrees C in 1 M NaOH, the respective rates of deamination of 5-methylcytosine residues were about 3- and 1.5-times those on cytosine residues. Under the same conditions, the free 5-methyldeoxycytidine was converted to thymidine more rapidly than deoxycytidine was converted to deoxyuridine. The reactions at physiological pH and elevated temperature suggest that deamination of 5-methylcytosine residues may yield a significant portion of spontaneous mutations in vivo, especially in view of the lack of thymine-specific mismatch repair systems with specificity and efficiency comparable to that of uracil excision repair systems. PMID- 7104370 TI - Isolation of denatured proteins and peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography. Effect of different perfluorinated acids, column length and large pore supports. AB - The utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography for the isolation of peptides and proteins is extended by the demonstration that trifluoroacetic acid, pentafluoropropionic acid and heptafluorobutyric acid are effective peptide and protein solvents and as components of a mobile phase alter both the absolute and relative retention times of eluting peptides. In addition, studies related to stationary-phase performance indicate that: (1) column length (5-25 cm) does not significantly influence large peptide or protein retention times or resolution; (2) 300 A pore supports are ideal for the isolation of both large peptides and proteins; (3) peptide and protein conformation, even in the presence of denaturants, alters the steric interaction with the support; and (4) large peptides and proteins probably interact with the support by virtue of multi-site binding, not partitioning between the stationary and mobile phases. PMID- 7104366 TI - Affinity labeling of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase with dialdehyde-ADP. AB - Periodate-oxidized ADP (dialdehyde-ADP) inactivates rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and combines irreversibly to the enzyme. This inactivation is first-order with respect to dialdehyde-ADP and follows saturation kinetics, indicating that the enzyme first forms a reversible complex with the inactivator. Low Mg2+ concentrations stimulate the rate of inactivation, while higher concentrations have a protective effect. ADP and ATP, especially in the presence of Mg2+, protect very strongly against inactivation, while phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate are less effective. Dialdehyde-ADP is not a substrate, but acts as competitive inhibitor of ADP, with a KI of 4.5 mM. The analog has somewhat lower affinity to the enzyme than Mg-ADP, which has a Kd of 1.2 mM. Based on kinetic data, it is shown that one molecule of reagent must combine per enzyme active site in order to inactivate the enzyme. Incorporation of [14-C]dialdehyde-ADP to the enzyme and treatment of the data by the Tsou plot shows that 6-7 residues per subunit react with the modifier, two of them being essential for activity. From the evidence presented it is concluded: (1) dialdehyde-ADP behaves as an affinity label of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase; (2) the inactivator binds probably to lysine residues at or near the active site, forming morpholine-like structures, and (3) the enzyme possesses two modifiable groups essential for activity, the reaction of one of them being sufficient to cause total loss in activity. PMID- 7104369 TI - Characterization of enzyme-enzyme interaction using an affinity batch system. AB - NAD-Sepharose 4B gel was used to study the complexation between glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.12) and aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13). An affinity sorbent specific for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was utilised in a batch system. The dissociation constant of the enzyme complex was calculated. The method elaborated in our laboratory was used to investigate the effects of temperature and pH on the complex formation. PMID- 7104368 TI - Evidence for several gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins in dentin. AB - With anion-exchange chromatography, the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) containing proteins of rat dentin were separated into four closely related fractions (gamma 1-gamma 4). Edman degradation of gamma 2 gave two NH2-terminal sequences with a minor sequence beginning five residues shorter than the major one. Gel electrophoresis of gamma 2 yielded one major and one minor protein band. Fraction gamma 3 gave one band on gel electrophoresis and a single NH2-terminal sequence. The composition of gamma 4 suggested that, compared to gamma 2 and gamma 3, a portion of the COOH-terminal was missing. Thus some of the heterogeneity of rat dentin Gla-containing proteins can be explained by shortened ends. PMID- 7104371 TI - Physicochemical characterization of lens proteins of the squid Nototodarus gouldi and comparison with vertebrate crystallins. AB - The main water-soluble proteins of squid lens (S-crystallins) have a molecular weight of 60 000, a sedimentation coefficient s020,w of 5.2 S, 20-30% alpha helical secondary structure, and an unusually high methionine content (12%). The subunits of Mr 30 000 (major) and Mr 27 000 (minor) have related N-terminal amino acid sequences, but a very heterogeneous charge distribution with predominantly basic isoelectric points. Higher-Mr aggregates have similar secondary/tertiary structure and amino acid composition, but contain additional acidic subunits and Mr 35 000-40 000 subunits. S-crystallins resemble vertebrate beta-crystallins in their quaternary structure, and their N-terminal sequence shows analogy with the first 19 residues of calf beta/gamma-crystallin folding units. In the urea soluble and urea-insoluble lens fractions polypeptides of Mr 58 000 and 80 000, respectively, predominate, which presumably correspond to the main cytoskeleton and membrane proteins. Water-soluble lens components of less than Mr 2000 were isolated which have ultraviolet absorption maxima at 327 and 370 nm. PMID- 7104372 TI - Peripheral and integral proteins of human blood platelet membranes. alpha-Actinin is not identical to glycoprotein III. AB - Isolation of human platelet membranes on polylysine beads and selective solubilization of membrane proteins allowed classification of membrane-associated proteins into integral and peripheral proteins. No major integral protein was found that was not exposed on the surface. Glycoprotein Ic was the only surface exposed protein that behaved as a peripheral protein. The localization and identification of alpha-actinin was performed with an antibody against porcine skeletal muscle alpha-actinin. Human platelet alpha-actinin had an apparent molecular weight of 100 000 and a pI of 5.7-6.3. It was membrane-associated and behaved as a peripheral protein. Immunoisolation on protein A beads, as well as the 'Western Blot' technique applied to two-dimensional gels, demonstrated that alpha-actinin is not identical to GP III as was previously suggested (Gerrard, J.M., Schollmeyer, J.V., Phillips, D.R. and White, J.G. (1979) Am. J. Pathol. 94, 509-528). PMID- 7104367 TI - Kinetics of hypothiocyanite production during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate. AB - We report here a kinetic study of the generation of hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), a product of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion. Previous studies have measured OSCN- by reactions involving the oxidation of sulfhydryl compounds. Our results show that a more suitable kinetic analysis of OSCN- can be based on absorbance changes measured at 235 nm. About 90% of the oxidation products of SCN- observed at 235 nm were reactive with sulfhydryls and could be reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol. Both thiocyanate and peroxide were rate-limiting and the formation of OSCN- was proportional to the initial concentration of H2O2 until an equimolar concentration of H2O2 and SCN- was reached. This equimolar concentration gave the maximum generation of OSCN-. High concentrations (greater than 100 micrograms/ml) of lactoperoxidase decreased OSCN- generation, but only if the SCN- was added to the enzyme prior to addition of H2O2. With lactoperoxidase concentrations exceeding 1 microgram/ml, the reaction velocity was rapid, but the decay of OSCN- was slow. Free H2O2 in the reaction mixture always resulted in rapid decay of OSCN-. Addition of varying concentrations of peroxide to solutions containing 1 microgram/ml of enzyme and [SCN-] = 5 mM gave a family of hyperbolic A235 vs. time curves. Both the initial slopes and the plateaus of these curves increased linearly with increasing initial peroxide concentrations up to [H2O2] = 0.4 mM, remained relatively constant in the range [H2O2] = 0.4 to 0.8 mM, and decreased rapidly above [H2O2] = 0.8 mM. These results are consistent with the following kinetic model: Hydrogen peroxide reacts rapidly with lactoperoxidase to produce compound I. This compound I oxidizes SCN- to OSCN- and also oxidizes OSCN- to O2SCN-. The OSCN- also reacts with SCN-. The formation of OSCN- is associated with the appearance of an absorbance peak at 225 235 nm. The oxidation of OSCN- by excess peroxide or its decomposition at high concentrations is associated with a decrease in A235 and the appearance of a peak at 245-255 nm. The extinction coefficient for OSCN- was determined to be 1.29 x 10(3) M-1 . cm-1. The second-order rate constant for the oxidation of thiocyanate by compound I was estimated to be 2 x 10(5) M-1 . s-1. PMID- 7104373 TI - Circular dichroism studies on the proline-rich glycoprotein of human parotid saliva. AB - Previous results on the primary structure of the human parotid saliva proline rich glycoprotein established the concept of repetitive domains in the sequence of that glycoprotein, tryptic glycopeptides of proline-rich glycoprotein representing the basic structure. The present work is concerned with the study of the secondary structure of the proline-rich glycoprotein, and of tryptic glycopeptides with and without the glycan moiety, using circular dichroism. CD spectra exhibit the same secondary structure with about 60% of polyproline II helical structure for the proline-rich glycoprotein, tryptic glycopeptides and their deglycosylated homologues. The present results are in fair agreement with the amino acid sequence results and suggest a model for the schematic representation of the proline-rich glycoprotein. PMID- 7104374 TI - Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by benzene boronic acid. Effect of apolipoprotein C-II. AB - The catalytic mechanism of triacylglycerol hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase was studied. We found lipoprotein lipase to be inhibited by benzene boronic acid, with an apparent Ki of 8.9 micro M at pH 7.4. This indicates the presence of serine and histidine in the active site of the enzyme. Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by benzene boronic acid is likely to be due to the formation of an inhibitor-enzyme complex having analogous bonding to the active site histidine and serine as the transition-state complex which precedes the formation of an obligatory acyl-enzyme intermediate. The presence of apolipoprotein C-II, the apolipoprotein activator of lipoprotein lipase, partly reverses the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by benzene boronic acid. This reversal by apolipoprotein C-II has a distinct pH optimum in the range of 8-9. PMID- 7104375 TI - Effect of sterol structure on the transfer of sterols and phospholipids from liposomes to erythrocytes in vitro. AB - Human erythrocytes were incubated for 24 h with liposomes containing [3H]phosphatidylcholine, [14C]cholesterol and one of several other sterols. Of the other sterols, 3-hydroxycholest-3-en-2-one did not appear to be taken up by the cells, sterophenol was taken up at about the same rate as cholesterol, and cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one and 7-oxocholesterol were taken up much more rapidly than cholesterol. Each component of the liposomes was incorporated into the cells independently of the others and the rate of incorporation of the test sterol had little, if any, effect on the rate of incorporation of phospholipid or cholesterol. The results support the proposal that sterol exchange is mediated via the pool of monomers present in the medium rather than by a collision mechanism. PMID- 7104376 TI - Glycosphingolipids of a green monkey kidney cell line (GMK AH-1). Evidence for a novel pentaglycosylceramide based on globotetraosylceramide. AB - Total non-acid glycolipid fractions have been isolated from GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum and in horse serum. For comparison, glycolipids were also prepared from green monkey (Cercopithecus aetiops) kidney and from fetal calf serum. The major glycolipids from GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum were isolated by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. These fractions were characterized mainly by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The structures of the glycolipids isolated were proposed as: Glc1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 4Gal1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer, GalNAcl leads to 3Gal1 leads to 4Gal1 leads 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer. In addition, a novel pentaglycosylceramide with the probable structure Ga1 beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc beta 1 leads to Gal alpha 1 leads to 4Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc beta 1 leads to 1Cer was also present. THe ceramides contained mainly dihydroxy 18:1 long-chain base in combination with non-hydroxy 16:0-24:0 fatty acids. Small amounts of trihydroxy 18:0 long-chain base and hydroxy 22:0-24:0 fatty acids were also present in the mono- and diglycosylceramide fractions. The glycolipid patterns of GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum or horse serum were identical. The pentaglycosylceramide present in the cultured cells could not be detected with certainty in the kidney tissue. The uptake of this glycolipid from the culture medium is unlikely as it seems to be lacking in calf serum. PMID- 7104377 TI - The hydrolysis of dolichyl palmitate by intestinal mucosa. AB - A dolichyl palmitate esterase was found in cell-free extracts of both pancreas and intestinal mucosa. The substrate for the reaction was dolichyl palmitate that was synthesized with labeled fatty acid. The reaction was monitored by the liberation of the free fatty acid and HPLC. All polyprenol esters studied were hydrolyzed despite differences in chain length. The role of this enzyme might be to promote the absorption of dolichol from the diet. PMID- 7104378 TI - Reduction of beta-oxidation capacity of rat liver mitochondria by feeding orotic acid. AB - Rats were maintained on fat-free high carbohydrate diets either with or without orotic acid (1%, w/w), pantethine (1%, w/w), adenine (0.25%, w/w), and/or p chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (0.25%, w/w). Oxidation of fatty acid by liver mitochondria was inhibited to less than half that of the control after administration of orotic acid. Activities of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases were markedly decreased by orotic acid administration, but the following enzyme activities were not, or only slightly decreased: acyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine acyltransferases, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3 ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. Simultaneous addition of pantethine in the orotic acid containing diet prevented induction of fatty liver. It also prevented decreases in fatty acid oxidation capacity and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. Introduction of adenine or p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, which reverse orotic acid induced fatty liver, reversed oxidation and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities to control levels. The oxidation capacity of the peroxisomal system remained unchanged after administration of orotic acid. PMID- 7104379 TI - Gangliosides in normal and cataractous lenses of several species. AB - The present study was undertaken to compare the content, composition and distribution of gangliosides in ocular lenses of different species, both normal and cataractous. Gangliosides were extracted from cow, pig, rat and human lens by either the Folch-Suzuki partition procedure or by the modified tetrahydrofuran procedure. Between 20 and 45% more ganglioside was recovered from lenses by the tetrahydrofuran than the Folch-Susuki partition procedure. Cow, pig, rat and human normal lens extracted by the tetrahydrofuran procedure contained, respectively, 24.8, 22.3, 71.2, and 272.5 micrograms of ganglioside sialic acid/g lens (wet wt.). No protein-bound sialic acid was detected in any lens. No significant differences were observed in the content or composition of gangliosides from normal and cataractous human lens and from cataractous rat lens induced by the drug U18666A. Although hematoside (GM3) was the predominant ganglioside in bovine (73%) and pig (68%) lens, small amounts of what appeared to be GM1, GD1a, and GT1 were also detected. GM1 predominated (95%) in rat lens, with the remainder being GM3. This is apparently the highest relative content of GM1 reported in a non-neural tissue. Human lens contains two gangliosides, GM1 (53%) and GM3 (47%). Examination of the distribution of gangliosides between various regions of the bovine lens revealed that the epithelial cell fraction contained an about 10 times higher concentration of total gangliosides than either the lens cortex or nucleus. PMID- 7104380 TI - Stimulation of fatty acid methylation in human red cell membranes by phospholipase A2 activation. AB - Nonpolar methylated products comprise approximately 50% of the radioactive material extractable into chloroform/methanol after incubation of human red cell membranes with S-[methyl-3H]adenosylmethionine. One of these nonpolar products is fatty acid methyl ester. The enzyme which synthesizes fatty acid methyl ester had an apparent Km for S-adenosylmethionine of about 0.6 micro M and a Vmax of about 0.6 pmol/mg protein per 30 min. Half-maximal activity was achieved upon addition of about 20 micro M sodium oleate. Of the fatty acids tested, sodium oleate increased activity most effectively (6-fold) and arachidonic acid was ineffective. Evidence indicated that fatty acid methylation takes place on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. The reaction was demonstrable in intact cells incubated with [methyl-3H]methionine, and increased upon addition of sodium oleate. Incubation of intact cells with melittin, a potent membrane phospholipase A2 activator from bee venom, increased fatty acid methylation several-fold. Fatty acid methylation appears to be one of the consequences of phospholipase A2 action in plasma membranes. PMID- 7104381 TI - Association of acylglyceride and retinyl palmitate hydrolase activities with zinc and copper metalloproteins in a high molecular weight lipid-protein aggregate fraction from chick liver cytosol. AB - A lipid-protein aggregate fraction of molecular weight approx. 1.8 . 10(6) was isolated by gel filtration from chick liver cytosol. This aggregate fraction had a hydrated density range of 1.06-1.13, was 45% lipid, contained zinc and copper and was associated with triolein, phosphatidylcholine and retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity. Hydrolytic activities were stimulated by albumin and cholate, but not by dihydroxy bile acids, and inhibited by serine esterase and sulphydryl inhibitors. Incubation of the aggregate with fatty acid-labelled acylglycerides resulted in protein-binding fatty acid fractions with molecular weights of 150,000, 60,000, 13,000 and approx. 2000. Incubation of the aggregate with [3H]retinyl palmitate yielded retinol-containing fractions with molecular weights of 150,000, 60,000 and 15,000. The latter peak appears, on the basis of amino acid composition, to be similar to the cellular retinol-binding protein. In addition, on incubation of the aggregate fraction, zinc and copper peaks are found with molecular weights of 150,000, 60,000 and 12,000-8000. The latter were further purified to yield a copper-rich metalloprotein similar to 'copper chelatin' and a zinc-rich metalloprotein, possibly zinc-metallothionein. Both these metalloprotein fractions had acyl hydrolase activity which was depressed in zinc-depleted animals. This may provide a possible explanation for the documented nutritional interactions between zinc and retinol. PMID- 7104382 TI - Fucosyltransferase may promote complexity of polyglycosyl conjugates of erythrocyte membranes. PMID- 7104383 TI - Desmosines in aneurysms of the ascending aorta (annulo-aortic ectasia). AB - Amino acid chromatography was used for determination of the elastin-specific amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine in acid hydrolyzates of intima-medial samples taken intraoperatively from aneurysms of human ascending aorta. Elastin concentration of the specimens was also estimated by hot alkali extraction followed by nitrogen determination of the extracted material and the insoluble residue. All patients studied had annulo-aortic ectasia i.e., dilatation of the aortic annulus and the ascending aorta. Two patients with the Marfan syndrome had low aortic elastin concentration determined by both methods. A third Marfan syndrome patient, youngest of the three, also had a slightly reduced concentration of elastin in the aorta. Aortic samples were studied from five patients who did not have the classical Marfan syndrome. Two patients of those five had decreased aortic elastin concentration. The change in elastin concentration was accompanied by high hydroxyproline/proline or hydroxylysine/lysine ratios which indicates that the proteins of the aneurysmatic aortic wall contained more collagen than the proteins of the control aortic wall. These findings point to a change in the structure or metabolism of elastin in the aortic wall in the Marfan syndrome and at least in some other patients with annulo-aortic ectasia. PMID- 7104384 TI - The structure of verdohemochrome and its implications for the mechanism of heme catabolism. AB - The synthesis, purification as a tetrafluoroborate salt and structural elucidation of the verdohemochrome 2a derived from the coupled oxidation of octaethylhemochrome 1 is described. Based on elemental analyses, spectroscopic studies (visible and infrared absorption, 1H-NMR) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, the assignment of the iron(II) oxaporphyrin structure for the verdohemochrome 2a and the blue monocarbonyl species 2b, obtained upon treatment of 2a with carbon monoxide, has been accomplished. This assignment raises a number of questions regarding the iron oxidation state of intermediates in the pathway of heme catabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the implications of the occurrence of an iron oxaporphyrin intermediate in the pathway of heme metabolism, which is suggested by the similarity of the visible absorption spectrum of the CO species 2b with that of a new intermediate recently observed in the heme oxygenase-catalyzed degradation of heme and mesoheme, is considered. PMID- 7104385 TI - High molecular weight proteoglycans biosynthesized in culture by pigeon aortas. AB - The properties of aortic proteoglycans synthesized in vitro were examined to demonstrate synthesis of intact proteoglycans by aortic tissue in culture and to compare labeling and synthetic rates of two different populations of proteoglycan. Following 3, 6, or 9 h of incubation in medium containing [35S]sodium sulfate and [3H]serine, the tissue was extracted with 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride containing protease inhibitors. Extracts were chromatographed on Sepharose CL-4B and subjected to buoyant density centrifugation under dissociative conditions. Radioactive precursors were incorporated into two major populations of aortic proteoglycan, one of high molecular weight eluting near the void volume of Sepharose CL-4B (Proteoglycan I) and one of lower molecular weight (Proteoglycan II) having a Kav of 0.40-0.44. The radioactively labeled proteoglycans were localized at densities 1.50-1.56 g/ml (Preparation 1) and 1.43 1.49 g/ml (Preparation 2) following CsCl buoyant density centrifugation. Both proteoglycan populations had increased incorporation of 35S and 3H over time. At all times the lower molecular weight proteoglycan had a higher specific activity (dpm 35S and 3H/micrograms hexuronic acid). At 3, 6, and 9 h, the specific activity of Proteoglycan II was 8.2-, 6.7- and 3.0-fold higher than Proteoglycan I using 35S and 13.0-, 8.1- and 2.7-fold higher using 3H, suggesting different synthetic rates for the two proteoglycans. The results illustrate synthesis of intact proteoglycans during short-term artery culture. The proteoglycan types have size and buoyant density characteristics as described for artery, but based upon changes in specific activity ratios, the two proteoglycan populations differ in rates of synthesis. PMID- 7104387 TI - A high performance liquid chromatography assay for the rapid analysis of the subunit content of concanavalin A. AB - A high performance liquid chromatography system is described which provides a rapid and convenient assay for the relative amounts of intact (26000 dalton) and fragmented (14000 and 12000 dalton) subunits present in preparations of concanavalin A. Analyses were performed on an HPLC size exclusion column using either 8M urea or 6M guanidine hydrochloride as denaturing eluents. The efficiency and resolving power of this technique were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This HPLC assay facilitated the monitoring of the purification of concanavalin A to prepare a homogeneous preparation necessary for its biological evaluation. PMID- 7104386 TI - The influences of glucagon, epinephrine and adrenergic agents on glycogen phosphorylase a and pyruvate kinase activities in hepatocytes from juvenile and adult rabbits. AB - 1. Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine each increases significantly glucose appearance and glycogen disappearance from hepatocytes of both juvenile and adult fed rabbits. Such increases caused by catecholamines and adrenergic agonists are suppressed significantly by the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol but are unchanged by the alpha-antagonist phentolamine. 2. Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine each increases significantly glycogen phosphorylase a activity and decreases significantly the pyruvate kinase activity ratio (assayed with 0.8 mM phosphoenolpyruvate +/- 200 microM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) in hepatocytes from both juvenile and adult rabbits. Changes induced by catecholamines and adrenergic agonists in the activities of both enzymes are significantly diminished by propranolol but unaltered by phentolamine. 3. These observations suggest that regulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in rabbits by glucagon and catecholamines is at least partially due to activation of glycogen phosphorylase and inhibition of pyruvate kinase. Contrary to the age-related changes observed in the adrenergic nature of catecholamines' regulation of these two processes in rats, such regulation of both processes by catecholamines is beta-adrenergic in rabbits regardless of age. PMID- 7104388 TI - The crystal structure of a major metabolite of thyroid hormone: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L thyronine. AB - Two independent conformations of the thyroinactive thyroid hormone metabolite, 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3) were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The conformations show significant difference in the lettering geometry when compared with those of the thyroactive thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L thyronine (T3). The diphenyl ether conformation of the two conformers of rT3 is an anti-skewed one, in which the torsion angles, phi (C5-C4-O4-Cl') are 8 degrees and -6 degrees, and phi' (C4-O4-Cl'-O6') are 86 degrees and 87 degrees. This conformation is in contrast to a twist-skewed one of T4 and T3. The difference in the binding abilities between T4, T3 and rT3 to thyroxine binding carrier proteins in serum or to a nuclear receptor protein may be explained by the characteristic solid-state conformations of these metabolites. PMID- 7104390 TI - A conformational analysis of daunomycin considering D-ring repucker. AB - We present a complete molecule mechanics optimization of daunomycin. Two different D-ring puckers are found to be of comparable energy, consistent with NMR data, although only one of these low-energy structures has been observed by X ray crystallography. Our results are more consistent with the previous conformational analysis of daunomycin by Neidle and Taylor (Neidle, S. and Taylor, G.L. (1979) FEBS Lett. 107, 348-354) than that of Nakata and Hopfinger (Nakata, Y. and Hopfinger, A.J. (1980) FEBS Lett. 117, 259-264). PMID- 7104389 TI - Factors influencing the viscous properties of chicken tracheal mucins. AB - 1. Reduced viscosities, in water, of different types of mucin, such as fibrillar, gelatinous and soluble phase, separated from chicken tracheal secretions were measured. 2. H-bond breaking agents caused a significant decrease in the reduced viscosity of these mucins, but thiol-reagents alone did not have any effect. 3. Papain and Pronase did not cause any decrease in the reduced viscosity of these mucins. Neuraminidase decreased the reduced viscosity of soluble phase mucin by 50% by removing about 30% of its N-acetylneuraminic acid but had no effect on fibrillar and gelatinous mucins. Sulphatase neither removed any sulphate ester groups nor decreased the reduced viscosity. Due to some nonspecific intermolecular interaction, mixtures of mucins and enzymes or ovalbumin exhibited elevated reduced viscosities. 4. Ionic strength of the solutions appeared to decrease the reduced viscosity of these mucins. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ in solutions of ionic strength of approx. 0.1 caused significant decrease in the reduced viscosity, but had no such effect in solutions of ionic strength of more than 0.1. 5. N-Acetylneuraminic acid and sulphate ester residues were 46.6 +/- 0.2, 43.4 +/- 0.6, 27.9 +/- 3.3 mg/g and 66.0 +/- 2.0, 34.2 +/- 3.3, 2.5 +/- 0.8 mg/g for fibrillar, gelatinous and soluble phase mucins, respectively. There appeared to be a good correlation between viscosity and N-acetylneuraminic acid contents among mucins of low reduced viscosities and between viscosity and sulphate ester residues among mucins of high reduced viscosities. PMID- 7104391 TI - The preferred route of kynurenine metabolism in the rat. AB - It has been suggested (Ueda, T., Otsuka, H. and Goda, K. (1978) J. Biochem. 84, 687-696) that direct cleavage of kynurenine, catalysed by kynureninase, followed by microsomal hydroxylation of the resultant anthranilic acid, may provide an alternative to the established pathway of kynurenine metabolism that involves direct hydroxylation followed by cleavage to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. To test this suggestion, anthranilic acid was administered to rats; there was no increase in either the concentration of nicotinamide nucleotides in the liver or the urinary excretion of N1-methyl nicotinamide. However, injection of either kynurenine or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid did increase the concentration of nicotinamide nucleotides in the liver. The kinetics of kynurenine hydroxylase (Km = 1.8 +/- 0.6.10(-5) mol/l) and kynureninase (Km = 2.5 +/- 0.8.10(-4) mol/l, liver steady-state kynurenine = 4.9 +/- 0.9 mumol/kg) are such that the preferred route of kynurenine metabolism is probably by way of hydroxylation rather than cleavage. PMID- 7104392 TI - X-ray diffraction demonstrates reorientation of collagen fibres in the annulus fibrosus during compression of the intervertebral disc. AB - The annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is reinforced by tilted collagen fibres. It has been predicted that the tilt angle should increase as the disc was compressed. This prediction has now been confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Diffraction patterns were recorded from the ventral annulus of intact L1/2 rabbit discs during various stages of compression. At each stage the ventral height was measured. Fibre tilts were measured from the diffraction patterns and found to increase as the disc was compressed. For five out of six discs the quantitative dependence of tilt on compressed height was in good agreement with theoretical predictions; the sixth did not compress evenly but an increase in tilt was still observed. PMID- 7104393 TI - Characterization of the cytosolic estrogen receptor in rat skeletal muscle. AB - A charcoal assay and the synthetic estrogen [6,7-3H]R 2858 (17 alpha-ethynyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol-17 beta) were used to show that rat skeletal muscle cytosol contains an estrogen receptor, which was characterized with regard to association and dissociation rate-constants at several temperatures. The degradation kinetics was also studied, and was more rapid in the absence than in the presence of ligand. Association, dissociation and degradation were all temperature-dependent. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), however, was not temperature dependent, and was about 0.1-1.0 nM, whether calculated from the rate constants or determined by Scatchard analysis. Estradiol-17 beta and R 2858 were compared as ligands for Scatchard analysis; the maximum number of binding sites being about the same (120 and 110 fmol/g tissue, respectively, but the Kd was lower for estradiol-17 beta (0.16 nM) than for R 2858 (0.73 nM). Ligand specificity studies (using [3H]R 2858 as well as [3H]estradiol-17 beta) showed that R 2858 binds to an estrogen receptor in rat skeletal muscle. The estrogen receptor interacted both with heparin and with DNA covalently coupled to agarose, and was eluted from either column by NaCl. Chromatography of crude cytosol on heparin-agarose or DNA agarose lead to an at least 10-fold or 25-fold purification of the estrogen receptor, respectively. DNA-agarose chromatography or ammonium sulfate precipitation did not separate the estrogen receptor from the androgen or glucocorticoid receptors in rat muscle. PMID- 7104394 TI - Purification and properties of galactokinase from Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - Galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6; ATP: D-galactose-1-phosphototransferase) was purified 152-fold with an 11% yield from Tetrahymena thermophila maximally derepressed for enzyme synthesis in late stationary phase. The purification procedure utilized sequential acid precipitation, batch DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and narrow range electrofocusing. The apparent molecular weight of the holoenzyme as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 is 50000-55000. The holoenzyme consists of two subunits of approx. 28000 daltons each, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme appears to be a single species with an isoelectric point at pH 5.1. Optimal activity was obtained at pH 7.8 and 41 degrees C, with no added monovalent salt. D-Galactose, 2-deoxygalactose and galactosamine all are suitable carbohydrate substrates for the stereospecific galactokinase; only substitution at the C-2 position of galactose retains enzyme recognition. The enzyme utilizes ATP, 2'-dATP and 3'-dATP as phosphate donors; ADP and adenosine-5'-[gamma thio]triphosphate are inhibitory. The Km values for galactose and ATP were determined to be 0.60 mM and 0.15 mM, respectively. The enzyme requires a divalent cation for activity, with effectiveness being in the order: Mg2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Fe2+. Galactokinases from all eucaryotic sources studied thus far seem to be very similar. Based upon the results reported here, the galactokinases from Tetrahymena and yeast appear to be most similar in their biophysical and biochemical properties. PMID- 7104396 TI - Lipid-cell interactions. A novel mechanism of transfer of liposome-entrapped substances into cells. AB - A new approach has been developed for studying the transfer of liposome-entrapped substances into cells. The cells are incubated with liposomes containing two markers that in the free (non-entrapped) state enter the cells at different rates. Comparison of the ratio of cell-associated markers applied either in free or in liposome-entrapped form permits the evaluation of different pathways of cellular uptake of the intraliposomal substances. When epithelial cell sheets were incubated with egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing two different sugars they became cell-associated at a ratio different from their initial ratio inside the liposomes. Since the cell-associated ratio was shifted towards the value observed when the cells were incubated with a mixture of the two sugars in the free state, it is suggested that the liposomes become permeable during incubation and that the liberated substances enter the cells in the free form. On the other hand, cell-liposome interaction was demonstrated by NMR measurement and gel-filtration experiments to result in transformation of small unilamellar liposomes into larger multilayered aggregates. This transformation depends on the contact of the liposomes with the cell sheet. It is supposed that interliposomal aggregation is the underlying mechanism of cell-induced leakage of liposomes. PMID- 7104397 TI - Continuous-flow NMR culture system for mammalian cells. AB - A continuous-flow NMR culture system for mammalian cells has been developed on which 31P-NMR experiments under complete and strictly physiologic conditions have been performed. Observations on the response of the cellular metabolism to stresses such as starvation, low temperature and changes in environmental pH monitored by 31P-NMR are reported. The response of the intracellular pH relative to the external pH of the growth medium is studied. We find that under the experimental conditions used there exists a delta pH varying between less than 0.2 and more than 0.6 pH units. These results are compatible with those obtained using other techniques. PMID- 7104395 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in the rat. AB - Isolation in a 55% yield of the low molecular weight pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor was achieved by gel filtration of an acid extract of whole inactive rat pancreas juice on Sephadex G-50 at pH 2.5 followed by desalting and ion-exchange chromatography on SP Sephadex C-50 at pH 4.5. Two distinct chromatographic fractions were obtained, labeled fraction 1 and 2. Fractions 1 and 2 showed three, respectively two, distinct closely migrating cationic bands on gel electrophoresis in barbital buffer, pH 8.6. Each fraction demonstrated one band on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis at pH 4.6. The inhibitor is homogenous on gel filtration and on the basis of its stoichiometry with active site titrated rat anionic trypsin. Its molecular weight is approx. 6024. The amino acid composition is included. Rat pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor is trypsin specific and interacts on a 1:1 molar basis with rat trypsin. It is a good inhibitor of bovine trypsin but a poor inhibitor of human cationic trypsin and its binding to trypsin is reversible by acidification. Like other inhibitors of this sort, it is present in about 0.1-0.2% of the total protein content of the juice, and normally exists in its free form. A simple procedure for the production of antiserum to the inhibitor which is a poor antigen is also described. PMID- 7104398 TI - Changes in the phosphorus metabolism of a diving turtle observed by 31P-NMR. PMID- 7104399 TI - Purification and characterization of a collagenous protein secreted by a murine teratocarcinoma-derived cell line. AB - A collagenous protein could be precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 from the culture medium of a murine teratocarcinoma-derived cell line (Ko, C.Y., Johnson, L.D. and Priest, R.E. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 581, 252-259). Further purification of this protein was achieved by combining DEAE-cellulose chromatography with either CM-cellulose or molecular sieve chromatography. The collagenous polypeptides had subunit molecular weights of 160 000, if determined by molecular sieve chromatography, or 190 000, if determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and they are not linked by disulphide bridges. Amino acid composition of this collagen is similar to that of a murine type IV collagen isolated from EHS sarcoma (Timpl et al. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 84, 43-52). The most prominent peptides resulting from cleavage of the protein by CNBr had estimated molecular weights of 25 000, 23 000, 11 700 and 9400. Pepsin treatment of this collagen under non-denaturing conditions produced three major fragments having molecular weights of 70 000, 45 000 and 43 000. We conclude that the collagen secreted by the murine teratocarcinoma-derived cell culture is a type IV basement membrane collagen. Therefore, this culture system should provide a continuous source of type IV collagen, which may be used to study the interaction of this collagen with other basement membrane components. PMID- 7104400 TI - A specific hydroxysterol binding protein in human lymphocyte cytosol. AB - A discriminating system capable of recognizing the oxygenated sterols was investigated in human lymphocytes. After labelling entire cells with 25-hydroxy [3H] cholesterol (10 nM) the cytosol was ultracentrifuged on a linear sucrose density gradient. Bound 25-hydroxy [3H] cholesterol was located in a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 8.3 S. Pronase treatment abolished the radioactive peak. This 8.3 S protein had a low binding capacity for 25-hydroxy [3H] cholesterol and probably a high affinity. This last parameter was not determined on account of some difficulties encountered in a cell-free system relating to the physico-chemical properties of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Only the hydroxylated sterols closely related to 25-hydroxycholesterol were capable of specifically binding to the 8.3 S protein, in contrast with cholesterol. This protein differed from the binding proteins of oxygenated derivatives of vitamin D3 and glucocorticoids. With the human lymphocyte as a model and under our experimental conditions, this hydroxylated sterol-binding protein seems to be involved rather in the cell division control than in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity: indeed, the hydroxysterols able to inhibit thymidine [3H] incorporation into DNA are recognized by this protein whereas the hydroxysterols active on HMG-CoA reductase activity without affecting thymidine [3H] incorporation into DNA are not. PMID- 7104401 TI - Subcellular distribution and some properties of acid phospholipase A1 in rat testis. AB - The activity of phospholipase A was studied in homogenates, and mitochondria and lysosome-enriched fractions of rat testis. Using testicular homogenates and Triton X-100, phospholipase A1 activity with pH optima at 3.0 and 7.0 and phospholipase A2 activity with a pH optimum at 6.5 were observed. With optimum pH at 3.0, phospholipase A1 was further studied, identified and characterized by using 1-acyl-2-[1-(14)C]1 oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as substrate in mitochondria and lysosome-enriched fractions. Acid phospholipase A1 activity was inhibited by Ca2+ and EDTA. The enzyme activity was greatly stimulated by Triton X-100, not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and DIFP, and relatively heat stable at 65 degrees C. Acid phospholipase A1 activity had properties similar to other phospholipases of lysosomal origin: subcellular distribution, metal independence and acid pH optimum and was mainly localized in mitochondria and lysosome enriched fraction suggesting a lysosomal origin. PMID- 7104402 TI - UV differential study of the histones H2A-H2B-H3-H4 octamer. AB - The individual calf thymus histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, the dimer H2A-H2B, the tetramer (H3-H4)2 and the octamer (H2A-H2B-H3-H4)2 were studied by differential UV absorption i.e. observing absorption shifts of tyrosyl residues due to thermal perturbations. The histone octamer was studied in 2 M NaCl pH 7.5 a condition under which it is stable, as demonstrated by Eickbush and Moudrianakis [18]. In addition these authors suggested that the interactions which maintain the four histones as an octamer involve the weak association of one (H3-H4)2 tetramer with two H2A-H2B dimers and might be due essentially to histidine-lysine or histidine tyrosine hydrogen bonds. We performed the study of the octamer by UV differential absorption using the tyrosyl residues as a natural probe to follow their interaction with different residues in their neighbourhood. The main result obtained shows that the tetramer (H3-H4)2 has all its tyrosyl residues exposed to the solvent whereas the octamer has no tyrosine exposed, suggesting that with this polymer no DNA-tyrosine interactions could take place. PMID- 7104403 TI - [Feminization of embryonic chicken testicle by diethylstilbestrol and antagonistic action of tamoxifen]. AB - The question was asked whether the feminization of the chick embryo testis by diethylstilboestrol involves oestrogen secretion. The left gonads of male embryos treated with diethylstilboestrol at the stage of 5 days of incubation were removed at the stage of 17 days and cultured in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone or sodium acetate. Radiochromatography and repeated crystallizations to constant specific activity were used to demonstrate the formation of oestrone and oestradiol. The results show that oestrogen synthesis takes place from any of the 4 precursors. The normal testis does not produce oestrogens or produces them only in small amounts. Thus, it can be concluded that diethylstilboestrol induces oestrogen synthesis in the chick embryo testis. In a second part of the work, it is shown that tamoxifen antagonizes the feminizing action of diethylstilboestrol on the testes, both at the morphological and biochemical levels. PMID- 7104404 TI - [Activable phospholipase a2 of rat blood platelets]. AB - Rat blood platelet lysate showed high phospholipase A2 activity and contained much less than activating factor much greater than which increased phospholipase A2 activity. The phospholipase A2 and the much less than activating factor much greater than were eluted together in the same first protein fraction obtained by chromatography on a G 100 Sephadex column washed with tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2). This mixture of proteins can be further fractionated on a Sepharose Blue CL 6B column in 2 protein fractions. The first fraction eluted by tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) showed 10 percent of the initial phospholipase activity; the second fraction eluted by NaCl 1 M-tris HCl buffer (pH 7.2) which showed no phospholipase activity, contains activating factor; if both fractions are mixed the initial phospholipase activity is almost totally restored. In conclusion, in rat blood platelets, phospholipase activity originates in a great part from the association of an much less than activable phospholipase much greater than and an much less than activating factor much greater than. PMID- 7104405 TI - Chemical deglycosylation assay by HF applied to human transcortin. PMID- 7104406 TI - Accurate measurement of cerebral metabolism in the conscious, unrestrained neonatal piglet. I. Blood flow. AB - A technique has been developed for the accurate and precise measurement of cerebral blood flow in the conscious, unrestrained neonatal piglet. Repeat determinations under conditions in which the animals could observe the experimenters showed that there was a significant fall in cerebral perfusion rate between first and second measurement, amounting to about 15 ml/min/100g. This systematic error was subsequently avoided by use of screens and the reproducibility of the technique was then estimated to be 5.9 ml/min/100 g (SD). When 5 animals were subjected to moderate stress by handling, there was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in cerebral perfusion rate to a mean value of 172.6 +/- 35.0 ml/min/100g (+/- SEM). Mean resting cerebral perfusion rate in 18 normal animals was 65.6 +/- 4.6 ml/min/100 g (+/- SEM), which is similar to that reported in the conscious neonates of other species including man. PMID- 7104407 TI - Accurate measurement of cerebral metabolism in the conscious, unrestrained neonatal piglet. II. Glucose and oxygen utilization. PMID- 7104408 TI - Development of enzymes of adenine nucleotide metabolism in rat brain and liver. AB - The developmental changes in the activity of certain representative enzymes of adenine nucleotide metabolism, namely AMP deaminase, adenylate kinase and creatine kinase, have been studied in rat brain and liver. The principal points observed can be summarised as follows. (1) Fetal liver has a remarkably high AMP deaminase activity, which decreases immediately after birth. (2) The activities of both soluble and mitochondrial forms of brain creatine kinase are about 50 fold those of liver. The activities of these liver enzymes remain unchanged during the developmental period. In brain, however, these enzymes increase their activities about 3 and 5 times in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions, respectively. (3) The brain adenylate kinase activity from cytoplasmic fractions increased 4-fold during the 10- and 30-day period, whereas the enzyme from mitochondrial fractions remained unchanged. PMID- 7104409 TI - Onset of a feedback inhibition by testosterone in male rat fetuses. PMID- 7104410 TI - Effects of thyroxine on the transmission of immunoglobulin across the small intestine of young rats. PMID- 7104411 TI - Effects of fat-free diet on fetal and maternal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the timing of parturition in the mouse. PMID- 7104412 TI - Age-related difference in cerebral perfusion pressure response to acute hypoxia in neonatal puppies. AB - Acute hypoxia is known to increase cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in the fetus and newborn. The combined effects of these changes on cerebral perfusion pressure are unknown. We investigated cerebral perfusion pressure changes in newborn puppies of two age groups (group I, mean age 28 days, group II, mean age 11 days) during acute, severe hypoxia. The results indicate that (1) in both groups the intracranial pressure increases within seconds following the onset of hypoxia; (2) the mean arterial blood pressure drops almost precipitantly in older animals, whereas in group II, the blood pressure is maintained near baseline values up to 4 min, and (3) because of differences in blood pressure responses the cerebral perfusion pressure falls dramatically in group I, whereas in younger animals normotensive response to hypoxia helps maintain the cerebral perfusion pressure for a longer period. We conclude that in young animals early normotensive response to hypoxia assures adequate transmural pressure for the perfusion of brain which may be a built-in protective factor. PMID- 7104413 TI - Role of milk-borne factors in weaning and intestinal development. AB - To determine whether a factor appearing in the milk at the beginning of the 3rd postnatal week elicits the appearance of jejunal sucrase activity in the pups, pups were raised with dams that had been lactating for either a week less or a week more than their natural mothers. Pups were sacrificed at 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23 days of age for assay of jejunal sucrase and for measurement of the proportion of chow in the stomachs. Sucrase activity appeared at the same age in all pups (day 17); however, at days 21 and 23 the enzyme activity was higher in the pups cross-fostered to the longer-lactating dams. Correspondingly, the analysis of stomach contents showed that these pups had almost completed weaning by day 21 whereas the other pups were still taking 40-50% milk. It is concluded that neither the appearance of jejunal sucrase nor the onset of weaning is cued by the appearance of a factor in the milk at the beginning of the 3rd postnatal week. However, the lactational stage of the dam can affect the rate of completion of weaning and, secondarily, the terminal portion of the sucrase rise. PMID- 7104414 TI - Proteins, vitamin A, carotene, folacin, ferritin and zinc in Navajo maternal and cord blood. AB - Blood samples were obtained from 28 Navajo women at delivery and cord blood samples were collected from their healthy, full-term infants. The concentrations of retinol, folacin, ferritin and zinc in the cord blood fell in the normal range even though some mothers had blood levels suggesting a deficiency. Levels of maternal and cord blood retinol-binding protein were positively correlated. Although marginal and deficient levels of folacin in maternal blood did not result in significantly lower cord blood levels, the strong association indicated a dependence of fetal level upon maternal supply. Birth weight and the developmental indices were not related to any of the maternal or fetal nutrient levels. PMID- 7104415 TI - Evaluation of renal function in neonatal rats. AB - The ontogenetic profile of several parameters of neonatal renal development in the rat is presented. Nephrogenesis was observed to continue at a rapid pace between birth and 8 days of age and to be virtually complete by 11 days of age. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, a brush border enzyme, declined during this time period relative to organ growth as a whole. The ability to elaborate a concentrated urine when presented with a period of fluid deprivation was barely present at birth and increased dramatically with age. Finally, the diuresis response to an orally administered water load was detected on the second postnatal day, while the response to antidiuretic hormones was present to a slight degree on the first postnatal day. PMID- 7104416 TI - Pulmonary excretion rates of carbon monoxide using a modified technique: differences between premature and full-term infants. AB - The pathophysiology of the exaggerated hyperbilirubinemia in premature infants remains unclear. The relative contribution of bilirubin production may be estimated by measuring the pulmonary excretion rate of carbon monoxide (VeCO). We found that the mean VeCO of premature infants, 16.7 +/- 5.0 microliters/kg/h, was significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) compared with the mean VeCO of full term infants, 13.9 +/- 3.5 microliters/kg/h. Premature infants who required phototherapy had a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher mean VeCO than those who did not. The VeCO did not correlate with gestational age, implying that factors which associate frequently but variably with gestational age may have an important influence on heme catabolism. PMID- 7104417 TI - Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. AB - The action of CNS inhibitory neuronal mechanisms was tested in acutely psychotic unmedicated schizophrenic patients and in normal controls. An early positive component of the auditory average evoked response recorded at the vertex 50 msec after a click stimulus was studied. Stimuli were delivered at 10-sec intervals to establish a base-line response. Inhibitory mechanisms were then tested using a conditioning-testing paradigm by assessing the change in response to a second stimulus following the first at either 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0-sec intervals. At the 0.5 sec interval, normal controls had over a 90% mean decrement in response, whereas schizophrenics showed less than a 15% mean decrement. At 2-sec intervals, responses from normals were still 30 to 50% diminished, but those from schizophrenics showed an increased response to the stimulus compared to base line. The data suggest that normally present inhibitory mechanisms are markedly reduced in schizophrenics. Failure of these inhibitory mechanisms may be responsible for the defects in sensory gating which are thought to be an important part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PMID- 7104418 TI - Evidence of right cerebral hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenic patients with left hemisphere overactivation. AB - A number of laterality studies have used initial lateral eye movements as a measure of unbalanced frontal hemisphere activity. Several of these studies have demonstrated that schizophrenics look to their right more often than normals or depressives when thinking about spatial and/or emotional material. This increase in right gaze responses has been taken to represent increased left hemisphere responsiveness for spatial and emotional material. Thus, it was predicted that schizophrenics would be more receptive to spatial material and would detect rapidly appearing spatial stimuli presented to their left hemisphere more accurately than in their right hemisphere. Further, it was expected that schizophrenics would perform better than controls when identifying rapidly presented shapes in the left hemisphere. Using visual half-field presentation of verbal and spatial material, the experimental prediction of increased left hemisphere accuracy for shape detection within the schizophrenic group was corroborated. However, there was an unanticipated and significant right hemisphere deficit for spatial identification between the schizophrenic group and the normal controls. This finding suggests that schizophrenics may have a primary deficit in their right hemisphere, which affects visuospatial processing. It is suggested that the apparent left hemisphere increase in activity for spatial material reported by Gur and Schweitzer may thus be a compensatory mechanism for a primary failure of the schizophrenic's right hemisphere to maintain normal attention and vigilance. PMID- 7104419 TI - Electrocortical frequencies in hyperactive, learning-disabled, mixed, and normal children. AB - Ten boys in each of four groups (hyperactive, learning-disabled, hyperactive/learning-disabled or mixed, and normal) were exposed to a complex visual search task. EEGs were recorded at central and parietal sites, 1-sec prestimulus and 1-sec poststimulus onset, on three types of trials. The resulting wave forms, averaged over trials, were converted to the frequency domain via a fast Fourier transform and factored by principal components. Four components accounting for 87% of the variance were varimax-rotated. Analyses of variance of the component scores revealed that Component 1 differentiated the four groups of boys. This component had highest loadings in frequencies from 16 to 20 Hz and secondary loading in frequencies from 7 to 10 Hz. It was concluded that this multifrequency component is sensitive to parameters deficient in hyperactive and learning-disabled children. PMID- 7104420 TI - Delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions to human brain S-100 protein in psychiatric patients. AB - To confirm and extend previous observations concerning the correlation between cell-mediated immunity and psychiatric diseases, 511 patients with schizophrenia, cerebral atrophy, dementia, and mental retardation, and 32 control subjects and 27 control patients were skin-tested with human brain S-100 protein and human liver protein: 70.2-93.1% of tested psychiatric patients developed positive skin hypersensitivity reactions to S-100 protein, while 2.8-20.7% of patients reacted to liver protein. Of control subjects, 6.2-7.4% responded to S-100 protein, and 7.4-9.4% to liver protein. The findings indicate that cell-mediated immune processes may be involved in brain mechanisms underlying cerebral atrophy, depression, dementia, schizophrenia, and mental retardation. PMID- 7104421 TI - Increased noradrenaline levels in CSF and plasma of schizophrenic patients. AB - Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and adrenaline (A) concentrations were determined by means of a specific and sensitive radioenzymatic method in plasma, CSF, and urine of schizophrenic patients and in a group of age- and sex-matched controls without history of mental disorder. NA levels were found to be significantly increased both in plasma and CSF of schizophrenics, particularly in paranoids. The increase in plasma NA concentration can probably be ascribed to the higher unspecific arousal level of these patients, whereas the increase of CSF NA levels probably reflects a rise of central noradrenergic activity. The physiopathological significance of this overactivity, however, is questionable. PMID- 7104422 TI - Differential effects of microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens or the caudate putamen on the rat's ability to ignore an irrelevant stimulus. AB - Latent inhibition is an attentional process by which animals learn to ignore an irrelevant stimulus. Rats received either 0 or 30 preexposures to a tone which was later used as a conditioned stimulus (CS) in a two-way avoidance task. Tone preexposure resulted in retarded conditioning (i.e., latent inhibition) in animals which received microinjections of saline or amphetamine in the caudate putamen and for those which received microinjections of saline in the nucleus accumbens. This latent inhibition effect, however, was not present in animals which received d-amphetamine microinjections in the nucleus accumbens. The failure of CS preexposure to retard conditioning in these animals was not due to drug-induced changes in either tone or shock sensitivity. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in learning to ignore an irrelevant stimulus and the use of LI as a possible animal model of the attentional deficit that seems to characterize some subpopulations of schizophrenic humans. PMID- 7104423 TI - The effect of task difficulty and threat of aversive electric shock upon tonic physiological changes. AB - Thirteen subjects volunteered in an experiment which tested the relative effect of task difficulty and threat of aversive electric shock upon tonic changes in skeletal muscle (somatic) tension, respiration, heart rate (HR), and skin conductance level (SCL). They all performed two versions of a continuous perceptual-motor task (which is different from the reaction time task paradigm currently being preferred in related research), one difficult and one easy, under conditions of threat and no-threat. Electromyographic activity increased over the course of a task and, thus, showed clear physiological gradients which were steeper with the difficult task and threat. Initial HR activation was marked for the threat condition, and task difficulty added to this activation. SCL revealed a marked initial peak-response for all treatments, but was unresponsive to experimental manipulations. It was argued that a respiratory-somatic parallelism occurred during performance of both tasks for the no-threat (low effort) condition, and that threat (high effort) acted to dissolve this coupling in favour of a respiratory-cardiac parallelism. PMID- 7104425 TI - Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials. AB - In many studies on the effect of selective attention and stimulus significance on evoked potentials, the target, or otherwise significant, stimuli were also infrequent stimuli. Repetitive homogeneous auditory stimuli were presented at short constant intervals. One of two deviant stimuli, one slightly lower and the other slightly higher in pitch than the repetitive stimulus ('standard'), randomly replaced it at the same low probability. One at a time of these two physically equally deviant and equally infrequent stimuli was designated as a target and the subject's task was to count its number in a run and to ignore the other deviant stimulus. The two deviant stimuli elicited very similar potentials; hence, no target effect was obtained. On the other hand, both potentials were much larger and more complex than those elicited by standard stimuli. Additionally, a 'probe' stimulus, a widely deviant auditory stimulus randomly replaced, with a very small probability, a standard stimulus in these conditions. Even this irrelevant, physically widely deviant, stimulus elicited a wave complex basically similar to that elicited by slightly deviant stimuli, but of much larger amplitude. The comparison of these brain-wave sequences to those elicited by the same stimuli in reading subjects led to the conclusion that in detection conditions, deviant stimuli elicit two overlapping sequences of brain events: exogeneous and endogeneous. The former sequence, mainly including the processes producing the N1 and the N2 (neuronal mismatch) components, is an automatic, inflexible set of brain processes which appears as if providing a central-level stimulus to the endogeneous sequence. The latter seems to include a triphasic frontocentral complex overlapping the mismatch N2 and preceding the parietal late positive component and frontal late negative component. This endogeneous set of brain waves was regarded as a sign of detection of stimulus deviance. Consequently, it did not occur in response to the slightly deviant stimuli in reading, but the widely deviant stimuli which were also (involuntarily) perceived by the subject tended to elicit it in attenuated and delayed form. PMID- 7104424 TI - Mild hypoglycaemia and questionnaire measures of aggression. AB - A glucose-tolerance test was given to a group of males who did not have a history involving aggressive behaviour or abnormal glucose metabolism. In these subjects a significant correlation was found between the tendency to become mildly hypoglycaemic and scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study. A factor analysis of the data found that both scores on the aggression questionnaires and the measure of hypoglycaemia were similarly weighted. These results extent to normal subjects the finding that there is a relationship between hypoglycaemia and aggressiveness, a result previously found in psychiatric patients. PMID- 7104426 TI - Biofeedback produced slow brain potentials and task performance. AB - Twenty subjects learned to control slow potential (SP) shifts of the brain by means of a biofeedback procedure. Depending upon the pitch of a signal tone, negative SP shifts had to be increased or reduced during intervals of 6 sec each. Visual feedback of the actual SP shift was given. Blocks of training trials alternated with blocks of test trials without any feedback of the SPs. At the end of every test trial a simple arithmetic problem had to be solved by the subjects. Subjects performed the computation in a shorter time interval if an increased negativity preceded task onset as compared to slower response times during suppression of negativity. Results suggest that cortical negativity reflects unspecific preparation for cerebral performance. PMID- 7104427 TI - Program for the fifteenth annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, including a symposium on cellular and molecular approaches to the study of reproduction. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, July 19 22, 1982. Abstracts. PMID- 7104428 TI - Evaluation of fluids' effect on dental composite. PMID- 7104429 TI - The effects of intramedullary implants on bone strains and remodeling in the femur. AB - Bone remodeling and strain distribution in the femur was studied after implantation of LTI pyrolytic carbon, bioglass coated Co-Cr-Mo alloy, and carbon coated porous Co-Cr-Mo alloy intramedullary plugs. Mechanical testing and finite element analysis has shown that the intramedullary stems significantly alter the strain pattern in the femur. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the implant groups. The analytical and experimental results were found to be in good agreement. Radiographically, differences were observed in the bone remodeling around the carbon implant compared to either of the Co-Cr Mo based implants. Both internal and external bone remodeling takes place when an intramedullary implant is present. PMID- 7104430 TI - Monocyte interactions with solid substrates monitored by chemiluminescence. AB - The kinetics of interaction of solid substrates with mononuclear cells is a little explored by important feature in the evaluation of potential prosthetic materials. Monocyte production of chemiluminescence in a luminol-enhanced system was used to explore such kinetics. A theoretical model of cell/surface interaction is developed and alternatives in the evaluation of data generated by chemiluminescent curves are presented. The interactions of monocytes with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface were similar to those seen in studies on phagocytosis and were dependent on an absorbed serum protein layer. This study illustrates the use of a simple laboratory test for monocyte oxidative function in assessing the potential inflammatory effects of various prosthetic materials. PMID- 7104431 TI - Feasibility of using an isolated intestinal segment as an artificial organ for enzyme replacement therapy. AB - Guinea pigs fed an ascorbic acid-deficient diet develop scurvy because of the absence of the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase. In theory if this enzyme is provided and its substrate L-gulonolactone is present at adequate concentrations ascorbic acid will be synthesized and the development of scurvy prevented. Using this model we tested whether a viable segment of intestine could be used to contain the administered enzyme and act as an artificial organ for the production of ascorbic acid. A surgical procedure was developed to prepare an externalized pouch of intestine with its circulation left intact. When enzyme is inserted in this intestinal bag it is not toxic and not antigenic in some animals, whereas, enzyme injected intraperitoneally is clearly antigenic. Synthesis of ascorbic acid by this artificial organ could not, however, be detected by elevation of plasma concentrations of the vitamin. PMID- 7104432 TI - Sound output of electronic laryngeal prostheses at room and body temperature. AB - An electronic laryngeal prosthesis, fully-implantable in the neck, is a desirable source of artificial voice. Emitted sound energy in a frequency range suitable for adult males and females must be of the correct period and intensity and rich in powerful harmonics. Any such device places severe demands on a bioencapsulant used to enclose the transducer. Location of the devices within the central neck demands a prosthesis-coating combination capable of passing sound energy at central body temperature. This study reports on four identical prostheses, coated with a polyvinylidene chloride, a copolyether polyurethane, a semi-rigid epoxy, or uncoated. Units were tested at room (72 degrees F) and body (100 degrees F) temperature in a sound-isolated chamber. Results indicated that performance of the uncoated unit was altered due to temperature effects. The presence of the polymer encapsulants did not have any differential effect on sound spectrum due to temperature differences. PMID- 7104435 TI - [A universal instrumentation amplifier with a DC-compensation path providing equal resolution in all measuring ranges (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104433 TI - [Recording and evaluation of electrophysiological parameters from engine drivers during real driving situations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104434 TI - [Objective, continuous measurement of accommodation in the eye (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104436 TI - Significance and mechanism of divalent-ion binding to transfer RNA. AB - Phosphorus NMR shows that divalent ions (manganese) bind to tRNA phosphates as to those of DNA or isolated phosphodiesters. The time for dissociation of a phosphate-divalent ion complex is in the microsecond range. For no single phosphate is the affinity to divalent ions greater than 10 times that of the average phosphate. It is often stated that a small number of strong binding sites exist and are structurally and functionally important. This concept originates from binding curves whose properties should, instead, be traced to the polyelectrolyte nature of nucleic acids. The 31P NMR data preclude the existence of strong sites to which divalent ions would bind very selectively. The Spectroscopic and crystallographic observations of sites for divalent ions do not in fact demonstrate selective binding to these sites. PMID- 7104437 TI - Thickness fluctuations in black lipid membranes. AB - Because a black lipid membrane is compressible, there will be spontaneous fluctuations in its thickness. Qualitative arguments are given that the preferred configuration of the membranes is flat and that thickness fluctuations are smaller in amplitude than the differences in mean thickness observed using different hydrocarbon solvents. Fluctuations with short characteristic lengths will not be large as a result of the large amounts of oil-water contact these would entail. Quantitative analysis based on an extension of the treatment for soap films, predicts that the root mean square (rms) amplitude for fluctuations of wavelength longer than approximately 10 nm is negligible for glyceryl monooleate membranes with squalene (less than 3%) but may be approximately 20% with n-decane. rms fluctuations of 20% would lead to a discrepancy between the rms thickness of the core and the mean reciprocal thickness of only 6%. PMID- 7104438 TI - Improved characterization of healthy and malignant tissue by NMR line-shape relaxation correlations. AB - We performed a relaxation-line-shape correlation NMR experiment on muscle, liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of healthy mice and of mouse tumor tissue. In each tissue studied, five spin groups were resolved and characterized by their relaxation parameters. We report a previously uncharacterized semi-solid spin group and discuss briefly the value of this method for the identification of malignant tissues. PMID- 7104442 TI - Note on the interpretation of lateral diffusion coefficients. AB - It is suggested that interpretation of lateral diffusion coefficients measured in membranes should include the effect of forces. PMID- 7104440 TI - Diffusion of molecules on biological membranes of nonplanar form. A theoretical study. AB - Lateral mobility of molecules on cell membranes has been recently studied by fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) techniques. The interpretation of these results in terms of diffusion along the membranes is based on the assumption that the surface is planar, although biological membranes may have blebs and microvilli. To study the effect of nonplanarity on the diffusion rate, the diffusion equation along curved surfaces was derived and was solved numerically for a "wavy" surface of the form A cos kx cos ky. Calculations show that for k = 10 pi micrometer-1 and a bleached spot of 1 micrometer in diameter, the time dependence of the intensity of fluorescence in the bleached spot depends on A at A less than 0.5 micrometer, while at higher values of A (a and 2 micrometer) the dependence is weak. If one calculates diffusion coefficients from FPR measurements and assumes that the membrane is planar, the resulting diffusion coefficient is not less than about half of the real one. Because of the tortuous shape of the spot boundary, increasing the microvilli length from 0.5 micrometer to 1 or 2 micrometer does not change the diffusion rates. These considerations are valid for times when the diffusion is dominated by molecules that were initially located close to the spot boundary. PMID- 7104443 TI - Surface binding rates of nonfluorescent molecules may be obtained by total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. PMID- 7104444 TI - Field concentration and temperature dependence of fluorescence polarization of magnetically oriented chloroplasts. AB - Chloroplasts in higher magnetic fields align with their equatorial plane perpendicular to the field. Because of the nonrandom orientation of the chromophores in the membrane the fluorescence radiation will be partially polarized. The chloroplast concentration, magnetic field, and temperature dependence of the fluorescence polarization has been investigated. The results are compared with a simplified model calculation. It is shown that the concentration dependence can be related to the linear dichroism of the fluorescence radiation and self-adsorption. Taking these effects into account results in the calculation of a higher fluorescence polarization (FP) ratio and higher inclination of chlorophyll dipoles to the membrane plane. Analyzing the magnetic field dependence of the FP ratio, we conclude that in a magnetic field not only will be chloroplasts be aligned, but the thylakoid stacks as well. A decrease in the FP ratio was observed around 20 degrees C. It is suggested that this decrease reflects a phase transition in the photosynthetic membrane. PMID- 7104439 TI - Stellacyanin. Studies of the metal-binding site using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. AB - Stellacyanin is a mucoprotein of molecular weight approximately 20,000 containing one copper atom in a blue or type I site. The metal ion can exist in both the Cu(II) and Cu(I) redox states. The metal binding site in plastocyanin, another blue copper protein, contains one cysteinyl, one methionyl, and two imidazoyl residues (Colman et al. 1978. Nature [Lond.]. 272:319-324.), but an exactly analogous site cannot exist in stellacyanin as it lacks methionine. The copper coordination in stellacyanin has been studied by x-ray edge absorption and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis. A new, very conservative data analysis procedure has been introduced, which suggests that the there are two nitrogen atoms in the first coordination shell of the oxidized [Cu(II)] protein and one in the reduced [Cu(I)] protein; these N atoms have normal Cu--N distances: 1.95-2.05 A. In both redox states there are either one or two sulfur atoms coordinating the copper, the exact number being indeterminable from the present data. In the oxidized state the Cu--S distance is intermediate between the short bond found in plastocyanin and those found in near tetragonal copper model compounds. Above -140 degree C, radiation damage of the protein occurs. At room temperature the oxidized proteins is modified in the x-ray beam at a rate of 0.25%/s. PMID- 7104441 TI - Effect of microvilli on lateral diffusion measurements made by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery technique. AB - To consider the effect of surface microvilli on measurements of lateral diffusion by fluorescence photobleaching recovery, we have measured the diffusion of the lipid probe 3,3'-dihexadecyl indocarbocyanine iodide on the villated main body and unvillated budding polar body of unfertilized mouse eggs. On the main body we found D = (6.41 +/- 0.62) x 10(-9) cm(2)/s with (77.0 +/- 2.1)% recovery, and on the budding polar body we found D = (7.05 +/- 0.75) x 10(-9) cm(2)/s with (84.7 +/- 1.3)% recovery. We thus find only slight differences in diffusion in the two regions. PMID- 7104446 TI - Voltage independence of an electrotonic synapse. PMID- 7104445 TI - Influence of physicochemical factors on rheology of human neutrophils. AB - The effects of variations in temperature, pH, and osmolality on the rheological properties of human neutrophils were determined by studying the cell deformation in response to aspirational pressure applied via a micropipette. The time history of the deformation was analyzed by the use of a standard solid viscoelastic model consisting of an elastic element K1 in parallel with a Maxwell element (an elastic element K2 in series with a viscous element mu). With changes in temperature over a range of 9-40 degrees C, only mu varied inversely with temperature, while K1 and K2 did not show significant alterations. Variations in pH over the range of 5.4-7.8 did not significantly affect the viscoelastic coefficients, but K1 and mu rose at pH 8.4. An increase in osmolality caused all three coefficients to rise, but a decrease in osmolality had relatively little effect on the coefficients. These changes in response to physicochemical variations serve to provide insights into the viscoelastic properties of neutrophils and their possible roles in health and disease. PMID- 7104447 TI - Viscoelastic behavior of erythrocyte membrane. AB - A nonlinear viscoelastic relation is developed to describe the viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membrane. This constitutive equation is used in the analysis of the time-dependent aspiration of an erythrocyte membrane into a micropipette. Equations governing this motion are reduced to a nonlinear integral equation of the Volterra type. A numerical procedure based on a finite difference scheme is used to solve the integral equation and to match the experimental data. The data, aspiration length vs. time, is used to determine the relaxation function at each time step. The inverse problem of obtaining the time dependence of the aspiration length from a given relaxation function is also solved. Analytical results obtained are applied to the experimental data of Chien et al. 1978. Biophys. J. 24:463-487. A relaxation function similar to that of a four parameter solid with a shear-thinning viscous term is proposed. PMID- 7104449 TI - Electrical determination of viability in saline-treated mouse myeloma cells. AB - Suspension of mouse myeloma cells in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) induced a significant amount of cell death. The lethal effects of PBS include an increase in cell lysis, a decreased ability of cells to exclude trypan blue, and a decrease in the colony-forming ability of these cells. Dead cells were also detected on a Coulter counter by the increase in the fraction of cells with a smaller electrical size distribution (ESD). Comparing mixtures of live and dead cells by ESD and trypan-blue exclusion showed a high correlation of electrical size with viability (correlation coefficient = 0.98). Sizing of PBS-treated cells by light microscopy suggested that the altered ESD of the PBS-treated cells was due to a downward shift in the volume distribution. Light-scattering experiments also suggested a decrease in the size of cells after PBS treatment. An increase in permeability of the cell membrane may also contribute to these results. We conclude that electrical sizing is an excellent indicator of physical changes that result from PBS-induced cell death, and is an effective method for distinguishing live and dead mouse myeloma cells after PBS treatment. PMID- 7104450 TI - Ion repulsion within membranes. AB - The adsorption of hydrophobic ions such as tetraphenylborate to thin lipid membranes is known to saturate at approximately 0.1 ion/(nm)2. This saturation can be quantitatively explained by electrostatic repulsion between the ions if they are treated as discrete, mobile particles that adsorb within the lipid at least partially removed from the aqueous phases. The electrochemical potential of the ions as a function of their surface density can be expressed as a virial expansion, which in principle exactly describes the equilibrium properties of the physical model. The first few terms of the virial expansion are calculated and an approximation is considered for higher-order terms. The model has only two adjustable parameters, the depth of the adsorption sites into the lipid and the adsorption constant in the absence of repulsion. The mobile, discrete charge model can give much better fits to the equilibrium data for tetraphenylborate adsorbed at up to 0.1 ion/(nm)2 to membranes and monolayers. (Andersen et al., 1978) than those obtainable from either the smeared charge or hexagonal lattice models. PMID- 7104451 TI - Theoretical studies of the electrochromic response of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. AB - Molecular orbital calculations are carried out on a number of carotenoids in the presence of an external charge and a constant electric field. The external charge is used to represent the strong permanent field that is believed to polarize carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes and thus to account for their linear response to the transmembrane potential. Our calculations show that the in vitro leads to in vivo spectral shifts of carotenoids (approximately 25 nm) can be produced by a charge in close proximity to the molecule. The interaction of the induced dipole moment with a constant field accounts for the observed magnitude of the electrochromic response in photosynthetic bacteria. The existence of a second pool of carotenoids that shows a significant (approximately 20 nm) wavelength shift but no electrochromic response can be explained by an external charge positioned near the center of the molecule that affects its absorption maximum while inducing essentially no dipole moment. The spectral shift for this pool is due to the induction of higher multipoles. These also account for discrepancies that arise when one attempts to account quantitatively for available experimental results on carotenoid band shifts in terms of classical electrochromic theory. PMID- 7104452 TI - Tensile strength of the chromaffin granule membrane. AB - Catecholamine release from chromaffin granules, suspended in sucrose solutions of various osmotic strengths, was determined at different temperatures between 2 degrees and 44 degrees C. Dynamic measurements showed that steady state is achieved within 15 min of incubation at all temperatures. The effect of temperature on the release was established in terms of the median granular fragility (MGF) defined as the concentration of sucrose solution causing 50% lysis. The MGF was determined as the inflection point of the Gaussian distribution of granular fragility. The MGF was found to decrease with fall in temperature implying a corresponding increase of the tensile strength of the vesicle membrane. Critical resultant forces at lysis were calculated and found to vary from 8.2 dyn/cm at 2 degrees C to 4.2 dyn/cm at 44 degrees C. These compare well with tensions at lysis found earlier for erythrocytes. PMID- 7104448 TI - A proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of proximal histidyl residues in human normal and abnormal hemoglobins. A probe for the heme pocket. AB - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 MHz has been used to investigate the conformations of proximal histidyl residues of human normal adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin Kempsey [beta 99(G1) Asp leads to Asn], hemoglobin Osler [beta 145(HC2) Tyr leads to Asp], and hemoglobin McKees Rocks [beta 145(HC2) Tyr leads to Term] around neutral pH in H2O at 27 degrees C, all in the deoxy form. Two resonances that occur between 58 and 76 ppm downfield from the water proton signal have been assigned to the hyperfine shifted proximal histidyl NH exchangeable protons of the alpha- and beta-chains of deoxyhemoglobin. These two resonances are sensitive to the quaternary state of hemoglobin, amino acid substitutions in the alpha 1 beta 2-subunit interface and in the carboxy-terminal region of the beta-chain, and the addition of organic phosphates. The experimental results show that there are differences in the heme pockets among these four hemoglobins studied. The structural and dynamic information derived from the hyperfine shifted proximal histidyl NH-exchangeable proton resonances complement that obtained from the ferrous hyperfine shifted and exchangeable proton resonances of deoxyhemoglobin over the spectral region from 5 to 20 ppm downfield from H2O. The relationship between these findings and Perutz's stereochemical mechanism for the cooperative oxygenation of hemoglobin is discussed. PMID- 7104453 TI - Extensional flow of erythrocyte membrane from cell body to elastic tether. I. Analysis. AB - This is the first of two papers on an analytical and experimental study of the flow of the erythrocyte membrane. In the experiment to be discussed in detail in the second paper, preswollen human erythrocytes are sphered by aspirating a portion of the cell membrane into a small micropipette; and long, thin, membrane filaments or "tethers" are steadily withdrawn from the cell at a point diametrically opposite to the point of aspiration. The aspirated portion of the membrane furnished a "reservoir" of material that replaces the membrane as it flows as a liquid from the nearly spherical cell body to the cylindrical tether. In this paper we show that an application of the principle of conservation of mass permits the tether radius (approximately 200 A or less) to be measured with the light microscope as the tether is formed and extended at a constant rate. A static analysis of the axisymmetric cell deformation and tether formation process reveals that the tether radius is uniquely determined by the isotropic tension in the membrane and the elastic constitutive (material) behavior of the tether itself. A dynamic analysis of the extensional flow process reveals that the tether radius must decrease as the velocity of the tether is increased and that the decrease depends on both the viscosity of the membrane and the elasticity of the tether. The analysis also shows that these two factors (membrane viscosity and tether elasticity) are readily decomposed and determined separately when flow experiments are performed at different isotropic tensions. PMID- 7104454 TI - Extensional flow of erythrocyte membrane from cell body to elastic tether. II. Experiment. AB - This is the second of two papers on an analytical and experimental study of the flow of erythrocyte membrane. In the experiments discussed here, preswollen human erythrocytes are sphered by aspirating a portion of the cell membrane into a small micropipette; and long, thin, membrane filaments or tethers are steadily withdrawn from the cell at a point diametrically opposite to the point of aspiration. The aspirated portion of the membrane furnishes a reservoir of material that replaces the membrane as it flows as a liquid from the nearly spherical cell body to the cylindrical tether. The application of the principle of conservation of mass permits the tether radius Rt to be measured with the light microscope as the tether is formed and extended at a constant rate. The tether behaves as an elastic solid such that the tether radius decreases as the force or axial tension acting on the tether is increased. For the range of values for Rt is these experiments (100 A less than or equal to Rt less than or equal to 200 A), the slope of the tether-force, tether-radius line is -1.32 dyn/cm. The surface viscosity of the membrane as it flows from cell body to tether is 3 x 10( 3) dyn.s/cm. This viscosity is essentially constant for characteristic rates of deformation between 10 and 200 s-1. PMID- 7104456 TI - Temperature-dependent conformation change in spin-labeled hemoglobin. AB - Hemoglobin was spin labeled at beta-93(F9)-cysteine with N-oxyl-2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidinylmaleimide. The inward shift of the high-field hyperfine line (delta Hx) position in the ESR spectra of the spin label was measured as a function of temperature. One can except that an abrupt change in the microenvironment around the tightly bound spin label will be reflected in the function delta Hx(T) as a discontinuity (break point). This was shown for aquo-, azido-, nitro- and oxyhemoglobin derivatives. The presented results suggest that the microenvironment around the tightly bound spin label in those methemoglobin derivatives that exhibit the mixed-spin state of the heme iron is prone to an abrupt change above a certain ligand-specific temperature. The change in microenvironment of the spin label is probably due to a temperature-dependent change in the teritary structure of the protein. PMID- 7104455 TI - The binding of spin-labeled propranolol and spin-labeled progesterone by orosomucoid. AB - The binding of the spin-labeled propranolol and spin-labeled progesterone to human orosomucoid has been studied as a function of temperature by electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. At 20 degrees C the association constants are 1.9 x 10(6) and 4.9 x 10(5) M-1, respectively. In each case, the binding is competitive with unlabeled ligand. Above about 50 degrees C the apparent association constant for both ligands decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. This is due to thermal denaturation of the orosomucoid, as was shown independently by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Below the denaturation region the number of binding sites per orosomucoid molecule remains constant at approx. 1. Examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows the progesterone binding at 37 degrees C to be essentially enthalpically driven, while the propranolol binding at 37 degrees C has a substantial entropic component. PMID- 7104458 TI - The sodium currents of nerve under voltage clamp as heterogeneous kinetics. A model that is consistent with possible kinetic behavior. AB - A model is presented which explains in Na+ currents of voltage-clamped nerve as resulting from a heterogeneous initiation of a sequential kinetic process. This is in analogy with the heterogeneity of the kinetics of other dielectric relaxations. The results suggest that: (1) The kinetic processes responsible for the voltage response occur within the membrane rather than at the surface; (2) The heterogeneity is due to simultaneous thermal diffusion and electric field induced charge migration: (3) The slow turnoff upon prolonged depolarization is a voltage-independent, thermally controlled process; (4) The fast turnoff upon instantaneous repolarization is the reverse of the turning-on process. All the kinetic parameters depend on the transmembrane potential in accord with the possible behavior expected from activated-state theory. The diffusion coefficient of the charged species in the membrane as found from the data agrees with that found by photobleaching experiments on general proteins in membranes. The charge on the molecule responsible for the heterogeneous "gating' can be calculated unambiguously from the data. PMID- 7104459 TI - Metabolism of 4-substituted-N-ethyl-N-methylanilines: chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of N-oxidation metabolic products formed in vitro. AB - The electron impact and isobutane and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectral characteristics of the N-oxidation products of a series of 4-substituted-N-ethyl N-methylanilines are described. The thermolability and the relative non volatility of N-oxides of this type of tertiary aromatic amine makes their unequivocal identification by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry difficult. Mass spectral identification is facilitated by employing CI mass spectrometry where, under appropriate conditions, the N-oxides give intense protonated molecular ions. Chromatographic, electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometric evidence is presented which shows that these 4 substituted tertiary anilines undergo metabolic N-demethylation, N-de-ethylation and N-oxidation in vitro. The suitability of these tertiary aromatic amines as model substrates for mechanistic studies on C- and N-oxidation is discussed. PMID- 7104457 TI - Monitoring of artificial enzyme membrane systems by electric currents. I. Analytical treatment with direct current and buffered conductivity. AB - Continuous electric fields (E) modify the transport flows and the intramembrane concentration profiles of protons or of ionic substrates or cofactors (inhibitors). These "mediators' induce variations in enzyme activity, quantifiable by a generalized Damkohler group II psi distinguishing electrotransport reactions from diffusion reactions. For three typical reaction schemas, using only one mediator, the steady-state equations have been established. Depending on boundary conditions, the direction of electric current (for asymmetrical systems) and the value of psi, activations, inhibitions or activations followed by inactivations have been found. With buffered conductivity (supporting electrolyte), the limiting concentration profiles (E leads to infinity) are uniformly equal to the boundary values; i.e., diffusion constraints are suppressed and the regime is controlled by the reaction. The calculations give the relative activity variations for partially suppressed transport controls. PMID- 7104460 TI - The relative bioavailability of a commercial propranolol hydrochloride tablet in man. AB - A relative bioavailability study of conventional tablet of propranolol hydrochloride was conducted in a group of 18 healthy volunteers employing the innovator's product as the reference tablet formation. Based on plasma levels of propranolol for the 24 h following administration of 2 x 40 mg oral propranolol hydrochloride tablets, the relative extent of availability was shown to be 100.8 per cent for the test tablet formulation; no significant differences were detected between formulations with respect to any of the pharmacokinetic parameters examined. Large intersubject variations in plasma propranolol concentrations and the subsequently calculated areas under the plasma concentration/time curves were attributed to substantial presystemic biotransformation differences. PMID- 7104461 TI - Age-related differences in ophthalmic drug disposition II: drug-protein interactions of pilocarpine and chloramphenicol. AB - Although drug-protein interactions have been shown to be important in the transport of drugs into and through the eye, age-related differences in ocular drug-protein binding have not been explored. This study was designed to investigate protein binding characteristics of pilocarpine and chloramphenicol in aqueous humour and plasma from rabbits of different ages. The method of equilibrium dialysis was used to quantitate drug-protein interactions. Younger animals showed decreased binding of chloramphenicol in plasma when compared to older rabbits. On the other hand, the interactions of both drugs with aqueous humour proteins were more extensive in younger rabbits. Age-related differences in drug-protein binding were not directly related to the total protein contents of the respective biological fluids. These findings suggest possible age-related differences in the relative protein fractions contained in aqueous humour and plasma, or qualitative differences in the binding capacity of the proteins involved. PMID- 7104463 TI - The assessment of fractional drug removal by extracorporeal dialysis. AB - It is generally concurred that the effectiveness of extracorporeal dialysis is best evaluated by fractional drug removal, i.e. the proportion of body burden of drug removed during the period of dialysis treatment. Two equations reported in the literature and five equations proposed in this article are examined for their validity in the assessment of fractional drug removal. Potential limitations and applicable conditions of these equations are discussed and compared. Calculations of fractional drug removal are demonstrated using both simulated and experimental data of ethambutol. Depending on the available kinetic measurements during dialysis and post dialysis, one may apply each equation separately or in conjunction with others to the calculation of fractional drug removal. PMID- 7104462 TI - Bretylium pharmacokinetics and bioavailabilities in man with various doses and modes of administration. AB - The pharmacokinetics and bioavailabilities of bretylium tosylate were studied in 9 male normal volunteers by 60 min constant rate intravenous infusions of 200, 300, and 400 mg, by intramuscular injection of 300 and 400 mg, by oral administration of 100, 200, and 400 mg in solution, and by oral administration of 200 mg tablets. The latter studies were repeated in the same 5 volunteers which were also studied by all modes of administration and at several doses. Intravenous studies showed a sum of 3 exponentials to characterize plasma level time studies with a terminal half-life of 535 +/- 32 (S.E.M.) min (n = 12). The urinary recovery of unchanged drug was 77 +/- 4(S.E.M.)(n = 14). Half-lives within a subject were correlated and independent of dose. Intramuscular administration showed an apparent half-life of first-order invasion of 79 +/- 13 (S.E.M.) min (n = 6) with no apparent dose dependency and a urinary recovery of unchanged drug of 95.4 +/- 3.2 (S.E.M.) per cent with a terminal half-life similar to the intravenous studies. Oral solutions had smaller lag times of absorption [17 +/- 4(S.E.M.) min] than tablets [56 +/- 9 (S.E.M.) min] and longer apparent half-lives of first-order absorption [231 +/- 23 (S.E.M.) min] than tablets [87 +/- 15 (S.E.M.) min]. The tablets had slightly greater bioavailabilities [27 +/- 2.3 (S.E.M.) per cent] than the oral solutions [22.1 +/ 2.2 (S.E.M.) per cent] but with no apparent dose dependencies. Renal clearances were the same for all modes of administration. Means +/- S.E.M. were 735 +/- 32, i.v., 686 +/- 38, i.m., and 623 +/- 57 ml min-1, p.o. Apparent overall volumes of distribution were 589 +/- 401, i.v. and 450 +/- 671 (S.E.M.), i.m. The i.v. studies in three dogs confirmed the three-compartment body model and the high overall volumes of distribution, had terminal half-lives similar to humans and had renal clearances of 84, 164, and 207 ml min-1 that were in excess of glomerular filtration. There were no significant changes of cardiovascular parameters with the time course of the drug in the body and no significant drug affected clinical parameters. The only consistent side effect was a generally transient nasal congestion at plasma peak time on intravenous administration. PMID- 7104464 TI - Salicylamide pharmacokinetics in healthy males: dietary effect. AB - The effect of diet on the absorption, metabolism, and elimination of salicylamide (SAM), in man was studied in five healthy male volunteers. In a three-way cross over study, 300 mg SAM capsules were administered under fasting, carbohydrate, and lipid diet conditions. Total urinary salicylates, salicylamide glucuronide (SAMG), and salicylamide sulphate (SAMS) were determined at different time intervals. Diet was found to have no significant effect on the extent of SAM absorption or on its apparent elimination half-life. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the fraction excreted as SAMS in the lipid diet trial compared to the fasting or carbohydrate trials is observed. In the lipid diet trial, the ratio (R) of the cumulative urinary SAMS/SAMG was found to be 15-3 times the ratio obtained under fasting or carbohydrate diet conditions. The equilibrium solubilities of SAM under physiologic conditions in water (W), simulated intestinal fluid (M), and corn oil (O) were 4.08, and 4.81, and 12.5 mg ml-1, respectively. The equilibrium apparent distribution coefficients KO/W, KO/M, and KM/W were 3.1, 2.6 and 1.18, respectively. The increase in R is probably due to a decrease in free SAM concentration at the absorption site (intestinal mucosa) in the presence of lipids. A model for drug distribution in the gastrointestinal tract during lipid digestion is proposed and discussed. PMID- 7104469 TI - Obligatory amino acids in primitive proteins. AB - Conformational similarity among amino acid residues, a property derived by analysing (phi, psi)-probability distributions of 20 proteinous amino acids from 38 different globular proteins, is used to arrive at a set of six 'obligatory' amino acids of primitive proteins. The amino acids Ser, Val, Leu, Asp, Gly and Pro have been argued to be 'obligatory' and to represent, conformationally, the remaining amino acids. The reasons for consideration of these six residues as 'obligatory' are discussed. Methods to check the validity of our proposition are suggested. PMID- 7104468 TI - Light-scattering investigations on LDL-heparin complexes. PMID- 7104467 TI - Blood levels following multiple oral dosing of chlorpheniramine conventional and controlled release preparations. AB - An examination of steady-state performance of chlorpheniramine conventional versus controlled release products was conducted using 15 male subjects in a 3 way crossover study with a 2-week washout period between studies. The study was designed to determine if chlorpheniramine formulations provide consistent pharmacokinetic performance between individual units upon going from single dose to multiple dose therapy. In addition, the validity of predicting steady-state levels for these kinds of products using only single oral dose data was examined. The dosage forms evaluated were a conventional 4 mg tablet, and 8 mg barrier coated-bead capsule, and an 8 mg repeat action tablet. Multiple doses of each product were orally administered to each subject for 6 days prior to the study day to achieve steady-state levels and on the actual study day. Serum samples were collected at specific time intervals on the study day, and chlorpheniramine levels assayed by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic analysis was based on a two-compartment open model. The mean plasma elimination half-lives of the various dosage forms were in the range 24.5-25.4 h. There was no rapid release of drug from the controlled release products nor did they have drug release problems during the dosing interval. Good agreement was obtained between predicted average drug concentration at steady-state and drug concentration actually present for all the formulations studied. Based upon comparative examination of AUC, Cmax, and fraction of dose absorbed data, the controlled release products administered every 12 h were comparable in performance to a conventional release tablet administered every 6 h. Since the half-life of chlorpheniramine is approximately 1 day, therapeutic management may possibly be gained with dosing the patient once daily with a controlled release product or twice daily with a conventional tablet. PMID- 7104466 TI - Bioavailability of chlorothiazide from 50, 100, and 250 MG solution doses. AB - The bioavailability of chlorothiazide was examined following single oral solution doses to eight healthy male volunteers. Drug was administered in 250 ml of water after overnight fast. Bioavailability was determined by measuring 72 h urinary recovery of unchanged drug. Mean urinary recovery from 50, 100, and 250 mg doses was, respectively, 28.3, 47.0 and 83.3 mg, representing 56.4, 47.0, and 33.3 per cent of the administered dose. The correlation coefficient between dose size and percentage recovery was -0.662. These results add support to previous suggestions that the absorption of chlorothiazide from the gastrointestinal tract is saturable, and that the availability of chlorothiazide may be similar to that of hydrochlorothiazide when these compounds are administered in the same dosage range. PMID- 7104471 TI - Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of social wasp cuticle: a comparative study. AB - Resistance to electricity by social wasp cuticle is temperature dependent within the range of 1--40 degrees C. This was measured on the species Vespa orientalis (the Oriental hornet), Vespa crabro (the European hornet) and the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica. The resistance at first decreases with increased temperature, reaching a nadir which differs according to species, and then rises again up to 40 degrees C, the highest temperature tested. It is suggested that the cuticular changes in resistivity at different temperatures reflect the wasp's mechanism for detecting and regulating the temperature in their normal environment. PMID- 7104470 TI - On the distribution of cell cycle generation times. AB - The problem of whether the cell cycle is a deterministic or probabilistic process is widely discussed in the current literature (P. Nurse, Nature, 286, pp. 9-10, 1980). In this report the question of fluctuations of cell cycle period is treated in the limits of the membrane model of cell division regulation. The parametric analysis of the equations set both for normal and tumour cells is carried out. We describe the bifurcation parameters in the neighbourhood of which the system can amplify the small fluctuations. The presence of white noise in parameters describing the lipids and antioxidants influxes into membrane is examined by methods of Marcovian processes and also by direct stochastic computer simulation. The equation for the distribution function of generation times is obtained and the increase of dispersion and mean cycle time during the changes of those parameters which would be connected with cell culture density is calculated. The influence of parameter fluctuations upon the cycle period for both normal and tumour cells is compared in the framework of model assumptions. The ratio of dispersion of generation time distribution to mean period value for an ensemble of tumour cells is shown to be several times greater than that for normal ones. In the discussion the problem of the presence of a premitotical (G02) resting state and of the possibility of its experimental detection is considered. PMID- 7104465 TI - Pharmacokinetic studies of sulfapyridine acetylation in the rabbit. PMID- 7104473 TI - Stochastic information processing biological systems. AB - We propose a simple, biochemically-based model for stochastic information processing in brain, genetic, and, consequently, evolutionary modelling. The essential features of reaction-diffusion processes are realized by intrinsically stochastic probabilistic automata (Shannon and Weaver, 1948; see also Ashby, 1958, von Neumann, 1966; Burks, 1970; Paz, 1971) whose definition extends that of classical automata. (Classical automata are deterministic; earlier work on probabilistic automata focused on error correction and at least approximating deterministic behavior.) We call these probabilistic automata biochemical to emphasize the role of intrinsically stochastic process in biological information processing. Our model yields descriptions of gradualism (Conrad, 1974), learning, and apparent inefficiencies in the brain, and partially resolves the near impossibility of simultaneous point mutations (Conrad, 1972, 1978) in genetics. The genetic model implies an evolutionary dynamics of punctuated equilibria (Gould and Eldredge, 1977). PMID- 7104472 TI - On a global representation of dynamical characteristics in ESS-models. AB - ESS-models are considered in the frame of adequate dynamical systems. This leads to a method of global representation of the dynamical characteristics, which allows for a comprehensive view on the relations among ESS-matrices. As an extension of ESS-models, the concept of ESS-models with changing matrix is introduced, which, in applications, makes use of such global representations. In particular, structurally stable and "catastrophic" cases can be identified and their significance in the context of ESS-models can be clarified. As a complete result for the case of two strategies a surface representation is obtained, which is an analogue to the elementary "cusp catastrophe". These concepts are applied in a model that describes directed evolution of a behavioural component to a certain limit. PMID- 7104474 TI - Evolutionary search: gradients and information. AB - To better understand evolution one might view evolution as a search algorithm proceeding through a search space. The search method implemented by reproduction with mutation and selection of the fit does not perform efficiently on many search spaces. Characteristics of the search space are critically important to the effectiveness of the search algorithm. The "gradients" of and the "information" in a search space are used in this paper to study performance of "evolutionary" search algorithms. PMID- 7104475 TI - Recycling, reproduction, and life's origins. AB - Kinetic considerations make it most improbable that any reproducing system could arise spontaneously in a prebiotic soup containing a large variety of organic molecules, as commonly postulated. This batch process can be contrasted with a completely recycling network of reactions maintained by an influx of energy. So long as the network includes at least two bimolecular reactions it is likely to support pathways for chemical reproduction. However, such reproducing systems will be simple in both kinetic and structural terms. Subsequent evolution will lead to much more complex reproducing structures although the kinetic complexities, measuring the varieties of reactions between these structures and their media, will remain relatively simple. PMID- 7104476 TI - Origin of life: a hypothesis for the origin of adaptor-mediated ordered synthesis of proteins and an explanation for the choice of terminating codons in the genetic code. AB - Life can be defined as a system of self-sustained chemical processes springing from the ordered synthesis of proteins directed by nucleic acids. To the notoriously difficult problem of the origin of this basic process of nucleic acid directed protein synthesis, we give a solution of molecular interactions between pentanucleotides and amino acids. A particular conformation of a pentanucleotide forms a double sided template, with its 'inside' capable of nestling an amino acid while the 'outside' acts as an adaptor to a 'codon' triplet on long-chain nucleic acids. This serves as a primitive decoding system. An important aspect of our postulate is that a dynamic interaction is triggered, by this decoding system, through which amino acids are brought to juxtaposition facilitating peptide bond formation. Almost all the important and unique features of contemporary protein-synthesizing machinery are seen to be a direct and natural consequence of our postulate. The emergence of the termination codons also fits in, as a natural consequence of this molecular mechanism. PMID- 7104477 TI - An ultrasonic salinity telemetry transmitter for use on fish in estuaries. PMID- 7104478 TI - Determining range area from location data. PMID- 7104479 TI - Fourth International Congress of Biorheology. Symposium on mechanical properties of living tissues. PMID- 7104480 TI - Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. I. Quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties. PMID- 7104481 TI - Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. II. The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodeling. AB - The primary goal of this investigation is to study whether soft tissue homeostatic responses secondary to decrease or increase in physiological stress levels and range of motion are a change of mechanical properties or a change of mass, or both. Two experimental animal studies are presented. One is a stress and motion deprivation study by immobilization of a rabbit knee, and the other is an increase in stress and motion study by running exercise of the miniature swine. The findings are that changes in stress and motion significantly altered the tissue properties as well as mass in the case of ligaments and digital extensor tendons. Whereas, no significant changes in properties and mass were detected for the digital flexor tendons. Possible mechanisms of the difference in tissue responses to stress and motion are discussed, and nonlinear relationships between stress and tissue remodeling are suggested. PMID- 7104484 TI - Mathematical characterization of the nonlinear thermorheological behavior of the vascular tissue. AB - A characterization of the passive nonlinear thermorheological response of incompressible, curvilinearly orthotropic arterial tissue is presented in the framework of modern continuum thermodynamics. The stress tensor, the specific entropy, the specific internal energy and the heat flux vector and expressed as functionals of the histories of local deformation, temperature and the temperature gradient. These functionals are systematically reduced by subjecting them to the requirements of Clausius-Duhem inequality and material frame indifference. The reduced functionals are then specialized to reflect the material frame indifference. The reduced functionals are then specialized to reflect the material symmetry characterizing the tissue by using the histories of the joint invariants of the Green-St. Venant strain tensor and temperature as the independent argument functions. The functionals are expressed in terms of series of multiple integrals and terms upto and including second order integrals are retained. An approach toward experimental determination of the 14 constitutive functions to describe two stress differences is outlined. It is believed that the characterization presented here will provide a rational basis for simpler thermorheological descriptions and experimental programs to include important thermorheologic considerations. PMID- 7104483 TI - Rheology of blood cells as soft tissues. AB - Erythrocytes are unusual in that the cell membrane plays a large and direct role in observed rheological properties. The cell membrane is not a three dimensional material or tissue in the usual sense but being only two molecules thick. It behaves like a liquid sheet of constant thickness and surface area with some elastic properties due in part to protein networks of spectrin and actin on the interior face of the cell membrane. Packed red cells form a viscoelastic fluid which can be sheared, but exhibits a considerable elastic response. The elastic component decreases as the hematocrit is reduced, but is present at all hematocrits. Leukocytes also exhibit viscoelasticity but the properties are primarily dependent on the cell cytoplasm. The cell membrane plays a role only when it is stretched taut. The normal white cell properties have been explored over a wide range of osmolarities, becoming much less viscous and less elastic as the fluid content of the cell increases. White cells also may show spontaneous deformation during which the rheological properties become much stiffer than in the normal passive state. PMID- 7104482 TI - Mechanical properties of arteries. AB - For the description of the mechanical properties of the arterial wall, a number of different models and mathematical approaches of varying complexity have been used. Most investigations based on the elastomeric approach have been related to the elastic properties of arteries, while relatively little is known about the arterial wall viscosity (eta w) and its dependence on circumferential wall stress (sigma t) and smooth muscle tone. For this reason we have examined these relationships on segments of the abdominal aorta, the carotid artery, and the tail artery of normotensive rats in vitro under the condition of strong smooth muscle activation induced by norepinephrine (NE), and during smooth muscle relaxation induced by papaverine (PAP). RESULTS: 1. For the abdominal aorta, the quotient of the dynamic (Ed) and the quasistatic elastic modulus (ESt) increase from 1.5 to 2.1 under NE, and from 1.2 to 1.5 under PAP, for the carotid artery from 2.8 to 3.9 under NE, and from 1.3 to 1.4 under PAP, when sigma t increases from 10 to 120 kPa. For the tail artery, this quotient is 8.6 under NE and 1.9 under PAP in the low sigma t-range (5 to 60 kPa) and 12.1 under NE and 1.5 under PAP in the sigma t-range between 60 and 120 kPa. 2. For all three types of arteries, Ed and eta w increases with increasing sigma t. At a given sigma t, the values of Ed are virtually independent of frequency, while the values of eta w decrease markedly with increasing frequency. 3. The values of Ed and eta w, obtained under NE and PAP, are virtually identical for a given sigma t-range. PMID- 7104485 TI - Biomechanical study on aging changes and vasospasm of human cerebral arteries. AB - Mechanical properties of human intracranial arteries were studied with regard to their aging changes as well as cerebral vasospasm. There exists a considerable difference in the development of sclerosis between the intracranial and the extracranial arteries. Intracranial arteries are already stiff at birth and become stiffer with age. Their increase in stiffness is attributable to the marked thickening of their walls, which compensates for the decrease of their elastic modulus with age. The pressure-diameter curve of the intracranial vertebral arteries subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage is biphasic and has a sharp flexion at the pressure of 180 mmHg when their smooth muscle is activated. Pressure elevation yields little change of diameter in the strongly constricted vessel up to the pressure level at the flexion point, above which the constriction is released abruptly. The existence of flexion point at a high pressure level is an important mechanical feature in considering the development of cerebral ischemia produced by the vasospasm. PMID- 7104487 TI - Clinical staging system for hairy-cell leukemia. AB - To find a clinical staging system for patients with hairy cell leukemia, 391 patients contributed by 22 centers were analyzed using the proportional hazard survival model. Attention was paid to nonsplenectomized patients to find a staging system to predict the survival length at the time of diagnosis. On the basis of hemoglobin level and spleen size at the time of diagnosis, 3 stages could be distinguished with significantly different prognoses (stages I-III). In addition, we addressed the question of splenectomy to identify those patients who benefit from the operation. Using arbitrary, but clinically relevant, criteria to call the operation beneficial, splenectomy appears to be indicated for patients with large spleens (greater than or equal to 4 cm under costal margin) or with smaller, but palpable, spleens when anemia (Hb less than 12 g/dl) is present. The third question concerned the splenectomized patients. To indicate the patients who have a poor postsplenectomy survival, a staging system was developed on the basis of hemoglobin level and number of neutrophils at 2-3 mo after the operation (stages A-C). The validity of the two staging systems was supported by the results of an analysis of an independent test series of patients. These staging systems may be helpful for the choice of therapy and in the planning of clinical trials in patients with hairy-cell leukemia. PMID- 7104486 TI - Fibronectin: blood turnover in normal animals and during intravascular coagulation. AB - Plasma fibronectin (FN) binds fibrin in vitro by both noncovalent and covalent bonds and is decreased in DIC. In rabbits, conventionally purified 125I-FN had a complex blood clearance with a late t1/2 of 71 hr. A large portion was apparently altered, as evinced by rapid clearance and an intravascular/total body ratio (C1) of 0.28-0.51. 3H-labeled FN, made in vivo by injection of 3H amino acids, had a t1/2 of 73 hr. Crosstransfusion of 131I-FN and 3H-FN into a second set of animals gave similar t1/2s and C1s of 0.74-0.82, indicating the altered 125I-FN was biologically screened in the first animals. Other animals were given 125I fibrinogen and "screened" 131I-FN. Intravenous thrombin (50-60 U/kg/1 hr) caused a 25%-50% decrease in both 125I-fibrinogen and 131I-FN. Ancrod injection reduced fibrinogen by greater than 90% but had no effect on 131I-FN. 131I-FN levels did not change when thrombin was given after ancrod. No cross-linked FN-fibrinogen alpha-chain was found in the plasma, nor was the thrombin-induced fall in FN affected by spermidine blockade. These experiments demonstrate that FN and fibrin bind in vivo during defibrination and are rapidly cleared from the blood. The abnormal fibrin resulting from ancrod either does not bind FN in vivo or does so reversibly. PMID- 7104489 TI - Chromosome 3 abnormalities in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) with abnormal thrombopoiesis: report of three patients with a "new" inversion anomaly and a further case of homologous translocation. PMID- 7104488 TI - Surface membrane vesicles from mononuclear cells stimulate erythroid stem cells to proliferate in culture. AB - In order to examine the contribution of cell surface materials to erythroid burst promoting activity (BPA), we separated media conditioned by a variety of human cell types into pellets and supernatants by centrifugation. When added to serum restricted cultures of nonadherent human marrow cells, pellets contained about half of the total stimulatory activity. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the pellets revealed the presence of unilamellar membrane vesicles ranging from 0.10 to 0.40 microM in diameter. The amount of BPA in culture increased with added vesicle concentration in a saturable fashion. Preparation of leukocyte conditioned medium (LCM) from 125I-wheat germ agglutinin labeled cells and studies comparing the glycoprotein composition of vesicles with that of leukocyte plasma membranes suggest that LCM-derived vesicles are of plasma membrane origin. Moreover, partially purified leukocyte plasma membrane preparations also contained BPA. While disruption of vesicles by freezing/thawing and hypotonic lysis did not alter BPA, heat, trypsin, or pronase treatment removed greater than 65% of BPA, implying that vesicle surface rather than intravesicular molecules express BPA. Results of BPA assays performed in two-layer clots indicated that proximity to target cells is required for vesicle BPA expression. We conclude that membrane vesicles spontaneously shed from cell surfaces may be important regulators of erythroid burst proliferation in vitro. PMID- 7104490 TI - A method for the establishment and long-term maintenance of in vitro monocytic cultures with functional and morphological homogeneity. PMID- 7104492 TI - A simple laboratory alternative to irreversibly sickled cell (ISC) counts. AB - Irreversibly sickled cells (ISC) are considered to be a hallmark of sickle cell disease, yet their number in peripheral blood smears varies greatly among different homozygous SS patients. This variation has suggested a role for ISC in the varying clinical manifestations of the disease. Efforts to determine the role of ISC have been complicated by the difficulty in standardizing the quantification of these cells. For this reason, we have attempted to develop an alternative method of quantification that would be less variable than the microscopic counting of cells on blood smears. Because ISC are dehydrated dense cells, a measurement based on cell density seemed an attractive alternative approach. Analysis of whole blood samples on a simple, 2-step density gradient, spun in a microhematocrit centrifuge, showed a strong correlation between the proportion of high density cells and the percentage of morphologically identified ISC. Parallel ektacytometric measurements of cell deformability, another parameter that reflects the low water content and high MCHC of ISC, were also strongly correlated with ISC counts. These findings suggest that either of these measurements, sensitive to the special physical properties of ISC, could be used as an objective substitute for the microscopic counting of ISC. PMID- 7104491 TI - The kinetics of iron uptake by isolated intestinal cells from normal mice and mice with sex-linked anemia. AB - No significant differences of Km or Vmax could be demonstrated for the initial rate (0-3 min) of iron uptake by preparations of isolated duodenal mucosal epithelial cells from normal or sex-linked anemic (sla) mice. Isolated cells from sla mice do, however, take up significantly more iron than normal cells after 20 min incubation. Upon reincubation with various types of mobilizing agents, the amount of iron released from, and the amount of iron remaining in, cells from sla mice was significantly elevated compared to control values. The percentage of iron released was the same for both types of cells, for all mobilization media employed. The current data, in conjunction with previous studies that showed deficient mucosal to serosal transport of iron in everted duodenal sacs from sla mice, suggest that the lesion in these mice may be located between the mucosal cell and the vascular compartment rather than in the mucosal cell. PMID- 7104493 TI - IMVP-16: an effective regimen for patients with lymphoma who have relapsed after initial combination chemotherapy. AB - Results of second-line chemotherapy regimens against lymphoma have usually been poor. In this study, we used a combination of ifosfamide, methotrexate, and VP-16 to treat 52 patients with lymphoma who had either relapsed or who had failed to attain a complete remission on front-line treatment. Thirty-two patients (62%) responded (CR 37%, PR 25%) and 10 (19%) had a minor response. The median relapse free interval of the responding patients was 12 mo, and the median survival of the whole group was 15 mo. Of the 18 patients who achieved complete remission, 10 still remain free of any evidence of disease. The factor that best predicted for response to IMVP-16 was the quality of the remission achieved on front-line therapy. In view of the poor prognosis associated with recurrent lymphoma, the results obtained with this study are considered most encouraging. Patients with recurrent lymphoma can be successfully salvaged by the use of this combination regimen, especially if introduced early after relapse or preferably before progressive disease develops. PMID- 7104494 TI - Identification of the molecular defect in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton of some kindreds with hereditary spherocytosis. AB - We have localized the molecular alteration in the membrane skeleton of two of four kindreds with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) to an alteration in the spectrin protein-4.1 interaction due to a defective spectrin molecule. The defective spectrin-protein-4.1 interaction in these kindreds (referred to as type I HS) leads to a weakened spectrin-protein-4.1-actin ternary complex, which in turn may lead to the friable membrane skeleton and suggested membrane instability related to this disorder. Type I HS spectrin binds approximately 63% as much protein-4.1 as normal spectrin (with equal affinity). This defect does not correlate with splenic function or erythrocyte age in the circulation. However, the approximately 37% reduction in binding of protein-4.1 to HS spectrin approaches the theoretical value of 50% expected in this autosomal dominant disorder. All other type I membrane skeletal interactions (spectrin-syndein, spectrin heterodimer-heterodimer, syndein-band-3) were found to be normal. It would appear therefore that the defective HS spectrin-protein-4.1 interaction in type I hereditary spherocytosis may be the primary molecular defect rather than a secondary phenomena. PMID- 7104495 TI - Burst-stimulating activity in sera of patients with polycythemia vera. PMID- 7104496 TI - A further subspecificity within human monoclonal anti-Pr cold agglutinins. PMID- 7104497 TI - Fatal graft-versus-host reaction following granulocyte transfusions. PMID- 7104499 TI - Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assays on water: dichloromethane extracts versus preparation of growth media with test samples. PMID- 7104501 TI - Excretion of a single oral dose of fish-arsenic in man. PMID- 7104500 TI - Paramecium bioassay test in studies on cartap. PMID- 7104502 TI - Observations on the bioaccumulation potential of thorium and uranium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). PMID- 7104498 TI - Acute lead poisoning in inherited porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase) deficiency. AB - The second enzyme of the porphyrin and heme synthesis pathway, porphobilinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24), can be lowered due to a hereditary defect or toxic damage. Lead is the most common cause for a toxically lowered activity. We report on a 48-year-old patient with an acute abdominal syndrome, anemia and a grave toxic disorder of porphyrin metabolism which was diagnosed as acute lead intoxication. Although the hematologic findings and porphyrins in the blood, as well as porphyrin precursors and porphyrin excretion in the urine, returned to normal within five months after exacerbation of the acute symptoms the activity of porphobilinogen synthase showed only 50% physiologic activity of healthy subjects six years after the acute syndrome with complete normalization of prophyrin metabolites and lead levels in blood and urine. The influence of alcohol was excluded. Enzyme activation by zinc and reactivation by dithiothreitol lies within the normal range and thus contradicts an increased body burden of lead. In connection with findings of a familiar porphobilinogen synthase defect we are most likely dealing with a hereditarily determined enzyme deficiency in this patient which sensitizes him to a lead intoxication. PMID- 7104503 TI - Uranium and plutonium in hair as an indicator of body burden in mice of different age and sex. PMID- 7104504 TI - Effects of pH, temperature, and Eh on the uptake of cadmium by bacteria and an artificial sediment. PMID- 7104505 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of decamethrin residues in quail and quail eggs. PMID- 7104507 TI - Comparison of two dislodgable residue extraction methods. PMID- 7104506 TI - Determination of aldicarb residues in water by combined high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. PMID- 7104508 TI - Bioconcentration and excretion of phosphoric acid triesters by killifish (Oryzeas latipes). PMID- 7104509 TI - A generalization of the optimal models of arterial branching. PMID- 7104512 TI - Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways. PMID- 7104510 TI - Common source epidemics II: toxoplasmosis in Atlanta. PMID- 7104511 TI - Primary events in odour detection. PMID- 7104513 TI - Aggregation of rat neutrophils by nucleotide triphosphates. AB - 1 Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) at concentrations of 3 x 10(-7)M and greater cause a rapid partially reversible aggregation of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 2 Other nucleotide phosphates are much less active at producing aggregation responses; the agonist potencies being UTP greater than ATP greater than guanosine 5'-triphosphate, cytidine 5' triphosphate, thymidine 5'-triphosphate; ATP greater than adenosine 5' diphosphate (ADP) greater than adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP); and ADP greater than uridine 5'-diphosphate, thymidine 5'-diphosphate, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, cytidine 5'-diphosphate. Adenosine is inactive. 3 The hydrolysis resistant analogues of ATP, alpha-beta-methylene ATP and beta-gamma-methylene ATP, do not cause neutrophil aggregation suggesting that hydrolysis of ATP and UTP may be required to initiate the aggregation response. 4 It is postulated that ATP and UTP may be important stimulants of neutrophil function and may be involved in the adherence of these cells to the vascular endothelium. PMID- 7104514 TI - Effect of lipid peroxidation on p-aminohippurate transport by rat kidney cortical slices. AB - 1 The effect of lipid peroxidation on p-aminohippurate transport by rat kidney slices was examined. 2 Ascorbic acid and Fe2+ promoted lipid peroxidation of rat renal cortical slices in a dose-related manner. 3 Ascorbic acid (1.0 mM) and Fe2+ (0.4 mM) increased tissue water and decreased the accumulation of p aminohippurate. 4 The addition of N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (antioxidant), at a concentration of 1 x 10(-6) M, completely inhibited the peroxidation and recovered the accumulation of p-aminohippurate. 5 The apparent Km of p aminohippurate uptake was increased by ascorbic acid and Fe2+ with no change in the apparent V. 6 These data suggest that ascorbic acid and Fe2+ can cause a significant alteration in p-aminohippurate and water transport of renal cortical slices and that these effects can be correlated with lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7104515 TI - A study of the inhibitory effects of SCH 28080 on gastric secretion in man. AB - 1 SCH 28080 (2-methyl-8-(phenyl methoxy) imidazo-(1-2-a) pyrine-3-acetonitrile) is a novel drug unrelated to existing anti-ulcer agents. 2 The effect of placebo and increasing doses of the drug on gastric acid output and peptic activity was examined in four healthy men, in the resting state and following pentagastrin stimulation. 3 Significant inhibition of gastric acid secretion and peptic activity occurred with the 50 mg dose in both the stimulated and unstimulated states. Approximately 90% inhibition of acid output was achieved with the 200 mg dose. 4 Antisecretory activity of SCH 28080 is confirmed in man. This drug or an analogue may have potential in anti-ulcer therapy. PMID- 7104516 TI - The effect of naloxone on opioid-induced inhibition and facilitation of acetylcholine release in brain slices. AB - 1 The effect of morphine, methionine-enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) and D-Ala2-D Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) were tested on the spontaneous and electrically-evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) from superfused slices of guinea-pig thalamus, caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex. 2 At no concentration did morphine, Met enkephalin or DADLE modify the outflow of ACh at rest but Met-enkephalin in the presence of naloxone, reduced the resting ACh release. 3 Morphine, at a low dose (3 microM) had no effect in slices of cerebral cortex, but it enhanced the evoked release of ACh in thalamic and caudate, slices. At higher doses of morphine (10 30 microM), the ACh release evoked by electrical pulses was significantly inhibited in every area. 4 Met-enkephalin behaved like morphine in thalamic slices, whereas DADLE, a specific delta agonist, produced a slight inhibition of ACh outflow only at 10 microM. 5 Naloxone antagonized the inhibitory effect of morphine in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus slices. Naloxone and also spiroperidol blocked the releasing effect of morphine in caudate slices. In contrast naloxone did not affect the increase of ACh release caused by morphine and Met-enkephalin in thalamic slices. The inhibitory effect of both opioids at high doses was reversed by naloxone so that they then enhanced ACh release. 6 A two fold increase of calcium concentration in the Krebs solution prevented the inhibitory effects of morphine 10 microM. 7 It is suggested that two receptors are present in thalamic slices, one of which inhibits and the other facilitates ACh release. PMID- 7104517 TI - Effects of repeated lithium administration on the subcellular distribution of 5 hydroxytryptamine in rat brain. AB - 1 The content and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) between subcellular fractions from rat whole brain (excluding cerebellum) were examined following repeated lithium administration. 2 Lithium chloride (3 mEq/kg body wt. s.c.) administered twice daily for 3 days produced no change in the 5-HT content of primary subcellular fractions (P1-nuclear; P2-crude synaptosomal; SNT-soluble) measured on the 4th day. 3 Similarly, repeated lithium treatment alone did not appear to produce increases in the 5-HT content of either cytoplasmic (S) or vesicular (M2) fractions derived from hypo-osmotically disrupted synaptosomes (P2) when compared to control rats receiving NaCl only. 4 One hour after monoamine oxidase inhibition with tranylcypromine, there was a further selective 25% increase in 5-HT accumulation in the lithium-treated rats over control values in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction (S) and in fractions containing occluded cytoplasm only. This increase did not occur in the synaptic vesicle fraction (M2). This corresponds to an increase in 5-HT turnover rate due to the lithium treatment of approx. 50%. 5 These findings lend additional support to the hypothesis that lithium treatment alters the intraneuronal storage or compartmentation of 5-HT between vesicles and cytoplasm. PMID- 7104518 TI - Effects of 4-aminopyridine on acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex of the rat in vivo. AB - 1 The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) on the output of acetylcholine (ACh) from the cerebral cortex were investigated in unanaesthetized freely moving rats and in anaesthetized rats by means of the ;cup technique'. ACh was determined by bioassay on the dorsal muscle of the leech.2 In unanaesthetized rats intraperitoneal injection of 4AP (3 mg/kg) had no effect on the cortical output of ACh.3 After injection of morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.), which depressed the spontaneous output of ACh, 4AP increased the cortical output to a level significantly higher than that determined before morphine injection.4 In rats anaesthetized with either urethane or pentobarbitone, drugs known to decrease cortical output of ACh, 4AP (i.v. or i.p.) elicited a significant increase in the output of ACh. The time-courses of the 4AP-induced effects were different depending on the anaesthetic drug used: an immediate increase slowly fading in urethane anaesthesia and a gradual increase after delayed onset in pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats.5 In some urethane-anaesthetized rats, respiratory frequency was kept constant (tracheotomy, connection to respirator, bilateral vagotomy) and prazosin (1 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to reduce the 4AP-induced increase of blood pressure. Cortical output of ACh was not related to changes in blood pressure. Moreover, the 4AP-induced increase in cortical ACh output was not related to changes in respiratory frequency.6 In summary systemic administration of 4AP in subconvulsive doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) increased cortical output of ACh in rats anaesthetized with urethane or pentobarbitone or after injection of morphine, but not in untreated freely moving rats. It is suggested that the anaesthetic agents and morphine may cause an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory central pathways, and that this imbalance may play a role in their depressant effect on cortical output of ACh and/or in the 4AP-induced facilitation described in this paper. PMID- 7104519 TI - Detection by fluorescence of peroxides and carbonyls in samples of arachidonic acid. AB - 1 Products of lipid peroxidation were compared in two different grades of commercially-obtained arachidonic acid. 2 The less pure 90% sample was yellow in colour, had low reactivity with 2-thiobarbituric acid and diene conjugation but high u.v. fluorescence, whereas the 99% pure sample, which was clear in colour, showed a reverse pattern of oxidation products. 3 The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7104520 TI - The effects of postligation administration of ORG 6001 and disopyramide on early ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in the anaesthetized rat. AB - The effects of intravenous doses of Org 6001 and disopyramide (10 mg/kg) known to confer protection against early postligation-induced arrhythmias in the anaesthetized rat when given prophylactically, were assessed following postligation administration. When given 1 min after ligation both drugs greatly reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrilloflutter and completely prevented electrical deaths (45% in the controls). Protection was also seen when the drugs were given just before the expected onset of arrhythmias (4.5 min postligation). PMID- 7104521 TI - Catecholamine transport in isolated lung parenchyma of pig. AB - 1 Lung parenchyma strips of the pig incubated at 37 degrees C with [(3)H]-(-) noradrenaline ([(3)H]-NA) or [(3)H]-(+/-)-isoprenaline ([(3)H]-Iso), accumulated radioactivity via saturable, high affinity uptake processes. Apparent saturation constants (K(m)) for [(3)H]-NA and [(3)H]-Iso were 1.34 x 10(-6) M and 1.63 x 10( 6) M respectively, while apparent transport maxima (V(max)) were 4.86 and 1.63 x 10(-9) mol min(-1) g(-1) respectively.2 Cellular accumulation of radioactivity from radiolabelled catecholamines was greatly reduced by lowering the temperature to 7 degrees C, pretreatment with ouabain (100 muM), phentolamine (15 muM) or phenoxybenzamine (80 muM). However, accumulation of radioactivity derived from ((3)H]-NA was inhibited selectively by cocaine (10 muM) and desipramine (1 muM), while normetanephrine (80 muM) and 3-O-methylisoprenaline (50 muM) caused much greater reductions in cellular radioactivity from [(3)H]-Iso than from ((3)H]-NA. Taken together with information from kinetic studies, the results indicate that these amines are transported by separate uptake processes.3 Cocaine (50 muM) which selectively reduced [(3)H]-NA transport, had no significant effect on the sensitivity (EC(50)) of isolated parenchyma lung strips of the pig to the contractile effects of cumulative concentrations of NA. The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, U-0521 (60 muM), also failed to alter the potency of NA, while normetanephrine (80 muM) caused a 2 fold decrease in potency.4 Phentolamine (15 muM), which reduced the cellular accumulation of radioactivity derived from [(3)H]-Iso by 64%, caused a small potentiation of Iso-induced relaxations of porcine lung strips. Normetanephrine (80 muM) and 3-O methylisoprenaline (50 muM), which also depressed the accumulation of cellular radioactivity from [(3)H]-Iso by > 50%, caused rightward shifts in Iso concentration-effect curves as a result of beta-adrenoceptor blockade. In sharp contrast, cortisol (80 muM) and U-0521 (60 muM), which caused smaller reductions in the cellular accumulation of radioactivity derived from [(3)H]-Iso, both caused an approximately 9 fold potentiation of responses to Iso in isolated lung strips.5 The results indicate that the major sites of uptake and metabolism of NA in porcine parenchyma strip are remote from alpha-adrenoceptors mediating NA induced contraction. Similarly, some major sites of uptake of Iso are remote from beta-adrenoceptors mediating Iso-induced relaxation. However, beta-adrenoceptors are apparently in close proximity to a compartment containing COMT activity. PMID- 7104522 TI - Development of motor response to intramural nerve stimulation and to drugs in rat small intestine. AB - 1. The onset and development of functional innervation and transmitter reactivity in the small intestine, isolated from foetal and neonatal rat, was examined in relation to the development of two muscle layers. 2. About half of the preparations tested at embryonic day 15 responded to electrical field stimulation, although both acetylcholine (ACh, 1 micro M) and excess K (50 mM) evoked a response in all preparations. The response to these stimuli was the extension of the preparation longitudinally. All six preparations examined at embryonic day 16 extended in response to electrical field stimulation. 3. The extension response to electrical field stimulation was observed up to embryonic day 19. Then, the response changed to a biphasic one and finally to shortening after 4-days postnatal. The responses to electrical field stimulation were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.3 micro M) or atropine (0.3 micro M). The response to ACh and excess K similarly changed and became only a shortening at embryonic day 21 and 6-days postnatal, respectively. 4. The extension and biphasic responses produced by these stimuli were invariably converted to shortening after the preparation had been opened longitudinally. 5. The pD2 value for ACh was 6.74-7.37 during the period embryonic day 15-6-days postnatal. 6. Theses results suggest that in the rat intestine, functional cholinergic innervation is established at least by embryonic day 16. In the early stages, the development of the circular muscle layer precedes the preparation in response to stimuli. The reverse takes place following the development of the longitudinal muscle layer. PMID- 7104523 TI - The effect of anaesthetic agents on cerebral cortical responses in the rat. AB - 1. In rats, surgically anaesthetized with Urethane, an increase in the depth of anaesthesia upon administration of ethyl carbamate (Urethane), pentobarbitone sodium (Nembutal), thiopentone sodium (Intraval), althesin, ketamine, trichloroethylene, halothane, methoxyflurane, diethyl ether, ethyl-vinyl ether, cyclopropane, enflurane or chloroform resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the latency, the decrease in the amplitudes of the initial positive and negative components of the short latency cortical response to electrical stimuli applied to the forepaw. 2. The same changes were seen when starting from initially unanaesthetized rats and anaesthetizing them with Urethane. 3. With all the inhalational agents used these changes lasted for as long as the administration except with nitrous oxide where the changes in the cortical response were transient. 4. The tranquilizing agents diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and haloperidol showed no such action. Chloral hydrate and chlorpromazine, on the other hand, produced moderate changes in the evoked cortical response similar to those seen with the other anaesthetic agents used. PMID- 7104525 TI - An assessment of the effectiveness of neonatal treatment with guanethidine as a means of producing sympathectomy. PMID- 7104524 TI - The effect of cimetidine on basal gastric acid secretion in the rat. AB - 1. The effect of cimetidine on the basal gastric acid secretion of the rat has been investigated in an anaesthetized lumen-perfused preparation. 2. Six rats previously given large doses of cimetidine orally showed no significant difference in basal gastric acid secretion when compared with six control rats. 3. Intravenous administration of 1 mg and 8 mg of cimetidine failed to inhibit significantly basal gastric acid secretion. 4. Although rats with a basal gastric acid secretion above 2.5 micro Eq/10 min. showed a consistent small reduction in basal gastric acid secretion after intravenous cimetidine, this was not seen in rats with a basal gastric acid secretion below 2.5 micro Eq/10 min. 5. THese results contrast sharply with the pronounced inhibition of basal gastric acid secretion by cimetidine in man and the possible reasons for this are discussed. 6. The results are also contrasted with previous work on gastric fistula rats which showed higher basal gastric acid secretion and significant inhibition by cimetidine. PMID- 7104526 TI - Role of adrenal medulla in morphine-induced hyperthermia through central action. AB - The role of the adrenal glands, in morphine-induced hyperthermia was studied in normal, chemically-sympathectomized, adrenalectomized, adrenal-demedullated or splanchnicotomized rats. 2. In restrained female rats, 5 mg/kg morphine produced hyperthermia whereas 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg produced hyperthermia. 3. After adrenalectomy, 5 mg/kg morphine did not produce hyperthermia. 4. After adrenal demedullation or adrenal-denervation (splanchnicotomy), 5 mg/kg morphine did not produce hyperthermia. 5. The results suggest that, in the rat, the adrenal medulla plays an important role in morphine-induced hyperthermia, and that morphine acts centrally to stimulate the medulla. PMID- 7104528 TI - The clinical features of diabetic impotence: a preliminary study. AB - Twenty-seven diabetic men with erectile impotence were given physical and psychosexual assessments. Physical assessment included vascular and neurological evaluation. Psychosexual assessment was by means of a semi-structured interview. Seven potent diabetic men formed a control group. Patients with erectile failure had a varied clinical picture which differed from the stereotype of diabetic impotence: morning erections were preserved in over a half (55 per cent), eight patients (30 per cent) had intact spontaneous erections, and sexual interest was reduced in 12 patients (44 per cent). In 13 patients (48 per cent) ejaculation was disturbed and a further four patients (15 per cent) described unusual disorders of sexual function. Within the group there were no differences in clinical picture between those with and without autonomic neuropathy, retinopathy or potential psychogenic factors. PMID- 7104527 TI - Homogeneous and non-homogeneous distribution of inhibitory and excitatory adrenoceptors in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. AB - 1 The effects of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on spontaneous and evoked membrane activities of longitudinal muscle cells from different parts of the guinea-pig ileum were observed, using microelectrode methods.2 Isoprenaline inhibited the generation of spikes in cells in the terminal (0-3 cm from the ileocaecal valve) and proximal (more than 50 cm from the ileocaecal valve) regions of the ileum, with no change on the membrane potential and ionic conductance of the membrane. These actions of isoprenaline were abolished by propranolol.3 Noradrenaline and phenylephrine depolarized the membrane and increased both the spike frequency and ionic conductance of cell membranes of the terminal ileum, whereas noradrenaline and clonidine hyperpolarized the membrane, increased the ionic conductance of the membrane and inhibited the spontaneously generated spikes from cells of the proximal ileum. The excitatory effect of phenylephrine in the cells of the proximal ileum and the inhibitory effect of clonidine on cells of the terminal ileum were less pronounced.4 The excitatory actions of noradrenaline or phenylephrine were antagonized by prazosin and phentolamine, but not by yohimbine, whereas the inhibitory actions of noradrenaline or clonidine were antagonized by yohimbine and phentolamine but not by prazosin.5 The cholinergic e.j.ps evoked by field stimulation to the tissue were not affected by isoprenaline or phenyleprine but were inhibited by noradrenaline and clonidine, in both the terminal and proximal regions of the ileum. These actions of noradrenaline and clonidine were antagonized by yohimbine but not by prazosin.6 The results indicate that in the myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle tissues of the guinea-pig ileum there are prejunctional inhibitory (alpha(2)), postjunctional inhibitory (alpha(2) and beta) and postjunctional excitatory (alpha(1)) adrenoceptors. The homogeneous distributions of prejunctional alpha(2)- and postjunctional beta-adrenoceptors in the ileum are responsible for inhibitions of cholinergic excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) and spontaneous spike activities, respectively. The density of distribution of the postjunctional alpha(1)-adrenoceptors is higher in the terminal than in the proximal regions, and these distributions are reversed in the case of the postjunctional alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. The postjunctional alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are probably responsible for the membrane depolarization and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors for the hyperpolarization induced by catecholamines. PMID- 7104529 TI - Some psychological problems of acquired deafness. PMID- 7104530 TI - Reality orientation: a critical appraisal. AB - Reality orientation is now extensively used with psychogeriatric patients. The evidence for its effectiveness is reviewed and the underlying philosophy and assumptions are critically examined. Whilst reality orientation does appear to have some effect, the benefits are small and restricted in range. It can be argued that it is not directed at the most appropriate therapeutic goals. Reality orientation should be seen as the starting point for the development of more effective intervention techniques for use with this client population and not as an end in itself. PMID- 7104531 TI - Evaluation of different forms of community meeting in a psychiatric unit in Hong Kong. AB - In an in-patient psychiatric unit attached to a teaching general hospital in Hong Kong, community meetings went through doctor-directed and nurse-directed forms to develop into a non-directive one. The therapeutic value of these different forms was tested by retrospective and prospective studies. In the retrospective study the rates of ward incidents and discharge rates of in-patients before and during the three stages were compared. In the prospective study an ABA design was used with ten-week blocks of regular non-directive meetings, cessation of meetings and then resumption; ward incidents, discharge rates and ward atmosphere during these blocks were compared. Both the non-directive and nurse-directed forms were equally associated with a reduction in ward incidents, aggressive incidents showing the greatest tendency to change; ward atmosphere and patient discharge rates did not change with community meetings. PMID- 7104532 TI - The empirical heterogeneity of first rank symptoms in schizophrenia. AB - First rank symptoms have assumed an important role in the assessment of schizophrenia. Only recently, however, have there been empirical studies of their reliability and validity. In this study, we examined the relationship between first rank and other psychiatric symptoms in 100 schizophrenic patients. The results are consistent with other research reports suggesting that first rank symptoms do not represent a homogeneous group of symptoms within an individual patient. PMID- 7104534 TI - Reliability and validity of a tardive dyskinesia videotape rating technique. AB - Ninety-four psychiatric in-patients, receiving regular antipsychotic medication, were videotaped using a standard procedure. The tapes were rated by blind observers using a simple scoring system for the duration of abnormal movements. Using this combined videotape and rating scale assessment technique the re-rating reliability, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were high. In order to demonstrate the validity of the technique the rating scale scores in a sub-sample of 30 patients, were compared with the assessment of three experienced clinicians on the same patients, and AIMs scores. Central (lip, tongue, jaw and neck movements) scores showed close agreement with the clinicians' assessment, suggesting that clinical diagnosis is based principally on the presence and severity of oro-facial dyskinesia. Total rating scale scores were in close accord with total AIMs scores. When the two scales were carried out on the same patients on the same occasion a diagnostic criterion level of 2 or more on the central score produced a tardive dyskinesia prevalence rate identical to that produced by an AIMS criterion level of 2 or more on the global severity rating. The tardive dyskinesia prevalence rate based on the central score criterion level showed an increase with age. PMID- 7104533 TI - Haloperidol-induced changes in blink rates correlate with changes in BPRS score. AB - Spontaneous eye blink rates, psychiatric symptoms and response to neuroleptic medication may all be mediated by dopamine. Fixed doses of haloperidol, a dopamine blocking agent, were administered for six weeks to 17 chronic schizophrenic patients who had been previously withdrawn from all medications. The change in blink rates caused by haloperidol corresponded to a change in the thought disturbance syndrome which measures positive symptoms (r = .48, P less than .05). The relationship was particularly clear in patients with normal cerebral ventricles (r = .74, P less than .01). PMID- 7104536 TI - Motor lateralization in manic males. AB - A handedness test, administered to 88 manic male patients and 86 male control subjects, showed no difference between the two groups. The result suggest that unlike schizophrenia, mania is not associated with increased left and/or mixed handedness. PMID- 7104535 TI - Schizophrenia: a comparative study of patients with and without family history. AB - To test the hypothesis that schizophrenia can be differentiated on the basis of family history, the authors compared two matched samples of 20 patients each, distinguished by the presence or absence of family history of schizophrenia. Family history was not associated with either onset characteristics, symptom picture, phenomenological subtypes of schizophrenia, prognostic indicators or global assessment score for psychosocial functioning. PMID- 7104538 TI - Gutenberg and the ICD-9 of Mental Disorders. AB - Stimulated by the improvements contained in the ICD-9 of Mental Disorders, the author ventures to revive certain earlier suggestion aimed at its further simplification and homogenization. The major points are: (1) Three separate lists of items, one for each of the variables--Category, Specified Syndrome, and Aetiology, as well as compulsory registration of aetiology even when merely inferred. (2) Threefold diagnoses, built up by one item from each list, but with no catalogue of preconceived combinations, the manual containing only the lists. (3) No running numbering of diagnoses, but codification by juxtaposition of three independent numerals. PMID- 7104540 TI - ECT and cerebral damage. PMID- 7104539 TI - Mania associated with weaning: a hypothesis. PMID- 7104537 TI - Measurement of alcohol withdrawal in detoxification centre patients. AB - The pattern and severity of alcohol withdrawal in 49 alcohol dependent subjects admitted to the Manchester Detoxification Centre are described. Assessment over 10 days involved the use of the Selected Severity Assessment Scale (SSA) and allocation of patients to subgroups of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. There were associations between tremor, clouding of sensorium, hallucinations and convulsions (items of the SSA) and the four pre-delirious clinical sub-groups identified. We concluded that clinical assessment of the pre-delirious stage took into account these four variables and that there was little value in the routine use of the SSA on a unit such as ours. PMID- 7104541 TI - MAOI for obsessive compulsive disorder. PMID- 7104543 TI - Polyglottism and depression. PMID- 7104542 TI - Hypoalgesia in depressive illness. PMID- 7104544 TI - The impact of legal modes of thought upon the practice of psychiatry. The fifty fifth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 20 November 1981. PMID- 7104545 TI - A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. AB - Accurate clinical staging of dementia in older subjects has not previously been achieved despite the use of such methods as psychometric testing, behavioural rating, and various combinations of simpler psychometric and behavioural evaluations. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CRD), a global rating device, was developed for a prospective study of mild senile dementia--Alzheimer type (SDAT). Reliability, validity, and correlational data are discussed. The CRD was found to distinguish unambiguously among older subjects with a wide range of cognitive function, from healthy to severely impaired. PMID- 7104547 TI - The Nithsdale schizophrenia survey: III. Handedness and tardive dyskinesia. AB - Handedness was assessed in 87 per cent (n = 116) of all known schizophrenics from a discrete geographical area, Nithsdale in Dumfries and Galloway Region. Seventy three per cent were right-handed, a proportion greater than that found in a normal population. It was especially Feighner positive schizophrenics and non-in patients who produced the excess of right-handers. Within the Feighner positive group, 68 per cent of mixed or left-handers, but only 29 per cent of right handers, had tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 7104548 TI - Testing the monogenic theory of schizophrenia: An application of segregation analysis to blind family study data. AB - Segregation analysis was applied to blind family data concerning schizophrenia to decide if the transmission of schizophrenia could be explained by a single major gene. Our results showed that the Mendelian model was unacceptable. Therefore, the monogenic hypothesis could not account for the transmission of schizophrenia. Since the hypothesis of no parent-child transmission was also not accepted, there was an indication that some form of vertical transmission existed which could be psychosocial, or an interaction between genetic and psychosocial factors. Our results suggest genetic heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Currently available clinical criteria for defining subgroups must be improved in conjunction with detection of biological indicators so that segregation analysis of family data could be effectively used in determining modes of transmission in schizophrenia. PMID- 7104549 TI - HLA antigens in schizophrenia: no difference between patients with and without evidence of brain atrophy. AB - The HLA antigens distribution was studied in 56 chronic schizophrenic in-patients with or without brain atrophy determined by CAT examination, and compared with that of 200 controls. There was no difference in the incidence of HLA-A2 in the whole sample, and an increase in those without brain atrophy (by comparison with normal controls) failed to reach statistical significance. A decrease of Bw35 in the whole sample, more prominent in those without brain atrophy, again failed to be significant after multiplying the probability by the number of antigens studied. PMID- 7104550 TI - Demethylation of C14 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenylethylamine in schizophrenics before and after L-methionine loading. AB - Demethylation was compared in acute and chronic schizophrenics and in non schizophrenics by the administration of C14 labelled 2,3,4 trimethoxyphenylethylamine (TMPEA). The results did not show a significant difference in the urinary levels of the monodemethylated catabolites of TMPEA among any groups of patients. However, there was a significant decrease in demethylation in untreated chronic schizophrenics after ten days of L-methionine orally, whereas the non-schizophrenic group similarly given methionine did not change. This suggests the possibility of a biological weakness in schizophrenia. PMID- 7104551 TI - Cold injury caused by psychiatric illness: six case reports. AB - Six patients are reported in whom mental illness led to severe cold injury. The main contributory factors were cold surroundings, inactivity and neglect. The additional factor of impaired microcirculation in these patients may also be significant. In the winter of 1979 two instances of cold injury in patients with mental illness came to our attention. A search of the medical records at the Whittington Hospital revealed a further three cases over a period of 14 years. One patient was seen at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square. PMID- 7104546 TI - The Nithsdale schizophrenia survey: I. Psychiatric and social handicaps. AB - A review of all known schizophrenics from a discrete geographical area, Nithsdale in Dumfries and Galloway REgion, found a point prevalence of 2.38 per 1000 of the total population; this figure fell to 1.73 when only Feighner positive schizophrenics were considered. Only 3 per cent of the population interviewed had no abnormality in mental state or behaviour; negative schizophrenic symptoms were prominent, positive symptoms uncommon. Approximately one quarter were in patients, who were an atypical group, showing much more obvious social and psychiatric disability. In- and day patient care and state benefits for schizophrenics cost each member of the Nithsdale community approximately 12 pounds a year. PMID- 7104552 TI - Plasma lithium levels and therapeutic outcome in the prophylaxis of affective disorders: a retrospective study. AB - Patients receiving prophylactic lithium therapy for primary affective disorder during a four year period were studied for recurrence of affective illness. Patients who had affective episodes during this period did not differ from those who remained well in age, sex or diagnosis. Those with a favourable outcome had spent significantly less time at serum lithium levels above 0.9 mmol/litre than those who had a recurrence of affective episodes. PMID- 7104553 TI - Neurotoxic effects of lithium with delayed rise in serum lithium levels. PMID- 7104554 TI - Seasonal variation in depressive disorders and suicidal deaths in New South Wales. AB - Month of admission data to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales, 1971-76, were examined for some 23,000 patients with a depressive disorder to determine if seasonal variations in admissions, described in the northern hemisphere, exist there. In addition, data were examined on month of occurrence of some 3,000 deaths due to suicide and self-inflicted injury, over the same period. Seasonality was demonstrated for three 'psychotic' depressive disorders, but not found for neurotic depression, further supporting the binary view of depression. A peak incidence in spring was found for MDP-mania and reactive depressive psychosis, while the peak incidence for MDP-depression was was in late winter. It is suggested that the increase in certain affective disorders around spring may follow a rapid increase in luminance, and in stimulation of the pineal gland. Suicidal deaths of males did not show significant seasonality, while those of females showed two incidence peaks, the significant one occurring in spring. PMID- 7104555 TI - Intellectual function in primary affective disorder. AB - The possible effects of clinical depression on intellectual function were investigated in unipolar and bipolar patients. Ninety-six hospitalized depressed patients completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) on admission and 34 were retested on remission. The high average full scale IQs found remained relatively stable throughout, consistent with earlier studies indicating a limited relationship between intellectual function and clinical severity of depression. No evidence was found for retarded psychomotor activity in bipolar groups or increased psychomotor activity in unipolar groups on three WAIS subtests of psychomotor function, but full scale IQ increased slightly in hypomania. PMID- 7104556 TI - Wrong diagnosis in athletes. PMID- 7104558 TI - Society of Sports Sciences. Abstracts of papers presented at Loughborough University of Technology. Saturday, 3rd April, 1982. PMID- 7104557 TI - Immediate management of diving emergencies. PMID- 7104559 TI - Abdominal injury from sporting activities. AB - The frequency of abdominal injury is rising. In an analysis of 1,354 cases of closed abdominal trauma sustained during a 30-year period (1950-1979) in Skaraborg County, Sweden, a distinct increase was found in the numbers associated with sporting activities. The severity of the injuries caused by sports likewise showed an increase. The representation of injured organs was of the same order as in the total series of closed abdominal injuries. An analysis of the 136 cases of sports-associated injury is presented with regard to cause and type of the injuries, diagnosis and prognosis. PMID- 7104560 TI - Changes in the cervical spine in association football players. PMID- 7104561 TI - A survey of roller discotheque injuries. PMID- 7104562 TI - Recurrent rupture of the achilles tendon induced by corticosteroid injection. PMID- 7104563 TI - Naproxen sodium and paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene in sports injuries - a multicentre comparative study. AB - This paper follows up a previous paper reported in this journal. This study was a single-blind parallel comparison of naproxen sodium ("Synflex") and a paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene combination ("Distalgesic"). It was carried out in 184 patients suffering from soft-tissue disorders recruited from four centres. More patients were considered cured and the pain score was significantly lower after seven days' treatment in the naproxen sodium ("NS") group. For those patients who received 14 days' treatment the total symptom score was significantly lower in the naproxen sodium group at the end of treatment. Two patients in the NS treatment group withdrew from the study due to lack of efficacy. Fewer side-effects were reported in the NS group. Of the eight patients stopping treatment due to side-effects, two were in the naproxen sodium group and six in the paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene ("control") group. The results suggest that a better clinical response to treatment and fewer side-effects may be obtained with naproxen sodium than with paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene in the treatment of soft-tissue injuries. PMID- 7104566 TI - Advances in radiological anatomy of the kidney. AB - While using cortical nephrotomography to show the architecture and thickness of the cortical septa we have observed, in 76 out of 176 kidneys, the presence of 2 distinct parenchymal elements for which we suggest the term "renunculus". In such cases the upper renunculus is posterior relative to the lower. It lies rather obliquely, running downwards and laterally, while the lower renunculus lies more or less vertically and in front of the upper. The hilum of the upper renunculus as seen on CT is directed anteriorly relative to the corneal plane: the hilum of the lower renunculus is directly more medially. These anatomical observations make it easier to understand the topography and the pathogenesis of some lesions and help the surgeon to plan partial nephrectomy. PMID- 7104564 TI - A comparison of heart rate responses in racquet games. AB - The present study investigated the heart rate response to playing tennis with special reference to the skill levels and ages of the participants. Data obtained in a similar manner during earlier studies of badminton and squash players were compared with that obtained during tennis. The number of rallies, mean rally time and actual playing time in 30 minutes of play was also compared for the different skill levels and sports. Results showed that playing tennis raised the players' heart rates to 68-70% of their predicted maximum heart rate (PMHR). Playing squash and badminton could raise heart rates to 80-85% of the players' PMHR which was significantly higher than the values obtained for tennis. The actual skill level of the participants within their chosen sport did not have a significant effect in predicting the physical demands of squash or tennis but was important in predicting the heart rate response of badminton players. The more skillful the badminton player the greater the cardiac response as a result of game play. Analysis of time spent in actual play revealed that tennis players were involved in play for only five of the thirty minutes of game play, compared to 15 and 10 min respectively for squash and badminton. Skill level within each sport was only a significant factor in predicting length of play for squash players in which the medium and highly skilled groups played significantly longer than those of a lower level of skill. PMID- 7104565 TI - The importance of mammographic parenchymal patterns. AB - A method of classification of mammographic parenchymal patterns is proposed and the minor differences between this classification and that described by Wolfe are enumerated. The importance of recognizing the parenchymal pattern in various circumstances is then illustrated. The usefulness of regarding the parenchymal pattern as a background when teaching mammographic interpretation is examined. The relationships in the population of Nottingham between parenchymal patterns and benign disease, cancer and some determinants of risk for the future development of breast cancer are discussed. The association discovered between the oestrogen receptor status of tumours and the parenchymal pattern in which they arise is given, and the possibility of using this relationship in order to give some indication both towards the choice of treatment and also of prognosis is briefly discussed. PMID- 7104567 TI - Nephrocalcinosis in children. AB - Nephrocalcinosis is an uncommon condition is childhood. The commonest cause is renal tubular acidosis, although this may not manifest itself radiographically until adolescence. Recognizing the calcification as either cortical, medullary or mixed is not always possible, but may sometimes be an aid to differentiate metabolic from vascular causes. PMID- 7104568 TI - Has CT scanning a role to play in radiotherapy planning? Computer dose calculations. AB - Successful radiotherapy practice depends on the irradiation of tumours such that their destruction follows without unacceptable damage to the surrounding normal tissues. In order to assess the place of computed tomography (CT) in radiotherapy planning, the tumour target volumes were localized both by conventional techniques and with CT scanning under conditions simulating the radiotherapy. One hundred and eighty seven consecutive patients with various malignancies were examined. CT scanning was found to be valuable in the assessment of the radiation dose calculations in 39% of the treatment series (pelvis tumours 31%, chest wall tumours 22%, intrathoracic tumours 58%, palliative treatment group 46%). PMID- 7104569 TI - Increased hyperthermal response of previously irradiated mouse intestine. AB - The effect of prior irradiation (6-10 Gy of X rays) on the response of mouse jejunum to 43.0 degrees C hyperthermia was investigated. A dose of 6 Gy has no significant effect on the crypt loss measured after hyperthermia. However, intestine which had received 8-10 Gy showed increased susceptibility to subsequent thermal injury. Between approximately one and 2 weeks after 9 Gy, the thermal response of the intestine of CFLP mice increased such that, at maximal effect, heating pre-irradiated intestine at 43.0 degrees C was approximately equivalent to heating untreated intestine at 43.5 degrees C. The effect of prior irradiation was transient and appeared to have been "forgotten" after 2-3 months, a finding of particular relevance to the clinical situation. The results are discussed with reference to any radiation injury to intestine which might influence the expression of hyperthermal damage in situ. PMID- 7104571 TI - A vaginal applicator flange for use with the Selectron. PMID- 7104570 TI - Does local tumour heating im mice influence metastatic spread? AB - Experimental studies are reported on the effect of local tumour hyperthermia, combined with radiation, on the incidence of distant metastases. Two types of study were performed: a retrospective analysis of data obtained incidentally from regrowth delay experiments, and prospective studies designed specifically to investigate the effect of heat on the spread of disease. In the first case, tumours were treated with a range of palliative doses of X rays given either alone or in combination with heat (42.8 degrees C/h). Only one tumour out of 5 showed a significantly increased incidence of metastases, and then only when heated immediately before radiation. The prospective studies were designed so that primary tumours were locally controlled. Neither heat applied immediately before nor after irradiation resulted in a significant change in incidence of metastases. However, whole body heating did produce a marginally significant increase. Fractionated hyperthermia (4 heat doses plus curative radiation) did not result in any significant change in frequency of metastasis. These data suggest that local heating combined with radiation does not result in an increased risk of metastatic spread. PMID- 7104572 TI - Multiple cavitated pulmonary metastases in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PMID- 7104573 TI - The percutaneous "stretch and push" technique for removing retained biliary calculi. PMID- 7104574 TI - Pulmonary uptake of thallium 201 in acute pulmonary oedema. PMID- 7104575 TI - Genetically significant dose from diagnostic radiology. PMID- 7104576 TI - Prognosis after radical nephrectomy for carcinoma: the influence of pre-operative arterial balloon occlusion. PMID- 7104579 TI - Retrocaval ureter: radiographic techniques directing surgical management. PMID- 7104581 TI - Transperitoneal ureterolithotomy for stones in the lower third of the ureter. AB - A modified technique of transperitoneal ureterolithotomy for stones in the lower third of the ureter was performed on 14 patients over a 3-year period. The surgical procedure consisted of a ureterotomy behind a specially raised flap of peritoneum; its advantages are discussed. This variation makes for a safe and effective operation and should be considered as an alternative to the more traditional retroperitoneal approach for stones occupying the lower third of the ureter. PMID- 7104577 TI - Pelviureteric obstruction in infancy and childhood. A review of 117 patients. AB - A series of 135 kidneys with pelviureteric obstruction in 117 children is reviewed (a 16% incidence of bilateral obstruction). The majority (89%) of pyeloplasties or other reconstructive procedures were performed via an anterior transperitoneal approach which afforded excellent surgical exposure with a low (4%) incidence of related post-operative complications. Extra-renal drainage alone was preferred to nephrostomy in the majority of patients. Children presenting with bilateral hydronephrosis were managed by a single, simultaneous bilateral procedure rather than by 2 operations. The total nephrectomy rate of 5% compares favourably with the results reported by authors who favour an extraperitoneal approach and routine nephrostomy drainage. PMID- 7104580 TI - Replacement of segments of excised ureters by omentally wrapped partial thickness bladder grafts in dogs. A preliminary report. PMID- 7104578 TI - Loin pain and haematuria in young women: diagnostic pitfalls. AB - Cystoscopy, intravenous urography and urine culture frequently fail to reveal the cause of loin pain and haematuria in young women. Two such women are presented in whom renal biopsy was not only unhelpful but also misleading. Subsequent renal arteriography showed arteriovenous fistulae which were considered erroneously to be the cause of the symptoms in both patients; in fact the fistulae were traumatic post-biopsy fistulae rather than congenital malformations. These patients were probably examples of the "loin/pain/haematuria syndrome" which is thought to have a vascular basis and may have predisposed to the formation of fistulae. PMID- 7104582 TI - Delivery of low ureteric stones with the Zeiss indwelling probe. AB - Endoscopic removal of stones by means of the indwelling Zeiss probe was attempted in 67 patients with low ureteric stones and in one with a pelvic stone. This was successful in 48 of the 53 patients in whom the probe passed the stone. The delivery of low ureteric calculi by the indwelling loop catheter has a high success rate and few of the serious complications seen with the rigid extractors, whose use should be restricted to stones lodged in the intramural ureter and measuring less than 4 mm in diameter. PMID- 7104584 TI - Reflux--a retrospective study of 100 ureteric reimplantations by the Politano Leadbetter method and 100 by the Cohen technique. AB - The results of 100 consecutive ureteric reimplantations using the Politano Leadbetter technique were compared with those of 100 cases operated on by the Cohen technique. This retrospective study was concerned only with the effect of the operation on the ureterovesical junction. Cure of reflux was achieved in 88 Politano-Leadbetter reimplantations and in 97 Cohen reimplantations. Both groups and the results are analysed. PMID- 7104583 TI - Long-term results after uretero-ileo-urethrostomy. PMID- 7104585 TI - Urothelial abnormalities in the obstructed bladder. AB - Bladder mucosa from patients undergoing prostatectomy was examined histologically for evidence of pre-malignant change. The mucosal appearances were compared with tissue taken from control patients without bladder outlet obstruction. The appearances in patients with uncomplicated obstruction and in control patients were found to be similar and dysplastic change was uncommon. However, dysplasia was found relatively frequently in patients with bladder outlet obstruction complicated by the presence of infection, catheters or stones. In all, 10 out of 74 patients were found to have dysplasia and 7 of these agreed to have a further cystoscopy and biopsy taken at an interval of between 10 and 28 months after the first examination. Persistent dysplasia was found in all 7 cases and in 3 of these it had progressed from mild to moderate in severity. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7104586 TI - Urodynamics of neurogenic bladder in children. A comparative study with clinical and radiological conclusions. AB - The clinical, radiological and urodynamic investigations of 83 children are presented. Neuropathic bladders were divided into 2 main categories: those without outflow obstruction (36 patients) and those with outflow obstruction (47 patients). Although clinical and radiological findings proved sufficient for the management of these patients, the urodynamic investigations led to a precise diagnosis of the type of neuropathic bladder, an understanding of the mechanism of obstruction and, during follow-up, demonstrated the appearance of obstruction before this was shown radiologically. PMID- 7104587 TI - DDAVP for adult enuresis--a preliminary report. PMID- 7104588 TI - Natural killer cell activity and response to phytohaemagglutinin compared with the histological diagnosis of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. AB - In vitro tests of immune reactivity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder were compared with the clinical and histological diagnosis. Response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) tended to be reduced in patients with more advanced disease, although the difference between patients with advanced disease and those with early disease or controls was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Assessment of natural killer (NK) cell activity in the same patients showed no change in levels of reactivity at any stage of the disease. There was no difference between the NK cell activity of patients with TCC of the bladder and normal controls. PMID- 7104589 TI - Survival rates of patients with bladder tumours. An experience of 1744 cases (1950-1978). PMID- 7104590 TI - Bladder tumours in Malawi. PMID- 7104591 TI - Mast cells in interstitial cystitis. AB - Specific clinical criteria have been used to diagnose interstitial cystitis in 32 patients. The distribution of mast cells in biopsies of the bladder wall from these patients has been compared with that of similar cells in control specimens. A highly significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the number of mast cells within the detrusor muscle bundles has been demonstrated in 27 of these patients. This mast cell infiltration is widespread throughout the detrusor muscle and is not confined to the ulcerative lesions seen cystoscopically. Histological estimation of mast cells is of value, therefore, in establishing the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis, and may be particularly helpful in equivocal cases. The relationship between mast cell infiltration of the detrusor muscle bundles and the aetiology of the disease remains to be determined. PMID- 7104592 TI - Chronic cystitis and urethritis associated with ureaplasmal and mycoplasmal infection in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. AB - Six of 58 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia developed chronic urethritis and/or cystitis. We have some evidence that this complication may be caused by infection with strains Rof Ureaplasma urealyticum. This is important because ureaplasmas are usually resistant to most antibiotics routinely used to treat lower urinary tract infections. It appears that hypogammaglobulinaemic patients develop less localised and more severe ureaplasmal infections than immunocompetent subjects, which indicates that antibodies are important in controlling the growth of these organisms in the bladder and urethra. PMID- 7104593 TI - Use of internal urethrotomy to reverse upper renal tract dilatation in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. PMID- 7104594 TI - Traumatic degloving of penis. PMID- 7104596 TI - Infarction of the testis: a complication of epididymitis. PMID- 7104595 TI - Absent vas deferens in association with renal abnormalities. AB - Absence of the vas deferens, especially if unilateral, should alert the clinician to an underlying renal anomaly, and further urological investigation is mandatory. If the vas is shown to be bilaterally absent in an infant, cystic fibrosis should be excluded. In the context of vasectomy, exploration of the palpably absent side should be unnecessary if intravenous urography detects a combined anomaly, although post-operative seminal analysis will still need to be performed. PMID- 7104597 TI - Bladder carcinoma with paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. PMID- 7104598 TI - Benign fibroepithelial polyp of the renal pelvis. PMID- 7104600 TI - Tuberculous recto-vesico-cutaneous fistula. PMID- 7104599 TI - Coincident torsion of appendix testis and spermatic cord. PMID- 7104601 TI - Delayed hepatic resection for major liver injury. AB - Seven patients with major liver injury initially assessed and managed elsewhere, and then referred to the Hepatobiliary Unit at Hammersmith Hospital, London, are reported. Six of the 7 patients had been operated upon and 4 had undergone two laparotomies before referral. All were seriously ill as a result of bleeding or liver necrosis and infection. Further laparotomy was carried out for the control bleeding, debridement of dead tissue and drainage of infected material. Hepatic resection was performed in all patients and 3 of the 7 died in the postoperative period. Liver resection is necessary for the control of bleeding and removal of dead tissue in severe shattering injuries. Should temporary packing be instituted in order to obtain control, then early referral for definitive treatment is necessary. Delay is dangerous and extension of necrosis with secondary infection is inevitable. PMID- 7104603 TI - Is an early ultrasound scan of value in acute pancreatitis? AB - Grey scale ultrasound scanning has been performed within 1 week of admission in 114 patients with acute pancreatitis in order to establish its reliability in detecting gallstones and to document early pancreatic changes. When the gallbladder was identified (69.4 per cent of patients), grey scale ultrasound was 96.1 per cent accurate in predicting the presence of gallstones. Of 85 patients (74.5 per cent), in whom adequate pancreatic imaging was achieved on the initial scan, 35 were reported within normal limits, 28 had generalized pancreatic swelling and 22 a localized pancreatic mass of cystic collection. These ultrasound findings did not correlate significantly with the objective assessment of severity of disease. However, all 9 patients (8.1 per cent) who developed a pseudocyst were in the group shown to have early localized pancreatic swelling. Grey scale ultrasound is a useful method of detecting gallstones in patients with acute pancreatitis, thus permitting early accurate biliary surgery. However, in almost one-third of our patients ultrasound failed to outline the gallbladder on the initial scan. While ultrasound scanning of the pancreas will detect the formation of pseudocysts and accurately chart their subsequent progress, we doubt whether an early scan is required to achieve this purpose. Although generalized pancreatic swelling is frequently reported, this finding was of no major clinical importance and did not relate to the severity of disease. PMID- 7104602 TI - Twenty-six cases of liver trauma. PMID- 7104605 TI - Submandibular salivary duct calculus secondary to a foreign body. PMID- 7104606 TI - Long term evaluation of a reservoir jejunal interposition with an isoperistaltic conduit in the management of patients with the small stomach syndrome. AB - The results of reservoir jejunal interposition in 9 patients with severe symptoms of the small stomach syndrome have been reviewed after a median follow-up period of 4.2 years (range 6 months to 10 years). Objective assessment of improvement in terms of weight gain, haemoglobin and serum albumin levels was obtained in all the patients but only 3 have reached and maintained their ideal weight. No patient has been rendered symptom free, but significant improvement of the post cibal symptoms was observed in 7 patients. The most common residual symptoms have been heartburn and postprandial epigastric fullness. These have improved with metoclopramide therapy. PMID- 7104604 TI - A new posterior exposure of the splenic vein for an H-graft splenorenal shunt. AB - A preliminary report is presented of a posterior exposure of the splenic vein allowing H-graft splenorenal shunt to be carried out without removing the spleen. The operation was successfully performed in 14 patients with portal hypertension due to schistosomal hepatic fibrosis, and this was associated with post-hepatitic cirrhosis in 5 of them. Dacron grafts were inserted in 8 patients and autologous internal jugular vein grafts in 6 patients. The long term follow-up of the patients (maximum 45 months) showed that recurrence of bleeding developed in 2 patients due to shunt thrombosis and one died. Complications occurred in 3 patients, including one patient who developed first grade encephalopathy. Shunt patency was demonstrated in 12 patients, including all the vein grafts. PMID- 7104607 TI - Bile diversion after total gastrectomy. AB - A method for studying bile reflux into the oesophagus after total gastrectomy is described using 99Tcm-HIDA and an external imaging system. Two reconstructions were studied: oesophagojejunostomy with a diverting entero-anastomosis (omega reconstruction 6 studies) and Roux-en-Y reconstruction (20 studies). The incidence of reflux on scanning correlated well with the incidence of oesophagitis, and the finding of reflux was almost always associated with severe symptoms. The omega procedure was unsuccessful in diverting bile in 5 patients despite an entero-anastomosis as wide as 12 cm. The Roux-en-Y reconstruction was unsuccessful in diverting bile in 5 patients all of whom had a diverting limb 35 cm in length; none of the 9 patients with a diverting limb longer than 35 cm refluxed (range 40--50 cm). PMID- 7104608 TI - Ileal pelvic reservoir: a correlation between motor patterns and clinical behaviour. AB - An attempt has been made to correlate motility patterns of the pelvic ileal reservoir with patients' clinical experience. In order to evaluate the motility characteristics of the ileal reservoir, we have related its behaviour to the motility pattern observed in ileum proximal to an ileostomy. Seven patients with an ileostomy and 11 patients with a pelvic ileal reservoir have been investigated. The ileum and ileal reservoir were found to behave similarly during the fasting state and in response to distension and eating; however, a quantitative functional difference was discovered. Distension with 30 ml was enough to produce forceful contractions in the normal ileum, while a mean of 322 ml was necessary to initiate similar activity in the ileal reservoir. The ileal reservoir thus behaves as a capacitance organ with the ability to distend without contraction before a considerable volume has accumulated within it. When it does contract, it initiates a sensation of impending evacuation, but escape of ileal content is opposed by active contraction of the intact external anal sphincter. PMID- 7104609 TI - A prospective study of the effect of haemorrhoidectomy on sphincter function and faecal continence. AB - The effect of haemorrhoidectomy on anal sphincter manometry and continence to faeces and rectally infused saline was investigated in 24 unselected patients with third-degree haemorrhoids. Haemorrhoidectomy resulted in the abolition of ultra-slow waves and significant decreases in basal and squeeze pressures, though these were reduced to normal values from abnormally high levels. Pressures remained at normal levels up to a year after surgery. An association was found between mucous soiling following surgery and an abnormally low postoperative squeeze pressure. There was no alteration in the function of the recto-anal inhibitory reflex following surgery. Only two patients developed incontinence to rectally infused saline for the first time following surgery. The addition of four-finger dilatation of the anal canal to the operative procedure did not cause any significant differences in sphincter manometry. PMID- 7104610 TI - Comparison of rigid and flexible fibreoptic sigmoidoscopy with double contrast barium enemas. AB - One hundred consecutive new patients attending a general surgical and gastrointestinal outpatient clinic had a flexible fibreoptic sigmoidoscopic examination before a double contrast barium enema. Colonic lesions were found in 45 patients and flexible sigmoidoscopy was superior to barium enemas in diagnosing lesions in the sigmoid colon. Two cancers, 1 histologically a Dukes' A lesion and 6 adenomatous polyps greater than 0.5 cm in diameter, in the sigmoid colon, were not detected by barium enemas. In 6 of these patients extensive diverticular disease was present. In patients with rectal bleeding found to have diverticular disease demonstrated radiographically, an endoscopic examination must be performed to exclude polyps or cancer. Flexible fibreoptic sigmoidoscopy may reduce the numbers needing barium enemas. PMID- 7104611 TI - Anorectal sepsis: microbiology in relation to fistula-in-ano. AB - One hundred and sixty-five patients presented in a 4-year period: 68 (41.2 per cent) had had previous anorectal sepsis and in 56 of these patients (82.3 per cent) the presenting sepsis was at the site of the previous abscess. The abscesses were drained and pus was sent for culture; any fistula, if found, was laid open. A second examination under anaesthesia was performed within 7--10 days if no fistula had been found. The pus from 114 patients grew bowel-derived organisms; 62 (54.4 per cent) fistulas were found. The pus from 34 patients grew skin-derived organisms but no fistula was demonstrated in this group. It is suggested that a second examination need only be performed if culture of the pus grows bowel-derived organisms: anorectal abscesses which grow skin-derived organisms are not associated with a fistula. PMID- 7104612 TI - The clinical staging of rectal cancer. PMID- 7104613 TI - Abdominal hernias in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7104614 TI - Resection of lung metastases in large bowel cancer. AB - A series of 14 patients had partial or, in one case, total excision of the lung for metastatic tumour originating in the large bowel. Two patients have survived long periods (9 years and 12 years) and are now apparently free of the disease. A third patient shows no recurrence after bilateral lobectomy 2 years ago. Six of the remaining 11 patients developed isolated pulmonary metastases 5 years and 4 months to 11 years and 4 months after the original bowel resection. All 6 survived for 9 months to 11 years after pulmonary resection before succumbing to the disease. In all 11 patients who died, death was caused by systemic metastases in the brain, spinal cord or bone. PMID- 7104615 TI - The staple closure of loop colostomy. PMID- 7104617 TI - Fatigue and cardiorespiratory function following abdominal surgery. AB - Subjective feelings of fatigue were assessed before operation and 10, 20 and 30 days after uncomplicated elective abdominal surgery in 16 otherwise healthy patients, using a constructed fatigue scale model. In addition, all patients had an orthostatic stress test performed at the same times. Six of the patients also underwent a bicycle ergometer test measuring heart rate and oxygen consumption. Subjective feelings of fatigue were increased (P less than 0.01) at all three postoperative observations, and only 5 of 16 patients returned to their preoperative level. The increased subjective feeling of fatigue correlated positively (RS = 0.53, P less than 0.001) with the increased pulse rate seen during orthostatic stress after operation. Heart rate was about 5 per cent higher (n.s.) after operation when bicycling at the same work loads, while oxygen consumption decreased by about 2 per cent (P less than 0.01) at all three postoperative bicycle tests. It is concluded that even electric uncomplicated abdominal surgery is followed by a pronounced feeling of fatigue, which may persist 1 month after surgery in about one-third of patients. The fatigue scale model seems applicable for future studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of the postoperative fatigue syndrome. PMID- 7104619 TI - The clinical syndrome of mammary duct ectasia. AB - Over an 11-year period in one surgeon's practice, mammary duct ectasia constituted 5.5 per cent of all breast diseases treated by operation. A total of 78 patients undergoing major duct excision for mammary duct ectasia has been studied to determine the success of the standard operative treatment. Good results were obtained when the indications for operation were nipple retraction, nipple discharge or a sub-areolar mass. By contrast, generally poor results were obtained in 9 patients in whom the indication for operation was recurrent para areolar sepsis; two of these ultimately came to simple mastectomy. PMID- 7104618 TI - Conservative management of unintentional distal embolization following intravascular occlusive therapy. PMID- 7104620 TI - Treatment of well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid based on initial staging. AB - Sixty-six patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas have been followed up for a minimum of 10 years. A conservative surgical approach was adopted for unsuspected intrathyroid tumours. Twenty-three out of 29 patients (80 per cent) with papillary carcinomas and 18 out of 37 (50 per cent) with follicular carcinomas were alive at the time of review. Although patients with follicular carcinoma have only a moderate overall prognosis, patients with node-negative intrathyroid tumours (unsuspected) treated by conservative resection have a 79 per cent 10-year survival. These survival figures compare favourably with other reported series where all the patients were treated by radical surgery. Early conversion of a conservative resection to a total thyroidectomy for an unexpected tumour does not appear to be warranted since an increased risk of complications is not balanced by an improved outcome. Two patients, with intrathyroid papillary carcinomas who developed tumours in the residual gland more than 5 years after initial lobectomy, successfully underwent further resections of the thyroid remnants, and are disease free more than 9 years later. PMID- 7104621 TI - Long term prognosis after resection for ileocolic Crohn's disease. PMID- 7104622 TI - Ten years' survival after right hemihepatectomy for multiple metastases: a case report. PMID- 7104623 TI - Ischaemic proctitis followed by stricture. PMID- 7104624 TI - Thyroid disease and breast cancer: findings in a large case-control study. PMID- 7104625 TI - Cosmetic and functional advantages of foam elastomer dressing in the management of epidermoid cancer of the cheek. PMID- 7104616 TI - Neoplasia and ureterosigmoidostomy: a colonoscopy survey. AB - Patients who have undergone implantation of ureters into the sigmoid colon (ureterosigmoidostomy) are known to be at high risk of developing cancer of the colon many years later. The operation is often performed in infancy for congenital abnormalities of the bladder, thus creating a long term surveillance problem. Six of 34 patients (17.6 per cent) who had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy were found at a screening fibresigmoidoscopy to have adenomas of the left colon or severe dysplasia of the stoma, a mean interval of 22 years after their urinary diversion. Four other patients had previously had a sigmoid adenoma or cancer; thus, 29 per cent overall had developed colonic neoplasms, almost all closely related to their stomas. Another patient who, by error, was excluded from the surveillance, died of metastatic cancer of the sigmoid colon within the study period. Regular surveillance by fibresigmoidoscopy of patients who have had urinary diversion affords the opportunity to detect and remove potentially malignant sigmoid lesions. In addition to its clinical importance, it allows a closer study of this unique model of colon carcinogenesis. PMID- 7104626 TI - Gastric rupture due to seat belt injury. PMID- 7104627 TI - A double clamp for tantalum clips in parietal cell vagotomy. PMID- 7104628 TI - The extent of examination by rigid sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 7104629 TI - The effect of gastrointestinal malignancy on resting metabolic expenditure. PMID- 7104630 TI - Adverse effects of exploratory laparotomy in patients with unsuspected liver disease. AB - Thirty-six patients were referred to the Liver Unit between 1971 and 1980 after unsuspected liver disease had been found at laparotomy. The preoperative diagnosis had been extrahepatic biliary obstruction in 16 patients and intra abdominal malignancy in 15. Misdiagnosis resulted from insufficient attention to the history and physical signs in 31 patients and omission or misinterpretation of liver function tests and of other hepatobiliary investigations in the remaining 5 patients. The morbidity and mortality of the 36 patients within 1 month of operation was 61 per cent and 31 per cent respectively. All patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis died, and severe complications, which included bacterial peritonitis, wound dehiscence and hepatic failure, developed in 13 of 15 in whom ascites due to cirrhosis or the Budd-Chiari syndrome was present before operation. PMID- 7104631 TI - Diagnostic features of early high post-laparotomy fever: a prospective study of 100 patients. AB - To define the most important diagnostic signs, symptoms and laboratory findings related to intra-abdominal sepsis in the early post-operative period, 15 binary variables were prospectively assessed in 100 febrile (greater than 39 degrees C) post-laparotomy patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intra-abdominal sepsis was found alone in 55 patients and in association with an extra-abdominal focus in 11 patients. Fever was related to an extra-abdominal septic focus in 23 patients and no infectious cause was found in 11. Analysis (chi 2) indicated that 6 of the 15 variables were significantly associated with an intra-abdominal focus of infection. The predictive value of each variable, indicated by relative risk, ranked the six variables in order of diagnostic importances: no bacteraemia (1.67), leucocytosis (1.60), ileus (1.50), mental disturbances (1.41), contaminated first laparotomy (1.38), abdominal tenderness (1.22). The absence of bacteraemia was the most important finding separating intra- and extra-abdominal foci of infection. In a febrile post-laparotomy patient with any evidence of sepsis, the absence of bacteraemia should not lull the physician into a false sense of security but rather alert him to the likelihood of an intra-abdominal septic focus. PMID- 7104634 TI - The use of a rigid choledochoscope in exploration of the common bile duct. AB - In 62 consecutive explorations of the common bile duct during a 2-year period, a Storz rigid choledochoscope was used to visualize the lumen of the duct before its closure over a T tube. All patients had radiological abnormalities on cholangiography: 45 had stones and 17 apparent strictures. In those with stones, the instrument was introduced after apparent removal of the stones to confirm the completeness of the manoeuvre. This examination showed that 11 patients (25 per cent) still had stones present and needed further manipulation. When the duct was seen to be clear, a T tube was inserted and the validity of the choledochoscopic findings checked by postoperative T-tube cholangiography. This confirmed the visual accuracy in all but one patient, an accuracy of 98 per cent. Of the 17 patients explored for other radiological abnormalities, choledochoscopy correctly determined the aetiology or excluded abnormalities in all cases. No complications of the procedure were encountered. PMID- 7104632 TI - Does calcitonin cause hypocalcaemia after thyroidectomy? AB - Plasma calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, total thyroid hormones and calcium were measured in 6 patients before, during and after thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. In 4 patients, plasma calcium fell postoperatively by 0.23--0.46 mmol/l, but there was no change in calcitonin or parathyroid hormone levels. In one patient, in whom there was a postoperative fall in plasma calcium of 0.55 mmol/l, thyroid hormones rose to a peak at 1 h and calcitonin to a peak at 12 h after resection. However, the rise in calcitonin occurred 8 h after the initial decrease in plasma calcium. In this patient, parathyroid hormone levels showed a slight rise only. It is concluded that, while thyroid hormones and calcitonin may leak from the damaged thyroid remnant after surgery, it is unlikely that calcitonin is important in the production of postoperative hypocalcaemia. However, impaired parathyroid hormone secretion may be a contributing factor. PMID- 7104633 TI - Pre-incisional intraparietal injection of cephamandole: a new approach to wound infection prophylaxis. AB - Pre-incisional injection of cephamandole has been studied. Wound tissue levels of cephamandole have been found to be extremely high throughout the operation. Serum levels were compared to those obtained with parenterally administered antibiotic. The use of a pre-incisional injection of antibiotic therefore offers major theoretical advantages over the use of either conventional parenteral or topical antibiotics in the prevention of postoperative sepsis. PMID- 7104635 TI - The pelvic ileal reservoir: an experimental assessment of its function compared with that of normal rectum. AB - The function of the 3-loop pelvic ileal reservoir as an alternative to total proctocolectomy and ileostomy is assessed experimentally in dogs and compared with normal rectum under identical conditions. No difference was found between the pelvic ileal reservoir and normal rectum in their ability to maintain continence. The efficiency of evacuation, however, is significantly better in normal rectum (P less than 0.01). Observations made over a prolonged period of time suggest that frequency of defecation, tenesmus and incomplete evacuation are persistent problems with an ileal reservoir. The results of the experiments concur with clinical findings that satisfactory continence may be achieved by using the ileal reservoir but that it does not possess the ability of normal rectum to evacuate completely. Hence the frequent need for self-catheterization. PMID- 7104637 TI - Intraoperative microscopy of bile--is it useful? AB - Direct microscopy of the bile was performed during cholecystectomy in 111 patients in an attempt to identify those with a high risk of wound infection. Bacteria were identified in 23 patients, 11 of 83 undergoing cholecystectomy alone and 12 of 28 undergoing exploration of the common bile duct (P less than 0.01). These 23 patients were randomly allocated to an antibiotic group or a control group; there was one wound infection in the antibiotic group and two in the control group. A total of 14 patients developed wound sepsis. Infection was more likely if the common bile duct was explored (6 of 28) rather than cholecystectomy alone (8 of 83). There was a poor correlation between microscopy and culture of the bile for bacteria and there was no increase in sepsis when bacteria were observed on microscopy. We were not able to identify a high risk group of patients by intraoperative microscopy of bile. PMID- 7104636 TI - The pelvic floor musculature in the descending perineum syndrome. AB - We have studied 20 patients with the descending perineum syndrome, half of whom were incontinent of faeces. Objective criteria were established in 103 control subjects for determining the relationship of the perineum to the bony pelvis. The anal reflex latency was increased in the 10 patients in whom perineal descent was associated with faecal incontinence, but not in the 10 without incontinence. However, there was hypertrophy of the muscle fibers in external anal sphincter muscle biopsies in all the patients. Thus, abnormal degrees of perineal descent are associated with changes in the external anal sphincter muscle, consistent with damage to its nerve supply. PMID- 7104638 TI - Acute acalculous cholecystitis following trauma. AB - A consecutive series of 11 patients with post-traumatic acute acalculous cholecystitis is reviewed. Three patients had sustained multiple trauma, whereas 6 patients had recently undergone alimentary tract surgery and 2 patients orthopaedic or gynaecological surgery. All patients were treated by cholecystectomy. Four cases required reoperation because of an abdominal abscess and 2 cases because of a subcutaneous abscess. One patient was re-explored due to haemorrhage from the gallbladder bed, and another patient due to occlusion of the coeliac axis. The mortality rate was 18 per cent. The importance of early diagnosis and surgical intervention with cholecystectomy are emphasized in this rare condition with high morbidity and mortality. PMID- 7104639 TI - Partial excision and drainage of post-traumatic splenic cysts. AB - In areas of the world where malaria is endemic it is now advisable to conserve the spleen whenever possible following trauma. Post-traumatic cysts of the spleen may therefore be more commonly encountered. The experience in the four cases presented here shows that such cysts can be successfully managed without splenectomy. Evacuation of the cyst contents at laparotomy, followed by excision of the capsular component of the cyst and external drainage, gives good results. PMID- 7104640 TI - Carcinomas of the colon presenting as remote abscesses. PMID- 7104641 TI - Nine years' experience with end-to-end arteriovenous fistula at the 'anatomical snuffbox' for maintenance haemodialysis. AB - One hundred and seventy-seven end-to-end arteriovenous fistulas were created at the 'anatomical snuffbox' between 1 January 1972 and 31 December 1980. The survival rate of the fistulas was 83.1 per cent at 1 year and 46.3 per cent at 6.5 years; 10.2 per cent failed immediately. Local and general complications were virtually absent. Forty fistulas stopped functioning after a period varying from 10 days to 6.5 years following the operation. The main cause of late failure (50 per cent) was aneurysm formation due to repeated needle venepuncture at the same site and subsequent obliteration of the upper venous segment. The end-to-end anastomosis seems to be preferable to other techniques because of the absence of local vascular complications and a lower risk of cardiac embarassment. The 'anatomical snuffbox' site is convenient and spares the proximal vessels for reoperation if necessary. PMID- 7104642 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea and its management. AB - A series of 100 cases of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea has been analysed with reference to the incidence and pattern of meningitis in order to formulate a rationale for the future management of such cases. Most cases are best managed conservatively for the first 14 days during which the majority resolve spontaneously. Of those requiring surgery, the trans-ethmoid/sphenoidal route of repair is preferred except in certain specified circumstances. The high incidence of meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea following nasal or trans sphenoidal surgery probably demands early operation by craniotomy. PMID- 7104643 TI - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the investigation and management of patients after acute pancreatitis. PMID- 7104644 TI - Sensitivity of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 7104645 TI - Conservative surgery for peptic oesophageal strictures. PMID- 7104646 TI - Linear ulcers of the greater curvature of the stomach in patients with mucosal pyloric stenosis. PMID- 7104647 TI - Peptic ulceration in adolescence. PMID- 7104649 TI - Implantation of autologous splenic tissue after splenectomy for trauma. PMID- 7104648 TI - Dumping symptoms after vagotomy treated by reversal of pyloroplasty. PMID- 7104650 TI - Ischaemia and partial resection for control of splenic hyperfunction. PMID- 7104652 TI - The monark bicycle ergometer in screening arterial patients. PMID- 7104653 TI - Pancreatic fistula following operative fine-needle aspiration. PMID- 7104651 TI - Spectral analysis of doppler ultrasound: its clinical application in lower limb ischaemia. PMID- 7104654 TI - Prospective study of dialysis fistulas: problem patients and their treatment. PMID- 7104655 TI - Acute intermittent porphyria: a non-surgical cause of abdominal pain. PMID- 7104657 TI - Treatment of trichomoniasis with metronidazole rectal suppositories. AB - Since a single dose of metronidazole in suppository form is very effective in the prevention of postoperative Gram-negative anaerobic infections, 84 patients with vaginal trichomoniasis were treated with metronidazole suppositories (two 1-g suppositories in a single dose). The cure rate in this series was 94%. PMID- 7104656 TI - Skew flap myoplastic below-knee amputation: a preliminary report. PMID- 7104658 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with hepatitis A in a male homosexual. AB - A 48-year-old male homosexual developed the Guillain-Barre syndrome in association with acute hepatitis. The hepatitis A virus was almost certainly transmitted sexually. Since the incidence of viral hepatitis is high in active male homosexuals, they are particularly at risk of developing such complications. PMID- 7104659 TI - Inefficacy of cimetidine in condylomata acuminata. PMID- 7104660 TI - Post-gonococcal cervicitis and post-gonococcal urethritis. PMID- 7104661 TI - False-negative test results to non-agglutinating (incomplete) antibodies. PMID- 7104662 TI - Hereditary Pick's disease: second re-examination of the large family and discussion of other hereditary cases, with particular reference to electroencephalography, a computerized tomography. AB - A large family with Pick's disease was re-examined after twenty years. Five new cases were found, one in the fourth and four in the fifth generation. This family now includes 25 patients with the clinical diagnosis Pick's disease, proven by autopsy in 14, and 7 patients in whom the same diagnosis was considered likely, over six generations. The additional information strongly supports the previously postulated dominant mode of inheritance in this family. In connection with the possible hereditary nature of Pick's disease in general, data on reported families in which the disease occurred in two or more generations and unpublished data on three other families are discussed. Since the diagnosis Pick's disease was certain in affected members of this family, the value of electroencephalography and computerized tomography could be assessed. Persons at risk but without clinical signs of the disease were investigated in the same way, and in 4 cases out of 12, distinct frontal atrophy was found. In one of these cases clinical signs of Picks disease became manifest a year after the investigation. PMID- 7104663 TI - Writers' cramp-a focal dystonia. AB - We have examined 29 subjects with writers' cramp (and 4 with typists' and one with pianists' cramp) and have noted two major groupings, simple and dystonic. We have observed spread from one to the other. We have seen repeatedly, in patients with isolated simple writers' cramp certain subtle physical signs which are found also in other basal ganglia diseases. We have noted also the frequent association of other features of segmental and generalized dystonia in patients with dystonic writers' cramp. We have demonstrated that patients with isolated writers' cramp have no higher an incidence of psychiatric disturbance, as judged by formal Present State Examination, than the normal population. We conclude that isolated writers' cramp is a physical illness rather than a psychological disturbance, and that it is a focal dystonia. PMID- 7104664 TI - Brainstem encephalitis and the syndrome of Miller Fisher: a clinical study. PMID- 7104665 TI - Unilateral spatial neglect and recovery from hemiplegia: a follow-up study. AB - A follow-up study was undertaken in order to investigate the outcome of recovery from right and left hemiplegia on simple motor function and activities of daily living. The role of concomitant neurophysiological deficits was also investigated. The main results indicate that after six months from onset, left hemiplegics show a lesser degree of improvement in independence and social adjustment coupled with a tendency to a poorer recovery of motor function than the corresponding group of right hemiplegics. Unilateral spatial neglect, which is more frequent and severe in the group of left hemiplegics, seems to be crucial in hampering their performance. PMID- 7104666 TI - Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: biochemical studies in two cases revealing defects in the respiratory chain. AB - We describe two patients with mitochondrial myopathies who presented with complex multisystem diseases predominantly affecting the central nervous system. In both cases the disease ran a fluctuating clinical course, eventually leading to profound impairment of intellectual function. In Case 1 dementia was associated with optic atrophy, absent pupillary responses, impaired eye movements and generalized dystonic rigidity without evidence of weakness or loss of muscle bulk. In Case 2 myoclonus preceded the onset of ataxia, generalized weakness and mental confusion by several years. Biochemical studies on isolated muscle mitochondria revealed defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain which were located at NADH-CoQ reductase in Case 1, and at cytochrome b in Case 2. This study illustrates the potential value of muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of unusual and otherwise unexplained cerebral syndromes in man, even in the absence of muscle weakness. PMID- 7104667 TI - Functional organization of the dogfish vestibulocerebellum. AB - Electrophysiological and light microscopical studies were made on the dogfish vestibulocerebellum. The cell types, estimates of their numbers, and the organization of this part of the cerebellum are described and compared with the other lobes of the elasmobranch cerebellum. Electrophysiological study of the inputs to this region from the VIIIth nerves indicates that primary afferent fibres from the VIIIth nerve project to the ipsilateral granule cell layer. PMID- 7104668 TI - Organization of the facial nucleus in the rat. AB - The topographic organization of the facial nucleus motoneurons in the rat was investigated with the horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing method using tetramethyl benzidine as a chromogen. Facial muscles were 'represented' on the facial nucleus in an orderly fashion. For example, the motoneurons supplying the rostral (nasolabial) muscles are laterally placed, whereas those supplying the caudal (auricular) muscles are medially placed. Notable findings in this study are: (i) the relatively unremarkable size of the nasolabial (vibrissal) muscle representation; there does not seem to be an increase in size of this part of the nucleus, commensurate with the specialized sensory functions of the vibrissal area of the face and (ii) the neurons supplying the posterior belly of the digastric are found in the suprafacial nucleus which lies about 1 mm dorsal to the main facial nucleus. PMID- 7104669 TI - Organization of cortical afferents to the prefrontal cortex in the bush baby (Galago senegalensis). AB - Cortical afferents to the prefrontal cortex were studied in 10 bush babies (Galago senegalensis) by means of somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The lateral injections invariably labeled neurons in the temporal cortex and in most cases also in the insular and parietal regions. In some of these brains the cingulate and retrosplenial areas contained labeled perikarya. Injections into the medial cortex, on the other hand, consistently labeled cell bodies in the cingulate cortex, but not in the insular, temporal and parietal regions. When both lateral and medial sites of the bush baby's prefrontal cortex are considered together, apparently fewer cortical areas (as defined by Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic maps) project to the prefrontal cortex in the bush baby than in the rhesus monkey. This statement holds for both ipsi- and contralateral projections. PMID- 7104670 TI - Ontogeny of the brain in a marsupial (Macropus eugenii) throughout pouch life. I. Brain growth. AB - Growth characteristics of the tammar wallaby brain have been determined from 143 animals at various stages of growth from birth to adulthood, with particular emphasis on the 250 days of pouch life. The macroscopic anatomy of the brain is also described for pouch young at days 3, 5, 88 and 190 days after birth, and for the adult. The transition from the rapid to mature growth phases of each brain structure occurs between days 120 and 180 after birth, and coincides with the appearance of previously described developmental characters or behaviour. The allometric relationships of brain and body growth described in this marsupial resemble those described for primates. Because of the accessibility of the pouch young during the critical period of brain differentiation, this marsupial may provide a useful laboratory model for the study of brain development. PMID- 7104671 TI - Phylogeny through brain traits: fifteen characters which adumbrate mammalian genealogy. AB - Fifteen characters of brain organization are identified for which primitive and derived states can be distinguished, and which are thus useful in reconstructing mammalian phylogeny. The states of the characters are numerically coded in sequence from most primitive to most derived, to facilitate reciprocal comparisons in comprehensive genealogical analyses. The characters include certain features of cerebral circulation, cytoarchitecture, fiber pathways, and sensory projections. Seven characters are shared with nonmammals, a fact which makes then particularly useful for establishing their primitive vs. derived states; the other eight characters are features peculiar to mammals. Ten characters provide impressive reinforcement for traditional major grouping of the species, while five provide bases for new ideas about mammalian relationships. PMID- 7104672 TI - Encephalization in mammals in relation to the size of the cerebral cortex. AB - A new index of encephalization has been proposed based on a reanalysis of the brain-body weight relationship in mammals. The new index, c, is related to the volume of the whole brain as well as to the surface and volume of the cerebral cortex. From an evolutionary point of view the index-cortex relationship is particularly interesting, since the structure of the brain which contributes most to its evolutionary progression is the cerebral cortex. A theory of corticalization has been developed in which the surface of the cerebral cortex is analyzed into two components, Sb, determined by the size of the animal, and Se, associated with an increase in the information-processing capacity. An analogue division has been performed for the cortical volume. Furthermore, an inquiry has been made into the brain structure which can serve as an estimator of body weight. The medulla oblongata appears to be such a structure. PMID- 7104674 TI - Linguistic and nonlinguistic processing of narratives in aphasia. PMID- 7104675 TI - Aphasics' selective deficits in appreciating grammatical agreements. PMID- 7104676 TI - Hemispheric differences in picture--word interference. PMID- 7104673 TI - Phylogeny through brain traits: the distribution of categorizing characters in contemporary mammals. AB - The varying states of 15 characters of the central neural organization are tabulated as they occur in each of 147 mammalian species. For each character and species, scores are entered designating the primitive or derived state of the character as it is observed in that species. This tabulation provides data in numerically ordered form for multiple analyses of possible phylogenetic relationships which take into account variations in several different characters simultaneously. PMID- 7104677 TI - On the structure of word deafness and mechanisms underlying the fluctuation of disturbances of higher cortical functions. PMID- 7104679 TI - Basic determinants in visual-field effects with special reference to the Hannay et al. (1981) study. PMID- 7104678 TI - Vowel processing in the left and right visual fields. PMID- 7104680 TI - Sex and handedness differences in EEG measures of hemispheric specialization. PMID- 7104681 TI - Cerebral organization in adult second language acquisition: is the right hemisphere more involved? PMID- 7104683 TI - Phonological deficits in children with developmental language impairment. PMID- 7104682 TI - Aphasic adults' use of heuristic and structural linguistic cues for sentence analysis. PMID- 7104684 TI - Nonverbal categorization in fluent and nonfluent anomic aphasics. PMID- 7104685 TI - Plasticity of the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse by spine takeover and new synapse formation in the adult rat. AB - Alteration in synaptic connectivity between Purkinje cell spines and parallel fibers of the cerebellum were studied following partial deafferentation of Purkinje cells in the the adult rat. Transection of parallel fibers by two lesions placed at a 1 mm interval on the folial crest were used to produce degeneration of these afferents. Ultrastructural analysis of synapses on Purkinje cell spines revealed degeneration with vacating of postsynaptic sites within 6 h. Reactive synaptogenesis as takeover of Purkinje cell spines by formation of new synapses from remaining parallel fibers occurred even before degenerating parallel fibers had vacated postsynaptic sites. This was accompanied by a marked increase in the number of dual innervations by reactive parallel fibers within one day. Some vacated postsynaptic sites were lost as indicated by a reduction in the number of synapses and others may have been taken over by newly formed synapses on spines. In addition, new synapses formed between the shafts of Purkinje cell branchlets and parallel fibers. Sprouting of parallel fibers occurred as small extensions without tubules while Purkinje cell spines reacted by forming elongated and multiple heads which contacted different parallel fibers. After 5 days degenerating boutons were rarely found. Enlarged spine heads were each capped by a proportionally enlarged parallel fiber bouton and joined by an elongated synaptic junction to parallel fibers. Some parallel fiber boutons were greatly enlarged and capped numerous profiles of spines. This study shows that formation of new pre- and postsynaptic sites takes precedence over reoccupation of original contacts and that multiple synapses on individual spines are being eliminated to give rise to single contacts with boutons. This elimination resulted in enlargement of synaptic contact areas between Purkinje cell spines and parallel fibers by taking over postsynaptic sites from some vacated and eliminated boutons. PMID- 7104686 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of ovariectomized rats after estrogen treatment. AB - The changes produced in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of ovariectomized rats after administration of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate/kg body weight were studied using light and electron microscopy. Quantitative morphometric studies included number and size of VMN neurons and nuclei, size and density of terminals and synaptic contacts, spine-to-shaft ratio of postsynaptic elements and relative frequency of two types of synaptic vesicles. Evidence was obtained favoring the concept of heterogeneous composition of the VMN: in ovariectomized animals many cells appeared in a state of quiescence, but other neurons showed no major alterations. Estrogen administration to ovariectomized rats produced evidence of metabolic stimulation such as increase in rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, condensation of nucleolar material, enlarged Golgi and presence of pleomorphic mitochondria. The number of neurons in the VMN was not modified by estrogen treatment; however, neuron soma and nuclei were larger. In the ventrolateral division of the VMN terminals and synaptic contacts per unit area were increased after estrogen treatment, but synaptic contact length, terminal size and spine-to-shaft ratio were not modified. The possibility that the differences observed may be consequent to changes in synaptic organization of the VMN related to its estrogen-dependent functions is discussed. PMID- 7104687 TI - EMG activity and kinematics of human cycling movements at different constant velocities. AB - Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in the human lower extremity while subjects performed bicycling movements over a range of constant pedalling velocities. Kinematics of knee and hip cyclical movements were analyzed from 16 mm film. The reciprocal pattern of activation in agonist and antagonist muscles and timing of EMG initiation relative to knee joint were studied. Reciprocal activation of rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles was generally observed to occur during the mid-extension or mid-flexion phase of knee movements. This timing of activation pattern coincided well with the period of peak angular velocity and zero angular acceleration. As pedalling speeds approached maximum, activation times of the bifunctional, biarticular rectus femoris, biceps and gastrocnemius muscles were considerably advanced in phase relative to knee joint angles, whereas, EMG initiation of monofunctional, single joint, tibalis anterior and vastus medialis muscles maintained a relatively stable knee position-activation time relationship. At higher velocities, biceps femoris EMG activity was characterized as having a double burst pattern of activation. A less distinctive double burst pattern was seen in the rectus femoris EMG at higher cycling speeds. EMG pattern analysis of the rectus and biceps femoris muscles revealed an earlier onset of activity for both muscles during maximum cycling velocities, relative to cyclical phases of the knee joint angle. Considerable overlapping of the EMG bursts was seen beyond pedalling rates of 1 Hz. Co-contraction between rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles could be observed during the acceleration period involving an abrupt switch to maximum pedalling performance. When co-contraction was observed, the joint angular acceleration curves observed during the knee flexion period accounted for a larger portion of a single cycle, and were more irregular than the angular accelerations observed during knee extension. PMID- 7104688 TI - Inhibitory modulation of long-term potentiation: evidence for a postsynaptic locus of control. AB - Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the excitatory synapses of the perforant path onto the granule cells of the fascia dentata was prevented, or greatly reduced in amount, by stimulation of the contralateral hilus, a source of the commissural afferents and an indirect source of granule cell inhibition. The LTP was reduced only when the onset of contralateral stimulation fell within 50 ms before and 1 ms after the onset of the perforant path conditioning train. Over this time interval, the ability of the volley from the contralateral hilus to block granule cell discharge (population spike) caused by the perforant path conditioning train varied, but not with a time course corresponding to the reduction of LTP. Although trains of impulses applied at high frequency (3-8 pulses at 400 Hz) were often able to block the perforant path LTP completely, single shocks strong enough to block the perforant path population spike were not sufficient to reduce LTP. The results support Marr's proposal that local inhibitory networks may set the threshold for producing long-term synaptic modification. They do not support Hebb's nor Uttley's proposal since the long-term synaptic modification did not depend on either the occurrence or the absence of a postsynaptic action potential.U PMID- 7104689 TI - Effect of pentobarbital on Na and Ca action potentials in an invertebrate neuron. AB - It has been suggested that Ca currents may be more sensitive to barbiturate blockade than Na currents. This hypothesis has been tested by comparing the effect of pentobarbital (PB) on the maximum rate of rise (V max) of Ca-depended and Na-dependent action potentials in cell R2 of the Aplysia abdominal ganglion. In Ca-free medium ([Na]o = 494 mM), V max of Na-spikes ranged from 50 to 100 V/s, while in Na-free medium ([Ca]o = 30 mM), V max of Ca-spikes ranged from 7 to 20 V/s. Under these conditions, Ca-spikes were 3-4 times more sensitive to barbiturate blockade than were Na-spikes. However, it was found that the sensitivity of Na- and Ca-spikes to PB dependent on V max of the spike prior to drug addition. V max was manipulated by altering the driving force on the current carrying cation; this was accomplished by changing the concentration of the cation in the bathing medium. Thus, Ca-spikes, elicited in media containing 10 mM Ca, were more sensitive to PB than were Ca-spikes elicited in 30 mM Ca. Likewise, the sensitivity of Na-spikes to PB could be altered by changing the external Na concentration, and consequently, V max. When the external Na and Ca concentrations were adjusted so that V max of Na- and Ca-spikes were similar, prior to drug addition, the PB dose-response curves for Na- and Ca-spikes overlapped. The mechanism accounting for the dependence of PB sensitivity on V max prior to drug addition remains unclear. However, the observation that PB dose response curves for Na- and Ca-spikes are similar when V max of the spikes is similar, suggests that Na and Ca currents may be equally sensitive to PB in this particular cell. PMID- 7104690 TI - Effects of choline and glucose on atropine-induced alterations of acetylcholine synthesis and content in the caudate nuclei of rats. PMID- 7104691 TI - On the role of the dorsal mesencephalic tegmentum in the control of masculine sexual behavior in the rat: effects of electrolytic lesions, ibotenic acid and DSP 4. AB - The work presented here concerns the way in which the dorsal midbrain tegmentum (DMT) participates in the control of sexual behavior. It was first established that electrolytic DMT lesions accelerate mating in the male rat, primarily by abbreviating the post-ejaculatory interval. Since the effective lesions were accompanied by decreases in the in vitro synaptosomal uptake of [3H]noradrenaline (NA) in hippocampus and hypothalamus, the behavioral effects of DSP4 (which elicits degeneration in NA nerve terminals derived primarily from the locus coeruleus) were examined. The long-term behavioral consequences of DSP4, however, were to decrease copulatory rate despite substantial NA denervation of brain and spinal cord. Ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the DMT, on the other hand, accelerated copulatory behavior while leaving NA innervation of hippocampus and hypothalamus unaffected. The magnitude of the behavioral effect in ibotenic acid-treated rats was less than that induced by electrolytic DMT lesions. It is tentatively suggested on the basis of these-experiments that DMT cell bodies may form part of a system regulating sexual arousal mechanisms, whilst activity in a non-adrenergic fiber system running in the dorsal tegmental bundle may be required for active inhibition of sexual behavior after ejaculation. In additional experiments it was found that DSP4 treatment of female rats produced negligible effects on sexual behavior, estrous cyclicity and processes related to lactation. PMID- 7104692 TI - Spinal cord tracts mediating voluntary movement of hindlimb in dog. AB - A transverse section of the dorso-lateral white column and the white matter ventrally to the tip of the anterior horn at T-8 completely eliminated the hindlimb flexion response of the dog to an auditory command for a period of 2-5 years. The severed white matter was believed to contain the corticospinal, rubrospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and propriospinal tracts. PMID- 7104693 TI - Spatial dimension in olfactory coding: a representation of the 2-deoxyglucose patterns of glomerular labeling in the olfactory bulb. AB - A method has been developed for visualizing the patterns of uptake of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) induced in the glomerular layer of rat olfactory bulbs by various olfactory stimuli. Some characteristics of these patterns such as shape, contrast, symmetry, specificity and variability, are discussed. This method is thought to be useful for understanding olfactory coding at the glomerular level. PMID- 7104694 TI - Effects of stimulation of the dorsocaudal claustrum on activities of striate cortex neurons in the cat. AB - In the cat striate cortex, single electrical shocks applied to the dorsocaudal claustrum (CLdc) elicited bimodal excitatory responses with about 12 and 26 ms latencies. About one-fourth of the cortical cells observed had CLdc-induced inhibitions with onset latencies longer than the excitations. On cortical field responses to geniculate stimulation, CLdc conditioning shocks exerted early facilitatory and late inhibitory effects which were shown to be not transmitted through the mesencephalic reticular formation. PMID- 7104695 TI - Noxious intensities of visceral stimulation are required to activate viscerosomatic multireceptive neurons in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. AB - Single unit electrical activity has been recorded from neurons in the Th8 and Th9 segments of the spinal cord in chloralose-anesthetized cats. These neurons had cutaneous receptive fields in the right costal region from which they could be driven by noxious and/or innocuous stimulation of the skin. They could also be activated by distensions of the biliary system but only at noxious intensities of visceral stimulation. No viscero-somatic convergent neurons has been found responding to innocuous visceral stimulation. PMID- 7104696 TI - Induction of hindlimb stepping movements in rats spinally transected as adults or as neonates. AB - Rats were spinally transected as adults or as neonates. When their hindlimbs were held off the ground and tail pinch was applied, both groups of animals exhibited a strong tendency to step with alternating limbs. The most striking difference between the groups was in the rate of stepping, the neonatal spinals being significantly faster than the adult spinals. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that adult-transected rats retain a degree of locomotion-related coordination. PMID- 7104697 TI - Effect of electroconvulsive shock on central cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors. AB - Sensitivity of central cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors was studied in rats after application of single and repeated (once daily for 7 days) electroconvulsive shocks (ECS). Oxotremorine-induced tremor was significantly enhanced after single as well as chronic exposure to ECS; [3H]QNB binding in frontal cortex was also significantly increased by chronic ECS. The results indicate that ECS develops supersensitivity in central muscarinic receptors. PMID- 7104698 TI - Glucose utilization increases in choroid plexus during slow wave sleep. A [14C] deoxyglucose study in the cat. AB - Glucose utilization (GU) was measured during spontaneous waking and slow-wave sleep (SWS) by adaptation of the [14C]deoxyglucose method to the unrestrained cat. In sleeping animals a greater autoradiographic signal between choroid plexus (CP) and the rest of brain was noticed. Quantification provided an index of the metabolic rate of CP and confirmed that mean values for GU were significantly higher in "sleeping' than in "awake' cats. PMID- 7104699 TI - Midbrain distribution of neurons with strong, sustained responses to lordosis trigger stimuli in the female golden hamster. AB - Midbrain single units in anesthetized female hamsters were examined for pronounced, sustained responses to types of somatic stimuli which control the display of lordosis during periods of sexual receptivity. Units showing strong responses to lordosis trigger stimuli were widely distributed, but tended to be most concentrated in th deep superior colliculus, ventromedial midbrain and central gray, brain regions previously implicated, by other methods, in the control of hamster lordosis. PMID- 7104700 TI - The role of premotor and parietal cortex in the direction of action. PMID- 7104701 TI - Endocytosis of nerve growth factor by PC12 cells studied by quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography. AB - The endocytosis of [125I]nerve growth factor (NGF) by cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells, the PC12 line, was studied by ultrastructural quantitative autoradiography. Cells previously grown in the absence of NGF were incubated at 37 degrees C with [125I]NGF for periods of up to 26 h. Under these conditions, PC12 cells have not yet shown outgrowth of neurites. Heavy labeling of the plasma membrane was observed at 2 h. At 6 and 26 h, lower but significant levels of labeling of the plasma membrane were still noted. After 2, 6 and 26 h, endocytosis of [125I]NGF was detected. Low breakdown of [125I]NGF was observed only after 26 h. At 26 h, grain density distributions of [125I]NGF showed significant labeling of lysosomes, while nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulum showed the lowest levels of labeling. Significant apparent labeling of vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of various cytoplasmic components, including cytoskeletal elements, was also observed. These findings indicate that [125I]NGF undergoes endocytosis quite slowly. During the initial phase of the interaction between NGF and PC12 cells, plasma membrane moieties are constantly labeled while lysosomes show progressively increasing uptake of NGF. The pathway of endocytosis of [125I]NGF included vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum but the Golgi apparatus was not unequivocally labeled. The findings do not support the hypothesis that NGF is transported to the nucleus for the initiation of transcriptional events. Our morphologic observations are consistent with the hypothesis that NGF constantly occupies sites on or adjacent to the plasma membrane, and that it slowly undergoes endocytosis into lysosomes. PMID- 7104702 TI - A histochemical study of GABA-transaminase in the efferents of the pallidum. AB - Kainic acid lesions of the globus pallidus reduce the histochemically detectable GABA-transaminase activity in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. A similar decrease in enzyme activity occurs in the lateral habenula following lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus. Previous results on the localization of GABA transaminase in efferents of the striatum indicated that such histochemistry may be a useful adjunct for the demonstration of GABA pathways. The present data are consistent with some previous literature indicating that these two pallidal efferents may contain GABA. PMID- 7104703 TI - Connections of cat omnipause neurons. AB - Omnipause neurons (OPNs) are brainstem neurons that have been implicated in the generation of saccades. Anatomically demonstrated projections from the OPN region to the cerebellum and spinal cord originate from neighboring neurons, not from OPNs. OPNs are activated following stimulation of the optic chiasm and superior colliculus, but not following stimulation of the vestibular nerve. PMID- 7104705 TI - Microiontophoretically applied 5-HT reduces responses to noxious stimulation in the thalamus. PMID- 7104706 TI - Extraparenchymal neural transplants: their cytology and survivability. PMID- 7104704 TI - The properties of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked in trigeminal motoneurons by trigeminal nerve stimulation. PMID- 7104707 TI - The morphological correlates of primate cerebrospinal fluid absorption. AB - Arachnoid villi from cynomolgus monkeys subjected to various states of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption have been examined with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Pressures within the superior sagittal sinus and the subarachnoid space were rigidly controlled, both prior to and during perfusion fixation and, as such, we created and studied conditions of normal, absent and increased cerebrospinal fluid absorption. Under normal conditions, the most prominent feature of the CSF/blood interface was the presence of endothelial intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The presence of these vacuoles was suggested with SEM and readily confirmed with TEM. Occasionally, these vacuoles coalesced with both the CSF and sagittal sinus fronts, thereby creating transcellular channels as identified by TEM or surface pores as seen with SEM. Villi perfused during conditions of no CSF flow exhibited none of the previously described vacuoles, channels, or pores, whereas increased CSF flows were associated with increased numbers of these structures. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to CSF absorption and to previously reported ultrastructural studies. PMID- 7104708 TI - Convulsant actions of 4-aminopyridine on the guinea-pig olfactory cortex slice. AB - The effects of bath-applied 4-aminopyridine on neurones and extracellular potassium and calcium concentrations were recorded in slices of guinea-pig olfactory cortex. Neurones were orthodromically activated by stimulating the lateral olfactory tract. 4-Aminopyridine (3-10 microM) had the following effects: (1) an increase in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous postsynaptic potentials; (2) a prolongation and oscillatory behaviour of orthodromically evoked postsynaptic potentials; (3) induction of spontaneous or stimulus-evoked seizure-type discharges which were accompanied by large rises in extracellular potassium and falls in calcium concentration; (4) a prolongation of the lateral olfactory tract population fibre spike. Prior to paroxysmal depolarization, membrane potential, input resistance and soma spike duration were unaffected. In the seconds before seizure discharges, a late hyperpolarizing potential (evoked by orthodromic stimulation) was reduced in amplitude or abolished. Diphenylhydantoin (50 microM) or magnesium ions (5 mM) prevented paroxysmal activity. Our results show that 4-aminopyridine can produce seizure-type discharges in a brain slice preparation. The role of increased spontaneous potentials and possible loss of synaptic inhibition as causal factors for such discharges is discussed. PMID- 7104710 TI - Ionic mechanisms of the rapid (nicotinic) phase of acetylcholine response in identified Planobarius corneus neurones. AB - Current responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and to suberyldicholine (D-6) applied from the double-barrelled ionophoretic micropipette were studied in two identified neurones (LPed-2 and LPed-3) isolated from the left ganglion of pulmonate mollusc, Planorbarius corneus. Experiments made with K2SO4-filled microelectrodes show that in LPed-2 neurone two kinds of cholinoreceptors are involved in the rapid phase of ACh response one of which induces chloride conductance and the other, sodium conductance. The Cl-dependent component can be separated from the cationic one by C-6 whereas the cationic component can be separated from the Cl--dependent one by furosemide. Cl- conductance can be induced selectively by D-6. In the LPed-3 neurone only Cl- conductance increases during rapid phase of ACh response. The reversal potential of Cl--dependent responses was found to be more negative than the resting potential in experiments made with K2SO4-filled microelectrodes but less negative than the resting potential in the case of KCl-filled microelectrodes. This difference seems to be due to the artificial increase of intracellular chloride concentration. PMID- 7104709 TI - Modifications occurring in motor programs during learning of a complex task in man. AB - This study was designed to investigate the modifications due to learning occurring in the motor program controlling a maximum speed arm adduction/forearm flexion movement. Twenty male subjects participated in 8 training sessions involving a total of 800 repetitions of the bi-articular movement. Significant improvements in arm adduction and forearm flexion speed as well as in posterior deltoid and triceps brachii latencies attributable to learning were found. Pectoralis major and biceps brachii motor times and posterior deltoid and triceps brachii activity times were not affected by training. The results support the hypothesis that a pre-established motor program exists in the cerebellum for bi articular movements and that subroutines within this program control the agonist antagonist coupling within each joint. PMID- 7104711 TI - A morphometric study of cultured rat cerebral synapses exposed to different cationic media. AB - Quantitative techniques have been applied to compare the effects of high-K+, Mg2+ and Li+ media on the ultrastructure of cultured synapses alongside Na+-incubated controls. The explant cultures were prepared from 18-day-old embryonic rat cerebral cortices and maintained for 19 days in vitro. K+ -Stimulation for 25 min resulted in an increase in the mean perimeter and area of presynaptic terminals. Of these, the perimeter increase was the more pronounced, as indicated by a decrease in the value of the two-dimensional form factor. Reductions were also observed in the number of synaptic vesicles per presynaptic terminal, in the vesicle-terminal area ratio and in the synaptic vesicle density in an area adjacent to the presynaptic membrane, the latter two parameters being in positive linear correlation. The frequency of presynaptic cisternal/vacuolar profiles increased, and the synaptic curvature shifted in a positive direction. Synaptic length did not change following K+-exposure. Qualitative assessment indicated the presence of a network subjacent to the post-synaptic thickening and swelling of the postsynaptic ending after K+-stimulation. Incubation and fixation in Mg2+ media of two concentrations resulted in an increase in the number and area ratio of synaptic vesicles per terminal, and an elevation in the synaptic vesicle density in the higher Mg2+ concentration medium. Li+-treatment reduced the number of synaptic vesicles per terminal, the vesicle-terminal area ratio, and the vesicle density in the vicinity of the presynaptic membrane, while the synaptic curvature shifted in the positive direction. These changes were less pronounced than those characteristic of synapses in the K+ medium. PMID- 7104712 TI - Lack of sprouting and its presence after lesions of the cat spinal cord. AB - Degeneration methods were used to study the dorsal root and descending projections after chronic partial denervation of adult cat spinal cord. Conventional mapping methods were used, supplemented in some cases by densitometric measurements of the amounts of degeneration present. The amount of shrinkage of spinal gray matter in some sections was estimated by planimetric measurement. Two preparations were used: (1) partial unilateral rhizotomy in which all dorsal roots caudal to T4 were cut except L6 (spared root preparation); (2) complete unilateral deafferentation. The projection of L6 dorsal roots was examined in spared root preparations. T13 dorsal root projections were examined in deafferented preparations in which T13 was the lowest remaining root. The projection of descending systems was mapped in spared root and deafferented preparations. The spared root displayed an increased projection in the lateral portion of the dorsal horn, in the zona intermedia, Clarke's nucleus and in the base and reticular zone of nucleus gracilis. The lowest remaining root (T13) increased its projection to laminae VII and VIII and to the base and reticular zone of nucleus gracilis. In all cases, when an increased projection resulted from prior denervation, the increase never exceeded the boundaries of the normal projection. No sprouting was observed in those regions with the strictest topographical organization, the cell nests of nucleus gracilis or lamina IX of the spinal cord, even though these regions were partially denervated by the chronic lesions. Descending projections were increased on the experimental side of deafferented preparations12 but not of spared root preparations, suggesting that the presence of the spared root may prevent sprouting by descending systems. Because measurements of gray matter indicated that maximal sprouting occurred in segments showing least shrinkage (sprouting of L6 spared root into L6 segment), in this case shrinkage cannot account for the increased density of degeneration. These results suggest that certain conditions are important for the regulation of sprouting in the adult CNS. Firstly, sprouting is limited by a requirement for proximity and/or overlap. Secondly, the strictness of topographical localization within a particular region may limit the likelihood of sprouting into that region. Finally, a competitive or hierarchical relationship among the remaining systems may modify the capacity of a particular system to sprout. PMID- 7104713 TI - Excitatory effect of dopamine on oxytocin and vasopressin reflex releases in the rat. AB - The involvement of dopamine in the release of oxytocin and vasopressin was investigated in lactating rats during suckling or after changes in plasma osmolality. The effects of intraventricular injections of dopamine, agonists and antagonists, were tested on electrical unit activity of oxytocinergic or vasopressinergic cells in the paraventricular nucleus, on intramammary pressure (index of oxytocin release) and diuresis (index of vasopressin release). In urethane-anaesthetized lactating suckled rats, dopamine (1 microgram), apomorphine (2.5 and 5 micrograms) facilitated the established milk-ejection reflex, increasing the frequency and the amplitude of neurosecretory bursts of oxytocinergic cells. They also triggered the reflex in lactating rats without milk-ejections during suckling. The small doses injected were in no way such as to induce an acceleration in firing rate of oxytocinergic cells or an increase in mammary pressure. In alcohol-loaded rats, during water diuresis, dopamine (2 micrograms) and apomorphine (5 micrograms) activated the depressed vasopressinergic cells and inhibited diuresis. These facilitatory effects were progressive, reaching a maximum 10-15 min after injection. Haloperidol (5 micrograms) and alpha-flupentixol (10 micrograms) had an inhibitory effect on both types of neurosecretory cells in urethane-anaesthetized rats. They prevented the reflex activation of oxytocinergic cells induced by suckling and of vasopressinergic cells after a hyperosmotic stimulus (1 ml i.p 9% NaCl solution). These inhibitory effects were not of the "all-or-none' type. So, we can postulate that dopamine regulates the reflex release of oxytocin and vasopressin in the hypothalamus. On the one hand, dopamine permits and controls the periodic activation of oxytocinergic cells as long as the mothers are being suckled. On the other hand, it modulates the activity of vasopressinergic cells whenever the plasma osmolality changes. PMID- 7104714 TI - Choline acetyltransferase activity in mouse cerebellar cultures. AB - The finding of the acetylcholine synthetic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been reported in mouse cerebellar cultures, and it has been used as an index of neuronal survival and maturation. These results are curious in light of immunocytochemical studies which show that this enzyme is localized within mossy fiber terminals in glomerular structures of the cerebellar cortex. Since most mossy fibers are of extracerebellar origin, a significant population of mossy fiber terminals would not be expected to be present in cerebellar cultures. The origin of this acetylcholine synthetic activity has been examined in mouse cerebellar cultures. Two groups of explants, one with and the other without incorporated dorsal pontine tissue, were cultivated. Only cultures that included pons showed well developed glomerular structures with mossy fiber rosettes. Homogenates of the cultures were assayed for their ability to synthesize acetylcholine, and the synthesis was shown to be due to choline acetyltransferase by use of the specific inhibitor, (naphthylvinyl)pyridine. Cultures lacking dorsal pontine tissue had only low levels of enzyme activity, whereas those which included pons had 20-60 times greater synthetic activity. These results indicate that the choline acetyltransferase activity arises from pontine tissue in cerebellar cultures and are consistent with mossy fibers being the source of this enzyme. PMID- 7104715 TI - Tetrodotoxin resistant propagation and extracellular sodium changes during spreading depression in rat cerebellum. AB - Spreading depression (SD) was elicited in the benzoate-conditioned rat cerebellum by microinjection of KC1. Median SD propagation velocity was 9.2 mm . min-1. [Na+]0 decreases, median value 77.5 mM, were measured with ion-selective micropipettes. Superfusion of the cerebellum with 10-5 M tetrodotoxin did not modify the propagation velocity or decrease the [Na+]0 change. This confirms that classical voltage-mediated Na+ conductances are not involved in SD. PMID- 7104718 TI - Regeneration of ganglion cell axons in the adult mouse retina. AB - The hypothesis that regenerative failure of axons in the adult mammalian CNS is due to release of a growth inhibitor from injured oligodendrocytes and/or myelin2, predicts that regeneration of injured fibers would proceed unchecked in unmyelinated CNS regions. This prediction was borne out by observations on the stratum opticarum of the mouse retina. Axonal sprouts, first seen 14-16 h post lesion (pl), continued growing until at least 100 days pl, well beyond the time at which regeneration fails in myelinated CNS regions. PMID- 7104716 TI - Activity of an identified serotonergic neuron in free moving Aplysia correlates with behavioral arousal. AB - Extracellular recordings of the metacerebral cell (MCC), a serotonergic neuron in Aplysia, were obtained in free moving, undrugged animals. MCC activity was evoked by exposure to food. Arousal level was manipulated by satiating the animals or exposing them to a noxious stimulus. We found that the amount of evoked MCC activity correlated with the level of arousal of the animal. PMID- 7104719 TI - Pinealectomy advances the time of development of steroid feedback on luteinizing hormone release in immature female rats. AB - The effect of pinealectomy (Px) on the development of steroid positive feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) release was examined in female rats subjected to surgery at 10 days of age. Estradiol-progesterone injection decreased serum LH in sham Px or intact controls younger than 20 days, while a significant LH release was found at day 22; Px rats showed a steroid-induced LH depression only at day 16, a positive feedback being detectable at day 20, 2 days earlier than in sham Px or intact rats. Daily injections of 10-50 micrograms melatonin to intact rats disrupted the LH negative feedback response at day 20, and diminished steroid induced LH release at day 24. PMID- 7104717 TI - Alteration of muscarinic binding in specific brain areas following estrogen treatment. AB - Systemic administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to ovariectomized female rats significantly altered cholinergic muscarinic binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in discrete brain regions. Specifically, EB increased muscarinic binding in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and decreased muscarinic binding in the medial preoptic area (POA). These alterations were dose-dependent and appeared to reflect changes in the number of muscarinic binding sites. Treatment with EB failed to significantly affect binding in several control areas in females or in the MBH and POA of males. PMID- 7104720 TI - The laminar sensitivity of cat striate cortex to penicillin induced epileptogenesis. AB - By utilizing the microinjection of low nanoliter volumes of convulsant drug and recording from the injection site, we have been able to electrophysiologically identify a layer of cat striate cortex that is most sensitive to the epileptogenic effects of penicillin. This band encompasses cortical depths of approximately 1000-1250 micrometers when the smallest volumes of penicillin are injected. Comparable penicillin injections made either superficial to or deeper than this were not as effective in producing epileptiform alterations in normal activity. Histochemical marks made at the site of these injections have identified cortical cytoarchitectonic layer IV as the site of maximal neocortical penicillin sensitivity. The vulnerability of layer IV to penicillin epileptogenesis may be related to certain distinctive anatomic features of this layer. PMID- 7104721 TI - Effect of craniotomy on regional brain blood flow and ECF pH changes during isocapnic hypoxia. AB - Regional cerebrovascular responses to 30 min of isocapnic hypoxia were examined in anesthetized rabbits. In some of the animals, a left-side craniotomy was performed and cortical ECF pH was measured either 1 mm or 2-3 mm below the surface. In the animals with open cranium, the increase in blood flow during hypoxia was greater in the right cortex than in the left cortex. In animals with closed cranium, the increases in blood flow were equal in both right and left crania. ECF pH measured 1 mm below the cortical surface decreased throughout the entire 30 min of exposure, while pH measured 2-3 mm below the surface was increased for the first 6 min, after which it began to decrease. Our results indicate that craniotomy reduces the local vasodilation in response to hypoxia which in turn favors a decrease in local ECF pH. PMID- 7104722 TI - The miswired goldfish brain: long-term persistence and transience of retinal projections following tectal lobe removal. PMID- 7104723 TI - Bacitracin produces analgesia by increasing brain immunoreactive beta-endorphin (beta-E) content. AB - The effects of protease inhibitor bacitracin on brain beta-endorphin content and analgesia, were examined in vivo. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with bacitracin intracerebroventricularly and sacrificed by microwave irradiation 15 and 30 min after injection. Brain beta-endorphin levels were 27% higher in bacitracin treated rats than in controls. A second group of bacitracin injected rats was subjected to continuous intermittent 55 degrees C hot plate exposure. Bacitracin-injected rats exhibited total analgesia 15 min after bacitracin injection. At 30 min, this analgesic effect subsided. Control rats exhibited no analgesia. Bacitracin induced analgesia was naloxone reversible at a low dose of naloxone (1 mg/kg). At a higher dose of naloxone (10mg/kg), bacitracin induced analgesia was only partially antagonized. These results suggest that bacitracin induced analgesia might be due to the elevated levels of brain beta-endorphin caused by a decrease in its breakdown by bacitracin. PMID- 7104724 TI - Opiate activation of potassium conductance in myenteric neurons: inhibition by calcium ion. PMID- 7104725 TI - Age-related changes of vasopressin content of microdissected areas of the rat brain. AB - Vasopressin contents of posterior pituitaries and intra- and extrahypothalamic nuclei of brains from 3-month and 24-month-old Long-Evans rats and from Brattleboro rats heterozygous (HEDI) and homozygous (HODI) for diabetes insipidus were measured by radioimmunoassay. The pituitary content of vasopressin was highest in young rats and was significantly lower in HEDI tissue. The peptide was not detected in HODI pituitaries. In the brain regions studied both aged and HEDI rats showed reduced vasopressin contents as compared to young animals. In light of evidence of memory deficiencies in both HEDI and HODI rats, the possibility arises that memory decrements associated with senescence may be related to altered vasopressin synthesis and/or secretion occurring with aging of these neuronal systems. PMID- 7104726 TI - Cation binding at the node of Ranvier: I. Localization of binding sites during development. AB - Cations are known to bind to the node of Ranvier and the paranodal regions of myelinated fibers. The integrity of these specialized structures is essential for normal conduction. Sites of cation binding can be microscopically identified by the electrondense histochemical reaction product formed by the precipitate of copper sulfate/potassium ferrocyanide. This technique was used to study the distribution of cation binding during normal development of myelinating fibers. Sciatic nerves of C57B1 mice, at 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 18, 24 and 30 days of age, were prepared for electron microscopy following fixation in phosphate buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmic acid, microdissection and incubation in phosphate-buffered 0.1 M cupric sulfate followed by 0.1 M potassium ferrocyanide. Localization of reaction product was studied by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, no reaction product was observed prior to 9 days of age. At 13 days, a few nodes and paranodes exhibited reaction product. This increased in frequency and intensity up to 30 days when almost all nodes or paranodes exhibited reaction product. Ultrastructurally, diffuse reaction product was first observed at 3 days of age in the axoplasm of the node, in the paranodal extracellular space of the terminal loops, in the Schwann cell proper and in the terminal loops of Schwann cell cytoplasm. When myelinated axons fulfilled the criteria for mature nodes, reaction product was no longer observed in the Schwann cell cytoplasm, while the intensity of reaction product in the nodal axoplasm and paranodal extracellular space of the terminal loops increased. Reaction product in the latter site appeared to be interrupted by the transverse bands. These results suggest that cation binding accompanies nodal maturity and that the Schwann cell may play a role in production or storage of the cation binding substance during myelinogenesis and development. PMID- 7104727 TI - Ipsilateral cerebellar lesions prevent learning of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane/eyelid response. PMID- 7104728 TI - Feeding suppression and grooming repeatedly elicited by intraventricular bombesin. PMID- 7104729 TI - Cation binding at the node of Ranvier: II. Redistribution of binding sites during electrical stimulation. AB - The nodal and paranodal areas of mature myelinated axons are known to bind cations. To examine whether the cation binding substance may play a role in saltatory conduction, a combined electrophysiological and histochemical study was undertaken. The sciatic nerve of anesthetized or unanesthetized adult C57B1 mice was exposed and not stimulated (control) or stimulated with constant square-wave pulses at one of the following rates: 10/sec, 30/sec, 100/sec or 500/sec. Phosphate-buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde was either dropped onto the nerve during stimulation until cessation of the compound action potential or the nerve was fixed after discontinuing stimulation. The nerve was excised and processed for the histochemical reaction of copper sulfate/potassium ferrocyanide (which forms an electron dense precipitate at areas of cation binding), dehydrated and infiltrated with SpurrR epoxy resin. Individual nerve fibers were microdissected and counts made of the numbers of paranodal and nodal areas exhibiting the reaction product. The percentage of nodes stained, with respect to the total numbers of nodes and paranodes stained, was calculated. There was no significant difference in percent of nodes stained between the simultaneously fixed, non stimulated, anesthetized (43.1%), the non-stimulated unanesthetized (45.3%), the animals stimulated at 10/sec (45.9%) and the animals stimulated at 30/sec (50.2%) and 100/sec(46.0%), and fixed post-stimulation. However, all values at the higher frequencies and fixed during stimulation were significantly different both from the control and from each other (30/sec-59.3%; 100/sec-70.5%; and 500/sec-76.4%). The location of cation binding appears to change in response to electrical stimulation and correlates with the increased frequency of the inward movement of sodium ions. PMID- 7104730 TI - Tectal projections in teleosts: responses of some target nuclei to direct tectal stimulation. PMID- 7104731 TI - Reciprocal parabrachial-cortical connections in the rat. AB - The projection from the parabrachial nucleus (PB) to the cerebral cortex in the rat was studied in detail using the autoradiographic method for tracing anterograde axonal transport and the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) method for both anterograde and retrograde tracing. PB innervates layers I, V and VI of a continuous sheet of cortex extending from the posterior insular cortex caudally, through the dorsal agranular and the granular anterior insular cortex and on rostrally into the lateral prefrontal cortex. Within the prefrontal area, PB fibers innervate primarily layer V of the ventrolateral cortex caudally, but more rostrally the innervated region includes progressively more dorsal portions of the prefrontal area, until by the frontal pole the entire lateral half of the hemisphere is innervated. This projection originates for the most part in a cluster of neurons in the caudal ventral part of the medial PB subdivision, although a few neurons in the adjacent parts of the PB, the Kolliker Fuse nucleus and the subcoeruleus region also participate. After injection of WGA HRP into the PB region, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in layer V of the same cortical areas which receive PB inputs. The importance of this monosynaptic reciprocal brainstem-cortical projection as a possible anatomical substrate for the regulation of cortical arousal is discussed. PMID- 7104732 TI - A quantitative study of synaptic reorganization in red nucleus neurons after lesion of the nucleus interpositus of the cat: an electron microscopic study involving intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. AB - A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the corticorubral projection was performed in the red nucleus (RN) of adult cats to determine morphological correlates of synaptic reorganization that occur following a lesion of the interpositus nucleus (IP). Corticorubral synaptic endings were identified by lesioning the sensorimotor cortex 2-6 days before electrophysiological experiments. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into electrophysiologically identified RN neurons. Sagittal sections 100 micrometers thick were cut and reacted by diaminobenzidine. Sections containing HRP-positive neurons were selected and embedded in Epon. In normal cats, degenerating corticorubral terminals in the RN region frequently made contact with dendritic profiles, having small cross-sections, while a few made contact with somatic profiles. Similar results were obtained when degenerating terminals making contact with HRP-filled dendrites were analyzed. In the experimental animals, the cortical lesion was performed more than 8 weeks after lesion of the IP. In these animals, degenerating corticorubral terminals were frequently found on proximal dendrites and somata in RN region and HRP-positive neurons in contrast to the findings in normal cats. The results indicate that new corticorubral synapses were formed on proximal dendrites and somata of RN neurons as a consequence of IP lesions. PMID- 7104733 TI - Cells of different sizes in the ventral nuclei project to different layers of the somatic cortex in the cat. PMID- 7104734 TI - Relationships between spontaneous discharge rates and taste responses of the dog thalamic neurons. AB - Response characteristics to the 4 taste stimuli (NaC1, tartaric acid, sucrose and quinine-HCl) and spontaneous discharge rates of taste neurons in the dog thalamus were examined. Response patterns of 72 thalamic neurons were somewhat complex, involving excitation (on type, on-off type and off type) and inhibition (short term type and long-term type). A comparison among the responses to the 4 taste stimuli renders low response discharge rates and a high incidence of inhibitory responses to quinine-HCl. Measuring of the breadth of responsiveness showed that the thalamic taste neurons have varying sensitivities to the 4 taste stimuli and neurons responding best to quinine-HCl were more broadly tuned than those to each of the other 3 stimuli. These neurons also have varying spontaneous discharge rates and showed some relationship between the spontaneous rates and responses to taste stimuli. Neurons which showed inhibitory responses to stimuli have relatively high spontaneous rates. Neurons with higher spontaneous rates tend to be more narrowly tuned to the 4 taste stimuli. These relationships appeared not only as a general tendency of all the thalamic neurons but also as a characteristic of each of the 3 individual neurons which changed the spontaneous rates and breadth of responsiveness during long time recordings of neural discharges. PMID- 7104735 TI - Chronic peripheral nerve section diminishes the primary afferent A-fibre mediated inhibition of rat dorsal horn neurones. AB - The inhibitory effect of A-primary afferent activity on A- and C-evoked activity in dorsal horn convergent neurones has been investigated in the decerebrate spinal rat. A-afferent conditioning stimuli produce a powerful inhibition of the C-evoked activity in the majority of units recorded in lamina 5 but were almost without effect on the C-evoked activity in units recorded within the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 1 and 2). The ability of an A-volley to inhibit the response to a C-volley begins immediately after the arrival of the A-volley and lasts for 50-70 ms. Conditioning A-stimuli also inhibit the A-evoked activity of dorsal horn neurones, the inhibition lasting up to 125 ms. Unlike the effect of A conditioning stimuli on C-responses, which was restricted to units in lamina 5, the A-volleys inhibited the response of both substantia gelatinosa and lamina 5 units. In rats with chronically sectioned sciatic nerves (7-14 days) both A on A and A on C inhibitions were significantly diminished in spite of intact afferent volleys and postsynaptic activity. In neurones activated by stimulation of the sectioned nerve, the A-conditioning stimuli either failed to produce an inhibition or produced a weak and shorter effect. These results are discussed in terms of the possible functional significance of A-afferent mediated inhibition. PMID- 7104736 TI - Trajectory analysis by a crayfish proprioceptor: receptor muscle activity may determine a velocity reference point. PMID- 7104737 TI - Dendrite spikes recorded extracellularly from dorsal horn neurones. AB - (1) Extracellular action potentials were recorded from laminae IV--VI dorsal horn cells, using multibarrel carbon fibre micro electrodes. The amplitude and shape of the extracellular spike, the receptive field, and the response to iontophoretic glutamate ion, were investigated for each cell. (2) Of the 172 units isolated, 48 (28%) could be recorded from over a range of microelectrode tip depths greater than 100 micrometers. The sensitivity of these 'trackable' cells to glutamate was investigated at different depths; 13/48 (27%) had zones where they were insensitive to glutamate. (3) From the data on spike shapes and glutamate sensitivity, it is argued that dendritic spikes can occur in these cells. PMID- 7104738 TI - Precursor dependence of acetylcholine release from rat brain in vitro. AB - These experiments were designed to test the extent to which the concentration of extracellular choline affects the synthesis and subsequent release of acetylcholine (ACh) by rat cortex in vitro. We found that the rate of potassium depolarized ACh release from rat cortical minces was significantly accelerated when choline chloride was added to the incubation medium at concentrations of either 60 or 100 microM. The ACh content of the cortical minces was reduced by prolonged depolarization; this depletion was prevented by incubating minces with choline (100 microM). Raising the extracellular choline concentration of the incubation medium did not elevate the amount of ACh released spontaneously (4.7 mM K+) and had no effect on the accumulation of transmitter that occurs when cortical minces are incubated in physiologic buffer. A single dose of choline chloride administered orally to rats (20 mmol/kg) was without effect on the subsequent release of ACh and choline from cortical minces in vitro. The ACh and choline concentrations of rat cortex in vitro were similarly unaffected by in vivo choline administration. These results indicate that ACh release from rat cortex, in vitro, depends upon the direct availability of extracellular choline under conditions of prolonged neuronal depolarization. PMID- 7104739 TI - The response of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons to transient cerebral ischemia. AB - The vulnerability of striatal and hippocampal neurons to ischemia was studied by measuring the activity of neurotransmitter-related enzymes after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) were measured 6 h to 8 days after 20, 30 or 40 min of forebrain ischemia, as markers for GABAergic and cholinergic neurons respectively. Transient forebrain ischemia resulted in depression of striatal GAD activity while striatal CAT and hippocampal GAD activities were unaffected. Striatal GAD activity progressively decreased during the first 24 h postischemia and remained depressed 5--8 days later, suggesting irreversible damage to this population of neurons. The stability of striatal CAT and hippocampal GAD activity indicates that these cells were resistant to the present ischemic conditions. PMID- 7104740 TI - Antinociception after microinjection of neurotensin into the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat. AB - Neurotensin (NT) is an endogenous peptide which has been hypothesized to function in the central nervous systems as a neurotransmitter. Injection of NT into the cerebral ventricular system of rodents produces antinociception in a variety of analgesia tests. In the hot plate test, direct microinjection of NT into the central nucleus of the amygdala (AC) produced a significant increase in the nociceptive threshold of the rat, while injections into tissue adjacent to the AC were generally ineffective. Antinociception following intra-AC injection of NT occurred at an ED50 dose of 2.4 micrograms NT, and was significantly lower than the ED50 dose observed when NT was given into the lateral ventricles (93.2 micrograms NT). Lesions of the stria terminalis totally abolished the antinociceptive effect of intra-AC administration of NT, indicating that AC efferent or afferent fibers within the stria terminalis are necessary for the observed increase in nociceptive threshold. PMID- 7104741 TI - Interaction of glia maturation factor with the glial cell membrane. AB - Glia maturation factor (GMF) immobilized on agarose beads retained the same mitogenic and morphological transforming activities as free GMF when tested on glioblasts. The exposure of glioblasts to immobilized GMF for 5 min provoked the initiation of DNA synthesis and maximal stimulation was obtained within 30 min. Thiol-reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and cysteine, increased the biological activity of GMF. These data suggest the presence of a surface receptor to GMF on the glioblasts, while the reduction of the thiol group(s) in GMF promotes the binding to its receptor. Repeated use of immobilized GMF decreased both the mitogenic and the morphological transforming activities. Immobilized GMF used for the third time lost its biological activity. This implies the existence of a certain kind of degradation system such as a proteolytic enzyme located close to the GMF receptor on the glial cell surface. PMID- 7104742 TI - Evidence for opioid and non-opioid forms of stimulation-produced analgesia in the rat. AB - This study compares stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) elicited from two different midline regions of the midbrain of the rat. Dorsal electrode placements were in the caudal periaqueductal gray matter; ventral placements lay within or subjacent to the dorsal raphe n. SPA thresholds were measured by the tail-flick method both during and immediately after the period of brain stimulation. Thresholds were consistently higher in the post-stimulation test. SPA from dorsal and ventral regions differed in the following ways: (1) Post-stimulation analgesia was significantly more difficult to obtain in ventral than in dorsal regions, whereas during-stimulation analgesia did not vary as a function of electrode location; (2) Although a continuous distribution of thresholds was seen for ventral placements, thresholds for dorsal placements tended to be either high or low on both during- and post-stimulation tests; (3) Naloxone (0.01--10 mg/kg) reliably elevated SPA thresholds for ventral but not dorsal stimulation placements. We conclude that different substrates of SPA lie in close proximity to one another in the medial midbrain of the rat. This portion of the midbrain appears to mediate both opioid and non-opioid mechanisms of analgesia. PMID- 7104744 TI - Importance of pathway formation for nodal sprout production in partly denervated muscles. AB - Experiments were carried out to investigate possible factors controlling nodal sprout growth in partly denervated mouse gluteal muscles. Pretreatment of the muscle with botulinum toxin for up to 20 days, which produces denervation-like change and elicits terminal and nodal sprouting, increased reinnervation by terminal sprouting after partial denervation but did not alter the rate of reinnervation by nodal sprouts. This implies that nodal sprout growth is not limited by the development of an adequate growth stimulus from denervated muscle. A disto-proximal gradient of degeneration was observed in denervated intramuscular nerves in the electron microscope, suggesting that nodal sprout growth may be modulated by the availability of endoneurial pathways sufficiently degenerated to permit reinnervation by nodal sprouts, although the initial outgrowths from nodes of Ranvier may appear in response to a growth stimulus from denervated muscle. PMID- 7104746 TI - Long-term degeneration renders central tracts refractory to penetration by regenerating optic fibers. AB - We have examined time-dependent changes in the ability of degenerating central pathways in the goldfish to be penetrated by regenerative axons. We have found that when a tract has degenerated for 2--5 weeks it is readily penetrated by regenerating optic fibers. However, tracts which degenerated for any longer than 6 weeks, before being exposed to the regenerating fibers, were only sparsely penetrated by them. We conclude that over a period of no less than 6 weeks, degenerating central tracts in the goldfish change their character and become relatively refractory to penetration by regenerating axons. PMID- 7104745 TI - Pruning of axonal trees results in increased efficacy of surviving nerve terminals. AB - The intramuscular nerve was crushed in mouse tensor fascia latae muscles so that on average motor units lost 40% of their terminals. Quantal contents at 20% of the surviving terminals had doubled in muscles examined between 17 h and 9 days later. Silver staining revealed that some surviving nerve terminals had sprouted, but too few to account for the quantal content increases. Redistribution of axoplasmically transported materials to the surviving terminals is hypothesized to explain the increase in their efficacy. PMID- 7104747 TI - Neurotoxic action of 2,5-hexanedione on the autonomic nervous system: ultrastructural and functional alterations in the rat sympathetic superior cervical ganglion. AB - In rats treated for 14 days with 2,5-hexanedione, the efficiency of ganglionic transmission was markedly reduced whereas only faint ultrastructural changes occurred in a few preganglionic fibers; evident signs of axonal pathology were observed on the 30th day of treatment. Choline acetyltransferase activity and acetylcholine formation showed no alteration at any time. The autonomic system is affected early during 2,5-hexanedione neuropathy, functional changes being more marked than morphological lesions. PMID- 7104743 TI - Nociception in mice after chronic stress and chronic narcotic antagonists during maturation. AB - The effects of chronic, mild stress and chronic narcotic antagonism during maturation of mice on the sensitivity to pain and to the analgesic effect of morphine were examined. Analgesia was measured using the tail-flick assay. Chronic stress, produced simply by the subcutaneous injection of mice twice daily with saline starting day 5 postpartum, produced an increased in the sensitivity of these mice, when mature, to the analgesic effect of morphine. A similar schedule of saline injections for 4 weeks in adult mice did not alter the sensitivity of those mice to the analgesic effects of morphine. Chronic injections of narcotic antagonists during maturation did not produce an effect on morphine analgesia different from that after chronic injections of saline. However chronic exposure to narcotic antagonists since conception, compared to chronic injections since day 5 postpartum in the offspring, did produce differential effects on the control tail-flick latencies such that naloxone during gestation decreased, while naloxone during gestation and postpartum increased tail-flick latencies. These data suggest that exposure to chronic stress during early development is responsible for an altered sensitivity to narcotic analgesics while exposure to naloxone during maturation affects pain perception. PMID- 7104748 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid prolactin: a daily rhythm and response to an acute perturbation. PMID- 7104750 TI - Rostral trigeminal projections signal perioral facial pain. PMID- 7104749 TI - Histamine H1 receptors in the brain and spinal cord of the cat. AB - The regional distribution of histamine H1 receptors in the feline brain and spinal cord was determined in vitro using the radioactively labeled histamine H1 antagonist, [3H]pyrilamine. This distribution of H1 receptors, which was different from that reported for other species, was highest in the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies. Intermediate levels of binding were observed in the cerebral cortical and limbic regions, corpus striatum, colliculi, cerebellum, and medulla. The lowest binding was found in the pons and spinal cord. Binding in the spinal cord was concentrated in the gray matter, but the number of binding sites detected in the dorsal and ventral horns did not differ. The equilibrium dissociation constants for [3H]pyrilamine were similar for the various regions and were in the range of 2--3 nM and the pharmacological characteristics of the feline brain and spinal H1 receptors were similar to those found in the brains of other mammalian species with the exception of the guinea pig. PMID- 7104754 TI - Comparison of cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spike discharges in adult rats after undernutrition during the suckling period and nutritionally normal rats. AB - The spontaneous activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells was compared in 100- to 130 day-old rats undernourished during the suckling period (i.e. 0-21 days) and subsequently nutritionally rehabilitated (PU rats), with that in rats of the same strain and of similar age fed normally (age controls), and in normally fed rats of the same strain but approximately one month younger (weight controls). Simple spike activity of single cells was recorded with extracellular microelectrodes in pentothal-anaesthetized animals. The discharge patterns were assessed by on-line computer analysis of the interspike interval distributions with subsequent transformation of the data to enable the results to be evaluated by an analysis of variance. In addition, the distribution of the mean interval, the percentage of intervals less than 30 ms, the percentage of intervals greater than or equal to 150 ms, and the time spent in intervals greater than 150 ms, were compared for the PU rats and pooled controls by a nonparametric statistical test on the untransformed data. None of the results indicated that there were any significant differences between the simple spike activity of Purkinje cells from age- and weight- control rats nor between that in PU rats and the control groups. These results are discussed in relation to the previously reported deficits of granule cells in the cerebella of PU rats. PMID- 7104751 TI - Effects of caudate nuclear or frontal cortical ablation in neonatal kittens or adult cats on the spontaneous firing of forebrain neurons. AB - In this paper we have determined the long-lasting consequences of caudate and frontal cortical lesions on spontaneous neuronal firing. Lesions were made both in neonatal and adult cats. All recordings were made in adults. Qualitatively, the effects of the caudate ablations were similar whether they had been carried out in kittens or in adult cats. Caudate lesions produced long-lasting (greater than or equal to 1 year) decreases in the spontaneous firing of cortical neurons. These changes were more pronounced when made in neonates than in adults. The distributions of mean interspike intervals were also altered by these caudate lesions in the pallidum and in the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Again these effects were more marked if the animals were lesioned as neonates than as adults. Frontal cortical lesions inflicted upon adult cats produced more widespread changes in spontaneous firing rates than similar lesions made in neonates. In both groups frontal lesions slowed spontaneous firing and changed the distributions of mean interspike intervals of caudate neurons. These effects were long-lasting (greater than or equal to 1 year in neonatally-ablated animals). Cortical lesions made in adult cats markedly altered thalamic and pallidal spontaneous activity. Similar lesions made in neonates produced relatively small changes in thalamic and pallidal activity. PMID- 7104752 TI - The development of cerebellar primordia transplanted to the neocortex of the rat. AB - Pieces of cerebellar primordia were dissected from the developing fetus at day 18 of gestation in Sprague-Dawley rats and transplanted to the neocortex of a 10- to 12-day-old rat. The histological development of 53 such transplants was analyzed at a series of survival times ranging from 5 min to 426 days. The cerebellar cortex developed much as it does in situ. However, only migratory sequences were strictly followed, while Purkinje cell differentiation and folia formation were initially retarded. In deep parts of the transplant, and throughout transplants confined to deep layers of the neocortex, the external granule layer was associated with penetrating blood vessels. An inverted cytoarchitectural pattern developed as concentric cylindrical layers around these vessels. In contrast, normal lamination and foliation were found only in transplants growing on the neocortical surface. Axons coursing between host and transplant were seen frequently and were especially pronounced at those sites beneath the internal granule layer which appeared to contain deep cerebellar nuclei. At the longest survival time there was preliminary evidence that suggested morphological deterioration of the transplant. Surface transplants, in addition to developing a normal orientation of cells and layers, have the added benefit of being accessible for further experimental manipulations after the transplant has become established. PMID- 7104753 TI - Morphology and position of growth cones in the developing Xenopus spinal cord. AB - Axonal growth cones in longitudinal fiber tracts of the developing spinal cord of Xenopus were examined using electron microscopy. Fiber tracts of the spinal cord develop by the ingrowth of fibers, into pre-existing longitudinally oriented spaces between adjacent neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube. Growth cones seen among the neurites of the tracts were identified by their generally larger size (1.2 X 4.5 micrometer), bulbous and irregular outlines, and cytoplasmic components. Overall cytoplasmic density was usually less than that of surrounding neuroepithelial cells and axons. They contained few organelles, among them assorted clear and densecored vesicles, agranular reticulum, and occasional mitochondria and autographic vacuoles. Microtubules were rarely present. Growth cones appeared to conform in outline to the space which they occupied. Smaller extensions which resembled the filopodia described by others insinuated themselves among other elements of the fiber fascicles. The filopodia contained a fine granular or filamentous feltwork. Growth cones consistently appeared at the interface of other axons in the fascicle and the peripheral neuroepithelial endfeet. In longitudinal sections of fascicles containing more than one growth cone, the growth cones were layered in a pattern suggesting that new cones are added by pushing between the next youngest fibers and the peripheral neuroepithelial processes of the cord. The possible significance of this finding in the achievement of order in the spinal tracts is discussed. PMID- 7104755 TI - Synaptogenesis in chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia: a morphometric analysis. AB - Synaptogenesis was studied in lumbar sympathetic ganglia of chicken by light and electron microscopic morphometric methods. At 10 days in ovo, fewer than 1% of the adult number of synapses are present. The total numbers of synapses and of synaptic vesicles per ganglion increase progressively with age; however, the majority of both are formed after 30 days after hatching. The average number of synaptic vesicles per synapse increases several fold after hatching. The numbers of synapses and of synaptic vesicles per ganglion increase roughly in concert with biochemical markers of presynaptic development (activity of choline acetyltransferase and levels of acetylcholine) as well as postsynaptic development (tyrosine hydroxylase; based on biochemical data reported elsewhere). The amount of acetylcholine and activity of choline acetyltransferase per synaptic vesicle at 10 days in ovo are 8 and 27 times the corresponding adult values. By 1 day after hatching, these ratios have fallen to near adult levels. These data are consistent with the early presence of cholinergic neuroblasts, as suggested by others, and suggest further that such cholinergic neuroblasts are eliminated, or their cholinergic properties suppressed, before hatching. PMID- 7104757 TI - Development of specific binding sites for prolactin in the rabbit hypothalamus. PMID- 7104756 TI - Age-related changes in tubulin biosynthesis in the embryonic chick brain. PMID- 7104759 TI - Synaptic contact curvature: effects of differential rearing on rat occipital cortex. PMID- 7104758 TI - The ultrastructure of human fetal sympathetic ganglion cells in serum-free medium. PMID- 7104760 TI - Increase in acetylcholine release from chick embryo retina during development. AB - The release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) from 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14- and 16-day chick embryo neural retina layers was determined using a perfusion system to collect the released neurotransmitter. After labeling the tissue with [3H]choline, samples of [3H]ACh released before and after stimulation by 80 mM KCl or 5 mM glutamate were collected and analyzed. The results showed a developmental increase in both basal and stimulated release. The increase was not caused by changes in [3H]choline uptake or total [3H]ACh synthesized which did not increase with developmental age. The developmental increase is correlated with the time of formation and maturation of retinal cholinergic synapses in ovo, but is not correlated with the developmental decrease in cholinergic synapses formed by retina neurons with striated muscles in vitro. PMID- 7104761 TI - Developmental morphometry and physiology of the rabbit vagus nerve. AB - The morphological and physiological features of the rabbit vagus nerve were studied at different ages after birth. The total fibre count is about 37,500 of which at birth 1-2% and in the adult animal approximately 10% are myelinated. In the postnatal period the cross-sectional area of the vagus grows to 5 times its perinatal size due to an increase of endoneural collagen, fibre growth and myelinization. The myelinization is most pronounced in the first 2 weeks after birth, axonal growth is predominant thereafter. The available data suggest that the begin of myelinization as well as the subsequent development of the myelin sheath are not dependent on axonal size. There seems to be no fundamental difference between the morphological development of the vagus and other peripheral nerves, e.g. the sciatic nerve of the rat. At birth the vagus nerve contains 2 fibre groups as can be measured from the compound action potential with conduction velocities of 11.4 and 0.9 m.s-1 respectively. Upon subsequent development the conduction velocity of these fibres increases to 31.9 and 1.2 m.s 1 in full-grown animals. THe compound action potential of the adult nerve implies 2 additional fibre groups with conduction velocities of 12.3 and 4.6 m.s-1 respectively. These two fibre populations develop gradually from 1 to 2 weeks after birth and arise probably from the slowest conducting, non-myelinated or C fibres. It is concluded that the functional innervation of the sinoauricular node may be operational at birth as far as the cervical vagus nerve is concerned. PMID- 7104762 TI - Neocortical histogenesis in normal and reeler mice: a developmental study based upon [3H]thymidine autoradiography. AB - The relative positions of the principal neuronal classes of neocortex are inverted in the reeler mutant mouse. Neurons formed at 48-hourly intervals throughout the period of neocortical cytogenesis between E11 and E17 are labeled by [3H]thymidine. The positions of the labeled cells during and subsequent to their migrations are traced by autoradiography. Simultaneously-formed cohorts reach the neocortex at the same time in normal and reeler animals. After E13, subsequent to the appearance of the cortical plate, cohorts of migrating cells in the normal animal ascend to the interface of the cortical plate and marginal layer where they come to rest in a narrow laminar zone. In reeler, by contrast, migration is arrested in the depths of the cortex. The migrating cell appears unable to ascend through the zone occupied by the preceding cohorts. At the completion of migration neurons of both genotypes become fixed in position and undergo little subsequent shift in their relative positions in the course of future cortical growth. Despite the anomaly of migrations and the post-migratory positions of neurons in reeler, cohorts of cells formed at the same time in the two genotypes give rise to the same neuronal classes. PMID- 7104763 TI - Effects of serum, tissue extract, conditioned medium, and culture substrata on neurite appearance from spinal cord explants of chick embryo. AB - The effects of serum, tissue extracts, conditioned medium, (CM), and culture substrata on neurite appearance from spinal cord explants of 6- to 8-day-old chick embryos were investigated. In Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) with no supplement neurites from explants did not appear on collagen coating but on polyornithine coating (PORN). It is concluded that cell-to-substratum interaction is important in neurite appearance. CM, serum and tissue extract potentiated neurite appearance, but their activities were highly dependent on the coating. The amount of collagen was also crucial. On collagen, neurite appearance was observed only when promoting substances were present. CM and serum contained at least two components; one affected neurite appearance after deposition on collagen and the other affected neurite appearance when present in the culture medium. The former was included also in tissue extracts. Both of adsorbable and non-adsorbable components from any origin were necessary for effective induction of neurite appearance. Heat treatment and dialysis differentiated these active components. On PORN, CM highly potentiated neurite appearance. The activity of the CM was reproduced by its low molecular weight fraction. Serum also promoted neurite appearance, but to a lesser extent than CM. The effect of tissue extract was not remarkable. PMID- 7104765 TI - Regional distribution of superoxide dismutase in rat brain during postnatal development. AB - Superoxide dismutase in nervous system protects readily oxidizable compounds such as catecholamines against toxic effects of oxygen. We investigated superoxide dismutase activity during development in 5 brain regions selected for a wide range of catecholamine concentration and turnover: cerebellum, neocortex, striatum, hypothalamus and medulla-pons. The cytosolic and the particulate enzyme were measured from birth to 6 months of age. In cerebellum the cytosolic enzyme shows considerable activity on the first postnatal days; the particulate enzyme is less active, both reach a maximum at 3 months. In cortex and striatum both activities were low during the postnatal days and reach a plateau at 3 months. In hypothalamus both activities are higher during the postnatal days and reach a maximum at 3 months. In medulla-pons the values are 2 times higher than in all other regions; the cytosolic enzyme reaches a maximum at 2 months whereas the particulate enzyme reaches a plateau at 3 months. Thus our results show an increase of superoxide dismutase activity during development in all brain regions; the highest activities were found in regions with high catecholamine content. PMID- 7104764 TI - Survival and neurite growth of chick embryo spinal cord cells in serum-free culture. AB - Cell survival and neurite growth were investigated in serum-free spinal cord cell cultures on polyornithine coating (PORN). Cells were obtained from 6- or 7-day old chick embryos. Isolated spinal cord cells required promoting factors for their survival and neurite growth. The survival-promoting factors were initially present in spinal cord cells. High density cultures, co-cultures with spinal cord explants, and spinal cord extract promoted survival of isolated spinal cord cells in MEM with no additives. Other tissue extracts (brain, liver, heart and skeletal muscle), serum, and serum-free conditioned medium (SF-CM) of muscle or glioma C6 cells also promoted survival. The active substances in the brain extract and SF CM were shown to be protein and were separated into 3 fractions (approximately molecular weight 150,000, 70,000, 40,000) by gel filtration chromatography. Survival and neurite growth were suggested to be promoted by different factors because: (1) survival was promoted by both tissue extract and SF-CM, but neurite growth was promoted only by SF-CM; (2) the neurite growth-stimulating activity of SF-CM was lost following dialysis and heat (100 degrees C, 2 min) treatment; however, the survival-promoting activity was not. It was also suggested that spinal cord cells produce neurite growth promoting factors, but did not initially contain these factors. PMID- 7104767 TI - Optic afferents, neuron maturation, and neuron survival in the rat superior colliculus. AB - Removal of the eyes from newborn rats causes the neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) to degenerate in a morphologically less mature form than that which is found when the cells die naturally. The results indicate that afferents are important for the maturation of SC neurons and may explain several apparently conflicting results reported for the morphology of natural and induced cell death in other areas of the nervous system. PMID- 7104766 TI - Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. AB - The concentration and rates of synthesis of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were determined by spectrophotofluorometric methods in various cytoarchitectonic areas of the cerebral cortex in 54 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 1 day to 36 months. For most regions studied, norepinephrine levels exhibit steady increases from birth through 36 months while over the same period changes in dopamine concentration are more complex and variable, particularly in the frontal lobe. Among the 3 monoamines examined, endogenous serotonin content shows the least dramatic and most rapid development, reaching adult values between 2 and 5 months of age in most cortical regions. As a consequence of these developmental shifts, the relationship of monoamine levels in various cortical areas also changes with age. At maturity, however, norepinephrine concentration exceeds that of dopamine and serotonin in the cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes whereas serotonin levels are higher than norepinephrine in the occipital cortex. Changes in rates of synthesis of the catecholamines and serotonin generally parallel developmental changes in concentrations. The greatest increments in catecholamine synthesis occur in prefrontal and posterior association cortices. Smaller but significant increases in serotonin metabolism were measured in the parietal and visual cortex between birth and 36 months while in other areas of the cortex, age-related changes in serotonin synthesis were negligible. A consistent finding at all ages is that the distribution of catecholaminergic synthesis varies inversely with that of serotonergic synthesis, indicating substantial interaction in the regulation of the two cortical systems. The present findings demonstrate that in the rhesus monkey development of monoaminergic storage capacity and synthetic processes: (1) continues over a period of months and years; (2) is generally more rapid for serotonin than for catecholamines; and (3) varies greatly in different cytoarchitectonic regions of the cerebral cortex. PMID- 7104768 TI - Calculation of cerebral glucose phosphorylation from brain uptake of glucose analogs in vivo: a re-examination. AB - The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method of functional neuroanatomical mapping25 was re examined in order to (1) obtain physical descriptions of the transfer constants K1 and k2, (2) estimate the changes of the 'lumped constant' with the condition of the experimental animals, and (3) examine the use of 3-O-methylglucose (3-O MG) to estimate the fraction of unphosphorylated 2-DG in the tissue, and the value of the 'lumped constant'. The transfer constants K1 and k2 were shown to be simple exponential forms of the apparent permeability of the cerebral capillary endothelium to glucose and glucose analogs. The 'lumped constant' was shown to be influenced by any reduction of the ratio between glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in the tissue, e.g. by hypoglycemia and increased glycolysis, while hyperglycemia and decreased glycolysis resulted in very minor changes of the 'lumped constant'. The glucose analog 3-O-MG was shown accurately to trace unphosphorylated 2-DG in brain and to be an index of the brain content of glucose and the regional value of the 'lumped constant'. In addition, 3-O-MG proved to be an accurate tracer of unphosphorylated 2-DG for experimental times as low as 10 min. PMID- 7104770 TI - [Mental retardation in pedopsychiatric outpatient practice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104769 TI - [Changes in mechanics of breathing in different forms of bronchoconstriction in rabbits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104771 TI - [Phonographic analysis of psychogenic cough (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104772 TI - [Clinical manifestation of alkaptonuria in relation to age (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104773 TI - [Results of thin-needle aspiration cytology combined with scintigraphy in nodular goiter (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104774 TI - [Concerning disorders of the extremities due to prolonged, excessive, and onesided load (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104775 TI - [Motile activity of fetuses in risk pregnancies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104776 TI - [Situs viscerum inversus from the standpoint of the orthopedist (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104777 TI - [Distribution of 32P-phosphate in the central nervous system of the guinea pig after intraventricular administration of precursor (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104778 TI - [Value of perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs for evaluating the operability of bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7104780 TI - Effects of restricted feeding in the growing and laying periods on the performance of White Leghorn by Australorp crossbred and White Leghorn strain cross chickens. AB - 1. The effects of restricted feeding in the rearing and laying periods on the performance of three White Leghorn cockerel by Australorp pullet crossbred strains and one White Leghorn strain cross were studied in two experiments. 2. After feeding ad libitum in the rearing period, mean body weights of the three crossbred strains at 20 weeks of age were 1.75, 1.66 and 1.55 kg and that of the White Leghorn strain cross was 1.40 kg. The differing restrictions during rearing reduced mean body weight at 20 weeks by 14 to 33% and increased the time to sexual maturity by 8 to 23 d. 3. All restriction regimes during rearing increased mean egg weight and tended to reduce mortality in the laying period. Optimum hen day egg number over 64 weeks of lay was obtained following mild restriction (14% body weight reduction) of the two heavier strains or ad libitum feeding of the lighter strains. Over 48 or 64 weeks of lay, egg number per hen housed (at 18 to 20 weeks of age) was optimised after moderately restricting (14 to 21% body weight reduction) the crossbred strains or feeding the White Leghorn strain cross ad libitum. 4. Over 64 weeks of lay, mortality was reduced from 19.3% to 10.5% in the lightest crossbred strains, in which a high proportion of deaths were associated with Marek's disease and lymphoid leucosis, by restriction during rearing. 5. Restricting food intake by 7 or 8% throughout the laying period reduced hen-housed egg number and mean egg weight of all four strains. The reduction in hen-day egg number associated with food restriction during lay was less for the heavier strains that had also been restricted during rearing. 6. Metabolisable energy intakes required to support maximum production over 64 weeks of lay were 1.23 to 1.36 MJ/d. PMID- 7104779 TI - Age associated changes in sodium, potassium and moisture contents of turkey skeletal muscles and a note on the effects of testosterone and 17-beta oestradiol. PMID- 7104781 TI - Selection for high specific gravity of eggs in a flock of Australorp hens. AB - 1. A realised heritability of 0.23 was obtained in an Australorp flock (S) selected for five generations for high egg specific gravity. 2. A comparison with an unselected control flock (C) over 50 weeks of lay in the final generation indicated a number of statistically significant correlated responses in commercially important traits in the S line in addition to the direct response of +0.004 in specific gravity. 3. With an increase in specific gravity, there was a decrease of 3.4 in the percentage of soft-shelled eggs laid. 4. The weight and albumen height of eggs measured within 1 hour of lay declined by 1.8 g and 2.1 Haugh units respectively. 5. There were reductions in the weight and albumen height losses of eggs stored over a 10-d period (C 0.74, S 0.62 g and C 17.9, S 15.0 Haugh units respectively), so that at the end of this period the albumen heights in both lines were the same. 6. Average body weight and daily food intake were less by 0.28 kg and 7.5 g respectively. 7. Although there was no change in egg production, the average age at first egg was reduced by 11.3 d. PMID- 7104783 TI - A note on the amino acid composition of the turkey. AB - 1. The amino acid composition of the whole body protein of 28- and 56-day-old turkeys is reported. 2. There were some differences between the two ages; these could largely be reconciled by considering the likely differences in the proportion of feather protein. 3. The results were compared with similar values for the chicken and goose; overall there is a striking similarity, both in absolute concentrations and relative proportions of amino acids. PMID- 7104782 TI - Relationship between monensin and sulphur amino acid requirements in broiler chickens. AB - 1. Diets containing 80, 100, 125, 150, 175 or 200 mg monensin/kg were fed to broiler chickens from 0 to 28 d in cages that prevented access to excreta. 2. Growth was depressed with 125 mg monensin or more/kg and food intake tended to decrease. Feathering was adversely affected with 175 mg or more/kg. 3. In a similar experiment, diets containing 8.8, 9.1, 9.4, 9.7 and 10.1 g total sulphur amino acids (SAA)/kg were supplemented with 125 or 80 mg monensin/kg and compared with a diet containing 8.8 g SAA and 33 mg robenidie/kg. 4. With 125 mg monensin/kg, body-weight gain was significantly less than that of birds receiving robenidine if dietary SAA content was 9.4 g or less/kg. With 9.7 g SAA or more/kg, gain in birds receiving monensin was similar to that of birds receiving robenidine. 5. Monensin at 125 mg/kg therefore appears to increase SAA requirement. PMID- 7104785 TI - Scanning electron microscope study of the feather follicle wall attachment in chickens. PMID- 7104784 TI - Influence of ascorbic acid on the adverse effect of feeding a diet containing excess tyrosine to chicks. AB - 1. The effects of dietary or parenteral administration of ascorbic acid on the adverse effects of excess tyrosine were investigated with young male White Leghorn chicks in a 2-week experiment. 2. Addition of 10 g ascorbic acid/kg to the control diet (without excess tyrosine) produced no beneficial effects on performance. Excess dietary tyrosine caused depressions in all measures of performance. 3. Adding 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 g ascorbic acid/kg to the diet containing excess tyrosine tended to improve performance. 4. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid/bird d to chicks receiving excess tyrosine brought about a significant improvement in body-weight gain. 5. The elevation of plasma free tyrosine caused by excess dietary tyrosine decreased as dietary ascorbic acid increased. 6. Ascorbic acid can alleviate, though not completely counteract, the adverse effect of excess dietary tyrosine. PMID- 7104786 TI - Growth, erythrocyte glutathione reductase and liver flavin as indicators of riboflavin status in turkey poults. AB - 1. Turkey poults were fed on an isolated soya protein diet supplemented with 0, 2, 4 or 8 mg riboflavin/kg between 7 and 28 d of age. Maximum body weight was attained with the 4 and 8 mg diets, and poults fed on the supplemented diet did not survive until 21 d of age. The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRAC) of the poults was inversely related to dietary riboflavin at all ages. At 28 d of age the values for EGRAC of poults fed on the 2, 4 and 8 mg diets were 2.25, 1.59 and 1.25 respectively; at 31 d, following a single oral dose of 10 mg riboflavin administered on day 28, the same poults had EGRAC values of 1.36, 1.17 and 1.26. 2. In a second experiment, poults were fed on diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 8 or 12 mg riboflavin/kg. Maximum body weight was attained with the 4, 8 and 12 mg diets. At 28 d of age the EGRAC values for the 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 mg treatments were 2.36, 2.34, 1.59, 1.28 and 1.18 respectively. The concentration of flavin in the liver was not related to riboflavin intake, whereas total flavin in the liver was positively related, being on average 94, 206, 400, 440 and 413 micrograms flavin/liver for the 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 mg treatments respectively. 3. It is concluded that EGRAC is a sensitive indicator of riboflavin status in the turkey poult and that an EGRAC of 1.6 indicates a marginal riboflavin status. It is also concluded that liver total flavin reflects merely the effect of riboflavin on growth and liver size. PMID- 7104787 TI - [Microstrabismus. Significance of microtropia for amblyopia, the pathogenesis of severe squint and the heredity of strabismus]. PMID- 7104788 TI - [Expert ophthalmologic testimony in insurance cases]. PMID- 7104789 TI - Arterial injuries in electrically burned upper limbs and effects of early reconstruction of blood circulation to the wrist. AB - Since May 1978, a new method using the saphenous vein as autograft for reconstruction of blood circulation to the wrist has been applied in treating a series of 14 cases of electrically burned upper limbs with vascular injuries of the wrist. Necrosis was averted in 10 upper limbs treated in this way. This paper reports the pathological findings in these 14 cases operated upon at an early stage as well as clinical observations on the injured arteries, arteriograms and operative findings. A pathological study was also made on the arteries of limbs amputated following conservative treatment. A pathological concept is suggested regarding the damage caused by an electrical current passing through the upper limb. This helps to explain the mechanism of electrical injuries and provides a pathological basis for early vascular reconstruction to prevent necrosis in electrical injuries of upper limbs. PMID- 7104790 TI - Early and late pathological changes in severe chemical burn to the respiratory tract complicated with acute respiratory failure. PMID- 7104791 TI - Effects of beta-hydroxyethyl rutosides (H-R) administered post burn after thermal injury-induced plasma volume loss in the nonresuscitated dog. AB - The effects of H-R, a mixture of beta-hydroxyethyl rutosides, administered post burn, upon thermal-injury-induced plasma volume loss were studied in the anaesthetized dog. All animals received a 15 per cent total body surface area third-degree flame burn and were not fluid resuscitated. Plasma volume, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure were measured prior to burn and at 2, 4 and 6 hours post burn. One group of animals received a single 100 mg/kg dose of H R by intravenous injection at 2.75 hours post burn. One group of animals received two doses of 100 mg/kg of H-R. One dose was administered 2.75 hours post burn and the second dose was administered 4.75 hours post burn. The results of this study showed that H-R administered after burn is capable of reducing the continuing plasma volume loss. The duration of this response is relatively short and a second dose of H-R was necessary to maintain the reduction of continuing plasma volume loss beyond 2 hours. The effects of H-R on thermal-injury-induced changes in cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were less dramatic than the reduction in continuing plasma volume loss. These effects were observed only in the group of animals receiving two doses of H-R. PMID- 7104792 TI - The histology of early necrectomy. AB - The healing of deep dermal burns after tangential excision and full-thickness burns after total excision was examined. The study was carried out in laboratory pigs. The results were compared with results obtained in unexcised burns. It appears that early excision of thermally damaged skin, even if the ensuing defect is left without further treatment, shortens considerably the process of healing both in tangentially excised deep dermal burns and excised full-thickness burns. (In full-thickness burns, the percentage of scar contraction during the process of healing is demonstrated and compared with scar contraction in unexcised full thickness burns and in mechanical wounds.) PMID- 7104793 TI - Self-inflicted burns. PMID- 7104796 TI - Malignant melanoma arising in an old burn scar. PMID- 7104794 TI - Epidemiological analysis of deaths caused by burns in Osaka, Japan. PMID- 7104795 TI - Epidemiology of minor burn injuries. AB - The incidence of minor burn injuries has been determined for the Commonwealth of Virginia during a 17-month period. The data set included all patients with burn injuries receiving treatment in the emergency department that did not require hospitalization. The risk of burn injury was calculated by age, race and sex. Examination of the data revealed large differences in the magnitude of age specific incidence rates between men and women and the white and non-white population. Differences in the economic status of the population may explain a large proportion of the variation in the crude burn rates. PMID- 7104797 TI - [Location, size of hospital and attitude, opinions of rural inhabitants towards sickness and the health care system]. PMID- 7104798 TI - [Social representations of a rheumatic disorder: rheumatic pelvispondylitis]. PMID- 7104799 TI - [Hospitalized burn patients--effects of severity and lethality. Influence of demographic variables on risk and cost indicators]. PMID- 7104801 TI - Anaesthetic management of arteriovenous malformations of the vein of Galen. AB - Arteriovenous malformations of the vein of Galen, though rare, are associated with a significant mortality. The anaesthetic management of patients with this defect during surgery may be complicated by massive blood loss and congestive heart failure. Four patients under 18 months of age underwent craniotomies for arteriovenous malformations of the vein of Galen. Since two required a second craniotomy for ligation of residual feeding vessels, there were six procedures in the four patients. Average blood loss per procedure was estimated at 126 per cent of blood volume. One patient died during operation and one had an intra-operative cardiac arrest. Both of these patients had associated cardiac failure. In the presence of a compromised myocardium, sudden blood loss or attempts at induced hypotension may result in inadequate diastolic perfusion of the heart and precipitate cardiac arrest. Consequently, these patients should be maintained in a euvolaemic state with transfusion and attempts at controlled hypotension should be avoided. PMID- 7104802 TI - Changing trends in cardiac disease and cardiac surgery. AB - The trends in cardiac surgery during the four decade or so life history of this specialty have been inexorably toward progress--a greater capacity to relieve suffering and to prolong life for patients afflicted with cardiac disease. It has been a team effort, led by a professional coalition of cardiologist, cardiac anaesthetist, cardiac pathologist and cardiac surgeon, but also with major involvement of nursing, technical and supporting specialties. As technology and capability have progressed and will continue to do so, the challenge for the future, both professionally and socio-economically, will increasingly be our capacity to deliver this demanding, sophisticated and expensive care to expanding proportions of aging individuals, creating a problem which can ultimately be met only by new knowledge and new disciplines of prevention. PMID- 7104800 TI - Anaesthesia for cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. AB - Between 1966 and 1982, 46 patients underwent a total of 50 craniotomies for exploration and excision of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Thirty-three of these patients presented with intracranial haemorrhage, 13 of whom required emergency operations. Thirteen patients underwent elective surgery after investigation of a variety of medical complaints. In most cases, anesthesia was induced with thiopentone followed by a muscle relaxant to facilitate intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide and oxygen, a muscle relaxant, halothane and/or an intravenous narcotic, and positive pressure ventilation. In 60 percent of patients, blood loss was less than 20 per cent of estimated blood volume (EBV) although four children lost more than 50 per cent of their EBV. There were no deaths during operation. Controlled hypotension was employed in 30 operations to improve operating conditions during excision of deep-seated AVMs. Blood loss was similar in the non-hypotensive group, but these procedures tended to be of shorter duration. The advantages of various hypotensive techniques in children undergoing operations for cerebral AVMs are discussed and current anaesthetic management at The Hospital for Sick Children is described. PMID- 7104803 TI - Cardiac surgery and hemodynamic monitoring. PMID- 7104804 TI - Anaesthesia for cardiac patients having non-cardiac operations. AB - It is difficult to pick out a sensitive marker for the effectiveness with which patients with heart disease have been managed for non-cardiac operations. Reinfarction rates have frequently been cited for this purpose over the past 20 years and it is interesting and perplexing that, until very recently, we have been unable to show significant decreases in reinfarction rates in patients who have had a myocardial infarction within six months of surgery. It has been our opinion for a number of years that, in general, patients with heart disease are well managed in the intraoperative phase of their hospital stay. The successful management of patients during this period is based on the fact that the majority of anaesthetists now appear to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology of heart disease and are becoming more aggressive in the monitoring and treatment of abnormal haemodynamics when they occur. The ultimate extent to which morbidity and mortality can be reduced in patients with heart disease for non-cardiac surgery will not be known until patients at high risk receive the same intensive postoperative care that patients who undergo heart surgery enjoy. It is the fact that patients are haemodynamically stable and do not have myocardial ischaemia throughout the peri-operative period that is important, rather than the way in which it is achieved. PMID- 7104805 TI - Sodium citrate premedication in elective caesarean section patients. AB - The pH and volume of gastric contents from thirty-three patients undergoing elective caesarean section with thiopentone, nitrous oxide, succinylcholine anaesthesia were examined. Twenty patients received Gelusil 30 ml by mouth and thirteen patients received 30 ml of a 0.15 molar solution of sodium citrate. Following tracheal intubation, gastric fluid was sampled through an 18 French Salem sump tube place orally. Mean pH following Gelusil was 4.54 +/- 2.45 (SD) and 2.29 +/- 1.77 following sodium citrate. This difference was statistically different (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in gastric volume between the two groups. Thirty five per cent of patients receiving Gelusil had a pH less than 2.5. This low pH was more likely to occur with prolonged intervals between drug administration and sampling. Significantly more patients receiving sodium citrate had a low pH (85 per cent) and this low pH was not related to the duration of interval between administration and sampling. This study demonstrates that 30 ml of 0.15 molar sodium citrate is not a satisfactory alternative to 30 ml of Gelusil for increasing gastric pH in the paturient when given sixty minutes before operation. PMID- 7104806 TI - Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section. AB - A randomized double blind placebo controlled study of the efficacy, duration and safety of epidural morphine for the management of pain after Cesarean section is reported. Three similar groups of patients received either 0, 4 mg or 8 mg of morphine sulphate in 10 ml of normal saline through an epidural catheter at the completion of the operation. Compared to the saline controls, both the 4 mg and 8 mg epidural morphine groups had significant pain relief as judged by an analogue pain scale (p less than 0.001), the time to the first administration of narcotic analgesics (p less than 0.001) and the amount of supplemental analgesic required in the first 36 hours after operation (p less than 0.001). The side effects occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Two patients who received epidural morphine 8 mg plus additional narcotic or antihistamine had reduced respiratory rates but were easily rousable. Our experience suggests that the epidural administration of morphine 4 mg may be a safe and reliable method of obtaining prolonged analgesia following Caesarean section. PMID- 7104807 TI - Strabismus as a possible sign of subclinical muscular dystrophy predisposing to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria: a study of an affected family. AB - Administration of succinylcholine to normal individuals results in alterations in muscle membrane integrity expressed as a slight increase in the concentrations of creatine phosphokinase (CK) in serum and appearance of small amounts of myoglobin in the urine, but without clinical symptoms. Subjects with strabismus due to congenital muscular dystrophy may develop more significant rhabdomyolysis expressed as muscle stiffness and weakness, massive myoglobinuria, marked elevation of serum CK and other enzymes, metabolic acidosis, tachycardia and moderate elevation of body temperature. In some cases grave malignant hyperthermia with significant hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, tachycardia and marked abnormalities in serum electrolyte concentrations may cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system and other vital organs and death. A case of difficult anaesthesia for a six year old boy belonging to family affected with muscular dystrophy is presented. More attention must be given to preoperative examination (anamnesis, serum enzymes) or ophthalmological patients and more careful monitoring during anaesthesia and in the early postoperative period must be instituted to prevent and treat complications induced by succinylcholine and volatile anaesthetic agents. PMID- 7104808 TI - Effects of massive overdose of epidural morphine sulphate. AB - In summary, a patient was rapidly injected by error with morphine sulphate 60 mg epidurally. Left bundle branch block and ST segment depression signalled a problem. Respiratory depression occurred 15 minutes later. sympathetic blockade of the lower extremities was not detected. Injections of naloxone reversed the left bundle branch block, and respiratory depression but appeared to be cumulative and resulted in severe pain. A continuous naloxone infusion was effectively titrated to minimize respiratory depression for 19 hours without reversing analgesia. Twenty-four hours after epidural injection, the neurological examination was normal. Epidural morphine analgesia persisted for approximately 38.5 hours. PMID- 7104809 TI - Postoperative sore throat related to tracheal tube cuff design. AB - Recent reports of the incidence of postoperative sore throat following anaesthesia with tracheal intubation have claimed that low volume high pressure cuffs are preferable to those with high volume and low pressure. In this study similar methods were used for evaluating postoperative sore throat. Randomly selected tracheal tubes were used in 56 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery, followed by direct questioning about sore throat on the first postoperative day. The incidence of postoperative sore throat was 41 per cent with high volume low pressure cuffed tubes and 55 per cent with low volume high pressure cuffed tubes. This difference is not statistically significant, but the tendency of the results is contradictory to those published earlier. The incidence of postoperative sore throat varies greatly if direct or indirect questioning is used and also varies between studies using the same method of questioning. Therefore the validity of this method for evaluating the influence of cuff design must be questioned. Postoperative sore throat is a symptom caused by many factors, such as the intubation procedure and the use of stylets or lubricants. The incidence of postoperative sore throat does not necessarily reflect damage caused by the tracheal tube cuff. PMID- 7104811 TI - Neostigmine reversal of D-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide combinations in man. AB - This study measured the neostigmine reversal of a non-depolarizing block in 17 patients, each given d-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide in an alternating sequence. Reversal times were similar to those previously reported for pancuronium bromide alone. It is concluded that the anaesthetist may alternate between d-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide without fear of difficulty with neostigmine reversal. PMID- 7104810 TI - Bilateral pneumothorax with pneumomediastinum under anaesthesia in a healthy female. PMID- 7104812 TI - Scavenging valve. PMID- 7104815 TI - Defective pressure/flow alarm. PMID- 7104813 TI - Masseter spasm induced by succinylcholine in children. PMID- 7104816 TI - Epidural narcotics and control of arterial pressure in a pre-eclamptic patient. PMID- 7104817 TI - Infection risk of long term indwelling epidural catheters. PMID- 7104814 TI - Defective tracheal tube connector. PMID- 7104818 TI - Effects of membrane fluidity and identification of the rate-limiting step in the protein-mediated phosphatidylcholine exchange reaction. PMID- 7104819 TI - A calorimetric study of the thermal transitions of Halobacterium cutirubrum. AB - The thermal transitions of Halobacterium cutirubrum have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Two distinct peaks corresponding to the denaturation of two major protein components were observed in the heating curves. One of the peaks has been assigned to the denaturation of the envelope glycoprotein. The variations of the denaturation temperatures with the addition of glucose, glycerol, NaNO3, and NaSCN are consistent with the previous proposal that hydrophobic interactions are essential in stabilizing the glycoprotein. PMID- 7104820 TI - Comparison of purine and pyrimidine metabolism in G1 and S phases of HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Detailed quantitative studies of purine and pyrimidine metabolism in G1 and S phases of synchronized HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells have been carried out. Concentrations of ribonucleoside triphosphates increased approximately in proportion to the increase in cell size as cells moved from G1 to S phase. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations were low in G1 phase and increased 2.5- to 10-fold in S phase. Pathways and rates of metabolism of radioactive adenine, guanosine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, uridine, cytidine, deoxyuridine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine were determined by measuring the incorporation of each precursor into individual acid-soluble nucleotides and RNA and DNA bases. Cell-cycle or size-dependent differences were detected in many of the parameters studied. PMID- 7104821 TI - Proteins and enzymes of the brush-border membrane of mouse intestine: influence of organ culture on gel electrophoretic patterns. AB - Purifications of mouse intestinal brush-border membranes from control explants and scrapings of intestinal mucosa have been compared. Based on the specific activity of sucrase used as a specific marker of these membranes, higher purification factors were obtained with control explants (24.7 +/- 0.9) as compared with scrapings of intestinal mucosa (14.8 +/- 0.9). However, similar patterns of proteins and enzymes were obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after membrane solubilization by 2% SDS at room temperature. After 24 h of culture, higher molecular weight species of maltase-glucoamylase-isomaltase (band 4), alkaline phosphatase (bands 9-10), and trehalase (band 17) have been observed. Enzyme species appearing in the particulate fraction of culture media were, however, identical with those found at the brush-border membrane level in control explants, except for trehalase. These results are interpreted by considering the possible adsorption of serum components to brush-border membrane proteins. It thus appears that the membrane proteins and enzymes released in the media during organ culture are identical with those synthesized in the tissue in vitro or in vivo. PMID- 7104824 TI - An evaluation of mitochondrial tRNA gene evolution and its relation to the genetic code. AB - Extensive sequence data on mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs give for the first time an opportunity to evaluate tRNA gene evolution in this organelle. Deductions from these gene structures relate to the evolution of tRNA genes in other cellular systems and to the origin of the genetic code. Mt tRNAs, in contrast to the prokaryotic nature of chloroplastic tRNA structure, can not at the present time be definitely related to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic tRNAs, probably because of a higher mutation rate in mitochondria. Fungal mt tRNAs having the same anticodon and function are generally similar enough to be considered homologous. Comparisons af all mt tRNA sequences contained in the same mitochondrion indicate that some tRNAs originated by duplication of a prototypic gene which, after divergence, led to tRNAs having different amino acid specificities. The deviant mt genetic code, although admittedly permitting a simpler decoding mechanism, is not useful in determining whether the origin of mitochondria had preceded or was derived from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, since the genetic code is variable even among mitochondria. Variants of the mt genetic code lead to speculation on the nature of the primordial code and its relation to the present "universal" code. PMID- 7104823 TI - Study of the evolution of the genetic code by comparing the structural and catalytic properties of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. PMID- 7104822 TI - Expansion of phospholipid pool size of rat intestinal villus cells during fat absorption. AB - The effect of fat absorption upon the phospholipid pool size of the intestinal mucosal cells was determined in rats receiving fatty emulsions as a bolus by stomach tube or as multiple meals in the form of fat-laden laboratory chow. The phospholipid content of the mucosal scrapings and of the isolated villus cells was determined 3 to 34 h after the meals and was compared with the phospholipid content of cells from similar animals receiving water alone or 10% sucrose in water. It was shown that continuously fed animals averaged 5-10% and single meal fed animals up to 40% higher phospholipid content in their mucosal cells than the corresponding controls, when compared per milligram cell protein. The expansion of the phospholipid pool involved all phospholipid classes and correlated well with the phospholipid composition of prechylomicrons and of microsomal membranes, which undergo a significant proliferation during fat absorption. The apparent lower expansion of the phospholipid pool in the continuously fed animals correlated with the lower triacylglycerol content of the lumen and of the cells at these times. PMID- 7104825 TI - Comparative sequence analysis as an approach to evaluating structure, function, and evolution of 5S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs. AB - Nucleotide sequences of nine eukaryotic and nine eubacterial 5S rRNAs have been selected for their diversity and subjected to analysis of primary and potential secondary structure. This analysis has allowed the quantitative confirmation of several previously made observations concerning 5S rRNA structure: (i) these two 5S rRNAs are derived from a common ancestor and probably perform essentially the same function in protein synthesis; (ii) one domain of 5S rRNA has undergone considerable divergence of structure (and presumably function) since the separation of the eukaryotic and eubacterial lineages; and (iii) single-stranded regions are more highly conserved than double-stranded regions. In addition, this analysis leads us to propose that (i) some of the highly conserved nucleotide residues in single-stranded regions interact in a specific manner with protein components of the translational apparatus, and (ii) repetitive folding and unfolding of helical regions occurs in two regions of eukaryotic 5S rRNA and one region of eubacterial 5S rRNA. In the context of these observations and propositions we also consider the potential secondary structure of plant mitochondrial 5S rRNA. Nucleotide sequences of 5.85 rRNAs have yielded less information about secondary structure and possible functional interactions. However, we have identified highly conserved and variable regions within this molecule and we show (in contrast to the situation with 5S rRNA) that these do not correlate well with proposed single-stranded and helical regions in a current model of 5.8S secondary structure. PMID- 7104826 TI - Chromosome rearrangement between the Indian muntjac and Chinese muntjac is accompanied by a delection of middle repetitive DNA. AB - The organizations of the genomes of two related species of Asian deer, the Indian (2n = 6 female, 7 male) and Chinese muntjac (2n = 46), were compared at the cytogenetic and molecular levels. These dramatically different karyotypes preserve little apparent G-banding homology. The difference in chromosome number is coincident with a 22% reduction in haploid DNA content from 2.7 to 2.1 pg in the Chinese and Indian muntjac, respectively. The kinetics of reassociation of the Indian muntjac (equivalent Cot = 4285 M-1. s-1) and Chinese muntjac DNA (equivalent Cot - 4362 M-1.s-1) in 2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride suggests conservation in amount of "single-copy" DNA. Two middle repetitive DNA sequence classes differ in both amount and in degree of repetition between the two species. A middle repetitive frequency component (935-fold repeated) represents 13% of the Indian muntjac DNA. A similar component (644-fold repeated) represents 17% of the Chinese muntjac DNA. Low repetition DNA sequence components (repeated 5- and 50-fold) represent 30 and 40% of the Indian and Chinese muntjac DNAs, respectively. These differences quantitatively account for the 0.6 pg haploid DNA content variation between species. The deletion of middle repetitive DNA has not substantively altered the distribution of restriction endonuclease DNA base composition classes as defined by buoyant density in cesium chloride. These results represent the first time that middle repetitive DNA has been directly implicated in a chromosome rearrangement within the vertebrates. PMID- 7104827 TI - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in liver, brown fat, and small intestine of developing rats. AB - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA reductase activity was found to be low in the microsomal fraction of the small intestine, liver, and brown fat in suckling rats. It was high perinatally. Treatment with phosphatase of the microsomal fraction increased activity considerably in gut, somewhat in liver, and not al all in brown fat of infant rats. Activity in the mitochondrial fraction of the small intestine showed no developmental changes. injections of infant rats with triiodothyronine increased and with cortisone decreased hepatic activity but had no effect on gut or brown fat. It is concluded that even though activity decreases in all three tissues after birth, it is regulated differently in liver than in gut and brown fat. PMID- 7104829 TI - Chromium trioxide oxidation of acetylated 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-L-hexosides. AB - Glycosides of the fully acetylated 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-L-hexosides in the gluco, galacto, manno, and talo configurations have been treated with chromium trioxide in acetic acid. The alpha-L-methyl glycosides, which exist in the more stable chair conformation 1C4, with an axially oriented aglycon, are resistant to this oxidation, whereas the beta-L-linked glycoside having the gluco configuration (1C4 conformation) and the alpha-L-methyl glycoside having the talo configuration (4C1 conformation), both with equatorially oriented aglycons, are oxidized to the corresponding 5-adulosonates. PMID- 7104828 TI - Characterization of ribosomal proteins of Physarum polycephalum: number and molecular weight. PMID- 7104830 TI - Photolysis of pyridinoline, a cross-linking amino acid of collagen, by ultraviolet light. AB - Pyridinoline, a cross-linking amino acid of collagen, was degraded by irradiation of ultraviolet light. The decomposition rate varied with pH of the solution and wavelength of irradiation light. The maximum of the degradation rate at individual pH coincides with the ultraviolet absorption maximum. Namely, it was maximally degraded by irradiation at 295 nm in acidic solution and at 325 nm in neutral and alkaline solution. At the optimum wavelength, the photolysis occurred more rapidly in neutral and alkaline solution than in acidic solution. The quantum yield in neutral solution was approximately 0.11 and independent of wavelength. One of the photolysis products was identified as hydroxylysine on an amino acid analyser, indicating that the cleavage of the pyridinium ring occurred. PMID- 7104831 TI - Role of thyroid hormone in cold-induced changes in rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria. PMID- 7104833 TI - Plasma methyl sterol sulfates in familial hypercholesterolemia after partial ileal bypass. AB - We demonstrate, in this study, the presence of several unidentified components in the sterol sulfate fraction of familial hypercholesterolemia patients treated with partial ileal bypass surgery. The sterols obtained after solvolysis and derivatization of this fraction had a retention time, on gas-liquid chromatography, intermediate between cholesterol and beta-sitosterol. They were not present in the sterol sulfate fraction obtained from normal subjects, hypercholesterolemic patients, or ileal bypass subjects before surgery or after reanastomosis. The substances isolated from the sterol sulfate fraction were identified by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to be 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol, 4,4-dimethyl 5alpha-cholest-9(11)-en-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol. Their free forms are known to be biosynthetic intermediates in the transformation of lanosterol into cholesterol. PMID- 7104832 TI - [De-etherification of estradiol 3-propyl ether by subcellular fractions of rat liver]. AB - The incubation of PE2 ((6,7-3H)-labelled 3-propyl ether of estra-1,3,5(10)triene 3, 17 beta-diol (estradiol)) with various subcellular fractions of rat liver indicated that the hepatic metabolism of this compound occurs mainly in the microsomal fraction. In addition to the formation of 3-propyl ethers of estra 1,3,5(10)triene-3-ol-17-one (estrone) and estra-1,3,5(10-triene-3, 16alpha, 17 beta-triol (estriol) directly deriving from PE2, the microsomal proteins carried out the deetherification of the propyl ether group leading to phenolic steroids; among them, estradiol, estrone, and estriol were characterized. Protein-bound and water-soluble metabolites were found; the effects of glutathione and of the incubation conditions were in agreement with the thioconjugation of these derivatives. The microsomal metabolism of PE2, and specially the deetherification reaction, required the presence of oxygen and of NADPH as cofactor, the optimum pH ranging from 7.4 to 8. The participation of cytochrome P450 in these metabolic pathways was shown by a partially inhibited catabolism with carbon monoxide and by a more active metabolism in males than in females and when animals were pretreated with phenobarbital. These results allowed us to conclude that the hepatic deetherification of PE2 is carried out by a microsomal oxidative system which is very similar to the system involved in the demethylation of methyl ethers of estrogens. PMID- 7104834 TI - Regulation of gene expression in corn (Zea Mays L.) by heat shock. AB - Subjecting 5-day-old plumules of corn (Zea mays L.) to elevated temperatures for brief periods of time causes the pattern of protein synthesis to shift from the production of a broad spectrum of proteins to the new and (or) enhanced synthesis of a small number of heat-shock polypeptides (HSPs). Most notable is the depressed synthesis of a major polypeptide (relative mass (Mr) = 93 000 and isoelectric point = 8.0) normally made at 27 degrees C and the enhanced and (or) new synthesis of polypeptides with MrS of 108 000, 89 000, 84 000, 76 000, 73 000, and 18 000, following 1 h of heat shock. These six HSPs is observed within 120 min following heat shock. Recovery from heat shock is rapid; after 6 to 8 h at 27 degrees C following heat shock, the polypeptide pattern is indistinguishable from the control. Extracts from individual heat-shocked shoots produced polypeptide synthetic patterns identical to those from extracts from 20 shoots, regardless of whether single shoots were intact or excised during labelling. Single 5-day-old primary roots exhibited polypeptide synthetic patterns and responded to heat shock in a manner similar to shoots. This is the first demonstration of the induction of heat-shock polypeptides in a whole, intact higher plant. PMID- 7104836 TI - Noninvasive tests for carotid atherosclerosis. PMID- 7104835 TI - Proteins synthesized by rabbit reticulocyte membrane-bound ribosomes. AB - Rabbit reticulocyte membrane-bound ribosomes liberated by deoxycholate treatment contain degraded forms of ribosomal and messenger RNA. This degradation occurs after the liberation of the ribosomes from the membranes by the detergent because intact birosomal and messenger RNA can be extracted from washed membranes by phenol treatment. Increasing the ionic strength of the detergent buffer prevents this RNA degradation and allows the recovery of membrane-bound ribosomes capable of protein synthesis. Comparison of the proteins synthesized in vitro by the polyribosomes shows that the main protein produced by both free and membrane bound ribosomes is globin. However, the two types of polyribosomes could be distinguished by the nonglobin proteins they produce. PMID- 7104837 TI - Lack of generalized constriction of affected visual field in glaucoma patients with visual field defects in one eye. PMID- 7104839 TI - Modelling cortical cataractogenesis: 3. In vivo effects of vitamin E on cataractogenesis in diabetic rats. AB - Adult rats, some pretreated for 2 weeks with daily injections of vitamin E (961 IU/kg) were made diabetic by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The glucose levels in the serum rose to about five times normal in both groups. In the animals that had not been treated with vitamin E, changes appeared in the lenses that worsened as the hyperglycemia continued: by 4 days, irregular structure of the fibre cells at the equator; by 1 week, twisted ends and irregular undulations of these cells; by 2 weeks, jagged protrusions from the cell surfaces and twisting of the entire cell; by 3 weeks, flakiness of the surfaces of the equatorial epithelial cells, and disorganized and jagged fibre cells in a large area at the equator; and by 6 weeks, extensive subcapsular globular degeneration of the cortical fibre cells. In contrast, the lenses of the diabetic animals that continued to receive vitamin E showed minimal changes: after 6 weeks the equatorial fibre cells displayed the structural irregularities found after 4 days in the diabetic control animals. The protective effect of vitamin E could not be ascribed to the effect on aldose reductase, for at 6 weeks the levels of fructose and glucose in the lenses of the diabetic animals treated with the vitamin, although increased, were not significantly different from those in the lenses of the untreated diabetic rats, and the sorbitol levels were significantly higher in the treated animals. These results are discussed in terms of a multistep mechanism of cortical cataractogenesis. PMID- 7104840 TI - Resistance in clinical electroretinography: its role in amplitude variability. PMID- 7104838 TI - Hamartomas of the retina and pigment epithelium. PMID- 7104841 TI - Effects of acidic lake water on the eye. AB - The normal eyes of 6 men and 21 rabbits were exposed to samples of lake water, one eye to a sample of pH 4.6 and the other to a sample of pH 6.3. The men's eyes were exposed for 5 minutes on four occasions a week apart, whereas the rabbits' eyes were exposed for 15 minutes either on one occasion or once a day for 7 days. In the humans neither sample of water produced symptoms or signs of an adverse effect on the external eye tissues, apart from brief conjunctival congestion after every exposure. In the rabbits the two samples did not appear, in general, to have different effects on the ocular tissues, as judged from the osmolarity and cell count of the tears, conjunctival congestion, corneal staining with fluorescein, corneal permeability and histologic features of the cornea. In a few instances differences were observed, but their pathological significance was not apparent. These data suggest that lake water of a pH as low as 4.6 may not harm healthy eyes, however, larger and broader studies are essential. PMID- 7104842 TI - Consecutive bilateral ocular metastases from an asymptomatic adenocarcinoma of the cardia. PMID- 7104843 TI - Congenital absence of the inferior branch of the central retinal vein. PMID- 7104844 TI - Excitation--contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. International symposium, August 21-22, 1981, Banff, Alberta, Canada. PMID- 7104845 TI - Some historical aspects of excitation--contraction coupling. PMID- 7104846 TI - Intracellular calcium translocation during contraction in vertebrate and invertebrate smooth muscles as studied by the pyroantimonate method. AB - The intracellular localization of activator Ca and its translocation during the mechanical activity were studied on vertebrate and invertebrate smooth muscles by fixing muscle fibers with a 1% OsO4 solution containing 2% potassium pyroantimonate for electron microscopic examination. When guniea-pig taenia coli, Mytilus anterior byssal retractor muscle, and Dorabella longitudinal body wall muscle were fixed during the relaxed state, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate containing Ca was localized along the inner surface of the plasma membrane and at other membranous structures in close apposition to the plasma membrane, in accordance with physiological evidence that these muscles contain intracellularly stored activator Ca. When they were fixed during the contracted state, the precipitate was distributed diffusely in the myoplasm in the form of small particles, indicating the release of activator Ca from the peripheral structures. The contraction in dog coronary artery smooth muscle appears to be associated with the inward movement of extracellular Ca. In accordance with this, the resting coronary artery muscle fibers exhibited the precipitate in the lumen of the caveolae, i.e., the bottle-shaped plasma membrane investigations, but not at the peripheral intracellular structures, though the contracted fibers showed the diffuse distribution of the precipitate in the myoplasm. These results indicate that the pyroantimonate method is very effective in studying the translocation of activator Ca in various types of smooth muscles. PMID- 7104847 TI - The influence of voltage conditioning on chloride currents in amphibian muscle membrane: the sigmoid conductance-voltage relation extended into the outward current region. AB - Sartorius muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis were depolarized in solutions of high K+ content and then voltage clamped in solutions in which K+ was replaced by Rb+ and(or) tetraethylammonium ion (TEA+) at pH 9. A three-microelectrode clamp system was used in which the bath was held at virtual ground using an operational amplifier in a current meter configuration. The holding potential was set at zero membrane current potential (resting potential), close to -25 mV. A two-pulse paradigm was used to test the effects of conditioning the membrane at voltages away from the resting potential on initial currents at positive test potentials. In the absence of TEA+ rapidly rising outward currents were generated at positive test potentials, following hyperpolarizing conditioning. These currents inactivated in time and obscured predicted chloride currents. When TEA+ was added to the solution (60 mequiv./L) the currents at positive potentials rose more slowly and declined either very slowly or not at all. Projection of these current waveforms, by curve fitting, to the instant of potential change gave a sigmoid dependence of test current on conditioning voltage that was predicted from earlier results. Predictably there is a test voltage at which the initial current is independent of conditioning potential: from the data it appears that this is not necessarily the resting potential, but the cause of the shift is not clear. The results also indicated that there is a component of outward current that is very small, apparently carried by cations ("delayed rectifier current"), that does not inactivate, even at potentials more positive than the resting potential. PMID- 7104848 TI - Ethanol effects on the olivocerebellar system. AB - Ethanol (1.5 g/kg i.v.) was found to decrease spontaneous complex spike (CS) activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells in urethane anaesthetized rats while not changing the threshold required to evoke a CS by juxtafastigial stimulation. Thus ethanol does not decrease CS activity by an action at the climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synapse. Tremor induced by harmaline (5 mg/kg i.v.) in unanaesthetized animals was markedly antagonized by ethanol (0.5-2.0 g/kg i.v.) in all animals tested. However, in nine urethane-anaesthetized animals, ethanol markedly reversed the effects of harmaline on Purkinje cells in only two cases and partially reversed the effects in another four cells. Thus, the depressant effects of ethanol on the inferior olive is not total responsible for the blockade of the harmaline tremor bur would account for the decrease in spontaneous CS activity. PMID- 7104849 TI - A hypertensive substance in erythrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The effect of the subcutaneous injection of plasma or erythrocytes on the blood pressure of Sprague-Dawley (S-D), Wistar-Kyoto (WKy), and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was examined over a 3-week period. The injection of plasma produced no detectable alteration in blood pressure in either the normotensive or hypertensive strains. The injection of red cells from WKy rats had no effect on the blood pressure of S-D rats, whereas a moderate (20%) elevation was noted in WKy and SH rats which received erythrocytes from S-D and WKy rats, respectively. The injection of red cells from SH rats produced no effect on S-D rats, a moderate (20%) elevation of the blood pressure of WKy rats, and a marked (42%) increase in the blood pressure of SH rats. Despite the lack of effect of erythrocytes on the resting blood pressure of S-D rats, it was found that these animals exhibit a transient increase in the blood pressure response to norepinephrine (NE) following a single injection of SH red cells. The results suggest the presence of a substance in SH erythrocytes which enhances the pressor response to NE and produces an elevation of resting blood pressure. This substance also appears to occur to some extent in the red cells of S-D and WKy animals; the manifestation of its action on blood pressure elevation is determined to a significant degree by the intrinsic resistance or susceptibility of the animal. PMID- 7104850 TI - Cross-adaptive responses to different forms of leg training: skeletal muscle biochemistry and histochemistry. AB - The influence of a program of high intensity training and of a combined program of high intensity training and prolonged submaximal training on adaptations to the vastus lateralis muscle was investigated in two groups of elite athletes. The high intensity training (H) consisted of ice hockey practices and games over a 14 week period while the combined program (HI-LO) included the addition of supplementary sessions of cycling, three times per week, progressively increasing from 30 to 45 min per session and at an intensity of 70% VO2max. Determinations of enzyme activities representative of energy supplying pathways revealed no change in 3-hydroxyacl CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), total phosphorylase (PHOSP), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and a 7% increase (p less than 0.05) in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The addition of the supplementary program caused no further adaptation in the metabolic profile. Similarly, neither the HI nor the HI-LO program induced any alteration in the percentage fibre type (slow twitch (ST) vs. fast twitch (FT) or the subtypes (FTa, FTb, FTc). Reductions in the size (p less than 0.05) of ST fibres were noted for both the HI and the HI-LO training programs. In contrast, increases in capillarization (p less than 0.05) were found for both the ST (23%) and FTa (32%) fibres for the HI LO program whereas a reduction in capillarization (21%) occurred in the FTa fibres as a result of HI training only. It is concluded that metabolic differentiation does not appear to occur in a manner consistent with the conditions of energy expenditure at least for high intensity work. PMID- 7104853 TI - Evidence that L-sucrose is resistant to hydrolysis catalyzed by jejunal brush border enzymes. AB - The sucrase-isomaltase complex of the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose. The stereospecificity of this enzyme, however, is not known. To investigate this, BBM of hamster jejunum was incubated with D-sucrose or L-sucrose, and the reaction mixture was analyzed using a gas liquid chromatograph. It was found that D-sucrose was hydrolyzed to its monomers, but L-sucrose remained unhydrolyzed. It is concluded that the sucrase-isomaltase of intestinal BBM of hamster jejunum does not hydrolyze L-sucrose and therefore this enzyme is stereospecific. PMID- 7104852 TI - Analysis of antigen-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics in sensitized inbred rats. AB - An inbred line of rats was derived which develop marked and consistent dyspnea following sensitization and then exposure to aerosolized antigen. This pulmonary response was investigated in detail by determining forced pulmonary mechanics to derive respiratory rate, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s (FEV0.1), and maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR). Challenging anesthetized rats for 5 min with an aerosol of 3% egg albumin produced minimal change in respiratory rate, a 20% fall in PEFR, a 50% fall in FVC, and a 30% decrease in FEV0.1 and MMFR. The response could be inhibited or reversed by salbutamol (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and aminophylline (25 mg/kg, i.v.) administered either before or after challenge. The pulmonary changes are consistent with antigen-induced asthma in the rats. The response shows similarities to human asthma and may provide a relevant experimental model. PMID- 7104854 TI - Influence of bilateral nephrectomy on selected gastrointestinal bacteria in the rat. AB - A series of experiments was designed to investigate the influence of acute renal failure on selected gastrointestinal bacteria. Sprague-Dawley male rats were bilaterally nephrectomized to induce acute renal failure, with sham-operated animals serving as controls. After 48 h animals were sacrificed and the stomachs, upper and lower small intestines, ceca, and colons were excised and subjected to microbial analyses. Lactobacilli and streptococci including enterococci, were 1-2 log counts higher in the stomachs of anephric rats than those of sham-operated controls; lactobacilli were increased similarly in the upper small intestines of these animals. Coliforms including Escherichia coli, and Proteus were 1-2 log counts higher in the lower small intestine of anephric rats than those of sham operated rats. The decreased gastric pH, increased cecal pH, hypothermia, and delayed gastric emptying observed in nephrectomized rats could partly explain the different microfloras in these animals. PMID- 7104855 TI - Modulation of synapse RC1-R15 of Aplysia californica by fiber(s) of the right connective. AB - A synapse or a synaptic cluster, here called synapse RC1-R15, can be activated by threshold stimulation of the right visceropleural connective (RC) of Aplysia californica. The activity of this synapse is recorded in cell R15 of the abdominal ganglion. Repeated threshold stimulation of this synapse at 1-2 Hz generally produces a reduction of the RC1-R15 EPSPs (synaptic depression), followed by an increase to a sustained plateau (frequency facilitation). When the rate of stimulation is reduced, a rapid increase of EPSP size (posttetanic potentiation) is seen followed by an exponential decay. In this paper, we show that suprathreshold stimulation of RC accelerates this decay. It does not modify the synaptic depression and the frequency facilitation phenomena, nor does it affect the membrane resistance and potential of cell R15. In some preparation, subthreshold stimulation of RC also reduces the PTP generated by a preceding rapid stimulation of synapse RC1-R15. High frequency (5-Hz) subthreshold stimulation of RC also reduces the synaptic depression of synapse RC1-R15. However, the subthreshold stimulation has no effect on frequency facilitation of RC1-R15. The effect of subthreshold stimulation on PTP is often correlated with the recording of a very small EPSP (sEPSP) in cell R15. This sEPSP is barely detected at the beginning of the subthreshold train of stimuli but increases with repeated stimulation. The effects obtained with subthreshold and suprathreshold stimulation of the RC are abolished in sea water with a high concentration of Ca2+ and of Mg2+. Both types of effects are attributed to the activation of fibers in the RC (called modulating fibers) which by the intermediary of one or several postulated interneurons modulate presynaptically the transmission of synapse RC1-R15. PMID- 7104851 TI - Differential response of rat cardiac and skeletal muscle glycogen to glucocorticoids. AB - Though glucocorticoids were previously implicated in the support of myocardial glycogen supercompensation after exercise, it was unclear why skeletal muscle glycogen did not simultaneously supercompensate since it was also exposed to the exercise-induced glucocorticoid increases. The current study shows that glucocorticoids differentially affect cardiac and skeletal muscle glycogen. Following dexamethasone administration (400 micrograms i.p.) myocardial glycogen peaked at 6 h while glycogen in the soleus, red vastus lateralis, and white vastus lateralis increased more slowly and reached the highest values 17 h postinjection. Concurrently, blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon remained at control levels. Liver glycogen increased within 2 h and continued to rise with a peak value at 17 h. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels increased and remained high throughout the 26-h experimental period. High FFA levels inhibit glycogenolysis and thus could be partially responsible for glucocorticoid-induced glycogen increases. It is postulated that glycogen supercompensation does not readily occur in skeletal muscles after exercise because of the brevity of the corticosterone and FFA increases and the slowness of the skeletal muscle glycogen response to glucocorticoids. PMID- 7104856 TI - Epicardial coronary venous pressures: autonomic responses. AB - Intramyocardial, ventricular, aortic, and central and peripheral coronary artery as well as peripheral and central coronary venous pressures were measured simultaneously in dog hearts. A gradient of coronary vascular pressures was detected and quantitated. Stellate stimulation increased all pressures. Isoproterenol induced outflow tract obstructions so that aortic and central coronary artery pressures were unchanged while the other pressures increased. Vagal stimulation dissociated the intramyocardial venous pressure relationship in as much as arterial pressures decreased while epicardial coronary venous pressure was increased. These data suggest that coronary venous pressure in response to sympathetic stimulation increases as intramyocardial pressure increases. However, vagal stimulation permits a dissociation of these effects suggesting that coronary venous pressure regulation is complex. PMID- 7104857 TI - Some aspects of porphyrin neurotoxicity in vitro. AB - Using a dissociated primary sensory neuron culture system, it is observed that some naturally occurring porphyrins produce dose-dependent neurotoxicity as measured by neuron death and by inhibition of the neurite outgrowth induced by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). However, the porphyrin precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) is not toxic up to millimolar concentrations within a 30-h time period. Two synthetic porphyrins, tetraphenylporphine sulfonate (TPPS) and hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), have also been shown to be toxic in vitro. Cultures and cocultures of isolated populations of neurons and glia of central and peripheral nervous system origin may prove advantageous in the study of porphyrin influences on the intact nervous system. This in vitro assay system can complement in vivo paradigms and may be useful for rapid quantitative screening for neurotoxicity of radiation sensitizers including the synthetic porphyrins and other chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 7104859 TI - Metabolic effects of two frequencies of short-term surface electrical stimulation on human muscle. AB - The acute effects of two different frequencies of electrical stimulation on the metabolism of the vastus lateralis muscle were studied in young male and female adults. The quadriceps muscle group of one leg was stimulated for 60 min using surface electrodes that delivered square pulses of 0.6 ms duration, either continuously at 10 Hz (n = 5) or intermittently (n = 5) at 50 Hz (12 s stimulation, 48 s recovery). Biochemical analyses revealed no significant differences in glycogen or metabolite concentrations between the two conditions. Muscle lactate and citrate concentrations were increased (p less than 0.05) for both conditions, but ATP and CP concentrations were not significantly changed from rest values after stimulation. Glycogen concentrations decreased (p less than 0.05) by 24.6 and 29.1 mmol glucose units/kg after 60 min of 50 Hz and 10 Hz stimulation, respectively. Muscle fibres were identified as slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch a and b (FTa and FTb) on the basis of myofibrillar ATPase activity. Estimates of glycogen depletion in different fibre types using histochemical techniques revealed that FTa and FTb fibres had lower glycogen contents than ST fibres after 10 Hz stimulation whereas glycogen was moderately reduced in approximately 50% of all fibre types following 50 Hz stimulation. The modest changes observed in muscle metabolism following 60 min of stimulation were less than has been noted following traditional exercise, and suggest that only some of the muscle fibres were activated in the stimulated muscles at the depth where biopsy samples were removed. PMID- 7104858 TI - A comparison of some pharmacological effects of naloxone and N-methylnaloxone in mice. AB - The effects of N-methylnaloxone following subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular administrations on nociception were investigated using the hot plate technique. Unlike naloxone, subcutaneous administration of N methylnaloxone did not enhance the nociceptive reactions. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of N-methylnaloxone produced antinociception and tremor. Compared with naloxone, N-methylnaloxone was very weak in precipitating the signs of abstinence in mice rendered acutely dependent on morphine. Two factors, poor penetration into the central nervous system and steric hindrance, might render N-methylnaloxone very weak and hence both these factors must be taken into consideration while analyzing the effects following quaternary derivatives of opioid antagonists. PMID- 7104860 TI - Naloxone and morphine inhibit gastric emptying of solids. PMID- 7104861 TI - The monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities in the dog liver. AB - The activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was investigated in the liver of anesthetized dogs. The MAO activity was determined by means of the method described by Wurtman and Axelrod (1963, Biochem. Pharmacol. 12: 1439-1440) using tryptamine as a substrate. The activity of COMT was assayed with the method of Axelrod (1962, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 5. Academic Press, New York) in the presence of epinephrine bitartrate as a substrate. The average values for the activity of MAO and COMT were found to be 57.7 nmol . min-1 . g-1 of liver and 101.8 nmol . min-1 . g-1 of liver, respectively. No significant difference in the enzyme activity was observed among various samples obtained from distinct zones (peripheral and central) and lobes at different time of sample collections. The results suggest the homogeneous distribution of MAO and COMT in the dog liver. The striking difference in the COMT activity in the dog liver as compared with that reported by others for the cat liver is probably due to a species difference between these two animals. PMID- 7104862 TI - Positive feedback regulation of noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerves: a questionable hypothesis. AB - The effects of known agonists and of an antagonist on the stimulation-induced efflux of [3H]noradrenaline from left atria of guinea pigs was assessed. This was done to evaluate the hypothesis of presynaptic beta receptors mediating a positive feedback system. Isoproterenol (1.2 X 10(-8) M) enhanced the efflux of tritium with 50 pulses at all four test frequencies and did so to a similar extent at three of them. Exogenous noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-6) M) inhibited efflux and isoproterenol was ineffective as an enhancer of efflux in its presence. Propranolol (1 X 10(-7) M) did not reliably increase the inhibitory effect of added noradrenaline on stimulation-induced efflux nor did the antagonist by itself under a variety of test conditions decrease the stimulation induced efflux of tritium. It is concluded that the synaptic quantities of transmitter do not determine the magnitudes of the effects of exogenous agents on tritium efflux and that positive feedback, for both theoretical and empirical considerations, does not function during neurosecretion. PMID- 7104863 TI - Perceptual defence: attempted replication using the dark adaption paradigm--a comment. PMID- 7104864 TI - Visual masking and linguistic independence in billinguals. PMID- 7104865 TI - [Variations of cardiac rhythm of children submitted to observation tasks and to control of complex stimulations]. PMID- 7104866 TI - The perceptual basis of judgments of pitch differences and pitch ratios. PMID- 7104867 TI - [Effect of environmental stimuli and reinforcement schedules on the exploratory and play behavior in the child]. PMID- 7104868 TI - The effect of post-training hypothalamic self-stimulation on sensory preconditioning in rats. PMID- 7104869 TI - Detecting targets in letter and non-letter arrays. PMID- 7104870 TI - Serial recall versus recall by categories in short-term memory. PMID- 7104871 TI - Perceptual defence: attempted replication using the dark adaptation paradigm. PMID- 7104872 TI - Photochemical interaction of dictamnine, a furoquinoline alkaloid, with fungal DNA. AB - The furoquinoline alkaloid dictamnine has been shown to provoke lethal damage to filamentous fungi in near ultraviolet light. The phototoxicity was more pronounced against Mucor hiemalis and Mucor ramannianus than against Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium italicum. In vitro, labeled dictamnine was shown to form covalent monoadducts with purified DNA from M. hiemalis in the presence of long-wave ultraviolet light. Addition of [3H]dictamnine to cultures of the same organism showed photobinding with the fungal DNA in vivo. These results support the suggestion made earlier, on the basis of in vitro experiments with calf thymus DNA, that DNA represents a major cellular target in vivo for the phototoxicity of the alkaloid. PMID- 7104874 TI - A method for concentrating viruses recovered from sewage sludges. AB - Buffered 10% beef extract eluates of primary, activated, and anaerobic mesophilically digested sludges were concentrated 20-fold by the Katzenelson organic flocculation procedure after diluting the beef extract in the eluates to a final concentration of 3%. The weighted mean recovery of virions from the concentrates was approximately 58% of the numbers present in the unconcentrated buffered 10% beef extract eluates. Flocculation of eluates that contained buffered 10% beef extract at times produced poor flocs. Application of the Katzenelson procedure to the diluted buffered 10% beef extract procedure for recovering virions from sludges permits an economy in the number of cell cultures required for assays of virions in beef extract eluates that is necessary in most laboratories. PMID- 7104873 TI - Growth responses of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici in defined media. AB - Aseptically produced uredospores of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici were seeded on defined liquid media containing Czapek's minerals, sucrose or glucose, and various combinations and concentrations of 19 amino acids and a tripeptide, glutathione. The cultures were incubated in the dark at 16--17 degrees C. A medium containing a high concentration of aspartic acid (5988 ppm), cysteine (557 ppm), and glutathione (1014 ppm) supported a profuse growth of the fungus in the form of floating white, fluffy, and vegetative colonies. A sulphur-containing amino acid appears to be essential for the axenic culture of the fungus. PMID- 7104875 TI - Scoliosis in Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 7104876 TI - Roentgenographic study of cavus foot deformity in Friedreich ataxia patients: preliminary report. AB - The preliminary results based on a three year retrospective study in cavus foot deformity of forty-four Friedreich ataxia patients regularly seen at the Neuromuscular Disease Clinic of Sainte-Justine Hospital have been presented. An accurate "weight-bearing" foot stereoradiographic technique has been recently developed by our group. Since the follow-up period with this device is not sufficient to provide statistical information, the conventional non-weight bearing technique has been utilized in this study to enable a possible comparison between the radiographs of ambulant and non-ambulant patients. Due to the present technique, the results of this study must be interpreted with caution. For 132 pairs of radiographs, 28 parameters have been analyzed. Four of these, namely the calcaneal inclination angle, the first metatarsal inclination angle, the inferior cortex of calcaneus-first metatarsal angle and the first-fifth metatarsals angle, were of particular interest. From these parameters, a preliminary quantitative description of cavus foot deformity in Friedreich's ataxia has been attempted. Three stages of evolution have been tentatively identified for this type of neurological disorder. PMID- 7104877 TI - Kinematics of the foot. AB - Orthogonal stereoradiographs are frequently utilized in determining three dimensional geometrical parameters of human body segments. They have been applied here in the estimation of the length and elongation of the ligaments of the normal foot. Three small spherical metallic markers were respectively encrusted into the tibia and fibula, the seven bones of the tarsus and into the five metatarsals of an amputated lower limb to identify uniquely their spatial location. The foot was then positioned on a rotating platform. Standardized antero-posterior and lateral radiographs were taken. Afterwards the foot was dissected and the proximal and distal insertions of most of its ligaments were located by means of spherical markers. A second series of orthogonal radiographs were taken of each of the fourteen bones. The radiographs were digitized. The length of each ligament and elongation for a simple and complex movements were calculated by means of a computer program. The results of a simple movement of rotation representing a normal 20 degree dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint and of complex movements of rotation stimulating an abnormal high arch such as encountered in Friedreich's ataxia are presented and discussed. PMID- 7104879 TI - Electrophysiological investigation of the auditory system in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and cortical auditory evoked responses (AERs) were studied in a series of 16 Friedreich's ataxia patients who varied in age, degree of clinical involvement and duration of the disorder. The ABRs were markedly abnormal in all but the youngest patient, and the abnormalities reflected the severity and duration of the disease. The latencies of the AERs were significantly longer in the Friedreich's ataxia patients compared to normal controls, suggesting cortical as well as peripheral involvement of the auditory system. These data are discussed in terms of the neuropathology of the disorder and the similarities with the other sensory systems in Friedreich's ataxia patients. PMID- 7104878 TI - Urodynamic evaluation of patients with hereditary ataxias. AB - Seventeen patients with Friedreich's ataxia or spastic ataxia were subjected to an urodynamic evaluation. Fifty-three per cent (53%) of the patients presented with urinary symptoms consisting of urgent micturition and urgency incontinence. Cystometric evaluation showed a lack of inhibition of the detrusor in 7 patients (41%). Abnormal electric hyperactivity of the external sphincter was documented in 6 cases (37.5%) by electromyography. Some hypotheses are presented to explain the etiology of these abnormal findings. PMID- 7104881 TI - A six-month phosphatidylcholine trial in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - In a six-month open pilot study, pure phosphatidylcholine was administered intravenously (2.5g daily for a month) and orally (5g daily for five months) to sixteen patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and seven patients with other inherited ataxias. Only the oral treatment achieved a mild but significant, 25% improvement, mainly of "central" symptoms in the FA patients at stage 2 of the illness, that is, still able to walk without support and to lead an independent life. However, the drug was ineffective in the more advanced cases. These results are discussed and compared with those obtained with lecithin by other authors. PMID- 7104880 TI - Ultrastructural observations on spinal ganglion biopsy in Friedreich's ataxia: a preliminary report. AB - We report the preliminary study of a dorsal root ganglion obtained at biopsy during a surgical intervention in a patient with Friedreich's ataxia. There was an apparent decrease in the number of large myelinated fibers without necrosis, but with numerous axonal swellings consisting mainly of dense accumulated neurofilaments. Large amounts of lipofuscin were also found as well as some onion bulb formations suggesting a process of axonal atrophy. PMID- 7104883 TI - Tissue lipids in acute acrylamide intoxicated rats. AB - A preliminary survey of tissue lipid composition in acrylamide intoxicated rats is reported. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with acrylamide 50 mg/kg body weight per day for 10 days. Liver cholesterol, mainly in the ester fraction, was decreased in treated rats. When fatty acid composition of liver cholesterol esters was examined, the proportions of linoleate and stearate were found to be decreased and were compensated by the increase of palmitate. Atrophy of epididymal fat pad resulted in severe triglyceride depletion and a relative increase in the proportion of phospholipids and cholesterol. There was also a reduction of linoleate, palmitate and palmitoleate in triglycerides and phospholipids of this tissue. There were, however, only minor changes in the fatty acid profile of the sciatic nerve. PMID- 7104882 TI - Effect of gamma-vinyl GABA in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Gamma-Vinyl GABA, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, was administered orally in two daily doses of 250 mg to 10 patients with cerebellar ataxia (9 with Friedreich's ataxia, one with olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy) for at least one month in an open study. No significant difference occurred in the disability scores of cerebellar symptomatology for the group as a whole, but seven patients showed some improvement in scores with treatment and two patients claimed marked subjective amelioration. Tolerance to Gamma-Vinyl-GABA treatment was excellent. These preliminary results suggest that further studies with well tolerated agents which enhance CNS GABA-ergic function are warranted in patients with cerebellar ataxia. PMID- 7104884 TI - Plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Plasma triglycerides although within the normal range have been shown to be higher in Friedreich's ataxia than in control subjects. To determine whether this difference could be ascribed to a reduced catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HL), released into plasma after an heparin injection, were measured in 13 cases of Friedreich's ataxia and 14 control subjects of comparable signs. LPL was found to be significantly lower in the ataxic patients. Moreover about half of the cases clustered below the normal range for both lipase activities. This subgroup of Friedreich's patients had significantly higher plasma triglycerides than those with normal lipase activities. Further studies are needed to relate these findings to other characteristics of the disease. PMID- 7104885 TI - A possible genetic pattern of taurine urinary excretion in Friedreich's Ataxia. AB - The taurine urinary excretion pattern, before and after an oral load of 250 mg taurine, was studied in normal control subjects and in patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia. It was demonstrated that in both situations the ataxic patients fell within the sub-types of "intermediate" and "high taurine excretors" while non were "low taurine excretors". It was also demonstrated that the excretion of taurine after a load in the obligate heterozygotes parents of the ataxic patients was intermediate between normal controls and patients. It is postulated that patients with Friedreich's Ataxia lack normal regulation of the high affinity-low capacity uptake system for taurine (the TH system) in the brush border of kidney tubules. The low affinity-high capacity uptake system in the same membranes (the TL system) appears to be normal in Friedreich's patients. The normal allele could be called THN and the variant THF and this trait would be inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion if it is linked to the Friedreich phenotype. Whether this finding is or is not the basic genetic defect in Friedreich's Ataxia will require more studies to clarify, but it is of interest to note that a similar pattern appears to be present in the fibroblasts of these patients. PMID- 7104886 TI - Reduced formation of hippuric acid after oral benzoic acid in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - We have observed a markedly decreased formation of hippuric acid after benzoic acid load in patients with typical Friedreich's Ataxia compared to normal control subjects. Since there is evidence for normal or even enhanced tauro-conjugation in the bile of patients with this disease, with a decreased G/T ratio, it is unlikely that co-factor or enzyme concentrations are the cause of this defect. We postulate decreased availability of the enzyme for glycine conjugation either to bile acids in the usual situation or to benzoic acid in the artefactual test condition. This could be due to the enzyme's preference for an increased amount of taurine substrate in the liver. The relationship of this observation to the other biochemical changes observed in Friedreich's Ataxia must still be established. PMID- 7104888 TI - Quantitative metabolic profiling of alpha-keto acids in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - The plasma distribution of alpha-keto acids was measured in 26 subjects including 8 patients with Friedreich's ataxia, 8 with the recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Sageunay and 10 healthy volunteers. The groups were matched with regards to age, sex, weight and the study was conducted under standardized dietary intake. The result indicate significant differences in the alpha-keto acids distribution between the groups. PMID- 7104887 TI - Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the liver, brain and adipose-tissue of lipid deprived developing rats. Effect of minute amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. AB - The present experiment was carried out using the following diets: FF, fat-free, and LP in same diet with 0.7% sunflower oil - given to the progeny of females kept on the FF diet since the mating. after 10 mM Mg2+ activation of the PDH phosphatase, and rate of [1-14C[ pyruvate decarboxylation into acetyl-CoA ester units was determined in the liver, brain and adipose-tissue of the pair-fed developing rats. RESULTS: In the male progeny, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was higher (61%) in the LP group livers than in the FF group livers, at the end of the 13 week experiment. Such a difference was not observed in the two group brains up to the 91 days postweaning, but was even larger (94%) between adipose-tissues of the LP and FF groups. In the female progeny kept 12 weeks on the diets, PDH activity in the LP group tissues was also higher than in the FF group tissues: 63% in the liver, 43% in adipose-tissues, and less than 10% in the brain. Therefore, a minute amount of lipids high in linoleic acid appeared to increase PDH activity, and especially in the liver and adipose-tissues of animals kept on a strictly fat-free diet. This stimulation of the PDH activity seems closely related to the phospholipid rehabilitation in the tissues (decrease in the trienoic, tetraenoic acid ratio values). PMID- 7104890 TI - Effect of a valine load test on plasma alpha-keto acids in Friedreich ataxia. AB - To test the physiological significance in vivo of our previous in vitro finding of reduced valine dehydrogenase (VDH) activity in patients with Friedreich's Ataxia, we subjected ataxic patients and controls to an oral valine load test (1.0g) and measured the levels of branched chain alpha-keto acids in the plasma for 24 hours. We demonstrated a significantly higher peak for a alpha-keto isovaleric acid in Friedreich's Ataxia and a general trend towards higher than control values in all other alpha-keto acids measured, and at all times in the experiment. These changes are compatible with the postulated defect in regulation of the activity of VDH in this illness, but because of their small amplitude, they also indicate that a VDH deficiency is not the genetic defect in Friedreich's Ataxia. PMID- 7104889 TI - Leukocyte valine dehydrogenase activity in Friedreich's ataxia. AB - We studied the activity of valine dehydrogenase (VDH) in leukocytes of 14 Friedreich's ataxia patients and of 14 normal control subjects. There was a significant 26% mean decrease in enzyme activity in the patients, a finding which could be responsible for the chronic accumulation of some alpha-keto acids with toxic metabolic consequences in that disease. However the deficiency was not present in all patients with the typical symptoms, nor was its magnitude sufficient to be considered the primary genetic defect in Friedreich's Ataxia. PMID- 7104892 TI - XVII Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences. Abstracts of scientific program. PMID- 7104893 TI - Neonatal myasthenia gravis in the infant of an asymptomatic thymectomized mother. AB - A case of neonatal myasthenia gravis is reported in the infant of an asymptomatic thymectomized mother with comparably elevated acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titers. The mother remained asymptomatic despite elevated antibody titers while the infant became asymptomatic in association with the disappearance of the AChR antibody. It is suggested that the AChR antibody plays an essential role in the development of neonatal myasthenia gravis. It is also suggested that a thymic factor is necessary for the development of clinical symptomatology accounting for the lack of correlation between the clinical state of the mother and infant. PMID- 7104895 TI - Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's Ataxia. Phase III: Clinical pathophysiology. Part Two: Enzymology and experimental trials. PMID- 7104891 TI - Friedreich's disease 1982: etiologic hypotheses a personal analysis. AB - The author reviews the arguments for and against the four etiologic hypotheses in Friedreich's disease that have been proposed since 1974: the "pyruvate hypothesis", the "lipid-membrane hypothesis", the "energy-defect hypothesis" and finally the "taurine hypothesis". While none of these hypotheses are mutually exclusive, the author shows that all of these mechanisms play some role in the pathophysiology of the symptoms, but that only the "taurine hypothesis" appears to be compatible with all the known facts and the biochemical abnormalities reported. The author proposed that the taurine retention defect (possibly due to a block in the high affinity-low capacity transport of taurine - The TH System) is a primary event in Friedreich's disease. Whether it is the primary genetic event still has to be determined. PMID- 7104894 TI - Transient choreiform dyskinesias during alcohol withdrawal. AB - Three chronic alcoholics developed choreiform dyskinesias involving the face, lips, tongue and, in one case, all limbs; 2 patients for the first time, 9 to 10 days after alcohol withdrawal. These abnormalities improved spontaneously with maintained abstinence from alcohol for 2 to 7 weeks. None had a family history of movement disorder, there was no history of other psychoactive drug use or abuse, and there was no evidence of portal-systemic encephalopathy. PMID- 7104896 TI - A tentative classification of recessively inherited ataxias. AB - We present a working classification of recessively inherited ataxic syndromes based on the use of simple tools available to every clinician: a good history (particularly pinpointing the age of onset) and a good neurological examination (simplified to the verification of the presence of ataxia, deep tendon reflexes in the knee, optic nerve, retinal and/or 8th nerve signs). In the three groups of disorders (non progressive, intermittent or progressive) patients can be hyper/normo reflexic, or they can be hypo/areflexic. Six principal types of progressive ataxic disorders are further delineated by the age of onset. Sub types depend on the presence of absence of eye and ear signs, whereas eponymic or regional denominations are used only for simplicity while awaiting exact delineation of the biochemical defects. PMID- 7104897 TI - A case of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mimicking Friedreich's ataxia: is there any association between friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease? AB - The authors report a case of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease that mimicked Friedreich's ataxia and featured impaired tendon reflexes in the limbs, incoordination mimicking cerebellar disease in the extremities, extensor plantar responses on both sides, bilateral foot deformity, imparied position sense in the toes, absent vibratory sense in the distal parts of the legs and minimal distal weakness with wasting. Motor conduction velocity in the upper limbs was substantially reduced. Other cases similar in nature reported in the literature resemble spino-cerebellar degeneration in general, and Friedreich's ataxia, in particular. It is emphasized that the natural history, EMG, motor conduction velocity studies and examination of other affected members of the family permit the correct diagnosis to be made in such cases. It is also emphasized that patients similar to the one reported here may also resemble, and should be differentiated from, cases of familial dorsal column ataxia (Biemond type). Stress is put upon the fact that when Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mimicks spino cerebellar degeneration, substantial slowing of motor conduction in the upper limbs is generally sufficient to establish the diagnosis. The relation between Friedreich's ataxia an Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is reviewed and it is concluded that these two disorders are distinct clinical and pathological entities. PMID- 7104899 TI - Cultural differences and psychiatric illness. PMID- 7104898 TI - In vitro fertilization in humans and embryo transfer. PMID- 7104900 TI - Cimetidine and drug metabolism. PMID- 7104901 TI - Clinical assessment of the elderly patient. AB - The examination of an elderly patient often requires special techniques and attention to the patient's comfort and ease. This paper outlines a reasonable approach to each phase of the interview and discusses the particular medical problems of this age group. Older people are often slow to bring their troubles to medical attention because their symptoms are vague or because they accept their disability as part of old age. Sometimes they have difficulty in communicating effectively with the physician. Simple patience can ease an otherwise frustrating situation. PMID- 7104902 TI - The reproducibility of intrapartum cardiotocogram assessments. AB - Five obstetrician-gynecologists experienced in fetal monitoring assessed 150 intrapartum cardiotocograms obtained with an external transducer. There were three successive blind readings, the first two without any clinical data apart from gestational age. The reviewers indicated whether the tracings showed definite, possible or no abnormalities. The interpretations given by each reviewer for any one tracing were fairly consistent, but they varied markedly from one reviewer to another. The proportion of tracings interpreted as normal ranged from 39% to 74%, and the proportion assessed as abnormal ranged from 3% to 43%. All five observers agreed on the interpretation of 29% of the tracings. Inter-reviewer reproducibility scarcely changed when clinical data were provided. These findings emphasize the need to evaluate all methods of fetal monitoring before they become widespread. PMID- 7104903 TI - Legionella longbeachae pneumonia diagnosed by bronchial brushing. PMID- 7104904 TI - Attitudes of health care providers toward slow-scan video. PMID- 7104905 TI - Is there still a place for lumbar sympathectomy? PMID- 7104906 TI - Response to the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. PMID- 7104907 TI - Scientifically trained allergists. PMID- 7104908 TI - Breast cancer in pregnant women. PMID- 7104909 TI - Cyanoacrylates in medicine. PMID- 7104911 TI - Smoking and physicians. PMID- 7104910 TI - Sex education: the physician's role. PMID- 7104912 TI - Estrogen replacement therapy, hot flushes and breast cancer. PMID- 7104913 TI - Intranasally administered phenylephrine and blood pressure. AB - The possibility that intranasally administered phenylephrine might cause systemic vasoconstriction and an important increase in blood pressure if administered to susceptible individuals in higher doses was investigated in two groups potentially at high risk: 12 patients with chronic nasal congestion whose blood pressure was normal and 14 patients with hypertension receiving the beta-blocker metoprolol. On two separate days increasing doses (0.5 to 4 mg) of phenylephrine or a placebo of identical appearance were instilled into the nostrils at hourly intervals. The blood pressure and the heart rate were recorded every 10 minutes. The total amount of phenylephrine administered (7.5 to 15 mg) was 4 to 30 times the manufacturer's recommended dose. No significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate occurred in either group after the instillation of phenylephrine. PMID- 7104914 TI - Torsades de pointes, a common arrhythmia, induced by medication. AB - Between May 1980 and April 1981 four patients were referred to one hospital with syncope or recurrent ventricular fibrillation while taking antiarrhythmic or phenothiazine drugs. In all the patients ventricular tachyarrhythmias with the characteristics of torsades de pointes were documented in association with prolonged QT intervals. With removal of the offending agent (in all the patients) supplemented by temporary overdrive pacing (in two patients) the tachyarrhythmias subsided. This study suggests that drug-induced torsades de pointes is an important clinical entity that occurs more frequently than has been suspected. PMID- 7104916 TI - Sex role ideology among physicians. AB - Physicians have been accused by some feminist writers of having traditional views on sex roles that make them part of society's oppressive power structure and therefore responsible in part for the high incidence of psychologic problems and drug dependency among women. To assess whether physicians' attitudes towards women are indeed polarized in a traditional fashion, a sex role ideology questionnaire was given to all practising physicians belonging to the Manitoba Medical Association. Overall the physicians were found to be more feminist than male college students and a group of women with traditional beliefs. Psychiatrists, who had the highest adjusted group mean score on a sex role ideology scale (high indicating feminist beliefs), were found to be significantly more feminist than family practitioners, surgeons, and obstetricians and gynecologists, although not more so than internists, radiologists, pediatricians and anesthesiologists. These findings do not support the assumption that physicians have traditional views that reflect those of society. However, the significant differences between specialties emphasize the need for educating physicians and medical students in the behaviour of women. PMID- 7104915 TI - Delayed elimination of caffeine by women in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy. AB - Caffeine elimination was studied in 15 women at 38 to 40 weeks' gestation. The mean hourly caffeine clearance, 37 ml/kg, determined from assays of saliva, was only 39% of the value previously reported for nonpregnant adults (94 ml/kg). Reassessment in four of the women 2 to 12 weeks post partum showed that in each woman the caffeine clearance had increased more than threefold and that the mean caffeine concentration in the saliva after no intake of caffeine for 24 hours was now much lower (0.07 v. 0.84 microgram/ml). PMID- 7104917 TI - Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: report of four new cases and review of the disease. PMID- 7104918 TI - Intussusception in an adult: an unusual case. PMID- 7104919 TI - Functional collaterals in coronary artery spasm. PMID- 7104920 TI - Ovarian remnant syndrome. PMID- 7104922 TI - Underfunding's effect on Canadian hospitals. PMID- 7104921 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of Turner's syndrome by ultrasonography. PMID- 7104923 TI - Experts debate alternatives to mastectomy. PMID- 7104924 TI - The HSO experiment: better than fee-for-service? PMID- 7104926 TI - Mass media and immunization awareness of pregnant women in a Nigerian community. PMID- 7104927 TI - Folic acid, iron and ascorbic acid in young schoolchildren: a biochemical and dietary assessment. PMID- 7104928 TI - The needs of health and related community agencies serving elderly families. PMID- 7104925 TI - The relationship of abortion attitudes and contraceptive behaviour among young single women. PMID- 7104929 TI - Effects of a four-day work week experiment on the provision of community health services. PMID- 7104930 TI - The value of a school health program for teenagers: a community surveys. PMID- 7104931 TI - Medical reporting of gonorrhoea: the time factor explored. PMID- 7104932 TI - Public health and the charter of rights. PMID- 7104933 TI - An otologic screening program in a Chinese Canadian community. PMID- 7104934 TI - The geographical distribution of high cadmium concentrations in the environment and prostate cancer in Alberta. PMID- 7104936 TI - Teaching individual psychotherapy: learning objectives in communication. AB - Communication is the essence of the process of psychotherapy. Understanding the parameters of communication can form the foundations for the development of psychotherapeutic skills in the student therapist. Using learning objectives within the context of teaching psychotherapy, the process of communication in individual psychotherapy is explored in this paper. With the aim of offering a practical framework to assist in the analysis of the communication process involved in individual psychotherapy, the following concepts are first examined. 1) channels of communication; 2) modes of functioning; 3) interaction between channels of communication and modes of functioning. Following this exploration, the learning objectives in communication are discussed. Using clinical examples, the relationship between the communication process and other concepts of individual psychotherapy are illustrated. Finally, some pedagogic reasons for teaching students the analysis of the communication process early in their psychotherapy training are presented. PMID- 7104935 TI - [Evaluation of a nutrition education program in kindergartens]. PMID- 7104937 TI - Autonomy in mothers with careers. AB - We analyzed questionnaires filled out by 23 mothers with careers and rated them as to degrees of autonomy; 26% received a '1' (least autonomous) rating, 39% a '2', 22% a '3' and 4% (1 person) received a '4' (most autonomous). Psychoanalyst Dr. Elizabeth Zetzel (1) stated "The healthy woman should be able to combine successful marriage and motherhood with some sort of personal career." It would seem that the woman who is most effective at doing so is one who is highly autonomous and, therefore, feels free to construct a non-traditional role for herself. Unfortunately, in our study, these women were very much in the minority. In keeping with our hypothesis, the mere fact that a woman is combining a career and family is not a guaranteed indicator that she is highly autonomous. PMID- 7104939 TI - A comparative psychometric study of anorexia nervosa and obsessive neurosis. AB - Similarities between anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been described by a number of authors but few empirical investigations have been reported. In the current study, 15 female anorexics were compared with 14 age matched female obsessives on a variety of psychometric tests, psychiatrist's ratings and self-rating scales. Obsessives and anorexics obtained similarly high obsessive symptom and trait scores on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory LOI). Both groups were rated by the psychiatrist as similarly obsessive, and there were no significant group differences in self-ratings of obsessive symptoms. Both groups were characterized by high levels of neuroticism and anxiety and low levels of extraversion. In the anorexic group the 6 abstainers had higher resistance scores on the LOI and higher extraversion scores on th MPI than the 9 bulimics. Findings are discussed with reference to the "sorcerer's apprentice" syndrome which appears to characterize both the obsessive and the anorexic. PMID- 7104940 TI - Brief marital therapy outcome: personality correlates. AB - The purpose of the study was to investigate with regression analyses the relationship between personality and background variables and outcome of brief marital therapy. Twenty personality dimensions from the Personality Research Form and data on age, education, number of previous unions, number of children and number of sessions were used as independent variables. The dependent variable was provided by ratings of over-all improvement in affective communication: sexual, verbal, and social, provided by clinical records of 30 couples. The main result was that only the husband's traits were found to be important correlates of improvement in affective communication of both husbands and wives. The important traits involved husband's cognitive efficiency in the area of reflection and accurate judgement of situations, submissiveness, and sensitivity to social approval of his behaviour. The number of individual therapy sessions given to wives was also a notable predictor of improvement. Other personality and background variables were not significantly related to outcome. PMID- 7104938 TI - Early parental loss and suicidal ideation in university students. AB - This study examined the relationship of early parental loss to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a group of university students attending a university mental health clinic. Seventy-five subjects with a history of parental loss before the age of 16 were compared to a control group of 61 subjects from intact homes for the presence of suicidal ideation and overt suicidal behaviour. Subjects with a history of early loss demonstrated significantly more suicidal ideation and more had made suicide attempts than had subjects from intact homes, and this relationship was even more marked when the consequences of the loss in terms of the subsequent family environment were considered. Where the loss resulted in the long-term disruption of family life, suicidal trends were prominent; where the family life stabilized, they were minimal. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts occurred significantly more often among female subjects than males, and the loss of father and both parents was in excess of loss of mother among those with significant suicidal ideation. The findings support the hypothesis that early parental loss, under certain conditions, is a significant variable in the predisposition to suicidal behaviour and suggest avenues for further research. PMID- 7104941 TI - Co-therapy in a clinic for schizophrenia. AB - In the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia, the routine practice of providing each patient with two co-therapists results in several benefits: reduced dependency, increased expertise, objective monitoring, added support and morale for the therapists, more obvious and therefore more reversible countertransference, more obvious and therefore more treatable "splitting" and "projecting." Despite these benefits, problems arise in the two-therapist arrangement. They are discussed under the following headings: loyalty conflicts; limit setting; crisis management; family work. The authors report on techniques of co-therapy problem prevention and problem resolution. Though not always successful, co-therapy continues to be a useful model of service delivery to schizophrenic outpatients. PMID- 7104942 TI - Trends in adolescent psychopathology. AB - Clinicians are reluctant to diagnose severe mental disturbances in adolescents. The psychoanalytic literature on adolescent turmoil has de-emphasized the phenomenology of the clinical picture leading to diagnostic difficulties. Several studies have shown that symptomatic adolescents for the most part continue to demonstrate disturbances in adulthood. This paper reports on the population of adolescents admitted to an inpatient unit and compares it with a population admitted three years earlier. There was an increase in the number of referrals indicating a greater demand for service by the community. The patient population showed a significant trend toward more serious psychiatric disturbance, psychoses and personality disorders, with far fewer adjustment reactions. There was also a great increase in the number of re-admissions which again reflects severity of illness. Antidepressants continue to be infrequently used. Major tranquilizers were used less frequently and with greater specificity in both psychoses and personality disorders. Major implications for identifying and treating recurrent psychiatric illnesses in adolescents are discussed. PMID- 7104945 TI - Is stuttering a contraindication to psychotherapy? AB - This is a case report of a patient who stutters and was treated for problems of self-esteem with focused brief psychotherapy. The literature by and large is against the use of individual psychotherapy for neurotic problems in patients who stutter. The countertransference may account for the unwarranted pessimism in the literature about such patients. In this case the successful resolution of countertransference feelings facilitated the achievement of the goals of therapy. Further reports on such treatment attempts are warranted. Speech therapy may be facilitated by brief focused psychotherapy for the stutterer. PMID- 7104944 TI - Follow-up study of memory deficits after ECT. AB - Twenty-four patients received ECT induced by either alternating sine wave or brief pulsed-square wave stimulus and were evaluated at follow-up for clinical functioning and subjective memory loss. The hypothesis of less memory loss in the group receiving a weaker stimulus (pulsed-square wave) was not supported. The two treatment groups and a group of controls showed no significant differences on the memory test. On measures of clinical functioning the sine wave group scored better on every measure than the square wave group, although not significantly better. PMID- 7104943 TI - Group therapy with sexually abused adolescents. AB - The sexually abused adolescent girl is attempting to cope with a disturbing past, threatening present, and disrupted future. She may also be feeling cut off or different from her friends at a time when, developmentally, peer contact is vital. This paper describes a group therapy experience offered to six 13 and 14 year old abuse victims in order to help them feel better about themselves, improve their social skills and reconnect with others their own age. The group focused on the girl's present, everyday functioning and the effects the family disturbances and abuse have had on them. The male and female co-therapists attempted to create an atmosphere of trust and mutual aid; discussions centered on the relationships among group members and the connections the girls make with their important others, including family, friends, and social agencies. As the sessions progressed, four main themes of concern emerged; the girls shared feelings of violation, loss, anger and, finally, hope for their future. The paper illustrates these themes, delineates some of the girls' group experiences, and changes they underwent, and points out some organizational issues for the therapists in running this type of group. PMID- 7104947 TI - Undinism: the fetishization of urine. PMID- 7104946 TI - Two sisters folie a deux: a case of attempted suicide. PMID- 7104948 TI - Dose-response analysis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an historical perspective. AB - Historical review of 118 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer treated in our institution from 1950--1978 showed a 20% improvement in tumor control for patients irradiated during the most recent period (1974--1978). This improvement was attributed to prescription of higher doses of radiation as well as improvements in technical accuracy and dose delivery to the tumor during that period. Rates of severe and mild complications were comparable and survival was not significantly altered over time despite improved tumor control. Within the range of doses delivered, there was no improvement in tumor control with increasing doses of radiation for small or large nasopharyngeal carcinomas. The dose-response analysis for tumor control was less than ideal because a number of prerequisites were lacking and because the study extended over a 28-year span during which there were significant changes in technology and physician orientation. PMID- 7104949 TI - Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities: survival and patterns of failure with conservative surgery and postoperative irradiation compared to surgery alone. PMID- 7104950 TI - Combined BCG and irradiation treatment of skin metastases originating from malignant melanoma. AB - Treatment with BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) followed by irradiation was attempted to improve response to therapy by cutaneous metastases from malignant skin melanomas. Both agents were applied in low doses, known to cause minimal side effects. Nineteen patients, divided into three groups, entered the clinical trial. The first group consisted of five patients with relatively large metastases that usually appeared as a residual disease in the surgically treated area. Five patients with numerous, large metastases were included in the third group. The treatment sequence consisted of applying BCG intralesionally in doses from 4 x 10(5) to 1.17 x 10(7) viable units. After a free interval, the affected area was irradiated with doses from 1500--2500 ret. Patients with numerous small metastases and those with a small number of larger metastases, i.e., patients of the first and second group, showed a complete response and in these cases regression affected all the noninjected nodules and was also effective when regression could not have been achieved by BCG alone. PMID- 7104951 TI - Uptake and localization of 131I-labeled anti-calcitonin immunoglobulins in rat medullary thyroid carcinoma tissue. AB - A medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) which has been transplanted repeatedly under the kidney capsule of Wag/Rij rats secretes calcitonin (CT) spontaneously. From 10--20 weeks after transplantation, immunoreactive serum calcitonin (iCT) is abnormally elevated and continues to rise parallel to tumor growth. The immunoglobulin fraction of the rabbit anti-CT antiserum raised against intact synthetic hormone, was purified and iodinated electrolytically. Specific activities of 131I-labeled immunoglobulin of 0.008--0.014 mCi/microgram protein were obtained with 80% preservation of CT binding activity. Wag/Rig rats with MCT tumor and increased serum iCT concentrations received intravenous injections of 131I-labeled immunoglobulins (0.054--0.811 mCi). The distribution of radioactivity in the rats was followed for 14 days using external scintigraphy in combination with radioactivity measurements of blood and different organs at the end of the observation period. The distribution of 113mIn was used as a marker for blood distribution. When the radioactivity ratios (131I/113mIn) in tumor and different organs were related to that of blood which was set equal to unity, tumor tissue contained 3--6 times higher activity. Nonhyperimmune rabbit immunoglobulins or rabbit antirat prolactin immunoglobulins were not concentrated in MCT tissue, nor did anti-CT immunoglobulins localize in rat prolactin adenomas. PMID- 7104952 TI - Unusual ultrastructural findings in neuroblastoma. AB - A morphologic study was made of the cell population which had infiltrated the bone marrow of a five-year-old boy. These cells showed a tendency to form rosette like structures. These structures as well as the presence (at ultrastructural level) of neurosecretory granules, cell processes, and microtubules in the neoplastic cells led to a diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Certain characteristics, not previously reported in neuroblastoma, were identified, such as gap junction type intercellular contacts, paracrystalline arrays in mitochondrial atpyical cristae and nucleolus-like bodies (nematosomes). Gap junctions are involved in the intercellular transfer of ions and low molecular weight metabolites and may explain the tendency to form cellular cluster in "rosettes" which are characteristic of this neoplasm. The presence of nematosomes in the tumor cell cytoplasm is one more piece of evidence which substantiates the nervous origin of these cells. PMID- 7104953 TI - Flow cytometry in the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoma and leukemia. AB - DNA content and light scatter were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) in 103 patients including 43 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), eight patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), 17 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ten patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), and 25 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemias. Controls consisted of 42 nonneoplastic specimens obtained from lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. Each specimen was analyzed after staining with a hypotonic solution of propidium iodide using nuclei isolated from chicken erythrocytes as an internal standard. The DNA content and light scatter of the human populations was expressed as a ratio between the DNA content (or light scatter) of the human G0--G1 cells and that of the chicken erythrocytes nuclei. The mean DNA ratio for the 42 nonneoplastic samples was 2.58 +/- 0.045 (SD). In these samples the DNA coefficient of variation of the human G0--G1 peak ranged from 1.48--3.28% (mean, 2.33 +/- 0.54%). The FCM data in the NHL was compared to morphologic diagnoses made according to the "working formulation of NHL for clinical usage" recently proposed by a panel of international experts. Eight of 17 (47%) low grade NHL, one of two (50%) mycosis fungoides, ten of 14 (71%) intermediate grade NHL, nine of ten (90%) high grade NHL, nine of 17 (53%) ALL, three of ten (30%) ANLL, and seven of 25 (28%) chronic lymphoid leukemias had abnormal DNA ratios indicative of aneuploidy. In addition, several cases had normal DNA ratios but G0--G1 coefficients of variation outside of the normal range. All cases of HD had normal DNA values except one case with a small percentage of near tetraploid cells. The mean percentage of cells with S-phase DNA content for the low grade NHL (2.2 +/- 0.8%) was significantly lower than that of the intermediate grade NHL (12.1 +/- 4.9%; P less than 0.0001). The mean S-phase value for the intermediate grade NHL was significantly lower than that of the high grade NHL (22.6 +/- 11.1%; P less than 0.001). The three prognostic categories of NHL designated by the new formulation were clearly distinguishable by the FCM data. Light scatter was not particularly useful for distinguishing nonneoplastic from neoplastic populations. The mean light scatter coefficient of variation of the ALL (15.2%) was significantly lower than that of ANLL (20.5%), however (P less than 0.04). PMID- 7104954 TI - Significance of the labeling index and labeling distribution as kinetic parameters in colorectal mucosa of cancer patients and DMH treated animals. PMID- 7104955 TI - Glucose turnover, gluconeogenesis from glycerol, and estimation of net glucose cycling in cancer patients. AB - A double isotope method was used in patients with progressive malignancy and in control patients to measure: glucose turnover, conversion rate of carbon skeleton of glycerol into glucose, and the interorgan cycling of glucose carbons (Cori cycle plus alanine-glucose cycle). [U-14C]glycerol and [6-3H]glucose were given intravenously as a single dose injection. The time course of the specific radioactivities of [6-3H] and [U-14C]glucose was followed in blood. The pool size and the turnover rate of glucose were increased in the cancer group as compared with the control patients. The net recycling of glucose carbons was not increased in the cancer group, despite the increased turnover of glucose. The alterations in the metabolism of glucose did not correlate with the plasma levels of insulin or thyroid hormones (T4, T3, rT3) neither in the entire cancer group nor in those cancer patients who were repeatedly investigated at different intervals of time. The turnover rate of glucose in the cancer patients correlated inversely to their body weight index. The gluconeogenesis rate, given as the fractional conversion rate of the injected radioactive dose of [14C]glycerol, or as mol glucose . kg body weight-1 . day-1, was increased in the cancer group, but still contributed only 3% of the glucose turnover rate in both cancer and control patients. We conclude that an increased gluconeogenesis from glycerol is not significant in terms of energy expenditure in patients with progressive malignancy, as has previously been concluded for the gluconeogenesis from alanine. It seems that increased turnover of glucose may contribute to inappropriately high energy expenditure in cancer patients. PMID- 7104956 TI - Transplantation of human malignant tumors to the athymic rat. PMID- 7104957 TI - Malignant mixed tumor of the gallbladder: report of two cases and a review of the literature. AB - Two cases of malignant mixed tumor of the gallbladder are reported. The histology of both revealed malignant mesenchymal elements (chondroid, osteoid, fibrous) admixed with adenocarcinoma. One patients had widespread disease and died three days following diagnosis. The second patient had tumor limited to the gallbladder and is alive with no evidence of disease 31 months following cholecystectomy. Only three other such tumors are reported in the English literature. Analysis of these cases indicates that the behavior and etiology of malignant mixed tumors may be similar to that of carcinomas of the gallbladder. PMID- 7104958 TI - Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary with teratomatous differentiation: clinicopathologic considerations. AB - A patient with recurrent Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is described. The light and ultrastructural findings are illustrated. The tumor recurred first as a poorly differentiated tumor with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Following chemotherapy the next recurrence exhibited well differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell elements. These findings may reflect the capability of this tumor type to undergo chemotherapeutic transformation similar to the transformation which has been described in germ cell tumors of the ovary and testis. This observation may be of importance in the clinical management of patients with poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. PMID- 7104960 TI - Central nervous system involvement in mycosis fungoides: diagnosis, treatment and literature review. AB - A 58-year-old man with mycosis fungoides developed headache, back pain, and dorsal column signs. A diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement by mycosis fungoides was made on examination of his spinal fluid. In this patient, cranial and local radiotherapy and aggressive treatment with intrathecal methotrexate cleared the leukemic cells from his CNS, and maintenance therapy with intrathecal methotrexate has resulted in an 18-month remission. PMID- 7104961 TI - Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the pineal region: report of a case. PMID- 7104959 TI - Alterations of creatine kinase isoenzymes in colon washings from patients with colonic and rectal diseases. AB - Mucus samples obtained from 61 patients with different types of colon and rectal disease were assayed for CK isoenzyme fractionation. Twelve additional patients without evidence of such diseases were used as reference subjects. The diseases surveyed were hemorrhoids, proctocolitis, polyps, and cancer of the colon and rectum. The CK BB fraction was predominant in the mucus of the reference subjects and in mild cases of hemorrhoids and polyps. With inflammation of degeneration of the colonic mucosa, the present CK BB decreased and the percent of CK MM increased. It is speculated that the increased CK MM possibly derives from increased permeability of degeneration of the colonic wall, permitting plasma CK MM to admix with the mucus. Mucin CK isoenzyme fractionation may be useful in assessing the pathogenesis of colonic and rectal diseases, as a marker to monitor the efficacy of the therapeutic regimen, and as a technique for monitoring conversion of a premalignant process into a malignant one. PMID- 7104964 TI - Multiple simultaneous tumors in patients with head and neck cancer: a prospective, sequential panendoscopic study. AB - A prospective panendoscopic study (bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy) was carried out in 81 consecutively seen, untreated patients newly diagnosed as having a mucosal neoplasm in the upper aerodigestive tract, to determine how many had a synchronous second primary lesion of the aerodigestive tract. Fourteen patients (17%) proved to have multiple primary lesions (14 second-primary and two third-primary lesions). Three lesions were hypopharyngeal, six esophageal, three pulmonary, two laryngeal, and two oropharyngeal. Two of the additional lesions were found during routine head and neck examination, nine lesions would have been found with a single routine symptom- or roentgenogram-directed endoscopic examination; five, because of their location or small size, would not have been found without panendoscopy, even after chest roentgenography, indirect laryngoscopy, and barium esophagography had been done. The most productive endoscopic examinations for detecting second primary lesions were esophagoscopy and laryngoscopy, the former detecting six lesions, the latter five lesions. The yield of chest roentgenograms was low (1/79). No complications resulted from this prospective panendoscopic protocol study. THese findings should reinforce the belief that head and neck cancer is a panmucosal disease of the aerodigestive tract, that silent second synchronous primary lesions are not uncommon, and that every effort should be made to find all primary sites before treatment of the index tumor is begun. PMID- 7104962 TI - Ascites in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: association with peritoneal implant of myeloid tissue and therapy. AB - The case of a patient with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and myelofibrosis engrafted upon a longstanding treated case of polycythemia rubra vera and presenting with ascites due to peritoneal implants of myeloid tissue is presented. Comments on the differential diagnosis of ascites in general, and especially in myelofibrosis, are entered. The specific simple methodology for the confirmation of this diagnosis through microscopic examination of the sediment of the ascitic fluid for the detection of megakaryocytes and erythroblasts is presented. Radiotherapy in moderate amounts offers a very effective and long lasting form of this entity. PMID- 7104963 TI - Bilateral breast cancer in patients with initial stage I and II disease. AB - Between January 1947 and the end of 1975, of 2076 patients with Stages I and II breast cancer treated at M. D. Anderson Hospital, 126 received treatment for cancer in both breasts. Records of 94 patients who had only one cancer treated at U. T. M. D. Anderson Hospital and in whom staging and treatment details were not available and records of the patients who developed local, regional, or systemic failure prior to diagnosis of the second breast were excluded. Of 126 patients with bilateral breast cancer, 39 had simultaneous tumor (both cancers diagnosed within six months) and 87 had consecutive tumors. The disease-free 20-year survival rate shows no significant difference between patients with unilateral tumors and those with bilateral simultaneous or consecutive tumors. Analysis by radiotherapy modality or surgery alone shows, if anything, a lower incidence of cancer in the second breast in the irradiated patients, indicating that in patients with Stage I or Stage II lesions, the doses of radiation given in the management of the first breast cancer were not conducive to the development of a cancer in the remaining breast. PMID- 7104965 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in two siblings. AB - The authors present two siblings with adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. This is the third report on familial occurrence of such disease. The cancer was diagnosed at age earlier than usual. One of the patients did not have gallstones. The literature is reviewed. Remarks are made about the relationship between heredity and cancer. PMID- 7104966 TI - Selection of patients with malignant ascites for a peritoneovenous shunt. AB - Twenty-two patients with intractable malignant ascites who received a peritoneovenous shunt were studied. We found that the peritoneovenous shunt functioned longer in patients whose ascitic fluid was negative for malignant cells. The median shunt survival in alive patients in the negative cytologic group was 140 days compared to 26 days in the positive cytologic group (P = 0.01). The overall survival of these patients was poor, with a median of 32 days. Median survival of patients with positive cytologic results (26 days) was significantly worse than for the cytologically negative group (80 days; P = 0.05). The incidence of tumor emboli, confirmed at autopsy, was estimated to be about 5%. Seventy-five percent of all complications occurred in the group of patients with a positive cytologic result. We conclude that a positive ascites fluid cytologic finding is a relative contraindication to placement of a peritoneovenous shunt since this is associated with early shunt failure, postoperative coagulopathy, infection, and tumor emboli. However, since the serious complication rate is only 4% and tumor emboli rate 5%, peritoneovenous shunting in symptomatic patients with cytologically negative malignant ascites is a useful palliative procedure. PMID- 7104968 TI - The American Society of Therapeutic Radiologists Presidential Address: October 1981. Potential for improving survival rates for the cancer patient by increasing the efficacy of treatment of the primary lesion. AB - The potential impact on survival probability for the cancer patient of elimination of local failure of treatment was considered. Clinical data demonstrate that for several sites salvage treatment (surgery or radiation) yields eminently worthwhile survival figures for carefully selected patients with local persistence or regrowth of tumor. These long-term disease-free survivals constitute proof that elimination of local failures would result in some increase in survival rate. The increases in survival of patients with carcinoma at four sites by employing a new treatment method which yields a 100% local control rate (and no fatal complications) were estimated by assuming that the rates of death due to distant metastasis and intercurrent disease among patients who achieved an uncomplicated control of their primary disease by the conventional treatment would apply to the patients achieving local control by a new method. The number of additional survivors in the U. S. cancer population was conservatively estimated for these sites to be: uterine cervix, 2700; orocavity and oropharynx, 2000; ovary, 2100; and colorectum, 17000. Analyses have not been completed for other sites. These predicted increases of survivors due to improved local treatment methods are greater than would be predicted by improving treatment of distant disease, for patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix and of the orocavity and oropharynx. PMID- 7104967 TI - Attitudes toward cancer. II: A comparative analysis of cancer patients, medical students, medical residents, physicians and cancer educators. AB - The current investigation was designed to determine how cancer patients, medical students, medical residents, nononcologically oriented physicians, and cancer educators differ with respect to attitudes towards cancer. A total of 372 individuals completed the Cancer Attitude Survey. Cancer educators displayed more confidence in the patient's ability to cope with diagnostic and prognostic information than students, other physicians, and patients themselves. Patients and cancer educators favored aggressive therapy to greater extent than other physicians, students, and alumni. Among nononcologic physicians and students there were significant effects of respondent's sex and prior personal experience with cancer on the attitudes expressed. Cancer educators differed significantly by specialty with surgical oncologists most likely to favor aggressive therapy. When compared to physician groups studied in the 1960s, our overall physician group (residents, cancer educators, and other physicians) was more likely to exhibit: (1) confidence in the patient's coping ability; (2) skepticism about the efficacy of early diagnosis and the value of aggressive treatment; and (3) stronger beliefs in the patient's ability to prepare for and accept death. Comparisons of our medical student group with students studied by Haley and his colleagues revealed a similar picture. Implications of these findings for the education of medical students are discussed. PMID- 7104969 TI - Clinical results and pharmacokinetics of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HD ARA C). AB - Four patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and one malignant teratoma refractory to conventional chemotherapy were treated with high doses of cytosine arabinoside (HD ARA-C). They received up to 12 cycles of 1.8 to 3 g/m2 every 12 hours applied by 2-hour infusions. A total of 55 HD ARA-C infusions was performed. All leukemic patients responded. A complete clearance of blasts from the bone marrow was observed in two patients following 8-12 cycles of 3 g/m2. However, relapses occurred after three and seven weeks, in one case with resistance to HD ARA-C. The patient with malignant teratoma did not respond. No severe toxicity emerged even after repeated applications. Adverse reactions included moderate nausea and vomiting (4 patients), diarrhea (2 patients), hepatic dysfunction (1 patient), bone pain (1 patient), blurred vision (1 patient), conjunctivitis (1 patient), and exanthema with partial epidermiolysis (1 patient). Granulocytopenia occurring between 3-8 days after having started the therapy, subsided within 4-25 days. Plasma levels of ARA-C and the metabolite uracil arabinoside (ARA-U) were monitored. At steady state plasma concentrations of ARA-C were 32-97 microM (8-24 micrograms/ml). ARA-C disappeared from the plasma mono- or biphasic with a terminal half-life (t50%) of 7.8-12.6 minutes. The total clearance (Cl) of ARA-C varied between 1.7 and 2.9 liters/kg . h, and the distribution volume (Vss) between 0.44 and 0.86 liters/kg. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of ARA-C reached 10-15% of steady state concentrations in plasma. PMID- 7104971 TI - Value of tumor-antigen (TA-4) of squamous cell carcinoma in predicting the extent of cervical cancer. AB - The value of a tumor-antigen (TA-4) of squamous cell carcinoma in evaluating the extent of disease was studied in patients who primarily had surgical treatments with a diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Pretreatment serum TA-4 levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay method. The extent of disease was determined by surgical evaluation and postoperative histologic examinations. Furthermore, all patients were followed for at least two years, and those patients who developed recurrence at the sites which were unresectable by radical hysterectomy were retrospectively regarded as the unresectable case. It was found that serum TA-4 levels reflected the extent of disease, and that high pretreatment TA-4 levels indicated the presence of the widespread tumor which was unresectable by radical hysterectomy. PMID- 7104970 TI - Phase II studies of methyl glyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone (NSC 32946) in carcinoma of the colon and lung. AB - We have tested methyl glyoxal bis-guanyl hydrazone (NSC 32946) for antitumor activity in patients with colorectal carcinoma and non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The drug dose was 500 mg/m2 administered by single weekly injection, and with a provision dose escalation. No responses were seen in 38 evaluable patients with colorectal cancer, including 17 who had received no prior chemotherapy. Three responses were seen among 42 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. These included one each with epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell anaplastic carcinoma. None of these responders had received prior chemotherapy. Toxicity of the drug was predominantly gastrointestinal, namely nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and tended to increase with repeated drug doses. Neurologic symptoms of various sorts were also prominent. We conclude that methyl G is of marginal benefit in this dose and schedule to patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 7104974 TI - Effect of hyperthermia on human melanoma cells heated either as solid tumors in athymic nude mice or in vitro. AB - Human melanoma cells were exposed to clinically acceptable hyperthermia (42.5 degrees C) either as solid tumors in athymic nude mice or suspended in culture medium. Single cell survival was in both cases assayed in vitro in soft agar. The response to heat varied considerably among the five melanomas studied. The D0 values ranged from 21 to 590 min when the cells were heated in vitro. The response to heat following treatment in vivo was for a given melanoma larger than that following treatment in vitro. However, cells which were resistant to heat treatment in vitro, were also resistant to treatment in vivo, and those which were sensitive in vitro were also sensitive in vivo. PMID- 7104972 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma and immune hemolysis. PMID- 7104976 TI - Immunoblastic lymphoma arising in chronic lymphoid hyperplasia of the pulmonary interstitium. AB - Chronic pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia occurs alone or is associated with a variety of disorders of the immune system. It may be a diffuse or localized process and has been referred to as lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis or pseudolymphoma, respectively. Chronic lymphoid hyperplasia in other organs has been followed by the development of malignant lymphoma, particularly when associated with disorders of the immune system. This report describes two patients with chronic hyperplasia of the pulmonary interstitial lymphoid tissue who had malignant lymphoma, immunoblastic type found at autopsy. Long-term steroid usage in one patient suggests the possibility that immunosuppressive therapy may increase the risk of developing malignant lymphoma in patients with chronic pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia. PMID- 7104975 TI - Ovarian endometrioid tumors mimicking Sertoli and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: Sertoliform variant of endometrioid carcinoma. AB - We have encountered four cases of an unusual variant of well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma that was predominantly composed of tubules, solid or hollow, as well as cord-like areas histologically mimicking Sertoli and Sertoli Leydig cell tumors. The two features most helpful in differential diagnosis were the presence of areas of tumor with the typical confluent pattern of endometrioid carcinoma, and the presence of mucin at the apical borders of the tumor cells and/or within glandular lumina. Other features that were helpful if present, but were observed only in one case each, were foci of squamous metaplasia or the presence of ciliated epithelium. In two cases, ultrastructural studies showed well developed microvilli and perinuclear microfilaments confirming the endometrioid nature of the neoplasm. The patients varied from 22-74 years in age. All tumors were confined to a single ovary, and no tumor is known to have recurred or metastasized. One of the patients died at age 80, six years following operation, presumably without evidence of recurrent neoplasm or metastases. Two other patients are living and well, one and 14 years after diagnosis. In one patient follow-up is short. The clinicopathologic features of this variant of endometrioid carcinoma are reviewed with emphasis on differential morphologic features. PMID- 7104973 TI - Granulomatous lymphangitis. A complication of intralymphatic immunotherapy with methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER). AB - Patients with thick primary melanomas, (Stage I) or regional nodal spread (Stage II) are at substantial risk for recurrence following usual definitive surgical excision of the primary tumor with or without lymphadenectomy. Trials of nonspecific adjuvant agents such as bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) in experimental animals and man suggest that antitumor effects are greatest when the agent is injected near tumor of limited mass. We report a new approach to adjuvant therapy using preoperative intralymphatic injections and intraoperative local instillations of the nonviable methanol extraction residue of bacille Calmette Guerin (MER). Thirteen individuals with thick primaries, regional metastases, or recurrent melanoma of the extremities have entered the experimental program. We report here one complication of this immunotherapy observed in four of 13 treated individuals, granulomatous lymphangitis. The clinical presentation, course, and treatment of this complication are described. Its potential relation to the success of this therapy is discussed. PMID- 7104977 TI - Pitfalls in microscopic diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (lymphoepithelioma). AB - Isolated cervical lymph node metastases from undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) or lymphoepithelioma (LE) pathologically may be mistaken for malignant lymphomas. The case histories of four patients in whom metastatic UCNT in lymph nodes pathologically simulated Hodgkin's disease (HD) and other non epithelial malignancies are reported. Initial lymph node biopsies showed a cellular and architectural context suggestive of HD in three cases. "Lacunar" cells were seen associated with fibrosis and numerous eosinophils in Case 1; cells indistinguishable from diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells were recognized in Case 4. Case 3 showed some additional features suggestive of malignant histiocytosis. Subsequent biopsies revealed a primary UCNT of the nasopharynx (Case 1) and typical UCNT lymph node metastases (Cases 3 and 4). In Case 2, an immunoblastic lymphoma and a spindle cell sarcoma, respectively, were mimicked by consecutive lymph node metastases. A primary UCNT of palatine tonsil was found five years later. This report emphasizes that deceptive features of metastatic UCNT in lymph nodes may produce serious difficulties in the correct recognition of the tumor on pure histologic grounds. In order to minimize the possibility of misdiagnosis, additional cytochemical, immunohistochemical and serologic studies should be considered, especially when a young patient presents with spinal or infraclavicular lymphadenopathies and no lesion is evident in the nasopharynx. PMID- 7104980 TI - Suprasellar tumors in children: a review of clinical manifestations and managements. AB - The records of 98 children with suprasellar tumors treated between 1950 and 1975, at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, were reviewed. Most of the children with germ cell tumors or posterior chiasmal gliomas irradiated with 5000 rad in six weeks using extended field, children with craniopharyngiomas treated with total resection when the tumor was limited to the suprasellar area, and children with craniopharyngiomas treated with combined surgery and postoperative irradiation when the lesions could not be resected totally, have generally survived long with reasonably good quality of life. More passive dependent immature responses were noted in most children with anterior chiasmal gliomas due to persistent residual mass after irradiation, although they have survived long. An attention to details of the clinical picture, the age at presentation, the finding of diabetes insipidus, and the presence of calcification and intrasellar extension of the tumor, should help with the selection of the appropriate treatment technique and, thus, influence the probability of tumor control as well as of complications. PMID- 7104979 TI - Primary trabecular carcinoid tumor of the ovary. AB - Three cases of primary trabecular carcinoid tumor of the ovary are reported. In two cases the tumor was a pure trabecular carcinoid, while the third it was associated with mature cystic teratoma. The patients were aged 36, 48 and 56 years. The presenting symptoms were lower abdominal pain and the presence of a lower abdominal mass. In one case the tumor was found incidentally. There was no evidence of metastases or carcinoid syndrome in any of these cases. The treatment was bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy in two cases and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in one case. All the patients are well and disease-free for periods ranging from 4-13 years after surgery. The pathology, differential diagnosis and behavior of this entity are discussed and reviewed. Primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary is an uncommon ovarian tumor, behaving like a tumor of low malignant potential. In the younger patient the treatment is unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, while in the postmenopausal patient bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy is the treatment of choice. Long-term follow-up is advisable. PMID- 7104978 TI - Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: review of 74 cases including 27 with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and four with adenoma malignum of the cervix. AB - The sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) is a distinctive ovarian neoplasm the predominant component of which has morphologic features intermediate between those of the granulosa cell tumor and those of the Sertoli cell tumor; focal differentiation into either granulosa cell or Sertoli cell tumor may occur. Of the 74 cases that form the basis of this investigation 27 were associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome; these tumors were all benign and were typically multifocal, bilateral, very small or even microscopical in size and calcified. Twelve of the 27 patients had symptoms suggestive of hyperestrinism attributable to the SCTAT; menstrual irregularity had occurred in eleven cases and postmenopausal bleeding in one. Four of the 27 patients had "adenoma malignum" of the cervix and two of them died of it. The 47 tumors from patients without evidence of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were unilateral and usually large. Twenty five of them were accompanied by symptoms suggestive of hyperestrinism, such as menstrual irregularity, postmenopausal bleeding or sexual precocity; seven were malignant and four of these were fatal. PMID- 7104981 TI - Antipyretic effects of indomethacin in liver metastases of solid tumors. AB - Six cases of fever in patients with dominant hepatic metastases from a variety of solid tumors are presented. The elevated temperature in each case was due to the malignant process itself without evidence of infection. After failure to control fever with various antipyretics and antibiotics, indomethacin promptly controlled fever in all six patients. Prior reports of antipyresis from indomethacin in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors are reviewed. Both the mechanism of fever due to the malignant process itself and the possible mechanism of indomethacin's antipyretic effect are presented. The major thrust of this report is the clinical usefulness of indomethacin for the management of liver metastases with uncontrollable fever. PMID- 7104982 TI - Malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico 1969-1977. AB - We assessed the occurrence of malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico from 1969-1977. Incidence data, collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry, were supplemented with mortality data supplied by the State Bureau of Vital Statistics. These data were analyzed for variation by site, sex, and ethnic group. Malignant melanoma occurrence varied with ethnicity. Incidence rates for non-Hispanic whites (Anglos) exceeded comparison US rates, and were approximately six times higher than for other ethnic groups. Annual incidence rates for Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks of both sexes ranged from 0.0-1.8 cases per 100,000. As anticipated from other studies, the lower extremities were the most common site in Anglo women, and the trunk was the most common site in Anglo men. In contrast, the trunk was the most common site for both Hispanic men and women. A statistically significant trend of increasing incidence was demonstrated only for the Anglo women. Mortality rates varied widely during the study period and did not correlate with incidence rates. PMID- 7104983 TI - Rearrangement in rDNA-bearing chromosomes in cell lines from neoplastic cells. AB - Cytological hybridization in situ and karyotypic analysis have been used to investigate positional changes in rDNA, and morphological changes in rDNA-bearing chromosomes, in a series of cell lines established from patients with various proliferative disorders. Characteristic features of chromosomes in these cell lines include extreme differences in the number of rRNA genes per locus, translocations involving rDNA, and distinct rearrangements of a large portion of the rDNA complex to a q-terminal position on acrocentric chromosomes. PMID- 7104985 TI - Retinoblastoma and its association with a deletion in chromosome #13: a survey using high-resolution chromosome techniques. AB - To our knowledge, 20 cases of retinoblastoma associated with a chromosome #13 aberration have been reported. The present study utilized high-resolution prophase banding analysis of 12 additional retinoblastoma patients to determine the occurrence of chromosome aberrations and identify consistently associated clinical abnormalities. Six male and six female patients were studied representing seven cases of bilateral and five cases of unilateral retinoblastoma. One case of unilateral and two cases of bilateral retinoblastoma and detectable cytogenetic abnormalities, all involving an interstitial deletion of 13q14 on the long arm of one chromosome #13. In all five unilateral cases the tumor manifested in the left orbit, and in all seven bilateral cases the left eye was at a more malignantly advanced stage than the right eye. All three cases with a chromosome abnormality had varying degrees of developmental and/or mental retardation, along with at least one other congenital abnormality. In addition to the 12 cases of retinoblastoma, a patient with severe ophthalmologic abnormalities and mild congenital anomalies was studied by the prophase banding technique and found to be partially trisomic for the 13q14 region with gene loci for optic development and indicate that cytogenetic abnormalities may occur even more frequently in retinoblastoma than indicated by the small number of cases reported in the literature. PMID- 7104986 TI - Cytogenetic studies on the nucleolar organizer region [NOR] activity in meningioma cells with normal and hypodiploid karyotypes. AB - The association pattern and NOR silver staining of the acrocentric chromosomes was studied in normal and hypodiploid cell lines of four meningioma patients. In three cases the hypodiploid cells showed a more increased association frequency or NOR silver staining or both than the normal ones, indicating a compensatory mechanism between the NORs. Chromosomes #14 seemed to be more frequently involved in this phenomenon than other acrocentric chromosomes. From the silver staining results it was concluded that in meningioma cells, chromosomes #22 which bear active as well as inactive NORs were missing. The compensation between the NORs was probably only activated if an active NOR was lost. PMID- 7104987 TI - Unusual Ph translocation in a preleukemia. PMID- 7104984 TI - Prognostic implications of ploidy and proliferative activity in human solid tumors. AB - Ploidy and cell cycle compartment distribution were measured by DNA flow cytometry in 261 patients with a variety of different tumors. Eighty-one percent of all tumors were aneuploid, and 72% were hyperdiploid. Ploidy levels spanned a wide range from hypodiploid (maximum 30% less than diploid controls) to hyperoctaploid (440% in excess of diploid controls) with a mean and median values coinciding at a near-triploid DNA content. The proportion of cells with G1 DNA content decreased with increasing hyperdiploid abnormality. While unrelated to biopsy site and to a number of host factors such as age, sex and race, both ploidy and cytokinetic parameters were markedly affected by histopathologic diagnosis. Patients with metastatic lung, breast and GI cancer had higher ploidy levels than individuals with the corresponding primary tumors. Ploidy (except for one patient) remained constant, and G1/100 proportions showed only minor variation by disease site and over a median observation time of 6 months. Prognostic factor analysis was performed in the subgroup of patients studied within 6 months from diagnosis. The adverse impact of low tumor G1/100 proportion on survival was lost as the proportional hazard analysis was extended to include diagnostic subgroups. Accounting for histopathologic diagnosis, stage of disease, ploidy, and the proportion of tumor G1/100 cells, the following sequence of adverse prognostic factors in order of their relative ranks was established: (1) absence of breast cancer (p=0.0001), (2) hypertriploid DNA index (p=0.049), and (3) presence of metastatic disease (p=0.079). Our study demonstrates that DNA content-derived information on instrinsic tumor cell features pertaining to cytogenetics and cytokinetics may provide an objective means of biologically relevant cancer classification. PMID- 7104988 TI - Genetic/epidemiological findings in a study of smoking-associated tumors. AB - While the etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma remains enigmatic, an expanding array of carcinogenic pollutants in interaction with host susceptibility factors has been implicated. We have studied family histories of cancer in a consecutive series of cancer patients from two university oncology clinics in Nebraska. Particular attention has been given to carcinoma of the lung and other putative smoking-associated cancers (oral cavity, esophagus, urinary bladder, pancreas). Smoking histories were obtained for relatives of an overlapping series of patients with these tumor sites. Findings revealed that, although a significant cohort effect was observed with respect to smoking habits for both relatives of lung cancer probands and for relatives of probands with other smoking-associated tumors, a corresponding trend for lung cancer frequency was observed only for relatives of lung cancer probands. This result suggests the importance of host factors in combination with environmental exposures in determining lung risk. A cohort trend for lung cancer was also apparent among relatives of breast cancer probands, but not for relatives of colon cancer probands, suggesting the possibility of an intrinsic association between carcinomas of the breast and lung. We believe that further elucidation of host factor susceptibility in lung cancer may have important etiological and preventive implications. PMID- 7104990 TI - Has the well gone dry? The First Cain Memorial Award Lecture. AB - Contrary to a recent suggestion, new and useful drugs for the treatment of human cancer continue to be developed although clinical trials today are more difficult and the chances for success are diminished. In the past, research at Southern Research Institute led to the development of two new classes of clinically useful anticancer agents, the nitrosoureas and the imidazole triazines. More recently, we have developed an interesting family of cytotoxic compounds, the haloadenine nucleosides, that are resistant to deamination and show biological activity comparable to the corresponding adenine nucleosides given in combination with 2' deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Among them, the 2 haloadenine arabinonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides appear to have the necessary selectivity for neoplastic cells to be useful anticancer agents. PMID- 7104989 TI - Karyotype consistency in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines established in vitro. AB - Karyotypes of nine human colorectal cell lines deposited with the ATCC were studied by trypsin-Giemsa banding. CCL 229,230,231 and 235 (Modal chromosome number, Sm, was 49, 68, 47, and 40, respectively) belong in the stable type that is characterized by karyotypes consisting mostly of normal chromosomes and stable markers. CCL 228, 234, and 238 (Sm=55,79, and 70 respectively) belong in the unstable type that has karyotypes consisting of numerous markers in addition to normal chromosomes and stable markers. The remaining intermediate type (CCL 233 and 237, Sm = 60 and 64, respectively) has karyotypic characteristics between the above two types usually with two or less unstable markers per cell. The stable markers (together with normal chromosomes) are constitutive components of a cell genome and are common to most cells within the same cultured population. Unstable markers, which generally constitute only a small portion of the total chromosome complement are the likely cause of karyotypic variations between cells and often are produced by balanced inter- or intrachromosome changes, or both. Consequently, total chromosome length per cell genome is remarkably consistent within a cell population, and karyotypes between cells, such as from four stable lines, are profoundly stable and mostly identical. Chromosome deletions and interhomologue exchanges (including isochromosomes) had the highest incidences among both stable and unstable markers. The complex markers occurred relatively infrequently. There were neither common markers nor unique chromosome breakages common to all of these established cell lines. However, chromosomes No. 7 and 1 had the highest incidence (15 and 12, respectively) of structural modifications resulting in the formation of stable markers (82 total exchanges in nine cell lines), and chromosomes No. 7 and 2 were involved at high incidence (21 and 15, respectively) in the formation of both stable and unstable markers (181 total exchanges). Moreover, No. 7 is overrepresented in eight of nine lines. The significance of chromosome changes involving No. 7 in this as well as other tumor pathotypes is briefly discussed. PMID- 7104991 TI - Morphological classification of mouse liver tumors based on biological characteristics. AB - Examination of three strains of inbred mice suggested that specific morphological types of hepatic tumors are the result of genetic predisposition while other types of tumors are associated with exposure to chemical carcinogens. A simple classification system is proposed. Additional studies indicated that a putative promoting agent, such as phenobarbital, increased the incidence of those tumor types usually associated with spontaneous appearance and only in strains with a genetic predisposition to spontaneous tumorigenesis. Carcinogens induce an increase in all types of tumors. PMID- 7104992 TI - Enhanced survival of adriamycin-treated Chinese hamster cells by 2-deoxy-D glucose and 2,4-dinitrophenol. PMID- 7104993 TI - Inhibition of ultraviolet-B epidermal ornithine decarboxylase induction and skin carcinogenesis in hairless mice by topical indomethacin and triamcinolone acetonide. AB - Modulation of ultraviolet-B (UVB) skin carcinogenesis by topical treatment with two antiinflammatory drugs expected to have different mechanisms of action has been studied in the hairless mouse. Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent which may act by inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis. Triamcinolone acetonide is a steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Both of these drugs inhibited the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase by UVB when applied topically in a acetone vehicle. A UVB skin tumor study was designed. Groups of mice were irradiated daily with UVB for 20 days, each mouse receiving a total of 17.1 kJ UVB per sq m. Group 1 was treated with acetone immediately after each irradiation; Group 2 received 700 nmol indomethacin in acetone immediately after each irradiation; Group 3 received 14.4 nmol triamcinolone acetonide in acetone immediately after each irradiation. Mice were killed after 52 weeks, and the tumors were excised and examined histologically. Both topical indomethacin and topical triamcinolone acetonide were effective in reducing the incidence and size of the skin tumors induced by UVB. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the induction of ornithine decarboxylase may be a critical component of UVB skin carcinogenesis and that inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase induction can be used as a screen for agents which will inhibit UVB skin carcinogenesis. PMID- 7104994 TI - Effect of verapamil on malignant tissue blood flow in SMT-2A tumor-bearing rats. AB - We investigated the influence of the calcium antagonist verapamil on malignant and normal tissue blood flow using 25-micrometer 113Sn-labeled microspheres. Isogeneic Wistar-Furth rats were inoculated with a metastasizing mammary gland adenocarcinoma (SMT-2A) in the hindlimb musculature and mammary gland. Verapamil was administered as an i.v. bolus via an external jugular vein catheter followed by a supplemental constant infusion with a Harvard infusion pump. Plasma verapamil levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and heart rate and systemic blood pressure were monitored. Verapamil in concentrations of 100 to 200 ng/ml resulted in an approximate 50% increase in tumor blood flow compared to control levels (p less than 0.001) regardless of the site of tumor implantation. These levels were not associated with a significant alteration in arterial blood pressure. These data suggest that verapamil in concentrations currently used in humans may provide a means of improving the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid neoplasms and may also enhance the effectiveness of ionizing radiation treatment by increasing tumor oxygenation. PMID- 7104995 TI - In vitro X-ray sensitivity in ataxia telangiectasis homozygote and heterozygote skin fibroblasts under oxic and hypoxic conditions. PMID- 7104996 TI - Biochemical effects of 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil and 2' fluoro-5-iodo-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in mouse leukemic cells sensitive and resistant to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. PMID- 7104997 TI - High-dose 5-fluorouracil with delayed uridine "rescue" in mice. AB - Because of the association between the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) into RNA and cytotoxicity, uridine was examined for potential selective reduction of host toxicity. Male BALB/c x DBA/2 F1 mice (tumor free or bearing advanced colon tumor 26) were used. Two uridine schedules (each beginning 2 hr after FUra) have been successful: (a) uridine at 800 mg/kg every 2 hr for three doses followed 18 hr later by uridine at 800 mg/kg every 2 hr for four doses; or (b) two doses of uridine at 3500 mg/kg separated by an 18-hr interval. With two doses of uridine at 3500 mg/kg, the 50% lethal dose for a single dose of FUra in tumor free mice was increased 68% from 190 to 320 mg/kg. White blood cell levels were depressed 67% after a single dose of FUra at 200 mg/kg, whereas white blood cells were depressed by only 39% when the same dose of FUra was followed by uridine rescue. In tumor-bearing mice, uridine rescue reduced FUra-induced host toxicity without significant loss of antitumor activity. Even more striking results were obtained with a combination containing N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (200 mg/kg) and 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (25 mg/kg), administered 24 hr before FUra. In this drug combination, the maximum tolerated dose of FUra is 40 mg/kg on a weekly schedule. With uridine rescue, FUra can be doubled to 80 mg/kg without increasing toxicity, resulting in significantly improved antitumor activity. Examination of the effect of uridine rescue on the incorporation of FUra into RNA and the subsequent recovery from inhibition of DNA synthesis in bone marrow versus tumor revealed that the uridine rescue schedule resulted in relatively faster clearance of FUra from RNA of both tissues but a striking enhancement of the rate of recovery of DNA synthesis only in the bone marrow. PMID- 7104999 TI - A model system for studying metastasis using the embryonic chick. AB - An assay capable of recovering individual viable rodent cells localized in various organs of the chick embryo is described. This assay is based on the differential sensitivity of chick and rodent cells to the cytotoxic drug ouabain. Utilizing this assay, the potential of the chick embryo as a model system for studying metastasis was examined. Several cell lines were characterized in three ways: (a) ability to form local tumors after cell application onto the chorioallantoic membrane; (b) ability to form macro- or microscopic metastasis in the embryo from chorioallantoic membrane tumors; (c) experimental metastatic ability following i.v. injection into chorioallantoic membrane veins. These results were compared with the results obtained from the ouabain-plating assay. We conclude that this assay permits detection of viable metastatic cells even when tumors cannot be detected and helps to overcome the time constraints that have, in the past, limited the usefulness of the chick embryo in modeling metastasis. PMID- 7104998 TI - Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary culture of dog, rat, and mouse urothelial cells by arylamine and nitrofuran derivatives. AB - The induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of urothelial cells from rats, mice, and dogs by nitrofurans and arylamines and their derivatives was examined. Electron microscopy of the culture from rat cells showed the characteristics of epithelial cells. The cultured cells were exposed to the test chemicals in a serum-free medium containing 10 mM hydroxyurea and [3H]thymidine for 24 hr, and unscheduled DNA synthesis was determined by autoradiography. N-Hydroxy-2-aminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N hydroxy-4-amino-biphenyl, and N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl were active in inducing unscheduled DNA synthesis in the urothelial cells of rats, mice, and dogs. 2-Aminofluorene, N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide, and 2-amino 4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole were active only in dog cells. 2-Acetylaminofluorene and 4-aminobiphenyl were not active. These results demonstrate that urothelial cells contain enzymes that can selectively activate bladder carcinogens and their metabolites. PMID- 7105000 TI - 3-Deazaguanine: inhibition of initiation of translation in L1210 cells. AB - In L1210 cells in culture, 3-deazaguanine (DG), a relatively new purine analog, was found to inhibit DNA and protein synthesis but not total RNA synthesis. The effect of the drug on protein synthesis was therefore further examined. Polyadenylic acid-containing RNA synthesis was not decreased by DG treatment, suggesting that the inhibiton of protein synthesis was a function of an alteration in the process of translation. DG altered the polyribosome sedimentation profile in a dose-dependent manner, increasing the numbers of monosomes and smaller polysomes and decreasing the number of larger polysomes. The nascent polypeptides in DG-treated cells were labeled with [3H]leucine, and the increased number of monosomes was not associated with a proportionate amount of [3H]leucine when compared to the polysomes. This indicated that the monosomes had not been derived directly from the breakdown of active polysomes. The shift in the polysome profile was reversed by cycloheximide, suggesting that DG profile inhibited the initiation of translation. This was confirmed by the demonstration of the inhibition of DG of the formation of the 43S preinitiation complex. The inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis by DG may contribute to the antitumor actions of this new purine analog. PMID- 7105001 TI - Tumor-initiating activity and metabolism of polymethylated phenanthrenes. AB - The tumor-initiating activity of several polymethylated phenanthrenes was determined in mouse skin. Among the compounds assayed were 1,4-, 1,9-, 2,7-, 3,6 , 4,5-, 4,9-, and 4,10-dimethylphenanthrene. Only the 1,4- and 4,10 dimethylphenanthrenes were active as tumor initiators. Initiating doses of 300 micrograms and 1.0 mg of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene after promotion with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate induced 80 and 100% incidences of skin tumors in mice, respectively, 4,10-Dimethylphenanthrene assayed under identical conditions induced skin tumors in 35 and 55% of the mice. The in vitro metabolism of 1,4-, 3,6-, 4,9-, and 4,10-dimethylphenanthrene was studied by incubation of the compounds with the 9000 x g supernatant from the livers of Aroclor-pretreated rats. The major dihydrodiol metabolite of both 1,4- and 4,10-dimethylphenanthrene was the 7,8-dihydrodiol, the requisite precursor for the formation of bay-region dihydrodiol-epoxides. Dihydrodiols were not observed among the metabolites of 4,9 dimethylphenanthrene. In the case of 3,6-dimethyphenanthrene, the major diol metabolite formed in vitro was the 9,10-dihydrodiol. These results support previously proposed structural requirements which favor the carcinogenic activity of methylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. These studies indicate that tumorigenic activity of methylated phenanthrenes requires inhibition of dihydrodiol formation at the K-region (9,10-positions) in addition to a bay region methyl group and a free peri position, both adjacent to an unsubstituted angular ring. PMID- 7105002 TI - Clonal analysis of the stepwise appearance of anchorage independence and tumorigenicity in CAK, a permanent line of mouse cells. AB - To provide information on the number of steps involved in preneoplastic progression in vitro, the induced and spontaneous appearances of anchorage independent and tumorigenic variants were studied with clones of a permanent cell line of morphologically transformed, anchorage-dependent, non-tumorigenic pseudodiploid mouse cells (CAK). Tumorigenicity was assayed in the nude mouse by s.c. coinoculation of CAK cell derivatives with 2 x 10(6) human fibroblasts. Under the assay conditions, as few as 10 tumorigenic cells formed tumors. The assay permitted detection of tumorigenic variants soon after their origin and reduced the spontaneous development of new variants that result from extensive proliferation of clonal cell populations prior to testing for tumorigenicity. Anchorage-independent, nontumorigenic variants of CAK cells originated spontaneously at an estimated rate of about 10(-4)/cell/generation. Tumorigenic variants appeared spontaneously during proliferation of an anchorage-independent cell clone at an estimated rate of about 10(-7)/cell/generation but were undetectable among anchorage-dependent CAK cells. In contrast, N-methyl-N'-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine treatment induced the appearance of tumorigenic variants in both anchorage-dependent and -independent clones with an estimated frequency of about 10(-4)/surviving clone former, which was similar to the induced frequency of ouabain-resistant variants in the same cells. Anchorage independence was expressed without tumorigenicity in new anchorage-independent variants but tumorigenic cells were always anchorage independent. We propose that CAK cells can become tumorigenic by a three-step pathway that includes changes causing morphological transformation, anchorage independence, and tumorigenicity. Our evidence is also consistent with an alternative two-step pathway where anchorage independence and tumorigenicity are acquired in a single step, since anchorage independent, tumorigenic clones were derived from anchorage-dependent cells soon after a single mutagenic treatment. PMID- 7105004 TI - Immunological and pharmacological characterization of poly-DL-alanyl-modified Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase. AB - The covalent attachment of poly-DL-alanine peptides to lysyl residues on the surface of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase has produced a modified enzyme which is much less immunogenic in mice and demonstrates 100-fold longer plasma half life in the rhesus monkey. Immunogenic responses towards both the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody subclasses were evaluated in C57BL x DBA/2 F1 mice exposed to 250 rads of whole-body irradiation 4 hr prior to immunization with 5-diazo-4-oxynorvaline-inactivated native and modified L asparaginase in complete Freund's adjuvant. Under these immunologically stressful conditions, the native enzyme evoked an IgE and IgG response which could be further amplified by a secondary immunization, whereas the modified enzyme evoked no IgE or IgG response even after a tertiary immunization. In experiments mimicking an intensive therapeutic schedule, whereby two groups of mice were given weekly injections of 5 to 10 units of either native or modified asparaginase for up to 14 weeks, neither enzyme form evoked a significant IgE response, and only the mice given injections of the native enzyme produced an IgG response. In a preliminary patient study, skin testing of a child who had shown an allergic reaction to the native enzyme resulted in a negative response after an intradermal injection of the modified enzyme, whereas a wheal and flare reaction was observed to both the native enzyme and a histamine control. All of these results suggest that the modified enzyme should show a definite reduction in immunological reactions associated with L-asparaginase treatment of childhood leukemia. PMID- 7105003 TI - Intraspecies variation in transfer RNA methyltransferases of inbred mice. PMID- 7105005 TI - Biological properties of N4-spermidine derivatives and their potential in anticancer chemotherapy. PMID- 7105006 TI - Heterogeneity in growth pattern and drug sensitivity of primary tumor and metastases in the human tumor colony-forming assay. AB - The human tumor colony-forming assay was used to compare primary tumors with their metastases. Cell suspensions were prepared from 38 primary tumors and from metastases taken simultaneously from the same patient. Considerable differences were observed. Cloning efficiency was significantly higher in the cell suspensions taken from metastases than from material from the primary tumor. In 10 paired samples which allowed in vitro drug sensitivity testing, the data showed no satisfactory correlation in resistance of sensitivity to cytostatic drugs between primary tumor and metastases. The regression coefficient calculated for the different cytostatic agents (Adriamycin, bis(chloro)ethylnitrosourea, 5 fluorouracil, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide) varied between 0.02 and 0.1. The results indicate that experiments designed to analyze chemosensitivity of tumor cells in the tumor colony-forming assay should be interpreted with caution. In particular, in vitro sensitivity data obtained from the primary tumor may have severe limitations in planning treatment of metastatic disease. PMID- 7105007 TI - Amino acid, glucose, and lactic acid utilization in vivo by rat tumors. PMID- 7105008 TI - Neoplastic transformation of Syrian hamster epidermal cells in vitro. PMID- 7105009 TI - Chromosomal changes associated with progression of the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system. AB - Several distinct sublines have developed upon serial passages of the original Dunning R-3327-H rat prostatic tumor. These tumors, each in different progressional stages, have been examined cytogenetically in the present study in order to explore the role of chromosomal changes in tumorigenesis. The original parent H tumor, from which all the other tumors were derived, has a normal karyotype, suggesting that visible alterations in chromosome structure are not essential in the early stages of the tumor. Nonrandom involvement of chromosome 4 in abnormalities observed in the increasingly aberrant tumors derived from the H tumor indicates that chromosomes most often affected may carry genetic material which is important in the regulation of cell proliferation and that this genetic material needs to undergo changes in the process of malignant transformation. Cytogenetic analysis of the Dunning sublines as a group indicated that the karyotypes of the tumors in later progressional stages tend to deviate more from the normal than those found in earlier stages. Comparison of chromosomal changes and phenotypic characteristics observed in this series of tumors suggested that the growth rate, dedifferentiation, and attainment of metastatic ability were related to the chromosome variation. The appearance and clonal development of tumor cells with a typical translocation, i.e. t(4;7), accelerated tumor growth rates of the differentiated tumors. Duplication of chromosomes was associated with a markedly increased growth rate and dedifferentiation of tumor cells in the anaplastic tumors. In addition, chromosomal loss from tetraploidy and development of complex rearrangements were associated with attainment of metastatic ability. These results point to the importance of chromosome changes in the development and biology of tumors. PMID- 7105010 TI - Alkylation and de novo synthesis of liver cell DNA from C3H mice during continuous dimethylnitrosamine exposure. PMID- 7105011 TI - Histochemical and cytochemical study of butyrylcholinesterase activity in rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. AB - The activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), a liver fetal isozyme (Zone L-V) of a nonspecific esterase, was studied histochemically and cytochemically in rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me DAB). In normal adult rats, BCHE activity was very prominent in cells of the intestinal mucosa but was not detectable in the liver. On the other hand, in fetal rat liver, a few cells scattered throughout the organ were BCHE positive. 3'-Me-DAB induced poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas showing an intense BCHE activity, especially in areas consisting of small tumoral cells proliferating in a sheet-like pattern. Surrounding noncancerous liver tissue was completely devoid of reaction products. Less-differentiated trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas also showed a positive reaction. On the other hand, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma with an adenomatous pattern were barely stained, while areas of cholangiofibrosis were usually negative. Thus, in confirmation of a previous report, BCHE appears to be a positive marker of poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas induced by 3'-Me-DAB. By electron microscopy, reaction products were demonstrated in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelopes, and sometimes on the cell surface of undifferentiated tumoral cells. The significance of the appearance of BCHE activity in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by 3'-Me-DAB is discussed. PMID- 7105013 TI - Influence of time and temperature on the kinetics of thermotolerance in L1A2 cells in vitro. AB - The overall importance of the primary heat treatment temperature and heating time for the degree and kinetics of thermotolerance was investigated in L1A2 cells in vitro. The degree and time course of thermotolerance developed following primary heating were independent of the priming temperature (in the range 41-44 degrees), if the heating time was adjusted to give identical survival levels. A pretreatment at these temperatures with a survival level of approximately 8%, equivalent to 90 min at 42 degrees, resulted in maximal thermotolerance at a 10 hr interval with a thermotolerance ratio (TTRmax) of approximately 4.3. This was also found irrespective of the temperature (in the range 41-45 degrees) of the second heat treatment. Preheating of cells at 42 degrees for 45, 90, 110, or 135 min corresponding to survival levels of approximately 40, 8, 3.2, and 1.8%, respectively, induced a subsequent delay of 0.8 to 5.8 hr in the onset of thermotolerance. In addition, with more severe primary heat treatments, the delay period, the TTRmax, and the time interval at 37 degrees necessary to develop TTRmax increased. Maximal thermotolerance was obtained at an interval of 6, 10, 13, and 16 hr, respectively, with TTRmax's of 2.9, 4.2, 5.3, and 5.9, respectively. In contrast, the rate of both development and decay of thermotolerance was independent of the primary heating time. These data indicate that the degree and kinetics of thermotolerance in L1A2 cells depend on the survival level following the primary heating irrespective of the treatment temperature and heating time used to obtain this survival level. PMID- 7105012 TI - Induction of monocyte-macrophage differentiation in a new diploid line of human hematopoietic cells (CM-S) by phorbol esters. PMID- 7105015 TI - Characterization of some glycolytic enzymes from human retina and retinoblastoma. AB - GLycolytic enzymes were studied from normal human retinas (both fetal and adult) and from retinoblastomas of eight patients and an established retinoblastoma cell line. No significant differences were found between the enzyme activities in the tissues investigated except for hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, which were significantly decreased in the tumor cells. In fetal retina, five different forms of pyruvate kinase could be detected by electrophoresis (K4, K3M, K2M2, KM3, and M4). In adult retina the K4 isozyme is almost absent, while in retinoblastoma the M4 isozyme is hardly present. In the retinoblastoma cell line, the M4 isozyme is completely absent. Alanine inhibition of pyruvate kinase from the retinoblastoma cell line is more inhibited compared to the pyruvate kinase of fetal retina and retinoblastoma and is even more inhibited compared to adult retina. Electrophoresis of aldolase from adult retina revealed the presence of all potential A-C hybrids (A4, A3C, A2C2, AC3, and C4). Fetal retina, however, is characterized by the predominance of the A type. The same patterns were observed in the retinoblastoma cell line and retinoblastoma. However, in other brain tumors, e.g., gliomas of adults, a five-membered A-C hybrid set is found. Electrophoresis of hexokinase from normal fetal and adult retina revealed the predominance of hexokinase type I; retinoblastoma and retinoblastoma cell line are both characterized by the presence of considerable amounts of hexokinase type II. The isozyme shifts in retinoblastoma result in an enzyme pattern identical to that of fetal retina except for the presence of hexokinase type II. PMID- 7105014 TI - Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in cultured mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells resistant to 4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate. AB - 4-Carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate (CIO), the aglycone of the nucleoside antibiotic, bredinin (4-carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazolium 5-olate), exhibited potent cytotoxic effects of subclonal line F28-7 of C3H mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells in culture. We isolated 11 cell lines resistant to CIO from wild-type F28-7 cells mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These resistant (cio') lines were 160- to 400-fold less sensitive to CIO than were the wild-type cells and inherited the resistant phenotypes during subculture for more than 3 months in the drug-free medium. They were cross-resistant to an adenine analog, 2,6-diaminopurine, while 2,6-diaminopurine-resistant (dap') lines, isolated independently, were cross-resistant to CIO. Neither of the cio' lines tested were able to form colonies in agar medium containing azaserine and adenine, nor were they able to incorporate tritiated adenine into the macromolecular fraction, indicating that they could not utilize exogenous adenine for growth. Enzyme assays using cell-free extracts revealed that all the cio' lines had undetectable levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) activity, but they, except one, had normal levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) activities. These results demonstrate that the CIO resistance in these lines is attributed to deficient adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity and therefore that CIO is activated by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase to form a cytotoxic nucleotide within the drug-sensitive cells. PMID- 7105016 TI - Superoxide dismutase in various tissues from rabbits bearing the Vx-2 carcinoma in the maxillary sinus. AB - Distribution profiles of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in various tissues of rabbits with the Vx-2 carcinoma in the maxillary sinus were compared with those of control rabbits. Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) activity in the liver of rabbits decreased significantly 3 weeks after transplantation. Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity did not decrease significantly within 5 weeks after transplantation. In other tissues from the tumor-bearing rabbits, Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities were not changed within 5 weeks. No Mn-SOD activity and low Cu,Zn-SOD activity were detected in the Vx-2 carcinoma. These results suggest that the Vx-2 carcinoma has lost most of its ability to defend against oxygen toxicity and this ability decreased only in the liver of rabbits bearing the Vx-2 carcinoma in the maxillary sinus. PMID- 7105017 TI - Sequential changes in tumor development induced by 1,4-dinitrosopiperazine in the nasal cavity of F344 rats. AB - Tumor development was examined sequentially in the nasal cavity of male F344 rats given 0.01% 1,4-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) in their drinking water for various periods. Rats were sacrificed at 10-week intervals for up to Week 50. On continuous DNP administration, simple hyperplasia of the nasal cavity epithelium was observed from Week 10, papillary hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, and papilloma was observed from Week 20, and carcinoma was observed from Week 30. Carcinoma was observed in 100% of the animals given DNP for 50 weeks. The carcinomas were adenocarcinomas (86%), adenosquamous cell carcinomas (10%), and undifferentiated carcinomas (4%). Simple hyperplasia was distributed evenly in the nasal cavity. Seventy % of the nodular hyperplasias and 81% of the carcinomas were located in the ethmoturbinate and about 75% of the papillary hyperplasias and papillomas were located in the nasoturbinate and maxilloturbinate. These findings suggest that nodular hyperplasia is very important as a precursor of carcinoma in the nasal cavity of rats treated with DNP and that papilloma is less important in relation to carcinoma development. PMID- 7105018 TI - Reversibility of bronchial cell atypia. AB - Various degrees of cellular atypia were induced in the bronchial epithelium of dogs by means of repeated submucous 20-methylcholanthrene injections. Thereafter, the 20-methylcholanthrene treatment was stopped, and the outcome of the bronchial cell atypias in individual dogs was studied using cytomorphological and cytochemical methods. The results suggest that the various degrees of 20 methylcholanthrene-induced cellular atypias, including those cytologically interpreted as malignant, may reflect reversible cellular alterations which disappear after removal of the carcinogen. Similar observations were made in a group of cigarette smokers who, after malignant-appearing cells were observed in the sputum material, stopped smoking or significantly reduced their cigarette consumption. PMID- 7105019 TI - Interactions between normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells in monolayer culture. AB - Confrontations of rings of adult human oral mucosa epithelial cells enclosing islands of similar normal epithelium, fibroblasts, and cells of three established lines of human squamous carcinoma in monolayer culture were investigated by phase and reflection microscopy and by time lapse cinematography. Measurements of the dimensions of the rings and islands of cells revealed that, while normal epithelial rings confronted with normal epithelium or fibroblasts migrated continuously inwards, similar rings confronting islands of the carcinomas retreated progressively outwards from the tumor islands. The persistence of substantial cell-free space between the epithelium and tumor cells indicated that the outwards migration of the epithelial rings was not solely due to proliferation of the tumor cells. The tumor-induced migration of normal epithelium in monolayer culture may reflect the response of normal epithelium to carcinoma cells in certain in vivo situations. PMID- 7105021 TI - Phase I and pharmacological studies of adriamycin administered intraperitoneally to patients with ovarian cancer. PMID- 7105020 TI - Correspondence re: J. H. Pincus, A. K. Jameson, and A. E. Brandt. Immunotherapy of L1210 leukemia using neuraminidase-modified plasma membranes combined with chemotherapy. Cancer Res., 41: 3082-3086, 1981. PMID- 7105022 TI - In vivo measurements in familial polyposis: kinetics and location of proliferating cells in colonic adenomas. PMID- 7105023 TI - Analysis of the fecal microflora and its enzymatic activity in individuals genetically predisposed to colon cancer. AB - The role of the fecal microflora in the induction of colon cancer was investigated in individuals believed to be genetically predisposed to colon cancer. Subjects were members of families with increased occurrence of colon and endometrial carcinomas characteristic of the cancer family syndrome. Group 1 consisted of 5 cancer family syndrome individuals previously diagnosed with colon cancer. Group 2 consisted of 6 cancer family syndrome individuals previously diagnosed with endometrial cancer but free of colon cancer. An environmental control group (Group 3) consisted of 8 spouses of subjects in Groups 1 and 2. Quantitative bacterial cultures and assays of beta-glucuronidase and 7 alpha dehydroxylase activity were performed on fecal samples. No differences in bacterial quantities or levels of beta-glucuronidase or 7 alpha-dehydroxylase activity were found among Groups 1, 2, and 3 or between spouse pairs. The results fail to associate quantities or enzymatic activity of the intestinal flora to colon cancer in individuals believed to be genetically predisposed to colon cancer. PMID- 7105024 TI - Metabolic balance across the leg in weight-losing cancer patients compared to depleted patients without cancer. PMID- 7105025 TI - Disposition and metabolism of the carcinogen reduced Michler's ketone in rats. AB - Studies on the in vivo and in vitro disposition of 4,4'-[14C]-methylenebis(N,N dimethyl)benzamine (reduced Michler's ketone, RMK) were performed. Osborne-Mendel rats retained, after 24 hr, 78% of a p.o. dose of [14C]RMK. At 24 hr after an i.p. dose, fat, liver, and intestine represented major sites for deposition of radioactivity. The major urinary metabolite of RMK, representing 36% of the total radioactivity recovered in the urine, was N,N'-diacetyl-4,4' (hydroxymethylene)dianiline. In vitro microsomal metabolism of RMK involved demethylation. Products included N,N-dimethyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline, N,N' dimethyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline, N-methyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline, and 4,4' methylenedianiline, representing 44.7, 5.3, 11.8, and 6.9%, respectively, of the total radioactivity recovered from the reaction mixture. Although none of the microsomal metabolites was a direct-acting mutagen in the standard Salmonella typhimurium assay, all could be activated to mutagens when incubated with 9000 X g liver supernatants and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The activation of 4,4'-methylenedianiline to a mutagen suggests that the methyl groups of RMK are not required for the conversion of RMK to a reactive electrophile. PMID- 7105026 TI - Predominance of a cell population less sensitive to carcinogenesis in neoplastic cells of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in mouse aggregation chimeras. AB - Tumors were induced by i.m. injections of 3-methylcholanthrene (0.5 mg) in 100% experimental aggregation chimeras derived from two mouse strains C57Bl/6J (hereafter called B6) and A/J, dimorphic for the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1a or Gpi-1b) and differing in coat color, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility, and cytotoxic activities of natural killer cells and macrophages. In the majority of host tissues and organs, such as coat, lung, spleen, and skeletal muscle, the B6 phenotype was predominant. Likewise, the nonneoplastic intratumoral host cells of both induced primary tumors and parental tumor transplants in chimeras were of B6 origin. In contrast, neoplastic cells in 70% of the tumors originated exclusively from the less aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase-inducible and less immune competent A/J strain. The A/J origin was verified by subsequent cell culturing of the tumors. Only 30% of the tumors contained neoplastic cells of both A/J and B6 phenotype. A further reduction of mixed tumors was achieved with lower doses (0.1 and 0.06 mg) of the carcinogen. The dominance of the A/J phenotype of the tumors contrasted not only with aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and host cell composition but also with tumor pathogenesis (at 0.5 mg 3-methylcholanthrene) in the parental strain. Whereas tumor incidence was 100% in the B6 strain, it was only 65% in A/J mice, with tumors also developing later. As the in vivo and in vitro growth rates of parental strain-derived tumors were comparable, a cell selection caused by different growth rates favoring the A/J phenotype appeared unlikely. PMID- 7105027 TI - Cysteamine S-phosphate hydrolysis by pure human alkaline phosphatases and by sera from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. PMID- 7105028 TI - Metabolism of testosterone by GR mouse mammary tumors. AB - The metabolism of testosterone by GR mouse mammary tumors following serial transplantation was studied. Oophorectomized female recipients were maintained on estrone and progesterone (OEP) or without hormone maintenance (oophorectomized only group) in order to assess whether the growth of the tumor was hormone dependent (HD) or hormone independent (HI). Tumors in the early generations of the OEP group were HD (generations 1 to 4), which became HI in the latter generations (G5 to G18). All tumors developed in the oophorectomized-only group (generations 1 to 18) were HI. All tumors investigated were capable of metabolizing testosterone to 4-androstenedione, 16 alpha-hydroxytestosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstanedione, and 5 alpha-androstanediol. Total 5 alpha-reduction in OEP group ranged between 50 and 60% of neutral metabolites in HD tumors and dropped to 13 to 28% in HI tumors (generations 5 to 18), similar to the activities (20 to 30%) of the HI tumors in the oophorectomized only group. Different patterns of estrogen synthesis were observed among these tumors. Although tumors showed the presence of appreciable amounts of estriol, estrone was synthesized only in 5 of the 9 HI tumors in the oophorectomized only group. The most striking contrast was that estradiol was synthesized by all HI tumors in the oophorectomized-only group and the OEP group but not in the HD tumors. PMID- 7105029 TI - CC-1065 (NSC 298223), a most potent antitumor agent: kinetics of inhibition of growth, DNA synthesis, and cell survival. AB - CC-1065 (NSC 298223) is the most cytotoxic agent tested against cells in culture in our laboratory. The 50% lethal doses for exponentially growing B16 melanoma and Chinese hamster ovary cells were 0.44 and 0.14 ng/ml, respectively, as compared to 35 and 500 ng/ml for Adriamycin. In the human tumor-cloning assay, 1 hr exposure to CC-1065 (0.1 ng/ml) caused greater than or equal to 50% lethality in a broad spectrum of tumors. The dose-survival curves for B16 and Chinese hamster ovary cells were characterized by an initial shoulder followed by an exponential decline with increasing dose. CC-1065 was more lethal to exponentially growing B16 cells (50% lethal dose = 0.44 ng/ml) than to plateau phase cells (50% lethal dose = 1.2 ng/ml). CC-1065 inhibited DNA synthesis much more than did RNA or protein synthesis. After a 2-hr incubation with drug, inhibition of DNA synthesis was low immediately (0 hr) after drug exposure and reached maximum inhibition about 20 hr later. The doses for 50% inhibition of growth (0.18 ng/ml), survival (0.44 ng/ml), and DNA synthesis (0.15 ng/ml) were in the same range, whereas RNA synthesis was inhibited 50% at a much higher dose (5 ng/ml). PMID- 7105031 TI - Digitized video fluorescence microscopy studies of adriamycin interaction with single P388 leukemic cells. AB - We have evaluated a new fluorescent method, the digitized video fluorescence microscopy technique, for the analysis of Adriamycin drug levels in single-cell suspension. This method uses a Leitz microscope equipped with an HBO 50 watt mercury source; the vertical body of the microscope is attached to an intensified silicone intensifier video camera with its output coupled to a video cassette recorder and to an Apple II microcomputer equipped with a video image digitizer. Using this technique, we were able to corroborate previous findings of decreased uptake and increased efflux in resistant as compared to sensitive P388 leukemic cells. This instrument may have wide applications in the study of anthracycline cell interaction or of any other drug with fluorescent properties. PMID- 7105030 TI - Nickel distribution and DNA lesions induced in rat tissues by the carcinogen nickel carbonate. AB - DNA lesions in nuclei isolated from rat tissues following i.p. injection of the carcinogen nickel carbonate were measured by the alkaline elution technique. Kidney, liver, lung, and thymus gland nuclei were examined at 3 and 20 hr after treatment for the presence of DNA single-strand breaks and cross-links. Single strand breaks were detectable in lung and kidney nuclei, and both DNA-protein and DNA interstrand cross-links were detectable in kidney nuclei. No DNA damage was observed in liver or thymus gland nuclei. A dose response to both single-strand breaks and cross-links was observed in kidney nuclei. Time course studies revealed that maximum DNA damage in kidney nuclei occurred at 2 to 4 hr following injection and also revealed the presence of an active repair process in these nuclei. Repair-resistant DNA-protein cross-links were observed to persist through 48 hr. Tissue and intracellular nickel concentrations as measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy were observed to correlate with the levels of DNA damage and repair. A dose response to the concentration of nickel in tissues and nuclei was observed. These results are discussed relative to the solubilization, toxicity, and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds. PMID- 7105032 TI - Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse urinary bladder by L tryptophan and some of its metabolites. PMID- 7105033 TI - Effect of fatty acid modification of cultured hepatoma cells on susceptibility to natural killer cells. AB - Rat hepatoma (Morris 7777) cells modified with either oleic or linoleic acid exhibited greater susceptibility to normal spleen cell-mediated lysis in a 16-hr 51Cr release assay. At effector:target cell ratios of 300:1, the specific lysis of fatty acid-enriched target cells (cultured for 2 days in fatty acid supplemented medium) by the normal rat spleen cells was 60% higher than the untreated target cells (P less than 0.01). Prolonging the culture in fatty acid supplemented medium up to 6 days produced similar effects. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids revealed that an elevation of oleic or linoleic acid was the only significant alteration in the hepatoma cells grown in the oleic or linoleic acid-supplemented medium, respectively. The percentage of the acids was increased in the total cellular phospholipids, the choline, ethanolamine, serine, and inositol phosphoglyceride fractions, and the neutral lipids. In conclusion, we suggest that the elevation of oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in the membranes of the fatty acid-modified hepatoma cells may contribute to the increased susceptibility of these cells to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. PMID- 7105035 TI - Comparison of the effects of dihydroxyanthraquinone and adriamycin on the survival of cultured Chinese hamster cells. AB - Dihydroxyanthraquinone [1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis ((2-([(2 hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino))-9,10-anthracenedione (DHAQ) (NSC 279836)] is currently being tested as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent because of its structural similarity to Adriamycin (ADR) and other DNA-intercalating antibiotics. We have therefore studied the effect of DHAQ on the survival of cultured Chinese hamster cells in direct comparison to ADR. Both DHAQ and ADR produced cytotoxicity that was dependent upon the concentration and duration of drug exposure. For 1-hr pulse exposures of asynchronous populations of exponentially growing cells, a 5- to 10-fold greater concentration of ADR than of DHAQ was required to produce the same level of cell killing. There were also differences in the cell cycle age specificity demonstrated by treating at various times before or after selection of cells in mitosis. DHAQ produced the greatest cytotoxicity in cells treated while in G1 or G2; ADR was more effective on cells located in S phase or mitosis. Overall, DHAQ was found to be similar to ADR and other DNA-intercalating antibiotics with regard to the induction of cell lethality. The only differences were those of the concentration required to produce a certain level of effect and of the cell cycle phase specificities for maximum effect. PMID- 7105036 TI - Origin of excess urinary nitrate in the rat. AB - The ability of intestinal microorganisms to N-oxidize nitrogenous compounds to nitrite or nitrate was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Nitrate balance studies with germ-free and conventional rats indicated that the host and not the microbial flora is responsible for excess urinary nitrate. In vitro studies showed that most intestinal microorganisms are not able to N-oxidize nitrogenous compounds to nitrite. Although the metabolic pathway for endogenous nitrate formation remains unknown, the capacity of the rats to N-oxidize acetohydroxamate and hydroxylamine to nitrate indicates that such compounds could be intermediates in nitrate synthesis. PMID- 7105037 TI - Biological characterization of the C-1300 murine neuroblastoma: an in vivo neural crest tumor model. PMID- 7105034 TI - Suppression of the cytotoxic response of mouse lymphocytes to syngeneic tumor cells by tumor-promoting phorbol ester. AB - We have investigated the effects of tumor-promoting phorbol esters on the generation of T-killer cells against syngeneic tumor cells in tissue culture. C57BL/6 or BALB/c spleen cells were cultured with irradiated EL-4 or MPC-11 tumor cells, respectively, for 3 to 7 days at responder:stimulator ratios of 25:1 to 200:1. Lysis was measured in a 4-hr 51Cr release assay. During the sensitization phase, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml inhibited the response by 90 to 100% at all responder: stimulator ratios and when added on Day 0, 1, 2, or 4 of a 5-day assay. Thus, TPA was able to suppress the response following successful activation of lymphocytes, since cytotoxicity could be detected as early as Day 3. Addition of TPA on Day 0 caused complete suppression of lysis when measured on Day 3, 5, or 7, indicating that the suppression was not due to a change in the kinetics of the cytotoxic response. The degree of suppression caused by five different phorbol compounds was positively correlated with their tumor-promoting activity. TPA was much less suppressive when added at the effector phase. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, did not reverse the TPA effect even when added daily, beginning 3 days before the addition of TPA. The data suggest that one mechanism of phorbol ester tumor promotion may be the inhibition of T-cell immunity against tumor cells initiated by carcinogens. PMID- 7105039 TI - Separation and characterization of neoplastic cell subpopulations of a transplantable rat pancreatic acinar carcinoma. PMID- 7105038 TI - Unique cell surface glycoprotein expression in hairy cell leukemia: effect of phorbol ester tumor promoters on surface glycoproteins, cell morphology, and adherence. AB - Hairy cell leukemia cells from eight different patients exhibited a characteristic cell surface glycoprotein pattern when labeled by the neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 procedure. The diffuse high-molecular weight glycoprotein band (Mr 230,000 to 300,000) was not seen in other leukemic cell types and may represent a specific hairy cell leukemia antigen. Hairy cell leukemia cells can be maintained as cell suspension cultures, but treatment with a variety of tumor-promoting phorbol esters caused the cells to adhere to plates, assume a fibroblastic elongated shape, and extend long processes. This dramatic morphological change was not associated with any change in surface glycoproteins. PMID- 7105040 TI - Seasonal and geographical changes of spontaneous skin papillomas in the Japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. AB - The occurrence of spontaneous skin papillomas in Japanese newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) from Niigata prefecture in Northern Japan was monitored over four seasons covering a period of 2 years. Of 13,613 newts, 249 were found to possess papillomas. The percentage of newts with papillomas was highest in autumn, ranging from 1.93 to 5.45% of the total average. These values were more than four times as high as values obtained in the other three seasons (0.16 to 0.50%). A total of 12,167 newts were collected from their natural environment in 10 prefectures of Japan in the autumn of 1980 and 1981. Newts collected from the northern, seaside prefectures had higher papilloma rates (1.00 to 5.45%) than did newts from the Southern, Pacific Ocean prefectures of Japan (0 to 0.27%). Male and female newts were affected equally often by the epitheliomas. Virus-like bodies, resembling herpes-type virus, were found in the cytoplasm of the epitheliomas. These virus-like bodies were not seen in the control epithelium of newts with normal skin and without papilloma or in nonaffected regions of newts with papilloma. It is suggested that tumor and virus are causally related. PMID- 7105042 TI - Molecular structure of (+/-)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene determined by x-ray crystallography. AB - The molecular structure of a tetrahydrotetrol that is formed by hydrolysis of (+/ )-7 alpha, 8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The relative orientations of the four hydroxyl groups of the racemic tetrahydrotetrol (7 alpha, 8 beta, 9 beta, 10 alpha) indicate that the tetrahydrotetrol was formed by the trans opening of the epoxide ring of the diol oxide. The hydroxyl groups at positions 7 and 8 adopt a diequatorial conformation, while those at positions 9 and 10 adopt a diaxial conformation. Several other geometric features are discussed. PMID- 7105043 TI - Heterogeneity of the growth and metastatic behavior of cloned cell lines derived from a primary rhabdomyosarcoma. AB - In order to study the heterogeneity of the metastatic and tumorigenic behaviors of malignant neoplasms, we have isolated a series of cloned cell lines from a primary nickel-induced rat rhabdomyosarcoma. The growth characteristics in vitro and in vivo and metastatic capacity following s.c. or i.v. injection of cells were compared to those of the parental cell line. Differences between the cloned cell lines themselves and between the clones and the parental cells were found in the number of metastases provoked by both i.v. and s.c. injections, in the number of cells required to induce s.c. tumors, and in the growth rate of those tumors. In vitro, the doubling times and saturation densities of the different cell lines varied greatly. A direct correlation was observed between the 50% tumoral dose and the initial tumor growth phase. We found that there was a tendency for lines which were highly metastatic after s.c. injection to have a low metastatic capacity after i.v. injection and inversely. The two types of metastasis (spontaneous and experimental) appear therefore to depend on different characteristics of the cells used. PMID- 7105041 TI - Inhibition of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism by some heterocyclic compounds and by substrates and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase in the rat. AB - Pretreatment of rats with a number of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds was found to inhibit markedly the metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in terms of both CO2 excretion and decline in blood DMN concentration. However, many of these compounds had either much less or no inhibitory effect on the in vivo metabolism to CO2 of a typical mixed-function oxidase substrate, aminopyrine. In addition, a number of model inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity also inhibited DMN metabolism in the intact animal, and a number of primary amines, known substrates of hepatic MAO, inhibited DMN metabolism but not that of aminopyrine in the isolated perfused liver system. These results, together with in vitro data and previously reported studies on the effect of MAO inhibitors and substrates on the mutagenicity of DMN, suggest that the metabolism and bioactivation of DMN may be in part mediated by a MAO type of enzyme activity. PMID- 7105044 TI - In vitro responses of nude mouse-xenografted human colon carcinomas exposed to doxorubicin derivatives in tissue culture and in the mouse. AB - In vitro responses of 4 xenografted human colon tumors (T183, T219, T245, and T348) to various doses of 4'-deoxydoxorubicin have been investigated. The individual tumors showed marked differences in drug responsiveness, ranging from high sensitivity at low doses (T219; 125 ng/ml) to very low sensitivity at high doses (T245; 4000 ng/ml). The sensitivity ranking deduced from these in vitro experiments correlates well with the ranking deduced earlie (Guiliani et al., Int. J. Cancer, 27: 5-13, 1981) from in vivo drug treatments of transplants of these tumors in the nude mouse. The effect of in vitro drug treatment (4' deoxydoxorubicin; 250 ng/ml; 1-hr incubation) on the in vivo growth of one of the tumors, T219, in nude mice was investigated. Growth of the tumor in nude mice was markedly delayed by pretreatments in vitro with 4'-deoxydoxorubicin. Furthermore, in vitro responsiveness of the T219 tumor was investigated following in vivo and in vitro treatment of the tumor with 4'-deoxydoxorubicin. Both of the pretreatments produced very similar decreases in drug responsiveness to all of the doxorubicin derivatives tested (4'-deoxydoxorubicin, 4'-O-methyldoxorubicin, 4'-epidoxorubicin, 4-demethoxydoxorubicin, and N-trifluoroacetyldoxorubicin-14 valeriate). PMID- 7105045 TI - Accumulation and release of vinblastine and vincristine by HeLa cells: light microscopic, cinematographic, and biochemical study. AB - The effect of vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR) on the survival and proliferation of HeLa cells has been studied during continuous and after 3-hr incubations using cell counting and time lapse cinematography. VLB and VCR are accumulated in the cells during drug exposure as shown with 3H-labeled drugs. The intracellular drug concentration after a 3-hr incubation with therapeutic doses (VLB, 0.1 micrograms/ml, or VCR, 0.03 micrograms/ml) and thorough drug removal is 150 to 500 times higher than that in the incubation medium. Both drugs are released from the cells upon restoration to alkaloid-free medium reaching concentrations that are lethal to the cells during continuous incubation. There is, however, a difference in the release of the two drugs. VLB is quickly and readily released from the cells while the release of VCR occurs slowly, since VCR is tenaciously retained by the cells. Both drugs are released predominantly from living cells. PMID- 7105047 TI - Dose- and cell cycle-dependent O6-methylguanine elimination from DNA in regenerating rat liver after [14C]dimethylnitrosamine injection. PMID- 7105046 TI - Necessity of bile for and lack of inhibitory effect of retinoid on development of forestomach papillomas in nontreated mutant mice of the W/Wv genotype. AB - The pathogenesis of papillomas which developed spontaneously in the forestomach of WB X C57BL/6 F1-W/Wv mutant mice was investigated. The thickness of the forestomach epithelium was used as a quantitative index for development of papillomas. From the 15th day after birth, the forestomach epithelium of the W/Wv mice was significantly thicker than that of the congenic +/+ mice. Administration of aromatic retinoic acid analog (ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6 trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8 -nonatetraenoate) did not suppress development of papillomas. Since papillomas did not appear in the stomach which was removed from the W/Wv embryos and grafted to the s.c. space produced in the back of the adult mice and since a considerable amount of bile reflux preceded development of papillomas, bile reflux may be a cause of papillomas in W/Wv mice. PMID- 7105048 TI - Augmentation of natural killer cell activity after arterial embolization of renal carcinomas. AB - Preoperative embolization of the renal artery has been reported to improve the survival of patients with advanced renal carcinomas compared to operative treatment only. To investigate possible immunological consequences of tumor embolization, natural killer (NK) cell activity in peripheral blood was investigated immediately before and at different time intervals after occlusion of the renal artery by insertion of a metal coil. A slight increase in NK activity could be observed 24 hr postembolization while a marked augmentation was seen after 48 hr. The high NK activity persisted up to 96 hr after embolization, the last time period included in the study. Two patients undergoing the same procedure but in whom embolization was unsuccessful showed no alteration in NK activity. It is suggested that interferon produced by macrophages activated by the necrotizing tumor might be responsible for the augmentation of NK activity. PMID- 7105049 TI - Phase I and pharmacological study of acivicin by 24-hour continuous infusion. AB - A Phase I trial of acivicin [L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5 isoxazoleacetic acid] has been performed on an escalating-dosage 24-hr continuous i.v. infusion schedule. Thirty-one patients received 77 courses of treatment, and all but one were evaluable for toxicity. Pharmacological monitoring in selected patients demonstrated that peak plasma levels correlated with dose. Postinfusion t1/2 beta was 6 to 9 hr, and urinary recovery of the administered dose was 14 to 19% as unchanged drug during the 24-hr infusion. Hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities were variable and not dose related. In contrast, neurotoxicity characterized by lethargy, fatigue, confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, nightmares, and truncal ataxia was dose limiting and related to plasma drug levels. A minimal antitumor response was observed in a patient with colorectal carcinoma, and a partial response occurred in a patient with liver metastases from gastric carcinoma. The recommended dose for Phase II trial by 24 hr infusion is 160 mg/sq m. PMID- 7105050 TI - Combined doxorubicin and radiation therapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. AB - Ten patients with histologically confirmed inoperable malignant mesothelioma of the pleura were treated with doxorubicin and fractionated radiotherapy courses. Three patients derived significant clinical benefit from this treatment, although only one of the three had measureable tumor shrinkage that could be defined as partial response. Two of the ten patients showed only progressive disease, while the remaining five showed disease stabilization for 30--100 weeks. The treatment was subjectively well-tolerated and hematopoietic toxicity was acceptable. Radiation pneumonitis did not occur. Two of the four patients who lived greater than or equal to 94 weeks developed fibrosis of the irradiated hemithorax. The median survival time for all patients was 46 weeks. Although the combined treatment could be given with acceptable toxic effects and although four patients benefited from it, the best objective assessment, namely, survival time, did not appear to be adequately influenced to justify an extension of this series. PMID- 7105051 TI - Phase I--II study of the combination of 5-FU, doxorubicin, mitomycin, and semustine (FAMMe) in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction, and pancreas. AB - One hundred and fifteen patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer (stomach cancer, 42 patients; gastroesophageal junction cancer, ten; pancreatic cancer, 32; and other upper gastrointestinal cancers, 31) were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of 5-FU, doxorubicin, mitomycin, and semustine (methyl-CCNU) (FAMMe). Of the 31 patients with stomach cancer who were evaluable for response and had had no previous chemotherapy, 12 (39%) achieved complete or partial remission. One of eight (12%0 patients with gastroesophageal junction cancer and five of 23 (22%) patients with pancreatic cancer achieved a partial remission. The median duration of survival for all patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach was 7.1 months. The median duration of survival for responding patients with stomach cancer was 13.6 months, and the median survival for nonresponding patients was 6.1 months. FAMMe chemotherapy was generally well tolerated and can be administered in adequate doses without producing prohibitive myelosuppression. The starting dose should be reduced for patients greater than or equal to 70 years old or for patients who have received pelvic or vertebral radiation therapy. FAMMe is effective against advanced gastric cancer; however, because this was not a randomized comparative study of the relative effectiveness of FAMMe and FAM (5-FU, doxorubicin, and mitomycin), no recommendation for the use of one regimen instead of the other for advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach can be made. FAMMe chemotherapy cannot recommended for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and gastroesophageal junction. PMID- 7105052 TI - Vomiting induced by cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in cats. AB - Cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard produce significant vomiting. Cyclophosphamide is metabolized to phosphoramide mustard, which may ultimately contribute to vomiting after cyclophosphamide administration. The role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in vomiting caused by these agents is unknown. We studied the emetic syndromes produced by iv and intracerebroventricular cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in unanesthetized normal and CTZ ablated cats. Iv cyclophosphamide produced vomiting unpredictably, with a mean latency of 54 +/- 9 mins (mean +/- SE) in cats that vomited. A dose-response relationship was found for phosphoramide mustard-induced emesis. A dose of 200 mg/kg was consistently effective, with a mean latency of 127 +/- 6 mins. Neither agent produced predictable emesis by the intracerebroventricular route of administration. One of four CTZ-ablated cats vomited after 300 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Since cyclophosphamide was an unpredictable emetic stimulus, it was not possible to further evaluate the effect of CTZ ablation on cyclophosphamide-induced vomiting. However, CTZ-ablated cats given 200 mg/kg of phosphoramide mustard vomited significantly less frequently (P = 0.05 by chi square test) and with a longer latency than nonablated animals. A temporary, severe neurotoxic reaction was observed in cats receiving greater than or equal to 3400 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide, which may have had an inhibitory effect on emesis. Phosphoramide mustard was found to be a potent emetic stimulus in cats and may contribute to the emetic response following cyclophosphamide administration. Analysis of latency data suggests that in the cat other cyclophosphamide metabolites may also contribute to the emetic syndrome. PMID- 7105053 TI - Ultrasonic hyperthermia and drugs as therapy for human tumor xenografts. AB - Ultrasonic energy can generate controlled, local hyperthermia (42 degrees C--43 degrees C), and ultrasonic hyperthermia results in increased cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. Human breast (MX-1) and lung (LX-1) tumors implanted subcutaneously in athymic nude mice were treated with a single application of ultrasonic (670 kHz, peak intensity of 5 watts/cm2) hyperthermia (43.0 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C) for 30 minutes in combination with suboptimal doses of cyclophosphamide, melphalan, or procarbazine. Delays in the tumor growth rate and temporary tumor regression were observed. Comparison of the tumor growth rate with single modalities, ie, drug or hyperthermia alone, shows evidence of synergistic effects of the combination of ultrasonic hyperthermia and melphalan on MX-1 and of hyperthermia and procarbazine on LX-1 tumors. PMID- 7105054 TI - Potential cardiotoxicity with mitoxantrone. AB - Mitoxantrone is a promising new agent developed in an attempt to find drugs with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity and devoid of cardiotoxicity. In a phase II clinical trial for refractory metastatic breast cancer, we observed congestive heart failure in four of 31 high-risk patients either during or after treatment with this drug. This report calls attention to that observation, and recommendation is made that further evaluation of this agent include careful cardiac monitoring. PMID- 7105055 TI - Combination carmustine (BCNU) and dianhydrogalactitol in the treatment of primary brain tumors recurring after irradiation. PMID- 7105056 TI - Phase II trial of bisantrene for advanced hypernephroma. PMID- 7105058 TI - Phase II trial of spirogermanium in breast adenocarcinoma: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. PMID- 7105057 TI - Therapeutic effect of dopamine infusion on human malignant melanoma. AB - Dopamine is a novel antitumor agent that has shown activity against B16 melanoma. Four patients with advanced malignant melanoma were infused with dopamine at 20 micrograms/kg/min for 48--120 hours. Tumor and bone marrow samples were obtained before and after treatment for comparison. Each of the patients tested showed significant reduction in the labeling index of tumor cells following treatment. These results suggest that dopamine is capable of attaining cytotoxic levels necessary to induce a biochemical inhibition of human malignant melanoma. PMID- 7105059 TI - Phase II trial of etoposide in the management of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. PMID- 7105060 TI - Gallium nitrate in advanced soft tissue and bone sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. PMID- 7105061 TI - Transplacental passage of cyclophosphamide. PMID- 7105062 TI - Primary structure of the Klebsiella serotype-51 capsular polysaccharide. PMID- 7105063 TI - Acylated oligosaccharides from Klebsiella K63 capsular polysaccharide: depolymerization by partial hydrolysis and by bacteriophage-borne enzymes. AB - The extracellular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K63 is unique in having acetic and formic ester groups attached to the D-galactopyranosyluronic residues in the trisaccharide repeating-sequence. These O-acyl substituents are shown to be somewhat resistant to mild hydrolysis by both acid and alkali. Bacteriophage induced depolymerization of the polysaccharide generated a series of acylated oligosaccharides comprising one, or more, repeating unit(s). By mild hydrolysis with acid, the same series of oligomers was released from the polysaccharide, together with the corresponding non-acylated compounds and the expected acylated and non-acylated aldobiouronic acids. A study of these oligosaccharides, as well as of a number of their related compounds, is described, with particular emphasis on the methods used to locate the formic and acetic ester groups. The location of the O-acyl substituents on the galactosyluronic residues was further supported by the results obtained from the high-resolution, 400-MHz, p.m.r. spectra and 13C n.m.r. spectra of a number of the oligosaccharides. PMID- 7105064 TI - Syntheses of model oligosaccharides of biological significance. Synthesis of methyl 3,6-di-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and the corresponding mannobiosides. AB - Methyl 2-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D mannopyranosyl) -alpha-D-mannopyranoside (12) was prepared in 90% yield by Helferich glycosylation of methyl 2-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D mannopyranoside (9) with tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide (11). Removal of the benzylidene group and second Helferich glycosylation with 11 led to methyl 2-O-allyl-3,6-di-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl) alpha-D-mannopyranoside (14) which, after deallylation and Zemplen deacetylation, gave the title compound 5. The disaccharides methyl 3-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl) alpha-mannopyranoside (7) and methyl 6-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D mannopyranoside (6) have also been synthesized. Complete assignments of the 1H n.m.r. spectra of the compounds 5, 6, and 7 are given. PMID- 7105065 TI - Alternative syntheses of 2,6-dideoxy-L-lyxo-hexose (2-deoxy-L-fucose) and its biochemical properties. PMID- 7105066 TI - Preparation of a glycosyl chloride suitable for synthesis of N-glycoprotein "core" pentasaccharide. PMID- 7105067 TI - Synthesis and immunoadjuvant activities of the repeating, disaccharide-dipeptide unit of the bacterial, cell-wall peptidoglycan and of some carbohydrate analogs. AB - The repeating disaccharide-dipeptide units of the bacterial, cell-wall peptidoglycan, one being O-(N-acetyl-beta-muramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine)-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and the other, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy beta-D-glucosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-N-acetyl-muramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, have been synthesized. Some carbohydrate analogs, such as O-(N-acetyl-beta-muramoyl-L alanyl-D-isoglutamine)-(1 leads to 4)-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, O beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 4)-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, and O-(6 acetamido-6-deoxy-beta-D-glucosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D isoglutamine, were also synthesized. Their immunoadjuvant activities were examined in guinea-pigs. PMID- 7105070 TI - Wandering atrial pacemaker associated with repetitive respiratory strain. AB - Electrocardiographic responses of body-builders and control subjects obtained during the performance of static and dynamic Valsalva maneuvers were studied to determine the causative stimulus for wandering pacemaker activity. The incidence of shifting or wandering pacemaker was nearly double in body-builders, suggesting that this is an occupational or activity-related arrhythmia. The causative mechanism is briefly discussed. PMID- 7105069 TI - Cholesterol controversy--where do we go from here? 'Toward healthful diets' reevaluated. AB - The document, entitled 'Toward Healthful Diets' that was developed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences last year, has again stirred major controversy among the general public and in the medical community regarding the diet-heart hypothesis as a basis for efforts to favorably modify the natural history of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the American population. In this rebuttal to the conclusion drawn in 'Toward Healthful Diets', we review recent evidence in support of the diet-heart hypothesis. We conclude that continued efforts to reduce dietary cholesterol and saturated fat, in the context of efforts to eliminate other reversible risk factors as well, should remain an important goal for individuals and physicians seeking to limit premature death or disability fom atherosclerotic vascular disease. PMID- 7105068 TI - Spontaneous changes in very high blood pressure after admission to the hospital and their relation to target organ involvement. AB - Spontaneous changes in blood pressure (BP) over a week after admission to the hospital were investigated in 127 patients admitted with diastolic BP at or above 120 mm Hg. Average BP decreased from 205/129 at admission to 174/110 on the 8th day. Regression analysis showed highly significant negative slopes which were related to initial levels but not to the presence or type of target organ involvement. After 1 week, 66% of the subjects attained a diastolic BP lower than 120 mm Hg. More remarkably, 36% attained values lower than 105 mm Hg: 33% of these had BP values less than 95 mm Hg. While not ruling out the importance of very high BP readings, it is concluded that they do not necessarily represent any pattern of either fixed or severe hypertension nor imply a need for urgent antihypertensive treatment. PMID- 7105071 TI - Hyperkinetic heart syndrome: the role of the sympathetic nervous system. AB - The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the hyperkinetic heart syndrome (HHS) was studied in 5 patients. Neither increased basal noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in plasma nor an increased responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system to various stimuli could be detected in patients with HHS as compared to normal volunteers. An increased sensitivity of adrenergic receptors to catecholamines or an impaired function of the baroreceptor could not be demonstrated. A prominent role of the sympathetic nervous system cannot be postulated. PMID- 7105072 TI - Effect of exercise and isoprenaline on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with angina pectoris as assessed by radionuclide angiography. AB - The effect of supine leg exercise and an infusion of isoprenaline (2 micrograms/min) have been compared in 9 patients with angina pectoris and 8 normal control subjects. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by radionuclide angiography using the gated blood pool technique. The normal subjects increased their ejection fraction from 0.57 +/- 0.02 at rest to 0.71 +/- 0.02 during exercise, and 0.76 +/- 0.03 during isoprenaline infusion. In patients with angina pectoris, the resting ejection fraction of 0.47 +/- 0.04 decreased to 0.35 +/- 0.04 during exercise but increased to 0.63 +/- 0.06 during isoprenaline infusion. Our results suggest that the changes in ejection fraction probably depend on the changes in left ventricular segmental wall motion. When dyskinesia is increased, as with exercise, the ejection fraction declines, but when dyskinesia is unaffected or improved, as with isoprenaline, the ejection fraction increases. PMID- 7105073 TI - Serum sex hormones in patients with coronary disease and their relationship to known factors causing atherosclerosis. AB - Serum oestradiol and testosterone levels were measured in 50 men who had had a myocardial infarction 4 months previously, in 30 men with acute infarction and in 30 men with essential hypertension without clinical evidence of renal or cardiovascular damage. The results were compared with those of 34 healthy men serving as controls. Patients had higher oestradiol levels than age-matched controls. There was a relationship between oestradiol levels and body weight in the patients. These results indicate that oestradiol may have a role in the process of the vascular damage. PMID- 7105074 TI - Pulmonary arteriography: the importance of multiple projections. PMID- 7105075 TI - Prevention of embolization of a catheter fragment to the lower extremity by compression of the femoral artery. PMID- 7105076 TI - Percutaneous lung biopsy: experiences during the first 54 biopsies. AB - The first 54 consecutive percutaneous aspiration biopsies of pulmonary lesions of an ongoing prospective trial performed in this hospital between July 1977 and March 1980 have been evaluated. The technique was found to be safe and provided a reliable and rapid diagnosis. An overall diagnostic accuracy of 83% was achieved. In malignant lesions a correct diagnosis was made in 85% of biopsies. These results are compared with other workers using the same technique and with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and sputum cytology. Aspiration is recommended as an excellent alternative to other more established techniques, particularly in the diagnosis of the peripheral lesion. PMID- 7105077 TI - Percutaneous removal of intravascular foreign bodies. PMID- 7105078 TI - Coilon removal. PMID- 7105079 TI - The Kimray-Greenfield vena cava filter: a case of unusual misplacement. PMID- 7105080 TI - Gall stone removal via a postoperative cholecystotomy catheter tract. PMID- 7105081 TI - Renal arterial encasement: an unusual cause. PMID- 7105082 TI - Angiographic and computed tomographic appearance of secondary carcinoid of the liver. AB - Liver angiograms of 27 patients with hepatic carcinoid metastases were analyzed for distribution, size, degree of vascularity, and patterns of tumor staining. Computed tomography (CT) scans were evaluated before and after bolus contrast administration in 13 of the cases. The diagnostic capability of the two procedures was compared. Angiography detected metastases, some less than 1 cm in size in all 13 patients; in 5 of 13 cases (38.5%) CT did not detect any hepatic metastases. In the eight patients in whom CT demonstrated metastases, the patterns of lesions and usefulness of contrast varied. Angiography is essential for evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoid metastases to the liver. PMID- 7105084 TI - Sensitivity of cat papillary muscles to verapamil and nifedipine: enhanced effect in acidosis. AB - The effects of acidosis on the myocardial sensitivity to verapamil and nifedipine were examined by measuring the changes in tension in cat papillary muscles perfused in oxygenated physiological saline. Calcium concentration was altered over a range of 2 to 12 mmol . litre-1 and pH adjusted to 7.4, 6.8 or 6.0. Addition of verapamil or nifedipine moved the calcium dose response to the right. At pH 7.4 a Schild plot confirmed competitive interaction between verapamil and calcium, with a calculated dissociation constant (KB) for verapamil of 4.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms . cm-3. At pH 6.0 the slope was less than 1.0 (not significant, P = 0.2) but KB was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) at 0.62 +/- 0.4 microgram . cm-3. Similar enhancement of sensitivity by lowered pH was found for nifedipine. It is proposed that partial inhibition of the slow channel by acidosis increases the sensitivity to calcium entry blockers. This might create a differential effect between normal and diseased tissue in vivo. PMID- 7105083 TI - Computer graphic display of cardiac CT scans. PMID- 7105085 TI - Model study of flow in curved and planar arterial bifurcations. AB - Velocity profile measurements have been made for steady and pulsatile flow within rigid tube models of a curved and a planar arterial bifurcation with the intent of providing some insight into the fluid mechanical forces existing at such branches. An example in the cardiovascular system of a curved bifurcation is the branching of the left common coronary artery into the left circumflex and left anterior descending coronary arteries where the vessels curve over the base of the heart and an example of a planar bifurcation is the branching of the abdominal aorta into the left and right iliac arteries. Point velocity measurements were carried out using a constant temperature hot-film anemometer system. PMID- 7105087 TI - Metabolic effects of substrates on the isolated guinea-pig heart in relation to arrhythmias during reperfusion. AB - Mechanisms whereby glucose reduces the incidence of pyruvate induced reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated guinea-pig hearts have been investigated. Alterations in cytoplasmic ATP/ADP ratios, creatine phosphate and glycogen were excluded as possible mechanisms. Likewise, data are presented that appear to be at variance with the proposition that glycolytically derived ATP may play a special role in the maintenance of electrical stability. To explain the anti-arrhythmic effects of glucose in terms of this thesis it is necessary to invoke compartmentation of glycolysis. A correlation between the incidence of arrhythmias and glycolytic ATP production can only exist if the contributions to glycolytic flux from glucose and glycogen utilisation can be regarded as separate. PMID- 7105086 TI - Reversible blockade of cardiac efferents with procaine instilled into the pericardium of cats. AB - The blocking of afferent signals from the heart by the instillation of local anaesthetics into the pericardium has frequently been used for studying cardiac reflexes. Yet no attempts have been made to define what effects this has on efferent cardiac drive. Therefore, in nine chloralosed cats with open chests and catheters sewn into the pericardium the procaine concentrations were determined which would block the heart rate responses to electrostimulation of the vagi nerves or the stellate ganglia. The procaine effects on arterial pressure and left ventricular peak positive dP/dt were also evaluated and in 11 cats the vagolytic effects of atropine (0.25 mg . kg-1, intravenous) and intrapericardial procaine (0.1%) were compared. As little as 0.05% procaine attenuated the bradycardia associated with stimulation of the stellate ganglia by only about 30%. Virtual elimination of both sympathetic and vagal drive was achieved with 0.5% procaine having only mild effects on blood pressure and left ventricular dP/dt. Atropine (0.25 mg . kg-1, intravenously) and procaine (0.1% intrapericardially) affected heart rate equally. With procaine in the pericardium it is possible to reversibly and selectively block cardiac efferents and to separate vagal and sympathetic drive by choosing the appropriate concentration of the local anaesthetic. PMID- 7105088 TI - Pulsed Doppler: determination of blood velocity and volume flow in normal and diseased common carotid arteries in man. AB - A pulsed Doppler velocimeter with an adjustable range gated time system and a double transducer probe has been used to measure volume blood flow in 50 normal and 50 diseased common carotid arteries. A significant difference in mean volume flow between normal and diseased arteries was found (P less than 0.0001). On-line audio-frequency display of velocity signals were evaluated in each of the arteries together with angiographic description of the diseased arteries. Disturbance of the velocity profile develops before significant changes in volume flow or angiogram occur. Volume flow results and angiogram appearance relate best when the angiogram description is either of minimal disease or severe disease. Determination of dynamic flow conditions from structural appearance of arteries are not consistently dependable. PMID- 7105090 TI - Electrophysiological effects of labetolol on rabbit atrial, ventricular and Purkinje cells, in normoxia and hypoxia. AB - Labetolol, which blocks both alpha and beta-adrenoceptors, was found to have direct actions on cardiac muscle which could themselves be antiarrhythmic. It depressed the maximum rate of depolarisation, and reduced conduction velocity, in atrial and ventricular muscle and in Purkinje cells, implying restriction of fast inward current (Class 1). It had twice the potency of procaine as a local anesthetic on nerve. Labetolol abbreviated the action potential (AP) plateau in normoxic atrial muscle, but attenuated AP-shortening by hypoxia. It caused a significant slowing of all phases of repolarisation (Class 3) in normoxic ventricular muscle. It had no negative inotropic action in normoxia or hypoxia, and there was no evidence for slowing of A-V nodal conduction. PMID- 7105089 TI - Nulceoprotein changes in the hearts of cardiomyopathic turkeys. AB - The possible involvement of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of a spontaneously occurring model of congestive cardiomyopathy in turkeys was examined. This model is characterised by cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, reduced cardiac output and depressed contractility. The protein composition of myocardial nuclei was compared in normal (n = 9) and cardiomyopathic (n = 18) turkeys, 70 to 140 days old. Myopathic hearts as a group have a higher histone content (1.75 +/- 0.09 (SD) mg . mg DNA-1 vs 1.65 +/- 0.07 in controls, P less than 0.01) and histone/nonhistone protein (NHP) ratio (1.07 +/- 0.07 vs 0.95 +/- 0.02 in controls, P less than 0.01). The latter was independent of age and correlated well with the degree of cardiac dilatation. The electrophoretic patterns of chromatin proteins was decreased in myopathic hearts. This decrease was primarily accounted for by lower NHP phosphorylation (5.78 +/- 1.38 pmol 32P . mg prot-1 . 15 min-1 vs 8.33 +/- 0.81 in controls, P less than 0.01). DEAE Sephacel chromatography separated cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent nuclear protein kinases with similar substrate specificities but lower specific activities in myopathic hearts. SDS-polyacrylamide similar substrate specificities but lower specific activities in myopathic hearts. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of phosphorylated nucleoproteins revealed differences in the lower molecular species of NHPs between control and myopathic hearts. There was a significant correlation between NHP phosphorylation and degree of cardiac dilatation (r = -0.78) or contractility as reflected by left ventricular systolic time intervals (r = -0.57). These results suggest that development of this model of spontaneous cardiomyopathy is associated with, and may, in part, be secondary to changes in the composition and function of myocardial nucleoproteins. PMID- 7105091 TI - Ischaemia-induced negative U waves in electrocardiograms (an experimental study in canine hearts). AB - To confirm the clinical impression that negative U waves are a sign of myocardial ischaemia, and to study their possible mechanism, we performed open chest experiments on dogs with the following results. (1) A negative U-wave tended to appear the peripheral rather than the central portion of the cyanotic zone following coronary artery occlusion; (2) it also appeared temporarily at the central ischaemic area after release of coronary artery occlusion; (3) it became apparent or accentuated with augmentation of left ventricular performance at a postextrasystolic beat; and (4) it was eliminated by infusion of K+-free Tyrode solution, but appeared after an infusion of high K+-Tyrode solution into the regional coronary artery. These results indicate that negative U waves are a sign of myocardial ischaemia, which may be related not only to simple myocardial stretching but also to contraction and external high K+ in the ischaemic area. PMID- 7105092 TI - Regional dynamic behaviour of the canine myocardium following brief ischaemia: wall thickness, wall thickening and blood flow. AB - Regional myocardial wall characteristics were studied in open-chest anaesthetised dogs. End-diastolic wall thickness and systolic wall thickening were measured by echocardiography and blood flow was quantified by the local 133Xe washout technique during and following coronary artery occlusion of 10 s to 10 min duration. End-diastolic wall thickness exhibited a small temporary increase over baseline value during reperfusion. Maximum value was observed following ischaemic periods of 1 min duration (9.0 +/- 0.5 mm [(Mean +/- 2 SEM) versus a baseline value of 8.2 +/- 0.5 mm (P less than 0.01)]. A post-ischaemic, hyperkinetic and transient systolic wall thickening was most prominent following periods of 2 min of ischaemia (7.1 +/- 0.7 mm; baseline value 4.2 +/- 0.2 mm, P less than 0.01). Extension of ischaemia from 2 min to 10 min provoked no essential change of reactive hyperaemia characteristics (maximum blood flow 257.6 +/- 27.4 cm3 . min 1 . 100 g-1 versus 238.3 +/- 57.0 cm3 . min-1 . 100 g-1, P less than 0.05; duration 62.8 s versus 71.8 s, P less than 0.05). Such extension of the ischaemia, however, made the post-ischaemic, hyperkinetic systolic and transient wall thickening disappear. Considerable asynchrony between variations of blood flow, wall thickness and wall thickening was observed. Determinants with influence on post-ischaemic wall thickness and wall thickening are discussed in relation to the data presented. The resultant of these determinants increasingly favours transient post-ischaemic hyperkinesia following ischaemia of up to 2 min duration, whereas further prolongation of the ischaemia will result in progressive impairment of the myocardial function during reperfusion. PMID- 7105093 TI - Intramyocardial pressure and distribution of coronary blood flow during systole and diastole in the horse. AB - Transmural myocardial blood flow was measured with microspheres in systole and in diastole, along with intramyocardial pressure, in seven anaesthetised horses. Intramyocardial pressures were measured with a miniature manometer implanted in the tip of a 16-gauge needle. Peak systolic intramyocardial pressure decreased from subendocardium to subepicardium and never exceeded intraventricular pressure. Systolic blood flow decreased from epicardium to endocardium where it did not differ from zero. Diastolic blood flow increased from epicardium to subendocardium, but then decreased in the most endocardial layer to a level not different from the immediate subepicardial layer. The horse was a useful model for studying these parameters because the ventricular walls are so thick and the heart rate is so slow that injections may be made during various phases of the cardiac cycle. These results of transmural myocardial blood flow and intramyocardial pressure measured in the same animal are identical with those of others, except for the reduction in subendocardial blood flow compared with the layers just epicardial to that. PMID- 7105094 TI - Contrasting effects of spontaneous and induced cardiomyopathy on the nucleoproteins of turkey hearts. AB - The possible involvement of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy was studied in a spontaneously occurring and a furazolidone induced model of turkey cardiomyopathy. Both models are characterised by cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, systemic hypotension and depressed contractility. The protein composition of myocardial nuclei was compared in normal (n = 9) and cardiomyopathic (spontaneous n = 6, furazolidone-induced n = 21) turkeys. Cardiac nuclei from spontaneously myopathic animals had a higher histone content (1.827 +/- 0.058 (mean +/- SD) mg . mg DNA-1 vs 1.688 +/- 0.187 in controls, P less than 0.05) and histone/nonhistone protein ratio (1.122 +/- 0.020 vs 0.882 +/- 0.128 in controls, P less than 0.01). Nuclear protein phosphorylation was lower in spontaneously cardiomyopathic turkeys primarily because of decreased nonhistone protein phosphorylation (5.100 +/- 0.759 pmol 32 P . mg prot-1 .15 min-1 vs 8.456 +/- 0.886 in controls, P less than 0.01). In contrast, furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy of similar severity to the spontaneously occurring model was not associated with changes in nucleoprotein composition or degree of phosphorylation. These results indicate that development of spontaneous cardiomyopathy in turkeys may be related to the composition and function of nuclear nonhistone proteins. These changes are not secondary to the cardiac hypertrophy/dilatation accompanying the myopathic process. PMID- 7105095 TI - Effects of timolol on blood flow distribution in the feline myocardium with acute regional ischaemia during controlled haemodynamic conditions. AB - The beta-adrenergic blocking agent timolol was given to cats with acute coronary artery ligation under controlled haemodynamic conditions. Regional myocardial tissue flow was measured by the distribution of labelled microspheres. Timolol reduced cardiac contractility and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose, whereas heart rate and ventricular systolic pressure were kept constant by atrial pacing and aortic clamping. The systolic period increased following timolol administration under these conditions. Myocardial blood flow remained unchanged in central ischaemic and border areas, whereas flow increased both endocardially and epicardially in normally perfused area following timolol administration. Without pacing there was a significant flow reduction in the epicardium of the normally perfused area, compared with the situation where heart rate was constant. Under controlled haemodynamic conditions, therefore, timolol appears to improve coronary perfusion in normal myocardium, whereas blood flow to ischaemic myocardium remains essentially unchanged. PMID- 7105096 TI - Intra-SA-nodal pacemaker shift: indirect evaluation in the open chest dog. AB - Thirteen open chest dogs with normal sinus node function were studied by premature stimulations with a constant relative prematurity--50% of the preceding sinus cycle length. These premature beats were induced in the lower part of the crista terminalis of the right atrium and to the roof of the left atrium. Significant linear correlations were found between the return cycle (A2A3) and the spontaneous cycle (A1A1) lengths, with a slope of +0.75 in the right atrium, +1.36 in the left atrium. The evaluation of sinus node function is disturbed by pacemaker shifts, both spontaneous and induced. Sinus node organisation may be assessed by stimulating standardised sites, by measuring intra-atrial conduction time, and by comparing A2A3 with A1A1 at constant relative prematurity during significant variations in A1A1 obtained with changes in vago-sympathetic tone. PMID- 7105097 TI - Effect of hypoxia on adaptation of the pulmonary circulation to extra-uterine life in the pig. AB - Pigs were exposed to hypoxia for 2 to 5 days, at ages ranging from bith to 2 weeks. The effect of hypoxia on structural adaptation of the pulmonary arterial circulation to extra-uterine life was studied by applying quantitative morphometric techniques to the injected autopsy lung specimens. In animals exposed to hypoxia from birth, the reduction in arterial muscularity, and increase in size and number which normally takes place after, began to occur, but the process was arrested by exposure to hypoxia which with increase in exposure time caused a secondary increase in muscularity. In animals allowed to adapt fully to extra-uterine life and first exposed at 14 days, increase in muscularity as shown by an increase in wall thickness and extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral arteries than is normal, was secondary to the hypoxic insult and similar to that reported in adults of other species. Animals exposed a between 2 and 7 days of age showed an intermediate response, failure to adapt normally plus a secondary increase in muscularity. Right ventricular hypertrophy developed in all animals. The studies emphasise the vulnerability of the newborn pulmonary circulation to hypoxia and the rapidity with which structural change occurs. PMID- 7105098 TI - Influence of thigh blood flow upon the arterial pressure gradient over the collateral arteries in patients with occlusion of the superficial femoral artery. AB - The effect of circulatory arrest of the calf and foot and head-up tilt upon pressure gradient over the thigh and distribution of muscle blood flow in the thigh was studied in 14 patients with occlusion of the superficial femoral artery. In the supine position circulatory arrest just below the knee initially reduced the directly measured mean arterial pressure gradient over the thigh by about 30% indicating that a similar proportion of total leg blood flow supplied the calf and foot. Local muscle blood flow was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique proximally and distally in the thigh muscle. Total leg blood flow was measured by an indicator dilution technique. During 10 min of circulatory arrest of the calf and foot local muscle blood flow in the thigh increased by approximately 35% proximally and distally. Total leg blood flow remained unchanged and the pressure gradient was reduced by about 10% as compared with that before tourniquet. During head-up tilt local muscle blood flow in the thigh decreased by about 30% proximally and distally. Total leg blood flow also decreased by about 30%. Circulatory arrest below the knee did not alter this response. These findings indicate that blood flow change uniformly in the thigh during head-up tilt and during tourniquet on the calf. Furthermore blood flow to the calf appears only to account for 30% of the arterial pressure drop over the collateral arteries in the thigh, indicating that thigh blood flow is of major importance for the pressure gradient over the collateral arteries. PMID- 7105099 TI - Delivery of 14C-lignocaine and blood flow to canine organs after coronary occlusion: a physical separation technique to measure drug concentration and microsphere blood flow in the same tissue sample. PMID- 7105100 TI - Coronary steal in awake dogs: a real phenomenon. PMID- 7105101 TI - A critical improvement of the local thermodilution method for measuring renal blood flow in man. AB - A new catheter with a "pig tail" shaped end has been used for renal venous blood outflow measurement by the local thermodilution method. Left and right renal blood flow were measured in nine hypertensive patients with monolateral renal artery stenosis (previously documented by selective renal angiography). Percutaneous introduction and positioning of the "pig tail" catheter in the renal veins was performed without complications. In all cases no deformities in the dilution curves due to: a) contact of the thermistor with the vessel walls; b) shifting baseline during injection; or c) variable and in homogeneous mixing, were observed. Mean percentage variation of five consecutive renal blood flow determinations was 6% in a flow range 154 to 718 cm3 . min-1. We conclude that the use of "pig tail" catheters represents a critical improvement of the local thermodilution method for measuring renal blood flow. PMID- 7105102 TI - Antibodies to a macrophage-specific protein--a tool for identification of monocytic macrophages. PMID- 7105103 TI - Studies of the mucosubstances of vertebrate tongues--V. Mucosubstances in the Weber's glands of some bats. PMID- 7105105 TI - Histochemical electron microscopic study of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) in post-natal developing cerebellum. PMID- 7105106 TI - The effect of cis-hydroxyproline on de novo synthesized collagen in subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl sponges in rats. PMID- 7105104 TI - [Cytochemical alterations in teleost hepatocytes induced by starvation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105108 TI - Phagocytosis and morphological development of rat astrocytes in primary cultures. PMID- 7105109 TI - X-ray induced aberrations in the testicular lactate dehydrogenase of non-scrotal insectivorous microchiroptera--Rhinopoma kinneari Wroughton (mammalia). PMID- 7105110 TI - [Basic social problems from the viewpoint of scientific advances in medical practice]. PMID- 7105111 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105112 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment for Mg homeostasis disorders after surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105107 TI - Electron-cytochemical study of lipid deposit condensation and degradation in ascomycetes--self assembly of unit membranes. PMID- 7105113 TI - [Warm and cold humid air inhalation and its effect on pulmonary function in patients with bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105115 TI - [Toxic manifestations in pharmacotherapy for leishmaniosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105116 TI - [Alkaptonuria. A brief outline of present-day knowledge of the biochemical aspects of the metabolic defect and pathogenesis of the disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105117 TI - [Vasomotor reactivity in diabetics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105114 TI - [Cardiac output alterations in asthmatics. Spiroergometric evaluation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105118 TI - [Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity in diabetics and their blood relations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105119 TI - [The clinical significance of serum cholyl-glycine estimation in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105120 TI - [Serum and tissue lipids in prolonged fasting in rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105121 TI - [Mortality among elderly male city dwellers. 16 years following up men 60-64 year old at the beginning (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105122 TI - [Care of the aged population in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 7105123 TI - [Thyroid function and its effect on arterial pulse propagation time (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105124 TI - [Histological diagnosis in congestive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105125 TI - [A simplified formula for the estimation of stenotic mitral orifice area (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105126 TI - [Pharmacotherapy in Strongyloidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105128 TI - Effect of low-dose whole-body irradiation on granulopoietic progenitor cell subpopulations: implications for CFUc release. AB - The reaction of the granulopoietic system to whole body irradiation with 0.80 and 1.60 Gy was studied in dogs by means of colony formation assays in combination with velocity sedimentation and tritiated thymidine cytocidal techniques. Depression of circulating CFUc was associated with a marked shift in the size distribution of granulopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow. This effect lasted much longer in those animals receiving the lower X-ray dose. We conclude that circulating CFUc are not a random proportion of the bone marrow but a subpopulation of cells which are smaller in size. These cells are in an equilibrium with the larger marrow CFUc, which is very sensitive to perturbations. PMID- 7105127 TI - The spatial organization of the hierarchical proliferative cells of the crypts of the small intestine into clusters of 'synchronized' cells. AB - A statistical analysis of the distribution of [3H]TdR-labelled cells in longitudinal and transverse sections of crypts from the ileum of the mouse, indicated that there was a strong tendency for labelled or unlabelled cells to be associated in short vertical runs and lateral clumps, suggesting the presence of clusters of labelled cells on the sides of the crypts. A model is discussed for the cellular spatial organization of the crypt that proposes a vertical alignment of the cells within branches of the proliferative cell lineage. The model would predict vertical alignment of partially synchronized cells as well as some lateral clumping. In the present studies mitoses were not observed at higher levels in the crypt than labelled (S phase) cells. This observation would be predicted by the non-random spatial organization suggested by the model. The model would also make certain predictions concerning cell migration. These are discussed in relation to cell migration studies which include evidence that migration continues in the absence of mitotic activity. PMID- 7105130 TI - On the existence of non-cycling germinative cells in human epidermis in vivo and cell cycle aspects of psoriasis. PMID- 7105129 TI - Continuous maturation of proliferating erythroid precursors. AB - This study examines published steady state cell kinetic (mitotic and DNA synthesis phase) data from the recognizable proliferating erythroid precursors in humans, rats, and guinea-pigs, and human neutrophilic precursors, for consistency with a continuous maturation-proliferation model of the cell cycle. We find that these data are completely consistent with the hypothesis that maturation between morphological compartment may take place at any point in the cell cycle. A number of compartmental parameters are derived under this assumption. PMID- 7105131 TI - [3H]thymidine labels less than half of the DNA-synthesizing cells in the mouse tumour, carcinoma NT. AB - We have studied carcinoma NT, a transplantable mouse adenocarcinoma of spontaneous origin. Cells labeled with [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) were restricted to a narrow zone around the periphery of this tumour and were also found in rings up to 50 micrometers wide, around isolated blood vessels in the central necrotic area. Labelling with [3H]deoxyuridine ([3H]UdR), another DNA synthesis precursor, produced a very different pattern. The labelled zone around the periphery was much wider than with [3H]TdR, and [3H]UdR labelled cells were found up to 110 micrometers from isolated vessels. [3H]iododeoxyuridine ([3H]IUdR) gave the same pattern of labelling as [3H]UdR. In the heavily labelled zone, within 1 mm of the tumour periphery, the labelling index (LI) was 51% after [3H]UdR or [3H]IUdR injection, and only 36% with [3H]TdR. The data show that at least half of the DNA synthesizing cells in this tumour did not incorporate [3H]TdR. Previous workers reported cell loss factors for carcinoma NT of 60% calculated from [3H]TdR labelling data and 30% from the rate of loss of [125I]UdR. The present work suggests that calculations based on [125I]UdR data are more likely to be accurate for carcinoma NT than those using [3H]TdR data. PMID- 7105132 TI - A comparative investigation of the antimitotic action of 2-mercaptoethanol and colcemid on V-79 Chinese hamster cells. AB - The current study was performed to characterize the antimitotic action of 2 mercaptoethanol (MET) on mammalian cells. At concentrations of 2.5 x 10(-2) m, MET arrests V-79 Chinese hamster cells in metaphase. Smaller concentrations (from 5 x 10(-3) m) only produce a mitotic block after several hours, only arresting those mitoses which have gone through one cell cycle in the presence of MET. The accumulation of mitoses by MET is smaller in comparison with colcemid, explained by an effect reducing the number of cells which enter mitosis. In contrast to colcemid, MET-concentrations which do not lead to a mitotic block cause a delay in proliferation. It was shown, by means of the BUdR-labelling method that cells in the presence of colcemid concentrations which arrest mitosis again enter interphase and become polyploid, whereas MET leads to an irreversible arrest of mitosis and does not produce polyploidy in V-79 cells. PMID- 7105133 TI - Cell kinetic studies on the JB-1 ascites tumour of the mouse. FLM-method modified by double-labelling with [3H]- and [14C]thymidine. AB - The FLM method, modified by double labelling with [3H]- and [14C]-thymidine, has been applied to the 4-day old JB-1 ascites tumour of the mouse. It results in well separated waves of purely [3H]- and purely [14C]-labelled mitoses, which show a remarkable asymmetry with long tails to the right. The following values for the mean transit times of the cells have been derived from this FLM curve, for a tumour age of 4-6 days: Tc = 32.5 hr, Tx = 16.7 hr, Tg2 = 3.7 hr, Tg1 = 11.0 hr and Tm = 1.1 hr. A further evaluation of the FLM curve, however, is difficult, due to the non-stationary growth of the tumour. A number of other experimental findings (growth curve, decrease of the labelling and mitotic index with increasing tumour age, two single-labelled FLM curves starting 4 and 6 days after tumour inoculation) indicate that the cell cycle time increases during the experimental period of the double-labelled FLM curve (about 1 days). A lengthening of the cycle time should result in an increasing enlargement of the areas under the waves of the modified FLM curve. However, such an increase in area has not been found; the areas are constant. All the results of the present cell kinetic studies would be consistent if it were postulated that the cell cycle time lengthens with increasing tumour age up to about 4 days after inoculation, then remains relatively constant at between 4 and 6 days and thereafter increases again. Short-term double labelling experiments suggest that this is actually the case. Under the assumption of nearly constant phase durations during the 5th and 6th day of tumour growth further conclusions can be drawn from the modified FLM curve. In particular, it follows that the transit times of the cells through successive cycle phases are uncorrelated and the variances of the transit times through a cycle phase are proportional to the duration of this phase. PMID- 7105134 TI - The relative spatial distribution of erythroid progenitor cells (BFUe and CFUe) in the normal mouse femur. AB - Femoral mouse bone marrow cells were separated into axial and marginal fractions, in order to investigate the relative concentration of erythroid progenitor cells (BFUe and CFUe) with respect to their location across the diameter of the femur. Two areas of high incidence of early progenitor cells (BFUe) were identified: one lying near the bone surface with a peak at about 410 micrometers radial distance from the axis of the bone; the other nearer the centre of the bone with a peak at about 270 micrometers. The more immature BFUe were found in higher proportion in the marginal peak. In contrast, CFUe, apart from very low concentration values in the vicinity of the bone surface, demonstrated a fairly uniform distribution throughout the marrow. The present results indicate that the distribution of erythroid progenitor cells within the bone marrow is not random. The haemopoietic tissue seems to exhibit a well-defined structure that may be relevant in regulating proliferation and differentiation processes. PMID- 7105135 TI - Spatial heterogeneity of the axolemma of non-myelinated fibers in the optic disc of the adult rat. Freeze-fracture observations. AB - This freeze-fracture study examined the structure of the axolemma of non myelinated fibers in the optic disc region of the adult rat. Spatially heterogeneous patterns of intramembranous particles (IMPs) were observed on the E fracture faces; particle distribution patterns ranged from clusters of 4-7 IMPs to linear arrays of particles 1-3 IMPs wide that apparently encircle the axon. These bands of particles displayed a periodicity of approximately 0.16 micrometers. The present findings demonstrate that, in specialized regions, the axolemma of non-myelinated fibers not in the region of synapses can exhibit distinct spatial heterogeneity. PMID- 7105136 TI - Culturing of renal collecting duct epithelium as globular bodies. AB - Thin kidney cortex explants from newborn rabbits, consisting of the capsula fibrosa with an adherent layer of nephrogenic material (s-shaped bodies and collecting duct anlagen) were isolated and cultured for various periods (up to 15 days) by conventional procedures. Within the first 24 h of culturing, it was observed that the explants form globular bodies covered by a monolayer epithelium. The cells are cuboidal or cylindrical, and may, in later stages, consist of two or even more cell layers. The epithelium shows a polar differentiation, with deep tight junctions at the apical poles and lateral intercellular spaces opening to the basal surface. A basal lamina is not consistently developed. The support of the epithelium consists of fibroblasts and degenerating tissue elements of the explants. It can be shown that the epithelium is derived from the anlagen of the collecting ducts. Structurally, the epithelium resembles a collecting duct epithelium. The experimental system is considered as a useful model to study metabolism and function of the renal collecting duct epithelium, as well as developmental problems, such as cell migration, outgrowth, and differentiation. PMID- 7105137 TI - Ultrastructural changes of the stigma of the follicle during the process of ovulation in the hen. AB - No structural changes could be observed in the stigma until 2 h before ovulation. Within a few minutes of ovulation, the stratum granulosum and theca interna disappear completely in the middle part of the stigma. By 30 min before ovulation, the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the fibroblasts of the theca externa develops conspicuously. Then a few minutes before ovulation, the theca externa becomes much thinner with a conspicuous disintegration of the collagenous fibers into individual fibrils. These structural changes may contribute to the fragility of the stigma tissue and induce rupture of the follicle. PMID- 7105138 TI - Effects of steroids on gonadotropic (GTH) cells in the pituitary of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, shortly after hatching. AB - Immunocytochemical reactions with anti-h(uman) TSH beta and anti-c(arp) GTH beta indicate that in juvenile rainbow trout, the dorsal basophils of the proximal pars distalis (ppd) are TSH cells, and that the ventral ones are GTH cells. Small GTH cells first appear in some fish at D(ay) 50 following fertilization (= D17 from hatching), when gonads are still undifferentiated. GTH cells increase greatly in number and size after D100. Contrary to treatment with 11 beta (OH)androstenedione, addition of methyl testosterone, progesterone and 17 alpha (OH)progesterone stimulate the development of granular GTH cells in rainbow trout, shortly after hatching. It is suggested that steroid receptors in the brain or pituitary discriminate between 11-steroids and other steroids rather than between aromatizable androgens and other steroids. PMID- 7105139 TI - Ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of the developing sheep hypophysis. AB - Using light and electron microscopy, the morphogenesis of the pars intermedia of the sheep pituitary gland was examined in developing lambs between 26 days of gestation and the newborn stage. Following the establishment of contact between the anterior and posterior lobe primordia seen at 26 days, the connection with the pharyngeal roof disappeared by 31 days. The lumen of Rathke's pouch, which was a prominent cavity at the earlier stages, became inconspicuous by 40 days but progressively increased in size during gestation and, in some newborn animals, contained colloid material. At 40 days the pars intermedia consisted of a uniform population of undifferentiated cells. Cells with cytoplasmic granules were first identified at 50 days. The cytological appearance of granular cells at 70 days indicated increased synthetic activity and by 80 days they closely resembled adult glandular cells. At 100 days, membrane activity suggestive of exocytosis was first observed in granular cells; fenestrated capillaries were present, and early follicle formation between adjacent non-granular cells was seen. This apparent exocytotic release of granules was observed much more frequently between 100 days of gestation and the newborn stage than in adult pars intermedia cells. These findings indicate that glandular cells of the developing pars intermedia are actively engaged in synthesis, storage and secretion from an early stage. PMID- 7105140 TI - Cellular interconnections in the young mouse ovary. Freeze-fracture study. AB - Intercellular junctions in the young mouse ovary were examined by electron microscopy utilizing freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Projections from the granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte (GI) traverse the zona pellucida and form small gap junctions on the oocyte surface. On the P-face of these cells, the junctional aggregations are occasionally associated with linear strands of particles. In contrast, large gap junctional areas are frequently observed between the more peripherally located granulosa cells (GE) and are also present in the theca interna (TI) cell layer surrounding the follicles. Three types of tight junctional strands are discernible on the P-face of theca externa cells (TE): angularly zigzag strands consisting of intermittently distributed intramembranous particles on wide ridges, intermediate zigzag strands consisting of more continuously distributed particles, and wavy strands consisting of rather fused particles. Tight junctional strands are also present in the middle of grooves on the E-face of endothelial cells of blood vessels. In the germinal epithelial cell layer, tight junctional strands appear to be discrete and form a less anastomosing network. PMID- 7105141 TI - A quantitative ultrastructural study of normal rat erythroblasts and reticulocytes. AB - Early, intermediate and late erythroblasts and reticulocytes were studied by electron microscopic morphometry. The volumes of mitochondria, Golgi zone and autophagosomes, as well as the surface areas of membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and of mitochondrial cristae and the numbers of ribosomes per unit volume cytoplasm were calculated. the results revealed 3 phases in erythroid maturation: (1) early and intermediate erythroblasts, (2) late erythroblasts, and (4) reticulocytes. The only significant difference between early and intermediate proliferating erythroblasts was a decrease in the surface area of the RER in the latter. After the last mitotic division in late erythroblasts significant reductions occurred in the RER, the Golgi apparatus, in the mitochondria and the number of ribosomes. The numbers of mitochondria and ribosomes were further reduced at the reticulocyte stage (clustered ribosomes more rapidly than single ones). Morphometric analysis showed no evidence of degradation of erythroid mitochondria whilst they are free in the cytoplasm, but there was some evidence of degradation after their uptake into autophagosomes in late erythroblasts and in reticulocytes. PMID- 7105142 TI - Quantitative cytoarchitecture of the liver of the shrew Crocidura russula (fam. Soricidae). Ultrastructural and morphometric comparison with rat liver. AB - The livers of two groups of the shrew Crocidura russula, kept under standardized physiological conditions, were investigated with electron microscopy and morphometry. The adaptations to the extremely high basal metabolism of these small mammals are reflected in the architectural characteristics of the hapatocytes, which, in comparison with those of the rat, show a smaller cell volume of the mononuclear hepatocytes (3,800 micrometers3), and increased number of cells per cm3 of liver tissue (250 X 10(6)), and a relative larger liver volume (4.85 ml per 100 g body weight). The ground substance is reduced by the other cell compartments to 4%. The volume density of the glycogen differs from 5 15% and the variation of the SER is from 10-20%. The RER (constant at about 35%) and the mitochondria (around 30%) form the main part of the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. The mean volume of individual mitochondria amounts to 2.5 micrometers3. The chrondriome in the cell shows important numerical-volumetrical transformations, i.e, an increase in the individual volume of mitochondria correlating with a decrease in the number of the mitochondria per volume unit and vice versa. The adaptations to the high basal metabolism and the special conditions of life (short phases of activity, long resting times) are considered in relation to the possible functional activity of the megamitochondria. PMID- 7105143 TI - Apical surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout and the tench. AB - The free surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout (a predatory fish) and the tench (an omnivorous fish) is characterized by well developed microvilli. They are irregularly arranged in the tench, but form a true brush border consisting of regularly aligned microvilli in the rainbow trout. In both species membrane-bounded cytoplasmic protrusions, up to 5 micrometers in diameter, extend from the apical surface. These protrusions are free of granules, secretory vesicles or other organelles; only in the tench some of them contain glycogen. Thus, the previously used terms "apocrine and droplet secretion" are not justified; the epithelial protrusions are now to be regarded as droplets of degenerated cytoplasm. Since they resemble the protrusions reported in fetal and postnatal epithelial cells in the gallbladder of higher vertebrates, interspecific differences are discussed. There is no significant correlation between the seasonal activity of the fish and the abundance or structure of the cytoplasmic protrusions. PMID- 7105144 TI - The paraganglion supracardiale vagi: an intravagal paraganglion in the rat. AB - In the Ham-Wistar rat, a paraganglion was found within the vagus nerve at the site of branching of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Due to its location the name "paraganglion supracardiale vagi" is suggested. Fluorescence microscopy of the paragangkionic cells displays an intense yellow-green fluorescence indicating the presence of biogenic amines. Ultrastructurally, chief cells containing dense-core vesicles form three kinds of synaptic contacts (afferent, efferent and reciprocal) with enlarged. mitochondria-rich nerve endings. PMID- 7105145 TI - The glomus cell of the carotid labyrinth of Xenopus laevis. AB - The ultrastructure of the glomus cells of the carotid labyrinth was investigated in the anuran, Xenopus laevis. These cells show many catecholamine containing granules. About 50 cells in groups of 3-5 are located near the sinusoids. Morphologically, their organelles are similar to those previously reported in Bufo vulgaris. Striking features are (1) intimate appostion of the glomus cell to smooth muscle (g-s connection), (2) gap junctions between adjacent glomus cells, (3) exocytotic figures. Based on these findings a possible function of the glomus cell is discussed. PMID- 7105146 TI - Fine structure of the larval rhinophores of the nudibranch, Rostanga pulchra, with emphasis on the sensory receptor cells. AB - The rhinophores of the veliger larva of Rostanga pulchra are located in the intravelar field near the base of the velar lobes. Each rhinophore is a cylindrical structure, tapering distally, and covered with a dense meshwork of microvilli. A conspicuous row of ciliary tufts runs along each side of the rhinophore and several stiffer tufts, composed of fewer cilia, are positioned around the tip or at the base. The rhinophoral epithelium consists of supporting cells, ciliated cells (giving rise to the ciliary rows), dendritic terminals (giving rise to the tufts around the apex), and sinuses containing occasional amebocytes. The lumen of the rhinophore is occupied by the rhinophoral ganglion and muscle cells that are oriented in two perpendicular planes. Cells bodies of the dendritic endings are located within the rhinophoral ganglion, which in turn joins into the optic and cerebral ganglia. Rhinophoral ganglionic neurons do not synapse with each other, but numerous neuromuscular synapses are found in the lumen of the rhinophore. Morphological evidence suggests that the dendritic endings are chemoreceptors and the ciliated cells are possibly mechanoreceptors but are not functional at this stage in development. The functional role of the rhinophores is discussed in relation to larval behavior at settlement and metamorphosis. PMID- 7105147 TI - Gap junctions and impulse propagation in embryonic epithelium of Amphibia. A freeze-etching study. AB - Epithelium of amphibian embryos (Cynops orientalis, Xenopus laevis) was found in preceding experiments to generate and conduct impulses during a limited stage (26 37) of development . In order to elucidate the structural basis of impulse propagation, epithelial cells of four stages were examined by the freeze-etching method: (I) before and (II) during acquisition of conductivity; (III) when propagation was fully established, and (IV) when it was no longer present. Only few gap junctions (GJ) of small size were found in groups I and IV. GJ in epithelia of group III were increased in number and size, and appeared morphologically "coupled", i.e., with more loosely arranged connexons. the size of gap-junctional particles did not differ significantly between coupled and uncoupled stages. Zonulae occludentes seemed "leaky" in stage *, and "tight" in stages II-IV. Thus, the morphological characteristics of specialized junctions between "non excitable cells" correlated with the opening and closing of low resistance intercellular current pathways during embryonic development. Gap junctions in particular seem to form an essential link in the non-neural stimulus response system, which may facilitate the mobility of the embryo during early phases of aquatic life before the reflex pathways have been established. Coupling and uncoupling of gap junctions may also play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation and morphogenetic movement. The experimental model used in this study provides a useful tool for further investigations of structural correlates of gap junctional permeability under physiological conditions. PMID- 7105148 TI - Effects of brain lesions of gonadotrop ultrastructure and serum gonadotropin levels in goldfish. AB - Brain lesions that destroyed the anterior preoptic region or the pituitary stalk in sexually mature (= completed ovarian recrudescence) goldfish caused a significant increase in serum gonadotropin levels for at least 11 days postoperatively. These results confirmed previous findings indicating the presence of a gonadotropin release-inhibitory factor. Electron-microscopic investigation revealed that the gonadotrops were depleted of the small secretory granules, had marked dilations of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and extensive development of the Golgi apparatus. This indicated both secretion and synthesis, and correlated with the prolonged increase in serum gonadotropin resulting from the lesions. PMID- 7105149 TI - Activity of corpora allata, endocrine balance and reproduction in female Labidura riparia (Dermaptera). AB - The reproductive activity of Labidura riparia females involves, after a 5-day maturation stage, a regular alternation of ovarian cycles and egg-care stages averaging 10 days each. Vitellogenesis is characterized by an increase in the size of the corpora allata (CA) where structured SER bodies appear, and by a rise of juvenile hormone (JH III) content in the hemolymph which is followed by an increase in the level of ecdysteroids. During the egg-care periods, the CA are inactive; structured bodies generate autophagic vacuoles, the titer of JHs and later that of ecdysteroids in the hemolymph decreases and remains stationary. Ovariectomy causes hypertrophy and hyperactivity of the CA for about two months. Subsequently, the titer of JH decreases and old females may display parental behaviour; the level of ecdysteroids falls and remains unchanged. After cauterization of the pars intercerebralis (PI) of the protocerebrum, the ovarian activity stops, the ovary shrinks, the JHs rapidly disappear but ecdysteroids remain at the same or even higher levels than those of normal females of the same age. On the basis of these data, we postulate the existence of a center located in the PI, inhibiting the production of ecdysteroids, and of a stimulating center located outside this area. The PI also exhibits an allatotropic function. PMID- 7105151 TI - Ultrastructural radioautography of synthesis and migration of proteins and catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla. AB - The synthetic pathways of proteins and catecholamines in the rat adrenal medullary cells were compared systematically at the ultrastructural level, within a 24h period, with 2 tracers, L-tyrosine 3,5-3H and L-3,4-dihydroxy [ring 2,4,6 3H] phenylalanine (L-dopa3H). Young rats were injected with either of these tracers and sacrificed in pairs at close time intervals. With L-tyrosine 3H, the label was about equal over rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and secretory granules at 2 min after injection and remained almost constant in intensity over the secretory granules throughout the period of observation. A peak of radioactivity was also observed in the Golgi complex between 5 and 20 min after injection. This indicates that L-tyrosine 3H participates in the synthesis of both granule proteins and catecholamines as confirmed by the results obtained after injection of L-dopa3-H. With this tracer, radioactivity over RER, Golgi complex, cytosol and cell surface remained very low at all times and was undetectable at several time intervals. In contrast, radioactivity over secretory granules was very high at all time intervals. The present results thus confirm that in both adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells, the protein moiety of chromaffin granules is synthetized in the RER, packaged in the Golgi complex and rapidly found in newly formed secretory granules. Following either L-tyrosine 3H or L-dopa 3H injection, catecholamine synthesis occurs only in or in close vicinity to chromaffin granules in both cell types at all time intervals. PMID- 7105150 TI - An electron-microscopic study of the bone-remodeling sequence in the rat. AB - A detailed chronological electron-microscopic study of the bone remodeling sequence has been performed in the rat based on a previously described model (Tran Van et al. 1982) in which the remodeling activity is synchronized. This allowed the observation of the cellular and extracellular events during the bone remodeling process, including the activation of the sequential process and the reversal phase, intermediate between osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic formation. Most important is the fact that throughout the whole process cells with the morphological characteristics of mononuclear phagocytes have been observed in proximity or in contact with the bone surface and/or the various bone cells. Coated pits (receptor-mediated endocytosis) are frequently observed in close apposition ot bone spicules and gap junctions are frequent between the cells. These observations suggest that, besides being likely candidates as osteoclast precursors, mononuclear phagocytes may play an important role in bone remodeling. PMID- 7105152 TI - Structural and functional differences in various divisions of the rabbit colon. AB - The rabbit colon displays a diversity of form and function along its proximo distal axis. Morphologically, four regions can be discerned based on macroscopic and microscopic criteria: 1) the initial portion of the colon immediately distal to the cecum (P1), in which wart-like protrusions characterize the surface topography, is 10 cm in length and endowed with three teniae. 2) The adjoining portion of the colon (P2) possesses one tenia, is about 20cm in length and also displays the wart-like protrusions in slightly less prominent form. 3) Fusus coli, a short segment approximately 4 cm in length, is free of teniae, but exhibits longitudinal folds on its inner aspect. Electron microscopically, it shows a paucity of microvilli in direct contrast to the two afore-mentioned regions. These three portions together constitute the proximal colon. 4) The fourth region of the colon, the distal colon, reaches a length of 80-100 cm and shows no obvious second-order enlargements of its surface, displaying scanning electron microscopically ridges in looped configurations. Physiological parameters also showed differences depending on the region of the colon observed. Water content of the ingesta increases slightly during passage of the proximal colon, decreasing in the fucus coli and distal colon. Na concentration was highest in the area P1-P2, decreasing distally. K was low in area P2 and then rose toward the fusus, only to fall again distally. Nitrogen values decrease considerably during passage of P2 but only slightly distally. Transmural electrical potential differences also exhibit a characteristic, discontinuous gradient. PMID- 7105153 TI - Immunocytochemical demonstration of peptidergic cells in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis with an antiserum to the molluscan cardioactive tetrapeptide FMRF amide. AB - With an antiserum to the molluscan cardioactive tetrapeptide FMRF-amide immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers were identified in the central and peripheral nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Their localization is described. The same antiserum yielded reactive product in particular cells of the epithelium of the alimentary tract. The use of two different fixatives, glutaraldehyde, and a mixture of glutaraldehyde, picric acid, and acetic acid (GPA) showed that certain nerve cells can be identified only in material fixed with either the one or the other of these two fixatives, a result which indicates that in Lymnaea more than one FMRF-amide-like substances may occur. "Positive" axon endings were found in the periphery of various nerves, i.e., in places where neurohormones are released into the blood. Other fibers were found to end, probably synaptically, on other neurons, on epithelial cells in the stomach, and between muscle cells in various parts of the body, e.g., in the heart. In these cases the FMRF-amide-like substance may function as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. PMID- 7105155 TI - Differentiation of avian neural crest cells in vitro: absence of a developmental bias toward melanogenesis. AB - Neural crest cells from quail embryos grown in standard culture dishes differentiate almost entirely into melanocytes within 4 or 5 days when chick embryo extract (CEE) or occasional lots of fetal calf serum (FCS) are included in the medium. Gel fractionation showed that the pigment inducing factor(s) present in these media is of high molecular weight (greater than 400K daltons). In the absence of CEE, the neural tube can also stimulate melanocyte differentiation. Culture medium supplemented by selected lots of FCS permits crest cell proliferation but little overt differentiation after up to 2 weeks in culture if the neural tube is removed within 18 h of explantation in vitro. Subsequent addition of CEE to such cultures promotes complete melanocyte differentiation. Crest cells from White leghorn chick embryos also differentiate into melanocytes in the presence of CEE, but do not survive well in its absence. Melanocyte differentiation of crest cells from both quail and chick embryos can by suppressed by culturing under a dialysis membrane, even in the presence of the neural tube and CEE, but neuronal differentiation appears greatly enhanced. PMID- 7105154 TI - Endometrial ultrastructure in the early uterine response to blastocysts and artificial deciduogenic stimuli in rats. AB - The early uterine response to transplanted, delayed and estrogen-activated blastocysts was studied ultrastructurally and compared with that induced by intrauterine instillations of deciduogenic agents (arachis oil, air). The uterine responses to delayed and activated blastocysts showed no ultrastructural or temporal differences. Already within 4 h after transfer to a sensitized uterus, the delayed blastocysts exhibited signs of activation, and both types of blastocysts had started to attach onto an undamaged epithelial lining. Signs of stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells were also seen as early as 4 h after transfer, while the Pontamine-blue reaction did not appear until after 8 h. The results therefore indicate that the transplanted blastocysts induced decidualization atraumatically and that the delayed blastocysts were either deciduogenic already before transfer or rapidly acquired deciduogenic properties after transfer. Artificial decidual induction with oil and air led to damage or death of a large number of cells in the uterine luminal epithelium. Within only 15 min after instillation pronounced signs of cell damage were seen, and later numerous cells were extruded from the epithelial lining. In the stroma ultrastructural signs of decidual cell differentiation and a Pontamine-blue reaction were observed as early as 4 h after induction. It is therefore suggested that oil and air induce decidualization via the epithelium by means of trauma. PMID- 7105157 TI - An electron-microscopical analysis of embryonic chick tissues explanted in culture. AB - Three types of tissue (hypoblast, germ wall and epiblast) were dissected from early chick embryos and explanted on Falcon plastic dishes. After they had settled and spread, the explants were fixed, usually within 18-24 h after explantation, and sections were cut through the tissue and the Falcon dish. The closeness of the cells to the substrate varied even within the same explant, but the epiblast tended to be closer to the substrate than did the hypoblast or germ wall. Plaques were present in all three tissues in regions where the cell processes contracted the substrate. Extensive desmosomes were visible in the epiblast explants, small desmosomes were present in the germ wall explants, but desmosomes were never seen in hypoblast explants. These differences in cell/substrate and cell/cell morphology are discussed in relation to the different behavioural characteristics of the three tissues. Some mixed cultures were also examined by electron microscopy. When the epiblast was confronted with either hypoblast or germ wall, it underlapped them at the region of contact. PMID- 7105156 TI - Environmental factors affecting neural crest differentiation: melanocyte differentiation by crest cells exposed to cell-free (deoxycholate-extracted) dermal mesenchyme matrix. AB - Deoxycholate-extracted, cell-free matrices were prepared from primary explants or dispersed cell cultures of embryonic avian dermis, ectoderm, gut mesenchyme, endoderm, pharynx, or umbilical artery. Neural crest cells in association with matrices from dermal explants or monolayers formed melanocytes after six days. Crest cells in association with matrices from all other tissues or grown on plastic did not form melanocytes. It is concluded that a deoxycholate-resistant structural component of the dermal extracellular matrix induces melanocyte differentiation. PMID- 7105159 TI - Free postsynaptic sites in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult cats following chronic decortication. AB - Following chronic decortication, free postsynaptic sites were found in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult cat. Quantitative electron-microscopic analysis of the free postsynaptic sites revealed that they were not identical with the original, vacant postsynaptic sites, but were newly assembled formations. The ability of both relay cells and local interneurons of the adult lateral geniculate nucleus to assemble and/or maintain postsynaptic sites indicates that these nerve cells may be involved in the formation of new synapses. PMID- 7105160 TI - The peripheral innervation of the gill of the marine mollusc demonstrated by the aluminium-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method. AB - The aluminium-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method was used to study the innervation of the gill of the marine bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis and the results were contrasted with those obtained with the standard formaldehyde induced-fluorescence (FIF) method. The ALFA method produced more fluorescing structures than the FIF method, thus revealing fine branches of the branchial nerve running beneath the gill epithelium which previously remained undetected. This study of marine invertebrates. PMID- 7105158 TI - Effect of cold environment on skeletal muscle mitochondria in growing rats. AB - Growing rats(4 weeks old) were kept for 3 weeks at 11 degrees C and 24 degrees C respectively. The cold-adapted animals showed a significantly higher oxygen consumption (64%). Volume density of subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria as well as volume density of fat droplets were estimated in M. soleus and the diaphragm of both groups. In cold-adapted animals, the total volume of mitochondria was significantly increased by 24% in diaphragm and 37% in M. soleus. The volume of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was almost doubled in each muscle, but the volume of interfibrillar mitochondria did not change significantly. The surface of the inner mitochondrial membranes per unit volume of mitochondrion in M. soleus was significantly increased both in interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria, whereas the surface of the outer mitochondrial membranes per unit volume of mitochondrion was increased only in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria. The volume of fat droplets in the diaphragm and M. soleus of cold adapted animals increased significantly by 62% and 150% respectively. PMID- 7105163 TI - Routine coronary arteriography post myocardial infarction. PMID- 7105162 TI - Effect of N-methyl-formimino-methylester on the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of mice. AB - N-methyl-formimino-methylester (MFM), a highly volatile chemical substance, causes massive, transient sensory-cell degeneration in the main, but not in the vomeronasal olfactory sensory epithelium of mice. After MFM-treatment it appears possible to study the accessory olfactory system after chemical "deafferentation" of the main system. PMID- 7105161 TI - An electron-microscopic stereological study of the compensatory hypertrophy of the rat adrenal zona fasciculata after unilateral adrenalectomy. AB - The ultrastructural changes associated with the compensatory hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata cells on monoadrenalectomized rats were investigated by stereological techniques. It was found that these subcellular changes display a different pattern from those underlying the ACTH-induced adrenocortical cell growth in the intact rats. This result supports the view that compensatory adrenal hypertrophy does not involve activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal adrenal axis. PMID- 7105165 TI - The multicentric character of normal left ventricular wall motion. Implications for the evaluation of regional wall motion abnormalities by contrast angiography. AB - Current radiologic approaches to evaluation of regional ventricular wall motion generally employ rectilinear hemichords ("hemiaxes") or radial hemichords ("chords"), defined by the presumptions that wall segments move either perpendicularly toward the ventricular long axis, or toward some common center, respectively. In order to test these presumptions, the end-systolic and end diastolic frames of 17 normal right anterior oblique (left) ventriculograms were analyzed, using a digitizer and a computer. The motion vectors of 47 points on each ventriculographic perimeter were defined by centers (located along the ventricular long axis). Twenty average centers were found which could be represented by three centers, for six regions of the normal angiographic silhouette. Computer models of abnormal regional wall motion, using three centers, disclosed appreciable discrepancies among the chord, hemiaxis and rectilinear area methods, particularly for the apical and basal wall regions. The model data suggest that the wall region, itself, dictates the center which should be used for measuring an abnormality of regional wall motion. PMID- 7105164 TI - Routine coronary arteriography post myocardial infarction: another view. PMID- 7105166 TI - Stress myocardial imaging in patients with mitral valve prolapse: evidence of a perfusion abnormality. AB - Twenty-four patients with mitral valve prolapse underwent cardiac catheterization, exercise testing, and exercise 201thallium scintigraphy. Of 10 patients with coronary artery disease, six had abnormal scintigrams. Two of these six had exercise-induced reversible defects, two had defects that persisted during redistribution, and two had both reversible and persistent defects. Of 14 patients with normal coronary arteries, five had negative scintigrams. Of the remaining nine patients, two had exercise-induced defects, and seven (50%) had defects involving the inferior or posterior wall that persisted during redistribution. Possible mechanisms for this latter finding are discussed. In contrast to previous reports, exercise 201thallium scintigraphy was not entirely successful in identifying patients with coronary artery disease in our patients with mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7105167 TI - Ventricular fibrillation complicating pacemaker insertion in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Temporary transvenous pacing catheters were placed in 101 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) for the management of bradyarrhythmias or conduction disturbances. Fourteen (14%) patients (group A) developed ventricular fibrillation (VF) at the time of pacing catheter manipulation in the right ventricle. Compared to the remaining 87 (86%) patients (group B), the patients in group A were younger (56.1 vs 65.8 yrs, P = 0.007). Thirteen (92.8%) of 14 patients in group A had inferior MI compared to 58 (66.6%) of 87 patients in group B (P = 0.04). All but one patient in group A had pacemaker insertion within 24 h of the onset of symptoms of MI compared to 55 (63%) of 87 in group B (P = 0.02). In 12 of the 14 patients in group A, following defibrillation and intravenous bolus administration of lidocaine, the pacing catheter was positioned in the right ventricle without further episodes of VF. It is concluded that 1) in patients with acute MI temporary transvenous pacemaker insertion may be complicated by VF; 2) VF is most likely to occur in younger patients with inferior MI infarction when the pacing catheter is inserted within 24 h of the onset of symptoms of infarction; and 3) administration of an intravenous bolus of lidocaine may be effective in preventing the induction of VF by catheter manipulation. PMID- 7105168 TI - Cardiac catheterization dye does not affect serum thyroid hormone concentrations or TSH secretion. AB - The iodinated contrast agents used in oral cholecystography impair peripheral iodothyronine-5'-deiodinase activity, resulting in a transient decrease in serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (triiodothyronine, T3) and in increases in serum 3,3',5' triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations. A related iodinated contrast agent, diatrizoate, is employed in coronary angiography. The effect of diatrizoate (Renografin-76) on serum T4, T3, rT3, and thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH) concentrations and the TSH and T3 responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in seven euthyroid patients before and on the fifth day following coronary angiography. No significant changes were observed. Thus, diatrizoate, in contrast to the oral cholecystographic agents, appears to have little or no clinically important effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in man. PMID- 7105169 TI - Right atrial myxoma with atrial septal defect: a case report and review of the literature. AB - We report the case of a 63-year-old woman presenting with progressive dyspnea of insidious onset culminating in severe central cyanosis. Conventional studies including M-mode echocardiography did not point to the diagnosis. At cardiac catheterization a large right atrial myxoma producing partial dynamic tricuspid obstruction was discovered along with an atrial septal defect with a right to left shunt. After successful surgical excision of the tumor and repair of the atrial septal defect, the patient has been totally relieved of her presenting symptoms. PMID- 7105170 TI - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta above the left coronary sinus. PMID- 7105171 TI - Acquired internal mammary-to-coronary artery communication. PMID- 7105172 TI - Cardiac perforation with tamponade during cardiac catheterization. AB - Among 6,675 adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization in our institution, three patients developed cardiac perforation and tamponade (incidence 0.04%). Two perforations involved the left atrium, and one the right atrium. Tamponade developed in the three patients. Hemodynamic confirmation of tamponade was available in two patients. Pericardiocentesis was performed in all three patients. Two patients required emergency surgery. All patients recovered. PMID- 7105173 TI - New technique for retrograde left heart catheterization in aortic stenosis. AB - Retrograde catheterization of the left ventricle in patients with aortic stenosis is frequently difficult and occasionally impossible. We have developed a new technique to facilitate this problem. A standard #8 "pigtail" catheter is preformed with a 145 degrees angle 7 cm from the catheter tip. With this catheter in the ascending aorta, the preformed angle lifts the catheter tip leftward and superiorly, allowing a straight guidewire a direct approach to the orifice of the stenotic aortic valve. Utilizing this technique, we were able to cross the stenotic aortic valve in 26-29 consecutive patients with isolated aortic stenosis (mean gradient +/- 0.22 cm2, mean fluoroscopy time for crossing: 32 +/- 40 seconds). The 145 degree angle also lifts the catheter off the posterior wall of the left ventricle and allows a more parallel alignment of the catheter with the long axis of the left ventricle, leading to a more stable position with less ventricular dysrhythmias during angiography. Thus a preformed angle in the "pigtail" catheter facilitates crossing of the stenotic aortic valve and produces a more stable position in the left ventricle. PMID- 7105174 TI - A simple method for insertion of multiple catheters through a single venipuncture site. PMID- 7105176 TI - Hemodynamic measurement errors caused by catheter introducers. PMID- 7105175 TI - Rapid assessment of ventricular function in acute volume overload using opaque myocardial markers. AB - Radiopaque markers, implanted in the myocardium, have been used to analyze ventricular function. However, the inordinate time involved in measuring marker motion limited widespread use. This work describes the application of a marker recognition system, which provides automatic recording and storage of marker locations. Use of the system was demonstrated by repeated measurements of ventricular performance in a canine model of acute volume overload. PMID- 7105177 TI - Left ventriculography in aortic stenosis. PMID- 7105178 TI - Gene amplification and gene correction in somatic cells. AB - We used gene transfer to identify frequent genetic rearrangements responsible for activating mutant genes in mammalian cells. We transformed an aprt- tk- cell with a plasmid containing a wild-type aprt gene and a truncated, promoterless tk gene. Transformants that integrate a single copy of this plasmid exhibit the aprt+ phenotype but remain tk-. Tk+ variants result from 20 to 50 fold amplification of the linked plasmid along with significant lengths of flanking DNA. They produce aberrant transcripts such that multiple genes are required to generate sufficient enzyme to convert the cell to the tk+ phenotype. One striking feature of the amplified aprt+ tk+ clones is the frequency (10(-4) ) at which aprt- tk+ mutants appear. These phenotypic requirements are such that the tk gene must remain amplified while all the amplified aprt genes become inactivated. The structure of the amplified DNA indicates that within aprt- cells, all amplified units bear identical mutations. These data suggest that these cells possess an efficient correction mechanism that maintains sequence homogeneity among repeated genetic elements. PMID- 7105180 TI - Precursor molecules of both human 5S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNAs are bound by a cellular protein reactive with anti-La lupus antibodies. AB - The small ribonucleoproteins recognized by anti-La autoantibodies contain a heterogeneous mixture of small RNAs from uninfected mammalian cells. The identity of many of these has now been established by the discovery of precursor forms of 5S rRNA and of certain tRNAs among La RNAs from HeLa cells. The small fraction of 5S rRNA molecules that exist as La ribonucleoproteins in vivo possess 1 or 2 additional U residues at their 3' ends. Such 5S molecules bound to the La protein have also been identified with in vitro nuclear transcription systems. Pulse chase experiments performed both in vivo and in vitro support the idea that most newly synthesized 5S rRNA molecules are transiently associated with the La protein. Cell extracts contain a processing activity that converts longer in vitro-synthesized 5S RNA transcripts into molecules of mature size. The presence of in vivo tRNA precursors in the heterogeneous mixture of La RNAs is demonstrated by the identification of precursor forms of five different specific tRNAs (Meti, Asp, Gly, Glu, Asn). After in vitro transcription of a tRNA gene (tRNAiMet), only products the size of precursor molecules are precipitable by anti-La antibodies. The realization that virtually every known RNA polymerase III product associates at least initially with the La antigen suggests that this protein plays an essential role in the synthesis or maturation of all class III transcripts. PMID- 7105179 TI - The TATA homology and the mRNA 5' untranslated sequence are not required for expression of essential adenovirus E1A functions. AB - Adenovirus E1A encodes a protein that facilitates the transcription of other early viral transcriptional units and is required for virus-induced transformation. To study the function of non-protein-coding DNA sequence at the 5' end of this transcriptional unit, we constructed mutant viruses with deletions in this region. Deletion of sequence just upstream from the TATA homology does not affect the level or sequence of E1A mRNAs. Deletion of the TATA homology decreases the level of E1A mRNAs by a factor of 5-10 and shifts the mRNA 5' ends from the major 5' end found in wild-type transcripts to a set of minor ends found in wild-type E1A mRNAs. This suggests that the TATA homology is required for an efficient transcription initiation mechanism, and that in its absence a less efficient, less precise mechanism is unmasked. Analysis of mRNAs from other early regions establishes that E2 and E3 regions are most dependent on E1A functions for expression of maximal mRNA levels, E4 is less dependent and E1B is the least dependent. Deletion of the TATA homology, a sequence highly conserved among human adenoviruses, and the entire 5' untranslated sequence of the E1A mRNAs decreases neither the rate of virus replication in a host in which E1A expression is required, nor the efficiency of transformation of rat embryo cells. PMID- 7105181 TI - Higher order metaphase chromosome structure: evidence for metalloprotein interactions. AB - One level of DNA organization in metaphase chromosomes is brought about by a scaffolding structure that is stabilized by metalloprotein interactions. Fast sedimenting, histone-depleted structures (4000-7000 S), derived from metaphase chromosomes by extraction of the histones, are dissociated by metal chelators or by thiol reagents. The chromosomal (scaffolding) proteins responsible for constraining the DNA in this fast-sedimenting form are solubilized under the same conditions. Chromosomes isolated in a metal-depleted form, which generate slow sedimenting, histone-depleted structures, can be specifically and reversibly stabilized by Cu2+, but not by Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+ or Hg2+. Metal-depleted chromosomes can also be stabilized by Ca2+ (at 37 degrees C), but this effect is less specific than that of Cu2+. The scaffolding protein pattern that is reproducibly generated following treatment with Cu2+ is composed primarily of two high molecular weight proteins--Sc1 and Sc2 (170,000 and 135,000 daltons). The identification of this simple protein pattern has depended upon the development of new chromosome isolation methods that are highly effective in eliminating cytoskeletal contamination. PMID- 7105182 TI - Unusual methylation pattern of the alpha 2 (l) collagen gene. AB - We studied the methylation pattern of the alpha 2 (type 1) collagen gene in DNA from five cell types with varying rates of type I collagen synthesis: chick embryo fibroblast (CEF), CEF transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, erythrocyte, brain and sperm. The methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, Msp I, Hpa II, Ava I and Sma I were used to detect methylation in three regions of the alpha 2 (type I) collagen gene: a 5.7 kb region, which includes the start site of transcription and the first two exons of the collagen gene; a 5.2 kb region containing exons in the middle of the gene; and a 3.5 kb region containing exons in the 3' portion of the gene. The DNA around the start site of transcription is not methylated whether or not the cells synthesize collagen. In contrast, the DNA from the central and 3' region of the gene is methylated to about the same extent whether or not the cells make collagen. Our data indicate that a gene that is methylated can be actively transcribed and that the level of expression of the alpha 2 (type I) collagen gene seems to be independent of methylation. PMID- 7105183 TI - The cytoplast: a unit structure in chromatophores. AB - We followed the translocation of identifiable pigment granules in living erythrophores through normal aggregation and dispersion and observed that they always return in dispersion to the same location relative to the whole pigment complex. This is interpreted to mean that each granule occupies a fixed position within a unit structure, the cytoplast. This position is retained even though the cytoplast undergoes dramatic reversals in form from ellipsoid to spheroid and back again with each aggregation and dispersion. The major structural components of the cytoplast, besides pigment granules, are microtubules and microtrabeculae. The latter constitute an irregular lattice that is confluent with microtubules and contains the pigment granules. In aggregation, the microtrabeculae shorten and seemingly contribute to the contraction of the entire cytoplast plus pigment. In dispersion, the microtrabeculae elongate in an apparent restructuring of the ellipsoidal cytoplast. The microtubules, however, persist in the cell cortex and appear to give radial direction to the pigment motion. PMID- 7105185 TI - In vitro effect of cimetidine on human cell-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Inhibition of natural killer cell activity. PMID- 7105184 TI - Decreases in tubulin and actin gene expression prior to morphological differentiation of 3T3 adipocytes. AB - The differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes is characterized by numerous enzymatic events and by a programmed change in cell morphology from a fibroblastic form to a nearly spherical shape. Accompanying this morphological change are large and specific decreases in biosynthetic rates for beta and gamma actin, vimentin and alpha and beta tubulin, as detected by one- and two dimensional gel electrophoresis. In cells undergoing adipose differentiation, actin synthesis decreases by 90%, while the decrease in tubulin synthesis is more than 95%. Translation in vitro of mRNA isolated from differentiating cultures indicates that the decreases in biosynthetic rate for cytoskeletal proteins result from altered levels of active mRNA. Using cloned cDNA probes for beta actin and alpha tubulin, we show that changes in mRNA activity correspond to a specific loss of these sequences during cellular differentiation. Quantitatively, this loss of tubulin and actin mRNA sequences accounts virtually completely for the changes in protein biosynthetic rates. Examination of the synthesis and accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins and of their temporal relation to morphological conversion indicates that the biosynthetic changes are very early events in the differentiation, and suggests strongly that they participate in the development of the adipocyte morphology. The early occurrence of decreased cytoskeletal-protein synthesis also suggests that subsequent biosynthetic events specific to adipocyte differentiation may be influenced by alterations in the cytoskeleton. PMID- 7105188 TI - Does 9-azaguanine induce or select for chromosome number instability in human cell hybrids? PMID- 7105187 TI - Ultrastructure and fluorescence of chromatin: interaction of propidium iodide with DNA after different pretreatments. PMID- 7105186 TI - In vitro produced monoclonal rheumatoid factor: purification, radiolabel, and possible applications. PMID- 7105190 TI - Neural control on chromatin properties in rat skeletal muscle fibers. PMID- 7105189 TI - Monoclonal antibody (IgM) specific to mouse lymphoma cells (L 1210): isolation and therapeutic properties. PMID- 7105191 TI - Role of endogenous collagen synthesis in the adhesion of human skin fibroblasts. PMID- 7105193 TI - Synaptic ribbons in pinealocytes of castrated rats and rats treated with estradiol. PMID- 7105192 TI - Fibrin clot retractile (FCR) activity of fibroblast-like cells from normal individuals and cancer patients. PMID- 7105194 TI - [Nutrition of pregnant women affected by glycosuria (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105196 TI - [Necrosis of the gut in clinical and pathological material (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105197 TI - [Liver damage due to long-term ingestion of beer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105195 TI - [Side effects of aluminum containing antacids upon the metabolism of the phosphates and calcium (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105198 TI - [Ultrasonography, computer tomography and transparietal cholangiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary tract diseases]. PMID- 7105199 TI - [Possibilities and pitfalls of gammagraphic examinations of the liver in clinical practice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105200 TI - [The effect of chloroquine therapy on the level of porphyrins in the liver in symptomatic hepatic porphyria]. PMID- 7105201 TI - [Hepatoprotective drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105203 TI - [Development of the human embryo in vitro into the morula stage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105202 TI - [Training in gynecologic-obstetrical nursing]. PMID- 7105204 TI - [Fertility in patients with 45,X/46, XX and 45,X/47,XXX mosaicism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105205 TI - [Further experience with the treatment of the gynaecological form of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105206 TI - [Cryosurgery and thermocoagulation of benign lesions of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105207 TI - [Relationship of ultrasound and computer tomography in the diagnostic algorithm of uterine and ovarian tumours (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105208 TI - [Assessment of maturity of the foetus by means of OD 650 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105209 TI - [Etiology of puerperal endometritis]. PMID- 7105210 TI - [Postoperative urinary tract infections in relation to the patient's age]. PMID- 7105211 TI - [Aspiration of uterine contents using the Vakutage apparatus]. PMID- 7105212 TI - [Estriol in the hypertrophic fetus]. PMID- 7105213 TI - [Xipho-omphalopagi contraverti - prenatal and postnatal diagnosis]. PMID- 7105214 TI - [Technical problems in the diagnosis of tubal sterility]. PMID- 7105215 TI - [Use of tumor markers in the diagnosis and therapy of ovarian cancer]. PMID- 7105216 TI - [Influencing a decrease in perinatal mortality at the time of the 1st patient contact]. PMID- 7105217 TI - [Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of biological systems]. PMID- 7105218 TI - [Scanning and preprocessing of data in behavioral studies]. PMID- 7105221 TI - [Various stages of encephalomalacia in computer tomography]. PMID- 7105219 TI - [The significance of CT diagnosis in Wilson's disease]. PMID- 7105220 TI - [Indications for selective spinal angiography for ischemic lesions in the region of a swelling in the neck]. PMID- 7105222 TI - [Serum immunoglobulins before and after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 7105223 TI - [Alternating nystagmus]. PMID- 7105224 TI - [Development of the central nervous system and its injuries in the prenatal period. II]. PMID- 7105225 TI - [Complete congenital atrioventricular block in children]. PMID- 7105226 TI - [Predicting the development of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants with a low birth weight using scoring methods]. PMID- 7105227 TI - [Analysis of proteinuria in renal diseases with impaired tubular function]. PMID- 7105228 TI - [Etiology of acute otitis media]. PMID- 7105229 TI - [Infantile spasms - a malignant form of epilepsy in infancy]. PMID- 7105230 TI - [Incidence and analysis of subtle neurological findings in normal children]. PMID- 7105231 TI - [Undiagnosed inflammatory (febrile) conditions in children]. PMID- 7105233 TI - [Disorders of the central nervous system in acute respiratory diseases in infants]. PMID- 7105234 TI - [Long-term study of newborn infants at risk and a control group. Social conditions in the families of the children at 12 months of age]. PMID- 7105235 TI - [Rationalization of pediatric care]. PMID- 7105236 TI - [Fluorometric determination of the concentration of gentamicin in the serum of newborn infants with systemic infections]. PMID- 7105237 TI - [Treatment and prevention of malaria]. PMID- 7105238 TI - [Health policy and the development of science after the 15th Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party]. PMID- 7105239 TI - [System for evaluating the health status of medical students at Charles University in Prague]. PMID- 7105232 TI - [Sjogren-Larsson syndrome]. PMID- 7105240 TI - [Problems in administration and management of a centralized operating theater]. PMID- 7105241 TI - [Trends in the contents of the "Journal of Czechoslovak Health Care" from 1978 to 1981]. PMID- 7105243 TI - [A double aortic arch in the x-ray picture (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105244 TI - [Is pneumoretroperitoneum an obsolete method? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105245 TI - [Snags in percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105246 TI - [A contribution to x-ray diagnosis of a carcinoid of the thymus with the syndrome of ectopic ACTH production (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105242 TI - [Evaluation of the function of the left ventricle from left-side ventriculography: comparison of the systolic and the diastolic phase of the heart rate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105247 TI - [Rare complications in chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105248 TI - Immunoassay of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine in DNA: the use of polyethylene glycol to separate bound and free nucleoside. AB - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) method has been established to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6 medGua), using precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to separate bound and free alkyldeoxyguanosine and antisera of higher affinity (1 x 10(9) M-1) and titre (1:10000) than previously reported. The lower limit of detection (2 S.D. from zero standard) is 40 pg (0.14 pmol) of O6-medGua. Hydrolysates of non alkylated DNA extracts show interference in the precipitation of antigen-antibody complex, thus making necessary the construction of a standard curve with the same amount of DNA hydrolysates as in the sample to be analysed. Precision of the method was assessed using DNA hydrolysates from livers of rats injected with 15 mg/kg dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). Within assay variation of a single DNA extract was 85.9 +/- 5.9 ng/mg DNA (n = 5, CV = 6.9%). Day-to-day variation of the assay for four DNA extracts measured over 3 days were (ng/mg DNA S.D.), 99.8 +/- 6.9, CV = 6.9%; 88.2 +/- 6.5, CV = 7.4%; 81.3 +/- 3.9, CV = 4.8%; 77.0 +/- 6.4 CV = 8.3%. Coefficient of variation was 10.8% with DNA hydrolysate spiked with a known concentration of O6-medGua and assayed (n = 5). Cross-reactivity of one of our best antisera coded R68/4, and raised against O6-medGua-BSA conjugate were: O6 methylguanosine (O6-meGua), 9.6%; O6-methylguanine (O6-meGua), 0.4%; O6 ethylguanine (O6-EtGua), 0.12%; 7-methylguanosine (7-meGuo), 0.03%; 2' deoxyadenosine (2'-dAdo), 0.007%; 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphoric acid (2' dGuaMP), 2'-deoxyguanosine (2'-dGua), 7-meGua and 7-meGuo did not significantly inhibit the binding of O6-me[1-2'-3H]dGuo at concentrations of up to 10 micrograms/tube. The application of such methods underline the potential of RIAs for quantification of DNA components structurally modified by non-radioactive carcinogens. PMID- 7105249 TI - DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase activities in MC-29 virus-induced transplantable hepatoma and the effect of cytostatic treatment of these activities. AB - The activity of DNA polymerases and thymidine kinase was compared in the MC-29 leukosis virus-induced transplantable hepatoma and in the livers of rats treated with cyclophosphamide (CP), cytosine-arabinoside (ara-C) and 5-fluoro-uracil (5 FU). The specific activity of DNA polymerase was twenty times greater in the MC 29 leukosis virus-induced hepatoma, while thymidine kinase was only 3-5 times greater than in liver. All three enzymes showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in their substrate and template saturation curves. The template utilization of DNA polymerases from hepatoma and from liver was compared. Both had higher activities on a poly(dA) . poly(dT) template at pH 8.0, than on DNA at pH 7.5. After chromatography on a phosphocellulose column two polymerases were separated. The first peak eluted by 0.15 m KCl preferred DNA as template (polymerase alpha). The second eluted by 0.5 M KCl worked better on poly(dA) . poly(dT) (polymerase beta). Thymidine kinase was eluted by 0.25 m KCl. Inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) showed the polymerase alpha to be sensitive and the polymerase beta to be resistant to the sulfhydryl blocking agent; similar to the respective enzymes of other eukaryotic cells. The specific activity of DNA polymerase decreased after CP treatment at 6 h and 72 h and after ara-C treatment at 72 h. The specific activities of thymidine kinase were not changed significantly in response to the drug administrations. PMID- 7105250 TI - The effect of caffeine on the cytotoxicity of misonidazole and some other nitroheterocyclic compounds. AB - Caffeine was found to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of misonidazole (1-(2 nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol) towards mammalian cells in vitro. This enhancement of toxicity is shown to occur under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Split dose experiments indicate that the general shape of the hypoxic survival curve can be restored by exposure of cells of O2 between doses. Exposure of cells to 2mM caffeine during the split dose experiment has no potentiating effect. Further experiments showed that caffeine affects the expression of misonidazole-induced potentially lethal damage. Other electron-affinic nitro compounds which show greater toxicity to hypoxic compared to aerobic cells, viz. metronidazole and nitrofurantoin, also have their toxicities enhanced by subsequent exposure to caffeine. PMID- 7105252 TI - Alkaline opening of imidazole ring of 7-methylguanosine. 2. Further studies on reaction mechanisms and products. AB - High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to follow the kinetics of the alkaline induced opening of the imidazole ring of 7-methyl-guanosine (7 meGuo). The kinetics show an initial rapid formation of a major transient intermediate and some minor products that were chromatographically separable into seven peaks. This phase of the reaction is followed by the formation of a dominant pyrimidine derivative whose liquid chromatography retention time in a 6% methanol, 0.01 M NH4H2PO4 (pH 5.1) solvent is 6 min; during the rest of the reaction time this dominant species of ring opened 7-methylguanine (7-meGua), one formylated and another deformylated. Schiff's reaction demonstrated that the species in the second HPLC peak is the formylated one. The ring opened 7 methylguanine (rom7Gua) released by formamidopyrimidine (FAPy)-DNA glycosylase was shown to coelute with the formylates species. These results demonstrate that the enzyme excises formylated rom7Gua from DNA Analysis of rom7Gua by NMR showed that there are two signals assignable to methyl protons and two to formyl protons. These chemical shifts were interpreted as being due to the opening of the imidazole ring at two sites and to the formation of formylated and deformylated rom7Gua. PMID- 7105251 TI - Stereoselective formation of bromobenzene glutathione conjugates. AB - Two bromobenzene-glutathione conjugates have been detected as both in vivo and in vitro metabolites of bromobenzene. Separation and purification by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analysis by 13C and 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicated that the metabolites are trans-3-bromo-6-(glutathion-S-yl)-cyclohexa 2,4-dien-1-ol and trans-4-bromo-6-(glutathion-S-yl)-cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ol. The two conjugates are formed in unequal amounts; over a dose range of 25-500 mg/kg the ratio of the two conjugates excreted into bile in 6 h was 1.6 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- S.E.). Pretreatment of rats with either phenobarbital or 3-methyl cholanthrene did not significantly alter the ratio of the two conjugates excreted into bile. When bromobenzene was incubated with rat liver microsomes and glutathione, the same two conjugates were formed in the presence but not in the absence of 100 000 x g supernatant. Furthermore, in the presence of 100 000 x g supernatant from control animals, microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital formed both conjugates 6 times more rapidly than did microsomes from control rats, whereas microsomes from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene formed both conjugates less rapidly than did those from control rats. Thus, the data suggest that both conjugates are formed via bromobenzene 3,4-oxide and that their formation requires in liver cytosol. PMID- 7105254 TI - Neurotropic and psychotropic agents. IV. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 7-chloro-5(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-dimethylaminoethylthio)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine and related compounds. PMID- 7105253 TI - Metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane in the mouse. AB - The metabolites of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 1,1 dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) found in the urine of female Swiss mice are reported. The metabolites of DDT are DDD, 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p chlorophenyl)ethene (DDMU), 1,1-dichloro-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDE), 2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA), 2-hydroxy-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (alpha OH-DDA) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), while DDD afforded DDMU, DDE, DDA, alpha OH-DDA and DDOH. The relative excreted levels of DDA and DDOH and the absence of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetaldehyde (DDCHO) are not consistent with the generally accepted pathway for DDA formation, which involves sequential metabolism of DDT and DDD via DDOH to afford DDA. The quantitative results are interpreted to mean that DDA is formed by hydroxylation at the chlorinated sp3-side chain carbon of DDD to give 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetyl chloride (DDA-Cl), which in turn is hydrolyzed to DDA. The excretion of alpha OH DDA from both DDT- and DDD-treated mice has never been previously observed. It is suggested that this metabolite arises from the initial epoxidation of DDMU, a metabolite of DDT and DDD, to yield 1,2-epoxy-1-chloro-2,2-bis(p chlorophenyl)ethane (DDMU-epoxide). This chloroepoxide is then hydrolyzed and oxidized to produce the alpha OH-DDA. PMID- 7105255 TI - Metabolism of sennosides by intestinal flora. PMID- 7105257 TI - Chemical and biochemical studies on carbohydrate esters. XII. The phagocytic response of the reticuloendothelial system in mice following intraperitoneal administration of disaccharide esters of fatty acids. PMID- 7105256 TI - New fluorescence probes for drug-albumin interaction studies. PMID- 7105259 TI - Characterization of human tissue-specific alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 7105258 TI - Studies on biological activities of melanin from marine animals. I. Purification of melanin from Ommastrephes bartrami Lesuel and its inhibitory activity on gastric juice secretion in rats. PMID- 7105260 TI - Effects of tableting procedures on the preferred orientation of crystalline particles. PMID- 7105261 TI - Enhanced absorption of phenobarbital from suppositories containing phenobarbital beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. PMID- 7105262 TI - Disposition of urea following intravenous administration to rats. PMID- 7105263 TI - Stabilization of ampicillin analogs in aqueous solution. I. Assay of Ampicillin in solutions containing benzaldehyde by iodine colorimetry and the effect of benzaldehyde on the stability of ampicillin. PMID- 7105265 TI - An immunochemical study with potassium ion-loaded liposomes. PMID- 7105264 TI - Synthesis of a new fluorogenic substrate for cystine aminopeptidase. PMID- 7105266 TI - Studies on biological activities of melanin from marine animals. II. Purification of melanin from Octopus vulgaris Cuvier and its inhibitory activity on gastric juice secretion in rats. PMID- 7105267 TI - Release profiles 5-fluorouracil and its derivatives from polycarbonate matrices in vitro. PMID- 7105268 TI - [Current status of the diagnosis of parotid tumors]. PMID- 7105269 TI - [Peripheral schwannomas: case contribution]. PMID- 7105270 TI - [Experience with cefoxitin in intensive care surgical departments]. PMID- 7105271 TI - [Perforation of the small intestine caused by closed abdominal trauma (review of 16 cases undergoing surgical treatment)]. AB - The cases of 16 patients undergoing surgical treatment for blunt rupture of the small bowel have been reviewed. Male sex was the most affected one, and the traffic accidents were the main cause of this lesion. A high incidence of multiple injuries was noted. Clinical features were often effective in establishing the diagnosis; when performed, peritoneal lavage was always usefull, whereas X-ray did not. Mortality rate was low, in spite of the regular attendance of associated injuries, depending upon early diagnosis and surgical treatment. Only one death is reported, due to the extend of shock, for the associated injuries. PMID- 7105272 TI - [Leukocyte adhesiveness and chemotaxis during infusion of Intralipid]. AB - The effect of an intravenously administered lipid emulsion (Intralipid) on granulocyte functions has been studied. The study has been carried out in 20 healthy individuals, divided into two groups: 10 individuals have been infused with Intralipid 10% i.v.; the other 10 individuals (controls) have not been infused with any pharmacologically active solution. In all the subjects the following parameters have been studied: blood granulocyte count, granulocyte and leucocyte chemotaxis. The results showed a transient fall of granulocyte adherence during the intralipid infusion; no alterations of granulocyte count and leucocyte chemotaxis were found. PMID- 7105273 TI - [Biliary tract papillomatosis: clinical case]. PMID- 7105274 TI - [Echinococcal cyst of the popliteal region. Clinical case]. AB - A rare case of popliteal cyst due to echinococcus is reported. The implications of the hydatid localisation in this site in regard to differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 7105275 TI - [Functional rehabilitation in osteosynthesis of the femur]. PMID- 7105276 TI - [Hallux valgus: results of the surgical treatment of hallux valgus]. PMID- 7105277 TI - [Frequency of painful pronation in childhood injuries]. PMID- 7105278 TI - [Atypical evolution of rheumatoid coxarthritis. Clinical and radiographical description of a case]. PMID- 7105280 TI - [An epidemiological study of intestinal bilharziasis and roundworm infections in Bafia (Cameroon)]. AB - The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis is measured by means of stool examinations. In Bafia eggs are passed in the feces of 69.1% of the inhabitants for Ascaris lumbricoides, 70.1 % for Trichuris trichiura, 59.6 % for Necator americanus and 14.8% for Enterobius vermicularis. A small focus of intestinal bilharziasis exists in Bafia and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni are found in the feces of 18.6% of the persons studied. Biomphalaria pfeifferi is the intermediate host of the parasite and transmission occurs in the town itself, in the fish culture pool and in the rivers Guen and Rutop. PMID- 7105279 TI - [Bloodless treatment of knee cap instability; personal experience]. PMID- 7105281 TI - [Epidemiologic study of S. haematobium bilharziasis in the rice belt of Yagoua (North Cameroon). I. Prevalence of infestation and evaluation of the parasitic load]. AB - The epidemiological study of urinary bilharziasis concerns family surveys done in four villages, three of them been located in the rice fields and the other one outside these fields: 990 urine examinations are performed by filtration as well as 966 immunological tests, using an hemagglutination technique and the heterologous antigen S. mansoni. The prevalence of bilharziasis varies from a village to the next, as well as the parasitic load, measured by means of number of eggs per 10 ml urine, in relation with the distance separating the village from the artificial water network built by the rice company. In Dabaye 62.4 % of the examined inhabitants are voiding eggs of S. haematobium, in Toukou 56.9 %, in Vele 31.6% and in Zebe 20.1%. In Toukou and Dabaye all teenagers examined were passing eggs in their urine. PMID- 7105282 TI - [Paramyxovirus yucaipa]. PMID- 7105283 TI - [Treatment of Borrelia infected ticks (author's transl)]. AB - The Ornithodorus tholozani, carrier and main reservoir of Borrelia persica, causing agent of the regional recurrent fever in Iran, gets rid of the infection by stuffing in blood containing a cycline type antibiotic, in an adequate concentration. The treatment efficiency is 100%, confirmed on 60 infected ticks who showed to be free from Borrelia after a treatment meal, so that the crushing of their whole body, inoculated to the guinea-pig, the most sensitive animal to Borrelia persica, remains always non pathogenic. There is not a single risk or danger, neither for man nor for the environment, in the application of this method, which ensures only the cure of Borrelia reservoir ticks, without affecting or disturbing their natural balance. This method could be used successfully in the future. PMID- 7105284 TI - [Experimental transmission of the yellow fever virus by the tick Amblyomma variegatum (F.) (author's transl)]. AB - Experimental transmission of the yellow fever virus by the tick Amblyomma variegatum (F.) (The Tropical Bont Tick) is demonstrated for the first time. The tick transmitted the virus from one monkey to another. Trans-stasial passage from nymph to adult stage was also demonstrated. The possible role of Amblyomma variegatum as a vector and a potential reservoir of yellow fever is discussed. PMID- 7105286 TI - [Discovery of a permanent passage of avian coccidia during the study of an amebiasis reservoir at a psychiatric center]. PMID- 7105285 TI - [On an outbreak caused by dengue type 4 virus, in Thio, New Caledonia. Epidemiological and clinical aspects (author's transl)]. AB - After imported cases, a dengue outbreak, caused by type 4 virus, affected 11 per cent of the habitants of Thio, New Caledonia. Distribution of cases by sex, by ethnic and age group, by locality and by week is established on cases confirmed by serology and/or by virus isolation. Clinical aspect was classical but liver and digestive tract of patients were frequently affected. Five haemorrhagic forms were observed. Aedes aegypti was found in each visited house; pooled specimens were found infected by type 4 virus. PMID- 7105287 TI - [Ecology of a reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region of Thies (Senegal, West Africa). 6. Characterization and types of isolated Leishmania strains]. AB - The authors studied the characterisation and typing of Leishmania strains isolated in the Keur-Moussa focus from human lesions (4 strains), from the digestive tract of Phlebotomus duboscqi (I strain) and from the rodents Mastomys erythroleucus (2 strains) and Tatera gambiana (2 strains). They used the following criteria: amastigote measurements, kinetoplast ultrastructure, pathogenicity in mice and hamsters, isoenzymes, kinetoplast and nuclear DNA buoyant densities and the Adler test. The results demonstrated that all the strains isolated from the various hosts and the Central Asian Leishmania major strains tested were identical according to these criteria. In addition the four human strains isolated in other regions of Senegal were also identical to those of the Keur-Moussa focus. PMID- 7105289 TI - [The treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni with RP 35972 (Oltipraz). Preliminary results (author's transl)]. AB - First in Madagascar, a new drug the RP 35972 (Oltipraz) was used for the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni. clinical investigations confirm that any toxic action by this drug was observed. Oltipraz in doses of 25-35 mg/kg body weight was tried in 123 bilharzial patients. The authors obtained a percentage of cure of 90% in the 109 controlled cases and concluded Oltipraz to have been the most satisfactory treatment. PMID- 7105288 TI - [Visceral leishmaniasis in Algeria. Cases recorded from 1975 to 1980 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105290 TI - [Results obtained on S. haematobium by Oltipraz in Niger (author's transl)]. AB - Sixty-three outpatients shedding eggs of S. haematobium were treated with 35 mg/kg oltipraz given in two divided doses on a single day (Niamey). 75% of the patients were egg-negative at one month and 88.9% at three months. Urinary egg excretion was markedly reduced (98%) and the mean egg count per 10 ml urine decreased from 33 before dosing to 0.6 at two months. Oltipraz thus appears to be a most interesting drug for urinary schistosomiasis PMID- 7105291 TI - [Attempts at demonstrating the Schistosoma-Salmonella relationship. In vivo and in vitro studies]. AB - The optical microscopy (on histological preparations) and scanning observations of Schistosoma mansoni is conducted in the presence of various species of Salmonella. It is well-obtained that the Schistosoma maturity, its metabolic activity and the action of antibodies anti-salmonella have influenced the bacterian fixation on the worm. An hypothesis about the possible mechanism of this attachment is then developed and also an hypothesis about the protection of bacteria against antibiotherapy among patients infected with Schistosoma and carriers of salmonellosis. PMID- 7105293 TI - [Importance of certain epidemiologic and biologic data for the diagnostic evocation of human hypodermyiasis (in light of 100 personal cases]. PMID- 7105294 TI - [Interrelations of living beings. Parasitology during the first year of medical studies. Presentation of an experiment in teaching methods and analysis of exams results (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105292 TI - [Hydatid cyst of the leg: case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105295 TI - [Cholera: immunoserologic study of a case]. PMID- 7105296 TI - [A preliminary study of the yeast flora of medical interest from Guadeloupe coastal waters (French West Indies) (author's transl)]. AB - An investigation of the yeast flora of medical interest was performed in Guadeloupe coastal waters. This study done as a sea shore survey focuses on general hygiene, public health and biological environment. Yeast species of the genera: Rhodotorula, Candida, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon, have been isolated, but most of them don't belong to the human digestive flora (Candida albicans, for example, is not found). From these facts, the authors discuss some hypotheses, on the specific marine or terrestrial origin of these yeasts. PMID- 7105298 TI - Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. Part III. Notes on sandflies of Afghanistan. PMID- 7105299 TI - [Epidemiological studies on 121 case of human fascioliasis occurring during 25 years (author's transl)]. AB - Epidemiological investigations in Haute-Vienne (France) showed the occurrence of 121 cases of human fascioliasis between 1955 and 1979. 39 cases were counted in Limoges and 82 cases in the other districts of Haute-Vienne with a higher number of cases located in the western districts of low altitude (under 300 m). Human cases occurred nearly through all the years, but they were more abundant on years with an important F. hepatica infection of cattle and sheep. The infected plants' ingestion occurred every month of the year with a maximum from november to February. 49 persons belonging to 24 families and 72 alone persons were affected with the disease. All the periods of age were concerned. The disease's distribution was essentially rural. The professions connected to cattle- and sheep-breeding were more frequent than all the other professions. Three species of plants were eaten: water-cress (116 persons), dandelion (4 persons), corn salad (1 person). The significance of these observations is discussed. PMID- 7105297 TI - [Intestinal parasitoses in Algiers and surrounding areas (1976-1980) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105300 TI - [Dirofilariasis, an unknown parasitosis. One case observed in Paris (author's transl)]. AB - In France, dirofilariasis D. tenuis are rare (less than ten cases were recorded). They manifest themselves by subcutaneous nodules. The fact that sometimes important inflammatory signs exist, could being one to diagnose an infectious etiology. Diagnosis may be made when the nodule is in the periorbital region if the patient comes back from endemic area and specially if he noted a migration of the parasite. It is hardly possible to count on the laboratory exams and it is the biopsy that will prove the existence of the parasite and will assure the cure. PMID- 7105301 TI - [Malnutrition aspects of South Mali farmers (author's transl)]. AB - The results of a nutritional survey with two passages performed in July-August 1978 and March-April 1979 by ORANA in South Mali are presented: mild or moderate protein-energy malnutrition, anemia and specific deficiencies are everywhere present, but the situation deteriorates quickly from a season to the other and it is possible to characterize ecological, economic or cultural situations where nutritional status of the populations is worse than other. Among them the current economic modifications which are accompanied by nutritional modifications were emphasized as the need to consider this aspect in all development projects. PMID- 7105304 TI - [Surgical technics in esotropia with the A and V syndrome]. PMID- 7105303 TI - [Hypermetropia and esotropia]. PMID- 7105302 TI - [Micropapilla and congenital atrophy of the optic nerve. Value of tomodensitometric examination. Apropos of several cases]. PMID- 7105305 TI - [Acquired ptosis caused by disinsertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle]. PMID- 7105306 TI - [Ocular manifestations of multiple myeloma]. PMID- 7105308 TI - [Spectacular improvement of severe dry eye syndrome by instillation of colostrum]. PMID- 7105307 TI - [Formol treatment of a palpebral epithelial cyst in Stevens-Johnson syndrome]. PMID- 7105309 TI - [Local production of immunoglobulin E in allergic conjunctivitis]. PMID- 7105310 TI - [Medical treatment of pseudoparalysis of the lateral rectus muscles]. PMID- 7105311 TI - [Syndrome 13 q and ophthalmologic manifestations]. PMID- 7105312 TI - [Value of plasmapheresis in the treatment of Behcet's syndrome]. PMID- 7105313 TI - [Secondary artificial lens implantation in the anterior chamber (Choyce). Comments apropos of our initial results]. PMID- 7105314 TI - [The Mehdorn prism competition test]. PMID- 7105315 TI - [Extensive bilateral retinal arteritis in a hypereosinophilic syndrome in a tuberculosis patient]. PMID- 7105316 TI - [Ischemic retinopathy : apropos of a case with poorly determined etiology]. PMID- 7105317 TI - [Surgical proprioceptor shock in strabismic amblyopia]. PMID- 7105319 TI - [Surgical methods for ectropion of the lower lid caused by hypotonia]. PMID- 7105318 TI - [Pulsatile entoptic phenomenon related to the pulse : a diagnostic and therapeutic problem]. PMID- 7105321 TI - [2 new cases of type II fucosidosis]. PMID- 7105322 TI - [Uveitis and intestinal parasitosis]. PMID- 7105320 TI - [Electronic equidensitometry. Contribution of video-image processing to the study of the choriocapillaris]. PMID- 7105324 TI - [Indications and surgical technics in the Stilling-Duane syndrome]. PMID- 7105325 TI - [A new etiology for triangular syndromes of the left eye: progressive aortic stenosis]. PMID- 7105323 TI - [3 years' use of timolol in chronic open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 7105326 TI - [Static circular 15 degree perimetry in the early diagnosis of chronic glaucoma]. PMID- 7105328 TI - [Microsurgery of retinal detachment]. PMID- 7105329 TI - [Five years comparison between static circular perimetry and kinetic perimetry]. PMID- 7105327 TI - [Prognosis in uveal melanoma (preliminary results)]. PMID- 7105330 TI - [Bilateral optic atrophy in a case of mitochondrial myopathy]. PMID- 7105331 TI - [Mucoceles with ophthalmic manifestations and their treatment apropos of (20 cases)]. PMID- 7105332 TI - [Gliomas of the optic nerve and of the chiasma. Apropos of 10 cases]. PMID- 7105335 TI - [Sector occlusion for torticollis]. PMID- 7105337 TI - [Mathematical model of dyssynergia]. PMID- 7105336 TI - [Ocular foreign bodies and dynamic electroretinography]. PMID- 7105334 TI - [Aphakic retinal detachment, with and without tears]. PMID- 7105338 TI - [Supplementary note on the use of timolol in asthmatics]. PMID- 7105339 TI - [Significance of the nycthemeral tonometric curve in the study of glaucoma. Our experience in 580 cases]. PMID- 7105333 TI - [The CAM vision stimulator versus pleoptics]. PMID- 7105341 TI - [Results of therapeutic hydrophilic lenses in corneal ulcers of herpetic origin - apropos of 17 cases]. PMID- 7105340 TI - [Ocular hypertension caused by wearing soft lenses]. PMID- 7105342 TI - [Development of post-traumatic hypotonia following cyclopexy]. PMID- 7105343 TI - [Treatment of a keratoacanthoma of the upper eyelid by intra-lesional injection of fluorouracil]. PMID- 7105344 TI - [Bicanicular catheterization with a silver thread apropos 17 cases]. PMID- 7105345 TI - [Treatment of amblyopia with the Campbell-Watson device. Our experience in 48 cases]. PMID- 7105346 TI - [Osteoma or choroidal calcification?]. PMID- 7105347 TI - [Presentation of an automated system of analysis of the central visual field]. PMID- 7105348 TI - [Argon laser and treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 7105349 TI - [Choroidal occlusion by intra-vortex injection of microspheres in the monkey]. PMID- 7105351 TI - [Angiographic aspects of contusions in regions of the posterior pole. Medicolegal significance--nineteen cases]. PMID- 7105350 TI - [Problems posed by the concept of terminality of the choroidal vascular network]. PMID- 7105352 TI - [Use of an absorbable suture in cataract surgery]. PMID- 7105353 TI - [Pseudophakia and unilateral cataract. Our experience in 30 cases]. PMID- 7105354 TI - [Treatment of external fistulas of the cornea after phako-excision]. PMID- 7105356 TI - [General principles of emergency repair of wounds of the eyelids--65 cases]. PMID- 7105355 TI - [The angiographic syndrome "pigmentary epithelitis"]. PMID- 7105357 TI - [A new case of Waardenburg's syndrome]. PMID- 7105359 TI - [Uveo-Papillitis with abnormal macular angiofluorographic image]. PMID- 7105360 TI - [Papilledema and anpomalies of encephalic venous drainage]. PMID- 7105361 TI - [Autofluorescence of papillary drusen]. PMID- 7105358 TI - [Ocular lesions of porphyria]. PMID- 7105362 TI - [Bitemporal hemianopsic scotoma]. PMID- 7105363 TI - [Neuro-ophthalmologic history of an embolism of the posterior cerebral. Surgical approach--results]. PMID- 7105364 TI - [Artificial lenses. Considerations apropos of our first 60 cases]. PMID- 7105365 TI - [Biomechanical characteristics of endurance running]. AB - Over the years, running as a means of locomotion has raised the scientific curiosity of man (Amar, 1920). The advent of modern techniques of investigation such as high speed cinematography and force plates makes the analysis of the data more efficient. The last decade has been particularly fruitful in that respect. The purpose of this study was to measure the biomechanical variations associated with an increase in running speed. The most significant factors related to the increase of running speed were also studied. Twenty subjects of both sexes were selected for the study. They were required to run at seven different velocities, ranging between 12.1 and 19.3 km/h. Cinematographic and force platform data were collected as the subjects were running at prescribed speed, around a 200 m track. This study has shown that three variables related to the running cycle accounted for 90% of the variance in running velocity. A factorial analysis revealed also that two factors made up exclusively of temporal variables accounted for more than 60% of the variance; a third factor, saturated with the dynamic variables accounted for over 25% of the variance. PMID- 7105366 TI - Hierarchy of changes induced by fatigue in sprinting. AB - Five female sprinters ran 400m. on successive occasions during which they were filmed at 100m. (initial) and 380m. (final). Times and ranges of motion for specific segments of the running cycle were obtained and their changes from initial to final stages of the runs were analyzed. A hierarchical approach was taken in which a gross change was broken down into its separate parts for subjects individually and the group as a whole. The decrease in velocity with fatigue resulted from different combinations of changes in step length and cycle time. Different hierarchical patterns of temporal and kinematic variables were observed among subjects with the result that the hierarchical pattern for the group frequently obscured significant individual changes. It is suggested that the hierarchical approach be taken for the establishment of both present status and effects of training on the individual athlete. PMID- 7105367 TI - Objective and self-perceived performance adequacies in collegiate basketball players. AB - A self-perceived and objective measure of performance adequacy were assessed in 11 male collegiate basketball players. Minor significant relationships between the rating methods were found in only four players. The two procedures indicated that they were primarily measuring two different structures. The conclusion was made that an athlete's perception of his/her performance adequacy was likely to be different to that indicated by an objective performance measure or a coach's perceptions. Implications for coaching and future research were indicated. PMID- 7105369 TI - Mitral valve prolapse in a runner. AB - In the past decade mitral valve prolapse has become a popular diagnosis. This may be related to the increased utilisation of cardiac ultrasound diagnostic techniques. Although many initial medical articles highlighted patients with complications of mitral valve prolapse, the natural history of isolated mitral systolic click is benign. Complications are sudden cardiac death, symptomatic cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, ruptured chordea tendinae, progressive mitral regurgitation, and cerebral ischemic events. However, these occur more likely in patients with MVP and associated mitral regurgitation and/or ECG repolarization abnormalities. The subject in this case example had nonanginal chest pain possibly related to silent mitral valve prolapse, documented on echocardiography. There is a coincidental finding of "athletic heart" on electrocardiogram. Stress ECG and thallium scintography showed excellent cardiorespiratory fitness and normal myocardial perfusion. He was given reassurance that there was no significant cardiac problem, and subsequently completed a marathon run without consequence. PMID- 7105368 TI - [Decision making by intercollegiate basketball players]. AB - The results of several studies suggest that in an event incertitude situation, elite athletes can select the appropriate response faster than the novice. There are at least two possibilities to explain such a difference. First, it could be that the elite athlete has more facility to reduce the amount of information he/she is confronted with, that is he/she is able to identify more easily certain sequences and patterns in the play of his/her opponents. Secondly, it is possible that the athlete uses the available information in a different manner. The purpose of this study was to verify the second hypothesis. 10 subjects (5 novices and 4 intercollegiate basketball players) were submitted to a choice time task where the required response was a total body displacement over 2 meters. The results suggest that elite athletes use their knowledge of probability of events in the same way as the novice subjects. PMID- 7105370 TI - The effect of movement uncertainty on reaction and movement times of learning disabled and normal boys. AB - This study examined the effect of potential stimuli, as a source of movement uncertainty, on the reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) of learning disabled (LD) children during a simple running task. The ability of LD children to attend to a process stimuli is known to be inferior. Such a notion is relevant to motor skill development as it imposes on the child's ability to develop from movement consistencies to movement constancies. When confronted with movement uncertainty, LD children showed significant increases in RT and MT over a 4.6 m. run. The performance of normal controls remained constant, thus emphasizing the simplicity of the task. The importance of skill consistency was highlighted, as was the consideration of inferior psychological processes of LD children while implementing movement activities. PMID- 7105371 TI - Physiological profiles of the Canadian Olympic Hockey Team (1980). AB - In order to establish baseline data and to prescribe training programmes to off set weaknesses, selected measures of aerobic fitness (VO2max), muscular power (peak torque and watt output) and performance times on-ice were collected on the Canadian Olympic Hockey Team (1980). VO2max values (54 ml. kg. min) were similar to other non-endurance athletes. Peak torque values relative to body weight in knee extension at 30 degrees and 180 degrees . s-1 (3.62 an 1.85 Nm . kg-1) were the same at low speed but lower at high speed than other selected power athletes. The on-ice performance times showed higher speed of over 180' than professional and junior level players but the speed drop-off over six repeats was greater. There were no differences between positions on these measures. These data offer a baseline from which to compare other hockey players and suggest that the aerobic fitness levels and torque outputs at high speed are not well developed. PMID- 7105372 TI - The onset of menarche: a late event in pubertal progression to be affected by physical training. AB - Several studies have shown that involvement in certain sports activities could lead to a significant delay in the onset of menarche. It is here emphasized that the latter constitutes a late pubertal event and that research in kinanthropology should now focus on processes underlying menarche. Some findings indeed suggest an influence of certain physical activities upon the maturation rate of endocrine axes which lead to the onset of the first menses. PMID- 7105373 TI - Menstrual irregularity in athletes: basic principles, evaluation, and treatment. AB - Recent advances in reproductive physiology have led to an understanding that the ovarian follicle controls the entire menstrual cycle. The most mature follicle, which is the best estrogen-producer, is most sensitive to gonadotropin stimulation and is destined to ovulate next. During the course of a training program, an athlete may be subjected to many factors including loss of weight and fat, low weight and fat, acute and chronic hormonal changes, and physical and emotional stresses. Each of these, alone or in combination, may be associated with menstrual irregularity or amenorrhea. Although menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea are common among athletes, these problems should always be evaluated thoroughly. It is dangerous to assume that such problems are either exercise related or not serious. Athletes are not immune from developing significant pathology, which can be detected only if sought. Therapy is indicated for some women who have such menstrual dysfunction. PMID- 7105374 TI - Implications of nutrition in athletes' menstrual cycle irregularities. AB - A study of the nutritional intake of 75 healthy females 16-43 years of age was conducted. The purpose of the study was to attempt to determine relationships between diet, body fat, exercise, menstrual patterns and specific lipoproteins. Serum multiple analyses, skinfold measurements and menstrual histories were generated on all subjects. A four day self-recorded diet diary was completed by all subjects. Nutrient intake was computer analyzed and evaluated using one-way analysis of covariance and regression coefficients. Analysis of the data revealed a statistically significant relationship between exercise and serum high density lipoprotein (P less than 0.05). Findings indicated no strong evidence that any of the specific dietary variables studied or percent body fat influences high density lipoprotein. The relationships between diet, body fat and exercise associated menstrual cycle alteration in the same subjects showed no significant relationships and requires further study. PMID- 7105375 TI - Limitations of concentration measurements for evaluation of endocrine status of exercising women. AB - The impact of changes in metabolic clearance rates (MCR), biologic activity of sex-steroids, steroid-protein interaction and steroid-binding properties of plasma proteins in relation to physical exercise are reviewed. The MCR of estradiol is decreased during physical exercise but this phenomenon is only partly explained by a decreased hepatic blood flow. Changes in concentration of high-affinity steroid binding proteins (testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin, TeBG) affect predominantly the amount of free testosterone (T) and its MCR. During exercise both the lower sex-steroids binding affinities of plasma proteins due to increased body temperature and the increased concentration of these hormones cause a shift towards an increased free concentration. Due to competitive interactions between androgens and estrogens for the binding site of TeBG the free concentration of estrogens will probably increase more than expected. The physiological meaning of these changes are discussed. PMID- 7105376 TI - Hormonal and physiological responses to exercise in relation to the menstrual cycle. AB - The symposium presented in this issue is both an example and a result of the current interest and active research in the area of women and exercise. In the past few years, interest has focused on two overlapping areas: 1. the effect of exercise and training on menstrual function and exercise related amenorrhea 2. the effect of the menstrual cycle, with its varying basal concentrations of estradiol and progesterone, on the hormonal and physiological responses to exercise. This paper will address the latter area and will review our own work as well as that of others. PMID- 7105377 TI - Exercise effect upon plasma melatonin levels in women: possible physiological significance. AB - The pattern of changes in plasma concentrations of melatonin was followed in 7 initially untrained young women subjected to periodic acute exercise testing during the course of an 8 weeks' progressive aerobic exercise training program. Training comprised cycle ergometry 2 days/week and running 4 days/week for increasingly prolonged periods of intense exercise eliciting 85% of maximum heart rate. Acute exercise tests consisted of one-hour graded submaximal endurance rides on a bicycle ergometer. After a mock ride for familiarization purposes, three test rides were conducted during the early follicular phase of three consecutive menstrual cycles at the beginning, middle and end of the training program. Blood was sampled atraumatically before the rides, at their conclusion and 30 minutes into recovery. During the rides, the plasma concentrations of melatonin rose significantly above baseline control values. Exercise-enhanced melatonin levels may contribute to impaired reproductive function in women engaging in endurance sports. PMID- 7105378 TI - Exercise during pregnancy: effects on the fetus. AB - Two studies concerning the effects of running during pregnancy were conducted. In the first study observations involved both retrospective and longitudinal obstetric and neonatal evaluation of 33 runners and 11 non-runner control subjects. The results indicated no significant differences between the two groups with regard to maternal weight gain and neonatal delivery weight. There were less quantitative complications of labor and delivery for the runners, but qualitatively there may be a trend toward failure to progress and resultant cesarean section. The second study involved simultaneous electronic monitoring of maternal and fetal heart rate patterns during exercise. In the three technically distinct tracings obtained there was a transient fetal bradycardia during a treadmill testing experience. It was also observed that the fetal heart rate returned to normal during the period of exercise suggesting that the observed deceleration pattern is reversible. Etiology of the bradycardia remains enigmatic. PMID- 7105379 TI - Antitumor activity of mitoxantrone against murine experimental tumors: comparative analysis against various antitumor antibiotics. AB - 1,4-Dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino] ethyl)amino))-9,10 anthracenedione dihydrochloride (mitoxantrone) was tested for antitumor activity against experimental tumors in mice and the results were compared with those of seven antitumor antibiotics: adriamycin (ADM), daunomycin (DM), aclarubicin, mitomycin C (MNC), bleomycin, neocarzinostatin, and chromomycin A3. The drugs were given IP or IV, in general on days 1, 5, and 9 following tumor inoculation. Mitoxantrone given IP at the optimal dose (1.6 mg/kg/day; as a free base) produced a statistically significant number of 60-day survivors (curative effect) in mice with IP implanted L1210 leukemia. The curative effect was not observed with any of the other antibiotics. In the case of IV implanted L1210 leukemia, there was an increase in lifespan (ILS) by more than 100% in the mice following IV treatment with mitoxantrone or DM. In IP implanted P388 leukemia, the curative effect was elicited by IP treatment with mitoxantrone or MMC. In IP implanted B16 melanoma, both the curative effect and a more than 100% ILS in mice that did die were produced by IP treatment with mitoxantrone or ADM. In SC implanted Lewis lung carcinoma, mitoxantrone and ADM administered IV also showed effective antitumor activities and produced a 60% and a 45% ILS, respectively. In conclusion, mitoxantrone and ADM had a wider spectrum of antitumor activity against mouse tumors, including two leukemias and two solid tumors, than did the other drugs; however, mitoxantrone elicited higher antitumor effects than ADM on mouse leukemias, especially on L1210 leukemias. Moreover, mitoxantrone possessed much higher therapeutic indices than ADM against IP implanted P388 (optimal dose/ILS40; greater than 128 versus 15.2) and L1210 (optimal dose/ILS25; 72.7 versus 4.8) leukemias. In addition, mitoxantrone showed moderate activity against DM-resistant L1210 leukemia. PMID- 7105380 TI - Establishment of Vincristine-resistant and vindesine-resistant lines of murine lymphoblasts in vitro and characterisation of their patterns of cross-resistance and drug sensitivities. AB - Clinical evidence suggests some lack of cross resistance between vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VDS). To investigate this phenomenon experimentally, drug resistant L5178Y lymphoblast cell lines have been derived in vitro. These lines, under conditions of continuous drug exposure, exhibit a 50-fold order of resistance. Resistance appears due, at least in part, to impaired cellular drug accumulation and retention. Exposure of these resistant cells to VCR or VDS for 24 h showed that the presence or absence of cross resistance was dose-dependent, being most noticeable at low concentrations (less than 0.5 ng/ml) and absent at higher drug levels. Cross resistance also showed some dose-dependency for vinblastine and formyl-leurosine, but this was not seen with other drugs. Marked and complete cross resistance at all concentrations tested was noted with adriamycin and 4'-epiadriamycin in both resistant lines, which, however, retained the same sensitivities as the parent line to VM26, VP-16-213, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate. Responses to actinomycin D and mAMSA differed in these two resistant lines. VDS-resistant cells exhibited cross resistance to both drugs, whilst VCR-resistant cells showed only slight resistance to actinomycin D whilst retaining full sensitivity mAMSA. This observation that cross resistance between VCR and VDS is not invariable in vitro appears to reflect clinical experience. PMID- 7105382 TI - Mitoxantrone: a phase II study in the treatment of patients with advanced breast carcinoma and other solid tumours. AB - A phase II study of mitoxantrone, an anthraquinone derivative with structural similarities to adriamycin, has been carried out in 34 patients with advanced breast carcinoma and other malignancies. The first 20 patients were treated with a starting dose of 12 mg/m2 by IV infusion repeated every 3 weeks; this was escalated to 14 mg/m2 in the subsequent 14 patients. Of the 29 patients with advanced breast carcinoma, 8 achieved a partial response and two further patients achieved a mixed response. There were no complete responses. Of the eight responding patients, five had received no prior chemotherapy. Response duration ranged from 3 1/2 months to 10+ months. No responses were seen in the other five patients, three whom had small cell carcinoma of the lung, and one colonic carcinoma. Neutropenia was the most frequently seen toxicity but was usually mild and transient; WBC fell to less than 2,000/mm3 in eight patients and to less than 1,000/mm3 in only two. Otherwise, the drug was well tolerated; nausea occurred in 35% of patients and vomiting in 21%; severe alopecia requiring a wig was never seen. Mitoxantrone appears to be a well-tolerated and clinically active agent against advanced breast carcinoma. PMID- 7105381 TI - In vitro degradation of L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM). AB - L-Phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM), a bis-choroethylamine, is an important drug in the treatment of multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. It undergoes rapid hydrolysis in vitro and in vivo, forming the mono-and dihydroxy degradation products. L-PAM's first-order disappearance rate in a phosphate-buffered solution did not differ statistically according to the presence or absence of activated rat liver microsomal enzymes. Furthermore, L-PAM's disappearance rate in a rat whole liver perfusion system was not greater than its hydrolysis rate in water. In vitro plasma recovery studies showed that up to 85% of the 14C L-PAM drug equivalents could be recovered as the parent compound and the mono- and dihydroxy degradation products. Thus, L-PAM in in vitro degradation was similar qualitatively and quantitatively to its reported in vivo degradation in animals and man. It is concluded that L-PAM does not undergo important, active in vivo metabolism. PMID- 7105383 TI - Phase II evaluation and plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous 6 thioguanine in patients with colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 7105384 TI - The pharmacokinetics of vincristine in man: reduced drug clearance associated with raised serum alkaline phosphatase and dose-limited elimination. AB - A radioimmunoassay has been used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of vincristine in 39 cancer patients who received between 0.4 and 1.54 mg vincristine/m2 as part of standard treatment protocols. There was wide interindividual variation in both the terminal elimination half-life of vincristine (t1/2beta) and the associated volume of distribution (Vd), resulting in an 11-fold range of dose-corrected area under the plasma concentration versus time curve values (AUC0-infinity). Elevated vincristine AUC0-infinity values were observed in those patients with raised serum alkaline phosphatase at the time of vincristine estimation. The t1/2beta was significantly longer in these patients than in those with serum alkaline phosphatase within normal limits, suggesting that biochemical evidence of cholestasis is associated with reduced clearance of vincristine. Evidence is also presented to suggest that the clearance of vincristine is dose-dependent within the therapeutic dose range. We observed a disproportionate rise in vincristine plasma concentration at doses exceeding t1/2beta compared with that observed for patients receiving 1 mg vincristine/m2 or less. PMID- 7105385 TI - The treatment of disseminated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of unfavourable histology. AB - Forty-eight consecutive previously untreated adults with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of unfavourable histological type were referred to the Department of medical Oncology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, london, between 1972 and 1977. They received adriamycin, vincristine, prednisolone and L-asparaginase (OPAL) initially, and those in whom complete remission was achieved proceeded to cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate, followed by continuous oral maintenance chemotherapy comprising weekly methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and daily 6 mercaptopurine for 3 years. Complete remission was achieved in 24 of the 48 (50%). The median duration of remission was 10 months, none patients continuing without relapse for between 3 and 7 years. The median survival was 9 months, 12 patients being alive and disease-free (three in second remission) after between 3 1/2 and 8 1/2 years. The prognosis was significantly better in patients with nodal stages II and III (disease) than in those with stage IV, for both response (P = less than 0.05) and survival (P = 0.002). Patients in whom complete remission was achieved survived significantly longer than those in whom it was not, regardless of stage. These results confirm our preliminary observations with this treatment programme that a proportion of patients with stage II and II unfavourable histology NHL may be curable although the outlook for stage IV remains poor. PMID- 7105386 TI - Razoxane penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid of rats. AB - Razoxane (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats as a single IP dose. Plasma and CSF samples were obtained at intervals varying from 15 min to 24 h after dosing, and the razoxane was assayed by a new and simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Razoxane was absorbed quickly from the peritoneal cavity; it reached a peak concentration within 0.5 h and decayed with a half-life of 1.6 h. Only 10% of the plasma razoxane available entered the CSF, reaching a peak concentration by 2h, which was maintained for a further 4 h, and finally decaying to reach 10% of its peak value by 8 h. PMID- 7105388 TI - Abstracts: 55th scientific sessions of the American Heart Association. November 15-18, 1982. Dallas, Texas. PMID- 7105387 TI - Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion secondary to vinblastine. PMID- 7105389 TI - The predictive value of the lymphocyte transformation test in isoniazid associated hepatitis. AB - Sixty-one patients receiving isoniazid (INH) for chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis were assessed by the lymphocyte-transformation test (LTT) shortly after starting treatment. Thirty-eight per cent exhibited stimulation with INH, isonicotinic acid (INA) or human-serum albumin conjugates of these haptens. In the LTT positive group, liver dysfunction subsequently developed in 58.8%, as compared to 22.7% in the LTT-negative group (P less than 0.01). The difference was not accountable on the basis of age, ethnic background, sex or chemotherapy vs chemoprophylaxis. Although there was an excess of alcohol abusers in the LTT positive group, the probability of developing liver dysfunction amongst alcohol abusers in that group was twice as great as for LTT-negative alcohol abusers. The specificity of the LTT in predicting liver damage was 83-90% (depending upon the criteria used for determining positivity), while the sensitivity of the test was only 50%. PMID- 7105390 TI - Cross-reactivity between Acacia (wattle) and rye grass pollen allergens. Detection of allergens in Acacia (wattle) pollen. AB - Immunoglobulin E (IgE), directed against components of Acacia (wattle) pollen, has been detected by radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) in the sera of some children and adults who develop allergic symptoms in the presence of flowering Acacia trees in Australia. All these subjects also had high levels of IgE directed against Lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen. Inhibition by RAST showed that most of the IgE molecules which bound to Acacia pollen components also bound to L. perenne pollen extracts, and to Glycoprotein 1, the major allergen of L. perenne pollen. In these assays, the allergens have been immobilized on polyvinyl chloride microtitre trays: the sensitivity of this approach is compared to that of commercial RAST kits. PMID- 7105391 TI - The use of cultures and immunologic procedures to predict oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients on steroid aerosols. AB - Sixty-seven asthmatic individuals treated with either beclomethasone diproprionate or flunisolide were sequentially evaluated for up to 32 months to determine the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis as well as laboratory parameters which might be predictive of this complication. Throat cultures and measurements of Candida antibody by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay were performed and compared over time and treatment groups. Unlike other studies, pre treatment Candida precipitins did not predict increased risk for clinical thrush nor did quantitative determinations of Candida antibody. Those patients with positive cultures pre-trial, however, had a significantly higher incidence of clinical thrush than those with negative cultures (P less than 0.01). No significant changes occurred over time or between drugs for any of the parameters. Symptomatic thrush, however, was slightly more common in those patients treated with beclomethasone. PMID- 7105392 TI - Site of action of inhaled histamine in asymptomatic asthmatic patients. AB - Histamine inhalation provocation-tests were performed in twenty-two young asthmatics with normal lung-function tests with progressive, increasing doses of a pressurized aerosol of histamine phosphate. Airway resistances (Raw) and N2 washout-curves were recorded. Two different types of response have been observed: (1) in thirteen cases, there was an increase of both Raw and the N2 phase III slope; and (2) in eight cases, there was only an increase in Raw (in one subject there was an increase in the N2 phase III slope only). Comparing the two groups of patients there was no difference in the inhalation procedure, the dose of histamine delivered or the smoking habits and lung-function data, except a slightly higher residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) ratio in the first group. The histamine-induced changes could not be related to any of the control lung-function data. We conclude that histamine inhalation may induce either peripheral bronchoconstriction only, or central bronchoconstriction with or without peripheral bronchoconstriction. A local and/or peripheral vagal-mediated bronchoconstrictor effect could account for the different site of airway response. PMID- 7105394 TI - Tartrazine and benzoate challenge and dietary avoidance in chronic asthma. AB - This study undertook to determine the usefulness of tartrazine and benzoate challenge and dietary avoidance in the management of patients with chronic asthma. Double-blind ingestion-challenge tests were performed on separate days with lactose, tartrazine, benzoate and acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA). Of the twenty eight subjects challenged, one responded to tartrazine and one to benzoate. Two additional subjects responded to ASA and a further eight were not tested with this material because of a definite history of sensitivity. Twenty-four subjects completed 1 month periods of observation while first on a normal diet and then while on a tartrazine-benzoate avoidance diet. No improvement occurred during the modified diet in anyone with positive challenge-tests or in all, but one, of those with a history of ASA idiosyncrasy; paradoxically, several of these subjects worsened during this period. We conclude that tartrazine-benzoate dietary avoidance was not of value in the management of the chronic asthmatic in this study, even among patients who respond to challenge with these substances or have ASA idiosyncrasy. PMID- 7105393 TI - Predicting the results of allergen bronchial challenge by simple clinical methods. AB - In this study, the ability to predict allergenic bronchial reactivity from non specific bronchial reactivity, measured by free corridor-running, and the level of skin reactivity to whole rye grass pollen extract (WRGPE--Lolium perene) and house-dust mite extract (HDM--Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) was examined in asthmatic children. Discriminant analysis of the data showed that, for the concentration of extracts used and the conditions of bronchial challenge for both allergens, the level of skin sensitivity to undiluted extract and the percentage fall in peak flow-rate on exercise best-predicted the outcome of bronchial challenge for WRGPE (100% of cases) and for HDM (89% of cases). The results suggest that it may be possible to predict allergenic bronchial-reactivity to different allergens in children by simple clinical methods, if conditions of provocation and potency of allergen extracts can be standardized. PMID- 7105395 TI - Elemental diet in the management of severe eczema in childhood. AB - Eight children with severe, generalized, childhood eczema, uncontrolled by standard dermatological treatment, underwent a period of dietary antigen avoidance, using an elemental based diet. For the group, there was statistically significant improvement in eczema during treatment with the elemental diet, and relapse of eczema followed within 6 weeks of returning to a normal diet. The results suggest dietary factors are important in childhood eczema. PMID- 7105396 TI - The hazard of mould hyposensitization in children with asthma. AB - Of thirty-eight children, who were immunized with mould extracts, seven (19%) were withdrawn from hyposensitization due to serious side-effects clinically consistent with a type III reaction. These seven children exhibited a two- to four-fold increase in circulating precipitating-antibodies to the injected extracts, and had shown a slight increase in precipitating antibodies to the mould extracts used before hyposensitization. A further fourteen patients, also hyposensitized with mould extracts but without side effects did not develop precipitating antibodies. It is suggested that hyposensitization with mould extracts may be hazardous in children who may have a primary "immune imbalance' with a risk of provoking type III reactions. PMID- 7105397 TI - Solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay of pepsinogen I in serum. AB - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the determination of pepsinogen I in serum has been developed. The antibody was raised in rabbits with pepsinogen I isolated from urine as previously described. Radioiodination was carried out with a chloramine-T procedure resulting in a tracer with excellent shelf life. In the standard procedure with a 24-h incubation time, followed by 2-h incubation with a second antibody coupled to a solid phase, 50 microliter serum was analyzed, standard range 1.88-60 ng PG I. An eight times more sensitive method was also developed using sequential saturation techniques. Specificity studies demonstrated 0.6% crossreactivity with PG II. The immunoreactivity of PG I purified from urine was nearly identical with the immunoreactivity of PG I purified from gastric mucosa. The levels of PG I in serum from 121 control subjects were similar to those obtained with conventional phase separation methods. It is concluded that the method is simple, precise and free from non specific serum interference. PMID- 7105398 TI - Vitamin E does not influence plasma lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects with normal nutritional status. AB - The effect of a 6-week treatment with large doses (600 IU/day) of vitamin E on plasma lipoprotein metabolism has been studied in six healthy middle-aged subjects. No consistent change was observed during the treatment in the plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or apolipoproteins AI, AII and B or in the activity of postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase or hepatic lipase. It is concluded that vitamin E does not influence plasma lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects with normal nutritional status. PMID- 7105399 TI - Potential peptic activity of pepsinogen of human gastroduodenal mucosa determined by fluorescent microassay method using succinyl albumin. AB - Pepsinogen level, expressed as the potential peptic activity of pepsinogen was determined by a fluorescent microassay using succinyl albumin as substrate, in biopsy specimens from the gastroduodenal mucosa of 95 subjects. The following results were obtained: (1) pepsinogen level in the gastric mucosa becomes progressively higher from pylorus to corpus (p less than 0.001); (2) pepsinogen level in the gastroduodenal mucosa of duodenal ulcer was significantly higher than that of normal mucosa or gastric ulcer (p less than 0.001); (3) the difference in pepsinogen level between the gastric mucosa with and without intestinal metaplasia was statistically significant (p less than 0.01); (4) the correlation between the histology of gastric glands and pepsinogen level was fundic gland greater than intermediate gland greater than pyloric gland (p less than 0.001). PMID- 7105400 TI - Creatine kinase activity in the detection of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: comparison of two methods. AB - Serum creatine kinase activity was estimated in 48 control women and 22 female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by two different methods. One method is based on the colorimetric determination of creatine liberated from creatine phosphate; the other, an N-acetyl cysteine activated UV system, was used in an automated mode. The two methods were equally efficient in carrier detection, and results were closely correlated over the range of values encountered in controls and carriers. Log creatine kinase values appeared to be normally distributed in controls, but the distribution in carriers appeared skewed towards its upper end. If both distributions are assumed to be Normal, the probability, together with its standard error, that a consultand is a carrier, can be calculated from her creatine kinase value, and if the latter is expressed in standard deviation units of the control log creatine kinase distribution, probability estimates can be compared between laboratories. PMID- 7105401 TI - N-acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase activities in relation to glycosylated hemoglobin levels and to retinopathy in diabetes. AB - N-Acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase were determined in human sera from 25 control subjects, in 23 diabetic patients without retinopathy and in 22 diabetic patients with retinopathy. The results show significantly higher N acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in diabetic patients independently of the development of retinopathy and also independently of the length of diabetes. No correlation was found between either serum enzymes and serum glucose concentration and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1). PMID- 7105402 TI - Quantitative determination of plasma hemoglobin using dicarboxidine. PMID- 7105403 TI - On the importance of a prolonged dialysis for haemoglobin AIc determination. PMID- 7105404 TI - Preservation of saliva for ammonia determination. PMID- 7105405 TI - A sensitive method for determination of serum hemoglobin based on iso-luminol chemiluminescence. AB - A simple and rapid method for determination of serum hemoglobin is described. Hemoglobin may be determined in serum within the range of 0.02-400 mg/1 by the sensitive chemiluminescent iso-luminol reaction. The iso-luminol assay was considerably more sensitive than the conventional colorimetric procedure based on tetramethylbenzidine. Precision and accuracy were higher with the iso-luminol assay especially at low levels of hemoglobin. The correlation between the luminescent and colorimetric method was linear but the colorimetric determinations resulted in higher concentrations of hemoglobin. This discrepancy was probably caused by non-heme serum iron which interfered more strongly with the colorimetric method. PMID- 7105406 TI - A new enzymatic method to determine creatine. AB - A new enzymatic method is described for the determination of creatine in serum and urine using creatine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.3), sarcosine oxidase (EC 1.5.99.1) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.1). The principle of the method is as follows. Creatine is degraded to sarcosine and urea, and the sarcosine formed is measured with sarcosine oxidase in the presence of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD+. The NADH + H+ produced is measured at 340 nm. Creatine concentration can be calculated directly from the absorptivity of NADH + H+ generated in the reaction or from creatine standard solutions. The assay takes less than 20 min. The standard curve is linear up to 50 mg creatine/1 (serum) and 800 mg creatine/1 (urine). Fifty random samples were assayed by this method (y) and simultaneously by the Folin method (x). The correlation coefficients were 0.995 for serum samples, 0.994 for urine samples, and the regression equations were y = 0.979x - 0.01 (serum) and y = 0.978x - 0.01 (urine). PMID- 7105407 TI - Method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium and zinc in whole blood by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and measurement in normotensive and hypertensive humans. AB - A method is described for the analysis of whole blood cadmium and zinc by extraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in which cadmium is analyzed using a graphite furnace, and zinc using an air-acetylene flame with a single slot burner, after dilution of the extract. Recoveries for cadmium and zinc were 100% and 106%, respectively. For cadmium the day-to-day and within-run coefficients of variation were all less than 13% at low concentrations (approximately 27 nmol/1) and 6% or less at high concentrations (approximately 89 nmol/1). For zinc the coefficients of variation for day-to-day and within-run analyses were less than 6% at low (approximately 76 mumol/1) and high concentrations (approximately 138 mumol/1). The sensitivity of the procedure is 0.5 nmol/1 for cadmium and 1.2 mu mol/1 for zinc. Whole blood from 72 normotensive volunteers, 56 treated hypertensives, and 15 untreated hypertensives were analyzed using this method. Cadmium levels were elevated in smokers but not significantly affected by age or sex. Zinc levels were higher in males than in females, but not significantly affected by smoking. Levels of cadmium and zinc were increased in treated hypertensives and greater still in untreated hypertensives. Significant elevations were found for cadmium in treated hypertensive females who smoked, treated and untreated hypertensive male non smokers, and for the cadmium to zinc ratio in these later two groups. PMID- 7105408 TI - A specific DNA immune complex assay, and its application in SLE. PMID- 7105410 TI - Search for the biochemical basis of biotin dependent multiple carboxylase deficiencies: determination of biotin activation in cultured fibroblasts. PMID- 7105409 TI - A simple, rapid method for the determination of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate on a single 20-mul blood sample. AB - Existing methods for the estimation of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, 3 hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate normally require relatively large volumes of blood. In addition spectrophotometric methods are tedious and time-consuming. A series of simple methods for the measurement of these metabolites whereby all can be measured on a single 20-microl blood sample is described here. All methods, with the exception of that for glucose, which is measured spectrophotometrically, depend on the use of fluorimetry to determine the concentration of the reduced co enzyme NADH. As far as is possible, the methods have been standardised for the sake of simplicity and convenience. In routine use they have proved to be both rapid and reliable. PMID- 7105411 TI - Interindividual variation in relationships between plasma heparin concentration and the results of five heparin assays. AB - In order to determine their value for estimating the heparin concentration in plasma, we established the relationship between test result and heparin concentration in plasma from various individuals, for five assays used with heparin treatment. Only assays which can be carried out routinely in clinical laboratories were considered. The thrombin time and the whole blood recalcification time give pointless and ambiguous information respectively, concerning the heparin level. The activated partial thromboplastin time with and without heparin neutralisation give only a rough estimate. The spectrophotometric method using a chromogenic substrate gives the best information. The latter can be improved by using a non-linear (parabolic) equation for the calculation of the reference curve. Current heparin therapy, controlled with the aid of a clotting assay, may result in plasma heparin concentrations that vary widely from one patient to another. PMID- 7105412 TI - Elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase-5 following methylglucamine iodipamide (Cholografin/Biligrafin) infusion for intravenous cholangiography. AB - Methylglucamine iodipamide (Cholografin-North America; Biligrafin-Europe, Squibb) is the only contrast medium in clinical usage for opacification of the biliary tree in intravenous cholangiography. We report two cases of elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase-5 activity following infusion of 40 ml of Cholografin. This occurred without overt clinical signs of adverse reaction to contrast medium. This elevation was 65% of serum LD-5 activity in case one, 91% in case two. The elevation peaked at 12 h after administration of contrast medium in both cases and persisted for at least 24 h. These findings suggest that methylglucamine iodipamide causes transient hepatocellular toxicity, the mechanism of which is not known. PMID- 7105413 TI - Plasma total and ionised calcium, albumin and globulin concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women and the effects of oestrogen administration. PMID- 7105414 TI - Human erythrocyte separation according to age on a discontinuous "Percoll" density gradient. PMID- 7105416 TI - Cleavage of purified C3 by immobilized trypsin. PMID- 7105417 TI - A reproducible sodium-lithium countertransport assay: the outcome of changing key laboratory parameters. AB - This paper describes experimental conditions for reproducible measurement of sodium-lithium countertransport in red blood cells. The assay is sensitive to temperature (10% per degree C) and the condition of the red cells; it is affected little by changes in intracellular lithium over the range 2-7 mmol/1 or by red cell concentrations with laboratory hematocrits of 0.03 to 0.07. Repeated measurements of the same subjects give day-to-day coefficients of variation of 10% or less. The mean difference for interlaboratory comparisons is 11%. PMID- 7105415 TI - Correction for salicylate interference in the colorimetric paracetamol assay. PMID- 7105419 TI - Immunoelectrophoretic characterization of human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. AB - Human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-ASAT) was prepared for use as an antigen for antibody production and as a standard, i.e. a high degree of purity was demanded. The purification was performed by three ion exchange chromatography steps followed by affinity chromatography on aspartate coupled gel. Four preparations gave specific activities of 230 to 300 U/mg at 37 degrees C. The purity of m-ASAT was assessed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, which showed that the final preparation did not contain contaminating proteins. Immunization with the purified m-ASAT gave a good antibody response. PMID- 7105418 TI - A kinetic expression for sodium-lithium countertransport in human red cells. AB - Sodium-lithium counter-transport in human red blood cells may be a potentially useful measurement in studies of hypertension. A kinetic expression describing this counter-transport was derived and evaluated using red cells from nine subjects at various concentrations of intracellular and extracellular Li+ and Na+. The countertransport is dependent upon all four concentrations, intracellular Li+ and Na+ as well as extracellular Li+ and Na+. We confirm that the maximum Na+-Li+ counter-transport (Vmax) is a property of the individual cells while the half-maximal saturating concentrations (K 1/2) for Li+ and Na+ are the same for all subjects. This expression permits a more thorough understanding of conditions affecting Na+-Li+ countertransport measurement. PMID- 7105420 TI - The origin of a cathode-migrating creatine kinase found in serum from a cancer patient. AB - The origin of an atypical creatine kinase (CK, ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7,3.2) migrating cathodic to the MM position found in the serum of a cancer patient was studied. The electrophoretic mobility of the atypical CK is similar to that of the fast-moving cathodal mitochondrial CK. The relative molecular mass was estimated to be approximately 350000, and was similar to that of the fast moving cathodal mitochondrial CK. The atypical CK reacted with anti-human mitochondrial CK antibody. It is therefore suggested that the atypical CK is of mitochondrial origin. After incubation in 2 mol/l urea, the enzyme was converted into a new form migrating to the MM position. The conversion was observed in liver mitochondrial CK but not heart mitochondrial CK. The residual CK activity after heating at 56 degrees C for 60 s was 77%, and the apparent Km value for creatine phosphate at 30 degrees C was about 0.27 mmol for the atypical CK. These characteristics were very similar to those of the liver mitochondrial CK, because the data from the enzyme determined at the same time were 75% for residual enzyme activity to heat, and 0.24 mmol for apparent Km value. Therefore liver mitochondria are suggested to be the source of the atypical CK. PMID- 7105421 TI - Plasma lactoferrin levels in pregnancy and cystic fibrosis. AB - Plasma lactoferrin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay for the different weeks of normal pregnancy, in normal healthy adults and in children with and without cystic fibrosis. The lactoferrin levels were higher in pregnancy than in both male and female normal adults and showed a slight progressive increase up to week 29 and thereafter remained high. Five our of seven children with cystic fibrosis had markedly raised plasma lactoferrin levels from six to 16 times higher than the mean of a control group of children. PMID- 7105422 TI - Changes in activation of aspartate aminotransferase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate after experimental liver damage in rabbits. AB - The aspartate aminotransferase activity with and without pyridoxal 5'-phosphate supplementation was examined in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic preparations from fresh human heart and liver samples. The apoenzyme was fully saturated in all cases. Liver cell damage was produced by ischaemia and carbon tetrachloride poisoning in two groups of rabbits. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase with and without pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was measured in the plasma and in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial preparations from both groups. After carbon tetrachloride poisoning the enzyme activity in the plasma increased within 2 h but was not enhanced by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Following ischaemia, plasma enzyme activity only increased between 4 and 8 h and was progressively stimulated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Up to 15 h after carbon tetrachloride poisoning the liver cytoplasmic and mitochondrial apo-enzyme remained fully saturated with co enzyme. In contrast, a pronounced loss of co-enzyme occurred in both fractions of the ischaemic group. These result suggest that the type of injury and not necessarily the organ affected could determine the degree of activation of aspartate aminotransferase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate observed in human myocardial infarction and liver disease. PMID- 7105423 TI - Relationship of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations with HDL-cholesterol and risk factor values in serum. AB - The correlation of total cholesterol and triglyceride with HDL-cholesterol and the risk factor values (the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol) has been studied in serum samples of 173 men and 151 women. The samples were divided into normolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic and hyperlipidemic groups. In most cases the relationship of the two major lipids with the risk factor value was better than with the HDL-cholesterol value. The number of specimens with increased risk factor was largest in the hyperlipidemic group followed by the hypercholesterolemic and hypertriglyceridemic groups. The number of elevated risk factor values was the lowest in the normolipidemic group but, even here, more than 20% of men and 10% of women had elevated risk factor values. PMID- 7105424 TI - An improved method for the routine biochemical evaluation of patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stone disease. AB - By means of a computerized calculation program, a simplified estimate of the ion activity product of calcium oxalate was derived (AP(CaOx)-index), based on the 24 h urinary excretion of calcium (Ca), oxalate (Ox), magnesium (Mg), citrate (Cit) and the urine volume (V): (formula: see text) With urinary electrolyte values within the normal range, there was a good correlation between the AP(CaOx)-index and the more laboriously obtained ion-activity product (r = 0.997). To express the biochemical risk of CaOx stone formation a CaOx-risk index was designed, which also includes the inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth (I) and with all variables related to urinary creatinine (Cr): (formula: see text) The mean CaOx-risk index (+/-SEM) in urine from 100 normal men and 156 male stone formers were 648 +/- 27 and 1019 +/- 38 respectively (p less than 0.001). A risk index without inhibition index, had the corresponding values 366 +/- 14 and 527 +/- 17 (p less than 0.001). PMID- 7105425 TI - Extraction of steroids from plasma with reversed phase C18 cartridges. PMID- 7105426 TI - Estimation of trypsin in feces by a new colorimetric method. PMID- 7105427 TI - Propranolol versus carbimazole as the sole treatment for thyrotoxicosis. A consideration of circulating thyroid hormone levels and tissue thyroid function. PMID- 7105428 TI - Relationship of altered thyroid hormone indices to survival in nonthyroidal illnesses. PMID- 7105429 TI - Analysis of factors in hyperthyroidism, which determine the duration of suppressive treatment before recovery of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion. PMID- 7105430 TI - Menstrual function and serum prolactin levels after long-term bromocriptine treatment of hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. AB - Long-term bromocriptine treatment was discontinued in thirty-seven women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. After cessation of therapy thirty of the thirty seven women became hyperprolactinaemic again with amenorrhoea or anovulatory bleeding. Seven of the women continued to have regular ovulatory menstruation but only three were normoprolactinaemic 3 months after stopping treatment. Two of the seven women had evidence of pituitary tumour regression. After the discontinuation they had nearly normal prolactin levels but during 2 years of follow up the serum prolactin levels slowly increased. In the twenty-seven women with pre treatment prolactin levels below 100 micrograms/I there was no difference between the prolactin levels before starting and 1 month after stopping treatment, while the women with pretreatment prolactin levels above 100 micrograms/l had lower levels after therapy. Bromocriptine treatment seldom results in permanent cure of hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. PMID- 7105431 TI - Prolactin stimulation by intravenous labetalol is mediated inside the central nervous system. AB - We have previously reported that labetalol infusion increases prolactin (PRL) secretion in hypertensive patients. In an attempt to investigate the site where labetalol stimulates PRL, the drug was infused intravenously (100 mg) into healthy subjects, both under basal conditions and after pretreatment with L-dopa plus carbidopa (250 mg and 25 mg respectively every 6 h for 1 day), since this regimen has been reported to blunt the PRL responses to centrally acting stimuli. The effects of oral labetalol administration (100 and 200 mg) on PRL was also evaluated. Serum PRL concentration did not change after oral labetalol, whereas it was increased by intravenous drug administration. This effect was completely abolished by pretreatment with L-dopa plus carbidopa. These findings, though they do not demonstrate the mechanism, suggest that the hyperprolactinaemia induced by labetalol is mediated inside the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 7105432 TI - Human catecholamine storage vesicle proteins. AB - Catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve are stored in vesicles, along with numerous proteins and peptides; both catecholamines and proteins are released by and are markers of exocytosis during sympathoadrenal neurosecretion. The proteins include the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and the chromogranins, a group of molecules of largely undetermined function. We have isolated catecholamine storage vesicles (chromaffin granules) from bovine adrenal medulla and human pheochromocytoma. The numerous soluble proteins in the granules: (a) have a spectrum of sizes; (b) have a spectrum of charges; and (c) display considerable interspecies qualitative homology. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was isolated from human and bovine vesicles by Concanaval in A affinity chromotography. DBH is a tetrameric glycoprotein consisting of 2 non-covalently joined dimeric subunits, each of which is 2 disulfide linked monomers; interspecies molecular weight differences were noted. Ongoing studies concern chromogranin A, the quantitatively major vesicle protein, in bovine and human vesicles. PMID- 7105433 TI - Evidence that alpha-methylepinephrine is an antihypertensive metabolite of alpha methyldopa. AB - Several medullary cardiovascular relay nuclei contain high concentrations of epinephrine and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT), the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Since alpha methylnorepinephrine, a metabolite of alpha-methyldopa, has been shown to be a substrate for adrenal PNMT, we postulated that alpha-methylnorepinephrine would also be a substrate for central PNMT, resulting in the synthesis of alpha methylepinephrine. Therefore, alpha-methylepinephrine could be an active metabolite of alpha-methyldopa. We have investigated this hypothesis. 1) The centrally-active PNMT inhibitor SKF-64139 attenuated the hypotensive response to alpha-methyldopa in spontaneously hypertensive rats at doses that had little effect on the hypotensive response to clonidine. 2) In radioligand binding studies, alpha-methylepinephrine was as potent as norepinephrine in competing for alpha 2-receptors, more potent than epinephrine, norepinephrine, or alpha methylnorepinephrine in competing for beta-receptors, and less potent than epinephrine, norepinephrine, or alpha-methylnorepinephrine in competing for alpha 1-receptors. 3) Intracerebroventricular administration of methylepinephrine (1-40 micrograms) to Sprague-Dawley rats elicited profound hypotension and bradycardia. alpha-Methylepinephrine was more potent than epinephrine in lowering blood pressure. We conclude that alpha-methylepinephrine is a centrally active depressor agent and could therefore be an active metabolite of alpha-methyldopa. PMID- 7105434 TI - Ambulatory monitoring in the evaluation of blood pressure in patients with borderline hypertension and the role of the defense reflex. AB - The differences between blood pressure (BP) readings taken in the clinic and during normal daily activities were assessed in two studies using a noninvasive ambulatory BP monitor (Avionics). In the first study 30 untreated hypertensive patients (17 with borderline pressures, average diastolic less than or equal to 95, and 13 established hypertensives, diastolics above 95) and 5 normotensive subjects had 30 readings taken in the physician's office and 30 while at home. Conventional sphygmomanometer BPs were also recorded in the office. In the borderline group home BPs were significantly lower than clinic BPs, whereas this difference was less marked for the established and normotensive group. In the second study BP was measured every 15 minutes for 24 hours in 25 normal subjects, 25 borderline and 25 established hypertensives, and readings categorized according to four recording situations: physician's office, work, at home, and sleep. BPs in all groups were highest at work and lowest asleep, and directional changes were similar. Both hypertensive groups showed higher BPs in the physician's office than at home, while normal subjects showed no difference. BPs recorded in the physician's office were good predictors of 24 hour average BP in normal and established hypertensive subjects, but not in the borderline group: in such patients 24 hour monitoring may be of particular value in evaluating the need for treatment. PMID- 7105435 TI - Decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and attenuation in response to stress following renal denervation in the one-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rat. AB - We have found that renal denervation in the one-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rat results in an attenuation of the hypertension associated with a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity. To test further the hypothesis that the renal nerves (afferents) contribute to the maintenance of hypertension in this model by modulating sympathetic nervous system activity, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine changes in response to stress were compared in hypertensive sham-operated (n = 6), renal denervated (n = 6) and control (n = 7) animals. Stress was produced in conscious resting unrestrained animals by administering two brief electrical stimulations to the hindlimb. Resting plasma norepinephrine was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in hypertensive sham operated (420 +/- 41 pg/ml) compared to renal denervated (289 +/- 23 pg/ml) or control (296 +/- 25 pg/ml) animals. There was no difference in resting plasma epinephrine among the groups. In response to stress there were significantly greater absolute increases in plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine in hypertensive sham-operated animals compared to renal denervated and control groups, suggesting that the one-kidney one-clip rat exhibits an enhanced sympathoadrenal response to stress. The response to stress in renal denervated rats was the same as that in the control group. Taken together, these data support the concept that the renal afferent nerves modulate sympathetic nervous system activity in the one-kidney one-clip hypertensive rat. PMID- 7105436 TI - The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the modulation of sodium excretion. AB - To investigate the existence of opposing renal noradrenergic and dopaminergic modulation of renal sodium excretion, urinary excretion rates of NE, DA and DOPAC were measured in different states of sodium balance. A natriuretic index, DOPAC/NE, was found to correlate closely with the state of sodium balance in normal men subjected to very low (10 mEq/d) or very high (800 mEq/d) sodium intake. Additional studies utilizing rapid sodium and volume expansion and contraction confirmed the utility of this natriuretic index. Hypertensive men demonstrated significantly lower values for this index than did normotensive subjects under similar study conditions. These studies provide new evidence of abnormalities in the adrenergic-dopaminergic system in human hypertension and support a link between these systems and renal sodium handling. PMID- 7105437 TI - Possible mechanisms of sodium-dependent hypertension: volume expansion or vasoconstriction? AB - A series of experiments was designed to explore the mechanisms contributing to hypertension caused by an acute or chronic sodium load. Acute salt-loading in totally or subtotally nephrectomized animals caused hypertension mediated partly through stimulation of excessive vasopressin release and partly through adrenergic stimulation. Chronic high-salt diet in rats submitted to partial nephrectomy, mineralocorticoid excess or one-kidney-one-clip renovascular hypertension caused blood pressure elevation mediated through a central neurogenic mechanism that could be reversed by administration of an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Thus, two vasopressor mechanisms were stimulated by sodium excess: an acute, transient, partly vasopressin-mediated phase seemed to be followed by a chronic phase mediated through stimulation of central sympathetic neurons. In neither phase was blood pressure related to intravascular fluid volume expansion. PMID- 7105438 TI - Sodium-neural interactions in the development of spontaneous hypertension. AB - The influence of alterations in sodium intake on blood pressure and indices of peripheral sympathetic activity was studied during the development of hypertension in the SHR. Male SHRs were given a diet containing either low (0.05%), normal (0.29%) or high (3.4%) sodium content beginning at 7 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly by the tail cuff method in conscious animals. Three weeks after initiation of the diets 24 hour urines were collected for analysis of catecholamines. Plasma catecholamines were measured and the blood pressure response to ganglionic blockade (hexamethonium bromide, 30 mgm/kg) determined. High sodium resulted in a marked increase in the severity of hypertension that was associated with an increase in plasma and urinary norepinephrine concentration and an exaggerated depressor response to ganglionic blockade. In addition, a highly significant positive correlation was seen between plasma norepinephrine concentration and systolic blood pressure. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the increase in blood pressure in the SHR maintained on a high sodium intake is in part due to an increase in peripheral sympathetic activity. PMID- 7105439 TI - [Prostaglandin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105440 TI - [The evaluation of mass-screening for congenital hypothyroidism by sandwich assay TSH radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105441 TI - [The evaluation of mass-screening for congenital hypothyroidism by TSH radioimmunoassay using protein A (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105442 TI - [Radioimmunoassay for progesterone using 125I-progesterone as labeled hormone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105443 TI - [Interfering factors with a radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105445 TI - [Fundamental study of PRL RIA kit (Amersham) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105444 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of serum free thyroxine radioimmunoassay with microencapsulated antibody in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105446 TI - Management of post-cricoid carcinoma. AB - This paper discusses the results of treatment of post-cricoid carcinoma based on a personal series of 141 patients. The following conclusions can be drawn: small tumours with no clinical evidence of cervical lymph node metastasis should almost certainly be treated with radiotherapy, which gives a 5-year survival of approximately 35%. Surgery for recurrent disease after radiotherapy if fraught with complications, and satisfactory salvage is seldom possible. Surgery for larger tumours and those associated with neck node metastases has a lower (20%) 5 year survival with a high incidence of complications. The main problem after pharyngolaryngectomy is replacement of the pharynx. There is no evidence that any one of the methods in common use (skin flaps, transposition of the colon or stomach) is superior to any other. PMID- 7105447 TI - Recent and future trends in the management of otosclerotic conductive hearing loss. AB - The protection of cochlear function following stapedectomy has emerged as the major problem in the surgical treatment of otosclerosis. Both immediate and delayed sensorineural losses continue to occur in spite of refinements of technique. The frequency and extent of these complications has been investigated by prospective and retrospective studies of the author's patients. It has been concluded that the size of the footplate fenestration plays a major role in the outcome, both immediately, and in the long term. Revision operations are necessary when initially good results rapidly deteriorate, both to resolve complications such as perilymphatic fistulae and also to restore function. Although second ear operations are usually worthwhile, they should be performed only when certain specific criteria have been met. The expected duration of unaided hearing gain, although often adequate when a standard large fenestra operation is performed, is considerably prolonged by restricting the size of the footplate to less than half its total area. For reasons unknown, bone conduction thresholds appear to be better, eventually, in operated as compared to unoperated ears. PMID- 7105448 TI - The effect of irradiation on nerve grafting. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-operative radiotherapy on nerve grafting, using the rat sciatic nerve as an experimental model. Two groups of 10 rats were used, one group irradiated, the other not. In each rat a 5 mm section of one sciatic nerve was excised then replaced and sutured into position. Nerve regeneration was investigated by expressing the area of the mass action potential in the regenerated nerve as a percentage of the mass action potential in the contralateral intact nerve. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) in nerve regeneration was found between the irradiated and non irradiated animals. In the irradiated group only two animals achieved more than 20% nerve fibre regeneration whilst in the non-irradiated group all but two animals achieved greater than 20% regeneration. These results suggest that pre operative irradiation has an adverse effect on nerve regeneration. PMID- 7105449 TI - Ventriculosaccular carcinoma of the larynx. AB - A series of 76 cases of laryngeal carcinoma was examined in transverse slices using a motorized slicing machine. Eleven cases of ventriculosaccular carcinoma were detected by this method and the topography and gross appearances of the tumours in the larynges are described. Microscopy of the tumour indicates a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma the mode of growth of which seems to be by concentric expansion through the whole margin rather than by invading tongues of tumour. In no case was there invasion of laryngeal cartilages or extension to the surgical cut surface of the specimen. The clinical, radiological and biopsy features in 10 of the 11 patients are described. In follow-up studies, which were 12 years or longer in five patients, none had lymph node metastases or recurrences of the laryngeal carcinoma of any sort. The following features may suggest the diagnosis of ventriculosaccular carcinoma before laryngectomy: (1) a ventricular tumour, (2) a supraglottic bulge above it, (3) a paraglottic swelling on CT scan radiology covered by a smooth laryngeal lining and (4) biopsy appearances of a well differentiated 'folded carcinoma'. PMID- 7105450 TI - Prognostic factors of neck node metastasis. AB - A retrospective clinico-pathological study has been carried out in a series of 405 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who underwent a total of 484 radical neck dissections. The recurrence rate in the neck in 327 patients who had histological positive nodes was 21.1%. Recurrence in the neck after a standard radical neck dissection almost invariably proved fatal. A statistical analysis has been carried out to evaluate the clinical and pathological factors which are of importance in regards to recurrence in the neck. Histological factors such as extra-nodal spread and the number of histological positive nodes have been shown to be of much more prognostic importance than clinical parameters. When corrections are made for interdependencies between variables, histological extra-nodal spread proved to be the most important single prognostic factor (P less than 10(-7)). PMID- 7105451 TI - Giant cilia in the human organ of Corti. AB - Fusion of cilia, the growth of clumps of fused cilia and giant cilium formation have been studied in the normal human organ of Corti using the scanning electron microscope. These unusual forms are found mainly in the apical portions of the cochlea and appear to precede the loss of normal apical cilia which increases and extends in a basal direction with age. These changes may be due to low frequency noise damage or be a phenomenom of ageing. The mechanism of their formation is discussed in the light of recent experimental work on cell fusion. PMID- 7105453 TI - Stomas. PMID- 7105452 TI - Management techniques in the use of the Blom-Singer valve. AB - The use of a valve to restore functional speech following a total laryngectomy has been well described. We have encountered problems in both the formation of the tracheo-oesophageal fistula and stenosis of the tracheostome if the valve is used by itself for long periods. A simple technique to establish the fistula is described, and a modification of the valve with a stoma button is suggested. PMID- 7105454 TI - The Brooke ileostomy and loop and split ileostomies. PMID- 7105455 TI - The continent ileostomy and restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir. PMID- 7105456 TI - Metabolic complications of ileostomy. PMID- 7105457 TI - Mechanical complications of ileostomy. PMID- 7105458 TI - Stoma care in conventional ileostomy. PMID- 7105459 TI - Stoma care in continent ileostomy. PMID- 7105460 TI - Surgical procedures and complications. PMID- 7105461 TI - Caecostomy and colostomy. Part 2: Stoma care. PMID- 7105462 TI - Urinary stomas. Part 2: Stoma care. PMID- 7105463 TI - Paediatric problems associated with stomas. Part 2: Special needs of paediatric patients. PMID- 7105464 TI - Stoma care services. Part 1: In hospital. PMID- 7105465 TI - Stoma care services. Part 2: Outpatient. PMID- 7105466 TI - Sexual implications of stoma surgery. Part 1. PMID- 7105467 TI - Sexual implications of stoma surgery. Part 2. PMID- 7105469 TI - Stomas. Self-help groups. Part 1. PMID- 7105468 TI - Care of cancer patients with stomas. PMID- 7105470 TI - Stomas. Self-help groups. Part 2. PMID- 7105471 TI - Manufacturers of ostomy aids. PMID- 7105472 TI - Mucolipidosis II: unusual presentation with a congenital angulated fracture. PMID- 7105473 TI - A familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 8 analysed with a high resolution chromosome banding technique. AB - A familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 8 is described. The break points were localized by a high resolution chromosome banding technique and found to be inv(8)(p23.108q12.100). None of the family members had an unbalanced product of the inversion. There were no phenotypical abnormalities in the carriers. The break points and segregation pattern are compared with those of previously reported pericentric inversion of chromosome 8. PMID- 7105474 TI - Ring chromosome 15: report of a case in an infertile man. PMID- 7105475 TI - The effect of variant chromosomes on reproductive fitness in man. AB - Reproductive fitness of carriers of heterochromatic variants of the human karyotype was found to be normal. The method was based on a comparison between known carriers and known non-carriers from the same pedigree in respect of live births, generation time and survival of offspring to reproductive age. A subset of the data had been included in an earlier study in which reproductive fitness of carriers was found to be significantly reduced. Our analysis suggests that the result may have been fortuitous, since it was not supported by the additional data. There was no evidence of heterogeneity between carriers of different types of variant or of different sex. There were indications of increased fetal losses to carriers, but the number of spontaneous abortions was insufficient to produce a detectable effect on gross reproductive fitness. PMID- 7105476 TI - The argon laser in dermatology: safety aspects. PMID- 7105477 TI - Accuracy of skin cancer incidence data in the United Kingdom. PMID- 7105478 TI - Skin lesions as the first manifestation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. PMID- 7105479 TI - The treatment of fungus and yeast infections of nails by the method of "chemical removal'. PMID- 7105481 TI - The management of allergic contact dermatitis. PMID- 7105482 TI - Investigation and management of chronic urticaria and angio-oedema. PMID- 7105480 TI - Toxic epidermal necrolysis, leucopenia and thrombocytopenic purpura--a further complication of Benoxaprofen therapy. PMID- 7105483 TI - New approaches in treatment of physical urticarias. PMID- 7105484 TI - Familial dyskeratotic comedones. PMID- 7105485 TI - UV-A sensitivity due to oxytetracycline. PMID- 7105486 TI - Trypanosoma theileri: antibody-dependent killing by purified populations of bovine leucocytes. AB - Bovine leucocytes were assayed for their cytotoxic activity against Trypanosoma theileri, a large haemoflagellate parasite of cattle. Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3H-uridine release from pre-labelled parasites and also by light microscopy. Cytotoxicity proved to be totally dependent upon the presence of specific antibody. Serum and the immunoglobulin fraction of colostrum from normal adult cattle and serum from normal colostrum fed calves mediated cytotoxicity; serum from SPF colostrum deprived calves possessed no cytotoxic activity. Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages obtained from both the peripheral blood and mammary gland of heifers were cytotoxic to T. theileri epimastigotes. Lymphocytes failed to mediate cytotoxicity either in the presence or absence of specific antibody. Despite the large size of this trypanosome all effector cells phagocytosed T. theileri. Phagocytosis by macrophages and eosinophils preceded specific isotope release, however neutrophils mediated 50% specific isotope release during the phagocytic period, suggesting extracellular cell-mediated lysis. PMID- 7105487 TI - Spleen lymphocyte populations in patients with Hodgkin's disease--properties of cells with different densities. AB - Spleen lymphocytes from five patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) type mixed cellularity and five normal controls were studied. An increased percentage of 'null cells' was observed in three out of the five patients studied. The two other patients had increased percentage of T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from spleen with HD had a decreased ability to respond to suboptimal concentrations of T cell mitogens. When these cells were fractionated in a discontinuous density gradient a subpopulation of cells, unable to respond to Con A, was recovered from the dense cell fractions. The implications of the present findings to the understanding of the physiopathological changes in HD are discussed. PMID- 7105488 TI - An adoptive cell transfer system for the evaluation of immunity to Herpes simplex virus in mice. AB - Lymphocytes adoptively transferred from syngeneic immune donors protect mice against challenge with Herpes simplex virus type 1. Normal mice require transfer 3 x 10(7) spleen cells for protection. Sublethal irradiation (450 rad) decreases the number required five-fold. Lymphocytes from non-immune donors do not protect, and hyperimmunization does not enhance the protection efficiency of donors. The viral LD50 varies through a range 10(5)-fold during the period of recovery from this amount of radiation, but over the same period there is little variation in the number of cells required for protection. Nor is there much variation in this number between strains of mice naturally susceptible (CBA) and resistant (C57) to the virus. We conclude that natural resistance operates at a level of virus handling prior to operation of the lymphocyte system, perhaps at the generation of interferon. As few as 1.3 x 10(6) immune T lymphocytes can protect against challenge provided that they are transferred together with normal spleen cells. We conclude that primed lymphocytes act in co-operation with non-immune cells. PMID- 7105489 TI - Immunochemical features of a case of progressive rubella panencephalitis. AB - Progressive rubella panencephalitis (PRP), a slowly progressive and fatal central nervous system (CNS) disorder due to rubella virus, is characterized by high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of immunoglobulins, oligoclonal bands and high CSF:serum rubella antibody titre ratios. Sera, CSF and neutral extracts of brain, spleen, lymph node and kidney obtained at autopsy from a case were analysed for immunoglobulin isotype and content by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Comparable titres of rubella specific IgA and IgG were found in sera and CSF, but accounted for a disproportionate amount of the isotype specific immunoglobulins of CSF (0.19%, 14.0%) as compared to serum (0.02%, 0.69%). The percentage of isotype specific immunoglobulins were not increased in extracts of most visceral tissues compared to serum, however, rubella specific IgA and IgG were disproportionately increased in extracts from most regions of brain sampled (1-60 fold and 8-27-fold respectively). No rubella specific IgM could be conclusively demonstrated in any specimen. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the IgG reacted with the major glycoproteins (gp62, gp47-56 complex) and non-glycosylated polypeptide (p38) of radiolabelled rubella virions and infected cell lysates. These studies support the conclusion that a major portion of the rubella specific antibody is produced within the CNS of patients with PRP. PMID- 7105490 TI - Studies of cellular and humoral immunity in typhoid fever and TAB vaccinated subjects. AB - An assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi antigens in patients with acute typhoid infection, TAB inoculated subjects and in healthy controls is reported. Cell-mediated immunity as assessed by the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI), and developed in all cases with typhoid fever. Positive LMI was evident in the first week of the illness and was maintained during the evolution of disease and in some patients was still present after a year. It also developed at the end of 3 weeks in five out of nine TAB vaccinated subjects. Weakly positive LMI was noticed in only two of twenty asian and caucasian controls. Antibodies, determined by the standard Widal test, were significantly raised in both patients with typhoid fever and TAB inoculated subjects. The antibodies and cellular reactivity developed almost simultaneously but there was no correlation between the agglutination titres and LMI positivity, implying that they are independent of each other. Typhoid patients also showed significantly raised serum IgM and IgA levels and increased concentrations of secretory IgA in their saliva. PMID- 7105491 TI - Mechanisms of immunity to leishmaniasis. IV. Significance of lymphatic drainage from the site of infection. AB - The course of Leishmania tropica infection in BALB/c and B6D2 mice has been followed after injection of the parasite at different sites. The effect of interruption of lymphatic drainage from the inoculation site has also been examined. In both strains of mice, more severe disease resulted from infection induced in the shaved rump, as compared to infection in the footpad. The removal of the popliteal lymph node prior to footpad infection, caused a considerable exacerbation of the disease. Such increased severity and associated with an initial inhibition of the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and a delay in the emergence of acquired resistance. Lymph node removal did not however compromise the effector arm of the acquired immune response, nor prevent the eventual suppression of delayed hypersensitivity that has been shown to occur in the BALB/c, during leishmanial infection. PMID- 7105492 TI - IgE-dependent cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity to Litomosoides carinii microfilariae--nature of effector cells. AB - Albino rats immunized with sonicated microfilarial antigen incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant, produce antibodies that promote cell-mediated adhesion and killing of Litomosoides carinii microfilariae in vitro. Using highly purified cell populations, it has been shown that macrophages and neutrophils are most active in this phenomenon. Eosinophils, while adhering readily to parasites in the presence of the antibody, did not affect the viability of the parasites when observed after 24 hr incubation. PMID- 7105494 TI - Immunological reactions to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP) in experimental autoimmune liver disease in rabbits. AB - Humoral and cellular immunity to a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP) was followed in rabbits immunized either with allogenic rabbit LSP (RLSP) or with xenogenic human (HLSP) or bovine (BLSP) antigens. After 4 months of immunization, all rabbits showed histological changes in liver resembling those found in chronic aggressive hepatitis and occasionally also those seen in primary biliary cirrhosis in man. Antibodies reacting to both allogenic as well as xenogenic LSP preparations were found with an enzyme-linked solid phase immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all immunized rabbits. Lymphocyte transformation tests in unimmunized rabbits showed an occasional response to some of the LSP preparations and a strong response towards an equivalent rabbit kidney preparation (RKSP). After immunization, reactions to LSP preparations increased significantly, while no response to RKSP was observed. The results confirm previous findings and further demonstrate that similar LSP containing preparations from human, bovine and rabbit sources share autoantigenic, liver-specific determinants. In addition, species specific determinants seem to be present in each of the LSP preparations studied. PMID- 7105495 TI - Mitogen stimulation of human lymphocytes. II. Effect of exogenous DNA on lymphocyte function in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7105493 TI - Kinetics of specific in vitro antibody production following influenza immunization. AB - In vitro specific antibody responses to influenza viral antigens by peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes following stimulation with influenza virus or pokeweed mitogen have been measured before and at time intervals after influenza immunization in 11 healthy volunteers. There was an early increase in specific antibody produced by lymphocytes stimulated with influenza virus in vitro, in all subjects immunized. The magnitude of the response varied considerably between individuals as did its duration. Virus specific antibody production by cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen also increased after immunization in all donors. Cells from six of the 11 individuals produced specific antibody in vitro seven days after immunization without antigen or mitogen stimulation. Seven of the 11 subjects had a greater than four-fold increase in serum titre of haemagglutination inhibiting antibody. This study shows an early brisk increase in the ability of lymphocytes to respond to influenza virus in vitro following immunization consistent with a secondary immune response. PMID- 7105496 TI - Anti-poly(G) . poly(C) antibodies in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 7105497 TI - Immune complexes in primary biliary cirrhosis contain mitochondrial antigens. PMID- 7105498 TI - Autoimmunity: a possible factor in the development of retinal degeneration in the RCS rat. PMID- 7105499 TI - Identification of the alpha-gamma subunit of the eighth component of complement (C8) in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and absent C8 activity: patients and family studies. PMID- 7105500 TI - Immune regulation of immunoglobulin production in IgA-nephropathy. PMID- 7105501 TI - Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in human lung: correlation of hyperplasia with chronic pulmonary disease. PMID- 7105502 TI - The short-term course of renal function in malignant hypertensives with renal insufficiency. AB - Vigorous antihypertensive therapy in patients with malignant hypertension and renal insufficiency was evaluated to (a) predict which patients would show short term improvement in renal function and which would require dialysis and (b) establish a time-frame for the improvement. Twenty-one patients were discharged at 32 +/- 4 days with improved or stable renal function (compared to admission) and another 21 patients had worse renal function at 42 +/- 7 days. Admission blood pressure and blood pressure control were the same in the two groups. If admission serum creatinine (Scr) was 1.4-4.4 mg/dl, 68% of the patients were discharged with stable or improved Scr and dialysis was not required. If Scr was 4.5-6.9 mg/dl, 1/4 required dialysis; if 7-9.9 mg/dl, 1/2 required dialysis; if greater than 10 mg/dl, 3/4 required dialysis. Seven of 8 patients admitted with congestive heart failure required dialysis. In 10% of patients (n = 5) renal function immediately stabilized. In 30% (n - 13) renal function progressively deteriorated. In 60% (n = 24) renal function transiently deteriorated and then improved. In 22 of the 24, Scr peaked by 2 weeks and then declined. Malignant hypertensives with renal insufficiency who will potentially show improvement in renal function can be identified after two weeks of vigorous antihypertensive therapy. Four of the total group (n = 42) died during hospitalization and an additional 9 patients died by 1 year follow-up. The overall 1 year survival was 69%. PMID- 7105503 TI - "Active" intravascular coagulation in the epidemic form of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. PMID- 7105504 TI - Middle molecular weight substances in the cerebrospinal fluid of uremic patients. AB - The pathogenesis of neuropathy and encephalopathy in patients with renal failure remains unknown. Possible factors include particularly aluminium intoxication, accumulation of certain middle molecular substances (MMS) and disturbances of tryptophan metabolism. Serum and CSF taken post-mortem from 8 uremic subjects who had been treated conservatively and from 4 patients on a chronic intermittent hemodialysis program who had dialysis dementia were subjected to MMS fractionation. Although MMS could not be detected in the CSF of normal controls, these substances were found in the CSF of uremic subjects in a pattern similar to that found in serum, although their concentrations were clearly lower than in serum. Their appearance could be due to impairment of the blood-CSF barrier. Uremic patients who had been treated conservatively had significantly increased CSF tryptophan concentrations when compared to the control subjects, but the CSF tryptophan concentrations of patients with dialysis dementia were in the normal range. Thus the pathogenesis of dialysis dementia cannot be related to the accumulation of MMS or to disturbances of tryptophan metabolism in the CSF. PMID- 7105505 TI - PR interval in middle-aged men with overt and latent coronary heart disease compared to PR in angionegative and normal men of similar age. AB - PR was measured prospectively in 2014 apparently healthy men ranging in age from 40 to 59 years (P subjects), and retrospectively in 652 hospitalized men with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) (R subjects). A cardiovascular survey examination suggested CHD in 115 of the 2014 P subjects, coronary angiography of 105 of these confirmed this suspicion in 69. The following observations concerning PR were made: (1) the shortest PR was found in angiopositive P subjects, intermediate PR in 1832 normal P subjects, and PR was longest in 36 angionegative subjects. (2) PR was shortest in angiopositive P subjects with triple-vessel disease, and longest in P subjects with single-vessel disease, (3) PR increased with age, and an inverse association was found between PR and resting heart rate in P-subjects. (4) In 98 of 1832 normal P subjects, all without signs or symptoms of heart disease, PR was greater than or equal to 0.22 s. (5) Prolonged PR was no more frequent among the 652 R subjects than among P subjects, despite significant CHD in 595, and a frequent use of drugs known to delay atrioventricular conduction. It is suggested that advanced stable clinical CHD only rarely gives rise to prolonged PR at rest, and that PR in subjects with latent CHD may have somewhat shorter PR than age counterparts without symptoms or signs of CHD. Conflicting data in the literature are probably related to differences in material and methods. PMID- 7105506 TI - Invasive and noninvasive assessment of pulmonic regurgitation: clinical, angiographic, phonocardiographic, echocardiographic, and Doppler ultrasound correlations. AB - Three patients with pulmonic regurgitation and no evidence of pulmonary hypertension were investigated. These patients had low pitched diastolic murmurs which increased on inspiration, evidence of connective tissue disease as manifested by lax joints and hyperextensible skin, and marked hilar dance which extended up to the peripheral vessels. Suprasternal echocardiography revealed dilatation and increased systolic expansion of the right pulmonary artery (RPA) (25% and 28%, respectively) in two patients; the third patient had a normal RPA dimension in diastole and a marked increase in diameter (88%) in systole. Thus, these three patients demonstrated hyperdistensibility of the RPA. The spectral signal from the pulsed doppler echocardiograph showed evidence of turbulent blood flow in diastole (wide dispersion of the dots) in the right ventricular outflow tract in all three patients. This pattern was indicative of pulmonic regurgitation. In summary, the combined use of echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound is useful in the evaluation of patients with pulmonic regurgitation. PMID- 7105508 TI - Verapamil in effort-induced angina pectoris in patients with normal coronary arteries. AB - Two patients with classical effort-induced angina pectoris associated with abnormal ST-segment depression on graded exercise testing and normal coronary arteriograms are described. Both patients deteriorated during treatment with propranolol, and became asymptomatic during treatment with verapamil with normal graded exercise tests. Verapamil may thus improve an inadequate vasodilatatory response of the coronary vascular bed to effort. PMID- 7105507 TI - The heart in scleroderma: noninvasive assessment. AB - Myocardial fibrosis is found at postmortem examination in up to 80% of patient with scleroderma, yet many such patients have an entirely normal cardiovascular examination. Isometric handgrip exercise is a useful abnormality. By this method 15 patients with scleroderma (American Heart Association criteria) were compared with 15 sex and age-matched normals. Results showed that scleroderma patients had a depressed heart rate response to handgrip (p less than 0.05) and abnormal systolic and diastolic time intervals. They showed a decreased shortening of the ratio pre-ejection period to ejection time (p less than 0.05) and a lengthening of the isovolumic relaxation time compared with the control group who steadily shortened this period (p less than 0.01). These findings indicate increased stiffness and impaired contractility of the left ventricle as would be caused by an underlying fibrotic process otherwise undetectable. Immunohistological studies give support to this concept. Staining with monospecific antibodies to collagens types I to V of cardiac muscle from patients who, in life, had no overt cardiac disease, showed an excess deposition of collagens type I, III, and IV. In conclusion isometric exercise may provide a noninvasive method of unmasking subclinical fibrosis of the left ventricle in scleroderma, and immunopathological studies support these findings. PMID- 7105510 TI - Breast diseases. PMID- 7105509 TI - ABO hemolytic disease. PMID- 7105511 TI - Anatomy and embryology of the breast. PMID- 7105512 TI - History, physical examination, and breast self-examination. PMID- 7105514 TI - Epidemiology of breast cancer. AB - A number of important factors determine the risk for breast cancer, and the most important of these seem to be related to estrogen and possibly prolactin. Additional research is necessary on the role of endogenous and exogenous estrogens and the effect of diet, drugs, and other factors on the levels of estrogen and prolactin. It is unlikely that with present epidemiologic evidence, breast cancer can be prevented. We cannot alter the age of menarche, and promotion of early pregnancy to protect against breast cancer is not feasible. One risk factor that is alterable is obesity, particularly in the postmenopausal woman. The risk factors associated with exogenous estrogens following the menopause require confirmation by other studies. However, because of the strong association of these drugs with increased risk of endometrial cancer, the physician should be cautious in prescribing them. PMID- 7105513 TI - Fibrocystic disease of the breast. PMID- 7105515 TI - Mammographic detection of breast cancer. AB - Mammography, whether film or xerography, is a complementary examination to breast palpation in the detection of breast cancer. According to the guidelines of the American Cancer Society, mammography should be performed on every asymptomatic woman, at least once, over the age of 35. Annual mammography after 50 is also advised. The radiation dose to the breast from current equipment is so low as to not be considered a factor in denying a woman this screening examination. Mammography has a role in evaluating the woman with solitary and multiple breast masses. It is the only proved reliable modality able to detect nonpalpable breast cancers and small tumors less than 2 cm in size. All nonpalpable lesions should be excised by directed biopsy, using a preoperative localization technique. PMID- 7105516 TI - Breast thermography. PMID- 7105517 TI - The medical management of breast cancer. PMID- 7105518 TI - Breast reconstruction. PMID- 7105519 TI - Psychosocial issues in breast disease. AB - The awareness of cultural and psychosocial factors and attitudes toward the breast and the inclusion of these factors in the total care of the patient facilitates management of breast disease to the benefit of the patient, her family, the medical staff, and, ultimately, to society as a whole. PMID- 7105520 TI - Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced bladder carcinoma. PMID- 7105521 TI - Psychological characteristics of women electing to attend a breast screening clinic. PMID- 7105522 TI - Routine histological investigation of the axillary nodes in breast cancer. PMID- 7105523 TI - Site size and significance of palpable metastatic and 'reactive' nodes in operable breast cancer. PMID- 7105524 TI - The effect of node sample size on the histological node status in patients with operable breast cancer. PMID- 7105525 TI - Olfactory neuroblastoma in 5 1/2 month old Nigerian baby. PMID- 7105526 TI - Cancer complicating defunctioned Crohn's disease. PMID- 7105527 TI - Mucinous cystadenomas of the liver. PMID- 7105528 TI - Oral contraceptive steroids and malignancy. PMID- 7105529 TI - Irreducible tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation. PMID- 7105530 TI - Effects of external compression on blood flow to muscle and skin. PMID- 7105531 TI - Nonoperative treatment of the acute tear-drop fracture of the cervical spine. AB - The tear-drop fracture is a severe injury to the cervical spine often associated with severe cord damage. Previous authors have reported high rates of instability after nonoperative treatment of this injury and have recommended early surgical fusion. During the period from January 1978 to December 1979, ten patients with acute tear-drop fractures were treated nonoperatively. Only one required surgical fusion because of latent instability. Contrary to previous reports, adequate stability of the cervical spine was achieved nonoperatively when the spinal canal had been adequately realigned by a closed method of treatment. PMID- 7105532 TI - The wake-up technique as a dual protector of spinal cord function during spine fusion. AB - Intraoperative awakening is commonly used to evaluate voluntary motor function to lessen the risks of nerve damage during posterior spine fusion and Harrington rod instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. This is a report of intraoperative monitoring of tension in the soft tissues of patients with idiopathic scoliosis utilizing a strain-gauged distraction outrigger. The tension in soft tissues was found to drop following intraoperative awakening by an average of 52 N in the 14 patients monitored. The "wake-up" technique may aid in protecting the spinal cord from overdistraction by the increase in soft tissue tension present at the time of Harrington rod replacement in addition to providing a spot check of motor function. This increased tension may slightly repress curve correction. PMID- 7105533 TI - Aspirin prophylaxis for pulmonary embolism following total hip arthroplasty. An incidence study. AB - Although this study was performed on a relatively small number of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty in conjunction with aspirin prophylaxis for postoperative pulmonary embolism, several important points are noted: the use of pre- and postoperative lung perfusion scanning can eliminate a 15% rate of false positive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary embolism occurred in approximately 8% of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty in conjunction with aspirin prophylaxis, without fatality. This occurred despite the inclusion of high-risk patients. "Silent" pulmonary embolization occurred in 4.1% of these patients. Patients who have a history of a thromboembolism, a delayed postoperative course, and two or more risk factors for pulmonary embolism present, are at risk of developing a postoperative pulmonary embolism, despite aspirin therapy, and should be managed more aggressively, i.e., early detection or prophylactic anticoagulation therapy. PMID- 7105534 TI - The hypermobility syndrome. Musculoskeletal complaints in 100 consecutive cases of generalized joint hypermobility. AB - The hypermobility syndrome, also known as congenital laxity of ligaments and joints, occurs as an isolated condition. The genetic background is distinct from that found in other connective tissues disorders. Although joint hypermobility is relatively common in the general population, reports of musculoskeletal complaints are infrequent. An analysis of 100 consecutive cases with various musculoskeletal complaints associated with joint hypermobility demonstrated differing patterns of presentation. One group had mild musculoskeletal complaints of long duration, while another had acute episodes of pain at various sites. A third group had combined features of the first two groups. Many of the patients had complaints referable to feet and calves, while a number related to problems due to patellar hypermobility. The treatment is exercise to develop protective reflex reactions and to strengthen the surrounding musculature. Surgery must be advocated with care and is reserved for patients with secondary arthrosis. PMID- 7105535 TI - Shoulder impingement syndrome. Results of operative release. AB - For the release of mechanical impingement occurring during the movement of the humeral head and its overlying rotator cuff beneath the coracoacromial arch, 21 patients who had a painful arc resistant to conservative treatment, were treated by subacromial recession operations. The procedure consisted of resection of the coracroacromial ligament, anterior acromioplasty, excision of the acromioclavicular joint and shaving of the greater tuberosity. Resection of the coracoacromial ligament was carried out in all patients. The other procedures were added when required for complete release of the impingement. Nineteen patients obtained satisfactory results with a minimum follow-up of one year. A satisfactory result was obtained only when the operative procedure relieved the specific mechanical impingement, i.e., coracoacromial ligament, acromial spur, osteoarthritic acromioclavicular joint or exuberant greater tuberosity. PMID- 7105537 TI - Isolated posterior dislocation of the radial head. A case report. PMID- 7105538 TI - Shortening and angulation of femoral shaft fractures treated by cast brace application and early ambulation. AB - Twenty-eight patients with femoral shaft fractures were treated by early three piece cast brace application and ambulation. Unacceptable femoral shortening occurred in the first week after cast brace application in seven cases. When bony union occurred, shortening did not exceed length lost from telescoping. Fracture alignment either remained unaltered or changed to varus in response to weight bearing on the third or fourth day after cast brace application. Fractures aligned in either valgus or varus in excess of 5 degrees while the patient was lying prone tended to malalign further in that direction as healing progressed. If roentgenograms obtained in the week after cast brace application demonstrate unacceptable shortening, bed rest and skeletal traction should be instituted. With the patient lying prone, if roentgenograms show coronal malalignment greater than 5 degrees, that should be corrected by thigh cast wedging. PMID- 7105536 TI - Coracoid fracture as a complication of surgical treatment by coracoclavicular tape fixation. A case report. AB - In a 22-year-old man surgically treated for acromioclavicular dislocation, coracoid fracture was caused by bone failure at the Mersaline loop. The addition of bony erosion between the two drill holes in the clavicle caused the tape to loosen and the deformity to recur. Postoperative infection may also have played a role in causing the coracoid fracture. When tape is used, it should be passed around the clavicle, not through it. If the deformity recurs, coracoid fracture should be suspected. PMID- 7105539 TI - Cartilaginous debris in the injured human knee. Correlation with arthroscopic findings. AB - Cytologic analysis of filtered synovial lavage was compared with the independent arthroscopic findings in 70 patients with knee pain secondary to injury. Correlation existed between the arthroscopic evaluation of the articular surfaces and the presence of cartilaginous fragments and their microscopic features. Study of the filtered lavage was carried out without knowledge of the patient's clinical status or arthroscopic findings. Patients with unblemished articular surfaces and normal menisci demonstrated essentially no fragments in the synovial lavage. Minimal fibrillation of the articular surface with normal menisci was associated with few cartilage fragments per sample. Patients with moderate to severe fibrillation of the articular surface requiring a surface altering procedure, demonstrated significantly more fragments per sample. Chondrocyte nuclei were visible in these fragments, often arranged in multicellular clusters. Isolated lesions of the meniscus were associated with cartilage fragments that did not contain chondrocyte nuclei. Microscopic analysis of synovial lavage may serve as a useful diagnostic adjunct in the evaluation of the painful knee and the study of the pathogenic role of cartilage fragments is osteoarthrosis. PMID- 7105540 TI - A universal wire-passer. PMID- 7105541 TI - The functional cost of dislocation following total hip arthroplasty. AB - The consequences of dislocation following total hip arthroplasty were assessed using quantitative gait analysis. As a preliminary study, a review of 18 patients having undergone hip arthroplasty without dislocation provided as understanding of the improvement in gait in the first two years after surgery. Seven patients with a single dislocation and six patients with multiple dislocations were compared with patients matched according to age and preoperative gait characteristics and who experienced an uncomplicated recovery following hip arthroplasty. One year after surgery patients with a single dislocation could not be differentiated from the matched patients with respect to gait velocity and single limb support time. However, patients, with multiple dislocations walked significantly slower and had a significantly decreased single limb support time in the involved extremity than their respective matched patients. PMID- 7105542 TI - The microscope in anterior cervical spine surgery. PMID- 7105544 TI - Primary synovial chondromatosis. An ultrastructural study. AB - Three cases of synovial chondromatosis involving the knee were studied using the electron microscope. Cells in the hyaline cartilage nodules demonstrated ultrastructural features of typical mature cartilage. Adjacent to the cartilage nodules were areas of numerous fibroblast-like cells in a matrix containing abundant coarse cartilage. A few areas contained cells that demonstrated intermediate differentiation between chondrocytes and fibroblast--elongated cells with well developed Golgi complexes. These areas most probably represent sites of active metaplasia where previously resting fibrocytes begin to secrete a chondroid matrix. PMID- 7105543 TI - PRedominance of type II collagen in synovial chondromatosis. PMID- 7105545 TI - Disseminated nonossifying fibromas in association with cafe-au-lait spots (Jaffe Campanacci syndrome). PMID- 7105546 TI - Brucellosis: a treatable cause of monoarthritis. AB - A 16-year-old Mexican-American boy presented with acute brucella sacroileitis. The diagnosis was based on a significantly elevated agglutination titer and confirmed by the growth of B. melitensis after four weeks incubation in blood culture. The patient recovered completely after six weeks of Tetracycline therapy. Because Brucella infection responds to treatment well, this infection is important in the differential diagnosis of arthritis, especially in an area endemic for Brucella. The readily available serologic techniques should be used to support the diagnosis, while recognizing that because of the slow growth rate of B. melitensis, the appropriate laboratory procedure is essential. PMID- 7105547 TI - Tenosynovitis due to incense. AB - A 16-year-old girl accidentally incurred a puncture wound on an incense cone. The incense, like other ligneous materials, irritated the soft tissue and predisposed the radial bursa of the forearm to infection. The infectious organisms produced gas that was visible on roentogenographic examination. This caused concern until to Clostridia could be found in the wound. The bursal opening, secondary closure, and antibiotics produced a satisfactory result. PMID- 7105548 TI - Epidemiologic features of humeral fractures. AB - Five hundred sixty-four Rochester, Minnesota, residents had a total of 586 humeral fractures during the period from 1965 to 1974. Of these, 47% involved the proximal humerus, and 20% the humeral shaft, and 33% the distal humerus. The incidence of humeral fractures associated with severe trauma was relatively higher among children and young adults, and distal humeral fractures predominated. Among the elderly, however, proximal humeral fractures associated with moderate trauma were most common and were responsible for the excess humeral fracture incidence rates among women and the dramatic increase in rates with age for both sexes. Rochester incidence rates for all three humeral fracture sites were substantially greater than those previously reported from the United Kingdom, although the proximal humeral fracture incidence was very similar to that in Malmo, Sweden. The Rochester rates appear to be the best available for use in determining the costs and benefits of efforts to prevent these and other aging or osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States. PMID- 7105549 TI - Matrix antigens in allografts. The humoral response. AB - The roles of matrix antigens, link proteins (LP) and proteoglycan monomer (PG) were investigated with regard to the late rejection of joint allografts. Antisera to these antigens were produced in the rabbit. With the use of immunofluorescent techniques, these antigens can be detected in host synovium as early as six weeks after transplantation. At about 12 weeks, antibody reaction against LP and PG was detected in the recipient synovium and circulation. After transplantation there is apparently a slow release of antigen from the cartilage matrix that is concentrated within the synoviun. An immune response occurs in the tissue which subsequently becomes transformed into a pannus and ultimately destroys the allograft. Whether the humoral response observed is primarily responsible for allograft rejection has not been determined. LP and PG could evoke a cytotoxic response that is more significant. Histocompatibility antigens could be primarily responsible for allograft rejection and the humoral response to LP and PG may be a secondary phenomenon. PMID- 7105550 TI - A comparison of collagen synthesis by different categories of human chondrosarcoma in organ culture. AB - Accurate diagnosis of the degree of malignancy of individual chondrosarcomas is a difficult problem for the orthopedist. To determine whether certain biochemical and metabolic parameters might provide a useful supplement to roentgenologic and histologic evaluations, 19 human chondrosarcomas were analyzed for DNA and collagen content, and for 3H-proline incorporation into 3H-hydroxyproline and total protein. When these values were compared by estimated tumor grade (benign, low, or high) and by tissue type (hyaline, fibrous, myxoid, or mixed), collagen content, synthesis, and total protein synthesis appeared to vary inversely with apparent degree of malignancy, suggesting that different levels of transformation may be represented in these tumors. These measurements may provide a useful adjunct to histologic and roentgenologic evaluations to more accurately predict the degree of malignancy and the tendency of individual tumors to metastasize. PMID- 7105551 TI - Observations of reversibility of glycosaminoglycan depletion in articular cartilage. AB - Observations of reversibility in the surface depletion of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage after experimental surgical operations focussed attention on whether the depletion always leads to osteoarthritis or may be an early nonspecific response of articular cartilage to differing injuries. Histologic sections obtained from the patellae of 42 rabbits were investigated at different postoperative intervals. On sections stained metachromatically with Toluidine blue at pH 3, visual measurement by light microscopic examination as well as measurement of optical density, were performed to estimate the degree of surface depletion of glycosaminoglycans. In addition, the glycosaminoglycan level in the areas below the depleted zones was measured by optical densitometry. The results obtained by both methods demonstrated a marked depletion of glycosaminoglycans one week after surgery, reaching a maximum after four weeks. Subsequently, significant decreased depletion continued until 26 weeks. The mean level of glycosaminoglycans was always lower than normal. Concurrent with the surface depletion of glycosaminoglycans were histologic signs of synovitis. Reversible surface depletion of glycosaminoglycans may occur in articular cartilage with normal morphology. It presumably represents a nonspecific reaction of cartilage as well as an early sign of osteoarthritis before "the state of no return." PMID- 7105553 TI - Traumatic bowing of the forearm in an adult. AB - A 24-year-old woman sustained a low-velocity, continuous pressure injury to the right forearm from a conveyer belt machine. The accident caused bowing of the radius and ulna, an injury not previously reported in adults. A closed manipulation with the patient under general anesthesia required considerable force to obtain partial reduction of the radial bowing and almost complete correction of the ulnar bowing. Follow-up examination at two years demonstrated no loss of position but persistent radial bowing. The injury is a good illustration of plastic deformation in bone which is a rare condition in adults due to the elastic properties of bone and typical fracture mechanics. PMID- 7105552 TI - Functional adaptation of bone in response to sinusoidally varying controlled compressive loading of the ovine metacarpus. AB - To obtain carried load, quantitative data relating functional adaptation of bone to controlled, sinusoidally-varying, compressive loading of constant amplitude was applied to the right metacarpal bones via Steinmann's pins inserted through the metaphyses in 13 sheep. Loading was applied for two 1-hr periods/day at 24 cycle/minute, through-out a test period of 28 days. The amplitude of the applied loading was varied from test to test, giving peak stresses on the mid-diaphyseal cross-section that ranged from 2.2-8.3 N/mm2. In the mid-diaphyseal region, the bone responded by periosteal apposition, with maximum proliferation usually occurring on the medio- and laterovolar borders and relatively little new bone on the dorsal and volar aspects. The cross-sectional areas of new bone was roughly proportional to the applied stress, with a maximum increase of approximately 8% in the most highly stressed bones. There was also evidence that periosteal resorption had occurred, presumably as the first step in the apposition process. A significantly increased level of intracortical activity was found in the right metacarpus as compared with the contralateral bone. PMID- 7105554 TI - Fracture of the proximal shaft of the radius associated with posterior dislocation of the elbow. A case report and review of the literature. PMID- 7105555 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip. PMID- 7105556 TI - Component alignment and trochanteric detachment in total hip arthroplasty. AB - The relationship between the type and alignment of the prosthetic components and detachment of the greater trochanter in a series of Charnley total hip replacements was investigated. Detachment occurred with increased frequency if the femoral component was positioned in valgus or the cup low in the acetabulum. Whether two or three wires were used to reattach the trochanter did not affect the incidence of detachment. Detachment was unrelated to the patients' weight. Surgical inexperience and a persistent postoperative limp, often effected by joints other than the replaced hip, predisposed to detachment. Detachment is produced by distractive forces arising from the abductor mechanism, acting through the trochanter across the wire fixation. These forces can be reduced by neutral positioning of the femoral stem with the lower pole of the cup 5 mms above the tear-drop. PMID- 7105557 TI - Pulmonary capillary leak associated with methylmethacrylate during general anesthesia. A case report. AB - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (capillary leak syndrome) developed in a 61-year old woman after methylmethacrylate was inserted for total hip replacement. The diagnosis was based on the low pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures, low systemic vascular resistance, relative hypovolemia, and clear pulmonary edema. The diagnosis of capillary leak syndrome can be confirmed by the finding of a protein composition of the pulmonary edema approximating that of plasma. The mechanism causing the capillary leak syndrome is unclear, but may be related to hypersensitivity, i.e., a previous hip arthroplasty, or to the release of vasoactive substances. Management consisted of fluid replacement to maintain cardiac output, and mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure to provide adequate oxygenation. PMID- 7105558 TI - Cefoxitin antibiotic concentration in bone and synovial fluid. AB - A single intravenous 2 g dose of cefoxitin, a broad spectrum antibiotic, was administered prophylactically just prior to operation on 60 patients undergoing total joint replacement (30 total hip replacements, 30 total knee replacements). Specimens of blood, bone, and synovial fluid were obtained during the operative procedure and assayed for cefoxitin concentration. Peak serum levels drawn five minutes after completion of antibiotic administration showed an average of 191 mcg/ml. Synovial fluid specimens were obtained an average of 33 minutes following antibiotic administration with a mean cefoxitin concentration of 72 mcg/ml. Bone samples from either the femoral condyle or femur head were taken an average of 65 minutes after the antibiotic was given and showed a mean cefoxitin concentration of 12 mcg/g. Simultaneous serum concentration was 63 mcg/ml. No allergic reactions occurred despite a history of skin rash after penicillin in eight patients. One patient developed deep infection caused by poor healing of the skin over the surgical site, thus leading to infection and involvement of the joint well after prophylaxis ended. PMID- 7105559 TI - A method of plugging femoral shaft perforations during total hip arthroplasty. PMID- 7105560 TI - A maneuver for improved positioning of a tourniquet in the obese patient. AB - Proximal positioning of an arterial tourniquet will be greatly facilitated by having an assistant firmly draw the skin and subcutaneous tissue distally prior to positioning the cast padding and tourniquet. This simple maneuver is clearly not part of current practice or training, despite the simplicity and effectiveness. Excessive tourniquet tightening should be avoided prior to fixing the Velcro fasteners, a practice which is commonly employed and is not only ineffective in maintaining proximal tourniquet positioning, but also deleterious in that it creates a "venous tourniquet" effect. Loosening of the restraining adhesive tapes and unnecessary traction of adhesive tape on sensitive skin can be avoided by bringing the extremity to its resting position before fastening the tape proximal to the tourniquet. PMID- 7105561 TI - The knee immobilizer as an aid in the prevention of postoperative endoprosthetic dislocations. PMID- 7105562 TI - Experience with the Maquet barrel-vault osteotomy. PMID- 7105563 TI - Peripheral nerve blocks at the knee and ankle in operations for common foot disorders. AB - Two hundred eighty-four outpatients who had common foot disorders underwent operation after administration of regional anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks at the knee and ankle and an ankle tourniquet. In a prospective series of 59 patients, the technique used in analgesic blocks of the foot is described, and the amount and latency of the local anesthetic agent were evaluated, as well as the duration of analgesia. The blocks were complete in 95% of the patients. Reblocking was never necessary. None of the 284 patients showed signs of postanesthetic neuralgia. The method is inexpensive, easy to perform and recommended for treatment of foot disorders. PMID- 7105564 TI - The results of decompression of cord or cauda equina compression from metastatic extradural tumors. AB - The role of decompression in spinal metastases with neurologic deficit is controversial. This series demonstrates that the benefit from decompression depends on the nature of the tumor and the neurologic status of the patient. Prognosis is good for patients with incomplete paraplegia, intact sphincter control, a long duration of neurologic deficit and pain, and a gradual onset of compression. The prognosis is poor in cases with complete paraplegia, loss of sphincter control, a short duration of neurologic deficit and pain, and a sudden onset of compression. Surgery is not advocated for all cases, because many patients are already very ill. Surgery is recommended only for selective cases in which the prognosis is good. However, decompression is only palliative. Posterior decompression is preferred, inasmuch as the surgery is less extensive compared to anterior decompression and fusion. PMID- 7105565 TI - Biomechanics of pathologic fractures. AB - The successful treatment of a patient with a tumor involves an estimate of weakening due to the tumor and a consideration of the probability of gross fracture through that defect. Weakening due to an open section defect usually results in fracture. Holes produce a stress concentration that is of concern to the orthopedist in reconstituting such fractures. The reconstitution itself must be such that the postoperative possibility of refracture is minimized. Surface structured intramedullary devices and polymethylmethacrylate offer conversion of open sections into closed sections and minimize the stress risers to allow significant uniaxial bending and torsional loads to be carried by the reconstituted bone, which is usually of inadequate quality to allow reconstitution with screws, plates, and cement. Treatment of a pathologic fracture often involves extensive bony resection, necessitating reconstitution for mechanical stability and reduction of limb shortening. Several combinations of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and standard metallic devices are satisfactory for reconstitution. Those combinations that offer the maximum cement metal interface interactions should be chosen and used with proper cement preparation and delivery. PMID- 7105566 TI - Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy of the femoral head for the treatment of osteonecrosis. Follow-up statistics. AB - Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy of the femoral head was technically established as a surgical procedure in 1972. This procedure has been successfully performed on 250 hips in 204 patients. In the treatment of idiopathic and steroid induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head, the results of 128 hips in 90 patients followed two to nine years were reviewed. In 98 of 128 hips, excellent results were obtained clinically and roentgenographically. Progressive collapse in the newly created weight-bearing area occurred in 25 hips where the lesions had been extensive. In 35 of 39 Grade I or II hips, excellent results were obtained in every respect (success rate: 90%). Following the analysis of results on the preoperative lateral roentgenograms of the femoral head, 76 of the 80 hips in the group in which the intact area was greater than one third of the total articular surface showed no collapse of the newly created weight-bearing area, thus accounting for a 95% success rate. In cases when a further collapse was prevented, the necrotic lesions were smaller at follow-up. Excellent results were obtained when the osteotomy was performed during the early stage of necrosis and in the absence of an advanced collapse, even in extensive lesions. In advanced cases with an extensive lesion, adequate anterior rotation is essential and intentional varus position should be designed. These results suggest that this procedure will inhibit progressive collapse of the femoral head and restore the joint more effectively than other surgical procedures. PMID- 7105567 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip. Open reduction by the medial approach. AB - In a retrospective clinical review of patients with congenital dislocation of the hip who underwent open reduction through the Ludloff medial approach, stability of reduction, acetabular development and presence of avascular necrosis were evaluated in 11 patients with 15 dislocated hips. This approach was reserved for patients younger than 18 months of age in whom closed reduction had failed. Ten patients with 14 hips underwent preoperative traction. All 15 hips at follow-up or just prior to subsequent surgery displayed dysplastic and insufficient acetabular development, with persistent subluxation in nine hips. Subsequent surgery to obtain better concentric reduction and acetabular coverage was performed in six hips, and further surgery is being considered in four other hips. Ten hips showed signs of avascular necrosis of the ossific nucleus, with additional involvement of the growth plate in four hips. The medial approach resulted in inadequate concentric reduction, with a high incidence of avascular necrosis. In the majority of patients in this small series, a secondary procedure was needed to improve hip stability and the acetabular dysplasia. PMID- 7105568 TI - Recurrent villonodular synovitis of the knee. Successful treatment with yttrium 90. AB - A 40-year-old woman with recurrent pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee was treated with Yttrium-90 radiocolloid. The advantages of Yttrium-90 include effectiveness, low cost, simplicity, and low morbidity. The radiophysical properties of Yttrium-90 that make it a useful therapeutic agent are short half life, pure beta emission and good penetration of the soft tissues. Side effects are few, predictable, and for the most part, avoidable. Radionecrosis of soft tissue, needle tract pigmentation, injection site tenderness, pyrexia, and lymphocyte chromosomal abnormalities have been reported. The indications for intra-articular radiocolloid therapy are the same as for surgical synovectomy, except that it is reserved for patients older than 35 years of age. The pathologic events following Yttrium-90 therapy in experimental animals show coagulation necrosis of the synovium, followed by an intense inflammatory reaction, leading ultimately to fibrosis. Yttrium-90 is a useful adjuvant in the treatment of recurrent pigmented villonodular synovitis. PMID- 7105569 TI - Ambulatory dynamic patellar traction for patellar reconstruction. AB - When severe adjacent soft tissue injury precludes early operative repair of the patellar tendon, proximal migration of the patella and secondary quadriceps contracture may occur. Ambulatory dynamic patellar traction employs a cast brace assembly that prevents or corrects early proximal migration of the patella. The cast brace assembly incorporates a transverse threaded Steinmann pin through the patella, wire loops on the leg section of a cast brace, rubber band traction between the Steinmann pin and the wire loops, and drop lock knee hinges. The use of drop lock hinges allows passive knee motion when the lock is released and ambulation with a stable knee when the hinge is locked. Application of the dynamic ambulatory traction method is employed in the case of a 21-year-old man who sustained a severe electrical burn to the knee with loss of anterior soft tissue, including the patellar tendon. The prescribed traction method corrected early proximal migration of the patella prior to infrapatellar tendon reconstruction. PMID- 7105570 TI - Mechanisms of metastasis. AB - The mechanism by which a malignant tumor cell establishes a metastatic foci is a complex process requiring the successful completion of a series of steps. If any step cannot be completed, the entire process fails. The tumor cell must separate from the primary tumor, gain access to an efferent channel (lymphatic or vascular), survive transport to a distant capillary bed, exit the vessel at the distant site, and obtain a new blood supply within the distant organ, if successful macrometastases are to develop. As the mysteries of this process are being unraveled, numerous heretofore beliefs have been disproven and new beliefs established. The primary malignant tumor is a heterogenous mixture of malignant cells, each subcell type with unique properties. Both lymphatic and vascular channels offer an efferent pathway for tumor cells, whether they be carcinomatous or sarcomatous. The location of the clinical metastasis is not a haphazard process, but rather a combination of selection by the tumor cell and mechanical trapping of the tumor cell fibrin-platelet clot. Finally, investigations are beginning to demonstrate that the immune process is exceedingly complex and its role in defense against malignancy is far from understood. As more is learned, new treatment methods will become available to combat the metastatic process. If metastasis were to be controlled, cancer would be conquered. PMID- 7105571 TI - Autonomic dysreflexia. A cause of morbidity and mortality in orthopedic patients with spinal cord injury. PMID- 7105572 TI - Fracture of the distal humeral chondroepiphysis in the neonate. A case report. AB - A neonatal fracture-separation of the distal humeral chondroepiphysis occurred associated with a difficult footling breach delivery. The diagnosis can be predicted when a physical examination of an apparently "dislocated" elbow reveals a normal triangular relationship between the olecranon process and the medial and lateral epicondyles. The injured epiphysis tethered on a wide-based periostium. Acceptable reduction was obtained by alignment of the fracture fragments and avoidance of an abnormal varus or valgus alignment. Healing was rapid, and remodeling as well as range of motion were excellent at six months. PMID- 7105573 TI - The carpal tunnel syndrome and amyloidosis. A case report. PMID- 7105574 TI - Krukenberg's kineplasty and rehabilitation in a blind, bilateral full-hand amputee. AB - In blind persons, perception from the remaining sensory mechanisms is of utmost importance in maintaining contact with their surrounds. Absence of visual input in bilateral hand amputees would render the use of prosthetic devices unsuccessful. Krukenberg's kineplasty, which transforms the forearm stump into a forceps and provides retention of tactile, pain, temperature, and proprioceptive inputs, can increase the patient's functional abilities substantially. In the case reported, a 12-year-old boy who became blind and a bilateral hand amputee as a result of an explosion had significantly improved functional ability, independence, and life-style after this procedure. Active physical and occupational therapy and muscle re-education, begun two to three weeks after the Krukenberg procedure, were very important in aiding the patient to achieve independent function. PMID- 7105576 TI - A retrospective study of Moore and Thompson hemiarthroplasty. A review of 599 surgical cases and an analysis of the technical complications. AB - In a retrospective review of 580 patients with 599 hemiarthroplasties of the hip, 454 operations (75.8%) were carried out as primary procedures for fresh intracapsular fractures, and 145 operations (24.2%) were performed as salvage procedures. The three-month mortality rate was 5.0%, and the dislocation rate was 5.3%. The early results were assessed by roentgenograms alone; head size, neck length, stem-shaft angle, and calcar seating were measured on preoperative and postoperative films. Anteversion and retroversion could not be accurately assessed. Using an arbitrary rating system, the results were graded as excellent on the basis of four anatomical criteria: good, on the basis of three; fair, of two; and poor, on only one or none. Only 173 prostheses (26.3%) were graded as excellent and 103 (27.3%) as good. At least 70 (25.3%) were just fair, and 31 (11.2%) were poor. Inappropriate neck length was present in 55.0% of the dislocated prostheses, incorrect head size in 25.0%, varus of the prosthesis in 20.0%, and poor calcar seating in 25.0%. Thus, technical errors account for a significant number of imperfect hemiarthroplasties of the hip. Careful attention to detail should decrease the incidence of errors and improve end-results. PMID- 7105575 TI - Lumbar spinal nerve lateral entrapment. AB - In past years, lumbar nerve lateral entrapment seldom has been diagnosed. A presumptive preoperative diagnosis has been made based on clinical findings and radiographs demonstrating disc resorption. The Computed Tomography scan has made it possible to diagnose the lesion with certainty and accuracy. Treatment for patients who do not respond to conservative measures is a bilateral minimal partial laminectomy. The lateral canal is enlarged by removing the medial and anterior parts of the superior articular process. Adhesion formation is prevented by placing a free fat graft posterior to the dura. Instability is diagnosed by examining stress radiographs and, when present, is treated by a one level posterolateral fusion. After operation, marked improvement was obtained in 62% of patients and slight improvement in another 21%; 17% were unimproved. Sixty-two per cent of patients reported no pain or mild pain. Sixty-six per cent resumed their previous occupation. PMID- 7105577 TI - Assessment of fixed flexion deformity of the hip. AB - The time-honored method of measuring fixed flexion deformity of the hip of Hugh Owen Thomas (HOT) gives misleading results, because hip movements are not separated from pelvic and spinal movement. A photographic method of measuring the angle between the thigh and pelvis was used to compare the results of the HOT with those of a new test, whereby the patient is examined prone, with the ipsilateral thigh flexed over the side of the examination couch. The errors inherent in Thomas's test ranged from 5 degrees to 20 degrees, while the errors in the new prone test ranged from 0.5 degrees to 4.5 degrees. A comparison of the two tests demonstrated that the HOT consistently gave greater angles, depending on the amount of flexion imposed on the contralateral hip by the examiner. PMID- 7105578 TI - Evaluation of the Zickel supracondylar fixation device. AB - The Zickel supracondylar fixation device is an excellent means of treating distal femoral fractures when compared with historic controls. An overall satisfactory rating of 88% was obtained using the Zickel device. There were no delayed unions in primary fracture treatment (mean union rate, 10 weeks). Complications were minimal, with no deaths or deep wound infections. Functional and anatomic results were excellent, particularly with respect to knee motion. The system is relatively inexpensive, requires minimal instrumentation, and is technically simple. The disadvantages with use of the device are few. As compared with the AO technique, the results are nonanatomic, with an average shortening of 1 cm. Secondary procedures, while minor, were frequently performed (50%). Pain over the device in the knee area was a common complaint. Closed conservative treatment of distal femoral fractures will always be a highly acceptable treatment modality, with good end-results. The Zickel supracondylar fixation device offers orthopedic surgeons many advantages and should be included in their armamentarium. PMID- 7105579 TI - Townley anatomic total knee arthroplasty using total tibial component with cruciate release. AB - The results (average follow-up of 29 months) of the Townley anatomic knee replacement utilizing cruciate release with total tibial component variant is presented in 72 patients with 88 knee replacements. Postoperatively, 94% of the patients had mild or no pain, 99% were able to walk outdoors with minor or no restriction, 82% had flexion of greater than 80 degrees. Ninety-eight per cent of the patients were realigned within 10 degrees of varus/valgus postoperatively. Revision surgery was required in four cases for loosening and in one case for infection. Resurfacing total knee replacements, including the Townley type, appear to be approaching an acceptable level of efficiency and performance, but extensive long-term follow-up is essential for a definitive evaluation of this method. PMID- 7105580 TI - Mechanisms of lytic and blastic metastatic disease of bone. AB - In the majority of skeletal metastases, new bone develops simultaneously with bone destruction. The roentgenogram indicates the net effect of these two processes. Where the bone formation predominates, the lesion appears sclerotic. Where bone destruction predominates, it appears lytic. Mixed lesions may also occur. There are two main mechanisms for the new bone formation. Those tumors associated with a suitable fibrous stroma develop islands of intramembranous ossification within the stroma, e.g., metastases from prostatic carcinoma. In the vast majority of metastases bone destruction is associated with reactive new bone formation. The latter is similar to callus associated with fracture repair. Myelomata and lymphomata are not associated with this reactive new bone formation. There are at least two main mechanisms for the bone destruction. The earlier and quantitatively more important phase is mediated via osteoclasts, neoplasms secreting a variety of osteoclast stimulating factors. The main humoral factor in myeloma and the lymphomata is probably osteoclast activating factor (OAF), whereas in the carcinomata it may be prostaglandin. Two thirds of human mammary carcinomata are osteolytically active in vitro. In a co-culture model, the osteolysis can be significantly reduced by prostaglandin inhibitors, diphosphonates and particularly, their combination. At a late stage, neoplastic or monocytic cells are directly responsible for the continuing bone destruction. PMID- 7105581 TI - Afferent sensory feedback for lower extremity prosthesis. AB - Electrical stimulation has been applied to sciatic nerves of patients to achieve sensory feedback after lower limb amputation for periods of up to six years. Patients used the sensory feedback device daily. Pain, infection and electrode displacement have not been problems. The immediate postoperative benefits are that pain is minimized after amputation and stump healing is improved. Furthermore, the stimulus affords the patient increased confidence when walking due to renewed awareness of the center of gravity. Improved ability to function in the dark and when walking up and down stairways makes the application of sciatic nerve stimulation after amputation very rewarding. PMID- 7105582 TI - Recurrent traumatic elbow dislocation. AB - Another example of a rare complication of a common elbow luxation is added to the recorded cases, coupled with an updated review of the literature. In a 14-year old boy, the etiology initially was typical trauma and subsequently resulted in chronic instability. The severity of the ligamentous trauma was not appreciated until the lesion was examined by medial and lateral exposures of the elbow. The Osborne and Cotterill repair procedure was found not feasible. Substitution of dual slings of tendinous fascia lata by implantation successfully restored ginglymus joint stability and corrected recurrent elbow dislocation. No recurrences occurred after repeated follow-up examinations. This procedure is recommended when other options are nonexistent. PMID- 7105583 TI - Leverage method in displaced fractures of the radial neck in children. AB - Displaced radial neck fractures in children usually are treated by open reduction, which introduces additional trauma. Furthermore, the results are not always excellent. In two series of radial neck fractures in children (Types II and III of O'Brien classification), ten were treated surgically (Group I) and 12 were treated by percutaneous leverage method with a Kirschner wire immediately removed after the reduction (Group II). The overall results in Group 2 were better than in Group I. Surgical reduction should be reserved for failed reductions by percutaneous leverage method. PMID- 7105584 TI - Nutritional changes in the canine intervertebral disc after spinal fusion. PMID- 7105585 TI - Rotational knee strain resulting in patellar dislocation. An experimental study in rabbits. AB - The right lower extremities of 64 young rabbits were immobilized by a plaster spica. The animals developed a gait pattern, which included internal tibial rotation and adduction of the left (unimmobilized) tibia. Twenty-one of the animals developed medial patellar dislocation in the unimmobilized lower extremity. The mechanism of the patellar dislocation in this experimental model was possibly overstretching of the lateral colateral ligament and the lateral side of the joint capsule, associated with medial rotation of the tibia and the tibial tubercle. The direction of patellar pull when gliding inferiorly during knee flexion was shifted medially, resulting in patellar dislocation and secondarily, in formation of an exostosis under the displaced patella. Hip arthrodesis in humans, as a course of rotational instability of the contralateral knee, resembles some aspects of this experimental condition. PMID- 7105586 TI - Silver antibacterial bone cement. Comparison with gentamicin in experimental osteomyelitis. AB - An animal model was used to evaluate and compare silver methacrylate with gentamicin methacrylate in experimental Staphylococcus osteomyelitis. One tibia from each of 54 rabbits was innoculated with 4 X 10(6) CFU of S. aureus and inserted with prepolymerized PMM rods containing either 1% Ag2SO4, 2.5% gentamicin, or no additives. By six weeks, the mortality rate was 61% in controls, 22% in Ag-PMM animals and 6% in gentamicin-PMM animals. Bacterial counts from the bone of dying and surviving animals were significantly lower than controls, 23.6% of controls for the Ag-PMM treated and 6.0% for the gentamicin PMM treated groups. All surviving animals were culture positive, except for three sterile bones obtained from the gentamicin-PMM group. In light of these results and the favorable characteristics as an antimicrobial agent, further investigation of silver in bone cement (or other vehicles) for the prevention or treatment of bone infection appears warranted. PMID- 7105587 TI - Measurement of cortical thickness in a human cadaver femur. Conventional roentgenography versus computed tomography. AB - Mechanical testing of bone specimens provides information on the fundamental properties of bone and greater understanding of the mechanisms for specific injury patterns. Because the shaft of a long bone can be considered a cylinder, relatively simple models can be used to predict the response of bone to applied forces. However, the cortex thickness along the shaft must be known prior to stressing and fracturing the bone. Conventional roentgenograms and computed tomographic (CT) scans were used to measure at 300 points along the femoral shaft. Both roentgenograms and CT scans overestimated the measured cortical thicknesses by 6% (+/- 11.1%) and 13.4% (+/- 7.8%), respectively. While the roentgenographic method is more accurate, the CT method is technically easier to implement and more generally suitable for the purposes of most research. PMID- 7105588 TI - Remodeling of large, persistent bone defects. AB - Large, standard, persistent, metaphyseal defects were surgically produced in adult dogs' distal femora to simulate clinical defects. Dogs were killed at intervals after surgery ranging from zero to 48 weeks. Biomechanical testing revealed that initially, the torsional strength was reduced to 44% of normal. A gradual return of torsional strength to 90% of normal occurred by 48 weeks. Roentgenographic and histologic studies of the animals and specimens correlated remodeled bone formation with increasing strength. In a small group of animals, suspected microfractures occurred early, induced bone regeneration, and resulted in accelerated recovery of strength. PMID- 7105589 TI - The influence of early weight-bearing on experimental total hip arthroplasties in dogs. AB - The bone-cement interface is an area of concern in the long-term fixation of endoprostheses. The effect of early weight-bearing on the interface has been discussed as an important parameter influencing the characteristics of the interface. In this study, a total hip arthroplasty was performed in two groups of six dogs each. One group was allowed immediate weight-bearing, while in the other, a knee disarticulation amputation was done to prevent weight-bearing. Three animals of each group were killed at three months and three of each group at six months, and a histological study of the interface was done. No morphologic difference was observed between weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing animals in the interface area. Endosteal bone remodeling occurred regardless of weight bearing stresses. A fibrous membrane was found between the cement and the endosteal surface of the femur, and membrane thickness was similar in all animals. The membrane between the cement and acetabular bone, however, was consistently thicker. Quantitative studies revealed increased femoral cortical bone resorption in the nonweight-bearing animals. PMID- 7105590 TI - New trends in the management of lower extremity metastases. AB - Metastases involving the pelvis and lower extremities are common among the large population of cancer patients presently treated by hormonal or chemotherapy. The use of methylmethacrylate as an adjunct to conventional fracture fixation has improved markedly the results of pathological fracture management. Intertrochanteric femoral fractures should be internally fixed by a combination of a compression hip screw and methylmethacrylate. Subtrochanteric pathological fractures should be internally fixed using a Zickel nail and methylmethacrylate. Pathologic fractures of the femoral neck should be treated by replacement with a long-stem proximal femoral prosthesis. Fractures of the acetabulum must be analyzed as to the extent of medial wall or superior wall osteolysis. Prosthetic hip replacement is appropriate for these fractures but must be augmented by specialized fixation devices, depending on the extent of tumor osteolysis. The indications for prophylactic fixation of lytic lesions of the femur include: (1) a lesion 2.5 cm or larger in size; (2) a lesion destroying 50% or more of the femoral cortex; and (3) a lesion causing local pain with weight-bearing despite adequate radiotherapy. Local radiotherapy can be administered in an abbreviated interval and with much lower dosage than has been accepted conventionally, and the results with regard to tumor control, fracture healing, and cost to the patient will be much improved. PMID- 7105592 TI - Metastatic disease of the spine. PMID- 7105591 TI - Surgical management of metastatic disease of bone at the hip. AB - Concordant advances in cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical technique have been of apparent benefit to many cancer patients suffering from skeletal involvement at the hip. Consideration of the effects of underlying disease and prior treatment must be evaluated prior to developing a surgical plan. Acetabular involvement can be treated by either conventional or augmented total hip arthroplasty using protrusio rings and acetabular meshes, depending upon minor or major degrees of tumor destruction. Girdlestone resection arthroplasty for massive degrees of acetabular involvement yields only modest results. Femoral neck fractures can be treated by endoprosthetic replacement. However, the association of acetabular disease should be considered, and if present, total hip arthroplasty should be performed. Intertrochanteric fractures can be stabilized with the use of a stout tubeplate nail device plus cement. Subtrochanteric fractures can be stabilized with a Zickel nail device plus cement. The goals of treatment are to relieve pain and restore function by using a device with an anticipated fatigue life which should exceed the patient's life expectancy. PMID- 7105593 TI - [Two cases of Parkinson's disease with diphasic dyskinesia, seen during levodopa treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105594 TI - [Unusual sibling cases of Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105595 TI - [Two cases of acute polyradiculoneuritis associated with influenza A virus infection and vaccination (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105596 TI - [Clinicopathologic study of anoxic encephalopathy showing alpha coma after cardiac arrest (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105597 TI - [A case of a mitochondrial myopathy with cylindrical spirals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105598 TI - [A case of generalized komuragaeri disease complicating myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105599 TI - [Endoneurial deposition of immunoglobulins in cases of plasma cell dyscrasia associated with polyneuropathy, edema and pigmentation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105600 TI - Tc-99m diphosphonate imaging in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. AB - Early Tc-99m diphosphonate (DP) imaging was performed in 122 patients with cold thyroid nodules in an effort to differentiate benign nodules from malignant. Immediately upon completion of the routine 24-hour I-123 uptake and multiview pinhole imaging, Tc-99m DP was injected intravenously and three serial 3-minute anterior images of the thyroid gland were obtained. Follow-up information was available in 85 patients. All cystic lesions had less Tc-99m uptake as compared with the uptake in the normal parts of the thyroid. However, 48 of 50 solid nodules had Tc-99m DP uptake to the same or greater degree than did the normal gland. The other two had mixed pattern on ultrasound examination. Most of the carcinomas (8 of 10) and benign adenomas (15 of 22) had identical appearance on Tc-99m scans, i.e., uptake in the lesion being the same as in the normal thyroid. It appears that by using this technique it is possible to separate solid nodules from cystic, but not benign from malignant. PMID- 7105601 TI - Suspected acute cholecystitis. Comparison of hepatobiliary scintigraphy versus ultrasonography. AB - One hundred ninety-five patients with suspected acute cholecystitis (AC) underwent both hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) and static gray-scale ultrasonography (US) to assess the relative value of each imaging modality in this clinical setting. HBS was performed after the intravenous injection of 5 mCi Tc-99m iprofenin. Abnormal HBS indicative of AC visualized the common bile duct, but not the gallbladder, within 1 to 4 hours after tracer administration. Abnormal US indicative of AC demonstrated cholelithiasis and/or gallbladder wall edema. In this series, HBS surpassed US in sensitivity (98.3% versus 81.4%), specificity (90.2% versus 60.2%), predictive value of an abnormal test (91.4% versus 51.6%), and predictive value of a normal test (100% versus 92%), HBS should be the procedure of choice for the rapid detection of AC. PMID- 7105602 TI - Radioactive iodine uptake by a large cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 7105603 TI - An atlas of salivary gland disorders. AB - In the initial evaluation of a possible salivary gland disorder, salivary scintigraphy is a diagnostic and non-invasive examination of function (7). Further definition of anatomical abnormalities may require a panoramic radiograph of teeth and mandible, contrast sialogram, ultrasound, or computerized tomography. However, these latter methods contribute primarily anatomical information, and scintigraphy remains the best assessment of function. Our clinical experience with salivary scintigraphy is summarized in Table 1. PMID- 7105604 TI - GA-67 scintigraphy. Calcium gluconate extravasation. PMID- 7105605 TI - Premature visualization of sagittal sinus in radionuclide angiography as a sign of arteriovenous malformation. PMID- 7105606 TI - The value of gallium imaging in a pediatric patient with inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 7105607 TI - Pre-pregnancy counselling in obstetrics. PMID- 7105608 TI - The 'small-for-dates' problem. PMID- 7105609 TI - Previous obstetrical or gynaecological surgery. PMID- 7105610 TI - Counselling patients for artificial insemination and subsequent pregnancy. AB - Patients contemplating conception by artificial insemination can be assured that their pregnancy will be as normal as that following natural insemination. In particular, there is no evidence of increased rate of abortion or fetal abnormality. In general, the results of AIH are disappointing and patients should be made aware of this before such treatment is advised or undertaken. The indications must be well defined and a realistic prognosis given. Pregnancy rates with AID are good using either fresh or frozen semen. It is the moral and legal implications of this procedure which raise the problems. Therefore it is vital that a couple be allowed to consider these problems fully before proceeding and it is the responsibility of their medical practitioner to ensure that they have the facility to do this. PMID- 7105611 TI - Development of a model practice for pediatric residents. Economic and administrative considerations. AB - A model pediatric residents' group practice which functions independently of the hospital administration and, to a large extent, of the university administration was developed for the specific purpose of training pediatric residents. During the second year of operation (1981), the residents' group practice met 91 per cent of all expenses, including faculty and resident salaries. The residents' group practice shares many characteristics of private practice (e.g., continuity of physician-patient relationship, appointment keeping, efficient patient flow, and physician participation in practice management). Through their involvement in the management of the practice, residents learn about socioeconomic aspects of pediatric practice and learn how to provide affordable primary care of high quality. Suggestions for developing similar models elsewhere are described. PMID- 7105612 TI - Diagnostic styles of attending pediatricians, residents, and nurses in evaluating febrile children. AB - In order to compare the diagnostic styles of attending pediatricians (A), residents (R), and nurses (N) in judging the degree of illness of a febrile child prior to physical examination, we studied the frequency with which they used 139 different history variables and 186 observation variables in evaluating 162 consecutive children less than or equal to 24 months of age with temperature greater than or equal to 38.3 C. Because individual history and observation variables were not used with sufficient frequency, comparison of diagnostic styles based on the individual variables was not possible. The individual history and observation variables were then combined into 25 history and 30 observation categories respectively. One observation category, "Eyes," was used with sufficient frequency to allow comparison of A, R, and N diagnostic styles. In the Eyes category, there were 11 variables describing visual response to stimuli (e.g., looking at the observer) and 10 variables describing appearance of the eyes (e.g., glassy, shiny). Attendings used variables describing visual response to stimuli significantly more frequently than R or N, which may indicate a greater facility in evaluating age-appropriate behavior and/or may be a technique to increase the sensitivity of clinical judgments. These data demonstrate the variety of diagnostic styles of A, R, and N. There is a need to define valid and reliable observation data to identify serious illness in febrile children. PMID- 7105613 TI - Interaction of health-care professionals with critically ill children and their parents. AB - The stress imposed on the emotional equilibrium of a team of health-care professionals by the serious illness of a child can disrupt communication among the team, the child, and the parents. Such stresses may be so severe as to interfere with the ability to the adults to meet the child's needs. Although the feelings and attitudes of critically ill children and their parents are well described in the medical literature, very little has been written about the psychosocial interaction among those responsible for the patient's care. Patterns of interaction which would be most beneficial to the child are still in doubt. The purpose of this article is to review available information, as well as experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, on the psychosocial interaction of the health-care team with critically ill children and their parents. An awareness of the difficulties of caring for such patients is essential in overcoming communication barriers, in reducing any interprofessional tensions that might arise during treatment, and in ensuring high-quality medical care. PMID- 7105614 TI - Diagnosis of adolescent pregnancy--1965 vs 1980. AB - The study compares changes in the accuracy of the diagnosis of pregnancy in adolescents between 1965 and 1980. We compared 44 records of adolescents evaluated in 1965 to those of 44 who were evaluated 15 years later in 1980. The following data were examined: (1) reason for consultation, (2) amount of time prior to making the correct diagnosis, and (3) the most common diagnostic errors. The results showed that (1) the initial diagnosis was correct only 75 per cent of the time in 1965 and 86 per cent in 1980, (2) both in 1965 and 1980 most patients initially consulted for "vague complaints," (3) in 1965 and 1980 the most common diagnostic errors were "gastrointestinal disorder" and "functional symptoms," and (4) pregnancy was diagnosed earlier in 1980 than in 1965. Improvement in diagnostic accuracy should be possible if clinicians screen for pregnancy in adolescent girls consulting for vague symptoms such as nausea, weight gain, urticaria, and somnolence. PMID- 7105616 TI - Differential pulmonary auscultation in neonates. AB - Auscultation of neonates by means of conventional techniques is subject to many errors. Consequently, pediatricians rely on radiographs for much of their information regarding ventilation abnormalities. We report a method of simultaneous differential auscultation, using a double-headed stethoscope, which allows better auscultatory evaluation of neonates. The technique is simple and easily learned. The equipment used is inexpensive and easily constructed. The technique is most useful in emergency and transport situations when radiographs are not readily available. PMID- 7105615 TI - The child with a stiff neck. AB - The child with a stiff neck can be a challenging diagnostic exercise. Four unusual examples of acute neck stiffness, not associated with meningitis, are presented to illustrate the various pathologic conditions which may produce this symptom. A differential diagnostic schema is suggested on the basis of pathologic and physiologic alterations of cervical and paracervical anatomic structures. PMID- 7105617 TI - Gray baby syndrome revisited. PMID- 7105618 TI - Phenolphthalein laxatives and factitious diarrhea. PMID- 7105619 TI - Changes in ventricular septal thickness during diuretic therapy. AB - We report on changes in echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular muscle mass in 20 hypertensive patients during short-term therapy with hydrochlorothiazide. In the group as a whole, blood pressure fell, but septal thickness and posterior wall thickness did not change. Septal thickness decreased in nine patients, and in all of these patients calculated left ventricular cross sectional area also decreased. Septal thickness did not change or increased in 11 patients and in only one of these patients did cross-sectional area increase. These increases in septal thickness usually were associated with decreases in left ventricular transverse dimension. We therefore conclude that the increases in left ventricular wall and septal thickness during diuretic therapy probably reflect an adaptive change of cardiac muscle tissue around a smaller left ventricle. PMID- 7105620 TI - Altered plasma drug binding in cancer: role of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin. AB - Altered concentrations of serum proteins often accompany malignant disease. The effect of these changes on drug binding was studied with lidocaine, a basic drug, and tolbutamide, an acidic drug. Patients with cancer had increased serum concentrations of the acute-phase protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and lowered serum concentration of albumin. In association with these changes lidocaine binding was increased at all concentrations studied (predialysis concentrations 2, 6, and 10 microgram . ml-1) and that of tolbutamide was decreased at the highest concentration (200 microgram . ml-1). Not all of the increase in lidocaine binding was explicable on the basis of increased serum AAG concentration. Estimation of binding parameters with a model with two independent sites showed increased affinity at the high affinity site in cancer patients with no change in the calculated number of binding sites. Therefore, in cancer there is increased lidocaine binding in association with increased AAG concentrations. We also record the novel observation of a change in the intrinsic properties of the high affinity binding site. PMID- 7105621 TI - Hydralazine and furosemide kinetics. AB - Fursosemide kinetics were studied in 25 patients with congestive heart failure. The elimination half-life (t1/2) was longer and the elimination rate constant and the plasma clearance smaller in patients with advanced (n = 15) than in those with moderate (n = 10) failure. Furosemide kinetics with and without hydralazine were compared in eight patients with advanced heart failure. Furosemide t1/2 patients receiving both drugs fell from 96 +/- 16 to 81 +/- 15 min (P less than 0.02), elimination rate constant increased from 0.0186 +/- 0.0056 to 0.0214 +/- 0.0068 min -1 (P less than 0.05), and plasma clearance rose from 72.6 +/- 18.5 to 88.1 +/- 26.9 ml/min (P less than 0.01). Renal clearance rose from 45.4 +/- 12.0 to 60.9 +/- 19.0 ml/min (P less than 0.01) and creatinine clearance was unchanged. We conclude that hydralazine affects furosemide kinetics. PMID- 7105622 TI - Pharmacologic reversal of hypotensive effect complicating antiarrhythmic therapy with bretylium. PMID- 7105623 TI - Nortriptyline metabolism in chronic renal failure: metabolite elimination. AB - Single oral dose kinetics of nortriptyline and of tis two major metabolites, conjugated and unconjugated 20-hydroxynortriptyline, were studied in eight healthy subjects and 15 patients with chronic renal failure, five of whom were being treated with hemodialysis. Nortriptyline kinetics were unaltered, but the elimination of the metabolites was reduced in both groups of patients. In chronic renal failure the excretion of nortriptyline metabolites appeared to be the rate limiting step in nortriptyline elimination. Three depressed hemodialysis patients were treated with nortriptyline (75 mg at night) for 6 wk. The ratios of the steady-state plasma concentrations of unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline to nortriptyline (0.74 to 2.30) were in the same range as those in a control group of depressed patients with adequate renal function (0.53 to 4.08) who were also receiving nortriptyline. Conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline in renal failure patients was slow to reach steady-state concentrations and these were 10 to 20 times as high as those of the control depressed patients. Conjugated 10 hydroxynortriptyline in dialysis fluid during treatment showed that a mean 43 +/- 7% (SD) of the dose was removed by a 10-hr dialysis. Dialysis clearance of conjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline was 58 +/- 8 (SD) ml min-1, but nortriptyline and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline were not appreciably removed by dialysis. Hemodialysis is not likely to be of value in the management of acute nortriptyline poisoning. PMID- 7105624 TI - Changes in hepatic microsomal enzyme function in workers exposed to mixtures of chemicals. AB - Antipryine clearance was measured during occupational exposure and after an exposure-free interval of 3 wk in 26 spray painters, 44 workers in a herbicide producing (phenoxyacids) plant, and 10 pesticide-exposed greenhouse gardeners. A control group of 39 workers were investigated simultaneously. A noninvasive simplified antipyrine clearance was used. Antipyrine clearance was greater in pesticide-exposed persons, but it was 15% less in workers exposed to spray paints compared to 3 wk after discontinuation of exposure. Clearance was unchanged in the control group examined at the same interval. Thus, the combined action of different spray paints, grinding dust, and cleaners may inhibit, and phenoxyacids, chlorophenols, and various pesticides may induce, the microsomal enzyme function. The workers had been exposed to the chemicals for years, but the change in antipyrine clearance apparently was reversible. PMID- 7105626 TI - Central nervous system effects of aspirin. AB - The EEG effects of aspirin at single doses of 0.65 and 1.95 gm were studied in normal adult men. Compared to placebo, 1.95 gm affected the quantitative EEG, symptom self reports, and cognitive functions. The effects of 0.65 gm. were similar in direction and pattern, but failed measurable significance. The EEG profile of aspirin is distinct from that of other psychoactive substances. Its interaction with sedative substances should be considered in routine clinical use. PMID- 7105625 TI - Ticrynafen-racemic warfarin interaction: hepatotoxic or stereoselective? AB - To examine the ticrynafen-warfarin interaction, normal subjects received large single doses of 1.5 mg/kg racemic warfarin with and without daily oral doses of 250 mg ticrynafen beginning 3 days before warfarin and continuing for the duration of hypoprothrombinemia. Daily blood samples were analyzed for one-stage prothrombin time (Quick method) and warfarin concentrations (high-pressure liquid chromatography). Ticrynafen induced augmentations of both prothrombin time and warfarin concentration (P less than 0.001). The interaction was evaluated further with separated warfarin enantiomorphs. Ticrynafen induced augmentation of prothrombin times and warfarin concentrations of S-warfarin, but had little effect on R-warfarin. Thus, ticrynafen probably augments the hypoprothrombinemia of racemic warfarin by reducing metabolic clearance of S-warfarin. The lack of effect of ticrynafen on R-warfarin suggest that the interaction is stereoselective rather than hepatotoxic. PMID- 7105627 TI - Effect of indomethacin on responses to [sar-ileu]-angiotensin II. AB - The role of prostaglandins in immediate and sustained pressor responses to [sar ileu]-angiotensin II was studied, using indomethacin, in 12 patients with essential hypertension. Blood pressure rose within 1 to 2 min, peaked in 4 to 8 min, then fell gradually, but did not return to the baseline level, at the end of 30-min infusion period of the angiotensin II analogue. After 2 days on indomethacin, both immediate and sustained diastolic pressure responses to the analogue (both, P less than 0.01) rose when the basal plasma renin activity (PRA) fell (P less than 0.05); this was associated with 56% suppression of urinary prostaglandin E excretion. Both the immediate and late phases of blood pressure response may be affected by indomethacin, probably not only because of greater availability of angiotensin receptors due to decrease endogenous angiotensin, but also because of alteration of end-organ sensitivity to angiotensin II through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. This speculation is supported by the difference in slopes of the regression line relating change in diastolic blood pressure to basal PRA, indicating that there is less effect on controls for a given PRA level than on treated subjects. PMID- 7105628 TI - Tolmetin kinetics and synovial fluid prostaglandin E levels in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Tolmetin kinetics were determined in the plasma and synovial fluid of five rheumatoid arthritis patients after they had ingested tolmetin (400 mg every 6 hr) for 7 days. Tolmetin was rapidly absorbed, with average peak levels in plasma and synovial fluid occurring at 45 min and 2 hr. The drug concentration in synovial fluid was higher than that in plasma for prolonged periods, while the rates of elimination from both plasma and synovial fluid were similar. The average half-lives of tolmetin in plasma and synovial fluid were 6.77 +/- 1.47 hr and 6.90 +/- 2.3 hr. Total prostaglandin E levels in synovial fluid of these patients were suppressed for at least 24 hr after the last dose of tolmetin, suggesting that PGE synthesis continues to be suppressed even by the very low concentrations of tolmetin remaining after 24 hr. PMID- 7105630 TI - Abolition, by dopamine blockade, of the natriuretic response produced by lower body positive pressure. AB - 1. In a preliminary study, a positive pressure of 25 mmHg applied to the lower body raised right atrial pressure by a mean of 7 mmHg. 2. Sustained application of lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) in six normal adult males increased sodium excretion ([Na]V) from a control level of 126.5 +/- 10 mumol/min to 213 +/- 21 mumol/min (P = 0.003) and fractional sodium excretion (EfNa) from 0.7 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 0.1 (P = 0.001). 3. Urine flow (UF) increased from 0.85 +/- 0.07 ml/min to 4.1 +/- 0.8 ml/min (P = 0.002), osmolar clearance (Cosm) from 2.6 +/- 0.13 ml/min to 4.2 +/- 0.4 ml/min (P = 0.003) and free water clearance (CH2O) from 1.75 +/- 0.1 ml/min to -0.1 +/- 0.01 ml/min (P = 0.001). Creatinine clearance (Ccr) showed no significant change. 4. After dopamine blockade with domperidone, LBPP did not cause a rise in [Na]V or EfNa. However, urine flow, Cosm. and CH2O remained significantly above control values, implying persistent suppression of antidiuretic hormone. 5. Dopamine blockade without positive pressure did not affect basal sodium excretion. PMID- 7105629 TI - A simple method for determination of antipyrine clearance. AB - Antipyrine clearance (Cl(AP)) is widely used for assessment of microsomal liver function. The usual procedure involves collection of 4 to 7 samples of plasma or saliva obtained during 24 to 48 hr. To determine whether this procedure could be simplified it was compared with one based on a single sample (sCl(AP)) and an estimated volume of distribution (V(D)) in 142 persons. VD was estimated from body weight, in kilograms (BW), height, in centimeters (BH), age in years, and sex, or assumed to be 40 l. The agreement between values of Cl(AP and sCl(AP) increased with the time of the single sample and the two clearance estimates were nearly identical in all cases when the sample was taken after 18 hr. The method used for assessment of V(D) had only a small influence on the agreement. It is suggested that antipyrine clearance (in ml/min) is estimated as (formula: see text) where D is the dose of antipyrine (in mg), c(t) the concentration of antipyrine (in mg/t) at sampling time t (in min), t should be about 1440 min (24hr), and V(D) (in l) is calculated as 0.2363 X BW + 0.1962 X BH - 0.0272 X age - 10.26 (women) or 0.3625 X BW + 0.2239 X BH - 0.1387 X age - 14.47 (men). Little information is lost, however, if a fixed volume of 40 l is used. Then, if the dose is l gm, c(t) is expressed in milligrams per liter, and the sampling time is 24 hr, sCl(AP) = (3.28 - ln c(t)) X 28 ml/min. PMID- 7105631 TI - The effect of bromocriptine on circulating vasopressin. AB - 1. The oral administration of 2.5 mg of the dopamine (3,4 dihydroxyphenethylamine) agonist bromoergocriptine enhanced the osmotically stimulated rise in plasma [arginine]vasopressin ([Arg]VP) concentrations in five normal human subjects. 2. This finding lends support to the suggestion that the osmotically induced release of [Arg]VP is under dopaminergic control in man. PMID- 7105632 TI - Altered jejunal surface pH in coeliac disease: its effect on propranolol and folic acid absorption. AB - 1. Propranolol and folic acid absorption were studied separately in healthy subjects, non-coeliac patients and patients with treated and untreated coeliac disease. 2. The surface pH of jejunal biopsy samples was measured with a pH electrode. 3. When compared with values found in healthy subjects, plasma propranolol levels were elevated in coeliac disease and, in contrast, serum folic acid levels were depressed after oral administration of the drug. Jejunal surface pH was more alkaline in the coeliac groups than in the healthy and non-coeliac subjects. 4. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma drug levels allowed evaluation of the rate constants associated with absorption and elimination. The absorption rate constant was decreased for folic acid in the coeliac group, but increased for propranolol. These changes correlated with variation in surface pH. 5. Although the changes in drug disposition in treated and untreated coeliac disease are the result of several factors, it is suggested that jejunal surface pH may affect the rate of absorption and therefore the plasma concentration-time profile of drugs which undergo dissociation. PMID- 7105633 TI - Hyperoxaluria in idiopathic calcium stone disease: further evidence of intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate. AB - 1. Seventeen healthy controls and 63 patients with idiopathic calcium stone disease of the urinary tract were investigated for urinary calcium and oxalate excretion and for [14C]oxalate intestinal absorption. 2. Under comparable controlled dietary intake a significant increase in calcium excretion as found in patients with stone disease. Oxalate excretion and [14C]oxalate intestinal absorption were mildly but not significantly increased. When patients with stone disease were subdivided into normocalciuric and hypercalciuric subjects, oxalate excretion and [14C]oxalate absorption were significantly increased in the latter. There was a significant direct relationship between calcium excretion and both oxalate excretion and [14C]oxalate absorption. 3. [14C]Oxalate absorption increased significantly in 22 stone-formers when dietary calcium was changed from normal to low. 4. The kinetics of [14C]oxalate intestinal absorption showed that the main difference between normocalciuric and hypercalciuric subjects occurred within the first 6 h after the oxalate-labelled meal. 5. These results confirm that mild hyperoxaluria is a frequent feature of idiopathic calcium stone disease even when patients and controls are studied under controlled dietary conditions. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperoxaluria is secondary to calcium hyperabsorption and is upper intestinal in origin. PMID- 7105634 TI - Proteinuria in patients with cirrhosis: relationship between renal and hepatic function. AB - 1. In 37 patients with cirrhosis of the liver of different severity (11 in class A, 18 in class B, and 8 in class C, according to Child's criteria modified by Hobbs), inulin and p-aminohippurate clearances, total fractional protein excretion and the fractional clearances of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, albumin, transferrin, alpha 2-macroglobulin and beta 2-microglobulin (in 20 patients) were determined. 2. Insulin clearance was lower than 70 ml/min in 19 patients had p aminohippurate clearance was lower than 300 ml/min in 20 patients. Total fractional protein excretion was above normal in 19 patients; alpha 1-acid glycoprotein fractional clearance was above normal in 11, albumin fractional clearance in 10, transferrin fractional clearance in five, alpha 2-macroglobulin fractional clearance in three, and beta 2-microglobulin fractional clearance in 10. 3. The increases in protein excretion were independent of any impairment of renal tubular function. An inverse relationship between protein excretion and the clearances of inulin and p-aminohippurate was found. No difference in protein excretion was found between the three groups of patients with different degrees of liver damage. 4. The results suggest that in cirrhosis an increase in glomerular permeability is frequent, though generally slight; it is correlated with an impairment of kidney function and is independent of the severity of the liver damage. PMID- 7105635 TI - Ciliary inhibitory effects of asthma patients' sputum. AB - 1. Sputum sols, obtained from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, were applied to frogs' isolated palates and the effect on ciliary beat frequency was examined. 2. During clinical exacerbations, a significant number of asthmatic patients produced a distinct, slurry type of sputum, which induced ciliostasis. This ciliary inhibition largely disappeared with clinical improvement, at which time there was also a change of the type of sputum from slurry to mucoid. 3. Samples obtained from normal volunteers and from the great majority of the patients, excluding those with asthma, had no effect on ciliary beating. PMID- 7105636 TI - Pulmonary capillary blood flow estimation by computer modelling of physiologic gases I. The viability of a single breath method. PMID- 7105637 TI - Pulmonary capillary blood flow estimation by computer modelling of physiologic gases II. The viability of a multiple breath method. PMID- 7105638 TI - An evaluation of the Oxylog as a portable device with which to measure oxygen consumption. AB - The Oxylog, a portable device for measuring oxygen consumption, was evaluated under standard, laboratory conditions and with exercising human subjects. The difference in oxygen partial pressure between room air and a series of test gases measured by the Oxylog showed good agreement with results obtained using a paramagnetic analyser and stable values were obtained for at least 6 h. The measurement of oxygen consumption by the Oxylog was assessed under simulated conditions, with an anaesthetic ventilator, and in exercising human subjects. With a simulated steady-state oxygen consumption there was an initial delay of 2 min before any oxygen consumption was recorded. Subsequent increases in simulated oxygen consumption were detected within one minute. The oxygen consumption of exercising human subjects measured with the Oxylog showed very good agreement with simultaneous measurements obtained using the Douglas bag technique. The application of an appropriate conversion factor allows the individual's energy expenditure to be estimated from the oxygen consumption: in this study a factor of 20.08 kJ per litre oxygen consumption gave the best agreement with the Douglas bag estimate. PMID- 7105639 TI - Trace elements analysis in biological samples by proton nuclear activation. AB - A method for the multielemental analysis of trace elements in biological samples by medium energy proton nuclear activation (PNA) has been developed. The response linearity, reproducibility and reliability of the method have been tested by a set of preliminary measurements. Results concerning the quantitative determination of the concentrations of Sr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Se in human serum are presented. Activation was induced with a 23 MeV proton beam from the AVF cyclotron of the University of Milan, by means of (p, 2n) reactions on the nuclei of the elements under study. The quantitative determination was obtained by an internal reference method and by comparison with a standard sample of serum doped with known quantities of the elements of interest. A clinical investigation of the zinc content of serum in children has been performed. PMID- 7105640 TI - [The role of rest in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 7105641 TI - [Physical and exercise therapy of chronic obliterating arteriopathy of the lower limbs: clinical study]. PMID- 7105642 TI - [Therapeutic effect of a new molecule, epomediol, in intrahepatic cholestasis]. PMID- 7105643 TI - [Evaluation of the effects of tiadenol in various types of dyslipidemia]. PMID- 7105644 TI - [Current status and future prospects of organ transplantation]. PMID- 7105645 TI - Estrogens and hypertension. PMID- 7105646 TI - Type V collagens of the human placenta: trimer alpha-chain composition, ultrastructural morphology and peptide analysis. AB - The alpha-chain trimer composition of type V collagen preparations from human placental membrane and villi was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel system followed by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. In preparations isolated from placental membranes pure type V collagen was found with the alpha-chain composition [alpha 1(V)]2 alpha 2(V). In preparations from placental villi two different collagen trimers could be identified with alpha-chain compositions [alpha 1(V)]2 alpha 2(V) and [alpha 3(V)]3. Two-dimensional peptide maps after chymotryptic digestion of the various alpha-chain revealed distinct patterns for alpha 1(V), alpha 2(V) and alpha 3(V) suggesting unique structures for all three alpha-chains. Shadowing of the two collagen preparations with carbon-platinum by the rotary shadowing technique allowed the visualization of the individual molecules. In the placental membrane preparations, a uniform species of molecules was present while in placental villi preparations the same elongated form of collagen was found together with larger aggregates presumably containing molecules with the alpha 3 chain component. These data are interpreted to indicate that so-called type V collagen, at least in preparations from placental villi, contain two distinct collagen molecules. PMID- 7105647 TI - Precursor-size components are the basic collagenous subunits of murine tumor basement membrane. AB - The acid-insoluble fraction of murine tumor basement membrane produced by the EHS sarcoma was extracted following reduction of disulfide bonds under non-denaturing conditions. Extracts prepared from tumors grown in either lathyritic or normal animals contain two procollagen-like chains as well as cross-linked oligomers of these chains. Extracted monomeric chains behave almost exactly like reduced, radiolabeled EHS collagen precursor chains on SDS-PAGE and SDS-agarose suggesting that they are very similar collagens. Since the collagen extracted after reduction represented a significant proportion of the total tumor collagen, it is likely that tumor basement membrane is assembled from precursor-size Type IV collagen molecules. PMID- 7105648 TI - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen and other proteins: relationship to development of diabetic complications. PMID- 7105649 TI - Abnormal pattern of segment long spacing (SLS) cartilage collagen in diastrophic dysplasia. PMID- 7105650 TI - Organization of collagen fibers in rat tail tendon at the optical microscope level. AB - The collagen fibers of tendon have a wavy configuration which is important for the mechanical function of the tissue. An investigation into the organization of collagen fibers in rat tail tendon at the level of the light microscope has led us to propose a new model for the basic tendon unit. This unit, which is termed the fascicle, is usually triangular in cross-section and 150 to 300 microns in diameter. The fibrous entities which comprise the fascicle take the planar waveform configuration seen in the polarized transmission microscope and in longitudinal histology sections. The plane of the waveform is parallel to the long side of the fascicle and adjacent planes are arranged with the waveform in registry. Other structural features observed in the microscope can be produced by defects in this ordered arrangement. Thus slip parallel to the plane of the waveform can produce the crimp reversal observed in through-focus photomicrographs. The ridges and valleys which characterize the surface of the fascicle result from out-of-plane crimping. The surface topology is probably important in maintaining registry between neighboring fascicles. PMID- 7105651 TI - Precision method to determine denaturation temperature of collagen using ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. AB - Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy was used to measure the thermal stability of molecular collagen under nonequilibrium conditions. A method using equipment commonly found in many laboratories and procedures for data gathering and data treatment are described. The melting temperature (Tm) was determined with high precision (S.D.: 0.10 degrees C) by means of close thermal spacing of recorded datas. Application of curve fitting procedures on the denaturation data enhanced the recognition of details in the thermal transition. Small transitions could be discriminated and thermally located with an accuracy of +/- 0.3 degrees C. PMID- 7105652 TI - Biochemical studies of tick embryogenesis. V. Purification and partial characterization of isocitrate lyase from eggs of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii. AB - 1. Isocitrate lyase (Ds-isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) was purified approximately 93-fold from developing embryos of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii. 2. The enzyme requires Mg2+ (Km 2.1 mM) and sulfhydryl compounds for maximal activity and has a pH optimum of 7.4 in phosphate buffer. The Km of the enzyme for isocitrate is 2.4 mM. 3. Data obtained from the pH effect on Km implicate the presence of at least three dissociable groups with pK's of 5.8, 6.8 and 7.4 involved in the enzyme catalysis. 4. At the optimal pH the enzyme is competitively inhibited by oxaloacetate (Ki 0.7 mM) and pyruvate (Ki 0.63 M), noncompetitively inhibited by acetyl-CoA (Ki 1.6 mM) and succinate (Ki 1.35). 5. Inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate in pH-dependent. The enzyme is noncompetitively inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate at pH 4.4 (Ki 1.33 mM), 5.6 (Ki 1.7 mM) and pH 8 (Ki 1.36 mM), and competitively inhibited at pH 6.5 (Ki 1.58) and 6.8 (Ki 3.0 mM). 6. The results suggest the regulation of H. dromedarii isocitrate lyase activity during embryonic development by variations in the differential rate of enzyme synthesis an in the intracellular levels of certain metabolites. PMID- 7105653 TI - Citrate synthase from Crithidia fasciculata: inhibition by adenine nucleotides and suramin. AB - Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from Crithidia fasciculata ATCC 11745. 2. The purified enzyme had an optimal pH of 8.0 8.5, apparent Km values for acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate of 5.5 and 3.5 microM, respectively, and was not activated by NH4Cl or KCl, nor inhibited by NADH or alpha-oxoglutarate. 3. Adenine nucleotides inhibited the enzyme, ATP being the most effective. The inhibition was strictly competitive towards acetyl-CoA and of the mixed type with respect to oxaloacetate. 4. The trypanocidal drug suramin inhibited both the C. fasciculata and the pig liver citrate synthases, being strictly competitive with respect to oxaloacetate, and non-competitive towards acetyl-CoA. The competitive inhibition with respect to the divalent anion oxaloacetate might be due to the strongly anionic nature of suramin, which has six sulfonic groups in its molecule. PMID- 7105654 TI - Fatty acid and acylglycerol glycerol synthesis in isolated liver cells from foetal lambs. AB - 1. The rates of fatty acid and acylglycerol glycerol synthesis from acetate, glucose and L-lactate in isolated liver cells from foetal lambs at about 30 and 3 days before birth are reported. The total rates of fatty acid synthesis from endogenous precursors and added substrates, measured using 3H2O, are also reported for these liver cells. 2. The total rate of fatty acid synthesis did not differ at the two ages. Of the added substrates, acetate and L-lactate were better precursors for fatty acid synthesis than glucose under the conditions used. Endogenous precursors, probably glycogen glucose, made a substantial contribution to fatty acid synthesis. 3. Results are compared with previous studies of fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue from foetal lambs. PMID- 7105655 TI - Adaptative features of ectothermic enzymes--I. Temperature effects on the malate dehydrogenase from a temperate fish Leiostomus xanthurus. AB - 1. Following electrophoresis the s-MDH activity of Leiostomus xanthurus and many other species of fish and amphibian appears in three sharp, equally-spaced, anodal bands. Each band is a dimer (AA, AB and BB) and two loci are active. 2. In Leiostomus tissue extracts A and B subunits are present are differing quantitative levels and their activities can be modified by changes in environment temperature. 3. Thermostability and thermal dependency tests show that, similar to what occurs during acclimatization, the AA isozyme is more stable to heat than is the BB isozyme. The BB isozyme is activated by low temperatures and is rapidly inactivated by high temperatures. 4. Extracts from a variety of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds suggest that when only one or two s-MDH bands are present, they behave as dose the AA homodimer in Leiostomus Xanthurus, i.e., are stable at elevated temperatures. PMID- 7105656 TI - Adaptative features of ectothermic enzymes--II. The effects of acclimation temperature on the malate dehydrogenase of the spot. Leiostomus xanthurus. AB - 1. Isozyme patterns and thermostability of the skeletal muscle and heart malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) from the spot acclimated to different temperatures were examined. 2. No changes in isozyme patterns were seen for MDH in any of the tissues examined in response to 15 degrees and 20 degrees C acclimation. 3. The A homodimer, which was more thermostable showed an increase in its relative activity, whereas the B-homodimer, which was more heat sensitive, showed a decrease during warm acclimation. However, after different periods of low temperature incubation, these samples showed a decrease in their subunit ratios. 4. Concerning the effect to thermal acclimation on the thermostability of MDH, it was found that skeletal muscle samples of the 30 degrees C-acclimated spot were more stable to heat than the 20 degrees and 15 degrees C-acclimated fishes. PMID- 7105657 TI - Taurine levels in Trichinella spiralis infected versus noninfected rat diaphragms. AB - 1. Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae caused a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in the concentration of muscle taurine on day 10 and a highly significant (P less than 0.001) reduction on day 15 postinfection in rat diaphragms. 2. No significant (P greater than 0.05) taurine alteration was observed on days 5, 8, 30 and 60 post-infection. 3. Although taurine was found to be a constitutent of the amino acid pool of T. spiralis excysted larvae, its concentration was sufficiently low so as not to be a factor in adding to the taurine level of the host. 4. Carbon-14 labelled taurine was determined to be transported into T. spiralis excysted larvae. 5. The taurine pool in these larvae is probably derived from the host. PMID- 7105658 TI - Computer analysis of slow vital capacity spirograms. AB - We have developed a digital computer program which evaluates the vital capacity and its subdivisions, expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory capacity. The algorithm examines the multibreath spirogram, a continuous record of quiet breathing interspersed among repeated slow, large volume maneuvers. Quiet breaths are recognized by comparing features of each breath to the respective average and variation of these features for all breaths. A self-scaling, iterative procedure is used to identify those end-tidal points that most likely represent the subject's functional residual capacity. A least-squared error baseline is then fit through these points to partition the vital capacity. Twenty-three spirograms from patients with documented pulmonary disease were independently analyzed by the computer, a pulmonary function technician, and the laboratory supervisor. No practical differences were found among the results. However, the computer's values, in contrast to those of the technician, were reproducible on repeated trials and free of computational and transcriptional errors. PMID- 7105659 TI - Finite element solution of steady state temperature distribution in the human torso. AB - A finite element model of the steady state temperature distribution in the human torso is developed. The torso is approximated by a circular cylinder of core surrounded by a layer of muscle and insulating layers of fat and skin. The model is simplified by neglecting longitudinal heat flow. The region occupied by a circular cross-section of the torso is discretized into a mesh of triangles and the boundary of the torso, that is, the skin surface, is consequently approximated by a polygon. The elliptic partial differential equation governing the steady state temperature distribution, together with the associated boundary conditions, are expressed in equivalent variational form. Linear basis functions are used and the resulting integral is minimized over the region bounded by the approximating polygon. Results for two numerical experiments are determined by solving systems of linear equations. PMID- 7105660 TI - Simulation of the variable compliance of living systems. AB - The purpose of this study was to differentiate between the terms generation and simulation which are normally used in the construction of electronic models of biological systems. A technique was adopted based on Miller's theorem to obtain time variable impedances and it was applied to the ventricular compliance simulation. In order to prove experimentally the proposed method, an electronic model of the cardiovascular system using half a heart was designed in which the ventricle is represented by a single time-varying compliance. The voltages which represent the atrial ventricular and aortic pressures and the ventricular volume are provided by the model as outputs. PMID- 7105661 TI - Efficient use of a digital oscilloscope-computer combination in the physiology laboratory. AB - This communication outlines a system that has been implemented to interface a digital oscilloscope with a general purpose digital computer. The computer chosen was the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/34, the oscilloscope chosen was the Nicolet Explorer III. To illustrate the capabilities of this combination, two examples of data analysis from our cardiovascular research laboratory were included. The combination of the two devices yields a more powerful research tool, which allows data manipulation beyond the capabilities of the oscilloscope. PMID- 7105662 TI - A pocket calculator program to fit first order kinetic curves. PMID- 7105663 TI - Simple linear filtering of time series data on a programmable calculator. AB - A program is presented for the Texas Instruments SR-52 programmable calculator which computes simple moving averages of time series data. Design and programming emphasis was placed on ease of use and time savings. The output from this program is useful in determining the shape of time-ordered sequences of data. The technique used for internally reordering the data after each individual calculation is explained is some detail as it may be useful in any program of an algorithm involving a moving window on a sequence of data. PMID- 7105664 TI - A pocket calculator program for prediction of warfarin maintenance dose. AB - A 398 step program, written for the TI59 programmable calculator, has been presented. The procedure allows the user to estimate a patient's maintenance warfarin dose requirements after administration of three 10 mg doses or after any series of doses which produces a PT value greater than or equal to 20. The equation used, although based on published literature data, require further evaluation to adequately assess their clinical accuracy. They may, however, provide a starting point for maintenance dose treatment after initial therapy. PMID- 7105665 TI - A computer program for evaluating the hydrodynamic parameters of a macromolecule in solution for any given value of its axial dimensions. PMID- 7105666 TI - Computation of short-term fetal heart-rate variability from heart-rate waveforms. AB - Fetal heart-rate monitoring during labor is now routine in high-risk pregnancies. Beat-to-beat, or short-term variability in the heart rate has aroused considerable recent attention and several quantitative indices based on the fetal electrocardiogram have been proposed. These cannot be implemented on micro- or mini- computer-based labor-room systems without additional hardware because of the ECG processing involved. This paper describes a procedure for computing short term variability from heart-rate waveforms. It correlates excellently with the above methods, but can be implemented on a microcomputer without special interfacing, since it uses only the slowly-varying heart-rate waveform. PMID- 7105667 TI - Identification and labeling of EEG graphic elements using autoregressive spectral estimates. AB - Syntactic EEG analysis requires descriptive labeling of short (1 s) epochs in an EEG. While discriminant analysis methods are useful for this purpose, significant improvement in label correctness can be achieved using the heuristic method described in this paper. The method is based on the estimation of frequency spectra by autoregressive (AR) modeling. The location of the peak frequencies and the power of these peaks are used to assign labels to 1 s epochs. Artefacts and epochs with exceptionally high or low amplitude and/or frequency values are identified as well. The assignment of labels is accomplished by comparing parameters, extracted from the power spectra estimated for 1 s epochs, with thresholds. These thresholds are automatically adapted to each individual EEG lead. In this paper, the method is outlined and its performance is compared with a discriminant analysis approach and visual labeling. PMID- 7105668 TI - Rate estimation in a biexponential uptake-Washout Poisson Process. PMID- 7105669 TI - The waveforms' alignment procedure in the averaging process for external recording of the His bundle activity. PMID- 7105670 TI - KSTAGE: an interactive computer program for designing phase II clinical trials using predictive probability. PMID- 7105671 TI - Validation of data obtained during exposure of human volunteers to air pollutants. PMID- 7105673 TI - Application of the estimation of normal distributions from truncated samples to the analysis of flow microfluorometry histograms. PMID- 7105672 TI - A quantitative method for the selection of hospital information systems components. PMID- 7105674 TI - Chest wall maps of heart sounds and murmurs. PMID- 7105675 TI - A mixed-model likelihood approximation on large pedigrees. PMID- 7105676 TI - Parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. AB - This paper describes a package of computer programs designed to be used in Clinical Pharmacokinetics or Clinical Chemistry Laboratories to assist in the interpretation of plasma drug concentration measurements. A simple pharmacokinetic model is utilised, and values of the necessary parameters for the general population determined using standard nomograms. Parameter estimates for individual patients are obtained by a feedback process using Bayes' theorem and the principle of maximum likelihood. Thus optimal dosage regimes can be obtained for individual patients. The package can be used with a series of drugs. PMID- 7105677 TI - An algorithm for the detection of peaks in biological signals. AB - An algorithm based on the theory of maxima and minima is described for the detection of peaks in digitized biological signals. A three-point 'sliding' window is used to identify the peaks, while a threshold window involving a combination of amplitude, slope or duration criterion is employed to eliminate spurious peaks. The algorithm is well-suited for real-time processing of various biological signals to obtain such parameters as amplitudes and durations of peaks. Some examples of its applications to the analysis of gastric electrical activity are discussed. PMID- 7105678 TI - Interactive computer program for self-distributed medical questionnaire in a population health screening. AB - The questionnaire is an important element of a medical screening investigation, just as important as the biometrical screening tests. There are several difficulties in realizing interactive computer programs for such tasks. In the present report, we describe the design, operation and results of an interactive computer program for self-distributed medical questionnaire in which the screening subjects are informed and instructed on the terminal routines, and answer, check, confirm and record the questions direct in the computer terminals by means of simple keyboard functions. This program was possible to construct as an integrated component of the interactive computer system monitoring our multiphasic health screening in a standard minicomputer environment. PMID- 7105679 TI - Automatic left ventricular outlining. AB - A method for automatically outlining the left ventricle is described. The boundary at any point in the heart cycle is obtained from a convoluted image derived from an ordinary frame of count rate convoluted with a functional image frame scaled in the time of maximum count rate. The position of the pulmonary artery indicates the level of the aortic valve plane. PMID- 7105680 TI - A deconvolution program for processing radiotracer dilution curves. AB - We present a computer program for deconvolution of noisy signals. The unknown signal is modelled as a stochastic process and the solution is given by the 'maximum a posteriori estimator'. This is computed by two algorithms: the first uses and the Kalman filter; the second the conjugate gradient technique which permits introduction of a positivity constraint. The program has proved to give accurate results in stimulation studies. It has been applied to the deconvolution analysis of radionuclide angiocardiography time-activity curves. This improves the reliability of the results in left-to-right cardiac shunt quantitation. PMID- 7105681 TI - The implementation of a Multistat centrifugal analyzer in an automated laboratory. AB - The implementation of a centrifugal analyzer in an automated laboratory is discussed. Hardware and software requirements for the linkage between a MCA-III (Instrumentation Laboratories) and a desktop computer HP 9845B (Hewlett Packard) are described. A simple and reliable automated system working in a conversational mode was realized. PMID- 7105683 TI - A program for non-linear regression analysis to be used on desk-top computers. PMID- 7105682 TI - Experiences with an interactive computer program for recording biometrical health screening data. AB - The nurses' measurements of biometrical health screening data comprise the central elements in our multiphasic preventive medical investigation in Malmo. It is also vitally important for the information processing, evaluation and actions of the screening that all test values and other data can be supplied to a uniform computer bank without delay in terms of secondary transferral routines. In our ongoing population investigation projectin Malmo, this has been accomplished by on-line computer programs for the different components of the screening. Here we describe the practical experiences with the subroutine use by the nurses to feed the biometrical test results to the computer bank. PMID- 7105685 TI - Delayed time course of irritation by sodium lauryl sulfate: observations on threshold reactions. AB - Irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate were induced on the backs of 20 volunteers by means of patch test occlusion for 24 h. Different concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 2% were used, the lowest concentration being borderline irritant. The skin tests were read at 24, 48 and 72 h. Both the % of responding individuals and the intensity of the skin reactions were maximal at 48 h for all test concentrations. It is concluded that irritants may provoke inflammatory reactions which are not completely developed after 24 h, and are thus very similar to allergic patch test reactions. PMID- 7105684 TI - Sensitizing potential of 14 mono (meth) acrylates in the guinea pig. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the sensitizing potential of 14 mono(meth)acrylates, when tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT) with an identical, intradermal induction concentration. A new grading classification of the sensitization potential is proposed. Mono(meth)acrylates show a wide range of sensitizing potential. Compared with other (meth)acrylates, methyl methacrylate is a moderate sensitizer. Attention was paid to concomitant sensitization of additives. In 9 of 16 FCATs, concomitant sensitization occurred to the inhibitors hydroquinone and p methoxyphenol. PMID- 7105687 TI - Studies on contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. AB - A method to determine the quantitative induction and challenge of the allergenicity of externally applied toiletories and cosmetics, including their components, is described. The experiment used oil-soluble cinnamic aldehyde and water-soluble formalin as allergens, and guinea pigs as the experimental animals. A high sensitization method resulted, carried out as follows. A 24-h closed patch is attached to the skin every other day over a period of 2 weeks (a total of 4 applications). Freund's complete adjuvant is administered intradermally just before the 3rd application of the patch. The challenge step is performed by directly applying the test material. This method was compared with other allergenicity evaluation methods. As a result, this method was found to be in no way inferior in sensitization performance to the other methods. The method was used on perfume mixtures and tested for its evaluation effectiveness. It proved to be satisfactory. PMID- 7105686 TI - Ampliative medicament allergy: concomitant sensitivity to multiple medicaments including yellow soft paraffin, white soft paraffin, gentian violet and Span 20. AB - A patient developed multiple rare medicament contact allergies including sensitivities to gentian violet, yellow and white soft paraffin, and Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate). Nickel sensitivity antedated these medicament allergies. The possibility that nickel sensitivity is a marker of predilection to develop multiple medicament allergies was tested. We were unable to demonstrate an increased incidence of nickel sensitivity in a group of patients with 2 or more medicament allergies. PMID- 7105688 TI - Benzoin sensitivity. PMID- 7105689 TI - Contact dermatitis to phenylbutazone-piperazine suppositories (Carudol) and piperazine gel (Carudol). PMID- 7105690 TI - Unsuspected lettuce immediate allergy in a case of delayed metal allergy. PMID- 7105691 TI - Surgical sympathectomy in a case of contact dermatitis. PMID- 7105692 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis to Maneb in a housewife. PMID- 7105694 TI - Leukoderma from bleaching creams containing 2% hydroquinone. PMID- 7105693 TI - Unusual formaldehyde dermatitis. PMID- 7105696 TI - Patch testing with balsam of Peru and fragrance mix. PMID- 7105695 TI - Patch testing with mercaptobenzothiazole and mercapto-mixes. PMID- 7105697 TI - Penicillin allergy with positive skin test to cephalosporin alone. PMID- 7105698 TI - Unusual complication of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands -- recurrent lymphangitis and persistent lymphoedema. PMID- 7105699 TI - Associated nickel and cobalt contact dermatitis presenting as erythema multiforme. PMID- 7105700 TI - Delayed-type allergy to phenazone in a patient with erythema multiforme. PMID- 7105701 TI - Contact dermatitis due to miconazole nitrate. PMID- 7105702 TI - Contact dermatitis to scabicides. PMID- 7105703 TI - Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema following intravenous pyelography. PMID- 7105704 TI - Large paraduodenal mesenteric cyst causing hydronephrosis and displacement of the common bile duct. PMID- 7105705 TI - African histoplasmosis in Connecticut. PMID- 7105707 TI - Hepatobiliary imaging by radionuclide scintigraphy. PMID- 7105706 TI - Meckel diverticulum, Barrett esophagus and retained gastric antrum syndrome. PMID- 7105708 TI - Serum thyroglobulin levels: their use in monitoring thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 7105710 TI - Adrenal scintigraphy. PMID- 7105709 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow. PMID- 7105711 TI - Leukocyte labeling with 111in oxine for acute inflammatory disease. PMID- 7105712 TI - Judicial decisions concerning brain death. PMID- 7105713 TI - Comfort measures only for "DNR" orders. PMID- 7105715 TI - Guidelines for the determination of death. Report of the medical consultants on the diagnosis of death to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. PMID- 7105714 TI - Right to die. PMID- 7105716 TI - Special problems in the evaluation and treatment of emotional disorders in the elderly. PMID- 7105717 TI - Treatment of cerebral metastases. PMID- 7105718 TI - Evaluation and management of patients with established multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7105721 TI - Computed tomographic scanning of the brain, sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke assisted by the Office for Medical Applications of Research, NIH. PMID- 7105720 TI - Diagnostic peritoneal lavage at a community hospital. PMID- 7105719 TI - Central nervous system manifestations of child abuse. PMID- 7105722 TI - Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis for travelers. PMID- 7105723 TI - Teaching medical law II. PMID- 7105724 TI - Sex guilt and the use of contraception among unmarried women. PMID- 7105725 TI - Development of a new method of insertion of IUD's . AB - In order to improve to efficiency and to lower the rate of expulsion of the stainless steel ring type of IUD a study of the uterine geometry of 200 cases of repeated expulsion of the IUD was done. A new home-made uterine metrology device which was capable of accurately measuring the longitudinal as well as the transverse diameter of the endometrial cavity at the fundus was used. A group of women of similar age wearing an IUD successfully more than 3 years, but not longer than 15 years, served as controls. Ten women from the group of repeated expulsion of the IUD and 10 women from the control group were examined with X-ray hysterograms. The geometry of the endometrial cavity in the expulsion group was of the dystonia type, similar to a cloth pocket with great depth and loose mouth, while in the control group it was mostly of the triangular type or globular and the tension of the cervix was good. In cases where the transverse diameter of the endometrial cavity at the fundus was too narrow or the longitudinal length of the endometrial cavity was too short, the rate of expulsion appeared high. In order to improve the effectiveness of the IUD, the circle of the ring should be tangentially fitted to the inner surface of the endometrial cavity. This may be calculated according to the following formula: (Formula: see text) A table for selection of size of the IUD according to the new formula is suggested. PMID- 7105726 TI - Influence of the cupric ion on the ampicillin concentration in cervical mucus. PMID- 7105727 TI - Fibrinolytic activity of uterine fluid in oral contraceptive users. PMID- 7105730 TI - Elimination of distance glasses in implant patients. PMID- 7105731 TI - Cleaning calcium deposits from soft contact lenses. PMID- 7105729 TI - Secondary introacular lens implantation. PMID- 7105728 TI - The effect of 6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucose on the fertility of male rats and mice. AB - A single dose of 6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucose (120 mg/kg) inhibited spermatogenesis in a group of 6 rats. The rats became infertile 16 to 30 days after the dose but 5 had recovered after 45 days. Both testes of the rat which remained infertile and one testis in each of 3 other rats had hypotrophied and damaged tubules were present even in the testes which remained of normal size. 6-Deoxy-6-fluoroglucose (0, 240, 480 or 960 mg/kg) did not affect the fertility of male mice. 10 mM-6 Deoxy-6-fluoroglucose caused a significant inhibition of glycolysis in rat seminiferous tubules in vitro but lower concentrations did not. There was no effect on the citrate concentration in the tubules. PMID- 7105732 TI - Questions and answers on extended wear contact lenses. PMID- 7105733 TI - Filamentary keratitis. PMID- 7105734 TI - Even field microscope for observation of the eye. PMID- 7105735 TI - The effect of long-term hard lens wear on corneal endothelium. PMID- 7105736 TI - A study of corneal endothelial response to contact lenses. PMID- 7105738 TI - Renal ammonia metabolism. Symposium on Renal Ammonia Metabolism, Athens, June 1981. PMID- 7105737 TI - Changes in the Permalens with dehydration-complication and management. PMID- 7105740 TI - Glutamine transport into isolated renal membrane vesicles from normal and acidotic rats. PMID- 7105739 TI - Control of rate of glutamine metabolism in the kidney. PMID- 7105741 TI - Distribution of glutamine in rat kidney mitochondria. PMID- 7105742 TI - Loading of mitochondria with 14C-glutamine and study of the kinetics of its efflux from the organelles. PMID- 7105743 TI - Effect of extracellular pH on the redox state of isolated rat renal cortical tubules as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. PMID- 7105744 TI - Allosteric regulation of renal alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. PMID- 7105745 TI - Effect of pH and alpha-ketoglutarate on mitochondrial ammonia production. PMID- 7105746 TI - pH-dependent compartmentation of metabolites involved in renal ammoniagenesis. PMID- 7105747 TI - Rebound metabolic alkalosis in the rat. A study of the renal response to and recovery from metabolic acidosis. PMID- 7105748 TI - Segmental analysis of ammonia movement into and out of the nephron. PMID- 7105749 TI - Effects of low magnesium diet on rat renal ammoniagenesis. PMID- 7105750 TI - Renal ammoniagenesis during the adaptation to metabolic acidosis in man. PMID- 7105751 TI - Effects of acute acid-base changes on in vivo total ammonia synthesis in the rat. PMID- 7105753 TI - Urinary inhibitor of renal ammoniagenesis during acute acidosis. PMID- 7105752 TI - Hepatic glutamine synthesis and urinary ammonia excretion. PMID- 7105754 TI - Regulation of pig kidney phosphate-activated glutaminase. PMID- 7105755 TI - Significance of the intracellular distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in acidosis. PMID- 7105757 TI - Metabolic fate of alanine in guinea pig renal cortex. PMID- 7105756 TI - Glucose and ammonia formation in extracts of rat kidney cortex. PMID- 7105758 TI - The reservoir function of the equine cecum and ventral large colon--its relation to chronic non-surgical obstructive disease with colic. PMID- 7105759 TI - Gross and histological signs of dietary deficiencies of biotin and pantothenic acid in lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. AB - We describe the pathologic changes of single or simultaneous dietary deprivations of biotin (B) and pantothenic acid (PA) in lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. A deficiency of PA produced gross signs of anorexia, inanition, emaciation, gill abnormalities and high mortality. In B-deficient fish, growth retardation reached statistically significant levels (P less than 0.05) after week 10, but gill and liver lesions were observed earlier. Anorexia and reduced weight gain were observed earlier in fish deprived of both nutrients than in those deficient in B alone. All B-deficient trout fed PA survived the study, and were less anorexic, anemic and emaciated than were those fed B without PA. Deposition of glycogen was greater in kidney tubules of B-deficient fish than in those lacking both vitamins. However, lesions interpreted to be mitochondrial conglutination and cellular necrosis of renal tubules and pancreatic acini were more exaggerated in fish fed neither nutrient than in those deprived of only one. Both vitamins are needed for energy transfer metabolism and their absence in metabolically active tissues causes lesions that resemble those reported for cellular anoxia. PMID- 7105761 TI - Obstetrical conditions in goats. AB - Eighty-nine obstetrical cases in goats were treated at a University Veterinary Clinic in Saudi Arabia over a two-year period. The causes of dystocia are analysed and the treatment described. The salient features of these obstetrical cases in goats were very similar to those which have been recorded for sheep. The outcome of treatment depended mainly on the general health of the patient when admitted. PMID- 7105760 TI - Electronic probe measurements of cervico-vaginal mucus for detection of ovulation in dairy cows: sanitation, clinical observations and microflora. AB - An electronic vaginal probe with a sanitizing carrier unit has been designed to measure changes in the electrical resistance of cervico-vaginal mucus in the cow. Over 400 cows and heifers have been probed during the period prior to breeding. When 33 heifers and cows were probed 2-3X per day for 30 days, mild irritation of the vaginal mucosa developed during the luteal phase. In all other studies no grossly detectable lesions or other complications resulting from probing were observed either in experimental herds or in farmer herds where breeding tests were conducted. Fertility of probed cows was equal to cows inseminated when estrus was detected visually. Weekly culture of microorganisms from cervico vaginal mucus collected from three cows probed 3X per week for 22 days resulted in no detectable change in the population of microorganisms. The number of isolates each successive week was 11, 8, 8 and 5, respectively. The sanitary procedures followed appeared to prevent introduction of organisms of any consequence, as judged by the decreasing number of isolates during the probing sequence. PMID- 7105763 TI - The equine electrocardiogram with standardized body and limb positions. AB - Eleven-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 50 Thoroughbred (TB) and 50 Standard bred (SB) horses at rest with 40 tracings being selected from each group for more complete analysis. Incomplete atrioventricular block with dropped beats commonly reported in mature horses was recorded only in the TB (15%), while wandering of the atrial pacemaker (WAP) thought also to be associated with variations in tone of the autonomic nervous system was detected almost equally in both breeds (30%). In some horses (12.5%), the initial component of the P wave (P1) did not vary as seen with WAP but had a mean manifest electric axis in the frontal plane between 0 and -64 degrees with vectors directed craniad and sinistrad. Breed differences were noted for the mean duration of the P-wave and for the PR and QT intervals while no significant differences were present for mean heart rate. Significant differences have also been reported for other ECG values (amplitude and duration) in relation to age, breed and sex. It may be of value when attempting to determine the clinical or research significance of cardiac vectors or other ECG parameters, to establish values for each of the different breeds. Interpretation of ST-segment deviations and changes in the form of the T-wave are complicated by their associations with conditions of excitement or exercise in clinically normal horses as well as in those with organic heart disease. The diagnostic significance of changes in amplitude and direction of the T-wave requires further elucidation. PMID- 7105762 TI - Mycoplasma bovigenitalium in the upper genital tract of bulls: spontaneous and induced infections. AB - Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, was isolated from vesicular gland secretions of a large proportion of clinically normal pubescent bulls. Infections established at this site in 1 to 2 year old bulls sometimes persisted for over a year, induced a local immune response, and were associated in some animals with unacceptably low motility of sperm following freezing of semen for artificial insemination. Inoculation of as few as 1000 cfu directly into the vesicular gland sufficed to establish infection but the naturally occurring syndrome could not be successfully reproduced by this method. Intratracheal injection of the organism produced infection of the upper genital tract in one of two bulls. The ELISA test was more sensitive than the IHA test in detection of antibodies to M. bovigenitalium in serum or vesicular secretions, but its usefulness was limited by extensive cross reactions with other Mycoplasma species. PMID- 7105764 TI - A natural outbreak of bovine respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. AB - An outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in a herd of 34 calves and 5 cows in a barn. The disease which affected 24 calves and 1 cow, was characterized by coughing, fever, anorexia, nasal discharge and pulmonary rales. Two calves died 5 days after the disease outbreak and were necropsied. Bronchitis, bronchiolitis and alveolitis were among the lesions observed in these calves. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was detected, in lung sections of the dead calves and also in nasal washings of some of the calves and one cow, by the direct fluorescent antibody technique and/or cell culture method. Seroconversion to the virus was detected in most animals tested. PMID- 7105765 TI - Hospital charges and long-term survival of ICU versus non-ICU patients. AB - Hospital charges and long-term (2 yr) survival were evaluated for 558 ICU and 124 non-ICU patients from a large community hospital. Although the ICU patients represented only 9.5% of total hospital admissions, they incurred nearly 30% of the total hospital charges and had a median hospital charge of greater than four times the non-ICU comparison group. For the ICU patients, the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 17.3% and the overall 2-yr mortality rate was 35.6%, whereas the non-ICU group rates were 3.4 and 14.8% respectively. Given a patient was discharged alive from the hospital, the proportion surviving an additional 2 yr was strikingly similar for the two groups (83.3% of ICU patients and 89.1% of non ICU patients). Because of excess mortality for ICU patients, discharged from a community hospital was not significantly greater than for non-ICU patients, the long-term outlook for discharged patients after receiving intensive care is not as bleak as is generally assumed. PMID- 7105766 TI - Influence of age, previous health status, and severity of acute illness on outcome from intensive care. AB - Age, previous health status (HS), and severity of acute illness were assessed prospectively on 228 unselected patients admitted over 1 yr to the multidisciplinary ICU, to determine their influence on outcome. One hundred and fifty patients (66%) were discharged from the ICU, but the survival rate fell to 50% at 6 months, and was similar after 1 yr (49%). Over a 6-month period, there was improved HS in survivors which gradually leveled off. Compared to prior HS, the final HS was worsened in 37% of survivors. Three factors were important predictors of late survival: age under 50, good previous HS, and less than two visceral failures. We conclude that evaluation of ICU outcome should provide information on 6-month survival and HS and include important variables as age, previous HS, and severity of acute illness. PMID- 7105767 TI - Intellectual and emotional sequelae of Reye's Syndrome. AB - Previous reports on survivors of Reye's syndrome have indicated a high proportion of significant neurological and intellectual sequelae. However, increasingly sophisticated monitoring and therapeutic techniques have diminished both the mortality and morbidity of this disease. Our present study documented the relatively good intellectual and neurological prognosis for recent survivors of Reye's at our institution and explored the emotional impact of this illness on survivor's families. The significant emotional problems of the children and their families were in striking contrast to the relatively good intellectual and academic recovery. Nine of the 16 survivors showed emotional disruption (primarily somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression). Fourteen of 16 mothers interviewed continued to suffer from anxiety, depression, and overprotective behavior as long as 5 years after their child's illness. In many respects, the parents endured more prolonged and profound suffering than did the children. These findings have implications for the delivery of follow-up care to families of survivors. PMID- 7105768 TI - Lung volume, dynamic lung compliance, and blood gases during the first 3 days of postnatal life in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome. AB - Serial measurements of pulmonary function and arterial blood gases during the first 3 postnatal days of life were obtained in 12 infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Nine normal neonates with similar weight and gestational age were studied as controls. Infants with MAS has significantly lower pH on day 1, and had greater P(A-a)O2 throughout the study period than that of normal controls. The PCO2 was comparable between the groups. Both dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) and specific lung compliance (C/VL) were lower in infants with MAS as compared with those of normal infants. The functional residual capacity (FRC) for normal infants on days 1, 2, and 3 were 2.0 +/- 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.3, and 2.2 +/- 0.3 ml/cm, respectively, and for infants with MAS were 1.8 +/- 0.4, 2.3 +!- 1.1, and 2.2 +/- 0.6 ml/cm, respectively. Radiographic hyperinflation of the lungs was seen in 6 infants with MAS on day 1; 3 were associated with high FRC (greater than 2 SD of normal) and 2 with low FRC, indicating air trapping. The early use of PEEP should be cautious if hyperinflation or air trapping is present. PMID- 7105769 TI - Plasma, urine, and CSF catecholamine concentrations during and after ketamine anesthesia. AB - Ketamine has been reported to increase plasma catecholamine concentrations. Prior investigations have only studied plasma catecholamine levels for short periods after iv ketamine. Because ketamine is one of the most frequently used anesthetic agents in critical care research, we evaluated ketamine's effect on catecholamines over a longer period of time. Plasma, urine, and CSF epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were serially measured during a 2-h ketamine infusion and a subsequent 2-h "wake-up" period. No changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure or urine, plasma, and CSF NE concentrations were noted during the 4-h study period, whereas there were significant (p less than 0.005) increases in urine, plasma, and CSF E levels during ketamine infusion but not during the wake-up period. An unexpected finding was that the baboons have very high basal plasma E levels versus those in humans. It is concluded that ketamine is a useful anesthetic agent for critical care research involving measurements of sympathetic nervous system activity. The interesting observation of high plasma levels in the baboon warrants further investigation. PMID- 7105770 TI - A perfusion system for diazepam. PMID- 7105771 TI - Calculator assisted determination of dilutions for continuous infusion ICU medications. AB - A program has been developed for simplification of initial dilution calculations for several rapidly metabolized, vasoactive drugs that must be administered by continuous infusion. Included in the program is the capability for serial recalculation of drug dosage or iv flow rate is well as a checking routine to reduce errors. This program was developed primarily for the pediatric age group, where dilution of drugs into a small volume of diluent, accurate dosage calculations, and low iv flow rates are frequently necessary. PMID- 7105772 TI - Accuracy of pfc emulsion measurements. PMID- 7105773 TI - Current issues in cryosurgery. PMID- 7105774 TI - Another look at cryoprostatectomy. PMID- 7105775 TI - Veterinary cryosurgery. PMID- 7105776 TI - Bone destruction by direct cryoapplication: a temperature study in rabbits. PMID- 7105778 TI - Antitumor immunologic reactivity in the relatively early period after cryosurgery: experimental studies in the rat. PMID- 7105777 TI - Immunological aspects of cryosurgery in general surgery. AB - Existence and verification of the cryoimmunologic reaction are established in basic experiments and clinical studies. However, the most effective condition in which to elicit cryoimmunologic reaction is still unknown. Evidence suggests the necessity to intensify cryoimmune reaction, if we intend to use this as one of the specific immunotherapies clinically. Establishment of criteria to select patients receiving cryosurgery is another pending question. It is important to assess the patient's immunity or immunological competence prior to cryosurgery, thereby preventing immunologically induced aggravation after cryosurgery. Twelve years of clinical experience in cryosurgery was presented and analyzed. Overall 3 year survival in the primary cancer patients was 33.3%, and 5-year survival was 17.7%. It is our aim to achieve the most beneficial effects of cryosurgery for the patients with malignancies which would otherwise be difficult to treat by conventional means. PMID- 7105779 TI - Critical temperature for skin necrosis in experimental cryosurgery. PMID- 7105780 TI - Problems of cryohemorrhoidectomy. AB - One thousand cryohemorrhoidectomies were performed in the past 7 years (1973 1979). Ninety percent of the patients were satisfied with the technique; approximately one-third of the patients experienced severe to moderate pain and 11% had recurrences or related problems. The majority of patients with postoperative pain were in the younger age group and two-thirds of the recurrences occurred in males. Our data suggest that there is a close relationship between complications and anal pressure. These facts lead us to believe that patients with high anal pressure are prone to recurrence and postoperative pain--for these patients one must not only remove the hemorrhoidal mass but also lower the anal pressure by internal sphincterotomy. On the basis of these assumptions, we have operated on 200 patients using internal sphincterotomy along with hemorrhoidectomy; early results have been promising. We recommend cryohemorrhoidectomy limited to those who have prolapsing internal hemorrhoids without significant constipation or external engorgement which is indicative of high anal pressure. PMID- 7105781 TI - Cryotherapy of anorectal warts and condylomata. PMID- 7105782 TI - Cryosurgical hemorrhoidectomy: how to prevent the postoperative swelling and prolapse. AB - Cryosurgical hemorrhoidectomy was performed on 171 patients with excellent results achieved in the great majority. The key to successful results is based on the prevention of prolapse of the edematous tissue after freezing. To prevent the edema, it is important to pull out the hemorrhoid as much as possible during the freezing, to freeze only on the rectal side of the anal verge, to carefully avoid freezing the anal verge, and to freeze the hemorrhoids in two or three stages when they are large. Less than satisfactory results were achieved in 11.7% of the patients. The anal discomfort and discharge in these patients were related to prolapse of the frozen tissue. Cryosurgery is an effective method of treatment for hemorrhoids if care is taken to use the proper technique. PMID- 7105783 TI - Cellular responses to extreme water loss: the water-replacement hypothesis. AB - The previously advanced hypothesis that desiccation resistance involves the replacement of water adjacent to intracellular surfaces with polyhydroxy compounds has been supported by experiments on cysts of the brine shrimp, Artemia, and in a model system of albumin--glycerol--water, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, microwave dielectrics, and density measurements. We have also considered other problems that cells face when large fractions of their total water content are removed. Observations by other investigators have indicated that a variety of mammalian cells can lose roughly 50% of their water and survive; for a given cell type death occurs if its volume is reduced below a certain minimum level. Membrane damage has previously been suggested to be a major cause of dehydration damage. We have proposed some additional plausible mechanisms that might also be involved. PMID- 7105784 TI - Induction of anhydrobiosis: membrane changes during drying. PMID- 7105785 TI - Cryoprotectant removal temperature as a factor in the survival of frozen rice and sugarcane cells. AB - Removal of cryoprotective additives through use of a room temperature (22 degrees C) washing step, instead of 0 degrees C, was found to improve the recovery of sugarcane suspension culture and rice callus tissues. Cultured cells were cryoprotected by gradual addition of a mixture of polyethylene glycol, glucose, and DMSO (PGD) to a final concentration of 10%-8%-10%, w/v, respectively, added at either 0 or 22 degrees C. After a programmed slow freezing of the cells, they were thawed rapidly and the cryoprotectants were gradually diluted and washed out using a 22 or 0 degree C washing medium. Viability of suspension cultured sugarcane cells protected with PGD was greatly diminished when a cold washing solution was used, whether the cells had been frozen (-23 degrees C) or not. Two mutant lines of rice callus when frozen to -196 degrees C in PGD and thawed showed less growth than unfrozen cells, but their growth was improved by washing the thawed cells with a 22 degrees C solution. With all cultures tested, the addition of PGD at 0 degrees C and post-thaw washing out at 22 degrees C gave improved survival. Particularly with the rice lines, optimizing the addition and washing procedures allowed culture survival of liquid nitrogen freezing not otherwise attained. PMID- 7105786 TI - On the meaning of sports: cross cultural observations of super stress. AB - The definition of sports medicine indicates the possible therapeutic and research importance of games in the work of social scientists and clinicians. A cross cultural comparison of super stressful competitions provides one insight into the importance of games in human societies. Fourteen such comparisons are made between Indians in Mexico who run 250-mile foot races and Americans in Alaska who conduct 1049-mile dog sled races. It is concluded that sports can help understand how a society defines itself and regulates violence. Games may be an essential "human-specific' need which provide entertainment, retain survival skills, ameliorate existential anxiety and promote religious and/or secular socialization. In this study, humans seem willing, if not insistent, to deploy considerable resources of time and material to sustain competitions among their own species, as well as between and with other species. A "sports history' is important for all individuals. PMID- 7105787 TI - Development of a culture specific (Nigeria) screening scale of somatic complaints indicating psychiatric disturbance. AB - In a pre-study it was seen that somatization complaints formed the basis of the distress of the mentally ill in Nigeria and there was need for somatic complaints to be employed in evolving a psychodiagnostic system which would lead to a better understanding of mental illness in Nigeria. In pursuit of this goal, some 65 somatic complaints were drawn from protocols of patients treated at the Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu, from 1978-1981. These complaints were administered in form of questions to 179 psychiatric patients and 349 students (normals) of the Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu. Forty-six of the 65 complaints distinguished male normals from the psychiatric patients and 30 items of the 65 distinguished the female normals from the female psychiatric patients at the 0.05 level or better. In a further step each subject was rated. A positive response to each of the discriminant items was scored as one point. The mean, standard deviation and cumulative frequency percentage of both groups were calculated. These values are recommended for use in discriminating normals from the mentally ill in Nigeria. This study is seen as a first step leading towards a much wider study involving somatizations in a psychodiagnostic endeavor, as well as throwing more light into the problem of classification of psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. PMID- 7105788 TI - Explanatory models of black lung: understanding the health-related behavior of Appalachian coal miners. AB - Many retired coal miners who are eligible for care in a black lung treatment center at little or no cost to themselves do not enter into available programs or discontinue soon after beginning therapy. Reasons for this behavior are related to the prevalent beliefs among Appalachians concerning the course of black lung and the appropriate treatment for it. The miners' health beliefs are clearly at odds with those of the health care providers who work in the centers. Using the concept of explanatory model, popular and professional health cultures are analyzed, focusing on course of disease, sick role, appropriate treatment, and expected outcome. Differences in explanatory models are discussed with regard to implications for the organization and delivery of care to retired coal miners with black lung. PMID- 7105789 TI - Cultural and national differences in the epidemiology of behavior problems of preschool children. AB - Results from two epidemiological surveys, one British and the other American, examining the prevalence of behavior problems in preschool children are compared. Using the same interview technique, prevalence rates were found to be similar despite national, cultural and demographic differences. These surveys constitute the first stage in projects to examine the causes and persistence of childhood psychiatric disorder arising during the preschool years. The relevance of this work to anthropology is discussed. PMID- 7105790 TI - Rational men and the explanatory model approach. PMID- 7105791 TI - Parkinsonism in the elderly. AB - Considerable advances have been made in the treatment of parkinsonism in the last 10 to 20 years and have brought great benefit to patients of all ages, including the elderly. Whilst levodopa-containing drugs are the mainstay of treatment in the early disabling stages of the disease, providing increased mobility and independence, longer life expectancy and a shorter period of terminal immobility, as patients live longer more advanced manifestations of the condition develop which are more difficult to treat. Diagnostic difficulties in the elderly are discussed and the main conditions affecting treatment and treatment of the different stages of the disease are reviewed. PMID- 7105792 TI - Glaucoma screening in the elderly. AB - Glaucoma is a major cause of visual loss in the elderly and early identification and adequate treatment at least delay progression and reduce visual morbidity. Screening the elderly for chronic simple glaucoma is most required to identify those patients at risk and allow their referral to an ophthalmologist. Screening methods involving checks on intra-ocular pressure, visual field and the optic disc are discussed. It is suggested that, if these were carried out, many glaucoma patients would be discovered amongst the elderly population and with effective treatment ophthalmologists would have progressed a long way towards the aim of preventing blindness occurring from this disease. PMID- 7105793 TI - Mobility in the elderly: the problems of arthritis. AB - Arthritis is a major cause of severe disability in the elderly, restricting mobility to a considerable extent with consequent adverse effects on the patient's quality of life. Whilst drug therapy and surgery can help to relieve much of the discomfort and pain, more thought and attention must be paid to the problems in the home and community which affect the patient's mobility. The results of surveys carried out in arthritic and control subjects living in an urban environment are reviewed and discussed to highlight some of the more important problems and possible remedies. PMID- 7105794 TI - Symptomatic osteoarthritis in the elderly: a comparative study of sulindac and ibuprofen. AB - Thirty-two elderly patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis, mainly of the hip and/or knee joints, were treated at random with either 400 mg sulindac or 1200 mg ibuprofen per day for 12 weeks. Clinical assessments were made before, during and after treatment of disease activity, weight-bearing pain, night pain, and pain on active and passive movement. Objective measurements were also made of duration of inactivity stiffness, knee flexion and hip abduction. The results showed that after treatment there was significant symptomatic improvement in the patients in both groups. Apart from night pain, the differences between the groups in the subjective parameters at Week 12 were significant in favour of sulindac. Overall assessment of response to treatment also showed a significant preference for sulindac by patients and physician. Both drugs were well-tolerated although 1 patient on sulindac had to be withdrawn because of a skin rash. PMID- 7105796 TI - The elderly patient and multiple disease. AB - Effective management of the elderly depends on recognition of the distinction between disability and diseases which cause it and the assessment of the disability, both physical and mental, on a functional basis. The decline in physiological and mental performance and impaired homeostasis with age are discussed. The main factors which favour the development of multiple diseases in the elderly are summarized and the implications for treatment considered. The importance of early detection of disease and adequate treatment is stressed, but this is often made difficult due to the fact that many of the disabilities of the elderly living at home go unreported to the general practitioner. PMID- 7105795 TI - Osteoarthritis and non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs: a multi-centre comparative study. AB - An open, multi-centre study was carried out in 239 elderly out-patients referred with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee to assess the effectiveness of 200 mg sulindac twice daily compared with either 400 mg ibuprofen 3-times daily, 250 mg naproxen twice daily or 25 mg diclofenac 3-times daily. Assessments were made before and during the 12-week trial period of disease activity, weight-bearing pain, pain on active and passive movement, night pain, and inactivity stiffness. The results showed that there was significant improvement in all of the parameters with each of the treatments, and the difference between treatments was significant in favour of sulindac compared with ibuprofen in disease activity, weight-bearing pain and pain on active movement. In the overall assessment of response to treatment at the end of the trial it was the patients' opinion that the degree of improvement was better on sulindac than on the comparative drugs. The main side-effect leading to some patients withdrawing from the trial was abdominal pain. PMID- 7105797 TI - Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in the elderly. AB - A double-blind randomized Norwegian multi-centre study was carried out to compare the effect of timolol (10 mg twice daily) with that of placebo in patients, age between 20 and 75 years, surviving acute myocardial infarction. The patients were followed for 12 to 33 months (mean 17 months). There was a significant reduction in mortality and re-infarction in the patients treated with timolol. Results from the age group 65 to 75 years are analyzed in more detail in this study. Of the 1884 patients included in the main trial, 732 were between 65 and 75 years of age (348 taking timolol and 384 placebo). When analyzing all randomized patients in this elderly group, there were 83 deaths in the placebo group and 52 deaths in the timolol group (p = 0.03). During treatment or within 28 days of withdrawal, there were 62 deaths in the placebo group and 36 in the timolol group (p = 0.07). There were 69 first re-infarctions in the placebo group and 33 in the timolol group (p = 0.004). It is concluded that long-term treatment with timolol in patients aged 65 to 75 years surviving acute myocardial infarction reduces mortality and the rate of re-infarction. PMID- 7105798 TI - The relationship between serum potassium and cardiac arrhythmias following cardiac infarction in patients aged over 65 years. AB - A retrospective analysis was performed of 405 patients, over the age of 65 years, who had been admitted with proven myocardial infarction to a coronary care unit, to investigate the relationship between the serum potassium level on admission and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. On admission, 173 (42.7%) patients had a serum potassium of less than 4.0 mmol/l. During the first 24 hours in hospital, 57% of all patients exhibited a disturbance of cardiac rhythm. The incidence of total arrhythmias was independent of the initial serum potassium level, but the mortality rate was 46.2% in those patients with a serum potassium less than 4.0 mmol/l while it was 34.5% in those with a potassium of 4.0 mmol/l or greater. Twelve patients with a serum potassium less than 4.0 mmol/l experienced at least one episode of ventricular fibrillation (6.9%), but only 1 patient with a serum potassium of 4.0 mmol/l or greater had this arrhythmia. The difference in incidence of this arrhythmia was highly significant (p less than 0.001). No patient who experienced ventricular fibrillation was on existing cardiac medication with either a diuretic, beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug or digoxin. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of other cardiac arrhythmias between low and normal serum potassium groups. PMID- 7105799 TI - The arrhythmic danger of hypokalaemia. AB - A retrospective analysis was carried out of the progress of 152 patients admitted to a coronary care unit in relation to their serum potassium level on entry. The records showed that there was a significantly higher (p less than 0.05) death rate for all admissions and those with a confirmed diagnosis of myocardial infarction when serum potassium levels were lower than 3.6 mmol/l, even though there was no significant difference in total arrhythmias within the groups. There was a similar trend in patients aged 65 years or over. PMID- 7105800 TI - Body fluid, electrolytes and diuretics. AB - The results of a series of studies on body fluid, electrolytes and diuretics are discussed. The findings to date indicate that the sex difference between mean potassium plasma levels in men and women is preserved into old age. Contrary to previous suggestions, there would appear to be no transient self-correcting hypokalaemia associated with illness uncomplicated by potassium-losing therapy, and treatment with potent loop diuretics, provided it is accompanied by potassium supplementation, does not commonly give rise to hypokalaemia even in elderly patients. It has not been possible so far to confirm the relationship between total exchangeable sodium and blood pressure, as previously suggested in elderly patient with essential hypertension. It has been shown that hypokalaemia of a mild degree is associated with an increase in the number of ventricular ectopic beats. It is suggested, therefore, that the conclusion that mild hypokalaemia (between 3.0 and 3.5 mmol/l) is of no significance, at least as far as elderly patients are concerned, may well be untrue. PMID- 7105802 TI - Care of the skin through the seven ages of man. An international symposium, Egham, England, 10th July 1981. PMID- 7105801 TI - Gastroscopy in elderly patients. AB - The results of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in 630 consecutive elderly patients, age 65 years or over, were reviewed in order to asses the efficacy, safety and acceptability of the technique in this age group. The study showed that the use of endoscopy is attended by relatively few contra-indications, that considerations restricting its use are also relatively few, and that endoscopy can be invaluable in confirming or refuting the diagnosis of malignancy and in detecting bleeding lesions. It was also shown that, in this age group, the use of endoscopy can be of vital importance in expanding or qualifying radiological data. Special attention was paid to gastric lesions caused by anti-inflammatory treatment. The overall incidence in this series was 37%, and this correlated very closely with the incidence of 31% previously documented by the same authors in a middle-aged population of rheumatic patients. It is concluded that endoscopy is of indisputable value in facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of gastro intestinal disorders in the elderly. PMID- 7105803 TI - Infant skin care. PMID- 7105804 TI - Skin care in childhood. AB - Childhood (3 to 9 years) is a calm period of constant growth throughout which social contacts are discovered and intelligence and discretion take place. Consequently, most diseases are infectious. Microrelief was found twice shallower and skin (epidermis + dermis) twice thinner than in adults. Intervals between furrows were reduced parallel to total body surface, thus ruling out the possible existence of special shelters favouring bacterial growth. Sweating is lower, as are skin surface lipid levels, in contrast to the post-natal period, inducing dryness of skin. Although total skin stiffness in vivo was found to be identical to young adult skin, skin chapping is much more frequent. Since detergents as well as extended hot baths may reduce the stratum corneum water binding capacity, they should be used with discretion. Hence, skin care in this period of age should be based upon different criteria than in adults. PMID- 7105805 TI - Skin surface lipid composition in different age groups in infancy and childhood. PMID- 7105806 TI - Some observations on stratum corneum. PMID- 7105807 TI - A paediatrician's view of the newborn baby and its epidermis. AB - Almost all babies born in the United Kingdom are born in hospital and with the continuing improvements in neonatal care more survive than ever before, particularly those of very low birth weight. The use of the manipulative and invasive procedures so necessary to monitor and assist their healthy development often result, however, in skin problems arising from intolerance of adhesives, perforating wounds, cleansing solutions, etc. In the older newborn infant, the main skin problems of the anal and neck regions, in particular, are usually associated with artificial milk feeding and inadequate drying of the skin. Many of the skin rashes seen in the newborn, although worrying, are of no consequence, but all those which are petechial or due to microbial infection require prompt investigation and adequate treatment. Despite the advances of recent years, there is still need for further research into procedures and products to ensure that the infant's protective yet delicate covering is disturbed as little as possible and kept in a healthy condition. PMID- 7105808 TI - Why care for skin? PMID- 7105810 TI - The evolution of cleansing and antimicrobial care of the skin. PMID- 7105809 TI - The effects of heat and sun on the skin of the teenager and young adult. PMID- 7105811 TI - The normal flora of different sites in the young adult. PMID- 7105812 TI - Adult skin care -- a look to the future. PMID- 7105813 TI - Mature thoughts on the mature skin. PMID- 7105814 TI - The skin and its care in the later years of life. PMID- 7105815 TI - Water content and moisture-binding capacity of some types of human soft and hard horn. PMID- 7105816 TI - The environment and the skin -- treatment and trends. PMID- 7105817 TI - Nail care in the "golden years' of life. PMID- 7105818 TI - A double-blind study of cefaclor and amoxycillin in home and hospital-acquired infections. AB - Eighty-seven patients admitted to hospital for a variety of reasons and who had, or subsequently developed, an infection were treated with either cefaclor or amoxycillin, 150 mg 3-times daily, on a double-blind basis. Two patients were excluded from te final analysis as the infecting organisms would normally be resistant to both antibiotics. Forty (93%) patients treated with cefaclor and 40 (95.2%) treated with amoxycillin responded satisfactorily. Of the patients with a hospital-acquired infection, 93.3% of the cefaclor group and 94.3% of the amoxycillin group responded satisfactorily. The differences between the groups were not significant. A greater number of organisms were sensitive to cefaclor, confirming its broader spectrum of activity. It is concluded that cefaclor is a useful first-line antibiotic which could be particularly useful in hospital acquired infections. PMID- 7105819 TI - Open evaluation of the efficacy and endoscopic gastric tolerance of proglumetacin in chronic rheumatic in-patients. PMID- 7105820 TI - Successful treatment of anxiety with a single night-time dose of chlormezanone: double-blind comparison with diazepam. AB - A multi-centre, double-blind trial was carried out in general practice in 44 patients with symptoms of neurotic anxiety to compare the effects of treatment with either 400 mg chlormezanone at night or 5 mg diazepam 3-times daily for 4 weeks. The results indicated tht there were similar improvements in anxiety, duration and quality of sleep, and frequency of waking refreshed with both drugs. There was no significant difference in overall effectiveness of the treatments, as rated by both the patients and physicians. It is suggested, therefore, that chlormezanone could serve as a substitute for the benzodiazepine with the advantage of only once-daily dosage. PMID- 7105821 TI - The efficacy and tolerance of cefoxitin in the treatment of paediatric infections. AB - Eleven paediatric patients ranging in age from 7 weeks to 7 years were treated with intravenous cefoxitin for a variety of moderate or severe infections. All identifiable pathogens were sensitive to cefoxitin and the clinical outcome for every patient was regarded as a cure. Cefoxitin was well tolerated by all patients, the institution of therapy being associated in many cases with a rapid improvement in clinical condition. PMID- 7105822 TI - Peroperative cephradine concentrations in the gall bladder wall and bile. AB - Cephradine levels were assayed in serum, gall bladder wall and bile sampled from the gall bladder and common bile duct in 24 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Cephradine was administered either as 1 g given intravenously at the time of anaesthetic induction, or as three 6-hourly doses of 0.5 g taken orally during the pre-operation day followed by 1 g intramuscularly with the premedication. Adequate antibacterial levels of cephradine were achieved in all serum samples, 8 of 9 samples of choledochal bile, 6 of 12 samples of cholecystic bile and all 12 samples of gall bladder wall in the group receiving a single intravenous dose, compared to only 4 of 12 serum samples, 6 of 11 choledochal bile samples, 6 of 10 cholecystic bile samples, and only 3 of 12 samples of gall bladder wall in the group receiving oral cephradine. Therefore, cephradine given as a 1 g bolus intravenously with anaesthetic induction provides satisfactory concentrations for antibacterial prophylaxis during gall bladder surgery but a regimen of oral and intramuscular dosage was found to be unsatisfactory. PMID- 7105823 TI - Pharmacokinetics of oral indoramin. AB - A randomized crossover study was carried out in 7 healthy subjects to investigate the pharmacokinetics of indoramin from two oral formulations (film-coated and uncoated 50 mg tablets) and to determine the effect of a standard mean on the plasma concentration time curve of the film-coated form. The results indicated that peak plasma concentrations occurred in 1 to 4 hours after treatment with a single dose of 2 tablets, with an overall elimination half-life of 5 hours. No significant differences could be shown between treatments in any of the pharmacokinetic variables determined. However, administration of film-coated indoramin after a standard meal narrowed the range of peak concentrations but the time at which peak concentrations of the drug occurred did not appear to be related to whether or not indoramin was given after the meal. PMID- 7105824 TI - In vitro studies with combinations of sulfamoxole and trimethoprim (co trifamole). AB - Chequerboard studies with sulfamoxole and trimethoprim against urinary pathogens showed that the combination was never antagonistic but usually showed little or no synergistic effect. An exception was with the inherently sulphonamide resistant Strep. faecalis in which marked synergism (F.I.C. Index less than 0.3) was shown with all strains tested. This synergism is thought to be clinically relevant. Experiments were undertaken with a new in vitro test system to establish whether the combination of sulfamoxole with trimethoprim will prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance. Using concentrations of the drugs attained in the blood during treatment, it was shown that trimethoprim monotherapy was likely to result in the emergence of trimethoprim-resistant pathogens, whereas treatment with sulfamoxole and trimethoprim resulted in the elimination of the test bacteria without the emergence of resistance. Using urinary concentrations of drugs, the "urinary' pathogen was shown to be eliminated by trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfamoxole, without the emergence of resistant bacteria. This would not necessarily preclude the emergence of resistant bacteria in commensal sites exposed to lesser, sun-inhibitory drug concentrations. PMID- 7105825 TI - The use of phenytoin in neurotic disorders treated in general practice. AB - Forty-one patients seen in general practice with neurotic symptoms who failed to respond to conventional psychotropic medication were placed on a regimen of phenytoin. The modal dosage was 50 mg 3-times daily and treatment ranged between 6 to 19 weeks. The results, assessed on a 30-item symptom checklist, indicated that 35 (85%) of the 41 patients improved, 32 (78%) to a statistically significant degree. Few side-effects were reported and occurred in only 6 patients on a higher dosage of 200 mg per day. It is suggested the phenytoin is a drug with therapeutic potential in long-standing neurotic conditions. PMID- 7105827 TI - The use of netilmicin in a district general hospital. AB - Twenty patients with a variety of serious or difficult infections and 5 additional orthopaedic patients with clinical evidence of post-operative wound infection were treated with netilmicin. The results indicate that twice daily dosage with 150 mg intramuscularly, either alone or in combination with other antibiotic therapy, was highly effective. Overall, 25 (96%) infections responded clinically and 19 (73%) were improved bacteriologically. There was no evidence of ototoxicity: a number of patients had impaired renal function which developed during therapy, but all returned to normal or pre-treatment levels by the time that treatment was completed, despite the fact that 15 patients were receiving diuretics. It is suggested in view of its effectiveness, more predictable serum levels after standard dosage and apparent lack of toxicity, that netilmicin should be considered as the first choice aminoglycoside antibiotic instead of gentamicin. PMID- 7105826 TI - Do all diuretics have equal hypotensive efficacy? AB - An open parallel study was carried out in general practice on 70 patients with uncomplicated mild to moderate hypertension to compare the hypotensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride with that of cyclopenthiazide/potassium. After a 2-week baseline period on placebo, patients were allocated at random to receive treatment with one or other of the diuretics starting with 1 tablet per day and increasing up to a maximum of 4 tablets per day or until their supine diastolic blood pressure was 90 mmHg or less. They were then continued at their optimum dose for a further 4 weeks. Analysis of the results from 62 patients showed that the hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride preparation produced both a greater decrease and better control of blood pressure in a greater percentage of patients that did the comparison diuretic. In addition, the beneficial effects were attained with fewer tablets, of importance for patient compliance. PMID- 7105828 TI - The occurrence of cancer in immune deficiencies. PMID- 7105829 TI - Immunology of dermatophytosis: introduction. PMID- 7105830 TI - Chronic hand eczema strategies. PMID- 7105831 TI - Instant color print photography in dermatology. AB - The use of instant color print photography in dermatology is explored and evaluated in this article. Recent advances in the technology of instant photography have made it possible for the creation of fast, accurate, clinical photographs by people with little experience or training. The Polaroid SX-70 Sonar camera with the CU-70 close-up kit is evaluated and compared to the Kodak instant close-up camera kit as marketed by the Lester A. Dine Company. The advantages and disadvantages of the two camera systems are presented. Techniques such as lighting, proper distance, and exposure are discussed with mention of the method of converting prints into slides. The many and varied applications of this modality are reviewed. Rapid, sharp, reproducible clinical photographs can now be obtained instantaneously by the busy clinician. PMID- 7105832 TI - Adjuvant Care. PMID- 7105833 TI - Quinidine-induced lichenoid photodermatitis. AB - A case of a photodistributed lichen planus-like eruption caused by quinidine is reported. The relationship between photosensitivity and the lichen planus-like eruption is emphasized. Physicians are warned to suspect this type of drug eruption when patients are receiving quinidine, ethambutol, or one of the thiazides. PMID- 7105834 TI - Coccidioidal meningitis diagnosed by skin biopsy. AB - We present a patient with coccidioidal meningitis whose diagnosis was not confirmed until a skin biopsy was performed. Because he lived in an area where coccidioidomycosis is not endemic, his meningitis was at first attributed to tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. After a verrucous lesion from the face was biopsied and the diagnosis substantiated, the patient responded well to consolidation therapy consisting of intrathecal amphotericin B and oral ketoconazole. PMID- 7105835 TI - Herpes zoster as a cause of neurogenic bladder. PMID- 7105836 TI - Differentiating between apocrine and eccrine hidrocystoma. PMID- 7105837 TI - Hyperkeratosis in mycosis fungoides. AB - A case of mycosis fungoides with hyperkeratotic changes of the nails, palms, and soles is presented. Although these features have been reported in the older literature, most contemporary authors neglect to mention this interesting cutaneous change in mycosis fungoides. PMID- 7105838 TI - The intracellular acid-extractable (acid-soluble) amino acid pool in mammalian cells. 1 Extractability. AB - The acid-extractable pool in mammalian cells is composed of amino acids bound to or complexed with other molecules, possible proteins. It does not appear to consist of free amino acid molecules restrained within the cell by a supposedly impermeable plasma membrane. Attempts to characterize the pool have involved permeabilizing cells to macromolecules by standard procedures, and extraction of amino acids by a variety of chemical and physical methods. The molecules seem to be held by covalent bonds of a partially ionic nature, or in the form of a complex which may involve more than one other moiety. Simple ionic and hydrogen bonding have been ruled out, and disulphide bonds are not involved. Pools can be as effectively extracted with the lower alcohols as with organic acids. Further characterization will require the exceedingly difficult task of releasing amino acids from cells without disrupting their links with other moieties. The findings are consistent with the behaviour of pools in relations to protein synthesis (Wheatley and Inglis, 1980), and may also explain differential discharge kinetics. PMID- 7105840 TI - Participation of algal surface structures in the cell recognition process during infection of aposymbiotic Paramecium bursaria with symbiotic chlorellae. AB - The endosymbiotic unit green Paramecium shows a strong specificity of its partners. The aposymbiotic Paramecium bursaria forms a stable symbiotic unit only with a special strain of Chlorella sp. Algae suitable for symbiosis formation are enclosed in individual perialgal vacuoles whereas unsuitable algae are sequestered into food vacuoles. It is probable that algae are recognized by the ciliate because of specific surface structures rather than by their physiological properties. Experiments with synchronized algae demonstrate that autospores are taken up into perialgal vacuoles to a higher degree than mother cells, which have a different surface structure as shown by immunological techniques. Symbiotic algae treated with cellulase and pectinase or having been coated with specific antibodies or with lectins (concanavalin A or Ricinus communis agglutinin) are usually not recognized as suitable and are mostly sequestered into food vacuoles although they show the same physiological properties as untreated algae. These results indicate the participation of carbohydrate structures at the recognition sites of symbiotic chlorellae in Paramecium bursaria which interact during infection with special receptor molecules in the membrane of the ingestion vacuole of the ciliate. PMID- 7105839 TI - DNA synthesis during growth and synchronous differentiation of Naegleria. AB - Naegleria gruberi amoebae were stimulated to differentiate synchronously into flagellates under growth conditions by lowering the temperature from 32 degrees C to 20.5 degrees C. In the presence of nutrient medium, flagellates will eventually revert to amoebae and resume growth. The time course of nuclear DNA synthesis, using a double thymidine isotope procedure, was determined for: (1) logarithmically growing amoebae, (2) differentiating cells, and (3) flagellates that were reverting to amoebae. DNA replication ceased 10 min. after the stimulation of differentiation, and began again during reversion. Neither de novo transcription nor translation appear to be required for the cessation of DNA replication during differentiation. PMID- 7105841 TI - Chiasma failures and chromosome association in Rhoeo spathacea var. variegata. AB - In Rhoeo spathacea var. variegata (2n = 2x = 12), the most frequent meiotic configuration was the chain-of-12 chromosomes (36%) and the second most frequent was the ring-of-12 chromosomes (25.6%). All six possible two-chain situations and eleven of the twelve possible three-chain situations were observed. A maximum of five chains was observed in four cells. The size of chains ranged from on through twelve chromosomes. The mean number of chiasma failures was 1.36 +/- 0.07 per cell and 0.1133 per pair of chromosome arms. Because the observed frequencies of various configurations agree with the expected, which were calculated under the assumption that chiasma failure is equally likely at each of the twelve positions around the ring, it was concluded that chiasma failures occurred at random among the arm-positions. Due to the lengths of arm-pairs in the ring vary considerably, the randomness may mean that chiasma formation was restricted to small terminal regions on all chromosomes. PMID- 7105842 TI - Ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes during the last phase of pregnancy. AB - The numbers of Golgi profiles, dense-core vesicles, vacuoles containing a flocculent material, lysosomes, lipid droplets, 'synaptic' ribbons and microtubular sheaves were counted in the rat pinealocytes in the last 5 days of pregnancy. The numbers of Golgi profiles and dense-core vesicles increase at days 21 and 22, while numbers of LYS and LD increase the day before parturition. On the contrary, the number of VFC decreases in the final day of pregnancy. The results of the present study suggest that the pineal gland may play a subtle role in pregnancy. PMID- 7105843 TI - Transmission of symbiotic algae to eggs of green hydra. AB - Evidence from light and electron microscopy shows that symbiotic algae occur in a large percentage of fertilized eggs of two strains of green hydra. Transmission of algae to eggs may occur by insertion of algae-laden endodermal cell processes across the mesogloea into the ooplasm of the ectodermally-derived egg when oocyte maturation is well under way. This transmission mechanism is contrasted with mechanisms postulated for other strains of green hydra. PMID- 7105844 TI - The intracellular acid-extractable (acid-soluble) amino acid pool in mammalian cells: 3 Competition for entry and its effects on incorporation into protein synthesis. AB - Competition studies have been carried out between normal and analogue amino acids with suspension cultured mammalian cells incubated, except for the competing amino acid, in normal medium. Although this produces less dramatic changes on uptake and incorporation than experiments performed in Krebs-Ringer solution, it has the advantage of obtaining data under more physiological conditions. A systematic survey with all the amino acids used has shown, in general, a non specific interference for uptake into the acid-extractable pool, suggesting that a common pool-forming mechanism is involved. Individual differences in competitive behaviour probably arise from varying affinities of amino acids for the pool-forming mechanism, their ability to displace others from the pool, and the rate of their subsequent discharge, among other characteristics. Certain interactions appear exceptional, however, notably glycine and serine, which could be due to their linked metabolism. Incorporation of amino acids into protein of the same cells gave the anticipated high degree of specificity, but evidence is now presented that the amount of a particular labelled amino acid entering into protein depends not only on its absolute concentration in the medium, but also on its relative concentration. The results indicate that the effects of excesses of other amino acid is to reduce the probability with which the labelled species can be loaded by its own tRNA. This inhibition is of a non-specific nature. PMID- 7105845 TI - The intracellular acid-extractable (acid-soluble) amino acid pool in mammalian cells: 2 Displacement. AB - Amino acid displacement is a separate and easily distinguishable phenomenon from discharge of the acid-extractable pool. It is characterized by its extreme rapidity for certain amino acids, with a resetting of the concentrations of different species in the pool at a new level, from which normal discharge kinetics then continue. It is possible to insert a labelled amino acid into the acid-extractable pool by displacement by the same mechanism as labelled amino acid can be ejected from the pool. The amount of displacement which occurs is dependent on the total number of potential displacing molecules available and not simply on their concentration in the medium. Differences occur between amino acids in their ability to displace the pool or to be displaced from the pool. The major determining factor is the strength with which a resident amino acid in the pool is complexed. Displacement for the more weakly complexed amino acids occurs at 0--2 degrees C, and requires no energy supply. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the pool itself, and the implications of displacement on the uptake of amino acids into the cell. PMID- 7105846 TI - Fetal movements. A comparison between maternal assessment and registration by means of dynamic ultrasound. PMID- 7105847 TI - The diagnostic value of liver scintigraphy to disclose metastases in patients with suspected or proven gastrointestinal cancer. A critical review of the literature. PMID- 7105848 TI - Occurrence of yeasts in urine from pregnant women. PMID- 7105849 TI - The white cell count in acute appendicitis. A prospective blind study. PMID- 7105850 TI - Asthma is a disease. A new theory of pathogenesis. PMID- 7105851 TI - Echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7105852 TI - Assessment of time-volume and flow-volume components of forced vital capacity. Measurement with spirometry, body plethysmography and respiratory inductive plethysmography in nonsmokers and smokers. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of the time volume and flow-volume components of the forced vital capacity measured by simultaneous spirometry, respiratory inductive plethysmography, and body plethysmography in detecting small airway disease. Spirometry measured the exit of gas from the lungs, whereas body plethysmography measured both the exit of gas and alveolar gas compression. Respiratory inductive plethysmography, which reflected change in thoracic volume, provided semi-quantitative data f both gas exit and alveolar gas compression which generally lay between spirometry and body plethysmography. In nine nonsmokers and 12 smokers (six with small airway disease as defined by abnormal closing volumes and alveolar uniformity), analysis of forced vital capacity revealed that the only test which differentiated nonsmokers from smokers was the higher spirometric estimation of maximum expiratory flow measured at 25 percent VC in nonsmokers. Combining flow measure at the mouth with volume referenced to change in alveolar gas volume as measured by body or respiratory inductive plethysmography did not differentiate nonsmokers from smokers. Moment analysis performed of forced vital capacity with all of the three devices did not distinguish nonsmokers from smokers. The data in this study and a review of other investigations indicate that the time-volume and flow-volume components of the forced vital capacity on air breathing are not very sensitive in detecting early lung disease in smokers. PMID- 7105853 TI - Spontaneous angina in the coronary care unit. 2. Electrocardiographic changes during and after chest pain. AB - Serial ECGs of 16 patients with repetitive attacks of spontaneous angina in the CCU were studied from admission to the hospital to the follow-up phase at the cardiac clinic. Transient repolarization ECG changes occurring during unprovoked angina included ST-segment elevation and ST-segment depression, alterations of T wave amplitude and polarity, and pseudonormalization of previously inverted T waves. In addition, QRS complexes were altered transiently during chest pain. Such changes comprised augmentation or reduction of amplitude of R and S waves, widening of QRS complexes and a merging of R waves with the elevated ST-segments. Occasionally the ECG during attacks of angina did not show any change. During asymptomatic periods, between attacks of spontaneous angina, the ECG either returned to baseline, or displayed minor ST-segment shifts, and/or T-wave alterations of varying durations. However, such changes became either persistent or were replaced in the late course of hospitalization by ECG alterations diagnostic of transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction. Twelve patients suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Four patients died within one month of admission. During follow-up of the 12 surviving patients in the cardiac clinic, amelioration of T-wave changes was noted in the ECGs of patients who remained asymptomatic, but new ischemic alterations were seen in the ECG of patients who had recurrent angina, or were readmitted to the hospital for evaluation. Increase in the amplitude of R-waves, disappearance of Q-waves, or reduction of Q-wave depth were noted at follow-up, in comparison with the discharge ECG, in some patients who had suffered primarily an anterior myocardial infarction. PMID- 7105854 TI - Coronary disease progression and its effect on left ventricular function. AB - To determine the effect of coronary disease progression on left ventricular function, 47 patients who had two cardiac catheterizations at a mean interval of 25 months (range three to 92 months) without intervening surgery were studied. Of these, 35 patients had coronary disease and 12 patients had normal or near normal coronary arteries. Coronary disease progression was seen more often in patients with initial coronary disease than in those without significant disease (66 percent vs 25 percent, p less than 0.02). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased in patients with coronary disease progression (0.63 +/- 0.03 to 0.51 +/ 0.04, p less than 0.01) but was unchanged in patients without progressive disease (0.58 +/- 0.04 to 0.57 +/- 0.93, p = NS). Interval myocardial infarction was the major cause of deteriorating left ventricular function. The rate or degree of coronary disease progression did not predictably change global left ventricular function, and progressive disease in individual vessels did not predictably alter regional left ventricular function. The presence or development of collateral vessels did not significantly alter ventricular performance. PMID- 7105855 TI - The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in morbidly obese men. AB - Four morbidly obese men who had been found to have significant sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation were restudied after an average weight loss of 108 kg (range 53-155 kg). In all subjects, weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of episodes per hour of sleep-disordered breathing events. In three of the four subjects, there was improvment in the severity of desaturation accompanying abnormal breathing. The two subjects with daytime somnolence and hypercapnia prior to weight loss showed the most dramatic improvement in desaturation. This suggests that obesity is a cause, rather than an effect, of the sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 7105856 TI - Hemodynamic effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed under topical anesthesia. AB - Central hemodynamics and blood gases were measured continuously during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed under topical anesthesia in ten patients with restrictive lung disease. The procedure induced marked hemodynamic changes, which were maximal and similar in magnitude, during passage through the larynx and during suctioning. Mean arterial pressure increased by 30 percent, heart rate by 43 percent, cardiac index by 28 percent and mean pulmonary arteriolar occlusion pressure by 86 percent compared with pre-bronchoscopic control values. A slight fall in arterial oxygen tension was measured during bronchial suctioning and in the post-bronchoscopic period. Rate pressure product reached its highest value during bronchial suctioning at which time three of the ten patients developed ST T-segment changes, implying that myocardial oxygen demand might have exceeded supply. It is suggested that the major mechanism behind the hemodynamic changes is a reflex sympathetic discharge caused by mechanical irritation of larynx and bronchi. PMID- 7105857 TI - The prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after hospitalization for acute respiratory failure. AB - We followed the course of 36 consecutive patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in order to clarify the prognosis in this common group of patients. All of the patients had spirometric evidence of severe, poorly reversible airflow limitation and all had a similar cause of acute respiratory failure. In addition, all received similar treatment during hospitalization and follow-up. Patients wtih asthma and pneumonia were excluded by clinical, spirometric, and roentgenographic criteria. Hospital survival was 94 percent, and only one patient required intubation. Two-year survival was 72 percent, and none of the patients died during a readmission for acute respiratory failure. This prognosis is much better than commonly recognized and compares favorably to that of stable outpatients with similar degrees of airflow limitation. An episode of acute respiratory failure, triggered by an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, does not necessarily alter the prognosis of patients with COPD. PMID- 7105858 TI - Significance of roentgenographic abnormalities in children hospitalized for asthma. AB - The relatively high incidence of roentgenographic abnormalities in patients hospitalized for acute asthma has led some to recommend that all such patients receive chest x-ray examination upon admission to the hospital. We studied the incidence and clinical predictability of the roentgenographic findings by asking the admitting physician to indicate, prior to obtaining a roentgenogram, whether he thought pneumonia, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum or other significant abnormality was present. A treatment plan was also outlined at that time. Seven of 128 patients (5.5 percent) had roentgenograms suggestive of pneumonia or pneumothorax; three of these were suspected clinically. In 14 cases the clinical suspicion of pneumonia or pneumothorax was not borne out roentgenographically. The initial treatment plan was altered in only three cases. The low incidence of roentgenographic abnormalities and the failure of these minor abnormalities to substantially influence treatment suggest that routine chest roentgenograms may not have to be performed on all children hospitalized for acute asthma. PMID- 7105859 TI - Immediate appearance of coronary collaterals during ergonovine-induced arterial spasm. AB - Angiographically demonstrable collateral flow occurred immediately when coronary arterial spasm was induced by ergonovine in two patients with angina who had organic stenosis of less than 40 percent. These findings suggest that coronary collaterals may develop in response to intermittent brief myocardial ischemia in man, and that collaterals may be preserved even if they are closed at rest and can immediately function when a coronary artery is acutely occluded. PMID- 7105860 TI - Congenital aneurysms adjacent to the anuli of the aortic and/or mitral valves. AB - The unusual occurrence of non-infected submitral and aortic aneurysms developing sequentially in an adult prompted us to review the pathogenesis of congenital aneurysms adjacent to the aortic and mitral valves. The findings support the suggestion that subvalvular aneurysms, like aortic sinus aneurysms, are a result of a congenital defect at the valve anulus. Submitral aneurysms occur only subjacent to the posterior leaflet. Whereas aortic sinus aneurysms may arise from any of the three sinuses, subaortic aneurysms occur only under the intermediate portion of the left aortic sinus. In the absence of rupture, the clinical presentation of these aneurysms results from valvular insufficiency or compression of the left coronary artery or of the conduction system. PMID- 7105861 TI - Direct surgery for arrhythmias. PMID- 7105862 TI - Unilateral kerley B lines, pulmonary infiltrate, and fever. PMID- 7105863 TI - The management of smoking in the physician's "workshop". PMID- 7105864 TI - Concealed ventricular parasystole exposed by abrupt cessation of pacing. PMID- 7105865 TI - Venting vs ventilating. A danger of manual resuscitation bags. PMID- 7105867 TI - Increased exercise capability after repair of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 7105866 TI - Noncardiac pulmonary edema following administration of parenteral paraldehyde. PMID- 7105868 TI - Myocardial infarction following administration of sublingual ergotamine. PMID- 7105869 TI - Transient severe mitral regurgitation due to myocardial ischemia. PMID- 7105871 TI - Sudden respiratory arrest from asthma. PMID- 7105870 TI - Legionnaires' disease. Association with severe bronchospasm and hypoventilation. AB - A 31-year-old man with legionnaires' disease, who presented with severe pneumonia and hypoxemia, later developed severe bronchospasm and marked hypercapnia, a complication not previously reported in Legionella infection. He responded to therapy with erythromycin and a bronchodilator. PMID- 7105872 TI - Simplified aerosol anesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 7105873 TI - Mechanical prevention of lung thromboembolism. PMID- 7105874 TI - Assuring quality early childhood service: the challenge ahead. PMID- 7105875 TI - Training child welfare workers for cultural awareness: the culture simulator technique. AB - The Mexican-American Culture Simulator introduces a new, cost-effective method of training child welfare workers for cultural awareness. It was published in 1981 by the Worden School as a two-volume module containing 20 vignettes each [7]. The accompanying trainer's manual provides instruction for conducting modular training and a discussion guide that analyzes the values and practice implications in each vignette [8]. The simulator has a number of key advantages over some of the more traditional seminar approaches to this type of training. 1. It is directly related to child welfare practice, providing information in a familiar problem-oriented casework format that facilitates the transfer of knowledge to job-related activities. 2. It enables the trainees to learn at the their own pace, in private, and at a location of their own choice. 3. It exposes the trainees to standardized material that enables them to assess their progress, and controls for variations in the trainer's expertise. 4. It is brief and easily administered, thus allowing for its efficient distribution and use in training large numbers of workers. 5. It provides a baseline level of knowledge that can be supplemented with more extensive and specific training to meet differing staff needs. Its principal disadvantage results from its apparent effectiveness and utility: there is the possibility that it might be used as the sole source of training for child welfare workers about the Mexican-American community whose cultural pattern is too rich, varied, and a complex to be captured by a single instrument that focuses on cognitive awareness of selected traditional values. Within its limitations, however, cultural simulator training introduces an interim method of improving services to the Hispanic community. PMID- 7105876 TI - Substitute care for unaccompanied refuge minors. PMID- 7105877 TI - Cross-cultural problems for Southeast Asian refugee minors. AB - The process of assimilation is both painful and rewarding to the refugee and the people of the host country. Throughout the history of the United States, people have found creative ways to deal with cross-cultural differences. As illustrated in the composite case illustration, the resolutions involve overt adoption of the host culture's customs, acceptance of the refugee's cultural customs, compromise by both cultures, and peaceful coexistence of the two cultures. The broad issue is how a society responsibly assimilates groups of people with different cultures and customs in a way that does no condemn any culture and allows the refugees to become self-sufficient members of society. The struggles touched upon in this article do not stop after the first year of the refugee's resettlement. The process of assimilation of a group of people into mainstream society generally takes about three generations. For the refugees, it is a life-long struggle between the "old ways" and the "new ways" in their own lives, as well as in the lives of their children. PMID- 7105878 TI - Adapting counseling techniques to foster parent training. PMID- 7105879 TI - Using role play as a training and supervisory tool. PMID- 7105881 TI - Brain tumors in children. Controversial aspects of the treatment of some brain tumors in children. Symposium of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Rome, May 4-5, 1981. PMID- 7105880 TI - Project Thrive: a supportive treatment approach to the parents of children with nonorganic failure to thrive. PMID- 7105882 TI - Radiological study of infantile sella turcica in microadenomas diagnosis. PMID- 7105883 TI - Pituitary microadenomas in children. PMID- 7105884 TI - Craniopharyngiomas. PMID- 7105885 TI - Hypopituitarism after surgery for craniopharyngioma. PMID- 7105887 TI - Hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and precocious puberty. PMID- 7105886 TI - Hyperprolactinemia as the first symptom of craniopharyngioma. AB - The endocrinological alterations related to craniopharyngiomas are usually described as panhypopituitarism. The growth failure in the prepuberal child and/or the puberal retard are the clinical symptoms usually related to it. Nevertheless, for the peculiar diencephalic control of the prolactin (PRL) pituitary secretion, different endocrinological pictures can be observed, related to the different degree of pituitary-hypothalamic compression from the craniopharyngioma. For these reasons a dynamic PRL pre- and postoperative evaluation has been performed in 4 patients operated on for craniopharyngioma. A correlation has been made between hormonal picture, size and location of the tumor, and surgical results. The value of these data in performing an early diagnosis in children with craniopharyngioma is discussed. PMID- 7105888 TI - Pineal region tumors: endocrinological aspects. AB - The pineal gland and the superior cervical ganglia represent an integration center for hormonal and neural signals, and play an important role in modulating basic hormonal secretions. The prevalence of pineal tumors in the male sex and their frequent association with precocious puberty has been known for a long time. However, the rarity of ascertained cases investigated by means of direct and sensitive methods (RIA; tests applying hypothalamic releasing factors) is still preventing the proper knowledge of the endocrinological aspects of pinealomas. On the basis of the recent literature, the importance of diabetes insipidus as a very early symptom of pineal region tumors should be emphasized; in some cases, it preceded the appearance of precocious puberty of neuro ophthalmologic signs by some years. A variable pattern of anterior pituitary impairment is also a rather common finding. In rare cases (males, with few exceptions), the precocious puberty may be explained by the presence in the pineal tumor of trophoblastic tissue secreting hCG; some of these tumors produce also alpha-fetoprotein (evidence of a yolk-sac tumor). PMID- 7105889 TI - Stroke-like onset of pineal region tumors in two children. PMID- 7105890 TI - Medulloblastomas in children. PMID- 7105891 TI - Medulloblastoma in childhood. Multidisciplinary treatment. AB - 20 medulloblastomas in children were treated at the Neurosurgical Department of Perugia over the last 6 years. The age ranged between 1.2 and 15 years, with a mean of 8 years. The ratio between males and females was 3/1. Only three tumors were localized within one cerebellar hemisphere. A shunt was performed before the removal of the tumor in 12 cases. Radical resection was completed in 15 cases, whereas a subtotal removal was performed in the cases with involvement of the brain stem. The postoperative mortality rate was 5%. The 3-year survival rate was 40% and the 5-year 25%. The postoperative radiotherapy was given at lower doses than usually reported by other authors: this seems to reduce the neuropsychological and endocrinological sequelae. CCNU of BCNU were given after radiotherapy, but this monochemotherapy seems to be less effective than polychemotherapy with CCNU, vincristine, procarbazine and dexamethasone, used in this series when relapse occurred. Radical resection improved the prognosis. The opportunity of using different protocols for 'low risk' and for 'high risk' patients is finally discussed. PMID- 7105892 TI - [Injuries of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae]. PMID- 7105893 TI - [Spinal tumors]. PMID- 7105894 TI - [Inflammatory diseases of the spinal column]. PMID- 7105895 TI - [Experience with the surgical treatment of peripheral arterial occlusions]. AB - A total of 293 patients were treated 320 times for acute peripheral vascular occlusion. Arterial embolism was most frequent followed by arterial thrombosis and traumatic vascular occlusion. For differential diagnosis other causes had to be considered. The method of choice is extraction of the thrombus by Fogarty catheter or ringstripper. The results depend on the time between occurrence and operative treatment of the occlusion. Angiography is not necessary in a clear case of embolism, but essential when exact preoperative classification of the vascular occlusion is not possible. PMID- 7105896 TI - [The Spigelian hernia: missed? rare? puzzling diagnosis?]. AB - During a period of six years 24 patients with a clinical diagnosis of spigelian hernia were operated in our department (3% of all abdominal wall hernias). The Spigelian hernia could be verified intraoperative in 12 of these patients and in 12 cases there was no evidence of hernia but other findings which could partially cause the pre-operative complaints. It was possible to follow-up on 22 of the patients over a period of 1-6 years postoperative. Those patients with definite Spigelian hernia showed for the most part, good results while the patients with other problems were less satisfactory. PMID- 7105899 TI - [Pancreatic duct occlusion--possible errors and misinterpretations]. AB - A total atrophy of the exocrine pancreas by duct occlusion can only be achieved if the whole duct system is filled. Nevertheless, a residual secretion--poor in enzymes--from the tubular glands of the pancreatic duct is possible. Long-term results of pancreatic duct occlusion are now available not only from animal experiments, but also after application in humans, --the results are comparable. The effectiveness in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis can be demonstrated: in a total of 141 partial duodenopancreatectomies with intraoperative "burning out" of the pancreatic tail, we did'nt observe any postoperative complications from the remaining pancreatic tail and over the course of up to a maximum of 4 years we saw only a single case of recurrent pancreatitis. After partial duodenopancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer insufficiency of the pancreaticojejunostomy occurs in about 14%. Therefore, also in cancer surgery the application of duct occlusion to prevent postoperative complications should be discussed. PMID- 7105897 TI - [Treatment of overly large abdominal wall hernias with chronic eventration]. PMID- 7105898 TI - [Combined surgical and radiologic treatment of anal cancer]. AB - The different ways of metastases of carcinoma of the anus can hardly be removed by radical surgery and require other procedures than the lower carcinoma of the rectum. In comparing Miles operation in T3/T4 carcinomas of the anus with the combined therapy of local excision and radiotherapy results showed no great difference in T1/T2 tumors the Miles operation is not necessary. In T3/T4 carcinomas irradiation derives its worth from the few possible procedures ro radical surgery. In T1/T2 tumors irradiation can be an alternative (T1) or an additional treatment (T2) to the local excision. PMID- 7105900 TI - [Experiences with a standardized therapy of knee ligament injuries]. PMID- 7105901 TI - [The problem of skin protection in closed plaster casts]. PMID- 7105902 TI - [Scanning electron microscopic observation of the blood vessel cast of carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105903 TI - [Microwave local hyperthermia in the treatment of transplanted cervix carcinoma of mice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105904 TI - [Experimental observation and clinical application on the occlusion of fallopian tubes by silver clips (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105905 TI - [The use of competitive protein binding assay method for determining the amount of thyroxine (T4) in umbilical blood (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105906 TI - [A study on the time of collection of urine specimen for determination of E/C (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105907 TI - [A study on the pathogenic change and cause of death of fetus in middle pregnancy terminated with alcoholic extract of Yuanhua (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105908 TI - [Study on uterine cervical reserve cell (I) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105909 TI - [Study on uterine cervical reserve cell (II) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105910 TI - [The application of amnioscopy and urinary estrogen/creatinine ratio in high-risk pregnancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105911 TI - [Clinical use of amnioscope in obstetrics (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105912 TI - [Estimation of expected date of confinement and pregnancy overdue by examination of smear from labia minora (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105913 TI - [Animal experiments and clinical studies on spermicidal vaginal films and suppositories containing surface active alkylpolyethoxyphenoxyethanol (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105914 TI - [Clinical practice of hysteroscopy (analysis of 400 cases) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105915 TI - [A study on the operative methods for several types of complicated urinary fistulae (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105916 TI - [Clinical analysis of 15 cases of unruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105917 TI - [Clinical manifestation of 190 cases of acromegaly--with discussion on the indices of disease activity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105918 TI - [Clinical investigation and analysis of 22 cases of familial leukemia in 11 households (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105919 TI - [The nonskeletal lesions of endemic fluorosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105920 TI - [A study of the ultramicroscopic structure of chronic atrophic gastritis--with data of gastric mucosa biopsy in 20 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105921 TI - [A discussion on the immunotherapy of epidemic encephalitis B (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105922 TI - [An investigation of the hospitalized patients with non-pulmonary tuberculosis in medical wards of a general hospital (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105923 TI - [The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cor pulmonale accompanied by coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105924 TI - [The theory, methodology and application of hybridoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105925 TI - [Predicting the age at menarche based on radiograph of the hand (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105926 TI - [Studies on the assessment of rice pollution (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105927 TI - [Statistical analysis of the electrocardiograms of 200 healthy young athletes, age 12-15 years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105928 TI - [Medical time series analysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105929 TI - [Experiment lung fibrosis in rabbits produced by inhalation of blast furnace slag and cement products (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105930 TI - [Report of 645 cases of acute daturism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105932 TI - [Limulus test (L.T.) of urine in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105931 TI - [Investigation on serology of endemic typhus in certain parts of Hebei Province (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105933 TI - [Localization of urinary tract infection by bladder washout method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105934 TI - [Treatment of chronic prostatitis; an analysis of 110 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105935 TI - [Pathogenic bacteria of chronic prostatitis and antibiotic sensitivity tests (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105936 TI - [Modified sternoturnover operation for the correction of funnel chest (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105938 TI - [Trans-subcutaneous blind loop jejunal cholangiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105937 TI - [Pine moth (dendrolimus) disease of chest wall (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105939 TI - [Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of tumors of pancreas and ampullary region (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105940 TI - [Pneumatosis intestinalis: analysis of 123 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105941 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105943 TI - [Craniotomy complicated with intracranial pyocyanic infection: report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105942 TI - [Anatomic measurements of surgical trunk of superior mesenteric vein (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105944 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of tuberculosis of vertebrae complicated by paravertebral or psoas abscess: with analysis of 81 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105946 TI - [Free transplantation of lateral-thoracic axillary flap in burns (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105947 TI - [Operative treatment of facial pockmarks resulting from smallpox report of 7 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105945 TI - [Meduallary nailing of tibia in treatment of shaft of tibia-fibula fracture: analysis of 148 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105948 TI - [Clinical evaluation of extensive excision of burn eschar in presence of septicemia : analysis of 32 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7105949 TI - Clinical applications of esophageal manometry. PMID- 7105950 TI - Release of avian pancreatic polypeptide by various intraluminal contents in the stomach, duodenum, or ileum of turkeys. AB - Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been shown to be released postprandially in several species. In this study we tested the efficacy of an amino acid solution (905 mOsM), 0.1 N HCl (300 mOsM), 905 mOsM NaCl, 300 mOsM glucose, corn oil, and balloon distention within the stomach, duodenum, or ileum in stimulating release of avian PP (APP) in turkeys. Although they differ in osmolarity, and are thus difficult to compare, amino acids appeared to be the best stimulant and HCl the next best. The stomach was the site in which nutrients were most likely to stimulate APP release. There was no significant difference between the responsiveness of the the ileum and duodenum. A control experiment in which blood was drawn but no intraluminal treatments were administered indicated that handling and bleeding caused depression of normal fasting plasma [APP]. PMID- 7105953 TI - Biliary tract abnormalities in patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia. AB - Arteriohepatic dysplasia is a congenital syndrome associated with life-long cholestasis. Because of symptoms suggesting extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction, we studied three patients with this syndrome by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP). All patients showed a decrease in the number of intrahepatic ducts. In addition, the intrahepatic ducts show attenuation with focal areas of dilatation. In one subject, this latter finding appeared to be a localized process. The extrahepatic ducts were also narrowed. One patient in this series was found to have gallstones and another cirrhosis. Although the relationship of these anomalies to the cholestasis seen in these patients is unclear, arteriohepatic dysplasis can be added to the list of processes associated with biliary tract abnormalities. PMID- 7105952 TI - Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. AB - We have investigated the effect of loperamide (4 mg tds) on the continence to a standard volume of rectally infused saline and anorectal manometry in 26 patients complaining of chronic diarrhea complicated by fecal incontinence and severe urgency. Each patient was treated for one week with loperamide (4 mg tds) and for one week with an identical placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial. Our results showed that as well as its established effects of improving stool consistency and reducing stool weight, frequency and episodes of incontinence and severe urgency, loperamide also significantly improved continence to a standard volume of rectally infused saline. This action was associated with an increase in the maximum basal sphincter pressure, an increase in the rectal volume required to abolish recovery of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, and a reduction in rectal compliance. These results suggest that loperamide may have a specific action on the anal sphincter, which may aid continence in patients who complain of diarrhea and fecal incontinence. PMID- 7105951 TI - Zinc absorption following massive small-bowel resection in the rat. AB - Zinc absorption was evaluated six weeks after massive small-bowel resection in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups. Ten were subjected to proximal small-bowel resection, 10 to distal resection, and 20 served as pair-fed controls. Intestinal perfusion studies were performed using a recirculation technique. Twenty ml of a solution containing 10 microgram/ml of zinc as zinc sulfate, isotonic sodium chloride, and polyethylene glycol 5 g/liter was perfused for 2 hr through 10 cm of remaining bowel in resected animals and comparable segments in control animals. Zinc uptake was determined and expressed per 0.1 g mucosal dry weight. In control animals, zinc absorption was greatest in the ileum. Animals undergoing distal bowel resection had a compensatory increase in zinc absorption in the proximal small intestine. However, animals undergoing proximal resection did not demonstrate an increase in zinc absorption in the distal bowel. The proximal small intestine appears capable of increasing its capacity for zinc absorption in the response to distal small-bowel resection. PMID- 7105954 TI - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy. AB - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid levels wee measured in 12 cirrhotic patients in grade 0 hepatic encephalopathy and 17 in grade 3-4 hepatic encephalopathy. In 5 of these patients amino acid determinations were performed during the evolution of the encephalopathy. No correlation was found between the degree of hepatic encephalopathy and the plasma amino acid imbalance. In the CSF of cirrhotic patients without encephalopathy, a significant increase was found in nearly all amino acids, including those known to not easily cross the blood-brain barrier; this suggests the presence of a nonspecific modification of the blood brain barrier permeability. In patients with severe hepatic encephalopathy, the further increase only in cerebrospinal fluid aromatic amino acids and methionine levels suggests the presence of a selective stimulation of the neutral amino acid transport system across the blood-brain barrier. Finally, the good correlation between glutamine and the sum of neutral amino acids found in the cerebrospinal fluid only in the presence of encephalopathy supports the hypothesis that brain glutamine may stimulate neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 7105955 TI - Who needs urso? PMID- 7105957 TI - Esophageal perforation and endoscopy. PMID- 7105956 TI - Severe copper deficiency due to excessive use of an antacid combined with pyloric stenosis. PMID- 7105960 TI - Dichoptic interaction of harmonically related spatial and temporal frequencies. AB - Steady-state visual evoked potentials were recorded in response to contrast Reprint requests: Dr. Elmar T. Schmeisser, Division of Ocular Hazards, Letterman Army complex (sum of two spatial frequencies) suprathreshold sinusoidal gratings of two and six cycles/degree in a 5 degrees field. Sine mode counterphasing enhances the second temporal harmonic component of the evoked waveform; square mode counterphasing generates a response with essentially all the power at the fundamental temporal frequency. Digital sums of observed responses to simple gratings presented alone had significantly greater amplitudes than any observed response to presented complex gratings. Response amplitudes ranked significantly by condition: binocular greater than dichoptic greater than monoptic. It is concluded that (a) sinusoidal counterphasing stimuli lead to two stimulus events per shift (an observed grating onset and offset), and (b) spatial frequency channels that are harmonically related in 1:3 ratio do not destructively interfere with each other in either monoptic or dichoptic presentation. PMID- 7105959 TI - The Stiles--Crawford function of an albino observer. AB - Stiles--Crawford functions (SCF's) were measured for both eyes of an albino observer with a marked pendular nystagmus using an eye position monitoring system. Both eyes demonstrated directional sensitivity as revealed by their SCF's. The directional sensitivity of both eyes was less than that of either the foveal or parafoveal region of normal observers. In addition, there was a significant difference between the SCF's for the albino observer's two eyes. Our results suggest that the psychophysical SCF is predominantly the result of the orientational distribution of groups of receptors on the retina. PMID- 7105958 TI - Suppurative corneal ulceration following herpetic keratitis. PMID- 7105961 TI - A contribution to the immunopathology of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. PMID- 7105962 TI - [Chiroptic and spectrophotometric study of iodine complexes of branched alpha glucans]. PMID- 7105963 TI - [Heterophase digestion in the mucus layer on the surface of the small intestine mucous membrane]. PMID- 7105964 TI - [Neuronal reactions of the cat sensorimotor cortex to species-specific vocalizations]. PMID- 7105965 TI - [Accuracy of the visual estimation of object orientation in limited task performance time]. PMID- 7105966 TI - [Comparative study of L cell cytoplasts obtained with and without the use of cytochalasin B]. PMID- 7105967 TI - [Participation of Bacillus thuringiensis plasmids in the synthesis of an insecticidal delta-endotoxin]. PMID- 7105968 TI - [3H-estradiol-17 beta incorporation in the chick embryo ovary in vitro]. PMID- 7105969 TI - TCDD contamination in the Seveso incident. PMID- 7105970 TI - Persistent tissue levels of TCDD in the mouse and their reduction as related to prevention of toxicity. PMID- 7105971 TI - Epidemiological problems with TCDD (a critical view). PMID- 7105972 TI - Absorption and excretion of cyanuric acid in long-distance swimmers. PMID- 7105973 TI - Pharmacological implications of the interaction of heavy metals with novel macromolecular lipids. PMID- 7105974 TI - Psychotropic drug usage in Quebec urban women: pharmacological aspects. AB - Data on patterns of psychotropic drug use from a two-part study of Quebec urban women are reported. Part I involved telephone interviews with 1187 women on their use of pain, sleep, and psychotropic medications. In Part II, 179 women participated in a further person-to-person interview. Areas covered included frequency and duration of use, efficacy of the product, dosage, presence of undesirable side effects, source of drug information, and the concomitant use of other medications. Diazepam and flurazepam (Valium and Dalmane) were the most frequently consumed psychotropes, with diazepam second only to aspirin as the most commonly used of all the medications. The majority of psychotropic users obtained the drug initially through a general practitioner for nonspecific health reasons, were satisfied with the efficacy of the drug, took the medication as directed, felt informed of the effects, and found no undesirable side effects. Multiple psychotrope use was not prevalent, and users of mood-modifiers were generally alcohol abstainers. The differences between the high and moderate users, including satisfaction with the psychotropes as well as initial dosages, are discussed along with comparative data from other similar drug studies. Findings lend credence to the hypothesis that the vague and ill-defined health problems precipitating a psychotropic prescription may in fact be economic, social, or psychological in origin. PMID- 7105976 TI - The impact of the docent clinical pharmacist on treatment of streptococcal pneumonia. AB - This two-phase retrospective study was designed to evaluate the impact of the clinical pharmacist on prescribing practice of physicians in an internal medicine service. Streptococcal (pneumococcal) pneumonia was chosen as the model disease state. The drug of choice was used more frequently and there was a statistically significant difference in raw cost of antibiotic, total cost for antibiotic administration, daily raw cost for antibiotics; total raw cost for antibiotic administration, and patient charges when physicians were exposed to the clinical pharmacists' influence. PMID- 7105977 TI - An evaluation of a medication history method. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate a drug history method. The method consisted of a review of systems (ROS) history format, which utilized common symptoms/diseases per organ system matched with corresponding drug treatments. Findings of this method were compared with drug histories documented in the medical record. The study was conducted over an eight-week period on general medicine inpatients and ICU patients. All data retrieved were categorized into total number of drugs found and then analyzed as to legend, nonlegend, and unidentifiable content. Findings were statistically analyzed using chi-square. During the study, 207 patients were admitted. Of these patients, 186 drug histories were obtained; 21 patients could not be interviewed. The ROS method documented 406 drugs as compared with 60 drugs by the medical record (p less than 0.001). Performance time was comparable to similar studies (14 +/- 5.85 min). Using a concise, logically organized technique, more drugs were identified than reported by the medical record. We conclude that the experimental method is a productive method for obtaining a drug history. PMID- 7105975 TI - A calculator program for adjusting aminoglycoside regimens that accounts for tissue accumulation in children and adolescents. AB - The author has developed a program for the Hewlett Packard HP 41C calculator that is used in the analysis of aminoglycoside serum levels for the purpose of generating a personalized dosage regimen. Although other programs have been published, until now none has made adjustments in the half-life of drug elimination due to the tissue accumulation that occurs in the initial phases of dosing. Many of these same programs fail to locate the true peak and trough serum levels, which are essential in the calculation of the volume of distribution of the aminoglycosides. This article is not meant as a method of initial dosing, but rather assumes that the physician has chosen one of the readily usable methods of dosing, such as various nomograms. Patient data taken from published studies were used in generating individual patient parameters. These parameters were compared to those calculated in the studies for means of comparison. While correlation in all parameters was not ideal, the correlation of dose and dosing interval was exact and correlation of predicted peaks and troughs with the given regimen of dosing was excellent. PMID- 7105979 TI - For us, the time is now--but what is the other fellow doing? PMID- 7105978 TI - Computerized test grading and analysis--it can improve clinical instruction. AB - Many health profession educators do not use computerized test grading and analysis to help them improve their courses and testing nor to assess objectively student performance and competency. The main thrust of this article is the listing of advantages and disadvantages involved in incorporating computerized test grading and analysis in the hope that more instructors will realize and pursue this as an additional effective means of accomplishing course goals and instructional objectives. PMID- 7105981 TI - Anaphylactic-like reactions to zomepirac. AB - The authors report two cases of anaphylactic reaction to zomepirac. A brief discussion of anaphylactic reactions to other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, for example, tolmetin and sulindac, is included. The authors note that first exposure to the NSAIDs usually produces few, if any, adverse effects in patients who later suffer severe reactions. PMID- 7105982 TI - Interactions of isoniazid with foods. AB - We reviewed reactions previously reported in patients treated with isoniazid, who ate certain fish and cheeses. We observed similar reactions in two patients after they ingested cheese and wine. Isoniazid is an inhibitor of both monoamine and diamine oxidases, which contribute to the metabolism of histamine that may be present in some fish and cheeses. Monoamine oxidase also acts in the metabolism of tyramine, present in some cheeses and wines. Reactions reported after eating fish or cheese, in patients treated with isoniazid, are similar in that both are characterized by headache, palpitations, skin flushing, nausea, vomiting, and pruritus. Reactions after fish have not been associated with increased blood pressure, whereas those following cheese ingestion frequently result in modest increases in blood pressure. Patients treated with isoniazid should be alerted to the possibility of reactions after eating certain foods. PMID- 7105980 TI - Phenobarbital overdose: a kinetic approach. AB - A case that utilizes a pharmacokinetic approach to evaluate the need for withdrawal prophylaxis after a phenobarbital overdose is presented. To date, the practitioner has had to rely on an accurate drug-use history to predict which patients may be at risk for withdrawal symptoms. Since this information is often difficult to obtain, some other means of identifying potential withdrawal syndrome patients would be useful. This case describes the successful use of kinetically determined parameters, the elimination rate constant and half-life, in predicting withdrawal potential. This easily used kinetic approach may provide practitioners with a useful tool for predicting those patients at risk for withdrawal symptoms following phenobarbital overdose. PMID- 7105983 TI - More on tartrazine sensitivity. PMID- 7105985 TI - Comment on therapeutic monitoring. PMID- 7105986 TI - [Burn scar carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - A patient suffering extensive burns on the back of the head from a heavy current accident in 1946 later had to undergo a craniotomy in this region. An ulcer later formed in the scar leading to a great defect of the cranial bone. 35 years after the accident a squamous cell carcinoma was established for the first time in the rim of the scar ulcer. The patient died in August 1981 of an acute coronary artery insufficiency. In the autopsy an osteomalacia of the whole cranial bone after removal by operation of a horny squamous cell carcinoma, as well as a cerebral malacia were found. Based on the literature (31 references) on relations between burn scars and the later formation of carcinoma, the carcinoma was recognised as resulting from the accident. PMID- 7105984 TI - Comment on tartrazine-containing products. PMID- 7105987 TI - Chemical aspects on chromate in cement. AB - A certain amount of chromate can be added to calcium aluminate and calcium aluminate ferrite, 2 compounds present in clinker, without being extractable with water. Solutions of sulfate and the chemically related selenate and molybdate can extract about 2/3 of the added chromate. Also a certain amount of molybdate can be added to calcium aluminate without being extractable with water. About 2/3 of the added molybdate can be extracted with solutions of sulfate, selenate and chromate. Chromate present in clinker can partly be extracted with solutions of sulfate, selenate and molybdate. The present results indicate that chromate is partly present in crystals of calcium aluminate and calcium aluminate ferrite and that the correlation between chromate and sulfate in cement is due to an equilibrium between these two compounds inside and outside the crystals. The results also indicate that chromate, sulfate, selenate and molybdate can substitute each other. As cement always contains gypsum, which is partly water soluble, the possibility to make chromatefree cement is limited. PMID- 7105988 TI - [Reaction of skin and various cell systems after contact with sodium hypochlorite as a model substance (author's transl)]. AB - The efficacy of an externally applied substance is possible by the combination of various experimental methods for investigation of the reaction of the skin and other cell systems. After different contact time of skin or epidermal cells with NaOCl solution under in vivo and in vitro conditions, an influence on the processes of epidermal proliferation, development and differentiation was not provable. On the other hand alterations in other cell systems could be observed. In lymphocytes the content of incorporated 3H-thymidine after in vitro cultivation remained unchanged, however, the possibility of stimulation with PHA was decreased. After external skin contact a comparative analysis of different metabolic processes for interpretation of substance efficacy is necessary. PMID- 7105989 TI - Successful desensitization in case of solar urticaria with sensitivity to UVA and positive passive transfer test. AB - A severe case of solar urticaria induced by UVA with positive results of passive transfer test (3 recipients) and reverse passive transfer test (2 recipients) is reported. Desensitization treatment by irradiation of particular parts of the body with UVA and UVB (to accelerate tanning) was fully effective. A marked increase of the tolerance to UV remained during the period of over five years of follow-up. PMID- 7105990 TI - [Protection of social security data]. PMID- 7105991 TI - Post-marketing drug surveillance: an idea whose time has come. PMID- 7105992 TI - Patient package inserts: goals versus achievements. PMID- 7105993 TI - Patient package inserts: a research perspective. PMID- 7105994 TI - [Long-term oxygen treatment (author's transl)]. AB - Lung function was assessed repeatedly at variable intervals in 12 patients with severe manifest respiratory partial insufficiency. The purpose was to control the effect of long-term oxygen treatment (on average 7 months, oxygen insufflation for 16 h/d) commenced as in-patients and continued at home using oxygen concentrators. It was shown that the actual oxygen administration was shorter than prescribed. The readiness for cooperation of patients decreased with prolonged application of oxygen. Using long-term oxygen treatment and continuation of established forms of treatment a mean PaO2 increase of 6 mm Hg was achieved without concomitant relevant hypercapnia. Increases of PaO2 were the more pronounced the longer oxygen insufflation lasted during night and day. Alveolo-arterial O2 partial pressure difference decreased continuously. Lowering of alveolar hypoxia and arterial hypoxaemia led to diminished pulmonary arterial pressure at rest and during exercise as well as to a significant improvement of the haematocrit. Static and dynamic lung volumes only marginal improvements. PMID- 7105995 TI - [Control of serum levels of tobramycin and amikacin during clinical routine treatment conditions (author's transl)]. AB - 576 serum levels at peak and before the next dosage (end level) were determined during clinical treatment conditions using radioimmunoassay in 131 patients treated with tobramycin or amikacin because of life-threatening infections. Only 42.8% of tobramycin serum peak levels were within the therapeutic range. 3.6% were potentially toxic, however, 53.6% were in a subtherapeutic range. After amikacin administration only 25% of serum peak levels were in a subtherapeutic range. 54.2% were therapeutic and 20.8% were potentially toxic. The main reason for increased peak and end serum levels was diminished renal function. Infusion treatment with more than 3 1/24 hrs lowered serum peak levels of tobramycin by 38% and of amikacin by 31%. Single doses of 80 mg of tobramycin lead to subtherapeutic concentrations too frequently, whereas single doses of 500 mg of amikacin too frequently lead to potentially toxic serum levels. Control of serum levels during aminoglycoside treatment is recommended particularly in patients at risk with life-threatening infections. PMID- 7105996 TI - [Is the angled-tube method useful for measuring sedimentation of blood corpuscles after Westergren? (author's transl)]. AB - Results obtained with the classical Westergen method for measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate was compared with a method in which the tubes were angled at 60 degree. Blood was obtained from 31 healthy controls and 30 hospitalised patients. Blood from the controls gave similar results with both methods. On the other hand, in patients with a raised ESR by Westergren, the two methods agreed in only 10% of cases. In most instances the angled-tube method gave values below those by Westergren, although elevated under clinical aspects. In some Instances the angled-tube method gave such low readings in clearly pathological samples that the ESR was falsely interpreted as normal. It is concluded that the angled tube method is not valid for ESR measurement after Westergren, because it measures something different than the classical Westergren method. PMID- 7105997 TI - [Fatal immunohaemolytic anaemia after eating the mushroom Paxillus involutus (author's transl)]. AB - A 49-year-old previously healthy man fell gravely ill after repeatedly eating the mushroom Paxillus involutus. Haemolysis and circulatory shock caused acute renal failure, acute respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient died three-and-a-half days after the mushroom meal in protracted shock. In addition to the signs of haemolysis, post-mortem examination revealed signs of intravascular coagulopathy in lungs, kidneys, adrenals, myocardium, liver and spleen. There were also extensive fat emboli to both lungs. An IgG antibody against paxillus involutus extract was demonstrated in the patient's serum. The immunological reaction pattern suggests primarily the formation of an immune complex, which secondarily attaches itself to the erythrocyte surface and causes intravascular haemolysis by activation of the complement chain. In the first instance the diagnosis is made from anamnestic data. In addition to adequate treatment of circulatory shock, immediate plasma separation could provide a chance of effective treatment. PMID- 7105998 TI - [Mirizzi syndrome (author's transl)]. AB - The Mirizzi syndrome consists of the trial cystic duct stone, cholecystitis and benign hepatic duct stenosis. The differentiation between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis can be made sonographically in almost 100% of cases. In a high percentage of cases the ultrasound investigation can localise the level of the block. However, the additional use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is necessary for an exact pre operative diagnosis. The most efficient diagnostic plan is illustrated by a case presentation of a patient with Mirizzi syndrome. PMID- 7105999 TI - [Prevention of cerebral circulatory disorders]. PMID- 7106000 TI - [Compensation for availability and performance of emergency service by this chief physician]. PMID- 7106001 TI - [Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 7106002 TI - [Transient hypothyroidism caused by iodine-containing disinfectants in the newborn (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106003 TI - [Studies on the aetiology of non-gonococcal urethritis (author's transl)]. AB - Tests performed on urethral secretion and morning urine specimen identified the causative micro-organism in 143 of 164 males with non-gonococcal urethritis. In 59 patients (36%) there was an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, in 48 (29.2%) with Ureaplasma urealyticum in significantly high bacterial counts (greater than or equal to 10(4) KbU/ml) urethral secretion (greater than or equal to 10(3) KbU/ml first urine sample), and in a further 18 patients (11%) double infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Other causative organisms such as Mycoplasma hominis, enterococci, streptococci of groups A and B, enterobacteria and Trichomonas were isolated in 18 patients (11%). In 21 patients (12.8%) no causative organism was demonstrated. In several instances, Chlamydia was demonstrated in ureaplasma-negative non-gonococcal urethritis, while Ureaplasma was demonstrated in Chlamydia-negative cases. In cases of urethritis caused by Chlamydia gonorrhoeal urethritis was more frequent in the past history than when urethritis was due to Ureaplasma. Treatment with tetracyclines led to clinically and microbiologically good results in 77% of patients with Ureaplasma urethritis, in 64% of patients with Chlamydia urethritis. Adnexial infections such as prostatitis and epididymitis were among the complications seen. PMID- 7106004 TI - [Value of serum levels of conjugated cholic acid in the diagnosis of liver disease (author's transl)]. AB - Serum concentrations of conjugated cholic acid determined radioimmunologically were investigated for 3 hours after a test meal in 62 patients with fatty liver, 70 patients with chronic hepatitis and 30 patients with liver cirrhosis. Values were compared with results of further data from chemical pathology. Increased fasting bile acid values were found in 18% of patients with fatty liver, 13% with chronic hepatitis and in 70% with cirrhosis. Following the test meal maximum concentration increase of cholic acid conjugates was obtained after one hour. 70.5% of patients with fatty liver, 80% of patients with chronic hepatitis and 97% of patients with cirrhosis were identifiable by increased bile acid levels. Postprandial serum bile acid levels therefore have a higher sensitivity for diagnosis of liver disease than bilirubin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase or gamma-glutamyl transferase. PMID- 7106005 TI - [Bacterial meningitis due to Plesiomonas shigelloides (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106006 TI - [Cerebrovascular insufficiency caused by extracranial arterial occlusions. Possibilities and limits of surgical correction]. PMID- 7106008 TI - [Charging less than the minimum fees]. PMID- 7106007 TI - [Are hepatitis B vaccines free of residual infectiosity?]. PMID- 7106009 TI - [Dialysis osteomalacia]. PMID- 7106010 TI - [Grading and staging of urinary bladder carcinomas (author's transl)]. AB - In a retrospective study, staging and grading of 2085 primary and recurrent urinary bladder carcinomas were determined according to WHO and UICC rules. Of the carcinomas 51% were papillary, 23% solid and 26% partly papillary and partly solid. 46.2% of carcinomas were correspondent to malignancy grade I, 37.7% to grade II and 16.1% to grade III. The depth of invasion was the greater the less the degree of differentiation. The uncorrected recurrence rate of carcinoma was 14.9%, 28% of the recurrences showed an increase in malignancy grade and (or) depth of invasion. The recurrence rate fell within the first three years from 76.8% to 8.2%. In addition, there was a high degree of coincidence between carcinoma grade III and severe urothelial dysplasia. The diagnosis of severe dysplasia is an indication for frequent cystoscopic and bioptic checks. Since the biological significance of urinary bladder carcinoma depends not only on the degree of malignancy but also on the depth of invasion and the readiness of carcinoma towards invasion, it is necessary for successful prospective studies, designed to evaluate the course of urinary bladder carcinoma and their therapeutic response, to incorporate exact staging and grading. PMID- 7106011 TI - [Drug interactions with cimetidine]. PMID- 7106012 TI - [Repeal of the term "Facharzt" (specialist) not unconstitutional]. PMID- 7106013 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus: causative factors and treatment. PMID- 7106014 TI - Haemodynamic interventions and therapy in septic shock. PMID- 7106015 TI - Nerve growth factor and the metabolism of the carboxyl terminal tyrosine of alpha tubulin. PMID- 7106017 TI - Catecholamine neurons of the central nervous system in organotypic culture. AB - A standardized dissection has been designed to produce explants from the locus coeruleus of the newborn mouse brain. This area, termed the peduncular region, may be explanted with or without cerebellar neurons. Organotypic cultures with peduncular cells contain a cluster of 20-50 (or more) closely-packed large neurons, characterized by intracellular refractile granules in the living state. When treated with the glyoxylic acid method, somata of the granule-containing neurons exhibited catecholamine fluorescence, and a profuse plexus of varicose fluorescent fibers permeated the explant and its outgrowth. Intracellular staining of these cells with horseradish peroxidase demonstrated bipolar and multipolar neurons (25-30 micrometers), with stout dendrites and varicose axons. Granule-containing neurons stained for acetylcholinesterase. Electron microscopically, large dense granules were seen, which appear to correspond to the granules seen in living neurons. Cultures with these cells also have a high concentration of catecholamines in the medium. It is concluded that the granule bearing neurons of the living culture are in fact neurons of the locus coeruleus. PMID- 7106016 TI - Neural retina development in vitro. Effects of tissue extracts on cell survival and neuritic development in purified neuronal cultures. PMID- 7106018 TI - [Effect of live mumps vaccine alone and in combination with measles vaccine in infants]. PMID- 7106019 TI - [Prognosis of very low-birth-weight infants]. PMID- 7106020 TI - [Immunohemolytic blood transfusion reactions in Finland]. PMID- 7106021 TI - [Placental blood flow during obstetrical analgesia and anesthesia]. PMID- 7106022 TI - [Acupuncture therapy of prolonged pain]. PMID- 7106023 TI - [Visualization of adrenal tumors]. PMID- 7106024 TI - [Severe hypothermia]. PMID- 7106025 TI - [Clinicopathological conference LXXII. Fever, lung changes, intestinal perforation and peripheral cyanosis in an infant]. PMID- 7106026 TI - [Coronary artery anomalies]. PMID- 7106027 TI - [Eye injuries in agricultural workers]. PMID- 7106028 TI - [Clinico-pathological conference 71. A hypotonic infant with hepatic lesions]. PMID- 7106029 TI - Histopathological and enzymological alterations in the digestive system of a freshwater teleost fish, Heteropneustes fossilis, exposed acutely and chronically to diazinon. PMID- 7106030 TI - Nitrate in drinking water and cancer in northern Jutland, Denmark, with special reference to stomach cancer. PMID- 7106031 TI - Inhalation exposure of rats to vapors of 1-nitropropane at 100 ppm. PMID- 7106032 TI - Criteria for assessing the environmental behavior of chemicals: selection and preliminary quantification. PMID- 7106034 TI - Joint toxicity of mixtures of 8 and 24 chemicals to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). PMID- 7106035 TI - [Participation of universities in the economic and social development of the Americas]. PMID- 7106033 TI - Physicochemical properties as useful tools for predicting the environmental fate of organic chemicals. PMID- 7106036 TI - [Attitude of medical students to the preventive and social aspects of medical education and practice]. AB - This paper reports on a study carried out in the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous National University of Mexico to discover the attitudes of a group of students toward the preventive and social aspects of medicine, and their own professional aspirations. It was found that these students were aware of the importance of these aspects, and that they inclined by preference to the practice of a clinical specialty. No correlation was found between the patterns of the students' professional aspirations and their attitudes. The authors feel this could mean that attitudes are determined by the overall influence of the society, but the aspirations by the structure of the labor market and the prevailing medical practice model. It is suggested that a similar survey be done of the same group of students at the completion of their studies to determine the possible effects of the educational process on their attitudes. Comments are made and recommendations put forward for solving methodological problems that arise in studies of this type. PMID- 7106037 TI - [The "health history" of patients or groups as a method of recording data]. AB - This paper describes the "health history", a method for obtaining data on patients, families and groups developed by the Nursing Department of Valle University, in Cali, Colombia. According to the authors, the method can be used by all health professionals and serve as a basis for nurse training. It discusses the obstacles that have arisen with the application of different concepts in nursing instruction and the difficulties that are sometimes caused when the nurse is insufficiently trained. It also dwells on the need for coordination between teaching and service institutions. The paper gives the sequence of steps to be followed in compiling the health history, as follows: collection of the information, statement of the problems, diagnosis, the plan to be followed, and progress and observation of the patient. Specimen health histories, one for an individual and family and the other for a group, are included to illustrate the theoretical aspects. To promote the use of the health history by the entire health team it is recommended that collective learning exercises be conducted to help define the roles of its different members. PMID- 7106038 TI - [Reorganization of the health sector: contribution to education in the administration of health services]. AB - This article discusses some of the difficulties traditionally encountered in endeavors to reorganize health services and the various obstacles to be surmounted if the changes proposed by planners are to be brought about and their goals achieved. In view of the need for the countries of the Americas to find alternative ways to reorganize their health sectors so that all members of their populations can be properly served, the author considers the utility of the so called "matrix" criterion, which has been used in economics and general administration for the past decade. It is admitted that problems can arise in efforts to apply this approach, but it is felt that, if the resources of the different units and sectors are used jointly under the responsibility of a coordinator of operations, it will be possible to work in an integrated way toward the established goals. PMID- 7106039 TI - [Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and gastrooesophageal reflux (author's transl)]. AB - On consecutive days sphincter pressure (pull-through-perfusion manometry) and gastrooesophageal reflux (continuous pH measurements) were determined under basal conditions and after application of pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg b.w.s.c.) in 44 patients. In the half of patients with reflux disturbances of sphincter pressure were not evident under basal conditions and under pentagastrin. In patients with lowered sphincter pressure reflux frequency was found to be higher and single reflux duration was found to be lower than in patients with normal or elevated sphincter pressure. PMID- 7106040 TI - [Serum gastrin level, oesophageal sphincter pressure, gastro-oesophageal reflux and symptoms of reflux (author's transl)]. AB - Under basal conditions serum gastrin concentration was compared with lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (pull-through perfusion manometry) and gastrooesophageal reflux (continuous pH measurements) in 72 patients. Between patients with low, middle and high basal gastrin level no differences were obtained for mean sphincter pressure. Mean reflux frequency and total reflux duration were increased significantly in patients with high gastrin level compared with patients with low gastrin level. Mean basal gastrin level was found to be higher in patients with symptoms of reflux than in patients without symptoms. PMID- 7106041 TI - [The behaviour of basal gastric secretion during exercise and restitution in chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer patients (author's transl)]. AB - The behaviour of basal gastric secretion was examined in 15 gastric ulcer patients, 54 chronic duodenal ulcer patients, and 25 normal subjects. The investigation was conducted with the subjects remaining seated in three 1-hour phases at rest, during exercise, and in the course of restitution. The 60-minute exercise was performed on Monark's bicycle ergometer with loads producing constant heart rate acceleration ca 50% of the maximum for the subjects' age. The determination made included gastric juice volume, hydrochloric acid concentration and basal acid output (BAO) as well as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium levels in gastric juice. It was found that in healthy subjects a 1-hour exercise of constant 50% load significantly decreased the volume of gastric juice, concentration of hydrochloride acid and BAO as well as electrolyte content (rho less than 0.05): these changes were especially distinct during the restitution period. In the patients with gastric ulcer the basal gastric secretion presented a similar picture. By contrast, in the duodenal ulcer patients exercise produced increased volume of gastric juice and increased BAO values as well as higher electrolyte contents (rho less than 0.05). During the restitution period none of these values decreased below those determined at rest. PMID- 7106042 TI - [Diabetics with proliferative retinopathy of unusual course (author's transl)]. AB - General experience shows that proliferative diabetic retinopathy leads to blindness within only a short time, in spite of short-term improvements in the clinical picture. Long-lasting remission can occur, but seldom for more than a few years. We have observed 3 patients with proliferative retinopathy in whom remission continued for more than 15 years, in one case even lasting over 20 years. Good, useful vision was maintained during all this time. This was only true of one eye, however, while the other eye rapidly became blind. Of the other forms of angiopathy, little coronary heart disease and no peripheral vascular disease was observed in these patients. There were also no signs of nephropathy, i.e. diabetes-specific glomerular sclerosis. Thus, the total picture of angiopathy seems to be benign. The remission of the retinopathy seems to be in accord with this general trend, although it can perhaps be partly explained by unknown local factors in the eye itself. PMID- 7106043 TI - [Influence of an ergometer load after intravenous lipofundin infusion on the behaviour of blood glucose, lactate, amino acid nitrogen and the free fatty acids (author's transl)]. AB - In males aged from 19 to 21 years the influence of a bicycle ergometer load in the behaviour of blood glucose, lactate, amino acid nitrogen and the free fatty acids was examined. After determination of PWC120 20 subjects were loaded over 10 minutes in accordance with the value determined (group I). A second group (n = 15) was equally loaded after an intravenous infusion of 20-percent lipofundin. The subjects were given 2.5 ml per kg body weight (group II). The ergometer load of 10 minutes took place in the manner described above and was started 5 minutes after the end of the infusion. From the latter group 8 subjects (group III) were once again infused with lipofundin without subsequent physical stress. For determination of the parameters FFS, glucose, lactate and amino acid nitrogen venous blood was extracted at the time 0 minutes, immediately after the end of the lipofundin infusion of 20 minutes, after the end of the physical activity and 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the ergometer load. The FFS rise was highest in group III, while in group II it was lower. During the load test the glucose concentrations rose in group I and were even during the reco very phase higher than in the two other groups. The amino acid nitrogen decrease in group II, but still more in group III. An increase took place in group I. The lactate rose in group II was significantly less than in group I (p less than 0.05). The results suggest a reduced utilization of glucose due to experimental increase of the FFS levels and a higher utilization of other energetic substrates. PMID- 7106044 TI - Biological peripheral correlates of anxiety. AB - Anxiety is often accompanied by physiological and neuroendocrine changes in both psychiatric patients and normal volunteers. Among these correlates the increase of plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations have also been documented in stress and hyperarousal states and, therefore, their specificity in anxiety remains to be studied. Recent studies have shown that biological correlates of central noradrenergic system activity, measured in the CSF or blood are increased in relation to anxiety symptoms. Redmond (1979) has proposed a model for the study of anxiety based upon the function of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) which may provide a neuroanatomical basis for these changes. In the animal, electrical and pharmacological activation of the LC causes increased NE turnover and fear-associated behaviors, whereas lesions and pharmacologic inhibition of the LC produce decreased fear-associated behavior and NE turnover. Drugs with known antianxiety efficacy in man decrease the LC firing in animals. In contrast, clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist which inhibits LC activity in animals may have antianxiety effects in patients with depression, anxiety, and opiate abstinence syndrome. PMID- 7106045 TI - [Antidepressant drugs and anxiety (author's transl)]. AB - As regards the most significant studies interesting the intricate relationship between antidepressant drugs and anxiety, the authors reconsider the usual links: 1) stimulating and anxiogenic effects, 2) sedative and anxiolytic effects. It appears that these effects can vary, linked together or not, and are as much dependent on the kind of antidepressant drugs as on the pathological state considered; however this last parameter seems to be predominant. PMID- 7106046 TI - Autoradiographic demonstration of thyroid hormone binding to intact liver cells in vivo. AB - Adult rats were injected intravenously with [125I]-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) of [125I]-thyroxine (T4). Others were similarly treated, except for the addition of a 500-fold excess of the appropriate unlabeled hormone. Light microscopic autoradiography of semi-thin sections of liver from these animals demonstrated high affinity, low capacity binding of T3 and, to a much lesser extent, T4 to the nuclei of the liver cells. Labeling over the cytoplasmic portion of the cells was greater than that over the nucleus with either hormone, but was not decreased significantly with the addition of unlabelled hormone, suggesting the absence of specific binding sites in this location. PMID- 7106047 TI - Thyroid hormone influences glucocorticoid receptor levels in the neonatal rat lung. AB - In the early postnatal rat, the level of glucocorticoid receptors in the lung increases during the first week of life (5) when thyroid hormone ontogenesis occurs (6). Inhibition of thyroid function in neonatal rat pups by combined pre- and postnatal propylthiouracil treatment abolished the developmental rise in pulmonary glucocorticoid receptor levels. A single injection of 1 microgram T3 to these pups caused an elevation in receptor concentration to euthyroid values in 48 h. These findings support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone promotes tissue receptivity to glucocorticoids in the developing lung of the infant rat. PMID- 7106049 TI - Plasma concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during perinatal development in male and female ferrets. AB - Concentrations of testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in plasma collected from male and female ferrets at eight perinatal ages, spanning the period when behavioral sexual differentiation occurs in this species. Concentrations of T were significantly higher in males than in females 5 days before birth (day -5) and on postnatal days 10, 15, and 40. Plasma concentrations of DHT were equivalent in both sexes at all ages. In males, mean plasma T (2,278 pg/ml) and DHT (1,989 pg/ml) concentrations were highest on day 5, and declined significantly by postnatal day 5. In females, plasma concentrations of T (1,220 pg/ml) were highest on the day of birth, whereas concentrations of DHT (1,896 pg/ml) were highest on day -5; both declined significantly by postnatal day 5. The mean concentrations of T and DHT in sera from reproductively active adult male ferrets were 26,019 and 888 pg/ml, respectively, whereas sera from seasonally quiescent males contained 2,976 pg/ml T and 252 pg/ml DHT. The results demonstrate that circulating concentrations of T are significantly higher in male than in female ferrets at those neonatal ages when, in other experiments, T administration to females permanently augmented their ability to display masculine coital behavior in adulthood. PMID- 7106048 TI - Modulation by dopamine and estradiol of the central effects of angiotensin II on anterior pituitary hormone release. PMID- 7106050 TI - Effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol administered neonatally on sexual behavior of female ferrets. AB - Groups of female ferrets born in the laboratory received sc Silastic capsules containing testosterone (T), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17 beta-estradiol (E), or no steroid for 15 days beginning on the day of birth; an additional group of male ferrets received empty sc capsules neonatally. All ferrets were gonadectomized at 11 weeks of age and were subsequently tested for masculine and feminine sexual behaviors while being treated consecutively over an 8-month period with several different gonadal steroids. The ability to display masculine sexual behavior was studied in the absence of replacement hormones and during a counterbalanced sequence of treatments with Silastic capsules containing T, E, or DHT. The maximal amount of neck grip, mount, and pelvic thrusting behavior displayed, regardless of adult endocrine treatment, was significantly greater in control male and neonatally T-treated females than in females that had received no hormone, E, or DHT neonatally. Animals in all five groups displayed equivalent increments in sexual receptivity in response to daily sc injections of increasing dosages of estradiol benzoate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma collected from newborn female ferrets revealed no binding of either [3H]E or [3H]T, whereas two binding peaks were found for [3H]DHT. After the administration of androgen in adulthood, equivalent clitoral growth and ossification occurred in females given either T or DHT neonatally. These results suggest that in ferrets, behavioral masculinization occurs in response to neonatal exposure to T itself and not to its major neural metabolites, E and DHT. They also show that behavioral defeminization fails to occur in ferrets even after neonatal exposure to pharmacological amounts of E, T, or DHT. PMID- 7106051 TI - Regulation of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in the luteinized rat ovary: observations with an improved enzymatic assay. AB - The corpus luteum of the rat stores large quantities of cholesteryl ester which is synthesized by acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), a microsomal enzyme. In previous studies of ACAT, assays that were probably substrate limited were employed. To reevaluate the regulation of ACAT in the ovaries of PMSG-hCG-primed rats, we used an improved assay in which exogenous cholesterol is provided as a dispersion in Triton WR-1339. Assayed in the absence of exogenous cholesterol, ACAT activity increased between days 1--8 post-hCG treatment and then declined between days 8--15. When exogenous cholesterol was included, a similar pattern of ACAT activity was found, but rates of cholesteryl ester formation were 2.5- to 4.5-fold greater. These changes in ACAT paralleled the previously reported levels of ovarian cholesteryl esters. Treatment of rats with 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine, a drug that lowers blood cholesterol levels and reduces ovarian sterol ester stores, resulted in a lowered ACAT activity measured in the absence of exogenous sterol. However, enzyme activity was similar to that in controls when assayed in the presence of cholesterol. Inhibitors of steroidogenesis (aminoglutethimide and cycloheximide) promoted, within 4 h, ovarian sterol ester storage and resulted in increased ACAT activities measured in the absence of cholesterol. However, in the presence of exogenous sterol, the ACAT activities of controls were equal to those of drug-treated animals. When PMSG-hCG-primed animals received iv injections of hCG on day 8 post-hCG, ovarian sterol ester stores were markedly depleted within 2 h. The ovarian ACAT activity of hCG-treated rats measured without cholesterol was significantly lower than that of controls. With cholesterol, ACAT activities of hCG-treated rats were similar to those in controls. Our findings indicate that the entry of cholesterol into the ACAT substrate pool may be a major factor controlling the rates of cholesteryl ester synthesis in the rat corpus luteum. PMID- 7106052 TI - Differences in brain uptake and metabolism of testosterone in gonadectomized, adrenalectomized male and female rhesus monkeys. PMID- 7106054 TI - Effect of iodination on human growth hormone and prolactin: characterized by bioassay, radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assay, and electrophoresis. AB - Human GH (hGH) and PRL (hPRL) were iodinated using lactoperoxidase. The iodinated hormones were characterized by RIA, radioreceptor assay (RRA), and bioassay (BA) using the Nb2 Node lymphoma cell line. The proportion of tracer that could bind to rat liver membranes or rabbit antibodies was determined, and the distribution of iodinated hormones was examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Excess antibody was capable of precipitating 87.9% of the radioactivity associated with the hGH tracer and 86.0% of the hPRL tracer. The maximal specific binding to a liver membrane preparation averaged 67.3% of the [125I]iodo-hGH radioactivity and 48.8% of the [125I]iodo-hPRL radioactivity. The respective BA and RRA activity estimates for [125I]iodo-hGH averaged 90% and 114% of the activity measured by the RIA. For [125I]iodo-hPRL, the values were 75% by BA and 68% by RRA. The bioactivity profiles of iodinated hGH and hPRL shifted anodally on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in comparison to the bioactivity distribution of the respective uniodinated hormones. Iodine incorporation rather than oxidation appeared to be responsible for the shift. After electrophoresis, all eluates which contained significant radioactivity were active in the BA and RIA. Furthermore, specific activities calculated from the bioactive hormone and radioactivity in each electrophoretic segment agreed well with the average specific activity estimated from the amount of iodine incorporated into the protein peak upon gel filtration. These data suggest that hGH and hPRL to a major degree retain biological integrity after iodination. PMID- 7106053 TI - Effects of hyperprolactinemia on copulatory behavior and testicular human chorionic gonadotropin binding in adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 7106055 TI - Nuclear androgen receptors in the mouse kidney: validation of a new assay. PMID- 7106056 TI - The effect of dexamethasone on renal electrolyte excretion in the adrenalectomized rat. AB - The acute effect of low and high doses of dexamethasone on renal electrolyte excretion was examined in chronically (2--3 weeks) adrenalectomized rats and was compared with that of aldosterone. At the lowest effective dose (2 micrograms/100 g BW) dexamethasone injection produced a 70% increase in urinary potassium (K) excretion (0.99 +/- 0.06 to 1.70 +/- 0.20 mueq/min; P less than 0.005) but had no effect on sodium excretion. In contrast, low doses of aldosterone (2.5 micrograms/100 g BW) caused a significant decrease in urinary sodium excretion (6.23 +/- 1.2 to 2.75 +/- 0.7 mueq/min; P less than 0.01) but had no influence on renal potassium excretion (UKV). Higher doses of dexamethasone (10, 20 and 50 micrograms/100 g BW) produced a greater kaliuresis, increasing UKV by more than 100% over baseline and higher (P less than 0.05) than values after a low dose of dexamethasone, but again failed to lower sodium excretion. The increase in UKV after all doses of dexamethasone occurred in association with a significant increase in urinary K concentration; at higher doses of dexamethasone there was a variable increase in urine flow. The increase in UKV was not secondary to an increase in plasma K concentration nor was it associated with a rise in blood pressure or glomerular filtration rate after dexamethasone administration. These findings demonstrate that, in the adrenalectomized rat, acute administration of low and high doses of dexamethasone increases urinary K excretion without affecting sodium excretion. In contrast, aldosterone has little effect on K excretion but significantly decreases sodium excretion. These results indicate that the kaliuresis observed after dexamethasone cannot be attributed to a mineralocorticoid property of the hormone. PMID- 7106057 TI - Ontogenesis of placental inner ring thyroxine deiodinase and amniotic fluid 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentration in the rat. AB - Human and rat placentae contain enzymatic activity which converts T4 to rT3 and T3 to 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3'-monoiodothyronine. This study presents data on the ontogeny of this inner ring iodothyronine deiodinase activity (P-T4ase) in rat placenta. P-T4ase was measured by quantitating the conversion of T4 to rT3 in 700 x g supernatants of placental homogenates. Groups of rats were mated to permit the dams to be killed on the same day, on days 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 of gestation. Sufficient placental tissue was obtained to measure P-T4ase on all but the 12th day of gestation. The highest level of P-T4ase was observed on day 16. P T4ase on days 14, 18, and 20 was 52%, 77%, and 41%, respectively, of that observed on day 16 (P less than 0.01, day 16 vs. all other days). Amniotic fluid rT3 concentrations were highest on day 18 and were 61% and 64%, respectively, of that observed on day 18 (P less than 0.01, days 16 and 20 vs, day 18). At 20 days, maternal serum T4 concentrations were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than on days 14, 16, or 18. A brief period of maternal hypothyroidism (4 or 9 days before the time that the animals were killed on day 20 of gestation) did not significantly alter P-T4ase. These studies indicate that there are age dependent changes in placental inner ring deiodinase activity in the rat. Amniotic fluid rT3 concentrations may reflect these changes. Brief reductions in maternal serum T4 concentrations do not account for changes in placental inner ring deiodinase activity. These studies emphasize the importance of gestational age in studies of placental inner ring iodothyronine deiodinase. PMID- 7106058 TI - Radioimmunoassay of urinary calcitonin in normal subjects and in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. AB - A simple technique for measuring urine calcitonin (CT) was established using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for plasma human calcitonin (hCT). To extract urinary CT, urine samples were fractioned by gel chromatography on a column (0.8 x 20 cm) of Bio Gel P-2. Recovery of synthetic (1-32)hCT was 86.1 +/- 6.2% and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation in RIA were 5.9 and 8.2%, respectively. Dilution curves of the urinary CT after gel-filtration were parallel with the standard curve. In 11 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT), the CT levels of the urine (in ng/mg Cr) were 3.4 to 20.8 times higher than those of the plasma (in ng/ml), and a significant positive correlation (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001) was obtained between the urinary and plasma levels of CT in these 11 patients. In 32 normal subjects, the CT levels of the urine (in pg/mg Cr) were only 0.41 to 5.1 times of those of the plasma (in pg/ml), and a weak positive correlation (r = 0.408, P less than 0.05) was obtained between these two levels. However, urinary CT level in normal subjects apparently reflected a rise in endogenous plasma hCT in response to calcium infusion (4 mg/kg B.W. for 1 min) and that of exogenous plasma CT when synthetic (1-32)hCT (500 micrograms for 1 min) was injected intravenously. Following gel filtration on a Bio Gel P-30 1.5 x 80 cm column, larger molecular forms of CT than (1-32)hCT were found in the urine not only patients with MCT but also of normal subjects after infusion of calcium or synthetic (1-32)hCT. It is concluded that measurement of urine CT is useful not only for diagnosis of MCT but also for evaluating CT metabolism in normal subjects. PMID- 7106059 TI - The levels of vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with alcoholism. AB - Concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 5 alcoholic patients and 6 healthy volunteers were determined by a radioimmunoassay. The concentrations of AVP in the CSF of alcoholic patients were 2.93-6.17 pg/ml (the mean value, 4.80 +/- 1.34 pg/ml) and those of healthy volunteers 3.80-12.59 pg/ml (the mean value, 9.87 +/- 3.19 pg/ml). The AVP level in the CSF of alcoholics was significantly lower than that of normals (P less than 0.02). PMID- 7106060 TI - A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type II b: endocrinological evaluation and family screening. AB - The case of a 27 year-old woman with typical manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type II b is reported. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was detected on the occasion of an operation for goiter when she was 22 years of age. Constipation due to megacolon caused by intestinal neuroma had persisted since childhood. Neuroma of the tongue and lips, hypertrophic corneal nerve and Marfanoid habitus were also found. The presence of pheochromocytoma was suggested in view of the positive cold pressor and results of glucagon loading tests, but this remains inconclusive. There was prolonged and exaggerated response of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone after provocative tests for anterior pituitary gland, in spite of normal basal levels. Screening of her family members for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was carried out by measurement of immunoreactive calcitonin. Two siblings were shown to be hypercalcitoninemic, presumably due to occult medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. This case appeared to be the first in Japan showing multiple endocrine neoplasia type II b accompanied by familial hypercalcitoninemia. PMID- 7106061 TI - A follow-up study of plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity and diabetic retinopathy--observed for 2 years. AB - The correlation of Plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity and the development of diabetic retinopathy was observed in 117 diabetic patients (male 52, female 65) who had been observed for 2 years. The plasma NAG activity was measured at least 3 times per year (6 approximately 9 times altogether). The eye ground findings at the beginning of the study and 2 years later were studied according to Scott's classification. Forty-four percent (19 cases) of the 43 patients with higher NAG activity (greater than 525 nmole/h/ml) and 27% (20 cases) of the 74 patients with lower NAG activity (less than or equal to 525 mole/h/ml) showed a worsening of the eye findings (p greater than 0.05). The frequencies of patients showing a worsening of the eye findings in patients with higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) values (greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl) and in patients with lower FBG values (less than 140 mg/dl) were 45% (17 in 38 cases) and 28% (22 in 79 cases), respectively (p greater than 0.1). When the NAG activity and the FBG value were considered together, there were 16 patients with both higher FBG values or higher NAG activity, and 52 patients with both lower FBG values and lower NAG activity. The frequencies of the patients who had a worsening of the eye findings were 56% (9 cases), 37% (18 cases), and 23% (12 cases), respectively. The difference was significant (p less than 0.05). In the present study, the plasma NAG activity showed no relation to diabetic retinopathy, but the results suggest that the plasma enzyme estimation may add further information to the FBG value and so help in predicting the development of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 7106062 TI - Hormonal control of 5 alpha-reductase activity in hamster sebaceous glands. AB - The effect of castration on total 5 alpha-reductase activity in transforming testosterone to 5 alpha-reduced metabolites was studied in the sebaceous gland of male hamsters. The mean enzyme activity increased to more than twice the control level as early as 4 days after castration and this increase remained almost unchanged at 14, 21 and 63 days after castration. The administration of testosterone propionate or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone to castrates led to a complete inhibition of the increase in enzyme activity and this inhibitory effect was blocked by cyproterone acetate. These data indicate that androgens may be regulators of 5 alpha-reductase activity in the sebaceous gland of hamsters. PMID- 7106063 TI - Increased content of neutrosoluble collagen and dialyzable hydroxyproline in panacinar emphysema and spontaneous pneumothorax. AB - Hydroxyproline transfer to an incubation medium was studied in ten emphysematous, nine relapsing pneumothorax, and eight control samples surgically removed from 2 females and 25 males, ranging in age from 17 to 69 years. Total hydroxyproline in the lung pieces, expressed as a fraction of DNA, was not modified. A large increase of dialyzable and nondialyzable hydroxyproline fraction was observed in the incubation medium of biopsies from emphysema dn pneumothorax groups. Although the pneumothorax group had average values between controls and emphysema, some pneumothorax patients exhibited very high content of soluble hydroxyproline, suggesting a common pattern between some relapsing pneumothorax and emphysema. These findings could not be due to extracellular degradation during the processing of the samples since the results were not affected by the presence of protease inhibitors. These observations suggest that individuals with emphysema and pneumothrax have abnormalities in lung collagen structure and/or biosynthesis resulting in increased degradation of this macromolecule. PMID- 7106064 TI - A comparative study of lysozyme and its secretion by tracheal epithelium. AB - Tracheal explants from baboon, ferret, dog, mouse, hamster, rat guinea pig, chicken, sheep, rabbit and cat were maintained in vivo for 24 to 72 hr. Bathing media were analyzed for lysozyme content. Secretory rates were compared to the rate obtained for human trachea in our earlier work. These rates ranged from 807 micrograms lysozyme/g tissue/24 hr for human trachea to 11 micrograms lysozyme/g tissue/24 hr for chicken trachea. Secretory rates for baboon, ferret dog, mouse, hamster, rat, and guinea pig tracheal lysozyme fell within this range in decreasing order. No detectable lysozyme was released from sheep, cat, or rabbit explants. Lysozyme secretion did not correlate with the presence or absence of submucosal glands. Lysozyme from laboratory animals in all cases differed with respect to electrophoretic mobility and immunochemical properties from human lysozyme. These observations provide physiological, physiochemical, and immunochemical information which will facilitate the use of lysozyme to assess secretion of macromolecules in in vitro and in vivo studies of airway epithelium. PMID- 7106065 TI - Analysis of the effect of industrial effluent on growth and development of rice seedlings. PMID- 7106066 TI - Activation of immune complement by fly ash particles from coal combustion. PMID- 7106068 TI - The respiratory response of guinea pigs to aerosols. I. Histamine aerosol control study. PMID- 7106067 TI - Effects of large (0.9 micrometers) sulfuric acid aerosols on human pulmonary function. PMID- 7106070 TI - Concentrations of lead in the soft tissues of male rats during a long-term dietary exposure. PMID- 7106069 TI - Adrenocortical function and hepatic naphthalene metabolism in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) consuming petroleum distillates. PMID- 7106071 TI - Effects of cadmium, lead, and zinc on macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. PMID- 7106072 TI - Cadmium-binding proteins from blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) environmentally exposed to cadmium. PMID- 7106073 TI - Analysis of cores of ferruginous bodies from former asbestos workers. PMID- 7106074 TI - An embedded figures test in environmental and occupational neurotoxicology. PMID- 7106075 TI - An ecological survey of lead contents in roadside dusts and soils in Hong Kong. PMID- 7106076 TI - Identification of carcinogens by measurements of cell-mediated immunity. II. Assay specificity. PMID- 7106077 TI - Identification of carcinogens by measurement of cell-mediated immunity. III. Immunity to asbestos-induced rat peritoneal mesothelioma. PMID- 7106079 TI - Physiological responses to high radiant heat exposure. PMID- 7106078 TI - Protective effects of vitamin E on methylmercury toxicity in the dorsal root ganglia. PMID- 7106081 TI - An assessment of wastage in thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age. PMID- 7106080 TI - Density gradient fractionation of digitonin-treated rat liver plasma membranes and subcellular localization of NADH-oxidoreductase and B-type cytochromes. AB - Plasma membranes, contaminated very little by endoplasmic reticulum elements, were isolated from rat liver. Activities of NADH-oxidoreductase and b-type cytochromes were higher than expected from this contamination. Between 50 and 80% of these activities were endogenous to plasma membrane. A similar result was obtained after refractionation of digitonin-treated plasma membranes on a sucrose density gradient. This is further evidence for the localization of NADH ferricyanide reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochromes b5, P450 and P420 in liver cell membranes. PMID- 7106082 TI - Histological study of navicular bone disease. AB - A histological investigation of navicular bones from 8 horses with navicular disease was carried out to investigate the aetiology of the radiological findings. Two of the horses were double labelled with tetracycline before slaughter in order to assess the vitality of the diseased navicular bone. The examinations revealed no evidence of loss of vitality in the diseased bone areas or in surrounding tissues. A very high rate of remodelling indicated by resorption and formation of bone was present in all cases. This was shown microscopically by the high number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts present, osteoid formation and particularly by a high rate of intravital uptake of tetracycline by the bone. The findings are considered to indicate that navicular disease is not primarily caused by ischaemia and subsequent necrosis, but rather is a consequence of increased activation of bone remodelling caused by altered pressure from the deep flexor tendon on the bone and increased load on the caudal part of the foot. This is further supported by the clinical changes seen after alterations occur in the hoof conformation. The disease is, therefore, considered to be reversible and may be alleviated by altering the load on the navicular bone by special shoeing. Only secondary lesions such as adhesions and spur formation render the disease irreversible. PMID- 7106083 TI - Occlusion of the digital arteries -- A model for pathogenesis of navicular disease. AB - The digital arteries of 10 horses suffering from navicular disease, and 7 horses from a control group, were examined angiographically. The horses from the disease group showed complete or partial occlusion of the digital arteries in all cases. In the control group of 7 healthy horses, isolated vessel obstructions were also found but these were limited to narrowing of part of an artery only. Histological investigations showed that total occlusion of a vessel involved an organised thrombus but that partial occlusion generally involved changes to the vascular wall, similar to those caused by endarteritis obliterans. The vessel changes are discussed, with particular reference to their possible significance as a cause of navicular disease. PMID- 7106084 TI - Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of nandrolone and/or its metabolites after intramuscular injection of nandrolone phenylpropionate to horses. AB - A radioimmunological method was used as a screening procedure to determine the period of detection or "clearance time", for the horse, of therapeutic doses of the synthetic anabolic steroid nandrolone phenylpropionate. Seven horses, either at rest or being exercised, were given a course of weekly intramuscular injections of the steroid. On the separate occasion, some of the horses were given a single intramuscular injection of the same compound. The weekly injections maintained a high plasma concentration of nandrolone and/or metabolites. The mean (+/- sd) period of detection in plasma of these compounds was 23 (+/- 2) days (range 21 to 25) in resting horses and 20 (+/- 6) days (range 14 to 27) in exercised animals. The mean period of detection in urine was 25 (+/- 7) days (range 16 to 32) and 25 (+/- 12) days (range 9 to 38) for resting and exercised horses, respectively. After a single intramuscular injection to resting horses, the mean periods of detection were 12(+/- 2) days (range 9 to 15) and 13 (+/- 2) days (range 11 to 16) in plasma and urine, respectively. In all experiments there was considerable individual variation in the time taken for the plasma and urine concentrations to return to pre-dose values. This variation was particularly marked in the urine of exercised horses given a course of injections. With horses in training, this period may be over 5 weeks, a period approaching the minimum of 42 days advocated by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons that the therapeutic use of anabolic steroids should be discontinued before racing. PMID- 7106085 TI - Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (1) resting animal. AB - The effects of 7 weekly injections of the anabolic steroid nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) were investigated in 4 healthy, mature geldings. Measurement of body weight, nitrogen retention and plasma urea failed to demonstrate a consistent anabolic effects. Examination of biopsies from the semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles showed no alteration in water content or glycogen concentration with treatment. Similarly no changes were found in the activities of 6 muscle enzymes. However, a significant increase in the proportion of fast twitch low oxidative fibres of the biceps femoris was observed. The effects of the treatment on a wide range of plasma biochemical constituents were investigated. The occurrence of some components of stallion behaviour in the geldings was taken to reflect a residual androgenic activity in the compound. PMID- 7106086 TI - Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (2) general effects in animals undergoing training. AB - The effect of 11 weekly injections of nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) was investigated by a crossover trial (2 training periods) in 6 Thoroughbred geldings undergoing training. A decrease in body weight and flank measurement occurred only during the first training period and was not modified by the anabolic steroid. Urinary nitrogen excretion was lower in the anabolic treated animals only in the first training period. Neither training nor training plus nandrolone phenylpropionate administration caused any marked alteration in blood biochemistry or haematology. A significant decrease in plasma chloride and increase in haematocrit occurred independent of treatment in the latter, more extensive anaerobic training of both parts of the crossover. No change in urinary pH or specific gravity was found throughout the study. No evidence of improved racing performance due to nandrolone phenylpropionate administration was observed. Behavioural changes attributed to the drug could be detected for at least 6 weeks after the cessation of treatment. PMID- 7106088 TI - Bioavailability of phenylbutazone preparations in the horse. AB - Plasma phenylbutazone concentrations were determined for up to 12 h in 6 horses following intravenous and oral phenylbutazone administration. To evaluate the bioavailability of different oral preparations, phenylbutazone was administered in a paste as well as the traditional powder form. The effect of the state of stomach contents on the absorption of phenylbutazone was investigated by administering the paste before and after feeding; the powder was given in a small bran mash and a full feed of lucerne chaff, wheaten chaff and bran. Despite great variability among individual horses both the paste form of phenylbutazone administered before a meal and the powder given in a small bran mash appeared to be almost completely absorbed, However, phenylbutazone paste administered after feeding or phenylbutazone powder given in a full feed resulted in lower peak plasma phenylbutazone levels than when administered on an empty or relatively empty stomach. PMID- 7106087 TI - Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (3) skeletal muscle composition in the exercising animal. AB - The effect of 11 weekly injections of nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) on some skeletal muscle parameters was investigated in 6 Thoroughbred geldings undergoing training. Three muscles were sampled, the middle gluteal, the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. Training alone produced increases in the percentage of fast twitch high oxidative fibres (FTH), glycogen content and the activities of citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacl CoA dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. In contrast the training programme did not alter water content, total protein content, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase of beta glucuronidase, fibre area ratios or the number of capillaries per unit fibre area. Nandrolone phenylpropionate given in conjunction with the training programme only resulted in changes in 2 of these parameters. There was no increase in the percentage of FTH fibres in the biceps femoris with anaerobic training and the fibre area ratio increased significantly in this muscle. PMID- 7106089 TI - Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse. AB - Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach in horses seen at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine are compared with 15 similar cases reported previously. Clinical signs included anorexia in all cases, emaciation, fever, anaemia and/or palpable abdominal masses in 3, colic in 2 and dysphagia in one case. Haematological studies revealed normochromic, normocytic anaemia in 3 and absolute neutrophilia in 5 cases. Peritoneal fluid analysis was performed in 4 cases and revealed slightly to moderately elevated total protein concentrations in 3 and a markedly elevated number of white blood cells in 2 cases. Exploratory laparotomy, performed in 3 cases, was essential for a definitive diagnosis. The data presented here suggest that squamous cell carcinoma of the equine stomach may be increasing in frequency and demonstrate the need for prospective epidemiological studies. PMID- 7106090 TI - Surgical technique for the correction of pneumo- and arovagina. PMID- 7106091 TI - Three cases of cholelithiasis and biliary fibrosis in the horse. PMID- 7106092 TI - Treatment of a cavernous haemangioma-like lesion in a polo pony. PMID- 7106093 TI - Subcarpal check ligament desmotomy for the treatment of contracted deep flexor tendon in foals. PMID- 7106094 TI - Clinical sources and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Klebsiella isolates from an Addis Ababa hospital. PMID- 7106095 TI - The age at onset of overt leprosy among patients presenting at the Addis Ababa leprosy hospital. PMID- 7106096 TI - Nephrotic syndrome in adult Ethiopians. PMID- 7106097 TI - Mass miniature radiography at the Tuberculosis Demonstration and Training Centre, Addis Ababa. PMID- 7106098 TI - Rhinosporidiosis affecting the palpebral conjunctiva: a case report. PMID- 7106099 TI - Rhinosporidiosis in the nasal membranes: a case report. PMID- 7106100 TI - Fatal liver toxicity due to hycanthone (Etrenol) in a patient with pre-existing liver disease: a case report. PMID- 7106101 TI - Relation of oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to gluconeogenesis in the perfused liver of the guinea pig: effect of 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (McN-3802). AB - 1. The potent, specific inhibitor of long-chain fatty acid oxidation, 2 tetradecylglycidic acid (McN-3802), at 10 microM totally abolished ketogenesis from endogenous substrates in the isolated perfused guinea pig liver. This effect was accompanied by a marked inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate plus pyruvate and by a shift toward a more oxidized state of the mitochondrial (3 hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio) and cytoplasmic (lactate/pyruvate ratio) compartments. 2. The addition of octanoate (88-500 microM) almost completely reversed the inhibitory effect of 2-tetradecylglycidic acid on gluconeogenesis. Octanoate oxidation, measured by the rate of ketogenesis, was not inhibited. This protective effect of octanoate against inhibition of gluconeogenesis by 2 tetradecylglycidic acid was seen even though in some experiments the mitochondrial redox state remained two to three times the magnitude observed prior to octanoate addition. 3. Gluconeogenesis from 4 mM glycerol was not inhibited and gluconeogenesis from 4 mM propionate was only slightly inhibited by 2-tetradecylglycidic acid. 4. Thus, it would appear that fatty acid oxidation in guinea pig liver is essential for maintaining maximal rates of gluconeogenesis, especially from substrates dependent on pyruvate carboxylation for conversion to glucose. 5. A single dose of 2-tetradecylglycidic acid (orally, 10-25 mg/kg) given to guinea pigs previously fasted 72 h produced a highly significant decrease of total ketones, of the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio and of plasma glucose. A smaller hypoglycemic effect was seen when the drug was administered to animals fasted for only 24 h or 48 h. 6. It appears from evidence in vivo and in vitro that the guinea pig and rat respond similarly to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. This may be important since it has been suggested that the role of fatty acid oxidation in glucose synthesis is markedly different in these two species. PMID- 7106102 TI - Differential synthesis rates of tRNA species in the silk gland of Bombyx mori are required to promote tRNA adaptation to silk messages. AB - In studying the mechanism of tRNA adaptation to silk fibroin and sericin mRNA translation, we investigated the accumulation rates of tRNA species rapidly labeled in vivo in the posterior and middle silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori during the last larval instar. We found that the rates of synthesis of total and individual tRNA species labeled with [3H]uridine during the growth and the secretion phases and separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, are specific for each tRNA species and each tissue. We noted continuous variations of the tRNA levels designed to reflect changes in the population of mRNAs. The tRNA adaptation to silk mRNAs is completed roughly at the end of the growth phase and at the beginning of the secretion phase (day four of the Vth instar). Its stabilization during the secretion phase occurs by a reversal of the relative rates of predominant tRNA species, mainly tRNAGly. The sum total of the synthetic rates for each tRNA species corroborates their known adaptive distribution during the secretion phase of silk proteins. In addition, when coupled to the similarity of their turnover rates, observed previously, the data support a transcriptional control of tRNA genes. PMID- 7106103 TI - Interaction between monobactams and Streptomyces R61 DD-carboxypeptidase. AB - The monobactams are a novel family of monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics characterized by the 2-oxoazetidine-1-sulfonic acid moiety. A series of monobactams bind covalently to the Streptomyces R61 DD-carboxypeptidase in a manner similar to that for bicyclic beta-lactams, especially cephalosporins. The similarity of interaction was established by the following criteria: inhibition of binding by diisopropylfluorophosphate and alpha-dicarbonyls; stoichiometry of binding; similarity of partial proteolysis products of radiolabelled enzyme; rates of release of bound beta-lactams; nature of hydrolysis and hydroxylaminolysis products. PMID- 7106104 TI - The specificity of viral sialidases. The use of oligosaccharide substrates to probe enzymic characteristics and strain-specific differences. AB - 1. The action of sialidases from Newcastle disease virus (NDV), influenza A2 virus (IA2V) and fowl plague virus (FPV) on sialyloligosaccharide substrates containing alpha 2-3, alpha 2-6 or alpha 2-8 linkages was studied. 2. In all cases 2-3-linked sialic acids were preferentially released. Compared with II6Neu5AcLac, all 2-6-linked substrates, including sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine and its asparaginyl derivative, a urinary hexasaccharide and Neu5Ac(2-6)GalNAc were cleaved at improved rates by NDV and less by FPV sialidases. In the case of IA2V sialidase the asparaginyl oligosaccharide was very poorly cleaved, illustrating a variation in viral strain specificity. 3. A decrease in relative rates was observed in the order NDV greater than IA2V greater than FPV for substrates with 2-3 linkages relative to II6Neu5AcLac. The greatest relative rate was 470-fold higher. The 2-3-linked sialyl-N-acetyllactosaminylasparagine and IV3Neu5AcLcOse4 were poor substrates for the IA2V sialidase, but the rates were greater than with the 2-6 linked substrates. 4. The ganglioside substrate II3Neu5AcLacCer showed lower activity than its oligosaccharide analogue, but neither II3Neu5AcGgOse4Cer nor its oligosaccharide were substrates. 5. The Km values for 2-6-linked substrates were generally of the order 10 mM while those for the 2-3-linked substrates were approximately 1 mM. The V values were consistently higher for the 2-3-linked substrates. IV3Neu5AcLcOse4 showed high Km and very high V values, while the 2-8-linked disialyllactose showed this trend only with NDV enzyme, the IA2V and FPV sialidases exhibiting high Km and low V values. 6. The results are discussed in the light of the current knowledge of viral sialidase specificity and relative to the binding of virus particles to cell surfaces. PMID- 7106105 TI - Dolichol-dependent synthesis of chitobiosyl proteins and their further mannosylation. A second route for glycosylation of proteins in rat-spleen lymphocytes? AB - Incubation of whole lymphocytes with UDP-N-acetyl [3H]glucosamine used as the only precursor leads to the formation of dolichyl diphosphate [3H]chitobiose, DolPP-(GlcNAc)2, and dolichyl diphosphate N-acetyl-[3H]glucosamine, DolPP-GlcNAc. Although very few dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharides are formed, a high level of radioactivity is recovered with proteins and has been characterized, using hydrazinolysis procedure, as [3H]chitobiosyl and N-acetyl[3H]glucosaminyl units. Addition of tunicamycin inhibits, to the same extent, both the synthesis of DolPP (GlcNAc)1-2 and the incorporation of the N-acetyl[3H] glucosaminyl residues onto proteins, indicating that these carbohydrate units are transferred onto proteins acceptors from their dolichol derivatives. Chase experiments have indicated that, in fact, the DolPP-(GlcNAc)1-2 were utilized in two ways: either their transfer onto proteins or their degradation into water-soluble saccharidic material. Moreover, the transfer reaction appears to be a slow process compared to the degradation since the radioactivity chased from the DolPP-(GlcNAc)1-2 is not recovered on proteins. This fact allows to show that part of the [3H]chitobiose previously bound to proteins is further converted into oligomannosidic glycans in the presence of GDP-mannose. This direct mannosylation of chitobiosyl-proteins may represent a second route for the N-glycosylation of proteins. PMID- 7106106 TI - One-electron photoreduction of bacterial cytochrome P-450 by ultraviolet light. I. Steady-state irradiations. AB - Bacterial ferric cytochrome P-450 can be photoreduced by ultraviolet light in presence of camphor as shown by the formation of the ferrous cytochrome P-450--CO complex absorbing at 446 nm in CO-saturated solutions. This photoreduction can only be performed with wavelengths (lambda less than 315 nm) corresponding to the absorption of light by aromatic residues and in particular, tryptophan. The primary process leading to the photoreduction is thus the photoionization of tryptophan residue(s) near the active site of the protein as deduced from competitive electron scavenging with N2O. In agreement with results obtained with chemical reduction, the quantum yield of photoreduction is proportional to the content of the high-spin state of the ferric cytochrome P-450 solution. It is also shown that the camphor concentration affects the CO binding. PMID- 7106107 TI - One-electron photoreduction of bacterial cytochrome P-450 by ultraviolet light. II. A study using laser flash photolysis of the dynamics of the reduction of bacterial cytochrome P-450 in the presence of carbon monoxide. The role of the protein conformation. AB - The intramolecular photoreduction of the bacterial cytochrome P-450 demonstrated by the formation of the complex of reduced cytochrome m with camphor and CO has been studied by photolysis with a laser flash at 265 nm. This photoreduction of the heme follows the photoionization of a proximal aromatic amino acid residue and especially tryptophan in the nanosecond time scale as evidenced by the N2O effect on the reduction yield. However most of the hydrated electrons released in the solution do not react with the ferric porphyrin. In agreement with steady state studies, the quantum yield for formation of the complex of reduced cytochrome m with camphor and CO is proportional to the concentration of the high spin species. The low-spin ferric porphyrin is thus not reducible by photoejected electrons. It is also shown that the growth kinetics of the transient absorbance at 446 nm characterizing the complex of reduced cytochrome m with camphor and CO correspond to a structural change affecting the protein and not to the formation of the complex of CO with the camphor-bound reduced cytochrome in which occurs on a shorter time scale in the present experimental conditions. PMID- 7106108 TI - Quantification of pathways of glucose utilization and balance of energy metabolism of rabbit reticulocytes. AB - In this work it is demonstrated that glucose constitutes the main substrate of energy metabolism of rabbit reticulocytes under aerobic conditions in the presence of 5 mM glucose. Amino acids and fatty acids are minor sources of energy. The shares of processes utilizing glucose in reticulocytes were estimated from tracer experiments. A new mathematical technique used permits the derivation of closed terms for the specific radioactivity of single positions of C atoms of the metabolites of the citrate cycle. By means of regression analysis, the undetermined flux rates in the citrate cycle were calculated. On the basis of the data an overall balance sheet of glucose utilization and of ATP generation is given. About 45% of the glucose of reticulocytes is catabolized via the citrate cycle, about the same percentage yields lactate. Only 2% of the glucose was oxidized in the oxidative pentose pathway whereas the remainder is used for the formation of serine and glycine required for hemoglobin synthesis. These results are related to knowledge about the main processes utilizing ATP in reticulocytes, i.e. the synthesis of hemoglobin and the energy-dependent proteolysis. Our approach to the investigation of metabolic relations in the reticulocytes can be applied to other tissues in which equilibria between large metabolite pools play a role. PMID- 7106109 TI - A rapid method for acid hydrolysis of protein with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. AB - Proteins have regions which resist hydrolysis with mineral acid. The presence of a strong organic acid was found to be efficient for hydrolysis of a hydrophobic peptide bond. The proposed condition, a 2:1 (by vol.) mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and trifluoroacetic acid at 166 degrees C for 25 min was observed to be equivalent to the conventional conditions (6 M HCl at 110 degrees C for more than 24 h) without significant decomposition of amino acids. The method was shown to be superior to the conventional conditions, especially for hydrophobic proteins. The present method destroys tryptophan, as the conventional acid hydrolysis does. PMID- 7106110 TI - Circular-dichroism study of the interaction of aspartate-aminotransferase isoenzymes with a coenzyme analog. AB - The interaction between a coenzyme derivative, 4'-N-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl) pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, and the apoenzyme of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, was studied by circular dichroism. The specific complexes initially formed were characterized by their circular dichroic spectra. The spectra indicate that the complex is very probably the same for the two isoenzymes. In contrast the spectra recorded during further reaction, in agreement with previous results, monitor different reaction paths and characterize the irreversible labeling at the active site of the cytoplasmic enzyme and regeneration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the mitochondrial enzyme. By following circular dichroic changes in the mitochondrial enzyme, initial kinetic characterization of the cleavage of 4'-N-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl) pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate to form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at the active site, is provided. PMID- 7106111 TI - The role of lactoperoxidase-H2O2 compounds in the catalysis of thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone synthesis. PMID- 7106112 TI - Influence of Ca2+ and trifluoperazine on the structure of calmodulin. A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study. AB - Ca2+-induced conformational changes of calmodulin under a variety of different experimental conditions have been studied by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The assignment for Tyr-99 has been corrected. Ca2+ titration performed at pH 7.5 and greater than 9.5 apparently induces a different sequence of the protein folding process as can be monitored by the resonances of His-107. These two structural forms cannot be interconverted. The phenylalanine residue(s) responsible for the resonances at 6.47 ppm (Ca2+-free form) and 6.64 ppm (Ca2+ saturated form) respectively, are apparently located close to Ca2+-binding sites III and IV. This can be recognized from nuclear Overhauser enhancement and Gd3+ broadening techniques. Gd3+-broadening experiments classify Ca2+-binding site IV as the site with the highest Gd3+/ca2+-exchange rate. The antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine, which is known to bind to calmodulin in a calcium-dependent way [Levin, R. M. and Weiss, B. (1977) Mol. Pharmacol. 13, 690-697], has been found to induce a conformational change of the Ca2+-saturated form of calmodulin. The methionine and phenylalanine residues were especially affected. Possible binding site(s) for trifluoperazine are discussed. PMID- 7106114 TI - Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB). Enzyme nomenclature. Recommendations 1978. Supplement 3: Corrections and Additions. PMID- 7106113 TI - Molecular properties of lipoprotein lipase. Effects of limited trypsin digestion on molecular weight and secondary structure. AB - The monomer molecular size of bovine lipoprotein lipase was evaluated by sedimentation equilibrium measurements and by gel permeation chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. To establish molecular weight unequivocally we determined the partial specific volume (v) experimentally. This was done by analyzing equilibrium concentration profiles from analytical ultracentrifugation in 6 M guanidinium chloride using buffers made up in H2O and 2H2O. The combined results gave a v of 0.71 +/- 0.007 ml/g and a molecular weight of 41,700 +/- 1000 for monomeric bovine lipoprotein lipase. This value did not change upon mild tryptic digestion; the elution volume upon gel permeation chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride was also unaffected by treatment with trypsin. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements of the trypsin-treated material in the presence of reducing agents gave limiting molecular weights of 19,000 and 23,000, demonstrating that mild trypsin digestion cleaved lipoprotein lipase into two polypeptide chains of similar size held together by disulfide bonds. Mild trypsin digestion also resulted in a loss of secondary structure as determined by circular dichroic measurements. Discussion centers around the correlation between these effects of trypsin on the molecular properties of lipoprotein lipase and the previously reported effects on the kinetic properties of the enzyme. PMID- 7106115 TI - Characterization of cation-binding sites on Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin by 43Ca and 23Na NMR. AB - The binding of Na+ and Ca2+ ions to Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. The combined use of 43Ca and 23Na NMR has allowed two different classes of sites to be distinguished. The sites are characterized by a relatively fast chemical exchange, local mobility and binding constants of the order of 10(3)-10(4) M-1 for Ca2+ and Mg2+ and approximately equal to 10(2) M-1 for Na+. These features and the observed pH dependence of the Ca2+ binding are consistent with the protein ligands being carboxylate groups, some of which may occur in clusters. PMID- 7106116 TI - Agonist-mediated conformational changes of muscarinic receptors in rat brain. AB - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors were identified in the microsomal P fraction of rat forebrain by the specific binding of the radiolabeled antagonist [3H]dexetimide. Binding occurred to a single class of noncooperative sites (3.25 mumol/mg protein) with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.1 nM. Agonist/[3H]-dexetimide competition binding experiments allowed the distinction between two major muscarinic receptor subpopulations, having respectively high affinity (20% of the total receptor population) and low affinity for agonists, but with the same affinity for antagonists. A 610-fold difference in affinity was calculated for carbamoyl-choline, the agonist extensively investigated in this study. The alkylating reagent N-ethylmaleimide did not affect the total receptor number, antagonist binding to the high-affinity and low-affinity sites, nor agonist binding to the high-affinity sites. The reagent, however, caused a net increase in agonist affinity for the low-affinity sites. This process was dependent on time and dose of N-ethylmaleimide, until a maximal increase in affinity (fourfold increase for carbamoylcholine) was attained. This suggests a quantal conversion of the low-affinity sites by the reagent into an alkylated form, which possesses a higher affinity for agonists but an unchanged affinity for antagonists. The rate of alkylation was enhanced by the presence of agonists but not of antagonists, which is indicative for the ability of agonists to mediate a conformational change of these sites. The close correlation between the N-ethylmaleimide-mediated increase in drug affinity for the low-affinity sites and the ability of the drugs to enhance alkylation of these sites by N ethylmaleimide can be explained by the ability of (a) muscarinic drugs to interact with the low-affinity sites according to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux 'Plausible Model' and (b) N-ethylmaleimide to freeze these sites in the 'active' conformation by alkylation. PMID- 7106117 TI - The segregation into microsomal vesicles and core-glycosylation in vitro of a 300 kDa rat thyroglobulin subunit. AB - Translation of rat thyroid mRNA in a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from rabbit reticulocytes results in synthesis of a 300-kDa thyroglobulin polypeptide [C.G. Alvino et al. (1982) FEBS Lett. 137, 307-313]. In the presence of dog pancreas microsomal membranes this polypeptide is segregated into the microsomal vesicles and core-glycosylated, as shown by increased protection against proteolytic treatment and binding to concanavalin-A-Sepharose. The segregation process appears to be strictly coupled to glycosylation, i.e. no detectable amounts of unglycosylated chains are found in the vesicles, and both processes only occur cotranslationally. The glycosylated protein exhibits lower electrophoretic mobility with respect to its non-glycosylated form and comigrates with a glycosylated 330-kDa polypeptide found in rat thyroid epithelial cells cultured in vitro [F.S. Ambesi-Impiombato et al. (1980) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 3455-3459]. Both glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms are immunoprecipitated by antibodies to 19-S rat thyroglobulin. Some features of the tyroglobulin polypeptide segregation and glycosylation have been studied by synchronized translation of rat thyroid mRNA: (a) the signal sequence seems to be located at the amino-terminal portion of the nascent polypeptide chain; (b) the distribution of the carbohydrate units is mostly clustered in the amino-terminal half of the protein as monitored by posttranslational analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the presence of pancreatic membranes during competition experiments carried out with the detergent Nonidet P40. PMID- 7106118 TI - Methods for the detection of single-strand breaks in DNA under neutral conditions and their application in a study on the mechanism of repair of N-methylated purines in mouse cells. AB - Considering enzymatic activities found in bacteria and in animal cells, there are two possible mechanisms for repair of N-methylated purines produced by methylating agents such as the mutagen and carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. Both mechanisms involve first an enzymatic removal of the methylated bases by glycosylases. The resulting apurinic sites could then be repaired by (a) direct insertion of the correct bases purine insertases or (b) opening of the polynucleotide chain by apurinic endonuclease followed by repair synthesis. As the methods commonly used to detect lesions induced by methylating agents involve alkali, it was thus far not possible to decide between the above possibilities because apurinic sites are by themselves alkali labile. In this paper I describe two methods which avoid alkali and therefore allow the clarification of some aspects of the repair reaction. One of these methods makes use of 95% formamide at 40 degrees C in place of alkali to denature DNA with pre existing single-strand breaks, the other measures the capacity of DNA scissions with free 3'-OH groups to act as primer for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Results obtained with both methods make it unlikely that purine insertases play a major role in the repair of apurinic sites. Kinetics of production and repair of single-strand breaks, produced in 3T6 mouse fibroblasts by incubation with N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, were also examined using the methods of alkaline elution and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. PMID- 7106119 TI - Relationship between the pharmacological action of crotoxin and its phospholipase activity. PMID- 7106120 TI - Binding of substrates to aspartate aminotransferase. Evidence for a dissymmetrical binding. AB - The binding of substrates L-glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate to aspartate aminotransferase was studied by spectrophotometric titration according to Jenkins and D'Ari [J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 2845-2854]. Our data, obtained over a wide range of substrate concentrations, were not consistent with the hypothesis of independent and equivalent binding sites. Two other possibilities were considered: (a) the sites are independent but not equivalent; (b) a negative cooperativity occurs between the sites. It is possible to distinguish between these two hypotheses because the substrate binding is complex, with a couple of substrates and two forms of enzyme in equilibrium with the enzyme-substrate complexes. Distinct equations delta A/Et=f[substrates], where delta A = change in absorbance upon addition of substrates to the enzyme and Et = total site concentration, were derived for each case. The data were directly fitted to these equations by an iterative multilinear regression analysis, and the equilibrium constants were computed. This analysis showed that the binding sites are independent and not equivalent, with dissociation constants for 2-oxoglutarate of 2 micro M and 280 micro M and dissociation constants for glutamate of 1.7 mM and 22 mM. The molar absorption coefficient of the binary complexes is 2250 M-1 cm-1. PMID- 7106121 TI - 5-Isothiocyanato-1-naphthalene azide and rho-azidophenylisothiocyanate. Synthesis and application in hydrophobic heterobifunctional photoactive cross-linking of membrane proteins. AB - Two hydrophobic, heterobifunctional azidoarylisothiocyanates have been synthesized. The reagents are applicable for group-directed modification of membrane-integrated protein segments and subsequent photo-induced cross-linking with neighbouring membrane constituents. Both 5-isothiocyanato-1-naphthalene azide and p-azidophenylisothiocyanate are chemically characterized with respect to structure and photosensitivity. The reagents compete for the documented phenylisothiocyanate binding site(s) in bacteriorhodopsin and to the anion exchange protein (band 3) of human erythrocytes. Photoactivation of azidoarylisothiocyanate-labeled membrane proteins leads to homopolymers when cross-linked in purple membranes or in vesicles enriched in the anion-exchange protein. PMID- 7106122 TI - The ribosomal serine proteinase, cathepsin R. Occurrence in rat-liver ribosomes in a cryptic form. AB - Ribosomes have been shown to contain a proteolytic activity, characterized as an endopeptidase with serine in the active center. The enzyme has been given the name cathepsin R, following the recommendations of Barrett et al. (in a publication from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) for naming new proteinases. The present paper contains evidence that cathepsin R in rat liver ribosomes is present in a cryptic form. Upon dissociation of ribosomes to subunits (and to minor extent also by 0.5 M KC1 washes), the cryptic proteinase is released. Activation of the released cathepsin R is effected by equilibration with 2 M NaC1/0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 4.8. The molecular weight of free cathepsin R is 25 000-30 000. PMID- 7106124 TI - Gluconeogenesis in vitro. Formation of glucose 6-phosphate from malate by a cell free rat-liver system consisting of cytosol and mitochondria. AB - A cell-free system prepared from rat liver containing cytosol and mitochondria as well as a number of cofactors at near physiological concentrations was shown to form glucose 6-phosphate from malate + 3-phosphoglycerate at a rate of 1.11 +/- 0.09 mumol . min-1 . g liver-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 9, 30 degrees C). At least 70% of glucose 6-phosphate formed was derived from malate as calculated from experiments with [U-14C]malate. The indicated rates were measured between 10 min and 30 min incubation time when the system was near steady state with respect to the lactate/pyruvate ratio and to most of the gluconeogenic intermediates. In the absence of mitochondria, the rate of formation of glucose 6-phosphate from malate was about seven times lower than in their presence. A comparison between incubations carried out in presence or absence of mitochondria revealed that mitochondria decreased the lactate/pyruvate ratio and increased the ratio of (ATP + ITP)/(ADP + IDP). It could be shown that under the present incubation conditions, formation of glucose 6-phosphate was closely linked to the ratio of (ATP + ITP)/(ADP + IDP) whereas changing redox ratios had little influence on the gluconeogenic rate. PMID- 7106123 TI - Direct evidence that cholesterol ester hydrolase from adrenal cortex is the same enzyme as hormone-sensitive lipase from adipose tissue. AB - Several properties of the cytosolic cholesterol ester hydrolase from bovine adrenal cortex were investigated and those properties were compared directly with those of the well-characterised hormone-sensitive lipase, the rate-limiting enzyme in adipose tissue lipolysis. Properties examined included: (a) activity against different substrates; (b) susceptibility to inhibition by NaF, Hg2+ ions and diisopropyl fluorophosphonate; (c) subunit molecular weight as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate; (d) ability to serve as a substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; (e) effect of phosphorylation on enzyme activity; and (f) degradation pattern of polypeptides following limited proteolysis. In all respects the two enzymes exhibited essentially identical characteristics. It is therefore concluded that the same protein, or two very similar proteins, catalyses the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in adrenal cortex and lipolysis in adipose tissue. The implication of this finding is discussed in relation to the hormonal control of steroidogenesis in adrenal cortex and of lipolysis in adipose tissue. PMID- 7106125 TI - The role of the components sigma and y of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Lactobacillus curvatus in promotor selection. AB - An average of 0.44 molecule each of the initiation factor sigma and the RNA polymerase binding protein y and 0.54 molecule of the subunit gamma per molecule of Lactobacillus curvatus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been found in the cell. Free factor y displaces sigma from free holo enzyme, E sigma. The formation of a binary complex from Ey, free sigma, and poly[d(A-T)], leads to immediate release of factor y. The release of the sigma factor occurs upon the transition of the binary to a ternary complex. A mixture of E and sigma forms binary complexes with all T7 DNA HpaII restriction fragments. In contrast a mixture of Ey and sigma binds selectively to promoter-containing DNA fragments, indicating that the stimulatory effect of y on transcription is due to an increase in the rate of promoter selection. The same RNA products are synthesised by E sigma and by Ey plus sigma with T7 DNA as template. Thus the nonspecific complexes formed by E sigma and T7 DNA are nonproductive. On the basis of these findings we propose a model for the transcription cycle in Lactobacillus curvatus. PMID- 7106126 TI - N-terminal amino acid sequence of sialoglycoprotein D (glycophorin C) from human erythrocyte membranes. AB - The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal tryptic glycopeptide from a minor human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoprotein (component D or glycophorin C) was determined by manual sequencing. The glycosylation sites were identified by a new procedure for the detection of the glycosylated derivatives released by Edman degradation. The fragment, comprising 47 residues, was found to contain an average of about 12 O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides and one asparagine linked carbohydrate chain. An identical hexapeptide sequence occurring in two regions of the glycopeptide provides evidence that it has developed by an internal gene duplication during evolution. In addition, a part of its structure shows a striking similarity to the sequence of a certain region of the MN and Ss erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins (glycophorins A and B), suggesting that the molecules might be related. PMID- 7106127 TI - Covalent addition of H2O, enzyme substrates and activators to pyrrolo-quinoline quinone, the coenzyme of quinoproteins. AB - The fluorescence excitation and the adsorption spectrum of 2,7,9-tricarboxy-1H pyrrolo [2,3-f]quinoline-4,5-dione (pyrrolo-quinoline quinone, PQQ), measured in the pH range 7.0-10.0, are quite different. However, when the temperature of the solution is lowered, the shape and maxima of these spectra become more similar. 1H-NMR in 2H2O revealed a temperature-dependent equilibrium between PQQ and a hydrated form. Evidence is presented that low temperature favours the formation of the fluorescing species which is PQQ, hydrated at the C-5 position. Even further hydration is possible since absorption, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy of PQQ in borate buffer pH 10.0 reveal additional hydration at the C-4 position, pointing to a dihydrate. PQQ also reacts with quinoprotein enzyme substrates and activators. Spectroscopic measurements showed the existence of 5-alkoxy-5-hydroxy PQQ and 5-amino-5-hydroxy-PQQ in the presence of alcohols and 2 M NH4Cl, pH 9.0, respectively. In the latter case, the existence of 5-imino-PQQ could also be demonstrated. Addition compounds with amines appear to be unstable. The amines become probably oxidized because pyrrolo-quinoline quinol (PQQH2) was found as the reaction product. On the other hand, an addition compound containing an imino bond could be isolated after addition of urea to a PQQ solution. Spectral characteristics of PQQ and its addition compounds are presented since these data are necessary for the spectral analysis of quinoproteins and the quantitative estimation of coenzyme. PMID- 7106128 TI - Analysis of mycolic acids from a group of corynebacteria by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. AB - The cell wall of leprosy-derived corynebacteria (a group of 'diphtheroids' isolated from human leprosy lesions and patients' blood) was previously shown to contain, in addition to peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan, mycolic acids. These alpha-branched beta-hydroxy fatty acids were attributed to the corynomycolic group, according to their RF in monodimensional thin-layer chromatography. In the present work, mycolic acids from leprosy-derived and reference corynebacteria have been fractionated by monodimensional and bidimensional thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography. Pyrolyzed mycolic acids have been analyzed on conventional packed columns, whereas intact methyl esters of mycolic acids with free and silylated beta-hydroxyl group have been analyzed on capillary columns, and their structure has been established by mass spectrometry. In all leprosy-derived corynebacteria, some 20 components containing 24-36 carbon atoms and 0-4 double bonds were obtained. The three major groups had 32, 34 and 36 carbons, and the frequency of unsaturated versus saturated chains increased proportionally to the molecular weight. For comparison, the main components of a reference corynebacterium. Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8, had 30 and 32 carbons, and their hydrocarbon chains were essentially saturated. This work confirms the relative chemical homogeneity of different leprosy-derived corynebacteria and describes some peculiar traits in the chemical structure of this group of organisms. In addition, it shows the complexity of the mycolic acid fraction of corynebacterial cell wall and suggests that the mycolic acid pattern is a sort of fingerprint of each bacterial strain grown under standard conditions. Finally, the fractionation of intact corynomycolic acid methyl esters with free or silylated beta-hydroxyl group by capillary gas chromatography proved to be the best analytical procedure at present available for resolving this complex mixture of corynomycolate isomers. Structural determination of silylated samples by mass spectrometry is preferred because they have more diagnostic fragments. PMID- 7106129 TI - Isolation and properties of proteoglycans from bovine aorta. PMID- 7106130 TI - Tomography and xerotomography after reconstructive middle ear surgery for cholesteatoma. AB - In order to adequately visualize the ossicles and other fine structures in the middle ear, sophisticated radiological methods are essential. The temporal bone has been studied with hypocycloidal tomography using conventional films and xerotomography in 60 patients with cholesteatoma. In 53 of the patients xerotomography gave good results while conventional tomography gave good results in only 38 patients. The superiority of xerotomography to conventional radiological methods is stressed. The only drawback is the high radiation dose to the patient. PMID- 7106131 TI - Computed tomography of pharyngo-laryngeal carcinoma. AB - CT scans of 36 carcinomas of the laryngo-pharyngeal region were analysed retrospectively and the results compared with the endoscopic and operative findings. For the final tumour staging in 18 cases of carcinoma of the larynx equivalent results were obtained in 12 cases; CT scan offered a better evaluation in two cases and insufficient dates in four. Destruction of cartilagineous structures, submucosal tumour infiltration and the pre-epiglottic space are better shown on CT scans. Faulty evaluation of tumour presence of extent are due to superficial tumour growth or to motion artefacts. For the final staging of 18 carcinomas of the pharynx results of CT and clinical findings were comparable in nine cases. CT was less precise in five and superior to endoscopy in four. Evaluation of neoplastic infiltration of the parapharyngeal soft-tissue and of the skull base was the main advantage of CT scanning. Low grade tumours of the oro- and hypopharynx were not visible on CT and tumours of the base of the tongue were insufficiently displayed. PMID- 7106132 TI - Arteriographic findings and erectile function in men with occlusive arterial disease in the legs. PMID- 7106133 TI - Computed tomography in the investigation of leg edema following arterial reconstructions. PMID- 7106134 TI - Varicocele: percutaneous sclerotherapy of gonadal veins compared to surgical treatment. PMID- 7106135 TI - CT-scan: a diagnostic proof for pelvic lipomatosis. PMID- 7106136 TI - Fluoroscopically guided, percutaneous, transperitoneal fine-needle biopsy. PMID- 7106137 TI - The "ghost tail" of the pancreas in ultrasonography. PMID- 7106139 TI - Aberrant vertebral artery originating from the descending aorta: a new congenital steal syndrome in coarctation. PMID- 7106138 TI - Embolization of AV intra-hepatic fistulas. PMID- 7106140 TI - Whole-body CT-scanning by means of direct coronal mode (DCM). PMID- 7106141 TI - Correlations between breaking load and CT absorption values of vertebral bodies. AB - Computed tomography was performed in 25 freshly isolated thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies of different heights. Their breaking strength was analyzed in a static compression test and compared to the obtained absorption values. It was possible to demonstrate a correlation between absorption values and breaking load which is represented as a logarithmic function. Absorption by cancellous bone in the various vertebrae of one and the same individual was constant. It was dependent upon age. Absorption by cortical bone increased from cranially to caudally and was barely influenced by age in our test material. The sum of the cancellous and cortical absorption values increased from cranially to caudally like the load carrying capacity. The absorption values showed a normal distribution, and the error of reproducibility was approx. 2%. PMID- 7106142 TI - Complications of exercise testing. A survey in three German-speaking countries. PMID- 7106143 TI - Non-invasive quantification of exercise-induced changes in regional left ventricular function in normals and patients with one vessel coronary artery disease using radionuclide ventriculography. PMID- 7106144 TI - Ventricular response to dynamic exercise and the cold pressor test. PMID- 7106145 TI - Coronary collaterals and left ventricular function early after acute transmural myocardial infarction. PMID- 7106146 TI - Diagnosis of ischemic right ventricular dysfunction by M-mode echocardiography. PMID- 7106147 TI - Ventriculo-atrial conduction over accessory pathways exhibiting decremental properties. PMID- 7106148 TI - Atrial fibrillation induced by atenolol. PMID- 7106149 TI - Influence of acute hemodynamic changes on the normalized negative peak of the first derivative of the apex cardiogram and time constant of ventricular relaxation in dogs. PMID- 7106150 TI - Correlation of an abnormal rest 201T1 myocardial image: pathological findings in cardiac transplant recipients. AB - Rest myocardial 201T1 scintigraphy was undertaken in 15 males mean age 39 years (22-54) who had been accepted for cardiac transplantation. Complete pathological correlation was obtained in 14 after transplantation and in 1 who died before a suitable donor heart became available. The average time from scintigraphy to pathological evaluation was 42 days (9-103). All the 201T1 images were grossly abnormal and on the basis of these studies it was not possible to differentiate ischemic from idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Each of the three views of the 201T1 study was divided into three segments, therefore 135 areas were available for comparison (3 x 3 x 15). Eighty-eight of these were abnormal on scan and 78 of these were abnormal pathologically. The right ventricle was seen on all rest images but the degree of uptake bore no relationship to the measured thickness of the right ventricular wall. Structures such as the atrial wall and the enlarged papillary muscle were visualized in some patients. In two patients there was an improvement of the rest 201T1 image in delayed views and histologically these areas showed a mixture of muscle and fibrous tissue. The sensitivity of 201T1 imaging in this study was 89% and there was close correlation of the images with gross and microscopic pathological findings. PMID- 7106152 TI - New method for the determination of bile acid turnover using 75Se-homocholic acid taurine. PMID- 7106151 TI - Processing of 201T1 serial images for the assessment of myocardial clearance and redistribution. AB - Regional activity changes over the myocardium after IV injection of 201T1 were assessed in 90 patients by applying a superposition algorithm for paired images. The kinetics were expressed as quotients C1/C2 of the initial divided by the delayed count rate within any myocardial segment. Regarding the total left ventricular myocardium, normal subjects showed count rate ratios (C30 min/C4 h) of 1.75 +/- 0.075 (SD, n = 19) when the nuclide was injected under submaximal (80% of maximum) exercise. In patients with triple-vessel disease (n=21) the corresponding values were 1.46 +/- 0.05, in single-vessel (n=14) disease the quotients averaged 1.62 +/- 0.12. Average quotients in poststenotic myocardial segments increased from 1.46 before to 1.73 following bypass surgery in cases of graft patency (n=8), while a decrease was observed in a patient with occlusion of the bypass graft. In small-vessel disease and in congestive cardiomyopathy, global values of 1.50 +/- 0.07 (n=7) and 1.53 +/- 0.12 (n=19) were obtained. The display of C1/C2 matrices provided typical patterns in uptake defects caused by ischemic heart disease and by congestive cardiomyopathy. The procedure described may provide diagnostic information in addition to conventional myocardial scintigraphy in triple-vessel disease, in patients with angina who fail to demonstrate hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses, and in patients with inhomogeneous T1-scintigrams. PMID- 7106153 TI - 131I-labelled N-isopropyl-p-Iodoamphetamine. PMID- 7106154 TI - Recording of asymmetric renograms following a toxic affection of the kidneys. PMID- 7106155 TI - Thallium image of ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 7106156 TI - An assessment of short-cut procedures for studying drug metabolism in vivo using amobarbital as a model drug. PMID- 7106157 TI - Biotransformation of amitriptyline in depressive patients: urinary excretion of seven metabolites. AB - The urinary excretion of amitriptyline (AMT) and seven of its metabolites was studied by mass spectrometry in 10 depressive in-patients treated to steady-state condition with oral amitriptyline. An average of 68.3% of the dose was recovered in the urine, of which 68.6% was present as conjugates. Hydroxynortriptyline and its conjugate represented 54% of the total recovery. There was marked variation in metabolite pattern between patients. The variations were not due to concomitant medication with benzodiazepines. There was no correlation between the plasma and urine concentrations of AMT and its metabolites, except for amitriptyline conjugates. Two groups of patients could be distinguished - low and high excretors, who displayed alternative routes of metabolism. The disappearance rate of AMT from plasma was determined by the metabolic clearance of AMT to its metabolites. It varied considerably between patients. PMID- 7106159 TI - Pharmacokinetics of TRIS (hydroxymethyl-)aminomethane in healthy subjects and in patients with metabolic acidosis. AB - To investigate the pharmacokinetics of TRIS, an infusion of the buffer was given to 6 healthy volunteers (121 mg/kg = 1 mmol/kg;pH 7.4) and to 20 patients suffering from metabolic acidosis (109--376 mg/kg; pH 10.9). The drug exhibited two-compartment characteristics in volunteers (t0.5,beta = 5.6 h) and patients with intact renal function (t0.5,beta = 16.3--45.6 h). The final volume of distribution (V beta) indicated uptake into tissues, but equilibration between body compartments was slow. Mainly unchanged TRIS was eliminated by the kidney; 82% of the administered dose was recovered from 24 h-urine of healthy subjects. In the patients a linear correlation between creatinine-clearance and TRIS clearance was observed, the latter always being somewhat greater than the former. Only insignificant amounts of the drug were found in bile and gastric juice. In anuric patients the plasma concentration of TRIS declined monoexponentially, with a half-life between 10 and 58 h. Haemodialysis or haemofiltration did not influence this process. From the data it seems questionable whether cellular uptake of TRIS is an important factor in the therapy of intracellular acidosis, but the possibility of drug accumulation must be borne in mind if repeated doses are given to the same patient. PMID- 7106160 TI - Estimation of absorption ratios and their variation for orally administered drugs. AB - Differences in the plasma concentrations of drugs after oral administration are caused by two main factors: variation in absorption ratios and in the distribution processes in the body. A new method for the dissection of both types of factors is discussed. The method uses a reference regression of the AUC-values to the corresponding values after intravenous infusion of graded doses. The reference regression is estimated from an appropriate trial. Deviation of the determined AUC-values from the regression curve afford an estimate of the residual variance due to varying distribution volumes or similar random biological effects. For the estimation of absorption ratios after oral administration the drug is given orally to another sample of subjects and their AUC-values are calculated. The deviation of these AUC values due to the above mentioned random effects are simulated using the residual variance of the reference regression, and are subtracted from the observed AUC-values. Then, the differences in the corresponding absorbed doses are transformed by inverting the reference regression. From these doses the empirical distribution function and statistical parameters (e.g. quantiles) are determined. The method has the advantage that no restrictive assumptions are required, such as first order processes, dose linearity, homogeneity of variance or normal distribution of absorption ratios. Its applicability to substances with qualitative differences in their pharmacokinetics is demonstrated by appropriate examples. PMID- 7106158 TI - Elimination of pindolol in liver disease. AB - The elimination of pindolol was studied in 32 patients suffering from various liver diseases, mainly acute hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. The total body clearance of antipyrine was measured simultaneously as a parameter of liver microsomal enzyme activity. The doses given were antipyrine 1000 mg orally and pindolol 3 mg i.v. Plasma samples were taken and urine was collected for up to 72 h for the measurement of drug concentrations. In addition, conventional biochemical laboratory tests were done. The total body clearance of antipyrine was compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for pindolol, and the results of the biochemical tests. No correlation was found between antipyrine clearance and the routine biochemical parameters in liver disease or with the total body clearance of pindolol. A significant correlation was seen with the nonrenal clearance of pindolol taken as representing its major metabolic degradation. Higher correlation coefficients were observed when two subgroups of patients with acute hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis were separated. In some patients suffering from hepatic cirrhosis a higher urinary excretion of unchanged pindolol was observed as liver function become decompensated, a finding due to an unknown mechanism but based on intact renal function. In patients with acute hepatitis a much higher nonrenal clearance was found than in many other patients, which might be based on increased liver blood flow. PMID- 7106161 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of amoxycillin using open two and three compartment models. AB - The pharmacokinetic characteristics of amoxycillin were studied in healthy volunteers after intravenous injection of 250 mg, 500 mg and 1,000 mg, and infusion of 2 g and 5 g. Serum concentrations were fitted using either bi- and tri- exponentional equations. Comparison of the regression curves obtained revealed that the three-compartment model gave a better fit to the serum concentration versus time curve. It was evident that there was a third, slow, dose dependent phase of disposition. This result has been confirmed by the fact that the terminal half life of amoxycillin on cessation of a comtinuous infusion is significantly greater than after acute administration. PMID- 7106162 TI - Effect of urinary acidifiers on formaldehyde concentration and efficacy with methenamine therapy. AB - Twenty-seven patients with indwelling urinary catheters and chronic bacteriuria were studied for methenamine efficacy. In a crossover fashion, each patient received methenamine mandelate granules 4 g/day alone, with ascorbic acid 4 g/day, and with ascorbic acid 4 g/day plus cranberry cocktail one 1/day. Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli were the common pathogens. Urinary acidifiers had no significant effect on mean urine pH, however, high urinary formaldehyde concentrations were associated with the use of ascorbic acid. Bacteriocidal formaldehyde levels were more frequently present in patients with acidic urine pH than those with alkaline pH. Although ascorbic acid increased formaldehyde levels, additional cranberry cocktail had no further effect. Despite higher formaldehyde levels, urine culture results were positive in most cases with or without urine acidification. Methenamine therapy may be of limited value in asymptomatic chronic bacteriuric patients with indwelling catheters. PMID- 7106163 TI - Studies on the autonomic nervous system in borderline hypertension. AB - Parameters of the autonomic nervous system were studied in normotensive subjects (NT; standing blood pressure (BP) less than or equal to 125/85 mmHg) and in subjects with borderline hypertension (BHT; 140/90 less than or equal to standing BP less than 160/100 mmHg). No differences in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were found between NT and BHT subjects, neither at rest nor during exercise at 75% of maximum work capacity. The dose of noradrenaline required to increase systolic BP by 10 mmHg was significantly higher in NT than in BHT subjects (5.13 +/- 0.42 vs 3.50 +/- 0.57 microgram . min -1). No difference between NT and BHT subjects was found in the dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 20 beats . min -1 (1.21 +/- 0.12 vs 1.09 +/- 0.11 microgram . min -1), suggesting decreased parasympathetic activity in the former group. The enhanced pressor effect of noradrenaline, together with the decreased parasympathetic activity, could explain the elevated blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with borderline hypertension. PMID- 7106164 TI - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of indapamide--a new antihypertensive drug. AB - Two formulations of indapamide tablets (2.5 mg) were given as a 5.0 mg dose and the subsequent blood levels were compared to those obtained after administration of a 5.0 mg solution. The study was conducted as a randomized three-way crossover design using healthy male volunteers. The drug was well tolerated by all the subjects involved. The area under the blood concentration versus time curve, extrapolated to infinity was essentially the same for all three formulations (4.2, 4.7, and 4.4 microgram-h/ml). Statistical comparison of the blood levels from the two tablets showed that one tablet had a significantly shorter time of maximum blood concentration (2.3 vs 3.5). Cmax(333ng/ml) and tmax (0.7h) values for the solution were significantly higher than either tablet. The average half life (beta-phase) for all three formulations was 15 h, while the average systemic clearance was 20 ml/min. Indapamide has a low clearance rate and there was no evidence that the drug undergoes a first-pass effect. PMID- 7106165 TI - Monoamine oxidase inhibition by tranylcypromine: assessment in human volunteers. AB - The inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by tranylcypromine was studied in 6 healthy volunteers given increasing doses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/day over a 4 week period. Measurements were made of urinary tryptamine excretion, blood pressure response to tyramine (TY) and norepinephrine (NE), and subjective self rating. A significant increase in urinary tryptamine, indicating the onset of MAO inhibition, occurred in all 6 subjects once the cumulative dose of 40 mg TC had been administered. Thereafter, urinary tryptamine increased up to 7-fold, dose dependently with large interindividual variation (78 +/- 27 to 549 +/- 252 microgram/g creatinine). Within 4 days after stopping the drug, control values were reached again. The assessment of TY potentiation by comparison of equieffective doses (S dose) became up to 10 times more sensitive when both the height and the duration of the increase in systolic blood pressure (S AUC) were taken into account. The increases in tyramine sensitivity found with the highest cumulative doses of TC (5.4 +/- 0.8 mg/kg; n =6) were S dose from 8-16 and S AUC from 28-162, respectively. The pharmacodynamic half-life (Pd 1/2) of TC approximated a mean first fast Pd 1/2 of 1.3 d and a slower phase of 14.2 d. During treatment with the highest TC dose, resting blood pressure was significantly elevated from 120 to 128 mm Hg, and the pressor sensitivity to NE (S NE) in 4 of the 6 subjects rose, the mean was 1.7 (n = 6). In 3 volunteers NE sensitivity was normalized within 4 days after stopping TC. There was a significant correlation between increasing vigilance with TC dose in 5 volunteers (r = 0.81, n = 15, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that combination of the results of several tests has provided reliable information about the onset, extent and duration of MAO inhibition in healthy volunteers. PMID- 7106166 TI - Bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid from rapid-and slow release formulations, and in combination with dipyridamol. AB - Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of platelet aggregation, but loses this activity following first-pass deacetylation to salicylic acid (SA). In order to compare the bioavailability of unchanged ASA from rapid- and slow-release formulations, the single-dose concentration profiles of ASA and SA were studied in healthy volunteers following intake of two different rapid-release (conventional and effervescent tablets) and three different slow-release (microencapsulated ASA in tablets and in capsules, and enteric-coated tablets) formulations of ASA, and of one slow-release formulation of sodium salicylate. Since anti-platelet therapy with ASA is often combined with dipyridamol, the influence of this drug was also examined. The concentrations of ASA and SA were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. While the bioavailability of SA from the 5 ASA formulations was essentially equal and similar to that of the salicylate formulation, the bioavailability and peak concentrations of ASA appeared to be the much greater after rapid-release than after slow-release formulations. Indeed, ASA was only rarely detected in systemic blood following intake of slow-release ASA. Co-administered dipyridamol did not significantly influence the kinetics of ASA or SA. It appears that rapid-release formulations of ASA should be prefered in anti-platelet therapy, either alone or in combination with dipyridamol. PMID- 7106167 TI - Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of furosemide was studied in 7 patients with diagnosed liver cirrhosis and in 7 healthy subjects. Furosemide in plasma and ascitic fluid was analyzed spectrofluorometrically. After a single intravenous dose, the cirrhotic patients showed lower initial plasma concentrations of furosemide because of the larger volume of distribution. The mean half-life in cirrhotic patients was significantly greater than in healthy volunteers. The longer half-life was associated with a reduction in the serum clearance of furosemide. Ascitic fluid volume in the patients ranged from 4.6 to 7.71. There was no significant amount of furosemide in the fluid. The diuretic interchange between this fluid and plasma was slow, as peak concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 microgram/ml within 3 to 5 h after bolus administration of furosemide. Diuresis and urinary sodium excretion, 5 h after furosemide injection, were similar in both groups; larger potassium excretion was found in the cirrhotic patients. PMID- 7106168 TI - The effect of sulphinpyrazone on oxidative drug metabolism in man: inhibition of tolbutamide elimination. AB - The effect of sulphinpyrazone on tolbutamide elimination was investigated in 6 healthy male volunteers. Co-administration of sulphinpyrazone (200 mg, 6 hourly) reduced mean plasma tolbutamide clearance by 40% and prolonged mean tolbutamide half-life by 80%. Twenty four hours after the cessation of a one week period of chronic sulphinpyrazone therapy tolbutamide plasma clearance (30% reduction) and half-life (19% prolongation) were still significantly different to control values, even though sulphinpyrazone could not be detected in the plasma of any of the subjects at this time. In vitro studies of the plasma protein binding of tolbutamide demonstrated concentration dependent binding but displacement of tolbutamide by sulphinpyrazone in vitro only became apparent at high concentrations of added sulphinpyrazone. Although the concentration dependence of tolbutamide protein binding demonstrated in vitro was also observed in the subject plasma samples, the magnitude of this effect was small. It is concluded that sulphinpyrazone and its metabolite(s) decrease the plasma clearance of tolbutamide by inhibition of oxidative metabolism. PMID- 7106169 TI - Interaction of sulphinpyrazone with warfarin. AB - The effect of sulphinpyrazone administration on the anticoagulant response was investigated in five patients receiving long-term treatment with warfarin. Sulphinpyrazone caused a rapid increase in prothrombin (PT) ratio in all five patients and warfarin dose had to be reduced by a mean of 46% to maintain the PT ratio in the therapeutic range. PT ratio and daily warfarin requirement returned to previous levels when sulphinpyrazone was ceased. Warfarin protein binding was not altered during sulphinpyrazone administration and sulphinpyrazone added to plasma in vitro did not increase warfarin free fraction. The average racemic plasma warfarin concentration over a dosage interval when adjusted for warfarin dose was not altered by sulphinpyrazone administration. The most likely mechanism for this drug interaction is a stereoselective effect of sulphinpyrazone on the metabolism of the warfarin enantiomers. PMID- 7106170 TI - Pharmacokinetics of methadone during maintenance treatment: adaptive changes during the induction phase. AB - Deuterated methadone (M-d3) and GCMS were used to study the pharmacokinetics of methadone (M) during the induction stage of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). A pulse dose of M-d3 was given on Days 1 and 25 of two dosage regimens, one with a continuous 30 mg dose (n = 6), and the other with 30 mg for 10 days, followed by 60 mg as the maintenance dose (n = 6). Plasma and urinary levels of M and M-d3 were measured throughout and plasma half-lives, oral bioavailabilities and volumes of distribution were calculated from the data of Days 1-2 and 24-26. The oral bioavailability of a methadone solution was found to be between 81 and 95%: elimination half-life in the beta-phase varied between 19 and 58 h; the volume of distribution was 4.1 +/- 0.65 l/kg; and total body clearance of M was 54-195 ml/min and its renal clearance 3.4-34 ml/min. A consistent finding was a lower urinary pH and increased renal clearance during the first month of treatment. The shorter elimination half-lives in those patients probably caused unacceptably high fluctuation in the body content of M during the 24 h dosage interval, and may have interfered therefore, with its therapeutic effectiveness. PMID- 7106171 TI - Drug distribution in whole blood of mothers and their newborn infants: studies of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin. AB - The distribution of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in whole blood from seven newborn infants and their mothers was determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. Seven healthy, non-pregnant women of reproductive age served as controls. The distribution of the penicillins to erythrocytes was the same in the infants as in the adults. It was significantly lower in the presence of plasma albumin than when plasma was replaced by isotonic phosphate buffer. The plasma protein binding of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in 22 infants was significantly lower than in the controls, but was slightly higher than in the mothers. A significant correlation between binding of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in the same individual suggested that the two drugs were bound to similar sites. During the first postnatal week binding in infant plasma decreased. This change was correlated with an increase in the bilirubin levels. In the mothers, the binding increased during the first week after delivery. On the basis of the distribution data, maternal to fetal plasma and whole blood concentration ratios at equilibrium were calculated. These ratios were lower for flucloxacillin (medians 0.770 and 0.821, respectively) than for cloxacillin 0.996 and 1.094). Accordingly, at equilibrium somewhat higher levels of flucloxacillin should appear on the fetal than on the maternal side, whereas the concentrations of cloxacillin would be expected to be approximately the same. PMID- 7106172 TI - Pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine after intravenous and oral administration in normal adults. AB - Plasma and urinary levels of chlorpheniramine (CPM) and its 2 demethylated metabolites were measured by HPLC after i.v. and oral dosing. In 5 mg (maleate) i.v. bolus studies in 2 subjects, plasma CPM levels were fitted to triexponential equations with terminal half-lives (t 1/1) of 23 and 22 h and area of 3.6 and 3.21/kg, respectively. Intravenous data predicted hepatic blood extraction ratios for the 2 subjects to be 0.06 and 0,07, respectively. Absolute bioavailability from oral solution (10 mg) was 59 and 34%, and from tablets (8 mg) 44 and 25%, respectively, indicating extensive gut first-pass metabolism. Mean t 1/2 from 7 oral fasting studies in 5 subjects was 28 h (19-43 h). Mean absorption lag time was 0.7 h (0.4-1.3 h), and mean peak time was 2.8 h (2-4 h). In 2 subjects, 6 mg solutions were given every 12 h for 9 doses; good correlation between single and multiple dose kinetics was found. Significant accumulation was demonstrated in simulation studies with frequent daily dosing. Estimated accumulation ratios vary from 4.1 to 9.4 (mean 6.5). The t 1/2 from urinary data (collected for 12 days) was consistent with plasma data. The above results suggest the need to reexamine the current practice of frequent daily dosing and the use of sustained or controlled release dosage forms of this drug. The possible cause of reduced plasma clearance of CPM in renal patients is discussed. PMID- 7106173 TI - Changes in nalorphine-induced hyperprolactinaemia after bromocriptine or sulpiride administration. PMID- 7106174 TI - Pupillographic analysis of morphine action in the rabbit: role to the autonomic nervous system. AB - Pupillary response of albino rabbits were recorded using an infrared video pupillometer. The transient response to an i.v. injection of morphine (1-12 mg/kg) consists of three phases. Phase 1 is a brief mydriasis of 20 s duration. Phase 2 is a miosis that reaches a maximum within 2-4 min and is the only dose related endpoint observed. Time-averaged pupil size is not decreased by morphine in a dose-related manner when measured 5 min after injection. Phase 3 is large amplitude fluctuation that reaches peak amplitude within 20 min and may last for several hours. Thus, dynamic pupillography reveals that the terms "miosis' and "mydriasis' may be insufficient to fully describe opiate-induced pupillary effects. All three phases are blocked by naloxone (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and by topical pretreatment with scopolamine. These results are consistent with the theory that morphine alters pupil size by interaction with opiate receptors that are involved in the control of parasympathetic output to the iris. PMID- 7106175 TI - Release of biologically active substances from non-aggregating human platelets. AB - Human platelet rich plasma (PRP) prepared from healthy, male volunteers spontaneously release an anti-aggregatory, spasmogenic substance when incubated at 37 degrees C. Similar biological activity was also observed following incubation of platelets resuspended in aqueous solution but not in incubated platelet poor plasma. Human PRP incubated at room temperature or on ice failed to release biologically active substances. Both anti-aggregatory and spasmogenic activity was detected following extraction of incubated PRP into ethyl acetate after acidification. Aspirin (0.9 g) pretreatment reduced the generation of both spasmogen and anti-aggregatory substance when blood was withdrawn 1 h but not 24 h after drug treatment. Indomethacin, flurbiprofen or aspirin (all 50 microM) incubated with human PRP in vitro did not affected the production of spasmogenic or anti-aggregatory activity. These results suggest that non-aggregating human platelets generate a spasmogenic, anti-aggregatory prostaglandin. PMID- 7106176 TI - The pharmacological assessment of a new, potent oxotremorine analogue in mice and rats. AB - Some of the central and peripheral effects of oxotremorine (OT) and its azetidine analogue, N-[4-azetidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidone (BM 120), were compared in mice and rats. BM 120 was found to be about twice as potent as OT and to have a somewhat longer duration of action. All its effects were antagonized by pretreatment with atropine sulphate. BM 120 acted as powerful muscarinic agonist on the isolated guinea pig ileum. PMID- 7106177 TI - The diazepam stimulus complex: specificity in a rat model. AB - Rats were trained to discriminate between one dose of diazepam (2.0 mg/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant chamber. When the group (n = 7) reached the training criterion, other drugs were introduced to test. Test drugs with supposed agonistic effects included drugs sharing one or more effects with diazepam, while drugs with supposed antagonistic effects were selected in relation to both reported effects and a supposed neurochemical substrate for the diazepam discriminative stimulus complex (DSC). It is concluded that a discriminative stimulus complex induced by a low dose of diazepam is highly specific and dependent on specific elements in the training procedure as well as in the testing procedure. PMID- 7106178 TI - Do mast cell degranulators release prostaglandins from frog atria? AB - Isolated atria of frogs responded to compound 48/80 and d-tubocurarine with a delayed stimulation that showed tachyphylaxis and cross-tachyphylaxis indicating a common indirect mechanism. The blockers of H2-histamine, serotonin and beta adrenergic receptors did not significantly antagonise these responses. However, in experiments with ex vivo and in vitro indomethacin-treated atria, the stimulant effects of mast cell degranulators were not observed, indicating a possible involvement of the prostaglandins. PMID- 7106179 TI - The effect of digoxin on cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and reoxygenation in anesthetized dogs. AB - To clarify the efficacy of digitalis in acute hypoxia and reoxygenation, we estimated the effects of digoxin on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs. Hypoxia caused significant increases in aortic pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, left ventricular (LV) pressure, rate of change in LV pressure (LVdp/dt), cardiac output (CO) and plasma catecholamines. These changes in LVdp/dt, CO and plasma catecholamines induced by hypoxia were returned to the control levels within 3 min by reoxygenation with 70% O2. The injection of digoxin (0.05 mg/kg) in hypoxic dogs resulted in significant increases in LVdp/dt, CO and stroke volume (SV) but no changes in levels of plasma catecholamines, heart rate, mean aortic pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure. However, the injection of digoxin resulted in no significant changes in cardiovascular response to reoxygenation. Our experiments demonstrate that digoxin caused significant increases in CO, SV and LVdp/dt in dogs with hypoxia but resulted in no significant changes in cardiovascular responses to reoxygenation. PMID- 7106180 TI - Acceleration of muscle re-innervation in rats by ganglioside treatment: an electromyographic study. AB - The sciatic nerve in the right thigh was divided in 40 rats and the nerve stumps then sewn together with two microsutures. The treated animals, 20 rats, had daily subcutaneous administration of a bovine cortex ganglioside mixture. The controls, 20 rats, received the solvent alone. At 21 days after nerve division it was found that more treated rats than controls had regenerated nerve fibres capable of producing re-innervation potentials in the gastrocnemius muscle. This result supports the view that cortex gangliosides act to accelerate muscle re innervation. PMID- 7106181 TI - Vasopressin release from rat medial basal hypothalamus induced in vitro by angiotensin. AB - Rat medial basal hypothalami were superfused in vitro. The effect of angiotensin II on vasopressin outflow was investigated. Angiotensin II (10 nM or 1 microM, added to the superfusion medium) increased the veratridine-evoked vasopressin release. The higher concentration also slightly elevated the basal outflow. The effect of angiotensin II was blocked by saralasin. We conclude that angiotensin II can act on the median eminence and/or on the stump of the pituitary stalk to promote the release of vasopressin, which then may influence anterior pituitary hormone secretion. PMID- 7106182 TI - Non-neurogenic inhibitory effect of electrical impulses in isolated canine coronary arteries. AB - Electrical stimulation caused frequency-dependent reversible relaxations of canine coronary arteries made to contract with prostaglandin F2 alpha, phenylephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, potassium chloride, or angiotensin II. These contractions were not affected by cold storage, tetrodotoxin, alpha- and beta adrenergic blockade and atropine, demonstrating that they probably are not due to activation of inhibitory nerves. The relaxations persisted in the presence of indomethacin and after removal of the endothelium. They were not seen in splenic arteries and saphenous veins, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the coronary blood vessel wall to the inhibitory effects of the electric impulses. PMID- 7106183 TI - Sodium-dependent choline binding in rat hippocampal synaptosomes. AB - The binding of radiolabelled choline to lysed rat hippocampal synaptosomes was investigated. A portion of the binding sites was (a) detectable only when sodium ions were present, (b) sensitive to low concentrations of hemicholinium-3 (KD less than or equal to 70 nM), and (c) significantly reduced following electrolytic lesion of the septum. The similarity between this component of choline binding and the requirements of the sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake process suggests that these binding sites are related to the choline transport system. PMID- 7106184 TI - Muscarinic receptor alterations following neostigmine treatment. AB - Male mice administered neostigmine in the drinking water a daily increasing concentrations (20-100 mg/l) for four days became tolerant to its toxicity and presented a reduced binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) in the small intestine. An increased binding of [3H]QNB was found in the forebrains of neostigmine-treated animals. This was due to an increase in muscarinic cholinergic receptor density. Neostigmine-treated animals were also more sensitive than control to the hypothermic effect induced by oxotremorine. Dopaminergic and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor were not affected. Administration of methylatropine together with neostigmine prevented the decrease of [3H]QNB binding in the small intestine as well as the increase in the forebrain. PMID- 7106185 TI - Binding of a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, [3H]norzimelidine, to rat brain homogenates. PMID- 7106186 TI - A comparison of josamycin with macrolides and related antibiotics on isolated rat atria. AB - The effects of macrolide (Josamycin, erythromycin, spiramycin and oleandomycin) and related antibiotics (clindamycin and lincomycin) were examined and compared in spontaneously beating right atrial preparations and in electrically driven left atrial preparations of rats. Josamycin and erythromycin (10(-7)-10(-4) M) produced a dose-dependent decrease in rate. contractile force and maximum following frequency and prolonged the sinus node recovery time and the refractory period. The negative inotropic effect of josamycin was not modified by pretreating the atria with atropine or with a mixture of antagonists containing phentolamine, practolol, diphenhydramine, cimetidine, methysergide and indomethacin. In isolated right atria, josamycin did not block the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline but shifted the dose response curve to Ca to the right. Josamycin and erythromycin reduced in a dose dependent manner the slow responses induced in K-depolarized right atria by isoprenaline but this effect was reversed by increasing the Ca concentration in the bathing media. These findings demonstrate a direct negative inotropic effect of josamycin and suggest that this effect could in some way be explained by inhibiting transmembrane Ca influx into atrial cells. The clinical significance of these results is discussed. PMID- 7106187 TI - Effects of morphine on the guinea-pig biliary tract. AB - The effects of morphine on the terminal bile duct (terminal cavity and ampulla) and gallbladder were investigated in vitro. Morphine, above 10(-7) M, inhibited spontaneous contraction of the terminal cavity and ampulla. The contraction evoked by transmural stimulation, which was inhibited by atropine and tetrodotoxin, was dose dependently suppressed by morphine above 10(-10) M in the amp]ulla, and above 10(-8) M in the terminal cavity. Morphine did not affect the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction, but reduced the contraction evoked by 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) which was suppressed by atropine. In the gallbladder, morphine did not affect the spontaneous contraction, or the contraction evoked by transmural stimulation, ACh, or 5-HT. The 5-HT-induced contraction was not affected by atropine. The results show that morphine reduces acetylcholine release from cholinergic neurons in the terminal bile duct, but not in the gallbladder. The contraction induced in gallbladder by 5-HT was not mediated by cholinergic neurons. PMID- 7106189 TI - Possible roles of central cholinergic nicotinic mechanisms in regulation of gastric functions. AB - The effect of nicotine microinjected into various hypothalamic regions and ala cinerea on gastric acid output and mucosal blood flow was examined in rats anesthetized with urethane. After administration of nicotine, 3 nmol, a marked increase in gastric acid output was observed in rats in which the tip of the micropipette was applied to the caudal portion of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and ala cinerea. Microinjection of physiological saline into ala cinerea also enhanced gastric acid output. Nicotine was without effect when microinjected into other hypothalamic regions. The increase in gastric acid output induced by microinjection of nicotine into the caudal portion of VMH was completely blocked by the concomitant administration of hexamethonium, 50 nmol, but was not modified in reserpine-pretreated animals. Intraventricularly applied nicotine increased the gastric acid output; this increase was abolished following bilateral destruction of VMH. The increase in gastric acid output was always in parallel with the increase in mucosal blood flow. These results suggest that cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the VMH are concerned with central regulation of gastric functions. PMID- 7106188 TI - Inhibitory effects of vanadate on the contractile responses in vascular smooth muscle. AB - The effects of vanadate (Na3VO4) on the contractions induced by high concentrations of K, histamine and norepinephrine in isolated guinea-pig aorta were investigated. Vanadate (10(-3) M) relaxed the high K contraction only when the external K concentration was above 85.4 mM. Vanadate showed no inhibitory action on the contraction induced by either Na-containing 45.4 mM K solution or Na-poor 45.4 mM K solution. Ouabain (2 X 10(-5) M) had no inhibitory effects on the contractions induced by these high K solutions. Vanadate failed to relax the contraction induced by histamine or norepinephrine in normal (5.4 mM) medium, while it inhibited the contraction in the presence of 142.2 mM K. Ouabain also did not inhibit the histamine- or norepinephrine-induced contraction in either normal or high K solution. These results suggest that the inhibitory actions of vanadate are not due to an inhibition of Na pump and that these effects depend on the presence of a high concentration of external K ions. PMID- 7106190 TI - Interaction between des-glycinamide9-[Arg8]vasopressin and serotonin on ethanol tolerance. AB - Sham and electrolytic lesions of the dorsal, median, and dorsal + median raphe nuclei were made in different groups of rats. One week later, daily oral treatment with ethanol (5 g/kg p.o. for 25 days) was started. This treatment produced tolerance to the hypothermic and motor impairing (moving belt test) effects of ethanol. On day 26, ethanol was stopped and subcutaneous injection of either 10 micrograms of des-Gly9-[Arg8]vasopressin (DGAVP) in saline or saline alone was started. The retention of tolerance to ethanol was measured at 3-day intervals for both hypothermia and motor-impairment. In sham-saline groups, disappearance of tolerance took 3 days for the hypothermic effect, and 9 days for the motor-impairment effect. Tolerance to both effects, however, was still observed after 9 days in DGAVP-treated rats with either sham or dorsal raphe lesions. Peptide treatment, on the other hand, failed to maintain tolerance in rats with median or median + dorsal raphe lesions. These results suggest that an intact mesolimbic serotonin pathway is necessary for the action of DGAVP on the retention of ethanol tolerance. PMID- 7106191 TI - Response of the guinea-pig urinary bladder to purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. AB - The ability of purines and pyrimidines to cause and inhibit contractile responses was examined in strips of guinea-pig urinary bladder. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), beta, gamma-methylene ATP (APPCP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) caused concentration-dependent contractions of the bladder. The order of potency was APPCP greater than ATP greater than GTP=CTP greater than ADP. Adenosine 5' monophosphate, adenosine, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine, cytidine 5'-diphosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine, cytidine 5' diphosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate and cytidine had no apparent contractile activity up to 10(-3) M. Cumulative administrations of 5 X 10(-4) M APPCP, ATP, ADP, GTP or CTP resulted in complex desensitization of the tissue to the contractile activity of the nucleotide. Tissues desensitized to GTP or CTP were non-responsive to ATP suggesting cross-tachyphylaxis. Nucleotides lacking contractile activity or nucleosides did not alter the response of the bladder to ATP; except AMP and adenosine which significantly reduced the contraction. These results suggest that the polyphosphate structure, and not the base, is the determining portion of the nucleotide for promoting contractile activity and the development of tachyphylaxis. PMID- 7106192 TI - The action of piracetam on the electrical activity of the hippocampal slice preparation: a field potential analysis. AB - The action of various doses of piracetam on the electrical responses of in vitro hippocampal slices from the rat was investigated. Piracetam increased dose dependently the amplitude of the population spike response of pyramidal neurons evoked by stimulation of the stratum radiatum. Piracetam began to affect the population spike at a dose of 100 microM and consistently increased it at a dose of 1 mM. The drug had a rapid onset of action and recovery was seen within a few minutes following its removal. The response of the pyramidal neurons to antidromic stimulation was not affected by piracetam at concentrations up to 50 mM. Also, neither the amplitude nor the slope of the dendritic response was changed by the drug.l Piracetam also did not affect either posttetanic or long term potentiation of synaptic potentials. These findings suggest that the drug does not act through depolarization of the pyramidal cells or potentiation of the synaptic processes located on their dendrites. The action of piracetam on the feedforward- and feedback-mediated inhibition of pyramidal cells by basket cells was investigated in several series of experiments. At concentrations of 1 and 10 mM, piracetam did not change either of the two types of inhibitory mechanisms. Several hypothetical sites of action of piracetam are discussed. PMID- 7106194 TI - Conditions required for reserpine binding to the catecholamine transporter on chromaffin granule ghosts. PMID- 7106193 TI - Choline and physostigmine enhance haloperidol-induced HVA and DOPAC accumulation. AB - Nigrostriatal neurons respond to dopamine receptor blockade by increasing their firing frequency. We observe that the concurrent administration to rats of cholinergic agonists and haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, produces a synergistic acceleration in striatal dopamine turnover. Doses of choline and physostigmine which, when given alone, have no effect, enhance the haloperidol induced accumulation of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These results support the hypothesis that the extent to which nigrostriatal neurons are modulated by cholinergic receptor activation depends on their firing frequency. PMID- 7106195 TI - The influence of exogenous fibronectin on blood granulocyte adherence to vascular endothelium in vitro. PMID- 7106197 TI - Phenotypic correction of the defect in xeroderma pigmentosum cells after fusion with isolated cytoplasts. PMID- 7106196 TI - Distribution and synthesis of histone 1 subfractions during spermatogenesis in the rat. PMID- 7106198 TI - Tumor cell attachment to the vascular endothelium and subsequent degradation of the subendothelial extracellular matrix. PMID- 7106199 TI - Fine structure and localization of the nuclear matrix in situ. PMID- 7106200 TI - Degradation of secretory content in Golgi-enriched fractions from rat liver after vinblastine administration. PMID- 7106201 TI - Conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila. A temporal analysis of cytological stages. PMID- 7106203 TI - Contact guidance of human neutrophil leukocytes. PMID- 7106202 TI - Effects of senescence on somatic cell physiology in the green alga Volvox carteri. PMID- 7106205 TI - The influence of aging on intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and niacin in rats. AB - The intestinal absorption of doses of vitamin B12 and of niacin was examined in 6, 12, and 24 months old female Wistar rats. Rats were dosed via stomach tube with radioactive forms of the vitamins and were killed 16 hours later. Percent of the dose remaining in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract and in the collected feces was determined. Absorption of the two vitamins was not influenced by the age of the animals. PMID- 7106204 TI - Isolation and initial characterization of nucleolar fibrillar remnants from the liver of rats treated with D-galactosamine. PMID- 7106206 TI - Changes with age in the aorta of man and mouse. PMID- 7106207 TI - Age-related vasopressin changes in rat plasma and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. AB - Immunoreactive vasopressin (VP) weas measured in the plasma, neurohypophysis (NH) and hypothalamus (HT) of young (3 months), adult (12 months), and old (30 months) Sprague-Dawley male rats, both intact and anesthetized with halothane. VP content in the HT of the old rats was about half that of young and adult rats. Total VP content in the NH increased with age, reflecting large glandular size in the old rats. However, VP content was similar in all three groups, when expressed per mg of wet tissue. Plasma VP concentration was undetectable in the old intact rats and it rose to the levels of intact young or adult rats during halothane anesthesia. The anesthesia-related increase in plasma VP concentration was statistically significant in young but not in adult rats. These results suggest that in the intact rats during aging: (1) the synthesis of VP in the HT may be reduced; (2) the storage of VP in the NH is not impaired; and (3) the undetectable plasma VP concentration may reflect either reduced VP release or increased degradation. PMID- 7106209 TI - Evolution of developmental rate in mammals. AB - The allometric relationship between gestation period and body mass in terrestrial placental mammals was analyzed using data from 147 species. Important differences were found among the various orders. These differences can be explained if it were assumed that the order-specific lifestyle and environment in which the young are born has caused different selection pressures on the newborn young in the various orders and thus influenced the number of young per litter and duration of gestation. As proposed elsewhere, such evolutionary effects on embryonic development may have indirectly influenced the evolution of mammalian life span. PMID- 7106208 TI - The effect of age on body energy content of the annual cyprinodont fish, Nothobranchius guentheri. AB - Bomb calorimetry measurements were made on dried whole body samples of N. guentheri in an attempt to detect the effect of age induced protein crosslinking. The results show a clear decrease in body energy with increasing age. However, this decrease was larger than expected and was probably due to a slight decrease in body fat component with increasing age rather than crosslinking alone. PMID- 7106210 TI - Lipofuscin pigment accumulation in the central nervous system of the mouse during aging. AB - Histopathological and autofluorescence investigations were carried out to study lipofuscin pigment accumulation in various age groups of mice. Qualitative studies revealed an increase of lipofuscin pigment accumulation in old animals. Quantitative studies showed a significant increase in the percentage of pigmented nerve cells and the percentage of cytoplasmic areas occupied by lipofuscin pigment granules with advancing age. PMID- 7106211 TI - Activity and modulation of ornithine decarboxylase and concentrations of polyamines in various tissues of rats as a function of age. AB - The activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) on the soluble and nuclear fractions of the cerebral cortex, heart and lungs of 4- (young), 38- (adult) and 85-week (old) male rats were studied. Also, the effects of aminophylline, histamine and estradiol on the activity of soluble ODC have been determined in vitro using slices of these tissues. The activity of ODC is significantly higher in the soluble fraction of all the tissues in comparison to that of nuclear fraction. Its activity in both the fractions is highest in the immature and decreases with increasing age in all the tissues except in the nuclear fraction of the lungs in which it increases with age. The ODC of the heart, lungs and cerebral cortex appear to be different as seen from the differences in their sensitivities to aminophylline, histamine and estradiol. In general, there is a decrease in its sensitivity to the three effectors with increasing age. This may be due to a decrease in the receptors and a concomitant decrease in ODC activity. A direct relationship between ODC activity and polyamine levels of the brain exists at various ages of the rat. PMID- 7106213 TI - Neonatal lead exposure alters the dendritic development of hippocampal dentate granule cells. PMID- 7106212 TI - Properties of primary afferent neurons from muscle which are spontaneously active after a lesion of their peripheral processes. PMID- 7106215 TI - Absence of microwave effect on blood-brain barrier permeability to [14C]sucrose in the conscious rat. PMID- 7106214 TI - Increased cerebellar thymidine kinase and DNA during early postnatal development of diethylstilbestrol-treated rats. PMID- 7106216 TI - Hippocampal mossy fiber pathway development in normal and postnatally lead exposed rats. PMID- 7106217 TI - Direct and continuous measurements with an ion-selective electrode of [Na+] in cerebrospinal fluid of conscious rabbits. PMID- 7106219 TI - Effects of chronic stimulation of the caudate nucleus on a preexisting alumina seizure focus. PMID- 7106218 TI - Target regulation of sympathetic sprouting in the rat hippocampal formation. PMID- 7106220 TI - Ontogenetic studies of the primary evoked responses and strychnine spike in motor sensory cortex of kittens. PMID- 7106221 TI - Gaze latency: variable interactions of head and eye latency. PMID- 7106223 TI - Abnormal plastic phenomena of sensory-precipitated epilepsy in the mutant El mouse. PMID- 7106222 TI - Reticular formation unit discharge modulation by local perfusion in behaving cats. PMID- 7106224 TI - Sensitivity of skeletal muscle to 20,25-diazacholesterol-induced myotonia requires normal innervation. PMID- 7106225 TI - Further studies of antagonism of seizure development between concurrently developing kindled limbic foci in the rat. PMID- 7106227 TI - Seizure intensity in the Mongolian gerbil after prolonged phenobarbital administration. PMID- 7106226 TI - Alterations in resolution of temporal order after cerebral injury in man. PMID- 7106228 TI - Antidromic activation: measuring the refractory period at the site of axonal stimulation. PMID- 7106229 TI - Effect of repeated hypoglossal nerve lesions on the number of neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus of adult rats. PMID- 7106230 TI - Strain differences in quantitative analysis of the rat optic nerve. PMID- 7106231 TI - Inter-locus allozyme mobility correlations and species divergence. PMID- 7106232 TI - A microbial metabolite of TCDD. PMID- 7106233 TI - General solution of the pseudo first-order rate equations for consecutive reactions with identical rate constants. PMID- 7106234 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase specificity and subunit assembly in neural tissues of the teleost Phallichthys amates. PMID- 7106235 TI - Xenopsin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion in the dog. PMID- 7106236 TI - Thymic control of the polyploidization of hepatocytes during aging. PMID- 7106237 TI - The roles of phosphorus deficiency and low food intake in the preservation of renal function in uraemic rats. PMID- 7106238 TI - Changes in newt brain caused by zinc water-pollution. PMID- 7106239 TI - Effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on RNA polymerase and protein kinase activities of transcriptionally active chromatin subfraction in rat liver. PMID- 7106240 TI - Subcellular distribution of mercury in liver of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). PMID- 7106241 TI - Plasma transcortin concentration in thyroidectomized chick embryos. PMID- 7106242 TI - Transplantation into the mammalian adult spinal cord. PMID- 7106243 TI - Growth of trophoblast in mouse lung. PMID- 7106244 TI - Effects of intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II on prolactin plasma levels in the rhesus monkey. PMID- 7106245 TI - Lysosomal changes related to ageing and physical exercise in mouse cardiac and skeletal muscles. PMID- 7106246 TI - Effect of tea consumption on the levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat brain. PMID- 7106247 TI - Hingh-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) of favism-inducing factors in Vicia faba L. PMID- 7106248 TI - Gene controlled condensation in individual chromosomes. AB - When cell were irradiated with variable doses of gamma rays, 0.33% showed the appearance of single decondensed chromosomes (SDC) at the moment at which all the other chromosomes of the complement exhibited the normal condensed state corresponding to metaphase stages. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain the origin of SDC. It appears that the most reasonable mechanism to explain our observations is to assume that the process of chromosome condensation is independently controlled in each individual chromosome by a gene/s located in each one of the chromosomes of the complement. A radiation-induced deficiency in one of these genes may produce an impairment in the normal process of condensation of the carrier chromosome which would give rise to SDC. PMID- 7106249 TI - Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of crossed nigrostriatal fibers. PMID- 7106250 TI - Enhanced ethanol consumption following portal-systemic shunting in rats. PMID- 7106251 TI - Formation of coronary arteries sprouting from the primitive aortic sinus wall of the chick embryo. AB - The formation of coronary arteries in chick embryos was observed by scanning electron microscopy on injected casts as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Usually, 2-4 primitive coronary arteries appear from the right aortic sinus below the level of the cusp margin, and 1-3 from the left one. As development proceeds, the arteries are generally reduced in number to form a single definitive coronary artery on each side. Canalization of the arteries seems to take place by partially degenerative changes of the primordia. PMID- 7106252 TI - On the problem of linear incorporation of amino acids into cell protein. PMID- 7106253 TI - Temperature dependence of the deformability of carp (Cyprinus carpio) red blood cells. PMID- 7106254 TI - On the role of carbonic anhydrase in the anticonvulsant effects of triethyltin (TET). PMID- 7106255 TI - The significance of species differences in respiratory neurophysiology-the split brainstem preparation. PMID- 7106256 TI - Peculiar response of Brattleboro rats to selenite. PMID- 7106257 TI - Digoxin distribution between plasma and myocardium in hypoxic and non-hypoxic dogs. PMID- 7106259 TI - Monoamine oxidase inhibition by d-amphetamine in ganglia and nerve endings. PMID- 7106258 TI - Dopaminergic mechanisms in thiophene-2-aldoxime tremor. PMID- 7106260 TI - Lens regeneration from the dorsal iris in Eurycea bislineata, the two-lined salamander. PMID- 7106261 TI - X-ray microanalysis of animal tissues by means of the field emission-scanning electron microscope. PMID- 7106262 TI - Effect of 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT) and 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) on ether-induced prolactin secretion. PMID- 7106263 TI - Increase in pyridinoline cross-linking of mouse bone collagen induced by estrogen. PMID- 7106264 TI - Calcemic responses of Stannius corpuscle extract in parrots Psittacula psittacula. PMID- 7106266 TI - Hospitalization of single-parent families of disturbed children. AB - In this paper, six years of experience with well-planned, short-term family hospitalization is described. Each family has at least one identified patient who is a child. The approach to treatment is systemic and structural. Areas discussed are selection of families, planning of the hospitalization, stages of the hospitalization, and the organization of the staff. Illustrations are provided by seven case vignettes. PMID- 7106267 TI - What is an epistemology of family therapy? PMID- 7106265 TI - The C-terminal tetrapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases hunger in rats. PMID- 7106268 TI - Behavioral-systems marital therapy: dealing with resistance. AB - Recently there has been a dramatic increase in attempts to integrate certain intervention components of behavioral and systems approaches with marital and family therapy. This paper elaborates on a previously described behavioral systems approach by focusing primarily on the issue of resistance to therapeutic progress within the behavioral framework. First, potential reasons for major resistance phenomena are suggested. Then, in the context of a social learning theory model of assessment and intervention, specific clinical indications are discussed for departing from the basic behavioral approach in order to deal with resistance. Finally, a variety of interpretive and strategic intervention techniques are described and illustrated by clinical case materials. PMID- 7106269 TI - Team family therapy training: conceptual and pragmatic considerations. AB - This paper presents a family therapy training model that can be used to teach conceptual and executive skills to beginning therapists in community and academic settings. The model is based on the organization and philosophy of family therapy teams and the methods of live supervision. The goals, structure, and leadership of traditional family therapy teams are discussed and contrasted with the proposed team training model. Pragmatic details of the training program are described and advantages and disadvantages explored. Team leadership skills are categorized by context and future directions proposed. PMID- 7106270 TI - A structural approach to the single-parent family. AB - Although the single-parent family is becoming a predominant family structure, there is a surprising scarcity of articles discussing its typical problems or detailing specific therapeutic approaches. This paper attempts, first, to list some core problems encountered by all single parents and, second, to present a sequence of therapeutic approaches geared toward dealing with these problems. Structural theory, with its emphasis on subsystems, generational boundaries, and organizational patterns, provides a framework for viewing the built-in vulnerabilities of the single-parent family unit. Minuchin's (3) emphasis on generational boundaries and the problem of enmeshment underlies the theoretical and therapeutic approach presented here. I have drawn heavily on Haley's (2) idea that the therapist must be an authority, a problem-solver, and a teacher. Finally, the emphasis on creating new organizational patterns is most thoroughly explored in Aponte's (1) discussions of "underorganized families" (many of whom are single-parent families). PMID- 7106271 TI - Parental communication deviance as a predictor of competence in children at risk for adult psychiatric disorder. AB - Measures of communication deviance derived from three different Rorschach situations were obtained from parents of 62 children vulnerable to future psychiatric disturbance. The families were maritally intact, with one parent having a history of previous psychiatric hospitalization and a male index child, 7 or 10 years of age. Amount of parental communication deviance in one situation was not significantly related to amount of communication deviance observed in another setting. However, mothers who exhibited high levels of communication deviance in both the Individual and Family Consensus situations tended to have offspring who were judged as low functioning in multiple settings, based on teacher ratings, peer ratings, and parental report. Conversely, children judged as high functioning in multiple settings had mothers who were free of high levels of communication deviance in both Rorschach situations. PMID- 7106272 TI - Helping mom fail: a case of a stalemated divorcing process. AB - This article describes a systems approach to the problem of a child who had become symptomatic as a result of her parents' separation. Elements of the divorcing process that can create a symptomatic child are highlighted. Family members cope with separation and divorce by devising strategies for navigating the divorcing process. These strategies can mesh to create dysfunctional sequences in which family members get "stuck." Case material illustrates the development of a stalemated divorcing process, in which a dysfunctional sequence keeps the child uncontrollable and mother incompetent. Family therapy breaks the stalemate and allows family members to proceed with appropriate developmental tasks. PMID- 7106273 TI - A theory of systems theories or the case of mistaken identity. PMID- 7106274 TI - On the problems of eclecticism: a call for epistemologic clarification and human scale theories. PMID- 7106275 TI - Clinical pharmacology of some antibiotics: problems relating to their intravenous use in hospitals. I. PMID- 7106276 TI - Clinical pharmacology of some antibiotics: problems relating to their intravenous use in hospitals. II. PMID- 7106277 TI - Usefulness of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (nicergoline) in the treatment of diabetic angiopathy of lower limbs. PMID- 7106278 TI - Precursors of distinct size for chicken alpha A, alpha D and beta globin mRNAs. PMID- 7106279 TI - Structure determination of a ceramide pentadecasaccharide by two-dimensional J resolved and J-correlated NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 7106280 TI - Mossbauer spectroscopic evidence for the conversion of [4 Fe--4 S] clusters in Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin into [3 Fe--3 S] clusters. PMID- 7106281 TI - Larvicidal toxin from Bacillus sphaericus spores: isolation of toxic components. PMID- 7106282 TI - Fibrin membrane endowed with biological function. Immobilization of spinach chloroplasts and rat liver microsomes. PMID- 7106283 TI - Identification of the active site cysteine and of the disulfide bonds in the N terminal part of the molecule of bovine spleen cathepsin B. PMID- 7106284 TI - Two forms of the p light chain of myosin in rabbit and bovine hearts. PMID- 7106285 TI - On the kinetics of the thrombin-controlled polymerization of fibrin. PMID- 7106286 TI - Effect of antimycin on the rapid reduction of cytochrome c1 in the bc1 region of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. PMID- 7106288 TI - Rna polymerase I from Drosophila hydei pupae-purification and partial characterization. PMID- 7106287 TI - Microsomal lipid peroxidation causes an increase in the order of the membrane lipid domain. PMID- 7106289 TI - Monoclonal antibodies directed to two different domains of human plasma fibronectin: their specificities. PMID- 7106290 TI - The effects of countercation screening on the electrostatic potential of DNA. The role of the nucleic acid conformation. PMID- 7106291 TI - Sanguinarine: a monofunctional intercalating alkaloid. PMID- 7106292 TI - Hydrophobic interaction in thermolysin specificity. PMID- 7106293 TI - Sequential purification of lactoferrin, lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A from human milk. PMID- 7106294 TI - A sensitive fluorometric assay for epoxide hydratase. PMID- 7106296 TI - Identification of iron- and phosphorus-containing antigens of the Acholeplasma laidlawii cell membrane. PMID- 7106295 TI - The occurrence of alpha-N-trimethylalanine as the N-terminal amino acid of some myosin light chains. PMID- 7106297 TI - The 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of the Halobacterium halobium 16 S rRNA. PMID- 7106298 TI - Studies on Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin. Structural requirements for simple sugars to inhibit the agglutination of human group A erythrocytes. PMID- 7106299 TI - Conformational change in pancreatic lipase induced by colipase. PMID- 7106300 TI - Evidence for a change in catalytic properties of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase monomers upon their association in a tetramer. PMID- 7106302 TI - The binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. PMID- 7106301 TI - Lysis of cholinergic synaptosomes by an antiserum to choline acetyltransferase. PMID- 7106303 TI - Inhibition of phosphate uptake by fluphenazine, a calmodulin inhibitor. Analysis of Volvox wild-type and fluphenazine-resistant mutant strains. PMID- 7106304 TI - Coordinate light-induction of two mRNAs, encoded in nuclei and chloroplasts, of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. PMID- 7106305 TI - The role of cardiac lysosomal lipases in triacylglycerol cleavage. PMID- 7106306 TI - Cyanide metabolism. PMID- 7106307 TI - Stable isotope tracer methods for in vivo investigations. AB - During the last two decades, in parallel with the growth of modern electronics, several new techniques have been developed for measuring stable isotopic enrichments in biochemistry and medicine. The development and potential of these techniques are discussed. Of these methods, mass spectrometry has been developed and refined the fullest to quantitate stable isotope tracers in very minute samples and for very large dilutions of tracer. No single mass spectrometric technique can measure this entire range, and different techniques are used for different applications. Examples of the different methods are presented for determining whole-body amino acid and protein dynamics in humans with stable isotopically labeled amino acid tracers. PMID- 7106308 TI - Stable isotope approaches for study of energy substrate metabolism. AB - Stable isotopes can be used to assess various aspects of energy metabolism. This paper reviews recent experiments in which we have used stable isotopes, either alone or in conjunction with radiolabeled isotopes, to investigate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in both animals and human subjects. The approaches described allow investigation of the interrelationships of substrate kinetics and oxidation in vivo in ways not possible with radiolabeled isotopes alone. PMID- 7106309 TI - 26Mg as a probe in research on the role of magnesium in nutrition and metabolism. AB - The potential of the stable isotope 26Mg (natural abundance 11.01 atom %) as a biological tracer has been explored using neutron activation (NA) and mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. The high natural abundance of this isotope restricts its utility to purposes that can be met by means of an oral tracer. Net magnesium absorption can be measured by administration of 50-60 mg 26Mg and subsequent measurement of fecal isotope excretion. True absorption can be estimated by making isotope measurements in urine or plasma when a dose of oral 26Mg is supplemented by i.v. administration of 28Mg. Although NA analysis is feasible, it is time-consuming and relatively insensitive. MS analysis of the volatile chelate Mg (2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione)2 (Mg(THD)2) is more sensitive in measuring 26Mg enrichment and requires smaller absolute amounts per replicate analysis. This method is also time-consuming, however, and confounded by instrumental memory effects. Future uses of 26Mg will depend on the development of automated MS instruments utilizing thermal or other means of direct ionization of mineral elements, and/or innovative approaches to the use of biological tracers. Possibilities are in vitro methods that can substitute for in vivo absorption tests of intrinsically labeled foods, and cells and tissues cultured in close to 100% 24Mg to reduce the high abundance of 26Mg in natural magnesium sources. PMID- 7106310 TI - The technique for human embryo transfer. AB - In a program of human in vitro fertilization (IVF), the results of 204 attempted intracervical embryo transfers (ETs), using a variety of catheters in three trials over 18 months, have been analyzed for the ease of transfer and pregnancy rate. In nulliparous patients, transfers were more difficult than in multiparous patients; and a closed-end Teflon catheter was found to be more easily passed through the smaller cervical canal than an open-end catheter. The overall pregnancy rate was 17% (March 1980 to August 1981) and was not related to catheter type, although when chemical pregnancies were excluded, it was found that transfers using open-end catheters were more successful. The transfer procedure developed finally for routine use incorporates a consideration of these results. PMID- 7106311 TI - Steroid hormone levels in peritoneal fluid during the periovulatory period. AB - In order to obtain further information on estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) patterns during the periovulatory period, their levels were determined in peritoneal fluid (PF) and plasma obtained during 22 laparoscopies performed within the 58 hours following the luteinizing hormone surge-initiating rise (LH SIR) determined by plasma LH assays every 6 hours. E2 levels in plasma and PF did not differ before ovulation (n = 13) but differed after ovulation (n = 9, P less than 0.01). P levels were lower in plasma than in PF before ovulation, but there was an overlap of values. After ovulation the difference was significant (P less than 0.01). When plotted as a function of time following LH SIR, E2 levels increases in PF progressively (r = 0.70), whereas the P increase was discontinuous, with a dramatic rise after follicular rupture. These different patterns may be related to respectively divergent and convergent variations of steroid levels in blood and follicular fluid. PMID- 7106312 TI - Assessing the efficacy of The American Fertility Society's classification of endometriosis: application of a dose-response methodology. AB - In order to promote uniform reporting of endometriosis. The Americal Fertility Society (AFS) recently proposed a classification in which severity was categorized on the basis of both location and extent of disease. The results of this study indicate that the AFS scale poorly specifies the relation between severity of disease and pregnancy outcome after therapy, because of the arbitrary point scores assigned to each classification category, and the arbitrary cutoff points chosen to divide patients into severity groupings. A nonparametric monotonic estimator, which generates a dose-response relationship between AFS score (dose) and pregnancy following treatment (response) is shown to improve the discriminatory power of the AFS scale; however, in order to obtain the full benefit of the detail provided by the AFS classification, it is recommended that the current arbitrary individual-category weights be replaced by empirically derived weights. PMID- 7106313 TI - Early therapy for the incompetent cervix in patients with habitual abortion. AB - From a thorough evaluation of 66 couples with habitual abortion (HA), 42 were found to have a widened uterine isthmus at hysterosalpingography (HSG) as their only abnormality. First trimester cervical effacement occurred in 90% of these patients. A combination of medical (progesterone [P]), and surgical (McDonald cerclage) begun during the first trimester resulted in successful term pregnancy in 35 of the 36 HA patients (97%) who were treated. The results of this study suggest that (1) functional cervical incompetence may play a major role in HA; (2) a widened uterine isthmus at HSG and first trimester cervical effacement are clinical signs that may define this group of HA; (3) early recognition and therapy for the incompetent cervix can interrupt the progression of events leading to the loss of an otherwise normally developing fetus; and (4) increased perinatal morbidity demands continuous antepartum assessment of fetoplacental integrity in these patients. PMID- 7106314 TI - Prediction of human ovulation by rapid luteinizing hormone (LH) radioimmunoassay and ovarian ultrasonography. AB - Accurate prediction of the time of ovulation is essential for the recovery of a mature oocyte for in vitro fertilization (IVF). The preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge can be considered the most reliable hormonal change closely related to ovulation. With the use of a rapid LH assay and ovarian ultrasonography, it now appears possible to predict quite accurately the time of ovulation, provided that these technologies are appropriately applied. Therefore, we have used a newly standarized rapid (3-hour) LH radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serial estimation of preovulatory serum LH surge. So far, 21 women have come to our center daily during their 5-day preovulatory period. Blood samples were taken daily every 3 to 5 hours between 7:00 A.M. and 11:00 P.M. Ovarian ultrasonic scans were performed one to three times daily depending on the day of the cycle and the serum LH level. Data show that there is a significant variation in the mean preovulatory follicular size, in the duration of the LH surge, and in the time interval between the initial rise of LH surge and the estimated time of ovulation. Results obtained from six women studied during two to four cycles indicate that each woman has a distinctive hormonal and ultrasonic pattern that appears to be reproducible. Thus it is recommended that such a pattern be appropriately evaluated before attempting laparoscopy for recovery of a mature human oocyte. PMID- 7106315 TI - An analysis of sperm function in cases of unexplained infertility: conventional criteria, movement characteristics, and fertilizing capacity. AB - A detailed analysis of semen quality was carried out in 85 couples with unexplained infertility by the use of conventional criteria of semen analysis, time-exposure photomicrography, and the zona-free hamster egg penetration test. According to the latter, 34.1% of the male partners exhibited evidence of defective sperm function, although only 4% of these patients were devoid of any demonstrable fertilizing capacity. Of the conventional parameters of semen analysis examined, the most revealing was the morphologic character of the sperm, which was significantly poorer (P less than 0.001) in the group with unexplained infertility than in the normal fertile control group and also showed a significant relationship (P less than 0.001) with the presence of subnormal fertilizing capacity in the hamster egg assay. A majority of movement characteristics measured by time-exposure photomicrography were significantly depressed in the group with unexplained infertility, compared with the normal fertile control group. In addition, certain of the movement characteristics investigated were significantly related to the fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa; and, in this respect, a progressive swimming speed (greater than 25 micrometers/sec), a straight swimming mode of progression, and a small amplitude of lateral head displacement (Ah) all appeared to be important qualities. PMID- 7106316 TI - The effect of albumin gradients and human serum on the longevity and fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa in the hamster ova penetration assay. AB - The motility and the capability to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs of Y-enriched or washed sperm were evaluated after protracted in vitro incubation with and without the addition of preheated human serum. The addition of 50% preheated serum decreased the motility loss over time for both the washed and Y-enriched sperm. Such motility loss was decreased by 25% and 27% at 20 hours, by 31% and 39% at 30 hours, and by 30% and 40% at 40 hours of incubation for the washed and Y-enriched sperm, respectively. The washed and Y-enriched sperm suspensions with and without addition of preheated human serum achieved 100% penetration rate after 2 hours of preincubation. However, when scored by the sperm per egg ratio, washed sperm achieved 1.2 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard error [SE]) sperm per egg, while the Y-enriched sperm achieved 3.0 +/- 0.4 sperm per egg. After 24 hours of incubation, penetration by washed sperm decreased to a mean of 62.8%. The Y enriched sperm penetrated a mean of 18% of the ova. Addition of preheated serum increased the egg penetrating capacity of washed sperm at 24 hours but failed to improve the Y-enriched spermatozoa. This study suggests that for optimum conception rates, precise ovulation timing is crucial when Y-enriched fractions are used for insemination. PMID- 7106317 TI - Scoring sperm morphology using the scanning electron microscope. AB - The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used in an attempt to accurately score morphologic differences in sperm, but early attempts were confounded by tangled preparations. In order to obtain an evenly spread sample, a new technique was evolved where a suspension of sperm cells was filtered and the whole filter prepared for the microscope. Sperm samples were then examined from men with and without obvious clinical and Doppler evidence of a varicocele. All samples were coded and scored; statistically significant differences in sperm morphology between the two groups of men were found. Our conclusions are that the SEM is worthy of further evaluation as a tool in the accurate scoring of sperm morphology, and the presence of a varicocele does appear to have an effect on sperm structure. PMID- 7106318 TI - Prolonged use of a diaphragm and toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7106319 TI - Bilateral autoamputation of the fallopian tubes. PMID- 7106320 TI - Patients with unexplained infertility. PMID- 7106321 TI - In vitro fertilizing capacity and fertility potential. PMID- 7106323 TI - [Dynamics of estriol-16-glucosiduronate (E3-16-G) in early pregnancy -- its prognostic value in complicated pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Urinary estriol-16-glucosiduronate (E3-16-G) in early pregnancy was measured by a direct radioimmunoassay which was highly specific for the compound and did not require hydrolysis or chromatography. The level of E3-16-G in normal pregnant women increased as pregnancy progressed and was over the level in non-pregnant women after 6 weeks gestation. The levels were lower in complicated pregnancies, namely threatened abortion, intra uterine fetal death, ectopic pregnancy, anencephalus and so on. Decreases of urinary E3-16-G in threatened abortion were more rapid than those of urinary hCG, which was used as a useful prognostic indicator in those cases. These results suggested the possibility that the fetus played some role in the production of E3-16-G in early pregnancy. In order to clarify the role of the fetus in the formation of E3-16-G, it was measured in the maternal peripheral vein, uterine artery and vein, and in the fetal tissue at hysterectomy in complicated pregnancies (three cases). These results also suggested the possibility that E3-16-G was produced by the fetus. In the in vitro experiments where 14C-E3 was incubated with various tissues in early pregnancy, it was demonstrated that 14C-E3 was conjugated to be E3-16-G by homogenate of the fetal tissue in 8 weeks gestation, and by the liver and by the kidney in 13 weeks gestation but not by chorionic tissue. These results indicated that the conjugation process of E3, though perhaps not entirely, proceeds in the fetus and the urinary determination of E3-16-G might give us good information about the fetus in pregnant women. PMID- 7106325 TI - Response to treatment of systemic cryptococcosis in a patient with advanced malignancy: a case report. PMID- 7106322 TI - [Characterization of the three calcium binding proteins in the human placenta (author's transl)]. AB - Calcium binding protein (CaBP) has been reported to be involved in absorbing calcium in the duodenum. There is some evidence to show that active transport of calcium ions occurs from mother to fetus in the human placenta. The presence of CaBP in the human placenta was examined according to Taylor and Wasserman's method, extracting the vitamin D-dependent CaBP in the duodenum, and the character of CaBP was then studied. 38,000 X g supernatant of the villous homogenate of the human placenta was heated at 60 degrees C for 5 mins to neutralize the calcium binding activity resulting from the blood. The fractions containing CaBP were separated and partially purified on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE cellulose columns. The CaBP fractions were further purified by preparative agar electrophoresis. The Chelex-100-resin method was used for the detection of calcium binding activity in the eluates and for calculation of Kd values and of calcium binding sites. The molecular weights were determined by electrophoresis of SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Three CaBPs were found in the human placenta. The molecular weight, Kd (micro M) and the binding activity (Ca mol/CaBP mol) of the three placental CaBPs were CaBP-Peak I: 82,000, 0.64, 0.52; Peak II: 12,000, 0.67, 1.10; Peak III: 8,500, 0.75, 2.08, respectively. The tyrosine residue of CaBP has been shown to act as an important binding site in that removal of calcium ions from CaBP generates a blue-shifted phenomenon in the ultraviolet difference spectrum between 270 and 300 nm. However no difference spectrum was observed with the placental CaBPs. This result was further confirmed by amino acid analysis which showed that none of the placental CaBPs contained tyrosine, tryptophan, half-cystine and proline, which are usually found in most proteins. The circular dichronism (CD) spectrum of CaBP-Peak I in the far ultraviolet range showed two negative bands at 222 and 207 nm (alpha-helix structure), and removal of calcium ions caused no difference spectrum. CD spectra of CaBP Peak II and III in the far ultraviolet range revealed random coil structures in the presence and absence of bound calcium ions. These findings indicate that the calcium binding mechanism of the placental CaBPs should be different from that of the others. In this study, three kinds of human placental CaBP newly isolated were characterized according to molecular weights, Kd values and binding activities and clarified as having an amino acid composition quite different from the CaBPs already reported. PMID- 7106324 TI - Localized fibrous mesothelioma of the pleura: two case reports. PMID- 7106327 TI - A personal filing system for medical literature. PMID- 7106326 TI - Conflicting roles in women. PMID- 7106328 TI - Ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7106329 TI - Evaluation of the child with recurrent infections. PMID- 7106330 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of infections of the urinary tract. PMID- 7106331 TI - Epidemiology, microbiology, and immunology of pneumococcal infections. PMID- 7106332 TI - Exercise and coronary heart disease. PMID- 7106333 TI - [The principles of SHIP (specific high-intensity phototherapy) in psoriasis]. PMID- 7106334 TI - [First experiences in short period infusion therapy of syphilis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106335 TI - [Epidermal reaction against hydrocortisone in different ointment bases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106336 TI - [Epidemiological facts and technical experiences of a clinic for skin diseases during 25 years of automatic data processing (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106337 TI - [Morbidity of children in a dermatological clinic (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106338 TI - [New tendencies in skin protection against light damage (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106339 TI - [Electron microscopic investigations of nevobasaliomas in Gorlin-Goltz-syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106340 TI - [Cutaneous mucinosis in area of skin metastases of mamma cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106341 TI - [Basalcellepithelioma of the vulva (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106342 TI - Effect of short-term phenformin administration on the pattern of free amino acids in the plasma of healthy subjects and patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes. AB - Administration of phenformin to healthy subjects in a daily dose of 150 mg for a four day period caused a significant increase of 30% in the alanine level, as well as significant increases in the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and a selective lowering in the level of arginine. Dexamethasone administered to healthy subjects in a daily dose of 3 mg over a four day period caused significant increases in alanine and methionine levels (26%) as well as a rise in arginine. Simultaneous administration of phenformin and dexamethasone resulted in significant changes in levels of glutamine, alanine, methionine and isoleucine. The highest rise (55%) was observed in alanine and methionine rose by 34%. The level of arginine decreased by 13% and glutamic acid by 39%. The fasting levels of plasma free amino acids in diabetics were similar to those in healthy subjects. The changes in the levels of plasma free amino acids after phenformin were also similar. The observed results support the suggestion that phenformin inhibits gluconeogenesis. PMID- 7106343 TI - [Haemoglobin AIc in patients on venesection therapy for haemochromatosis (author's transl)]. AB - Haemoglobin AIc values measured in diabetic patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis tended to be lower than in diabetics without haemochromatosis. The observed difference was analysed with respect to different parameters related to diabetes or haemochromatosis and their treatment (sex, age, duration of diabetes, insulin-dependency, frequency and volume of blood withdrawn) which could possibly explain these low values. Among the twenty-eight subjects with haemochromatosis, thirty-two non-diabetics, twenty-six insulin-dependent diabetics, and twenty-four non-insulin-treated diabetics, we observed that the more frequently venesection therapy was performed, the lower the levels of haemoglobin HbAIc, HbAIa+b tended to be. Thus, the decreased HbAIc rates observed in haemochromatosis patients may be ascribed to the venesection therapy, which induces an increased turnover of red cells, and consequently a decrease of the time available for their glycosylation. PMID- 7106344 TI - Lack of effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on glucose production by isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - We have examined the possible influence of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bPP) on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase a and pyruvate kinase, enzymes implicated in the hormonal regulation of these pathways, was also measured. Glycogenolysis was estimated by glucose release into the medium and gluconeogenesis by (U-14C) pyruvate incorporation into glucose. Addition of bPP to the incubation medium did not modify endogenous glucose production or glycogen phosphorylase a activity, either under basal conditions or on stimulation by glucagon (3 x 10(-10) M) or phenylephrine (10(-5) M). bPP also failed to alter both the incorporation rate of (U-14 C) pyruvate into glucose and pyruvate kinase activity, under basal conditions as well as in the presence of glucagon. Furthermore, time-course experiments revealed no effect of bPP on glycogen phosphorylase a or pyruvate kinase activities. These data indicate that pancreatic polypeptide is not implicated in the control of glucose production by isolated liver cells from fed rats. PMID- 7106346 TI - Chicken heart fumarase: its purification and physico-chemical characterization. A comparison with the enzyme from pig heart. PMID- 7106345 TI - Evidence that the coenzyme A requirement for avian fatty acid synthase is not for the termination reaction. AB - 1. Fatty acid synthase from goose uropygial gland was inhibited when CoA was scavenged with ATP citrate lyase. 2. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of CoA, 3'-dephospho-CoA, 1,N6-etheno-CoA and pantetheine but not by desulfo-CoA, pantethine or mercaptoethanol suggesting that the structural features of pantetheine including the free thiol group are essential for the reversal. 3. The S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase from the uropygial glands of mallards, which hydrolytically removes acyl chains from fatty acid synthase of goose uropygial gland in the absence of CoA, did not reverse this inhibition, suggesting that the CoA depletion does not inhibit termination reaction. 4. However, triacetic acid lactone synthesis by the fatty acid synthase was inhibited by the scavenging of CoA, raising the possibility that the condensation and/or the transacylase reactions may require CoA. PMID- 7106347 TI - Chemical modification of hemoglobin in intact whole cells: morphological studies by scanning electron microscope. AB - 1. Whole blood was incubated in physiological conditions with a variety of modifiers capable of modifying hemoglobin. Some of these compounds have been considered as therapeutic agents for certain hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease. 2. The extent of modification on hemoglobin was estimated by electrophoresis and the red-cell morphology by scanning electron microscope. 3. Results indicated that carbamyl phosphate, aspirin and glutaryl-salicylamide had no observable effect, whereas cross-linkers in general produced drastic changes in red-cell morphology. 4. Dibromoaspirin, a very effective acetylating agent, produced abnormalities even in concentrations as low as 1 mM. PMID- 7106348 TI - Nuclear sap protein kinases from calf thymus. Substrate inhibition with histones. AB - 1. Protamines were preferentially phosphorylated by the six protein kinase fractions isolated from calf thymus nuclear sap, but histones with the exception of H4 also proved to be acceptable substrates. 2. BSA was not a substrate for the first five kinase fractions, but was the best substrate for the seventh fraction, which also exhibited considerable activity with H4 as substrate. 3. An analysis of in vitro phosphorylation experiments with nuclear sap protein kinases reveals a decreased H2b phosphorylation in H1-depleted chromatin relative to "native" chromatin. 4. With fraction V the initial velocity patterns at fixed ATP levels and varying concentrations of histones exhibit cooperativity at lower concentrations and inhibition at higher concentrations, indicating that nuclear sap kinases might play important roles in sensitive regulatory mechanisms of histone phosphorylation in vivo. PMID- 7106349 TI - A comparison of the base-pair specificities of three phenanthridine drugs using solution spectroscopy. AB - 1. The absorption spectrum of three phenanthridine drugs (ethidium, dimidium and prothidium bromide) bound to natural DNAs of differing G-C content were obtained using a novel mixing scheme and analysed according to the excluded site binding model. 2. Ethidium bromide shows a strong G-C specificity at low binding ratios. especially at low ionic concentration. 3. Dimidium bromide shows a less strong G C specificity. 4. For both drugs, the binding site size reflects a situation close to nearest-neighbour exclusion. 5. Prothidium shows no specificity in its binding. The binding modes are different than for the other two phenanthridines, and it is suggested that the primary mode is "sideways" intercalation. PMID- 7106351 TI - Hen's egg yolk alkaline phosphatase: general characterization and kinetic study with inhibitors. AB - 1. The non-specific hen's egg yolk alkaline phosphatase is a metalloprotein (Zn2+?) composed of two identical inactive subunits. 2. A second metal site preferably binds Mg2+ (15-fold activation). Me(II)(H2O)H+, a charged arginine, and tyrosine in the active site are involved in positioning and binding of the substrate and metal ion. 3. Substrate inhibition differs with pH. This may be related to the presence of two active sites in the enzyme, one in each subunit. 4. Uncompetitive inhibition with l-phenylalanine and analogues suggests a phosphorylated intermediate. 5. Inhibition is weakly competitive with Pi, strong non-competitive with PPi as compared to Mg2+- free PPi, and partially competitive with arsenate. 6. The purified enzyme is stabilized and activated by amines and proteins. PMID- 7106350 TI - Perinatal lipogenesis in the liver and brown adipose tissue of the rat. AB - 1. Hepatic lipogenesis falls during late foetal life, reaching low levels soon after birth. 2. Of the lipogenic enzymes studied only changes in foetal liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities correlate well with the changes in lipogenic flux. 3. In contrast to liver, brown adipose tissue lipogenesis increases during late foetal life. 4. A similar developmental pattern in foetal brown adipose tissue was observed for the activities of a number of enzymes normally associated with lipogenesis. 5. The studies suggest the existence of different controls over the development of lipogenesis in the two tissues investigated during the perinatal period. PMID- 7106352 TI - Transphosphorylation mechanism of hen's egg yolk alkaline phosphatase. AB - 1. Hen's egg yolk alkaline phosphatase can transfer the donor substrate phosphoryl to a hydroxyl containing acceptor. 2. This acceptor contains preferably an alpha-amino or alpha-imino group. 3. The optimal pH of the transfer reaction is at 9.45 with Tris and at 9.60 with diethanolamine as acceptor. 4. Transfer products were isolated and characterized. 5. The ratio of products is independent of the donor substrate. ROH and R'OP production increase linearly with the acceptor concentration, while Pi release and Km remain constant. 6. This points to a mechanism involving two phosphorylated intermediates. 7. The acceptor bypasses the isomerization step of the phosphoryl enzyme, which is necessary before hydrolysis can take place. PMID- 7106353 TI - The effects of duodenal glucose infusion on some hepatic enzyme activities in sheep. AB - 1. Two experiments were performed to examine the effects of duodenal glucose infusion on hepatic enzyme activities in sheep. 2. Glucose infusion significantly increased the specific activities of phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and significantly reduced the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase suggesting that the pathways of glucose breakdown are increased, and gluconeogenesis decreased, in glucose-infused animals. 3. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of diet on liver metabolism in sheep. PMID- 7106354 TI - Mechanism of coenzyme A inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. AB - 1. Coenzyme A was found to inhibit bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase. 2. The CoA inhibition types of dihydrofolate reductase were competitive with respect to NADPH and noncompetitive with respect to dihydrofolate. 3. The CoA inhibition is related to the number and the site of phosphoric residue in adenine nucleotide. PMID- 7106355 TI - Cyclic changes of sialidase in human cervical mucus. AB - 1. Sialidase activity is detectable in whole cervical mucus of normal women throughout the menstrual cycle and presents cyclic variations toward endogenous and exogenous substrates. 2. The level of sialic acid bound to the mucus increases progressively till mid-cycle and declines in the post-ovulatory phase. 3. The sialidase of the mucus probably derives from different sources and its role remains speculative. PMID- 7106356 TI - Effect of indole on adenylate energy charge and mitochondrial phosphorylative activity of rat liver. AB - 1. Luminal perfusion of 5.0 mM indole (0.5 ml/min) in small intestine lowered hepatic adenylate energy charge [(ATP + ADP/2)/(ATP + ADP + AMP)] from 0.85 to 0.80. 2. Liver perfusion of indole (0.5, 5.0 mM) also lowered adenylate energy charge. 3. In liver perfusion experiments, both ketone body ratio (beta hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate) and oxygen concentration of the effluent fluid were decreased by infusion of 0.5 mM indole, but they were increased by 5.0 mM indole. 4. In the isolated liver mitochondria system, indole uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation at lower concentrations than 2.0 mM. However, higher concentrations of indole inhibited the electron transport system. PMID- 7106357 TI - Rat brain aryl acylamidase: further characterization of multiple forms. AB - 1. Two fractions of aryl acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.13) were further separated from rat brain extracts at pH 7.5 by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Bio-Gel chromatography. 2. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline competitively inhibited (67%) fraction-1 but slightly inhibited (13%) fraction-2. Tetrahydroharman, 6 hydroxy-tetrahydroharman and harminic acid slightly inhibited both fractions. Harmalol inhibited fraction-1 but enhanced fraction-2. 6-Methoxy-harman, 6 methoxy-harmalan and harmaline enhanced both fractions. 3. Pargyline did not affect either fraction. Methiothepin, cyproheptadine and chlorimipramine inhibited fraction-1 but stimulated fraction-2. 4. Neostigmine moderately (30%) inhibited AAA-2 but did not have any significant effect on AAA-1. 5. These results indicate that the beta-carboline compounds might play a role in regulating activity of AAA-1 and 2 in brain. 6. Both fractions might be related to serotonergic neurons but only AAA-2 might be associated with acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 7106358 TI - The protective action of ceruloplasmin on copper ion stimulated lysis of rat erythrocytes. AB - 1. Human ceruloplasmin effectively protects washed rat erythrocytes against copper ion stimulated lysis. 2. Experiments suggest that the protective action is not associated with (a) the oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, (b) the protein's superoxide radical scavenging ability, (c) its ability to weakly bind cupric ions (nonspecific binding) or (d) ceruloplasmin bound sialic acid. PMID- 7106359 TI - Some characteristics of beta-naphthyl oligophosphates as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin. AB - 1. Fluorescent organic phosphates. beta-naphthyl oligophosphates, were found to interact with human hemoglobin, and to lower the oxygen affinity. The magnitude of the allosteric effect depended on the number of phosphoric groups in each compound. 2. In analogy with inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). beta-naphthyl tetraphosphate (beta-NapP4) was found to interact with oxyhemoglobin. Therefore, the spectral changes in oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin induced by beta-NapP4 and IHP were compared. 3. The extent of spectral changes in oxyhemoglobin induced by beta-NapP4 was smaller than that induced by IHP, whereas the extent of spectral changes in carboxyhemoglobin induced by beta-NapP4 was about twice that by IHP. 4. These results indicate that there is a structural difference between oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin. PMID- 7106360 TI - Role of the state of reduction of the NAD system on the regulation of hepatic protein synthesis in the rat in vivo. AB - 1. The administration of octanoate to rats in vivo increased the state of reduction of the hepatic NAD system and decreased the phosphorylation potential. This effect was accompanied by a 20% inhibition of protein synthesis. 2. The acute administration of ethanol produced similar reduction of the hepatic NAD system; however, in contrast to octanoate no effect on the phosphorylation potential was detected and rates of protein synthesis were unaffected. 3. It is concluded that a rise in the state of reduction of the NAD system is not effective in decreasing hepatic protein synthesis in vivo unless it is accompanied by a decrease in the phosphorylation potential. PMID- 7106361 TI - Metabolism of palmitaldehyde in human cardiac muscle-II. Fatty chain elongation and shortening. AB - 1. The metabolism of [1-14C[ palmitaldehyde has been studied in human heart homogenates. 2. Incorporation of the radioactivity into the individual acyl chains of nonpolar (NPL) and polar (PL) lipid fractions was assessed as well as changes in the weight percentage distribution of these chains. 3. Incorporation of the radioactivity into specific lipid fractions of free fatty acids (FFAcd), free fatty aldehydes (FFAld) and cholesterol esters were also studied. 4. A significant amount of incorporation into fatty chains of both fewer and more than 16 carbons was observed. 5. Chain shortening was found to be favored by NAD while the chain elongation required NADPH. PMID- 7106362 TI - Free-radical damage to lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids determined by thiobarbituric acid reactivity. AB - 1. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, widely applied to the detection of autoxidation in polyunsaturated fatty acids, can be used to measure free-radical damage to amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. 2. In all of these systems malondialdehyde (MDA) is predominately formed from intermediate precursor molecules which break down during the acid-heating stage of the TBA test. 3. The acid reagent used to bring about these decompositions appears to be critical. PMID- 7106363 TI - Acetylcholinesterase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of white muscle. AB - 1. Two membrane fractions were separated from rabbit white muscle SR by discontinuous sucrose gradient. 2. Both crude and membrane fractions were shown to contain AChE, Ca2+-stimulated and Ca2+- independent ATPase activities. 3. 1% W/V Triton X-100 solubilized most of the AChE and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase but the Ca2+- independent ATPase was poorly solubilized. 4. AChE was sensitive to BW284c51, non-sensitive to ethopropazine and presented inhibition by excess of the substrate, ATCh. 5. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from Triton-treated crude SR revealed several bands of AChE and ATPase activities. 6. SDS-gel electrophoresis from crude SR showed two polypeptides specifically labelled with [3H]DFP. PMID- 7106364 TI - Characterization of the forms of bovine liver adenosine deaminase. AB - 1. The A and C forms of bovine liver adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5,4.4) have been separated. 2. The proportion of two forms is dependent on ionic strength of solution. 3. By gel filtration, in presence of 6 M urea, and A form is dissociated into the C form and the binding factor and both are also separated. By removal of urea the A form is again obtained. 4. The molecular weights of two forms and binding factor, kinetic parameters have been determined. PMID- 7106365 TI - Plasma lipoprotein metabolism in relation to ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 7106366 TI - The effect of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function in arterial disease. PMID- 7106367 TI - The Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine. PMID- 7106368 TI - The dissociation rate of estrogen receptor-ligand complexes is increased by high concentrations of steroids and antiestrogens. AB - The first-order dissociation rate constant, k-, of estradiol from uterine estrogen receptor, measured kin the presence of micromolar concentrations of diethylstilbestrol, increased linearly over a large concentration range (0-300 microM) of diethylstilbestrol. The experimental K- measured appears to be the sum of a basal dissociation rate constant corresponding to the spontaneous dissociation in the absence of diethylstilbestrol, and a diethylstilbestrol induced dissociation rate constant, which is proportional to both the diethylstilbestrol concentration and the inverse of the cytosol concentration. Diethylstilbestrol induced the dissociation of estradiol in all species studied (lamb, calf and rat) and of estrone and 2 antiestrogens in lamb uterus. Various steroids and triphenylethylene antiestrogens also efficiently induced the dissociation of estradiol from the estrogen receptor. However, the potency of these inducers, which varied greatly, was not correlated with the binding affinity for the estrogen receptor. Structural characteristics and the hydrophobicity of the inducers, however, did appear to be important parameters. The relative efficiency of inducers varied depending on the ligand that was bound to the receptor. This induced dissociation allows the complete dissociation of estrogen receptor-[3H]-ligand complexes in a short time (less than 24 h) at low temperatures without alteration of the level of [3H] ligand bound non specifically and can therefore be used to measure the [3H] ligand bound to the receptor by exchange at 0-4 degree C. From the specificity and the high doses of inducers required to make possible the observation of a significant effect, we conclude that the induced dissociation probably does not have a biological role. PMID- 7106369 TI - Endogenous dopamine synthesis and dopa-decarboxylase activity in rat renal cortex. AB - The dopamine content of either cortical slices or isolated glomeruli prepared from rat kidneys and of their incubation medium was measured at different times both under basal conditions and in the presence of L-DOPA. Production of dopamine from L-DOPA by purified cytosolic proteins of the whole cortex was also measured. Dopamine synthesized by these 3 renal preparations accumulated linearly with time over 60 min. Dopamine produced by the glomeruli was more rapidly released into the incubation medium than that produced by the cortical slices. The dopamine synthetic rate was very low in the absence of L-DOPA but increased rapidly when L DOPA was added to the incubation medium. No plateau was reached in the range of concentrations studied (0-100 microM) when cortical slices or cytosolic proteins were studied whereas dopamine production by isolated glomeruli reached an equilibrium above 10 microM L-DOPA. Dopamine synthesis in the presence of 100 microM L-DOPA was linearly related to the amount of renal protein. The synthetic rates were 43, 2.2 and 0.2 nmoles . h-1 . mg -1 for the cytosolic proteins, the cortical slices and the isolated glomeruli respectively. Dopamine synthesis by the cortical slices in the presence of 100 microM L-DOPA was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of alpha-methyl-DOPA. Cortical slices prepared from rats treated by benserazide, an inhibitor of L-DOPA decarboxylase, synthesized much less dopamine than those from control rats. These results show that rat renal cortex deprived of neuronal supply can synthesize dopamine in vitro from extracellular L-DOPA. PMID- 7106370 TI - Development of secretory protein synthesis in the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of the male rat. AB - Functional development of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles in the male rat has been examined by incubating tissue with [35S] methionine and using specific antisera to detect the synthesis of individual marker proteins. 4 major secretory proteins of the seminal vesicles were chosen along with 4 major prostatic secretory peptides, including 3 which form the prostatic steroid binding protein. None of the seminal vesicle proteins was synthesised before 25 30 days but all were then induced in parallel to reach adult values by 45-50 days. The 3 peptides of the prostatic steroid-binding protein were synthesised at the earliest age studied (10 days) and were also induced in parallel to maximal levels by 25-30 days. In contrast, the 4th prostatic marker, a glycopeptide, was not synthesised until about 25 days. Treatment of male rats from 3 days of age with testosterone induced precocious development of the seminal vesicles, causing substantial synthesis of marker proteins well before their synthesis would normally have been expected, and also advanced the synthesis of the prostatic 22 K glycopeptide. The results confirm that functional development in the ventral prostate precedes that of the seminal vesicles but that within the ventral prostate there is a considerable difference in the developmental profiles of its secretory proteins. PMID- 7106371 TI - LH-induced inhibition of follicular androgen formation requires intact steroidogenesis. AB - LH exerts a biphasic effect on rat pre-ovulatory follicular steroidogenesis: an initial (1-4h) overall stimulation followed by a later (4-6 h) occurring inhibition of androgen synthesis. Because exogenous steroids may inhibit androgen formation, we investigated whether the steroids produced initially in response to LH are involved in the late inhibition of androgen synthesis. Isolated pre ovulatory rat follicles were incubated for 6 h with and without ovine LH and 1 of 3 inhibitors of steroidogenesis (aminoglutethimide, cyanoketone, Su 10603). Accumulation of androstenedione and testosterone in a subsequent 2-h incubation in the presence of exogenous 17-hydroxyprogesterone was measured. LH treatment alone caused inhibition of apparent 17,20-lyase activity. The inhibitors had no effect on basal 17,20-lyase activity but were able to prevent the LH-induced inhibition of this enzyme activity. The results suggest that the physiological decline in pre-ovulatory androgen formation may in part be mediated by local action of follicular steroids. PMID- 7106372 TI - Collagen modulates cell shape and cytoskeleton of embryonic corneal and fibroma fibroblasts: distribution of actin, alpha-actinin, and myosin. PMID- 7106374 TI - The bilaterally asymmetrical architecture of the submammalian corneal stroma resembles a cholesteric liquid crystal. PMID- 7106373 TI - Avian corneal innervation: inhibition of nerve ring formation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L norleucine. PMID- 7106375 TI - The ontogeny of multiple hemoglobins in Chironomus thummi (Diptera): the effects of a compound with juvenile hormone activity. PMID- 7106376 TI - Morphogenesis of silkmoth chorion: initial framework formation and its relation to synthesis of specific proteins. PMID- 7106378 TI - Appearance of contractile activity in muscular dysgenesis (mdg/mdg) mouse myotubes during coculture with normal spinal cord cells. PMID- 7106377 TI - Periductal and matrix glycosaminoglycans in rat Mullerian duct development and regression. PMID- 7106379 TI - The distribution of lectin receptors on the plasma membrane of the fertilized sea urchin egg during first and second cleavage. PMID- 7106381 TI - Developmental changes in erythropoietin responsiveness of late erythroid precursors in mouse hemopoietic organs. PMID- 7106382 TI - A protein from abalone sperm dissolves the egg vitelline layer by a nonenzymatic mechanism. PMID- 7106383 TI - Epithelial sheet movement: protein and glycoprotein synthesis. PMID- 7106380 TI - Restricted expressions of paternal genes in sea urchin interspecies hybrids. PMID- 7106384 TI - Size of motoneuron pool may be related to number of myotubes in developing muscle. PMID- 7106385 TI - The epithelial-mesenchymal interface of the male rate Mullerian duct: loss of basement membrane integrity and ductal regression. PMID- 7106386 TI - The effect of inhibitors of glycoconjugate synthesis on optic cup formation in the chick embryo. PMID- 7106387 TI - Degradation of delta-crystallin mRNA in the lens fiber cells of the chicken. PMID- 7106388 TI - Inhibition of desmosome formation with tunicamycin and with lectin in corneal cell aggregates. PMID- 7106390 TI - The morphogenesis of the ciliary body of the avian eye. II. Differential enlargement causes an epithelium to form radial folds. PMID- 7106389 TI - The morphogenesis of the ciliary body of the avian eye. I. Lateral cell detachment facilitates epithelial folding. PMID- 7106391 TI - Interaction of embryonic corneal epithelium with exogenous collagen, laminin, and fibronectin: role of endogenous protein synthesis. PMID- 7106392 TI - Effects of postweaning rearing condition on recovery of copulatory behavior from lesions of the medial preoptic area in rats. AB - Bilateral lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA)-anterior hypothalamus of adult male rats markedly disrupt male copulatory behavior. In contrast, more group--reared then isolated male rats receiving bilateral MPOA lesions as juveniles copulated to ejaculation as adults. The present experiment was designed to analyze the role of rearing condition in promoting copulatory recovery from MPOA lesions in juvenile male rats. Juvenile male rats were given bilateral MPOA lesions or a sham operation and reared in isolation without handling, in isolation with daily handling, across a perforated Plexiglas divider from a male peer, or together with a male peer (social). Socially reared and handled males, but not isolated and divided males, with MPOA lesions showed evidence of copulatory recovery (combined socially reared and handled males vs combined isolated and divided males). These results support previous findings that postweaning rearing condition can affect copulatory recovery following juvenile MPOA lesions, but indicate that play experiences involving physical contact with peers are not necessary for such recovery to occur. PMID- 7106393 TI - The contribution of ambient temperature to suckling behavior in rats 3-20 days of age. AB - To assess the role of ambient temperature on the expression of adultlike control over suckling behavior of infant rats, preweanling pups were tested for nipple attachment and milk intake while suckling in either room temperature (25 degrees C) or nest temperature (34 degrees C). In one experiment, attachment latency was measured following 1, 4, or 24 hr of deprivation at 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 days of age. Latency was generally reduced by testing in high ambient temperature. Increasing deprivation reduced latency at all ages. Elevated temperature, however, did not accentuate deprivation-dependent differences. In a 2nd experiment, milk intake via a posterior tongue cannula was measured in pups 5, 10, 15, or 20 days of age, suckling at either room or nest temperature. Environmental temperature did not significantly affect intake at any age. These data eliminate ambient temperature as a critical factor for adultlike control of suckling behavior in infant rats. PMID- 7106394 TI - Prenatal and postnatal determinants of the 1st suckling episode in albino rats. AB - Conditions under which an odor could elicit the 1st nipple attachment in albino rats were investigated. In Experiment I rats exposed prenatally and immediately after birth to citral, a lemon scent, suckled the washed nipples of an anesthetized, parturient dam when the nipples had been scented with citral. Moreover, these rats did not suckle the normal, unwashed nipples of these dams. In Experiment II rats were exposed to citral either (a) in utero, (b) immediately after birth, (c) both pre- and postnatally, or (d) not at all. Only rats in Group (c) attached to washed, citral-scented nipples and did not suckle the normal unwashed nipples that elicited suckling in control rats. These findings suggest that prenatal and postnatal events can determine which olfactory stimuli elicit the newborn rat's 1st nipple attachment. PMID- 7106395 TI - Limitations on input as a basis for neural organization and perceptual development: a preliminary theoretical statement. AB - We propose an alternative to the conventional view that limitations on infant functioning are handicaps to be overcome. According to our view, limitations, particularly of the sensory systems, produce adaptive advantages for infants by facilitating perceptual organization. During embryogenesis, developmental rates of sensory systems are unequal so that onset of functioning is sequential. We argue that such differential onset results in relative independence among emerging systems, thereby reducing competition which helps regulate subsequent neurogenesis and functioning. In addition to prenatal effects, neonatal sensory limitations are discussed as a major source of perceptual organization. Limitations reduce the amount of information with which the infant must contend and promote temporal contiguity between multimodal attributes of a stimulus. Although we focus on human perceptual development, our view is a broadly based comparative one. Thus, other organisms have evolved means of restricting sensory input, and evidence is cited suggesting the importance of this reduced input in regulating normal perceptual development. PMID- 7106398 TI - American Diabetes Association. 41st annual meeting, June 14-16, Cincinnati. Abstracts. PMID- 7106397 TI - Appetitive conditioning in neonatal rats: conditioned orientation to a novel odor. AB - These experiments document a form of early appetitive learning in rats obtained using classical conditioning procedures. Some of the special determinants of this conditioning are described, as well as ontogenetic changes in the effectiveness of training procedures. Learning was apparent when deprived 3- and 6-day old rats oriented to and maintained contact with a novel and normally aversive odor after this odor had been paired with oral infusions of milk (Experiment I). The effectiveness of the conditioning procedures depended on the temperature at which pups were trained (Experiment IB). Moreover, the reinforcing properties of milk infusions depended on deprivation (Experiment IC). This conditioned change in responsiveness to odor was specific to the odor that had been paired with milk (Experiment II) and was retained for at least 24 hr (Experiment III). PMID- 7106396 TI - Developmental overproduction and selective attrition: new processes in the epigenesis of birdsong. AB - All phases of song development from infancy to adulthood were studied intensively in a group of laboratory-reared birds. Male swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana, trained with tape-recorded songs in infancy, developed song some 8 months later, averaging 2.2 song types per bird. Analysis of the intermediate stage of plastic song revealed that the birds generated 4 to 5 times more song material than was needed for the species-specific song repertoire. The excess was discarded at the time of full song crystallization. Indications that the attrition process is selective include tendencies to retain imitated rather than nonimitated elements, and the rejection of heterospecific elements. Attrition may also be influenced by vocal stimulation at the time of song crystallization, providing an opportunity for behavioral adjustment even though new themes can no longer be learned. Attrition has been described in the transition in human infants from babbling to speech. PMID- 7106399 TI - Gains and hazards of intensive neonatal care: an analysis from Swedish Cerebral palsy epidemiology. PMID- 7106400 TI - Spastic diplegia and the significance of mothers' previous reproductive loss. AB - In order to explore the relationship between spastic diplegia and mothers' previous reproductive loss, 119 cases of spastic diplegia born between 1953 and 1977 were compared with two series of controls. One control group comprised a random sample of all births, the other a random sample of births matched for birthweight and length of gestation. A demonstrable difference in previous reproductive histories was found between mothers of cases of spastic diplegia and mothers of the first series of controls, but there was no such difference between mothers of cases and mothers of the second series. This suggests that the reproductive histories of mothers of cases of spastic diplegia are not unique, and that their unusual number of reproductive losses is related to the child's associated fetal growth-retardation and not to the presence of diplegia. PMID- 7106401 TI - Club foot: a neuromuscular disease. PMID- 7106402 TI - Behavioural changes and bioelectric brain maturation of preterm and fullterm newborn infants: a polygraphic study. AB - Fifty-two preterm and fullterm infants requiring assisted ventilation were observed and examined polygraphically. In addition, 24 preterm infants without prenatal or perinatal complications and not needing assisted ventilation were examined polygraphically in order to validate a special method of differentiating sleep states and sleep cycles. State criteria were EEG records, eye movements and gross body movements. Using this evaluation method, all 14 low-risk preterm infants showed stable sleep states and cycles, as did 16 of 23 high-risk preterm and 10 of 15 high-risk fullterm infants. 11 high-risk preterm and fullterm infants were found to have extremely unstable sleep states, or were comatose. The EEG could not be evaluated in only one case. Infants requiring assisted ventilation showed the following changes in comparison with the infants who did not need ventilation: the percentage of quiet sleep increased significantly; the percentage of indeterminate sleep increased as a sign of more unstable behaviour; and the individual measurements of the recorded and observed variables showed wider variability. Bioelectric brain maturation decreased significantly with increasing risk among both preterm and fullterm infants given assisted ventilation. PMID- 7106403 TI - Sitting problems of children with cerebral palsy. PMID- 7106404 TI - Wheelchair users at a children's rehabilitation center: attributes and management. AB - A survey was made of the clinical characteristics of wheelchair-users at the Children's Rehabilitation Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 261 patients were studied, of whom 214 had cerebral palsy, 34 had myelomeningocele and 13 had Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Among the patients with cerebral palsy it was found that the attributes likely to define a wheelchair-user were spastic quadriplegia, functional level III and IV, seizures and severe sensory handicap; among patients with myelomeningocele, wheelchair use ws related to level of lesion; and in the muscular dystrophy group it ws related to age. These results have been of help to rehabilitation centres and related service agencies in formulating long-term plans to meet the needs of wheelchair-users. PMID- 7106405 TI - Serial CT scans in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis of childhood. AB - Eleven children admitted to hospital with H. influenzae meningitis had computerized tomographic head scans during the acute stage of the illness. 10 of the 11 had at least one other scan between two weeks and 30 months later. This study evaluated the changes seen in the scans in relation to the evolution of the illness, especially with reference to subdural effusions and communicating hydrocephalus. The early scans were found to have no significance in predicting clinical outcome. However, a temporary developmental lag occurred in those children with subdural effusions, transient communicating hydrocephalus, and without permanent neurological deficit. PMID- 7106406 TI - Ataxia telangiectasia. PMID- 7106407 TI - Speech and learning disorders in children with sex chromosome abnormalities. PMID- 7106409 TI - Blood lead levels of neonates. PMID- 7106408 TI - Duration of treatment for childhood epilepsy. PMID- 7106410 TI - Led and brain function. PMID- 7106411 TI - Infantile spasms. PMID- 7106412 TI - Management of cerebral palsy. PMID- 7106413 TI - Using cerebral palsy data in the evaluation of neonatal intensive care: a warning. PMID- 7106414 TI - Developmental orthopaedics. I: the lower limb. PMID- 7106415 TI - Possible evidence for a Shwartzman reaction in pseudomembranous colitis. AB - Pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially fatal disorder associated with gastrointestinal surgery and the use of antibiotics. The aetiological agent has been shown to be Clostridium difficile but the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. It has been suggested that the lesions produced are due to a local Shwartzman effect. Such an effect may be accompanied by activation of the serum complement system and we therefore looked for evidence of complement consumption in 4 patients with the diagnostic clinical and histological features of pseudomembranous colitis. Positive evidence was obtained suggesting that a Shwartzman phenomenon may be involved. PMID- 7106416 TI - Effect of sex hormones on the experimental induction of cancer in rat stomach - a preliminary study. AB - The effects of sex hormones on the induction of gastric carcinoma by N-methyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were investigated in Wistar rats. Well differentiated adenocarcinomas developed with high frequency (88%) on the glandular stomach of male rats given MNNG in drinking water (50 micrograms/ml) for 4 months and sacrificed on the 12th month of the experiment. In female rats given MNNG, no gastric cancer was observed. In the castrated or estradiol-treated male rats, the incidence of carcinoma was lower (29 and 68%, respectively) than in the nontreated male rats. Histologically, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were observed more frequently in these groups than in the nontreated male group. In MNNG carcinogenesis, female, castrated male and estrogen-treated male rats had a lower incidence of gastric cancer with lower histological differentiation than did nontreated male rats. PMID- 7106417 TI - Iodination with Iodo-gen and radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin (CCK) in acidified plasma, CCK release, and molecular CCK components in man. AB - The preparation of a stable fully immunoreactive 125I-labeled CCK39 using a modified Iodo-gen method with high specific radioactivity; the production of an avid and specific cholecystokinin (CCK) antiserum, and a sensitive, precise and specific radioimmunoassay method allowing measurements of fasting plasma CCK in the low picomole per liter range together with the significant rises in plasma CCK following a test meal and duodenal infusion of fat are described. Apparent immunoreactive fasting plasma CCK was eluted from a Sephadex G-50 Fine column in one peak probably representing plasma CCK bound to plasma proteins and nonspecific plasma effects. Apparent immunoreactive postprandial plasma CCK was eluted from a Sephadex G-50 Fine column in four peaks. The first peak probably represents plasma CCK bound to plasma proteins and nonspecific plasma effects; the second peak probably represents component I with a molecular weight between some 5,000 and 30,000; the third peak probably represents component II or CCK33, and the fourth peak probably represents component IV or CCK8. PMID- 7106420 TI - Chronic care: improving the quality of design. PMID- 7106421 TI - A second look at cost control. PMID- 7106418 TI - Effect of neurotensin on exocrine pancreatic secretion in dogs. AB - The effects of various doses of synthetic neurotensin on exocrine pancreatic secretion were investigated in dogs prepared with pancreatic fistulae. Increasing doses of neurotensin infused intravenously caused a dose-dependent stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion. Plasma neurotensin levels determined with a radioimmunoassay kit for neurotensin were significantly correlated to the amount of neurotensin infused. Significant stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion was observed when 2.5 pmol kg-1 min-1 neurotensin were infused. This dose resulted in neurotensin plasma levels comparable to those observed after a meal. Combined infusions of neurotensin and the cholecystokinin analogue cerulein had synergistic effects on pancreatic bicarbonate output and raised the HCO-3:protein ratio. These observations suggest that neurotensin may play a role in the early phase of postprandial stimulation of exocrine pancreatic function. PMID- 7106419 TI - Effects of bile acids on human colonic motor function in vitro. AB - The effect of bile acid perfusion on colonic motor function in vitro has been studied. It was found that bile acid perfusion and carbachol perfusion had no effect on the frequency or incidence of slow wave activity. However, the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (15 mmol/l) was shown to cause a statistically significant increase in percentage motility of the isolated colon (control 24.2 + 5.5%, deoxycholic acid 64.9 + 7.3%, p less than 0.01). The magnitude of this increase was similar to the increased colonic motility recorded during carbachol (2.5 micrograms/cm3) infusion. Chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids did not increase colonic motility in vitro. PMID- 7106422 TI - Considering carpets in hospital use. PMID- 7106423 TI - Minimizing the problems of hospital relocation. PMID- 7106424 TI - Advances in laboratory medicine: the actors and their roles. PMID- 7106426 TI - The management clinic: managing your time. PMID- 7106427 TI - [A step towards informed decisions]. PMID- 7106428 TI - Are we still being railroaded into arbitration? PMID- 7106425 TI - Evaluating the 12-hour shift schedule. PMID- 7106429 TI - The chaplain and lay pastoral volunteers. PMID- 7106430 TI - C.C.H.S.E. develops certification program. PMID- 7106431 TI - Public relations: a management function. PMID- 7106432 TI - A computer primer: systems development. PMID- 7106434 TI - Quality assurance in nutritional care. Ontario Hospital Association/Ontario Dietetic Association Quality Assurance of Nutritional Care Committee. PMID- 7106433 TI - Strategies to promote diet compliance by the elderly. PMID- 7106435 TI - Homework for planning a chill-freeze system. PMID- 7106436 TI - A computer primer: systems implementation. AB - It is important to recognize the process of implementing systems as a process of change. The hospital, through its steering committee, must manage this process, initiating change instead of responding to it. Only then will the implementation of information systems be an orderly process and the impact of these changes on the hospital's organization clearly controlled. The probability of success in implementing new systems would likely be increased if attention centers on gaining commitment to the project, gaining commitment to any changes necessitated by the new system, and assuring that the project is well defined and plans clearly specified. These issues, if monitored throughout the systems implementation, will lead to early identification of potential problems and probable failures. This highly increases the chance of success. A probably failure, once identified, can be given specific attention to assure that associated problems are successfully resolved. The cost of this special attention, monitoring and managing systems implementation, is almost always much less than the cost of the eventual implementation failure. PMID- 7106437 TI - Clinical engineering and hospital accreditation. PMID- 7106438 TI - Dr. Arnold Swanson: 30 years of accreditation. Interview by Carol Wightman. PMID- 7106439 TI - A survey of patient attitudes to health care. PMID- 7106440 TI - Continuing ed: program planning. PMID- 7106441 TI - Government financing- where do we stand. PMID- 7106442 TI - Family practice in hospitals. PMID- 7106444 TI - Acetylator status and diabetic neuropathy. AB - Acetylator status was determined in 112 normal and 116 diabetic subjects. Forty eight percent of the normal subjects were fast acetylators compared with 74% of the Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic and 54% of the Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic subjects. This result for Type 1 diabetic patients was significantly different from the normal subjects, while that for Type 2 patients was intermediate between the two. In contrast to a previous report, there was no significant association of acetylator status with peripheral neuropathy in subjects with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Acetylator status could be a genetic marker for Type 1 diabetes, but the increased proportion of fast acetylators in both groups suggested the possibility of an artefact due to high glucose levels. The rate of acetylation of sulphadimidine was significantly greater in both fast and slow acetylators with diabetes compared with normal subjects and there was a significant association between high plasma glucose and acetylator status. Prospective studies will be necessary to confirm whether acetylator status is a true genetic marker for diabetes. PMID- 7106443 TI - Incidence of diabetes amongst people aged 18-50 years in nine British towns: a collaborative study. AB - The incidence of diabetes among people aged 18-50 years has been studied prospectively in nine towns, chosen to encompass the range of socio-economic conditions and spread of latitude in England and Wales. The incidence of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in this age group varied little between the towns. However, the incidence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes was markedly higher in the towns with 'worse' socio-economic conditions. The mean incidences were 23 per 100 000 for the three 'worse' towns and 10 per 100 000 for the three 'better' towns. This was not explicable by an association between the disease and social class. This finding has to be reconciled with known and hypothesised influences in the aetiology of Type 2 diabetes. PMID- 7106446 TI - Measurement of glycosylated haemoglobin at high altitudes. PMID- 7106445 TI - Apolipoprotein C in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. AB - The composition of apolipoprotein C of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) was examined in 23 treated Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, who had elevated VLDL concentrations. Apolipoprotein C was separated by isoelectric focussing into apolipoprotein C-II which is known as the specific activator of lipoprotein lipase, and three apolipoprotein C-III fragments. A regulatory role has been ascribed to the ratio of apolipoprotein C-II to apolipoprotein C-III in the removal of plasma triglycerides. In our diabetic group, the composition of apolipoprotein C of the VLDL particles was not different from that of a healthy control group. In particular, the above apolipoprotein ratio and the relative amounts of apolipoprotein C-III fragments were normal. Hypertriglyceridaemia in these diabetic subjects does not seem to be related to alterations in the apolipoprotein C composition. PMID- 7106447 TI - The relationship between kidney size and function in short-term diabetic patients. PMID- 7106448 TI - Aspects of non-enzymatic glycosylation of serum proteins in relation to different glucose loads. PMID- 7106449 TI - Annotation on stem cells and differentiation fields. PMID- 7106450 TI - Cell death and acid phosphatase activity in the regenerating planarian Polycelis tenuis Iijima. AB - A combination of microscopical, cytochemical, and biochemical techniques have been employed to study the changes occurring during the first seven days of blastema formation and regeneration after decapitation in adult Polycelis tenuis worms. Fine structural data reveal evidence of cell fragmentation, selective cell deletion, and phagocytosis at and below the wound surface. Initially, (0-12 h regeneration) cell debris is phagocytosed by intact parenchymal and gastrodermal cells near the cut surface which is later sealed (24 h) by a stretching of marginal epidermal cells. Wound sealing is followed by a migration of newly differentiated rhabdite cells into the epithelium. Morphological evidence of a selective cell autolysis precedes evidence of an accumulation of lipid and glycogen reserves in the parenchymal and gastrodermal cells and the later (48 h regeneration time) aggregation of undifferentiated mitotically active neoblasts beneath the wound. Biochemical data reveal an early period of high acid phosphatase (p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and sodium-beta-glycerophosphatase) activity 3-12 h after injury, followed by a further intense period of activity at 44-48 h after decapitation. The coincident cytochemical data show an increased level of acid phosphatase activity associated with cell lysis and death in the wound and blastema zone and also with the digestion of phagocytosed cell debris. PMID- 7106452 TI - Mechanisms of adhesion among cells of the early chick blastoderm: role of the beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin in the adhesion of extraembryonic endoderm cells. AB - Cells from the extraembryonic endoderm of the gastrulating chick embryo contain a beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin inhibited by thiodigalactoside (TDG). TDG inhibits the aggregation of freshly prepared cells. In these fresh cell suspensions, adhesion is also inhibited when purified lectin is added to the aggregation assay. If these cells are incubated at 22 degrees C their adhesion decreases. Associated with this is an increase in lectin activity in the cell supernatants. In these incubated cells aggregation is stimulated by TDG and desialyzed fetuin. These data suggest that the lectin may have a role to play in cellular adhesion. Under some experimental conditions extraembryonic endoderm cells from rosettes with trypsinized glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes. This phenomenon is inhibited, to a certain extent, by TDG. PMID- 7106451 TI - Retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption: induction of specific changes in protein synthesis and inhibition by tunicamycin. AB - The addition of retinoic acid to fetal rat bones in culture induces the release of proteoglycans followed by cartilage resorption. In this system retinoic acid markedly suppressed 3H-leucine and 3H-mannose incorporation into acid precipitable macromolecules, and specifically changed the 3H-leucine incorporation pattern as revealed by gel electrophoresis. Tunicamycin, which selectively inhibits glycosylation of the asparagine residues in proteins, prevented the cartilage cell degradation in response to retinoic acid. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis did not affect the retinoic acid-induced changes indicating that cell division was not required for the cartilage degradation processes induced by retinoic acid. In consideration of our previous and present demonstrations that retinoic acid-induced cartilage resorption required RNA, protein, and glycoprotein synthesis and specifically changed the protein synthesis pattern, we suggest that retinoic acid may exert its action by altering gene expression. PMID- 7106453 TI - Serological cross-reactivity to rat anti H-Y antiserum in the female European eel (Anguilla anguilla). PMID- 7106454 TI - Early recognition of prespore differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum and its significance for models on pattern formation. AB - An electron microscopic study revealed that during aggregation the cytoplasm of a number of cells increases in electron density. Increased electron density is shown to be the consequence of cell shrinkage, which causes a close packing of cytoplasmic components. Originally electron-dense cells are spread randomly over the aggregate. The anterior prestalk region of the slug is almost devoid of electron-dense cells. In the posterior prespore region, cells with varying degrees of electron density are intermixed with 15-20% electron-lucent cells. During culmination all cells of the prespore region become very electron dense. Besides introducing a new criterion to recognize prespore cells at an early stage of development, our data give further evidence that induction of prespore cell differentiation is not necessarily position dependent. PMID- 7106455 TI - Stimulated and non-stimulated rat spleen cells release different DNA-complexes. AB - Isolated rat spleen cells released into the culture medium a complex containing newly-synthetized DNA. Upward sucrose density gradient centrifugation yielded material from non-stimulated cells at a major peak of density 1.03, with minor peaks at 1.04 and 1.055. However, the complex from cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin showed a major peak at 1.052, with little material at 1.03. The low densities indicated that the complexes contained a high proportion of lipid, confirmed by the incorporation of 3H-ethanolamine. Data indicate that newly synthesized DNA leaves the nucleus, crosses the cytoplasm, and associates with the cell membrane prior to leaving the cell as a complex with the DNA protected against nuclease activity. PMID- 7106456 TI - [Relation of "dougle pre-beta-lipoproteinemia" and clinical manifestations of dyslipidemia and arteriosclerotic disease in a family group]. PMID- 7106458 TI - [Variations of uricemia in chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 7106457 TI - [Clinical study of a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent for rectal administration]. PMID- 7106459 TI - [Piretanide in the therapy of water-sodium retention in hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 7106462 TI - [Effects of flunarizine on chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency: experience of a geriatric department]. PMID- 7106461 TI - [A case of ventricular pre-excitation due to probable Mahaim fibers]. PMID- 7106460 TI - [Histopathological and immunological aspects of chronic active hepatitis]. PMID- 7106463 TI - [Recurrent ventricular tachycardias: clinical characteristics and follow-up]. PMID- 7106465 TI - [Gastric damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 7106466 TI - [Renal lesions caused by opiates]. PMID- 7106467 TI - [Problems of internal medicine in habitual drug users]. PMID- 7106468 TI - [Use and disuse of patents in Mexican biomedicine]. PMID- 7106470 TI - [Engineering and biomedical research]. PMID- 7106464 TI - [The use of electromyography in the monitoring of exposure to neurotoxic substances]. PMID- 7106469 TI - [Biomedical engineering in Mexico. Introduction]. PMID- 7106471 TI - [Biomedical engineering in health institutions]. PMID- 7106472 TI - [Achievements and perspectives in biomedical engineering]. PMID- 7106473 TI - [Biomedical engineering and the public sector]. PMID- 7106474 TI - [Training of biomedical engineers]. PMID- 7106475 TI - [Biomedical engineering in Mexico. Summary and conclusions]. PMID- 7106476 TI - [Classification of morbidity for the rural Mexican environment: its evaluation]. PMID- 7106477 TI - [Low birth-weight infants. I. Etiology]. PMID- 7106478 TI - [Porencephalic cyst. Report of a case and considerations on its etiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 7106479 TI - [Sideroblastic anemia in lead poisoning]. PMID- 7106480 TI - [Postnephrectomy renal arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 7106481 TI - [Ethics in human experimentation]. PMID- 7106482 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of interauricular communication]. PMID- 7106485 TI - Declining volume of gastrointestinal fluoroscopies: a survey of 18 hospitals. AB - A survey of the volume of gastrointestinal fluoroscopies at 18 hospitals suggests a decline in the number of these examinations performed over the past 5 years. Data were acquired on 4 types of examinations: upper gastrointestinal series, small bowel studies, barium enemas (all types), and oral cholecystograms. Modest decreases of 8.4%, 10.3%, and 2.0% were noted in the numbers of upper gastrointestinal examinations, small bowel examinations, and barium enemas, respectively. A considerable decline of 45.9% was found in performance of oral cholecystograms. An overall decline of 14.4% was noted for all 4 examinations. PMID- 7106483 TI - Esophageal manifestations of Crohn's disease. AB - Two patients with concurrent esophagitis and ileocolitis due to Crohn's disease are presented. The initial feature of esophageal involvement was dysphagia caused by severe inflammation of the distal esophagus with mucosal ulcerations and polypoid folds. Long-term observation of both cases revealed a gradually progressive course leading to development of rigid esophageal structure, intramural sinus tract, and esophagobronchial or esophagogastric fistulas. The clinical and radiographic manifestations of Crohn's esophagitis in these 2 patients and in 18 previously reported cases are reviewed. PMID- 7106484 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of early gastric cancer by routine double-contrast examination. AB - In 4538 double-contrast examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, 8 early gastric cancers (EGCs) were prospectively diagnosed before endoscopy. Four others were false negative cases, but retrospective analysis led to identification of the lesion in 3. The rate of EGC in radiologically diagnosed and verified cancers was found to be 10.6%. Gastric polyp rarely corresponded to EGC, whereas gastric ulcer more frequently corresponded to an EGC. Five of 12 EGCs were multifocal, with 21 satellite foci of carcinoma, of which 3 were probably radiologically identifiable as varioliform erosions. Routine double-contrast study appears valuable for detecting EGC, but the rate of false negative cases indicates that integration of radiologic, endoscopic, and cytologic data as well as accurate histopathologic study of the surgical specimen are needed to diagnose and characterize early gastric carcinoma. PMID- 7106486 TI - Patient radiation doses in upper GI examinations: a comparison between conventional and double-contrast techniques. AB - A total of 60 patients, divided into 3 groups with 20 patients in each, were examined with 3 different techniques: group 1 -- conventional technique, exposure at 120 kV; group 2 -- double-contrast technique (hypotonic gastrography, HG), exposure at 80 kW; group 3 -- HG, exposure at 120 kV. All examinations were performed in the same examination room and by the same radiologist. Absorbed doses to skin, thyroid, breasts, and gonads as well as energy imparted were measured. The only significant dose enhancements found when using double-contrast instead of conventional technique were in the female breasts and then only if the voltage was in the lower range. With exposure at 120 kV there was little difference in absorbed dose, but a significant advantage with respect to energy was imparted when using a double-contrast technique instead of a conventional technique. The testes doses were very low in all 3 types of examinations, and it seems that use of a testes shield is hardly motivated. With regard to both diagnostic accuracy and patient radiation dose, there can be no reason to use a conventional technique for upper GI examinations. PMID- 7106487 TI - Gastroduodenal erosions: radiological findings. PMID- 7106488 TI - Accuracy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in differentiating benign and malignant pancreatic disease. PMID- 7106489 TI - Noninvasive imaging of unusual regenerating nodules in the cirrhotic liver. AB - Despite the common occurrence of regenerating liver nodules, little has been written regarding their ultrasound or computed tomographic appearance. In the great majority of cases, they have an echo texture and CT number identical to surrounding hepatic parenchyma. Exceptionally, as in the 2 cases described, they can mimic a malignant neoplasm. Because radionuclide imaging almost always demonstrates uptake over a regenerating nodule, this modality should be used in suspicious cases in conjunction with either ultrasound or computed tomography in order to exclude a malignancy. PMID- 7106490 TI - Biloma: aspiration for diagnosis and treatment. AB - Post-traumatic and postsurgical collections of encysted bile (biloma) can be difficult to diagnose. Certain radiographic features may suggest the diagnosis, but puncture of the cystic lesion is essential. Moreover, the lesions may be treated by percutaneous insertion of a drainage catheter without need for surgical exploration. In the last 31/2 years we have encountered 3 patients with this condition, 2 of whom were successfully drained by percutaneous technique. In 1 patient the overall radiographic appearance was suggestive of delayed rupture of the spleen, and the biloma was drained by simple needle aspiration intraoperatively. PMID- 7106491 TI - Attachments to facilitate sterile flushing technique in patients with biliary stents. PMID- 7106492 TI - Percutaneous cholecystostomy in obstructive jaundice. PMID- 7106494 TI - Right hepatic artery as a cause of pseudocalculus in the biliary tree. PMID- 7106493 TI - Filling defects at the hepatic hilum due to compression by the right hepatic artery in cholangiography. AB - It has been accepted widely that filling defects in cholangiography are attributed to stones or tumors. However, we have recognized that filling defects at the hepatic hilum in cholangiography are caused by compression of the hepatic duct by the right hepatic artery. We studied 125 cases by cholangiography. Of these, 34 cases were subjected to simultaneous percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and selective visceral arteriography. Among 125 cases, 25 cases (20%) showed filling defects at the hepatic hilum from compression by the right hepatic artery. PMID- 7106495 TI - Contribution of the pathologist to the radiology and management of colorectal polyps. PMID- 7106496 TI - Neonatal small left colon syndrome in twins. AB - There are no previous reports of small left colon syndrome in twins. Small left colon syndrome is reported in 2 sets of twins. In 1 set 1 twin had clinical and radiographic signs of small left colon syndrome. The sib was clinically normal and had no radiographic studies. In the other set, both twins had identical clinical and radiographic findings of hyperplastic left colon. This suggests a genetic and/or environmental intrauterine, rather than a postpartum etiology for the small left colon syndrome. PMID- 7106498 TI - Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in homosexual males. PMID- 7106497 TI - Incarcerated adult Bochdalek hernia with splenic infarction. PMID- 7106499 TI - Impaired metabolism of methionine in severe liver diseases. II. Clinical and experimental studies on role of impaired methionine metabolism in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. AB - Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe liver disease was associated with marked elevation of either serum methionine or blood ammonia levels or with simultaneous moderate increases in both parameters. CSF methionine levels also increased in encephalopathic patients with fulminant hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Increased influx of methionine into the brain over the theoretical values predicted from Pardridge's equation suggested that accelerated transport of serum methionine across the blood-brain barrier was observed in these cases with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy in acute carbon tetrachloride liver injury could be obtained experimentally following intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate in rats, which already received intragastric administration of methionine. However, similar encephalopathy could not be observed by the administration of glycine or leucine in place of methionine. These results suggest at least that methionine and ammonia act synergistically on inducing hepatic encephalopathy. PMID- 7106501 TI - Endoscopic polypectomy for the removal of polyps of the small intestine. AB - Since intussusception is a common complication of the Peutz-Jeghers polyps, laparotomy should be recommended to remove them. However, all of them will not be palpable or discernible during laparotomy. Operative endoscopy was employed for removing polyps of the small intestine of a 22-year-old female who was previously diagnosed as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Using a newly designed enteroscope with two channels (SIF-2C, Olympus), four large polyps over 1 cm in size were removed from the ileum and jejunum with safety. Endoscopic polypectomy is one of the rapidly advancing fields and widely spread methods in gastrointestinal endoscopy since the introduction of electrosurgical techniques. Although the endoscopic removal of polyps arising from the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon and rectum can be performed with ease and safety, polypectomy for the polyps of the small intestine has never been performed because of the technical difficulties to handle the scope in the small intestine. Two channel enteroscope resolved this problem. Therefore, it is emphasized that double channel enteroscope makes the polypectomy in the small intestine possible and the indication of enteroscopy will be more extended. PMID- 7106500 TI - Partial isolation and characterization of bromosulphosphthalein-binding protein from rat liver plasma membranes. AB - Digestion of liver plasma membranes with trypsin and chymotrypsin prevented specific binding of 35-S or 131-I-bromosulphophthalein (BSP) to these membranes, in contrast concomitant appearance of BSP binding protein was observed in a high speed (100,000 x g. 1 hr) supernatant of the extracts. On the other hand, BSP binding capacity of receptors was hardly destroyed by digestion with high concentration of phospholipase A, C. Gel filtration experiments on a column of Sephadex indicated that specific BSP binding to a protein in the high-speed supernatant was observed and this protein contained at least sialic acid and pentose suggesting a fragment of glycoprotein. In addition this molecular size was far smaller than 23,000, calibrated with bovine trypsin. Competitive inhibition was also observed between 131-I-BSP and BSP on a specific protein by gel filtration, while cholic acid did not affect its capacity to bind 131I-BSP. These results suggest that the specific protein on the liver plasma membrane is involved in the transport of organic anions across hepatocyte surface membranes. PMID- 7106502 TI - Serum gastrin levels in response to exogenous secretin in patients with duodenal ulcer--false positive response occurring in case of endoscopically active ulcer. AB - Responses of serum gastrin to both intravenous infusion of secretin (GIH secretin 3 CU/kg/hr) and intravenous bolus injection (GIH secretin 1 CU/kg) were studied in 2 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZE) patients and 27 duodenal ulcer (DU) patients. In all of the DU patients, the stage of the ulcer was determined endoscopically, prior to testing, as either active or healed. We found that the responses of serum gastrin to secretin were closely related to the stage of the duodenal ulcer; serum gastrin increased in the active stage and decreased in the healed stage. In patients with active duodenal ulcer, a false positive (ZE-like) response to exogenous secretin was observed. Comparing the results of intravenous infusion and bolus administration of secretin in terms of maximal percent change of serum gastrin, there was no significant difference between the two methods, confirming the works reported by others. PMID- 7106503 TI - Purification of placental anemia inducing factor (PAIF) and its clinical application by radioimmunoassay. AB - Human Placental Anemia Inducing Factor (PAIF) was purified from crude placental preparation called P- 62, which had common biological and immunological natures with the same preparation from gastric juice, gastric tissues, serum and urine of patients with malignant neoplasma, especially gastric cancer. The obtained PAIF was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gave a specific band in the region of gamma-A and/or gamma-M globulin on immunoelectrophoresis. The purified PAIF induced anemia in rabbits by intravenous administration at a dose of 2.7 micrograms/Kg of body weight. No cross antigenicity of PAIF was observed with alpha-Fetoprotein. HBs antigen and CEA. Serum AIF of patients was measured using PAIF as a standard by radioimmunoassay. AIF levels in sera of patients with malignant neoplasma were significant high compared with those of control groups. PMID- 7106504 TI - Scanning electron-microscopic studies on protein plugs obtained from patients with chronic pancreatitis. AB - The previous histochemical study on the endoscopically obtained protein plugs revealed the process of protein plug formation. The present scanning electron microscopic study was performed to clarify the fine structure of the protein plug and was quite in accordance with the results of the histochemical study: (1) protein plugs were constructed of interlacing networks and amorphous material stuffed in the networks; (2) protein plug formation started in the form of random and loose interlacing of cottony network fibrils and poor stuffing with degenerating epithelial cells and amorphous material, and in this stage protein plugs enlarged by adherence of smaller aggregates; (3) with maturation, protein plugs came to be covered by stratiform fine net works which were more compactly built up with uniformly thick, dense and smooth fibers and were stuffed more densely with amorphous material; (4) mature protein plugs were considered to enlarge by repeated process of stratiform deposit of reticular substance and amorphous material and subsequent maturation. However, it remains to be clarified which factors induce the changes of networks from random interlacing to stratiform arrangement. PMID- 7106505 TI - Pretreatment biliary lipid composition in white patients with radiolucent gallstones in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. AB - Biliary lipid classes (bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol) as well as individual biliary bile acids were measured in duodenal bile samples obtained before treatment from 284 white men and 264 white women participating in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. The patients had radiolucent gallstones present in visualizing gallbladders. Calculated biliary cholesterol saturation was significantly higher in women (143 +/- 43, mean +/- SD, vs. 132 +/- 39 for men). Chenodeoxycholic acid was the major biliary bile acid in both sexes (40.0 +/- 9.9 in men; 38.8 +/- 9.3 in women, NS). Cholic acid was the second most common bile acid, constituting 32.9 +/- 8.8 in men and 31.8 +/- 8.9 in women (NS). When other demographic and clinical characteristics, including serum lipids, were related with biliary lipid composition, only percent ideal body weight correlated significantly. The partial correlation coefficient adjusted for percent ideal body weight indicated that the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid correlated negatively with the mole fraction of cholesterol in bile in men, but not in women. Multiple regression analyses showed that bile saturation could not be predicted reliably from any clinical, chemical, or radiologic measurement in either sex. Published data for biliary lipid composition in individuals with biliary disease showed considerable overlap with the National Cooperative Gallstone Study data reported here, suggesting that cholesterol gallstone disease is not caused solely by increased biliary cholesterol saturation. PMID- 7106506 TI - Comparative formation of lithocholic acid from chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in the colon. AB - The comparative rate of formation of lithocholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid and its 7 beta epimer, ursodeoxycholic acid, was studied in human subjects and in a rhesus monkey. [24-14C]Chenodeoxycholic acid and [24-14C]ursodeoxycholic acid were incubated in vitro, under anaerobic conditions, in fecal samples from 7 control and 7 asymptomatic gallstone subjects. The incubations were carried out for 0, 0.5, 1, 4, and 12 h. In addition, the labeled precursors were instilled into the colon of 4 asymptomatic gallstone patients and a rhesus monkey in which a bile duct fistula had been created. Radioactive metabolites were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in the in vitro fecal incubates and in the in vivo colonic aspirates, stool, and bile. The biotransformation of the unlabeled material was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography in the in vitro incubates and in the in vivo fecal samples of the rhesus monkey. There was no statistical difference between chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in their rate of biotransformation to lithocholic acid, when the total group of 14 subjects was compared. However, among these 14, a subgroup of 4 subjects (2 controls and 2 with gallstones) was identified in whom the rate of degradation to lithocholic acid was significantly faster for chenodeoxycholic than for ursodeoxycholic acid. Increases in the concentrations of the precursors led to a decrease in the rate, but not a change in the comparative pattern of lithocholic acid formation. At the lower concentrations, the conversion of both bile acids to lithocholic acid was almost complete after 12 h. In the in vivo studies, the formation of lithocholic acid from chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids was comparable both in the 4 human subjects and in the rhesus monkey. The results of this study indicate that, in most cases, the risk of liver damage from lithocholic acid formation should be similar for both epimers. However, there appears to be a small population in which this risk could be higher during chenodeoxycholic acid than during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment due to a more rapid formation of lithocholic acid. PMID- 7106508 TI - Perivenular fibrosis in alcoholic liver injury: ultrastructure and histologic progression. AB - Twenty alcoholic patients underwent sequential biopsy of the liver as part of their medical evaluation. Of the 10 patients with simple fatty liver, 9 showed no progression of the histologic lesion after 1-2 yr. By contrast, of 10 patients with perivenular fibrosis, of the 9 who continued to drink all showed progression. Laboratory parameters did not distinguish between these two groups at the time of initial biopsy. The ultrastructure of the perivenular lesion was evaluated in 11 patients. The thickness of the perivenular rim was variable, but there was a good correlation between the thickness of the perivenular rim and the number of mesenchymal cells surrounding the venules (correlation coefficient r = 0.7634, p less than 0.001). Myofibroblasts represented the most common cell type but there was also infiltration with other mononuclear cells. Collagen fibers surrounding myofibroblasts were observed in the perivenular fibrotic area. Thus, in the group of alcoholics who were investigated in this study, myofibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition around the terminal hepatic venule represent the first apparent lesions in the sequence of events leading to alcoholic cirrhosis. PMID- 7106507 TI - Hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene-carbon tetrachloride mixtures in rats. A possible consequence of the potentiation by trichloroethylene of carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation and liver lesions. AB - Liver histology was normal 24 h after the administration of trichloroethylene (1 ml . kg-1) in rats. It was normal, or showed necrosis of a few hepatocytes, after the administration of carbon tetrachloride (64 microliters . kg-1). In rats receiving both solvents, there was extensive centrilobular necrosis. In vitro, trichloroethylene did not initiate lipid peroxidation but potentiated that initiated by carbon tetrachloride; a similar potentiating effect was observed for a wide range of trichloroethylene concentrations (0.19-12 mM). In vivo, a wide range of trichloroethylene doses (0.064-1 ml . kg-1) similarly potentiated the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride. Administration of trichloroethylene (1 ml . kg-1), 5 h earlier, increased carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro, and increased the hepatotoxicity of a subsequent dose of carbon tetrachloride (64 microliters . kg-1). Previous administration of carbon tetrachloride failed to modify lipid peroxidation and to increase the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene. We conclude that trichloroethylene potentiates the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride, possibly by increasing carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation. PMID- 7106509 TI - Occlusive venous lesions in alcoholic liver disease. A study of 200 cases. AB - The nature and significance of vascular lesions in alcoholic liver disease were studied in 200 autopsies. Three principal types of lesions were recognized: (a) Lymphocytic phlebitis, consisting of a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate of the wall of terminal hepatic venules (central veins) or intercalated (sublobular) veins, was noted in 16.7% of patients with precirrhotic alcoholic hepatitis and 4.3% of patients with cirrhosis. (b) Phlebosclerosis, consisting of perivenular scarring with gradual obliteration of the lumen of terminal hepatic venules and sometimes intercalated veins was found to some degree in all patients with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. (c) Veno-occlusive lesions, consisting of intimal proliferation, fibrosis, and narrowing of the lumen of terminal hepatic venules, intercalated veins, and occasionally portal veins were found in 52.1% of cases of precirrhotic alcoholic hepatitis with total occlusion of some terminal hepatic venules or intercalated veins, or both, in 14.6%. In alcoholic cirrhosis, veno-occlusive lesions were present to some degree in 74.1% with totally occluded vessels found in 46.8%. Evidence of portal hypertension was present in 47.9% of patients with precirrhotic alcoholic hepatitis and was significantly associated with the degree of both veno-occlusive change and phlebosclerosis, which tend to occur together. It is concluded that both veno-occlusive lesions and phlebosclerosis contribute to the development of portal hypertension in alcoholic liver disease. Veno-occlusive lesions in the cirrhotic liver may contribute to atrophy, with loss of functioning parenchyma. The etiopathogenesis of the vascular lesions in alcoholic liver disease requires further investigation. PMID- 7106510 TI - Chronic giardiasis: studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response. AB - We investigated a patient (W.B.) with chronic symptomatic Giardiasis despite seven separate courses of either quinacrine or metronidazole who was cured by combined quinacrine and metronidazole. After isolating Giardia lamblia from W.B., we cultured the trophozoites to make the following observations. In vitro drug testing showed that (a) W.B.'s organisms were not more drug resistant than three other isolates and that (b) W.B.'s organisms were more sensitive to combined quinacrine and metronidazole than to either drug alone. Isolates of Giardia lamblia from W.B. and 3 other patients did not produce detectable enterotoxin in four different assays. W.B. had normal levels of circulating immunoglobulins, detectable intestinal immunoglobulin A, circulating immunoglobulin G anti-Giardia lamblia antibodies, and lymphocyte responsiveness to solubilized giardia lamblia. However, monocytes-macrophages from W.B. exhibited reduced killing for Giardia lamblia compared with normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: (a) The chronicity of our patient's infection was not due to the organism having unique properties of drug resistance. (b) Combined quinacrine and metronidazole, which cured our patient's chronic giardiasis, should be tried in patients in whom infection persists after single drug therapy. (c) The diarrhea in our patient was probably caused by a mechanism other than Giardia lamblia-induced secretion by currently recognized enterotoxins. (d) Reduced cellular cytotoxicity for Giardia lamblia may have contributed to the persistence of our patient's infection and should be suspected in other patients with chronic giardiasis. PMID- 7106512 TI - Intraepithelial eosinophils: a new diagnostic criterion for reflux esophagitis. AB - Intraepithelial eosinophils in esophageal biopsy specimens were noted to be an indicator of prolonged acid reflux. The presence of even a few intraepithelial eosinophils correlated with abnormal acid clearance determined by overnight intraesophageal pH probe study. This new marker also appeared to be an early lesion, as evidence by its presence in children under age 2 yr, and in biopsy specimens from the proximal esophagus where traditional histometric features (basal zone thickening and papillary lengthening) were lacking. Furthermore, when intraepithelial eosinophils were seen in the proximal 75% of the esophagus, they served to identify more severe disease by correlation with greater abnormalities in the pH probe study. Although this new marker is a histologic indication of prolonged acid reflux and may be appreciated in routine endoscopic biopsy specimens in children, it has been observed in patients over 18 yr of age and may be applicable to the adult population. PMID- 7106511 TI - Primary bile acid malabsorption: defective in vitro ileal active bile acid transport. AB - Two boys with congenital diarrhea, steatorrhea, and growth failure were studied. Preliminary investigations indicated that the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was interrupted. Radiographically, ileal structure was normal; ileal function was normal when assessed by vitamin B12 absorption. To confirm our clinical suspicion that the patients had an isolated defect of ileal active bile acid transport, peroral terminal ileal biopsies were performed. Ileal mucosa was incubated in vitro in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 10 mM glucose and 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mM taurocholic acid at 37 degrees C. Ileal uptake from the patients was 0.10 and 0.34 mumol/g dry wt . min in 0.1 mM taurocholic acid, 1.20 and 2.39 mumol/g dry wt . min in 1.0 mM taurocholic acid, and 21.19 and 11.14 mumol/g dry wt . min in 10.0 mM taurocholic acid. At every concentration, significant (p less than 0.05) reductions were present compared with ileum from 7 ileostomy controls, 0.5 to 27 yr old whose uptake was 1.40 +/- 0.28 mumol/g dry wt . min (mean +/- SEM) at 0.1 mM; 6.36 +/- 1.33 mumol/g dry wt . min at 1.0 mM, and 76.20 +/- 19.30 mumol/g dry wt . min at 10.0 mM taurocholic acid. Ultrastructural examination of the ileal mucosa failed to demonstrate a significant structural abnormality. Significant reduction in ileal uptake of taurocholic acid accompanying clinical and biochemical findings of interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in the absence of mucosal disease suggests that these children have a previously undescribed, congenital transport defect that includes absence of active ileal bile acid transport presenting as diarrhea in infancy. PMID- 7106513 TI - Human endoscopic ultrasonography. AB - Conventional transcutaneous ultrasound examinations are often compromised by intervening pulmonary or bowel gas and have limited resolution. Ultrasonic probes of frequencies greater than 5 MHz, which enhance resolution, cannot be used successfully on the skin surface, because they do not penetrate deeply enough to view intraabdominal organs in most adults. To overcome these problems, we tested an ultrasonic endoscope which had a 10-MHz, 64-element linear assay, generated real-time images at resolutions of less than 1 mm, and was an integral part of a 35-mm-long and 13-mm-wide endoscopic rigid tip. Thirty-two studies were performed in 15 healthy subjects, 4 patients with pancreatic cancer and 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis, and 1 patient each with a gastric ulcer and a suspected pancreatic abscess. We demonstrated that this procedure is safe, provides high resolution real-time ultrasound visualization of the heart, aorta, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and gastrointestinal mucosa and can detect moderate-sized pancreatic tumors and hepatic metastases less than 1 cm in diameter. Because endoscopic visualization of gastrointestinal mucosa and ultrasound examination of extraluminal organs can be obtained during a single procedure, rapid differentiation among mucosal and intramural disease of the hollow gut and disease of extraluminal organs should be possible with this diagnostic technique. PMID- 7106515 TI - Stimulation of pancreatic secretion and growth in the rat after feeding cholestyramine. AB - The influence of luminal bile salts on pancreatic growth in rats was studied by feeding cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin that binds luminal bile salts, and by chronic bile diversion. Cholestyramine given in food stimulated pancreatic growth, increasing both its size and deoxyribonucleic acid content. A dose of 0.5% was ineffective, but feeding 2%, 6%, and 10% cholestyramine (wt/wt) gave the same degree of pancreatic enlargement. Cholestyramine feeding also augmented the stimulation of pancreatic growth as seen after feeding raw soybean flour containing active trypsin inhibitor. Feeding cholestyramine increased both the basal pancreatic secretion and the secretory response to exogenous cholecystokinin. If they were fasted overnight, the pancreatic enzyme content of cholestyramine-fed rats was also increased with an equal increase in both trypsin and lipase activity. However, enzyme content after cholestyramine feeding depended on the duration of the feeding and whether or not the animals were fasted before killing. Chronic bile diversion caused pancreatic growth similar to that seen in cholestyramine-fed animals. It is suggested that the pancreatic enlargement seen after cholestyramine feeding and bile diversion is an adaption to increased secretion similar to that seen after feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor. PMID- 7106516 TI - False-positive stool occult blood tests caused by iron preparations. A controlled study and review of literature. AB - Stools from 10 male volunteers were tested by Hemoccult and Hematest occult blood methods after the ingestion of ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. The volunteers served as their own controls. The Hemoccult methods had 65% and 50% false-positive reactions while the Hematest had 25% and 65% false-positive reactions after ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate, respectively. In vitro testing confirmed that ferrous compounds caused a false-positive Hemoccult slide reaction. Previous studies of the effect of medicinal iron on occult blood tests are reviewed. PMID- 7106514 TI - Myoelectric effects of Clostridium difficile: motility-altering factors distinct from its cytotoxin and enterotoxin in rabbits. AB - Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous enterocolitis. This bacterium produces a cytotoxin that induces tissue culture assay positivity and an enterotoxin that causes in vivo mucosal injury. In previous studies we have described two altered myoelectric patterns in response to certain diarrheagenic organisms in an in vivo rabbit model. The first pattern was called the migrating action potential complex and is associated with noninvasive agents; the second pattern was called repetitive bursts of action potentials and is characteristic of invasive or cytolytic agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of purified cytotoxin (2.5-3.75 micrograms) and enterotoxin (140 micrograms) from C. difficile on the myoelectric activity in isolated ileal loops in New Zealand White rabbits. These observations in myoelectric activity were correlated with the results of similar studies by using the crude culture filtrates from C. difficile, or the products of Amicon XM50 filtration of its culture supernatant resulting in a high molecular weight product (0.3 mg protein/ml) and a low molecular weight product (0.57 mg protein/ml). Monopolar silver-silver chloride electrodes were used to record all myoelectric activity for an 8-h period. The animals were then killed, and tissue obtained from the ileal loops was histologically evaluated. Crude culture filtrates of C. difficile induced 7.0 migrating action potential complexes/hour and 6.8 repetitive bursts of action potentials/hour. Saline controls induced no migrating action potential complexes and 0.1 repetitive bursts of action potentials/hour. The high molecular weight filtration product obtained from the culture supernatant of C. difficile induced significantly more repetitive bursts of action potentials (41.1/h) than all agents studied. The purified cytotoxin or enterotoxin induced no migrating action potential complex activity and minimal repetitive bursts of action potential activity (0.9/h and 0.6/h, respectively). These values were not different from the saline controls; however, only the enterotoxin and the high molecular weight filtration product caused mucosal damage. These studies suggest that C. difficile produces a heat-labile substance or substances that alter the motility of the small intestine independent of the proteins responsible for in vivo tissue damage and cytotoxin assay positivity. PMID- 7106517 TI - Regulation of rabbit intestinal acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase in vivo and in vitro. AB - The rate of intestinal cholesterol esterification may be an important determinant of the rates of entry and exit of cholesterol from the body. Acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase, the intracellular cholesterol esterifying enzyme, may play a role in this process. To assess this, the response of rabbit intestinal acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase in vivo was studied. Animals were fed a diet containing cholesterol and corn oil, and they responded with an increase in acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The increase was apparent in all segments of the intestine proximal to the distal ileum, and it occurred specifically in the villus cells where the bulk of lipid absorption is believed to take place. In cultured intestinal explants, the activity responded rapidly to sterols (increased) and to fatty acids (decreased) when control intestine was used. If intestine from cholesterol-corn oil-fed animals was cultured, sterols still induced an increase, but fatty acids did not affect the enzyme activity. The acutely induced increases in acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase activity were not prevented by cycloheximide. The results show that acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase in the absorptive cells of intestine responds both acutely and chronically to dietary factors, supporting the hypothesis that acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase plays a role in cholesterol absorption. PMID- 7106518 TI - Salivary secretion in reflux esophagitis. AB - It has been speculated that impaired salivary flow and contents contribute to abnormal acid clearance in patients with reflux esophagitis. To test this hypothesis, salivary secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and N-acetylneuraminic acid was measured in patients with reflux esophagitis, in age- and sex-matched controls, and in healthy young volunteers. Resting saliva was collected by permitting the saliva to drip into a flask every 30 s. Parotid saliva was collected by means of a Lashley capsule during stimulation by oral infusion of 1 ml/min of 2% citric acid. Total mixed saliva was collected by a dental sucker during esophageal perfusion with water and 10-mM hydrochloric acid. The volume of resting saliva and its concentration of bicarbonate were similar in the three groups. The concentration and the output of N-acetylneuraminic acid were higher in the young volunteers than in the two other groups. The volume flow and the composition of stimulated parotid saliva were similar in the three groups of subjects. Volume of total mixed saliva and concentration of bicarbonate and N acetylneuraminic acid during esophageal perfusion with water were higher in patients with reflux esophagitis than in age- and sex-matched controls and were similar to the values found in young healthy volunteers. Acid perfusion increased the secreted volume of total mixed saliva by 150% and the concentration of bicarbonate by 30% in healthy young volunteers, but not in patients with reflux esophagitis and in the healthy age- and sex-matched controls; the concentration of N-acetylneuraminic acid was left unaffected by acid perfusion in all three groups. These findings disprove the hypothesis of impaired salivation in reflux esophagitis. The age-related loss of salivary response to acidic esophageal perfusion might be the reason why reflux esophagitis with peptic lesions affects predominantly elder people. PMID- 7106520 TI - Neuron specific enolase: a common marker for the endocrine cells and innervation of the gut and pancreas. AB - Neuron specific enolase, the most acidic isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase, was first believed to be present exclusively in central neurons. More recently, it has been found in peripheral autonomic nerves and in a number of endocrine cells. An immunocytochemical study was carried out concerning the distribution of neuron specific enolase in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of humans and rats. In addition, immunocytochemistry and histochemistry were used to obtain a characterization of the different types of cells and nerves in which neuron specific enolase can be detected. Neuron specific enolase was found in all currently identifiable endocrine cell types and nerves of the gut and pancreas. Neuron specific enolase is therefore a common marker for both endocrine cells and enteric nerves, thus providing a simple means for their simultaneous demonstration and examination of their morphologic characteristics and integration. PMID- 7106519 TI - Effects of various secretagogues and human carcinoid serum on lymph flow in the cat ileum. AB - Previous studies from our laboratory indicate that the lymph flow response of the cat ileum to net volume secretion is dependent upon the mechanism involved in the secretory process, i.e, active secretion (cholera toxin) decreases lymph flow while passive fluid secretion (increased portal pressure, plasma dilution) is associated with a rise in lymph flow. In the present study, we examined the effects of ricinoleic acid, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, theophylline, histamine, and human carcinoid serum on lymph flow in autoperfused segments of cat ileum. Local intraarterial infusion of theophylline, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or human carcinoid serum caused lymph flow to decrease. However, intraluminal placement of ricinoleic acid or intraarterial infusion of histamine produced significant increases in lymph flow. The results indicate that the fluid secretion associated with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, theophylline, and carcinoid serum are consistent with an active process while ricinoleic acid and histamine secretions are associated with a passive component. PMID- 7106521 TI - Pancreozymin and secretin enhance duodenal fluid antibody levels to cow's milk proteins. AB - Duodenal fluid was collected from normal volunteers before and after stimulation with pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin. Protein content, proteolytic enzyme activities, and antibody activities against cow's milk proteins, alpha casein, and beta-lactoglobulin B, were measured in the duodenal fluid. After pancreozymin-cholecystokinin stimulation, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M antibody activities rose to peak levels in 5-10 min. The increase in protein content and proteolytic enzyme activities after pancreozymin-cholecystokinin stimulation paralleled the increase in antibody activity against the two cow's milk proteins. Secretin, in spite of its known dilutional effect on duodenal fluid enzyme concentration, also produced a rise in immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibody activities. Only a slight increase in immunoglobulin G antibody activity was noted after both pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin. It is suggested that, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin, in addition to their well-established effects on the release of digestive enzymes, also stimulate release of specific antibodies against food proteins. Release of antibody coincident with food intake may act in preventing the inadvertent absorption of antigenic food proteins. PMID- 7106522 TI - Tuberculous abscess of the pancreas. AB - A patient who presented with a prolonged febrile course was found to have a pancreatic abscess. Routine bacterial cultures of the abscess obtained at laparotomy were negative. The patient was treated with surgical drainage and antibiotics but did poorly. Following a second laparotomy 4 wk later, the tuberculous cause of the pancreatic abscess was recognized. Despite antituberculous therapy, the patient died; autopsy revealed generalized miliary tuberculosis. This case is unique in the accessible literature. We speculate that delayed diagnosis of the tuberculous pancreatic abscess contributed to the final dissemination of tuberculosis in this patient. PMID- 7106523 TI - Cirrhosis after repeated trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure. PMID- 7106524 TI - Alcohol and the terminal hepatic venule: early lesion or late residual? PMID- 7106525 TI - Cryoprotection: a word of caution. PMID- 7106526 TI - Serum immunoglobulins in acute hepatitis. PMID- 7106527 TI - Propylthiouracil for alcoholic hepatitis: potential role of the ethanol metabolic rate. PMID- 7106528 TI - Propylthiouracil treatment for alcoholic hepatitis: the case of the missing thirty. PMID- 7106530 TI - Mallory-Weiss tear, again. PMID- 7106532 TI - Congenital aganglionic colon in mice. PMID- 7106531 TI - Acid secretion after antrectomy. PMID- 7106529 TI - Rapid decrease of secretory immunoglobulin A serum levels in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice after surgical relief of the bile duct obstruction. PMID- 7106533 TI - Gallstone dissolution. PMID- 7106534 TI - [The modelling of growth processes]. AB - Hitherto developed presentation of processes of growth will be tested in this paper. For this end a previous explained cybernetical structure is developed to a model of an analog-computer. In this way it is possible to simulate the growth function of the embryofetal curve of the length' increase of man and the curve of the mass' increase of rat. It turns out a very good correspondence between the measured and the simulated curves. There is given an algorithm to simulate every curve of growth of the examined type. Some remarks of the origin of the explained ideas will round this paper. PMID- 7106535 TI - [Synthetic method of evaluating evolutionary manifestations]. AB - Evolution means life as a dynamic process. It consists of many subprocesses which belong to each other by way of synthesis (meaning that they cannot be conceived of in a purely analytical manner). To grant further existence, these subprocesses must lead to a harmony. Morphological, chemical, and physiological processes are joining each other. This results in certain formations and variations. Furthermore, one must take into account physical and psychic factors. There are organic contexts but the functions of which cannot explain merely by analyzing their single parts. Sudden changes occur that are mirrored in our knowledge. Evolution is not identical with development (for this, the process of growing and the naturation of enzymes must be taken into account). However, evolution and development have in common that they can only be understood in a dynamic, not in a static way. PMID- 7106536 TI - Studies on the fine structure of a teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) thrombocytes under normal and experimental conditions. PMID- 7106537 TI - Characterization and distribution of neutral and acidic mucins in the alimentary canal of an Indian freshwater major carp, Catla catla (Hamilton) by histochemical methods. AB - The distribution and chemical nature of acid and neutral mucins in the various regions of the alimentary canal of Catla catla (Ham.) have been studied. Both acid (sulfated and non-sulfated) and neutral mucins have been found to occur as a mosaic of complex substances in the different mucous cell types (secretory and non-secretory--both mature and immature) in the various regions of the alimentary canal (buccopharynx, oesophagus, intestine, and rectum). Acid mucin (both sulfated and non-sulfated) of the secretory and mature non-secretory mucous cells in the buccopharyngeal and oesophageal regions, however, predominates since these 2 regions are known to participate actively in food lubrication while the sulfated acid mucin keeps the internal mucosa moist. Mucous mother cells which originate from the multipotent progenitor cells contain exclusively neutral mucin in the form of neutral mucopolysaccharide granules. In the course of development these mucous mother cells are gradually pushed towards the periphery of the mucosa and transformed into mature and secretory mucous cells through an intermediate stage--the immature mucous cells. The latter cells during development synthesize intact acid mucopolysaccharide granules which ultimately fuse to produce a compact mass of mucin (both acid and neutral) in the mature and secretory mucous cells. PMID- 7106538 TI - Cytophotometric study of succinate dehydrogenase activity on individual skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. PMID- 7106539 TI - Functional morphology of the jaw muscles of some Indian insect-eating birds. PMID- 7106540 TI - Ovarian cholesterol dynamics in teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch): relationship with reproductive cycle and response to gonadotropins. PMID- 7106541 TI - Sex differences in steroidogenesis by adrenal homogenates of adult possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) attributable to the steroids formed by the adrenocortical special zone of the female. PMID- 7106543 TI - [Endocrine control of imaginal diapause of female Tetrix undulata (Sowerby, 1806) (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae)]. PMID- 7106542 TI - Juvenile hormone and the development of ovarian responsiveness to a brain hormone in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. PMID- 7106544 TI - Cellular [3H]estradiol and [3H]testosterone localization in the brains of garter snakes: an autoradiographic study. PMID- 7106545 TI - Structural changes in gonadotropin-producing cells of male frogs, Rana nigromaculata, in the process of sexual maturation. PMID- 7106546 TI - Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations in the hibernating hedgehog. PMID- 7106547 TI - Correlations between integument structure and ecdysteroid titers in fifth-stage nymphs of the tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Murray, 1877; sensu Walton, 1962). PMID- 7106548 TI - Formation of 15 alpha-hydroxylated androgens by the testis and other tissues of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, in vitro. PMID- 7106549 TI - On the interaction of thyroxine and of oxytocin with prolactin on the growth of the tail fin in the red-spotted newt. PMID- 7106550 TI - Increased loss of thyroxine from the blood streams of newts after injection with ovine prolactin. PMID- 7106551 TI - Effects of temperature on plasma thyroxine and iodide kinetics in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. PMID- 7106552 TI - Effects of parasitism by Apanteles congregatus on the endocrine physiology of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. PMID- 7106553 TI - Ecdysone metabolism in premolt land crabs (Gecarcinus lateralis). PMID- 7106554 TI - Thyroid hormone clearance kinetics in adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus. PMID- 7106555 TI - Inhibitory effect of cyanoketone on salmon gonadotropin-induced estradiol-17 beta production by ovarian follicles of the amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) in vitro. PMID- 7106556 TI - Relationships between serum levels of gonadotropin, oestradiol-17 beta, and vitellogenin in the control of ovarian development in the rainbow trout. II. The effects of alterations in environmental photoperiod. PMID- 7106557 TI - Gonadal steroid levels in the turtle Emys orbicularis L.: a preliminary study in embryos, hatchlings, and young as a function of the incubation temperature of eggs. PMID- 7106558 TI - Evidence for a polymorphism in gametic segregation using a malate dehydrogenase locus in the tetraploid treefrog Hyla versicolor. AB - Artificial cross combinations of tetraploid Hyla versicolor were analyzed electrophoretically using a polymorphic malate dehydrogenase locus (MDH-1) to determine the mechanism of chromosome segregation. Models for differentiating between disomic and tetrasomic inheritance are presented and tested. In some crosses progeny genotypes fit a disomic mode of segregation. In other crosses there is only evidence for a tetrasomic mode of segregation. Additional crosses produced genotypic ratios which conformed to either a disomic or tetrasomic mode of segregation. The same type of inheritance was demonstrated for any individual when used in multiple cross combinations. These results suggest that there exists in H. versicolor a polymorphism with respect to segregation of gametes, resulting from differences in chromosome pairings during meiosis I. PMID- 7106559 TI - Substrate-preference polymorphism at an esterase locus of Drosophila mojavensis. AB - In a larval esterase of Drosophila mojavensis there are alleles whose products preferentially hydrolyze alpha-naphthyl esters, whereas the majority of the alleles hydrolyze preferentially beta-naphthyl esters. In a collection of laboratory stocks alpha alleles have a frequency of 15%. Three different mobilities of alpha alleles were discovered, suggesting a polymorphism rather than a single mutation event. If substrate-preference polymorphisms are common among "multiple-substrate" enzymes (category II of Gillespie and Langley 1974), allozyme variation at these enzyme loci may well be maintained by balancing selection. PMID- 7106560 TI - Intrachromosomal gene conversion and the maintenance of sequence homogeneity among repeated genes. AB - Intrachromosomal gene conversion is the non-reciprocal transfer of information between a pair of repeated genes on a single chromosome. This process produces eventual sequence homogeneity within a family of repeated genes. An evolutionary model for a single chromosome lineage was formulated and analyzed. Expressions were derived for the fixation probability, mean time to fixation or loss, and mean conditional fixation time for a variant repeat with an arbitrary initial frequency. It was shown that a small conversional advantage or disadvantage for the variant repeat (higher or lower probability of producing two variant genes by conversion than two wild-type genes) can have a dramatic effect on the probability of fixation. The results imply that intrachromosomal gene conversion can act sufficiently rapidly to be an important mechanism for maintaining sequence homogeneity among repeated genes. PMID- 7106561 TI - Estimates of inbreeding in a natural population: a comparison of sampling properties. AB - The average inbreeding coefficient f of a population can be estimated in several different ways based solely on the genotypic frequencies at a single locus. The means and variances of four different estimates have been compared. While the four estimates are equivalent when there are two alleles, the best estimates when there are three or more alleles are based upon total heterozygosity (Formula: see text) where x and y are the expected and observed number of heterozygotes) and the proportion of alleles that are homozygous (Formula: see text) where k = the number of alleles, aii = the number of AiAi homozygotes, and 2aij = the number of AiAj heterozygotes). Both are minimally based estimates of f and have identical sampling variances when all alleles are equally frequent. However, when alleles have different frequencies, the choice between these two estimates depends on the gene frequencies and the true inbreeding coefficient of a population; f2 is the best estimate when the true average inbreeding coefficient is suspected to be low or f = 0, while f1 is best in populations with large average inbreeding coefficients. Approximate sampling variances of these two estimates are given for any f and any number of alleles with arbitrary gene frequencies; these approximations are accurate for samples as small as n = 100. The chi-square and maximum likelihood estimates of f are not as good for realistic sample sizes. PMID- 7106562 TI - Sequence organization of a viral DNA insertion present in the adenovirus-type-5 transformed hamster line BHK268-C31. AB - The hamster cell line BHK268-C31 contains two large viral inserts which both include sequences from the left-hand end of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA. One of these viral inserts has been cloned in the lambda vector Charon 4A. Electron microscopic analysis and restriction enzyme mapping shows that the recombinant carries a 4.4-kb-long colinear segment of viral DNA, which is located between map positions 1.5 and 14.2 in the Ad5 genome. The junctions between viral DNA and flanking sequences have been sequenced and found not to show any specific features. One of the junctions is located in the E1a coding region, 573 bp from the left-hand end of the Ad5 genome, whereas the other junction is situated in the coding region for polypeptide IVa2. The promoter region as well as the cap site for the mRNAs from region E1a are thus missing from this insert and its role in viral transformation is unclear. PMID- 7106563 TI - Ribosomal protein genes of yeast contain intervening sequences. AB - From a colony bank of HindIII-generated yeast DNA fragments we have isolated a number of recombinant DNAs carrying genes for ribosomal proteins (e.g., S10, S16A, S20, S24, S31, S33, L16, L25 and L34) of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. By electron microscopic analysis of the R-loops formed between various DNA fragments and yeast mRNA, we could locate the ribosomal protein genes on the physical maps of the cloned DNA fragments. The R-loop structures observed indicate that a number of the ribosomal protein genes contain an intervening sequence. PMID- 7106564 TI - Sexuality with aging. PMID- 7106565 TI - Strategies for reducing stroke frequency. PMID- 7106566 TI - Coping with reflux esophagitis in the aged. PMID- 7106567 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of an 8-millimeter-wave electromagnetic field]. PMID- 7106568 TI - [Physical exercises in examinations as a means of increasing the student's mental and physical work capacity]. PMID- 7106569 TI - [Visual work capacity of pupils under exposure to sun]. PMID- 7106570 TI - [Tritium oxide distribution and excretion kinetics during exposure of animals to noise]. PMID- 7106571 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the biological action of nonionizing microwave irradiation]. PMID- 7106572 TI - [Comparison of the dosimetric parameters for assessing the radiation safety of patients during x-ray studies]. PMID- 7106573 TI - [Patient irradiation doses and an assessment of the radiation risk in x-ray diagnosis]. PMID- 7106574 TI - [Current tasks of the health officer's postgraduate education in child and adolescent hygiene in light of the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress]. PMID- 7106575 TI - [Effect of cadmium administered in drinking water on the development of experimental atherosclerosis]. PMID- 7106576 TI - [Method for determining nitrate nitrogen in soils by using an automatic analyzer]. PMID- 7106577 TI - [Forms of controlling the knowledge of hygiene disciplines of students and physician trainees]. PMID- 7106578 TI - [Integral assessment problems of the hazard of environmental chemical pollution]. PMID- 7106580 TI - [Characteristics of the atmospheric pollution from enterprises producing enamelled wire]. PMID- 7106579 TI - [Experience with the operation of a Soviet noise and vibration measuring apparatus]. PMID- 7106582 TI - [Mechanism of the biological action of pesticides: a basis for their hygienic standardization]. PMID- 7106581 TI - [Tentative safety levels for exposure to weakly soluble inorganic mercury salts and oxides in the atmosphere of populated places]. PMID- 7106584 TI - [Hygienic standard for dichlorantin and its transformation product dimethylhydantoin in an aqueous medium]. PMID- 7106583 TI - [Hygienic standard for dioxalim in reservoir water]. PMID- 7106585 TI - [Body vitamin C allowance of sailors on a cruise at high latitudes]. PMID- 7106586 TI - [Effect of natural climatic factors of the Far North on the human cardiovascular system]. PMID- 7106587 TI - [Emotional stress against a background of fake and real state exams]. PMID- 7106588 TI - [Economic effectiveness of hygienic measures to improve the lighting of school buildings]. PMID- 7106589 TI - [32P incorporation into different parts of the brain during exposure to low intensity intermittent noise]. PMID- 7106590 TI - [Changes in the mental work capacity of pupils in the lower grades in the course of the school year]. PMID- 7106591 TI - [Occupational diseases of the respiratory tract from exposure to the basic types of agricultural dust]. PMID- 7106593 TI - [Combined action of carbon monoxide and total vibration on the body]. PMID- 7106592 TI - [Effect of different lead levels on the body of workers]. PMID- 7106594 TI - [Effect of pesticide on explanted cells]. PMID- 7106595 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of acetone]. PMID- 7106597 TI - [Results and prospects of Soviet-Finnish cooperation in industrial hygiene and physiology]. PMID- 7106596 TI - [Data for a hygienic standard for ethylene glycol in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7106598 TI - [Industrial hygiene problems in foam plastic manufacture]. PMID- 7106599 TI - [Functional dynamics of the brain systems in young people in the initial stages of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 7106600 TI - [Effectiveness of decreasing morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity among locomotive depot workers]. PMID- 7106601 TI - [Experimental study of the effect of 2,4-dinitroaniline on embryogenesis]. PMID- 7106602 TI - [Experimental study data for establishing the maximum permissible concentration of nitrochlor in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7106603 TI - ["Dust" pathology of the respiratory organs in workers in ferrous metallurgy sintering plants]. PMID- 7106604 TI - [Gas chromatographic determination of pseudocumene, mono-and dichloromethylpseudocumene and dichloroethane in the air]. PMID- 7106605 TI - [Experimental basis for the MPEL of iron pentacarbonyl in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7106606 TI - [Primary toxicological evaluation of ammonium thiosulfate]. PMID- 7106608 TI - [Effect of industrial environmental factors on the incidence of chronic nonspecific respiratory organ diseases]. PMID- 7106607 TI - [Establishment of the maximum permissible concentration of vitreous enamel in the air of a work area]. PMID- 7106609 TI - [Diphenylhydantoin degradation in the human placenta in an experiment on placentas perfused by extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 7106610 TI - [Management of pregnancy and labor after a prior cesarean section]. PMID- 7106611 TI - [Clinical evaluation of the broad use of extraperitoneal cesarean section]. PMID- 7106612 TI - [Histological picture of the ovaries in Stein-Leventhal syndrome and the possibility of pregnancy]. PMID- 7106613 TI - [Surgical results in myomas with supracervical hysterectomy and preservation of a portion of the endometrium]. PMID- 7106614 TI - [late results of treating changes in the vaginal portion of the cervix uteri by a simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. I. Evaluation of the treatment based on clinical, colposcopic and cytological studies]. PMID- 7106615 TI - [Various aspects of estrogen activity in women in the postmenopausal period. VI. Enzyme activity of the blood]. PMID- 7106616 TI - [Management of cesarean section in the light of the author's personal observations and experiences]. PMID- 7106617 TI - [Cathepsin D activity in a pathologically altered fallopian tube]. PMID- 7106619 TI - Antipyrine elimination as a dynamic test of hepatic functional integrity in obstructive jaundice. AB - Antipyrine elimination was studied in 29 patients with obstructive jaundice Antipyrine half-lives calculated using plasma concentrations at four and 24 hours ('short antipyrine test') were significantly correlated with those calculated using six time points (p less than 0.001). Mean antipyrine half-life was 28.3 +/- 8 hours (standard error) and was significantly longer than in normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Antipyrine half-life did not correlate with standard biochemical liver function tests, but correlated positively with the postoperative half-time for clearance of endogenous bilirubin (p less than 0.05), and negatively with hepatic cytochrome P-450 content measured in peroperative liver biopsies (p less than 0.05). Of six patients with antipyrine half-life greater than 20 hours, four died, one preoperatively of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and three postoperatively of sepsis. Serial short antipyrine tests were performed in 13 patients before and after biliary drainage. Those with an initial antipyrine half-life greater than 15 hours showed significant changes after drainage, while those with an antipyrine half-life less than 15 hours did not. The test of antipyrine half-life may aid in selecting high risk patients with obstructive jaundice for percutaneous biliary drainage before definitive surgery, and in determining the optimal time for such preliminary biliary decompression. PMID- 7106618 TI - Impaired acetaldehyde oxidation in alcoholics. AB - High blood acetaldehyde levels in alcoholics after ethanol ingestion are due to reduced acetaldehyde oxidation rather than to an increased rate of its formation from ethanol. This is associated with low hepatic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in alcoholic subjects and may represent a specific abnormality in them. PMID- 7106620 TI - Effects of morphine on human pancreatic secretion: studies on pure pancreatic juice. AB - Data concerning the effects of morphine on human pancreatic secretion are fragmentary and inconclusive. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of morphine on pure pancreatic secretion in nine subjects with external transduodenal drainage of the main pancreatic duct performed after biliary tract surgery. Intravenous infusion of a small dose of morphine, 40 microgram/kg/h, during pancreatic stimulation with secretin and cholecystokinin, caused a significant increase in volume, bicarbonate, and calcium secretion, and a significant decrease in protein secretion. The stimulatory effect on water and electrolyte secretion was rapid and much more pronounced, reaching about 45-50% of the control levels, whereas the inhibition of protein output was slightly delayed and of lesser magnitude, reaching about 20-25% of the control values. Both effects were long-lasting. The addition of naloxone, potent opiate antagonist, prevented in part the effects of morphine on pancreatic secretion, suggesting that specific opiate receptors might be involved in these effects. PMID- 7106621 TI - Secretin pancreozymin stimulation test and confirmation of the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. AB - We have studied the secretin-pancreozymin stimulation test of pancreatic function with particular regard to its usefulness in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. We have compared the test results in 38 control individuals, 14 patients with cystic fibrosis and five other patients with problems affecting pancreatic function. Of the cystic fibrosis patients tested, six had no gastrointestinal symptoms and were shown to have normal or raised output of pancreatic enzymes measured (lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase). There was a positive correlation between both volume and bicarbonate measurement versus body weight in all subjects, but this relationship was clearly different in the cystic fibrosis patients compared with others regardless of the cystic fibrosis patients' ability to secrete pancreatic enzymes. Among the cystic fibrosis patients, bicarbonate concentration tended to be higher in those able to secrete a significant amount of pancreatic enzymes. However, the actual output of bicarbonate measured in all cystic fibrosis patients (range 0.001-0.037 mmol/kg/45 min post-stimulation) was below that found in all control patients (range 0.104-0.516 mmol/kg/45 min post-stimulation). Therefore the secretin pancreozymin test of pancreatic function appears to be useful in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis even in those patients with adequate enzyme production. PMID- 7106623 TI - Value of biopsy and brush cytology in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Shanghai Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Cooperative Group, People's Republic of China. AB - This report presents the diagnostic value of brush cytology in gastric cancer. Gastric biopsies and brush cytology were performed in 155 patients with gastric cancer and 48 with benign gastric disease. The positive rate for biopsy and brush cytology in cancer patients (including 11 cases of early gastric cancer) was 74.2% and 76.8% respectively. The positive rate of biopsy with concomitant brush cytology was 87.7, which was superior to that of biopsy or brush cytology alone (p less than 0.01). In 29 cases of gastric cancer involving the cardiac region. 20 were biopsy positive (69%) and 22 were brush cytology positive (75.9%). Biopsy with brush cytology was positive in 27 cases (93.1%) and gave better results than biopsy alone (p less than 0.01). The positive rate of biopsy with concomitant brush cytology in Borrmann type I, II, and III lesions (89.7%) was significantly higher than in Borrmann type IV lesions (50%). In the 48 patients with benign gastric lesion, biopsy and brush cytology each provided two false positives. The study shows that the combination of biopsy and brush cytology increases diagnostic accuracy for gastric cancer. PMID- 7106622 TI - Bile acid absorption kinetics in Crohn's disease on elemental diet after oral administration of a stable-isotope tracer with chenodeoxycholic-11, 12-d2 acid. AB - A non-radioactive tracer, deuterium, incorporated in chenodeoxycholic acid, was used to study bile acid absorption kinetics employing gas chromatography-mass fragmentography for its analysis. Eight patients with Crohn's disease and four control volunteers were administered chenodeoxycholic-11, 12-d2 acid. In order to obtain constant dietary conditions, they were fed by an elemental diet during the study. There were significant reductions of the biological half-life of chenodeoxycholic-11, 12-d2 acid, the pool size of chenodeoxycholic acid, and the total bile acid pool size in patients with Crohn's disease as compared with those in normal subjects. There was a marked increase in the relative concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid with a concomitant decrease of deoxycholic acid in patients with Crohn's disease, although such differences did not reach statistical significance. The present study confirms that there are some impairments of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in patients with Crohn's disease. PMID- 7106624 TI - [Experiences with a rapid culture test for identification of Candida in an out patient gynecological clinic]. PMID- 7106625 TI - [Treatment of portioectopy, cervical canal polyps and postoperative granuloma with Solcogyn]. PMID- 7106626 TI - [Surgical treatment of gynecologic malignomas]. PMID- 7106627 TI - [Postoperative X-ray therapy in epithelial ovarian carcinoma]. PMID- 7106628 TI - [Amniotic fluid embolism. Overview and indications of predominantly disseminating intravascular coagulation]. PMID- 7106629 TI - [Pneumoparotitis: psychosomatic aspects]. PMID- 7106630 TI - [Renal involvement and positive rheumatoid factor in amebic liver abscess]. PMID- 7106631 TI - [Benign hepatic tumor and oral contraception]. PMID- 7106632 TI - [Acute Clostridium perfringens peritonitis in prolonged presence of a pessary]. PMID- 7106633 TI - [Aseptic meningitis: a rare prodromal manifestation of infectious hepatitis]. PMID- 7106634 TI - [Aorto-enteric fistula as a cause of melena]. PMID- 7106635 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum]. PMID- 7106636 TI - [Toxic shock syndrome in a postmenopausal woman]. PMID- 7106637 TI - [Prevention of colorectal cancer--application of knowledge on etiology: part 1]. PMID- 7106638 TI - [Should self-care in primary care be encouraged?]. PMID- 7106639 TI - [Central nervous system involvement in lymphoma patients]. PMID- 7106640 TI - [Salads in hospitals--a source of infections?]. PMID- 7106641 TI - [WHO on drug treatment in the elderly]. PMID- 7106643 TI - A 'quality of life' model for social work practice in health care. PMID- 7106642 TI - [Hemolytic anemia following methyldopa]. PMID- 7106644 TI - Use of health services among elderly single-room occupants. PMID- 7106645 TI - Prenatal information series for women at risk. PMID- 7106646 TI - Medical and psychosocial aspects of psoriasis. PMID- 7106648 TI - Self-help yourself. PMID- 7106649 TI - Children facing death: recurring patterns of adaptation. PMID- 7106647 TI - How Southeast-Asian refugees in California adapt to unfamiliar health care practices. PMID- 7106650 TI - Ethical conflicts in medical social work: pediatric cancer care as a prototype. PMID- 7106651 TI - Blood parasites of birds in Central Europe. 4. Trypanosoma, "Atoxoplasma", Microfilariae and other rare haematozoa. AB - The present paper, the last in the series on avian blood parasites in Central Europe, summarizes the data on parasites of the genera Trypanosoma, "Atoxoplasma", "Lankesterella", microfilariae and spirochaetes found in this region. Trypanosomes occur most frequently in Columbiformes, Corvidae, Galliformes and Strigiformes, while "Aloxoplasma" is encountered only in passerines, most frequently in Fringillidae, Passeridae and Hirundinidae; "Lankesterella" is to be found only in two species of passerines. Microfilariae occur in Corvidae and Galliformes, and spirochaetes were encountered in the blood smears from four birds only. All these organisms are very rarely found in birds due to the fact that the blood smears made from peripheral blood of birds are unsuitable for the diagnosis of these parasites. PMID- 7106652 TI - First detection of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in calf faeces by floatation method. AB - Oocysts of coccidia of the genes Cryptosporidium were detected for the first time in the faeces of naturally infected calves using centrifugation floatation method with saturated solution of ZnSo4 and Breza's floatation solution. Since the detection of oocysts in the faeces is very difficult, a new method has been prepared. The oocysts recovered from the faeces were sporulated, spherical or slightly elliptical, with a smooth, colourless and thin wall. In the fresh preparation after floatation the oocysts measured 5.4 X 4.6 micrometer on the average, whereas in the smears stained after Giemsa, their average size was 4.8 X 4.3 micrometer. A typical feature of the oocysts is a residual body appearing as a dark point at one pole of the oocyst when observed by optical microscope. The oocyst contains four sporozoites forming a C-shaped rim around the residual body. No sporocysts were recorded. The residual body stains blue and the nucleus dark red by Giemsa's method. PMID- 7106653 TI - Proposal of a new systematic arrangement of nematodes of the family Capillariidae. AB - A new delimitation of genera within the nematode family Capillariidae is proposed on the basis of revaluation of the features used in the taxonomy of these nematodes. The following genera are recognized as valid: Schulmanela Ivashkin, 1964 (subgenera Schulmanela Ivashkin, 1964, Piscicapillaria subgen. n. and Amphibiocapillaria subgen. n.), Paracapillaria Mendonca, 1963, Capillostrongyloides Freitas et Lent, 1935, Pseudocapillaria Freitas, 1959 (subgenera Pseudocapillaria Freitas, 1959 and Ichthyocapillaria subgen. n.). Freitascapillaria gen. n., Baruscapillaria gen. n., Liniscus Dujardin, 1845, Pearsonema Freitas et Mendonca, 1960, Capillaria Zeder, 1800, Echinocoleus Lopez Neyra, 1947, Eucoleus Dujardin, 1845, Pterothominx Freitas, 1959, Aonchotheca Lopez-Neyra, 1947 and Calodium Dujardin, 1845; previously established genera are newly defined. The systematic status of the genera Gessyella Freitas, 1959 and Skrjabinocapillaria Skarbilovich, 1946 has not been so far elucidated. The author newly synonymizes the genera Ritaklossia Freitas, 1959 (= Eucoleus), Armocapillaria Gagarin et Nazarova, 1966 [= Pterothominx) and Hepaticola Hall, 1916 (=Calodium) and the species Hepaticola bakeri Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 (=Pseudocapillaria catostomi (Pearse, 1924)) and Pseudocapillaria nuda Mendonca, 1963 (= Freitascapillaria maxillosa (Vaz et Pereira, 1934)); many new combinations of specific names are given. A key to the genera and subgenera of the family Capillariidae is provided. PMID- 7106654 TI - Pathology and neonatal infection of calves with Cysticercus bovis. AB - It was demonstrated that the tissue reaction around the developing C. bovis in neonatally infected calves (4 days after birth) differs quantitatively and partly also qualitatively from the reaction in calves infected at the age of several months. In neonatal infection, the foci caused by cysticerci were 3-4-times smaller on day 14 p.i., and after 34 days, the cysts were quite transparent and similar to those occurring in older calves not before 42-50 days p.i. The tissue eosinophilia was lacking and the activation of fibroblasts and collagen formation was markedly weak. There was a surprisingly low number of cells of lymphoid type. The growth of the cysticercus and its morphological differentiation was only insignificantly more rapid. The serological tests (IHA, MPA, IFR) repeated four times (10-34 days p.i.). were negative in one calf, whereas in the other one, slaughtered on day 14 p.i., positive results were obtained only in IFR (1:40). PMID- 7106655 TI - A study on the morphology of early larval stages of Toxocara Cati (Schrank, 1788). PMID- 7106656 TI - Laelapidae (Acarina) of some small mammals from Toro game reserve, Uganda. AB - Laelapid mites of some small mammals from the Toro Game Reserve in Western Uganda were studied. The following species were determined: Laelaps (Echinolaelaps) muricola Tragardh, L. (E.) giganteus Berlese, L. (laelaps) grenieri Taufflieb, L. (L.) kampalensis Taufflieb, L. (L.) liberiensis Hirst, Androlaelaps callosus (Berlese) and A. zulu (Berlese). A female and a male of a new species Androlaelaps verneri sp. N. and up to now unknown males of A. callosus and L. kampalensis are described. All species found are briefly discussed. PMID- 7106657 TI - Short communications. A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis with the isolation of the parasite. AB - Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the zoonotic, rural type caused by Leishmania major was dignosed in a Czechoslovak citizen returning from Iraq. a Leishmania strain was isolated for the first time in Czechoslovakia from the skin lesion on the right forearm of the patient. No treatment was necessary because spontaneous healing of the lesion was well under way. PMID- 7106658 TI - Aspects of evolutionary parasitology. AB - Parasitic animals make up one fifth to one fourth of all known animal species. There are many correct definitions of the parasitism, but the determinations as a qualitatively specific form of existence of organisms are logically well-grounded only within the concepts of symbiosis. The parasitism opposes with the predatoriness which cannot be ascribed to symbiotic types of vital activity. The problems of the population and niche are discussed in the present paper. An analysis is given of the parasitological niche the parameters of which coincide with the phenomena characteristic for the specificity. A somewhat changed definition of parasitism is proposed. The applicability of some biological concepts (theory of r and K selection, theory of granular environment) to parasitic organisms is considered. PMID- 7106659 TI - A new streptomycete and a new polyene antibiotic, acmycin. AB - A new antifungal antibiotic named acmycin was isolated from a soil streptomycete. Detailed comparative taxonomic studies showed that the organism differed from three related species of streptomycetes. The organism was referred to as Streptomyces sp. AC2. The isolated antibiotic appears to be of polyene nature. PMID- 7106660 TI - Effect of pyruvate decarboxylase activity and of pyruvate concentration on the production of 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropanone in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. AB - The assumption that the pyruvate decarboxylase activity of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is the main limiting factor determining the formation rate and the total amount of d(--)-l-hydroxy-l-phenyl-propanone (phenylacetylcarbinol, PAC) produced was not confirmed. An increase of about 30% of the total amount of the PAC produced was obtained when 8.5% sodium pyruvate was gradually added. The total PAC production is probably influenced both by the pyruvate decarboxylase activity and the pyruvate concentration in the cells, the latter being actually the determining rate-limiting factor. PMID- 7106661 TI - A new method for isolation of saprophytic cultures of Claviceps fusiformis from sclerotia. AB - The proposed method includes primary and secondary treatments. Of the various disinfectants tested, 1-propanol and 1-butanol as a primary treatment and phenol, resorcinol, HgC12 or NaCl as a secondary treatment completely eliminated the contamination hazard. 1-Butanol and phenol were not useful disinfectants since they inhibited the growth of C. fusiformis along with the other contaminants. Primary and secondary treatment of sclerotia with 1-propanol and resorcinol, respectively, produced the maximum of stable cultures. Out of 120 cultures tested, 5 cultures demonstrated an appreciable yield of alkaloids under submerged cultural conditions. PMID- 7106662 TI - Composition of cellular fatty acids in unidentified non-pathogenic corynebacteria. AB - The composition of fatty acids in lipids of selected strains of non-pathogenic unidentified corynebacteria was determined with the aim to employ such determinations for their characterization. Four strains were characterized by the presence of branched iso- and anteiso-acids. One strain corresponded according to its composition to mycobacteria and nocardiae. PMID- 7106663 TI - Behaviour of Propionibacterium shermanii in alkaline medium. AB - Physiological and morphological properties of Propionibacterium shermanii were estimated in a liquid semisynthetic medium of initial pH between 7-10. Prolongation of the lag phase and a shift of the stationary phase occurred at higher initial pH values of the medium. The growth response of the strain depended on the way of glucose addition (either sterilized in the medium or added aseptically after sterilization). At pH 8.5 and higher the cells begin to form slime and capsules. The strain exhibited growth activity even at initial pH values of the medium 11.5 PMID- 7106664 TI - [Co-tetroxazin levels in the prostatic secretion of patients with subacute and chronic prostatitis]. AB - Plasma and prostatic fluid concentrations of co-tetroxacine (TXP/SDZ) were investigated on 12 patients with subacute or chronic prostatitis. Co-tetroxacine was given perorally, 2 x 2 tabl. daily. - Tetroxoprime-(TXP-)concentrations in prostatic fluid were 4.2 micrograms/ml and 4.5 micrograms/ml 3 and 6 hours after peroral application (days 2 and 3) respectively. Compared to the concentrations of TXP in the systemic fluid there was an increase by the factor 3 to 4.3. - The corresponding concentrations of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in prostatic fluid were 11.6 micrograms/ml and 10.0 micrograms/ml - i.e. 62-70% of the plasma concentrations. PMID- 7106665 TI - [Vulvitis and vulvar eczema from the dermatologic viewpoint]. PMID- 7106666 TI - [Surgical voice rehabilitation following laryngectomy]. AB - A survey is given concerning different techniques for the restoration of voice after total laryngectomy. Our experiences with tracheo-esophageal shunts without or with valve prostheses are compared and the advantages of specific surgical methods are reported. The threedimensional postoperative voice recording (fast Fourier-transformation) is demonstrated. Special attention is directed to case selection. For most of our patients (80%) who are receiving postoperative radiation therapy we recommend a two stage procedure. PMID- 7106667 TI - [The primary cutaneous melanoma. Clinical aspects and histopathology, basis for prognosis]. AB - There are 4 distinct forms of primary cutaneous melanoma: superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) and nodular melanoma (NM); they differ in case history, clinic and histology. Only nodular melanoma shows a one-phase growth pattern: intraepidermal growth only occurs in connection with dermal invasion. The prognosis of the different melanoma forms however does not depend on the melanoma type but in the first place on the depth of invasion. The location of the primary and the surgical procedure are decisive only in the second place besides further histological features. Therefore early recognition is the most important method to further increase the survival rate of primary cutaneous melanoma: by periodical precautionary clinical examination of the high risk groups and by histological examination of suspicious pigmented nevi. PMID- 7106668 TI - [Retropatellar knee pain and chondropathy patella]. AB - The phenomenon of the painful knee occurring at the patellofemoral joint of the adolescent knee is known as chondromalacia patellae. The constellation of signs and symptoms that fall with in the generally accepted criteria for this diagnosis may well cover more than one pathologic process. Chondromalacia patellae is a term descriptive of changes present on the patellar articular surface and not a single pathologic entity. PMID- 7106669 TI - [Brachycurie therapy of tumors--renaissance of a radio-oncologic method]. AB - In the past years there is a worldwide renaissance in interstitial low dose-rate implantation of tumors in many sites of origin. This renaissance is due to the development of new artificial radioisotopes (Au-198, Ir-192 and particularly I 125), the refinement of application techniques with after-loading devices and the introduction of computerized dosimetry. It is the opinion of a number of widely experienced radiotherapists that interstitial implants represent the treatment of choice "par excellence" and one of the ways to overcome the treatment resistance of inoperable malignant tumors. For this reason we have introduced the method of permanent and removable implantation of inoperable brain tumors, head and neck cancers and prostate carcinomas with 125I-seeds at the University of Erlangen Nurnberg. Our first clinical impressions are very encouraging. The techniques of implantation used, the properties and advantages of 125I-seeds, dosimetric considerations and problems related to radiation protection are described. PMID- 7106670 TI - [The effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping in experimental ischemic heart disease]. AB - The effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) was investigated in normal dogs and after production of ischemic myocardial damage of various extent. Pharmacologic isolation of the heart and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery at different levels produced ischemia of the distal third (preparation type 1), distal half (preparation type 2), and distal two-thirds (preparation type 3) of the left ventricular fee wall. The degree of left heart failure (LVF 1 - 3) correlated with the extent of the ischemic damage and was defined by characteristic hemodynamic and metabolic parameters. IABP was most effective when the ischemic damage of the left ventricle was limited and counterpulsation was instituted before significant heart failure developed. When the distal half of the left ventricular free wall became nonfunctional hemodynamic stabilisation remained pump-dependent; to improve survival immediate revascularization of the ischemic area is required. With extensive loss of functional myocardium IABP could merely delay irreversible cardiogenic shock. The experimental data suggest that IABP should be instituted before the blood pressure fall exceeds 25% of its original level. At the stage of profound cardiogenic shock IABP cannot improve survival significantly. PMID- 7106671 TI - [Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetics. Study on incidence, pathogenesis and prognosis]. AB - Cardiac autonomic neuropathy is not a rare complication of diabetes. In a selected diabetic population, the prevalence of this complication indicated by abnormal response in beat-to-beat variation during forced respiration was 26%. Patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy had a two- to threefold higher frequency of diabetic retinopathy. The mortality rate during a 5 year period was increased in diabetics with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. PMID- 7106672 TI - [The effect of epicutaneous heparin treatment]. AB - Former suggestions that local treatment with external heparin could accelerate healing of zoster could be confirmed. The antitoxic and antiphlogistic components of heparin could be proved by long-term pre-treatment with heparin ointment, based on clinical experimental trials of inhibition of the pyrexal reaction and reduction of erythema, weal and heat radiation produced by histamin and bradykinin i.c. The effectiveness of heparin could be presumed more in its character as a linear anionic polyelectrolyte than as effect on the coagulation process. PMID- 7106673 TI - [New technologies for waste water treatment]. PMID- 7106674 TI - [The trend in tumor incidence and its possible relation to early diagnosis]. AB - In the Federal Republic of Germany age depending participation in the Cancer Screening Programme as carried out by the social health insurance is completely contrary to mortality: high participation in age groups with low mortality and vice versa. Thus the impact of the programme on the epidemiology of malignant tumors is rather limited. In 1977 the expected mortality of cancer of the colon, rectum, breast, or prostate was higher than expected in spite of the screening programme being effective since 1971. Mortality of cancer of the cervix uteri is in most age groups lower than expected, even more than may be due to a high screening effect. But in 1980 35.1 percent of all cases of death by malignancies of the uterus were not specified by site. Thus mortality of cancer of the cervix uteri is of restricted value. By a small study conducted in Stuttgart 1976/77 it may be estimated that about 23 percent of the unspecified cases are cases with cancer of the cervix. 6.6 percent could not be specified definitely. PMID- 7106675 TI - [Vision disorders--nausea--chest pain]. PMID- 7106676 TI - [Alcoholism. Classification, epidemiology, etiology]. AB - There are 5 different types of alcoholics and 4 phases of process of alcoholism. In the Federal Republic of Germany 1,2--1,5 million people are alcoholics, among them about 30 per cent women and 10 per cent adolescents not older than 25 years. Three factors: alcohol, individuum, and environment play a part in the development of alcoholism. PMID- 7106677 TI - [Hygiene problems and health risks in camp sites]. PMID- 7106678 TI - [Vaccinations for adults. Compiled according to recommendations by the permanent Commission on Vaccinations of the Federal Health Administration in Berlin]. PMID- 7106679 TI - [Improvement of rubella vaccination. Seroconversion after serial rubella vaccination with the jet injector]. AB - 67.5% of 506 girls aged 12-19 years had antibodies against rubella. 168 seronegative girls were vaccinated with rubella vaccine Wistar RA 27/3, application by jet injector. All 166 serologically controlled girls developed HAI antibodies with a geometric mean titer of 1:87. The geometric mean titer of the naturally immunized girls was 1:140. PMID- 7106680 TI - [Partial acoustic agnosia as a cause of stammering. Possibilities and limits of diagnostic testing methods]. AB - An essential precondition for normal speech development is an intact peripheral and central hearing capacity. Disturbances of auditory perception can be the cause of speech defects. There are many methods to examine sound discriminating capacity. Most of them are statistically not verified or standardized. We developed a testing method which consists of 44 figured word pairs. We suggest how to differentiate between children with impaired auditory perception from children without this disturbance. Visual perception and visuomotor function were examined by the Marianne Frostig Developmental Test of VIsual Perception and the Bender-Gestalt-Test (Gottinger Form-reproduktions-Test). We found disturbances all the more the auditory perception was impaired. We investigated handedness and cerebral dominance by the Hand-Dominanz-Test (Steingruber, Lienert). Righthandedness was most clearly pronounced in the control group (normal speaking children), less so in stammerers without weakness in sound discrimination and weakest in stammerers with this latter defect. PMID- 7106681 TI - [Treatment of Parkinson's syndrome]. PMID- 7106682 TI - [Dangers of swimming and surfing]. PMID- 7106683 TI - [Metastatic obstructive jaundice. Differentiated diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 7106684 TI - [Constipation and constipation treatment. 1. Definition, diagnosis, and classification, etiology]. PMID- 7106685 TI - [Prognosis of cerebral ischemia. Significance of the cerebrospinal fluid lactate level and computer tomographic findings]. AB - In patients (n = 120) with supratentorial ischemic cerebral infarction CSF lactate was determined and a CT was carried out on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after the stroke. On the 3rd and 7th day the comparative investigation revealed a close correlation between the measure of the ischemic edema and the level of CSF lactate. Thus the lactate-concentration can be regarded as a measure for the spread of the edema after cerebral infarction. Already on the 3rd day CT- and CSF lactate results allow a relatively reliable prediction for the course of the stroke. An edema grade III in CT and a CSF-lactate concentration more than 4 mmol/l were prognostically critical. On the other hand good chances of survival were indicated by a CSF lactate level under 2,5 mmol/l and an edema grade I. PMID- 7106686 TI - [Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas: occipital lobe hemorrhages]. AB - Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas can be diagnosed immediately and localized exactly by the means of cranial computerized tomography. The occipital lobe is a relatively rare site of hypertensive hematomas which are the most frequent etiologic group. Out of 264 patients with intracerebral hematomas ion cranial computerized tomography we found the occipital lobes affected in 24 cases i.e. 9%. 116 patients with intracerebral hematomas treated in the neurologic clinic demonstrated in 15 cases (13%) occipital localization. In 7 patients bleedings were of hypertensive origin, in 4 cases etiology was unknown, in one case it originated from an arteriovenous angioma and in 3 cases congophilic (amyloid) angiopathy was the basic disease. In smaller occipital hematomas the clinical symptoms are relatively mild, mainly consisting of acute headache and hemianopsia. If the hematoma is limited to the occipital lobe the prognosis is favorable both with or without neurosurgical treatment. PMID- 7106687 TI - [Effect of a drug combination on venous capacity]. AB - The activity of the fixed combination Phlebodril on the venous hemodynamic system was studied in 20 healthy volunteers. A different reaction was seen. One part of the volunteers showed a significantly reduced venous capacity whereas the other part presented an increase in venous storage ability. This effect especially was observed after application of trimethylhesperidinchalcone, which increases the capillary resistance. PMID- 7106688 TI - The response of serum growth hormone to central and peripheral dopaminergic stimuli in normal subjects and in acromegalic patients. PMID- 7106690 TI - [The meaning of micropore structures in cholesterol pigment calcium stones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106689 TI - [Pathological study on alcoholic liver disease; comparison with non-alcoholic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7106691 TI - Relative growth of the human fetal ilium. PMID- 7106692 TI - Evaluation of the antiviral effects of adenine arabinoside on chronic HBV infection. AB - Five male patients with HbsAg-positive liver disease were treated with ara-A at dosages ranging between 5 mg and 10 mg/kg/day for five days. Before treatment, all of them had detectable DNA polymerase activity and HbeAg in their sera. The five-day course of the drug resulted in a rapid fall in DNA polymerase activity in every patient, the effect being dose-dependent. The amount of circulating Dane particles also decreased simultaneously, or with a short time lag, with the fall of the enzyme activity. The following decrease in HBeAg concentration was observed in all patients, and it was also noteworthy that antiHBe response was found in two of the five. HBsAg titers were significantly diminished in two patients. In the present series of ara-A treatment, these effects were temporary in two patients, while, in the remaining three, they lasted for two to three months. Ara-A had no serious side effects at dosages of 10 mg/kg/day or less, and can thus be counted among the valuable therapeutic drugs against chronic HBV infection. PMID- 7106693 TI - HBsAg in ascitic fluid of patients with hepatic cirrhosis. PMID- 7106694 TI - The effect of sham-feeding on gallbladder volume and circulation of bile acids. AB - Sham-feeding is believed to induce only a vagal stimulus. In the present investigation its effect on gallbladder volume and bile acid circulation was studied. In 8 out of 9 persons we observed a decrease in gallbladder volume from 20.1 +/- 2.4 ml to 15.4 +/- 2.2 ml. After 150 min, serum bile acids had increased from initially 2.0 +/- 0.3 mumoles/l to 2.3 +/- 0.4 mumoles/l. In 10 persons given a liquid test meal, there was a decrease in gallbladder volume from 18.3 +/ 2.7 ml to 5.2 +/- 0.7 ml. Bile acids rose from 2.6 +/- 0.3 mumoles/l to 4.1 +/- 0.5 mumoles/l after 90 min. The response after the test meal was thus more enhanced and faster. It is concluded that: 1. Vagal stimulation from the oral mucosa by sham-feeding can induce evacuation of the gallbladder and enterohepatic circulation of bile. 2. Under normal circumstances this mechanism is probably of minor importance. PMID- 7106695 TI - Recent advances in diagnostic techniques in Caroli's disease. AB - Preoperative diagnosis of congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) is difficult. The best techniques for this diagnosis are endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, abdominal ultrasonography and computerized tomography. The authors present a case of Caroli's disease diagnosed using ultrasonography and computerized tomography. They discuss the usefulness and the real possibilities of existing techniques in the diagnosis of intra- and extrahepatic bile duct disease. PMID- 7106696 TI - Chronic pancreatitis--results in 116 consecutive, partial duodenopancreatectomies combined with pancreatic duct occlusion. PMID- 7106697 TI - Anatomic-functional behaviour of the gastric mucosa in different clinical phases (acute, quiescent, relapsing) of duodenal ulcer. AB - The gastric anatomic-functional behaviour (gastric acid secretion, gastrinemia parietal cell mass, histological pattern of the fundic mucosa) was evaluated in 50 duodenal ulcer patients in the active stage of the disease. After 28 days of treatment with cimetidine (1 g/day), the 42 healed patients stopped therapy completely for three months. At the end of the follow-up the anatomic-functional behaviour was monitored and compared with the initial data in the 24 subjects who were still symptomless, as well as in the 18 patients whose duodenal ulcer relapsed. The analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that gastric acid secretion, gastrinemia and morphology of the fundic mucosa do not vary with the different activity phase of duodenal ulcer; therefore additional factors, and in particular alterations of mucosa resistance, are presumed to be responsible for the development of ulcerous lesions. Moreover, a comparison between the initial data of patients with ulcer healing after cimetidine therapy, and of those with unhealed ulcer, failed to reveal any significant differences, thus denying a prognostic value of acid secretion tests in duodenal ulcer disease. PMID- 7106698 TI - Menarche and subsequent ovarian function in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. AB - The mean age at menarche in 6 girls on treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia from infancy was 13.6 years (range 12.6-14.5 years). Menarche or regular menses did not occur until plasma testosterone concentrations were within normal limits. This was achieved using single daily dexamethasone, 0.25-0.75 mg/day. The potency of this glucocorticoid in suppressing adrenal steroid biosynthesis relative to cortisol is about 80:1. The onset of regular, ovulatory menstrual cycles, as judged by daily salivary progesterone profiles, was achieved within 2-3 years of menarche using this treatment regimen. Such patients have a good prognosis for normal fertility. PMID- 7106699 TI - Simultaneous plasma and saliva steroid measurements as an index of control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). A longitudinal study. AB - A detailed study involving simultaneous measurements of plasma and saliva 17OH progesterone (17OHP), and plasma testosterone concentrations was performed at frequent intervals over a 3-year period in 16 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). There was a close correlation between the results of these three biochemical measurements over a wide range of concentrations. The practical application of a sensitive saliva 17OHP radioimmunoassay permitted detailed monitoring of patients receiving various glucocorticoid preparations through repeated frequent saliva sampling over the whole day. When the results of serial steroid measurements were analysed in relation to growth velocity in prepubertal patients, it was possible to device upper limits of 40 nmol/l, 0.8 nmol/l and 1,500 pmol/l for plasma 17OHP, plasma testosterone and saliva 17OHP concentrations, respectively, in well-controlled patients. Applying these guidelines from the early onset of treatment should ensure normal growth potential in treated CAH children, at least until puberty. PMID- 7106701 TI - Aspects of molecular bioenergetics, 43d meeting of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Chemie, Max Planck Institute, Dortmund, March 1st-2nd, 1982. PMID- 7106700 TI - Development of negative feedback control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male rat fetus. AB - Pregnant rats were passively immunized against testosterone by injections of rabbit antibodies against testosterone. Fetuses were studied daily starting at day 18 of gestation. Testosterone antibodies were detected in all fetal plasma samples. At day 18 of gestation testicular testosterone content - as an index of gonadotropin stimulation - was unchanged even though circulating free testosterone was reduced by antibody binding. However, at day 19 and all subsequent days of gestation testicular testosterone content was significantly higher in immunized fetuses compared to the controls. These results indicate that in the male rat the negative feedback between testes and the hypothalamopituitary system develops between days 18 and 19 of gestation. PMID- 7106702 TI - The participation of the Shemin and C5 pathways in 5-aminolaevulinate and chlorophyll formation in higher plants and facultative photosynthetic bacteria. AB - Chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll formation from 14C-labelled precursors was studied during the illumination of etiolated maize leaves excised from dark-grown seedlings and in cell suspensions of respiring, dark-, aerobically-grown Rhodopseudomonas spheroides adapting to the photosynthetic state in the light under anaerobic conditions. It was found that 1-14C-labelled glutamate and 2 oxoglutarate were incorporated into the tetrapyrrole moieties of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll. This suggests that the C5 pathway of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis operates in both Zea mays and R. spheroides since in the alternative Shemin pathway the label would have been lost as 14CO2 during the formation of succinyl-CoA prior to the condensation with glycine to form 5-aminolaevulinate. It was also found that 5(-14)C-labelled glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate were incorporated into these chlorophylls which is consistent with the operation of both the C5 and Shemin pathways. That the Shemin pathway is also involved was confirmed by the incorporation of [2(-14)C]glycine into both chlorophylls. None of these substrates were incorporated into the phytol moieties of either plant or bacterial chlorophyll or into the carotenoids. However, when [1(-14)C]acetate was added to greening maize leaves not only the tetrapyrrole and phytol moieties were labelled but also the carotenoids: the labelling of these lipids is consistent with their formation from acetate via the isopentenyl pyrophosphate pathway. By comparing the incorporation of [1(-14)C]2-oxoglutarate with that of [5(-14)C]2 oxoglutarate the approximate relative contribution of each pathway to chlorophyll biosynthesis was determined. In maize leaves both pathways contributed almost equally but in R. spheroides the contribution by the Shemin and C5 pathways was 90 and 10%, respectively. PMID- 7106703 TI - Radioiodination with 125I and reductive methylation with tritium of a vegetalizing inducer protein. Specific radio-activities and effect on biological activity. AB - An inducer protein, the vegetalizing factor, which causes amphibian ectoderm to differentiate into endoderm was labelled with carrier-free 125I (2000 Ci/m-Atom) to specific activities of 17-32 micronCi/microgram protein. The partial loss of the biological inducing activity is not caused by the iodination of the factor but is due to the oxidation and reduction steps in the iodination procedure. By reductive methylation with formaldehyde and [3H]NaBH4 under mild conditions the factor was labelled to specific activities of 0.8-2.3 micronCi/microgram protein depending on the specific activity of the [3H]NaBH4 (5-15 Ci/mmol). Under these conditions up to 25% of the amino groups of the protein were methylated without a reduction of the biological activity of the factor. The inducing activity of the protein was however considerably reduced, when under more stringent conditions 60 70% of the amino groups were methylated. It was shown by NMR spectroscopy that about one third of protein amino groups is dimethylated under these conditions. The factor could be labelled with N-(propionyloxy)succinimide without a loss of the biological activity, when very few amino groups were substituted. The experiments show that the factor can be labelled to high specific activity without loss of its inducing activity by reductive methylation, which is therefore the most suitable method. PMID- 7106704 TI - Studies on the liberation of fatty acids from 2-lysophosphatidylcholine by a liver lysosomal enzyme activity from chloroquine-treated rats. AB - A lysophospholipase activity was observed in cell fractions from rat liver without and after treatment with chloroquine following incubation with 1-[1( 14)C]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The specific activity of the enzyme (optimum pH at 4.2) is highly enriched in lysosomes but decreases after prolonged treatment of the animals with chloroquine. Some of the properties of the enzyme were studied. PMID- 7106705 TI - [Hemoglobins, XLVII. Hemoglobins of the bar-headed goose (Anser indicus): primary structure and physiology of respiration, systematic and evolution]. AB - The primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains of the main component of Bar headed Goose (Anser indicus) are given. By homologous comparison with the hemoglobin of the Grey-Lag Goose (Anser anser) 3 differences were found in the alpha-chains, 1 difference in the beta-chains. In position alpha 119 H2Ala and beta 125 H3Asp alpha 1 beta 2-contact points are changed. The mutation alpha 63 E12Val brings a drastic change in tertiary structure of the alpha-chains of Bar headed Goose: the helices E and B are moved apart by 1.5 A as there is no room for the larger side chain. This is probably the reason for a slightly higher intrinsic oxygen affinity of Bar-headed Goose hemoglobin. The bindings of inositol pentaphosphate on hemoglobin are identical in Grey-Lag Goose and Bar headed Goose (contact points are not mutated). The reason for the increased difference in oxygen affinity by binding of inositol pentaphosphate is probably caused by two mutations in alpha 1 beta 2-contact points. It suggests that these two mutations are the reason for a different interaction between alpha- and beta chains under the influence of inositol pentaphosphate by Grey-Lag and Bar-headed Goose hemoglobins. The difference in the primary structure of the Grey-Lag and Bar-headed Goose hemoglobins suggests that the Bar-headed Goose is not the genus of anser. Unfinished experiments (about 80% of the sequences) of White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons a.) and Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens c.) show no exchanges with Grey-Lag Goose hemoglobin. The Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), however, which belongs to the genus Branta, has a number of substitutions similar to the Bar-headed Goose hemoglobin. These changes in primary structure suggest that Grey-Lag Goose and Bar-headed Goose are separated by a period of 9-15 Million years. This would support the hypothesis that the two species of goose became geographically separated by the elevation of the Himalayas. PMID- 7106706 TI - Substrate specificity and regulation of activity of rat liver beta-D glucuronidase. PMID- 7106707 TI - On the kinetics and mechanism of enoate reductase. AB - Enoate reductases from Clostridium spec. La 1 and Clostridium kluyveri show a rather broad substrate specificity i.e. many alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylates are reduced in a NADH-dependent reaction. The relative rates for different substrates are different for both reductases. The Km value of NADH for the reductase from C. spec. La 1 is about 12 muM. The transhydrogenase activity (reduction of N-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide) with NADH shows a maximum at pH 8 which is about 2 units higher than that for the reduction of enoates. Results of initial rate studies can be best explained by a Bi Bi ping pong mechanism. No back reaction and no proton exchange from 2(-3)H-labelled acylates could be demonstrated. NAD+ is a mixed-type inhibitor. The product inhibition constant Ki = 0.84mM and the dissociation constant for the dead-end inhibition complex 4.8mM. Aliphatic acylates show no measurable inhibition when they are applied in concentrations at the 100-fold Km values of the corresponding enoates. Measurable inhibitions can be observed with phenyl group-containing acylates. 3 Phenylpropionate (38mM) shows about 86% inhibition. Fumarate which is not a substrate inhibits the reduction of enoates by NADH as well as by reduced methylviologen. However, the reduction of NAD+ by reduced methylviologen as well that of acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide by NADH is not inhibited by fumarate. On the other hand inhibitors such as morin or dicoumarol which probably bind to the flavin domain do not impair the reduction of enoates by reduced methylviologen however, all reductions with NADH are inhibited. These results are indicative for three binding domains: one for NADH which can be blocked by dicoumarol or morin, another for enoates which can be occupied by fumarate and a third one for reduced methylviologen. Enoate reductase splits off exclusively the (4S)-hydrogen atom from NADH. There is no direct hydrogen transfer from NADH to the products. Depending on the substrate concentration the isotope effect of the reduction of (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate with (4S)-[4(-3)H]NADH varies from 6.8 to 1.3. The presence of NAD+ decreases the isotope effect. PMID- 7106708 TI - Protease inhibitor activity in rat skeletal muscle. AB - The cytosol fraction obtained by homogenization of rat gastrocnemius muscle inhibited the activities of rat alkaline myofibrillar protease, bovine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin. The inhibition of the three proteolytic enzymes by muscle cytosol changed differentially during ageing, fasting and following administration of glucocorticoid hormone. The inhibition exerted by the cytosol on the three proteases was also differentially affected by precipitation with trichloracetic acid, heat, dialysis and molecular sieve chromatography. It is suggested that the intracellular protease inhibitor(s) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein degradation. PMID- 7106709 TI - Biological and immunological properties of human gastrin I analogues. AB - The 15-methionine of human little gastrin I, prone to oxidation with concomitant loss of biological activity, has been replaced by leucine, norleucine and methoxinine, respectively. The resulting analogues exhibit acid secretory potencies practically undistinguishable from that of the parent hormone, whereas their immunoreactivity, as assayed with four different antisera raised against human little gastrin I, reflect to a significant extent the afforded modifications. Only [15-methoxinine]human little gastrin I retains practically the full reactivity for all antisera examined. The results suggest that this 15 methoxinine analogue is well suited for both biological and immunological studies. PMID- 7106710 TI - Therapists and families: worlds apart. PMID- 7106711 TI - The issue of sterilization and the mentally retarded. PMID- 7106712 TI - Court witnesses treated with hypnosis. PMID- 7106714 TI - Antidepressants and bereaved patients. PMID- 7106713 TI - National remotivation technique organization. PMID- 7106715 TI - Family treatments of schizophrenia: background and state of the art. AB - Schizophrenia, as a failure to achieve maturity and independence, has always had distressing effects on a patient's family. Unfortunately, scientific theories that propose the family itself as a contributing factor have eroded the alliance between professionals and family members and added to the burden of family guilt. The initiative in designing family therapy for schizophrenia began among an early group of innovators who subscribed to strong family-theory ideologies. Today a more pragmatic group, trained in various research methodologies, has taken the lead. The authors discuss the historical development of family therapy for schizophrenia and review new programs including relatives' groups, psychoeducational family therapy, and strategic and systemic approaches. PMID- 7106716 TI - Recent developments in family therapy: a review. AB - Since its beginning some 25 years ago, family therapy has become a widely used madality. The field is developing its own theoretical foundations, training institutions, and body of outcome research; the authors review some of the changes, especially those of the last two or three years. One major development is the growing differentiation of family therapy models and techniques; related are increasing attempts to delineate selection criteria and to provide empirical data for special matches of problems and treatments. The field has moved from its early preoccupation with schizophrenia to concern with new target populations, such as families disrupted by divorce. Family therapy is also being used more often in the treatment of hospitalized patients and of substance abusers. The outcome research is growing in extent and sophistication; the positive results indicate a continuing prominent role for this modality. PMID- 7106717 TI - Mental illness and family burden: a public health perspective. AB - Family burden is the emotional and economic strain that family members experience when a relative is discharged from a mental hospital and returns home. Since World War II the length of hospital stays has declined steadily, and deinstitutionalization has promoted community care of the mentally ill. Studies suggest that more than 65 per cent of discharged mental patients return to their families. Family burden is a complex problem that seriously affects the treatment of chronic mental patients. The author discusses the scope of family burden and outlines some practical solutions. PMID- 7106718 TI - Family orientation: initiating patients and their families to psychiatric hospitalization. AB - Multiple family groups have been used for some time as a treatment for hospitalized psychiatric patients. However, there is no indication that they have been used in orienting patients and their families during the traumatic intitial period on the inpatient ward. The authors describe the use of family orientation group meetings on the psychiatric inpatient ward of a university hospital. The theoretical bases of the group format are explained and the kinds of information relayed to parents and patients are outlined. The authors believe that use of one time orientation meetings can help turn the crucial initial period into a therapeutic gain for the patient. PMID- 7106719 TI - Group treatment for parents of the adult mentally ill. AB - Support and education groups for the families of the mentally ill have been in existence for at least 20 years. The authors describe a group treatment program established in 1979 for parents of chronically mentally ill individuals living in the community. The goal was to help parents become less overprotective, critical, and hostile so that clients would relapse less frequently and improve their social functioning during their time in the community. The groups provided parents with information and support. Some of the results of the groups include the implementation of new hospital procedures, more effective parenting, and a parent-initiated alliance on behalf of the mentally ill in the locality. PMID- 7106721 TI - Family and staff attitudes toward family involvement in the treatment of hospitalized chronic patients. AB - Attitudes of staff members and families toward family involvement in treatment of hospitalized chronic mental patients were explored using a 17-item questionnaire. Family members of 23 patients at a rural health center completed the questionnaire, which focused on attitudes toward and knowledge of important variables in the treatment of their relative. Five clinical staff members responded to four of the items, and statistical correlations between family and staff responses were computed for those items. The results indicated that two thirds of the family members showed knowledge, concern, and willingness to be involved in patient treatment, but a lack of agreement between staff members and between staff and families on crucial treatment variables was considered to jeopardize family involvement. The author recommends that internal staff disagreements first be identified and resolved and that measures then be taken to encourage staff to involve the family in the patient's treatment. PMID- 7106720 TI - Patients' perceptions of the family's role in involuntary commitment. AB - Two theoretical frameworks have been proposed for understanding the relationship between family functioning and involuntary mental hospitalization: social control and social support. To more fully examine the family's role in involuntary commitment of a family member, the authors compared a group of 50 randomly chosen patients involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric emergency unit with a matched group of medical patients. They also compared family characteristics of patients released after brief observation with those of patients committed for a longer time. The results indicated that the family structure and relationships of the committed patients were less stable than those of medical patients. There were also significant differences between committed patients who were released after observation and those who were subsequently hospitalized, with families of the released patients perceived as exerting more control. The authors suggest that this finding can best be accounted for within a framework of social support rather than one of social control. PMID- 7106722 TI - Financial exploitation of schizophrenic patients by their families. PMID- 7106723 TI - Drama therapy for the elderly in a day care center. PMID- 7106724 TI - Long-term care: planning life care communities for the elderly. PMID- 7106725 TI - Philosophers prime physicians for ethical dilemmas. PMID- 7106727 TI - Art and color brighten "Museum Mile" hospital. PMID- 7106726 TI - Hospitals offer money-back guarantees. PMID- 7106728 TI - May costs increase 16.4%. PMID- 7106729 TI - Publisher's Panel suggests ways CEOs can prepare for the future. PMID- 7106730 TI - The "dumping" dilemma: finding what's fair. PMID- 7106731 TI - Occupancy standards: what are appropriate occupancy levels? PMID- 7106732 TI - Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in an aluminum welder. PMID- 7106733 TI - Dysgenesis of testicular and streak gonads in the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis: perspective derived from a clinicopathologic analysis of twenty-one cases. AB - The clinical and pathologic aspects of 21 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) were studied. The gonads in 15 patients consisted of a macroscopic testis and a streak gonad; six patients had variants, including two with bilateral testes and four with bilateral streak gonads or tumors. Functionally, the gonads were incompetent. Testes 1) failed to completely inhibit mullerian development, 2) failed to support full differentiation of mesonephric duct structures, 3) failed to adequately masculinize development of the external genitalia, or 4) often failed to mediate their own descent, resulting in asymmetry of the internal and external genitalia. None of the streak gonads mediated normal female adolescent development or fertility. Microscopic examination revealed that every gonad, regardless of its gross appearance, was morphologically abnormal. Although gonads with seminiferous tubules usually developed to a moderately advanced state, macroscopically resembling testes, the hilar zone remained architecturally disorganized; the cortex invariably lacked more than a rudimentary tunica albuginea or exhibited partial ovarian differentiation, sometimes even with a rare primordial follicle. Over time, the seminiferous tubules atrophied and hyalinized. Gonads that grossly resembled streak gonads were observed microscopically to be composed of a stroma resembling that of normal ovarian cortex. In patients more than several years of age, the entire complement of germ cells in streak gonads disappeared. It is suggested that patients with MGD be raised as females. Early removal of gonads will prevent the development of gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma. If the uterus is retained and the patient is subsequently given exogenous estrogen, care should be taken to detect early any signs of the development of endometrial carcinoma or its precursor, to which these patients may be prone. PMID- 7106734 TI - The normal parathyroid revisited: percentage of stromal fat. AB - The pathologist must frequently decide, on the basis of a small biopsy specimen, whether a parathyroid gland is normal or abnormal. Most references state that the normal parathyroid contains approximately 50 per cent fat and that a reduction in this fat content is characteristic of hyperplasia. The parathyroid glands of 100 consecutively autopsied patients were evaluated, and the observations were correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. In 90 patients with no clinical, laboratory, or pathologic evidence of parathyroid hyperfunction, we found an average parathyroid fat content of 17 per cent ("percentage fat"). Only one patient had more than 50 per cent fat, and almost one third had less than 10 per cen fat. There was no correlation between percentage fat and age, serum calcium level, or gland weight. The findings of four previous quantitative studies were virtually identical with ours. The normal parathyroid gland contains much less fat than is commonly believed, and the range of values in normal persons is large. Determination of stromal fat has limited usefulness in the evaluation of the functional state of the parathyroid gland. PMID- 7106735 TI - Correlation of intraventricular pressures at catheterization with postmortem ventricular curvature-thickness indexes in human hearts with aortic valve dysfunction. AB - It has been proposed that the pressure-producing activity of the ventricular wall segments, left and right free walls, and interventricular septum can be characterized by a curvature-thickness index (CTI) derived from the Laplace relation. Thirty patients with isolated aortic valve disease were examined clinically by cardiac catheterization and at autopsy after coronary arteriography and fixation of the heart in distention. The CTI for each segment was determined from wall thickness on postmortem radiographs, which is considered to represent tension in the Laplace relation, and from curvatures. The left ventricular shape was determined as the ratio of maximal diameter to chamber length. Segment CTIs were compared with peak systolic pressure in the respective chamber or with right and left ventricular pressure differences for the septum. A significant correlation was found between peak pressure and the CTI for ventricular free walls (r = 0.933, P less than 0.001), which was not improved by including ventricular distention as a predictor in a multivariate linear regression analysis. The left ventricular diameter-to-length ratio varied from 0.63 to 0.83 (average 0.74) and showed no significant differences related to type of aortic valve dysfunction. The results suggest that the CTI could serve as a useful index for evaluation of interventricular pressure and might be applicable to noninvasive diagnostic methods as well as postmortem studies. PMID- 7106736 TI - "Nephronophthisis-congenital hepatic fibrosis": an additional hepatorenal disorder. AB - This report describes two siblings, male and female, with a distinctive hereditary hepatorenal disorder. Review of the literature indicates that 11 cases have been reported outside the United States. The condition may first develop from early infancy to adolescence, and it is characterized in the great majority of instances by clinically severe renal disease. At some time in the course of the disease, hepatomegaly is present in all patients, and splenomegaly is common. Additional lesions and other abnormalities, including retinal lesions, mental retardation, cerebellar and osseous abnormalities, have been reported in some patients. Histologically, the renal lesion resembles nephronophthisis, and the hepatic lesion resembles congenital hepatic fibrosis. Mortality (due to the renal disease) is very high, and the longest-surviving patient was 14 years old at the time of death. PMID- 7106737 TI - Enchondroma protuberans masquerading as osteochondroma. AB - Two cases of enchondroma protuberans are presented. The term enchondroma protuberans is designed to indicate a previously unrecognized and probably rare entity occurring in a long bone in an exaggeratedly eccentric fashion and, radiographically, remarkably resembling an osteochondroma. However, the morphologic differences between these two lesions are quite obvious and are easily demonstrable. Two young male patients, 10 and 15 years of age, had essentially similar lesions that developed, coincidentally, in the upper end of the left humerus. Improper radiographic interpretation of the lesions in both cases resulted in unnecessary second operations. PMID- 7106738 TI - Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with systemic vasculitis: an autopsy study. PMID- 7106740 TI - Primary cardiovascular amyloidosis manifesting as mitral stenosis. PMID- 7106739 TI - Triple-barrel aorta: dissection of a healed aortic dissection. AB - An unusual case of a triple-barrel aorta in a 51-year-old woman is described. The patient first had a spontaneous type I dissection of the aorta and acute aortic insufficiency, for which she underwent aortic valve replacement and Dacron graft replacement of the ascending aorta. She remained asymptomatic for five years with a healed aortic dissection (double-barrel aorta) distal to the graft. She then underwent a second operation for repair and poppet replacement of the malfunctioned prosthesis. Postoperative cardiac failure necessitated the use of a counterpulsation intra-aortic balloon catheter, which entered and dissected the wall of the false lumen, thus creating a triple-lumen aorta. PMID- 7106741 TI - Hodgkin's disease manifested as a thyroid nodule. PMID- 7106742 TI - Malignant lymphoma complicating lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: a monoclonal B-cell neoplasm arising in a polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder. PMID- 7106743 TI - Soft tissue paleopathology. PMID- 7106744 TI - Human large intestinal epithelium: light microscopy, histochemistry, and ultrastructure. AB - Despite numerous reports of morphologic characteristics of premalignant and malignant large intestinal epithelium, the literature lacks comprehensive reports of the morphologic features of the epithelium of the normal large intestine, except of the rectum. Large intestinal epithelium from 41 persons was obtained, and samples from the ascending, transverse, descending, and rectosigmoid areas were studied by light microscopy, histochemical techniques, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The morphologic features and histochemical reactions of the various segments of the large intestine are different. Neutral mucopolysaccharide is predominant in the ascending colon, whereas the rectum has predominantly or exclusively acidic mucin. Only three basic epithelial cell phenotypes have been identified: undifferentiated cells, mucous cells, and endocrine cells. The columnar cells at the surface between the crypts appear to be a variant of mucous cells. Compared with other segments, the rectum shows an unusually high concentration of endocrine cells, positively correlating with the high incidence of carcinoid tumors in that segment of the large intestine. The mucous cells in all segments contain large mucous vacuoles and small apical vesicles. The apical vesicles show variable electron density, being most dense in the ascending colon and becoming progressively less dense at the transverse and descending colon and most electron-lucent in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Ultrastructurally, the mucin shows a variable degree of heterogeneity in the proximal segments. This study suggests that some of the previously described ultrastructural features of abnormal large-intestinal epithelium may be only the result of failure to compare the so-called abnormal cells with normal cells from the same region. Well-controlled studies of the abnormal epithelium of a particular segment of large intestine must include the normal epithelium from the identical segment as control in order to make interpretations accurate. PMID- 7106745 TI - Fibrous hematopoietic tumors arising in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. AB - Tumors of extramedullary hematopoiesis occasionally occur in long-standing cases of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) and resemble hypercellular marrow in a connective tissue stroma. Rarely, this type of tumor mass is markedly fibrous and may pose diagnostic difficulty, especially when there is only limited knowledge of a patient's clinical history. The authors reports two cases of AMM with such a fibrous hematopoietic tumor, occurring in one patient as a pelvic mass and in another as lymphadenopathy and skin nodules. A review of the literature revealed that fibrous hematopoietic tumors associated with AMM arise predominantly in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, mesentery, and pleura. Features helpful in establishing the diagnosis include longstanding AMM, megakaryocytes and other hematopoietic cells within the fibrous tissue, and lack of atypia in the fibrous tissue. Current evidence suggests that the fibrous component of the masses is reactive and possibly related to stimulation of fibroblasts by humoral substance released from platelets. PMID- 7106746 TI - Gluten-sensitive enteropathy: sequence of villous regrowth as viewed by scanning electron microscopy. AB - Small-intestinal biopsy specimens from five children with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before dietary treatment and sequentially after removal of gluten from the the diet. Compared with biopsy specimens from patients without evidence of villous atrophy, these specimens showed marked architectural changes. In patients with total villous atrophy observed by light microscopy, absent villi and prominent crypts were observed by SEM. Patients with subtotal villous atrophy had the first stages of villous formation characterized by semicircular ridge formation. Biopsy specimens obtained from the five patients with GSE after dietary treatment demonstrated a sequence of changes characterizing villous repair. The earliest change consisted of semicircular elevations of cells around the crypts. Unequal cellular repletion around the crypts and migration of the cells led to the formation of parallel ridges. Increased cell proliferation resulted in thickening and twisting of the ridges to form convoluted ridges. Increased complexity of the ridges appears to lead to the formation of cerebriform ridges, and septation at various points in the ridges results in the formation of mitten-like villi. In biopsy specimens from patients with villous atrophy from other causes, similar reparative changes were seen by SEM. Scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct to the light microscopic and dissecting microscopic assessment of small intestine biopsy specimens, and may be more sensitive tan light microscopy in documenting early morphologic response to dietary treatment for gluten-sensitive enteropathy. PMID- 7106747 TI - Perivascular myofibroblasts and microvascular occlusion in hypertrophic scars and keloids. AB - Microvessels in normal skin, granulation tissue, hypertrophic scar, keloid, and mature scar from human subjects were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Comparative observations suggested that most microvessels in hypertrophic scar and keloid are occluded or partially occluded, apparently owing to an excess of endothelial cells. Endothelial cell contraction was also supported by the observations, and perivascular satellite cells (pericytes), some of which were identified as myofibroblasts, were observed in hypertrophic scars and keloids. Among findings from statistical analyses were that 1) the patency of microvessels in hypertrophic scar and granulation tissue is similar, as is that of microvessels in keloid and mature scar, but the patency of all these microvessels is significantly less than that of microvessels in normal skin, and 2) endothelial cell density is greater in nonpatent vessels than in patent vessels. The observed extent of microvascular occlusion supports a previously published theory that hypoxia is involved in the generation of hypertrophic scar. PMID- 7106748 TI - Studies of a human mesothelioma. AB - Abdominal fluid from a patient with mesothelioma was cultured in vitro, and a cell line designated JMN was established. This cell line has undergone more than 100 passages. Electron microscopic, karyotypic, and heterotransplantation studies as well as the capability of collagen synthesis by this cell line indicated that it is of malignant mesothelial origin. The cell line has proved very useful for the isolation of human pathogenic viruses. PMID- 7106749 TI - Mycobacterium xenopi: infection in an immunocompromised host. AB - Mycobacterium xenopi was isolated from bronchoscopic and resected lung specimens from a patient who had diabetes mellitus and chronic myelogenous leukemia. While in remission, the patient developed spreading pulmonary infiltrates and died. At postmortem examination, acid fast bacilli were found in enormous numbers in histologic preparations of pulmonary hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes. Concomitant pulmonary infection with Aspergillus, Pneumocystis carinii, and cytomegalovirus was also evident. The probable dissemination of M. xenopi to pulmonary hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes attests to its invasive potential in the immunocompromised host and reinforces its role as an agent of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. PMID- 7106750 TI - Pairing of X and Y chromosomes, non-inactivation of X-linked genes, and the maleness factor. AB - In this paper observations are summarized and speculations discussed, and it is suggested that some loci on the distal short arm of the X chromosome (Xp) are not randomly inactivated in the female, because they are within the proximal part of the pairing segment between Xp and Yp. This peculiarity of gene expression may be a remnant of the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes, the pairing segment of which may involve at least 27% of Xp and 95% of Yp. Crossing over seems to occur mostly in the terminal third of the X/Y pairing segment. However, crossing over inhibition control may lapse, or may be somewhat variable, within the pairing segment, so that some loci on the X and Y (e.g. Xg. H-Y, STS, and perhaps others) might cross over with a variable frequency which is proportional to their distances from the telomeres of the short arms. It is postulated that the DNA of the pairing segment is composed in a way which may also permit unequal crossing over to occur between the X and the Y, thereby giving rise to exceptions to X-or Y-linked inheritance. The peculiarities of behaviour and the position of other loci on the sex chromosomes are also discussed briefly. PMID- 7106751 TI - Sister chromatid exchanges in leukocytes of patients with cancer of cervix uteri. AB - The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated in 13 women with cervical cancer together with 11 control women. The SCE frequencies were found to be 10.05 +/- 2.35 and 6.95 +/- 1.53 in cancer cases and controls, respectively. The SCE values of cancer cases deviate significantly from that of controls. The SCE in chromosome groups E, F, and G was found to be more in comparison to controls (P less than 0.001). This preliminary study indicates the possibility of using SCE as a preclinical marker. PMID- 7106753 TI - Regional mapping of the locus for hexokinase-1 (HK1) to 10p11 equals to q23 by gene dosage in human fibroblasts. PMID- 7106752 TI - Heterogeneity of "Mediterranean type" glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Spain and description of two new variants associated with favism. AB - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD); EC 1.1.1.49 from thirty-six unrelated Spanish males was partially purified from blood, and the variants were characterized biochemically and electrophoretically according to the methods recommended by the world Health Organization. Subjects were from multiple geographic regions within Spain, and all suffered from hemolytic anemia, either acute (34 cases) or chronic nonspherocytic (2 cases). Almost all the variants studied presented residual erythrocyte G6PD activity ranging from 0 to 10% of normal, and five different mutants were responsible for the deficient phenotype. Three variants were similar to others previously described: G6PD Mediterranean (11 cases), G6PD Athens-like (3 cases), and G6PD Union (2 cases). The remaining variants were different from the numerous variants already reported and have been considered as new mutants. Provisionally they are called G6PD Betica (19 cases) and G6PD Menorca (1 case). The present study constitutes the first attempt to characterize the deficient G6PD variants found in Spain and supplies new data on the relationship between molecular characteristics of deficient variants and their clinical manifestations. The most important findings can be summarized as follows: (1) The Spanish population is characterized by an important heterogeneity in G6PD deficiency. (2) Although G6PD Mediterranean is very frequent, it presents a relatively high degree of polymorphism. (3) Favism has been observed associated with all kinds of variants described here. (4) G6PD Betica, which is the most frequent variant found in subjects of Southern Spanish origin, has been observed associated with favism in all cases except one. PMID- 7106754 TI - Quantitative studies on the arrangement of human metaphase chromosomes. VIII. Localization of homologous chromosomes. PMID- 7106755 TI - The central localization of the small and early replicating chromosomes in human diploid metaphase figures. AB - Centromere-center distances are analyzed in 700 metaphase plates, which belong to four different samples. The descriptive analysis of the chromosome distribution shows that smaller, earlier replicating, genet-dense chromosomes are preferentially found near the metaphase plate center, surrounded by longer chromosomes which finish their replication rather late during S phase. This general pattern is highly constant in diploid metaphase samples and independent of sex, culture time, and number of individuals used in the sample. There is accumulating evidence that this overall distribution is not the result of technical artifacts. The metaphase plate data are complementary to the concept of an interphase nucleus structure in which late-replicating, genetically less active chromatin is accumulated at the periphery of the nucleus, while other, earlier replicating chromatin is connected with the intranuclear matrix. Although the currently available data should not be overinterpreted, an extension of the "bodyguard" hypothesis, which was suggested for C heterochromatin, provides a functional interpretation for these data: The peripherally localized, late replicating genetic material protects the centrally localized euchromatin against mutagens, clastogens, and maybe also against viruses. PMID- 7106756 TI - The Clinical Lipid Research Clinic Family Study: familial determinants of plasma uric acid. AB - Commingling analysis of plasma uric acid levels in a random sample of 160 nuclear families supports the hypothesis that there is a mixture of three distributions. Assuming one, two, and three components in the underlying distribution, we obtained the corresponding p-values (for power transformation) as 0.059, 1.040, and 1.643, respectively. Path analysis with p = 0.059, 1.040, and 1.643 respectively. Path analysis with p = 0.059 gives genetic (h2) and cultural (c2) heritabilities as 0.256 and 0.199, without much support for intergenerational differences, assortative mating, or maternal effects. Complex segregation analysis with p = 0.059 supports multifactorial inheritance, consistent with the findings of Gulbrandsen et al. (1979) and Morton (1979) in other populations. This study also fails to support a major locus hypothesis, contrary to earlier reports. PMID- 7106757 TI - Distal 19q duplication. AB - Two brothers with a distal 19q duplication due to a maternal balanced reciprocal translocation were observed. Clinical features included intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, and mental retardation with seizures. Dysmorphic facies consisted of coarse hair with a high frontal hairline, short philtrum and nose, flat nasal root, and a broad mouth with downturned commissures. Both routine G-banded and high-resolution prometaphase chromosome studies were employed in evaluation of the family. The dysmorphic features and karyotypes of the affected brothers are compared with those of the two previously reported families with 19q duplication, and a common distal-19q phenotype is suggested. PMID- 7106758 TI - Segregation analysis of alpha-L-fucosidase activity. PMID- 7106759 TI - Homologous early replication patterns of the distal short arms of prometaphasic X and Y chromosomes. AB - Replication studies on prometaphasic human sex chromosomes reveal a distinct early replicating segment on both distal Xp ad Yp. These segments correspond to high resolution bands Xp22.3 and Yp11.3. The findings demonstrate synchronous replication of these parts of the sex chromosomes and correspond to the comparatively long stretches of Xp and Yp that participate in a synaptonemal complex. Furthermore these observations are compatible with Polani's view that suggests homologous segments with similar genetic information on both sex chromosomes (Polani 1982). PMID- 7106760 TI - Confirmation of regional assignment of gene for human esterase-D to chromosome band 13q14. PMID- 7106761 TI - A simplified procedure for haptoglobin subtyping. PMID- 7106762 TI - The genetic polymorphism of delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase in Italy. PMID- 7106763 TI - Cytogenetic abnormalities in a patient with hypercalcemia and papillary thyroid carcinoma. AB - Cytogenetic examinations on multiple peripheral blood cultures of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and hypercalcemia revealed with following features: (1) The average frequency of cells with aberrations was 11.6%, considerably higher than in controls. Among metaphases with chromosomal abnormalities, 4.5% has chromosome-type aberrations. (2) One homolog of chromosome 11 showed a fragile site in the proximal end of the long arm, and in three metaphases the segment distal to the fragile site showed "branched morphology." (3) The rate of sister chromatid exchanges was within normal limits (8.78/metaphase). (4) The patient's two sons showed 7.0% and 5.0% abnormal metaphases, in the high normal range. PMID- 7106764 TI - Extra band in the 9qh+ chromosome in a normal father and in his child with multiple congenital anomalies. PMID- 7106765 TI - Failure to detect polycystic kidneys in utero by second trimester ultrasonography. PMID- 7106766 TI - Abnormal cerebral cortical convolutions in an XYY fetus. PMID- 7106767 TI - Meiotic and synaptonemal complex studies in 45 subfertile males. AB - We describe the results of meiotic and synaptonemal complex (SC) studies in a selected series of 45 subfertile males with different meiotic and seminal alterations. SC anomalies (pairing anomalies, fragmented SCs, or presynaptic arrest) were observed in 32 cases (71.1%). In 31% of the abnormal cases, meiotic anomalies could only be detected through the study of SCs. The origin of synaptic anomalies may be related to the assembly of myosin molecules along the chromosomes. SC analysis should become routine in the study of subfertile males. PMID- 7106768 TI - Intracellular phenylalanine and tyrosine concentration in homozygotes and heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia compared with normals. AB - Assuming adequate technique, determinations of intracellular phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in lymphocytes are very reproducible. The concentrations found in this study (1981) in five homozygotes and five obligate heterozygotes for PKU and seven normals, are identical with the corresponding concentrations found in 1979 in 13 homo- and 19 obligate heterozygotes for PKU and 26 normals. The intracellular concentrations in six homo- and five heterozygotes for hyper Phe, as determined in the present study, are intermediate between the concentrations found in PKUs and normals in the present and the former study. As in PKUs, there is no difference between homo- and heterozygotes for hyper-Phe. The hypothesis of an intracellular threshold concentration for phenylalanine triggering the production of a toxic metabolite, could explain the severe brain damage observed in untreated PKU-homozygotes, the slight damage in well-treated PKU-homozygotes and in PKU-heterozygotes, and the absence of damage in hyper-Phe homozygotes (and heterozygotes). Also the difference in brain function between homozygotes for both conditions (PKU-treated), can be understood in spite of comparably elevated extracellular phenylalanine concentrations in young patients. PMID- 7106769 TI - A simple reproducible method for prometaphase chromosome analysis. AB - A method is described for the analysis of chromosomes in prophase and early metaphase. It involves culturing the lymphocytes in medium RPMI-1640, supplemented with 10% autologous plasma instead of fetal bovine serum. Living cells are treated with actinomycin D and colcemid for 1 h prior to harvest and harvested early at 65 h of incubation, using a hypotonic solution formulated by Ohnuki (1968). The method has been tested on several hundred clinical samples on a routine basis. On average, 30% of the dividing cells were in prometaphase. PMID- 7106770 TI - Genetic control of human apolipoprotein E polymorphism: comparison of one- and two-dimensional techniques of isoprotein analysis. PMID- 7106771 TI - Idiopathic hemochromatosis: demonstration of homozygous-heterozygous mating by HLA typing of families. AB - In five families with idiopathic (hereditary) hemochromatosis, clinical and biochemical expression of the disease occurred in offspring of probands, suggesting an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. However, HLA typing of subjects indicated that a homozygous-heterozygous mating almost certainly had occurred in four of the five families, resulting in homozygous offspring. Thus, in these families inheritance of the hemochromatosis trait was best explained in terms of an autosomal recessive or intermediate mode of inheritance. This study demonstrates the value of HLA typing in identifying homozygous-heterozygous matings in hemochromatosis families. PMID- 7106772 TI - Altered frequency of initiation sites of DNA replication in Werner's syndrome cells. PMID- 7106774 TI - Sexual behaviour is independent of H-Y antigen constitution. PMID- 7106773 TI - Transferrin C subtyping in Malaysians and in Indonesians from North Sumatra. AB - Malays, Chinese, and Indians from Peninsular Malaysia; Ibans and Bidayuh from Sarawak State; Kadazans from Sabah State, Northern Borneo; and Bataks, Minangkabau, and Javanese from North Sumatra, Indonesia, were subtyped for transferrin C by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. All nine populations studied are polymorphic for two alleles, TfCl and TfC2, TfC3 was polymorphic in six populations and present as a rare variant in the other three. The frequency of TfC1 ranged from 0.855 in Bidayuh to 0.711 in Javanese, that of TfC2 from 0.231 in Indians to 0.113 in Bidayuh, and that of TfC3 from 0.030 in Javanese and Chinese to 0.008 in Bidayuh. TfDchi is polymorphic in all the populations that we studied except in Minangkabau, in whom it is present as a rare variant, and in Indians, in whom it is absent. PMID- 7106775 TI - Chromosome abnormalities involving 11p13 and low erythrocyte catalase activity. AB - Two unrelated patients with clinical features of 11p13 deletion syndrome, 3 years old and 3 months old, are reported. The clinical features of the patients included mental retardation, aniridia, nystagmus, blepharophimosis, and genitourinary abnormalities. Both patients were apparently free from Wilms' tumor and gonadoblastoma. Prometaphase banding analyses revealed a 46,XY,del(11)(p1300p1500) karyotype in one patient and 46,XX,dir ins(11;2)(p13;q12q23) in the other. Catalase activities in the erythrocytes in the two patients were respectively 65% and 56% of those of normal controls, close to the expected values in hemizygosity of the catalase gene. These findings confirmed a close linkage of the gene for catalase and those for the aniridia- Wilm's tumor or gonadoblastoma complex. PMID- 7106776 TI - Roberts'--SC phocomelia syndrome with cytogenetic findings. PMID- 7106778 TI - Yqs in an American family of Scottish descent. PMID- 7106777 TI - Pyruvate kinase "Gottingen 1,2": congenital hemolytic anemia, evidence of double heterozygosity, and lack of enzyme cooperativity. PMID- 7106779 TI - A 15/17 translocation in a patient with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. PMID- 7106780 TI - Blood group, red cell enzyme and serum protein types in an Asaro village, Eastern Highlands, Papua New Guinea. PMID- 7106781 TI - Indian childhood cirrhosis--a heritable disease. AB - Pedigree charts of 20 families with an index case of Indian childhood cirrhosis, and 70 families of age-matched controls are analysed. Only 177 families were informative for segregation analysis. A single ascertainment model was used for analysis. The hypotheses of autosomal-recessive, partial sex-linkage, and doubly recessive inheritance were found untenable. Multifactorial inheritance was found more plausible. The estimates of heritability of liability were 0.904 for propositi sib and 1.587 for propositi cousins, which indicates a strong role of heredity in the etiology of the disease. PMID- 7106782 TI - Epidemiology and genetics of endemic goiter. II. Genetic aspects. PMID- 7106783 TI - ABH secretion in Northumberland, England. AB - The frequency of ABH non-secretory (29.2%) in a sample of 1,752 school-children resident in Northumberland is very similar to those reported in neighbouring populations. Allocation of individuals among four regions of Northumberland on the basis of residence and birthplace revealed no overall heterogeneity. However, those born in the south-east region exhibited a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher frequency of non-secretors than those born elsewhere. This suggests that ABH secretion can be added to the list of polymorphisms including ABO, Hp phenylthiocarbamide tasting and skin colour that distinguish the population of south-east Northumberland from the rest of the county. PMID- 7106784 TI - G6PD in immature and mature human brain. Electrophoretic and enzyme kinetic studies. AB - The isoenzyme polymorphism and kinetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in embryonal and mature brain were studied. Two types of electropherograms were found in embryonal brains: type I is characterized by two G6PD fractions: slow and fast, and in the type II a single, fast-moving G6PD fraction was seen in a single embryo. The additional studies carried out, namely reelectrophoresis following 2-mercaptoethanol and NADP treatment and the specific enzyme kinetics, i.e. altered Michaelis constant and enhanced utilization of the desamino-NADP analogue which are typical of the fast-moving fraction in embryonal brain, speak unequivocally in favor of the presence of a new, unknown, phase-specific isoenzyme of G6PD. Its synthesis takes place only during embryonal brain development. A probable autosomal localization for the gene of brain G6PD is suggested. PMID- 7106785 TI - Ascertainment bias for non-twin relatives in twin proband studies. AB - When families are ascertained through affected twins, as for example when twin probands are selected from a registry and their non-twin relatives studied, a correction for ascertainment bias is needed. It is shown that probandwise counting (where relatives of doubly ascertained twin pairs are counted twice) is the appropriate method. The bias resulting from pairwise counting is given and depends on the genetic model and on the probability of selecting an affected twin as a proband. For the multifactorial and generalized single major locus models the bias is small, and the problems associated with nonindependent ascertainment are negligible in practice. PMID- 7106786 TI - Evidence for association between alleles at two unlinked loci, GLO (glyoxalase I) and Hp (haptoglobin). PMID- 7106787 TI - Haptoglobin phenotypes in two series of breast cancer patients. PMID- 7106788 TI - Electrophoretic investigation of formaldehyde dehydrogenase from human tissues. PMID- 7106789 TI - Long-term neuroelectric signal recording from severed nerves. PMID- 7106790 TI - EMG pattern analysis and classification for a prosthetic arm. PMID- 7106791 TI - Theoretical analyses and computer simulation of ECG ventricular gradient and recovery waveforms. PMID- 7106792 TI - Classification of cortical responses using features from single EEG records. PMID- 7106793 TI - Analysis of periodic structure in model subcellular macromolecular arrays by Fourier processing of single line video signals in scanning transmission electron microscopy. PMID- 7106794 TI - A stimulator-regulated rapid-freeze clamp for terminating metabolic processes of the heart during normal physiological working conditions. PMID- 7106795 TI - On-line detection of respiratory events applied to behavioral conditioning in rabbits. PMID- 7106796 TI - 1/f fluctuation of heartbeat period. PMID- 7106797 TI - Fetal electrocardiogram enhancement by time-sequenced adaptive filtering. PMID- 7106798 TI - Parameter estimates in a five-element respiratory mechanical model. PMID- 7106799 TI - Phase-locked loop measurement of sarcomere length with high time resolution. PMID- 7106800 TI - Fitting the Hill equation to data: a statistical approach. PMID- 7106801 TI - On quantitative analysis of periodicity in neonatal respiratory signals. PMID- 7106802 TI - Classification of spectral patterns obtained from eustachian tube sonometry. PMID- 7106803 TI - The simulation of repolarization events of the cardiac Purkinje fiber action potential. PMID- 7106804 TI - A simulation study of the ventricular myocardial action potential. PMID- 7106805 TI - The measurement of heart rate variability spectra with the help of a personal computer. PMID- 7106806 TI - Measurement of eye movement with a ferromagnetic contact ring. PMID- 7106807 TI - A quantitative approach for correction of background counts: determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide angiocardiography. PMID- 7106808 TI - Multichannel signal processing based on logic averaging. PMID- 7106809 TI - Frequency modulation of heart rate of increase low-frequency content of cardiovascular signals. PMID- 7106810 TI - The four-electrode resistivity technique as applied to cardiac muscle. PMID- 7106811 TI - Minimum energy pulsing by cardiac pacemakers. PMID- 7106812 TI - Micropower pulse frequency modulator for use in an optically isolated catheter system. PMID- 7106813 TI - Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: isolation & characterization of two trypsin inhibitors from bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum). PMID- 7106814 TI - Isolation, characterization & quantitation of uteroglobin. PMID- 7106815 TI - Lanthanides as blood anticoagulants: mode of action. PMID- 7106816 TI - Immunological characteristics of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human seminal plasma. PMID- 7106817 TI - Changes in glycoproteins in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. PMID- 7106818 TI - Partial characterization of four toxins from venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja). PMID- 7106819 TI - Amino acid composition of starch phosphorylase from banana (musa paradisiaca) leaves. PMID- 7106820 TI - VE-PPP study of C5, C6 hydroxy substituted derivatives of uracil. PMID- 7106821 TI - Physiological & biochemical basis of male sterility in African marigold: Part I- Peroxidase activity & its isoenzyme patterns. PMID- 7106822 TI - Phosphatidyl N-methylethanolamine in rat brain. PMID- 7106823 TI - Physicochemical properties of threonine dehydratase from goat liver. PMID- 7106825 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid cytomorphology. A new sedimentation apparatus. PMID- 7106824 TI - Ultrastructural and electron histochemical study of oral melanoplakia in Indians. PMID- 7106826 TI - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung lesions. PMID- 7106827 TI - Pattern of leukaemia in Raipur (Madhya Pradesh)--an analysis of 162 cases. PMID- 7106828 TI - Hodgkin's disease in children--histopathologic classification in relation to age and sex. PMID- 7106829 TI - Evaluation of prognostic value of plasma phosphohexose isomerase levels in leukaemia patients during therapy. PMID- 7106831 TI - Design of wax compensator device of radiotherapy. PMID- 7106830 TI - Cytodiagnosis of primary malignant melanoma at unusual sites. PMID- 7106832 TI - Detection and quantitation of immunoglobulins associated with tumours of the human oral cavity. PMID- 7106833 TI - "Role of bone scintigraphy in the management of patients with carcinoma of breast". PMID- 7106834 TI - Carcinoma of renal pelvis in horse-shoe kidney associated with staghorn calculus. PMID- 7106835 TI - Observations and management of carcinoma body uterus. PMID- 7106836 TI - Naked megakaryocyte nuclei--a clue to malignancy. PMID- 7106837 TI - Salivary nitrites in physiological and various pathological conditions including cancer. PMID- 7106838 TI - Lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) impairs the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages yet fails to affect their phagocytic activity. AB - The effect of acute infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) on two major functions of peritoneal macrophages was tested. Using a macrophage dependent T cell proliferative assay to test the antigen-presenting capacity of LDV-infected macrophages we found that LDV impairs the capacity of antigen presenting cells to trigger memory T lymphocytes. Endocytosis of antigen by LDV infected macrophages was similar to that of uninfected cells. In addition, the proportion of intracellular antigen versus membrane-bound antigen in LDV-infected cells were similar to that observed in uninfected mice. It appears therefore, that the impaired immunogenic effect of LDV-infected macrophages results from reduced immunogenicity of the membrane-bound antigen. Testing the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages we found that the uptake of radiolabeled antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes or bacteria (E. coli) by infected cells was similar to that by uninfected macrophages. In addition, LDV failed to affect the ability of peritoneal macrophages in a nitroblue tetrazolium reduction reaction which serves as an alternative parameter for measuring phagocytic activity. Our results support the assumption that LDV, which probably propagates in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, impairs some of the immunogenic functions of macrophages and thereby affects macrophage-dependent immune responses. PMID- 7106839 TI - Phagocytosis of C3b-coated sheep red blood cells by guinea-pig macrophages in the absence of antibody. AB - C1 was passively attached to tannic-acid-treated SRBC in the absence of antibody. EC1,4,2,3 were prepared by the stepwise reaction of EC1 with C4, C2, and C3. Contamination with IgM or IgG antibodies of the complement components used could not be detected by immunochemical methods; furthermore, possibly contaminating traces of antibody were removed by careful absorption of all preparations with erythrocytes. The C3b-opsonized SRBC were ingested by unstimulated guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and PMN leukocytes. Addition of purified IgM to the C3b opsonized SRBC did not substantially enhance particle uptake. It is concluded that C3b alone can act as an opsonin and triggers phagocytosis in the absence of antibody. PMID- 7106840 TI - Effect of spleen exposure to ultrasound on cellular and antibody-mediated immune reactions in man. AB - Spleen exposure to ultrasound has been reported to influence antibody response to sheep red blood cell injection in mice (decreased hemagglutination and hemolytic titers and IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b levels and elevated IgG1 levels). In a controlled clinical trial, we investigated the possible immunosuppressive side-effect of splenic exposure (2.0 mW/m2, 3.5 MHz, 5 minutes) to ultrasound on the immune response to Rubella vaccination in 41 anti-Rubella antibody-negative volunteers. The measured parameters (blood cell count, IgA, IgM, IgG including subclasses IgG1-IgG4, isoagglutinins, anti-Rubella hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers, complement C3, skin tests to mumps and tuberculin, T, B and O lymphocytes, esterase-positive and negative T-cell subsets) suggest changes dependent on the time of vaccination, but provide no evidence of an immunosuppressive effect of ultrasound in man. PMID- 7106841 TI - Antigens and allergens in Dermatophagoides farinae mite. II. Purification of AG f1, a major allergen in Dermatophagoides farinae. PMID- 7106842 TI - Grass pollen hypersensitivity in mice. PMID- 7106843 TI - Human monocyte binding of homologous monomer and complexed IgG. AB - Human peripheral blood monocyte binding of homologous IgG has been studied using monomer and covalently cross-linked dimer and trimer. A competitive radioassay using enriched monocytes was employed to determine the association constant (Ka) and the number of receptor sites per cell. Monomer and dimer bound with very similar Ka values (7.15 X 10(7) and 7.14 X 10(7)LM-1) whereas a slightly higher figure was obtained with trimer (8.9 X 10(7)LM-1). The number of receptor sites for dimer and trimer (90.5 and 107.5 X 10(3)/cell, respectively) were much greater than for monomer (14.5 X 10(3)/cell). Inhibition of dimer and trimer binding by monomer gave heterogenous Scatchard plots, each with two components. These findings suggest that human peripheral blood monocytes possess two types of Fc receptor, one of high affinity binding monomer and complexes and one of low affinity which predominantly binds complexes. PMID- 7106844 TI - Experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in guinea-pigs: effects on renal lesions of cyclophosphamide administered before and after tubular basement membrane immunization on renal lesions. PMID- 7106847 TI - Studies on cutaneous autonomic nerve functions in some dermatoses. PMID- 7106846 TI - Eradication strategy for leprosy and the role of specialised and generalised health workers in the campaign. PMID- 7106845 TI - Differential sensitivity of lymphocyte subsets to corticosteroid treatment. AB - Corticosteroid treatment of SJL mice produced a marked decrease in the number of viable lymphocytes obtained 48 hr later from the thymus, spleen and lymph node but no change in peripheral blood. Within the residual lymphocyte population there was a fall in the relative number of splenic B cells with increasing dose; in contrast the proportion of B cells increased in the lymph nodes. The most marked change however was a dose-related increase inthe Lyt-2+ population in all of the lymphoid organs examined including the thymus though, in this organ alone, the lowest dose caused a pronounced reduction in the Lyt-2+ population, since most immature thymocytes are Lyt-2+. These findings support the concept that mature thymocytes have phenotypic identity with peripheral T cells and provide a basis for the immunosuppressive action of corticosteroids. PMID- 7106848 TI - Tensio-mechanical properties of normal human skin. PMID- 7106849 TI - Physiological study of cutaneous vascular responses in some common dermatoses. PMID- 7106850 TI - A study on psychological & dermatophysiological aspects of chronic urticaria cases. PMID- 7106851 TI - A biochemical study of some common pigmentary disorders with reference to estimation of copper, sulfhydryl and glutathione contents of blood. PMID- 7106852 TI - A clinicopathological study of common dermatoses of unknown aetiology with reference to serum electrophoretic patern changes. PMID- 7106853 TI - Leprosy--a major community health problem in pediatric age group. PMID- 7106854 TI - Nucleolar RNA synthesis & segregation pattern in alpha-amanitin treated rat kangaroo cells. PMID- 7106855 TI - Effect of immunosuppressants in mice: Part I--Promethazine hydrochloride and hydrocortisone acetate treatments during experimental infections of Ancylostoma caninum and Nematospiroides dubius. PMID- 7106856 TI - Choleretic action of furosemide in dogs: effect of bilateral ligation of renal pedicles. PMID- 7106857 TI - Effect of uptake blockers on 5-hydroxytryptamine & noradrenaline induced responses on rat anococcygeus muscle. PMID- 7106858 TI - Evaluation of spatial cardiac vectors in healthy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with orthogonal lead system. PMID- 7106859 TI - Degradation of benzoate & salicylate by Aspergillus niger. PMID- 7106860 TI - On the transport of 2-aminoisobutyric acid in Chlamydomonas protoplasts. PMID- 7106861 TI - Effect of L-thyroxine sodium on skeletal muscle of frog. PMID- 7106862 TI - Nomenclature for chicken major histocompatibility (B) complex. PMID- 7106863 TI - Identification of haplotypes of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (B). PMID- 7106864 TI - Recognition of human minor alloantigen(s) by cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro. AB - Lymphocytes from an extensively transfused patient with aplastic anemia were induced to cytotoxicity against target cells from several HLA-matched siblings by in vitro stimulation with allogeneic cells. Effective stimulating cells shared HLA-B7 with the patient, but not all B7 individuals were effective. An additional factor, which was found to segregate in both the patient's and an unrelated sibship, was also necessary. Segregation of this minor alloantigen, W, was also revealed among the patient's HLA-matched sibs by differential susceptibility to lysis by effectors from the patient. The ratio of six positive to four negative siblings suggests that the antigen difference might be coded by a single locus. Lymphocytes from a normal sib, who like the patient is lacking the minor antigen, could not be induced to cytotoxicity against positive targets. Thus in vivo sensitization of the donor of the responding cells appears to be necessary for the demonstration of the cytotoxic response to the minor antigen in vitro. No correlation was observed between the segregation pattern of W and of known blood group antigens, and no cytotoxic antibody to W was detected in the patient's serum in several trials. PMID- 7106865 TI - Further polymorphism of the Tla locus defined by monoclonal TL antibodies. AB - Six new monoclonal TL antibodies are described. At least one new TL antigen is defined (TL.7), and at least one more Tla allele, bringing the total number of known Tla alleles to six. Five of the monoclonal antibodies, and probably all six, identify distinct TL antigenic specificities. Four of these antigens conform in strain distribution and expression on leukemia cells to antigens defined by conventional antisera. The data contain a hint that monoclonal TL antibodies like TL.m6 may serve to identify a region of the Tla gene, which determines whether or not prothymocytes will respond to physiological induction by expressing TL, and thus may provide a means to study the regulatory mechanism that determines whether mouse strains are phenotypically TL+ or TL-. PMID- 7106866 TI - Molecular weight determination of two genetically linked cell surface murine antigens: ThB and Ly-6. AB - Various murine tumor lines were screened by FACS analysis for the surface antigens ThB and Ly-6.2. Positive cell lines were used for immunoprecipitation studies. A monoclonal ThB-specific antibody immunoprecipitated a unique acidic protein of approximately 16 000 daltons from several positive tumors and from concanavalin A (Con-A) and LPS activated splenic lymphocytes. Monoclonal Ly-6.2 specific antibody was used to immunoprecipitate a 33 500 dalton protein that was shown to exist in four similarly sized forms with different basic charges. In the course of these studies, the apparent molecular weight of the surface antigen T 30, immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal T 30-specific antibody from the cell line EL4, was found to be approximately 25 000 daltons. PMID- 7106868 TI - Serum fucose versus ESR in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 7106867 TI - Inhibition of killer-target cell interaction by monoclonal anti-Ly-m11 antibody. PMID- 7106869 TI - Cardiovascular autonomic functions in leprosy. PMID- 7106870 TI - Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of commonly encountered gram-negative bacilli in a New Delhi hospital. PMID- 7106871 TI - In vivo and in vitro correlation of cell mediated immune response in preschool children after BCG in relation to their nutritional status. PMID- 7106872 TI - Application of heart rate variability analysis of detect foetal distress. PMID- 7106873 TI - Evaluation of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in patients of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. PMID- 7106874 TI - Maximal oxygen uptake in boys. PMID- 7106875 TI - Height and weight as predictors of some body measurements in healthy Indian males. PMID- 7106877 TI - Cardiac conduction system in rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 7106876 TI - Lipoprotein composition of normal healthy subjects in northern India. PMID- 7106878 TI - Plasma zinc in relation to creatinine, electrolytes, and albumin in renal failure. PMID- 7106879 TI - The significance of blood cholinesterase systems in monitoring morphine tolerance. PMID- 7106880 TI - Biogenic amine changes in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid during sleep and wakeful states. PMID- 7106882 TI - Osteomedullographic studies in electrically stimulated experimental fracture healing. PMID- 7106881 TI - Periodontal ligament, extra-oral period and use of fluorides in replantation of teeth. PMID- 7106883 TI - Effect of prolonged low power microwave radiation on peripheral leucocyte counts in rabbits. PMID- 7106884 TI - Influence of Tridax procumbens on wound healing. PMID- 7106885 TI - Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum L.) therapy against experimental dermatophytosis in rabbits. PMID- 7106886 TI - Congenital rubella following inapparent rubella infection. PMID- 7106887 TI - Antibodies to Vibrio cholerae somatic and enterotoxin antigens in human colostrum. PMID- 7106888 TI - Salmonella oranienburg infection in a neonatal unit in New Delhi. PMID- 7106889 TI - A preliminary report on serum enzyme changes in guineapigs infected with Coxiella burnetii. PMID- 7106890 TI - Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi against insecticides. PMID- 7106891 TI - Effect of intramuscular iron therapy in anaemic pregnant women. PMID- 7106892 TI - A longitudinal study on anaemia of pregnancy in a rural population of Uttar Pradesh. PMID- 7106893 TI - Diuretic therapy in pregnancy induced hypertension and pregnancy edema. PMID- 7106894 TI - Release of oxytocin by 15 (S)-15 methyl PGF2 alpha. PMID- 7106896 TI - Impairment of hepatic drug metabolism in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. PMID- 7106898 TI - Evaluation of carbonated solution of xylocaine as local anaesthetic. PMID- 7106899 TI - In vivo suppression of syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma by macrophages and lymphocytes. PMID- 7106900 TI - Effect of high ambient temperature induced heat stress on the functions of small intestine and colon in albino rats. PMID- 7106901 TI - Tensile properties of scalp hair in psoriasis. PMID- 7106902 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of serum iron with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol-4 sulphonic acid. PMID- 7106904 TI - Production and study of experimental diabetes in mice with alloxan. PMID- 7106905 TI - Studies on dermatomycoses in Calicut (Kerala). Clinical and mycological investigations. PMID- 7106906 TI - Evaluation of cytodiagnosis by imprint method in breast tumours. PMID- 7106907 TI - Evaluation of imprint cytodiagnosis in cases of lymphadenopathy. PMID- 7106908 TI - Anaerobic meningitis. PMID- 7106909 TI - Studies on the stability of tetanus and pertussis components of DPT vaccine on exposure to different temperatures. PMID- 7106910 TI - Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Jabalpur area. PMID- 7106911 TI - Histological and ultrastructural changes in skin following vaccinia virus inoculation in rabbits. PMID- 7106912 TI - Evaluation of the cell mediated immune response in goats by phytohaemagglutinin. PMID- 7106913 TI - Yolk sac tumour of testis (A report of 7 cases and review of literature). PMID- 7106914 TI - Cavernous haemangioma of the ovary-case report. PMID- 7106915 TI - Mesonephroma-a case report. PMID- 7106917 TI - Eosinophil count in premature infants. PMID- 7106916 TI - Neurological status of the newborn in relation to prenatal and perinatal factors. PMID- 7106918 TI - Plasma ascorbic acid levels in children with acute illness. PMID- 7106919 TI - Pediatric dermatoses and eradication in slums. PMID- 7106920 TI - Bilateral basal arterial occlusions with telangiectasia over basal ganglia (Moyamoya disease). PMID- 7106921 TI - Infantile autism in Kenya. PMID- 7106922 TI - Neonatal pleural effusion due to chylothorax. PMID- 7106923 TI - Pediatric nephrology in India. PMID- 7106924 TI - Nephrotic syndrome in children: an overview. PMID- 7106925 TI - Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. PMID- 7106926 TI - Immune globulins for protection against viral hepatitis. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices, U.S.A. PMID- 7106927 TI - Hypertension in children. PMID- 7106929 TI - Urinary tract infections. PMID- 7106928 TI - Acute renal failure in Delhi. PMID- 7106930 TI - Peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7106931 TI - Anaerobic bacterial infections in children-Part II. PMID- 7106932 TI - Human milk banking. PMID- 7106933 TI - Baroreceptor reflex influence on peripheral circulations in salt-loading hypertension in dogs. AB - To determine the importance of cardiovascular reflexes in the vasodilation found in skeletal muscle in the early stages of salt-loading hypertension in dogs, we gave for several days an intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride, 190 ml/kg/day, to seven dogs with their renal mass reduced following extensive destruction of their arterial baroreceptor afferents. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (electromagnetic flowmeter), and regional blood flows (radioactive microspheres) were measured sequentially and the results compared with those obtained in five control dogs. The salt-loaded animals exhibited an increase in cardiac output and in arterial pressure on the first day of infusion. Blood flow to the splanchnic area, the skin, the bone, the skeletal muscle, the heart, the lungs and the brain increased significantly, but vascular conductance was unchanged in most territories, including skeletal muscle. After 5 to 7 days, cardiac output returned toward control values, but pressure remained elevated. Apart from the myocardium, the regional blood flows were normalized and the conductances were decreased. These results indicate that cardiovascular reflexes are responsible for the transient early vasodilation in skeletal muscle which characterizes salt-loading hypertension in intact animals. PMID- 7106935 TI - Heparin lowers the blood pressure in hypertensive rats. AB - This study describes the effect of heparin on blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance in spontaneously hypertensive and one-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Administration of heparin (200 units/day/rat) for 8 weeks to young (6-week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) resulted in an attenuated rise in blood pressure; mean blood pressure in heparin-treated SHR (180 +/- mm Hg) was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than that in control SHR (205 +/- 7 mm Hg). Similar heparin treatment started immediately after the induction of one-kidney, one clip (Goldblatt) hypertension reduced the rise in blood pressure. After 4 weeks of treatment, heparin-treated Goldblatt hypertensive rats had much lower blood pressure (150 +/- 4 mm Hg) than did control rats (7178 +/- 8 mm Hg). The difference was highly significant (p less than 0.01). Similarly, heparin treatment also lowered the blood pressure in rats with developed Goldblatt hypertension. After the cessation of heparin treatment, the blood pressure returned to pretreatment level in these rats. When compared to vehicle-treated rats, heparin-treated animals with either spontaneous or Goldblatt hypertension concomitantly exhibited a significant increase in cardiac output, and significant decreases in total peripheral resistance and packed cell volume. Further, the left ventricular weight to body weight ratio was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in heparin-treated than control animals. Since a relationship seems to exist between an increase in packed cell volume and blood viscosity and the rise in arterial pressure, this blood-pressure-lowering effect of heparin may be attributed to a decrease in packed cell volume. PMID- 7106934 TI - Role of extracellular volume expansion in the development of DOC-salt hypertension in the rat. AB - Changes in inulin space, plasma and blood volume, exchangeable and "noninulin" sodium were studied during the prehypertensive, early and late hypertensive stages of deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt administration in the rat. The effect of an acute water load in previously nephrectomized animals was also studied. Hypertension developed after 1 to 2 weeks of the DOC-salt regimen and was always preceded by enlargement of the inulin space and increased plasma and blood volume. Expansion of extracellular fluids receded when blood pressure started to rise but reappeared after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment. Plasma sodium was high only in the hypertensive groups. An acute water load increased blood pressure of normal rats and decreased blood pressure of DOC-salt early hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that extracellular volume expansion inhibits a vasopressor mechanism that involves vasopressin and could be stimulated by hypernatremia. PMID- 7106936 TI - Type of obesity and blood pressure. AB - To explore the relationship between blood pressure on the one hand and body composition variables and fat cell size and number on the other, these factors were determined in a population sample (n = 120) of 49-year-old men with blood pressure (BP) ranging from very low to very high. BP increased linearly with body weight throughout the entire BP range, while body fat and fat cell size increased with increasing BP in the nonhypertensive but not in the hypertensive BP range. Body cell mass and fat cell number were unrelated to BP. Fat cell size (but not fat cell number) was positively correlated with most variables of glucose metabolism. It can be concluded that in normal men: the previously well established relationship between body weight and BP is explained by an association between body fat and BP; BP is positively correlated with increased fat cell size, indicating hypertrophic obesity, while BP is unrelated to fat cell number; and increased fat cell size is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. The results point to the possibility that hypertrophic obesity and essential hypertension may be related to each other via common pathogenetic mechanisms. PMID- 7106937 TI - Essential hypertension: sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes from patients and from children having one hypertensive parent. AB - This report deals with the possibility that there is a specific change of the lithium transport across the membrane of erythrocytes from patients with essential hypertension. Sodium-lithium countertransport was significantly increased (p less than 0.005) in erythrocytes from 17 males with essential hypertension (mean 0.7 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.4-1.6) compared to a group of 16 normotensive males (mean, 0.4 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.3 0.6). A considerable overlap between the values from patients and controls was found. No significant increase of the transport function was found in a group of 14 female patients (mean 0.4 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.2-0.6) compared with 10 normotensive female controls (mean 0.3 mmole (liter c hr)-1, range 0.3 0.6). A considerable overlap between the values from patients and controls was found. No significant increase of the transport function was found in a group of 14 female patients (mean 0.4 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.2-0.6) compared with 10 normotensive female controls (mean 0.3 mmole (liter c hr)-1, range 0.3 0.6). A considerable overlap between the values from patients and controls was found. No significant increase of the transport function was found in a group of 14 female patients (mean 0.4 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.2-0.6) compared with 10 normotensive female controls (mean 0.3 mmole (liter cells X hr)-1, range 0.1-0.6). Determination of sodium-lithium countertransport in red blood cells from nine children with and 14 without known familial disposition for essential hypertension did not demonstrate a close coupling between genetic disposition and the membrane transport function. In spite of the very small intraindividual variability of the transport function, studies of changes in sodium-lithium counter-transport are hampered by considerable interindividual variability of the transport in red cells from apparently normal individuals. PMID- 7106938 TI - Clinic attendance in the hypertension detection and follow-up program. PMID- 7106940 TI - Strange companionship. PMID- 7106941 TI - Current perspectives in hypertension. A symposium on food, nutrition, and health. Princeton, New Jersey, March 29-31, 1962. PMID- 7106939 TI - High molecular weight angiotensinogen levels in hypertensive pregnant women. AB - An apparent high molecular weight angiotensinogen (H-Aogen) can be separated from the usually predominant low molecular weight angiotensinogen (L-Aogen) by gel filtration of plasma. H-Aogen has been quantitated in plasma from normotensive menstruating women, estrogen treated women, normotensive pregnant women, women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and women whose preexisting hypertension was exacerbated during pregnancy. When expressed as a percent of the total angiotensinogen, the H-Aogen levels were: menstruating women 4%, estrogen treated women 10%, normotensive pregnant women 16%, women with PIH 25%, and pregnant women with exacerbated hypertension 28%. A significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between H-Aogen concentration in normotensive pregnant women and women with PIH (1.10 +/- 0.12 and 1.73 +/- 0.16 micrograms angiotensin I/ml plasma respectively). In some hypertensive pregnant women, H-Aogen is the predominant form of angiotensinogen. Thus, H-Aogen should be recognized as a component of the renin-angiotensin system. PMID- 7106942 TI - Food choices for lowering sodium intake. AB - Excessive intake of dietary sodium is one form of affluent or industrial society malnutrition. When combined with a genetic-based sodium sensitivity, this high sodium intake becomes a factor in the etiology of hypertension. Most dietary sodium comes from food, natural of processed. Indirect measures of discretionary sodium intake, that from the salt shaker in the kitchen or at the table, put it at a level of 25% to 50% in the United States. Direct measures on a small sample of subjects indicate that less than 10% of sodium intake is discretionary. Anyone who needs to reduce sodium intake must, therefore, make major changes in diet. This requires information on the sodium content of common foods, the availability of low sodium analogs of popular foods, and a variety of low sodium condiments to provide more choice for the individual. PMID- 7106943 TI - Demographic, dietary, life style, and anthropometric correlates of blood pressure. AB - The relationships between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and select demographic, dietary, life-style, and anthropometric variables were examined for a specialized sample of 10,419 adults, 18 years and over, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I conducted in 1971-1974. The bivariate relationships of blood pressure to each of the measurements above were examined using zero-order correlation coefficients, and Step-wise linear regression. Age and body mass index (BMI) played a major role in accounting for most of the variance in blood pressure. These two indices alone accounted for 94.5% and 89.0% of the variance in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, only 5.5% and 11.0% of the changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were explained by all other variables combined. Diet explained less than 1% of the total variance observed for blood pressure for whites, and less than 5% for nonwhites. Select dietary variables such as sodium/potassium ratio, calories from fat, and % saturated fat were not significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated to blood pressure. On the other hand, food calcium, sodium/calcium ratio, food vitamin C, and calcium/phosphorus ratio were significantly correlated to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. PMID- 7106944 TI - Hypertension and the Department of Health and Human Services. AB - Hypertension affects from 17% to 25% of all Americans. Because of its fundamental charge to help protect the public health, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is substantially concerned with the condition. Additionally, hypertension represents a significant source of underwriting risk to which HHS is exposed in its role as health insurer of the poor and the elderly. HHS has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in hypertension research, development and testing of treatment regimens, and education of health care providers and consumers. However, much of the etiology of hypertension still eludes us. Sodium's apparent importance as a "causal" agent to the development of hypertension, and in its treatment, has waxed and waned over the past several generations; research to date has not yet finally settled the issue. Is sodium or some other cation the key? While research on this issue continues, HHS is currently faced with deciding whether and how to require inclusion of sodium content in nutrition labelling. In the debate, attention has to be given not only to the current best evidence on sodium; additional issues of consumer choice, costs, and education are also of importance. PMID- 7106945 TI - Contributions of volunteer health organizations to the formulation of public health policy. Commentary. PMID- 7106946 TI - Public health issues and intervention programs in hypertension. Some public policy concerns in managing hypertension. PMID- 7106947 TI - Drug and dietary intervention in hypertension. AB - Antihypertensive drug treatment has been shown to be efficacious in reducing mortality, morbidity, and end-organ damage from hypertension. However, the health care consequences of providing continued antihypertensive therapy for approximately one-fourth of the adult population has led to inquiry into the potential of nutritional change as an alternative therapy. The relapse rate for the return of hypertension after withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs is greater in the obese than in the nonobese patient. The relapse rate is also much greater if the hypertension was severe before antihypertensive drugs were started. A programmed course of dietary instruction enabled participants to drop sodium excretion by 50%, and to lose approximately 5% of body weight in 32 weeks. Adequate large-scale trials to determine the therapeutic success rate of dietary modification in mild hypertension have yet to be done. Studies have been initiated in the United States and Finland to determine the feasibility of dietary modifications as a means of preventing the occurrence of hypertension. This endeavor deserves the highest priority, for the magnitude of the problem threatens to overwhelm conventional means of provision of medical care. PMID- 7106948 TI - RDA and related tracking systems concerned with sodium. AB - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services have developed a five-point set of sodium initiatives aimed at moderation of sodium consumption, improved sodium-related information for consumers and health professionals, and improved consumer choice in the marketplace. Implimentation is fundamentally based on a voluntary premise, and indications to date are that the program is working. FDA has established a series of tracking systems to measure change over time, particularly relative to changes in the sodium content of the food supply, in the sodium content of American diets, in sodium labeling -- both quantitative and qualitative, in consumer understanding of the sodium-and-hypertension problem, and in consumer food purchasing practices. Some of these efforts are conducted in cooperation with other Federal agencies such as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Department of Agriculture. The epidemiological approach to measurement of the prevalence of hypertensive disease as provided by the periodic National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys is at the center of all other tracking systems to measure effectiveness of the national effort to reduce sodium intakes and thereby hopefully moderate the magnitude and severity of hypertensive disease as a major public health problem in the United States. PMID- 7106949 TI - Hemodynamic effects of alterations in potassium. AB - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Despite this fact, the systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of alterations in either serum K or in total body K are only partially understood. In isolated preparations acute K excess causes vasodilation while acute K deficiency results in vasoconstriction. Although chronic K excess may decrease arterial pressure in experimental models of hypertension, no definitive conclusions can be stated on the effect of K excess in hypertensive patients. In normotensive animals, chronic K depletion is associated with decreased systemic vascular resistance and increased renal vascular resistance. Although a number of studies have shown that K depletion ameliorates experimental hypertension, no definitive conclusions can be stated on the effect of K depletion in hypertensive patients. The vasodilatory effect of K depletion appears to be a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle since it is associated with an increase in total body Na as well as an increase in cardiac output and in renin ane arginine vasopressin levels. Although renin levels are increased in K deficient rats to a value comparable to na-depleted rats, angiotensin antagonism results in a substantially smaller decrease in arterial pressure than in Na-depleted rats (11 +/- 1.6 vs 24 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). This relative resistance to the pressor effect of angiotensin also results in a blunted pressor sensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II. Since changes in K balance appear to have a major effect on the control of hemodynamics, further studies are warranted to determine whether alterations in K balance would be useful in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 7106951 TI - Reduction of blood pressure associated with dietary polyunsaturated fat. AB - Evidence linking the beneficial effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat on systolic and distolic blood pressure is reported. Under controlled dietary conditions, i.e., when the polyunsaturated fat to saturate fat ratio (P/S) is maintained at about 1.0, with fat providing 25% of total energy intake, blood pressure is significantly lowered in healthy males and females in the 40- to 60-year age group. The subjects selected for these studies were either normotensive or mildly hypertensive. When the subjects resumed their usual diets, their blood pressures reverted to baseline values. Body weights of the subjects remained relatively constant in these studies, and sodium chloride intakes averaged 8 to 12 g per day. It is suggested that the lowering of blood pressure by dietary linoleic acid is mediated through prostaglandins. PMID- 7106950 TI - Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus balance in human and experimental hypertension. AB - The thesis that primary disturbances of divalent ion metabolism contribute to the development and maintenance of hypertension is addressed. Representative interactions of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus with normal cardiovascular physiology are presented. Established and postulated abnormalities of divalent ion metabolism associated with human and experimental hypertension are reviewed. The influence of calcium balance on blood pressure development in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat is demonstrated by the results of a diet intervention study. Twelve male SHRs were randomized at 4 weeks of age to one of three diets that differed only in the calcium content (0.25%, 0.5%, and 4.0% by weight). The SHRs' blood pressures stratified inversely (p less than 0.001) based upon the calcium content. The low calcium animals experienced a more rapid and greater rise in blood pressure between 4 and 20 weeks of age (p less than 0.01). Blood pressures of the supplemented SHRs (4%) peaked at a lower value (174 vs 192 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). After maturity, the 4% SHRs experienced an attenuation (p less than 0.01) of their hypertension (154 +/- 7 mm Hg, 4% SHR vs 176 +/- 7 mm Hg, 0.5% SHR). It is proposed that membrane-associated bioavailable Ca2+ is reduced in the SHR, and possibly in human, hypertension. Dietary calcium supplementation may reverse this defect, resulting in cell membrane stabilization and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. PMID- 7106952 TI - Hypothalamic vasomotor pathways mediating the development of hypertension in the rat. PMID- 7106953 TI - Vascular changes in DOCA hypertension. Influence of a low protein diet. AB - The goal of this study was to characterize the influence of low protein diet on vascular changes induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension. DOCA hypertensive and control normotensive rats were placed on a low protein (5%) diet for 4 weeks. This intervention blocked the further increase in systolic blood pressure of rats treated with DOCA; systolic blood pressures of control rats were not influenced by the low protein diet. The sensitivity of isolated mesenteric arteries to norepinephrine was increased in DOCA hypertensive rats compared to that in arteries from control rats; arterial strips from rats maintained on the low protein diet were less sensitive to the catecholamine than arteries from their respective control diet group. Vascular sensitivity to calcium was identical in both normotensive and DOCA hypertensive rats, and the low protein diet had no effect on this measure of calcium activation. Calcium-induced relaxation was depressed in arteries from DOCA hypertensive rats, suggesting a decreased stabilizing influence of the cation on the excitable membrane. Arteries from rats maintained on the low protein diet showed enhanced relaxation to calcium compared to those from their respective control diet group. Membrane stores of calcium available for activation by norepinephrine were increased in arteries from DOCA hypertensive rats; the low protein diet decreased the storage capacity of these membrane sites. The total protein content of the aorta was increased in DOCA hypertensive rats and depressed to control level in DOCA rats maintained on low protein diet. No change was observed in actomyosin content nor in the actin-to-myosin ratio during the DOCA hypertension or the addition of a low protein diet. Since one action of DOCA is to increase cellular protein synthesis, the attenuation of these vascular changes in DOCA rats maintained on a protein-deficient diet is probably due to a decrease in available substrate. PMID- 7106954 TI - The relationship between rectal and axillary temperature in children. PMID- 7106956 TI - Histological and histometrical studies of testicular hypertrophy following hemicastration of albino rats. AB - This project was designed to study the effects of hemicastration in male albino rats of different ages and weights. Significant compensatory hypertrophy was seen in young rats (5 and 20 days old). The concentration of seminiferous tubules was profoundly reduced while the tubular diameter was increased in young hemicastrated rats. The weights of the kidneys were increased while the weights of the adrenal glands were not different in hemicastrated young rats. These histological and histometrical changes may be associated with specific endocrine activity. PMID- 7106955 TI - Motor and sensory conduction in peripheral nerves of unanaesthetized streptozotocin diabetic and normal rats during ischemia. AB - Motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCVs) of ventral peripheral tail nerves of unanaesthetized streptozotocin diabetic rats were examined in comparison to age matched normal rats under normal and ischemic conditions. A miniature blood pressure cuff was applied to the base of the tail and was adjusted to provide complete vascular occlusion for 30 min. MNCVs were recorded during ischemia and in the post-ischemic period. MNCVs were markedly reduced during ischemia in normal rats but were unchanged in diabetic rats. Conversely, the sensation of heat induced pain was retained to an equal extent in normal and diabetic rats during ischemia states. The abnormal resistance to ischemia of MNCV of peripheral nerves is an early and sensitive index of nerve dysfunction and precedes slowing of MNCV in diabetic rats. The results suggest that initial peripheral nerve abnormalities in diabetic rats may be related to biochemical changes rather than axonopathy and may have heuristic significant for clinical diabetic neuropathy. PMID- 7106957 TI - Anterior cerebellum as a site for morphine analgesia and post-stimulation analgesia. AB - The microinjection of 10 micrograms Morphine into culmen region of anterior cerebellum produced profound analgesia in rats, and this was antagonised with intraperitoneal administration of naloxone. On the other hand, the same injection of morphine into lobus simplex and declive region of posterior cerebellum was without any effect on nociception. Further it was observed that chronic surgical ablation of culmen-centralis region of anterior cerebellum markedly diminished the duration of analgesia elicited with systemic administration of morphine, though ablation per se had no influence on nociception. Also, the focal electrical stimulation of culmen region for brief period exhibited post stimulation analgesia. These findings indicate that anterior cerebellum specifically plays some role in the modulation of physiological mechanisms of pain relief. PMID- 7106958 TI - Lung transfer factor (Tl) in a group of healthy subjects. AB - Lung transfer factor (Tl) was determined by employing single breath technique in fortyfive healthy young males, and twenty females. These subjects belonged to similar socioeconomic and nutritional status and were non smokers. Morning value of Tl in sitting posture was worked out by using Morgan's Pulmotest C while subjects were at physical and mental rest. Male subjects in the age group of (18 26) yrs (av. 21.0 yrs) and height 1.68 M and weight 58.5 kgs, showed Tl of 30.6 +/- 3.8 ml/CO/mm Hg/min and females of same age group, height 1.57 M and weight 49.1 kg, had Tl values of 25.5 +/- 6.2 ml CO/mm Hg/min. PMID- 7106959 TI - Tissue lipid profiles in orchiectomized albino rats. AB - Bilateral orchiectomy has been performed in adult albino rats and tissue lipid profiles were compared with the controls. Both the reproductive and non reproductive tissues and serum accumulated lipid with suppressed lipolysis on orchiectomy. The levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were elevated in all the tissues of orchiectomized rats. The phospholipid content of epididymis was significantly depleted, while the same was elevated in non-reproductive tissues. PMID- 7106961 TI - Effect of voluntary retention of urine on plasma and urinary biogenic amines as well as circulatory and respiratory responses. AB - Stress caused by voluntary retention of urine in 25 normal healthy volunteers has been estimated by measuring the levels of biogenic amines (serotonin, catecholamine) in blood and urine. Estimations were done before and after voluntary retention of urine. Plasma and urine catecholamines and 5-HT significantly increased after retention. Simultaneously rise in BP, PR, RR were also observed. Inference has been drawn that retention of urine may induce stress. PMID- 7106960 TI - Gompertz curve in physiology: an application. AB - Gompertz curve has been successfully used to estimate mortality intensities, recovery and relapse rates for human beings suffering from specific diseases. Perhaps, no attempt has yet been made to describe statistically the phenomenon of thermoregulation efficiency of man. This paper deals with the statistical approach for describing the above mentioned phenomenon. For this purpose, Gompertz curve has been fitted to the data of recovery palm skin temperature of human subjects, which was collected after removing the hand of a subject dipped for two minutes in cold water maintained at 10 +/- 1 degree C on seven environmental situations including altitude. The coefficients of correlation between observed and estimated palm skin temperature expressed logarithmically were close to 0.99 for each situation indicating the high precision of the fitted curve. The average rates of recovery of palms skin temperature have also been compared between these seven environmental situations using analysis of covariance technique. It is concluded that recovery of palm skin temperature of sea level residents during stay at plains is much faster than their recovery at high altitude situations. PMID- 7106962 TI - Effect of exhaustive ergometric exercise on blood coagulation, platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolytic activity in untrained young men and women. AB - Exhaustive bicycle ergometric exercise in 20 untrained male and female medical students in the age group of 18-25 yrs resulted in significant changes in clotting and prothrombin time, platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolytic activity. Clotting and Prothrombin time were reduced while platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolytic activity were increased in both the sexes. PMID- 7106963 TI - Seasonal variations in urinary calcium and sodium excretion. AB - Serum levels and urinary excretion of calcium, sodium and creatinine have been studied in 25 male subjects in summer and winter seasons. In contrast to the reports from the West, urinary calcium excretion was significantly less in summer than in winter. Urinary sodium excretion too was decreased in summer. The mechanisms possibly responsible for the observed seasonal variations have been discussed. PMID- 7106964 TI - Effect of ventral nerve cord transection on metabolic parameters in the nervous system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. AB - Periplaneta americana were subjected to unilateral transection of the ventral nerve cord, and the levels of soluble and total proteins and total carbohydrates were determined 30 days postoperatively. Total proteins showed a decrease while soluble proteins and total carbohydrates showed an elevation. These changes were correlated with the generation of giant fibers in the ventral nerve cord. PMID- 7106965 TI - Serum and tissue sodium/potassium changes in estrogen treated female albino rats. AB - Five control and ten estrogen treated albino rats were studied for changes in sodium and potassium in serum, heart, muscle, uterus and brain. The serum levels of sodium depleted significantly in the estrogen treated rats. Of the tissues studied, only uterus and brain had significantly sodium retention effect. The potassium levels on the other hand decreased significantly, both in serum and tissues following treatment with estrogen. PMID- 7106966 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in experimental drowning. AB - Healthy mongrel dogs were subjected to aspiration of 20 ml/kg of fresh water (group I) or sea water (group II). Fresh water as well as sea water aspiration produced an immediate and significant bradycardia and the heart rate remained appreciably low throughout the forty minute study period. Appearance of tall T waves was the chief electro-cardiographic abnormality seen in both the groups. Out of seven dogs subjected to fresh water aspiration, two died of ventricular fibrillation and the other five survived. On the other hand, out of seven dogs subjected to sea water aspiration, five died of ventricular asystole within 10 min. This shows that equivalent volume of sea water is more lethal than fresh water. Further it is concluded that ventricular fibrillation is common after fresh water aspiration whereas sea water aspiration commonly leads to ventricular asystole. PMID- 7106967 TI - Assessment of ascorbic acid status as revealed by lingual test. PMID- 7106968 TI - Modification of adrenaline mydriasis by agents acting on sulphydryl groups. PMID- 7106969 TI - Paracetamol augments the sotalol induced bradycardia in man. PMID- 7106970 TI - Neutrophil aggregation during migration in vivo. AB - Stacks of six membrane filters (8-mu pore size) were placed over the mouths of plastic tubes. The tubes were filled with casein (test) or NaCl (control) solution and implanted subcutaneously in white rats; each animal received one tube with casein and one control tube. After 12, 18, 24, and 36 h, the tubes were removed and the filters stained and examined microscopically. Immigrant neutrophils were found either individually or in spherical aggregations within the filter meshwork. Crucial factors in the formation of aggregates included the frequency of individual cells, the chemotactic milieu (casein or NaCl), the duration of exposure, and the location within the filter stacks. The size of the aggregates depended on the duration of exposure. The phenomenon of "neutrophil aggregation" is thought to participate in the formation of the granulocyte wall around a focus of inflammation. PMID- 7106971 TI - Synergy among agents inhibiting granulocyte aggregation. AB - Recent evidence suggests complement (C) -stimulated granulocytes (PMNs) are important in a variety of diseases, including shock and myocardial infarction (MI). Corticosteroids inhibit PMN response to C and show promise in some studies of shock and MI, but their use has not become routine for several reasons. Synergy was sought among agents inhibiting PMN aggregation in vitro in response to activated C: methylprednisolone (MP), with a 50% inhibitory dose (AD50) of 0.6 mg/ml; ibuprofen (IBU), with AD50 of 1.0 mg/ml, and betahistine (BH), with AD50 of 1.6 mg/ml. Simultaneous use of all three agents produced 3.4-fold synergy; 3 fold synergy obtained between IBU + MP and IBU + BH, while 1.5-fold synergy was noted between MP + BH. Further, MP and IBU were at least additive in inhibiting .O2- generation by FMLP-stimulated PMNs and in blocking directed migration. In a preliminary in vivo test of this finding, cats were given MP and IBU--in known individually ineffective doses--immediately prior to coronary artery ligation. Neither MP nor the low dose of IBU chosen limited the size of the resultant MI, while both agents together reduced MI size by 42%. Synergy among these agents suggests that they inhibit PMN function of distinct cellular mechanisms (as yet not elucidated). Further, early in vivo results encourage speculation that such synergy might ultimately be exploited clinically, although such speculation must presently be regarded as preliminary. PMID- 7106973 TI - Ataxia-telangiectasia. PMID- 7106972 TI - Lymphokine-induced uptake of [14C]glucosamine, [14C]glucose, and [3H]leucine by macrophages. AB - Lymphokine-activated (LK+) and control (LK-) macrophages were cultured for 66 h and then pulsed with [14C]glucosamine. Uptake of [14C]glucosamine was greater in LK+ than in LK- cultures. If, after 66 h, the medium was replaced with fresh medium and then pulsed with either [14C]glucose or [14C]glucosamine, the uptake of isotope was greatly reduced compared to cultures with no change of medium. However, uptake of both radiolabeled substances was still found to be greater in LK+ cultures than in LK- cultures. Although uptake of both substances was enhanced by lymphokines, the uptake kinetics of each isotope was different. Under similar conditions the uptake of [3H]leucine was not enhanced by lymphokine activation. These data are interpreted to mean that LK+ macrophages are metabolically stimulated and utilize more glucose and glucosamine. The difference in kinetics implies a different utilization by macrophages for each substance. PMID- 7106974 TI - More on small pox. PMID- 7106975 TI - Copper in Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome. PMID- 7106976 TI - Hepatic and serum copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 7106977 TI - Hemoglobin sickle gene in Afghanistan. PMID- 7106978 TI - Non-invasive evaluation of the heart in children: state of the art. PMID- 7106979 TI - M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. PMID- 7106980 TI - Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 7106981 TI - Body surface isopotential mapping. PMID- 7106982 TI - Use of radionuclide angiography in the noninvasive evaluation of ventricular function. PMID- 7106983 TI - Doppler echocardiography--an overview. PMID- 7106984 TI - Rare laryngeal foreign body in a child. PMID- 7106985 TI - Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. PMID- 7106986 TI - Internal carotid and vertebral artery occlusion in pediatric stroke. PMID- 7106987 TI - Phosphate addition to glucose solutions- effect on hypophosphataemia and risk of infusionthrombophlebitis. AB - The object of this study was to show (A) whether the transient fall in plasma phosphate during carbohydrate infusions could be prevented by adding 10 mmol phosphorus to 1 litre of 10% glucose solution, (B) whether this unphysiologically high concentration would change the vein damaging properties of the acid sugar solution, when the phosphorus was added as a phosphate buffer. Study A comprised 16 patients undergoing colonic surgery. On the second postoperative day the patients received 1 litre 10% glucose, half of the solutions were added 10 mmol phosphate buffer. Plasma phosphate dropped during the infusion in all the patients in the unsubstituted group, whereas there was no fall in the phosphate substituted group. The difference between the two groups was significant. Study B comprised 23 rabbits. Sequential analysis demonstrated that the phosphate addition did not change the vein damaging properties of a 10% glucose solution. PMID- 7106988 TI - [The utilization of parenterally administered amino acids in the postoperative phase. II. Calculation of an amino acid solution by pharmacokinetic criteria with 1st clinical trial]. AB - The composition of an amino acid (AA) solution suitable for the postoperative period was calculated on the basis of previously reported pharmacokinetic data, special attention being paid to the use of these data in pathological conditions. In preliminary clinical trials, 10 patients were infused with this solution during the first 3 postoperative days. AA blood levels were measured during continuous infusion of 1 g AA/kg body weight (BW)/day. Most AA blood levels normalized during infusion. 5 additional patients received increasing dosages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 5.0 g AA/kg BW/day) infused over 4 h. Nearly all blood levels lay within the normal range with dosages ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 g AA/kg BW/day. PMID- 7106990 TI - Treatment of trochanteric fractures with Ender's nailing in Chinese patients. AB - A prospective series of 100 Chinese patients with trochanteric fractures treated by Ender's nailing is reported. The average age of the patients was 79 years (range from 57 to 105 years). The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 18 months, with an average of 81/2 months. The mortality rate was 6 per cent. There was no incidence of non-union, delayed union or deep wound infection. Some special procedures in the operative technique to prevent complications are discussed. Weight-bearing walking could be started in the first week after operation in 63 per cent of the patients. The functional result at 6 months was good in 73 per cent. This method of limited operative trauma gave good functional results to patients, limited the blood loss during operation and reduced the operative time. The suitability of the currently available nails to the Chinese patients are discussed. PMID- 7106989 TI - Closed Kuntscher nailing: a clinical review after 20 years. AB - A long-term study of patients treated by primary closed Kuntscher nailing of fractures of the femoral shaft was carried out. Minimal reaming allowed nails of only 9.5-11 mm diameter to be used. One hundred and sixteen patients with 120 fractures treated in this way from 1959 to 1978 attended for clinical examination. Primary bony union was achieved in 98 per cent and the infection rate was less than 1 per cent. Full, unsupported weight bearing was possible at an average of 15.6 weeks. Symptoms and residual deformity were minimal. These results support the use of this technique in adults with most types of fracture of the femoral shaft. PMID- 7106991 TI - Detection of sacroiliac injury by bone scanning in fractures of the pelvis and its clinical significance. AB - Fifteen patients with stable pelvic fractures were investigated by technetium bone scanning of the pelvis and subsequently reviewed to study their recovery from this injury. Eleven of these patients had a significantly raised uptake of isotope over the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint suggesting a bone injury in this region, probably as a result of micro-avulsion fractures. All patients, with one exception, made a full recovery from their fractures within 4 months. We conclude from this that the region of the sacroiliac joint is frequently injured in isolated fractures of the pubic rami, but in the short term this has a good prognosis. PMID- 7106992 TI - Head injuries and skull radiography: clinical factors predicting a fracture. AB - Five hundred and ninety-eight cases were studied where the patients had been subjected to skull radiography because of a head injury. Concussion had been established in 231 patients and a more severe brain injury in 8. Forty-nine patients (8.2 per cent) had skull fractures. The relative frequency of fractures was the highest among those aged between 40 and 59 years (16 per cent). From among 16 variables, either clinical or pertaining to the history, 4 had clearly sustained a fracture of the skull, the statistically significant features being amnesia, unconsciousness for over 30 minutes, a wound and subcutaneous haematoma in the scalp and a reduced level of consciousness. On the basis of these signs the patients could be divided into two groups which differed in the frequency of skull fractures by a factor of five. The skull fracture was not observed to have influenced the patient's care or recovery, particularly if the patient had a concurrent brain injury. Based on the results, the indications for skull radiography in patients with head injuries can be identified and this can reduce the need for X-ray examinations to one-half and still reveal 80 per cent of skull fractures. PMID- 7106993 TI - Cementing v. not cementing the Monk endoprosthesis. AB - In a retrospective study, 45 patients who had Monk hard-top endoprostheses inserted with cement because of fresh intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck, were compared with 61 patients with uncemented prostheses. The average age, age distribution and the preoperative condition of the patients were well matched in the two groups. Thirty cemented and 39 uncemented cases were reviewed. The average time to follow-up was 29.9 months in the cemented group and 18.7 months in the uncemented group. A significantly lower mobility score and social performance score was found in the uncemented group when compared with the cemented one. No significant difference in the complaint of pain or in the range of movement of the hips was found between the two groups. On X-ray examination, no increased wear of the acetabular cartilage in the cemented group was found, but an increased tendency to loosening of the prosthesis was found in the uncemented group. In agreement with other studies it is concluded that the advantages to the patient with an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck of having a cemented prosthesis outweigh the disadvantages. PMID- 7106994 TI - Respiratory changes after fractures and surgical skeletal injury. AB - A study of respiratory function was conducted in a group of patients with fractures and in a group of those on whom total hip arthroplasty had been carried out. This study has particular relevance to 'fat embolism syndrome', the common occurrence of subclinical hypoxaemia after fractures and the symptom-free period of a day or two preceding the onset of the clinical effects of fat embolism. As far as is known, this important early period has not hitherto been studied with modern respiratory physiological methods. PMID- 7106995 TI - Drive-belt or patta injuries. AB - With increasing electrification and mechanization in rural areas, industrial drive-belt or patta injuries have posed a serious problem. Most of these severe injuries come to hospital. Eighty-eight cases admitted to the SRN Hospital which is attached to MLN Medical College, Allahabad, over 3 years from 1977 to 1979 have been reviewed. This type of injury constituted 3.22 per cent of the total rural orthopaedic accidents (36.27 per cent of total accidents) and involved, exclusively, growing children and young people of working age, It was directly responsible for 9.09 per cent of deaths. This serious and disabling accident usually resulted from neglect or carelessness of workers and lack of adequate safety measures. PMID- 7106997 TI - A new guard for Kirschner wires. AB - Means of providing adequate protective cover for Kirschner wires protruding through the skin were investigated. A new guard was developed which satisfactorily abolishes the difficulties associated with other forms of cover. PMID- 7106996 TI - Penetrating laryngeal injuries. AB - Five cases of penetrating injury are described, together with the complications that ensued. Although usually obvious, the diagnosis, can be missed. Tracheostomy is usually but not always required. In some instances simple X-ray investigations are helpful. In all cases exploration should be performed. The operative management is discussed. PMID- 7106998 TI - Tension band wiring of avulsion fractures of the medial malleolus: a modified technique minimizing soft tissue injury. PMID- 7106999 TI - Bone punch. PMID- 7107000 TI - Fracture-dislocation of the hip. PMID- 7107001 TI - Biological activity of a lipopolysaccharide extracted from Treponema hyodysenteriae. AB - A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was obtained from pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae by hot phenol-water extraction. Various effects of the LPS on host cells were examined in vitro. Toxicity for mouse peritoneal macrophages was observed after 10 h of incubation at concentrations as low as 15 micrograms of the LPS per ml. Marked enhancement of both complement (C3) and immunoglobulin G-Fc receptor mediated internalization was noted in macrophages obtained from mice injected 6 days previously with 75 micrograms of the material. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into murine splenocytes was elevated approximately fourfold when splenocytes were treated with 5 to 10 micrograms of LPS per ml. Incubation of the LPS with normal porcine serum resulted in the generation of a factor(s) that stimulated the migration of porcine leukocytes. Generation of the chemotactic activity was inhibited by heating the serum at 56 degrees C for 30 min before treatment with LPS. The results suggest that T. hyodysenteriae contains an LPS that is biologically active. PMID- 7107002 TI - Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization techniques for measurement of antibody to respiratory syncytial virus: implications for parenteral immunization with live virus vaccine. AB - The sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect low levels of antibody to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus was compared with a tube dilution neutralization test (NEUT) on sera obtained from children who received a parenteral live RS virus vaccine. Among the children who developed antibody in response to live RS virus vaccine. ELISA was as sensitive as NEUT at detecting antibody increases. Some children who did not have detectable prevaccine ELISA antibody possessed NEUT antibody; these children were generally less than 12 months old, suggesting that they had low levels of maternal antibody. Low levels of NEUT or ELISA antibody were associated with the absence of antibody increases after injection of live RS virus vaccine. The quantity of antibody stimulated by this live RS virus vaccine was small compared with that which was stimulated by naturally acquired RS virus infection. We concluded that ELISA is a satisfactory test for determining antibody to RS virus in vaccine field trials, given the understanding that low levels of preexisting antibody are not detected in some instances. PMID- 7107003 TI - Serum immunoglobulin A and antibody to M-associated protein in patients with acute glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever. AB - Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) was markedly increased in 80% of 50 patients with acute rheumatic fever in Trinidad in contrast to 20% of 63 patients with acute glomerulonephritis, whereas serum IgG was increased in nearly all of both groups. Since total antibody to M-associated protein (MAP) (assessed by complement fixation) is the only antibody as yet consistently found to be of higher titer in patients with acute rheumatic fever than in patients with acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad, it was measured and the titers were related to serum levels of IgA. The titers of total antibody to MAP were greater than or equal to 40 in 58% of the rheumatic fever patients, 43% of the nephritis patients, and 8% of well school-children. However, its presence in rheumatic fever patients did not correlate directly with amounts of serum IgA present (r = 0.0507). Moreover, titers of total antibody to MAP related equally well to enzyme linked immunosorbent assay indicated amounts of IgG antibody (r = 0.3939) and IgA antibody (r = 0.3054) to MAP in rheumatic fever patients but not in nephritis patients (r = 0.0301 for IgA antibody and 0.6909 for IgG antibody to MAP), whereas they related best to IgM antibody to MAP in the school-children (r = 0.4204). PMID- 7107004 TI - Virus inoculation in mice bearing Ehrlich ascitic tumors: antigen production and tumor regression. AB - Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, as developed in albino mice, has been used as a source of hemagglutinating and complement-fixing antigens, and it proved to be suitable for one type of antigen, or both, for at least 12 viruses of 16 tested. Hemagglutinins were obtained with members of arbovirus groups A, B, and C; complement-fixing antigens were obtained for at least one member of each antigenic group tested. Ehrlich ascitic tumor was compared with sarcoma 180 as a source of antigens; although sarcoma 180 showed many advantages over Ehrlich tumor, the latter gave, in general, better results for complement-fixing antigens. Oncolytic effect with complete recovery of the mice was observed in some instances. The highest recovery rate resulted with Congo and UNA viruses (40%), and the second highest rate resulted with dengue 2, St. Louis, Hazara, and Uukuniemi viruses (20%). The best survival was observed, in decreasing order, with Congo, St. Louis, dengue 2, Tacaribe, Sindbis, Junin, and Amapari viruses. PMID- 7107005 TI - Production and level of genetic stability of an influenza A virus temperature sensitive mutant containing two genes with ts mutations. AB - Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortant vaccine strains derived from the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 donor virus were not sufficiently stable genetically in humans. We therefore sought to produce a new, more stable donor virus. We had previously identified a stable ts virus with a ts P3 gene and in the current study identified another relatively stable single-lesion ts virus with a ts mutation in the NP gene. A new ts reassortant virus was constructed by mating these two single mutants and by isolating three reassortant progeny, clones 20, 53, and 55, that contained both a ts P3 and a ts NP gene. These reassortant progeny possessed a 37 to 38 degrees C shutoff temperature and were as restricted in their replication in hamster lungs as the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. All isolates from the lungs and nasal turbinates of hamsters were temperature sensitive. An in vitro stress test was used to determine whether the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant virus would undergo loss of its ts phenotype after replication at semipermissive temperature. Clone 20 and 55 reassortants underwent progressive loss of their ts phenotype in vitro, although at a rate slightly less than that of the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. The level of genetic stability after replication in vivo was assessed in cyclophosphamide-treated hamsters in which virus replication continued for up to 15 days. Again, both the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 and the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant clone 55 manifested a progressive loss of temperature sensitivity after 7 days of replication. Clone 55 virus lost temperature sensitivity significantly less rapidly than the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus. These results indicated that, although the new ts P3 ts NP reassortant virus was more stable than the A/Udorn/72 ts-1A2 virus, it nevertheless underwent progressive loss of temperature sensitivity after replication in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it does not appear to be a satisfactory donor virus. This experience plus that gained earlier with other ts mutants of influenza A virus suggest that influenza A virus mutants that rely solely upon their ts phenotype for attenuation are unlikely to exhibit the phenotypic stability required of a vaccine virus. Other genetic techniques are needed to produce more stable influenza A virus strains. PMID- 7107006 TI - Immunochemical identification of viral and nonviral proteins of the respiratory syncytial virus virion. AB - We identified by immunochemical methods 13 polypeptides associated with the infectious respiratory syncytial virus virion. Eight of these polypeptides (VP200, VP84, VP66, VP43, VP40, VP37, VP28, and VP19) were identified as virus specific. Two other polypeptides, (VP) 22 and (VP) 12, are provisionally considered to be of viral origin. Three nonviral proteins are also intimately associated with the infectious virion. These nonviral proteins were identified as cellular actin and two proteins with bovine serum albumin immunospecificity. VP40 was identified as the major ribonucleoprotein. Based on biochemical and biophysical similarities with paramyxovirus proteins, other respiratory syncytial virus proteins are believed to have these specific viral functions: VP84, "hemagglutinin"; VP66, undissociated fusion protein, F1,2; VP43, F1; and VP19, F2, VP66 contains a major determinant involved in viral infectivity since all neutralizing antibodies tested, including a monoclone, precipitated this protein. PMID- 7107007 TI - Age-dependent susceptibility of neonatal rats to group B streptococcal type III infection: correlation of severity of infection and response of myeloid pools. AB - A distinct age-dependent susceptibility to group B streptococcus type III (GBS) was demonstrated, utilizing a neonatal rat model. The most dramatic changes in susceptibility occurred within the first 7 days of postnatal life. To further investigate this susceptibility, experiments were performed utilizing two age groups of rats: (i) animals within the first 24 h of life (NB) and (ii) 7-day-old animals (7d). The infective dosage used was 10(4) GBS per g of body weight, a dose lethal to 100% of NB but only to 15% of 7d. The responses of the myeloid cells in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow were evaluated at intervals during the first 24 h post-GBS infection. The susceptibility of the NB to GBS appeared to be associated with a number of events, including smaller base line levels of myeloid elements particularly in the bone marrow, a lag of at least 2 h in their initial response to infection, and an inability to maintain the myeloid pools. The band form of neutrophils appeared to be the predominant cell type in both total number and rapidity of response to infection. Moreover, an initial depletion of this band form was seen in both groups, which returned to base-line levels with recovery in 7d but persisted until death in NB animals. Similarly, shifts in numbers of peripheral nucleated erythrocytes appeared to reflect changes in the myeloid storage pools, with numbers of nucleated erythrocytes significantly decreasing in 7d animals with recovery in contrast to persistence in NB until death. Therefore, shifts in these cells in peripheral blood during infection appear to reflect the state of myeloid storage pools which parallel disease outcome. PMID- 7107008 TI - Precipitation of measles virus proteins by immunoglobulin G fractions containing groups of oligoclonal bands isolated from sera of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. AB - Groups of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) bands were isolated from sera of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis by employing preparative isoelectric focusing. Six IgG fractions containing two to three oligoclonal bands with different isoelectric points were used to precipitate the proteins from Vero cells infected with measles virus. The results showed that all of the measles virus proteins except the M protein were precipitated by all of the IgG fractions and that the precipitation of viral proteins by the fractions containing groups of oligoclonal IgG showed slightly different patterns in some sera, whereas other sera showed no significant differences. The present study indicates that oligoclonal IgGs in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis sera are not specific to individual measles virus proteins. PMID- 7107009 TI - Administration of a highly attenuated, live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine to adults and children. AB - A highly attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experimental vaccine, RSV ts-2, was sequentially evaluated in adults, seropositive children, and finally, fully susceptible seronegative children. The vaccine was administered intranasally in doses ranging from 10(5.2) to 10(6.3) PFU/ml. In both adults and children, the vaccine proved to be poorly infectious. Although poor infectivity would not have been predicted from tissue culture studies of RSV ts-2 growth, the human experience closely parallels the experience in a series of animal models, including the chimpanzee. The poor infectivity of this RSV vaccine virus preparation suggests that the postulated defect in the RSV ts-2 fusion protein may be important in determining in vivo infectivity of RSV. PMID- 7107010 TI - Production of the Kanagawa hemolysin by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a synthetic medium. AB - A synthetic medium capable of supporting growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is described. Growth yields and generation times were comparable to growth in a complex medium, although Kanagawa hemolysin was undetectable in the synthetic medium. Upon the addition of single amino acids to this synthetic medium, only D tryptophan induced production of the hemolysin. L-Tryptophan was found to inhibit the action of the D-stereoisomer. The response to D-tryptophan was pH dependent; the greatest hemolysin expression occurred at pH values below 6.5. The addition of 100 micrometers D-tryptophan to early-logarithmic-phase cultures caused an inhibition of growth and of substrate utilization, both of which lasted 7 h. During this time, hemolysin was produced only intracellularly. The hemolysin appeared in the supernatant only when growth recommenced. The hemolysins within the cell and in the supernatant were both inactivated by antiserum raised against the standard Kanagawa hemolysin. PMID- 7107011 TI - Hydrolytic stability of pneumococcal group 6 (type 6A and 6B) capsular polysaccharides. AB - The hydrolyses of the immunologically cross-reactive and constitutionally isomeric group 6 pneumococcal polysaccharides, types 6A and 6B, were investigated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel filtration through Sepharose 4B, reducing-sugar analysis, and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that cleavage of the repeating-unit phosphodiester linkages at pH 10, 60 degrees C was considerably faster (greater than 10(3) ) for the type 6A than the type 6B polysaccharide. Under these reaction conditions, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance kinetic measurements showed that the Na+ form of the type 6A polysaccharide underwent phosphodiester-linkage hydrolysis two times slower than the corresponding Ca+2 form; a stoichiometrically excess amount of Ca+2 caused a 30-fold enhancement of the latter hydrolysis rate. The spectroscopic characterization of phosphorus containing end groups resulting from hydrolysis of the type 6A polymer provided additional mechanistic information. Heating the type 6A and 6B polysaccharides at 56 degrees C for various times led to gel filtration coefficients of distribution (Kd values) which indicated that the type 6A material underwent size reductions considerably faster than did the type 6B antigen; these increased Kd values qualitatively correlated with the loss of immunochemical reactivity measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The application of a statistical theory to the depolymerization of the type 6A and 6B polysaccharides was consistent with random bond cleavage, as evidenced by the calculated versus measured gel filtration patterns. Although the molecular changes causing the size reductions were not fully elaborated, it was established that the acetal linkages of the type 6A and 6B polysaccharides were comparatively resistant to hydrolysis and that depolymerization by hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linkage was a major factor only in the type 6A structure. It was concluded that the hydrolytic stability of the type 6B antigen would favor its use in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine rather than the cross-reactive, but comparatively unstable, type 6A polysaccharide, if all other factors are equal. PMID- 7107012 TI - Dissociated impairment of neutrophil functions and recurrent infections. AB - This report concerns the study of a 43-year-old woman with a four-year history of recurrent infection caused primarily by staphylococci. The patient was treated with various antibiotic combinations without long-term success. We found phagocytosis, directed migration and the capacity to kill Staphylococcus aureus to be impaired; the capacity to adhere to nylon fibre was normal, the non quantitative NBT reduction test was unaffected and we were unable to detect any humoral abnormality (e.g. in complement or immunoglobulins). The dissociated impairment of neutrophil functions was clearly improved by levamisole. PMID- 7107013 TI - Pharmacokinetic assessment of netilmicin in newborns and older children. AB - The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin were analyzed in 30 children, including 13 premature and seven gestationally mature newborns. Ten were children ranging in age from 3.5 months to 13 years. The newborns exhibited more variation in serum levels than the older children, and the premature babies more than those born at term. The serum half-life (t1/2), tended to show higher values in premature than in mature newborns, although this was not statistically significant. The newborns had a t1/2 of 5.9 hours, compared to 2.5 hours in the older children. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution volumes or coefficients between the two groups of newborns who had an insignificantly higher relative apparent beta-phase distribution volume coefficient of 0.420 l/kg, compared to 0.377 l/kg in the older children. All had distribution coefficient values within the same range. The total body clearance in absolute terms, and when referred to body surface of 1.73 m2, was significantly lower in the newborns than in the older children, but the clearance, when referred to body weight, was of the same order in the babies and older children. The age differences affect dosage. Dosage schedules based on pharmacokinetics are proposed for gestationally premature babies, mature newborns, and older children. Premature infants can receive 2.5 mg/kg body weight and gestationally mature newborns 3.0 mgkg, both every 12 hours; the monitoring of serum concentrations is mandatory. Children aged three months and older can receive 3.0 mg/kg every eight hours. PMID- 7107014 TI - Nosocomial bacteremia due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. AB - In 1980, 13 patients with positive blood cultures for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were detected in an 800 bed university medical center. Twelve of the 13 isolates were identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus and one as var. lwoffi. In the same period there were 361 positive specimens of A. calcoaceticus. Eight of the patients were classified as having significant bacteremia (Group A) with a serious infection in which Acinetobacter was considered a significant pathogen. Five additional patients, however, (Group B) had fever and only one set of positive blood cultures. The significance of these positive isolates was unclear to the attending clinicians. All but one Group A patient appeared to have acquired their infection during hospitalization. In this group, one patient had an underlying pneumonia as the source of bacteremia. In the remaining patients bacteremia was related to some form of invasive catheterization. Seven patients responded rapidly to appropriate antimicrobial therapy and one patient with terminal cancer died as a result of infection. This report reviews the clinical spectrum of Acinetobacter bacteremia, which can range from mild, possibly self limiting bacteremia to serious, life-threatening septicaemia, especially in compromised hospitalized patients. PMID- 7107015 TI - The suppurative abscess of an endometriosic ovarian cyst due to Salmonella brandenburg. PMID- 7107016 TI - The role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. AB - Bacterial adherence as a result of specific surface properties may be a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis giving certain types of bacteria a selective advantage to cause this disease. Adherence could interact with other pathogenetic mechanisms, and this interaction could promote or hamper the development of endocarditis. Dextran production by streptococci, the activation of the clotting system by monocyte tissue thromboplastin, and phagocytic removal of bacteria from the vegetational surface by granulocytes and monocytes are examples of interacting mechanisms that could contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 7107017 TI - The penetration of erythromycin into the middle ear. AB - The penetration of erythromycin was studied in 108 cases of secretory otitis media. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate was given orally in a dosage of 30-60 mg/kg/day and samples of middle ear effusion were obtained at different intervals. The concentration of erythromycin in the middle ear effusions reached the plasma level (1.1-1.2 mg/l) after 26 hours. The plateau levels were maintained during the steady state. Elimination was slow; 14 hours after the last dose of a ten-day treatment, the concentration of erythromycin in the middle ear effusions was still as high as 0.9 mg/l, compared to 0.2 mg/l in plasma. The concentration of erythromycin in the middle ear effusions surpassed the MICs of most respiratory pathogens. Erythromycin can thus be regarded as a suitable drug in the treatment of otitis media. Furthermore, since the respiratory mucosa reacts in a uniform manner to an inflammatory stimulus, the result of this penetration study is valid for inflammatory diseases in any area lined with respiratory epithelium. PMID- 7107018 TI - [The binding of erythromycin to proteins in the serum of humans during various infections (author's transl)]. AB - A large amount of the erythromycin in the serum is bound to acidic alpha 1 glycoprotein; the exact share is dependent on the concentration. The concentration of acidic alpha 1-glycoprotein can be elevated during infections. Thus, a larger amount of the erythromycin is bound, leaving less free antibiotic. PMID- 7107019 TI - [Campylobacteriosis in humans caused by subspecies intestinalis and fetus. Six new diseases (author's transl)]. AB - The subspecies intestinalis and fetus of Campylobacter fetus are opportunistic pathogens in humans. So far, some 200 types of disease due to these pathogens have been reported from all over the world, and six new diseases are briefly described in this paper. The most frequent disease is sepsis, followed by meningitis. While ticarcillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline are the antibiotics which show activity against these species, a large degree of resistance is seen against cephalothin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. There is a moderate degree of sensitivity to gentamicin. The epidemiology of the disease is not clear, and about twice as many men are affected as women. Subspecies intestinalis was isolated in 95% of all diseases. Antibodies to Campylobacter fetus were detected in 3.9% of the population. PMID- 7107020 TI - Campylobacter Enteritis. AB - Campylobacter jejuni (previously called "related vibrio") has recently become recognized as an important cause of acute diarrhoeal disease in many countries. As with other intestinal pathogens, the clinical picture of C. jejuni infection varies from symptomless excretion to severe disease. The incubation period averages two to five days. Fever, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea are the usual symptoms of campylobacter enteritis. Although it is normally a self limiting disease, complications such as cholecystitis, peritonitis, septicaemia and meningitis occasionally arise. The small intestine is thought to be the main site of infection, but the colon is also regularly involved. The disease might be more accurately described as an enterocolitis. Campylobacters, like salmonellae and yersiniae, are thought to be pathogenic by virtue of their invasive ability. Chemotherapy is usually effective. Erythromycin is commonly used for patients ill enough to require specific treatment. Although the infection can be transmitted from person to person, it is mainly a zoonosis with many possible routes of infection. Poultry is a potential source of infection, dogs may also transmit the disease and there have been major outbreaks of campylobacter enteritis from the consumption of untreated or inadequately treated milk and water. Further epidemiological work is hampered by the lack of suitable typing techniques. PMID- 7107021 TI - [Clinical picture of Legionnaires' disease (author's transl)]. AB - Legionella infections can take the clinical course of a relatively harmless respiratory infection. However, serious, atypical pneumonia is a more frequent manifestation of infection with these pathogens. As yet, six different Legionella species can be identified; Legionella pneumophila appears to be the most common. Legionnaires' pneumonia is being found with increasing regularity during summer and autumn in elderly male patients with previous illnesses. The clinical picture is characterised by viral "prodrome", high fever, a dry cough, breast pain, confusion, diarrhoea, haematuria, moderate leukocytosis with lymphopenia, low concentrations of sodium in the serum and negative results from microbiological analysis of the sputum and pleural exudate. Diagnosis is confirmed culturally, microscopically and serologically; the indirect immunofluorescence test is of particular value for this purpose. Erythromycin alone or in combination with rifampicin is the treatment of choice. PMID- 7107022 TI - [Diseases of the lungs caused by legionella species (author's transl)]. AB - Ever since the 1976 Philadelphia epidemic and the isolation of the causative organism by MacDade in 1977, numerous clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological papers have stressed the significance of the "new" causative organisms responsible for serious cases of pneumonia. On the basis of knowledge available at present, the Legionellaceae family accounts for these bacteria. There are five different species in the genus Legionella: L. pneumophila, L. micdadei, L. bozemannii, L. dumoffii and L. gormanii. L. pneumophila occurs most frequently and has six serogroups (Serogroups 1-6), the first of which is the most important. Legionelloses, the diseases caused by these organisms, occur epidemically, endemically or sporadically. In clinical terms, these are acute cases of pneumonia which occur especially frequently in older persons and immunocompromised hosts. The course is severe in such patients. There is increased lethality. Erythromycin, rifampicin and cefoxitin are the most effective antibiotics. After the culture has been made in the suitable milieu and the material obtained by pulmonary aspiration has been inoculated into guinea pigs, the bacteriological diagnosis is made by direct immunofluorescence. The serological diagnosis is based on evidence of serological changes demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence test. PMID- 7107023 TI - Erythromycin (2 X 1 g) as a Regimen for community-acquired pneumonia. AB - Erythromycin is regarded more and more as the primary therapy for community acquired pneumonia. In a prospective study, treatment with erythromycin was evaluated in cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Therapy was started intravenously with 1 g erythromycin lactobionate b. i. d., followed by 1 g erythromycin ethylsuccinate b. i. d., administered orally, until the patient had definitely recovered. Twenty-four patients with documented pneumonia were admitted to the study; five were excluded since the infections were caused by bacteria which were not susceptible to erythromycin. Nineteen patients responded well to therapy. No severe side-effects could be observed. Erythromycin (1 g b. i. d.) appears to be an effective, well-tolerated regimen for severe community-acquired pneumonia. PMID- 7107024 TI - [Binding, distribution and efficacy of erythromycin (author's transl)]. AB - The significance of the binding of antibiotics in humans in still a controversial question. In principle, only free, unbound antibiotic is considered to be diffusible and biologically active. With unimpaired measurements and a binding balance within the normal therapeutic concentration range, the free portion of erythromycin in the human serum is found to depend significantly on the total concentration of erythromycin. For example, for concentrations of 1, 16 and 24 mg/l, approx. 74%, 54% and 46% are bound (+38 degrees C). binding is temperature dependent and decreases with decreasing temperature. At +4 degrees C, 44% of 1 mg/l and 30% of 16 mg/l are bound. These binding characteristics are based in part on the properties of erythromycin's major binding partner in the serum - acidic alpha1-glycoprotein. Albumin only contributes slightly to the overall binding and is not concentration-dependent in the therapeutic range, i.e. it cannot be saturated. Binding phenomena have a decisive influence on the distribution of an antibiotic within an organism. In the case of erythromycin, the tissue levels in nearly every organ are higher, sometimes considerably higher, than the corresponding serum levels. We have shown the binding of erythromycin to cytosol and particle fractions in certain organs and compared this to the binding in the serum. The antibacterial principle regarding the efficacy of erythromycin is also based primarily on a binding reaction which maintains the concentration gradient for the intake of erythromycin in microorganisms. The kinetics ofintake (microorganism) are compared to those of binding (macroorganism) and referred to the minimum inhibitory concentration. PMID- 7107025 TI - [The pharmacokinetics of 1,000 mg erythromycin lactobionate i. v. in patients with respiratory tract infections (author's transl)]. AB - Pharmacokinetic data were determined in 16 patients with respiratory tract infections who had received 1,000 mg erythromycin lactobionate i. v. The infusion lasted 60 or 30 minutes. The peak concentrations were 33.3 mg/l (60 min group) and 34.4 mg/l (30 min group). The elimination half-lives were 2.0 h and 1.9 h. The concentrations are considerably higher than those found following the peroral administration of erythromycin. We did not find a cumulative effect after four administrations at 12-hour intervals. The clinical efficacy was good. PMID- 7107026 TI - Suppression of experimental allergic orchitis and cellular immune response in the guinea pig by pretreatment with testis antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. AB - Pretreatment of guinea pigs with homologous testicular antigen (TA) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) markedly reduced both the incidence and severity of experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) when animals were subsequently challenged with TA in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and examined at 2 weeks after challenge. The pretreatment rendered lymph node lymphocytes, particularly T cells, specifically unresponsive to the subsequent orchitogenic challenge as judged by antigen-induced in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response and blastogenic factor production, whereas antisperm antibody formation was not affected. The suppression induced was of a transitory nature, lasting 3 weeks after orchitogenic challenge, but between 4 and 5 weeks after challenge the development of EAO and aspermatogenesis became evident in parallel with the restoration of cellular immune responsiveness. Cyclophosphamide treatment 3 days before orchitogenic challenge abolished the preventive effect of pretreatment with TA in IFA. Transfer of serum obtained from pretreated animals failed to prevent actively sensitized recipients from developing EAO, which does not favor a possible occurrence of serum blocking factors in protected animals. PMID- 7107027 TI - Sequential mesenteric lymph node histological response following Trichinella spiralis infection. AB - The histology of mouse secondary lymphoid tissue was examined following infection of Trichinella spiralis. ICR/CD-1 mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis and sacrificed at either 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 or 56 days after nematode administration. The animals were bled and sacrificed, and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed from each animal. They were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut in 4-micron sections. Examination of serial sections demonstrated the sequential development of histological alteration in these regional lymph nodes. Hyperplasia was detected as early as 3 days after infection. Progressive changes occurring between 7 and 28 days after larval inoculation included hyperplasia with concurrent congestion of medullary sinuses, with increased numbers of neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Microscopic appearance of nodes removed from 56-day infected mice was similar to that noted for control tissues. PMID- 7107028 TI - l-Tyrosine as an immunological adjuvant. AB - A series of experiments has been carried out to investigate the adjuvant properties of the amino acid L-tyrosine in laboratory animals. Adsorption of various allergenic materials to L-tyrosine was found to enhance the induction of IgG antibodies, but no unusual propensity to stimulate IgE antibody or delayed hypersensitivity was observed. Administration of the amino acid at a site remote from the allergen was found not to augment antibody production. This, together with evidence of reduced bioavailability of the tyrosine-adsorbed allergen, suggested that the adjuvant activity observed resulted from a short-term depot effect. PMID- 7107029 TI - Antibody response profiles to components of rye grass pollen extract in various strains of mice. AB - Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques, patterns of antibody responses to a number of components in rye pollen extract have been studied in hyperimmune mouse sera. Common laboratory strains of mice were investigated, including AKR, C3H/He, SwR, Ist, Asn, Balb/c, C57BL10, DBA2 and BD1:F1 hybrids. All strains responded vigorously to the immunisation protocol used (rye pollen extract/alum followed by a booster dose in aqueous media) when tested with non-discriminating assay procedures such as haemagglutination or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis directed against the whole rye pollen extract. However, markedly variable antibody responses were observed between strains and between murine and human sera when considered in relation to individual rye extract components. Particularly noteworthy was the relatively poor response of all mice to the low molecular weight rye antigen component (11,000 daltons). This material was readily detected by human sera derived from pollenosis patients. Notable also was the fact that no single rye component was detected by all mice sera. These results illustrate the complex serological response induced by heterogeneous antigen mixtures, such as grass pollen extracts. PMID- 7107030 TI - Lymphocyte kinetics in acute uremia: redistribution of circulating lymphocytes to the bone marrow. AB - The mechanism(s) responsible for the peripheral blood lymphocytopenia found in uremia was investigated. Inbred Magnum guinea pigs were made uremic by ureteral ligation, and 1 day later injected with chromium (Cr)51-labeled syngeneic lymphocytes intravenously. 1 day later, the animals were sacrificed and organs counted for radioactivity. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Radioactivity in the lung and liver was the same or greater in the sham-operated animals than in uremic animals. In the blood and spleen, radioactivity was slightly higher in the uremic animals, while in the long bones this was significantly higher. In uremia therefore, there appears to be a redistribution of circulating lymphocytes to the bone marrow. The resultant lymphocytopenia may play a role in the immunologic incompetence seen in uremia. PMID- 7107031 TI - Effect of passive immunization on absorption of antigen through the respiratory tract. AB - Isolated perfused rabbit lungs were insufflated with 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA) and the accumulation of radioactive BSA and its breakdown products was measured in the blood. The addition of anti-BSA serum to the blood caused a 4- to 6-fold reduction in the amount of 125I-BSA which appeared in the blood following the insufflation. To determine whether this reduction was the result of inhibition of absorption or the reuptake of 125I-BSA antigen-antibody complexes formed in the blood, we infused the 125I-BSA into the anti-BSA containing blood perfusing the lungs. Virtually none of the radioactivity was taken up by the lungs, indicating that the reduced blood levels following insufflation were the result of reduced absorption through the lung resulting from antigen-antibody interaction within the alveolocapillary membrane or the bronchoalveolar secretions. PMID- 7107032 TI - Effects of a chronic treatment with testosterone on the morphology of the interstitial cells of the rat testis: an ultrastructural stereologic study. AB - The suppressive effects of chronic testosterone administration on the rat testicular interstitial cells (Leydig cells) were investigated by stereological methods. The volume of cells, nuclei, mitochondrial compartment and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), as well as the surface area of SER and mitochondrial cristae decreased significantly as a function of the duration of treatment. The decrease in the SER volume accounted for about 75-80% of that in the cell volume. These findings lend support to the view that SER is the subcellular organelle more responsive to the changes in the functional activity of rat Leydig cells. PMID- 7107033 TI - Testicular function after unilateral orchiectomy for cancer and before further treatment. PMID- 7107034 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase-X: an isozyme particularly sensitive to gossypol inhibition. PMID- 7107036 TI - Detection efficiency of NaI (Tl) crystals and loss of position resolution caused by photon interactions in the crystals in gamma-cameras. PMID- 7107035 TI - Fertilization of hamster ova by human spermatozoa in relation to other semen parameters. AB - Different indices of the zona-free hamster ovum test system were interrelated. High correlations were found between the fertilization percentage and the average number of penetrated spermatozoa/ovum (r = 0.99) and between the fertilization percentage and the number of spermatozoa attached to the ova surfaces (r = 0.72). Fertilization percentages from 63 subfertile patients were correlated with different semen factors assessed by multiple exposure photography (MEP). Low correlations were found between sperm concentration and fertilization percentage (r = 0.29) and between fertilization percentage and motile sperm count (r = 0.33). Spermatozoa progressing with high average velocity had low fertilization rates compared to specimen with moderate average velocity. Effects of sperm washing on the in vitro fertilizing capacity were studied in a group of 40 subfertile men. The fertilization percentages of 8 specimens--with visual seminal plasma abnormalities--increased significantly when immediate dilution of semen was applied. PMID- 7107037 TI - Hydroxyanthraquinone dye solutions for radiation dosimetry. AB - An investigation has been carried out on the effect of gamma-radiation on the absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of the hydroxyanthraquinone dyes, alizarin and alizarin red S. Ionizing radiation at absorbed doses over the range 10(5)-3 x 10(6) rad brought about gradual bleaching of aerated (oxygenated) dye solutions. The radiolytic bleaching was enhanced through addition of hydrogen peroxide, as expected. A mechanism for the radiolytic reaction is proposed, based on chemical attack of the chromophore by radicals and radical ions as aqueous radiolysis products. Suggestions are made for possible radiation dosimetry by means of spectrophotometric analysis of the absorption spectra. PMID- 7107038 TI - Induced radioactivity in sludge subjected to gamma treatment using spent nuclear fuel. PMID- 7107039 TI - Performance of large-diameter scanning collimators. PMID- 7107040 TI - Iodophenylsulfonamide fatty acid analogs as potential myocardial imaging agents. PMID- 7107041 TI - The low- and high-temperature response of CaSO4:Dy dosimeters to x- and gamma rays. PMID- 7107042 TI - Rapid synthesis of 123I-labeled iodinated contrast media by "kit"-type labeling procedure. PMID- 7107043 TI - A closed system for extraction of injectable pertechnetate from molybdenum-99. PMID- 7107044 TI - 2nd International Workshop Innsbruck on controversies and new trends in artificial organs and devices for handicapped persons. November 1981. PMID- 7107045 TI - CAPD plus hemoperfusion once a week for end stage renal disease. PMID- 7107046 TI - Volumetrically controlled ultrafiltration. Current experiences and future prospects. AB - Exact control of ultrafiltration (UF) is a prerequisite for high flux dialysis and hemodiafiltration. Volumetric dialysate balancing is the best current method for the use of dialyzers with high water permeabilities. The precision of UF control by volumetric dialysate balancing is in agreement with all medical requirements. A positive influence of volumetric UF control on patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis can be shown by the frequencies of dialysis side effects. Volumetric UF control is only a first step towards an intelligent UF module to correlate water removal, solute removal and sodium balance. PMID- 7107047 TI - Secondary hyperoxalemia in chronic renal failure. PMID- 7107048 TI - Evaluation of acid-base balance and pO2 with acetate dialysis in non-uremic patients. AB - The aim of our work was to evaluate the immediate effects of acetate-dialysis in patients with normal renal and respiratory function. For this purpose pH, pO2, pCO2 and HCO3- were monitored in arterial blood before dialysis, after 60, 120, 180 mns and at the end of each treatment in two groups of patients on chronic hemodialysis, a first group of schizophrenic patients and a second group of uremic patients. In the first group of patients the predialytic values were in the normal range. After hemodialysis HCO3- and pCO2 significantly decreased, both these changes were associated with a stable pH. The pO2 significantly decreased after 60 mns of dialysis. At the end of dialysis the pO2 increased without significant variation compared to predialytic values. In conclusion in non-uremic hemodialysis patients metabolic acidosis due to the loss of bicarbonate through the membrane is compensated by respiratory alkalosis. This respiratory alkalosis is not due to hypoventilation secondary to respiratory centre inhibition, but is mainly due to the pCO2 loss through the dialysis membranes. PMID- 7107049 TI - Functional heart replacement with nonpulsatile impeller blood pumps. PMID- 7107050 TI - Completely integrated wearable TAH-drive unit. AB - A pneumatic, wearable, batter-powered TAH-drive unit is presented. This drive unit is characterized by a very good overall efficiency, achieved by design optimization on one hand and controlled economized membrane displacement on the other. The implemented control system facilitates an adoption to circulatory needs. The integrated micro-computer controls the whole pumping cycle and calculates the effective blood-side stroke volume by a beat to beat analysis of drive-side parameters. It could be demonstrated in animal tests (calves) under varying loads that the available driving power is sufficient to maintain an adequate circulatory supply for calves up to 135 kg. Further, it could be demonstrated that a sufficient right/left balance was obtained over the whole animal test duration. PMID- 7107051 TI - A free-floating body as the rotor of a centrifugal blood pump for LVAD or TAH. PMID- 7107052 TI - Regional myocardial blood flow with a nonpulsatile pump. PMID- 7107053 TI - Mitral valve replacement using different prosthetic valves. PMID- 7107054 TI - The development of a new hemoperfusion column: the filmadsorber. AB - A hemoperfusion system has been developed in which very small charcoal particles (average diameter 40 micrometers) are embedded and immobilized in a collodion film (Filmadsorber). In vitro studies revealed that the absorption of bile acids by these small charcoal particles is superior to that by larger ones (size: 0.5 to 5 mm) as used in commercially available adsorbers. In vivo studies confirmed these results: dogs with ligated bile ducts were subjected to hemoperfusion through different types of charcoal adsorbers. Bile acid clearances of filmadsorbers containing less charcoal than the commercials were significantly higher. PMID- 7107055 TI - Assessment of mechanical properties and biocompatibility of Pellethane. AB - Pellethane CPR 2363-80A nonreinforced (PUR), non-reinforced and twice sterilized (PUR F2), reinforced with Dacron (Dm), Grisuten (DG) and glassfibre (PUG) and fabricated under different conditions have been examinated. Tests included uniaxial tension at 310 K, torsional movement from 293 to 319 K, X-ray structure, SEM, visual surface clotting, thrombocyte adhesion and degree of albumenisation. Typical in vitro results were: modulus of elasticity E [MPa] (PUR: 1.33, Dm: 4.22, DG: 1.86, PUG: 622.5), tensile strength delta B [MPa] (43.4, 12.5, 21.7, 24.9), elongation at break delta [%] (1122, 109, 660, 479), dynamic modulus of sliding G', G" [MPa] at 293 K (8.7, 0.4/ 15.9, 0.9/ 12.1, 1.3/ 17.1, 1.5), damping tan delta (0.13, 0.1, 0.16, 0.12), orientational degree at 5% elongation fx [%] (PUR: 0.5), low thrombogenicity and high degree of albumenisation. The results indicate a strong dependency of mechanical and biocompatibility properties on membrane and housing fabrication. The most effective combination is a thin PUR membrane and a PUG housing fabricated under special conditions. PMID- 7107056 TI - Carbon fiber ligament prosthesis: present problems and future prospects. PMID- 7107058 TI - Replacement of destroyed joints by prostheses in peripheral amputation injuries. PMID- 7107059 TI - Human application of an original interchangeable urethral prosthesis without surgical act. PMID- 7107057 TI - ESCA studies on heparin-like materials used for extracorporeal shunts. AB - Amino-acids sulfamide substituted polystyrene surfaces exhibit an heparin-like activity. Similar treatments were achieved on small diameter tubings made of polystyrene grafted on polyethylene. Electron spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) appeared as the suitable method for a chemical characterization of the surface (approximately 50-100 A depth) to be in contact with circulating blood. These tubings were implanted as extracorporeal shunts on dogs. The variations of local concentrations of labelled platelets, red cells and fibrinogen were recorded in situ. Depending on the conditions of preparation and implantation, a slight adhesion of platelet was observed. By using such type of materials with an improved mechanical compliance, small diameter antithrombogenic tubings could be developed, provided the chlorosulfonation prior to amino-acid grafting is mild. PMID- 7107060 TI - The relative influence of urban climates on outdoor human energy budgets and skin temperature. II. Man in an urban environment. PMID- 7107061 TI - The relative influence of urban climates on outdoor human energy budgets and skin temperature. I. Modeling considerations. PMID- 7107062 TI - Age related patterns of immunoglobulin serum levels in the Quechua Indians of Andean Mountains. PMID- 7107063 TI - Responses in rectal and skin temperatures to centrifugal forces in rats of different ambient temperatures. PMID- 7107065 TI - Human large-bowel cancer: correlation of clinical and histopathological features with banded chromosomes. AB - Clinical and histopathological features were correlated with cytogenetic banding studies on direct preparations from 31 large-bowel tumors. An interesting relationship between the site and the karyotypes of the tumors was observed. There appears to be a progressive increase in chromosomal number and/or structural rearrangement as one progresses from proximal to distal large bowel. We suggest that these observations may be related to differences in function and micro-environment within different areas of the colon. Although it is not known what factors favor cytogenetic variability and instability on the left side or the presence of fewer abnormalities on the right side of the colon, it is evident that clonal karyotypic evolution may be important in the progression of large bowel cancer. The brevity of follow-up precludes conclusions regarding the influence of karyotype on survival. PMID- 7107064 TI - Geographic pathology of latent prostatic carcinoma. AB - Prostates obtained at autopsy from black and white males in the United States of America, from Colombians, from Japanese migrants in Hawaii, and from Japanese in Japan (all over 50 years old) were serially step-sectioned and examined microscopically using identical techniques and diagnostic criteria. The age adjusted overall prevalence of latent carcinoma was significantly higher in US blacks (36.9%), in US whites (34.6%) and in Colombians (31.5%) than in Japanese in Japan (20.5%). There was no significant difference in prevalence between Japanese migrants in Hawaii (25.6%) and Japanese in Japan. When the carcinomas were subdivided into latent infiltrative type (LIT) and latent non-infiltrative type (LNT), the LIT component reflected upon the overall prevalence of latent carcinoma. There was an increase in the overall prevalence of latent carcinoma and in the prevalence of LIT tumors with age in Japanese migrants to Hawaii and in Japanese of Japan but only a suggestive increase in blacks and whites in the United States. There was no significant relation between age and prevalence in Colombia. In LNT tumors, there was no consistent trend related to race or age. The size of LIT tumors was significantly greater than that of LNT tumors in all races or in each decade of total material. There were many large LIT tumors in blacks and whites in the United States. These results suggest that the prevalence of LIT tumors shows a race variation similar to the incidence of clinical carcinoma of the prostate, and that LNT tumors probably remain latent during the individual's life span. PMID- 7107066 TI - Socio-economic class differences in cancer incidence in Cali, Colombia. AB - Based on census tract information, cancer incidence rates for three socio economic strata of the city of Cali, Colombia, were calculated. Strong negative associations with socio-economic status were found for cancers of the cervix and stomach. Colon cancer and endocrine-related cancers were positively associated with socio-economic status, while no such association was found for rectal cancer. Contrary to data from developed countries, all smoking-related cancers were positively associated with socio-economic class. The role of socio-economic gradients in developing countries is stressed as a basis for etiological research. PMID- 7107067 TI - Reactivity with patient antibodies of partially purified gp40 antigen from immune complexes in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AB - A glycoprotein antigen (gp40) was previously identified as a major component of immune complexes isolated from sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present work gp40 was partially purified from a pool of BL/NPC sera. Sera of patients with BL and NPC as well as sera of patients with other malignant and non-malignant diseases were tested for antibodies against gp40, using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Practically all normal sera and sera of patients with non-malignant diseases had antibodies capable of binding radioiodinated gp40. In contrast, sera of patients with BL or NPC had very low binding, while sera of patients with other malignant diseases had intermediate binding values. The low binding activity of BL/NPC sera was shown to be due to inhibition by excess gp40 present in such sera. Effusions of patients with breast or ovarian cancer also contained demonstrable amounts of gp40. The origin of gp40 is still unknown. PMID- 7107068 TI - Clonal nature of spontaneous AKR leukemia: studies utilizing the X-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. AB - AKR mice heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) locus were used in experiments to determine the number of cells from which spontaneous thymic leukemias (thymomas) develop. Because only one of the two X-chromosomes is active in XX somatic cells, thymic leukemias that are clonal should display either type A or type B PGK, but not both, while those that are multicellular in origin may exhibit both enzymes. Spontaneous thymomas from 19 PGK heterozygous animals expressed exclusively (11 tumors) or predominantly (8 tumors) a single enzyme in contrast to non-malignant tissue from these animals which expressed both enzyme types in approximately equal ratios. When primary tumors expressing a single or predominant enzyme type were transplanted, the transplanted tumors invariably displayed the PGK phenotype that predominated in the initial tumor indicating that the minor PGK component was not contributed by malignant cells. These results indicate that spontaneous AKR leukemias are clonal. PMID- 7107069 TI - possible role of a retrovirus in the expression of tumor-specific antigens of the Meth A sarcoma. AB - The serologically defined tumor-specific surface antigen (TSSA) of the chemically induced BALB/c Meth A sarcoma, highly restricted to one of 20 sarcomas of BALB/c origin, has been detected on a Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MuSV)-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cell lines, designated IIA(v). The immunogenicity of the IIA(v) cell in tumor-rejection assays was specific for the Meth A sarcoma, supporting the evidence for a close relationship between the TSSA and the tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) of this tumor. Infection of SC-I cells with retroviruses present in cultured filtrates of IIA(v) cells resulted in Meth A antigen expression. The retroviruses associated with Meth A antigen expression have been tentatively identified as replication and/or transformation-defective XC- MuLV. The possible roles of Mo-MuSV and cellular genes of the BALB/c strain of mice in the expression of the Meth A antigen are discussed. PMID- 7107070 TI - Corynebacterium parvum prevents immunization to admixed irradiated tumor cells by a local process. AB - Immunization of mice with 10(6) irradiated LSTRA murine leukemia cells (LX) induced weak immunity to subsequent tumor-cell challenge. Admixture of low doses (1.4-14 micrograms of C. parvum with the LX usually augmented the immunity. Higher doses (1,400-7,000 micrograms) of admixed C. parvum not only failed to augment immunity, but prevented immunization by the contained LX. We investigated the mechanism by which 1,400 micrograms of C. parvum mixed with 10(6) LX prevents immunization by the LX. The inhibitory effect was a function of the ratio of C. parvum to tumor cells. Injection of 1,400 micrograms C. parvum, alone or mixed with the LX, did not prevent immunization by LX given simultaneously at a separate site. Injection of C. parvum, alone or mixed with the LX, did not prevent immunization by LX injected simultaneously at a separate site sharing a common lymph-node drainage area. The high dose of C. parvum prolonged retention of radiolabelled LX at the injection site and decreased the rate of distribution of the LX to other organs, particularly the spleen. These results indicate that a high dose of C. parvum prevented immunization through a localized process at the injection site. PMID- 7107071 TI - Effect of selenium on the induction of breast fibroadenomas by adenovirus type 9 and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced bowel carcinogenesis in rats. AB - Selenium in its organic and inorganic forms has been shown to inhibit the development of chemically induced, spontaneous and transplanted tumors. The present investigation was performed to study the effect of selenium (4 micrograms per ml of drinking water) on tumorigenesis of adenovirus-type-9-induced breast fibroadenomas and on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced bowel carcinogenesis in WF rats. It was found that identical treatment with Se under identical conditions and with no obvious toxic effects on the rats (1) resulted in inhibition of DMH induced large-bowel carcinogenesis; (2) facilitated induction of small-bowel cancer by the same carcinogen in the same animals, and (3) greatly facilitated induction of breast fibroadenoma by adenovirus type 9 in the same strain of rats. The effect of Se treatment on DMH-induced large-bowel carcinogenesis confirms previous findings and proves that the opposite effect on fibroadenoma development is not due to differences in e.g. effective dose, animal strains or condition of the animals. It is not yet clear through which mechanisms Se exerts these effects. PMID- 7107073 TI - New physiologically based methods for calculating the apparent steady-state volume of distribution in pharmacokinetic studies. AB - Based on the compartment- and model-independent or physiologically based clearance approaches, general equations to calculate the apparent steady-state volume of distribution of compounds (Vdss) are derived. The results show that either arterial plasma level data or the combination of venous plasma level data and cumulative urinary excretion data after a bolus or intravenous infusion can be used to calculate the Vdss. In view of the potential marked arterial-venous plasma concentration difference, and of the fact that the driving force for elimination and distribution should generally be the drug concentration in the arterial plasma use of venous data to calculate the Vdss as is commonly performed is inappropriate. PMID- 7107072 TI - Growth control and cell spreading: differential response in preneoplastic and in metastatic cell variants. AB - Growth control and sensitivity to changes in cell shape were studied in anchorage dependent mouse fibroblasts (diploid fibroblasts, 3T3 and 3T6), in DNa tumor virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts (SVPy 3T3), in four B16 melanoma and five uv 2237 fibrosarcoma cell variants that exhibit distinct metastatic properties. Differential adhesive conditions were established by precoating the plastic plates with poly (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) that allowed an accurate and reproducible control of cell shape, from flat to spherical. Mouse fibroblasts that form a continuum between rigorously controlled cells to fully anchorage independent cells, display a direct correlation between degree of growth control and sensitivity to changes in cell spreading. In contrast, there is no apparent direct correlation between sensitivity of growth control to changes in cellular configuration and the metastatic potential of tumor cells. PMID- 7107074 TI - Responses of chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes to increasing concentrations of phytohemagglutinin during short-term culture. AB - Lymphocytes obtained from CLL patients containing high and low peripheral lymphocyte cell counts were cultured in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of phytohemagglutinin for periods of up to 2 h. Lymphocytes from patients with low cell counts (less than 50,000/mm3) were stimulated to incorporate 3H-uridine during the 1st h of culture by concentrations of PHA ranging from 1 to 32 microgram/ml. Under identical conditions, lymphocytes from patients with high cell count (greater than 50,000/mm3) were barely affected. During the 2nd h of culture the above concentrations stimulated to a lesser degree the former group of lymphocytes, whereas it inhibited incorporation by the latter group. The results obtained suggest a qualitative difference in the response of CLL lymphocytes to PHA in accordance with the progression of the disease. PMID- 7107075 TI - Disposition kinetics of amikacin in patients with renal impairment after intramuscular administration. AB - The disposition kinetics of amikacin were established in 12 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (Clcr less than 70 ml/min) after i.m. administration of a dose of 7.5 mg antibiotic/kg body wt. Administered intramuscularly, amikacin follows a single-compartment open kinetic model. A decrease may be observed in the absorption and elimination processes in this kind of patient, and mathematical relationships may be established between the variation in the pharmacokinetic parameters and the creatinine clearance. The decrease observed in the elimination constant of amikacin is similar to that observed after i.v. administration of the antibiotic. A dosage regimen for administration of the antibiotic is proposed for this kind of patient on the basis of desired peak and trough serum levels obtained throughout treatment. PMID- 7107076 TI - The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. AB - The effects of acute myocardial infarction on the pharmacokinetics of disopyramide were studied. Disopyramide (200 mg) was given orally to nine patients with left-sided cardiac failure due to acute myocardial infarction within 24 h after the onset (phase I). In seven patients the study was repeated 7 14 days later at discharge from the hospital (phase II). Serum concentrations and the 24-h area under the serum concentration-time curve of disopyramide were significantly lower during phase I than during phase II (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively). The peak serum concentrations and the 24-h area under the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (less than 0.05) in phase I. Rates of absorption and elimination of disopyramide were similar during both phases. Renal clearance of disopyramide showed concentrations and the decrease of 24-h area under the serum concentration-time curve are most probably due to decreased gastrointestinal absorption and are related to the degree of left ventricular failure. Thus, the dosage of oral disopyramide obviously needs to be increased in these patients to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the acute phase. PMID- 7107077 TI - A critical approach to prophylactic use of lithium in therapy for manic depressive patients. AB - During a follow-up study of 120 cases of recurrent affective disorders treated prophylactically with lithium, the authors considered certain aspects of this treatment from a psychologic point of view. In particular, they examined the problems connected with prolonged administration of the drug, the relationship between drug therapy and psychotherapy, and the significance of pharmacologic prevention of the crisis by modifying the underlying individual, familial, and social conditions that the crisis manifests. PMID- 7107078 TI - Bilateral oophorectomy and plasma renin substrate concentration. AB - Plasma renin substrate concentration was studied in 11 premenopausal women subjected to bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy. Preoperative plasma renin substrate concentration was 1573 +/- 477 ng angiotensin I/ml (mean +/- SD). Plasma renin substrate concentration did not change significantly after operation (1632 +/- 459 ng angiotensin I/ml) or after 3 months of postoperative estradiol valerate treatment (2 mg/day) (1762 +2- 467 ng angiotensin I/ml). It is concluded that non-pregnant levels of endogenous estrogens are of no significance in the regulation of plasma renin substrate. PMID- 7107079 TI - Effect of smoking on phenylbutazone disposition. AB - A single oral dose of 6 mg phenylbutazone/kg body wt. was administered to seven cigarette smokers and to seven healthy male volunteers serving as control. Plasma phenylbutazone half-life (t1/2 beta) was shortened significantly (p less than 0.05) in the cigarette smokers as compared to the non-smoker control group. Phenylbutazone was cleared from the blood significantly faster (p less than 0.06) in the smoking group than in the non-smoking group. PMID- 7107080 TI - Simultaneous measurement of biogenic amines and related compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AB - Simultaneous measurement by HPLC was used to determine brain dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Brain tissues were homogenized with 0.025 N HCl and 0.1 M EDTA. Following extraction with n-butanol, amines were dissolved in acid solution, and the metabolites in alkaline solution; then 5-10 microliters of each was injected into the HPLC simultaneously. The injected samples were detected in the following order at 280 nm: VMA, NA, DA, 5-HIAA, HVA, 5-HT at a flow rate of 2 ml/min within about 20 min. Amines and the metabolites could be separated completely and measured at lower limits of approximately 5-10 ng. PMID- 7107082 TI - The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on the phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - Using 3 H-thymidine-labeled bacteria, we investigated the phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). PMN were isolated from 50 asthmatic and bronchitic patients treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA). In general, the dose of TA was limited to 80 mg with an interval of 6 weeks or longer between AT injections. The phagocytosis of the Staphylococcus aureus Cowen-3 by the isolated PMN was inhibited. The strongest suppression of phagocytosis was observed on the 3rd day; after 14 days the phagocytic activity returned to normal. PMID- 7107083 TI - A comparative study of cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin in cardiovascular surgery. AB - An open, randomized study involving 217 patients undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin in preventing postoperative infections. One of the three antibiotics was assigned randomly to each patient and administered beginning 2 h before operation and continuing every 6 h for 5 days. There was no significant difference between the three study groups with respect to the incidence of infection (p = 0.9913). In both the cephalothin and methicillin groups, seven patients developed adverse reactions as compared with two patients in the cephapirin group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.0788). The results from the investigation indicate that cephapirin, cephalothin, and methicillin are equally effective as prophylactic antibiotics when used perioperatively for cardiovascular surgery. PMID- 7107081 TI - The bioavailability of two commercial preparations of allopurinol tablets. AB - The relative bioavailability of two commercial preparations of 100 mg and 300 mg allopurinol tablets was examined in two groups of 16 healthy human subjects, one for each dosage level. Serum concentrations of allopurinol and its major metabolite, oxypurinol, were measured using a competitive protein-binding assay. After single doses of allopurinol, no significant differences between brands were revealed in the resultant serum levels of the drug or the metabolite, or in the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. Serum oxypurinol levels were higher and more persistent than those of the parent drug. A comparison of the serum concentration profiles after 100 mg and 300 mg doses suggests that allopurinol absorption in humans may be dose dependent. PMID- 7107084 TI - Assessment of chemoprophylaxis in open-heart surgery patients. AB - Regular assay of antibiotics in the sera of patients may be helpful in open-heart surgery patients, neurosurgery patients, immunosuppressed individuals, patients on antineoplastic therapy, or other high-risk patient groups. It may be especially helpful in regulating their antibiotic dosages and in giving forewarning about impending bacterial infections. A method for simultaneous serum assay of two antibiotics belonging to the same penicillin group of drugs is described here. Such combined assay procedures are usually not undertaken, largely due to the technical difficulties involved. The procedures described here should prove helpful in monitoring antibiotic therapy in patients on combined Ampi-Clox regimen, whenever necessary. PMID- 7107085 TI - Pilot trials with diclofensine, a new psychoactive drug in depressed patients. AB - Diclofensine inhibits uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. In this pilot trial, 169 mostly hospitalized patients with various subtypes of depression were treated over a period of 30 days. From the data collected we were able to document a response rate of 75%. The response was characterized by psychoenergizing, mood alleviating effects. Symptoms such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, anxiety, ideas of suicide, phobic thoughts, and agitation contributed most to the overall improvement, whereas insomnia and delusions were little affected. Patients with non-psychotic depressions reacted more rapidly and impressively than patients with psychotic features. Also their dose requirements were less. Drop-outs due to adverse reactions were very low. Only a very few severely depressed patients showed a clinical deterioration after 1 week of initially good response. A number of patients continued on maintenance medication with diclofensine over a period of 2-4 months without showing any signs of abrupt dissipation. It can be hypothesized that diclofensine can be an effective drug for the relief of depressions, in particular for those patients who require psychic energization. Its nonsedative profile, good tolerance, and broad margin of safety make this drug particularly interesting for the general practice. PMID- 7107086 TI - The bioavailability of spironolactone hydrochlorothiazide combination preparation. AB - In a single-blind, randomized cross-over study the bioavailability of Spironothiazid (50 mg spironolactone, 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide) was investigated in six healthy male volunteers by comparing the same dose of the well-established drugs Aldactone dragees, 50 mg, and Esidrex tablets, 25 mg. After 6 days treatment with 2 X 1 Spironothiazid or 2 X 1 Aldactone dragees, 50 mg, plus Esidrex tablets, 25 mg daly, orally, the serum concentrations and the cumulative renal excretion of the active substances were measured after the morning dose on the 7th day of the study. Canrenone (the main metabolite of spironolactone) was measured fluorimetrically, hydrochlorothiazide was determined by gas chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference between the investigated drugs, neither in the areas under the curves nor in the cumulative renal excretion, thus indicating an identical bioavailability. PMID- 7107087 TI - Accidental ingestion of NaF tablets by children--report of a poison control center and one case. AB - Accidental ingestion by children of NaF tablets for caries prophylaxis is a frequent event. However, our own experience from the Poison Information Centre in Vienna and reports from other centers show that these accidents usually do not present a serious risk. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity and symptoms of poisoning are briefly reviewed. The case of a boy who died after ingesting 16 mg fluoride/kg, but whose cause of death is not certain beyond doubt, is discussed. PMID- 7107088 TI - Systematic development and evaluation of a social skills training program for chemical abusers. PMID- 7107089 TI - Attitudes of staff and clients in a methadone maintenance program. AB - This study used a nine-scale semantic differential (S-D) instrument in assessing the attitudes of staff and clients in a methadone clinic toward the concepts HEROIN, METHADONE, DRUG COUNSELING, and DRUG-FREE. Ratings of the concepts showed generally large standard deviations for HEROIN, consistently neutral ratings of METHADONE, and high ratings of DRUG COUNSELING and DRUG-FREE by both groups. Significant differences (p less than .05) between staff and client groups were found along only two of the nine S-D scales: GOOD-BAD and SHARP-DULL. Results are discussed in terms of the meaning of the staff/client similarities and the ambivalent attitudes toward methadone, with possible implications for treatment and future research. PMID- 7107090 TI - Predicting treatment dropouts from a drug abuse rehabilitation program. AB - Seventy-five drug addicts who completed an opiate detoxification program were compared with 75 addicts who dropped out prematurely on 14 variables. Results showed that patients were more likely to complete detox when the number of staff absences and primary therapist absences increased, when more patients were admitted during their hospitalization, and if they were prescribed methadone. A discriminant function analysis successfully classified 88% of the sample into stay/leave categories. The results were cross-validated on an independent sample of 25 completers and 25 dropouts, resulting in 75% classification accuracy. Primary drug of abuse (heroin/Talwin) was not a factor on any measure. Results indicate that treatment dropout among drug addicts is based more on situational interactionism than on individual determinism. PMID- 7107091 TI - Interpersonal influences on male drug use and drug use intentions. AB - The relationship between (1) the respondent's perception of the drug behavior of his father, mother, siblings, current friends, and wife/female partner; and (2) past drug use and future drug use intentions for tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, psychedelics, stimulants, sedatives, heroin, other opiates, and cocaine is examined among a representative sample of men in the U.S. population who were 20 30 years old in 1974 (N = 2,510). For each drug the results indicated that current friends' and wife/partner's drug behaviors are the factors most strongly associated with the respondent's past drug use as well as his intentions of future drug use. Although substantially less important, siblings' drug behavior also appears to be a source of influence, while the drug behavior of mothers and fathers is only minimally associated with drug use and future intentions. PMID- 7107092 TI - The therapeutic community: success and improvement rates 5 years after treatment. AB - Dropouts (N = 162) and graduates (N = 75) from the 1970-1971 residential population in Phoenix House were interviewed 5 years after treatment. Composite indices of criminality, drug use, and employment described client status on a four-point outcome scale. Success reflected absence of crime and drug use through all years of follow-up; improvement represented a positive change over pretreatment status. Graduate success and improvement rates were 75% and 93%, respectively. Among dropouts, the rates were 31% and 56%, respectively, but increased by time in program from less than 1 month to greater than 20 months (Success = 0-57%; Improvement = 5-89%). Results at 2-year follow-up were replicated in a 1974 cohort, providing convincing evidence for the effectiveness of treatment in the therapeutic community. PMID- 7107093 TI - [An experimental study of bioglass implants in bone (author's transl)]. AB - The tolerance and response of bone to bioglass have been studied using implants of various chemical constitution in animals. Glass discs were inserted between the inner and outer tables of the skull in 32 rabbits and small glass stick were implanted in the medullary cavity of long bones in 6 dogs. The results were analysed between 6 and 18 months later. High resolution radiographs and histopathological examination were performed. Some glass behaves like an inert material but other specimens are biodegradable and induce a satisfactory bone response in adjacent bone. Any new bone formation does not follow the classical stages of connective tissue, cartilage and woven bone. Bioglass is more suitable for bone than many other materials now in use and further applications in orthopaedic surgery may be considered. PMID- 7107094 TI - [Role of the thickness of the graft in osteocartilaginous autotransplantation in the rabbit knee]. AB - This experimental study is complementary to the clinical series of cartilaginous autografts in the knee for medial condylar necrosis. The aim was to determine the viability of the articular cartilage in a series of grafts with variable thickness of the underlying spongy bone. The study was done on 36 adult rabbits and the cartilage was studied by biochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The results are conclusive. The earliest abnormal signs in the first few weeks affect the thinnest grafts of 4 mm whereas the 12 mm thickness grafts hardly show any lesions. It is therefore possible to use large autogenic grafts for osteocartilaginous defects provided the proportion between the area of the articular surface and the underlying spongy bone of the graft is at least 1/4. Under these circumstances, cartilaginous deterioration will be avoided and reduce long term degeneration. PMID- 7107095 TI - Function after pelvic tumour resection involving the acetabular ring. AB - Seven patients subjected to pelvic tumour resection involving the acetabular ring were analyzed with respect to function. In addition to conventional clinical assessment gait was analyzed objectively by means of an electronic walk-way and residual hip-muscle power tested by means of a Cybex II dynamometer. Functional results reported by the patients with respect to pain, walking and working capacity appeared better than those elicited by clinical examination. All patients exhibited a marked pelvic tilt and a positive Trendelenburg sign. Only one patient walked without any kind of support. Leg-length discrepancy was on an average 6 cm. Objective gait analysis disclosed that all patients had reduced weight-bearing time on the operated side as compared to the non-operated. This, however, was clearly less pronounced for those patients who appeared best with respect to pain, walking and working capacity. These patients also showed the best hip extension power which appeared more important from a functional point of view than hip flexion and, surprisingly, hip abduction power. Radiographic examination showed that bony support for the proximal femur, provided either by the formation of a bone shelf from the remaining iliac bone or by the remaining iliac bone itself, was of decisive importance for function. The results of the present study show that pelvic tumour resection involving the acetabular ring, provided radical tumour removal can be achieved, constitutes a feasible alternative to hemipelvectomy from a functional point of view. PMID- 7107096 TI - Clinical and radiographic evaluation of modular knee replacement. A review of 95 cases. AB - Ninety-five modular total knee replacements, 54 of them unicompartmental, have been reviewed. The average follow-up was three years. The major indication for operation was pain. A precise reoperative radiographic evaluation and a technique for a positioning the components are described. This had led to a significant improvement in the clinical and radiographic results in 67 out of 95 knees which were operated on. The modifications concern the orientation of the tibial cut, the placing of the femoral components and the correction of axial deviation. The main causes of the 13% of failures in our series were either errors in positioning the components or a preoperative diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Unicompartmental replacement gave similar results in both valgus and varus knees, and the morbidity was lower than in the biocompartmental replacements. The best results were obtained in osteoarthritic knees in elderly patients and in posttraumatic osteoarthritis. PMID- 7107097 TI - A Japanese lower limb prosthesis with a fore-joint foot and turntable. AB - Amputees wearing conventional prostheses have often found difficulty when conforming with the conventions of Japanese social life, since the prosthesis is not well adapted to walking in bare feet or sitting cross-legged. The authors described a modified prosthesis with a spring-loaded rotation mechanism that can be initiated unobtrusively and a modified foot piece in which the ankle motion is transmitted via a lever arm to a joint placed more anteriorly than usual. Nearly 250 patients have been fitted with the prosthesis and 40 have undergone laboratory gait analysis. The results indicate a walking cycle and foot pressure pattern more closely resembling the normal, than that obtained by other prosthetic systems. PMID- 7107098 TI - The first metatarso-sesamoid joint. AB - The first metatarso-sesamoid joint is separately identified from the first metatarso-phalangeal joint and its anatomical characteristics are described from a study of one hundred anatomical specimens of normal adult and children's feet and two hundred radiographs of patients' feet. The author finds that the metatarso-sesamoid joint is assymmetrical both in children and adults, the medial surface being larger than the lateral. The medial sesamoid lies centrally, and the lateral sesamoid lies laterally, under the head of the first metatarsal. A knowledge of the shape and function of this joint is important in understanding the pathology as well as the therapeutic indications of various conditions of forefoot imbalance, mainly of hallux valgus. PMID- 7107099 TI - Effects of diphenylhydantoin on killer cell activity and other immunological functions. A sequential study including the interaction of Corynebacterium parvum in melanoma patients. AB - The effects of a single Phenytoin dose, given to patients with malignant melanoma, upon peripheral blood counts, serum immunoglobulins, lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocytotoxicity (using Chang target cells) were recorded. Sequential blood samples were taken before and 10, 14, 34, 38 and 58 h after the Phenytoin. Early reductions (P less than 0.05) in lymphocyte count, NK, K and PHA induced cytotoxicity, when compared with initial, pre-Phenytoin values were noted. Immunisation with i.v. C. parvum prevented the reductions occurring after a second dose of Phenytoin. Indeed, significant increases above the values of samples taken immediately before the second dose, were observed in T cells, PHA blastogenesis, NK and K cell Cytotoxicity. The second dose did however cause some immunosuppression; the increase in T cells, NK and PHA induced cytotoxicity above initial values expected from previous investigations were not observed. The immunosuppression, particularly of killer cell function, occurring after phenytoin could have implications for the pathogenesis of malignancy and transplacental carcinogenesis, reported as following Phenytoin exposure. PMID- 7107100 TI - Abstracts of the Second International Conference on Immunopharmacology, Washington, 5-9 July 1982. PMID- 7107101 TI - Ventilatory endurance in athletes: a family study. AB - Endurance athletes possess superior ability to sustain high ventilation. However, it remains unknown if this high ventilatory endurance is an effect of training. As one approach to this question, we compared the breathing endurance of eight distance runners with that of eight of their siblings who were untrained. In two separate tests involving seated isocapnic hyperpnea, the athletes had greater ability to sustain high VE than did their brothers and sisters. In the first test, VE was voluntarily incremented by 30 l/min each 4 min. Before exhaustion, the athletes reached a VE that was a significantly greater fraction of their 12-s maximal voluntary ventilation than did the untrained siblings (75 vs. 62%; P less than 0.01). In the second test, 80% of the 12-s MVV was sustained until exhaustion. Endurance times for the athletes doubled those of the untrained siblings (7 vs. 3 min; P less than 0.05). The failure of elevated ventilatory endurance to occur in family clusters suggests that it may primarily result from training. PMID- 7107102 TI - Comparison of prolonged exercise tests at the individual anaerobic threshold and the fixed anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol.l(-1) lactate. AB - Prolonged physical exercise tests (50 min) at the threshold of 4 mmol . l-1 lactate (ATc) and at the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) were applied in 19 rowing athletes. In each of the rowers (n = 19) work loads corresponding to the IAT did not result in a gradual lactase accumulation or exhaustion within 50 min of exercise. Means of lactate concentration and heart rate at the end of exercise were 4.0 +/- 1.6 mmol . l-1 and 182 +/- 13.0 beats . min-1, respectively. In 15 of 19 rowers, the IAT corresponded to lower work loads than the ATc. In these cases, prolonged exercise tests at the ATc showed gradual increases in lactate concentrations to a mean of 9.6 +/- 1.2 mmol . l-1, associated with exhaustion at a mean working time of 14.4 +/- 6.3 min and a mean heart rate of 192 +/- 10.4 beats . min-1. In four rowers, the IAT was found at identical (n = 3) or higher (n = 1) work loads than the ATc. In these cases, after an initial increase no further rise in lactate concentrations in blood was observed, and exhaustion did not occur during the prolonged exercise tests. These findings support the conclusion derived from the lactate kinetics model that the IAT defines the work load at the maximal lactate steady state. PMID- 7107103 TI - Effects of ultra-marathon training and racing on hematologic parameters and serum ferritin levels in well-trained athletes. AB - Hematologic parameters and serum ferritin levels were measured in groups of experienced ultra-marathon runners under control conditions, 2 days after a 160 km ultra-marathon, and for up to 14 days after a 56-km ultra-marathon. Under resting conditions, 14% of the runners had subnormal serum ferritin levels compared to 2% of a control group and not one of a group of trained swimmers. Serum ferritin levels that were markedly elevated after both ultra-marathon races returned to pre-race levels only 6 days after the 56-km ultra-marathon and continued to fall in athletes who did not exercise for a further 8 days. Other hematologic changes that were present after either of the ultra-marathon races included: immediate post-race hemoconcentration (shown by increased mean red cell count, hemoglobin level, and packed cell volume) and increased mean corpuscular volume, followed by hemodilution that was greatest 48 h after the 160-km race; an increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte production index; transient leukocytosis, monocytosis, lymphocytopenia, eosinophilopenia, and the appearance of band cells. With the exception of the increase reticulocyte production index and the reduced packed cell volume, all other hematologic parameters had returned to control levels 6 days after the 56-km race. This study shows that serum ferritin levels may be subnormal in a proportion of distance runners and that daily training and ultra-marathon racing in particular may cause these levels to remain elevated for between 6--14 days. Thus, when hematologic parameters are measured in distance runners, it should be remembered that recent prolonged exercise may (1) produce a "dilutional anemia," (2) by increasing serum ferritin levels, mask a true iron deficiency, and (3) that these changes may require up to 6 days to return to normal. PMID- 7107104 TI - Frequency of intensive, prolonged exercise as a determinant of relative coronary circumference index. AB - This study determined the effects of 10 weeks of intensive swimming 0, 1, 5, and 10 times per week on relative coronary circumference index (RCCI), which was calculated as the ratio of cardiac ventricular weight to the sum of the circumferences of the right and left main coronary arteries. Sixty-nine Wistar rats swam continuously for 30 to 51 min per session while carrying 1.0% to 1.25% of their individual body weights. Hearts were prepared using routine histological methods and were analyzed for RCCI, coronary circumference, heart mass, and regressed heart mass. Data were analyzed for linear, quadratic, and cubic trends relative to exercise frequency. Mean values for wet weight RCCI were 98.82, 99.16, 91.04, and 90.21 mg per planimeter unit for groups exercising 0, 1, 5, and 10 times weekly (P less than 0.01 for linear trend). Regressed mean ventricular dry weights exhibited expected significant linear increases of 4.89%, 5.66%, and 6.12% over sedentary control rats. The RCCI was clearly shown to undergo a significant linearly graded decrease with increasing frequencies of exercise. PMID- 7107105 TI - Influence of training and anabolic steroids on the LDH isozyme pattern of skeletal and heart muscle fibers of guinea pigs. AB - The influence of training and anabolic steroids (methandrostenolone) on the enzyme activity of the LDH system was investigated in 72 male guinea pigs. Sedentary animals and animals subjected to two different training regimens with and without anabolic steroids were compared in six groups each consisting of 12 guinea pigs. The training was performed on a rodent treadmill for 1 month, 30 min/day at an inclination of 45 degrees or 5 degrees, and at a speed of 30 m/min. Total LDH, its isozymes, and the composition of M and H subunits were determined enzymatically and by electrophoretical separation on cellulose acetate membrane in the following muscle fiber types; m. vastus lateralis white (FG) and red portion (FOG), m. soleus (SO), m. psoas major white (FG) and red portion (FOG), and in the left ventricle of the heart. The administration of anabolic steroids did not change the activity of total LDH or the composition of M and H subunits in sedentary animals. Exercise at 5 degrees inclination significantly reduced the total LDH and the concentration of H subunits in FOG, SO, and heart muscle fibers but not in FG muscle fibers. The additional application of anabolic steroids intensified these changes and also reduced the total LDH and the H subunit in FG as well as the M subunit in FOG, SO, and heart muscle fibers. After exercise at 45 degrees inclination with and without the application of anabolic steroids, the activity of LDH and its isozymes was identical to the values obtained in untrained animals but significantly higher than after the training at 5 degrees inclination. The typing of FG, FOG, and SO muscle fibers by the LDH isozyme pattern was not satisfactory, especially for the discrimination between FOG and SO fibers but also between FG and FOG fibers of muscle with different anatomic functions both in sedentary and trained animals. PMID- 7107107 TI - Sixth International Congress on Law and Psychiatry. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, June 11-13, 1981. PMID- 7107106 TI - Characterizing O2 uptake response kinetics during exercise. AB - It has recently been proposed that the half time for the kinetics of VO2 during exercise may be accurately determined from a linear fit to the exponential response on linear coordinates. We demonstrate that although this is the case for two periods of data utilization, it is not true for any others, and that small variations in this period markedly influence the estimate. Furthermore, it is necessary to know the parameters of the response to determine the appropriate period of data collection. We conclude that the proposed linear estimation procedure is likely to yield erroneous values for VO2 kinetics during exercise. PMID- 7107108 TI - The case for prediction the Modified Desert Model of criminal sentencing. PMID- 7107110 TI - Competency for informed consent: conceptual limits of empirical data. PMID- 7107109 TI - Competency to decide about treatment or research: an overview of some empirical data. PMID- 7107111 TI - Forensic psychiatry as a subspecialty. PMID- 7107112 TI - The insanity defense and other mental health dispositions in Missouri. PMID- 7107113 TI - Psychiatric abuse and legal reform: two ways to make a bad situation worse. PMID- 7107114 TI - Studies on mercury pollution: microdetermination of mercury in biological materials by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. AB - A simple, rapid, precise and accurate method for the determination of mercury in biological material is described. Biological samples were digested with nitric acid and acidified potassium permanganate and determined by cold vapour analyser. The proposed method was successfully employed for the determination of mercury in samples of fish, hair and blood. PMID- 7107115 TI - Zinc supplementation in chronic renal failure. AB - Zinc deficiency, abnormal taste acuity and decreased caloric intake begin early in children and adolescents with chronic progressive renal disease. This may contribute to their poor growth. We studied the effect of zinc supplementation, using a double blind crossover design, on 14 pediatric patients in chronic renal failure, but not yet on dialysis or in need of a transplant. Zinc supplementation increased red blood cell zinc concentrations and taste acuity. In those with less advanced renal failure (serum creatinine less than 5.0 mg/dl) it also improved caloric intake. No changes in growth velocity were seen, however, during the six months of zinc supplementation. PMID- 7107116 TI - Vaccine against hepatitis B in children: prevention of hepatitis in a pediatric hemodialysis unit. AB - In a pediatric hemodialysis unit, 10 children (aged 1 to 14 years) with chronic renal failure were immunized against hepatitis B infection (HB) by means of a vaccine. The vaccine was prepared by purification of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HGs Ag) from human sera and was formalin inactivated. Seven children were undergoing periodic hemodialysis and three were still managed with conservative treatment. There HBs Ag chronic carriers children were also dialysed in the unit and therefore represented a permanent high risk of HB for the whole unit. All the vaccinated children sero-converted for antibody to HBs Ag (anti-HBs) after vaccination. A follow-up from 16 to 33 months did not evidence clinical, biological and serological sign of hepatitis B in the vaccinated children. Presence of anti-HGs and absence of appearance of hepatitis B following immunization suggest that hepatitis B vaccine has represented for these children an effective means of prevention against hepatitis B infection. PMID- 7107117 TI - Intestinal loss of albumin in children with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 7107118 TI - Primary peritonitis and meningitis in nephrotic syndrome in Riyadh. AB - Primary peritonitis among children with the nephrotic syndrome is increasing following a decline when antibiotics and steroids were introduced. Meningitis has not been reported in such patients. Six nephrotic children with primary peritonitis and two with pneumococcal meningitis are reported. Peritonitis occurred in relapsing long standing cases while meningitis occurred in recently diagnosed cases. Steroid therapy was not found to be a contributing factor in the causation of the septic episodes. Long standing ascites was not a precursor to the development of peritonitis. All cases had hypoproteinemia and all those tested had low plasma IgG. The pneumococcus was grown from ascitic fluid and blood in three of the peritonitis cases and streptococcus pyogenes from the throat of one. All responded to penicillin therapy. PMID- 7107119 TI - Development of renal insufficiency after long-standing steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. AB - In this report, we describe the case of a boy who developed the nephrotic syndrome at one and one-half years of age, remained steroid-responsive for nine years, but then became steroid-resistant, associated with the development of progressive glomerular sclerosis and renal insufficiency. We suggest that this evolution is evidence in favor of the view that minimal change disease and focal glomerulosclerosis have a common pathogenesis. PMID- 7107120 TI - Acute renal failure of short duration in minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome of childhood. AB - Two boys 12 and 8 years of age with biopsy proven minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome developed acute renal failure during the course of their illness. Renal failure developed in the first boy at the time of onset of his nephrotic syndrome while in the second boy it occurred at the time of a relapse of his disease, 5 1/2 years after onset. Both patients had a complete resolution of renal failure and nephrosis following peritoneal dialysis and oral prednisone. Acute renal failure requiring dialysis is an unexplained and rare complication of minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome in adults and children. PMID- 7107121 TI - Glomerular lesions in the branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome. AB - Three cases: two adults and one child, with histologically confirmed branchio-oto renal syndrome showed prominent glomerular lesions. Typically there was segmental and focal hyalinization associated with dense deposits along the basement membrane and in the mesangium. Variable deposits of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA as well as C3 were present. The branchio-oto-renal syndrome appears to be a familial nephropathy which may lead to renal failure. PMID- 7107122 TI - Different functional characteristics of residual nephrons in infantile vs adult diffuse cortical necrosis. AB - In this report we study the functional characteristics of residual nephrons in a 37 year-old woman, 7 months after diffuse bilateral cortical necrosis (CN) of unknown etiology, and in two infants, aged 13 and 15 months, who suffered CN in early infancy after surgical shock and acute dehydration, respectively. In the three cases CN was proven histologically by renal biopsy but undamaged nephrons were only present in the juxtamedullary area in the adult patient whereas in the two infants they were located in the outer part of the cortex. At the time of the study all patients presented a similar degree of renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance: 17-23 ml/min/1.37 m2). The adult patient showed a partly conserved ability to concentrate the urine, a marked free water formation in relation to the degree of distal sodium delivery and an unimpaired capacity to acidify the urine after an acid load. Both infants, by the contrary, were unable to concentrate the urine, had lower free water formation at similar rates of distal sodium delivery and presented a clear incapacity to acidify the urine. These results confirm previous finding indicating the sparing of juxtamedullary nephrons after CN in the adult subject but favor the existence of a surviving population of superficial nephron when CN occurs in early infancy. These differences are probably in relation with associated damage of deep cortex and medulla infancy due to the specific characteristics of blood flow distribution present at that age. PMID- 7107124 TI - Estimation of effective hepatic blood flow with 99mTc-Sn-colloid. PMID- 7107123 TI - Tissue distribution of the radiolabeled antiestrogen [125I]iodotamoxifen. PMID- 7107125 TI - A two-compartmental model analysis of plasma clearance and urinary excretion data of 111In-DTPA in dogs. PMID- 7107126 TI - Unusual splenic image in massive bleeding after capsular tear. PMID- 7107127 TI - Biodistribution of 59Fe-thiosemicarbazones. AB - The 59Fe-iron(II) chelates of 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (I), 5 dimethylamino-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (II), and 5-hydroxy-2 formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (III) were prepared and their biodistribution determined in normal rats. Early accumulation of these complexes occurred in the liver, muscle and pelt with lesser amounts in the blood, kidneys and other organs. The tissue levels decreased with a 1 to 2-h half-life with the exception of the liver and intestines. The liver level tended to remain constant over the 2 h period. Accumulation in the gut resulting from hepatobiliary excretion increased over the first 60 min and then leveled off. In rats bearing a subcutaneous glioblastoma the uptake of compound I increased during the first 24 h after administration, and tumor to normal tissue ratios of 2 to 3.3 were obtained. PMID- 7107128 TI - Ocular tumors and other ocular pathology: a Chinese-American collaborative study. PMID- 7107130 TI - Uveal tuberculosis. AB - Ocular tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of panophthalmitis, uveitis, and intraocular neoplasms. We have presented 6 cases illustrating some of the clinical and pathological characteristics of two types of ocular involvement, acute tuberculous panophthalmitis and ciliary body tuberculoma. The former should be entertained when panophthalmitis or uveitis occur in debilitated patients with obvious systemic tuberculosis foci. Ciliary body tuberculoma should be suspected in relatively healthy individuals with a history of tuberculosis and an intraocular mass. The diagnosis is confirmed by positive cultures or the identification of the organism by acid-fast stains. Typical histopathology in the appropriate clinical setting is sufficient to start specific antituberculous therapy, which should be used in all cases. PMID- 7107129 TI - Epibulbar carcinoma. PMID- 7107131 TI - Sympathetic ophthalmia: a comparison of the histopathological features from a Chinese and American series. AB - The importance of this comparison between two large series of cases of sympathetic ophthalmia lies in its confirmation of our previous findings, which differ somewhat from the classical pathological description. Sympathetic ophthalmia remains a clinicopathological diagnosis, relying on a history of perforating injury to one eye, followed after a variable incubation period by inflammation in the fellow eye. The inflammatory changes in both eyes consist of a diffuse, granulomatous proliferation throughout the uveal tract, which involves the choriocapillaris and the retina late in its course. The infiltrate is composed predominantly of lymphocytes and plasma cells, with a variable number of epitheloid and giant cells. Corticosteroid therapy may modify this picture. The epithelioid cells contain phagocytosed pigment granules, but there is not sign of necrosis. Eosinophils appear early in the course of the disease and disappear late. The granulomatous inflammation may spread to involve the optic nerve sheath, the nerve itself, the scleral emissaria, and the scleral stroma. Dalen Fuchs nodules appear early peripherally, and it is over these nodules that retinal granulomas, when present, usually are found. In the Shanghai series, it was found that corticosteroid therapy and prompt enucleation of the exciting eye reduced the number of exacerbations experienced by these patients but did not improve visual prognosis. The MEEI data, while they did show a bimodal distribution to the visual result, seemed to indicate that prompt enucleation of a blind eye combined with aggressive corticosteroid therapy may improve visual prognosis. PMID- 7107132 TI - Conjunctival melanoma. PMID- 7107133 TI - Uveal melanoma in China. AB - We reviewed 65 cases of uveal melanoma from the Shanghai Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital between 1956 and 1979. These 65 cases occurred at a rate of 4.5 cases per 10,000 inpatients on the ophthalmology service. Uveal melanoma is more frequently encountered in China than previous reports have suggested. In China, as in the United States, uveal melanoma is the most frequently occurring primary intraocular neoplasm in adults. We observed a strikingly younger age distribution of our cases; almost 20 percent of cases in our series involved patients between the ages of 19 and 30. The largest number of cases was seen in the fifth decade. However, only 5 cases (8 percent) were seen in the sixth decade. Fundus lesions, which were observed to stimulate choroidal melanoma, are similar to those encountered in the United States. One contrast was the importance of inflammatory lesions in the differential diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. Management of cases was surgical in all instances. A lower percentage of spindle cell tumors and a higher percentage of epitheloid tumors were seen than in most Western series. PMID- 7107134 TI - Retinoblastoma: clinical observations and histopathological study. PMID- 7107135 TI - Reintegration of chronic mental patients into the Malaysian community. AB - This paper describes a rehabilitation programme for male chronic mental patients, with the aim of reintegrating them into the community. Since in Malaysia about 50% of the work force are stilling earning their living in the agricultural sector, the programme concentrates on training in farming and animal rearing. Since the patients are very institutionalised, resocialisation training is also provided that involves learning to communicate, to mix with others, to know how to use money, to make one's own demands, and to cope with more personal freedom. When a patient is trained well enough to be employed outside, a job is found for him that provides food, lodging and payment. After discharge from the hospital, he is regularly followed up by the social worker. PMID- 7107136 TI - Psychopathology, treatment outcome and attitude toward mental illness in Mexican American and European patients. AB - Lower socio-economic European American and Mexican American psychiatric inpatients were compared on degree of psychopathology, response to treatment and attitude toward mental illness and hospitalization. The Mexican American patients were proportionately under-represented, but did not differ from the European Americans in degree of psychopathology at admission nor in response to treatment both groups showing a high degree of improvement by both MMPI and clinical judgement. However, the Mexican American patients did have a significantly more negative view of hospitalization and treatment, viewing it as controlling and restrictive which may account for their lower proportion in the patient population. PMID- 7107137 TI - Determinants of delinquency in female West Indian Migrants. AB - A sample of young West Indian females were interviewed whilst being on remand for petty offences. Most were suffering from adjustment reactions of adolescence, a half had previously been convicted and a third gave a history of parasuicide. On investigation, it was found that there had been a characteristic pattern of multiple separation experiences, which had been closely related to the onset of early symptoms of maladjustment, with subsequent delinquency. As this pattern of separation experiences is not found among delinquents in the West Indies, this should indicate that such pathogenic experiences may be related to residence in the new environment in Britain. Early pregnancy may constitute a further separation experience, which may also be stressful in vulnerable individuals. PMID- 7107138 TI - Comparative assessment of two different types of therapeutic communities. AB - The authors tried to assess whether differentiating aspects of the treatment ideology of two therapeutic communities (psychoanalytic-psychotherapeutic and orthopedagogical were realised in the actual psychosocial milieux of the communities. Hypotheses were constructed about the differences in treatment ideology between the two communities, on the results on the Ward Atmosphere Scale Form C, which measure many aspects of the psychosocial milieu. The results show differences in the hypothesised direction, and confirm the accomplishment of differences in treatment milieu between the two therapeutic communities. PMID- 7107139 TI - The development of an Indirect Self-Destructive Behaviour Scale for use with chronically ill medical patients. AB - The development and content of a scale to measure indirect self-destructive behaviour (ISDB) among chronically ill medical patients is described. Findings for a sample of predominantly elderly, male, chronically ill patients indicate a generally high incidence of ISDB over a seven-day period continuous observation. Most frequently observed were behaviours involving noncompliance with the treatment programme, and conflicts with the medical staff. Based upon an analysis of nine classes of behaviour included in the ISDB Scale, three groups of patients emerged with distinct patterns of indirect self-destructive activity: two consisting largely of noncompliant acting-out behaviours, and one involving more direct forms of self-injury. PMID- 7107140 TI - Coping with refugees. A Canadian experience: 1948-1981. AB - Clinical and field studies of five successive refugee groups to Canada over the past 32 years are summarised. A consistent pattern of behaviour among refugees of different cultural background is described. The concept of Social Displacement Syndrome is reviewed and discussed from the perspective of the refugee recipient society. The early stages of the natural history of resettlement are seen as a series of predictable behaviour patterns of Refugees and Helpers. Some general principles are assigned for the study of refugee situation, of relevance to the development of specific personal and social support systems and to practical social psychiatric research. PMID- 7107141 TI - Marriage and non-psychotic emotional illness. AB - Study of social bonds suggest a causative role for their deficiency in the oetiology of non-psychotic emotional illness. The literature suggests that marital maladjustment is associated with certain neurotic and psychophysiological disorders; martial maladjustment is one type of deficient social bond which may influence symptom selection and perpetuation in non-psychotic emotional illness. Specific types of marital maladjustment, including lack of marital intimacy, are described as both vulnerability factors and perpetuating variables in specific non-psychotic emotional illnesses. PMID- 7107142 TI - Psychosocial factors in later life depression. AB - The purpose of this paper has been to assess the psycho-social factors in the onset and course of late life depressions. The sample consisted of 100 consecutive depressed in-patients, over 65 year-olds and 100 consecutive cases under 65. Our findings indicate that the number of precipitating factors was higher in the elderly group in comparison with the control group. Patients whose depression comes on in old age experienced more life events before the illness than those whose depression began under the age of 65. The clinical course of the depressive illness tends to be related to the precipitating event, patients experience psycho-social factors having longer depressive episodes. PMID- 7107143 TI - Ratings of parent behaviours for delinquents from two-parent and single-parent homes. AB - Mother and son ratings of parent behaviours on the dimensions of loving, demanding and punishing, using the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behaviour Questionnaire, were compared for juvenile delinquents from two-parent and single-parent homes respectively. Mean rating for all variables were in the average range, and little difference in ratings of mothers' behaviours was found, for either boys or mothers, between the single-parent and two-parent groups. These findings are in contrast to the frequently suggested link between delinquency and disturbed family interactions. PMID- 7107144 TI - Multivariate concept of psychosomatic illness the self-concept of asthmatic children. AB - The self-concept of asthmatic children was studied in order to demonstrate the complicated nature of the psychosomatic syndrome; that of 18 asthmatic children was compared to those of three other groups': 20 healthy children, 20 children with emotional difficulties and 11 children with cystic fibrosis. Measures reflecting the psychological self-acceptance differentiated the healthy children significantly from the two groups with emotional difficulties (asthmatics, and children with adjustment difficulties). Measures reflecting physical self acceptance differentiated the healthy group significantly from the two groups with somatic complaints (asthmatics and cystic fibrosis children). PMID- 7107145 TI - Surviving stress. PMID- 7107146 TI - Cultural relativety of first rank symptoms in schizophrenia. AB - This study aimed at assessing the extent and usefulness of Schneider's first rank symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia from a cross-cultural point of view. Case notes of patients admitted to the mental health ward of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria were analysed. Seventy eight schizophrenic patients from the basis of this study; 47 (60.3%) of them had first rank symptoms. Similarity was found with the results of Zarrouk, in that somatic passivity and 'made' phenomena predominated. PMID- 7107147 TI - Male predominance among Palauan schizophrenics. AB - Data gathered in a three-month field study of known schizophrenics in the Palau Islands reveal a 4:1 ratio of males versus females. It si postulated that relatively rapid sociocultural changes over the last two decades have loosened traditional external restraints on behaviour, destabilised male role and gender identities, and created an environment which has been particularly schizophrenogenic for males. Statistical analysis of the age distribution of the schizophrenics is used to support the hypothesis. Evidence is also presented indicating that the gender distribution is not artifactual. PMID- 7107148 TI - Smooth muscle growth and cholesterol accumulation in atherogenesis. PMID- 7107149 TI - Resetting of the baroreceptors. PMID- 7107150 TI - Mechanisms in the formation of lymph. PMID- 7107151 TI - Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation. PMID- 7107152 TI - Integrated circulatory response to volume expansion. PMID- 7107153 TI - Hemodynamics of hypertensive animals. AB - With a model in which arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance as the composite resistance of parallel regional peripheral resistances in mind, the measured values of these and other cardiovascular parameters in the SHR and other hypertensive animals are reviewed. In most studies, the hypertensive state is ascribable to an increased total peripheral resistance with almost normal cardiac output. Regional peripheral resistances are elevated diffusely in most hypertensive animals, but the extent is topographically different, as numerically demonstrated by the help of the indices proposed by the reviewer. Besides the elevation of flow resistance, decreases in compliance and volume in different parts of the cardiovascular system seem to be noteworthy hemodynamic findings. Several theories for development and maintenance of hypertension are also reviewed, and hypothetical modes of action of two representative antihypertensives, diuretics and beta-adrenoceptor blockers, are also briefly described. PMID- 7107154 TI - Clinical utility of salivary lithium concentration. AB - Saliva, plasma and erythrocyte lithium concentrations were studied in 40 long term lithium users. Intersubject variation in saliva to plasma lithium ratio was too great for clinical utility, when based on a group linear regression equation. By contrast, intrasubject data from 8 patients studied on three or more occasions indicated a higher linear correlation (r = 0.91 to 1.00 for 7 of 8 patients). For individual patients the ratio remained stable over varying concentration ranges, and was not affected by time from last dose or length of use of lithium. Based on these data, use of saliva concentrations of lithium for routine monitoring appears feasible after several blood and saliva concentrations are obtained to establish a relationship for a particular patient. Saliva monitoring may facilitate accurate analysis and convenience for some patients. PMID- 7107155 TI - Acute hypacusis of the inner ear as a result of reduced blood pressure by amitriptyline. A rare complication of the therapy with amitriptyline. PMID- 7107156 TI - Phagosome movement and the diurnal pattern of phagocytosis in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. AB - The diurnal pattern of phagocytosis and the movement of phagosomes was studied in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. The opossum was chosen because of its rod-dominated retina and large tapetal RPE cells (up to 100 micrometers in height), which are packed with reflective granules and contain little melanin. Thus phagosomes and their passage from apical to basal cell border were easily seen. Opossums were maintained on a 12 hr light/12 hr dark cycle and were sacrificed during the day and night. Phagosomes were consulted by light microscopy in sections extending 2 mm along the eye's vertical meridian. The diurnal pattern of rod phagocytosis was generally similar to that reported for other species, although an elevated phagosome content in two animals that in some cases there might be a smaller nighttime peak in addition to the large burst occurring after light onset. To determine the spatial distribution of phagosomes at different times, the RPE cells were divided into apical, middle, and basal thirds, and the phagosomes in each region were counted. A large number of phagosomes was observed in the basal RPE 1 to 2 hr after light onset, after which the number declined, reaching a low level late in the light period. In contrast, there were few phagosomes in the apical and mid-RPE even after light onset. This suggested that phagosomes remained in the apical and mid-RPE for only a short time. To examine its effect on phagosome movement, colchicine was injected intravitreally prior to the burst of phagocytosis. Colchicine blocked the movement of phagosomes producing a row of phagosomes along the apical margin of the RPE. These results suggest that there is a rapid, microtubule-mediated movement of phagosomes from apical to basal border. PMID- 7107157 TI - Phagosome degradation in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. AB - Ultrastructural and cytochemical features of phagosome degradation were examined in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the opossum. Didelphis virginiana. The tapetal RPE cells of the opossum measure as much as 100 micrometers in thickness, and the phagosomes traverse these cells so as to occupy a narrow region along the basal border. Both ultrastructural and cytochemical observations showed that degradation of phagosomes by lysosomes occurs only in this basal region. Acid phosphatase activity was present only in the basal RPE, where phagosomes appeared degraded and were observed to interact with each other and with lysosomes. Phagosomes in the apical and mid-RPE always had two membranes surrounding the discs and were acid phosphatase negative. Ultrastructural changes, which may occur in the absence of lysosomal enzymes, were examined in phagosomes that were, on the basis of several criteria, undegraded. These changes were accentuated in phagosomes trapped in the apical RPE by colchicine. PMID- 7107158 TI - Intramembrane changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell junctions of the dystrophic rat retina. AB - A progressive failure in phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) occurs in the Royal College of Surgeons rat with inherited retinal degeneration. Another change that can be attributed to a defect in the RPE is a breakdown in the blood-retinal barrier. RPE cell junctions, which form a part of this barrier, become permeable to extracellular tracer during the dystrophic process. We have used the freeze-fracture technique to study the structure of RPE cell junctions in normal and dystrophic retinas. In normal retinas, tight junctions between RPE cells consisted of 8 to 16 anastomosing strands on the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet (P-face) and a complementary pattern of grooves on the external membrane leaflet (E-face). Gap-junctional aggregates of hexagonally packed P-face particles and complementary E-face pits were enclosed within the tight junctional strands. In dystrophic retinas changes were first seen at postnatal day 21. Subtle breaks in P-face tight-junctional strands became more pronounced with time. Eventually the tight junctions appeared to unravel from the gap junctional aggregates, which became isolated and appeared to break off into patches of particle aggregates. The increased density of background particles in the membranes adjacent to disassembling junctions suggested that junctional elements were being removed by dispersal. Endocytosis of junctional elements was observed in both dystrophic and control retinas but may be accelerated in the dystrophic retina. In the late stages of the dystrophy some RPE cell junctions appeared to have proliferated and occupied extensive areas of the RPE membrane. PMID- 7107159 TI - Cone outer segment shedding in the goldfish retina characterized with the 3H fucose technique. AB - After an intravitreal injection of 3H-fucose, red- and blue-sensitive cone outer segments (OSs) in the goldfish retina became heavily labeled, green-sensitive cone OSs showed light labeling, and rod OSs showed virtually no labeling. Fish were maintained in white light (light/dark: 12 hr/12 hr; 6 to 10 weeks) and were injected with 3H-fucose 24 hr before sacrifice. After light onset, only phagosomes with no label were found in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); after light offset, phagosomes with heavy, light, or no label were found in the RPE. A broad peak of cone OS shedding derived from all cone types was found beginning 2 hr after light offset and returning to baseline levels after 12 hr, with a maximum at 4 to 6 hr. When the white light was replaced with red light during the final 24 hr (irradiance matched to the white light at 625 nm), the green cones showed a reduction in shedding by 62%, the rods showed a 48% reduction in shedding, and the number of heavily labeled phagosomes was reduced by 24% (a value that may reflect normal and red cone shedding and a reduction in blue cone shedding). The results suggest that chromatic stimulation during the light period may influence the shedding response of a given class of cone OS. Finally, the 3H-fucose technique is useful for determination of the photoreceptor OS from which a given phagosome in the RPE originates in this species. PMID- 7107160 TI - Vascular endothelial cell effectors in fetal calf retina, vitreous, and serum. AB - The vascular endothelial growth factor or factors (VGF) and the cytotoxic component(s) in fetal calf retinal extract, vitreous, and serum were investigated. A new quantitative method of measuring the cell growth stimulatory activity and cytotoxicity was used. Results obtained in this study suggest that the VGF may be present in retina, vitreous, and serum in situ. The VGF was found to be specific for fetal aortic endothelial cells. The VGF was diffusible and could be readily separated by dialysis from the nonspecific cell growth stimulatory factor(s) also present in retinal extract, vitreous, and serum. The VGF activity in the dialyzable fraction was stable at pH 3 and with heat treatment. The VGF appeared to consist of up to three components: VGFI, VGFII, and VGFIII. These components could be separated by cation-exchange chromatography, with an identical elution pattern for each component regardless of tissue origin. Serum and retinal extract contained all three components, whereas in vitreous, VGFIII was either negligible or totally lacking. The cytotoxic component(s) was found only in vitreous and serum, and its cytotoxicity appeared to be nonspecific. PMID- 7107162 TI - Scotopic thresholds and plasma retinol in cystic fibrosis. AB - Patients with cystic-fibrosis (CF) often have low plasma concentrations of vitamin A. We have measured dark-adapted scotopic thresholds of 56 patients with CF, ages 4 to 34 years, either with a two-alternative forced-choice procedure or as the final threshold after a full dark-adaptation curve. Fasting plasma vitamin A alcohol (retinol) was measured in 34 of the 56 patients. The average thresholds were higher and retinol values lower in patients than in controls. In two patients with very low (less than 7 micrograms/dl) initial retinol levels and elevated thresholds, decreased rhodopsin densities were observed; rhodopsin density and thresholds returned to normal after treatment with oral vitamin A. Rhodopsin density and log sensitivity were linearly related. Only marked decreased in plasma retinol were associated with elevations of dark-adapted threshold and decreases in rhodopsin density, suggesting that the tissues of patients with CF sequester vitamin A to maintain retinal function. PMID- 7107161 TI - Binding of retinoblastoma and normal sera to retinoblastoma-derived cultured cells. AB - We have observed increased binding of retinoblastoma patients' sera to a retinoblastoma-derived cultured cell line (Y-79). This reactivity was mediated by the serum IgG fraction and was directed toward different tumor or target cell (Y 79, Molt, Raji, and fibroblasts) cultured in media containing fetal calf serum. Normal pooled serum IgG fractions did not demonstrate any similar binding. When target cells were cultured in media containing human serum instead of fetal calf serum, a considerable reduction in retinoblastoma sera binding activity was observed. Reactivity against target retinoblastoma cells could be reduced but not entirely eliminated by quantitative absorption with nonretinoblastoma (Molt) cells grown in media with fetal calf serum. Retinoblastoma and normal sera binding to autologous fibroblasts, nonautologous fibroblasts, and cultured melanoma cells was also minimal. These findings suggest that residual binding activity in the sera tested may be directed against retinoblastoma tumor antigens. The fetal calf serum component responsible for reactivity with certain retinoblastoma sera was shown by immunoprecipitation, competitive inhibition, and gel electrophoresis to be bovine serum albumin. PMID- 7107163 TI - Distribution of potassium in the rat lens. AB - Rat lenses were incubated for 24 hr in media with various concentrations of potassium and a constant concentration of sodium. The media were prepared by adding potassium chloride to a basic 300 mOsm TC-199 medium. Concentrations of potassium up to 100 mM were produced with a maximum osmolarity of 500 mOsm. The content of lens water remained constant in all media even though the content of potassium doubled and the lens was depolarized. The findings support the view that the content of lens water is determined by the concentration of sodium and that potassium acts like a permeant ion. The loss of potassium in the presence of ouabain during a 24 hr period is about twice as great as it is in a potassium free medium in the absence of ouabain. This is taken as evidence for the recycling of potassium. PMID- 7107164 TI - The effect of ascorbate, hydroperoxides, and bradykinin on prostaglandin production by corneal and lens cells. AB - Epithelial cells from the rabbit cornea, fibroblasts from the rabbit and calf cornea, and calf lens epithelial cells were placed in individual cultures. Prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by these cell types was determined. Lens epithelial cells produced no detectable PGs under basal conditions. Corneal fibroblasts primarily produced PGE2, while epithelial cells primarily produced thromboxane A2. PG production by corneal fibroblasts was highly responsive to bradykinin, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and t-butyl hydroperoxide, an organic peroxide. Quantitative differences in PG production between the rabbit and calf corneal fibroblasts were observed. Our results suggest that the reported therapeutic actions of ascorbic acid in the eye may, at least in part, be mediated through the PGs. Our results also support the proposed role for hydroperoxides in the control of PG synthesis. PMID- 7107165 TI - Learning patterns of eye motion for foveal pursuit. AB - Two human subjects fixated a small light oscillating sinusoidally. After the light disappeared, sinusoidal post-pursuit eye motion (PPEM) continued to follow the unexpected trajectory of targets oscillating at 0.8 and 1.0 Hz. Saccades corrected differences between eye and expected target position during PPEM in complete darkness. Predictive tracking, the ability of primates to accurately fixate even rapidly moving targets, may thus involve learning specific eye movement patterns that mimic target motion. PMID- 7107166 TI - Differences in vernier discrimination for grating between strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. AB - Two gratings composed of lines were displayed one above the other, and the vernier threshold was measured as a function of spatial frequency and vertical separation between gratings for 12 strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopes. The vernier acuity of the anisometropic amblyopes was similar to that of nonamblyopic eyes when scaled proportionally to their reduced grating acuity. Strabismic amblyopes, on the other hand, have poorer vernier acuity than might be predicted from their grating resolution, even at low spatial frequencies. In addition, the strabismic amblyopes showed "crowding effects" for vernier gratings well within their resolution limit, while anisometropic amblyopes, like normals, showed no such effects. PMID- 7107167 TI - Evaluation of follow-up methods to detect relapse after mastectomy in breast cancer patients. PMID- 7107169 TI - Priapism--report of two cases. PMID- 7107168 TI - Serum immunoglobulins in epileptic patients on anticonvulsant monotherapy. PMID- 7107170 TI - Epidemiology of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in Ireland: mortality analysis. PMID- 7107171 TI - The coincidence of infarcts of the heart and brain: an analysis. PMID- 7107172 TI - Vasodilator therapy of pulmonary hypertension in the CRST syndrome. PMID- 7107174 TI - 'Rosary beads' colon; a further radiological manifestation of the irritable bowel syndrome. PMID- 7107173 TI - Acute intermittent porphyria in pregnancy--a case report. PMID- 7107175 TI - Intradermal xylocaine: does it have a role in setting up a drip? PMID- 7107176 TI - Duration of anaesthesia and post-operative hypoxaemia. PMID- 7107177 TI - The effect of local atmospheric temperature upon umbilical cord 25-hydroxy vitamin D. PMID- 7107178 TI - Reports of adverse drug reactions in general medical journals. PMID- 7107179 TI - Gastric ulceration after fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux. PMID- 7107180 TI - "Gastric volvulus--a report on four cases". PMID- 7107182 TI - Medical graduates of the Seventies plans, problems and prospects. PMID- 7107181 TI - Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 7107183 TI - Oral hypoglycaemic drugs. PMID- 7107185 TI - Clinical and echocardiographic studies of minoxidil in resistant hypertension. PMID- 7107186 TI - Consensus of agreement between bereavement literature and helping agencies in Ireland. PMID- 7107184 TI - Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. PMID- 7107187 TI - Psychiatric evaluation of a Munchausen's syndrome. PMID- 7107188 TI - The effect of 1 alpha hydroxy D3 on calcium absorption in a geriatric population. PMID- 7107189 TI - Routine measurement of free thyroxine by a kinetic-based assay. PMID- 7107191 TI - Medicine--an ailing profession? PMID- 7107190 TI - Monoclonal antibodies, malignant brain tumours and other cancers. PMID- 7107192 TI - Applications of ultrasound to veterinary diagnostics in a veterinary teaching hospital. AB - Animal patients at Colorado State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital as well as beagles at the Collaborative Radiological Health Laboratory (CRHL) have been routinely evaluated using a variety of ultrasonic procedures that are commonplace in human medicine. The results from these clinical investigations have provided diagnostic information which in many cases has not been available using other clinical testing methods. Dogs, cats, horses, and cattle have been the primary animals evaluated, but more exotic subjects such as rabbits, ferrets, goats, and armadillos have also been examined. Standard M mode echocardiographic and classic contact scanning have been used to evaluate the heart and abdominal pelvic areas respectively. Recently, real time scanning has been added to our capabilities for evaluating animal subjects. These clinical studies, while obviously adding to veterinary diagnostics have also become an exciting new area in the veterinary teaching program. Ultrasound has shown potential in a variety of studies employing animal models, i.e., aging effects on the heart in beagles and anthracycline-induced myocardial dysfunction in rabbits. PMID- 7107193 TI - Ozone precursor monitor for investigating air pollution. AB - Ozone is designated by the Environmental Protection Agency as one of six principal air pollutants. Of the six, ozone alone is classified as a secondary pollutant since it is not emitted by a specific source. Ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere by photochemical reactions involving the precursors of ozone: gaseous organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons), nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. This paper describes a new automated method for quantifying the precursors of ozone. An ozone analyzer is coupled to a reaction vessel contained in an irradiation chamber. At timed intervals discrete samples of outside air are drawn into the reaction vessel and irradiated with ultraviolet light. The amount of ozone produced is a measure of the photochemical reactivity potential of the precursor blend. The ozone precursor monitor (OPM) is designed for urban air sampling stations where analyzers for the principal air pollutants are routinely operated. The monitor, however, has other uses. Among special applications of the method that are discussed are its use as an early warning device for forecasting elevated ozone concentrations, a screening system for assessing the photoreactivity of solvents, and a procedure for investigating the transport of ozone precursors from urban to rural areas. PMID- 7107194 TI - Instrumental methods of monitoring and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. PMID- 7107195 TI - Introducing the ICD-9-CM in Israel. PMID- 7107196 TI - Mortality and psychopathology following the death of an adult child: an epidemiological review. PMID- 7107197 TI - Compassion versus contempt toward holocaust victims: difficulties in attaining an adaptive identity in an annihilative world. PMID- 7107198 TI - Differences between schizophrenics and normal controls using chirological (hand) testing. PMID- 7107199 TI - A therapeutic community program for a multi-cultural adolescent population. PMID- 7107200 TI - Leptospirosis in Israel: epidemiological features and laboratory findings in 13 human cases due to Leptospira ballum. AB - Thirteen sporadic cases of human leptospirosis due to Leptospira ballum were laboratory confirmed during a period of 11 yr. In four cases the diagnosis was proved retrospectively. All but three were residents of the Sharon plain region, living 10 to 15 km apart. All were engaged in some form of agriculture, especially in irrigated fields or groves, or in chicken farming. It was suspected that wet soil contaminated with the urine of rodents, carriers of L. ballum, was the main source of infection. Two types of immunological response were observed: 1) high microscopic agglutination (MA) titers with L. ballum serovar only (nine cases); and 2) considerable coagglutination titers with heterologous serovars as well (four cases). The serological follow-up of these cases for several years revealed that in some, a relatively high MA titer (1:200 to 1:400) against L. ballum serovars persisted for 4 to 9 yr. Sera from 10 patients were tested for IgM and IgG anti-bodies by the MA test. In eight cases the IgM responded to a higher titer and persisted for many years, regardless of whether or not any IgG agglutinins were detected. The importance of blood cultures is emphasized and the possibility of misinterpretation of MA results is discussed. PMID- 7107201 TI - Legionnaires' disease in Israel: a serological study of hemodialysis patients. AB - A serological survey was performed in three Israeli hospitals in order to evaluate the risk of nosocomial spread of the agent of Legionnaires' Disease or antigenically related organisms. Five out of 79 chronic hemodialysis patients had titers (1:512 to 1:2,048) of indirect immunofluorescence antibodies considered indicative of past infection. None of 44 healthy subjects, 37 ambulatory patients or 16 patients with acute gram-negative sepsis due to unrelated organisms showed a seroreaction of greater than or equal to 1:128. PMID- 7107202 TI - Evaluation of bone marrow granulocyte reserves in neutropenic and nonneutropenic Yemenite Jews. AB - The bone marrow granulocyte reserves of 10 Yemenite Jews with hereditary neutropenia were estimated by measuring the maximum peripheral blood granulocyte increment after the administration of 40 mg prednisone. The control group consisted of 11 nonneutropenic Yemenites and 15 non-Yemenite Jews with normal peripheral blood neutrophil counts. The mean peripheral blood granulocyte increment in the neutropenic and nonneutropenic Yemenites was significantly less than in the non-Yemenite Jews. There was no significant difference in the response of the two Yemenite groups. PMID- 7107203 TI - Tubular handling of sodium following immersion to the neck and salt-induced volume expansion. AB - We wished to compare the natriuretic and diuretic effect of extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) with 0.9% NaCl to that obtained with up-to-the-neck immersion (NI) in healthy volunteers. Clearance techniques during maximal antidiuretic hormone suppression were utilized to pinpoint the sites of tubular NaCl reabsorption. Mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not differ significantly between ECVE and NI; mean rate of sodium excretion during ECVE was significantly greater than during NI, whereas mean water clearance for a given rate of distal delivery was higher with NI than with ECVE. Our findings suggest that ECVE is associated with greater natriuresis than NI, despite the equality of filtered sodium loads and of distal deliveries under both these procedures. PMID- 7107204 TI - Relationship of bone and plasma magnesium in magnesium-deficient cirrhosis patients. AB - Total and ionized plasma Mg levels and cortical and trabecular bone Mg concentration were determined in five untreated nonalcoholic cirrhosis patients with ascites and edema. The high peripheral renin activity and serum aldosterone proved the existence of secondary aldosteronism in these patients. Total plasma Mg and trabecular bone Mg were within normal limits. A decreased absolute level and percentage of ionized plasma Mg were found without hypoalbuminemia, and cortical bone Mg concentration was decreased. Ionized plasma Mg concentration correlated closely with cortical bone Mg concentration when the levels of bone and plasma Mg were below normal. PMID- 7107205 TI - Pure pancreatic juice cytology obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AB - Aspiration cytology was performed in 38 patients, in whom endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed because of jaundice or abdominal pain suspected of being pancreatic in origin. The fluid for the cytologic examination was obtained through a catheter in the pancreatic duct after administration of secretin i.v. Neoplastic cells were found in the aspirate of 12 of the 20 patients who were eventually proven to have an adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Aspiration cytology of fluid obtained during ERCP has been shown to be useful in preoperative confirmation of pancreatic malignancy. PMID- 7107206 TI - Effect of extracts from ischemic pancreas (myocardial depressant factor?) on platelets. PMID- 7107208 TI - Recurrent venous thrombosis: the sole manifestation of an occult myeloproliferative disease. AB - A myeloproliferative disorder manifested by thrombocytosis, a high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score and an increased red blood cell mass was found in a 64-yr-old woman. During the previous 15 yr, recurrent venous occlusions had taken place, necessitating the resection of ischemic bowel segments and leading to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Numerous blood counts obtained during repeated hospitalizations were normal, and these thrombotic events remained unexplained. The sequence of events strongly suggests that the myeloproliferative disorder existed in an occult form during these years and was responsible for the venous occlusions. The possibility of a "smoldering" myeloproliferative disorder should be considered in patients with otherwise inexplicable thrombotic phenomena. PMID- 7107207 TI - Management of labor in a patient with factor V deficiency. PMID- 7107209 TI - Abnormality in renal urate handling in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. PMID- 7107210 TI - Serum amyloid P-component levels in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7107211 TI - Aminopyrine breath test in Dubin Johnson and Gilbert's syndromes. PMID- 7107212 TI - Therapeutic failures in epileptic children due to impaired diphenylhydantoin bioavailability. PMID- 7107213 TI - Propranolol-induced hypoglycemia in a nondiabetic patient during acute coronary insufficiency. PMID- 7107214 TI - Serum mineral concentrations in low birth weight infants fed different milk formulas. PMID- 7107215 TI - In vitro studies on the formation of uric acid staghorn calculi. PMID- 7107216 TI - Production of transcobalamin II by various murine and human cells in culture. AB - The ability of various murine and human cell types to secrete in vitro transcobalamin II (TCII), the vitamin B12 transport protein, was investigated. All cell types tested were found to secrete into the culture medium biologically active TCII molecules, capable of facilitating B12 uptake. The largest amounts of TCII were produced by primary cultures of murine fibroblasts and macrophages. Large quantities of TCII were also secreted by myeloma, erythroid leukemia, and macrophage-like tumor cell lines. Murine thymus cells of T lymphocyte tumors secreted only small quantities of TCII. Mouse monocytes and fibroblasts secreted considerably larger quantities of TCII than did their human counterparts. The data indicate that many cell types have the potential to produce biologically active TCII in vitro. Whether this in vitro potential also reflects in vivo biosynthetic activity is discussed. PMID- 7107217 TI - Altered function and membrane properties of lymphocytic leukemia cells. Correlation with clinical stage of disease. AB - Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were examined for the presence of several recognized surface receptors [immunoglobulins, C3 component of complement, and concanavalin A (Con A)] and for structural changes in membrane distribution and dynamics, such as mobility and capping. There appeared to be a general decrease in the mobility of the various receptors on the surface membranes of CLL cells as compared with normal lymphocytes. Although C3 receptors were present on the majority of CLL cells, only a small proportion of the cells formed EAC rosettes. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Con A and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) confirmed previous observations that CLL cells respond poorly to the B cell mitogen, PWM, and that this response is significantly lower than that to the T cell mitogens, PHA and Con A. The decrease in response to all three mitogens seemed to correlate with the clinical stage of the disease, and it appears that Stage II cases may constitute a heterogeneous group of patients in this respect. A differential response to reduced concentrations of PHA was observed in CLL lymphocytes, but not with normal cells. The data concerning B and T cell function in CLL cells, as determined by the transformation and rosetting capacity of these cells, suggest a general decrease in function, which apparently deteriorates with progression of the disease. PMID- 7107218 TI - Ketamine anesthesia for pediatric gastrointestinal procedures. AB - Ketamine HCl anesthesia was used for gastrointestinal therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in 26 children aged 3 mo to 16 yr. In addition, atropine was used for the gastroscopies and diazepam for the colonoscopies. Ketamine, 5 to 8 mg/kg body wt administered i.m., produced rapid anesthesia of short duration which allowed easy performance of the procedure. No serious side effects were noted, but care must be taken as ketamine is a general anesthetic with potential side effects during and after the period of anesthesia. This satisfactory initial experience should be confirmed by a controlled study of anesthetic agents for pediatric gastrointestinal procedures. PMID- 7107219 TI - Manometric study during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography--a new technique for the evaluation of pathology in the pancreatic and biliary systems. AB - During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, pressures of the common bile duct, the pancreatic duct and the sphincter of Oddi were recorded in 64 patients with various diseases of the pancreaticobiliary system. The manometric study was found to be helpful in the diagnosis of papillary dysfunction and in the assessment of the adequacy of papillotomy and the size of a choledochoduodenostomy. Furthermore, it is possible that nitrates may be effective in the treatment of patients with papillary dysfunction. PMID- 7107221 TI - Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome) with prominent synovitis. AB - Synovitis has been infrequently reported in eosinophilic fasciitis. We report on a patient whose condition conformed to the general features of the syndrome, in whom synovitis was a prominent histological finding. The clinical, laboratory and histopathological features of this disease are reviewed. PMID- 7107220 TI - Mutilation of the uvula among Bedouins of the South Sinai. AB - Mutilation of the uvula, as practiced by various tribes of Bedouins in the South Sinai, was discovered while carrying out anthropological studies in the area. Partial or total amputation of the uvula is performed on both boys and girls during the first or second year of life, as a ritual custom. Anatomical changes in the soft palate due to the uvulectomy in 115 subjects are described. The remnant of the uvula (scar) was classified according to size as: very large, large, medium, small, trace or none. A notch or kind of cleft of the palate, as a result of the uvulectomy, was considered the most extreme degree of extirpation. The majority (47%) were of small size and a notch was found in 9.6%. Changes in shape and symmetry of the arches of the palate as a result of the uvulectomy are also described. These changes are explained on the basis of the anatomical structure of the palate and uvula. The possible effects of the uvulectomy on health in general and on speech in particular are discussed. PMID- 7107223 TI - Plasma levels of serotonin compared with cortisol as stress indicators in gynecological operations. PMID- 7107222 TI - Severe poisoning in a child by the mushroom Inocybe tristis, Malencon and Bertault. AB - Following ingestion of the mushroom Inocybe tristis, a 2 1/2-yr-old girl had sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, stupor and myosis. Subsequently, she developed excessive hypertension, a purpuric rash and transient hepatic, muscular, renal and cutaneous damage. The patient completely recovered after supportive therapy. This is an instance of severe multisystemic toxicity caused by the mushroom Inocybe tristis, Malencon and Bertault, previously unreported. PMID- 7107224 TI - A case of interstitial pneumonitis during amiodarone therapy. PMID- 7107225 TI - Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on patients with ileal resection. PMID- 7107226 TI - Severe external ophthalmomyiasis due to larvae of Wohlfahrtia sp. PMID- 7107227 TI - A simple technique for visualization of the uterine cavity and its pathology during ultrasound scanning. PMID- 7107228 TI - Persistence of [3H]trioleylglyceryl ether in organs of mice treated with glucocorticosteroids. PMID- 7107229 TI - Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on immune complex- and chemotactic factor-induced inflammation. AB - Previously we reported that indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inhibited leukocyte infiltration, blood flow, and vascular permeability during E. coli induced inflammation in rabbit skin. Here we report the kinetics of these responses and the effects of these drugs on them, when a phagocytic stimulus, such as the immune complexes in the reverse Arthus reaction, or a nonphagocytic stimulus, such as the chemotactic factor in zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP, C5a des Arg), initiate inflammation. Both reactions causes infiltration of 51Cr labeled leukocytes, an increase in blood flow, measured with 86RbC1, and in vascular permeability, measured with 125I-albumin. In both reactions, all three of these parameters were simultaneously inhibited by indomethacin or ASA. The local injection of prostaglandin E2 (0.5 microgram) at doses which, in control (uninflamed) skin increased only the blood flow, reversed all three inhibitory effects of the drugs. These results indicate that the drug-induced inhibition of leukocyte infiltration was secondary to the inhibition of the vascular responses. Furthermore, the vascular responses in both types of lesions were probably mediated, in large part, by vasodilatory prostaglandins. The magnitude and course of the vascular responses and their sensitivity to the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors was similar in the Arthus (phagocytic) and in the ZAP (nonphagocytic) lesions. These results suggest that phagocytosis may not be a prerequisite for the generation of prostaglandins and the vascular responses during polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated inflammation in vivo. PMID- 7107230 TI - Prostaglandin E2 secretion by subsets of human peripheral blood monocytes. AB - The present study describes the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by various fractions of human peripheral blood monocytes, differing in their plastic adherence properties. PGE2 was found to be secreted only by phagocytic cells. Complete removal of the phagocytic monocytes, but no repeated adsorptions to a plastic surface, resulted in the abrogation of detectable PGE2 secretion. The monocyte population secreting PGE2 consisted of cells with different affinities to plastic surface. The loosely adherent phagocytic cells secreted more PGE2 than the strongly adherent phagocytic cells. The possible existence of monocyte subsets in human peripheral blood differing in their adherence property and PGE2 secretion is suggested. PMID- 7107233 TI - Ethics and Experts. 4. What philosophers can offer. PMID- 7107232 TI - Ethics and Experts. 3. Ethicists, critics and expertise. PMID- 7107231 TI - Ethics and experts. 2. A physician's perspective. PMID- 7107234 TI - Forced cesareans: the most unkindest cut of all. PMID- 7107236 TI - The woman who died in a box. Commentary. PMID- 7107235 TI - The woman who died in a box. Commentary. PMID- 7107237 TI - Can Congress settle the abortion issue? PMID- 7107238 TI - Controversy at Love Canal. PMID- 7107239 TI - Ethics and experts. PMID- 7107240 TI - Ethics and Experts. 1. How do we decide? PMID- 7107241 TI - Breast cancer screening in Hawaii 1974-1980: Results of a six-year program. PMID- 7107242 TI - Clues in the tempos of cluster headache. PMID- 7107243 TI - Plasma testosterone levels in patients with cluster headache. PMID- 7107244 TI - Change in platelet taurine and migraine. PMID- 7107245 TI - Lateral medullary syndrome after basilar migraine. PMID- 7107246 TI - A psychophysiological investigation of tension headache. PMID- 7107248 TI - Arteriovenous malformation of the brain presenting as a cluster headache--a case report. PMID- 7107247 TI - Chronic muscle contraction headache and the pain-prone disorder. PMID- 7107249 TI - Some thoughts regarding diagnosis of functional headache. PMID- 7107250 TI - Episodic headache as a manifestation of lead encephalopathy. PMID- 7107251 TI - Productivity versus cost control: considerations for health care managers. PMID- 7107252 TI - Hospital nurse staffing: an urgent need for management reappraisal. PMID- 7107254 TI - Employer attitudes toward health maintenance organizations. PMID- 7107255 TI - Viewpoint: Emerging health policy and industry restructuring. PMID- 7107253 TI - Market research: when, why and how. PMID- 7107256 TI - Management incentive systems and economic performance in health care organizations. PMID- 7107257 TI - Follow-up report from a health care planner. PMID- 7107259 TI - HCMR interview: Scott Parker. Interview by Montague Brown. PMID- 7107258 TI - Job satisfaction of physical therapists. PMID- 7107260 TI - Managing variability in demand: a strategy for productivity improvement in health care services. PMID- 7107261 TI - Using patient information to identify areas for service improvement. PMID- 7107262 TI - A model for optimizing the number of operating rooms in a hospital surgical suite. PMID- 7107263 TI - Ratio analysis: use with caution. PMID- 7107264 TI - Hospital taxation: the dollars and the sense of it. PMID- 7107266 TI - HMOs and the academic medical center: a reassessment. PMID- 7107265 TI - Viewpoint: The compleat administrator. PMID- 7107267 TI - Practical guidelines for linkage between the CMHC and the state hospital. PMID- 7107268 TI - HCMR interview: Bishop Joseph M. Sullivan. Interview by Montague Brown. PMID- 7107269 TI - The physician's use of the hospital. PMID- 7107270 TI - Medical peer review and information management: the dead-end phenomenon. PMID- 7107271 TI - Financial barriers to closure: a case study. PMID- 7107272 TI - Viewpoint: In defense of physicians' incomes. PMID- 7107273 TI - HCMR interview: Joseph F. Harkins. Interview by Montague Brown and Barbara P. McCool. PMID- 7107274 TI - [Occlusive thrombotic lymphangiofibrosis of the penis]. AB - The disease is characterized by a painless tender and mainly worm-like lesion which partly or totally encircles the distal penis, proximal of the sulcus coronarius. Usually, there are no local or regional inflammatory signs of the glans, preputium, or the inguinal lymph nodes. The anatomic target is a lymphatic collecting vessel. The pathologic process is morphologically based on three major features: lymphostasis, coagulation thrombus formation, and vessel wall thickening. We therefore propose the term lymphangiofibrosis thrombotica occlusiva. Men 20-40 years of age are most commonly affected. A therapeutic measure is not necessary, unless there is no spontaneous regression which one can except in 90% of the patients within 2 months. Mechanical and unknown microbiologic insults are discussed as etiological factors. Furthermore, the topographical distribution of blood and lymphatic vessels of the distal penis region is delineated. Six patients are presented with the clinical data. PMID- 7107275 TI - [Serum immunoglobulins in scabies]. AB - Infections with Sarcoptes scabiei induced changes of serum immunoglobulin concentrations in 25 of 35 patients (71%). According to the persistence of the symptoms in this disease, the patients were divided into two groups (shorter or longer than 3 weeks). In the initial phase elevated IgE levels were found in 14 of 15 patients. Increased IgE concentrations were demonstrated only in six of 20 patients of the second group. IgA, IgG, and IgM did not reveal significant alterations in the serum concentrations of either group. PMID- 7107276 TI - [Hereditary onychogryposis]. PMID- 7107277 TI - [Phototoxic reaction to figs]. AB - In several patients the effect of a phototoxic reaction to the juice of fresh figs (ficus carica) was observed as a striped pigmentation on the arms (after rubbing in the fruit juice followed by exposure to the sun), or as a patchy pigmentation of the face after eating fresh figs. Reference is made to the pathogenetic identity of this furocoumarin phototoxic reaction and the clinical transition of ficus dermatitis both to "Berloque dermatitis" (from the oil of types of citrus) and to bullous meadow dermatitis (from the juice of types of heracleum). Reference is also made to the similarity of the therapeutic furocoumarin reaction in PUVA therapy. PMID- 7107278 TI - [Argon laser therapy of sebaceous adenoma]. PMID- 7107279 TI - [Epidemiology of connective tissue diseases of the skin (scleroderma, dermatomyositis and polymyositis) in Japan]. AB - An epidemiologic study of connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis) performed from 1973 to 1976 in Japanese university hospitals is reported. Data from 32 of 48 university hospitals revealed that a total of 659 cases were collected. There were 396 cases of progressive systemic sclerosis, 178 cases of dermatomyositis, and 85 cases of polymyositis. The following points were analyzed: relationship of regional incidence, sex, initial symptoms, laboratory findings, and statistical analysis of autopsies. PMID- 7107280 TI - [Lichen myxedematosus and scleromyxedema]. AB - Review of the clinical picture, dynamics of the disease, associated symptoms and signs, etiopathology as well as treatment and prognosis of lichen myxedematosus and scleromyxedema. Diagnostic criteria are wax-like papules and leather-like skin thickening, an increase in concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides consisting mainly of hyaluronic acid in the dermis, lympho-plasmacytoid infiltrates in the skin and the bone marrow, normal thyroid function, and paraproteinemia of light chain type lambda or kappa. The nosologic connection of both manifestations implying a single disease entity is emphasized by two of our clinical observations of the transition of lichen myxedematosus to scleromyxedema. An attempt will be made to interpret this as a certain kind of myelomesenchymal syndrome. PMID- 7107281 TI - [A syndrome: uncombable hair. Observation of 6 members of a family with pili canaliculi, associated with pili torti, progressive alopecia, atopic eczema and hamartomas]. AB - Six members of one family showed the typical clinical picture of uncombable hair (cheveux incoiffables), a syndrome first described by Dupre, Rochiccioli and Bonafe in 1973. In all six cases scanning electron microscopical investigations revealed characteristic morphological hair changes including longitudinal grooves as well as angular or kidney-shaped patterns in cross sections. Genetically the abnormality seems to be of autosomal dominant heredity with incomplete penetrance. In addition to uncombable hair some of our patients showed pili torti, progressive alopecia areata and atopic eczema. Possible relations of this syndrome with other diseases as pili torti, kinky hair disease or hypotrichia congenita are discussed. PMID- 7107282 TI - [Genodermatosis in a pair of brothers: Dowling-Degos, Grover, Darier, Hailey Hailey or Galli-Galli disease?]. AB - A peculiar polymorphous eruption in two brothers is reported. Histological examination of hyperpigmented macular lesions on the face and neck revealed all diagnostic features of the Dowling-Degos disease. With the electron microscope, singly dispersed melanosomes could be demonstrated in the basal keratinocytes. In biopsies from the erythematosquamous pruriginous lesions in the flexural areas, on the trunk and extremities, acantholysis, formation of lacunae, and some corps ronds were the predominant histological findings. Reduction of desmosomes, separation of desmosomes and tonofilaments, as well as thickened collagen-like tonofilaments could be shown. Not infrequently within a single lesion, all the features compatible with Dowling-Degos, Hailey-Hailey, Darier, and Grover disease were present. Pending further investigations and observation of patients with similar findings we propose with the consent of the patients, the term "Galli Galli" disease as preliminary designation of this genodermatosis. PMID- 7107283 TI - [Ecthyma contagiosum epidemics in Turkey]. AB - In the years 1979 and 1980 after the religious holidays of the "Feast of Sacrifice" in Izmir (Turkey), there was an epidemic-type of outbreak of 31 cases of ecthyma contagiosum. On the occasion of the sacrificial feast day the amateur butchers, their helpers, housewives, and others came into direct contact with virus-infected parts and were infected with the ecthyma contagiosum virus, which includes the paravaccinia group. PMID- 7107285 TI - [Desmoplastic malignant melanoma]. PMID- 7107284 TI - [Photoallergic contact dermatitis by benzophenone containing sunscreening preparations]. AB - The case of a 42-year-old woman with sunlight-provoked eczematous eruptions recurrent over several years is reported. Photopatch-testing with cosmetic products and sunscreen preparations used by the patient as well as the active ingredient of the sunscreen formulations revealed photosensitivity to the UV blocking agent 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. The active wavelengths were shown to be in the UV-A range. PMID- 7107286 TI - Applications of ICRP 30, ICRP 23, and radioactive waste risk assessment techniques to chemical carcinogens. AB - Linear, no threshold dose-response relationships at low doses are now accepted by U.S. Government agencies for risk assessment of chemical carcinogens. By application of ICRP30 metabolic models, ICRP23 data on ingestion intake of elements, and radioactive waste risk assessment techniques, it is shown that this predicts large numbers of eventual fatalities because of the high probability for material in the ground to eventually be ingested by humans. For example, a detailed for material in the ground to eventually be ingested by humans. For example, a detailed calculation shows that the cadmium released in U.S. coal burning in one year will eventually cause 20,000 fatal cancers (1000/GWe-yr of electricity production), the imports of cadmium into the U.S. will eventually cause 130,000 fatalities for each year of importing at the current rate, and CdS photovoltaic cells will cause 400 fatalities/GWe-yr. PMID- 7107287 TI - Transportation of radioactive material in Georgia. AB - A 3-yr study of radioactive materials transportation examined the magnitude of radioactive materials shipments in terms of numbers of packages and motor vehicle trips and types of materials; compliance with regulations for packaging, labelling, handling, external radiation exposure, and surface contamination; and dose to workers as measured with personnel dosimeters. Much of the information was obtained at the Atlanta airport and its vicinity, a package distribution center for the southeastern U.S., and at the Barnwell, S.C. radioactive waste burial site, the destination of most shipments of radioactive waste from or through Georgia. Approximately 12,000 packages in radioactive material categories I, II and III were handled in Georgia each year. Motor vehicles made approximately 3300 trips per year. Some instances of noncompliance were observed, but few of them had the potential for elevated radiation exposure of persons. Several incidents associated with radioactive material transport are reported, of which one may have resulted in slightly elevated exposures to persons. Among drivers and handlers who worked with radioactive material shipments, dosimeters showed that less than one-half of them received radiation doses above background levels. The highest doses were found for drivers who transported large numbers of 99Mo generators. PMID- 7107288 TI - Monitoring the critical radiation exposure pathways at a BWR nuclear power station. AB - Iodine-131 in milk and gamma radiation from radionuclides in air in the environment of a 3-unit nuclear power station were measured at the levels predicted for airborne effluent. These measurements were part of a modified environmental radiological monitoring program to confirm the population doses computed from radionuclide release rates and environmental transfer models. The limits of detection were lowered relative to conventional monitoring programs by analyzing 21 L samples of milk for 131I and by determining external gamma radiation with a system that combined use of thermoluminescent dosimeters, pressurized ionization chambers, and NaI(T1) survey meters. For monitoring periods slightly longer than 6 months, during a time when fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests contributed very little, the average measured 131I concentration in milk was 0.1 pCi/L for cows on a nearby pasture and 0.02 pCi/L for cows at a more distant control location, compared to predicted values of 0.07 and 0.02 pCi/L, respectively; the average radiation exposure from airborne radionuclides measured at 16 nearby dosimeter locations was 7 mR, compared to the average of predicted values of 4 mR. PMID- 7107290 TI - Rem response of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory personnel dosimeter to photons. PMID- 7107289 TI - Evaluation of radiation monitor effectiveness for the detection of 85Kr. AB - As part of the preparations for the purging of TMI Unit-2, the 85Kr sensitivity of 12 radiation detector systems or system combinations was determined. Eleven of these were evaluated using a cube-shaped polyethylene-walled room containing a volume of 5.6 m3 (200 ft3). Krypton-85 gas was added to produce a concentration of 6.7 x 10(-6) muCi/ml in the test room. It was found that none of the ion chambers and scintillation detector systems were able to detect this concentration of 85Kr. Detectors employing thin window GM pancake probes were found to be sensitive enough to monitor this gas down to the unrestrictive area maximum permissible concentration level (MPC) of 3 x 10(-5) muCi/ml, while a large window gas flow proportional counter was found to be sensitive enough to monitor down to about 09.1 MPC. At the end of this experiment, 2.3 m3 (80 ft3) of the gas in the test room was pumped into a compressed air cylinder (scuba bottle) and was used to calibrate The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Noble Gas Monitor. The sensitivity of this system, which employs gas compression and Ge(Li) spectroscopy, was demonstrated to be between 0.1 and 0.03 times MPC, depending on the counting time employed. PMID- 7107291 TI - Evaluation of 133Xe radiation exposure dosimetry for workers in nuclear medicine laboratories. AB - Evaluation of past studies of 133Xe dosimetry and nuclear medicine laboratory air concentrations of 133Xe indicates that significant levels of 133Xe may exist in routine operational environments of a nuclear medicine laboratory. This leads to the question of whether present health physics radiation control methods are adequate to keep occupational personnel exposures within acceptable levels. It would appear that if personnel dosimeters (film and TLD badges) respond properly to the radiation of 133Xe, normal health physics control procedures are probably adequate. If they do not respond adequately, personnel exposures may exceed recommended levels and special instrumentation or administrative procedures are called for. Therefore, the first step in studying potential problems in the subject area is to evaluate the response of a variety of personnel radiation dosimeters to 133Xe. This paper describes the methods and materials used to expose personnel dosimeters to known amounts of 133Xe radiations in an exposure chamber constructed at the BRH Nuclear Medicine Laboratory. Also presented are calculated values for Dose Equivalents (D.E.) in a phantom from external radiation resulting from immersion in clouds having a constant concentration of 133Xe but varying cloud radii. This implies the relative importance of the beta and the X + gamma radiation responses of the personnel dosimeters under various exposure conditions. Results of this study indicate that none of the dosimeter systems evaluated provide adequate performance for use as a primary indicator of the D.E. resulting from 133Xe radiations for a worker in a nuclear medicine laboratory, and that personnel dosimetry considerations in 133Xe-containing atmospheres are very dependent on the radii of the 133Xe clouds. PMID- 7107292 TI - New sintered thermoluminescent dosimeters for personnel and environmental dosimetry. AB - We discuss the development of an original method preparing thermoluminescent dosimeters using magnesium borate and calcium sulfate materials activated with rare earths. This method is based upon the effect of sensitized thermoluminescent emission of basic TLD phosphors as well as on the method for producing these in solid form. Our technique resulted in unique TLD's in the form of sintered thermoluminescent dosimeters. For one of these, MgB4O7:RE+, the thermoluminescent response is up to five times more sensitive than non-sensitized magnesium borate thermoluminescent material. The other TLD, CaSO4:RE+, has dosimetric characteristics which stay unchanged and are equivalent with characteristics of the well-known calcium sulfate TLD phosphors. These new types of sintered TLD's are highly promising for personnel and environmental dosimetry. PMID- 7107293 TI - Small populations at risk and the linear hypothesis. PMID- 7107294 TI - Gamma dose rates to body organs from immersion in a semi-infinite radioactive cloud; an alternate approach using absorbed fraction data for internal radionuclides. PMID- 7107295 TI - Ozone hazards incurred in gamma-plant operation. PMID- 7107296 TI - TLD personal monitoring of external gamma-ray exposure in uranium mines using CaSO4:Dy in Teflon discs. PMID- 7107297 TI - Disturbance of a low-level waste burial site cover by pocket gophers. PMID- 7107298 TI - Radionuclide emissions from incineration of institutional low-level radioactive wastes. PMID- 7107299 TI - Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden. VII. Reanalysis and follow-up of chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. PMID- 7107300 TI - Sequential Q- and C-band staining of pig chromosomes, and some comments on C-band polymorphism and C-band technique. PMID- 7107301 TI - Structure of human metaphase chromosomes. PMID- 7107302 TI - Increased frequency of tetraploidy in cultured skin fibroblasts from extremities with reduction malformations. PMID- 7107303 TI - Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden. VIII. Three-year follow-up of chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to lead. PMID- 7107304 TI - Chromosomal aberrations in lead-exposed workers. PMID- 7107305 TI - The effect of in vitro distamycin A exposure on metaphase chromosome structure. PMID- 7107306 TI - Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. II. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, the stoat, mustela erminea, the weasel, Mustela nivalis, the pole cat, mustela putorius, the pine marten, Martes martes, the beech marten, Martes foina, and the badger, Meles meles. PMID- 7107307 TI - Thalassaemia and haptoglobin polymorphism in Egypt. PMID- 7107308 TI - A bias in estimation of viabilities from competition experiments. PMID- 7107309 TI - Robertsonian translocations in Mus Musculus from N. E. Scotland and Orkney. PMID- 7107311 TI - Chemotherapeutic approach to check yellow mosaic virus of moong (Phaseolus aureus L.). PMID- 7107310 TI - A new correlation study of HPLC chromatogram with antifungal activity of macrolide polyenes. PMID- 7107312 TI - Chemical control of mandarin fruit rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. PMID- 7107313 TI - Alkalimetric determination of chloramphenicol in dimethylformamide. PMID- 7107315 TI - Influence of antioxidants on the photolytic degradation of polyene antifungal antibiotics in solution. Part III - aureofungin. PMID- 7107314 TI - Effect of culture filtrates of certain fungi on oxidative enzymes of betel vine Phytophthora. PMID- 7107316 TI - An evaluation of a traditional Vietnamese diet in the UK. AB - Research was undertaken to establish what constitutes a Vietnamese diet and assess the diet for nutritional content. The study was also to ascertain whether a traditional diet was available and economically feasible in the UK. The study revealed a diet high in carbohydrates and low in fat. Except for rice and a few condiments, the Vietnamese used foods indigenous to the UK but retained their food culture through traditional cooking methods and food combinations. A Vietnamese diet which meets the estimated nutritional requirements, was less expensive than the average UK diet. PMID- 7107317 TI - Nutrient intakes in self-catering students during slimming. PMID- 7107318 TI - Dietary survey during pregnancy in a low socio-economic group. AB - Maternal food intakes were assessed by 7-d weighed diet records during the three trimesters of pregnancy in 75 mothers in a low socio-economic groups. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes in the first, second and third trimesters were 1613 +/- 45.7, 1723 +/- 45.4, 1772 +/- 50.2 kcal respectively. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes of nine mothers with babies less than 2500 g at birth were 1446 +/- 95.1 kcal, compared with 1723 +/- 39.9, P less than 0.001. Intake of almost all nutrients was lower in mothers of babies less than 2500 g, but only the difference in fat (62.1 +/- 5.0 vs 72.6 +/- 1.75, P less than 0.025) and pyridoxine (0.92 +/- 0.06 vs 1.47 +/- 0.14, P less than 0.005) intakes reached statistical significance. PMID- 7107319 TI - The relationship between plasma ascorbate and lipid concentrations in fasting men. AB - A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between vitamin C status and plasma lipid concentrations in 97 fasting men. Plasma ascorbate was found to be negatively associated with total cholesterol and positively associated with both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration and the HDL/total cholesterol ratio (P less than 0.05 in each case). There was no association between ascorbate and triglyceride levels. In view of the relevance of HDL cholesterol to ischaemic heart disease these associations may have some clinical importance, although they were all rather weak. PMID- 7107321 TI - Postprandial metabolism in infants of low birth weight. AB - Postprandial metabolic rate (MR) was measured after a standard test meal in 15 preterm appropriately grown (AA) infants, 11 small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants, and five fullterm normal infants. Resting MR before the feed was highest in SGA infants (228 kJ/kg/d, s.d.20) and lowest in AGA infants (181 kJ/kg/d, s.d. 30). The normal infants were intermediate. Postprandial MR increased by 18 per cent in the AGA group, 11 per cent in the SGA group, 4 per cent in the normal infants and not at all in sham-fed infants. There was a significant correlation between weight gain and the magnitude of the increase in postprandial metabolism. 'Specific dynamic action' may therefore reflect synthetic processes in these infants. PMID- 7107320 TI - Correlates of body mass index in 1926 Dutch men and women. AB - The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and demographic, socio-economic, and life-style characteristics was investigated among Dutch subjects, who participated in a nation-wide survey about knowledge, attitude and behaviour with respect to cardiovascular risk factors. A random sample of 882 men and 1044 women, aged 18 to 64 yr, was personally interviewed according to a structured questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and body weight. To identify correlates of BMI, data were analysed by multiple regression for men and women separately. Among men a positive association of BMI was found with age, daily amount of tobacco consumption and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD). An inverse relationship was revealed for level of education, unemployment and smoking per se. Among women age, being married, widowed or divorced, and sedentary living were positively related to BMI. A negative contribution to BMI was provided by education level, familial social class and duration of leisure time physical activity. PMID- 7107322 TI - Microfluorometric investigations of chromatin structure. IV. Determination of total protein values in thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei. Effects of extraction with 0.4 N H2SO4 and 0.35 M NaC1. PMID- 7107323 TI - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of albumin in smooth and striated muscle tissues of rat. AB - Localization of serum albumin in the striated and smooth muscles of rat was studied by an improved immunocytochemical method. Diaphragm, ventricular myocardium, and smooth muscle of stomach were examined. In all of these tissues, albumin was found in the interstitial space and small subsarcolemmal caveolae and vesicles. In addition, the transverse tubular system of the striated muscle stained positive for albumin. The subsarcolemmal vesicles containing albumin did not show any evidence of fusion with lysosomes. Furthermore, in smooth muscle, most of these vesicles were open to the extracellular space. These results demonstrate that albumin in smooth and striated muscle is confined to the extracellular space suggesting that substances such as fatty acids which are carried by albumin are split from it and taken up at the level of the plasma membrane. PMID- 7107324 TI - Histochemical study of the postnatal development of autonomic nerves in the mouse iris, using a whole-mount preparation method. AB - Postnatal development of autonomic nerves in the mouse iris was studied histochemically from one day to five months of age. For the demonstration of aminergic nerves the glyoxylic acid method was used, while for cholinergic nerves, Karnovsky and Roots' method was utilized on the whole-mount preparations of irises. The results obtained were as follows. In one-day-old mice, many aminergic nerves could already be seen, while cholinergic nerves were scarcely observable. Both types of nerve increased rapidly in the first 2 weeks. Both completed development between 3 and 4 weeks, although aminergic nerves were observed to develop earlier than the cholinergic. PMID- 7107325 TI - Neuron specific enolase (NSE) immunostaining detection of endocrine cell hyperplasia in adult rats exposed to asbestos. AB - Hyperplasia of endocrine cells in the lung of the adult rat exposed to asbestos has only been characterised so far by electron microscopy as there is a lack of reliable staining techniques for their demonstration at light microscopical level. Neuron specific enolase (NSE), an isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase has recently been shown to be present in lung endocrine cells. In this study we reveal a marked endocrine cell hyperplasia at light microscopical level in the lungs of adult rats exposed to asbestos using antibodies to NSE. Very large groups of NSE-immunoreactive cells (20-80) were only observed in the lungs of rats exposed to asbestos for 12 months. In addition smaller groups of cells (2 10) known to be present normally and to decrease with age, were rarely noted in the controls but were frequently detected in the treated rats. Immunoreactive NSE is therefore a very good marker for endocrine cell hyperplasia and thus of early neoplastic changes. PMID- 7107326 TI - Pancreatic glucagon in human foetal stomach. AB - A combination of immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels, direct radioimmunoassay and measurement after gel chromatography have been used to identify and characterise a glucagon-like peptide detected in human foetal stomach. Immunocytochemistry, with region specific antisera, demonstrated that the glucagon-containing cells were indistinguishable from pancreatic A cells. Radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts confirmed the presence of significant quantities of glucagon, mean 21 pmol/g wet weight (range 14-29) in 16-26 week old foetuses, increasing to 41 pmol/g wet weight (range 31-52) in 33-30 week old foetuses and after gel chromatography the peptide was found to elute at the same position as standard porcine glucagon. It is apparent, therefore, that the human foetal fundus contains significant quantities of true pancreatic-type glucagon. PMID- 7107327 TI - The cellular specificity of lectin binding in the kidney. I. A light microscopical study in the rat. AB - In order to estimate the usefulness of lectins in the study of the functional segmentation of the nephron, the sites of binding of five lectins were identified in the rat kidney. Lectin-peroxidase conjugates were applied to cryostat sections. The bound conjugates were stained with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine for light microscopical observation. Each lectin has a specific binding pattern along the nephron. Reversely, the different segments of the nephron defined by other histological methods can be identified on the basis of their affinity for lectins. The different parts of the thick ascending limb, namely the medullary segment, the cortical segment and the macula densa, can be distinguished even more readily with lectin histochemistry than with any other histochemical procedure. The binding of lectins to luminal membranes in some segments indicate the possibility to use lectins for the separation of particular cell types and for the modification of the transport properties of their membranes. PMID- 7107328 TI - The cellular specificity of lectin binding in the kidney. II. A light microscopical study in the rabbit. AB - In order to estimate the usefulness of lectins in the study of the functional segmentation of the nephron, the sites of binding of four lectins were identified in the rabbit kidney. Lectin-peroxidase conjugates were applied to unfixed cryostat sections. The bound conjugates were stained with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine for light microscopical observation. Each lectin has a specific binding pattern along the nephron. The patterns generally fit in with the segmentation of the nephron established by conventional histology. However, in the proximal tubule and in the thick ascending limb the lectin binding suggests functional transitions in histologically homogeneous tubular portions. In contrast to the other cell types of the connecting tubule and of the collecting duct the intercalated cells bind two lectins at their luminal membrane. Segmental differences in the lectin affinity of the basement membrane suggest that this structure has not only mechanical functions. The binding of lectins to luminal membranes in some segments indicate the possibility to use lectins for the separation of particular cell types and for modification of the transport properties of their membranes. PMID- 7107329 TI - Morphological studies on the epiphyseal growth plate combined with biochemical and X-ray microprobe analyses. AB - The epiphyseal growth plate of the domestic pig was investigated topologically combining biochemical methods with electron microprobe microanalyses both correlated to histological controls. A lateral resolution of about 50 micrometer was reached. Highest nuclease activity was found in the lower columnar cell zone, while alkaline phosphatase showed maximal activity in the hypertrophic area, connected with maximal values for extractable, organically bound phosphorus, and extractable Ca and Mg. Acid phosphatase activity reached maximal values in the zone of the lower primary spongiosa, while the extractable Pi had maximal values at the end of the zone of bone remodelling. Microprobe analyses have shown that the extracellular Ca content (per dry mass) remained relatively constant at 0.7% (about 58 mM/kg wet weight for 66% tissue fluid) in all zones of the plate increasing to 1% in the vicinity of the first foci of mineralization. The intracellular P content (per dry mass) was about 4.5 %, the extracellular 0.1 0.2% (about 10-20 mM/kg wet weight) increasing also to about 1% in the vicinity of the first foci of mineralization. Thus the Ca X P product was much higher than the ion-product of 2 mM2 which is necessary for an in vitro mineralization of connective tissue. The extracellular S content (per dry mass) as a probable indicator of sulfated proteoglycans was relatively constant at about 3.5% in the different zones but decreased to about 0.3% in the fully mineralized regions. This indicates a loss of sulfur containing substances with mineralization which is not so high since the concentrations per dry mass must be normalized to a unit volume of equal density of mass. PMID- 7107330 TI - Organ specific expression of esterase-6 in the house mouse, Mus musculus. AB - Esterase-6 in fresh homogenates of heart muscle and testis of the house mouse shows a two band (C allele) or three band (A allele) pattern in disc electrophoresis. These primary bands generated in series of secondary bands upon lowering the pH of the homogenates, and the secondary pattern, possibly resulting from partial proteolysis, was seen in varying degrees in fresh homogenates from a range of organs. Interrelationships between the primary and secondary bands were demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The esterase-6 content of twenty different organ homogenates was estimated from electrophoretic gels, and a high level of this enzyme was observed in those organs most actively involved in fat metabolism. The possible participation of esterase-6 in fatty acid utilization is discussed. Similarities between esterase-6 of the house mouse and esterase-4 of the rat were demonstrated, further strengthening the view that these enzymes are homologous. PMID- 7107331 TI - Surface charge of eosinophils. Binding of cationic particles and measurement of cellular electrophoretic mobility. AB - The surface charge of eosinophils, isolated from the peritoneal exudate of rats by the use of a Metrizamide gradient, was analysed by ultrastructural cytochemistry and cellular electrophoretic mobility. Binding of colloidal iron hydroxide and of cationized ferritin particles at pH 1.8 and 7.2 respectively, was observed on the surface of the eosinophils. An electrophoretic mobility of 1.08 and -1.39 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm was determined for living and glutaraldehyde fixed eosinophils, respectively. Treatment of the cells with neuraminidase reduced the electrophoretic mobility to -0.64 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm (glutaraldehyde-fixed), reduced significantly and abolished completely the binding of both colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin particles to the surface of the cells. These results indicate that sialic acid exists on the surface of eosinophils, where it accounts for part of the negative surface charge. PMID- 7107332 TI - The significance of extrathyroidal radioactive iodine accumulation and secretion in clinical pathology. AB - The uptake and the distribution of 131I- injected intravenously into rats was followed up by whole body autoradiography. Extrathyroidal accumulations with some interest for clinical pathology were found in the nose, the hair follicles and the mucous cells of the stomach. PMID- 7107333 TI - [Clinical picture, diagnosis and therapy of xerostomia--attempt of a survey under pathophysiological aspects (author's transl)]. AB - Xerostomia is a symptom rooted in many causes. Considering the physiology of salivary secretion and its various mechanisms, a systematical classification of these causes can be given. Disorders in reflex evocation and transmission, disorders in the innervation of the salivary glands, in the production and transport of saliva as well as excessive depletion of saliva may lead to xerostomia. Chronic dryness of the mouth can in most instances be attributed today to disturbed innervation of the salivary glands (antidepressive and antihypertensive drugs) and to diseases of the salivary glands (Sjogren syndrome, irradiation). Depending on duration and extent of salivary deficiency, severe changes of the oral mucosa and teeth will develop. Treatment of xerostomia may be performed causally (withdrawal or exchange of drugs inhibiting salivary secretion) but will often only be possible as a symptomatic therapy. For this purpose there are available today saliva surrogate solutions ('artificial saliva') and substances that stimulate the secretion of the still intact salivary gland parenchyma. PMID- 7107334 TI - [Glossodynia]. AB - Glossodynia is characterized by burning, pain and/or other dysaesthesias of the tongue and oral mucosa. Usually, pathological alterations of the oral mucosa are lacking. Latent depressions are the major cause, however other psychic disturbances may also occur. Local changes and systemic diseases are extremely rare causes of glossodynia. Treatment must be aetiological. Non-indicated substitution therapy of suspected but unproved deficiency states must be avoided. PMID- 7107335 TI - [A modified flap for the correction of the collapse of the nasal ala (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107336 TI - [Direct canthorhinostomy--contribution to the surgery of the tear pathways (author's transl)]. AB - The method of choice in the obstruction of the tear pathways is dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). It is indicated in cases of an obstruction of the lower segment of the lacrimal apparatus. It cannot be applied in cases of the obstruction of the upper segment of the tear pathways. In such pathologic conditions, the new tear pathway is formed from a part of the mucous membrane of the lateral nose wall and from a part of the mucous membrane of the septum. In a form similar to a tube, the mucous membrane of the nose will be sewn up with the mucous membrane of the conjuctiva. Direct suture is made possible by canthotomy, and, therefore, this surgery is called "Direct Cantorhinostomy". PMID- 7107337 TI - [A new silicone prosthesis for reconstructive surgery of hypopharynx, larynx and trachea (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107338 TI - [Endoscopic instant photography in the ENT field (author's transl)]. AB - A new method for obtaining large instant photographs of findings of the E.N.T. field is introduced. We used a recently developed high-sensitive Polaroid film combined with a 6 x 6 cm camera. The capacities of this system are demonstrated using endoscopic photos of the tympanic membrane, the nasal cavity, the nasopharynx, and the larynx. PMID- 7107339 TI - [Noise exposure of the ear during surgery (author's transl)]. AB - We measured the noise generated by three vacuum pipes with different inner diameters in the external ear canal with a probe microphone. The highest level was generated by the largest pipe when solid material blocked part of the entrance. Then we measured peak levels up to 140 dB-C. Such levels generate only low Leq but due to their high on-off ratios they may be dangerous to the ear if repeatedly applied. PMID- 7107340 TI - The sacroiliac problem: review of anatomy, mechanics, and diagnosis. PMID- 7107342 TI - Diagnosis of molar pregnancy using ultrasonography: report of two cases. PMID- 7107341 TI - Transected thoracic aorta: emergency department management. PMID- 7107343 TI - Treatment of urinary incontinence in the geriatric patient. PMID- 7107344 TI - Urinary calculi in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. PMID- 7107345 TI - The arthroscope in tibial plateau fractures: its use in evaluation of soft tissue and bony injury. PMID- 7107346 TI - Amniocentesis in the prenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. PMID- 7107347 TI - Abdominal angina in a 71-year-old man: report of case. PMID- 7107348 TI - Ovarian dysgerminoma with nonviable pregnancy: report of case. PMID- 7107349 TI - Conference on chemical modification: radiation and cytotoxic drugs. Key Biscayne, Florida, 17-20 September, 1981. PMID- 7107350 TI - Clinical experience with nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers. PMID- 7107351 TI - Neurotoxic radiosensitizers and head and neck cancer patients--how many will benefit? AB - The causes for the exclusion of patients from a Phase I dose tolerance study of metronidazole as a hypoxic cell sensitizing agent in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer have been reviewed. One hundred and fifty nine consecutive patients were assessed between October 1979 and December 1980 according to eligibility criteria decided upon prior to the study. Only 26 (23%) of 111 patients treated with radical radiation therapy entered the Phase I study. The major reasons for exclusion were a history of prior nervous system abnormality, age over 70, and refusal by some patients to participate in the study. The criteria used for patient selection for studies of hypoxic cell sensitizers (and other investigational agents) must be known so that data from each study can be assessed appropriately before being extrapolated to the general patient population. Clinical trials should be designed to take into account factors that might influence patient entry. PMID- 7107352 TI - Misonidazole in patients receiving radical radiotherapy: pharmacokinetic effects of phenytoin, tumor response and neurotoxicity. AB - In 1978, a pilot study began of 29 patients with advanced tumors of the head and neck. The study showed a initial peripheral neuropathy rate of 55%, despite a dose limitation of 12g/m2 of misonidazole. Tumor response at 9 months was most encouraging. We are now able to examine tumor response and persistence of neuropathy in these patients 2 1/2 years after radical radiotherapy. The results are comparable with those obtained with hyperbaric oxygen in a clinical trial at this center during the 1970's. Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonidazole. We have examined the effect of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics of misonidazole in 13 patients who received radical radiotherapy for advanced head and neck tumors or oesophageal tumors. Misonidazole was given in multiple doses, i.e. daily or weekly as it would be used in conventional therapy. Phenytoin was given either daily throughout treatment, or it was withdrawn during treatment. There were dramatic changes in the half-life of misonidazole, but the concentration at the time of irradiation was little affected. The significant changes in the half-life of misonidazole and the increased concentration of the metabolite desmethylmisonidazole are discussed. PMID- 7107353 TI - High dose misonidazole with dexamethasone rescue: a possible approach to circumvent neurotoxicity. AB - With a view to modifying misonidazole (MISO) neurotoxicity, we initiated a randomized clinical study to assess a possible drug interaction and toxicity protection when dexamethasone (DXM) is administered concomittantly with MISO. The ongoing study consists of: 1. Pharmacokinetic evaluation; 2. Assessment of toxicity. Fourteen patients undergoing radiation therapy for different types of malignant neoplasia (excluding brain tumors) have been randomized to receive either MISO alone, or DXM one week prior and during treatment with MISO. Five of seven patients receiving MISO alone developed peripheral neuropathies while only one out of 7 patients that received MISO with DXM coverage developed a transient and mild neuropathy. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of MISO in plasma and urine of those patients receiving DXM has shown no evidence of drug interaction. It is postulated that the mechanism of action of DXM is at the nerve cell membrane level, restoring and stabilizing cell surface properties. In future studies we will investigate the use of DXM with increasing doses of MISO above the recommended maximum dose of 12 gm/m2, hoping to achieve a higher tumor tissue level of MISO while avoiding unacceptable toxicity. The effect of Allopurinol on the plasma kinetics of MISO was studied in four additional patients, observing also no evidence of drug interaction. PMID- 7107354 TI - Initial pharmacology and toxicology of intravenous desmethylmisonidazole. AB - Since January 1981, 52 patients have entered the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Phase I trial with intravenous (i.v.) desmethylmisonidazole (DMM). DMM is less lipophilic than misonidazole (MISO) and theoretically will be less neurotoxic due to lower penetration into neural tissue and more rapid elimination. The drug is administered intravenously to achieve the maximum drug concentration in tumor for a given dose. The protocol slowly escalates the total dose of drug administered. At this time the planned dose on the three week schedule is 1g/m2 five times per week to a total of 15g/m2, and on the seven week schedule is 1.25g/m2 twice weekly to a total dose of 17.5g/m2. The preliminary plasma pharmacokinetic data demonstrates high peak plasma levels within five minutes of the end of the drug infusion. Compared to MISO the percent of DMM excreted in the urine is increased, 63% vs 10%, and the elimination half-life is decreased: DMM, i.v. 5.3h; MISO, i.v. 9.3h; MISO, oral 10 to 13h. Neurotoxicity has been observed in approximately 30% of patients given a cumulative dose of greater than 11g/m2. This is in comparison to a 50% incidence in the RTOG Phase I study with oral MISO at doses of 12g/m2. There is not sufficient data to evaluate the relationship between neurotoxicity and drug exposure. Further patient accrual on this study is required to better define the properties of DMM. PMID- 7107355 TI - Desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-9963): clinical pharmacokinetics after multiple oral administration. AB - The O-demethylated metabolite of misonidazole, Ro 05-9963, has been administered orally, prior to irradiation, to over 50 patients with malignant disease in order to assess the effectiveness of this compound as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. This paper reports the pharmacokinetic data observed in those patients who received multiple doses to a total of 12 gm-2. The mean time and magnitude of the peak plasma concentration was determined together with the plasma profile and half-life at the start and finish of each regime of 6, 20, 25 or so fractions. Half-life was independent of drug dose while peak plasma levels rose with increasing amount of drug given. The importance of urinary clearance for this polar drug is indicated by the figure of approximately 50% of administered dose excreted by this route over 24 hours, compared to less than 25% for misonidazole. It was also illustrated by the increased half-life shown by one patient who suffered renal failure during treatment. Peak plasma concentration appeared to be slightly later and were more variable than in the more ideal conditions of the normal volunteer study. In addition, this study confirmed the latter study's findings that absorption is rapid following oral administration of Ro 05-9963, yielding peak plasma levels nearly as high as those seen with misonidazole. Administration in capsules rather than aqueous solution lead to slower absorption, but the peak level did not change. PMID- 7107356 TI - Pharmacokinetic interaction of BCNU and misonidazole in humans. AB - Although considerable laboratory in vitro and in vivo evidence is now available suggesting that misonidazole (MISO) enhances chemotherapy tumor responses, experience with human tumors is limited. Further, the mechanism of this enhancement is not definitely known. One possible mechanism is that MISO alters the pharmacokinetics of the chemotherapeutic agent, vice versa or both. We studied a group of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas, following radiotherapy. After proven recurrence, they were treated with i.v. BCNU in combination with oral MISO in an 8 week cycle. Our aims were: 1. To obtain a second remission; 2. To assess the toxicity of this combination; 3. To assess the plasma pharmacokinetics of each drug alone and in combination. Six patients entered the protocol. Four of six patients obtained either a partial or subpartial response. Prolonged moderate myelosuppression was observed in 2/6 patients after 3 cycles; 2/6 patients experienced seizures after the first cycle of chemotherapy for the first time in the course of their disease. The plasma pharmacokinetic data indicates no evidence of a MISO-BCNU drug interaction. PMID- 7107357 TI - The combination of 5-fluorouracil with misonidazole in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. AB - Misonidazole (MISO) has produced differential enhancement of tumor cell killing with a range of cytotoxic drugs including 5-fluorouracil (FU) in experimental mouse tumors and human xenografts. Since concomitant enhancement of normal tissue damage has been observed, a Phase I study of MISO and FU has been undertaken in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Mild nausea and vomiting occurred more frequently after MISO and FU compared with FU alone; however, the incidence of leucopenia was similar with both treatment. No patients receiving the MISO/FU combination developed central nervous system toxicity or peripheral neuropathy. Twenty-four hour plasma nitroimidazole kinetics were analyzed and were not modified by the concomitant administration of the cytotoxic drug. Thus, in this preliminary study FU has been safely combined with MISO without significant modification of plasma nitroimidazole pharmacokinetics. Tumor regression was documented in 2/9 (22%) patients receiving more than 2 courses of MISO/FU. A Phase II study is proposed to investigate tumor response. PMID- 7107358 TI - A new potent radiosensitizer: 1-(2',3'-dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2' enopyranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (RA-263). PMID- 7107360 TI - Azomycin riboside: a new radiosensitizer. AB - Azomycin riboside (2-nitro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole) (AR), a nucleoside analogue with the base component replaced by a 2-nitroimidazole was studied to determine its potential as a radiosensitizer. In vitro evidence showed that AR is as good as or slightly better than misonidazole (MISO) as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. AR was also found to kill hypoxic cells directly and this cytotoxicity was at least as great as MISO cytotoxicity. However, when tumor regrowth delay was used to assess in vivo radiosensitization, AR was found to be inferior to MISO while the LD50 host toxicity assay indicated that AR might be nearly as toxic as MISO. Unless AR proves to be less toxic than MISO or can be selectively distributed with nucleoside transport inhibitors, these preliminary observations have not shown any advantage of AR over MISO as a potential clinically useful radiosensitizer. PMID- 7107359 TI - Radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of ortho-substituted 4- and 5 nitroimidazoles: role of NPSH reactivity. PMID- 7107361 TI - Evaluation of novel radiation sensitizers in vitro and in vivo. AB - In principle, radiation sensitizers with therapeutic ratios greater than that of misonidazole can be obtained either by increasing sensitizing efficiency, decreasing toxicity or preferably both. This paper illustrates, firstly that a 5 nitroimidazole (S73-0662) with an electron affinity close to that of metronidazole shows sensitizing efficiency similar to misonidazole both in vitro and in vivo. The suggestion is made that this compound should receive a detailed toxicological study to ascertain if its toxicity is lower than misonidazole. Secondly, Imuran, a 5-substituted 4-nitroimidazole and one of a series of compounds which show sensitizing efficiencies in vitro much greater than would be predicted from electron affinity considerations, also shows good sensitization in vivo. Compounds in this series are generally metabolically unstable and the positive results with Imuran in vivo provide a direction for future synthesis of novel sensitizers. PMID- 7107362 TI - Electrochemical studies on nitroimidazole sensitizers: interaction with Co(II), Zn(II), and Fe(III) in biological media. AB - Misonidazole and desmethylmisonidazole react in chemical systems with metal ions such as Zn(II), Co(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III). The experiments carried out in the present work show that these reactions may involve the formation of a complex between the nitroimidazoles and the metal ions. Other experiments demonstrate that Co(II) and Zn(II) react differently with the nitroimidazoles when these reactions are studied in 20% serum solutions. PMID- 7107363 TI - Effect of electron affinic hypoxic cell sensitizers on the radiolytic depletion of oxygen in mammalian cells irradiated at ultrahigh dose rates. AB - When CHO cells are equilibrated with a low level of oxygen (e.g. 0.4% O2) and irradiated with single 3 ns pulses of electrons, a breaking survival curve is observed. This effect is believed to be the result of radiolytic oxygen depletion and can be prevented by the presence of a relatively low concentration of hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. This prevention of the breaking survival curve has been observed for 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, and diamide. It is hypothesized that the sensitizer acts by competing with oxygen for the radiation induced intracellular oxygen-binding species, perhaps a hydrated electron adduct, leaving oxygen free to participate in radiosensitization reactions during the lifetime of the oxygen-sensitive radiation-induced target sites for lethal damage, probably DNA radicals produced by hydroxyl radical attack. The proposed role of the sensitizer in the interference with oxygen depletion is a transient phenomenon, occurring on the microsecond to millisecond time scale. PMID- 7107365 TI - The use of drugs which deplete intracellular glutathione in hypoxic cell radiosensitization. AB - Diethylmaleate (DEM) is a thiol-binding reagent with specificity toward glutathione. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro with 2 x 10( 4) M DEM for one hour results in a decrease in glutathione content to less than 5% of control, without cytotoxicity. This treatment results in dose-modifying sensitization to radiation under hypoxic conditions, with no effect on the shoulder of the radiation survival curve. No effect on the radiation sensitivity of oxygenated cells was seen. DEM pretreatment enhances the radiosensitization of hypoxic cells by misonidazole, as well. Similar results were obtained in vivo with EMT6 tumors in BALB/c mice. Analysis of DNA damage by the alkaline elution assay indicates that DEM enhances radiation-induced single-strand breaks, but does not significantly affect repair, while diamide and N-ethylmaleimide inhibit repair, in addition to enhancing radiation-induced single-strand breaks. PMID- 7107366 TI - Survival curves of irradiated glutathione-deficient human fibroblasts: indication of a reduced enhancement of radiosensitivity by oxygen and misonidazole. PMID- 7107364 TI - In vitro and in vivo radiosensitization by 2-nitroimidazoles more electron affinic than misonidazole. AB - A series of 5-substituted-methyl-2-nitroimidazoles, more electron-affinic than misonidazole (MISO), has been studied as potential hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. In vitro radiosensitization studies of these compounds showed equivalent or greater radiosensitization than MISO, while LD50 studies of the compounds found them to be, in general, more toxic to Balb/c mice than MISO. Radiosensitization experiments in vivo with compounds SR-2537, SR-2515 and SR-2553 of acceptable toxicity were not able to sensitize the EMT6 tumor to x-irradiation after a single intraperitoneal injection. However, moderate sensitization was achieved when SR-2537 was administered i.v. Rapid metabolism of these more electron affinic compounds was suggested as a possible cause of the poor sensitization. However, when multiple i.v. injections of SR-2537 were given to maintain a constant drug level in the tumor, radiosensitization by this compound did not improve, suggesting that intact drug was either not reaching or was not penetrating the hypoxic cells. PMID- 7107367 TI - The enhanced sensitivity of mammalian cells to killing by X rays after prolonged exposure to several nitroimidazoles. AB - Electron affinic compounds, such as misonidazole, preferentially sensitize hypoxic cells to killing by X rays, and are also preferentially cytotoxic to cells deficient in oxygen. Prolonged exposure of cells to misonidazole prior to irradiation results in an increased radiosensitization. This is expressed as the Extra Enhancement Ratio (EER), defined as the ratio of the doses delivered immediately after the addition of the sensitizer or after prolonged incubation, that produce a given biological effect. Chinese hamster V79 cells have been used to investigate this prolonged incubation effect for a variety of 2 nitroimidazoles including misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole and SR-2508 and as well as two ortho-substituted-4-nitroimidazoles with a bromine or sulfonamide group substituted in the 5-position. A considerable variation was observed in the magnitude of the Extra Enhancement Ratio (EER) produced by pre-incubation with different compounds at concentrations that produce the same sensitizing effect. There is a good correlation between the EER and the measured rate at which the various sensitizers deplete cells of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds. There is also a good correlation between the EER and the fraction of cells killed by the pre-incubation period in the drug. PMID- 7107368 TI - Pharmacokinetic studies using multiple administration of RO 03-8799, a 2 nitroimidazole radiosensitizer. AB - It has been shown that the propanolamine 2-nitroimidazole Ro 03-8799, is about an order of magnitude more efficient than misonidazole as a radiosensitizer in vitro, which is more than its electron affinity would predict. However, in vivo studies have so far shown only a minimal improvement compared to misonidazole. One reason for this could be that diffusion to the site of action in the hypoxic cell is restricted by the short half-life in the mouse and the net positive charge carried by the drug at physiological pH. Ways of maintaining a constant blood or tumor concentration over a period of 1--2 hours were investigated so that the tumor response could be assessed after this time. Initial experiments used multiple intraperitoneal or intravenous injections, for which the amount of drug required can be calculated theoretically provided sufficient pharmacokinetic data are available. Later experiments using continuous infusion of the drug were aimed at maintaining the gross tumor concentration equal to that found at the time of peak sensitization following a single administration. Results will be presented using each of these approaches. The technical feasibility and advantages of each method, together with general problems associated with interpreting any radiobiological results obtained using this approach will be discussed. PMID- 7107369 TI - The pharmacokinetics in mice and dogs of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole. AB - We have examined the pharmacokinetic properties of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole (MISO). In dogs, 2 analogues showed comparable peak plasma concentrations with considerably shorter half-lives (t1/2) and reduced areas under curves (AUC). Benznidazole (Ro 07-1051) had a much longer t1/2, a higher AUC, and somewhat higher peak concentrations. In mice tumor/plasma, brain/plasma, and tumor/brain ratios were generally similar to MISO, as was penetration of brain and peripheral nerve by benznidazole in dogs. Selection of lipophilic analogues with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties may facilitate accommodation of the potentially different requirements for improved radiosensitization or chemosensitization. PMID- 7107370 TI - In vivo testing of a 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer (Ro 03-8799) using repeated administration. AB - The radiosensitizing efficiency of a novel 2-nitroimidazole (Ro 03-8799) has been compared with that of misonidazole. Each compound was assessed by constructing dose response curves for regrowth delay using a range of drug doses. The concentration of each compound was measured in tumor homogenates with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When compared on the basis of administered dose the new compound was no more efficient than misonidazole. Comparison on the basis of measured tumor concentrations showed that Ro 03-8799 was 3--4 times more efficient than misonidazole, but only at very high drug levels. Previous in vitro studies had shown a constant 10-fold difference in potency. In order to eliminate possible artifacts caused by the short half life in mice, repeated injections of Ro 03-8799 were used to maintain a constant tumor concentration for two hours before irradiation. No increase in effectiveness was observed with prolonged exposure. This is a charged compound whose distribution is pH dependent; gross tumor levels should therefore be interpreted with caution. PMID- 7107371 TI - Radiation dose fractionation studies with hypoxic cell radiosensitizers using a murine tumor. PMID- 7107372 TI - Radiosensitization of the RIF-1 murine flank tumor by desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05 9963) during interstitial brachytherapy. AB - We have investigated the interaction of the nitroimidazole radiosensitizer desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05 9963) with interstitial radiation using a clonogenic cell assay as the endpoint. Removable I-125 sources were implanted at right angles to the outer surface of globular RIF-1 tumors grown in the flanks of C3H/He mice. Desmethylmisonidazole was administered by continuous intraperitoneal infusion at a rate of 2.7 mg/gm body weight /24 hr. Tumor and serum drug levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Tumor drug levels of 40- 100 mugm/gm tumor tissue were achieved consistently. No appreciable cytotoxicity was produced by desmethylmisonidazole alone, but a radiosensitization effect with a dose modifying factor of 1.6 was found. PMID- 7107373 TI - The combined effects of oxygen tension, X radiation and 5-thio-D-glucose on the survival of mammalian cells. AB - The glucose analogue 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) is toxic to hypoxic cells but does not affect aerated cells. Toxicity is markedly dependent upon oxygen tension: exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 5 mM 5-TG and 50 ppm O2 (in the overlying atmosphere) results in a survival of 0.01 in six hours, whereas increasing the oxygen to 100 ppm causes the survival to increase to about 0.9. The combined effect of X rays and 5-TG is to reduce the survival of hypoxic cells to a level far below that attainable with either agent alone. Cells made hypoxic with 5 ppm O2 have 0.1 survival after three hours exposure to 5 mM 5-TG. The same cells have a 0.5 survival when given a dose of 1000 rad. When the x-irradiation is given at the end of a three-hour exposure to 5-TG, the survival is reduced to 0.0055. PMID- 7107374 TI - Experimental evaluation of the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) as a possible adjuvant to radiotherapy of tumors: I. Kinetics of growth and survival of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC) in vitro and of growth of solid tumors after 2-DG and X-irradiation. PMID- 7107375 TI - Toxicity of diethylaminoreserpine to tumor cells: effects of drug alone and in combination with radiation. PMID- 7107376 TI - Modification of the radiation response of mouse lung by actinomycin D: dependence on interval between radiation and drug treatments. AB - Actinomycin D (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) enhances the radiation response of mouse lung. The degree of enhancement varies inversely with the interval between radiation and drug treatments. The kinetics of the loss of interaction of the drug with radiation damage is similar to that observed for "slow repair" of radiation injury to the lung. PMID- 7107377 TI - Chemical protection against gastrointestinal radiation injury in mice by WR 2822, WR 2823, or WR 109342 after 4 MeV X ray or fission neutron irradiation. AB - Three compounds were tested for their radioprotective properties against the effects of 4 MeV X rays or fission neutron irradiation. The endpoints tested were lethality, intestinal crypt survival, and DNA synthesizing cellularity. Two of the compounds tested; S-2(4-aminobutylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR 2822) and the aminopentylamino derivative (WR 2823) are closely related to WR 2721. The third agent was the iminothiol derivative of 1-methyl-aminoadamantine (WR 109342). All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injections at their approximately maximum tolerated dose. WR 2822 was shown to have a slight protective effect against X rays and neutrons. The dose modification factor (DMF) for gastrointestinal death (LD50(6)) was 1.23 for X rays and 1.51 for neutrons. The assay for intestinal crypt survival produced DMF's of 1.44 (X rays) and 1.4 (neutrons). Wr 2823 also showed a protective action in these assays. The DMF for LD50(6) was 1.32 (X rays) and 1.42 (neutrons). WR 109342 was found to be extremely toxic and had no significant protective effects. All three drugs were more toxic and demonstrated less protection in most of these assays than the benchmark radioprotective agent WR 2721, although WR 2822 protected against lethal effects of fission neutrons almost as well as WR 2721. Both WR 2822 and WR 2823 produced greater protection in the crypt survival assays for fission neutron irradiation than WR 2721. PMID- 7107378 TI - Enhancement of chemotherapy agents. AB - The interaction in vivo between misonidazole and cytotoxic drugs is reviewed. In general MISO interacts best with bifunctional alkylating agents and nitrosoureas when there is generally a therapeutic gain at large MISO doses. The interaction is unlikely to be a result of pharmacokinetic effects of MISO, but may reflect its ability to inhibit recovery from drug induced damage. It is important to extend these studies to clinically relevant MISO doses simulating human pharmacokinetics. PMID- 7107379 TI - Chemical properties of nitrosoureas: implications for interaction with misonidazole. PMID- 7107380 TI - Combination adriamycin/misonidazole toxicity in V79 spheroids. AB - The internal, hypoxic cells of V79 spheroids are preferentially killed by misonidazole, whereas adriamycin is preferentially toxic to the external cells due to diffusion limitations. Evaluation of combination treatments with misonidazole and adriamycin was therefore undertaken in an attempt to optimize and equalize cell killing throughout these spheroids. A fluorescence-activated cell sorter was used to select cells as a function of intracellular adriamycin or Hoechst-33342 fluorescence (and, therefore, as a function of location in the spheroid) for subsequent viability determinations. As expected, preferential toxicity of each agent was easily demonstrable, and with prolonged treatment times with both agents, greater uniformity of killing was achieved throughout the spheroid. Additionally, some suggestion of enhanced adriamycin toxicity to aerobic cells of spheroids chronically exposed to misonidazole was observed, analogous to the increased radiation sensitivity previously reported for similar exposure conditions. These results demonstrate that combinations of chemotherapeutic agents can be chosen to have preferential activity against different subpopulations of cells within V79 spheroids. Presumably, a better understanding of the factors contributing to drug resistance will lead to the application of similar principles for human cancer therapy. PMID- 7107381 TI - In vitro pre-incubation with misonidazole under hypoxic conditions--effect on drug response of EMT6 spheroids. AB - We have studied the effect of pretreating small (approximately 250 mu diameter) EMT6 spheroids with 5mM misonidazole under hypoxic conditions upon their subsequent response to a number of cytotoxic drugs. Growth delay assay was used to quantify spheroid response. The pretreatment time was either 3 or 5 hours. Such pretreatment produced an increase in spheroid response to nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, BCNU and CCNU but a reduction in the response to adriamycin. The relative effects of 3 hr and 5 hr pretreatment varied among the drugs. In the case of melphalan and CCNU we have shown that the increased growth delay is not caused by any inhibition of recovery from potentially lethal drug damage. PMID- 7107382 TI - The effect of radiosensitizer pretreatment on the response of the RIF-1 mouse sarcoma to cytotoxic drugs. AB - We have studied the effect of misonidazole (MISO) or metronidazole (MET) pretreatment upon the response of the RIF-1 mouse tumor to cytotoxic drugs. The response to melphalan was unchanged and that to cyclophosphamide only marginally affected by pretreatment. For CCNU and chlorambucil, the dose modifying factors (DMFs) were 1.3 and 2.0 respectively for MISO and 1.0 and 1.4 respectively for MET. The acute LD50 of CCNU was reduced by MISO (DMF approximately 1.2) but depression of white blood cells was unchanged. For chlorambucil, modification of normal tissue response was similar to that seen in the tumor. Other radiosensitizers (Ro 07-1902, Benznidazole) were more effective than MISO in enhancing tumor response to chlorambucil. Compounds which do not contain nitro groups, and which are not electron-affinic, (imidazole, SKF 525A) can also produce the effect. PMID- 7107383 TI - Chemosensitization in vitro: potentiation of melphalan toxicity by misonidazole, metronidazole and nitrofurazone. AB - Misonidazole, metronidazole and nitrofurazone can enhance the cytotoxicity of melphalan in vitro if the cells are subjected to a hypoxic pretreatment with the drug prior to exposure of melphalan in air. Potentiation of melphalan is dependent upon the concentrations of the nitro compound and the duration of the hypoxic pretreatment. On a concentration basis, nitrofurazone was most effective at enhancing melphalan toxicity and metronidazole was the least effective. This potentiating activity correlates with the electron affinity of each drug. PMID- 7107384 TI - Cell survival recovery kinetics in the KHT sarcoma following treatment with five alkylating agents and misonidazole. PMID- 7107385 TI - Enhancement by electron-affinic agents of the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic agents against the KHT tumor: structure-activity relationships. AB - We have studied the effectiveness of various electron-affinic and other modifying agents on the in vivo response of the KHT sarcoma to various cytotoxic agents. Misonidazole (MISO) showed good enhancement with CCNU, methyl-CCNU, BCNU and chlorambucil (CHL), a small enhancement with cyclophosphamide (CYC), but none with melphalan or HN2. With CYC a further small enhancement was obtained with a multiple-dose pretreatment, but host toxicity was also increased. Lipophilicity was more important than electron-affinity for CCNU enhancement. Several lipophilic analogues (e.g. benznidazole and Ro 07-1902) gave enhancements superior to MISO, whereas hydrophilic analogues were inferior. Similar results were obtained with CHL. Enhancement of CCNU response was seen with the nitrofuran, nitrofurantoin, and the quinone, anthraquinone sulphonate. The non electron affinic compound imidazole gave enhancement with CHI, but not with CCNU. The inhibitor of drug-metabolizing enzymes SKF 525A gave excellent enhancement with both CHL and CCNU. PMID- 7107386 TI - The response of mouse lung tumors to combinations of CCNU and misonidazole. PMID- 7107387 TI - Evaluation of radiosensitizers in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors. AB - The electron-affinic compounds misonidazole (MISO), metronidazole (MET), desmethylmisonidazole (DMM), and CB1954 were shown to enhance the activity of alkylating agents in M5076 ovarian tumor. MISO, MET, and DMM enhanced the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide by factors of 1.7, 1.5, and 1.7, respectively. MIS, MET, and CB1954 enhanced the antitumor activity of melphalan by factors of 2.2, 2.4, and 1.8, respectively. MISO also enhanced the antitumor activity of mitomycin C by a factor of 2.0. MISO did not enhance the activity of chlorozotocin given as a single dose and only slightly enhanced the antitumor activity of this agent when the combination was given on a q4D x 3 schedule. MISO administered 1 hr prior to the antimetabolite 5-FU on a q7D x 3 schedule was no more effective than 5-FU alone against colon carcinoma 38. MISO given simultaneously with or 1 hr after 5-FU strongly inhibited the antitumor activity of 5-FU in this tumor. Data obtained in this study indicate that several radiation sensitizers including three nitroimidazoles and a dinitrobenzamide can enhance the antineoplastic activity of alkylating agents. The degree of enhancement in the M5076 tumor appears to be independent of the electron affinity of the sensitizer. Enhancement was observed with relatively ineffective as well as highly active alkylating agents. PMID- 7107388 TI - Potentiation in vivo of melphalan activity by nitroimidazole compounds. AB - Many nitroimidazole compounds have been shown to potentiate the activity of melphalan against the murine anaplastic MT tumor. The degree of potentiation achieved by these compounds probably depends on their octanol-water partition coefficient and electron affinity: for the greater the partition coefficient of electron affinity, the greater the potentiation. The mechanism of this potentiation remains uncertain. However, it is not due to either nitroimidazole induced hypothermia, or to the elimination of the recovery from melphalan-induced potentially lethal damage (PLD). PMID- 7107390 TI - Enhancement of cytotoxic drugs by misonidazole (MISO) in Lewis lung tumors of different sizes, and mouse bone marrow. AB - MISO substantially enhances the cell killing action of a variety of cytotoxic drugs in large intramuscular Lewis lung tumors, but not in normal bone marrow. This differential response could be explained if an hypoxic environment is a necessary requirement for MISO enhancement. To test this hypothesis, we have directly determined enhancement factors for the cytotoxicity of melphalan, cyclophosphamide (CYC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered simultaneously with MISO (750 mg/Kg for melphalan and CYC, 1000 mg/Kg for 5-FU) in four experimental systems which are known to differ in oxygenation status, 250 mg intramuscular (i.m.) Lewis lung tumors, less than 2 mg lung tumors, single tumor cells trapped in pulmonary capillaries and normal bone marrow. Clonogenic cell assays were used to produce dose response curves and enhancement factors were expressed as the survival curve slope ratio (SR) for drug alone versus drug + MISO. In the more hypoxic i.m. tumors SR's from 1.6 to 1.9 wee obtained, whereas in the other, better oxygenated test systems SR's ranged from 1.0 to 1.3. Although these results are consistent with the proposal that hypoxia might be important for MISO enhancement of cytotoxic drug action, they do not exclude the possibility that other factors may be responsible. PMID- 7107389 TI - The therapeutic potential of misonidazole enhancement of alkylating agent cytotoxicity. AB - The effect of prolonged exposure to low misonidazole (MISO) levels on the cytotoxicity of three alkylating agents was studied in mouse tumors. A concentration of 100 micrograms/ml was maintained in the plasma for 7 hr by multiple injections of MISO. Cyclophosphamide (CYC). Melphalan (L-PAM), or CCNU were given after 4 hrs of MISO exposure. In each case, prolonged low level MISO exposure enhanced tumor response as measured by regrowth delay or a cloning assay. The effect of this treatment was also studied in several normal tissues: bone marrow, white blood cell counts, and spermatogonia. In none of these was any enhancement seen after prolonged MISO exposure. These encouraging results show that clinically relevant exposures to MISO can greatly improve tumor response to alkylating agents without increased normal tissue toxicity. PMID- 7107391 TI - Combinations of cyclophosphamide and misonidazole in the KHT sarcoma. PMID- 7107392 TI - The value of combining the radiosensitizer misonidazole with cyclophosphamide in treating the murine Lewis lung tumor. AB - Cyclophosphamide and the radiosensitizer misonidazole were combined to determine if any therapeutic benefit could be demonstrated with this combination in treating the murine Lewis lung tumor. The results of our in vivo studies indicated that when various dosage schedules of misonidazole were combined with cyclophosphamide, the tumor effect was greater than when cyclophosphamide was administered alone. However, the increased effect of the two drug combination was determined to be no greater than an additive effect of cyclophosphamide tumor cell toxicity plus misonidazole cytotoxicity. Furthermore, host toxicity was enhanced when the two drugs were combined as indicated by the LD50 assay. We conclude that combining cyclophosphamide with misonidazole offers little if any therapeutic advantage since the increase in host toxicity appears to be as greater as the increase in tumor cell killing. PMID- 7107393 TI - Misonidazole enhances cyclophosphamide toxicity to bone marrow. AB - Normal bone marrow function was surveyed in animals that received cyclophosphamide after treatment with small, multiple doses of misonidazole. Peripheral blood white cell counts, cell differentials, hematocrits, bone marrow white cell counts and committed granulocyte-macrophage precursors (CFUc) were monitored for several days following treatment with misonidazole and cyclophosphamide. When results obtained from animals treated with physiological saline or misonidazole in advance of cyclophosphamide were compared, no significant differences were noted in routine assays of white blood cell count, cell morphology or hematocrit. Pre-treatment with misonidazole, however, caused a significant reduction in survival and delay in recovery of bone marrow CFUc (p less than .01). The combined use of misonidazole and cyclophosphamide also reduced animal survival (DMF = 1.2), with the majority of deaths being attributable to failure of normal hematopoietic function. These results suggest that misonidazole enhances the myelotoxicity associated with cyclophosphamide use. This additional damage is not detectable using routine hematological assays, but is demonstrable in assays of bone marrow stem cells and animal survival studies. PMID- 7107394 TI - The effect of cytotoxic drugs with or without misonidazole on leucopenia in three strains of mice. AB - Leucopenia is a major dose-limiting effect of many cytotoxic drugs. We have measured the effect of melphalan and four other drugs either alone, or with misonidazole on total white cell count in mice. Three strains were used, though not with all drugs. White cell counts were determined 3, 5, and 7 days after giving the cytotoxic drugs either with or without misonidazole. For all the drugs used, the nadir in white cell count was at 3 to 5 days when the dose-effect curves were approximately expotential. Only in the case of chlorambucil and mitomycin-C did misonidazole enhance the leucopenia. There was no enhancement of the effects of melphalan, cyclophosphamide or CCNU. In the case of mitomycin C the effect of misonidazole was to delay the recovery in the white cell count. It would appear that enhanced leucopenia from the combination of misonidazole with cytotoxic drugs may depend on the drug used. With three of the five drugs, the absence of an effect of misonidazole implies that any enhanced damage to tumors would represent a true increase in therapeutic effectiveness. PMID- 7107395 TI - Misonidazole increases the toxicity of BCNU for hypoxic cells. AB - Misonidazole (MISO) increased the toxicity of BCNU for hypoxic Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in vitro, but had no effect on aerobic toxicity of BCNU. Survival was reduced by up to 10(-3) with an exposure to MISO (ImM x 4 hr) that had no direct toxicity for hypoxic cells. Preincubation of cells with MISO under hypoxic conditions followed by exposure to BCNU in air also resulted in increased toxicity. Related effects were observed when CHO cells were exposed to serum from mice that had received BCNU alone or BCNU + MISO: hypoxic (but not aerobic) cells were more sensitive to serum from mice that had received combined treatment. Studies showed that BCNU was more toxic in serum-free medium and that MISO had little or no effect on BCNU toxicity for hypoxic cells in the absence of serum. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods showed that BCNU decays with T 1/2 = 0.5 hr in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum and T 1/2 = 1.0 hr in the absence of serum, but the decay curves were not influenced by hypoxia or by MISO. BCNU metabolism to active intermediates is known to be catabolized by albumen. The dependence of the interaction of BCNU and MISO on both serum and hypoxia is consistent with an effect of a hypoxic product of MISO metabolism to delay catabolism or excretion of protein-catalyzed active intermediates of BCNU. PMID- 7107396 TI - Lucanthone modification of cyclophosphamide toxicity in the Chinese hamster. AB - The interaction of lucanthone and cyclophosphamide (CYC) was investigated in the Chinese hamster in terms of the LD50/7 and LD50/30. These values may be indicative of gastrointestinal stem cell depletion and bone marrow stem cell depletion, respectively. When a nonlethal dose of 100 mg/kg lucanthone preceded CYC injection, the LD50/7 for CYC reached its minimum value of 470 mg/kg at a treatment interval of 10 hours. Lucanthone administered simultaneously with CYC had no effect on the control LD50/7 of 750 mg/kg, and by 48 hours after lucanthone administration the LD50/7 had returned to the control value. When CYC administration preceded that of lucanthone, the LD50/7 reached a minimum of value of 610 mg/kg at an interval of 5 hours; however, for the entire sequence it was approximately 640 mg/kg over all intervals up to 48 hours. The LD50/30 for CYC was only slightly reduced by the presence of lucanthone, indicating that bone marrow sensitivity to CYC was only marginally affected by lucanthone. These data indicate that lucanthone may interact with CYC damage in much the same way as it interacts with radiation damage, viz, by reducing cellular capacity to accumulate and repair sublethal damage. PMID- 7107397 TI - Chemosensitization of mouse tumors by misonidazole. AB - The chemosensitizing action of misonidazole when used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs has been assessed in two mouse tumors. Regrowth delay has been used as the assay, and by producing dose-response curves the effect has been classified as additive or interactive. A very small additive effect was seen with bleomycin and adriamycin. A larger additive effect was seen with cyclophosphamide, and a dose dependent interaction was seen with melphalan. The misonidazole dose needed to produce these effects has a threshold of 0.5--0.75 mg/g. Two other nitroimidazoles (Ro 05-9963 and Ro 03-8799) were no more effective than MISO when used with melphalan or cyclophosphamide, even though Ro 05-9963 was much more cytotoxic as a single agent. A distinct enhancement of normal tissue toxicity (LD50/30) was observed for MISO combined with melphalan or cyclophosphamide in two strains of mice. However, the tumor sensitization was bigger than the normal tissue effect, resulting in a therapeutic gain in 3 out of 4 comparisons. PMID- 7107398 TI - Misonidazole-induced biochemical alterations of mammalian cells: effects on glycolysis. AB - Incubation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with misonidazole under aerobic conditions causes a stimulation of glucose consumption which is probably related to stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Incubation of Ehrlich cells with 5 mM misonidazole under hypoxic conditions results in a time-dependent inhibition of glycolysis, seen when treated cells are washed and resuspended in fresh buffered saline or media. This inhibition does not appear to be related to breakdown and loss of pyridine nucleotides from the cells during misonidazole treatment, nor is it a consequence of cell death. Post-incubation in buffer containing cysteine or cysteamine restores cellular glycolytic activity to near control levels. Partial inhibition of glucose consumption after incubation with misonidazole also occurs with V79-379A, V79-171B, EMT6 and A549 cell lines. The extent of inhibition varies among the lines, but is accompanied by approximately a 50% reduction in intracellular non-protein thiol levels in all cases. Ehrlich cells incubated anaerobically with misonidazole lose their response to the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol, which normally increases glucose consumption, and exhibit less ability to metabolize pyruvate. Cells incubated under anaerobic conditions but in the absence of misonidazole do not show these effects. PMID- 7107400 TI - Misonidazole: inter-related factors affecting cytotoxicity. AB - A detailed investigation was undertaken of reported modifiers of the toxicity towards hypoxic cells of misonidazole. The modifiers tested were medium type, cell type, cell density, concentration of misonidazole, addition of serum, addition of sulfhydryl, addition of oxygen and pH. The latter 5 modifiers were found to be most important and were studied in many of the possible combinations. Serum has its greatest protective effect at low concentration (e.g. 0.5 mM) of misonidazole. In the absence of serum, the (log10) survival curve for misonidazole toxicity can be described mathematically as a function of time by a shoulder (DQ) inversely related to misonidazole concentration, and a slope (1/D0) related directly to log10 misonidazole concentration. Sulfhydryl's (cysteamine) protective effect dominates at high concentrations of misonidazole. The protective action of SH can change to potentiative in the absence of serum or at high pH. Addition of oxygen results in overall protection but no relative changes in the effect of the other modifiers. Drugs like ascorbate and disulfide may only potentiate toxicity to the level found in the absence of serum. PMID- 7107399 TI - Evidence suggesting that the mechanism for aerobic and hypoxic cytotoxicity of nitroheterocycles is the same. AB - The fluorescence of three nitroheterocycles (AF-2, trans-5-amino-3-(2-(5-nitro 2furyl) vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole and 4-NQO) was used to quantitate cellular uptake and binding using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Mean cellular fluorescence, proportional to the amount of bound drug, allowed accurate prediction of the amount of cell killing. At equitoxic concentrations, the same amount of drug was bound under either aerobic or hypoxic conditions. In addition, 5 mM glutathione was equally effective at inhibiting aerobic and hypoxic cell killing by AF-2. These results suggest that the mechanism for cell killing may be similar under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, and the presence of oxygen may influence the rate of drug uptake rather than the nature of the toxic species. The nitro anion radical, formed in the presence and absence of oxygen, seems a likely candidate for the "toxic species." PMID- 7107401 TI - Energy and misonidazole toxicity: the effects of 5-thio-D-glucose. AB - Cell inactivation and DNA damage (single-strand breaks) were used to study the effects of inhibitors of anaerobic glucose oxidation on the toxicity of misonidazole to hypoxic Chinese hamster cells. Citrate and 2-deoxyglucose produced no effects on the toxicity. 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) protected cells of the CH2B2 line to some extent (SSB decreased by about 30%). In the CHO lines used (wild, and ethylmethanesulfonate-sensitive mutants), 5-TG had varied effects. Non protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels were measured in all lines. Cells with lower NPSH levels are more sensitive to misonidazole; these are the cells which are protected by 5-TG. Cell line variations must be considered when studying interactions between a drug and other forms of treatment as possible treatments of cancer. PMID- 7107403 TI - The effects of reduction products of misonidazole on Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Electrolytic reduction of the hypoxic cell sensitizer, misonidazole, was performed under hypoxic conditions at a controlled potential of -800 mV relative to a standard calomel electrode, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of the reduction product(s) of [14C] misonidazole yielded two radioactive peaks, a major one containing 70 to 80% of the total activity and a minor one, containing 20 to 30%. A six hour hypoxic exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells at 37 degrees C to a 1 mM equivalent of unseparated reduction product(s) resulted in less toxicity than a similar exposure to misonidazole alone. The corresponding cellular uptake and binding of reduced misonidazole was the same under aerobic or hypoxic conditions, but up to an order of magnitude lower compared to a hypoxic misonidazole exposure. PMID- 7107402 TI - Studies on the mechanism of chemosensitization by misonidazole in vitro. AB - Misonidazole (MISO) depletes intracellular glutathione and is more toxic in glutathione depleted cells. The depletion is time, temperature, drug concentration and cell line dependent. The role of glutathione depletion in the chemosensitization to alkylating agents obtained after hypoxic pretreatments with MISO was investigated using diethylmaleate (DEM), a thiol-removing agent with specificity for glutathione, to simulate the effects of MISO on intracellular glutathione levels. Melphalan cytotoxicity and binding to macromolecules were measured after pretreatments with MISO or DEM in vitro. From these studies we found that glutathione depletion could account for only a part of the chemosensitization to melphalan and that this component of sensitization was quantitatively related to an increased rate of melphalan binding. Assessments of DNA damage by the alkaline elution assay suggest that DNA strand breaks and DNA crosslinks are enhanced by sublethal pretreatments with MISO. PMID- 7107404 TI - Non-protein thiols and cellular response to drugs and radiation. PMID- 7107405 TI - Nitroimidazole inhibition of lactate production in CHO cells. AB - Misonidazole (MISO) and desmethylmisonidazole (DMM) inhibit lactate production in CHO cells under aerobic conditions. This inhibition is time and dose dependent. At the 20 mM level DMM is stronger in producing this inhibition of lactate than is MISO. This inhibiton of lactate production suggests that these compounds are capable of inhibiting the glycolytic pathway. The resultant energy deficiency may be an explantation for the toxicity of these compounds under hypoxic as well as aerobic conditions. The increased dependency on glycolysis of hypoxic cells may correspond to the analogous increase in toxicity of hypoxic cells to nitroimidazoles. PMID- 7107406 TI - Metronidazole (Flagyl), lactate and ethanol: enhancement of cytotoxic action and the effect of a dehydrogenase inhibitor and a drug metabolite. AB - The cytotoxicity of metronidazole towards CHO cells in culture has been found to be enhanced by the presence of lactate and ethanol. For 20 mM lactate the maximum enhancement was observed with 5 mM metronidazole. The enhancement by lactate was reduced by the additional presence of 5 mM oxamate (an LDH inhibitor) and 5 mM hydroxyethyl oxamate (a metronidazole metabolite). The cytotoxicity of 5 mM metronidazole was also enhanced by the presence of 30 mM ethanol. The results suggest an involvement of dehydrogenase enzyme systems in the hypoxic activation and toxicity of some nitroimidazoles. PMID- 7107407 TI - Binding of misonidazole to EMt6 and V79 spheroids. AB - Metabolism-induced binding of misonidazole was shown previously to be enhanced in hypoxic regions of V79 spheroids. Data are presented to show that the binding of misonidazole to EMT6 spheroids is similar to V79 in some respects and different in others. The binding rate in nitrogen was constant in all cells in EMT6 spheroids, whereas a 5-fold rise was found in binding rate across the outer 100 micrometers of V79 spheroids. A small enhancement of binding to the cells near the necrotic center in EMT6 spheroids in air was found, which was similar to the binding to chronically hypoxic cells in aerobic V79 spheroids. The binding rate in 1--5% oxygen was similar in EMT6 and V79 spheroids. Both showed a large rise in binding rate across the outer 120 micrometers and a constant binding rate to healthy cells interior to this. Since 1.5 oxygen should supply only the outer 40 micrometers of a typical spheroid, something beyond a simple oxygen diffusion limitation is required to explain the data. One possible explanation is the diffusion of some of the reactive product away from the hypoxic cells which produce it. This was tested by incubating a single cell suspension in misonidazole at 0.5% oxygen in the presence of absence of V79 spheroids. No evidence was found for an appreciable loss of reactive product from the spheroids. PMID- 7107408 TI - Intracellular localization of radioactively labeled misonidazole in EMT-6-tumor cells in vitro. PMID- 7107410 TI - Enhanced cytotoxicity of melphalan by prolonged exposure to nitroimidazoles: the role of endogenous thiols. AB - It was first demonstrated that prolonged exposure of hypoxic V-79 cells to misonidazole prior to irradiation produced an increased radiosensitization in 1977; it was postulated that the reduction of misonidazole resulted in intermediates capable of depleting cells of endogenous thiols, substances known to play a role in the hydrogen repair of target radicals produced by ionizing radiation. The present study shows that a prolonged exposure of V-79 cells to a variety of nitroimidazoles (misonidazole, Ro-05-9963, SR-2508, and MTR1-80) results in an enhanced cytotoxicity when these cells are subsequently exposed to melphalan. This process of enhanced melphalan toxicity occurred only when cells were pretreated with misonidazole under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that nitroreduction is necessary for chemosensitization as it is for increased radiosensitization. Different nitroimidazoles tested vary in the extent to which they sensitize cells to the subsequent action of melphalan. Repair from a misonidazole pretreatment is essentially complete by six hours. This study demonstrated that cysteamine could reduce the cytotoxicity of misonidazole and the enhancement of melphalan toxicity. This was an effect reversible with time and one implying similar mechanisms for the preincubation effect observed in vitro for radiation and chemotherapy agents. PMID- 7107409 TI - In vitro hypoxic cytotoxicity of nitroimidazoles: uptake and cell cycle phase specificity. AB - The hypoxic cytotoxicity of four different 2-nitroimidazoles of similar electron affinities but different lipophilicities was compared using EMT6/Ro mouse mammary tumor cells in exponential growth phase in severely (less than 20 ppm) hypoxic conditions. The relative cytotoxicities were misonidazole (MISO) = desmethylmisonidazole (9963) greater than SR-2508 much greater than SR-2555 indicating that the compounds with the lowest lipophilicity were less cytotoxic. The rates of uptake of these compounds were MISO greater than 9963 greater than SR-2508 = SR-2555. These data together with comparisons of the amounts of cell associated compounds indicate that the similarity in toxicity of MISO and 9963 can be related to a general similarity in their pharmacokinetics, but that other unknown factors must be considered to explain the relative toxicity of SR-2508 and SR-2555. In other experiments, EMT6/Ro cells synchronized using centrifugal elutriation were most sensitive in hypoxia to MISO at the late G1--early S phase of the cell cycle. These data indicate the importance of considering cellular and subcellular distribution of these nitroimidazoles as well as possible cell cycle specificity for cytotoxicity in interpreting relative effectiveness of different compounds in responses of mixed populations of cells in cultures or tumors. PMID- 7107412 TI - Preincubation with electron affinic radiosensitizers followed by hyperthermia or X rays. PMID- 7107411 TI - The effect of misonidazole on the cytotoxicity and repair of potentially lethal damage from alkylating agents in vitro. PMID- 7107413 TI - Sensitizers, protectors and oncogenic transformation in vitro. PMID- 7107414 TI - A biochemical neurotoxicity study relating the neurotoxic potential of metronidazole and nitrofurantoin with misonidazole. PMID- 7107415 TI - Neurotoxicity of radiation sensitizers in the mouse. AB - The neurotoxicity of a homologous series of 1-substituted, 2-nitroimidazole compounds, synthesized in this laboratory, has been studied in mice. This involves measurement of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase in the distal sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves. The amount of compound required to give a known neurotoxic response, in terms of elevated beta-glucuronidase (arbitrarily set at 60% increase) has been determined. A correlation between increased number of methylene groups (N) in the side chain and neurotoxicity has been shown. A correlation between increased neurotoxicity and effective octanol; water coefficient, at pH 7.4, was also established. A more soluble version of the n = 4 member of the homologous series, that is the compound RSU 1047 (NSC 328897), and misonidazole also fit this correlation of partition coefficient and dose. PMID- 7107416 TI - Protection against misonidazole-induced toxicity in vitro by non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents. AB - Overnight exposure of Chinese hamster cells, V-79-753B, to certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) including indomethacin (5 x 10(-5)M), benoxaprofen (5 x 10(-5)M) or aspirin (10(-4)M) protected against misonidazole induced toxicity both in air and in hypoxia at 37 degrees C. In no instance was the radiosensitivity of cells affected by these treatments nor was there any effect on the amount of acute hypoxic cell radiosensitization produced by 1.0 mM misonidazole. There was no protection against misonidazole-induced toxicity when cells were pretreated with theophylline (10(-3)M). Protection against misonidazole-induced toxicity by benoxaprofen was not reversed by the addition of 1 microgram/ml prostaglandin E1 or F1 alpha. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms. PMID- 7107418 TI - Thermal distribution of magnetic-loop induction hyperthermia in phantoms and animals: effect of the living state and velocity of heating. AB - Hyperthermia has shown promise for the treatment of cancer. The magnetrode radio frequency magnetic-loop induction applicator was recently introduced and is being evaluated at many centers with encouraging initial results. This investigation was undertaken to delineate the thermal distribution patterns of magnetrode hyperthermia in both normal tissue phantoms and healthy dogs. Temperatures on homogeneous and heterogeneous tissue equivalents and animal tissue phantoms, a dead animal extremity, a dead dog and a live dog subjected to rapid high-dose heating showed preferential and potentially injurious peripheral heating with a central "cold spot." However, sequential moderate-dose heating in live dogs showed virtually uniform (less than 1 degree C) and potentially tumoricidal temperatures greater than or equal to 42 degrees C in both peripheral and central internal organs without injury to surface tissues. These data indicate that magnetic-loop induction can produce potentially safe and effective deep central heat in living, normal animals, but that safety and effectiveness are significantly influenced by the velocity of heat deposition. Furthermore, normal tissue phantom models and dead animals are unreliable predictors of magnetrode heat patterns in living systems. PMID- 7107417 TI - Nitroimidazole neurotoxicity: are mouse studies predictive? PMID- 7107419 TI - Results of brachytherapy for cancer of the tongue with special emphasis on local prognosis. AB - One hundred and sixty-six patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were treated with radiation. Treatment modalities were mainly interstitial implant with or without external beam irradiation, except for early lesions, which were treated with intraoral electron beam therapy. Analysis was made on the local prognosis of the lesion to clarify the indications for interstitial therapy, especially the combined program with external beam therapy, and the time dose relationship of the brachytherapy. Local recurrence-free rates (two years) were 94% in T1, 77% in T2 and 32% in T3 lesions, respectively. For T1 and superficial or exophytic T2 lesions, the local recurrence-free rate was excellent with the interstitial therapy alone using either permanent implants of gold grain or radium implants. Therefore, prior external beam therapy seemed to be unnecessary for these lesions. When the treated area was less than 10 cm2, subsequent complications were not likely even if the TDF (time-dose factor) value was high. Most of the patients who received combined external beam and interstitial therapy showed infiltrative T2 and a majority of the T3 lesions. In these patients, it was apparent that most of the total dose should be given from the interstitial implant after a small prior dose with external irradiation, because these lesions could not be cured even if the external dose was increased. PMID- 7107420 TI - Effect of hyperthermia on hypoxic cell fraction in tumor. AB - The effect of hyperthermia on the proportion of hypoxic cells in SCK mammary tumor of A/J mice was investigated. About 45% of clonogenic cells in the unheated control tumor were radiobiologically hypoxic. Upon heating with a 43.5 degree C water bath for 30 min, the proportion of hypoxic cells increased and then decreased: it was 95% at 5 hr and 60% at 12 and 24 hr after heating. Despite the increase in the proportion of hypoxic cells 5 hr after heating, the absolute number of hypoxic cells in the tumors at this time was significantly smaller than that in the unheated control tumors because of a decrease in the total number of surviving tumor cells. The initial increase in the proportion of hypoxic cells after heating may be attributed mainly to vascular occlusion. Proliferation of cells in the oxic area, and thus an increase in oxic cell number, appears to account for the decline in the proportion of hypoxic cells from 5 hr after heating. PMID- 7107421 TI - Heating patterns induced by a 13.56 MHz radiofrequency generator in large phantoms and pig abdomen and thorax. AB - Heating patterns generated by a commercially available 13.5 MHz radiofrequency generator and induction coil hyperthermia system in human size phantoms and a 230 pound pig were studied using a multichannel computer-monitored thermometry system that is noninteractive in electromagnetic fields. The phantom studies were composed of synthetic muscle equivalent material and fresh tissue. The pig was heated in the regions of the upper abdomen and the midthorax, both under anesthesia and dead. The temperature was measured along fine penetrating catheters at 1 cm intervals in all experiments. In a homogeneous cylindrical phantom, under our measurement conditions, the temperature profile across the diameter is parabolic with marked superficial heating and essentially no central heating. In nonhomogeneous phantoms and in the pig, the symmetry of this profile was distorted but the basic pattern of marked superficial heating and nearly absent deep central heating remained. Blood flow in the living animal produced some thermal smoothing. It is considered probable that substantial radial temperature gradients will exist within eccentrically located human tumors heated with this device and that certain deep central tumors will be difficult or impossible to heat. Determination of its ultimate value for investigational; clinical hyperthermia studies will require accurate temperature mapping of tumors and normal tissues in various anatomic sites in comparison with other approaches to deep heating. PMID- 7107422 TI - Current concepts in cancer: ovary--treatment for stages III and IV. Debulking surgery and second look operation. PMID- 7107423 TI - Current concepts in cancer: ovary--treatment of stages III and IV. Choice of postoperative therapy based on prognostic factors. PMID- 7107424 TI - Radiation tolerance of the spinal cord previously-damaged by tumor and operation: long term neurological improvement and time-dose-volume relationships after irradiation of intraspinal gliomas. AB - Of 26 patients with intramedullary spinal cord gliomas (9 astrocytomas, 5 glioblastomas, 12 ependymomas) seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1962--1980, 24 were irradiated (21 initially and 3 after post-surgical recurrence). Those 19 patients who survived at least 1 year after completion of irradiation were evaluated for post-irradiation neurological changes. No patient developed radiation myelopathy. Return to a permanently and completely normal neurological status occurred for 33/51 (65%) of pre-irradiation neurological deficits. The major cause of post-irradiation neurological deterioration was tumor recurrence. Although 18/19 patients had their thoracic or lumbar spinal cords irradiated, each with field sizes greater than 10 cm, spinal cord doses approaching, equalling, or occasionally exceeding various definitions of spinal cord tolerance were tolerated well without evidence of radiation myelopathy. Spinal cords of patients with intramedullary gliomas, often with major neurological deficits prior to irradiation, may be treated safely to doses approaching or equalling spinal cord tolerance levels. These doses are expected to locally control most ependymomas and astrocytomas without an increased risk of radiation myelopathy. Caution should be observed if doses higher than this are contemplated in an attempt to cure a glioblastoma, because the 5% tolerance level of the damaged spinal cord remains to be defined. PMID- 7107425 TI - Influence of dietary protein levels on survival of rats following kidney irradiation. AB - Concern about radiation induced nephropathy results in a dose limiting constraint in some applications of radiation therapy. An understanding of the etiology of radiation therapy. An understanding of the etiology of radiation nephropathy is essential if attempts to alter the time course or extent of the pathology are to be successful. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of this disease process, and to see if it could be altered by dietary manipulation, young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally nephrectomized, after which the remaining kidney was exteriorized and exposed to 14 Gy of X rays. Non-irradiated control animals had their remaining kidney exteriorized for a comparable length of time. Five days after irradiation, the animals were switched from standard lab rations to isocaloric diets of differing protein content. Diets used included 4%, 20% and 50% protein and the 4% and 20% diets given in combination with 0.9% NaCl drinking water. For all the diet groups, irradiated animals had median survival times shorter than their corresponding non-irradiated controls. Within the irradiated groups, the ranking of the median survival times was: 4% + 0.9% NaCl greater than 4% greater than 20% + 0.9% NaCl = 20% greater than 50%. The differences in survival among the irradiated groups were significant at the 0.01 level. These data indicate that kidney response to irradiation can be altered by manipulation of dietary protein levels. Such information may have clinical application. PMID- 7107426 TI - Modification of the response of mouse skin to x-irradiation by a polar solvent, N,N-dimethylformamide. AB - The modification of the response of mouse skin to either single or split (24 hrs) graded doses of X rays by topically applied N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. DMF was applied daily for 5 days prior to irradiation. At a radiation dose level producing dry desquamation, DMF enhanced the X ray response by a factor of 1.3. Also, at the same level of response, the fraction of X ray dose repaired in 24 hours was 0.57, whereas for the DMF-treated and irradiated skin, this factor was 0.41, indicating a reduction of about 28% in subeffective damage repair. The times of maximal involvement of the skin reactions were not different in the X ray plus DMF treated mice versus mice receiving x-irradiation only. The data indicate that DMF is able to modify intrinsic radiation sensitivity of mouse skin epithelial cells, possibly through a reduction in the magnitude of the shoulder region of the survival curve. PMID- 7107427 TI - A new endometrial applicator. PMID- 7107428 TI - Multidisciplinary treatment for cancer--new opportunities. PMID- 7107429 TI - Reflections on the management of cancer of the cervix in developing countries. PMID- 7107431 TI - Stereo X ray photogrammetry applied for prevention of sigmoid-colon damage caused by radiation from intrauterine sources. AB - Radiation therapy of cervix carcinoma is applied in this Institute by means of a modified Stockholm method in combination with external beam irradiation. In 1968, parametrial portals were replaced by large planparallel opposed fields extending cranially to LIII/LIV with central shielding in order to avoid overdosage in the area of intracavitary treatment. This resulted in a marked increased incidence of severe sigmoid-colon radiation lesions from 0.25% to 4%; predominantly in Stage I and II patients. Therefore two measures have been introduced: beginning in 1972 measures were taken to prevent the cranial displacement of the uterus during intracavitary treatment in order to avoid shortening the distance between the radioactive sources and the sigmoid-colon; from 1972 stereo X ray photogrammetry (SMR) was applied for dose determinations at points of the sigmoid-colon, which were seen to be located close to the applicator. When SRM data indicated that a high dose at the sigmoid-colon might occur, treatment modifications enabled prevention of radiation damage. Change of position of the applicator was the first to be considered. In the last seven years no surgical intervention had to be performed because of a sigmoid-colon lesion resulting from an unexpected high radiation dose delivered by intrauterine sources. The local recurrence rate was not increased following treatment modifications for prevention of sigmoid-colon radiation damage. PMID- 7107430 TI - Radiosensitivity of Nall human melanoma transplanted into nude mice: repair, reoxygenation and dose fractionation. AB - Split and fractionated gamma-rays experimental have been performed on a human melanoma transplanted into nude mice using an in vitro colony assay. Repair of potentially lethal observed after a single dose of 20 Gy was found to no longer occur when 7 daily doses of 2.5 Gy were administered. In split-dose experiments, the increase in survival level probably can not be explained by repair of sublethal damage. When a single high dose of radiation is administered a certain reoxygenation is observed; however there is no reoxygenation when low radiation doses are delivered daily. PMID- 7107432 TI - The compleat oncologist: Franz Buschke Lecture. PMID- 7107433 TI - Comparison of pre- and postoperative radiation in the combined treatment of carcinoma of maxillary sinus. AB - A series of 50 patients with cancer of the maxillary sinus treated by either preoperative or postoperative radiation from February, 1958 to June, 1974 is presented. In the postoperative group the patients were either free from recurrence, of if there was recurrence, the tumor was less than 0.5 cm in diameter. In the preoperative group, 23 of 36 patients survived for more than five years (64%). In the postoperative group, 4 of 14 patients survived for more than five years (26%). There is an obvious superiority in the preoperative radiation group. The surgical complication rate in the preoperative group was 29% as compared to 14% in the postoperative group. Although the incidence of complications in the preoperative group is higher, we believe it is worth attempting in clinical practice because of the more favourable survival rates. PMID- 7107434 TI - Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, procarbazine (CAMP) in 64 consecutive patients with epidermoid bronchogenic carcinoma, limited disease: a prospective study. AB - Sixty-four consecutive patients with inoperable epidermoid bronchogenic carcinoma (limited disease) were treated with radiotherapy to the primary and nodal areas and combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate and procarbazine. The overall response rate (CR + PR) to combined treatment was 62%. The median survival time was 12.7 months. The toxicity was acceptable and no treatment-related death occurred. PMID- 7107435 TI - Utilization of parasternal lymphoscintigraphy in radiation therapy of breast carcinoma. AB - In radiation therapy of patients with breast carcinoma, the ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes are either irradiated by a separate anterior field or included by isocentric opposing tangential fields, which also treat the breast and chest wall. To determine the acceptability of a particular treatment setup, the positions of the nodes must be determined with respect to the treatment fields. For the anterior field technique the problem is two-dimensional and is solved by simply superimposing the treatment field onto an anterior lymphoscintigram. For treatment by opposing tangential fields the problem is three-dimensional and more complex. The solution described in this note is to project the three-dimensional lymph node positions, obtained by a stereo lymphoscintigraphic procedure, onto the tangential field radiographs. A mathematical expression is given to perform the required projection of the node positions onto the radiographs. PMID- 7107436 TI - Irradiation of mouse lungs causes a dose-dependent increase in lung weight. AB - The lungs of Balb/c mice were irradiated with doses of 200 to 1300 rad and excised and weighed three days to 20 weeks later. In all cases the wet weights were increased relative to unirradiated controls. The weight increases were dose dependent up to 1000 rad. The largest weight increase was 28%. Comparison of the wet and dry weights of irradiated and control lungs indicated that the material responsible for the weight increase was intermediate in water content between normal lung tissue and plasma, whereas the water content of pulmonary edema fluid produced by adrenalin injection was similar to plasma. Protection of the mediastinum during irradiation did not affect the weight increase appreciably. PMID- 7107437 TI - Possible hazards of patient anaesthesia during hyperthermia therapy. PMID- 7107438 TI - Breast cancer: a 21 year experience with conservative surgery and radiation. AB - Evidence is presented from a study of 680 patients followed over a period of 21 years that conservative treatment of breast cancer by local excision of the primary tumor followed by breast irradiation yields results equivalent to the traditional radical approach, with the added benefit of an excellent cosmetic result and improved quality of life. The relative survivals were 8.3% at 5 years and 71% at 10 years. There was no difference in survival when radiation was given. Breast irradiation significantly reduced relapse in the breast, but axillary irradiation did not influence relapse at this site. Relapse in the breast alone was not detrimental to survival if treated appropriately. Axillary relapse indicated a much poorer prognosis as might be expected. PMID- 7107439 TI - Postoperative radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast: improved results with elective irradiation of the chest wall. PMID- 7107440 TI - Radiotherapy of lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. AB - The results of radiotherapy alone in 233 patients with lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region were examined. It appeared that the recurrence rate in the neck was mainly related to: localization of the primary tumor; the recurrence of the primary tumor; the radiation dose; and the presence of a residual palpable tumor mass in the neck 6 weeks after radiation. The optimum radiation dose was about 2000 ret. An isoeffect curve was calculated, which differed only slightly with the nominal standard dose (NSD) formula. Elective irradiation of the contralateral neck appeared to diminish the outgrowth of neck node metastases at the side. Changes in the radiation treatment in the last treatment period, such as a higher radiation dose and a larger treatment area, resulted in a lower recurrence rate for the neck node metastases, and also in a higher survival rate. PMID- 7107441 TI - Long-term effects of radiotherapy on taste and salivary function in man. AB - The long-term effects of radiotherapy on taste and salivary function were studied in 13 patients treated by radiation 1--7 years previously for tumors of the head and neck. Taste function was quantitatively evaluated using a standard forced choice, three-stimulus-drop technique for the determination of detection and recognition thresholds and a forced-scaling technique for the determination of taste intensity responsiveness. Parotid salivary function was quantitatively evaluated by determination of flow rate and protein secretion rate. Nine of the 13 patients studied (69%) had measurable taste loss; every patient who had radiotherapy including the parotid glands had measurable salivary dysfunction. Our results demonstrate that curative courses of radiotherapy for tumours of the head and neck may result in long-term changes in taste and salivary function. From the present study, the maximum tolerance doses resulting in a 50% complication rate 5 years after treatment (TD 50/5) are estimated to be 40--65 Gy for xerostomia and 50--65 Gy for taste loss. Therefore, in a standard treatment regimen for tumors of the head and neck, with curative intent, gustatory and salivary gland tissues frequently sustain maximum tolerance injury. PMID- 7107443 TI - Psychotherapy, individual freedom, and political activity. PMID- 7107442 TI - Infratentorial glioblastoma: the role of neuraxis irradiation. AB - The patterns of clinical-and autopsy-documented tumor spread were evaluated for 15 patients with biopsy-proven infratentorial (8 cerebellar, 2 brainstem, 5 intramedullary spinal cord) glioblastoma. No patient developed clinical nor autopsy evidence of subarachnoid dissemination, even though no patient had received craniospinal axis irradiation. Fully 14 of the 21 previously reported patients with subarachnoid dissemination from infratentorial glioblastoma had this diagnosis made only at autopsy. The overall poor prognosis at present (8% 3 year survival from the present series and recent literature) along with the demonstrated pattern of local-regional aggressiveness as the major form of initial spread and post-irradiation recurrence, suggests that routine craniospinal axis irradiation may not be indicated for most patients with infratentorial glioblastoma. PMID- 7107444 TI - Psychoanalysis, psychiatry and systems thinking. PMID- 7107445 TI - Towards a meaningful coordination of etiology, nosology and therapy in psychoanalysis. PMID- 7107446 TI - On the pathological lie (pseudologia phantastica). PMID- 7107447 TI - Multiple identity processes and the development of the observing ego. PMID- 7107448 TI - Demand-sensitive obsessionals. PMID- 7107449 TI - Two daughters of a deaf mute mother: implications for ego and cognitive development. PMID- 7107450 TI - Antigone, the neglected daughter of Oedipus: Freud's gender concepts in theory. PMID- 7107451 TI - Another point of view on Freud's metapsychology. PMID- 7107452 TI - Improvement in ventilatory muscle function with running. AB - We studied the effects of running on ventilatory muscle strength and endurance in 11 adults enrolled in a physical fitness program. Twelve healthy volunteers were used as a control group. Maximum expiratory pressure (Paomax), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), peak inspiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, and maximum sustainable ventilatory capacity for 15 min (MSVC) were measured at 0, 10, and 20 wk. At the end of the 10-wk program, the subject group demonstrated a significant increase in both MSVC and MVV. At the end of the 20-wk period, the subject group demonstrated a significant increase in expiratory Paomax (14.4%), MVV (13.6%), and MSVC (15.8%). There was no significant change at the end of the 20-wk period in any of the tests in the control group. These data indicate that running can improve ventilatory muscle strength and endurance in healthy, previously sedentary individuals. PMID- 7107453 TI - Mechanical properties of the lungs during acclimatization to altitude. AB - Mechanical properties of the lung were studied in nine healthy lowlanders during a 6-day sojourn at an altitude of 3,457 m. In comparison to sea-level values, it was found at altitude that 1) lung volumes measured by plethysmography including total lung capacity, vital capacity, and functional residual capacity (FRC) presented small changes not exceeding 300 ml; 2) static and dynamic lung compliances were not modified but static pressure-volume curves of lungs were shifted progressively to the left (the decrease in lung elastic recoil averaged about 2 cmH2O on days 4-6); and 3) maximal midexpiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and maximal expiratory and inspiratory flows were increased and, conversely, airways and pulmonary flow resistances were decreased on most days at altitude. The unchanged FRC in the face of a decreased lung recoil may be explained by an increase in thoracic blood volume at altitude, but other possible mechanisms are discussed. The decrease in resistances and increase in maximal flows may be partly explained by the decreased air density at altitude, but another contributing factor such as a bronchodilatation is also suggested. It is proposed that changes in lung mechanics at altitude may account for some of the changes in the pattern of breathing and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) observed during acclimatization of lowlanders to altitude. PMID- 7107454 TI - Hypoxemia reflexly increases secretion from tracheal submucosal glands in dogs. AB - We anesthetized dogs, ventilated their lungs via the lower trachea, and exposed the epithelial surface of the upper trachea and coated it with powdered tantalum. Secretions from submucosal gland ducts formed elevations (hillocks) in the tantalum layer; we counted the number of hillocks that appeared in a 1.2-cm2 field. In 12 dogs, during normoxemia, 12 +/- 2 hillocks/cm2 formed in 90 s; during severe hypoxemia [fractional inspired O2 concentration (FIO2) = 0.05], 40 +/- 4 hillocks/cm2 formed in 90 s. Injections of sodium cyanide (25-75 micrograms) into the arterial supply to the carotid body also stimulated tracheal submucosal gland secretion. Secretory response to hypoxemia was suppressed by 1) section of both carotid sinus body nerves in six dogs and 2) section of both superior laryngeal nerves and vagus nerves in six other dogs. During mild hypoxemia (FIO2 = 0.10 or 0.15) tracheal submucosal gland secretion still increased. We conclude that hypoxemia increases secretion from submucosal glands in canine trachea by a carotid body chemoreflex. PMID- 7107455 TI - Comparison of capsular and intra-alveolar fluid pressures in the lung. AB - The fluid pressures measured in chronically implanted capsules were compared with fluid absorptive pressures in small degassed lung segments. Capsules were implanted, and bronchiolar catheters were placed at different vertical heights in the lungs of spontaneously breathing dogs. Increases in pulmonary capillary filtration pressure were produced by volume infusions of Tyrode's solution and increased left atrial pressure. A vertical gradient in fluid pressures was consistently observed with more negative pressures near the top of the lungs. Capsular fluid pressures averaged -7.82 cmH2O with a gradient of -0.60 cmH2O/cm distance up the lung. The intra-alveolar absorptive pressures averaged -14.4 cmH2O with a gradient of -0.78 cmH2O/cm distance up the lung. The fluid pressures in both the capsules and alveolar segments responded to changes in capillary filtration pressure (capillary hydrostatic pressure minus plasma colloid osmotic pressure). The overall change in these extravascular fluid pressures amounted to approximately 25% of the change in filtration pressure, although considerable variability in individual measurements was obtained. Because they respond to imbalances in Starling capillary forces, both the capsular and intra-alveolar fluid pressures may be considered a function of perimicrovascular tissue pressure in the lung. PMID- 7107456 TI - Lung volume, closing volume, and gas exchange. AB - The effect of a voluntary reduction in lung volume on arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) was studied in 10 normal subjects aged 19-63 yr. SaO2 was measured by ear oximetry first during tidal breathing at functional residual capacity, and then during tidal breathing at 380 ml above residual volume. Tidal volume and breathing frequency were kept constant, and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure remained stable or fell in 9 out of 10 subjects. When lung volume was reduced, SaO2 fell by a mean of 1.5% (range 0-3%). Closing volume (CV) was measured by the N2-washout method (mean 0.89 liter, range 0.41-1.44). There was a close correlation between CV and the fall in SaO2 (r = 0.867, P = 0.001). Arterial and mixed venous CO2 were measured in one subject; the results indicated some fall in cardiac output following the lung volume change, but this accounted for less than half of the fall in SaO2. The relationship between CV and the lung volume at which tidal breathing occurs is an important determinant of pulmonary gas exchange through its effect on the matching of ventilation to perfusion. PMID- 7107457 TI - Effects of gravity and branching on longitudinal gas mixing in glass tube models. AB - We investigated the effects of gravity and branching on gas mixing in glass tube models. The mixed gas (5% He and 5% SF6) was made to flow through a straight tube and tubes with bifurcated branches, and the effective axial diffusion coefficient (Deff) was measured. The direction of the branches was varied from upward to downward by 90% turns, and the flow distribution to each branch was separately controlled. In the case of a straight horiontal tube, the flow velocity dependency of the Deff of He and SF6 was observed as we expected from Aris' equation. In the case of glass tubes with branches, the Deff of SF6 was greater in the downward-directed branches than it was in the upward-directed branches when gas mixing occurred at the front of the gas mixture; however, when gas mixing occurred at the tail, the opposite effects were observed. These characteristics were more marked at slower flow rates and when the flow to each branch was different. Our findings suggest that gravity has an effect on gas mixing in glass tube airway models, especially at a low flow rate and uneven flow distribution. PMID- 7107458 TI - Regional diffusing capacity in normal lungs during a slow exhalation. AB - From an analysis of carbon monoxide uptake and xenon-133 distribution after two bolus inhalations of these gases, we calculated regional diffusing capacity in the upper and lower volume halves of the lungs during the middle 60% of an exhaled vital capacity in five seated normal subjects. We found that the regional diffusing capacity of the upper half of the lungs was 11.6 +/- 4.2 (mean +/- SD) ml.min-1.Torr-1 and that the regional diffusing capacity of the lower half of the lungs was 24.4 +/- 2.4 ml.min-1.Torr-1 after 25% of the vital capacity had been exhaled. These values remained relatively constant as lung volume decreased from 25 to 75% of the exhaled vital capacity. Diffusing capacity in the upper half of the lungs ranged from 9.4 to 12.4 ml.min-1.Torr-1 during exhalation, and in the lower half of the lungs from 21.0 to 28.6 ml.min-1.Torr-1 during exhalation. These results suggest that total lung diffusing capacity remains relatively constant over this midrange of lung volumes and that this occurs because the regional diffusing capacities in both the upper and lower halves of the lungs remain relatively constant. PMID- 7107459 TI - An automated, indirect assessment of cardiac output during rest and exercise. AB - The present study describes a modification of the equilibration CO2-rebreathing technique for determining cardiac output (Q), utilizing the Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart (MMC) to provide partial automation of the procedures described by Jones et al. (Clinical Exercise Testing. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1975). Q was determined in six normal healthy males to establish the reliability of the technique at rest, and during exercise at power outputs of 49 and 98 W, or 300 and 600 kpm/min. An additional 11 patients, who were symptomatic for coronary artery disease and scheduled for right and left heart catheterization, were used in validating these procedures against Q determined by the thermodilution method. The automated CO2-rebreathing procedure was found to be reliable at rest and during exercise, and demonstrated a direct linear relationship with VO2 (r = 0.90). Also, this procedure correlated (r = 0.87) with the thermodilution method during supine rest, and both methods were quite consistent between trials within the same subject. It was concluded that the CO2-rebreathing procedure used in this study, as interfaced with the Beckman MMC, provides reasonable estimates of Q, both in patients during supine rest, and in normal healthy subjects at rest and during low to moderate levels of exercise. PMID- 7107460 TI - Physical training in diabetic rats: effect on glucose tolerance and serum lipids. AB - The effect of 10 wk of treadmill training on glucose tolerance, serum lipids, tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities, and triglyceride secretion rates (TGSR) were studied in normal and diabetic rats. Training had little effect on the glucose tolerance of the normal rats but ameliorated the deterioration of glucose intolerance seen in the sedentary diabetic rats. Trained diabetic and normal rats had lower serum triglycerides than their sedentary counterparts [diabetic 34 +/- 5 vs. 61 +/- 4 (means +/- SE); normal 34 +/- 3 vs. 50 +/- 3 mg/dl]. This hypotriglyceridemic effect was associated with a reduction in the TGSR in the trained rats (diabetics 0.34 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.02; normal 0.48 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.04 mg/min). There were no differences in the tissue LPL activities (soleus, gastrocnemius, epididymal fat, and heart) between the trained and sedentary rats in both groups. Training also did not affect the serum cholesterol and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both groups of rats. PMID- 7107461 TI - Effect of oleic acid injury on lung-heart interaction during ventricular filling. AB - Part of ventricular filling pressure is expended in deforming the lungs and oleic acid lung injury, which reduces lung compliance, might be expected to change the magnitude of this effect. Left ventricular pressure-volume curves from 13 treated and 13 uninjured dogs were compared. Curves were obtained by inflating a balloon in the flaccid left ventricle of the freshly dead dog. The extracardiac compliance component was determined by subtracting ventricular pressures observed when lungs were collapsed from those observed during inflation to levels duplicating both airway pressure and lung volume of uninjured dogs. We found that the respiratory system compliance opposing ventricular filling is much less than is predicted from the compliance opposing tidal ventilation. This suggests that cardiac filling imposes a local shape change rather than a general lung volume change. Injury only slightly decreased cardiac filling compliance although it markedly reduced lung inflating compliance. These results are consistent with citations showing that edema increases lung compliance by altering surface properties and airway closure with little change in tissue deformability. Thus, while edema may alter cardiac performance by changing pleural pressure, it has little influence on the pulmonary component of diastolic compliance. PMID- 7107462 TI - Bohr effect and slope of the oxygen dissociation curve after physical training. AB - Three O2 dissociation curves from venous blood [taken at rest (A), after in vitro acidification with lactic acid (B), and after exhaustive exercise (C)] were determined in eight athletes twice in a year in detrained and fully trained state. The steepness of the standard O2 dissociation curve becomes greater during the training period (increase in Hill's n from 2.68 +/- 0.10 to 2.96 +/- 0.15). There was a concomitant small rise in the intraerythrocytic organic phosphate concentrations. Bohr coefficients (BC) were calculated for blood O2 saturations ranging from 10 to 80% by comparing the dissociation curves A and B ("in vitro" BC) and curves A and C ("in vivo" BC). In detrained and trained state the in vivo BC show their maximal values at low saturation levels, in contrast the in vitro BC exhibit maximal values at middle saturations. During the training period there was an increase in the in vivo BC as well as in the in vitro BC at low saturations. These alterations may lead to augmented O2 extraction from a given volume of blood by up to 15% during heavy work in trained state. The reason for these observations could be an altered erythrocyte population. PMID- 7107463 TI - Forced noise mechanical parameters during inspiration and expiration. AB - Using the forced random noise technique we collected three 5-min records of pressure and flow signals in five clinically normal nonsmoking adults. Each recording was analyzed to obtain respiratory impedance spectra from data obtained during continuous sampling, midinspiration, and midexpiration. Estimates of respiratory resistance, inertance, and compliance were obtained by regression analysis on each impedance spectrum. Mean expiratory resistance and compliance were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than corresponding mean inspiratory values, while mean expiratory inertance was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the mean inspiratory value. Parameters from continuous sampling agreed fairly well with inspiratory resistance and inertance and with expiratory compliance. The coefficient of variation of parameters from continuous data were similar to, or smaller than, those from inspiratory or expiratory data. Thus continuous sampling appears to be an acceptable approach for collecting random noise data. PMID- 7107464 TI - Effects of horizontal body casting on the baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term horizontal body position on baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate. Six male rhesus monkeys (6.2-9.4 kg) were given bolus injections of 4.0 micrograms/kg phenylephrine during each of the following conditions: awake, anesthetized (10 mg/kg ketamine HCl), and after beta-blockade (1 mg/kg propranolol HCl) before, 7, 14, and 28 days after being placed in a horizontal body cast. R-R interval vs. systolic arterial pressure was plotted, and the slope was determined by least squares-fit linear regression. Baroreceptor slope was significantly reduced by 7 days of horizontal body position and remained attenuated throughout the 28-day restraint period both before and after beta-receptor blockade. These data are consistent with the thesis that prolonged exposure to a zero-gravity environment impairs autonomic reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 7107465 TI - Superficial shell insulation in resting and exercising men in cold water. AB - From measurements of subcutaneous fat temperature (Tsf) at known depths below the surface, skin surface temperature (Tsk), and direct skin heat flux (H), the superficial shell isulation (Iss) of the thigh (fat + skin) was calculated as Iss (degrees C.m2.w-1) = (Tsf - Tsk)/H in nine male subjects immersed head out in a well-stirred water bath. Also, at critical water temperature (CWT = 28-33 degrees C), eight of the subjects rested for 3 h, enabling overall maximal tissue insulation (It,max) to be calculated as It,max (degrees C.m2.W-1) = (Tre - Tw)/(0.92 M +/- delta S), where Tre is rectal temperature, Tw is water temperature, M is metabolic rate, and s is loss or gain of body heat. Five subjects performed up to 2 h of mild leg cycling, preceded and followed by 60 min of rest, and both thigh Iss and overall It were measured during exercise. Iss increased from minimal values in Tw greater than 33 degrees C to maximal values (Iss,max) at CWT or below. Iss,max was linearly related to tissue thickness (d) in millimeters of fat plus skin, Iss,max (degrees C.m2.W-1) = 0.0048d-0.0052; r = 0.95, n = 37, and was not influenced by leg exercise up to a metabolic rate of 150 W.m-2 in CWT despite large increases in Tsf and H and large decreases in overall It. The slope of Iss,max vs. depth, 0.0048 degrees C.m2.W-1.mm-1, is almost identical to thermal resistivity of fat in vitro, suggesting that the superficial shell is unperfused in CWT at rest or during mild exercise. When maximal superficial shell insulation (It,ss,max) for the whole body was calculated with allowance for differing fat thicknesses and surface areas of body regions, it could account for only 10-15% of overall It,max at rest and 35-40% of overall It in mild exercise. We suggest that the poorly perfused muscle shell plays a more important role as a defense against cooling at CWT than does the superficial shell (fat + skin), particularly at rest. PMID- 7107467 TI - Evidence for diminished sensitivity of the hamster pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia. AB - Many mammals exhibit elevated pulmonary arterial pressure when exposed to airway hypoxia. In addition, prolonged hypoxic exposure may result in elevated hematocrit and right ventricular hypertrophy. The current study was designed to test whether the hamster, a fossorial species, may possess naturally selected physiological characteristics advantageous to a chronically hypoxic environment. Hamsters and rats were studied at low altitude (1,520 m) and after 5 wk at high altitude (4,250 m). Hematocrit for low-altitude hamsters was 53 +/- 1 compared with 45 +/- 1 for low-altitude rats. Low-altitude hamsters and rats demonstrated the same right ventricular weight-to-total ventricular weight ratio (RV/T) (0.223 +/- 0.006 vs. 0.222 +/- 0.003). After high-altitude exposure the hematocrit for hamsters and rats was the same (58 +/- 1 vs. 57 +/- 1), but RV/T was less in the hamster (0.251 +/- 0.004 vs. 0.288 +/- 0.005). In addition, the hypoxic pulmonary pressor response of lungs isolated from low- and high-altitude animals was examined. Lungs from hamsters were less responsive than lungs from rats at all levels of hypoxia tested. In addition, exposure to altitude resulted in a diminished pressor response in lungs from both species. It is concluded that the pulmonary vasculature of the hamster is less responsive to hypoxia than that of the rat, and that this relative unresponsiveness may aid the hamster in an hypoxic environment. PMID- 7107466 TI - Lung fluid balance after pulmonary embolization: effects of thrombin vs. fibrin aggregates. AB - We examined the relationship between the activation of fibrinolysis and the increase in lung vascular permeability after pulmonary microembolization (PM). Sheep were prepared with lung lymph fistulas to assess pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein dynamics. Studies were made in three groups: group I (n = 8) in which PM was induced by an iv infusion of thrombin (60 +/- 13 NIH U/kg); group II (n = 7) in which PM was induced by an iv infusion of 50-micrometers-diameter fibrin microaggregates (0.32 +/- 0.009 g/kg); and group III in which the left atrial pressure was increased by 10-15 Torr by inflation of a balloon catheter. Thrombin caused an increase in pulmonary lymph flow (Qlym) without a change in the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P ratio) indicating an increase in the lung vascular permeability to proteins. Fibrin microaggregates also increased Qlym, but the increase was associated with a decrease in the L/P ratio. The results in the latter group were similar to those obtained after left atrial hypertension in normal sheep. The increase in permeability after PM induced with thrombin was associated with large increases in the plasma concentration of fibrin degradation products, as compared with PM induced by fibrin microaggregates. The process of intravascular coagulation with the resultant generation of fibrinolysis and fibrin degradation products may be required for the increase in lung vascular permeability to proteins after pulmonary microembolization. PMID- 7107468 TI - Exercise performance after ventilatory work. AB - Although increased ventilation is one of the most readily observed physiological responses to exercise, it is uncertain how severely this hyperpnea stresses the ventilatory muscles. As one approach to this question, we compared short-term maximal running performance in nine subjects with and without prior ventilatory work designed to reduce ventilatory muscle endurance. This work consisted of 150 min of sustained maximum ventilation performed isocapnically while the subjects were seated. Both the level of sustained expired minute ventilation and the O2 uptake associated with it slowly declined with time during this 150-min period. On the average, subjects were able to maintain two-thirds of their 12-s maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) during this long-term breathing test. The test had no effect on subsequently measured vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, or the MVV. However, in short-term maximal running, at constant speed upgrades increased 1% each minute until volitional exhaustion, performance after prior breathing work was reduced as compared with control (6.5 vs. 7.6 min; P less than 0.01). Subjects ceased work at significantly lower ventilation (117 vs. 124 1.min 1 BTPS; P less than 0.05) and heart rate (179 vs. 187 beats.min-1; P less than 0.01) and reached significantly lower peak O2 uptake (3.07 vs. 3.24 1.min-1 STPD; P less than 0.05) during maximal running after ventilatory work. We conclude that reduced ventilatory muscle endurance alone is sufficient to decrease short-term maximal running performance. PMID- 7107470 TI - Effect of changing lung mass on lung water and permeability-surface area in sheep. AB - The effects of changing cardiac output and lung mass on pulmonary capillary surface area, lung water, and hemodynamics were studied in eight sheep. 51Cr erythrocytes, 125I-albumin, 3H2O, and [14C]urea were injected into the right atrium, and timed samples were collected from the aorta for the calculation of cardiac output (CO), extravascular lung water (EVLW), and permeability-surface area product (PS) for [14C]urea. CO was varied by opening and closing arteriovenous shunts, and lung mass was decreased by first tying off the left lung followed by tying off the right lower lobe. Pulmonary arterial pressure (r = -0.741) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = -0.700) increased as lung mass was decreased. CO decreased slightly (r = -0.470 while left atrial pressure was not changed (r = -0.144) by decreasing lung mass. There was a close correlation between EVLW and lung mass (r = 0.944) and between [14C]urea PS and lung mass (r = 0.672). We were able to demonstrate that [14C]urea behaves as a diffusion limited tracer in a single pass through the lungs, since [14C]urea extraction decreased as flow per unit mass increased. These results support the clinical use of multiple-tracer studies to measure EVLW and [14C]urea PS. PMID- 7107469 TI - Heart rate adaptation to exercise training in cardiac-denervated dogs. AB - To determine the effect of cardiac denervation on the development of a training induced decrease in heart rate at rest and during submaximal exercise, six cardiac-denervated (CD) and six sham-operated (SO) dogs were exercise trained by means of a 6-wk treadmill running program. Gastrocnemius citrate synthase activity increased significantly to the same degree in CD and SO dogs indicating that both groups were equally trained. Resting heart rates (RHR) for SO dogs decreased significantly from 64 +/- 4.8 to 51 +/- 3.2 beats/min (mean +/- SE) from pre- to posttraining. CD dogs showed no changes in RHR (95 +/- 3.5 to 96 +/- 5.3 beats/min). Heart rate responses of SO dogs to a standardized, submaximal exercise test decreased significantly from pre- to posttraining. However, CD dogs displayed no decrease in heart rate responses to the standardized, submaximal exercise test. Additionally, at pre- and posttraining, as heart rates rose in response to exercise test intensity, they increased to a significantly greater degree in SO dogs compared with CD dogs. The results indicate that in dogs, cardiac denervation prevents the decreases in resting heart rate and heart rate during submaximal exercise normally associated with endurance exercise training. PMID- 7107471 TI - Attenuation of blood pressure increases in Dahl salt-sensitive rats by exercise. AB - Systolic blood pressure was determined weekly to assess the development of hypertension in sedentary and active Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats that were exercised by running at 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk. The marked rise in blood pressure that occurred with feeding 8% NaCl (wt/wt) diet in Dahl S rats could be attenuated by chronically practiced endurance running, but only if exercise at 20 m/min was started at the beginning of salt feeding. Under the same dietary feeding conditions, running at 27 m/min resulted in incomplete attenuation of hypertension. Further, running for 30 min/day was not as beneficial as running 60 min/day at 20 m/min. Delaying the start of exercise for 6 wk after the beginning of salt feeding did not result in reduction of hypertension in the S rat. These experiments indicate that increases in blood pressure can be prevented in Dahl S rats for 12 wk if running is initiated concomitantly with salt feeding. Blood pressure is not reduced if hypertension due to salt feeding has been continued for 6 wk. The results also indicate that there is an optimal exercise intensity, duration, or both, for controlling hypertension in Dahl rats. PMID- 7107472 TI - A method for using microspheres to measure muscle blood flow in exercising rats. AB - A catheter-implantation procedure allowing use of the radiolabeled microsphere (MS) technique for measuring skeletal muscle blood flow (BF) in rats during high speed treadmill running was desired. Attempts to use existing procedures were unsuccessful. We found that Silastic catheters (0.02 in. ID X 0.037 in. OD) placed in the ascending aorta (for MS infusions) and the renal artery (for reference sample withdrawal) minimized these exercise performance problems. It was then necessary to establish that aortic MS infusions result in good MS-blood mixing. We tested the method with the following: 1) the radioactivities found in reference withdrawal samples taken from two locations in the aorta were compared after left ventricular (LV) infusion and after aortic infusion; 2) BFs to bilaterally paired tissues were compared in anesthetized and conscious rats with LV and aortic infusions; 3) the distribution of MSs in the muscles was studied histologically; and 4) BFs in bilaterally paired tissues were compared in rats with aortic MS infusions during treadmill running. The results indicate that 1) the percent difference between the radioactivities found in the proximal and distal reference withdraw samples was the same for LV and aortic MS infusions; 2) BF to bilaterally paired tissue samples was the same with both LV or aortic MS infusions; 3) the MSs were distributed uniformly within muscles, and MS aggregation was not a significant problem; and 4) BFs to bilaterally paired tissue samples were the same in exercising rats. We conclude that this technique can be used to measure muscle BF in rats running on a treadmill. PMID- 7107473 TI - Influence of joint position on ankle plantarflexion in humans. AB - The contractile properties of the triceps surae (medial and lateral gastrocnemii and soleus) have been studied in humans. In comparison with most other human muscles, the triceps complex had a slow twitch (mean contraction and half relaxation times 112.4 +/- 11.1 and 99.6 +/- 14.4 ms, respectively) and a low tetanus fusion frequency (60 Hz). Stretching the muscle caused both the contraction and half-relaxation times to become longer. With the knee bent, the optimum length for torque development corresponded to almost full dorsiflexion of the ankle. Similar results were obtained with the knee extended. The optimum position of the ankle differed considerably from the position of the joint when the leg was at rest. Although the position of the ankle joint affected electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded during maximal voluntary contraction, there was little change in the EMG-to-M wave ratio. PMID- 7107474 TI - Effects of testosterone propionate on hindlimb-immobilized rats. AB - Forty albino male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10. Group I served as the nonimmobilized control and received daily placebo injections of sesame oil. The rats in group II were castrated, their hindlimbs were immobilized using a plaster cast, and they received daily injections of sesame oil. The group III rats were also castrated and casted but received a daily injection of 5 mg testosterone propionate. The animals in group IV were not castrated but were casted and received daily testosterone propionate injections. The duration of each treatment was 15 days for each rat. The gastrocnemius, quadriceps, soleus, and cardiac muscles were weighed after treatment. O2 consumption capacity (QO2), citrate synthase activities, and percentages of water were measured in the gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and cardiac tissues. Along with the atrophy of muscle and reduction in body size, the immobilization significantly reduced the aerobic capacity of affected muscle groups and cardiac tissue. The greatest reductions in body weight, muscle size, heart size, and QO2 were seen in the castrated group that received only placebo injections of sesame oil. The anticatabolic effects of the anabolic steroid were evident in groups III and IV. The results indicate that hindlimb immobilization not only causes severe atrophy in those muscles immobilized but has an overall catabolic effect on the animal. Testosterone, or the lack of it, can significantly affect the amount of muscle atrophy. PMID- 7107475 TI - Effect of habitual exercise on left ventricular response to exercise. AB - To evaluate the effects of chronic physical exercise on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and ejection rate (LVER), radionuclide angiography was performed at rest and during upright-bicycle exercise in 45 healthy men. The subjects varied widely in exercise habits and working capacity. They were divided into three subgroups on the basis of habitual physical activity. Aerobic training was done more than 7, 2-4, and less than 1 h/wk by subgroups of athletes, trained, and untrained men, respectively. The results indicate marked differences in work capacity (298, 233, and 181 W in the athletes, trained, and untrained groups, respectively). Resting LVEF (72, 69, and 68%) and LVER (4.1, 3.4, and 3.6 s-1) were not significantly different among the groups. With maximal exercise, however, small but statistically significant differences in LVEF (75, 69, and 68%; P less than 0.05 athletes vs. trained and athletes vs. untrained) and in LVER (7.5, 6.3, and 5.2 s-1; P less than 0.05 among all groups) were observed. Work capacity was, however, poorly correlated with exercise LVEF (r = 0.18) and LVER (r = 0.47). The results of this study indicate that the enhanced working capacity observed secondary to increases in habitual physical activity can be attributed to differences in LVEF and LVER only in the most general terms. Accordingly the results agree with previous suggestions based primarily on echocardiographic data that the primary cardiac adaptation to exercise is dimensional rather than functional in character. PMID- 7107476 TI - Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control in athletes and nonathletes at rest. AB - A simple model to characterize sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on heart rate (R) was tested during rest in 10 nonathletes and 8 world-class oarsmen. The model states that R = mnR0, where R0 is the intrinsic cardiac rate, and m and n depend only on sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. The multipliers, m and n, were determined by dual pharmacological blockade in two sessions under similar conditions, but in one session propranolol and in the other atropine was given first. In agreement with the model, when corrections were made for atropine-induced blood pressure changes, m and n did not depend on which blocking agent was administered first. In athletes the control heart rate [55 +/- 3.3 (SD) beats/min] and R0 (81 +/- 8.3 beats/min) were lower than in nonathletes (62 +/- 6.0, P less than 0.01 and 102 +/- 11, P less than 0.001, respectively). The sympathetic multiplier, m, was similar (1.18 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.05, P greater than 0.4) in the two groups, but n, the parasympathetic multiplier, was closer to 1 in the athletes (0.57 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.01). We conclude that the model is suitable for the quantitative study of sympathetic/parasympathetic heart rate control in humans, and that the lower resting heart rate in oarsmen is solely due to a reduction in intrinsic cardiac rate, and not to an increase in parasympathetic tone. PMID- 7107477 TI - Automatic dew-point temperature sensor. AB - A device is described for measuring dew-point temperature and water vapor pressure in small confined areas. The method is based on the deposition of water on a cooled surface when at dew-point temperature. A small Peltier module lowers the temperature of two electrically conductive plates. At dew point the insulating gap separating the plates becomes conductive as water vapor condenses. Sensors based on this principle can be made small and rugged and can be used for measuring directly the local water vapor pressure. They may be installed within a conventional ventilated sweat capsule used for measuring water vapor loss from the skin surface. A novel application is the measurement of the water vapor pressure gradients across layers of clothing worn by an exercising subject. PMID- 7107478 TI - Use of microwave oven for determination of postmortem water volume of lungs. AB - To determine if a microwave oven could be used to obtain accurate values of postmortem lung and blood water contents, we compared measurements made with a microwave oven to those obtained by drying the tissue in a vacuum oven set at room temperature. Tissue samples were obtained from 9 dogs and 10 sheep used for a variety of experiments resulting in a wide biological range of water fractions (0.74-0.88). The ratio of the values obtained by these two methods was 1.00 +/- 0.06 for dog tissues and 1.00 +/- 0.02 for sheep tissues. The use of a microwave oven for drying lung tissue and blood provides a measurement of lung water content that is not significantly different from values obtained by vacuum drying, but the microwave method requires only 1 h vs. several days or weeks. PMID- 7107479 TI - A modification for preparing the chronic lung-lymph fistula in sheep. AB - The sheep lung-lymph model has proven to be a valuable research tool. Preparing this model can be time consuming and may cause considerable trauma to the animal. The standard procedure of Staub et al., the only other published technique, requires three thoracotomies performed on three separate occasions. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a less traumatic and time-consuming surgical protocol for preparing the lung-lymph model. This technique enables us to cannulate the efferent lymph duct draining the lung, divide the caudal mediastinal lymph node, and catheterize the left atrium with one thoracotomy. The modified approach, along with some minor changes in aftercare, enables us to have a success rate of over 70% with an average patent flow of 8 days (range 3-21 days) and saves time and surgical trauma to the animal. PMID- 7107480 TI - An intercostal retractometer for estimation of intrapleural pressure changes in infants. AB - An intercostal retractometer was developed for estimation of intrapleural pressure changes in infants. It consists of a flat reference plate which floats over the interspace and is attached to the skin by a flexible plastic film. The pressure inside the device is measured with a strain gauge. The volume inside the device is adjusted, so that the intercostal space is brought to a condition of flatness and pressure changes in the device correlate linearly with intrapleural pressure changes. The retractometer is calibrated against overall intrapleural pressure changes by matching its output to changes in airway pressure during occlusion of the airway. The calibration factor is qualitatively proportional to the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue. Retractometer and intrapleural pressures were simultaneously measured in two infant rhesus monkeys with small pneumothoraces. Esophageal and retractometer pressures were compared in seven preterm infants with an average weight of 1345 g. The device estimated the monkeys' intrapleural pressure changes to within 1.2 cmH2O and the human preterm infants' esophageal pressure changes to within 1.3 cmH2O (95% confidence limits of a linear regression). PMID- 7107481 TI - Relationship between stroke volume and pneumocardiogram. AB - The intratracheal pressure oscillations produced by the heartbeat, called the pneumocardiogram, were recorded in 15 dogs. It was found that a linear relationship existed between the amplitude of the major negative deflection of the pneumocardiogram and the cardiac stroke volume, the latter determined either by indicator dilution (avg r = 0.94) or by use of an electromagnetic flow probe (avg r = 0.95). This relationship existed in animals with both an open and a closed chest. The vector of left ventricular wall motion directed toward the lungs, determined by high-speed cineradiography of the motion of a tantalum marker inserted in the wall of the left ventricle, looked very similar to the pneumocardiogram. This study showed that the pneumocardiogram can be used as a noninvasive technique to measure changes in stroke volume and is caused primarily by the motion of the cardiac walls. PMID- 7107482 TI - Oxygen affinity and muscle oxygen consumption. PMID- 7107483 TI - Perception of lung volume and Weber's law. PMID- 7107484 TI - Professional corporations and partnerships: some contrasts. PMID- 7107485 TI - Welfare of food animals. PMID- 7107486 TI - Safety of transfusing blood in cats. PMID- 7107487 TI - Generalized parvovirus disease in neonatal pups. AB - Generalized canine parvovirus disease was diagnosed in a litter of pups that died when 3 to 9 days old. Parvovirus was isolated from the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and small intestine. Histologically, lesions were characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Intranuclear inclusions were found in vascular endothelium, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenal cortex, and gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 7107488 TI - Echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve motion, cardiac structures, and ventricular function in dogs with atrial fibrillation. AB - Eleven dogs with atrial fibrillation were examined echocardiographically. During atrial fibrillation, there was no evidence of atrial contraction in the left ventricle or aorta, or on the mitral valve leaflets. Measurement of cardiac structures in echocardiograms showed decreased sizes for the aorta (P less than 0.01), interventricular septum (P less than 0.01), and posterior left ventricular wall (P less than 0.02). Evidence of decreased contractility of the left ventricle was noticed with the decreased amplitude of motion of the posterior left ventricular wall (P less than 0.001) and decreased fractional shortening (P less than 0.01). Not every QRS resulted in systolic or diastolic motion in the mitral and aortic valve leaflets, thus helping to account for the pulse deficits normally seen during atrial fibrillation. PMID- 7107489 TI - Cholelithiasis in four horses. AB - Four cases of cholelithiasis in horses were reviewed. Two horses were examined because of recurrent abdominal pain. Clinical laboratory data, results of physical examination, and history indicated biliary obstruction. In 1 case, B mode ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis, which was confirmed at necropsy. In 2 horses, the biliary calculi were incidental necropsy findings. PMID- 7107490 TI - The anion gap as a prognostic indicator in horses with abdominal pain. AB - The anion gap was calculated for each of 90 horses with signs of abdominal pain, using laboratory data obtained shortly after admission. The anion gap was defined as the difference between the sodium concentration (mEq/L) and the sum of the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations. To evaluate the use of the anion gap as a prognostic indicator, the survival rates were calculated for horses whose anion gap concentrations were within various ranges. It was found that the probability of survival decreased as the anion gap progressively increased about 20 mEq/L. The survival rates for increasing ranges of anion gap were as follows: less than 20 mEq/L, 81% survival; 20 to 24.9 mEq/L, 47%; greater than or equal to 25 mEq/L, 0%. Though not of diagnostic significance as to the source of abdominal pain, the anion gap is a suitable prognostic indicator. PMID- 7107492 TI - Distal luxation of the patella in a horse. PMID- 7107491 TI - Rolling for correction of uterine torsion in a mare. PMID- 7107493 TI - Parasitic nematode (Lagochilascaris major) associated with a purulent draining tract in a dog. PMID- 7107494 TI - Lateral hermaphroditism in a dog. PMID- 7107495 TI - Hepatic failure following mebendazole administration to a dog. PMID- 7107497 TI - Rational therapy in disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 7107496 TI - The emerging consultant. PMID- 7107498 TI - Clinical equipment and liability. PMID- 7107499 TI - Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. AB - Blood samples from 57 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus were analyzed for acid-base, blood gas (P02, Pco2), and electrolyte abnormalities. Although a variety of pH, blood gas, and electrolyte disturbances were recorded, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia were common findings. Three dogs had hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Attempts to correlate the severity of pH, blood gas, and electrolyte derangements with duration of disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, or a mathematical index based on the sum of these variables were unsuccessful. It was concluded that acid-base and fluid therapy for dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus should be based on accurate determinations of blood pH and serum bicarbonate and electrolyte concentrations. PMID- 7107500 TI - Photoreceptor degeneration in a family of cats. AB - Blindness developed at an early age in 2 generations of cats. Findings included abnormal pupillary responses to light, tapetal hyperreflectivity, retinal vascular attenuation, and virtually extinct electroretinograms. Histologic and ultrastructural abnormalities were found only in photoreceptors. There were poor inner and outer segment development and reduction in visual cell nuclei, with concomitant narrowing of the outer plexiform layer early in the postnatal period. Eventually, there was complete loss of the photoreceptor layer. The clinical and microscopic findings suggested this retinal disease may be a heritable rod-cone dysplasia. PMID- 7107501 TI - Thymoma in 11 cats. AB - Eleven thymomas, 10 benign and 1 malignant, were diagnosed in cats at the Angell Memorial Animal Hospital. Six cats were dyspneic, owing either to the pressure of the tumor or the associated effusion. The effusion in 1 instance contained chyle, and in another, malignant epithelial cells associated with satellite lesions. Three cats had polymyositis, as evidenced clinically by muscle weakness and confirmed by microscopic examination. Two of these also had myocarditis and difficulty in swallowing. In 1 cat, the primary disorder was an atypical, progressive, moist dermatitis that was unresponsive to treatment and that became so severely generalized that the cat had to be destroyed. The thymoma was discovered only at necropsy.U PMID- 7107502 TI - Use of a bone plate for repair of proximal physeal fractures of the tibia in two foals. AB - Salter-Harris type II proximal tibial fractures were repaired in two 1-month-old foals, using a dynamic compression plate. The plate was placed on the medial aspect of the tibia, and a single cancellous bone screw was used to reduce the proximal fragment displacement. The plate provided fixation during healing and functioned as a transphyseal bridge, which induced a disparity in growth and corrected a slight lateral angulation of the limb. Limb growth after plate removal was normal. PMID- 7107503 TI - Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed by mares. AB - Five of 26 pregnant mares observed ingesting locoweed (Astragalus mollisimus) subsequently aborted and another 10 produced foals with various limb deformities. Seven of the foals had deformities of a flexion-extension type and 3 had angular deformities. Four foals were normal. The limb deformities either resolved spontaneously (5 cases) or were treated successfully (in 4 of the other 5 cases). The problems of abortion and limb deformities were attributed to locoweed ingestion on the basis of the mares having eaten the plants, and the similarity of the syndrome to that previously reported in sheep and cattle. PMID- 7107504 TI - Clinical observations and client evaluation of ventral decompression for cervical intervertebral disk protrusion. PMID- 7107505 TI - Radiography of the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones of the horse. PMID- 7107506 TI - Congenitally incompetent cervix in a mare. PMID- 7107507 TI - How to pick a practice associate. PMID- 7107508 TI - Intra-articular use of corticosteroids in the horse. PMID- 7107509 TI - What is your diagnosis? PMID- 7107510 TI - Growth patterns in the lateral wall of the mouse telencephalon. II. Histological changes during and subsequent to the period of isocortical neuron production. AB - The histogenesis of the isocortical segment of the lateral telencephalic wall at the coronal level of the interventricular foramen was studied in mice between the ages of E10 and the adult. The proliferative activity of the periventricular germinal layers was correlated with changes in cell distributions in the intermediate layer. The appearances were consistent with a wave of differentiation moving across the ventricular layer from lateral to medial and a peak of neuron production occurring about E13. The sequence of changes was analysed using the concept of a radial unit composed of ventricular cells and their related progeny of neurons. The observed histological changes were interpreted as the result of radial units of similar productive history entering and completing the histogenetic sequence at successively later times along a lateromedial gradient. Some of the implications of this approach were examined and discussed in relation to the general evolutionary properties of such a system of histogenesis. PMID- 7107511 TI - Crypt regeneration in adult human colonic mucosa during prolonged organ culture. AB - Using a system designed to preserve, in vitro, both the epithelial and the connective tissue elements, we have maintained adult colonic mucosa in organ culture for up to 336 hours and have investigated the sequential morphological changes which occur. During the first 48 hours, normal micro-architecture is preserved, but there is progressive loss of cytoplasmic mucin from crypt cells. Subsequently, accelerated degenerative changes develop; cells are lost from the crypts and, because cell proliferation in the crypt is reduced, these lost cells are not replaced. For a time, the crypts are represented by discrete acinar formations or clusters of cells in the lamina propria, apparently discontinuous with the intact surface epithelial layer. These remnants manifest intense proliferative activity during the period between 72 and 96 hours after explantation, leading to the restoration of well formed crypts lined by columnar epithelial cells between 120 and 144 hours; differentiation of goblet cells ensues and this state of virtually normal structure persists until the termination of culture between 186 and 336 hours. It is concluded that the determination of normal crypt structure and of crypt-cell differentiation is governed by intrinsic control mechanisms although these may be subject to extrinsic modulation. Whether or not the degeneration phase can be eliminated, it is clear that long term culture of adult human colonic mucosa is possible. Such a system may be useful in the study of mucosal function and of mucosal response to drugs, carcinogens and trophic factors. PMID- 7107512 TI - Structure of trophoblast papillae on the sheep conceptus at implantation. AB - A study of 13-18 days old sheep conceptuses has consistently demonstrated the presence of multicellular protrusions (papillae) from the trophectoderm surface. These papillae were shown to be restricted to the embryonic region of conceptuses flushed out of the uterus. After perfusion fixation of the uterus on day 16 of pregnancy, the papillae can be observed penetrating well down into the lumina of the uterine glands. The papillae have not been observed at or after day 20. It is suggested that the papillae may play an important but transient role in anchoring the embryonic region of the conceptus against the uterine epithelium to allow the initiation of the cellular changes characteristic of implantation. PMID- 7107513 TI - Qualitative structural development of the feline inferior alveolar nerve. AB - The qualitative structural development of the inferior alveolar nerve was studied by electron microscopy in 56 pre- and postnatal kittens and 21 young and old adult cats. At 25 days post conception the nerve was composed of a bundle of small axons enclosed by primitive sheath cells. Three weeks later myelination had been initiated. Axons measuring 2-3 micrometers underwent local demyelination from 2 weeks before to 3 weeks after birth. This was accompanied and followed by nodalization of larger axons. A typical perineurium was first apparent in the newborn kitten. Six to eight weeks postnatally, the nerve appeared qualitatively mature, although axonal growth was far from completed. This coincides with achievement of a fully mature primary dentition shortly after the weanling period. Apart from a continued size growth, no changes were observed in the nerve during the transition from the primary to the permanent dentition. In the inferior alveolar nerve of old cats, axonal and perineurial changes co-existed with signs of dental attrition and pathology. PMID- 7107514 TI - Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. AB - Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated for 48 hours while exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELMF) of 10 Hz, 100 Hz and 1000 Hz with intensities of 0.12, 1.2 and 12 micro T. Gross morphological and histological analysis of the exposed embryos revealed the following effects: (1) ELMF of 100 Hz/1.2 micro T had the most consistent and powerful inhibitory effect on embryogenesis. Development of embryos was reduced to the formation of the three primitive layers. Brain vesicles, auditory pit, neural tube, foregut, heart, vessels, and somites were not developed. Glycosaminoglycans were almost absent. (2) The above results demonstrate a window effect because embryos exposed to 100 Hz/1.2 micro T were less developed than embryos exposed at lower and higher intensities and frequencies. (3) Developing organs reacted with different sensitivity to ELMF of specific frequencies and intensities. Somites were not disturbed by exposure to 10 Hz with any of the intensities used. Formation of blood vessels was completely blocked by ELMF of 1000 Hz/12 micro T while traces of other organs were present. (4) The drastic embryological disturbances described were obtained with much lower intensities (1 micro T = 0.01 Gauss) than those used in studies by other investigators. (5) Embryological alterations induced by ELMF may depend on disturbances in the presence and structure of glycosaminoglycans which are essential elements in cellular activities, including cell migration. (6) The use of ELMF of low intensity may be a powerful method to investigate embryogenetic mechanisms and may also be a useful technique for investigation of other biological systems. PMID- 7107515 TI - The thickness of avian blood-gas barrier: qualitative and quantitative observations. PMID- 7107516 TI - The primary articular nerves to the dog knee. PMID- 7107517 TI - Changes after birth in the tunica media and in the internal diameter of the aortic isthmus in normal newborns. AB - In 104 hearts of infants and children, who died from non-vascular diseases, and whose ages ranged up to 10 years after birth, narrowing of the aortic isthmus, i.e. an internal diameter of 80% or less of that of the descending aorta, was found in 26 cases (24%). The remaining cases showed a lesser degree or no narrowing of the aortic isthmus. Among the 38 cases who died within 2 days after birth (gestational age range 21 to 42 weeks) narrowing of the aortic isthmus, as defined above, was present in only 14 cases (37%). This is much less frequent than is suggested in the literature. No correlation was found between presence, and degree, or absence of narrowing of the aortic isthmus and the relative sizes of the aortic and pulmonary narrowing of the aortic isthmus and the relative sizes of the aortic and pulmonary ostia. Possibly, to define the limits of the normal condition of the aortic isthmus, not only its diameter, but also the characteristics of its tunica media may be of importance. Therefore, the thickness and the packing density of the elastic fibres of both the aortic isthmus and the descending aorta were measured in 69 cases, equally distributed over the material. It is reasoned that in the 3 out of a total of 26 cases, in which not only a marked narrowing of the aortic isthmus was observed but also a relative underdevelopment of its tunica media, a persistent narrowing might have developed, whereas development of such a persistent narrowing seems less likely with a tunica media of normal volume and structure. PMID- 7107519 TI - 2-Ethyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole from Streptomyces cinnamomeus discovered by chemical screening. Characterization and structure elucidation by X-ray analysis. AB - In the lipophilic extracts from Streptomyces cinnamomeus 2-ethyl-5-(3 indolyl)oxazole (1a) was detected by chemical screening methods. The structure of the crystalline 1a was determined by spectroscopic and X-ray analysis. The new mono- and dibromo derivatives 1b and 1c are described. 1a is identical with pimprinethine and belongs to a group of microbial indole alkaloids, which can be regarded as masked tryptamine derivatives. PMID- 7107518 TI - An autoradiographic study of the brainstem projections of vagal visceral afferent fibres in the domestic hen. AB - Using an autoradiographic technique, the central brainstem connections of vagal visceral afferent fibres were studied. The results show that there is a large projection of vagal afferent fibres to the ipsilateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius and a smaller, sparser projection to the contralateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius. That vagal afferent fibres across the mid-line via the commissural nucleus of Cajal is confirmed. In addition, a second, more rostrally placed decussation of vagal afferent fibres is shown. Associated with this more rostral decussation is an area of termination of vagal afferent fibres in the contralateral ventromedial reticular formation. No direct projection of vagal afferent fibres to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus was seen. PMID- 7107520 TI - Isolation and characterization of a new antibiotic U-62162. AB - A new antibiotic U-62162 has been isolated from the fermentations of Streptomyces verdensis Dietz, sp. n. (UC-8157). The compound has been characterized and its gross structure has been elucidated. The antibiotic inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria (particularly Staphylococcus aureus) but was inactive in experimentally infected animals. PMID- 7107521 TI - Chemical modification of everninomicins. AB - Novel antibiotic everninomicin D is chemically transformed into new biologically active derivatives. Reactions of a nitro group attached to a tertiary carbon center have been investigated. Synthesis and reactions of hydroxylaminoeverninomicin D, aminoeverninomicin D and their derivatives have been discussed. PMID- 7107522 TI - Effects of N-alkylation and n-acylation on tobramycin activity. AB - The activities of tobramycin derivatives acetylated and ethylated on the 6'-N,2' N and 3-N positions were examined. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin sensitive strains indicated that 2'-N-ethylated and 6'-N-ethylated derivatives have a fairly good activity, and confirmed that the 3-N position is the most important one for antibiotic activity since 3-N derivatives were less active. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin resistant strains, and their inactivation by tobramycin modifying enzymes were examined. These results showed that 2'-N or 6'-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(2') or AAC(6'), respectively, and 2'-N-ethyltobramycin and 6'-N ethyltobramycin were active against strains containing these modifying enzymes. On the other hand, 3-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(3) but 3-N-ethyl tobramycin does not inhibit strains containing this enzyme. PMID- 7107523 TI - 16,17-dihdrorifamycin S and 16,17-dihydro-17-hydroxyrifamycin S. Two novel rifamycins from a recombinant strain C 5/42 of Nocardia mediterranei. PMID- 7107525 TI - Antibiotic activity of pure penicillin N and isopenicillin N. PMID- 7107524 TI - Biosynthesis of vineomycins A1 and B2. AB - Biosynthetic studies of the antibacterial and antitumor antibiotics vineomycins A1 (1) and B2 (2), produced by Streptomyces matensis subsp. vineus, were carried out by labeling experiments with [1-13C]- and [1,2-18C2]sodium acetate followed by 18C NMR spectroscopy. The results show that the benz[a]anthraquinone chromophore of 1 is derived from a decacetate metabolite with decarboxylation at the carboxyl end and that 2 is formed via C-C bond cleavage of 1. Isolation of rabelomycin from the fermentation broth of the same strain suggests a close biosynthetic relationship among the simple benz[a]anthraquinone antibiotics such as rabelomycin, tetrangomycin, aquayamycin, a C-glycosylated benz[a]anthraquinone, and vineomycins. These biosynthetic data prompted us to reconsider the previously published structure of the antibiotic SS-228Y, which has not been revised. PMID- 7107526 TI - New semisynthetic antitumor antibiotics, SF-1739 HP and naphthocyanidine. PMID- 7107527 TI - Cochlear microphonic potentials elicited by biosonar signals in flying bats, Pteronotus p. parnellii. AB - Cochlear microphonic (CM) potentials were recorded from the bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii during tethered flight and during simulated flight on a pendulum. For each emitted signal the frequency of the ca. 61 kHz constant frequency (CF) component was compared with the frequency response characteristics of the animals's ear. The majority of "resting pulses' had CF components with the maximum frequency approximately 200 Hz below the best frequency (BF) of the CM audiogram. Doppler shift compensation occurred only during forward swings of the pendulum and in such a way that the echo CF components were always maintained near the BF, but on the low frequency slope of the CM audiogram. CM responses to emitted pulses were usually small in amplitude and in some animals no responses were seen. Echoes Doppler shifted upward, however, evoked high amplitude potentials. Echo CF components estimated to be at least 43 dB fainter than the emitted pulses evoked higher amplitude CM potentials than the loud emitted pulses. Echoes from large surfaces up to 4.5-5.0 meters away evoked CM potentials as high in amplitude as those elicited by emitted pulses, even when there was no Doppler shift. Beats in the CM were observed on many occasions and occurred as a result of pulse-echo and echo-echo interactions. PMID- 7107528 TI - Modulation of responses of spiral ganglion cells in the guinea pig cochlea by low frequency sound. AB - Period histograms were generated from single unit data obtained from the spiral ganglion of the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea in response to continuous tones between 40 and 500 Hz. With the lowest intensities used, spontaneous activity was suppressed during basilar membrane displacement (inferred from cochlear microphonic phase) towards scala vestibula and activity was enhanced during displacement towards scala tympani. At higher intensities the response changed to excitation during maximal basilar membrane velocity towards scala vestibuli. These patterns were delayed by about 0.5 ms producing large phase delays at the higher frequencies. We postulate that the displacement response is produced by cochlear microphonic originating from the outer hair cells acting on the inner hair cell membrane. In contrast, the velocity response is produced by the inner hair cell receptor potential. The effect of a 40 Hz tone on activity evoked by tones above, at, and below the characteristic frequency was investigated by generating period histograms synchronous with the 40 Hz tone. We found that activity evoked by tones around the characteristic frequency of the cell was suppressed during displacement of the basilar membrane towards scala tympani and enhanced in the opposite direction at 40 Hz intensities that had no effect on spontaneous activity. Further increase in the 40 Hz intensity produced suppression during scala vestibuli displacement with activity remaining only during the zero crossings. Still further increase produces the 40 Hz tone alone response. Activity evoked by tones in the low frequency 'tails' of the frequency threshold curve was not similarly modulated. This phenomenon is though to be related to basilar membrane nonlinearity for frequencies close to the cut-off. Investigation of the effect of a 40 Hz tone on the threshold of the compound action potential confirmed data obtained from single units. PMID- 7107529 TI - Effects of amikacin sulfate on the motility of stallion and bull spermatozoa at different temperatures and intervals of storage. AB - Because microfloral content of stallion semen tends to be high, and strains may be resistant to commonly used antibiotics, amikacin was tested with stallion semen and compared with bull semen. Nine ejaculates to stallion semen were incubated at 37 C in egg yolk-tris extender for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h in the presence of amikacin concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 10,000 microgram/ml, with penicillin and penicillin-streptomycin as controls. Averaged over all incubations, spermatozoal motility was 44, 48, 49, 46, 45, 45 and 19%, for increasing concentrations of amikacin, compared with 52 and 47% for penicillin and penicillin-streptomycin controls. The 10,000 microgram/ml concentration of amikacin was the only treatment that suppressed sperm motility (P less than .01). Amikacin (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 microgram/ml) and 1,000 IU of penicillin G plus 1,000 microgram of streptomycin/ml or 10,000 IU of penicillin G/ml were added to nine ejaculates of bull semen stored at 4 C in egg yolk-tris extender, and evaluated after 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 d. The percentage of motile spermatozoa, with increasing levels of amikacin, was 66, 67, 66, 64, 67, 68, 74, 68 and 53%, respectively. Amikacin, at 2,500 microgram/ml, resulted in the highest (P less than .01) motility compared to the other levels of antibiotics after 7 d storage. Both 10,000 microgram of amikacin and 10,000 IU of penicillin G/ml depressed (P less than .01) the mean percentage of motile bull spermatozoa. These studies demonstrate that high concentrations of amikacin can be added to stallion and bull semen without depressing motility of spermatozoa. PMID- 7107530 TI - Effect of an anthelmintic program with morantel tartrate on the performance of beef cattle. AB - A field trial was conducted to determine (1) the effectiveness of an anthelmintic program using morantel tartrate (MT) to control subclinical gastrointestinal parasitism among cattle on pasture and (2) the effects of the program on the performance of cattle. Two Hereford herds, each on a separate pasture with forage of comparable quality and quantity, were used. A stocking rate of .62 ha/cow-calf was maintained in both pastures. One herd consisted of 124 cows and 122 calves and served as a non-mediated control group. The second herd consisted of 126 cows and 124 calves. Cows and calves from the latter group were treated with a bolus formulation of MT at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight at the beginning of the trial and again 55 d later. Calves were treated again 42 d after the second treatment. Cattle were weighed individually each month and rectal fecal samples for nematode egg counts were obtained from 36 cows and 36 calves from each group at that time. These donor cattle were selected at random at the time of the first weighing; fecal samples were then obtained from the same animals throughout the study. Eggs of the Cooperia-Ostertagia-Trichostrongylus complex predominated in all fecal samplings. There was no difference in the number of nematode eggs from the two groups of cows. However, the medicated cows gained significantly more weight than the controls and had an average weight gain advantage of 28.8 kg. The medicated calves had significantly lower average egg counts and made higher weight gains than the unmedicated calves. The medicated calves had an average weight gain advantage over the control group of 11.1 kg. PMID- 7107531 TI - Efficacy of monensin as a cattle feed additive against the face fly and horn fly. AB - Four groups of eight Hereford and Hereford crossbred steers were monitored for the efficacy of monensin as a feed additive against the face fly and horn fly. Groups were assigned randomly to 3-ha grass-clover pastures. Two groups were supplemented with 1.1 kg ground corn/head daily (untreated), while the remaining groups were given 1.1 kg ground corn containing 100 mg monensin for 14 d and 200 mg monensin/head daily for the remainder of the 112-d trial. Fresh feces were collected from four steers in each group and bioassayed with newly hatched face fly and horn fly larvae. Fly mortality occurred in the larval stages, and the bioassay for feces from cattle given monensin at 200 mg/head daily showed an average of 19.9 and 23.3% fewer (P less than .01) face fly and horn fly pupae, respectively, than were recovered from feces of the untreated cattle. Surviving face fly and horn fly pupae were smaller (P less than .01) than the untreated pupae. PMID- 7107532 TI - Beef x beef and dairy x beef females mated to Angus and Charolais sires. I. Pregnancy rate, dystocia and birth weight. AB - Pregnancy rate of 310 females and birth weight, dystocia score and percentage of assisted births among 910 calves born from 1972 through 1977 were examined. Dams were 2 to 7 yr old and of Angus x Hereford (AH), Charolais x Hereford (CH), straightbred Hereford (HH) and Brown Swiss x Hereford (SH) breed types. Females were exposed to A and C bulls. Breed of dam affected (P less than .01) dystocia score (DS), percentage of assisted births and birth weight. When adjusted for birth weight of calf and dam's postcalving weight, CH and SH dams generally differed (P less than .01) from AH and HH dams in percentage of assisted births and DS. The AH and HH dams were not different (P greater than .01) in percentage of assisted births, DS or birth weight of calf. C-sired calves had higher birth weights (P less than .01) and their dams had higher DS (P less than .05). However, there was no difference between C- and A-sired calves in percentage of assisted births when data were adjusted for effects of birth weight of calf and weight of dam. Calf sex affected birth weight (P less than .01) but had little influence on DS or percentage of assisted births when birth weight was held constant. Male calves were 1.7 kg heavier at birth than females. Two-year-old dams had higher (P less than .01) DS and percentage of assisted births than did dams in all other age groups. Age of dam influenced birth weight (P less than .01), with paired comparisons of age classes showing differences between all age groups except 4- and greater than or equal to 5-yr-old cows. Year of birth was a source of variation (P less than .05) for all traits measured. In 1972, there was a higher mean DS and a higher percentage of assisted births (P less than .05) than in any other year. However, all calves born in 1972 were from 2-yr-old cows. Percentage difficulty and DS increased linearly (P less than .01) with birth weight. Each 1-kg increment in birth weight increased percentage difficulty by 2.6 percentage points and DS by .04 units. Dam's with heavier weights had calves that were heavier (P less than .01) at birth, but dystocia tended to decrease. Condition entering the breeding pasture influenced (P less than .05) pregnancy rate among 2- to 7-yr-old cows. Thin (score w) cows had a lower conception rate than average flesh (score 3) or fat (score 4) cows. Date of calving prior to the breeding season also affected (P less than .05) pregnancy rate. Each 10 d later calving resulted in a 1.2% reduction in conception rate. No significant sources of variation were observed for pregnancy rate among yearling heifers. Pregnancy rates ranged from 97.1% for CH and SH heifers to 86.9% for HH females. Yearling AH females were intermediate at 93.5%. PMID- 7107533 TI - Beef X beef and dairy X beef females mated to Angus and Charolais sires II. Calf growth, weaning rate and cow productivity. AB - Preweaning growth of 814 progeny was studied, and weaning rate and kilograms of calf weaned/cow exposed were determined for 310, 2- to 7-yr-old angus x Hereford (AH), Charolais X Hereford (CH), straight bred Hereford (HH) and Brown Swiss X Hereford (SH) cows mated to Angus and Charolais bulls. Charolais-sired calves grew more rapidly (P less than .01) then Angussired calves were heavier (P less than .01) at 130 and 210 d of age. Progeny of SH females grew faster (P less than .05) and were the heaviest at 130 (164 kg) and 210 (231 kg) d, whereas calves from HH dams grew the slowest and weighed the least (P less than 0.5) at 130 (125 kg) and 210 (180 kg) d of age. Progeny from AH and CH dams had similar 130-d weights (CW130) and made similar daily gains from birth to 130 of age (ADGI). Calves from CH females gained faster (P less than .05) from 130 to 210 d (ADG2) and had higher (P less than .05) 210-d weights (CW210) than did calves from AH dams. ADG1 and ADG2 of male calves were .043 and .072 kg/d greater, respectively (P less than .01) than those of heifer calves. Age of dam influenced (P less than .01) calf preweaning gains and weights. Calves from 4- to 7-yr old cows had greater (P less than .05) ADG1 and ADG2 and higher (P less than .05) CW130 and CW210 than progeny of younger dams. Progeny of 2-yr-old cows grew more slowly (P less than .05), and were last (P less than .05) in all traits (ADG1, ADG2, CW130 and CW210), whereas progeny of 3-yr-old cows were intermediate to those of 2 and 4- to 7-yr-old females. Cow breed type influenced (P less than .01) weaning rate (WR) and kilograms of calf weaned/cow exposed. SH females has the highest WR (83.4%), AH and CH were intermediate at 76 .8 and 77.7%, respectively, and HH dams had the lowest (P less than .05) WR, 66.4 calves/100 cows exposed. SH cows weaned 34.6 kg more (P less than .05) calf/cow exposed than AH and CH dams. HH dams were least productive (P less than .05), weaning 122.3 kg calf/cow exposed. Dairy X beef dams (SH) weaned 47.6 kg more (P less than .01) calf/cow exposed than the average of beef X beef dams (AH, CH, HH). Dairy X beef females had the highest WR and weaned the heaviest calves. PMID- 7107534 TI - Prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion after bromocryptine (CB-154) treatment in lactating sows and ovariectomized gilts. AB - The effects of bromocryptine (CB-154) on prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were studied in lactating sows and ovariectomized (OVX) gilts. In Exp]. 1, the litters of four sows were standardized to four pigs each at 20 to 30 d of lactation and a cannula was placed nonsurgically into the jugular vein of each sow. Twenty-four hours later (0800 h) blood samples were taken and two sows each were injected subcutaneously with 120 mg CB-154 or vehicle. Blood samples were then taken every 30 min for the next 23.5 h. An additional six sows whose litters were standardized to six pigs each at 28 to 30 d of lactation comprised EXp. 2. In Exp. 3, five puberal gilts were OVX. Forty-eight hours after OVX a cannula was placed into the jugular vein. The day after cannulation blood samples were drawn every 30 min from 0800 to 2400 h. Immediately after the sampling at 1200 h, two gilts were injected subcutaneously with 120 mg CB-154 and three were injected subcutaneously with vehicle. Exp. 4 was a repetition of Exp. 3 except that six gilts were OVX 10 d before the experiment and three each were treated with CB-154 of vehicle. Serum PRL concentrations were consistently depressed after CB-154 treatment in both the lactating sows (Exp. 1, from 35 to 5 ng/ml, and Exp. 2, from 45 to 7 ng/ml) and the OVX gilts (Exp. 3, from 20 to 13 ng/ml, and ?Exp. 4, from 9 to 2 ng/ml), but changes in serum LH concentrations after CB 154 treatment were not consistent among the four experimental groups. Therefore, we conclude that CB-154 depressed PRL secretion in the lactating sows and OVX gilts. In addition, CB-154 depressed LH secretion in the lactating sows, but the data are inconclusive as to whether or not BC-154 influenced LH secretion in the OVX gilts. PMID- 7107535 TI - Porcine LH levels during the estrous cycle, gestation, parturition and early lactation. AB - Thirty-five sows were used in a study of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations during the estrous cycle, including first and second estrus postweaning, during gestation, at parturition and during the first 5 d of lactation. After cannulation of the anterior vena cava via the cephalic vein, blood samples were collected four times daily for 2 d before estrus, during estrus and for 3 d after estrus and once daily at 1100 h throughout the rest of the estrous cycle. One sample was collected from each sow on alternate days (1100 h) during the gestation period. Four daily samples were obtained on d 60 through 68 of gestation and for 5 d after parturition. Preovulatory surges of LH occurred 8 to 32 h before standing estrus in four of seven sows during first estrus and in three of seven sows during second estrus. The mean preovulatory LH surge during the first estrus postweaning (3.00 +/- .46 ng/ml) was lower than that during second estrus (4.24 +/- .60 ng/ml). Throughout the first 12 d of gestation, LH concentrations were relatively high and variable, ranging from 1.2 to 2 ng/ml. They then decreased to a range of .42 to .62 ng/ml after d 24. Similar LH concentrations were noted throughout the remainder of gestation except for some slight fluctuations. Higher concentrations (P less than .05) were noted with evening collections (1900 h, 1:17 +/- .09 ng/ml) than in daytime collections (0700 h, .64 +/- .08: 1100 h, .61 +/- .06; 1500 h, .72 +/- .06 ng/ml) during d 60 to 68 of gestation. Low plasma concentrations of LH (.3 to .5 ng/ml) were observed for the 5 d before and during parturition. After parturition, considerable variation of LH occurred, with rising concentrations observed on d 5 postpartum. Results of this study illustrate the occurrence of LH surges before behavioral estrus with increased plasma LH during implantation. PMID- 7107536 TI - The development of adipocytes located around hair follicles in the fetal pig. AB - The relationship between hair follicle development and adipocyte formation in the pig hypodermis was studied. Dorsal subcutaneous tissue samples taken from fetal pigs at 45, 65, 85 and 112 of gestation were prepared for histological and histochemical analysis. The development of hair follicle adipose lobules in the pig is associated temporally and spatially with hair follicle and sweat gland growth and development. The growing hair follicle and sweat glands may physically interact with dermal connective tissue cells resulting in a population of undifferentiated cells. Adipocytes and a wide variety of cell types may be derived from this population of undifferentiated cells. The amount of space free of adipocytes in adipose lobules and shape and size of the adipose lobules are also associated with sweat gland and hair follicle growth. The results of this study demonstrate that adipose tissue cellularity may be partially controlled by the growth of the anatomically related tissue. PMID- 7107538 TI - A numerical taxonomic study of Pseudomonas strains from spoiled meat. PMID- 7107539 TI - The heat resistance of ascospores of four Saccharomyces spp. isolated from spoiled heat-processed soft drinks and fruit products. PMID- 7107540 TI - A bacteriostatic mixture for milk samples and its effect on bacteriological, cytological and chemical compositional analysis. PMID- 7107537 TI - The stability of Streptococcus mutans populations in the dental plaque of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). PMID- 7107541 TI - The incidence of Vibrio cholerae in water, animals and birds in Kent, England. PMID- 7107542 TI - Pseudomonas in the chest. PMID- 7107543 TI - The clinical relevance of pharmacokinetics. PMID- 7107544 TI - Activity of double stranded RNA (BRL 5907) in experimental influenza virus infection in mice. PMID- 7107545 TI - Clinical efficacy and tolerance of Augmentin in soft tissue infection. PMID- 7107546 TI - Testing, reporting and prescribing antibiotics for urinary infections. PMID- 7107547 TI - Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 7107548 TI - Applications and relevance of plasmid analysis in clinical microbiology laboratories. PMID- 7107549 TI - Antibiotics for the prevention of septicaemia in urology. PMID- 7107550 TI - Activity of beta-hydroxy-piromidic acid against Staphylococcus aureus and enterobacteriaceae. PMID- 7107551 TI - Purposes of punishment: effects of utilities of criminal sanctions on perceived appropriateness. PMID- 7107552 TI - Small DNA-free liposomes stimulate transfection of streptomyces protoplasts. AB - DNA of the bacteriophage phi C31 was rendered DNase resistant by entrapment in liposomes. Liposome-entrapped phi C31 DNA transfected Streptomyces protoplasts in the presence of 50% polyethylene glycol (PEG), providing a potential alternative route to conventional PEG-mediated transfection of protoplasts. However, probably partially because of low entrapment of DNA, this system did not result in an effective increase in transfection efficiency over the conventional transfection procedure. A more effective use of liposomes for stimulating transfection was provided by the discovery that supernatants obtained during the washing of DNA free liposome preparations stimulated PEG-mediated transfection of protoplasts. This effect appeared to involve small (0.1- to 0.3-micrometer diameter) poorly sedimented liposomes. It was most effective (more than 100-fold stimulation) with positively charged liposome supernatants and high (about 50% [wt/vol]) PEG concentrations. Stimulation of transfection was also observed with cloning ligation mixtures containing phi C31 DNA as the vector. Transformation by plasmids (but not by chromosomal DNA fragments) was also significantly more efficient in these conditions than in conventional protoplast transformation. PMID- 7107553 TI - Lysophospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of lysophospholipids in Mycoplasma gallisepticum membranes. AB - Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains have a membrane-bound lysophospholipase which hydrolyzes lysophospholipid generated in these membranes by treatment with an external phospholipase. This paper studies the hydrolysis of the membranous lysophospholipids by an enzyme residing in the same membrane (intramembrane utilization) or in adjacent membranes (intermembrane utilization). To study intermembrane hydrolysis, the phospholipids of M. gallisepticum were labeled with [3H]oleic acid. Membranes were prepared, heated at 65 degrees C, and subsequently treated with pancreatic phospholipase A2. This resulted in membranes whose enzyme was heat inactivated, but which contained lysophospholipid. When these membranes were mixed with M. gallisepticum cells or membranes, the lysophospholipid was hydrolyzed by the membranous lysophospholipase. To study intramembrane hydrolysis, [3H]oleyl-labeled membranes of M. gallisepticum were treated with pancreatic phospholipase A2 at pH 5.0. At this pH, lysophospholipid was generated but not hydrolyzed. Adjustment of the pH to 7.4 resulted in hydrolysis of the lysophospholipid by the membranous lysophospholipase. These procedures permitted measuring the initial rates of intramembrane and intermembrane hydrolysis of the lysophospholipid, showing that the time course and dependence on endogenous substrate concentration were different in the intramembrane and intermembrane modes of utilization. They also permitted calculation of the molar concentration of the lysophospholipid in the membrane and its rate of hydrolysis, expressed as moles per minute per cell or per square centimeter of cell surface. PMID- 7107554 TI - Nickel transport in Methanobacterium bryantii. AB - Methanobacterium bryantii, grown autotrophically on H2-CO2, transported nickel against a concentration gradient by a high-affinity system (Km = 3.1 microM). The system had a pH optimum of 4.9 and a temperature optimum of 49 degrees C with an energy of activation of 7.8 kcal/mol (ca. 32.6 kJ/mol). A headspace of H2-CO2 (4:1, vol/vol) was required for maximum rate of transport. The system was highly specific for nickel and was unaffected by high levels of all monovalent and divalent ions tested (including Mg2+) with the sole exception of Co2+. Kinetic experiments indicated that accumulated nickel became increasingly incorporated into cofactor F430 and protein. Nickel transport was inhibited by nigericin, monensin, and gramicidin but not by carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, N,N' dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, valinomycin plus potassium, or acetylene. The ineffectiveness of carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide may be related to difficulties in the penetration of these compounds through the outer cell barriers. Nickel uptake was greatly stimulated by an artificially imposed pH gradient (inside alkaline). The data suggest that nickel transport is not dependent on the membrane potential or on intracellular ATP, but is coupled to proton movement. PMID- 7107555 TI - Synthesis and utilization of fatty acids by wild-type and fatty acid auxotrophs of Caulobacter crescentus. AB - The fatty acid composition of the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus was found to consist primarily of 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids, both saturated and monounsaturated, in agreement with the findings of Chow and Schmidt (J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:359-373, 1974). In addition, two minor but as yet unidentified fatty acids were detected. Chromatographic mobilities suggested that these fatty acids may be a cyclopropane and a branched-chain fatty acid. In addition, we demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of wild-type C. crescentus can be altered by growing the cells in medium supplemented with any one of a variety of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid, a diunsaturated fatty acid which is not synthesized by C. crescentus, was incorporated into phospholipids without apparent modification. In addition, we found that C. crescentus, like Escherichia coli, synthesizes vaccenic acid (18:1 delta 11,cis) rather than oleic acid (18:1 delta 9,cis). This result allowed us to deduce that the mechanism of fatty acid desaturation in C. crescentus is anaerobic, as it is in E. coli. Finally, we examined the fatty acid biosynthesis and composition of two unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of C. crescentus. Neither of these mutants resembled the E. coli unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs, which have defined enzymatic lesions in fatty acid biosynthesis. Rather, the mutants appeared to have defects relating to the complex coordination of membrane biogenesis and cell cycle events in C. crescentus. PMID- 7107556 TI - Reassembly in vitro of hexagonal surface arrays in a protein-producing bacterium, Bacillus brevis 47. AB - Bacillus brevis 47 had two protein layers (the outer and middle walls) and a peptidoglycan layer (the inner wall) and contained two major proteins with approximate molecular weights of 130,000 and 150,000 in the cell wall. Both the total and Triton-insoluble envelopes revealed a hexagonal lattice array with a lattice constant of 14.5 nm. The proteins of 130,000 and 150,000 molecular weight isolated from the Triton-insoluble envelopes were serologically different from each other and assembled in vitro on the peptidoglycan layer. A mixture of 130,000- and 150,000-molecular-weight proteins led to the formation of a five layered cell wall structure, two layers on each side of the peptidoglycan layer, which resembled closely the Triton-insoluble envelopes. A three-layered cell wall structure, one layer on each side of the peptidoglycan layer, was reconstituted when only the 150,000-molecular-weight protein was used. Both five- and three layered cell walls reconstituted in vitro also contained hexagonally arranged arrays with the same lattice constant as that of the total and Triton-insoluble envelopes. A mutant, strain 47-57, which was isolated as a phage-resistant colony, had a two-layered cell wall consisting of the middle and inner wall layers and contained only 150,000-molecular-weight protein as the major cell wall protein. The cell envelopes of the mutant revealed the hexagonal arrays with the same lattice constant as that of the wild-type cell envelopes. We conclude that the outer and middle wall layers consist of proteins with approximate molecular weights of 130,000 and 150,000, respectively. Furthermore, the 150,000-molecular weight protein formed the hexagonal arrays in the middle wall layer. PMID- 7107557 TI - Effects of lysozyme and inorganic anions on the morphology of Streptococcus mutans BHT: electron microscopic examination. AB - The effects of hen egg white lysozyme and the inorganic salt sodium thiocyanate on the integrity of Streptococcus mutans BHT were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Both control cells and cells exposed to NaSCN possessed thick outer cell walls and densely staining inner cell walls juxtaposed to the plasma membranes. In the presence of NaSCN, however, the S. mutans BHT nucleoid was coagulated into thick electron-dense filaments. Exposure of S. mutans BHT to 150 mug of hen egg white lysozyme per ml resulted in the progressive destruction of both the cell walls and the plasma membranes. The enzyme appeared to affect the region of the cell wall septum, and exposure to 150 mug of hen egg white lysozyme per ml for as short a time as 10 min resulted in visible morphological cell wall alterations. At 30 min, ultrastructural observations revealed that the majority of the cells were in the process of expelling a portion of their cytoplasmic contents from the septal and other regions of the cells at the time of fixation. After 3 h of incubation in the presence of this high lysozyme concentration, gelled protoplasmic masses, which were free from the cells, were evident. In addition, extensive damage to the outer and inner cell walls and to the plasma membranes was apparent, although the cells maintained their shape. On some areas of the cell surface, the outer cell wall and plasma membrane were completely absent, whereas at other locations the outer cell wall was either split away from the inner cell wall and plasma membrane or distended from an area free of inner cell wall and plasma membrane. Upon addition of NaSCN to the hen egg white lysozyme-treated cells, both the gelled protoplasmic masses and the damaged cells exhibited an exploded appearance and existed as membrane ghosts, cell wall fragments, or dense aggregates of cytoplasmic components. The effects of a low lysozyme concentration (22.5 mug/ml) on S. mutans morphology were less pronounced at short incubation times (i.e., 10 and 30 min) than those that were observed with a high enzyme concentration; however, breaks in the cell walls and dissolution of the plasma membranes with resulting cell lysis were visible after a prolonged (3-h) incubation and after subsequent addition of NaSCN. PMID- 7107559 TI - Adsorption kinetics of laterally and polarly flagellated Vibrio. AB - The adsorption of laterally and polarly flagellated bacteria to chitin was measured, and from the data obtained, a modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm was derived. Results indicated that the adsorption of laterally flagellated Vibrio parahaemolyticus follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, a type of adsorption referred to as surface saturation kinetics, when conditions are favorable for the production of lateral flagella. When conditions were not favorable for the production of lateral flagella, bacterial adsorption did not follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm; instead, proportional adsorption kinetics were observed. The adsorption of some polarly flagellated bacteria exhibited surface saturation kinetics. However, the binding index (the product of the number of binding sites and bacterial affinity to the surface) of polarly flagellated bacteria differed significantly from that of laterally flagellated bacteria, suggesting that polarly flagellated bacteria adsorb to chitin by a different mechanism from that used by the laterally flagellated bacteria. From the results of dual-label adsorption competition experiments, in which polarly flagellated V. cholerae competed with increasing concentrations of laterally flagellated V. parahaemolyticus, it was observed that laterally flagellated bacteria inhibited the adsorption of polarly flagellated bacteria. In contrast, polarly flagellated bacteria enhanced the adsorption of V. cholerae. In competition experiments, where V. parahaemolyticus competed against increasing concentrations of other bacteria, polarly flagellated bacteria enhanced V. parahaemolyticus adsorption significantly, whereas laterally flagellated bacteria only slightly enhanced the process. The direct correlation observed between surface saturation kinetics, the production of lateral flagella, and the ability of laterally flagellated bacteria to inhibit the adsorption of polarly flagellated bacteria suggests that lateral flagella represent a component of bacterial structure that is important in the adsorption of laterally flagellated bacteria to surfaces. A model for adsorption events of laterally flagellated bacteria is proposed, based on the evidence presented. PMID- 7107558 TI - Isolation and analysis of sacculi from Streptococcus sanguis. AB - Sacculi were prepared from Streptococcus sanguis 34 by exhaustive extraction of bacteria with hot 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate-0.5% 2-mercaptoethanol. Lyophilized residue was dissociated by brief sonication to single bodies closely resembling streptococci in phase-contrast microscopic density, staining properties, and morphology. Electron micrographs revealed bodies that contained variable amounts of cellular contents and were bounded by intact cell walls. Chemical analyses of sacculi demonstrated the presence of peptidoglycan, carbohydrate, protein, and phosphate. The hexose content of sacculi varied 10-fold depending upon the composition of the growth medium. When sacculi were subjected to treatment with 5 M LiCl, 8 M urea, 40% phenol (25 degrees C), or dimethyl sulfoxide most of the nitrogen and carbohydrate present was recovered in the insoluble fraction. These data suggest that sacculi contain the cell wall fraction of the extracted bacteria and that most of the carbohydrates and proteins of sacculi are firmly bound to the insoluble fraction, which contains the peptidoglycan matrix. PMID- 7107560 TI - Choline-containing bacteriophage receptors in Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - Choline-containing teichoic acid seems to be essential for the adsorption of bacteriophage Dp-1 to pneumococci. This conclusion is based on the following observations: In contrast to pneumococci grown in choline-containing medium, cells grown in medium containing ethanolamine or other submethylated aminoalcohols instead of choline were found to be resistant to infection by Dp-1. Live choline-grown bacteria and heat- or UV-inactivated cells and purified cell walls prepared from these cells were capable of adsorbing phage Dp-1; ethanolamine-grown pneumococci or cell wall preparations were unable to do so. Adsorption of Dp-1 to choline-containing cell walls was competitively inhibited by phosphorylcholine and by several choline-containing soluble cell surface components, such as the Forssman antigen and the teichoic acid-glycan complexes formed by autolytic cell wall degradation. Cell walls prepared from pneumococci grown in ethanolamine or phosphorylethanolamine were inactive. Electron microscopic studies with pneumococci that had segments of choline-containing cell wall material amid ethanolamine-containing regions indicated that the Dp-1 phage particles adsorbed exclusively to the choline-containing surface areas. We suggest that the choline residues of the pneumococcal teichoic acid are essential components of the Dp-1 phage receptors in this bacterium. PMID- 7107561 TI - Fructan from Erwinia herbicola. AB - Levan production by strains of Erwinia herbicola is common, and this property has some taxonomic significance for species differentiation within the "herbicola" group. The extracellular polysaccharide elaborated by strain 403 was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Results showed it to be a typical bacterial levan. PMID- 7107562 TI - Membrane proteins of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - Mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We found no evidence for the presence of a membrane glycoprotein. PMID- 7107563 TI - Ferrous- or cobalt ion-dependent D-(-)-tartrate dehydratase of pseudomonads: purification and properties. AB - D-(-)-Tartrate dehydratases [D-(-)-tartrate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1...] were isolated from two Pseudomonas strains. The molecular weights of the native enzymes were determined to be 72,000 and 7 8,000, respectively, and each enzyme was composed of two subunits of identical size. The dehydratases had no requirements for thiol compounds, were insensitive to oxygen, and required Fe2+ (0.1 mM) or Co2+ (0.5 mM) ions for optimal activity. PMID- 7107564 TI - Plasmid-borne determinants of pigmentation and thiamine prototrophy in Erwinia herbicola. AB - Strains of Erwinia herbicola lost yellow pigmentation and thiamine prototrophy at high frequency when grown at elevated temperature (38 degrees C) or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. All pigmentless, thiamine-auxotrophic variants had lost a large plasmid (ca. 350 megadaltons). Conversely, all pigmented, thiamine-prototrophic strains contained the large plasmid. The evidence presented indicates that pigmentation and thiamine prototrophy are specified or controlled by genes carried on the 350-megadalton plasmid. PMID- 7107565 TI - Structural requirements for neuraminidase induction in Arthrobacter sialophilus. AB - The effectiveness of 13 N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives as potential inducers of Arthrobacter sialophilus neuraminidase were examined. N-Acetylneuraminic acid nitrogen and thioglycosides were not inducers, whereas 2,3-dehydro-N acetylneuraminic acid, a transition state analog for neuraminidases, was the most effective inductive ligand. The C-4 hydroxyl function of N-acetylneuraminic acid was essential for enzyme derepression. PMID- 7107567 TI - Depiction and its psychology. PMID- 7107566 TI - A comparison of the perceptual skills of physicians and medical illustrators. AB - A medical illustrator uses visual aids to communicate with other medical professionals and with the lay public. These visual aids are designed and executed in such a way that others can better perceive and understand difficult concepts and procedures. Because medical illustrations reflect a subjective interpretation of reality, it is important to ascertain if medical illustrators as a group perceive things as others do. The study reported here determined whether medical illustrators perceive simple visual patterns differently than do physicians or lay people not involved in medicine or art. PMID- 7107568 TI - Phosphoproteins in the parotid saliva from the subhuman primate Macaca fascicularis. Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich phosphoglycoprotein and the complete covalent structure of a proline-rich phosphopeptide. AB - Parotid saliva from the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and from pooled human collections displayed the same groups of proteins when fractionated by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. We have isolated and characterized a proline-rich phosphoglycoprotein (MPRP) and a proline-rich phosphopeptide (M-statherin) from macaque parotid saliva. MPRP has an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 and displays an unusual chemical composition. It is enriched in proline, glycine, and acidic amino acids, but lacks cysteine, methionine, and tyrosine. MPRP contains 25% (w/w) carbohydrate with 7.0 mol of neutral hexoses, 5.3 mol of galactosamine, 5.9 mol of sialic acid, and 3 mol of phosphorus/mol of protein. M-statherin is a 42-residue phosphopeptide with a high proline, glutamic acid, and tyrosine content, but which lacks threonine, valine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine, and histidine. The complete covalent structure of M-statherin (Mr = 5,368) is: NH2-Asp-Pse-Pse-Glu-Glu-Lys-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Leu Arg-Arg-Phe-Asp-Glu-Gly-Arg-Tyr- -Gly-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Phe-Ala-Pro-Gln-Pro-Leu-Tyr Pro-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Gln-Tyr-COOH This is the first complete amino acid sequence of a component in the salivary secretion of a subhuman primate. Phosphoserine occurs at residues 2 and 3. All 13 acidic and basic amino acids are located in the NH2-terminal half of the molecule. The carboxyl-terminal half of the molecule is hydrophobic where the tripeptide Tyr-Gln-Pro is repeated three times, the dipeptide Gln-Pro occurs twice, and the tripeptides Tyr-Gly-Pro, Phe Ala-Pro, and Leu-Tyr-Pro occur once. Evaluation of secondary structure by the Chou-Fasman method predicts an alpha helix in the NH2-terminal half (residue 4 16) and a beta pleated sheet in the carboxyl-terminal half (residues 22-26; 38 42) of the molecule. Both MPRP and M-statherin inhibit spontaneous and seeded precipitation from solutions supersaturated with respect to calcium phosphate salts. This suggests that these macaque compounds may function by maintaining saliva supersaturated with respect to calcium phosphate salts, a necessary requirement for stabilization of hydroxyapatite in the surface layers of teeth.U PMID- 7107569 TI - Bis-sulfoglycosphingolipid containing a unique 3-O-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine from rat kidney. AB - A novel sulfoglycosphingolipid containing two sulfate ester groups was isolated from the lipid extract of rat kidney. The isolation procedure involved extraction of lipids with chloroform/methanol, alkaline methanolysis, and column chromatographies with DEAE-Sephacel and silica beads. By infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, periodate oxidation, solvolysis, chromium trioxide oxidation, and methylation analysis of the native and partially degraded compounds, the structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be (HSO3-3)GalNAc beta 1-4(HSO3-3)Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer. The presence of a unique 3-O-sulfated N acetylgalactosamine structure was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yield of this sulfoglycolipid was 11.2 nmol/g of tissue, which was about half of that of monosulfogangliotriaosylceramide from rat kidney. PMID- 7107570 TI - Unusual compartmentation of precursors for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mouse L cells. AB - Current evidence suggests that distinct mechanisms exist to regulate precursor synthesis for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication. We tested this is mouse L cells by asking whether nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs become labeled to equivalent specific activities when provided with an exogenous nucleic acid precursor. Cells were grown in [32P]orthophosphate-containing medium long enough to bring all pools to equivalent specific activities. [6-3H]Uridine was added to the medium as a general pyrimidine precursor. At intervals, cells were harvested and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was isolated. After enzymatic hydrolysis of each DNA fraction to deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates, these were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and the 3H/32P ratio in each pyrimidine was determined as an index of the specific activity of DNA pyrimidine residues. The dTMP residues in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA reached roughly equal specific activities and at comparable rates. However, dCMP residues in mitochondrial DNA reached maximal specific activities more rapidly than those in nuclear DNA, and the maximal values attained were nearly twice those seen either with the nuclear DNA dCMP residues or in the dTMP residues from either DNA. This indicates that the pathways leading to dCTP synthesis are organized so that mitochondria can use exogenous precursors more effectively than can the nucleus. The nature of this compartmentation is not clear, but it evidently involves one or more steps beyond the divergence point between pathways to dCTP and dTTP. PMID- 7107571 TI - The oxyferro complex of adrenal cytochrome P-450scc. Effect of cholesterol and intermediates on its stability and optical characteristics. AB - The binding of O2 to reduced cytochrome P-450 is the initial step in the activation of oxygen; subsequent addition of a second electron leads to substrate hydroxylation. Without the second electron, the complex between reduced cytochrome and O2 (oxyferro) undergoes internal electron transfer to regenerate the oxidized enzyme and, presumably, superoxide. We have used 38% ethylene glycol and subzero temperatures to stabilize the oxyferro complex of cytochrome P-450scc and have examined the effect of cholesterol, and hydroxycholesterol intermediates in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, on the complex. The binding of cholesterol or the intermediates 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 22R hydroxycholesterol, and 20 alpha, 22R-dihydroxycholesterol to the cytochrome perturbed the optical spectra of the oxyferro complex with Soret maximums varying from 416 to 423 nm. Activation energies for the autooxidation of each of these sterol-oxyferro complexes were similar (approximately 22 kcal/mol). The half-time for autooxidation of the oxyferro complex was increased 15-fold by cholesterol over substrate-free cytochrome, and the hydroxycholesterols caused a further 3-17 fold increase in the stability of the oxyferro complex over that observed for cholesterol, the stability increasing with the number of hydroxyl groups on the cholesterol side chain. This was observed in both 38% ethylene glyco at -17 degrees C and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles at 2 degrees C. The data indicate that the 1-electron-reduced-oxygenated complex of cytochrome P-450scc is kinetically stabilized by the binding of the reaction intermediates, preserving the complex for the arrival of the second electron. PMID- 7107572 TI - Functional and structural polymorphism of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 form 3b. AB - The present report describes several characteristics of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 form 3b isolated from liver microsomes prepared from an incipient inbred strain, IIIVO/J. Whereas most preparations of P-450 3b isolated from outbred New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits catalyze both 6 beta- and 16 alpha hydroxylation of progesterone, form 3b prepared from strain IIIVO/J exhibits a greatly diminished 6 beta-hydroxylase activity. This difference is attributable to a large difference in Km for progesterone, and similar differences are seen when the metabolism of progesterone by microsomes prepared from each rabbit source is examined. The dependence of the rate of 16 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone and similar differences are seen when the metabolism of progesterone by microsomes prepared from each rabbit source is examined. The dependence of the rate of 16 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone on the initial substrate concentration also differs in that most preparations from NZW rabbits contain two enzymatically distinct forms and that one of these forms is apparently absent from the preparations of P-450 3b obtained from strain IIIVO/J. The two enzymatic subforms are differentially inhibited by 16 alpha-methylprogesterone. In contrast, the rates of 4-hydroxylation of biphenyl and of the 7-hydroxylation of 2-acetylaminofluorene catalyzed by form 3b prepared from strain IIIVO/J are similar to those catalyzed by the cytochrome obtained from NZW rabbits. When the two types of P-450 3b were compared by peptide mapping, they displayed similar yet distinguishable peptide closely related yet distinct. The selective loss of 6 beta-hydroxylase activity in the preparations of P-450 3b is suggestive of the genetically determined absence of a subform of the cytochrome that catalyzes this reaction and that is normally expressed in New Zealand White rabbits. PMID- 7107573 TI - Isolation and characterization of a Lewis b-active lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia seeds. AB - A fourth lectin (GS IV), a serologically Lewis b (Leb)-active binding lectin, was isolated from Griffonia simplicifolia seeds by affinity chromatography on an Leb (alpha-L-fucose-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-fucose-(1 leads to 4)]-beta-D-GlcNAc)-active fragment coupled to Synsorb, followed by elution with 0.1 N acetic acid. The purified lectin was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical gel column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. A glycoprotein containing mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and xylose (4:2:1:1), the lectin is a dimer composed of subunits of Mr = 29,000 and 27,000 with an aggregate Mr = 56,000. The GS IV lectin precipitate equally with blood group Leb fragment-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and H-active fragment (alpha-L-fucose-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-fucose-(1 leads to 3)]-beta-D-GlcNAc)-BSA conjugates but only poorly with a Lewis a fragment-BSA conjugate. Inhibition of precipitation with various mono- and oligosaccharides indicated that the lectin is specific for type 1 or 2 chains containing two alpha L-fucosyl groups on C-2 of the D-galactosyl residue and C-3 or C-4 of the D GlcNAc unit. One alpha-L-fucosyl residue on C-3 or C-4 of the D-GlcNAc residue of type 1 or 2 chains inhibited the reaction, although these oligosaccharides were less active than the oligosaccharides containing 2 alpha-L-fucosyl units. L Fucose, methyl alpha- or beta-fucoside, and p-nitrophenyl alpha- or beta-L fucoside did not inhibit the lectin. GSIV did not display mitogenic activity against mouse spleen cells or human peripheral lymphocytes. PMID- 7107574 TI - Effects of Fe3+ binding on the microenvironments of individual amino groups in human serum transferrin as determined by differential kinetic labeling. PMID- 7107575 TI - Correlation between two effects of high density lipoproteins on vascular endothelial cells. The induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and the support of cellular proliferation. PMID- 7107576 TI - The nucleotide and amino acid coding sequence of a gene for H1 histone that interacts with euchromatin. The early embryonic H1 gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. AB - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene that codes for an H1 histone associated with euchromatin in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The gene codes for a protein of 205 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of this gene is homologous to the sequence of H1 mRNA that is expressed during early embryonic development. We have compared the nucleotide and protein coding sequences of this H1 gene to those of the early H1 histone gene of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. There is considerable drift by nucleotide substitution between the two genes randomly distributed across the mRNA coding region. Despite this divergence of nucleotide sequence, there are local constraints on amino acid substitutions throughout the molecule and especially in its central region. We have also compared the amino acid sequence in this central hydrophobic region of the euchromatic S. purpuratus H1 histone to the same region in H1 and H5 histones associated with heterochromatin. We show that certain amino acids are conserved and aligned in frameworks in all the sequenced H1 proteins. PMID- 7107577 TI - Influence of alanine ester and glycosyl substitution on the lipoteichoic acid carrier activity of lipoteichoic acids. PMID- 7107578 TI - Production in vitro and properties of a modified form of bovine antithrombin, cleaved at the active site by thrombin. PMID- 7107579 TI - Enzymatic methylation of the membrane-bound nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - The acetylcholine receptor of the Torpedo electric organ acts as substrate for the enzyme protein carboxyl methyltransferase within receptor-enriched membranes and after it is purified. In right-side-out receptor-enriched vesicles, protein of the membrane. All four receptor subunits were found to be methylated from the inside as well outside of the membrane vesicles. The higher molecular weight subunits were found to be methylated to a greater degree than the lower molecular weight subunits. PMID- 7107580 TI - Alteration of amino acid transport by hydrocortisone. Different effects in human fibroblasts derived from normal skin and keloid. AB - The rate of proline transport increases significantly when human dermal fibroblasts are grown with 1.5 microM hydrocortisone. Fibroblasts derived from keloid tissue are significantly more stimulated than normal fibroblasts. An average increase of 41% is obtained with 8 normal strains, whereas uptake in 8 keloid-derived strains increases 210%. Similar results are obtained with the system A amino acid analogue 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid, for which the uptake rate increases 87% and 329% in normal and keloid cells, respectively. The hydrocortisone-mediated increase in proline transport and the difference between keloid and normal fibroblasts are observed throughout the culture cycle and after depletion of amino acid pools. The uptake of nine other amino acids are differentially altered in normal and keloid cells. Competition experiments with 2 (methylamino)isobutyric acid indicate that the greatest differences occur with amino acids that are transported preferentially by the A system. Inhibition of the hydrocortisone-mediated increase by progesterone and a lag period of approximately 3 h indicate that hydrocortisone is regulating proline transport by a cytosolic receptor mechanism. PMID- 7107581 TI - Suppression of cytoplasmic protein uptake by lysosomes as the mechanism of protein regain in livers of starved-refed mice. AB - The suppression of proteolysis that normally accompanies cytoplasmic growth was investigated in livers of mice that had lost approximately 40% of their protein content during 48 h of starvation. The deficit was fully restored after 24 h of refeeding, and the net regain was linear between 12 and 24 h. Rates of protein breakdown were determined from (a) differences between synthesis and the net change in total liver protein, and (b) rates of valine release during 15-min in situ perfusions in the presence of cycloheximide. With appropriate correction for the turnover of a short lived pool, both procedures gave the same results; rates at 12 and 24 h of refeeding were decreased 90% over values in fed controls, an effect which accounted for 93% of protein regrowth. Measurements of degradable, intralysosomal protein revealed that sequestration of cytoplasmic protein by lysosomes was correspondingly decreased. Because the ratio of intracellular proteolysis to internalized protein was the same during refeeding as in earlier experiments where autophagy was the dominant process, the uptake of cytoplasmic proteins by lysosomes appears to be an obligatory step in proteolysis at all levels of regulation. The 20-fold range in rates of degradation exhibited by the mouse hepatocyte thus provides this cell with an unusual capability for regulating its protein content against relatively small changes in protein synthesis. PMID- 7107582 TI - Defective cystine exodus from isolated lysosome-rich fractions of cystinotic leucocytes. PMID- 7107583 TI - Structures of the carbohydrate moieties of secretory component purified from human milk. AB - Secretory component purified from human milk contains four asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. The sugar chains were released from the polypeptide portion of secretory component by hydrazinolysis as oligosaccharides and fractionated by paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The sugar chains of secretory component show an extraordinarily high multiplicity. By sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis, more than 40 structurally different sugar chains were found. They were all of biantennary complex type with either Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNac beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc or Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc as their core portions and the multiplicity is produced by variety of the two outer chain moieties. The structures of outer chains found are GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, GL beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2. PMID- 7107584 TI - Calcium-dependent protein binding to phenothiazine columns. AB - Nonmuscle, smooth muscle, and striated muscle tissue extracts contain several proteins, in addition to calmodulin, which bind fluphenazine affinity columns in a calcium-dependent manner. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis shows four proteins in red blood cell lysates with Mr = 22,000, 12,000, 9,000, and 8,000. Rat brain tissue contains an 11,000-dalton peptide, while chicken gizzard and rabbit longissimus dorsi muscles have a similar set of peptides (67,000, 35,000, 33,000, and 11,000 daltons). These proteins all interact independently with fluphenazine and, except for the 22,000 dalton protein from red blood cells, do not bind to calmodulin-Sepharose affinity columns. Binding requires the presence of micromolar calcium, and dissociation occurs only by chelation of calcium with EDTA or ethylene glycol bis(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. The muscle tissue proteins are present in ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid eluates from N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide- and phenothiazine-coupled Sepharose resins but are not bound to a Sepharose column without a coupled drug. These results suggest that the use of phenothiazines to indicate calmodulin action should be judiciously interpreted. These proteins may be functionally analogous to calmodulin in that they form a drug-binding site in a calcium-dependent manner. PMID- 7107585 TI - Histone-specific protein-arginine methyltransferase from wheat germ. PMID- 7107586 TI - Characteristics of phosphate uptake by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. PMID- 7107587 TI - Carbohydrate structure of human fibrinogen. Use of 300-MHz 1H-NMR to characterize glycosidase-treated glycopeptides. AB - The carbohydrate composition of fibrinogen and constituent S-carboxymethylated chains was determined. All the carbohydrate on the parent molecule could be accounted for on the B beta and gamma chains. The A alpha chain was found to be devoid of carbohydrate. Glycopeptides were prepared from fibrinogen, B beta, and gamma chains by pronase digestion and subsequent chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The 300-MHz 1H-NMR spectra of glycopeptides from all three sources were consistent with biantennary type oligosaccharide chains. The glycopeptides resulting from exoglycosidase digestions were examined with 300-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and the changes in the signals caused by selective removal of sugar residues were studied. This technique enabled us to assign each anomeric proton to the corresponding monosaccharide unit independent of previous work. Our results indicate that fibrinogen glycopeptides are of the biantennary type, and are in complete agreement with the previously reported peak assignments (Vliegenthart, J. F. G., van Halbeek, H., and Dorland, L. (1981) Pure Appl. Chemn. 53, 45-77). Affinity chromatography of the glycopeptides on concanavalin A Sepharose also showed that the glycopeptides from fibrinogen are greater than 95% biantennary oligosaccharide chains. Based on carbohydrate composition, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, sequential exoglycosidase digestion, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of derived partially methylated alditol acetates, we propose that fibrinogen contains four oligosaccharide chains of the structure shown below. (formula, see text) PMID- 7107588 TI - Preparation and properties of chimeric toxins prepared from the constituent polypeptides of diphtheria toxin and ricin. Evidence for entry of ricin A-chain via the diphtheria toxin pathway. AB - A highly toxic conjugate of ricin A-chain and diphtheria toxin fragment B was prepared by disulfide exchange reaction. A similar conjugate between diphtheria toxin fragment A and ricin B-chain was nontoxic. Like native diphtheria toxin, the conjugate ricin A/diphtheria toxin B was much more toxic to Vero than to HeLa cells. Ricin was equally toxic to these cell lines. Lactose, which inhibits ricin binding, did not protect against the conjugate. Cells resistant to ricin, partly due to a reduced number of ricin-binding sites, were fully sensitive to the conjugate, indicating that the conjugate binds to diphtheria toxin receptors. The conjugate was fully toxic to two Vero cell mutants, resistant to diphtheria toxin because the elongation factor 2 could not be ADP-ribosylated by the diphtheria toxin A-fragment. Therefore, the inhibition of protein synthesis by the conjugate must be caused by the ricin A-chain. Ammonium chloride which prevents entry of diphtheria toxin, but not of ricin, also protected against the conjugate. Like diphtheria toxin, the conjugate was most toxic at low pH, whereas ricin is most active at pH above neutrality and inactive at low pH. The results indicate that the conjugate ricin A/diphtheria toxin B binds to diphtheria toxin receptors and inhibits cellular protein synthesis due to the action of ricin A-chain which appears to enter the cell by the diphtheria toxin pathway. PMID- 7107589 TI - Isolation of a subunit of laminin and its role in molecular structure and tumor cell attachment. AB - Laminin, the glycoprotein of basement membranes, migrates as two components of 200 kilodaltons (kDa) (alpha subunit) and 400 kDa (beta subunit) after reduction on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have isolated the alpha subunit and studied its structure by electron microscopy and its function as an attachment factor for tumor cells. Using selective proteolysis of laminin by alpha-thrombin, the beta subunit was removed without any change in the quantity or size of the alpha subunit. Removal of the beta subunit caused a 35-40% decrease in the total mass of the laminin molecule. The alpha and beta subunits differed by 50-fold in the amount of reducing agent required for complete migration on polyacrylamide gels. By electron microscopy, the whole laminin molecule appeared as a "cross" with three identical short arms (37 nm) and one long arm (75 nm). The alpha subunit examined by electron microscopy was missing the long arm and had no change in the length of the three short arms. This subunit of laminin mediated the attachment of human squamous carcinoma cells to type IV collagen. Such attachment properties were lost after pepsin treatment which is known to remove the globular end regions of the short arms. We conclude that the beta subunit of laminin is embodied in the long arm of the molecule and that the alpha subunit consists of three similar chains of 200 kDa. The globular end regions of the laminin short arms are required for the attachment of tumor cells to type IV collagen. PMID- 7107590 TI - In vitro acylation of rat brain myelin proteolipid protein. AB - The incorporation of fatty acid into myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) was studied by incubating brain slices from 17-day-old rats with [9,10-3H]palmitic acid. Myelin proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. As in vivo (Agrawal, H. C., Randle, C. L., and Agrawal, D. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 4588-4592) most of the radioactivity co-migrated with PLP, with radioactivity also appearing in the regions of the DM-20 and Wolfgram proteins. Treatment of myelin proteins or purified PLP with 1 M hydroxylamine released most of the radioactivity, indicating that [3H]palmitic acid was covalently bound by ester linkage to the proteins. Cleavage of PLP with methanolic NaOH and examination of the released fatty acids by thin layer chromatography showed radioactivity associated with the methyl esters of palmitate, stearate, and oleate (76, 23, and 1%, respectively). A linear increase in radioactivity from [3H]palmitic acid was observed in PLP in both myelin and myelin-like fractions, while appearance of [14C]glycine-labeled PLP showed a lag of 45-60 minutes. These results indicate that lipid is added to PLP in the myelin and myelin-like membranes, or immediately prior to the appearance of PLP in these fractions. For both precursors, the specific activity of PLP was greater in the myelin-like fraction than in myelin, indicating that the myelin-like fraction may contain a precursor pool of PLP for myelin. PMID- 7107591 TI - F-actin-binding and cross-linking properties of porcine brain fodrin, a spectrin related molecule. AB - The axonally transported high molecular weight protein fodrin, known to be present in the cortical cytoplasm of neurones and other cells, has been purified to homogeneity and several of its biochemical properties have been characterized. Fodrin is an F-actin-binding and cross-linking protein inducing actin gels. It is composed of two nonidentical polypeptide chains (Mr = 240,000 and 235,000) which form a tetrameric complex of a molecular weight close to 930,000. The similarity of fodrin with tetrameric erythrocyte spectrin is directly shown by rotary shadowed molecules both alone and in interaction with F-actin. The gelation and cross-linking activity of fodrin is influenced both by ionic strength and pH in a manner similar to other cross-linking factors. These results strengthen previous concepts concerning the existence of spectrin-related molecules in nonerythroid cells and point to a possible related function in the submembranous microfilament organization in nonmuscle cells. PMID- 7107592 TI - Translational specificity in reovirus-infected mouse fibroblasts. AB - The specificity of protein synthesis in reovirus-infected mouse SC-1 cells was investigated, with the following results: a, extracts from infected and control cells translated saturating levels of capped globin mRNA with the same efficiency; b, infected cell extracts did not display a virus-induced increase in the capacity to translate decapped globin mRNA; c, translation of both cellular and viral messages was equally sensitive to the cap analog, 7-methylguanosine 5' triphosphate. These findings are consistent with a previously published model (Walden, W., Godefroy-Colburn, T., and Thach, R. E. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11739-11746) in which translation rates in reovirus-infected SC-1 cells are regulated by competition of capped host and viral mRNAs for a component of the unaltered protein synthetic system. Similar experimental results were obtained using reovirus-infected mouse L cells, with the following exceptions: a, the shutoff of host translation was far greater in L cells than in SC-1 cells; b, extracts of infected L cells were less active than controls for translation of all mRNAs tested. The reasons for the differences between SC-1 cells and L cells in their response to reovirus infection are being investigated. PMID- 7107593 TI - Characterization of the respiration-dependent Na+ pump in the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus. PMID- 7107594 TI - Binding of beta-bungarotoxin to synaptic membrane fractions of chick brain. AB - beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BuTx) is a presynaptically active snake venom phospholipase A2 which, in the chick, is cytotoxic for certain subclasses of central and peripheral neurons. In order to elucidate whether the toxin's specificity is due to the existence of specific neuronal binding sites, the binding of 125I-labeled beta-BuTx to synaptic membrane fractions of chick brain was investigated. These experiments defined a single class of saturable high affinity binding sites (KD = 0.47 +/- 0.14 nM, k+1 = 4.3 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, k-1 = 1.08 x 10(-4) s-1) whose pharmacological properties correlated with that of the cytotoxic action of beta-BuTx on cholinergic neurons in chick retina cultures. The density of 125I-beta-BuTx binding sites in synaptic membrane fractions was low (50 fmol/mg of protein). Also specific toxin binding occurred only to membrane fractions of chick organs known to contain beta-BuTx-sensitive cells or nerve endings, i.e. brain, retina, and muscle, but not liver and heart. The binding of 125I-beta-BuTx to synaptic membrane fractions was dependent on Ca2+; Co2+ and Sr2+, but not Mg2+, could replace Ca2+ in the binding reaction. The membrane binding site for 125I-beta-BuTx was sensitive to heat and high concentrations of pronase, and thus most likely is a protein. PMID- 7107595 TI - Nuclear relaxation studies of the role of the essential metal in glyoxalase I. PMID- 7107596 TI - Formation of a calcium-binding site on bovine activated factor V following recombination of the isolated subunits. AB - Calcium binding to the activated form of blood coagulation Factor V (Factor Va) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. A single calcium-binding site was observed with a dissociation constant of 24 +/- 4.0 microM. Unlike Factor V, Factor Va consists of two subunits. Following separation and reconstitution of the isolated subunits, a single calcium-binding site with a similar dissociation constant (24 +/- 2.0 microM) was again observed. No calcium binding was detected to either isolated subunit of Factor Va. Recombination of the Factor Va subunits used in the above equilibrium binding studies resulted in reformation of the calcium-binding site. Gel filtration experiments indicated that occupancy of this site with Ca2+ was required to maintain high affinity association between the Factor Va subunits. These data indicate that the calcium-binding site is either formed or stabilized by subunit-subunit interaction and that occupancy of this single site is sufficient to stabilize the intersubunit interactions. PMID- 7107597 TI - The two-way flux of cationic amino acids across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is largely explained by a single transport system. AB - We show in this report that the inward and outward transport of cationic amino acids through the plasma membrane of cultured fibroblasts and HTC cells is mediated mostly by a single saturable transport system, here designated y+. The kinetic behavior of System y+ can be accounted for by the alternating generation of at least two conformational states, one on each side of the plasma membrane. No predictions are made as to the mechanism of these carrier oscillations. The saturable flux of cationic amino acids in both directions is strongly increased by the presence of competing substrates on the side of the membrane opposite to the measured flux. The kinetic parameters describing these interactions vary as predicted by the classical mobile carrier hypothesis. These observations support the homogeneity of mediated cationic amino acid transport. Our results do not exclude other small flux contributions by a minor, apparently passive nonsaturable migration in each direction. The mediated arginine influx is half maximally saturated at an external substrate concentration 1/10 to 1/20 as high as the apparent intracellular concentration that half-maximally saturates efflux. The maximum flux through System y+ attained by raising the substrate concentration to a saturating level is about equal in the two directions. The test amino acids accumulate 5- to 20-fold into HTC cells and human skin fibroblasts, findings which are consistent with the kinetic asymmetry of System y+. PMID- 7107598 TI - Librational modes in liganded and unliganded hemoglobin as seen by fluorescence spectroscopy. AB - Hemoglobin labeled with N-iodoacetylaminoethyl-5-naphthalene-1-sulfonate at the beta-93 cysteine shows normal allosteric properties including the Bohr effect and heme-heme-interaction, and the oxygen affinity is somewhat increased. Viscosity resolved correlation times obtained from direct measurement of the decay of fluorescence anisotropy show values of 4.15 +/- 0.23 and 9.13 +/- 0.46 ns for the liganded and unliganded derivatives, respectively, in 0.05 M tris buffer, pH 7.5 at 15 degrees C. Addition of 1 mM inositol hexaphosphate to the liganded and unliganded derivatives results in correlation times of 9.31 +/- 0.87 and 43.69 +/ 16.04 ns, respectively. Similar values of correlation times are obtained from Perrin plots. Considering that the correlation times expected for the single subunits, the dimers, and the tetramers of the system are approximately 10-15, 20 30, and above 40 ns, respectively, it can be concluded that the molecule of hemoglobin becomes increasingly rigid upon removal of ligands and addition of inositol hexaphosphate. These observations support the hypothesis of a functional relevance of the internal flexibility of hemoglobin. PMID- 7107599 TI - Metabolism of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Effects on purine nucleotide synthesis. PMID- 7107600 TI - Reciprocal effect of apolipoprotein C-II on the lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate and trioleoylglycerol. AB - Interaction of purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LpL) with sonicated vesicles of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the gel phase is associated with an increase in the rate of the LpL-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate. There is a 6-fold increase in Vmax. Apolipoprotein C-II, the activator protein for LpL, inhibits the LpL-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate. With 0.5 mol % tri[14C]oleoylglycerol present in the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles and in the presence of 20 mM Ca2+, the rate of p nitrophenyl butyrate hydrolysis is decreased reciprocally compared to trioleoylglycerol hydrolysis and is dependent on apolipoprotein C-II. These results suggest that apolipoprotein C-II enhances the activity of LpL by increasing the affinity of the active site of LpL for triacylglycerol. PMID- 7107601 TI - Kinetic analysis of agonist-receptor interactions. Model for the "irreversible" binding of choleragen to human fibroblasts. AB - Current studies on receptor-ligand interactions usually employ a "binding" step followed by extensive washing to remove free ligand. This procedure, by definition, removes reversibly bound ligand from the receptor; the equations used by most workers to analyze the data, however, require an equilibrium between free and bound ligand and are not applicable given the design of most binding assays. The assay, in fact, measures binding that is slowly reversible or irreversible. Assuming that ligand receptor interaction involves two stages with a reversible step followed by an "irreversible" event, the Ka for the reversible reaction may be obtained from the rate of the irreversible step. 125I-Choleragen binding to human fibroblasts was only slowly reversible at both 0 and 37 degrees C. The two step model was, therefore, applied experimentally to determine the Ka for the reversible step in 125I-choleragen binding to human fibroblasts at 0 degrees C (Ka = 1.9 x 10(8) M-1) and at 37 degrees C (Ka = 3.6 x 10(8) M-1). As predicted by the two-step model for ligand binding, the addition of 50 micrograms/ml of unlabeled toxin enhanced the rate of release of radioactivity at 37 degrees C; the rate of radiolabel release remained low at 0 degrees C, even with unlabeled toxin present in the medium. The rate of release of previously incorporated 125I toxin was accelerated by 50 micrograms/ml of toxin greater than 5 micrograms/ml of toxin. The two-step model for ligand binding appears to be applicable to the study of 125I-choleragen binding to fibroblasts and should be useful, in general, for the analysis of receptor-ligand interaction. PMID- 7107602 TI - Fatty acyl amidases from Dictyostelium discoideum that act on lipopolysaccharide and derivatives. I. Partial purification and properties. AB - Two amidases have been partially purified from the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum; these act sequentially on the beta-hydroxymyristyl-amide groups present in the lipopolysaccharide derivative (4'-O-phosphoryl-N-beta hydroxymyristyl-D-glucosaminyl)-beta-(1 leads to 6)-N-beta-hydroxymyristyl-D glucosamine-1-phosphate (III). Amidase-I, which specifically removes the myristyl chain near the 1-phosphate of compound III (apparent Km, 3.7 microM), has been purified 110-fold from a lysate of D. discoideum NC4 cultivated on Escherichia coli. The partially purified enzyme contains no other amidase or phosphatase activities; however, an esterase activity can be detected. The second amidase has been purified about 12-fold from the extracellular fluid of D. discoideum AX3 cultured axenically. This amidase hydrolyzes the distal amide linkage in III (apparent Km, approximately 20 microM) only after prior deacylation of the first site by amidase-I. The preparation is free from phosphatases and glycosidases that can act on lipopolysaccharide. The differential expression of the amidases in D. discoideum and some of their kinetic properties have been described. The amidases should prove useful in structure-function studies of lipopolysaccharide. PMID- 7107603 TI - Fatty acyl amidases from Dictyostelium discoideum that act on lipopolysaccharide and derivatives. II. Aspects of substrate specificity. AB - The substrate specificities of two fatty acyl amidases partially purified from the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum have been studied. The amidase act on lipopolysaccharide derivatives, such as (4'-O-phosphoryl-N-beta-hydroxymyristyl-D glucosaminyl)-beta-(1 leads to 6)-N-beta-hydroxymyristyl-D-glucosamine-1 phosphate (III) in a sequential manner. Amidase-I removes the beta hydroxymyristyl residue present on the amino group adjacent to the 1-phosphate and the product formed is a substrate for amidase-II; the latter removes the remaining beta-hydroxymyristyl residue from the distal amino group. Compound III itself is resistant to amidase-II. Removal of the C-1 or C-4 phosphate groups does not influence recognition by the amidases or their sequential action. Both amidases are specific for long chain fatty amide linkages. Thus, a formyl group on the glucosamine amino group adjacent to the C-1 phosphate is not hydrolyzed by amidase-I; however, this substituent does not hinder the action of amidase-II on the distal fatty acyl amide. The presence of the beta-hydroxyl group in myristyl amide residues is not required for hydrolysis. Further, while amidase-I requires disaccharide structures for its action, amidase-II acts on monosaccharides as well. Finally, the effects of a variety of substrate analogs and divalent ions on the activity of the enzymes are reported. PMID- 7107604 TI - The acute phase response of plasma protein synthesis during experimental inflammation. PMID- 7107605 TI - Enzymatic depolymerization of heparin-related polysaccharides. Substrate specificities of mouse mastocytoma and human platelet endo-beta-D-glucuronidases. AB - Two endo-beta-D-glucuronidases acting on heparin-related polysaccharides were investigated: a mouse mastocytoma enzyme previously implicated in the postbiosynthetic modification of the heparin proteoglycan and a human platelet derived enzyme, capable of degrading heparan sulfate as well as heparin (with elimination of anticoagulant activity). The mastocytoma enzyme was found to depolymerize a heparin precursor polysaccharide containing both N- and O-sulfate groups to fragments somewhat smaller in molecular size than commercially available heparin. In contrast, another heparin precursor species, containing N- but no O-sulfate groups was resistant to degradation. Furthermore, incubation of the mastocytoma endoglucuronidase with a heparin octasaccharide having high affinity for antithrombin failed to cleave the beta-glucuronidic linkage in the antithrombin-binding region. Previous studies established that the platelet endoglucuronidase can degrade the exclusively N-sulfated as well as the N- and O sulfated heparin precursor polysaccharides (Oldberg, A., Heldin, C.-H., Wasteson, A., Busch, C., and Hook, M. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5755-5762). This enzyme has now been found to attack also the beta-glucuronidic linkage in the antithrombin binding region of the heparin molecule. The loss of bio-affinity resulting from cleavage of this linkage in the antithrombin-binding heparin octasaccharide was utilized to construct a sensitive, specific, and simple assay method for the platelet endoglucuronidase. It is concluded that the platelet endoglucuronidase has a lower degree of substrate specificity than has the mastocytoma enzyme, in reflection of the surmised functional roles of the two enzymes. PMID- 7107606 TI - Metabolism of squalene in human fat cells. Demonstration of a two-pool system. AB - Human adipose tissue has been shown to contain exceptionally high concentrations of squalene. In the present experiments, it was shown that most of adipose tissue squalene is located in the fat cells. Of this squalene, 80% is located in the central neutral lipid droplet and 20% is bound to the microsomal membranes. Upon incubation of isolated fat cells with radiolabeled substrates, both the microsomal and the droplet squalene became labeled. The specific activity of microsomal squalene increased faster than that of droplet squalene. In addition, the microsomal squalene quickly equilibrated to a maximal specific activity, whereas the droplet squalene showed a steady increase in specific activity. These observations indicate rapid turnover of microsomal squalene and slow turnover of droplet squalene. Moreover, they reflect intracellular transfer of labeled squalene from microsomes to the lipid droplet. During a 3-hour incubation of fat cells with labeled substrates, 90% of the newly formed labeled squalene was transferred to the lipid droplet and only 10% was converted into cholesterol. The results demonstrate that adipocyte squalene can be segregated anatomically and functionally into two distinct pools: a small metabolically active pool in the microsomal membranes where squalene is synthesized and a large metabolically inactive pool in the fat droplet where squalene is stored. The intracellular transfer of de novo synthesized squalene into the fat droplet of fat cells is one mechanism of squalene accumulation in adipose tissue. PMID- 7107607 TI - Halorhodopsin is a light-driven chloride pump. AB - Light-dependent membrane potentials, ionic fluxes, and volume changes were measured in two kinds of Halobacterium halobium cell envelope vesicles: one containing bacteriorhodopsin and another halorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin containing vesicles extruded protons by a primary electrogenic mechanism and an energized volume decrease was observed. This was shown to be the consequences of sodium extrusion via proton/sodium antiport (which recirculated protons) and the accompanying passive chloride extrusion. Halorhodopsin-containing vesicles, in contrast, exhibited a volume increase during illumination, apparently caused by primary inward transport of chloride, and accompanied by passive cation (sodium or potassium, and proton) uptake. It was demonstrated that the chloride transport will occur against both electrical and concentration gradients across the vesicle membrane. Moreover, chloride was required on the vesicle exterior for the light dependent generation of membrane potential, pH change, and swelling. These observations are inconsistent with an earlier proposal that halorhodopsin is an outward directed sodium pump, but suggest very strongly that it is an inward directed chloride pump. Quantitative arguments from the present work rule out a significant role of sodium in the functioning of halorhodopsin. PMID- 7107608 TI - The biphasic response of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in cultured heart cells to agonists. Effects on receptor number and affinity in intact cells and homogenates. AB - A biphasic time course of the agonist-mediated loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors has been demonstrated in cultured chick embryo heart cells by radioligand binding studies using the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB). This agonist-mediated receptor loss was associated with decreased affinity of the receptor for agonist as judged by competitive binding of the agonist carbamylcholine with [3H]QNB to cell homogenates (Galper, J. B., and Smith, T. W. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 9571-9579). In the current studies the concentration dependence of agonist-mediated receptor loss was also found to be biphasic. The apparent shift of affinity following brief (15 min) agonist exposure coincided with the agonist-mediated loss of a subclass of high affinity receptors with an IC50 for carbamylcholine inhibition of [3H]QNB binding of 3.9 x 10(-7) M. Those receptors remaining constituted a subclass of low affinity receptors with IC50 = 8.2 x 10(-5) M. The data further suggest that an apparent decrease in agonist affinity after guanine nucleotide exposure represents conversion of high affinity receptors to a similar low affinity state, IC50 = 8.6 x 10(-5) M. The rapid loss of [3H]QNB binding sites in the presence of agonist did not require interaction of agonist with intact cells, but also occurred if cells were homogenized and then subjected to a brief (15 min) exposure to agonist. The slow loss over 3 h of [3H]QNB binding sites could only be demonstrated in intact cells incubated with agonist prior to homogenization. To probe further the later phase of agonist-mediated receptor loss, we developed new assay methods for determining muscarinic antagonist binding to intact cells. In control cells, binding of the hydrophobic antagonist [3H]QNB was quite similar in extent to binding of the more hydrophilic antagonist [3H]methylscopolamine ([3H]MS), with Kd values of 0.11 and 0.47 nM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the binding of these two ligands was performed to determine whether they might distinguish between two states of the receptor. Both ligands bound to the receptor by a two step mechanism consistent with the formation of a low affinity complex followed by conversion to a high affinity complex. However, the ratio of reverse to forward rate constants of the second step of [3H]MS binding was roughly 100-fold greater than that for the more hydrophobic ligand [3H]QNB. Comparison of the time course of agonist-induced receptor loss as measured by binding of [3H]MS or [3H]QNB was consistent with muscarinic agonist mediation of a stepwise alteration in receptor configuration from a form that bound both [3H]MS and [3H]QNB to a form that bound only [3H]QNB and thence to a form that bound neither [3H]MS nor [3H]QNB. The relationship of such a sequential mechanism to agonist-induced changes in the relationship of the receptor to the cell membrane and agonist-induced endocytosis of the receptor is discussed. PMID- 7107609 TI - In vitro vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals. AB - Purified calf brain tubulin has been induced to self-aggregate in vitro into paracrystalline structures by the anti-cancer drug vinblastine. The size, shape, optical birefringence, and drug stoichiometry of these tubulin-vinblastine paracrystals are similar to those of paracrystals formed in vivo. Similar structures can be formed with vincristine and desacetylvinblastine, but not with colchicine or podophyllotoxin. PMID- 7107610 TI - The structure of insulin receptor and its subunits. Evidence for multiple nonreduced forms and a 210,000 possible proreceptor. AB - We have identified the subunits of the insulin receptor using immunoprecipitation by antibodies to the insulin receptor after either biosynthetic or surface labeling of cultured human lymphocytes (IM-9). With this approach, we have found there are two major, Mr = 135,000 (alpha), Mr = 95,000 (beta) and one minor, Mr = 210,000 (gamma) subunit. Peptide mapping clearly demonstrates that the major peptides of the alpha and beta subunits are different, whereas similarities exist in the peptide fragments of the gamma subunit and the alpha and beta subunits after limited proteolysis. The gamma subunit, however, is not simply a disulfide heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits, since this subunit was not reduced by 100 mM dithiothreitol plus 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, or even under more potent denaturing conditions, such as 8 M guanidine-HCL and mercaptoethanol at pH 10.5. In nonreduced gels, free insulin receptor subunits are observed, as well as two higher molecular weight bands of Mr = 520,000 and 350,000. On reduction, the 520,000 band was composed primarily of Mr = 210,000 and 95,000 subunits, whereas the 350,000 band was composed primarily of Mr = 135,000 and 95,000 subunits. These data suggest that the two major subunits of the insulin receptor (alpha and beta) are distinct. In addition, there is a third component of the receptor identifiable of 210,000 which may be a proreceptor or some closely associated effector protein. Furthermore, it appears that in the native state several kinds of disulfide oligomers of these subunits exist. These findings suggest a complex model for insulin receptor synthesis and insertion into the membrane. PMID- 7107611 TI - Cytotoxic effects of low levels of 3H-, 14C-, and 35S-labeled amino acids. AB - Tissue injury by radiolabeled amino acids may severely affect experimental results. In this report, 3H-, 14C-, and/or 35S-labeled proline, serine, lysine, and methionine at concentrations of 1 and 5 microCi/ml were shown to cause severe injury in organ cultures of embryonic rat lungs. This injury was evident by 6 h and was amplified by 4 days of culture. This injury was characterized with light and electron microscopy, with morphometric analysis of growth, and with quantitation of the total protein and DNA/lung. After 6 h with 5 microCi/ml of 14C- or 35S-amino-acid there were more signs of cell degeneration, and by 24 h the labeled lungs were smaller, showed more signs of cell degeneration and death, and contained 30 to 60% less new protein and DNA than control lungs. After 24 h with 5 microCi/ml of 14C- or 35S-amino-acid the total protein and DNA/lung began to decrease. This toxicity was directly proportional to the amount of intracellular decay of each isotope. With 14C- and 35S-amino-acids, lung growth slowed with approximately 100 disintegrations/cell/day (d/c/d), growth stopped with approximately 200 d/c/d, and atrophy occurred with approximately 300 d/c/d. Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and bronchial branching continued through 4 days even though atrophy occurred with greater than 200 d/c/d. With 3H amino-acids, growth slowed with approximately 200 d/c/d and stopped with approximately 400 d/c/d. However, no toxicity was evident with less than 60 d/c/d of 14C or 35S, or with less than 90 d/c/d of 3H. These data suggest that the amounts of intracellular decay of these weak beta-emitting isotopes should be strictly limited. Increasing amounts of tissue injury occurred with 14C or 35S at greater than 10,000 dpm/micrograms of DNA, and with 3H at greater than 20,000 dpm/micrograms of DNA. PMID- 7107612 TI - Structure of hepatitis B surface antigen. Correlation of subtype with amino acid sequence and location of the carbohydrate moiety. AB - Hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) of both the adw and ayw subtypes have been purified from four different sources. These antigens have been compared by comparison of the products of tryptic hydrolysis performed under conditions which do not disrupt the overall particle morphology of HBsAg. The resultant peptides were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and high performance liquid chromatography followed by amino acid analysis and Edman degradation of the isolated peptides. The same techniques were also applied to HBsAg which had been labeled with tritium in the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein gp-30. These studies demonstrate that residues 122-150 of the protein p-25 and glycoprotein gp-30 occupy an exposed region of the HBsAg lipoprotein particle and contain the major attachment site for carbohydrate in the case of gp-30. The two subtypes were found to differ at two specific positions in this region, suggesting that this is an antigenically important area of the protein. PMID- 7107614 TI - Changes in high density lipoprotein content following endotoxin administration in the mouse. Formation of serum amyloid protein-rich subfractions. AB - Bacterial endotoxin is a potent inducer of the serum amyloid protein (apo-SAA), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) apoprotein. In a study of the induction of apo-SAA and the structure of apo-SAA-rich lipoprotein particles in mice, we have observed that, following intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (50 micrograms), plasma apo-SAA levels rose from base-line levels of less than 1% to greater than 20% of the HDL protein content at 20 h postinjection. No changes in the relative content of other HDL apoproteins were noted; analysis of apo-SAA-rich HDL lipid content indicated a significant decrease (10%) in phospholipid content relative to that of control HDL. Two major apo-SAA isotypes, apo-SAA1 and apo-SAA2, were identified, having apparent molecular weights of 12,600 and 11,800, respectively, and isoelectric points of 6.35 and 6.20, respectively. Quantitative immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that essentially all of the apo-SAA was bound to lipoprotein particles containing apo-A-I. Apo-SAA was distributed among higher density HDL subfractions than were other HDL apoproteins following density gradient centrifugation, and subfractions having apo-SAA:apo-A-I molar ratios of greater than 2:1 were identified. These results indicate the formation of a subset of apo-SAA-rich HDL particles following apo-SAA induction by endotoxin. PMID- 7107613 TI - Preliminary crystallographic data on cytochrome P-450CAM. AB - The cytochrome P-450CAM monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida has been crystallized in three forms designated orthorhombic I, tetragonal I, and orthorhombic II. Conditions and parameters of crystal growth are presented along with the preliminary x-ray diffraction data including heavy atom derivatives. PMID- 7107615 TI - Improving the quality of protein crystals through purification by isoelectric focusing. AB - Preparative flat-bed gel isoelectric focusing has reduced or eliminated observed heterogeneity in three different proteins, thereby greatly improving the quality of crystals grown from each of them. This improvement is manifested both in crystal size and in increased measurability of diffraction data. Isoelectric focusing is a general and nondestructive technique that may facilitate the crystallographic study of proteins which are biologically interesting, but which, for reasons of microheterogeneity, do not yield diffraction quality crystals. PMID- 7107616 TI - Binary combinations of four protein subunits with different catalytic specificities explain the relationship between six basic glutathione S transferases in rat liver cytosol. PMID- 7107617 TI - A pentaamine is present in an extreme thermophile. AB - A pentaamine was found in cells of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus, grown at 80 degrees C. The chemical structure was determined to be 1,15-diamino 4,8,12-triazapentadecane, NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2. A trivial name "caldopentamine" is proposed for the new naturally occurring polyamine. PMID- 7107618 TI - Adsorptive pinocytosis of phosphorylated oligosaccharides by human fibroblasts. AB - Adsorptive pinocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by human fibroblasts depends on phosphomannosyl recognition markers on the enzymes and on high affinity receptors on the cell surface. To define the role of phosphorylated oligosaccharides in enzyme recognition, we studied the pinocytosis of [2-3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharides purified from glycoproteins secreted by fibroblasts. Uptake of the oligosaccharides was inhibited 97% by 2 mM mannose-6-phosphate, 33% by 2 mM glucose 6-phosphate, and 5% or less by 2 mM alpha-methylmannoside, mannose, galactose, or L-fucose. The oligosaccharides were separated into neutral and five anionic species by chromatography on quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex, characterized, and compared for susceptibility to pinocytosis. Treatment of the phosphorylated oligosaccharides with alkaline phosphatase before or after mild acid hydrolysis demonstrated that they contained one or two phosphates in phosphodiester linkage (covered) or phosphomonoester linkage (uncovered), or two phosphates, one in monoester linkage and one in diester linkage. Neutral oligosaccharides and those with one covered phosphate were not taken up by fibroblasts. Species with one uncovered phosphate or two covered phosphates showed low but detectable uptake. Oligosaccharides isolated as species with two uncovered phosphates, or those converted to this form by mild acid hydrolysis, were taken up 30-fold greater than the lower uptake forms during a 12-h incubation. Thus, oligosaccharides with two uncovered phosphates were far better ligands for the phosphomannosyl receptor than other oligosaccharides on acid hydrolases secreted by fibroblasts and initial rates of uptake of these oligosaccharides were comparable to those reported for several "high uptake" lysosomal enzymes. PMID- 7107619 TI - Effect of phospholipids on alpha-1,2-mannosidase activity. AB - An alpha-1,2-mannosidase has been solubilized and partially purified from rabbit liver microsomes (Forsee, W. T., and Schutzbach, J. S. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6577-6582). The partially purified enzyme was activated by the addition of zwitterionic phospholipids but maximal activity was found to be relatively independent of acyl chain length or degree of unsaturation. Titration of the enzyme with increasing concentrations of water-soluble and long acyl chain phospholipids demonstrated that an ordered lipid structure of either micelles or bilayers was required for alpha-mannosidase activity. Mixed micelles of Triton X 100 and zwitterionic phospholipids also activated the enzyme. The concentration of phospholipid in the mixed micelles required for activation was dependent upon acyl chain length, but maximal activity was unaffected by this parameter. The addition of negatively charged phospholipids not only failed to activate the enzyme but also inhibited alpha-mannosidase activity in the presence of zwitterionic phospholipids. Inhibition by negatively charged phospholipids was pH dependent with maximal inhibition at pH values of 6.0 or lower. These results suggest that the activity of the alpha-1,2-mannosidase could be subject to modulation by the composition and structure of the microsomal membranes. PMID- 7107620 TI - A structural model for maize zein proteins. AB - With the knowledge of the amino acid sequences of two maize zein proteins (apparent molecular weights of 19,000 and 22,000), a structural model is proposed for their molecular conformation. The circular dichroic spectrum taken in the 190 240 nm range for a zein protein mixture in methanol solution showed the zein secondary structure to be largely helical. The polar, hydrophobic, and turn characteristics of the zein residues, as well as the homologous repeat units in their primary sequences, suggested a structure with nine adjacent, topologically antiparallel helices clustered within a distorted cylinder. Polar residues distributed along the helical surfaces allowed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding such that the zein molecules could be arranged in planes. The proposed glutamine-rich turns located between the helices and at the cylindrical caps would favor side chain interactions resulting in stacking of the molecular planes. Physical properties observed for the zein proteins are explained by the model. PMID- 7107621 TI - Immunoferritin binding to proteoglycan monomers. An electron microscopic study. AB - Antibody to native bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan monomer was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to react with the purified hyaluronic acid binding region of the monomer. Antibody was digested with pepsin to produce F(ab')2 and labeled with glutaraldehyde-activated ferritin. F(ab')2 and F(ab')2 ferritin were reduced and alkylated to render them monovalent (Fab'). Antibody Fab' binding to native proteoglycan monomer was studied by electron microscopy of monomer reacted with ferritin-labeled antibody Fab' spread in a cytochrome c film. Ferritin-labeled antibody Fab' bound primarily at one end of the proteoglycan monomer. This binding was partly inhibitable by unlabeled monovalent antibody Fab', demonstrating immunospecificity. The end of the monomer with bound ferritin sometimes appeared as the thin segment, previously observed to bind to hyaluronic acid. These observations indicate that the hyaluronic acid binding region is at only one end of each proteoglycan monomer and that ferritin-labeled antibody Fab' selectively attaches to this part of native proteoglycan monomers. This methodology should be useful for future structural studies of isolated proteoglycans. PMID- 7107622 TI - Transport of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and ornithine transcarbamylase into mitochondria. Inhibition by rhodamine 123 and accumulation of enzyme precursors in isolated hepatocytes. AB - Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia) (EC 6.3.4.16) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) are matrix enzymes synthesized outside the mitochondria in the form of larger precursors and are transported rapidly into mitochondria, in association with post-translational proteolytic processing to the mature enzymes. Treatment of isolated rat hepatocytes with 40 micrograms/ml of rhodamine 123, a laser dye which specifically stains mitochondria, resulted both in a strong inhibition of the processing of the enzyme precursors and in accumulation. Rhodamine 123 did not specifically inhibit the synthesis of the synthetase and the transcarbamylase precursors in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system programmed with rat liver free polysomes. The dye strongly inhibited the uptake and processing of the ornithine transcarbamylase precursor by isolated rat liver mitochondria. When the mitochondria and the medium were separated by centrifugation, the unprocessed precursor was recovered almost exclusively in the medium. These results indicate that rhodamine 123 inhibits either the binding of the enzyme precursors to the mitochondria or their transport into the organelle. PMID- 7107623 TI - Photolabeling of a hydrophobic domain of the ninth component of human complement. AB - Recent experiments with membrane-restricted, photoactivatable probes indicated a preferential labeling of C9 within the assembled membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement, suggesting a direct role for C9 in the interaction of the MAC with membrane lipids. To further characterize the lipid-binding sites on C9, we have now used C9 that has been cleaved by alpha-thrombin. This enzyme cleaves C9 at one site but the newly generated peptides, C9a and C9b, respectively, remain noncovalently associated and the cleaved protein suffers no loss in hemolytic activity. When cleaved C9 was incorporated into the MAC during assembly on phospholipid vesicles and photolabeled, subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and fluorography revealed that only the larger fragment C9b, but not the smaller fragment C9a, became labeled. C9 attached alone to vesicles through heat aggregation in the absence of the precursor complex C5b-8 is also accessible to the hydrophobic photolabel. When cleaved C9 is used in the heat-induced assembly on vesicles and the polymerized C9 is photolabeled, the label associates again predominantly with C9b and not C9a. These results not only show that, within C9 polymers or within the assembled MAC, C9 possesses a two-domain structure, but also lend considerable support to the structure proposed for C9 by Biesecker et al. (Biesecker, G., Gerard, C., and Hugli, T. E. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2584-2590) who classified C9a as hydrophilic and C9b as hydrophobic. PMID- 7107625 TI - Purification and characterization of NAD and NADP-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenases involved in catalyzing the oxidation of methylglyoxal to pyruvate. AB - Two alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenases, one catalyzing the oxidation of methylglyoxal to pyruvate with NAD and the other with NADP, were isolated from goat liver and happened to be co-purified. Both the enzymes had been extensively purified to the point where only these two enzymes were present. By affinity chromatography on a thiol-Sepharose column, the two enzymes were separated. Molecular weight of both the enzymes was found to be 42,000 by gel filtration in a Sephadex G-200 column. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel revealed that the enzymes are composed of single subunits. Interaction with mercurials indicated the presence of SH group(s) in the active site of the NAD linked enzyme only. PMID- 7107626 TI - On the interaction of nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates with NAD-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - The effect of different nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates was tested on the NAD-linked and NADP-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenases involved in the oxidation of methylglyoxal to pyruvate. ATP, GTP, and ADP strongly inhibit the NAD-linked enzyme whereas activity of the NADP-linked enzyme remained unaltered. NADP at a concentration much below its catalytic concentration strongly inhibited the NAD-linked enzyme. This NADP inhibition decreased with decreasing of the pH of the incubation medium. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate stimulated and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate inhibited the activity of the NAD-linked enzyme whereas dihydroxyacetone phosphate inhibited NADP-linked activity. The stimulatory effect of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate diminished with lowering of the pH value. The various effects by several key metabolites of the glycolytic pathway indicate a possible physiological role for these enzymes. PMID- 7107624 TI - Proteoglycan core protein is accumulated in cultured chondrocytes in the presence of the ionophore monensin. AB - The nature of the proteoglycan antigen which accumulates in chick embryo chondrocytes that had been incubated in monensin was examined. Both the culture media and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated using antibody which primarily is directed against core protein. Gel filtration and electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates showed that molecules corresponding to completed proteoglycan, core protein, and link protein were present in the immunoprecipitates. Monensin caused the cellular accumulation of core protein which was both underglycosylated and undersulfated. These results suggest that monensin affects early events of proteoglycan biosynthesis and that it may be useful for elucidating those events. PMID- 7107627 TI - Adenylate cyclase activation. Characterization of guanyl nucleotide requirements by direct radioligand-binding methods. AB - Particulate adenylate cyclase preparations from rat uterine smooth muscle had a single class of [3H]guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate ([3H]GMP.P(NH)P)-binding sites with all of the properties of the guanyl nucleotide-requiring enzyme activation sites (N) which couple hormone receptors and catalytic subunits. These sites bound the radioligand in a reversible manner at low temperature (less than 2 degrees C) but irreversibly at temperatures between 6 and 24 degrees C, properties characteristic of the activation of the enzyme by treatment with GMP.P(NH)P described previously (Krall, J. F., Leshon, S. C., Frolich, M., and Korenman, S. G. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 5436-5442). Temperature affected the number but not the apparent affinity (Kd approximately 1.0 microM) of binding. The time course of the transition from reversible to irreversible binding was coincident with the irreversible activation of the catalytic subunit. The methyl analog of GTP, guanyl-(beta, gamma-methylene)-diphosphate, a poor irreversible activator compared to GMP.P(NH)P in this enzyme system, was a competitive inhibitor of [3H]GMP.P(NH)P binding but with a 10-fold lower affinity (Kd approximately 10 microM). Using these direct radioligand-binding methods, both an inactive (NL) and active (NL*) form of the guanyl nucleotide-binding activation site were demonstrated, and the transition NL leads to NL* was identified as the temperature-dependent event in catalytic subunit (C) activation. The nondissociability of specific [3H]GMP.P(NH)P binding and the irreversible nature of catalytic subunit activation suggest that a complex of NL*.C characterizes the fully activated state of the smooth muscle enzyme. PMID- 7107628 TI - Binding of troponin-T fragments to several types of tropomyosin. Sensitivity to Ca2+ in the presence of troponin-C. AB - The binding of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T and several of its fragments to various types of tropomyosin immobilized on Sepharose 4B affinity columns equilibrated with 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.0 buffer has been investigated. With rabbit skeletal muscle alpha-tropomyosin, intact troponin-T was eluted with an NaCl gradient at 0.42 M, while its fragments T1 (residues 1-158) and CB1 (residues 1 151) were eluted at 0.32 M NaCl in either "plus" or "minus" Ca2+ buffer in the presence of troponin-C. Fragment T2 (residues 159-259) was eluted at 0.22 M NaCl in minus Ca2+ buffer in the presence of troponin-C, but in the void volume with troponin-C under plus Ca2+ conditions. With immobilized nonpolymerizable alpha tropomyosin, T1 was not bound, whereas T2 was eluted at the same NaCl concentration (0.21 M) as with alpha-tropomyosin. This binding was sensitive to Ca2+ in the presence of troponin-C. The results are consistent with a structural interpretation of a two-site model of troponin attachment to alpha-tropomyosin (Mak, A. S., and Smillie, L. B. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 149, 541-550). With beta tropomyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle and with tropomyosins from equine platelets and chicken gizzard, the binding of fragment T1 was not observed at 0.1 M NaCl, while that for T2 was the same as for rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin and remained Ca2+-sensitive in the presence of troponin-C. In the case of bovine aorta tropomyosin, neither T1 nor T2 was bound under these conditions. PMID- 7107629 TI - Regulation of triacylglycerol synthesis in the liver. Modulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity in vitro. PMID- 7107630 TI - Lysosomal enzyme phosphorylation in mouse lymphoma cell lines with altered asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. PMID- 7107631 TI - Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro by divalent cations and cellular metabolism. AB - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion was investigated in intact cells isolated in vitro. Parathyroid cells from bovine parathyroid glands were obtained through tissue dispersion and cell purification through isotonic Percoll gradients, a newly developed protocol enhancing cell homogeneity and viability. Isolated cells maintained both metabolic viability and plasma membrane intactness for over 3 h at 37 degrees C, as shown by the large ATP/ADP ratios and the high intracellular K+ content (ouabain-sensitive) measured. The rate of PTH secretion was inversely related to the Ca2+ concentrations in the medium; secretion was 54 and 18 ng PTH/mg of protein/min when free Ca2+ in the buffer was 0.8 and 2 mM, respectively. At either Ca2+ concentration, PTH secretion was strongly dependent on cell metabolism; it was inhibited by 80-85% within 10 min when cells were suspended in glucose-free buffer containing either cyanide or oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler. Under these conditions, both cellular ATP production and calcium-dependent PTH release could be partially restored by addition of 5 mM glucose. La3+, Mn2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Mg2+ were each tested in a range of 0.5-2.5 mM for their effects in suppressing low calcium-stimulated secretion. La3+ and Mn2+ were about twice as effective as Ca2+ on a molar basis, Sr2+ was similar to Ca2+, Mg2+ was about half as effective, and Ba2+ had almost no effect. These results suggest that the Ca2+-dependent stimulus-secretion coupling of these cells is largely different from that established in other secretory cells and provide an in vitro system to further investigate the regulation of PTH secretion. PMID- 7107632 TI - Influence of metal ions on prothrombin self-association. Demonstration of dimer formation by intermolecular cross-linking with dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate). AB - Interaction of certain metal ions with prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1 has been shown to result in conformational change(s). Self-association of prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1 in the presence of divalent cations has been reported. The present study has made use of a covalent cross-linking reagent, dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), to study the self-association of prothrombin in the presence of divalent cations. In the presence of certain divalent cations, prothrombin dimer is the product of such cross-linking. Optimal dimerization of bovine prothrombin requires preincubation with calcium ions prior to the addition of cross-linking reagent. Calcium ions are also required for dimerization after this preincubation period. A similar time dependence is not seen with human prothrombin. The dimerization of bovine prothrombin is also supported by strontium and gadolinium to an extent comparable to that of calcium and to a lesser extent by barium or manganese. Magnesium ions do not support dimerization. The results suggest that certain divalent cations either induce or stabilize a conformation of prothrombin which can self-associate to form dimers. The results further suggest that divalent cations are also necessary for the actual cross linking process subsequent to this conformational change. PMID- 7107633 TI - Oligosaccharide accessibility to peptide:N-glycosidase as promoted by protein unfolding reagents. AB - The ability of almond emulsion peptide:N-glycosidase to remove oligosaccharide chains from intact glycoproteins was studied. Protein conformation appeared to be the main factor affecting carbohydrate removal. In the native state the oligosaccharides of ribonuclease B and the Fab mu fragment derived from immunoglobulin M were completely resistant to the enzyme, indicating that the polypeptide chain restricts access to the site of hydrolysis. Heat denaturation in sodium dodecyl sulfate rendered these glycoproteins susceptible to peptide:N glycosidase, but perturbation with chaotropic salts provided a more gentle approach, which was as effective as detergent-unfolding and more compatible with the stability of the enzyme. Once exposed by the unfolding reagents, the complex oligosaccharides of Fab mu were released more rapidly than the high mannose chains of ribonuclease B, consistent with their preferential release from small glycopeptides (Plummer, T. H., Jr., and Tarentino, A. L. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10243-10246). PMID- 7107634 TI - The effect of AMP on inhibition of muscle phosphorylase a by glucose derivatives. AB - Kinetic studies of the inhibition of rabbit muscle phosphorylase a D glucan:orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.1) by various glucose derivatives indicate that glucose derivatives in the chair conformation (glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, glucosyl fluoride, and 1-O-methylglucose) stabilize the "T" form of phosphorylase a, whereas those in the half-chair conformation (1,5 gluconolactone and glucal) bind to the "R" form. Derivatives which stabilized the T form were generally competitive inhibitors of phosphate binding, were synergistic with caffeine, and weakened AMP binding. Derivatives which bound to the R form were noncompetitive with respect to Pi in the presence of AMP. The mechanism of inhibition of the R form by gluconolactone and glucal appears to depend upon the presence or absence of AMP. In the presence of the nucleotide, gluconolactone is probably a linear mixed-type inhibitor. However, in the absence of AMP, simple linear uncompetitive inhibition was apparent. Since gluconolactone is thought to be an analogue of the substrate transition state of the phosphorylase reaction, a major function of nucleotide in activating phosphorylase may be the formation of the transition state binding pocket in the binary enzyme-glycogen complex. In the absence of AMP, glucal was competitive with respect to phosphate. However, in the presence of nucleotide, simple intersecting linear noncompetitive inhibition was observed. The results indicate that a second function of AMP is the formation of the phosphate binding pocket in the enzyme-glucal-glycogen-AMP complex. This conclusion is consistent with the crystallographic and structural data available at present. PMID- 7107635 TI - Purification of "nontransformed" avian progesterone receptor and preliminary characterization. AB - The nontransformed (molybdate-stabilized) avian oviduct progesterone receptor has been purified to near homogeneity by a simple four-step procedure: ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography. The affinity resin (deoxycorticosterone-agarose) is very resistant to chemical breakdown and enzymatic destruction and can be used repeatedly. The material obtained after gel filtration was separated into two receptor components by DEAE-chromatography. The two components, termed I and II, are obtained in about 18% yield and are purified by about 6000-fold (I) and 4000 fold (II). They are highly purified as only a single major Coomassie blue-stained polypeptide of about Mr = 90,000 in both components I and II is seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis plus a second band of Mr = 104,000 which is seen only in component II. Both purified receptor components have sedimentation coefficients of 8 S in glycerol gradients containing molybdate (10 mM). In the absence of molybdate, however, both receptor forms have sedimentation coefficients of about 4 S in gradients containing 300 mM KCl. Therefore, stabilization of the 8 S form by molybdate is still evident in highly purified receptor preparations. The Stokes radii, binding specificity, and steroid dissociation rate of purified receptor are similar to those found in crude cytosol. These results confirm our previous observation on the existence of two 8 S forms of the progesterone receptor and show that these molybdate-stabilized forms remain intact throughout purification. PMID- 7107637 TI - Structures of N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides on proteoglycan monomer isolated from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. AB - Monomer proteoglycans isolated from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma contain O- and N glycosidically linked oligosaccharides. The O-glycosidically linked ones were released from the protein core by alkaline borohydride treatment. After removal of sialic acid, the resulting oligosaccharide alditols were converted to N trifluoroacetyl derivatives by trifluoroacetolysis. The N-trifluoroacetylated oligosaccharide alditols show shorter retention time on gas-liquid chromatography, as permethylated derivatives, than the corresponding N-acetyl derivatives. The mass spectra of these new derivatives also give more structural information and provide definitive structures. Alkaline borohydride treatment of the proteoglycans also released N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide-peptides. These were purified and analyzed by Smith degradation, trifluoroacetolysis, and chromium trioxide oxidation. The results indicate that more than 70% of the N glycosidically linked oligosaccharides have the following structure: (formula, see text) with the Fuc present on only about 60% of the oligosaccharides. PMID- 7107638 TI - Control of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in myopathic hamster hearts. AB - A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that the majority of phosphatidylcholine in hamster heart was formed from choline via the CDP-choline pathway (Zelinski, T. A., Savard, J. D., Man, R. Y. K., and Choy, P. C. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 11423-11428). In this study, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in myopathic hamster hearts was compared with date-matched controls. Upon perfusion with [Me-3H]choline, a 22% increase in labeling of phosphatidylcholine was observed in the hearts of 150-200-day-old myopathic hamsters. However, total cardiac phosphatidylcholine remained unchanged. In order to elucidate the cause for the increase in labeling of phosphatidylcholine during cardiomyopathy, the intermediates for phosphatidylcholine formation in the myopathic hearts were analyzed. The labeling and pool size of CDP-choline in the myopathic hearts were found to be 72 and 60% of the controls. This uneven reduction caused a 20% increase in the specific radioactivity of CDP-choline. Since CDP-choline is the immediate precursor for phosphatidylcholine formation, it can be concluded that the increase in labeling of phosphatidylcholine in the myopathic heart was a direct reflection on the specific radioactivity of CDP-choline. Furthermore, the net amount of phosphatidylcholine synthesized was estimated to be similar between the normal and myopathic hearts. The reduction in CDP-choline formation was probably caused by an observed decrease in CTP concentration in cardiomyopathy. However, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity was elevated. The enhanced enzyme activity is regarded as one of the compensatory mechanism for the myopathic heart to maintain a minimum CDP-choline level, in order to prevent reduction of net phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. PMID- 7107636 TI - Intrahepatic assembly of very low density lipoproteins. Effect of fatty acids on triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein synthesis. PMID- 7107639 TI - Endogenous cysteine ligation in ferric and ferrous cytochrome P-450. Direct evidence from x-ray absorption spectroscopy. AB - Extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy has been applied to the elucidation of the structure of the heme iron site of bacterial cytochrome P-450. The low spin ferric, high spin ferric, ferrous, and ferrous carbonyl states of the enzyme have been examined. Curve-fitting analysis of the data provides direct and compelling evidence for the presence of a sulfur atom in the first coordination sphere of the iron. The iron-nitrogen (porphyrin) distances indicate five coordination in high spin ferric and ferrous P-450 and six coordination in low spin ferric and ferrous carbonyl P-450. The iron-sulfur distances are consistent with thiolate ligation, presumably from cysteinate, in all four states of the enzyme. In each case, the iron-sulfur bond distance is equal to or shorter than the analogous Fe-S bonds in model iron porphyrin thiolate complexes whose crystal structures have been determined. Since known thiol-sulfur:iron-heme bond distances are noticeably longer than the corresponding thiolate bonds, the X-ray absorption fine structure results strongly suggest that, in each P-450 state examined, the sulfur donor is a thiolate. The results reported in this paper concerning the ligand identity, state of protonation, and metal-ligand bond distances are of critical importance to a complete description of the P-450 reaction cycle and its mechanism of oxygen activation. PMID- 7107641 TI - Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Complete amino acid sequence of the erythrocyte enzyme. AB - The entire amino acid sequence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from human erythrocytes has been defined. Peptide fragments formed by cleavage at arginine, glutamic acid, and methionine residues were analyzed by Edman degradation or digestion with carboxypeptidase. The complete primary structure of human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was established by sequence analysis of 17 peptide fragments, 15 of which were purified by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The enzyme is 217 residues long with a molecular weight equal to 24,470. Mass spectroscopy indicated that the NH2-terminal alanine is acetylated. PMID- 7107640 TI - Rate-limiting step and control of coenzyme A synthesis in cardiac muscle. AB - Control of coenzyme A synthesis was studied in isolated, perfused rat hearts. Pantothenic acid (PA), coenzyme A, and intermediates in the the pathway were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. The amount of 14C label in each of the metabolites was determined in tissue extracts when [14C]PA was supplied in the perfusate. The rate-controlling steps in the pathway were determined by measuring the net rate of [14C]PA flux through each of the reactions. The data indicated that the primary site of control in the pathway was the pantothenate kinase-catalyzed reaction, the first intracellular step in the conversion of PA to CoA. The rate of this reaction was inhibited by including glucose, pyruvate, fatty acids, or beta-hydroxybutyrate in the perfusate of isolated hearts. Pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate caused a much greater inhibition than did glucose. Insulin was a strong inhibitor, but only in the presence of glucose. Insulin had no effect in hearts receiving either no substrate or palmitate as substrate. Collectively, these data indicated that an unknown tissue metabolite whose level changed with each of these substrates and insulin is a strong regulator of pantothenate kinase. Synthesis of CoA occurred in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. Accelerated mitochondrial CoA synthesis appeared to be dependent upon the production and accumulation of 4'-phosphopantotheine, which occurred only when pantothenate kinase was stimulated. PMID- 7107642 TI - Metabolism of apolipoprotein E in plasma high density lipoproteins from normal and cholesterol-fed rats. AB - High density lipoproteins of rat blood plasma were labeled in vitro with radioiodinated apolipoprotein E and biologically with [3H]cholesteryl esters. These two components, present in high density lipoproteins separated from serum of normal or cholesterol-fed rats by molecular sieve chromatography, were removed slowly from perfused livers and the labeled apolipoprotein E was also removed slowly from the blood of intact rats. However, when labeled serum was subjected to ultracentrifugation at a density of 1.21 g/ml before the floating apolipoprotein E-labeled high density lipoproteins were separated by chromatography, the labeled protein was rapidly removed from the blood of intact rats by uptake into the liver. About one-half of the labeled apolipoprotein E associated with high density lipoproteins was dissociated during ultracentrifugation, but most of it reassociated with the these lipoproteins when the floating lipoproteins were remixed with the sedimented serum proteins. The apolipoprotein E in such reassociated high density lipoproteins was removed from the blood of intact rats at the slow rate observed when the high density lipoproteins were separated chromatographically from whole serum. About 90% of the labeled apolipoprotein E in uncentrifuged or centrifuged high density lipoproteins was shown by affinity chromatography to be associated with particles containing apolipoprotein A-I. Rapid hepatic uptake of apolipoprotein E in centrifuged high density lipoproteins may result from an altered conformation of the apolipoprotein E on the particle surface. PMID- 7107643 TI - Localization of renal vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase to tubule cells. AB - The renal vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase was present in microsomes prepared from the renal cortex as well as the inner and outer medulla of several species. When glomeruli were isolated from either dog or rat renal cortex, microsomes prepared from these glomeruli were devoid of carboxylase activity. Proximal tubules were isolated from rabbit renal cortex; microsomes derived from these tubules had easily measurable carboxylase activity. The experiments demonstrate that the vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is located in renal tubule cells. Since the enzyme is found not only in cortex but also inner and outer medulla, its distribution is not restricted to specific tubule segments. PMID- 7107644 TI - Macromolecular complexes from sheep and rabbit containing seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. I. Species specificity of the polypeptide composition. AB - Using a three-step procedure designed to minimize the risks of proteolysis, high molecular weight complexes containing the same seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for isoleucine, leucine, methionine, lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, and glutamine were purified from sheep liver and spleen, as well as from rabbit reticulocytes and liver. The polypeptide composition of these complexes, as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is characteristic of the animal species from which they are derived. The complexes from sheep liver and spleen display indistinguishable polypeptide patterns composed of 11 major components. Of the 10 common components which characterize the complexes of rabbit reticulocytes and liver, 4 are also shared by the complexes from sheep, while 6 have distinctly different electrophoretic mobilities. Furthermore, in the case of the complex from rabbit reticulocytes, it is shown that the enzyme and polypeptide composition of the complex is independent of the purification method employed. The isolation of high molecular weight complexes of identical aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and polypeptide compositions from two cell types as radically different as rabbit reticulocytes and hepatocytes suggests that these multienzyme complexes do not arise as artifacts of preparation and supports the view that they reflect a structural organization existing within the cell. PMID- 7107645 TI - Macromolecular complexes from sheep and rabbit containing seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. II. Structural characterization of the polypeptide components and immunological identification of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase subunit. AB - The extensively purified multienzyme complexes from sheep and rabbit livers containing seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for Ile, Leu, Met, Gln, Glu, Lys, and Arg displayed characteristic one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns composed of 11 and 10 major polypeptide components, respectively. Their polypeptide compositions revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, including isoelectric focusing in 9 M urea, were not significantly more complex. The isoelectric point of each component from the two complexes fell within the pH range of 6.2 to 7.1, with the notable exception of the common polypeptide of Mr = 43,000 which was distinctly basic. The apparent molecular weight of each component from both complexes was determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptides, corresponding to molecular weights of 139,000, 129,000, 43,000, and 38,000 were common to both complexes. The other components from the two complexes displayed similar yet clearly distinct molecular weights. The molar ratios of the polypeptides, estimated by densitometry scanning of stained SDS-polyacrylamide gels, indicated that several components from each complex may be present as more than one copy. Following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the methionyl-tRNA synthetase component from each complex was identified by the protein blotting procedure, using specific antibodies and 125I-labeled protein A. The unique labeled bands from the complexes of sheep and rabbit precisely matched the major polypeptides of Mr = 103,000 and 108,000, respectively. Mild trypsin treatment of the two native complexes generated fully active forms of methionyl-tRNA synthetase, with molecular weights of 68,000 and 69,500, respectively. The kinetics of proteolysis showed that modification proceeded sequentially through discrete intermediates. PMID- 7107646 TI - Macromolecular complexes from sheep and rabbit containing seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. III. Assignment of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities to the polypeptide components of the complexes. PMID- 7107649 TI - Chromatin reorganization during spermatogenesis in the winter flounder. AB - During spermatogenesis in the winter flounder, the average repeat length of nucleosomal DNA in the testis increases from 195 +/- 2 base pairs in prespermatid nuclei to 222 +/- 3 base pairs in sperm. This increase in repeat length apparently occurs in the linker region since there is no change in the pattern of DNA fragments produced during micrococcal nuclease digestion of the nucleosome core. The timing of the increase coincides with the loss of phosphate from the high molecular weight basic nuclear proteins and histones H2A and H4. When prespermatid nuclei are digested with micrococcal nuclease to the point where 10% of the DNA is acid-soluble, mononucleosomes and higher oligomers are readily released. However, when sperm chromatin is digested to the same extent, these products are no longer soluble and only traces of H1 and small DNA fragments are released. This situation is not changed in sperm chromatin that has been depleted of H1 by extraction with 0.4 M NaCl. However, if nuclease-treated sperm chromatin is lightly digested with trypsin, mono- and oligonucleosomes are released. At this level of proteolysis, the high molecular weight basic nuclear proteins are completely broken down, but the core histones are largely intact. These data are consistent with a model in which the unphosphorylated high molecular weight basic nuclear proteins function in cross-linking nucleosomes together within the sperm nucleus. PMID- 7107648 TI - Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans synthesized by human colon and colon carcinoma. AB - The biosynthesis of proteoglycans in short term organ culture of human colon and colon carcinoma was studied. Proteoglycans, labeled with [35S]sulfate and [3H]serine, were extracted with either 4 M or 0.5 M guanidine HCl in the presence of protease inhibitors and sequentially purified by associative and dissociative CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation. Normal colon synthesized two polydisperse classes of proteoglycans: a large heparan sulfate-containing monomer, with a Kav of 0.48 on Sepharose CL-2B and a small dermatan sulfate containing monomer with a Kav of 0.65. A portion (25%) of the proteoglycans was found as aggregate when chromatographed under associative conditions, and the larger monomers interacted with hyaluronic acid to an extent greater than the smaller proteoglycans. Following papain or alkali treatment, the free glycosaminoglycan side chains of both monomers eluted as a single broad peak (Kav = 0.5) from Sepharose CL-6B, with an estimated Mr of 20 X 10(3). In contrast, colon carcinoma synthesized only one proteoglycan monomer, which aggregated to a limited extent (12%). This proteoglycan population, with a Kav of 0.7 on CL-2B, contained chondroitin sulfate as the major glycosaminoglycan (greater than 81%), with small amounts of dermatan sulfate. The glycosaminoglycans had an estimated Mr of 9 X 10(3), and the disaccharides released by chondroitinase ABC consisted of 32% 4-sulfate and 68% 6-sulfate. Electron microscopy of mixed proteoglycancytochrome c monolayers from the associative fractions of normal and neoplastic colon revealed aggregated complexes which were similar in over structure, although smaller than the proteoglycan aggregates from cartilage. PMID- 7107647 TI - Feedback regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in vascular endothelial cells. Separate sterol and non-sterol components. PMID- 7107650 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of sulfated glycoproteins synthesized by corneal epithelium. AB - The corneal epithelia isolated from 19-day-old chick embryos were incubated with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine. More than 95% of the isotope-labeled sulfated glycoconjugates were extracted with 4 M guanidine/HCl, 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 6.0, and 0.5% Triton X-100 and separated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B into two major fractions, i.e. sulfated glycoprotein and sulfated proteoglycan fractions. Mild alkali treatment of the sulfated proteoglycan fraction and characterization of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans enabled the identification of heparan sulfate ([35S], 81%; [3H], 91%) and chondroitin sulfate ([35S], 19%; [3H], 9%). Fractionation of the sulfated glycoprotein fraction on Sepharose CL-6B resulted in the separation of four sulfated glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 70,000, 130,000, 280,000, and over 2,000,000. The products of alkaline borohydride treatment of the sulfated glycoproteins separated into three fractions on Sephadex G-75, two fractions contained sulfated oligosaccharides, and the third one contained inorganic sulfate and N-acetyl-galactosaminitol. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into higher molecular weight fraction of the two fractions was selectively inhibited by tunicamycin, whereas that incorporated into the smaller molecular weight fraction was not inhibited by the drug and, rather, was activated. These results suggest that the former contains N glycosidically linked sulfated glycopeptides, and the latter is derived from O glycosidically linked sulfated oligosaccharide side chains. PMID- 7107651 TI - Cell-free translations of proline-rich protein mRNAs. AB - Treatment of rats with the beta-agonist isoproterenol causes a dramatic increase in a series of proteins rich in proline (proline-rich proteins) in the parotid glands (Muenzer, J., Bildstein, C., Gleason, M., and Carlson, D. M. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5623, 5629). These proteins which contain about 43% proline, comprise more than 50% of the total soluble protein of glands of rats treated with isoproterenol for 10 days. Further studies by in vitro translation analysis using the reticulocyte lysate system and labeling with [3H]proline or [35S]methionine show definitive changes in patterns of protein synthesis and proline-rich protein mRNAs are highly elevated in treated animals. Analysis of translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed (1) very little synthesis of proline-rich proteins from poly(A+) RNA of glands of normal rats, (2) poly(A+) RNA from glands of treated animals synthesize mainly proline-rich proteins, (3) translations with [3H]proline and [35S]methionine give identical labeling patterns from cell-free translations are all precipitated by antibodies to proline-rich proteins. At least six different proline-rich proteins are translated with poly(A+) mRNA from glands of treated animals. Each of these proteins is likely a translation product of a separate, specific mRNA. The dramatic changes in protein synthesis of rat parotid glands in response to isoproterenol treatment suggest to us that the parotid gland of the isoproterenol-treated rat is an excellent model system to study the overall responsiveness of gene expression to catecholamines. PMID- 7107652 TI - Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. I. Network structure of the set state. AB - As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, their chemistry was investigated. This information, the dependence of the stress relaxation modulus of the set material on the catalyst/base ratios, and the level of diluent were used to elucidate the network structure. Such information is required before the rheological behavior during cure can be understood. The clinical significance of the recommended catalyst/base ratio is discussed. PMID- 7107653 TI - Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. II. viscosity measurements. AB - As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, a cone and plate rheometer was used to measure the variation in viscosity due to chain growth. The dependence of this behavior on the catalyst/base ratio, retarding and accelerating agents, and alternative initiators was studied and rationalized in terms of the polymerization chemistry investigated previously. Limited success was achieved with the quantitative interpretation of this data in terms of the polymerization kinetics. Of clinical relevance, only the viscosity behavior of the imine-terminated polyether and one of the thiol-terminated polysulfides approached that of an ideal impression material. PMID- 7107654 TI - Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. III. Dynamic stress relaxation modulus. AB - As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, the 10-s stress relaxation modulus was measured as a function of the curing time. The influence of the catalyst/base ratio was also investigated and compared with the pregel viscosity previously studied. Using the theory of network formation and an understanding of the chemistry of these materials, the modulus data were interpreted in terms of the polymerization kinetics. The addition silicones exhibited the most abrupt transition between the gel and final set stage, which is close the ideal response. The clinical significant of the results is discussed. PMID- 7107655 TI - The influence of implant geometry on the stress distribution around dental implants. AB - A three-dimensional finite element stress analysis has been used to investigate the influence that variations in the infrastructural geometry of a blade-type dental implant have on the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide implants. The finite element model was constructed based upon an analysis of serial sections of a retrieved implant specimen. In addition to the implant, the finite element model contained a three-unit fixed bridge connected to a natural molar with periodontal membrane. The removal of the bridge allowed for the study of freestanding implants and molar. Variations of the implant blade geometry were found to produce significant changes in the stress distributions around bridged and freestanding aluminum oxide implants. Very little effect, however, was observed around the LTI carbon implants. A comparison of the stresses around the freestanding molar and the stresses around the bridged and freestanding implants was made to determine the implant design that came closest to reproducing the stress state around the modeled molar. The LTI carbon system that best achieved this stress state was found to be a full-blade implant used in conjunction with a tooth as an abutment in a fixed bridge. The aluminum oxide system that best achieved this stress state was found to be of the post or short blade design used as a freestanding implant. PMID- 7107657 TI - Analysis of retrieved implants: crystallinity changes in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. AB - The extent of in vivo induced structural alterations were evaluated in 13 retrieved implants ranging from two weeks' to seven years' implantation. A statistically significant difference in crystallinity was seen between weight bearing and non-weight-bearing regions of the implants. Further, in the weight bearing region, crystallinity was higher in components implanted for two or more years than in those implanted for less than one-half year. These results were consistent with our prior in vitro study on the effects of sterilization and aging. Taken together, the data indicate that UHMW polyethylene is not a static material but is continually dynamic changes in vivo. PMID- 7107656 TI - Blood-materials interactions: the minimum interfacial free energy and the optimum polar/apolar ratio hypotheses. AB - Numerous hypotheses exist to explain observed blood-materials interactions. It is the purpose of this article to test two popular hypotheses, namely, the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis and the optimum polar/apolar ratio hypothesis. Methacrylate polymers and copolymers were characterized using the captive bubble underwater contact angle method; bulk water content was determined by gravimetric methods; streaming potential measurements were made; and surface roughness and possible particulate contamination were evaluated by reflected light microscopy. In vitro blood tests include whole blood clotting time measurements on polymer coated tubes; centrifugal force platelet adhesion on polymer-coated coverslips; and a measure of the partial thromboplastin time, Russell's viper venom time (Stypven time), and the prothrombin time of native whole blood exposed to polymer coated microscope slides. Results suggest that platelet adhesion correlates in the opposite direction of whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time, emphasizing the need for a multiparameter approach to blood-materials testing. Based on these tests the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis is not supported. In fact, the data suggest the opposite to be true. It is apparent that platelet adhesion can be a misleading indicator of blood compatibility. Neither hypothesis can explain the apparent conflict between the platelet adhesion data and the coagulation time data. PMID- 7107658 TI - A study of sarcogenicity associated with Co-Cr-Mo particles implanted in animal muscle. AB - A study has been made of the sarcogenicity of particles of cobalt-chromium molybdenum alloy. The particles were implanted as a dry powder into a surgical incision into the dorsal paraspinal muscle of adult female rats and guinea pigs. Two preparations were used. In one, the particles had a size range of 100-250 micrometers. This preparation was implanted into 51 Wistar rats. In the other, the particles had a size range of 0.5-50 micrometers, 85% being in the range 0.5 5 micrometers. This preparation was implanted into 61 Wistar rats, 53 hooded rats, and 46 Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Sham operations were carried out on a control group of 50 Wistar rats. No malignant neoplasms developed at the test or control operation sites during the time periods for which the animals survived. This negative finding contrasts with that from a previous study by Health, Freeman and Swanson, who observed sarcomas in rats at sites of intramuscular injection of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum particles suspended in horse serum. Possible explanations for this difference in results are discussed. PMID- 7107659 TI - NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. II. The role of tartaric acid in glass ionomer cements. PMID- 7107661 TI - Intramedullary fixation of artificial hip joints with bone cement-precoated implants. II. Density and histological study. AB - Bilateral coxofemoral hemiarthroplasties were performed in dogs using experimental and control implants, which were fixed with bone cement. The stem of the experimental implant was precoated with bone cement, about 2 mm thick. After 1, 3, and 6 months the femora with implant specimens were harvested and sectioned for mechanical and histological evaluation. Histological observations on the implant-bone interface and density measurements of the bone cement are reported. The density of the precoated bone cement was higher than the same cement used for implant fixation at the time of implantation (1.202 vs. 1.188 g/mL). The precoating also resulted in milder histological reactions, including thinner fibrous tissue capsule and smaller gap between bone and cement. The present results and the previously reported mechanical findings strongly support our hypothesis that a better and longer lasting prosthesis fixation can be achieved using cement-precoated prosthesis combined with the customary cement fixation technique. PMID- 7107660 TI - Intramedullary fixation of artificial hip joints with bone cement-precoated implants. I. Interfacial strengths. AB - In order to minimize the problems associated with implant fixation using acrylic bone cement, a new technique has been investigated. Canine hip prostheses were precoated with self-curing acrylic bone cement and implanted in random source dogs using the same cement for fixation, a precoated prosthesis on one side and an uncoated (control) on the other. After 1, 3, and 6 months, both femora were excised and sectioned for mechanical assessment of the interfaces among bone, cement, and implant. It was found that the precoated implants had much higher interfacial shear strengths than the uncoated ones (average 14.2 and 6.8 MPa for implant-cement interface; 2.0 and 1.2 MPa for the cement-bone interface for all implant periods). The precoated "old" cement and the "new" cement's interfacial shear strength was the strongest with an average of 15.1 MPa for all implant periods. The present results indicate that the precoated hemiarthroplastic implants provide a firmer intramedullary fixation than the traditional, uncoated implants. PMID- 7107662 TI - Ex vivo shunt testing of hydrogel-silicone rubber composite materials. AB - Hydrogel polymers consisting of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) alone or co polymerized with NVP N-(vinyl pyrrolidone) were incorporated into silicone rubber tubing to produce hydrophilic composite materials. Polymerization methods of the interpenetrating network (IPN) and radiation-induced type were used to impregnate the silicone rubber substrates. These methods produced materials with varied wettability (contact angle with water ranged from 57 degrees to 95 degrees) but similar texture. The surface morphology as observed in the scanning electron microscope was the same for all the materials. Four types of composite materials and two sizes of silicone rubber control tubing in a total of 19 dogs were used as ex vivo femoral artery-to-vein (A-V) shunts and were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Data obtained by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the type and amount of adhering blood cells at the time intervals described. Large platelet aggregates and/or a variable initial response were found to be predictors of shunt failure (occlusion). Most samples showed only varied levels of platelet adhesion, but other cell types were seen in some samples. The adhesion was found to peak in all cases by 30 min and to reach lower levels by 60 min, suggesting that an initial phase of reaction was complete. The course of platelet adhesion for a 60-min period is presented. PMID- 7107663 TI - Correlation of corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity in Au-Cu-Ag ternary alloys. AB - Data from earlier investigation of Au-Cu-Ag ternary alloys indicate that there may be a relationship between an alloy's corrosion behavior and its biological effects. Corrosion properties were determined using standard potentio dynamic techniques and the biological effect was assessed as cytotoxicity in vitro. Linear mathematical methods were used to analyze the data and model the systems. A direct correlation was found between corrosion properties and cytotoxic response. PMID- 7107665 TI - Social and environmental factors as criteria for success in artificial insemination by donor (AID). PMID- 7107664 TI - Artificial insemination by donor: a review of 12 years' experience. PMID- 7107667 TI - Fertility regulation in nursing women: I. The probability of conception in full nursing women living in an urban setting. PMID- 7107666 TI - Death loss, fetal wastage and completed family size. PMID- 7107668 TI - Community attitudes to cancer. PMID- 7107669 TI - The subpulmonic pleural effusion: sonographic aspects. AB - A pleural effusion might be missed on an ultrasound examination if it is done only with the patient in a supine position. Ultrasound should be done sitting or standing to rule out pleural effusions. A patient is presented who had a subpulmonic pleural effusion on a chest radiography. The effusion was not visualized on supine sonography but was clearly visualized with the patient upright. PMID- 7107670 TI - Tissue necrosis following extravasation of contrast material. PMID- 7107671 TI - Tarsal pseudo-coalition. PMID- 7107673 TI - Choledochocele: not a form of choledochal cyst. PMID- 7107672 TI - Radiology of non-immune hydrops fetalis. AB - A woman presented with polyhydramnios when 33 weeks pregnant, and three weeks later delivered an infant with idiopathic non-immune hydrops fetalis. Ultrasonic scanning before birth showed a severely edematous infant. An abdominal radiograph revealed the classical "Buddha" position of fetal hydrops. The cause of the infant's hypoalbuminemia could not be determined, but the infant responded quickly to intravenous albumin and to thoracentesis for the large pleural effusions. As non-immune hydrops becomes proportionately more common, radiologists should be aware that the diagnosis of "hydrops fetalis" is not synonymous with "erythroblastosis." PMID- 7107674 TI - Intrathoracic liposarcoma: abnormal regional xenon-133 V/Q study. PMID- 7107676 TI - Hematocolpos and unilateral renal agenesis: a case report. PMID- 7107675 TI - Ischiogluteal tuberculous bursitis with progressive bony destruction. PMID- 7107677 TI - Whither lymphoscintigraphy? PMID- 7107678 TI - Getting the most out of more. AB - The Canadian health care system is like the leaning tower of Pisa--a fine structure which everyone wants to preserve and improve. The officials in charge are caught between demands from those who want a new escalator for the visitors, and those who say the main priority is to find ways to prevent the tower from falling over. Our system has evolved in a sound and orderly way and few would wish to dismantle it. It has become caught up in conflict between pressures for growth and problems of how to pay for that growth. The challenge is to keep the system as a whole viable, while adding improvements in a fair and rational manner. No specific solutions are suggested, but rather a positive approach to finding them. While there will be no easy victories, this suggestion should be considered seriously by any who have an interest in getting the most out of more for Canadians. PMID- 7107679 TI - Cigarette smoking and duodenal coating with barium. AB - A review of two hundred and fifty-eight double contrast barium meal examinations was carried out in a single blind study of the relationship between smoking and the ability to visualize gastric and duodenal mucosal detail. A strong correlation was found between poor duodenal visualization and smoking in the period immediately prior to the examination. Patient compliance with a typed instruction sheet forbidding smoking was found to be poor. It may be possible to improve compliance by including, in the written instructions, an explicit statement that smoking shortly before barium meal examination may cause lesions to be missed. PMID- 7107681 TI - Serpentine lumbar nerve roots. AB - This is a report of six patients with serpentine nerve roots found in 15 examples of near-block in 110 consecutive myelograms. None of the other myelograms showed such serpentine roots and some degree of obstruction appears necessary for their formation, leading to intermittent stretching of the nerve roots over large spurs and gradual advancement of the nerve root to a higher level. Serpentine roots are not to be confused with other lesions such as arteriovenous malformations. In patients with a high degree of block, serpentine roots are probably relatively common when investigated by methods such as those used here. PMID- 7107680 TI - Halo around the gallbladder--a prognostic sign? AB - The implications of the finding of a sonolucent zone around the gallbladder, characterized on ultrasonography by loss of definition of the outer (serosal) aspect of the gallbladder wall with a moderately well defined inner (mucosal) surface in patients with signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis, are described. Of the nine consecutive patients with this finding, five were found to have gangrenous cholecystitis and/or perforation of the gallbladder at surgery. Four of these patients were operated upon within 24 hours of the ultrasound study, one 19 days later. The pathologic basis for this finding is thought to represent massive thickening of the gallbladder wall, with a possible contribution from adherent edematous omentum in the region of the fundus of the gallbladder. Thus this finding of a sonolucent halo about the gallbladder was important in our series, being frequently an indicator of acute cholecystitis complicated by gangrene with or without perforation of the gallbladder. PMID- 7107682 TI - The ultrasonographic appearance of abdominal leiomyosarcomas. AB - Patients suffering from five primary and three secondary, large, non-uterine, abdominal leiomyosarcomas were examined by ultrasound. Seven demonstrated a mass with an echogenic rim of varying thickness surrounding a central cystic component, while one showed a variation of this pattern. Pathological description of the cystic component contents, available in six examples, correlated well with the sonographic findings. Due to the relative frequency with which large leiomyosarcomas present in this fashion, a pre-biopsy diagnosis should be possible in the majority. PMID- 7107683 TI - Bifid blind-ending ureter. AB - Six patients with bifid blind-ending ureter diagnosed at excretory urography are presented. In four of six patients the blind ureter was an incidental discovery. All had a characteristic appearance on urography consisting of an elongated contrast-filled tubular structure which usually terminated in a bulbous proximal tip. Demonstration of the rounded tip at excretory urography is important as it indicates the entire blind ureter has been opacified, obviating the need for retrograde pyelography. PMID- 7107684 TI - Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. PMID- 7107685 TI - L-malposed great arteries with situs solitus and concordant atrioventricular connection. AB - Reports on surgical repair of cases with L-malposition of the great arteries with situs solitus atrialis and concordant atrioventricular connection are uncommon. A review of the anatomical characteristics of these cases has shown several peculiarities that may have considerable important in planning operation. Among them we emphasize the morphology of the ventricular septal defects, possible outflow tract obstructions and coronary artery course, anomalies of the atrioventricular valves and the course of the conduction system. Each of these aspects is reviewed from a surgical viewpoint in the light of our combined previous surgical and anatomical experience and of a review of previous reports by other authors. PMID- 7107686 TI - The modified blalock-taussig shunt using microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). AB - From May 1977 to February 1981, 36 modified Blalock-Taussig shunts were performed in 34 patients for a variety of cyanotic congenital cardiac lesions. Microporous expanded PTFE was utilised as a conduit between the subclavian artery and the ipsilateral pulmonary artery. Graft diameter was 4 mm in 15 cases, 6 mm in 17 cases, and 8 mm in the remaining 4. Age at time of operation ranged from one day to 22 years. Fourteen shunts were performed in infants less than one year old. Overall operative mortality was 5.5 per cent. There were 6 shunt failures (16.6%) and all were the smallest diameter graft. Overall actuarial shunt survival at 2 years was 81.2 per cent. This shunt has all the advantages of the original Blalock-Taussig procedure. In addition, it preserves the integrity of the subclavian artery and minimizes the technical problems associated with the classical shunt. It is the procedure of choice at our hospital. PMID- 7107687 TI - Thermokinetics of cold cardioplegic arrest. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the rapidity with which the heart rewarms following cold cardioplegic arrest depends upon the technique of cannulation. In dogs, temperatures were monitored at multiple myocardial sites during rewarming, using four different cannulation techniques: caval cannulation with total bypass, caval cannulation with partial bypass, atrioventricular cannulation, and atrial cannulation. A mathematical model was constructed to facilitate analysis of the data, assuming that the rewarming process can be described by first order kinetics. Using this model, the half time of rewarming was defined as the time required for the myocardium to rewarm halfway from initial temperature to core temperature. Analyzing the several cannulation techniques in terms of the half time of rewarming, several conclusions were drawn: myocardial temperature distribution is non-homogeneous, rewarming is relatively rapid, partial bypass produces more rapid rewarming than total bypass, atrioventricular cannulation produces more rapid rewarming than either caval or atrial cannulation, and the principle routes of rewarming were from the posterior parieties and from blood entering the right side of the heart during partial bypass. PMID- 7107688 TI - Comparative efficacy and tolerance of cefamandole and cephalothin as prophylaxis for open heart surgery: a randomized double-blind study. AB - Cephalothin, a common used agent for antimicrobial prophylaxis, was compared with cefamandole, a second generation semi-synthetic cephalosporin having a somewhat broader antimicrobial spectrum, in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of 201 patients undergoing elective open heart surgery. Cephalothin was administered to 101 patients and 100 received cefamandole. The protocol was not followed in 23 patients, 11 of whom received cephalothin and 12 cefamandole. Of 90 patients who could be evaluated for efficacy of cephalothin, two developed superficial wound infections and one developed an asymptomatic urinary tract infection. Five of 88 patients who received cefamandole developed infections; urinary tract infections in two, mediastinitis in one, a superficial wound infection in one, and pneumonia in one after prolonged endotracheal ventilation. Both were well tolerated with no adverse reactions attributed to either antibiotic. Cephalothin and cefamandole appear to provide similar efficacy and patient tolerance in open heart surgery; however, the drug regimen for cefamandole cost $83, whereas it was $58 for cephalothin. PMID- 7107690 TI - Distal bypass graft for limb salvage. AB - The use of "distal bypass grafts" in the lower extremity for limb salvage is controversial among vascular surgeons. Twenty-nine "distal grafts", defined as grafts with their distal anastomosis within 3 inches (7.5 cm) of the ankle malleoli, were performed. All patients selected for the procedure had an intact pedal arch in continuity with the grafted vessel and limited gangrene of the foot. The grafts consisted of 4 patients with grafts to the peroneal artery, 3 to the anterior tibial artery, 5 to the dorsalis pedis artery and 17 to the posterior tibial artery. Of the 29 grafts attempted, 22 (76%) continued to function from 6 months to 4 1/2 years postoperatively. The 22 successful grafts consisted of autogenous vein greater than 4 mm in diameter. Twenty-two limbs were salvaged by distal bypass more than 24 hours postoperatively were important prognostic indications. Careful attention to technique and the use of magnification were believed to be important aspects of successful graft construction. PMID- 7107689 TI - Changing factors influencing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. AB - A personal series of 354 abdominal aortic aneurysmectomies has been analyzed, consisting of 67 in 1961-1969, 152 in 1970-1975 and 135 in 1976-1980. Mean age has increased to 68.1 years with 81% over 60. Aneurysm size and associated diseases have remained constant. Operative mortality for non-ruptured aneurysms has decreased from 12% to 4.1% to 1.8% and for ruptured aneurysms has been 71%, 45% and 52%. In the non-ruptured group renal, pulmonary and cardiac complications and deaths have been reduced. Early graft complications have been 1 in the last 135 and 10 in the previous 152 operations, associated with 36% aorto-bifemoral and tube repairs in the last 5 years. Pre-operative preparation to minimize associated disease symptoms, sophisticated operative monitoring and fluid replacement and improved surgical techniques combined with intensive post operative care have evolved to produce better results in elective aneurysm repair. PMID- 7107691 TI - Alternatives to aortorenal revascularization. AB - Renal revascularization is a proven means of treating patients with renal artery disease and resultant hypertension. Currently aortorenal bypass is the mainstay of surgical treatment in most institutions. Alternate methods for renal revascularization are now available when use of abdominal aorta would be hazardous for aortorenal revascularization. Relative contraindications for use of the aorta in reconstructive renovascular surgery are previous aortic surgery, severe atherosclerosis, and asymptomatic small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Absolute contraindications include atheromatous obliterative disease, postirradiation aortitis, and retroperitoneal suppurative process involving the infrarenal aorta. The indications and surgical techniques of various forms of extra-aortic renal bypass procedures are presented. These extra-aortic procedures have effectively restored renal blood flow and are less hazardous than aortic replacement and concomitant renal revascularization. PMID- 7107692 TI - Vascular injuries in orthopaedic surgery. AB - (1) Vascular injuries in orthopaedic surgery are of great importance for the postoperative function of the extremity. (2) Hip replacement operation and orthopaedic operations on the knee seem to be predestined to such complications because of the close proximity of bone and vessels. (3) Early diagnosis and operative correction as soon as possible may prevent severe damage of the extremity. PMID- 7107694 TI - Arteriovenous fistulas of the mesenteric vessels. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - Arteriovenous fistulae of the mesenteric circulation are rare, only 30 cases having been reported in the English literature. These lesions may follow operations on the abdominal viscera or abdominal injuries, either blunt or penetrating. We report a case of an iatrogenic mesenteric arteriovenous fistula diagnosed 20 years after a small bowel resection for an ileocecal intussusception. A review of the English literature is presented and the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of mesenteric arteriovenous fistulas is discussed, with special emphasis on the possible sequelae of a hyperkinetic portal blood flow. PMID- 7107693 TI - Experimental study on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (E-PTFE) for portal vein reconstruction with combined operation of the digestive tract. AB - For evaluating the resistance of Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (E-PTFE) to infection, an E-PTFE vascular graft was exposed to intestinal contents and transplanted into the canine portal vein. In group A, E-PTFE tubular graft was inserted into the portal vein defect. In group B, choledochojejunostomy was also performed combined with the E-PTFE graft interposition. In an early stage infiltration of leukocytes was observed around the graft removed from the dog. However, exploration of the periprosthetic adventitial attachment revealed no infiltration of leukocytes in both groups more than three months after operation. The results showed no morphological difference in the formation of neointima and no statistical discrepancy of patency rates (X2-test; 0.5 less than p less than 0.75). These results demonstrated superiority of the E-PTFE vascular substitute in terms of being antithrombogenic and refractory to infection. PMID- 7107695 TI - Pneumococcal aortic valvar endocarditis with atrio-ventricular perforation. AB - A case of pneumococcal endocarditis, complicated by a left ventricular-right atrial fistula and a rapidly progressing cardiac failure in a 56 year-old man, is reported here. In the acute period, an aortic valve prosthesis was installed and the atrio-ventricular fistula was closed with patches of pericardium. After serious post-operative complications, the patient left the clinic, cured of his bacterial endocarditis. He unfortunately died two months later of a massive myocardial infarction caused by a previously unrecognized atheromatous stenosis of the anterior descending branch and occlusion of the circumflex vessel. The authors discuss the bacteriological, anatomopathological and clinical aspects of this rare complication of bacterial endocarditis in light of the current available literature. PMID- 7107696 TI - Diffuse hypoplasia of the thoracic aorta: surgical treatment with ascending aorta supracaeliac abdominal aorta bypass graft. PMID- 7107697 TI - Aneurysms of internal carotid artery. Report of two cases. PMID- 7107699 TI - Pinocytosis in mouse L-fibroblasts: ultrastructural evidence for a direct membrane shuttle between the plasma membrane and the lysosomal compartment. AB - Mouse L-fibroblasts internalized large amounts of cationized ferritin (CF) by pinocytosis. Initially (60-90 s after addition of CF to cell monolayers at 37 degrees C), CF was found in vesicles measuring 100-400 nm (sectioned diameter) and as small clusters adhering to the inner aspect of the limiting membrane of a few large (greater than 600 nm) vacuoles. After 5-30 min, CF labeling of large vacuoles was pronounced and continuous. Moreover, 70-80% of all labeled structures were tiny (less than 100 nm) vesicles. However, the absolute frequency of tiny vesicles increased more than twofold from 5 min to 30 min. When the cells were incubated with CF for 30 min, then washed and further incubated for 3 h without CF, almost all CF was present in dense bodies (100-500 nm). When L-cells were first incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), then washed and incubated with CF, double-labeled vacuoles were observed. Tiny vesicles also contained HRP CF, and small HRP-CF patches were localized on the cell surface. Distinct labeling of stacked Golgi cisterns was not observed in any experiment. These observations suggest that the numerous tiny vesicles are not endocytic but rather pinch off from the large vacuoles and move towards the cell surface to fuse with the plasma membrane. Thus, ultrastructural evidence is provided in favor of a direct membrane shuttle between the plasma membrane and the lysosomal compartment. PMID- 7107698 TI - Retinoic acid induces embryonal carcinoma cells to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. AB - Murine embryonal carcinoma cells can differentiate into a varied spectrum of cell types. We observed the abundant and precocious development of neuronlike cells when embryonal carcinoma cells of various pluripotent lines were aggregated and cultured in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of retinoic acid. Neuronlike cells were also formed in retinoic acid-treated cultures of the embryonal carcinoma line, P19, which does not differentiate into neurons in the absence of the drug. The neuronal nature of these cells was confirmed by their staining with antiserum directed against neurofilament protein in indirect immunofluorescence experiments. Retinoic acid-treated cultures also contained elevated acetylcholinesterase activity. Glial cells, identified by immunofluorescence analysis of their intermediate filaments, and a population of fibroblastlike cells were also present in retinoic acid-treated cultures of P19 cells. We did not observe embryonal carcinoma, muscle, or epithelial cells in these cultures. Neurons and glial cells appeared in cultures exposed to retinoic acid for as little as 48 h. We found no evidence for retinoic acid toxicity, suggesting that the effect of the drug was to induce the development of neurons and glia rather than to select against cells differentiating along other developmental pathways. PMID- 7107700 TI - Structure and function of rat liver polysome populations. II. Characterization of polyadenylate-containing mRNA associated with subpopulations of membrane-bound particles. AB - Poly(A)+RNA fractions prepared from free and loosely and tightly membrane-bound polysome populations (poly(A)+RNAfree, poly(A)+RNAloose, and poly(A)+RNAtight) were used to drive cDNA in homologous and heterologous hybridization reactions. A large fraction by mass of sequences was shared among the three poly(A)+RNA populations, but shared sequences exhibited distinct frequency distributions within the different populations. 13-15 in vitro translation products of poly(A)+RNAfree and poly(A)+RNAloose detected by gel electrophoresis were shared. Most of these were produced in different relative quantities by the two RNA populations. Five or six higher mol wt polypeptides were produced by poly(A)+RNAloose that were not detected as products of either poly(A)+free or poly(A)+RNAtight. We suggest that loosely bound polysomes may not be artifactually derived as reflected in their quantitatively distinct poly(A)+RNA population. Two tightly membrane-bound RNP fractions were prepared from rat liver on the basis of their release from or retention on purified rough microsomes or a crude membrane fraction after in vitro disaggregation of polysomes with high-salt and puromycin. Homologous and heterologous hybridizations involving their poly(A)+RNA fractions revealed that a large portion by mass of sequences was shared but that these sequences exhibited distinct frequency distributions in the two fractions. The RNA fractions produced exhibited distinct frequency distributions in the two fractions. The RNA fractions produced an identical set of in vitro translation products but individual polypeptides were produced in different relative quantities. This indicates that the two RNP fractions do not arise by any random artifactual process and suggests that they may represent functionally distinct populations. PMID- 7107701 TI - Regulation of sterol transport in human microvascular endothelial cells. AB - In cultured human dermal microvessel endothelial cells, the rate of efflux (about twofold greater than for fibroblasts under equivalent conditions) was coupled to an equivalent high rate of sterol net transport from the cells to the medium. This net transport was linked with esterification via lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Since the use of free sterol by plasma transferase is constant, such increased net transport indicates that endothelial cells are highly efficient, in competition with plasma lipoproteins, in supplying free sterol for esterification. These results indicate the marked ability of endothelial cells to regulate and maintain their sterol balance in the face of high sterol levels to which these cells are uniquely exposed in human plasma. PMID- 7107703 TI - Human neutrophils endocytose multivalent ligands from the surface of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni before membrane fusion. AB - Human buffy coat cells adhering to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni that were preincubated in fluorochrome-conjugated concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin, lentil lectin, or purified IgG from a hyperimmunized rabbit, were examined by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy and by freeze fracture. All four fluorochrome-conjugated multivalent ligands were homogeneously distributed on the parasite surface after preincubation. Within 1-3 h after the addition of cells, large areas of nonfluorescence, 10-20 micrometer in diameter, were seen on the parasite surface. In addition, the fluorochromes were observed in granules within the cells. Electron microscope autoradiography of worms preincubated with 125I-Con A showed silver grains evenly distributed over the tegumental membrane. After the addition of cells, grains were seen over phagolysosomes in the cytoplasm of neutrophils adhering to the parasites. In addition, no grains were present over large areas of the tegumental membrane, which still retained its normal architecture, or over fusions between the neutrophil plasma membrane and the outer tegumental membrane. Rabbit IgG formed an electron-dense layer on the tegumental membrane which was endocytosed by neutrophils. Both neutrophils and eosinophils fused with the parasite in areas containing no electron-dense material on the surface. It is concluded that human neutrophils will endocytose a variety of multivalent ligands from the surface of schistosomula, which probably accounts for the failure of neutrophils to kill the parasite and acts to clear the parasite surface of both antigen and antibody. Presumably, the components of the parasite surface which have originally bound the ligands are also endocytosed since surface components labeled by galactose oxidase and NaB3H4 are taken into cells when examined by light microscope autoradiography. Finally, membrane fusion occurs in areas devoid of multivalent glands, which suggests that these ligands serve to bring the cells and parasites close together, but the actual fusigens probably reside in the lipids in the outer tegumental membrane. PMID- 7107702 TI - Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni clear concanavalin A from their surface by sloughing. AB - The lectin concanavalin A (Con A) was used as a model probe to study the behavior of molecules bound to the surface of recently transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. Con A binding was saturable (150-180 pg/organism) and specifically competed by alpha-methyl mannoside. Both FITC-Con A and 125-I-Con A were lost from the surface of schistosomula with a halftime of 8-10 h in culture in defined medium. A comparable decrease in the binding of Con A to schistosomula cultured and then labeled with the lectin indicated that the labeling procedure itself was not inducing the observed change. Internalization of Con A was not seen by either fluorescence microscopy or electron microscope radioautography. In addition, 70-80% of the radioactivity lost from the parasite was recoverable by TCA precipitation from the culture medium as intact Con A (27,000 mol wt on SDS PAGE). Thus, the mechanism of clearance of bound Con A from the surface of cultured schistosomula is apparently by sloughing of Con A molecules intact into the culture media and not by endocytosis and degradation. Con A binding sites, visualized with hemocyanin by scanning electron microscopy, appeared homogeneously distributed over the surface of schistosomula when organisms were labeled at 4 degree C or after fixation with glutaraldehyde. However, Con A and hemocyanin formed aggregates on the surface of schistosomula when labeling was performed at 37 degrees C, which suggests that lectin binding sites have lateral mobility within the plane of the membrane. These aggregates are likely independent of metabolism by the parasite because aggregation also occurs on the surface of organisms killed with azide. PMID- 7107704 TI - Relationship between the density distribution of intramembrane particles and electron transfer in the mitochondrial inner membrane as revealed by cholesterol incorporation. AB - A low pH method of liposome-membrane fusion (Schneider et al., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77:442) was used to enrich the mitochondrial inner membrane lipid bilayer 30-700% with exogenous phospholipid and cholesterol. By varying the phospholipid-to-cholesterol ratio of the liposomes it was possible to incorporate specific amounts of cholesterol (up to 44 mol %) into the inner membrane bilayer in a controlled fashion. The membrane surface area increased proportionally to the increase in total membrane bilayer lipid. Inner membrane enriched with phospholipid only, or with phospholipid plus cholesterol up to 20 mol %, showed randomly distributed intramembrane particles (integral proteins) in the membrane plane, and the average distance between intramembrane particles increased proportionally to the amount of newly incorporated lipid. Membranes containing between 20 and 27 mol % cholesterol exhibited small clusters of intramembrane particles while cholesterol contents above 27 mol % resulted in larger aggregations of intramembrane particles. In phospholipid-enriched membranes with randomly dispersed intramembrane particles, electron transfer activities from NADH- and succinate-dehydrogenase to cytochrome c decreased proportionally to the increase in distance between the particles. In contrast, these electron-transfer activities increased with decreasing distances between intramembrane particles brought about by cholesterol incorporation. These results indicate that (a) catalytically interacting redox components in the mitochondrial inner membrane such as the dehydrogenase complexes, ubiquinone, and heme proteins are independent, laterally diffusible components; (b) the average distance between these redox components is effected by the available surface area of the membrane lipid bilayer; and (c) the distance over which redox components diffuse before collision and electron transfer mediates the rate of such transfer. PMID- 7107705 TI - Coupling of proadipocyte growth arrest and differentiation. I. Induction by heparinized medium containing human plasma. AB - The differentiation of proadipocytes in vitro typically required prolonged culture of cells as a high density in high concentrations of serum and added hormones. With such culture conditions it is difficult to design experiments to determine the mechanisms that control the differentiation process. We now describe the rapid and parasynchronous growth arrest and differentiation of low density murine proadipocytes in heparinized medium containing only human plasma. When low density cells are cultured under these conditions, growth arrest at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle occurs within 2 d and the differentiation of 80-100% of the cell population occurs within 4 d thereafter. The factors in human plasma which promote growth arrest and differentiation are heat labile and can be separated by barium adsorption. In the following paper we have used these methods to show that there are five separate phases which regulate the coupling of proadipocyte growth arrest and differentiation. The data reported in this paper establish that: (a) high cell density and extensive cell to-cell contact are not required for adipocyte differentiation, (b) prolonged culture is not required for adipocyte differentiation, and (c) high concentrations of serum and/or added hormones are not required for adipocyte differentiation. PMID- 7107706 TI - Differentiated microdomains on the luminal surface of capillary endothelium: distribution of lectin receptors. AB - Lectins conjugated with either peroxidase or ferritin were used to detect specific monosaccharide residues on the luminal front of he fenestrated endothelium in the capillaries of murine pancreas and intestinal mucosa. The lectins tested recognize, if accessible, the following residues: alpha-N acetylgalactosaminyl (soybean lectin), beta-D-galactosyl (peanut agglutinin [PA] and Ricinus communis agglutinin-120 [RCA]), beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl and sialyl residues (wheat germ agglutinin [WGA]), alpha-L-fucosyl (lotus tetragonolobus lectin), and alpha-D-glucosyl and beta-D-mannosyl (concanavalin A [ConA]). Thi labeled lectins were introduced by perfusion in situ after thoroughly flushing with phosphate-buffered saline the microvascular beds under investigation. Specimens were fixed by perfusion, and subsequently processed for peroxidase detection and electron microscopy. Control experiments included perfusion with: (a) unlabeled lectin before lectin conjugate; (b) labeled lectin together with the cognate hapten sugar, and (c) horseradish peroxidase or ferritin alone. Binding sites were found to be relatively homogeneously distributed on the plasmalemma proper, except for Lotus tetragonolobus lectin and Con A, which frequently bound in patches. Plasmalemmal vesicles, transendothelial channels, and their associated diaphragms were particularly rich in residues recognized by RCA and PA (beta-D-galactosyl residues) and by WGA (beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl residues). Receptors for all lectins tested appeared to be absent or considerably less concentrated on fenestral diaphragms. The results reported here extend and complement previous findings on the existence of microdomains generated by the preferential distribution of chemically different anionic sites (Simionescu et al., 1981, J. Cell Biol., 9:605-613 and 614-621). PMID- 7107708 TI - Gene amplification accompanies low level increases in the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster lung cells containing abnormally banding chromosomes. AB - Three independently-derived, antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster lung cell lines that exhibit low level increases in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity, i.e., three- to fivefold vs. controls, have been compared with drug-sensitive cells to determine relative DHFR gene content. With a solution hybridization technique that makes use of genomic DNA and a cloned double-stranded Chinese hamster DHFR cDNA probe, it has been found that the enzyme activity increases are associated with an approximately proportionate amplification of DHFR genes. Trypsin-Giemsa staining techniques and hybridizations in situ further show that the amplified DHFR genes are located within abnormally banding regions along chromosome 2q and also suggest that, in each subline, only one chromosome 2 homolog is initially involved in the amplification process. PMID- 7107707 TI - Structural genes of the mouse major urinary protein are on chromosome 4. AB - The major urinary proteins (MUPs) of mouse are a family of at least three major proteins which are synthesized in the liver of all strains of mice. The relative levels of synthesis of these proteins with respect to each other in the presence of testosterone is regulated by the Mup-a locus located on chromosome 4. In an effort to determine the mechanism of this regulation in molecular terms, a cDNA clone containing most of the coding region of a MUP protein has been isolated and identified by partial DNA sequence analysis. Using a combination of hybridization analysis and somatic cell genetics, the structural gene family has been unambiguously mapped to mouse chromosome 4. These data suggest that Mup-a regulation operates in a cis fashion and that models proposing trans regulation of MUP protein synthesis are unlikely. PMID- 7107709 TI - A calcium- and pH-regulated protein from Dictyostelium discoideum that cross links actin filaments. AB - We have purified an actin binding protein from amebas of Dictyostelium discoideum which we call 95,000-dalton protein (95K). This protein is rod shaped, approximately 40 nm long in the electron microscope, contains two subunits measuring 95,000 daltons each, and cross-links actin filaments. Cross-linking activity was demonstrated by using falling-ball viscometry, Ostwald viscometry, and electron microscopy. Cross-linking activity is optimal at 0.1 microM Ca++ and pH 6.8, but is progressively inhibited at higher Ca++ and pH levels over a physiological range. Half-maximal inhibition occurs at 1.6 microM free Ca++ and pH 7.3, respectively. Sedimentation experiments demonstrate that elevated Ca++ and pH inhibit the binding of 95K to F-actin which explains the loss of cross linking activity. Electron microscopy demonstrates that under optimal conditions for cross-linking, 95K protein bundles actin filaments and that this bundling is inhibited by microM Ca++. Severing of actin filaments by 95K was not observed in any of the various assays under any of the solution conditions used. Hence, 95K protein is a rod-shaped, dimeric, Ca++- and pH-regulated actin binding protein that cross-links but does not sever actin filaments. PMID- 7107710 TI - Basal lamina formation on thyroid epithelia in separated follicles in suspension culture. AB - When thyroid follicles are isolated by collagenase treatment of minced thyroid lobes, the basal lamina around each follicle is removed. The basal lamina does not reform when follicles are cultured in suspension in Coon's modified Ham's F 12 medium containing, in addition, 0.5% calf serum, insulin, transferrin, and thyrotropin. We have added acid soluble collagen and/or laminin to see if they would result in the formation of a basal lamina. An extended basal lamina did not form when follicles were embedded in a gel formed from acid-soluble rat tendon collagen or from calf skin collagen when added at a concentration of 100 micrograms collagen/ml. However, laminin at a concentration of 5.1 micrograms/ml gave rise to short segments of a basal lamina within 30 min. At longer time intervals, the segments lengthened and covered the base of many cells, and were continuous across the gap between cells and across the mouth of a coated pit. Not all basal surfaces were covered, and no exposed apical surfaces with microvilli had a basal lamina. There was no obvious difference in the appearance of the basal lamina if collagen was added in addition to laminin, but collagen, in contact with the plasma membrane when added alone, was lifted off the membrane in the presence of the basal lamina. The basal lamina appeared denser if formed in the presence of 5% serum instead of 0.5%. PMID- 7107711 TI - Topography of the predifferentiation GD growth arrest state relative to other growth arrest states in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. AB - The differentiation of 3T3 T proadipocytes is preceded by growth arrest at a state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (GD) which is distinct from other G1 growth arrest states including those induced by serum deprivation (GS) or nutrient deprivation (GN) (Scott et al., 1982). We now report that the GD, GS, and GN arrest states are also distinct in their topography in G1. This conclusion was derived from kinetic studies which measured the time required for cells arrested at various G1 states to synthesize DNA and from studies on the ability of GD-, GS-, or GN-arrested cells to be converted from one arrest state to another in the absence of DNA synthesis. The results suggest that relative to the start of the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the following arrest state topography exists: GD, GS, GN. PMID- 7107712 TI - Ribosomal proteins are synthesized preferentially in cells commencing growth. AB - Mouse 3T3 cells, in stationary phase because of serum deprivation, have only half the ribosome content of growing cells. Furthermore, the proportion of protein synthesis devoted to ribosomal proteins is only half that in growing cells. On addition of serum the synthesis of each ribosomal protein increases threefold, demonstrating the coordination of the synthesis of the ribosomal proteins. Half that increase is due to a general increase in total protein synthesis; half is due to a differential increase in ribosomal protein synthesis. The latter is abolished by a concentration of actinomycin D which blocks only ribosomal RNA transcription. The results are discussed with reference to a general hypothesis of growth regulation proposed by Stanners et al. (1979). PMID- 7107713 TI - Concentration of mast-cell progenitors in bone marrow, spleen, and blood of mice determined by limiting dilution analysis. AB - When hematopoietic cells of congenic +/+ mice were injected into the skin of genetically mast-cell-depleted (WB X C57BL/6)F1-W/Wv mice, mast cells appeared at the injection site. The donor origin of developing mast cells was confirmed by using giant granules of C57BL/6-bgl/bgl mice as a marker. When the number of injected cells was decreased, the proportion of injection sites at which mast cells did not appear increased according to the expected frequency of null response in a Poisson distribution. Therefore, such proportions were used to calculate the concentration of mast-cell precursors in the bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. The relative concentration of mast-cell precursors in these tissues was similar to that of spleen-colony-forming cells. The present method seems useful as a semiquantitative in vivo assay for a population of progenitor cells which are committed to differentiate into mast cells. PMID- 7107714 TI - The relation between protein accumulation and cell cycle traverse of human NHIK 3025 cells in unbalanced growth. AB - Human NHIK 3025 cells, synchronized by mitotic selection, were given 2 mM thymidine, which inhibited DNA synthesis without reducing the rate of protein accumulation. After removal of the thymidine the cells proceeded towards mitosis and cell division, with an S duration 2 hours shorter than, but a G2 and M duration nearly identical to that of the control cells. If cycloheximide (1.25 muM) was present together with thymidine, no net protein accumulation took place during the treatment, and the subsequent duration of S, G2, and M was similar to that of untreated cells. The shortening of S seen after treatment with thymidine alone would therefore indicate that the rate of DNA synthesis depended on the amount of some preaccumulated protein. The postreplicative period in thymidine treated cells was lengthened by cycloheximide treatment although the protein content had already been doubled. This suggests that proteins required for the traverse of this part of the cell cycle might have to be synthesized after completion of DNA replication. Shortly after removal of thymidine, the rate of protein accumulation declined markedly, indicating the existence of some mechanism for negative control of cell mass. In addition, the daughters of thymidine-treated cells had their cell cycle shortened by 2 hours. As a result, the cells had returned to balanced growth already in the first cell cycle following the induction of unbalanced growth. In conclusion, our experiments suggest that NHIK 3025 cells might require a minimum time in order to traverse the cell cycle, which is independent of cell mass. PMID- 7107715 TI - Response of articular chondrocytes to pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF). AB - Rabbit chondrocytes from pooled articular joints have been delineated by their time of attachment to culture flasks after initiation of primary monolayer culture, either attached (48-AT) or floating (48-F) after 48 hours. A general population of chondrocytes (attached after 72 hours, 72-AT) was also studied. The growth-promoting activity of pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its effect on sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis was studied on each chondrocyte population in secondary monolayer culture. 3H-thymidine incorporation during a 1 hour pulse was stimulated by FGF (100 ng/ml) in each chondrocyte population. The response of AT-72 chondrocytes to FGF required an additional fetal bovine serum supplement, while 48-F cells responded independent of serum. The response of 48 AT chondrocytes to FGF (100 ng/ml) during a 1-hour pulse with 3H-thymidine was increased in low serum (0.5-2.0%) rather than when high serum (8-10%) was present in the culture medium. FGF reduced 35SO4 incorporation into sulfated proteoglycans in the 48-AT and 48-F chondrocyte populations, but not in the 72-AT population. The reduction in 35SO4 incorporation in the 48-AT and 48-F chondrocytes was not characterized by alterations in the hydrodynamic size of the sulfated-proteoglycans as measured by Sepharose CL-2B chromatography nor by changes in the types of sulfated-glycosaminoglycans produced. These results indicated that FGF produced quantitative rather than qualitative alterations in chondrocyte sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis. The latter appears uncoupled from the growth-promoting activity of FGF on chondrocytes. PMID- 7107716 TI - Contact-stimulated proliferation of cultured mouse epidermal cells by 3T3 feeder layers: inhibition of proliferation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). AB - Mouse epidermal cells can be subcultured at 31 degrees C onto an irradiated BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 feeder layer. A31 cells (supposedly derived from embryonic fibroblasts) were found to be specifically required for the optimal production of keratinizing epidermal colonies in secondary culture. This effect was not transmitted through the medium nor by the culture surface, since A31 cells plated on one end of a flask did not stimulate epidermal cell proliferation at the other end, even if the other end had previously held A31 cells. Epidermal cell contact with metabolizing A31 cells was probably necessary for the effect; fixed or freeze-thawed A31 cells were ineffective. The tumor promoter 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, recently shown to interfere with contact mediated transfer of label (metabolic cooperation) between Swiss 3T3 cells and cells of an established epidermal line in vitro, also blocked epidermal colony formation. The A31-epidermal cell interaction is apparently not a typical mesenchymal-epithelial interaction, since the basement membrane would prevent this contact in intact skin. PMID- 7107717 TI - Hormonal responsiveness of a preadipose cell line derived from newborn mouse calvaria. AB - We established a clonal preadispose cell line from newborn mouse calvaria. Cells of this cell line, designated MC3T3-G2/PA6, had the capacity to convert to adipose cells, to accumulate triglycerides in their cytoplasm, and to mature to differentiated fat cells in a resting state. This adipose conversion was markedly accelerated by addition of dexamethasone, which was the most potent inducer among the steroid hormones tested. The presence of dexamethasone was needed during the steroid hormones tested. The presence of dexamethasone was needed during logarithmic growth phase for maximal conversion. The frequency of adipose conversion was dependent on exposure time to the hormone, but cells already committed to differentiation continued to accumulate lipid and developed into mature adipose cell even in its absence. This indicates that the hormone accelerates the initiation of the adipose conversion, but is not required for the ongoing conversion process. In fact, it was rather inhibitory for the process of fat accumulation. Insulin alone slightly inhibited the adipose conversion, but its combination with dexamethasone neutralized the above inhibitory effect of dexamethasone. The responsiveness of this cell line is consistent with that observed for mouse bone marrow preadipocytes in primary culture but differs from that for preadipose cell lines derived from extramedullary tissues. These results strongly suggest that the MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell line was derived from bone marrow. PMID- 7107719 TI - Signals causing change in morphological phenotype, growth mode, and gene expression of vascular endothelial cells. AB - Comparison of three different lines of bovine aortal endothelial cells provides a clear demonstration of reversible morphologic phenotype coincidental with change in expression and growth mode. These phenotypic forms can be externally controlled so that cells may exist either in an epithelioid contact-inhibitable state or as a fibroblastoid non-contact-inhibitable state. Clonal cell line N (normal) shows a strong tendency to maintain the epithelioid phenotype. Clonal cell line Sp (sprout) can readily and reversibly adopt the epithelioid or fibroblastoid phenotype. A factor in normal serum is responsible for maintaining the cells in the epithelioid phenotype. This factor could be a growth factor since several polypeptide growth factors are shown to drive cells from the fibroblastoid phenotype to the epithelioid phenotype within 11 hours. This growth factor-induced change is not mediated through induced DNA synthesis. Clonal cell line V (variant) normally maintains the fibroblastoid phenotype but can be directed to the epithelioid phenotype provided cells are on an appropriate collagenous matrix. Associated with these changes in morphological phenotype are depression of the expression of the pro alpha 2 chain of collagen type I which may be characteristic of the contact-inhibited state and of an 80,000 mol wt polypeptide synthesized only by cells in the fibroblastoid phenotype. An endothelial cell collagen EC1 (mol wt 177,000) was synthesized by all cell lines regardless of phenotype whereas a suspected breakdown product EC3 (mol wt 100,000) was found only in the epithelioid phenotype. Other differences and similarities between cell lines include expression of a 135,000 mol wt glycoprotein GP (V and N), the procollagen of collagen type III (N) of fibronectin (N, V, Sp), and of the pro alpha 1 chain of collagen type I (Sp, V). The characteristic expression of each line and its response to signals controlling morphologic phenotype impinges on the question of whether there exist several distinct types of vascular endothelial cells with different functional potentials controlled by extracellular signals. PMID- 7107718 TI - A new preadipose cell line derived from newborn mouse calvaria can promote the proliferation of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in vitro. AB - A clonal preadipose cell line MC3T3-G2/PA6, established from newborn mouse calvaria, responds to glucocorticoids and converts to adipose cells in a fashion similar to bone marrow preadipocytes. We investigated the effect of the cells on in vitro hemopoiesis of mouse bone marrow cells by cocultivation. When bone marrow cells were inoculated into confluent cultures of MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells (10(4) 10(6) cells/25-cm2 flask), the number of hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) significantly increased during 7-day cultivation in proportion to inoculum size. Under these conditions, active replication of CFU-S was maintained for several weeks until MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell layers detached from the substratum. This capacity of the MC3T3-G2/PA6 line was unique because other established cell lines, including the MTF preadipose line, failed to support CFU-S growth. When bone marrow cells were not allowed to contact the MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell layer, only a small number of CFU-S survived for 7 days. Moreover, MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell conditioned medium did not show any growth-promoting activity for CFU-S. These results indicate that the MC3T3-G2/PA6 cell line has the ability to promote the proliferation of CFU-S through a short range cell-to-cell interaction by providing an in vitro microenvironment probably similar to that for in vivo hemopoiesis. PMID- 7107720 TI - Changes in the fine structure of the apical plasma membrane of endometrial epithelial cells during implantation in the rat. AB - In previous work we have shown that ovarian hormones, when injected into ovariectomized rats, alter the fine structure of the plasma membrane of endometrial epithelial cells. In this paper freeze-fractures have been used to study the apical plasma membrane of endometrial epithelial cells of rats during the period of blastocyst implantation of normal pregnancy. On day 1 of pregnancy there were 2354 +/- 114 intramembranous particles (IMPs) per micrometer2 of membrane. The particles were spherical and randomly distributed. On day 5 of pregnancy IMP density rose to 2899 +/- 289 per micrometer2 and some rod-shaped particles were also visible. By day 6 of pregnancy IMP density had risen to 4014 +/- 206 per micrometer2 and there were more rod-shaped IMPs than before. In addition, on day 6 IMPs were also present as rows of particles and some gap junction-like arrays of particles were also seen. Our findings indicate that there are fine-structural alterations in the apical plasma membrane of endometrial epithelial cells, the site of first contact between maternal and embryonic cells, during the period of early pregnancy. The findings are discussed in the light of suggested mechanisms of blastocyst attachment to the uterine epithelium at implantation. PMID- 7107721 TI - Electrophoretic movement of fertilized sea-urchin eggs. AB - The eccentric shift of the sea-urchin egg within the fertilization membrane under an electric field was analysed by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of the isolated fertilization membrane and that of the egg deprived of the fertilization membrane. In addition, the migration speed of the egg proper was measured within the fertilization membrane under the conditions that: either (1) the movement of the whole egg was arrested, or (2) protamine sulphate was adsorbed on the fertilization membrane to reduce its mobility. The results led to conclusions that: (1) both the fertilization membrane and the egg cell with the hyaline layer are negatively charged; (2) movement of the normal fertilized eggs is due mainly to the surface charge of the fertilization membrane; and (3) the eccentric position of the egg within the fertilization membrane is due to migration of the egg proper, which is independent of the movement of the whole egg. PMID- 7107722 TI - Alveolar sacs of Tetrahymena: ultrastructural characteristics and similarities to subsurface cisterns of muscle and nerve. PMID- 7107723 TI - Use of immobilized lactoperoxidase to label murine fibroblast proteins involved in adhesion to polystyrene. AB - Proteins involved in the attachment of murine embryo fibroblasts to polystyrene have been identified by a technique designed to iodinate only those macromolecules coming into closest apposition to the substratum. Lactoperoxidase (LPase) covalently bound to the surface of the culture flask labelled a subset of substratum-bound polypeptides with a 42,000 Mr species being most heavily labelled. Fibronectin was not labelled by this method. Soluble LPase, on the other hand, iodinated a wide range of polypeptides in cells attached to ordinary tissue culture polystyrene. Many of these polypeptides, including fibronectin, were cell-associated after scraping; however, bands of 50,000-55,000 and 42,000 Mr remained bound to the substratum. The effect of serum was investigated and the results suggested that serum components blocked labelling of the 42,000-55,000 M4 species by soluble LPase, but did not abolish labelling of similar polypeptides by the immobilized enzyme. The identity of the prominently labelled bands is discussed in the light of a functional interaction between two polypeptides, probably 10 nm filament protein subunits and actin, at sites of cell-substratum attachment. PMID- 7107724 TI - Functional differentiation of enterocytes in the follicle-associated epithelium of rat Peyer's patch. AB - The ability of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of rat Peyer's patch to accumulate valine has been measured using a new technique of autoradiographic analysis. Maximum uptake of valine was achieved by enterocytes present in the dome region of the FAE. Valine uptake was not seen in enterocytes present on the lower slopes of the FAE or in follicle-associated crypts. The ability of the FAE to absorb valine was generally much less than that seen in enterocytes present on adjacent villi. The main reason for this discrepancy lay in the apparent inability of the FAE to develop a second phase of amino acid transport similar to that seen in villus enterocytes. It is suggested that this failure results from some unexplained interaction taking place between the FAE and its underlying lymphoid tissue. PMID- 7107725 TI - Acquisition of beta-glucuronidase activity by deficient fibroblasts during direct contact with lymphoid cells. AB - Fibroblasts deficient in beta-glucuronidase acquired high levels of this enzyme when they were co-cultured with concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. Acquired enzyme activity, determined using a single-cell cytochemical assay, was directly proportional to the number of lymphocytes added and persisted for several days in fibroblasts maintained at high density. Lymphocytes did not secret significant levels of beta-glucuronidase into their culture medium, and did not release other substances able to induce synthesis of the enzyme by the deficient fibroblasts. Nor did beta-glucuronidase acquisition result from concanavalin A-mediated uptake of enzyme, since alpha-methylmannoside did not reduce acquired activity. Moreover, lymphocytes from various sources, whether unstimulated or activated by a different mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, were equally effective in promoting the appearance of beta-glucuronidase. Deficient fibroblasts did not acquire beta-glucuronidase by active endocytosis when co-cultured with lymphocytes, since enzyme extracted from lymphocytes was not itself effective in this respect. Furthermore, mannose 6-phosphate, which did inhibit, endocytosis by deficient fibroblasts of exogenous beta-glucuronidase prepared from 3T3 cells, had no effect on enzyme acquisition by fibroblasts during their co-culture with lymphocytes. Conversely, inhibitors of protein synthesis and energy metabolism, which did not interfere with endocytosis of exogenous enzyme, abolished the acquisition of beta-glucuronidase during co-culture. Deficient fibroblasts did not acquire beta-glucuronidase when they were cultured together with lymphocytes but separated from them by Millipore membranes permeable to exogenous enzyme. Thus, although the mechanism of acquisition is still unclear, the present results suggest that beta-glucuronidase is transferred from lymphocytes to deficient fibroblasts by a process in which direct cell-to-cell contact is obligatory. PMID- 7107726 TI - Purified tumour angiogenesis factor enhances proliferation of capillary, but not aortic, endothelial cells in vitro. AB - Purified tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) obtained from rat Walker 256 carcinoma and found to induce neovascularization in vivo was examined for its effect on endothelial cell cultures of capillary (CBEC), cow aorta (CAEC) and pig aorta (PAEC) in vitro. Treatment with TAF increased the growth of capillary but not aortic endothelial cells, and then only when the cells were growing on a native collagen substratum. These data show an important growth difference between endothelial cells, in that the ability to proliferate in response to TAF depends not only on the substratum used but also on the vascular origin of the cells. PMID- 7107727 TI - Adhesion and locomotion of L5222 cells on endothelium, collagen and glass. AB - Examination was made of the adhesive interaction of L5222 leukemia cells with endothelial cells, collagen and glass and of cell locomotion on endothelium and collagen. Leukaemia cells interacted with the substrate under stationary conditions. The fraction of cells adherent to the substrate was defined next, using the given shearing force caused by the medium flowing through the measuring channel. The relative number of adherent cells, A (related to the number of cells after sedimentation), remaining on the given surface despite the detaching action of shearing force, F, was determined. The range of F values applied was 0.1 to 30 (x 10(-13)) N. It was found that the relation A(F) is a decreasing function for all the substrates examined and takes on values in the relation 1:2:6 for cells adherent to collagen, glass and endothelium, respectively. The critical value of F, at which values of A are maintained at a constant level close to zero, was 0.5, 1 and 3 (x 10(12)) N, respectively, for cells adherent to these substrates. The function A(F) for L5222 cells adherent to endothelial cells and to glass can be described well by the formula: A = a/square root F (where a = constant greater than 0). Studies of L5222 cell locomotion on an endothelial cell layer and on collagen revealed that the pattern of locomotion, variations in locomotion velocity and the mean values of cell displacement (5.8 and 5.0 micrometers, respectively) are similar for both substrates. PMID- 7107728 TI - Microtubule nucleation by the isolated microtubule-organizing centre of Physarum polycephalum myxamoebae. AB - The nucleus--centrosome complex from Physarum polycephalum myxamoebae has been purified. The complex contained the centriole pair and pericentriolar material in association with the nucleus. Apart from some unusually stable microtubules, which appeared to be involved in maintaining the nucleus-centrosome association, endogenous microtubule arrays had been stripped from the complex during isolation. When the nucleus--centrosome complex was incubated with purified brain or myxamoebal tubulins the growth of 45-70 microtubules was initiated onto the pericentriolar material. The number and length of the nucleated microtubules was proportional to the tubulin concentration. Pretreatment of the nucleus- centrosome complex with DNase 1, RNase A, antitubulin antibody and anticentriolar antibody did not affect pericentriolar nucleation capacity, although pretreatment with DNase 1 did expose perinuclear nucleation sites that had a much lower minimal tubulin concentration for assembly than the pericentriolar site. After pretreatment with trypsin pericentriolar material and nucleation were destroyed, and microtubule elongation occurred directly onto the centriole microtubules. PMID- 7107729 TI - Enzymic dissection of embryonic cell adhesive mechanisms. III. Immunological identification of a component of the calcium-dependent adhesive system of embryonic chick neural retina cells. AB - Immunological probes and cell-surface biochemical analysis are combined to identify a cell-surface glycoprotein, which appears to be involved in the formation of calcium-dependent adhesions among embryonic chick neural retina cells. Comparison of radioiodinated cells shows that adhesive-competent cells have at their surface two glycoproteins not present on non-adhesive cells. These two components (with Mr 130 x 10(3), pI 4.8 and Mr 70 x 10(3), pI 4.8) are immunoprecipitable with adhesion-blocking antisera. A fraction derived from retina-conditioned medium, containing one major immunoprecipitable component, neutralizes the inhibitory activity of aggregation-inhibiting Fab' fragments and competes in immunoprecipitation for the two glycoprotein components. The evidence suggests that one or both of these components is involved in the formation of calcium-dependent adhesions among embryonic chick neural retina cells. PMID- 7107731 TI - [Evaluation of the treatment of the unicameral bone cyst in children (author's transl)]. AB - Solitary bone cyst is characterized by its tenacity and the risk of recurrence. This fact led the authors to use a surgical procedure very different of the classic ways of treatment as they excluded any bone graft to the benefit of a muscle graft with wide resection. 35 cases have been operated on at several steps of childhood. The recurrence's rate decreased plainly and is no more than 9%. They concern only the wide humeral cysts which were active and close to the fertile plate of the humeral head. These recurrences have been very well tolerated and have not predisposed the child to some pathological fractures. Residual pseudo-cysts were seen in 20% of the cases; they related for us, to some gaps of rehabilitation. This procedure ay be considered as the complement of cortisone's local infection when this one is not able to heal the solitary bone cyst. PMID- 7107730 TI - The accessibility of certain proteins on embryonic chick neural retina cells to iodination and tryptic removal is altered by calcium. AB - We have used cell-surface-specific labelling techniques and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify proteins on embryonic chick neural retina cells and to determine the effects of Ca2+ on their accessibility to labelling and tryptic removal. A number of proteins on these cells are, in the presence of Ca2+, relatively inaccessible to iodination and/or tryptic removal. Of these, a glycoprotein of Mr approx. 130 x 10(3), with a pI of approx. 4.8, is the major cell-surface-iodinatable species that is retained during trypsinization in the presence of Ca2+. The removal of Ca2+ renders this glycoprotein much more accessible to both procedures. Its accessibility to these probes decreases on re addition of Ca2+. The accessibility of its oligosaccharide moiety to galactose oxidase is, however, unaltered by the removal of Ca2+. These characteristics, together with immunological data presented elsewhere suggest that this glycoprotein may be a component of the Ca2+-dependent adhesive system that can be demonstrated on these cells. PMID- 7107732 TI - [Cystohepatic ducts. Surgical problems and review of the literature. About 10 operated cases (author's transl)]. AB - The authors are reporting 10 cases of operated cystohepatic ducts. In each case there is a unic duct, leading five times in the gallbladder, and once in the cystic duct. In 8 cases this abnormality was shown intraoperatively. In 2 cases the diagnosis was only given during the surgical procedure, when a fistulography was performed. In one case it was necessary to reoperate. In four cases during the cholecystectomy we had to ligate the cystohepatic duct. In order to argue these cases, a literature review was done: 42 cases were found. The ligation of a cystohepatic duct is in most cases without consequences. the different ways of restoration are studied when large ducts are found. The best treatment of such an abnormality seems to be an anterograde cholecystectomy associated to a systematic drainage of the gallbladder region. PMID- 7107733 TI - [Fatigue fracture of both femoral necks ina 19-year-old woman (author's transl)]. AB - A case of slow fracture of both femoral heads in a 19-year-old woman is reported. The radiological characteristics, clinical context and onset in a histologically normal skeleton were in favour of a diagnosis of fatigue fracture. Data in the literature show the rarity of this condition affecting the neck of the femur in the young woman and rarely mention the existence of morphological abnormalities as a favouring factor. PMID- 7107734 TI - [Intermittent claudication of the buttock (author's transl)]. AB - Intermittent claudication of the buttock of arterial origin is a syndrome too often overlooked though easily diagnosed from the patient's history and clinical examination. It is due to lesions of the iliac arteries coexisting with permeable femoral and popliteal arteries. In about one-third of the cases the common iliac artery is completely occluded; in the remaining two-thirds the lesion consists of pre-occlusive stenosis and carries a high risk of acute ischaemia in the corresponding limb. PMID- 7107735 TI - [Isotopic evaluation of clamp-induced damage in vascular surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107736 TI - [Rhexis of the small bowel by traumatism after breech hernia of particular type (author's transl)]. AB - One case of a rhexis of the small bowel by traumatism on the breech is related. It concerns a 80 years woman operated 17 years before: removal of rectum for cancer and coloanal anastomosis by the transcoccygeal route. The anatomical alterations, consequence of the removal of coccyx and the abdominal hyperpressure explain probably the mechanism of the lesions. PMID- 7107737 TI - [Retromuscular implantation of mammary prosthesis for reconstruction of the breast: report on 56 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Though retromuscular implantation of mammary prosthesis for breast reconstruction presents certain advantages, a retrospective study of the results of 56 such prostheses implanted in 38 patients demonstrated certain complications related to this procedure. These included: ectopy, secondary migration, poor aesthetic appearance during muscle contractions, formation of a hard shell (33 p. cent of cases), and residual mammary asymmetry. However, the advantages related to the retromuscular site of implantation are sufficiently marked for this technique, described in detail, to be employed in certain chosen indications: sequelae to subcutaneous fatty mammectomies ("benign" breast), mammary reconstruction after resection for cancer or radiodermatitis, and perhaps after the use of musculocutaneous flap from the large dorsal muscles ("malignant" breast), and to increase mammary size in cases of agenesis or total aplasia (Poland's syndrome, "unesthetic"" breast). PMID- 7107738 TI - [Mesentericocaval anastomosis with taffeta prosthesis. 48 cases]. PMID- 7107739 TI - Mother-to-infant bonding. AB - The concept of maternal 'bonding', i.e. rapid mother-to-neonate attachment, appears frequently in psychiatric, paediatric and social work discussions of childhood psychopathology and child abuse. 'Bonding' is used as a diagnostic concept, and one which has to bear the weight of important explanatory, descriptive and predictive statements. In turn, it is related aetiologically to post-partum contact and separations of mother and infant. The authors present a critical review of the concept, exploring its empirical basis, and the implications (logical and illogical) that flow from its application in practice. They conclude that the usage of the term 'bonding' is often misleading, because of a tendency to reify and simplify attachment phenomena; in addition, there are no indications from animal investigations and no evidence from human studies which directly support the notion of a 'sensitive period' in the formation of mother-to-infant attachments. They also describe the negative and pessimistic implications of using this concept in social work and clinical practice. Alternative ways of conceptualising these early parent-child events are suggested. PMID- 7107740 TI - Preferences for mothers and security blankets and their effectiveness as reinforcers for young children's behaviors. AB - Preferences for attachment agents and the reinforcing efficacy of their individual components were assessed in 100 pre-school-aged children. In the first study, mothers were selected more often than the blanket or control; however, those children rated by their mothers as being blanket-attached approached their blanket more than no object. In the second study, children responded more frequently for their mother than for the blanket or no object. However, visual presentations of the blanket were more effective reinforcers for blanket-attached than for non-attached children. In the third study, auditory and visual features of the mother were tested as reinforcers. Control over responding was consistently achieved with contingent presentations of the mother's voice or her televised image, but not with corresponding presentations of an unfamiliar woman. PMID- 7107741 TI - Nursery nurses and nursery teachers I: Their assessment of children's verbal social behaviour. AB - Ratings of verbal-social behaviour assigned by nursery nurses in day nurseries, nursery schools and centres were compared with those assigned by nursery teachers. There were significant differences in ratings assigned by the different professional groups of staff: nursery nurses in day nurseries assigned the highest verbal-social ratings, but these were not supported by observations of the children's verbal-social behaviour or by language test scores. Correlations showed that, while the nursery nurses were assessing directly measurable verbal and social behaviour, the teachers were not, and it is suggested that they were assessing a more complex reasoning skill. PMID- 7107742 TI - Nursery nurses and nursery teachers II: Their attitudes towards pre-school children and their parents. AB - A survey of nursery nurses' and nursery teachers' attitudes towards children and their parents produced clear differences between the professional groups. Day nursery nurses expressed more sympathetic attitudes towards both children and parents than did their colleagues in centres and schools, while teachers had more sympathetic attitudes than nursery nurses. Teachers' attitudes towards parents were not related to their attitudes towards the children, while this was the case for nursery nurses. The difference between teachers and nursery nurses in their attitude towards parents is discussed in relation to differences in educational levels, consequences and possible mediation strategies. PMID- 7107744 TI - Echolalic and spontaneous phrase speech in autistic children. AB - The study investigated the syntactical level of spontaneous and echolalic utterances of 26 autistic children at different stages of phrase-speech development. In children using very brief utterances, echolalic phrases were significantly longer than their spontaneous speech. At higher levels of language development there were no significant differences between the lengths of echoed and spontaneous utterances. The frequency of echolalic phrases in children's speech was also found to be significantly less than the frequency of their spontaneous remarks, and the frequency of echolalic utterances declined as children advanced in linguistic competence. PMID- 7107743 TI - The neuropsychological status of adolescent delinquent boys. AB - The neuropsychological status and neuromotor performance of adolescent boys from lower middle class social environments who were detained as juvenile delinquents were compared to those of non-delinquent, lower and upper middle class controls. The delinquent index group showed pervasive impairment on all language measures, relative to both control groups, but did not differ from the latter on most neuropsychological measures that do not involve linguistic processing. Delinquents also demonstrated more minor neurological signs than either of the control groups; in the delinquents, but not in the control groups, neurological status predicted language performance. PMID- 7107745 TI - The structure of conversations with 6- to 10-year-old deaf children. AB - In stage 1 classroom conversations between sixteen teachers and their pre lingually deaf children were videotaped and analysed to examine both the styles used by teachers in controlling conversation and the functions pursued in dialogue. In stage 2 a sub-sample of four teachers with twenty children of known hearing losses and non-verbal intelligence was analysed in greater detail to examine relationships between these factors, teaching styles and the child's performance in dialogue. The analyses show that deaf children respond in a similar fashion to young hearing children in the way they react to different styles of teacher talk; that teachers differ in the functions they pursue in conversation; and that functions change as a consequence of the child's hearing loss but not mental age. The implications of the findings for linguistic development in pre-lingually deaf children are explored. PMID- 7107746 TI - Preschool design and child behaviour. AB - Twenty established children were observed in each of three nursery schools and two day nurseries. Two pairs of nursery schools and day nurseries were matched for building design. Twenty newly arrived children were also observed in each nursery school. Child behaviour was analysed in relation to building design; playroom openness appeared the most important building factor. Children in the more open units spent less time on school-oriented activities and received fewer staff contacts, but more time moving around, doing nothing, and in aggression and active play. Social interaction was little related to building design, but was affected by amount of nursery experience. The findings are discussed in relation to staff aims. PMID- 7107747 TI - Research note: rating the home environment of school-age children; a comparison with general cognitive index and school progress. AB - A method of rating the home environment of primary school children is described. It was used in a study of 20 children whose cognitive abilities and school progress were also assessed. Aspects of home life which were found to be significantly correlated with the child's performance were parental encouragement for the child's achievement, activeness, creativity and verbal participation; a family interest in intellectual pursuits and education; family rules or control of the child. Some items were negatively correlated with children's performance. PMID- 7107748 TI - Training parents to modify conduct problems in their children. PMID- 7107750 TI - Determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and pre-column labeling for fluorescence detection. PMID- 7107749 TI - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of organic acids in renal tissue biopsy: identification of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid. AB - The organic acids in renal tissue biopsy (0.5-1 mg) obtained from chronic glomerulonephritis patients were analyzed capillary column gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. Some twenty compounds were identified in the renal tissue. The organic acid profile of renal tissue showed a marked difference from those of urine and serum. In particular, 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid, which are usually undetectable in urine and serum, were detected for the first time in renal tissue in considerably large amounts. PMID- 7107751 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of urocanic acid isomers in biological samples. PMID- 7107752 TI - Simultaneous determination of myocardial adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107753 TI - Chromatofocusing of human hemoglobins. PMID- 7107754 TI - Mass spectrometric identification of isoputreanine, a metabolite of spermidine and/or spermine, in human urine. PMID- 7107755 TI - Determination of tulobuterol in human serum by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107756 TI - Determination of prostaglandins and thromboxane as their pentafluorobenzyl trimethylsilyl derivatives by electron-capture gas chromatography. AB - The optimization of the parameters affecting the chromatographic properties and separation of prostaglandin pentafluorobenzyl derivatives by gas chromatography using electron-capture detection is described. The effects of composition and flow-rate of carrier gas, temperatures of detector and column, and nature of stationary phases on the detector response to different pentafluorobenzyl (both oxime and ester) trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandins were systemically examined. The stability of some selected prostaglandin derivatives at -20 degrees C was also determined. After standardizing these parameters, prostaglandins and related compounds from biological samples, e.g. semen, rat aorta, dog serum and trout gill were successfully analyzed. Identification of prostaglandins was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 7107758 TI - Determination of sodium flavodate in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 7107757 TI - Gas chromatographic method for the determination of progabide (SL 76.002) in biological fluids. PMID- 7107759 TI - Liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC-4728) from human and murine serum. PMID- 7107760 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of indapamide (RHC 2555) in urine, plasma and blood. PMID- 7107761 TI - Determination of pentazirinocyclodiphosphathiazene in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107762 TI - Simultaneous determination of promethazine and two of its circulating metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107763 TI - Determination of tiodazosin in plasma and whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107764 TI - Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of trimethoprim and tetroxoprim using fluorescence densitometry. PMID- 7107765 TI - Determination of methylprednisolone in central nervous tissue and plasma using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the quantitative measurement of the synthetic glucocorticoid methylprednisolone in central nervous tissue (spinal cord) and plasma. Following intravenous administration, methylprednisolone is extracted from spinal cord tissue with diethyl ether-methylene chloride (60:40, v/v). The extract is washed sequentially with alkali, acid and water, concentrated, then chromatographed on an NH2 column using a mobile phase of methylene chloride-isopropanol (85:15, v/v). Steroid elution is monitored with an ultraviolet detector set at 254 nm. Such a system has a detection limit of 2.8 ng methylprednisolone. Extraction of methylprednisolone from spinal cord tissue is linear with tissue concentration and the recovery is around 70%. Endogenous hydrocortisone or other metabolites in the tissue do not interfere with the methylprednisolone peak. A description of the quantitation of methylprednisolone in cat lumbar spinal cord and plasma samples after single intravenous doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate is given. PMID- 7107766 TI - Determination of plasma levels of spirorenone, a new aldosterone antagonist, and one of its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method for the determination of plasma concentrations of spirorenone, a new aldosterone antagonist, and one of its metabolites, chromatographically characterized as 1,2-dihydro-spirorenone, is described. The assay utilizes high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Reproducible results can be obtained with standard deviations of about 5% and the limit of detection is less than 5 ng/ml. Plasma levels of drug and metabolite have been measured after oral doses of 10 and 40 mg, respectively, administered to two male volunteers. PMID- 7107767 TI - Urinary protein profiling by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. AB - We describe a new application of high-performance aqueous gel permeation chromatography for the analysis of human proteinuria. Separations of urinary proteins from normal subjects and patients with renal impairment were performed with TSK G 3000 SW columns. The effects of pH and ionic strength of the eluent on the separation of urinary proteins were investigated. Albumins were selectively separated from urine by affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B. According to the results of clinical investigations, urinary protein pattern derived from gel permeation chromatography revealed a good prediction of the site of renal involvement. Predominant excretion of proteins with lower molecular weight than albumin correlated with tubular damage. Albumin and higher molecular weight protein patterns wer associated with glomerular disease. Absorbance measurements of the eluent at 280 nm were used for quantitative determination of total urinary protein. Gel permeation chromatography was compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the resulting protein patterns are in good agreement. PMID- 7107768 TI - Detection and measurement of opium alkaloids and metabolites in urine of opium eaters by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography. AB - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for eight opium alkaloids in human urine following opium ingestion is described. The compounds were extracted from urine with methylene chloride-isopropanol (7:3, v/v) at pH 9.5, evaporated, derivatized with Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography. The method in sensitive to ca. 0.01 microgram/ml for morphine and codeine and ca. 0.05 microgram/ml for the other compounds. Adsorption problems on the gas chromatography column prevented obtaining reproducible results for the measurement of noscapine. Extraction efficiencies over the pH range of 8-11 for the eight compounds are reported. Retention times of the opium alkaloids were determined using five different liquid phases (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh) and two column lengths (36 cm and 183 cm). The 36-cm column packed with OV-210 was selected for use in the assay. Ions were selected for monitoring for each component from their methane chemical ionization spectrum to provide the needed sensitivity and specificity for analysis of a multi-component mixture. The assay was used for the analysis of an "opium eater's" urine. Morphine, codeine, nomorphine, norcodeine and noscapine were detected; however, no evidence was obtained for thebaine, papaverine or oripavine. Unconjugated morphine (0.64 microgram/ml) was present at nearly twice the concentration of codeine (0.37 microgram/ml) and normorphine and norcodeine were present in equal amounts (ca. 0.15 microgram/ml). PMID- 7107769 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the metabolism of primaquine and the identification of a new mammalian metabolite. AB - Using rats that had been dosed with 20 mg/kg of primaquine diphosphate (11.4 mg/kg free base), it was found that the drug underwent a metabolic oxidative deamination to give 8-(3-carboxy-1-methylpropylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline. The presence of this new mammalian metabolite was verified using high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic, and mass spectral methods. A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of primaquine and the carboxylic acid metabolite in plasma using only 50 microliters of whole blood from the rat was developed and the method could be used to detect levels as low as 0.05 microgram/ml of the metabolite. Following intravenous administration of the drug, it was found that the plasma levels of primaquine fell very rapidly and after 30 min, the levels of the metabolite were much higher than those of primaquine. PMID- 7107770 TI - Determination of thiabendazole and 5-hydroxythiabendazole in human serum by fluorescence-detected high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - We have developed a rapid, sensitive and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of thiabendazole and unconjugated 5-hydroxythiabendazole in serum. Sample pretreatment consists only of protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing the internal standard, 2-methylindole. Detection limits were found to be 0.1 microgram/ml serum for thiabendazole and 0.4 microgram/ml serum for 5 hydroxythiabendazole. Between-day analytical precision coefficients of variation for serum-based controls were 7% and 11% for thiabendazole levels of 1 and 5 micrograms/ml, respectively; and 43% and 8% for 5-hydroxythiabendazole levels of 6 and 60 micrograms/ml, respectively. We also devised a microenzymatic method for the conversion of the glucuronide and sulfate esters of 5-hydroxythiabendazole using beta-glucuronidase [EC 3.2.1.31] and sulfatase [EC 3.1.6.1]. Thus, quantitation of the separate metabolites was possible. We also utilized a special adaptation of the chromatographic procedure for the determination of the 5 hydroxythiabendazole metabolites in the sera of uremic patients, which can contain large amounts of interfering fluorescent substances. The method should be particularly useful for monitoring thiabendazole therapy in patients unable to eliminate the potentially toxic metabolites. PMID- 7107771 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of indalpine, a new non tricyclic antidepressant, in human plasma: identification and simultaneous measurement of its major plasma metabolite. PMID- 7107772 TI - Determination of mexiletine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the anti-arrhythmic drug mexiletine in human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid is described. Following extraction with diethyl ether, mexiletine and the internal standard 4-methylmexiletine were derivatized with 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene. Analyses were performed using an alternating on-column enrichment technique on small Perisorb RP-2 30-40 micrometers pre-columns with pre-column backflushing for direct injection onto the analytical column of Spherisorb ODS 5 micrometers. Complete separation from endogenous constituents of plasma, urine or cerebrospinal fluid was achieved by isocratic reversed-phase ion pair chromatography with 1-heptanesulfonic acid (0.005 M; PIC B7)-acetonitrile tetrahydrofuran (42:48:10, v/v) as eluent. Interferences from other drugs were not observed. The limit of detection was 10 ng/ml (C.V. 6.5%). Day-to-day coefficients of variation were below 9%. The applicability of this rapid method for pharmacokinetic studies and clinical routine is demonstrated. PMID- 7107773 TI - Plasma concentrations of p- and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and phenylacetic acid in humans: gas chromatographic--high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. AB - Conjugated and unconjugated phenylacetic acid and m- and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid have been determined in the plasma of normal, healthy subjects after fasting, consumption of a meal and ingestion of deuterium labelled amine precursors, by high-resolution gas chromatography--high resolution mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring of their trifluoroethyl pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. We observed tht all three conjugated acids are higher in fasting than in non-fasting subjects, and unconjugated phenylacetic acid was lower. Ingestion of deuterium-labelled amine precursors resulted in the appearance in the blood of the correspondingly labelled acids, a peak in the concentrations being reached about 1 h after consumption. Conjugated and unconjugated acids as expected increased following the consumption of a meal. Unconjugated phenylacetic acid was significantly higher in females than in males. Most values tended to increase with age, with male unconjugated and conjugated m hydroxyphenylacetic acid and female conjugated phenylacetic and m hydroxyphenylacetic acids increasing significantly. PMID- 7107774 TI - Lipid class and molecular species interrelationships among plasma lipoproteins of type III and type IV hyperlipemic subjects. AB - As a further appraisal of lipoprotein interconversion and equilibration of lipid components a detailed examination was made of the chemical class and molecular species interrelationships among the major fasting plasma lipoprotein fractions within each of six male Type IIi and Type IV hyperlipemic subjects subsisting on free choice diets. The lipoprotein fractions were prepared by conventional ultracentrifugation and the lipid class and molecular species composition of the corresponding lipoprotein fractions were determined by gas chromatography of the intact glycerol esters and ceramides. In general, each lipoprotein fraction possessed a well defined lipid class composition, which was characterized by a dramatically decreasing triacylglycerol and increasing phospholipid and cholesteryl ester content, when progressing from the very low (VLDL) to the low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins, as already established for normolipemic subjects. Likewise, the LDL1, and LDL2 of the hyperlipemic subjects contained about two times higher proportion of total phospholipid as sphingomyelin than VLDL and HDL. Furthermore, the sphingomyelins of the HDL fraction contained about 30% more of the higher and 30% of the lower molecular weight species than the sphingomyelins of the VLDL. Smaller differences were seen in the molecular species composition of the phosphatidylcholines, cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols among the corresponding lipoproteins. In comparison to normolipemic subjects analyzed previously, the hyperlipemic subjects showed greater individual variability. Despite this variability the lipid class and molecular species composition in the hyperlipemic subjects was again incompatible with the hypothesis which postulates direct VLDL conversion into LDL nd HDL under the influence of lipoprotein lipase and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. The main differences between normolipemic and hyperlipemic plasma were found to reside in the number of the VLDL and LDL, lipoprotein particles and not in their chemical composition or physical structure, or in the apparent mechanism of their metabolic interconversion. PMID- 7107775 TI - A method for high-performance liquid chromatographic screening of UV-positive components in urine eluate from sephadex G-10 and modifications for determination of urinary salicylic, salicyluric and gentisic acids. PMID- 7107776 TI - Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with amperometric detection of lipophilic dopamine analogues and determination of brain and serum concentrations after sample clean-up on small sephadex G-10 columns. AB - The liquid chromatographic determination of N-alkylated analogues of dopamine is described. The retention of these compounds, ranging from dopamine to N,N-dibutyl dopamine, was studied on four bonded-phase columns, of which Nucleosil 5 C18 was chosen for routine use. The compounds were detected by a rotating disc amperometric detector. Samples of rat brain and serum were taken through a clean up step on small Sephadex G-10 columns from which the dopamine analogues eluted in the same fraction as dopamine. The overall recovery was 70--90% from brain tissue and 60--70% from serum or plasma. The limit of detection for the catechol containing compounds in tissue was 40--100 pg, for O-methylated ones 100--200 pg. The method is applied to the determination of dopamine analogues in rat brain after peripheral administration. PMID- 7107777 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of endogenous tumour cell growth inhibitory peptides. PMID- 7107778 TI - Separation of nanogram quantities of hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D3 in plasma by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. PMID- 7107779 TI - Unexpected metabolites produced from clomethiazole. PMID- 7107780 TI - Studies of isoniazid metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes by mass fragmentography. AB - Isoniazid metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes was studied by mass fragmentography using single ion monitoring. Isoniazid and its metabolites were determined as the trimethylsilylated derivatives of acetylisoniazid and diacetylhydrazine and of the benzaldehyde hydrazones of isoniazid and acetylhydrazine. Deuterated analogues served as internal standards. Hydrazine was quantitated as benzalazine using 15N-labeled hydrazine as an internal standard. The method is well suited for the microanalysis of isoniazid metabolism, from which it was clarified that the greater part of hydrazine, a hazardous metabolite of isoniazid, was formed through the direct hydrolysis of isoniazid itself as expected. PMID- 7107781 TI - Micro-determination of clonazepam in plasma or serum by electron-capture gas liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid method is described for the electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of clonazepam in plasma or serum using methyl-clonazepam as an internal standard. The analysis is performed isothermally on the silicone stationary phase SP-2510DA (Supelco). With this liquid phase, gas chromatographic properties are comparable to methods involving acid hydrolysis or derivatisation. A short pre-column containing another phase is added to enhance resolution. The method involves a single extraction, requires 100 microliter of sample and has a detection limit of 3 nmol/l. Response is linear at concentrations from 5--900 nmol/l and thus clonazepam analysis both during therapy and after overdosage is possible. Plasma and serum clonazepam levels are interchangeable. PMID- 7107782 TI - Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of 4-aminopyridine in serum. AB - An assay for the quantitative estimation of 4-aminopyridine in biological fluids has been developed using 2-aminopyridine as internal standard and ion-pair reversed-phase (C18) high-performance liquid chromatography with detection at 263 nm. A 7.5% solution o acetonitrile in water containing tetrabutylammonium iodide and sodium heptanesulfonate buffered at pH 3.0 provided excellent separation of the analytes from each other and from an interfering peak that was occasionally observed in the outdated human sera used in these studies. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy and reproducibility all were judged sufficient for the routine use of this assay for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. PMID- 7107783 TI - Rapid assay for plasma chlorambucil and phenyl acetic mustard using reversed phase liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid assay for chlorambucil, a drug used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and its major metabolite is described. Chromatographic behaviour of the two compounds on two different reversed-phase columns is discussed, as well as the kinetics of their hydrolysis in aqueous medium. The developed analysis can be applied to the determination of the plasma levels of the drug and its metabolite. No sample preparation is required and the spectrophotometric detection affords the sensitivity in the picomole range. Total analysis time is between 10 and 15 min. PMID- 7107784 TI - Simultaneous determination of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and their respective isomeric 10-hydroxy metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography. AB - An ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, the demethylated metabolite nortriptyline, and their respective cis- and trans-hydroxylated metabolites in plasma is presented. After extraction from 1 ml of plasma, the reconstituted residue was chromatographed on a trimethylsilyl packed column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and acetate buffer with sodium heptane-sulfonate and triethylamine. Recovery of the drugs and its metabolites from plasma ranged from 56 to 99%. The method is suitable for determining plasma concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml (C.V. less than 9%) for all six compounds. Plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and its metabolites from eleven different patients are presented. PMID- 7107785 TI - High-performance gel permeation chromatography of collagens. PMID- 7107786 TI - Improved method for the evaluation of 3-hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline in the urine. PMID- 7107787 TI - Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and (tentatively) morphine-6 glucuronide in plasma and urine using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 7107788 TI - Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for quinidine, disopyramide and the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite of disopyramide. PMID- 7107790 TI - Improved acetaminophen assay sensitivity by modification of a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. PMID- 7107789 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography assay of acebutolol and two of its metabolites in plasma and urine. PMID- 7107791 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of propafenone in human plasma samples. PMID- 7107793 TI - Third Danube Symposium on Chromatography. Siofok (Hungary), August 31--September 3, 1981. PMID- 7107792 TI - Fluorodensitometric determination of nadolol in plasma and urine. PMID- 7107794 TI - Determination of apovincaminic acid in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method is described for measuring the concentrations of apovincaminic acid and vincaminic acid (internal standard) in blood plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using ion pair extraction. The main metabolite of vinpocetine, apovincaminic acid, and vincaminic acid were extracted from 1 ml of plasma and urine into chloroform as an ion pair using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as counter ion. Analysis was carried out on a reversed-phase column of RP-8 with acetonitrile-0.0075 M phosphate buffer (28:72) at pH 3.5 as mobile phase. The eluted derivatives were detected by UV absorption at 254 nm. The sensitivity of the method is 20 ng/ml for AVA in plasma and urine samples. The relative recovery of these compounds added to plasma was about 50%. PMID- 7107795 TI - Determination of apovincaminic acid in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. AB - High-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and highly sensitive and selective nitrogen-phosphorus flame ionization detection were applied for the detection of apovincaminic acid (AVA), the main metabolite of the cerebral vasodilator vinpocetine in human plasma. AVA was recovered from plasma by ion pair extraction and determined by GLC as its methyl ester after derivation with diazomethane. An acid-base washing technique was used in order to reduce the contamination of GLC samples by material of endogenous origin to a minimum. The lowest detection limit of the method is 2 ng of AVA per ml of plasma. PMID- 7107796 TI - Separation of diacyl and plasmalogen phospholipids of rat brain synaptosomal membranes on chromarods. PMID- 7107797 TI - RM values of xanthone derivatives in structure-activity studies. PMID- 7107798 TI - Determination of adenine nucleotides and inosine in human myocard by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the quantitation of AMP, ADP and ATP is presented. The separations were achieved at room temperature by reversed-phase chromatography (Supelcosil LC-18). The standard solvent was 220 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.9, 1% (v/v) methanol and 0.3 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate. A selective retention of the adenine nucleotides as a group relative to the mono-, di- and triphosphates of guanosine, uridine and cytidine was observed under these experimental conditions. The adopted procedure was applied to the separation of adenine nucleotides in biological extracts, i.e., human myocard. The adenine nucleotides in an extract of myocard were quantitated in less than 20 min. Only 5-10 mg (wet weight) of myocard were needed in order to determine the energy charge of a myocardial sample. Also inosine was easily quantitated in this liquid chromatographic system. PMID- 7107799 TI - Automated purification of human erythrocytic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. AB - Human 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) was purified from hemolyzate by group affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose, followed by buffer exchange chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and finally salting-out chromatography on Sepharose 6B. An apparatus was assembled from commercially available elements, in which the purification procedure can proceed and be completed unattended and under fully automatic control. The weekly production of the set-up is at present 10 mg of pure 6PGD. The choice of the purification of procedure and the advantages of automation are discussed. PMID- 7107800 TI - Automated analysis of acetaminophen and caffeine in serum using the FAST-LC system: contributions to assay imprecision in procedures based on HPLC with sample pretreatment. AB - Two procedures are described for the fully automated analysis of several therapeutic drugs in serum, using HPLC with on-line pretreatment (solvent extraction) of the sample. The FAST-LC system (Technicon Instruments) was used for the assay of mixtures of 1) acetaminophen, theophylline, and/or caffeine, or 2) phenylethylmalonamide, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine epoxide, phenyltoin, and/or carbamazepine. The rate of sample analysis was 15/hr for the theophylline group of drugs and 12/hr for the six anticonvulsants. The precision of resulting assays was about 3% (CV), and only 75 microliter of sample was required. The precision of resulting assays, in terms of a previously reported model, is also discussed. PMID- 7107801 TI - Purification and stability of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. AB - Purification of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from sonicated cell culture supernatant was effected using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and two CsCl density gradient centrifugations. During purification procedures the pH was maintained at values close to pH 8.0 as pH stability for EHDV was maximal between pH 7.2 and pH 9.0. During CsCl isopycnic centrifugation at pH 8.0, a 0.1 M or greater buffer was necessary to preserve maximum viral infectivity. This method of purification resulted in the recovery of 75% or more of the infectious virus contained in infected cell culture supernatants. For the extraction of infected cell-associated virus, sonication effectively liberated infectious virus, while freeze-thawing resulted in a significant loss of viral infectivity. The use of Freon allowed for complete recovery of infectious virus while ether or chloroform resulted in lower recoveries of infectious virus. PMID- 7107802 TI - Reproducible plaquing system for rabies virus in CER cells. PMID- 7107803 TI - Thyroid function tests in nonthyroidal disease. PMID- 7107804 TI - Leukocyte counts and cerebrovascular disease. AB - Elevated total leukocyte count in a biennial examination period is shown to be a significant (p = 0.001) predictor of cerebral infarction (CI) incidence in the subsequent 2 yr examination period, in a large Japanese cohort study. This association is not explainable on the basis of corresponding age, sex or blood pressure levels. The extent to which the association might be attributable to cigarette smoking habits could not be thoroughly examined with available data. Relative risks associated with a specific elevated leukocyte count may be larger among persons less than 65 yr of age than among older persons. When counts of specific leukocyte cell lines are considered a significant (p = 0.0006) role for neutrophil count emerges, while an additional predictive role for other leukocyte cell types could not be detected. In contrast, there is a suggestion that cerebral hemorrhage (CH) risk may be lower following an elevated leukocyte count. In particular, a negative association between lymphocyte count and CH incidence in the subsequent biennial examination cycle, is nearly significant (p = 0.07), in spite of a rather small number of CH cases in the sample. PMID- 7107805 TI - A prospective study of change in bone mass with age in postmenopausal women. AB - For the first time a model for age-related bone loss has been developed from prospective data utilizing a new weighted least squares method. Two hundred and sixty-eight Caucasian women ranging in age from 50 to 95 were studied. A quadratic function best fit the data, and correcting for body weight and bone width reduced variance. The derived equation is: bone mass = (0.6032) (bone width) (cm) + (0.003059) (body weight) (kg) - (0.0163) (age - 50) + (0.0002249) (age - 50)2. Analysis of cross-sectional data on 583 Caucasian women of similar age showed a quadratic function with very similar coefficients. This quadratic function predicts an increase in bone mass after age 86, therefore 42 women over age 70 who had been followed for at least 2.5 yr were identified to test for this effect. of these, 13 had significantly positive regression coefficients of bone mass on age, and rate of change in bone width was positive in 40 of 42 individuals, of which 5 were significant. Since photon absorptiometry measures net changes on all bone envelopes, the most likely explanation for the observed changes is an early exponential loss of endosteal bone which ultimately slows or perhaps stops. There is a positive balance on the periosteal envelope which only becomes apparent in later years when the endosteal loss stops. These new statistical methods allow the development of models utilizing data collected at irregular intervals. The methods used are applicable to other biological data collected prospectively. PMID- 7107806 TI - Isolated systolic hypertension in Evans county--I. Prevalence and screening considerations. AB - Studies suggest that isolated hypertension involves pathophysiological change different from essential hypertension; while clinical trials of drug treatment of isolated systolic hypertension are underway, little is known of its descriptive epidemiology. This paper reports characteristics of isolated systolic hypertension in biracial Evans County, Georgia, 1967-69. Isolated systolic hypertension was rare below age 40, but the percent prevalence increased greatly at older ages. Defining isolated systolic hypertension as diastole blood pressure (DBP) less than 95 and systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 160, age adjusted percent prevalence at ages 40 and above were 9.6, 10.6, 15.1, and 18.3 for white males, black males, white females, and black females respectively. Percent prevalence declined to 4.8, 6.3, 9.7, and 12.7 in the four race/sex groups when a DBP cutoff of 90 was used. Unlike essential hypertension, percent prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension varied more by sex than by race: it was 60-100% higher in females than in males and only 10--30% higher in blacks than in whites. Percent prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension for the second and third of three BP readings (one clinic visit) increased compared to the first reading, the reverse of what is usually found for essential hypertension. DBP variability was relatively greater than SBP variability and probably accounted for the changes in percent prevalence. These data support clinical studies indicating isolated systolic hypertension is a distinct syndrome. This condition, shown to be a risk factor for death and disease in other studies, was common at older ages and may increasingly become health problem as the population ages. PMID- 7107807 TI - Multivariate analysis of smoking and other risk factors for obstructive lung diseases and related symptoms. AB - Multivariate analyses of the relationship of risk factors and respiratory symptomatology in a longitudinal epidemiologic study of airways obstructive disease in a white community population has yielded some consistent findings. Diagnosed airway obstructive diseases and functional impairment appear to be related to a set of risk factors which include age, smoking, a history of acute respiratory illness, chronic cough and phlegm, and to some extent, social status, occupational exposures, and alcohol consumption. Smoking definitely appears to be related to productive cough. It also appears to be related, though not necessarily directly, to AOD and lung function impairment. The complexity of the relationships were clarified by the analysis using multivariate techniques. PMID- 7107808 TI - Growth hormone production by human pituitary glands in organ culture: evidence for predominant secretion of the single-chain 22,000 molecular weight form (isohormone B). PMID- 7107809 TI - Zona fasciculata origin of 18-hydroxycorticosterone in the chronically suppressed zona glomerulosa. PMID- 7107810 TI - Stereological analysis of Leydig cell ultrastructure in aged humans. AB - Stereological analysis of Leydig cell ultrastructure in aged humans was performed by a point-count method on testicular tissues fixed by perfusion with buffered glutaraldehyde. In six aged human males (74 yr old on the average), interstitial tissue occupied 38.9% of decapsulated testis volume, and Leydig cells constituted 3.1% to total tests volume. One cubic centimeter of the testis contained about 7.7 x 10(6) Leydig cells, each of which had a volume of 4,080 micrometer3 on average. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig cells occupied 13.4% of cell volume and had a surface area of 2,474 cm2/cm3 testis tissue or 32,000 micrometer2/cell, which was 70.7% of the total membrane area of the cell. Occupying 5.8% of the cell volume, mitochondria had an inner membrane surface area of 434 cm2/cm3 tissue or 5,600 micrometer2/cell, which was 12.4% of the total membrane area of the cell. Relating these stereological values to published data on testosterone (T) secretion rate, an average human Leydig cell would secrete about 20 pg T/day. Each cm2 of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial inner membranes of human Leydig cells would produce 70 ng and 400 ng T/day, respectively. PMID- 7107811 TI - Serum levels of a progestagen-associated endometrial protein during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. PMID- 7107812 TI - Metabolic clearance rates of luteinizing hormone in women during different phases of the menstrual cycle and while taking an oral contraceptive. PMID- 7107813 TI - Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of granulosa cells aspirated from human ovarian follicles. A new method to distinguish healthy and atretic ovarian follicles. AB - Granulosa cell aspirates from human ovarian follicles were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the fraction of cells in the DNA S-phase of the mitotic cell cycle. The aim of the study was to evaluate if the percentage of granulosa cells in S-phase (the S-fraction) could be used to indicate whether a follicle was healthy or atretic. A highly significant relationship was found between the S fraction and the concentration of estradiol in the follicular fluid (r = 0.6, P less than 0.001). More than 85% of the follicles having an S-fraction of 16% or greater contained intrafollicular levels of estradiol equal to or greater than 200 ng/ml and had a low androstenedione:estradiol ratio. Conversely, 95% or more of the follicles that had an S-fraction of less than 16% contained low estradiol (less than 200 ng/ml) and had a high androstenedione to estradiol ratio. We conclude that flow cytometric DNA measurements on follicular aspirates provide a reliable and rapid method by which to distinguish healthy and atretic ovarian follicles. Since only a small fraction (less than 5%) of an entire granulosa cell population is required for S-phase analysis, the technique allows the majority of cells to be immediately available or other biochemical studies. Moreover, since excision of ovarian tissue is avoided, the technique may be acceptable for studies on women with normal ovarian function but who are undergoing laparotomy or laparoscopy for some reason. PMID- 7107814 TI - Absence of overlapping resistance to vasopressin and parathyroid hormone in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and pseudohypoparathyroidism. PMID- 7107815 TI - Influence of sex and obesity on plasma catecholamine response to isometric exercise. AB - The effects of obesity and gender on plasma catecholamine levels were studied in 10 lean men, 10 lean women, and 10 obese women. Measurements (mean +/- SE) were obtained sequentially after 30 min of bedrest, 10 min of standing, and 5 min of sustained handgrip, and following 15 min of rest while standing. The supine plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were comparable among the 3 groups, whereas plasma epinephrine (E) was lowest in obese women (14 +/- 2 pg/ml), intermediate in lean women (19 +/- 2 pg/ml), and highest in lean men (29 +/- 5 pg/ml). Peak plasma levels were reached during handgrip. E values in men (139 +/- 27 pg/ml) exceeded those in lean women (71 +/- 9 pg/ml; P less than 0.05), and both were higher than the E response in obese women (38 +/- 7 pg/ml; P less than 0.01). While peak plasma NE levels in lean women (654 +/- 62 pg/ml) and obese women (524 +/- 46 pg/ml) were comparable, both were significantly lower than the NE response in lean men (1014 +/- 114 pg/ml; P less than 0.02). Increments in plasma FFA during handgrip were 21% and 28% above values during standing (P less than 0.005) in lean men and lean women, respectively, whereas no net increment occurred in obese women. The excursion of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate in recovery was 59% above the standing concentration for lean women (P less than 0.05), but no net increments were observed in obese women or lean men. We conclude that obesity in women is attended by suppressed plasma E responses to isometric exercise, which may explain subnormal excursions of plasma FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate during handgrip and recovery, respectively. Lean men have greater plasma elevations of E and NE during isometric exertion than women, suggesting an influence of sex on plasma catecholamine regulation. PMID- 7107816 TI - Modulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function: decreased secretory episodes and blunted circadian rhythmicity in patients with alcoholic liver disease. AB - Twenty-four-hour episodic secretion of cortisol was studied in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease in order to define how and if feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis had occurred. The patients had prolonged disappearance rates of endogenous cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin-binding capacity was low. Multiple sampling (every 20 min) for levels of free and total plasma cortisol was carried out. Mean 24-h total and free plasma cortisol levels were not significantly different from normal, although the mean percentage of free cortisol was high. Cortisol secretion was decreased, as judged by urinary free cortisol values and the percentage of time that secretory activity occurred. Circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol levels appeared to be normal, but the amplitude of rhythmicity was decreased. Modulation of cortisol secretion in liver disease patients was shown by fewer secretory peaks and decreased secretory time during 24-hr studies. In the subjects studied, the numbers of secretory episodes and the duration of secretory time correlated positively with levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin and negatively with the half-time of cortisol in plasma. These studies suggest that feed-back inhibition modifies bot the frequency and the amplitude of cortisol secretion in patients with liver disease while the underlying circadian rhythm is preserved. PMID- 7107817 TI - In vitro effect of dopamine on growth hormone (GH) release from human GH secreting pituitary adenomas. AB - The effect of dopamine (DA) on GH release was studied in monolayer cultures obtained from 21 GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. DA at a concentration of 10(-6) M inhibited GH release in 13 adenomas (group 1: inhibition from 27--74%), had no effect in 3 (group II), and elicited a marked stimulation in 5 (group III: stimulation from 62--170%). The adenomas of acromegalic patients which were preoperatively responsive to DNA infusion (4 micrograms/kg . min) al fell into group I, whereas adenomas from patients not responsive to DA in vivo fell into groups II and III. The dose dependency of the effect of DA on GH secretion was studied in groups I and III. In group I adenomas the maximal inhibition was from 32--76% between 10(-7) and 2 x 10(-5) M DA. At high concentrations DA elicited a stimulatory effect. In group III adenomas the maximal stimulation was from 95- 310% between 10(-7) and 10(-5) M DA. The dopaminergic ergot derivative CH 29--717 was as potent as DA in inhibiting GH release but, in contrast to DA, was nearly ineffective in stimulating the secretion of the hormone. We hypothesize that the different in vitro responsiveness of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas to DA could be due to the presence of multiple forms of DA receptors. PMID- 7107818 TI - Prednisolone clearance at steady state in man. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine whether prednisolone exhibits dose dependent kinetics in man. Ten normal volunteers were infused to steady state over a 7-h period at a low (5.5 microgram/h . kg) and a high (64 microgram/h . kg) rate with prednisolone. Steady state prednisolone levels differed by a factor of 5 [91 +/- 25 and 437 +/- 116 ng/ml (mean +/- SD)] when the infusion rate was increased 12-fold, indicating a marked increase in the clearance of total prednisolone with increasing dose (the ratio of clearances, high to low dose, was 2.47 +/- 0.29). The fraction of unbound prednisolone increased from 0.12 +/- 0.02 to 0.24 +/- 0.02 with increasing dose. Since the increase in the free fraction (2 fold change) was not as great as the increase in the total prednisolone clearance, there was a slight but significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the apparent clearance of unbound prednisolone (ratio of apparent unbound clearances, high to low dose, was 1.29 +/- 0.24). The interconversion between prednisolone and prednisone appears to approach a maximum prednisone concentration, as was noted previously by us in dogs. In humans, we found this maximum prednisone concentration to be 52 ng/ml when prednisolone is infused. Therefore, the ratio of concentrations, prednisolone to prednisone, also increased with increasing prednisolone dose. These results indicate that prednisolone exhibits dose- and concentration-dependent kinetics and that the great majority of the change in kinetics may be attributed to saturable protein binding of prednisolone. Although there is an increase in the apparent clearance of unbound prednisolone with increasing concentrations, these results are confounded by the interconversion process between prednisone and prednisolone. PMID- 7107820 TI - Basal and postatropine serum pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine the value of measurement of basal and postatropine serum pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels for the diagnosis of endocrine pancreatic tumors in affected members of families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I). Basal serum PP levels were elevated in 3 of 19 affected members of 6 families with MEN I. The 3 patients with elevated serum PP (115--157 pmol/liter) had evidence of gastrin-producing tumors. In 5 other patients with evidence of gastrinoma from MEN I families serum PP levels were normal. All 11 family members affected with MEN I without pancreatic tumors had normal serum PP concentrations. Intravenous administration of 1 mg atropine to all 19 affected members of MEN I families and to 8 normal control subjects inhibited serum PP in all of them. Serum PP in the 3 MEN I patients with elevated PP decreased markedly in response to atropine but remained higher than the postatropine serum PP concentrations in the other subjects. It is concluded that an elevated serum PP is a relatively insensitive marker for endocrine pancreatic tumors in MEN I. The observation that atropine inhibits serum PP levels in MEN I patients with endocrine pancreatic tumors throws doubt on the clinical usefulness of an atropine suppression test for PP in the diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors. PMID- 7107819 TI - Long term effects of nightly dexamethasone administration in patients with polycystic ovarian disease. AB - The long term effects of nightly dexamethasone administration on basal levels and diurnal fluctuations of circulating gonadotropins, androgens, and cortisol were studied by frequent sampling in four women with polycystic ovarian disease and a similar number of normal women. Basal LH, testosterone, and androstenedione levels were elevated in the patients with polycystic ovarian disease. There were significant diurnal variations of all steroids measured in both groups, with the exception of androstenedione and androstenediol in the polycystic ovarian disease and control subjects, respectively. Nightly dexamethasone administration for 1 month resulted in marked suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenediol, and cortisol. For testosterone the mean percent decreases of the 24-h transverse means were 15% and 46% for the polycystic ovarian disease and normal subjects, respectively. For androstenedione the mean percent decreases were only 7% and 20%, respectively. The diurnal variation of all steroids disappeared with dexamethasone. These results support the concept that in patients with polycystic ovarian disease the majority of delta 5-androgens is adrenal while the preponderance of elevated testosterone and androstenedione is ovarian in origin. These results do not support the use of long term dexamethasone as an effective agent in suppressing the elevated levels of testosterone and androstenedione in patients with this disease. PMID- 7107821 TI - Altered osmotic threshold for vasopressin release and impaired thirst sensation: additional abnormalities in Kallmann's syndrome. AB - Seven subjects with Kallmann's syndrome were studied to determine whether they had disturbances of fluid homeostasis. Simultaneous measurements of urine and plasma osmolality (Uosm and Posm, respectively) were made during free access to fluids. The Uosm-Posm relationship was abnormal in five patients on at least one occasion. Patient 2 was frequently overhydrated (Posm less than or equal to 280 mosmol/kg) and patient 5 excreted a dilute urine when his Posm was 290 mosmol/kg. The three subjects (1, 5, and 7) tending to have an increased Psom (greater than or equal to 300 mosmol/kg) were able to concentrate their urine (Uosm greater than 800 mosmol/kg) and denied polyuria and polydipsia. Their elevated Posms could be explained by impairment of thirst, rather than increased excretion of water, because the patients concentrated their urines at normal Posms during fluid deprivation. The osmotic threshold for vasopressin release was decreased (Posm = 270.6 mosmol/kg) in one patient and increased (Posm greater than or equal to 295 mosmol/kg) in two others of the seven patients. The elevated osmotic threshold was not due to chronic hyperosmolality or a generalized defect in vasopressin secretion. In the patient with the highest osmotic threshold (Posm = 296 mosmol/kg) and Posms between 289--301 mosmol/kg during free access to fluid, the osmotic threshold decreased to only 293 mosmol/kg after 6 weeks of adequate hydration and desmopressin acetate. However, in response to hypotension induced by trimethaphan, he increased his plasma vasopressin from 1--26 microU/ml. In conclusion, some patients with Kallmann's syndrome may have osmoreceptor dysfunction and abnormal thirst regulation, indicating more extensive hypothalamic involvement than previously appreciated. PMID- 7107823 TI - Successful fertilisation of human oocytes in vitro: concentration of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and androstenedione in the antral fluid of donor follicles. AB - Oocytes and matched samples of follicular fluid were obtained from 156 pre ovulatory follicles in 125 women 26--36 h after either administration of hCG or the onset of an endogenous LR surge. Concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E2), progesterone (P) and androstenedione (A4) in the fluid of individual donor follicles were measured and related to the success of fertilisation of oocytes in vitro and the incidence of pregnancies after embryo transfer. Oocytes which gave rise to successful pregnancies were obtained from follicles which contained greater concentrations of E2 and a higher ratio of E2:P than did oocytes from which pregnancy did not result. These data provide direct evidence in support of the hypothesis that estrogenic follicles are the sole source of ova which undergo fertilisation and subsequently give rise to pregnancy in women. PMID- 7107824 TI - Inhibiton of prostaglandin synthesis by human amniotic fluid: acute reduction in inhibitory activity of amniotic fluid obtained during labor. AB - Human amniotic fluid contains an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The activity of the inhibitor was measured in amniotic fluid obtained in early pregnancy, and at term both before and after the onset of labor. The inhibitory activity was greater in amniotic fluid taken in early pregnancy than in fluid taken at term before the onset of labor (P less than 0.05). There was a further significant reduction in inhibitory activity (P less than 0.01) in amniotic fluid collected during labor. These results are suggestive that the onset of labor is associated with a local withdrawal of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. PMID- 7107822 TI - Selective counterregulatory hormone responses after oral glucose in man. AB - The plasma response of various counterregulatory hormones was measured after an oral glucose tolerance test in 19 normal subjects. Significant elevations in plasma epinephrine (P less than 0.05) and human GH (P less than 0.05) were observed late in the course of the oral glucose tolerance test coincident with the fall in plasma glucose. Plasma norepinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol levels did not change during the latter phase of the test. The elevations in plasma human GH and epinephrine levels were unrelated to either absolute hypoglycemia or to clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia. These data suggest a possible role for adrenergic mechanisms in glucose counterregulation under physiological conditions. PMID- 7107825 TI - [Studies of the experimental brain infarction produced with lesion generator as a brain edema model (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107826 TI - [Virological and serological studies on the 1980-1981 epidemic of influenza in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107828 TI - [Study on the effect on intravesical instillation of an anti-tumor drug in the treatment of urinary bladder tumors using an electron microscope (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107827 TI - [Endoscopic study of acute gastric lesions following the cerebral apoplexy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107829 TI - [Studies on the angular width of the costal margin in chronic liver diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107830 TI - [Neurons projecting from the cervical cord to the upper brain stem in the rat. A step to elucidate pain mechanisms (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107831 TI - [A new aspect of the pulmonary researches by an application of the bronchoalveolar lavage method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107832 TI - [Results of mass screening for stomach cancer conducted by us in the last ten years (author's transl)]. PMID- 7107833 TI - Isolation of influenza viruses in Thailand during June--August 1981. PMID- 7107834 TI - Antigenic analysis of influenza viruses isolated in Thailand, June--August 1981. PMID- 7107835 TI - Glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli associated with clinical veterinary specimens. AB - Glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFB) have been recognized recently as opportunistic pathogens of humans. With few exceptions, strains of NFB have not been considered important enough to be identified when isolated from animals. In this study, all NFB isolated during a 1-year period in a clinical veterinary microbiology laboratory were identified to determine their prevalence. Of the 347 strains of NFB obtained, the most common species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Of all clinical veterinary specimens submitted for cultures, 10% contained nonfermenters. PMID- 7107836 TI - Evaluation of slide agglutination and ring precipitation tests for capsular serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. AB - Rapid slide agglutination (RSA), quantitative plate agglutination, slow tube agglutination (STA), and ring precipitation (RP) tests were performed on 200 isolates of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by using the type sera produced in rabbits against five known serotype strains and one strain 202. RSA and RP tests both yielded the same results as those by STA. None of the agglutination procedures could be used for serotyping isolates that autoagglutinated in saline. The RP test was successfully used for serotyping such strains. The specificity of the RSA and RP tests was confirmed by cross-absorption studies. All of the isolates except two had strong serotype-specific activities. The most common serotype isolated in Quebec was serotype 1, followed by serotypes 5 and 2. None of the isolates belonged to serotypes 3 and 4. Only two isolates were found to be untypable; they could possibly belong to serotype(s) not yet defined. The RSA and RP tests may be at least as reliable as the STA test, but easier to perform, less expensive, and much more rapid than any of the other methods reported. Of all the procedures studied by us, the RP test proved to be the method of choice for serotyping H. pleuropneumoniae; hence, it should replace the STA test for serotyping H. pleuropneumoniae. PMID- 7107837 TI - Isoprenoid quinones of the genus Legionella. AB - Representative strains of each of the named species of Legionella were examined for isoprenoid quinones by reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography. All strains contained three or more ubiquinones (Q9, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13) which were useful for placing the species into one of three distinct groups. Group 1 contained L. longbeachae, L. bozemanii, L. dumoffi, and L. gormanii; group 2 contained only L. micdadei; and group 3 contained only L. pneumophila. The identities of the quinones were established by UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. PMID- 7107839 TI - Gas-liquid chromatography of positive blood cultures for rapid presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic bacteremia. AB - Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acid patterns was performed when growth was initially detected in 87 positive blood cultures. Isovaleric acid, butyric acid, or both were found in 39 of 43 (90%) blood cultures that contained anaerobes but were absent in all 44 cultures that contained facultatively anaerobic or aerobic bacteria. The detection of isovaleric acid indicated the presence of Bacteroides fragilis, as this acid was found in 88% of unimicrobial and 75% of polymicrobial bacteremias due to B. fragilis. Butyric acid was detected most often in blood cultures which grew Fusobacterium spp. (three of three), Clostridium spp. (six of seven), or both (three of four). PMID- 7107838 TI - Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions. AB - Fecal specimens from 223 subjects were evaluated for the presence of Clostridium difficile by use of a selective medium developed in our laboratory and for the presence of C. difficile cytotoxin. C. difficile and cytotoxin were detected in 89 and 83%, respectively, of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). In patients in whom PMC was not documented, C. difficile and cytotoxin were present in only 37 and 21%, respectively. C. difficile and cytotoxin were also recovered from the feces of 6 and 3, respectively, of 13 antimicrobial recipients who did not have diarrhea. Although C. difficile appears to be a major cause of PMC, it is not responsible for at least some two-thirds of cases of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in which PMC is not documented. Neither the recovery of C. difficile nor the detection of its cytotoxin should be considered diagnostic for C. difficile induced disease. PMID- 7107840 TI - 30 years of campylobacters: biochemical characteristics and a biotyping proposal for Campylobacter jejuni. AB - Several biochemical test systems were studied for their potential usefulness for the examination of strains of Campylobacter species. Most (81%) of the C. jejuni strains hydrolyzed sodium hippurate, but strains of C. fetus, C. sputorum, and C. fecalis did not. Some (46%) of the C. jejuni strains and all of the C. sputorum subsp. sputorum, C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, and C. fecalis strains hydrolyzed DNA, but the C. fetus and C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis strains did not. Strains of all species of Campylobacter grew on charcoal-yeast extract agar, but 47% of the C. jejuni strains did not. Alkaline phosphatase activity was recorded for some strains of C. jejuni, but all other species were negative for this activity. Aryl sulfatase activity was detected in 7% of the C. jejuni, 15% of the C. fetus subsp. fetus, and all of the C. sputorum subsp. sputorum, C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, and C. fecalis strains, but it was not detected in the C. fetus subsp. venerealis and C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis strains. Most (93%) of the C. jejuni but none of the other Campylobacter strains contained lactobacillic acid when examined for cellular fatty acids. On the basis of results from three of these tests (hippurate hydrolysis, DNA hydrolysis, and growth on charcoal-yeast extract agar), clinical strains of C. jejuni were placed in eight biotypes. PMID- 7107841 TI - Characterization of antibody responses in legionellosis with an immunofluorometric assay. AB - A solid-phase immunofluorometric assay was used to qualitatively characterize and precisely measure human immunoglobulin class-specific antibody responses in legionellosis. Stable antigen preparations consisted of cells grown at 25 degrees C that were killed, fixed with Formalin vapors, washed, and lyophilized. Working curve material consisted of dilutions of selected convalescent sera. Linear regressions of logit transformations of relative fluorescence intensities versus the logarithm of the relative concentrations of sera were determined to give immunoglobulin class-specific antibody levels from uninfected and infected individuals. Each fluorescence intensity obtained with immunoglobulin class specific antibody was converted to a multiple of the median fluorescence intensity obtained with sera from uninfected individuals. A presumptive-positive acute-phase legionellosis serum was defined for each immunoglobulin class by a multiple of the normal median fluorescence intensity that was greater than the multiple of the normal median from approximately 97% of the uninfected population. PMID- 7107842 TI - Evaluation of two Salmonella typhi strains with reduced virulence for use in teaching and proficiency testing. AB - A total of 21 cases of laboratory-acquired typhoid fever associated with teaching and proficiency tests occurred in the United States during a 33-month period, prompting a search for less virulent strains of S. typhi which would be suitable for teaching purposes. Two strains were evaluated which are reported to have reduced virulence for mice. Strain Ty21a is a genetically constructed mutant that lacks the enzyme UDP-glucose-4-epimerase. This strain has reduced virulence for humans if grown under special laboratory conditions (in the presence of 0.1% d galactose) and has been evaluated as a candidate for use as a live, oral vaccine. Strain H901 was originally isolated in Russia in 1918. It has not been tested in humans, but its nonmotile variant, O901, has been found to be somewhat less virulent for humans; however, it can cause infection with doses of 10(7) organisms. In teaching exercises, all strains should be treated as though they are fully virulent. Ty21a and H901 were satisfactory, but not ideal, for teaching purposes. Biochemically, they could be identified by conventional tests and by commercially available diagnostic systems, although Ty21a was H(2)S negative. Serologically, both strains posed problems. Both Ty21a and H901 were Vi antigen negative, and Ty21a was rough and grew poorly. Both strains were susceptible to antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfameth oxazole. When Ty21a and H901 were mixed with Escherichia coli and plated, Hektoen and salmonella-shigella agars were most useful for their recovery. The appearance of Ty21a and H901 on differential plating media was typical, although Ty21a had smaller colonies. The plating efficiency on MacConkey agar for Ty21a was 0.6 compared with 1 for H901. Neither strain can be recommended unequivocally for teaching purposes; instead, the advantages and disadvantages of each must be considered. Both strains have been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (Ty21a = ATCC 33459 = CDC 2861-79; H901 = ATCC 33458 = CDC 2862-79). PMID- 7107843 TI - Escherichia vulneris: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. AB - The name Escherichia vulneris sp. nov. (formerly called Alma group 1 and Enteric group 1 by the Centers for Disease Control and API group 2 by Analytab Products, Inc.) is proposed for a group of isolates from the United States and Canada, 74% of which were from human wounds. E. vulneris is a gram-negative, oxidase negative, fermentative, motile rod with the characteristics of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Biochemical reactions characteristic of 61 E. vulneris strains were positive tests for methyl red, malonate, and lysine decarboxylase; a delayed positive test for arginine dihydrolase; acid production from d-mannitol, l-arabinose, raffinose, l-rhamnose, d-xylose, trehalose, cellobiose, and melibiose; negative tests for Voges-Proskauer, indole, urea, H(2)S, citrate, ornithine decarboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, and DNase; and no acid from dulcitol, adonitol, myo-inositol, and d-sorbitol. Two-thirds of the strains produced yellow pigment. Most strains gave negative or delayed positive reactions in tests for lactose, sucrose, and KCN. The E. vulneris strains tested were resistant to penicillin and clindamycin, were resistant or showed intermediate zones of inhibition to carbenicillin and erythromycin, and were susceptible to 14 other antibiotics. DNA relatedness of 15 E. vulneris strains to the type strain averaged 75% in reactions at 60 degrees C and 69% in reactions at 75 degrees C, indicating that they comprise a separate species. DNA relatedness to other species in the family Enterobacteriaceae was 6 to 39%, an indication that this new species belongs in the family. E. vulneris showed the highest relatedness to species of Escherichia (25 to 39%) and Enterobacter (24 to 35%). On the basis of biochemical similarity, the new species was placed in the genus Escherichia. The type strain of E. vulneris is ATCC 33821 (CDC 875-72). PMID- 7107844 TI - Osteomyelitis caused by Moraxella osloensis. AB - Moraxella osloensis osteomyelitis of the femur developed in a paraplegic man. He responded to treatment with oral ampicillin. Disease in humans caused by this unusual clinical isolate is reviewed. PMID- 7107845 TI - Differential effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on tissue-cultured cells. AB - Two immunologically distinct Clostridium difficile toxins elicited similar morphological changes on cultured cells, although there were differences in both toxin potency and cell sensitivities. PMID- 7107846 TI - New virulence-associated plasmid in Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - In a study of 103 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, 10 strains were found to be lethal for mice and to possess 42- and 82-megadalton plasmids. This association was statistically significant (P much less than 0.001). Serotypes of Y. enterocolitica previously considered avirulent were found to possess these plasmids and to be lethal for mice. A spontaneous derivative of one strain contained only the 82-megadalton plasmid and was lethal for mice anyway. This virulence-associated plasmid is a potential diagnostic tool for the clinical or public health laboratory which must delineate pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica. PMID- 7107848 TI - Detection of "neutral" type 7F and type 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides by immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Type 7F and type 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, neutral at pH 8.6, were studied by immunoelectrophoresis at pH 5. Three techniques were used: rocket, countercurrent, and reversed immunoelectrophoresis. Our results show that these two capsular polysaccharides types can be detected at pH 5 with high sensitivity. PMID- 7107847 TI - Anti-poly(glycerolphosphate) in human sera. AB - Ultrasonic extracts from staphylococci contained red cell-sensitizing poly(glycerolphosphate)teichoic acid antigen. The antigen may contribute to the variability of precipitin reactions used in the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infection. PMID- 7107849 TI - Detection of Legionella antigenuria by reverse passive agglutination. AB - A reverse passive agglutination method was developed to detect soluble antigens of Legionella spp. By this method Legionella antigens were detected in urine specimens from 14 of 15 antigenuric patients with clinically diagnosed Legionnaires disease and in none of 263 urine samples from healthy subjects or patients with urinary tract infections. Intra-genus cross-reactivity was observed only between L. pneumophila serogroups 2, 3, and 6. The Legionella reverse passive agglutination method was also evaluated with reference to reagent concentrations, test conditions, and subjectivity of reading test results. The method is rapid and does not require special equipment. PMID- 7107850 TI - Detection of influenza virus neuraminidase-specific antibodies by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the titration of antibodies in human sera to influenza virus neuraminidase, employing partially purified N1 neuraminidase. Specificity of the test was demonstrated, and the test was more sensitive than either the conventional neuraminidase inhibition or plaque size reduction tests in detecting anti-neuraminidase antibody. PMID- 7107851 TI - Elevated mannose levels detected by gas-liquid chromatography in hydrolysates of serum from rats and humans with candidiasis. AB - We have developed a gas-liquid chromatographic method for identification of mannose in serum hydrolysates by utilizing peracetylated aldononitrile derivatives. Experimentally infected rats and human subjects with candidiasis were studied. Peaks in unknown samples were identified by co-chromatography of reference carbohydrates. Inositol was used as an internal standard. Mannose was identified in hydrolysates of normal rat (391.85 +/- 66.18 micrograms/ml) and human (297.87 +/- 77.81 micrograms/ml) sera. Significantly increased concentrations of mannose (greater than 526.21 micrograms/ml) were demonstrated in hydrolysates of sera from 26 of 36 (72%) experimentally infected rats tested 1 or more days after onset of infection. Significant increases (greater than 453.49 micrograms/ml) were also seen in humans with localized (6/15), transient (2/2), and disseminated (5/7) candidiasis. The concentrations were highest in patients with candidemia occurring either transiently or as part of disseminated infection. The concentrations in patients with localized candidiasis were lower but were still significantly greater than control. These data suggest that changes in mannose concentration, as measured, may serve as markers of candidiasis. The amount of mannose present may be in part a function of the extent of the infection. PMID- 7107854 TI - Gluteal abscess caused by Phialophora hoffmannii and review of the role of this organism in human mycoses. AB - Infections caused by members of the Phialophora hoffmannii (Beyma) Schol-Schwarz fungal aggregate (a group of related taxa, especially species of uncertain circumscription) are not reported frequently. This case report concerns the development of a gluteal abscess after multiple intramuscular injections of antimicrobial agents. Microbiological examination of the abscess material yielded a pure growth of the mold P. hoffmannii. Hyphal elements in the purulent exudate were only demonstrated when the specimen was digested by an N-acetyl cysteine NaOH digestion-decontamination procedure or in stained paraffin block sections of the exudate. Other cases of disease caused by members of this fungal aggregate and the status of the mycology of this organism are reviewed. PMID- 7107852 TI - Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in the U.S. Gulf Coast. AB - Enterotoxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O-1, biotype El Tor, isolated from a case of cholera in Texas in 1973, an outbreak of cholera in Louisiana in 1978, and Louisiana sewage samples in 1980 and 1981 were analyzed for their genetic similarities. Chromosomal DNA was isolated from each strain, digested with restriction endonuclease, and analyzed by the Southern blot technique. A radioactive probe consisting of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin DNA detected cholera toxin gene sequences in these strains and demonstrated that the toxin gene sequence, if not the entire chromosomal DNA, is identical in these strains and distinctly different from other strains of V. cholerae isolated throughout the world. In addition, two strains of enterotoxigenic V. cholerae non O-1 isolated from clinical cases, were analyzed and found to possess cholera toxin genes which differed in the DNA sequence from the V. cholerae O-1 strains. We concluded that a single strain of enterotoxigenic V. cholerae O-1 is resident in the U.S. Gulf Coast and that a second reservoir of cholera toxin genes exists in V. cholerae non-O-1 strains in Louisiana. PMID- 7107853 TI - Evaluation of the MICUR system for quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a multiphasic comparison with reference methods. AB - Four laboratories participated in a three-phase study to evaluate the MICUR antimicrobial broth microdilution system (Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, Inc., Houston, Tex.). The dried-antimicrobial agent MICUR system was compared with a reference broth microdilution method (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) by using 304 recently isolated clinical strains and two collections of stock or challenge organisms. Of 7,092 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) datum pairs derived from the clinical isolates, 96.6% were within an acceptable (+/- 1 log2 dilution) range. MICUR MICs agreed with the reference broth microdilution method MICs in 95.3% of 6,840 MIC pair determinations performed on stock or challenge cultures. The MICUR intralaboratory reproducibility within +/- 1 log2 dilution step for the clinical isolates was 98.4%. The MICUR intralaboratory and interlaboratory reproducibilities for 26 stock cultures were 98.4 and 95.1%, respectively. For 180 challenge cultures (4,199 MIC pairs) which were included in the MICUR testing to provide a wide variety of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns, the results for 92.5% were in close agreement with the reference broth microdilution results. No specific resistance mechanism went unrecognized by this new commercial system. The MICUR system gives comparable MIC results when evaluated against the reference broth microdilution method, and it would be acceptable for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. PMID- 7107855 TI - Semiselective medium for isolation of Moraxella bovis from cattle with infectious keratoconjunctivitis. AB - The incorporation of 2.5 micrograms/ml of cloxacillin into 5% bovine blood agar provided an inexpensive, easily prepared culture medium for the primary isolation of Moraxella bovis from bovine lacrimal and nasal secretions. With this medium, the time required to identify and isolate M. bovis from large numbers of field specimens was substantially reduced, whereas the sensitivity of isolation was increased by 60%. PMID- 7107856 TI - Panophthalmitis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AB - We report a case of Vibrio parahaemolyticus panophthalmitis which resulted from contamination of a wound with water from a pond in inland Georgia. The pond was on the property of an oil refinery which receives crude oil from southern Mississippi. Cultures of the pond water 5 years later did not yield V. parahaemolyticus, but did yield non-O1 V. cholerae and had 0.28% sodium chloride content. V. parahaemolyticus may have been introduced into the pond along with oil transported from the Gulf of Mexico, and growth of this halophilic species may have been supported by salt from spilled crude oil. PMID- 7107857 TI - New Salmonella serotype: Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2). AB - A new Salmonella serotype, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2), was isolated from the stool of a 35-year-old man with mild gastroenteritis. He had just returned from Sudan, Africa. PMID- 7107858 TI - Comparison of various techniques for determining viability of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast-form cells. AB - The viability of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast-form cells was determined by colony-forming units, direct fluorescent staining, and production of germ tubes in slide culture. The first procedure was unreliable and time consuming; the latter two showed better correlation with hemacytometer total cell counts and required significantly less time. PMID- 7107859 TI - Detection by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of coronavirus antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions. AB - The sensitivity of a radioimmunoassay (RIA), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a serum neutralization assay (SN) for detecting antibodies to bovine coronavirus in serum and colostrum were compared. Although there proved to be a good correlation among all three assays (r = 0.915 and 0.964 for RIA with SN and ELISA, respectively), RIA and ELISA proved to be at least 10 times more sensitive than neutralization tests. By using these techniques, it was possible to detect a time-dependent decrease in antibody levels in bovine colostrum after parturition. Using ELISA, we demonstrated that 12 of 12 herds in Saskatchewan, and 109 of 110 animals tested, and antibody to bovine coronavirus. There was no elevated antibody response in serum or lacteal secretions of cows vaccinated once or twice with a commercially available modified live rota-coronavirus vaccine. In addition to being more sensitive than SN, ELISA and RIA proved to have other advantages for measuring antibody levels to bovine coronavirus and therefore warrant wider use as tools in diagnostic virology. PMID- 7107860 TI - Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for studying Vibrio cholerae cell surface antigens. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of antibodies directed against cell surface antigens of Vibrio cholerae (CSA ELISA) was developed. NaN3 killed whole cells of V. cholerae, adsorbed to polystyrene tubes, were used as immobilized antigens. The assay was capable of detecting antibodies directed against lipopolysaccharide and non-lipopolysaccharide surface antigens. In addition, the CSA ELISA was capable of detecting non-vibriocidal antibody. An antiserum raised in rabbits by immunization with live V. cholerae 1418 (Ogawa, El Tor) was capable of reacting with various heterologous strains of V. cholerae used as immobilized antigens. Therefore, common antigens shared by V. cholerae strains could be detected by using the CSA ELISA. PMID- 7107862 TI - Comparison of direct and standard microtiter broth dilution susceptibility testing of blood culture isolates. AB - Turbid broth (0.5 ml) from blood culture bottles was inoculated into 0.5 ml of brain heart infusion broth, incubated for 3 to 6 h, diluted 1:500 in distilled water, and then inoculated directly into microtiter broth dilution susceptibility trays to test for minimal inhibitory concentrations. The results were compared to the standard tests performed 24 h later on colonies from subculture plates. The minimal inhibitory concentrations measured by these two methods were compared in 1,875 organism-antibiotic tests. The two minimal inhibitory concentrations were identical in 86.0% and within one twofold dilution in 98.0% of the tests. An organism was judged to be susceptible by one method and resistant by the other in 13 tests (0.7%). These 13 discrepancies were distributed among several organism antibiotic combinations; no more than two were seen for any one combination. Highly accurate susceptibility testing can be achieved by using direct inoculation of turbid blood culture broths. PMID- 7107864 TI - The annual meeting on muscle contraction and cell motility in Japan, January 1982. PMID- 7107863 TI - Rapid detection of simulated bacteremia by centrifugation and filtration. AB - A centrifugation-filtration procedure was developed to expedite the recovery of microorganisms from blood. Fresh whole human blood was inoculated with various aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms (3 to 18 per ml). The seeded blood was carefully overlaid on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient (density, 1.114 g/ml) and centrifuged (400 x g) for 45 min at ambient temperature. The entire gradient (plasma, leukocytes, and Ficoll-Hypaque) was removed and filtered through a 0.22 micrometer membrane filter. The filters were then placed on chocolate agar and incubated at 35 degrees C in humidified air containing 5% CO2. No statistically significant differences were detected between the numbers of microorganisms recovered by filtration and by direct culture of the original inoculum. Most microorganisms were detected within 18 h after filtration. This system has excellent sensitivity and negligible toxicity. PMID- 7107861 TI - Measurement of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to type 3 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM type 3 antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies. The use of Fab2 fragments of rabbit antipneumococcal IgG antibody in the antibody-antigen sandwich increased the sensitivity for measuring IgM antibodies and decreased background activity in antigen-free cuvettes. This methodology detected type 3 IgM antibody responses in six of six subjects vaccinated with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and detected type 3 IgG antibody responses in three subjects. Results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay procedures were concordant, and postvaccination enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgM titers showed a stronger correlation with total radioimmunoassay antibody than did postvaccination ELISA IgG titers. PMID- 7107865 TI - Characterization of myosin heavy chain by cyanogen bromide peptide maps. AB - Procedures have been developed for the preparation of pure myosin heavy chain (h myosin) by preparative gel electrophoresis, and for the characterization of h myosin by cyanogen bromide peptide mapping. Major sources of error are the oxidation of methionine and the proteolytic splitting of the chain during purification. These errors have been eliminated. A peculiar feature is the doubling or quadrupling of a peptide of molecular weight 17 000. The results show structural differences between isomyosins derived from myonal types within the same animal, as well as interspecies differences. PMID- 7107866 TI - A radioimmunoassay method for quantification of alpha-tropomyosin in heart homogenates. AB - A new, extremely sensitive, solid phase radioimmunoassay has been developed to quantify tropomyosin levels in heart tissue homogenates. Specific antibody was coupled to Sepharose 4B and saturation levels of [125I]tropomyosin bound. Release of radiolabel into the supernatant portion occurred when heart homogenates, authentic tropomyosin or tropomyosin in the presence of homogenate were added to these immunobeads. Quantification of the amount of tropomyosin was based on the level of release effected by standard tropomyosin with and without homogenate. The assay was determined to be highly specific and sensitive for tropomyosin. Picomolar quantities of the protein were readily detectable. Linearity extended well over the range of 5-200 ng tropomyosin in the homogenate. The method can be applied to other proteins for quantification during embryonic development. PMID- 7107868 TI - Effectiveness of muscle transfers in myelomeningocele hips measured by radiographic indices. AB - Thirty-five hips with muscle weakness, in ambulatory myelomeningocele patients, received muscle transfer surgery. In each hip, procedures were done either to augment the abductor side of the joint (Sharrard transfer or external oblique transfer) or to weaken adduction (adductor release or adductor transfer) or both. In addition, femoral osteotomy was performed in some patients. Surgery was evaluated by reviewing preoperative and follow-up radiographs. If radiography demonstrated 5 degrees of improvement in the CE angle or the acetabular index, the hip was considered improved. Best results occurred when abductor and adductor procedures were combined, which resulted in radiographic improvement in eight of nine cases. When abductor and adductor procedures were not combined, only 6 of 26 hips were improved radiographically. These procedures may be indicated in the ambulatory myelomeningocele child with unilateral hip subluxation (CE angle approximately 0 degrees) but before complete dislocation has occurred. We support the trend away from major or frequent hip surgery in these patients. Our preferred procedure is to combine external oblique transfer with adductor transfer. All patients in this study continued to walk with a weak abductor gait following surgery. PMID- 7107867 TI - Quantification of tropomyosin by radioimmunoassay in developing hearts of cardiac mutant axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. AB - Recessive mutant gene c in axolotls results in a failure of embryonic heart function. Earlier morphological studies showed that the mutant myocardial cells lack organized sarcomeric myofibrils. Electrophoresis and immunofluorescent studies suggested that the mutant heart cells contain substantial amounts of actin, myosin and alpha-actinin; however, tropomyosin appeared deficient. In the present study, we employed a newly developed extremely sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay method to quantitate very accurately the tropomyosin levels in normal and mutant sibling hearts at early (stage 35), intermediate (stage 39) and late (stage 41) developmental stages. Our results demonstrate that cardiac mutant hearts contain significantly lower than normal quantities of antigenically detectable tropomyosin at all of the developmental stages examined. This insufficiency of tropomyosin in mutant hearts may be a primary cause at the cell level for their failure to form organized myofibrils. PMID- 7107869 TI - Surgical management of knee contractures in myelomeningocele. AB - Contractures of the knee joint can interfere with orthotic fitting and prevent the child from being upright and ambulatory. Two types of knee contractures are seen: flexion and extension. A flexion deformity is more common in the thoracolumbar level and, when beyond 20 degrees, will require surgical treatment. The author reviewed his surgical experience with 23 knees undergoing a radical flexor release. With an average follow-up of 38 months, 10 knees showed no contractures, 11 knees 5 to 10 degrees of flexion deformity, and 1 knee a 15 degrees deformity. Three knees had a simple tendon release with poor results. Fifteen knees with an extension contracture were treated surgically (VY quadriceps lengthening). With a follow-up of 43 months, eight knees had 120 degrees of flexion, five 90 degrees, and two only 45 degrees. Three knees showed full recovery of quadriceps strength. It is concluded that a knee flexion deformity will respond well to the radical flexor release. Prolonged splinting is important in order to avoid recurrence. An extension contracture can be successfully treated by the VY quadriceps plasty with improvement in the child's gait and sitting. PMID- 7107870 TI - Effect of hip position on blood flow to the femur in puppies. AB - Utilizing radioactive microspheres, blood flow to the femoral head of immature dogs was measured. Blood flow was measured with the leg in the control position, maximal abduction, submaximal abduction, and the human position of hip immobilization. Maximal abduction (to 90 degrees) significantly decreased flow to the capital femoral epiphysis. Submaximal abduction and the human position did not reduce blood flow. Measurement of flow in the control position immediately after forced abduction demonstrated marked reactive hyperemia. These data indicate that ischemia occurs during 90 degrees forced abduction of the hip. This finding supports the use of lesser degrees of abduction for hip immobilization in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. The vascular anatomy of the head of the femur in puppies and children suggests that these data can be extrapolated to man. PMID- 7107871 TI - Congenital clubfoot: an electromyographic study. AB - Twenty-five patients with congenital idiopathic clubfoot, aged 1 day to 22 months, were studied electromyographically. No myopathic or neurogenic changes were found in tibialis anterior, peroneus, gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum brevis, and abductor hallucis brevis muscles of the leg and foot. Maximum motor nerve conduction velocities for the peroneal and tibial nerves were normal. It is concluded that conventional electromyographic techniques were unable to demonstrate abnormalities suggesting neuropathic or myopathic changes in idiopathic clubfoot. PMID- 7107872 TI - Hip joint measurements with computerized tomography. PMID- 7107873 TI - Cerebral palsy associated with maple syrup urine disease. AB - Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare heritable enzyme defect associated with mental retardation. A diet deficient in the branched-chain amino acids is essential for survival. Patients with MSUD are at risk of ketoacidotic metabolic crises brought on by catabolic states, including simple infection or fasting. Delayed diagnosis and therapy can predispose these patients to loss of the gag reflex, lethargy, seizures, and feeding problems. Ultimately, this may result in aspiration and respiratory arrest, which, in turn, can cause cerebral palsy. Of seven cases of MSUD reviewed at The Hospital for Sick Children, two developed spastic diplegic cerebral palsy because of these sequelae. These two patients are similar to other patients with cerebral palsy. Despite special diet, healing of surgical wounds and fractures in patients with MSUD is normal. Simple precautions allow uncomplicated surgery and recovery, even though catabolic states can easily trigger acute ketoacidotic metabolic crises in these patients. The patients with MSUD discussed did not have an increased risk of infection. PMID- 7107874 TI - Epiphyseal extension of an aneurysmal bone cyst. PMID- 7107875 TI - A method for treating severe burn contractures of the tendoachilles in children. PMID- 7107876 TI - Limb salvage using temporary arterial shunt following traumatic near-amputation of the thigh. PMID- 7107877 TI - Simultaneous fracture of the scaphoid and radius in a child. AB - A 15-year-old boy sustained an ipsilateral scaphoid and radius fracture, a combination of injuries that has only received brief mention in previous reports. Closed reduction and cast immobilization produced a satisfactory result. The distal radius injury was a comminuted fracture with a vertical component that extended to the physis without involvement of the epiphysis. The mechanism of injury may have been a severe impact delivered to the base of the hand with the wrist fixed in dorsiflexion, a force that would make a distal radial epiphyseal fracture unlikely. PMID- 7107878 TI - Double-cut tomography in the management of congenitally dislocated hips. PMID- 7107879 TI - Cubitus varus: a new and simple technique for correction. PMID- 7107880 TI - An aid to the application of hip spicas in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 7107881 TI - The world need for schools of public health. PMID- 7107882 TI - Armageddon: the civil defense fraud. PMID- 7107883 TI - To plan for a hoax is a disservice to the people. Remarks before the Joint Legislative Forum on Nuclear War Preparedness in California, March 17, 1982. PMID- 7107884 TI - A cruel sham. Testimony on Resolution Number 695 before the Philadelphia City Council Concerning Nuclear War, April 21, 1982. PMID- 7107885 TI - Health, energy, and the environment. PMID- 7107887 TI - Demise of health planning in the United States: the politics of incremental health policy formation. PMID- 7107889 TI - Regionalization and hospital reform in Italy. PMID- 7107888 TI - Private management of public hospitals: the California experience. PMID- 7107890 TI - The Cigarette Safety Act. PMID- 7107886 TI - A communitarian ethical model for public health interventions: an alternative to individual behavior change strategies. PMID- 7107891 TI - How many doctors? PMID- 7107892 TI - Triiodothyronine stimulates maturation of porcine growth-plate cartilage in vitro. AB - We studied the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on mammalian growth-plate cartilage in vitro. Growth-plate cartilages from fetal pigs scapulae were incubated for 3 to 7 d in serum-free medium alone or medium containing T3. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of hypertrophied chondrocytes, was increased in T3 (10 nM)-treated growth-plate cartilage 152 +/- 36% above that of cartilage incubated in medium alone after 3 d of incubation, and 324 +/- 47% after 7 d of incubation. There was a dose-response increase in alkaline phosphatase activity to T3 over the range of 0.01-10 nM. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity was specific for T3 since growth-plate cartilage alkaline phosphatase activity was not increased by cortisol, insulin, parathyroid hormone, or 5% fetal calf serum. Histological studies of growth-plate cartilage showed that T3 in a concentration-dependent manner increased the width of the zone of maturation (hypertrophied chondrocytes). Histochemical staining for alkaline phosphatase activity demonstrated that T3 caused the recruitment of new cells into the zone of maturation. T3 also stimulated incorporation of L-[3H]leucine into protein and 35SO4 into proteoglycan in growth-plate cartilage. In contrast, T3 did not increase alkaline phosphatase activity or radiolabeled precursor incorporation into nongrowth-plate scapular cartilage. These studies demonstrate that T3 directly stimulates maturation and, to a lesser degree, growth-related processes in fetal mammalian growth-plate cartilage. PMID- 7107893 TI - Ibuprofen in canine endotoxin shock. AB - The participation of prostaglandins in the physiologic alterations of endotoxin shock has been well established with the aid of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Our study was designed to investigate the potential of ibuprofen, a highly specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor, to reverse the hemodynamic and acid base abnormalities of canine endotoxin shock. Mean blood pressure fell to 49.8 +/ 6.6 mm Hg in dogs given endotoxin by 5 min after injection, and remained below 83 mm Hg for the duration of the 120-min observation period. In animals given endotoxin followed by ibuprofen, a similar initial drop of systemic blood pressure was seen, but it subsequently recovered to 150.2 +/- 4.1 mm Hg by 120 min (P less than 0.001). Cardiac index increased in animals given ibuprofen (2.3 +/- 0.28 liter/m2 per min) compared with animals given endotoxin alone (1.0 +/- 0.09 liter/m2 per min) by termination of the experiment. The arterial pH dropped in endotoxin treated animals to 7.18 +/- 0.03 by 120 min. Ibuprofen prevented the acidosis, the final pH in ibuprofen and endotoxin treated animals measuring 7.36 +/- 0.01. We conclude that ibuprofen protects against the hypotension, acidosis, and depression of cardiac index of canine endotoxin shock. PMID- 7107894 TI - Energy metabolism of human neutrophils during phagocytosis. AB - Detailed quantitative studies were performed on the generation and utilization of energy by resting and phagocytosing human neutrophils. The ATP content was 1.9 fmol/cell, was constant during rest, and was not influenced by the presence or absence of glucose in the medium. The intracellular content of phosphocreatine was less than 0.2 fmol/cell. In the presence of glucose, ATP was generated almost exclusively from lactate produced from glucose taken up from the surrounding medium. The amount of lactate produced could account for 85% of the glucose taken up by the cells, and the intracellular glycosyl store, glycogen, was not drawn upon. The rate of ATP generation as calculated from the rate of lactate production was 1.3 fmol/cell/min. During phagocytosis, there was no measurable increase in glucose consumption or lactate production, and the ATP content fell rapidly to 0.8 fmol/cell. This disappearance of ATP was apparently irreversible since no corresponding increase in ADP or AMP was observed. It therefore appears that this phagocytosis-induced fall in ATP concentration represents all the extra energy utilized in human neutrophils in the presence of glucose. In the absence of glucose, the rate of ATP generation in the resting cell was considerably smaller, 0.75 fmol/cell per min, as calculated from the rate of glycolysis, which is sustained exclusively by glycogenolysis. Under this condition, however, phagocytosis induces significant enhancement of glycogenolysis and the rate of lactate production is increased by 60%, raising the rate of ATP generation to 1.2 fmol/cell per min. Nonetheless, the ATP content drops significantly from 1.9 to 1.0 fmol/cell. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease have the same rate of glycolysis and the same ATP content as normal cells, thus confirming that the defective respiration of these cells does not affect their energy metabolism. PMID- 7107895 TI - Sensitization to low dose 5-fluorouracil. Subsequent enhancement of its systemic antitumor effect in the rat. AB - This report describes a novel method of immunochemotherapy; the active immunization to the drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with enhanced antitumor activity resulting from its subsequent systemic administration. Two metastasizing carcinomas in the Fischer strain (F344) rat have been used: a chemically induced bladder carcinoma (FBCa) and a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma (MACa). Both tumors grow rapidly and result in 100% mortality within 10 wk of implantation. Neither tumor is sensitive to systemic 5-FU alone. Intradermal sensitization to 5 FU before FBCa tumor implantation, followed by 5-FU administered systemically, resulted in significant tumor regression and improvement in survival with eradication of all tumor and cure in 20% of animals. A similar antitumor effect was observed with the MACa. A comparable drug effect was observed when methotrexate sensitization was given before FBCa implantation followed by systemic MTX. Specificity to the sensitizing drug was demonstrated by the lack of effect of sensitization with either 5-FU or MTX unless followed by systemic therapy with the requisite sensitizing agent. Sensitization to 5-FU has also been assessed after FBCa implantation followed by resection of the local tumor. Resection was performed after distant tumor metastases had occurred, and was followed by systemic 5-FU therapy. Whereas tumor resection alone failed to cure any animal, sensitization to 5-FU increased cure rate fourfold over animals receiving systemic 5-FU alone. Antibody to 5-FU in the sera of sensitized animals has been suggested by an immunoenzymatic staining technique and its specificity confirmed in a radioimmunoassay. It is postulated that a combination of the systemic agent and the antibody elicited to it by sensitization produces the significant antitumor effect observed. The antitumor effect observed with this new approach to immunochemotherapy warrants further experimental and clinical study. PMID- 7107896 TI - Dietary modulation of active potassium secretion in the cortical collecting tubule of adrenalectomized rabbits. AB - Addisonian patients can maintain potassium homeostasis despite the absence of mineralocorticoid. The present in vitro microperfusion studies examine what role the cortical collecting tubule might play in this process. All studies were performed on tubules harvested from adrenalectomized rabbits, which were maintained on 0.15 M NaCl drinking water and dexamethasone 50 mug/d. Perfusion and bath solutions were symmetrical Ringer's bicarbonate with [K] of 5 meq/liter. Initial studies on cortical collecting tubules from adrenalectomized animals ingesting a high potassium chow (9 meq K/kg body wt) demonstrated net potassium secretion against an electrochemical gradient (mean collected fluid [K] 16.5+/ 2.6 meq/liter with an observed transepithelial voltage of -6.3+/-4.1 mV; predicted voltage for passive distribution of potassium being -28.2 mV). To examine whether this active potassium secretion could be modulated by dietary potassium, independent of mineralocorticoid, two diets identical in all respects except for potassium content were formulated. Potassium secretion was compared in cortical collecting tubules harvested from adrenalectomized animals on low (0.1 meq K) and high (10 meq K) potassium intake. Mean net potassium secretion by cortical collecting tubules was 2.02+/-0.54 peq mm(-1) min(-1) in the low potassium diet group and 5.34+/-.74 peq.mm(-1).min(-1) in the high potassium group. The mean transepithelial voltages of the collecting tubules did not differ between the two dietary groups. While net Na reabsorption was significantly greater in tubules from the high K group, this could not account for the differences in K secretion. These data demonstrate that: (a) the cortical collecting tubule can actively secrete potassium and that the magnitude of this potassium secretion correlates with potassium intake; (b) this active potassium secretory process in independent of mineralocorticoid. These findings support the hypothesis that the cortical collecting tubule may contribute to K homeostasis in Addison's disease. PMID- 7107897 TI - Chemotactic responses of fibroblasts to tropoelastin and elastin-derived peptides. AB - Fibroblasts are known to have chemotactic responses to two components of the extracellular matrix, collagen and fibronectin. To extend these observations to other extracellular connective tissue macromolecules and their proteolytic fragments, fibroblasts from adult human skin and from late-gestation (270 d), fetal bovine ligaments were studied for chemotactic responsiveness to tropoelastin and elastin-derived peptides. Bovine ligament tropoelastin and elastin-derived peptides, generated from either human aortic elastin with human neutrophil elastase or from bovine ligament elastin with pancreatic elastase, elicited chemotactic responses that were maximal at 0.2 micrograms/ml (3 X 10(-9) M) and 0.5-2.0 micrograms protein/ml, respectively. Fractionation of the elastin derived peptides by gel filtration (Bio-Gel P-10) indicated that comparable levels of chemotactic activity were present in all fractions, and amino acid analysis of the fractions showed no relationship between chemotactic activity and desmosine concentration. Taken in conjunction with the observations on tropoelastin, it appears that fibroblast chemotaxis to elastin components does not involve the cross-links of elastin. These results demonstrate that the influences of the connective tissue matrix upon fibroblast migration might include elastin precursors and fragments of elastin. PMID- 7107898 TI - Light-induced protoporphyrin release from erythrocytes in erythropoietic protoporphyria. AB - The photohemolysis of normal erythrocytes incubated with protoporphyrin is reduced in the presence of albumin. When globin is added to normal erythrocytes loaded with protoporphyrin, protoporphyrin is bound to globin. During irradiation protoporphyrin moves from globin to the erythrocyte membrane and photohemolysis is initiated. Erythrocytes in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria contain large amounts of protoporphyrin bound to hemoglobin. Upon irradiation of these cells in the absence of albumin, 40% of protoporphyrin and 80% of hemoglobin is released after 240 kJ/m2. The released protoporphyrin is hemoglobin bound. In contrast, when albumin is present only 8% of hemoglobin is released whereas protoporphyrin is released to 76%. The released protoporphyrin is albumin bound. A hypothesis for the release of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in erythropoietic protoporphyria without simultaneous hemolysis is proposed. Upon irradiation protoporphyrin photodamages its binding sites on hemoglobin, moves through the plasma membrane, and is bound to albumin in plasma. PMID- 7107900 TI - The otitis prone child. PMID- 7107899 TI - Parental knowledge of child development and injury risks. AB - The hypothesis that the risk of injury to children is related to (1) parents' assessment of the child's developmental abilities, and (2) parents' knowledge of injury prevention measures was tested by a two-part self-administered questionnaire, completed by 118 parents. The developmental score correlated with the score on the safety questionnaires and with educational level of the respondent. There was a small but nonsignificant correlation of both scores with injury in the preceding month. Knowledge of safety practices was low for many items. Results indicate the need to improve parental knowledge of injury prevention and to educate parents about normal childhood development. PMID- 7107902 TI - Developmental aspects of well child office visits. PMID- 7107901 TI - The child with headaches. PMID- 7107903 TI - Construct validity of a maternal social support scaled. PMID- 7107904 TI - Adoption and foster care rates in pediatric disorders. PMID- 7107905 TI - Extrapyramidal cerebral palsy: a changing view. AB - Earlier surveys of cerebal palsy characterized patients with extrapyramidal (choreoathetoid) cerebral palsy as having little cognitive impairment and few associated deficits. Anoxia, which has now replaced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as a major cause of this type of cerebral palsy, predictably produces a diffuse type of brain damage. Evaluations of children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy seen in a pediatric habilitation center revealed high incidences of mental retardation, epilepsy, and other associated deficits. These findings have implications for the management and habilitation of children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy. PMID- 7107906 TI - Parent-child life events: relation to treatment in asthma. AB - Children and adolescents with asthma were divided into groups of responders (N = 22) and nonresponders (N = 22) on the basis of their response to medical management. The mothers and children from both groups were given scales to measure life events and perceptions of behavior style. The effects of life event stresses and parent-child relations on the response to medical treatment were evaluated for each patient. Comparisons were made on the basis of response nonresponse, sex, and age. Several patterns of relationship to treatment outcome were identified. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of coping skills, psychological defenses, and the availability of social support systems. A conceptual scheme for treatment approaches is presented. PMID- 7107907 TI - A loss of nerve. PMID- 7107908 TI - Factors affecting attachment between infants and mothers separated at birth. AB - A sample of 24 healthy Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) survivors separated from their mothers for a period of more than 10 days after birth were studied at approximately 1 year postconceptional age to assess mother-infant attachment. The 24 infants were classified into secure-attached (N = 17) and insecure-attached (N = 7) groups according to Ainsworth categories. No differences were found between the groups in birth weight, gestation, length of NICU hospitalization, Bayley developmental scores, and 1-year physical measurements. Secure-attached infants, however, tended to be from younger, working mothers and had more day-care experiences. The data do not support the hypothesis that prolonged neonatal separation has detrimental effects on later mother-child interaction. PMID- 7107909 TI - Chinese-American infant temperament and sleep duration: an ethnic comparison. AB - Parents' responses to the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire and results of a standard interview regarding sleep duration were obtained for 23 Chinese-American and 60 non-Chinese infants. Chinese-American infants were rated as significantly more withdrawing, less adaptable, and more negative in mood than the other infants. Total sleep duration for the Chinese-American infants was 13.2 hours, compared to 14.2 hours for the other infants (p less than .05). Night sleep duration had a significant negative correlation with mood ratings in the Chinese American babies. These findings suggest that there are ethnic differences in infant temperament and that the relationship between negative mood and brief sleep is present among different ethnic groups. PMID- 7107910 TI - Anterior-posterior locus of lesion and personality: support for the caudality hypothesis. AB - Investigated the effects of discrete brain lesions on MMPI performance in well matched samples of patients with anterior and posterior injuries. Because of the nature of the samples and careful matching for potentially confounding variables, particular emphasis could be given to the study of brain-behavior relationships. Patients with posterior lesions produced a significantly more abnormal composite MMPI profile, had a consistent tendency to produce elevated (70+) individual MMPI scales, and had individual profiles that were universally rated as abnormal using standard criteria. The differential MMPI patterns exhibited by these two samples were compatible with traditionally held clinical hypothesis with regard to distinct personality differences secondary to focal lesions in the caudal plane. It is our conclusion that lesion caudality does have a differential effect upon MMPI performance when factors such as cognitive, motor, and sensory defects are controlled adequately. The implications are that this effect is locus specific and is not necessarily related to the degree of other neurobehavioral impairment, as has been hypothesized previously. PMID- 7107911 TI - Defense mechanisms in reactive and process schizophrenics. AB - Divided schizophrenics into reactive and process groups (20 males and 20 females in each group) on the basis of three criteria: Premorbid adjustment, role orientation, and paranoid-nonparanoid status. All were administered the Defense Mechanism Inventory, which measures five clusters of defenses. Reactives had significantly higher scores than process patients on Turning against Self and Projection. Process patients had significantly higher scores on Reversal. No significant differences between groups were found on Turning against Object and Principalization, nor were there significant sex differences. The results support the probability of different defensive preferences for the reactive and process syndromes. PMID- 7107912 TI - Unrealistic expectations of parents who maltreat their children: an educational deficit that pertains to child development. AB - Forty-one parents estimated when their own child and an "average" child would attain a number of different developmental milestones. These milestones and the accompanying normative data were derived from the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (Doll, 1965). Parents were divided into three groups on the basis of a prior history of child abuse, child neglect, or no previous background of abuse or neglect. Results indicate that both the abuse and neglect groups differed from the comparison group when absolute difference scores from the normative data were analyzed. When directionality of scores were analyzed (i.e., too high or too low expectations for the child), no differences were found among the groups. Implications of an education deficit model of unrealistic parental expectations were discussed. PMID- 7107913 TI - Prediction of achievement in reading, self-esteem, auding, and verbal language by adult illiterates in a psychoeducational tutorial program. AB - Examined the effectiveness of specific psychoeducational tutoring methods on achievement in reading, self-esteem, auding, and verbal language, Ss (N = 132) were youths and adults reading below fifth level who volunteered to participate in an adult tutorial project. After the assessment of entry level achievement, Ss received psychoeducational tutoring. Comparison of pre- with posttest scores scores indicated that Ss made significant improvement in reading, self-esteem, auding, and verbal language. Pretest scores were related most strongly to posttest scores. Initial verbal language scores were related significantly to posttest reading and auding scores. The study also tested the adequacy of a developmental reading model for adult illiterates. Auding and verbal language scores exceeded reading scores, as theorized. Further research is needed to determine whether gains in achievement continue and whether low intellectual levels or specific language disabilities are contributing to the low levels of reading, auding, and verbal language. PMID- 7107914 TI - Selected case studies in clinical biofeedback. PMID- 7107915 TI - The identification of the student at-risk for failure. AB - Investigated the classroom teacher's ability to identify which students are at risk for future school failure and how students so identified differ from their most able classmates. The intelligence, academic ability, and cognitive and affective competence of 337 Grade Six students, age 11 to 13, were assessed with standard group measures. Two hundred and eighty-four of these students had been identified previously by their teachers as being at-risk for failure to cope with Grade Seven because of a history of problems in school. The remaining 53 had been selected by their teachers as the most able students in their classes. Correlations between the teachers' ratings and standard measures of intelligence, cognitive ability, anxiety, self-concept, and academic achievement were all highly significant, as were correlations between these ratings and grades earned the following year in high school. Discriminant Analysis generated a function that separated the groups with 95.6% accuracy. The at-risk students, although of normal intelligence, were significantly less intellectually, cognitively and academically able, were more anxious, and had lower self-concepts. PMID- 7107916 TI - Perceptions of religious solutions to personal problems of women. AB - Investigated perceptions of effectiveness of religious solutions for personal problems for women. Ss (N = 160) read a biographical sketch of a hypothetical middle-class female who had a personal problem and who adopted a solution to the problem. Two independent variables were manipulated; they were type of problem and type of solution. Results indicate that religion is viewed as being just as effective as an informational solution for women. However, there was a difference between the acceptability of different types of religious solution with the intensely emotional religious experience being valued less than church or prayer. Results were compared and contrasted with those from an earlier study in which the biographee was a male. PMID- 7107917 TI - Discharge against medical advice (AMA) from an acute care private psychiatric hospital. AB - Discharge from psychiatric hospitals against medical advice (AMA) is noncompliance with a physician's treatment regimen. Forty-one patients (26 male, 15 female) discharged AMA from a 32-bed proprietary acute care psychiatric hospital were matched by sex to 41 regularly discharged patients. Data that pertained to account status, marital status, race, month of admission, day of week of admission, time of admission, day of week of discharge, time of discharge, length of stay, religion, diagnosis, employment status, presence of prior psychiatric treatment, attending physician, hospital census, and adolescent census at time of admission were analyzed by Student's t-test, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Significant differences were found for length of stay (p less than .01), time of discharge (p less than .002), presence of prior psychiatric treatment (p less than .0005), and attending physician (p less than .02). Age and length of stay for the regularly discharged group were correlated (r = .47; p less than .001). The failure of this study to support much prior research may be related to differences in hospital setting, client population, and therapist variables. PMID- 7107918 TI - Effects of locus of control on perceived hospital environment. AB - Re-examined how psychiatric patients' perception by their treatment setting was related to locus of control, unconfounded by variations in treatment setting, differences in pathology, or length of hospitalization. Forty male patients were drawn from the general psychiatric' population of Norwich Hospital. They were administered the Rotter I-E Scale, Ward Atmosphere and Ward Initiative Scales. In contrast to reports found in the literature, the results of the study indicated that internally oriented patients preferred a well-ordered, organized treatment setting in which therapeutic objectives and treatment procedures were defined clearly. A most important determinant of the perception of the treatment setting appeared to be the Internals' personal involvement in the therapeutic functioning of the unit. Externals felt that the level of personal participation in the operation of the unit should be minimal and that treatment plans and procedures should be formulated by professional staff and not by their peers. PMID- 7107919 TI - Personality and criminality: a review of the California Psychological Inventory. AB - Presents review of studies that use the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) with delinquents and criminals. Studies listed fit categories that illustrate the ability of the CPI to measure: (a) personality differences between delinquents and non-delinquents; (b) personality typologies and classifications; and (c) personality variables that predict future criminal or social behavior. In addition, studies are listed that describe the (d) historical development of the CPI and its application to criminality, as well as (3) the CPI's ability to measure and quantify aspects of criminal behavior. Methodological concerns, profile interpretations, and suggestions for future research are discussed. PMID- 7107920 TI - Interpretive accuracy of two MMPI short forms with geriatric patients. PMID- 7107921 TI - The measurement of mathematics anxiety: the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents--MARS-A. AB - Describes the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents (MARS-A). Normative data on over 1,200 junior high and senior high students are reported. In addition, psychometric data that relate to reliability and construct validity for the MARS-A scale are discussed. Two factors were identified in the scale, a factor of numerical anxiety that appeared in 91% of the items and a factor of mathematics test anxiety that appeared in the remaining items. Results that show the association between high mathematics anxiety scale scores and low grade average in mathematics courses are reported on two samples of students. PMID- 7107922 TI - A comparison of methods of normalizing a discrete distribution. AB - Normal distributions are the foundation of modern statistical procedures, which differ in their sensitivity to violation of the assumption of normality. This paper reports on the effectiveness of two different methods of normalizing distributions of discrete test score data. The scores of 971 Ontario high school students on the 22 scales of PRF-E (Jackson, 1974) were normalized using two variants of the cumulative proportions method and by a rank method. Neither cumulative procedure appreciably altered the modality or skewness of the distributions. The rank method succeeded in normalizing all the distributions, except for an occasional case of platykurtosis. It was concluded that normalization by ranks is to be preferred over cumulative methods for use in situations in which a statistical procedure is sensitive to violations of normality. PMID- 7107923 TI - MMPI profiles of rheumatic fever adolescents and adults. AB - MMPI elevations for adolescent and adult groups (N = 162) who had experienced rheumatic fever (RF) were generally lower than Mayo Clinic norms, particularly on scales K, 1, 2, 3, and 6. Significant age effects on Scales F, 3, 4, 8, and 9 confirm previous findings that adolescent groups score higher on the MMPI. Contrary to expectation, patients who had not experienced carditis as part of their RF scored significantly higher than carditis patients on scales 2, 3, and 4. The results are discussed from a chronic disease perspective. PMID- 7107925 TI - MMPI-derived indicators of organic brain dysfunction. AB - For more than a decade researchers have been attempting to develop a reliable and valid way in which the MMPI can be used as an indicator of organic brain dysfunctioning. This investigation reviews the major approaches and tries all of them on a sample of 32 organic and 34 schizophrenic hospital patients. Results show that the MMPI methods used assigned patients correctly in 45 to 76% of cases. The Sc scale of the MMPI was generally superior to other scales. Most methods predicted better for women than for men. In all, the idea of making the organic-schizophrenic distinction on the basis of the MMPI appears to have been a "nice try" that ultimately did not yield the desired results. PMID- 7107924 TI - Norms, reliability, and item analysis of the Hopelessness Scale in general psychiatric, forensic psychiatric, and college populations. AB - Administered the Hopelessness Scale to 99 criminal psychiatric inpatients, 118 general psychiatric inpatients, and 197 upper-level college students. Normative data were reported for each group. Both of the psychiatric groups endorsed significantly more items in the hopeless direction than did the college student sample. The scale was found to be more reliable with the psychiatric patients than with the college students. The difference in reliability may reflect the restriction of range of hopelessness scores among college students. An item analysis of the Hopelessness Scale for each of the three groups was presented. These data suggest that three items (4, 5, 13) were not measuring hopelessness as reflected in the other items. Suggestions for further research with the Hopelessness Scale to clarify the components of hopelessness in nonpsychiatric populations were presented. PMID- 7107926 TI - The utility of a measure of aggression in differentiating abusing parents from other parents who are experiencing familial disturbance. AB - Discussed the utility of a measure of aggression using the MMPI (N = 54). Although child abusers significantly differed from a distressed and socioeconomic status matched group on this scale, a discriminative analysis on the scale failed to adequately differentiate the groups. Results are discussed in terms of the deficiencies in the current method of separating their groups and for constructing measures that are likely to differentiate aggressive from nonaggressive populations. PMID- 7107927 TI - Social avoidance and distress as a predictor of perceived locus of control and level of self-esteem. AB - Proposed the degree of social discomfort to be indicative of an individual's perceived locus of control and level of self-esteem. Introductory psychology students (N = 143) at the University of Alaska completed questionnaires for Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD), Rotter's Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement Scale, and Janis-Field Personality Inventory. There were significant differences in locus of control and level of self-esteem among those Ss rated as high SAD, moderate SAD, and low SAD. High SAD Ss were found to have significantly greater external locus of control and lower self-esteem than either the moderate or low SAD Ss. Individuals who experience social anxiety, as opposed to those who are comfortable in social situations, are likely to feel that they have less control over the rewards in life and experience less positive self regard. PMID- 7107928 TI - The relationship between the Overcontrolled-Hostility Scale and the MMPI 4--3 high-point pair. AB - Investigated the relationship between the MMPI 4--3 high-point pair and the Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) scale in three different populations. Ss were assigned to the 4--3 condition based on the following two criteria: (1) Scales 3 (HY) and 4 (PD) greater than or equal to T-score of 65; (2) Scale 4 (PD) greater than Scale 3 (HY) greater than or equal to all other clinical scales. In the prison sample (N = 200), inmates who achieved the 4--3 high-point pair were found to earn significantly higher scores on the O-H scale relative to a group of age matched controls. These results were cross-validated successfully in a sample of psychology clinic outpatients (N = 500), where patients were matched on both age and sex. A similar relationship was found between the presence of a 4-3 high point pair and higher scores on the O-H scale in a state hospital (N = 102) sample, although the results did not reach statistical significance because of the restricted sample size. PMID- 7107929 TI - Bender Gestalt performance of normal older adults. AB - With increased numbers of older adults in the population, psychologists are faced frequently with diagnostic questions that concern the neuropsychological functioning of an older client. The need for a brief screening measure of organicity can be filled by the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT), a measure widely used by psychologists. This report provides normative data on the BGT with a sample of 334 normal older adults aged 60 and above who are residing in the community. Using the Hutt-Briskin scoring criteria, it is shown that these older adults, as a group, do not perform on the BGT in a manner that can be called brain-damaged. Use of the cut-off score developed with younger persons appears to be appropriate even with older adults. PMID- 7107930 TI - Clinical utility of the Background Interference Procedure for the Bender-Gestalt test. AB - Reviewed evidence for the validity of the Background Interference Procedure (BIP) version of the Bender-Gestalt test as a screening test for organic brain dysfunction. Low reliability and shortcomings in BIP validation studies suggest that the diagnostic validity of the BIP is lower than previously reported. A study was conducted in which the BIP was used to determine the presence of absence of brain dysfunction in groups of 45 brain-damaged and 39 nonimpaired male inpatients who were equated for age and education. Both the hit rate (61%) and relative accuracy of the BIP, compared with the EEG and neuroradiological procedures, were lower than in most earlier reports. The results are seen as limiting the usefulness of the BIP as a screening test for brain damage. A potential role for the BIP as a measure of constructional praxis is discussed PMID- 7107931 TI - Learning disability: an inability to sustain attention. AB - Administered a complex reaction time task to 47 learning-disabled and 41 control children, aged 8 to 10 1/2. The preparatory interval between a warning and act light was manipulated for length and regularity. Groups differed only as a function of number of trials. It appears that the inability to sustain attention over time, rather than momentary inattentiveness, distinguished the two groups. PMID- 7107932 TI - Use of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with mentally retarded children. AB - Explored the relationship between the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary test (PPVT-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) for a sample of 38 mentally retarded children between the ages of 5--5 to 12--7. The PPVT-R correlated significantly with the WISC-R Verbal (.58), Performance (.48) and Full Scale (.59) IQ scores. There was no significant difference between the mean PPVT-R Standard Score Equivalent (59.9) and the mean WISC-R Verbal (59.5), Performance (62.4), or Full Scale (57.7) IG scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed. PMID- 7107933 TI - Verbal-performance IG discrepancy score: a comment on reliability, abnormality, and validity. AB - Analyzed the reliability abnormality, and validity of Verbal-Performance discrepancy scores on the WISC-R in relation to clinical decision-making about learning disabilities. From the standpoint of screening and differential diagnosis, the information of greatest value seems to be the magnitude of the discrepancy that is both reliable and valid for learning-disabled children. Inasmuch as definitive evidence on validity is not available at present, it is recommended that discrepancy scores not be used as the primary diagnostic tool. Information on the abnormality of the scores was judged less useful in this context. PMID- 7107934 TI - A measure of short-term visual memory based on the WISC-R coding subtest. AB - Adapted the Coding subtest of the WISC-R to provide a measure of visual memory. Three hundred and five children, aged 8 through 12, were administered the Coding test using standard directions. A few seconds after completion the key was taken away, and each was given a paper with only the digits and asked to write the appropriate matching symbol below each. This was termed "Coding Recall." To provide validity data, a subgroup of 50 Ss also was administered the Attention Span for Letters subtest from the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (as a test of visual memory for sequences of letters) and a Bender Gestalt recall test (as a measure of visual memory for geometric forms). Coding Recall means and standard deviations are reported separately by sex and age level. Implications for clinicans are discussed. Reservations about clinical use of the data are given in view of the possible lack of representativeness of the sample used and the limited reliability and validity of Coding Recall. PMID- 7107935 TI - MMPI traits of incestuous fathers. AB - Compared MMPI scores of a group of 10 documented incestuous fathers and stepfathers to those of a matched control group of nonincestuous fathers. Analyses of variance and covariance reflected more pathological scores for incest fathers than control fathers on the psychopathic deviate scale, the psychasthenia scale and the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI. Results were discussed in terms of a character disordered personality type among incestuous fathers. PMID- 7107936 TI - Locus of control and neuropsychological performance in chronic alcoholics. AB - Correlated neuropsychological performance and three dimensions of Locus of Control (LOC) were examined in 62 hospitalized male chronic alcoholics and 24 non alcoholic males drawn from the community. Performance deficits in alcoholic Ss correlated significantly with high scores on the Chance (LOC-C) and Powerful Others (LOC-PO) scales for approximately half of the measures employed, while no such correlations were significant in the controls. Correlations between performance and scores on the Internal (LOC-I) scale were negligible. Controls scored significantly higher than alcoholics on the Internal dimension; Chance and Powerful Others orientation were not significantly different in the two groups. From these and other results we conclude: (a) alcoholics and controls manifest similar but not identical LOC orientations; (b) alcoholics and controls show different relationships between neuropsychological performance and LOC orientation; and (c) the correlation between LOC variables and performance in alcoholics cannot account for the widespread differences in performance levels between the two groups. PMID- 7107937 TI - Factor structure of the MMPI-168 in male narcotic addicts. AB - Factor analyses of abbreviated clinical and validating scales derived from the MMPI-168 yielded essentially the same solutions reported for full-length versions of the inventory. However, previously derived item-level factor scales did not emerge as distinct factors. Although the factor structures associated with black and white narcotic addict samples (N = 460) were highly similar, significant mean differences between the racial groups on many of the scales suggested the presence of greater psychopathology among white addicts. PMID- 7107938 TI - Validity of five MMPI alcoholism scales. AB - Assessed five alcoholism scales derived from the MMPI for their ability to classify accurately two groups of alcoholics (N = 120) and a group of nonalcoholic psychiatric patients (N = 60) in an inpatient treatment setting. The alcoholic group was divided into those who were self-committed and those who were court-committed. Depending on how the data were treated, only one, or none of the scales was accurate. PMID- 7107940 TI - Do fees help heal? AB - Fees for mental health services is a subject that is often discussed but seldom researched. Fee information that pertained to 112 adult outpatients who returned a follow-up questionnaire and 147 who did not return it was reviewed in light of several indices of patients' response to clinic services. The study also assessed impact of change in a facility's billing format. Differences in billing format were in terms of amount of charge and whether fees were per session or lump-sum. Nonparametric statistics were applied to determine any relationship that (a) assessment by the clinic, (b) source of payment, (c) assessment to the patient, and (d) payment had with (a) return to clinic, (b) number of sessions, and (c) reports of help and satisfaction. The only association found was between presence of third-party coverage and likelihood that the patient returned. Change in billing format did not bear upon return to the clinic or satisfaction with services rendered, but did influence payment. Finally, some of the findings suggest that payment is associated with a predisposition to honor requests and obligations. PMID- 7107939 TI - Race and socioeconomic status as confounding variables in the accurate diagnosis of alcoholism. AB - Utilized two psychologists as actors in making four videotapes to depict background information and verbal modes of communication for alcoholics according to black-white race differences and high-low socioeconomic status. Forty graduate psychology students (10 per group) then were shown randomly one of the four recordings and asked to make a diagnosis. A significant difference was found for the effects of race, socioeconomic status, and race X socioeconomic status interaction on the correct diagnosis of alcoholism. Results were interpreted as suggesting that a clinician's personal biases and/or prejudices might extend into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of clients. PMID- 7107941 TI - Doctoral education in the next decade: a cautionary tale. PMID- 7107942 TI - Molecular weight and therapeutic dose of drug. AB - This report presents statistically significant empirical correlations between the potency (as expressed by log 1/C) and the molecular weight (log M.W.) of water soluble vitamins, various centrally acting drugs and anticancer agents. The implications of these correlations are discussed in terms of protein binding, renal elimination and drug-receptor binding. The limitations of this type of correlation are also presented. PMID- 7107943 TI - Hospital consultants--an influence on G.P. prescribing? A pilot study. AB - Ten thousand National Health Service prescriptions for drugs used in rheumatology, written by 300 general medical practitioners within one Area Health Authority area during one month were analysed. Thirty-six different preparations were prescribed. The prescriptions of three consultants in rheumatology from before the sample period were also analysed. Prescribing patterns were compared, in particular between G.P.s and the consultant to whom the G.P. usually referred his 'rheumatology' patients. Although the correlation coefficients between each consultant and each doctor-group studied were not found to be significant at the 5% level, implying little if any influence by the consultant on the prescribing of these G.P.s, a number of interesting features were noted which seem worthy of further study. PMID- 7107944 TI - The incidence of topical steroid dilutions. AB - A survey of the prescribing pattern of topical treatment in a Family Practitioner Committee District revealed that 49.6% of topical preparations contained steroids and of these 11.2% were for diluted products. The majority (84%) of prescribed steroid dilutions on general practice prescription forms (F.P. 10's) were for Betamethasone-17-valerate and 83% required unrecommended diluent. The survey also revealed occasional prescriptions for high dilutions (e.g. 1 in 100 Betnovate) and unreported mixtures (e.g. Betnovate with Coal tar paste and antifungal proprietary creams mixed with steroid proprietaries). The examination of hospital prescriptions forms (F.P. 10 H.P.'s) was used to partially confirm the hypothesis that the practice of dilution and compounding of topical steroids is initiated in hospital and extrapolated to general practice. PMID- 7107945 TI - Formulation of a readily prepared D-penicillamine oral liquid. PMID- 7107946 TI - Tachistoscopic visual perception after closed head injury. AB - Tachistoscopic visual perception was examined in 42 right-handed closed head injury patients and 10 normal controls by determining the duration for recognition of a trigram in central vision and by employing a visual field laterality task. Thresholds did not vary with severity of injury but were significantly longer than those of controls for midly, moderately, and severely injured patients. A nonsignificant right visual field superiority for trigram recognition was exhibited by all groups. Recognition of trigrams in either visual field was impaired in moderately and severely injured patients relative to controls. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. PMID- 7107947 TI - Neuropsychological analysis of a case of crossed aphasia: implications for reversed laterality. AB - We present a case of crossed aphasia and reversed laterality in a 60-year-old right-handed man. Neuropsychological assessment was conducted both prior, and three months subsequent, to the removal of a right temporal lobe tumor. Results, using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, Wechsler Memory Scale and WAIS Block Design, plus various drawings from copy and to command revealed: (1) presurgery Luria profile very close to the mean profile for dominant temporal lobe dysfunction, (2) preserved visuospatial and visuoperceptive skills, (3) preserved limb praxis, and, (4) good postsurgery functional recovery. These findings are discussed in relation to literature on crossed aphasia and reversed laterality. PMID- 7107948 TI - Electrodermal responses in patients with unilateral brain damage. AB - Skin conductance responses (SCR) to emotional and to nonemotional stimuli were measured in 16 right and 16 left unilateral brain-damaged patients. Replicating findings by Morrow, Vrtunski, Kim and Boller (1981), those patients with a lesion in the left hemisphere showed higher SCR's to emotional than to nonemotional stimuli while those with a right lesion showed no difference between them. This pattern of results remained when variance in performance on a Facial Expression Recognition task was partialled out, suggesting that the absence of differentiated arousal in right-brain-damaged patients is unrelated to their impairment in perceptual analysis. PMID- 7107949 TI - Preoperative neurobehavioral impairment in cerebral revascularization candidates. AB - We examined level of performance in 40 candidates for cerebral revascularization and found substantial variability on general indices of neuropsychological performance. Patients differed by duration of their longest ischemic attack, by surgery type, but not by time since onset of their first ischemic attack. Duration of the longest ischemic attack correlated highly with neuropsychological summary scores. In contrast, symptom duration was unrelated to level of performance in 18 additional patients with histories consistent with cerebrovascular ischemia who did not undergo surgery subsequently. We concluded that initial status on neuropsychological tests is an important variable to consider in postoperative followup of patients undergoing cerebral revascularization. More detailed clinical history and finer grained analysis of neuropsychological data promised to reveal additional relationships among clinical symptoms, neurobehavioral data, and underlying neuropathology. PMID- 7107950 TI - Shortening the Speech Sounds Perception Test. AB - Statistical means of shortening the Speech Sounds Perception Test were examined. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that a 30-item version correlated quite highly with the 60-item version. Group means for representative clinical groups were presented, but no strong differences emerged using either version. Inclusion of length of stay and number of previous admissions as covariates did little to enhance the predictive validity of either form. Finally, the correlation of the 30-item test with demographic variables showed that age correlated most, followed by occupational status. these results were interpreted as indicating that the 30-item version could be used while maintaining the clinical utility of this test. PMID- 7107951 TI - Developmental neuropsychiatry: concepts, issues and prospects. AB - The empirical findings on the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of head injury in childhood are integrated with others in the literature in order to consider some of the outstanding issues and dilemmas that remain in the field of developmental neuropsychiatry. Particular attention is paid to the apparent nonspecificity of the cognitive sequelae of localized brain lesions in childhood, possible specificities in brain-behavior relationships, the probable importance of age effects in altering the impact of brain lesions, and the threshold above which brain injury may have persistent psychological sequelae. PMID- 7107952 TI - Measurement of the fasting urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio in normal adults and its variation with age and sex. AB - Conditions for the determination of the fasting urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio (OHPr: Cr ratio) have been examined, using a resin-catalysed hydrolysis and automated colorimetric procedure for the determination of hydroxyproline. Feeding experiments with gelatin showed that hydroxyproline is rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine and that a 12-hour (overnight) fast is sufficient to ensure correct and reproducible fasting OHPr: Cr ratios. The mean fasting OHPr: Cr ratio decreased slightly with increasing age in both men and premenopausal women but there was no significant difference between the sexes. There was, however, a significant increase in the mean ratio in postmenopausal women. The normal range of fasting OHPr: Cr ratios for men and premenopausal women was found to be 0.003--0.015. PMID- 7107953 TI - Hyperplastic parathyroiditis--a new autoimmune disease? AB - A case of parathyroiditis with epithelial hyperplasia is reported in which the histological features suggest an autoimmune process analogous to Hashimoto's disease. PMID- 7107954 TI - Distribution of plasma cells in normal rectal mucosa. AB - In a survey of 36 histologically normal rectal biopsies, plasma cell counts were recorded at different depths of the lamina propria. The necessity of surveying the lamina propria at every level from the muscularis mucosae to the epithelium, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of plasma cell frequency is demonstrated. The relative accuracy of counting smaller areas of lamina propria is tested and the ratio of epithelium to lamina propria area established. PMID- 7107955 TI - Pathology of colorectal adenomas: a colonoscopic survey. AB - The size, histological type, and grade of dysplasia of a large series of colorectal adenomas removed by colonoscopic polypectomy were matched against other variables such as anatomical site, age, sex, and number of adenomas per patients. Special emphasis was placed on the criteria for grading dysplasia in adenomas and the possible significance of severe dysplasia as a selective marker for increased colorectal cancer risk. The results showed that small adenomas (mostly with mild dysplasia) were evenly distributed throughout the colorectum but that adenomas showing severe dysplasia (mostly the larger tumours, greater than 10 mm diameter) were concentrated in the left colon and rectum, particularly the sigmoid part which is also the segment with the highest risk of colorectal carcinoma in high risk populations. Severe dysplasia in adenomas appears to be a selective histopathological marker for increased colorectal cancer risk. It is closely linked with increasing age and numbers of adenomas per patient, with the large adenomas and particularly those with a villous component in their histology. Severe dysplasia and multiple adenomas could be valuable markers for selecting from the total adenoma population those most deserving of close surveillance in follow-up cancer prevention programmes. Conceptually it would appear advantageous to think in term of the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in the colorectum rather than the polyp-cancer or adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The implications of these results in the study of the aetiology of colorectal cancer are discussed. PMID- 7107956 TI - Fibroma of tendon sheath. AB - A series of nine cases of fibroma of tendon sheath is described including details of the ultrastructural features of two cases. The series was composed of lesions from six males and three females with a mean age of 38 yr. The most common site of involvement was the hand (including fingers) and the mean greater diameter was 19 mm. Typically the tumours were lobulated and microscopically there was a collagenous stroma with spindle and stellate cells in a moderate degree of cellularity. One recurrence was noted in the series. The lesion was distinguished from circumscribed fibromatosis, nodular fasciitis, neurofibroma, leiomyoma, scar tissue, giant cell tumour of tendon sheath (localised nodular tenosynovitis) and fibrous histiocytoma. Ultrastructural studies revealed that the large majority of cells present in the two cases studied were myofibroblasts and fibroma of tendon sheath is therefore the third instance of a benign tumour containing these cells (the other two being dermatofibroma and giant cell fibroma of the oral mucosa). PMID- 7107957 TI - Segmental lymph-node infarction after fine-needle aspiration. AB - Wedge-shaped lymphoid depletion and sinus distention is described in the pole of an intramammary lymph node. The origin of the lesion appears to be traumatic venous thrombosis. Topographically the lesion differs from spontaneous venous infarction of lymph nodes, and resembles segmented infarction due to small arterial lesions. The usually localised trauma of fine-needle aspiration appears to account for its distinctive microanatomical distribution. PMID- 7107958 TI - A new manifestation of thrombocytopenia: myocardial haemorrhage with symptomatic arrhythmia. AB - We describe a patient with thrombocytopenia who developed episodes of dyspnoea due to recurrent cardiac arrhythmia. Necropsy revealed that the apparent mechanism was extensive myocardial haemorrhage. PMID- 7107959 TI - C-reactive protein concentration as a guide to antibiotic therapy in acute leukaemia. AB - Serial monitoring of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was performed, using a one-hour laser-immunonephelometric assay, during 29 episodes of infection in 22 neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia. Serum CRP increased to above a diagnostic level of 100 mg/l in all 29 episodes and continued to rise progressively until appropriate antibiotics, or granulocytes, were given when it fell with a half-life of approximately three days. Serial study of the serum concentration was of value in detecting occult or unresolved bacterial infection and provided an objective means of monitoring the response to antibiotic and granulocyte therapy. PMID- 7107960 TI - Morphological and functional disturbances of platelets induced by cryopreservation. AB - In vitro morphological and functional studies were carried out on platelets which had been cryopreserved in the presence of 5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Overall loss of platelets was around 50%. Those which survived freezing and reconstitution showed marked morphological deterioration, increase of procoagulant activity (PF3a) and a decrease in their aggregability and adenine nucleotide content. We conclude that if transfused, cryopreserved platelets are likely to be less effective than fresh platelets and may activate coagulation in vivo and that they should only be used when suitable fresh platelets are not available. PMID- 7107961 TI - Value of the minimum bactericidal concentration of antibiotics in the management of a case of recurrent Streptococcus bovis septicaemia. AB - After prostatectomy a 60-year-old man developed Streptococcus bovis septicaemia. The patient did not respond to treatment with a combination of ampicillin and erythromycin and in vitro antagonism between these antibiotics was demonstrated by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The value of determining the MBC of antibiotics used in the treatment of septicaemia is emphasised. PMID- 7107962 TI - A microcomputer system for clinical bacteriology: experience of 12 months' trial. AB - A data processing system using microcomputers was developed in a hospital bacteriology laboratory processing more than 60 000 specimens yearly. The purchase price of the hardware was frs 200 000 (17 500 pounds) and the software was written by the authors. The system has been running since May 1980 without general breakdown. The present configuration allows the processing of specimens, enquiries, scientific and administrative tasks but multiprogramming and cumulative reports are not possible. PMID- 7107963 TI - Frequency of Candida albicans serotypes in patients with denture-induced stomatitis and in normal denture wearers. AB - A comparison has been made between the serotypes of oral Candida albicans taken from patients with denture-induced stomatitis and from a group of age and sex matched controls. C albicans isolates were obtained from the fitting surface of the denture, the palatal mucosa supporting the denture, and the buccal mucosa. Twenty-nine of the 30 patients samples in the group affected by denture-induced stomatitis had only C albicans serotype A on their palatal mucosa and denture surface, while mixtures of serotypes were obtained from the buccal mucosa of these patients. Only one patient had serotype B isolates from the palatal mucosa and denture surface. In contrast, the control group had mixture of A and B serotypes from both the denture surface and the palatal mucosa, as well as from the buccal sites sampled. It would appear from these results that denture-induced stomatitis is associated with the proliferation of a single C albicans serotype, usually serotype A. PMID- 7107964 TI - Manual screening for immune antitetanus antibodies by means of latex coated with tetanus toxoid. PMID- 7107965 TI - Investigation into paediatric bilirubin analyses in Australia and New Zealand. PMID- 7107966 TI - Silicone lymphadenopathy. PMID- 7107967 TI - The French drug approval process. PMID- 7107968 TI - Effects of terbutaline on cardiac automaticity and contractility. AB - The effects of terbutaline, a sympathomimetic amine with predominantly beta 2 agonist properties, on cardiac automaticity and contractility were studied. For isolated rabbit right atria, terbutaline, 1 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-5)M, was significantly less potent than isoproterenol. The maximum increase in heart rate induced by terbutaline was 45 +/- 17 beats/min, that by isoproterenol, 120 +/- 9 beats/min. For canine Purkinje fibers, terbutaline had less effect on spontaneous rate than isoproterenol; maximum increases above control were 9.5 +/- 2.5 and 18.6 +/- 7.0 beats/min, respectively. For isolated feline ventricular muscle, terbutaline, 1 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-6)M, was significantly less potent than isoproterenol in increasing peak developed tension and the rate of tension development. Superfusion with Tyrode's solution containing terbutaline, 1 X 10( 7)M, plus graded concentrations of isoproterenol, 1 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-6)M, resulted in response which were less than those observed when isoproterenol alone was superfused. Maximal effects of isoproterenol plus terbutaline were equivalent to those of isoproterenol in its effect on cardiac contractility and automaticity and explain the clinical observation that terbutaline is less toxic than isoproterenol in its effects on cardiac rhythm and contraction when administered for the treatment of bronchial asthma. PMID- 7107969 TI - Study of penfluridol and chlorpromazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. AB - This study presents data on the use of penfluridol, a once-a-week orally administered, antipsychotic agent, in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Fifty-nine patients participated in the initial dose titration segment during which doses of penfluridol were adjusted weekly until the patients' condition became stabilized. The starting dose did not exceed 60 mg per week, and the maximum weekly dose did not exceed 140 mg. Forty-one of these patients continued on to participate in a double-blind comparison of penfluridol with chlorpromazine. Maximum doses did not exceed 140 mg per dose per week for penfluridol and 7350 mg per week for chlorpromazine in the double-blind segment. Patients were abruptly switched from their previous neuroleptic medication to penfluridol without loss of control. Side effects, mainly extrapyramidal in nature, were readily alleviated with benztropine mesylate. Penfluridol, administered orally once a week, appeared to be well tolerated; it was comparable to daily chlorpromazine in treating and maintaining schizophrenic patients. PMID- 7107970 TI - Tolerance of healthy adult males in intravenous infusion of cetiedil, a vasoerythroactive drug. AB - The intravenous infusion of cetiedil to a group of ten male volunteers elicited atropine-like side effects on salivation, bronchomotor tone and visual accommodation. With repeated infusions of cetiedil, the incidence as well as the duration of the side effects were reduced significantly, indicating the development of tolerance. Since normal subjects can tolerate repeated intravenous infusions of cetiedil, the clinical investigation of this drug in sickle cell disease can proceed, including those patients suffering from vasoocclusive crises. PMID- 7107971 TI - Effect of furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients. AB - The clearances of inulin and gentamicin were studied before and after intravenous furosemide in seven patients. There was a significant fall in glomerular filtration rate after furosemide and a similar though less marked fall in gentamicin clearance in six of the seven subjects. Small but consistent increases in plasma gentamicin concentrations were observed after furosemide. The reduction in clearance may explain the enhanced risk of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving both aminoglycosides and diuretics. PMID- 7107972 TI - Importance of protein binding for the interpretation of serum or plasma drug concentrations. AB - The extent of drug binding to plasma protein does not influence the concentration of unbound drug in plasma at steady state but does influence the interpretation of total drug concentrations. An increase in free fraction (reduction in the extent of binding) decreases the therapeutic and toxic ranges for total drug concentrations. Conversely, a reduction in free fraction (increase in the extent of binding) increases these ranges. Laboratories generally measure total rather than unbound drug concentrations, and clinicians must use caution in interpreting these total drug concentrations in clinical situations where the extent of binding of extensively bound drugs may be altered. Free drug serum or plasma concentrations are inherently more reliable indices of the intensity of drug action than are total concentrations. Methodology for routine measurement of free concentration is becoming available and should ultimately be utilized for therapeutic monitoring of drugs that are highly bound to protein. PMID- 7107975 TI - Manual of symbols, equations & definitions in pharmacokinetics. PMID- 7107973 TI - Assessment of quinidine gluconate for nonlinear kinetics following chronic dosing. AB - Two different chronic dosing regimens of quinidine gluconate were administered to each of four healthy volunteers in a pilot study to evaluate quinidine for nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Analysis of plasma quinidine levels following the last dose indicates that disproportionate increases in steady-state plasma concentrations can occur in some subjects as the daily dose increases. Measurement of 2'-oxoquinidinone (2'-OXO) and 3-hydroxyquinidine (3-OH) metabolites revealed that the formation of 2'-OXO is proportional to the availability of quinidine base. Hydroxylation was a more variable process. Rate limited hydroxylation was documented in one subject, and an apparent increase in hepatic microsomal enzyme-mediated hydroxylation was shown in a second subject who ingested large amounts of caffeine daily. By using a highly selective high performance liquid chromatography assay technique, the total body clearance of quinidine was found to be greater than previously published data. Our results suggest that some individuals may exhibit dose-dependent elimination of quinidine and that the variability in quinidine's pharmacokinetics is related in part to its hydroxylation. Future studies must use highly specific quinidine assays and control for variables that may influence this route of metabolism. PMID- 7107974 TI - Potential influence of body weight on the clearance of polymorphically acetylated drugs. AB - The acetylation clearance of sulfamethazine was found to be significantly dependent upon body weight in both intermediate and rapid acetylators. The correlation between acetylation clearance and body weight was stronger in the rapid acetylator. It is recommended that weight-corrected acetylation clearance values be used when constructing distribution histograms for phenotyping purposes. Within a phenotypic mode, body weight may be useful in providing initial estimates of dosing needs. PMID- 7107976 TI - Flurazepam for short-term treatment of complaints of insomnia. AB - The short-term hypnotic efficacy of 15 mg flurazepam was evaluated in nine patients (mean age 37.2 +/- 15.9 years) who complained of insomnia and had polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. Patients slept in the laboratory 14 consecutive nights, and their sleep was monitored using standard polysomnographic procedures. Prior to bedtime, they received a placebo the first four nights, 15 mg flurazepam on nights 5 through 11, and a placebo again on nights 12 through 14. Flurazepam significantly increased total sleep time while reducing the latency to stage 1 sleep, the number of awakenings in the night, and the amount of wakefulness after sleep onset. Sleep stage patterns also were altered significantly with flurazepam: percentage stage 2 sleep increased, and percentages of 3-4 sleep and REM sleep (on drug night 1 and nights 1-3) decreased. With the exception of REM sleep, most of these drug effects were first detected on the second night of administration, did not diminish over the next six nights, and persisted during the three-day withdrawal period. Subjective evaluations of sleep generally corresponded with the polysomnographic data. It was concluded that 15 mg flurazepam has significant hypnotic properties with minimal adverse side effects. PMID- 7107977 TI - Selecting drug combinations for treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterial diseases. AB - Mixtures of antituberculosis drugs were evaluated for their in vitro effects on drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium intracellulare. The response of individual isolates to representative drug combinations was not always predictable from the results of single-drug sensitivity assays. For the case of M. tuberculosis, combinations of drugs were often bactericidal even under conditions where two or more drugs were without effect when tested singly. The more widely drug-resistant M. avium-intracellulare demonstrated increased growth inhibition when subcultured in the presence of single drugs, particularly rifampin and streptomycin. However, these conditions favored the selection of highly resistant strains. Alternatively, multiple drugs were often bacteriostatic; and under conditions where isolates demonstrated growth inhibition, the selection of highly drug-resistant strains was delayed. These results suggest a role for multiple-drug sensitivity assays in selecting drug combinations to be used in the treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterioses. PMID- 7107978 TI - Pharmacokinetics of primidone elimination by uremic patients. AB - The hemodialyzability of primidone was investigated in four patients on long-term hemodialysis. Primidone, 500 or 250 mg, was given orally 2 hours before hemodialysis. Blood and dialyzate samples were collected periodically during the 4-hour dialysis and measured by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for primidone. Dialysis clearance calculated by the instantaneous dialyzate method averaged 97.7 ml/min, which is considerably greater than the metabolic clearance of 30 ml/min for the drug. The extraction efficiency of the hollow-fiber dialyzers averaged 40.2 pr cent for plasma samples. A mean of 31.7 per cent of the administered dose of primidone was removed during hemodialysis. The half-life was 5.1 hours in our patients during hemodialysis, a nearly two-thirds reduction of the 13.9-hour half-life calculated in uremic patients. Because of the reduction in elimination half-life, greater dialysis clearance than metabolic clearance, high extraction efficiency, and significant drug removal during dialysis, we conclude that primidone is dialyzable. PMID- 7107979 TI - Pharmacokinetic equivalence of stable-isotope-labeled and unlabeled drugs. Phenobarbital in man. AB - Stable isotope labeling of drugs has been used in human metabolism studies because it eliminates the risk of radiation exposure accompanying use of radioactive tracers. The labeled drug can be measured by gas-chromatographic mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, if reliable pharmacokinetic data are to be obtained, one has to be certain the rate of metabolism of labeled and unlabeled drug is the same, i.e., there is no kinetic isotope effect. To evaluate this for phenobarbital (PB), three humans were infused with a 1:1 mixture of phenobarbital and 1,3-15N2-2-13C-PB. Serum was collected at regular intervals. Concentrations of labeled and unlabeled phenobarbital were determined by GCMS. Within each subject, there was no trend for concentrations of labeled phenobarbital to be higher or lower than concentrations of unlabeled phenobarbital (P greater than 0.90 for all three subjects). There was no difference in the zero time intercepts, distribution and elimination time constants and half-lives, volumes of distribution and central compartment, or clearance of the two forms of phenobarbital. Thus, no isotope effect was found. Published data on other labeled drugs and the likelihood of encountering an isotope effect based on type of isotope and its location in the molecule are discussed. PMID- 7107980 TI - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of minaxolone. AB - Plasma concentrations of minaxolone were measured in 15 female patients during and for up to 3 hours after a minaxolone and nitrous oxide anesthetic. Nine patients received a single dose and six patients two or three doses of minaxolone. Plasma minaxolone decay can be described by two-compartment kinetics. Distribution is rapid, with a mean half-life of 2.1 minutes, and the elimination half-life is short (47 minutes). Plasma clearance is high (1.55 l./min). Plasma levels of minaxolone at recovery were similar in patients receiving both single and multiple doses, suggesting a valid relationship between plasma level and effect. It is suggested that minaxolone may be a suitable agent for administration by continuous infusion. PMID- 7107982 TI - Unstructured two-point estimation of one-compartment linear pharmacokinetic parameters. AB - A method is described which estimates one-compartment linear pharmacokinetic parameters from two serum drug concentrations obtained at any known times during a drug regimen. During multidose regimens, these two samples need not have a specific temporal relationship to a particular dose. Also, the method will predict eventual steady-state drug concentrations early in the course of a continuous infusion. Modifications of the basic method will accommodate variations in the dosage regimen and permit the analysis of data in patients who have measurable serum drug concentrations prior to the start of the regimen. PMID- 7107981 TI - Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in normal and alcoholic liver disease subjects. AB - The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic behavior of erythromycin in normal volunteers with that in subjects with alcoholic liver disease. Six normal volunteers received 500 mg erythromycin as an intravenous infusion or as two 250-mg enteric-coated tablets in a crossover fashion. The pharmacokinetics of erythromycin after intravenous administration was best described as a two-compartment model. The elimination half-life was 1.6 +/- 0.7 hours (mean +/- S.D.) after the intravenous dose and 2.0 +/- 0.7 hours after the oral dose. In patients with alcoholic liver disease the elimination half-life after oral administration of two 250-mg enteric-coated tablets was 3.2 +/- 0.5 hours, significantly different from that in normal subjects, probably due to impaired metabolism. The difference in half-life does not require dosage adjustment in this patient population. The systemic availability of erythromycin was 33.5 per cent (range 10.5 to 79.3 per cent). PMID- 7107983 TI - Generation of motoneurons in the rabbit brainstem. AB - Autoradiography of 3H-thymidine incorporation was used to determine the time of origin of motoneurons in the rabbit brainstem. With the exception of the facial nucleus, neurons of the branchial motor column originated earlier (days 9 and 10) than somatic motor column neurons (day 11). Labeling was obtained as early as embryonic day 8 for many motor nuclei and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. The significance of temporal patterns of neurogenesis is discussed. PMID- 7107984 TI - The generation and migration of the chick's isthmic complex. AB - By thymidine autoradiography it is shown that the entire isthmic complex is arranged according to a single and very finely grained gradient of proliferation that manifests itself in each of the component cell groups individually. Ventral neurons are generated first, dorsal last. The neurons in the various isthmic cell groups complete their final phase of DNA synthesis mainly between the following stages (of Hamburger and Hamilton, '51): N. semilunaris, HH-22 to HH-24; N. lemnisci lateralis pars ventralis, HH-23 to HH-25; N. lemnisci lateralis pars dorsalis, HH-24 to HH-27; N. isthmi partes principales magnocellularis and parvocellularis, HH-24 to HH-29; N. isthmo-opticus, HH-27 to HH-31. By thymidine autoradiography combined with the peroxidase retrograde transport technique, it is shown that the retinopetal neurons ventral to N. isthmo-optic neurons and substantially later than the nonretinopetal neurons amongst which they are scattered. Using similar autoradiographic methods but in embryos fixed at various ages, it is then shown that the isthmic alar plate gives rise to all the cell groups of the isthmic complex except possibly N. isthmi pars principalis magnocellularis. In confirmation of Vaage's ('73) account, it is shown that two main migrations, "dorsal" and dorsolateral", orignate from the dorsal and dorsolateral parts of the germinal epithelium, traveling first laterally and then ventrally, and that some cells from the former subsequently join the latter to create the mixed migration. The dorsal migration gives rise to N. semilunaris, N. isthmi pars principalis parvocellularis and N. isthmo-opticus, whereas the mixed gives rise to N. lemnisci lateralis partes dorsalis and ventralis and to much of the adjacent reticular formation. The migration is extremely rapid (15-30 micrometer per hour for the dorsal migration), but much of this speed may be due to passive bulk displacement, since there seems to be little relative movement between adjacent cells. PMID- 7107985 TI - The serotonin neurons in nucleus raphe dorsalis of adult rat: a light and electron microscope radioautographic study. AB - The serotoninergic nerve cell body population of nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD) was identified by radioautography following cerebroventricular instillation of tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) in adult rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Series of histological sections taken throughout the midbrain and upper pons exhibited a similar distribution and number of labeled nerve cell bodies in RD after prolonged administration of either 10-5 or 10-4M [3H]5-HT or 10-4M [3H]5-HT and 10-3M nonradioactive noradrenaline. This allowed systematic mapping and quantification of serotoninergic nerve cell bodies at various levels of the RD. Their extrapolated total number averaged 11,500. Twice as many unreactive (nonserotoninergic) neurons were present within the same region. In electron microscope radioautographs, the labeled cells were usually larger (17.9 micrometer mean diameter) than their unlabeled congeners (13.1 micrometer), but stereological sampling of their perikarial organelle content failed to reveal any difference in cytoplasmic composition. Few [3H]5-HT-labeled axonal varicosities were observed in RD and none were found in close apposition or in synaptic junction with labeled nerve cell bodies, dendrites, or unreactive perikarya. A detailed statistical analysis of silver grain distribution in both labeled and "unlabeled" nerve cell bodies, indicated that in the former, but not in the latter, dense bodies had a relatively high affinity for [3H]5-HT. Mitochondria and the cytoplasmic membrane were the only other organelles to show higher labeling indices in labeled than in unlabeled cells. Other sites of [3H]5-HT localization could be ascribed to artefactitious cross-linkage of the tracer by the fixative, since they had the same relative affinity in the two cell populations. These results provide new insights into the morphology and cytofunctional properties of the 5-HT neurons of rat RD. PMID- 7107986 TI - Afferent connections of the cerebellum in various types of reptiles. AB - The origin of cerebellar afferents was studied in various types of reptiles, viz., the turtles Pseudemys scripta elegans and Testudo hermanni, the lizard Varanus exanthematicus, and the snake Python regius, with retrograde tracers (the enzyme horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent tracer "Fast Blue"). Projections to the cerebellum were demonstrated from the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the vestibular ganglion, and the vestibular nuclear complex, two somatosensory nuclei, viz., the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the nucleus of the dorsal funiculus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the reticular formation, and throughout the spinal cord. A distinct bilateral projection to the cerebellum was found to arise in a nucleus previously called nucleus parvocellularis medialis (Ebbesson, '67). In the present study this cell mass is termed the perihypoglossal nuclear complex, considering its comparable position and fiber connections to the perihypoglossal nuclei in mammals. In all reptilian species studied a contralateral cerebellar projection of a cell mass located in the caudal brainstem adjacent to the nucleus raphes inferior was observed. It seems likely that this cell mass represents the reptilian homologue of the mammalian inferior olive. Most of the spinocerebellar fibers appeared to arise in neurons located in area VII-VIII of the gray matter. In this respect the origin of the spinocerebellar projection in reptiles resembles the origin of the rostral and ventral spinocerebellar tracts in mammals. No indications for the existence of a column of Clarke or a central cervical nucleus in the reptilian spinal cord were obtained. On comparison of the cerebellum afferents in reptiles with the known connections of the cerebellum in amphibians, birds, and mammals, a basic pattern of cerebellar afferent projections appears to exist in these vertebrate classes, including retinal, vestibular, precerebellar, somatosensory, and spinal afferents. PMID- 7107987 TI - Ascending lateral line pathways to the midbrain of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria. AB - Efferent projections of the electroreceptive dorsal and the mechanoreceptive intermediate octavolateralis nuclei were revealed, in the brain of the clearnose skate Raja eglanteria, by means of silver degeneration and autoradiographic methods. Efferents from each nucleus give rise to ipsilateral and contralateral lemnisci and commissural components. Commissural fibers terminate within their respective nuclei of the opposite side. The lemnisci from each nucleus parallel each other as they course from medullary to mesencephalic levels; those from the dorsal nucleus assume a lateral position and terminate within the lateral part of the nucleus of the lateral line lemniscus and the lateral nucleus of the midbrain; those within the medial part of the lateral line lemniscal nucleus and the dorsomedial mesencephalic nucleus. A substantial number of fibers of each class course through the mesencephalic nuclei and terminate bilaterally within the central tectal zone. The segregation of electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive information is maintained from medullary to mesencephalic levels although there probably is convergence within the central tectal zone and the magnocellular nucleus, the only octaval center to receive terminals from secondary lateral line fibers. PMID- 7107988 TI - Crossed connections of the substantia nigra in the rat. AB - The existence of crossed multisynaptic pathways that allow for the interdependent control of activity in one substantia nigra and its contralateral counterpart has been inferred from a number of recent biochemical and neurophysiological investigations. This prompted a reexamination of the connections of the substantia nigra with an emphasis on crossed inputs to and crossed projections from that nucleus. Male albino rats received 20-50-nl pressure injections of a 1% wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horse-radish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) solution into the substantia nigra or into surrounding areas as controls. Following a 24-hour survival period the animals were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine protocol for the visualization of HRP. The pattern of anterograde transport of WGA-HRP after substantia nigra injections, confirming for the most part previous reports, demonstrated ipsilateral nigral efferent projections to the striatum; globus pallidus; subthalamic nucleus; the lateral dorsal, paralamellar mediodorsal, ventromedial, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei; central gray, midbrain reticular formation; superior colliculus; and peribrachial area, including the pedunculopontine nucleus. Additionally, the nigral projections to the paralamellar mediodorsal and ventromedial thalamic nuclei and to the superior colliculus were demonstrated to be bilateral. Most of these connections were confirmed by the complementary retrograde experiment. In accordance with previous reports, intranigral WGA-HRP injections retrogradely labeled neurons located in the ipsilateral prefontal cortex, motor cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, central nucleus of the amygdala, anterior hypothalamic area, subthalamic nucleus, and dorsal raphe. Additionally, labeled perikarya were observed in the ipsilateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus, in the contralateral posterior lateral hypothalamic area, and in the ipsilateral and contralateral peribrachial pedunculopontine area. These latter nigral afferents were confirmed with complementary WGA-HRP injections into each of the regions of origin. While bilateral peribrachial-pedunculopontine innervation of the substantia nigra has been reported in the cat there has been no previous demonstration of a crossed nigral afferent system from the contralateral posterior lateral hypothalamic area. The results are discussed with reference to the pathways that may mediate the interdependent control of the activity of neurons in the left and right substantia nigra. Additionally, the association of the substantia nigra with a variety of neuronal circuits, including the cerebellofugal, tectothalamic, thalamocortical, thalamostriatal, and basal ganglia pathways, are discussed. PMID- 7107989 TI - Porphyrin levels in plasma and erythrocytes of chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - Plasma porphyrins and free erythrocyte protoporphyrins were measured in sixty-two chronic hemodialysis patients. Plasma porphyrins were significantly elevated in these patients and overlapped the lower portion of the range observed in twenty four patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrins were moderately elevated in four patients. Overall, these values were not statistically different from values for a control group of specimens from fifty ambulatory dermatology patients. However, they were, on average, lower than the normal values previously determined for the method used. PMID- 7107990 TI - Antistaphylococcal IgE in patients with atopic dermatitis. AB - Levels of IgE antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined in eleven patients with typical atopic dermatitis, with no history of furuncles or severe staphylococcal infection. Increased IgE binding to S. aureus but not to S. epidermidis was observed. Fifteen patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-staphylococcal abscess syndrome had increased IgE binding not only to S. aureus but also to S. epidermidis. Other control groups of patients with elevated IgE levels or recurrent staphylococcal infection had normal IgE binding activity to both strains of staphylococci. Interaction of staphylococcal antigens from bacteria on skin with antistaphylococcal IgE antibodies on mast cells could induce mast cell release, evoke itch, and aggravate atopic dermatitis. PMID- 7107992 TI - Treatment of multiple keratoacanthomas with intralesional fluorouracil. AB - A keratoacanthoma is a benign epithelial growth most often found in sun-exposed skin of the elderly. Two main groups of multiple keratoacanthomas have been described: the Ferguson-Smith type and the Grzybowski type. A patient with multiple keratoacanthomas of the Ferguson Smith type is described and the treatment with intralesional 5-fluorouracil is explained. Intralesional therapy with 5-fluorouracil is a safe treatment and may be the treatment of choice for multiple keratoacanthomas and solitary lesions which are difficult to remove surgically. PMID- 7107991 TI - Polymorphous light eruption. Experimental reproduction of skin lesions. AB - The clinical features of polymorphous light eruption (PLE) are reviewed from the literature with special emphasis on the experimental reproduction of skin lesions. Our clinical experience with 180 patients is reported. In forty-three patients a newly developed UVA provocation test was performed. UVA, free of sunburn radiation (50-100 J/cm2), was administered, sometimes repeatedly up to four times, to large sites of previously involved skin. With this technic the reproduction of PLE lesions under laboratory conditions was possible in 90% of this group of forty-three patients. The diagnosis was substantiated by microscopic examination of genuine and experimentally induced lesions. Characteristic histologic features of PLE are described. Phototesting with large doses of UVA aids in confirming the diagnosis of PLE. Hitherto, this diagnosis depended often on exclusion of other dermatoses. Eusolex 8021, a UVA-effective sunscreen, blocked eruptions of PLE lesions under laboratory conditions. An effective means of treatment is offered by PUVA therapy. PMID- 7107993 TI - Psoriasis presenting with pseudoainhum. PMID- 7107994 TI - Can bleaching creams containing 2% hydroquinone produce leukoderma? PMID- 7107995 TI - Dermatology and surgery. PMID- 7107996 TI - Topical 5-FU helpful in reducing the rate of recurrence of condylomata acuminata. PMID- 7107997 TI - Safety of chemical face peels. PMID- 7107998 TI - Rapid enlargement of pilomatricoma. PMID- 7107999 TI - Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers. Report of a family. PMID- 7108000 TI - Folded skin with scarring: Michelin tire baby syndrome? PMID- 7108001 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome in cutaneous connective tissue disease: generalized morphea, lichen sclerosus, fasciitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and lupus panniculitis. AB - Carpal tunnel syndrome developed concurrently with cutaneous connective tissue disease in five patients. The skin lesions varied from morphea, lichen sclerosus, fasciitis, and discoid lupus erythematosus to lupus panniculitis. Variable and transitory serologic and direct immunofluorescent findings were noted. In two cases, surgical specimens from carpal tunnel operations had lymphoid nodules. Treatment of the cutaneous connective tissue syndrome (antimalarials, four cases; corticosteroids, two cases) brought healing of the carpal tunnel syndrome as well as improvement of the skin lesions. PMID- 7108002 TI - Effect of long term ejaculation at high frequency on output of sperm, sexual behavior, and fertility of Holstein bulls; relation of reproductive capacity to high nutrient allowance. AB - Eighteen Holstein bulls were used to determine the long term effect of high frequency ejaculation on reproductive performance. From 1 to 7 yr of age, six bulls were ejaculated weekly, and six pairmates were ejaculated six times weekly. For comparison, six bulls were ejaculated one or six times weekly from 1 to 2 yr of age, placed on sexual rest, and then ejaculated six times weekly for 6 wk and twice daily for 14 days at 3, 4, and 5 yr of age. Six time bulls yielded 3.3 times more motile sperm per week than one time bulls. Sexual activity, which was similar for one and six time bulls, was relatively constant to 5 yr of age and then gradually decreased. Sexual rest did not affect subsequent weekly output of sperm. Postthaw motility of sperm was similar for the one time, six time, and sexually rested groups. Fertility at 4, 6, or 8 yr of age did not differ between one and six time bulls. In conclusion, continuous high frequency of ejaculation from 1 to 7 yr of age greatly increased the harvest of sperm from a bull without harming his growth, reproductive capacity, or fertility. Ten other Holstein bulls fed concentrate ad libitum from 17 wk to 2 yr of age attained puberty 2 wk earlier (37 wk of age) and yielded 1.4 times more sperm per week on six times at 3 yr of age than the six time bulls fed limited energy. Raising bulls on maximum energy allowance enables sampling in a progeny testing program by 13 to 14 mo of age. PMID- 7108003 TI - Effect of thawing time on fertility of bovine spermatozoa in French straws. PMID- 7108004 TI - Effectiveness of educational efforts in implementing mastitis control procedures in commercial dairy herds. AB - One hundred-fifty diarymen in north-eastern Ohio, whose herds had a history of persistently high Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores, were invited to participate in this project, with 43 agreeing to do so. These dairymen were divided into two experimental groups and one control group to determine the effectiveness of two intensities of educational effort on adoption of mastitis control procedures and to demonstrate the effectiveness of mastitis control recommendations. A teat dipping and dry cow therapy program was adopted by more herds in the group with intense educational effort than in the intermediate or control group. Percents of herds in each group utilizing this program in 1977 (start of project), 1978, and 1979 were 8, 75, and 92 for the intense group; 30, 50, and 50 for the intermediate group; and 10, 27, and 27 for the control group. Prevalence of infection declined more rapidly in the intense group with 42, 28, and 24% of cows infected; 39, 25, and 30% in the intermedia, and 56, 35, and 42% in the control group in 1977, 1978, and 1979. Those herds adopting a teat dipping and dry cow therapy program had infection prevalence of 41, 25, and 20% of cows; bulk tank Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores of 15.5, 14.7, and 11.4; and milk production per cow per day of 18.4, 18.4, and 17.5 kg in 1977, 1978, and 1979. PMID- 7108005 TI - Simplified procedure for abomasal cannulation in rumen fistulated goats and sheep. PMID- 7108006 TI - Major minerals in blood of West African dwarf goats during lactation. AB - Twenty adult West African dwarf (Fouta djallon) does about 2 yr old and weighing from 23 to 28 kg were kept for two 18-wk lactations. Blood samples were obtained once weekly from 2 to 18 wk of lactation except in the 1st wk after parturition when samples were every other day for chemical analysis. Blood serum from the 2nd to the 18th wk contained the following averages (mg/100 ml) with standard deviations: calcium 10.52, 1.47; phosphorus 7.43, 1.0; magnesium 2.99, .42; (meq/liter) sodium 140.10, 3.83; and potassium 4.9, .45. In blood during the 1st wk after parturition they were 8.46, .40; 6.05, .12; 3.74, .12; 147.72, .63; and 6.28, .25. Trends increased with advance in lactation except for magnesium and potassium, which decreased. PMID- 7108007 TI - Factors affecting milk yield and reproductive performance. AB - Dairy Herd Improvement testing records of 201 dairy herds of sizes from under 100 to over 1000 cows and herd average milk yields from under 5,000 to over 10,000 kg were studied. Average days to first postpartum breeding tended to be less in herds of over 500 cows. Herds of 300 to 600 cows had highest production per cow. Herds with higher average yields averaged shorter intervals to first postpartum breeding and fewer days open. Days open included farrow cows arbitrarily assigned 305 days open. Number of breedings changed little as herd yield increased, but days open for highest producing herds averaged one estrous period shorter than for low producing herds, suggesting better detection of estrus. For the individual cow, high yield or associated factors have a small but real antagonistic association with reproductive efficiency. Days to first breeding, to last breeding, and days open increased .27, .80, and .61, and number of breedings increased .014 for each 100 kg increase in 180-day yield of fat-corrected milk. The record averages of high-producing herds indicate this antagonism may be overshawdowed by good management; effective estrus detection probably is a major factor. PMID- 7108008 TI - Selected blood chemistry and hematologic characteristics in milk-fed and conventionally fed calves. AB - Effects of diet and age on selected blood chemistry and hematologic characteristics were studied in 20 Holstein bull calves. Milk-fed calves (treatment 1) were maintained exclusively on a milk-replacer diet. Conventionally fed calves (treatment 2) were provided a calf-starter diet and alfalfa hay beginning at 2 wk of age and were weaned from milk replacer at 7 wk of age. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture from all animals just before the morning feeding at 6, 7, 9, and 11 wk of age. Milk-fed calves had greater glucose concentration in blood serum. Urea nitrogen of blood increased in conventionally fed calves from 6 through 11 wk and decreased in milk-fed calves. Hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume decreased in calves receiving milk-replacer diet. Total protein and albumin concentrations were greater in the conventionally fed group. Treatment differences also existed for calcium and cholesterol concentrations and in alkaline phosphatase activity. PMID- 7108009 TI - Effect of exogenous estradiol and progesterone upon lipase activity and spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk. AB - Three of six lactating Jersey cows received estradiol--17 beta and progesterone (.10 and .25 mg/kg body weight per day subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity and acid degree were determined for morning milk samples stored 24 h at 4 degrees C. Whole milk lipase activity did not increase over control milk samples; however, lipase activity of cream fraction and percent whole milk lipase activity in cream fraction increased 200 and 100%. Increases in acid degree occurred also and were closely correlated (.8 to .9) with lipase activity of cream fraction and percent whole milk lipase activity in cream fraction. Cooling was not required to effect association of lipase with cream fraction. Two treated cows developed mastitis-like symptoms after elevation in lipase activity of cream fraction and acid degree. Estradiol alone evoked similar responses. PMID- 7108010 TI - Casein synthesis by mouse polysomes and their messenger ribonucleic acid extracts. AB - Mammary epithelial cells from lactating mice were used to compare the in vitro casein synthesis by membrane-bound and free polysomes with that of messenger ribonucleic acid extracted from free- and bound polysomes (polysomal system and a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system). Casein synthesis was detected by incorporation of hydrogen-3 labeled amino acids in the reaction mixture into synthesized casein molecules. Membrane-bound polysomes synthesized considerably more casein than free polysomes; this difference was abolished by deoxycholate treatment of free polysomes. The synthesizing activity of messenger ribonucleic acid was similar whether extracted from free- or membrane-bound polysomes. Casein synthesis may be controlled by factors on the polysomal membrane. PMID- 7108011 TI - Relationships of hormones, temperature, photoperiod, and other factors to voluntary intake of dry matter in pregnant dairy cows prior to parturition. AB - Voluntary intake of dry matter per 100 kg body weight (defined as intake) was quantified in 86 pluriparous Holstein cows which calved during 19 consecutive mo. Least squares techniques were used to examine the association of intake during the last 8 days before calving with numerous independent variables representing seasonal and physiological factors. The data were summarized as prepartum days 7, 4, and 1 (means of days 8 to 6, 5 to 3, and 2 to 0, respectively). Intake was lowest on prepartum day 1. Main effects of diet-group, health status, and month were not related significantly to intake when covariates were included in the statistical model. Intake decreased with increasing age of cows, but it was not related independently to body condition score. There were seasonal variations in intake which could be accounted for statistically by either month as a main effect or by quantitative indices of seasonality (temperature, photoperiod, plasma prolactin). Intake was lowest in February, June, and July and highest in October. Calf birthweight was related to intake in an unexpected manner. Intake was lowest in dams carrying either small or large calves. Prolactin of plasma was associated independently with intake, but this hormone may be just another measure of seasonal variation. All variables accounted for 58% of the total variance in intake. When seasonal variations in intake were accounted for statistically by other variables, none of the steroid hormones (progesterone, estrone, estradiol-17 beta, and estradiol-17 alpha) were associated independently with variation in voluntary intake. Associations of cow age and of climatic indices with intake were greater during days 7, 4, and 1 prepartum as compared to day 250 of gestation, days .5 to 2.5 postpartum, and days 3 to 30 of lactation. PMID- 7108012 TI - Accumulation and depletion of cadmium and lead in tissues and milk of lactating cows fed small amounts of these metals. AB - Groups of lactating cows were fed 0, 40, and 200 mg of added cadmium (as chloride) and 0, 100, and 500 mg of added lead (as acetate) per animal per day in separate experiments. Milk and blood were sampled periodically and analyzed for concentrations of metal ions. Metal feeding was discontinued after 3 mo, and selected animals were necropsied for tissue residue studies. Remaining animals were continued on control ration for another 3 mo and then killed and tissues obtained. Cadmium feeding did not produce a dose-related increase of this metal in blood, milk, or skeletal muscle. Liver and kidneys were the primary organs of cadmium accumulation, and concentration of cadmium in these organs continued to rise during 3 mo of feeding the control diet after the initial exposure period. Lead did not accumulate in skeletal muscle but showed a dose-related increase in blood, milk, bone, liver, and kidney. In most tissues there was a rapid decline of lead concentrations after cessation of treatment, except in bone. Low dietary intake of cadmium and lead do not produce an appreciable rise of these metals in edible products, e.g., milk or meat. Of the tissues analyzed, liver and kidney accumulate both cadmium and lead, and cadmium especially persists in these organs for long periods. Bone is the primary site of deposition for lead but not cadmium. PMID- 7108013 TI - Bovine milk-associated calcium as an uncoupling factor of mitochondrial respiration. AB - Attempts to obtain coupled mitochondria from lactating bovine mammary tissue proved unsuccessful. To ascertain the nature of the uncoupling factor(s) responsible, we chose mitochondria of rat liver as a test system for their established isolation with retention of coupled respiration. Isolated, coupled rat liver mitochondria were uncoupled immediately by addition of microliter amounts of bovine milk and aqueous milk fractions. Dialysis of whey resulted in loss of the uncoupling factor, whereas boiling did not prevent the uncoupling effect. Inclusion in whey of the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis-(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid protected rat liver mitochondria from the uncoupling effect. Mitochondrial swelling paralleled whey-induced respiratory uncoupling. When monitored by both oxygen consumption and swelling experiments, loss of respiratory control was correlated with the ionic calcium content of bovine milk. These findings suggest that high ionic calcium in bovine milk caused uncoupling. Extensive washings to remove or chelate calcium or inhibit mitochondrial calcium uptake were ineffective in preventing bovine mammary mitochondrial uncoupling. The implications of these findings suggest large amounts of compartmentalized intracellular calcium in bovine mammary tissue. PMID- 7108014 TI - Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on uptake of oleic acid and triolein by everted sacs of bovine small intestine. AB - The influence of dietary fats on in vitro lipid absorption by bovine intestine was studied in 14 calves. Holstein bull calves were fed for 16 wk five liquid diets containing skim milk plus either 3.5% milk fat, 3.5% tallow, 3.5% tallow and .2% cholesterol, 7.0% tallow, or 7.0% tallow and .2% cholesterol. Uptake of oleic acid or triolein by everted jejunal or ileal sacs was measured after incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C in pH 7.4 micellar solutions containing tritium-labeled oleic acid or tritium-labeled triolein. Lipids were extracted from homogenates of sacs and separated into lipid classes by thin layer chromatography. Equal amounts of oleic acid were taken up by jejunal or ileal sacs. Triolein uptake was less than oleic acid uptake, but uptakes by jejunal or ileal sacs did not differ. Oleic acid incorporation into triglyceride was three to four times greater in intestinal sacs from milk fat-fed calves than in sacs from calves fed either 3.5 or 7% tallow. Oleic acid incorporation in intestinal sacs from calves fed cholesterol as well as tallow was equal to that in milk fat fed calves. Intestinal uptake and metabolism of oleic acid proceeded faster when calves were fed milk fat than when fed tallow. The lower intestinal incorporation with tallow increased if cholesterol was fed, suggesting that cholesterol either stimulated absorption or increased esterification. PMID- 7108015 TI - Portal blood flow and net absorption of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose in nonlactating Holstein cows. AB - Portal blood flow was measured in nonlactating Holstein cows by primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid into a mesenteric vein and periodic collection of blood from the portal vein and femoral artery. Cows ranged in age from 2 to 4 yr; average body weight was 472 kg. They were fed ad libitum orchardgrass-red clover silage. Results of Experiment 1 in which portal blood flow was measured in four cows at 10-min intervals over 3 h indicate that flow can vary by a factor of three in a given cow. In Experiment 2, portal blood flow and net absorption of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose were measured in cows for 10 to 12 h. Mean portal blood flow (liters/h) and net absorption (mmoles/h) of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose were 836 +/- 32, 121 +/- 8, -52 +/- 14, and -39 +/- 16. PMID- 7108016 TI - Mineral profile of blood plasma of lactating dairy cows. AB - Each of 20 Holstein cows was assigned randomly to a salt treatment upon calving. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial having age (young versus mature) and salt treatment (plain versus mineralized) as factors. Salt was fed ad libitum. All animals were maintained on a balanced ration of corn silage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed in the barn in a ratio of .45 kg concentrate per 1.36 kg actual milk production. Concentrations in blood plasma of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, cobalt, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphorus, total serum protein, sulfur, and fluoride were monitored throughout lactation and gestation. Statistical evaluation of weekly means for each treatment group for each element by analysis of variance showed when concentrations were different. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium were higher in younger animals than in mature animals during much of the lactation cycle. Magnesium concentration was higher in cows fed trace-mineralized salt. Concentration of phosphorus was higher in younger animals throughout the lactation cycle. Total serum protein was higher in mature cows throughout lactation, and concentrations of sulfur and fluoride were higher in mature cows through much of the cycle. PMID- 7108017 TI - Effects of vacuum and pulsation ratio on udder health. AB - Effects of vacuum and pulsation ratio on udder health were studied for 36 first parity animals in a 60-day trial. Treatments consisted of vacuum at 33.3, 41.6, and 50 kPa at pulsation ratios of 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 at 60 pulsations per min. All teats were exposed to a culture broth of Staphylococcus aureus after machine removal. Numbers of intramammary infections and somatic cells were determined. Analysis for number of intramammary infections indicated no significant differences among treatments for number of infected available quarters. Trend for intramammary infections was that as pulsation ratio widened, the number of infected available quarters increased, especially at the ratio 70:30. As vacuum increased, number of infected available quarters increased. Least squares means of Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores were 6.29, 5.57, and 6.68 for 33.3 kPa; 12.18, 3.82, and 7.86 for 41.6 kPa; and 9.11, 6.40, and 15.02 for 50 kPa at pulsation ratios 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30. There were significant differences among treatments for vacuum and pulsation ratio. Wisconsin Mastitis Test data indicated an interaction between vacuum and pulsation ratio. Optimum predicted vacuum and pulsation ratio based on Wisconsin Mastitis Test data were 27.2 kPa and 62:38. PMID- 7108018 TI - Environmental and physiological factors affecting mastitis at drying off and postcalving. AB - Duplicate milk samples from udder quarters were collected from 3987 cows when the cows were dried off and again postcalving. Samples were cultured for staphylococcal, Streptococci agalactiae, other streptococci species, and coliform organisms. Cows were treated with one of five dry cow therapy drugs or left as untreated controls after collection of samples at dry off. Cows treated with dry cow therapy drugs had more quarters cured during the dry period than did untreated control cows for all organisms considered. A program of dry cow treatment plus teat dipping was superior to dry cow treatment only, teat dipping only, or neither. Cows were more vulnerable to mastitis infections with increasing age. Month of year of drying off affected mastitis infection, although trends were erratic and varied by organism. Mastitis infections at dry off under different herd management systems of type of milking equipment, type of milking facility, and type of housing were dependent on the organism. Management systems had little influence on mastitis infections postcalving. Higher producing cows had fewer mastitis infections when dried off, but milk production the previous lactation had little influence on mastitis infections postcalving. PMID- 7108019 TI - Heritability of mastitis score in pacific northwest dairy herds. AB - Dairy Herd Improvement Association records of Holsteins in the Pacific Northwest were used to estimate heritabilities and correlations between milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, and mastitis score. Effects of sire and lactation number were important for all traits except lactation number for fat percentage. Average mastitis score as well as frequency of elevated tests increased with parity. Paternal half-sister analysis showed that heritabilities of milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage decreased with age averaging .33, .28, and .47 for first records and .29, .20, and .33 for last records. Heritability of mastitis score increased slightly with age averaging .10 for first records and .11 for last records. Milk yield and fat yield showed small genetic correlations of .05 and .07 with mastitis score. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were computed between regressed least square estimates for sires derived for six independent sets of daughters. Pearson correlations between mastitis scores of first and last lactations were .19 and .34, whereas corresponding average Spearman correlations were .11 and .29. These low correlations between sire rankings in different data sets correspond closely with the low heritabilities for mastitis score. PMID- 7108021 TI - Environmental influences on semen output. AB - Semen output characteristics of 7,858 ejaculates of 57 commercial Holstein sires in artificial insemination were analyzed to estimate effects of environment over 3-yr. Large differences existed between bulls, first and second ejaculates, and intervals between collections for all measures of semen output. Effects of age of bulls were greatest for sperm concentration per milliliter and total sperm output, peaking at 4 yr of age. Original semen volume was influenced less by age. December was the best month for total sperm production even though June and July were the months for most volume of seminal fluid production. Total sperm output was highest on Fridays and lowest on Wednesdays. Effects of temperature and humidity and changes in temperature and humidity on semen output were small and inconsistent. These results do not support the assumption that semen output could be increased in controlled environment conditions. PMID- 7108022 TI - Screening test for toxicity of chlorinated milk derivatives by a fertile egg injection technique. AB - Whole milk, skim milk, lactose, and milk protein and lipid fractions in concentrations in milk were heat treated, then admixed with concentrated chlorine based sanitizer to give 1.34 g sodium hypochlorite per liter of solution. After 24-h reaction at ambient temperature, .1 ml of well dispersed control and reacted samples were injected into fertile chicken eggs by the technique of Duthachie and Fletcher. Control samples were prepared, refrigerated, warmed to ambient temperature, and well shaken just before injection into fertile eggs. Mortality assessed each week during incubation and hatchability served as indices of toxicity. Chlorinated whole milk showed increased toxicity as compared to control whole milk; however, milk lipid fractions were less toxic when chlorinated. All other chlorinated samples were equal to or less toxic than samples of nonchlorinated control milks and milk fractions. PMID- 7108020 TI - Factors affecting accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. AB - When pregnancy was diagnosed by concentration of progesterone in milk 23 days postinsemination in 3014 cows, 76.9% of positive and 93.8% of negative diagnoses were confirmed by uterine palpation or return to estrus. Agreement between diagnosis by uterine palpation and diagnosis by milk progesterone test increased for at least 50 days after insemination. Accuracy of laboratory diagnosis of pregnancy increased as concentration of progesterone in the milk sample increased, making it possible to identify cows likely to return to estrus by a low concentration of progesterone in milk 23 days after insemination. There were 352 cows (11.7%) for which concentration of progesterone in the milk sample collected on the day of insemination was higher than normal during estrus. Exclusion of these cases increased the accuracy of pregnant diagnosis by 7.1% and not pregnant diagnosis by 3.1%. From a pragmatic viewpoint, pregnancy diagnosis by concentration of progesterone in milk was accomplished most effectively by quantitative assaying of only one sample collected 23 days after insemination and assigning to the absolute concentration of progesterone a probability that pregnancy will be verified after 50 days or more of gestation by uterine palpation. PMID- 7108023 TI - Correspondence principle in cochlear mechanics. AB - When only long waves play the most important part in the cochlea, the response can be described by a most simplified model, the one-dimensional model. When short waves are to be included, a more complex model is needed. The response then depends on the dimensionality of the model and is much harder to obtain. This applies especially to the region in the neighborhood of the point where the basilar membrane shows resonance. Both two- and three-dimensional models have been studied to assess the effects of short and long waves. The relative importance of the part played by short waves depends on the damping constant (or loss factor )delta associated with the resonance of the basilar membrane (BM). For very small delta a three-dimensional model is really necessary, it cannot be replaced by a model of lower dimensionality. When delta is small, but not too small, the three-dimensional model can be made equivalent to a two-dimensional one, provided the latter is modified ina specific manner. This paper shows why this is so and which conditions have to be met. The two-dimensional model must undergo two modifications to effect this equivalence. The first modification ensures that the model has the same long-wave behavior. In the second place, a specific additional mass ("added mass") reactance should be added to Z(kappa). An expression for the limiting value of delta, above which this correspondence is valid, is given in the paper. A second, larger, limit is presented as well: when delta is above this limit, the responses of both the three-dimensional and the two-dimensional model are equivalent to that of an appropriately chosen one dimensional model. In this case too, long-wave behavior must be matched and an "added mass" reactance must be included in Z(kappa). This holds true for the entire cochlea including the region of resonance. For both types of transition the amount of "added mass" is given. PMID- 7108024 TI - Forward masking by enhanced components in harmonic complexes. AB - The ability of a given target component in certain spectral complexes can be considerably increased by exposure to the complex with the target component deleted. This "enhancement effect" can be observed under a wide variety of conditions and presumably reflects frequency-specific adaptation: the frequency region around the target frequency is not adapted during the exposure and hence is relatively more sensitive. Data from the present study indicate that an enhanced component in a harmonic complex produces more forward masking of a sinusoidal probe than when that component is not enhanced, i.e., an enhanced component behaves as if it were physically more intense. This suggests that the adaptation process underlying the enhancement effect produces an increase in gain in the unadapted frequency region. This increase might result from a decrease, due to adaptation, of suppression of the unadapted region. PMID- 7108025 TI - Inverse frequency dependence of simultaneous tone-on-tone masking patterns at low levels. AB - Using the Bekesy tracking method, tone-on-tone masking patterns were measured with eight subjects at eight masker frequencies between 250 Hz and 6.03 kHz. Masking patterns were obtained for five masker levels between 20 and 60 dB SPL. Test-tone frequencies were chosen within two critical bands above and below the masker frequency. A level-dependent frequency asymmetry of masking was observed at all masker frequencies except at 250 Hz. At low levels there was a greater spread of masking towards the lower frequencies than toward the higher frequencies, but at high levels there was a greater spread of masking towards the higher frequencies than toward the lower frequencies. Only at masker levels of 40 dB SPL were the masking patterns approximately symmetrical. PMID- 7108026 TI - Frequency selectivity of the monkey's auditory system: psychophysical tuning curves. AB - Frequency selectivity was examined in three monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) by means of psychophysical tuning curves which were obtained under both simultaneous- and forward-masking conditions. The results showed that tuning curves obtained under the two masking conditions were qualitatively similar, sharing many of the same basic properties--sharply tuned tip segments, and greater selectivity at high frequencies than at low frequencies. As measured by Q10dB values, however, the forward-masking tuning curves were more sharply tuned than the simultaneous masking curves. Additionally, the two procedures resulted in different conclusions regarding how frequency selectivity varies as a function of probe frequency. The simultaneous-masking results suggested that frequency selectivity improves up to at least 16 kHz, the highest frequency tested. The results from forward masking showed frequency selectivity to be greatest in the frequency region of 1-4 kHz. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences between the procedures, and in terms of their relationship to previous studies of psychophysical tuning cures in other species. PMID- 7108027 TI - Changes in bone conduction thresholds with vibrator contact area. AB - An experimental bone conduction vibrator was used to measure force and acceleration directly at the point of contact, the subject's forehead. Force and acceleration at threshold were measured for six subjects over a frequency range of 250 to 6000 Hz and over a contact area range of five to one. These measurements suggest that for any test subject, the variation in force of threshold with contact area is much smaller than the corresponding variation in acceleration at threshold. PMID- 7108028 TI - Stress and rate: differential transformations of articulation. AB - Early theorizing in speech production considered variations in syllable stress and speaking rate to be identical transformations of motor activity [e.g., Lindblom, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1773-1781 (1963)]. More recent work, however, suggests that modulation of stress and rate have different acoustic and perceptual effects, and thus may have independent "signatures" in production. The experiments reported here examined these hypotheses. In the first experiment, electromyographic activity from two muscles, one primarily related to vowel production and the other to consonant production, was examined during utterances whose stress and rate characteristics were systematically varied. The results support the hypothesis that stress and rate modulations have differential effects on muscle activity. The second experiment addressed the same basic question but examined a broader set of muscles. In all cases, the changes in duration and peak amplitude of muscle activity for altered stress were not equivalent to the changes for altered rate. Decreases in stress produced decreases in peak amplitude and duration of vowel-related muscle activity that were consistent across speakers. In contrast, activity patterns associated with rate contrasts varied considerably across muscles and speakers. PMID- 7108030 TI - Cross-language study of perception of the oral-nasal distinction. AB - To investigate the effect of linguistic experience on the perception of the oral nasal distinction in vowels, Hindi and American English speakers were tested on identification and discrimination of four speechlike series generated by articulatory synthesis. In experiment I, no language-group differences were found in the discrimination of either a consonant series, [ba-ma] (a phonemic contrast in both languages), or a vowel series, [ba-ba] (phonemic only for the Hindi speakers). The vowel results were due to floor effects which obscured differences across language groups. Experiment II examined perception of two modified vowel series, one which increased the interval between members of discrimination pairs and one that extended the range of velar port opening. Cross-language differences in discrimination were found. Hindi perception of the oral-nasal distinction was categorical. English speakers' perception of the vowel series was more continuous. They accurately discriminated differences not only across categories, but also within the oral category. These findings indicate that linguistic experience can influence listeners' perception of vowels, but the effect is different from that shown for consonants. PMID- 7108029 TI - Harmonics-to-noise ratio as an index of the degree of hoarseness. AB - Degree of hoarseness can be evaluated by judging the extent to which noise replaces the harmonic structure in the spectrogram of a sustained vowel. However, this visual method is subjective. The present study was undertaken to develop the harmonics-to-noise (H/N) ratio as an objective and quantitative evaluation of the degree of hoarseness. The computation is conceptually straightforward; 50 consecutive pitch periods of a sustained vowel /a/ are averaged; H is the energy of the averaged waveform, while N is the mean energy of the differences between the individual periods and averaged waveform. Recordings of 42 normal voices and 41 samples with varying degrees of hoarseness were analyzed. Two experts rated the spectrogram of each voice sample, based on the amount of noise relative to that of the harmonic component. The results showed a highly significant agreement (the rank correlation coefficient = 0.849) between H/N calculations and the subjective evaluations of the spectrograms. The H/N ratio also proved useful in quantitatively assessing the results of treatment for hoarseness. PMID- 7108032 TI - Measurement of pitch in speech: an implementation of Goldstein's theory of pitch perception. AB - Recent developments in hearing theory have resulted in the rather general acceptance of the idea that the perception of pitch of complex sounds is the result of the psychological pattern recognition process. The pitch is supposedly mediated by the fundamental of the harmonic spectrum which fits the spectrum of the complex sound optimally. The problem of finding the pitch is then equivalent to finding the best harmonic match. Goldstein [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 1496-1516 (1973)] has described an objective procedure for finding the best fit for stimuli containing relatively few spectral components. He uses maximum likelihood criterion. Application of this procedure to various data on the pitch of complex sounds yielded good results. This motivated our efforts to apply the pattern recognition theory of pitch to the problem of measuring pitch in speech. Although we were able to follow the main line of Goldstein's procedure, some essential changes had to be made. The most important is that in our implementation not all spectral components of the complex sound have to be classified as belonging to the harmonic pattern. We introduced a harmonics sieve to determine whether components are rejected or accepted at a candidate pitch. A simple criterion, based on the components accepted and rejected, led to the decision on which candidate pitch was to be finally selected. The performance and reliability of this psychoacoustically based pitch meter were tested in a LPC-vocoder system. PMID- 7108031 TI - Fricative-stop coarticulation: acoustic and perceptual evidence. AB - Eight native speakers of American English each produced ten tokens of all possible CV, FCV, and VFCV utterances with V = [a] or [u], F = [s] or [integral of], and C = [t] or [k]. Acoustic analysis showed that the formant transition onsets following the stop consonant release were systematically influenced by the preceding fricative, although there were large individual differences. In particular, F3 and F4 tended to be higher following [s] than following [integral of]. The coarticulatory effects were equally large in FCV (e.g.,/sta/) and VFCV (e.g.,/asda/) utterances; that is, they were not reduced when a syllable boundary intervened between fricative and stop. In a parallel perceptual study, the CV portions of these utterances (with release bursts removed to provoke errors) were presented to listeners for identification of the stop consonant. The pattern of place-of-articulation confusions, too, revealed coarticulatory effects due to the excised fricative context. PMID- 7108033 TI - Density of myelinated nerve fibers in the chinchilla cochlea. AB - Baseline values for the density of myelinated nerve fibers at 11 locations in the chinchilla cochlea were obtained as a prerequisite for studying the relationship between sensory cell degeneration and spiral ganglion cell loss. Myelinated nerve fibers were counted within the osseous spiral lamina near the habenulae perforata. The data were expressed as myelinated nerve fibers per inner hair cell (MNF/IHC). Since the vast majority of the afferent fibers innervate the inner hair cells and since the percentage of myelinated efferent fibers at the level of the osseous spiral lamina is estimated to be quite small, MNF/IHC is a useful value which will permit the comparison of data from normal and damaged specimens. An average density of 9.4 MNF/IHC was found at the apex. This rose to a peak of 18.8 MNF/IHC in the first turn and then decreased to 14.2 MNF/IHC in the round window region. The standard deviations at the different locations ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 MNF/IHC. PMID- 7108034 TI - Input impedance of the cochlea in cat. AB - Tones were delivered directly to the stapes in anesthetized cats after removal of the tympanic membrane, malleus, and incus. Measurements were made of the complex amplitudes of the sound pressure on the stapes PS, stapes velocity VS, and sound pressure in the vestibule PV. From these data, acoustic impedance of the stapes and cochlea ZSC delta equal to PS/US, and of the cochlea alone ZC delta equal PV/US were computed (US delta equal to volume velocity of the stapes = VS X area of the stapes footplate). Some measurements were made on modified preparations in which (1) holes were drilled into the vestibule and scala tympani, (2) the basal end of the basilar membrane was destroyed, (3) cochlear fluid was removed, or (4) static pressure was applied to the stapes. For frequencies between 0.5 and 5 kHz, ZSC approximately equal to ZC; this impedance is primarily resistive ([ZC] approximately equal to 1.2 X 10(6) dyn-s/cm5) and is determined by the basilar membrane and cochlear fluids. For frequencies below 0.3 kHz, [ZSC] greater than [ZC] and ZSC is primarily determined by the stiffness of the annular ligament; drying of the ligament or changes in the static pressure difference across the footplate can produce large changes in [ZSC]. For frequencies below 30 Hz, ZC is apparently controlled by the stiffness of the round-window membrane. All of the results can be represented by an network of eight lumped elements in which some of the elements can be associated with specific anatomical structures. Computations indicate that for the cat the sound pressure at the input to the cochlea at behavioral threshold is constant between 1 and 8 kHz, but increases as frequency is decreased below 1 kHz. Apparently, mechanisms within the chochlea (or more centrally) have an important influence on the frequency dependence of behavioral threshold at low frequencies. PMID- 7108035 TI - Measurement of basilar membrane motion in the guinea pig using the Mossbauer technique. AB - Basilar membrane motion was measured at the 16-19 kHz place of the guinea pig cochlea using the Mossbauer technique. The threshold of the gross cochlear action potential (CAP) evoked by pure-tone bursts was used as an indication of neural threshold. CAP threshold deteriorated progressively after the cochlea was opened and the Mossbauer source placed on the basilar membrane. A close relationship was found between the amplitude of basilar membrane motion at the source place frequency and CAP threshold. Basilar membrane velocity at CAP threshold SPL was about 0.04 mm/s over a 60-dB range of CAP threshold. Intensity functions for basilar membrane motion were linear for frequencies more than an octave below the source place frequency but demonstrated progressive saturation for frequencies greater than an octave below the CF. This nonlinear behavior was eliminated as the CAP threshold became less sensitive and was absent post mortem. Isovelocity curves at the 0.04 mm/s criterion were remarkably similar to frequency threshold curves from primary afferent fibers innervating a similar place on the basilar membrane. The isovelocity curve was a better fit than the isoamplitude curve suggesting that inner hair cells respond to basilar membrane velocity. As the CAP threshold deteriorated, the isovelocit curves lost sensitivity around the best frequency, whereas sensitivity to frequencies below 10 kHz remained constant even after the animal was killed. We suggested that most of the frequency response and nonlinear behavior of inner hair cells and afferent fibers may be found in basilar motion. PMID- 7108036 TI - Effects of low-frequency biasing on auditory-nerve activity. AB - Intensity functions of single fibers in the auditory nerve of gerbils were obtained to tone bursts alone and tone bursts superimposed on a low-frequency biasing signal. The bias was a triangular sound-pressure waveform with a period of 100 ms and was usually presented at 90 dB SPL. Cochlear microphonics (CM) recorded in scala media of the basal and second turns of the cochlea were trapezoidal in shape in response to the triangular waveform of sound pressure. Assuming the CM waveform reflects basilar-membrane displacement at very low frequencies, it is concluded that the input impedance of the gerbil cochlea is substantially resistive at frequencies as low as 10 HZ. Intensity functions of single fibers with characteristic frequencies (CFs) below about 12 kHZ exhibited enhanced thresholds to CF tones associated with basilar-membrane displacement toward scala tympani; conversely, thresholds to CF tones were suppressed during displacement toward scala vestibuli. Tone-alone thresholds were usually between the two biased conditions. The bias had little effect on responses of tones placed below or above CF and on the activity of fibers with CFs greater than about 12 kHZ. These physiological results are compatible with corresponding psychophysical measures obtained from human observers. PMID- 7108037 TI - Off-frequency listening and masker uncertainty. AB - This experiment was designed to determine if masker uncertainty can reduce the effects of off-frequency listening on psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs). PTCs were determined in simultaneous masking with a 1-kHZ signal at 12 dV SPL, using an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice procedure. In a given run the center frequency on the narrow-band noise masker was either fixed, or varied randomly between up to eight values distributed equally above and below the signal frequency. In a control condition off-frequency listening was restricted using a "notched" broadband noise added to fixed-frequency masker. The notch was 200 HZ wide, centered at the signal frequency, and the spectrum level in the passband was - 8 dB SPL/Hz. The "restricted listening" PTCs were considerably broader than the "traditional" PTCs, but uncertainty about masker frequency had little effect. It appears that prior knowledge of masker frequency is not necessary for off frequency listening to be effective. PMID- 7108038 TI - Changes in plasma angiotensin II with noise exposure and their relationship to TTS. AB - Plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II (AII) were measured in male human subjects before and after either rest or exposure to 100-dB white noise. Plasma AII concentrations decreased for subjects in the control (no noise) condition but remained high in the noise condition. In the noise exposure condition both the pre- and post-exposure AII concentrations were negatively but nonsignificantly correlated with TTS. The cardiovascular effects of noise appear to be mediated in part by AII. PMID- 7108039 TI - A technique for detecting the ipsilateral acoustic reflex. AB - A technique was explored for detecting the ipsilateral acoustic reflex using one acoustic signal (226-HZ tone) both to elicit the reflex and to measure the impedance of the ear. By eliminating the presentation of two acoustic signals to the same ear, artifactual responses that result from interactions between two signals are avoided. The method provided reflex threshold estimates for five normal subjects that averaged 99.8 dB SPL, in close agreement with previously reported data. A sixth subject, with otosclerosis, showed no evidence of a reflex. With some refinement, the method could become a quick, reliable measurement procedure that avoids some of the problems of conventional methods. PMID- 7108040 TI - Acoustically evoked activity of single efferent neurons in the guinea pig cochlea. PMID- 7108041 TI - Obstruent production by hearing-impaired speakers: interarticulator timing and acoustics. AB - This study examines the organization of laryngeal control and interarticulator timing in the production of obstruents and obstruent clusters by three severely profoundly deaf adults. Glottal activity was monitored by transillumination; temporal patterns of oral articulation (lips and tongue-palate) were recorded using an electrical transconductance technique. For each of the deaf speakers, an inappropriate abduction gesture was often found between words, a pattern never observed for hearing speakers. At the same time, the deaf speakers differed from each other with respect to types of errors, variability, and interarticulator coordination. For the most intelligible speaker, the timing of glottal opening with respect to oral articulation was most like that observed for normals. The second deaf speaker often failed to observe voicing contrasts with respect to glottal opening. This subject was nevertheless consistent in producing most plosives without a glottal opening, and all fricatives with an opening gesture. For the third deaf speaker, the pattern of errors was more complex and included both missing and inappropriate glottal opening gestures. PMID- 7108042 TI - The role of the gross spectral shape as a perceptual cue to place articulation in initial stop consonants. AB - This series of studies explored the extent to which the gross shape of the onset spectrum is used by the listener for the identification of place of articulation in initial stop consonants. Synthetic stimuli were generated with onset frequencies appropriate to the syllables [ba bi du da di du] and with the gross shape of the onset spectrum manipulated to be appropriate for either alveolar consonants or labial consonants. Stimuli were presented for identification and discrimination. In addition, adaptation effects of stimuli containing appropriate frequency and shape and incompatible frequency and shape were explored on a place of-articulation onset continuum. Although identification performance was determined by onset frequency rather than gross shape of the spectrum, presentation of stimuli in which shape was inconsistent with frequency reduced identification performance. Further, subjects could discriminate stimuli which varied only in spectral shape. Finally, significantly less adaptation was found for a [da] onset with a labial spectrum shape than [da] onset with an alveolar spectrum shape. These results suggest that although the invariant properties residing in the gross shape of the onset spectrum may serve as a classificatory framework for the phonetic dimensions of natural language, they may not provide the primary perceptual attributes for place of articulation in ongoing speech processing. PMID- 7108043 TI - Differences between spectral dependencies in auditory and phonetic temporal processing: Relevance to the perception of voicing in initial stops. AB - Untrained listeners can reliably judge the temporal order of the onset of (a) pairs of coterminous tones [forming tone-onset-time (TOT) continua], and (b) higher-frequency bandlimited noises and lower-frequency bandlimited pulse trains [forming noise-onset-time (NOT) continua], but only if the onset of the second sound lags the first by at least 15-20 ms. It has been argued that the limitation of auditory temporal-order resolution that gives rise to this threshold also underlies the distinction between voiced [b, d, g] and voiceless aspirated [ph, th, kh] syllable-initial stop constants [which can be expressed in differences of voice-onset-time. (VOT)]. The positions of boundaries between phonetic categories on VOT continua depend on the values of a variety of spectral parameters, including the onset frequency of the first formant; lowering this results in boundaries shifting to longer values of VOT. The present experiment demonstrated that analogous spectral manipulations applied to the members of TOT and NOT continua do not result in systematic shifts in the location of the simultaneity successivity threshold. The result suggest that the role of F1 in the perception of voicing does not have a purely auditory basis, a conclusion compatible with certain development and cross-language studies that have demonstrated that sensitivity to F1 is acquired and language dependent. The threshold may determine ranges of VOT between which auditory contrast is heightened, and so have helped to shape the preferred phonetic forms of phonological distinctions in the world's languages. However, other factors, such a production constraints or arbitrary processes of cultural development, appear to be required to account for the positions of voicing boundaries in particular languages. PMID- 7108044 TI - Loudness, annoyance, and noisiness produced by single-tone-noise complexes. AB - Single tones centered within the noise spectrum were added to three different broadband spectra: flat, low pass, and high pass. Judgments of overall loudness, annoyance, and noisiness (perceived magnitude) were obtained by absolute magnitude estimation (AME) supplemented by loudness matching. The data were evaluated to determine how the overall SPL of the noise-tone complex, and tone-to noise ratio effect judged perceived magnitude. In addition, the relationship among the tree judged attributes was assessed. Results obtained with the different noise spectra show that the growth of perceived magnitude is a nonmonotonic function of the overall SPL of the noise-tone complex. More summation between tone and noise was found for relatively small tone-to-noise ratios (+5, +10, +15 dB), as measured in 1/3-octave bands, than for relatively large tone-to-noise ratios (+20 dV and greater). Data analysis suggests that the extent of the increments and decrements in perceived magnitude depends on the absolute loudness of the component stimuli, the interaction between a specific tone frequency and noise spectrum, and the attribute judged. An attempt is made to quantify the observed effects and to relate them to the published results of other investigators. PMID- 7108045 TI - Normal hearing thresholds for clicks. AB - This paper evaluates the normal hearing thresholds for clicks and assesses the effects on these thresholds of varying the duration of the listening period and the presentation rate, polarity, and symmetry of the clicks. There were no significant changes in thresholds as the listening period decreased from 2s to 300 mg. There was, however, a 2.5 dB increase in threshold at the listening period decreased from 300 to 100 ms. Increase stimulus presentation rate from 5 to 80/s decreased threshold 4.5 dB per tenfold change in rate. There were no significant differences in threshold between rarefaction and condensation clicks. The average threshold obtained from 40 normal young adults using 100-microseconds square-wave clicks presented through a TDH-49 earphone at 10/s was 36.4-dB peak SPL or 29.9 peak equivalent SPL. Neither peak SPL nor peak equivalent SPL measurements gave consistent thresholds for clicks with different degrees of symmetry. A root-mean-square measure of the pressure over the initial millisecond SPL(1 ms)-gave a threshold of 25.6 dB. This SPL(1ms) measure of threshold proved to be far more consistent for clicks with different degrees of symmetry than either the peak SPL or the peak equivalent SPL measures. PMID- 7108046 TI - Paired comparison judgments of relative intelligibility in noise. AB - Normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects listened alternately to continuous discourse processed by pairs of binaural hearing aids. In each case, they were asked to judge which pair of aids reproduced speech more intelligibly. Twenty three pairs of aids competed in three elimination tournaments and one round-robin tournament. Speech discrimination tests obtained via each aid served as the criterion measure of the success of the judgments. The results were that the paired comparison procedure produced more reliable rankings than discrimination scores particularly when the difference between aids was small. Concerning validity, the normal hearing subjects identified the aids producing the best discrimination scores very well. Also, they applied confidence ratings to their judgements that were well related to the size of the performance difference between the aids. The hearing impaired subjects also performed well generally but on occasion individuals in this group chose aids that were clearly not best for them or the group. PMID- 7108047 TI - IHC-TM connect-disconnect and efferent control V. AB - Four previous papers in this series have explored how the idea of a set of disconnected inner hair cells (IHCs) that can "impact" the tectorial membrane (TM) is consistent with psychophysical data. This paper extends the model and explores the potential for mechanical interaction between the IHCs and outer hair cells (OHCs). In particular, it is speculated that the advantage of IHC-TM disconnect is extended dynamic range, and that movement of the movement of the OHCs and TM, under efferent control, constitutes a mechanical servo system for adjusting IHC-TM spacing along the cochlear partition to achieve this extended range. PMID- 7108048 TI - Do learning-disabled children exhibit peripheral deficits in selective attention? An analysis of eye movements during reading. AB - It has been suggested that deficits in selective attention play a functional role in the learning and behavior problems of children diagnosed as learning-disabled. In the present study, peripheral and central aspects of selective attention were distinguished and peripheral aspects were examined. The attending eye movements during reading of 12 fifth-grade learning-disabled children who read at the third grade level were compared with 12 fifth-grade children who read at the fifth grade level (grade placement controls) and 12 third-grade children who read at the third-grade level (reading level controls). The learning-disabled children did not differ from their reading level controls on any of 10 measures but showed a pattern of eye movements that was generally slower and less smooth than their grade placement controls. While these patterns might be considered to be "immature" relative to normal readers of the same age, they are not indicative of peripheral deficits in selective attention. Males, however, did exhibit more variability in duration of fixations and made more regressive eye movements than did females. PMID- 7108049 TI - The creative abilities of children with social and emotional problem. AB - The specific creative abilities of children with social and emotional problems were at issue. The children's responses on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were compared to those from the standardization sample. Thirty-eight emotionally disturbed children constituted the initial sample, and 40 emotionally disturbed children made up a cross-validation sample. The children in both samples were close to the average standardization score in their ability to arrive at a number of different ideas, experienced some difficulty in coming up with original ideas, and were substantially below the average in the other areas of creativity. Presenting particular difficulty for the disturbed children was the area of elaboration, that is, the addition of details to ideas. The discussion focused on comparisons with learning-disabled children. PMID- 7108050 TI - Children's perceptions of marital discord and behavior problems of boys and girls. AB - Children's feelings of nonacceptance and their perceptions of their parents' marital discord were related to parental measures of marital satisfaction and behavior problems in the children. In a sample of 50 clinic children, it was found that (1) marital discord, as predicted, was most strongly related to conduct problems in boys, (2) boys and girls perceived parental marital discord with equal and moderate accuracy, and (3) children's feelings of nonacceptance were not significantly related to ratings of marital discord. These findings are discussed as they relate to etiological explanations of the impact of marital discord on children. PMID- 7108051 TI - Factorial validity and reliability of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale. AB - The factorial validity and internal consistency reliability of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale was examined using a random sample of elementary-school children in grades 1 through 6. Teacher ratings of subjects' classroom behaviors on the Devereux approximated ratings obtained by the standardization sample. Internal consistency (coefficient alpha) reliability coefficients of the 11 Devereux subscales were found to be quite adequate, ranging form .80 to .93. Intercorrelations among Devereux subscales were moderate to high. A principal factor analysis of the 11 subscales produced two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. which cumulatively accounted for 70.2% of the total variance. When rotated via an orthogonal (Varimax) solution, the two resultant factors appeared to measure "emotional adjustment" and "academic related" dimensions of classroom behavior. Given the problem of multicollinearity that was shown to exist among subscales, the authors suggest caution in the interpretation of Devereux subscales as discrete factors. PMID- 7108052 TI - Empathy: a factor in antisocial behavior. AB - Empathy has been accepted as a crucial factor in the development of prosocial thought and behavior. This study attempted to clarify the role of empathy in the development of antisocial and aggressive delinquent behavior. The subjects were 331 delinquents and 64 nondelinquent controls ages 12 to 18. The delinquents were found to be significantly delayed or arrested in the development of empathy. The nondelinquent group exhibited a significant age-related increase in empathy during the adolescent period, whereas the delinquent group did not. Of three delinquent subgroups utilized, the neurotics were least empathic, the psychopathics next, and the subculturals the most empathic; the groups differed significantly from each other. Aggressive delinquents were significantly lower in empathy level than nonaggressive delinquents, though differentiation by type of aggression (person or property) was not significant. PMID- 7108053 TI - Separation anxiety in mothers of latency-age fearful children. AB - The hypothesis that mothers of children who have symptoms indicative of separation anxiety are themselves separation-anxious was tested by scoring mothers' TAT themes for separation concerns. The stories of 15 mothers of fearful children were compared to the stories of 26 mothers of children manifesting behavior disorders and 21 mothers of children having had no psychiatric contact. Different kinds of separation concerns were found to differentiate the groups of mothers. The stories of mothers of fearful children expressed significantly more concerns about abandonment and rejection and more often expressed a desire to stay near the loved one; the mothers of children expressed significantly more concerns about abandonment and rejection and more often expressed a desire to stay near the loved one; the mothers of children with behavior disorders were found to tell significantly more stories with nurturance-succorance themes. The results lend support to the theory of anxious attachment in that mothers of fearful children seem to share the same concerns that have been ascribed to their children. On the other hand, it seems that separation anxiety may not be a unidimensional construct as different components seem to be more relevant to some symptom clusters than to others. PMID- 7108054 TI - A practical method for screening psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language disorders. AB - Children with speech and language disorders have been found to have a prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder of 50%. The authors sought to develop an efficient screening procedure to distinguish such children who have psychiatric disorder and those who do not. Cutoff scores for easily administered parent and teacher behavior rating questionnaires were investigated in a population of 256 children with speech and language disorders and known presence or absence of psychiatric disorder. It was learned that when the questionnaires are used together, a cutoff score of 31 or greater on either questionnaires are used together, a cutoff score of 31 or greater on either questionnaire has a positive predictive value of 74.1% and a negative predictive value of 76.1%. This screening method shows promise in assisting speech pathologists in comprehensive evaluation and treatment planning for children with speech and language disorders. PMID- 7108056 TI - Parental interpersonal perceptual style, child adjustment, and parent-child interactions. AB - This research examined relationships between parental interpersonal perceptual style (IPS)--the extent to which they are biased in their perceptions of children's behaviors--and (a) the adjustment of their own children and (b) parent child interactions. In two studies, groups of parents first viewed a videotape of a male or female "target" child interacting with an adult in a playroom and then completed a behavior checklist about the target child that measured their IPS. In Study 1, parents' (especially fathers') IPS was found to be related to interaction between them and their 5-to-7-year-old child; for example, the less negatively biased the father was, the more likely the child was to openly display antagonistic behavior toward his or her parents. In Study 2, fathers' (but not mothers') IPS was found to be related to the teacher- and peer-assessed level of psychosocial adjustment of their own third-grade child; fathers of "problem" children tended to be more negatively biased in their perceptions than were fathers of either "adequate" or "highly adjusted" children. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role that person perception processes play in family functioning and child development. PMID- 7108055 TI - The stability of child behavior disorders: a one year test-retest study of Adelaide versions of the Conners Teacher and Parent Rating Scales. AB - The stability of children's disorders was studied, using Adelaide versions of the Conners teachers and parent rating scales, with 5- to 12-year-olds. Of the 20 scales, 14 had high or moderate test-retest stability over the 1-year interval. Most scales also showed discriminant validity over this time. All but 2 of the 14 stable scales gave moderate stability coefficients at each of three age levels. Three teacher scales (Conduct Problem, Socially Rejected, and Antisocial) gave very low stability for the youngest group. Stability was not generally affected by teacher "practice." Little effect of subject selection or repeated-rating bias on scale means was evident. There was a general reduction of some scale means on the second assessment, and the contributions of practice, age, and study-entry effects were examined. PMID- 7108057 TI - Parent and child causal attributions during clinical interviews. AB - Attributions made by children and their parents for the cause of the child's clinical problem were monitored during assessment interviews. Results support previously observed differences obtained through questionnaires, with parents making more attributions than their children to characteristics of the child. This pattern was affected by variations in interview format. Parents and children differed in the locus of their attributions when interviewed individually, but these differences were not present when families were interviewed with both parents and children present. Implications for the methodology of attribution research with child-clinical populations are highlighted. PMID- 7108058 TI - Locus of control, psychopathology, and weight gain in juvenile anorexia nervosa. AB - Based on a hypothesized disturbance in personal control and efficacy in anorexia nervosa, locus of control score in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa was compared to scores obtained from depressed and conduct disorder controls, and to adolescent female standardization norms. Results indicated that (a) as a group, anorectics were significantly more internal than each of the controls; (b) anorectics scoring in a more external direction showed greater denial of illness, fear of weight change, impulse dyscontrol, rigidity of self-imposed controls, use of purgatives and diuretics, and body-image distortion; and (c) more internal anorectics evidenced more rapid weight gain during treatment. Findings were discussed in terms of the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa and the empirical literature relating locus of control to personality functioning and symptom alleviation. PMID- 7108060 TI - Reliability of neurological soft signs in children: reevaluation of the PANESS. AB - Test-retest reliability and intellectual-behavioral correlates of a revised version of the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (PANESS) were evaluated. The WISC-R and PANESS were administered to a heterogeneous clinical sample of 28 6- to 8-year-old children. Test-retest interval for PANESS retest was approximately 28 days with 15 children retested by same testers and the remaining children retested by different testers. Results indicated that PANESS total score is a reliable indicator of overall performance; tester assignment and retest had negligible effects on total score. Grade of subcategory scores proved unreliable across examiners but occurrence/nonoccurrence scores were more robust. Performance on the PANESS was significantly correlated with WISC-R indices sensitive to brain dysfunction, and behavioral factors implicated in the description of minor neurological dysfunction. Further research evaluating discriminant validity of the examination and changes in performance as a result of development is recommended. PMID- 7108059 TI - Methylphenidate increases selectivity of visual scanning in children referred for hyperactivity. AB - Visual scanning patterns were investigated in 32 children referred for symptoms of hyperactivity in a double-blind crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo treatments. Total errors, response latency, and visual fixations were recorded as the child scanned computer-generated visual matching-to-sample problems. Results indicated that the number of fixations on the standard stimulus in the matching task was significantly larger in the methylphenidate state. Drug treatment also resulted in a significant increase in the number of systematic comparisons between the standard and the variants in the task. However, the increased selectivity of attention to the standard stimulus was not accompanied by a reduction of total errors. It was suggested that the stimulant drug may increase attentional selectivity even when such a shift fails to produce improvement in task performance. PMID- 7108061 TI - The development of a child assessment interview for research and clinical use. AB - The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) was developed to address the need for a standardized child interview that could be used for research and clinical purposes. The CAS has several distinguishing characteristics: (1) Questions and responses are standardized, (2) the format was designed to enhance rapport with the child, and (3) information necessary for DSM III childhood diagnoses is explicitly solicited. The CAS was administered to 32 child outpatients, 18 inpatients, and 37 normal controls. Derived scores were obtained for total psychopathology, 11 content areas, and 9 symptom complexes. Interrater reliability for the total CAS score was quite high. The CAS was able to discriminate among the three groups in total score indicating degree of psychopathology, on 9 of the 11 content areas, and on 8 of the 9 symptom complexes. Significant correlations were found between the CAS and maternal report of child behavior and between the CAS and child self-report of internal affects. It was concluded that the CAS has adequate reliability and validity, although further research is indicated. PMID- 7108062 TI - Factors associated with parent labeling of children referred for conduct problems. AB - Clinicians have suggested that in some cases normal children have been inappropriately labeled as deviant by their parents and taken to psychological clinics for treatment. Reasons given for such inappropriate labeling have included factors such as the parents' marital distress and intolerance of normal child behavior. This study provided an empirical examination of the appropriateness or inappropriateness of parent labeling of 5--12-year-old children referred by their parents for treatment of conduct problems. The definition of inappropriate labeling derived by the present investigators required that the relationship between the child's actual behavior and the parent's negative label be so imperfect as to raise questions about the justification for the label, and that some identifiable factors other than the child's behavior account for the negative label. Three parent factors evaluated for their contribution to the parent negative label were martial distress, parent negative behavior toward the child, and parent distress about child deviant behavior. The statistical model of hierarchical multiple regression permitted analysis of this definition. The association found between observed child deviant behavior and the parent negative label suggested that parents of this sample perceived their children reasonably accurately. The three parent factors were found to be negligibly related to the parent label. Therefore, the conditions for inappropriate labeling of the children by the parents of this sample were not met. PMID- 7108063 TI - Sustained responding under intermittent reinforcement in psychotic children. AB - A procedure is described that classifies abnormal children with respect to their capacity to sustain adaptive responding without consistent, extrinsic reinforcement. The procedure was used to assess individual differences in tolerance for intermittent reinforcement among a group of 21 psychotic children. The procedure was found to correlate with three variables established by previous research to be important prognostically--i.e., measures of intelligence, social competence, and language functioning. Findings are discussed with respect to the construct of motivation as distinguished from the construct of ability. It is suggested that whether or not the experimental measure is regarded as relevant to the global construct of motivation, it has clear relevance to potential deficits in the important capacity to sustain adaptive responding. PMID- 7108064 TI - Effects of marital discord on the school behavior of children of schizophrenic, affectively disordered, and normal parents. AB - An association between children's school behavior and two family variables, marital discord and parental psychopathology, has been consistently reported in the literature. However, the joint effects of each of these two familial factors has not been closely examined. The present report provides a further examination of the interrelationships among these three variables with particular emphasis on the effects of marital discord on children's school behavior in families with behaviorally disturbed parents. Marital discord was found to account for much of the association between having a parent with bipolar disorder or unipolar depression and problematic school behavior, but the same variable did not explain the relationship between having a schizophrenic parent and problems in school. The implications of these findings for interventions with the children of disturbed parents and for high-risk research are discussed. PMID- 7108066 TI - Expectancies and attributions for hyperactive and medicated hyperactive students. AB - The present study seeks to document some social consequences of prescribing stimulant medication to a hyperactive child. Eighty students and 15 teachers provided expectancies and attributions for the academic performance of hypothetical medicated and nonmedicated hyperactive children. Both teachers and peers were found to have higher expectancies for the medicated than for the nonmedicated child. Data suggest that these differential expectancies may arise from different explanations for success. The success of the medicated child was attributed to a stable factor (medication), while the nonmedicated child's success was seen as due to an unstable cause (effort). Implications of these differential expectancies and attributions for the academic performance of medicated and nonmedicated hyperactive students are discussed. PMID- 7108065 TI - Minor physical anomalies in exceptional children: a review and critique of research. PMID- 7108067 TI - The use of the Beck Depression Inventory with adolescents. AB - Despite numerous theoretical and anecdotal reports of depression in adolescence, and the potential destructiveness of this disorder in this age group, little empirical work has been done. This study presents data on administration of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to an adolescent sample(N = 568). Factor analysis and interitem and item-scale correlations of the BDI suggested that this questionnaire can be used with this population. The mean BDI score for the sample was slightly higher than that obtained in general population studies of younger children or adults. However, only 5% reported depression sufficiently high to be classified as severe, a figure similar to that of younger children but somewhat lower than that for adults. No significant differences across age were obtained, although significantly more females than males reported high depression scores. PMID- 7108068 TI - Allergen-induced increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to the late asthmatic response and change in airway caliber. PMID- 7108069 TI - Effects of treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate in subpopulations of perennial rhinitis patients. AB - The efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate (BD), 0.05 mg three times daily, sprayed in each nostril was studied in 39 adult patients with perennial rhinitis in a 12 wk, double-blind, vehicle controlled trial. Parameters of IgE mediated reactivity, including epicutaneous skin testing, total serum IgE, specific serum IgE, and nasal eosinophilia, were assessed. All adverse reactions, including changes in serum cortisol and nasal and pharyngeal Candida infections, were monitored. Sixty-three percent of BD patients achieved total or substantial control of nasal symptoms compared with 25% of controls (p = 0.04). Eighty-three percent of BD-treated, skin test-positive patients improved, while only 14% of BD nonatopics improved (p less than 0.05). All BD patients with nasal eosinophilia improved compared with 38% without eosinophilia. Adverse reactions were frequent, minor, and equal in both groups. Serum cortisols were stable and no nasal Candida infections were documented. This study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of BD in treatment of perennial rhinitis, particularly in atopic patients with nasal eosinophilia. PMID- 7108071 TI - The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E, allergy skin tests, and smoking to respiratory disorders. AB - In this study of a general population sample in Tucson, Ariz., smokers showed higher levels of serum IgE despite having a lower rate of allergy skin-test reactivity to common aeroallergens than nonsmokers. The prevalence of rhinitis was closely related to the level of serum IgE in atopic subjects regardless of smoking habits. In nonatopic smokers, elevated IgE levels were not associated with high rhinitis rates. However, high IgE levels in nonatopic smokers were related to increased rates of diagnosed asthma, wheeze, and chronic cough and/or sputum (C/S). These relationships were especially striking in subjects over the age of 54. In older nonatopic smokers, reported prevalences of "chronic bronchitis" and of functional impairment also increased in relation to the level of serum IgE. Reduced ventilatory function showed this relationship to IgE only when accompanied by C/S. It is suggested that the excess IgE related to smoking is qualitatively different than that found in subjects reacting to aeroallergens, is not important in the pathogenesis of upper respiratory tract disease, but may play a role in the development of some lower respiratory tract disorders. PMID- 7108070 TI - Comparison of Rinkel injection therapy with standard immunotherapy. PMID- 7108072 TI - Complement activation by Hymenoptera venom allergenic extracts. PMID- 7108073 TI - Refractory period to aspirin after aspirin-induced asthma. PMID- 7108074 TI - Skin testing and penicillin allergy. PMID- 7108075 TI - Treatment of aspirin idiosyncracy. PMID- 7108076 TI - Products cooked in preheated versus non-preheated ovens. Baking times, calculated energy consumption, and product quality compared. AB - Plain muffins, yellow cake, baked custard, apple pie, tuna casserole, frozen tuna casserole, cheese souffle, and meat loaf were baked in preheated and non preheated standard gas, continuous-clean gas, standard electric, and self cleaning electric ovens. Products generally required 5 min. or less extra baking time when cooked in non-preheated rather than in preheated ovens. The variability in baking times often was less between preheated and non-preheated ovens than among oven types. Calculated energy consumption values showed that usually less energy was required to bake products in non-preheated than in preheated ovens; savings averaged about 10 percent. Few significant differences were found in physical measurements or eating quality either between preheated and non preheated ovens or among oven types. Overall, for the products tested, findings confirmed that preheating the oven is not essential for good product quality and, therefore, is an unnecessary use of energy. PMID- 7108078 TI - Teaching effectiveness in coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics. Assessments of students, graduates, and program directors. AB - The effect of practitioner experience on teaching effectiveness of faculty in coordinated undergraduate programs in dietetics (CUPs) was studied on the basis of ratings from program directors, students, and program graduates. Instruments to measure teaching effectiveness were developed that contained 36 items common to all teaching situations and 6 each related to teaching in clinical/community dietetics and to food service management. Four dimensions of effective teaching were identified using factor analysis: interpersonal skill, dietetic expertise, organizational focus, and clinical or practical orientation. Extensive practitioner experience did not contribute to teaching effectiveness. PMID- 7108077 TI - Energy use and management in production of entrees in hospital food service systems. AB - Energy required for process stages of production of beef loaves was determined for five simulated hospital food service systems. Three were on-premise systems: conventional, cook/chill, and cook/freeze. Two were assembly/serve systems: thaw/heat/serve and heat/serve. Meters were used to monitor actual energy consumed by gas and electrically operated equipment. Data were converted to BTUs. Apportioned energy, a derivative of actual energy, was based on percentage of usable equipment space occupied by the beef loaves. Theoretical energy was calculated on the basis of temperature change, product mass, and heat capacity. Results varied according to the measure used, but the cook/chill and cook/freeze systems required more energy than the conventional system regardless of the measure used. From data obtained in this exploratory study, however, there is no basis for saying that any one system minimizes energy use. Additional research should include all stages of processing and effects of increasing volume and using equipment to capacity. PMID- 7108079 TI - Feeding the Vietnamese refugees in the United Kingdom. PMID- 7108080 TI - Practitioner competencies. PMID- 7108081 TI - Training effectiveness in school food service. PMID- 7108082 TI - Diet and ethanol intake during pregnancy. AB - Five hundred and seventy-eight postpartum women were interviewed about food and alcohol intake. Nutrient intake, based on "average day" recall, was scored for 11 nutrients. Ethanol frequency, volume, and maximum single-occasion intakes were determined. Only 30 percent of women had diets that provided at least two-thirds of the RDAs for the nutrients measured. Zinc and magnesium, necessary for normal development, were most commonly inadequate. Eighty-two percent of women drank alcoholic beverages at least once during pregnancy. More than 10 percent of women had single-occasion ethanol intakes of 3 oz. or more. PMID- 7108084 TI - Some suggested "do's" and don'ts" of cooperative diet manual ventures. PMID- 7108083 TI - Microbiological evaluation of food items. For patients undergoing gastrointestinal decontamination and protected isolation. AB - In an attempt to expand and improve the semi-sterile "cooked food diet" usually administered to patients undergoing gastrointestinal decontamination or protected isolation, the authors have evaluated the microbiologic content of 236 commercially available food items. The items tested were selected by patients for their ease of preparation, ready availability, and palatability. Approximately 66 percent of the food items met the criteria of microbiologic acceptability (less than 500 Bacillus species per gram or cubic centimeter) with only a minimal burden to the dietary staff, thus providing palatable alternatives for patients undergoing protected isolation. PMID- 7108085 TI - Nutritional evaluation of menus for adult foster care homes. AB - An evaluation of the meals served in 41 Adult Foster Care facilities in Michigan showed that 38 did not serve meals which obtained the expected dietary score based on food groupings. Eighty-three percent of the facilities did not provide adequate amounts of milk/dairy products and 54 percent of homes did not provide 5 oz. or more of meat/meat alternates. Twelve percent of homes did not provide four or more servings of cereals/breads. Forty-two percent of homes did not provide four or more servings of fruits and vegetables. The problems of menu inadequacy identified by this study indicate that action to develop training and other programs to ensure that AFC residents receive nutritionally adequate diets is needed in Michigan. An evaluation of actual nutrient intake of residents is also recommended. PMID- 7108086 TI - Personnel: the key to a successful energy management program. PMID- 7108087 TI - The president's page. PMID- 7108088 TI - Knowledge of and compliance with drug regimens in the elderly. AB - In an interview study of 545 patients recently discharged from The Johns Hopkins Hospital, data were collected on the patients' knowledge of their diseases, knowledge of drug purpose, and compliance with the prescribed drug regimen. The interrelationships of these variables were compared in patients under age 65 and patients aged 65 or older. Age-related factors and trends were sufficiently important to warrant further investigation. Knowledge of and compliance with drug regimens may reflect doctor-patient relationships. Understanding the patterns of drug use offers a potential for appropriate strategies in clinical practice. PMID- 7108090 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix. AB - Primary carcinoma of the appendix, though rare, occurs often enough to warrant its inclusion in diagnostic possibilities when the symptoms of acute appendicitis, without leukocytosis, are present in geriatric patients. A case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix in an 88-year-old white woman is presented. The substantial relief following right hemicolectomy has persisted for several months of follow-up. PMID- 7108089 TI - The dangerous wheelchair. AB - The wheelchair is now commonly used as a place for lengthy sitting. The construction of the collapsible wheelchair provides a hard unyielding seat, with no support for the patient's head and shoulders. Thus, the radial nerve is dangerously exposed to damage, and the development of gluteal pressure ulcers is encouraged. Case reports are presented, and proposals are made for improvements in wheelchair design. PMID- 7108091 TI - Prevention of influenza in the elderly. AB - A gradual evolution has occurred in the development of influenza vaccines to their present highly purified state. Although studies are limited and vaccines are far from perfect, influenza vaccines should be used in the geriatric age group. Chemoprophylaxis is currently available against influenza A; however, studies should be made of its safety and efficacy in the elderly. Because of the severe consequences of influenza in aged persons, there is need for continued evaluation of vaccines, improved delivery, improved education, and new strategies for the prevention of influenza in the elderly. PMID- 7108092 TI - The epidemiology of late life depression. PMID- 7108093 TI - Education in the nursing home: practical considerations. PMID- 7108094 TI - Cardiac fitness and rehabilitation in the elderly. PMID- 7108095 TI - Acid loading and osteoporosis. PMID- 7108096 TI - Auditory biofeedback and intermittent exotropia. PMID- 7108098 TI - Binocular visual acuity--legal and ethical consideration. PMID- 7108097 TI - Binocular versus monocular acuity in a patient with latent nystagmus. AB - This is a case of latent nystagmus with a significant improvement in acuity with both eyes open rather than with either eye alone. If this patient's visual acuity was tested only O.D. alone and O.S. alone, the best visual acuity obtainable would have been 20/60. This might have had serious implications for A.F.'s work since a minimum visual acuity of 20/40 is needed to keep a driver's license in New York State. Since binocular acuity was 20/20, I assured him that driving is safe. PMID- 7108099 TI - Refractive anisometropia. PMID- 7108100 TI - A case of corneal jaundice. PMID- 7108101 TI - Isolated bilateral abducens palsy. AB - This case illustrates the sudden onset and gradual regression of abducens palsy following an isolated brainstem infarct secondary to moderate to marked hypertension. This case also demonstrates that patients presenting with sudden diplopia need to be referred to internal medicine and/or neurology for further documentation of the etiology of this condition. PMID- 7108102 TI - Communication of proper vision care to elementary school children. AB - The need for optometrist involvement in an elementary school vision care lecture program is very important. A pilot study where a series of vision talks is given to children is described and a proposed model for optometrists considering this method of communication is given. PMID- 7108103 TI - Empathic communication between medical professionals and patients. PMID- 7108104 TI - A podiatric presentation of diastematomyelia. PMID- 7108105 TI - Reverse buckling to reduce metatarsus primus varus: a preliminary investigation. PMID- 7108106 TI - Intravenous sedation with diazepam. PMID- 7108107 TI - Cleated shoe problems. An observation. PMID- 7108108 TI - Mycetoma pedis: report of a case clinically simulating malignant melanoma. PMID- 7108109 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst of a metatarsal: a case report and review of the literature. PMID- 7108110 TI - The posterior triangle of the ankle: determination of its true anatomical boundary. PMID- 7108111 TI - Pseudoequinus. PMID- 7108112 TI - The second opinion. How good is it? PMID- 7108113 TI - External fixation in hallux abducto valgus surgery. PMID- 7108114 TI - Podiatric anesthesia revisited. PMID- 7108115 TI - The treatment and prevention of infection in phenol alcohol matricectomies. PMID- 7108116 TI - Review of cancellous and cortical bone healing after fracture or osteotomy. PMID- 7108117 TI - Blue toe syndrome. PMID- 7108118 TI - Osteochondroma of the first metatarsal bone. A case report. PMID- 7108119 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma on the plantar surface of the foot. PMID- 7108120 TI - Author's editors: responsibilities and professional standards. PMID- 7108121 TI - Podiatric physicians' sports medicine bag. PMID- 7108122 TI - Inaugural address. PMID- 7108123 TI - Modifications to Lambert and Neish's method of glycerol determination. PMID- 7108124 TI - Sepharose-insolubilization of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase core component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: preparation and characterization. AB - The dihydrolipoyl transacetylase core components of the bovine kidney and heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes were covalently attached through the lipoyl moiety to Sepharose by the thiol-crosslinking reagent, N,N'-p phenylenedimaleimide. In one approach, the N,N-p-phenylenedimaleimide was allowed to react with glutathione which was in turn linked by its N-terminal to Sepharose CL-6B. In addition, we found that N,N-p-phenylenedimaleimide would react directly with Sepharose CL-6B (at undetermined sites) and could be used as the sole bridge in forming a stable linkage of the transacetylase core to Sepharose. With the latter approach the extent of multiple-linkage of the 60-subunit core could more easily be controlled. This should be a generally useful approach for linking proteins with reactive surface thiol residues. Insolubilization of the core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by these methods did not appear to significantly alter the binding of other protein components of the complex, but the catalytic activities of the complex requiring the lipoyl moiety were appreciably altered. Procedures for coupling the transacetylase core to various derivatives of phenylenedimaleimide-Sepharose and techniques described for studying the protein products should be useful in preparation of specialized matrices for both protein purification and the study of protein-protein interactions. PMID- 7108125 TI - The assay of Met-enkephalin aminopeptidase with [125I]Met-enkephalin. AB - Presented here are procedural modifications which permit the utilization of 125I labeled Met-enkephalin as substrate in the assay of rat brain enkephalin aminopeptidase. Th hydrolysis of enkephalin is monitored by the release of [125I]tyrosine separated on Porapak Q. The release of tyrosine is proportionate with both increasing time and tissue concentration. The estimated Km is near 10( 4) M and the enzyme activity can be inhibited more than 95% with puromycin. The majority of the enzyme activity remains in the 100,000 x g supernatant following differential centrifugation. PMID- 7108127 TI - A pseudo-first-order kinetic approach to measurement of acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. AB - A continuous spectrophotometric procedure is presented for the measurement of the kinetic properties of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) with its natural substrate, acetylcholine. The procedure is based upon the production of stoichiometric quantities of H+ upon hydrolysis of substrate. The spectrophotometric reporter is the pH indicator dye, phenol red and the procedure yields continuous time courses for hydrolysis of substrate. Further, this phenol red system and an adaptation of the Ellman et al. (1961, Biochem. Pharmacol. 7, 88-95) procedure for acetylthiocholine as substrate, are described as a rapid screening technique for reversible competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase activity. The methods are illustrated by determinations of KI for edrophonium, decamethonium and Al3+. PMID- 7108126 TI - Improved measurement of thymidylate synthetase activity by a modified tritium release assay. AB - Accurate quantitation of thymidylate synthetase activity using a tritium-release assay is dependent upon measurement of only that tritium released from deoxy[5 3H]uridine monophosphate ([3H]dUMP) during the biosynthesis of thymidylate. Removal of remaining [3H]dUMP on completion of the assay by charcoal adsorption and correction for the nonenzymatic release of tritium are necessary. Although over 99% of [3H]dUMP is removed immediately following addition of charcoal, these studies demonstrate that sufficient [3H]dUMP can remain to prevent accurate measurement of low levels of thymidylate synthetase activity. By delaying measurement of radioactivity for at least 24 h following addition of charcoal, this problem is minimized. To account for nonenzymatic release of tritium, a blank containing enzyme extract with omission of +/- ,L-5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate is demonstrated to be more effective than the commonly used blank in which water is substituted for enzyme extract. In samples containing 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase activity, an alternative blank containing a high concentration of FdUMP (approximately 1 mM) is useful in demonstrating a theoretical maximal or complete inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity. PMID- 7108128 TI - The design and use of a hydraulically operated upward pressure-jump. AB - The construction of a hydraulically operated upward pressure-jump is described. Previous instruments with a comparable rate of pressurization used helium gas to pressurize an observation cell to approximately half of the operating pressure reached with the present design. The above instrument, which can pressurize the observation cell in 1.8-3.8 ms, is safe to use and has a maximum working pressure of 30 MPa (300 atm). The device is compact in design and can easily be fitted to any observation cell capable of withstanding the transient change in pressure and of effectively damping cell resonances. The instrument finds specific application in the study of macromolecular equilibria with a large difference in volume between the equilibrium partners. This allows the system to be perturbed far from the equilibrium position at atmospheric pressure; the relaxations obtained can be analysed as essentially unidirectional processes. Kinetic data for the reverse reaction would be obtained from experiments in a conventional downward pressure jump. A study on the kinetics of the self-assembly of the myosin thick-filament is presented as a practical example. PMID- 7108129 TI - Simple kinetic determination of trace amounts of ascorbic acid in plant extracts. PMID- 7108130 TI - Comparison of ethidium bromide and 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole as quantitative fluorescent stains for DNA in agarose gels. AB - Two methods of quantitative, fluorescent detection of DNA bands in agarose gels separated by electrophoresis were evaluated for sensitivity and linearity of response. Comparisons of ethidium bromide staining with a method using 4',6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) developed in this work showed that DAPI is several times more sensitive than ethidium bromide in conditions of comparable background fluorescence. Optimum fluorescent staining and detection conditions for DNA bands in agarose gels using DAPI are described, and advantages of this method over other fluorescent detection methods are discussed. PMID- 7108131 TI - [Prevention and treatment of amblyopia in children under two years of age (author's transl)]. AB - Numerous observations in children under two years of age tend to demonstrate that the functional amblyopia of esotropia is not congenital in origin, but develops progressively between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. The initial motor disorder is an abduction deficiency. When this is symmetrical there is no amblyopia, but there is a greater risk for the deviated eye to become amblyopic when the deficiency is, or becomes, asymmetrical. Preventive treatment of the amblyopia involves the wearing of symmetrical nasal sectors, with associated partial occlusion in established cases, duration of which depends upon the child's age. Marked amblyopia with nasal fixation requires the use of a nasal sector placed in front of the amblyopic eye (associated with occlusion of the normal eye). PMID- 7108132 TI - [Diabetic choroidopathy (author's transl)]. AB - An original study evaluated choroidal capillary bed filling by analyzing results of angiographic examinations in 102 diabetic patients. Delayed filling of some localized choroidal capillary zones was noted in 46.88 p. cent of cases, widespread ischemic areas in the middle choroidal region being rarely observed (2.94 p. cent of cases). Optical microscopy examination after Indian Ink injection in the choroids showed vascular anomalies, microaneurysms, and obliterated zones similar to the retinal changes of diabetic patients. PMID- 7108133 TI - [Ocular biometry in neonates (author's transl)]. AB - Ocular biometry tests were conducted in approximately 100 full-term neonates (of both sexes) during the first five days following birth. Measured parameters included the dimensions and shape of the ocular globe, and optic component refractions. For the first time, individual values were determined for the corneal curvature radius, corneal refraction, and the transverse diameter and shape of the globe. Results are analyzed statistically, and the most important correlations calculated. PMID- 7108134 TI - [Electro-oculography and the glaucomatous eye (author's transl)]. AB - A study was conducted using precise electro-oculographic measurements and taking into account not only Arden's "ratio" but also the absolute values in 14 cases of open angle and 3 cases of closed angle glaucoma. Results showed that in cases of open angle glaucoma there was an overall increase in base line values which was more pronounced for the minimal value (dark through); in the case of closed angle glaucoma there was an increase in the maximal value (light rise). After surgery there is an overall increase of the base line value in the operated eye. PMID- 7108135 TI - [Surgical treatment of ptosis by resection of the superior tarsal muscle employing a cutaneous approach (author's transl)]. AB - A simple technique for resection of the superior tarsal muscle through a cutaneous approach, for the surgical treatment of ptosis, was employed in severe or moderate, congenital and acquired forms of the affection. Muller's muscle and the aponeurotic fascia are removed in a single piece, while conserving the tarsus. PMID- 7108136 TI - [Expulsive haemorrhage: considerations on a possible solution (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108137 TI - [Effects of ethanol on intraocular tension in the rabbit (author's transl)]. AB - A 10% solution of ethanol in physiological saline, administered to the Blanc de Bouscat rabbit by the intraperitoneal route, causes a decrease of intraocular tension at a single dose as low as 15 mg per kg. This dose of 15 mg/kg, regularly given during 6 days per weeks, for 4 weeks, determines a progressive fall of intraocular tension during the 3 to 4 first days of each week, and has apparently cumulative effects: then, it remains at a constant level during the following days, and finally recovers its initial value between 2 consecutive weeks. The decrease of intraocular tension seems to be linked to a reduction of the secretory rate of aqueous humor, partly compensated by an increase of outflow resistance. Ethanol rate, as measured in the aqueous humor 120 min after the last injection, may be either equal to or higher than alcoholemia. After 24 hrs, there is no longer any dosable ethanol trace in the aqueous humor and in the blood, while the intraocular tension has reached its minimal value. It seems that a biological damage due to ethanol still persists, while ethanol rate is null in the blood and in the aqueous humor. A great number of authors have tried to find out the possible causes of ocular hypotension determined by high single doses of ethanol (from 200 to 3250 mg per kg) given to various animal species and to man. Proposed hypotheses do not seem to be worth being kept in mind when ethanol doses and very small (15 mg/kg). In the light of works carried out in vitro, it may be supposed that observed hypotensive ocular effects could be linked to central biochemical disorders having repercussions upon the variations of intraocular tension. PMID- 7108138 TI - [Optic nerve tract injuries (author's transl)]. AB - The length of the optic nerve tracts exposes them to damage from cranial injuries. The intraorbital segment of the optic nerve is vulnerable, as bone protection is incomplete and frontal injuries frequent, while indirect lesions of the optic nerve due to trauma raise diagnostic problems in comatose patients. Study of photomotor reflexes and VEP supplies valuable information. Unilateral mydriasis is not a sign of blindness, but of a lesion of the IIIrd nerve, which, may be compressed during engagement of the temporal lobe in the tentorium cerebelli region. The mydriasis indicates the side of the lesion and the need for urgent treatments. Surgical decompression of the optic canal should be performed for indirect optic nerve injuries when visual deficiency appears or becomes worse during the few days following the trauma. Visual loss noted most characteristically in chiasma lesions is bitemporal hemianopsia. In cases of optic nerve injuries, temporal campimetric deficiency in the other eye is evidence of an associated chiasma lesion. The chiasma may also be damaged following apparently mild frontal blows. Campimetric deficiency in retrochiasmatic lesions indicates the side of the lesion and, on some occasions, its precise location. PMID- 7108139 TI - [Absence of the right superior rectus muscle in Apert's syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108140 TI - [Photobleaching quantum yields of visual pigments in the "fauve de Bourgogne" and "albino" rabbit (author's transl)]. AB - Photobleaching quantum yields of visual pigments extracted from retinas of the "fauve de bourgogne" and "albino" rabbit were measured in monochromatic light. For the "fauve de Bourgogne" rabbit, the photobleaching quantum yield was to be 0.65 at different excitation wavelengths (546, 491.6 and 436 nm); at shorter wavelengths, this quantum yield was lower ie. 0.36 at 405 nm. This wavelength effect has been observed on visual pigments extracted from bees retina. In contrast, in the "albino" rabbit, the photobleaching quantum yield was constant and equal to 0.31 whatever the excitation wavelength between 546 and 405 mn. PMID- 7108141 TI - [Physiological or sensorial approach to the early treatment of strabismus (author's transl)]. AB - Results obtained in 142 cases out of a total of 1.460 patients with non accommodative strabismus treated and follow-up for 15 years are analyzed. Basic treatment was sensorial, started at a very early stage, supplemented by surgical correction of the mechanical defect. Complete recovery was obtained in 76 p.cent of cases, good vision with a very small angle (2-4 dpt.) microtropia in 17 p.cent, and a residual angle of 8-15 dpt. ni 7 p.cent. Similar results were obtained in small angle and congenital strabismus cases: following orthoptic therapy alone in 25.7 p. cent of patients, and after a single operation in 69.2 p.cent. No case of secondary divergence occurred and results remained stable during the 15 year period due to the fusion lock. It is the only treatment of surgical undercorrections and of the rare recurrences, and probably a causal treatment of spasms. Results suggest that sensorial physiological treatment should be basic treatment; A.R.C. should become as obsolete as excentric fixation amblyopia; this treatment emphasizes the crucial role of the orthoptist who really cures the strabismus. It is the "historical transition" of Jampolsky. PMID- 7108142 TI - Concentration and movement of diazinon in air. AB - Airborne concentrations of diazinon were measured in rooms for 21 days after crack and crevice application. Residue levels were largest in treated rooms (38 micrograms/m3) after application, followed by adjacent (1 microgram/m3) and upper and lower rooms (ca. 0.4 microgram/m3). Low levels of diazinon were detected in all rooms 21 days after application. Small amounts of diazinon (corrected to an 8 min application period) were detected on respirator pads (2.6 microgram) and waist pads (2.3 microgram) worn by the applicator. PMID- 7108143 TI - Applicator exposure to 2,4-D, dicamba, and a dicamba isomer. AB - Potential respiratory and dermal exposure to applicators were estimated in a ground boom spray application of 2,4-D and dicamba. Time-weighted averages for airborne herbicide residues did not exceed 2.2 microgram/cu.m. in the cabs of application vehicles allowing only minor respiratory exposure. Dermal exposure was important as relatively large amounts of 2,4-D (1.2 - 18 mg) and dicamba (0.32-6.6 mg) were rinsed from applicators' hands. Urine analysis showed that the maximum elimination of herbicides occurred between 16 and 40 h after terminating exposure. A dicamba isomer (20% of the active material in the commercial formulation) was excreted in higher concentrations than dicamba in applicators' urine suggesting different toxicokinetic properties for the two compounds. PMID- 7108144 TI - The relative toxicity of the S-triazine herbicides atrazine and simazine to crops. PMID- 7108145 TI - Persistence of isofenphos and isazophos in a mineral and an organic soil. AB - Isofenphos (Amaze (R), Oftanol (R), BAY 92114, 1-methylethyl 2- [[ethoxy [(1 methylethyl)amino] phosphinothioyl] oxy] benzoate) (20% granular) and isazophos (Miral (R), CGA 12223, 0,0-diethyl 0- [1-isopropyl-5-chloro-1,2,4-triazolyl(3)] phosphorothioate) (50% emulsifiable concentrate) were applied at 3.4 Kg AI/ha and incorporated into sand and muck soil contained in small field plots. Soil samples were taken at intervals, extending over 2 yr in the case of isofenphos. Radishes and carrots served as indicator crops for absorption of insecticides. Soil and crop samples were extracted and analyzed for the insecticides by glc. Isazophos residues in soil declined rapidly with ca. 50% of the initial applications remaining after 2 and 5 wk in the sand and muck respectively, and less than 1 and 3% after 1 yr. Isofenphos residues declined slowly with ca. 50% of the initial application remaining at 12 wk in both soil types. Residues of isofenphos after 1 yr were 15 and 45% of the initial application to sand and muck, respectively, and after 2 yr they had declined to 4 and 14%, respectively. Residues of both materials in radishes and carrots generally did not exceed 0.04 ppm except for carrots grown the first yr in isofenphos treated sand, where 0.25 ppm was found. PMID- 7108146 TI - Degradation of terbutryn in sediments and water under various redox conditions. AB - A laboratory study was conducted to examine the degradation of terbutryn [2-(t butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] in sediment and water under different redox conditions. Terbutryn degraded slowly in static aerobic systems (loosely capped flask, 25 degrees C) with half-lives of 240 and 180 days in pond and river sediment, respectively. Degradation products, identified by co chromatography on TLC and HPLC systems, included hydroxy-terbutryn, terbutryn sulfoxide and N-deethyl terbutryn. Hydroxyterbutryn was the major degradation product in sediments and water representing 60-70% of the extractable radioactivity after 515 days incubation. Under nitrogen aeration in respirometer flasks (redox potential -46 to +210 mv) degradation of terbutryn was very slow with half lives greater than 650 days. PMID- 7108147 TI - Teratogenic evaluation of ethylene chlorhydrin (ECh, 2-chlorethanol) in mice. AB - ECh administered intragastrically to pregnant CD-1 mice from the 6th to the 16th day of gestation at a dose of 100 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in maternal weight gain and a decrease in fetal body weight and liver weight. A lower dose of 50 mg/kg had no consistent effect and a higher dose of 150 mg/kg was maternally lethal. Administration of ECh in the drinking water at doses of 16, 43, 77, or 227 mg/kg did not produce any adverse effects on maternal or fetal body weight, viability, or fetal anatomical development. PMID- 7108148 TI - Bacterial metabolism under conditions representing pesticide disposal pits. AB - Bacterial cultures were incubated with pesticides at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5,000 ppm. The species selected are important in one or more of the following biogeochemical processes: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, sulfur oxidation, sulfate reduction, carbon dioxide fixation, and respiratory carbon dioxide evolution. The pesticides used were atrazine, alachlor, carbaryl, parathion, trifluralin, and 2,4-D. Bacterial cultures were exposed to commercial formulations of these pesticides and to pesticide samples from active disposal pits. PMID- 7108149 TI - Inhibition of killer cell cytotoxicity induced by carbimazole in vitro. AB - The in vitro effect mediated by carbimazole (CBZ), a classical anti-thyroid agent on the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), low affinity E-rosetting cells (E-RFC) and high affinity E-RFC was investigated using lymphocytes from 11 normal subjects. CBZ at the doses of 250 and 500 mumol/l significantly reduced ADCC in all subjects studied. Low affinity E-RFC--mainly cells possessing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG and expressing cytotoxic properties in the ADCC system--were also significantly reduced following incubation with the same CBZ doses. These results suggest that CBZ, in addition to the known inhibitory effect on thyroid hormone synthesis, may be useful by depressing lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease. PMID- 7108150 TI - The response of growth hormone and prolactin to oral diazepam in diabetics. AB - We studied 8 insulin dependent stable young diabetics with a mean age of 20 yr. Each patient received 10 mg of diazepam orally after with drawing the baseline blood sample. Subsequent samples were obtained at 30 min intervals for 150 min. The oral administration of diazepam resulted in a significant increase in serum GH concentration from a baseline value of 5.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) at 0 point to a peak response of 16.5 +/- 5.9 ng/ml at 60 min (p less than 0.001). The plasma glucose concentration remained in the range of 200-267 mg/dl and did not change significantly during the entire testing period indicating that diazepam stimulates GH release in diabetics despite endogenous hyperglycemia. Eight normal subjects were also studied in an identical fashion. Although the mean baseline serum GH concentration in these normal subjects was significantly lower than that observed in the diabetics, (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs 5.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml, p less than 0.05), the peak response did not differ significantly between the two groups (10.7 +/- 2.6 vs 16.5 +/- 5.9 ng/ml; NS). The baseline concentration of serum prolactin was similar in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups and the administration of diazepam resulted in no significant changes in both groups. Diazepam may be a useful agent in testing for GH reserve in normal subjects as well as in stable insulin dependent young diabetics. PMID- 7108151 TI - Serum thyroglobulin in patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy for toxic and nontoxic goiter. AB - Twenty-five patients with nontoxic nodular goiters and six with toxic goiter were studied prior to subtotal thyroidectomy, with closely spaced blood sampling up to three weeks after surgery, and approximately one year after surgery. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured by a previously described radioimmunological method. The mean serum Tg was elevated in patients with nontoxic nodular and toxic goiters compared to sex and age matched control groups with pronounced increases during surgery. The disappearance curves of Tg in both groups had two exponentials, an initial steep slope with a half-life of 4.0 +/- 1.8 (SD) h in nontoxic goiter and 4.5 +/- 3.2 h in toxic goiter. This was followed by a more shallow slope with a half-life of 3.6 +/- 1.1 days in nontoxic goiter and 3.4 +/- 0.8 h in toxic goiter, the breaking point between the slopes lying approximately at 48-72 h. There was no significant difference between the half-life of Tg in patients with toxic or nontoxic goiters, respectively. There was a weak correlation between the weight of the removed thyroid tissue and the maximally obtained Tg concentration at the time of surgery, but no correlation with the levels before operation. Serum Tg was significantly lower three weeks after operation and approximately one year after surgery. In conclusion, different forms of the Tg molecules seem to be removed at different rates, independent on the type of goiter. PMID- 7108153 TI - [A review of six years use of a computerised case history in obstetrics (author's transl)]. AB - The University Centre for Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Toulouse have been using a computerised record system for obstetrics since 1974. This makes it possible for a review for a review to be undertaken each year of the work carried out in the Service and has made it possible to study over six years the evolution of the characteristics of the population who have been followed, as well as the changes in attitudes and techniques adopted during pregnancy and labour. A study has been carried out on the factors associated with perinatal mortality and prematurity. Computerisation of 13,500 records has made it possible to draw curves of birth weights, according to the duration of the pregnancy, and characterising the service given. Finally the adoption of a prospective record system used in common by several teams and checked by people specialised in this work has improved the quality and quantity of retrieval and has made it possible to foresee cooperative studies between different departments. PMID- 7108152 TI - Effect of amiodarone on L-triiodothyronine stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation into GH3 cells. AB - The antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone was found to inhibit the stimulatory effects of L-triiodothyronine on [3H] thymidine incorporation into GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells. This inhibitory effect of amiodarone was detected at concentrations as low as 0.5 microM; at 2 microM greater than 50% of the stimulatory effect of L triiodothyronine was inhibited. The effect of amiodarone was present at all concentrations of L-triiodothyronine tested (50 pM to 10 nM), suggesting that amiodarone acted as a non-competitive antagonist. These studies raise the possibility, therefore, that the effect of amiodarone on thyroid hormone metabolism may be mediated in part by an inhibition of thyroid hormone action at the cellular level. PMID- 7108154 TI - [The incidence of congenital malformations. A five-year study carried out in a Paris maternity unit (author's transl)]. AB - The congenital malformations arising out of 13,335 deliveries that occurred over the course of five years in the University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in the hospital of Saint-Antoine were recorded. Their overall frequency was 3.37%. Details are given of each malformation. Often malformations are linked to perinatal mortality (14.2% of stillbirths are malformed). There was no difference to be found between different ethnic groups. Pathological developments in previous pregnancies were not particularly frequent. Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly more frequent in congenital abnormalities. PMID- 7108155 TI - [The changes in the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin during normal pregnancy. The effects this has on the care of pregnant diabetic women and screening for pregnancy diabetes (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108156 TI - [The levels of apolipoprotein A in liquor in normal and pathological pregnancies (author's transl)]. AB - As liquor contains only HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) as a lipoprotein we have studied the changes in the levels of apolipoprotein A, which is the major component of HDL according to the duration of the pregnancy. The study has been carried out in normal and pathological pregnancies. It has been found that the level of apolipoprotein A rises from the 16th week of amenorrhoea of pregnancy to the 26th week and then gradually drops to term. The maximum level is approximately ten times greater than the level of apolipoprotein A at term (a level approximately of 1 mg per litre). This change parallels that of total proteins throughout pregnancy. We have limited our study in pathological pregnancies to the examination of the liquor at the end of pregnancy. The three pathological maternal conditions that have been most frequently found are:- diabetes,--Rhesus-immunisation,--vasculo-renal syndromes. There has been no significant change shown up in the period that we have studied, which was from the 30th to the 38th week of amenorrhoea. PMID- 7108157 TI - [Silent pericardial effusion in late pregnancy: echocardiographic detection in the third trimester of pregnancy (author's transl)]. AB - Of 123 healthy pregnant women (mean age 28 yrs) who have been studied at various stages of their gestation by Tm and two dimensional echocardiography, 46 were in their late pregnancy (32nd to 38th week of pregnancy). Echocardiograms showed definite signs of pericardial effusion (PE) in 19 of those 46 women: the effusion was large in two, moderate in four and small in thirteen cases. PE was clinically silent as neither precordial pain nor pericardial friction rub was present. In all cases, pregnancies were uncomplicated; clinical examination was normal; however blood pressure was slightly elevated in three women. The electrocardiogram was normal or showed non specific ST-T change. PE appeared in the late pregnancy and did not occur before the 32 nd week; it was always transient and could not any longer be seen within the two months following delivery. It was likely to result from water and salt inflation as the mean weight gain was significantly higher in the group of women with PE. PE has not been reported so far during normal pregnancy. Echocardiography affords a safe and reliable approach of its diagnostic. PMID- 7108158 TI - [Micro-invasive cancer of the cervix. The diagnosis and indications for treatment (author's transl)]. AB - The histological criteria for diagnosing micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix and for deciding the treatment which should theoretically follow these criteria have been reviewed from the literature. To make a diagnosis of micro-invasive carcinoma it is necessary to have an adequate biopsy specimen and at least a cone that has been taken to include healthy material. There is a need to have a classification that can easily be used by pathologists and the following different stages of early epithelioma are therefore proposed: widespread, spreading-incipient, early micro-invasive and an established micro-invasive. The risk of metastasis, although it is slight, should only be considered in the established micro-invasive stage. This may make extended surgical treatment justified. PMID- 7108159 TI - [Intra-uterine diagnosis of a central nervous system abnormality (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report a case of intra-uterine fetal convulsions. This is a very rare happening in which the cause is not easy to differentiate between a congenital or a traumatic factor. Some features have already been published. Most of them are connected with the syndrome of lack of pyridoxine, which is a familial condition transmitted by a recessive autosome. This diagnosis should be throught of because such a lack is lethal when not treated, and is curable without any after-effects simply by taking pyridoxin. The authors point out the importance of a qualitative analysis and not only a quantitative measurement of active movements that alone can lead to the detection of such abnormalities in fetal behaviour. PMID- 7108160 TI - [Psychogenetic aspects of intra-uterine growth failure (author's transl)]. AB - It has been possible to note certain clinical features of 62 cases of failure of intra-uterine growth at term which had no maternal or fetal somatic cause and 21 control cases that support the theoretical hypothesis with which we start: this hypothesis is that there are mothers who are ambivalent as far as their future child is concerned and this is shown by a reluctance to "let it grow". Delivery and then the future relationship between the mother and infant will account for these difficulties. As far as the clinical features are concerned the 75% incidence of primiparity which has already been remarked on by other authors is confirmed. Infertility is common in the previous history (more than 30% of all cases): the absence of any plan as far as the child is concerned during the pregnancy with a refusal to consider one, the low incidence of breast feeding (less than 30%), the absence of post-partum depression and no plans for looking after the child once the mother starts work again all add up to a special kind of picture that seems to be associated with the absence of "child imaging". This pathological state seems to us to be associated with an early inability of the mother to make loving relationship, which she felt in her infancy with her own mother and which would explain certain maternal inherited features of failure to grow. PMID- 7108161 TI - [The effects of percutaneous administration of 17 beta oestradiol in menopausal women with hyperlipidaemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108163 TI - The role of the adrenal gland in the metabolic response of young lambs to cold. AB - Adrenalectomy and various replacement regimens with corticosteroids and catecholamines were used to assess the role of the adrenal secretions in cold thermogenesis in young lambs. A dose of cortisol of 0.25 mg kg-1 d-1 was sufficient to increase summit metabolism significantly in lambs that had been adrenalectomized for at least 1 week, but even the massive dose of 16 mg kg-1 d-1 restored the response to only 85--90% of that in intact lambs. However, the remaining 10-15% deficit was largely restored by additional infusion of catecholamines, principally adrenaline, and there was no significant interaction between the responses to cortisol dose and to catecholamine infusion. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and cardiac output during summit metabolism all increased with increasing dose of cortisol. Hyperglycaemic responses to cold exposure were low in adrenalectomized lambs receiving less than 0.25 mg kg-1 d-1 of cortisol, and the normal hyperlactacidaemia in intact lambs during summit metabolism was apparent only in lambs receiving more than 1 mg kg-1 d-1, unless adrenaline was also given. The increase in summit metabolism due to adrenaline was accompanied by increased shivering. There was no effect on heart rate and blood pressure, but adrenaline increased cardiac output through an apparent increase in cardiac stroke volume and a decrease in total peripheral resistance. Strong correlations of the increase in summit metabolism with the increase in cardiac output and with adrenaline-mediated increases in plasma glucose and lactate, indicate that a role of the medullary catecholamines is to maintain maximal thermogenesis by their effects on the supplies of oxygen and energy substrates to the thermogenic tissues. PMID- 7108162 TI - [The medico-legal risk in obstetrics. What has been learned from studying 340 files on accidents (author's transl)]. AB - The authors, from perusal of 340 files where accidents in obstetrics were reported, have classified the medico-legal risks in pregnancy, wether the accidents gave rise or did not give rise to claims for responsibility. These accidents occurred between 1950 and 1978 and they happened during and after delivery. The classification shows up the most dangerous situations for the specialist and points out the factors that increase this risk so that systematically a preventive attitude can be taken to avoid claims, whether they are made under criminal or civil procedures. Particularly detailed have been statistical risks which are increasing continuously in association with instrumental deliveries and with the large indicence of Caesarean operation. After they have listed all the clinical forms of medico-legal risk picked out by counsel so that they can be avoided or their effects reduced, the authors have attempted to define the responsibility that the gynaecologist-obstetrician takes at present in the midst of his team that is always increasing in number. Among these are paediatricians, anaesthetists and resuscitators, midwives, nurses who give anaesthetics and all the para-medical team who have specialised responsibility which depends more or less on the needs of the gynaecologist obstetrician. The medico-legal risks which are linked with a deficiency in premises, numbers of personnel and quality and quantity of equipment have been singled out with a relatively small balance of the characteristics of those who carried out the procedures recorded in a large series of files which are already old and which for the most part have been docketed so that they could be used without revealing any professional secrets nor legal secrets. PMID- 7108164 TI - The real lessons of national health planning. PMID- 7108165 TI - Antitrust law and collective physician negotiations with third parties: the relative value guide object lesson. AB - This article examines the role of collective physician participation in the third party reimbursement system. It critiques the Havighurst-Kissam analysis of the antitrust implications of professionally-developed relative value guides and, using lessons derived from the only litigated case on relative value guides, argues that collective physician input into third-party reimbursement plans can be made in a manner which is consistent with the antitrust law as and cost containment policy objectives. In particular, collective "negotiations" by organized physicians with third parties, unaccompanied by fee agreements among physicians or by actual or threatened physician boycotts, are found to be procompetitive and hence permissible under the rule of reason. PMID- 7108166 TI - A critical overview of U.S. acupuncture regulation. AB - The ancient Oriental art and science of acupuncture, known in the U.S. for a decade, still is practiced here only to a limited extent and does not seem likely to spread. The primary reason, this article hypothesizes, is the stifling effect of acupuncture regulation, which typically prohibits trained nonphysician acupuncturists, mostly Orientals, from performing the therapy. Although all states permit licensed physicians to practice acupuncture with little or no training, few physicians have shown any interest in learning acupuncture and adding it to their practice. The result is that acupuncture services are scarce or unavailable in most states, and the public's newly recognized right to acupuncture treatment is therefore burdened or effectively denied. Current statutory and medical board regulation of acupuncture is described and evaluated from the standpoint of whether it encourages the practice of acupuncture by persons trained in the therapy. The article finds that both physician-limitation and supervised-practice regulations inhibit or eliminate acupuncture services, while acupuncture licensing laws foster availability of the therapy. The article recommends that states establish autonomous boards of acupuncture to license practitioners, and concludes that a coordinated national effort by acupuncturists and their lay and medical supporters will be necessary to achieve widespread adoption of licensing laws. PMID- 7108167 TI - Corporate rationalization of American health care: a visitor's appraisal. AB - This paper uses elements of the macrotheory of advanced capitalist societies developed by Jurgen Habermas and other "critical theorists" to locate and explore the implications of the containing corporatization of the U.S. health care sector. It questions the often-dominant view that cost is the major problem of current U.S. arrangements, and shows how most recent government policies have reinforced the corporate rationalization of health care, or at least proved neutral towards it. Yet it can be argued that it is precisely this "rationalization" which renders more difficult both cost-control and the much needed broadening of the agenda of the health care debate to important issues other than cost. PMID- 7108168 TI - On "Palm-reading the Invisible Hand: A Critical Examination of Pro-competitive Reform Proposals" (and other such critiques) PMID- 7108169 TI - Response to McClure. On the potential failure of good ideas: an interview with the originator of Murphy's Law. PMID- 7108170 TI - Where you stand depends on where you sit: musings on the regulation/competition dialogue. AB - In the past two years, the regulation/competition dialogue has polarized into an "either or" debate. The problems facing our health care system are too complex to allow the acceptance of this paradigm. Reasonable people will differ on what they believe are the key factors which contribute to the inflation of health care costs. Four separate scenarios for diagnosing and solving the health care inflation problem are presented. Alternative intervention strategies are discussed and the potential of current competition proposals is examined. PMID- 7108171 TI - Private and public initiatives in health maintenance organizations. AB - Public policy controversies about the cost-containing potential of HMOs and the failures of many plans should not overshadow the fact that HMOs will be forces in the health care sector in the 1980s, largely as the result of increasing private investment. There is a large, stable segment of the prepaid industry that developed as a result of private sector and community concern long before the federal HMO Act of 1973, and it is their initiatives along with increasing investment activity by insurance companies and management companies in particular, that will serve as a base for consolidation and growth of HMO plans. HMOs have not proved to be the miraculous cost-containing mechanism of the future, but their impact will be felt even more for the changes they stimulate in the customary organizational forms, in financing, and in the role of business in health care. PMID- 7108172 TI - A retrospective on the "New Perspective". AB - The working document entitled A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, often referred to as the "Lalonde Report," was released in 1974. Its suggestion that present patterns of morbidity and mortality were not particularly amenable to health care interventions, and seemed rather to be the result of lifestyle, environment, or underlying biological patterns, has attracted a great deal of attention, both in Canada and elsewhere. This article examines the responses of various interested groups to the Lalonde Report, with particular attention to the assumptions and biases that each group brought to bear on the report, and to the conflicting perspectives on the report which resulted. PMID- 7108173 TI - Employer-based health insurance. AB - Employer-based health insurance (insurance that is purchased by employers for their employees and financed through employer or joint employer-employee contributions) is currently subsidized in part by the federal government through tax exclusions for employer contributions to employee health insurance plans. This subsidization costs the federal government close to 10 billion dollars a year in lost revenues. Many proposed national health insurance plans assign a key role to employer-based health insurance as a vehicle for financing health care. Federal subsidization of employer-based health insurance and plans that assign employers a key role in the administration of a national health insurance plan both assume that private industry acts to realize federal health policy goals-- particularly cost containment--in administering health insurance plans. Little is known, however, about how employers go about selecting the plans they offer their employees or about the incentives and disincentives regarding cost of care than are created by employer-based health insurance. Existing evidence suggests that rather than helping to contain health care costs, employer-based health insurance may be partly responsible for their present escalation. In addition, employer based health insurance may not be the most equitable way to implement a national health insurance plan. PMID- 7108174 TI - Housestaff activism: the emergence of patient-care demands. AB - There have been two trends within the physician housestaff movement: increased acceptance of collective bargaining and unions, and a shift from narrower economic to broader political demands, including some involving patient care. Case studies of politically active housestaff associations in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles are used to examine the emergence of "patient-care" demands and their compatibility with collective bargaining frameworks. As house-staff have become principal providers of care to indigent populations in public hospitals, and economic cutbacks have endangered service as well as the positions of physicians, patient-care demands arise and become infused with demands for participation and control in decision-making. Common factors in the politicization of housestaff have been the contribution of activists of the sixties as leaders, and the impact of fiscal crisis and economic retrenchment in the seventies. However, the emergence and resolution of these issues has differed depending upon legal, political, historical, and organizational variations. In general, patient-care issues are supported by housestaff when they dovetail with housestaff interests. However, physician interests can diverge from those of patients, as in the case of manpower redistribution. On the whole, wages and benefits have done better than educational or patient-care demands. Educational demands have met with counterattack, and patient care, limited by the traditional scope of collective bargaining, has had to evolve indirectly, and has been hurt by long-term economic trends. Finally, national housestaff organization is limited by the wide-ranging politics and ideas of diverse regional organizations which represent different types of training institutions and career orientations. PMID- 7108175 TI - Competition in the health sector: a historical perspective. AB - Viewed from a historical (and a theoretical) perspective, current "pro competition" policy proposals are unbalanced in their emphasis on promoting "free market" behavior by consumers rather than by suppliers in the health services market. A comprehensive competition policy would require removal of supply-side restraints on health providers. Based on evidence about the evolution of restraints on physicians, dentists, and optometrists in one state, this article speculates on the political feasibility of removing supply-side restraints and thereby implementing a true "competition policy". Historically, the political environment and the alignment of interest groups have favored the promulgation of stringent restraints on health services providers. While the political environment is more receptive to challenges to those restraints today, there is little evidence that such challenges will succeed at either the state or federal level. PMID- 7108176 TI - On "FTC Sings the Blues" and its respondents. PMID- 7108177 TI - Sex differences in medical care utilization: an empirical investigation. PMID- 7108178 TI - Returning to the doctor: the effect of client characteristics, type of practice, and experiences with care. PMID- 7108179 TI - Women, work and stress: a review and agenda for the future. PMID- 7108180 TI - Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. PMID- 7108181 TI - The estimation and interpretation of modifier effects. PMID- 7108182 TI - Allozyme heterozygosity and growth in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. AB - Statistically significant, positive correlations were found between individual heterozygosity at seven protein polymorphisms and size in five natural populations of tiger salamanders. When these same populations were sampled later in the same year, the positive associations between heterozygosity and size were no longer evident. A pair mating was conducted in the laboratory, and offspring were distributed randomly to four replicate populations maintained in the laboratory. In two to these four replicates, a significant, positive association between protein heterozygosity and size was observed. The laboratory results suggest that the associations seen in natural populations are due to associations between protein heterozygosity and growth rate early in the larval period. PMID- 7108183 TI - Morphometric studies in inbred and hybrid house mice. II. Patterns in the variances. AB - Genetic and environmental components of variation were estimated for 15 osteometric and 3 external metric traits from nested analyses of variance in inbred and hybrid male and female house mice. In inbred males and females, respectively, the average contribution over all 18 characters for the within litter variances was 26.4 percent and 15.3 percent; for the between-litter variances, 9.3 percent and 7.2 percent; and for the among-strains variances, 64.3 percent and 77.5 percent. For the combined sexes, the average genetic contribution (broad sense heritability) for the morphometric characters was 71 percent, and the coefficient of genetic determination, 57 percent. In hybrid males and females, respectively, the average contribution of the within-litter variances was 20.1 percent and 36.8 percent; for between-litter variances, 10.2 percent and 21.4 percent; for reciprocals variances, 59.3 percent and 28.2 percent; and crosses variances, 10.4 percent and 13.6 percent. Both in relative and absolute terms, the genetic variances for hybrids averaged much less than those for inbreds. All characters except body weight showed significantly less environmental (within plus between-litter) variation in hybrids compared with inbreds. Heterosis did not appear to be associated with the differences in the magnitude of genetic or environmental variation between sexes or breeding types. PMID- 7108184 TI - Gene dosage effects on MDH isozyme expression in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid treefrogs of the genus Hyla. AB - Electrophoretic staining intensities at a polymorphic malate dehydrogenase locus (MDH-1) in the tetraploid treefrog Hyla versicolor and diploid Hyla chrysoscelis were compared using intraspecific and interspecific crosses. Gene dosage levels within the three ploidies were additive for the expression of isozymes encoded by this locus. Using densitometry, phenotypes from intraspecific tetraploid progeny conformed to a tetraploid gene dosage model, while phenotypes from interspecific hybrids conformed to a triploid gene dosage model. Intra- and interspecific progeny phenotypes and ratios agree with theoretical models predicting differences in such phenotypes and ratios, depending on the ploidy of the parents involved. Heterozygous phenotypes revealed that diploid crosses produced only symmetrically heterozygous progeny while tetraploid crosses produced two classes of asymmetrically heterozygous progeny in addition to symmetrically heterozygous progeny. Interspecific crosses produced only asymmetrically heterozygous progeny. Interspecific crosses involving a homozygous diploid genotype and symmetrically heterozygous tetraploid genotype produced three progeny phenotypes, while the reciprocal cross produced only two progeny phenotypes. the value of interspecific crosses between diploids and tetraploids in determining gene silencing at duplicated loci is considered. PMID- 7108185 TI - Mode of inheritance of deficient corpus callosum in mice. AB - Many mice of the inbred strain BALB/cCF have deficient corpus callosum, and a few of them have total absence of this large forebrain commissure. Reciprocal F1 hybrid crosses with the inbred strains A/J, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J revealed that inheritance of the defect is completely recessive. Reciprocal backcrosses to BALB/cCf revealed that inheritance is not attributable to a single Mendelian locus with the same degree of penetrance as in the parent strain. The ac locus has not been rediscovered. Instead, there is good reason to withdraw ac from current listings of Mendelian loci in the mouse. PMID- 7108186 TI - Serum lipoprotein allotypes in inbred strains of rabbits. AB - Serum lipoprotein allotypes were examined for 10 males and 10 female rabbits from each of 16 genetically defined strains. The results suggested that the four allotypes, Lpq 1, Lpq2, Lpq3, and Lpq4, were controlled by three closely linked genes, IpqA, IpqB, and IpqC. Gene IpqA, controlling the expression of the Lpq1 and Lpq2 allotypes, and gene IpqB controlling the expression of the Lpq3 allotype, show limited polymorphisms. PMID- 7108188 TI - Missing upper beak: a new lethal mutation in domestic fowl. AB - A new condition affecting the facial structure of domestic fowl is described. It is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene having complete penetrance. The mutation has been named missing upper beak and the gene symbol mub is proposed. The condition is an obligate lethal. Mortality occurs on the twelfth day of incubation or during the hatching process. One chick hatched unaided and five were assisted from the shell; none of these survived beyond 11 days of age. They had partial vision and hearing, they could vocalize and had normal balance, but they were unable to eat. Major phenotypic effects of the mutation are absence of the upper beak and absence of eyelids. All or part of the upper eyelid is always missing; the lower eyelid and nictitating membrane may be present or absent. Premaxilla and nasal bones are greatly reduced causing the upper beak to be rudimentary. Other membranous bones of the head are reduced causing the face to be shortened. Cartilaginous bones appear not to be affected. It is postulated that the condition results from a defect in membrane formation during embryonic development. PMID- 7108187 TI - Linkage of an IDH locus with sex and two lethals in Aedes aegypti. AB - A previously unmapped isocitrate dehydrogenase (DH) locus has been mapped on chromosome 1 in Aedes aedes aegypti. No recombination between this and sex was observed in any of the several hundred instances where crossing over could have been detected. Within an isofemale line from Daker, two ldh-1 alleles are in linkage disequilibrium with two lethal loci. The two lethals complement one another, and show no recombination with sex or ldh-1. Recombination between bz and ldh-1 was demonstrated, placing ldh-1 very close to Me and sw. The results show that in two natural populations, ldh-1 and sex are in linkage disequilibrium with each other and most probably with the two lethal loci also. The distribution of ldh-1 variation world-wide and the implications of sex-linked lethals are discussed. PMID- 7108189 TI - Inbreeding, mortality, and sex ratio in gaur (Bos gaurus) under captivity. AB - The average inbreeding coefficient for gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) born in captivity has ranged from 0.139 to 0.234 per year since 1969. Juvenile mortality is significantly higher among inbred young, and a significantly higher proportion of males occur in inbred than in noninbred offspring. PMID- 7108190 TI - Perinotochordal sheath of heterozygous and homozygous Danforth's short-tail mice. AB - This study reveals significant differences in the development of the perinotochordal sheath of heterozygous (Sdl+) and homozygous (SdlSd) mice. The magnitude of the effect on the basement membrane and surrounding sheath apparently is determined by whether one or two copies of the Sd gene are present. PMID- 7108191 TI - Inheritance of shoulder spotting in the jewel tetra, Hyphessobrycon callistus. AB - Subspecies of Hyphessobrycon callistus exhibit a relatively uniform body color without markings or with a prominent shoulder spot dorsal to the pectoral fins. Segregation patterns observed in the progenies from seven different matings indicate a single-factor inheritance of shoulder spotting, with complete dominance of the spotted phenotype. PMID- 7108192 TI - Major plasma glycoproteins of diabetic and nondiabetic Chinese hamsters. AB - Differences were noted in the plasma glycoprotein electrophoretic profile of diabetic versus nondiabetic chinese hamster. The variant plasma proteins were identified by chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures as transferrin (Tf) and alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M). The transferrin variants were line dependent and not altered in streptozotesin induced diabetics. Alpha 2M patterns were changed to that of the diabetics after streptozotesin treatment, and therefore are metabolic variants. PMID- 7108193 TI - Improved mass determination of isolated biological objects by transmission electron microscopy and scanning microdensitometry. AB - A modification of the classical method of Bahr and Zeitler for dry mass determination of isolated biological objects is described. The method uses a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a computer-controlled scanning microdensitometer. The performance of the modified method has been investigated by applying it to model specimens (polystyrene latex spheres). The method offers significant improvements over the existing TEM-based mass determination method. PMID- 7108194 TI - Nuclear diameter in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat: effects of estrogen, bromocriptine, and haloperidol. AB - Nuclear diameter, DNA synthesis, and mitotic index in the pituitary cells of male rats and serum prolactin were measured after a period of 8 days of treatment with a dopamine agonist and an antagonist given with and without estrogen. In the absence of estrogen, the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, diminished the mean nuclear diameter of the pituitary cells and lowered pituitary DNA synthesis, and the dopamine-blocking agent haloperidol had no effect. Estrogen increased the mean nuclear diameter, pituitary mitotic index, and DNA synthesis. Bromocriptine prevented the estrogen-induced increase in mean nuclear diameter and pituitary DNA synthesis and mitotic index were lowered. Haloperidol augmented the estrogen induced increase in mean nuclear diameter, pituitary DNA synthesis, and mitotic index. Positive correlations were obtained between mean nuclear diameter and DNA synthesis and serum prolactin. It was concluded that nuclear diameter was influenced by both DNA synthesis and secretory activity in pituitary cells. PMID- 7108195 TI - Patterns of filipin-sterol complex distribution in intact erythrocytes and intramembrane particle-aggregated ghost membranes. AB - When fixed erythrocytes are exposed to the cholesterol probe, filipin, and freeze fractured, their membrane is labeled with only a limited number of typical, 25 nm diameter filipin-sterol complexes. In addition, the membrane contains many less distinct filipin-induced perturbations that give it an overall rippled appearance. In contrast, red cell ghosts subjected to conditions that result in an aggregation of their intramembrane particles have large particle-free membrane domains which are completely filled with 25 nm filipin-sterol complexes. These results suggest that some constraint exists in the intact erythrocyte membrane which restricts the formation of typical filipin-sterol complexes. PMID- 7108196 TI - A quantitative study of the optic system of butterflyfishes (family chaetodontidae). AB - The following measurements were taken on the visual system in 13 species of butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae): volume and cell density of the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, nucleus corticalis, and nucleus pretectalis; and width of the stratum opticum-stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. Tests for correlations between these components showed that the volumes of the nucleus pretectalis and nucleus corticalis are positively correlated. No significant differences were found when the volumes and cell densities of these parts were compared in two groups of butterflyfishes whose feeding behaviors are different: plankton feeders and coral feeders. A possible spurious positive correlation between the sizes of the nucleus pretectalis, nucleus corticalis, stratum opticum stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and total body length was also demonstrated. PMID- 7108197 TI - [Quantitative morphologic examination of the vesicle population of mixed synapses -method and significance]. AB - Quantitative electron microscopic investigations have been performed regarding the population of clear round vesicles within the axosomatic mixed contacts between secondary vestibular and oculomotor neurons of the trout. The measurements are based on a subdivision of the axon terminal area into single fields which topographically belong to different synaptic types (active zone, gap junction) of this mixed contact. Furthermore, areas between active zones and gap junctions ("intermediate zones") and areas along the lateral membranes of the axon terminal ("border zones") have been analyzed. The following vesicle parameters have been estimated stereologically: volume density (Vvv), surface density (Svv), numerical vesicle density (Nvv) mean vesicle volume (Vv) and mean vesicle surface (Sv). In this connection, aspects of the homogeneous distribution, of number and size of the organelles hae been investigated. The results obtained show a characteristic distribution in number and size of vesicles inthe presynaptic areas of the different membrane specializations of this mixed synapses. The results further indicate that two different pools of clear round vesicles exist in this mixed synapse, clear synaptic vesicles for chemical transmission and gap junction vesicles. In relation to the synaptic vesicles, a recycling mechanism is suggested. Gap-junction vesicles may function as Ca++ transport organelles to regulate gap junction permeability. A possible role in trophic tasks of the gap junction is also discussed. PMID- 7108198 TI - Claustro-neocortical connections in the cat and rat demonstrated by HRP tracing technique. AB - 1) Following HRP injections (Sigma VI) into the sensorimotor, association and auditory cortex of the cat HRP positive neurons were found in the dorsal claustrum (claustrum dorsale, cl. insulare) on the side of the injection and contralaterally. The finding of HRP positive neurons in the ipsilateral and contralateral claustrum is considered an evidence of uncrossed as well as of crossed claustro-neocortical projections. 2) HRP positive neurons in the ipsilateral claustrum multipolar in number the labeled neurons of the contralateral claustrum. 3) The uncrossed and crossed claustro-neocortical projections in the cat are arranged anteroposteriorly. 4) The neurons of the claustrum containing retrogradely transported HRP possess middle size and large perikarya of multiply, pyramidal, triangular and spindle shape. 5) Between the neocortical formation and the dorsal claustrum of the cat there is a cortico claustral and claustro-cortical interconnection. 6) Following an HRP injection into the frontal parietal cortex of the rat we observed in the ipsilateral claustrum a small number of HRP positive mulipolarr and triangular perikarya. PMID- 7108199 TI - [Correlation of neuronal parameters of cingulate lamina V and lamina III pyramidal neurons in the rat]. AB - The data obtained by quantitative neuromorphological investigations of pyramidal cells from the cingulate cortex of 3 month old rats gave evidence for significant statistical correlation between different parameters of lamina III- as well as lamina V-pyramids. The spine-number counted in single apical dendritic fields (EDF) was highly positive correlated to the total apical spine-sum and the some correlation existed in the basal dendritic tree; i.e. the data obtained in a basal EDF were representative for the whole basal dendritic tree, respectively. In the fully developed pyramids the parameters of the apical dendritic tree were considered to be of stronger importance for the data collected from the whole dendritic tree of the neuron. However, in more primitive pyramids the parameters of the apical and basal dendritic tree were found to be of the same significance for the data of the whole neuron. The development of the apical dendritic tree when compared with the basal one gave never positive correlations in their sum parameters. Significant correlation was obtained between the length of the dendrites and the volumes of their distribution area. In fully developed regular pyramids the statistical analysis gave evidence for a higher importance of distal parts of the dendritic tree as representative for the sum parameters, in contrast to primitive pyramids with higher significance of the perikaryon-near parts. These primitive pyramids are quite abundant in the phylogenetically older mesoarchicortical and mesoneocortical parts of the cingular cortex. PMID- 7108200 TI - Autoradiographic study of the neurogenesis of the inferior olive, red nucleus and cerebellar nuclei of the rat brain. AB - This study provides basic data on the time of origin as well as on the spatio temporal setting pattern of the neurons of the red nucleus, the inferior olivary complex and the cerebellar nuclei during ontogenesis of the rat brain. The first neurons of the olive form on day 12. In the adult they set in the rostral part of the dorsal accessory olive and in the minor subgroups associated with the medial accessory olive. On day 13, neurogenesis is intense in both divisions of the red nucleus, in all areas of the inferior olivary complex, in the medial and interpositus cerebellar nuclei and in the small-celled part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus. On day 14, neurogenesis is completed in the magnocellular division of the red nucleus and in the dorsal accessory olive but the neurons of the principal and medial accessory olives, of the rostral and caudal poles of the medial cerebellar nuclei, of the interpositus and lateral cerebellar nuclei as well as those of the parvocellular division of the red nucleus are still formed. Our study suggests that in the rat brain the neurons of the nuclei involved in the rubro (parvo)-olivo-cerebello-rubral and rubro (magno)-reticulo-cerebello rubral loops develop on days 13 and 14 of gestation. Maturation, cytoarchitecture and phylogeny are also discussed. PMID- 7108201 TI - The glia types inthe visual system of adult rats, their shape variability, distribution patterns, and their lightoptically visible contacts to other tissue structures. AB - In silver impregnated coronal sections of adult rat brains the glia types of the Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis (CGLd) an in area 17 were registered considering their form variants (FV), their intraareal distribution and their light optically demonstrable connexions to other tissue structures. Compared with the shape-determining light optically visible processes and perikarya, astrocytes show the lowest, microglial cells the greatest from variability. Transitional forms between the three glia types were not detected, but between elongated astrocytes and fiber astrocytes. An accumulation of elongated astrocytes, fiber astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes was found in the lateral zone of the CGLd, of protoplasmic astrocytes in the lateral and intermediary zones and at the rostral and caudal poles of the griseum, too. In the cortex distribution differences in the single laminae became also evident. Astrocytes were most concentrated in L I, oligodendrocytes and microglia, however, in L V. A few FV of the microglia were found to show a predominant localisation in specific laminae. Neither the total glia number nor the single glia types correlate with the neuron packing density. The frequency distribution of the FV of oligodendroglia in the CGLd and the visual cortex is similar, that of microglia, however, significantly deviating. Compared with the CGLd the oligodendrocytes of area 17 have smaller somata. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells reveal structural contacts to different parts of the neurons, to blood vessels and other glial cells, too. Contacts between oligodendrocytes and microglial cells as well as astrocytes in satellite position could never be observed. In the cortex a few FV of microglia show typical connexions. PMID- 7108202 TI - Monoclonal antibodies coupled to LPS specifically induce synthesis of immunoglobulins with complementary variable region determinants. AB - The aim of this work was to investigate whether LPS coupled to monoclonal immunoglobulins would, at certain critical doses, specifically trigger B cells carrying immunoglobulins with V region complementary to that of the immunogen. Thus sera of BALB/c mice injected with 5 micrograms of LPS-M-460 contained immunoglobulins that specifically reacted with the M-460 protein. Similarly, injection of LPS coupled to a monoclonal anti-M-460 immunoglobulin F6(51) resulted in the selective production of antibodies specific for F6(51). In addition, radioimmunoassay studies clearly showed that the induced immunoglobulins reacted with F6(51) through idiotypic interactions. This immune response is independent from T cells because nu/nu responded as well as their heterologous littermates. Kinetic studies showed that the titer of F6(51) complementary antibodies in mice injected with F6(51)-LPS remained elevated for more than 1 mo, and that the majority of these immunoglobulins belong to the IgM class. Surprisingly, F6(51)-LPS induced F6(51)-specific antibodies only in mice with the Igh-a allotypic haplotype, indicating that although thymus-independent, the response is under regulation. Finally, addition of small amounts of F6(51) LPS to cultures of B cells from BALB/c mice resulted in the secretion of antibodies capable of reacting with F6(51). These low concentrations failed to activate nonspecific cells. Consequently our data offer the possibility of selectively inducing in vivo or in vitro idiotype-positive immune responses in the complete absence of the antigen recognized by the induced immunoglobulins. PMID- 7108203 TI - The quantitative relationship between clearance rate constants and number of C1 fixing sites. AB - The rate equation correlating kinetic data for immune-mediated clearance of RBC in guinea pigs was extended to human studies. Rate constants were evaluated for clearance of IgG, IgM, and cold agglutinin-sensitized RBC in normal human volunteers as well as for clearance of IgM-sensitized cells from a small group of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. All rate constants evaluated in the clearance of sensitized RBC were found to correlate with the number of C1-fixing sites. These correlations not only provide additional support for the mechanism from which the rate of equation was derived, but also allow a quantitative prediction of rate constants and clearance patterns based on the level of sensitization. In addition, the analysis of data from abnormal clearance studies produced rate constants that provided both identification and quantification of the specific defective reaction(s). PMID- 7108204 TI - Enhancing effect of concanavalin A on the hemolytic activity of anti-Forssman IgG: the role of C1. AB - Native tetravalent Con A and the divalent acetylated derivative increased the hemolytic titer (i.e., the reciprocal of the antibody dilution required to give an average of one lytic site per sheep erythrocyte) of IgG antibodies against Forssman antigen by up to 225% with guinea pig and human complement. Although the average number of lytic sites generated at each antibody concentration increased, the slope of the titration curve did not change. Other lectins with the same or different sugar specificity either augmented or inhibited hemolysis but were less potent than Con A. Augmentation by Con A was consistent with the ability of lectin on the cell surface to bind but not activate guinea pig C1. Thus it appears that cell-bound Con A and IgG yield a complex that behaves like a doublet of IgG antibody molecules in its ability to fix and activate C1, when activation is dependent on the IgG component. In contrast, the highest dose of Con A inhibited by at least 50% the hemolytic activity of IgG antibodies against either a sugar-free protein (HSA) or a protein reactive with Con A (human myeloma IgE) using cells to which these antigens were coupled with chromic chloride. This suggests that the identity, density, and/or mode of presentation of the antigen on the cell surface may be important determinants of lectin-induced augmentation. Although both the enhancement or inhibition by Con A in the presence of whole C correlated with the number of C1 molecules bound and activated, there was no correlation with the ability of the lectin to agglutinate the cells. PMID- 7108205 TI - Dissociation between cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity and basophil sensitization. AB - We investigated the antigen-specific sensitization of basophils in the peripheral circulation of guinea pigs using an in vitro histamine release assay. Animals were primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) by intradermal injection of either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or ovalbumin (OA) in saline. Basophils isolated from these animals 7 days after sensitization did not release histamine to the specific antigen in vitro. On day 9, however, basophils did release histamine when challenged with the antigen. These results were in contrast to 24-hr skin tests that showed a typical CBH profile both on day 7 and day 9. When animals were immunized via the footpad by emulsification of antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, basophil sensitization (i.e., histamine release) either occurred earlier (day 7, KLH) or at lower antigen concentrations (OA). Thus, dissociation of in vivo CBH and in vitro basophil sensitization was demonstrated. The lack of correlation was only seen early after immunization and depended on the route of immunization used. An additional finding was a transient blood basophilia that also was dependent on the route of immunization, the antigen used, and the time post-sensitization. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that at early times post-immunization, CBH is mediated by T cells and not via homocytotropic antibodies, but that at later times such antibodies may also play a role in the elicitation of CBH reactions. PMID- 7108206 TI - Failure of the phagocytic oxidative response to protect human monocyte-derived macrophages from infection by Leishmania donovani. PMID- 7108207 TI - Generation of a cloned NK cell line derived from the "null cell" fraction of human peripheral blood. AB - The present studies were designed to determine the conditions for generation of human NK clones. First the "null cell" (NC) fraction of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which contains the NK effectors, was purified using negative selection with anti-T3, anti-T8, anti-B1, and anti-Mo2 monoclonal antibodies. Subsequently, NC were cloned by limiting dilution using a combination of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lymphocyte-conditioned medium (LCM) as an initial stimulus. Colonies could be easily obtained with this procedure, but the maintenance of long-term growth of the cultures represented a major problem. A cloned cell line termed JT1 was generated and has been proliferating continuously in culture for more than 6 mo. The phenotype of JT1 cells was analyzed several times with a series of monoclonal antibodies. These cells did not express surface markers related to thymic (T3-, T4-, T8-, T11-), B cells (B1-, J5-), or myelomonocytic (Mo1-, Mo2-, MY7-) differentiation. In contrast, 95% of JT1 cells reacted with the anti-T10 monoclonal antibody. T9, Ia, and J2 antigens were also present on JT1 cells, but their expression appeared variable from one determination to another. This cloned cell line maintains a strong cytotoxicity against common NK targets, such as K562 and Molt 4 cell lines, and a moderate ADCC activity. In addition, after several months in culture, JT1 cells are still capable of being regulated by interferon, because this lymphokine rapidly enhances cytotoxicity against K562 cells. PMID- 7108208 TI - Human alveolar macrophages: potentiation of their tumoricidal activity by liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide. AB - Homogeneous preparations of human alveolar macrophages (AM) were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of the lungs of healthy nonsmokers. These AM exhibited a low level of spontaneous cytolytic activity against allogeneic A375 melanoma cells. Tumoricidal activity of AM could be generated and/or augmented by incubation in vitro with either lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP). MDP derivatives were encapsulated within multilamellar (MLV) liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine (PC/PS). Dose-response experiments established that liposome-encapsulated MDP augmented the tumoricidal activity of AM at concentrations about 100 times lower than free MDP in the medium. AM activated by MLV containing MDP destroyed allogeneic tumor cell lines, but did not affect cultures of normal, non-neoplastic cells. An inactive derivative, MDP-L, encapsulated in MLV liposomes did not potentiate the tumoricidal activity of AM. We conclude that human AM respond to MDP in vitro and that liposomes containing MDP are far more efficient than unencapsulated, free MDP for enhancing the tumoricidal activity of human AM. PMID- 7108209 TI - Serologically detectable MHC and tumor-associated antigens on B16 melanoma variants and humoral immunity in mice bearing these tumors. AB - We compared the expression of serologically detectable MHC and tumor-associated antigens on low and high metastasis variants of B16 melanoma tumor. Complement dependent cytotoxicity, radioimmunobinding, and quantitative absorption assays showed that with respect to both types of antigens the low metastasis variant B16 F1 expressed a higher serologically detectable antigenicity than B16-F10, its high metastasis counterpart. A reverse situation existed in terms of in vivo immunogenicity of these metastasis variants. Sera from C57BL/6 mice bearing locally growing B16-F10 tumors had a higher binding activity to B16 cells than sera from B16-F1 bearers. Accordingly, in vivo propagating B16-F10 tumors had a higher content of tumor-associated Ig than B16-F1 tumors. PMID- 7108210 TI - Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis. PMID- 7108211 TI - Qa-1 and Qa-2 expression on CFU-s. AB - Multipotential stem cells can be detected in bone marrow cells preparations by injecting these cells into syngeneic irradiated hosts. Colonies (CFU-s) are visible macroscopically on the spleen after 8 days. Pretreatment of A-Tlab (Qa 1.2) bone marrow with A-anti-A-Tlab serum (anti-Qa-1.2), in the presence of complement, reduced CFU-s by 80% whereas A-Tlab anti-A serum (anti-Qa-1.1) treatment had no effect. Pretreatment of A(Qa-1.1) bone marrow with A-Tlab anti-A serum reduced macroscopic splenic colonies by 78%. Similar results were obtained by using C57BL/6 (Qa-1.2) and B6-Tlaa (Qa-1.1) bone marrow. Thus, both Qa-1.1 and Qa-1.2 are expressed on CFU-s. Qa-2 expression on CFU-2 was examined in the same manner. B6.KI anti-B6 (anti-Qa-2,3) serum reduced CFU-s numbers by 87% on B6 (Qa 2,3+) while having little or no effect on B6.KI (Qa-2,3-). Treatment with D3.262, a monoclonal anti-Qa-2 antibody, reduced B6 CFU-s by 80%, and had no effect on B6.KI CFU-s. Detection of Qa-1 and Qa-2 on CFU-s underscores the wide distribution of the Qa antigens in the hematopoietic system. PMID- 7108212 TI - Corticosteroid alteration of human monocyte to macrophage differentiation. AB - Human monocyte to macrophage differentiation in vitro is associated morphologically with an increased cell size, an increased number of lysosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Functional changes associated with monocyte to macrophage differentiation include increased tumoricidal activity and increased cell protein, acid phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase. Hydrocortisone succinate (HCS) at 2.5 microM markedly altered monocyte to macrophage differentiation: HCS inhibited the development of tumoricidal activity and the increased levels of cell protein, acid phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase. By transmission electron microscopy, macrophages incubated with HCS failed to develop an increased complement of lysosomes and developed an increased number of membrane-bound electron lucent vacuoles. Dexamethasone inhibited the development of tumoricidal activity at a 10-fold lower concentration than HCS. HCS also markedly inhibited monocyte 3H-uridine incorporation. Mechanisms of HCS alteration of monocyte differentiation are discussed. These data suggest that corticosteroid alteration of monocyte differentiation may be a mechanism of HCS immunosuppression in vivo. PMID- 7108213 TI - Detection of IgG bound within human trophoblast. AB - Previous studies have failed consistently to detect either binding sites for exogenous IgG or endogenous IgG on human trophoblast by using conventional immunohistologic methods. The present study demonstrates specific binding sites for exogenous IgG on all trophoblast-derived cells. The binding sites were detectable with monomeric IgG but not IgG aggregates. The binding sites were detected more easily if cells were washed at an acid pH (5.0). The level of binding activity was greater in younger placental tissue, although expression of binding sites on cells in extraplacental membranes was age-independent. Complexing of bound exogenous IgG resulted in its dissociation from tissue binding sites. Endogenous trophoblast-associated IgG was readily detectable when anti-IgG reagents that produced minimal complexing were used, e.g., Fab fragments of rabbit antihuman IgG. High levels of both Fc gamma binding sites and endogenous IgG were detected in placentae as late as 30 wk gestation, but both were present only in low levels at term. The results demonstrate that both binding sites for exogenous and endogenous IgG are associated with the human trophoblast and support the theory that IgG transport through the human trophoblast is dependent on Fc gamma receptors. PMID- 7108214 TI - C4 does not bind to human and rabbit IgM during activation of the classical complement pathway on the red cell. AB - It has been known for many years that IgG-C4 complexes are generated during the activation of the classical complement pathway. Information regarding binding of C4 by IgM is not available. We studied the binding of human C4 by natural human and rabbit anti-hapten IgM under conditions in which the IgM was bound to hapten coupled to sheep red cells. We eluted the IgM by excess fluid phase hapten, reattached the eluted IgM to red cells coupled with hapten, and transferred the IgM from red cell-IgM-C4 complexes to red cells coupled with hapten. Analysis of the cells by radioimmunoassay and/or by hemolytic assays showed that no C4 was eluted from the cells with the IgM, that no C4 transferred from cell to cell with the IgM, and that the C4 remaining on the cells was hemolytically active. We concluded that in contrast to IgG, natural human and rabbit IgM at a cell surface failed to bind C4. PMID- 7108215 TI - The antigens of pigeon breeder's disease. VII. Isoelectric focusing studies on unfractionated pigeon dropping extract. AB - Isoelectric focusing (IEF) studies on pigeon dropping extracts (PDE) revealed that it is a complex mixture of components that are acidic in nature. Chromatographically purified antigens PDEB, PDE1, and PDE3 showed multiple bands in IEF, indicating a microheterogeneity of these components, with peak concentrations focusing at pH 6.1, 4.6, and 3.8, respectively. The isoelectric points are compatible with the chromatographic behavior of these antigens on DEAE cellulose. Crossed immunoelectrofocusing (CRIF) resolved PDE into seven precipitin lines with rabbit antiserum in a pH gradient from 3.5 to 9.5, and into nine precipitable components in a pH gradient from 2.5 to 7.0. The complexity of this antigen source appears to reside in the heterogeneity of immunologically related antigens. A comparison of pigeon breeder's sera by CRIF of PDE revealed a qualitative difference in precipitation patterns obtained with symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Sera from all (eight out of eight) of the symptomatic breeders tested precipitated an unidentified component of PDE, whereas none (zero out of four) of the sera from asymptomatic breeders detected this antigen. These results suggest that CRIF of PDE is useful as a diagnostic tool and that some specific component of PDE may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 7108217 TI - Characterization of alloimmune memory in a sponge. AB - Alloimmune memory, revealed by consistently accelerated second-set graft rejection in contrast to unrelated third-party reactions, has been reported in four species of marine sponge. Allogeneic tissue of the marine sponge, Callyspongia diffusa was grafted/parabiosed to examine critically the essential features of alloimmune memory in this member of the least complex major metazoan phylum. Although sponges lack an organized circulatory system, the immunologic memory spreads rapidly through body tissues. Heightened reactivity persisted for only 3 yo 4 wk after primary sensitization. This appears to constitute a major difference from the long-term alloimmune memory found among vertebrates. This limited duration of memory, however, is apparently sufficient for the individual sponge to cope with repeated challenges to its integrity. PMID- 7108216 TI - The murine sex-limited protein (Slp): reassessment of its sex limitation. AB - Previous studies in which an alloantiserum was used to measure Slp levels indicated that in certain inbred strains of mice (Slpa), this protein was sex limited, that is, present only in males. We raised several monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of Slp and used them to develop a sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay. Using this assay we detected Slp in serum of all Slpa females previously thought to be phenotypically negative. The levels of Slp in these females are about 0.2 to 4% of that of the males of the same inbred strain. The molecule found in serum of females was isolated by affinity chromatography and was found to have the characteristic three-chain structure of male Slp. These findings establish that the presence of Slp in Slpa females is the rule rather than the exception. Quantitative differences similar in magnitude to those found between males and females were also detected among Slpa males; i.e., Sd males have about 100 times more Slp than Sp males. The mechanisms by which androgens determine the extensive quantitative male-female differences, and by which the S region determines large variations among Slpa males, are unknown. PMID- 7108218 TI - Fibronectin fragment(s) are chemotactic for human peripheral blood monocytes. AB - Both plasma-derived and cell-derived fibronectin are deposited at sites of inflammation and wound healing and are associated with migrating cell populations including monocytes/macrophages. We found that fibronectin fragments generated by endogenous protease(s) are potent chemoattractants for human peripheral blood monocytes, whereas intact fibronectin has no activity. Fibronectin preparations produced by gelatin affinity chromatography in the absence of protease inhibitors contained 90 to 220 kd fragments and had potent chemotactic and chemokinetic activity for monocytes but no activity for human neutrophils or lymphocytes. The addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to plasma reduced but did not eliminate the recovery of fibronectin fragments and likewise reduced the chemotactic activity. When the preparations were further purified by DEAE ion exchange and Sepharose 4B molecular sieve chromatography, however, intact fibronectin was recovered that lacked both chemotactic and chemokinetic activity. When fragment poor fibronectin was allowed to sit at 25 degrees C in NaN3 but without protease inhibitors, increased fragmentation and increased chemotactic activity were noted. In addition, chemotactically active small m.w. fragments arose from high m.w. fragments or from intact fibronectin as demonstrated by rechromatography experiments over Sephadex G-150. These findings suggest that proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin during inflammatory processes produces fragments that selectively augment the recruitment of monocytes into tissue sites of inflammation. PMID- 7108219 TI - Prepubertal orchidectomy induces thymic abnormalities in aging (NZB X SJL)F1 male mice. AB - Female but not male (NZB X SJL)F1 (NS) mice develop abnormalities of their intrathymic lymphocyte population in the course of aging. To determine the role played by androgens in this sex-related difference, we monitored the evolution of the cellular composition of the thymus in NS males deprived of androgens by prepubertal orchidectomy. Although in young mice this operation resulted in a twofold enlargement of the thymus, there was no histologic alteration or major change in the surface phenotype and mitogenic reactivities of the thymocytes, which suggests that all thymocyte subsets were increased to the same extent. In 12-mo-old control (BALB/c X SJL)F1 mice, prepubertal orchidectomy also produced an equal expansion (1.4-fold increase) of all thymocyte subsets. In contrast, in 12-mo-old orchidectomized NS males, there was a marked depletion of the thymic cortex and a hyperplasia of the medullary lymphoid tissue reflecting the selective expansion of a subset of phenotypically mature T cells (dull Thy-1+, Lyt-1+2+/-, dull PNA+) together with the emergence of intrathymic surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells. These latter cells probably represented B cells because there was a concomitant augmentation of the mitogenic responsiveness in vitro of thymic cell suspensions to lipopolysaccharide. Such thymic abnormalities induced by prepubertal orchidectomy in old NS males resemble those occurring spontaneously in the NS females. This suggests that the absence of thymic disease in intact NS males is primarily due to a suppressive effect of androgens. PMID- 7108221 TI - The immune response to homologous lens crystallin. II. A model of ocular inflammation involving eye injuries at separate times. PMID- 7108220 TI - The immune response to homologous lens crystallin. I. Antibody production after lens injury. AB - Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay to homologous mouse alpha-crystallin, it was established that autoantibodies are produced to this self constituent in mice after rupture of the lens capsule by needling. Antibody to lens crystallin was detected within 4 days of lens rupture and persisted for 24 days, suggesting that these mice are not tolerant to alpha-crystallin at the B cell level. However, T cells from mice immunized with homologous crystallin cannot be stimulated to proliferate by either homologous or heterologous crystallin. On the other hand, lymphocytes from mice immunized with bovine alpha-crystallin can be stimulated to proliferate to bovine crystallin, but not to either unfractionated mouse crystallin (MC) or purified mouse alpha-crystallin. At the level of detection, therefore, T cells appear to be tolerant to homologous alpha-crystallin, but not to heterologous alpha-crystallin. LPS resulting from bacterial contamination after needling was ruled out as a necessity for antibody production because antibody to mouse alpha-crystallin was produced after sterile lens rupture with a laser. However, LPS and poly A:U did enhance the antibody response to alpha crystallin. These data suggest that T cells, but not B cells, are tolerant to homologous crystallin and that antibody results from circumvention of specific helper T cell requirements for antibody synthesis. The implications of these findings for tolerance and autoimmune uveitis are discussed. PMID- 7108222 TI - Monoclonal antibodies for immunochemical analysis of methanogenic bacteria. AB - Sixty-nine hybridomas were generated to produce monoclonal antibodies to species of methanogens representing three of the four families accepted at the present time: Methanobacteriaceae, Methanococcaceae, and Methanomicrobiaceae. The antibody of each of 29 hybridomas cross-reacted with a methanogen of the same species or genus as the immunizing (homologous) strain, whereas the antibody of the other 40 cell lines reacted only with the homologous strain. Inhibition blocking experiments with compounds of known composition and structure were used to define the fine specificity of antibodies of four hybridomas representing the four genera of the methanogens used for immunization. The combining site of the monoclonal antibody against M. thermoautotrophicum delta H examined is specific for a structure in the pseudomurein involving N-acetyl-glucosamine but not the (1 3) linkage or the C-terminus gamma-Glu-Ala of the peptide, both of which are characteristic of pseudomurein, the cell-wall peptidoglycan distinctive of the Methanobacteriaceae. In contrast, the monoclonal antibody to the other methanogen of this family examined, M. arboriphilus DH1, recognizes a determinant involving gamma-Glu-Ala. Thus pseudomurein expresses at least two dissimilar antigenic determinants in different portions of the molecule. The monoclonal antibodies against M. vannielii SB and M. hungatei JF1, whose families do not possess pseudomurein, did not display specificity for analogues of pseudomurein. PMID- 7108223 TI - Opsonization of encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus: the role of specific antibody and complement. AB - Previous studies of encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus have shown that the opsonins of normal, nonimmune human serum (complement factor C3 and IgG) bind beneath the capsule, i.e., on the cell wall, and when bound at this site these opsonins are not effective in promoting phagocytosis of the bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In this investigation immune antibody was added to human serum to effect opsonization of encapsulated S. aureus. Opsonization was assessed by quantitating the uptake of 3H-labeled staphylococci by human PMN, and the amount of C3 fixation to bacteria was measured in a quantitative fluorescent immunoassay. Low levels of immune antibody (IgG) effectively opsonized encapsulated S. aureus when added to fresh but not to heated serum; phagocytosis of the staphylococci was mediated via pronase sensitive membrane receptors (presumably C3b receptors) of PMN. Experiments with C2-, C3-, or C5-deficient human sera revealed that C3 was required for opsonization and that activation of C3 was mediated via the alternative complement pathway. Encapsulated S. aureus bound significantly less C3 than unencapsulated strains in diluted normal serum; addition of immune antibody, however, increased C3 fixation 4.7-fold (p less than 0.005). Immunoelectron microscopy localized C3 throughout the capsule as well as on the staphylococcal cell wall when bacteria had been opsonized in human serum with immune antibody. Without immune antibody, C3 binding was restricted to the cell wall. At approximately 10-fold higher levels of immune antibody, opsonization and phagocytosis of encapsulated S. aureus was independent of complement and pronase sensitive receptors on PMN. These studies show that, in addition to immune antibody, the alternative pathway of complement plays an important role in the opsonization of encapsulated S. aureus strains and suggest that complement may be crucial to the in vivo clearance of these organisms. PMID- 7108224 TI - Isolation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody-resistant antigenic mutant of Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Several monoclonal antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were parasiticidal in the presence of normal human serum as measured by reduction in plaque titer or in assays that detected lysis. One monoclonal antibody, G, was used to select a resistant mutant from a large population of chemically mutagenized wild-type parasites. This mutant retained the wild-type sensitivity to other monoclonal antibodies and to polyclonal antisera. A comparison of surface radioiodinated wild-type and mutant parasites by using one and two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the mutant lacked a protein (or proteins) of approximate m.w. 22,000. An immunoprecipitation procedure using monoclonal antibody G yielded a protein(s) of this m.w. from surface radioiodinated wild-type T. gondii but not from surface radioiodinated mutant parasites. PMID- 7108225 TI - Variable and common antigens of Babesia bovis parasites differing in strain and virulence. AB - Virulent and avirulent K strain (KV and KA) and virulent L strain (LV) Babesia bovis parasites were biosynthetically labeled with 35S-methionine. Labeled proteins, extracted in detergent from infected cultures, were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein antigens common to these forms of babesia and those specific for strain and correlating with the degree of virulence were identified by immunoprecipitation with antisera. Dominant labeled protein antigens were found to differ both between the K and L strains of B. bovis and between virulent (KV) and avirulent (KA) forms of the K strain. Partial cleavage of biosynthetically labeled proteins by staphylococcal V-8 protease and peptide mapping revealed that no extensive amino acid homology existed between the candidate variant antigens. KA B. bovis parasites are currently in use as a live attenuated vaccine for bovine babesiosis in Australia. Antigens that are better expressed in KA relative to virulent strains may therefore be markers of avirulence and/or candidate "host-protective antigens" of B. bovis. At least one protein (Mr 43,000) was identified as being a dominant labeled antigen of KA that is poorly represented in the KV and LV B. bovis isolates. PMID- 7108226 TI - Characterization of HNK-1+ (Leu-7) human lymphocytes. II. Distinguishing phenotypic and functional properties of natural killer cells from activated NK like cells. AB - HNK-1+ and HNK-1- lymphocytes from human blood were sorted with a fluorescence activated cell sorter and compared for their phenotypic and functional properties. The HNK-1+ cells exhibited virtually no response to either mitogens (PHA, Con A, and PWM) or allogeneic cells, because the 3H-thymidine uptake for HNK-1+ cells was only 1 to 3% of that for HNK-1- cells. On the other hand, the HNK-1- cells responded efficiently to these stimuli and acquired a potent killing activity against K562 and other target cells after stimulation. The proliferating lymphoblasts did not acquire the HNK-1 antigen. These activated HNK-1- cells had a wider spectrum of spontaneous cytotoxicity than did HNK-1+ cells against 12 different target cells. Two distinct populations of effector cells for spontaneous killing can thus be distinguished on the basis of HNK-1 antigen expression. The classically defined NK cells are HNK-1+, whereas effector cells activated by either mitogens or allogeneic cells are HNK-1-. The HNK-1+ cells were not generated from the pool of HNK-1- cells under any of the culture conditions tested. The NK cells defined by the HNK-1 antibody are thus a functionally distinct population of cells. Although some HNK-1+ cells may also express T cell-associated antigens and sheep erythrocyte receptors, they lack some important functional properties ascribed to T cells. PMID- 7108227 TI - Gold-labelled antibody decoration (GLAD) in the diagnosis of plant viruses by immuno-electron microscopy. PMID- 7108228 TI - Antigen overlay technique for line immunoelectrophoresis and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis of thermolabile antigens. AB - A simple antigen overlay technique for line immunoelectrophoresis and crossed line immunoelectrophoresis is described. A blind gel is overlaid with antigen impregnated filter paper instead to mix antigens with molten agarose and to pour them in a uniform sample gel. This makes it easier in line and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis comparison of different antigen samples, simplifying technique as compared with the conventional method. Moreover, this technique is designated to obtain reproducible patterns from thermolabile proteins since they are unaffected by being heated. PMID- 7108229 TI - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against human thyroid stimulating hormone. AB - Monoclonal antibodies directed against human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were obtained from hybrid myelomas, following fusion of mouse NSI myeloma cells with mouse spleen cells. Ten different antibodies were obtained from 4 separate fusions. Eight antibodies were of the IgG1 subclass. Affinities of antibodies for TSH were in the range 2 x 10(8)-5 x 10(10) M-1. Five of the antibodies were specific for TSH and did not react with LH, FSH or hCG. The remaining antibodies reacted with all these hormones and were assumed to recognise their common (alpha) subunit. The 5 specific antibodies fell into 3 subgroups recognising distinct antigenic determinants, whereas the 5 non-specific antibodies recognised a single determinant or closely related set of sites. It is concluded that these antibodies should be valuable reagents for use in sensitive and specific two-site immunoradiometric assays. PMID- 7108230 TI - Position-dependent cell survival and the microcytotoxicity assay. AB - For microcytotoxicity, when numbers of effector or target cells are limited, the method of Takasugi and Klein (1970) is at present the most convenient way of assessing cytotoxicity. In this procedure, target cell survival is affected by minor variations in culture conditions or washing vigour and the variations may be greater in some areas of the plate than in others, notably at the sides and especially the corners. A randomized block design for allotment of treatments to the plate is less affected by these position effects than the conventional row by row design. Statistical significance of acquired data may then be assessed by two way analysis of variance, which is more sensitive than Student's t test in these circumstances. The use of the randomized procedure for the microcytotoxicity assay is strongly recommended. PMID- 7108231 TI - Quantitative electrophoretic transfer of polypeptides from SDS polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: a method for their re-use in immunoautoradiographic detection of antigens. AB - Polypeptides (233 micrograms) from brain synaptosomes resolved in SDS 7.5%--15% polyacrylamide gradient gels were electrophoretically transferred quantitatively to nitrocellulose sheets at 3 V/cm for 21 h in the following buffer: 25 mM Tris 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3/20% methanol/0.1% SDS. After immunoautoradiographic detection of antigens on this nitrocellulose replica with either rabbit anti-rat cerebrum immunoglobulins or a mouse monoclonal antibody to a rat synaptosomal protein, the antibody and [125I]protein A were removed from the replica by treatment with 8 M urea, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, and 5 mg/ml BSA at 60 degrees C for 1 h. The replicas were successfully re-used by re-exposing them to the antibody and [125I]protein A. PMID- 7108232 TI - Bimane: a new fluorescent label for univalent antigen-binding fragments of IgG. PMID- 7108233 TI - Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen. AB - A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in preparations of core particles isolated from hepatocyte nuclei and obtained from serum Dane particles. Comparison with counterelectrophoresis (CEP) showed that the sensitivity of ELISA is about 80-100 times greater than that of CEP. The enzyme immunoassay was applied to studies on conversion of HBcAg to HBeAg and it was shown that treatment of core particles with SDS and 2-ME leading to exposure of HBeAg determinants resulted in a complete loss of antigenic activity of HBcAg. PMID- 7108234 TI - Determination of the antibody to hepatitis B e antigen by the inhibition on electrophoresis of free e antigen. AB - A new method is described for the rapid and sensitive detection of the antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) in serum. Twenty-five microliters of the test serum were incubated with 10 microliter of the purified small 'free' e antigen, and then the consumption of the added antigen was detected by the failure to precipitate with standard anti-HBe in counter-electrophoresis. When a total of 444 serums from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen was tested for anti-HBe by this method, 348 (78.4%) were found to be positive with a detectability much higher than that of the passive hemagglutination method which detected the antibody in only 264 (59.5%) of the same serums. PMID- 7108236 TI - Injection fibrosis of quadriceps muscle in children. PMID- 7108235 TI - Purification of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody from patients with myasthenia gravis. AB - The purification of specific anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies from the plasma of 3 patients with myasthenia gravis was achieved by affinity chromatography using an immunoadsorbent of alpha-bungarotoxin-Sepharose 4B covalently linked to acetylcholine receptor extracted from human leg muscle. The specific antibody was eluted with potassium thiocyanate. The antibody characteristics were monitored throughout the purification procedure. The high avidity of the antibodies for the acetylcholine receptor was preserved but there was some loss of lambda light chain specific antibody. PMID- 7108237 TI - Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 7108238 TI - Tuberculosis of the penis. PMID- 7108239 TI - Multiple leiomyomas of small intestine. PMID- 7108240 TI - Postligation tubal pregnancy. PMID- 7108241 TI - Choice of suture material in surgery. PMID- 7108242 TI - Neostigmine in the management of snakebite. PMID- 7108243 TI - Depressed cell mediated immunity and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia in patients with lymphomas. PMID- 7108244 TI - Autogenous ascitic fluid infusion for cirrhotic ascites. PMID- 7108245 TI - Composite melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 7108246 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma of femoral bone. PMID- 7108247 TI - Malignant melanoma of hard palate and upper alveolus. PMID- 7108248 TI - Non-traumatic fatalities in sportsworld. PMID- 7108249 TI - Economics of neonatal intensive care. PMID- 7108250 TI - Immunoglobulin allotypes in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. PMID- 7108251 TI - [The role at present of the urologist in appraising the diagnosis of sexual impotency (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108252 TI - [Indications for the auto-conservation of sperm in urology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108253 TI - [The current place of arteriography in the exploration of closed contusions of the kidney. A retrospective study of 54 cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108254 TI - [Mycoplasmas and Chlamydias pathogeny (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108255 TI - [Cancer of the breast in patients having prostatic cancer treated with estrogens. Report of three cases (author's transl)]. AB - The authors, after personally observing three cases, review the literature on breast cancers in patients with prostatic cancer treated by estrogens. The authors' three cases are all metastatic breast cancers, and one has also a renal cancer. These three cases are added to the 22 reported in the literature which include 13 metastatic cancers, 6 primary breast cancers, and 3 cancers of unspecified nature. The seriousness of these breast involvements is obvious when they are a manifestation of tumor dissemination. The authors discuss the possible responsibility of the estrogen therapy in the development of the breast cancer. The downhill course and the appearance of breast cancer with generalized dissemination evinces an important decrease in the patient's immunity which allows metastases and multiple tumors to occur. PMID- 7108256 TI - [The echographic assessment of the size of normal pyelo-calyceal cavities. Accuracy and limits (author's transl)]. AB - The authors studied using two echographies 90 kidneys in 53 patients free of known urinary tract pathology and not suffering from renal colic, the first immediately before intravenous urography (at a stage of relative fluid restriction) and the second before micturition (at a stage of higher urine output and filling of the bladder). Findings were as follows: - normal excretory cavities may be seen by echotomography, this being in contrast to a widely held view; - changes in the echographic appearance of the pyelocalyceal cavities may occur in the absence of any pathology merely as a result of changes in urine output. They draw attention to the possible errors inherent in echotomography performed alone. They emphasise the need, at least in the absence of renal insufficiency, to preceed any echography by intravenous urography. PMID- 7108257 TI - [Transurethral and transrectal examination of the bladder and prostate by ultrasound (author's transl)]. AB - This article describes a non-invasive technique of intravesical examination used for the purpose of staging a bladder tumour and to assess the state of the prostatic bed during and after electrical transurethral resection. The apparatus visualises the bladder tumour and its infiltration using a type B image produced by rotation of an ultrasonic head. In addition it is easy to estimate the dimensions, size and weight of a benign tumour of the prostate using a transrectal ultrasonic probe. PMID- 7108259 TI - [Role of lymphadenectomy in stages I and II of non-seminoma tumors. Report of their modern chemotherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108258 TI - [Late urological complications of abdominopelvic radiotherapy. A personal series of 39 cases (author's transl)]. AB - The authors study 39 cases of late genitourinary sequelae following abdominopelvic radiotherapy. Several points appear to be of interest: - the mean latent period was 3.5 years for bladder sequelae and 4 years for ureteric complications. Fistulae could develop on average 14 years after radiotherapy; - the possibility of ureteric complications in the form of stenosis after radiotherapy, exclusive of associated surgery; - all lesions were purely due to radiation, excluding recurrences of neoplasm; - bladder complications had striking symptoms with dysuria and haematuria. Ureteric stenosis was sometimes found by chance, being latent; - associated digestive tract radiation lesions were seen in 1 case in 4; - the frequent need for surgery, since this was required in 30 patients out of 39. The operations performed were often extensive; - the grave nature of surgical operations including a digestive phase in these patients who had received large doses of radiation. Peritonitis due to the breakdown of sutures was a notable source of mortality; - one of the great difficulties in investigating such patients is to be able to confirm the purely radiation aetiology of these complications, bearing in mind that amongst urological complications following the treatment of pelvic carcinomas, the majority are related not only to radiation but also to recurrence of neoplasm. PMID- 7108260 TI - [Percutaneous fine needle lymphnode biopsy in prostatic cancer patients with negative lymphography (author's transl)]. AB - The authors refer their experience in fine needle transperitoneal lymphnodes biopsy in 19 prostatic cancer patients with negative or border-line lymphography. This technique improved the diagnosis and may be applied in staging of malignant diseases of the pelvis. PMID- 7108261 TI - The regeneration of the sympathetic catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the process of burn wound healing in guinea pigs. AB - In the present study, morphological alterations of cutaneous catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the process of burn wound healing have been investigated by using glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence histochemistry. The sympathetic denervation is detected within 48 hr after burns as well as in various excisions. The regenerating sympathetic fibers are observed on the 7th day after burns. These regenerating fluorescent fibers seem to develop in accordance with the regeneration of blood vessels in the wound margins at various stages of healing. Regenerating sympathetic fibers gradually increase in number and the maximum density of these fibers is found approximately at 2 weeks after burns. Thereafter, the density of the fibers gradually decreases to less than that of sympathetic innervation of intact skin. On the 14th day after burns, dense regenerating fibers are observed around the regenerated arterial vessels in the deep granulation tissue of the wound margins. These fibers may correlate with the degeneration of regenerated blood vessels in the center of the wound because of contracting the blood vessel of the wound margins. Moreover, dense collateral sprouting of regenerating fibers is observed around the degenerative blood vessel in the center of the wound on the 16 day after burns. This sprouting occurs not because of searching after a new target organ following the degeneration of the target organ but because of playing important roles in certain functions during wound healing. PMID- 7108263 TI - Early metabolic changes in rat epidermis and dermis following cutaneous application of irritant doses of tributyltin. PMID- 7108264 TI - Elemental distribution in guinea-pig skin as revealed by X-ray microanalysis in the scanning transmission microscope. PMID- 7108262 TI - Inhibition of cell-mediated immune reactions by an aqueous extract of normal human skin. AB - An aqueous extract of normal human skin has been shown to contain an inhibitor of certain cell mediated immune reactions. In this report, the effect of the inhibitor on cell membrane markers and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity was determined. Significant diminution of E rosette formation was demonstrated using as little as 0.6 microgram of the skin fraction (p less than .02). Fc receptors for both IgG and IgM were reduced by 46-96% of controls in the presence of the skin inhibitor. On the other hand, no effect on the detection of the complement receptor or surface immunoglobulin was observed, indicating some specificity of binding. In addition, the antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic reaction was inhibited on the skin extract. It was shown that the inhibitor interacted with the lymphocytes, not the antibody or target cells. No effect was detectable when the skin fraction was added after the interactions of effector cells, antibody, and target cells had occurred. This was in contrast to PHA-induced cytotoxicity which could be inhibited following the preincubation of the lymphocytes with the mitogen. Thus there appears to be 2 mechanisms by which the skin fraction interferes with cellular responses: inhibition of antibody binding to Fc receptors, and interference with a step in cellular activation following mitogen stimulation. Analysis of the extract showed the inhibitor was inactivated by trypsin, and did not contain sialic acid, 5'-nucleotidase of beta N-acetylglucosaminidase, and thus was not associated with membrane or lysosomal enzymes. PMID- 7108265 TI - Epidermal characteristics related to skin cancer susceptibility. AB - We have compared the basal cell labeling index and cellular architecture in samples of epidermis removed by vacuum blistering from people with or without a personal history of skin cancer. Donors with no family history of skin cancer showed a basal cell labeling index of 5.5% with a standard deviation of 1.3%. Those not personally affected but with a family history gave 4.1% +/- 0.4% but among cancer patients the value was approximately doubled to 11.5% +/- 2.7%. The proportion of cells replicating was reduced after ultraviolet irradiation, with a D0 of 40 J/m2 for UVB but no difference could be demonstrated between individuals with or without a history of skin cancer. PMID- 7108266 TI - Concanavalin A binding glycoproteins of epidermal cells. AB - The Concanavalin A reactive glycoproteins of epidermal cells were analyzed by the application of the iodinated lectin to molecules separated by SDS-PAGE. Normal epidermal cells were maintained as undifferentiated or differentiated by controlling the Ca++ concentration of the growth medium. Some 20 labeled bands could be resolved. Their relative intensities changed dramatically with the stage of differentiation. Fresh tissue gave a radioactive profile similar to that for cultured differentiated cells, except for evidence of damage from the techniques used to separate the epidermis from the dermis (the damage being progressively more severe going from heat to ammonium chloride to trypsin separation). The labeling patterns for three carcinogen-transformed cell lines were markedly different from those of the normal cells. The least tumorigenic cell line had a profile in many respects intermediate between those of the normal differentiated and undifferentiated cells, while the other 2 lines showed greater deviation. PMID- 7108268 TI - Leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with amphotericin B methyl ester. AB - Clinical and autopsy studies of 14 patients treated with amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) for focal, disseminated, and nervous system mycotic infections revealed a high incidence of progressive neurologic dysfunction (dementia, akinesia, mutism, hyperreflexia, and tremor) and diffuse white matter degeneration. All of seven patients who received greater than 9.8 g of AME intravenously developed severe neurologic and neuropathologic changes. Two of three patients given 5-7.2 g of AME developed less severe neurologic symptoms; all three had mild diffuse white matter gliosis. Four patients given less than 1.5 g of AME had no bran abnormalities except those related to coccidioidal meningitis. Thirty-one control patients who died on untreated or amphotericin B treated coccidioidal meningitis showed no diffuse white matter abnormalities. These findings indicate that prolonged administration of AME and/or other contaminating polyenes injures human white matter. Long-term animal studies, with particular attention to nervous system histology, must precede human use of other polyene derivatives. PMID- 7108269 TI - Amphotericin B methyl ester and leukoencephalopathy: the other side of the coin. PMID- 7108267 TI - The effect of psoralens on hepatic and cutaneous drug metabolizing enzymes and cytochrome P-450. AB - Psoralens are tricyclic furocoumarins with potent photosensitizing properties in the skin and are now widely used in the treatment of several dermatologic diseases. In this study the effect of 3 different psoralens 8-methoxypsoralen (8 MOP), 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and isopsoralen on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and cytochrome P-450 has been assessed in mice and rats. 8 MOP administered orally to CD-1 mice daily for 6 days caused 2-3 fold increases in hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), ethylmorphine N-demethylase and cytochrome P-450. The absorbance maximum of the induced cytochrome was at 450 nm. Aniline hydroxylase activity was unchanged. Chronic administration of 8-MOP to hairless mice caused significant enhancement of hepatic ethylmorphine N demethylase and cytochrome P-450 but had no effect on AHH; whereas chronically administered TMP had no significant effect on any of these parameters. Isopsoralen and TMP administered orally to CD-1 mice daily for 6 days had no effect on any of these liver enzymes or on hepatic P-450. 8-MOP administered daily for 6 days to rats caused a greater than 4-fold enhancement of AHH and greater than 2-fold enhancement of ethylmorphine N-demethylase and cytochrome P 450. These studies indicate that orally administered 8-MOP induces hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and cytochrome P-450 to a lesser extent than do the barbituates and suggest that this drug could influence the rate of biotransformation of concomitantly administered drugs in patients undergoing PUVA therapy. PMID- 7108270 TI - Epidemiologic and clinical features of patients infected with Shigella who attended a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. AB - The epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 412 patients infected with Shigella from a systematic sample of approximately 100,000 patients attending Dacca Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between December 1, 1979, and November 30, 1980, were reviewed. Shigella was isolated from 11.6% of the 3,550 patients in the sample and was the second most common isolate in patients over two years old. Two clinical presentations of shigellosis were found: (I) watery diarrhea occurring in younger children and associated with a shorter duration of illness and with more vomiting and dehydration and (2) dysentery with stool blood and abdominal pain. These different presentations may reflect two mechanisms in the pathogenesis of shigellosis or different stages of the disease. The most useful signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of shigellosis were stool with blood and abdominal pain in all patients and the absence of watery diarrhea and vomiting in patients over one year old. Simple visual inspection of stool for blood correctly identified 44% of all patients infected with Shigella. PMID- 7108271 TI - Incidence of hepatitis B virus infections in preschool children in Taiwan. AB - To determine the incidence of infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) among Chinese preschool children, 1,510 children (mean age, 29 months) were tested for HBV markers; 15.9% were infected with HBV (7.8% positive for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] and 8.1% positive for antibody to HBsAg) and 84.1% were susceptible when the children were enrolled in the study. The average length of follow-up was 2.1 years among 1,110 children. Among the 924 susceptible children who were followed up, 10.6% had seroconversions for HBV markers, none of which was associated with clinical illness; the annual incidence of HBV infections was 5.0%. Among the 98 children who experienced HBV infections during the study, 23% became HBsAg carriers, and HBsAg persistence was age-related, with most carriers being among the youngest children infected. In contrast, among the children with HBV markers at the time of enrollment, 118 (49.2%) were HBsAg-positive and 86% were still positive on follow-up. The incidence of HBV infections was significantly associated with the frequency of previous injections. PMID- 7108272 TI - Protection against chronic pyelonephritis in rats by suppression of acute suppuration: effect of colchicine and neutropenia. AB - Previous experiments in rats have suggested that renal scarring after acute, obstructive pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli results from parenchymal damage due to acute inflammation and suppuration. To assess the role of acute infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in the pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis (CPN), rats were either treated with colchicine to depress leukocyte motility or rendered neutropenic with a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Colchicine given during acute pyelonephritis reduced kidney inflammation and protected against CPN two months later. Similarly, neutropenia reduced acute inflammation and protected against chronic parenchymal destruction and scarring. Protection against renal scarring in both colchicine-treated and neutropenic rats occurred despite higher renal bacterial counts during acute pyelonephritis. These experiments provide further evidence that CPN (renal scarring) results from kidney damage that occurs during early acute obstructive pyelonephritis. This damage appears to result from infiltration of the kidney by PMNLs rather than direct damage from bacterial infection. PMID- 7108273 TI - Role of peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and complement activation associated with bacteremia. AB - The role of the major cell wall components of Staphylococcus aureus in the leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and complement activation associated with S. aureus bacteremia was studied in a guinea pig model. Formalin-killed S. aureus strains HSmR, 52A5, Cowan I, and Cowan EMS and purified peptidoglycan were used. Normal animals given peptidoglycan developed early (5-min) leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and depletion of C3-C9 hemolytic activity similar to values in animals given killed S. aureus organisms and C4-deficient animals challenged with peptidoglycan. Cobra venom factor-treated animals challenged with peptidoglycan did not develop early leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, but all animal groups persistently had late (greater than 1-hr) leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. This observation suggests that peptidoglycan may play a major role in the early leukopenia and thrombocytopenia associated with S. aureus bacteremia in the guinea pig and that these effects can be mediated by activation of the alternative complement pathway alone. Peptidoglycan also causes a late leukopenia and thrombocytopenia which may occur independently of complement activation. PMID- 7108275 TI - Elevation of levels of IgE antibody to tetanus toxin in individuals vaccinated with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine. PMID- 7108274 TI - Induction and characterization of delayed-type hypersensitivity to dengue virus in mice. AB - Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dengue virus type 4 in mice is described. The DTH reaction (measured by footpad swelling) was maximal at 24 hr after challenge and was enhanced significantly when mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The response was maximal six days after infection with an immunizing dose of approximately 10(7.3) 50% lethal doses per mouse. Histologic examination of the test footpad showed a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrate at 24 hr after challenge. fibrin deposition was also noted. DTH reactivity was transferable to normal mice by injection of immune spleen cells but not of immune serum. The DTH reaction was apparently specific for dengue virus type 4 because significantly lower responses were detected when dengue virus types 1-3 and Japanese encephalitis virus were used as challenge antigens in mice infected with dengue virus type 4. The probable importance and significance of these findings in relation to the host immune response and the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection are discussed. PMID- 7108276 TI - Survival of Legionella pneumophila after decontamination with paraformaldehyde gas. PMID- 7108277 TI - Salmonella isolates from urine in the United States, 1968-1979. PMID- 7108278 TI - Surveillance of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1978-1980. PMID- 7108279 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and Mediterranean fever in northern Sardinia. PMID- 7108280 TI - Mortality and influenza. AB - Systematic virologic surveillance in Houston over the past seven years has revealed that influenza virus infections have been epidemic during each respiratory disease season. The peak of the occurrence of acute respiratory illnesses that caused patients to seek medical care always coincided with the peak of influenza virus activity. The peak number of deaths attributed to pneumonia or influenza followed the peak of influenza virus activity by about two weeks. This relationship was constant even though the time of the epidemic peak ranged from as early as the third week of December to as late as the second week of March. No increase in deaths occurred in the absence of influenza virus activity. Therefore, the methods used to predict base-line mortality that show a seasonal rise in the absence of influenza activity may be inaccurate and, if so, lead to underestimation of mortality associated with influenza virus infections. PMID- 7108281 TI - Salmonella dublin infections in the United States, 1979-1980. AB - Human isolates of Salmonella dublin were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 103 times in 1980, as isolation rate nearly twice that reported in 1979. In 1979 and 1980 S. dublin was isolated predominantly in the western United States, frequently from males (60% of the total), from adults older than 40 years of age (55%), and from blood (37%). Detailed histories were obtained for 39 cases outside of California and Oregon, and 32 cases were matched with 62 age , sex-, and locality-matched control subjects. We found that persons infected with S. dublin were more likely to have suffered from chronic noninfectious diseases (P less than 0.001) and were more likely to have ingested antacids (P less than 0.01) than their controls. In the case-control study, 21 (66%) of the infected persons were hospitalized and six (19%) died. When exposure to cattle, beef, or dairy products was examined, we found that cases differed significantly from controls only by a more frequent consumption of raw milk (P less than 0.001). PMID- 7108282 TI - The arabinitol appearance rate in laboratory animals and humans: estimation from the arabinitol/creatine ratio and relevance to the diagnosis of candidiasis. AB - The effects of renal function on serum concentrations of the candidal metabolite arabinitol were studied by examining the accumulation and elimination of arabinitol in animals and humans. Serum concentrations of arabinitol rose sharply and in direct proportion to creatine concentrations after nephrectomy in rats. The serum half-life of exogenous arabinitol was 20.8 hr in anephric rats but only 0.62 hr in sham-nephrectomized control animals. The mean +/- SD apparent space of distribution of arabinitol was 419 +/- 26 ml/kg. The fraction of exogenously administered arabinitol recovered in the urine was 0.73 +/- 0.13 in uremic rats, 0.85 +/- 0.28 in control rats, and 0.95 +/- 0.10 in normal dogs. The arabinitol/creatinine clearance ratio was 0.99 +/- 0.08 in normal dogs and 0.99 +/- 0.25 in 22 critically ill patients with cancer. Thus arabinitol is eliminated by nearly quantitative urinary excretion and its cleared at virtually the same rate as creatinine. Therefore, the rate of arabinitol appearance in the body from any source equals the urinary arabinitol excretion rate and is directly proportional to the concentration ratio of arabinitol to creatinine in serum or urine. PMID- 7108283 TI - Effect of the ratio of surface area to volume on the penetration of antibiotics in to extravascular spaces in an in vitro model. AB - The penetration of cephapirin into extravascular spaces of various volumes and ratios of surface area to volume (SA/V) was studied in an in vitro kinetic model. The SA/V ratio was found to be an important determinant of the kinetics of these spaces. The greater the surface area in relation to the volume of the extravascular space, the more closely its kinetics mimicked those of the intravascular space-that is, the higher the absolute peak concentration of drug achieved in the extravascular space, the greater the peak-to-trough fluctuation and the more quickly the peak concentration of drug was reached. Extravascular spaces with similar SA/V ratios demonstrated similar kinetics. Data from various models of extravascular fluid in humans and animals were reviewed, and the kinetics of these extravascular spaces were also found to be determined, at least in part, by the SA/V ratios of the spaces. PMID- 7108284 TI - Antibody to hepatitis A virus in young inmates. PMID- 7108285 TI - Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among male Saudi Arabians. PMID- 7108286 TI - Etiologic factors in acute suppurative thyroiditis. PMID- 7108287 TI - Varying results of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins. PMID- 7108288 TI - Drug diversion activity in Iowa. PMID- 7108289 TI - The new cephalosporins. PMID- 7108290 TI - Iowa hypertension standards. PMID- 7108291 TI - [Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion for myocardial protection in aortic valve surgery (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108292 TI - [The evaluation of hepatic function during extracorporeal circulation using indocyanine green (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108293 TI - [Mediastinoscopy in the esophageal diseases especially in carcinoma of the esophagus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108294 TI - [Effect of open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on the immune host defense mechanism-membrane versus bubble oxygenator (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108295 TI - [Comparative study of atrial pacing and ventricular pacing for the treatment of sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108296 TI - [Mediastinal tumors--a statistical nationwide report of 1,546 cases between July, 1975 and May, 1979 in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108297 TI - [Evaluation of the all pyrolytic carbon bi-leaflet valve--in vitro and clinical result (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108298 TI - [Pre- and postoperative evaluation of mitral stenosis by echocardiography--with special reference to the left ventricular performance (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108299 TI - [Successful early surgical repair of ventricular septal perforation after acute myocardial infarction--a case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108300 TI - [A case of the mediastinal tuberculoma misdiagnosed as a malignant thymoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108301 TI - [Sleeve lobectomy for lung cancer localizing at a middle lobe (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108302 TI - [A resected case of bilateral multiple lung cancers and a review of 63 reported cases with multiple lung cancers in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108303 TI - [Permanent bypass from the ascending aorta to the abdominal aorta for the treatment of aneurysm of the aortic arch and/or the descending thoracic aorta (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108304 TI - [Surgical treatment for ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) associated with mitral regurgitation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108305 TI - [Surgical treatment of persistent truncus arteriosus in infancy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108306 TI - [Endocrinological and morphological studies on the cultured human granulosa cells (author's transl)]. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the endocrinological and morphological events which occurred in human granulosa cells. The results were as follows: Human granulosa cells harvested from preovulatory large follicles secreted 0.55 approximately 1.01 pg/cell/day of progesterone(P). During 7 days of culturing, the total P productive level was 3.96 +/- 0.22 pg/cell (mean +/- SE). It level per cell per 24 hours was the highest on the third day, after which the level tended to decrease. The granulosa cells obtained from the preovulatory large follicles secreted 2.12 +/- 0.41 pg/cell (mean +/- SE) of estradiol (E2) during 6 days culturing E2 productive volume per cell measured every 48 hours however tended to decrease with increasing time in the culture. The fine structure of the cultured granulosa cells had almost the same appearance on the third day as on the seventh day of the culture. Namely, they displayed numerous lipid droplets, widely dispersed Golgi complexes and mitochondria with plain cristae. However, smooth endoplasmic reticulum were only seen sporadically. Judging from the cultured results of granulosa cells, they showed an early stage of formation of corpus luteum in the fine structure which was assumed to be reflected by the endocrinological events which secreted P and E2. PMID- 7108307 TI - [Acute preoperative hemodilution in radical hysterectomy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. AB - With an attempt to diminish the post-transfusion hepatitis following radical hysterectomy, the study was made on 27 cases of cervical cancer undergone the operation. Fifty cases with blood transfusion immediately prior to the study was taken as control group. Under general anesthesia, 800 ml of venous blood was drawn from the peripheral vein under simultaneous infusion of 1,000 ml of Saviosol to maintain the circulating blood volume. The blood was returned after hemostatizing procedures. Of the study group, the blood loss, operation time, urinary output during the operation, and drainage amount were 960 g, 157 minutes, 350 ml and 160 ml respectively, while those of control group were 930 g, 164 minutes, 150 ml and 280 ml. The circulation status remained within normal limits, no bleeding tendency was appeared. Blood loss of the study group was estimated 960 g, however the actual blood loss calculated was on l6 719 g. There were no particular complication in the study group, while there was 12% of hepatitis among the control group. The advantages were concluded as 1) Patient was under normovolemic state when the operation started. 2) The blood transfused had normal O2 transport and hemostatic capacity. 3) The management of the patient was not so difficult and no special equipment and technique were needed. PMID- 7108308 TI - [Experimental study of renal and uterine blood flow regulation in obstetric hypovolemic shock (author's transl)]. AB - Dynamics of the renal and uterine circulation in response to the hypovolemic shock were studied in anesthetized pregnant and nonpregnant dogs. The renal arterial blood flow (RABF), uterine arterial blood flow (UABF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were electronically integrated and recorded during the removal of 500 ml blood at the rate of 3 ml per minute. In nonpregnant bitches, there was a pronounced decrease in RABF after the 300 ml blood removal, and it became 85.2 per cent from the control level at the time of 500 ml blood removal (MAP 34.6 mmHg). In pregnant bitches however, the rapid decrease in UABF was invoked after the 200 ml blood removal, reaching 85.3 per cent decrease from the control level at the time of 500 ml blood removal (MAP 59.8 mmHg), while the decrease in RBF was attenuated in comparison with the nonpregnant animals. The decrease in UBF in pregnant animal was associated with remarkable increase in uterine vascular resistance. This implies that the hypovolemic shock generates a lending and borrowing phenomenon between the renal and uterine circulation in pregnant subject. As evidenced by the enhanced vasoconstrive responses of uterine vascular bed to injected norepinephrine (50 microgram) during the hypovolemic shock in pregnant animals, the activation on alpha receptors in the uterine vascular bed is the main cause of the phenomenon. PMID- 7108309 TI - [Incidence of hydatidiform mole and aging of mothers (author's transl)]. AB - The incidence of hydatidiform mole, found in Fukushima Prefecture from 1975 to 1979 (5 years), in all pregnant women was statistically studied according to their age. 1) The number of pregnant women was 238,776, and the number of hydatidiform moles was 478. The incidence of hydatidiform mole in pregnant women was 2.00%. 2) The incidence of hydatidiform mole was approximately 1-2% in mothers under 40. The incidence tended to be greater in mothers over 40. The incidence was 27.26% in mothers aged 45 to 49 and 303.03% in mothers over 50 (150 times greater than usual). These results show a clear relationship between the incidence of hydatidiform mole and the mothers age. We believe an increase in abnormal ova is the cause of the increased incidence of hydatidiform mole in older mothers. PMID- 7108310 TI - Effect of traditional herbal medicine on serum testosterone levels and its induction of regular ovulation in hyperandrogenic and oligomenorrheic women (author's transl). AB - Eight infertile hyperandrogenic and oligomenorrheic women were investigated for lowering serum testosterone levels and inducing regular ovulation by Shakuyaku Kanzo-To (mixed extracts of Paeonae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix). Serum testosterone levels (50-160 ng/dl) were lowered to less than 50 ng/dl in 7 patients by Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To 5-10 g daily administered for 2-8 weeks. Six of 7 patients ovulated regularly and 2 of 6 patients conceived. Serum LH levels, which were shown to be above 30 mIU/ml in 7 patients were lowered to less than 30 mIU/ml in 5 patients by dexamethasone 1 mg daily administered for 6.5 days. All of these patients ovulated regularly by Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To. No side effects were observed. Thus, Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To is indicated for lowering serum testosterone levels and inducing regular ovulation and pregnancy in infertile hyperandrogenic patients, especially in the patients whose serum LH levels were shown to be lowered to less than 30 mIU/ml by dexamethasone. PMID- 7108311 TI - [CT in the evaluation and treatment of endometrial carcinoma (author's transl)]. AB - The prognosis and treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma are dependent on the clinically established extent of the tumor (stage). The grade of the tumor and depth of myometrial invasion have the most significant prognostic and therapeutic value after the stage. Unfortunately, staging based on pelvic examination is inaccurate in endometrial carcinoma and the depth of myometrial invasion cannot be assessed preoperatively. To stage the disease precisely and to evaluate the extent of myometrial invasion preoperatively, computed tomography (CT) was performed in 20 untreated patients with endometrial carcinoma who subsequently underwent surgery. The CT findings were correlated with the surgical and pathological findings. The tumor appeared as areas of decreased attenuation on CT in comparison with the surrounding myometrium after contrast infusion. Thus, it was easy to evaluate the depth of myometrial invasion on enhanced CT. CT showed the tumor invading less than half the thickness of the myometrium in 13 patients and this was histologically confirmed in all. There were 7 patients with the tumor invading more than half the thickness of the myometrium but confined to the uterus on CT. The CT findings were also histologically confirmed in all patients. CT showed the tumor involving the cervix in 5 patients. This was histologically confirmed in all. No cervical involvement was demonstrated by CT in the remaining 15 patients. Subsequent pathological examination revealed microscopic invasion to the endocervix in 2 cases and no cervical involvement in the other 13. The present study has demonstrated that CT is useful to assess the extent of endometrial cancer; especially useful to evaluate the depth of myometrial involvement. Such information provided by CT helps to plan treatment more adequately and accurately for the individual patients. PMID- 7108312 TI - Study on the histogenesis of ovarian tumors--with special reference to five clinical cases with common epithelial tumors detected during the preclinical stage. AB - Common epithelial tumors of the ovary, which were found during the preclinical stage in the 5 cases were described, and the histogenesis of ovarian tumors was discussed. 1. All the ovaries in the 5 cases maintained a nearly normal external appearance. As regards the cut surface, 3 cases showed gross-observable tumor mass, and 2 cases had microscopically detectable tumor tissues. All of these tumors were solid, and the cyst formation was not evident to the macroscopical examination. 2. Three cases were serous tumors, and the other 2 cases were of the endometrioid type. Two cases were malignant, and 3 cases were LPM. In two of the cases, the pictures which appeared to correspond to the early stage picture of the unclassified tumor were observed. 3. Non-tumoral inclusion cysts were observed in 4 cases, and the majority of them showed some growth activities. In 2 cases out of these 4, the transient pictures from the active inclusion cyst to the tumor were observed. 4. Tumorgenesis was multicentric based on inclusion cysts, and the tumor proliferated with spreading inside the lymph space in the ovary. The formation of the small cyst and the proliferation in a papillary form were the basic pattern of the tumor. PMID- 7108313 TI - Lipid peroxidation and its protective mechanism during developmental stage in rat. AB - The concentration of lipoperoxides in liver tissue was extensively high in the fetus and early newborn, but it decreased sharply thereafter. However, the concentrations of lipoperoxides in the blood and lung tissue were low in the fetal period, but increased after birth reaching a peak after about 10 days of life. Then they gradually decreased with development. The activities of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase together with the concentration of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) were extremely low in the fetal and early newborn periods, but increased gradually with development. PMID- 7108314 TI - [Recent advances in antihormones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108315 TI - [Indications of cesarean section--with special reference to the rising cesarean section rate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108316 TI - [Accuracies of several urinary protein paper tests for pregnant women (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108317 TI - [Newly designed skin temperature monitoring system for microvascular anastomosis- an experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. AB - Blood circulation must be carefully evaluated following the microvascular anastomosis, such replantation of the digits and hands, free toe-to-hand transfer, and free flaps. From May 173, we have performed replantation of forty five digits, seven wrists or forearm in thirty-four patients and one leg in one patient. The overall survival rate was 92.5%, including near total amputation. Also, from May 1974, we have performed eleven free flaps or free musculocutaneous flaps in ten patients. Seven out of eleven free flaps survived without any problems. The clinical inspections such as skin color and capillary refill are of subjective nature, and not always reliable. Therefore, from 1974, we have been measuring the skin temperature in the revascularized parts by means of a thermister. We usually use an electric blanket to warm the proximal part of the operated limb to maintain the peripheral circulation. Under normal ward environment, we analyzed the patterns of temperature fluctuations, and compared them against the revascularized parts and control sites. On our animal experiments, with the rats' hind limbs, a drastic temperature drop by about 2.0 degrees C was observed in 30 min, compared against the control group, when either artery or vein or both were obstructed. In the cases of the replantations, the skin temperature of control digits ranged from 30.4 to 37.1 degrees C. It usually remained above 32.0 degrees, fluctuating within 3 degrees. Also the skin temperatures of the successfully replanted parts and free flaps usually indicated the level above 32.0 degrees C, which corresponds to more than 80% of the axillary temperature in replanted cases and 90% in free flaps. In one failure case of replantation, the skin temperature fluctuated fom 27.2 to 32.1 degrees. On the fifth post operative day, the temperature suddenly dropped by 5 degrees in two hours. Arteriography was performed, and the arterial obstruction was confirmed. For the four flap operations, the skin temperatures had dropped below 32.0 degrees C, of which two had recovered by an auto-vein graft and the removal of haematoma respectively. We have concluded from these results, that the critical skin temperature in replantation and free flap cases was apparently above 32.0 degrees C in the normal ward environment. Based on our experiences, we have designed a continuous skin temperature monitoring device which consists of a resistance bridge and a thermister. The power source is a D.C. 12V. A high accuracy is maintained at the range of 32.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C when the system is set at 32.0 degrees C in the ward. The circuit is designed to flash a blue lamp when the temperature of the operated site is maintained above the pre-established temperature, while a red lamp and buzz signal give a warning when the temperature drops below the pre-established temperature. This equipment and skin thermometer have been simultaneously used following the various operations of microvascular anastomoses... PMID- 7108318 TI - [A study on the lipid peroxide and its scavenging enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. AB - Superoxide free radical (O2.-) produced by leukocytes, found in a rheumatoid joint, degrade various high molecular polymers in the synovial fluid and thus may play an important role in initiating an inflammatory response. The present work is an attempt to measure the lipid peroxide value as a parameter of peroxidation by O2.- and to measure the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase as scavenging enzymes in the serum and the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The following results were obtained: 1) The lipid peroxide value of the synovial fluid from the rheumatoid arthritic group was found to be higher than that from osteoarthritic group, whereas in the serum no significant difference was found between these two groups. 2) The superoxide dismutase activity of the synovial fluid from the rheumatoid arthritic group was found to be remarkably higher than that from the osteoarthritic group. A significant correlation was also found between the superoxide dismutase activity and the inflammatory indexes, such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the number of nucleated cells in the synovial fluid. 3) The catalase activity of the synovial fluid from the rheumatoid arthritic group was increased. 4) No significant difference was found in the glutathione peroxidase activities of the serum and the synovial fluid between the two groups. 5) A positive correlation was found between the lipid peroxide value and the superoxide dismutase activity in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These observations suggest that superoxide free radical may play an important role as a chemical mediator on the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7108319 TI - [Experimental studies on "less rigid" polyacetal plates for fracture fixation (author's transl)]. AB - It is a well known fact that rigid and prolonged internal fixation of a fracture with a stiff plate yields osteoporosis. In order to solve this problem, so called "less rigid" plates made of various plastic materials have been tested by some workers experimentally, but they are not widely accepted yet for clinical use, for the plastic material used lacked sufficient strength to secure stable osteosynthesis. This paper presents a series of experimental studies using polyacetal (polyoxymethylene--POM) materials which have relatively larger strength, for the fixation of canine fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiment I--Alteration of material strength in vivo: Dumb-bell shaped test pieces were made of three different POM plastics; 1, acetal copolymer alone (M90), 2, acetal copolymer reinforced with 20% carbon fiber (CR20) and 3. acetal copolymer with 20% fluorine (YF20). Tensile strength was measured after imbedding the test piece between the vastus lateralis and the biceps femoris of dogs for eight months. The results were compared with those before imbedding. Experiment II--Fracture healing study: After applying a POM plate or a stainless-steel plate (AO one third tubular plate) on an adult canine femur with four stainless-stell screws, the femur was osteotomized at the center with a Gigli saw to produce a transverse fracture. Postoperative roentgenograms were taken periodically. After sufficient bone union on roentgenogram, the animal was sacrificed to excise the femur for three point bending test applying up to 30 kg load posteriorly to the femur to measure ultimate strength, deflexion at the center and strains at the anterior portion of the bone. RESULTS: Experiment I: A certain decrease in tensile strength was noted in the three tested materials. Experiment II: 1) With M90 plates, there was considerable tendency toward delayed union, which would have been due to insufficient strength of the plate. 2) No significant difference in the period required for bone union was noted between the CR20 and the AO plate groups, while the former tended to produce larger callus. 3) The ultimate strength of the united bone following CR20 of AO plate fixation ranged from 50 to 55% of that of the contralateral non-osteotomized femur. There was no significant difference between the two plate groups. 4) The deflexion at the center was significantly less in the CR20 group under low load, irrespective to the difference in the amount of the ultimate strength. 5) The strain at the fracture site was extremely large in the AOI group compared to those at the other sites, which would indicate uneven strength distribution, while the strains were relatively even in the CR20 group as in the non-osteotomized femur. The results of the experiments suggest possibilities of using reinforced polyacetal plates for better fracture fixation. PMID- 7108320 TI - The reaction of cartilage and osteophyte formation after the intraarticular injection of papain. AB - A histological and autoradiographical study on the reaction of chondrocytes and the growing processes of osteophyte after the intraarticular injection of papain was carried out. The degenerating processes--fibrillation, death of chondrocytes and erosion--were observed as early as 1 day after the injection, and acid mucopolysaccharide staining with safranin-O was completely lost throughout the articular cartilage 1 week after the injection. The regenerating or proliferating figures--chondrocytes mitosis, thickening of fibrous tissue--were observed as early as 3 days after the injection and chondrocyte clusters were noted after 1 week of injection. Four weeks after injection, proliferating processes were more obvious than degenerating processes, safranin-O stainability had recovered and the proliferative figures of cartilage and fibrous tissue became more obvious. As blood vessels invaded into the cartilage and thickened fibrous tissue, osteophyte began to form in these tissues. Four types of growing processes of osteophyte were observed. Hypertrophy of articular cartilage was observed, and new hyaline articular cartilage appeared to be formed through metaplasia from fibrous tissue. Including the osteophyte formation, tremendous regenerating or repairing efforts of chondrocytes and fibroblasts were observed. These results appear to indicate that cartilage has some ability to regenerate and to repair itself if it could avoid further damage. PMID- 7108321 TI - Two-dimensional finite element method analysis of the proximal end of the femur. AB - The effects of differences in the models in the two dimensional analysis of the proximal end of the femur were investigated. The models were compared by the following four types of analysis: (1) the model having the same mechanical property entirely, (2) the model in which the mechanical property of the cortical bone of the diaphysis differs from that of the cancellous bone in the femoral head, (3) the model being the same as (2), except that the thin cortical bone is set around the bones other than cortical bone of the diaphysis, and (4) the model having several mechanical properties in the cancellous bones. As a result, it is evident that model formation is very important in the analysis of the locomotive organs in vivo by the finite element method. The analysis was performed by using the NASTRAN program. THe report of R. Scholten was used as a reference for the element divisions and the mechanical properties. PMID- 7108322 TI - [Osteotomy of the femur in osteoarthritis of the hip]. PMID- 7108323 TI - [The variation in the blood pressure of the patients with essential hypertension in summer and winter (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108324 TI - [Radiological follow up observation of intestinal Behcet's disease for 6 years and 10 months (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108325 TI - [Follow-up of the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas in three patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis in progression of pancreatic calcification (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108326 TI - [Oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease, a multisystem disease with abnormal mitochondria demonstrated in skeletal muscle and liver (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108327 TI - [Study on the assessment of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy by Holter electrocardiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108328 TI - [Effects of calcium antagonists, especially nifedipine, on variant angina, resting angina and unstable angina (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108329 TI - [Clinical and immunological studies on the exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108330 TI - [Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia with severe neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108332 TI - [Successful plasma exchange in a case of electrical injury complicated with acute renal failure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108331 TI - [A case of a 49-year-old man with polysplenia syndrome complicated by Grawitz's tumor of kidney (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108334 TI - Nontuberculous mycobacterial arthritis: report of a chronic case. PMID- 7108333 TI - [A case report of Cogan's syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108335 TI - Diabetes II: Can good control prevent degenerative complications of juvenile diabetes mellitus? PMID- 7108336 TI - Mandatory CME: an assessment by the Kansas medical profession. PMID- 7108337 TI - David X: economics and medical ethics. PMID- 7108338 TI - Nail diseases. PMID- 7108339 TI - Vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure. PMID- 7108340 TI - Platelet antagonists. PMID- 7108341 TI - Inotropic agents. PMID- 7108343 TI - Standards for hypertension diagnosis and treatment strategies Louisiana State Medical Society and AHA-La Joint Committee on Hypertension. PMID- 7108342 TI - Cranial arteritis. PMID- 7108344 TI - Necromimetics. PMID- 7108345 TI - Calcium intake requirement and bone mass in the elderly. PMID- 7108346 TI - Methotrexate: a perspective of its use in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. AB - MTX has been available for clinical use since 1951, and although it is widely accepted as a chemotherapeutic agent, its use in nonmalignant disorders has been sporadic and not well documented. Its mechanism of action is imprecisely understood but appears to involve both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. The most extensive use of MTX in benign conditions has been in the treatment of psoriasis and more recently in psoriatic arthritis as well as polymyositis, sarcoid, and Reiter's syndrome. In addition, pilot studies have been carried out using MTX in patients with resistive RA. We have used MTX in 67 patients with severe RA. Maintained on oral pulse treatment schedule at 7.5 to 15.0 mg/week, approximately 75% had an improved global response with a significant decrease in active joints and ESR. Thirty-three patients have remained on therapy for periods of less than 1 year to more than 10 years. Thirty four have discontinued treatment: 11 because of inefficacy, five with gastrointestinal complaints, three because of liver function abnormalities, and eight because of apprehension. Two patients died of neoplasm. Of the potential side effects of this agent, hepatotoxicity remains a serious consideration. We treat with attention to risk factors and rely on liver function tests to alert us to increased risk. There are data to suggest that a cumulative dose of MTX beyond 1.5 gm needs tissue surveillance. MTX appears to provide safe and effective treatment in resistive RA but requires further definitive trails. PMID- 7108347 TI - Activation of neutrophils and the lesions of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 7108348 TI - Clinical studies of a continuous extracorporeal cyanate treatment system for patients with sickle cell disease. AB - An extracorporeal carbamylation system was evaluated in two patients with sickle cell disease. Access was achieved with existing veins in one patient and an AV fistula in the second. Modifications in the treatment procedure were made as experience indicated. Levels of carbamylation of greater than 1 mol/mol of hemoglobin tetramer were achieved with 4 to 6 hr of treatment every 2 weeks. Cyanate returned to the patient averaged 68.5 mg per treatment. As expected, P50 values decreased and hemoglobin levels increased as the treatment progressed. Patterns of cyanate distribution among the red cell population were those predicted by computer calculations. These observations document the safety and reliability of the treatment system but do not permit conclusions as to efficacy. PMID- 7108349 TI - Preliminary studies of continuous extracorporeal carbamylation in the treatment of sickle cell anemia. AB - The lack of effective therapy of sickle cell anemia has prompted investigation of a large number of antisickling agents. The most promising drug, cyanate, was found in previous studies to be toxic when given systemically. The present study examined a semiautomated system for extracorporeal treatment with cyanate of the blood of four patients with sickle cell anemia. All patients achieved hemoglobin carbamylation levels greater than 1 mode of cyanate per mode of Hb4, with minimal systemic exposure to cyanate and no serious toxicity. Hematologic response occurred in two patients and possibly a third. Further study will be required to determine the efficacy of continuous extracorporeal carbamylation in the treatment of sickle cell anemia. PMID- 7108351 TI - Platelet adhesion to cultured vascular endothelial cells. A quantitative monolayer adhesion assay. AB - We have developed a sensitive in vitro method for measuring the adherence of platelets to cultured vascular cells. Human platelets, in citrated plasma, were radiolabeled with [3H]adenine to achieve a specific activity 100 to 1000 times greater than that obtainable with chromium-51 or [14C]serotonin. After exposure of cultured cell monolayers to radiolabeled PRP, nonadherent platelets were removed by a standardized wash procedure, and the number of adherent platelets calculated from liquid scintillation measurements. Significant release of platelet-associated radioactivity was not detectable after challenge with standard aggregating agents, and uptake of plasma (unincorporated) [3H]adenine by cultured cells was minimized by the addition of unlabeled adenine during the adhesion assay. Scanning electron microscopy, performed in parallel, allowed visual discrimination between platelet adhesion and aggregation as well as morphologic examination of the interacting platelets and cells. After incubation with PRP for 30 min, primary cultures of umbilical vein HEC bound less than 0.05% of added platelets (less than 1 platelet per cell). In contrast, virally transformed HEC showed increased platelet adhesion that was directly proportional to cultured cell density. Visual counts of the number of adherent platelets in scanning electron micrographs showed good agreement with calculated radiometric data. Comparative studies indicated that suspensions of washed, radiolabeled human platelets also can be utilized in this monolayer adhesion assay. This in vitro model system should facilitate study of the mechanisms of thromboresistance of vascular endothelium and its pathophysiologic alterations. PMID- 7108350 TI - Increased blood oxygen affinity decreases canine brain oxygen consumption. AB - We have studied the effect of increased blood O2 affinity on O2 delivery to the isolated canine brain. After surgical isolation, the brain, enclosed in the calvarium, was perfused alternately from two pump-oxygenators with normal blood (P 50 [7.4] = 30 +/- 2 torr [S.D.]) and with blood whose P50 was reduced to 18 +/ 2 torr by carbamylation. [Hb], acid-base balance, blood gases, and flow rate were carefully matched in the two circuits. Although blood [Hb] was reduced to approximately 10 gm/dl, other perfusion variables such as CBF (65 +/- 6 ml/min/100 gm) and arterial blood oxygen saturation (96% to 99%) were normal for the dog. Under these conditions cerebral VO2 (Fick) averaged 3.87 +/- 0.73 ml/min/100 mg (S.D.) with control blood and 2.94 +/- 0.69 with low P50 blood (mean delta = 24%, n = 14, p less than 0.001), and PVO2 averaged 31 +/- 2 and 21 +/- 2 torr, respectively (p less than 0.001). The fall in VO2 during low P50 perfusion was associated with a decrease in [A-V]O2 difference and a rise in CVO2 of 1.2 ml/dl, which suggests that O2 extraction at PVO2 approximately 20 torr is curtailed. The EEG, previously shown to correlate with VO2 in this model, invariably deteriorated after 30 to 60 sec of low P50 perfusion and improved in 30 to 60 sec after reperfusion with normal blood. CBV increased by 0.9 ml/100 gm during low P50 perfusion, implying capillary recruitment. In a parallel series of experiments, four brains were alternately perfused with normal blood (pH 7.41, PCO2 38 torr, P50 [7.4] = 30 torr) and alkalotic blood (pH 7.98, PCO2 39 torr, P50 [7.98] = 17.3 torr). With flow rates equal for both normal and experimental blood, PVO2 averaged 31 +/- 4 (S.D.) and 21 +/- 3 torr (p less than 0.001), respectively, and VO2 averaged 4.33 +/- 0.52 ml/min/100 gm and 3.18 +/- 0.52 (p less than 0.001). With pH at 7.4 and 7.8, VO2 averaged 4.42 +/- 0.77 ml/min/100 gm and 3.66 +/- 0.99, respectively (p less than 0.01). The data indicate that a reduced P50 limits O2 diffusion to brain at a normal but fixed blood flow rate despite capillary recruitment. PMID- 7108352 TI - Hemolytic and antigenic measurements of complement. A comparison of serum and plasma samples in normal individuals and patients. AB - Over a 2-year period we evaluated 10 patients with a discrepancy between functional and antigenic assays in the routinely employed clinical assays for measuring serum complement concentrations. These differences were shown to be secondary to cold-dependent activation of the classical complement pathway in vitro, in some cases by cryoglobulins and in others by unknown means. Plasma samples were procured with commonly used anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate, or heparin) that prevent in vitro complement activation. To assess whether plasma samples were suitable for complement determination, a comparison of serum vs. plasma samples for THC, C4, C2, C3, factor B, and C6 levels in normals and patient populations was undertaken. Only modest differences were found between serum and plasma samples for these functional and antigenic assays except for heparinized samples in which determinations by rate nephelometry produced falsely elevated C4, C3, and factor B antigenic levels. Thus plasma samples, especially EDTA or citrate, are suitable for complement determinations and could be used either routinely or, more selectively, in patients in whom there is a discrepancy between functional and antigenic determinations. PMID- 7108353 TI - Effect of heme administration on hemopexin metabolism in the rhesus monkey. AB - Clinical conditions such as hemolytic anemias and certain neuromuscular diseases in which serum hemopexin levels are either increased or decreased were simulated in rhesus monkeys by administering heme intravenously daily at three dose levels over a period of 10 days. At the lower dose of heme (0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg/day), serum hemopexin levels were elevated to 150% of control (control = 53.3 +/- 2.8 U/100 ml). At the higher dose of heme (5.0 mg/kg/day), hemopexin levels decreased to 60% of control. After an intermediate dose of heme (0.6 mg/kg/day), no change was seen in the circulating hemopexin levels. These changes appeared to be specific for hemopexin, since neither the serum haptoglobin levels nor the transferrin level was affected by the heme administration at any of the dose levels. Parameters of hemopexin metabolism revealed that after administration of the low dose of heme there was a 76% increase in the net rate of hemopexin synthesis, resulting in a 65% increase in the intravascular pool size of hemopexin. At the intermediate dose there was a 43% increase in the rate of hemopexin synthesis accompanied by a 33% increase in catabolism, resulting in no net change in serum hemopexin concentrations. At the high dose of heme there was a 57% increase in catabolism of hemopexin without a concurrent increase in synthesis, resulting in lowered circulating hemopexin levels. These findings seem to indicate a relationship between the amount of heme presented to the liver and net hemopexin synthesis. PMID- 7108354 TI - Binding of soluble immune complexes by human monocytes and pulmonary macrophages: effects of cigarette smoking. AB - The Fc receptor of human monocytes and pulmonary macrophages has been evaluated quantitatively by binding of radiolabeled soluble IC. On both cell types, binding was mediated by saturable surface receptors specifically inhibited by aggregated human IgG1 and IgG3. The affinity of the Fc receptor was similar on monocytes and pulmonary macrophages from nonsmokers, but macrophages demonstrated four to 13 times more surface receptors than circulating monocytes. No difference in Fc receptor binding of monocytes was observed between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. However, pulmonary macrophages from smokers demonstrated a significantly lower Fc receptor affinity than did those of nonsmokers, although the number of Fc receptors was the same. PMID- 7108355 TI - Medical management of sensorineural hearing loss. Part I: late syphilis; cardiovascular system; endocrine system; renal system. PMID- 7108356 TI - Treatment of retraction pockets and cholesteatoma. PMID- 7108357 TI - Meniere's disease: long-term results of sympathectomy. PMID- 7108359 TI - The deflected nose - surgical correction. PMID- 7108360 TI - Vocal nodules in children--aetiology and management. PMID- 7108358 TI - Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). AB - A series of eight hundred and eighteen patients with histologically-confirmed multisystem sarcoidosis was analysed; within this series were 53 (6 per cent) patients with sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). Two-thirds presented with predominantly upper respiratory tract symptoms when the systemic disorder was minimal or unrecognized. Women were affected twice as often as men. SURT is commonly associated with lupus pernio and other manifestations of chronic fibrotic sarcoidosis, and it follows the same indolent course. When granulomas are found on biopsy of the upper respiratory tract, there should be a management plan to determine whether they are due to multisystem sarcoidosis or other granulomatous disorders including tuberculosis, Wegener's granulomatosis and leprosy. About one-half of patients with SURT will need oral steroids, either alone or in combination with topical steroids or chloroquine. PMID- 7108361 TI - Malakoplakia of the nasopharynx associated with carcinoma. PMID- 7108362 TI - Rhinosporidiosis. PMID- 7108363 TI - Acute sphenoiditis, alone and in concert. PMID- 7108365 TI - Nutrition and language-learning development in preschool programs for children with learning disabilities. PMID- 7108366 TI - An abstraction test for normal and learning disabled children. PMID- 7108364 TI - Late occurrence of IgD myeloma in plasmacytoma of nasal cavity, cervical lymph node and larynx. PMID- 7108367 TI - Preschool screening as a means of predicting later reading achievement. PMID- 7108368 TI - Learning disabilities as a symptom of depression in children. PMID- 7108369 TI - Cautions for the use of informal measures in the educational assessment of exceptional children. PMID- 7108370 TI - Helping learning disabled students prepare for college. PMID- 7108371 TI - A sociological perspective on diagnosing learning difficulties. PMID- 7108372 TI - Implications of schemata theory for learning disabled readers. PMID- 7108373 TI - Social interaction of learning disabled junior high students in their regular classrooms: an observational analysis. PMID- 7108374 TI - A preliminary study of syntax in the written expression of learning disabled children. PMID- 7108376 TI - Microcomputers in education. PMID- 7108375 TI - Childhood cancer and vulnerability for significant academic underachievement. PMID- 7108377 TI - Microcomputers evaluation literacy: will the teacher survive? PMID- 7108378 TI - A special education management system. PMID- 7108379 TI - Apple, Atari, Dynabyte IBM, PET, TRS-80--which should it be? PMID- 7108380 TI - Grades. PMID- 7108381 TI - [Cockett's synechiae. Report on 31 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Cockett's syndrome may arise from intraluminal adhesions near the distal end of the left common iliac vein, bone or arterial compression, etc. These synechiae are frequently observed, numerous embryological and histological arguments suggesting their congenital origin. A common complication of these synechiae is a left phlebitis, but they do not appear to be a determining factor for the development of thrombosis, and are otherwise usually asymptomatic. When complications do arise, as in the 31 cases reported, surgical treatment should involve early angioplasty in young subjects, or a late Palma-Dale type of shunt in elderly patients and those with a history of a left iliac thrombosis. PMID- 7108383 TI - [Critical study and Doppler-arteriographies correlations in a homogeneous series of 115 examinations of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. AB - Correlations between the results of Doppler and arteriographic examinations were studied in a series of 115 angiographies of the limbs, including global findings and 10 specific parameters of importance in vascular surgery. Overall results were strictly comparable in 70 % of cases. Detailed study of 1,150 parameters (10 x 115) revealed only 42 occasions (4 %) when Doppler and angiographic results could not be correlated. The percentage error for Doppler when compared with angiography examinations was of the order of 5 %, except for the tibial arteries when a 20 % error rate was found. Lack of correlation between Doppler and angiography findings could be of value for more precise determination of the tibial network. PMID- 7108382 TI - [Physicochemical study of ticlopidine absorption kinetics on human platelet membrane (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108384 TI - [Clinical and critical review of signs of pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 7108385 TI - [Pulmonary embolism diagnosis: contribution of the E.C.G. and lung radiography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108386 TI - [Pulmonary embolism. Perfusion and ventilation pulmonary scintigraphy findings (author's transl)[]. AB - After discussing the rather particular misadventures that the concept, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary embolism have been subjected to in France, the techniques for performing and analyzing results of pulmonary scintigraphy are described. Typical findings are one (or more) totally excluded areas in the biopsy specimen, easily systematized on a profile film. Though scintigraphy imaging appears to be essential, the sensitivity of the technique enabling positive exclusion of a pulmonary embolus if the image is normal, it is not specific. Results of the investigation appear to vary according to the use of a "soft approach" (repeated scintigraphy, heparinization) or a "hard approach" (pulmonary angiography, venography, fibrinolytic). Practical experience tends to show, however, that fallacies appear mainly when an attempt is made to elucidate cases other than acute emergencies, as for example in patients with lung cancer, women on the contraceptive pill, and chronic bronchopathy patients. It is strongly recommended that clinical studies be conducted to compare the "soft" and "hard" approaches, in order to obtain a consensus of opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism, a subject which remains passionate. . . and passional. PMID- 7108387 TI - [Angiography imaging in pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. AB - The principal angiography images found in cases of recent pulmonary embolism include intravascular lacunae, dome-shaped obstructions, a "dead tree" appearance and an avascular region. The first two are specific, but are mainly observed during the few days following the embolism. Highest quality images are obtained by selective angiography of the pulmonary artery, but this technique, which involves transfer of the patient to a specialized unit and catheterization of the pulmonary artery, is not without risk and, more particularly, does not explore the veins of the lower limbs. However, in a series of 110 cases of recent pulmonary embolism, venous thrombosis, usually femoroiliocaval, was present in 102 patients. A new technique is therefore proposed, ascending venous angiopneumography, which has two advantages: --It can be performed in any radiological department as a catheter does not have to be inserted. --It explores both pulmonary and venous systems. Though pulmonary images are less specific (false positives occur more frequently), the simultaneous exploration of the veins allows logical determination of therapy based on the size and site of the embolus and possible associated extension of the venous thrombosis. PMID- 7108388 TI - [Angiography in pulmonary embolism: indications and results (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108389 TI - [Anticoagulant therapy in the elderly : limitations and contraindications (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108390 TI - Evaluation of patients suspected of primary immunodeficiency diseases. PMID- 7108391 TI - A community program for the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 7108392 TI - Microsurgical cerebral revascularization: the extracranial-intracranial bypass for stroke prevention. PMID- 7108393 TI - Cardioactive drugs in the elderly. PMID- 7108394 TI - Physicians as witnesses--rights, obligations, and reasonable compromise. PMID- 7108395 TI - Statutory reporting requirements of physicians. PMID- 7108396 TI - Liberal arts in pre-medical education. PMID- 7108398 TI - Quick in the dark. PMID- 7108397 TI - "Miracle" bee pollen: don't let your patients get stung! PMID- 7108399 TI - Myths about women: medicine's nostalgic view. PMID- 7108400 TI - Viral hepatitis, a public health overview. PMID- 7108401 TI - Expanding applications of therapeutic apheresis. PMID- 7108402 TI - Physicians and the humanistic tradition. PMID- 7108403 TI - The gathering storm. PMID- 7108404 TI - Emotional reaction to female sterilization: a prospective study. PMID- 7108405 TI - The anthropometry of the rural newborn. PMID- 7108406 TI - Ovarian actinomycosis: report of one case. PMID- 7108407 TI - Tumor induction by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: analysis of the boundaries of T DNA. AB - Molecular cloning has been used to isolate the ends of that portion of the tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens which has been designated T DNA and which has been transferred to the genome of tobacco crown gall tumor cells. Analysis of the DNA sequences of the plant border clones compared with the corresponding sequences of the Ti plasmid suggests that the mechanism of transferred DNA integration and subsequent stabilization is precise at the right border and imprecise on the left. The T-DNA junction occurs within a variation of a single base pair (bp) on the right but varies over at least 70 bp on the left. In addition, there are several sequences which are repeated near the ends of the T-DNA region in the Ti plasmid. Seemingly, there is no specificity with regard to the site of integration in the plant genome. PMID- 7108408 TI - Hypothalamic, pituitary and uterine cytoplasmic and nuclear oestrogen receptors and their relationship to the serum concentration of tamoxifen and its metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, in the ovariectomized rat. AB - High-affinity oestrogen receptors were measured in the cytosol and nuclei prepared from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and uterus of the ovariectomized rat up to 16 days after a single dose of tamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Tamoxifen produced a dose-related fall in the concentration of cytosol receptors in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and uterus. Minimum values were observed after 24 h; cytosol receptor concentrations were restored slowly and only reached expected control values between 4 and 8 days and 2 and 4 days for 7.0 mg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg doses of tamoxifen respectively. The nuclear receptor changes were inversely related to the cytosol receptor changes, except that hypothalamic nuclear receptor concentrations after 0.7 mg tamoxifen/kg were not changed. 4 Hydroxytamoxifen (0.14 mg/kg) depleted cytosol and raised nuclear oestrogen receptors in the pituitary gland and uterus. Receptor concentrations had returned to the expected control values by day 4. Oestrogen receptor concentrations in the hypothalamus were unchanged. The apparent resistance of the receptor system in the hypothalamus to translocation by tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen was probably due to the blood-brain barrier since the apparent affinity of tamoxifen for the cytosol receptor was similar for all three tissues (dissociation constant 4 nmol/l). Serum concentrations of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen measured after a single dose of 7.0 mg tamoxifen/kg were maximal after 24 h and undetectable by 4 days, at which time nuclear and cytosol receptor levels were still changed. Concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen were approximately one-third those of tamoxifen. The results suggest that the receptor changes after tamoxifen are not simply related to the serum concentration of tamoxifen and its metabolites and that the retention of ligand within the target tissue may be an important determinant. PMID- 7108410 TI - Studies of a human growth hormone preparation used for clinical treatment in Great Britain. AB - This report describes some of the properties of a clinical-grade preparation of human growth hormone (hGH) extracted from acetone-preserved autopsy human pituitary glands and used in Great Britain from 1967 to 1980. Gel filtration of this hGH on Sephadex G-100 yielded (on a weight basis) an average of 48% of a high molecular weight fraction, 10% of an intermediate fraction expected to contain dimeric forms of the hormone and 33% of a fraction considered to be the hGH monomer. The immunoassay potency of the monomer fraction was twice that of the clinical-grade preparation and the amino-acid composition of the monomer fraction agreed well with that obtained from published hGH sequence data. The results of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (under reducing and dissociating conditions) and amino-acid analysis of the high molecular weight fraction suggest that it contains around 30% of aggregated hGH as well as other material not separated from hGH by the purification procedure. PMID- 7108409 TI - Fetal and maternal production and metabolism of gastrin in sheep. AB - In the sheep fetus, plasma levels of gastrin are raised above adult levels from 2 weeks before birth. This observation initiated the present study on the maternal and fetal secretion rate, metabolism and placental transfer of gastrin. The experiments were performed on conscious pregnant ewes with chronically cannulated fetuses and on newborn lambs. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), production rate (PR) and placental transfer of gastrin were measured by alternate steady-state infusion of gastrin into the mother and fetus. Plasma levels of gastrin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Metabolic clearance rate was similar in the pregnant and non-pregnant ewe (8.4 +/- 1.1 (S.E.M.) and 9.0 +/- 1.4 ml/min per kg) respectively. However, fetal MCR was significantly increased. Term was 145 days. Metabolic clearance rate was 15.5 +/- 1.7 at 110-125 days of gestation, 25.6 +/- 2.9 at 126-135 days, 29.7 +/- 4.9 at 136-145 days and remained raised in the first 2 weeks post partum. Gastrin did not cross the placenta in either direction. Placental destruction of gastrin was not responsible for the increased fetal MCR as umbilical artery and umbilical vein levels were not significantly different during fetal gastrin infusion. Furthermore, MCR remained raised in the newborn lambs. Gastrin PR was significantly increased at all ages. The results showed that the previously reported fetal hypergastrinaemia is from fetal sources and is not a result of immaturity of clearance mechanisms. In fact, fetal MCR was significantly increased. The increased fetal plasma gastrin levels are due to an increased rate of production from the fetus. PMID- 7108411 TI - Effect of composition of incubation medium on aldosterone and corticosterone production by isolated rat zona glomerulosa cells. PMID- 7108412 TI - Increased steroidogenesis by rat zona glomerulosa cells with increased cell concentration in vitro: evidence for a novel aldosterone-stimulating factor and implications regarding aldosterone biosynthesis. AB - A fourfold increase in the concentration of rat zona glomerulosa cells incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRBGA) increased aldosterone production per cell twofold. This cell concentration associated (CCA) increase in aldosterone production showed a dose-response relationship with the number of cells per incubation and was further increased in modified Medium 199, compared with KRBGA. The combination of a fourfold increase in cell concentration with each of maximally steroidogenic concentrations of K+, angiotensin II, ACTH, 5 hydroxytryptamine or cyclic AMP produced an increase in aldosterone production greater than that predicted from the algebraic sum of the steroidogenic effects of the factors acting separately. The CCA increase in basal aldosterone production maximal during the first 30 min of incubation, could not be accounted for by accumulation of corticosterone in the incubation medium and was largely or completely abolished by the addition of pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone or corticosterone to the incubation medium. Together, these data support the proposal that the CCA effect was due to a novel aldosterone stimulating factor which increased aldosterone production by stimulating pregnenolone formation. The aldosterone and corticosterone responses to exogenous pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone demonstrated that aldosterone and corticosterone production by zona glomerulosa cells in vitro may represent separate biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, these studies provided evidence for a mechanism by which increased levels of exogenous pregnenolone, progesterone and deoxycorticosterone were able to increase their per cent conversion to aldosterone, but not to corticosterone. PMID- 7108413 TI - Effects of passive immunization against testosterone on the sexual activity of female rhesus monkeys. AB - Active immunization of an ovariectomized rhesus monkey against testosterone-3(0 carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin produced an antiserum with a high degree of specificity towards testosterone. Passive immunization of ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated monkeys with this antiserum resulted in significant reductions in proceptive and/or receptive behaviours in the majority of animals. This effect could be reversed by treatment with 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, a steroid which showed only 6% cross-reaction with the antiserum. Passive immunization caused an increase in the binding of testosterone by the gamma-globulin fraction of serum isolated by treatment with 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate. The present findings emphasize the importance of androgens of adrenal origin in the regulation of sexual behaviour in the female rhesus monkey. PMID- 7108414 TI - Mechanism of action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rat preputial glands: the role of androgen metabolism. AB - The metabolism of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone has been studied in vitro in preputial glands of posterior hypophysectomized, totally hypophysectomized and control sham-operated rats. The level of C19 steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity/unit of preputial gland DNA did not fall after removal of the neurointermediate lobe and rose after total hypophysectomy. It was concluded from this that the androgen unresponsiveness of the preputial glands of hypophysectomized rats was not due to a near-total lack of 5 alpha-reductase and hence that the combined synergistic action of testosterone and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on preputial gland activity was unlikely to be due to an alpha-MSH-mediated restoration of 5 alpha-reductase levels in hypophysectomized rats. Levels of 3 alpha and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase but not of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase appeared to be altered by hypophysectomy. PMID- 7108415 TI - The proximodistal determination of skeletal parts in the developing chick leg. AB - Currently the chick leg bud or its components are being used extensively to study questions in development. Although fate maps of the leg, similar to that developed by Saunders (1948) for the wing, have been available (Hampe, 1957 a, 1959), no study of the proximodistal sequence of the specification of leg structures exists. Such a sequence developed for the wing by removal of the apical ectodermal ridge at successive stages (Saunders, 1948; Summerbell, 1974), has proven useful to the study of wing development. In this paper, we present a similar proximodistal sequence for the chick leg including the same developmental stage range as that of the wing sequence. PMID- 7108416 TI - Hypoblast induction of multiple areas vasculosae, and stabilization of the area opaca vasculosa in young chick blastoderm. PMID- 7108417 TI - Distribution of osteo- and chondrogenic neural crest-derived cells and of osteogenically inductive epithelia in mandibular arches of embryonic chicks. AB - Mandibular arches of H.H. stage-22 embryonic chicks were divided into halves (lateral/medial; cephalad/caudal; or proximal/distal) and grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of host embryos. All six halves formed both cartilage and membrane bone. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombinations performed between half mandibles showed (a), that the cephalad half of the mandible contained more chondrogenic cells than did the caudal half, (b), that the proximocaudal quarter of the mandible contained more osteogenic cells than the remainder of the mandible, and, (c), that the epithelium of the caudal half was more osteogenically inductive than was the cephalad epithelium. Differential distribution of mesenchymal cells and differentially inductively active epithelia are both components of this epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. PMID- 7108418 TI - The possible mechanism of cell positioning in mouse morulae: an ultrastructural study. AB - Ultrastructure of the mouse morula at the time of formation of the outer cell layer is described. Analysis of relative positions of sister blastomeres, still connected with cytoplasmic bridge, suggests that cell division may occur both tangentially and perpendicularly in relation to the embryo surface. However, there are observations suggesting that active cell movement may be involved in cell positioning already after mitosis. These observations include: (1) the flexure of cytoplasmic bridge, (2) the presence of bundles of filaments in external blastomeres at the late cytokinesis and (3) a striking difference in loose versus tight packaging of blastomeres within the embryo. PMID- 7108419 TI - Pioneer growth cones in virgin mesenchyme: an electron-microscope study in the developing chick wing. AB - Axons grow out along predictable routes of specific destinations. An EM study of the early development of one of the main chick wing nerves - the interosseous nerve - helps to show how they do it. The growing tip of the nerve appears frayed, consisting of nerve fibres occurring singly or in small bundles, taking slightly divergent paths. Most of these pioneer nerve fibres have the characteristic appearance of growth cones. They are not seen to advance along fibrils of the intercellular matrix (as one might expect from some tissue culture experiments), but instead are generally in close contact over their whole surface either with mesenchyme cells or with other nerve fibres. The same is true of the axons at more proximal levels of the developing nerve: they too are never naked, but always in contact either with other axons or with mesenchyme cells. Later nerve fibres follow the pioneers: their growth cones travel out in contact with the pre-existing axons, within the primitive perineurium formed by the enveloping mesenchyme cells, and most often close to the periphery of the fascicle. PMID- 7108420 TI - Functional differentiation of chick gonads following depletion of primordial germ cells. PMID- 7108421 TI - Investigation of cell lineage and differentiation in the extraembryonic endoderm of the mouse embryo. AB - The technique of injecting genetically labelled cells into blastocysts was used in an attempt to determine whether the parietal and visceral endoderm originate from the same or different cell populations in the early embryo. When the developmental potential of 5th day primitive ectoderm and primitive endoderm cells was compared thus, only the latter were found to colonize the extraembryonic endoderm. Furthermore, single primitive endoderm cells yielded unequivocal colonization of both the parietal and the visceral endoderm in a proportion of chimaeras. However, in the majority of primitive endodermal chimaeras, donor cells were detected in the parietal endoderm only, cases of exclusively visceral colonization being rare. Visceral endoderm cells from 6th and 7th day post-implantation embryos also exhibited a striking tendency to contribute exclusively to the parietal endoderm following blastocyst injection. The above findings lend no support to a recent proposal that parietal and visceral endoderm are derived from different populations of inner cell mass cells. Rather, they suggest that the two extraembryonic endoderm layers originate from a common pool of primitive endoderm cells whose direction of differentiation depends on their interactions with non-endodermal cells. PMID- 7108422 TI - Lineage analysis of inner cell mass and trophectoderm using microsurgically reconstituted mouse blastocysts. AB - The fate of mouse blastocyst tissues was examined following reconstitution of blastocysts from isolated inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm differing for electrophoretic variants at the glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1) locus. A modified microsurgical method was used and a more sensitive enzyme assay allowed finer dissection of developing chimaeric conceptuses. In seven of nine cases, the extraembryonic ectoderm or the later ectoderm of the chorion was entirely of the blastocyst trophectoderm enzyme type, providing the first direct evidence that this tissue can be wholly derived from the trophectoderm. The two exceptions could represent contamination of the ICM with trophectoderm or might indicate some developmental lability of ICM cells. In addition, the results confirm the cell lineages of other tissues of the 7.5- to 9.5-day pc embryo and, for the first time, directly demonstrate the ICM origin of the parietal endoderm. PMID- 7108423 TI - Developmental effects of some newly induced Ultrabithorax alleles of Drosophila. PMID- 7108424 TI - Size regulation in Dictyostelium. AB - The division of large aggregate centres into separate slugs was examined in two strains of Dictyostelium discoideum which differ in size. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the size of the slugs is determined by two factors; one is the ability of a tip to inhibit surrounding cells from forming an independent, rival tip; the other is the ability of the surrounding cells to resist being subjected to the inhibition of the newly arisen tip. If the surrounding cells are easily inhibited, then the slugs produced will be large; if they are resistant to inhibition the resulting slugs will be correspondingly small. An assay for tip inhibition was developed which was used to estimate the volume and distance over which inhibition occurs, the time over which it acts and the effect of tip size and cell mass shape on size regulation. The measurements and the results of experiments which showed inhibition across a thin agar layer are consistent with the hypothesis that an inhibitor spreads out from the tip by simple diffusion. In further studies it was found that although inhibition strength varies with the size of the tip, the ability to inhibit was the same in both strains whereas the resistance to inhibition was greater in the smaller strain. PMID- 7108425 TI - Regulation of meiosis in the foetal mouse gonad. AB - In vitro culture of male and female gonads was found to have significant effects on gonadal structure and development. Culture resulted in a reduction of testicular cord diameter and a reduction in the number of Sertoli cells lining each cord in cross section. In the female, culture increased the percentage of pyknotic oocytes and fewer germ cells per unit of ovary volume reached diplotene. Mixed sex co-culture using different culture methods showed that day 14 p.c. testes inhibited meiosis in day 14 p.c. ovaries when the cultures were continued until the equivalent of day 21 p.c. Day 15 p.c. and mixed age co-cultures of mixed sex provided more equivocal data since meiosis was inhibited in some preparations but not in others. The possibility is suggested that prophase I may proceed irrevocably to diplotene after about day 15 p.c. and thus the inhibitory effects of foetal testes may be a function of female gonadal age. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that mixed sex co-culture may stimulate meiosis precociously in foetal testes. PMID- 7108426 TI - Fine structural analysis of limb development in the wingless mutant chick embryo. PMID- 7108427 TI - Interaction of granule, Purkinje and inferior olivary neurons in lurcher chimaeric mice. I. Qualitative studies. AB - Heterozygous lurcher (+/Lc) mutant mice lose 100% of their Purkinje cells (PCs), 90% of their granule cells, and 75% of their inferior olivary neurons. In order to determine the primary site of Lc gene action, lurcher in equilibrium wild-type aggregation chimaeras were produced. The cerebella of the three chimaeras examined were intermediate or normal in size compared to +/Lc and wild-type cerebella. The PCs were reduced in number. Using the beta-glucuronidase locus (Gus) as a cell marker, all of the PCs present were identified as having descended from the wild-type embryo. It appears that all of the +/Lc PCs degenerated. Hence, the Lc gene acts directly on PCs to cause their degeneration. The inferior olivary nuclei of the chimaeras seemed to have fewer neurons than wild-type but more than +/Lc animals. As revealed by beta-glucuronidase histochemistry, both +/+ and +/Lc cells were present, and the ratio of genotypes was similar to the ratio seen in other regions of the brain. The evidence suggests that the death of olivary neurons in lurcher is secondary to another defect, probably the loss of PCs. Beta-glucuronidase is not an accurate cell marker for granule cells, and so no conclusion concerning the action of the Lc gene on granule cells could be made with these chimaeras. PMID- 7108428 TI - The innervation of a virgin tectum by a double-temporal or a double-nasal eye in Xenopus. AB - In Xenopus embryos at stage 32/33 one eye anlage was removed and the other made into a compound double-nasal or double-temporal eye. At metamorphosis the optic nerve was cut and the compound eye was permitted to regenerate fibres both to its own contralateral tectum and to the ipsilateral 'virgin' tectum. One month later the projection from the compound eye to the virgin tectum was assessed autoradiographically by use of tritiated proline. Projections from double temporal eyes were found to be restricted to rostrolateral tectum, whereas projections from double-nasal eyes covered the entire tectal surface. It was concluded that the results did not suggest that positional markers existed on the tectum before the arrival of the optic fibres. PMID- 7108429 TI - On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish. AB - When sinusoidal movements were artificially imposed on the tail region of the curarized spinal dogfish during "fictive locomotion' the coordinated burst pattern recorded in the ventral roots was effectively entrained to follow movement frequencies above as well as below the resting rate. The entrainment was characterized by: (1) a broad range of effective movement frequencies and amplitudes (down to a few degrees); (2) frequency-dependent timing of entrained bursts to the movement; (3) constant burst durations at low and moderate frequencies; (4) incomplete entrainment in response to high or low movement frequencies combined with a low amplitude; (5) entrainment was still present when mean position of movement was displaced laterally; (6) effects persisted when the tail region was devoid of skin and muscle tissue. Entrainment effects may be explained by the activation of stretch receptors on either side of the vertebral column-spinal cord, exciting the presumed central pattern generators (CPGs) in the hemisegments ipsilateral to the stretch, while inhibiting the contralateral CPGs. PMID- 7108431 TI - Lability of conduction velocity during repetitive activation of an excitable epithelium. AB - Conduction velocity lability was studied in the electrically excitable epithelium of Euphysa japonica by means of intracellular recordings. Three classes of response latency change were identified in response to bursts of stimuli: an initial jump, uniform drift and abrupt jumps in latency. In each case an increase in stimulus frequency produced an increase in latency. The initial jump in latency, which occurred between the first and second response of a series, was related to the afterpotential of the first response. The increased latency of the second response appears to result from the drop in membrane resistance during the hyperpolarizing afterpotential. The uniform drift in latency remains unexplained but may be the result of ion accumulation within the tissue, progressive inactivation of the ionic channels involved in producing the action potential, or junctional phenomena. The abrupt jumps in latency, which often preceded failure to respond, were found to be impulse initiation phenomena. PMID- 7108430 TI - Tail thrust of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix at different buoyancies, speeds, and swimming angles. AB - 1. The tail thrust of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix was measured using a body accelerometer at different water speeds, buoyancies, and angles of water flow to determine the contribution of tail thrust in overcoming parasitic drag, induced drag, and weight directed along the track. The lengths and weights of the fish averaged 0.52 m and 1.50 kg respectively. 2. The tail thrust overcoming parasitic drag in Newtons, as measured during neutral buoyancy, was: 0.51 x speed + 0.15, with a standard error of estimate of 0.09 N. 3. When buoyancy was altered by the introduction or removal of air from a balloon implanted in the swim bladder, the tail thrust was altered by an amount of the same order as the value calculated for the induced drag of the pectoral fins. 4. The component of weight directed backward along the track was the weight in water multiplied by the sine of the angle of the swimming tunnel relative to horizontal. When this force was added to the calculated induced drag and tail thrust measured at neutral buoyancy, the rearward force equal to the tail thrust, at 45 ml negative buoyancy, 0.5 m s-1, and 15 degrees head up, was 0.12 N due to weight + 0.05 N due to induced drag + 0.40 N due to parasitic drag = 0.57 N total rearward force. 5. The conditions required for gliding were not achieved in our bluefish because the drag exceeded the component of the weight in water directed forward along the track at speeds above the stalling speed of the pectoral fins. PMID- 7108432 TI - Oxygenation and deoxygenation kinetics of red cells in isolated lamellae of fish gills. AB - 1. The kinetics of oxygen transfer across the water-blood barrier in fish gills were studied by measuring oxygenation and deoxygenation of single red blood cells contained within isolated secondary lamellae using a microphotometric technique. 2. Recordings of the overall time courses show that both oxygenation and deoxygenation are more rapid in the carp than in the eel. In both species the half-time for deoxygenation is about five times slower than for oxygenation. 3. It is shown that the resistances to oxygenation and deoxygenation are identical; the differences in the shapes of the O2 v. time curves recorded being attributable to the influence of the HbO2 dissociation curve upon the driving force for diffusion. 4. It is concluded that a diffusional as opposed to a chemical reaction resistance provides the main barrier to oxygen transfer in gill secondary lamellae. PMID- 7108433 TI - Physiological evidence for the occurrence of pathways shunting blood away from the secondary lamellae of eel gills. AB - 1. Several cardiovascular and respiratory measurements have been performed in eels before and after intravenous injections of adrenaline. These experiments have allowed a comparison to be made of values for the cardiac output determined directly (Q) and using the Fick principle (QF) on individual fish under these two conditions. 2. Under control conditions it was shown that QF/Q = 0.72, indicating that about 30% of the mixed venous blood afferent to the gills is returned directly to the heart and bypasses the lamellar circulation via veno-venous anastomoses between the afferent filament arteries and the central venous space of the gill filaments. 3. Adrenaline, which during winter only has its action due to stimulation of alpha-adrenoreceptors, induced a hypoventilation but no changes in cardiac output in spite of a bradycardia. The oxygen content of the mixed venous blood was markedly increased whereas Ca,O2 remained unchanged as did the percentage utilization of oxygen from the water as it passed over the gills. The efferent blood flow from the gills after injection of adrenaline was almost equal to the total cardiac output. It is suggested that such a circulatory change was due to adrenaline-mediated constriction of veno-venous anastomoses in the gills of the eel. PMID- 7108434 TI - Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? AB - Measurements of the cross-sectional geometry and length of bones from animals of different sizes suggest that peak locomotory stresses might be as much as nine times greater in the limb bones of a 300 kg horse than those of a 0.10 kg chipmunk. To determine if the bones of larger animals are stronger than those of small animals, the bending strength of whole bone specimens from the limbs of small mammals and bipedal birds was measured and compared with published data for large mammalian cortical bone (horses and bovids). No significant difference (P greater than 0.2) was found in the failure stress of bone over a range in size from 0.05-700 kg (233 +/- 53 MN/m2 for small animals compared to 200 +/- 28 MN/m2 for large animals). This finding suggests that either the limb bones of small animals are much stronger than they need to be, or that other aspects of locomotion (e.g. duty factor and limb orientation relative to the direction of the ground force) act to decrease peak locomotory stresses in larger animals. PMID- 7108435 TI - The effects of axotomy upon the extrasynaptic acetylcholine sensitivity of an identified motoneurone in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. AB - The effects of axotomy on the sensitivity of the fast coxal depressor motoneurone (Df) of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) to applied acetylcholine (ACh) and carbamylcholine (CCh) have been investigated. ACh and CCh applied to the soma membrane either by bath perfusion or by ionophoresis caused depolarization; repeated application of large doses of these agonists resulted in a relatively rapid desensitization and depression of the response. Axotomy performed 3-10 days before recordings were made caused an approximately threefold increase in the sensitivity to ACh but had no affect upon the sensitivity to CCh. The resting potential, input resistance and membrane time-constant remained within the normal range. In addition there was no change in the rise-times of the responses or of the ACh reversal potential, or in the apparent number of ACh molecules needed to combine with individual cholinoceptors to produce a response. The anticholinesterases physostigmine and neostigmine potentiated the ACh response at relatively low concentrations (10(-7) M-10(-6) M). This potentiation was significantly greater in the normal cells than in the axotomized cells. It is therefore concluded that the increase in ACh sensitivity of this motoneurone results at least partly from a fall in the activity of cholinesterase in the region of the applied drug. PMID- 7108436 TI - Thermal acclimation in a crustacean neuromuscular system. AB - 1. Effects of temperature on the muscle fibre membrane and synapses of stretcher muscle preparations made from autotomized limbs of the Pacific shore crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes) were investigated. 2. Acclimation of the crabs to different temperatures modified properties of both muscle fibre membrane and synapses. 3. Increased temperature produced an increase in membrane potential of the muscle fibres. A semi-log plot of these data revealed two linear phases of the membrane potential-temperature relationship, with a change in slope near the acclimation temperature. 4. Maximum values for excitatory junction potential (EJP) amplitude and time constant of EJP decay, and minimum values for facilitation were obtained at temperatures close to the acclimation temperature. It is suggested that the decline in EJP amplitude and time constant of decay produced by deviations in temperature from the acclimation temperature is compensated for by an increase in the amount of facilitation. In this way, maximum tension can be produced by the stretcher muscle in a range of at least 8 degrees C around the acclimation temperature. PMID- 7108437 TI - Effects of temperature on the endogenous activity and synaptic interactions of the salivary burster neurones in the terrestrial slug Limax maximus. AB - (1) The activity of the endogenously active salivary burster neurones (SBs) shows temperature acclimation and has characteristic cold and warm blockade temperatures. (2) Temperature acclimation affects the upper and lower limits of the temperature range over which SBs are active. The absolute range, in centigrade degrees, during warming, is unaffected by acclimation. (3) Acclimatization of burster activity is a slow response to the mean ambient temperature. (4) There is increased synchrony of activity between the right and left salivary bursters at low temperature which is correlated with an increased electrical coupling between the SBs and protractor motoneurones (B7s). There is a corresponding increase in the input resistance of B7 at low temperatures. PMID- 7108438 TI - Protein and glycoprotein antifreezes in the intestinal fluid of polar fishes. AB - Measurements of ion concentrations, freezing points and melting points of intestinal fluid were made for several Antarctic fishes and two North Atlantic species. These measurements indicated that plasma and intestinal fluid are nearly isosmotic. Freezing points of intestinal fluid were approximately 0.9 degrees C below the melting points, suggesting the presence of glyco-protein antifreeze within the intestinal fluid of the Antarctic fishes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific immunoprecipitation with glyco-protein antifreeze antibody confirmed the presence of appreciable quantities of antifreeze and showed that the major antifreeze fractions present in the intestinal fluid are low molecular weight glycopeptides. PMID- 7108439 TI - Acid-base imbalance in lizards during activity and recovery. AB - 1. The effects of treadmill exercise on oxygen consumption (V02), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), arterial blood lactate concentration ([L-]a), arterial blood pH and arterial gas tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) were measured in 3 species of lizards (Varanus salvator, V. exanthematicus, Iguana iguana) 2. Varanus salvator was exercised 45 min at an intensity which required 85% of its VO2 max. V. salvator utilized supplementary anaerobic metabolism during the first 10 min of this sustainable exercise, as evidenced by a 16 mmol/l increase in [L-]a. Respiratory exchange ratios (R, where R = VCO2/VO2) exceeded 1.2 when [L-]a and [H+]a were maximal. One half of the accumulated lactate was removed from the blood during the remainder of the 45 min exercise period, while blood pH returned to resting levels. 3. In a second set of experiments, high intensity exercise led to exhaustion after 5 to 10 min in all three species, resulting in large lactate (+ delta[L-]a = 14-20 mmol/l) and hydrogen ion (+ delta[H+]a = 23-57 nmol/l) accumulations. R values ranged from 1.2-1.8 at exhaustion. 4. Recovery from both sustainable and non-sustainable exercise was characterized as a period of rapid lactate removal. Respiratory exchange ratios were low (0.3-0.5) as metabolic CO2 was retained, replacing depleted bicarbonate stores. 5. We conclude that all three lizard species make ventilatory adjustments during and after exercise that minimize disturbances to resting hydrogen ion concentrations and acid-base balance. Varanus salvator demonstrate the ability to re-establish resting acid base status during sustained exercise requiring 85% of their VO2,max. Changes in R appear to be a useful noninvasive indicator of net blood lactate accumulation. PMID- 7108440 TI - A gold-plated suction electrode for extracellular recording and dye infusion. PMID- 7108441 TI - Transport of sodium and potassium across the isolated midgut of the larvae of Tenebrio molitor related to the fine structure of the epithelium. PMID- 7108442 TI - Progressive processing of ingested water in the gut of sea-water teleosts. AB - The European eel's oesophagus, stomach and anterior and posterior intestine were perfused separately, in vivo. The oesophagus and anterior intestine play a major part in processing of ingested water. Serosal potential differences to mucosal measured in vivo were positive in all gut segments. The C1- concentrations of luminal contents in different parts of the gut were measured in nine species of sea-water teleosts. The progressive decrease in C1- concentration resulted from local processing of the ingested sea water, and the beginnings of the oesophagus and of the intestine were the major processing sites. PMID- 7108443 TI - Effect of cationized antibodies in performed immune complexes on deposition and persistence in renal glomeruli. AB - To study the interaction of positively charged antibodies in immune complexes with the fixed negative charge on the glomerular capillary wall, chemical cationization of antibody was accomplished with the maintenance of antigen binding activity. These cationized antibodies bound rapidly to glomeruli but did not persist. Large-latticed immune complexes formed with these cationic antibodies showed rapid deposition and persistence in renal glomeruli, even when administered in small doses. Electron-dense deposits were present at the anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane at 1 min and 1 h, with extensive subendothelial deposits present from 12 to 72 h. By 14 d, the deposits were seen in the subepithelial region and the glomerular mesangium. The administration of small-latticed immune complexes prepared with cationized antibody revealed initial deposition without persistence in glomeruli in a manner similar to cationized antibodies alone. Thus, the positive charges on antibodies in immune complexes contribute to the deposition and persistence of the complexes in glomeruli, particularly in the subendothelial area. PMID- 7108444 TI - Cooperative interaction of factor B and other complement components with mononuclear cells in the antibody-independent lysis of xenogeneic erythrocytes. AB - Synergistic cytotoxicity is a term used to describe a cytotoxic system in which xenogeneic erythrocyte target cells are lysed in the presence of nonimmune human mononuclear effector cells and antibody-depleted normal human serum. Neither the mononuclear cells nor the serum alone are cytolytic to the target erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown that the serum activity is not immunoglobulin and is heat-labile, suggesting a similarity to serum complement. In this report, sera deficient in various complement components as well as highly purified single complement components were tested with whole mononuclear cell populations and purified monocytes and lymphocytes to further characterize this cytotoxicity system. Whole mononuclear cell populations failed to mediate target cell lysis in sera deficient in C5 or factor B. However, C3-deficient serum, even in the presence of anti-C3 antibody, supported synergistic cytotoxicity normally. Purified lymphocytes were also normally cytotoxic in C3-deficient serum but failed to lyse targets in sera deficient in C5, C7, C8, or depleted of factor B. Purified monocytes failed to lyse the target cells only in factor B-depleted serum and could lyse the target cells in serum-free medium when purified factor B alone was added. Monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity induced by factor B was inhibited 73-100% by adding lymphocytes back to the purified monocytes. Thus, both lymphocytes and monocytes can serve as effector cells in this form of cytotoxicity but require cooperative interaction with different sets of complement components. In addition, lymphocytes can modulate the monocyte mediated form of target cell lysis associated with factor B. PMID- 7108446 TI - The effect of thyroxine, the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil and thyroidectomy on mineral metabolism in rat tissues. AB - The administration of thyroxine produces a significant increase in the copper, magnesium, iron and zinc contents of liver, with a concomitant decrease of heart iron. Magnesium in heart tissues was also increased. The administration of antithyroid drugs produces a significant decrease in the concentration of the same metals in the liver with concomitant increases in kidney copper and calcium, and in heart magnesium and calcium. Brain magnesium was found to be significantly decreased after antithyroid treatment and increased to a lesser extent after thyroxine administration. Thyroidectomy did not produce an appreciable effect on minerals in various tissues, except heart zinc which was significantly decreased. These findings suggest the involvement of thyroid hormones in tissue mineral metabolism, especially in the liver. PMID- 7108445 TI - Deregulation of idiotype expression. Induction of tolerance in an anti-idiotypic response. AB - The induction of tolerance in an anti-idiotypic response was attempted by in vivo exposure to excess idiotype. Monoclonal immunoglobulin from the anti-p azobenzenearsonate (ABA) hybridoma R16.7 was used as a representative of cross reactive idiotype-positive (CRI+) antibodies because this hybridoma protein (HP) shares one or more closely related public idiotypic determinants with the serum CRI in A/J mice. Immunologic unresponsiveness was established by a single injection of the R16.7 idiotype and persisted for at least 6 wk. The level of circulating anti-idiotypic antibodies in tolerized A/J mice was significantly depressed after immunogenic challenge with eigher antigen, ABA-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or the idiotype R16.7 HP. Experimental depletion of anti idiotypic antibodies by tolerization allowed assessment of immunoregulation within this altered idiotype-anti-idiotype network. Deregulation of idiotype expression in tolerized mice challenged with ABA-KLH was manifest with up to 96% of the anti-ABA antibodies cross-reacting with the R16.7 idiotype. This selective enhancement of a major idiotype was accomplished without substantial alteration of the level of the overall anti-hapten response. Both the unresponsiveness established in anti-idiotypic antibody-producing cells and the enhanced synthesis in idiotype-producing cells were stable upon adoptive transfer into lethally irradiated, syngeneic recipients. Finally, previous immunization with the antigen ABA-KLH interfered with the induction of unresponsiveness to the idiotype. This interference is presumed to be mediated by prior activation of anti-idiotypic cells and/or antibody because injection of antigen with tolerogenic idiotype did not abrogate tolerance induction. PMID- 7108447 TI - The relationship of HDL-apolipoprotein A-I and HDL-Cholesterol to risk factors of coronary heart disease: initial results of the prospective epidemiological study in company employees in Westfalia. AB - In a prospective epidemiologic study in company employees in Westfalia aimed at improving early diagnosis of coronary heart disease in 3069 men and 1387 women, concentrations of HDL-apolipoprotein A-I and HDL-cholesterol were measured and the results were correlated with several risk factors of coronary heart disease. A negative correlation between hypertriglyceridaemia and HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.25 male;-0.27 female;p less than 0.001) and between relative body weight and HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.21 male;-0.20 female;p less than 0.001) could be shown but not between hypertriglyceridaemia and HDL-apolipoprotein A-I and between relative body weight and HDL-apolipoprotein A-I. In cigarette smokers HDL-apolipoprotein A I as well as HDL-cholesterol were found to be lower than in non-smokers. On the other hand HDL-apolipoprotein A-I but not HDL-cholesterol was positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. PMID- 7108449 TI - Comparison of the values for filter-trapped phospholipids with those for the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid. A preliminary report. AB - A comparison was made between the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid and the amount of phospholipids which could be removed from the amniotic fluid by filtration. We found a good correlation between the two methods. The amount of filter-trapped phospholipids can be determined within one and a half hours compared to three and a half hours for the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. It has a higher reproducibility than the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and can be performed with the aid of a simple filtration apparatus. PMID- 7108448 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. AB - A new immunochemical method for the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LDH-1) was used on 113 consecutively admitted patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Using WHO's criteria and our routine program 49 were classified as having myocardial infarction and 64 as having no myocardial infarction. LDH-1 was better than total lactate dehydrogenase is discriminating between patients with and without myocardial infarction (p less than 0.02), and the efficiency (the number of correct classifications divided by the total number of analyses) on day 2-3 equalled that from the literature for CK-MB on day 1. Total lactate dehydrogenase and LDH-1 are supplemental to creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB, while aspartate aminotransferase may be omitted in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Determination of the ratio of LDH-l to total lactate dehydrogenase offered to no advantage. PMID- 7108450 TI - Evaluation of the Technicon bound uricase method for the determination of uric acid in urine. AB - We have evaluated the Technicon bound uricase method for the determination of uric acid in urine with the AutoAnalyzer II. The general analytical characteristics of the method, and the effect of urine on the immobilized uricase nylon tube reactor were investigated. The method was found to be a linear up to 7.0 mmol/l with aqueous standards and up to 5.0 mmol/l with urine samples. Between-days imprecision had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.6% for values of about 1.2 mmol/l, and 0.8% for values above 3.5 mmol/l. Within-run imprecision gave a CV of 0.7% for values of 1.07 and 2.95 mmol/l and a CV of 0.4% for a value of 4.77 mmol/l. The mean analytic recovery was 99.1% (range 93.8-103.0%). The sample interaction was 0.9%. The correlation with the phosphotungstate method and the manual Dutch standard method was good, but the enzymatic values were 20% lower than the phosphotungstate values. Storing the immobilized uricase nylon tube reactor at 4 degrees C, when not in use, prolonged the lifetime by nearly 50%. Urine samples were not different from aqueous uric acid standards in their effect on the stability of the uricase nylon tube reactor. PMID- 7108451 TI - [Comparison of commercially available radioimmunoassays for the determination of bile acids in serum (author's transl)]. AB - Three commercially available radioimmunoassays for the determination of bile acids in serum were evaluated with respect to specificity and precision. The SLCG radioimmunoassay (Abbott) measures chiefly cholic acid conjugates, and the CBA radioimmunoassay (Becton-Dickinson) measures all conjugated bile acids, with an over-response to taurine metabolites. With respect to cross reactions, the performances of the CG-and the CBA-radioimmunoassays differed significantly from those stated by the manufacturers, the former showing a 32% response to taurocholic acid, the latter responding only 118% to taurochenodeoxycholic acid. At physiological concentrations of albumin + globulin, the recovery of defined cholanic acids was 85-101%. Good reproducibility was shown by the CG radioimmunoassay in the range 0.5-10.0 mumol/l, by the CBA-radioimmunoassay in the range 1.0-25.0 mumol/l, and by the SLCG-radioimmunoassay in the range 0.5-3.0 mumol/l. There were no important differences in the inter-and intra-assay precision of the three methods. PMID- 7108452 TI - [Conjugated bile acids and sulphated glycolithocholic acid in the serum of healthy probands (author's transl)]. AB - Using commercially available radioimmunoassays, bile acids were measured in the serum of 378 healthy probands. The following values were found: conjugated cholic acid 0.36 +/- 0.38 mumol/l (95% percentile 1.28 mumol/l) (CG-radioimmunoassay from Abbot); sum of the various conjugated cholanic acids 2.8 +/- 1.58 mumol/l (95% percentile 5.98 mumol/l) (CBA-radioimmunoassay from Becton-Dickinson); sulphate glycolithocholic acid 0.57 +/- 0.33 mumol/l (95% percentile 1.23 mumol)l) (SLCG-radioimmunoassay from Abbot). The values showed a normal logarithmic distribution. No sex-specific differences were found between similar age groups of the 207 male and the 171 female probands. In 50 probands, serum concentrations were followed over a period of 3 hours after a standardized meal. Conjugated cholic acid showed a 5-fold postprandial increase, compared with the concentrations measured in fasting probands. In 48% this maximum was reached within 60 minutes, in 32% within 2 hours, and in 20% within 3 hours. The concentrations of sulphate glycolithocholic acid were subject to only slight postprandial variations, which did not appear until the second or third hour. PMID- 7108454 TI - The departmental assistance program. PMID- 7108453 TI - N-Acetylglutamate synthetase: enzyme assay in human liver. AB - In the context of diagnostic procedures for congenital hyperammonaemias a methods is described for the determination of N-acetylglutamate synthetase in human liver tissue homogenates. The method uses [14C-U] glutamate and acetyl CoA as substrates. The reaction product, N-acetylglutamate is separated from the substrate L-glutamate by chromatography on Extrelut. In a subsequent step on ITLC SG ready plates N-acetylglutamate is separated from other labeled metabolites such as Krebs cycle intermediates. The recovery of N-acetylglutamate was 97.8%. The precision within run and between days was 8.5% (CV) and 9.6% (CV) respectively. Reference values were established for adult human liver. PMID- 7108455 TI - Carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 7108457 TI - Radiation safety. AB - Radiation safety is rapidly becoming a major concern of every patient. Poor understanding of ionizing radiation and its effects frequently heightens anxiety. The average United States resident receives about 125 mrem of radiation per year from natural background radiation and another 120 mrem from man-made sources. The 240 million x-ray procedures performed annually contribute 90 percent of the man made portion. It is assumed that the risks of medical radiation are outweighed by the benefits gained from the information obtained. If present in sufficiently high dosage, radiation can have harmful effects, such as induction of leukemia and thyroid malignancy. No deleterious effects have been shown to have been caused by diagnostic radiation. It is reassuring that the risks of medical radiation appear to be quite small compared with other common hazards most people face daily. Careful attention to the use of radiographic safety and protective technique will ensure the lowest possible radiation dose. The physician's discretion in ordering only appropriate and indicated x-ray films will ensure the patients are exposed to the lowest possible amount of radiation. PMID- 7108456 TI - Urinary tract infection in women visiting rural primary care practices. AB - In order to estimate the proportion of women who have urinary tract infection, 23 rural primary care private practices agreed to obtain information according to a standard protocol on women over 12 years of age with urinary tract symptoms. Women excluded were those with vaginitis, chronic urinary tract infection, or concurrent confounding diagnoses. The results of the study on 213 women showed that the proportion of ambulatory women with urinary symptoms diagnosed as having urinary tract infection ranged from 31 percent to 71 percent, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. The type of urinary symptoms experienced by the women were not sensitive for cultures of 10(5) or more organisms per milliliter. PMID- 7108458 TI - Intestinal parasites in asymptomatic adult Southeast Asian immigrants. AB - All previous studies of intestinal parasites in Southeast Asian refugees have included immigrants with and without symptoms. In order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in asymptomatic Southeast Asians, 226 adult refugees were studied who had no symptoms or signs suggestive of intestinal parasitism and who submitted one to three stools for examination. Fifty-four percent of these asymptomatic adults were infected with one or more potential pathogens, 22 percent with Ascaris, 20 percent with hookworm, 11 percent with Opisthorchis sp, 7 percent with Trichuris, 5 percent with Strongyloides, 5 percent with Giardia, and 2 percent with Entamoeba histolytica. Laotians and Cambodians, persons who stayed in Thai refugees camps, and patients with anemia or eosinophilia were more likely than other refugees to harbor pathogenic parasites. Nonetheless, refugees without these characteristics were often infected, and no single characteristic excluded any refugee from a high probability of being parasitized. There is a high prevalence of potentially pathogenic parasites in asymptomatic adult Southeast Asians, similar to that reported in refugees unselected for the presence or absence of symptoms. PMID- 7108459 TI - The family circle method for integrating family systems concepts in family medicine. AB - The family circle method is a process that allows individuals to draw a schematic diagram of their family system. It is closely allied with family systems theory and family medicine philosophy. The method is readily understandable with brief instructions. Individuals can create a family circle drawing in as little as two or three minutes. Once instructions are given, the presence of the physician is not required during the drawing. Family circle drawings will often illustrate, in graphic form, patterns of closeness and distance, of power and decision making, of family alliances and boundaries. The drawings provide at a glance an overview of the family system as seen by the person who does the drawing. The drawings are a rich source of information concerning family dynamics and are useful for setting goals for changes in the family system. PMID- 7108460 TI - Family therapy in family practice: a solution to psychosocial problems? AB - The family physician can make advances toward helping parents and children with emotional or behavioral problems quickly and effectively in an office setting by gaining competence in family therapy. After learning to recognize several clinical presentations of families with behavioral and emotional problems, the physician can implement an abridged version of family therapy. This study suggest that a two-hour workshop on family therapy can increase physician awareness of the need to interact with dysfunctional families who present a child as the symptom bearer. The results also demonstrate that the actual clinical application of the therapeutic method may vary with physician's years in practice. PMID- 7108461 TI - The family continuity of care contract. AB - Continuity of care has been defined as a contract between a patient and physician for medical care. This study looks at continuity of care in a community family practice residency program before and after office contact has been made with at least one member of the family by the assigned physician. It is assumed that during such a visit a contract for care of the family is made. Using this premise, continuity of care increased significantly when the different resident levels and faculty were compared over a 2.5-month period. It seems reasonable to measure the continuity of care provided an assigned family only after a contract has been made. This contract should be accomplished in an initial intake interview or during the initial office contact with the assigned physician. PMID- 7108462 TI - Attitudes of patients toward family care in a family practice group. AB - There is little information documenting the extent to which the ideal of whole family care is represented in the real world of family practice. A previous study of a suburban family practice group revealed that only 28 percent of families obtained whole family care from a single physician. Interviews were conducted on a sample of 97 of these patients in an effort to gain insights into the factors influencing the choice of a single physician or more than one physician providing their health care. There were no significant differences between same-physician and different-physician families with respect to demographic factors or attitudes toward physician characteristics and family care. Most families had no insights into the potential value of having a single physician for the whole family; indeed, only one family specifically selected a single physician with the belief that it would thereby gain better care. If the observations reported here are representative of the situation at large in the country, family physicians have an important task ahead in patient education. PMID- 7108463 TI - The diagnostic content of family practice: 50 most common diagnoses recorded in the WAMI community practices. AB - Because there are several methodological deficiencies in previously published studies, a prospective study was carried out of the 50 most common diagnoses of community-based family practices in the Pacific Northwest. Age and sex of patients and reliability of data were controlled. The data reported show reasonable concordance with other published accounts for 10 most common diagnostic categories. For less frequent diagnoses, however, high variability in rank order is the rule, both within this study and by comparison with other studies. This suggests that the diagnostic content of family practice is far from universal and that diagnostic idiosyncrasies of physicians, regional differences in rates of disease, practice style, and as yet other unexplained factors may significantly influence the diagnostic content of family practice. PMID- 7108464 TI - Benzodiazepine utilization in a family medicine residency program. AB - A study was conducted to determine the benzodiazepine-prescribing habits of residents in a family medicine training program. Data were collected from medication profiles of all patients seen at the Family Practice Center from July 1975 to February 1981. Additional demographic data (ie, age, sex) were collected on patients prescribed benzodiazepines, and prescribing behavior was validated according to the Psychopharmacological Screening Criteria Development Project. Of 7,802 patients only 110 (1.4 percent) had been prescribed a benzodiazepine. Female patients (61 percent) received benzodiazepines more frequently than did male patients (39 percent). Diazepam, with 94 prescriptions, was the most frequently utilized benzodiazepine, and flurazepam was next with 18 prescriptions. Eighty-four percent of the benzodiazepines were prescribed for valid indications. Minimal or no documentation could be determined for the remaining 16 percent. Significantly higher dosages of diazepam were prescribed for skeletal muscle injury or spasm than for anxiety neuroses. Seventy-one percent of the patients prescribed diazepam and 78 percent of the patients prescribed flurazepam received therapy for less than one month's duration. Data indicate that benzodiazepines were prescribed relatively infrequently at the Family Practice Center. PMID- 7108465 TI - Characteristics of students preferring family practice/primary care careers. AB - Survey data from a large national sample of junior medical students were used to make several comparisons between students indicating a preference for family practice and students selecting other specialties. Comparisons were also made between students on the basis of their interest in primary care vs non-primary care fields. On the basis of measures of premedical school academic performance (undergraduate grade point average and Medical College Admission Test scores), students choosing family practice and those indicating a general preference for primary care were similar to students choosing other specialties or nonprimary care fields. Subjectively, students selecting primary care ranked themselves lower than other students in medical school academic performance. Students with a career interest in primary care also gave greater weight to the desire to help people as a career motivation, were more oriented toward considering the sociopsychological context of patients' problems, and were more likely to perceive a need for change to improve health care in the United States. PMID- 7108466 TI - Ratings of medical journals by family physician educators. AB - A survey asking respondents to rank journals related to medicine and to medical education was sent to a sample of members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine to determine the prestige value of those journals. The participants were asked to rank from a list of more than 75 different medical and nonmedical journals those they considered to be among the top ten. The results indicate that a relatively small number of journals were ranked by the respondents. Six journals were designated as most prestigious by members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine: The Journal of Family Practice, The New England Journal of Medicine, American Family Physician, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Annals of Internal Medicine, and the Journal of Medical Education. There was general agreement as to the value of certain journals regardless o participant's work area or major academic interest. PMID- 7108467 TI - Female infertility. AB - Physicians can play an important role in the prevention of infertility through aggressive treatment of pelvic infections and improved surgical techniques. The cause of infertility can be diagnosed 90 percent of the time. Ovulation, tubal, peritoneal, uterine, and cervical factors should be evaluated. Sperm-cervical mucus interaction should be assessed. Basal body temperature charts are simple and reliable. An endometrical biopsy should be timed for 8 to 10 days after ovulation, histologically dated, and compared with basal body temperatures. Tubal factors are best assessed by hysterosalpingogram and treated by microsurgery. The incidence of pelvic factors increases with age, prior infection, previous surgery, and pelvic pain. Cervical mucus can be studied and changes quantitated by using a simple scoring system. Uterine anomalies increase pregnancy risk but do not usually cause infertility. Clomiphene therapy should be limited to women who ovulate infrequently or not at all. Estrogen improves cervical mucus production; progesterone treats luteal phase defects. Infertile patients are often angry, anxious, and depressed, and additional time should be set aside during an office visit for optimum communication. PMID- 7108468 TI - Exercise patterns of an elderly population. PMID- 7108469 TI - Profile of patients signing against medical advice. PMID- 7108470 TI - Comparison of the adult and infant larynx. PMID- 7108471 TI - Fellowship training for clinical pharmacists in family practice. PMID- 7108472 TI - Adult polio immunity. PMID- 7108473 TI - Cellular proliferation in the skin of X-rayed newt limbs (with a note on x-ray induced limb regression). AB - Left hind limbs, including the pelvis, of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were locally irradiated with a dose of x-rays that inhibited regeneration (2,000 R). This x-ray dose and other doses (700-2,000 R) capable of inhibiting limb regeneration also cause limb regression prior to amputation. Before limb regression occurred, there was a latent period of 3 to 6 weeks. Limb regression was characterized by necrotic wasting and resorption of distal elements. The degree of loss was variable and dependent upon dosage. After this further degenerative changes were not noted. Proliferation of epidermal cells was examined 4 days after irradiation prior to limb regression or after x-ray-induced degeneration of the limbs had ended. Proliferative activity in x-rayed limbs was also compared at various stages of contralateral control limb regeneration. Limbs examined after x-ray-induced limb regression had ended showed levels of [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA comparable to normal epidermis. In contrast, limbs examined 4 days after irradiation had lower levels of DNA synthesis (P much less than 0.01). Amputation of limbs in both groups caused an increase in DNA synthesis (P much less than 0.01). Histological examination showed that cellular proliferation was associated primarily with the epidermis. These results indicate that epidermal cell proliferation was not resistant to x-rays. However, levels of normal cell division were observed after amputation of after cessation of x-ray induced limb regression. PMID- 7108474 TI - The developmental potential of mouse 16-cell blastomeres. AB - Based on the criteria of relative size and cell surface polarization, subpopulations of outer (larger, polar) and inner (smaller, apolar) blastomeres have been isolated from mouse 16-cell morulae and reaggregated in groups of 16 cells, and the developmental potential of the aggregates has been assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Aggregates of outer, inner, or mixed groups of cells all formed blastocysts which outgrew and contained both characteristic trophectoderm and alkaline phosphatase positive inner cell masses in vitro. However, significant differences were observed in the timing of blastocyst formation, depending on cell type. Aggregates of outer cells recompacted more slowly, commenced fluid accumulation earlier, and contained more cells at the blastocyst stage than did inner cell aggregates. Aggregates containing both outer and inner cells were intermediate. Postimplantation development of blastocysts derived from aggregates of outer or inner cells, after transfer to pseudopregnant recipients, was normal and comparable to zona-intact control embryos. This relationship between the expression of different morphological and behavioural properties by the precursor cells of the trophectoderm and inner cell mass and the existence of totipotent cells in both outer and inner subpopulations is discussed. PMID- 7108475 TI - Sperm penetration into rat ova fertilized in vivo. AB - The mechanics of sperm entry into the oocyte were examined in rat ova fertilized in vivo. With the scanning electron microscope we observe that the spermatozoon is first associated with the oocyte by the region of the convex surface of the sperm head which is immediately anterior to the postacrosomal region. At this early stage the anterior tip of the sperm head is directed away from the oocyte surface. The spermatozoon subsequently appears to rotate so that it comes to lie on its "side." The membrane over the sperm head becomes free of microvilli and a large incorporation cone is subsequently formed. It is concluded that in the rat initial fusion of sperm and egg probably occurs between the oolemma and the sperm plasmalemma over the equatorial segment of the acrosome at the convex surface of the sperm head which is just anterior to the postacrosomal region. PMID- 7108476 TI - Sperm nuclear decondensation in Barnea candida (mollusca, pelecypoda) oocytes does not require germinal vesicle breakdown. AB - Barnea candida oocytes, submitted to D-600 (100 microM) 15-20 seconds after insemination in order to inhibit Ca++ uptake but not acid release, fail to exhibit germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) whereas penetrated spermatozoa are able to decondense normally. Oocytes transferred in 100 mM Na-acetate seawater at pH 6.3, 1 minute after insemination, in order to inhibit acid release, fail to undergo GVBD and sperm nuclear decondensation. Upon return of these oocytes to normal seawater and treatment with an excess of KCl, they exhibit GVBD and decondensed sperm nuclei are seen within their cytoplasm. These results show that sperm nuclear decondensation does not require GVBD or Ca++ uptake but may be related to an intracellular pH increase. PMID- 7108477 TI - Cytokinesis: the effect of initial distance between mitotic apparatus and surface on the rate of subsequent cleavage furrow progress. PMID- 7108479 TI - The well-elderly check-up. PMID- 7108478 TI - Physiology of aging. PMID- 7108480 TI - The senior friendship center health service. PMID- 7108481 TI - Drug use in the elderly. PMID- 7108482 TI - What's in your bag, doctor? PMID- 7108483 TI - Complications in the hospitalized elderly patient. PMID- 7108484 TI - Sexual function in old age. PMID- 7108485 TI - Some considerations of bioethics in geriatrics. PMID- 7108486 TI - Frequency-dependent excitability of "membrane" slow responses of Rabbit left atrial trabeculae in the presence of Ba2+ and high K+. AB - Small trabeculae of rabbit left atrium immersed in TKBa solution (Tyrode with 10 mM K+ and 1 mM Ba2+) were used to study frequency dependence of "membrane" slow response excitability at long cycle lengths (greater than 1 s). In TKBa, stimuli generate graded, low-amplitude (2-15 mV) subliminal responses of variable long duration (up to 450 ms). A full all-or-none slow response is generated when a subliminal response depolarizes the membrane to about--35 mV. Subliminal response amplitude and rate of rise augment with stimulus intensity-duration product. For a fixed stimulus, the subliminal response is larger and faster at higher frequencies. Sudden changes in stimulus frequency or time course induce changes in subliminal response tha take four to eight cycles to attain steady state. For a fixed stimulus, slow response latency shortens progressively during the first few cycles after a sudden increase in frequency or when a rested preparation is excited (latency adaptation phenomenon, LAP). Slow response threshold stimulus requirements decrease during LAP (excitability hysteresis). The degree of excitability hysteresis is dependent on stimulation frequency and is more pronounced at higher frequencies. Frequency sensitivity of subliminal response (which causes frequency sensitivity of slow response excitability) is explained in terms of a transient state of enhancement set up by each stimulus. The enhanced state decays between stimuli with a half-time of approximately 4 s, thus allowing cumulative effects to become evident at rates above 0.1 Hz. PMID- 7108487 TI - Adapting bump model for ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. AB - Light-evoked current fluctuations have been recorded from ventral photoreceptors of Limulus for light intensity from threshold up to 10(5) times threshold. These data are analyzed in terms of the adapting bump noise model, which postulates that (a) the response to light is a summation of bumps; and (b) the average size of bump decreases with light intensity, and this is the major mechanism of light adaptation. It is shown here that this model can account for the data well. Furthermore, the model provides a convenient framework to characterize, in terms of bump parameters, the effects of calcium ions, which are known to affect photoreceptor functions. From responses to very dim light, it is found that the average impulse response (average of a large number of responses to dim flashes) can be predicted from knowledge of both the noise characteristics under steady light and the dispersion of latencies of individual bumps. Over the range of light intensities studied, it is shown that (a) the bump rate increases in strict proportionality to light intensity, up to approximately 10(5) bumps per second; and (b) the bump height decreases approximately as the -0.7 power of light intensity; at rates greater than 10(5) bumps per second, the conductance change associated with the single bump seems to reach a minimum value of approximately 10(-11) reciprocal ohms; (c) from the lowest to the highest light intensity, the bump duration decreases approximately by a factor of 2, and the time scale of the dispersion of latencies of individual bumps decreases approximately by a factor of 3; (d) removal of calcium ions from the bath lengthens the latency process and causes an increase in bump height but appears to have no effect on either the bump rate or the bump duration. PMID- 7108488 TI - An electrophoretic study of enzymes as a tool in the taxonomy of the dermatophytes. AB - Zymogram patterns from 84 strains of dermatophyte fungi were obtained using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis of total cell protein extracts. The enzymes investigated were alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, tetrazolium oxidase and catalase. These patterns were used to construct similarity matrices and dendrograms using computerized techniques. The results showed that zymograms allowed some species to be readily recognized despite morphological variation. This was also seen in the dendrograms where, in addition, groupings based on ecological or sexual criteria could be distinguished. PMID- 7108490 TI - Replication of human respiratory coronavirus strain 229E in human macrophages. AB - Evidence for the replication of human coronavirus strain 229E (HCV 229E) in macrophages is presented. Virus antigen was detected in macrophages by an immunofluorescent technique 24 h after infection and virus particles were observed in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopy. Giant cells were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and large multinucleate cells were seen by thin-section electron microscopy, suggesting that HCV 229E can induce syncytial formation in cultured human macrophages. Furthermore, the production of infectious virus by macrophages was demonstrated by an infectious centre assay. PMID- 7108489 TI - Phosphorylation of the nucleoprotein of an avian influenza virus. AB - High resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of chick embryo fibroblast cells infected with the avian influenza virus FPV-Rostock revealed two distinct polypeptides migrating in the region of the nucleoprotein (NP). One dimensional fingerprinting of these polypeptides showed that they were both nucleoprotein, and [32P]orthophosphate labelling revealed that they differed with respect to their state of phosphorylation. Pulse-chase studies using [35S]methionine indicated that phosphorylation of a certain proportion of NP occurs rapidly after synthesis and is associated with transport to the nucleus. Nucleoprotein which remained in the cytoplasm was predominantly non phosphorylated. Both the phosphorylated and the non-phosphorylated types of NP were found in ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of different densities isolated on renografin gradients, but RNPs isolated from the nucleus contained much more phosphorylated NP than those from the cytoplasm. The kinase responsible for nucleoprotein phosphorylation appears to be influenced by temperature of incubation of the infected cells. PMID- 7108491 TI - Identification of a major non-structural protein in the nuclei of Rift Valley fever virus-infected cells. AB - A non-structural protein of mol. wt. 34 X 10(3) was demonstrated in the nuclei of Rift Valley fever virus-infected Vero cells by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electro phoresis. The protein appears to correspond to the virus-induced antigen demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in intranuclear inclusions. PMID- 7108492 TI - Hepatitis B virus infection in homes for the aged. AB - A seroepidemiological study was carried out in three different institutions for the aged. Serological evidence of HBV infection and the HBsAg carrier rate were found to be significantly increased in all three institutions with respect to the control group (noninstitutionalized aged). Of the 24 HBsAg asymptomatic chronic carriers 62% were positive for HBeAg. Among 15 patients with acute viral hepatitis, none had a severe course and in three HBsAg was not cleared 4-18 months after transaminase levels became normal. During 12-18 months of followup, two asymptomatic seroconversions to HBsAg were observed. Although no single HBV transmission route was identified, the close cohabitation with this high number of HBsAg/HBeAg-positive asymptomatic subjects could lead to an increased risk of spread of HBV within such institutions. Failure to clear HBsAg and the mild, often subclinical, HBV infection observed in these subjects, may be due to immunological abnormalities present in the elderly. PMID- 7108493 TI - The detection of HBV-DNA in serum by molecular hybridisation: a more sensitive method for the detection of complete HBV particles. AB - Existing methods for detecting complete virus particles in the serum of patients with chronic HBV infection are either insensitive or indirect. A method is described in which Dane particle-associated DNA is extracted from a small volume of serum and detected by molecular hybridization using 32P-labeled cloned HBV-DNA or HBV-DNA extracted from the serum of an immunosuppressed patient, followed by autoradiography and densitometry. There was a positive correlation between the amount of HBV-DNA detected using HBV particle-derived and cloned HBV-DNA probes. The amount of HBV-DNA detected in serum samples showed a positive correlation with the HBV-DNA polymerase. The method was more sensitive than the DNA polymerase and HBeAg assays in detecting complete virus particles. It may be useful in determining the level of infectivity in patients and in monitoring response to antiviral therapy. PMID- 7108494 TI - Neurotic depression: results and cluster analyses. AB - On a sample of 193 former depressive inpatients (145 female, 53 male), cluster analyses were carried out, both on the subjects and on the items for classficatory reasons. The study was based on 38 items relevant for the diagnostic axes of clinical phenomenology (during illness), characteristics of the course, and (intermorbid) personality. The findings from the multivariate statistical methods support the existence of a neurotic depressive disorder which can be identified by essential features and accessory features on the aforementioned three diagnostic axes. Especially noteworthy are maintained reactivity to the outside world, normal sadness, hypochondriasis, and open aggression; insidious onset of the depressive episode and long duration; and the neurotic basic personality. Despite a certain heterogeneity of the isolated neurotic depressive subgroups and profiles, their similarity is based on substantial common properties. In a comprehensive view of our findings, one can justifiably speak of a specific disorder that need not be defined in the negative as compared to the endogenous depression, but can be characterized in the positive. PMID- 7108495 TI - A scale for measurement of the problem patient labeling process. AB - Physicians frequently use the term problem patient to subjectively label individuals who present with vague and shifting symptoms involving multiple organ systems, chronically complain, constantly worry about their health, and contribute in other ways to physician uncertainty and frustration. This article describes the development and reliability and validity studies of an instrument that objectively measures physicians' perceptions of problem patients. As such, the instrument quantifies a key qualitative impression that physicians may formulate. Use of the instrument in an ambulatory care setting yielded highly reliable data which, when subjected to correlation and regression analyses, display expected relationships with a parsimonious set of independent variables. We conclude that the instrument holds promise for further clinical and research work involving problem patients. PMID- 7108496 TI - Paranoid-nonparanoid schizophrenic distinctions in implementing external conceptual constraints. AB - Using procedures originated by Bruner et al. (Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J., and Austin, G. A Study of Thinking. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956), paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and nonpatients were compared on performance in identifying rules for organizing multidimensional items. Successive item selections were accompanied by feedback as to whether or not each corresponded to the rule currently in effect (either conjunctive, inclusive-disjunctive, or biconditional). The most pronounced aspects of deficit associated with paranoid status were related to performance latency. Examination of results in the light of component operations underlying the present task indicated that paranoids' lower performance stemmed from difficulties in initially translating stimulus properties into a task-facilitative format. Findings were related to earlier paranoid distinctives in (choice) reaction time latencies, as well as to earlier findings on rule definition learning involving procedures closely related to the present ones. As well, inferences were drawn as to conditions of rule acquisition where differential latency aspects of performance are likely to be most pronounced among paranoids. PMID- 7108498 TI - Mania ratings at discharge from hospital: a follow-up. AB - Seventeen patients hospitalized for acute mania were followed up 1 month after discharge. Ratings of psychopathology at discharge using a new Mania Rating Scale differentiated the 12 patients who maintained outpatient status for 1 month from the five who did not. Total scores greater than 14.0 predicted being rehospitalized or jailed. Significantly higher item ratings for speech (rate and amount), language-thought disorder, irritability, and disruptive-aggressive behavior were noted in the poorer compared to the better outcome group. PMID- 7108497 TI - The context of involuntary commitment on the basis of danger to others: a study of the use of the California 14-day certificate. AB - This study examines the applications of civil commitment criteria for prolonged (14-day) involuntary hospitalization of individuals judged to be dangerous to others by reason of mental illness. The California Civil Commitment Statute (Lanterman-Petris-Short, LPS) provides for such commitment, after a 72-hour period of observations. For a sample of 71 males on an acute inpatient unit, we examined the relationship between 14-day certification by reason of dangerousness to others (DO) under the LPS and measures of prehospitalization dangerousness, prior legal status, assaultive behavior in hospital, and mental status. The 31 per cent of subjects who were certified as DO were found to have been significantly more often held initially for 72-hour observation on the DO grounds than were patients who were certified for other reasons. However, subjects in the DO group were no different from the contrast groups on ratings of assaultiveness of preadmission behavior and of violent acts while in hospital. The implications of these results for the evaluation of civil commitment proceedings are discussed. PMID- 7108499 TI - DSM-III and affective pathology in hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 7108500 TI - History of childhood hyperactivity in a clinic population of opiate addicts. AB - Although childhood hyperactivity has been shown to be related to a variety of adult psychiatric disorders, no previous study has specifically explored its relation to adult opiate addiction. In this study, 22 per cent of a population of 157 opiate addicts seeking treatment reported childhood histories of hyperactivity. Demographic and developmental features such as high male to female sex ratio, normal intelligence quotient but lower level of educational and occupational achievement, and earlier arrest record supported the retrospective diagnosis. In addition, the subgroup with a history of childhood hyperactivity differed in symptom and personality measures from those without such a history in a way suggesting that those with a history of hyperactivity in childhood were manifesting adult sequelae of the disorder. PMID- 7108501 TI - The importance of family history of affective disorder in a group of young men. AB - This study used a structured questionnaire to identify a family history of affective disorder (AD) with associated impairment in life functioning in 8.5 per cent of a group of young men. Those individuals with and without family histories of AD were demographically similar, but the former demonstrated higher rates of having received counseling (28 per cent vs. 7 per cent). A family history of AD was not associated with an increased alcohol or drug problem pattern, but alcoholism was significantly more likely in the fathers and maternal grandfathers of those men with AD family histories. Preliminary evidence suggests that assortative mating and misdiagnoses of AD in individuals demonstrating alcohol or drug problems may help explain the increased prevalence of alcoholism in these families. PMID- 7108502 TI - The role of age in the relationship of gender and marital status to depression. AB - Research on sex and marital status differences in depression has grown rapidly in the last decade. However, little has been done to examine these relationships in a life course perspective. Utilizing a random community sample of adults in upstate New York, the current paper examines "male-female," as well as "married unmarried" differences in depression, controlling for age. Generally, unmarried females are found to be the most depressed of all sex-marital status groupings. However, among the married, controlling for age, young married females (17 to 24) are found to be contributing the most to the role of depression in married women. Excluding this subgroup from computations, there is no significant difference in the mean level of depression between married men and women. A specific test of Gove's "sex role hypothesis" is presented and the feasibility of utilizing a "clinical caseness" cutoff point on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale is examined. The implications of these and other findings are discussed. PMID- 7108503 TI - Assessing levels of psychological impairment following disaster: consideration of actual and methodological dimensions. AB - It is noted that research on the psychological effects of disaster, particularly with regard to rates of impairment, has turned up confusing and sometimes contradictory results. Two sets of dimensions salient to such investigations are noted: those which are aspects of disasters per se and affect actual rates of impairment ("true scores") and those which could be expected to affect estimates of impairment rates ("error variance") following disaster. Dimensions of disasters per se suggested by others are reviewed, and an additional dimension is proposed. Four methodological dimensions affecting reported impairment rates are described (sampling of subjects, level of data, case identification, and time of follow-up). Studies of long term psychological effects of disaster where some estimate of impairment was given are reviewed in order to demonstrate the noncomparability of findings from study to study due to methodological differences. PMID- 7108504 TI - The use of temporal and amplitude cues by schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and aged normals in auditory lateralization. AB - The present study investigated the ability of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and aged controls to use temporal and amplitude cues to make judgments about the direction of auditory stimuli on an auditory lateralization task. Twelve subjects in each group were tested on three lateralization conditions: temporal--fixed, temporal--shifted, and amplitude. The subjects' task was to identify the apparent direction (left or right) of a train of clicks presented binaurally through headphones. In the temporal conditions interaural click onset differences provided the lateralization cues, while in the amplitude condition interaural amplitude differences provided the cues. In the temporal--fixed condition, onset asynchrony was constant for the duration of each stimulus. In the temporal--shifted condition, onset asynchrony was introduced midway through each stimulus presentation. A forced-choice random staircase method was used to determine each subject's 70 per cent correct response threshold. Results indicated that paranoids had particular difficulty with the temporal--fixed condition relative to the temporal--shifted condition. The opposite was true for the nonparanoids. Both control groups showed no significant difference in performance on the two temporal conditions. Psychiatric controls performed significantly better than aged controls in both the fixed and shifted conditions. There were no significant differences among groups on the amplitude condition. The data were discussed in terms of schizophrenics' clinical symptoms and previous perceptual research with schizophrenics. PMID- 7108505 TI - Prevalence of sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus in major affective disorders: clinical and polysomnographic findings. AB - We performed screening polysomnography on 86 inpatients with affective disorders and found that 13 (15.1 per cent) had sleep apnea and one had nocturnal myoclonus. The apnea tended to be extremely mild, with an average of 27.8 episodes per patient and with a mean duration of 15.0 seconds. No clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia accompanied the apnea. The apnea was predominantly obstructive or mixed, not central. Only four patients (4.7 per cent) had apnea indices greater than five, and even here the total apnea was considered mild. Much of the apnea (68.3 per cent) occurred during rapid eye movement sleep. While there was no association of apnea with gender or with type of sleep-wake complaint, a significant relationship with age emerged. On the basis of these data, we suggest that routine polysomnographic screening for sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus in affective disorders is not indicated. On occasion, however, both an affective disorder and a sleep-apnea syndrome co-exist in the same patient. In such cases, the sleep-wake complaint is usually very prominent and/or long-standing in relation to other psychopathology and requires appropriate polysomnographic evaluation. PMID- 7108506 TI - Amphetamine abuse and transsexualism. AB - The serendipitous findings of an unusual case of self-labeled transsexualism and amphetamine abuse are presented. The patient, a white male, reported transsexual episodes only after intravenous injection of metamphetamines. At all other times, he considered himself masculine and never entertained cross-gender fantasies or wishes for sex reassignment surgery. Hypotheses are raised which suggest a possible neurochemical explanation for this man's transsexual episodes. PMID- 7108507 TI - Effect of right middle cerebral artery occlusion on striatal dopaminergic function. AB - Following right middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat, striatal dopaminergic system alterations were studied. Dopamine turnover was assessed by measuring 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations and dopamine receptor function, by measuring (3H)-Spiroperidol binding. There was a transient decrease in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and permanent damage to dopamine receptors, as indicated by a time-dependent progressive reduction in the number of (3H) Spiroperidol binding sites. The receptor deficit also manifested as turning behaviour towards the lesioned side 4 weeks after the lesion following subcutaneous apomorphine. Long-term changes of dopaminergic receptor activity in this experimental model of cerebral infarction may be secondary to cortical degeneration following middle cerebral artery occlusion. PMID- 7108508 TI - The effects of constant light and constant darkness on daily changes in the morphology of the pineal organ in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. AB - The fine structure of photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of the goldfish was found to vary quantitatively over a 24-hour period. Stereological analysis revealed significant daily changes in the volume of the cell and inner segment, nuclear volume and nucleolar diameter, volume of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies, area of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and number of vesicles associated with each Golgi body. Peak values of these variables occurred either during the dark phase or latter part of the light phase. These findings agree closely with those reported in higher vertebrates, and suggest that metabolic activities, and possible secretory functions, of the pineal organ of fishes are synchronized to the light:dark cycle. Daily changes in these variables generally persisted in fish exposed to constant darkness for seven days, with the peak in these rhythms coinciding closely with those observed in fish exposed to a light:dark cycle. In contrast, the rhythms in all variables were abolished in fish kept in continual light for seven days. Photoreceptor cells from fish exposed to continuous light had larger nucleoli and greater amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicating a further effect of light on pineal metabolism in lower vertebrates. PMID- 7108509 TI - Structural dissimilarities in different regions of the pineal gland of Pirbright white guinea-pigs. AB - In the present study, the proximal, intermediate and distal parts of dumbbell shaped pineal glands of Pirbright White guinea-pigs were investigated with respect to structural dissimilarities. The most conspicuous difference was that while in the proximal part the pinealocytes were arranged in a random fashion, the intermediate and distal regions, except a small ventral area in the latter, exhibited a prominent follicular arrangement of the pinealocytes. Concretions were restricted to the subcapsular region of the intermediate part, whereas cells with hyperchromatic nuclei increased in number in an anterior-posterior direction. In males, pinealocyte nuclear size did not differ significantly in the regions investigated, whereas in females the karyometric results were much more heterogeneous. Exposure of male guinea-pigs to continuous illumination for 45 days resulted in (i) a 25% decrease of pineal volume, the intermediate area being relatively little affected, (ii) an increase in the number of follicles and (iii) a decrease in pinealocyte nuclear size, especially in a ventral zone of the proximal part of the pineal gland. PMID- 7108510 TI - The effects of Cycloheximide and Anisomycin on monoamine synthesis in a brain synaptosome preparation. AB - Cycloheximide (100 mg/kg) and anisomycin (50 mg/kg) decreased the synthesis of [3H]-dopamine (DA) and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-TH) from their labelled amino acid precursors in a brain synaptosomal preparation on hour after drug administration in vivo. Treatment with anisomycin also decreased synthesis of [3H]-norepinephrine (NE). Anisomycin (1mM) decreased the accumulation of newly snythesized monoamines when added to the synaptosomal preparation in vitro, while cycloheximide (1mM) impaired only [3H]-norepinephrine formation. All drug-induced decreases in the accumulation of newly synthesized 5-hydroxytryptamine were associated with concomitant decreases in the accumulation of [3H]-tryptophan (Trp) by the synaptosome fraction, suggesting that the drugs may act in part by decreasing precursor availability. However, the same correlation was not observed between [3H]-catecholamine synthesis and [3H]-tyrosine (try) content of the synaptosomal fraction. Comparison of the results obtained after in vivo and in vitro administration of these drugs indicates that cycloheximide may exert many of its effects on monoamine synthesis via a metabolite, while anisomycin appears to act directly. PMID- 7108512 TI - Effect of domperidone on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion in normal men. AB - Domperidone, a peripheral dopamine (DA) receptor blocker which poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier and which is inactive towards dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, in a dose (100 micrograms/kg) sufficient to increase serum prolactin levels at least 5-fold, decreased the growth hormone (GH) response to the DA receptor agonist, apomorphine HCI (Apo) (0.5 gm s.c.) in each of six normal men examined. The mean GH increment at 30, 45, 60 and 75 min following Apo injection, the mean individual peak increment and the mean individual GH secretion (ng min) was significantly decreased by domperidone pretreatment (p less than 0.005 -p less than 0.002). These results indicate that in man Apo stimulates GH secretion by an effect on DA receptors which are not linked to adenylate cyclase and which are situated at a locus in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis that lies outside the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 7108511 TI - The effects of antidepressants on the autonomic nervous system--a current investigation. AB - Tricyclic antidepressants influence the autonomic nervous system, as is well known; and endogenous depression shows autonomic nervous symptoms besides the readily observable emotional changes. This is a report on a current investigation of the effects of antidepressants on the function of the autonomic nervous system. In a preliminary study 2 kinds of antidepressants, amitriptyline (tricyclic) and nomifensine (non-tricyclic) were administered to 20 healthy volunteers. The palmar skin potential reflex (SPR), heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was assayed both before and after the administration of antidepressant. The results were as follows: 1. In the amitriptyline group, the spontaneous SPR and serum DBH activity decreased, and heart rate increased; and the degree of change before and after administration of the drug was statistically significant. Thus amitriptyline seems to suppress the activity of sympathetic nervous system, in addition to suppressing the functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system. 2. In the nomifensine group, spontaneous SPR and serum DBH activity tended to increase. This seems to indicate that nomifensine suppresses neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic nervous functions. 3. Amitriptyline and nomifensine has different effects on the sympathetic nervous system, suggesting correspondingly divergent pharmacological mechanisms for the depressive modality. PMID- 7108513 TI - The binding of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine to homogenates of human brain. AB - The binding of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]-5-HT) to homogenates of human brain has been studied. The specific binding is saturable, with a Kd (frontal cortex) of 12 /+- 2 nM, and is inhibited by non-radioactive 5-HT (IC50=26 nM) and D Lysergic acid diethylamide (IC50=20 nM). Specific, but not non-specific binding of [3H]-5-TH was inhibited by incubation of the homogenates at 50 degrees C. The binding of [3H]-5-HT across the human brain was not uniform, the highest binding being found in the substantia nigra and hippocampus, and the lowest in the thalamus and pons. The Kd of the binding sites towards 5-HT did, however, appear to be similar for the different brain regions. PMID- 7108514 TI - Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of twelve amino acids in the rabbit. AB - The clearances of twelve amino acids from the ventricles during ventriculo cisternal perfusion in the rabbit have been measured; uptake by the brain was also measured and this permitted the separate computation of loss to brain and loss to blood during the perfusion. Clearance under carrier-free conditions was greater than when a concentration of 5mM unlabeled amino acid was present in the perfusion fluid. Brain uptake was also usually reduced by the presence of unlabeled amino acid due presumably to suppression of accumulation by brain cells. Reduction of transport across the blood-brain barrier would tend to increase brain uptake, and there was some evidence for a balance between the two opposing tendencies. Inhibition of clearance of a given labeled amino acid could be brought about by unlabeled amino acids of different molecular species. In general, the amino acids fell into three categories: neutral, acidic, and basic, and there was some overlap between them; of the neutral amino acids the A- and L classification of Christensen was valid, although once again there was some overlap. If, during ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of a labeled amino acid, the activity of this labeled amino acid in the blood was raised well above that in the inflowing perfusion fluid, the labeled amino acid continued to be cleared from the perfusion fluid, suggesting uphill transport. On this basis it was suggested that the normally low concentrations of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), by comparison with those in plasma, were due to an active transport from the CSF to the blood. Substrate-facilitated transport, whereby the penetration of labeled amino acid into the perfusion fluid from blood could be accelerated by adding unlabeled amino acid to the perfusion fluid, or vice versa, was demonstrated. PMID- 7108515 TI - Seasonal modulation os synthesis of the neurosecretory egg-laying hormone of Aplysia. AB - Biosynthesis of the peptide egg-laying hormone by the bag cells of Aplysia was monitored throughout the year to determine whether the synthesis of neurosecretory proteins is modulated in accordance with secretory demand. The rate of synthesis of precursors to the hormone was found to vary seasonally, being approximately twofold higher during the late summer egg-laying season than during midwinter. Since there was no change in the distribution of radioactivity among members of the proteolytic processing sequence leading to the hormone, these data imply a seasonal modulation of the production of the secretory product. The synthetic rate showed no correlation with animal maturity or recent egg-laying history. However, there was a significant interaction between the seasonal effect and elevation of hormone synthesis induced by exposure to elevated external potassium, suggesting that these two modulatory factors exert their effects at a common point in the mechanism of hormone biosynthesis. PMID- 7108517 TI - Electrophysiological correlates of rapid escape reflexes in intact earthworms, Eisenia foetida. II. Effects of food deprivation on the functional development of giant nerve fibers. AB - Noninvasive electrophysiological recording methods were used to study the effects of prolonged food deprivation on the postembryonic patterns of giant fiber growth, as indicated by age-dependent changes in giant fiber conduction velocity and diameter, in the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. In addition, giant fiber growth was compared to patterns of somatic growth, as indicated by increases in body weight. Within a wide range of food deprivation levels, normal age-dependent increases in conduction velocity and diameter occurred in spite of marked stunting of somatic growth. Stunting of giant fiber velocity and diameter occurred only during severe food deprivation, but giant fiber spikes and associated rapid escape responses were still readily evoked. The stunting effects of prolonged and severe food deprivation upon giant fiber conduction velocity and diameter were readily reversed by replenishing food. The results demonstrate the persistence of rapid escape reflex functioning, as well as the priority of giant fiber growth relative to somatic growth, during severe and prolonged food deprivation. As a consequence of the priority of giant fiber growth during limited food availability, giant fiber conduction velocity appears to be a more reliable predictor of animal age then body size. PMID- 7108516 TI - Electrophysiological correlates of rapid escape reflexes in intact earthworms, Eisenia foetida. I. Functional development of giant nerve fibers during embryonic and postembryonic periods. AB - Grids of recording electrodes etched onto printed circuit boards were used for noninvasive recording of medial (MGF) and lateral (LGF) giant nerve fiber spikes in developing earthworms, Eisenia foetida. Stereotyped patterns of through conducted giant fiber spikes, evoked by light tactile stimulation, were first detectable in the normal crawling embryonic stage and continued to be detectable throughout postembryonic development. Giant fiber spiking activity in normal crawling embryos was accompanied by stereotyped muscle activity and rapid escape withdrawal, suggesting that giant fiber reflex pathways are functionally intact before the worm hatches. For both the MGF and LFG, several age-dependent changes were noted, including the following: increases in spike conduction velocity, increases in giant fiber diameter, and decreases in spike duration. The MGF conduction velocity in normal crawling embryos was 1.1-1.6 m s-1 (6-7 micrometers diameter) and increased to 7.0-8.5 m s-1 (20-25 micrograms diameter) by 60 days after hatching. The LGF conduction velocity in normal crawling embryos was 0.7 1.1 m s-1 (2.5-4.0 micrometers diameter) and increased to 4.0-5.5 m s-1 (8-14 micrometers diameter) by 60 days after hatching. During postembryonic development MGF and LGF conduction velocities were linearly related to fiber diameter. PMID- 7108518 TI - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis promoted by cobalt (III). Participation of polynuclear metal complexes. AB - Complex formation between ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) and tn2COIII(aq) (tn = trimethylenediamine) and resulting hydrolysis of the ATP to ADP (adenosine 5' diphosphate), AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate), PPi (pyrophosphate), and Pi (orthophosphate) have been examined by means of 31P nmr. With ATP approximately 0.1 M and tn2CoIII-(aq) up to 0.3 M, complex formation was promoted by equilibrating solutions for a period at pH 4, after which hydrolysis was allowed to proceed at each of several pHs in the range 5 to 9 prior to quenching by addition of strong base. With ATP 0.01 M and tn2CoIII(aq) up to 0.08 M, the above procedure was followed in some cases; in other experiments the pH of each ATP/tn2CoIII(aq) solution was adjusted immediately to a value in the range 5 to 9 with the remainder of the procedure as before. In most cases the hydrolysis was at 25 degrees C, but temperature dependence was also examined. The integrals for the beta-phosphorus resonance have been used to analyze for ATP in the quenched solutions; independent measurements of ATP by an enzyme/spectrophotometric method (Bergmeyer) gave similar results. Cobalt to ATP molar ratios up to 1 produce tn2CoIII-ATP as the predominant ATP complex; this 1:1 complex shows no detectable acceleration in hydrolysis compared to free ATP. Cobalt to ATP molar ratios of greater than 1 lead to complexes of type (tn2CoIII)2ATP and (tn2CoIII)3ATP, which exhibit greatly enhanced reactivity towards ATP hydrolysis. At a 2:1 molar ratio (0.1 or 0.01 M ATP), the enhancement in rate is approximately 10(5) at pH 7 where the rate is a maximum (comparison for 25 degrees C); at higher molar ratios the rate enhancements are even greater. The results support the view that effective metal ion catalysis of ATP hydrolysis requires formation of reactive species involving more than one metal ion per ATP. PMID- 7108519 TI - Complexes of group IIA cations with adenosine 5'-triphosphate. AB - The infrared and Raman spectra of the disodium salts of magnesium and calcium with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) along with the Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ salts with H2ATP2- and Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ salts with ATP4- in the solid state are reported and the structural implications of these data considered. The infrared and Raman findings for the disodium salts of ATP with calcium and magnesium are in disagreement with earlier conclusions that ATP-4 is acting as a tetradentate ligand. Similarities among the spectra of all substances suggest that the group IIA cations interact mainly with the beta- and gamma-phosphates of ATP, in accordance with studies in aqueous solutions. PMID- 7108520 TI - An EXAFS study of the zinc sites in sheep liver metallothionein. AB - Measurement and interpretation of the EXAFS associated with the K-absorption edge of zinc atoms in sheep liver metallothionein indicate that the primary coordination shell of each of these metal atoms comprises four sulphur atoms, with the Zn-S distance being 2.29 +/- 0.02 A. PMID- 7108521 TI - Enzymatic detyrosination of tubulin tyrosinated in rat brain slices and extracts. AB - Tubulin was tyrosinated in slices and in extracts of brain of rats of 3, 25, and 120 days of age by successive incorporation of [14C]tyrosine and [3H]tyrosine, respectively. The release of the incorporated amino acid was measured by using tubulinyl-tyrosine carboxypeptidase, carboxypeptidase A, and tubulin-tyrosine ligase. With the carboxypeptidases no differences in either the rates or the extents of the release of tyrosine between these two differently labeled tubulins were found. Differences were found when the detyrosination was catalyzed by the ligase and these were attributed to a higher inactivation of tubulin labeled in slices than of that labeled in extracts. PMID- 7108522 TI - The role of chloride in acetylcholine metabolism. AB - The chloride dependence of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release and of choline uptake was studied in synaptosomal preparations from rat brain. The substitution of propionate for chloride, in the presence of 35 mM-potassium, lowered the ACh content of the synaptosomes. However, in the presence of 5 mM potassium, the ACh level in synaptosomes was reduced, but significantly less so. Propionate had no effect on choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) activity when measured in a standard chloride-containing medium. In the presence of propionate, the spontaneous release of ACh was unchanged, but potassium-stimulated release of ACh was markedly reduced as compared with a chloride-containing medium. The synthesis of ACh, as measured by the net increase in the amount of ACh in the synaptosomes and that released to the medium, was reduced with propionate at 5 mM potassium and was totally inhibited when the potassium concentration was increased to 35 mM. Choline uptake studies revealed that with propionate only a low-affinity component of the choline transport system existed. Further, the Vmax was markedly reduced when the potassium concentration was increased to 35 mM. The results suggest that under certain conditions choline transported by a low affinity system might provide a substantial source of choline for ACh synthesis. PMID- 7108523 TI - On the nature of the interaction between serotonin and serotonin binding protein: effect of nucleotides, ions, and sulfhydryl reagents. PMID- 7108524 TI - Ca2+-guanine nucleotide interactions in brain membranes. I. Modulation of central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the rat. PMID- 7108525 TI - Ca2+-guanine nucleotide interactions in brain membranes. II. Characteristics of [3H]guanosine triphosphate and [3H] beta, gamma-imidoguanosine 5'-triphosphate binding and catabolism in the rat hippocampus and striatum. PMID- 7108526 TI - Rapid and sensitive single-step radiochemical assay for catechol-O methyltransferase. AB - A simple, rapid and reliable radiometric assay for the determination of catechol O-methyltransferase activity is described. The method is based on the conversion of catechol to [3H]guaiacol by catechol-O-methyltransferase in the presence of Mg2+, adenosine deaminase and S-adenosyl L-[methyl-3H]methionine. Incubation and direct extraction of [3H]guaiacol into organic scintillation fluid, as well as counting, are performed in the same standard scintillation vial. The assay is easy to perform and more sensitive than previous analogous procedures. The method has been applied to the assay of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in discrete brain areas and also peripheral organs of rat and in human erythrocytes. PMID- 7108527 TI - Effects of kainic acid on high-energy metabolites in the mouse striatum. AB - Intrastriatal injection of either kainic acid (0.35 micrograms) or ibotenic acid (7.0 micrograms) in the mouse causes a profound and selective degeneration of striatal neurons accompanied by a secondary astrocytic response. The kainate injection (0.35 micrograms) resulted in significant decrements in the striatal levels of phosphocreatine and ATP by 30 min. a progressive reduction in adenosine phosphates between 30 min and 48 h, and a decrease in energy charge; whereas lactate levels increased by 44% at 2 h, glucose levels fell by 56%. Two hours after intrastriatal injection of ibotenic acid (7.0 micrograms) similar alternations in striatal high-energy phosphates and glucose disposition were found. Prior decortication protected against the neurotoxic effects of kainate in the mouse striatum and prevented the alterations in high-energy phosphates at 2 h although lactate levels increased by 212%. These findings in vivo are consistent with the hypothesis that the neurotoxic effects of acidic excitatory amino acids involve a profound activation of energy consumption by affected neurons. PMID- 7108529 TI - Homocarnosinosis: hypercarnosinuria. PMID- 7108528 TI - On the mechanism of the involvement of monoamine oxidase in catecholamine stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis in particulate fraction of rat brain homogenates: role of hydrogen peroxide. AB - The mechanism of involvement of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in catecholamine stimulated prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis was studied in the particulate fraction of rat brain homogenates. High concentrations of either noradrenaline (NA) or dopamine (DA) stimulated effectively PGF2 alpha formation. The same amount of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) acted similarly, provided that it was administered together with a catecholamine analogue or metabolite possessing the 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl nucleus--3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG), 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), or alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha-met-NA)- or with SnCl2. In the absence of PEA, these compounds were ineffective with regard to stimulation of PGF2 alpha formation. Catalase, pargyline, or indomethacin abolished completely PGF2 alpha formation elicited either by catecholamines or by PEA plus a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl compound or SnCl2. With regard to the stimulation of PGF2 alpha formation in the presence of alpha-met NA, PEA could be replaced by H2O2 generated by the glucose oxidase(GOD)-glucose system. The effect of H2O2 was inhibited by indomethacin or catalase, but pargyline was ineffective. It is assumed that catecholamines play a dual role in the activation of PG biosynthesis in brain tissue. During the enzymatic decomposition of catecholamines MAO produces H2O2, which stimulates endoperoxide synthesis. Simultaneously, catecholamines as hydrogen donors promote the nonenzymatic transformation of endoperoxides into PGF2 alpha. The possible physiological importance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 7108530 TI - Biochemical and histochemical evidence of 16S acetylcholinesterase in salivary glands. AB - Three forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been reported: the 4S, 10S, and 16S forms. It was suggested previously that 16S AChE is characteristic of the end plate region; subsequently its presence has also been demonstrated in sciatic nerve, vagus nerve, several nerve trunks, cardiac atria, and distal ileum of rat. The purpose of the present study was to investigate further the occurrence of 16S AChE. We found that not only is it present in motor axons but that it may also occur in the secretory postganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the synapse-free parotid and submandibular glands. PMID- 7108531 TI - Blocked and methylated 5'-terminal cap structures of rat brain messenger ribonucleic acids. AB - The presence and identity of 5'-terminal cap structures in rat brain polysomal mRNA were investigated by radiolabeling the mRNA by periodate oxidation and [3H]sodium borohydride reduction or by beta-elimination of 5'-terminal nucleoside and incorporation of 32P in the presence of polynucleotide kinase. The labeled mRNAs were digested with nucleases and the cap structures were isolated and identified by chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures The results showed that rat brain mRNAs contained cap 1 and cap 2 structures and no caps of the zero type. The proportion of cap 2 was higher than that of cap 1. Both caps had 7 methylguanosine (m7G) as the 5'-terminal nucleoside, which was linked to the next nucleoside by an inverted triphosphate bridge, as in other eukaryotic mRNAs. The most prominent nucleoside in the 5'-penultimate position was 6-methyl-2'-O methyladenosine [m6A(m)] followed by 2'-O-methyladenosine [A(m)], which together contributed to nearly 70% of both cap 1 and cap 2 structures. 2'-O Methylguanosine [G(m)] accounted for approximately 18%, the rest being made up of 2'-O-methylcytidine [C(m)] and 2'-O-methyluridine [U(m)]. PMID- 7108532 TI - Mass fragmentographic determination of homovanillic acid in individual dopaminergic neuron systems of rat brain: application of reaction gas chromatography. AB - Homovanillic acid (HVA) levels of 12 discrete rat brain areas were determined by a mass fragmentographic method using the reaction gas chromatographic technique. The use of reaction gas chromatography increased the sensitivity for determination of HVA. The sensitivity of this method allows measurement of HVA in small amounts of brain tissue. The HVA levels in polar, medial, and lateral fields of prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, septum, amygdala, A12, A13, and A14 dopaminergic neurons were 0.417 +/- 0.018 ng/mg protein, 0.689 +/- 0.004, 0.753 +/- 0.024, 0.496 +/- 0.029, 1.311 +/- 0.046, 0.555 +/- 0.008, 1.949 +/- 0.077, 1.109 +/- 0.112, and 0.489 +/- 0.019, respectively. The HVA levels in these areas are first reported in the present paper. PMID- 7108533 TI - Relationship between GABA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and seizure excitability. AB - Various studies suggest that alterations in GABAergic function may be connected to epileptic seizures. Low CSF GABA levels have been reported in epilepsy and also febrile convulsions of children. In this study the pentetrazole seizure threshold of dogs was compared with the concentration of GABA in the CSF and blood plasma. A highly significant positive correlation was found between seizure excitability and CSF GABA level, but not between CSF and plasma GABA concentrations. PMID- 7108534 TI - DNA turnover in rat cerebral cortex. AB - After the intracranial injection of [methyl-3H]thymidine the specific activity of rat cortical DNA increases rapidly, reaching a maximum at about 5 h. More than half of the radioactive DNA disappears from the tissue in the following few hours. During the same period of time the concentration of radioactive DNA in liver remains essentially constant. Minor variations occur in both organs after 41 h. An apparent rapid turnover of DNA is also present in a fraction of purified neuronal perikarya prepared from the cerebral cortex. PMID- 7108535 TI - The use of inhibitors of GABA-transaminase for the determination of GABA turnover in mouse brain regions: an evaluation of aminooxyacetic acid and gabaculine. PMID- 7108536 TI - A combined in vivo/in vitro study of the presynaptic release of adenosine derivatives in the hippocampus. AB - To investigate the release of adenine compounds from defined neuronal pathways, we employed a hippocampal slice preparation in which a selective-loading of the releasable pools was achieved in vivo with the aid of axonal transport. By injecting radioactive adenosine stereotaxically into the entorhinal cortex, the major afferent system to the dentate gyrus (the perforant path) was loaded within 20-36 h, at which time the rats were killed and hippocampal slices were prepared. The efflux of radioactive material, as recovered from the perfusate and measured in a scintillation counter, was found to be significantly increased in response to electrophysiologically controlled stimulation of the perforant path but not to stimulation of an alternative fiber tract, the fimbria. These findings provide supportive and more direct evidence for an activation-coupled release of adenosine derivatives from presynaptic sites in the central nervous system. PMID- 7108537 TI - Brain cortical fatty acids and phospholipids during and following complete and severe incomplete ischemia. PMID- 7108538 TI - Postmortem accumulation of tubulin in postsynaptic density preparations. AB - Postsynaptic density (PSD) preparations isolated from canine cerebral cortex that had been left at 0-37 degrees C for various times were found to become enriched in two bands in a time- but not temperature-dependent manner. The two bands were identified as tubulin subunits by gel mobility and immunology, Of all the isolated synaptic structures the increase in tubulin occurred primarily in the PSD fraction. The increase of tubulin also occurred in PSD preparations isolated from canine cerebellum and rat forebrain. Results obtained when PSD fractions were isolated from canine brain obtained as rapidly as possible after the death of the animal indicate that the maximum amount of tubulin in the PSD preparations is 2.5% of total Coomassie blue-stained protein as determined by scanning of gel electrophoretograms. These results imply that tubulin is probably not a major structural protein of the PSD as it exists in situ. PMID- 7108539 TI - Measurement of methionine-enkephalin [Arg6,Phe7] in rat brain by specific radioimmunoassay directed at methionine sulphoxide enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7]. AB - A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure for Met-enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7] which allows its measurement in regions of the rat brain is described. The antiserum as raised against the methionine sulphoxide derivative of the peptide, and all samples and standards were oxidized with hydrogen peroxide prior to use in the assay with chloramine T-oxidized 125I-labelled Met(O) enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7]. The only significant cross-reactivity was 30% with the reduced heptapeptide Met-enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7]. The assay showed less than 0.15% cross-reactivity with fragments of the heptapeptide and with leucine-enkephalin containing peptides. Acid acetone extraction of rat striatum followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography showed that essentially all immunoreactivity co-chromatographed with Met enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7]. This confirmed the specificity of the assay and showed that the striatum does not contain a high concentration of larger molecular weight forms with the heptapeptide at the COOH terminus. Distribution of the heptapeptide followed that of methionine enkephalin, with highest concentrations in the globus pallidus, intermediate levels in caudate-putamen and hypothalamus, and low levels in cortex and cerebellum. PMID- 7108540 TI - [3H]Imipramine is accumulated but not released from slices of the rabbit caudate and hypothalamus. AB - Slices of rabbit caudate and hypothalamus take up and accumulate [3H]imipramine. In superfused slices of both structures electrical stimulation or exposure to tyramine failed to release recently taken up [3H]imipramine. Depolarization by exposure to 30--60 mM-potassium caused only a small release of [3H]imipramine that was not concentration-dependent. The release of [3H]imipramine by high potassium was independent of the presence of calcium ions in the superfusion medium. These results contrasted with those obtained for the release of [3H]dopamine from the caudate and [3H]noradrenaline from the hypothalamus, where tyramine, electrical stimulation, and high potassium caused a significant release of the labeled neurotransmitters. The release of [3H]dopamine from the caudate and [3H]noradrenaline from the hypothalamus elicited by electrical stimulation or high potassium was entirely calcium-dependent. It is concluded that [3H]imipramine is taken up into the two brain regions and is accumulated in a nonvesicular site from which it is not released by calcium-dependent depolarizing stimuli. PMID- 7108541 TI - Estimation of the turnover of 3-methoxytyramine in the rat striatum by HPLC with electrochemical detection: implications for the sequence in the cerebral metabolism of dopamine. AB - A highly sensitive method for the determination of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in nervous tissue is described. The method is based on a rapidly performed isolation of 3-MT on small columns of Sephadex G 10, followed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with a rotating disk electrochemical detector. The detection limit of the assay (0.5-1 pmol/tissue sample) is about 10% of control value for microwave-killed rats. 3-MT as well as dopamine could be quantified in the same chromatographic run. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyl transferase with tropolone resulted in an exponential decline of 3-MT. From this exponential decline a turnover rate for 3-MT of 1.9 nmol/gh/h was calculated. In the same group of rats the turnover rate of homovanillic acid was 9.1 nmol/g/h. From these data it is concluded that in the rat striatum about 80% of homovanillic acid is formed from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 20% from 3-MT. PMID- 7108542 TI - Solid-phase immunoassays for quantitation of antibody to bovine white matter proteolipid apoprotein. AB - Two solid-phase immunoassays have been developed for quantitation of antibodies to bovine white matter proteolipid apoprotein. Conditions were established for optimal specific antibody binding. Water-soluble proteolipid apoprotein was bound to microtiter plates and plates were incubated with test serum. Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used as the second antibody for an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay and 125I-labeled protein A for a radioimmunoassay. Both procedures have been used to follow the time course of anti-proteolipid antibody production in rabbits and to compare different immunization protocols. PMID- 7108543 TI - Homocholine and short-chain N-alkyl choline analogues as substrates for Torpedo choline acetyltransferase. AB - The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, for the acetylation of choline and several close analogues were determined by using (a) purified choline acetyltransferase and (b) a hypotonically lysed synaptosomal extract prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Whereas the Km for choline was similar in both cases (0.51 and 0.42 mM), the crude enzyme showed a three- to fivefold greater affinity for its analogues than the purified enzyme, the activity decreasing rapidly with increased N-alkyl substitution. Homocholine was a poor substrate, but was clearly acetylated by both preparations. The effect of salt on analogue acetylation by the crude enzyme was studied by increasing NaCl concentration from zero to 150 mM. There was an increase in both Km and Vmax for all substrates: choline, N,N,N dimethylmonothylaminoethanol, -monomethyldiethylaminoethanol and dimethylmonobutylaminoethanol showed the greatest changes, whilst N,N,N triethylaminoethanol and -dimethylmonopropylaminoethanol and homocholine were much less affected However, in all cases, the kinetic parameter Vmax/Km remained unchanged. The maximal velocities of the different substrates varied more under conditions of high than of low salt. Sodium chloride up to 300 mM had no effect on the amount of enzyme which was bound to membranes in the synaptosomal extract. It is concluded that choline acetyltransferase has a high degree of substrate specificity, which is slightly altered by purification. The effects of salt cannot be explained as a consequence of nonspecific ionic association with membranes. PMID- 7108544 TI - Kinetics of homovanillic acid and determination of its production rate in humans. PMID- 7108545 TI - Neural regulation of muscle glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: effect of batrachotoxin and tetrodotoxin. AB - We tested the hypothesis that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in the rat skeletal muscle is regulated by putative axonally derived neurotrophic factors. This was accomplished by comparing the effects of nerve section and subperineural injection of batrachotoxin (BTX) or tetrodotoxin (TTX) on G6PD in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. BTX, an agent known to block nerve impulse conduction and axonal transport increased G6PD activity to 155% and 163% of control by days 2 and 4 after injection. Denervation of the EDL muscle by section of the peroneal nerve 10-20 mm from its entrance to the muscle caused G6PD activity to increase to 170% of control by day 1 and to 200% and 180% of control by days 2 and 4, respectively. The increase in enzyme activity after denervation and after subperineural injection of BTX was due in part to muscle inactivity resulting from blockade of nerve impulses. This conclusion is based upon the observation that subperineural injection of TTX at an identical site in the peroneal nerve caused a small but significant (30%) increase in G6PD activity after 4 days. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was assessed as a measure of the efficacy of blockade of slow axonal transport. Decreases in CAT activity following denervation or injection of BTX or TTX were parallel to increases in G6PD activity observed under these conditions. These results argue for a role of axonal transport in neural regulation of muscle G6PD, with a small contribution by neuromuscular activity. PMID- 7108547 TI - Cerebral oxidative metabolism and blood flow during acute hypoglycemia and recovery in unanesthetized rats. PMID- 7108546 TI - Identification, development, and regional distribution of thymidylate synthetase in adult rabbit brain. AB - The development and regional distribution of thymidylate synthetase (TS) (EC 2.1.1.45) in rabbit brain were determined. After optimization of the assay for brain, TS activity in brain was measured by a nonspecific (3H2O release) and specific method. The specific method involved the conversion of [6 3H]deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to [3H]thymidine phosphate and the subsequent identification of [3H]thymidine.l The specific activity of the enzyme in whole brain of newborn rabbits declined from 10.35 +/- 1.17 units/mg protein to 0.71 +/- 0.09 units/mg protein at 10-12 weeks of age. Two=year-old rabbits had 0.81 +/- 0.04 units/mg protein. The decline in specific activity with age was not due to an inhibitor of TS activity or a change in the Km for dUMP. The Km for dUMP of the unpurified enzyme in the brains of both 19-day-old and young adult rabbits was 0.8 microM. In young adult rabbits (3 months) the specific activity of TS was similar in the various regions of the brain tested except for the cerebellum, which had 40% higher specific activity than the whole brain. The results show that TS is widely distributed in adult rabbit brain, and, although the activity declines with age, it stabilizes at adult levels at 3 months of age. PMID- 7108548 TI - Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. Concurrent activities on certain nerve growth factor-responsive neurons. PMID- 7108550 TI - Fluorometrical analysis of guanidino compounds in human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Guanidino compounds in CSF of 57 human subjects were determined fluorometrically after reaction with phenanthrenequinone in alkali solution, using HPLC. Creatinine (65.2 +/- 13.4 nmol/ml), arginine (24.7 +/- 6.4 nmol/ml), and homoarginine (0.7 +/- 0.3 nmol/ml) were found in all subjects. Trace amounts of guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidinoacetic acid were detected in some of the subjects. Brain guanidino compounds, taurocyamine, N-acetylarginine, and methylguanidine were not detected in CSF. PMID- 7108549 TI - Calcium uptake and catecholamine secretion by cultured bovine adrenal medulla cells. AB - The uptake of 45Ca2+ and secretion of catecholamines by primary cultures of adrenal medulla cells were studied. Nicotine, veratridine, potassium, and Ionomycin stimulate both the accumulation of 45Ca2+ and the secretion of catecholamines. Nicotinic antagonists block 45Ca2+ uptake induced by nicotine, tetrodotoxin blocks 45Ca2+ uptake induced by veratridine, and D600 or secretion induced by Ionomycin. The EC50 for nicotine is 3 microM for catecholamine secretion and 10 microM for 45Ca2+ uptake, while the EC50s for veratridine stimulated uptake and secretion are approximately the same (75 microM). Kinetic studies show that the uptake of Ca2+ is rapid and appears to precede the secretion of catecholamines, and that the rate of uptake declines rapidly. The 50 mM-K+ show saturation kinetics with respect to external calcium concentrations at about 2 mM. On the other hand, the uptake of 45Ca2+ stimulated by nicotine does not become saturated at external calcium concentrations of 10 mM although the secretion of catecholamines reaches a maximum at external calcium concentrations of 2 mM. The data suggest that depolarizing agents such as veratridine and 50 mM K+ stimulate 45Ca2+ entry through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, while nicotinic agonists stimulate calcium entry through the acetylcholine receptor ion channels as well as through voltage-sensitive calcium channels. PMID- 7108551 TI - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in bovine caudate nucleus and superior cervical ganglion: solubility properties and hydrophobic character. PMID- 7108552 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenases in rat brain. Subcellular distribution and properties. AB - Kinetic studies suggested the presence of several forms of NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat brain. A subcellular distribution study showed that low- and high-Km activities with acetaldehyde as well as the substrate-specific enzyme succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase were located mainly in the mitochondrial compartment. The low-Km activity was also present in the cytosol (less than 20%). The low-Km activity in the homogenate was only 10-15% of the total activity with acetaldehyde as the substrate. Two Km values were obtained with both acetaldehyde (0.2 and 2000 microM) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) (0.3 and 31 microM), and one Km value with succinate semialdehyde (5 microM). The main part of the aldehyde dehydrogenase activities with acetaldehyde, DOPAL, and succinate semialdehyde, but only little activity of the marker enzyme for the outer membrane (monoamine oxidase, MAO), was released from a purified mitochondrial fraction subjected to sonication. Only small amounts of the ALDH activities were released from mitochondria subjected to swelling in a hypotonic buffer, whereas the main part of the marker enzyme for the intermembrane space (adenylate kinase) was released. These results indicate that the ALDH activities with acetaldehyde, DOPAL and succinate semialdehyde are located in the matrix compartment. The low-Km activity with acetaldehyde and DOPAL, but not the high-Km activities and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, was markedly stimulated by Mg2+ and Ca2+ in phosphate buffer. The low- and high Km activities with acetaldehyde showed different pH optima in pyrophosphate buffer. PMID- 7108553 TI - Cholinergic modulation of the release of [3H]acetylcholine from synaptosomes of the myenteric plexus. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to determine if cholinergic agents affected the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from a synaptosomal preparation of the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. The synaptosomal preparation was first incubated with the precursor [3H]choline; subsequently, release of the stored [3H]ACh was measured. The release was decreased by oxotremorine or exogenous ACh plus hexamethonium and increased by exogenous ACh plus evoked release that was inhibited by nicotinic antagonists or muscarinic agonists. Release was stimulated half-maximally by approximately 2 microM- and maximally by 10 microM-DMPP. Either in the absence of calcium or at 0 degrees C, DMPP was without effect. The effect of 10 microM-DMPP was brief, a significant stimulation occurring only within the first 2 min at 37 degrees C. Tetrodotoxin also inhibited excitation by DMPP but not completely. Thus, the release of [3H]ACh appears to be presynaptically modulated, negatively by muscarinic agonists and positively by nicotinic agonists. PMID- 7108554 TI - Effects of enucleation on high-affinity binding sites in chick optic tecta. AB - The effect of unilateral eye extirpation on the development of the chick optic tectum has been studied in both the embryo and the newly hatched chick. Although the prevention of normal afferentation of the embryonic tectum retarded its growth, there appeared to be a significant increase of muscarinic acetylcholine binding site in the noninnervated tectum. This phenomenon was repeated also in the posthatch denervated system wherein the functioning optic nerve is severed. A significant increase in the number of binding sites as well as reduced dissociation constant of the interactions of this receptor with [3H]quinuclindinyl benzilate was found in the deafferented optic tectum. This may suggest the presence of a denervation-supersensitivity-like modulation. Similar increases were not detected with other binding sites studied in either the noninnervated embryonic or deafferented posthatch optic lobes. The possibility that acetylcholine is a primary neurotransmitter of the optic system is discussed. PMID- 7108556 TI - Kinetics of regional blood-brain barrier transport and brain phosphorylation of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose the barbiturate-anesthetized rat. AB - Recent studies indicate the lumped constant (LC), which defines the relative rates of brain utilization of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), doubles to values greater than 1.0 under conditions of hypoglycemia. Since changes in the LC should be predictable given the kinetic parameters of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport and brain phosphorylation of glucose and 2-DG, the present studies were designed to measure the necessary kinetic parameters. The carotid injection technique ws used to determine cerebral blood flow and the Km, Vmax, and KD of glucose and 2-DG transport through the BBB in seven brain regions in rats anesthetized with 50 mg/kg i.lp. pentobarbital. Regional glucose transport through the BBB was characterized by an average Km = 6.3 mM, average Vmax = 0.53 mumol min-1g-1, and average KD = 0.022 ml min-1g-1.l The nonsaturable route of transport of glucose represented on the average 40% of the total glucose influx into brain regions at an arterial glucose concentration of 10 mM. In addition, the rate constants of phosphorylation of glucose and 2-DG were measured for each region. Substitutions of the measured kinetic parameters for sugar transport and phosphorylation into equations defining the LC confirm the observation that the LC would be expected to vary under extreme conditions such as hypoglycemia and to exceed values of 1.0 under these conditions. PMID- 7108555 TI - Differential cellular enrichment of gangliosides in the mouse cerebellum: analysis using neurological mutants. PMID- 7108557 TI - Neurochemical studies of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway: glycinergic mechanisms and glycinergic-dopaminergic interactions in the rat ventral tegmentum. AB - The rat ventral tegmentum (containing somata and dendrites of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones) contained 1.3 mumol/g wet weight of glycine. Slices of ventral tegmentum accumulated exogenous [3H]glycine by an energy-, temperature- and sodium-dependent mechanism. The uptake was medicated by two different transport systems; one system with relatively low affinity for glycine (Km approximately 400 microM) and the other a higher affinity for glycine (Km approximately 10 microM). Small amino acid analogues of glycine inhibited the uptake process, the most potent being taurine and beta-alanine (47% and 44% inhibition, respectively, at 1 mM). Release of exogenous [3H]glycine by elevated potassium and by protoveratrine A was calcium-dependent and tetrodotoxin sensitive. Glycine (500 microM--2mM) potentiated the protoveratrine A-induced release of exogenous [3H]dopamine from slices of ventral tegmentum; this potentiation was blocked by atrychnine (10 microM). A convulsant dose of strychnine elevated the concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the ventral tegmentum. Glycine is likely to be a transmitter in the ventral tegmentum and to have a role regulating the activity of somatodendritic regions of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones. PMID- 7108558 TI - Topographic distribution of enzymes synthesizing phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in chicken brain microsomes. AB - The localization of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic enzymes within the transverse plane of chicken brain microsomes was investigated by using proteases (trypsin and pronase) and neuraminidase. Treatment of intact microsomes with the proteases inactivated the phosphocholine transferase completely and the ethanolamine phosphotransferase only slightly. This latter enzyme was, however, completely inactivated when deoxycholate-treated microsomes were exposed to proteases. Treatment of intact microsomes with neuraminidase had no effect on both phosphotransferases, although 65% of the sialic acid of sialoglycoproteins and 37% of that of gangliosides were removed. With deoxycholate-disrupted microsomes nearly all sialic acid from the sialoglycoproteins and about 70% of that of gangliosides were released. In parallel, the phosphoethanolamine transferase was 90% inactivated. It is suggested that phosphocholine transferase is localized on the outer face of the microsomal vesicle, whereas the phosphoethanolamine transferase could be a sialoglycoprotein, possibly situated on the inner face of the vesicle, or perhaps a transmembrane protein. PMID- 7108559 TI - Turnover of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the rat diaphragm. AB - The turnover of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its molecular forms was measured by following the loss of enzyme activity in the right hemidiaphragms of Sprague Dawley rats treated with cycloheximide, 20 mg/kg, every 4 h. This treatment inhibited 96% of the incorporation of [3H]leucine into muscle protein. After 8 h of treatment, the total AChE activity of the diaphragm decreased by 17% (P less than 0.01). Assuming first-order exponential kinetics, a half-life of 30 h and an hourly turnover of 180 units were calculated. The measured accumulation of AChE activity at a ligature on the phrenic nerve indicated that axonal transport contributed trivially to this turnover. Sucrose density gradient experiments showed that the cycloheximide-induced low of AChE activity was restricted to the 4S enzyme, which had an apparent half-life of 6.2 h. PMID- 7108560 TI - Active transport of nicotine by the isolated choroid plexus in vitro. AB - In vitro, the transport of [14C]nicotine into the isolated choroid plexus, the anatomical locus of the blood--CSF barrier, was studied. The isolated rabbit choroid plexus accumulated [14C]nicotine by two processes: an active saturable transport process and a nonsaturable process. The [14C]nicotine accumulation process by choroid plexus was not due to binding or intracellular metabolism of the [14C]nicotine. The [14C]nicotine accumulation process in isolated choroid plexus was inhibited by weak bases, including tolazoline and lidocaine, but not by the weak acid probenecid. The accumulation process was decreased 60% by iodoacetate and dinitrophenol and by low temperatures. These results are consistent with previous autoradiographic evidence showing the choroid plexus concentrated [14C]nicotine in vivo, and suggest that the choroid plexus may transfer nicotine between blood and CSF in vivo. PMID- 7108561 TI - Neural control of head rotation: electromyographic evidence. AB - Electromyograms, representing samples of neurological control signals, can be used to predict head rotation that can be either time optimal or non-time optimal, depending upon a given subject's intent. Kinematic factors such as operating levels in terms of horizontal and vertical position of the head from which horizontal rotations are made, importantly influence the tonic and phasic aspects of the EMG signal. Pairs of head-rotating muscles, splenius and sternocleidomastoideus muscles, demonstrate reciprocal innervation, particularly for time optimal head rotations. Head rotations of the same amplitude but different velocities correlate with pulse height and pulse width of envelopes of the rectified EMG. Rise of the agonistic EMG correlates in detail with rise of the acceleration transient for a given fast or slow head rotation. Our data demonstrate both the optimal control of details of head movements and the influence of the stretch reflex that strongly relates to initial head position and the velocity of the movements around the primary position. The results support the idea of higher level programmed control of head rotation in human subjects. PMID- 7108562 TI - Morphogenesis of the mitochondrial alterations in muscle diseases. AB - In this paper we present sequential morphologic changes produced in rat muscle mitochondria. Respiratory toxins such as crotoxin (rattle-snake venom) and 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP-an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation) were injected in rat quadriceps muscle and the mitochondrial alterations were studied at various time intervals. The series of mitochondrial changes consisted of rounding and swelling of mitochondria, unfolding of the cristae as straight lines, formation of the concentric rings, appearance of paracrystalline inclusions, formation of multiple vesicles and finally vacuole formation. These changes were comparable to the range of mitochondrial alterations seen in the human material examined. Similarity of the time-related mitochondrial changes in the rat to the spectrum of changes observed in human muscle biopsies suggests that the mitochondrial alteration in the human muscle disorders is a stepwise process in which respiratory alterations and calcium ion may play a role. PMID- 7108563 TI - Phenytoin neurotoxicity in developing mouse cerebellum in tissue culture. AB - Phenytoin applied to developing neonatal mouse cerebellar cultures at concentrations of 9-46 micrograms/ml of nutrient medium from the day of explantation to 16 days in vitro induced cerebellar cortical degeneration. The degree of neurotoxicity correlated with drug concentration. Purkinje cells were the most susceptible of the cerebellar elements, and intracerebellar nucleus neurons were the most resistant. In contrast, mature mouse cerebellar explants were resistant to chronic exposure to high concentrations of phenytoin. PMID- 7108564 TI - Degeneration and regeneration of ventral root motor fibers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Morphometric studies of cervical ventral roots. AB - Morphometric studies by histological and teased-fiber methods on myelinated fibers of the C6 and C8 ventral roots were made in cases of myotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in age-matched controls. In 11 controls myelinated fibers were divided into two groups: large and small fibers. The fiber density was calculated and the actual number of fibers was counted in both groups. The number of large fibers was significantly decreased in 14 of 17 cases with ALS, and correlated with the muscle strength of the ipsilateral upper limb as determined by manual muscle testing before death. The absolute number of small fibers of the C6 ventral root was increased in 3 of 5 cases of ALS. In these cases, there was a group of small myelinated fibers showing very thin myelin lamellae compared to axon circumference, and these were considered as regenerating myelinated fibers. On teased-fiber study, the frequency of fibers with axonal degeneration was 23.8% in ALS in contrast to 0.6% in controls (P less than 0.001). In addition, 5.5% of fibers showed segmental demyelination, and remyelination after segmental demyelination was found in 16.4% of fibers in ALS. These figures were also significantly larger (P less than 0.01) than controls (2.4% and 10.1%, respectively). These results suggest that the essential pathological change in the ventral spinal root in ALS is axonal degeneration of large myelinated fibers, and that Schwann cell involvement may also occur. PMID- 7108565 TI - Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in rabbits with bovine white matter proteolipid apoprotein. AB - A chronic, progressive form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was produced by immunization of rabbits with bovine brain white matter proteolipid apoprotein. Clinical signs appeared 4 to 13 months after sensitization, and were characterized by ataxia and limb paresis which progressed to flaccid paralysis and incontinence. Light and electron microscopic observations showed both acute and chronic nonsuppurative myelitis or encephalomyelitis accompanied by primary demyelination. Myelin damage was most evident in the spinal cord but was also present in the optic nerve and brain. The neuropathology was consistent with lesions of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by central nervous system tissue, and resembled lesions of multiple sclerosis as well. These observations suggest that protein may be involved in the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. A mechanism for the chronic course of the disease is discussed. PMID- 7108566 TI - Age-dependent effects of glutamate on photoreceptor cells of the isolated chick embryo retina. AB - Neurotoxic and gliotoxic effects of glutamate were studied in isolated chick embryo retinas of various ages. Employing a short-term incubation system, we found that initial cellular changes in retinas from 15- and 21-day chick embryos were localized to glial Muller cells as previously shown in retinas from 12-day embryos. In the older retinas, however, an additional selective lesion was consistently found in the presumptive photoreceptor cells. Similar photoreceptor damage was not seen in 12-day retinas, even after treatment with relatively high glutamate doses. Autoradiographic uptake of tritiated glutamate in retinas at 12 and 14 days was localized to the glial Muller cells; in the 14-day retinas, however, there was also uptake of the labeled amino acid into the developing inner segments. Uptake of tritiated glutamate in retinas at younger (8-day) and older (21-day) ages did not show any obvious localization of the label. PMID- 7108567 TI - The weight of the infratentorial portion of the adult brain and analysis of the infratentorial/whole brain weight ratio. AB - A direct relationship exists between the weights of the infratentorial portion (ITP) of the brain and the whole brain. With aging, the weight of the ITP decreases, but the decrease begins later and is smaller than for the forebrain. With whole brain weights, there are significant differences in the weight of the ITP between sexes and between the races. The weight of the ITP increases slightly with increase in body weight. The infratentorial/whole brain ratio is stable during adult life and does not vary with body dimensions. The ratio increases after age 80 because of the accelerated loss of mass of the forebrain. The ratio is the same for both races, but it is significantly higher for the females than for the males. The difference is best accounted for by an arrest in the growth of the forebrain in the female during adolescence. PMID- 7108568 TI - Acanthamoebiasis and immunosuppression. Case report. AB - Immunosuppression and debilitating illnesses are occasionally associated with multifocal brain lesions of Acanthamoebiasis, an encephalitis distinct from the acute, water-sport related meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowler. A 38 year-old man with a renal transplant two and one-half years before his final illness developed pneumonia due to Legionella micdadei. Candida albicans was isolated from sputum and cytomegalovirus was found in lung and liver biopsies. He had continuous corticosteroids, broad spectrum antibiotics, and immunosuppressive therapies. Coma developed and computerized tomography of the head revealed multifocal areas of decreased density, interpreted as cerebral abscesses. Brain biopsy demonstrated encephalitis and amoebae (Acanthamoeba castellanii). Four days after brain biopsy, he died and multifocal hemorrhagic lesions were found in the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, and cerebellum. This case supports the hypothesis that Acanthamoebiasis is an opportunistic infection. PMID- 7108569 TI - Characteristics of hip joint mechanoreceptors in the cat. PMID- 7108570 TI - Properties of a modifiable efference copy in an electric fish. PMID- 7108571 TI - A white-noise analysis of responses and receptive fields of catfish cones. PMID- 7108572 TI - Sampling of total muscle force by tendon organs. PMID- 7108573 TI - Effects of reversible lesions and stimulation of olivocerebellar system on vestibuloocular reflex plasticity. PMID- 7108574 TI - Motor-unit organization in flexor digitorum longus muscle of the cat. PMID- 7108575 TI - Actions of FDL and FHL muscles in intact cats: functional dissociation between anatomical synergists. PMID- 7108576 TI - Convergence of parallel sensory channels on crayfish claw motor neurons. Changing firing probabilities and synaptic effects of simultaneously monitored proprioceptors. PMID- 7108577 TI - Measurement and dissociation of joint influence of action potentials in concurrently active parallel channels on motor neuron activity in crayfish. PMID- 7108579 TI - Cable properties of goldfish Mauthner axon. PMID- 7108578 TI - Effects of antibodies to large ganglion cells on the cat's retinogeniculate pathway. PMID- 7108580 TI - Action-potential propagation and orthodromic impulse initiation in Mauthner axon. PMID- 7108581 TI - Sound localization: effects of unilateral lesions in central auditory system. PMID- 7108582 TI - Conditioned medium increases the rate of neurite elongation: separation of this activity from the substratum-bound inducer of neurite outgrowth. AB - Heart cell-conditioned medium supports extensive neurite outgrowth from dissociated parasympathetic neurons of the chicken embryo ciliary ganglion. We have shown previously that neurite outgrowth in this system depends on the deposition of a substratum-conditioning factor from conditioned medium onto the polyornithine culture substratum. However, in the presence of only the substratum bound material, neurite outgrowth is never as extensive as in whole conditioned medium. The present report demonstrates that a different and soluble component of conditioned medium is required to achieve the rates of neurite elongation normally observed in whole conditioned medium. This second component, while unable by itself to support neurite outgrowth, is able to increase the rate of neurite elongation approximately 3-fold within 30 to 60 min of its addition. This conclusion is based on direct time-lapse observations of the rate of elongation of individual neurites before and after the addition of fractions of conditioned medium previously depleted of the substratum-conditioning factor. Correlated with the effect of such fractions of conditioned medium on the rate of neurite elongation is a change in the morphology of the growth cones, which become larger and more spread. The activity of the soluble, elongation-promoting component of conditioned medium is nondialyzable and is sensitive to treatments known to affect proteins, such as repeated freeze-thawing, heating, and trypsinization. Fractions of conditioned medium which contain the elongation-promoting activity also contain all of the survival factor for parasympathetic neurons previously shown to be present in heart cell-conditioned medium. The methods described here represent a convenient new assay which we have used recently to demonstrate elongation-promoting factors with neuronal specificity in extracts of rat hippocampus. PMID- 7108583 TI - Subfornical organ-median preoptic connections and drinking and pressor responses to angiotensin II. AB - The subfornical organ (SFO) and the periventricular tissue of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) have been shown to be important for the central action of circulating angiotensin. Recent anatomical findings have elucidated neural connections between the SFO and several structures within the AV3V region. The present study examined the function of fibers between the SFO and the median preoptic nucleus. Horizontal knife cuts rostral to the anterior commissure severed precommissural fibers between the SFO and the median preoptic nucleus. Cuts immediately dorsal to the anterior commissure interrupted both pre- and postcommissural connections. Rats with cuts of both sets of fibers evidenced a virtual absence of drinking responses following subcutaneous injections of angiotensin, while rats with selective cuts of precommissural fibers manifested a partial, but significant, reduction in responding. The two groups of animals showed similar attenuations in drinking responses following subcutaneous injections of hypertonic saline. Rats with cuts of both pre- and postcommissural fibers evidenced an attenuation of drinking responses elicited by centrally administered angiotensin. Pressor responses following intravenous and intraventricular angiotensin injections were not reduced specifically by the experimental knife cuts. These findings are consistent with a model that postulates that angiotensin receptors, and perhaps osmoreceptors, in the SFO send excitatory neural information to the median preoptic nucleus for the mobilization of thirst. PMID- 7108584 TI - Effects of oxotremorine on local glucose utilization in the rat cerebral cortex. AB - The [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose technique (Sokoloff, L., M. Reivich, C. Kennedy, M. Des Rosiers, C. Patlak, K. Pettigrew, O. Sakurada, and M. Shinohara (1977) J. Neurochem. 28: 897-916) was used to examine the effects of central muscarinic stimulation on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the cerebral cortex of the unanesthetized rat. Systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (OXO, 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased LCGU in the neocortex, mesocortex, and paleocortex. In the neocortex, OXO was more potent in elevating LCGU of the auditory, frontal, and sensorimotor regions compared with the visual cortex. Within these neocortical regions, OXO effects were greatest in cortical layers IV and V. OXO effects were more dramatic in the neocortex than in the meso or paleocortex, and no significant effect occurred in the perirhinal and pyriform cortices. OXO-induced LCGU increases were not influenced by methylatropine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) but were antagonized completely by scopolamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Scopolamine reduced LCGU in layer IV of the auditory cortex and in the retrosplenial cortex. The distribution and magnitude of the cortical LCGU response to OXO apparently were related to the distributions of cholinergic neurochemical markers, especially high affinity muscarinic binding sites. PMID- 7108585 TI - Characterization of acetylcholinesterase in individual neurons in the leech central nervous system. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cholinergic and non cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of the leech. Intracellular AChE was assayed by pretreating intact ganglia with echothiophate to inhibit selectively extracellular enzyme. The concentration of intracellular AChE in cholinergic neurons was 3- to 24-fold higher than that in non-cholinergic cells. The properties of AChE in extracts of leech ganglia were similar to those of "true" acetylcholinesterase, although butyrylthiocholine was almost as good a substrate as acetylthiocholine. There was also cholinesterase activity in leech blood; this enzyme resembled butyrylcholinesterase. Sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation of Triton X-100 extracts of leech ganglia revealed a major peak of AChE activity at 6.5 S and a small peak at 4.3 S. The pattern of activity in the gradient was the same when intact ganglia were pretreated with echothiophate, although the total activity was reduced by 98%. Intact leech ganglia were stained for AChE activity with and without echothiophate pretreatment. In ganglia that had not been exposed to echothiophate, cholinesterase reaction product was deposited primarily on the ganglionic sheath. In pretreated ganglia, on the other hand, cholinesterase activity was concentrated within neuronal cell bodies. Electrophysiological identification and intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow prior to staining were used to confirm that most AChE-positive cells were cholinergic motoneurons. Two previously unidentified neurons staining for AChE were shown to be motoneurons. These results demonstrate that cholinergic motoneurons can be differentiated from other cells in the leech nervous system by their high intracellular concentration of AChE. PMID- 7108586 TI - Proportional secretion of opioid peptides and catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells in culture. AB - Bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were used to study the relationship between opioid peptide and catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla. Stimulation of chromaffin cells by acetylcholine, nicotine, veratridine, barium, or Ionomycin produced secretion of opioid peptides and catecholamines which was proportional to the cellular content of these substances. Nicotine-evoked secretion of opioid peptides and catecholamines was dependent on extracellular calcium and was blocked by d-tubocurarine. Increased cellular content of opioid peptides and decreased catecholamine content induced by treatment of chromaffin cells with reserpine or tetrabenazine were reflected in the secretion of proportionally larger amounts of opioid peptides and smaller amounts of catecholamines when compared with secretion of these substances from untreated cells. Peptides of up to 25,000 daltons that express opiate activity only following digestion with enzymes, such s trypsin and carboxypeptidase B, also are secreted from chromaffin cells in the same proportion of their cellular content as are catecholamines and opioid peptides. Opioid peptides were secreted in proportion to total catecholamines but not in proportion to either epinephrine or norepinephrine alone, suggesting that the peptides are secreted from both epinephrine- and norepinephrine-containing cells in the cultures. The results are consistent with the co-storage of opioid peptides and opiate receptor-inactive peptides containing enkephalin sequences in chromaffin vesicles and with the all or-none exocytotic secretion of chromaffin vesicles content in response to stimulation of the adrenal medulla. PMID- 7108588 TI - Cystic malformations of the posterior fossa. Abnormalities associated with the development of the roof of the fourth ventricle and adjacent meningeal structures. PMID- 7108587 TI - Neurite outgrowth and protein synthesis by PC12 cells as a function of substratum and nerve growth factor. AB - Numerous studies have implied that enhanced cell-substratum adhesion plays a role in neurite outgrowth by neuronal cells. Using an extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by cultured corneal endothelial cells, we have investigated attachment and de novo neurite outgrowth by the pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. PC12 cells were found to attach more rapidly and efficiently to the ECM than to plastic or collagen-coated surfaces. An extensive but temporary (5- to 10-day) neurite outgrowth occurred in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF) when cells were on the ECM. However, long term neurite survival and further elongation required NGF. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that protein(s) in the ECM has an important role in neurite outgrowth. Thus, NGF may not so much initiate neurite outgrowth as it stabilizes neurites. ECM and NGF also were found to modulate cellular protein synthesis by PC12 cells. On ECM, a decreased synthesis of many high molecular weight proteins (Mr greater than 85,000) was observed in comparison to that of cells on collagen-coated dishes. The presence of neurites (in the presence of absence of NGF) as associated with the induction of the synthesis of a cellular protein (Mr = 55,000 to 56,000 and pI of 5.6). NGF was found to increase markedly the synthesis of two secreted proteins, while it drastically reduced the synthesis of all others regardless of the substratum upon which the cells were maintained. PMID- 7108589 TI - Agenesis of the corpus callosum. PMID- 7108590 TI - Porencephaly. PMID- 7108591 TI - Supratentorial "arachnoia" cysts. PMID- 7108592 TI - Incidence of spinal column deformity after multilevel laminectomy in children and adults. AB - Fifty-eight patients, all less than 25 years of age, underwent multilevel laminectomy for conditions that in themselves do not usually cause spinal deformity. Spinal deformity developed in 46% (12 of 26) of the patients who were less than 15 years of age, but in only 6% (two of 32) of the patients aged 15 to 24 years. Spinal deformity developed in all (100%) patients who had cervical laminectomy, in 36% of those who had thoracic laminectomy, and in none (0%) of those who had lumbar laminectomy. There was no correlation between the occurrence of deformity and sex, number of laminae removed, neurological conditions after laminectomy, or length of time after surgery. PMID- 7108593 TI - Medulloblastoma and other primary malignant neuroectodermal tumors of the CNS. The effect of patients' age and extent of disease on prognosis. PMID- 7108594 TI - The neurosurgical management of optic glioma. Results in 104 patients. AB - A series of 104 patients with surgically verified optic nerve gliomas is presented. Anterior lesions primarily affecting the optic nerve were present in 42 patients, who have a long-term survival rate of 85.5%. Posterior lesions primarily affecting the optic chiasm were present in 62 patients, most of whom underwent radiation therapy postoperatively, and they have a long-term survival rate of 50%. Unequivocal signs of neurofibromatosis were present in 14%. On the basis of these findings and a review of the literature, recommendations are made for the surgical management of these tumors. PMID- 7108596 TI - Spinal cord pathways mediating somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - Using a CO2 laser, discrete thoracic spinal cord lesions were made in cats anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (Rompun). Differences in cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) produced with high-intensity stimulation (20 times the motor threshold) of each posterior tibial nerve determined for nine different combinations of unilateral spinal cord lesions. The results of these studies show that nerve fibers in the ipsilateral dorsal column, the ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract, and the contralateral ventrolateral tracts with respect to the side of leg stimulation, contribute to cortical SEP's. A lesion of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract affected only the early waves (less than 30 msec) of the SEP from leg stimulation ipsilateral to the side of the lesion, whereas a solitary lesion of the ventrolateral tract caused changes primarily in the amplitude of later waves (greater than 30 msec) of the SEP produced by contralateral leg stimulation. Lesions involving one-half of the dorsal column caused changes in the amplitude of both the early and late waves produced by stimulation ipsilateral to the side of the lesion. The effects of various combinations of lesions on the cortical SEP's were not additive, which indicates significant interaction between afferent pathways. These findings suggest that high-intensity peripheral nerve stimulation, which activates both C and A fibers, could be used intraoperatively to assess spinal cord function with more accuracy than the current practice of using a stimulus strength of twice the motor threshold. The importance of using anesthetic agents that do not depress cortical activity (which may affect the later components of the SEP) is also emphasized. PMID- 7108595 TI - Synergistic effect of perfluorochemicals on BCNU chemotherapy. Experimental study in a 9L rat brain-tumor model. AB - In a study of the effect of adding perfluorochemicals to BCNU chemotherapy, 7 X 10(5) 9L tumor cells were implanted in the right cerebral hemisphere of Fischer 344 rats weighting about 100 gm each. On the 7th day after implantation, rats were given BCNU or Fluosol-43 (perfluorochemical artificial blood substitute), or a combination of the two, and the therapeutic effects of these treatments were studied. Mean survival time of control animals was 15.23 days +/- 2.84 days (standard deviation); in the group treated with Fluosol-43 and kept in an oxygen chamber (95% O2, 5% CO2), survival time was 15.30 +/- 2.11 days. The BCNU treatment alone and BCNU in rats kept in an oxygen chamber prolonged the mean survival time to 20.90 +/- 3.80 days and 21.10 +/- 2.14 days, respectively. Survival times in rats receiving BCNU plus Fluosol and breathing normal air, BCNU plus dextran-40 and breathing normal air, and BCNU plus dextran-40 in an oxygen chamber were 21.20 +/- 2.63 days, 22.90 +/- 1.52 days, and 22.20 +/- 1.79 days, respectively. On the other hand, treatment with BCNU plus Fluosol-43 in rats kept in an oxygen chamber resulted in a significant increase of mean survival time of 32.27 +/- 4.80 days (p less than 0.005). From these results, it seems likely that Fluosol-43 with oxygen might have a synergistic effect for BCNU chemotherapy in malignant brain tumors. PMID- 7108597 TI - Radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy in treatment of symptomatic non-neoplastic facial pain. AB - Twenty patients suffering from non-neoplastic symptomatic facial pain underwent percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal thermo-rhizotomy. Fourteen patients had long-standing severe multiple sclerosis, two patients had intracranial aneurysms, three patients had basilar impression secondary to Paget's disease and developmental malformations of the skull, and one patient was suffering from chronic ocular pain that developed after retinal hemorrhage. Pain paroxysms similar to tic douloureux were present in patients with multiple sclerosis and in those with basilar impression, while continuous aching pain was present in the others. After thermo-rhizotomy, pain disappeared in all patients; however, at 1 to 4 years follow-up examination, a high recurrence rate (40%) was present in the multiple sclerosis group, and the percutaneous procedure was successfully repeated. In the patients with intracranial aneurysm not amenable to direct surgery, and in the other non-neoplastic diseases, complete pain relief was found at 4 years follow-up review. PMID- 7108598 TI - Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. Results with special reference to the late recurrence rate. PMID- 7108600 TI - Intracranial physiology and biomechanics. Clinical data on pressure-volume relationships and their interpretation. AB - The intracranial pressure-volume (PV) relationship was examined postoperatively after removal of brain tumors in two groups of patients (13 in all). Changes of ventricular fluid pressure were analyzed by a method involving fluid injection into the lateral ventricle. A technique has been developed which provides quantitative data on the PV relationship with minimal error. The results confirm the exponential nature of the PV relationships. Various parameters characterizing the intracranial volume compliance, the cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and their interrelationship were investigated. It was found that 1) intracranial PV dependence is accurately defined by three parameters; 2) in patients who are not critically ill delta P/ delta V at P = P mean does not vary statistically, and may be used as one of the important parameters to determine the regulation of the intracranial PV relationships. Examples are presented of the use of the data from the PV test for the control o the intracranial PV relationship. Examples are also given of the computation of volume redistribution in the cranium, both spontaneous and evoked by clinical tests. Analysis of the results allows the conclusion that the intracranial volume compliance concerned is an active compliance, which is controlled by the systems maintaining brain function. PMID- 7108599 TI - Choice of treatment of odontoid fractures. PMID- 7108601 TI - A comparative study of epidural and cisternal pressure in dogs. AB - The epidural and cisternal pressure was recorded simultaneously in eight dogs. Epidural pressure was monitored with a Ladd fiberoptic sensor, and the cisternal pressure via a Statham transducer and a Grass polygraphy. Various pressure levels were compared when mock cerebrospinal fluid was injected into the cisterna magna. The results were analyzed statistically and, within a range of 0 to 70 mm Hg, a high degree of correlation was found between the pressures of the two compartments (r = 0.96 to 1.0). PMID- 7108602 TI - Delineation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms by computerized angiotomography. AB - Unruptured aneurysms were diagnosed in 15 of 86 patients with cerebral aneurysms during 2 years beginning in April, 1979. One patient with severe head injury was excluded from the series. Fifteen aneurysms in the other 14 patients were first detected by computerized angiotomography. Six aneurysms were located in the middle cerebral artery, three in the upper half of the basilar artery, two in the anterior communicating artery, two in the posterior cerebral artery, and two at the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction (both in the same patient). Three were smaller than 5 mm, eight were between 6 and 10 mm, and four were larger than 10 mm. The noncontrast computerized tomography (CT) findings associated with 15 aneurysms were as follows: five showed defects in the basal cistern of Sylvian fissure, four were calcified or high-density masses, and in the six instances there was no evidence of an aneurysm. Unruptured aneurysms may be suggested by a well demarcated, round, isodense mass which forms a defect in the basal cistern of Sylvian fissure on a plain CT image, and are highly and homogeneously enhanced by computerized angiotomography. A carotid artery blood iodine level of 15 mg/ml is required to obtain clear images. The authors conclude that computerized angiotomography is useful in the delineation of unruptured aneurysms. PMID- 7108604 TI - Autoradiographic assessment of choroid plexus blood flow and glucose utilization in the unanesthetized rat. AB - Choroid plexus blood flow (CPBF) and glucose utilization (CPGU) were measured in two groups, each of seven identically prepared, unanesthetized rats, using complementary quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Both CPBF and CPGU were lowest in the lateral ventricles (0.83 +/- 0.01 . g-1 . min-1 and 0.70 +/- 0.02 mumoles . g-1 . min-1, respectively) and highest in the fourth ventricle (1.56 +/ 0.05 ml l g-1 . min-1 and 1.39 +/- 0.05 mumoles . g-1 . min-1, respectively). Despite this heterogeneity, the proportionate relationship between CPBF and CPGU was relatively constant throughout the ventricular system. This suggests that blood flow and metabolism may normally be coupled in the choroid plexus, and that the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle may account for a disproportionate share of the functional activity of this tissue. PMID- 7108605 TI - Persistence and late malignant transformation of childhood cerebellar astrocytoma. Case report. AB - A 5-year-old girl with juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma subsequently had multiple episodes of symptomatic recurrence over the course of 21 years of follow-up review. This lesion underwent histological transformation to an anaplastic small cell neoplasm 21 years after the initial resection and diagnosis. Late transformation of benign childhood cerebellar astrocytomas to malignant astrocytic tumors is very rare; transformation to an anaplastic small-cell neoplasm has not been reported previously. This case and other reported cases in which juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma recurred after a long interval indicate the requirement of long-term follow-up review of these patients before assuming either a cure or arrest of the tumor's growth. PMID- 7108606 TI - Primary intranasal encephalocele. Report of four cases. AB - Four cases of primary intranasal encephalocele are presented. Three of the patients had been treated for nasal polyps. One of these three patients presented with persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea after fourth a polypectomy, another with recurrent CSF rhinorrhea and bacterial meningitis following a second polypectomy, and the third case with recurrence of meningitis, also following polypectomy. Recurrent bacterial meningitis was the mode of presentation in the fourth case. Encephalocele was the isolated abnormality in three, but the fourth had a degree of associated hypertelorism. The diagnosis of encephalocele should be considered in any patient with a nasal polyp, especially in children and in patients with recurrent bacterial meningitis, with or without rhinorrhea, in the absence of cranial trauma or surgery, or in the absence of external craniospinal anatomical defects. PMID- 7108607 TI - Increase in size of cerebral angiomas. Case report. PMID- 7108603 TI - Compensatory growth following premature closure of the coronal suture in rabbits. AB - Premature closure of a cranial suture results in skull deformation characterized by inhibited skull growth in a direction perpendicular to the course of the affected suture. Early surgical release of the closed suture results in a "normal" skull morphology. The present experimental study measured alterations in growth at the transverse cranial sutures that occurred following induced premature closure of the coronal suture and its subsequent release in New Zealand White rabbits. Using roentgenocephalometric methods, growth and morphometric changes were monitored at the frontonasal, coronal, and anterior lambdoid sutures following premature closure of the coronal suture at 9 days of age. The results indicated that premature closure of the coronal suture did not result in compensatory (increased) growth at the other transverse sutures of the vault. In fact, growth at these sutures was significantly reduced. This reduced growth at adjacent transverse sutures was not ameliorated by early surgical release of the fused suture. PMID- 7108608 TI - Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerves. Report of four cases. PMID- 7108609 TI - Giant aneurysm of the pericallosal artery. Case report. AB - A case is reported of a thrombosed giant aneurysm of the pericallosal artery. Neurological presentation was attributable to the acute swelling of the aneurysmal mass after rapid and massive intraluminal thrombosis. This case demonstrates that initial symptoms in giant aneurysms may be related to the thrombotic events within the enlarged sac. The computerized tomography characteristics of this case are reported and discussed. PMID- 7108610 TI - A flow-regulating device to control differential pressure in CSF shunt systems. Technical note. AB - A method of regulating flow rate through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts with the addition of a flow-regulating device (FRD) is reported. The FRD consists of a small-caliber (0.4 mm) Teflon tube placed in the usual connector. This device has the advantage of converting the original shunt valves to valves for higher resistance flow without replacing the entire distal catheter. An experimental study revealed that this device reduced the CSF flow rate in the shunt by approximately 30%. The author has found it reliable in 32 patients, without causing CSF obstruction. The device is easily installed and removed. PMID- 7108611 TI - Thyroid uptake measurements with I-123: problems and pitfalls: concise communication. AB - The measurement of radioiodine uptake is generally considered to be straight forward and accurate. However, during the past two decades, discrepancies in "normal" thyroid uptake values have been noticed between Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center and the Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine. These differences were attributed to differences in patient population. Further investigation revealed that the persisting uptake discrepancies arose from neck phantom differences and variations in procedure. Differences in presumably standardized neck-phantom attenuation characteristics have been shown to cause large variations in count rates from I-123 and I-131 standard capsules. The effect of high-voltage fluctuation on phantom count rates is more pronounced with I-123 than with I-131. In constant levels of high-energy contaminants in I-123 also affect the uptake measurements. large errors in the measurements of thyroid uptake values may result from seemingly unimportant variations in technique. A stable high-voltage power supply, precise high-voltage adjustment, careful selection of energy window, and the use of a standardized neck phantom with generally accepted attenuation characteristics are absolutely essential if RAIU values are to be compared and appropriate therapeutic doses are to be administered based on these measurements. PMID- 7108612 TI - Gallium-67 scanning in nitrofurantoin-induced pulmonary reaction. PMID- 7108613 TI - Tc-99m-labeled polystyrene and cellulose macromolecules: agents for gastrointestinal scintigraphy. AB - Several polystyrene resin and cellulose derivatives were evaluated for potential use as Tc-99m-labeled particulate markers for studies of gastric emptying and intestinal transit time, and for imaging segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The polyamine and quaternary ammonium polystyrene resins bound pertechnetate (Tc- 99m) anions effectively; the labeling efficiency was over 95% at physiological pH values. In-vitro stability studies of Tc-99m-labeled resins in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid showed that less than 8% of the label was released after 24 h. The commercial resins dowex 2-XB, AG 1-X2, and Bio-Rex 9, labeled with Tc-99m, may be used as particulate markers of solid digesta in external scintigraphic studies of the gastrointestinal tract. Dowex 2-X8 showed relatively more extensive uptake of pertechnetate and greater stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. PMID- 7108614 TI - Dosimetry in lymphoscintigraphy of Tc-99m antimony sulfide colloid. AB - A quantitative kinetic technique using a scintillation camera has been developed for investigating lymph drainage and the uptake in the lymph nodes of 99mTcSb2S3 colloid injected subcutaneously. Twenty-two patients with primary malignant melanoma were examined. Lymph-node dissection was performed and 185 lymph nodes were individually measured for radioactivity. The kinetics of colloid uptake in individual nodes can be expressed by a simple two-compartment model. The outflow of colloid from the injection site was found to be monoexponential, and the tissue volume containing the injected colloid at the injection site increased asymptotically with time. A model has been developed for calculating absorbed doses at the injection site and in organs with colloid uptake. The following absorbed doses were estimated (muGy/MBq): whole body 0.7-4.5, gonads 0-22, liver 1.0-3.9, lymph nodes up to 1000 and injection site about 10,000. Possible biological effects in the skin and effective dose equivalents have been estimated when using other lymphoscintigraphic agents. PMID- 7108618 TI - Radionuclide diagnosis of tumors in the USSR. PMID- 7108616 TI - An interface between several cameras and two computers, using differential analog transmission. AB - A system has been built to allow up to four scintillation cameras to be connected in parallel with two computers, yet provide for selection of individual pairs of camera/computer combinations with the exclusion of unwanted connections. Since the distances involved were relatively long, signal drivers were used to transmit the analog signals in a differential mode over multiple twin-paired lines rather than coaxial cable. By transmitting the signals differentially, any noise induced on the signal was subtracted at the receiver. The principal features of this system, which has been installed in two institutions, are described. A problem that occurred in connection with one camera is presented (also its solution), with a suggestion concerning parameters to be assessed at the time of system acceptance. PMID- 7108619 TI - Re: compartmental analysis of the steady-state distribution of 15O2 in the total body. PMID- 7108620 TI - Free thyroxine RIA concentration (gammacoat) is spuriously elevated in blood collected in silicon-coated vacutainer tubes. PMID- 7108615 TI - Interpretation of multigated Fourier functional images. AB - First-harmonic Fourier analysis is currently used to aid in the interpretation of multigated cardiac studies. Its intrinsic inaccuracies are not generally appreciated. This study investigates the characteristics and magnitudes of the errors of this technique. The study analyzes computer-generated phantoms that isolate the various motions of the ventricles (contraction, translation, and rotation) with the first-harmonic approach. The first-harmonic output is compared with a more accurate fitting scheme using multiple terms of the Fourier expansion. Significant artifacts of the inaccuracy of the first harmonic appear in the phantom studies and are observed in patient examples. We conclude that caution is needed in interpreting first-harmonic phase and amplitude images, and particularly in associating them with parameters like the onset of contraction and the stroke volume. PMID- 7108621 TI - Binding of diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals to human serum albumin by sequential and equilibrium dialysis. PMID- 7108622 TI - Radionuclide techniques for valvular regurgitant index: comparison in patients with normal and depressed ventricular function. AB - We compared contrast angiography with three techniques of quantitating valvular regurgitation from radionuclide ventriculograms in 70 patients: 45 with documented regurgitation graded 1-4+, and 25 without regurgitation. The radionuclide "regurgitant index" (ratio of L to R ventricular stroke counts) was measured from fixed end-diastolic regions of interest (method A), from separate end-diastolic and end-systolic regions of interest (method B), and from a "stroke volume image" (method C). Sensitivities for detecting 1+ or more regurgitation were: method A = 57.8%, method B = 37.8% and method C = 62.2%. Sensitivities for detecting 2+ or more regurgitation were: method A = 74.2%, method B = 54.8%, and method C = 77.4%. All methods are greater than 97% specific. Interobserver coefficients of variability were: method A = 9.1%, method B = 19.2%, and method C = 5.4%. The sensitivity of each method was improved when left-ventricular ejection fractions were greater than 0.35. No method consistently differentiated between 2+, 3+, and 4+ valvular regurgitation. PMID- 7108624 TI - Influence of attenuation on radionuclide stroke volume determinations. AB - Using a method for determination of absolute volumes, including correcting for attenuation, we have explored the ability of the method to determine stroke volume in humans by radionuclide techniques. Thermodilution cardiac output determinations and multigated equilibrium blood-pool scintigraphy in the LAO view were performed simultaneously in twenty patients in which no evidence of intracardiac shunts or valvular disease was present. The correlation was good between the attenuated radionuclide and thermodilution stroke volume (r = 0.80, s.e.e. of estimate = 12 ml; SVtd = 2.31 x SVr + 18 ml). When correction for attenuation was made, the correlation improved (r = 0.96, s.e.e. = 6 ml) and approached the line of identity (SVtd = 0.99 x SVr + 1.2 ml). The correlation was also good between radionuclide cardiac output, corrected for attenuation, and the thermodilution cardiac output (r = 0.89, s.e.e. = 0.36 l/min; COtd = 0.86 x COr + 0.67 l/min). Thus our method of correction for attenuation in the determination of absolute left-ventricular volumes has been shown to provide a reliable, noninvasive means of calculating stroke volume and cardiac output in humans, without the use of geometric assumptions or regression equations. PMID- 7108625 TI - Noncardiac, nontomographic applications of the slant-hole collimator: concise communication. PMID- 7108626 TI - Radioimmunoassay of cocaine in hair: concise communication. PMID- 7108623 TI - Necropsy of a cadaver containing 50 mCi of sodium131 iodide. AB - A patient who received an oral dose of iodine-131 for the treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma unexpectedly died with a large total-body retention of the radioiodine. An autopsy was required and the family requested the body to be transported out of state to their home town. Since the radiation intensity near the surface of the cadaver was above 200 mR/hr, advanced planning and special precautions were necessary in order for the autopsy to proceed safely. This required the immediate cooperation of the pathologists, nuclear medicine physicians, health physicists, an endocrine oncologist, and other hospital staff. As a result of team efforts, personnel radiation exposures were kept as low as reasonably achievable, contamination of the autopsy room was minimal, and the radiation level of the cadaver was adequately reduced for safe transport and burial. PMID- 7108627 TI - Scintigraphic demonstration of ventriculo atrial conduction in the ventricular pacemaker syndrome. AB - A patient with the sick-sinus syndrome was evaluated because of symptomatic deterioration after insertion of a ventricular demand pacemaker. Clinical features of the ventricular pacemaker syndrome were recognized and confirmed by electrophysiological and hemodynamic studies. Phase analysis--a new technique for detecting patterns of cardiac emptying from gated cardiac blood-pool scintigrams- demonstrated a pattern consistent with 1:1 ventriculo-atrial conduction. Phase analysis of the gated cardiac blood-pool scintigram may be useful in the assessment of patients with ventricular demand pacemakers who complain of fatigue and effort intolerance. PMID- 7108628 TI - [75Se]Selenomethylcholesterol uptake in familial congenital Cushing's. PMID- 7108629 TI - Chemical and in vivo studies of the anion oxo[N,N'-ethylenebis(2 mercaptoacetimido)]Technetate(V). AB - Studies of the anionic coordination complex 99Tc-oxo[N,N'-ethylene-bis(2 mercaptoacetimido)]technetate(V) ([TcO(ema)]-) are described. Syntheses performed both at carrier levels (10(-5)M) and with no carrier added (less than 10(-8)M) indicate that the complex is formed virtually quantitatively from pertechnetate ion over this range. Tissue distributions in normal rats are similar at both concentrations up to one hour after administration. It has been shown--using a combination of high-pressure liquid chromatography and field-desorption mass spectrometry--that the anion is excreted unchanged into both urine and bile. The effectiveness of this N2S2 donor set in sequestering Tc-99m, and the in vivo stability of the resulting complex, suggest that modified chelates of this structural class could provide a series of useful diagnostic agents. PMID- 7108617 TI - The unit operations approach applied to the synthesis of [1(-11)C]2-deoxy-D glucose for routine clinical applications. AB - An approach to the design of remote semiautomated chemical processing systems has been developed and tested in more than 750 production runs. This design stresses the idea of unit operations, which allows maximum flexibility while maintaining the highest possible standards regarding safety, reliability, efficiency, and practicality. Application of this approach has resulted in the development of a simple and reliable remote semiautomated synthesis system for the routine production of [1(-11)C]2-deoxy-D-glucose. Use of this system results in the preparation of a sterile, pyrogen-free product suitable for human injection after a synthesis time of 50 min, with radiochemical purity of greater than 98% and yields (25-30%) permitting quantitative measurements using positron computed tomography. PMID- 7108631 TI - A dual collimator design for beat-to-beat measurement of cardiac performance with an Anger camera. AB - A dual collimator was designed for an Anger camera to permit measurement of cardiac performance on a beat-to-beat basis. Special all-purpose (SAP) and special high-sensitivity (SHS) collimator sections can be interchanged without movement of the patient. Thus, left-ventricular regions of interest delineated on SAP multigated images can be transferred to SHS dynamic images to generate beat to-beat volume curves. Preliminary balloon studies demonstrated an excellent correlation between ejection fractions calculated with the two collimators: r greater than 0.99, n = 17, p less than 0.001. Varying the volume of an adjacent "right ventricle" balloon failed to alter significantly the count rate from the "left ventricle" balloon's region of interest. Preliminary results on 12 patients, comparing standard-camera ejection fractions with average beat-to-beat ejection fractions, showed that is is possible to measure cardiac function on a beat-to-beat basis with a single-crystal gamma camera. There was minimal difference between the ejection fractions calculated by the dual-collimator method and a standard gated technique (r = 0.98, n = 12, p less than 0.001). PMID- 7108632 TI - Co-existing Klinefelter's syndrome, sublingual thyroid, and hypothyroidism. PMID- 7108630 TI - An efficient method for loading indium-111 into liposomes using acetylacetone. AB - The efficient loading of high levels of In-111 into the inner aqueous compartment of liposomes can be achieved using a water-soluble lipophilic chelate, acetylacetone. The loading method involves the incubation of the acetylacetone-In 111 complex with liposomes entrapping 1mM nitrilotriacetic acid. The loading process is carried out in isotonic saline, 10 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.6, at room temperature. Results indicate that In-111 ions are concentrated in the internal aqueous compartment of liposomes by acetylacetone, which mediates the transport of In-111 ions across the outermost lipid bilayer of liposomes, permitting subsequent transfer to the encapsulated nitrilotriacetic acid. As much as 90% of the acetylacetone-chelated In-111 becomes internalized in the aqueous compartment of liposomes and bound by entrapped nitrilotriacetic acid. Using liposomes made from bovine brain shingomyelin/cholesterol, our results indicate that the loaded liposomes retain the entrapped internally bound In-111 even after incubation with serum at 37 degrees C for 24 hr. PMID- 7108633 TI - A new immunoradiometric method for the determination of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in free cells. PMID- 7108634 TI - Methodological assessment and applications of a radioimmunoassay for thromboxane (TxB2) to measurement of TxB2 release by platelets. PMID- 7108635 TI - Radioimmunoassay of trypsin-like immunoreactivity in dried blood spots. PMID- 7108636 TI - Cyclotrons for medical use: characteristics and installation aspects. PMID- 7108638 TI - Energy balance and mitochondrial function in liver and brown fat of rats fed "cafeteria" diets of varying protein content. AB - Rats fed "cafeteria" diets with low (7%, LP) normal (23%, NP) or high (33%, HP) protein contents showed increases in metabolizable energy intake (kJ/kg 0.75, 23 41%) and in energy expenditure (36%) compared to controls fed stock diet (27% protein). The high metabolic rates were inhibited by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. All rats fed cafeteria diets deposited more fat than controls, but the LP diet depressed growth, and these animals also showed the lowest energetic efficiency. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and protein content were increased in all groups fed cafeteria diets, but the largest changes occurred in LP-fed animals, and the smallest in the HP group. Hepatic mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate shuttle activity and plasma triiodothyronine levels were elevated twofold in rats fed LP cafeteria diet compared to controls, but the other cafeteria diet groups showed little or no changes, and shuttle activity in BAT was not affected by any of the diets. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were similar for control, NP and HP animals, whereas glucose levels were slightly lower and insulin levels were very much lower in the rats fed LP cafeteria diet. PMID- 7108637 TI - Thyroxine and triiodothyronine equilibrium in human normal and leukemic leukocytes. PMID- 7108639 TI - Selenium in the testis of the rat: studies on its regulation and its importance for the organism. AB - In male rats, fed for 10 weeks on a Torula yeast-based, low selenium and low vitamin E diet, the selenium level and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood and in several tissues decreased by 50 to 98% compared with animals that received the same basal diet supplemented with 0.25 mg Se/kg sodium selenite. In the testes, however, the selenium content did not differ from that of the control animals. Despite the low selenium levels in the extragonadal tissues and their increased requirement of this element due to the low vitamin E status, the selenium from an intravenously injected dose of sodium selenite was retained above all in the testes. After the removal of the pituitary gland, because of the decrease in the testicular mass and in the selenium content in the remaining testicular tissue, the amount of selenium in the testes was greatly reduced. After administration of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS), due to the regeneration of the tissue and the simultaneous restoration of the selenium content, a relatively large amount of this element was shifted to the testes even though the selenium status in the other tissues was low. The results of these studies show that the selenium level in the male gonads is maintained by regulation mechanisms and that the supply of sufficient amounts of selenium to the testes has priority over the supply to other tissues. PMID- 7108640 TI - Effect of selenium and vitamin E deficiency on nitrofurantoin toxicity in the chick. AB - The acute toxicity of nitrofurantoin was studied in the young chick deficient in selenium (Se) and/or vitamin E (E). This new and potentially valuable animal model proved to be very sensitive to the toxicity of this nitro drug. The 48-hour LD50 for nitrofurantoin decreased from 148 mg/kg in the Se- and E-supplemented chicks to 53 mg/kg in Se- and E-deficient chicks. The addition of Se (0.10 ppm as Na2SeO3) alone, but not E (100 IU/kg diet as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) reduced the toxicity of nitrofurantoin, so that the LD50 for the chicks given Se alone was the same as the LD50 for the E- and Se-fed chicks. Se and E deficiency significantly decreased the Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase and the plasma tocopherol levels. Hepatic glutathione content, hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase were unchanged by the dietary treatments. However, a toxic dose of nitrofurantoin significantly decreased hepatic glutathione content over time. These data support the concept that the toxicity of this drug may be mediated in part by an oxidative stress generated by the futile reductive metabolism of the parent compound. PMID- 7108642 TI - Lactational response to exogenous growth hormone and abomasal infusion of a glucose- sodium caseinate mixture in high-yielding dairy cows. AB - Milk production responses to 1) growth hormone injections (51.5 IU/day), 2) a mixture of glucose (274 g/day) and sodium caseinate (441 g/day) infused into the abomasum, 3) a combination treatment, and 4) a placebo treatment were determined in 4 cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatment periods were 10 days, and production responses were based on the last 5 days of each treatment. Growth hormone administration increased milk yield 15.2% without changing milk composition or feed intake. Infusions of glucose-sodium caseinate into the abomasum increased milk yield 3.9% and milk protein yield 6.4% but when combined with growth hormone treatment did not stimulate a greater response than observed for growth hormone alone. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone were increased 4-fold with growth hormone injections but were not affected by the infusion of glucose-sodium caseinate into the abomasum. There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, prolactin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine or cortisol with any of the treatments. Growth hormone increased milk synthesis and the efficiency of milk production, but its effect was not enhanced by the postruminal supply of additional nutrients. PMID- 7108641 TI - Role of exercise-training in the prevention of hyperinsulinemia caused by high energy diet. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine whether exercise-training done in combination with feeding a high energy diet could modulate carbohydrate metabolism. Male rats were divided into exercise-trained or sedentary groups that received either a palatable high energy diet or merely standard laboratory diet. After 10 weeks of training, the animals were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Body weight, epididymal fat pads, and adipocyte volume were reduced following training. The results also showed that exercise-training protects against deterioration of glucose tolerance produced by high energy diet. Training prevented the elevation of basal as well as glucose challenged insulin levels induced by the high energy diet in spite of a high fat as well as high overall energy intake. A highly significant coefficient of correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.01) was observed between the size of adipocytes and the insulin response to glucose load and suggests that the prevention of hyperinsulinemia in rats fed high energy foods while training could be associated with the ability to prevent obesity. PMID- 7108643 TI - Role of fluoride in formation of urinary calculi: studies in rats. AB - The effect of fluoride on urinary calculi formation in young rats was investigated. Two studies, in which rats received diets that included either higher calcium (9 g/kg diet) or normal calcium (5 g/kg diet), were conducted At each level of calcium, one group of rats received a high level of fluoride and another a low level of fluoride in the diet. Rats ingesting high fluoride diets exhibited a higher incidence of crystalluria and bladder stones compared with those receiving low fluoride diets. However, compared with higher calcium diets, normal calcium diets delayed the appearance of crystalluria and produced smaller calculi. Calcium and oxalate were the major components of the calculi. Calculi of rats fed the higher calcium and high fluoride diet contained relatively less protein and more calcium compared with calculi formed in rats ingesting the higher calcium and low fluoride diet. The concentration of fluoride in calculi from rats fed high fluoride diets was significantly higher than that of calculi from rats fed low fluoride diets. A significant positive correlation between calcium and fluoride concentration of calculi was observed in rats fed the higher calcium diet only. These studies indicate that ingestion of excess fluoride facilities calcium oxalate crystalluria and promotes the formation of bladder stones in rats, under the experimental conditions used. PMID- 7108644 TI - Effect of dietary phospholipids and their constituent bases on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in rats. AB - To evaluate alterations of serum lipoproteins, liver lipids and fecal sterol excretion caused by feeding a crude soybean phospholipid preparation, the effect of purified phospholipids and phospholipid bases were studied in rats. Soybean phosphatidylcholine preparations showed no effect on serum lipoproteins and liver lipids. Egg yolk phospholipid, which contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, caused a decrease in serum cholesterol and apoprotein A-I and an increase in serum apoprotein B and liver cholesterol. Ethanolamine, but not choline and inositol, showed an effect on serum lipoproteins similar to egg yolk phospholipid. All phospholipids tested increased fecal excretion of neutral sterols. It is suggested that phosphatidylethanolamine exerts marked influence on serum lipoprotein levels. PMID- 7108652 TI - [The influence of optical reversal on standing posture of normal subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108646 TI - Localized effects of spatial frequency adaptation. AB - The spatially localized threshold-elevation aftereffect of spatial-frequency adaptation was measured by using localized, aperiodic test patterns that have bandpass Fourier transforms. At a given retinal location, the threshold-elevation curves are consistent with the fatigue of size-turned mechanisms with center surround sensitivity profile. Only a few different sizes of such mechanisms were required to fit the local results. The local aftereffect was also measured as a function of eccentricity near the fovea. The results indicate that the threshold elevation aftereffect of spatial-frequency adaptation is not spatially homogeneous. PMID- 7108647 TI - Inferring local surface orientation from motion fields. AB - The problem of inferring local surface orientation from changing images is studied computationally by deriving conditions under which the motion information is sufficient for an information processing system, biological or otherwise, to infer unique descriptions of the local surface orientation. The analysis is based on shape-from-motion proposition, which states, that given the first spatial derivatives of the orthographically projected velocity and acceleration fields of a rigidly rotating regular surface, then the angular velocity and the surface normal at each visible point on that surface are uniquely determined up to a reflection. The proof proceeds in two steps. First it is shown that surface tilt and one component of the angular velocity are uniquely determined by the first spatial derivatives of the velocity field. Then it is shown that surface slant and the remaining two components of the angular velocity are uniquely determined if the first spatial derivatives of the acceleration field are also available. PMID- 7108650 TI - [Electron microscopic observations on lymphatic capillaries of nasal polyps (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108651 TI - [Use of elemental diet for nutritional management of the patients with head and neck tumor (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108649 TI - [Cancer at the cervico-thoracic junction of the esophagus. Report of a case (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108653 TI - [A clinical study on noise deafness. 3. Effects of pneumatization of the temporal bone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108645 TI - Nonmotor component of fusional response to vertical disparity: a second look using an afterimage method. AB - An afterimage method has been used to investigate the relative magnitudes of the nonmotor and motor components of the fusional response to vertical disparity in a complex visual stimulus of diameter 57 degrees consisting of 50 horizontal lines and a square of side 2.5 degrees in the middle. The largest vertical disparity that evoked a stable fusional response was found to be in the range 3-6 degrees, of which the nonmotor component amounted only to 8-15', i.e., 2-10% of the total. At these fusional amplitudes, binocular single vision was already disrupted in the foveola. When the 50 horizontal lines were omitted from the stimulus so that only the central square of side 2.5 degrees remained, the fusional amplitudes decreased by only 25% while the absolute level of the nonmotor components remained the same. The nonmotor components found here are much smaller than those (amounting to about 2 degrees, or 25-40% of the total response) reported recently in the literature. PMID- 7108654 TI - [Clinical studies of recurrent nerve paralysis]. PMID- 7108657 TI - Infantile hypophosphatasia: enzyme replacement therapy by intravenous infusion of alkaline phosphatase-rich plasma from patients with Paget bone disease. AB - Enzyme replacement therapy for a severely affected 6-month-old girl with hypophosphatasia was attempted by repeated intravenous infusions of alkaline phosphatase-rich plasma, obtained by plasmapheresis, from two men with Paget bone disease. Circulating Paget AP activity was found to have a half-life (two days) similar to that reported in adults, which did not change during a five-week period of six AP infusions. Normalization of the patient's serum AP activity was followed by better control of her hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Sequential radiographic studies revealed arrest of worsening rickets with slight remineralization of metaphyses, although urinary excretion of the AP substrates phosphoethanolamine and inorganic pyrophosphate was unaltered by therapy. Our findings suggest that the infantile form of hypophosphatasia results from defective production of AP rather than from accelerated destruction of circulating enzyme, and that hydrolysis of AP substrates like PEA and PPi occurs primarily in tissue rather than blood. Study of additional cases of hypophosphatasia will be necessary to assess the clinical efficacy of this form of enzyme replacement therapy. PMID- 7108656 TI - Glomerular basement membrane attenuation in familial nephritis and "benign" hematuria. AB - Lamination of the basement membrane has been considered to be the lesion characteristic of familial nephritis and attenuation to be the lesion of "Benign" familial hematuria. Electron micrographs were reviewed of 57 children who had renal biopsies for persistent hematuria. Attenuation or lamination of the glomerular capillary basement membrane was found in each. Twenty of the 57 children had familial nephritis; 20 had familial hematuria; and 17 had no involved relatives. Follow-up data were available for 14 of 20 children with familial nephritis, 12 of 20 with familial hematuria, and 12 of 17 with sporadic hematuria for 13.6 +/- 6.3, 6.7 +/- 4.6, and 7.0 +/- 4.8 years, respectively, after discovery of hematuria. Five children developed end-stage renal disease: three with familial nephritis, one with familial hematuria, and one with sporadic hematuria. Only two no longer had hematuria. Attenuation of the glomerular capillary basement membrane was seen in every biopsy, whereas lamination was not. Because hematuria and ultrastructural abnormalities were findings shared by all the children, we suggest the possibility that familial nephritis, and familial or sporadic hematuria as defined in this study, may be variations in a spectrum of inherited abnormality or abnormalities in the formation of the glomerular capillary basement membrane. PMID- 7108655 TI - Prognosis of imparied glucose tolerance in children with stress hyperglycemia, symptoms of hypoglycemia, or asymptomatic glucosuria. AB - Thirty-seven children and youths were ascertained because of stress hyperglycemia (3), asymptomatic glucosuria (21), or symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia (13); 17 of them met the National Diabetes Data Group criteria for impaired glucose tolerance. Three ascertained because of glucosuria developed symptomatic insulin dependent diabetes over the subsequent 14 months. They had more severe hyperglycemia and/or deficient insulin responses compared to those with normal tests or those with IGT who did not develop IDD. Insulin responses relative to glycemia were significantly age related and did not differ between the normal and IGT groups (excluding the three who developed IDD). The two-hour oral glucose tolerance test may be of value in young persons who have had stress hyperglycemia or asymptomatic glucosuria to rule out abnormality in a standardized manner or to detect preclinical IDD. Patients with autonomic symptoms may have transitory IGT as a concomitant manifestation of life stress; glucose tolerance testing of them appears unwarranted in the absence of other compelling symptoms or a family history of IDD. PMID- 7108648 TI - [Clinical investigation on pneumatization of the temporal bone. 1. Influence on diseases of inner ear (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108658 TI - Fluid therapy in the neonate--concepts in transition. PMID- 7108660 TI - Cluster headaches in childhood. PMID- 7108659 TI - Reported measles in persons immunologically primed by prior vaccination. PMID- 7108661 TI - A patient-activated radio frequency pacemaker system: therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 7108662 TI - Acquired distal aganglionosis of the colon. PMID- 7108663 TI - Late development of chronic renal failure in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 7108664 TI - Membranous glomerulonephropathy with tubular dysfunction and linear tubular basement membrane IgG deposition. PMID- 7108665 TI - Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome: a new malformation syndrome of postnatal dwarfism, mental retardation, unusual face, and protruding ears. PMID- 7108666 TI - Diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccination and sudden infant deaths in Tennessee. PMID- 7108667 TI - Furosemide prevents the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. AB - To determine if furosemide would prevent the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus, 19 premature infants were randomized into two groups: nine received indomethacin alone, and ten received indomethacin followed immediately by furosemide. There was no significant difference between the groups in birth weight, gestational age, postnatal age, and in cardiopulmonary or renal status at the time of study. Infants who received indomethacin and furosemide had significantly higher urine output (P less than 0.05), higher FENa and FECl (P less than 0.01), and higher glomerular filtration rate (P less than 0.05) than those of infants who received indomethacin alone. Seven infants in each group responded to indomethacin therapy with disappearance of PDA murmur and improvement of cardiovascular status. The results of this study suggest that furosemide may prevent the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy and yet not affect the efficacy of indomethacin in the closure of a PDA. PMID- 7108669 TI - Macroscopic hemoglobinuria in a neonate with massive blood aspiration. PMID- 7108668 TI - Serum C-reactive protein and problems of newborn infants. PMID- 7108671 TI - Prolonged seizures associated with the use of viscous lidocaine. PMID- 7108670 TI - Anticoagulant therapy by continuous heparinization in newborn and older infants. AB - In order to evaluate the metabolism and anticoagulant effect of heparin in the newborn infant and young child, 15 babies were monitored during continuous intravenous heparinization for documented large vessel thromboses. Infants with the most significant thromboses had the highest clearance rates for heparin. Plasma heparin levels in the therapeutic range (0.3 to 0.5 U/ml) and clinical resolution of the thrombi were associated with heparin doses of 16 to 35 U/kg/hour (mean = 27 U/kg/hour). A micro whole blood clotting time was evaluated and shown to be a useful guide to heparin effect in these infants. With the exception of excessive oozing from puncture sites in one infant, no complications of heparin therapy were noted. The newborn infant appears to require a larger amount of heparin than adults in order to achieve adequate heparinization. PMID- 7108672 TI - Effect of pancuronium on bilirubin-albumin binding. PMID- 7108677 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux and apnea. PMID- 7108673 TI - Hemodialysis reduces the unbound phenytoin in plasma. PMID- 7108678 TI - Autosomal dominant microcephaly. PMID- 7108676 TI - Psychosocial aspects of constitutional short stature: social competence, behavior problems, self-esteem, and family functioning. AB - To determine the psychosocial effects of short stature, we administered a battery of psychologic tests to 24 children (ages 6 to 12 years) with constitutional short stature. Their results were compared to those of a group of 23 healthy children with normal stature matched for age, IQ, sex, and socioeconomic status. The short children had significantly higher scores on parental ratings of behavioral difficulties, especially somatic complaints, social withdrawal, and schizoidal tendencies. There were also indications of impaired self-concept as expressed by feelings of unpopularity and dissatisfaction. Parental responses suggested a tendency to set less clear limits on behavior, but not necessarily toward overprotectiveness. Parents of short children also gave responses indicating poorer communication and cooperation among family members. In contrast to recent studies of growth hormone-deficient children, in which no maladjustment surfaced, these results indicate that children with constitutional delay have characteristic behavioral difficulties. PMID- 7108679 TI - Hyperbilirubinemia secondary to delayed absorption of intraperitoneal blood following intrauterine transfusion. PMID- 7108674 TI - Glucocorticoid activity in cord serum: comparison of hydrocortisone and betamethasone regimens. PMID- 7108675 TI - Therapeutic choices made by patients with end-stage cancer. AB - The Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital Oncology Service has developed a new approach for its patients with end-stage cancer. The emphasis is on the patients' acknowledgement of the progression of the disease and the imminence of death, and informed choice between the use of research drugs and no further chemotherapy. Forty-three patients between 6 and 20 years of age participated in a conference of this type. The results demonstrated that they understood that their health was declining. They decided about further therapy autonomously or together with their family. The majority of children who chose supportive care without chemotherapy and lived for a period of time, participated in activities at home as far as their state of health permitted. Severe depression and severe behavioral problems occurred rarely. There was evidence that this open approach enabled patients and family members to communicate openly with each other. PMID- 7108680 TI - Bioavailability of theophylline products. PMID- 7108682 TI - Obstructive uropathy re vesicoureteral reflux. PMID- 7108681 TI - The neurotoxicity of L-asparaginase revisited. PMID- 7108686 TI - One-year follow-up of elective surgery child patients receiving preoperative preparation. PMID- 7108684 TI - Psychological consultation on a pediatric infant division. PMID- 7108685 TI - Effect of mother presence on children's reaction to aversive procedures. PMID- 7108683 TI - Early adult-infant interaction: expectable sequences of behavior. PMID- 7108687 TI - Nursery school children's temperament related to sex, birth position, and socioeconomic status. PMID- 7108688 TI - Correlates of control in pediatric cancer patients and their families. PMID- 7108690 TI - A comment on Epstein et al.'s "comparison of family-based behavior modification and nutrition education for childhood obesity". PMID- 7108689 TI - Elective mutism: learning from the analysis of a successful case history. PMID- 7108691 TI - A failure-to-thrive infant at play: applications of microanalysis. PMID- 7108692 TI - The predictive validity of neonatal intensive care nurses' judgments of parent child relationships: a nine-month follow-up. PMID- 7108693 TI - Mental retardation and head growth abnormalities. PMID- 7108694 TI - Family coping with childhood leukemia: one year after diagnosis. PMID- 7108695 TI - Reduction of pica in young children with lead poisoning. PMID- 7108696 TI - Characteristics of families completing and prematurely discontinuing a behavioral parent-training program. PMID- 7108697 TI - Monocular congenital cataract. PMID- 7108698 TI - Saccadic velocities of horizontal rectus muscles in twenty-five normal humans. AB - We measured horizontal saccadic velocities for 20 degrees saccades in 25 normal humans. Percent differences for various muscle pairs were calculated for each subject. For example, percent differences of the antagonist muscles averaged +4.9 +/- 10% and percent differences of symmetrical muscles averaged -9.2 +/- 9%. This percent difference type of data, previously unreported, allows more accurate detection of pathology in a given patient than comparison of a single saccadic velocity with an average of normals because of large intersubject variability. We also found ways to make the performance of the test more convenient and the calculations significantly more accurate (0.001). These will be described. The average speed of a horizontal rectus saccade was 396 +/- 53 degrees/sec. PMID- 7108699 TI - Penalization treatment of amblyopia: a follow-up study of two years in older children. AB - Penalization therapy for strabismic amblyopia is indicated in the group over six years of age. Good visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved and maintained at least for two years in 74% of the 38 cases reported. Deep amblyopia of 6/60 or less is no contraindication to treatment, success being achieved in 50% of this group. It seems that previous occlusion treatment diminishes the rate of success. Close supervision during the treatment is mandatory to assure the desired use of the amblyopic eye. PMID- 7108700 TI - Defective vision among Kuwaiti students. AB - A study, which was intended to find out the main causes of defective vision among Kuwaiti students, yielded the following results: The percentage of defective vision among 139,769 Kuwaiti students is 0.099%. Hereditary and genetic causes are responsible for 75.5% of the cases. Recessive inheritance account for 36.2% Autosomal dominant account for 34.3% Sex linked 9.5% Multifactorial 20.0% Forty nine cases (of the total number of hereditary and genetic cases), i.e., 46.7% are the product of consanguineous marriages. Inflammatory causes account for 20.9%. The most common cause is neglected cases of muco-purulent and purulent conjunctivitis, becoming corneal ulcers and ensuing complications. This accounts for 62.1% of the total number of inflammatory causes. Traumatic, metabolic, and neoplastic causes account for 3.6%. Comparative data between England and Wales, Australia, Cyprus and Lebanon together with recommendations for improvement are discussed. PMID- 7108701 TI - Loss of accommodation and the near response in Wilson's disease. PMID- 7108702 TI - Duane's retraction syndrome -- plus. PMID- 7108703 TI - Keratometry readings in infants. PMID- 7108704 TI - Myo-scleral union in retroequitorial myopexy. PMID- 7108705 TI - Increase in retinal surface area during infancy and childhood. AB - Retinal surface area was calculated from measurements made on the eyes of 33 patients ranging in age from six-months of gestation to six-postnatal years. Retinal surface area increased dramatically during the last months of gestation and more gradually in the first two postnatal years. Thereafter the rate of increase was small. These data provide a background against which regional shifts in the cell density of the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium can be studied. PMID- 7108706 TI - Uses of fascia in ophthalmology and the benefits of autogenous sources. AB - Fascia has long been available for use in ophthalmology. Although slow in its development, it has been used in a variety of clinical entities; ptosis, telecanthus, retinal detachment, scleral wall defects, impending or extruded implants, lower lid ptosis, and retracted upper lids. It is a versatile, ideal tissue for the use in repair and reconstruction of the eye and adenexa. Although complications are minimal, they can virtually be eliminated by using autogenous fascia. The increased surgical time and minimal patient morbidity are justified by the decrease in the complication rate. Autogenous fascia is not recommended in children under 3 1/2 years of age due to the small size of the leg. PMID- 7108707 TI - Advantages of a cross-correlation technique for ERG measurement in children. AB - The measurement of ERGs of infants and children suspected of having retinal dysfunction can present some significant practical problems. Often the degree of cooperation is less than ideal, the stimulus actually reaching the retina may vary, and the level of background electrical activity can mask small responses. Single flash ERGs often are not adequate in such circumstances, and usually it is advantageous to use some form of noise reduction. Conventional averaging techniques can be used, but one disadvantage is the time required to average a significant number of responses. The use of rapid, pseudorandomly timed stimuli and a cross-correlation signal recovery procedure offers some theoretical and practical advantages. Usually a better defined response (with a higher signal-to noise ratio) can be obtained in a relatively short time, sometimes in a few seconds. In addition, the pseudorandomly timed flash stimuli inherently contain a wide range of frequencies, so that in effect the frequency response of the outer layers of the retina is being measured. Some clinical examples will be described to illustrate the practical application of this procedure for measuring the cone and rod ERGs of young patients. PMID- 7108708 TI - Isolated, bilateral orbital mass lesions during childhood. AB - A 9-year-old female developed bilateral orbital masses over four months without associated orbital inflammation or systemic disease. Orbital biopsy documented an unusual presentation of childhood pseudotumor. Nine days following surgery orbital inflammatory signs appeared suddenly and involved both the unoperated and biopsied orbits equally. These orbital lesions resolved completely after three months of systemic corticosteroid therapy. The sudden and progressive development of palpable bilateral orbital mass lesions rarely occurs in children without readily identifiable systemic disease. The 9-year-old girl described herein acquired bilateral orbital space-occupying lesions without evidence of ocular, orbital, or systemic abnormalities. PMID- 7108709 TI - Infantile idiopathic hypercalciuria, high congenital myopia, and atypical macular coloboma: a new oculo-renal syndrome? AB - Four cases of infantile idiopathic hypercalciuria with high congenital myopia and atypical macular coloboma are discussed; two of them are brother and sister. The eye examination shows bilateral congenital myopia of more than 10 diopters in every case. In the fundus examination, there is a bilateral macular colobomatous lesion in two of them and monocular lesion in the remaining ones. Hypercalciuria is considered to be due to renal tubulus malformation. The macular atypical coloboma etiopathogenesis is discussed, with comment on the malformative, dystrophic and inflammatory hypothesis, having discarded the usual inflammatory etiologies. We have only found two cases similar to these in the literature, Given the relative scarce occurrence of each of the three mentioned clinical features we suggest the possibility of a new oculo-renal syndrome rather than a coincidental association. PMID- 7108710 TI - Solitary thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. AB - Thirty-nine children and adolescents with a solitary nodule of the thyroid gland were seen over a 16-yr period and 35 had their nodules removed surgically. All of the patients had preoperative thyroid scintiscans, of which 27 showed a cold nodule. The most common cause of solitary thyroid nodules was follicular adenoma. Five of the 27 cold nodules were malignant (18.5%) while no malignancies were present in the warm or hot nodules. Available diagnostic methods of attempting differentiation of benign from malignant solitary nodules are reviewed and an approach to the clinical management of such nodules as derived from our experience is presented. PMID- 7108711 TI - A method of delayed esophageal anastomosis for high-risk congenital esophageal atresia with additional intraabdominal anomalies; transgastric balloon "fistulectomy". PMID- 7108712 TI - Vertebral anomalies and duodenal atresia. PMID- 7108713 TI - Acute pancreatitis: the difficulties of diagnosis and therapy. AB - Acute pancreatitis in children is uncommon but is being recognized frequently. Twenty-four children provided clinical data to review the various manifestations and therapy of acute pancreatitis, all of these patients having survived a clinical episode. Recognition of acute pancreatitis has been improved by the advent of new diagnostic procedures such as serum amylase isoenzymes, amylase/creatinine ratio, ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, and peritoneal lavage. The causative factors in our series were: trauma, biliary disease,, viral (mumps), and steroid therapy. Treatment of acute pancreatitis was nonsurgical unless a specific surgical lesion was present. PMID- 7108714 TI - Dicephalus dipus conjoined twins: a surgical separation and review of previously reported cases. PMID- 7108715 TI - Lipoblastoma in infants and children. AB - Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are rare benign tumors of embryonal fat with a tendency to local invasion but not to metastasize. To date, there have been 60 cases described in the international literature. There has never been a report in a child older than 8 yr. The main clinical characteristics are the presentation, usually below 3 yr of age, the rapid growth of the mass and the peripheral location, mainly in the extremities. Although CT scan may show a fatty tumor, there is no single test to make the differential diagnosis (which includes benign lipoma, liposarcoma and myxoliposarcoma) and the treatment should be based on clinical findings. We have treated four patients with this condition. Two were intrathoracic, one was intraperitoneal, and one was a tumor of the upper arm. All presented as rapidly-growing tumors and were clinically assumed to be malignant. We recommend complete but conservative excision of the tumor; there are reported recurrences after inadequate excision. This is a benign tumor and radical cancer surgery should be avoided. PMID- 7108717 TI - Rupture of intussuscipiens. PMID- 7108716 TI - Superior vena cava syndrome in childhood and adolescence: a review of the literature and report of three cases. AB - Obstruction of the superior vena cava is rare in childhood and adolescence. Its etiology is now mainly iatrogenic. Mediastinal tumors are the main primary causes of the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) in childhood and adolescence. The most common mediastinal tumors presenting with the SVCS are the lymph node tumors and especially the lymphosarcomas. About 50% of the mediastinal tumors are primary in the mediastinum. Early treatment is designed to cause a rapid shrinking of the tumor and should not be delayed by an overly diligent pursuit of the diagnosis. Treatment should consist of a combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and steroids. Surgery should be limited to obtaining tissue for diagnosis, except when the tumor is localized to the mediastinum and is completely resectable. One hundred and seventy two children and adolescents with the SVCS are reviewed and three patients are added. PMID- 7108718 TI - A group study for the classification of anorectal anomalies in Japan with comments to the International Classification (1970). AB - A study group was formed to undertake further investigation of the problems involved in the classification of anorectal anomalies. At first, a registration form including standardized techniques for clinical and roentogenologic investigation was defined, and then 254 cases were collected and analyzed by referring these materials to the International Classification by the Melbourne group in 1970. Our analysis disclosed: (1) It is imperative to establish a registration form with footnotes describing standardized techniques for clinical and roentogenologic investigations; (2) The rectourethral fistula has been classified simply as high type under the present International Classification, but differences in the levels of the rectal pouch and of the point of fistula, as observed in the collected materials, tends to show that further subdivision of this anomaly may be indicated; (3) An abnormal skin fold at the anal and/or perineal sites is not always diagnostic of low type, specifically of covered anus complete. Conversely, some infants with high type anomaly had abnormal skin folds; and (4) Two types of anomaly, which have not been well described in the present classification, were detected. They were "rectal membraneous atresia" and "recto-penile fistula." PMID- 7108719 TI - Air filled bronchogenic cyst presenting as a cervical mass in the newborn. PMID- 7108720 TI - Thymolipoma simulating pulmonary sequestration. PMID- 7108721 TI - Congenital solitary nonparasitic cyst of the liver: a rare cause of rapidly enlarging abdominal mass in infancy. PMID- 7108722 TI - Transcatheter control of renal hemorrhage following renal biopsy. PMID- 7108723 TI - Effects of orally administered clenbuterol on oxytocin-induced uterine activity. PMID- 7108724 TI - Fetal anemia and heart rate patterns. AB - A retrospective survey was performed of the clinical records and cardiotocograms (CTG) of fetuses born in 1978 and 1979 at Helsinki University Central Hospital with hemoglobin concentration less than 170 g/liter in peripheral blood or umbilical artery. Eighty-three fetuses (0.7%) had thus defined anemia. Thirty eight of them had late decelerations, 29 silent and nine sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns. Late decelerations and sinusoidal patterns were significantly more often associated with severe (hemoglobin concentration less than 80 g/liter) than with moderate anemia. The fetal outcome in terms of perinatal death and low APGAR scores after sinusoidal pattern was poorer than without this pattern, but the difference was not statistically significant. It is concluded that intermittent sinusoidal FHR pattern with late decelerations is suggestive of fetal anemia. PMID- 7108725 TI - Tissue surface pH monitoring during reduced blood flow: Metabolic implications and sources of error. AB - To evaluate tissue surface pH as an indicator of the acid base status of arterial blood during periods of reduced blood flow, we examined the relationship between tissue surface pH, arterial pH, arterial lactic acid levels, and base deficit in fifteen spontaneously breathing anesthetized cats. Blood flow was reduced by hemorrhage to 50% of control blood pressure values (Fig. 3) or by infusing norepinephrine (10 mcg/kg/min intravenously) for one hour (Fig. 2). During these procedures, tissue surface pH was inversely related to arterial base deficit (r = - 0.665, p less than 0.02) and lactic acid (r = 0.822, p less than 0.001) but not related to blood pH (Fig. 4). The errors resulting from measuring tissue surface pH continuously for 2 1/2 to 8 hours were examined by comparing the in vivo recalibration drift of the electrodes. The pH and reference electrodes drifted less than 0.1 pH units during this time. However, when examined in separate experiments for recalibration drift in vitro, we observed up to 0.67 pH units drift after 24 hours of reference electrode contamination with blood, but only 0.02 pH units drift in the pH electrode after this period. Since tissue surface pH is linearly correlated with the blood concentration of lactic acid or the base deficit during periods of acute blood flow reduction, tissue surface pH monitoring may be helpful for following the severity of the resulting anaerobic metabolism in neonates at risk for reduced peripheral perfusion or hypoxia. However, improvements in the reference electrode will be necessary to make long term tissue surface pH monitoring reliable if there is a reasonable risk of contamination of the reference electrode with blood. PMID- 7108726 TI - Psychological tests and the borderline diagnosis. AB - Contrary to recent optimistic claims there is no solid evidence to support the hypotheses that (a) a Borderline's Rorschach is more disturbed than a schizophrenic's, or (b) a Borderline presents disturbance on unstructured tests but not on structured tests. The group research clearly refutes the first hypothesis. The supposedly supportive research for the second hypothesis is either irrelevant, extremely weak, or refutable. Future research needs to explicate the subject sample's symptom, defense, and demographic characteristics, to estimate the base rates of the syndrome and hit rates of the test pattern in order to calculate the conditional probability of being Borderline given the test pattern, and to use a multimethod, multidiagnostic model of validation. PMID- 7108727 TI - The Holtzman Inkblot Technique and aging: norms and factor structure. AB - The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was individually administered to 102 elderly community-living adults, aged 59-94. The purpose of the present study was to gather basic normative data for a sample of noninstitutionalized elderly persons, as well as to investigate the factorial composition of the HIT for the present cohort of elderly. Substantial variation across persons was noted for 18 of 22 HIT variables, and a principal axis solution (varimax rotation) yielded 7 identifiable factors, similar in some respects to those identified in previous analyses of the HIT with other age cohorts. Substantial within-cohort variation for several HIT scores was found across age and sex, but not for level of education. The implications of these data for the projective assessment of personality in elderly persons was discussed, and directions for future research were recommended. PMID- 7108728 TI - The MMPI as a measure of the emotional correlates of chronic hemodialysis: a review. AB - The MMPI has been the most frequently used objective personality measure in studies of the emotional correlates of chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal failure. This paper reviews MMPI findings of these studies and examines the utility of this instrument with chronic dialysis patients. Overviews of the basic research strategies employed and of the methodological shortcomings of the published studies are presented. Research findings are reviewed, and pros and cons of using the MMPI with this population are briefly discussed. The most consistent finding to date has been elevation in the "neurotic triad" (scales 1, 2, and 3), but the meaning of this configuration for dialysis patients is ambiguous. PMID- 7108729 TI - Sex-role factor identification and sexual preference of men. AB - This extension of Bernard and Epstein (1978) compared 117 homosexual and 83 heterosexual men matched on age, education, job category, and race on 43 variables including personality items, age and education, plus additional interest and behavioral items not in the prior study. Five varimax factors were extracted: (a) domestic activities, (b) practical and recreational activities and "masculine" interests, (c) conservatism, (d) boldness, and (e) openness. Composite factor scores were estimated and group means compared. Homosexual men appeared to be more open than heterosexual men, though equally bold. Homosexual men also appeared to engage in more domestic activities, whereas heterosexual men appeared to engage in more practical and recreational activities, have more traditional "masculine" interests, and be more conservative. It was concluded that interest and behavioral factors, in conjunction with personality factors, provide a more comprehensive understanding of the sex-role identification of men. PMID- 7108730 TI - Defensiveness in the criminally insane. AB - The MMPI and 16 PF were administered to 45 forensic patients and scores on five derived measures of defensiveness were computed. The 10 highest and 10 lowest scoring subjects were assigned to either a high or low defensiveness group and their responses analyzed with regard to the Schizophrenia, Paranoia, Psychopathic Deviate and Hostility clinical scales and sub-scales of the MMPI according to past or present items. Results confirm that high defensiveness subjects are selectively and cautiously interpreting items so as to admit to significantly less overall pathology and relatively less present pathology than low defensiveness subjects. This finding represents a consistent strategy of defensiveness rather than an artifact of false response bias. This study has implications for personality assessment in Forensic Psychology and the potential of trend analysis for the prediction of future dangerous behavior in a forensic patient population. PMID- 7108731 TI - Recovery from surgery and scores on the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. AB - The validity of a shortened form of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory was examined in a population of adult females undergoing abdominal surgery. Recovery was measured by behavioral, self-report, and endocrine responses. High scorers on REV and low scorers on PRO, TAO, and DMI-AGG, a summary measure of DMI subscales, reported better moods and physical recoveries, used fewer medications for pain, and made less use of medical services during the month after discharge from the hospital. Low scorers on PRO, TAO, and DMI-AGG responded to surgery with increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine. High scorers on PRO, TAO, and DMI AGG responded to surgery only with increased levels of norepinephrine. Little evidence was found to support interpreting the DMI as a measure of five defensive styles. A single dimension, aggressiveness, was hypothesized to account for variance in recovery explained by the DMI. PMID- 7108732 TI - [Comparative study of two analytical methods: ion selective electrodes and conductometry, to analyse "in vitro" the releasing of potassium chloride from an inert matrix (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108734 TI - [Reliable continuous IV perfusion system for diazepam (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108733 TI - [The role of wetting on the release of hydrophobic drugs from hard gelatin capsules. II. Deaggregation, dissolution and bioavailability in man (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108735 TI - [Relationship between physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality of fluid emulsions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108736 TI - Patient behavior in hospitals: helplessness, reactance, or both? AB - Forty-eight inpatients hospitalized for 1, 3, or 9 weeks and 24 outpatients were tested on cognitive tasks: poor performance and depressive symptoms increased with length of hospitalization, even as illness resolved. Further, increased hospitalization made patients more susceptible to the debilitating effect of uncontrollable events. Taken together, these results imply that the passive, compliant, and inanimate behavior of the "good patient" may be the result of learned helplessness engendered by hospitalization. PMID- 7108737 TI - Instigative aggression as a function of past experience and target characteristics. AB - Third-party-instigated aggression was examined by manipulating the provocativeness of the same or a new target in Part 2 of a task. Effects of previous experience with aggression (i.e., interacting with partners supportive of or disapproving of aggression in Part 1) were also examined. Although the provocativeness of the target accounted for the most variance in the amount of aggression expressed, when the target in Part 2 was new, prior experience influenced aggression. Results are discussed in terms of and interactional model of behavior. The clearer the current situational demands (i.e., known, predictable target) were, the less the influence of past aggressive experience on continued aggression; the more ambiguous the current situation (i.e., new, unpredictable target) was, the more the influence of past aggressive experience on continued aggression. PMID- 7108739 TI - The course of individual adaptation to life changes. AB - The study of internal processes of adaptation to external life changes is presented as a concrete approach to studying one kind of person--situation interaction. Theoretical and empirical descriptions of the course of emotional adaptation to changes and reviewed. The empirical derivation and cross-validation of a measure of four stances in a sequence of emotional adaptation to the external environment are described. Then, the validity of the notion that life changes stimulate emotional adaptation is tested in a separate study comparing college freshmen and seniors. Results indicate that freshman are concerned with issues characteristic of earlier developmental stances and seniors with later ones. The relevance and benefits of this general approach and specific methodology for the study of personality and adult development are discussed. PMID- 7108738 TI - Personality resemblances between unwed mothers and their adopted-away offspring. AB - In a sample of 300 adoptive families there was a tendency for adopted children to be more extraverted and emotionally stable than biological children. For extraversion there was a low statistically significant resemblance between unwed mothers and their adopted-away children. Paradoxically, however, children of mothers with elevated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scores tended to be rated as more emotionally stable than children of mothers with better adjustment on the MMPI. This latter finding was interpreted as suggested an interaction between emotional sensitivity and the early environment. According to this hypothesis, individuals with genotypes making them vulnerable to their environments could thrive in the warm climate of the adoptive families, but turn out relatively badly in the presumably less benign families in which the unwed mothers were reared. PMID- 7108740 TI - Learned helplessness, depression, and the illusion of control. AB - Do people previously exposed to uncontrollable aversive events, like naturally depressed people, fail to succumb to an illusion of control in a situation in which events occur noncontingently but are associated with success? Depressed and nondepressed college students were assigned to one of three groups that make up the typical triad used in studies of learned helplessness: controllable noises, uncontrollable noises, or no noises. Following pretreatment, subjects judged how much control they had in a noncontingency learning problem. For half of the subjects, events were noncontingent and associated with failure; whereas for the remaining subjects, events were noncontingent but associated with success. Contrary to the predictions of learned helplessness theory, nondepressed subjects previously exposed to uncontrollable noises showed a robust illusion of control in the condition in which events were noncontingent but associated with success, whereas nondepressed subjects previously exposed to controllable noises judged control accurately. Depressed subjects also judged control accurately regardless of their previous noise experience, The results were interpreted as consistent with the egotism hypothesis. PMID- 7108741 TI - Alcohol, sexual arousal, and the transfer of excitation. AB - Investigations of the alcohol-related disinhibition of responses to deviant sexual stimuli suggest that the pharmacological actions of ethanol have little influence on the disinhibition process. The mere belief that alcohol is consumed is sufficient to induce increased sexual arousal. Studies with conventional stimuli, however, suggest that interactions occur between the pharmacological presence of ethanol and the psychological expectations of its presence. Thus, this article examines the contribution of pharmacological, cognitive, and environmental variables to perceived sexual arousal. A balanced-placebo design varied drink instruction and drink content independently. Pictures that elicited either a low or moderate level of self-reported sexual arousal were viewed and evaluated by men (n = 64) and women (n = 64) after completing their drinks. The evaluations and arousal measures suggested significant Instruction X Content X Arousal interactions. The strongest perceptions of arousal occurred among individuals who did not know they were drinking alcohol (i.e., subjects who were told that their alcoholic drinks did not contain alcohol). Apparently, when drinkers were unaware of the alcohol intoxication, the pharmacological excitation induced by alcohol transferred to the perception and evaluation of the slides. PMID- 7108742 TI - Pleasant events, unpleasant events, and depression. AB - A review of previous research on Lewinsohn's model of depression shows that the causal link between a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement and subsequent depression remains unsubstantiated. The present study was designed to explicitly test this causal relationship through the use of cross-lagged panel correlation. Measures of depression and pleasant events were taken at two different points in time separated by 1 month. The results revealed that the null hypothesis of spuriousness could not be rejected, indicating the relation often found between a lack of pleasant events and depression is probably due to some unmeasured third variable. The results also indicated that there is no causal relation between unpleasant events and depression. In summary, the causal assumptions in Lewinsohn's theory of depression were not supported by the data. Possible third-variable explanations of the data and their implications are discussed. PMID- 7108743 TI - Psychological androgyny and stressful life events. AB - Seventy-one college students completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, a stressful life-events questionnaire, and some general questions on adjustment. Subjects were also asked to rate the stressful life events they had experienced in the prior 12 months along the dimensions of desirability, amount of change, anticipation, control, and meaningfulness. As hypothesized, androgynous subjects rated their stressful life events as less undesirable than other subjects, but this result only held for females (p less than .01). Undifferentiated subjects rated their stressful life events as less meaningful than other subjects (p less than .01) and androgynous subjects rated themselves as happier than other subjects (p less than .05). No differences were found among androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated persons for the dimensions of change, anticipation, or control. Of the five dimensions examined, only meaningfulness was significantly related to happiness (r = .34, p less than .01). One possible reason for the results of this study may be differential access to and/or use of social support systems by persons of different sex-types. Some findings of the present study are presented that support this contention. PMID- 7108744 TI - Attention, distraction, and cold-pressor pain. AB - This article compares the effects of distracting oneself from, versus attending to, the sensations produced by cold-pressor stimulation. Experiment 1 revealed that distraction is a better coping strategy than attention to sensations when subjects are asked to report pain threshold and tolerance. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the hypothesis that distraction is effective because persons hold a commonsense belief in the benefits of distraction as a coping device. Neither experiment supported the commonsense hypothesis as an explanation for the findings of Experiment 1. In a final experiment, subjects were assigned to either a distraction, attention, or no-instructions condition and were asked to report their distress during a 4-minute cold-pressor trial. Distraction reduced distress early in the trial, but attention to sensations proved to be a superior strategy for the last 2 minutes of the trial. It is proposed that distraction and attention to sensations may be differentially effective depending on the duration of the painful stimulus. Possible mediating processes underlying the two strategies are discussed. PMID- 7108745 TI - Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. AB - Two experiments combining intergroup and intrasubject designs were conducted to test the hypothesis that self-percepts of efficacy operate as cognitive mediators of coping behavior and fear arousal. Differential levels of self-efficacy were induced in phobic subjects through either inactive mastery or modeling. Their coping behavior and accompanying fear arousal were then measured. In the next phase, self-efficacy was successively raised to designated levels within the same subjects, whereupon their behavior and fear arousal were again measured. Coping behavior corresponded closely to instated self-percepts of efficacy, with higher levels of perceived self-efficacy being accompanied by greater performance attainments. The efficacy-action relationship was replicated across different modes of efficacy induction, different types of behavioral dysfunctions, and in both intergroup and intrasubject comparisons. The hypothesis that fear arousal stems largely from perceived coping inefficacy also received support from the findings. As subjects' self-efficacy level was raised, they experienced progressively less anticipatory and performance distress while coping with threats. Results of a third experiment using cardiac acceleration and elevation in blood pressure as indicants of arousal further corroborate the generality of the relationship between perceived coping inefficacy and stress reactions. PMID- 7108746 TI - [Comparison of estimation values by computer with experimental values on reverse permeation and overshooting phenomenon of ions (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108747 TI - [Studies on anti-inflammatory agents. VI. Anti-inflammatory constituents of Cinnamomum sieboldii Meissn (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108748 TI - [Studies on the syntheses of analgesics. LV. Synthesis of 4a-(3-substituted phenyl)1,2-disubstituted decahydrocinnoline derivatives (2) (studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. CMLV) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108749 TI - [Pharmacokinetic study by gastrointestinal absorption of indomethacin polymorphs in the rabbit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108750 TI - [Studies on oral administration of concentrated factor IX preparation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108751 TI - [Effect of complex formation on interfacial transfer rate of drugs across two liquid phases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108752 TI - [On the volatility of ethylenediamine from aminophylline (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108753 TI - [Determination of reductant and alkylating agent in the alkylated human immunoglobulin by high performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108754 TI - [Studies on the syntheses of drug acting on circulatory system. V. Stereoselective reduction of 2-aminopropiophenones with amine borane (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108756 TI - [Dissolution of drug powders. I. Dissolution of monodisperse powders (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108755 TI - [Analytical studies on the active constituents in crude drugs. IV. Determination and stability of swertiamarin in pharmaceutical preparations including Swert. Herb. Pulv. (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108757 TI - [Effect of crude drugs on experimental liver damages. II. Effect of new sesquiterpenoid "Furnaogermenone" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108758 TI - [Studies on the experimental chemotherapy for dermatomycosis and candidiasis. VII. On the antifungal activity for various acetylenic compounds in vitro (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108759 TI - [Biologically active principles of crude drugs. Pharmacological evaluation of Artemisiae capillaris Flos. (1(1)) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108760 TI - [Studies on the constituents in the water extracts in crude drugs. IV. On the roots of Stellaria dichotoma L. var lanceolata Bge. (2(2)) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108761 TI - [Synthesis of pyrazolone derivatives. XXXX. Synthesis and analgesic activity of 4 alkoxyimino (or alkylaminomethylene)-3-methyl-carbamoyl-1-methyl(or phenyl)-2 pyrazolin-5-ones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108762 TI - [Studies on the constituents of Solanum plants. II. On the constituents of the immature berries of Solanum nigrum L. (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108764 TI - Cerebral blood vessels: effects of exogenous acetylcholine and field stimulation on norepinephrine release. AB - There is a cholinergic system in large cerebral arteries, but acetylcholine does not mediate the vasodilator response to nerve stimulation. Therefore, the possibility that acetylcholine modulates norepinephrine release must be considered. The effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on stimulation evoked endogenous norepinephrine release from cat and rabbit cerebral arteries were tested at a stimulation frequency of 8 Hz. Acetylcholine (5 X 10(-7) M) decreased norepinephrine release from the cat middle cerebral artery by 40% and by 30% from the rabbit basilar artery. In both species, the effect of acetylcholine was not blocked by hexamethonium but was blocked by atropine. Under the conditions of these experiments, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves are activated simultaneously, so the possibility that cholinergic nerves modulate adrenergic transmission was tested by blocking presynaptic acetylcholine receptors with atropine. However, in both cat and rabbit cerebral arteries, atropine alone had no effect on norepinephrine overflow. These findings suggest that the cholinergic system present in cerebral blood vessels does not modulate norepinephrine release, even though presynaptic cholinergic receptors are present. PMID- 7108763 TI - [Effect of crude drugs on experimental liver damages I. The active principle of Zedoariae Rhizoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108765 TI - Benzoate-induced changes in glycine and urea metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - During acylation of benzoate, glycine nitrogen is incorporated into hippurate which can be readily excreted by the kidney. To determine if glycine and urea metabolism are changed during administration of benzoate to patients with chronic renal failure, 10 g/day of sodium benzoate was given to seven patients with an average estimated glomerular filtration rate of 8 ml/min. Nitrogen balance, the urea nitrogen appearance rate (net urea production rate) and hippurate excretion of each patient were measured during a control period and again during the benzoate period. During benzoate administration, hippurate nitrogen excretion increased by 0.68 +/- 0.05 g of nitrogen per day, equivalent to 70 +/- 5% of the benzoate administered; additional hippurate was excreted subsequently, suggesting that benzoate was virtually completely converted to hippurate. With this conversion, there was a decrease in the urea nitrogen appearance rate of 1.52 +/- 0.43 g of nitrogen per day (P less than .02) so that the serum concentration of urea nitrogen decreased by -19 +/- 3 mg/dl (P less than .011). In spite of the excretion of large amounts of glycine as hippurate, there was no significant changes in plasma concentrations of glycine or serine. This suggests that nitrogenous precursors of urea were used for synthesis of glycine and subsequently hippurate, leading to a reduction in net urea production. PMID- 7108766 TI - Interactions of phenobarbital with propranolol in the dog. 1. Plasma protein binding. AB - A new drug interaction is described in which the plasma binding of propranolol is markedly stimulated by chronic phenobarbital administration in dogs. After 3 weeks of phenobarbital therapy, the percentages of unbound propranolol fell from 15.2 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- S.E.) to 2.4 +/- 0.3 (P less than .001). The time course of the induction and recovery of the binding of propranolol was also investigated. A half-maximal stimulation of binding was seen by day 3 of phenobarbital therapy and a plateau was reached after 2 weeks. After discontinuing phenobarbital, the recovery was delayed with the midpoint of the return to a normal binding value occurring on day 17. A new model of the time course for induction which includes the pharmacokinetics of the inducing agent has been developed. The stimulation of protein production by phenobarbital is assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but with a lag phase for the expression of the induction. Using this model, the Km for phenobarbital stimulated production of the binding protein was 1200 ng/ml, the turnover T1/2 of the protein was 3.4 days and the T1/2 for the lag phase was also 3.4 days. The increased plasma protein binding was highly correlated (r = 0.97) with the elevated concentration of nonprecipitable glycoproteins. This most likely represents induction of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein which is the principal binding protein of propranolol in man. The plasma binding of propranolol was also stimulated with chronic phenytoin in these dogs and with a single dose of Arochlor 1254 in rats. PMID- 7108767 TI - Evidence for the existence of peptide and nonpeptide morphine-like materials in mouse brain: effect of an analgesic intracerebroventricular dose of acetylcholine on their levels. AB - Brains of mice pretreated with saline or 40 micrograms of acetylcholine (ACh) i.c.v. were fractionated according to published procedures. The fractions yielded four peaks of inhibitory activity in the radioreceptor assay. Intraventricular ACh decreased the inhibitory activity of peak I (fractions 10-19), increased that of peak II (fractions 20-24) and peak III (fractions 25-29) and did not change the activity of peak IV in the radiotracer binding assay. Peaks I, III and IV were potent inhibitors of the coaxially stimulated guinea-pig ileum and such inhibitory activity was not destroyed by incubation with trypsin, carboxypeptidase or by naloxone. Intraventricular ACh did not alter the activity of the three peaks on coaxially stimulated ileum bioassay. Peaks II and III both caused a contraction of the nonstimulated guinea-pig ileum and their effect was reduced either by enzymatic treatment (peak II) or by atropine (peak III). No difference was observed between the effects of each peak in saline or ACh-treated mice in this test. All four peaks were active in the writhing test. The results suggest the presence of several opiate-like materials in the brain. The endogenous opioids appear to be a mixture of endorphin-like peptides as well as nonpeptides. The data also indicate the presence of spasmogenic peptides with some opiate properties. PMID- 7108768 TI - Role of autoregulation in the beneficial action of propranolol on ischemic blood flow distribution and stenosis severity in the canine myocardium. AB - The effect of propranolol (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) on distal coronary pressure (DCP), distal bed (DR) and stenosis resistances (SR) and regional myocardial blood flow [endocardial-epicardial (endo/epi)] was studied in two groups of anesthetized dogs with a severe stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery. In group 1, the ability of the DR to autoregulate was left intact, whereas in group 2, the DR was maximally dilated by pretreatment with the coronary vasodilator, chromonar. Despite similar global hemodynamic effects in both groups after propranolol treatment significant differences were observed in the ischemic area. In group 1, propranolol produced a significant increase in subendo blood flow, endo/epi and DCP in the ischemic region. In addition, DR (1.7 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.6 U) increased and SR decreased (3.4 +/- 0.5 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 U) significantly. In group 2, the changes in endo/epi, DCP, DR and SR were prevented by maximal vasodilation. These results suggest that the favorable changes produced by propranolol on ischemic myocardium are the result of a restoration of the ability of the resistance vessels to autoregulate. This allows for a passive decrease in coronary arteriolar dilation which results in an increase in DR and DCP and a decrease in SR. The increase in DCP may also contribute to the increase in ischemic subendo blood flow after propranolol. PMID- 7108769 TI - The metabolism of phenytoin by isolated hepatocytes and hepatic microsomes from male rats. AB - Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that the Km for phenytoin hydroxylation is about 30 microM. Yet, the drug shows dose-dependent kinetics suggesting a Km of about 5 microM. The present studies indicate the discrepancy is not due to active transport of the drug in the hepatocyte or a decrease in the Km due to the low pO2 of the portal vein leading to uncompetitive inhibition. Studies in both hepatocytes and microsomes indicate the presence of a high affinity hydroxylase with a Km of 2 to 5 microM. These data suggest that this enzyme is the one primarily involved in the metabolism of phenytoin. PMID- 7108770 TI - Kindled seizures selectively reduce a subpopulation of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites in rat dentate gyrus. AB - Amygdala-kindled seizures reduced significantly the total number of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites in both dentate and hippocampal gyri compared to electrode implanted unstimulated controls. Both high and low affinity carbachol displaceable binding site populations were significantly reduced in hippocampal gyrus. By contrast, a selective decline of low affinity sites was found in dentate gyrus membranes. The selectivity of the decline in dentate but not hippocampus gyrus underscores the specificity of this molecular response to amygdala-kindled seizures. We suggest that these receptor alterations underlie adaptive mechanisms which antagonize kindled epileptogenesis. PMID- 7108771 TI - Chelation of cadmium from metallothionein in vivo and its excretion in rats repeatedly injected with cadmium chloride. AB - Chelation and removal of cadmium from rats which were exposed to cadmium by multiple injections were studied in vivo after injection of two different compounds, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Rats were injected i.p. with 1 mg of Cd/kg as 109CdCl2 daily for 4 days and 3 days after the last injection, they were treated with the chelating agents alone or in combination 5 days in a week for 2 weeks. BAL (50 mg/kg) alone or in combination with DTPA (50 mg/kg) was effective in removing cadmium from the body without increasing the level of cadmium in the kidney, the critical organ in cadmium toxicity. After treatment with BAL alone and BAL-DTPA, cadmium was excreted mainly in the feces with marked decrease in hepatic and renal concentrations of both cadmium and metallothionein. Injection of DTPA alone increased the urinary excretion of cadmium without any significant change in tissue cadmium. Although the urinary excretion of zinc was increased after injection of DTPA and also BAL-DTPA, there was no change in the tissue levels of zinc and copper. The results of this study suggest the potential use of BAL or BAL-DTPA combination as a mode of chelation of cadmium from the body under proper experimental conditions in chronic cadmium poisoning. It may be possible to prevent tubular damage in the kidney, the critical organ in cadmium toxicity by this treatment. PMID- 7108772 TI - The potentiation of cardiac responses to adenosine by benzodiazepines. AB - The concentration-related sensitization of guinea-pig left atria to adenosine produced by six benzodiazepines and dipyridamole was analyzed with a quantitative procedure which theoretically yields the pKI (-log equilibrium dissociation constant) of an uptake inhibitor for the site of uptake. Four benzodiazepines produced sensitization of atria to adenosine and no alteration of responses to 2 chloroadenosine (a purine agonist which is not a substrate for adenosine uptake or degradation), the rank order of potency being diazepam (pKI = 5.6) much greater than oxazepam (pKI = 4.6) greater than clonazepam (pKI = 4.3) = lorazepam (pKI = 4.2). Chlordiazepoxide and prazepam produced little sensitization to adenosine, but a concentration-related antagonism of responses to 2 chloroadenosine. Prior inhibition of adenosine uptake with dipyridamole unmasked antagonism of responses to adenosine by these two benzodiazepines as well, indicating a dual self-cancelling effect (for inhibition of adenosine uptake; chlordiazepoxide, pKI = 5.0; prazepam, pKI = 4.8). Although benzodiazepines have been shown to inhibit uptake of adenosine in the central nervous system, the potency of these drugs and dipyridamole is more in accord with inhibition of a myocardial uptake process distinct from the synaptosomal transport of adenosine. PMID- 7108773 TI - Effects of DNA synthesis inhibitors on post-traumatic glial cell proliferation. AB - This study attempts to inhibit post-traumatic glial cell scarring in rats lesioned in the frontal cortex, by treatment with several antiproliferative drugs. [3H]Thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation into DNA served as the biochemical index of glial cell proliferation and histological observations confirmed the biochemical effects. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), given i.p. at a total daily dosage of 15 to 100 mg/kg, was found to inhibit the incorporation of [3H]TdR into cortical DNA and also inhibited the proliferation of glial cells after cortical trauma. Treatment using ara-C induced marked histological changes in glial cells near the lesion, indicating that the inhibition by the drug of DNA synthesis correlated with cytotoxicity to proliferating glial cells. Experiments using [3H]ara-C confirmed that this drug entered lesioned brain tissue, although at levels considerably lower than those found in the periphery. Cyclophosphamide also reduced [3H]TdR incorporation into both lesioned and control cortices; however, this effect, unlike that of ara-C, was not proportionately greater in the lesioned cortex. Vincristine, but not vinblastine, also inhibited [3H]TdR incorporation into the lesioned cortex, possibly reflecting differences in the neuronal uptake of the vinca alkaloids. We propose that ara-C can inhibit the proliferation of glial cells after neural trauma and that judicious use of this agent may lessen scarring in the injured central nervous system, possibly enhancing the regenerative capacity of the brain. PMID- 7108774 TI - Inhibition of high affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus: studies on the site of pentobarbital action. AB - Pentobarbital (pb) administered in vivo results in an inhibition of high affinity choline uptake measured in hippocampal synaptosomes in vitro. The present studies were designed to determine where in the brain the drug acts to cause this effect. Localized injections of pb into the hippocampus did not result in an inhibition of choline uptake in that region. Lesions of the medial septal region (containing the cell bodies of the cholinergic neurons which project to the hippocampus) blocked the ability of peripherally administered pb to inhibit hippocampal choline uptake. However, localized injections of the drug into the medial septum were without effect. These results suggest that pb acts at some other site which sends projections either to the septum or through the septum to the hippocampus. A lesions isolating the septum from most of its connections (anterior, dorsal, ventral and lateral) but not lesioning the fornix-fimbria or the area caudal to the septum failed to block the effect of i.p. pb. Thus, the drug may act at a site which projects into the septum from a caudal region to cause the inhibition of choline uptake in the hippocampus. PMID- 7108775 TI - Ion flux changes induced by voltage clamping or by amphotericin B in the isolated urinary bladder of the trout. AB - 1. When bathed with Ringer solutions on both sides in Ussing chambers, isolated urinary bladders of trout carry out an electrically silent transport of Na+ and Cl- ions from mucosa to serosa. In the present experiments, an electrical gradient was set up across the epithelium mounted under these conditions either by using a voltage-clamp technique or by submitting the mucosal side to the polyene antibiotic Amphotericin B. 2. With stable potential differences between 40 and +40 mV applied to the tissue, both unidirectional fluxes (Jms and Jsm) for Na+ and for Cl- varied as a function of the electrical gradient. This indicates that a sizeable fraction of these ionic exchanges is due to passive diffusion across a low-resistance pathway. 3. Amphotericin B (40 micrograms/ml.) applied to the mucosal side induced an immediate and large (up to 50 mV, serosa positive) potential difference and a sustained diminution in tissue resistance. These effects were strictly Na+-dependent and were reduced in the presence of ouabain. Therefore they are due to increased passive entry of Na+ along its electrochemical gradient across the cellular apical membrane. 4. The effect of Amphotericin B was enhanced when Cl- was replaced by an impermeant anion such as gluconate. Therefore the shunting effect of Cl- on the induced potential observed in the control conditions appears to be due to an increase in Cl- permeability across an anion pathway. Flux data indicate that this pathway is transcellular. PMID- 7108776 TI - Temperature dependence of tetrodotoxin effect in squid giant axons. AB - 1. The effects of temperature changes from 30 to 5 degrees C on some properties of giant axons of the squid Doryteuthis plei were studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The maximum inward sodium current of giant axons held at their normal resting potential decreases from 8 to 2 mA/cm2 when the temperature is lowered from 21 to 5 degrees C. 3. The effect of tetrodotoxin on those axons and its steady-state kinetics are markedly temperature dependent. It appears that there are two types of receptors in squid axon membranes, which differ in their temperature dependence. 4. One group of receptors (type 1) increases its affinity for the toxin when the temperature is increased (maximum affinity at 30 degrees C, K1 = 0.03 +/- 0.01 nM). The other group of receptors (type 2) shows an increase in its affinity when the temperature is lowered (maximum affinity at 5 degrees C, K2 = 0.07 +/- 0.02 nM). At 10 degrees C the two populations have the same affinity (K1 = K2 = 0.67 +/- 0.06 nM). PMID- 7108777 TI - Changes in spectral reflexions from the iridophores of the neon tetra. AB - 1. The iridescent stripe of the freshwater teleost, the neon tetra, changes from green in the daytime to violet-blue at night. 2. Spectral reflectance measurements were used to follow these colour changes. 3. Light causes a shift in reflectance to longer wavelengths in living fish and in isolated tissue from the lateral stripe. The change is reversed in darkness. 4. The spectral reflectance shifts to longer wavelengths when the fish is disturbed in darkness. No such colour changes were seen in fishes kept alive in 10(-4) M-reserpine. 5. Hypotonic Ringer solution causes a reflectance shift to longer wavelengths and hypertonic solution causes a shift to shorter wavelengths. 6. The iridescent reflexions from the lateral stripe which is continued across the iris originate from iridophores in the dermis. These iridophores contain regular stacks of broad, double-sided hexagonal plates that are about 10 nm thick. Each plate is contained within a pouch in the cytoplasm and is separated from its neighbour by approximately one quarter the wavelength of light. 7. A distinction is drawn between the physiologically active iridophores in the lateral stripe and iris that have broad hexagonal crystal plates which are very thin and the physiologically inactive iridophores that are also found in the iris, but in addition are found on the flanks below the lateral stripe, and on the head. These iridophores contain hexagonal crystals that are usually narrower than the active type, but are about 60-100 nm thick. PMID- 7108778 TI - Characterization of the fast sodium current in isolated rat myocardial cells: simulation of the clamped membrane potential. AB - 1. The fast sodium inward current of freshly isolated single rat myocardial cells was studied by means of the internal perfusion-voltage clamp method. 2. The voltage dependence of this current did not differ from the current-voltage characteristics of the fast sodium inward current described for other excitable cells and tissues. 3. The time constant of inactivation of the Na+ current of the isolated myocardial cells ranged between 5.2 msec at -58 mV and 0.5 msec at +18 mV. The activation time constant ranged from 0.3 msec at -55 mV to 70 microseconds at +10 mV. 4. The reactivation time constant of the maximum sodium current at a holding potential of -100 mV was found to be 21 +/- 5 msec. 5. A mathematical model was developed for the simulation and analysis of the influence of the series and shunt resistances on the time response of the membrane potential. The results of the modelling make it clear that control of the series and shunt resistances in any given experiment is a conditio sine qua non for a valid analysis of the kinetic parameters of the sodium inward current. 6. Sodium currents with delayed activation kinetics must be regarded as an indication of insufficient control of the membrane potential. PMID- 7108779 TI - Excitation of hippocampal pyramidal cells by glutamate in the guinea-pig and rat. AB - 1. The mechanism by which L-glutamic acid depolarizes hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones was investigated by using the in vitro slice and ionophoretic techniques. 2. Two types of responses were seen. One (in 85% of cells) consisted of spike discharges that outlasted the glutamate-induced depolarization. In the other (the rest of the cells), spikes were produced only during the rising phase of the depolarization. 3. The effect was highly localized; it disappeared when the ionophoretic electrode was moved vertically by as little as 20 micrometers. 4. The effect of glutamate persisted after synaptic transmission was blocked; this probably was due to a direct effect of glutamate on the cell membrane. 5. Small doses of glutamate produced either no change or an apparent increase in input resistance. With larger doses, the input resistance invariably decreased. The apparent increase in input resistance was not seen in cells treated with Mn2+ and TTX and is believed to be an effect of the depolarization rather than a direct effect of glutamate. 6. By extrapolation, the reversal potential for the glutamate response (EGlu) was found to -3.6 mV. 7. Following intracellular injection of Cs+, neurones could be depolarized to a range of +20 to +50 mV. The glutamate response could then be reversed. EGlu in these cells was -1.5 mV. 8. Using the Cs+-injection technique, it was also possible to reverse the e.p.s.p. E.e.p.s.p. was similar to EGlu. 9. When the external sodium concentration was reduced, the size of the glutamate response decreased, and EGlu became more negative. PMID- 7108781 TI - Comparison of gastrin bioactivity and immunoreactivity of antral extracts from man, pig and cat. AB - 1. The gastrin bioactivity and immunoreactivities of human, porcine and feline antral extracts were compared. 2. Human and porcine had similar activities but cat had much less. 3. The ratio of gastrin bioactivity to immunoreactivity was much greater with feline antral extracts than with human and porcine extracts. PMID- 7108780 TI - Ions and energy metabolism in duck salt-gland: possible role of furosemide sensitive co-transport of sodium and chloride. AB - 1. The effects of methacholine on net ionic movements and energy metabolism of the avian salt-gland have been studied, using slices of glands taken from salt adapted Pekin ducks. The slices were equilibrated with media and drugs for 120 min at 1 degrees C before the experimental incubation at 38 degrees C.2. During incubation at 38 degrees C the slices accumulated K(+) and lost Na(+) and Cl(-). In the presence of methacholine, they retained more Na(+) and Cl(-) and accumulated less K(+), the maximal effects being given by 0.5-1.0 mM methacholine. Similar results were obtained whether the medium contained 10 mM Tris (used in most experiments) or 25 mM-HCO(3) (-) as the major buffer.3. The higher final levels of cell Na(+) and Cl(-) induced by methacholine were not seen when furosemide (1 mM) was also present. Methacholine did not induce a higher level of cell Na(+) when medium Cl(-) was replaced by I(-), NO(3) (-) or SO(4) (2 ), and did not induce a higher Cl(-) content when medium Na(+) was replaced by choline or Li(+). The fall of K(+) accumulation caused by methacholine was also prevented by furosemide or by replacing Cl(-) in the medium with other anions. The anion-transport inhibitors, SCN(-) (up to 10 mM) and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' disulphonic acid stilbene (DIDS) (up to 2 mM) did not prevent the effects of methacholine.4. Methacholine stimulated respiration and lowered the slice ATP contents, and these effects were both prevented by ouabain or furosemide. Ouabain, but not furosemide, also reduced the basal (i.e. in the absence of methacholine) rate of respiration and raised the ATP level. SCN(-) and DIDS had no effect on basal or stimulated respiration or on ATP contents.5. The respiratory stimulation and fall of ATP induced by methacholine were totally prevented if medium Na(+) was replaced by choline. Replacement of Na(+) by Li(+) caused some stimulation of basal respiration; it also permitted some loss of ATP in the presence of methacholine, but the loss was smaller than that seen in the normal Na(+) medium.6. The respiratory stimulation and fall of ATP induced by methacholine were prevented if medium Cl(-) was replaced by SO(4) (2-). The effects of methacholine were partially blocked when NO(3) (-) replaced Cl(-).7. The results are consistent with the stimulation by methacholine of a furosemide sensitive, coupled entry of Na(+) and Cl(-) into the cells, associated with a loss of K(+). This would result in a stimulation of Na(+) extrusion by the ouabain-sensitive transport system for Na(+) and K(+) with increased consumption of ATP. PMID- 7108782 TI - Calcium and the action of adrenaline, adenosine triphosphate and carbachol on guinea-pig taenia caeci. AB - 1. The action of adrenaline (in the presence of propranolol; 3 x 10(-6) M), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbachol on guinea-pig taenia caeci, and the interaction between these agonists, was studied by measuring changes in membrane potential using the sucrose-gap method in quiescent preparations at 22 degrees C.2. A sustained hyperpolarization was caused by addition of adrenaline (3 x 10( 6) M) and by applying adenosine triphosphate (ATP; 4 x 10(-4) M) for 5 min in Krebs solution. In calcium-free medium containing EGTA (0.4 mM) and high magnesium (6.2 mM), both the alpha-agonist and ATP caused a transient hyperpolarization which passed off within 5 min, although the agonist was still present.3. The transient hyperpolarization evoked by these agonists in the absence of calcium could be evoked only once. The response was restored after exposure to high calcium, (40 mM for 2 s, or 10 mM for 30 s). The maximum amplitudes of the hyperpolarization caused by adrenaline or ATP after exposure to high calcium (40 mM or 10 mM) were similar, while the maximum hyperpolarization after application of 2.5 mM-calcium was smaller.4. The area of the maximal response evoked by adrenaline or ATP was independent of the exposure time to calcium-free solution after removal of the extracellular calcium (20 min). The sum of the areas of a first submaximal response, obtained by applying adrenaline for less than 5 min to the calcium-free solution (20 min), and of the second response (5 min application) elicited after continuing in calcium-free medium for another 8 min, was constant.5. In the presence of the bee toxin apamin (10(-7) M), addition of ATP (4 x 10(-4) M) caused depolarization of the membrane both in the presence and absence of external calcium. These responses were not blocked in low sodium solution (22.7 mM) but were reduced by the calcium antagonist D600 (2 x 10(-5) M).6. In calcium-free conditions the alpha-response to adrenaline was decreased by a preceding addition of ATP and vice versa. Abolition of the ATP response (4 x 10(-4) M) by adrenaline (10(-5) M) was prevented by blocking the alpha-receptors with phentolamine (2 x 10(-5) M).7. Carbachol (5 x 10(-7)-5 x 10( 5) M) depolarized the muscle cells in calcium-free medium; a second addition of carbachol also caused depolarization, the amplitude being lower. The carbachol depolarization was dependent on the exposure time to calcium-free solution.8. The adrenaline response was reduced by about 25% by carbachol if applied previously, independent of the carbachol concentration (5 x 10(-7)-5 x 10(-5) M). The carbachol response, however, was not affected if preceded by the alpha response.9. It is concluded that ATP and the alpha-agonist, after binding to their receptor sites, activate the same mechanism, which is mobilization of calcium from the same membrane compartment to open potassium channels, causing hyperpolarization of the muscle cell membrane; the hyperpolarization is transient or sustained in nature depending on the availability of external calcium to replenish the calcium compartment localized in the membrane. This adrenaline and ATP-sensitive calcium compartment is distinct from that which is sensitive to carbachol. PMID- 7108783 TI - Control of the antral motor response to feeding by gastric acid secretion in rats. AB - 1. The motor response of the antrum to feeding was examined in relation to gastric acid content in six adult rats fitted with electrodes and strain gauges on the antrum, two of them also having a small cannula in the fundus. 2. After fasting overnight, feeding was accompanied by an immediate increase in antral activity of seventeen to nineteen strong contractions lasting 5.33 +/- 1.15 min. Both the duration and amplitude of this antral motor response were increased 2 hr after ingestion of cimetidine (20 mg/kg) or 60 min after intramuscular administration of the same dose of proglumide. 3. By contrast, the response to feeding was reduced by 43% in duration and by 58% in amplitude during an intravenous infusion of pentagastrin (5 mg/kg per hr) and disappeared after an infusion of HCl into the stomach. The area under the curve of the pressure developed by the gauge, used as a motility index, was nearly doubled when the pH of the gastric contents increased from 3.1 to 5.7 and was halved when the pH decreased from 3.1 to 2.2. 4. In normal or inhibitory gastric acid secretion, the blockade of the antral motor response to feeding appeared when the total acid content of the gastric juice reached 35-70 mu equiv/ml. 5. The results indicated that the rate of gastric secretion is of paramount importance in regulating the magnitude of the antral motor response to feeding. It is suggested that the vagally stimulated antral motility is rapidly counteracted by the increased acid secretion. PMID- 7108784 TI - Ontogeny of the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone in blind infantile rats. AB - 1. Post-natal manifestation of plasma corticosterone rhythm was followed by individual pups until the end of 12 weeks of life. Results obtained were analysed by both visual inspection and a least squares spectrum method. The validity of the approaches used was evaluated. 2. Circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone in sighted pups under light-dark cycle (LD) first appeared at around the third post-natal week, accompanied often with a bimodal pattern: a second peak being counterphased to the first main peak. The second peak became obscure at the fourth week, disappearing as pups matured. 3. The hormone rhythm in blinded pups whose eyes were removed within 16 h of birth was free-running under LD with a period of 24.40 +/- 0.02 h (mean +/- S.E.M.). The free-running period was stable until at least the end of the twelfth week of life. 4. The acrophase of the circadian rhythm in blind pups born and reared under LD was 180 degrees out of phase to that born and reared under DL, a reversed light-dark condition. In each case, the acrophase shifted about 8 h from that of sighted pups at the fourth week of life. 5. It is suggested that an underlying oscillator for the hormone rhythm starts to oscillate earlier than the fourth week of life and the environmental light-dark cycle prior to the fourth week determines the phase angle of the circadian rhythm in blind pups. PMID- 7108785 TI - A comparison of the structures of alpha and gamma-spinal motoneurones of the cat. AB - 1. The structures of seven gamma-motoneurones (axonal conduction velocities of 15 48 m/sec) were compared with those of nine alpha-motoneurones (axonal conduction velocities of 71-91 m/sec) by using histochemical methods to reveal horseradish peroxidase which had previously been injected intracellularly into indentified motoneurones in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord.2. The size of the cell bodies of the motoneurones, and the diameters of their intramedullary axons, were related to their axonal conduction velocities over the whole range studied.3. Despite the smaller size of the cell bodies of the gamma-motoneurones, their dendritic trees extended as far as those of the alpha-motoneurones. However, gamma-motoneurones had fewer main dendrites than the alpha-motoneurones and these branched much less, so that the dendritic trees of the gamma-motoneurones were much simpler than those of alpha-motoneurones. Although the extents of the dendritic trees were not related to axonal conduction velocity, the complexity of the dendritic trees was clearly related to axonal conduction velocity and to cell body size.4. The total surface area of each cell, taken as an indication of the area available for synaptic contact, was much smaller for gamma- than for alpha-motoneurones, and was related to axonal conduction velocity.5. Only one of the seven gamma motoneurones studied had axon collaterals whereas five of the nine alpha motoneurones had well developed collaterals. This finding is consistent with the relative contribution that each group of motoneurone axons makes to recurrent inhibition.6. One of the gamma-motoneurones had two axons, of different diameter, which emerged from the spinal cord at the same level but in different ventral rootlets.7. These features of motoneurone structure are related to aspects of their physiological properties. PMID- 7108787 TI - Measurement of intracellular chloride in guinea-pig vas deferens by ion analysis, 36chloride efflux and micro-electrodes. AB - 1. Cl-sensitive micro-electrodes were used to measure the intracellular Cl activity (a(Cl) (i)) in smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens. The values obtained were compared with those of intracellular Cl (Cl(i)) found by both ion analysis and (36)Cl efflux.2. Various combinations of filling solution for recording membrane potential (E(m)), and type of micro-electrode were tested. The most successful, which allowed continuous recording of a(Cl) (i) for several hours, was a double-barrelled electrode using the reference liquid ion exchanger (RLIE; Thomas & Cohen, 1981). However, a(Cl) (i) measured both by simultaneous impalements of separate cells with Cl-sensitive and conventional micro electrodes, and by double-barrelled micro-electrodes, was about 42 mM in normal Krebs solution. This is five times higher than the value from a passive distribution. E(Cl) was about -24 mV, more than 40 mV positive to E(m).3. On complete removal of extracellular Cl (Cl(o)), a(Cl) (i) fell to an apparent level of about 3 mM. If this represents interference from other anions, the maximum error in E(Cl) measured in normal Krebs solution is 2.5 mV. Replacement of Cl(o) caused a rapid increase in a(Cl) (i). This must be caused by an active transport of Cl(-) ions into the cell against their electrochemical gradient.4. The stabilized values of a(Cl) (i) measured at different levels of Cl(o) agree surprisingly well with a(Cl) (i) estimated from ion analysis and (36)Cl efflux, assuming that the intracellular activity coefficient was the same as measured in the normal Krebs solution. The relationship of a(Cl) (i) to Cl(o) was hyperbolic.5. It is concluded that Cl-sensitive micro-electrodes accurately measure a(Cl) (i) in smooth muscle cells. The remarkable agreement between the direct and indirect methods of measuring Cl(i) suggests that Cl(-) ions are not bound to a significant extent and that the compartment seen by the micro electrodes is probably representative of the whole cell. PMID- 7108786 TI - The role of intracellular chloride in hyperpolarizing post-synaptic inhibition of crayfish stretch receptor neurones. AB - 1. The intracellular Cl(-) activity (a(Cl) (i)) of isolated crayfish stretch receptor neurones was measured using liquid ion exchanger Cl(-)-selective micro electrodes. The potential developed due to the difference between the normal extracellular Cl(-) activity (a(Cl) (o)) and a(Cl) (i) (V(Cl)) was compared with the simultaneously measured reversal potential of the inhibitory post-synaptic potential (E(i.p.s.p.)) to further clarify the ionic basis of the i.p.s.p..2. In normal Ringer solution, V(Cl) (63.3 +/- 2.3 mV) was found to be close to the resting membrane potential (E(m), 62.6 +/- 3.9 mV) while E(i.p.s.p.) (74.5 +/- 1.9 mV) was more negative than either. The V(Cl) value corresponds to an apparent a(Cl) (i) of 12.7 +/- 1.3 mM, which is about 4 mM more than required for a Cl(-) governed E(i.p.s.p.) of 74.5 mV.3. Reducing a(Cl) (o) caused smaller changes in V(Cl) than predicted for passive Cl(-) re-distributions. On complete removal of extracellular Cl(-) (Cl(o) (-)), V(Cl) increased to 84.6 +/- 2.7 mV, equivalent to an apparent a(Cl) (i) of about 5 mM-Cl(-). This value can be used as an estimate of the level of intracellular interference on the Cl(-)-selective micro electrode.4. Increasing extracellular K(+) (K(0) (+)) decreased both V(Cl) and E(i.p.s.p.). Decreasing K(o) (+) had the converse effect. The time course of the changes in V(Cl) and E(i.p.s.p.) was much the same. The difference between V(Cl) and E(i.p.s.p.) decreased to about 3 mV in high K(o) (+), and increased to about 30 mV in low K(o) (+). This variation in the difference between E(i.p.s.p.) and V(Cl) is consistent with the assumption that anions other than Cl(-) contribute to the recorded V(Cl) rather than another ion contributes to the inhibitory current.5. Application of 5 mM-NH(4) (+) or of frusemide (6 x 10(-4) M) decreased V(Cl) and E(i.p.s.p.). The difference between V(Cl) and E(i.p.s.p.) was also decreased.6. We conclude that a(Cl) (i) is lower than predicted from a passive distribution and thus the chloride equilibrium potential (E(Cl)) is more negative than E(m). If a constant intracellular interference equivalent to about 4 mM-Cl( ) is assumed to contribute to the recorded V(Cl), E(Cl) was approximately equal to E(i.p.s.p.) in all the experimental conditions. Therefore we suggest that the i.p.s.p. is solely generated by Cl(-) ions. PMID- 7108789 TI - Normality of spatial resolution of retinal ganglion cells in cats with strabismic amblyopia. AB - 1. A convergent or divergent strabismus was induced surgically in eight kittens and a cyclotropia of about 90 deg in two additional kittens. 2. Behavioural measurements were made of the visual acuity of each eye for square-wave gratings. All eight animals that were so tested displayed a reduction of acuity in one eye relative to the other of 1.3-2.5 octaves. 3. The activity of retinal ganglion cells was recorded within the amblyopic eye of six cats, three with a convergent strabismus, two with a divergent strabismus and one with a cyclotropia. Measurements were made of the spatial resolution with 215 on-centre cells for horizontal and vertical gratings. 4. In contrast to other reports, we found the spatial resolution of ganglion cells in the amblyopic eye of the strabismic animals to be comparable to those of normal cats at all retinal eccentricities. In particular there was no evidence for a loss of resolution in the vicinity of the area centralis. 5. Measurement of the cross-sectional area of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (l.g.n.) revealed no evidence of cell shrinkage in laminae receiving a projection from the amblyopic eye. 6. Together, these findings lead to the conclusion that the neural deficit responsible for the strabismic amblyopia in these animals did not lie in the retina but rather at more central levels of the visual pathway. PMID- 7108790 TI - Physiological responses, receptive fields and terminal arborizations of nociceptive cells in the leech. AB - The physiological responses, receptive fields and morphology of individual nociceptor (N) neurones have been studied in the leech. In each of the midbody ganglia there are four N cells (two on either side). Each N cell has a distinctive territory that it supplies in the periphery, on the surface or internally. 1. Both N cells respond selectively to noxious mechanical stimuli applied to the skin but not to touch, light, pressure or stretch. The receptive field of each cell is well defined and covers roughly the same area, extending from the dorsal midline to the ventral midline, with considerable overlap. 2. One of the N cells, situated more medially in the ganglion, also fires at high frequencies in response to mechanical stimulation, such as pinching or squeezing, of the connective tissue lining the viscera. In contrast, the other N cell (situated laterally in the ganglion) is activated by pressure or pinches applied to the opening of the excretory duct but not the gut. 3. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the soma, axons of N cells appear as unspecialized fine processes about 1 micrometer in diameter, in the dermis of the leech, deep to the layer of epidermal cells. In addition, at specific sites in the skin, the N cell situated laterally in the ganglion makes distinctive coiled terminals in association with the expanded dendrites of large neurones in the periphery, the functions of which are unknown. This finding raises the possibility that lateral N cells may perform some additional role as yet not understood. PMID- 7108788 TI - An intracellular analysis of dendrodendritic inhibition in the turtle in vitro olfactory bulb. AB - 1. Intracellular recordings from an in vitro preparation of turtle olfactory bulb were used to determine the pathway responsible for producing synaptic inhibition of mitral cells.2. Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) could be elicited in mitral cells by both olfactory nerve (orthodromic) and mitral cell axon (antidromic) stimulation and by suprathreshold depolarizing current pulses injected intracellularly through the recording micro-electrode. Reversing the chloride gradient by either intracellular injection of chloride or lowering the external chloride concentration reversed the i.p.s.p.s into depolarizing potentials. The GABA antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, blocked the i.p.s.p.s.3. A large increment in the size of the orthodromic and antidromic i.p.s.p. was associated with an action potential. Grading the stimulus intensity on either side of threshold resulted in graded changes in the size of the i.p.s.p. The increment associated with an action potential and the ability to evoke an i.p.s.p. by direct stimulation of a mitral cell suggested that these phenomena were due to activation of the dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses between mitral and granule cells.4. Orthodromic, antidromic and directly produced action potentials could be fractionated such that regenerative activation of the soma-dendritic membrane could be blocked. Only when this membrane was allowed to reach threshold was a large i.p.s.p. recorded. This indicated that the increment in the i.p.s.p. was due to activation of a synaptic pathway involving the soma dendritic membrane.5. When spike propagation in the mitral cell axons was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), an i.p.s.p. could still be produced by direct stimulation, indicating that the mitral cell soma-dendritic membrane is functionally both pre- and post-synaptic. TTX blocked the fast, high amplitude somatic spikes and revealed higher threshold, broader spikes of lower amplitude that were blocked by cobalt and calcium-free Ringer.6. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) increased the duration and the amplitude of the calcium spike. The amplitude was also increased by barium which prolonged the spike only if TEA was present. In the presence of TEA, bicuculline also prolonged the calcium spike. This suggests that three ionic conductances limit the duration of the calcium action potential: a voltage dependent potassium conductance, a calcium-dependent potassium conductance, and the chloride conductance associated with the i.p.s.p.7. Spontaneous, bicuculline sensitive, depolarizing potentials were recorded in mitral cells impaled with KCl filled electrodes. Orthodromic or antidromic stimulation increased the frequency of these small potentials for the duration of the i.p.s.p., indicating prolonged GABA release.8. Stimulation of the olfactory nerves, the mitral cell axons, and direct stimulation could elicit action potentials in granule layer cells. Orthodromic and antidromic activation was followed by a hyperpolarization of about the same duration as the mitral cell i.p.s.p. and was probably the result of dysfacilitation.9. Paired stimulation of the mitral cell axons resulted in the diminution of the granule cell e.p.s.p. evoked by the second shock, indicating that the predominant excitatory input to the granule cells is through the mitral cell dendrites.10. It is concluded that both synaptic inhibition of mitral cells and excitation of granule cells is mediated primarily by the dendrodendritic reciprocal pathway. PMID- 7108791 TI - Expanded receptive fields of cutaneous mechanoreceptor cells after single neurone deletion in leech central nervous system. AB - 1. Individual sensory neurones responding to touch (T) and to noxious (N) stimuli applied to the skin of the leech were killed by injecting pronase into their cell bodies, situated within the C.N.S. This procedure destroys one neurone in its entirety without damaging the cells. 2. When three out of four N cells within a ganglion have been killed, the receptive field of the remaining N sensory cell expands to cover the denervated area of skin. Similarly the field of the touch cell that innervates dorsal skin spreads across the mid line to innervate contralateral skin after the three touch cells on that side have been deleted. 3. The spread is graded and develops with time. The earliest effects appear within 4 weeks and the full spread develops by 3 months. 4. No detectable spread of receptive fields occurs if only two N cells, one on each side, are killed. 5. Following deletion of N cells, the receptive fields of T and pressure sensory cells are unaffected. Similarly, if T cells have been killed, the fields of N cells or pressure cells do not become enlarged. 6. These results represent a modality-specific mechanism by which one sensory cell can be influenced to extend the territory it supplies in the periphery in response to a minimal lesion without its own terminals having been damaged. PMID- 7108792 TI - Reduction of the bradykinin-induced activation of feline group III and IV muscle receptors by acetylsalicylic acid. AB - 1. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats, the influence of systemically or locally applied acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the responses of thin-fibre muscle receptors to close-arterial injections of bradykinin was studied. 2. Many of the slowly conducting (group III and IV) muscle afferents had a background activity of low frequency. This discharge was either unaffected or slightly increased by the ASA doses used. In two units which had a very high discharge rate ASA led to a marked decrease in background activity. 3. On local (I.A. or I.M.) injection of ASA, doses below 1 mg were sufficient for reducing the bradykinin-induced activations of group III and IV muscle receptors. The reduction lasted for about 15-30 min. 4. On systemic (I.V.) administration of ASA (50 mg/kg body weight) the reduction in response magnitude to bradykinin became significant 8 min after injection of the analgesic. The effect was maximal about 10 min later and lasted for more than 60 min. 5. Five receptors were found which gave a repeated response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) injected at 10 min intervals. The 5-HT-induced activations could not be reduced by ASA (50 mg/kg I.V.). 6. Most of the receptors responding to bradykinin had a high threshold on mechanical stimulation and thus were probably nociceptors. It is concluded that the reduction of their bradykinin induced activations reflects the suppression of nociceptive information by an analgesic. Since the recordings were obtained from primary afferent units the data constitute direct evidence for a peripheral action of ASA. PMID- 7108794 TI - Effects of environmental salinity on branchial permeability of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - 1. The gill fluxes of various non-electrolytes were measured in fresh-water- and sea-water-adapted trout (Salmo gairdneri). The studies were performed in vitro with a 'perfused-head' preparation. 2. The results allow one to specify different transepithelial pathways according to the physico-chemical characteristics of the permeant molecules: (1) for hydrophilic the physico-chemical characteristics of the permeant molecules: (1) for hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules of small molecular radius, a transcellular pathway in the respiratory cells of the secondary lamellae, (2) for hexose, all paracellular pathways in the gill epithelium, and (3) for hexose polymers (inulin, dextran), a transcellular pathway in the chloride cells of the primary lamellae. 3. The selectivity of the respiratory cells as a function of the liposolubility of the molecules tested is low. The decrease of this selectivity in the course of salt-water adaptation taken together with the modification of lipid composition of membranes and the effect of adrenaline on the branchial permeability suggests that non-electrolytes diffuse through a lipid phase able to form hydrogen bonds. 4. The high permeability of gills to hexose polymers of high molecular weight suggests a vesicular transport, especially in fish adapted to fresh water. PMID- 7108795 TI - The effects of nucleus raphe magnus lesions on an ascending thermal pathway in the rat. AB - 1. In the thalamus and hypothalamus of rats, anaesthetized with Urethane, single unit recordings have been made from cells which respond to small innocuous changes in scrotal skin temperature applied with a water-perfused brass thermode. 2. Once a scrotal temperature-sensitive neurone had been isolated the brain stem was electrolytically lesioned through implanted tungsten electrodes to determine whether the input from the scrotal skin temperature sensors ascends through the brain stem lemniscal pathways or the mid-line raphe nuclei. All recordings sites and lesions were identified histologically. 3. Thirty-six neurones have been studied of which half were located in the ventrobasal thalamus, six were located in the anterior thalamic nuclei and the remainder were in the medial hypothalamus. 4. The nucleus raphe magnus was lesioned on eighteen separate occasions; in each case the temperature-responsive activity of the thalamic or hypothalamic neurone was abolished. 5. Extensive brain-stem lesions which spared only the mid-line nucleus raphe magnus had no discernible effect on the responses of the thalamic or hypothalamic neurones to scrotal skin temperature. 6. The ascending pathway from the thermal sensors of the rat scrotal skin must pass through, or relay in, the nucleus raphe magnus. PMID- 7108793 TI - Evidence for the role of non-quantal acetylcholine in the maintenance of the membrane potential of rat skeletal muscle. AB - 1. Resting membrane potentials of rat diaphragm muscles cultured in Trowell T8 medium were measured in vitro. After 3 hr in culture the resting membrane potential of muscle fibres within 2.5 mm of nerve section (;near') was -68.3 +/- 0.4 mV (nineteen preparations). This was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the resting potential (-74.0 +/- 0.4 mV) measured in muscle fibres 8-10 mm from the site of nerve section (;far') in the same preparations. A difference between the ;near' and the ;far' fibres was maintained in muscles cultured for 6 and 12 hr. Miniature end-plate potentials were present in both ;near' and ;far' fibres cultured for 3 and 6 hr and ceased after 12-15 hr.2. The presence of carbamylcholine (10(-7) or 10(-8) M) maintained the resting membrane potential of ;near' fibres close to that of ;far' fibres at 3, 6 and 12 hr. For example, at 3 hr in the presence of 10(-8) M-carbamylcholine the mean resting potential was 75.6 +/- 0.5 mV in ;near' fibres and 76.1 +/- 0.4 mV in ;far' fibres (four preparations). A similar effect was produced in preparations exposed to anticholinesterases: diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) (10(-7) M), neostigmine (10(-7) M) or physostigmine (10(-5) M).3. Agents that blocked acetylcholine receptors had the reverse effect. In the presence of alpha-bungarotoxin (1 mug/ml.) or d-tubocurarine (10(-5) M) the resting membrane potential of ;far' fibres was reduced to the level of ;near' fibres over the 24 hr period of observation. For example, at 3 hr in the presence of alpha-bungarotoxin the mean resting potential was 67.2 +/- 0.5 mV in ;near' fibres and 68.5 +/- 0.6 mV in ;far' fibres (six preparations). The effect of d-tubocurarine was reversible.4. When muscles were cultured in Ca(2+)-free medium containing 1 mM-EGTA and 10 mM Mg(2+), there was no difference in membrane potential between ;near' and ;far' fibres and physostigmine (10(-5) M) was ineffective in raising the membrane potential of ;near' fibres.5. It is suggested that non-quantal acetylcholine released from nerve terminals maintains the membrane potential of muscle fibres through a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism. PMID- 7108797 TI - Depolarization produced by sodium removal in the circular muscle of the guinea pig stomach. AB - 1. Reducing the Na concentration to less than 20 mM depolarized the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach and contracture developed. The rate of depolarization varied between preparations. In some, all electrical activity disappeared within 2-3 min in Na-free solution, accompanied by depolarization, but in other preparations a sinusoidal rhythmic activity remained for various lengths of time up to 10 min. 2. When Ca was removed after the depolarization in Na-free solution was fully developed, the membrane partly repolarized and the contracture was abolished. Addition of 2 mM-Mn in the presence of Ca had the same effect. 3. After complete block of electrical activity in Ca-free and Na-free solution, readmission of only Ca (2.5-50 mM) produced sinusoidal rhythmic activity. This activity, observed in the absence of Na, was abolished when the membrane was hyperpolarized by applying inward current. 4. The membrane depolarized in Na-free solution was repolarized by readmission of only 5 mM-Na. This repolarization was greater and faster when the exposure to Na-free solution was prolonged. 5. The possibility was considered that an electrogenic Na-Ca exchange may be involved in the generation of the first component of the slow wave, and that removal of Na blocked the repolarizing phase of this component. In the absence of Na, Ca can evoke rhythmic activity and the underlying mechanism may be the same as that of the second component of slow wave, i.e. an increase in Ca conductance. PMID- 7108796 TI - An analysis of a thermal afferent pathway in the rat. AB - 1. Single unit activity has been recorded in the thalamic, hypothalamic and raphe magnus nuclei of rats anaesthetized with Urethane.2. Neurones were sought which responded to changes in scrotal skin temperature applied with a water-perfused brass thermode. All sixty-nine neurones in the thalamus and hypothalamus responded with abrupt changes in activity as the scrotum was warmed (;switching response'). The majority responded with an increase in activity from minimal to maximal firing rate as the scrotum was warmed over a range of less than 0.5 degrees C; in about 20% of the neurones the converse was observed.3. To determine whether the switching response of the thalamic and hypothalamic neurones depended upon a cortico-thalamic feed-back loop, the cortical surface was cooled to 18-20 degrees C to reversibly abolish cortical post-synaptic activity.4. Cortical cooling abolished the positive switching response of nearly all (15/19) ventrobasal thalamic neurones to scrotal warming. All eight ventrobasal thalamic neurones with negative switching responses, and all twenty-two scrotal temperature-responsive neurones in other thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei were unaffected.5. Twenty recordings were also made from scrotal temperature responsive neurones in the nucleus raphe magnus. All possessed switching responses similar to those observed in the thalamus and hypothalamus.6. None of the scrotal temperature-responsive neurones in the nucleus raphe magnus was affected by cortical cooling. Six neurones were observed in decerebrate rats with properties apparently identical to those in intact rats.7. We conclude that the switching response of thalamic and hypothalamic scrotal temperature-responsive neurones is probably generated in the nucleus raphe magnus and passed in parallel to the thalamus and hypothalamus. In addition, thalamic neurones depend on an intact link with the cerebral cortex for the generation of their switching responses. PMID- 7108798 TI - Response properties of rat olfactory bulb neurones. AB - 1. Response properties of rat olfactory bulb neurones were studied by recording single-unit activity evoked by stimuli delivered by an air-dilution olfactometer. Neural responses were quantified as peristimulus time histograms by averaging the responses evoked by eight presentations of the same stimulus. Animals were stimulated by means of controlled artificial sniffs produced by a vacuum source connected to the choana.2. Evoked activity was divided into on- and after responses. Three types of on-responses were distinguished on the basis of temporal patterns of activity evoked by odorous stimuli. Neurones exhibited the same type of response when driven by different odorants. For a given neurone, the size of an evoked response depended on the odorant used as a stimulus substance. The stimulating effectiveness of particular odorants varied between different neurones.3. After-responses were divided into two classes: phasic (0.5-3 sec after stimulus offset) and tonic (3 sec-2 min after stimulus offset). After responses were associated with a subset of neurones making each type of on response and with units producing no clear on-response. It is suggested that the occurrence of an after-response in a given neurone is not dependent on the nature of the evoked on-response.4. Intensity-related changes of on-responses were characterized by three measures: number of action potentials evoked during the stimulus event, latency of action-potential bursts, and rate of activity during the action-potential bursts. The number of evoked action potentials was not monotonically related to stimulus concentration. In contrast, there was a clear relationship between the pattern of evoked activity and stimulus concentration.5. It is proposed that the timing of excitation and inhibition is dependent on the concentration of the stimulus and that the number of evoked action potentials depends on the odorant used as a stimulus substance and the concentration at which it is delivered. PMID- 7108799 TI - Lateral hypothalamic neurones: osmosensitivity and the influence of activating magnocellular neurosecretory neurones. AB - 1. The activity of single cells in the supraoptic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus of urethane-anaesthetized rats was studied during electrical stimulation of the neural stalk.2. Neurones activated antidromically from the neural stalk were either unaffected or, rarely, slightly affected by single shocks or by brief trains of shocks presented at an intensity just below that necessary for antidromic invasion. Thus there does not appear to be a strong synaptic coupling between rat supraoptic neurones.3. In contrast, many lateral hypothalamic neurones, and particularly those in the perinuclear zone, were strongly affected by neural stalk stimulation, being either orthodromically excited or inhibited. Thus, rat magnocellular neurosecretory neurones appear to project, directly or indirectly, to the lateral hypothalamus.4. Thirty-one lateral hypothalamic neurones were studied following an I.P. injection of 1 ml. 1.5 M-NaCl. Eighteen neurones responded to this osmotic stimulus with a change of at least 1 spike/sec in mean firing rate.5. Fifteen of the thirty-one neurones were strongly affected by neural stalk stimulation (eight inhibited, seven excited). Ten of these fifteen neurones were affected in the same way by osmotic stimulation. The remaining sixteen out of thirty-one neurones were unresponsive to neural stalk stimulation, and of these, ten were also unresponsive to osmotic stimulation. Thus most lateral hypothalamic neurones responded in a similar way to neural stalk stimulation and to systemic osmotic stimulation.6. Thus the osmosensitivity of some neurones in the lateral hypothalamus may be mediated by synaptic input arising from the magnocellular neurosecretory neurones. However, the osmosensitivity of some lateral hypothalamic neurones cannot be explained in this way, and probably derives from osmoreceptors other than the magnocellular neurones. PMID- 7108800 TI - Adaptation of rat olfactory bulb neurones. AB - 1. Single-unit activity was recorded from olfactory bulb neurones driven by odorous stimuli. Neural responses were quantified as averaged peristimulus time histograms. 2. Successive presentations of the same stimulus evoked similar patterns of activity during each presentation. Some neurones exhibited increased and others decreased excitability in the adapted state. The occurrence of such facilitative or suppressive self-adaptation was not determined by odorant concentration or by the number of action potentials evoked by a given stimulus. Neurones driven by more than one odorant exhibited the same type of adaptation (facilitative or suppressive) for all effective stimuli. 3. When the first odorant differed from the second, the number but not the pattern of action potentials evoked by the second odorant differed from the non-adapted state. Some neurones exhibited increased and others decreased excitability in the cross adaptation state. Neurones exhibiting suppressive self-adaptation did not exhibit facilitative cross-adaptation and those exhibiting facilitative self-adaptation did not exhibit suppressive cross-adaptation. Instances of asymmetrical cross adaptation were noted in which two odorants differed in the extent to which they affected subsequent sensitivity to each other. The degree of symmetry for a given pair of odorants differed for different neurones. It is concluded that neurones in the olfactory bulb differ in both the type (suppressive or facilitative) and extent of adaptation evoked by a given odorant. PMID- 7108801 TI - Selective reinnervation of skeletal muscle in the newt Triturus cristatus. AB - 1. A study was made of the effectiveness of synapses formed by foreign and original nerves during reinnervation of skeletal muscle of the newt Triturus cristatus. The extensor cranialis nerve (e.c.n.) of the forelimb was implanted into the humeroantebrachialis muscle (biceps) which was denervated by cutting or crushing the forelimb flexor nerve (f.f.n.). 2. Although biceps became innervated by the implanted nerve, neuromuscular transmission was abnormal. The ratio of the tensions developed by biceps during single and repetitive (50 Hz) stimulation of e.c.n. was lower than either that obtained in normal biceps or during stimulation of f.f.n. after it had regenerated. Similarly, the mean quantal content of e.p.p.s evoked in biceps during stimulation of e.c.n. were lower (m = 17.1) than those evoked in normal muscles (m = 74.6) or during stimulation of the regenerated f.f.n. (m = 40.4). 3. Although the implanted e.c.n. had innervated biceps, after 2-3 months a sprout had grown out of the side of the nerve to reinnervate the extensor digitorum communis muscle (e.d.c.) of the forearm. The mean quantal content of e.p.p.s evoked in this muscle by stimulation of e.c.n. (m = 32.2) was higher than that of those e.p.p.s evoked by stimulation of e.c.n. (m = 32.2) was higher than that of those e.p.p.s evoked by stimulation of the same nerve in biceps (m = 17.1). 4. The results suggest that the synapses formed when a muscle is innervated by an inappropriate nerve are less effective than those formed when reinnervation by the correct nerve occurs. This may account for the tendency of the inappropriate synapses to regress following reinnervation by the correct nerve. In addition however, in the newt there seem to exist mechanisms which ensure that regenerating nerves reinnervate their correct muscles. PMID- 7108803 TI - Power spectral analysis of electromyogram and compound muscle action potential during muscle fatigue and recovery. AB - 1. The power spectral changes of the voluntary electromyogram (e.m.g.) and of the compound muscle action potential (c.m.a.p.) evoked by supramaximal nerve stimulation have been compared in fatigue and recovery of human voluntary muscle contraction. 2. The mean power frequency (m.p.f.) of the voluntary e.m.g. and that of the c.m.a.p. are similar during fatigue. Power spectral shift can be largely accounted for by change in shape of muscle action potentials. 3. The recovery rates of force and action potential amplitude are similar, being half complete at 30 s. M.p.f. and relaxation rate recover more slowly, being half complete at 3 min. 4. It is suggested that the recovery of power spectral changes is dependent on the metabolic state of the muscle. PMID- 7108802 TI - Membrane potential responses of the mouse anococcygeus muscle to ionophoretically applied noradrenaline. AB - 1. Membrane potential responses to ionophoretically applied noradrenaline and to field stimulation were studied in the mouse anococcygeus muscle using intracellular recording techniques.2. The ionophoretic application of noradrenaline produced charge-dependent depolarizations whose total duration was 1-2 s at room temperature and which were characterized by a delay between the start of the ionophoretic pulse and the onset of depolarization (termed the latency of the responses). On occasion ionophoresis of noradrenaline did not depolarize the muscle even though it seemed that successful ejection of noradrenaline had occurred as small localized contractions could be seen.3. The characteristics of these depolarizations were unaffected by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) M) and could not be reproduced when the ionophoretic pipette contained 2 M-NaCl rather than noradrenaline. Moreover noradrenaline still produced depolarizations in denervated muscle and thus it is concluded that the responses were caused by noradrenaline released from the ionophoretic micropipette and not from the intrinsic noradrenergic nerves.4. Field stimulation of innervated muscle usually evoked excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s), but sometimes inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) or a mixture of e.j.p.s and i.j.p.s were observed. The time course of the e.j.p.s was slightly longer than that of the ionophoretic depolarizations which was accounted for by a smaller latency of the ionophoretically induced responses.5. The pharmacology of the nerve-evoked e.j.p.s and the ionophoretically induced depolarizations was similar as both types of responses were antagonized by alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blocking agents (phentolamine and prazosin) but were unaffected by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol. It is probable that noradrenaline released from the intrinsic nerves and that from the ionophoretic micropipette were acting on the same adrenoceptors.6. The latency and to a lesser extent the rise-time of the depolarizations produced by the ionophoretic application of noradrenaline was highly sensitive to changes in temperature of the bathing fluid (Q(10)s > 2) whereas the half-decay time was relatively insensitive to temperature changes (Q(10) approximately 1.5). In addition the latency of the depolarizations was not altered by inhibiting the noradrenaline-uptake mechanism with cocaine (2 x 10(-6) M) or by alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Thus it seems likely that the latency of the responses is a property of the noradrenaline-receptor interaction rather than being caused by other phenomena such as diffusion of noradrenaline. PMID- 7108804 TI - The post-natal development of cholecystokinin-like activity in the brain and small intestine of the rat. AB - 1. The post-natal development of cholecystokinin (CCK)-like activity was studied in the brain and small intestine of the rat. CCK-like biological activity was measured in extracts of these tissues by an in vitro rabbit gall-bladder bioassay. 2. Immediately after birth, the brain contained very little CCK-like activity whereas the proximal small intestine contained significant concentrations of CCK-like activity. The concentration of CCK-like activity in the brain increased rapidly during the third post-natal week and reached adult values by the end of the fourth week. The development of CCK-like activity in the proximal small intestine differed from that seen in the brain. The concentration of CCK-like activity increased during the first post-natal week. After this time, however, the concentration decreased and the adult values, therefore, were lower than those found immediately after birth. This decrease in concentration resulted from failure of the total content of CCK-like activity to increase despite rapid growth of the intestine. 3. The composition of CCK-like activity in neonatal extracts was determined by gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex G50. Extracts of neonatal brain and intestine contained more than one molecular form of CCK-like activity in contrast to the single peak of activity found in adult extracts. In the developing intestine smaller molecular forms were found in addition to the single larger form found in the adult and in the neonatal brain larger molecular forms were found in addition to the CCK octapeptide found in the adult. PMID- 7108805 TI - The role of vagal and intramural inhibitory reflexes in the regulation of intragastric pressure in the ferret. AB - 1. The step inflation technique combined with nerve section and pharmacological receptor blockade was used to determine the gastric distribution of the vagal inhibitory fibres and their role in the regulation of intragastric pressure in the anaesthetized ferret.2. Under the conditions described the predominant effect of the vagus was inhibitory. The dorsal abdominal vagus mediated more inhibition than the ventral vagal trunk. There was partial overlap in the inhibitory effects of the two trunks but, in contrast to excitatory effects, this overlap was less than complete.3. No evidence was found to indicate that the intramural inhibitory neurones (demonstrated pharmacologically) could be activated by a local distensive stimulus or that local inhibitory reflexes played an independent role in the regulation of intragastric pressure. The vago-vagal inhibitory reflexes play the major (possibly the only) part in the over-all regulation of intragastric pressure.4. After a step gastric inflation (50 ml. in < 3 sec) the time taken for the intragastric pressure to fall to 1/e of the peak pressure was a function of the number of inflations; the time decreased with increased number of inflations. It was apparently unaffected by nerve lesions.5. The intragastric pressure in response to an inflation, besides being a function of the neural reflexes evoked, was also related to the gastric weight and hence the size of the animal.6. The sum of the prevailing intragastric pressure and the response to vagal stimulation (10 Hz, 10 sec) was similar, irrespective of the intragastric fluid volume (10-80 ml.).7. The volume of fluid in the corpus was shown to be a major determinant of the contraction produced in response to vagal stimulation: as the corpus volume increased the corpus contraction decreased but the relaxation that follows the contraction increased. A similar effect was observed with intra-arterial ACh which implies that the response to stimulation was modified directly by the degree of stretch of the smooth muscle cells. Inhibitory effects were not apparent unless the stomach was moderately inflated.8. The relative roles of the vagal reflexes, intramural reflexes and the smooth muscle in the regulation of intragastric pressure are discussed in the light of the above observations. PMID- 7108806 TI - The role of gastric secretion in post-diverted pancreatic hypersecretion in conscious rats. AB - 1. In rats prepared with chronic external pancreatic fistulae, gastric fistulae and choledocho-enterostomy, the volume and protein secretion of pancreatic juice was measured. 2. The pancreatic secretion of water and protein after juice diversion was significantly lower when the gastric fistula was open than when closed. Secretion was abolished after atropine, with the fistula open and in animals with ligated pylori. 3. Intraduodenal HCl significantly raised juice volume and protein in animals with diverted juice when the gastric fistula was open. 4. Soybean trypsin inhibitor produced a significantly smaller elevation of juice volume and protein when the gastric fistula was open. 5. It is concluded that the initial hypersecretion of pancreatic juice and protein, following its diversion from the duodenum, is a consequence of the entry of gastric juice into the intestine. PMID- 7108807 TI - Electrical properties of the basolateral membrane of the straight portion of the rabbit proximal renal tubule. AB - 1. Cell membrane potentials were measured with intracellular 3 M-CKl microelectrodes in isolated, perfused segments of the straight portion of the rabbit proximal tubule. 2. Under in vitro conditions simulating the in vivo situation, the transepithelial potential difference was about 1.6 mV, lumen positive, and the basolateral membrane potential was 61 mV, cell negative. 3. Isomolar single ion substitutions in the bath (K+ for Na+, isethionate for Cl-, N methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG+) for Na+, and Cl- for HCO3-) resulted in significant basolateral membrane potential changes only when [K+] was increased and [HCO3-] was reduced; in both cases the basolateral membrane depolarized. Cl- and Na+ substitutions with large monovalent ions did not change basolateral membrane potential. 4. Transepithelial potential changes in substitution experiments suggest that, at the paracellular pathway, PK greater than PNa greater than PNMDG, and PCl greater than Pisethionate. 5. It is concluded that the basolateral membrane of these cells is mainly K+-conductive and that electrodiffusional PNa and PCl are undetectable by this technique. 6. Addition of 1 mM-Ba2+ to the bath reduced basolateral membrane electro-diffusional PK, as evidenced by depolarization and by a reduction of the magnitude of the change in membrane potential produced by increasing bath [K+]. 7. The depolarization produced by lowering bath [HCO3-] appears to result from a reduction of electrodiffusional PK, since it is blocked by Ba2+. There is no need to postulate a conductive pathway for HCO3- or a related species. PMID- 7108808 TI - The pattern of cardiovascular response to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in the cat. AB - 1. The pattern of cardiovascular response evoked by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation has been investigated in cats anesthetized by continuous infusion of Althesin (Glaxo). 2. A variety of chemoreceptor stimulants, injected retrogradely into the lingual artery with the external carotid artery ligated, evoked hyperventilation with variable changes in arterial pressure and heart-rate, but a consistent vasodilatation in limb muscles and vasoconstriction in renal, mesenteric and cutaneous vasculature. 3. The muscle vasodilatation was still obtained after vagotomy and when the animal was paralysed and artificially ventilated; thus, it was not secondary to the hyperventilation. 4. In the majority of experiments the muscle vasodilatation was much reduced or abolished by atropine indicating it was mediated by sympathetic cholinergic fibres, which is characteristic of the alerting stage of the defence reaction in the cat. The cardiovascular pattern was accompanied by the other autonomic features of the alerting response, viz. pupillary dilatation, retraction of the nictitating membranes and pilo-erection. 5. In one and the same animal the pattern of response evoked by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation was the same as that evoked by noxious cutaneous stimulation, and by electrical stimulation in the brain stem defence areas. 6. It is concluded that peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation acts as an excitatory input to the hypothalamic and brain stem defence areas and that it can readily evoke the autonomic components of the alerting stage of the defence reaction. It is suggested that this has been missed in previous studies on anaesthetized animals because of the depressant action of chloralose and barbiturates on transmission in the hypothalamus and mid-brain. PMID- 7108809 TI - Mechanical oscillations contributing to the segmentation of the reflex electromyogram response to stretching human muscles. AB - 1. Brisk joint displacements and tendon taps were applied to voluntarily contracting wrist flexor muscles in subjects who did not attempt to react to them. Different types of mechanotransducers, some of them attached to an intramuscular needle, were used to detect mechanical oscillations in the wrist flexors, resulting from the imposed impacts. The transducer responses to the perturbations were compared with simultaneously recorded reflex electromyogram (e.m.g.) responses. Experiments were also carried out on a rubber band model, exposed to similar mechanical stimuli.2. During brisk ramp wrist extensions the transducers signalled damped muscular oscillations at 30-50 Hz. The oscillations grew in amplitude with increasing speed of onset of the stretch movement and at angular accelerations exceeding about 2 x 10(4) deg/sec(2) the e.m.g. response changed from a non-segmented to a progressively more pronounced segmented pattern. Peak intervals in the segmented reflex e.m.g. responses were similar to those of the mechanical oscillations and did not change significantly with small or moderate variations in background contraction force. Latencies from successive deflexions in the accelerometer records to corresponding deflexions in the e.m.g. were 20-25 msec.3. Damped muscular oscillations in the 30-50 Hz range were also initiated by sudden halts of voluntary wrist movements, by electrically induced twitches, and by voluntary brisk contractions. In these instances too, the mechanical oscillations were reflected in the shape of the succeeding e.m.g. response.4. The interval between the two initial peaks in the accelerometer records was always shorter with tendon taps than in ramp stretch experiments. A corresponding difference was noted in the intervals between the following two peaks in the reflex e.m.g. response.5. The initial peak in the accelerometer records could be ascribed to a wave propagated at about 40 m/sec in the wrist flexor muscles. Inconclusive results were obtained in attempts to determine whether the subsequent oscillations represented reflexions of the propagated wave at the ends of the muscle.6. The muscles were also exposed to recurrent stretch stimuli (torque pulses) with a repetition rate varying between 15 and 100 Hz. At 30-50 Hz the intramuscular oscillations reached their maximal amplitude, and such repetition rates were also most efficient in producing synchronized e.m.g. bursts, time-locked to the oscillations. The mechanical responses of the wrist flexors to single or recurrent perturbations were to a large extent mimicked by a rubber band model with a longitudinal resonance frequency of about 40 Hz.7. It is concluded that segmentation of reflex e.m.g. responses to sudden joint displacements and other types of brisk muscle perturbations to a large extent depends on the inherent resonance characteristics of musculo-tendinous structures. Primary spindle endings with their high vibration sensitivity and their segmental projections to alpha-motoneurones are believed to be the receptors primarily responsible for reflex entrainment of the motor impulses. PMID- 7108810 TI - The 'late' reflex responses to muscle stretch: the 'resonance hypothesis' versus the 'long-loop hypothesis'. AB - 1. Experiments were performed to check the validity of previous claims concerning the ;long-loop' aetiology of ;late' reflex electromyogram (e.m.g.) responses to muscle stretch in man. The primary aim was to investigate whether observations previously presented in favour of the ;long-loop hypothesis' are explicable also in terms of the ;resonance hypothesis', according to which the ;late' reflex components represent spinal, short-latency responses to intramuscular oscillations initiated by the impact.2. The contracting wrist flexors of healthy subjects were exposed to trains of recurrent 25-50 Hz stretch stimuli (wrist torque pulses). Each of the initial two or three pulses in the train was followed by e.m.g. peaks with a latency of 20-25 msec. The e.m.g. peaks driven in this way had the following characteristics in common with the successive two or three e.m.g. peaks which were induced by single ramp stretches or tendon taps. (a) Changes in stimulus parameters which altered the strength of the initial e.m.g. peak often had an opposite effect on the strength of the succeeding peak(s). Muscle vibration which attenuated the initial peak often enchanced the succeeding one(s). (b) The initial e.m.g. peak was less affected than the succeeding peak(s) by the subjects' attempts to respond with rapid ;resist' or ;let go' reactions.3. Intramuscular oscillations (monitored by a needle accelerometer) and e.m.g. responses evoked by single ramp stretches and/or tendon taps were also studied in the long thumb flexor, the calf muscles and the masseter muscle. In the thumb flexor, the initial accelerometer deflexion was only rarely succeeded by a short latency e.m.g. peak, but the succeeding wave in the needle accelerogram was followed by such a peak, appearing about 40 msec after stimulus application. By contrast, the calf muscles and the jaw elevators exhibited a high amplitude, short-latency e.m.g. response to the first but only rarely to the second intramuscular oscillation wave.4. The interval between initial and second e.m.g. peaks following tendon taps was longer for calf muscles than for wrist flexors and longer for wrist flexors than for jaw elevators. Similar differences were observed with respect to the intervals between the damped intramuscular oscillations initiated by the impacts.5. Without denying the existence of ;long loop reflexes' it is concluded that the characteristics of the ;late' reflex responses to muscle stretch in man are explicable also in terms of the ;resonance hypothesis'. PMID- 7108811 TI - Sustained synaptic input to ganglion cells of mudpuppy retina. AB - 1. Intracellular responses were recorded from on-centre and off-centre ganglion cells in isolated eyecups of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus.2. Current-voltage relations were measured in darkness, during illumination of the receptive field centre, and after chemically mediated synaptic inputs were blocked by 4 mM-cobalt chloride.3. In on-centre cells the membrane potential in darkness was -56+/-6 mV (mean+/-S.D.). Addition of Co(2+) resulted in an average depolarization of 10 mV and an average decrease in conductance of 2.1 nS. These results suggest that in darkness on-centre cells are tonically inhibited by synaptic input which increases conductance and has a reversal potential more negative than the dark membrane potential. In off-centre cells the membrane potential in darkness was 46+/-5 mV. Addition of Co(2+) caused an average hyperpolarization of 6 mV and an average decrease in conductance of 1.5 nS. These results suggest that in darkness off-centre cells receive a tonic excitatory input which increases conductance and has a reversal potential more positive than the dark membrane potential.4. In on centre cells light causes a sustained depolarization. This response involves an increase in a tonic excitatory input which increases conductance and has a reversal potential more positive than the dark membrane potential.5. In off centre cells, light causes a sustained hyperpolarization. This response involves an increase in a sustained inhibitory input which increases conductance and has a reversal potential more negative than the dark membrane potential.6. The depolarizing off-response of off-centre cells is associated with an increase in an excitatory input which increases conductance and has a reversal potential more positive than the dark membrane potential. This response may be due to a temporary increase in the excitatory input which is tonically active in darkness or may reflect an additional excitatory input.7. It is suggested that in both on- and off-centre ganglion cells the balance of sustained excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs determines the resting potential in darkness. Centre illumination alters the balance of these inputs, by increasing one and decreasing the other, to produce the characteristic sustained light responses.8. The possible presynaptic sources of the sustained excitatory and inhibitory inputs are discussed. PMID- 7108813 TI - Apolipoprotein B in normolipemic and hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects from the city of Bombay. PMID- 7108814 TI - Post-operative muscle pain and serum potassium changes following self-taming of succinyl choline-induced fasciculations. PMID- 7108812 TI - Genotypic analysis of symptomatic thalassemia syndromes (A study of 292 unrelated cases from Bombay). PMID- 7108815 TI - Phantom limb: its properties and mechanism of pain. PMID- 7108816 TI - Ruptured aneurysm of the circle of Willis in a case of polycystic disease of the kidneys. PMID- 7108817 TI - Use of peripheral temperature as a guide to post-operative circulating adequacy. PMID- 7108818 TI - Symptomatic beta thalassemia trait (A study of 143 cases). PMID- 7108819 TI - Appendicular abscess presenting as a sinus in the right loin (a case report). PMID- 7108821 TI - Dubin-Johnson syndrome. (A case report and review of literature). PMID- 7108820 TI - Reversible bundle branch block in phenothiazine toxicity. (A case report). PMID- 7108822 TI - Modified FPG technique for demonstrating sister chromatid exchange (SCE). PMID- 7108823 TI - The autopsy in deaths under fifty. PMID- 7108824 TI - Environmental hazards for pacemaker patients. PMID- 7108825 TI - Some facets of the epidemiology of alcoholism. PMID- 7108826 TI - Home recording of arrhythmias by patients using a portable electrocardiograph. PMID- 7108827 TI - Conservative management of primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 7108828 TI - The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. PMID- 7108829 TI - The pronator syndrome. PMID- 7108830 TI - Achalasia of the oesophagus in Nigeria. PMID- 7108831 TI - Peroperative cholangiography. PMID- 7108832 TI - Local excision in the treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. PMID- 7108833 TI - Chronic suppurative otitis media in Hong Kong. PMID- 7108834 TI - Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. Part 2. PMID- 7108835 TI - Umbilical vessel catheters. PMID- 7108836 TI - Gallstone ileus in the absence of the gallbladder. PMID- 7108837 TI - A wandering cystic spleen. PMID- 7108838 TI - Primary intussusception in the adult. PMID- 7108839 TI - Intestinal perforation in an adult. PMID- 7108840 TI - Rupture of the stomach. PMID- 7108841 TI - [Computed tomography of the pathological pelvis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108842 TI - [Diagnostic value of computed tomography in blood diseases (author's transl)]. AB - Study of a series of 108 patients with blood disease explored by computer tomography showed that this is a reliable method for investigating retroperitoneal lymph node lesions, and that the cost and irradiation level was equivalent to conventional radiological examination. The scanner can also explore the liver, spleen, and lymph node chains, not revealed by the latter. Computer tomography, which is easily accepted by the patient, can be proposed, therefore, for initial and follow-up examinations of these patients. PMID- 7108843 TI - [Computed tomography diagnosis of anomalies of aortic arch of the adult (author's transl)]. AB - Seven cases of anomalies of aortic arch investigated by computed tomography are described. The authors emphasized the interest of such an exam in the investigation of these anomalies. It is very interesting to know this pathology in sight to obviate some mistakes in the diagnostic of the tumors of the mediastinum. They describe three specific criterions of CT diagnosis of a right aberrant subclavian artery. The indications of computed tomography in the diagnostic and evaluation of the anomalies of aortic arch are discussed. PMID- 7108844 TI - [True orientation of the acetabulum as determined by CAT scan. Preliminary results (author's transl)]. AB - Valid clinical correlations with biomechanical data require three-dimensional visualization of a joint, in order to determine the true spatial configuration of the various segments of the part studied. The CAT scan has opened a new pathway in this direction, as it supplies precise mathematical information on the segments explored. An original analytical programme was employed in humans to establish the true spatial orientation of the acetabular cavity. The validity of the method was confirmed by comparing results in 31 subjects with the rare cases where such measurements were made, reported in the published literature. The method could be extended to other body regions. PMID- 7108845 TI - [Intensifying screens: speed, definition, afterglow and abrasion resistance (author's transl)]. AB - Main characteristics of radiological intensifying screens were measured. Speed and definition under conditions described before. The different screens-film systems were ranged after their speed factor, at 40, 70 and 120 kV with mention of definition of these systems when measured. Afterglow and abrasion resistance were measured under experimental well definite conditions. Results show that are extant rare earth screens allowing a decrease of X-ray exposure without too great afterglow or mechanical frailty. PMID- 7108846 TI - [Pelvic hydatid cyst: atypical ultrasonographic findings in one case (author's transl)]. AB - The authors present one case of pelvic hydatid cyst scanned by ultrasound. This recent localisation of the hydatid disease permits the description of particular semeiological data. This aspect is not described in the literature concerning the cystic pathology of the pelvis, and can be evocative of an parasitic etiology. PMID- 7108847 TI - [Pyopneumopericarditis complicating a perforated hiatus hernia ulcer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7108848 TI - [Gas in a pyelic calculus (author's transl)]. AB - An original case of a gas-containing pyelic calculus is described. This phenomenon in a radiolucent calculus spontaneously visible by computed tomography is attributed to the fissuration of a crystallin calculus. The hypothesis is emitted that, like gallstones, the apparition of gas is a fissuration that may precede the spontaneous disappearance of the calculus. PMID- 7108850 TI - [Radiologic examination of the knee and ankle in stress positions (author's transl)]. AB - The serious serious sequelae of sprains of the knee and ankle makes it imperative for the therapist to have an early and precise diagnosis. The authors propose a means of exploring these joints with the aid of a simple set up. This new technology allows the radiologist, secure from direct or indirect radiation, to carry out a standardized examination of the joint, usually unilaterally, and to make his interpretation more easily and more precisely. This method of x-raying in the stress position has its major indication in emergencies, but is equally useful in non emergencies, accomplishing a veritable over-all evaluation of the joint: varus, valgus, preternatural anterior and posterior sliding motion. The interpretation, based on direct reading of the films, differentiates the normal condition from physiological relaxation and mild and severe sprains. Naturally this method is to be used only after taking standard routine views to rule out any fractures. PMID- 7108849 TI - [A massive bone metastasis of prostatic origin (author's transl)]. AB - The authors report the case of a 68 year old man with histologically proven cancer of the prostate who progressively developed an ischioperineal tumor interfering with sitting, and in the pelvis x-ray it was ovular measuring 16 X 7.5 cm. This bone tumor, developed at the expense of the right ischeopublic ramus and the ischeal tuberosity, was well limited and circumscribed, with its central portion dense and the periphery giving a septate appearance. The biopsy of the tumor done under a brilliance amplifier showed that it was an osteosclerotic metastasis of an adenocarcinoma. It appears exceptional for a prostatic cancer metastasis to occur in such an expansive and massive form. PMID- 7108851 TI - [Suprarenal cysts. Diagnostic value of percutaneous puncture guided by echoscopy (author's transl)]. AB - Percutaneous needle aspiration was carried out in one case of suprarenal cysts which had already been evaluated by pyelography, echography and angiography. The characteristics of the aspirated liquid pointed towards a benign lesion, and enabled conservative treatment to be initiated. More generally, diagnosis of suprarenal tumors benefits from the direct approach already applied to other abdominal tumors. PMID- 7108852 TI - Parasuicide in an urban general practice, 1970-1979. AB - In the 10 years from 1970 to 1979 there were 224 known episodes of parasuicide involving 158 patients (71 per cent women) registered with doctors in a group practice in a health centre in South East London. Nearly 40 per cent of patients were known to have repeated parasuicide at least once. Self-poisoning by drugs was the commonest method. Nearly three quarters of the drugs used had been prescribed by doctors and just under 60 per cent of the study patients had consulted their doctor within the 28 days preceding parasuicide. Personality disorder was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis and was often associated with depression. There was no past or present evidence of psychiatric abnormality in 22 per cent. The most frequent precipitating cause of parasuicide was a breakdown in personal relationships. The annual total of episodes fell in the last two years of the study, but it is not yet clear whether this marks a significant development. Six of the patients died from suicide during the study period. PMID- 7108853 TI - Domiciliary terminal care: demands on statutory services. AB - The work of a specialist advisory home care service for the terminally ill during 1980 is reported, with reference to the demands it made on community services. Whilst there was no change in demand for home helps, there was a 44 per cent increase in visiting by community nurses for male patients and a 117 per cent increase for female patients. Commodes, ripple mattresses and backrests were all essential and an increased need of over 100 per cent in each was recorded. Patients were attended on average for three months (men) and six months (women) and 41 per cent were able to remain at home until their death. PMID- 7108854 TI - Workload review. Birmingham Research Unit, Royal College of General Practitioners. AB - Consultation rates, visiting rates and a selection of miscellaneous services were recorded over two weeks in February 1981 by 82 doctors in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. The findings are reported here with an emphasis on the variation between individual doctors. Consultations (including visits) were at the rate of 3.27 per patient per year. Undertaking a selection of miscellaneous services for patients is estimated to be equivalent to one third of the doctor's consultation workload. In addition, participating doctors spent an average of 9(1/2) hours in the two weeks undertaking tasks connected with education and health service administration. Time spent in the administration and management of the practice was not included in this study.The home visiting rate reported in this study was 14 per cent of all consultations and, although a little lower than that reported in the General Household Survey, it is similar to the results from the National Morbidity Survey for 1970 and 71 and also similar to other PAA results.The material is presented in such a way that it provides an analysis of workload in a large number of practices, and describes a method which doctors can use to measure their own performance and compare it with the overall results. PMID- 7108856 TI - Why not a Subfertility Co-operation Card? PMID- 7108855 TI - Adults with pertussis. AB - Eighty adults were diagnosed in one general practice as having infection due to Bordetella pertussis, type 1.3, during a period of 30 months. Their clinical presentation and progress is recorded. A plea is made for attention to be paid to this infection in adults. PMID- 7108857 TI - Acute labyrinthitis. PMID- 7108858 TI - Modulation of the immune response to teratocarcinoma in mice sensitized by sperm antigens. AB - Mouse primitive teratocarcinoma cells share a common surface antigen with morulae, preimplantation embryo cells and murine and human spermatozoa. 129/Sv mice were immunized with either spermatozoa and subsequently inoculated with various doses of teratocarcinoma 6050. A significant inhibition or acceleration of tumor growth was observed when compared with controls immunized with compatible fibroblasts. These effects were sex-dependent, both the incidence and tumor growth being suppressed in sperm-immunized males. The opposite effects were observed in sperm-presensitized females. Immune sera obtained from both male and female 129/Sv mice exhibited a high binding activity to human spermatozoa when tested in a cellular radioimmunoassay. Thus, immunization with sperm antigens provides immunotherapeutic and/or enhancing effects in male and female 129/Sv mice, respectively. PMID- 7108859 TI - Evaluation of Falope Ring sterilization by hysterosalpingogram. AB - One hundred eight women sterilized by laparoscopically directed application of Falope Rings were evaluated by postoperative hysterosalpingography (HSG). Operations were performed from November 1975 through March 1977 at Louisville General Hospital, Louisville Kentucky, by residents in obstetrics and gynecology. Local anesthesia was used for 30% of the procedures; general endotracheal anesthesia was used for the remainder. Xylocaine jelly was placed on each ring prior to its application. HSG was done on each woman at least three months following surgery. In three cases extravasation from one tube occurred. None of the women had extravasation from both tubes. One patient with intraabdominal spill had a repeat sterilization by laparoscopic cauterization. The remaining two patients, who have been followed for three years, have not used contraception and have not conceived. The clinical significance of extravasation on HSG following tubal sterilization has been questioned, as has the safety of postoperative hysterosalpingography. This study demonstrated a high rate of patency (2.8%). However, pregnancy did not occur in two patients with persistent postoperative tubal patency. The patency rate with Falope Ring sterilization is lower than that found by others at this institution when HSGs were used to evaluate women following laparoscopic cauterization. PMID- 7108861 TI - Classification of operations for tuboperitoneal infertility. PMID- 7108860 TI - The international medicolegal status of sterilization for mentally handicapped people. PMID- 7108862 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of nonfunctional human ovaries. AB - Samples of ovaries taken from fertile and infertile patients, 23 to 32 years of age, were fixed in 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde, processed by critical point drying, sputter coated with gold palladium and viewed by scanning electron microscopy. Cell cores proliferating from the tunica albuginea into the stroma were made up of an epithelium similar to that covering the ovarian surface. Ovarian papillae, arising from the ovarian surface, were covered with typical polyhedral superficial cells. The oocyte and granulosa cells were connected by means of microvilli, desmosomes and gap junctions. After ovulation the stigma was occupied by a mass of connective tissue to which were attached red blood cells (coagulated blood) and residual follicle cells. In the postovulatory follicle the adjacent superficial epithelium underwent extensive proliferation to repair the rupture point. The anovulatory ovaries were completely covered with superficial epithelium, which was packed tightly and exhibited dense microvilli, blebs, solitary cilia, ruffles, filopodia and different types of cytoplasmic projections. This was in contrast to the ovulatory ovary, in which the superficial epithelium seemed to be localized only in certain areas and the site of the follicular rupture was not completely repaired by superficial epithelium. PMID- 7108863 TI - Alterations in clinical chemistry measures associated with oral contraceptive and estrogen use: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. AB - The associations of current oral contraceptive (OC) or estrogen use and mean levels of a variety of clinical chemistry measurements have not been previously described in large, free-living populations. We compared mean fasting measurements of eight clinical chemistry tests (alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], total bilirubin, globulin, thyroxine, creatinine, uric acid and plasma glucose) adjusted for age, body mass, education, alcohol use, smoking and study population variation in approximately 1,500 white women from nine North American Lipid Research Clinic populations. Compared to hormone nonusers of the same age, OC users aged 20 to 39 years had significantly lower mean values of serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, total bilirubin and plasma glucose, while serum globulin, thyroxine and creatinine levels were significantly higher. Mean uric acid values were not significantly different. Estrogen users aged 50 to 69 years had significantly lower mean values of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin and significantly higher thyroxine and uric acid levels as compared to hormone nonusers aged 50 to 69 years. PMID- 7108865 TI - Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in pregnancy. PMID- 7108864 TI - The effects of vaginal contamination on two pulmonary phospholipid assays. AB - During the examination to confirm premature rupture of membranes, amniotic fluid unavoidably contaminated with cervical mucus and other vaginal debris can often be obtained from the posterior fornix. This study was undertaken to determine the validity of phospholipid measurements on contaminated amniotic fluid. Fifteen paired amniocentesis and vaginally contaminated samples of amniotic fluid were used to measure the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC). The amniocentesis specimens had a mean L/S ratio of 3.94 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SEM), and contaminated samples had a mean L/S ratio of 3.82 +/- 0.29 (mean +/- SEM). Paired t-test was unable to demonstrate a significant difference (p greater than 0.10), and the correlation coefficient between paired L/S samples was r = 0.79. SPC measurements on the amniocentesis fluid had a mean value of 1,243 microgram/DL +/- 217 (mean +/- SEM) as compared to the contaminated-specimen mean of 1.375 micrograms/dl 223 (mean +/- SEM). Paired t-test likewise was unable to demonstrate a significant difference (p greater than 0.10), and the correlation coefficient between paired SPC samples was r = 0.93. Within the design of this study, we were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant effect of brief vaginal contamination on the measurement of the L/S ratio or SPC. PMID- 7108866 TI - Sirenomelia, Potter's syndrome and their relationship to monozygotic twinning: a case report and discussion. PMID- 7108867 TI - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern with vasa previa in twin pregnancy. AB - A case of vasa previa in twin pregnancy associated with a sinusoidal heart rate was observed. A review of the world literature revealed eight previously reported cases of vasa previa in twins. No first twin survived, and 62.5% of second twins eventually died from partial or complete exsanguination. This is the first reported case of sinusoidal fetal heart rate in association with vasa previa. Continuous fetal monitoring suggested the diagnosis of funic presentation and of fetal bleeding. A high index of suspicion, use of amnioscopy, ability to detect fetal blood in the vaginal pool, continuous fetal heart rate monitoring and ultrasonography may help in reducing the high perinatal mortality associated with vasa previa. PMID- 7108868 TI - Phencyclidine in pregnancy: a case report. PMID- 7108869 TI - Vesicovaginal fistula following hypogastric embolization for control of intractable pelvic hemorrhage. PMID- 7108870 TI - Activated human mononuclear phagocytes release a substance(s) that induces replication of quiescent human fibroblasts. AB - Human mononuclear phagocytes (HMP) treated in vitro with N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl D-isoglutamine (MDP) released a soluble substance(s) that induced in vitro replication of subconfluent, quiescent, serum-free human fibroblasts. The response was enhanced if nonmitogenic plasma-derived serum (PDS) was added to the HMP-conditioned media after harvest. The capacity of serum-free, quiescent fibroblasts to respond to the HMP-released substance(s) diminished with time in culture. The diminished proliferative response was reversed by adding PDS to the MDP-HMP-conditioned media. Similar results were obtained in parallel experiments using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). These data suggest that the HMP associated growth-promoting substances may, like PDGF, act co-ordinately with substances in PDS to stimulate the proliferation of cells in vitro. PMID- 7108871 TI - Characterization of the release of human monocyte regulators of fibroblast proliferation. AB - We have examined the mechanism of release of monocyte-derived mediators that stimulate fibroblast proliferation in vitro. Adherence of human monocytes promotes the rapid release of these factors and treatment of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cell (APBM) cultures with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) greatly enhances the level of fibroblast-stimulating activity in the cell-free culture supernatant fluid (SN). Stimulation of phagocytosis or pinocytosis does not alter the release of these mediators from APBM cultures while trypan blue pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) results in a significant reduction in fibroblast stimulation by PBM-SN. Protein synthesis was blocked by pretreatment of monocytes with puromycin and was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in the production of these mediators. Monocyte serine proteases appear to be essential for mediator synthesis or release since tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), irreversible inhibitors of serine esterase activity, diminish the release of fibroblast-stimulating factors. Furthermore, time course data indicate that monocytes rapidly release these products in vitro during the first 24 hr of culture with significantly reduced levels being produced from 24 to 96 hr. These data indicate that adherent human monocytes rapidly release fibroblast-activating mediators in vitro, requiring both protein synthesis and protease activity; furthermore LPS, but not phagocytosis, can enhance the release of these products. PMID- 7108872 TI - Characterization of the phagocytic cells isolated from the human placenta. AB - The present study has shown that the human placenta (first trimester and full term) contains a significant population of mononuclear cells (isolated by proteolytic treatment) expressing receptors for Fc(IgG) and C3 and bearing surface immunoglobulin that is probably cytophilic. The cells, as assessed by morphology, resemble macrophages and actively partake in both immune and nonimmune phagocytosis. The receptor and phagocytic characteristics of the placenta suggest that it may be regarded as an important compartment of the reticuloendothelial system and that these properties probably contribute significantly to its defensive role in utero. PMID- 7108873 TI - Culture conditions required for primary isolation and study of mouse blood monocytes. AB - Blood monocytes, the precursors to macrophages found in inflammatory exudates, have several important immunologic functions, and may also contribute to populations of mature macrophages found in tissues and serous cavities. Mouse blood monocytes have not been studied much because they have been difficult to culture. If plated alone, ie, in the absence of blood lymphocytes, they die in media usually used to culture mouse macrophages. Here we describe conditions for plating them alone and maintaining them for several weeks in a standard culture medium (Neuman-Tytell) supplemented only with a normal serum. Plating them at a high concentration (8 x 10(7) cells/ml) and using horse serum instead of fetal calf serum were important, and their survival was improved by adding reduced glutathione or sodium thioglycollate but not 2-mercaptoethanol. Using high concentrations of horse serum (20%) and high plating concentrations of cells both encouraged monocyte replication. We studied the morphologic and functional characteristics of these cells at succeeding intervals during several-day cultures. At the beginning, during, and shortly after replication they had the characteristics of monocytes by several criteria. Later, and when not replicating, they developed into macrophages and varying numbers of epithelioid cells. By moderate manipulation of culturing conditions we have been able, then, to observe various aspects of mouse monocyte-macrophage differentiation and replication in relatively simple medium and using blood-adherent monocytes alone. PMID- 7108874 TI - Selective modification of rat peritoneal macrophage lysosomal hydrolases by inflammatory stimuli. AB - Lysosomal acid hydrolases were surveyed in elicited and non-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages to determine the types of enzymes present and optimal assay conditions. Adherent peritoneal cells (primarily macrophages) were cultured 24 hours prior to use. Intracellular distribution of enzymes was determined by differential centrifugation of whole cell homogenates into nuclear, cytoplasmic, and lysosomal fractions. The acid glycosidase, acid phosphatase, acid protease, and lysozyme were largely sedimentable in the lysosomal fraction. Much enzyme activity was latent, being activated by addition of Triton X-100. Chymotrypsin like protease activity in cell fractions was apparently due to low level mast cell contamination. Elicited macrophages had elevated total cell protein as compared to non-elicited cells, but changes in intracellular enzyme levels were selective depending on the enzyme and the stimulus used to elicit macrophages. Thioglycollate-elicited cells showed elevations of most acid hydrolases compared to non-elicited cells, whereas enzyme levels in zymosan-elicited cells were similar to those in non-elicited cells. All elicited cells showed marked decreases in total cellular alpha-D-mannosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase compared to non-elicited cells. Intracellular lysozyme levels also varied between different rat strains. Cultured macrophages exhibited increasing intracellular levels and extracellular secretion of acid hydrolases, especially extracellular lysozyme (10-25 mug/10(6) cells/day), over 72 hours. No significant intra- or extracellular elastinolytic activity was detected. PMID- 7108875 TI - Ultrastructure of beige mouse peritoneal macrophage lysosomes. AB - One phenotypic expression of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome in humans and the analogous disorder in the beige mouse (C57BL/6bg/bg) is the presence of anomalous lysosomes identifiable as enlarged cytoplasmic inclusions. This alteration has been used in the study of the circulation and source of certain mononuclear phagocytes in mice. In the present study abnormally enlarged lysosomes are inconsistently demonstrable in the resident peritoneal macrophage of the beige mouse. However, the beige phenotype is also expressed in resident peritoneal macrophages by the presence of anomalous ring form and elongated dumbbell-shaped lysosomes. The former structures resemble those recently described [13] in blood monocytes from patients with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. PMID- 7108876 TI - Medical management of gastrointestinal tuberculosis. PMID- 7108877 TI - Surgery of the sweat glands. PMID- 7108878 TI - Cementless isoelastic RM total hip prosthesis. AB - Some surgeons are beginning to doubt the reliability of bone cement in joint replacements. In 1967 Robert Mathys conceived the idea of an isoelastic prosthesis made of plastic, which would anchor into the bone without cement. He developed the idea by extensive tests in animals and, in 1973, the first human RM cementless hip prosthesis was inserted by E Morscher. In this paper the concept of the cementless isoelastic prosthesis is developed by Robery Mathys, and Professor Bombelli records his experience with the prosthesis between 1977 and 1981. PMID- 7108879 TI - Pain and dysphagia in patients with squamous carcinomas of the head and neck: the role of perineural spread. AB - Clinical and pathological features of perineural spread have been investigated in patients with squamous carcinomas at several sites in the head and neck. In 100 surgical cases, the clinical and pathological findings were congruent in 76%. Combined clinical and histological evidence of perineural invasion was recorded in 33% and the overall incidence of nerve involvement detected morphologically was 44%. Perineural infiltration was demonstrated histologically in 51% of major excisions from the buccal cavity and in 34% of resections from the oropharynx, hypopharynx and cervical oesophagus. The neurological findings were dominated by hypoaesthesia, dysaesthesia and referred pain - mainly in the territories of cranial nerves V and IX. Multiple and/or sequential nerve involvement was occasionally seen. No correlation was established between nerve invasion and metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Long-distance infiltration of nerve trunks, and multiple involvement, are grave prognostic features.In 17 terminal patients submitted to autopsy, 65% had combined clinical and pathological evidence of perineural spread and the overall incidence of nerve involvement detected morphologically was 88%. Sensory changes again predominated. Multiple nerve involvement was observed in 35%. An apparently new 'dysphagia syndrome' is described in 4 patients with oropharyngeal carcinomas in whom gross mechanical obstruction was simulated by a combination of perineural spread of tumour into the ipsilateral vagal trunk, sometimes accompanied by segmental infarction, variable invasion of the sympathetic chain, and 'splinting' of the pharynx by local fibrosis and tumour in the soft tissues of the neck. Short-term palliation was achieved in these patients with high-dose steroids. PMID- 7108880 TI - Improved prognosis in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experience of 62 cases over 2-year period. AB - During 1979 and 1980, 62 babies with congenital diaphragmatic hernia were admitted to the Hospitals for Sick Children. All 62 babies underwent surgical closure of the anatomical defect. There were 44 survivors and 18 deaths, a survival rate of 71%. Both the number treated and the overall survival rate were greater than any series reported for a similar period. The number of admissions may reflect earlier diagnosis and improved resuscitation, with safer and more rapid transfer to our units. The improved survival must be mainly attributed to our experience over the past few years which has consolidated understanding and methods of management and led to a close cooperation between surgeon and anaesthetist both in immediate management and in postoperative care. PMID- 7108881 TI - Psychiatric consultations in clinical haematology. AB - A psychiatrist's role in the management of patients with malignant blood disorders being treated by clinical haematologists is described. Twenty-seven patients were seen, the majority (21) for an initial assessment only, and many (21) within three months of diagnosis or their death. Seventeen were referred for assessment of abnormal mood or behaviour and the others for a variety of problems which affected their management. A small group (4) had organic psychosyndromes; the majority (15) were suffering from understandable adjustment reactions, with another 5 having morbid neurotic or depressive reactions. Family and hospital factors were important and a description of these is included in an account of the consultation process. PMID- 7108882 TI - Evaluating health education in asthma -- developing the methodology: preliminary communication. AB - The results are reported of a preliminary study to a controlled trial evaluating health education in asthma. A questionnaire designed to assess asthma morbidity in the previous twelve months and knowledge of the condition was administered to 50 asthma patients. An independent assessment of morbidity was made by the patient's general practitioners, utilizing case notes and their knowledge of the patients. For each aspect of morbidity, 'severe' asthma as assessed by doctors tended to be associated with increasing disability on questionnaire assessment. Overall, questionnaire 'morbidity scores' were significantly higher in the doctors' 'severe' group. Patients' level of knowledge was low, but no significant correlation was found between patients' level of knowledge and level of morbidity.The findings suggest that there is a need for health education in asthma, and that the questionnaire used is a valid tool for measuring the impact of such education on patients' morbidity. An outline of the controlled trial for evaluation of health education is given. PMID- 7108883 TI - Vitamin B12 deficiency in a breastfed infant of a mother with pernicious anaemia. PMID- 7108884 TI - Hazard of pneumatic tourniquet application. PMID- 7108885 TI - Familial naevus sebaceus. PMID- 7108886 TI - Myocardial infarction during asthmatic attack induced by ingestion of propranolol. PMID- 7108887 TI - Juxtampullary, bile-filled duodenal duplication cyst: another surgically correctable cause of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 7108888 TI - Effects of acupuncture in bronchial asthma. PMID- 7108889 TI - Zinc deficiency in beta-thalassaemia. PMID- 7108890 TI - Dental phobics with "a lump in the throat'. PMID- 7108891 TI - Rigors in Dressler's syndrome. PMID- 7108892 TI - Caesarean section for genital herpes. PMID- 7108893 TI - Pyridoquinoxaline N-oxides. 1. A new class of antitrichomonal agents. AB - An aspect of our work with quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides involved the synthesis and reactivity of (quinoxalin-2-yl)acrylonitrile 1,4-dioxide. We have found that treatment of a methanolic solution of this unsaturated nitrile (cis or trans) with primary alkylamines affords a novel series of pyrido[2,3-b]quinoxaline 5 oxides. These tricyclic pyridoquinoxalines represent a unique class of agents with oral activity against trichomoniasis. PMID- 7108894 TI - Computer-assisted studies of structure-activity relationships of N-nitroso compounds using pattern recognition. AB - Pattern-recognition techniques have been applied to the study of relationships between the molecular structure of nitrosamines and their carcinogenic potential. A set of 150 nitrosamines (112 carcinogenic and 38 noncarcinogenic) was used. Each compound was represented by a set of calculated molecular structure descriptors. Discriminants were found that could separate 146 of the compounds into the two activity classes based on a set of 22 descriptors. Internal consistency checking showed that the 22 descriptors used supported a meaningful discriminant. The results show that sufficient information is contained within the structure of N-nitroso compounds to allow classification into carcinogenic activity classes. PMID- 7108895 TI - Computer graphics in drug design: molecular modeling of thyroid hormone prealbumin interactions. AB - Computer graphics modeling of the thyroxine-prealbumin complex provides a detailed picture of the interactions between thyroxine and prealbumin. A wide variety of thyroid hormone analogue-prealbumin complexes were modeled by calculating the molecular surfaces of the analogues and the prealbumin hormone binding site. Analogues with high binding affinity were observed to fill more of the hormone-binding site than low-affinity analogues. These surface models described many aspects of the hormone-protein interaction which were not obvious using simple wire models and led us to develop a model which accounts for thyroid hormone-prealbumin structure-activity relationships and ultimately to predict and measure the relative binding affinities of four previously untested thyroid hormone analogues to prealbumin. PMID- 7108896 TI - Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 6. Synthesis and evaluation of two-substrate condensation products as inhibitors of hexokinases and thymidine kinases. AB - Syntheses are described of p1-(adenosine-5')-p3-(glucose-6) triphosphate (Ap3 glucose), Ap4 glucose, and p1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(thymidine-5') triphosphate (Ap3T). The compounds were not substrates of any of the enzymes used in the present studies. Ap3 glucose and Ap4 glucose were inhibitors of yeast hexokinase (HK) and the rat isozymes HK I-III; in general, they had less affinity for the enzymes than the substrates ATP and glucose. Inhibition constants (Ki values) of Ap3T with rat mitochondrial thymidine kinase (M-TK) and rat cytoplasmic TK (C-TK) were determined for variable thymidine (TdR) with a constant saturating level of ATP and for variable ATP with constant saturating TdR. Ap3T was a potent and selective inhibitor of M-TK [KM (TdR)/Ki = 1.6, KM (ATP)/Ki = 38 with variable ATP; KM (TdR) Ki = 0.06, KM (ATP)/Ki = 1.4 with variable TdR] relative to C-TK [KM (TdR)/Ki = 0.006, KM (ATP)/Ki = 0.7 with variable ATP; KM (TdR)/Ki = 0.001, KM (ATP)/Ki = 0.12 with variable TdR]. Inhibition of M-TK and C-TK by Ap3T differed qualitatively and quantitatively from inhibition under the same conditions by the metabolic feedback inhibitor TdR 5'-triphosphate. PMID- 7108897 TI - Synthesis of pyridazine analogues of the naturally occurring nucleosides cytidine, uridine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. AB - The condensation of 4,5-dichloro-3-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]pyridazine (5) with 1-O acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose (6) was accomplished by the stannic chloride procedure to yield 4,5-dichloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D ribofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (7). Procedures used to unequivocally determine the site of ribosylation and anomeric configuration of 7 are discussed. Treatment of 7 with liquid ammonia effected a concomitant removal of the blocking groups and selective nucleophilic displacement of the 4-chloro group. Subsequent dehalogenation yielded 4-amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (11, 6-aza 3-deazacytidine). Treatment of 7 with methanolic sodium methoxide, followed by dehalogenation and hydrolysis with aqueous alkali, yielded 4-hydroxy-1-beta-D ribofuranosylpyridazin-6-one (6-aza-3-deazauridine, 15). The syntheses of various nucleosides derived from 7, 11, and 15 are described. Condensation of 5 with 3,5 di-O-p-toluoyl-2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride (27) gave a mixture of the blocked anomeric 2'-deoxynucleosides 28 and 29. Nucleoside 28, the beta anomer, was treated in the same manner as 7 to yield 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (32, 6-aza-3-deaza-2'-deoxycytidine) and 4 hydroxy-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (32, 6-aza-3 deaza-2'-deoxycytidine) and 4-hydroxy-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro pentofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (34, 6-aza-3-deaza-2'-deoxy-uridine). 6-Aza-3 deazauridine (15) was found to inhibit the growth of L1210 cells with an ID50 of about 7 x 10(-5) M. PMID- 7108898 TI - (2-Chloroethyl)nitrosourea congeners of amino acid amides. AB - Fourteen (2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea congeners of L-amino acid amides have been synthesized as potential antineoplastic agents. Almost all the congeners tested were found to be highly active against experimental leukemia L1210 in mice. The chemical decomposition rates of the congeners were measured in a buffered solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. Acute toxicities of some of the congeners were determined for mice. The congener of sarcosinamide shows the longest half-life (T0.5 = 329.7 min) and the lowest toxicity, LD50 = 392.0 mg/kg (ip) and 426.6 mg/kg (iv), in this series. PMID- 7108899 TI - Arylhydroxamic acid bioactivation via acyl group transfer. Structural requirements for transacylating and electrophile-generating activity of N-(2 fluorenyl)hydroxamic acids and related compounds. AB - The synthesis of a series of 12 N-(2-fluorenyl)hydroxamic acids, N-(2-fluorenyl) N-hydroxyureas, and N-(2-fluorenyl)-N-hydroxycarbamates is reported. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to serve as substrates for a partially purified hamster hepatic arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acyltransferase preparation. Transacylating activity was measured spectrophotometrically with 4 aminoazobenzene as the acyl group acceptor, and electrophile-generating activity was quantified by the N-acetylmethionine trapping assay. Only the N-acetyl, N propionyl, and N-methoxyacetyl derivatives exhibited relatively high levels of activity as measured by either of the assay methods. These results are generally consistent with previously reported conclusions regarding the steric and electronic characteristics of acyl groups that are required for activation by this enzyme system. N,O-Acyltransferase inactivation by N-hydroxy-2 acetamidofluorene depressed the bioactivation of the N-acetyl compound to a greater extent than either the N-propionyl or N-methyloxyacetyl derivative. PMID- 7108900 TI - Narcotic antagonistic potency of bivalent ligands which contain beta naltrexamine. Evidence for bridging between proximal recognition sites. AB - Two-bivalent ligands (P-X-P) containing the beta-naltrexamine pharmacophore (P) and a connecting oligoethylene glycol spanner (X) were synthesized and evaluated for narcotic antagonistic activity in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD). The bivalent ligand 2 whose spanner contains three ethylene units possessed 10-fold greater antagonistic potency than its monovalent analogue (4) in antagonizing the effects of ethylketazocine (EK) on the GPI, while no differential antagonism of morphine was observed among the compounds. In the MVD, 2 was not substantially more potent than 4 as an antagonist against [D-Ala2,D Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE). The bivalent ligand 3, whose spanner contains six ethylene units, exhibited 15 times greater potency in antagonizing the agonist effects of DADLE on the MVD than its monovalent ligand 4. No marked increase in the ability of 3 to antagonize the effects of morphine or EK on the GPI was observed. The data indicate that mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors exhibit different selectivity toward bivalent ligands whose spanner lengths differ. The enhanced potency associated with different receptor interactions is consistent with simultaneous occupation of proximal recognition sites. Whether such proximal recognition sites are identical or different remains to be clarified. The distance between proximal sites appears to depend on the opioid receptor subtype involved. PMID- 7108901 TI - Synthesis and dopamine receptor binding of exo- and endo-2-amino-6,7 dihydroxybenzonorbornene, rigid analogues of 2-amino-6,7 dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene. AB - Two bridged tricyclic analogues of 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) in which the amino group is held rigidly in an equatorial and axial conformation, respectively, and in which the catechol ring is twisted out of the plane of the ethylamine chain have been synthesized and assayed for their effects on the binding of [3H]dopamine, [3H]apomorphine, and [3H]spiperone to calf and rat striatal homogenates. Up to concentrations of 2000 nM, these exo- and endo-2 amino-6,7-dihydroxybenzonorbornenes displayed no ability to displace any of the radioligands from their receptor sites in the calf and rat brain homogenates, in contrast to measured IC50 values of 6 and 3.1 nM for racemic ADTN vs. [3H]dopamine in the two preparations, respectively. The enantiomers of the exo amine showed no specific activity vs. [3H]dopamine in the two preparations, respectively. The enantiomers of the exo amine showed no specific activity vs [3H]dopamine. Although negative, these data are informative in molecular modeling of dopaminergic receptor interactions. PMID- 7108902 TI - Affinity of 10-(4-methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepins for clozapine and spiroperidol binding sites in rat brain. AB - 10-(4-Methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepins were prepared and evaluated as potential antipsychotic agents using specific clozapine [8-chloro-11-(4 methylpiperazino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine] binding sites in rat forebrain that are noncholinergic and nondopaminergic in nature and from which [3H]clozapine is displaced by known antipsychotic agents. [3H]Clozapine binding in the presence of atropine represents nonmuscarinic binding, while binding in the absence of atropine represents muscarinic (cholinergic) plus nonmuscarinic binding. The relative affinity for dopamine binding sites was determined by displacement of [3H]spiroperidol from binding sites in rat caudate nuclei. Thus, clozapine, its 2-chloro isomer, its dechloro analogue, and their 5H dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepine analogues have about the same relative affinity for the nonmuscarinic clozapine binding sites. At the spiroperidol (dopaminergic) sites, both the nature of the tricyclic system and the presence of a chlorine atom on the tricyclic system have a substantial effect on the binding affinity. Within each series, shift or a chlorine atom from the position distal to the piperazino group to the proximal position increases the binding affinity by a factor of about nine, but removal of the chlorine atom substantially decreases the binding affinity. Nevertheless, 10-(4 methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepin has a threefold greater affinity for the dopaminergic binding sites than does clozapine itself. PMID- 7108903 TI - Antiallergics: 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazol-4-ones. AB - A short series of the title compounds was prepared and evaluated for both antiallergic and bronchodilator activity. Members of the series exhibit good oral activity in the rat PCA test, the most potent being the parent compound, 3-(1H tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazol-4-one, and its 8-chloro derivative. The latter two compounds are considerably more potent than either disodium chromoglycate or theophylline as antiallergic agents and also show significant bronchodilator activity. PMID- 7108904 TI - Pyridoquinoxaline N-oxides. 2. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of tricyclic lactams. AB - A series of novel 3,4-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-one 5,10-dioxides was synthesized using an intramolecular amidation reaction. The lactams were screened in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Escherichia coli. An N-methyl analogue was the most potent member of this series, with antibacterial activity comparable to that of the commercially important quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide carbadox. PMID- 7108905 TI - Synthesis and tissue distribution study of iodine-labeled benzyl- and xylylamines. AB - Four iodine-125 labeled mono- and diamines were prepared and evaluated as potential brain-imaging agents. The diamines are analogues of the previously reported selenium-75 labeled diamines, which show high brain uptake and retention. All of the radioiodinated amines display high initial brain uptake in rats after intravenous injection (1.7-2.4% dose/organ). The xylylenediamines show prolonged brain retention (t1/2 approximately 18 h), which is desirable for brain imaging. In contrast, the benzylamine is rapidly cleared from brain tissue (t1/2 approximately 15 min). PMID- 7108906 TI - Hydrogen bonding and anesthetic potency. AB - Hydrogen bond strengths in terms of the proton chemical shifts of five potent inhalation anesthetics containing acidic hydrogen were measured in cyclohexane and in methanol using the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic method. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively compare the relative polar character of potent anesthetics. The hydrogen bond shift (delta ppm) of each anesthetic is the difference in the chemical shifts of the infinitely diluted unassociated anesthetic in cyclohexane and that of the infinitely diluted hydrogen bonded anesthetic in methanol. It was found that the hydrogen bond shifts (in delta ppm) are as follows: methoxyflurane, 0.72; chloroform, 0.75; halothane, 1.06; isoflurane, 1.38; enflurane, 1.44. There is a good correlation between the hydrogen bond shifts and the clinical potencies (minimum alveolar concentration in man). The conclusion from this study is that the acidic halogenated inhalation anesthetics are more potent if they form weaker hydrogen bonds. PMID- 7108907 TI - 10-Propargylaminopterin and alkyl homologues of methotrexate as inhibitors of folate metabolism. AB - Reported antifolate activity against leukemia L1210 by N-[14-[[(2-amino-4-hydroxy 6-quinazolinyl)methyl]-propargylamino]benzoyl]]-L-glu tamic acid through potent inhibition of thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45) prompted us to include the propargyl group in a study of the effect on folate metabolism and membrane transport of replacing the 10-methyl group of methotrexate with other groups. Along with the propyl (8a) and octyl (8b) homologues of methotrexate, the propargyl compound 8c was prepared for evaluation. Syntheses of 8a,b were achieved by a standard multistep sequence involving preparation of the side-chain precursors via tosylated intermediates and then their alkylation with 6 (bromomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine hydrobromide. The side-chain precursor to 8c was prepared by direct alkylation of diethyl N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate with propargyl bromide and was separated from unchanged amine and dipropargyl coproduct by a combination of methods, including dry-column chromatography and recrystallization. Subsequent steps leading to 8c were like those used to prepare 8a,b. Biological evaluations of the three compounds consisted of studies of their effects on enzyme inhibition [(dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) and thymidylate synthase)], L1210 cell growth inhibition, cellular membrane transport with various murine cell types (L210, S180, Ehrlich, and epithelial), in vivo (mice) activity vs. L1210 leukemia and S180 ascites, and plasma clearance in mice. The in vivo results vs. S180 ascites offered evidence that 8c might have a better therapeutic index against this tumor than methotrexate, but no other result from either of these compounds suggested significant superiority over methotrexate. PMID- 7108908 TI - Ring contraction of oleandrose on the macrolide antibiotic oleandomycin with [(Methoxycarbonyl)sulfamoyl]triethylammonium hydroxide inner salt. AB - Ring contraction of the neutral oleandrose sugar in the 14-membered-ring macrolide antibiotic oleandomycin (2) has been accomplished using [(methoxycarbonyl)sulfamoyl]triethylammonium hydroxide inner salt (1). The product of this interesting rearrangement, after methanolic hydrolysis of the 2' acetate, is the 11-acetyl-3-O-(3"-methoxy-4"-vinylfuranosyl)oleandomycin (12). The in vitro activity of furanoside 12 is only moderately less than that of 11 acetyloleandomycin (13). PMID- 7108909 TI - Are pseudo-patient studies justified? AB - Pseudo-patient studies are studies in which a medical sociologist or anthropologist masquerades as a patient. Medical treatment is sought without revealing that the 'patient' is really a covert research worker. When access has thus been gained to a medical setting--typically a hospital ward--social interaction between medical staff and patients is then observed over a period of days or weeks. Important studies have been carried out in this way of psychiatric treatment and of the care of the terminally-ill. Is the use of the method justified? What ethical problems does its use raise? How do the undoubted advantages of the approach compare with the clear drawbacks and objections which can be made to its use? PMID- 7108911 TI - We need to take a fresh look at medical research. PMID- 7108910 TI - Transsexualism and access to a child. PMID- 7108912 TI - Nuclear power--is the health risk too great? PMID- 7108913 TI - Debate: euthanasia--a physician's viewpoint. AB - Discussion about euthanasia is often confused because of a failure to distinguish between deliberate death acceleration and letting nature take its course. There is a need to reiterate the traditional principles upon which the care of the dying should be based, including the need for the doctor to practise medicine in the knowledge that eventually all his patients will die. It follows that a doctor does not have a duty to preserve life at all costs. The care of the patient with far-advanced cancer has improved considerably in many areas as a result of the establishment of hospices and domiciliary support teams. Treating the patient as a person is the key to a successful doctor-patient relationship. An analytical approach is necessary to control pain and other symptoms. Care of the relatives is also fundamental. Voluntary euthanasia and 'assisted suicide' represent an extreme solution to a situation which demands a far more comprehensive and compassionate approach. The need is not for a change in the law but for a change of emphasis in medical education. PMID- 7108914 TI - Nature and nurture. PMID- 7108915 TI - Familial polyposis coli and its extracolonic manifestations. AB - A detailed clinical study of 30 families with familial polyposis coli is presented. Seven 'isolated' cases are also described. It was found that some families did not exhibit any extracolonic manifestations, but the majority of families showed various numbers of members who had these manifestations of differing types and degrees. In view of the great variability within the members of a family, polyposis coli and the Gardner syndrome are probably both produced by one pleiotropic gene. The occurrence of other neoplastic phenomena in association with polyposis coli has been considered. Many types of malignancy can occur in these patients and their families and the majority are probably fortuitous. The consistent finding of an association with medulloblastoma is such as to make this association of significance, but no reason is known for this. It is suggested that the term 'Turcot syndrome' should be used in a more restrictive manner than at present. PMID- 7108917 TI - Nomogram for estimating specific consanguinity risks. PMID- 7108916 TI - Familial occurrence of a syndrome with branchial dysplasia, mental deficiency, club feet, and inguinal herniae. PMID- 7108918 TI - Inherited partial X chromosome duplication in a mentally retarded male. AB - A mentally retarded male patient with a structurally abnormal X chromosome is reported (karyotype 46, dir dup (X)(p11.2 leads to p21.2)Y). In the normal mother a similar X chromosome duplication was found, which was preferentially inactivated. Xg blood groups were studied in the family. The findings indicated that recombination took place at maternal meiosis, as both karyotypically normal sons and the proband were Xg(a-), the mother being Xg(a+). Functional X chromosome disomy may explain clinical abnormalities in reported patients with X duplication and a normal Y chromosome. PMID- 7108919 TI - A complex chromosome rearrangement resulting in trisomy 15q22 to qter. PMID- 7108920 TI - Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 13 resulting in duplication 13q22 to qter. PMID- 7108921 TI - Two Robertsonian translocations in a boy with mental retardation. PMID- 7108922 TI - Educational origins of M.D. faculty members in five groups of medical schools. AB - Five groups of medical schools are used to describe the relationship between the type of institution where a physician serves as a full-time faculty member and the type of institution where the M.D. degree was awarded. For each group of schools, percentage distributions are presented showing where the graduates now teach full time. The educational origins of all U.S.-trained full-time M.D. faculty members in each group are also shown in percentage distributions. These distributions are presented including and excluding individuals who are faculty members at the same schools where the M.D. was earned. Research schools are seen to contribute proportionally more of their graduates to U.S. faculties in all groups of schools. The group with proportionally more students oriented toward primary care specialties contributes faculty members largely to other schools in the same group. Research schools also evidence a similar "group breeding." All groups are net contributors to faculties at medical schools founded after the mid 1960s. PMID- 7108924 TI - The impact of clinical experience on attitudes of junior medical students about death and dying. PMID- 7108923 TI - The effect of clinical experiences in medical school on specialty choice decisions. AB - Medical students' specialty choice decisions are usually made by the middle or end of the clinical year. In the study here, the authors investigated the extent to which various factors during clinical clerkships affected specialty choice. Debts, other financial considerations, and length of residency had little overall effect on students' choices. The order of clerkships was of particular significance for the undecided students. Members of the clinical teaching faculty exercised a strong role-modeling effect throughout medical school. During clerkships, however, the greatest influence on specialty choice came first from the interplay of faculty members and experiences and second from faculty members by themselves; experiences alone affected few students. The influence of faculty members and clerkship experiences was greatest among students who chose psychiatry. Additionally, most students who selected psychiatry had originally intended to enter other specialties. The large majority of those who chose family practice, internal medicine, and surgery had made their decision prior to emerging clerkships and, therefore, clinical experiences and the faculty tended to affect them the least. PMID- 7108925 TI - Alcoholism in residency program candidates. AB - Recognition of physician impairment due to alcoholism and drug dependency is increasing. Medical students who are in the early phases of the disease are being recognized and treated more frequently today. Yet students who achieve sobriety are confronted with a generally hostile reaction from directors of residency training programs. In this article, the authors report on results of a survey of policies and attitudes of a sample group of program directors and suggest that there is a need to adopt policies for accepting residency applicants that take into consideration the fact that favourable outcomes are provided by treatment of alcohol- and drug-dependent medical students and physicians. PMID- 7108926 TI - Assessing interaction between medical trainees and parents of pediatric patients. AB - The interaction between the health care provider and the parent is recognized as vitally important in the delivery of high quality pediatric care. Attributes of the provider such as empathy, concern for the patient, understanding, and the amount of attention given to the parents' concerns have been found to relate to satisfaction with medical care. Instruments must be developed to assess these attributes in the interaction rather than measuring interviewing technique. The program and research staff of the Child Health Associate Program at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center modified the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory to evaluate trainees' interaction with parents of patients. This instrument, generally used in psychological settings, has been shown to be a reliable and sensitive tool to measure the perception of patients of the following practitioner qualities in a continual therapeutic relationship: empathic understanding, congruence, and level of regard. In this paper, the authors describe the modification and use of the inventory in acute care medical settings. PMID- 7108927 TI - Increasing the educational value of medical care evaluation: a model program. AB - A model medical care evaluation (MCE) program, designed to increase the educational value of MCE activities, was implemented in three clinical departments at the Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center. The program was evaluated by means of quantitative and qualitative observational techniques, questionnaires, and interviews and by comparing committees for which the implementation was highly successful with those for which it was less successful. The results confirmed the educational value of the following features of the model program: (a) a focus on the process of care rather than standards of care, (b) prior review of records and their presentation as case problems, (c) educational emphasis by the committee chairperson, and (d) attendance by at least four physicians. Implications for other types of hospital quality assurance or educational activities are discussed. PMID- 7108928 TI - A comparison of resident performance on real and simulated patients. AB - Although simulated patients have been increasingly used in medical education, the validity of this procedure--that is, the relationship between performance on a simulated patient and performance with a real patient presenting a similar clinical problem--has not been adequately addressed. The study on which this article is based was an attempt to examine this question. Four actual patients with chronic stable findings were used in the study; four simulated patients were then programmed to present the same problem. A sample of 10 residents in family and internal medicine interviewed and examined all eight patients. The order of the presentation of the cases was balanced. No significant differences emerged in number of questions on history and physical examination or in the diagnoses and investigations considered by residents. Residents elicited significantly more historical data from the simulated patient; however, this was found to be due to a single case in which the real patient suffered from a neurological condition characterized by loss of memory. Residents correctly identified 67 percent of the patients as real or simulated against a chance figure of 50 percent. The implications of the study for training of simulated patients are discussed. PMID- 7108929 TI - In-state experiences of physicians serving rural underserved communities: the case of Colorado. PMID- 7108930 TI - Teaching community agency referrals to medical students: the case method approach. PMID- 7108931 TI - Subspecialty training in pediatrics: an academic model. PMID- 7108932 TI - Teaching counseling skills to medical students. PMID- 7108933 TI - The use of a cardiovascular risk factor self-change project to teach behavioral medicine to medical students. PMID- 7108934 TI - A clinical skills instruction program: the acute abdomen. PMID- 7108935 TI - Experiments in medical education: the pitfalls. PMID- 7108937 TI - Circulating immune complexes detected by binding of radiolabelled protein A in patients with oral cancer and oral premalignant lesions. AB - Circulating immune complexes were determined in 48 patients with oral squamous cell cancer, 17 patients with oral keratosis and 49 controls, using a rapid sensitive assay using a Staphylococcus aureus immunoadsorbent. Concentrations of immune complexes were significantly higher in patients with oral cancer and in patients with oral keratosis than in controls, but the levels in those with oral cancer were not significantly different from those in keratosis. Immune complexes might be responsible for the cell-mediated immune defect in patients with cancer in the head and neck. PMID- 7108936 TI - Increased level of the complement C3 protein in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. AB - When compared to values obtained in normalweight, normolipidemic control subjects, the level of complement C3 protein and total complement activity (CH50) were found to be obviously decreased in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and slightly but significantly increased in subjects with type IIb and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. C3 protein level was positively correlated with the concentration of serum cholesterol, the logarithm of serum triglyceride concentration, serum pseudocholinesterase and total complement activity. There were no significant differences concerning C3 protein level between hyperlipidemic subjects with clinical atherosclerosis and those without documented vascular disease. It is suggested that accelerated lipoprotein turnover occurring in many subjects with type IIb and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia might enhance the synthesis of several liver produced plasma enzymes and proteins including the C3 protein of the complement system. PMID- 7108938 TI - Neutrophil chemotaxis in infants of diabetic mothers and in preterms at birth. AB - The chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of infants of diabetic mothers and of preterms was found lower than that of full term newborns when cells were incubated in autologous serum. When leukocytes from full terms were incubated in preterm serum, chemotaxis was significantly reduced. When leukocytes from either infants of diabetic mothers or preterms were incubated with full term serum, chemotaxis was significantly increased. No difference was found between infants of diabetic mothers and preterms. These results suggest that both groups of patients have a deficiency in serum factors playing a part in chemotaxis. PMID- 7108939 TI - Levamisole in chronic pyoderma. AB - Eleven patients, 8 females and 3 males, aged 17-53 years with chronic recurrent pyoderma (mean duration of 8.4 years) unresponsive to a variety of therapeutic modalities, were treated with oral levamisole 1 . 5-2 . 5 mg/kg/day (100-200 mg daily) for 2 consecutive days every week. Five out of eleven patients (3 males and 2 females) demonstrated one or more host defense abnormalities including impaired polymorphonuclear (PMN) chemotaxis, impaired bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, decreased in vitro lymphocyte response to Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and low serum IgM and IgA. Seven of eleven patients showed clinical improvement following levamisole administration for 4-11 months. Two showed complete clearance of skin lesions while on levamisole and for a year thereafter; three showed marked clearance of lesions during levamisole therapy but recurred with mild disease 6 months after termination of levamisole therapy; and two showed improvement of lesions during therapy but recurred immediately after levamisole discontinuation. Levamisole treatment was also associated with complete in vitro correction of PMN bactericidal abnormality, improvement of PMN chemotactic abnormality and augmentation of in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA. Correlation between in vitro potentiation of host defense mechanisms and clinical response was noted. Significant probable side-effects necessitating discontinuation of therapy included transient elevation of liver enzymes in 2 patients and extensive hemorrhagic skin rash in one. PMID- 7108940 TI - Effects of local anesthetics on phospholipid topology and dopamine uptake and release in rat brain synaptosomes. AB - The effects of local anesthetics on the topology of aminophospholipids and on the release and uptake of dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes have been examined. A metabolically intact preparation of synaptosomes was prepared which maintains amino-phospholipid asymmetry and the capacity for sodium-driven uptake and depolarization-dependent release of dopamine. Incubation of synaptosomes with local anesthetics at 37 degrees C induced perturbations in the topology of aminophospholipids as determined by their reactivities to the covalent probe trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The reaction of trinitrobenzenesulfonate with phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine was inhibited 10-20% by low concentrations of tetracaine (1-100 muM) and enhanced by high concentrations (0.3 1.0 mM). Other local anesthetics showed a similar biphasic effect with a potency order of dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than lidocaine greater than or equal to procaine. K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]dopamine was inhibited significantly at low concentrations of tetracaine (1-10 muM) but enhanced at higher concentrations (0.1-1.0 mM). Dibucaine and procaine had a similar biphasic effect on the dopamine release. For each of the local anesthetics tested, the inhibition of the reaction of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine with trinitrobenzenesulfonate occurred at concentrations which were shown also to inhibit the release of [3H]dopamine. Local anesthetics were shown to inhibit uptake of [3H )dopamine with a potency order which reflects their potency in producing anesthesia. The inhibition of dopamine uptake by dibucaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, or procaine was characterized by inhibitory constants (KI) of 1.8 +/- 0.4 muM, 27 +/- 5 muM, 190 muM and 0.5 mM, respectively. PMID- 7108941 TI - A simple technique of measuring high membrane permeabilities of human erythrocytes. AB - A new way of measuring high diffusional membrane permeabilities of intact erythrocytes is presented using THO and 14C-glycol as test solutes. The technique combines the theoretical approach used by Redwood, Rall and Perl (J. Gen. Physiol. 64:706-729, 1974) and an experimental procedure introduced by Wang (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73:510-513, 1951), which greatly simplifies the performance of the experiments. Permeability coefficients obtained by the new technique compare well to data derived by the approaches hitherto available. In view of its simplicity our method may be appropriate for the serial experiments necessary to characterize the transport mechanisms of water and other highly permeable lipophilic nonelectrolytes and for studies on other single cell systems. PMID- 7108942 TI - Pressure and temperature effects on human red cell cation transport. AB - The effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the three components of K+ uptake in human red cells have been investigated, using ouabain and bumetanide to distinguish between the pump, passive diffusion and cotransport. The pressure sensitivity for passive diffusion has been shown to depend on the counter-ion present. The order of this effect, Cl- greater than Br- greater than NO3- greater than I-, is the same as for the ionic partial molal volumes and the Hofmeister series. We have analyzed our experimental results thermodynamically, and propose a model for the activated transition-state complex of the potassium ion which involves the loss of water molecules from the secondary hydration shell, cosphere II. PMID- 7108943 TI - Electrical properties of the plasma membrane of microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. AB - Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum have been investigated by conventional electrophysiological techniques. In standard medium (30 mM K+, 4 mM Ca++, 3 mM Mg++, 18 mM citrate buffer, pH 4.7, 22 degrees C), the transmembrane potential difference Vm is around -100 mV and the membrane resistance about 0.25 omega m2. Vm is insensitive to light and changes of the Na+/K+ ratio in the medium. Without bivalent cations in the medium and/or in presence of metabolic inhibitors (CCCP, CN-, N3-), Vm drops to about 0 mV. Under normal conditions, Vm is very sensitive to external pH (pH0), displaying an almost Nernstian slope at pH0 = 3. However, when measured during metabolic inhibition, Vm shows no sensitivity to pH0 over the range 3 to 6, only rising (about 50 mV/pH) at pH0 = 6. Addition of glucose or sucrose (but not mannitol or sorbitol) causes rapid depolarization, which partially recovers over the next few minutes. Half-maximal peak depolarization (25 mV with glucose) was achieved with 1 mM of the sugar. Sugar-induced depolarization was insensitive to pH0. The results are discussed on the basis of Class-I models of charge transport across biomembranes (Hansen, Gradmann, Sanders and Slayman, 1981, J. Membrane Biol. 63:165-190). Three transport systems are characterized: 1) An electrogenic H+ extrusion pump with a stoichiometry of 2 H+ per metabolic energy equivalent. The deprotonated form of the pump seems to be negatively charged. 2) In addition to the passive K+ pathways, there is a passive H+ transport system; here the protonated form seems to be positively charged. 3) A tentative H+-sugar cotransport system operates far from thermodynamic equilibrium, carrying negative charge in its deprotonated states. PMID- 7108945 TI - Structure of Necturus gallbladder epithelium during transport at low external osmolarities. AB - Gallbladders transport isotonically over a wide range of osmolarities. This ability has been assumed to depend on the geometry of the lateral intercellular spaces. We report that this geometry in the Necturus gallbladder varies extensively with the external osmolarity and depends in vitro on the integrity of the subepithelial tissues. The structure of the living epithelium was studied by Nomarski light microscopy while ultrastructural effects were revealed by electron microscopy. The short-term effects (less than 60 min) of low external osmolarities were: 1) the cells became bell-shaped with an increased cell height measured centrally, 2) lateral intercellular spaces lost their convoluted character; and 3) numerous membrane-bound cavities appeared in the cells. Furthermore, long-term exposure to the low external osmolarities caused an uneven density of epithelial cells. With subepithelial tissues intact, blistering of the epithelium cell layer was evident. Qualitative electron-microscopic data indicate that the membrane of the cavities was recruited from the basolateral cell membrane. This agrees well with light-microscopic observation that the cavities were initiated as invaginations of this cell membrane. PMID- 7108946 TI - The intra-rater reliability of the Wessex Mental Handicap Register. PMID- 7108944 TI - Phagosomal membrane lipids of LM fibroblasts. AB - Murine fibroblasts, LM cells, were cultured in suspension or monolayer in a chemically defined medium without serum and exposed to polystyrene beads. The LM cells endocytized the beads in direct proportion to the bead/cell ratio and the bead surface area. However, equal volumes of beads irrespective of size or surface area were internalized. The lipid composition of the phagosome membrane differed significantly from the parent primary membrane in having higher contents of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and sterol but lower contents of sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. When phagosomes isolated from suspension-cultured LM fibroblasts were exposed to trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid at 4 degrees C, 55 +/- 1.6% of the phagosomal membrane phosphatidylethanolamine was trinitrophenylated. The asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine across the phagosomal membrane was not affected by the bead/cell ratio, bead diameter, or exposure time of LM fibroblasts to the beads. When cells were reacted with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid at 4 degrees C prior to phagocytosis, the amount of trinitrophenylphosphatidylethanolamine was greater in the isolated phagosomes than in the parent primary plasma membrane. Culturing LM fibroblasts in suspension or monolayer had no effect on the asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine across primary plasma membrane bilayers. The data are consistent with the observation that LM fibroblasts grown either in suspension or monolayer internalize polystyrene beads at selective sites in the surface membrane. PMID- 7108947 TI - Fine motor performance in subjects of subnormal, normal and superior intelligence. I. Reaction time and task complexity. PMID- 7108948 TI - Dermatoglyphic analyses of 24 individuals with the Prader-Willi syndrome. AB - Dermatoglyphic parameters of 24 PWS individuals, 14 males, 10 females, were examined using standard techniques. Nomenclature followed that of Schaumann & Alter (1976). There were no differences found in the position of the axial triradius or the frequency of hypothenar patterns, but there was a decrease in fingertip ulnar loop patterns in both sexes with an increase in whorls in males (P less than 0.01) and whorls and arches in females (P less than 0.05). In males, the main line A terminated in the thenar area on the left palm more frequently than in the controls (P less than 0.01) and generally the main line A terminated low in both sexes. The total finger ridge counts were not different from controls indicating smaller than usual pattern size. Of 48 hallucal patterns, 26 were loops, 21 were whorls and there was one arch. This study confirms previous data that there are no pathognomonic dermatoglyphic distortions in PWS. PMID- 7108949 TI - Computer techniques in electron microscopy and analysis. PMID- 7108950 TI - Multiple signals in STEM. AB - A brief description is given of the eight image signals that can be simultaneously recorded in digital form using an appropriate data recording system and high resolution STEM; this involves a set of detectors covering bright and dark field. Details are provided of the collection and manipulation of image data for STEM, including on-line estimation of off-focus distance, on-line assessment of astigmatism, on-line signal to noise ratio in any or all detectors; examples of all three procedures are given. The use of the data recording system is discussed together with some aspects of image display, including the use of colour. A method is introduced of providing, using the appropriate hardware, a prescribed colour map (image intensity converted to colour) using replaceable PROMS. Two off-line procedures are considered. One is the Karhunen-Loeve transform and its application to bringing together the information contained within the multiple signals, and the other is the discrete cosine transform by which the storage problem for digital image storage may be reduced, according to the image, by between 15 and 30 times. PMID- 7108951 TI - An integrated approach to scanning microscope data acquisition. AB - This paper describes an integrated data acquisition system built for a cryogenic STEM which is currently under construction in the authors' laboratory. Advantage was taken of modern digital and microprocessor techniques to construct a versatile and expandable system in the minimum time. The system is able to operate in conjunction with an external image processing computer or as an independent system with built-in image processing facilities. PMID- 7108953 TI - Management of premature rupture of membranes. PMID- 7108952 TI - Interactive image processing with an off-line minicomputer: organization, performance and applications. AB - A recently established facility for interactive image processing is described, primarily from the point of view of the system's hardware organization and the special purpose software provided to support it. The performance of more general software (the 'Semper' system) in the new environment has been measured carefully, and found to be about 10 times its performance on our previous PDP 8/E computer; particular attention is given to the data management techniques crucial to the system's efficiency. Some current applications are illustrated, including high resolution image interpretation and image averaging of biological crystals. PMID- 7108954 TI - Sequence analysis and precise mapping of the 3' ends of HeLa cell mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs. PMID- 7108955 TI - A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. PMID- 7108956 TI - Size and shape of skeletal muscle M-protein. PMID- 7108957 TI - Viscoelasticity of protein crystal as a probe of the mechanical properties of a protein molecule. Hen egg-white lysozyme. PMID- 7108958 TI - Molecular packing in a second monoclinic crystal of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin. PMID- 7108959 TI - Preliminary x-ray crystallographic study of the principal subunit of the lens structural protein, bovine beta-crystallin. PMID- 7108960 TI - Manganese and calcium binding sites of concanavalin A. PMID- 7108961 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of thin filaments decorated with a Ca2+ regulated myosin. PMID- 7108962 TI - A duplex structure involving two non-complementary DNA strands can be formed and stabilized by M13 phage proteins. PMID- 7108963 TI - Functional interactions between subunits of aspartate aminotransferase. Formation of monoliganded dimers during titration of the apoenzyme by pyridoxal 5' phosphate. PMID- 7108964 TI - Studies of the fiber to crystal transition of sickle cell hemoglobin in acidic polyethylene glycol. PMID- 7108965 TI - Development of the crayfish retina: a light and electron microscopic study. AB - The development of the crayfish retina was examined in embryos and first, second and third instars with both and light and electron microscope. Light microscopic observations indicate that differentiation begins at the posterior portion of the optic disc and progresses in an anterior direction. Development of screening pigment, dioptric elements, and rhabdoms all parallel this posterior to anterior gradient in the retina. Tracer studies in early embryos reveal that the retina is separated from the proximal neuropil regions by a distinct vascular space. This observation suggests that the source of new cells for the retina may not be the more proximal cell proliferation zone as previously indicated. It is proposed that mitotic activity within the retina and/or differentiation of cells from the anterior surface layer of the eye may be sources for addition of new cells to the retina. Proto-ommatidial clusters of seven retinula cells occur very early at the posterior region of the embryonic retina. Initially the receptor cells extend throughout the entire thickness of the retina, but later they withdraw from beneath the cornea to occupy only the proximal portion of the retina. Microvilli of the rhabdom arise from the centrally opposed membranes of the retinula cells in each cell cluster. Each new microvillus contains a core of fine filaments which extend out into the cytoplasm at its base. As development of the microvilli continues, the core filaments appear to be lost or altered, but the cytoplasmic bundles at the base of the microvilli persist. PMID- 7108966 TI - Types of neurons and synaptic connections at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra. AB - Using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections we have examined neuronal concentrations at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra littoralis. A total of 194 ganglion cells were counted in 587 serial thin sections of a single hypostome tentacle junction. We found two distinct types of ganglion cells: those with and those lacking stereocilia. The majority of the neurons observed lacked stereocilia; in a single hypostome-tentacle junction only 37% of the ganglion cells possessed a kinocilium surrounded by rodlike stereocilia. Most of the ganglion cells (55%) were clustered together in the oral or upper epidermis of the hypostome-tentacle junction: Nineteen percent were in the lateral and 26% in the aboral or lower epidermis. The two types of ganglion cells did not differ significantly in their distribution. Both types of ganglion cell had synaptic contacts with other neurons and with epitheliomuscular cells. More than 85% of the neuroneuronal and 61% of the neuroepitheliomuscular cell synapses were located in the oral epidermis of a hypostome-tentacle junction. In addition, two way chemical synapses and a gap junction between neurons were observed at hypostome-tentacle junctions. Our morphological evidence of synaptic connectivity in neuronal clusters at hypostome-tentacle junctions suggests that primitive ganglia are present in Hydra. PMID- 7108967 TI - Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles waltl. PMID- 7108968 TI - Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). AB - The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the wild-captured eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) was examined. A homogenous population of pinealocytes was the characteristic cellular element of the chipmunk pineal gland. Often, pinealocytes showed a folliclelike arrangement. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, centrioles, dense-core vesicles, clear vesicles, glycogen particles, and microtubules were consistent components of the pinealocyte cytoplasm. The extraordinary ultrastructural feature of the chipmunk pinealocyte was the presence of extremely large numbers of "synaptic" ribbons. The number of "synaptic" ribbons in this species exceeded by a factor of five to 30 times that found in any species previously reported. In addition to pinealocytes, the pineal parenchyma contained glial cells (oligodendrocytes and fibrous astrocytes). Capillaries of the pineal gland of the chipmunk consisted of a fenestrated endothelium. Adrenergic nerve terminals were relatively sparse. PMID- 7108969 TI - Reduction of metmyoglobin in myocytes. PMID- 7108970 TI - Catecholamine-depletion and the no-reflow phenomenon in anoxic and ischaemic rat hearts. PMID- 7108971 TI - Effect of fatty acid composition of rat heart myocytes on their electrical activity. PMID- 7108972 TI - Lysophosphatidylcholine causes cardiac arrhythmia. PMID- 7108973 TI - The role of intracellular sodium ions in the regulation of cardiac contractility. PMID- 7108974 TI - Regulation of atrial myocardial cellular volume during exposure to isosmotic high potassium or hyposmotic media. PMID- 7108976 TI - Fine structural identification of individual cells subjected to microelectrode recording in perfused cardiac preparations. PMID- 7108975 TI - Reversal of ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction after coronary reperfusion. PMID- 7108977 TI - Disruption of phospholipid metabolism by paraquat in cultured pneumocytes. AB - Paraquat (PQ) has specific pneumotoxicity in humans. Its effects on phospholipid metabolism in type 2 pneumocytes, A-549, and in lung fibroblasts, WI-38, were examined. PQ inhibited the incorporation of palmitic acid into phosphatidyl ethanolamine by 42%, but did not inhibit the incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. PQ also inhibited the incorporation of acetate into phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine by 82-88% in A-549 cells and by 92% in WI-38 cells. PQ inhibited the incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine by 55 and 73%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was detected in the medium of A-549 cells. PQ completely inhibited this phosphatidylcholine secretion. These results suggest that PQ has inhibitory effects on phospholipid synthesis and excretion in human type 2 pneumocytes. PMID- 7108978 TI - Single-dose and repeated-exposure toxicity of a complex wastewater from munitions manufacturing plants. AB - The single-dose and repeated-exposure toxicity of a synthetic mixture of 30 nitrotoluene analogs, representative of a complex industrial wastewater termed condensate water, was evaluated in dogs, rats, and mice. The single-dose oral LD50s for the synthetic condensate water (CW) were 447 and 295 mg/kg in male and female rats, respectively. In the repeated-exposure studies, dogs were given 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg of CW per kilogram of body weight by capsule daily for 26 wk. Rats and mice received 0, 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1% of this mixture in their diet for 4 or 13 wk. Groups of each rodent species were set aside for 4 wk to assess recovery. The most notable findings were a compensatory anemia with reticulocytosis (severe in rats), Heinz body formation, and related blood cell abnormalities and hemosiderin in the spleen; pigmentation in the liver cells; atrophy and aspermia in the testes; hyperplasia and inflammation in the female reproductive organs; and neurotoxic signs at the high doses. Rats and mice also experienced food intake and body weight depression and exhibited some alterations in organ weights (spleen, testes, and liver). The findings were referable principally to the two major components 2,4,- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene, but the "no observable effects" levels were lower for the mixture. PMID- 7108979 TI - Short-term oral toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in mice, rats, and dogs. AB - The short-term oral toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (alpha-TNT) was determined in dogs, rats, and mice. Single-dose oral LD50s for alpha-TNT in corn oil were 1320 and 794 mg/kg in male and female rats, respectively, and 660 mg/kg in both male and female mice. For multiple-dose studies, dogs were dosed daily for up to 13 wk with alpha-TNT at 0, 0.2, 2.0, or 20 mg/kg by capsule; rats received 0, 0.002, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.25% and mice received 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.025, or 0.125% alpha-TNT in their diets over the same period. All species receiving the highest doses exhibited anemia, with reduced erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Alterations were observed in organ weights, including enlarged spleens (accompanied by hemosiderosis) and livers, and depressed body weight and/or body weight gain (temporary in dogs and mice). Alterations in clinical chemistry values included elevated cholesterol and depressed serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase activity in dogs and rats; no effect on serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity was observed. Some effects, such as SGPT depression in rats, appeared after 13 wk, suggesting a cumulative toxicity. Reduced testes size was observed in rats at the highest dose regardless of length of exposure. Most of the toxic effects were reversible, but testicular atrophy was not in rats allowed a 4-wk recovery period after treatment. Signs of anemia were present at intermediate dose levels. "No observable effects" levels for alpha-TNT were: dogs, 0.20; rats, 1.42; and mice, 7.76 mg/kg . d. PMID- 7108981 TI - Cytoplasmic dissolution of phagocytized crystalline nickel sulfide particles: a prerequisite for nuclear uptake of nickel. AB - The intracellular fate of particulate crystalline alpha NiS, an inducer of neoplastic transformation which is readily phagocytized by cultured cells, was compared with that of particulate amorphous NiS, which does not have these properties. Amorphous and crystalline NiS both dissolve slowly in complete medium; phagocytized alpha NiS particles remain in the cytoplasm, where they dissolve more rapidly than extracellular particles. Thus the selective phagocytosis of alpha NiS accounts for both high intracellular particle accumulation and high levels of soluble Ni relative to the surrounding medium. Since phagocytized alpha NiS particles do not enter the nucleus, dissolution in the cytoplasm may represent an activation step in carcinogenesis, forming soluble Ni which diffuses into the nucleus. Dissolution products from phagocytized alpha NiS were detected in subcellular fractions isolated from treated cells; the highest levels were found in the nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes. That the Ni in the subcellular fractions was dissolved is suggested by the fact that dissolution products from phagocytized alpha NiS were detected in nuclei after centrifugation on sucrose pads, which substantially reduced contamination from cytoplasmic alpha NiS particles. Cytoplasmic dissolution of alpha NiS was enhanced by prior exposure of cells to the same compound. Loss of visible particles from cells was compared with loss of total Ni by use of alpha 63 NiS particles; the particles disappeared from almost half the cells during the first 2 d of treatment, while the total radioactivity associated with the cells and the total number of cells in the monolayer remained the same. The accelerated dissolution of alpha NiS after exposure to the same particles may be due to enhancement of lysosomal enzyme activity by particle phagocytosis. A 20-30% increase in intracellular acid phosphatase activity was observed after treatment with crystalline, but not amorphous, NiS, suggesting enhanced lysosomal activity. PMID- 7108982 TI - Effects of chronic manganese (Mn3O4) exposure on selected reproductive parameters in rats. AB - Long-Evans rats were chronically exposed to dietary Mn3O4 beginning on d 1 of gestation and continuing through 224 d of age. Dietary concentrations of Mn, as Mn3O4, were 350, 1050, and 3500 ppm and were applied in either a normal Fe 240 ppm) or a low-Fe (20 ppm) basal diet. General toxic effects were apparent in young animals at a dietary dose of 3500 ppm Mn and were enhanced by concomitant Fe deficiency. Fertility was reduced in the group exposed to 3500 ppm Mn with a diet containing sufficient Fe. Male reproductive development was delayed by Mn treatment, as measured by testes weight, sperm count, and serum follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone concentrations. PMID- 7108980 TI - Short-term oral toxicity of a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro 1,3,5-triazine mixture in mice, rats, and dogs. AB - The oral toxicity of a mixture of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and hexahydro-1,3,5 trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (1:0.62, w/w) compounds typically found in munitions plant effluents, was evaluated in mammalian species. Single-dose oral LD50s of the mixture were 574 and 594 mg/kg in male and female rats and 947 and 1130 mg/kg in male and female mice, respectively. Long dispersion periods during preparation or ultraviolet irradiation of the mixture lowered the LD50s. In repeated-exposure studies, dogs were given 0.50, 5.0 or 50 mg/kg X d by capsule for up to 90 d. Rats and mice were fed the mixture in the diet at 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5% for 90 d; mice were also fed at 0.25%. Mortality resulted at the highest dose level in each species. All three species showed depression of body weight or body weight gain, depressed food intake, moderate to severe anemia, and alterations in the spleen (hemosiderosis), liver (hepatomegaly), and testes (atrophy) at the highest dose levels. Cholesterol was elevated in rats and dogs after 90 d. Several species differences were also noted. Uric acid values were elevated in rats but not in dogs, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity was low in dogs but unchanged in rats, and rats developed hypoplasia of the uterus but dogs did not. Signs of anemia were present at the intermediate dose levels. The lowest dose level in all three species was designated at a "no observable effects" level, based on the absence of clearly treatment-related effects. In a 4-wk study, the irradiated mixture fed to rats at 0.003, 0.03, or 0.3% in the diet was less toxic than the unirradiated mixture. PMID- 7108983 TI - Indications for aortography in blunt thoracic trauma: a reassessment. AB - The indications for aortography in patients sustaining blunt chest trauma have increased as the number of radiographic and clinical findings associated with traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta (TRA) proliferate. No studies, however, have demonstrated whether these findings are useful in selecting patients for aortography. In order to determine the predictive value of reported associations in TRA, the presence or absence of nine radiographic and nine clinical findings associated with TRA were tabulated and tested for correlation with the results of aortography in 173 consecutive patients who underwent arch aortography from 1975 to 1980 to rule out TRA following blunt trauma. Mediastinal widening was the most reliable indicator of TRA. All patients less than 65 years old with TRA presented with mediastinal widening. In patients under 65, the reliability of mediastinal widening to predict TRA was not enhanced by any other clinical or radiographic finding studied. On the other hand, only two of six TRA's in patients over 65 had mediastinal widening. Only in this group over 65 did other publicized indications for aortography, including pulmonary contusions or multiple rib fractures including ribs 1 and 2, have any association singly or in combination with TRA. We conclude that all trauma victims who have a widened mediastinum should undergo aortography. Other reported associations by themselves are not absolute indications for aortography except in patients 65 years old or older. PMID- 7108984 TI - Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. AB - Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) due to ruptured bridging veins occurs under acceleration conditions associated with rates of acceleration onset. That this is due to the strain-rate sensitivity of these veins was confirmed in an experimental model of ASDH. The results of this model were consistent with the clinical causes of ASDH, where 72% are due to high-strain falls and assaults and 24% are due to lower strain-rate vehicular injuries. A mathematical model embodying the known mechanical properties of subdural veins was used to develop tolerance criteria for the occurrence of ASDH. This tolerance curve was consistent with the clinical and experimental data but differed from tolerances previously proposed for head injury. PMID- 7108985 TI - Factors affecting mortality in pelvic fractures. AB - Review of 100 consecutive patients with pelvic fractures admitted to a trauma service during an 11-month period was undertaken in order to define the factors which affected the mortality. Mortality was most significantly affected by severity of injury, presence of a head injury, admitting blood pressure, admitting hemoglobin level, and requirements for blood and blood products. Evaluation of anatomic configuration of fractures demonstrated that posterior fractures required larger amounts of blood and blood products, had a significantly decreased admitting blood pressure, and had a significantly higher mortality, despite there being no significant difference in injury severity between patients having anterior or posterior fractures. PMID- 7108986 TI - The rural interhospital disaster plan: some new solutions to old problems. AB - The rural area is not immune to multi-casualty incidents, and the complete rural EMS System reported here includes a plan to deal with one. The Susquehanna Valley Health Care Consortium was developed with this in mind, and addresses the points pertinent to the rural setting, including the large area served, available medical care, prehospital transport, and communications. Six hospitals in five counties participate. New approaches to these problems, which emerged after three field tests, are: participants must be organized for successful triage and resuscitation; crowd and traffic control by police is mandatory; an overall commander is necessary; two-way communication by several methods must be available; an administrator should track all victims; and air evacuation capability should be arranged. PMID- 7108987 TI - Management of scalp injuries. AB - Scalp avulsions of various origin are frequently seen, owing to rapid industrialization and the increased incidence of road-traffic accidents. This article deals with 20 such cases seen and treated by the authors in the last 5 years. The victims were predominantly young females. The anatomic and pathophysiologic aspects of avulsion injury are considered in detail, and various modalities of treatment are discussed. With intact pericranium, split-skin grafting remains the treatment of choice. In the presence of bare bone, local flap is preferred, if feasible. If not, then the outer table of the skull is chiseled out or multiple drilling is done through it to accelerate the formation of granulation tissue. Subsequently, this is covered by split-skin grafting. Of course, the grafts do not grow hair and the patients need to wear a wig for total psychological and functional rehabilitation. Prevention remains still the best remedy. PMID- 7108988 TI - Femoral venous trauma in a university referral center. AB - Therapeutic results from extremity vascular injuries have been improved by early definitive care by surgeons trained in peripheral vascular techniques. Serious venous injuries are uncommonly seen other than in large urban referral centers or military installations. Seventeen patients with major femoral venous injuries were evaluated over the past 25 years at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The records from these patients were analyzed regarding mechanisms of injury, time delay for definitive care, clinical presentation, significant associated injuries, operative management of the venous injury, early and long-term morbidity, and mortality. Major femoral venous injury was associated with simultaneous arterial injury in 59% of cases. Primary venous repair was performed in seven cases with a satisfactory functional result in all instances. Chronic venous insufficiency developed in five patients (29%), all of whom had arterial injuries and venous ligation. Postoperative complications were commonly related to associated injuries. No patient in this series developed thrombophlebitis or a pulmonary embolus. Isolated femoral vein injuries are usually associated with both early and late favorable results. Femoral vein ligation in the presence of arterial injuries usually leads to serious long-term venous disability. When technically feasible, operative repair of major femoral vein injuries is advocated. PMID- 7108989 TI - Penetrating gluteal injuries. AB - A review of 60 patients admitted with penetrating gluteal trauma during a 4-year period supports the concept that these wounds constitute a distinct group of injuries with a potential for serious, or even lethal, damage to a spectrum of organ systems. A plan of evaluation and management is presented. A high index of suspicion, repeated careful evaluation, and aggressive operative management of these injuries are mandatory to achieve a low morbidity and mortality. PMID- 7108990 TI - Dislocations of the lower cervical spine. AB - In 34 cases of cervical spine facet dislocation treated between 1975 and 1979, the dislocations were reduced by closed methods and immobilized in the halo thoracic brace. If closed reduction was unsuccessful, open reduction and fusion were performed. There is a high incidence of failure of closed reduction and halo thoracic immobilization in patients with minimal or no neurologic deficit. Bilateral facet dislocation was more frequently associated with severe neurologic injury than was unilateral facet dislocation, Use of closed reduction is time consuming, often unsuccessful, and may result in neurologic deterioration. Patients with facet dislocations and minimal neurologic injury are at risk of late instability following halo thoracic brace immobilization, and therefore open reduction and posterior cervical fusion may be advisable for them. However, surgical fusion carries a high incidence of long-term neck pain and stiffness, and is indicated only in patients at risk of developing late instability. PMID- 7108991 TI - Ultrastructure of the rat urothelium in en face section. AB - We examined en face the fine structure of rat urothelium and describe here some unique subcellular features distinguishable in the various tissue layers by this technique. The most striking finding is that large, compact fibrous bundles lie in the cytoplasm at both sides of the superficial cell tight junction for the entire length around it apical surface. Basal to these bundles, an intricate series of desmosomes alternates with other specialized elaborations of the plasma membrane. These desmosomes anchor the extensive filamentous network that interconnects the nucleus, flattened superficial vesicles, and plaques of the lumenal membrane. En face sections of the urothelium show that large numbers of vesicles form inthe intermediate cell Golgi complexes and are then stored just under the apical membrane. These intermediate vesicles are smaller, more round, and less variable in size than superficial vesicles. After intermediate cells reach the superficial layer, the vesicles mature, undergoing modifications that apparently increase their tendency to fuse. PMID- 7108992 TI - Investigation on the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Psammodromus algirus L. (Sauria). An electron microscopy study. AB - The anatomic-microscopic and cytological aspects of the lateral lobes of adenohypophysis of Psammodromus algirus have been studied. Along the whole of its extension, the 'pars tuberalis' appears to be separated from the hypothalamic region by a space of 1600 A with a winding course filled with fibrillar matrix. The main inclusions of 'pars tuberalis' cells are glycogen granules histochemically characterized by the Thiery's method. A correlation between the electron and light microscopy observations on the lateral lobes of Psammodromus algirus is attempted. PMID- 7108993 TI - Microdissection by ultrasonication after prolonged OsO4 fixation: a technique for scanning electron microscopy. AB - A new method of tissue preparation for electron microscopy is described for the selective dissection of mammalian tissues. This technique, based upon brittlization by prolonged osmication, dehydration to pure acetone and subsequent ultrasonication, has been especially useful for the SEM visualization of microcirculation and basal laminas. Epithelial cells of treated tissues were largely fragmented and removed, whereas collagen containing materials, notably epithelial and vascular basal laminas, withstood the vibratory insult. The extent of epithelium and basal lamina removal depended upon tissue type and duration of ultrasonic treatment. Alone or in conjunction with specific enzymatic pretreatment, this new technique offers a method to better visualize known and unrecognized histological relationships. PMID- 7108994 TI - Ultrastructural changes in surface topography, glycocalyx and plasma membrane interior of tumor cells during exocytosis of mucus. AB - Plasma membrane changes, which occur during exocytosis, were studied by electron microscopy in six specimens of primary mucous-producing adenocarcinoma of human urinary bladder. The luminal surfaces of non-secretory neoplastic cells display numerous microvilli, which have a thick ruthenium red-positive glycocalyx. Neoplastic secretory cells have a smooth luminal surface with relatively few microvilli. The glycocalyces of these cells are thin, especially at locations where the plasmalemma and underlying mucous granule membrane are in close apposition. The fused membranes often bulge into the lumen forming distinct protuberances. In freeze-fracture replicas the protuberances appear devoid of 7-8 nm intramembrane particles. Our results suggest that there are differences between non-secretory and secretory neoplastic cells that are expressed in surface topography, glycocalyx and internal membrane structure. Secretion-induced changes observed in plasma membranes of the neoplastic cells closely resemble changes that are known to occur in the plasmalemma of normal secretory cells. PMID- 7108996 TI - Image analysis of the acetic acid-alcohol fixed metaphase chromosome. AB - Electron micrographs of acetic acid-alcohol fixed, unstained human metaphase chromosomes have been analyzed with an image system. Electron micrographs were first digitized from over a million picture elements into a range of 64 gray levels which correspond to mass distribution. The obtained numerical data were then processed by programs which increased contrast and permitted enhancement and expansion of the original image. Despite the disruptive nature of such preparations, analysis of their TEM images reveals structural features previously reported from other preparative methods as well as morphological properties previously reported in metaphase chromosomes which required special pretreatments and staining for demonstration. Familial features included low density centromeres and secondary constrictions, higher density telomeres and paracentromeric regions, and G-band-like differential densities along chromatids. In addition, structural components were observed in a size range 25-56 nm. These masses appeared to have linear and circular forms oriented in perpendicular, diagonal and longitudinal arrays. They appeared in a nonrandom fashion and can be interpreted as demonstrating a relatively ordered chromosome. PMID- 7108995 TI - Ultrastructure of aldosterone secreting adrenal adenomata. AB - Two adrenocortical adenomata causing Conn's syndrome were examined by electron microscopy. Adenomatous cells were arranged in small clusters and showed a rather different morphology, especially as far as mitochondria were concerned. Some cells contained mitochondria with lamellar and tubular cristae (zone glomerulosa like cells), while other parenchymal elements displayed mitochondria with tubular and vesicular cristae (zona fasciculata-like cells). Both cells types were endowed with a quite well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, some lipid droplets and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Moreover, adenomatous cells with large masses of lipofuscin pigment granules were also observed (zona reticularis-like cells). These findings stress the structural heterogeneity of the Conn's adenomata. PMID- 7108997 TI - The ultrastructural basis of lipid transport in the absorbing lymphatic vessel. AB - Absorbing lymphatic vessels of intestinal villi were studied by electron microscopy tridimensional reconstruction in order to follow the passage of lipid from the interstitium into the capillary lumen. The duodenum and ileum of kittens after milk feeding, fasting and lymphatic stasis were investigated. Lipids reach the lymphatic system by intraendothelial 8-14 micrometers long channels, which are directed from the apical to the basal portion of the lacteals. Endothelial junctions were always intact, indicating that these complexes were not involved in the transport of large size molecules. PMID- 7108998 TI - Localization by autoradiography of viral proteins in the parenchymal cells of the liver during frog virus 3 induced hepatitis of mice. AB - Frog virus 3 inoculated into mice induces an acute degenerative hepatitis. This hepatitis is of toxic origin since the virus is unable to multiply at 37 degrees C. The Kupffer cells, which are the target cells for FV3, reveal the presence of viral particles, viral DNA and proteins. Although the hepatocytes present early and drastic nuclear lesions, viral particles were never observed in these cells. Viral proteins however but not DNA, could be found inside parenchymal cells. PMID- 7108999 TI - Giant melanosomes in the eye of the Dutch rabbit. AB - Giant melanosomes measuring up to about 5.1 micrometers in diameter were seen in the eyes of rabbits with metallic implants. Somewhat smaller giant melanosomes up to about 2.7 micrometers in diameter were seen in the normal eye of a rabbit. Such melanosomes were not found in eyes of rabbits less than a day old. Some giant Stage IV melanosomes appear to derive from giant Stage III melanosomes with an internal structure similar to that in the normal smaller melanosomes, while others appear to be derived by fusion of smaller melanosomes. There may be yet another mechanism of production of giant melanosomes involving 'vesicular' structures but about this one cannot be certain. PMID- 7109000 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the femoral epiphyseal plate and metaphysis of the rat after short-term fluoride ingestion. AB - Anorganic preparations of the distal metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions of the femoral bones from young male rats given 150 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 10 weeks were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Longitudinal sections of the bones revealed an increase in the zone of mature hypertrophied cells of the epiphyseal plates as compared with controls. The lacunae in this zone varied considerably in size and shape, and were arranged in irregular nests rather than in parallel rows. Within the cavity of the shaft, the amount of cancellous bone was reduced, particularly in the central areas of the metaphyses where the network of trabeculae was sparsely distributed. The trabeculae located in the more peripheral areas of the metaphyses were broad and heavy in appearance. Areas of fully or partially mineralized bone were markedly reduced. The bone surfaces were rough, irregular and covered with numerous Howship's lacunae. The results of this investigation indicate that the initial effects of fluoride on bone include an inhibition of resorption in the epiphyseal plate coupled with an increase in resorption of metaphyseal trabecular bone. PMID- 7109002 TI - 'Open' junctions in the venular plexuses of the bronchial microcirculation. AB - Between endothelial cells of the rat bronchial microcirculation freeze-fracture replicas reveal occluding junctions which are characteristic of the postcapillary venules according to their morphology. The substructural organization of these junctions is assumed to reflect functional features of the venular plexuses which are known to be sensitive to vasoactive agents. PMID- 7109001 TI - The effects of fluoride on the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the rat femur. A scanning electron microscope study. AB - Anorganic preparations of the femoral diaphyses of male rats given 150 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 10 weeks were examined by scanning electron microscopy and compared to similar preparations from control, untreated rats. In fluoride-treated rats, the surface features of the periosteum were characteristic of woven bone formation. Apposition areas appeared uneven and frayed, consisting of bunches of poorly-defined needles. The mineralized segments varied in size with wide gaps in between, suggesting a delay in the rate of mineralization at the periosteum. The uneven surface was a reflection of the underlying irregular orientation of the collagen fiber bundles. Numerous osteocyte lacunae buried at various depths were evident, and the lacunar walls were irregular with mineralized segments running in all directions. These features were in contrast to the ordered arrangement of both the collagen fiber bundles and osteocytes seen in typical lamellar bone formation of the untreated animals. On the endosteal surfaces, apposition areas as well as fully mineralized areas appeared similar in both groups. However, well-defined resorption areas were decreased in the fluoride-treated rats. The few Howship's lacunae present on the endosteal surfaces were shallow and poorly formed. These observations of the femoral diaphyses indicate that the ingestion of fluoride for 10 weeks in the rat results in an increase in matrix and bone formation at the periosteum with a concomitant decrease in resorptive activity at the endosteum. PMID- 7109003 TI - Chemicals in marine and coastal environments: the need for toxicological information. AB - The tremendous increase in the number and amount of chemicals produced and transported in past years has resulted in increasing problems with accidental spills and uncontrolled waste sites involving these chemicals. The United States government has accordingly developed a mechanism for responding to such incidents. As part of that mechanism, the Hazardous Materials Response Project serves to coordinate scientific activities and facilitate in the gathering of scientific information needed for response to chemical spill or waste site emergencies involving coastal waters. Inevitably, much information of a toxicological nature is required to adequately evaluate potential hazards and appropriate responses. The Hazardous Materials Response Project is also able to provide a framework for significant progress in scientific understanding because it can bring together and encourage collaboration among experts in the various disciplines which are relevant to the environmental toxicological problems encountered. PMID- 7109004 TI - Treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning: evidence of a direct effect on central nervous system by 2-PAM (pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl chloride). AB - Management of acute organophosphate poisoning in man includes rapid treatment with atropine and oximes. Oximes are thought to be unable to enter the central nervous system. We describe a case of parathion poisoning in a 3-1/2 year-old child and the effect of treatment with oxime 2-PAM (34 mg/kg) on EEG activity and clinical symptoms. The prompt improvement of cortical electrical activity documented by EEG could not be explained by any improvement of circulatory or respiratory function and has to be considered a direct effect of oximes on the central nervous system. PMID- 7109005 TI - Nitrite poisoning caused by food contaminated with cooling fluid. AB - Two fatal cases of nitrite poisoning are described. From the identical clinical picture of both patients (fulminant fall of blood pressure, remarkable cyanosis attributed to methemoglobinemia, and "nasi" vomit), food poisoning seemed to be the most likely cause. Laboratory findings revealed that the food had been contaminated during transportation in a van by a leaking cooling fluid which contained sodium nitrite as anticorrosive agent. PMID- 7109006 TI - Assessment of the efficacy of activated charcoal following gastric lavage in acute drug emergencies. AB - The efficacy of administering a slurry of 100 g of activated charcoal (AC) via the gastric tube following lavage was assessed in 25 treated and 37 control patients presenting to the emergency room with chemical evidence of sedative hypnotics or aspirin in the blood. Efficacy was evaluated as the ability of AC to prevent further absorption as determined by subsequent blood drug concentration changes. Although fewer patients in the AC group showed increased blood drug concentrations, the differences were not statistically significant. Comparison of the mean percent change in blood drug concentrations at various times following treatment produced similar results. Comparisons using subgroups of patients based on the individual drugs, the treatment delay time, and entering functional decompensation showed significant benefit from AC only in the less symptomatic patients. Comparing these results with other studies demonstrating the unequivocal efficacy of early (e.g., 30 min) treatment, it is concluded that the use of AC following lavage may often be too late to benefit most patients. The authors suggest that AC be given in the home, emergency vehicle, or immediately upon admission. PMID- 7109007 TI - Diurnal trends in reported poisonings. AB - Review of the Duke Poison Control Center records for 1977 revealed an evening peak for preschool poisonings, while older victims had a late night maximum. When the reports were stratified by poisoning agent, both age groups showed diurnal trends for internal medicines, plants, household products, and pesticides. In addition, preschool victims had temporal variation in poisonings with soaps, petroleum compounds, external medicines, and cosmetics. PMID- 7109008 TI - Impaired metabolism of methylphenobarbital after a combined drug overdose: treatment by resin hemoperfusion. AB - A 38-yr-old woman who by history ingested 13 g methylphenobarbital, alcohol, and 6 g acetaminophen became comatose slowly over 4 d. Acute hepatic injury appeared to impair the oxidative N-demethylation of methylphenobarbital to its product, phenobarbital. On the eighth day after ingestion she was treated because of protracted coma with Amberlite XAD-4 resin hemoperfusion. Hemoperfusion, which removed 0.83 g methylphenobarbital and 2.10 g phenobarbital, led to transient clinical improvement. When supportive patient management fails to produce a satisfactory clinical course in a methylphenobarbital-intoxicated patient, hemoperfusion could be a useful adjunct to therapy. PMID- 7109010 TI - Strychnine poisoning: abnormal eye movements. PMID- 7109009 TI - Concentrations of basic drugs in postmortem human myocardium. PMID- 7109011 TI - In-vivo comparison of the adsorption capacity of "superactive charcoal" and fructose with activated charcoal and fructose. AB - This study was undertaken to assess the in-vivo capacity of two activated charcoal products to adsorb aspirin after its ingestion by seven healthy volunteers. The two products, Norit-A and Super-Sorb, were combined with fructose solution and administered after the subjects ingested 975 mg of aspirin. Urinary excretion of salicylates was measured during both charcoal administration phases and after ingestion of aspirin alone in all subjects. Results showed statistically significant differences in salicylate excretion between all phases. Super-Sorb ("superactive charcoal") adsorbed almost twice (1.7) as much as aspirin as the regular activated charcoal, Norit-A. Super-Sorb therefore has a greater in-vivo adsorption capacity for aspirin and should be a more effective antidote in poisonings with this drug. PMID- 7109012 TI - Emergency induction of emesis using liquid detergent products. PMID- 7109013 TI - A critical evaluation of present day attitudes to the treatment of antro ethmoidal cancer. PMID- 7109014 TI - Observations on the evolution of chronic otitis media in the Inuit of the Baffin Zone, N.W.T. PMID- 7109015 TI - Contemporary laryngeal radiology--a clinical perspective. PMID- 7109016 TI - Laryngeal carcinoma--modifications in surgical technique based on an understanding of tumor growth characteristics. AB - A study of more than 700 laryngectomy specimens using the technique of whole organ sectioning has resulted in a better understanding of growth and spread of squamous cell carcinoma. The predictability of tumor spread in specific clinical situations has allowed several modifications in surgical technique in order to assure complete removal of the tumor at the time of laryngectomy. These modifications include removal of the thyroid gland on the involved side, removal of pyriform fossa mucosa from the involved side, removal of postcricoid mucosa in tumors involving the posterior commissure, removal of an ellipse of skin from the anterior neck in tumor involving the anterior commissure, and removal of the mucosa of the vallecula in tumors involving the pre-epiglottic space. PMID- 7109017 TI - Extracranial repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae. PMID- 7109018 TI - The unilateral cleft lip nose. PMID- 7109019 TI - Prognostic factors in primary tracheal malignancy. AB - Published literature discussing factors influencing prognosis in primary malignancy of the trachea is reviewed. Twenty-four patients with primary tracheal malignancies presenting during an 11 year period are discussed. Review of their radiological investigations demonstrate that extratracheal extension correlates with poor prognosis whereas vertical length of tumors does not. Overall five year survival in this series is 30%. Patients with extratracheal extension show 18% five year survival while those with only intraluminal disease show 50% survival. PMID- 7109021 TI - The Ontario Temporal Bone Bank program and the University of Toronto Temporal Bone Histopathology Laboratory. AB - The first temporal bone histopathology laboratory in Canada was established at the University of Toronto in 1966. Its organization is outlined. More than 600 bones have been processed and more than 45 publications produced. These are broadly classified as new discoveries, new techniques of temporal bone processing, clinical pathological case reports, and papers on clinical entities. The laboratory has a major teaching role for the trainee in otolaryngology. The history of the temporal bone bank program in North America and of the Ontario Temporal Bone Bank is outlined. PMID- 7109022 TI - University of Toronto teaching rounds. Esthetic evaluation of the lips and cosmetic reconstructions. PMID- 7109020 TI - Surgical correction of subglottic stenosis in children. PMID- 7109024 TI - Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in normal and febrile dogs. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters which describe the distribution and elimination of sulphadimidine were determined in normal dogs and dogs in which fewer was produced by an intravenous injection of escherichia and staphylococcal species of bacteria. Sulphadimidine was injected as a single intravenous bolus at the dose of 100 mg/kg and the kinetics of the drug were described in terms of the biexponential expression: Cp = Ae-alpha t + Be-beta t. The distribution half times of the drug were 1.52 h in the normal and 0.81 h in the febrile dogs. The drug distribution was significantly more rapid (P less than 0.05) in febrile than in normal dogs. Average +/- SD values for the half-lives of the drug were 16.2 +/ 5.7 h in normal and 16.7 +/- 4.7 h in the febrile dogs. The apparent volume of distribution (V'd(area)) was 628 +/- 251 ml/kg in the normal dogs, and was not statistically different from 495 +/- 144 ml/kg in the febrile dogs. The volume of the central compartment (V'c) was 445 +/- 55 ml/kg in normal dogs and this was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the V'c of 246 +/- 72 ml/kg in the febrile dogs. The body clearance was 22.4 +/- 4.8 and 20.2 +/- 3.6 ml/hour . kg in the normal and febrile dogs, respectively. The investigation revealed that the dosage regimen of sulphadimidine did not differ significantly between normal and febrile dogs. PMID- 7109023 TI - Gentamicin sulfate in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single dose intramuscular administration. AB - Ten healthy adult mares were given a single intramuscular dose (2.2 mg/kg) of gentamicin sulfate. Over a 48-h period, gentamicin concentrations were measured serially in the serum of all ten mares and in synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine of six of the mares. The mean peak serum gentamicin concentration was 5.73 micrograms/ml at 1 h. Gentamicin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, with mean peak gentamicin concentrations of 2.41 micrograms/ml and 3.92 micrograms/ml, respectively, observed at 2 h. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were not measurable at 48 h. Urine gentamicin concentration was relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 424.9 micrograms/ml at 1 h after drug administration. PMID- 7109025 TI - Autonomic and autacoid activity in antigen-sensitized and control ovine pulmonary vein and artery. AB - Spirally cut strips of ovine pulmonary vein and artery were studied in isolated organ baths and their responses to selected autacoid and autonomic agents were compared. In addition blood vessels taken from horse plasma-sensitized sheep were compared with their respective controls. Pulmonary vein and artery exhibited qualitative and quantitative differences in their autacoid and autonomic reactivity. Veins were more sensitive in responding with contractions to histamine (HIST) and carbachol (CARB) when compared with arteries. Responses of these vessels differed qualitatively to 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT); phenylephrine (PE) and adrenaline (ADR): arteries responded with strong contraction and veins with relaxations. Isoproterenol (ISOP) effectively relaxed veins but was either without effect or produced 10%-15% relaxations of precontracted arterial strips. Phentolamine competitively antagonized ADR and PE-induced contractile responses of arteries while on veins, ISOP and PE dose-response curves (DRCs) were shifted to the right in the presence of propranolol. Mepyramine inhibited venous and arterial responses to HIST. Comparisons between sensitized and non-sensitized sheep vasculature revealed a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the activity of spasmolytic agonists on veins, i.e. relaxant actions of 5HT, PE and ISOP were significantly impaired. In addition the activity of 5HT to contract pulmonary artery was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased when compared with controls. Present investigation suggests: (i) the predominance of H1 histaminergic receptors in ovine pulmonary vasculature; (ii) the preponderance of alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in pulmonary artery and vein, respectively; (iii) that antigenic sensitization exaggerates the pathological state by causing a decrease in spasmolytic activity with a parallel increase in spasmogenic activity. PMID- 7109026 TI - 25-OH-D3 concentrations in serum from healthy and paretic post parturient cows. AB - The serum 25-OH-D3, Ca, P, and Mg concentrations in thirty-seven cows that had calved in March--April were studied in this trial. Twenty-three had puerperal paresis. Values observed in this group were Ca, 1.27 +/- 0.3 mmol/l, P, 1.63 +/- 0.82 mmol/l, Mg, 1.14 +/- 0.27 mmol/l, and 25-OH-D3, 32.7 +/- 22 micrograms/l. In the fourteen age-matched healthy control cows from the same herd values were Ca, 1.93 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, P, 3.09 +/- 1.28 mmol/l, Mg, 1.01 +/- 0.3 mmol/l and 25-OH D3, 31.5 +/- 19.7 micrograms/l. The range of values for the cows serum 25-OH-D3 concentration was less than 3.2 to 76 micrograms/l. No differences could be established in terms of 25-OH-D3 concentrations between the groups. PMID- 7109027 TI - Placental transfer and fetal uptake of drugs. PMID- 7109028 TI - Infectious cell entry mechanism of influenza virus. AB - Interaction between influenza virus WSN strain and MDCK cells was studied by using spin-labeled phospholipids and electron microscopy. Envelope fusion was negligibly small at neutral pH but greatly activated in acidic media in a narrow pH range around 5.0. The half-time was less than 1 min at 37 degrees C at pH 5.0. Virus binding was almost independent of the pH. Endocytosis occurred with a half time of about 7 min at 37 degrees C at neutral pH, and about 50% of the initially bound virus was internalized after 1 h. Electron micrographs showed binding of virus particles in coated pits in the microvillous surface of plasma membrane and endocytosis into coated vesicles. Chloroquine inhibited virus replication. The inhibition occurred when the drug was added not later than 10 min after inoculation. Chloroquine caused an increase in the lysosomal pH 4.9 to 6.1. The drug did not affect virus binding, endocytosis, or envelope fusion at pH 5.0. Electron micrographs showed many virus particles remaining trapped inside vacuoles even after 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of drug, in contrast to only a few particles after 10 min in vacuoles and secondary lysosomes in its absence. Virus replication in an artificial condition, i.e., brief exposure of the inoculum to acidic medium followed by incubation in neutral pH in the presence of chloroquine, was also observed. These results are discussed to provide a strong support for the infection mechanism of influenza virus proposed previously: virus uptake by endocytosis, fusion of the endocytosed vesicles with lysosome, and fusion of the virus envelope with the surrounding vesicle membrane in the secondary lysosome because of the low pH. This allows the viral genome to enter the target cell cytoplasm. PMID- 7109029 TI - Fatty acid modification of Newcastle disease virus glycoproteins. AB - The fatty acid acylation of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutininin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins was assayed. [3H]palmitate label was associated with cytoplasmic fusion proteins (F0 and F1) and virion-associated F1. In contrast, there was no detectable [3H]palmitate label associated with the hemagglutin neuraminidase protein in Newcastle disease virus-infected Chinese hamster ovary cells or chicken embryo cells or in virions released from these cells. Thus, fatty acid modification may not be important for the maturation of some glycoproteins. PMID- 7109030 TI - In vitro packaging of bacteriophage T7 DNA requires ATP. AB - Removal of nucleoside triphosphates from extracts prepared from bacteriophage T7 infected Escherichia coli results in a stringent requirement for added ATP to form infective phage particles by in vitro packaging of bacteriophage T7 DNA. Optimal packaging efficiency was achieved at a concentration of about 1.25 mM. Other nucleoside triphosphates could be substituted for ATP, but none of the common nucleoside triphosphates was as effective as ATP in promoting in vitro encapsulation. PMID- 7109031 TI - Isolation and preliminary characterization of amber mutants of bacteriophage phi W-14 defective in DNA synthesis. AB - Of 42 amber mutants of bacteriophage phi W-14, 6 were defective in DNA synthesis. Three of the mutants synthesized DNA in the nonpermissive host, but were defective in post-replicational modification of the DNA. The DNA synthesized by two of these mutants, am36 and am42, contained more thymine and less alpha putrescinylthymine than did wild-type DNA; that synthesized by the third mutant, am37, contained the normal amount of thymine, no alpha-putrescinylthymine, and hydroxymethyluracil. The properties of these mutants suggested that the presence of the normal amount of alpha-putrescinylthymine in phi W-14 DNA was essential for the production of viable progeny. Three of the mutants, am6, am35, and am45, failed to synthesize DNA in the nonpermissive host. These mutants were analogous to the DNA off mutants of T4. Nonpermissive cells infected with DNA off mutants accumulated dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and hydroxymethyl dUTP, but not dTTP or alpha putrescinyldeoxythymidine triphosphate, confirming that both thymine and alpha putrescinylthymidine in phi W-14 DNA are formed from hydroxymethyluracil at the polynucleotide level. The synthesis of phi W-14 DNA is unusual because (i) thymine is formed from hydroxymethyluracil at the polynucleotide level, (ii) the hypermodification forming alpha-putrescinylthymine is essential, and (iii) thymine and alpha-putrescinylthymine must be made in the correct proportions. Complementation tests showed that the mutants defined three genes involved in DNA polymerization and two genes involved in post-replicational modification. PMID- 7109032 TI - Evidence for an early evolutionary origin and locus polymorphism of mouse VL30 DNA sequences. AB - The VL30 sequences of mouse DNA are a family of sequences with retrovirus-like structure which code for a 30S RNA transcript that can be packaged into the virions of murine leukemia viruses and thereby transmitted from cell to cell. A Southern blot analysis of these sequences revealed that multiple copies are present in the DNA of all mice examined, regardless of species or geographic origin. Considerable locus polymorphism was also apparent, and at least one of these polymorphisms appeared to reflect the differing chromosomal location of a complete VL30 sequence. These data indicated that VL30 elements are not recent additions to the mouse genome and suggested that the evolution of the VL30 multigene family has been accompanied by duplication and dispersion of VL30 sequences to diverse genomic sites. In addition, we reexamined the issue of genetic relatedness between mouse VL30 sequences and a physically similar family of virus-like elements in the rat genome. We found that many, if not all, rat and mouse VL30 loci contain regions of sequence homology. These data suggested that rodent VL30 sequences have evolved from a common ancestral sequence. PMID- 7109033 TI - Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages. AB - Viral DNA synthesis in frog virus 3 (FV3)-infected cells occurs both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm (Goorha et al., Virology 84:32-51, 1978). Relationships between viral DNA molecules synthesized in these two compartments and their role in the virus replication were examined. The data presented here suggest that (i) FV3 DNA replicated in two stages and (ii) nucleus and cytoplasm were the sites of stages 1 and 2 of DNA replication, respectively. Stages 1 and 2 were further distinguished by their temporal appearance during infection and by the sizes of the replicating DNA as determined by sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients. In stage 1, replicating molecules, between the size of unit and twice the unit length, were produced early in infection (2 h postinfection). In contrast, stage 2 of DNA replication occurred only after 3 h postinfection, and replicating molecules were large concatemers. Results of pulse-chase experiments showed that the concatemeric DNA served as the precursor for the production of mature FV3 DNA. Denaturation of concatemeric DNA with alkali or digestion with S1 nuclease reduced it to less than genome size molecules, indicating the presence of extensive single-stranded regions. Analysis of replicating DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients after a pulse chase suggested that these single-stranded regions were subsequently repaired. Based on these and previous data, a scheme of FV3 replication is presented. According to this scheme, FV3 utilizes the nucleus for early transcription and stage 1 of DNA replication. The viral DNA is then transported to the cytoplasm, where it participates in stage 2 DNA replication to form a concatemeric replication complex. The processing of concatemers to produce mature viral DNA and virus assembly also occurs in the cytoplasm. This mode of replication is strikingly different from any other known DNA virus. PMID- 7109034 TI - Genetic studies on capsid-length determination in bacteriophage T4. I. Isolation and partial characterization of second-site revertants of a gene 23 mutation affecting capsid length. AB - The T4 mutation ptg19-80 affects the mechanism of capsid-length determination. It is located in gene 23, which encodes the major structural protein of the capsid. The mutation results in the production of abnormal-length capsids in high frequencies. This paper describes the isolation and partial characterization of second-site revertants of ptg19-80. In the course of their analysis, it was discovered that ptg19-80 is itself a double mutation consisting of a gene 23 mutation (ptg19-80c), which causes the morphogenetic defect, and a suppressor mutation located near the lysozyme gene. Phenotypic characterization of nine pseudo-wild-type revertants of this double-mutation revealed that these revertants all produced lower frequencies of abnormal capsids than did ptg19-80. Seven of these revertants were shown to contain two suppressor mutations, one mapping in or near gene 22 and done mapping in or near gene 24. Both mutations were required for suppression. These suppressors displayed no discernible phenotype in the absence of ptg19-80c. PMID- 7109035 TI - Genetic studies on capsid-length determination in bacteriophage T4. II. Genetic evidence that specific protein-protein interactions are involved. AB - A bacteriophage T4 mutation (ptg19-80c) located in gene 23, which encodes the major structural protein of the T4 capsid, results in the production of capsids of abnormal length. Mutations outside gene 23 which partially suppress ptg19-80c have been described in the accompanying paper (D. H. Doherty, J. Virol. 43:641 654, 1982). Characterization of these suppressors was extended. A complementation test suggested that the suppressors were in genes 22 and 24. These genes coded for the major component of the morphogenetic core of the capsid precursor and the vertex protein of the capsid, respectively. The suppressor mutations were found to have no obvious phenotype in the absence of ptg19-80c. Suppression was shown to be allele specific: other ptg mutations at different sites in gene 23 were not suppressed by the suppressors of ptg19-80c. These results indicated that specific interactions among the three proteins gp22, gp23, and gp24 may play a role in the regulation of T4 capsid-length determination. Current models for capsid-length determination are considered in the light of these results. PMID- 7109036 TI - Genetic evidence for vaccinia virus-encoded DNA polymerase: isolation of phosphonoacetate-resistant enzyme from the cytoplasm of cells infected with mutant virus. AB - Phosphonoacetate (PAA), at concentrations of 200 micrograms/ml or more, prevented growth of vaccinia virus in HeLa and BSC-1 cells. Spontaneous vaccinia virus mutants, selected at high PAA levels, were resistant to the antiviral effects of the drug. The action of PAA was directed toward an early viral function, since the drug was inhibitory only during the first 4 h of the approximately 15-h growth cycle. Conversely, significant reversal of the antiviral effects was obtained only when the drug was removed at or before the fourth hour of infection. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into cytoplasmic viral DNA was severely inhibited in cells infected with wild-type virus but not in cells infected with mutant virus. Virus-induced DNA polymerase isolated from the cytoplasm of cells infected with wild-type or mutant virus had indistinguishable chromatographic properties on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns. However, the wild-type enzyme was inhibited by relatively low concentrations of PAA, whereas 10-fold higher concentrations were needed for equivalent inhibition of the mutant enzyme. Kinetic analysis indicated that PAA inhibition was noncompetitive with deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates; Ki values for wild-type and mutant DNA polymerases were approximately 25 and 300 microM, respectively. Inhibition of wild-type DNA polymerase was immediate and complete even when PAA was added after initiation of DNA synthesis in vitro, suggesting that chain elongation was affected. These results established that the DNA polymerase is a target of the antiviral action of PAA and provided genetic evidence that this enzyme is virus encoded. PMID- 7109037 TI - Core particles of hepatitis B virus and ground squirrel hepatitis virus. I. Relationship between hepatitis B core antigen- and ground squirrel hepatitis core antigen-associated polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping. AB - The relationships among the core antigen polypeptides of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) were studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping. The major core antigen polypeptides of liver-derived HBV (p22) and GSHV (p20.5) shared 56% of the spots in their peptide maps. Comparison of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) p19 or ground squirrel hepatitis core antigen (GSHcAg) p16.5 with their respective major polypeptides indicated that these components probably resulted from cleavage of the major polypeptide of each virus. Other polypeptides smaller than the major component of each virus were often faint on polyacrylamide gels and probably resulted from the cleavage or degradation of components larger than p22 of HBcAg or p20.5 of GSHcAg, since their peptide maps contained spots unique to these high-molecular-weight components. p26 of GSHcAg and p27.5 of HBcAg shared approximately two-thirds of the spots on their peptide maps with those of their respective major core polypeptides. Furthermore, p37.5 of GSHcAg and p40 of HBcAg shared about 60% homology with their respective major polypeptides, and also shared many of the spots that were unique to p26 of GSHcAg or p27.5 of HBcAg but were not found in the peptide map of their respective core antigen polypeptides. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands larger than 40,000 daltons were variably present, and peptide mapping indicated that these were aggregates of various smaller core antigen-associated polypeptides. The results suggest that p40 of HBcAg and p37.5 of GSHcAg are the largest unique polypeptides in these core particles, and that they are encoded for by the genome of each virus. That a subset of the spots unique to p40 or p37.5 was also found in p27.5 of HBcAg or p26 of GSHcAg, respectively, as compared to the major core polypeptides, also suggests that p27.5 and p26 are unique proteins encoded by the genome of each virus. It is proposed that the core antigen gene of each virus is larger than that which would encode the major polypeptide of each virus, and that the genetic organizations of the core genes of HBV and GSHV are very similar. PMID- 7109038 TI - Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase associated with bacteriophage particles. AB - A bacteriophage (phi 1.2) has been isolated for Escherichia coli K235 (O1:K1:H-). phi 1.2 is specific for the host capsular polysaccharide (colominic acid). The phage forms plaques with acapsular halos and thus carries a glycanase activity for colominic acid, a homopolymer of alpha (2 leads to 8)-linked N acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) residues. Upon incubation with purified phi 1.2 particles, a solution of K1 polysaccharide loses viscosity and consumes increasing amounts of periodate. Also, by gel filtration, the production of colominic oligosaccharides (down to a size of two to three NeuNAc residues) can be demonstrated. No NeuNAc monomers, however, are formed. The capsules of E. coli strains with the K92 antigen, which consists of NeuNAc residues linked by alternating alpha (2 leads to 8) and alpha (2 leads to 9) bonds, are also depolymerized by the phi 1.2 enzyme. Under the electron microscope, phage phi 1.2 is seen to belong to Bradley's morphology group C (D. E. Bradley, Bacteriol. Rev. 31:230-314, 1967); it has an isometric head, carrying a baseplate with six spikes. By analogy to other virus particles with host capsule depolymerase activity, it is probable that the phi 1.2 endo-N-acetylneuraminidase activity is associated with these spikes. PMID- 7109039 TI - Evidence for an internal component of the bacteriophage T4D tail core: a possible length-determining template. AB - The length of the T4 tail is precisely regulated in vivo at the time of polymerization of the tail core protein onto the baseplate. Since no mutations which alter tail length have been identified, a study of in vivo-assembled tail cores was begun to determine whether the structural properties of assembled cores would reveal the mechanism of length regulation. An assembly intermediate consisting of a core attached to a baseplate (core-baseplate) was purified from cells infected with a T4 mutant in gene 15. When core-base plates were treated with guanidine hydrochloride, cores were released from baseplates. The released cores had the same mean length as cores attached to baseplates. Electron micrographs of these cores showed partial penetration of negative stain into one end, and, at the opposite end, a modified tip which often appeared as a short fiber projecting from the core. When cores were purified and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two minor proteins and the major core protein were detected. One minor protein, the product of gene 48 (gp48), was present in at least 72% of the amount found in core-baseplates, relative to the amount of the major core protein. These findings suggest that cores contain a fibrous structure, possibly composed of gp48, which may form a "ruler" that specifies the length of the T4 tail. PMID- 7109040 TI - Chromosomal clustering of five defined endogenous retrovirus loci in White Leghorn chickens. AB - By using in situ hybridization, we localized three endogenous chicken retrovirus loci associated with the gs- chf- phenotype to distinct regions on chromosome 1. These three loci, ev4, ev5, and ev8, along with the two other known gs- chf- associated loci in White Leghorn chickens, ev1 and ev13, appear to be evenly distributed along chromosome 1, occurring approximately every 1.8 X 10(7) base pairs. The presence of all five loci on chromosome 1 represents a highly nonrandom distribution and all but eliminates a mechanism of independent random integration events for the generation of these loci. PMID- 7109041 TI - Core particles of hepatitis B virus and ground squirrel hepatitis virus. II. Characterization of the protein kinase reaction associated with ground squirrel hepatitis virus and hepatitis B virus. AB - The recently described protein kinase activity in hepatitis B virus core antigen particles (Albin and Robinson, J. Virol. 34:297-302, 1980) has been demonstrated here in the liver-derived core particles of ground squirrel hepatitis virus. Both protein kinase activities were initially associated with DNA polymerase-positive heavy core particles in CsCl density equilibrium gradients and shifted to polymerase-negative cores during the course of purification. The major core associated polypeptide of each virus was the dominant species labeled. A variable number of other polypeptide species were also labeled by this reaction. Tryptic peptide mapping of both major and minor phosphorylated polypeptides of each virus resulted in similar patterns, suggesting that many of the sites of phosphorylation were the same in the components of each core particle. Hydrolysis of these phosphorylated core particles revealed a major phosphoamino acid as serine and a minor phosphoamino acid as threonine. The products of the protein kinase reaction in both human hepatitis B and ground squirrel hepatitis virus core particles, then, share many characteristics. The possible function(s) of this protein kinase activity is discussed in the light of similarly characterized activities in other animal viruses. PMID- 7109042 TI - The management of vesicoureteral reflux in children with myelodysplasia. AB - We treated systematically 36 children with myelodysplasia and vesicoureteral reflux in an attempt to control infection, eliminate reflux and preserve renal function without diversion. The reflux resolved in 9 of 21 children on intermittent catheterization and remained stable without recurrent infection in an additional 7. Cutaneous vesicostomy in 6 infants temporarily eliminated reflux in 3. Ureteral reimplantation was performed in 11 children (17 ureters) and was successful in all. Transureteroureterostomy was done in 2 children. External sphincterotomy failed to cure reflux in 5 children. Five infants with mild grades of reflux were managed expectantly and 1 had spontaneous resolution of the reflux. Over-all, this systematic approach resulted in cure in 23 patients (64 per cent), stable but persistent reflux without recurrent infection or renal deterioration in 11 (30 per cent) and failure in 2 (6 per cent). No child required urinary diversion. The indications for each treatment modality are discussed. PMID- 7109043 TI - Clinicopathological conference: severe oliguria, renal failure and urinary ascites in a 12-day-old newborn. PMID- 7109044 TI - Lactobacillemia of renal origin: a case report. PMID- 7109045 TI - Crossed renal ectopia with unilateral agenesis of fallopian tube and ovary. PMID- 7109046 TI - Renal autotransplantation for localized amyloidosis of the ureter. AB - Localized amyloidosis of the ureter is a relatively rare disease, causing at times ureteral stenosis with hydronephrosis and renal function impairment to various extent. Although it is not malignant nearly all reported cases have been treated by nephroureterectomy because it is clinically difficult to differentiate this entity from ureteral malignancy. We report a case in which the ipsilateral kidney was salvaged successfully by renal autotransplantation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of renal autotransplantation for localized amyloidosis of the ureter in the English literature. We suggest that renal autotransplantation be considered in cases of localized ureteral amyloidosis. PMID- 7109047 TI - Renal cell carcinoma with solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis: experience with 2 cases. PMID- 7109048 TI - Renal cell carcinoma: recognition and treatment of synchronous solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis. PMID- 7109049 TI - A case report: ureterouterine fistula as a complication of elective abortion. PMID- 7109050 TI - Malacoplakia presenting as complete unilateral ureteral obstruction. PMID- 7109051 TI - Ureteral obstruction secondary to urethral meatal orifice mass. PMID- 7109052 TI - Urinary undiversion in adults. AB - At our medical center 7 adult patients with various types of urinary diversion have undergone total reconstruction during a 3-year period. Followup has ranged from 12 to 36 months. Initial pathological conditions included 3 patients with obstruction, 3 with myelodysplasia and associated incontinence, and 1 with massive vesicoureteral reflux. Thorough radiologic, endoscopic and urodynamic evaluation, as well as physiologic testing after vesical hydrodistension, allows careful preoperative selection of reconstruction candidates. Followup studies, including excretory urography and voiding cystourethrography at 3 and 12 months, as well as monthly urine cultures during the first year, have shown that 5 of the 7 patients (71 per cent) are free of vesicoureteral reflux. Two patients have persistent reflux after reconstruction and sterile urine cultures on antibiotic suppression. Renal function has been maintained in 5 of the 7 reconstructed patients (71 per cent) and social continence has been achieved in all 7, including 3 who have achieved social continence by means of clean intermittent catheterization. PMID- 7109053 TI - Massive hemospermia: a new etiology and simplified treatment. AB - Hemospermia is a common urologic symptom that is usually benign and self-limited, and required no clinical investigation. Massive hemospermia causing hematuria, with clot formation and occasional urinary retention, occurs in a subset of patients. Three patients are reported in whom cystourethroscopy demonstrated nonvaricose abnormal posterior urethral vessels. Treatment consisted of fulguration of the vessels. One patient was cured, 1 had no symptoms for 3 years and 1 improved slightly. Endoscopically, this is a safe simple outpatient surgical procedure that is recommended for massive hemospermia due to abnormal posterior urethral vessels. PMID- 7109054 TI - Re: present urological treatment of spinal cord injury patients. PMID- 7109055 TI - Re: prediction of bladder tumor invasion with mixed cell agglutination test. PMID- 7109056 TI - Current status of subcapsular orchiectomy. PMID- 7109057 TI - Re: the role of vertebral veins in the dissemination of prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 7109058 TI - Re: the role of Chlamydiae in genitourinary disease. PMID- 7109059 TI - The influence of perinephric fat involvement on survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava. AB - Records of patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava were reviewed. Patients with nodal metastases or distal spread were excluded, leaving 19 cases available for analysis. The over-all 3 and 5-year survival rates were 56 and 38 per cent, respectively, but a striking difference in survival was observed when those patients with perinephric fat involvement (T3ac) were separated from those whose tumours had not penetrated through the renal capsule (T3c). The 3 and 5-year survival rates for patients with T3ac tumors were 14 and 0 per cent, compared to 82 and 67 per cent for patients with T3c tumors. Patients with T3ac tumors had metastases earlier (mean 13 months) than patients with T3c tumors (mean 22 months). The over-all mean survival duration was 50 months. However, the mean survival duration of patients with T3ac tumors was 17 months, compared to 75 months for patients with T3c tumors. PMID- 7109060 TI - Metabolic and contractile effects of anoxia on the rabbit urinary bladder. AB - The in vitro metabolic and contractile effects of anoxia and glucose deprivation on the rabbit urinary bladder were studied. The exposure of isolated strips of rabbit urinary bladder to a glucose deficient medium equilibrated with nitrogen rather than with oxygen resulted in 1) a rapid decrease in baseline tension, 2) a progressive decrease in the intracellular concentration of adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) and progressive increases in the concentrations of adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-diphosphate, 3) a rapid decrease in the ability of bethanechol to stimulate contractility, and 4) the inability of bethanechol to maintain a sustained increase in contractile force. Recovery from a 60-minute exposure of bladder strips to anoxia was characterized by a rapid recovery of the ability of the bladder to respond to bethanechol (50 per cent recovery occurring within 15 minutes) and a slightly slower recovery of the intracellular ATP level. Both the contractile response to bethanechol and the intracellular concentration of ATP returned to control levels within 60 minutes after the termination of anoxia. PMID- 7109062 TI - Ureteral strictures following radiotherapy: incidence, etiology and treatment guidelines. PMID- 7109061 TI - The dissolution of calcium oxalate kidney stones. A kinetic study. AB - The rates of dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) and of kidney stones containing these phases has been studied in 0.15 M sodium chloride solution at 37C. In contrast to the diffusion controlled dissolution of the pure synthetic phases, the kidney stones appear to dissolve considerably more slowly by a predominantly surface controlled process, independent of fluid dynamics. The differences between the dissolution rates of the synthetic and stone minerals become greater as the reactions approach equilibrium. As was found for the COD mineral, the dihydrate stone material transforms into the thermodynamically more stable monohydrate phase. The COD stone phase is significantly stabilized in the presence of inhibitors such as polyphosphate and magnesium ions. This may be an important factor in explaining the observed presence of dihydrate as a surface phase in many reported cases of calcium oxalate lithiasis. PMID- 7109063 TI - Bladder and urethral injuries in patients with pelvic fractures. PMID- 7109064 TI - Mode of presentation of invasive bladder cancer: reassessment of the problem. PMID- 7109065 TI - Management of invasive bladder cancer: a meticulous pelvic node dissection can make a difference. AB - During an 8-year period 159 patients with primary epithelial carcinoma of the bladder were operated upon in anticipation of cure. At the operation 6 patients (4 per cent) were found to be inoperable because of extensive disease above the aortic bifurcation. Therefore, 153 patients underwent a meticulous bilateral pelvic iliac lymph node dissection with en bloc radical cystectomy and urinary diversion as a single stage procedure. Of these 153 potentially curable patients 36 had positive nodes histologically. Analysis of these 36 patients revealed that the presence or absence of nodal metastases cannot be predicted accurately on the basis of T or P category of the primary tumor, although the frequency of nodal disease increased with deeper penetration of the bladder wall. The incidence of positive pelvic nodes is 5 to 10 per cent in patients with P1 tumors, 30 to 35 per cent in those with P2 or P3A tumors and 50 to 66 per cent in those with P3B and P4 tumors. The presence of positive pelvic nodes does not mean incurability since the 2, 3 and 5-year survival rates for these patients are 46, 36 and 36 per cent, respectively. In this small series of patients with nodal metastases the extent of the primary tumor (P stage) did not relate to survival. Pelvic recurrence as the first site of failure was noted in only 2 of 22 patients with metastatic disease. Experience indicates that pelvic node dissection does not increase the morbidity associated with cystectomy, can cure some patients with metastatic disease, effectively controls pelvic disease and indicates which patients are at substantial risk for systemic metastatic disease, implying the need for development and use of systemic chemotherapy. PMID- 7109066 TI - Internal urethrotomy under direct vision in men. PMID- 7109067 TI - Silicone foam elastomer: a significant improvement in postoperative penile dressing. PMID- 7109068 TI - Corporeal calibration: a discriminatory test for impotence. PMID- 7109069 TI - Flexible nephroscope in calculous surgery. AB - In difficult operations for multiple, staghorn or recurrent calculi after previous surgical intervention and in cases of chronic nephrostomy intrarenal inspection is facilitated by the use of a new flexible nephroscope. This flexible nephroscope, with its 16F tip, permits localization and removal of stone fragments without trauma. This instrument was used in 30 patients by 9 surgeons. An open surgical procedure was done in 27 patients and nephrostomy was done in 3. In 7 cases intraoperative radiography failed to localize calculi that were identified subsequently by nephroscopy. In all instances the surgeons rated the flexible nephroscope superior to its rigid counterpart. No complications resulted from its use. The flexible nephroscope offers several advantages over the rigid scope: 1) it is atraumatic, 2) it is easily inserted, 3) it offers superior optics, 4) it provides superior visualization and 5) it permits complete intrarenal inspection. Because it allows total intrarenal inspection without trauma or bleeding it should be used before forceps exploration of the kidney. PMID- 7109070 TI - Chromosomal aberrations and male infertility. PMID- 7109071 TI - Pyosemia and carriage of chlamydia and ureaplasma in infertile men. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum have been implicated as causative organisms in infections involving the male and female urogenital tracts. Seminal fluid, anterior urethral swabs and first-voided urine specimens from men undergoing infertility evaluation, with and without pyosemia, or anterior urethritis were cultured for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. The method used to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis involved cytochalasin-B treated McCoy cells, and NYC and A7 solid media were used for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from seminal fluid has not been possible even in the face of pyosemia and the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine and urethral swab material. The reasons for the inability to culture Chlamydia trachomatis will be explored. PMID- 7109072 TI - Clinical experience with the radioisotope varicocele scan as a screening method for the detection of subclinical varicoceles. AB - The association of varicoceles and subfertility has been well documented. Although varicoceles remain the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility the diagnosis of small varicoceles remains a challenge. We evaluated 40 men with an isotope blood pooling scan. Seven volunteers served as either positive or negative controls. Complete correlation between physical findings and the isotope scan was found. The 6 patients with obvious clinical varicoceles and a stress pattern on semen analysis all had positive scans. The 18 patients with a stress pattern and who were clinically suspected of having a varicocele all had positive scans. Of 9 patients evaluated for infertility with a stress pattern but no clinical evidence of varicocele 6 had positive scans. We believe that the isotope scan will prove to be a useful procedure in the detection of nonpalpable varicoceles in selected subfertile men. PMID- 7109073 TI - Infertility. PMID- 7109074 TI - High testicular salvage rate in torsion of the spermatic cord. AB - Acute, nontraumatic scrotal emergency operations were done on 104 patients. The testes were saved in 79 per cent of 67 patients with torsion of the spermatic cord. When the patients who presented late are excluded, aggressive treatment allowed a 93 per cent testicular salvage rate. Spontaneous or manipulative detorsion preoperatively resulted in a 100 per cent testicular salvage rate. If the patient seeks medical advice early a high testicular salvage rate can be obtained by proper diagnosis and prompt, aggressive detorsion either by manipulation when examined initially or at operation. These maneuvers are combined with bilateral orchiopexy to ensure permanent cure. PMID- 7109075 TI - Estrogen-induced deficiency and decrease in antithrombin III activity in patients with prostatic cancer. AB - Plasma antithrombin III activity was studied in 22 patients with prostatic cancer who were on estrogen therapy. Normal plasma antithrombin III activity varies between 0.80 and 1.40 U. per ml. A loading dose of 15 mg. diethylstilbestrol daily resulted in a marked decrease in plasma antithrombin III activity (mean 0.24 U. per ml.). Patients with the lower end of normal range of pre-treatment plasma antithrombin III activity may suffer acquired antithrombin III deficiency and, thus, a concomitantly increased risk of thromboembolic complications as a result of estrogen treatment. Patients on maintenance therapy of approximately 1 mg. daily appear to have normal plasma antithrombin III levels. The results obtained suggest that plasma antithrombin III activity should be monitored before and during estrogen therapy in patients with prostatic cancer. PMID- 7109077 TI - Amphotericin B as a urologic irrigant in the management of noninvasive candiduria. AB - High urinary colony counts of Candida may develop in patients with prolonged indwelling bladder catheters, multiple antibiotic usage and compromised host resistance. Serum candidal antibody titers may differentiate candidal colonization or early infection from invasive or disseminated infection. The persistence of marked candiduria in the absence of elevated antibody titers or other manifestations of disseminated infection presents a therapeutic dilemma to the urologist. Should the patient be treated with systemic therapy, that is flucytosine or intravenous amphotericin B, or should he be observed until the signs of systemic or renal infection develop? Amphotericin B may be used as a urological irrigant in the management of noninvasive urinary fungal infection. Of 40 patients with persistent candiduria treated with daily irrigations of amphotericin B via a 3-way indwelling urethral catheter or urethral catheter and suprapubic tube for an average of 6 days 37 (92.5 per cent) demonstrated marked reduction or elimination of the candiduria. None of the patients had an adverse reaction. Amphotericin B also has been used as a urological adjuvant to surgical treatment of candidal infection of the kidney and upper tract. It also has a role in the treatment in candidal urethritis. We believe that the timely use of amphotericin B irrigations may prevent the development of disseminated candidal infection. PMID- 7109078 TI - Flow cytometry followup of patients with low stage bladder tumors. AB - A total of 98 urologic outpatients with a history of conservatively treated low stage bladder tumors underwent 325 examinations during a 2-year interval, each comprising conventional cytology, cystoscopy and automated flow cytometry. The flow cytometry results agreed with cystoscopic findings and conventional cytology in 80 per cent of the examinations, while cystoscopy and cytology agreed in 75 per cent. Assuming cystoscopic findings were entirely accurate, the false negative rate for flow cytometry was 8.3 per cent and the false positive rate was 5.8 per cent. On occasion, flow cytometry diagnosis of bladder tumors antedated the development of visible tumor by up to 12 months. Flow cytometry provided an objective and quantitative assay of epithelial abnormalities and, in the absence of skilled, conventional cytology, it appears to be a valuable new tool for the urologist in the diagnosis, management and followup of patients with bladder tumors or a history of bladder tumor. PMID- 7109080 TI - Ureterocalicostomy for renal salvage. PMID- 7109079 TI - Prostatic reflux: a simple radiographic sign in recognizing dysfunctioned voiding from external sphincter disorders. AB - Clinical and urodynamic studies of urethroprostatic reflux were performed in 15 of 40 paraplegics subjected to voiding cystourethrography in the last 5 years. Failure of the external urethral sphincter to relax was confirmed in all patients by either sphincter electromyography or documentation of sympathetic dyssynergia, and high pressure in the prostatic urethra was confirmed by measurement of voiding pressure. A shrewd search for this simple radiographic sign was suggested in the followup of paraplegics because it often served as an early indicator of exposure of the urinary system to the brunt of voiding under high pressure, which presently is believed to be more detrimental to the patients than residual urine. We discuss briefly an anatomical basis for its occurrence preferentially in the peripheral lobe as well as in the central lobe of the prostate in some advanced cases. PMID- 7109076 TI - Teletherapy for stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AB - From 1967 to 1977, 22 patients with clinical stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate received external beam radiation therapy with curative intent. The crude rate of survival was 100 per cent at 2 years and 64 per cent (14 of 22) at 5 years post-radiation. Metastatic disease developed in 14 patients (64 per cent) 1 to 5 years after radiation therapy, 5 of whom (23 per cent) died of the disease. Eight patients (36 per cent) who were followed 5 to 14 years after radiation therapy achieved a status free of disease. When results were analyzed according to grade 100 per cent of the patients with grade 1 (well differentiated) carcinoma survived free of disease 7 to 14 years post-radiation and 40 per cent with grade 2 (moderately differentiated) carcinoma survived free of disease 5 to 7 years. Of those patients with grade 3 (poorly differentiated) carcinoma none became free of disease and 63 per cent died of cancer 3 to 5 years after radiotherapy. Local control was achieved in 100 per cent of the patients with grade 1 tumors, in 70 per cent with grade 2 disease and in 50 per cent with grade 3 cancer. We conclude that the degree of tumor differentiation is a major determinant in the response of stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate to external beam radiation therapy. PMID- 7109081 TI - Hemiacidrin renal irrigation: complications and successful management. AB - The complications of hemiacidrin irrigation of the kidneys for postoperative residual struvite calculi can test the ingenuity and perseverance of the clinician. The complications encountered during the irrigation of 9 kidneys in 8 patients included Candida urinary tract infection, irrigant extravasation, ureteral obstruction and chemical cystitis. Some causes and the management of these problems are discussed. Although the period of irrigation and the hospitalization are prolonged by these complications hemiacidrin irrigation remains a safe procedure when used meticulously. PMID- 7109082 TI - Systematic mapping of nephroureterectomy specimens removed for urothelial cancer: pathological findings and clinical correlations. AB - The nature and extent of mucosal alterations in 30 consecutive surgical specimens removed for urothelial neoplasia were evaluated by systematic mapping. The findings correlated with pertinent pathological, cytological and clinical data. Generally, the grade of the principal neoplasm paralleled the degree of epithelial disturbance in the grossly normal urothelium, high grade carcinomas being associated consistently with severe changes and low grade cancers with hyperplasia only. Cytological studies reflected accurately the grade of the principal neoplasm, and the presence of concomitant contiguous and remote mucosal abnormalities. PMID- 7109084 TI - Further experience with the ileocecal segment in urinary reconstruction. AB - In selected patients it is possible and desirable to reconstruct a normal or near normal method of urinary drainage after temporary ileal loop urinary diversion or after cystectomy for nonurothelial pelvic malignancy. Satisfactory results have been achieved in 20 of 23 patients, with followup as long as 10 years. Seven patients have undergone reconstruction after temporary ileal conduit urinary diversion for benign conditions. One patient underwent urinary reconstruction following prolonged ileal conduit urinary diversion for radiation-induced injury to the bladder as part of treatment for cervical carcinoma. In 11 patients the ileocecal segment was used as part of a planned urinary reconstructive procedure after cystectomy for nonurothelial pelvic malignancy or when correcting a benign lower urinary tract pathologic condition that resulted in a cutaneous fistula. The ileocecal segment is a surgical unit that allows replacement or augmentation of the bladder, with the ileum substituting for as much ureteral length as necessary. However, the ileocecal valve is not effective in the long-term prevention of reflux and use of a recently described ileal intussusception technique seems preferable. PMID- 7109083 TI - Funneled ureteroileal anastomosis. AB - We analyzed the functional results of urinary diversion in 21 patients who had a funneled ureteroileal anastomosis to avoid stricture and stenosis. No attempt was made to avoid reflux from the conduit to the ureter but special care was taken to construct a cutaneous stoma to prevent reflux from the appliance. The results of the procedure were satisfactory. No urinary leakage, or stricture of the ureters or ureteroileal anastomosis was observed in any patient and kidney function was preserved. One of the main advantages of this technique is simplicity in construction, which means increased safety when used by surgeons not extensively trained in urinary diversion operations. PMID- 7109086 TI - Bladder urothelium in analgesic-associated nephropathy--a valuable diagnostic aid. AB - A brownish discoloration of the bladder mucosa on cystoscopy and the histological findings in a bladder biopsy specimen of submucosal vascular basement membrane thickening, pigment or chronic inflammatory changes in the absence of infection were present in various combinations in all our patients with analgesic associated nephropathy. None of these findings was present in a control group of patients with other established causes of renal function impairment. More objective diagnostic aids may lead to a greater awareness and earlier diagnosis of this preventable cause of chronic renal failure. PMID- 7109085 TI - Management of the choked ureter in obstructive renal failure due to uric acid lithiasis. AB - We report on 8 azotemic patients with anuria or progressive oliguria owing to bilateral uric acid lithiasis. In 7 patients the precipitating cause of acute obstructive renal insufficiency was choking of at least 1 distal ureter with numerous small uric acid stones. In 6 of these ureters contrast retrograde ureterography showed relief of obstruction, which was believed to be owing to the stone dissolution properties of the contrast medium used. In situ alkalization via nephrostomy catheters achieved dissolution of obstructing stones in 3 tracts and systemic alkalization dissolved the stones in 3 others. An operation was necessary in 4 cases of large calculi, all of which showed some radiodensity, either because of super added calcification or phosphatic incrustation, rendering dissolution unfeasible. Methods of management of the obstructed tract caused by uric acid stone disease are evaluated and discussed. PMID- 7109087 TI - Intravesical ultrasound tomography in staging bladder carcinoma. AB - The staging of bladder carcinoma is most important for treatment and prognosis. Transurethral ultrasound scanning was done with a rotating 6 MHz. transducer interchangeable with the optic of a 24F cystoscope. Intravesical ultrasound tomography and computerized tomography were used to treat 28 patients with bladder carcinoma. The correlation between ultrasound and histopathological findings showed that local staging of bladder carcinoma is possible by transurethral scanning. PMID- 7109088 TI - Selective sampling of cells for morphological and quantitative cytology of bladder epithelium. AB - A simple method is described by which epithelial cells can be obtained easily from well defined areas in the human bladder. During cystoscopy under direct vision epithelial cells can be aspirated through a blunt ureteral catheter from selected areas of normal-appearing mucosa and from bladder neoplasms for use in routine cytology studies and quantitative single cell measurements by flow cytometry. With this selective method of collecting cytological material pathological changes not detectable in voided urine or bladder washing specimens can be demonstrated. The method seems especially suited for tracing aneuploid cells in pre-malignant and malignant conditions, with the possibility of mapping the entire bladder mucosa for the extent of pathological changes. PMID- 7109089 TI - Changes in the urine protein profile following intravesical doxorubicin. PMID- 7109091 TI - Bladder cancer. PMID- 7109090 TI - Epidemiologic survey of bladder cancer in greater New Orleans. AB - Primary ancestry of the patients and controls in this study was not statistically different but the Jewish population had a significantly increased incidence of bladder cancer. Over-all, a significantly greater number of patients smoked filtered cigarettes, began drinking artificially sweetened beverages at an earlier age, drank artificially sweetened beverages for a greater number of years, consumed a greater number of glasses of artificially sweetened beverages weekly and related a history of urinary tract infections. A significantly increased incidence of bladder cancer was noted in individuals employed by certain types of companies, by certain job titles and by certain job material handled. Analysis of the data failed to show any significant difference in years of consumption of coffee, amount of various types of coffee or tea consumed, consumption of various nonalcoholic and alcoholic beverages, including source of drinking water, use of hair dye, incidence of diabetes mellitus, family history of urinary cancer and a history of pelvic irradiation or bladder stones. PMID- 7109092 TI - The development of microsurgical techniques in experimental and clinical repair of urethrocutaneous fistulas. AB - We reviewed 60 urethral fistulas in 50 patients seen between 1974 and 1979. After the results of this study were assessed technical aspects of the repair were incriminated to account for the 40 per cent failure rate for first-time closure of urethral fistulas in our area. To study this problem an animal model was created in the laboratory. A comparison was made between classically repaired fistulas and those repaired with microsurgical equipment and techniques. In the group repaired by a classical macrosurgical technique only 20 per cent of the repairs were successful, while 90 per cent of the repairs under the microscope succeeded. Techniques and material, as well as histology involved, are presented in detail. Some of the causes of fistula repair breakdown clarified in this study include tissue trauma "para fistula" fistulas due to needle trauma and nonrecognition of multiple small additional fistulas. Details of 25 fistulas in 19 patients in whom closures were done with microsurgical techniques are presented. Success rate for primary closure was 88 per cent. PMID- 7109093 TI - Management of urethral injuries in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital. AB - A plea is made for diversion of urine by suprapubic cystostomy as initial treatment in clinically established urethral injury. When early retrograde urethrography is not possible this study should be done between 3 and 6 weeks after injury, when infection or extravasation of urine at the injured site might have cleared. The quality of x-ray at this time is good and helps to determine the definitive treatment of the resultant stricture, if any. Good results were achieved in 32 patients treated along these guidelines. Poor results were achieved in 13 additional patients treated initially with interlocking sounds, even though the nature of the injury could have contributed partly to the bad result. PMID- 7109094 TI - Assessment of urinary continence in epispadias: review of 94 patients. AB - Between 1946 and 1980, 82 male and 12 female patients with epispadias were evaluated at our institution. Factors critical to the achievement of complete continence include deferral of an operation until the patient is at least 3 years old, a well developed bladder with adequate capacity and musculature, and maturation of the prostate at puberty in boys. Complete continence was obtained in 10 of the 12 female patients (83 per cent). Of 53 incontinent male patients undergoing an operation 18 (34 per cent) obtained complete urinary continence in the initial postoperative period but control was delayed until puberty in 19 additional male patients, for an over-all success rate in 37 of 53 patients (70 per cent). The significant increase in continence with the onset of puberty demonstrates the importance of expectant management of progress in a boy in relation to the potential contribution of prostatic maturation in the development of urinary control. PMID- 7109095 TI - Lack of correlations between penile thermography and pelvic arteriography in 29 cases of erectile impotence. AB - We studied 29 cases of penile impotence to determine whether thermography could be used to screen for cases of vascular origin and, therefore, candidates for arteriography. Sixteen thermographic parameters were used to compare 3 groups of patients having normal, mildly altered and severely stenotic arteries on arteriography of the aortic bifurcation and selective catheterization of the hypogastric arteries. The averages of these parameters were computed for each of the 3 groups, and 104 comparisons then were made using student's t test. A significant difference was found between 2 groups in only 2 of the comparisons (p less than 0.05) and no threshold for significant differences was found. Penile thermography did not correlate with pelvic arteriography and does not appear useful in the selection of candidates for arteriography. PMID- 7109096 TI - Vasculogenic impotence: role of the pelvic steal test. AB - A new dynamic pelvic flow test is described that measures differential right and left corporeal artery blood pressure changes with exercise. Previous penile blood flow measurements have been made at rest. It is well known that exercise may unmask vascular pathological conditions not apparent at rest. Furthermore, cases have been reported that document potency at rest and impotence following exercise. As a result exercise was used to stress the pelvic vasculature in 97 patients chosen from vascular and urology clinics. A decrease of 0.15 or more in penile-brachial index with exercise was found to be statistically abnormal. A total of 23 patients (27 per cent) fulfilled the criteria for positive pelvic steal testing. In this group there were high incidences of smoking (52 per cent), hypertension (52 per cent) and diabetes (30 per cent). Although 70 per cent of these patients had at least occasional morning erections 78 per cent complained of loss of erection with exercise. The pelvic steal test detected vascular pathological conditions in 17 patients (20 per cent) previously missed by resting penile-brachial index measurements. Nocturnal penile tumescence studies in these patients demonstrated poor quality erections and correlated with the intermediate penile-brachial index values. Angiographic data performed in 5 of 23 patients corroborated the pathophysiology of a pelvic steal condition in each case. The pelvic steal test is simple to perform and markedly improves the sensitivity and yield of penile blood pressure measurements. The test appears to have better results in patients with suspected vasculogenic impotence and intermediate resting penile-brachial index values. PMID- 7109097 TI - Penile carcinoma and viruses. PMID- 7109098 TI - Advanced metastatic testicular cancer: the need for reporting results according to initial extent of disease. AB - During an 8-year period 63 consecutive patients were treated for the first time for extensive metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Four patients did not respond sufficiently to chemotherapy to be considered surgical candidates, while 59 underwent surgical resection of retroperitoneal disease. Of these 59 patients 19 had concomitant wedge resection of associated pulmonary disease and 9 had a planned subsequent resection of residual pulmonary disease. Of the 63 patients 16 had stage B3 disease alone and 47 presented with pulmonary metastases associated with varying degrees of retroperitoneal disease. The most important determinant for survival was extent of pulmonary disease. Of 17 deaths 14 occurred among patients presenting with extensive pulmonary disease. Patients with minimal to moderate pulmonary disease have done well regardless of the extent of coexistent abdominal disease, 24 of 27 (89 per cent) remaining in sustained complete remission. Of 16 patients with massive palpable abdominal disease (B3) without coexistent pulmonary metastases 15 (94 per cent) survived free of tumor. The combination of extensive pulmonary and abdominal disease with or without liver involvement has a poor prognosis, with only 35 per cent of these patients remaining in sustained complete remission. Preoperative combination chemotherapy with platinum, vinblastine sulfate and bleomycin has improved survival free of tumor in this group compared to other combinations not including platinum (47 compared to 20 per cent) but the results in this selected group of patients are significantly worse than those seen for all other patients with lesser extent of disease. Tumor recurrence more than 9 months after achieving complete remission has not been noted during following to 10 years. A plea is made for cases of advanced disease (B3 and/or C) to be reported according to the extent of pulmonary disease as well as the associated abdominal disease, since analysis of these data reveals striking differences in patient survival, ranging from 100 to 35 per cent according to subgrouping. PMID- 7109099 TI - Distribution of nodal metastases in nonseminomatous testis cancer. PMID- 7109100 TI - A study of the effectiveness of rifaprim in chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Rifampicin plus trimethoprim (rifaprim) was used to treat 20 patients with chronic prostatitis in exacerbation: 11 received 2 tablets at bedtime for 15 days followed by 1 tablet at bedtime for another 105 days, and 9 received 1 tablet in the morning and 2 tablets at bedtime for 15 days, then 2 tablets at bedtime for 15 days followed by 1 tablet at bedtime for another 90 days. All patients had an enlarged tender prostate and all but 2 were symptomatic. In 10 patients previous treatment, including co-trimoxazole in 5, had failed. Cultures of the expressed prostatic secretions yielded Staphylococcus aureus in 17 patients and gram negative micro-organisms in 3. At the end of treatment 6 of 11 patients given the lower dosage were cured clinically and bacteriologically compared to 8 of 9 given the higher dosage. After 2 to 3 years of following 5 of 9 patients in the first group and all 7 in the second group had not suffered relapse. From our study it is evident that rifaprim is a potent drug in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. A promptness of therapeutic response and the rate of cure at the end of treatment as well as after at least 2 years of followup favor the higher drug dosage. PMID- 7109101 TI - Long-term results with the Kaufman prosthesis. AB - Patients with incontinence after prostatectomy were examined for long-term results following implantation of a Kaufman prosthesis. These appears to be a dichotomy between patients who underwent implantations of the device after radical procedures versus those who had been operated upon for benign disease. Patients undergoing implantation of the prosthesis after an operation for malignant disease experienced a higher rate of complications and a lower over-all continence rate. Also, patients who underwent implantation of the Kaufman prosthesis in conjunction with the Small-Carrion prosthesis showed a 100 per cent failure rate. It appears from the data that the Kaufman prosthesis is not the long sought panacea. PMID- 7109102 TI - Mediastinal metastases from prostatic carcinoma. AB - We reviewed the frequency of intrathoracic metastases of prostatic cancer at initial presentation in 1,435 patients seen from 1968 to 1978. Of these patients 75 (5.2 per cent) had intrathoracic metastases, including nodular metastases in 60 (4.2 per cent), mediastinal adenopathy in 9 (0.6 per cent), mediastinal adenopathy and pulmonary nodules in 3 (0.2 per cent), and lymphangitic pulmonary metastases in 3 (0.2 per cent). Mediastinal adenopathy in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate has not been emphasized previously. Responses to therapy are described. In addition to the 9 patients with mediastinal adenopathy at presentation 7 had mediastinal metastases during the course of the disease. PMID- 7109103 TI - The influence of hormonal therapy on survival of men with advanced prostatic cancer. AB - Although hormonal therapy has been used for almost 40 years in the management of patients with prostatic cancer there is no consensus on whether this treatment prolongs life in these men. In an attempt to answer this question survival of 65 control patients seen from 1937 to 1940 was compared to survival of patients who received hormonal therapy from 1942 to 1944. These intervals were selected in an attempt to minimize the influence of medical advances other than hormonal therapy. Although life table graphs indicated that survival was extended for patients who entered in the hormonal era our analyses indicate that the difference in survival between treatment and control groups can be accounted for by a trend toward lower mortality in patients who entered later in the study rather than by hormonal therapy. The temporal trend was noted in all major subgroups of patients. These data suggest that in this study hormonal therapy had little impact on the over-all survival of men with advanced prostatic cancer and that every effort must be made to explore new avenues for the treatment of these patients. In the future, hormonal therapy may be most effectively used when the poorly responsive patients can be identified at an earlier time in the disease and treated with alternate forms of therapy. PMID- 7109104 TI - Reduction clitoroplasty via ventral approach. PMID- 7109105 TI - Radiographic studies for women with recurrent urinary tract infections. AB - Recent reports have suggested that roentgenographic examination of the urinary tract has little importance in the management of women with recurrent urinary tract infections. We evaluated 78 women with recurrent urinary tract infection with excretory urograms and voiding cystourethrograms. Of the 78 women 5 (6 per cent) had major structural urologic abnormalities requiring further therapy. All women with major abnormalities had risk factors. These risk factors included childhood urinary tract infection, elevated serum creatinine, documented fever more than 38(5), relapsing infection, a history of urinary calculi, infection with a urea-splitting organism. neurologic bladder dysfunction, a history of genitourinary surgery and asymptomatic bacteriuria. We believe that roentgenographic evaluation of the urinary tract is of benefit in selected women with recurrent urinary tract infections. PMID- 7109106 TI - Late followup of dynamic evaluation of upper urinary tract obstruction. PMID- 7109107 TI - Urodynamic manifestations of cerebellar ataxia. AB - The urodynamic findings in 15 patients with voiding dysfunction associated with various forms of the ataxia syndrome were reviewed. Urodynamic studies helped segregate the patients into 3 groups: group 1-detrusor hyperreflexia, group 2 normal bladder contractility and group 3-acontractile bladder. Pelvic floor electromyography demonstrated either coordinated or uncoordinated vesicosphincteric function. Although the neurologic findings associated with the ataxia syndrome have been studied extensively the urodynamic findings have not yet been recorded. We emphasize the importance of urodynamic evaluation in the treatment of patients with ataxia and voiding dysfunction. PMID- 7109108 TI - The surgical management of the enlarged clitoris. AB - In this study we compare the cosmetic and functional results of the common reconstructive techniques used in the management of patients with clitoral hypertrophy. We find impressive benefits in a surgical procedure that includes excision of the clitoral shaft with preservation of the glans and ventral mucosa combined with simple introitoplasty. We recommend reserving definitive vaginoplasty as needed until the age of puberty. Our experience is this clinical area is being offered with attention to the long-term followup of patients. PMID- 7109109 TI - Clinicopathological conference. Right flank mass and hypercalcemia. PMID- 7109110 TI - Horseshoe kidney with retrocaval ureter: a case report. PMID- 7109111 TI - Conservation of the kidney following an unusual presentation of multilocular cyst in a 7-year-old child. PMID- 7109112 TI - Unilateral multicystic renal disease in adults. AB - Patients with multicystic kidneys that remained undetected for many years are currently our best source of information on the long-term fate of this type of renal dysplasia. We review 24 cases with adequate data reported in the literature and add 3 personal cases. Significant problems that were encountered and were related to these retained multicystic kidneys include abdominal pain, erroneous diagnosis of renal agenesis leading to repeated unrewarding medical studies for abdominal pain, abdominal mass and renal neoplasm arising in the dysplastic kidney. PMID- 7109113 TI - Renal cell carcinoma causing a selective mineralocorticoid insufficiency. PMID- 7109114 TI - Retreat from transpubic urethroplasty for obliterated membranous urethral strictures. AB - A direct vision urethrotome was used to incise the perineal membrane and join the proximal bulbous urethra to the dorsal prostate in 4 men with totally obliterated posterior urethras following pelvic fractures. All 4 patients have maintained patent urethras for 2 to 9 months. Progressive dilation has not been required in 3 men. A repeat internal urethrotomy was necessary in 1 patient who currently requires urethral sounding every 6 weeks. A comparison with 8 previous transpubic urethroplasties for the same surgical problem revealed a significant decrease in blood loss and hospital stay with direct vision urethrotomy. Transurethral incision of the obliterated posterior urethra following a crushing injury to the pelvis may be a reasonable initial procedure for restoring urethral continuity prior to more extensive urethroplasty. PMID- 7109115 TI - Melanoma of the male urethra: surgical approach and pathological analysis. AB - Primary urethral melanoma in male subjects is rare and optimum therapy has not been established. We described a male patient with a primary urethral melanoma that arose in a precursor nevus and was treated by excision, bilateral groin dissections and postoperative radiation therapy. Urinary and sexual functions have been maintained. We review the previously reported cases of urethral melanoma in male subjects. The biologic relationship of melanoma to precursor lesions in mucosal sites is discussed. PMID- 7109116 TI - Reconstruction following amputation of the penis in children. PMID- 7109117 TI - Duplicated inferior vena cava misinterpreted by computerized tomography as metastatic retroperitoneal testicular tumor. PMID- 7109118 TI - Elevated serum calcitonin associated with an extragonadal seminoma. PMID- 7109120 TI - Morphologic study of primary nonreflux megaureters with particular emphasis on the role of ureteral sheath and ureteral dysplasia. AB - Morphologic study by both light and electron microscopy was done in 21 cases of primary nonreflux megaureter. Cases were divided into 2 groups depending on the level of narrowed segment and extension of ureteral dilatation. In group 1 (18 cases) the narrowed segment was entirely intra-or juxtavesical and ureteral dilatation extended its whole length cranial to it, whereas in group 2 (3 cases) the narrowed segment was extravesical and relatively long, and was often associated with dysmorphism of adjoining kidney and pelvis. Morphology of the 2 groups differed distinctively. In group 1 there was both gross and morphologic evidence suggestive of extensively developed ureteral sheaths. They were implicated as contributing etiologically to the genesis of obstruction at the level of narrowed segment where hitherto documented muscular derangements were also found. In group 2, the genesis of ureteral dilatation appears to rest primarily in the dilated ureteral wall rather than in the normal-appearing narrow segment in that there was morphologic evidence suggestive of dysplasia or arrest in he muscular development of the dilated ureteral wall. Some clinical relevance of the heterogenous morphology of the 2 groups was discussed. PMID- 7109119 TI - Direct measurement of the anticholinergic activity of a series of pharmacological compounds on the canine and rabbit urinary bladder. AB - Antimuscarinic therapy is used widely in the treatment of urine storage failure. Examples of antimuscarinic agents used clinically include atropine, propantheline bromide and glycopyrrolate. Other agents used in clinical urology that are believed to act at least in part by antimuscarinic activity include oxybutynin, imipramine and dicyclomine, These studies were designed to determine the relative potency of a variety of agents to compete directly for muscarinic cholinergic receptors isolated from the canine and rabbit urinary bladder. Radio-ligand binding assays for muscarinic receptors were performed with 10 nM 3H-QNB and various concentrations of the drugs under study. Of the agents tested, propantheline bromide, atropine, and glycopyrrolate were the potent muscarinic antagonists/unit of concentration. Oxybutynin and dicyclomine hydrochloride were 30 to 50 times less potent than atropine. Chlorpromazine and desmethylimipramine were approximately 500 times less potent than atropine. As expected, agents such as guanethidine, tranylcypramine and hexamethonium possessed little antimuscarinic activity. PMID- 7109121 TI - Zinc concentration and content of the dorsal, lateral and medical prostatic lobes and of periurethral adenomas in man. AB - The concentration and content of zinc in the prostatic lobes and in periurethral adenomas, when present, were determined in an autopsy series of 45 adult males by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The zinc distribution within the prostate was found to be related to the anatomically defined lobes, the dorsal lobes having the highest, the medial lobes the lowest and the lateral lobes intermediate zinc concencentrations. The differences in zinc concentration between the lobes were leveled in individuals who died from chronic disease, except in cases with periurethral adenomas, Periurethtral adenomas had higher zinc concentration than prostate proper. PMID- 7109122 TI - The effect of uretero-peritoneostomy on renal mass in rats with porto-caval shunts. AB - It is established that peritoneal reabsorption of 1 kidney's excretion after uretero-peritoneostomy does not result in a compensatory increase in renal mass. To test whether a factor in normal urine which is deactivated by passage through the liver becomes renotrophic if absorbed directly into the systemic blood, either unilateral uretero-peritoneostomy or intraperitoneal infusion of normal urine was performed in rats with prior porto-caval shunts. No significant growth occurred in the intact kidney(s) of such rats. Uninephrectomy did cause compensatory hypertrophy in porto-caval rats. Thus the porto-caval shunt did not alter the inability of peritoneal urine to induce compensatory hypertrophy in spite of the obvious added excretory load. PMID- 7109123 TI - Water hardness and urinary stone disease. AB - On the macrogeographic scale, a strong negative association exists in the United States between water hardness and urinary stone disease. This investigation studies the association on the microgeographical scale, where it is possible to control for confounding environmental factors. The study was conducted on 2,295 patients from 2 regions: the Carolinas which had soft water and high stone incidence, and the Rockies which had hard water and low stone incidence. Home tap water samples from urinary stone patient hospitalizations were compared with that of controls, concurrent inguinal hernia patient hospitalization. After adjusting for environmental factors, no significant difference (p = 0.59) between the 2 groups was obtained in tap water calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations. An incidental but potentially important finding was that those consuming water from a private well had an estimated relative risk of 1.5 (p less than 0.01) compared to those using public water. While no cause-effect relationship is suggested, stone-formers might consider avoiding private well water. On the other hand, water hardness should be a minor concern with respect to stone formation. PMID- 7109124 TI - Solubility product of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate at various temperatures. PMID- 7109125 TI - The effect of a urethral catheter on the measurement of maximum urinary flow rate. AB - The maximum urinary flow rates of 147 male subjects referred for voiding difficulties were measured in the presence and absence of a fine urethral catheter. A comparison of these flow rates showed that those measured with the catheter in situ were lower than would be anticipated for the same voided volumes in the absence of a catheter. Although the reduction in flow rate caused by the catheter was only of the order of several ml./second, it was sufficient to alter the diagnostic categorisation of almost a third of the subjects classified as obstructed, unobstructed or equivocal on the basis of a plot of detrusor voiding pressure versus maximum flow rate. The effect of the urethral catheter on diagnostic classification was most pronounced in the borderline patients on whom urodynamics would usually be performed to clarify the clinical assessment. It was concluded that the routine performance of full urodynamic studies for the assessment of outflow obstruction is unwarranted. PMID- 7109126 TI - Neurosurgeons debate best treatment of aneurysms. PMID- 7109127 TI - "Boosted" tuberculin reactions among Cambodian refugees. PMID- 7109128 TI - Space Invaders obsession. PMID- 7109129 TI - Pneumococcal-vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID- 7109130 TI - Seeking explanation for secular trends in cardiovascular mortality. PMID- 7109131 TI - Fetal blood typing after sexual assault. PMID- 7109132 TI - The decline in coronary heart disease mortality. PMID- 7109133 TI - Arthroscopy and arthrography. PMID- 7109134 TI - Ceruletide in postoperative adynamic ileus. PMID- 7109135 TI - Chronic, recurrent small-vessel cutaneous vasculitis. PMID- 7109136 TI - Patients with syncope admitted to medical intensive care units. AB - The records of 108 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) for syncope during a two-year period were reviewed. Explicit criteria were used to classify patients by presumed etiologic diagnosis. Thirty-six percent of the cases of syncope were due to cardiovascular disease, 17% were due to noncardiovascular disease, and 47% were unexplained at hospital discharges. Seventy-two percent of presumed etiologic diagnoses were based on information available at the time of patient admission. The remainder were based on ICU monitoring and additional diagnostic tests. Patients were prospectively studied after hospital discharge. The one-year mortality was 19% in the cardiovascular group, 6% in the noncardiovascular group, and 6% among patients whose syncope remained unexplained. Age-standardized comparisons between the unexplained syncope group, the US population, and other ICU patients suggest that patients with syncope unexplained at hospital discharge do not have an increased risk of death during the subsequent year. PMID- 7109137 TI - Gentamicin dosing errors with four commonly used nomograms. AB - Four methods for calculating gentamicin sulfate dosage requirements were evaluated in 96 patients and compared with an individualized method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin were determined from serum concentration time data and used to calculate individualized dosage regimens. Doses were determined in each patient using the "predictive methods" (Sarubbi-Hull, Dettli, "rule of eights," and Chan). Resultant serum concentrations were calculated from doses arrived at by each method. These dosing methods resulted in a large proportion of patients with subtherapeutic or potentially toxic concentrations, or both. The Dettli and Chan methods produced therapeutic concentrations in more patients than the Sarubbi-Hull and rule of eights methods. Desired therapeutic concentrations were attained in significantly more patients with the individualized method than with the predictive methods, and, in addition, larger doses were required. The use of predictive dosage methods should be followed with serum concentration determinations and dosage adjustment to ensure therapeutic concentrations early in treatment. PMID- 7109139 TI - Disuse and aging. AB - A review of biologic changes commonly attributed to the process of aging demonstrates the close similarity of most of these to changes subsequent to a period of enforced physical inactivity. The coincidence of these changes from the subcellular to the whole-body level of organization, and across a wide range of body systems, prompts the suggestion that at least a portion of the changes that are commonly attributed to aging is in reality caused by disuse and, as such, is subject to correction. There is no drug in current or prospective use that holds as much promise for sustained health as a lifetime program of physical exercise. PMID- 7109138 TI - Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. AB - Among elderly nursing home patients, urinary incontinence is a prevalent and costly condition. In seven nursing homes studied, 419 (50%) of the elderly patients were incontinence of urine. Most had been incontinent at admission (64%), had more than one incontinent episode per day or a catheter (72%), and had concomitant fecal incontinence (64%). The majority of incontinent patients had substantial cognitive impairment and limitations in mobility. The severity of these impairments was related to the extent of incontinence. Complications such as urinary tract infection and skin breakdown occurred in almost 45% and were more common in patients with catheters. Physicians recorded incontinence as a problem, or any efforts to evaluate it, in the nursing home records of less than 15% of these patients. PMID- 7109140 TI - Hypernatremia induced by maximal exercise. AB - A short burst of intensive exercise (100-m swim lasting one minute and resulting in a 12-fold rise in the level of blood lactate) resulted in frank hypernatremia (serum sodium level, greater than 150 mEq/L) in 30% to 40% of well-trained athletes. In contrast, less intensive exercise (800-m swim lasting ten minutes and resulting in a sevenfold rise in the level of blood lactate) failed to cause a rise in serum sodium level despite comparable elevations in hematocrit reading and serum protein levels. Hypernatremia induced by intensive exercise cannot be explained by losses in body fluid or solute ingestion, but is probably a consequence of a shift of hypotonic fluid from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment. Thus, the mechanism of exercise-induced hypernatremia may be unique, as compared with other clinically recognized forms of hypernatremia. PMID- 7109141 TI - Acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis after ingestion of phenylpropanolamine containing diet pills. PMID- 7109142 TI - Gram-negative bacillary meningitis. PMID- 7109144 TI - Growing world of gastrointestinal endoscopy. PMID- 7109143 TI - Adjustment to visual loss. PMID- 7109145 TI - Truth telling in medicine. PMID- 7109146 TI - Medical ethics and torture. PMID- 7109147 TI - Electronic games. PMID- 7109148 TI - Neurometrics. PMID- 7109149 TI - Gastrointestinal tract symptoms from intravenously administered erythromycin. PMID- 7109150 TI - Indications for hepatitis B vaccine. PMID- 7109151 TI - Hypodermoclysis revisited. PMID- 7109152 TI - Wernicke's encephalopathy after gastric plication. PMID- 7109153 TI - Surgery for evolving myocardial infarction. AB - One hundred fifty-six patients underwent emergency coronary revascularization during the early phases of evolving myocardial infarction (MI). There were six hospital deaths (3.8%) and two later deaths (1.3%). Thrombectomy of the MI artery was achieved in 79% of the patients, and 17% of the patients showed no observable lesion in the MI vessel on restudy. Graft patency was 99%. Late follow-up to 62 months disclosed 17 patients with residual limitations. Analysis of the data established criteria for recognizing patients with early MI who would benefit from surgical therapy. The criteria are derived by comparing preoperative and postoperative ventricular anatomy, creatine phosphokinase levels, and hemodynamics. PMID- 7109154 TI - Detection of metastatic liver disease. Use of liver scans and biochemical liver tests. AB - The records of 94 patients with a known diagnosis of extrahepatic cancer having liver scan, biochemical liver tests (alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, lactic dehydrogenase, and bilirubin levels, and subsequent liver biopsy within a six week period were reviewed. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the scan and biochemical tests in the detection of metastatic liver disease were calculated. The most sensitive single examination was the group of biochemical liver tests. Liver scans performed in the presence of normal biochemical test results were insensitive when compared with the liver scan alone or the liver scan in the presence of abnormal biochemical test results. The specificity and accuracy of all tests and test combinations were statistically equivalent. Screening for hepatic metastases in patients with cancer is best accomplished with the more sensitive and less expensive group of biochemical liver tests, reserving the liver scan for those patients with abnormal biochemical test results. PMID- 7109155 TI - Group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Analysis of an outbreak at a college. PMID- 7109156 TI - Staging of breast cancer and survival rates. An assessment based on 50 years of experience with radical mastectomy. AB - The correlation of staging criteria for mammary carcinoma with the curability of primary and recurrent local and regional lesions was assessed by follow-up after 1,259 consecutive radical mastectomies performed in women under age 70 between 1927 and 1978. Using a staging scheme revised in the light of our experience, the incidence of recurrence by 20 years was 34% +/- 2.7% for pathological stage I, 65% +/- 2.6% for stage II, and 83% +/- 2.5% for stage III. Recurrence after 20 years was observed in one of 178 patients. After treatment of local recurrence, three of 51 patients survived 20 years. By restriction of entry into clinical or pathological stages I and II, currently employed revisions of staging criteria appear to increase survival in all stages, while placing patients with possibly curable lesions in stages III and IV. PMID- 7109158 TI - Pernicious anemia, 18q deletion syndrome, and IgA deficiency. PMID- 7109157 TI - Kallmann's syndrome associated with atrial septal defect. PMID- 7109160 TI - Massive extraperitoneal air in a 71-year-old woman. Occurrence during a radiological study. PMID- 7109161 TI - Comparative negligence. PMID- 7109159 TI - Dimethyl sulfoxide. Controversy and current status--1981. Council on scientific affairs. PMID- 7109162 TI - Adverse effects of amiodarone. PMID- 7109163 TI - Hazards of prolonged use of beclomethasone spray. PMID- 7109164 TI - "CSF viral cultures'. PMID- 7109165 TI - Incisional recurrence of carcinoma. PMID- 7109166 TI - Infant mortality. PMID- 7109167 TI - Injury from flaming drink. PMID- 7109168 TI - The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act. PMID- 7109169 TI - Afebrile bacteremia. A phenomenon in geriatric patients. PMID- 7109171 TI - Pneumococcal disease in a medium-sized community in the United States. AB - To assess the importance of bacteremic pneumococcal disease among the population of one "average" American community, we studied all hospitalized patients who had Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood, CSF, pleural fluid, or ascitic fluid during the years 1978 through 1981 in Huntington, WVa, and environs. Seventeen patients were children younger than 13 years, and 71 were adults. The case fatality rate from bacteremic pneumococcal disease among adults was 30%, and among children it was 6%. It was much higher (88%) in adults older than 50 years with extrapulmonary disease. Approximately four fifths of the typed isolates from adults or children were types included in the current vaccine. Eighty-nine percent of the adults who died of pneumococcal infection had been candidates for pneumococcal vaccine, but only one patient had received vaccine, just before becoming ill with pneumococcal disease. These data provide a basis for widespread use of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk groups. PMID- 7109170 TI - Drug monitoring of surgical patients. AB - Intensive drug monitoring of surgical patients was carried out on selected wards in five hospitals in the United States, Scotland, and New Zealand from 1977 through 1981. This report describes the methods and some findings from the monitoring of 5,232 such patients. Patients received, on the average, nine drugs on the ward, and adverse reactions were associated with 2.2% of these drug orders. Of the 1,150 drug-attributed adverse reactions, only 62 were considered "major" by the attending physician, and 35 (affecting 20 patients) were termed "life threatening." There were no drug-attributed deaths. PMID- 7109172 TI - Physicians who move and why they move. AB - Physicians in the United States migrate across county lines more often than nonphysicians, but their migration parallels that of the population at large: from the northern "Frost Belt" to the southern "Sun Belt." The data presented herein show that mobile physicians ("movers") are more often younger and female than nonmobile physicians ("stayers"). Stayers are more likely to be primary care of self-employed physicians, and movers more often are in nonprimary care or in medical administration, research, teaching, or other medical employment modalities. County-level characteristics such as population income and size also help determine whether a physician will be a mover or stayer. PMID- 7109173 TI - Staphylococcal nasal carriage and subsequent infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. AB - Thirty patients undergoing long-term home-based peritoneal dialysis were monitored for 13 months for carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the nares and for the development of infectious complications. The patients could be divided into three groups with regard to S aureus carriage: chronic, intermittent, and noncarriers. Twenty-five episodes of peritonitis and 20 episodes of catheter exit site infections occurred during 268 patient-months of observation. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for eight episodes of peritonitis and 12 episodes of exit-site infection. Chronic and intermittent carriers of S aureus were found to be at higher risk of development of infection than noncarriers. PMID- 7109174 TI - Afebrile septicemia. PMID- 7109175 TI - Designer genes for producing drugs: will they wash? PMID- 7109176 TI - Child-resistant containers a 'must' in drug-dispensing. PMID- 7109177 TI - Hospital utilization. PMID- 7109178 TI - Fetal and infant mortality. PMID- 7109180 TI - Hazards of metal processing. PMID- 7109179 TI - Actinomyces and intrauterine devices. PMID- 7109181 TI - Seminars for physicians. PMID- 7109182 TI - Erythropoietin and pregnancy. PMID- 7109183 TI - Vaccination and disease prevention for adults. PMID- 7109184 TI - Intradermal immunization with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Serological and clinical responses of persons with and without prior vaccination with duck embryo vaccine. AB - Intradermal administration of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was investigated in an attempt to reduce the current high cost of preexposure rabies prophylaxis. The study population consisted of 240 volunteers from a veterinary hospital, 165 of whom had prior vaccination with duck embryo rabies vaccine (DEV). Vaccine safety was good; only minor reactions were experienced, all of which resolved spontaneously. Serological responses to intradermal HDCV were excellent; 209 (99.5%) of the 210 persons who completed the study produced rabies antibody titers of 0.50 lU/mL or greater (range, 0.50 to 40.00 lU/mL). Two 0.1-mL doses of HDCV given intradermally 28 days apart provide a safe, effective, and economical method for human preexposure prophylaxis against rabies, irrespective of the previous DEV vaccination history of the recipient. PMID- 7109185 TI - Community-oriented primary care. PMID- 7109186 TI - RBC destruction caused by a micropore blood filter. AB - Two infants who received whole blood filtered through commercially available woven stainless steel micropore filters experienced a sudden onset of hemoglobinuria. The plasma hemoglobin level in one child was 200 mg/dL. To investigate whether filters might lead to RBC destruction, we experimentally quantitated filter-induced hemolysis using standard conditions. Our studies in vitro show that hemolysis decreases with increased speed to transfusion. Hemolysis is particularly extensive with blood stored more than 14 days, but measurable hemolysis occurs with blood stored for as little as one day. PMID- 7109187 TI - Fatal cardiac tamponade. Occurrence with other complications after left internal jugular vein catheterization. AB - A case of fatal cardiac tamponade caused by superior vena cava perforation complicating left internal jugular vein catheterization and infusion is reported. Two cases of nonfatal combined hydromediastinum and hydrothorax as a result of the left-sided approach are discussed. Unexplained hypotension with venous distention in a patient with a central venous catheter should immediately raise the possibility of cardiac tamponade. Avoidance of the left internal jugular vein approach, the use of flexible catheter materials, and localization of the catheter tip above the pericardial reflection will lessen the complications caused by placement of central venous lines. PMID- 7109189 TI - Dealing with alleged fraud in medical research. PMID- 7109190 TI - Sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration of liver lesions. PMID- 7109188 TI - Sex and spermicides: preventing unintended pregnancy and infection. PMID- 7109191 TI - Ultrasound breast scanning: (only) a complement to mammography? PMID- 7109192 TI - Kickoff for AMA's new PMI program. PMID- 7109193 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of genital herpes. PMID- 7109194 TI - Analgesic-abuse nephropathy. PMID- 7109195 TI - Effect of bromocriptine on pituitary tumors. PMID- 7109196 TI - Symptomatology and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 7109197 TI - Asthma induced by nickel. PMID- 7109198 TI - Effects of vitamin E. PMID- 7109199 TI - Ischemic heart disease mortality in Iowa farmers. The influence of life-style. AB - Analysis of 62,000 deaths in Iowa men aged 20 to 64 years from 1964 to 1978 indicates that Iowa farm men younger than 65 years have lower than expected mortality for all causes and for ischemic heart disease. Using data gathered by the Iowa Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Program Prevalence Study, we compared levels of known cardiovascular risk factors in farmers with those of nonfarmers residing in the same rural county. Farm men smoked less frequently (19% v 44%) and engaged in exercise more frequently (83% v 40%) than nonfarmers. Treadmill performance in farm men indicates a higher level of fitness in farmers. Farm people consumed more total calories and cholesterol, but drank less alcohol than nonfarmers. Farm men had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also higher in farmers. However, when adjusted for age and exercise status, farmers and nonfarmers had similar lipid levels. The results of the LRC survey suggest that the lower mortality rates of Iowa farmers are a reflection of a life-style that includes vigorous exercise and little consumption of alcohol and tobacco. PMID- 7109200 TI - Skin lesions suspected to be melanoma should be photographed. Gross morphological features of primary melanoma associated with metastases. AB - We reviewed photographs of 256 primary cutaneous melanomas to determine the gross morphological correlates of metastases. Seven and a half years after diagnosis, the melanomas with ulceration occupying at least 80% of their surface had the highest rate of metastases (85%), and melanomas without a nodule had the lowest metastatic rate (11%). Melanomas with nodules had a metastatic rate of 62%, and this rate increased in direct proportion to nodule diameter. Even after adjusting for nodule diameter and ulceration, melanomas with single nodules located completely within the confines of an associated plaque had half of the metastatic rate of melanomas with nodules located at the periphery (abutting normal skin). These data suggest that (1) carefully recorded gross pathological data can augment the microscopic pathological data in the determination of prognosis; (2) skin lesions suspected to be melanoma should be photographed; (3) the photograph, if followed by surgical removal of the lesion, should be attached to the pathology report in the patient's permanent medical record; (4) nodule diameter is better correlated with metastases than the total lesion diameter (as traditionally held); and (5) the cytologically malignant melanocytes that constitute the less-raised portion of most melanomas may not be biologically malignant, thus enlarging the precursor concept for malignant melanoma. The TNM staging system for malignant melanoma could be modified to incorporate these data. PMID- 7109201 TI - Physician bias in cesarean sections. AB - Various aspects of physician bias in the decision to perform a cesarean section were investigated by comparing indications for cesarean sections for 1979 and 1980 and investigating the distribution of indications according to the day of the week. The contention that obstetricians may perform cesarean sections on weekends for secondary gain was refuted by showing no difference in the distribution of nonelective cesarean section indications between weekdays and weekends. Statistically significant changes in cesarean section indications were, however, observed between the two investigated years, which may be attributed to an organizational change within the department toward more sophisticated obstetric care. These changes included a significant increase in cesarean sections for dystocia and breech presentation and a decrease for fetal distress and "other" indications. Because the total cesarean section rate did not change during the study periods, it is suggested that modern obstetric practice per se does not increase cesarean section rates, but may shift the distribution of indications for cesarean section. PMID- 7109202 TI - Life support and maternal death during pregnancy. PMID- 7109203 TI - Amoxapine overdose. Coma and seizures without cardiotoxic effects. PMID- 7109204 TI - Massive catecholamine release from caffeine poisoning. PMID- 7109205 TI - Brain death and live birth. PMID- 7109206 TI - Maternal brain death: an ethicist's thoughts. PMID- 7109207 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal hemorrhage. PMID- 7109208 TI - Proceedings of the 46th annual scientific meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society. March 25-27, 1982, Tokyo. Abstracts. PMID- 7109209 TI - Dietary risk factors of stroke and hypertension in Japan -- Part 1: Methodological assessment of urinalysis for dietary salt and protein intakes. AB - In our attempt to design a method which would be more reliable than dietary survey interviews when estimating salt and protein intakes in a population survey, a urinalysis-related study was done on volunteers. Urinary sodium (Na), urea nitrogen (UN) and inorganic sulfate (SO4), all indices of dietary salt, protein and sulfoamino acids, respectively, were confirmed to reflect the nutritional condition. Interaction between salt and protein was not observed at least at the dietary levels used in the present study (for salt, 0.33 and 0.1 g/kg body weight/day; for protein, 1.6 and 0.7 g/kg body weight/day). Excretion of components was delayed several days or more after dietary ingestion, and nutritional estimation by urinalysis, therefore, may not be so much affected by daily variables in the diet intake. Further, partial urine samples proved to have a highly significant correlation with 24-hour (hr) urine, as for urinary Na, potassium (K), SO4, UN and their creatinine (Cr) ratios, thus indicating the availability of partial urine samples as substitutes for 24-hr urine specimens. Thus, urinalysis is a more readily facilitated, more scientific and more quantitative method for epidemiological nutritional surveys. PMID- 7109210 TI - Dietary risk factors of stroke and hypertension in Japan -- Part 2: Validity of urinalysis for dietary salt and protein intakes under a field condition. AB - Utility of urinalysis as a method for estimating dietary salt and protein intakes was examined in volunteers from farming and fishing villages in Japan and the data was compared to findings in a survey on diets. We found that partial urine samples and even a fasting single spot urine in the a.m. could serve as valid substitutes for 24-hour (hr) urine collections. Further, significant correlations were obtained between levels of salt in the diet estimated by survey interviews and urinary sodium (Na) and between interview-estimated dietary total or animal protein and urinary inorganic sulfate (SO4). In comparative studies between farming and fishing villages, almost the same findings, higher salt in a farming village and higher animal protein in a fishing village, were obtained in the urinalysis and the survey on diets. These findings clearly indicate that urinalysis, as a method for estimating dietary salt and protein intake in population surveys, has distinct advantages. PMID- 7109211 TI - Dietary risk factors of stroke and hypertension in Japan -- Part 3: Comparative study on risk factors between farming and fishing villages in japan. AB - General medical examinations were performed in two rural areas of Shimane Prefecture in Japan, one was a farming village and the other a fishing village where incidences of death due to stroke differed, higher in the former and lower in the latter. Comparisons were made on salt and protein intake by analyzing the fasting single spot urine collected in the morning and by blood tests. Urine samples were analyzed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), urea nitrogen (UN), inorganic sulfate (SO4) and creatinine (Cr) and blood samples for cholesterol (Chl), triglyceride (TG), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb). Blood pressure, Na/Cr, Na/K and Ht were higher in the farming village and K/Cr, UN/Cr, SO4/Cr, SO4/UN, Chl and TG were higher in the fishing village. These findings indicate the higher salt intake and lower intake of K, animal protein and fat in the farming village. This typical dietary pattern of the Japanese may explain the higher incidence of hypertension and stroke in the farming village. PMID- 7109213 TI - Estimation of coronary reserve in left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries by regional thermodilution technique. AB - The present study was attempted to determine whether a reduction in regional venous maximal coronary flow can indicate the presence of significant coronary stenosis. The great cardiac vein flow and the coronary sinus outflow were measured simultaneously in 8 open-chest dogs by a continuous thermodilution technique using a triple thermister catheter or two separate thermister catheters. The left anterior descending and circumflex coronary inflows were recorded using electromagnetic flow probes. Successive 70% coronary arterial stenosis maximal coronary flow and coronary reserve decreased significantly in the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus. Significant correlations were found between the flows in the left anterior descending artery and in the great cardiac vein (r = 0.81) and between those in the circumflex artery and in the coronary sinus minus the great cardiac vein (r = 0.79) throughout the periods of preocclusion, occlusion and reactive hyperemic response. There were no significant changes in heart rate and hemodynamics. Using continuous thermodilution techniques, the inflows of the left anterior descending and the circumflex coronary arteries at a stenosis greater than 70% could be estimated from the changes in regional venous outflows. PMID- 7109212 TI - Average urinary excretion of sodium in 24 hours can be estimated from a spot urine specimen. AB - We assessed to what extent sodium intake can be estimated from the sodium content of a spot-urine specimen (spot-UNa) collected within 4 hours after the first voiding upon awakening but before breakfast. Subjects were asked to collect spot urine and 24-hour urine specimens other than the spot-urine for a 3-day period, either successively or intermittently. The coefficient of correlation between spot-UNa and urinary excretion of sodium in 24 hours (24-h UNa) collected on the first day was 0.47. When the coefficient of the variation of creatinine excretion in the spot-urine was above 20%, the sample was discarded as the "outlier', and in this case the coefficient of correlation was 0.725. A marked fluctuation of creatinine excretion in spot-urine was considered to represent technical errors at the time of the spot-urine collection. The coefficient of variation of intra individual 24-h UNa exceeded 20%, suggesting that a single determination of 24-h UNa does not represent the individual average of daily urinary excretion of sodium. It is concluded that the determination of a substantial number of spot urine specimens to estimate daily salt ingestion of a given subject may be more reliable than a single determination of 24-h UNa, if the "outlier' of creatinine excretion in spot-urine specimen is excluded from the determination of spot-UNa. The average urinary excretion of sodium in 24 hours by the Japanese subjects investigated here was 218 +/- 67 mEq. PMID- 7109214 TI - Electrophysiological characteristics of ischemic cardiac cells in hypoxic and hyperkalemic conditions. AB - The difference in the electrophysiological properties between the subepicardial cells and the subendocardial cells (Purkinje fibers and ordinary myocardial cells) was examined in dogs using a microelectrode technique. The preparations were obtained one hour after coronary occlusion. Immediately after exposure to a hypoxic solution, spontaneous activities could be recorded in neither the subepicardial nor the subendocardial cells. The electrical activities induced by electrical stimulation disappeared 5-10 min after exposure to the hypoxic solution in the subepicardial cells, while they remained in the subendocardial cells. Vmax, action potential amplitude, action potential duration and resting membrane potential of the subendocardial cells were all reduced significantly in the hypoxic solution containing 7 mK K+ in contrast to those in the hypoxic solution containing 4 mM K+ (p less than 0.001). In the hypoxic solution containing 15 mM K+, all cardiac cells depolarized partially and became electrically quiescent in both normal and ischemic cardiac cells. These findings support the idea that during regional hypoxia and hyperkalemia resulting from acute coronary occlusion, heterogeneous changes in electrical activities occur between the subepicardium and the subendocardium in the ischemic regions. PMID- 7109215 TI - [Problems in blood transfusion (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109216 TI - [Effects of anesthetics and adjuvants on the airway tone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109217 TI - [Pulmonary hemodynamics during external cardiac massage in humans (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109218 TI - [Effects of FDA 20 infusion on endocrine function in surgical patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109219 TI - [A statistical analysis by a microcomputer of 10,000 anesthesia cases performed in a municipal hospital during the period of ten years, -Part 1, The code system of anesthesia cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109220 TI - [Anesthesia for a patient with Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109221 TI - [Monitors for venous air entrainment in a patient undergoing neurosurgery in the sitting position (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109222 TI - [Effects of ketamine and thiamylal on isolated spinal cords of new-born rats (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109223 TI - [The protective actions of glutathione on the metabolic changes in the brain due to hypoxic hypoxia in dogs and rabbits (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109224 TI - [Measurement of pulmonary capillary blood flow waves by body plethysmograph (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109225 TI - [A study on VA/Q distribution in dog lungs with experimental pulmonary emboli and lobar atelectasis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109226 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of high dose fentanyl anesthesia during induction, intubation and surgical stimulations in normal subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109227 TI - [Perioperative plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels under halothane nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia in elderly patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109228 TI - [The effect of vitamin E on the serum lipid-peroxide and uric acid in the hemorrhagic shock rabbit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109229 TI - [Anesthetic management of a pheochromocytoma with sudden fall of blood glucose level immediately after adrenalectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109230 TI - [A statistical analysis by a microcomputer of 10,000 anesthesia cases performed in a municipal hospital during the period of ten years --Part 2 The anesthesia techniques (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109231 TI - [TNM classification of malignant lymphoma--characteristics and problems of non Hodgkin's lymphoma in Japan--(author's transl)]. PMID- 7109232 TI - [Effect of lithium on granulocyte-macrophage colony formation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109233 TI - [Problems in blood transfusion in patients with aplastic anemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109234 TI - [Small cell variant Sezary's syndrome with esophageal and lung carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109235 TI - [A case of patient with complete remission from atypical aplastic anemia by betamethasone therapy, whose peripheral lymphocytes suppressed granulocytic colony formation (CFU-C) of normal bone marrow cells (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109236 TI - [Two cases of Hodgkin's disease with elevated plasma lysozyme (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109238 TI - [Renal function tests and kidney diseases]. PMID- 7109239 TI - [Outline of diagnosis of kidney diseases]. PMID- 7109237 TI - [A case of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia with t (8q-; 21q+) and cytochemically myelomonocytic appearance (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109240 TI - [Radiographic examination of the kidney]. PMID- 7109241 TI - [Kidney function tests using radioisotopes]. PMID- 7109242 TI - [Electrolyte balance and kidney diseases]. PMID- 7109243 TI - [Significance of selectivity in glomerular permeability]. PMID- 7109244 TI - [Renal dialysis and clinical tests]. PMID- 7109245 TI - [Proteinuria and urinary sedimentation]. PMID- 7109246 TI - [Urine concentration and dilution tests and interpretation of the results]. PMID- 7109247 TI - [PSP clearance test]. PMID- 7109248 TI - [Creatinine clearance test (with special reference to GFR)]. PMID- 7109249 TI - [Para-aminohippuric acid clearance test: (with special reference to RPF and FF)]. PMID- 7109250 TI - [Determination of serum non-protein nitrogen compounds (guanidine derivatives and others) and their evaluation in kidney diseases]. PMID- 7109251 TI - [Urinary sample collection and physical analysis of the urinary contents (urinary volume, urination frequencies, specific gravity, osmotic pressure, and refractive index)]. PMID- 7109252 TI - [Application of immunological tests of the serum and urine-determination of FDP and the complement level]. PMID- 7109253 TI - [Methods for kidney biopsy]. PMID- 7109254 TI - [Technics for the detection of IgM antibody (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109256 TI - [Diagnostic value of CF antibody titration in human enterovirus infections (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109255 TI - [Serological diagnosis of virus disease with special reference to medical technology (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109257 TI - [Single radial complement fixation test using complement film--its application in viral serodiagnosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109259 TI - [Serodiagnosis of viral infections. Evaluation from clinical stand point]. PMID- 7109258 TI - [Current status and problems of viral diagnostic reagents in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109261 TI - [Leucine aminopeptidase and arylamidase activities in human tissues (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109263 TI - [Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-IgG immunoglobulin complex in serum from an infant with fulminant hepatitis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109260 TI - [Measurement of hemoglobin A1, A1c by micro-column chromatography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109262 TI - [Serum cholinesterase in HBs.Ag positive human (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109264 TI - [Normal values of lipoprotein cholesterol fractionated by lipoprotein profiling system (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109265 TI - [Measurement of free T4 and its clinical significance (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109266 TI - [Clinical significance of inferior phrenic artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses in chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109267 TI - [A clinical usefulness of a low osmolality contrast medium in selective pulmonary arteriography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109268 TI - [Radiographic study on 12 cases of bronchial tuberculosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109269 TI - [Cancer of gallbladder - analysis of operability by diagnostic imaging modalities (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109271 TI - [Radiation-induced heart disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109272 TI - [Evaluation of concomitant use of non-specific immunopotentiator on 172 cases of primary lung cancer (stage III, IV) treated with radiation combined with chemotherapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109270 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the large bowel (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109274 TI - [A treated case of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109273 TI - [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its related lesions - its histopathological revision (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109275 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma with ulceration of the duodenum and jejunum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109276 TI - [A case of ileo-vesical fistula, on which bone scan was useful (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109277 TI - [Medullary sponge kidney associated with congenital total hemihypertrophy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109278 TI - [A case of renal angiomyolipoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109281 TI - [Bone scintigram in Camurati-Engelmann disease]. PMID- 7109280 TI - [Polycystic kidney disease with renal tubular ectasia and hepatic fibrosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109282 TI - [Myocardial ischemia and left ventricular performance during exercise stress (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109279 TI - [Intracavitary radiation treatment with ovoids specially modified for the utilization of CT (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109283 TI - [Clinical evaluation of right ventricular function using radionuclide method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109284 TI - [An evaluation of phase analysis on diagnosis of the patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109285 TI - [Overview on nuclear medicine in cardiology]. PMID- 7109286 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance medicine--birth of a new area in medicine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109287 TI - [Ultrasound in the diagnosis of diffuse liver disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109288 TI - [Measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in diseases of the prostate (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109289 TI - [Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis using computed tomography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109290 TI - [A case report of Sjogren's syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109291 TI - [Malignant retroperitoneal tumor with peculiar arterial obstructive symptoms and findings (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109292 TI - [Three cases of eosinophilic granuloma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109293 TI - [Acute interstitial pneumonia associated with Reye's syndrome (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109294 TI - [Scintigraphic evaluation of intrahepatic bile duct stone (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109295 TI - [Follow up study on patients with ulcerative colitis: results of the medical treatment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109296 TI - [Effect of glucagon on hepatic bile in obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109297 TI - [The kinetics of bile acids in patients with cholesterol gallstones (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109298 TI - [A case of malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease) in the stomach with hypoproteinemia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109299 TI - [A case of pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma with a review 82 cases in Japan (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109300 TI - [Aging and life span of invertebrate--nematodes as model animals (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109301 TI - [Radiation and aging (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109303 TI - Nutrition and ageing. PMID- 7109302 TI - [Drug therapy in the elderly (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109304 TI - [Immunity in the aged individuals. 1) Specific immunity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109305 TI - [Immunity in the aged individuals. 2)Nonspecific immunity (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109306 TI - [Infectious disease of the aged (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109307 TI - [Chemotherapy in the aged (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109308 TI - [Detection of exercise-induced abnormalities of cardiac wall motion in coronary heart disease by modified cardiokymography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109309 TI - [Changes of plasma lipoproteins in response to cholesterol feeding in ischemic heart disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109310 TI - [New theory of aging process with special reference to the role of lipid metabolism in the cerebral atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109311 TI - [In vitro cellular aging and life span limiting factors (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109312 TI - A note on segregation analysis of multiplex family. PMID- 7109313 TI - Cytogenetic survey of primary amenorrhea. PMID- 7109314 TI - Human chromosomal heteromorphisms in American blacks VII. Correlation (r) between height and the size of the Y chromosome. PMID- 7109315 TI - Models of multiple sources of ascertainments per proband. PMID- 7109316 TI - [Epidural measurement of intracranial pressure by a newly-developed pressure transducer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109317 TI - [General waveform generator with real time adjustment (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109318 TI - [Basis of digital bio-signal processing, VI (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109319 TI - [Development of a distributed total hospital information system, DTHIS (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109320 TI - Assay in mice for minute amounts of endotoxin by pre-administration of lead acetate. AB - The enhancing effect of pre-administration of lead acetate on the body-weight decrease due to endotoxin was studied in mice for the purpose of developing a method for determination of minute amounts of endotoxin. By adoption of the body weight ratio on the first day after endotoxin administration (BWR1) as a response, the linear regression lines of the dose-response were demonstrated over a wide range of log doses of several different endotoxin preparations tested. By use of these linear regression equations experimentally obtained, the minimum detectable dose was calculated. The minimum detectable dose was defined as a dose of an endotoxin preparation producing a mean body-weight response statistically distinguishable from that of the control. The doses obtained were mostly in nanogram order. The magnitude of the enhancement brought about by the lead treatment was estimated at about 40 to 100 times. PMID- 7109321 TI - Antitumor activity in mice of orally administered polysaccharide from Kefir grain. AB - The antitumor activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide (KGF-C), isolated from the Kefir grain, was studied in the mice subcutaneously inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) or Sarcoma 180 (S-180). The growth of EC and S-180 solid tumor was inhibited by 40-59% and 21-81%, respectively, by oral administration of KGF-C as compared with the unadministered mice. The tumor growth was similarly inhibited by intraperitoneal administration. The mechanism of the antitumor activity of KGF C was considered to be host-mediated because of the lack of direct in vitro effect on tumor cells. PMID- 7109322 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of regional wall motion in stress gated blood pool study (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109323 TI - [Evaluation of the cardiac multigated blood pool study with various heart disease using phase analysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109324 TI - [Clinical values of adrenal scintigraphy by I-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (123I-NCL) (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109325 TI - [Pelvic radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109326 TI - [Accessory spleen demonstrated by 99mTc-Sn colloid scintigraphy in patients without surgical splenectomy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109327 TI - [Evaluation of a cortisol kit with the Amerlex particles (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109328 TI - [Thyroidal 123I-uptakes using mild restriction of iodine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109329 TI - [Studies on the measurement of serum prostatic acid phosphatase with RIA-Quant PAP test kit (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109330 TI - Optic disk drusen with central retinal artery occlusion. AB - An 18-year-old Japanese boy with optic disk drusen associated with left central retinal artery occlusion was reported. Transient central blurred vision, possibly caused by central retinal artery spasm, was noticed as an initial symptom of optic disk drusen in the left eye. Prolonged and repeated spasm might have given rise to a central retinal artery occlusion followed by neovascular glaucoma. The relationship between drusen in the disk and intrapapillary circulation disturbances was discussed. PMID- 7109331 TI - Heterogeneity of gamma h crystallin from human cataractous lens: studies on electrophoretic mobilities and amino acid composition. PMID- 7109332 TI - Regional difference in fenestration of choroidal capillaries in Japanese monkey eye. AB - The fenestration of the endothelial cells of the choroidal capillaries in the periphery, posterior pole and macular region of the eyeball was studied comparatively by the freeze-fracture technique and morphometric analysis. Fenestrations in the P face appeared as circular or ovoid, vallate papillae, whereas those in the E face appeared as craters. The central know of the diaphragm, which is composed of a cluster of particles, could be observed in some fenestrations. The average diameter of fenestrations was 95.5 +/- 9.9 nm in the periphy, 73.2 +/- 4.8 nm in the posterior pole and 79.3 +/- 4.5 nm in the macular region. Among these three areas, the difference in diameter of fenestrations was significant (P less than 0.01). The average number of fenestrations per 1 micron2 was 32.0 +/- 4.4 in the periphery 39.3 +/- 2.5 in the posterior pole and 45.0 +/- 2.6 in the macular region. The difference in the density of fenestrations was significant (P less than 0.01) between the periphery and the macular region. The regional difference in the density of fenestration may indicate the functional difference of the relating retinal portion. PMID- 7109333 TI - Hematocrit and blood content in the rabbit eye. AB - The red blood cell volume and the apparent plasma volume in the ocular tissues of the rabbit were measured using 51Cr labelled red blood cells and 125I labelled human serum albumin. On this basis, the hematocrit of the circulating blood in the eye and the blood content in the ocular tissues were estimated. In the retinal circulation, the hematocrit was 26, which was 70% of the hematocrit of the cardiac blood. This value was thought to be also applicable in the uveal tissue, although the extravascular leakage of the tracer albumin did not allow an exact determination of the hematocrit of the circulating blood in this tissue. The blood content per 1 gram tissue was calculated from the red blood cell volume and the hematocrit determined. It was about 63 microliter in the iris, 59 microliter in the ciliary body, 198 microliter in the choroid and 38 microliter in the retina. The value obtained in the iris or ciliary body was similar to that in the cardiac muscle or intestine, and the value in the choroid was similar to that in the kidney, lung or liver. The value in the retina was greater than that reported in the brain. PMID- 7109334 TI - Analysis of specular photomicrograph with graph pen digitizer. II. Long-term results in cataract surgery. AB - Bilateral corneal endothelial photomicrographs of 90 cases, who underwent unilateral cataract extraction 5 years ago, were analyzed utilizing a specular microscopy and a graph pen digitizer. Data on surface areas of the corneal endothelium in each group of three different surgical procedures were compared mutually and with those of more recent cases. Mean cell areas in the cases of intracapsular lens extraction, planned extracapsular lens extraction and implantation of intracapsular lens extraction, planned extracapsular lens 604.5 +/- 210.6 micronm2 and 847.4 +/- 289.4 micronm2, respectively. In the IOL cases the mean cell are relatively small when the IOL ws implanted following extracapsular lens extraction. In the 18 cases who had the IOL implanted last year, the mean cell area was significantly smaller than in the previous IOL cases. PMID- 7109335 TI - Abstracts - The Third National Congress of Eye Research. The Japanese chapter of International Society for Eye Research. December 12-13, 1981, Tokyo. PMID- 7109336 TI - Deformability and osmotic fragility of phenylhydrazine-injected rat erythrocytes fractionated by Percoll density-gradients. AB - Red blood cells (RBCs) from phenylhydrazine-injected rats were separated according to their specific densities by centrifugation on a polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated colloidal silica matrix (Percoll). The deformability and osmotic fragility of fractionated RBCs were measured by ektacytometer and coil planet centrifuge, respectively. Immature reticulocytes, the least dense RBC subpopulation, were less deformable and osmotically more resistant than normal RBCs. Heinz-body containing RBC, the most dense subpopulation, showed reduced deformability and increased osmotic fragility. These findings suggest that young reticulocytes have increased membrane stiffness and the Heinz-body containing RBCs have an extremely rigid membrane. PMID- 7109337 TI - Diameter spectra of sensory and motor fibers in nerves to jaw-closing and jaw opening muscles in the cat. AB - The masseter and the mylohyoid nerves were examined using electron microscopy after unilateral destruction of the trigeminal motor nucleus by kainic acid injection in order to evaluate the distribution of sensory and motor fibers in masticatory muscle nerves. The surviving axons were counted and their diameters measured, and the results were compared with data for control nerves. The diameters of the control masseter nerves fibers were bimodally distributed with peaks at 2-5 and 7-9 micrometers. The nerve fiber diameters on the injected side, i.e., afferent fibers, also showed a bimodal distribution with peaks at 2-4 and 6 9 micrometers. On the other hand, the fiber diameter spectrum of the motor fibers, which was estimated from the loss of these fibers after kainic lesions, was unimodal within ranges of 1-16 micrometers. Consequently, the largest fibers of the masseter nerve were estimated to be motor fibers. A comparison of the distribution of diameters and conduction velocities of the afferent fibers indicates that both primary and secondary spindle afferents are mostly included in the larger diameter group with the peak at 6-9 micrometers. The diameters of fibers of the common mylohyoid nerve trunk showed a bimodal distribution, similarly to those of the masseter nerve. However, the analysis of the peripheral branches of the mylohyoid nerve revealed that the largest afferents in this nerve were of cutaneous origin, since muscle afferents of the anterior digastric and mylohyoid muscles have small diameters. These findings suggest that muscle spindles are absent or few in these two suprahyoid muscles in the cat. PMID- 7109338 TI - Numerical solution of partial differential equation describing oxygenation rate of the red blood cell. AB - The non-linear partial differential equation for O2 diffusion was solved numerically in the three-dimensional red cell model by using the alternating direction implicit method. The oxygenation rate factor of hemoglobin (FS) was assumed to decrease as the O2 saturation (SO2) increases, as given by FS = 2.1 x (1--S)2 (sec-1 . (mmHg)-1). The result obtained was compared with the solutions of the equations derived by Threws and Moll and also with those obtained from the sheet model. The oxygenation rate of the red cell largely depended on the diffusivity across the diffusion barrier around the red cell (eta). When eta = 2.5 x 10(-6) cm . sec-1 . (mmHg)-1 was inserted into the present equation, the numerical solution showed a good correlation with the experimental data. When the sheet model was applied, the eta value obtained from the same experimental data was about twice as great as that obtained in the disc model. One of the characteristic features of the SO2-time curves of the red cell was the decrease in steepness at a high SO2 range, which has been thought to occur due to the decrease in the oxygenation rate of hemoglobin. Therefore, the difference of the actual PO2 in the red cell from the fictitious, so-called "back-pressure" which is evaluated from the O2 dissociation curve through the actual SO2 has been expected to become greater as the SO2 increases. The result obtained from the present equation revealed that the above PO2 difference became as great as 20 mmHg at the maximum point. In the solutions obtained from Thew's and Moll's equations, however, the slope of the SO2-time curve was not significantly reduced at a high SO2 range. PMID- 7109339 TI - Functional importance of sodium and potassium in the guinea pig cochlea studied with amiloride and tetraethylammonium. AB - The effects of amiloride on the cochlear responses in the guinea pig were compared with those produced by tetraethylammonium (TEA). Amiloride has been reported to reduce membrane permeability to sodium in a wide variety of ion transporting epithelia. TEA has been documented to suppress the active potassium permeability increase during the repolarization phase of the action potential in mammalian excitable cells, and to reduce the resting potassium conductance in mammalian smooth muscle cells. Perilymphatic perfusion of 10(-3) M amiloride or intravenous injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg suppressed the whole nerve action potential (AP) of the cochlea but did not significantly affect the cochlear microphonics (CM) or endocochlear potential (EP). Application of amiloride to endolymph by iontophoretic or perfusion techniques also produced no significant changes of CM and EP when compared with appropriate control procedures. Perilymphatic perfusion of 10(-2) M TEA did not suppress CM or EP but the AP was reduced. Iontophoretic application of TEA to the endolymph caused a marked suppression of CM while the EP was significantly increased. The effects of endolymphatic TEA application are consistent with the concept that the normal EP recorded from scala media is the algebraic sum of a positive electrogenic potential and a negative diffusion potential, the latter component being sensitive to potassium permeability changes of the endolymph-perilymph barrier. Maintenance of normal cochlear microphonics also appears dependent upon the maintenance of normal potassium permeability properties of the endolymph perilymph barrier. The functional importance of normal sodium permeability properties appears less certain. PMID- 7109340 TI - Hyperpolarizing responses in the soma of crayfish median giant fiber. AB - Hyperpolarizing responses of the somata of median giant fibers of crayfish were investigated under current clamp and voltage clamp conditions in normal saline. The responses consisted of a peak [mean delta Vm (peak)=-217 mV] followed by a plateau (-107 mV), and could be classified into N-type and G-type. In the N-type cells, the current clamp I-V curve showed a transient phase to the peak. The phase corresponded to the negative slope region of the voltage clamp I-V curve. There was no negative slope region in the G-type cells. In the transient and the peak phases, the instantaneous I-V curves showed nonlinearity, and the shifts of the electromotive forces (delta EMF) from the resting level were slightly negative or zero. In the plateau phase, however, the instantaneous I-V curve was linear and delta EMF was large and positive (33.2 mV). The membrane resistance, which was larger (X2.3) at the peak than at the resting state, decreased (X0.23) gradually during the plateau phase. delta EMF during the hyperpolarizing response consisted of two components: a fast component (1.7 msec) and a slow one (113 msec). The amplitudes of delta EMF (27.4 mV) of these components in the depolarizing direction increased gradually, once the response had reached the peak. The fast and slow delta EMF's attained 17.0 and 10.4 mV respectively at the end of 100 msec current pulse. It is shown that constant charge triggers the plateau process and that this threshold voltage-current curve is hyperbolic. It is a possibility that the plateau is caused by membrane breakdown. PMID- 7109341 TI - Blood flow to brown adipose tissue and norepinephrine- induced calorigenesis in physically trained rats. AB - Cardiac output (CO) and regional blood flow to various tissue were measured by means of gamma-labeled plastic microspheres (15 +/- 3 micrometers) injected into the left ventricle during 30-min infusion of l-norepinephrine (NE:4 micrograms(kg.min)) or the same amount of saline (11 microliters/min per animal) in rats physically trained by 2-hr swimming in water of 32 (SW-32), 36 (SW-36), and 38 degree C (SW-38) for 10-11 weeks and in control (CT) rats. Body weight and skinfold thickness were significantly less in SW-36 and SW-38 than CT rats. The weights of heart and adrenal glands significantly increased in the trained rats in comparison with CT rats. The average weight of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was significantly greater in SW-32 and significantly less in SW-36 and SW-38 as compared with CT rats. Infusion of NE induced significant increases in oxygen consumption (VO2), colonic temperature, heart rate, CO, blood flow to BAT, and mean blood pressure in anesthetized rats. The increases in VO2 and CO were significantly greater in SW-32 and SW-36 than in CT rats. The increases in blood flow to BAT were significantly greater in SW-32, SW-36, and SW-38 than in CT rats. These results indicate that physical training per se enhances calorigenic response to NE supported by an increased cardiac output and blood flow to the dominant calorigenic tissues such as BAT in rats. PMID- 7109343 TI - Blood flow distribution in anesthetized normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Using an electromagnetic flowmeter, regional blood flow was measured at the carotid, celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, and iliac arteries in normal Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The sum of the mean values of the flow rate normalized per 100 g body weight for all the arteries was similar for both groups. About a half of the sum was drained through the superior mesenteric artery in both groups. The normalized flow rate was similar for both rat groups for each artery excepting the renal artery where the flow rate was significantly greater in the hypertensive rats. PMID- 7109342 TI - Effect of neuraminidase on pyrogen-induced changes in medullary temperature responsive neurons in rabbits. PMID- 7109344 TI - Influence of endocrine and chemical factors on glucagon induced thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. PMID- 7109345 TI - Effects of low-sodium solutions on the calcium-dependent slow action potentials in potassium-depolarized guinea-pig ventricular muscle. PMID- 7109346 TI - Radioactive deoxyglucose uptake into the heart muscle of the monkey. PMID- 7109347 TI - Effect of pentazocine and related compounds on the lipid composition of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - The effect of pentazocine and its related compounds on the lipid composition of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was examined. Ehrlich tumor cells were suspended in Hanks balanced salt solution (pH 7.4) supplemented with 2% bovine albumin (2 x 10(6) cells/ml) and incubated at 37 degrees C for 120 min with and without 10(-3) M of pentazocine, morphine or dihydrocodeine. After incubation, the tumor cell lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v), and they were analyzed quantitatively by the dichromate reduction procedure of Amenta. The tumor cells treated with pentazocine contained lower levels of triglycerides and cholesterol esters as compared with the tumor cells incubated alone. The amounts of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in the tumor cells treated with and without pentazocine were about 82 and 23 mg/10(10) cells and 182 and 55 mg/10(10) cells, respectively (P less than 0.01), whereas there was only a slight difference in the contents of these neutral lipids between the tumor cells treated with and without (10(-3) M morphine or dihydrocodeine. In addition, the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides and cholesterol esters from the pentazocine-treated tumor cells differed markedly from that of the corresponding lipids from the tumor cells incubated alone. PMID- 7109348 TI - Pharmacological studies on 6-amino-2-fluoromethyl-3-(O-tolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone (afloqualone), a new centrally acting muscle relaxant. (II) Effects on the spinal reflex potential and the rigidity. AB - Effects of afloqualone on mono- (MSR) and poly-synaptic reflex (PSR) potentials and alpha- and gamma-rigidities were studied in experimental animals. Afloqualone dose dependently inhibited both MSR and PSR potentials in spinalized cats though afloqualone had no inhibitory effect on the patellar reflex in cats as reported in the previous paper. Afloqualone, like tolperisone, more selectively inhibited the PSR potential than MSR potential, whereas baclofen inhibited them in reverse order. However, the selectivity towards the PSR potential was higher with afloqualone than with tolperisone. In rats and cats, afloqualone dose dependently relaxed both alpha- and gamma-rigidity when administered p.o. as well as i.v. Its 50% inhibitory dose for alpha-rigidity was 1.5-2 times larger than that for gamma rigidity. Tolperisone also relaxed both rigidities in i.v. administration, but had little effect when given p.o. Only mephenesin relaxed the post-ischaemic spinal rigidity in cats. These results suggest that afloqualone, like other well known centrally acting muscle relaxants except for baclofen, more strongly inhibits the polysynaptic pathway than the mono-synaptic pathway of the spinal cord as well as more strongly the gamma-system than the alpha-system. PMID- 7109349 TI - Effects of sodium polyacrylate (PANa) on acute esophagitis by gastric juice in rats. AB - Sodium polyacrylate (PANa) is a water-soluble, high-molecular compound, and its aqueous solution shows a very high viscosity and stringiness. In the present study, preventive effects of PANa on three kinds of esophageal lesions induced by gastric juice were examined in comparison with those of aceglutamide aluminum and sodium alginate. The influences of PANa on gastric contents were also studied. The preventive effect of PANa given intraesophageally on esophageal lesions induced by the intraesophageal application of gastric juice was more potent than aceglutamide aluminum and sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa inhibited the formation of esophageal ulcer by pylorus ligation more markedly than aceglutamide aluminum, whereas sodium alginate had no effect in a high dose of 500 mg/kg. In preventing gastric ulcer which occurred simultaneously with the esophageal ulcer after the pylorus ligation, aceglutamide aluminum was most potent, and PANa was as potent as sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa showed a more protective effect than aceglutamide aluminum on the esophageal ulceration induced by the simultaneous ligations of the pylorus and limiting ridge, whereas sodium alginate in a high dose of 500 mg/kg had little effect on the ulcer formation. PANa caused only a slight increase in the pH of gastric juice and a slight decrease in pepsin activity. From the results, it may be concluded that PANa showed an antiulcerogenic activity mainly due to its mucosa covering action against gastric juice. PMID- 7109350 TI - An electrophysiological method for detecting visual toxicity in unrestrained rats. PMID- 7109351 TI - Effects of ouabain on high-K induced contractions of various smooth muscle tissues in the guinea-pig. AB - The effects of ouabain on contraction, cellular Na concentration, and 45Ca uptake of various smooth muscle tissues depolarized by high-K (62.7 mM) solution were studied. In the taenia coli and ileum isolated from guinea-pig, ouabain (2 x 10( 6) M - 5 x 10(-5) M) increased cellular Na concentration and strongly inhibited K contraction. A good correlation between cellular Na concentration and inhibition of tension was obtained both in the taenia coli and ileum. In the portal vein, aorta, and uterus, ouabain failed to induce relaxation and slightly increased the cellular Na. A long-term exposure to ouabain (1 x 10(-3) M) attenuated the response to high-K in the portal vein and uterus but not in the aorta. The inhibitory effect of ouabain in the taenia coli and ileum was antagonized by an increase in external Ca, and the inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in cellular 45Ca content. A possibility exists that excess cellular Na inhibits K induced Ca influx, although there is a tissue-specific difference. The data also suggest that the inhibitory effect of Na-accumulation is dissimilar to that of verapamil with respect to the tissue-specific difference. PMID- 7109352 TI - Effects of Li-substitution on high-K induced contractions of various smooth muscle tissues in the guinea-pig. AB - The effects of partial Li-substitution for external Na in the medium on contraction, cellular Li concentration, and 45Ca uptake of various smooth muscle tissues depolarized by a high-K (62.7 mM) solution were studied. In the taenia coli and ileum isolated from the guinea-pig, Li-substitution (23.7 mM-59.4 mM) increased the cellular Li concentration and strongly inhibited the K-contraction. A good correlation between cellular Li concentration and inhibition of tension was obtained in both the taenia coli and ileum. In the portal vein and uterus, Li substitution inhibited K-concentration in correlation with Li-accumulation although the inhibitory effect was weaker than those obtained with the taenia coli and ileum. In the aorta, Li-substitution did not affect K-concentration in spite of the accumulation of Li. The inhibitory effects of Li-substitution in all the tissues except the aorta were antagonized by an increase in external Ca, and the inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in cellular 45Ca content. Although there is a tissue-specific difference, a possibility exists that excess cellular Li inhibits the K-induced Ca influx. The K-induced Ca influx in the aorta seems to be almost insensitive to the inhibitory effect of cellular Li. PMID- 7109353 TI - Inhibition of myocardial calcium accumulation during ischemia and reperfusion by reserpine in isolated guinea pig hearts. PMID- 7109354 TI - Effects of d- and l-propranolol on the acute hypotension induced by pindolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). PMID- 7109355 TI - Inhibitory effect of microtubule-disrupting agents on potassium stimulated 45Ca uptake by rat brain slices. PMID- 7109356 TI - The effectiveness of wide anatomical resection and radical lymphadenectomy for patients with rectal cancer. AB - The results of wide anatomical resection and radical lymphadenectomy which we termed the extended operation were examined. Materials consisted of 160 Japanese patients who underwent conventional operation during 1962-1968 prior to the introduction of extended operation, 113 patients who underwent extended operation since 1969, and 119 patients who underwent conventional operation from 1969 to 1976. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 70% (1962-1968) and 67.8% (1969 1976) for the conventional operation groups and 90.3% for the extended operation group in Dukes B group (p less than 0.05). In Dukes C group, the rates were 26.3% (1962-1968) and 37.8% (1969-1976) for the conventional operation groups and 51.6% for the extended operation group. The incidences of local recurrence in Dukes B group were 25% (1969-1976) in the conventional operation group and 6.5% in the extended operation group, while in Dukes C group the rates were 45.0% (1969-1976) and 25% respectively. Our study demonstrated that the extended operation resulted in a decrease in the local recurrence of rectal cancer and prognosis. We therefore recommend that extensive surgery be planned for advanced cases of rectal cancer. PMID- 7109357 TI - Intraoperative colonoscopy for the diagnosis of multiple cancers of the large intestine. AB - Seventeen patients with multiple simultaneous cancers of the large intestine were investigated. Three out of 4 patients with multiple advanced cancers were correctly diagnosed preoperatively. Multiple cancerous lesions of early and advanced stages coexisted in 13 patients, and it was possible to diagnose the existence of multiple cancers in only 5 preoperatively. A study on the preoperative detectability of coexisting early cancers showed that early lesions located distally to the advanced ones were frequently detected, however, subsidiary lesions located proximally tended to be overlooked. Hence, intraoperative colonoscopy was performed in patients with cancer of the large intestine whenever there was a portion that had not been adequately inspected prior to surgery. Of 31 patients subjected to this examination, 5 had a total of 7 polypoid lesions, in one case we found evidence of a small advanced cancer which was not detected preoperatively. PMID- 7109358 TI - A scoring for a quantitative evaluation of shock. AB - A simple and quantitative scoring system for evaluating shock was proposed on the analysis of signs, symptoms and laboratory data on 62 patients diagnosed as being in shock. Five clinical features such as systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, hourly urinary output, base excess and mental state, representing functions of vital organs, were graded into 4 stages. A score from 0 to 3 was given to the each feature, according to the severity. The summing up 5 scores was named "shock score." All patients showed a shock score of over 5 points with a mean of 8.0 +/- 0.3 (X +/- SE). PMID- 7109359 TI - Deterioration of Ebstein disease after closure of atrial septal defect. AB - We treated a 7-year-old girl in whom the clinical evidence of Ebstein disease was manifest after a surgical closure of an atrial septal defect. This manifestation, which was not evident either in the preoperative catheterization studies or during operative investigation of closure of the atrial septal defect, required further hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation. Tricuspid valve replacement with Hall-Kaster prostheses was carried out. PMID- 7109360 TI - Survival time of tumor-bearing rats as related to operative stress and immunopotentiators. AB - To investigate the mechanism of tumor growth enhancement induced by operative stress in rats, laparo-thoracotomy was performed on day 2 after tumor cell inoculation associated with administrations of various kinds of immunopotentiators. OK-432 (Streptococcal preparation), PS-K (extract from mycelium of Coriolus Versicolor), Lentinan (extract from Lentinus Edodus) and C. parvum were administered intravenously or intraperitoneally in the fractionated form prior to or after inoculation. In general, administration of each immunopotentiator, except for Lentinan, resulted in a recovery from the reduction in survival days after laparo-thoracotomy. In particular, OK-432 administration prior to inoculation showed a significant improvement. PMID- 7109361 TI - Effect of glutathion pretreatment on hypothermic ischemic cardioplegia. AB - Glutathion (GSH) plays an important role in maintenance of the redox state of the myocardium and acts as the membrane stabilizer. Seventeen patients who underwent cardiac surgery were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and ischemic cardioplegia. The effect of GSH on ischemic myocardium was evaluated by serum lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase), isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase (MB-CPK) and aspartate aminotransferase (m-GOT). standard CPB was instituted and systemic hypothermia was employed. GSH was administered to 8 patients in a dose of 200 mg/kg i.v. prior to institution of CPB. Mixed venous blood was sampled before administration of GSH, 10 min after institution of CPB and 0, 1, 6, 24 and 48 hr of reperfusion period following cardioplegia. Activity of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were significantly suppressed in the GSH-treated group compared to the non-treated group at 24 hours of reperfusion and immediately after aortic unclamping, respectively. Serum MB-CPK levels remained stable during reperfusion, but in the non-treated group, the level increased significantly at 6 hours of reperfusion. Increment of serum m-GOT levels was significantly suppressed at 1, 6 and 24 hours of reperfusion, compared to the non-treated group. These data suggest that pretreatment of GSH can protect the myocardium subjected to CPB from ischemic insult. PMID- 7109362 TI - Treatment of carcinoma of the gallbladder in Japan. AB - Clinical records of 2567 patients (1717 female and 850 male) with primary carcinoma of the gallbladder in Japan, during the past 19 years, were collected by questionnaires sent out to the main 100 surgical institutes in Japan. Eighty seven per cent of the patients were over fifty years of age. Gallstones were found in 58.8% of 1496 patients. About 50% of the patients with gallstones had cholesterol group stones. Of the 2269 patients who underwent surgical interventions, radical operations were performed in 467 patients (20.6%). Of the 467 patients, a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in only 77 patients (16.3%). Patients in Nevin's Stages I and II, whose lesions had been confined to the muscle layer, showed a good survival rate with only simple cholecystectomy or extended cholecystectomy, while the patients in Stages III, IV and V, whose lesions had spread beyond the muscle layer, showed poor results even with more aggressive surgical approaches. The poor prognosis of the lesions in Stages III, IV and V might be due to inappropriate aggressive procedures. For the lesions involving all the layers of the gallbladder wall, radical resection, such as extended cholecystectomy plus pancreatoduodenectomy, or extended right lobectomy plus pancreatoduodenectomy, might be recommended. PMID- 7109363 TI - [Study on oxygen inhalation with cyclic hypoxemic stimulations (pulse train oxygen therapy) for patients with respiratory failure (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109364 TI - [An assessment of intra- and inter-observer differences in tri-typed morphological scoring of emphysema (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109365 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with lung cancer (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109366 TI - [Suppression of leukocyte chemotaxis by sera from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109367 TI - [Rapid intraoperative cytodiagnosis of chest diseases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109368 TI - [Background factors of patients with unresolving pneumonia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109369 TI - [A case of spontaneous hemopneumothorax causing hemorrhagic shock (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109370 TI - [Pulmonary infiltration of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109372 TI - [A surgically treated case of chondrosarcoma arising from the rib presenting as a mediastinal tumor-like shadow on chest x-ray film (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109371 TI - [A case of malignant lymphoma with chylothorax and terminal leukemic transformation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109373 TI - [A case of bronchomalacia (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109374 TI - [Diffuse nodular interstitial infiltrations in a patient with systemic amyloidosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109375 TI - [A clinical study of valvular heart disease with RVEDP higher than 15 mmHg (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109376 TI - [Oxygen transport after open heart surgery, especially in patients with postoperative low cardiac output state (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109377 TI - [Radical repairs for truncus arteriosus communis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109378 TI - [Hemodynamic assessment of glutaraldehyde-treated xenograft in the aortic position (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109379 TI - [Surgical treatment of complete atrioventricular canal defect utilizing "endocardial cushion prosthesis" (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109380 TI - [Chest wall reconstruction by Marlex Tracheal Mesh (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109381 TI - [Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiovascular surgery-a prospective comparison of cefazolin and cephalothin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109382 TI - [A procedure to make a tricuspid atresia in dogs (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109383 TI - [Haptoglobin-treatment for severe hemoglobinemia after heart valve replacement (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109384 TI - [Aneurysm of the membranous septum with ventricular septal defect causing right ventricular outflow obstruction (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109385 TI - [A case of an endobronchial foreign body diagnosed surely by operation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109387 TI - [Clinical Conference at the Department of Heart Surgery, Fukuoka University. 2. DeBakey III type dissecting aortic aneurysm with retrograde dissection of the ascending aorta]. PMID- 7109386 TI - [Single coronary artery associated with valvular disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109388 TI - [A case report of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109389 TI - [Bronchial carcinoid tumor--two cases report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109390 TI - [Two cases of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with three anomalous veins returning (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109391 TI - [Congenital right ventricular aneurysm--report of a case (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109392 TI - [Surgical correction of so-called two chambered right ventricle--the merits of transatrial approach (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109393 TI - [Prevention of diaphragmatic eventration following topical cooling of the myocardium with ice slush]. PMID- 7109394 TI - [Myxoma of the right ventricle]. PMID- 7109395 TI - [A case report of Lutembacher syndrome--myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109396 TI - [Prolonged veno-arterial bypass for cardiac failure after Senning operation in a child (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109397 TI - [Clinical conference at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokai University. 2. Tuberculous cicatrical stenosis of the trachea]. PMID- 7109398 TI - [Investigations of the causes of urolithiasis. 3. Nutriological studies in the patients with urolithiasis--relationship of food to excretions in the urine (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109399 TI - [Electron microscopic studies of in vitro cultivated human bladder cell lines: KK 47, KW-103, and HCV-29 (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109400 TI - [Double contrast cystography using universal gyroscopic x-ray TV apparatus, and transurethral ultrasonography (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109401 TI - [Clinical evaluation of 6 arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109402 TI - [Clinicopathological observation on renal cell carcinoma--significance of histology of the tumor in prognosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109404 TI - Isolation of mycobacteria from lymph nodes of pigs and their environment. PMID- 7109403 TI - [Clinical study on the prolactin in male. Report 1. The secretion of prolactin in the patients with prostatic cancer and hypogonadal men (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109405 TI - The geographical distribution of common liver flukes (the genus Fasciola) with normal and abnormal spermatogenesis. PMID- 7109406 TI - Species differences in the sensitivity of small intestine to the spasmogenic effect of K-free solution. PMID- 7109407 TI - Stomach ulcers in vitamin A-deficient Syrian golden hamsters. PMID- 7109408 TI - Studies on a paramyxovirus isolated from Japanese sparrow-hawks (Accipiter virgatus gularis). IV. Hemagglutinating activity of two clones of the virus. PMID- 7109410 TI - Isolation and identification of paramyxoviruses from Japanese buntings (Emberiza spodocephala) and ducks (Anas crecca and Anas penelope). PMID- 7109409 TI - Anaerobic bacteria isolated from abscesses in pigs. PMID- 7109411 TI - [Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in mice, rats and rabbits with coil planet centrifuge method (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109412 TI - [Studies on bacterial flora of the alimentary tract of dogs. III. Fecal flora in clinical and experimental cases of diarrhea (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109413 TI - Clinico-biochemical study on experimental common bile duct obstruction in bovine (Bubalus bubalis). PMID- 7109415 TI - Characterization of a low molecular weight protein in the skeletal muscle from domestic birds. PMID- 7109414 TI - Antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida isolates from swine. PMID- 7109416 TI - Bio-elemental analysis of horse dorsum hair with an energy dispersive x-ray microanalyzer. PMID- 7109417 TI - Prevalence of O agglutinins against the epizootic strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serovars IB and IVA in barn rats. PMID- 7109418 TI - Mannosidosis in an adult. PMID- 7109419 TI - Cystinosis in non-caucasian children. PMID- 7109420 TI - Blood pressure levels in young adulthood as predictors of hypertension and the fate of the cold pressor test. AB - In a study of the circulatory characteristics of 78 male medical students who later developed hypertension, no relationship was found between response to the cold pressor test and subsequent hypertension. Casual and resting blood pressure and heart rate measurements were all significantly higher in medical school in subjects who later developed hypertension than in two groups of control subjects who have remained in good health. Of the circulatory characteristics measured, a casual systolic pressure value greater than or equal to 125 mmHg in medical school was found to be the most predictive of future hypertension. A significant positive association was also found between parental hypertension and the presence of hypertension in the subject. When the two risk factors--higher casual systolic pressure in youth and parental hypertension--occur together, their predictive power is shown by the odds ratio of 12.65 (x2 = 12.87, 1 d.f., p less than .001). PMID- 7109421 TI - [Studies on the mechanisms of tuberculin hypersensitivity. II. Non-dialyzable transfer factor (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109422 TI - [NK cell activity in pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109423 TI - [Major antibiotic susceptibility of the clinically isolated atypical mycobacterium strains (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109424 TI - [Serial observation of chest roentgenogram of saprophytic aspergilloma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109425 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis suspected of lung cancer: a clinical study on seven operated cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109426 TI - [Liver dysfunction induced by rifampicin (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109427 TI - [A case of severe hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure caused by RFP (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109428 TI - [A case of cervical subcutaneous abscess due to atypical mycobacteria, M. intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109429 TI - [Echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart defects in children]. PMID- 7109430 TI - [Polycardiographic evaluation of left ventricular contraction periods in pregnant women with EPH gestosis]. PMID- 7109431 TI - [Clinical and laboratory studies of young men following acute myocardial infarct. I. Tissue glucose assimilation index and its direct relations to carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 7109432 TI - [Case of bidirectional tachycardia during an attack of atrial tachycardia]. PMID- 7109433 TI - [Telephone measurements of impulse frequency in monitoring patients wtih implanted pacemakers]. PMID- 7109434 TI - [Analysis of arrhythmias occurring during right atrial stimulation and the exercise test in patients with labile hypertension]. PMID- 7109435 TI - [Effect of slowing the heart rhythm on its electrical stability normally and following ligation of the coronary artery in the dog]. AB - It was shown in experiments on anesthesized dogs that a decrease in the rate of cardiac contractions from moderate to low by vagal stimulation results in a sharp reduction of the duration of the vulnerable period and considerable increase in the threshold of ventricular fibrillation both under normal conditions and in acute coronary occlusion. A direct correlative connection between the rhythm of cardiac contractions and the duration of the vulnerable period was revealed. With maintained unaltered rhythm of cardiac contractions simultaneous maximum stimulation of both vagus nerves has no significant effect on the duration of the vulnerable period and threshold of ventricular fibrillation both under normal conditions and in acute coronary occlusion. PMID- 7109436 TI - [Thrombocyte aggregation and blood serum immune complexes in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7109437 TI - [Changes in the frequency of stenocardia attacks depending on the mental state dynamics of patients in the process of tricyclic antidepressant treatment]. PMID- 7109438 TI - [Comparison of the electro- and vectorcardiogram changes in the late recovery period after physical loading in postinfarct cardiosclerosis patients]. PMID- 7109439 TI - [Pathogenetic mechanisms of experimental acute coronary insufficiency of the myocardium]. PMID- 7109440 TI - [Effect of trimecaine on systolic phasic structure of the left ventricle, hemodynamic indices and intracardiac conductivity]. PMID- 7109441 TI - [Dependence of myocardium function on the degree of coronary bed involvement in chronic ischemic heart disease patients with and without previous myocardial infarct]. AB - A total of 104 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease were examined. The left ventricle myocardial function was studied by determining the signs of overload of the atria by the method of enhanced atrial vectorcardiography, which were compared to the data of heart catheterization, and of left ventriculography. This showed the reliability of the non-invasive methods of investigation. The degree of lesions of the coronary bed was determined in the bicycle ergometric tests and by selective coronarography. A group of patients who had not suffered myocardial infarction showed trends of progressing signs of myocardial insufficiency corresponding to the degree of the damage of the coronary bed. In a group of patients, who had suffered myocardial infarction, myocardial insufficiency was more manifest, however, even in them the degree of myocardial lesion was closely associated not only with the presence of the scar changes but also with the degree of the damage of the coronary bed. PMID- 7109442 TI - [Importance of a comprehensive instrumental assessment of cardiovascular system function for the expert medical work evaluation of ischemic heart disease patients]. AB - A total of 103 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were investigated 1 1/2 to 10 years after myocardial infarction. The functional state of the cardiovascular system was studied with the aid of electrocardiography, tetrapolar chest rheography and spiroergometry in the bicycle ergometric test. This test revealed ischaemic shifts on the ECG in 63% of patients with IHD. Patients with IHD, as compared to the control group of normal individuals, showed lowered tolerance to exercise and shifts in the indices of the central haemodynamics and gaseous exchange, including less manifest increase of the stroke and minute volume of blood, and oxygen consumption. The results of the study permitted the authors to diagnose the initial state of the cardiac insufficiency and to graduate the functional possibilities of the cardiovascular system in patients with IHD. It is recommended to use such a comprehensive cardiological study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system for medical assessment of the working capacity of IHD patients. PMID- 7109443 TI - [Dynamics of electrocardiographic, cardiohemodynamic and biochemical indices as affected by intensive bicycle ergometer training in stenocardia patients]. AB - Intensive training in patients with IHD suffering from attacks of angina pectoris helps to enhance tolerance to exercise and to increase the volume of the work performed. In response to the threshold exercise the degree of pathological displacement of ST segments on ECG diminishes and in 34% of patients with the initial signs of coronary insufficiency the ECG parameters return to normal. The cardiohaemodynamic picture points to the economical activity of the cardiovascular system in performing "preischaemic" exercise and to the improvement of the reaction both at the expense of exercises. This supervenes both at the expense of the improved contractile function of the myocardium in the presence of activation of aerobic glycolysis and also through decreased peripheral vascular resistance. The training gives best effect with its timely use in subjects with the initial manifestations of coronary insufficiency. PMID- 7109444 TI - [Isoenzymes after physical loading in ischemic heart disease]. AB - The enzyme and isoenzyme pattern was investigated in the plasma of patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) after exercise (bicycle test). In comparison to the "exercise profile"and "cardiac profile" differences exist between the characteristic changes of IHD patients. IHD patients with severe impairment of the left ventricle showed a changed enzyme pattern after exercise. The LDH-H activity and the ratio LDH-H/LDH-M were increased between 1.5 and 8 hours after the exercise. The initially increased LDH-H/LDH-M ratio decreased to normal levels about 24 hours after exercise. The isoenzyme pattern after exercise is discussed in relation to the results of complete heart catheterisation. PMID- 7109445 TI - [Measured physical loads in the immediate postinfarct period]. PMID- 7109446 TI - [Characteristics of the rheological properties of the blood, thrombocyte function and hemodynamics in ischemic heart disease after the amputation of the extremities of patients in a state of prolonged hypokinesia]. AB - Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in patients after amputation of the limbs runs a course with little manifest clinical symptoms, but with high risk of development of myocardial infarction with a lethal outcome. In patients after amputation of limbs there is a decrease of the blood stroke volume, increase of the total peripheral resistance and also marked disorders of the blood rheology and the function of platelets. In patients with IHD after amputation of the limbs for obliterating diseases of the vessels such changes are manifest in disorders of the microrheological properties of the blood (the rate of aggregation of red cell and the stability of red cell aggregates). Physical rehabilitation and prostheses in patients of this groups must be realized under careful cardiological control. PMID- 7109447 TI - [Detection of left ventricle heart failure during physical loading in ischemic heart disease patients based on data from measuring the electrical impedance of the chest cavity and a comparison with the data from microcatheterization of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 7109448 TI - [Myocardial contractile capacity in ischemic heart disease depending on the degree of coronary arteriosclerosis and the presence of parietal asynergy of the left ventricle]. AB - Myocardial contractility was studied in 44 patients with ischaemic heart disease (28 with asynergy) without congestive circulatory insufficiency depending on the degree of coronary atherosclerosis and regional disorder in the movement of the wall of the left ventricle by ventriculography and tensiometry (dp/dt max, Veraguth index, VCE40; t-dp/dt max). No dependence was detected between the growth of the total lesions of cardiac arteries and the increase of the end diastolic and end systolic volumes and the fall of the ejection fraction in patients with normokinesia of the left ventricle. However, a strong inverse relationship has been established between the number of the affected segments of the heart and the ejection fraction (r = -0.90). It was shown that indices of contractility reflecting the pre-ejection phase (dp/dt max, Veraguth index VCE40; t-dp/ max) are less sensitive in determining the cardiac insufficiency than Vcf and must be interpreted simultaneously with the results of the regional contractility according to the ventriculography data. PMID- 7109449 TI - [Results of the physical loading test and the late outcome of chronic ischemic heart disease]. AB - To test the value of bicycle ergometry as an exercise test for prognosis in ischaemic heart disease the method was used in 300 men after myocardial infarction. The assessment of prognostic significance of different combinations of indices of the exercise test was made with the aid of the method of consecutive "risk-stratification". Combinations of indices have been determined identifying persons with high death risk from ischaemic heart disease. These patients made up 28% of the total number of persons examined, they comprised 91% of all death cases from ischaemic heart disease and 94% of cases of sudden deaths. Mortality in this group was 25 times higher and the death frequency, 45 times higher than in the other lot examined; a combination of indices has been found for load test with very high risk of sudden death (mortality 71%), and also a combination of indices identifying persons with high risk of repeated non-fatal infarction and of persons with a favourable prognosis. PMID- 7109450 TI - [Analysis of the role of genetic and environmental factors in predicting therapeutic effectiveness in arterial hypertension]. AB - The method of canonic correlation revealed three predictors of the efficacy of treatment in acute clinical pharmacological tests for preparations of anaprilin, hemiton and dopegit according o the values of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, rate of cardiac contractions during the primary clinical examination and the gain in the patient's weight. Appraisal of the relative role of genetic and environmental factors in prognosing the efficacy of a drug showed that the genetic factors have the highest effect in prognosing the efficacy of dopegit and the least effect in predicting the efficacy of anaprilin. PMID- 7109451 TI - [Hypophyseal-thyroid system in the dynamics of complicated and uncomplicated myocardial infarct]. AB - The state of the hypophysis-thyroid system was studied by determining the blood content of thyreotropic hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and assessing the iodine-cumulating function of the thyroid gland 24--48 hours after the beginning of the myocardial infarction and return of the S--T interval to the electrical isoline. It is established that the state of this system in myocardial infarction depends on the type of its development. In uncomplicated myocardial infarction the hyperfunctional regime of activity of the hypophysis-thyroid system occurs, in the complicated form there is hypofunction with traits of the primary hypothyrosis and resistance of the thyroid to thyreotropic hormone. The state of the hypophysis-thyroid system is the initial stereotype of its function. PMID- 7109452 TI - [Sympathetico-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenal systems in the pathogenesis of the postischemic syndrome]. AB - The results of examination of the hypophyseal-adrenal and sympatheticoadrenal systems in 69 patients with embolism of the main limb arteries are discussed. Marked activation of these systems in this category of patients during ischemia was revealed. A discrepancy was found between the blood adrenalin and cortisol levels in patients in a definite stage of the postischemic period and their hormonal effect on the body. The need to keep a record of disorders of the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation in correcting the cardiovascular function in patients with acute arterial obstruction is emphasized. PMID- 7109453 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the structural characteristics of the circadian cardiovascular rhythms of healthy persons and in ischemic heart disease]. AB - Certain indices of haemodynamics and ECG have been recorded in a biorhythmological study in 141 patients with ischaemic heart disease and in 26 practically healthy individuals. It was established that both the healthy individuals and the patients with ischaemic heart disease have diurnal rhythms of pulse rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, minute heart volume, R--R QRST, TQ intervals and R and T waves on ECG. The acrophases of diurnal rhythms of these indices in the healthy people are in mutual concordance with maximum figures during the daily and early evening hours. In the healthy the acrophase of T wave is seen during the day, in patient with ischaemic heart disease at night and early in the morning. This points to disorders of the bioelectric processes in the myocardium due to its nutritional changes over the 24 hours. PMID- 7109454 TI - [Dynamic study of the activity of creatine phosphokinase and its isoenzymes in the blood serum in acute myocardial infarct]. AB - The general activity of creatinephosphokinase (CRK) and its isoenzyme, spectrum have been studied in 56 patients suffering from myocardial infarction in the first 72 hours of the disease. The time parameters of manifestation of isoenzyme and general activity of CPK are described. The determination of activity of the second isoenzyme CPK-MV was carried out by electrophoretic method modified by the authors on agarose gel using Soviet appliances and the maintenance medium. The method can be recommended for practical use in clinicodiagnostic laboratories of cardiological institutions. PMID- 7109455 TI - [Use of the inhibition of myocardial lipid peroxidation for use therapy and prevention of experimental transitory coronary failure]. AB - This work was done on 116 white random-bred male rats using the experimental model of transient coronary insufficiency of varying duration and showed that activation of free-radical peroxidation of myocardial lipids is one of the main pathogenetic factors in the mechanism of development of the ischaemia and reperfusion damage of the heart in transient coronary insufficiency. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation after preliminary administration to the animals of sodium selenite and myophedrine significantly enhanced the heart's resistance to reversible ischaemia. It is suggested that the use of antioxidants is an effective method of pathogenetic therapy and prevention of transient coronary insufficiency. PMID- 7109456 TI - [Calcium transport in the erythrocytes of rats with spontaneous hypertension: characteristics of the effect of calmodulin]. AB - Transport features of calcium in red cells of rats with spontaneous genetic hypertension (SHR) have been studied. It is shown that in the presence of calmodulin the rate of calcium accumulation by the inside-out vesicles of SHR red cell membranes is roughly twice less than in the control normotensive rats. It is suggested that upset interrelationship between calmodulin and Mg-Ca-ATPase of plasma membrane may be the cause of increase of intracellular calcium recorded in a number of tissues in primary hypertension. PMID- 7109457 TI - Diabetes mellitus and the kidney. PMID- 7109458 TI - Effects of early diabetes on uridine diphosphosugar synthesis in the rat renal cortex. AB - To assess the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the substrates utilized in the formation of glycoproteins, the pools of uridine 5' diphosphoglucose (UDPG), uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose (UDP-GAL), uridine 5' diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), and uridine 5'-diphospho N-acetyl galactosamine (UDPA-GAL) were measured in the renal cortex of control and over a 48-hr period in diabetic rats. In control rats these pools measured: UDPG, 256 +/- 23; UDP GAL, 75 +/- 14; UDPGA, 147 +/- 16; UDPAG, 367 +/- 23; UDPG-GAL, 131 +/- 13 nmoles/mg DNA. In diabetic rats, except for UDP-GAL, all pools were increased 41 to 68%. The incorporation of radiolabeled orotate was increased in all pools, except UDP-GAL, in diabetic rats by 41 to 77% compared to control rats. The incorporation into UDPG and UDPAG was increased even after correction for the specific radioactivity of their immediate precursor, uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP). Expansion of the UTP pool after orotate infusion was associated with an increase in the size of the UDPG and UDPAG pools in both control and diabetic rats. Depletion of the UTP pool after adenine infusion in controls was associated with a decrease in all pools. This study demonstrates that after the induction of diabetes there is a rapid increase in the bioavailability of substrates utilized in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. It is theorized that this increase is necessary for the augmented synthesis of basement membrane-like material in the diabetic kidney. PMID- 7109459 TI - The kidney in maturity onset diabetes mellitus: a clinical study of 510 patients. PMID- 7109461 TI - Biochemistry of glomerular basement membrane of the normal and diabetic human. AB - HGBM were isolated from kidneys of 22 diabetic patients and 32 normal control persons. All diabetic kidneys showed severe alterations of glomerulosclerosis. The amount of basement membranes isolated from diabetic kidneys was significantly higher. The HGBM preparations were individually analyzed for phosphorus, DNA, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The cystine concentration was found to be lower in the diabetic than in normal HGBM. Contrary to other reports, there was no increase in the amounts of hydroxylysine, glucose, and galactose, nor was there a decrease in the lysine content. Glucose and mannose were shown to be significantly lower in the diabetic HGBM. The mean value for sialic acid content was lower in diabetic HGBM; the value did not reach statistical significance. This study's data could not confirm the finding of a specific alteration of diabetic HGBM as proposed previously. PMID- 7109460 TI - Low risk of contrast media-induced acute renal failure in nonazotemic type 2 diabetes mellitus. AB - The risk of developing contrast media-induced acute renal failure was studied in 49 randomly selected nonazotemic type 2 adult diabetic patients subjected to IVU. There were 19 men and 30 women in the group whose mean age was 62 +/- 10 years (range, 38 to 82 years). In preparation for IVU, patients were neither dehydrated nor given a laxative. The IVU was performed in the morning, using sodium diatrizoate and meglumine diatrizoate. Serum creatinine levels were measured pre IVU and on days 1, 3, and 6 after the IVU. A total of three patients (6%) had an elevation of serum creatinine greater than 25% above the baseline by post-IVU day 3. One patient developed oliguria (less than 400 ml/24 hr) that lasted 2 days. Creatinine clearances of the three patients showing contrast media toxicity were 74, 60, and 105 ml/min pre-IVU. In each of the three patients, a return to pre IVU serum creatinine concentration was noted within 2 weeks. It is concluded that the risk of acute renal failure post-IVU is small in hydrated nonazotemic type 2 diabetic patients. PMID- 7109463 TI - [Chemotherapy of purulent meningitis in childhood. I. Pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs in the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 7109462 TI - [Current trends in the various diagnostic and therapeutic methods in myelodysplasia and its sequelae]. PMID- 7109464 TI - [Early detection, heterozygote diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis in cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)]. PMID- 7109465 TI - [Social aspects for safety of ambulatory therapy in childhood]. PMID- 7109466 TI - [Mineral water--a dangerous drinking-water substitute for infants?]. PMID- 7109467 TI - [Digitoxin dosage chart for children]. PMID- 7109468 TI - [Potentials of x-ray and endoscopic study methods in the diagnosis of cancer recurrences in the area of the esophageal anastomoses]. PMID- 7109469 TI - [Incidence of detecting regional metastases of cancer of the proximal section of the stomach]. PMID- 7109470 TI - [Infectious complications after radical operations for rectal and colonic cancer]. PMID- 7109471 TI - [Surgical treatment of lung cancer in women]. PMID- 7109472 TI - [Intrathoracic reoperations on radically operated on lung cancer patients]. PMID- 7109473 TI - [Treatment effectiveness in malignant soft tissue tumors of the extremities and trunk taking into account factors affecting the prognosis of the disease]. PMID- 7109474 TI - [Sphincter-preserving operations in the combined treatment of rectal cancer in the lower ampullar area]. PMID- 7109475 TI - [Microirrigation infusion of the lesser pelvis following radical operations for rectal cancer]. PMID- 7109477 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of small intestine tumors]. PMID- 7109476 TI - [Case of a giant polyp of the duodenum]. PMID- 7109478 TI - [Cryoresection of the liver in metastatic lesions]. PMID- 7109479 TI - [Program in the preoperative preparation of esophageal and cardial cancer patients]. PMID- 7109480 TI - [Ultrastructure of the hyaloid canal and its retraction during gestation (author's transl)]. AB - 1. The cells of the hyaloid canal originate from the primitive meningeal cells; 2. The lumen of the hyaloid canal can be observed through the optic nerve up to the subarachnoid space around the optic nerve; 3. Injections of tracer substances into the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve have shown that a communication between the subarachnoidal space and the lumen of the hyaloid canal is formed up to the capsula of the lens during the first 14 weeks of gestation. It may be assumed that in vivo cerebrospinal fluid reaches the lens because of the hyperplastic differentiation of the choroid plexus in the sixth week of gestation; 4. The distal two-thirds of the hyaloid canal retract between the 17th and 22nd week of gestation; 5. From the beginning of the 22nd week of gestation there exists an open communication between the subarachnoid space and the corpus vitreum. PMID- 7109481 TI - [Laser Iridectomy (author's transl)]. AB - During the period mentioned 150 laser iridectomies were performed using the pulsed argon laser (BRITT Corp). With the help of a specially developed three mirror glass, (Stiegler) it is possible, without exception, to penetrate the iris in one session, regardless of its color or the depth of the anterior chamber. The technique used, and the tonographic and histologic investigations and results are discussed. The findings provide a new insight into the mechanism of out flow in glaucoma. PMID- 7109482 TI - [Ergopththalmology - introductory paper]. AB - The term "ergophthalmology", coined on the occasion of the 20th International Congress of Ophthalmology in Munich in 1966, denotes a subject, which is concerned with vision and work, and which comprises four main areas: (1) eye damage caused at work by occupational diseases and industrial accidents; (2) medical opinion on the consequences of damage, for various purposes; (3) assessment of the fitness of the visually handicapped subject for work, with regard to rehabilitation; (4) analysis of demands made on visual performance and on conditions at workplaces. The problems we are confronted with in the individual area overlap one another. However, cooperation with many related disciplines is often indispensable. These can include not only a variety of medical disciplines, but also technical and scientific disciplines, as well as the humanities, economics and jurisprudence; and last not least, education and medical training. The ophthalmologist's first responsibility is to treat eye damage and subsequently to insure rehabilitation; but he should also cooperate in the prevention of damage and the vocational rehabilitation of people, who have suffered eye damage. Moreover, as far as visual functions are concerned, his opinion regarding the suitability of an individual for certain occupation and activities is of major importance. Occupations involving work at display units are an example of immediate interest. The ophthalmologist's advice may often be very useful with regard to the design and furnishing of workplaces and workrooms. Finally, in giving a medical opinion, questions of relationships and the extent of the damage have to be dealt with; these are largely a question of ophthalmological experience and knowledge. PMID- 7109483 TI - [Load factors at visual display terminals (author's transl)]. AB - A medical examination and questionnaire in various office workplaces (N = 295) shows that in intensive work at visual display terminals rheumatic and asthenopic disorders are very frequent. Muscle pain and eye complaints are correlated. The incidence of eye disorders and visual acuity are related to lighting conditions (local and temporal oscillation of characters on the visual display) at the individual workplaces. PMID- 7109484 TI - [Visual stress in work at visual display units (author's transl)]. AB - The ergonomic study of VDUs demonstrates the importance of visual stress in the total work load. By means of a laboratory experiment and authors showed that the distribution of light in the visual field exerts a major influence on the operator's visual acuity. For this reason, it is of great interest to measure the visual performance in light conditions as close as possible to real working conditions. The results of this experiment can also be of practical value in formulating guidelines for the design of appropriate work places corresponding to the visual requirements of VDU operators. PMID- 7109485 TI - [Vitreous body hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy: clinical course with and without vitrectomy]. PMID- 7109486 TI - [Variability of visual acuity, dark adaptation and electroretinogram in retinitis pigmentosa]. AB - Clinical and electrophysiological records are of particular importance in tapetoretinal degenerations. In the absence of therapy they are at least a help in establishing a differential diagnosis and a scale of progression of the disease; these in turn lead to improved counselling possibilities. In a retrospective study of 289 patients a great variability of ophthalmoscopic, functional and electrophysiologic findings was observed. The variability was seen both in individual examination of patients of all ages at one point in time, and in genetic pattern, penetrance and expressivity, Criteria for autosomal recessive inheritance were established in 21.3% and for simplex cases in 51.6%. Constriction the retinal vessels was the most reliable ophthalmoscopic finding, seen in 74% of the cases of RP. In 68% of the cases the onset of symptoms started before the age of 20. In 62% of RP patients the visual acuity remained 0.4 or better up to the sixth decade of life. In 40% of the cases the dark adaptation threshold was normal or raised only by up to 1.5 log units. The ERG was absent in 70%, residual in 10%, and subnormal in 20% of RP patients. The residual and subnormal ERGs showed predominantly rod involvement in 77%, equal rod and cone involvement in 17%, and chiefly cone involvement in 6% of 95 cases. The most common associated abnormalities were found to be cataract in 33% and myopia in 22%. (Detailed data on impairment of visual fields and on ERG analysis are published elsewhere: Gurewitsch, K., G. Niemeyer: Rod/cone separation by electroretinography, fundus changes and visual fields in retinitis pigmentosa. In: Techniques in Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. G. Niemeyer and C. Huber (eds). Docum. Ophthal. Proc. Ser., in press). PMID- 7109487 TI - [Application and results of biometry of the eye in implantation of intraocular lenses]. AB - Before extracapsular cataract surgery with implantation of a Binkhorst four-loop lens, keratometric readings were taken and anterior chamber depth was measured with a pachometer in 52 patients. The axial eye length was determined with A-scan echography using the Kretz technique 7200 MA unit with a 8 MHz probe and the immersion technique. The biometric control after surgery showed no change in the spherical equivalent of keratometric values. The mean anterior chamber depth was 3.19 mm (+/- 0.3 mm). No systematic correlation between anterior chamber depth before and after surgery was found. The dependence of the change in anterior chamber depth (DVK) on the cataract thickness (L) is described by the linear regression DVK = 2.22 mm - 0.47 L with a correlation coefficient as low as 0.68. The remaining refractive error after lens implantation, established by subjective testing, was compared with the calculated values. The calculated lenses were found to be more minus than the corrections required by the patients. We conclude that the calculated lens powers had been overestimated and were therefore myopizing in relation with the established length. If postoperative emmetropia had been aimed at on the basis of biometric data and conventional calculations, however, weaker lens powers would have been chosen with postoperative hypermetropia resulting. PMID- 7109488 TI - [Error propagation in intraocular lens calculation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109489 TI - [Vitreous - loss less dangerous with the microstripper (author's transl)]. AB - The author presents a simple surgical device which enables all ophthalmic surgeons to manage vitreous loss in cataract surgery or perforating injuries in a safer and simpler way, and with fewer postoperative complications. The instrumentarium has the following specifications: perfectly cutting vitrectomy microinstrument. Mechanical device for repeated use of the cutting edge of the trephine. The instrument set is ready for use less than 1 minute. The same instrument can be used for several other purposes in anterior and posterior segment surgery, especially for special problems in pars plana vitrectomy. PMID- 7109490 TI - [Results of combined cataract/glaucoma operations (author's transl)]. AB - In general the combined cataract/glaucoma operation is a good procedure for treating cataract and glaucoma simultaneously. The operation was performed in 157 eyes between 1976 and 1980. The mean IOP remained constant after surgery for a follow-up period of over three years on average. The review covered 136 eyes, of which 103 needed no therapy initially after the operation; now only 78 have good IOP without drug therapy. It seems that some time after the operation glaucoma therapy is needed again. The question arises whether it is better to perform a combined operation or to perform trabeculectomy first and cataract extraction later, or even if it is better to perform cataract extraction alone and continue with drug therapy for the glaucoma. PMID- 7109491 TI - [Clinical course and therapy of congenital trochlear palsy]. PMID- 7109492 TI - [Differential diagnosis of optic disk anomalies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109493 TI - [Malignant melanoma of the optic disk. A case report (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109494 TI - Phenobarbital-induced alterations of bile acid metabolism in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis. AB - Bile acid profiles from plasma and urine of six patients suffering from intrahepatic cholestasis were studied before and during treatment with phenobarbital. All patients responded to this treatment by decreasing their plasma bile acid levels. Using gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for separation and identification of the bile acids, especially the occurrence of major atypical bile acids was quantitatively evaluated. The plasma bile acid lowering effect of phenobarbital in intrahepatic cholestasis can be partly explained by an increased formation of tetrahydroxylated bile acids, which are rapidly excreted by renal pathways. These tetrahydroxylated bile acids, present as nonsulfated compounds, have high renal excretory flow rates exceeding those of bile acid sulfates. Their enterohepatic circulation, however, seems to be low, since only small amounts of tetrahydroxylated bile acids can be found in bile. It is mainly the 1- and 6-hydroxylation that is stimulated by phenobarbital. The exact site of formation of tetrahydroxylated bile acids, however, is still unknown. These findings may provide a rationale for the institution of a phenobarbital treatment in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis. PMID- 7109495 TI - Total plasma clearance of infused norepinephrine in non-azotemic diabetes mellitus. AB - The total plasma clearance of norepinephrine (NE) was assessed during steady state NE infusion at two different dose rates in 27 patients with non-azotemic diabetes mellitus as compared with 27 normal subjects. Lower NE dose rates were required in diabetics than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001) to induce similar increases in blood pressure. However, plasma NE levels during NE infusion correlated closely (r = 0.79 and 0.78; P less than 0.001) with concomitant dose rates, and this relationship was similar in both study groups. Moreover, the plasma NE clearance did not differ between low and high dose rates of NE infusion, and was similar in diabetics and normal subjects (6.0 +/- 3.1 and 5.1 +/- 2.6 liter/min, respectively). It correlated inversely with the pre-infusion plasma NE (r = -0.38 and -0.53; P less than 0.05);this relationship was also similar in the two groups. The correlation relating plasma NE to NE infusion rates as well as the plasma NE clearance did not differ between the 13 diabetics without and the 14 with signs of peripheral neuropathy or between the 17 patients with normal and the 10 patients with high blood pressure. These findings suggest that the kinetics of circulating NE are usually unaltered in non-azotemic diabetes mellitus. An increased pressor responsiveness to NE, in the presence of normal plasma NE concentrations and clearance rates, may be a setting predisposing for the development of hypertension in diabetic patients. PMID- 7109496 TI - Chemiluminescence assay for detection of anti-platelet antibodies. AB - A chemiluminescence (CL) assay for detection of antiplatelet antibodies was developed. Platelets sensitized with a xenogeneic antiplatelet serum or a potent anti-Pla1 serum stimulated granulocytes to produce CL. Other antibodies detectable by 51chromium release and immunofluorescent assays were not discerned by the CL assays. PMID- 7109498 TI - [New aspects of amyloidosis (author's transl)]. AB - Amyloid is a substance that has the same composition of the basic qualities even in the different patterns of amyloidosis. Electron microscopic investigations have revealed that all forms of amyloidosis do not only exhibit homogeneous basic qualities but also common principle of accumulation. This may be commented as follows: Fibrils of amyloid are always found in close connection with basement membranes or basement membrane-like substances respectively produced by cells with the property of contracting (myocytic or "myopotent' cells). Collagen fibres of different types do not display a regular relation to the substance of amyloid. The origin and development of the various forms of amyloidosis depends on the three following factors: 1. On the extent of the production of amyloidogenic proteins which may belong to different types of proteins according to the basic disease; 2. On the way of protein silting (hematogenic silting-generalized amyloidosis; local enrichment--local amyloidosis); 3. On the site of predilection of all deposits of amyloid in the areas of basement membranes or basement membrane-like substances resp. produced by cells with the properties of contracting. A new classification should be made on the basis of these principles. PMID- 7109497 TI - [Serum ferritin in differential diagnosis of anemia (author's transl)]. AB - The concentration of ferritin in the serum of normal males (n = 79) was 98 micrograms/l (geometric mean) with a 95% confidence range of 21-447 micrograms/l. In non-menstruating healthy females (n = 39), the concentration was 85 (26-279) micrograms/l. In menstruating females, serum ferritin was less than 30 micrograms/l only when the duration of menstruation was more than or equal to 4 days. Patients with uncomplicated iron-deficiency anemia had a serum ferritin level less than 20 micrograms/l. After oral or parenteral iron therapy, serum ferritin was greater than 20 micrograms/l in 7 to 17 patients. Serum ferritin was greater than 20 micrograms/l in 8 of 12 patients with a simultaneous inflammatory or malignant disease. Of patients with iron-deficiency anemia, 86% had a serum ferritin level lower than 40 micrograms/l. A serum ferritin level less than 40 micrograms/l was only observed in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and not in patients with other forms of anemia. Of patients with iron-deficiency anemia and a hemoglobin concentration lower than 100 g/l, 80% had a serum iron level less than 13 mumol/l and a total iron binding capacity higher than 70 mumol/l. Anemia of chronic disorders was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.92 in patients with serum iron less than 13 mumol/l, total iron binding capacity less than 60 mumol/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 25 mm in the first hour, and serum fibrinogen greater than 4 g/l. Somewhat better was the same combination except with the serum ferritin level greater than 50 micrograms/l instead of the iron binding capacity. However the predictive value using both combinations was too low. PMID- 7109499 TI - A randomized study of combination chemotherapy (VAC-FMC) with or without immunostimulation by Corynebacterium parvum in metastatic breast cancer. AB - A total of 156 patients with metastatic breast cancer were entered into a prospective multi-center trial in September 1975. All patients were treated monthly with vincristine, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (VAC) six times, followed by 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide (FMC) until progression was documented. By random assignment, the patients received 5 mg/m2 Corynebacterium parvum (CP) subcutaneously on day 1, in addition to VAC/FMC. Of the 150 evaluable patients, 33 of 76 (45%) and 36 of 74 (49%) had complete or partial response to VAC/FMC plus CP, respectively. The Kaplan-Maier curves of duration of remission and survival were almost identical (medians 14.5 vs 12.1 months and 22.2 vs 21.1 months, respectively). The hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were also similar in the two study groups. However, 19 of 74 (26%) patients developed skin ulcers after repeated injections of CP. These patients showed prolonged survival (P = 0.002, log rank test). These results suggest that adding nonspecific immunostimulation with CP to currently available chemotherapy on day 1 is of no benefit to most patients with metastatic breast cancer, but may select an "immunoreactive subgroup with increased local toxicity and survival. PMID- 7109501 TI - Scintigraphy in pheochromocytoma. AB - In four patients with pheochromocytoma, scintigraphy with 131I-meta iodobenzylguanidine was performed to localize hyperfunctioning adrenergic tissue. In three patients unilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma was found, whereas one patient with a malignant pheochromocytoma showed multilocular dissemination. The results document that scintigraphy with 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine seems to be a safe and reliable method of detecting adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, both benign and malignant. PMID- 7109500 TI - Persistent protoporphyrinemia in hereditary porphobilinogen synthase (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydrase) deficiency under low lead exposure. A new molecular basis for the pathogenesis of lead intoxication. AB - For several years, a 4-12-fold increase of the upper normal limit in erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations persisted in two men 34 and 39 years of age who were chronically exposed to lead. We are dealing with a zinc protoporphyrinemia in both cases, without lead intoxication or anemia. The 34-year-old had been a regular blood donor for 10 years and had already been treated for iron deficiency several times. Hemoglobin, red cell counts, hematocrit, and iron were at the lower normal limit. The activity of porphobilinogen synthase (PBG-S), uroporphyrinogen-synthase and -decarboxylase as well as urinary porphyrin precursors and porphyrin excretion were normal. Protoporphyrinemia was said to be due to a prelatent/latent iron deficiency. In the 39-year-old, the activity of PBG-S was lowered to 388 mumol/1 . h, as compared to the mean of controls (1,190 +/- 210, x +/- SD, n = 50), in connection with a slightly elevated excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin in the urine and a high-normal blood lead level. In his family there was no history of either a protoporphyrinemia or a hematological disturbance. Six of eight family members in three generations showed a diminished activity of PBG-S: 600 +/- 160, P less than 0.001 compared to controls. These family members are heterozygous with regard to the PBG-S deficiency; they are clinically unobtrusive in comparison to homozygotes with an acute prophyria syndrome. Activation by zinc and reactivation by dithiothreitol were normal in contrast to PBG-S from patients with lead intoxication. The cause of biochemical symptoms of subclinical lead intoxication developed by the propositus is probably due to the hereditary PBG-S deficiency which sensitizes him to low-level lead exposure. The determination of red cell PBG-S activity can be recommended as a test detecting heterozygotes. The hereditary PBG-S deficiency is recognized as a new molecular basis for the pathogenesis of lead intoxication. PMID- 7109503 TI - [Clinico-laboratory characteristics of the course of the inflammatory process in the postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities]. PMID- 7109504 TI - [Case of staphylococcal sepsis accompanied by septicopyemia]. PMID- 7109502 TI - [Goodpasture's syndrome--rapid remission after early plasmapheresis and high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109506 TI - [Clinical aspects and treatment of vertebrobasilar insufficiency]. PMID- 7109507 TI - [Risk factors in coronary heart disease]. PMID- 7109505 TI - [2 cases of Lyell's syndrome after taking oletetrin and levomycetin]. PMID- 7109508 TI - [Systematization of the risk factors in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7109509 TI - [Clinical significance of the induction and repression of the enzymes of drug metabolism]. PMID- 7109510 TI - [Clinical picture and treatment procedure in the sick sinus syndrome]. PMID- 7109511 TI - [Characteristics of the auscultatory symptoms in mitral valve cusp prolapse]. PMID- 7109512 TI - [Trigeminal cardiac rhythm]. PMID- 7109513 TI - [Experience with the radioimmunological determination of blood myoglobin in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7109514 TI - [Clinical significance of the indices of rose bengal-131I kinetics in chronic circulatory failure]. PMID- 7109515 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation for treating arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7109516 TI - [Intravenous cordaron administration in the emergency therapy of supraventricular paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia]. PMID- 7109517 TI - [Changes in the extravascular fluid in the lungs during the treatment of congestive left ventricular failure in chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 7109518 TI - [Anesthetizing effect of dipidolor and its influence on electrocardiogram dynamics in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7109519 TI - [Experience with the helium-neon laser treatment of stenocardia]. PMID- 7109520 TI - [General principles for choosing an anti-arrhythmia preparation and the treatment procedure in cardiac rhythm disturbances]. PMID- 7109521 TI - [Combined hemorrhage and perforation of a gastroduodenal ulcer in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 7109522 TI - [Complications of subclavian-vena cava catheterization]. PMID- 7109523 TI - [Disturbance of the autonomic innervation of the heart in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7109524 TI - [Clinico-rheographic manifestations of cerebral arteriosclerosis in postinfarct cardiosclerosis]. PMID- 7109525 TI - An improved, portable machine designed to induce and maintain surgical anaesthesia in small laboratory rodents. PMID- 7109526 TI - Novel inhalation device for the simultaneous anaesthesia of several laboratory rodents. PMID- 7109528 TI - Objective measurement of physical activity in Macaca fascicularis. AB - The mean and standard deviation over 24 h for 3 groups of animals - active, intermediate and inactive - in physical activity units were 10948 +/- 3360, 2611 +/- 1973 and 484 +/- 316 respectively. The differences were significant (P = 0.004), demonstrating the ability of the method to distinguish between groups that can be visibly differentiated. The small within-animal physical activity standard deviation (18.85 PAU) obtained in another group, suggests that it also yields reliable physical activity measurements for non-human primates. The monitoring device used can discriminate between individual nonhuman primates physical activity levels in a free-living environment and does not alter daily behaviour. This makes possible the study of the relationship between physical activity and atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates. PMID- 7109527 TI - A clinical and pathological study of inherited glaucoma in New Zealand white rabbits. AB - The eyes of 7 rabbits with clinical megaloglobus, selected from a large colony, were studied with slit-lamp microscopy, gonioscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and tonometry. Selected light and scanning electron microscopy was also performed. There were 11 glaucomatous eyes among the 7 rabbits: gonioscopy demonstrated open iridocorneal angles with absence of pectinate fibres. Incomplete cleavage of the iridocorneal angles in glaucomatous eyes was noted histologically. Because of the similarity of the iridocorneal angles of glaucomatous rabbit eyes with those of human eyes with congenital glaucoma, these rabbits may serve as an experimental model in the understanding and management of certain types of human glaucoma. PMID- 7109529 TI - Malignant schwannoma of the dorsal spinal nerve root in a laboratory rat. PMID- 7109530 TI - The effect of measles vaccination in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). AB - 30 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), born into a breeding colony, received measles vaccination when aged between 3 and 26 months; 28 of them were re-vaccinated 5 to 7 months later. Measles virus antibody was measured by haemagglutination inhibition at the time of each vaccination and again 3 to 6 weeks later. Only 2 out of 9 animals aged less than 6 months responded to vaccination, whereas 10 out of 14 older animals showed 4-fold or greater rises. Re-vaccination of the younger group when aged 8 to 10 months resulted in a marked rise in antibody. PMID- 7109532 TI - Comparison of behaviour between 2 subspecies of owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) in a laboratory environment. AB - To evaluate potential factors affecting reproductive performance, 6 monkeys of Colombian and 6 of Bolivian origin, housed as mated pairs, were observed via closed circuit television and a remote-controlled camera. Behavioural differences in feeding and drinking, locomotor activity, environmental interaction, positive social interaction, autogrooming, nestbox occupancy, and playing were observed. The differences noted indicate that the subspecies may have different social structures. PMID- 7109531 TI - The influence of minerals and protein on the nephrocalcinosis potential for rats of semisynthetic diets. PMID- 7109533 TI - A mobile rack of cages for ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). PMID- 7109534 TI - Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 7109536 TI - Tumor extracellular matrix. PMID- 7109535 TI - A study of chronic pneumonia in a guineapig colony with enzootic Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. AB - Three types of lesion were present in the lungs of guineapigs with chronic pneumonia - pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, perivascular lymphoid hyperplasia and foreign body granulomas. Bordetella bronchiseptica was present in the nasopharynx, trachea and lungs of a high proportion of animals from 4 weeks old, and antibodies to this organism were also found. Animals removed at 4 days old and reared in isolation from the main colony and free from B. bronchiseptica developed similar lung lesions, so that B. bronchiseptica appeared to have no causative role in these forms of chronic pneumonia. PMID- 7109537 TI - Biology of disease: membrane injury and calcium homeostasis in the pathogenesis of coagulative necrosis. PMID- 7109538 TI - Proteoglycan changes in the intercellular matrix of human colon carcinoma: an integrated biochemical and stereologic analysis. AB - Abnormal forms and concentrations of proteoglycans have been reported for various types of tumors, suggesting that proteoglycans may play a role in neoplasia. The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses: (1) that the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-containing proteoglycans of the intercellular matrix of normal and neoplastic colon have different chemical characteristics, and (2) that these characteristics can be associated with distinct morphologic patterns. Chemical analysis of purified GAGs revealed a 12-fold increase in the concentration of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate in colonic tumors as compared with the controls; no changes were detected for the other GAGs. Histochemically, this increase in sulfated GAG occurred predominantly in the intercellular matrix of the connective tissue stroma adjacent to the neoplasm. Autoradiographic analysis of samples incubated in vitro with [35S]sulfate revealed that the connective tissue cells surrounding the tumor (but not the tumor cells) were the major sites of sulfated proteoglycan biosynthesis. Ultrastructurally, proteoglycans were identified as ruthenium red-positive granules that were present throughout the intercellular matrix of the connective tissue stroma in both normal and malignant colon. Quantitation of these granules revealed that the neoplasm contained 92 per cent shorter than in granules per cu. cm. of intercellular matrix, but that the average volume of a granule was 79 per cent smaller and the nearest neighbor distance between granules was 19 per cent shorter than in the control. Assuming that the matrix granules represent the major source of proteoglycans, we estimated that a cubic centimeter of matrix granules in the tumor contained 3.66 times more GAGs than the control, even though an average granule in the tumor contained 23 per cent less GAG than did the control. These findings suggest that the increased amounts of sulfated GAGs detected chemically in colon carcinoma can be explained by the presence of a larger number of smaller proteoglycan granules packed more closely together in the intercellular matrix. PMID- 7109539 TI - Further characterization of amyloid-enhancing factor. AB - Amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF) is a transferable activity that in CBA/J mice reduces the induction time of splenic amyloid deposition to 48 hours. Azocasein, or AgNo3, can induce AEF in the spleen and liver. In the liver several subcellular organelles possess this activity. This is likely due to AEF's adherent properties. AEF is most effective when given by the intravenous route. After intravenous injection, AEF particulates localize to the perifollicular areas of the spleen and Kuppfer cells in the liver. The effects of AEF administration persist for at least 4 weeks. AEF can be solubilized in 4 M glycerol, is not the amyloid A protein, and is not likely to be the serum amyloid P component. The extract can be fractionated by Sepharose 4B column chromatography. The active component is of high molecular weight, and tentative identification by disc electrophoresis has been made. PMID- 7109540 TI - Studies of arterial wall glycosaminoglycans and collagen during experimental regression of atherosclerotic lesions in cynomolgus monkeys. AB - The effect of various antiatherogenic regimens on glycosaminoglycan and collagen concentrations in aortas from cynomolgus monkeys with diet-induced atherosclerosis was studied. The drugs and materials that were studied included d thyroxine, [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]thioacetic acid, cholestyramine, alfalfa, and glucophage. The treatments resulted in varied degrees of regression of lesions. The mean hydroxyproline concentration in aortas among groups of animals treated with different regimens was significantly different within the groups (p less than 0.001) and correlated with the severity of the lesions (p less than 0.01). The mean total glycosaminoglycan concentration among different groups did not differ significantly but correlated positively (p less than 0.05) with the severity of lesions. Heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid increased with regression and decreased with increasing severity of lesions, whereas chondroitin sulfates followed an opposite trend. These observations show connective tissue components are intimately involved in remodeling the aorta during regression of diet-induced atherosclerosis. PMID- 7109541 TI - Structure and development of parietal podocytes in renal glomerular cysts induced in rabbits with methylprednisolone acetate. AB - Newborn rabbits were injected with methylprednisolone acetate to induce polycystic kidneys. Two major types of cysts were observed: tubular cysts formed by the dilation of collecting tubules and glomerular cysts formed by the dilation of Bowman's capsular space. We examined the structure and developmental changes of the glomerular cysts of rabbits aged 2 to 75 days. Two types (I and II) of fully developed glomerular cysts were observed. Most were type I, having one small glomerulus and a parietal layer composed entirely of podocytes. Type II had one or several small glomeruli and a parietal layer composed partially of podocytes. In both types I and II cysts, the podocytes in the parietal layer were connected to various structures surrounding the cysts by a basal lamina. These cysts were first detected in the early postnatal stages. During the S-shaped body stage, the presumptive parietal layer was composed of simple columnar cells in contrast to the flat cells of normal S-shaped bodies. In the following stages, Bowman's capsular space was dilated, and podocytes were in the process of differentiation. The sequence of differentiation of the parietal podocytes was similar to that in the visceral layer in normal conditions. These data indicate that the differentiation and maturation of podocytes are not dependent upon the endothelial capillary factors. We hypothesized that an inhibitory factor that stabilizes the phenotype of the parietal cells under normal conditions is absent under conditions that cause glomerular cyst formation. PMID- 7109542 TI - Induction of leukocytic infiltrates in rabbit skin by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine. AB - Intracutaneous injection of 5 to 50 pmoles of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (AGEPC) induced neutrophil (PMN) infiltrates in rabbit skin. PMN margination and plugging were present in dermal venules within 15 minutes after AGEPC injection, and extravascular PMN were most abundant after 3 hours. There was a sharp decline in PMN numbers when sites were examined 6 hours after AGEPC injection. PMN emigration appeared to occur predominantly from venules in the deep portion of the cutaneous venous plexus, and PMN accumulation was greatest in the deep dermis. Few if any PMN were present in lyso-glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine and human serum albumin sites at all time points studied. This demonstration that extravascularly introduced AGEPC induces PMN infiltrates in vivo provides evidence that this acetylated alkyl phosphoglyceride may be a significant mediator of acute allergic and inflammatory processes with a broader role than its previously described platelet-activating properties. PMID- 7109543 TI - Uptake and digestion of horseradish peroxidase in rabbit alveolar macrophages. Formation of a pathway connecting lysosomes to the cell surface. PMID- 7109544 TI - Laminin-secreting yolk sac carcinoma of the rat. Biochemical and electron immunohistochemical studies. AB - Basement membranes have been difficult to analyze biochemically because they represent a small fraction of most normal tissues and because they are extremely difficult to solubilize. The use of mouse tumors such as the parietal yolk sac carcinoma and the EHS sarcoma, in which basement membrane is one of the major biosynthetic products, has provided new insights into our understanding of basement membranes. One of the disadvantages of the mouse tumor system is the small size of the tumor-bearing animals. For this reason we decided to explore whether embryo-derived yolk sac carcinomas produced in rats could be suitable models to study basement membranes. Unlike its counterparts in the mouse the rat embryo-derived yolk sac carcinoma produces a multilamellar extracellular matrix that, morphologically, closely resembles basement membranes of non-neoplastic origin. The laminin isolated from the rat embryo-derived yolk sac is similar to that derived from the EHS sarcoma, and antibodies raised against this laminin of neoplastic origin react with all basement membranes of normal tissues tested. These antibodies were used to define the ultrastructural localization of laminin in normal rat kidney. We concluded that the rat embryo-derived yolk sac carcinoma is a useful experimental system to study basement membranes and their components such as laminin, type IV collagen, and heparan sulfate. PMID- 7109545 TI - Salicylate-induced renal papillary necrosis in the Gunn rat. The role of bilirubin. PMID- 7109546 TI - Cyclophosphamide-induced glomerular injury in newborn mice. AB - The glomeruli of newborn mice from mothers given a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (50 or 110 mg. per kg.) showed varying degrees of mesangiolysis and subsequent diffuse mesangial and segmental sclerosis. The sclerosis was preceded by the formation of a considerable amount of mesangial microfibrils. This change was accompanied by a marked subendothelial widening of the glomerular capillary and an increase in the number of microfibrils in this space. These results support our previous notion that glomerular microfibrils play an important role in the process of glomerular repair. The results also show that cyclophosphamide can induce injury in the developing glomeruli of newborn mice. PMID- 7109547 TI - Calcium-induced spongiform and necrotizing myelopathy. AB - Selective axonal calcification has been consistently observed in experimental spinal cord trauma in laboratory animals as well as in human spinal cord injury. A hypothesis of calcium influx resulting in activation of proteolytic and/or lipolytic enzymes has been proposed as a major mechanism of nerve fiber degeneration. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of calcium influx into nontraumatized spinal cord tissue, utilizing 10 per cent calcium chloride at a pH of 7.4 slowly dripped onto the dorsal surface of the surgically exposed spinal cord of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Controls consisted of animals similarly treated with solutions of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride at the same pH and osmolarity. Sham operated and normal animals were also observed. The experimental animals that received calcium chloride consistently developed paraplegia that was evident within 24 hours after treatment. The initial spinal cord lesion consisted of discrete areas of spongiosis in posterior and lateral columns in the segment beneath the application of calcium. The spongiosis progressed in severity and was accompanied or followed by necrosis. The gray matter was relatively spared; however, the posterior horns became consistently necrotic. Calcium was observed histochemically in the areas of spongiosis/necrosis but not in spared areas. Although the topography of the calcium-induced myelopathy differs from that of spinal cord injury, the progression of the clinical and pathologic changes is consistent with the calcium-mediated hypothesis of necrosis in the latter. PMID- 7109548 TI - Uptake and clearance of ferritin by the glomerular mesangium. I. Phagocytosis by mesangial cells and blood monocytes. PMID- 7109549 TI - Inorganic and organic arsenic in some commercial East Australian crustacea. PMID- 7109550 TI - Pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and Blues) abuse: toxicological findings in 39 cases. AB - The post mortem findings of pentazocine and tripelennamine ("T's and Blues") in abusers dying in the City of St. Louis between July 1, 1979 and July 30, 1981 are presented. Thirty-three deaths were homicides; 30 black males, ages 21-38; one white male, age 26, died from gunshot wounds; and two black females, age 18 and 32, died of stab wounds. Blood concentrations of pentazocine and tripelennamine in these cases ranged from 0.20 to 3.3 mg/L, (mean +/- SD 0.72 +/- 0.64 mg/L) and 0.02 to 1.8 mg/L (mean +/- SD 0.29 +/- 0.40 mg/L), respectively. The six deaths attributed to T's and Blues abuse involved three black males, ages 20, 28 and 49, and three black females, ages 21, 25, and 45 years. Blood concentrations of pentazocine and tripelennamine ranged from 0.44 to 2.5 mg/L and 0.09 to 4.1 mg/L, respectively. Ethanol and diazepam were also detected in 49% and 13% of all deaths, respectively. Foreign body or talc granulomas in lung were the most common pathological finding relevant to the abuse of T's and Blues. PMID- 7109551 TI - Extraction, identification and quantitation of succinylcholine in embalmed tissue. AB - Succinylcholine, a bis-quaternary ammonium compound, was extracted from embalmed tissues as an ion-pair with hexanitrodiphenylamine in methylene chloride. The evaporated ion-pair residue is demethylated with sodium benzenethiolate. The tertiary amine formed is identified and quantitated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) utilizing a 25 meter glass capillary column coated with SE 52. Identification is accomplished by retention time and mass spectrometry. Quantitation is performed after the addition of deuterated succinylcholine as an internal standard by focusing the mass spectrometer on m/z 58 (for demethylated succinylcholine) and m/z 62 (for the internal standard). The method is applied to the quantitation of succinylcholine from the embalmed kidney, liver, and muscle of rats injected i.m. with 10-200 mg/kg. After six months of storage, the succinylcholine can still be identified and quantitated with highest concentrations found in the muscle injection site. Concentrations as low as 5 ng/g are easily detected. PMID- 7109552 TI - A case of accidental inorganic mercury poisoning. AB - Mercuric chloride was accidentally ingested by a nineteen-month old boy. He exhibited severe symptoms of inorganic mercury poisoning including acute renal failure. The blood mercury level at the time of admission to hospital was 1920 ng/mL. Following emergency hemodialysis, BAL (2, 3-dimercaptopropanol) therapy and penicillamine treatment, blood levels fell to 500 ng Hg/mL and urine production restarted six days after exposure. Urine mercury reached a high of 2349 ng/mL but rapidly decreased to less than 100 ng/mL within eight days after resumption of voiding. The patient was discharged from hospital a month after admission and follow-up examinations have indicated no permanent renal damage. Blood, hair, and urine samples collected 19 months after the exposure showed normal mercury levels (blood, 6 ng Hg/mL; urine, 7 ng Hg/mL; and hair 500-900 ng Hg/g). PMID- 7109553 TI - Effect of alcohol and carbon monoxide on the pH-activity relationship of erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D). AB - The effect of blood alcohol on the pH-activity profile of ALA-D in humans and rabbits has been measured. The shape of the pH-activity profile remains unchanged, although enzyme activities are significantly affected (up to 40%). In order for the blood lead assay using ALA-D to remain independent of the presence of alcohol, an alternative methodology, such as a ratio of activities at two pH values, and not a measurement at a single pH value should be used. The effect of carbon monoxide on the pH-activity profile of ALA-D, on the other hand, is minimal. PMID- 7109555 TI - Optimization of thin layer chromatography for toxicological screening: applicability of shorter development distances. AB - Over the years, numerous TLC systems have been developed, each of them having their special advantages. Yet little or no attention has been paid to the time factor needed to obtain sufficiently reliable Rf-values, combined with satisfactory resolution. As speed remains an important factor in toxicology, the applicability of shorter development distances have been investigated, resulting in a considerable gain in time as the development times increase exponentially with developing distance. In this paper, the effects of shorter development distances on resolution, spot size, reproducibility of Rf-values, and sensitivity of detection are described. PMID- 7109554 TI - Detection of opiates in urine by means of thin-layer immunoassay. AB - The use of thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) for the direct detection of opiates in unextracted urine is described. This novel immunoassay is capable of detecting less than 1 ng of opiates, rapidly and inexpensively, without the use of radioactive materials or sophisticated analytical instrumentation. The method was evaluated in a study of 68 post mortem urines and found to be reliable for the detection of opiates in this type of sample. PMID- 7109556 TI - Analysis of submicrogramme levels of cadmium in whole blood, urine and hair by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. AB - Toxicological studies require the analysis of heavy metals in many widely differing samples. In this paper, a simple and accurate method is described for the determination of cadmium in whole blood, urine, and hair. The blood and urine samples were digested in nitric acid at 70 degrees C, and the hair was digested in a 1:1 mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. Although a low temperature necessitated longer digestion, the operation was conveniently carried out overnight. The digestion and any subsequent extraction or dilution was carried out in the same tube. The methods used optimised digestion efficiency and minimised sample contamination. The method was also found to be precise and highly reproducible with relative standard deviation (RSD) values within 5%. PMID- 7109557 TI - Identification and quantification of alpha-methylfentanyl in post mortem specimens. AB - Alpha-methylfentanyl, a potent and illicit narcotic, was isolated and identified in post mortem tissues of a drug overdose victim. Quantification was performed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC/NPD). Alpha-methylfentanyl concentrations of 78 ng/g, 3.1 ng/mL, and 6.4 ng/mL were obtained for liver, blood, and bile, respectively. Conclusive identification of methylfentanyl was accomplished by mass spectrometry. Despropionylmethylfentanyl was also detected in the extracts of the victim's tissues. PMID- 7109558 TI - Differentiation of amphetamine and its major hallucinogenic derivatives using thin-layer chromatography. AB - Psychotropic, ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives can be differentiated from each other and from over-the-counter drugs using a sequential TLC detection technique. The improved detection is accomplished by distinct differences in color through four detection stages. Reported in the tables are Rf values in two solvent systems, the color characteristics through the four detection stages and in two confirmatory reagents, and the minimum detectible concentrations in urine of 19 amphetamine derivatives. PMID- 7109559 TI - Determination of nitrate and nitrite in blood and urine by chemiluminescence. AB - Methodology has been developed for the rapid determination of nitrate and nitrite in blood and urine. In solution, these species are selectively reduced to nitric oxide, which is outgassed and determined via its gas phase chemiluminescence reaction with ozone. Differentiation between nitrate and nitrite is obtained by careful selection of reducing agents and conditions. PMID- 7109561 TI - Some apparent advantages of subclinical psychopathy. PMID- 7109562 TI - Adolescent perspectives on family violence. PMID- 7109560 TI - An HPLC method for the quantitation of quinidine and its metabolites in plasma: an application to a quinidine-phenytoin drug interaction study. AB - A rapid and simple method is described for the separation of quinidine (Q), its metabolites 3-hydroxyquinidine (30HQ) and 2'oxoquinidinone (QD) as well as the quinidine salt contaminant, dihydroquinidine (DHQ) in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A silica column was used with methanol: 1 N ammonium nitrate: 2 N ammonium hydroxide (28:1:1 v/v) as the mobile phase to separate the compounds and a fluorescence spectrophotometer for detection. Application of this method is demonstrated by the analysis of human plasma samples collected from a volunteer during a phenytoin-quinidine drug interaction study. PMID- 7109563 TI - Femininity and therapist success and potential. PMID- 7109564 TI - Thermomagnetic surgery for cancer. PMID- 7109565 TI - Meaning and value of free water clearance in injured patients. PMID- 7109566 TI - Hemoglobin solution: is a normal [Hb] or P50 more important? PMID- 7109567 TI - Experimental aortic coarctation in puppies. PMID- 7109568 TI - A large animal model of pseudomonas pneumonia. PMID- 7109569 TI - Overwhelming pneumococcal infection in rats immediately after splenectomy. PMID- 7109572 TI - Influence of serum on impaired neutrophil chemotaxis after thermal injury. PMID- 7109571 TI - The effect of hyperthermia on hepatic and tumor lysosome stability in rats with Morris 7777 hepatomas. PMID- 7109573 TI - The biologic response to standard suture materials in the skin of fetal rabbits. PMID- 7109570 TI - Differential effects of portal diversion on hepatocyte function (HF) and hepatic reticuloendothelial cell (HRES) activity in the dog. PMID- 7109574 TI - Identification of transformed glucocorticoid receptor from dexamethasone resistant melanoma. AB - We have examined properties of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes which might account for dexamethasone induced alterations in the growth and morphology of melanoma target cells. We have used cultured cells and solid tumors derived from the dexamethasone-sensitive RPMI 3460 Syrian hamster melanoma cell line together with clonal variants which are either more sensitive (clone 6) or resistant (clone 5) to the growth inhibiting effects of dexamethasone. Although differing markedly in their response to corticoids, each of the cell lines contains significant quantities of glucocorticoid receptor. The present studies were designed to determine if differences in the transformability (nuclear binding ability) of the glucocorticoid receptors from these target cells could account for their sensitivity or resistance to glucocorticoids. Cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor complexes were analyzed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography to identify and quantitate the relative amounts of native (unactivated) and transformed (activated-nuclear binding) receptors present. We could readily separate these two major forms of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex in cytosols from each of the melanoma cell lines and solid tumors examined. The identity of these receptor complexes as native or transformed was confirmed using both ATP-agarose and isolated nuclei; only transformed receptor complexes are bound. When cytosol is prepared in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate, only native receptor is present. After molybdate is removed, native glucocorticoid receptor is readily transformed by increased ionic strength. We conclude that resistance to dexamethasone-induced changes in growth observed in resistant clone 5 cells and solid tumors cannot be attributed to an inability of the receptor they contain to exist as a stable, transformed complex. PMID- 7109575 TI - Growth characteristics of primary cultures of stromal cells from human endometrium. AB - The growth rate of stromal cells derived from 23 specimens of human endometrial tissue taken at various phases of the cycle was measured during the first seven days of primary culture. The stromal cells were found to differ radically in their ability to grow in culture according to the phase of the cycle at which the tissue was obtained. Early and mid proliferative stromal cells were capable of proliferation but that capacity was lost in late proliferative tissue. Growth at significant rates reappeared at days 21--22 and persisted in cells from late secretory tissue. Following plating, a 2--4 day lag period preceded proliferation of all but the most rapidly growing cultures. Subcultures showed a shorter lag period and faster maximal growth rate than the primary cultures from which they were derived. Estradiol, 10(-9) M. inhibition stromal cell growth in primary culture and this effect was prevented by 10(-8) M progesterone. These observations indicate that proliferative characteristics of stromal cells in primary culture are strongly influenced by the hormonal environment of the endometrium at the time of biopsy. PMID- 7109576 TI - Metabolism of [14C]-C21 steroids in the human fetal ovaries. AB - The incubation of [14C]-pregnenolone with the mince of human fetal ovary produced progesterone. 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 5-pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha-diol. 5 pregnene-3 beta, 17 alpha, 20 alpha-triol and 5 alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione. The other 7 tissues, uterus, liver, intestine, skin, kidney, lung and pancreas, obtained from the same fetus were also able to produce some of these metabolites. When [14C]-pregnenolone, progesterone or 17-hydroxyprogesterone was incubated with 800 g supernatant of fetal ovaries, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 5-pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha-diol were formed from pregnenolone, 17 hydroxyprogesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one were formed from progesterone and 17 alpha, 20 alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was formed from 17 hydroxyprogesterone. These results indicate that the fetal ovary has the activities of 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17-hydroxylase, 20 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5 alpha-reductase. PMID- 7109577 TI - Potential 125I-iodinated tracers for radioimmunoassay of estrone. PMID- 7109578 TI - Effect of thyroidectomy on pregnenolone and progesterone biosynthesis in rat adrenal cortex. AB - The effects of thyroidectomy on pregnenolone and progesterone biosynthesis were investigated in rat adrenal cortex mitochondria and microsomes. The sequential hydroxylations of cholesterol, and the latter's side-chain cleavage, which constitute the limiting step in steroidogenesis, were studied by measuring oxygen consumption rates in the presence of cholesterol derivatives. The addition of (20R)-hydroxycholesterol, (22R)-hydroxycholesterol or (20R,22R) dihydroxycholesterol stimulated these rates, but addition of cholesterol or (22S) hydroxycholesterol had little effect. Thyroidectomy significantly reduced oxygen consumption rates in the presence of the sterols by about 30%. Oxygen uptake was small in the presence of respiratory inhibitors; the addition of sterols raised this uptake but subsequent thyroidectomy did not change it. Rat adrenal cortex mitochondria and microsomes converted pregnenolone ino progesterone through 3 beta ol dehydrogenase/delta 4-5 isomerase, in two different successive steps. Values for enzyme activities were 0.18, 0.26 and 0.81 nmol progesterone/min/mg protein for the overall complex, the 3 beta ol dehydrogenase and the delta 4-5 isomerase respectively. All enzyme activities were unchanged by thyroidectomy. Similar results were obtained for corresponding microsomal activities whose values were in the same range. For both microsomes and mitochondria, the dehydrogenase reaction was the limiting step in the enzyme reaction leading to progesterone formation from pregnenolone. The limiting step in corticosteroidogenesis leading to prenenolone formation by an NADPH-dependent step was slowed down by thyroidectomy, probably because the reaction that transfers energy from NADH to NADP was inhibited. The enzyme complex leading to progesterone which involves NAD+ as cofactor, was unchanged by thyroidectomy. Thyroid hormones may therefore affect the availability of the energy mechanisms connected with the proton motive force, since thyroidectomy reduces both the phosphorylative oxidation and energy-dependent hydroxylation reactions involved in steroidogenesis. PMID- 7109579 TI - The effect of ether stress and cycloheximide treatment on cholesterol binding and enzyme turnover of adrenal cortical cytochrome P450scc. AB - Relative rate constants for the formation of pregnenolone from cytochrome P450scc bound cholesterol in adrenal cortical mitochondria of stressed, stressed plus cycloheximide treated and dexamethasone treated rats were calculated from the ratios of initial rates of pregnenolone formation and the pregnenolone induced difference spectrum. In mitochondria from adrenals removed under aerobic conditions in vivo, the rate constant for the enzyme in stressed rats is twice a high as the rate constant for the enzyme from the stressed plus cycloheximide group, and four times as high as that for the enzyme from dexamethasone treated rats. Anoxia for 5 min in the intact gland increases the rate constant in all groups. Pregnenolone difference spectra are higher in mitochondria from stressed plus cycloheximide treated rats than in mitochondria from stressed rats, when adrenals are removed aerobically. It is concluded that ACTH increases cholesterol binding to cytochrome P450scc, by increasing either the enzymes affinity for its substrate or the availability of cholesterol and in addition promotes turnover of the enzyme. Both of these effects of ACTH are inhibited by cycloheximide. PMID- 7109580 TI - GLC/MS identification of new pregnenolone metabolites in confluent embryonic rat fibroblast cultures. AB - Four new metabolites and their fatty acid derivatives have been identified as components of the steroid metabolic pathway in rat embryo fibroblasts grown during the confluent phase in the presence of [4-14C]-pregnenolone and [4-14C] progesterone. These compounds are 3 alpha, 20 alpha and 3 beta, 20 alpha dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnanes, 4-pregnene-3 alpha, 20 alpha-diol and 5 alpha pregnane-3 beta, 20 alpha, 21-triol. The labelled free and esterified steroids synthetized in the cells were released into the culture medium. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that, besides t.l.c. enzymatic and chemical reactions, g.l.c./mass spectrometry coupling is a powerful tool for identifying the structures of sub-microgram amounts of radiolabelled steroids. The consequent metabolic features are discussed in terms of steroid cellular biosynthesis and kinetics. PMID- 7109581 TI - Influence of 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetal substitution and steroid nucleus fluorination on the topical to systemic activity ratio of glucocorticoids. AB - The use of topical glucocorticosteroid therapy on large skin areas or in the lung is sometimes restricted by the occurrence of unwanted, general corticoid actions owing to a profound systemic absorption. To decrease this risk potent glucocorticoids with an enhanced ratio between their topical and their systemic glucocorticoid potencies are wanted. Therefore, structure-activity studies were performed in rat models to investigate what influences the type of substitution in the 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetal group and the introduction of fluorine in the 9 alpha- or the 6 alpha, 9 alpha-positions have on the topical and the systemic activities, respectively. The introduction of an unsymmetrical 16 alpha, 17 alpha acetal group (named acetal type B) markedly enhanced the topical anti inflammatory potency compared with that of the conventional 16 alpha, 17 alpha acetonide group (named acetal type A). Both acetal types had a similar systemic glucocorticoid potency, however, 9 alpha-Fluoro and especially 6 alpha, 9 alpha difluoro substitution, on the other hand, enhanced the systemic glucocorticoid activity more than they raised the topical anti-inflammatory potency. Optimal topical to systemic activity ratio was obtained with a nonhalogenated corticoid of acetal type B structure. This compound, budesonide, had at least the same high topical anti-inflammatory potency as fluocinolone acetonide but was about 10 times less potent than this reference to induce systemic glucocorticoid actions. Its lower systemic activity is probably due to a more rapid biotransformation in the liver. PMID- 7109583 TI - Concentration and preservation of nuclear androgen receptor by lyophilisation. AB - Nuclei from rat ventral prostate were disrupted by sonication and treated with micrococcal nuclease to precipitate nuclear proteins including the androgen receptor. The precipitate was dissolved in 0.6--1.2 M ammonium bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.6, with no loss of receptor when compared to the conventional Tes buffer, pH 7.0 containing 0.6--1.2 M NaCl. Lyophilisation of the solubilised protein did not produce any qualitative or quantitative differences in the recovery of receptor relative to a non-lyophilised control preparation, both of which were analysed for binding properties by Sephadex G-25/G-100 dual-column chromatography. Over longer periods of storage at -80 degrees C, the rate of inactivation of receptor was found to be 6% per week. The stability of the lyophilised receptor was improved by the inclusion of MgCl2 and SH-reducing agents in the ammonium bicarbonate buffer. Recovery improved also with increasing ionic strength of the buffer used to dissolve the lyophilised receptor. PMID- 7109582 TI - In vitro biotransformation of glucocorticoids in liver and skin homogenate fraction from man, rat and hairless mouse. AB - The pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids are greatly influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties. In the present report, the in vitro biotransformation of the topical glucocorticoids [3H]-budesonide ([3H]-BUD). [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide ([3H]-TAAc) and [3H]-hydrocortisone ([3H]-HC) was studied in the 9000 g liver and skin supernatant from man, rat and hairless mouse. The rate of disappearance of the compounds was estimated during the initial 30 min of incubation by high performance liquid chromatography. In human liver the half life (t1/2) rank order was [3H]-BUD (7--23 min) less than [3H]-TAAc (13--68 min) less than [3H]-HC (40--67 min), in rat liver [3H]-HC (14--21 min) less than [3H] BUD (28--38 min) less than [3H]-TAAc (161--196 min) and in hairless mouse liver [3H]-BUD (17--22 min) less than [3H]-TAAc (21--34 min) less than [3H]-HC (82--165 min). Negligible biotransformation of these glucocorticoids occurred in skin. BUD is a one to one mixture of the [22R]- and [22S]-epimers. It was found that the [22R]-epimer was more susceptible to liver biotransformation than the [22S] epimer of [3H]-BUD. The results are discussed with particular reference to the extent of systemic side effects of these compounds. PMID- 7109584 TI - Relationships between circadian cycles of rat adrenal cholesterol ester metabolizing enzymes, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, and corticosteroid secretion. AB - The circadian changes in rat adrenal cholesterol ester (CE) metabolism have been studied and related to the circadian changes in adrenal ascorbic acid and corticosterone levels and plasma corticosterone levels. Significant declines in the ratio of CE/C, cholesterol esterase (CEase) and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) activities occur during the peak and declining phases of adrenal and plasma corticosteroids, suggesting that when there is a decreased need for steroid precursors the amount of stored CE is decreased, and that the enzymes involved in CE metabolism decline in activity. Adrenal ascorbic acid has a biphasic rhythm with peaks at 0900 and 2200 h. The rhythm of ascorbic acid appears to be inverse to that of ACAT activity, suggesting possible relationships between the two parameters. PMID- 7109586 TI - Modulation of glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in chicken lymphoid tissue following treatment with androgens in vivo. AB - Lymphatic tissues are highly sensitive to androgens and androgens are thought to contribute to sex differences in the immune response. In this study we have examined the effects of androgens on cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor levels in lymphoid tissues. The immature chick was chosen for our experimental model because it allows the separate evaluation of the bursa of Fabricius (primarily B cells) compared to the thymus (primary T-cells). Treatment with dihydrotestosterone (a potent androgen in chicks) for 3-12 days in vivo reduced the cytosolic glucocorticoid (triamcinolone acetonide-[3H]) receptors in bursa tissue to approximately 42% of control levels after 5 days and less than or equal to 5% of control levels after 7 days of treatment. The chick thymus tissues were still approximately 92% of control triamcinolone acetonide receptor levels after 5 days of androgen treatments. However the thymus levels had dropped to less than or equal to 5% of control values after 12 treatment days. Thus a difference in the rate of decrease in the bursa of Fabricius compared to the thymus was indicated. The blastogenesis index (BI), a measurement of the percentage of cells progressing through the cell cycle, was figured using fluorescent DNA staining with diamidino phenylindole followed by flow cytometry analysis. After 3, 5, or 7 days of androgen treatment, the bursa of Fabricius from dihydrotestosterone treated chicks (2 mg/day/chick) had a mean BI = 11.17 (+/- 3.07 SD) which was significantly lower than the bursa of Fabricius from control chicks which showed a mean BI = 27.33 (+/- 3.42 SD). The thymus from dihydrotestosterone treated chicks had a mean BI = 19.57 (+/- 2.19 SD) which was slightly but not significantly higher than the control thymus CI = 17.38 (+/- 0.89 SD). In summary, androgen treatment in vivo induced a decrease in the cytosolic glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in both the chick thymus and bursa of Fabricius tissues while decreasing the blastogenesis index in the bursa cells but not in the thymus cells. PMID- 7109585 TI - Interference of danazol with the radioimmunoassay of steroid hormones. AB - The crossreactivity of Danazol, a synthetic steroidal drug with antigonadotropic and impeded androgenic properties, with 12 different antisera against 8 different steroids was studied either by conventional competitive inhibition assay or by competitive saturation assay, the latter of which was found to be more sensitive. It was shown that Danazol strongly reacted with an antiserum against 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone and also, albeit to a much lesser extent, with antisera against testosterone, cortisol and progesterone in decreasing order. It did not interfere with RIA-systems for 11-desoxycortisol, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol-17 beta and estriol. However, out of four antisera against estradiol-17 beta two were found to considerably crossreact with Danazol which might explain apparent increases in plasma levels of this hormone during Danazol treatment as recently reported. PMID- 7109587 TI - The endogenous heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor stabilizing factor and the H-2 locus. PMID- 7109588 TI - 2-hydroxyethynyloestradiol as a substrate for catechol-O-methyltransferase- implications in the metabolism of ethynyloestradiol. AB - Highly purified pig catechol-O-methyltransferase catalyses the methylation of 2 hydroxyethynyloestradiol (KM - 11.0 microM, Vmax = 521.2 mU/mg protein, Vmax/KM = 47.4) more efficiently than that of 2-hydroxyoestradiol (KM = 68.5 microM, Vmax = 1056.2 mU/mg protein, Vmax/Km = 15.4), 2-hydroxyoestrone (KM = 38.0 microM, Vmax = 795.0 mU/mg protein, Vmax/KM = 20.9) or 4-hydroxyoestrone (KM = 12.8 microM, Vmax = 159.7, Vmax/KM = 12.5). This efficient methylation of the principal metabolite of ethynyloestradiol substantiates the implications of the studies of Bolt et al.[1] that O-methylation is a major route of ethynyloestradiol metabolism. Furthermore, this also implies that catechol-O-methyltransferase in involved in the protection, by S-adenoysylmethionine, against the impairment of bile secretion by ethynyloestradiol, observed in female rats [2]. PMID- 7109589 TI - The synthesis of 3H labelled steroid-nitrogen mustard derivatives and studies on their action in rat and human prostate. AB - Tissue receptor proteins are thought to be a key factor in selective retention and nuclear translocation of steroid hormones in their target tissues. Steroid cytotoxic derivatives with high affinity for these receptor proteins may, therefore, be useful as site directed agents in the treatment of hormone dependent cancers. The prostatic retention and subcellular localisation of estramustine and a 17 beta nitrogen mustard derivative of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone have been compared since the latter compound has higher androgen receptor binding affinity than the former. The 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone derivative was not retained more avidly than estramustine by either human or rat ventral prostatic tissue. Nuclear localisation could not be detected with either compound. The cytotoxic action of these compounds requires the liberation of the nitrogen mustard moiety. The cleavage rate of both compounds was low but similar in both benign and malignant prostatic tissues. We conclude that steroids are unlikely to be suitable agents for directing cytotoxic compounds to prostatic tissue particularly if the steroid-cytotoxic derivative requires metabolism for the expression of the cytotoxic activity. PMID- 7109590 TI - Formation of 22-keto-cholesterol from 22S-hydroxy-cholesterol by a NADPH and O2 dependent, co-insensitive enzyme in bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria. PMID- 7109592 TI - Oxidation of corticosteroids to steroidal 20-hydroxy-21-oic acids by mouse liver. AB - We have studied the enzyme catalyzed oxidation of 11-deoxycorticosterone to 20 hydroxy-3-oxo-4-pregnen-21-oic acid (pregnolic acid) in mouse liver. Enzyme activity, though variable, was higher than that of other species. Pregnolic acid was identified as the free acid, as the methyl ester by thin layer chromatography, and as the p-bromophenacyl ester by high performance liquid chromatography. With [4-14C, 21-3H]-DOC as substrate, exchange of tritium with water (interpreted as due to the reversible isomerization of the ketol to aldol form by the side chain) and the overall conversion of the ketol side chain to hydroxy acid was catalyzed by the post-microsomal supernatant fraction. Although we could not physically separate tritium exchange and acid production, pregnolic acid formation could be decreased or eliminated while tritium exchange was retained, consistent with our previous conclusion that isomerization to aldol was a precondition for acid formation. In preparations that made no acid, [4-14C]-DOC was recovered, depleted of tritium. The rate of exchange of [21S, 21-3H]-DOC with water was faster than [21R, 21-3H]-DOC. The stereochemistry of pregnolic acid at C-20 was 85-90% R (i.e.. 20 alpha-hydroxy-21-oic acid). The Km for isomerase with [21RS-21(3) H-DOC was 4.3 x 10(-5); Km for pregnolic acid formation was 8.0 x 10( 5) M. Corticosterone was oxidized to acid metabolites at 20% the rate of DOC. PMID- 7109591 TI - Oxidation of the 17-aldol (20 beta hydroxy-21-aldehyde) intermediate of corticosteroid metabolism to hydroxy acids by homogeneous human liver aldehyde dehydrogenases. AB - In human liver, the oxidation of corticosteroids to 20-hydroxy-21-oic acids proceeds via the formation and oxidation of aldol (20-hydroxy-21-aldehyde) intermediates. Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenases E1 and E2, which we have previously purified to homogeneity, catalyzed the oxidation of the aldol isomer of cortisol (isocortisol) or of 11-deoxycorticosterone (isoDOC) by E1 and E2 respectively, were identified by the criteria of chromatographic mobility, derivatization, and reverse isotope dilution of 4-14C labeled acid end products. Both enzymes showed broad substrate specificity and oxidized both 17-hydroxy and 17-deoxy steroids, though at widely varying rates. Kinetic analysis of the course of oxidation of isocortisol and isoDOC by NAD+ gave intersecting initial velocity plots that conform with a sequential mechanism. The inhibition patterns for both enzymes with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or chloral hydrate were consistent with random sequential behavior. PMID- 7109593 TI - Metabolism of androstenedione by guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages: synthesis of testosterone and 5 alpha-reduced metabolites. AB - Androstenedione metabolizing enzymes present in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages were investigated using tritium-labeled androstenedione as the substrate. We found that the metabolites of [3H]-androstenedione produced by these macrophages were testosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, isoandrosterone, androsterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. The rates of metabolite formation remained linear as a function of time of incubation for approximately 30 min and with macrophage number up to 2 x 10(7) cells per ml. The formation of these metabolites in indicative that the following androstenedione metabolizing enzymes are present in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages: 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 17 beta hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. It is possible, therefore, that the macrophage, in vivo, may play a role in the metabolism of blood-borne androstenedione to potent androgens. These hormones are important in the regulation of many biological processes, possibly including the activity of the macrophage itself. PMID- 7109594 TI - Testosterone-dependent oxygen consumption in membrane vesicles of Pseudomonas testosteroni. AB - Oxygen consumption was measured in membrane vesicles of Pseudomonas testosteroni using conditions similar to those identified for testosterone transport in these vesicles. Testosterone and NAD+, which are primary requirements for testosterone transport, were both required for maximum oxygen consumption suggesting that testosterone transport and oxygen consumption were linked. Testosterone-dependent oxygen consumption was inhibited by 95% by 1 mM KCN indicating that the electron transport chain could be involved in this process. Respiration appears to play in important role in the transport of steroids by membrane vesicles of P. testosteroni. PMID- 7109595 TI - Estrone sulfatase activity in guinea pig tissues. AB - Estrone sulfatase activity is widespread in guinea pig tissues. Whole homogenates of adult testis, uterus, lung, adrenal, amnion, ovary, chorion, small intestine, placenta, spleen, kidney and liver exhibit approximately descending order of specific activity. Certain properties, including pH requirement, lack of inhibition by inorganic sulfate and magnitude of estimated Km values, are similar to that for arylsulfatase C of rat liver. Of the subcellular fractions prepared from guinea pig tissues, microsomes exhibit the highest specific activity although considerable enzyme activity remains associated with large cellular fragments sedimenting at 750 g. The sulfatase activity is readily inhibited by inorganic phosphate even when substrate concentration satisfied zero order kinetics. Rat liver arylsulfatase C is not inhibited under these conditions. Sensitivity of the guinea pig enzyme activity to inhibition by a variety of steroids and related compounds, is markedly less than for rat liver. Diethylstilbestrol(DES) strongly inhibits the rat liver enzyme but has little effect on the guinea pig liver system. Guinea pig testicular activity is suppressed to a degree intermediate between these extremes by increasing DES concentration. In guinea pig lung, kidney, and possibly liver, elevated fetal enzyme activities decrease from neonatal to adult life. Testicular activity appears to follow the opposite trend. Uterine enzyme activity is not markedly affected by pregnancy. PMID- 7109596 TI - Stimulation in vivo of testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in immature rats by LH and hCG. AB - Testicular C19-steroid 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity rises during puberty in the rat. Hormonal mechanisms responsible for this rise are unknown. The present study is to the best of our knowledge the first to report successful stimulation of testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase in immature rats. Administration of crude and purified hCG every day for 3 or more days to immature rats in doses of 3 I.U. lead to significant stimulation of testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Purified preparations of subunits of hCG did not stimulate 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Stimulation of testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase was, however, recorded when purified subunits of hCG were allowed to recombine and then administered to the animals. Several preparations of LH failed to cause stimulation of 7 alpha hydroxylase when administered to immature rats. Treatment of immature rats with mixtures of LH and FSH, LH and prolactin or LH together with FSH and prolactin was also ineffective in this respect. Large doses of highly purified ovine-LH, rat LH and human LH were, however, able to stimulate testicular 7 alpha hydroxylase activity in immature rats. Preparations comprising hybrids of ovine LH and hCG (oLH alpha + hCG beta, hCG alpha + oLH beta) stimulated testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in immature rats. Administration of the same amounts of a hybrid preparation of human and ovine-LH (oLH alpha + hLH beta) to immature rats was ineffective in this respect. Administration of testosterone or estradiol to immature rats lead to suppression of testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. Combined treatment of such rats with hCG and testosterone or with estradiol and hCG augmented testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity to the same degree as that of animals treated with hCG only. PMID- 7109597 TI - C-19-steroid 7 alpha-hydroxylation by rat testes. Isolation and identification of: 7 alpha, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta triol. AB - From incubations of testosterone with rat testicular homogenates in the presence of a NADPH-generating system, the following 7 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites could be isolated and identified: 7 alpha, 17 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (7 alpha-hydroxy-testosterone), 7 alpha-17 beta-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (7 alpha-hydroxy-Dht), 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol (7 alpha hydroxy-3 alpha-A'DIOL) and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol (7 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-A'DIOL). To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of the formation of 5 alpha-reduced-7 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites of testosterone in the male gonad. These 5 alpha-reduced-7 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites could also be isolated after incubations of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-A'DIOL) with testicular homogenates in the presence of A NADPH-generating system. Measured as the sum of 7 alpha-hydroxy-testosterone, 7 alpha-hydroxy-Dht. 7 alpha-hydroxy-3 alpha-A'DIOL and 7 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-A'DIOL formed using testosterone as substrate, total 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was six times higher in testes of mature rats than in testes from animals 23 days old. With 3 alpha-A'DIOL as substrate total 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the mature testis was about three times greater than in the sexually immature testis. PMID- 7109598 TI - Formation of 6 beta-hydroperoxyprogesterone in rat liver microsomes. AB - To verify the concept that molecular oxygen can be enzymically introduced as such into the steroid nucleus, radioactive progesterone and also 5-pregnene-3,20-dione were incubated with microsomal preparations of rat liver. In both cases, a significant amount of radioactive 6 beta-hydroperoxyprogesterone was isolated, together with 6 beta-hydroxyprogesterone and 6-oxoprogesterone. Addition of p hydroxymercuribenzoate and mercurichloride significantly inhibited the formation of the hydroperoxide, whereas potassium cyanide and carbon monoxide were only partially inhibitory. Addition of 6 beta-hydroperoxyprogesterone to cytochrome P 450 containing fractions of hepatic microsomes induced a Type I difference spectrum characterized by an absorption maximum at 392 nm, a minimum at 420 nm, and an isosbestic point at 407 nm. At 4 degrees C, its apparent dissociation constant was found to be in the same order of magnitude as that of 6 beta hydroxyprogesterone, namely 1.33 microM. A new pathway in rat liver for the formation of both 6 beta-hydroxyprogesterone and 6-oxoprogesterone via the 6 beta hydroperoxide as a common precursor, is proposed. PMID- 7109599 TI - The production of high affinity monoclonal antibodies to progesterone. AB - Using different immunisation regimens and the antigens 6 beta-hydroxyprogesterone hemisuccinate and 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin, we have produced 35 monoclonal antibodies against progesterone with a wide range of specificities and affinities (Ka = 8 x 10(7)-3 x 10(10) M 1). The 10 antibodies raised against the 6 beta-antigen showed no advantage in terms of specificity when compared with those raised against the 11 alpha antigen. The four antibodies with the best binding characteristics were all derived from fusion experiments performed after long (5 booster injections) immunisation with the 11 alpha-antigen. Although the specificities of these monoclonal antibodies were similar to those of a high affinity rabbit antiserum raised against the same antigen, a measurable improvement in sensitivity was obtained when one of these four antibodies was used for radioimmunoassay. PMID- 7109600 TI - Effect of sodium molybdate on the binding of androgen-receptor complexes to germ cell and Sertoli cell chromatin. AB - This study explores the effect of molybdate on androgen receptors in relation to chromatin binding. Two fractions of testicular and prostatic cytosol were obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 15-37% (I) and 37-47% (II) saturation. Both fractions from either tissue exhibited specific binding of [3H] androgens which was thermolabile. With the exception of testicular fraction II, all fractions bound to Sertoli cell and germ cell chromatin. Prostatic [3H] androgen-receptor complexes isolated from cytosols in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate showed a decreased ability (only 20-40%) to bind to either Sertoli cell or germ cell chromatin. Similarly, testicular [3H]-androgen-receptor complexes isolated in the presence of molybdate bound less well (60-70%) to Sertoli cell chromatin. On the other hand, inclusion of molybdate subsequent to ammonium sulfate precipitation did not significantly alter the binding ability of the receptor complexes to either chromatin. Also, the presence of molybdate during the receptor-chromatin interaction did not significantly decrease the ability of either prostatic or testicular androgen-receptor complexes to bind to Sertoli cell chromatin. These results indicate that the addition of molybdate prior to ammonium sulfate precipitation may impede the activation of androgen receptor complexes by salt, resulting in a decreased ability of the steroid receptor complexes to bind to chromatin acceptor sites. The data also indicate that molybdate exerts its inhibitory effect directly on the nonactivated receptor complexes and not on the chromatin acceptor sites. PMID- 7109601 TI - Dependence of rate constants of the glucocorticoid hormone-receptor interaction on steroid structure. AB - Making use of the methods developed earlier [P. Aranyi and V. Quiroga, J. steroid Biochem. 13, 1167-1172 (1980)] rate constants of the steroid-glucocorticoid receptor interactions were determined for a number of non-labeled analogues. Comparison of receptors from different species (chick thymus vs rat thymus) showed very similar specificities. Association rate constants varied over almost as large a range as did dissociation rate constants. Rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions are determined by the steroid structure apparently independently of each other. PMID- 7109605 TI - Characterization of nuclear ecdysteroid receptor from crayfish integument. AB - The existence of nuclear ecdysteroid receptors in isolated nuclei from crayfish integument was demonstrated. Nuclei were prepared from crayfish hypodermis by use of a modified Chauveau-method and exposed to [3H]-ecdysteroids. The nuclear hormone receptor complex sedimented at about 5 S and the available binding sites had a high affinity to [3H]-ecdysteroids. Treatment of the nuclei with pronase and DNase completed or partially reduced nuclear bound ecdysone, whereas RNase was without any effect. Competition of nuclear bound ecdysone by various steroids confirmed ponasterone A and kaladasterone as the best competitors followed by 20 OH-ecdysone and ecdysone, whereas compounds like poststerone, "triol" or hydrocortisone did not compete. If [3H]-20-OH-ecdysone was used as the radio ligand, 20-OH-ecdysone was a better competitor than ecdysone indicating that there may be two different binding sites for ecdysone and 20-OH-ecdysone; this was further substantiated by the finding of two different number of binding sites for these steroids. PMID- 7109602 TI - Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in sexual ducts and genital tubercle of rabbit fetuses during sexual organogenesis: effects of fetal decapitation. AB - Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been measured in the plasma, sexual ducts and genital tubercle in rabbit fetuses of both sexes during sexual organogenesis. T and DHT were also measured in decapitated male fetuses. In male, T appeared successively in testes (day 19), mesonephros (day 20) and Wolffian ducts (day 22). In sexual ducts, T levels increased from 20 to 25 days, then stabilized until birth. Since DHT was measurable, in sexual ducts of males only from 24 days onwards, T itself is the active hormone on the differentiation of Wolffian ducts. In female fetuses, T and DHT were undetectable, in sexual ducts, at any gestational age. In the genital tubercle T was undetectable in both sexes. In the genital tubercle of males DHT levels increased from 19 to 25 days, then stabilized. In female fetuses, DHT was episodically measurable in the genital tubercle but at levels always lower than in males. DHT is the active hormone on the differentiation of genital tubercle. In male decapitated fetuses T and DHT levels were reduced in sexual ducts and genital tubercle but the differences were not significant. PMID- 7109603 TI - Androgen binding to subcellular particles of rat testis. AB - Androgen binding activity was evaluated in different subcellular particulate fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of 32-day-old rat seminiferous tubules homogenates. After eliminating heavy particles by centrifugation at 4300 g during 4 min in 0.25 M sucrose buffer, a 27,000 g pellet was obtained and layered on 1.05 M sucrose buffer. The relatively light particulate interface (LPF) formed during centrifugation at 27,000 g 60 min, showed the highest androgen binding activity among particulate fractions. This binding was associated with the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase and it did not follow any of six other subcellular structure markers: DNA for nuclei, succinate dehydrogenase for mitochondria, acid phosphatase for lysosomes, NADPH-cytochrome C reductase for smooth endoplasmic reticulum, RNA for rough endoplasmic reticulum and lactate dehydrogenase for cytosol. In LPF, concentrations of sites were estimated to be 328 +/- 54 fmol per mg proteins and affinity constant 0.78 +/- 0.23 10(9) M-1. Heat stability, steroid specificity, affinity constant and rate of dissociation were similar to the well known androgen binding protein, ABP. Presence of ABP or a similar protein in subcellular particles might play a role in the mechanism of action of androgens in seminiferous tubules of maturing rats. PMID- 7109604 TI - Characterisation of aldosterone metabolites cross reacting with aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone antibodies. AB - Metabolites of aldosterone were extracted from human urine collected over three days following the intravenous injection of a tracer dose of tritium labelled hormone. After enzymic hydrolysis, steroids were separated by column, paper and thin-layer chromatography and the polarities of the labelled metabolites were compared with the chromatographic properties of known aldosterone products. The pattern of metabolites changed over the three days, from that associated with typical aldosterone metabolites, to less polar metabolites. Materials in the organic extract from a pH-1 hydrolysate of pooled pregnancy urine, were located by their ability to bind with aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone antisera and exhibited similar chromatographic properties to the radioactive metabolites. Using GC-MS, the identity of this immunoactive material could not be established in extracts after purification from 200 ml pregnancy urine but some synthetic derivatives of aldosterone as candidate compounds, were excluded. PMID- 7109606 TI - Sex steroid regulation of urinary excretion of carnitine in rats. AB - The concentration of acid soluble carnitine was determined in several body tissues and fluids in rats under various conditions of sex steroid regulation. Intact female rats had significantly greater liver carnitine concentrations and urinary excretion rates, and lower blood plasma and heart carnitine concentrations than intact male rats. Ovariectomy increased blood plasma carnitine concentrations (P less than 0.01) and the excretion of carnitine in the urine (P less than 0.05). The administration of either estradiol or testosterone to ovariectomized rats did not alter blood plasma concentrations or urinary excretion of carnitine. Orchidectomized rats had similar blood plasma carnitine concentrations when compared to intact males but excreted significantly (P less than 0.01) greater quantities of carnitine in their urine. Administration of testosterone to orchidectomized rats reduced (P less than 0.01), whereas estradiol stimulated (P less than 0.05) the excretion rate of carnitine in the urine; however, blood plasma carnitine concentrations were not affected by these hormones. These data suggest that a major site for modulation of body carnitine concentration in the male resides in the control of kidney excretion by androgens. Liver, heart and skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations were not altered by the administration of either estradiol or testosterone to orchidectomized or ovariectomized rats. PMID- 7109607 TI - The metabolism of equilin in normal men. AB - Healthy adult males received either [3H]-equilin intravenously (one subject) or a larger mass of unlabelled equilin orally (three subjects). Blood samples were taken at 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min and every h thereafter until eight h after injection. Urine was collected in 24 h aliquots for five days from all subjects. The half-life of the disappearance of the unconjugated radioactivity from blood was 30 min and that in the conjugated sulfate fraction was 5 1/2 h. Approximately 50% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine over 5 days. After extraction, hydrolysis and fractionation, most (83%) of the radioactive material found in the urine was present in the glucuronide fraction while only 2 and 6% were present in the unconjugated and sulfate fractions, respectively. The three fractions were combined for further isolation and identification of the metabolites. Radiochemically pure equilin, equilenin, 17 beta-dihydro-equilin and 17 beta-dihydroequilenin were isolated and identified but the largest fraction of radioactivity (70.5%) was present in the form of metabolites which are more polar than any of the known ring B unsaturated estrogens. These appear to be polyhydroxy 17-reduced ring B unsaturated estrogens. These results indicate that the ring B unsaturated estrogen equilin is being metabolized in man in a somewhat similar manner to that of the classical estrogen estrone. Knowledge of the formation of 17 beta-dihydroequilin from equilin in man is of importance because this estrogen is approximately 8 times more potent as a uterotrophic agent than the commonly used estrogen, equilin. PMID- 7109608 TI - Properties of NADH-dependent estradiol 2-hydroxylase in rat liver. AB - The NADH-supported cytochrome P-450-dependent 2-hydroxylation of estradiol in rat liver microsomes has been investigated. Estradiol 2-hydroxylation proceeded well with NADH instead of NADPH as a cofactor. Dimethyltetrahydropterine was incapable of serving as a hydrogen donor for this biotransformation. When both NADH and NADPH were used, the 2-hydroxylation increased additively. Molecular oxygen dissolved in the incubation medium was enough for the occurrence of the NADH dependent 2-hydroxylation. The presence of carbon monooxide suppressed the formation of catechol estrogen where the CO/O2 ratio needed for 50% inhibition of the bioconversion was 7.7. The inhibitory effect was reversed completely by illumination with white light. p-Chloromercuribenzoate inhibited almost completely the 2-hydroxylase activity, and the enzyme activity was also inhibited by SKF-525A. These results strongly imply the possible involvement of a cytochrome P-450 system in the NADH-dependent 2-hydroxylation of estradiol with rat liver microsomes. PMID- 7109609 TI - Drinking practices among urban adults in Israel; a cross-cultural comparison. PMID- 7109610 TI - So-called heavy drinking occupations; two empirical tests. PMID- 7109611 TI - Physician utilization and illness patterns in families of alcoholics. PMID- 7109612 TI - Changes in ethanol consumption during pregnancy of the rat. PMID- 7109613 TI - Effects of prolonged disulfiram treatment on plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 7109614 TI - Environmental deprivation in alcoholic, medical and psychiatric patients. PMID- 7109615 TI - The use of the plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid: leucine ratio to identify alcoholics; an unsuccessful test. A comment and a response. PMID- 7109616 TI - Group psychotherapy with alcoholics; special techniques. PMID- 7109617 TI - Comments on "cognitive functioning in men social drinkers; a replication study". PMID- 7109618 TI - Washington report. PMID- 7109619 TI - Cognitive functioning in men social drinkers; a replication study. PMID- 7109620 TI - How much is too much? Measuring popular conceptions of drinking problems. PMID- 7109622 TI - Common-sense untoward factors in lung cancer resection. AB - Four common-sense untoward factors (age over 60, pneumonectomy, microresidual disease, and postoperative empyema) were retrospectively evaluated in a consecutive series of 199 surgically apparently complete non-oat cell lung cancer resections. By single-factor analysis all factors showed a lower survival that was contingent for microresidual disease and age over 60. For stage I tumors the negative impact on survival was significant for all except empyema, and for stage II and III tumors only for empyema. Without confounding factors, microresidual disease and age over 60 were negative prognostic factors only for distant mortality, empyema a negative prognostic factor only for early mortality, and pneumonectomy a probable negative prognostic factor for both early and distinct mortality. It is concluded that the scientific method used confirmed the prognostic assessment of common sense for these four factors. PMID- 7109621 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in branchiogenic cyst: branchial cleft carcinoma. AB - Squamous cell carcinoma that developed in branchial cleft cyst in a 53-year-old male is described. The tumor was focally invasive. The tumor fulfilled criteria advocated by Martin for substantiating carcinoma as primary in the branchial cleft cyst. The patient has survived for 4.5 years after radical neck dissection and radiation without manifesting primary or recurrent tumor locally or elsewhere. One of the major criteria in diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma as primary tumor in the branchiogenic cyst is to prove that it has arisen in normal epithelial lining [2, 3]. In our case there is transition of the tumor from normal squamous epithelial lining of the cyst to malignancy. PMID- 7109623 TI - In vivo holography of vocal cords. PMID- 7109626 TI - Parotid gland metastatic carcinoma of breast origin. PMID- 7109624 TI - An experimental brain tumor model in rabbits. PMID- 7109627 TI - Lymphography, a new technique of incision. PMID- 7109625 TI - In vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to partially purified human melanoma antigens. AB - Sera from patients receiving autologous cell immunization were shown to contain antibody specific for melanoma cells by immunofluorescence, microcomplement fixation, and mixed hemadsorption. These hyperimmune specific sera were used to define antigens shed into tissue culture media from human malignant melanoma cells. When supernatants from cultured melanoma cells were passed over a Sephadex G-200 column, melanoma antigens were found in Peak 2. The active fraction was further purified by carboxymethylcellulose ion exchanger and found in the 0.4 M NaCl gradient. This fraction has been tested in four immunized patients and in one nonimmunized melanoma patient. All five patients developed lymphocytic vasculitis compatible with delayed hypersensitivity reaction. These antigens should be of benefit in studying delayed hypersensitivity in melanoma patients and as potential agents for specific immunotherapy. PMID- 7109628 TI - Villous adenomatosis and carcinoma in a 66-year-old man with familial polyposis. AB - A patient evaluated and treated for carcinoma of the colon and multiple polyps and the patient's family represent a new pattern of clinical and pathologic manifestations of familial polyposis. The lack of antecedent family history of polyposis, the presence of diffuse villous degeneration, and the occurrence of cancer at age 66 years are departure from the usual character of this syndrome. Subsequent generations continued the expression of familial polyposis with prominent villous changes. New insight into a possible relationship among the various types of polyps as well as between them and cancer is suggested by this family. PMID- 7109630 TI - Hemangiopericytoma. PMID- 7109631 TI - Treatment and prognosis of thymoma: a review of 25 cases. AB - Experience of 25 patients with thymoma is reported. Based on the presence or absence of gross invasion 17 tumors were regarded as benign, 8 as malignant. All patients were operated on. Twenty-two had a complete excision, 2 a palliative excision, and 1 a biopsy only. Five patients received post-operative radiotherapy and 2 patients were given cytotoxic chemotherapy. None of the 17 patients with a benign thymoma had a recurrence or death due to thymoma during the follow-up. The five- and ten-year survival rates for malignant thymoma were 50% and 17%, respectively. Excision is the treatment of choice for all thymomas, since the prognosis for benign tumor is excellent and the malignancy can only by determined at exploration. Post-operative radiotherapy seems to be indicated in malignant thymoma. Myasthenia gravis and histologic features of thymoma have some value in predicting prognosis. PMID- 7109632 TI - Emergency pericardiotomy as primary diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in malignant pericardial tamponade: report of three cases and review of the literature. AB - Three cases are presented in which pericardial tamponade was the first indication of malignant disorder. The diagnosis and therapy of malignant cardiac tamponade was revealed by emergency pericardiotomy. In all cases the tumor was an adenomatous carcinoma and the site of primary tumor was unknown until death. The median survival time after onset of symptoms was 4 months. The primary site was the lungs in two and remained unknown autopsy in one case. PMID- 7109629 TI - The limitations of preoperative grading of rectal carcinoma. PMID- 7109633 TI - Preliminary trial of combination therapy with adriamycin and radiation in sarcomas and other malignant tumors. AB - Based on reports of synergism between adriamycin and radiation therapy in experimental systems, a trial was initiated testing this combination in 53 adult patients with various advanced malignancies, especially sarcomas. Since studies have suggested as selective sensitization of hypoxic cells when this drug is given prior to radiation, an injection of low-dose adriamycin was given 90 min before radiation. This treatment was repeated every 7 days. The combination was most effective in the 30 patients with soft-tissue sarcomas, with 62% of these patients having partial or complete responses. Responses were less good in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma or with other tumors. The toxicity of the combined treatment was moderate. Further trials of this combination are warranted. PMID- 7109634 TI - Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage: a case report. PMID- 7109636 TI - Relative accuracy of diagnostic method in bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - The definitive diagnosis confirming lung cancer by microscopic examination is indicated before the therapy whenever possible and particularly prior to undertaking thoracotomy in situations when tissue diagnosis is not achieved. In such situations the thoracotomy becomes diagnostic with the therapeutic procedure. In clinically suspected cancer of the lung, histological confirmation is usually available at times, and cytology confirmation must suffice. At Tata Memorial Hospital for cancer and allied diseases in Bombay, India, we analyzed retrospectively 298 cases, which were submitted for different diagnostic procedures in suspected lung cancer. The yield of positive tissue diagnosis of malignancy obtained by each method is described and discussed. We observed that transthoracic needle biopsy gives significant information on inflammatory diseases of the lung. The sputum examination makes the simplest revelation of malignant cells, to an extent of 53% at our institution for three successive samples. PMID- 7109637 TI - A critical review of immunotherapy of disseminated renal adenocarcinoma. AB - Sixty patients with renal adenocarcinoma have been treated with five different immunotherapy trials consisting of 1) Transfer Factor (TF), 2) TF and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 3) TF, BCG, Chloroethyl-cyclohexy-nitrosurea (CCNU) and megestrol acetate (Megase), 4) BCG, CCNU, and Megase, or 5) BCG. Using strict response criteria for measurable disease, objective responses were seen in 14-22% of cases. While this nonspecific immunotherapy of renal adenocarcinoma has been associated with documented regression of metastases, response rates are similar to that obtained with hormonal therapy alone. Objective responses support the concept of further trials in this disease with more sophisticated immunotherapy. PMID- 7109635 TI - Estrogen receptor status in inflammatory breast carcinoma. AB - Sixteen women with a clinical diagnosis of inflammatory breast carcinoma had estrogen receptor analysis performed. Eleven of 16 were premenopausal. Median age of all patients was 46 years. All patients had estrogen receptor (ER) assay by either dextran charcoal method or by sucrose gradient method. Five patients were ER + ( greater than or equal to 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein) and 11 were ER -, with almost no binding at all. Response to therapy for metastatic disease using either hormones or chemotherapy was disappointing. PMID- 7109638 TI - Venous thrombosis and carcinoma of the lung: case report and literature review. PMID- 7109640 TI - Localized large cell lymphoma cured by simple excision. AB - Diffuse large cell lymphoma is frequently localized at the time of presentation, but the aggressive natural history of the disease in most patients has suggested that extensive and intensive radiation and/or chemotherapy is necessary to control this disease. We describe a patient who has remained free of disease for 20 years after simple excision of a diffuse large cell lymphoma localized to the right cervical region. Review of the biopsy material showed characteristic histological features suggestive of an orderly growth pattern of tumor cells as well as sclerosis. The clinical course of this patient after minimal therapy emphasizes the possibility of long survival with localized large cell lymphoma and suggests that the characteristic morphologic features observed in this case should be sought in other cases, since it may imply a favourable prognosis. PMID- 7109641 TI - Effects of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate on serum and tissue ribonuclease levels in prostatic carcinoma. AB - Thirty-six patients with prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were studied. Transurethral resection (TUR) was performed in all, and serum and tissue ribonuclease (RNase) levels were determined with the spectrophotometric method using yeast RNA as the substrate. In patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma, statistically significant increased RNase levels were found in serum and tissue. Treatment with diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DESDP) led to a decrease in RNase levels. In the same patients RNase serum levels after DESDP treatments also showed a parallel decrease with serum prostatic acid phosphatase (sPAP) levels. We have concluded that the serum RNase measurement may be useful for TNM classification and immunostaging. PMID- 7109639 TI - Growth of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma observed by serial esophagographies. AB - Early superficial-type squamous cell esophageal carcinoma is seldom detected by esophagography. Review of the records at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital revealed seven cases in which serial esophagograms were available to observe the growth pattern and speed of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma from its early superficial to advanced invasive stages. The esophageal carcinomas were found to grow very rapidly longitudinally as well as horizontally compared to gastric carcinomas. The longitudinal growth of the lesion appears to be constant and can be expressed as a linear function of time. Importance of early detection should be stressed in order to improve the poor cure rate of this fast-growing tumor. PMID- 7109644 TI - Mouse gallbladder emptying by egg yolk: a possible new rapid method for antispasmodic activity evaluation in vivo. AB - Gallbladder emptying was induced in female albino mice by single oral administrations of 30% lyophylized egg yolk suspension. Mice were killed 15 min later, their gallbladders removed and then weighed. Gallbladder emptying was assessed by comparing weights from control and egg yolk administered mice. The ability of the antispasmodic drugs atropine, N-butylscopolamine, papaverine, trimebutine, dicyclomine, and rociverine to delay gallbladder emptying was determined by administering them either intraperitoneally or orally 7.5 or 15 min prior to egg yolk. PMID- 7109642 TI - The importance of treatment sequence in advanced and metastatic carcinoma of the breast. AB - From 1965 to the present, 287 patients with advanced and metastatic carcinoma of the breast have been treated according to a uniform philosophy of sequential therapy. Surgical castration was the initial procedure for premenopausal women and for postmenopausal women with clinical or laboratory evidence of endocrine responsive tumors. Tumor progression following castration was treated with major endocrine ablation, either adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. Patients who relapsed following major ablation were treated with antiestrogen therapy as it became available. Nonresponders to major ablation and patients relapsing after antiestrogen therapy were treated with combination chemotherapy including cytoxan, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine followed by adriamycin alone or in combination. Progression following chemotherapy was treated with additive hormonal therapy. Radiation therapy was used throughout for the control of localized disease, usually following complete hormonal ablation, except in cases of brain and spinal metastatic disease. The median survival for the entire group was 40.5 months from the onset of metastatic disease. Patients who responded to both oophorectomy and major ablation had a median survival of 61 months, which compares favorably to survival of 14 to 22 months reported in major combination chemotherapy trials. Survival following this method of sequential therapy is superior to other plans of management. PMID- 7109643 TI - An improvement to the use of sulfur dioxide to induce cough in experimental animals. AB - In this study a new method has been developed to administer sulfur dioxide to experimental animals in order to induce cough for testing antitussives. Sulfur dioxide was packed into aerosol cans equipped with a 75 microliter dosage nozzle. Sulfur dioxide was diluted with the fluorocarbon mixture and the content varied from 15-19% w/w. The dose of the sulfur dioxide aerosol used was 75-225 microliter. Guinea pigs breathed sulfur dioxide for 20 sec from a special muzzle connected to the aerosol can. The frequency of coughing was counted for 10 min after the sulfur dioxide challenge. The test procedure utilized an initial dose of sulfur dioxide as a basic stimulus in order to make the animals sensitive to sulfur dioxide. There were quite large differencies in cough caused by the baseline irritation by sulfur dioxide, but 1 hr after the baseline irritation, a further sulfur dioxide challenge evoked a reliable and reproducible incidence of cough. PMID- 7109645 TI - A simple cutter for fresh tissue to facilitate the investigation of intramyocardial blood flow with tracer microspheres in cats and rabbits. AB - Tracer microspheres (TM) allow the measurement of regional tissue blood flow. For this purpose the tissue must be cut into the regions selected for measurements. We describe a simple tissue cutter, that greatly facilitates accurate and reproducible cutting of fresh tissue. We have demonstrated its usefulness for obtaining measurements of myocardial blood flow in different layers of the left ventricular free wall of hearts of anesthetized cats and conscious rabbits. Since complete trapping of the TM is essential for blood flow measurements by this method, we investigated the minimal TM size needed by comparing results obtained with different size microspheres. 25 and 15 micrometer TM were trapped equally well by all layers of the left ventricle, but TM smaller than 15 micrometers were not trapped completely. From the size distribution of the 7-10 micrometer TM, we estimated that the functional diameter of the largest capillaries was somewhat smaller (about 7.6 micrometer) in the subepicardial (epi) than in the subendocardial (endo) layer (7.9 micrometer) in both species. When measured with 15 micrometer TM, intramyocardial distribution of blood flow was comparable to that reported for dogs and sheep. In open chest cats, the endo/epi ratio was 1.25 and 1.28, and in conscious rabbits it was 1.35. We conclude that TM with diameters between 10 and 15 micrometers are suitable for measuring intramyocardial blood flow in cats' and rabbits' hearts, and that unlike in dogs and sheep, 7-10 micrometer TM cannot be used. PMID- 7109646 TI - Radioimmunoassay techniques for the determination of the local release of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. AB - Radioimmunoassay techniques are described that enable the quantification of the local release of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha, TxB2 (the metabolite of thromboxane A2), and 6-keto PGF1 alpha (a metabolite of prostacyclin) from various organs in vivo. Plasma samples were acidified and the prostanoids extracted with ethyl acetate, prior to assay. The mean recovery of tritiated internal standards was 60% for 6-keto PGF1 alpha and 84% for the other prostanoids. Sample extracts were redissolved in phosphate-buffered saline and the appropriate tritiated antigen and specific antibody were added. After overnight incubation the antibody-bound and free prostanoid were separated using dextran-coated charcoal. The intraassay variation and the interassay variation were similar for all prostanoids; the mean values being 8.5% and 13.2%, respectively. There were variations in the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for each prostanoid. Using 250 microliter plasma samples the detection limit for PGE2 was 75 pg/ml, PGF2 alpha 50 pg/ml, TxB2 25 pg/ml, and 6-keto PGF1 alpha 125 pg/ml. These assays have been used to determine prostanoid concentrations in rats, cats, dogs, and humans. PMID- 7109647 TI - Development of dispositional tolerance to phencyclidine by osmotic minipump in the mouse. AB - Development of tolerance to phencyclidine (PCP) was assessed in male ICR mice, using motor incoordination as a parameter. The implantation of a PCP (1-3 mg/day/mouse for 1-5 days)-containing osmotic minipump, induced tolerance, as evidenced by a gradual reduction of the duration of motor incoordination. The degree of tolerance exhibited dose and time dependency. Even after the removal of the PCP pump (1 mg/day/mouse for 5 days), the tolerance remained to the same degree for at least 4 days. The hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase activities were found to be elevated in tolerant mice (2 mg/day/mouse for 5 days). The half-life of PCP in the brains of tolerant mice was likewise decreased. These data indicate a dispositional tolerance for PCP. It appears that the administration of PCP by the osmotic minipump offers a convenient method for inducing PCP tolerance. PMID- 7109648 TI - A model for nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribonucleoprotein particles. PMID- 7109649 TI - Intracellular magnesium crystallized in the arteries and myocardium: new chemical physical hypothesis. PMID- 7109650 TI - A kinetic interpretation of "variable" stoichiometry for an electrogenic sodium pump obeying chemiosmotic principles. PMID- 7109651 TI - Temporally coherent organization and instabilities in squid giant axons. PMID- 7109652 TI - Possible sources of new information in the magnetocardiogram. PMID- 7109653 TI - Pattern regulation in tergite of Drosophila: a model. PMID- 7109655 TI - Prebiotic evolution: conformational perspectives. PMID- 7109656 TI - How can we effectively handle the large information content and complexity of Biology? PMID- 7109657 TI - The other side of molecular biology. PMID- 7109654 TI - Application of non-linear regression to the analysis of histidine transport by S37 ascites tumour cells. PMID- 7109659 TI - How can we infer geography and history from gene frequencies? PMID- 7109658 TI - TIMA part 1. TIMA as a paradigm for the evolution of molecular complementarities and macromolecules. PMID- 7109660 TI - On the mechanical reduction of functional morphology. PMID- 7109661 TI - Preliminary studies on the chemical properties of the toxic principle from Diamphidia nigroornata larvae, a source of Bushman arrow poison. AB - The Bushmen of southern Africa use the expressed contents of beetle larvae (Diamphidia, Lebistina and Polyclada species) as arrow poison. an aqueous extract of Diamphidia nigroornata larvae was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 50. Two fractions were obtained: one (I) of high molecular weight which contains a protein of 60 000 daltons, and a low molecular weight fraction (II) of non protein nature. Both fractions proved to be lethal to mice: an LD50 of 0.5 - 0.95 (I) and 3.2 - 3.5 (II) mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection), respectively, was determined. The toxic principle of fraction I could be partly separated from the protein by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gel filtration. That of fraction II was further resolved into several subfractions by gel filtration of Sephadex G-10; however, the lethal activity was completely lost during purification. In thin-layer chromatography the low molecular weight toxin(s) did not react with reagents for steroids, alkaloids, sugars or terpenes, but showed a positive ninhydrin reaction. It is concluded that the toxic principle of the Bushman arrow poison is a highly labile, low molecular weight compound which is closely attached or bound to a protein protecting it from inactivation. PMID- 7109662 TI - Natural substances in currently available Chinese herbal and patent medicines. PMID- 7109663 TI - Herbal curing by Qollahuaya andeans. AB - This research report concerns herbal curing among the Qollahuaya (Callawaya) Andeans of Bolivia, who follow a tradition of more than 1000 years of medicinal expertise and who are the most renowned herbalists in South America. Qollahuaya herbalists live in Ayllus Chajaya and Curva. Natives of Chajaya and Curva complain that the number of herbalists have declined in recent years, but after analysis of occupational surveys in these communities, it was found that both areas had a considerable number of herbalists (Curva 37, Chajaya 28) with the same proportion (27%) of herbalists to non-herbalists. Although Chajaya and Curva adjusted differently to certain pressures against the herbal profession since 1930, they maintained the same percentage. This indicates a functional relationship between herbalists and nonherbalists. The decline in the number of herbalists reflects a decline in the rural populace of the Qollahuaya area. In this paper, the author discusses herbalists in Curva and in Chajaya. His primary concern is how each group of herbalists have adapted to certain pressures within the last 30 years: restrictions on travel, synthetic drugs, out-migration and oppression. PMID- 7109664 TI - Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. I. Plants of the families Acanthaceae-Cucurbitaceae. AB - Sixty-two plants are listed, which are used by traditional healers in the northeastern part of Tanzania. For each species are given: the botanical name with synonyms, vernacular name, collection number, locality, habitus, approximate distribution, and medical use. Results of a literature survey are also reported, including medical use, isolated constituents and pharmacological effects. PMID- 7109665 TI - Plants of Haiti used as antifertility agents. AB - Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. Our purpose was to list the plants held to be antifertility agents in the island. We identified about twenty species more or less currently used by the women as abortifacients or emmenagogues. The chemistry and active components of a few species are well-known. However, for most of them, some were partially studied, and no relation could be established between their chemical composition and their potential activities, and the rest are chemically unknown. We chemically screened extracts of Casearia ilicifolia, Eleutherine bulbosa, Rhoeo spathacea and Stemodia durantifolia, and identified flavonoids, triterpenes and sterols in the leaves of C. ilicifolia, and naphthoquinones, and a new anthraquinone, anthracene-9,10-dione-1,5-diol-4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, in the bulbs of E, bulbosa. R. spathacea showed a stimulative activity on mouse uterus. Antifertility screening tests of C. ilicifolia and E. bulbosa showed activity in rats, but also probably toxicity. PMID- 7109666 TI - Repertory of drugs and medicinal plants of Yemen. AB - The traditional uses of plants for medicine were studied in the Yemen Arab Republic. To date, 130 medicinal plants have been identified and are presented in a table with the vernacular name, the geographical and ecological distribution, the medicinal use in Yemen and the pharmacological properties. Such a study of traditional medicine demonstrates the close relation between the medicinal plants and pathology. PMID- 7109667 TI - Limitation of myocardial infarct size after surgical reperfusion for acute coronary occlusion. AB - We investigated the effect of different forms of myocardial protection on infarct size and on the necrotic myocardial process after reperfusion for acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in dogs. Three control groups were formed: a 1 hour, 2 hour, and 6 hour locally ischemic control. Three experimental groups were locally ischemic for 1 hour and then reperfused after an additional hour of local ischemia on cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart protected by intermittent ischemia, cold potassium cardioplegia, or blood cardioplegia. To delineate the area at risk, the LAD was temporarily occluded 30 seconds before the 6 hour sacrifice time, and monastral blue dye was injected through a polyvinyl catheter placed in the left atrial appendage. The LAD area at risk (AR) was not stained. After 6 hours the heart was excised and treated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to define the area of myocardial necrosis (AN). The AN/AR ratio was determined for each animal by planimetry. Mean values were then computed in each of the six groups and evaluated by the Student's t test for paired data. The 1 hour control group had an AN/AR ratio of 64% +/- 5%; the 2 hour control group, 80% +/- 6%; and the 6 hour control group, 92% +/- 1%. The intermittent ischemia group had an AN/AR ratio of 83% +/- 2%; the crystalloid cardioplegic group (2 hours of ischemia) had a ratio of 69% +/- 4%, similar to the 1 hour control but significantly smaller than the 2 hour control (p less than 0.05); and the blood cardioplegia group had an AN/AR ratio of 48% +/- 8%, significantly better than any other group. These data demonstrate that myocardial necrosis after coronary occlusion is a time-related phenomenon and will increase to encompass a large fraction of the area at risk unless there is physical or pharmacologic modification during reperfusion, such as crystalloid or blood cardioplegia. PMID- 7109668 TI - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in experimental canine lung cancer. PMID- 7109670 TI - Effects of perfusion pressure on myocardial performance, metabolism, wall thickness, and compliance: comparison of the beating and fibrillating heart. AB - The effects of brief periods of graded reductions in perfusion pressure on normally beating and fibrillating hearts were examined. Mechanical and metabolic parameters were studied in the isolated, isovolumic (balloon in left ventricle), blood-perfused dog heart preparation. Experiments were carried out at perfusion pressures of 100, 75, 50, and 25 mm Hg, and comparisons of performance were made at the same ventricular volumes in the beating and fibrillating heart. A fall in perfusion pressure significantly decreased systolic performance in the beating heart. Diastolic pressure-volume relations were not altered by changes in perfusion pressure in the beating heart, but the fibrillating heart became significantly more compliant as perfusion pressure declined. Coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were consistently higher during fibrillation than during sinus rhythm, and both parameters declined significantly at decreasing perfusion pressures. The fibrillating heart produced lactate at a perfusion pressure below 65 mm Hg, while the beating heart produced lactate at a perfusion pressure below 35 mm Hg. These studies demonstrate that brief periods of relatively modest decreases in perfusion pressure during ventricular fibrillation alter myocardial energy demand-supply relationships to result in ischemia of the fibrillating heart. PMID- 7109669 TI - Prognostic significance of the development of left bundle conduction defects following aortic valve replacement. AB - The association of intraventricular conduction defects and aortic valvular disease is widely recognized. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects on survival of left bundle conduction defects (LBCDs) as a consequence of aortic valve replacement. A total of 133 patients were followed between 1 and 70 months after operation, with a mean follow-up of 32.1 months. The incidence of intraoperative LBCDs was 31.6% or 42 patients. There were 13 deaths in the group of 42 patients with LBCDs compared to eight deaths in the group of 91 patients without such abnormalities (p less than 0.01). Sudden death occurred in five of 42 patients with postoperative LBCDs and two of 91 patients with normal intraventricular conduction (p less than 0.025). The survival rate in these patients with significant aortic stenosis and normal intraventricular conduction was 89.9%, whereas if LBCD had occurred after operation, the survival rate was 65.7% (p less than 0.005). If the LBCD was accompanied by a left axis deviation, the survival rate was 21.7%. Sudden death may be due either to a tachyarrhythmia or perhaps to progression from LBCD to complete heart block or trifascicular block. It is important that this group of patients be monitored closely after operation. There may be an indication to insert prophylactic permanent pacemakers in this group. PMID- 7109671 TI - Inaccuracy of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure when compared to left atrial pressure in the early postsurgical period. AB - Simultaneous measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and left atrial pressure (LAP) were obtained before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and for a period of 16 hours postoperatively in 20 consecutive patients undergoing electric cardiac operations. In contrast to several previous reports that PCWP accurately reflects left-sided hemodynamics, we found that the PCWP significantly exceeded the LAP in the early postbypass period and was most significantly in error at 4, 8, and 12 hours after operation (p less than .02) (95% confidence limit). The magnitude of this discrepancy differed in individual patients; however, it was consistent for each patient for the time period studied and independent of the procedure performed. The disparity between PCWP and LAP may be due to an increase in lung interstitial water as a result of hemodilution, or it may be related to the differing effects of afterload reducing agents on the pulmonary versus the systemic circulation. We conclude from these data that LAP more accurately reflects left ventricular filling and performance in the early postoperative period and should be used instead of PCWP to monitor the hemodynamics of postsurgical patients. PMID- 7109672 TI - Mechanical circulatory support via the left ventricular vent: the concept of left ventricular copulsation. AB - Left ventricular copulsation was evaluated as a means of circulatory support in an experimental canine cardiogenic shock preparation. Copulsation was effected by a commercially available pulsatile assist device which was attached to an apical left ventricular vent cannula. The hemodynamic effects were compared with those of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) in the same animals. Copulsation produced a 35.6% increase in mean aortic blood pressure, a 32.3% reduction in mean left atrial pressure, a 66.7% increase in cardiac output, and a 76.2% increase in coronary blood flow. The improvement in these variables was significantly greater during left ventricular copulsation than during IABP (p less than 0.05). The method is simple, uses equipment that is readily available, and is potentially a powerful intermediate circulatory support modality between IABP and more complex techniques. PMID- 7109674 TI - Porcine heterograft valve replacement in children. AB - From 1973 to 1980, 49 patients under 18 years of age survived cardiac valve replacement with Hancock porcine heterografts. Complete follow-up has been obtained on 44 patients (90%) in whom 46 valves were placed. There were 30 boys and 14 girls with an age range of 2 to 18 years (mean 10.0 years). Severe prosthetic valvular dysfunction requiring valve replacement occurred in eight valves in seven patients at 15 to 60 months postoperatively (mean 34.1 months), yielding a calculated replacement rate of 7.1% per patient-year. All eight valves demonstrated severe calcification with stenosis, two valves had significant insufficiency secondary to leaflet disruption, and one valve had a large leaflet perforation. Thirty-one patients with valves in place at 7 to 90 months (mean 38.4 months) are alive, but six have clinical evidence of progressive valvular dysfunction. The mean age at the time of the original Hancock valve placement of the group of patients having undergone replacement of a failed prosthesis together with those with clinical evidence of prosthetic dysfunction was 8.0 years, which is significantly less than that of the remaining group of patients with normally functioning valves (mean 11.2 years, p = 0.043). Actuarial curves demonstrate a predicted replacement-free rate of 87.4% +/- 5.9% at 3 years. 82.3% +/- 7.5% at 4 years, and 58.5% +/- 15.7% at 5 years. On the basis of these data and other reports of early failure in the literature, we have discontinued the routine use of Hancock porcine heterografts for cardiac valve replacement in children in favor of mechanical prostheses. PMID- 7109673 TI - Repair of complete common atrioventricular canal in infancy. AB - Forty-three infants with common atrioventricular canal (CAVC) underwent repair before 24 months of age at Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, between Jan. 1, 1975, and June 30, 1980. From 1975 to 1977, the operative mortality was 62% (8/13); the late mortality was 7% (1/13). From 1978 to 1980, the operative mortality was 17% (5/30) and the late mortality, was 6% (2/30). Seventeen (63%) unselected patients of the 27 long-term survivors have undergone cardiac catheterization 10 to 19 months following the operation. Five (29%) had mitral regurgitation of either moderate (four) or severe (one) degree. One had a significant residual shunt. The pulmonary/systemic resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) remained the same or decreased after repair except in the patient with severe mitral regurgitation. Anatomic features which determine outcome of reparative procedures are (1) deficiency of atrioventricular valve tissue, (2) the presence of ventricular hypoplasia, (3) malalignment of the common atrioventricular valve (CAVV) with respect to the ventricles, (4) the presence of double-orifice mitral valve, (5) the presence of solitary left ventricular papillary muscle group, and, in our experience, (6) the presence of additional muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Four of these six anatomic variables can now be evaluated preoperatively by axial angiography and subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography. However, the architecture of the CAVV is extremely variable, so that the development of a "uniform approach" to valve reconstruction is impossible; mitral dysfunction is likely to remain the major cause of operative mortality and long-term morbidity. PMID- 7109675 TI - Management of the calcified aorta during myocardial revascularization. PMID- 7109676 TI - Consideration of ten-year survivors following pulmonary resection for metastases. PMID- 7109677 TI - Short-term human health effects of ambient air in a pollutant source area. PMID- 7109678 TI - The role of the renal lymphatics in fluoride handling. AB - The role of the renal lymphatics in the handling of fluoride ion by the canine kidney was studied during IV sodium fluoride infusion. It was found that renal lymph and renal venous plasma have similar fluoride concentrations and that there was less fluoride in lymph than in arterial plasma. Fluoride did not alter renal lymphatic flow rate over a wide range of plasma fluoride concentrations. PMID- 7109679 TI - Splenic lymphangioma: luminal surface ultrastructure; a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - A splenic lymphangioma removed from the abdominal cavity during an exploratory laparotomy in a 16 year old girl was studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tumor was composed of numerous vascular channels some of which were filled with clotted lymph. SEM revealed these channels to be lined with an uniform endothelial lining composed of two morphologic cell types: one with a smooth surface; the other with numerous microvilli. The literature on the SEM of lymphatic vessels and lymphangiomas is reviewed and compared to the splenic lymphangioma. PMID- 7109681 TI - "Die-back" in primary lymphedema -- lymphographic and clinical correlations. AB - Both obliteration and dilatation of distal lymphatics are seen in primary lymphedema but it is only in secondary lymphedema that the lymphographic progression of the disease has been documented. In this retrospective study the same progression was found in 13 out of 20 patients had initial evidence of proximal lymphatic obstruction. In ten patients the lymphangiographic changes were associated with a clinical deterioration of the leg. These findings suggest some urgency in diagnosing those patients that may benefit from a lymph bypass procedure. PMID- 7109680 TI - Lymphatic microangiopathy: a complication of severe chronic venous incompetence (CVI). AB - The lymphatic capillary network was visualized by fluorescence microlymphography (subepidermal injection of 0.01 ml of FITC-dextran 150000 under a fluorescence microscope) in the medial ankle region of 21 patients with chronic venous incompetence (CVI) and of 15 healthy controls. In severe CVI leading to trophical changes of the skin lymphatic microangiopathy was detected. Obliterations of parts of the superficial capillary network, phenomena of cutaneous reflux and increased permeability of capillary fragments occurred. These findings contrast to primary lymphedema where the rete remains intact in most cases. PMID- 7109682 TI - Endoscopic management of lung cancer with hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy. AB - This paper demonstrates the potential use of hematoporphyrin derivative in the phototherapy of bronchogenic cancer. We report on 10 patients (a total of 11 carcinomas) with cancer involving the tracheobronchial tree who completed one course of this new treatment administered via the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Four superficial carcinomas showed a complete response; five larger carcinomas showed a partial response, Two patients, each with a large cancer extending beyond the bronchial wall, died within 11 days after treatment. PMID- 7109683 TI - Detection and localization of In situ carcinoma of the bladder with hematoporphyrin derivative. AB - The extent and localization of in situ carcinoma of the urinary bladder are frequently difficult to assess. We have studied this problem by employing intravenous hematoporphyrin derivative, an endoscopic detection device, and complete pathologic bladder mapping. These preliminary investigations indicate that hematoporphyrin derivative localizes in dysplastic and neoplastic transitional cell epithelium and that these abnormal areas can be detected during a cytoscopic examination with the use of our detection device. PMID- 7109685 TI - Isolated renal artery dissection, presentation, evaluation, management, and pathology. AB - Isolated nontraumatic renal artery dissection is rare. In this communication, 35 cases are presented; 24 cases (group 1) (22 male, 2 female) were diagnosed angiographically, and 11 (group 2) (10 male, 1 female) were observed at autopsy. In group 1, 23 of the patients were hypertensive when they were first seen, and in 17 of them the hypertension was of recent onset. Additional presenting signs and symptoms included flank pain (10 patients), gross hematuria (5), and headaches (6). Renal function was satisfactory. Renal vein renin levels could be lateralized in 8 of 16 patients. Isotope renograms performed in 18 patients, showed unilateral abnormalities in 7, bilateral abnormalities in 6, and normal results in 5. Angiograms showed that the dissection was unilateral in 18 cases and bilateral in 6 cases. Fibromuscular dysplasia was observed radiographically in 22 cases and was bilateral in 12. In group 1, 13 patients were treated with antihypertensive medication only, and 11 underwent operation. At follow-up (mean 52.0 months), the mean blood pressure were 128/88 mm Hg and 139/89 mm Hg for the medical and surgical groups, respectively. Eleven medical and nine surgical patients continued to require antihypertensive drugs at follow-up. Among the 11 patients in group 2, only 4 were hypertensive. In only one case the dissection may have contributed significantly to the patient's death. These studies indicate that isolated nontraumatic renal artery dissection most commonly occurs in young men with coexistent fibromuscular dysplasia. Hypertension is commonly present and therapy should be directed toward its control. In this study, blood pressure control was effectively accomplished with medical therapy. PMID- 7109684 TI - The spectrum of inappropriate pituitary thyrotropin secretion associated with hyperthyroidism. AB - Two patients with overproduction of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are described. The first patient, a 25-year-old man with recurrent hyperthyroidism, had a pituitary adenoma and highly elevated levels of TSH. While the patient was receiving 0.3 mg of thyroid daily, and basal TSH level was 161 microM/ml. Despite an increase in the thyroid hormone therapy, serum TSH levels remained elevated. The administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or dexamethasone resulted in no changes in TSH level. The second patient was an 18-year-old man who had inappropriately elevated levels of TSH 3 months after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. A gradual increase in thyroid hormone replacement therapy decreased the serum TSH levels from 250 to 14.8 microM/ml. The administration of TRH led to huge increases of TSH. Dexamethasone inhibited basal TSH but not TRH stimulated TSH levels. The overproduction of TSH was attributed to autonomous, neoplastic secretion in the first case and to partial, selective pituitary thyrotroph resistance to thyroid hormone in the second. PMID- 7109686 TI - Toxic shock syndrome. A fatal case with autopsy findings. AB - Although the clinical and laboratory features of the toxic shock syndrome have recently been further defined, the pathologic lesions attending this disorder are as yet primarily unstudied. We present the autopsy findings in a fatal case of toxic shock syndrome, which occurred in a 17-year-old girl. These observations are used as a focus for the discussion of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms operative in this disease and are contrasted with autopsy findings in several other pathologic entities that are often confused with toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 7109688 TI - Hereditary angioneurotic edema. PMID- 7109689 TI - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and acute renal failure. PMID- 7109690 TI - Addiction and Maryland's medical families. PMID- 7109687 TI - Parathyroid hormone assay. PMID- 7109691 TI - Histopathologic study of traumatic corneal endothelial rings. PMID- 7109692 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis III: laboratory manifestations. PMID- 7109693 TI - Baltimore city primary care study: the role of the office-based physician. PMID- 7109694 TI - A case report of lepromatous leprosy. PMID- 7109695 TI - Insidious development of neurogenic pulmonary edema in a child. PMID- 7109696 TI - Aminocaproic acid (EACA) therapy for neonatal post-renal biopsy bleeding with renal failure. PMID- 7109697 TI - NIH statement: computed tomographic scanning of the brain. PMID- 7109698 TI - Orbital infection by Dirofilaria. PMID- 7109699 TI - SUPERSTUFF--the asthma self-help program. PMID- 7109700 TI - One minute with diabetes. PMID- 7109701 TI - Optimum conditions for growth and longevity of chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. AB - Chick embryo fibroblasts are often used as a model of cellular ageing in vitro. It seems important to culture these cells in optimum conditions which may not be the same as those for mammalian cells. An incubation temperature of 40 degrees C and the use of chicken serum were found to be optimum for growth and longevity of chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. PMID- 7109702 TI - Effect of age on the intrinsic regulation of murine hemopoiesis. AB - As a part of studies conducted to determine the cause(s) of the decline in hemoglobin and peripheral blood lymphocytes observed in old mice, young mice were lethally irradiated and protected with bone marrow cells from young and old donors. Four months later the recipients of marrow from old mice had depressed hemoglobin and absolute lymphocyte levels in 4 of 6 and 5 of 6 experiments, respectively. Six months after lethally irradiated 20-month-old hosts were given marrow from young or 20-month-old donors, the recipients of old marrow had decreased lymphocyte counts but their hemoglobin levels were not different from those observed in mice given marrow from young donors. These results suggest that peripheral blood lymphocytes counts and to a lesser degree hemoglobin levels are at least partially controlled by mechanisms intrinsic to the marrow itself. PMID- 7109703 TI - Human lymphocytes resistant to 6-thioguanine increase with age. AB - Using an autoradiographic technique we determined the number of circulating lymphocytes that were resistant to 6-thioguanine and which were presumably mutants at the hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus. The number in normal individuals was found to increase exponentially with age. The data suggest a relationship between mutagenesis and ageing, perhaps by way of a decline with age in the fidelity of DNA replication or repair. PMID- 7109704 TI - In vitro characterization of response to stimulus (wounding) with regard to ageing in human skin fibroblasts. AB - Confluent cultured normal human skin fibroblasts from neonatal, adult and aged donors have been stimulated to respond to wounding of the cell sheet. The latent period prior to initial migration of cells from the leading edge of the monolayer is correlated with in vitro population doubling level and in vivo donor age. Time lapse photography of areas along the edge of the cell sheet reveals a specific pattern of migration by which the cells reestablish a confluent monolayer. PMID- 7109705 TI - Aging of the erythrocyte. XII. Protein composition of the membrane. AB - The composition of membrane proteins was compared in erythrocyte fractions of different mean age by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. An increase in the content of high-molecular-weight protein aggregates with cell aging was confirmed, and enhanced binding of some hemolysate proteins to the membranes in older cells was found. PMID- 7109706 TI - Effect of senescence on Ca2+-ion transport by heart mitochondria. AB - Both the rate of uptake of Ca2+ into isolated rat heart mitochondria and the rate of release of Ca2+ by a separate, Na+-dependent, pathway were shown to be diminished in senescence (24-month relative to 6-month animal). These processes were studied at lower concentrations of Ca2+ and loads of Ca2+ per mg of mitochondrial protein than those generally employed, and it is argued that these are more appropriate physiologically. In addition, Ca2+ release was characterized in terms of the sum of the added Ca2+ and the endogenous Ca2+ of the mitochondrial preparation; the endogenous Ca2+ content was found to be unchanged with age. The decrements in rates of transport are not caused by altered rates of substrate oxidation and are inferred to reflect decreased carrier-protein content or activity. The buffering of extramitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration by heart mitochondria was studied and found to be less than complete at mitochondrial Ca2+ loads inferred to be physiological. No change was shown in senescence, in keeping with the essentially equal age-linked decrements in the activity of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release. PMID- 7109707 TI - Acquired immunological tolerance in aged mice. I. The dose-response relationship. AB - Immunoresponsiveness declines with advancing age. In addition, there is an increase in specific and nonspecific suppressor cell activity. In view of these observations it might be predicted that aged mice would be easier to render immunologically tolerant. However, we show here that aged C57B1/6 mice are markedly more resistant to tolerance induction so that 100 times more tolerogen is required to induce unresponsiveness in 24-month-old than in 2-month-old animals. With age the variability between individuals for spleen size and sensitivity to antigen and tolerogen increases in C57B1/6 and Balb/c mice. On the other hand, the duration of tolerance is very little affected by age. The relationships between tolerance, aging and autoimmunity are discussed. PMID- 7109708 TI - Transcription in aging: the response of rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases to cycloheximide in vivo. AB - Experiments were performed to address the known relationship between diet and longevity. The acute response of rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases to inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide (10 mg/kg) was quantitated in rats of varying ages. Thirty minutes after cycloheximide administration, there was a "compensatory" 1.5--2-fold increase in RNA polymerase II activity at all ages. Nucleolar RNA polymerase I activity was significantly diminished only up to 4 months, indicating a loss in tight control coupling of protein synthesis to rRNA synthesis with age. PMID- 7109709 TI - Increased disulfide-mediated condensation of the nuclear DNA-protein complex in lymphocytes during postnatal development and aging. PMID- 7109710 TI - Autoantibodies and immunoglobulin allotypes in healthy North American Blacks of different age groups. AB - A population of 291 healthy North American Black subjects of different ages was studied for immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypes and the prevalence of autoantibodies, to determine possible associations between Ig allotypes and age, autoantibodies and age, and Ig allotypes and autoantibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect anti-gastric parietal cell, anti-smooth muscle, anti-thyroid microsomal, anti-nuclear, and anti-mitochondrial antibodies. The sera were typed for the Ig allotypes Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, and 21) and Km(1) with a hemagglutination-inhibition assay. A significant association between advanced age and an increased prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies was observed in females. There was no significant association between Ig allotypes and the autoantibodies tested. The results suggest that Ig allotypes are not involved in the development of autoantibodies in healthy Blacks. PMID- 7109711 TI - The quantitation of liver cytochrome P450-LM2 mRNA in rabbits of different ages and after phenobarbital treatment. AB - Using very young (neonate or 0 day), 50-, 100-, 300- and 830-day-old rabbits we have studied changes in liver drug-metabolizing activities. Total liver microsomal cytochrome P450 content, benzphetamine N-demethylase and 7 ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities all decline with increasing age. When the rabbits of different age groups were pretreated with phenobarbital, liver microsomal enzyme activities increased in each group as compared with its control, but the total induced activities still decreased with increasing age. Using a specific assay for translatable cytochrome P450-LM2 mRNA, we show that the age-dependent decrease in control and phenobarbital-induced enzyme activities is due to a decrease in the levels of translatable mRNA specific for cytochrome P450-LM2. This is the first report on an age-dependent decrease in the level of a specific translatable mRNA. We do not know whether this decrease is due to decreased mRNA synthesis, or increased mRNA degradation. PMID- 7109712 TI - DNA repair in a congeneic pair of mice with different longevities. AB - The rate of ultraviolet light (UV)-induced DNA excision repair was determined in embryonic cells derived from a congeneic pair of short-lived (C57BL/10.F) and long-lived (C57BL/10) mice. Excision repair was measured by both bromodeoxyuridine photolysis and arabinofuranosyl cytosine inhibition. No difference in rate of repair was observed between the two cell lines. PMID- 7109713 TI - Reaction of malonaldehyde with mitochondrial membranes. AB - Malonaldehyde formed by lipid oxidation is regarded as a main crosslinker in the formation of natural age pigment. To elucidate the mechanism of pigment formation the reaction of malonaldehyde with biomembranes using fluorescence spectroscopy has been studied. Rat liver mitochondrial ghosts or bovine serum albumin were reacted with malonaldehyde. In both cases two main fluorescence changes were observed: protein fluorescence decreased to 50% of its initial value in about two hours; aminoiminopropene fluorescence reached a maximum at a much slower rate. The kinetics support a two-step reaction hypothesis. First, malonaldehyde reacts with protein quenching its fluorescence. Next fluorescent interprotein aminoiminopropene (AIP) crosslinks are formed. The fluorescence lifetime value of the induced AIP fluorophore was shown to be similar to the lifetime of naturally occurring age pigment previously reported for mitochondrial ghosts prepared from aged animals (5.4 ns +/- 0.3 and 5.9 ns +/- 0.6, respectively). PMID- 7109714 TI - Age-related decrease in the activity of UDP-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase in rat costal cartilage. AB - The activity of UDP-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.26) in costal cartilage of young rats (3 months) and old rats (36 months) was measured. The enzyme activity in cartilage of young rats (mean +/- S.D.) is 3370 +/- 1440 Bq h-1 mg-1 DNA, which is about three times higher than that determined in cartilage of old rats (1090 +/- 520 Bq h-1 mg-1 protein). The amount of galactosamine-containing proteoglycosaminoglycans that are extractable with 4 M guanidinium chloride from cartilage is significantly higher in young rats (29.1 +/- 4.8 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight) than in old animals (5.8 +/- 3.0 nmol GalN per mg cartilage wet weight). Thus, if xylosyltransferase activity is referred to the amount of galactosamine-containing proteoglycans in cartilage, nearly identical values are obtained (young rats, 80 +/- 30 Bq h-1 mumol-1 GalN; old rats, 85 +/- 35 Bq h-1 mumol-1 GalN). The results support the assumption that the synthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate is diminished in costal cartilage of old rats by a mechanism involving a reduced activity of xylosyltransferase. PMID- 7109715 TI - Effect of age on sensitivity of human lymphocytes to radiation. A brief note. AB - Survival of human lymphocytes after X-ray and ultraviolet irradiation was studied in individuals of various ages using a technique of cloning in soft agar. There was no effect of age on survival after ultraviolet irradiation but lymphocytes from elderly individuals were approximately twice as sensitive to X-radiation as lymphocytes from young individuals. The results are relevant to the possible importance of DNA damage and repair in cellular ageing. PMID- 7109716 TI - Effect of LDL from smokers and non-smokers on cell mass, proliferation, and collagen secretion by rabbit smooth muscle cells and human skin fibroblasts in culture. AB - The effects of low density lipoproteins (LDL) from non-smokers and heavy smokers on rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells and human skin fibroblasts in culture were studied. The addition of LDL in increasing concentrations resulted in a decrease in cell mass. When data correction for cell loss was made, collagen secretion and cell proliferation were found to have been increased by LDL. The two different cell types used did not differ in their response to LDL. The effect of LDL from smokers and non-smokers was the same. Thus there was no indication of growth stimulation by factors carried by LDL from smokers, i.e. lipid-soluble hydro carbons--mutagens. PMID- 7109717 TI - The effect of chronic ethanol administration on lipids and fatty acids in subcellular fractions of rat brain. AB - In this study we have investigated the proportion of lipids and of fatty acids in brain membranes and blood serum from rats which received ethanol over a long period. Nine Sprague-Dawley rats were given ethanol in their drinking water for five months. Nine age-matched rats given pure water served as controls. Subcellular fractions (myelin, synaptosomes and mitochondria) were prepared in a discontinuous gradient of sucrose from each of the 18 rats. Blood serum was collected at decapitation. The fractions were assayed for their concentrations of protein, cholesterol, phospholipids and for the proportions of fatty acids in individual phosphoglycerides. No significant differences in the concentration of the major lipids were obtained between the ethanol-exposed rats and the control rats. In the synaptosomal fraction from ethanol-exposed rats, the proportion of oleic acid in phosphatidylcholine was increased and that of arachidonic acid in phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. These two fatty acids were also changed in the blood serum and there was a significant correlation between the changes in the brain and blood serum. The results suggest that during ethanol exposure there is an increased disposition toward modification of synaptosomal membranes by changes in the blood plasma fatty acid pattern. PMID- 7109718 TI - Intraocular fibre growth of grafted locus coeruleus neurons: sensory denervation counteracts alterations induced by thyroid hormone deficiency. AB - Immature central noradrenaline neurons from the nucleus locus coeruleus were grafted to surgically thyroidectomized adult rats. As previously reported, fibre production from locus coeruleus in the host iris is hampered by thyroid hormone deficiency. We wanted to investigate if sensory denervation of the target iris tissue, a procedure known to enhance fibre production from locus coeruleus neurons, would interact with and possibly reverse the morphological signs of thyroid hormone deficiency. We found that a sensory denervation of the host iris reversed all morphological signs of the endocrine manipulation. Thus the number of axons found in bundles increased 30-fold and the density of accumulations intermingled with the fluorescent nerve plexus fell by half. Furthermore, the distribution of fibres in the host iris changed, spreading to more than double the surface area of the control thyroidectomized group. In all these respects the fibre growth of locus coeruleus in the sensorily denervated group mimicked what has been reported before in similarly denervated animals with intact endocrine status. These results show that the hampered nerve fibre growth induced by a thyroid hormone deficiency can be counteracted by a specific sensory denervation of the target tissue restituting the endocrine imbalance. PMID- 7109719 TI - Recycle of dialysate from the artificial kidney by electrochemical degradation of waste metabolites: continuous reactor investigations. PMID- 7109720 TI - Sources of common computer-cardiologist discord in e.c.g. interpretations in an ambulatory population. PMID- 7109721 TI - Alveolar-capillary diffusion and ventilation-perfusion inhomogeneity: a mathematical model. PMID- 7109722 TI - Surface mapping of thoracic impedance cardiograms. PMID- 7109724 TI - Methods of filtering the heart-beat artefact from the breathing waveform of infants obtained by impedance pneumography. PMID- 7109723 TI - Algorithms for the detection of breaths from respiratory waveform recordings of infants. PMID- 7109725 TI - Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum electrode polarisation. Part 1: frequency dependence at very low frequencies. PMID- 7109726 TI - New oscillometric method for indirect measurement of systolic and mean arterial pressure in the human finger. Part 1: model experiment. PMID- 7109727 TI - New oscillometric method for indirect measurement of systolic and mean arterial pressure in the human finger. Part 2: correlation study. PMID- 7109728 TI - Myoelectric signal as a quantitative measure of muscle mechanical output. PMID- 7109729 TI - Online identifying and quantifying Doppler ultrasound waveforms. PMID- 7109730 TI - Impulse propagation through junctions. PMID- 7109731 TI - Use of principal component factor analysis in the detection of carotid artery disease from Doppler ultrasound. PMID- 7109732 TI - Improvement in Doppler ultrasound human foetal heart rate records by signal correlation. PMID- 7109733 TI - Electrode adsorption method for determination of enzymatic activity. PMID- 7109734 TI - Foetal scalp mass spectrometer blood-gas transducer. PMID- 7109735 TI - On the use of monocrystalline antimony pH electrodes in gastro-oesophageal functional disorders. PMID- 7109736 TI - Oesophageal probe for heart and temperature monitoring during anaesthesia. PMID- 7109737 TI - Application of air-borne ultrasound to biomedical measurements. PMID- 7109738 TI - Outcome-based doctor-patient interaction anaylsis: I. Comparison of techniques. AB - Interactional analysis (IA) systems have been devised and applied to doctor patient dialogues to describe encounters and to relate process to outcomes. Prior work in this area has been typified by the use of a single taxonomy for classifying verbal behaviors and limited outcomes (compliance and/or satisfaction). We applied three different IA systems (Bales, Roter's modified Bales with affective ratings, and Stiles' "Verbal Response Modes") to 101 new patient visits to a general medical clinic for which multiple outcomes had been determined: several measures of patient knowledge of problems at conclusion of visit; patient compliance with drugs (over the ensuing three months); and patient satisfaction with the visit (perceived technical, interpersonal and communication quality). Within IA systems, cross tabulations and multiple regressions were performed to relate encounter events to outcomes. Across IA systems, multiple regression R2 and R2 adjusted (R2a) for the number of independent variables entering were used to characterize strength of relationships. Roter's IA system showed stronger relationships to outcomes of knowledge (41% R2, 27% R2a) and compliance (44% R2, 28% R2a) than did Bales' or Stiles' systems. R2 for patient satisfaction was identical for Bales and Roter (35%), and greater than R2 for Stiles (14%). We conclude that choice of IA system for research or teaching purposes should be based on behaviors and outcomes of particular interest and importance to the user. Based on audioreview of tapes, Roter's approach is less time-consuming and may perform as well as more complex systems requiring transcript analysis. PMID- 7109739 TI - Outcome-based doctor-patient interaction analysis: II. Identifying effective provider and patient behavior. AB - Three interactional analysis (IA) systems (Bales', Roters modified Bales and Stiles' "Verbal response modes") were used to characterize behavioral elements of provider-patient dialogues of 101 new-patient visits in a general medical clinic. In a previous article, the explanatory power of these IA systems was compared. In this article, specific provider and patient behaviors within segments of the encounter (introduction-history, physical examination and conclusion), which were shown to be related to encounter outcomes of knowledge, compliance and satisfaction, were examined. Review of interactional behaviors entering regression analysis with a significant F-to-enter (p less than or equal to 0.05) and supplementary contextual analyses suggested the importance of several categories of physician and patient behavior. Behaviors manifesting tension bear important and complex relationships to encounter outcomes. For example, patient and physician expressions of tension generally bear strong negative relationships to patient satisfaction, while patient expressions interpreted as tension release are positively related to both satisfaction and compliance. The timing of other behaviors appears to be critical to subsequent outcomes. If patient requests for medication occur early in the encounter, this behavior is positively related to subsequent patient satisfaction. However, if they occur in the concluding segment, a negative relationship results. Finally, several relationships taken together indicate that physician teaching in the concluding segment may be important. While useful observations may emerge from application of currently available IA techniques, the resulting information is best characterized as hypothesis-generating. These IA systems have many limitations, and research is needed to derived more clinically oriented systems that may permit more consistent demonstrations of critical process-outcome relationships. PMID- 7109740 TI - Psychosocial factors affecting adherence to medical regiments in a group of hemodialysis patients. AB - The present research was designed to identify psychosocial correlates of adherence among patients receiving hemodialysis at two outpatient clinics. The 116 participants were interviewed concerning their knowledge of treatment, health beliefs, treatment history, social support, personal characteristics, and adherence to the medication, diet and fluid-intake aspects of the regimen. In addition, medical record data were obtained on serum phosphorus and serum potassium levels, and on between-dialysis weight gains. The magnitude of relationships between predictors and adherence measures varied, depending on the method used to measure adherence. For the self-report measures, beliefs concerning the efficacy of the behavior and barriers to the behavior, along with reported family problems, proved to be consistent predictors. Other beliefs and characteristics did not contribute significantly. For the medical chart information, however, the predictive factors were less consistent. In general, situational factors seem to be the major contributors to patient adherence, and adherence itself is seen as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. PMID- 7109741 TI - Knowledge, attitude, and compliance dimensions of antibiotic therapy with PPIs: A community pharmacy-based study. AB - This pilot project was conducted to measure the effectiveness of patient package inserts (PPIs) when controlled interventions by pharmacists are increased. The PPIs were designed to be easily understood by patients and included information on possible side effects, interactions, compliance and instructions on how to take the medication. PPIs for penicillin and ampicillin were evaluated. Data analysis yielded the following results for respondents receiving PPIs as compared with those who did not: satisfaction with the amount of drug information received; increase in knowledge concerning the drug's proper use; higher rates of compliance; high rating given to the "helpfullness" of the PPI information; interest in receiving PPIs routinely, particularly with new prescriptions. The PPIs developed for this study were found to be valuable tools to respondents for understanding how to take their medications, both in terms of knowledge and behavior. Verbal reinforcement of the PPI by the pharmacist was also found to be helpful. PMID- 7109742 TI - A survey of patients' receipt of prescription drug information. AB - A nationwide telephone survey of 1,223 individuals investigated the nature and source of information provided to patients regarding prescription drugs. About half of the respondents said that they had received information from their doctor about the purpose and directions for use for their most recent prescription. Only a few people (11 per cent) said that they had been informed about the drug's side effects and 19 per cent said that they had been told nothing by their doctor. Most (72 per cent) related that nothing had been said to them at the pharmacy. Written information (stickers on the medicine container, leaflets or brochures) were said to be infrequently provided at the pharmacy. About 12 per cent of the respondents said they had expected they might get a drug side effect, but only 9 per cent said that they had experienced one. The most frequently cited action in response to side effects was to consult the physician (40 per cent); however, a sizeable percentage of people stopped the medicine completely or temporarily (36 per cent) or kept on taking the drug as prescribed (32 per cent). PMID- 7109743 TI - Satisfaction with ambulatory care and compliance in older patients. AB - Predictors of satisfaction with ambulatory care and compliance in 267 older and 581 younger patients were determined. Each patient rated a 45-item satisfaction with-care-scale. Race, SES, marital status, distance from clinic, severity of illness (as measured by physician ratings, self-health assessment, number of medications, number of diagnoses, and number of clinic visits and hospitalizations in the prior year), and physician expectations of improvement were entered as predictors into stepwise multiple regression analyses for the elderly and the young. Predictors of better satisfaction in the young were less severe conditions, being nearer to the clinic and having fewer prior clinic visits over the year. In the elderly, having fewer visits to the clinic, more expectation of improvement by the physician and less severe conditions were associated with better satisfaction. Severity and clinic visits were predictors in each age group. The young, however, were also influenced by distance from the clinic. The elderly were influenced separately by the physician's prognosis. Thus, when the more impaired elderly are seen frequently without expecting a benefit, their satisfaction with care is poor. Further, satisfaction with care was correlated significantly with compliance in the elderly but not in the young. Findings suggest that improving satisfaction with care might also improve rates of compliance with the medical regimen in older patients. PMID- 7109744 TI - Participants in noncompliance research: compliant or noncompliant? AB - Patients have the option to participate in many investigations of non-compliance for medical recommendations. The question can therefore be raised about whether a tendency to volunteer for medical research is consistent with a tendency to comply with other medical treatment requests. In short, are volunteers or participants generally compliant relative to nonparticipants? This study examined past compliance for recommended follow-up appointments in patients who were requested to participate in a blood pressure assessment program and in a subsequent study on compliance for hypertensive regimens. Hospital records of the patients were reviewed for the two-year period that preceded the request to participate. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in past compliance for participants and nonparticipants. The results of this study suggest that investigations of noncompliance have used samples that are select for compliant behavior. The implications of this study on compliance research are discussed. PMID- 7109745 TI - Health diaries: strategies for compliance and relation to other measures. AB - This article described experience with the use of health diaries in a two-year prospective study of the influence of the psychosocial environment on the health status of 500 subjects in the Hamilton area. Three strategies were used to maintain compliance: 1) random sampling of three days within each two-week interval; 2) a lottery ticket incentive; and 3) telephone follow-up. The results of an initial telephone and lottery ticket study demonstrated a significant effect on compliance. The data from the two-year study were analyzed to characterize health change based on diary reports over successive six-month intervals and to determine the relationship of reported health to medical utilization data. The results indicated that subjects reported symptoms on about one third of the days surveyed but took no action on about one third of these symptom days. Only one quarter of the symptom days resulted in a change in usual activity, and fewer than one tenth of the symptom days resulted in time off from work or physician visits. The diary variable showed a low, positive correlation with health utilization. PMID- 7109746 TI - Patient characteristics that influence physician behavior. AB - We examined whether four patient characteristics (age, ethnicity, sex and appearance) influenced five physician behaviors with the patient (interviewing, nonverbal attention, courtesy, information giving and empathy). Ten physician patient interactions were observed through a one-way mirror for each of 15 physicians. Physicians were rated higher on information giving (p = 0.002) and empathic skills (p = 0.02) when they were with female patients; on interviewing (p = 0.02) and empathy (p = 0.0007) with Anglo-American compared with Spanish American patients; on interviewing (p = 0.01), nonverbal attention (p = 0.001) and courtesy (p = 0.02) when with the best groomed patients; and on courtesy (p = 0.03) with elderly patients. In addition, there were fewer physician-initiated interruptions with female patients (p = 0.03) and with well-groomed patients (p = 0.02). Each of the four patient characteristics studied acted independently in influencing physician behavior. The recognition that patient characteristics influence physician behavior should stimulate physicians to examine their reactions in order to insure that all types of patients receive thorough, courteous and empathic care. PMID- 7109747 TI - Do postcard reminders improve influenza compliance? A prospective trial of different postcard "cues". AB - A randomized trial of various postcard reminder "cues" was performed to improve understanding of health-related behavior and to find better strategies for improving influenza vaccination compliance. Data were gathered on 283 high-risk patients (92 per cent response rate) who received: 1) a "neutral" cue simply announcing the availability of vaccine; 2) a "Health-Belief-Model" card written to take advantage of the association between certain health beliefs and vaccination behavior; 3) a "personal" card signed by the patient's physician; or 4) no postcard. The highest rate of vaccination occurred among recipients of the Health-Belief-Model postcard (51.5 per cent vs. 20.2 per cent for control, p less than 0.001). Linear logistic regression analysis found that age, prior vaccination history and experimental group had a significant effect on likelihood of being vaccinated. After adjusting for age and prior vaccination experience, the vaccination rate was found to be significantly higher for persons receiving the Health-Belief-Model postcard compared with persons receiving no postcard or a neutral postcard. We conclude that reminder postcards emphasizing elements of the health belief model may help increase vaccination rates. PMID- 7109748 TI - Validation of a patient satisfaction scale: theory, methods and practice. AB - This communication discusses more than a decade of developments in the measurements of attitudes toward physicians and medical care. Particular emphasis is given to a scale first reported in 1970 and to a 1981 publication attempting to validate this scale. The analytic strategies proposed as validation techniques are reviewed with respect to their technical properties, underlying assumptions and interpretability. Constraints on each of these features are noted. The most restrictive feature of these analyses is the presumption that validity can be achieved only through a unidimensional framework. Attitudes toward medical care are based on a diversity of substantive issues, and they are influenced by individual experiences and psychological characteristics as well as the circumstances surrounding scale administration. We propose that validation of patient attitude scales be based on a more generous conceptualization of their content and some consideration of their purpose and uses. PMID- 7109749 TI - An examination of the factors that influence patient referral decisions. AB - The results of a study to identify the factors that two types of referring physicians, general/family practitioners and general surgeons, consider when deciding whether or not to refer the patient, and where to refer the patient are presented and discussed. The factors for each type of decision were identified initially through interviews with physicians in active practice in Wisconsin and rank ordered according to their relative importance in making the referral decisions. These factors were then used in two alternative normative decision making models to predict physician referral behavior. Factors related to the kind and quality of medical care the patient would receive appear to be most important in the decisions, with a high level of agreement between and among general/family practitioners and general surgeons as to the relative importance of the factors. Although the normative decision-making models correctly predicted a relatively high percentage of the referral decisions, not all of the factors were found to be important in explaining the behavior of physicians, and were not always consistent with the factors that were reported to be important. PMID- 7109750 TI - Use of illness-related ambulatory physician services in Finland. AB - The total utilization rate of ambulatory illness-related physician services in Finland is higher in big urban health center areas than in rural areas. When only the health center physician utilization rates were studied the finding was opposite. A notable finding related to the impact of the national health planning were the surprisingly equal average utilization rates of public sector health services (health center physician and general hospital outpatient services combined) in both areas. In fact, use of cheaper public services was greater in rural than in urban areas. The difference in total use rates was almost entirely due to the larger use of more expensive private physician services in urban areas. At present, there is a great pressure for increasing the supply of health center services in urban areas to the same level as in rural districts. One of the fundamental questions seems to be the pricing of the two service sectors- public and private. PMID- 7109751 TI - Visits to physicians by Asian/Pacific Americans. AB - The purpose of this paper is to disseminate some of the findings from the 1979 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) where, for the first time in its history, data are available on the characteristics of visits to office-based physicians by Asian/Pacific Americans. The NAMCS Program is the only source for such data which is based on a national probability sample survey of physician patient encounters. Among the findings are: 1) no significant difference was observed between Asian/Pacific Islanders and the white majority with regard to the patient's sex, return-visit ratio, or the kinds of diagnostic and therapeutic services rendered by the sampled physicians. 2) Children appear to be the major utilizers of ambulatory medical care among Asian/Pacific Americans. 3) In every age group, the visit rate to office-based physicians is lower for Asian/Pacific Americans when compared with white Americans. 4) A significantly smaller percentage of Asians or Pacific Islanders, in contrast to other specified race/ethnic groups, had visited a physician for injury or poisoning, and a substantial proportion of their visits were apparently made for preventive care. 5) Significantly fewer visits were made by Asian/Pacific Americans to the office of a surgeon or a psychiatrist. The demographic antecedents and cultural underpinnings of these findings are discussed. PMID- 7109752 TI - Drug product selection in Illinois: the first year's experience. AB - This paper reports an evaluation of Illinois' drug product selection (DPS) law. The results show that while consumers saved an average of $1.47 whenever DPS occurred in the study period, the prescription format mandated in the Illinois law appears to be a hindrance to unambiguous communication from prescribers. In addition, because of the positive formulary approach adopted by Illinois, the potential for DPS behavior was limited to only 20.8 per cent of the prescriptions audited in the study and ultimately, DPS occurred in 12.6 per cent of this sample. It also is reported that DPS was more likely to occur in urban community pharmacies and that consumers saved more money when DPS occurred in this environment, but prices for prescriptions dispensed as written were also higher in this environment. Finally, it was found that prescription prices were affected by the type of pharmacy patronized, but were not affected by the urban or rural location of pharmacy. PMID- 7109753 TI - Evaluation of a sequence of diagnostic tests using the workup of ureteral stone as a model. AB - Additional tests are not always beneficial and can increase costs significantly while increasing the group of patients with an equivocal diagnosis. In general, diagnostic testing should cease for a group of patients when the tests that have been performed result in a sufficiently high level of diagnostic certainty and also result in the largest group of true positive or true negative diagnoses. Evaluation of diagnostic tests must include consideration of the results of sequences of tests, equivocal results of tests, and the effect of added costs on both advantageous sequences of tests and total expenditures. Evaluation of the diagnostic tests performed for ureteral stone in the emergency ward demonstrates that a significant group of patients, on whom an intravenous urogram could be avoided can be selected. As an alternative to the IVU in this selected group, hydration and diuresis could be considered. The IVU could be reserved for those patients who did not experience classic relief of pain and passage of stone. PMID- 7109754 TI - Podiatric Surgery: the need for a second opinion. AB - A second-opinion podiatry program, designed to contain costs and enhance the quality of care, was established in the greater New York City area by the Building Service Employees' Health Fund. All nonemergency foot surgery recommended by a podiatrist that cost over $100 was included in this program. Of the 363 individuals who had a second opinion, 82 per cent were confirmed for surgery; however, the confirmation rate among those seeing a podiatrist serving as consultant was 94.3 per cent, while the confirmation rate of those seeing an orthopedists serving as consultant was 49.5 per cent. For every condition, the podiatrists overwhelmingly confirmed the need for surgery. Conversely, the orthopedists were more conservative in their recommendations regarding surgery. The program's cost was $311,813. If a second opinion consultation wasn't required for removal of corns or ingrown toenails, the total would be much less. It seems sensible (economically and medically) to encourage or require a consultation with an orthopedist for conditions such as bunions, hammertoes and heel spurs, and not to require a second opinion consultation for superficial podiatric conditions such as corns and ingrown toenails, which are treated predominantly by the podiatrist. PMID- 7109755 TI - Utilization of an automated multiphasic health testing system for performing prehospitalization examinations. AB - Various impacts of performing prehospitalization examinations (of elective surgical patients) by utilizing automated multiphasic screening technology were evaluated. Compared to the conventional way of conducting such examinations (in the concerned health care organization) the automated system was found to be more efficient (results were available earlier, in a more complete and convenient format), saved considerable time to patients and resulted in a shorter average hospital (postoperative) stay, suggesting that the automated technology is also cost effective. Postoperative stay was reduced by 20 per cent (1.8 days) in the group of patients who undertook the automated multiphasic testing, as compared to a similar group of patients who performed the required tests in the conventional way. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed. PMID- 7109756 TI - [Acute stress ulcers of the colon. 3 cases]. PMID- 7109757 TI - [Importance of cytologic and bacteriologic examination of ascitic fluid from cirrhotic patients in the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis. Apropos of 610 samples from 156 patients]. PMID- 7109758 TI - [Volvulus of the cecum revealing intestinal ganglioneuromatosis. Review of the literature and development of the concept]. PMID- 7109759 TI - [Gastric leiomyomas. Apropos of a case diagnosed and treated with endoscopic polypectomy]. PMID- 7109760 TI - [Caroli's disease localized in the left lobe. Apropos of a new case]. PMID- 7109761 TI - [Spontaneous peritonitis in peritoneal carcinosis]. PMID- 7109762 TI - [Acute intra-thoracic gastric volvulus]. PMID- 7109763 TI - [Diarrhea. Physiopathological and mode of action of antidiarrheals]. PMID- 7109764 TI - [Acute phase reactants activity and carcinoembryonic antigen in inflammatory intestinal disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109765 TI - [Combined adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil therapy in the treatment of advanced cancer of the bladder (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109766 TI - [Protein loss during maintenance peritoneal dialysis (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109767 TI - [A study of 1548 family medicine cupboards in Granada, Spain (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109769 TI - [Malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with pulmonary carcinoma. A review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109768 TI - [Theophylline serum levels and theophylline clearance in asthmatic patients (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109770 TI - [Bismuth myoclonic encephalopathy. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109771 TI - [Atherosclerotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta infected by Salmonella. Report of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109772 TI - [Acute hemolytic anemia and liver insufficiency as the 1st manifestation of Wilson's disease]. PMID- 7109773 TI - [Inferior pseudoinfarct caused by transitory posterior hemiblock]. PMID- 7109774 TI - [Convulsive crises caused by the massive ingestion of isoniazid]. PMID- 7109775 TI - Computerized health information systems in the 1980s. PMID- 7109776 TI - The role of medical informatics in establishing an integrated and intelligent medical information system. PMID- 7109778 TI - A centralized biomedical research data-processing unit and the stages of its development. PMID- 7109777 TI - Long-term trend of haemoglobin decrease in stomach cancer. PMID- 7109779 TI - Hypertension management: the role of the computer in improving patient compliance. PMID- 7109780 TI - The challenge of medical informatics: delusions or new perspectives. PMID- 7109781 TI - A computerized case record system at a coronary care unit. PMID- 7109782 TI - A statistical system on a desk-top computer for evaluation of methods and clinical research. PMID- 7109783 TI - Theoretical approaches to drug design and biological activity: critical comments to the use of mathematical methods applied to univariate and multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). PMID- 7109784 TI - [Early results of valgus osteotomy in treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur (author's transl)]. AB - Unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in aged patients primarily require a full weight-bearing stabilization because of the high vital risk due to immobilization. Valgus osteosynthesis with 160 degrees angled plate fixation and more or less medial displacement of the shaft fragment has produced good clinical results. The very low lethality of only 10% in our patients with an average age of 78.6 years suggests valgus osteosynthesis in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures to be the method of choice in age patients. PMID- 7109785 TI - [Late results of transduodenal sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty based on 18 years of experience (with special respect to the analysis of unsatisfactory results) (author's transl)]. AB - In the course of 18 years the authors performed transduodenal sphincterotomy on 289 and sphincteroplasty on 87 patients. The operations were connected, in 295 cases with primary in 81 cases with repeated biliary surgery. Twenty of the patients (5.3%) died during the immediate postoperative period. However, on the grounds of autopsy data the death of only 10 patients (2.6%) can be attributed to the surgery of the sphincter. Out of the 356 surviving patients 270 were available for a follow-up study and were examined 1-11 years after the operation. Late results of the operation were found excellent or good in 89.6% of the patients. To clear up the unsatisfactory results clinical, laboratory, radiological, and endoscopic examinations were carried out. The unsatisfactory results can be explained by biliopancreatic (6.6%), organic extrabiliary (0.7%) and non-organic (1.5%) reasons. The authors emphasize the significance of endoscopic examinations following the surgery of the sphincter in the elucidation of the causes of unsatisfactory results. PMID- 7109786 TI - [Use of the TDMAC heparin shunt for operations on the descending thoracic aorta (author's transl)]. AB - This report summarizes our experience with the TDMAC heparin shunt for aortic bypass in descending thoracic aortic surgery. Between 1977 and 1981 twenty-four operations were performed with this shunt (19 men, 4 women, mean age 42 age). Indications for surgery were acute traumatic aortic rupture (6 patients), chronic aortic rupture (6 patients), acute aortic dissection (1 patient), chronic aortic dissection (4 patients), atherosclerotic aneurysms (3 patients), aortic aneurysms combined with PDA (1 patient), aortic aneurysm secondary to coarctation repair (1 patient), and infection of a vascular prosthesis (1 patient). Four patients died (hospital mortality 16.7%). One patient suffered perioperative paraplegia. In this patient the small size (7 mm) shunt hat been used. Therefore we suggest the large bore (9 mm) shunt be applied whenever possible, since even this larger size device displays a significant pressure gradient. When insertion of the shunt into the left subclavian artery is difficult, the ascending aorta or the apex of the left ventricle may be cannulated instead. In our cases we did not encounter any complications arising from shunt cannulation. The advantages of the TDMAC heparin shunt focus on the reduction of bleeding complications more common under systemic heparinization, and on less pronounced hemodynamic and metabolic sequelae following aortic clamping and declamping. With this shunt nearly all possible ischemic organ damage can be avoided. PMID- 7109787 TI - [Surgical therapy of enterovaginal fistulae following gynecologic primary procedures (author's transl)]. AB - This is a report on 14 enterovaginal fistulae following gynecologic operations. The fistulae were caused by a hysterectomy in 8 cases. There were 3 other enterovaginal fistulae following exploratory laparotomy for ovarian tumors, which proved to be pseudotumors caused by diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. Rare causes for fistulae were cesarian section, episiotomy, and incision of an abscess of Bartholins' gland. The time interval between operation and manifestation of the fistula was usually about 10 days. The operative management required a two-or three-step procedure. Only 2 of 14 patients were treated by a colostomy, and a bowel resection was performed in 4 cases. After dissection of the fistula either peritoneum or omentum was interposed in 8 patients. No recurrences were observed. PMID- 7109788 TI - [Analysis of therapeutic failures of three surgical concepts for treatment of duodenal ulcer-results of a prospective consecutive study (author's transl)]. AB - In a prospective study 3 surgical concepts were used to treat patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. In concept I 64 patients were treated with "individual ulcer surgery", i.e. depending on the general condition of the patient, the local intraoperative situation and preoperative acid output, either selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, with antrectomy (B-I) or B-II gastrectomy were used. In concept II 62 patients were treated with selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty. In concept II 110 patients with highly selective vagotomy and treated without drainage. The conditions were diagnosed and the patients were treated in a standardized manner. Follow-up rates were 90% and above and the results were analyzed according to Troidl's definition of operative failures after 1-year follow-up. Lethality was 0% in all concepts (I-III). Recurrent ulcer: I=0%, II=3%, III=4.5%. Complaints with Visick-classifications III and IV: I=14%, II=12.8%, III=45%. Changing symptoms: I=0%, II=0%, III=1%. No acid reduction: I=0%, II=4.9%, III=l6,4%. The lowest recurrence rate and best acid reduction was concept I, the best overall clinical outcome concept III. Highly selective vagotomy without drainage is preferred as the least major and most careful procedure at the moment. PMID- 7109789 TI - [Esophageal carcinoma: a one-time procedure with stomach transposition as a therapeutic concept (author's transl)]. AB - From December 1979 until October 1981 29 patients with malignant esophageal stenosis were treated in surgical department I of the University of Vienna. The tumor was located in 3 patients in the upper third of the esophagus in 17 cases in the middle, and in 9 in the lower third. The tumor stage permitted curative treatment (exstirpation of the esophagus) in 25 cases; in the remaining 4 patients bypass procedures were performed (retrosternal, antethoracic). In 6 cases the esophagus was excluded by blunt dissection without thoracotomy. For esophageal replacement the stomach was used in all cases in isoperistaltic fashion with cervical anastomosis. Of 13 cervical anastomotic leaks 11 healed spontaneously within 2 weeks. Five patients died, 3 of them because of respiratory failure. Using the stomach for replacement is a safe method with excellent functional results. PMID- 7109790 TI - Ischemic stricture of the intrathoracic roux loop used for esophagoplasty. AB - Three cases of stenosis of a Roux loop are presented, following the replacement of the lower third of the esophagus resected for cancer. In each case fibrotic stenosis developed 6 weeks after reconstruction, which was attributed to ischemia: in one case it was due to reduced blood flow during digitalization and in the other two cases to the vascular compression of the supplying vessels because of unsatisfactory dilatation of the hiatus. PMID- 7109791 TI - [Carcinoma of the gallbladder unexpectedly diagnosed after cholecystectomy for lithiasis (author's transl)]. AB - Patients with clinically apparent carcinoma of the gallbladder seldom survive 5 years. This is only seen in about 20% of the patients whose gallbladder carcinoma is unexpectedly first discovered by the pathologist after a routine cholecystectomy for lithiasis. The prognosis of this seldom seen early stage of carcinoma of the gallbladder, which is applicable to only 10-23% of all gallbladder carcinomas, is strongly dependent on the penetration of the tumor in the wall of the gallbladder. Of the patients with a carcinoma infiltrating only the mucosa of the gallbladder, 60% can be cured for 5 years by a simple cholecystectomy, whereas for more advanced cancers this procedure seem to be inadequate. In these stages a relaparotomy should be considered with an addition wedge resection of the liver and a regional lymphadenectomy. PMID- 7109792 TI - [Animal experiments to assess the risk of cancer in the stomach after vagotomy (author's transl)]. AB - To assess the possible risk of cancer in the operated stomach, the influence of truncal vagotomy combined with different operative drainage procedures (pyloroplasty, gastro-enterostomy without entero-anastomosis, Roux-en-Y gastro enterostomy) was studied in animal experiments. The aim of the study was to determine whether, compared to controls an earlier and higher incidence of precancerous epithelial lesions or cancers in the stomach occurs in vagotomized animals after oral administration of carcinogens (MNNG). To consider conditions, that may predispose to in vivo formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, bacterial flora and intragastric nitrite concentration were measured and compared in the various operative groups. The severity of induced epithelial lesions and the quantity of bacterial growth and nitrite concentration in the gastric juice were influenced, apart from the reduction of acid output after vagotomy, mainly by prolonged gastric stasis or the degree of enterogastric reflux. The results suggest that there is probably no increased risk of cancer following vagotomy, if sufficient gastric clearance is guaranteed and enterogastric reflux is largely excluded. PMID- 7109793 TI - [Results of conservatively treated upper arm fractures in adults (author's transl)]. AB - Between 1975 and 1979 93 upper arm fractures were treated: 79 by hanging cast, 14 by surgery. The indications for operation were second or third degree compound fractures, vessel or nerve lesions, serial fractures in both arms and for easier nursing of the aged and polytraumatised. Out of 79 conservatively treated patients 12 required secondary surgery after 8 weeks due to prolonged fracture healing. 62 (93%) out of 67 fractures treated solely by hanging cast showed very good and good results 1-5 years after the accident--transverse fractures included -and only 5 (7%) poor results. PMID- 7109794 TI - [The axillofemoral bypass as an aortoiliac principle of reconstruction in high risk patients. Long term results from 1970-1979 (author's transl)]. AB - A total of 95 consecutive high-risk patients (average age of 68.28 years) underwent 114 axillofemoral bypass operations for revascularization of 116 lower extremities (1970-1979); 84.48% were in stage III and IV. Four bypass variations were used: unilateral bypass (70.8%), crossing bypass (4.4%), bilateral procedure (10.6%) and axillobifemoral bypass (14.2%). In elective operations, the operative mortality was 6.3%; in emergency operations one of 3 patients died. The unilateral bypass including the 5 patients on whom the crossing bypass was used showed a cumulative 5-year patency rate of 51.60%; the bifemoral bypass had a rate of 77.14% and in cases of bilateral bypass no graft was patent after 5 years. Graft thrombosis was the most common complication (47.37%); successful revision was possible in only 53.75%. In case of bifemoral procedure, graft thrombosis occurred in only 29.41%. Therefore, the authors recommend that stricter indications be employed for surgery: an axillofemoral bypass operation should only be performed in cases in stage III and IV for limb salvage and only in a "real" high-risk patient. In addition, the axillobifemoral variation should also be preferred in all cases of bilateral occlusive disease with unilateral symptomatology. PMID- 7109795 TI - [Malnutrition and postoperative complication rate in cancer patients (author's transl)]. AB - The nutritional status and skin reactivity of 82 cancer patients were determined before surgery and compared with the postoperative complication rate. The nutritional status of 47 patients was evaluated by weight, height, weight-loss, arm muscle circumference, triceps skin-fold measurements, serum albumin, pre albumin, retinolbinding protein, tranferrin, and cholinesterase. In 35 patients protein catabolism was assessed by the urea production rate (catabolism greater than 15 g/d). Immunity was assessed by the total lymphocyte count and a skin reactivity test. Using these criteria, 55% of the patients were malnourished. Curative operations could only be carried out in 17.4% of the malnourished, but in 50% of the normally nourished patients (P less than 0.0001). Postoperative complications were increased in malnourished patients (47%) when compared with normally nourished patients (20%, P less than 0.05). In anergic and malnourished cancer patients no curative surgical treatment was possible. Due to the increased postoperative complication rate in malnourished cancer patients, nutritional assessment, including the determination of cellular immunity should be performed after admission. PMID- 7109796 TI - [Prognostic criteria for ulcer closure (author's transl)]. AB - A retrospective study was made based on 243 patients with simple closure of a perforated peptic ulcer in order to analyse factors influencing the results. Complications and mortality showed a good correlation with age, time between onset of symptoms and operation and size of the perforation, but no correlation with ulcer localization and history. Between 1 and 15 years after the operation, 39,4% of the patients were asymptomatic, 34,8% under conservative treatment, whilst 25,8% had to be reoperated on in the meantime. There was no correlation between recurrence and the age of the patients, the time between onset of symptoms and operation, the duration of stay in hospital, inability to work, alcohol and nicotine abuse. Ulcer history was the only factor influencing the late result significantly. Only 11% of patients with a short ulcer history (no longer than 6 months) had to be reoperated on whereas in those with a long ulcer history a recurrence rate of 70% can be expected. The importance of ulcer history for the choice of surgical treatment is emphasized. PMID- 7109797 TI - [Artificial bone (tricalcium phosphate) in facial surgery (author's transl)]. AB - In recent years, the medical profession has shown increased interest in using ceramics in the field of head and neck surgery. Among the materials available, artificial bone (tricalcium phosphate) is being used more and more frequently in plastic surgery of the face on account of the good biocompatibility and bioactivity. We have been using this material in 194 patients for the last 3 years for augmentation of facial defects without experiencing any noticeable complications. This paper describes the various possible uses of artificial bones in facial surgery. Nevertheless, several further years of close observation will be necessary. PMID- 7109798 TI - [The value of computed tomography in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. AB - Criteria defining the value of any diagnostic modality are referred to computed tomography in order to determine the importance of computed tomography in otorhinolaryngology. The accuracy of computed tomography to solve diagnostic problems in otorhinolaryngology is demonstrated by some findings shown by computed tomography of the facial regions, of the ear, and of the neck. The diagnostic limitations of computed tomography are pointed out. The value of computed tomography in the otorhinolaryngologic diagnostics is emphasized. PMID- 7109799 TI - [CT diagnosis of the carotid cavernous fistula and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. AB - One of the many urgent cases requiring immediate attention is the possibility of continuous bleeding into the sphenoidal sinus via a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Computed tomography offers a necessary and quick diagnostic method for such soft-tissue structures. Difficulty in CT diagnosis is enhanced by the limitations inherent in certain diagnoses. The article shows that safe diagnosis can be achieved in acute postoperative CCF with great shunt volumes. When diagnosing spontaneous cases we must consider the clinical data to differentiate CCF from other causes. PMID- 7109800 TI - [Computed tomography and ultrasound: comparison with intraoperative findings of large metastases in the neck (author's transl)]. AB - The evaluation of soft tissue lesions in cases with extensive metastases, in the neck is of great importance. The therapeutic concept will depend upon the size distribution and infiltration of the metastases into the structures of the lateral neck. The limiting factors include the great vessels of the neck, the deep neck muscles, the base of the skull, the mediastinum and the proximal parts of trachea and oesophagus. The timing of therapy (operation, radiation and cytostatic therapy) can be planned according to these factors. Computed tomography and ultrasound provide the information about the soft tissues of the neck. Spread, size and site of infiltration can be fairly estimated as shown in 25 patients which have been operated on. PMID- 7109801 TI - [Formation of extra-intracranial vascular anastomoses after encephalomyosynangiosis]. PMID- 7109802 TI - [Differential diagnosis and therapy of plasmocytoma of the head and neck (author's transl)]. AB - The differential diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of extramedullary plasmocytoma of the mucosa in the head and neck region are discussed on the example of 10 own cases observed between 1965 and 1981. They are subdivided into three types: 1. The apparent solitary (or multiple) extramedullary plasmocytoma. However, after thorough clinical and paraclinical examination or after observation of the course of the disease the exact diagnosis of medullary plasmocytoma is established. For the therapy, cytostatics must be employed, and prognosis is unfavourable. 2. The genuine plasmocytoma of the mucosa. It has to be distinguished from the immunocytic lymphoma and corresponds to a Non-Hodgkin's-Lymphoma. The therapy is partly surgical and partly radiological; as a rule, prognosis is good. 3. The tumour-like granuloma of plasma cells which is of reactive inflammatory nature. Treatment is surgical only. PMID- 7109803 TI - [One-stage reconstruction of intraorbital fractures by means of plate osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. AB - Considering the multiplicity of sequelae of central midface fractures (rhinoliquorrhea, anosmia, impediment to the drainage of the superior sinuses and to the lacrimal fluid, traumatic telecanthus, dish-face etc.) the importance of rhinosurgical treatment as the foremost procedure is shown. The small-fragment sets according to Champy as stabilizing elements in operations of the interorbital space (Converse) and its osseous supports are mentioned. Both the technical and the functional advantage of establishing a stable osseous trajectory in the rhinobasis after fractures is emphasized. Stable osteosynthesis as a primary therapeutic procedure enables the rhinosurgeon to find a remarkable synthesis of both functional and aesthetic tasks in this problematic area. The stable fixation makes the rhinosurgical treatment a preliminary one for other surgical procedure to follow. PMID- 7109804 TI - [Clinical experience with ipsilateral impedance audiometry (author's transl)]. AB - Most of the commercial impedance measuring devices for ipsilateral stimulus still apply probe tone and stimulus at the same time, thus eliciting artefacts and a great variety of answers. Results of ipsilateral reaction using the impedance apparatus of Grason and Stadler with an intermittent stimulus generator are shown and discussed. The diagnostic value appears improved. PMID- 7109805 TI - [Computerized photodocumentation with automatic exposure technique in ENT endoscopy (author's transl)]. AB - Proper lighting and exposure of color photographs were often the main problem in endophotography. The photographic equipment used for different regions of the body was complicated or troublesome to handle. In most cases, time and many tests were necessary, yet good photographic results were rarely obtained. To facilitate handling and to overcome the numerous exposure problems in photographic documentation an electronic TTL computer flash with autodynamic controlled flash energy was developed at the department of ORL at the University of Freiburg in 1980. With the single-handed endoscopic photographic system and the electronic TTL computer flash with automatic exposure technique, endoscopic photography becomes a simple and successful procedure. Even an unskilled "endophotographer" will be able to handle the described system easily. Getting good photographic results in endophotography is no longer a time-consuming and elaborate procedure. PMID- 7109806 TI - [X-ray-findings in intra-arterial chemotherapy of tumours of the head and neck (author's transl)]. AB - On the basis of x-ray-findings in 70 patients with tumours of the head and neck, who had intraarterial chemotherapy the authors demonstrate the varying approaches to an indirect catheterisation of the external carotid artery. Paying due attention to possible complications arising from i.a. catheterisation, they stress the need for x-ray checks of the correct position of the catheter before commencement of intraarterial chemotherapy. PMID- 7109807 TI - Experiments in laryngeal reinnervation. AB - Laryngeal reinnervation surgical procedures were performed in 26 dogs. Nineteen animals comprise the data reported in this thesis. Two different operative procedures were investigated, the ansa hypoglossi neuromuscular pedicle in 5 dogs, and the split phrenic nerve graft in 14 dogs. The studies were designed to evaluate whether either procedure resulted in inspiratory abduction of the vocal cord: and, if so, the mechanism by which abduction was produced. Five dogs in Experiment 1 demonstrated similar results from the ansa hypoglossi neuromuscular pedicle procedure. Apparent vocal cord abduction was seen during hyperpnea from airway obstruction, but was abolished by superior laryngeal nerve transection, or detachment of the sternothyroid muscle. None of the nerves in the neuromuscular pedicles was electrically excitable. Fourteen dogs in Experiment 2 underwent the split phrenic nerve graft operation. Vocal cord abduction, synchronized with inspiration, was noted in 5 animals. Two dogs had inspiratory abduction in quiet respiration. Electromyography, nerve action potentials, endoscopic motion pictures, and histologic study confirmed that posterior cricoarytenoid muscle reinnervation had occurred via the nerve graft from the phrenic nerve. Vocal cord abduction and electromyographic activity in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle were abolished by transection of the nerve graft or the phrenic nerve. Conclusions of the study include the following: 1. The neuromuscular pedicle procedure does not result in reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle the pedicle's nerve and muscle block. 2. The phrenic procedure may result in reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid via the nerve graft, and inspiratory abduction of the paralyzed vocal cord. Failure of the phrenic procedure to produce reinnervation appeared to be due to a. recurrent laryngeal nerve regeneration, or b. avulsion of the nerve graft due to swallowing and other laryngeal movements. PMID- 7109808 TI - Heat-induced contraction of blood vessels. AB - Heat-induced spontaneous contraction of blood vessels as observed during the application of surgical lasers was investigated experimentally. By means of extravascular irrigation of veins and arteries from the rabbit mesentery in vivo with saline that had been preheated to varying temperatures in the range of 45-90 degrees C, the temperature dependence on contraction with evaluated. It was demonstrated that lower temperature thresholds of approximately 70 degrees C and 75 degrees C exist for the shrinkage of veins and arteries, respectively. Ultrastructural investigation of the walls of contracted and of noncontracted vessels indicates that vessel contraction correlates with the denaturation of collagen fibrils. It was therefore concluded that the well-known heat shrinkage effect of denatured collagen accounts for the heat-induced vessel constriction. It is shown that on heat-induced permanent occlusion, vessels of the type that were examined cannot be achieved reliably at temperatures of up to 90 degrees C for 16 sec; in most cases relaxation takes place. PMID- 7109809 TI - The plasma scalpel: a new thermal knife. AB - A new thermal knife, the plasma scalpel, capable of simultaneous division of tissue and coagulation of blood vessels, is described. A high temperature argon gas plasma (unrelated to blood plasma) is created by passing the gas through a direct current arc, ionizing the gas and elevating its temperature to 3000 degrees C. A small plasma cutting jet is formed by a nozzle at the tip of the handpiece. Liver resections and muscle transections performed in a canine model, and full thickness burn excisions in a pig skin model showed effective division of tissue and significantly less blood loss when compared to the steel scalpel. Wound healing studies of histologic comparisons and wound breaking strength were performed for steel, plasma, laser, and electrosurgical scalped incisions in the skin of mice and rats. All thermal knife wounds showed localized tissue damage at the edges of the incision, but the events of healing began at the same time. Compared to the steel scalpel, there was a three to six day delay in the onset of healing, but healing occurred in the normal fashion and all thermal knife wounds reached the same healed breaking strength as the steel scalpel wounds. Clinically, the plasma scalped has been used for 138 procedures in 96 patients. The majority of cases have been transection of muscle, hepatic resection or debridement, or soft tissue debridement. Muscle transection data for the plasma scalped compared to the electrosurgical scalpel has shown virtually no blood loss with a shorter time to hemostasis for the plasma scalpel. The plasma scalpel has proved to be an effective thermal knife, capable of simultaneous division and coagulation. Further development work and proof of its efficacy in the clinical setting are necessary to establish the plasma scalpel and adequately demonstrate its proper role in surgery. PMID- 7109811 TI - The establishment of precise physical parameters for the treatment of the port wine stain with the argon laser. AB - The use of the argon laser in the treatment of the port wine and stain is discussed and its mode of action and the features of a port wine stain, which may be used to predict a good response to therapy, are described. Reference is made to the wide variation in techniques used in treatment in different centers and the need to establish precise physical parameters for therapy is stressed. An attachment to the standard handpiece is described that will enable accurate power densities to be recorded. PMID- 7109810 TI - Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy of hematoporphyrin-derivative in cells. AB - This work presents measurements of time-resolved fluorescence microscopy of hematoporphyrin-derivative (HpD) in single cells of mice tissue (both tumor and normal cells), in HeLa Cells, and in solution. The measurements were performed using a pulsed-laser microfluorometer with high spatial and temporal resolution. In agreement with the results obtained with other techniques, it has been found that the tumor cells examined present an HpD uptake about five times higher than that of the normal cells of the corresponding tissue and that, within a cell, HpD become localized mainly in the cytoplasm. It has also been found that the fluorescence decay time is different in cells as compared with solution, and that the presence of HpD stabilizes cell auto-fluorescence. These results are discussed. PMID- 7109812 TI - Role of retreatment in minimal-power argon laser therapy for port wine stains. AB - Retreatment of previously lased areas of port wine stains can offer significant additional improvement over initial results. From 1977 to 1981 123 patients were subjected to 191 treatments employing the argon laser using an individually varied minimal power dose. Thirty-three areas have been treated a second time a year after the first therapy and six doubly treated areas have also been studied. The additional improvement achieved by retreatment together with the minimal additional chance of complication adds to the safety and practicality of minimal dosage technique. The theoretical considerations allowing successful retreatment are presented and the results of this approach are demonstrated. The timing of retreatment and its limitations are also considered. PMID- 7109813 TI - Dye laser in ophthalmic disease. AB - From September 1978 to May 1980, dye lasers have been used in the treatment of 56 cases of eye disease (60 eyes), including among others peripheral retinal breaks, macular breaks, prebreak stage degeneration, congenital iris residual membrane, incomplete surgical iridectomy, secondary glaucoma iris bombe, closed-angle glaucoma, vireous hemorrhage, periphlebitis retinae, Coats disease, thrombosis of central and branch retinal vein. Most of the results are satisfactory. Dye laser irradiation has the advantage in iridotomy. Only one pulse can perforate the iris and no serious complication has been encountered. There is a definite therapeutic effect in treatment of vitreous hemorrhage by dye laser. PMID- 7109814 TI - [Gastritis - a risk factor in carcinogenesis; epidemiological and morphological findings (author's transl)]. AB - A comparison was made between 239 gastric biopsies from persons in Columbia, district of Narino, not suffering from carcinoma of the stomach and an equal number of biopsies from a german control group matched for age and sex. Carcinoma risk in columbian population is about four fold as high as in german people (150 resp. 40/100,000). 46% of the columbian and 23% of the german group had gastritis of the antrum with atrophic changes; its incidence is independent of age. This type of gastritis is characterized by significantly more areas of necrotic epithelial lesions in the glandular neck region, proliferation and dysplasia of neck cells, as well as by intestinal metaplasia. This active and progredient type of gastritis may be perceived as a preliminary stage of the intestinal ("epidemiological") type of gastric carcinoma. This is the predominant type of carcinoma in Germany as well. Prospective studies are necessary to show, if patients with increased risk of stomach carcinoma can be identified by diagnosing this type of gastritis. PMID- 7109815 TI - [Actinomycosis of the stomach after gastric resection (author's transl)]. AB - A case report is given of a patient, who developed actinomycosis at the anastomosis after Billroth II type of resection of the stomach. Physical examination revealed an upper abdominal mass in this patient; a clear diagnosis could not be established before surgery was done, the most likely diagnosis was considered to be a pancreatic pseudocyst. During surgery a carcinoma of the stomach was suspected. Microscopic examination finally yielded the diagnosis of tumor-like actinomycosis in the area of the anastomosis. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed. PMID- 7109816 TI - [Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. AB - Clinical symptomatology, pathology and surgical management of five patients with gastric leiomyoblastoma are reported. Leiomyoblastomas of the gastrointestinal tract are defined as a group of tumors, which originate from the smooth muscle, and which have to be classified in between benign leiomyomas and malignant leiomyosarcomas. These tumors metastasize in about 10% of cases. Patients come to the hospital in most cases because of unspecific upper abdominal symptoms. During surgery one usually finds solitary, well defined, cystic tumors of a size of 0.5 to 30 cm expanding intramurally versus neighbouring structures; ulcerations of the gastric mucosa are rare. The diagnosis is established by microscopic examination during surgery. Treatment is extensive excision of the tumor. PMID- 7109817 TI - [Elimination of a double pylorus by endoscopy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109818 TI - [An epidemic of enteroviral infections in 1979--clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109819 TI - [The problem of differential diagnosis of malignant tumors of muscular tissues (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109820 TI - [Oxalosis--a diagnostic and therapeutic problem (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109821 TI - [The use of acupuncture in the therapy of Bell's palsy (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109822 TI - [The actual state of the treatment of bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109823 TI - [Potassium supplement: when and how? (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109824 TI - [Enzymes and the Greek letter zeta (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109825 TI - Effects of inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis on brain acetylcholine and survival in soman-intoxicated animals. AB - The effects of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) or 4-(l-naphthylvinyl)pyridine (4-NVP) alone and together with cholinolytics and/or cholinesterase inhibitors on brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels and survival were studied. Intracerebroventricular (ICVT) injection of 10 micrograms HC-3 280 min before euthanasia by microwave irradiation reduced rat cerebral ACh levels from 28.4 to 5.4 nmoles ACh/g wet tissue. In rats pretreated with HC-3 alone or with other pretreatment drugs prior to giving up to 2.7 LD50 of soman, iv, cerebral ACh levels increased very little, but in animals not receiving HC-3, brain ACh levels increased to 67.1 nmoles. Treatment of unpoisoned rats with 4-NVP resulted in a significant (26%) reduction in ACh. The inclusion of atropine with 4-NVP caused sign-free doses of physostigmine to produce toxic signs in rabbits and did not enhance the efficacy of carbamate pretreatment against soman. Pretreatment of rabbits with pyridostigmine and atropine methyl nitrate (AMN) failed to provide any protection against soman, but when HC-3, ICVT, was included with those drugs, the protective ratio (PR), against soman was increased excess ACh is a primary lesion in organophosphorus anticholinesterase intoxication and that the central nervous system is quite sensitive to excesses of ACh. PMID- 7109826 TI - Quaternary narcotic antagonists' relative ability to prevent antinociception and gastrointestinal transit inhibition in morphine-treated rats as an index of peripheral selectivity. AB - Single doses of naloxone (0.025 to 0.5 mg/kg) or of one of four quaternary narcotic antagonists (i.e. nalorphine allobromide, nalorphine methobromide, naloxone methobromide or naltrexone methobromide, 1 to 60 mg/kg) were given s.c. to rats before morphine, 5 mg/kg i.v. In the absence of antagonists morphine reduced G.I. transit of a charcoal meal to about 15% of drug-free controls and consistently delayed nociceptive reactions (55 degrees C hot plate) in all animals. Doses of antagonists slightly reducing morphine antinociception (centrally effective = A) and restoring G.I. transit to about 50% of drug-free rats (peripherally effective = B) were estimated. The A:B ratio, indicating peripheral selectivity, was at least 8 for any of the quaternary antagonists given 10 min before morphine, but prolonging this interval may have resulted in a lower figure (i.e. less peripheral selectivity) because of reduced A and increased B. This was definitely so for naltrexone methobromide (A:B, greater than 60 at 10 min, about 1 at 80 min) and was not apparent for nalorphrine methobromide according to available data, which for nalorphrine allobromide and to a lesser extent for naloxone methobromide showed only an increase in B at intervals longer than 10 min. Both morphine-induced antinociception and inhibition of G.I. transit were reduced by naloxone at the lower doses tested and were fully prevented at the higher. These findings indicated that, unlike naloxone, the investigated quaternary narcotic antagonists are interesting prototype drugs for selective blockade of opiate receptors outside the CNS, although certain critical aspects, possibly biological N-dealkylation to the corresponding tertiary antagonists, condition peripheral selectivity. PMID- 7109827 TI - Elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat liver following exposure to halothane, enflurane and isoflurane. AB - Exposure of rats to the volatile anesthetics, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane and low FIO2 (0.8%) for two hours results in a transient induction of ODC appearing maximally four hours after exposure. Without the low oxygen accompanying the anesthetic or the low oxygen alone, no significant induction of ODC occurred. The concentration of anesthetic used to produce the ODC induction were 0.5% halothane, 1.5% enflurane and 1.4% isoflurane. Except for halothane, reducing the anesthetic concentration only slightly reduced the effect on ODC levels to control values. Reduction of halothane concentrations to 0.1% was required to reduce the values to control levels. Pretreatment of the animals with either cycloheximide or actinomycin D delayed the onset of ODC induction. The data support the fact that liver damage can occur in the absence of metabolism of the drug. PMID- 7109828 TI - Ionic shift in cerebral ischemia. AB - Electrolyte and water contents were measured in gerbil brain after unilateral cerebral ischemia. Increase of Na+ and water, and decrease of K+ occurred after an ischemic period of 30 minutes. However, these abnormalities disappeared within 3 hours. When the ischemic period was extended to 3 hours, the abnormalities observed after ischemia for 30 minutes were again encountered, but more significant alterations occurred immediately after re-establishment of blood flow. In addition to more pronounced increase of Na+ and decrease of K+, Ca2+ became significantly elevated after recirculation for 15 minutes and progressively increased during recirculation for 3 hours. The steady rise of Ca2+ appears to be related to the irreversibility of cerebral ischemia. PMID- 7109829 TI - The role of the conjugated carbonyl of cytochalasin A in contractility inhibitions. AB - A study of the mechanism of action of cytochalasin A (CA) in relation to its structural features and to its selective inhibition of certain contractile processes has been initiated. Quantitative structure-function analyses with several CA-related cytochalasins - including synthetic 21,22-dihydro-CA (DHCA), the 22-beta mercaptoethanol CA-adduct, (CA-2ME), and the 22-dithiothreitol CA adduct (CA-DTT) - have been carried out in a temperature sensitive gel-sol extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Each drug congener was purified to homogeneity by HPLC prior to biological testing. The undiminished inhibitory indices of DHCA and CA-2ME (ID50 congruent to 3.7 x 10(-7) M) overrules the prior circumstantial evidence accumulated for the obligatory electrophilic interaction of this drug, at its alpha-beta-unsaturated ketone region, with presumptive receptor nucleophiles. PMID- 7109830 TI - Calcium-activated and voltage-dependent potassium conductances in clonal pituitary cells. AB - Voltage clamp recordings of GH3/B6 pituitary cells reveal the presence of non linear steady state membrane properties at the level of the resting potential (about -41 mV). Clamping the cells to potentials more depolarized than -60 mV is associated with a potential dependent increase in membrane conductance and membrane current variance. Tetra-ethylammonium (TEA), Cobalt (Co2+) and methoxy verapamil (D-600) each attenuate these potential-dependent changes. Spectral analysis of membrane current fluctuations shows that power spectral densities calculated for fluctuations occuring over the -70 to -40 mV range decline monotonically as a function of frequency, while spectra derived from fluctuations obtained over the -20 mV to 0 mV range decline as the square of frequency and are usually well fitted by a single Lorentzian equation. The half-power frequency of these spectra varies from 45 to 65 Hz. If we assume that the activities of two state (open-closed) ion channels underlie the electrical behaviour of the membrane at the resting potential and at more depolarized levels, then the results suggest the presence of K+ ion channels whose activation depends both on potential and Ca2+ ions. These K+ ion channels have estimated electrical properties (conductance : 15 ps ; duration : 3 msec) similar to those present in other excitable membranes. PMID- 7109831 TI - The contribution of mast cells to the histamine content of the central nervous system: a regional analysis. AB - W/WV mice are severely deficient in mast cells. The absence of mast cells in skin and salivary glands was found to be paralleled by a drastic decrease of the histamine levels in these tissues when compared to non-anemic +/+ control mice. Brains of W/WV mice are also devoid of mast cells. A comparison of the histamine concentrations in several brain regions of W/WV mice and controls revealed a moderate decrease in cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain but no change in pons, medulla and cerebellum. These findings provide strong evidence that mast cells contribute to the histamine content in forebrain regions but not in hindbrain regions. It is speculated that there may exist histaminergic neurons intrinsic to the medulla and pons. PMID- 7109832 TI - Purification and partial characterization of an arginine binding molecule from human placenta. PMID- 7109833 TI - Effects of acute and chronic toluene inhalation on behavior and (3H)-serotonin binding in rat. AB - Toluene inhalation (0.7% in air) induced in rats abnormal neurological states resembling the serotonin syndrome, such as hindlimb abduction, resting tremor and head weaving. The frequency and intensity of these responses were unchanged after two weeks of exposure (0.7% in air, 15 min/day for 14 days), indicating an absence of tolerance development. An examination of specific serotonin (3H-5HT) binding to crude synaptic membranes prepared from brains of rats subjected to acute and chronic toluene exposure revealed that while no changes in either apparent Kd or apparent Bmax occurred in acutely exposed animals, in chronically treated animals specific (3H)-5HT binding decreased in hippocampus and pons + medulla oblongata. These results indicate that serotonergic mechanisms may play a role in some of the effects of toluene inhalation in rats, but cannot explain the absence of tolerance development after chronic exposure to toluene. PMID- 7109834 TI - Catecholamine-mediated constrictor effects of aldosterone on vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 7109836 TI - Influence of dopamine agonists on plasma and brain levels of homovanillic acid. AB - The response of the plasma dopamine (DA) metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), to two DA agonists was investigated in the rat. Apomorphine administered i.p. (2 mg/kg) produced, within one hour, a significant decrease in plasma HVA. The response of plasma HVA to apomorphine was also investigated after pretreatment with debrisoquin, a drug which selectively blocks peripheral HVA production by inhibition of MAO. Pretreatment with debrisoquin did not significantly alter the decrement in plasma HVA produced by apomorphine indicating that a substantial portion of the plasma HVA response to apomorphine is due to the drug's action on brain. Bromocriptine (2 mg/kg) was also found to produce a significant decrease in plasma HVA. Since the response of brain HVA to DA agonists reflects the sensitivity of the DA receptor, the plasma HVA response to DA agonists might be a practical method of assessing brain DA receptor sensitivity in humans. PMID- 7109835 TI - Comparative discriminative stimulus effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and LSD. AB - Rats were trained to discriminate injections of either 5-OMe DMT (1.5 mg/kg) or LSD (0.096 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task. After stable discrimination performances were attained (greater than 85%) in each group, dose-response generalizations between the two groups of animals were examined. The results revealed that the 5-OMe DMT-stimulus response generalized to LSD and that the LSD-stimulus response generalized to 5-OMe DMT. Furthermore, both the 5-OMe DMT-stimulus and the LSD-stimulus could be significantly attenuated by the serotonin antagonist BC-105. However, the pattern of the dose related antagonism by BC-105 was different between the drug stimuli. It was concluded that while the discriminative stimulus effects of 5-OMe DMT and LSD may be mediated via a common serotonergic system, the receptor interaction of these agents within that pharmacological system may be somewhat different. PMID- 7109837 TI - Lack of effect of morphine and noxious stimuli on the MET-enkephalin content in the spinal dorsal horn and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rat. AB - The Met-enkephalin contents in the dorsal horn of the lumbar enlargement and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medulla oblongata of the rat were measured, using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for Met-enkephalin, and the effects of morphine and noxious stimuli on the Met-enkephalin contents in these regions were examined. In this radioimmunoassay, the IC50 and assayable limits for Met-enkephalin were 45 and 5 fmol/tube respectively, and the IC50 for Leuenkephalin was 0.56 nmol/tube (0.008% cross reactivity between Met-and Leu enkephalins). The contents of Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the lumbar enlargement and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis were not altered by either subcutaneous injection of morphine or thermal (hot plate) and chemical (formalin injection) noxious stimuli applied to the hind-paws. PMID- 7109839 TI - Spontaneous unit activity of neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus of the neonatal rat. PMID- 7109838 TI - Autoradiographic localization of 3H-dihydrotestosterone in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, and amygdala of a male rhesus monkey. AB - In a preliminary study, autoradiography was used to localize target cells for 3H dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen, in the brain of the rhesus monkey. One castrated male was injected intravenously with 2 mCi of 3H-DHT (0.42 microgram/kg), and was killed one hour later. Neurons that concentrated radioactivity in their nuclei were located in widespread areas of the brain, which included the medial and suprachiasmatic preoptic nuclei, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial, arcuate, dorsomedial, and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, ventral premammillary nucleus, and medial, cortical, basal accessory, and lateral amygdaloid nuclei. These results indicate that the topographic distribution of androgen target neurons is considerably wider than that observed in a study using 3H-testosterone (T) in the male rhesus monkey (1). However, further work is needed to elucidate these differences before attempting correlations between behavioral activity and androgen receptors in the brain. PMID- 7109840 TI - Effects of yohimbine and naltrexone in counteraction of the morphine Straub tail and the amphetamine-potentiated morphine Straub tail in mice. PMID- 7109841 TI - Stability of small unilamellar liposomes in serum and clearance from the circulation: the effect of the phospholipid and cholesterol components. PMID- 7109842 TI - Stereospecific binding of 3H-phencyclidine in brain membranes. AB - Phencyclidine (PCP) displaceable binding of 3H-PCP to glass-fiber filters was eliminated and total binding markedly reduced by initial treatment of the discs with 0.05% polyethyleneimine. Assessed with treated filters, unlabeled PCP displaced 3H-PCP in both rat and pigeon brain membranes with an EC50 of 1 microM. Of similar high inhibitory potency were dextrorphan, levorphanol, SKF 10047 and ketamine, while morphine, naloxone and etorphine had EC50 values higher then 1 mM. Using the dissociative anesthetic dexoxadrol and its inactive isomer levoxadrol as displacing agents, stereospecific binding of 3H-PCP was obtained in rat and pigeon brain membranes. The markedly higher potency of dexoxadrol, relative to levoxadrol, in displacing bound 3H-PCP is compatible with behavioral data for these enantiomers. However, they were equipotent in displacing 3H-PCP bound to glass-fiber filters in the absence of tissue. Heat denaturation, but not freezing, abolished stereospecific binding of 3H-PCP, which was also absent in rat liver membranes. The stereospecific binding component in brain displayed biphasic saturability at 60-70 nM and 300-400 nM, respectively. PMID- 7109843 TI - Normal rats trained to circle show asymmetric caudate dopamine release. AB - Caudate catecholamine release was monitored by bilateral in vivo electrochemical electrodes in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to circle for sucrose/water reward. Baseline release of dopamine was equal from both sides of caudate. When reinforced circling began, 44 +/- 4 percent greater catechol release occurred from the caudate contralateral to the circling direction. As turning subsided, differential release returned to basal levels. Further evidence that the catecholamine metabolism was affected by turning was obtained by direct measurement of caudate dopamine and DOPAC at selected time points. Concentration data showed relative increases in dopamine and DOPAC in the contralateral caudate. These data provide evidence that dopamine is released asymmetrically from caudate in unlesioned rats during voluntary behavior. PMID- 7109844 TI - The binding of [3H]nitrendipine to receptors for calcium channel antagonists in the heart, cerebral cortex, and ileum of rats. AB - The binding properties of the calcium channel antagonist, [3H]nitrendipine, were investigated in homogenates of the rat cerebral cortex, heart and ileum. The specific component of [3H]nitrendipine binding was consistent with mass-action behavior and was characterized by a high affinity dissociation constant in the range of 0.1-0.3 nM. A variety of other calcium channel antagonists inhibited the binding of [3H]nitrendipine with Ki's that agree generally with the ability of these drugs to block contractions of cardiac and smooth muscle. The inhibition of [3H]nitrendipine binding by other dihydropyridines was consistent with competitive antagonism whereas the inhibition caused by verapamil and D600 resembled negative heterotropic cooperativity. Consistent with this latter postulate was the observation that the kinetics of [3H]nitrendipine binding are altered by verapamil, with both the association rate and the dissociation rate being increased. La+3 and several divalent cations caused an inhibition of [3H]nitrendipine with the rank order of potency being Cd+2 greater than La+3 greater than Ni+2 greater than Co+2 = Mn+2 greater than Mg+2 = Ba+2 greater than Ca+2. PMID- 7109845 TI - Loperamide in rat intestines: a unique disposition. AB - When everted sacs of rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum were incubated with [14C]loperamide in vitro, unchanged drug and its metabolites were found not only in tissues but also in media of the mucosal side with virtually no radioactivity in media of the serosal side. The amounts of metabolites found in media of the mucosal side were comparable to or larger than those in tissues. Di-desmethyl loperamide was more predominant in the media as compared with mono-demethylated one than in the tissues. Therefore, a portion of loperamide absorbed in intestines can be metabolized there and directly secreted back into lumen. Oral loperamide thus undergoes a unique disposition, likely constituting one of mechanisms for its distinct dissociation of central and antidiarrheal activities. PMID- 7109846 TI - The role of dietary nitrate and nitrite in the reductive deamination of sulfadiazine by the rat, guinea pig, and neonatal calf. AB - Previous metabolic depletion studies of 14C-sulfadiazine (SDZ) in the neonatal calf led to identification of two novel metabolites, 2 benzenesulfonamidopyrimidine (desNH2SDZ) and 2-benzenesulfonamido-4 hydroxypyrimidine. The novelty of the biotransformation prompted examination of mechanisms for the reductive deamination of SDZ in vivo. In subsequent work, it was found that neonatal calves did not consistently convert SDZ to desNH2SDZ; however, calves that were treated simultaneously with nitrite did. Further, when SDZ was given orally to guinea pigs, whose diet is high in nitrate and who demonstrate the capacity to reduce nitrate to nitrite in the oral cavity, SDZ was transformed to desNH2SDZ. Rats did not reductively deaminate SDZ even if they consumed a diet high in nitrate for two weeks prior to treatment with SDZ. However, they did so when nitrite was added to their diet. These observations strongly suggest that reductive deamination of sulfonamides is dependent on the ingestion of nitrite or the reduction of dietary nitrate to nitrite. This reduction of nitrate to nitrite proceeds in the oral cavity, presumably via microflora residing there. PMID- 7109847 TI - Placental permeability and energy metabolism enzymes in fetuses of lipemic rats. AB - A model of maternal lipemia without hyperglycemia, in the rat, produced by high fat feedings, was developed to study the effects of and abnormal maternal lipid homeostasis on placental transport of nutrients and possible alterations of key enzymes of energy metabolism in the liver and brain of the fetuses. Pregnant rats fed lower concentrations of fat served as controls. All studies were carried out in dams and fetuses one day prior to delivery. The dietary treatment of the dams and fetuses produced in the fetuses ketonemia as well as lipemia. Following a bolus of 14C-3-0-methyl-D-glucose to the dams, the levels of the tracer remained higher in the blood and brain of lipemic than in control fetuses. By contrast, there was a decrease in the fluxes of 14C-alpha-amino-isobutyric acid in the fetuses of lipemic dams as compared to controls. Among enzymes of energy metabolism, fetal liver glucose-6-phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase were enhanced by lipemia. Fetal brain glucose-6-phosphatase was depressed. Thus, lipemia, as occurring in poorly controlled maternal diabetes, may be a factor in determining the access to the fetus of essential, neutral amino acids and alter the normal activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the fetus. PMID- 7109848 TI - Cross tolerance to etorphine in rats tolerant to morphine-induced antidiuresis. AB - Previously in the analgesic tail flick assay, mice and rats implanted with morphine pellets were shown to be highly tolerant to subcutaneously administered morphine but not to etorphine. The present purpose was to see whether the same differential response would be found to the antidiuretic response of morphine and etorphine in water-loaded rats because the presence of such a differential response would be value in studying mechanisms of tolerance. Etorphine injected subcutaneously was about 1000x more potent than morphine in producing an antidiuretic response. Following chronic administration of morphine by pellet implantation, where the pellets remained in place during the drug challenge, profound tolerance developed to the antidiuretic effect of both morphine and etorphine. The dose-response curves for both were shifted to the right in non parallel fashion with decreased slopes and antidiuretic efficacies. The large degree of tolerance developed to the antidiuretic effect of etorphine in morphine pellet implanted rats in contrast to the lack of development of tolerance to etorphine in the tail flick assay indicated that different mechanisms of development of tolerance exist for the two responses. PMID- 7109849 TI - Method for analysis of dopamine sulfate isomers by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Conjugated dopamine occurs in the tissues and fluids of many species, and much of this is thought to occur as dopamine sulfate. This paper describes the development and use of a method utilizing reversed-phase paired-ion high performance liquid chromatography to separate and quantitate each of the two naturally occurring dopamine sulfate isomers. Use of the method permitted demonstration of dopamine-3-0-sulfate in human urine from drug-free control subjects. It was found that this compound accounted for 73.1 +/- 27% of the total daily conjugated dopamine excretion in the four subjects studied. PMID- 7109850 TI - Phospholipid liposomes and prolactin secretion: effects on spontaneous and drug induced hyperprolactinaemia. AB - Bovine brain phospholipid liposomes (BC-PL) reduce plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in humans after acute administration and counteract the metoclopramide- and sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia. However, BC-PL, like nomifensine, a dopamine (DA) reuptake inhibitor and therefore an indirect dopaminergic compound, does not influence TRH-induced hyperprolactinaemia. Moreover, BC-PL and nomifensine reduce plasma PRL levels in hyperprolactinaemic PCO syndromes but not in PRL secreting pituitary adenomas. The results obtained indicate that BC-PL antagonizes the DA blockade-induced hyperprolactinaemia and that the main site of action of BC-PL seems to be at the hypothalamic level; however a concomitant pituitary effect cannot be ruled out. PMID- 7109851 TI - Comparison of the interaction of antineoplastic aminoanthraquinone analogs with DNA using competitive fluorescence polarization. AB - 1,4-dihydroxy-5-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione one (NSC 287836) and 1,4-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10 anthracenedione diacetate (NSC 287513) have shown activity against solid tumors and are now in Phase I clinical trials. Fluorescence polarization was used to determine the extent of inhibition of the binding of acridine orange to DNA (Richardson, Boboz, Holland, Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmac. 27, 497, 1980). Displacement of 50% of acridine orange from calf thymus DNA was obtained with 0.18 micro M of NSC 287836 while 0.52 micro M of NSC 287513 was needed to displace an equivalent amount of acridine orange. NSC 287513 showed preference for polynucleotides of high adenine + thymine content while NSC 287836 did not. Analogs lacking both hydroxyethylaminoethyl-amino side chains did not displace acridine orange. PMID- 7109852 TI - Cimetidine protects against acetaminophen toxicity. AB - Generally, acetaminophen (APAP) overdoses with elimination half-lives over 4 hr. sustain liver damage. In the following cases, cimetidine (C) seems to have protected against APAP toxicity. An 18 yr. old, 64 kg female smoker presented 6 hr. after taking 10Rg APAP, 1200+ mg C, and small amounts of flurazepam and Sleepeze (methaprilene + scopolamine). Three plasma APAP levels (by HPLC) revealed an elimination half-life of 4.4 hr. C did not interfere with the APAP assay. Despite the long half-life in a patient with microsomal enzymes induced by smoking, no evidence of hepatotoxicity developed. A month later, the same patient overdosed with APAP alone. Three plasma levels revealed a 3.3 hr. half-life. Lack of toxicity in the presence of a long elimination half-life may indicate a protective action of C in APAP overdoses. PMID- 7109853 TI - The effect of chronic L-dopa administration on supersensitive pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in rat brain. AB - Chronic administration of haloperidol induced supersensitivity of the pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in rat brain. The response of the presynaptic receptors was determined by an enhanced inhibitory effect of apomorphine on dopamine synthesis after gamma-butyrolactone injection. This change in the receptor function was detected both in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. Haloperidol also increased the 3H-spiperone binding sites in striatal membranes, indicating supersensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors. Subsequent prolonged treatment with high doses of L-DOPA/carbidopa resulted in a decrease in 3H spiperone binding sites, but had no effect on the supersensitive presynaptic receptors. It is suggested that tardive dyskinesia may be a state of both pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity and that chronic L-DOPA treatment may have a differential effect on these sites. PMID- 7109854 TI - Influence of blood glucose on convulsive seizures from hyperbaric oxygen. AB - Previous evidence suggests a causal relationship between blood glucose levels and the development of generalized epileptiform seizures. In the present study rats were pretreated with glucose, alloxan, or insulin prior to exposure to 6 atmospheres absolute (ATA) oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber. The results showed that the administration of glucose prior to oxygen exposure increased the time-to seizure by 90% and alloxan by 110%, whereas in contrast insulin decreased the time-to-seizure by 55%. Blood glucose levels were consistently elevated in rats following oxygen exposure. A trend towards reduced lung damage by glucose and alloxan pretreatment was suggested by the data, although no changes were significant. Our results showed that prior administration of glucose or alloxan offered partial protection from oxygen toxicity in rats, whereas insulin generally augmented the reaction. PMID- 7109855 TI - Further evidence validating adjuvant arthritis as an experimental model of chronic pain in the rat. AB - The experiments described here were aimed at further validating adjuvant arthritis as an animal model of chronic pain. It was found that the relative oral intake of a 0.008 mg/ml solution of fentanyl was higher in arthritic than in normal control rats; this difference was predicted by the notion that the analgesic effect of a substance may reinforce its intake in animals exposed to pain, more so than in normal pain-free animals. It was also found that body weight decreases and that vocalizations of aggregated rats increase as a result of the challenge; these effects suggest that the vegetative signs and the behavioral irritability which are characteristic of chronic pain in humans, also occur in arthritic animals. The pain which thus seems to be associated with adjuvant arthritis was estimated to have its onset on days 10-11, to peak on days 18-21, and to terminate on days 35-40 after inoculation with Mycobacterium butyricum. PMID- 7109856 TI - Positional distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from milk of several species of mammals. AB - Milk triglycerides from the echidna, koala, Tammar wallaby, guinea pig, dog, cat, Weddell seal, horse, pig and cow were subjected to fatty acid and stereospecific analysis to determine the positional distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides. The samples presented a wide range of fatty acids, most of which varied in content among species. The compositions of the acids at the 3 positions also varied among species, reflecting the content of these acids in the triglycerides. However, there was a general similarity in fatty acid positional distribution patterns for all the species with the exception of the echidna. The echidna exhibited a completely different fatty acid positional distribution pattern. The saturated acids were preferentialy esterified at the sn-1-position whereas the unsaturated acids were selectively esterified at the sn-2-position. The triglyceride carbon number distribution of milk from the above species (with the exception of the Weddell seal) was determined by gas liquid chromatography and compared to that predicted by the 1-random-2-random-3-random fatty acid distribution hypothesis. Agreement was excellent between observed and predicted composition for echidna, koala, Tammar wallaby, guinea pig and pig milk, and agreement was reasonable for dog, cat, horse and cow milk. Results are discussed in relation to biochemical mechanisms. PMID- 7109857 TI - High performance reversed-phase chromatography of the triglycerides from human plasma lipoproteins. PMID- 7109858 TI - Determination of cholesteryl esters and of cholesteryl and epicholesteryl silyl ethers by capillary gas chromatography. AB - The capillary gas chromatography of cholesteryl esters after splitless injection into a 25-m, OV-1-coated, fused silica WCOT column and a 7-m Silar 10C-coated glass WCOT column is reported. The nonpolar OV-1 column separated the cholesteryl esters principally on the basis of carbon number, but separation of the saturated esters from the unsaturated esters was also achieved. The polar Silar 10C column separated the esters mainly according to the degree of unsaturation. Thus, the 2 column types complement each other in the analysis of nanogram quantities of cholesteryl esters from small samples, such as those from plasma or single arterial atherosclerosis lesions. This technique therefore obviates some of the difficulties of analyzing such cholesteryl ester samples in the form of methyl esters (incomplete transmethylation, and contamination by solvent impurities and/or plasticizer esters). Both columns were also found to be useful for the separation and quantitation of the t-BDMS ethers of cholesterol and epicholesterol in mixtures containing various proportions of these epimers. PMID- 7109859 TI - [Spinal cord compression in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 7109861 TI - [Biochemical indices of tumor tissue following UHF-hyperthermia and irradiation]. PMID- 7109862 TI - [Complex in vivo and in vitro radiodiagnosis of thyroid cancer]. PMID- 7109860 TI - [Determination of optimal irradiation conditions in relation to the frequency of radiation-induced complications in normal organs and tissues]. PMID- 7109864 TI - [Blood volume determination in heart surgery patients using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes]. PMID- 7109863 TI - [Radiophosphorus study of the esophagus under endoscopic control]. PMID- 7109865 TI - [Venospondylography in the x-ray diagnosis of complications of tubercular spondylitis]. PMID- 7109866 TI - [Mathematical planning of gamma-teletherapy]. PMID- 7109867 TI - [Improving the quality of scintigrams by the method of "alignment by flattening"]. PMID- 7109868 TI - [Effectiveness of fractionated dose schedules in the intracavitary gamma-therapy of cervical cancer]. PMID- 7109869 TI - [Krioelektronika-1 cryogenic dental unit]. AB - The cryogenic dental unit "Cryoelectronica-1" is recommended for therapy of parodontosis and oral mucosa diseases. It is built on the closed-loop throttle cooling system. The unit is easy and safe in use and provides continuous operation during years non-requiring the refill with coolants. Supplied with handpieces of various configurations the unit may be used in dermatology, urology, otorhinolaryngology. PMID- 7109870 TI - [Equipment set for treating anesthesia and respiratory apparatus]. PMID- 7109871 TI - [Economic problems of medical instrument manufacture]. PMID- 7109872 TI - [Determination of the need of polyclinic departments and offices for dental equipment]. AB - The calculating method of stomatologic instrumentation optimum quantity required for an outpatient department (room) is presented. It is based on the stop-watch study performed in the course of therapeutic or diagnostic procedures. The new method allows the assessment of the need of any establishment in instrumentation when appropriate requests are executed, and to make the most efficient use of instruments at the working place. PMID- 7109873 TI - [Determining the demand for medical instruments for dentistry]. PMID- 7109874 TI - [Technical equipment for dental x-ray diagnosis]. PMID- 7109875 TI - [K-1 set for equipping the dentist's work area]. PMID- 7109877 TI - [Dental watermassage apparatus (after P.E. Smolin)]. PMID- 7109876 TI - [INAAN-3 automatic dental electroanesthesia device]. PMID- 7109878 TI - [Work on standardization in dentistry within the Comecon framework]. PMID- 7109879 TI - [BL-3 universal single-patient medical pressure chamber]. PMID- 7109880 TI - [Development of dental technology in the 11th Five-Year Plan]. PMID- 7109881 TI - [Current status of the development and manufacture of dental instruments]. PMID- 7109882 TI - Echocardiographic dimensions determined in normally active college women and in female athletes. PMID- 7109883 TI - Blood doping and related issues: a brief review. AB - The intent of blood doping is to increase maximal aerobic power by increasing the capacity of blood to carry oxygen. This manipulation gained notoriety in the sports world because of rumors of blood doping by competitors in endurance events. Researchers also have become interested in induced erythrocythemia because its study provides insight into the limiting factor(s) of maximal aerobic power (Vo2max). It is concluded in this review that to increase Vo2max, it is necessary to elevate significantly the hemoglobin concentration by infusing at least 900 ml of blood. The use of inadequate reinfusion volumes, premature reinfusion of the blood following withdrawal, and storage of the blood by refrigeration rather than by freezing are major reasons for the contradictory findings from earlier studies of blood doping. Changes in blood volume and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate following blood doping are transient and, other than during the first 24 h post infusion, appear to be inconsequential. In addition, this review also examines related issues such as attendant hemodynamic and lactate changes, the need of controls, and ethical considerations in blood doping. PMID- 7109884 TI - Joint laxity in selected athletic populations. AB - Joint laxity was established in 96 subjects from six different athletic groups. Three different methods of measurement were applied to each subject: a hyperextensometer method, a generalized joint laxity method, and a global index method. The hyperextensometer detected two significant differences (P less than 0.01) between paired athletic groups using the Bonferroni t-statistic. The generalized joint laxity method detected four significant differences between the pairs, whereas the global index method detected seven significant differences. Thus the commonly used methods of measuring joint laxity are failing to detect statistically significant distinctions observed by using a more complicated method. PMID- 7109885 TI - The effects of electrical stimulation of normal quadriceps on strength and girth. AB - The effect of surging faradic electrical stimulation on the strength and girth of normal quadriceps was studied in 18 young adult females (9 experimental and 9 control). Both quadriceps of the experimental subjects received 10 treatments of 15-min duration of electrical stimulation administered over a 5-week period. Before and after the study, thigh girth was measured and knee extension strength assessed with a Cybex II, Isometrically at 65 degrees of knee flexion and isokinetically at 30 degrees/s and 60 degrees/s. There were no differences between groups in high girth. Isometric strength increased 31% in the non dominant leg and 21% in the dominant leg (P less than 0.05). The only significant change in isokinetic strength was found in the non-dominant leg at 30 degrees/s. Surging intermittent faradic stimulation can develop both types of strength at slow speeds of motion. Such stimulation should be valuable modality for developing isometric strength when normal voluntary motion is hampered. However, it appears to have little applicability to developing the kind of strength associated with rapid movements. PMID- 7109886 TI - Electromyographic manifestations of muscular fatigue. AB - Analyses of surface electromyogram (EMG) power spectra and integrated EMG (IEMG) were performed during isometric fatigue contraction in eight male subjects. Fatigability was determined as the rate of rise in IEMG as a function of time (IEMG slope coefficient or eta). Results indicated that the IEMG slope coefficient for the biceps brachii at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was approximately nine times greater than that of the soleus. The exponential decay of maximal sustaining time (Ts) as a function of IEMG slope coefficient (Log Ts - = 0.895 x eta + 2.60, r = 0.92, P less than 0.001) during different fractions of MVC suggested a neurophysiological link between fatigability of the biceps and their motor unit (MU) activities which increased in an accelerated fashion. Analyses of mean power frequency (MPF) revealed that there was a significant decline in MPF (43.7 Hz, P less than 0.001) for the biceps brachii. Furthermore, the extent of this decline was correlated with MPF obtained during MVC (r = 0.96, P less than 0.000). This correlation indicated that MUs with higher MPF would fatigue to a greater extent than those with relatively lower MPF. Subsequent analyses of MPF during fatigue for the soleus revealed that there was a relatively small decline in MPF (7.3 Hz, P greater than 0.05). It was suggested that non-invasive analyses of power spectra and IEMG slope coefficient could provide a sensitive measure of MU fatigability that may reflect the activities of different types of muscle fibers. PMID- 7109887 TI - Physical training effects on muscle morphology in sedentary males at different ages. AB - The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the influence of physical training on muscle morphology and strength in different age groups in order to learn about the exogenous influence (e.g., inactivity) on the these characteristics in old age. Eighteen sedentary males ranging in age from 22-65 yr were involved in a low resistance and high repetition strength training program twice a week for 15 wk. Muscle biopsies were taken and strength measurements were performed before and after the training period. Age-related muscle fiber atrophy, seen before training, was diminished after the training period because of an increase in fiber size in older subjects. Muscular strength values, however, were lower with increasing age before and after training, indicating that strength decline in old age is not primarily due to muscle fiber atrophy. PMID- 7109889 TI - Cardiorespiratory responses to ballet exercise and the VO2max of elite ballet dancers. AB - Physiologic responses to ballet exercise and VO2max during treadmill running were studied in elite professional ballet dancers (7 men, 8 women; age 20-30 yr) from American Ballet Theatre. Ten dancer were studied during standard 1-h ballet classes consisting of 28 min of barre and 32 min of center floor exercise. Eight dancers performed maximal treadmill running tests yielding VO2max values (ml . min-1 . kg-1) of 48.2 (range 43.8-51.9) for men and 43.7 (range 40.9-50.1) for women. Mean VO2 (ml . min-1 . kg-1) during barre exercise was 18.5 (38% VO2max) for men and 16.5 (38% VO2max) for women; during center floor exercise 26.3 (55% VO2max) for men and 20.1 (46% VO2max) for women, with a peak of 77% VO2max for a male dancer. Mean caloric output values (kcal . kg-1 . min-1) during barre exercise were 0.09 and 0.08 for men and women, respectively, and during center floor exercise 0.13 for men and 0.10 for women, with a peak of 0.18 for one male dancer. Estimated net caloric outputs for the entire ballet class averaged 200 kcal . h-1 for women and 300 kcal . h-1 for men. During barre exercise, HR was below the training sensitive zone (70% HR max) for significant periods of time. Peak HR (beats . min-1) was relatively high during allegro center floor exercise, averaging 178 (92% HR max) and 158 (85% HR max) for men and women, respectively. However, these were maintained for only brief durations similar to sprint or burst activities. We conclude that these physiologic data obtained during ballet class represent only a relatively modest stimulus for augmenting aerobic (VO2max). In conjunction with the strong isometric component in ballet exercise, along with the sprint or burst component of ballet exercise, these factors would produce in elite ballet dancers VO2max values in the range of non-endurance athletes. PMID- 7109888 TI - Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in male and female Olympic athletes. AB - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is negatively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, and high levels of HDLC have been reported for physically active people. During the 1976 Olympic Games, held in Montreal, Canada, several physiological variables were measured in volunteer male and female Olympic athletes, from whom blood was collected. To compare these elite athletes with the general population and other physically active groups, HDLC was measured in serum samples that were kept at -80 degrees C and after precipitation of lipoproteins of lower densities by heparin-manganese. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in women (65.2 +/- 2.1 N = 31) than in men (54.5 +/- 1.4, N = 64) (P less than 0.01). Olympic athletes had approximately 20% more HDLC than levels reported in the literature for the general population of North America. Levels of HDLC of the male Olympic athletes were comparable to those reported for elite world-class runners of comparable age. No correlation was found between HDLC and Quetelet index or maximum oxygen consumption. Levels of HDLC in athletes 20-24 yr of age were lower than in the other age groups studied and was positively correlated with age for athletes over 20 yr of age. Although a causal relationship between physical activity and HDLC remains to be established unequivocally, the present findings agree with several other studies that link various levels of physical activity with blood concentrations of HDLC higher than those found in sedentary populations. PMID- 7109890 TI - Perceived exertion and anaerobic threshold during the menstrual cycle. AB - Six adult females with normal menstrual cycles (28-31 d in length) volunteered to exercise on a bicycle ergometer on five different days of their menstrual cycles (days 2, 8, 14, 20, and 26; day 1 = onset of menstruation). Each day the subjects exercised at a maximum work load (184.4 W) and at four submaximal exercise intensities (45.0, 83.1, 121.4 and 154.4 W). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained during minute 4 of each 5-min submaximal exercise bout and at exhaustion each day. Overall, RPE was linearly correlated with heart rate (r = 0.87) when all exercise intensities and cycle days were considered. There was no statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) change in RPE at any exercise intensity related to cycle day. Factors (expired ventilatory volume, respiratory frequency, tidal volume, end-tidal CO2 tension, and heart rate) that may have affected RPE, maximal aerobic power, and anaerobic threshold (AT) were also statistically unchanged because of cycle day. Anaerobic threshold averaged 68.7% of the VO2max, or 1.592 l . min for all cycle days, as determined by the total expiratory volume/oxygen uptake "break point" method of Wasserman and co-workers (18). These data support the utilization of female subjects with normal menstrual cycles in psychophysiological studies without regard to menstrual cycle phase. PMID- 7109891 TI - Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion are influenced by high altitude exposure. AB - Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained from eight low altitude residents during cycle exercise at sea level (SL) and after acute (less than 2 h) and chronic (18 d) exposure to high altitude (4,300 m; HA). Mean VO2max was 27% lower with acute HA exposure. Subjects cycled for 30 min at an exercise intensity requiring 85% of VO2max. Respiratory exchange measurements and differentiated RPE were obtained at minutes 5, 15 and 25 of exercise, and pre- and post-exercise blood samples were collected. Differentiated RPE included a local muscular rating, a central or cardiopulmonary ratings, and an overall rating. Despite reduced absolute exercise intensity during acute HA exercise, local RPE were unchanged from SL values. Chronic HA exercise, however, was associated with a significant reduction in local RPE. Blood lactate accumulation during SL exercise was not significantly greater than central ratings, while neither differed significantly from the overall ratings. None of the differentiated ratings differed significantly during acute and chronic HA exercise; central RPE were highest of the ratings during chronic HA exercise. The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen during HA exercise (both acute and chronic) was significantly higher than at SL. This apparent rearrangement in the relative order of magnitude of these three differentiated ratings suggests an alteration in the relationship between perceptual cues sensed as effort. PMID- 7109892 TI - A comparison of combined running and weight training with circuit weight training. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the physiologic effects of a program of combined running and weight training (RUN-CWT) with a program of circuit weight training (CWT). Thirty-six females (X age = 35.7 yr) and 41 males (X age = 36.1 yr) were randomly assigned to RUN-CWT, CWT, and control groups. The training groups participated in 12-wk programs, 3 d . wk-1. Three circuits of 10 weight training exercises were completed with 12-15 repetitions performed in 30 s at 40% of one-repetition maximum at each station. The 30-min RUN-CWT program included 30 s of running on an indoor track following each CWT station, whereas the 22.5 min CWT program included a 15-s rest period between stations. The RUN-CWT groups had a significant (+ 17%) increase in VO2max (females 30.5-35.7 ml . kg-1 . min-1 and males 39.7-46.3 ml . kg-1 . min-1) and strength (females + 24% and males +21%), and a significant decrease in body fat percentage (females -3.2% and males 4.1%). The CWT groups also increased significantly in VO2max (+12%) and strength (+17%) and decreased in body fat (-3.0%). The controls did not change significantly in any variable. Statistically, one training program was not shown to be superior to the other; thus, both programs of RUN-CWT and CWT were effective in improving measures of physical fitness. PMID- 7109893 TI - Road-racing strategies. AB - An approach is presented for developing optimal strategies for distance road racing and cross-country racing, i.e., running, skiing, and bicycling over courses of varying terrain. The course can be divided into segments defined by known properties, and the racer may be characterized by his abilities relative to the course segments and total energy available for completing the course. Functional optimization methods are used to select the racer's velocity in each segment to minimize the total time required to complete the course without exceeding any of the racer's limits. Two characterizations of the racer's total capability concerning course parameters are developed. Using a "distance-life" model based on data, examples of optimal strategies over courses of varying terrain are presented. It is shown that the defined optimal strategy is measurably better than other strategies. Several low concepts are introduced that are easily adapted to such problems and can be used in developing fundamental energy expenditure relations. PMID- 7109894 TI - The body composition and physical dimensions of 9- to 12-year-old experienced wrestlers. AB - Body composition and physical dimensions were compared between 23 young, experienced wrestlers (mean age +/- SE = 11.0 +/- 0.21 yr) and 23 school children (11.2 +/- 0.24 yr). The wrestlers were among the best wrestlers from local wrestling clubs and averaged 2.7 (+/- 0.27) yr of experience. They had won 72% (+/- 1.8%) of the total 75 (+/- 9.1) matches. The comparison group consisted of volunteers from local elementary schools. Standard densitometric and anthropometric techniques were used to measure the body composition and physical dimensions of each group. The wrestlers were 4 kg lighter (P less than 0.05) and had a smaller percent fat than the comparison group (13.3 +/- 0.66% and 20.0 +/- 1.13%, respectively). The weight difference between groups was due to the larger fat weight of the comparison group since lean weight differed by only 0.8 kg. Fat differences were also reflected in the larger skinfolds and "fat" circumferences of the comparison group. No group differences were noted in diameters. It is concluded that compared to other children young experienced wrestlers have similar skeletal structures and lean body weights. The comparison group possessed more body fat. PMID- 7109895 TI - Effects of training and age on VO2max in laboratory rats. AB - To study the effects of training and aging on aerobic capacity, 8-wk-old female Wistar rats were assigned to training and sedentary, free-eating control groups (N = 10, each). Training involved 5 wk of daily progressive treadmill running reaching an intensity of 26.8 m . min-1 on 15% grade for 1 h. Training was maintained at this intensity for an additional 11 wk. The VO2max of trained and sedentary control rats was assessed every 2 wk. Peak VO2max (25.4 +/- 3.2 ml . min-1; X +/- SEM) was observed in the trained group at 20 wk of age and represented a 15% increase over the untrained group. When expressed on a relative basis, the peak VO2max in trained rats at 20 wk of age was 86.6 +/- 8.6 ml . kg-1 . min-1, or an 8% improvement compared to controls. In control animals VO2max was also greatest at 20 wk of age (22.0 +/- 1.9 ml . min-1; 79.9 +/- 6.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1). After 20 wk of age, VO2max declined in sedentary controls, but was maintained in trained animals were approximately 6% heavier than sedentary free eating controls. Endurance training may stimulate anabolic processes as well as improve and maintain aerobic capacity in the female rat. PMID- 7109896 TI - [Value in tropical traumatologic practice of the French army medical service device for external fixation of fractures (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109897 TI - [Cranio-encephalic traumatisms in Senegal. A review from 1,039 cases (author's transl)]. AB - Frequency of cranio-encephalic traumatisms in Senegal raises rapidly, mostly as a consequence of the development of motor circulation (54 p. 100 of the cases). Main features observed in other countries are recalled as well as the relation between high mortality and polytraumatisms. Original aspects are related to the conditions prevailing in developing countries, poor public health facilities, delays for transportation and emergency cares. Consequently many fatal cases are not recorded. PMID- 7109898 TI - [A misestimated aspect of tropical traumatology: abdomen penetrating injuries caused by buffalo horn. Review of 64 Cambodian cases (author's transl)]. AB - These injuries are frequent in Cambodia; they are work casualties and patients are most often young males (65 p. 100 under 20 years). In half of the cases there is no visceral damage and when it happens it is, in 76,7 p. 100 of the cases, limited to a single viscus. Rules of treatment are not much different from those of war surgery and must taken in account the socio-economic and cultural environment. PMID- 7109899 TI - [Bacteriological aspects of traumatisms caused by animals (author's transl)]. AB - Bacterial complications of traumatisms caused by animals are very frequent if no proper therapy is applied. Germs detected in the wounds caused by cold-blood animals or by invertebrates are mostly represented by bacterias of telluric origin (responsible of gas gangrene, tetanus...) with the eventual worsening effect of venom. Germs detected in the wound caused by warm-blood animals have their origin in the dental commensal flora in which anaerobic germs prevail. Pasteurellosises are specially feared after animal bites but human bites too must not be neglected. Therapy first target must be the elimination of anaerobic conditions and antibiotherapy is required for every deep injury. PMID- 7109900 TI - [Injuries by marine animals in New Caledonia and dependencies (author's transl)]. AB - Injuries by marine animals present diverse types and forms. The responsible sea animals resort to many zoological species, vertebrates and invertebrates, ranging from fishes to sponges. The vulnerant processes are also various: the wound being or not associated with envenomation. Venoms are different, according to the species: some ones are only histotoxic and have a local effect around the wound, others are viscerotoxic, giving a generalized and sometimes fatal intoxication. New Caledonia is an archipelago situated in particularly warm waters, and therefore is a privileged area to observe marine animals injuries. These accidents are more frequent in number in Noumea area, but mainly concern newcomers. In other areas, the insular population much in contact with sea because the food it harvests from it, provides many victims. From personal cases and from those recorded in dispensaries and in G. Bourret Hospital of Noumea, the authors describe the main syndromes: --traumas by non venomous marine animals, - traumas by venomous marine animals: --bites --pricks: single or few - multiple and urticant. For each of these syndromes, the responsible animals, their vulnerant apparatus and their modes of action, their symptomatologies and their treatment are given with a practical view. PMID- 7109901 TI - [Stings by venomous cones observed in New Caledonia and dependencies (author's transl)]. AB - Authors review height cases of stings by venomous cones observed in New Caledonia. They describe the morphology of the venom apparatus of these attracting molluscs and emphasize the severity of the injuries. Prognosis is the worst in children, and Conus geographus is the most dangerous species of the genus Conus. There is no valuable treatment and prevention is the sole protection. PMID- 7109902 TI - [Treatment by plants of injuries caused by marine animals in New Caledonia. An approach of the indigenous treatment (author's transl)]. AB - An approach by an ethnobotanist and a surgeon of the indigenous treatment of injuries caused by marine animals in New Caledony. Actually, the indigenous plants used are under pharmaco-chemical study. They seem to have a real efficiency against thermolabiles venoms, but the mechanism of their action is still unknown; there is no proof of any antidote action. Their efficiency may result from their mode of preparation and local application on the wounds, with a physical action neutralizing the venoms by chemical structure destabilization. Plants used to treat wounds caused by predators have demonstrated a good healing effect when associated with logic surgical tactic (wounds left unsutured). Nowadays, and in the expectation of further studies, severe cases require modern treatments with pathophysiologic bases, such as serotherapy when available or resuscitation technics. Antibiotics and surgery are an absolute requirement in case of septicemic condition. PMID- 7109903 TI - [Techniques for stabilization of fractures of the elbow, wrist and base of the first metacarpal bone using Kirschner pins]. PMID- 7109904 TI - [Religion of Eboga or the Bwiti of the Fangs]. PMID- 7109905 TI - [Epidemiological problems in African cities(author's transl)]. PMID- 7109907 TI - [Hydrotelluric fluorotic intoxication in North Yemen. First results (author's transl)]. AB - The X Ray Department of the French medical mission of Taez receives patients coming from the whole Arab Yemen Republic (country situated in the south of the arab peninsula). Radiology has been a mean of detection and a mean of research of an important centre of osteofluorosis, a disease which had not been studied in this country until then. 47 cases have been collected throughout one year. The hydrotelluric origin of the intoxication has been proved by dosages of the spring waters used for drinking. The main usual clinical and radiological features of the disease are found in that population. The radiological classification proposed by ROHOLM has few clinical correlative interests, but seems available for epidemiological investigation. A first map of the North Yemen for chronic fluorisis has been drawn. PMID- 7109906 TI - [Little savage mammalians: free-living amoebae vectors? (author's transl)]. AB - We tried to prove the part of the little savage mammalians as active intermediate hosts to the intestine level for some free-living limax amoebae of limax group. For this we participated to several trapping-season in Britanny and in Tunisia. From 273 samplings, we studied 224 with the results thereafter: the rodents are the first (213/224) and the 3 most frequent species are also the most often hosts: 20/128 A. sylvaticus, 9/58 C. glareolus and 4/16 M. spretus. There must be a double positive factor: life in burrow near the earth and meal type. The 78 samplings for which we checked the free-living amoebae by stool examination, are the most poor by culture: 2/78 (2.5 p. 100). This lack explains the negative stool examination. The isolated amoebae belong for 31/34 to the genus Acanthamoeba, of one potentially pathogenic: A. hatchetti. Moreover the Finistere biotop appears particularly poor (2.5 p. 100 carriers in front of 21 p. 100 in Ille-et-Vilaine and 24 p. 100 in Tunisia). PMID- 7109908 TI - [Treatment of eclampsia crisis by peridural anesthesia and cesarean operation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7109909 TI - [Psychiatric emergencies-- their therapy and legal aspects]. PMID- 7109910 TI - [Psychiatry in adolescence]. PMID- 7109911 TI - [Didactic and psychodynamic studies in a psychosomatic practicum]. PMID- 7109912 TI - [Ambulatory therapy of depression with equilibrin]. PMID- 7109913 TI - [Treatment of depressive disorders within the framework of a sanatorium]. PMID- 7109914 TI - [Usefulness of bacteriological sputum analysis]. PMID- 7109915 TI - [Australia: psychiatry in transition]. PMID- 7109916 TI - [Development of scientific theories of nutrition]. PMID- 7109918 TI - [Treatment of renal insufficiency following surgery of the heart]. PMID- 7109917 TI - [Aneurysms of the aorta and the aortic arch in children]. PMID- 7109919 TI - [Bronchitis syndrome and its risk factors (II)]. PMID- 7109920 TI - [Higher incidence of high blood pressure in Germans as compared with South European and Turkish guest workers]. PMID- 7109921 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of diseases of extracerebral arteries of the head]. PMID- 7109922 TI - [Study on the effect and tolerance of Acelate as an aldosterone antagonist]. PMID- 7109923 TI - [Will irradiated food products be permitted soon?]. PMID- 7109925 TI - [Glycohemoglobin index. A trend indicator in pathological glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 7109924 TI - [Prevention of aviation accidents from the forensic medicine viewpoint]. PMID- 7109926 TI - [Patient compliance in controlled drug trials]. PMID- 7109927 TI - ["Atopy" - year of birth: 1923]. PMID- 7109928 TI - [What are the possibilities for treatment of hyperlipidemia in kidney insufficiency or in dialysis patients?]. PMID- 7109929 TI - [Examination of urine sediment using the MD-Kova system]. PMID- 7109930 TI - [Significance of a transurethrally implanted PVC splints in the treatment of ureteral obstructions]. PMID- 7109931 TI - [Effect of indomethacin on serum electrolytes in limited kidney function]. PMID- 7109932 TI - [Combination therapy of plasma exchange and immunosuppression in rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 7109933 TI - [IgA nephropathy. A monosymptomatic variant of Schoenlein-Henoch purpura?]. PMID- 7109934 TI - [Symptoms and differential therapy of ingestive and inhalative tetra(=per-) chloroethylene poisoning]. PMID- 7109935 TI - [Late results of operative and conservative treatment of achalasia of the esophagus]. PMID- 7109936 TI - [Infection in the newborn caused by pneumococcus]. PMID- 7109937 TI - [Successful anticoagulant treatment in bilateral thrombosis of the renal vein]. PMID- 7109938 TI - [Hepatic elimination of indocyanine green and antipyrine in patients with chronic liver disease]. PMID- 7109939 TI - [Hepatotoxicity of the tuberculostatic combination INH+RMP+EMB in relation to drug metabolism in the liver]. PMID- 7109940 TI - [Endoscopic diagnosis and therapy of benign esophageal stenosis in children]. PMID- 7109941 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic intestinal ischemia using angiography]. PMID- 7109942 TI - [Stomatitis granulomatosa as an unusual manifestation of Crohn disease]. PMID- 7109943 TI - [Morphologic, cytochemical and biochemical findings in megaloblastic anemias. Considerations and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 7109945 TI - [Computer tomographic diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms]. PMID- 7109944 TI - [Development of a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma in chronic active hepatitis]. PMID- 7109946 TI - [Relation of blood pressure variability and blood pressure reactivity in essential hypertension]. PMID- 7109947 TI - [Ergometry in the diagnosis of juvenile borderline hypertension]. PMID- 7109948 TI - [Sodium restriction in young people. Report of an interventive study]. PMID- 7109949 TI - [Mesenteric cysts. Differential diagnosis and complications]. PMID- 7109951 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of bronchial mycoses. Practical experience]. PMID- 7109950 TI - [Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease from a psychosomatic viewpoint]. PMID- 7109952 TI - [Intracellular sodium+ and magnesium2+ concentrations in diets containing fats of various degrees of saturation]. PMID- 7109953 TI - [Long-term behavior of blood pressure in pacemaker systems controlled from the ventricle]. PMID- 7109954 TI - [The dipyridamol test and coronary heart disease]. PMID- 7109955 TI - [Anti-arrhythmia and antifibrillatory effect of flecainide in programmed ventricle stimulation and in recent heart infarction]. PMID- 7109956 TI - [Echocardiographic studies in primary muscular disease]. PMID- 7109957 TI - [Bartter syndrome]. PMID- 7109958 TI - The Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome. An analysis of clinical and pathologic features and therapy in 55 patients. PMID- 7109959 TI - The brush border of intestinal epithelium: a model system for analysis of cell surface architecture and motility. PMID- 7109960 TI - Crane fly spermatocytes and spermatids: a system for studying cytoskeletal components. PMID- 7109961 TI - Stereological analysis of microtubules in cells with special reference to their possible role in secretion. PMID- 7109962 TI - Chromatophores: their use in understanding microtubule-dependent intracellular transport. PMID- 7109963 TI - Microscopic methods for analysis of mitotic spindle structure. PMID- 7109964 TI - Dictyostelium discoideum: methods and perspectives for study of cell motility. PMID- 7109965 TI - Permeabilized cell models for studying chromosome movement in dividing PtK1 cells. PMID- 7109966 TI - Isolation of Salmonella wien heat-labile enterotoxin. AB - An enterotoxic activity has been identified in culture filtrates of Salmonella wien. The enterotoxin causes fluid accumulation in rabbit ligated ileal loops, firm induration and erythema in rabbit skin and morphological alteration in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures; it was revealed by treatment with calcium phosphate gel, and purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and BioGel A-1.5 m. The enterotoxic activity was eluted from the BioGel column in two peaks. Approximately 50-70% of the enterotoxic activity of the first peak, corresponding to the excluded volume, was resistant to heating at 75 degrees C for 30 min, while the activity of the second peak was completely destroyed by this treatment. From the heat-labile peak a protein, in homogeneous form, was isolated exploiting its affinity towards agarose gel filtration media. This protein, with enterotoxic activity was also present as shown by SDS-PAGE, in the first peak, eluted from the Bio-Gel column, where it appears to be closely associated with cell wall or membrane components and thus protected from heat denaturation. The isolated enterotoxin is stable in alkaline conditions but it is sensitive to acidic pH values; moreover, it stimulates adenylate cyclase in cell culture systems. Thus, it appears to possess properties similar to both cholera toxin and the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. These results indicate that the enterotoxin is a protein in nature and it is postulated that it may participate in the pathogenesis of S. wien infection. PMID- 7109967 TI - A simplified medium for detecting the effect of lecithin on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. AB - Thirty strains of Propionibacterium acnes were assayed to detect the effect of lecithin on their growth and to test the nutritional requirement of this bacterium for this phospholipid. The liquid lecithin medium (LLM) and solid lecithin medium (SLM), containing purified bovine lecithin (PBL) supported the growth of P. acnes strains assayed. Two percent PBL, which was an optimal concentration of lecithin (w/v in LLM and SLM) for the normal growth of P. acnes, was found to be inhibitory for the growth of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus tested. the growth of P. acnes in lecithin media was consistently comparable to the growth patterns of P. acnes in complex media. These results indicated that lecithin in lower concentrations than 2% stimulated the growth of P. acnes. There was an indication that this bacterium may produce enzymes capable of hydrolyzing this phosphoglyceride, incorporated in a defined basal medium, to use it as a source of carbon, energy and fatty acids. PMID- 7109968 TI - Elevation of natural killer activity and nonspecific immunity following injection of Listeria cell walls. AB - Mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of cell walls from Listeria monocytogenes (LCW) prior to challenge with Candida albicans or a mammary carcinoma showed significantly increased survival compared to saline injected controls. The cell walls were mitogenic for spleen cells in vitro. Levels of stimulation were lower than for Con A and PHA but comparable to those induced by LPS. Peritoneal exudative cells, but not spleen cells, harvested from mice injected with LCW showed significant elevation of natural killer (NK) cell activity as early as 1 day following injection. NK activity remained elevated for 10 days and then returned to normal levels by day 145. Macrophage phagocytic and tumorcidal activity in vitro did not appear stimulated. In overall comparison to commercial mitogens, LCW had lower levels of activity measured in vitro but equivalent or higher in vivo levels of protection. PMID- 7109969 TI - Mycobacteria of Mycobacterium scrofulaceum type isolated from rat or mice lepromata are not the aetiologic agents of murine leprosy. AB - Mycobacterial strains M.M4 and M.EY3 were isolated from a mouse leproma, respectively, on Kl-1 and Ogawa egg-yolk medium. Strain M.M4 was scotochromogenic and produced a yellow pigment. Young cultures were non-acid-fast and became acid fast during the exponential growth phase. Primary cultures of strain M.M4 did not grow on conventional culture media. However, the subcultures grown in Kl-1 medium were easily subcultured in the homologous media as well as on Lowenstein, Sauton and Dubos media. Cultures M.M4 were insensitive to isoniazid and p-nitrobenzoic acid. Both scotochromogenic strains M.R56 and M.M4 did not produce murine leprosy disease in susceptible animals like BALB/C and C3H mice. Primary as well as the subcultures of strain M.EY3 grew only on the Ogawa egg-yolk medium. Colonies of this strain were creamy white and unlike other mycobacteria, produced rust-like brown spots on the medium at the sites of colonies. In vitro grown cultures M.EY3 were sensitive to isoniazid and p-nitrobenzoic acid. BALB/C and C3H mice infected with M.EY3 cultures developed lepromata similar to those produced by the in vivo grown M. lepraemurium. Both M.R56 and M.M4 scotochromogenic cultures grown in liquid Kl-1 medium are not the causative agents of murine leprosy. On the other hand, cultures M.EY3 grown on Ogawa egg-yolk medium possess characteristics similar to M.lepraemurium and are, in fact, the aetiologic agents of murine leprosy. PMID- 7109970 TI - A laboratory evaluation of a new disinfectant cleaner for fibreoptic instruments. AB - The antimicrobial activity of Dettox ABC (DTX), a new disinfectant cleaner, developed for use in endoscopy, has been evaluated against sixteen strains of micro-organisms, nine of which were clinical isolates obtained from endoscope washings. In all cases the maximum growth inhibitory and lethal dilutions were considerably greater than those recommended for use (1/25). Time-survival data was determined for DTX (1/750), in hard water, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the effects of horse blood, yeast cells, serum and porcine mucin evaluated. These date indicated that the activity of the product was adversely affected at this dilution by organic matter. Levels of organic debris, which were found capable of neutralizing a 1/750 DTX dilution were included in a multiple challenge of the product with P. aeruginosa at dilutions of 1/25, 1/50 and 1/100 prepared in hard water. Its performance was satisfactory. Similarly, the activity of DTX at these dilutions upon Staphylococcus aureus cells dried in blood and mucin on glass surfaces was satisfactory. The levels of organic debris used in this study were considerably greater than those expected in practice with endoscopes. PMID- 7109971 TI - Pros and cons: does Michigan need a hospital rate regulation commission? PMID- 7109973 TI - Hospital rate-setting: should Michigan adopt it? PMID- 7109972 TI - The Maryland experience: rate regulations hold costs down. PMID- 7109974 TI - Required MD coverage last resort to solving hospitals' liability problems. PMID- 7109976 TI - The physician as a witness on the trial of a case. PMID- 7109975 TI - Glucose screening during pregnancy helps reduce fetal mortality and morbidity. PMID- 7109977 TI - Keratinolytic fungi in Egyptian soils. AB - The frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples, collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean, was determined by baiting with human and animal hairs and pigeon feathers. Twenty-one species, in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected. Chrysosporium indicum, C. Tropicum, C. keratinophilum, and Microsporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from the baited soils. The soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed species, ranging from one to four species. PMID- 7109978 TI - An internal view of the spherical body of Treponema macrodentium as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. AB - The osmium-dimethyl sulfoxide-osmium method for clear visualization of intracellular structure was used to observe the detailed inner structure of the spherical bodies produced in vitro by a human oral treponeme. Scanning electron microscopy of the cracked spherical body revealed no morphological differences between the outer and inner surfaces of the spherical body membrane, and that multiple folded or somewhat linear main bodies adhere closely to the inner surface. In addition, axial flagella partially free from the main bodies spread widely within the body to make a network, and a number of blebs ranging from approximately 1 micrometer to 0.2 micrometer in diameter were located near the terminal or subterminal areas of the main bodies. The origin of the blebs and the mechanism of spherical body formation are discussed. PMID- 7109979 TI - Purification and characterization of spirosomes in Lactobacillus brevis. AB - Spirosomes, very find spiral particles, were isolated from a protoplastlysate of Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287 by differential centrifugation and purified further by potassium tartrate density gradient centrifugation. The purified spirosome preparation showed a maximum peak around 275 nm on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and it consisted of about 94.5% protein. The buoyant density in CsCl of the spirosomes was 1.320 g/cm3. The spirosomes were composed mainly of a single protein (spirosin with an apparent molecular weight of about 95,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein of the spirosomes was found to be composed predominantly of neutral amino acids accompanied by approximately equal amounts of acidic and basic amino acids. The spirosomes showed one antigenic determinant in the immunodiffusion test. The spirosomes were readily degraded by the action or proteolytic enzymes and lost their antigenicity, but they were not affected by treatment with either deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. The spiral structure of the spirosome was also found to be disintegrated by treatment with 1 M guanidine hydrochloride, 4 M urea or 0.1% SDS, but not by the action of deoxycholate, nonionic detergents or mercaptoethanol, as observed in the electron microscope. PMID- 7109980 TI - Enhancement of autolysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae by lysozyme. PMID- 7109981 TI - Obesity in evolutionary perspective. AB - Man is the only primate without fur. Hence subcutaneous fat constitutes the only means of insulation. For an endothermic animal such as man, whose tissues are susceptible to temperature fluctuations, an efficient means of insulation provided by subcutaneous fat not only conserves energy but also facilitates thermal regulation. The development of physiological mechanisms for accurate thermal regulation may be the basis of man's relatively long life-span. Why Homo sapiens, alone among the primates, substituted fat for fur as insulation is not know, but one plausible explanation may be the adoption of a semi-aquatic style of living during evolutionary development. Whatever the reason, subcutaneous fat is an important organ, and the level of adiposity is subjected to fine control by sophisticated physiological mechanisms. Thus, in healthy individuals, body fat content is a reflection of physiological requirements, and dietary and other measures for weight reduction may be detrimental to health. The time has come for the formation of a Fat Liberation Movement. PMID- 7109982 TI - The time factor in relation to the pattern, progress and prognosis of coronary atherosclerosis. PMID- 7109983 TI - Multiple sclerosis and infants fed on diets deficient in vitamin A or in selenium and vitamin E. AB - The characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) include indications that its foundations are laid in early childhood as evidence by instances of the clustering of cases in particular localities by place of birth. Then there is the pattern of distribution in which the prevalence of MS among Caucasians progressively diminishes as the equator is approached, and the familial tendency of the disease to occur in close relatives of those who suffer from it. What is perhaps the most intriguing of all is the prevalence in the Orkney and Shetland Islands which is the highest in the world as far as is known. These and various other features, when considered in connection with the results of the research work which has been carried out on MS and on related subjects, provide reasonable grounds on which to base the hypothesis that the feeding of newborn infants over a period of approximately six months on diets containing insufficient vitamin A or selenium (Se) and to a lesser extent the vitamin E necessary to safeguard vitamin A against peroxidative degradation is a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the possible onset of the disease later in life. PMID- 7109985 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome and progesterone. AB - Some victims of sudden infant death syndrome have evidence of chronically defective ventilation as do some members of the victims family and the subsequent siblings. Furthermore, the death seems to occur when the proportion of more vulnerable non-rapid eye movement sleep is increasing and serum progesterone is low. Both endogenous and exogenous progesterone are effective respiratory stimulants. The relationship of these three features does not appear to have been studied. PMID- 7109984 TI - Hyaluronidase, from wound healing to cancer (II). PMID- 7109986 TI - There is a unifying view of the behaviour of gentamicin. AB - It has been observed that stress inhibits the activity of the antibiotic, gentamicin. This critical observation leads not only to an explanation of the initial physiological behaviour of the molecule but also helps accommodate the behaviour of several other ligands in their affinity for specific biomembranes. The fundamental mechanism involved is assumed to be chemisorption of the ligands to the negatively-charged lipids that facilitates a phase separation of the associated lipids. In a condensed, mixed-lipid situation, as exists in a living membrane, such a type of reaction may lead to membrane expansion and as a consequence to leakage and signal-induction. The present hypothesis develops such a view with the aid of few supplementing data and a considerable amount of supporting data selected from published literature. The hypothesis requires the rigor of modern-day instrumentation for testing. PMID- 7109988 TI - Study on the effectiveness of remote mental healing. AB - A study which involved eight healers and ninety-six patients was conducted to determine the effectiveness of remote mental healing. The test subjects were hypertension patients between the ages of sixteen and sixty. Neither the doctor nor the patients knew who received the mental healing treatments. Normal medical treatment was continued in all cases. Improvement was judged by changes in the diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, heart beat rate, and weight. The statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the systolic blood pressure of the healer-treated group compared with the change in the control group. There were no significant differences in the changes of diastolic blood pressure, pulse, and weight of the two groups. Four of the healers had a 92.3 per cent improvement ratio in their total group of patients compared with a 73.7 per cent improvement for the control group. The general healing treatment used by the healers involved (a) a relaxation step, (b) attunement with a Higher Power or Infinite Being, (c) a visualization and/or affirmation of the patient being in a state of perfect health, and (d) expression of thanks to God or to the Source of all power and energy. PMID- 7109987 TI - Radiosensitivity changes during oocyte growth in mouse: an analysis of the contributing factors. PMID- 7109989 TI - Nonenzymic protein modification: a general phenomenon? PMID- 7109990 TI - Right hemisphere involvement in learning disability, attention deficit disorder, and childhood major depressive disorder. AB - Learning disability, attentional disorder and childhood major depression are frequent diagnoses in children with behavioral disturbances and impaired school performance. All three disorders are associated with right cerebral hemisphere dysfunction. Anatomical disturbance of right hemisphere function results in learning disability and/or attentional disorder. The physiological disturbance of right hemisphere function produced by a major depressive episode results in additional learning disability and/or attentional disorder. PMID- 7109991 TI - Does a primary host defense abnormality involving monocytes-macrophages underlie the pathogenesis of lung disease in cystic fibrosis? AB - The primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is chronic pulmonary disease. Pulmonary disease in CF is characterized in part by: (a) obstruction of the bronchi and bronchioles by inspissated secretions (mucus is hypersecreted and may also be abnormal), (b) recurrent or persistent bacterial infections, and (c) a chronic inflammatory state. We propose herein that much of the pathophysiology of lung disease in CF stems from a genetically inherited metabolic defect in monocyte-macrophages (M-Mphi), and we review evidence which indicates that CF M-Mphi are innately metabolically abnormal. Once activated by various stimuli, CF M-Mphi become metabolically hyperactive and hypersecretory as evidenced by the production of excessive levels of a variety of mediators which could have definite roles in both the initiation of pulmonary obstruction and the accelerated development of a chronic inflammatory response in CF. Evidence is also reviewed which indicates that other CF M-Mphi functions crucial to the afferent and efferent phases of the immune response to bacterial infections in the lung may be adversely affected. Mechanisms proposed to explain the abnormal production of mediators by CF M-Mphi are discussed, and it is concluded that hyperproduction of mediators by CF M-Mphi and their metabolic hyperactivity probably result from a defect in autoregulation. The nature of the metabolic defect in CF M-Mphi indicates that CF should be classified as a "new" primary host defense abnormality or alternatively as a "new" primary immune deficiency disease. PMID- 7109993 TI - Transport of fatty acids by myoglobin- a hypothesis. PMID- 7109992 TI - Some theoretical questions of the peptide and steroid hormone regulation. Part I.: The receptor-steroid variable complex (RSVC) hypothesis of genetic regulation. AB - Steroids exert their known biological and biochemical effects in connection with specific receptors. These effects are so various and complex that it is impossible to explain them on the basis of a concept supposing the presence of only one unique receptor molecule in the target organs. The heterogeneity in the function of steroids requires a heterogeneity in the molecular composition of the receptor-steroid complexes. Direct and indirect evidence is presented to support a multiplex, heterogene receptor theory. The possible origin of this complexity is analyzed and a new concept of specific gene regulation by heterogene receptor steroid complexes is suggested. in this theory the distribution and sequence of one or more steroids on the receptor can carry and serve highly specific and unique information capable or recognizing and binding to the acceptor site of the chromatin and regulating gene expressions specific for steroids. The formation of such Receptor-Steroid Variable Complexes (RSVC) has been mathematically analyzed and the properties of a chromatin protein capable of detecting both the DNA and the steroid sequences on the receptor are discussed. PMID- 7109995 TI - Crash carts. PMID- 7109994 TI - Species and age difference in the collagen types of the arterial wall - a possible explanation for differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis. PMID- 7109996 TI - Intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure: methodology and clinical considerations. PMID- 7109997 TI - Measurements and monitoring of phototherapy in newborn jaundice. AB - Hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn (neonatal jaundice) may cause irreversible brain damage if plasma concentrations of bilirubin exceed the number of binding sites on albumin and other blood components. Phototherapy or exchange transfusions to prevent the excessive rise in concentration of the pigment should be instituted in appropriate clinical situations. In phototherapy, the jaundiced infant is exposed to visible light containing the wavelength (about 450 nm) bilirubin will absorb. Because bilirubin is quite photolabile and will readily isomerize in vivo, it is rapidly converted to excretable forms. The effectiveness of this therapy, however, depends upon the maintenance of adequate radiant flux in the required wavelength. Energy output and spectral distributions of phototherapy lamps must be measured. The long-term effects of irradiation of newborn infants over several days are not yet known. PMID- 7109998 TI - Apnea monitors--1982. AB - Breathing cessation happens frequently among infants in neonatal intensive care units, particularly among premature infants. Most instances are benign respiratory pauses; however, some are significant apneic spells--breathing pauses longer than 20 sec or associated with bradycardia or cyanosis. These apneic spells must be recognized promptly and the infants stimulated to breathe to avoid brain damage or death from hypoxia. Apnea monitors now in use can detect some types of apneic spells, but not those in which airflow has been occluded but breathing motions continued. Monitors that measure air flow have been developed, but are not yet perfected for clinical use. An acoustic air-flow monitor has been developed that registers apneic spells more reliably than monitors now in use, and does not affect the infant's normal breathing. PMID- 7109999 TI - Thermal management in the care of sick neonates: a clinical appraisal. AB - The neonate's thermal stability is limited by a propensity for losing heat rather than an inability to generate it. The smaller the infant, the greater the expected thermal losses to the environment. The resultant vulnerability to hypothermia may diminish a sick infant's chances of survival. Radiant warmers and incubators are used in the nursery to regulate the infant's heat loss, yet each device has inherent advantages and disadvantages. By protecting the baby from air movement in the nursery and reducing insensible water loss to acceptable levels, plastic shields can eliminate the principal objections to prolonged use of radiant warmers for neonatal intensive care. PMID- 7110000 TI - Noncatheter devices for urinary incontinence in the elderly. PMID- 7110001 TI - Ambulation aids for the elderly. PMID- 7110002 TI - Emergency hospital evacuation plans: how adequate are they? PMID- 7110003 TI - The role of the hospital chaplain. PMID- 7110004 TI - Effect of low-fat, low-protein diet on blood viscosity factors. PMID- 7110005 TI - Spinal decompression sickness while scuba diving under the influence of drugs. PMID- 7110006 TI - Q fever: a study of 111 consecutive cases. PMID- 7110007 TI - Incidence of homozygous beta-thalassaemia in New South Wales, 1961-1976. AB - A case-finding survey yielded 58 persons with transfusion-dependent homozygous beta-thalassaemia who lived either in New South Wales or in the Australian Capital Territory. Of those born between 1961 and 1976 in New South Wales, nearly 70% were of Greek or Greek-Cypriot origin and 18% of Italian origin. The New South Wales incidence rates for homozygous beta-thalassaemia were estimated as follows: one in 934 births, Greek origin; one in 264 births, Cypriot origin and one in 3441 births, Italian origin. PMID- 7110008 TI - Cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm. AB - Fifteen patients with cerebral infarction, the majority of them being under the age of 40 years, were reviewed. Patients in whom an underlying structural disease, such as atheroma or thromboembolism, was suspected on clinical grounds were excluded. On the basis of either a personal or family history of migraine, or a concomitant vascular headache, or a migratory pattern of evolution of the neurological deficit, a migrainous disorder was considered possible in 14 patients. It is postulated that cerebral vasospasm is a cause of cerebral infarction, especially in younger people. PMID- 7110009 TI - Survival of South Australian cancer patients: a study of the State's Cancer Registry data. AB - Survival rates for cancer patients derived from population-based data are a fundamental means of monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for the community at large. We used South Australian Cancer Registry data to study survival by cancer site from date of diagnosis in 1977-79 to August 1980. One-year and two year cumulative percentage survival rates for all types of invasive cancer were 64% (+/- 0.5%) and 54% (+/- 0.5%) respectively. We anticipate that these findings will provide a yardstick for intra-hospital survival analyses. PMID- 7110010 TI - Intraluminal tube stenting in the management of recurrent adhesive small-bowel obstruction. PMID- 7110011 TI - Health care in 20 years' time: to maintain their standing, doctors will have to adapt to their patients' requirements. PMID- 7110012 TI - Sugar 'n' spice-- 'n' public relations. PMID- 7110013 TI - Sodium and potassium levels in Australian processed foods. AB - We analysed 118 foods available in retail outlets in Sydney for their sodium and potassium content. The concentration of sodium in the types of food examined was (from highest to lowest); salami, ham, luncheon meat, corned beef, liverwurst, breakfast cereals, cracker biscuits, frankfurters, cheese, crispbread, bread, sweet biscuits, canned vegetables, cheesecake and frozen vegetables. There were large variations within some of these groups, especially cheese and breakfast cereals. We have summarized data recently published on 250 other foods. The concentration of potassium was highest in bran-based breakfast cereals and lowest in cheese. PMID- 7110014 TI - Effect of processed foods on the salt intake of preschool children: a pilot study. PMID- 7110015 TI - Blood lead levels and behaviour of 400 preschool children. AB - A study of 400 Sydney children of preschool age has found a range of blood lead levels from 0.1 mumol/L to 1.4 mumol/L (2 micrograms/100 mL to 29 micrograms/100 mL), with no children having readings above the currently accepted "level of concern". Within the Sydney metropolitan area, a significant inverse relationship was found between blood lead level and distance of the home from the city centre. Within the range of blood lead levels, no relationship appeared between blood lead levels and performance in verbal intelligence test, three of the tests of motor ability, and a parent rating. In one of the tests of fine motor coordination, there was a tendency for the children with lower lead levels to perform better than those with moderate blood lead levels. In one of the tests of gross motor skill, the results for the two age groups were conflicting. Further studies of a prospective nature covering the period of maximum vulnerability (0 to three years) are essential before any conclusion can be drawn about the effects of subclinical blood levels of lead. PMID- 7110016 TI - Differences in head injuries of pedal cyclist and motorcyclist casualties in Victoria. AB - There being no legal requirement in Victoria for pedal cyclists to wear crash helmets (and only few do so), we tested the hypothesis that pedal cyclists are subject to significantly greater risk of head injury than motorcyclists, who are required by law to wear them. Injury data of 1975 to 1980 showed that there were three times more fatalities and reported non-fatal casualities among motorcyclists than among pedal cyclists. Head injuries, including fractured vault of skull, fractured base of skull, concussion and intracranial injury, were significantly more frequent among pedal cyclist casualties (P less than 0.001). The number of pedal cyclist casualties with solely head injury was twice that of motorcycle riders, and those pedal cyclist casualties had a significantly greater incidence of fractured vault of the skull. It is likely that risk of head injury for pedal cyclists would be significantly reduced if they wore protective helmets. PMID- 7110017 TI - Significance of signs of recent haemorrhage at endoscopy. PMID- 7110018 TI - Sodium citrate and gastric acidity in obstetric patients. PMID- 7110020 TI - Non-genetic inheritance in cells: an important frontier. PMID- 7110019 TI - Pilot study: effective health and personal development. An experiment in school education. AB - This paper describes an experimental school-based health education and personal development programme conducted jointly by the Health Commission and Department of Education in northern Sydney, New South Wales. We evaluated the programme after it had been taught for five school terms, by adopting a control/experimental group design based on multiple choice questionnaires. We recorded large and significant gains in the health status of the secondary students from the experimental schools compared with the control students. Notable successes were in the areas of cigarette smoking (reductions as high as 13%), alcohol consumption (reductions of up to 12%) and exercise (increase of 17.5%). The long-term effectiveness of such programmes may depend on support from the medical profession. PMID- 7110021 TI - Successful pregnancies in women treated by haemodialysis. PMID- 7110022 TI - Liver disease induced by perhexiline maleate. PMID- 7110023 TI - [Vasoprotection and vasoaggression - mode of action of lipoproteins]. PMID- 7110024 TI - [Acute myocarditis caused mostly by viruses]. PMID- 7110025 TI - [Paracetamol and codeine: addition of peripheral and central analgesic effect]. PMID- 7110026 TI - [Psychogenic asthma - does it exist?]. PMID- 7110027 TI - [Stress incontinence in women]. PMID- 7110028 TI - [Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic for wound infections]. PMID- 7110029 TI - [A drug fights pain on two levels]. PMID- 7110030 TI - [Work and stress - instruments and methods for an epidemiological investigation on risk factors and cardiovascular disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110031 TI - [The threshold limit values of chemical substances in the jurisprudence of the Court of Cassation]. PMID- 7110032 TI - [Alterations in critical fusion frequency of luminous stimulus in lead-exposed subjects (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110033 TI - [Case study of lung cancer due to chromates diagnosed through cytologic examination of the sputum without x-rays evidence (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110034 TI - [Clinical and radiological survey of 119 asbestos workers: importance of detecting fibrous pleural plaques (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110035 TI - [Asbestos bodies in the general population of the district of Alessandria: an autoptical survey and correlation of quantitative asbestos body counts, occupation and place of residence (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110036 TI - [Bronchial-alveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy in the study of occupational interstitial lung disease (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110037 TI - [Allergic disease in the cosmetics industry (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110038 TI - [A computer program for the analysis of occupational cohort mortality studies (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110040 TI - [Some aspects of noise in the mining industry]. PMID- 7110039 TI - Work-stress and urinary catecholamines excretion in shift workers exposed to noise. II: Dopamine (DA). PMID- 7110041 TI - [Differential diagnostic aspect of sequelae of accidents with digital syncopal crisis: discussion of a case]. PMID- 7110042 TI - [Idiopathic portal hypertension in a worker exposed to vinyl chloride (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110043 TI - [Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in industrial use of mineral oils: a method for risk evaluation (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110044 TI - [Classification of asbestosic alterations. Proposed updating]. PMID- 7110045 TI - [Medical surveillance criteria for risk in occupational exposure to ultrasonics]. PMID- 7110046 TI - [Medical surveillance criteria in exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations at frequencies below 300 kHz and in static fields (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110048 TI - [Present-day principles of workers' health protection (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110047 TI - The organic solvents and beta-glucuronidase of leucocytes. PMID- 7110049 TI - [Heat injuries--physiopathology and immediate measures]. PMID- 7110050 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 7110051 TI - [Adverse effects of beta-lactam antibiotics]. PMID- 7110052 TI - [Migraine and other primary headaches]. PMID- 7110053 TI - [Analgesics in childhood]. PMID- 7110054 TI - [Physical exhaustion. An overview from the psychiatric standpoint]. PMID- 7110055 TI - [Stomach cancer from cimetidine?]. PMID- 7110056 TI - Hepatitis B vaccine. PMID- 7110057 TI - Intravenous immune globulin (Gamimune). PMID- 7110058 TI - Treatment of snakebite in the USA. PMID- 7110059 TI - Congenital primitive neuroectodermal tumor (neuroepithelioma) of the chest wall. AB - Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (neuroepithelioma) is a relatively common central nervous system tumor in children. Those arising from a peripheral nerve are extremely rare in childhood. There is only one reported case in 6-year-old where the tumor arose from the sciatic nerve. A case of neuroectodermal tumor of the chest wall, arising from the intercostal nerve, in a newborn is presented. The tumor metastasized to the brain. Prominent Homer-Wright rosettes, with central eosinophilic fibrillar substance similar to that seen in neuroepithelioma of the central nervous system, were present in the primary tumor and brain metastases. Ultrastructure, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, is also described. PMID- 7110060 TI - An unusual manifestation of cryptococcal infection in a chronic lymphedematous arm. PMID- 7110061 TI - A content validity analysis of neoplastic items of the National Board of Medical Examiners Part II Examination. AB - As part of its evaluation of the Clinical Cancer Education Program (CCEP) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Office of Educational Research and Evaluation analyzed student performance on neoplastic items of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Examination Part II. The evaluation provided a successful application of the American Association for Cancer Education (AACE) coding schema for analysis of neoplastic items. Two examinations were analyzed in order to determine the frequency with which specific disease sites, treatment modalities, and question emphasis items appeared. With reference to disease site, the greatest number of questions on both examinations dealt with gynecological issues while the fewest dealt with lung and hematologic-related disease. A breakdown of questions into various treatment modalities indicated that of items that could be categorized, most dealt with surgical treatment, while other therapeutic modalities were given little or no emphasis. Looking at question emphases, the most frequently asked questions referred to diagnostic tests and stratagems, whereas the least amount of emphasis was placed on rehabilitative and psychosocial aspects of the disease. These findings corroborate those reported by Ruckdeschel and his associates and point out several limitations to the content validity of the neoplastic items on NBME Part II. PMID- 7110062 TI - Use of a clinical accelerator in spectroscopic studies of the decay of 197Ir. AB - The 40-MeV direct beam bremsstrahlung irradiation facility of the Sagittaire clinical electron accelerator was used to produce 197Ir via the reaction 198Pt(lambda,p)197Ir. Gamma rays emitted in the Ir decay were detected with an intrinsic germanium system and multichannel analyzer. 106 of the spectrum peaks could be analyzed for energy, relative intensity, and half-life. Half-life results indicate that 197Ir decays from two isomers, one with half-life 6.1 +/- 0.1 min and another with half-life 8.9 +/- 0.1 min. PMID- 7110063 TI - Quantitative stereology and radiologic image analysis. Part I: Computerized tomography and ultrasound. AB - The interpretation of two-dimensional radiographs or computerized tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) sections with inferences made about three-dimensional anatomy is the foundation of diagnostic radiology. A large variety of estimation methods which can be applied to two-dimensional CT/US sections to estimate their three dimensional properties is presented. The techniques are easily utilized in a research or clinical setting, do not require computerization, and can provide statistically accurate three-dimensional information based on two-dimensional sampling with a minimum of effort. Although the examples are directed at diagnostic radiology, the estimation procedures may be employed in analogous fields such as microscopy or section anatomy. PMID- 7110064 TI - Quantitative stereology and radiologic image analysis. Part II: Transmission (projection) radiography. PMID- 7110065 TI - Batho's correction factor combined with scatter summation. PMID- 7110066 TI - Application of A150 plastic-equivalent gas in A150 plastic ionization chambers for Co-60 gamma rays and 14.8-MeV neutrons. PMID- 7110067 TI - Design of rotating aperture cones for radiographic scatter reduction. AB - A new multiple-scanning-slit or scanning-grid scatter-reduction geometry consisting of coaxial rotating aperture (RA) cones is described and compared with other RA assemblies such as the rotating aperture wheel (RAW) device. A unique feature of the new design is that the geometric and rotational axes of the conical RA surfaces coincide and are collinear with the x-ray focal spot. This arrangement of axes should provide the potential for greatly improved mechanical rigidity, higher rotational velocities, and the capability for static slit pattern alignment. The common rotational axis of the cone assembly is angled obliquely to the central x-ray beam such that the intersections of the irradiated portion of the RA surfaces with the plane formed by the x-ray central beam and cone axes are straight lines parallel to the film plane. This geometry is compatible with the standard source-patient-image receptor radiographic relationship and allows for variable source-to-image-receptor distance. PMID- 7110068 TI - Artifact patterns in multiple scanning beam radiography. PMID- 7110069 TI - A physical statistics theory for detectability of target signals in noisy images. I. Mathematical background, empirical review, and development of theory. AB - This paper addresses the physical probability of finding, by random chance of noise fluctuations, false-positive events in the background field of view of a noisy image. The signal levels of these random events are characterized by a general noise power spectrum; if they are comparable in magnitude with that of a true target signal, averaged over an area equal to that of the true target signal, then the false-positive events obscure the confidence of the true signal identification. The theory shows that the statistics of this phenomenon depend very strongly, and with distinct threshold behavior, upon the generalized power signal-to-noise ratio of the true target signal; the behavior depends only weakly upon other factors, e.g., the background field of view area examined with respect to the true target area. Evaluation of even the simplest model of detection confidence, based upon this theory, yields several immediate results. The predicted SNR at threshold is approximately 3.5, with a variation of +/- 0.5 from 10%-95% confidence-of-detection levels. The theory is applied also to systems where display or intrinsic signal detection properties, rather than system inputs, limit the statistics. In this case, the theory predicts, in agreement with experiments, contrast-limiting effects of 1% contrast for the human eye vision system and 5% contrast for typical TV displays of scintigraphic images. When experimental detectability studies of numerous investigators all are converted to a uniform specification of the output power-average-signal-to-noise ratio, then the theoretical predictions here give an excellent description of all major aspects of the empirical results. PMID- 7110070 TI - Energy calibration of a linear accelerator with photonuclear reactions. PMID- 7110071 TI - A localized current field hyperthermia system for use with 192-iridium interstitial implants. PMID- 7110072 TI - On the utility of a simple model for the calculation of k-edge filtered x-ray spectra. PMID- 7110073 TI - A survey of tissue substitutes and phantoms in 98 U.S. medical centers. PMID- 7110074 TI - A solid water phantom material for radiotherapy x-ray and gamma-ray beam calibrations. AB - The formulation, manufacture and testing of an epoxy resin-based solid substitute for water is presented. This "solid water" has radiation characteristics very close volumetrically to those of water. When it is used as a dosimetry phantom for x- and gamma-ray beams in the radiotherapy range, phantom-to-water corrections and density corrections are eliminated. Relative transmission measurements have shown that the transmission through 10 cm of solid water is within 0.2% of that through an equal thickness of water for x and gamma rays. The use of this material for calibration phantoms can help achieve the goal of radiotherapy beam calibrations within +/- 1.0% of the true dose rate, easier to achieve. PMID- 7110075 TI - The effects of scatter in x-ray computed tomography. AB - The effects of detection of scattered radiation in x-ray transmission CT are studied both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that scatter induces nonlinear errors in the measurement of attenuation values which can lead to cupping, streaks, and CT number inaccuracies. It is shown that scatter effects predominate over beam spectrum hardening effects for large body parts, and that the artifact propensity is a direct function of the scatter-to-primary ratio. The presence of scatter induced streaks were demonstrated experimentally on both a third and a fourth-generation CT scanner using an appropriate water-equivalent phantom. A simple model with constant scatter background leads to a correction algorithm which was tested on several phantoms and one human pelvis. The algorithm worked well on the smaller phantoms but was less successful for the larger objects. Nevertheless, it still gave substantial improvement in the pelvic scan. We demonstrated that, at least in the pelvis, scatter is a more significant source of error than beam hardening and that improved scatter correction algorithms are needed. The consequences for the quantitative interpretation of CT numbers for clinical diagnoses are discussed. PMID- 7110076 TI - A clinical system for the in vivo measurement of lung density. PMID- 7110077 TI - The influence of certain physical and physiological factors on the in vivo measurement of lung density. AB - The effects of multiple photon scattering and the assumption of infinitesimal beam geometry on the results obtained with a clinical lung densitometer were investigated. In phantom materials, it was possible to account almost completely for the multiple scatter contribution by measurement of transmission for the 170Tm source. A theoretical analysis based on a simplified model showed that the influence of finite geometry was small. Measurements in six normal volunteers showed that lung density is a function of the fractional air content of the lung. To relate density to fractional water content of the lung, measurements must be made at a fixed lung volume. The height in the lung at which measurements are made appears to be unimportant. The results of these experiments enable predictions to be made concerning the clinical usefulness of lung density measurements. PMID- 7110078 TI - Angular response of miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. AB - The voltage response of ceramic and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hydrophones was measured in the receive mode for angles of incidence ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. The measurements were performed at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 8.0 MHz; these frequencies are typical of those used in medical diagnosis. The results are compared to three theoretical models based on diffraction theory; correlation between the measured response and theoretical models is evident for some PVDF hydrophones but not for others, and not for any ceramic hydrophone. The effective radius, as defined in the AIUM-NEMA standard for diagnosis ultrasound, is calculated and compared to the test criteria established in that standard. All of the ceramic hydrophones and two of the five PVDF hydrophones failed to meet the criteria. PMID- 7110079 TI - Optimal photon energies with respect to absorbed dose for visualization of soft tissue masses with adipose tissue. AB - The photon energies which maximize the signal to noise ratio per unit absorbed dose (optimal photon energies) have been calculated for detection of soft tissue masses within adipose tissue 3--15 cm thick. The detection task simulates mammography in women with fatty breasts. Ideal, plain film and calcium tungstate screen-film systems were considered in the analysis. Net photographic density is not incorporated into this model; therefore, the optimal photon energy with respect to the signal to noise ratio per unit absorbed dose may not be the same as the photon energy which results in maximum film density per unit absorbed dose. Therefore, the model has limited applicability to film or screen-film systems. However, it is directly applicable to digital systems where brightness and contrast can be adjusted. PMID- 7110080 TI - Two-orthogonal-view method for quantification of rad dose to neck lesions in thyroid cancer therapy patients. PMID- 7110081 TI - Temperature distributions and thermal response in humans. I. Simulations of various modes of whole-body hyperthermia in normal subjects. PMID- 7110082 TI - Design of a target system for producing clinically useful quantities of oxygen-15 using an electron linear accelerator. AB - The nuclear medicine uses of short-lived positron emitters, such as 15O and 11C, rely primarily on the cyclotron production of these radionuclides. This paper presents an alternate approach to production of 15O by the use of photonuclear reactions on 16O, using bremsstrahlung radiation produced by an electron linear accelerator. Methods are described which produce useable quantities of relatively high specific activity 15O (25.1 mCi/4 min at 27.9 Ci/g), using a reboiling H2O target, with an electron linear accelerator having an electron beam energy of 26 MeV and a beam current of 100 microamperemeter. Results of this target system are compared to those of a target system developed recently by other investigators. PMID- 7110083 TI - Reconsideration of the power-law (Batho) equation for inhomogeneity corrections. AB - The power-law (Batho) equation for inhomogeneity corrections to the dose calculated in a layered medium has been examined to elucidate the implicit approximations made in its derivation and hence to discover its limitations. Relationships based on primary and first scatter dose calculations are established between the Batho correction and the true correction from which several conclusions can be drawn. For dose corrections within water in a two layer medium, the Batho method underestimates the correction when the electron density (rho) of the overlaying inhomogeneity relative to water is less than 1, and overestimates it when this density is greater than 1. Batho method is excellent for small fields and rho less than 1, but is poor for large fields and rho less than 1. When the power-law equation is extended to multilayer media, by assuming that the correction factor for each layer multiplies independently, the method gives less accurate results. The largest errors occur inside an inhomogeneity directly underneath a top layer of unit density, since the contribution from such a layer is inherently ignored. All of these conclusions are demonstrated in the paper by experimental measurements. Finally, relationships are shown between the Batho correction and both the correction factor proposed by MacDonald et al. and the differential scatter air ratio correction. PMID- 7110084 TI - Design constraints in computed tomography: a theoretical review. PMID- 7110085 TI - Absolute measures of physical image quality: measurement and application to radiographic magnification. PMID- 7110087 TI - Soft tissues image latitude (STIL) of radiographic imaging systems. PMID- 7110086 TI - Silicon measurement in a lung phantom by neutron inelastic scattering. AB - A study was made to assess the feasibility of determining the silicon level in human lungs in vivo by measuring the gamma rays arising from the neutron inelastic scattering reaction 28Si(n, n' gamma)28Si. Neutron energies in the range 5--8 MeV represent the best compromise between the conflicting requirements of high energy for good detection statistics and low energy to minimize the dose to the subject. The sensitivity of measurement was enhanced by pulsing the neutron beam and counting only during the period of bombardment. This effectively reduced the background counts emanating from thermal neutron reactions in the phantom and from the fast neutron reaction 31P(n, alpha)28 A1. In measurements with an anthropomorphic phantom, no interference peaks from other prompt inelastic scattering reactions were observed. With one Ge(Li) detector of 19% relative efficiency, a detection limit of 0.6 g of silicon per 10 mSv was obtained. On this basis, it is estimated that six Ge(Li) detector of 25% efficiency each would be capable of measuring 0.15 g of silicon in the lungs, the average level found in nonoccupationally exposed adults.U PMID- 7110088 TI - Calculation of electric fields in conductive media. AB - A method is presented, based upon finite-difference forms of Laplace's equation, for the iterative calculation of three-dimensional electric field distributions in electrically conductive media. The method, while generally applicable to any conductive media, will be presented with emphasis on its use for the prediction of power density in tissue when radio-frequency hyperthermia is utilized in the treatment of cancer. A computer code which performs these calculations has been written in BASIC so that is may be adapted to relatively inexpensive desktop computers for use in treatment planning. Example calculations of the distributions of electric potential, gradient, and power density with specific electrode configurations are presented. Applications and limitations of the technique are discussed. PMID- 7110089 TI - A 4-MV CT scanner for radiation therapy: the prototype system. AB - A Varian 4-MV isocentric therapy accelerator has been modified to perform also as a CT scanner. The goal is to provide a computed tomography capability for use in radiotherapy at low cost. We envision three principal uses for the system. These are (i) to provide two and three-dimensional maps of electron density distribution for CT assisted therapy planning; (ii) to aid in patient set up by providing sectional views of the treatment volume and high contrast scout-mode verification images; and (iii) to provide a means for periodically checking the patients anatomical conformation against that which was used to generate the original therapy plan. The machine was modified by mounting an array of detectors on a frame that is bolted to the counterweight end of the gantry in such a manner as to define a "third generation" CT scanner geometry. Details of the detectors and data acquisition electronics are provided. We present results of phantom studies which demonstrate that this prototype system has a spatial resolution of 4 mm and the ability to discriminate electron density differences of less than 1%. We also show that the system is exactly linear over a wide range of electron densities corresponding to those found in body tissues. PMID- 7110091 TI - [Current validity of translumbar anterograde pyelography]. PMID- 7110092 TI - [Glucagon and hyperdiuresis in the treatment of ureteral calculi]. PMID- 7110090 TI - Limitations of two-dimensional treatment planning programs. AB - Some limitations of conventional two-dimensional computer programs used to plan radiation therapy are presented. These include: a lack of involvement in defining the clinical problem; deficiencies in the algorithms for computing dose; failure to compute dose throughout the volume of interest; an inability to handle treatments with noncoplanar beams; failure to provide estimates of error; lack of tools for comparing rival plans; inadequate definition of geometric coverage of anatomic structures by external beams; and failure to provide tools for specifying and verifying the accuracy of treatment delivery. Some suggestions are offered for improvements in some of these areas. In particular, subtraction of dose distributions is proposed as a tool for comparing plans, and displays which exhibit the results of error analyses are presented. PMID- 7110093 TI - [Peroperative lavage of the calico-pyelic cavity with regulatory liquid jet apparatus]. PMID- 7110094 TI - [Carcinoma of the male urethra. Considerations on a clinical case]. PMID- 7110095 TI - [A case of renal tubular acidosis]. PMID- 7110096 TI - [Bladder tumors]. PMID- 7110097 TI - [Preventive vasectomy. Review of 755 cases]. PMID- 7110098 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in non-neoplastic renal masses]. PMID- 7110099 TI - [Induced crystalluria. A method of investigating patients with urinary lithiasis undergoing medical treatment]. PMID- 7110100 TI - Torsion of the testis and its appendages. PMID- 7110101 TI - What is "near-miss" SIDS? PMID- 7110102 TI - Minnesota Department of Health: a developing perspective on low-level radioactive waste. PMID- 7110103 TI - Sjogren's syndrome: autoimmune exocrinopathy. PMID- 7110104 TI - Furosemide. PMID- 7110105 TI - Retirement. PMID- 7110106 TI - Good health is not for sale--what then are doctors for? PMID- 7110107 TI - Treatment of ring injuries utilizing microvascular surgery. PMID- 7110108 TI - Weight certification for high school wrestlers. PMID- 7110109 TI - Parotid gland tumors. PMID- 7110110 TI - Doctors--the duped drug suppliers? PMID- 7110111 TI - Hyperuricemia. PMID- 7110113 TI - Essentials of geriatric management. PMID- 7110112 TI - Percutaneous intraaortic balloon support--repeat insertion through the same site. PMID- 7110115 TI - Morphine allosterically modulates the binding of [3H]leucine enkephalin to a particulate fraction of rat brain. AB - Equilibrium binding studies have demonstrated that [3H]leucine enkephalin labels a single class of binding sites in a particulate fraction of rat brain with a dissociation constant (KD) of 3.2 +/- 0.1 nM. Methionine enkephalin was a competitive inhibitor of [3H]leucine enkephalin binding, changing the KD to 14.1 +/- 1.5 nM. In contrast, Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]leucine enkephalin in the absence and presence of 10, 50, and 100 nM morphine demonstrated that these concentrations of morphine decreased the number of binding sites by 23%, 32%, and 42%, respectively, with no change in the KD. In contrast, morphine at 500 nM caused a 45% decrease in the number of binding sites and an increase in the KD. On the basis of these data, the inhibitory dissociation constant (KI) of morphine was calculated to 400 +/- 17 nM. The noncompetitive inhibition by morphine of [3H]leucine enkephalin binding was shown to be rapidly reversible, ruling out pseudoirreversible binding of morphine to the enkephalin binding site as the underlying mechanism. Computer analysis of the displacement [3H]leucine enkephalin binding by various concentrations of morphine has demonstrated that an allosteric model, not a two-site model, best describes the observed data. We conclude that at low concentration morphine binds to a receptor not labeled by [3H]leucine enkephalin and by doing so allosterically induces an apparent loss of enkephalin receptors. PMID- 7110114 TI - beta-Diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenylpentanoate (SKF 525-A)-mediated translocation of uterine estrogen receptor from the cytosolic to the nuclear compartment in isolated rat uteri. AB - The current study examines whether beta-diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenylpentanoate (SKF 525-A), a recognized inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase activity, interacts with the uterine estrogen receptor in a manner similar to that of classical estrogens. Incubation of SKF 525-A with isolated uteri from immature rats diminished the levels of cytosolic estrogen receptor and increased the amount of nuclear estrogen receptor. Similar results were obtained with uteri from ovariectomized or ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats, indicating that the action of SKF 525-A did not depend on the availability of ovarian or adrenal hormones. Additionally, experiments with uterine cytosol from immature rats, employing analysis by Scatchard and Lineweaver-Burk plots, demonstrated that SKF 525-A (0.05 mM) competitively inhibited [3H] estradiol binding to the estrogen receptor, suggesting that both compounds bind to the same site on the receptor. The Ki for SKF 525-A was determined to be 100 micrometers, indicating that SKF 525-A has a relatively low affinity for the receptor. Further confirmation of this finding was obtained by assessing the relative inhibition of [3H] estradiol binding to uterine cytosol estrogen receptor by SKF 525-A versus that of unlabeled estradiol. The affinity of SKF 525-A for the estrogen receptor appears to be about 0.001% that of estradiol. These studies demonstrate that, like estradiol, SKF 525-A interacts with the estrogen receptor. Additionally, it was concluded that the "estrogenic" (uterotropic) activity observed in vivo [Calhoun et al. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 136:47 to 50 (1971)] with SKF 525-A, is mediated through the uterine estrogen receptor. PMID- 7110116 TI - Rat cardiac muscarinic receptors. I. Effects of guanine nucleotides on high- and low-affinity binding sites. AB - The binding properties of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites were investigated in rat cardiac membranes, using the labeled agonist [3H] oxotremorine-M ([3H]Oxo M) and the labeled antagonist L-[benzilic-4,4'-3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (L [3H]QNB). The binding of both tracers was inhibited stereospecifically by dexetimide and levitimide. [3H]Oxo-M labeled only high-affinity agonist binding sites, whereas L-[3H]QNB bound to high- and low-affinity agonist binding sites with equal affinity. Agonists were unable to induce "negative cooperativity" interactions by increasing the dissociation of labeled agonist or antagonist. Guanine nucleotides decreased markedly the affinity of high- and low-affinity binding sites for agonists, without affecting their affinity for antagonists. In the presence of a maximally effective concentration of GTP, all muscarinic receptors showed the same low affinity for agonists. Among these agonists, carbamylcholine and oxotremorine (but not pilocarpine) displayed a lower affinity for both classes of binding sites in the presence of GTP. PMID- 7110117 TI - Movement of free cholesterol from lipoproteins or lipid vesicles into erythrocytes. Acceleration by ethanol in vitro. AB - Human erythrocytes were incubated with heat-inactivated plasma, and the transfer of cholesterol to the red cells was followed to equilibrium over 24 hr. When cholesterol-enriched plasma was used, there was a net flow of sterol into red cells. Ethanol, in a concentration-related manner, accelerated the cholesterol transfer without appreciably affecting the final sterol content of the erythrocytes at equilibrium. Ethanol also accelerated the exchange of tritiated cholesterol between normal or cholesterol-enriched plasma and red cells, whether or not there was a net cholesterol flow. Ethanol speeded up sterol transfer from several cholesterol donors, including prelabeled erythrocytes, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and egg lecithin vesicles. Ethanol (0.35 M) increased the rate constant of the transfer by about 30-40% with different sterol donors. These observations may be related to the previously reported increase in cholesterol in the brain and red cell membranes of mice after chronic treatment with ethanol. PMID- 7110118 TI - 1H Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation rate studies on the interaction of acetanilide with purified isozymes of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and with cytochrome b5. PMID- 7110120 TI - Selective cytotoxicity of haloethylnitrosoureas in a carcinoma cell line resistant to bifunctional nitrogen mustards. AB - A Walker 256 rat carcinoma cell line (WR) has been shown to be resistant to a broad spectrum of bifunctional nitrogen mustards (NM) in cell culture. The parent cell line (WS) from which the WR cells were selected retains marked sensitivity to this class of drugs. Karyotype analysis showed that the parent WS had a chromosome content which was significantly higher than the WR. A number of chromosome marker bands were also distinguishable, indicative of distinct nuclear structural differences. A lack of collateral resistance to haloethylnitrosoureas was demonstrated for the WR cell line. In some cases the sensitivity of the WR to nitrosoureas was greater than that of WS. In addition, the WR could be sensitized to NM by a concomitant addition of a water-soluble carbamoylating agent, N,N' bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea, which possessed no intrinsic alkylating activity. Since NM and nitrosoureas differ pharmacologically, mainly by the latter's potential to carbamoylate, this reaction would appear to be critical to the cytotoxic properties of nitrosoureas against WR cells. Heretofore, carbamoylation has been considered of little importance to the antitumor properties of nitrosoureas. Moreover, 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidine-5 yl)-methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) has been reported as possessing only minimal carbamoylating potential, as measured in vitro by a lysine assay. While remaining an accurate assay for the modification of the psi amino groups of lysine, it is possible that the quantitative lysine assay may not predict the physiological carbamoylating potential of ACNU in the Walker cells, since marked cytotoxicity was achieved in both WR and WS by ACNU. PMID- 7110119 TI - Reductive metabolism of halothane by human and rabbit cytochrome P-450. Binding of 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl radical to phospholipids. PMID- 7110121 TI - Neonatal imprinting and hepatic cytochrome P-450. Immunochemical evidence for the presence of a sex-dependent and neonatally imprinted form(s) of hepatic cytochrome P-450. PMID- 7110122 TI - NMR studies on parvalbumin phylogeny and ionic interactions. AB - The inspection of several muscular parvalbumins from different species by two NMR methods (113Cd resonance and 1H relaxation measurements) allows two classes of parvalbumins to be distinguished according to their ion-binding properties. This result is in agreement with the phylogenetic classification of parvalbumins in two series, alpha and beta, which was established on the basis of the primary structures of these proteins. All parvalbumins are characterized by the presence of two primary cationic sites CD and EF, with structural features closely related to those already known on the basis of X-ray crystallographic studies of the beta parvalbumin pI 4.25 from carp muscle. However, parvalbumins of the beta series are characterized by a secondary cation (Ca2+, Mg2+ and other cations) binding site which is absent (or at least inaccessible) in parvalbumins of the alpha series. The major component from thornback ray (pI 4.45) behaves as an alpha parvalbumin as shown by the present NMR studies, although its primary structure suggests a closer similarity with the parvalbumins of the beta series. PMID- 7110123 TI - Podophyllotoxin poisoning of microtubules at steady-state: effect of substoichiometric and superstoichiometric concentrations of drug. AB - Depolymerization kinetics of microtubules assembled to steady-state by podophyllotoxin treatment show a dose-dependent effect of this mitotic poison on the net rate of microtubule disassembly. Pulse-chase experiments with microtubules at steady-state indicate that the depolymerization effect induced by superstoichiometric concentrations of podophyllotoxin relative to tubulin is polar and time-dependent, i.e. the rate of tubulin loss decreases along with the time of treatment in the presence of the drug. Under these conditions the rate of microtubule disassembly is much faster than one could expect from a unique effect of drug-tubulin complex on the microtubule assembly end. Podophyllotoxin-tubulin complex is not able to induce active depolymerization of microtubules, while free podophyllotoxin is. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that this drug acts on the microtubule assembly-disassembly process by two different mechanisms: 1) as a free drug, it actively promotes polar depolymerization of microtubules, and 2) as a drug-tubulin complex, it retards the addition of subunits into the microtubule ends. PMID- 7110124 TI - Formation of lipid-linked sugars in mycelial and yeast-like forms of Mucor rouxii. AB - Cell wall fragments from both yeast-like and mycelial forms of the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii were used as enzymatic preparations to study the synthesis and role of prenyl-phospho-sugars in these systems. In the presence of GDP [14C] mannose two main products were formed. One of them was characterized as dolichol monophosphate beta-mannose on the following basis: solubility in organic solvents, behaviour upon paper chromatography, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, mild acid hydrolysis, alkali treatment, catalytic reduction and phenol degradation. The other product was identified as a glycoprotein containing a single mannose unit linked to a serine or threonine residue. It was degraded with pronase and by mild NaOH-NaBH4 treatment all the radioactivity was released as free mannitol. When UDP [14C] glucose was employed as sugar donor two butanol soluble components were isolated. One of them (25%) was characterized as dolichol monophosphate-beta-glucose on the basis of the same criteria as described above. The other one (75%) was neutral and was not studied in detail. Mycelial enzymes were about 40 times more active in the synthesis of the dolichol derivatives. In addition, large amounts of glycogen were detected. The role that both dolichol derivatives might play in glycoprotein biosynthesis is discussed. PMID- 7110125 TI - Antibody response in Heterodontus. AB - Appropriately selected phylogenetic models are capable of providing insight into genetic mechanisms which may have become obscured during the passage of evolutionary time. In higher vertebrates a complex multigenic family encodes immunoglobulin-variable regions. The mechanisms involved in the expansion of the gene family and the stable maintenance of large numbers of individual genes presently are not understood. By defining the nature of antibody diversity in lower vertebrate species, it may be possible to approach such issues at a more fundamental level. Analyses of the immunoglobulins in Heterodontus francisci (horned shark), a representative phylogenetically primitive elasmobranch, indicate that this species may represent a useful developmental model. PMID- 7110126 TI - The cryptic beta-fructofuranosidase of Saccharomyces rouxii. AB - The synthesis of beta-fructofuranosidase in synchronously dividing cells of S. rouxii was continuous (as opposed to periodic) throughout the budding cycle and followed the increase in cell mass. Similar patterns for cell mass and enzyme increases were observed even in phosphate-deprived cells which did not divide. The beta-fructofuranosidase activity remained physically cryptic throughout the cell cycle as evidenced by analyses on equilibrium density gradient fractions. The beta-fructofuranosidase activity released from mechanically disrupted cells resisted sedimentation when subjected to 131 000 g for 1 h, thus ruling out membrane association. Ethyl acetate was routinely employed to break the crypticity barrier. Enzyme in cell-free extract or in cells was equally sensitive to inactivation at pH values below 5 in the presence of ethyl acetate, which suggested that this is an inherent property of the enzyme in question and not a reflection of proteolytic inactivation. The status of beta-fructofuranosidase in selected species of Saccharomyces was compared with that for S. rouxii and a close similarity with S. bisporus var. mellis was noted. The degree of crypticity encountered in genetically defined strains of S. cerevisiae (e.g. X2180 a/alpha) was relatively high (42%) compared with that for commercially derived bakers' and brewers' strains (about 6%). Extant data on the cryptic beta-fructofuranosidase of S. rouxii are evaluated and the utility of this system for studying enzyme translocation is discussed. PMID- 7110127 TI - Kinetic properties of human muscle pyruvate kinase. AB - The steady-state kinetics of human skeletal muscle pyruvate kinase (MA) and its RNA-complex (MB) has been examined and compared. Kinetic studies revealed significant differences in kinetic properties with respect to free and complex form of pyruvate kinase. The MA form follows a simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics in contrast with the MB form, which displays a negative cooperativity with respect to ADP. Vmax for the complex is 40-60% that for free enzyme. Heterologous RNA is a noncompetitive inhibitor of free enzyme but the kinetics of the complex (MB) is not affected. In presence of 1.0 mM ATP in an assay mixture the kinetic constants of the complex were unchanged except for Vmax, which increased by nearly 60%. Aged preparations of free enzyme (MA) were activated by 100% and more, but the native enzyme was inhibited by 22%. Inorganic phosphate is a potent activator of both forms of pyruvate kinase. In presence of 50 mM K-phosphate the apparent Michaelis constant and interaction coefficient are unchanged, but Vmax for free enzyme increases by 35% and for the complex by 70%, respectively. The specific activity of aged MA form can be restored to the original value after incubation of the enzyme in 50 mM K-phosphate, pH 7.6, or by addition of ATP (1.0 mM) to the assay mixture. PMID- 7110128 TI - A short note on the molecular weight determination by gel filtration in minutes. PMID- 7110129 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on the isozyme pattern of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in primary cultures. AB - The influence of dexamethasone on the isozyme patterns of ATP-hexose phosphotransferases, aldolase and pyruvate kinase of adult rat hepatocytes maintained in primary cultures has been studied. A progressive loss of the typical adult liver isozymes glucokinase, pyruvate kinase L and aldolase B, with a simultaneous increase of both pyruvate kinase A and hexokinase activities, was observed in hepatocytes cultured in the absence of added glucocorticoid. When the culture medium was supplemented with 10(-7)M dexamethasone, the adult liver patterns of pyruvate kinase and aldolase were preserved for at least seven days of culture, the initial level of glucokinase was maintained for three days, and the rise of hexokinase activity was delayed and partially blocked. These results are discussed in relation to the known beneficial effect of glucocorticoids on the survival of cultured hepatocytes. PMID- 7110130 TI - Identification and partial characterization of an extracellular acid phosphatase activity of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. AB - An extracellular acid phosphatase was detected in the growth media of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. The enzyme was released at all stages of the growth cycle and in amounts which accounted for 90% of the total amount of this enzyme in the culture. The exoenzyme exhibited a pH optimum of 4.5 to 5.0 and was active with a variety of organic phosphates. The enzymatic activity was excluded from Sephacryl S-300 and was retained by ultrafilters with nominal molecular weight cutoffs of up to 300,000. The results of comparative studies indicated that the extracellular enzyme was distinct from a surface membrane-bound acid phosphatase of L. donovani promastigotes which has been previously described. PMID- 7110131 TI - Prolactin-deficient variants of GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells: linked expression of prolactin and another hormonally responsive protein in GH3 cells. AB - GH3 cells normally synthesize and secrete two pituitary polypeptide hormones, prolactin and growth hormone. From an ethyl methane sulfonate-mutagenized population, prolactin low-producing variants have been isolated at a frequency near 20%. Intracellular prolactin synthesis in the variants was reduced 40- to 100-fold compared to wild-type cells while growth hormone synthesis varied less than 2-fold. This decrease was paralleled by a decrease in intracellular preprolactin mRNA. Although reduced, prolactin synthesis was still repressible by glucocorticoids. There was a coordinate loss of expression of p21, a thyroid and glucocorticoid hormone-regulated protein, in GH3 cells, whereas the synthesis and regulation of other hormonally responsive proteins were unimpaired in the variants. Since p21 expression was coordinately regained in a high-producing prolactin revertant cell, expression of the two proteins is tightly coupled in GH3 cells. The stability of the low-producing phenotype differed among variants. One (B2) gave rise to revertants at about 20% frequency even after two rounds of subcloning, whereas another (B3) was more stable in that only 1 weak revertant was found in 47 subclones. The reversion frequency of B3 cells was also measured at less than 0.5%. Unmutagenized GH3 cells were phenotypically stable in that no prolactin-deficient variant was found among 57 subclones. Since variants were ony found after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, the DNA alkylating agent appears to have promoted an epigenetic change in pituitary gene expression. PMID- 7110132 TI - Nuclear ligation of RNA 5'-OH kinase products in tRNA. AB - Mouse L-cell nuclei incorporate gamma-32P from ATP in vitro predominantly in 5' monophosphoryl termini and internal phosphodiester bonds with a nonrandom nearest neighbor distribution. In the presence of 1 microgram of alpha-amanitin per ml the gamma-32P showed a time-dependent appearance in RNA bands which migrated with mature tRNA species but not with pre-tRNA and 5S RNA. The gamma-32P was found in internal phosphodiester bonds as shown by alkaline phosphatase resistance and was identified in 3'-monophosphates after RNase T2, T1, and A digestion. The specificity of this incorporation was indicated by a limited number of labeled oligonucleotides from a T1 digest and identification of 70 to 80% of the 32P label as Cp on complete digestion of the eluted tRNA band. We also observed transiently [gamma-32P]ATP-labeled RNA bands (in 5'-monophosphate positions) that were 32 to 45 nucleotides long. The results presented suggest splicing of several mouse L-cell tRNA species in isolated nuclei which involve the RNA 5'-OH kinase products as intermediates. PMID- 7110135 TI - Cells of pea (Pisum sativum) that differentiate from G2 phase have extrachromosomal DNA. AB - Velocity sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient of newly replicated chromosomal DNA revealed the presence of extrachromosomal DNA that was not replicated by differentiating cells in the elongation zone. The extrachromosomal DNA had a number average molecular weight of 12 X 10(6) to 15 X 10(6) and a weight average molecular weight of 25 X 10(6), corresponding to about 26 X 10(6) and 50 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, of double-stranded DNA. The molecules were stable, lasting at least 72 h after being formed. Concurrent measurements by velocity sedimentation, autoradiography, and cytophotometry of isolated nuclei indicated that the extrachromosomal molecules were associated with root-tip cells that stopped dividing and differentiated from G2 phase but not with those that stopped dividing and differentiated from G1 phase. PMID- 7110133 TI - Genetic instability at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in mouse L cells. AB - Resistance to adenine analogs such as 2,6-diaminopurine occurs at a rate of approximately 10(-3) per cell per generation in mouse L cells. This resistance is associated with a loss of detectable adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Other genetic loci in L cells have the expected mutation frequency (approximately 10(-6)). Transformation of L cell mutants with Chinese hamster ovary cell DNA results in transformants with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity characteristic of Chinese hamster ovary cells. No activation of the mouse gene occurs on hybridization with human fibroblasts. That this high frequency event is the result of mutation rather than an epigenetic event is supported by antigenic and reversion studies of the 2,6-diaminopurine-resistant clones. These results are consistent with either a mutational hot-spot, a locus specific mutator gene, or a site of integration of an insertion sequence. PMID- 7110134 TI - Antibodies to two major chicken heat shock proteins cross-react with similar proteins in widely divergent species. AB - Three of the proteins induced by heat shock of chicken embryo fibroblasts have been purified, and rabbit antibodies have been raised against them. These antibodies have been used in radioimmune precipitation reactions and in a solid phase immune assay to detect antigenic material in non-heat-shocked chicken tissues and in extracts of widely different species ranging from yeast to mammalian tissue culture cells and human erythrocyte ghosts. Antibodies to two of the major chicken heat shock proteins, chsp89 and chsp70, cross-reacted with proteins of similar molecular weights in normal embryonic and adult chicken tissues and in extracts from widely different organisms. These data provide further evidence for the university of the heat shock response and conservation of proteins induced by this type of stress. PMID- 7110136 TI - Attachment of the flagellate Giardia lamblia: role of reducing agents, serum, temperature, and ionic composition. AB - The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10( 8) M did not significantly affect attachment. PMID- 7110137 TI - Massive heat-shock polypeptide synthesis in late chicken embryos: convenient system for study of protein synthesis in highly differentiated organisms. AB - In cultured eucaryotic cells, heat treatments specifically induced the rapid synthesis of the so-called heat-shock polypeptides. To ascertain the physiological importance of this phenomenon for highly differentiated organisms, we attempted to determine whether the heat-shock response occurs in a living endothermic organism at extreme temperatures, and if so, whether the response is organ specific. We developed a procedure to label proteins efficiently in 5- to 18-day-old chicken embryos. Heat-shock polypeptides of identical sizes of 85,000, 70,000, and 25,000 daltons were synthesized predominantly in chicken embryo fibroblasts and in many different organs of 18-day-old embryos at 42.5 to 44 degrees C. PMID- 7110140 TI - Binding specificity of a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody. AB - To investigate the interaction of DNA and anti-DNA antibodies in the immune complex disease of systemic lupus erythematosus, the fine specificity of binding of a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody was determined. This antibody, termed Cll, was derived from the fusion of spleen cells from an autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mouse with the myeloma cell line M45. In a solid-phase ELISA assay to measure anti-DNA activity, Cll showed preference for single stranded compared to double stranded DNA of animal origin. The Cll antibody also bound some deoxyribohomopolymers as well as ribohomopolymers, but failed to bind synthetic DNA duplexes. Defined size oligonucleotides with a size range of 2-(12-18) failed to inhibit the binding of Cll to single stranded DNA. This pattern of binding is consistent with the recognition of a unique structural determinant that can be represented by a variety of nucleic acids. The absence of antigenic activity among the oligonucleotides suggests that an extended polynucleotide structure is required for antibody binding, possibly because of a bivalent or 'monogamous' mode of interaction. The binding properties of Cll further suggest that its ability to participate in immune complex formation may be limited by the nature of the available DNA antigen. PMID- 7110138 TI - Variable content of double minute chromosomes is not correlated with degree of phenotype instability in methotrexate-resistant human cell lines. AB - Several variants resistant to 1.8 x 10(-4) M DL-methotrexate (MTX) have been isolated from the human cell lines HeLa BU25 and VA2-B by exposing them to progressively increasing concentrations of the drug. A striking variability of phenotype and chromosome constitution was observed among the different variants. All resistant cell lines exhibited a greatly increased dihydrofolic acid reductase (DHFR) activity and DHFR content; however, the DHFR activity levels varied considerably among the variants, ranging between about 35 and 275 times the parental level. In the absence of selective pressure, the increased DHFR activity was unstable, and in all cell lines but one was completely lost over a period ranging in different variants between 25 and 200 days. The MTX-resistant cells lines showed anomalies in their chromosome constitution, which involved the occurrence of a duplicated set of chromosomes in most cells of some of the variants and the presence of double minute chromosomes in all cell lines. An analysis of the correlation of loss of double minute chromosomes and loss of DHFR activity in the absence of MTX has given results consistent with the idea that the double-minute chromosomes contain amplified DHFR genes. However, the most significant finding is that, in contrast to what has been reported in the mouse system, the recognizable double-minute chromosomes varied greatly in number in different variants without any relationship to either the level of DHFR activity or the degree of instability of MTX resistance in the absence of selective pressure. These and other observations point to the occurrence in the human MTX resistant variants of another set of DHFR genes, representing a varied proportion of the total, which is associated with the regular chromosomes, and which may be unstable in the absence of selective pressure. PMID- 7110139 TI - Evolution of a multigene family of chorion proteins in silkmoths. AB - The evolution of the A family of chorion genes was examined by comparing new protein and DNA sequences from the silkmoths Antheraea pernyi and Bombyx mori with previously known sequences from Antheraea polyphemus. The comparisons indicated that the A family and its major subfamilies are ancient and revealed how parts of the genes corresponding to distinct regions of the protein structure have evolved, both by base substitutions and by segmental reduplications and deletions. PMID- 7110141 TI - Preferential transport of IgA and IgA-immune complexes to bile compared with other external secretions. AB - When radiolabeled dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin was injected intravenously in mice together with M315 IgA, labeled antigen was specifically transported into bile, but not into saliva, urine, milk or bronchial and intestinal secretions. Ultracentrifugal analysis showed that the antigen transported into bile was intact and partly complexed with IgA. The radioactivity that was present in other secretions regardless of M315 IgA, represented free and degraded fragments of antigen. M315 IgA alone was readily transported into bile, where it was detected at high titer by hemagglutination, but not into other secretions, apart from milk which contained only very low titers. The liver therefore appears to be singularly capable of transporting both free and complexed IgA into its secretion, the bile. PMID- 7110143 TI - Analysis of the antigenic relationship of various derivatives of n-acetyl-muramyl l-ala-d-isoglutamine (MDP), using anti-MDP antibodies. AB - Antibodies to N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) were produced in rabbits by injection of MDP conjugated to various carriers [bovine gamma globulin (BGG), methylated BSA or sheep erythrocytes]. The anti-MDP was assayed by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using horse radish peroxidase linked to MDP-Lys. Various derivatives of MDP were employed in an inhibition of ELISA for analysis of specificity of antibodies and study of the relationship of configuration to biological activity. The results confirmed previous findings that MDP alone is not immunogenic but can act as a hapten when conjugated to carriers. The antibodies were shown to be primarily directed against the muramyl residue. Modifications of this region of MDP yielded derivatives with weak reactivity against anti-MDP, while some changes of other regions had no effect on its antigenicity. Optical isomers of MDP had reduced activity as compared to MDP and polymeric MDP was a strong inhibitor. The structure and function relationship is discussed for some derivatives. PMID- 7110142 TI - Chromatographic analysis of the hydrophobic interactions of rabbit IgG immunoglobulins and their papain-digested fragments by bis-(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid coupled to aminohexyl sepharose. AB - The present study revealed that the IgG immunoglobulins of normal or non-immune rabbit IgG and anti-bovine serum albumin, anti-ovalbumin, anti-bovine IgG and anti-p-chlorobenzoic acid antibodies could non-specifically bind to bis-(p chlorophenyl)-acetic acid (DDA) coupled to omega-amino-hexyl Sepharose (AHS) by the use of strengthened hydrophobic interactions dependent on the concentration of NaCl. The main binding site on the adsorbent of DDA-substituted AHS (DDA-AHS) was found to be the DDA ligand. The hydrophobic potency of the DDA ligand was thought to be more effective than that of p-chlorobenzoic acid coupled to AHS. Out study also demonstrated that two different binding sites capable of interacting the DDA ligand were contained in IgG molecules. One was located in the Fc region and the other in the Fab region. The former had an ability to adhere to the DDA-AHS adsorbent in the presence of NaCl of 3 M or over, while the latter showed heterogeneous binding behavior depending upon its antibody specificity. Differences in the chromatographic distribution among the whole IgG immunoglobulins including anti-DDA antibody were found by a hydrophobic salting out chromatography (HSOC) method on a DDA-AHS column. It was therefore assumed that when whole IgG proteins were subjected to HSOC on a DDA-AHS column, the hydrophobic binding site in the Fc region played a decisive role at high salt concentrations of 3 M or over, while the hydrophobic binding site in the Fab region played a major role at intermediate and low salt concentrations of 2 M or below. Thus, by taking advantage of this HSOC method, whole IgG or its Fab molecules possessing very strongly hydrophobic binding sites to promote high quantum yields of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence can be easily separated. We concluded that the ligand of DDA is a probe for the hydrophobic regions in IgG immunoglobulins. PMID- 7110144 TI - Effect of monoclonal anti-neuraminidase antibodies on the kinetic behavior of influenza virus neuraminidase. AB - Neuraminidase from the recombinant influenza virus A/NWSHA-Tokyo/3/67NA HON2 has been shown to exhibit non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The multiphasic behaviour was demonstrated for both the isolated neuraminidase heads and for the intact virus. Interaction of the enzyme with two monoclonal anti-neuraminidase antibodies (WANA 1 and RANA 1), which recognize separate antigenic determinants on the molecule, resulted in hyperbolic kinetic behaviour. While both antibodies abolished the multiphasic kinetics of the enzymic reaction, only WANA 1 altered the Vmax and Km values, indicating that it may in some way inhibit the interaction of enzyme and substrate. PMID- 7110146 TI - [Bivariate tolerance region for weight and length of newborns in view of diagnostic criteria (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110145 TI - [Rheology of erythrocytes and splenectomy in congenital hemolytic anemias (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110147 TI - [Urea as a substrate for the intestinal flora of the infant (author's transl)]. AB - The significance of the relatively high urea content of mothers milk for infant nutrition was investigated using 15N urea as a tracer by oral loading tests and an in-vitro culturing of bifidobacteria. The urea level of 6 mother's milk specimens was found to be 295 +/- 49 mg/l. There was a distinct incorporation of 15N into the intestinal bacterial fraction following 15N urea loadings in 3 infants, receiving mother's milk and 2 cows milk formulas which contained 1.8 and 2.1% of protein. The incorporation rate did not differ between the single types of feeding. In contrast to these findings the 15N incorporation into the bacterial flora of an infant suffering from kidney insufficiency was about 30 times higher than in healthy infants. Bifidobacteria infants derived from the feces of a breastfed infant utilised 15N from 15N urea added to the culture medium in concentrations of 20 mg per 100 ml. After incubating the culture for 2 days at 37 degrees C the 15N-excess of nitrogen fraction of the bifidobacteria amounted to 0.47 atom-%. Urea therefore can directly serve as a substrate for bifidobacteria on mother's milk feeding. PMID- 7110148 TI - [The Roberts syndrome. Report of a case without anomaly of the centrometric region (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110149 TI - [Erroneous diagnosis "polycystic kidneys" for transient nephromegaly during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110150 TI - [The differential diagnosis of the unilateral by hyperlucent lung. Two case reports (author's transl)]. AB - The "unilateral hyperlucent lung" is a roentgenologic diagnosis based on an increased radiolucency of one lung. Aetiology and pathogenesis of this clinical syndrome are discussed together with two own case reports about a 9-year-old girl and a 3-month old boy. Anamnesis, bronchography, scintigraphy and angiocardiography in the girl revealed a Swyer-James syndrome, where typically only one lung is damaged by obliterating bronchiolitis. In the patient the pulmonary changes developed subsequently to a measles-pneumonia, possibly enhanced by an additional pollinosis. The 3-month old infant had a left-sided pulmonary artery hypoplasia and obstructive bronchitis in both lungs. Up to its 7th month of life the child developed sufficiently under conservative therapy, but then a life threatening pneumonia with obstructive bronchitis and respiratory failure occurred, 3 weeks of artificial respiration were without success. The subsequent pneumectomy revealed a hypoplasia of the left lung and a big tracheal cyst as cause of the severe obstruction. PMID- 7110151 TI - [Right and wrong ways to treat meningitis (author's transl)]. AB - A brief survey of the last 200 years of diagnosing and treating meningitis is followed by a critical analysis and comparison of therapeutic results since the introduction of effective chemotherapy 44 years ago. This reveals nearly as good results during the early years as compared to nowadays. Modern age and pathogen dependent therapeutic regimes are discussed and valued. New ways of therapy are not yet generally necessary for the common causes of bacterial meningitis in childhood. The increasing resistance of some strains of H. influenzae or pneumococci, however, will necessitate the development of new antibiotics. Own experience and results in treating 76 patients with purulent meningitis are reported and compared with the literature, where pathogen or therapy dependent mortality is welldocumented but detailed data on follow-up studies are sporse. PMID- 7110152 TI - [The programmed physician: the obligation to give explanatory instruction in pediatric surgery (author's transl)]. AB - Physicians and judges do not often have exactly the same conception of instructive explanation. Nevertheless, the pre-operative instruction of parents and persons under age has to follow the principles set by the jurisdiction. Compared to adult surgery, conditions are less complicated with pediatric patients. Nevertheless there is an increasing number of claims for damages, and liability proceedings, caused to some extent by incomplete knowledge of the legal situation. Proposals for improvement and prophylaxis are offered in this article. PMID- 7110153 TI - [Paediatric management of acute and chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. AB - Acute or chronic renal insufficiency in children is not so rare. Causes are prerenal, renal or postrenal disturbances of kidney function. The dysregulation of the homoeostatic balance of the intra- and extracellular fluid composition presents a picture of a life-threatening illness. By dietetic and medicamental correction of the disturbances uremic complications can be prevented. This conservative treatment is presented. PMID- 7110154 TI - [Problems of drug safety in children (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110155 TI - [Investigations on the time of first hospital admission of children with chronic renal failure (CRF) (author's transl)]. AB - In the Federal Republic of Germany between 1969-1978 only 63% of the children with CRF who were sent to hospital for the first time, had creatinine values less than 4 mg/100 ml hospitals whereas 37% had creatinine values greater than 4 mg/100 ml, too late for adequate preparation of dialysis and transplantation. This ratio did not change during the 9 years of observation. The stage of CRF at the time of the first hospital admission did not dependent on the type of the basic renal disease. PMID- 7110156 TI - [Effects of furosemide on renal functions in prematures (author's transl)]. AB - Renal effects of Furosemide were examined during the first 2-4 days of life in preterm infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. Administration of the drug was followed by a sevenfold increase of diuresis. This latter was a result of both a rise in sodium excretion and glomerular filtration. The possible mechanism of Furosemide induced alteration in the glomerular filtration is discussed. Furosemide also altered the hydrogen-ion excretion: both the urinary bicarbonate, the titratable acidity and the ammonium excretion increased. There was a significant rise in the net acid excretion and hydrogen clearance too. It has been found that besides its diuretic effect Furosemide might play a role in the renal hydrogen elimination. PMID- 7110157 TI - [Chronic cholestasis and progressive neuromyopathy. Diagnostic problems and therapeutic possibilities in a vitamin E deficiency disease (author's transl)]. AB - A 15-year-old female developed a slowly progressive gait disturbance starting from the age of two. She was suffering from congenital choleostatic jaundice. Neurological examination revealed cerebellar ataxia, hyporeflexia and hyposensitivity. The initial vitamin E level in serum was extremely low with 0.4 mcg/ml (normal 5-20 mcg/ml). Muscle biopsy changes were similar to those in experimental vitamin E deficient animals. Pathological data of children with longstanding choleostatic jaundice showed degeneration of the posterior column and selective loss of large-caliber, myelinated axons in peripheral nerves. Similar to one other report in the literature the only effective treatment was the intramuscular injection of 50-100 mg Vitamin E twice a week which normalized the serum levels, stopped the progression of the disease and showed improvement of some neurological functions after half a year. A very early treatment seems to be important to keep these children walking. PMID- 7110158 TI - [On the necessity of giving charcoal after gastric voiding in childhood intoxication (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110159 TI - Dominant lethal studies in rats with 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and its structurally related compounds. AB - Dominant lethal studies were conducted in SD male rats with 5 halogenated 3 carbon compounds that are structurally similar to a known mutagen 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane (DBCP). 1,2,3-Tribromopropane induced dominant lethal mutation especially in the early spermatid stage. This finding was almost the same as that obtained after DBCP treatment. The estimated dominant lethal mutation index of a group treated with 1,2-dibromopropane was marginal at week 1 of testing. On the other hand, bromopropane, 1,2,3-trichloropropane and 1-chloropropane produced negative responses for induction of dominant lethals. PMID- 7110160 TI - Tetracycline-induced mutation in cultured Chinese hamster cells. AB - After tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) treatment for 48 h, we obtained 8 azaguanine-resistant mutants in a population of cultured Chinese hamster cells. Optimal expression of mutation was reached after about 5 days, and mutation frequency remained constant thereafter. There was a gradual increase in the yield of mutants with increasing doses of TC, and measurable yield was observed at a dose as low as 10 microgram of TC per ml. When the cells, before or after the TC treatment, were grown in presence of L-ascorbic acid (10 or 20 microgram/ml) for 48 h, there was significant decrease in the frequency of mutation induced by TC. If L-ascorbic acid were present at the same concentration during the treatment with TC, no significant influence on the induction of mutants by TC was detected. PMID- 7110161 TI - Some statistical aspects of spontaneous sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila. PMID- 7110162 TI - Enhanced yield of chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro using contrast media in X-irradiation. AB - The influence of water-soluble iodized contrast media to radiation response was investigated by means of chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. Contrast medium itself showed no substantial action in producing chromosomal aberrations. But contrast medium combined with X-rays increased radiation-induced chromosomal aberration yield, depending on the iodine concentration. This effect is obviously caused by the enhancement of radiation dose because of the photoelectric effect of iodine. PMID- 7110163 TI - Chromosomal aberrations induced by ethylene oxide in a human amniotic cell line in vitro. AB - Ethylene oxide was found to be a potent inducer of chromatid-type aberrations in a human amniotic cell line. This induction was dose-dependent. At doses corresponding to about 9% survival, the number of chromatid exchanges was increased about 20 times, and the number of induced breaks increased 50 times, above that observed in the controls. PMID- 7110164 TI - Intercalating substances do not induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in vivo. AB - In contrast to findings in vitro, the intercalating substances proflavine, methylene blue and chlorpromazine did not induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the SCE test in vivo in the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster. The distribution of the metaphases of the first, second and third replication cycles in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) showed all 3 substances to have no inhibitory effect on the cellular proliferation in the bone marrow. PMID- 7110165 TI - Effect of temperature variation on sister-chromatid exchange and cell-cycle duration in cultured human lymphocytes. AB - The relation of temperature variation and cell-cycle duration and their influence on SCE frequencies in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied. The results indicate that the frequency of SCEs is affected by variation in temperature. Either increase or decrease in the incubation temperature of cells leads to a higher frequency of SCEs than in control cultures grown at 37 degrees C. With a decrease in temperature to 35 degrees C the increase in SCE is accompanied by prolonged cell cycle. No significant difference in cell cycle was observed with the increase of temperature to 39 degrees C. PMID- 7110166 TI - Lack of ultraviolet mutagenesis in radiation-resistant bacteria. AB - Ultraviolet (UV) radiation did not induce rifampicin-resistant mutants in populations of the taxonomically-related radiation-resistant bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans, D. radiopugnans, D. radiophilus and D. proteolyticus, although such mutants arose spontaneously at a low frequency and at a high frequency after treatment of cultures with N-nitroso compounds. The radiation-resistant bacteria Arthrobacter radiotolerans and P-30-A were also UV-immutable whereas the more radiation-sensitive Pseudomonas radiora was UV-mutable. We conclude that the radiation-resistant bacteria repair UV-induced DNA damage accurately and lack an error-prone pathway for the repair of such damage. PMID- 7110167 TI - Cysteamine protection of SCEs induced by UV and fluorescent light. AB - CHO cells were grown for 36 h in the presence of BUDR. 12 h before harvesting, the cells were irradiated with UV or with fluorescent (FL) light. Part of the cultures were treated with cysteamine (Cys) during irradiation. Metaphase spreads were stained by the Hoechst-plus-Giemsa method, and the frequency of SCEs per chromosome was determined in second-mitosis cells. The basal frequency of SCEs (1.07 +/- 0.073) was not increased by Cys treatment (1.15 +/- 0.048). On the other hand, UV and FL induced a 3-4-fold increase in the frequency of exchanges (4.18 +/- 0.2 and 3.32 +/- 0.12 resp.). Cys, when present during irradiation, markedly reduced the frequency of UV- and FL-induced SCEs (2.7 +/- 0.14 and 2.29 +/- 0.11 resp.). It is assumed that Cys prevents the formation of radiation induced breakages in the BUDR-substituted DNA. The residual increase over the basal levels of SCEs which remains after the treatment with Cys may be due to the persistence of some open breaks, to the presence of protein-DNA crosslinking, or to the combined action of both types of lesion. PMID- 7110168 TI - Recovery from post-irradiation inhibition of DNA synthesis in an ultraviolet sensitive mutant mouse cell. PMID- 7110169 TI - Mouse spot tests with alkylnitrosoureas. AB - Spot tests with various alkylnitrosoureas were carried out using the newly established PW strain of male and female C57BL/6 mice. Chemicals tested were N methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), N-propyl-N-nitrosourea (PNU) and N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU). Although MNU had a severe teratogenic effect, no clearly positive color spot was obtained, while apparent induction of their color spots was observed with ENU, PNU and BNU. The frequency of appearance of these color spots was dose-dependent. In F1 males from the treated group, the weight of the testes was significantly lower in mice about 30 days old. It is suggested that these chemicals may have mutagenic effects on both developing somatic and germ cells of mice. PMID- 7110170 TI - Genetic analysis of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation at the hemoglobin beta-chain locus in mice. AB - The specific-locus test was performed with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) on spermatogonia of mice by using visible loci and a hemoglobin beta-chain (Hbb) locus. Male wild-type (C3Hf/He) mice were injected intraperitoneally with ENU. 8 weeks after injection, these males were mated with tester strain females (PW). 9 visible mutants and the 1 Hbb locus mutant were obtained. This Hbb locus mutation was heritable and viable under homozygous conditions, suggesting that it might have resulted from events at the molecular level. PMID- 7110171 TI - The persistence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes: detection of chronic chromosome breakage in mice. PMID- 7110172 TI - Genetic effects in the mouse of formaldehyde in combination with adenosine and hydrogen peroxide. AB - Male mice of the Q strain were injected (i.p.) with a synthetic methylene dinucleotide (Ado-CH2-Ado) and with a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Neither injection induced any chromosome lesions in spermatogonia. In the dominant lethal mutation test, the mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide had an effect throughout spermatogenesis, but only the rate of pre implantation losses was increased. Injection of Ado-CH2-Ado increased both pre and post-implantation deaths at the 1st week but only the frequency of pre implantation losses at the 6th week. PMID- 7110173 TI - Selection in HAT medium is not a reliable method for the study of reversion from 6-thioguanine resistance to sensitivity. AB - 6-Thioguanine-resistant mutants were induced in V79 Chinese hamster cells with 2 aminopurine, ICR-170 and hycanthone. Samples of mutants of different origin were treated with EMS or 1CR-170 and plated in HAT medium for selection of revertants. In the result, a significant fraction of HAT-resistant clones was not 6 thioguanine-sensitive as would have been expected from a genuine reversion to wild type. PMID- 7110174 TI - Mutations induced by gamma-rays and fast neutrons in cultured mammalian cells. Differences in dose response and RBE with methotrexate-and 6-thioguanine resistant systems. PMID- 7110175 TI - Cell killing by various nitrosoureas and the potentiating effect of caffeine. AB - Cell killing by various nitrosoureas and the potentiating effect of caffeine on cell killing were quantified by means of colony-forming assays in a clonal derivative of M3-1 Chinese hamster cells. The dose-response relationships for ethylnitrosourea and 3 chloroethylnitrosourea derivatives were compared with that of 1,3-bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, which is a purely carbamoylating agent. The chloroethylnitrosoureas with both alkylating and carbamoylating activity were the most toxic, followed by a chloroethylnitrosourea with alkylating activity alone and then by the purely carbamoylating agent. The least toxic agent was ethylnitrosourea, which has both alkylating and carbamoylating activity. Caffeine (when present through the entire period of colony growth) potentiated cell killing for all nitrosoureas with alkylating activity but had no influence on cell killing by the purely carbamoylating agent. Because carbamoylation occurs mainly with proteins, whereas nucleic acids as well as proteins are cellular targets for alkylation, it is concluded that potentiation of cell killing by caffeine is based on the reaction of a drug with the cellular DNA. PMID- 7110176 TI - Differential effects of hydroxyurea on the survival of UV- and MNNG-treated adenovirus 5. AB - The effects of hydroxyurea on plaque formation by UV-irradiated and MNNG-treated adenovirus 5 were investigated. Hydroxyurea blocked the recovery of UV-irradiated viruses in all cases studied, but the effect was less when fibroblasts from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum were used. This fact supports the notion that hydroxyurea blocks excision repair of UV-produced damage. The recovery of MNNG treated viruses was not blocked by hydroxyurea when viruses were used to infect normal human fibroblasts, but was blocked if the cell strain used as viral host were deficient in repair of O6-methylguanine. To account for these data, we propose that hydroxyurea blocks repair in which DNA polymerases play a role, but does not block repair in which DNA polymerases are not required. PMID- 7110177 TI - Measurement of M. luteus endonuclease-sensitive lesions by alkaline elution. AB - The UV-endonuclease approach to detect DNA damage has been combined with the alkaline elution technique with a resultant marked increase in sensitivity compared to the conventional method using alkaline sedimentation. DNA from UV irradiated cells was digested on an inert filter with an extract from Micrococcus luteus and then analyzed by alkaline elution. Endonuclease-sensitive sites (endo sites) were measured after doses of 0.08-0.7 Jm-2 of UV-radiation. An estimate of endo-site production with UV radiation, 0.27 endo-sites/10(8) daltons of DNA/0.1 Jm-2, was similar to that usually seen at higher doses by others. With repair incubation, approx. 50% of the endo-sites were removed in 4 h by normal human fibroblasts after 0.2 or 0.4 Jm-2; no appreciable repair was seen in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts from complementation group A after 24 h of repair incubation. No photoreaction of UV damage due to 0.4 Jm-2 was detected in normal human fibroblasts. The endonuclease preparation also recognized DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation or an alkylating agent. Approx. 0.4 endo sites/10(8) daltons of DNA were detected after a dose of 1 krad and 1 endo site/10(8) daltons was observed after exposure of human cells to 2.5 microM MNNG for 1.3 h. The lesions detected after MNNG treatment by the endonuclease preparation decreased with post-treatment incubation--T1/2 8 h. The kinetics of removal of the endo-sites induced by MNNG were similar in normal cells and human cells of the mer- phenotype which has been shown to be more sensitive by cell killing to alkylating-agent damage. This should prove to be a useful approach to study DNA damage and repair since the entire assay can be done in several hours and a very low level of damage (1 endo-site/2 x 10(9) daltons of DNA) can be detected. PMID- 7110179 TI - Kinetics of induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by X-rays through two cell cycles. AB - V79 Chinese hamster cells were exposed to X-rays at various times through the two cell cycles required to obtain harlequin-stained chromosomes. A two-fold SCE enhancement was found between the first and the second G1 phase when BrdUrd was incorporated during the first S phase only. This BrdUrd effect was not found when MNNG was used. Furthermore, the kinetics of SCE and aberrations were different, suggesting two separate mechanisms for their formation: SCE activity takes place when DNA damage occurs before the DNA replication, and aberration activity when the DNA damage occurs chiefly after the DNA replication. PMID- 7110178 TI - SCE frequencies in rabbit lymphocytes as a function of time after an acute dose of cyclophosphamide. AB - Following acute and chronic exposures to various chemicals in vivo, the average SCE frequency in human and rabbit lymphocytes has generally been shown to decrease with time posttreatment. The rate of this decline varies, however, and little data have been published pertaining to the decrease in SCEs soon after exposure. To gain more information about the immediate decline in SCEs with time, we injected rabbits with a single dose of 35 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) and determined SCE levels in circulating lymphocytes at various times 5 h to 2 weeks after treatment. We observed a rapid decline in SCE frequencies within 5 days, and by 10 days post-exposure the SCE levels were back to control values. The distribution of SCEs among cells and the number of circulating lymphocytes were also analyzed at each time. Within 2-3 days posttreatment we observed a rapid loss of cells with high SCE levels concomitantly with a rapid decline in circulating lymphocytes and a decrease in the average SCE frequency. When the number of lymphocytes began to increase, the number of cells with normal SCE values also increased. By 10-11 days after CP, the lymphocyte count had recovered, the SCE frequency had returned to control levels, and the distribution of SCEs among cells was almost identical to the control distribution. These data, in addition to published information on rabbit lymphocyte lifespan, suggest that the decline in SCE levels with time posttreatment is a function of lymphocyte turnover. PMID- 7110180 TI - Effects of rifampin on the lethality and the mutation frequency of ultraviolet irradiated Chinese hamster V79 cells. PMID- 7110181 TI - Effect of split doses of radiation on mutation frequency in rodent cell lines. AB - Mutation frequencies in mouse cells and Chinese hamster cells were measured following single or split doses of UV light or X-rays. Split doses separated by a few to over 24 h induced no more ouabain- or 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants than did comparable single doses. These data lend no support to the possible existence of an inducible error-prone repair system in rodent cells. PMID- 7110182 TI - Extent of excision repair before DNA synthesis determines the mutagenic but not the lethal effect of UV radiation. AB - Excision repair-proficient diploid fibroblasts from normal persons (NF) and repair-deficient cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient (XP12BE, group A) were grown to confluence and allowed to enter the G0 state. Autoradiography studies of cells released from G0 after 72 h and replated at lower densities (3-9 x 10(3) cells/cm2) in fresh medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum showed that semi-conservative DNA synthesis (S phage) began approximately 24 h after the replating. To determine whether the time available for DNA excision repair between ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) and the onset of DNA synthesis was critical in determining the cytotoxic and/or mutagenic effect of UV in human fibroblasts, we released cultures of NF or XP12BE cells from G0, allowed them to reattach at lower densities, irradiated them in early G1 (approximately 18 h prior to the onset of S) or just prior to S phase, and assayed the frequency of mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance and the survival of colony-forming ability. The XP12BE cells, which are virtually incapable of excising UV-induced DNA lesions, showed approximately the same frequency of mutations and survival regardless of the time of UV irradiation. In NF cells, the slope of the dose response for mutations induced in cells irradiated just prior to S was about 7 fold steeper than that of cells irradiated 18 h earlier. However, the two sets of NF cells showed no significant difference in survival. Neither were there significant differences in the survival of NF cells released from G0, plated at cloning densities and irradiated as soon as they had attached and flattened out. (approximately 20 h prior to S) or 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 h later. We conclude that the frequency of mutations induced by UV is dependent upon the number of unexcised lesions remaining at the time of semi-conservative DNA replication. However, the amount of time available for excision of potentially cytotoxic lesions is not determined primarily by the period between irradiation and the onset of S phase. PMID- 7110184 TI - The emergence of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in pediatric cancer patients. AB - This paper describes a prospective study and a simultaneous longitudinal study of the frequency of 6-thioguanine- (6TG-) resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with cancer and in controls. Thioguanine resistance was measured autoradiographically by the ability of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes to incorporate tritiated thymidine in the presence or absence of 2 x 10(-4) or 2 x 10(-5) M 6TG. 5 of 29 untreated cancer patients had higher frequencies of 6TG resistant lymphocytes than any of 116 controls. Patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy showed significantly higher numbers of 6TG-resistant lymphocytes than controls, and in rare patients abnormally high frequencies of 6TG-resistant cells persisted after therapy was discontinued. Among 22 patients studied prospectively before and during therapy, the frequency of 6TG-resistant lymphocytes was significantly higher during therapy. From these results we conclude (1) that some cancer patients have abnormally high frequencies of 6TG resistant lymphocytes, and (2) cancer therapy either causes selection of 6TG resistant cells or causes a phenotypic or genotypic change leading to further increases in frequencies of 6TG resistance. PMID- 7110183 TI - Mutagenic responses of five independent genetic loci in CHO cells to a variety of mutagens. Development and characteristics of a mutagen screening system based on selection for multiple drug-resistant markers. AB - With the aim of developing a sensitive mutagen screening system, the responses of 15 different chemical mutagens at 5 independent genetic loci in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been determined. The genetic markers which have been employed include resistance to thioguanine (Thgr), ouabain (OuaR), the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine (Emtr), the polyamine synthesis inhibitor methylglyoxal bisguanylhydrazone (Mbgr) and the nucleoside analog 5,6 dichlororibofuranosyl benzimidazole (DrbR). The optimal selection conditions for all of these genetic markers in CHO cells have been described. The chemicals whose response was investigated in these studies include direct-acting alkylating agents (ethyl methane-sulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, beta-propiolactone, ethyleneimine, N-nitrosomethylurea and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide), DNA intercalating and cross-linking agents (ICR-170, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, mitomycin C and actinomycin D), polycyclic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)) and aromatic amines (benzidine and beta-naphthylamine). Simultaneous examination of the response of the set of genetic markers to these chemicals revealed that although all of these chemicals caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of mutations at many of the above genetic loci, the magnitude of the mutagenic response at different genetic loci varied greatly depending upon the chemical. Of the genetic loci examined, no one single locus showed higher response to all of the above chemicals, instead, depending upon the chemical, specific loci were found to be more responsive than others. The polycyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines were weakly mutagenic in this system at several genetic loci even without any exogenous microsomal activation, although in the presence of a rat liver S9 fraction similar toxic and mutagenic effects of B(a)P and DMBA were observed at 5-20-fold lower concentrations. These results indicate that CHO cells may possess significant capacity for the metabolic activation of many procarcinogens, and also underscore the merits of measuring the mutagenic response at multiple genetic loci in mutagen screening studies. PMID- 7110185 TI - Cytogenetic study of skin fibroblasts in a case of accidental acute irradiation. AB - The cytogenetic study of skin fibroblasts from a young boy, heavily irradiated by handling of an iridium-192 source of 25 curies is reported. About half of the cells examined had chromosomal abnormalities. The same clone, with multiple chromosome rearrangement, was observed in cultures from biopsies obtained 25 and 35 months after the accident. Several other clones were detected in vitro. The results obtained from cultures of biopsies from different locations show that no direct relationships were found between the absorbed dose and the frequency of stable chromosomal rearrangements. The comparison of the intrachromosomal rearrangements, mostly inversions, observed in this study with those detected in human pathology, in irradiation experiments in vitro, and in various species of primates indicates that these rearrangements do not occur at random. PMID- 7110186 TI - The lymphocytes of small mammals. A model for research in cytogenetics? AB - The influence of nuclear characteristics such as chromosome number, chromosome arm number or amount of R-band material on the yield of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations has been re-evaluated on the basis of some recent experiments with the harlequin-staining method to distinguish the first from subsequent divisions. The results obtained up to now show that differences in cell kinetics of stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, causing a different distribution of first and following mitoses at the time of observation, can result in an underestimate of the incidence of unstable chromosome aberrations such as dicentric chromosomes when the observations are performed at a standardized fixation time without taking into account the cell generation. If, however, only first-division mitoses are considered, the radiosensitivity of the cells appears to be independent on nuclear characteristics. Furthermore, observations on whole-body irradiated animals show that, owing to the very short survival time of lymphocytes carrying chromosome aberrations, mammals generally available for such experiments represent inappropriate models when cytogenetic effects in somatic cells are to be followed for long periods of time after an acute exposure to ionizing radiation or after a chronic exposure. PMID- 7110187 TI - Ultrastructural characterization of the meiotic prophase. A tool in the assessment of radiation damage in man. AB - The three-dimensional reconstruction of meiotic nuclei from serial sections micrographed in the electron microscope has provided information about man and several other organisms that is not obtainable by light microscopy or biochemical analysis. At zygotene, the previously unpaired chromosomes align and form synaptonemal complexes between homologous chromosome segments either by progressive initiation from the telomeres or by interstitial recognition. Chromosome and bivalent interlocking at zygotene is a regular phenomenon and occurs at a frequency of 0.7-4.0 per nucleus in samples of meiocytes analyzed from different organisms. This frequency is reduced to 0.1 per nucleus at pachytene. The interlockings are resolved by breakage and precise rejoining of the broken ends. This breakage and rejoining can also occur in the absence of the DNA nicking and repair involved in crossing-over. The synaptonemal complexes combining homologous chromosome segments are stabilized by recombination nodules, after which a second round of synaptonemal complex formation between as yet unpaired or unstably paired chromosome segments occurs, apparently for optimization of bivalent formation. Non-homologous pairing with the synaptonemal complex can take place in this phase of pachytene. Continuity between recombination nodules and chromatin chiasmata has been traced at the ultrastructural level but not all nodules lead to chiasmata. The distributions of recombination nodules among the bivalents and along the bivalents at successive stages of meiotic prophase show that the nodules are placed at random at early zygotene after which bivalents without nodules have preference for the acquisition of these structures. Chiasma interference appears as a consequence of the limited number of recombination nodules available together with a decreased affinity of a bivalent arm with a nodule for additional ones. The relevance of these observations in the study of genetic damage by radiation is discussed. PMID- 7110188 TI - Cytogenetic effects of protracted gamma exposures from conception of male mice. AB - In order to gain an overall picture of the genetic effects of an increased level of background radiation it is necessary to study the results of protracted exposures to embryonic and immature germ-cell stages as well as to stages found in the mature organism. For this purpose, litters produced by female mice, kept in a 10 or 20 rad/day 60 Co gamma-irradiation field, were kept in the same fields from conception until about 60 days later, having absorbed doses of 526 and 1078 rad respectively. Tests on exposed female offspring showed them to be sterile. 8 weeks after removal from the gamma field, mean testis masses of males in the 20 rad/day series were only half normal but those receiving 10 rad/day were little affected. Frequencies of translocations in spermatocytes at diakinesis/metaphase I were only slightly increased in the exposed series, differences not being significant. Estimated rates of translocation induction were around 5 x 10(-6) per rad, about one-third of those found after protracted gamma-irradiation of stem-cell spermatogonia in the adult. Embryonic lethality in progeny of other similarly irradiated males(absorbed doses of 560 and 1040 rad), mated 2 months after removal from the radiation fields, was also increased slightly, but not significantly. Results are compared with others on the induction of chromosome aberrations and gene mutations, mainly by acute irradiation, in prenatal and neonatal male mice. It is concluded that early male germ-cell stages generally show a reduced genetic radiosensitivity after both acute and chronic exposures. PMID- 7110190 TI - Frequency and distribution studies of asymmetrical versus symmetrical chromosome aberrations. AB - Two aspects of the relationship between Asymmetrical (A) and Symmetrical (S) radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations are considered in this paper. (1) Are A and S truly alternative modes of lesion interactions? Relative frequencies for chromatid-type and chromosome-type are examined, and new lymphocyte data using banding is used to look at this, and also for parallelism in chromosome participation of the two forms for various aberration categories. All the tests applied suggest that A and S are alternative interaction modes. (2) The long-term survival characteristics of A and S are discussed, and the differences in expected frequencies of derived S per surviving cell from chromosome-type and chromatid-types are stressed. Since many in vivo tissues have varying mixtures of potential chromatid and chromosome aberration-bearing target cells, ultimate cell survival and derived S frequencies may differ between tissues for the same absorbed dose. An Appendix gives Relative Corrected Lengths (RCL) for chromosomes of the human karyotype which should be used when testing the various exchange aberration categories for random chromosome participation. PMID- 7110189 TI - Absence of correlation between the chromosomal radiosensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and stem-cell spermatogonia in mammals. AB - To evaluate the reliability of quantitative extrapolation of radiation-induced chromosomal damage from somatic cells to germ cells, data on the effects of several biological and physical factors on the chromosomal radiosensitivity of blood lymphocytes and stem-cell spermatogonia have been collected from the literature. The results show that most of the factors considered, such as chromosomal constitution, age, genetic constitution, species, sampling time and dose fractionation, had differential effects on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in both systems. These differential effects can easily be explained in terms of the biological differences between in-vitro-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and stem-cell spermatogonia. It is concluded that only direct experiments on germ cells of higher primates and man can be used for a quantitative estimation of human genetic radiation risks arising from structural chromosomal aberrations. PMID- 7110191 TI - [Factors of immunological defense in bile (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110192 TI - [The influence of glucocorticoids on the inhibition of enzymatic activities exerted by antifungal imidazole derivatives (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110194 TI - Mycetoma of the hand caused by Phialophora jeanselmei. PMID- 7110193 TI - [The influence of glucocorticoids on the membrane disrupting activity of antifungal imidazole derivatives (author's transl)]. PMID- 7110195 TI - Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum gypseum in a pet rabbit - a case report. PMID- 7110196 TI - A method for determining nonelectrolyte uptake by adult schistosoma mansoni using compartmental analysis of hexose fluxes. AB - A steady-state compartmental analysis of galactose, glucose and 3-O-methylglucose fluxes was conducted on male and female Schistosoma mansoni. The method has several advantages over previously used initial rate studies. A nonlinear log linear plot of glucose exchange is discussed in terms of differentiating between metabolized and nonmetabolized substrates in transport studies. Kt values and marker distribution volumes are estimated from the compartmental analysis and it is concluded that 3-O-methylglucose is not suited as a substrate for hexose transport studies in S. mansoni. PMID- 7110197 TI - Uptake of galactose by the epithelial syncytium of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - A steady-state compartmental analytical solution to radiolabeled galactose fluxes into and out of S. mansoni using a three compartment model is presented. Experiments included phlorizin inhibition, Na+-free incubations and inhibition experiments with glucose and 3-O-methylglucose. The inward rate constants exceeded the outward exchange rates by a factor of 1.55 in females and 1.85 in males. Phlorizin, Na+-free conditions and the other hexoses reduced the inward exchange rates such that net secretion of galactose would be favored since the inward to outward exchange rates were less than unity. In the Na+-free incubations, the outward exchange rate was increased but not in the other experiments. The steady-state Kt values were increased in Na+-free incubations and during inhibitions by glucose and 3-O-methylglucose, but not in response to phlorizin. The size of the exchangeable tissue pool of galactose was decreased in a predictable manner when the exchange rates across the surface epithelial syncytium were reduced by glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, phlorizin and Na+-free incubations. The results were generally consistent with previous findings of stereospecific Na+-coupled uptake of galactose by S. mansoni. PMID- 7110198 TI - Thymidine kinase activity and thymidine salvage in adult Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis. AB - Cytosolic thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75), the initial enzyme in the thymidine salvage pathway, was detected in crude homogenates of adult female Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis, with respective specific activities of 100 and 460 nmol/h/mg protein. Partially purified filarial thymidine kinases were found to have molecular weights of approximately 180 000, to be most active in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP, to have a sharp pH optimum (pH 7.0) and to be heat labile in the absence of added thymidine. For both, the respective Km values for thymidine and ATP were 60 muM and 1.6 mM, and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine was as good a substrate as thymidine. A distinguishing property was the 3-fold higher sensitivity of the B. pahangi enzyme to feedback inhibition by thymidine 5' triphosphate. Adult female B. pahangi took up and incorporated [methyl-3 H] thymidine into DNA when they were exposed to this radiolabeled deoxynucleoside in vivo, but the thymidine salvage pathway in these worms was essentially nonfunctional in vitro. PMID- 7110199 TI - On the DNA content and ploidy of trypanosomes. AB - We have determined the nuclear and kinetoplast DNA content of two trypanosomatids by quantitative absorption and fluorescence cytophotometry of individual Feulgen pararosaniline stained cells. For the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata we find nuclear and kinetoplast DNA contents of 0.095 and 0.032 pg per non replicating cell. For the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei these values are 0.097 and 0.004 pg. A sub-population of T. brucei cells with two kinetoplasts and one nucleus was found to contain 0.181 pg/nucleus. The DNA values of bloodstream form T. brucei and the procyclic culture from were not significantly different. In DNA-DNA renaturation experiments the haploid amount of DNA in T. brucei was previously found to be 0.041 pg/nucleus (Borst, P., Fase-Fowler, F., Frasch, A.C.C., Hoeijmakers, J.H.J. and Weijers, P.J. (1980) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1,221-246). Our data, therefore, indicate that T. brucei is diploid. No sub population of haploid cells was observed in T. brucei grown in rats or in culture. PMID- 7110200 TI - Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation and fluorographic analysis of the gene products synthesized by Hymenolepis diminuta with particular reference to the parasite-specific polypeptides in the brush border membrane. AB - This study is the first demonstration of individual gene products synthesized by Hymenolepis diminuta. To identify proteins synthesized specifically by H. diminuta, we radiolabeled adult worms with [14C]leucine in vitro. Subsequent one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoretic separation and staining of the protein constituents from lysates of whole worms, brush border denuded worms, and brush border fractions extracted from whole worms demonstrates the diversity of the proteins in each of these lysates. Fluorographic analysis of the radioactivity in the same polyacrylamide gels identified the protein constituents synthesized by H. diminuta. The results from this study disclose and characterize, by molecular weight and isoelectric point, 17 polypeptides which are synthesized by H. diminuta and associated with its surface brush border. PMID- 7110201 TI - Identification and drug binding capabilities of tubulin in the nematode Ascaridia galli. AB - Cell extracts of Ascaridia galli bind colchicine in a manner suggesting the presence of a tubulin-like protein. Column chromatography of these extracts on DEAE-Sephadex yielded only one peak with colchicine-binding activity. Single peaks of radioactivity in this same position were obtained on chromatography of extracts prelabelled with either [3H]colchicine or [3H]parbendazole. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two dimensional gel electrophoresis of the fractions making up the peaks indicated the presence of two proteins which co-migrate with mammalian brain alpha- and beta-tubulin markers. More detailed investigation showed that the A. galli tubulin has a slightly different alpha-subunit when compared with mammalian tubulin. PMID- 7110202 TI - Proteins synthesized during specific stages of the schizogonic cycle and conserved in the merozoites of Plasmodium chabaudi. AB - Highly synchronized blood infections of Plasmodium chabaudi (strain IP-PCI) were induced in mice. Pulse-labelling in vitro experiments, using [35S]methionine, identified 28 proteins whose synthesis is exclusively or preferentially observed during specific stages of the erythrocytic cycle: 11 during the ring state, 16 from the mature trophozoite and schizont stages and 1 during the schizont stage. An analysis of merozoite proteins that are synthesized at various stages of parasite development indicated that most of the higher molecular weight proteins are synthesized during the schizont stage of the blood cycle. PMID- 7110203 TI - National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976-1980: association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. AB - Data from the second National Health Nutrition Examination Survey showed that 22 per cent of persons six months through 75 years old had blood lead levels under 10 micrograms per deciliter; 1.9 per cent had elevated levels (greater than or equal to 30 micrograms per deciliter [greater than or equal to 1.45 mumol per liter]). Among children six months through five years old the prevalence of elevated levels was significantly higher (4 per cent) than previously predicted on the basis of fewer data. The prevalence of elevated lead levels was 12.2 per cent in black children and 2.0 per cent in white children. Mean levels of blood lead were higher in blacks than white among children and adults, among young children living in urban and rural areas, and among members of low-income, moderate-income, and higher-income families. These racial contrasts may reflect different lead exposure or absorption (or both). Young children from families (both white and black) whose incomes were under $6,000 had a significantly higher prevalence of elevated lead levels than those from households with incomes of $6,000 or more. PMID- 7110204 TI - Histological osteomalacia due to dietary calcium deficiency in children. AB - We performed a histomorphometric study of trabecular-bone formation and resorption in undecalcified sections of iliac crest from three children presenting with clinical, radiologic, and biochemical evidence of rickets associated with dietary calcium deficiency. All three children had severe osteomalacia documented by hyperosteoidosis and reduced static and dynamic indicators of bone mineralization. There was a reduction of the calcified bone volume associated with a decreased bone formation rate and features of increased bone resorption. Correction of dietary calcium intake in two of the patients led to normal serum and urinary calcium levels and reduced alkaline phosphatase levels. After calcium therapy, the calcified bone volume was normal and indicators of bone mineralization returned to normal. We conclude that low calcium intake in children may be associated with a histologic picture of severe osteomalacia. Our finding that adequate amounts of calcium rapidly improved bone mineralization demonstrates that calcium deficiency can cause osteomalacia in children. PMID- 7110206 TI - Law-medicine notes: the insanity defense in the Falkland Islands: a test of diminished responsibility. PMID- 7110205 TI - A computer-derived protocol to aid in the diagnosis of emergency room patients with acute chest pain. AB - To determine whether data available to physicians in the emergency room can accurately identify which patients with acute chest pain are having myocardial infarctions, we analyzed 482 patients at one hospital. Using recursive partitioning analysis, we constructed a decision protocol in the format of a simple flow chart to identify infarction on the basis of nine clinical factors. In prospective testing on 468 other patients at a second hospital, the protocol performed as well as the physicians. Moreover, an integration of the protocol with the physicians' judgments resulted in a classification system that preserved sensitivity for detecting infarctions, significantly improved the specificity (from 67 per cent to 77 per cent, P less than 0.01) and positive predictive value (from 34 per cent to 42 per cent, P = 0.016) of admission to an intensive-care area. The protocol identified a subgroup of 107 patients among whom only 5 per cent had infarctions and for whom admission to non-intensive-care areas might be appropriate. This decision protocol warrants further wide-scale prospective testing but is not ready for routine clinical use. PMID- 7110207 TI - Redistribution of cardiac output to the kidneys during oral nadolol administration. PMID- 7110208 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 35-1982. A 29-year-old Puerto Rican man with a miliary pulmonary pattern on radiologic examination. PMID- 7110209 TI - Children and lead--new findings and concerns. PMID- 7110210 TI - Amantadine as an antiviral agent in influenza. PMID- 7110212 TI - Prophylactic indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 7110211 TI - Report from the Committee on Maternal Welfare: alcoholism, ectopic pregnancy, and cardiopulmonary failure. PMID- 7110213 TI - Recent health gains for adults. PMID- 7110214 TI - Physicians in the Yellow Pages. PMID- 7110215 TI - Mortality associated with nosocomial urinary-tract infection. AB - In a prospective study, 131 of 1458 patients acquired 136 urinary-tract infections (defined as greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter) during 1474 indwelling bladder catheterizations. Seventy-six patients (25 infected and 51 noninfected) died during hospitalization; death rates were 19 per cent in infected patients and 4 per cent in noninfected patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that seven of 21 prospectively monitored variables were associated with mortality among the catheterized patients. The adjusted odds ratio for mortality between those who acquired infection and those who did not was 2.8 (95 per cent confidence limits, 1.5 to 5.1). The acquisition of infection as not associated with the severity of underlying disease; among patients who died, infections occurred in 38 per cent of those classified as having nonfatal underlying disease (15 of 39) and in 27 per cent of those classified as having fatal disease (10 of 37). Twelve deaths may have been caused by acquired urinary-tract infections. Two patients had urinary-tract pathogens in premortem blood cultures. Another 10 died with clinical pictures compatible with serious infection, but no diagnostic cultures were performed. We conclude that the acquisition of urinary-tract infection during indwelling bladder catheterization is associated with nearly a threefold increase in mortality among hospitalized patients, but the reason for this association is not yet clear. PMID- 7110216 TI - Oocyst-transmitted toxoplasmosis associated with ingestion of contaminated water. PMID- 7110217 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 36-1982. A 69-year-old woman with a pulmonary mass and bronchostenosis. PMID- 7110218 TI - Gastrointestinal clearance of drugs with activated charcoal. PMID- 7110219 TI - Inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and complement. PMID- 7110220 TI - Cost comparisons among antimicrobial agents. PMID- 7110222 TI - Fun and profit: first-rate doctors in third-rate nursing homes. PMID- 7110221 TI - Education, income, and risk factors for disease. PMID- 7110223 TI - The ethics of the randomized clinical trial. PMID- 7110224 TI - Twelve to seventeen-year follow-up of patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad. PMID- 7110225 TI - Peripartum cardiomyopathy due to myocarditis. PMID- 7110226 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 37-1982. A three-month-old girl with optic atrophy and hepatomegaly. PMID- 7110227 TI - Physicians, nuclear war, and politics. PMID- 7110229 TI - Sounding Board. A cooperative agenda for medicine and nursing. PMID- 7110228 TI - Prostaglandin inhibitors: new treatment for an old nemesis. PMID- 7110230 TI - The civilian-military contingency hospital system: medical planning for war. PMID- 7110231 TI - Age of menarche. PMID- 7110232 TI - Nutritional assessment. PMID- 7110233 TI - Yersinia arthritis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 7110234 TI - Platelet catecholamine content in pheochromocytoma. PMID- 7110236 TI - The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. PMID- 7110235 TI - Complications of clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma. PMID- 7110237 TI - The biopsychosocial model in medical education. PMID- 7110238 TI - A new medical oath. PMID- 7110240 TI - Shattuck lecture--remarks by the Secretary of Defense to the Massachusetts Medical Society, May 19, 1982. PMID- 7110239 TI - Abolish boxing. PMID- 7110241 TI - Functional activities of autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors and the clinical severity of myasthenia gravis. AB - The pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis involves a humorally mediated autoimmune attack directed against acetylcholine receptors of skeletal muscles. Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors are detected in the serum of more than 80 per cent of patients, but the antibody titers correspond poorly with the severity of disease. To distinguish between antibody titers and antibody activity, we measured the ability of serum immunoglobulin from 49 patients to induce accelerated degradation or blockade of the binding sites of acetylcholine receptors, using a mammalian skeletal-muscle tissue-culture system. Immunoglobulin from 41 of 45 patients tested (91 per cent) increased the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors, and the relative increase in the degradation rate corresponded closely (P less than 0.001) with clinical status. Immunoglobulin from 42 of 48 patients tested (88 per cent) produced blockade of receptors, and the extent of the blockade also corresponded with clinical status (P less than 0.001). An index of the combined activities of the immunoglobulin in accelerating degradation and producing blockade of acetylcholine receptors was elevated in 43 of 44 patients (98 per cent) whose immunoglobulins were tested for both activities; this index predicted the patients' clinical status significantly better (P less than 0.001) than either measure alone. This finding suggests that the functional ability of antibodies to decrease the number of available acetylcholine receptors by these two mechanisms is clinically relevant in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. PMID- 7110244 TI - The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. PMID- 7110245 TI - Leukocyte transfusions in chronic granulomatous disease: persistence of transfused leukocytes in sputum. PMID- 7110243 TI - Kinetics and distribution of 111Indium-labeled platelets in patients with homocystinuria. AB - Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism involving a high incidence of thromboembolism. It sometimes improves with large doses of pyridoxine. We investigated the kinetics and distribution of 111Indoxine-labeled platelets in 11 normal volunteers and 12 patients with homocystinuria, none of whom had clinical evidence of acute thrombosis at the time of the study. Six of the patients were resistant to pyridoxine and had homocystinemia. There were no statistical differences in mean platelet-survival times between pyridoxine responders and nonresponders or between normal subjects and pyridoxine responders or nonresponders, regardless of whether a linear, exponential, or multiple-hit model was used to analyze the kinetic data. Plasma homocystine levels had no apparent effect on mean platelet-survival time. There was no abnormal accumulation of platelets in any of the patients, and the distribution of platelets in liver and spleen was similar to that in normal subjects. Our results suggest that the kinetics and distribution of platelets in patients with homocystinuria who have no clinical evidence of thromboembolism are normal. Thus, the data do not provide evidence for disordered platelet function or for an ongoing interaction of platelets with vessel walls in this condition. PMID- 7110246 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 38-1982. A 66-year-old diabetic woman with sinusitis and cranial nerve abnormalities. PMID- 7110242 TI - A controlled evaluation of the risk of bacterial endocarditis in persons with mitral-valve prolapse. AB - The absence of controlled evidence and the high prevalence of mitral-valve prolapse have created substantial uncertainty about whether this condition is an important risk factor for bacterial endocarditis. We evaluated this risk in a case-control study of hospital inpatients who had undergone echocardiography and who lacked any known cardiovascular risk factors for endocarditis, apart from mitral-valve prolapse and isolated mitral-regurgitant murmurs. Thirteen (25 per cent) of 51 patients with endocarditis had mitral-valve prolapse, as compared with 10 (seven per cent) of the 153 matched controls without endocarditis. For the 51 matched case-control sets, the odds ratio (8.2; 95 per cent confidence interval, 2.4 to 28.4) indicated a substantially higher risk of endocarditis for people with mitral-valve prolapse than for those without it. This association remained statistically significant when parenteral drug abuse and routine antibiotic prophylaxis preceding dental work and other forms of instrumentation were taken into account. Furthermore, the risk may be higher than is indicated by this study, since 46 per cent of the controls underwent echocardiography for clinically suspected mitral-valve prolapse, suggesting an overrepresentation of mitral prolapse in the control group. The results support the contention that mitral-valve prolapse is a significant risk factor for bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 7110247 TI - Advice for the patient with "silent" gallstones.